cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VLA HI Observations of the Brightest Spirals in Hydra I

In VLA HI images of the Hydra I cluster we have detected the three largest spirals and ten other galaxies. The ratio of HI diameter to optical diameter tends to increase with projected distance from the cluster center, similar to the trend seen in the Virgo cluster. The relatively small HI disk of NGC 3312 supports the hypothesis (Gallagher, 1978) that ram pressure sweeping is occurring in this galaxy.
Case report: bone marrow visualization with Tc-99m disofenin

Technetium-99m-N-substituted iminodiacetic acid derivatives are currently being investigated in nuclear medicine for possible use in the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. Disofenin (diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid) is the derivative most highly regarded at present. A case is discussed in which, although Tc-99m disofenin was prepared according to the manufacturer's directions, an altered biodistribution pattern was noted on images.
Ant–seed mutualisms: can red imported fire ants sour the relationship?

Invasion by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, has had negative impacts on individual animal and plant species, but little is known about how S. invicta affects complex mutualistic relationships. In some eastern forests of North America, 30% of herbaceous species have ant-dispersed seeds. We conducted experiments to determine if fire ants are attracted to seeds of these plant species and assessed the amount of scarification or damage that results from handling by fire ants. Fire ants removed nearly 100% of seeds of the ant-dispersed plants Trillium undulatum, T. discolor, T. catesbaei, Viola rotundifolia, and Sanguinaria canadensis. In recovered seeds fed to ant colonies, fire ants scarified 80% of S. canadensis seeds and destroyed 86% of V. rotundifolia seeds. Our study is the first to document that red imported fire ants are attracted to and remove seeds of species adapted for ant dispersal. Moreover, fire ants might damage these seeds and discard them in sites unfavorable for germination and seedling establishment.
Characterizations of numerical semigroup complements via Apéry sets

In this paper, we generalize the work of Tuenter to give an identity which completely characterizes the complement of a numerical semigroup in terms of its Apery sets. Using this result, we compute the mth power Sylvester and alternating Sylvester sums for free numerical semigroups. Explicit formulas are given for small m.
FireBugs: finding and repairing bugs with security patterns

Security is often a critical problem in software systems. The consequences of the failure lead to substantial economic loss or extensive environmental damage. Developing secure software is challenging, and retrofitting existing systems to introduce security is even harder. In this paper, we propose an automated approach for Finding and Repairing Bugs based on security patterns (FireBugs), to repair defects causing security vulnerabilities. To locate and fix security bugs, we apply security patterns that are reusable solutions comprising large amounts of software design experience in many different situations. In the evaluation, we investigated 2,800 Android app repositories to apply our approach to 200 subject projects that use javax.crypto APIs. The vision of our automated approach is to reduce software maintenance burdens where the number of outstanding software defects exceeds available resources. Our ultimate vision is to design more security patterns that have a positive impact on software quality by disseminating correlated sets of best security design practices and knowledge.
A single high-intensity exercise bout during early consolidation does not influence retention or relearning of sensorimotor locomotor long-term memories

A single exercise bout has been found to improve the retention of a skill-based upper extremity motor task up to a week post-practice. This effect is the greatest when exercise intensity is high and exercise is administered immediately after motor practice (i.e., early in consolidation). Whether exercise can affect other motor learning types (e.g., sensorimotor adaptation) and tasks (e.g., walking) is still unclear as previous studies have not optimally refined the exercise parameters and long-term retention testing. Therefore, we investigated whether a single high-intensity exercise bout during early consolidation would improve the long-term retention and relearning of sensorimotor adaptation during split-belt treadmill walking. Twenty-six neurologically intact adults attended three sessions; sessions 2 and 3 were 1 day and 7 days after session 1, respectively. Participants were allocated either to Rest (REST) or to Exercise (EXE) group. In session 1, all groups walked on a split-belt treadmill in a 2:1 speed ratio (1.5:0.75 m/s). Then, half of the participants exercised for 5 min (EXE), while the other half rested for 5 min (REST). A short exercise bout during early consolidation did not improve retention or relearning of locomotor memories one or seven days after session 1. This result reinforces previous findings that the effect of exercise on motor learning may differ between sensorimotor locomotor adaptation and skilled-based upper extremity tasks; thus, the utility of exercise as a behavioral booster of motor learning may depend on the type of motor learning and task.
Metaphor in Spanish L2 and Heritage Language Learners’ Speech: How Does it Compare?

One way in which language practitioners and researchers have furthered our understanding of heritage language learners’ linguistic abilities has been to compare them to L2 learners. The current study implemented this modality and examined metaphoric competence. This is one area in learners’ overall linguistic competence that provides them with access to the concepts and models of the language community and facilitates mediation during communitive tasks (Lantolf, 1999). Participants (n=16) in this study were heritage language learners and L2 learners enrolled in an advanced conversation class in Spanish. They completed an oral portfolio assignment which consisted of regularly engaging in conversation with a Spanish native speaker and recording their interactions. The analysis of their unscripted conversations included the identification of metaphoric samples and the calculation of metaphoric density. Findings revealed that learners produced what were termed true metaphors (original constructions), light metaphors (metaphoric constructions that are already established in the language), and transfer metaphors (constructions resulting from contact with the English language). Comparisons between L2 learners and heritage language learners did not reveal significant differences, which suggests that in the area of metaphoric competence these learners are more similar than not. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sm-2019-0019
Identification of critical chemical modifications and paratope mapping by size exclusion chromatography of stressed antibody-target complexes

Therapeutic proteins including antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins undergo a large number of chemical modifications during cell culture, purification, storage and in human circulation. They are also exposed to harsh conditions during stress studies, including elevated temperature, extremes of pH, forced oxidation, physiological pH, UV light to assess the possible degradation pathways and suitability of methods for detecting them. Some of these modifications are located on residues in binding regions, leading to loss of binding and potency and classified as critical quality attributes. Currently, criticality of modifications is assessed by a laborious process of collecting antibody fractions from the soft chromatography techniques ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography and characterizing the fractions one-by-one for potency and chemical modifications. Here, we describe a method for large-scale, parallel identification of all critical chemical modifications in one experiment. In the first step, the antibody is stressed by one or several stress methods. It is then mixed with target protein and separated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) on bound antibody-target complex and unbound antibody. Peptide mapping of fractions and statistical analysis are performed to identify modifications on amino acid residues that affect binding. To identify the modifications leading to slight decreases in binding, competitive SEC of antibody and antigen mixtures was developed and described in a companion study by Shi et al, where target protein is provided at lower level, below the stoichiometry. The newly described method was successfully correlated to crystallography for assessing criticality of chemical modifications and paratope mapping. It is more sensitive to low-level modifications, better streamlined and platform ready.
Rhinovirus C Infection Induces Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Expansion and Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation.

Rhinovirus C (RV-C) infection is associated with severe asthma exacerbations. Since type 2 inflammation is an important disease mechanism in asthma, we hypothesized that RV-C infection, in contrast to RV-A, preferentially stimulates type 2 inflammation, leading to exacerbated eosinophilic inflammation. To test this, we developed a mouse model of RV-C15 airways disease. RV-C15 was generated from the full-length cDNA clone and grown in HeLa-E8 cells expressing human CDHR3. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with 5 x 106 ePFU RV-C15, RV-A1B or sham. Mice inoculated with RV-C15 showed lung viral titers of 1 x 105 TCID50 units 24 h after infection, with levels declining thereafter. IFN-α, β, γ and λ2 mRNAs peaked 24-72 hrs post-infection. Immunofluorescence verified colocalization of RV-C15, CDHR3 and acetyl-α-tubulin in mouse ciliated airway epithelial cells. Compared to RV-A1B, mice infected with RV-C15 demonstrated higher bronchoalveolar eosinophils, mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, Muc5ac and Gob5/Clca, protein production of IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, and expansion of type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Analogous results were found in mice treated with house dust mite before infection, including increased airway responsiveness. In contrast to Rora fl/fl littermates, RV-C-infected Rora fl/fl Il7r cre mice deficient in ILC2s failed to show eosinophilic inflammation or mRNA expression of IL-13, Muc5ac and Muc5b. We conclude that, compared to RV-A1B, RV-C15 infection induces ILC2-dependent type 2 airway inflammation, providing insight into the mechanism of RV-C-induced asthma exacerbations.
Testing of an Ultrasonic Thermometer Developed at the Idaho National Laboratory

Ultrasonic thermometry has great potential to improve temperature measurements in irradiation experiments performed in nuclear test reactors. The flexibility of the measurement makes it applicable to a wide range of potential test conditions, in terms of temperature, radiation, and chemical environment. However, the range of several typical ultrasonic thermometer configurations are not well defined. The research described in this document attempts to define an operational envelop for multiple configurations and sensor materials.
Randomization does not imply unconfoundedness

A common assumption in causal inference is that random treatment assignment ensures that potential outcomes are independent of treatment, or in one word, unconfoundedness. This paper highlights that randomization and unconfoundedness are separate properties, and neither implies the other. A study with random treatment assignment does not have to be unconfounded, and a study with deterministic assignment can still be unconfounded. A corollary is that a propensity score is not the same thing as a treatment assignment probability. These facts should not be taken as arguments against randomization. The moral of this paper is that randomization is useful only when investigators know or can reconstruct the assignment process.
Implicit knowledge and rational representation

It is commonplace in artificial intelligence to draw a distinction between the explicit knowledge appearing in an agent's memory and the implicit knowledge it represents. Many AI theories of knowledge assume this representation relation is logical, that is, that implicit knowledge is derived from explicit knowledge via a logic. Such theories, however, are limited in their ability to treat incomplete or inconsistent knowledge in useful ways. We suggest that a more illuminating theory of implicit knowledge is that it is the result of rational representation, in which the agent rationally (in the sense of decision theory) chooses interpretations of its explicit knowledge. This research was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), ARPA Order No. 4976, Amendment 20, monitored by the Air Force Avionics Laboratory under Contract F33615-87-C-1499. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author, and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the Government of the United States of America.
Pathogenic Vibrios in Seafood

The primary pathogens in the genus Vibrio are Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnifius. Other Vibrio species that can cause human disease include V. hollisae, V. alginolyticus, V. damsela, V. mimicus, V. fluvialis , V. metschnikovii, V. furnissii, V. cincinnatiensis, and V. carchariae, but reported cases are either relatively rare or do not involve food-borne transmission. Nonepidemic V. cholerae is also responsible for occasional seafood-borne disease in the United States and can be distinguished from epidemic disease by the severity of symptoms, the serogroups of associated strains, and the capacity for global spread. V. vulnificus is the most common cause of serious wound infections associated with Vibrio species, and these infections may result from exposure of breached skin surface to seawater or contaminated seafood handling. This chapter talks about intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Comparison of heat resistances for pathogenic vibrios showed that D55 values varied among species. V. parahaemolyticus (D55 of 1.75 min) was considerably more resistant compared to V. vulnificus and V. cholera. Approved and validated treatments include high hydrostatic pressure, pasteurization (heat shock), and individual quick freezing. These treatments are generally used in combination with approved transport and storage practices involving icing, refrigeration, and/or freezing. Greater understanding of the role of the bacteria in estuarine ecosystems and the risks associated with environmental, bacterial, and host factors is crucial for control and safety of seafood products.
25-ns 256K/spl times/1/64K/spl times/4 CMOS SRAM's

Through a metal option, a 256K word/spl times/1-bit and a 64K word/spl times/4-bit CMOS SRAM organization has been obtained. A fast access time has been achieved with a short bit-line structure and a data-bus precharging technique which minimize the bit-line and data-bus delay. A feedback-controlled address-transition-detector circuit has been adopted to assure the fast access time in the presence of address skew. A 1.0-/spl mu/m double-polysilicon and single-metal process technology with a polycide gate offers a memory cell size of 90 /spl mu/m/SUP Z/ and a chip size of 47.4 mm/SUP 2/.
A Review of “Mao's New World: Political Culture in the Early People's Republic”

The author, Chang-tai Hung, is a leading historian specializing in modern Chinese cultural history. This new volume, his third book to explore the interrelations of politics and popular culture in ...
Maintaining line of sight communications networks between planetary rovers

We present an algorithm designed to solve the problem of maintaining communications within a group of robotic explorers. The rovers we consider are equipped with communication hardware that is effective only over a limited range and requires direct line of sight to function. The paper presents the algorithm used to solve this problem and some details of our implementation. We also present the results of an experimental analysis of the algorithm's performance characteristics in a simulated multi-rover environment.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is perhaps the most widely used analytical technique for the analysis of complex mixtures. The power of this technique stems from the “marriage” of two powerful techniques into a hyphenated method. Gas chromatography (GC) is used to separate the components of a mixture based on their differing affinities for the stationary phase on the column. Mass spectrometry (MS) serves not only to detect and quantify the various species eluting off the column but also provides definitive information as to their identity. The most common GC/MS instruments employ a gas chromatograph with a split/splitless injector, capillary column, and either a quadrupole or quadrupole ion trap as a mass analyzer. A high degree of automation and a powerful data system are required for handling the large amounts of three-dimensional (3-D) data (time, mass-to-charge ratio, and intensity) that can be generated. The technique typically requires that the analytes in question have sufficient volatility to be amenable to GC. It is very sensitive, with detection limits typically in the picogram or even sub-picogram range. It can be highly selective and allows for incredible flexibility with respect to the type and quality of the mass spectral data; the user may choose from a number of ionization modes and scan modes, and control mass range and mass resolution, and many other experimental parameters. Analysis speeds are relatively slow due to the time required for adequate chromatographic separation, but can be reduced to an order of a few minutes using fast GC techniques. GC/MS instrumentation is usually intended for benchtop operation in the laboratory, although a number of field-portable instruments have been developed. The technique requires significant user expertise, knowledge of various means for compound identification and quantitation, and instrument tuning, maintenance, and upkeep.
Sharing Data, Constructing Science

Scholarship in the Digital Age . Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet. By Christine L. Borgman . MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007. 360 pp. $35, £22.95. ISBN 9780262026192. The author's consideration of the practices and issues affecting scholarly communication highlights the social and political environments rather than the technological aspects of information dissemination.
An analytical method for optimal module orientation

An important step in VLSI physical design is to determine the orientation of the modules after floorplanning. The authors describe an analytical method to determine the optimal module orientation in terms of estimated total wire length. The present formulation requires only the solution of set of linear equations to obtain a close approximation to the optimal solution. Thus, the computation speed is very high. Several variations of this method are also presented. The method was implemented and tested on a large number of examples. The results indicate that the method is very competitive in comparison with methods such as hill-climbing and simulated annealing in terms of the quality of the results and computation time. >
Pancreatic Response to Long-Term Feeding of Soy Protein Isolate, Casein or Egg White in Rats

Rats were fed purified diets which provided 24% protein from casein (C), soy protein isolate (SPI), or egg white (EW) for 18 mo. Groups of rats were killed at 3, 6, 12 and 18 mo; the pancreata were removed and examined histologically for occurrence of atypical nodules. The weight, protein, DNA, trypsin and chymotrypsin concentrations of the pancreas at each period were measured. Over the entire experimental period, body weight did not differ among groups. Pancreatic weight, protein and trypsin activity were highest in the EW group, followed by the SPI group, and lowest in the C group. Chymotrypsin activity was significantly higher in the EW and SPI groups than the C group. DNA content did not differ significantly among groups over the entire experimental period, although it was elevated in the SPI or EW groups compared to the C groups at some of the time periods. Only one microscopic nodule was observed in all of the animals; it was found at 3 mo in the pancreas from an animal fed EW. Overall, the results suggest that the elevation in enzyme activity and pancreatic weight associated with long-term consumption of EW and SPI did not result in development of pancreatic lesions in rats.
A synthesis algorithm for orthogonally structured gate matrix layouts

The authors discuss a gate matrix layout partitioning problem. To improve the device density in the layout, they present a new template for gate matrix style layouts so that the gates in two adjoining sections of the partitioned layout are orthogonal to each other. The advantages of column folding are included in the template. The simulated annealing technique is used for obtaining the most efficient partition. The implementation of the algorithm is capable of synthesizing large circuits. Experimental results of two examples are given. >
Preliminary studies of a canine 13C-aminopyrine demethylation blood test.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine whether a 13C-aminopyrine demethylation blood test is technically feasible in clinically healthy dogs, whether oral administration of 13C-aminopyrine causes a detectable increase in percent dose/min (PCD) of 13C administered as 13C-aminopyrine and recovered in gas extracted from blood, and whether gas extraction efficiency has an impact on PCD. A dose of 2 mg/kg body weight of 13C-aminopyrine dissolved in deionized water was administered orally to 6 clinically healthy dogs. Blood samples were taken from each dog 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after administration of the 13C-aminopyrine. Carbon dioxide was extracted from blood samples by addition of acid and analyzed by fractional mass spectrometry. None of the 6 dogs showed any side effects after 13C-aminopyrine administration. All 6 dogs showed a measurable increase of the PCD in gas samples extracted from blood samples at 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after 13C-aminopyrine administration. Coefficients of variation between the triplicate samples were statistically significantly higher for the %CO2, a measure of extraction efficiency, than for PCD values (P < 0.0001). The 13C-aminopyrine demethylation blood test described here is technically feasible. Oral administration of 13C-aminopyrine did not lead to gross side effects in the 6 dogs. Clinically healthy dogs show a measurable increase of PCD in gas extracted from blood samples after oral administration of 13C-aminopyrine. Efficiency of CO2 extraction from blood samples does not have an impact on PCD determined from these blood samples. This test may prove useful to evaluate hepatic function in dogs.
Aging of the T Cell Compartment in Mice and Humans: From No Naive Expectations to Foggy Memories

Until the mid-20th century, infectious diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Massive vaccination campaigns, antibiotics, antivirals, and advanced public health measures drastically reduced sickness and death from infections in children and younger adults. However, older adults (>65 y of age) remain vulnerable to infections, and infectious diseases remain among the top 5-10 causes of death in this population. The aging of the immune system, often referred to as immune senescence, is the key phenomenon underlying this vulnerability. This review centers on age-related changes in T cells, which are dramatically and reproducibly altered with aging. I discuss changes in T cell production, maintenance, function, and response to latent persistent infection, particularly against CMV, which exerts a profound influence on the aging T cell pool, concluding with a brief list of measures to improve immune function in older adults.
HYPERGLYCEMIA-INDUCED INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS: 2 CASE REPORTS AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

ABSTRACT Objective: Autonomic and peripheral neurologic manifestations of hyperglycemia are commonly seen in clinical practice; acute hyperglycemia-induced involuntary movements (HIIM) are rarer and less well known. In this article we describe 2 patients with HIIM and review the scientific literature to better characterize the clinical and pathophysiologic features of these disorders. Methods: A literature search was performed using the PubMed database. Whenever possible, the most recent publication on a topic was utilized, with a 20-year cutoff time since publication. Articles were selected based on the quality of presented data or citations utilized. Results: HIIM can present in a variety of ways including seizures, hemichorea-hemiballismus (HCHB) and, very rarely, tremor. While HIIM are more commonly seen in patients with long-standing, uncontrolled diabetes, they can also be the initial presentation of diabetes. The precise pathophysiology of HIIM remains unknown; however, at least for HCHB, it is hyp...
Sources of Variability in Prevalence Rates of Alzheimer's Disease

Author(s): Corrada, M; Brookmeyer, R; Kawas, C | Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate potential methodological reasons for the differences in published Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence rates.BackgroundStudies reporting prevalence rates of AD have been published worldwide. These rates differ considerably, but may greatly reflect methodological differences.MethodsAll studies published between 1984 and 1993 that reported age-specific AD rates and sample sizes were included. Logistic regression identified variables that contribute to the variation in rates. Estimates of extrabinomial variation were also calculated.ResultsStudies characterized by the following features yielded significantly higher rates: inclusion of mild cases, use of laboratory studies, ascertainment of a sample rather than the total population, inclusion of both urban and rural populations, non-use of computerized tomography (CT) scans, non-use of the Hachinski Ischemic Score, and no adjustment for false negatives. The odds of having AD increased 18% for every year of age. The variation in the age-specific prevalence rates of AD was approximately 15 times that expected by sampling variation. However, approximately 76% of this excess variation in rates could be accounted for by methodological differences.ConclusionsAfter accounting for age, much of the variability in prevalence rates of AD in the published literature may be explained by differences in methodology. Some unexplained variation in prevalence rates, however, still remains.
CJ-15,801, a Novel Antibiotic from a Fungus, Seimatosporium sp.

A novel antibiotic, CJ-15, 801 (I), was isolated from the fermentation broth of a fungus, Seimatosporium sp. CL28611. The structure was determined to be a pantothenic acid analog having an α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acid moiety by spectroscopic analyses. The compound inhibits the growth of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus strains with MIC ranging from 6.25 to 50μml
The Commission on Money and Credit

Introduction, 544. — Goals and instruments, 545. — High production and employment, 550. — Economic growth, 552. — National security and government services, 556. — Assurance of equity, 558. — Price stability, 558. — Strengthening competition, 560. — The balance of payments, 563. — Co-ordination and organization, 566.
Energy dissipation and ion heating at the heliospheric termination shock

[1] The Los Alamos hybrid simulation code is used to examine heating and the partition of dissipation energy at the perpendicular heliospheric termination shock in the presence of pickup ions. The simulations are one-dimensional in space but three-dimensional in field and velocity components, and are carried out for a range of values of pickup ion relative density. Results from the simulations show that because the solar wind ions are relatively cold upstream, the temperature of these ions is raised by a relatively larger factor than the temperature of the pickup ions. An analytic model for energy partition is developed on the basis of the Rankine-Hugoniot relations and a polytropic energy equation. The polytropic index γ used in the Rankine-Hugoniot relations is varied to improve agreement between the model and the simulations concerning the fraction of downstream heating in the pickup ions as well as the compression ratio at the shock. When the pickup ion density is less than 20%, the polytropic index is about 5/3, whereas for pickup ion densities greater than 20%, the polytropic index tends toward 2.2, suggesting a fundamental change in the character of the shock, as seen in the simulations, when the pickup ion density is large. The model and the simulations both indicate for the upstream parameters chosen for Voyager 2 conditions that the pickup ion density is about 25% and the pickup ions gain the larger share (approximately 90%) of the downstream thermal pressure, consistent with Voyager 2 observations near the shock.
Enhanced electroluminescence from semiconducting polymer blends

Abstract We demonstrate the enhancement of electroluminescence (EL) from blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV). The external EL quantum efficiency η of Ca/P3HT:MEH-PPV/ITO diodes initially increases with P3HT content and goes through a maximum at η = 1.7% photons/electron with only 1 wt.% P3HT; greater than in Ca/MEH-PPV/ITO by a factor of two to three and greater than in Ca/P3HT/ITO by more than three orders of magnitude. At 4 V forward bias, these devices emit signal-red light with brightness of about 220 cd/m2.
Evidence in favor of the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts: Primary structure and evolution of tobacco glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases

Abstract We report nucleotide sequences of cDNAs for the nuclear genes encoding chloroplast (GapA and GapB) and cytosolic (GapC) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) from N. tabacum. Comparison of nucleotide sequences indicates that the GapA and GapB genes evolved following duplication of an ancestral gene about 450 million years ago. However, the divergence of GapAB and GapC occurred much earlier in evolution than the divergence of GapC and GAPDH genes of animals and fungi, suggesting that chloroplast and cytosolic GAPDHs evolved from different lineages. Comparison of amino acid sequences shows that the chloroplast GAPDHs are related to GAPDHs found in thermophilic bacteria, while the cytosolic GAPDH is related to the GAPDH found in mesophilic prokaryotes. These results strongly support the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts.
Hypopyon uveitis and relapsing polychondritis: a report of 2 patients and review of autoimmune hypopyon uveitis.

Abstract Objective To report hypopyon uveitis as an ophthalmic finding associated with relapsing polychondritis. Design Interventional case reports. Participants Two patients with hypopyon uveitis as a manifestation of relapsing polychondritis. Methods Complete ocular and systemic examinations as well as chart reviews were performed for 2 patients with hypopyon uveitis as a manifestation of relapsing polychondritis at presentation. Main outcome measurements Clinical observation and response to treatment in 2 patients with hypopyon uveitis secondary to relapsing polychondritis. Results A 70-year-old white male had unilateral hypopyon uveitis accompanied by a migratory polyarthralgia at presentation. Fifteen months later, he sought treatment for chondritis of the right auricle and was diagnosed with relapsing polychondritis. A 42-year-old white female with known relapsing polychondritis had bilateral hypopyon uveitis at presentation during a systemic relapse. Both patients had resolution of the hypopyon with topical and systemic steroids. Conclusions Relapsing polychondritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sterile hypopyon uveitis. Steroids and systemic immunosuppression can be used to treat the uveitis.
Gender Parity in the Olympics Hyping Women Athletes, Favoring Men Athletes

Despite claims that the 1996 Summer Games in Atlanta were “the Olympics of the Women,” analysis of the producing network’s on-air discourse showed no significant gains in parity for women. Comparis...
Exact range and bearing control of many differential-drive robots with uniform control inputs

In this paper we investigate controlling many nonholonomic unicycles that each receive exactly the same inputs. The robots are almost homogeneous, but each robot has a unique parameter that scales its turning rate. Previous work showed that such a collection of robots can be approximately steered to arbitrary Cartesian positions, but not to arbitrary heading angles in a global reference frame. We extend this work by proving we can always steer such a collection of robots exactly to arbitrary range and bearing locations relative to targets in R2 in a finite number of steps. We also provide existence proofs for controlling the final heading angles of many robots. This work addresses a fundamental challenge in micro-and nanorobotics with possible applications in targeted therapy, sensing, and actuation. Scale hardware experiments validate the control policy. All code is provided online.
Streamtube analysis of a hydrogen-burning scramjet exhaust and simulation technique

A scramjet/airframe integration program and a technique for simulating thermally perfect scramjet exhaust flows (freon/argon gas blends) is studied to extend the technique to more complicated flows approaching the actual exhaust flow in complexity. The state of the flow and the accuracy of the substitute gas simulation are analyzed in the case of a shock discontinuity present. Findings are: scramjet exhaust flow is essentially frozen throughout the expansion at Mach 6 and Mach 8; flow behind moderate shocks remains frozen; the technique can accurately track static distributions in scramjet exhaust flows (shocked or unshocked).
Clinical Features of Lassa Fever in Liberia

Two hundred thirteen cases of Lassa fever (LF) were diagnosed by virus isolation and seroconversion at Curran Lutheran Hospital in Zorzor, Liberia, between July 1980 and April 1986. An additional 40 cases of probable and presumptive LF were diagnosed on the basis of single serum samples. Of the 246 assessable patients, 23 (9%) died; no data were available for seven patients. Five (16%) of 32 pregnant women and three (43%) of seven immediately postpartum women died. Four (26%) of 15 children less than 12 years died. Case-fatality rates among 125 nonpregnant women and 67 men were approximately 6%. Among 150 patients studied in detail, the case-fatality rate was also 9%. Seventeen (11%) of these patients had abnormal bleeding; of these, six (35%) died. Most platelet counts were at low normal to mildly depressed levels. However, serial counts in seven patients suggested a decrease on about days 10-12 of illness. The symptoms of LF in Liberia are those of a viral syndrome. Edema, sometimes marked, is noted in seriously ill patients. A great variation in mortality and incidence of abnormal bleeding is recorded in reported series of LF; it appears that hemorrhage is a marker for cases with a high mortality. The incidence and severity of hearing defects in LF outbreaks vary. Elucidation of a number of clinical problems in LF requires more information on how strain differences affect the pattern of illness.
Preschooler Sleep Patterns Related to Cognitive and Adaptive Functioning.

Research Findings: Preschoolers’ sleep patterns were examined related to cognitive and adaptive functioning. The sample consisted of 874 typically developing preschool children with a mean age of 40.01 months. Parent/caregiver reports of children's sleep pattern factors, Stanford-Binet 5 intelligence scale scores, and Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, adaptive behavior composite scores were examined. The results provided evidence of the interaction among preschoolers’ sleep factors, cognitive variations across performance areas, and adaptive functioning. Practice or Policy: Sleep needs vary according to the child, and maintaining optimal sleep habits will help preschool performance and skills acquisition. Practical implications for prevention, early intervention, education, and policy are discussed.
Marslandung und erste Ergebnisse von Viking 1

Inhalt: Letzte Flugphase: Umlenkung in den Marsorbit — Suche nach dem Landeplatz — Die Landung — Erste Ergebnisse: Atmosphare, Meteorologie am Landeplatz, Oberflachenmaterial — Viking 2.
Pulsatile flow simulator for comparison of cardiac output measurements by electromagnetic flow meter and thermodilution

This study examined a pulsatile flow simulator for the purpose of evaluating two measurement devices, an extracorporeal flow probe with an electromagnetic flow meter and several thermodilution catheters. We measured the performance of these devices in a range of low to high flows. Using either saline or blood as a perfusate, we obtained different results with these fluids (p less than 0.001). Each catheter behaved in a linear manner, although variation occurred among the catheters with both saline (minimum slope 1.090, maximum slope 1.190) and blood (minimum slope 1.107, maximum slope 1.154). An increase in rate and stroke volumes of the simulator did not demonstrate an identifiable trend in error. The thermodilution catheters were most accurate at 5.0 L/min irrespective of rate, stroke volume, or perfusate used. In contrast, the electromagnetic flow meter accurately represented flows across the wide range of outputs examined (2.4 to 10.7 L/min). (Slope with saline 1.091, slope with blood 1.080) Throughout the range of flow, the flow meter gave a calibration line 5% higher with blood than with saline. The results indicate that accurate measurement of pulsatile blood flow can be achieved in vitro with an electromagnetic flow meter using saline as a perfusate, provided a correction factor is determined and applied to convert values for saline to accurate values for blood.
Complement-fixing and Neutralizing Antibody Studies on Humans Vaccinated Against Rabies:

Summary1. Blood samples taken prior to vaccination and at rather frequent intervals after completion of antirabies vaccination were tested from 18 individuals who received 7 injections of vaccine and from 69 individuals who received 14 injections of vaccine.2. Both neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies were induced in the two groups of vaccinated individuals, (but in all instances the neutralizing index reached higher levels and persisted longer than did the complement-fixation titer. The highest antibody levels were attained in those patients who received the greater number of vaccine injections.3. Four individuals had had antirabies vaccine 6 months to 2 years previously. Three of the 4 still showed an appreciable neutralizing index prior to being revaccinated, and all 4 showed a marked antibody rise or “booster” effect after the second series of vaccine injections.
Respiratory mechanics of the coatimundi and woodchuck.

The coatimundi breathes with a large tidal volume and relatively short TE/TTOT while the woodchuck has a relatively long TE/TTOT compared to other mammals. Hence, the respiratory mechanics of the coatimundi and woodchuck were studied to determine whether mechanics play any role in the differences in breathing pattern observed in these two mammals of similar body size. Although static respiratory system compliance was less and lower airway resistance was greater in the woodchuck compared to the coati there was no significant difference in deflationary time constant that could contribute to the difference in expiratory time. Both species exhibit less compliant chest walls than would be predicted for animals this size (4.5 and 5 kg) and the coati lung compliance is greater than that of the woodchuck or the prediction. The large tidal volume in the coati may be attributed in part to the large lung volume of this species (2.2 times the allometric prediction). The differences in breathing pattern are more likely related to differences in the control of breathing (i.e. regulation of expiratory airflow and inspiratory onset) than to differences in respiratory mechanics.
Prospective evaluation of plasma kinetic bipolar resection of bladder cancer: comparison to monopolar resection and pathologic findings.

Objective To determine whether the Gyrus ACMI plasma kinetic bipolar device (Gyrus ACMI, Southborough, MA) improves pathologic specimen preservation and clinical outcomes compared to standard monopolar electrocautery.
On the Asymptotic Power of Tests for Comparing K Correlated Proportions

Abstract The limit distribution of Cochran's Q statistic for testing the equality of k proportions in matched samples is obtained for sequences of Pitman alternatives. Comparison of the asymptotic power of the test based on the Q statistic with that of the test based on Wald's statistic for the same asymptotic level shows that neither test is uniformly better than the other. We study by simulation a modified Q test using an estimated critical value obtained from a Satterthwaite-type approximation for cases when the proportions to be compared are near one-half and k = 4. The operating characteristics agree closely with estimated values in samples of 50 and 100, while the agreement with the Wald statistics was occasionally poor.
Reduction of serotonin-2 receptors in rat cerebral cortex after subchronic administration of imipramine, chlorpromazine, and the combination thereof.

Abstract Combined administration of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs has been reported to have a synergistic effect in the treatment of psychotic depression. The effects of subchronic administration of imipramine, chlorpromazine, or the combination, on serotonin 2 (5-HT 2 ) receptors labeled by 3 H-spiroperidol in rat cerebral cortex were studied to determine whether this synergism might be related to an effect on these receptors, which have been linked to the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Treatment with imipramine or chlorpromazine alone for 14 days decreased the density of 5-HT 2 receptor binding sites in rat cortex; the combination of the two drugs produced a greater reduction in 5-HT 2 binding sites than imipramine or chlorpromazine alone. Thus, the clinical synergism of this combination may be related, in part to the more extensive decrease in 5-HT 2 binding sites it produces. The ability of chlorpromazine alone to decrease 5-HT 2 binding sites might be relevant to reports that it has an independent antidepressant action.
IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase modulates TH2-mediated allergic airway inflammation by suppressing IFN-γ in naive CD4+ T cells

Background Asthma is a predominantly T H 2 cell–dominated inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and a major public health concern affecting millions of persons. The Tec family tyrosine kinase IL-2–inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is primarily expressed in T cells and critical for the function and differentiation of T H cells. Itk −/− mice have a defective T H 2 response and are not susceptible to allergic asthma. Objective We sought to better understand the role of Itk signaling in T H differentiation programs and in the development and molecular pathology of allergic asthma. Methods Using a murine model of allergic airway inflammation, we dissected the role of Itk in regulating T H cell differentiation through genetic ablation of critical genes, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and house dust mite–driven allergic airway inflammation. Results Peripheral naive Itk −/− CD4 + T cells have substantially increased transcripts and expression of the prototypic T H 1 genes Eomesodermin, IFN-γ, T-box transcription factor (T-bet), and IL-12Rβ1. Removal of IFN-γ on the Itk −/− background rescues expression of T H 2-related genes in T H cells and allergic airway inflammation in Itk −/− mice. Furthermore, small hairpin RNA–mediated knockdown of Itk in human peripheral blood T cells results in increased expression of mRNA for IFN-γ and T-bet and reduction in expression of IL-4. Conclusion Our results indicate that Itk signals suppress the expression of IFN-γ in naive CD4 + T cells, which in a positive feed-forward loop regulates the expression of T H 1 factors, such as T-bet and Eomesodermin, and suppress development of T H 2 cells and allergic airway inflammation.
ASAP: a low-latency transport layer

For interactive networked applications like web browsing, every round-trip time (RTT) matters. We introduce ASAP, a new naming and transport protocol that reduces latency by shortcutting DNS requests and eliminating TCP's three-way handshake, while ensuring the key security property of verifiable provenance of client requests. ASAP eliminates between one and two RTTs, cutting the delay of small requests by up to two-thirds.
Pygmy chimpanzee as a possible prototype for the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and gorillas

A CONVINCING theory of human origins must clarify man's relationships with living primates and with the ancestral forms known only through fossils. Phylogenetic relationships have previously been determined mainly by anatomical similarities, but now, biochemical similarities provide independent criteria for evolutionary relationships. Albumin and transferrin immunology, immunodifrusion, DNA annealing and amino acid analysis all indicate that chimpanzees, gorillas and humans share a substantial common ancestry, and that the Asiatic apes (gibbons and orangutans) diverged earlier from this lineage1–3. These findings directly conflict with the more widely held view that all the great apes diverged from a common ancestor long after the ‘Origin’ of the evolutionary line leading to modern humans4. The molecular data consistently suggest a much more recent origin of the man–chimpanzee–gorilla separation than was previously imagined, namely, in the range of 4–6 M yr ago3,5. These data show that, although the two chimpanzee species (Pan paniscus and P. troglodytes) are biochemically distinct, they are more closely related to each other than either is to humans or gorillas6,7. The chimpanzees speciated, then, after the initial three-way split. We therefore, here contend that, among living species, the pygmy chimpanzee (P. paniscus) offers us the best prototype of the prehominid ancestor. Biochemical, morphological, behavioural and palaeontological data support this proposition and argue for a relatively recent and accelerated divergence of the hominid from the pongid line.
Celebrating Jhumki Basu's contributions to science education as a scholar and an activist: voices from the field

This metalogue addresses the ways Sreyashi Jhumki Basu mediated our practices in science education and life. We focus on Basu’s uses of critical science agency, democratic science classrooms, and critical feminist ethnography to transform the possibilities for all participants in her research and educational practices. We also examine her use of cases and pedagogical strategies to support youth set practice goals based on conceptions of self and preferred learning trajectories. These strategies allow youth to develop power through the use of disciplinary knowledge and modes of inquiry to support their understanding of themselves as powerful, able to change their position in the world, and make the world more socially just. This (Key Contributors) article acknowledges a life cut short through disease, reflects our personal loss of a friend and colleague, and expresses determination to ensure that her contributions to science education are sustained and continued.