cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperparasitoid aggregation in response to variation in Aphidius ervi host density at three spatial scales

. 1 This article investigates the pattern of hyperparasitism of the host Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae), a primary parasitoid of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) at three spatial scales. 2 In the laboratory, the hyperparasitoid Asaphes lucens (Provancher) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was introduced into cages containing sixteen alfalfa plants with varying numbers of A. ervi mummies (the stage susceptible to hyperparasitism). The pattern of hyperparasitism at the end of the 48-h trials showed no density-dependent hyperparasitoid aggregation, although there was strong density-independent hyperparasitoid aggregation. 3 In the field, the density of A. ervi mummies was manipulated in twelve 2 × 2-m plots containing 1309–1654 alfalfa stems. Variation in hyperparasitism among plots showed no density-dependent aggregation, although there was strong density-independent aggregation. 4 Finally, at the largest scale of the study, the distribution of hyperparasitism was sampled among twelve alfalfa fields within a 5 × 3-km area. At this scale there was both density-dependent and density-independent hyperparasitoid aggregation. 5 The natural variation in A. ervi mummy density is greatest at the larger scales of study. Therefore, density-dependent hyperparasitism occurs only when there is high natural variation in mummy density.
On sufficient conditions for the stability of interval matrices

Using Gershgorin's diagonal dominance theorem, new sufficient conditions for the stability of interval matrices are obtained. The new conditions remove a restriction in Heinen's (1983) analysis and are applicable to a wider class of problems than previously possible.
The birth of a bill market

In the economic literature concerning the money and capital markets of less developed countries, one half‐truth has persisted, namely that L.D.C. governments face a long and difficult task if they attempt to create bill markets. This paper presents a startling bit of counterevidence from Colombian experience, where a functioning government bill market arose almost before the government was aware that it was issuing bills. The implication is clear: it is only difficult to establish bill markets when the effort consists of the attempted creation of an artificial demand for bills at unrealistic interest yields. Finally, it is argued that L.D.C. governments may not have been foolish in so long ignoring the virtues of functioning bill markets.
Partial Rescue of the Vif-Negative Phenotype of Mutant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains from Nonpermissive Cells by Intravirion Reverse Transcription

Virion infectivity factor (Vif) is a protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) and is essential for viral replication. It appears that Vif functions in the virus-producing cells and affects viral assembly. Viruses with defects in the vif gene (vif−) generated from the “nonpermissive cells” are not able to complete reverse transcription. In previous studies, it was demonstrated that defects in the vif gene also affect endogenous reverse transcription (ERT) when mild detergents were utilized to permeabilize the viral envelope. In this report, we demonstrate that defects in the vif gene have much less of an effect on ERT if detergent is not used. When ERT was driven by addition of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) at high concentrations, certain levels of plus-strand viral DNA could also be achieved. Interestingly, if vif− viruses, generated from nonpermissive cells and harboring large quantities of viral DNA generated by ERT, were allowed to infect permissive cells, they could partially bypass the block at intracellular reverse transcription, through which vif− viruses without dNTP treatment could not pass. Consequently, viral infectivity can be partially rescued from the vif− phenotype. Based on our observations, we suggest that vif defects may cause the reverse transcription complex (RT complex) to become sensitive to mild detergent treatments within HIV-1 virions and become unstable in the target cells, such that the process of reverse transcription cannot be efficiently supported. Further dissection of RT complexes of vif− viruses may be key to uncovering the molecular mechanism(s) of Vif in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Local initiation of spermatogenesis in the horse.

Gross observation of testicular parenchyma of 1.5- to 2-yr-old horses reveals both light and dark regions. If this gross, differential shading reflects quantitative differences in the development of spermatogenesis and interstitial cell populations, the horse may prove to be a useful model for study of the paracrine relationships associated with initiation of spermatogenesis. The objective of this study was to characterize seminiferous tubules and interstitium of testes with gross, differential shading. Testes with both light and dark regions of parenchyma were obtained from horses 1.5-2 yr old and compared to parenchyma of fetal, 2-yr-old, or 5-yr-old horses. Stereology was used on tubular and interstitial components, and luminal development of seminiferous tubules was scored. Volume density of seminiferous tubules, percentage of tubules with large vacuoles or a complete lumen, and number of primary spermatocytes per gram were greater (p 0.05) in both light parenchyma and dark parenchyma. A greater percentage (p < 0.05) of other (nonvascular, non-Leydig, nonmacrophage) cells was found in the dark parenchyma than in light parenchyma or in testes of 2- or 5-yr-old horses. The volume density of macrophages was notably greater (p 0.05) in fetal and dark parenchyma than in light parenchyma or in testes from older horses. Variation in development of seminiferous tubules was not associated with the volume density of blood vessels. In conclusion, the gross, differential shading of equine testicular parenchyma with its corresponding differences in seminiferous tubular development is a clear example of the effect of local factors leading to the local initiation of spermatogenesis.
Variational Stability and Marginal Functions via Generalized Differentiation

Robust Lipschitzian properties of set-valued mappings and marginal functions play a crucial role in many aspects of variational analysis and its applications, especially for issues related to variational stability and optimization. We develop an approach to variational stability based on generalized differentiation. The principal achievements of this paper include new results on coderivative calculus for set-valued mappings and singular subdifferentials of marginal functions in infinite dimensions with their extended applications to Lipschitzian stability. In this way we derive efficient conditions ensuring the preservation of Lipschitzian and related properties for set-valued mappings under various operations, with the exact bound/modulus estimates, as well as new sufficient conditions for the Lipschitz continuity of marginal functions.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function in Obesity

Obesity is the major nutritional disorder in the United States and in parts of the world where sufficient calories are available to maintain excessive quantities of adipose tissue triglyceride. Numerous theories, ranging from the psychological to the biochemical, have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of obesity, but none has been totally satisfactory. Of greater importance from the standpoint of clinical medicine and public health, no intervention, whether surgical, pharmacological, or psychiatric, is predictably successful in inducing and permanently maintaining weight loss.
Does local adaptation to resources explain genetic differentiation among Daphnia populations

Substantial genetic differentiation is frequently observed among populations of cyclically parthenogenetic zooplankton despite their high dispersal capabilities and potential for gene flow. Local adaptation has been invoked to explain population genetic differentiation despite high dispersal, but several neutral models that account for basic life history features also predict high genetic differentiation. Here, we study genetic differentiation among four populations of Daphnia pulex in east central Illinois. As with other studies of Daphnia, we demonstrate substantial population genetic differentiation despite close geographic proximity (<50 km; mean h = 0.22). However, we explicitly tested and failed to find evidence for, the hypothesis that local adaptation to food resources occurs in these populations. Recognizing that local adaptation can occur in traits unrelated to resources, we estimated contemporary migration rates (m) and tested for admixture to evaluate the hypothesis that observed genetic differentiation is consistent with local adaptation to other untested ecological factors. Using Bayesian assignment methods, we detected migrants in three of the four study populations including substantial evidence for successful reproduction by immigrants in one pond, allowing us to reject the hypothesis that local adaptation limits gene flow for at least this population. Thus, we suggest that local adaptation does not explain genetic differentiation among these Daphnia populations and that other factors related to extinction ⁄colonization dynamics, a long approach to equilibrium FST or substantial genetic drift due to a low number of individuals hatching from the egg bank each season may explain genetic differentiation.
Unusual features of Marfan's syndrome including two postmortem studies.

Abstract The clinical and postmortem findings in 2 patients with Marfan's syndrome have been presented. In one of these, pulmonary artery rupture secondary to cystic medial necrosis was the cause of death; in the other, death occurred at the time of attempted correction of a coarctation of the aorta. Although lesions in the media of the pulmonary arteries have been well documented histologically, death due to rupture of an involved segment of pulmonary artery is most unusual. The higher incidence of coarctation in Marfan's syndrome should alert the physician to this diagnostic possibility in the individual with coarctation being considered for surgery. Three offspring of the first reported patient are presented and already show classical features of the Marfan's syndrome. The genetic aspects of this condition and their potential application are discussed.
The American for-profit university: a model for the information economy

Within the context of ‘the engine of globalisation,’ Sperling explores the rigidities and inefficiencies in ‘traditional’ American higher education institutions. He points to the ways in which the for-profit university can overcome these problems, while at the same time being a net contributor to the tax system. In particular, he suggests that it is the profit motive that makes the University of Phoenix responsive to its its customers, and technologically innovative.
Application of three dimensional image analysis to the mammalian cell nucleus

A three dimensional image segmentation and analysis system is proposed to study the confocal microscopy images of DNA replication sites in cell nuclei. The algorithm presented here includes detection of replication sites in 2D slices in the image and reconstructing 3D objects from 2D data. We also present a user interface to allow easy interaction with both the segmentation algorithm and the 3D segmented data. >
Functional Expression of hMYH, a Human Homolog of the Escherichia coli MutY Protein

We have previously described the hMYH cDNA and genomic clones (M. M. Slupska et al., J. Bacteriol. 178:3885-3892, 1996). Here, we report that the enzyme expressed from an hMYH cDNA clone in Escherichia coli complements the mutator phenotype in a mutY mutant and can remove A from an A. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine mismatch and to a lesser extent can remove A from an A. G mismatch in vitro.
The performance properties of electrically small resonant multiple-arm folded wire antennas

In this tutorial article, the resonant radiation properties of electrically small, multiple-arm, folded wire antennas are considered and compared as a function of the antenna's height, the cylindrical diameter occupied, the geometry, and the number of folded arms within the antenna structure. The radiation properties considered include resonant resistance, efficiency, radiation patterns, and the operating bandwidth, which is characterized using the antenna's quality factor (Q). It is shown that electrically small, multiple-arm, folded wire antenna designs offer significant performance improvements relative to simple open-ended wire antennas, in terms of increased resonant resistance, bandwidth, and efficiency. However, when multiple-arm, folded wire antennas of the same height and cylindrical diameter, but having significantly different geometries, are made to be self-resonant at the same frequency, they exhibit similar resonant performance properties. This illustrates that the resonant performance properties of these antennas are primarily established by their height and the physical volume occupied relative to the resonant wavelength. Various design parameters are considered and described for achieving self-resonance and a reasonable impedance match with an electrically small, multiple-arm folded wire antenna. Finally, the performance properties of the multiple-arm folded wire configurations are compared with those of an impedance-matched, non-folded, open-ended wire configuration. It is shown that the multiple-arm folded wire configurations exhibit a lower Q than the impedance-matched, non-folded wire configuration.
Contrasting Student Attitudes toward Study Abroad Programs among College of Business Majors.

The evolution of globalization has increased the demand for skills that can compete in the expanding global markets. In addition to meeting the basic skills required in particular academic disciplines, many educators have advocated that an increased international exposure should be included in students’ higher educational experience. Some universities include international study abroad as a component of their degree requirements. Our study surveyed junior and senior level business students at a publicly-funded state university to determine their attitudes toward the study abroad experience. This university does have various study abroad experiences available to students through its International Center and encourages, but does not require, an international experience for graduation. Our study contrasts the perceptions of a study broad experience between the business disciplines. We seek to further clarify this area of research by identifying differences in the majors’ perceived value of the study abroad experience relative to their in-class major courses, their financial needs, costs of studying abroad, concerns about safety when studying abroad, and their views of the value of the overall study abroad experience by potential employers.
Characterization of Hair Keratins

Most of what we know about hair keratins has been inferred from extensive investigations on wool. The early studies of Astbury, Woods, and Speakman (1920) elucidated much of the chemical composition of wool proteins, and this work has been expanded in recent years. Three groups of structural proteins have been identified in wool.
Time budget, news search time cost, and news media choice

Applying a microeconomic framework, this study analyzes how people allocate their time on traditional and new news media in the age of media abundance. It argues that people with tight time budgets (more work time and less leisure time) spend less time on the consumption of traditional news media than people with loose time budgets (more leisure time and less work time). Moreover, people with tight time budgets allocate more of their news consumption time on new media than people with loose time budgets because of the low “news search time cost” common to new media services. Data for the empirical analysis were collected in a random sample mail survey with 253 respondents in the Midwest United States from September to November, 2012.
Optomechanical Transduction of Nanocantilevers by High- Q Bandedge States of a Dispersion-Engineered Photonic Crystal Waveguide

Optical transduction of femtogram nanocantilevers is performed by high-Q bandedge states of a dispersion-engineered photonic crystal waveguide. Optomechanical multiplexing of the nanocantilevers is demonstrated with a best displacement sensitivity of 73 fm/Hz1/2.
Valence photoionization of noble-gas atoms confined in the fullerene C 60

A systematic study and comparison of the photoionization cross sections of the outer and inner shells of the noble-gas atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe confined endohedrally inside a ${\text{C}}_{60}$ molecule are calculated by employing a time-dependent local-density-approximation formulation. Confinement resonances are found to be a general feature of these cross sections and dramatic interchannel coupling effects, significantly increasing the atomic cross sections, are exhibited in all cases in the vicinity of the ${\text{C}}_{60}$ plasmons. Hybridization effects, the mixing of the atomic and cage bound-state wave functions, are also found, but no systematics of the hybridization present themselves.
Moral Mind-Sets Abstract Thinking Increases a Preference for “Individualizing” Over “Binding” Moral Foundations

Moral foundations theory contends that people’s morality goes beyond concerns about justice and welfare, and asserts that humans have five innate foundations of morality: harm and fairness (individualizing foundations) and in-group loyalty, deference to authority, and purity (binding foundations). The current research investigates whether people’s moral judgments are consistently informed by these five values, or whether individualizing and binding foundations might be differentially endorsed depending on individuals’ mind-sets. Results from our study demonstrated that when participants were experimentally manipulated to think abstractly (vs. concretely), which presumably makes their higher level core values salient, they increased in their valuations of the individualizing foundations and decreased in their valuations of the binding foundations. This effect was not moderated by political ideology. Implications and areas for future directions are discussed.
LDPC code recognition security tracking algorithm based on whole phase single channel admixture

LDPC code recognition and security tracking are the cores of adaptive modulation and coding technology. A LDPC code recognition security tracking algorithm based on whole phase single channel admixture is proposed,LDPC code recognition model is constructed,and all-phase single channel mixed coding technology is proposed in this paper. The phase space reconstruction technique is used for multi-dimensional space vector recombinant of LDPC code. While the bandwidth occupancy rate of encryption information is reduced by the sink decoding,the coding vector distribution restriction is reduced. With the allphase of single channel mixed compensation,inter symbol interference is reduced and the LDPC code recognition ability is improved. Simulation results show that the algorithm has better spatial gain response of LDPC code output,little output error and low error rate. Therefore,the recognition security tracking performance of LDPC code is improved. It has a higher application value in the fields of adaptive modulation and coding communication.
296 MORBIDITY WITH INDUCTION OF LABOR IN NULLIPAROUS PATIENTS WITH SEVERE PREECLAMPSIA.

Objective Worsening of preeclampsia is the most common indication for mandated preterm delivery. This study evaluates the morbidity with induction of labor for nulliparous women with severe preeclampsia. Methods Cases were gathered from our perinatal database for nulliparous women with severe preeclampsia delivering singleton gestations between January 2002 and June 2004. After a review of 147 hospital records, we selected only those cases that were eligible for a trial of labor and required either intravaginal misoprostol or intravenous oxytocin initially. Primary measurable outcomes related to maternal morbid conditions associated with the route of delivery. Statistical evaluations included χ2 testing and regression analysis. Results Of the 81 cases undergoing an induction of labor, vaginal delivery was successful in 57 cases (70.4%). This rate did not vary significantly between 28 and 41 weeks of gestation. The need to ripen the cervix was present in all cases remote from term, although the percent delivering vaginally within 24 hours was high (89.5%). Although fetal intolerance to labor was the principal indication for operative delivery, those infants had Apgar scores that were not different from those who delivered by cesarean without labor. The postpartum need for ICU admission or for oral antihypertensive therapy was less after vaginal delivery. Conclusion The rate of vaginal delivery after an induction of labor for nulliparous patients with severe preeclampsia is high even in cases remote from term and with an unfavorable cervix. Postpartum morbidity is less with vaginal delivery.
142 cases of children infected with mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical analysis

Objective Discussion Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children with clinical features.Methods Reviewed 142 cases of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children with in-patient clinical data and statistical analysis.Results Fifty cases of infants and young children,the lungs appear sound Hello there were 28 cases,accounting for 56%,3-year-old children with more than 92 cases,the lungs appear sound Hello 14 cases,accounting for 14.2 percent,between the difference was significant(P0.01);outside with pulmonary complications were 14 cases of infants and young children,accounting for 28% of the 3-year-old children with more than 43 cases,accounting for 46.3 percent,the difference between the two was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusions Children infected with Mycoplasma pneumonia in infants and young children in cases of obvious and severe lung performance,and more than 3-year-old children with obvious signs of the lungs,more susceptible to pulmonary complications outside,the application of all cases of azithromycin treatment,A short course of treatment,good compliance.
EMBEDDINGS AND IMMERSIONS OF FOUR DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS IN R6

This chapter discusses the embeddings and immersions of four dimensional manifolds in. It presents a theorem that states that the following conditions are equivalent, such as M is stably parallelizable, that is, the tangent bundle of M plus a trivial line bundle is trivial; ω 2 (M)=0 and p 1 (M)=0; M is almost parallelizable and the index of M is zero ; M embeds smoothly in R 6 ; and M has a locally flat P.L. embedding in R 6 . In this, ω 2 (M) and p 1 (M) denotes the second Stiefel–Whitney class. Almost parallelizable means that M- {a point} is parallelizable. According to another theorem statesd in the chapter, the following conditions are equivalent, such as, M is almost parallelizable; ω 2 (M)=0; M has a P.L. but not necessarily locally flat embedding in R 6 ; and M has a P.L. embedding in R 6 which is locally flat except possibly at one point of M .
A Prognostic Indicator for Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure

Abstract Background: Current methods for identifying patients at risk of dying within six months suffer from clinician biases resulting in underestimation of this risk. As a result, patients who are potentially eligible for hospice and palliative care services frequently do not benefit from these services until they are very close to the end of their lives. Objective: To develop a prospective prognostic indicator based on actual survival within Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) claims data that identifies patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who are at risk of six-month mortality. Methods: CMS claims data from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 were reviewed to find the first hospitalization for CHF patients with episode of care diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) 291, 292, and 293. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to determine the associations between demographic and clinical factors and six-month mortality. The resulting model was evaluated for discrimination and calibrat...
RnR: Reverse & Replace Decoding for Collision Recovery in Wireless Sensor Networks

Interference between concurrent transmissions causes severe performance degradation in a wireless network. This paper addresses interference cancellation to enable simultaneous packet receptions at a node with a single radio in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Interference cancellation is particularly important for WSN as most of its applications rely on convergecast where all the traffic in the network is delivered to a base station leading to a lot of packet collisions. Existing solutions for collision recovery make simplified assumptions such as the availability of one of the collided packets, repeated collisions of the same packets, and the ability to identify the collided packets before recovering them which do not hold for WSNs and most wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a novel collision recovery method called Reverse and Replace Decoding (RnR) for WSNs. RnR entails a physical-link layer design to exploit the raw samples of the colliding signals. It does not rely on the assumptions made in existing work, and can recover all packets from a single collision. To demonstrate its feasibility, we have implemented RnR using GNU Radio on USRP devices based on IEEE 802.15.4 network. Our experiments on a 6-node testbed demonstrate that RnR can successfully decode packets in 95% cases of collisions, and improves the correctly packet decoding rate up to 97.5% compared to standard decoders in the case of collisions. Also, our simulation based on GNU Radio simulator using 25 nodes shows that RnR achieves 4x higher throughput compared to the state-of-the-art collision recovery mechanisms.
Tissue banking, biovigilance and the notify library

This issue is dedicated to the contributions of Professor Glyn O. Phillips to the field of tissue banking and the advancement of science in general. The use of ionizing radiation to sterilize medical products drew the interest of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A meeting in 1976 in Athens Greece to present work on the effects of sterilizing radiation doses upon the antigenic properties of proteins and biologic tissues was my first introduction of Professor Phillips and the role that he was to play in Tissue Banking (Friedlaender, in Phillips GO, Tallentine AN (eds) Radiation sterilization. Irradiated tissues and their potential clinical use. The North E. Wales Institute, Clwyd, p 128, 1978). The IAEA sponsored subsequent meetings in the Republic of Korea, Czechoslovakia and Rangoon, the later including a visit to the tissue bank by Professor Phillips. His advocacy resulted in multiple workshops and teaching opportunities in a variety of countries, one of which led to the establishment of the Asia Pacific Surgical Tissue Banking Association in 1989 (Phillips and Strong, in Phillips GO, Strong DM, von Versen R, Nather A (eds) Advances in tissue banking, vol 3. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 403-417, 1999).
Sleep Duration Trajectories and Systemic Inflammation in Young Adults: Results From the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health)

Study objectives This study examines the effects of short and long sleep duration patterns in young adults on the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as the potential effect modification by sex. Methods Using data from waves III (age 18-26) and IV (age 24-32) of the National Longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health, we examined the association between sleep trajectories in young adults, and the risk of elevated high sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation. Results Short sleep trajectories were associated with significantly elevated log-transformed hs-CRP (coefficient = 0.11, p-value .03) and with significantly higher odds of having hs-CRP levels > 3 mg/L (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.29, 2.67). The association was modified by sex, with the association between short sleep duration and hs-CRP limited to males. Both the continuous (coefficient 0.117, p-value = .0362) and the categorized hs-CRP (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.48, 3.30) were significantly elevated with short sleep durations in males, whereas no significant associations were seen in females with short sleep durations. By contrast, log hs-CRP was significantly elevated in females with long sleep durations (coefficient = 0.232, p-value = .0296), with a nonsignificant increase in the odds of having hs-CRP levels greater than 3 mg/L (OR = 1.48, 95% CI 0.75, 2.93), whereas there were no associations with long sleep duration in males. Conclusions Systemic inflammation, measured by an elevated level of hs-CRP, is seen with persistent short sleep duration in young adult men and persistent long sleep duration in young adult women.
Dietary Paradoxes to Optimize Cardiovascular Risk Management in Chronic Kidney Disease

While the medical community is faced with a burgeoning epidemic of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the stark reality is that the majority of patients with early stages of CKD never reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Patients with CKD are far more likely to die of cardiovascular-related complications, leading to the generalized acceptance of CKD as a major independent risk factor for CVD. Yet despite being among the highest risk group for developing CVD, dietary guidelines for reducing CV risk are scant and evidence-based recommendations are lacking. Heart healthy guidelines for the general population often contradict dietary recommendations for the CKD setting and have potential to increase risk of certain metabolic complications. In this chapter, specific controversies of the “heart healthy” diet and how they may be reconciled in the patient with underlying renal disease are discussed. An integrated dietary approach to reduce CVD risk specifically in the CKD population is presented.
Electric Bill Data

The Electric Bill dataset contains monthly household electric billing charges for ten years. In addition, there are values for such potential explanatory variables as temperature, heating and cooli...
Playfulness, parody, and carnival: Catchphrases and mood on the Chinese Internet from 2003 to 2015:

The study examines the patterns and conditions of catchphrases on the Chinese Internet from 2003 to 2015 and their social, political, and cultural implications. Through investigating online catchph...
The Christian Hypothesis

A Catholic approach to the abortion debates requires a certain paradoxical attitude that is challenging to maintain. On the one hand, revelation anchors us in a certainty about the sanctity of human life, about which compromise, relativization, or concession is impossible. On the other hand, Catholic anthropology says that even a person holding the diametrically opposite view on this question does not do so because he deliberately chooses something he considers evil. The doctrine of the Fall combines a sternly realistic recognition of sin with an amazingly optimistic anthropology. It does not say our appetites have been so perverted as to desire evil instead of good; it says we confuse a perfective good with an apparent good.
Baum’s private thoughts

I find Baum’s arguments in thisarticle utterly convincing. Thatshould not be surprising, becauseBaum and I think alike. It might beworth explaining why this is so. It hasto do with our common history ofreinforcement and punishment. Weoccupied desks in the same tinycubicle in the basement of Harvard’sMemorial Hall during the 3 years(1962–1965) it took us to get ourPhDs. Together we suffered underthe oppressive system operative there.We stood in awe of Skinner but weremore directly influenced by Herrn-stein and Stevens. To our manydiscussions and near-violent argu-ments, Baum brought his back-ground in biology and I mine inmechanical engineering and gestaltpsychology. These backgrounds gaveus the confidence to focus on evolu-tionary, operational, and molar as-pects of our teachers’ ideas: Skinner’sconcept of the generic nature ofstimulus and response and of theoperant, Stevens’ pragmatic insis-tence on simplicity in theory andexperimental design and, most ofall, Herrnstein’s matching law, themolar implications of which we werejust trying to comprehend.Herrnstein had circulated a work-ing paper applying matching toindividual responses. His originalaccount applied to symmetricalchoices between Response A andResponse B; now he applied thematching equation to a choice be-tween Responses A and not-A (allbehavior except Response A). Ac-cording to Herrnstein (1970), the rateof any particular response was direct-ly proportional to the rate of rein-forcement of that response alone, andwas indirectly proportional to all ofthe reinforcement in the situation(including the reinforcement of thatresponse as well as the reinforcementof all other available behavior). BothBaum and I were bothered by thisaccount. These extra reinforcerscould not be measured directly. Weboth firmly believed in the minimiza-tion of free parameters (we still do),and Herrnstein had just added an-other free parameter to the matchingequation. Also, Herrnstein’s newformulation made a prediction thatwent against our expectations. Sup-pose a pigeon’s pecks were beingreinforced on a variable-intervalschedule (the pigeon consequentlypecking at a steady rate) and thenfree reinforcers, independent of peck-ing, were randomly given to thepigeon (in addition to those it earnedon the variable-interval schedule). Itseemed to us that the extra reinforc-ers, occasionally occurring within ashort time of a peck, might supersti-tiously reinforce pecking and there-fore increase pecking rate. The higherthe rate of these free reinforcers, themore accidental contiguities wouldoccur between pecks and reinforcers,the faster the pigeons should peck.However, Herrnstein’s new formulasaid that pecking rate would varyinversely with the rate of these freereinforcers; the faster they came, theslower the pigeon should peck. Irecall the three of us sitting inHerrnstein’s office as we presentedthis contradiction to him. But he was
Elbow dislocation and articular fracture of the distal humerus

Objective To describe dislocation of the elbow with articular fracture of the distal humerus, a type of elbow fracture-dislocation about which little has been written. Methods Four patients with a dislocation of the elbow and fracture of the distal humerus were identified. Three had dislocation and complex intraarticular fracture of the capitellum, trochlea, and lateral epicondyle. Results Two patients （one treated with a second operation to address avaseular necrosis of the capitellum） achieved a functional arc of elbow motion and one patient was lost after removal of the implants 3 months after fracture with documented healing. The fourth patient had a complex open fracture dislocation involving the entire articular surface. An attempt to salvage the articular surface resulted in deep infection. Extensive heterotnpic bone led to arthrodesis of the elbow. Conclusions Dislocations of the elbow with articular fracture of the humerus are uncommon. Most injuries involve the capitellum, lateral trochlea, and lateral epicondyle. Open reduction and internal fixation of the distal humerus fracture can restore stability without repairing the medial collateral ligament. Key words: Elbow ; Fracture ; Dislocation ; Distal humerus
Aggregation of Gridded Emulated Projections at the National or Regional Level: Rainfed and Irrigated Crop Yields and Irrigation Water Requirements

This article and companion code is an update to Blanc (2017b) which provided a tool to use statistical emulators of global gridded crop models described in Blanc and Sultan (2015) and Blanc (2017) and aggregated the projections at the regional level. This new version includes, in addition to rainfed yields of maize, rice, soybean and wheat, irrigated crops yields as well as associated irrigation water requirements as estimated in Blanc (2020).
Scalable cardiovascular risk assessment using artificial intelligence-enabled event adjudication and widely available hematologic predictors

Abstract Introduction Researchers routinely evaluate novel biomarkers for incorporation into clinical risk models. Although of potential benefit, such emerging markers, which are often costly or not yet commercially available, are unlikely to enable the scalable risk assessment needed for population health strategies. In contrast, the ideal inputs for population approaches would be those already widely available for most patients. We hypothesized that simple hematologic markers, available in an outpatient complete blood count without differential, would be useful to develop risk models for cardiovascular events. Methods Using routine laboratory measurements as predictors and neural network-based automated event adjudication of 1,072,348 discharge summaries, we developed and validated models for prediction of heart attack, ischemic stroke, heart failure hospitalization, revascularization, and all-cause mortality. Results Models with hematology indices alone showed Harrell’s concordance index ranging from 0.60–0.80 on an external validation set. Hematology indices added significantly in terms of discrimination and calibration performance compared to models using only demographic data and diagnostic codes for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and ischemic stroke, with the concordance index of resulting models in the range 0.75–0.85 on an external validation set. Predictive features varied by outcome, and included red blood cell, leukocyte, and platelet indices. Conclusion We conclude that low-cost ubiquitous inputs, if biologically informative, can provide population-level readouts of risk.
An elementary proof of the A 2 bound

A martingale transform T, applied to an integrable locally supported function f, is pointwise dominated by a positive sparse operator applied to |f|, the choice of sparse operator being a function of T and f. As a corollary, one derives the sharp Ap bounds for martingale transforms, recently proved by Thiele-Treil-Volberg, as well as a number of new sharp weighted inequalities for martingale transforms. The (very easy) method of proof (a) only depends upon the weak-L1 norm of maximal truncations of martingale transforms, (b) applies in the vector valued setting, and (c) has an extension to the continuous case, giving a new elementary proof of the A2 bounds in that setting.
The Logic of Uncertain Justifications

In Artemov’s Justification Logic, one can make statements interpreted as “t is evidence for the truth of formula F.” We propose a variant of this logic in which one can say “I have degree r of confidence that t is evidence for the truth of formula F.” After defining both an axiomatic approach and a semantics for this Logic of Uncertain Justifications, we will prove the usual soundness and completeness theorems.
Improvement in Surgical Quality Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy With Increasing Case Volume in a Rural Hospital

Background The literature is replete with studies that define the nexus of quantity and quality in complex surgical operations. These observations have heralded a call for centralization of care to high-volume centers. The purpose of this study was to chronicle improvements in quality associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) as a rural hospital matures from a low- to very high-volume center. Methods A retrospective review of a prospective pancreatic surgery database was undertaken from July 2007 to June 2020. Annual periods were characterized as low (≤12/year), high (13-29/year), and very high volume (≥30/year). Data for the following quality benchmarks were aggregated and compared: length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmissions, 30-day mortality, and 1- and 3-year survival. A subgroup analysis was undertaken in those patients undergoing PD for adenocarcinoma detailing margin status and number of lymph nodes harvested. Outcomes were compared using the Fisher's exact and Student's t-test. Results 375 PD were completed over the 13-year period; 62.1% were undertaken for ductal adenocarcinoma. There was a significant decrease in LOS and 30-day readmissions as the institution matured toward very high volume. There were no significant differences in 30-day mortality, 1- and 3-year survival, or margin negativity rates associated with volume. Extent of lymph node harvest significantly improved as institutional experience increased. Discussion Our pancreatic surgery program matured rapidly from low to very high volume with institutional commitment and dedicated resources. As the institution matured, operational efficiencies and surgical quality improved. Not unexpectedly, biology trumped volume as reflected in 1- and 3-year survival rates.
A Pilot Study Of Vitamin D Deficiency In Neuromuscular Clinics (P6.037)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of unrecognized vitamin D 3 deficiency in fall and winter months in neuro-muscular clinics in central Pennsylvania: A pilot study. BACKGROUND: The Harvard biomarker study published in October 2013 in Neurology journal showed a deficiency of Vitamin D in 17.6[percnt] patients with Parkinson’s disease compared to 9.3 [percnt] controls (adults without neurological symptoms). Similar determination among neuromuscular disease patients is lacking. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective analysis of vitamin D levels was performed on 73 patients seen between September and March in the Neuromuscular Central Pennsylvania tertiary referral clinic. Patient selection was random. ALS patients were excluded from this study. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels were available for analysis. 47[percnt] of patients (34) were deficient, 53[percnt] of patients (39) were normal. 20.5[percnt] of the patients (15) were found to be severely deficient. The statistical breakdown of the neuromuscular conditions is further described in TABLE 1. Vitamin D deficiency was found in statistically significant number of patients compared to controls (p>000.1). CONCLUSIONS: Although 25-hydroxy-D3, produced in liver and skin, can be low in fall and winter, significant lower levels were seen (p>000.1) among the patients seen randomly in our neuromuscular clinic compared to recently published controls. Similar studies from different geographical zones of the US considering seasonal influences are worth studying. Whether checking vitamin D3 blood level should become a standard practice is the bigger issue. Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Bandyopadhyay has nothing to disclose.
Human Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Human cardiovascular abnormalities occur with an incidence of approximately 1 in 100 live births, representing an estimated 25% of all congenital malformations. These cardiovascular defects are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and these disorders are a leading cause of death in the first year of life. Hence, the costs related to congenital cardiovascular disease and the tragic consequences to families are immense. Despite the importance of these disorders, as well as the relative frequency of recurrence in family members, relatively little was known regarding the etiologies and mechanisms causing these diseases until the past 10–15 years. In this chapter, we will explore the current understanding of the development and genetic causes of congenital cardiovascular disease. Knowledge has been gained over the past decade or more using molecular genetics and animal modeling studies and these advances in the understanding of valve disorders, septal defects, and diseases of the great vessels will be outlined.
Multifactor Analysis of Variance

Chapter 7 presents the analysis of multifactor ANOVA models. The first three sections deal with the balanced two-way ANOVA model. Section 1 examines the no interaction model. Section 2 examines the model with interaction. Section 3 discusses the relationship between polynomial regression and the balanced two-way ANOVA model. Sections 4 and 5 discuss unbalanced two-way ANOVA models. Section 4 treats the special case of proportional numbers. Section 5 examines the general case. Finally, Section 6 extends the earlier results of the chapter to models with more than two factors. A review of the tensor concepts in Appendix B may aid the reader of this chapter.
Identification of a novel determinant for basic domain-leucine zipper DNA binding activity in the acute-phase inducible nuclear factor-interleukin-6 transcription factor.

Nuclear factor-interleukin-6 (NF-IL6), a member of the CCAAT box/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family, contains a basic domain-leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA binding motif. Controlled protease digestion was used to probe free and DNA-complexed NF-IL6 protein. Digestion with trypsin in the absence of DNA produced the leucine zipper domain (containing residues 303-345). In contrast, digestion of NF-IL6.DNA complexes produced a stable domain, spanning residues 266-345, termed the tryptic core domain (TCD). The NH2-terminal boundary of the TCD is longer than tryptic peptides reported from C/EBP alpha.DNA complexes. Digestion of NF-IL6 with endoprotease Asp-N produced a domain smaller than the TCD (NF-IL6 bZIP domains (NFBD) (272-345)), a domain identified either in the absence or the presence of DNA. Both recombinant peptides bind acute-phase response element DNA in a sequence-specific fashion. The equilibrium disassociation constant (Kd) for the TCD was 36 +/- 8 nM, whereas the Kd for NFBD (272-345) was 283 +/- 160 nM. Moreover, in comparison with the TCD, NFBD (272-345) formed unstable DNA complexes with a 15-fold faster off-rate. We conclude that the amino acids represented between 266 and 272 termed the complex stabilizing subdomain, influences DNA complex formation independent of DNA binding specificity, and may be one mechanism for heterogeneity of DNA interaction by C/EBP family members.
Assertion Based Verification and Analysis of Network Processor Architectures

System level modeling with executable languages such as C/C++ has been crucial in the development of large electronic systems from general processors to application specific designs. To make sure that the executable models behave as they should, the designers often have to "eye-ball" the simulation traces and at best, apply simple "assert" statements or write simple trace checkers in some scripting languages. The problem is the lack of a concise and formal method to specify and check desired properties, whether they be functional or performance in nature. In this paper, we apply assertion checking methodology to the system design of network processors. Functional and performance assertions, based on Linear Temporal Logic and Logic of Constraints, are written during the design process. Trace checkers and simulation monitors are automatically generated to validate particular simulation runs or to analyze their performance characteristics. Several categories of assertions are checked throughout the design process, such as equivalence, functionality, transaction, and performance. We demonstrate that the assertion-based methodology is very useful for both system level verification and design exploration.
Femtosecond-scale response of GaAs to ultrafast laser pulses

We present nonadiabatic simulations of the coherent response of crystalline GaAs irradiated by intense femtosecond-scale laser pulses. Above a threshold fluence, which corresponds to promotion of about 12% of the valence electrons into the conduction hand the lattice is destabilized and the electronic band gap collapses to zero. This confirms the nonthermal nature of recently observed structural changes driven by electronic excitations and occurring during the first few hundred femtoseconds.
Effects of tasks interpolated during rest on reminiscence for pursuit-rotor performance and inverted-alphabet printing: a test of a consolidation theory of reminiscence.

As a test of a consolidation theory of reminiscence, 150 female college students practiced inverted-alphabet printing and the pursuit rotor for 5 min., rested for 20 min., and then practiced for 2 ...