cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical zonation of megabenthic taxa on a deep photosynthetic reef (50–140 m) in the Au’au Channel, Hawaii

This study surveyed several locations at depths between 50 and 140 m within the Au’au Channel, Hawaii to characterize the deep reef habitat and determine the depth distribution and relative abundance of the dominant, habitat forming megabenthic taxa. In the Au’au Channel, the depth distribution of megabenthic taxa exhibited a pattern of vertical zonation with relatively few taxa dominating each zone. Macroalgae particularly Halimeda spp. and to a lesser extent scleractinian corals Leptoseris spp. were dominant between 50 and 80 m; Leptoseris spp. were dominant between 80 and 90 m as macroalgae decreased in abundance; the invasive octocoral Carijoa riisei was dominant between 90 and 100 m primarily on rugose features; Antipathes spp. and Leptoseris spp. were dominant between 100 and 120 m on exposed fossil reef; and small wire corals were dominant between 120 and 140 m. In general, the percentage of live benthic cover decreased with depth, particularly below 90 m where a large majority of the area was uncolonized, soft substrata. The gradient of downwelling light intensity appears to play a major role in regulating the depth distribution of photosynthetic organisms, skilophilous organisms, and other benthic fauna, which compete for space with dominant photosynthetic species. The depth of the seasonal thermocline also appears to play an important role in limiting the distribution of tropical benthic species.
Food Web Structure and Trophic Control in Central Puget Sound

We developed a food web model of central Puget Sound to provide science-based support for ecosystem-based management and to refine our understanding of bottom-up and top-down trophic forcing. Phytoplankton accounted for a large fraction of total biomass, total throughput, and caused considerable bottom-up effects in most functional groups in a dynamic simulation fit to time series data from 1981 to 2000. Top-down control was most apparent in the case of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), which exhibited keystone tendencies and appeared capable of causing trophic cascades. Increasing top-down control in several predator–prey relationships improved model fits to time series data from 1981 to 2000, but not as much as introducing non-equilibrium dynamics (biomass accumulation terms) to several key vertebrates. Fishing had little effect on system dynamics. Our model appears well-suited for addressing strategic, scenario-based questions of how the community as a whole will respond to management actions.
Immunotherapy for HCV infection: next steps

With more than 170 million individuals currently infected, HCV is a global pandemic, effecting approximately 3% of the entire world’s population. HCV infection is a growing infectious disease pandemic with approximately 3–4 million new cases reported each year. Due to the persistent nature of the virus, 70–90% of infected individuals will develop chronic infection, which can lead to progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current standard treatment with a combination of IFN-α and ribavirin has improved the prognosis for many HCV sufferers; however, infection is very difficult to treat successfully and the protocol for treatment is neither simple, well tolerated nor economically favorable. Standard treatment can cost an average of US$22,000, and depending on genotype, as few as 42% of treated individuals will clear the infection. This collection of treatment issues combined with new concepts in immune therapy serve to underscore an urgent need for the development of impr...
Incentives in simple bargaining games

Abstract One method of compensating subjects in experiments is to randomly select a subset of subjects to be paid according to their decisions. The rationale for this is that, according to economic theory, subjects in such an experiment will make the same decisions as they would if they were to be paid with certainty. Thus, a ‘random pay’ experiment provides the same information as a ‘full pay’ experiment, but at a lower cost to the experimenter. This invariance hypothesis is tested by comparing the outcomes of full pay and random pay experiments. In experiments with $5 dictator games the hypothesis is rejected. Subjects are more generous when 25% of the subjects are paid their shares of the $5 than when all of them are paid their shares of the $5. This contrasts with the results of Bolle (1990), who accepted the hypothesis for ultimatum games.
ω-Difluoroamino carboxylic acids: Readily accessible fluorine-labeled fatty acid analogs

Abstract 15-Difluoroamino-pentadecanoic acid and 12-difluoroamino-dodecanoic acid were prepared by treating the corresponding lactams with F2 in aqueous acetonitrile. The intermediate N-fluorolactams were also isolated. Whereas isolated −CH2F groups introduce considerable polarity into aliphatic chains, −CH2NF2 groups did not. The −NF2 group thus appears to be a suitable isostere of the −CH3 group, where introduction of a 18F label is required for positron-based or 19F NMR imaging.
Considering the bystander's perspective for indirect human-robot interaction

As robots become more pervasive in society, people will find themselves actively interacting with robots, and also rushing past them without any explicit interaction. People are able to maneuver in crowded situations by speeding up or slowing down to slip in between open pockets where people are not standing or walking. Our research focuses on this indirect bystander interaction. Scholtz defines a bystander as a person who “does not explicitly interact with a robot but needs some model of robot behavior to understand the consequences of the robot's actions” and does not have formal training about the robot [1], [2]. We investigated the level of trust that a bystander has of a robotic system in a corridor passing scenario by asking people to watch short videos of such scenarios where the hallway is only wide enough to accommodate two entities (either human or robot). Our goal was to understand the bystander's mental model of how a robot should behave when passing a human, the bystander's expectation of the robot to adhere to social protocol, and the overall trust a bystander has of the robot to do the right thing.
The place of the patient in society

Although the need for plastic surgery in individuals with disfigured faces or congenital abnormalities is widely recognized, the equally strong need by those with aesthetic defects for such surgery has historically been less widely accepted. Yet such individuals may suffer irreparable psychological damage as a result of their visible difference from others in their culture. A society's valuations of an individual's features can strongly affect behavior and attitudes, and should be considered as a valid justification for aesthetic plastic surgery.
A Generic Semantic Grammar for Quantitative Text Analysis: Applications to East and West Berlin Radio News Content from 1979

In a semantic text analysis the researcher begins by creating one of two types of semantic grammars, each of which provides one or more templates that specify the ways concepts (or more general the...
Subsonic aerodynamic characteristics of a circular body earth-to-orbit transport

To reduce the weight and improve the performance of future earth-to-orbit transports, the use of circular cross sections in the fuselage bodies of these vehicles is being considered at the Langley Research Center. Structurally, circular cross sections are stronger and lighter than other shapes. A study has been made applying the circular body concept to a vertical-takeoff, delta-winged, single-stage-to-orbit transport. A 52 in., 0.022-scale model of the circular body vehicle was tested at a Mach number of 0.3 in the 7 x 10 ft High Speed Wind Tunnel at the Langley Research Center to obtain aerodynamic forces and moments. Oil-flow photographs were taken at several angles of attack to aid in the aerodynamic analysis. Model control surfaces included elevons and ailerons for the evaluation of pitch and roll characteristics and either wing-tip fins, a nose mounted dorsal fin, or a conventional vertical tail for the evaluation of yaw characteristics. Other deflecting surfaces included speedbrakes and body flaps. Basic data on longitudinal flight characteristics are shown, including lift, drag, and pitching moments. Comparisons of the directional stability and control effectiveness of the three directional control devices are also shown.
A Risk-Based Approach to Wildland Fire Budgetary Planning

The financial impact of wildfire management within the USDA Forest Service challenges the ability of the agency to meet societal demands and maintain forest health. The extent of this financial crisis has been attributed to historical and continuing fire management practices, changing climatic conditions, and increasing human development in fire-prone areas, as well as the lack of financial accountability of fire managers and misaligned incentive structures. In this article, we focus on incentives related to cost containment. We review the literature on the incentive structure facing wildfire managers and describe how the incentive structure does not sufficiently reward cost containment. We then cover a range of possible approaches to promote cost containment, culminating in a novel solution premised on the application of actuarial principles to wildfire budgetary planning that we believe most closely aligns with the Forest Service's transition to risk-based management paradigms and that most comprehensively incentivizes containment across the spectrum of wildfire management activities. We illustrate through a proof of concept case study how risk-based performance measures would be calculated and compare our results with historic suppression expenditures. Preliminary results suggest that our simulation model performs well in a relative sense to identify high- and low-cost forests, and we detail modeling improvements to refine estimates. We then illustrate potential extension to an actuarial system, which would further incentivize appropriate risk management and cost containment across the fire management continuum. We address the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approaches, including potential roadblocks to implementation, and conclude by summarizing our major findings and offer recommen- dations for future agency direction. FOR .S CI. 59(1):63-77.
The LIM domain-only protein LMO4 is required for neural tube closure.

Nuclear LIM domain-only proteins (LMOs), which consist of two closely spaced 50 amino acid Zn2+–finger protein interaction modules mediate interactions between several classes of transcription factors important for development. LMO2 is necessary for development of the entire hematopoietic system and overexpression of LMO1 or LMO2 results in human acute T cell leukemia. LMO4 is the most widely expressed LMO but its normal function is unknown. During development, LMO4 is expressed in dividing neuroepithelial cells within the ventricular zone along the entire rostrocaudal axis of the nervous system. In telencephalic and spinal cord regions of the CNS, LMO4 is highly expressed in ventral but is low in dorsal proliferating neuroepithelial cells. To understand the role of LMO4 during mouse development, we generated a homozygous null mutation in the gene. We found that LMO4 is required for proper closure of the anterior neural tube. In the absence of LMO4, elevation, bending, and proliferation of the ventral neural epithelium and consequent fusion of the prospective dorsal ends of the neural tube do not occur. LMO4 mutant mice die embryonically and exhibit exencephaly, which is associated with abnormal patterns of cell proliferation and with high levels of apoptotic cell death within the neuroepithelium. LMO4 is thus essential for normal patterns of proliferation and for survival of neural epithelial cells in the rostral neural tube. LMO4 is also expressed in Schwann cell progenitors after these contact neurites, a process mediated in part by neuregulin (Nrg).
General method for the dimension reduction of adaptive control experiments.

Adaptive femtosecond control experiments are expanding the possibilities for using laser pulses as photophysical and photochemical reagents. However, because of the large number of variables necessary to perform these experiments (usually 100−200), it has proven difficult to elucidate the underlying control mechanisms from the optimized pulse shapes. If adaptive control is to become a widespread tool for examining chemical dynamics, methods must be developed that reveal latent control mechanisms. This manuscript presents a generally applicable method for dimension reduction of adaptive control experiments based on partial least squares regression analysis (PLS) of the normalized covariance matrix of the total data set. When applied to experimental results obtained in our laboratory, it shows that only seven fundamental dimensions from an original 208-dimension search space are needed to account for ∼90% of the variance in the observed fitness of 11 700 laser-pulse shapes explored during the optimization e...
A note on the Lasso for Gaussian graphical model selection

Abstract Inspired by the success of the Lasso for regression analysis, it seems attractive to estimate the graph of a multivariate normal distribution by l 1 -norm penalized likelihood maximization. We examine some properties of the estimator and show that care has to be taken with interpretation of results as the estimator is not consistent for some graphs.
Activation of human long interspersed nuclear element 1 retrotransposition by benzo(a)pyrene, an ubiquitous environmental carcinogen.

Long interspersed nuclear elements [LINE-1 (L1)] are abundant retrotransposons in mammalian genomes that remain silent under most conditions. Cellular stress signals activate L1, but the molecular mechanisms controlling L1 activation remain unclear. Evidence is presented here that benzo( a )pyrene (BaP), an environmental hydrocarbon metabolized by mammalian cytochrome P 450s to reactive carcinogenic intermediates, increases L1 retrotransposition in HeLa cells. Increased retrotransposition is mediated by up-regulation of L1 RNA levels, increased L1 cDNA synthesis, and stable genomic integration. Activation of L1 is dependent on the ability of BaP to cause DNA damage because it is absent in HeLa cells challenged with nongenotoxic hydrocarbon carcinogens. Thus, the mutations and genomic instability observed in human populations exposed to genotoxic environmental hydrocarbons may involve epigenetic activation of mobile elements dispersed throughout the human genome. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(5): 2616-20)
Fabrication and Evaluation of Conducting Polymer Nanowire Heterostructures

Conducting polymer nanostructures such as nanofibers and nanotubes have potential uses in a variety of applications including electronic and photonic devices and sensors. Conducting polymers have also been used as artificial muscles. In this work, template synthesis method for fabricating solid polypyrrole nanowires and polypyrrole-gold nanowire heterostructures is demonstrated to explore suitability of these structures as nano-artificial muscles or nanoactuators. Polypyrrole nanowires are evaluated in an aqueous electrolyte to see if they retain the ability to expand and contract under electrochemical cycling. Template synthesis is then used to alternatively electroplate gold and electropolymerize polypyrrole in the pores of an alumina membrane to create layered polypyrrole-gold nanowires.
Winter legume cover crop benefits to corn : Rotation vs. fixed-nitrogen effects

The use of winter legume cover crops for erosion control and to provide additional N to the soil is well established. Other potential benefits to legume cover crops besides N additions have been recognized, but have not been quantified. The objective of this study was to separate the fixed-N effects from the rotation effects in a winter legume cover cropping system. A field study was initiated in 1989 on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine, loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult) in east-central Alabama. Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown following (i) 'Tibbee' crimson clover (THfolium incarnatum L.), (ii) a partially ineffective-nodulating crimson clover, CH-1, (iii) rye (Secale cereale L.), and (iv) winter fallow. The plots were split into four rates of fertilizer N (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha -1 ) in a split-plot experimental plan. An evaluation of different methods of distinguishing fixed-N vs. rotation effects of the winter annual legume cover crop to a subsequent corn crop was made. Regression analysis of the effect of N application rates on N 2 fixation by crimson clover (fertilized with 45 kg N ha -1 ) indicated that CH-1 clover biomass contained approximately 40 and 101 kg N ha -1 and Tibbee clover contained approximately 51 and 119 kg N ha -1 in 1990 and 1991, respectively. In both years of the study, crimson clover substantially increased corn yield compared with winter fallow, with a yield increase at the highest fertilizer N application level of 7 and 22% for 1990 and 1991, respectively. Estimates of yield increases due to rotation ranged from negative to 40%. The data indicated that winter cover crops improve corn yield and that besides soil N availability, there was very little difference between the beneficial effects of clover and the rye cover crops to corn.
Rotation of Halley's comet

Numerical simulations supported by analytical calculations are used to model the suspected condition of Comet Halley's nucleus, which has been suggested to not be in a state of principal-axis rotation. It is found easy to numerically generate lightcurves from modulated jets of material which exhibit both of the observed periodicities of 2.2 and 7.4 days, after choosing initial conditions for a representative nucleus such that the shorter period is the rotation period, and the longer period is that of precession of the spin vector in the body frame-of-reference. The improbability of exciting a spin precession about the axis of minimum moment-of-inertia, the relative instability of this state to the jet-induced torques, and the smaller probability of observing significant seasonal changes in the lightcurve in this state, all favor the model in which Halley's nucleus precesses about the axis of maximum moment-of-inertia.
Escherichia coli diacylglycerol kinase is an alpha-helical polytopic membrane protein and can spontaneously insert into preformed lipid vesicles.

Escherichia coli diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK) is a 13.2 kDa enzyme which spans the cytoplasmic membrane three times. Functional DAGK was purified to homogeneity using a polyhistidine tag and Ni(II)...
Possible contribution of ionic clustering to molecular packing of collagen.

AN analysis of the primary structure of the α1 chain of a collagen demonstrated that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between collagen molecules were maximal when the rod-like molecules were staggered by 234n amino acid residues, where n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 (ref. 1). It was not possible, however, to determine what value of n was most likely. This information would help to select from among possible molecular packing models2,3. Doyle et al.4 re-examined the electrostatic interactions in an attempt to determine n. Since amino acid side chains of opposite charge frequently occur close to each other in the sequence1, they considered that these potential intrachain ion pairs might function as dipoles with approximately the same direction in the molecule as in the sequence. If antiparallel dipoles on adjacent molecules were attractive (Fig. 1a) and parallel dipoles were repulsive, they found that the net number of attractions was maximal at n = 1 and negative at other values of n. They concluded that dipole–dipole interactions were important in stabilising the native fibril and that the Smith microfibril5 was favoured over other packing models since it is essentially a helix of collagen molecules staggered by 234 residues between nearest neighbours.
Preclinical and Pilot Clinical Studies of Docetaxel Chemoradiation for Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: Local and distant failure rates remain high despite aggressive chemoradiation (CRT) treatment for Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. We conducted preclinical studies of docetaxel's cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects on lung cancer cell lines and designed a pilot study to target distant micrometastasis upfront with one-cycle induction chemotherapy, followed by low-dose radiosensitizing docetaxel CRT. Methods and Materials: A preclinical study was conducted in human lung cancer cell lines NCI 520 and A549. Cells were treated with two concentrations of docetaxel for 3 h and then irradiated immediately or after a 24-h delay. A clonogenic survival assay was conducted and analyzed for cytotoxic effects vs. radiosensitizing effects of docetaxel. A pilot clinical study was designed based on preclinical study findings. Twenty-two patients were enrolled with a median follow-up of 4 years. Induction chemotherapy consisted of 75 mg/m{sup 2} of docetaxel and 75 mg/m{sup 2} of cisplatin on Day 1 and 150 mg/m{sup 2} of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on Days 2 through 10. Concurrent CRT was started 3 to 6 weeks later with twice-weekly docetaxel at 10 to 12 mg/m{sup 2} and daily delayed radiation in 1.8-Gy fractions to 64.5 Gy for gross disease. Results: The preclinical study showed potentmore » cytotoxic effects of docetaxel and subadditive radiosensitizing effects. Delaying radiation resulted in more cancer cell death. The pilot clinical study resulted in a median survival of 32.6 months for the entire cohort, with 3- and 5-year survival rates of 50% and 19%, respectively, and a distant metastasis-free survival rate of 61% for both 3 and 5 years. A pattern-of-failure analysis showed 75% chest failures and 36% all-distant failures. Therapy was well tolerated with Grade 3 esophagitis observed in 23% of patients. Conclusions: One-cycle full-dose docetaxel/cisplatin induction chemotherapy with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor followed by pulsed low-dose docetaxel CRT is promising with regard to its antitumor activity, low rates of distant failure, and low toxicity, suggesting that this regimen deserves further investigation.« less
Expansion coefficient of wave fronts in continuum mechanics

The concept of the expansion coefficient in geometrical optics is well-known. The purpose of this note is to extend that concept to wave fronts in various other branches of continuum mechanics. Secondly with the help of this expansion coefficient we give the geometrical interpretation of the manner in which the wave fronts propagate.
The empirical determination of quantum states

A common approach to quantum physics is enshrouded in a jargon which treats state vectors as attributes of physical systems and the concept of state preparation as a filtration scheme wherein a process involving measurement selects from a primordial assembly of systems those bearing some prescribed vector of interest. By contrast, the empirical experiences with which quantum theory is actually concerned relate measurement and preparation in quite an opposite manner. Reproducible preparation schemes are logically and temporally anterior to measurement acts. Measurement extracts numbers from systems prepared in a specified manner; these data are then regularized by the theory by means of a state concept which is in turn used to characterize succinctly the given mode of preparation. The present paper offers, in a simple spin model, a method for determining the quantum state that represents any reproducible preparation.
Effect of hypoxia on endothelin-1 production by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells

Abstract Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a peptide product of endothelial cells, is mitogenic for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. In this study we examined the effect of hypoxia on ET-1 production by bovine pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Bovine pulmonary artery (BPAE) and microvascular endothelial (BMVE) cells were isolated, grown in tissue culture, and characterized by the presence of Factor VIII related antigen and LDL uptake. Baseline production of ET-1 by BPAE cells (measured by8 radioimunoassay) increased over time. BMVE cells produced one tenth the amount of ET-1 as produced by the pulmonary artery endothelial cells under the same conditions. In both cell types, hypoxia (0% O 2 ) significantly reduced the amount of ET-1 at 48 h. Restoration of normoxia in 21% O 2 for 48 h resulted in a return of ET-1 levels to baseline. Northern blot analysis showed decreased ET-1 mRNA in cells exposed to hypoxia for 48 h. These data demonstrate that pulmonary vascular endothelial cells respond to hypoxia by reversibly decreasing ET-1 production, and this attenuation is likely regulated at the level of transcription.
Respiration and Heart Action in Sleep and Hypnosis

(1937). Respiration and Heart Action in Sleep and Hypnosis. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 197-222.
Towards the blackbox computation of magnetic exchange coupling parameters in polynuclear transition-metal complexes: Theory, implementation, and application

We present a method for calculating magnetic coupling parameters from a single spin-configuration via analytic derivatives of the electronic energy with respect to the local spin direction. This method does not introduce new approximations beyond those found in the Heisenberg-Dirac Hamiltonian and a standard Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory calculation, and in the limit of an ideal Heisenberg system it reproduces the coupling as determined from spin-projected energy-differences. Our method employs a generalized perturbative approach to constrained density functional theory, where exact expressions for the energy to second order in the constraints are obtained by analytic derivatives from coupled-perturbed theory. When the relative angle between magnetization vectors of metal atoms enters as a constraint, this allows us to calculate all the magnetic exchange couplings of a system from derivatives with respect to local spin directions from the high-spin configuration. Because of the favorable computational scaling of our method with respect to the number of spin-centers, as compared to the broken-symmetry energy-differences approach, this opens the possibility for the blackbox exploration of magnetic properties in large polynuclear transition-metal complexes. In this work we outline the motivation, theory, and implementation of this method, and present results for several model systems and transition-metal complexes with a variety of density functional approximations and Hartree-Fock.
Computation of electromagnetic scattering and radiation using a time-domain finite-volume discretization procedure

Abstract Maxwell's equations in the time domain are first cast into a conservation form. They are then solved using a finite-volume discretization procedure proven very successful in solving some hyperbolic partial differential equations in computational fluid dynamics such as Euler or Navier-Stokes equations. The Lax-Wendroff explicit scheme is used to solve the discrete Maxwell's equations and as a result, second-order accuracy is achieved in both time and space. Multizoning is used to facilitate treatment of objects with internal and/or external sophistication. Body-fitted coordinates are used to map each zone independently from the rest of the object, allowing for nonmatching grid lines at the interface. Body-fitted coordinates facilitate accurate implementation of various boundary conditions on the object. The density of the computational mesh can vary and may be specified according to the local wavelength in the material. Also in the exterior region and away from the body, the mesh density is gradually decreased to reduce the total number of the grid points and the unknown field vectors. The formulation accounts for any variations in the material properties as a function of space, time, or frequency. In addition to perfect conductors, impedence surfaces and resistive sheets are handled. At the outer boundary of the computational domain a first-order, nonreflecting outer boundary condition is used. The Lax-Wendroff scheme, while providing second-order accuracy in the time and space, does not require, for its stability, an interlaced mesh for the electric and magnetic fields or the material properties. The method can be used for both time-harmonic and pulse excitations. At the end of the time-marching, the computed field in the time domain near the object and tangential to a conveniently chosen contour is stored. This information is converted into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transforms. If far field quantities such as radar cross-section or antenna radiation pattern are desired, they may be computed from the frequency-domain information using a standard free-space Green's function.
Fainting history, disgust sensitivity, and reactions to disgust-eliciting film stimuli

This study examines the construct of disgust sensitivity, its relationship with fainting history and anxiety sensitivity, and its incremental validity in predicting responses to disgust-eliciting film stimuli. One-hundred and fifty-six participants completed self-report questionnaires, watched one of three brief (i.e., about 2 min long) film segments depicting anatomy and medical procedures, and then reported on their emotional and physiological responses to the film segments. A factor analysis of responses to 10 disgust sensitivity items allowed for the construction of an anatomy scale and a contamination scale. Neither scale was significantly associated with fainting history. Both scales showed moderate associations with gender (with females scoring higher) and with anxiety sensitivity. The anatomy disgust sensitivity scale showed incremental validity in predicting emotional and self-reported physiological responses to the disgust-eliciting film segments after controlling for other variables, but the contamination disgust sensitivity scale did not. The implications of these results for understanding disgust sensitivity are discussed.
Algorithms for the solution of quadratic knapsack problems

We consider the problem of minimizing a quadratic function with a knapsack constraint. Quadratic knapsack problems have numerous applications, including the least distance problem, quadratic programming defined on the convex hull of a set of points, and the maximum clique problem. We propose and analyze three algorithms for solving quadratic knapsack problems. Two algorithms are based on recently developed interior point methods. The first solves convex quadratic problems, and the second computes a stationary point for the indefinite case. For both, computational results on a variety of test problems are presented. The third algorithm, based on simplicial partitioning and convex underestimating functions, can be used to compute the global optimum of indefinite quadratic knapsack problems.
The role of the medical director

Abstract This article will provide information that can be used to create or enhance the position of a medical director in a surgical suite. Included are role descriptions and distinctions. Lists of tasks or responsibilities are also provided, along with a model that may be useful for medical director selection, development, and evaluation.
Floppy aortic graft reconstruction for germ cell tumor invasion of the infrarenal aorta

Significant aortic invasion by metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors can present difficult problems intraoperatively in attempted curative retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Aortic replacement with Dacron graft has been a successful method of dealing with this predicament. We describe a new approach of intraoperative floppy aortic graft reconstruction in a young patient with testicular germ cell cancer in whom a 14 cm pseudoaneurysm involving the infrarenal aorta developed after four courses of preoperative chemotherapy. This technique prevents significant lower extremity and pelvic ischemia during resection of the aorta and retroperitoneal tumor while providing the urologic surgeon with excellent exposure and minimal interference from the aortic graft.
International Prostate Symptom Scores in young asymptomatic American men

OBJECTIVE To establish ‘normal’ ranges of responses to the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire from a sample of young, asymptomatic men, as the IPSS is useful both clinically and in research studies, but there are little or no data on the normal ranges of the IPSS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS During a previously conducted study of 284 ambulatory men who considered themselves to have normal urinary function, asymptomatic men completed a 24-h urinary diary and the IPSS questionnaire. Diary variables and the IPSS were analysed using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman's tests. RESULTS The IPSS was recorded for 243 men aged 7) compared to 12% of men aged 40–49 years (P = 0.002). No subject reported ‘severe’ symptoms (IPSS > 19). When responses to individual IPSS questions were analysed, all item scores except frequency (question 2) and hesitancy (question 6) increased with age. Nocturia (question 7) was often reported, and 11% of men aged 18–29 and 31% of men aged 40–49 years reported two or more nightly voids. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the consistently increasing positive IPSS with ageing in almost all symptom categories suggests underlying changes in urinary habits even in this asymptomatic group. Studies of normal urinary habits remain critically important to understanding normal and abnormal function, both for the design of research studies and for counselling patients.
Biochemical implications from the variable gene sequences of an anti-cytochrome c antibody and crystallographic characterization of its antigen-binding fragment in free and antigen-complexed forms.

Abstract To study the nature of antibody-antigen interactions, we have determined the variable gene sequences of the anti-cytochrome c immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody E8, and obtained diffraction-quality crystals of the E8 antigen-binding fragment (Fab), both free and bound to its antigen, horse cytochrome c. The FabE8 crystals belong to space group P21 with unit cell dimensions of a = 45·0 A , b = 85·1 A , c = 63·3 A and β = 105·5° , have one FabE8 molecule per asymmetric unit and diffract to at least 2·1 A resolution. Crystals of the FabE8-cytochrome c complex belong to space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions of a = 84·3 A , b = 73·3 A and c = 94·9 A , accommodate one complex perer asymmetric unit and diffract to 2·4 A resolution. In the nucleotide-derived amino acid sequences, the light-chain variable domain (VL) but not the heavy-chain variable domain (VH) of E8 is nearly identical to that of the anti-lysozyme antibody D1.3, differing by only five amino acid residues. Only one of these interacts with lysozyme in the D1.3-lysozyme crystal structure. Six negative and four positive charges in the VH complementarity determining regions of E8 complement four positive and three negative charges in the E8 epitope on cytochrome c. These data suggest that only a subset of the residues in an antibody-protein interface may be critical for binding and that the VH may play a dominant role in antigenic recognition.
STABLE AGE BY REGION DISTRIBUTIONS

If the pattern of fertility, mortality and interregional migration exhibited by the United States population during 1950–60 were to continue in the future, the proportions of persons in the various age groups and regions would fluctuate from decade to decade. These fluctuations would become less marked with time, however, and eventually all the proportions would stabilize at certain fixed values. This collection of values may be called astable age by region composition corresponding to the given schedule of fertility, mortality and migration. The same phenomenon may be observed when individuals move between socioeconomic categories as, for example, socioeconomic status or educational attainment levels. The substantial differences between these various situations conceal remarkable similarities. In each case the continued operation of schedules of fertility, mortality and mobility between categories may result in a stable composition. The purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the nature of these stable compositions, on the interrelation between their various components, and on their relation to the patterns of fertility, mortality and mobility which generate them.
Effects of gender and personality on the Conners Continuous Performance Test

A total of 91 university community participants were evaluated on the five personality factors (NEO-Five Factor Inventory; NEO-FFI) and with the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Gender differences for the Conners CPT variables were found such that the men were faster and less variable in their reaction times than the women, and the women were more sensitive in terms of signal detection and conservative in their responses than the men, consistent with the data reported by Conners, Epstein, Angold, and Klaric (2003) for a normative sample of 9-18 year olds. Interesting relationships between personality factors and the CPT variables were seen for the male and female groups, especially in terms of response style and vigilance. For the combined genders, higher vigilance was associated with higher neuroticism, lower extraversion, and lower agreeableness. Lower conscientiousness was associated with a more risk-taking/less conservative response bias. The men were more vigilant than the women, and for the men, this higher vigilance was related to lower conscientiousness, with trends for relationships with greater neuroticism and lower agreeableness. In the women, higher vigilance was related to lower extraversion, consistent with other studies. Men who were more extraverted also tended to be less conservative/more risk taking in their response style. A more risk-taking response style in women was associated with higher neuroticism, higher openness, and lower conscientiousness. The findings are interpreted in terms of underlying biological bases of behavior.
Chronic killers: New ideas and interventions

Pozza, Guido, Piero Micossi, Alberico L. Catapano, and Rodolfo Paoletti, eds. Diet, Diabetes, and Atherosclerosis. New York: Raven Press, 1984. xviii + 278 pp. including chapter references and index. $47.50 cloth.
The distributed data SCF

This paper describes a distributed data parallel SCF algorithm. The distinguishing features of this algorithm are: (a) columns of density and Fock matrices are distributed evenly among processors, (b) pair-wise dynamic load balancing is developed to achieve excellent load balance, (c) network communication time is minimized via careful analysis of data flow in the SCF algorithm. The developed performance models and benchmarking results illustrate good performance of the distributed data SCF algorithm.
Paraphrase and Paraphrasing Metaphors

ummary This essay rejects the widespread thesis that conceptually creative metaphors are unpara-phrasable on grounds that it misconceives the nature and function of paraphrase. Encouraged by a deceptively parallel rejection of the positivist reducibility thesis by philosophers of science, defenders of the unparaphrasability thesis mistakenly equated paraphrase with literal translation and in so doing failed to appreciate paraphrase's critical role in the systematic exploitation of metaphor's creative potential. This essay attempts to recast the terms of the paraphrasability debate by separating paraphrase from literal translation and defending paraphrase's essential epistemic role in theory development. Three arguments for the paraphrasability of creative metaphor are presented followed by a critique of the major arguments for their unparaphrasability as formulated by Black, Cohen and Ricoeur. Resume Cet essai rejette, parce qu'elle repose sur une incomprehension de la nature et de la fonction de la paraphrase, la these repandue selon laquelle des metaphores conceptuellement creatives ne peuvent pas etre paraphraseees. Encourages par un rejet faussement parallele, par les philosophes des sciences, de la reductibilite positiviste, les defenseurs de la non-paraphrasabilite ont confondu paraphrase et traduction litterale et, ce faisant, n'ont pas tenu compte du role critique de la paraphrase dans l'exploitation systematique du potentiel creatif de la metaphore. Cet essai tente de reformuler les termes du debat sur la paraphrasabilite en distinguant la paraphrase de la traduction litterale et en defendant le role epistemologique essentiel de la paraphrase dans le developpe-ment des theories. Trois arguments sont presentes pour la paraphrasabilite de la metaphore creative; suit une critique des principaux arguments contre la paraphrasabilite tels qu'ils ont ete formules par Black, Cohen et Ricoeur. Zusammenfassung Es wird die weitverbreitete Auffassung widerlegt, wonach begrifflich kreative Metaphern nicht paraphrasierbar sind, weil sie Natur und Funktion der Paraphrase missversteht. Durch den scheinbar parallelen Fall der Verwerfung der Reduktionsthese durch Wissenschaftstheoretiker getauscht setzten die Vertreter der These der Unparaphrasierbarkeit die Paraphrase mit der wort-lichen Ubersetzung gleich und sind deshalb nicht in der Lage, die kritische Funktion der Paraphrase bei der systematischen Verwertung des schopferischen Potentials der Metapher zu erfas-sen. Es wird versucht, das Problem der Paraphrasierbarkeit neu zu formulieren, indem die Paraphrase von der wortlichen Ubersetzung unterschieden wird und indem die erkenntnistheorelisch wesentliche Rolle der Paraphrase bei der Entwicklung von Theorien hervorgehoben wird. Es wer-den drei Argumente zugunsten der Paraphrasierbarkeit von schopferischen Metaphern vorgelegt und die wichtigsten Argumente von Black, Cohen und Ricoeur gegen die Paraphrasierbarkeit kri-tisiert.
Hybrid framework for hazard identification and assessment in batch processes

A framework presented addresses the three main parts of a process hazards analysis study: hazard identification, hazard evaluation, and hazard mitigation. The framework utilizes a hybrid methodology that effectively combines a qualitative digraph model-based technique for performing hazard identification and a quantitative optimization-based technique for performing hazard evaluation and hazard mitigation. The combined framework circumvents the local minima problems faced by mathematical optimization algorithms, as well as the qualitative ambiguities that plague digraph models. The systems used to implement the framework are BatchHAZOPExpert, gPROMS, and gOPT. BatchHAZOPExpert is used for hazard identification, while gPROMS and gOPT are used for hazard evaluation and hazard mitigation. The application of the integrated framework is illustrated by implementing it on two industrial case studies.
Leucine Culture Reveals That ATP Synthase Functions as a Fuel Sensor in Pancreatic β-Cells

Our goal was to investigate whether leucine culture affects beta-cell glucose sensing. One-day culture of rat islets with 10 mM leucine had no effect on glucose-induced insulin secretion. One-week leucine culture decreased the threshold for glucose-induced insulin secretion and increased maximal insulin secretion at 30 mM glucose. Glucose-induced cytosolic free Ca(2+) was increased at 1 week but not at 1 day of leucine culture. Without glucose, ATP content was not different with or without leucine culture for 1 week. With 20 mM glucose, ATP content was higher by 1.5-fold in islets cultured for 1 week with leucine than those without leucine. Microarray experiments indicated that culture of RINm5F cells with leucine increased expression of ATP synthase beta subunit 3.2-fold, which was confirmed by real time reverse transcription-PCR analysis (3.0- +/- 0.4-fold) in rat islets at 1 week but not after 1 day with leucine culture. Down-regulation of ATP synthase beta subunit by siRNA decreased INS1 cell ATP content and insulin secretion with 20 mM glucose. Overexpression of ATP synthase beta subunit in INS1 cell increased insulin secretion in the presence of 5 and 20 mM glucose. In conclusion, one-week leucine culture of rat islets up-regulated ATP synthase and increased ATP content, which resulted in elevated [Ca(2+)] levels and more insulin exocytosis by glucose. Depletion of ATP synthase beta subunit with siRNA produced opposite effects. These data reveal the fuel-sensing role of mitochondrial ATP synthase in the control of ATP production from glucose and the control of glucose-induced insulin secretion.
Work-family conflict and organizational citizenship behaviors

While recent studies have demonstrated several negative effects of work-family conflict for correctional employees, none have examined the impact of work-family conflict on the organizational citizenship behaviors of correctional personnel. To help fill this gap in the research, this study examined the relationship between four types of work-family conflict and organizational citizenship behaviors for 160 correctional staff of a private Midwestern maximum security prison for juveniles adjudicated as adults. Based on the job demands model of person-environment fit theory, strain-based conflict, time-based conflict, behavior-based conflict, and family-on-work conflict were predicted to relate negatively with employee organizational citizenship behaviors. Results supported only two of the four predictions. While both strain-based conflict and family-on-work conflict were negatively associated with organizational citizenship behaviors, time-based conflict and behavior-based conflict had non-significant relati...
Tracheal gas insufflation during late exhalation efficiently reduces PaCO2 in experimental acute lung injury

Objective: Tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) reduces PaCO2 by flushing the tracheal and mechanical deadspace, and may have its maximum benefit when TGI gas is unopposed by significant expiratory gas flow. Thus, limiting TGI to the late expiratory period may diminish tracheal exposure to TGI gas while preserving the efficacy of TGI. This study examined the gas exchange consequences of such late-expiratory TGI. Design and setting: Randomized controlled trial, animal study. Materials: Eleven pigs. Interventions: After stable lung injury was established using oleic acid 11 pigs were ventilated using a standardized lung protective strategy. Phasic expiratory TGI was applied for 30 min stages during the last 20%, 40%, 60%, and 100% of expiration in random sequence. PaCO2 was continuously measured via an indwelling blood gas analysis system. Measurements and results: PaCO2 at baseline was 86.1±4.7 mmHg, and decreased progressively with increasing TGI duration of 20%, 40%, and 60%, but not 100%, of expiration (PaCO2=75.7±5.2, 68.8±3.6, 65.1±5.3 and 65.2±5.2 mmHg, respectively). For all stages the reduction in PaCO2 relative to baseline was significant. Trends of increasing PaO2 and airway pressure with increasing TGI duration were noted and most likely associated with a TGI-induced increase in lung volume. Conclusions: Under these conditions confining TGI to the final 60% of expiration achieved effective PaCO2 reduction, not significantly different from panexpiratory TGI, while limiting exposure of the trachea to TGI gas, and reducing the potential for TGI-induced hyperinflation. These findings suggest that TGI is most effectively applied in a phasic manner in late expiration, with its duration titrated to effect.