cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights from Turnaround Failure

In this final chapter we present insights from research and practice in the domain of school turnaround. We begin with a short description of the three core changes that turnarounds are designed to nurture in schools. In the second section of the chapter, we present a list of 35 insights that we have culled from our work on school turnaround. All come from the earlier chapters. The goal here is simply to make them explicit. In the final section, we set out eight lessons to employ in understanding turnaround.
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Studies of the Metal Flux Growth of Ba/Yb/Mg/Si Intermetallics

The Ba/Yb/Mg/Si intermetallic system is extremely complex, with four competing structurally related compounds forming from reactions of barium, ytterbium, and silicon in magnesium-rich Mg/Al flux. In addition to the previously reported Ba2Yb0.9Mg11.1Si7, Ba5Yb2Mg17Si12, and Ba20Yb5Mg61Si43, a new compound has been found. Ba6Yb1.84Mg18.16Si13 crystallizes in the P6 space group, with the Zr6Ni20P13 structure type. Quenching experiments and in situ neutron powder diffraction studies were carried out to determine the reaction parameters that favor particular products. Under slow-cooling conditions, Ba5Yb2Mg17Si12 precipitates from the flux at 800 °C. A faster cooling rate of an identical reaction results in the formation of single crystals of Ba20Yb5Mg61Si43 in the flux at 640 °C. This indicates that the crystallization of products in this metal flux reaction does not involve precipitation and interconversion of different phases but instead depends on the rate of cooling across the supersaturated metastable zone in this system.
Impact of Smartphones on Quality of Life: A Health Information Behavior Perspective

Healthcare is the sector that was significantly changed by the arrival of mobile devices. This study investigates how an individual using smartphones impact quality of life by changing his or her health information behavior. Our results show that individuals with a smartphone are more likely to seek and track their health information than those who with a regular cell phone, and consequently, the former experience a better quality of life. Moreover, using smartphone more likely leads to seek health information for care-givers than non-caregivers, as well as for the younger individuals than the older.
Citation classics: the 100 most cited articles in Urogynecology

The objective of this study was to utilize objective citation analyses to describe the 100 most cited articles in the field of Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS) and to review their characteristics. We searched the Thomas Reuters Web of Science database for the most cited articles within all journals classified as Obstetrics and Gynecology (Ob/Gyn), Urology (Uro), Colorectal Surgery (CRS), and vital General Medicine (GM) journals (New England Journal of Medicine; Journal of the American Medical Association; Lancet; The BMJ). We reviewed search results for FPMRS content and compiled a list of the top 100 most cited articles relevant to FPMRS. We screened 34,934 articles yielded by the initial search and compiled the 100 most cited articles relevant to FPMRS. Of these 100 titles, 40% (42 out of 105) were published in Ob/Gyn, 46.7% (49 out of 105) in Uro, 1.9% (2 out of 105) in CRS, and 11.4% (12 out of 105) in GM journals. The most cited FPMRS article was “The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society” (3,810 total and 242 citations per year). Over half the articles were observational in nature and the majority (58%) of them were related to urinary incontinence in women. Highly cited FPMRS articles come from a variety of journals, and nearly 50% of the 100 most cited FPMRS articles are from the urology literature. The most cited articles were largely observational rather than interventional studies and mostly related to female urinary incontinence.
Non-catalytic Roles of Tet2 Are Essential to Regulate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Homeostasis

The Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes regulate gene expression by promoting DNA demethylation and partnering with chromatin modifiers. TET2, a member of this family, is frequently mutated in hematological disorders. The contributions of TET2 in hematopoiesis have been attributed to its DNA demethylase activity, and the significance of its nonenzymatic functions has remained undefined. To dissect the catalytic and non-catalytic requirements of Tet2, we engineered catalytically inactive Tet2 mutant mice and conducted comparative analyses of Tet2 mutant and Tet2 knockout animals. Tet2 knockout mice exhibited expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and developed myeloid and lymphoid disorders, while Tet2 mutant mice predominantly developed myeloid malignancies reminiscent of human myelodysplastic syndromes. HSPCs from Tet2 knockout mice exhibited distinct gene expression profiles, including downregulation of Gata2. Overexpression of Gata2 in Tet2 knockout bone marrow cells ameliorated disease phenotypes. Our results reveal the non-catalytic roles of TET2 in HSPC homeostasis.
Cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide) as a polymer-supported oxygen atom transfer reagent

Abstract Oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reagents are common in biological and industrial oxidation reactions. While many heterogeneous catalysts have been utilized in OAT reactions, heterogeneous OAT reagents have not been explored. Here, cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide), called x-PVP-N-oxide, was tested as a heterogeneous OAT reagent and its oxidation chemistry compared to its molecular counterpart, pyridine-N-oxide. The insoluble oxidant x-PVP-N-oxide demonstrated comparable reactivity to pyridine-N-oxide in direct oxidation reactions of phosphines and phosphites in acetonitrile, but x-PVP-N-oxide did not react in other solvents. The polymer backbone of x-PVP-N-oxide, however, allowed for easy filtering and recycling in sequential oxidation reactions. In addition, x-PVP-N-oxide was tested as the stoichiometric oxidant in a copper-catalyzed OAT reaction to α-diazo-benzeneacetic acid methyl ester. The heterogeneous oxidant was much less reactive than pyridine-N-oxide, indicating that interaction with the metal catalyst was challenging. These results demonstrated a proof-of-concept that recyclable, polymer-supported OAT reagents could be a viable OAT reagents in direct oxidation reactions without metal catalysts.
Review on advances in microcrystalline, nanocrystalline and ultrananocrystalline diamond films-based micro/nano-electromechanical systems technologies

A comprehensive review is presented on the advances achieved in past years on fundamental and applied materials science of diamond films and engineering to integrate them into new generations of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Specifically, the review focuses on describing the fundamental science performed to develop thin film synthesis processes and the characterization of chemical, mechanical, tribological and electronic properties of microcrystalline diamond, nanocrystalline diamond and ultrananocrystalline diamond films technologies, and the research and development focused on the integration of the diamond films with other film-based materials. The review includes both theoretical and experimental work focused on optimizing the films synthesis and the resulting properties to achieve the best possible MEMS/NEMS devices performance to produce new generation of MEMS/NEMS external environmental sensors and energy generation devices, human body implantable biosensors and energy generation devices, electron field emission devices and many more MEMS/NEMS devices, to produce transformational positive impact on the way and quality of life of people worldwide.
Patient outcomes and costs associated with functional medicine-based care in a shared versus individual setting for patients with chronic conditions: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE To compare outcomes and costs associated with functional medicine-based care delivered in a shared medical appointment (SMA) to those delivered through individual appointments. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study was performed to assess outcomes and cost to deliver care to patients in SMAs and compared with Propensity Score (PS)-matched patients in individual appointments. SETTING A single-centre study performed at Cleveland Clinic Center for Functional Medicine. PARTICIPANTS A total of 9778 patients were assessed for eligibility and 7323 excluded. The sample included 2455 patients (226 SMAs and 2229 individual appointments) aged ≥18 years who participated in in-person SMAs or individual appointments between 1 March 2017 and 31 December 2019. Patients had a baseline Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Physical Health (GPH) score and follow-up score at 3 months. Patients were PS-matched 1:1 with 213 per group based on age, sex, race, marital status, income, weight, body mass index, blood pressure (BP), PROMIS score and functional medicine diagnostic category. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was change in PROMIS GPH at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included change in PROMIS Global Mental Health (GMH), biometrics, and cost. RESULTS Among 213 PS-matched pairs, patients in SMAs exhibited greater improvements at 3 months in PROMIS GPH T-scores (mean difference 1.18 (95% CI 0.14 to 2.22), p=0.03) and PROMIS GMH T-scores (mean difference 1.78 (95% CI 0.66 to 2.89), p=0.002) than patients in individual appointments. SMA patients also experienced greater weight loss (kg) than patients in individual appointments (mean difference -1.4 (95% CI -2.15 to -0.64), p<0.001). Both groups experienced a 5.5 mm Hg improvement in systolic BP. SMAs were also less costly to deliver than individual appointments. CONCLUSION SMAs deliver functional medicine-based care that improves outcomes more than care delivered in individual appointments and is less costly to deliver.
Cutting Red Tape to Cut the Deficit: An Innovative Approach to Balancing the Budget

To rein in fiscal deficits, policymakers traditionally raise taxes or cut public spending. However, many economists worry that those policies can slow down the economy. By contrast, faster economic growth — without changing taxes or spending — reduces the deficit on two fronts, by raising revenue and by reducing demand for safety-net public spending. In this policy brief, we argue that boosting economic activity by reducing the regulatory burden works indirectly as a deficit-reducing policy. This brief offers a pragmatic road-map for reducing the budget deficit through cutting red tape. First, we highlight how boosting productivity performance is critical to achieving faster economic growth. Second, we discuss how economic growth impacts the deficit. We conclude by offering evidence that regulation tends to worsen productivity, especially in product and labor markets, and that regulatory reform that results in productivity-enhancing growth could be a powerful way to improve the dire budget outlook for the United States.
Core process representation in power system operational models: Gaps, challenges, and opportunities for multisector dynamics research

Abstract Power grid operations increasingly interact with environmental systems and human systems such as transportation, agriculture, the economy, and financial markets. Our objective is to discuss the modelling gaps and opportunities to advance the science for multisector adaptation and tradeoffs. We focus on power system operational models, which typically represent key physical and economic aspects of grid operations over days to a year and assume a fixed power grid infrastructure. Due to computational burden, models are typically customized to reflect regional resource opportunities, data availability, and applications of interest. We conceptualize power system operational models with four core processes: physical grid assets (generation, transmission, loads, and storage), model objectives and purpose, institutions and decision agents, and performance metrics. We taxonomize the representations of these core processes based on a review of 23 existing models. Using science questions around grid and short term uncertainties, long term global change, and multisectoral technological innovation as examples, we report on tradeoffs in process fidelity and tractability that have been adopted by the research community to represent multisectoral interactions in power system operational models. Our recommendations for research directions are model-agnostic, focusing on core processes, their interactions with other human systems, and consider computational tradeoffs.
Regional Stress and Strain in Healthy and Diseased Ventricular Myocardium

The primary function of the heart is fundamentally mechanical. The basic measures of myocardial mechanics are the three-dimensional stresses and strains, which depend on position and orientation in the myocardium, and vary in time through the cardiac cycle. A host of physiological and pathophysiological processes are directly or indirectly regulated by regional myocardial stress and strain. Most of these factors — such as coronary flow and myocyte energetics, excitation and arrhythmia, hypertrophy and development, remodeling and repair — themselves affect stress and strain in the ventricular wall. For example, increased wall stress due to altered hemodynamic load can cause ventricular hypertrophy, which in turn alters wall stress by changing chamber geometry and material properties. If this feedback loop establishes a new equilibrium, hypertrophy can be compensated. But if stress continues to increase, a transition to decompensated hypertrophy and pump failure can ensue. As treatments for myocardial infarction and ischemia have improved, the incidence of congestive heart failure has risen alarmingly. Some important load-induced responses are now known to be regulated by stress and strain directly at the level of the myocyte, endothelial cell and fibroblast. For these advances in basic cardiac biology to be applied in the clinical setting, a better understanding of the biomechanics of ventricular remodeling in-vivo will surely be needed.
Quantitative Histochemistry of Phosphatases

Publisher Summary The disciples of microscopic histochemistry are endeavoring to effect the standardization of methods for the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase. This chapter discusses the methods employed that are capable of producing sharply delineated morphological patterns with a precision rivaling the better morphological stains. The significance of these patterns in terms of enzyme content is criticized, especially by some proponents of the centrifuge in cytochemistry. The thesis that calcium phosphate is sufficiently rapidly precipitated to avoid diffusion artifacts is largely undermined by a direct measurement of the rate of the formation of precipitates in supersaturated solutions. Although the amount of precipitate formed in a section can be proportional to the amount of enzyme under certain conditions, the amount of precipitate formed represents an undetermined fraction of the amount of substrate hydrolyzed. Substances added to the substrate mixtures may produce variations in intensity of the staining reaction in different cell components. The evaluations of the alkaline phosphatase method are based on the visual appearance.
Bacterial Surface-Mediated Mineral Formation

This chapter focuses on the role of bacterial cell surfaces in catalyzing biomineralization processes and in promoting microfossil formation. Ultrathin sections were prepared by conventional embedding without the addition of osmium tetroxide or uranyl acetate as heavy-metal fixatives and contrasting agents. The electron density in these ultrathin sectioned samples as well as in the whole mounts presented in this chapter was provided by the naturally immobilized metals. The domains Bacteria and the Archaea represent the two major bacterial groups that have been identified based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic studies. The domain Bacteria is divided into the gram-positive or gram-negative groups based on cell envelope structure and chemistry (although gram-variable organisms also exist). The formation of many secondary minerals in natural as well as laboratory systems is catalyzed by microorganisms. These precipitation reactions have been divided into two general categories: passive and active mineralization. Metal precipitates on bacterial surfaces are generally hydrous, amorphous aggregates and become crystalline minerals only by lithification. However, poorly crystallized phases may also reorder and become more crystalline with time. The bacteriological processes (Bacteria and Archaea) that have produced the geologically recognized deposits are still occurring today.
Designerly Tools, Sketching, and Instructional Designers and the Guarantors of Design

Sketching can be a means to visualize learning objects and experiences differently than is possible in text-based representations. In particular, the experiential qualities of designed experiences can be explored using sketching as a tool and may not be accessible to designers via other means. If designers are to assume appropriate responsibility for our designs, to be the guarantors of design, our toolkit must expand. Examples are given of the ways in which sketching, as a flexible skill, may be used to represent designs for learning, together with discussion of how instructional designers would need to be able to think about these sketches in order to use them as tools.
Catecholamines up Integrates Dopamine Synthesis and Synaptic Trafficking

Dopamine (DA) regulates movement, cognition, attention and reward (Calabresi et al., 2007; Palmiter, 2007; Sillitoe and Vogel, 2008), while dysfunction of dopaminergic signaling has been implicated in numerous neurological diseases and abnormal behaviors. The highly reactive nature of DA itself places dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra at heightened risk of oxidative damage, the primary route to cellular death in Parkinson’s disease (PD) (Goedert, 2001; Lotharius and Brundin, 2002, Maries et al., 2003). Moreover, elevated levels of DA or BH4, a cofactor required for DA synthesis, are neurotoxic in several model systems (Berman and Hastings, 1999; Choi et al., 2003; Gomez-Santos et al., 2006). Recently, it has been reported that DA in Drosophila PD models similarly enhances neurodegeneration (Bayersdorfer et al., 2010). In an earlier study, we found that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC1.14.16.2), the rate-limiting enzyme in DA biosynthesis, is dominantly activated by a post-translational mechanism in Drosophila strains heterozygous for loss-of-function Catecholamines up (Catsup) mutations (Stathakis et al., 1999). Subsequently, we investigated the effects of Catsup and other genes that regulate DA synthesis and homeostasis on sensitivity to the oxidative toxin, paraquat (PQ), which we found to selectively trigger dopaminergic neuron degeneration and parkinsonian-like movement disorders (Chaudhuri et al., 2007). Surprisingly, loss-of-function Catsup mutations, despite having strongly elevated levels of DA and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), were dominantly neuroprotective against PQ exposure (Chaudhuri et al., 2007). Here, we report the results of our investigation of the mechanisms by which Catsup mutations can enhance BH4 and DA synthesis and yet simultaneously confer neuroprotection against PQ-induced oxidative insult. We find that Catsup acts to negatively regulate BH4 and DA synthesis pathways through physical interactions with the rate-limiting enzymes of both pathways, GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH; EC3.5.4.16) and TH, respectively. Moreover, we provide evidence that Catsup is localized to synaptic termini and acts as a negative regulator of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which is responsible for synaptic vesicle uptake of DA. We conclude that Catsup has the ability to regulate DA homeostasis by effectively integrating the synthesis of both the BH4 and DA pathways through their respective rate-limiting enzymes, with the transport and synaptic release of DA.
False or Suppressed Evidence: Why a Need for the Prosecutorial Tie?

"Decency, security and liberty alike demand that government officials shall be subjected to the same rules of conduct that are commands to the citizen. In a government of laws, existence of the government will be imperilled if it fails to observe the law scrupulously. Our government is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or for ill, it teaches the whole people by its example." Mr. Justice Brandeist
Multiple Deliveries in North Carolina: Effects on Birth Outcomes

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in multiple deliveries in North Carolina and assess their effect on the rates of low birth weight, fetal mortality, and infant mortality. Methods: Using North Carolina vital statistics files, trends in multiple births, categorized by race, maternal age, and birth weight, were examined for the period 1980–1997. A partitioning method was used to estimate the contribution of maternal age distribution and age-specific multiple birth rates to the overall increase in multiple births, and the contribution of the changing multiple birth rate to observed trends in low birth weight and fetal and infant mortality. Results: Between 1980 and 1997, the state's multiple birth rate increased by 40%. Most of the increase was due to a rise in the age-specific multiple birth rates, rather than a shift in the maternal age distribution. The increase in the multiple birth rate accounted for a substantial proportion of the increase in low birth weight among Whites and Blacks. The rise in multiple births also hindered further declines in fetal and infant mortality during this time. Conclusions: Multiple births are an increasingly important contributor to perinatal outcomes, and warrant greater consideration in research aimed at evaluating trends in low birth weight and infant mortality.
„Zufall“ und „Nachahmung“

Die bisher beschriebenen Versuche zeigen im allgemeinen einen recht einfachen und der Form nach gleichartigen Verlauf. Da die des nachstfolgenden Kapitels etwas anderer Art sind, erscheint es angebracht, schon vorher gewisse Betrachtungen anzustellen, welche Sinn und Tatsachenwert des Mitgeteilten gegen gelaufige Einwande schutzen. Dergleichen ware nicht notig, wenn es sich hier um Feststellungen einer hochentwickelten Erfahrungswissenschaft wie der Physik handelte, in der der Sinn von Beobachtungsgruppen nicht lange vollkommen strittig bleiben kann: Fest und klar steht ein System nicht mehr verlierbaren Wissens da, mit welchem so oder so das Neue sich zusammenschliesen mus. Niemand kann verkennen, das wir in der hoheren Psychologie von einem so glucklichen Zustande weit entfernt sind. Anstatt einigermasen reichen und sicheren Wissens sehen wir hier sehr allgemein gehaltene und ihrem Sinn nach zumeist recht ungefahre Theorien entwickelt, die mit Strenge bis ins einzelne auf einen vorliegenden Fall anzuwenden selbst dem Anhanger nicht leicht befriedigend gelingt. Um so energischer ist der Anspruch einer jeden von diesen Meinungen, sie enthalte das Deutungsprinzip fur sehr ausgedehnte Erscheinungsgebiete, und der lockere Zusammenhang mit der konkreten Erfahrung, damit eben das Ungefahre der Behauptungen, erschweren es auf das auserste, durch Feststellung von Tatsachen einen Streit zu entscheiden, der fast noch ein Glaubenskampf ist.
Global energy conversion rate from geostrophic flows into internal lee waves in the deep ocean

A global estimate of the energy conversion rate from geostrophic flows into internal lee waves in the ocean is presented. The estimate is based on a linear theory applied to bottom topography at O(1–10) km scales obtained from single beam echo soundings, to bottom stratification estimated from climatology, and to bottom velocity obtained from a global ocean model. The total energy flux into internal lee waves is estimated to be 0.2 TW which is 20% of the global wind power input into the ocean. The geographical distribution of the energy flux is largest in the Southern Ocean which accounts for half of the total energy flux. The results suggest that the generation of internal lee waves at rough topography is a significant energy sink for the geostrophic flows as well as an important energy source for internal waves and the associated turbulent mixing in the deep ocean.
Numerical Study on the Effect of Limiting Eddy Viscosity on Flow Separation Prediction for Airfoils in Wind Energy Applications

Pressure driven flow separation is an important category of flows and many aerodynamic devices are required to operate on the verge of boundary layer separation to maximize efficiency. Flow fields in wind engineering are inherently complex and are characterized by frequent occurrence of separated flows. Current one- and two-equation turbulence models do not capture all the relevant physics associated with flow separation and, hence, can result in erroneous predictions. These models are based on the Boussinesq assumption that relates the apparent turbulent shearing stresses to the rate of mean strain through an apparent scalar turbulent or “eddy viscosity”. A known drawback of this assumption is the inability to account for rapid changes in length scale which hence results in prediction of higher eddy viscosity. In this study the effect of limiting eddy viscosity in a k-ω SST model in CFX solver is studied and applied to predict flow over wind turbine airfoils like S825 and S827. For a certain clipping ratio range a significant improvement in separation prediction was observed when compared to the baseline turbulence model. The evolution of eddy viscosity and its impact on the macro scale flow structures is also discussed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Binocular visual impairment in glaucoma.

Abstract Monocular and binocular vision was assessed in patients with glaucoma (n = 21), in patients with ocular hypertension (n = 20), and in agematched visual control subjects (n = 20) using three tests: color vision with the Lanthony Desaturated D-15 test, low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity with the Pelli-Robson chart, and stereoacuity with the RANDOT test. No significant differences were found among the groups in the severity or type of color vision loss. Monocular contrast sensitivity testing showed considerable overlap among groups but a significant loss of contrast sensitivity in the glaucoma patients relative to ocular hypertensives and control subjects. Binocular testing also showed a significant loss of contrast sensitivity in the glaucoma patients compared with both the ocular hypertensives and the control subjects. Stereoacuity also was significantly impaired in the glaucoma patients. These results indicate that two tests of binocular function, stereoacuity and binocular contrast sensitivity testing, may have utility in identifying early glaucomatous damage.
Device for nonstressful restraining of rats and guinea pigs.

Abstract An atraumatic restraining device—a high, unsteady platform, which allows the recording of auditory, somatosensory and visual evoked potentials of conscious rats and guinea pigs, during long-lasting experiments. These animals are fully conscious, and to avoid falling, they remain quietly on the platform. Thus, animals are reproducibly stimulated and average evoke responses are not affected by excessive muscular activity or by depression of potentials caused by sleep induced animals.
ANTIBODIES TO ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN ARMADILLOS FROM SOUTHERN FLORIDA

From January 1990 through March 1991, 189 armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) were collected from Brevard and Glades Counties in southern Florida (USA). The sera were analyzed for hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) antibodies against St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) viruses. None of the armadillos had detectable HAI antibody to EEE virus, but 59 (31%) had antibodies against SLE virus. Sera from 31 of the HAI-positive armadillos contained significant levels of neutralizing (NT) antibody to SLE virus. Armadillos captured during the 1990 SLE human epidemic in south Florida had a greater prevalence of HAI and NT antibody to SLE virus than did animals captured before the start of the epidemic. This is evidence that armadillos were fed on by mosquitoes infected with SLE virus. We propose that armadillos may be involved in the SLE amplification and transmission cycles in Florida.
Wide and narrow scope

In this paper I present an original and relatively conciliatory solution to one of the central contemporary debates in the theory of rationality, the debate about the proper formulation of rational requirements. I begin by offering my own version of the “symmetry problem” for wide scope rational requirements, and I show how this problem necessitates the introduction of a normative concept other than the traditional notions of reason and requirement. I then sketch a theory of rational commitment, showing how this notion solves the symmetry problem as I’ve presented it. I also show that the concept of rational commitment is one we already appeal to in common sense discourse, and that it is necessary for vindicating comparative judgments of rationality.
M.T. Pepper Jenkins introduces Ringer's lactate to treat shock

Abstract M.T. Pepper Jenkins was one of the team that introduced balanced salt solutions (in those days, Ringer's Lactate) to the resuscitation of traumatic shock. The revolutionary proposal is one of the most important innovations in the modern care of the surgical patient. Before 1950, surgeons and physiologists felt that salt solutions were contraindicated in surgical patients because they did not excrete a sodium load. Anesthetized patients were given small amounts of D5W, and if blood loss was excessive, they were given transfusions of whole blood. The turning point came in 1950 when Jenkins reported a series of critical patients in hemorrhagic shock, who received D5W and whole blood for resuscitation. They developed high hematocrits, stiff lungs and pulmonary failure, called “congestive atelectasis.” Jenkins theorized that congestive atelectasis could be prevented if Ringer's Lactate was given with the blood. Over the next 30 years, Shires demonstrated the deficit of extracellular fluid, which occurs in hemorrhagic shock in dogs and humans, and the acute sequestered edema space that results from trauma. This work established the efficacy for the use of balanced salt solutions in shock. Salt solutions were not contraindicated, rather they are indicated and, in fact, life saving. Salt solutions are now used all over the world for the treatment of shock and have saved millions of lives. Our understanding of surgical fluid therapy has changed forever; and Jenkins could be compared to Copernicus who suggested that the earth and other planets rotate around the sun, changing the way we think about the universe.
Determination of a Selective GABA‐A α5 Receptor Inverse Agonist in Human Plasma by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection

Abstract A sensitive and selective method for the determination of a compound with activity at the benzodiazepine site of GABA‐A receptors (I, 3‐(5‐methyl‐isoxazol‐3‐yl)‐6‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐[1,2,3]triazol‐4‐yl‐methoxy)‐[1,2,4]‐triazolo[3,4‐A] phthalazine) and its active 5‐hydroxymethyl‐isoxazole metabolite (II) has been developed. The method is based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometeric (MS/MS) detection. The analytes (I and II) and internal standard (III) were isolated from human plasma by a 96‐well solid phase extraction technique using a Tomtec Quadra 96 system. The MS/MS detection was performed on a PE Sciex API 3000 tandem mass spectrometer interfaced with a heated nebulizer probe. This semi‐automated HPLC‐MS/MS method was validated in the concentration range of 0.1–25 ng/mL, with the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.1 ng/mL for both analytes. The precision of the assay, as expressed by the coefficients of variation (CV), was less than 8% at all concent...
Hospital compliance with performance measures and 30-day outcomes in patients with heart failure

Background In 2005, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association published performance measures to provide a standard of care for hospitalized patients with heart failure (HF). Despite increasing compliance with these measures, hospital mortality and readmission rates remain stagnant. Whether compliance with HF performance measures improves patient outcomes at the hospital level is unclear. Methods We evaluated compliance with HF performance measures at 3,655 US hospitals. Patients admitted with a diagnosis of HF in 2008 were identified using the US Department of Health and Human Services Hospital Compare database. Compliance with 4 specific performance measures was examined: evaluation of left ventricular systolic function, administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor I or angiotensin-receptor blocker for left ventricular systolic dysfunction, offering smoking cessation advice and counseling, and providing discharge instructions. Thirty-day mortality and readmission rate were recorded. Results Hospitals reporting greater compliance with the 4 performance measures had significantly lower 30-day mortality rates. However, these hospitals were also located in areas of higher socioeconomic status and treated higher volumes of patients with HF. After adjusting for socioeconomic and hospital factors, only evaluation of left ventricular systolic function was associated with lower 30-day mortality, and evaluation of left ventricular systolic function and smoking cessation counseling were associated with lower readmission rates. Conclusions We found that socioeconomic factors and hospital volume were stronger predictors of mortality than compliance with HF performance measures. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors and hospital volume, only 1 of the 4 performance measures was associated with lower 30-day mortality and 2 were associated with lower readmissions.
Low-Cost Pressure Probe Sensor for Predicting Turbulence-Induced Vibration From Invasive Low-Velocity Turbulent Flow Measurements

Measuring high-intensity turbulence with fast response pressure probe sensors has proved to be an effective and accurate technique; unfortunately, according to the available literature, most pressure probe research focuses primarily on high-velocity (>100 m/s) applications. Commercially available pressure probe sensor systems are available; however, most designs are intended for not only high-velocity flow but also for high bandwidth ( $\sim 10$ kHz) and multidirectional applications, which drastically increase cost and complexity. Extremely limited options exist for those seeking a simple yet sensitive and accurate unidirectional turbulent flow measurement method; therefore, the intended purpose of this paper is to provide a means for future scientists and engineers to develop a pressure probe sensor tailored to their specific needs. Research presented in this paper focuses on the design and analysis of two high-sensitivity, low-cost pressure probes for invasive measurements in low-velocity (<20 m/s) highly turbulent air flow. The pressure probe design, calibration techniques, and modeling are discussed and experimentally validated.
Numerical determination of vortices in superconductors: simulation of cooling

We use a gradient descent method to numerically calculate critical points of the Ginzburg–Landau energy functional for a two-dimensional domain, possibly including holes. By directly minimizing the functional we avoid the difficulty of treating the Ginzburg–Landau equations with their associated nonlinear boundary conditions. The descent method is made efficient by the use of Sobolev gradients. In order to find the minimum-energy critical point we simulate a cooling process in which we compute a sequence of critical points, each associated with a slightly lower temperature. The solution at each temperature value serves as a good initial estimate for the next value. We present test results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Robust compliant assembly automation using an industrial robot

Industrial robots used to perform assembly tasks are still a small portion of total robot sales each year. One of the main reasons is that it is difficult for conventional industrial robots to adjust to any sort of change. This paper describes the development and implementation of a robotic system to perform an assembly task of inserting a printed circuit board (PCB) into an edge connector socket using a robust control strategy. Because the task involves compliant manipulation in which a substantial force is needed to accomplish the insertion operation and there are some dynamic constraints from the environment, this task is quite challenging. A variable structure impedance control algorithm is used to perform the assembly process. The dynamic model of the robotic system is developed and the dynamic parameters are identified. Experiments were performed to validate the methodology. Experimental results shows that the robust control algorithm can deal with parameter uncertainties in the dynamic model, thus achieve better performance than the model based control method. An abnormal case is also investigated to demonstrate that the robust impedance control method can deal with the abnormal situation without damaging the system and part, while pure position control method may cause damage. This strategy can also be used in other similar assembly processes with compliant manipulation.
Cloud microphysical properties from multispectral reflectance measurements

Images as well as statistical properties of the cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius derived from reflected solar radiation measurements at 0.75, 1.65, and 2.16 micron are presented. The remote-sensing-derived cloud optical thickness and effective radius are compared with the values inferred from nearly simultaneous in situ microphysical measurements obtained from an aircraft. A good spatial correlation is observed for both the optical thickness and effective radius, it is noted that the remote sensing has a tendency to overestimate the effective radius; the optical thickness is overestimated for small optical thicknesses and underestimated for large optical thicknesses. The marginal probability density functions of optical thickness and effective radius are derived from the remote-sensing results and discussed.
The Promises and Perils of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Exploring Emerging Social and Ethical Issues

Rapid advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology are profoundly influencing the ways in which we conceptualize the world of the future, and human ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and mole...
Bivariate interpolation approach for efficiently and accurately modelling antennas near a halfspace

A method based on 2-dimensional, bivariate interpolation is described for use in evaluating the Sommerfeld integrals which arise in an integral-equation solution of antennas which interact with a halfspace. This approach provides the rigour of the Sommerfeld formulation with a computer time comparable to the perfect-ground problem.
Disruptive effects of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on long-term memory ☆

Abstract The fact that sleep is associated with very active endogenous neural (chemical and electrical) processes, suggests that these processes may be involved in the maintenance of long-term memory storage. The present experiments were designed to examine the hypothesis that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation will produce impairment of long-term memory. Mice deprived of REM sleep for 3, 5 or 7 continuous days, during the interval between a one-trial inhibitory avoidance training experience and a subsequent retention test, displayed a temporary retrograde amnesia when tested 30 min or three hr following termination of REM deprivation. The mice did not recover from the amnesia if electroconvulsive shock was administered immediately following the interval of REM sleep deprivation. In a further study, the generality of these findings was obtained by depriving mice of REM sleep during the interval between a discrimination training experiment in a black-white T-maze and the subsequent retention test.
Retinoic Acid Causes Premature Desquamation of Cells from Confluent Cultures of Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Cells from 2 types of stratified squamous epithelia were grown to confluence in vitro . In these cultures highly differentiated cells were shed into the culture medium at a constant rate for at least 4weeks, thus providing a unique system in which to study factors that influence desquamation. Retinoic acid (RA) decreased the rate of desquamation in calf esophagus epithelial cell (CEEC) cultures and increased the rate of desquamation in human foreskin epithelial cell (HFEC) cultures. Cells shed from CEEC and HFEC cultures treated with RA were less differentiated, as assessed by their protein/DNA ratio, than cells shed from control cultures. These data indicate that retinoic acid induces premature desquamation from stratified squamous epithelia.
Early Cavopulmonary Anastomosis After Norwood Procedure Results in Excellent Fontan Outcome

Background Children with univentricular hearts and aortic arch obstruction are treated sequentially with Norwood procedure, superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (SCPA), and Fontan operation. Early SCPA results in lower initial O 2 saturation and longer hospitalization, but not increased mortality. We sought to determine the impact of early SCPA on Fontan candidacy and outcomes. Methods Eighty-five consecutive patients undergoing Norwood operation between January 1998 and February 2003 were divided into group 1 (SCPA at less than 4 months, n=33) and group 2 (SCPA at more than 4 months, n=52). Of the original cohort, 69 have undergone Fontan operation, 7 await Fontan, 1 was transplanted, 3 are not Fontan candidates, and 5 died late after SCPA. Group 1 (n = 25) and group 2 (n = 44) patients who have completed Fontan operation were compared for preoperative and perioperative variables: age, size, O 2 saturation, pulmonary artery pressure and size, prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation and ventricular dysfunction, extubation rate in operating room, duration of pleural drainage, hospital stay, and discharge O 2 saturation. Late functional status and ventricular function were also compared. Survival was compared for original groups 1 and 2. Results There were no differences for any preoperative or perioperative variable, or late functional assessment. Actuarial survival at 6 years was also not different (88% ± 5% for group 1 and 94% ± 4% for group 2, p = 0.72). Conclusions Although initially more cyanotic and hospitalized longer than older peers, younger SCPA patients achieve clinical equivalence by the time of Fontan operation and afterward. We conclude that both short- and long-term outcomes support performance of early SCPA.
Promoting Cognitive Development Among Young Offenders Through Pre-Trial Intervention

This study assessed the effectiveness of an intervention program for youthful offenders in lowa based on a cognitive approach to rehabilitation, which pivots on the theme that "bad thinking leads to bad behavior." Subjects were 16- and 17-year-old juveniles who had been transferred to adult court and 18- and 19-year-old youth who had been arrested for "first time serious felonies." Attitudes towards police and the courts improved during the intervention, as did feelings that the offender's probation officer was supportive. Offender feelings of accomplishment and ability did not improve, and problem-solving ability and prospects for life success apparently decreased, although prospects for improving life goals and offender empathy toward victims changed positively. Three patterns emerged: Changes in attitudes toward the criminal justice system. a sense of personal accomplishment and ability, and a sensitivity to the views of others.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Drugs and Drug Metabolites in Biological Samples

Abstract1. Sample preparation procedures, derivative formation, conditions for separation, qualitative identification and quantitative evaluation of foreign compounds and their metabolites by g.l.c. are described and discussed.2. The selective nitrogen flame ionization detector and the linear electron capture detector are proposed for use in the detection of the low therapeutic concentrations of drugs and drug metabolites in biological samples. The advantages in using selective detectors are : simplified sample extraction procedure, high detection sensitivity even for small sample volumes, sensitivity independent from sample matrix, speed of analysis.
Particle Image Velocity Measurements of Undular and Hydraulic Jumps

Measurements of the mean and turbulent flow fields in undular and hydraulic jumps have been acquired with single-camera particle image velocimetry (PIV). Three Froude numbers, ranging from 1.4 to 3.0, were studied, and in each case data were collected at numerous streamwise locations. The data from these streamwise locations were subsequently compiled into spatially dense ( ∼80,000 grid points) “mosaic” images encompassing both the supercritical and subcritical portions of the flow. The measured mean and turbulent velocity fields provide more detailed views inside undular and hydraulic jumps than were previously available from studies using pointwise measurement techniques. The two-dimensional spatial density of the measurements provides for the determination of gradient-based quantities such as vorticity. The potential for determining boundary shear stress from the velocity data is evaluated with several methodologies. The results are found to be consistent with recent measurements made using Preston tub...
Understanding the Complexity of Ambivalence Toward Pregnancy: Does It Predict Inconsistent Use of Contraception?

Ambivalence towards future pregnancy is common and may increase the risk of unprotected sex and unintended pregnancy. We propose that ambivalent attitudes toward pregnancy consist of subtypes that are differentially associated with contraceptive use. Using data from a nationally representative survey of unmarried young adults (N = 1,147), we constructed four categories of ambivalence based on attitudes toward a hypothetical pregnancy. Multivariate analyses examined characteristics of ambivalence and the association between ambivalence and contraceptive use. Approximately one third of sexually active unmarried young adults are ambivalent about pregnancy. Having positive ambivalence (important to avoid a pregnancy but would be happy if it occurred) is associated with age, gender, education, and Hispanic origin. Although ambivalence toward pregnancy is associated with lower contraceptive use, this is true only among women with negative ambivalence (not important to avoid a pregnancy but would be unhappy if a pregnancy occurred). Attitudes toward pregnancy are multifaceted, and a more nuanced understanding of women's attitudes toward pregnancy can help target prevention programs and related policies for women at risk of unintended pregnancy.
Do Risk Factors for Mortality After Spinal Cord Injury Parallel Those From the General United States Population

The purpose of this article is to summarize theoretical considerations in developing mortality risk models for people with spinal cord injury that are comparable to those in the general population, with an emphasis on behavioral and socioeconomic factors. The article describes the background and data that will ultimately be utilized to make these comparisons. This is part of a larger research initiative that addresses long-term outcomes after injury, including maintenance of health, quality of life, and longevity. This manuscript is a prelude to future analyses of data from this project.