cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 4 – Interactions of Light with Matter for Spectroscopy

This chapter presents the fundamental interactions between light and the probed material that underlie most of the optical diagnostics. Much of the interaction of light with gases and solids can be described by considering the electric dipole moment μ or the electric polarization P, which is the electric dipole moment per unit volume. In linear optics, which dominates when the electric field strengths are much smaller than atomic fields, P is linearly related to the externally applied electric field E. The local electric field usually differs from the applied electric field (from the light source) because of the field produced by the local polarization.
The Conception and Birth of Wessex

Thomas Hardy was born in 1840 in Higher Bockhampton, Dorsetshire. His mother had been a servant and his father was a mason and builder. His mother’s was a dominating personality; she was ambitious for her children and was reluctant to lose control of them as they grew up; she had strong views on many subjects and read voraciously. His father was handsome, easy-going and deeply musical. Also living in the family until her death in 1857, was his paternal grandmother, Mary, who had been born in 1772 and was a ‘rich oral source of stories, traditions and folklore, as well as recollections of what Hardy came to perceive as the historical past: the period when the threat of a French invasion seemed very real…’l
Reconceptualizing Organizational Change Implementation as a Communication Problem: A Review of Literature and Research Agenda

Organizational scholars have acknowledged the importance of communication processes in explanations for organizational change processes, but have focused primarily on the invention, design, adoption, and responses to planned changes. Communication perspectives have largely ignored the means by which change programs are installed and by which users come to learn of such programs. The goal of this chapter is to demonstrate how a communication perspective can enhance understanding of implementation activities. Factors that influence when and how innovations are utilized in organizations are examined. Six major areas of literature in implementation of planned organizational change are reviewed: (a) general approaches to implementation, (b) strategies and tactics for change implementation, (c) characteristics and factors related to change agents, (d) contingencies that affect implementation, (e) strategic planning and implementation, and (f) themes and recommendations in the practitioner literature. In the fin...
Ultrawideband TEM Horn Circular Array

An eight-element circular array of miniaturized combined transverse electromagnetic horn and loop elements for joint frequency and time operation is presented. The use of such ultrawideband and compact directional element leads to stable wideband radiation patterns with moderate gain for omnidirectional phase mode 0 of operation. Moreover, a directional mode enabled by simply exciting specific element(s) in the array is also demonstrated. Obtained directional beams can be steered to a desired direction in horizontal plane simply by exciting an appropriate element. Low dispersion of the utilized element permits distortionless pulse radiation for both modes of operation. The performance of the proposed array is characterized computationally and experimentally in frequency and time domains for both modes. The fabricated circular array has VSWR 10 dB) radiation characteristics, nominal gain >6 dBi, cross polarization level <−15 dB, and excellent time-domain performance with high-fidelity factor over more than two octaves.
The role of social media on positive youth development: An analysis of 4-H Facebook page and 4-H'ers' positive development

Abstract With the hope of raising children to become responsible and active citizens with upstanding values, many youth-related organizations have focused their efforts on providing quality opportunities to encourage early participation in civic engagements. Many organizations actively engage in social media to fulfill their goals most effectively. Social media offer the potential to promote those opportunities, communicate with youth, and eventually facilitate positive youth development. Considering the importance of social media among youth, it is critical to understand how to use it as a tool to foster youth development. Therefore, utilizing the positive youth development (PYD) framework, this study examines the role of Facebook communications in developing six traits—competence, confidence, connection, character, compassion, and contribution—and their effects on youth civic engagement by analyzing a 4-H club case. Mixed methods are used to conduct a two-step study. The first step analyzes communication patterns of the national 4-H Facebook page through content analysis of posts from 2009 to early 2015. For the second step, seven in-depth interviews were conducted with recent 4-H alumni, who used the official 4-H Facebook page during their period of membership. The findings emphasized the critical role of social media in fostering positive development of youth and future civic engagement, and practical implications are discussed.
Grief Interactions Among Emerging Adults on College Campuses

An estimated 25–40% of the student population on university campuses is grieving a loss that occurred within the past 24 months. This study illustrates the findings of interviews from 20 students about their grief experiences to more deeply understand the unique ways they experience and interact with grief. Three overarching themes were identified, including private grief interactions with non-bereaved peers, private grief interactions with bereaved peers, and counseling grief interactions. Discussion of specific pragmemes of accommodation associated with each interaction is provided and how these discourses uniquely socially construct grief support for emerging adults on college campuses.
Heterochiral Knottin Protein: Folding and Solution Structure

Homochirality is a general feature of biological macromolecules, and Nature includes few examples of heterochiral proteins. Herein, we report on the design, chemical synthesis, and structural characterization of heterochiral proteins possessing loops of amino acids of chirality opposite to that of the rest of a protein scaffold. Using the protein Ecballium elaterium trypsin inhibitor II, we discover that selective β-alanine substitution favors the efficient folding of our heterochiral constructs. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of one such heterochiral protein reveals a homogeneous global fold. Additionally, steered molecular dynamics simulation indicate β-alanine reduces the free energy required to fold the protein. We also find these heterochiral proteins to be more resistant to proteolysis than homochiral l-proteins. This work informs the design of heterochiral protein architectures containing stretches of both d- and l-amino acids.
Correction to: School–University–Community Pathways to Higher Education: Teacher Perceptions, School Culture and Partnership Building

Please note that the correct surname of the first author of the this article is Aleman Jr. (not Aleman as it was given in the article as originally published).
Hematologic Considerations and Management of Adolescent Girls with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Anemia in US Children's Hospitals

Abstract Study Objective To assess the frequency, severity, and inpatient management of girls admitted with heavy menstrual bleeding and iron deficiency anemia at US children's hospitals, with a focus on hematologic considerations. Design Retrospective multicenter cohort study from October 2012 through September 2015. Setting Children's hospitals submitting data to the Pediatric Health Information System. Participants Female patients, age 8-18 years, admitted with heavy menstrual bleeding and anemia as either a primary or secondary diagnosis. Patients with cancer, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic anemia, and pregnancy were excluded. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Hemostatic evaluation; provision of iron therapy. Results We identified 1183 admissions (1134 unique patients). Patients’ median (interquartile range) age was 14 (11-17) years. Forty-one percent were Caucasian (n = 480), 31% African American (n = 371), and 26% Hispanic ethnicity (n = 310). Intensive care use occurred in 5% of admissions (n = 56). Hemostatic assessment was inconsistent; 15% (n = 182) had no such evaluation. Two-thirds (n = 797; 67%) involved transfusions, 37% (n = 433) received no inpatient iron therapy, and 17% (n = 197) received no hormonal or antifibrinolytic therapy. Hemostatic evaluation was associated with intensive care use: odds ratio (OR), 4.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-19.86; P = .03); emergency department visit: OR, 2.60 (95% CI, 1.86-3.65; P Conclusion Hundreds of girls with heavy menstrual bleeding and anemia are hospitalized at US children's hospitals each year with variable inpatient hematologic evaluation and management. Future guidelines should emphasize early identification of at-risk patients and promote effective implementation strategies to reduce the burden of this preventable complication.
THE ORIGIN OF LIFE PROBLEM--A BRIEF CRITIQUE

The probability that organic compounds could have formed abiotically on the primitive Earth has been documented over the past two decades and needs no elaboration here (1). But historically there was a time when, from the middle of the.nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth centuries, it was stoutly proclaimed that organic compounds, especially proteins, could be synthesized only by living things, and consequently before there was life, there could be no organic compounds. Conversely, it was held that without organic compounds life could not originate. Eventually, the question of the origin of life was considered to be a metaphysical, not a scientific problem, one that was beyond human ken. So firmly and generally was this view held, that scientists of thatperiod did not care nor dare to discuss the problem seriously.
Biological assessment of dune restoration in south Texas

Abstract A dune restoration program was initiated by the City of South Padre Island, Texas in 2010 consisting primarily of plantings of Sea Oats, Uniola paniculata, and Bitter Panicum, Panicum amarum, and has continued annually thereafter. These restoration efforts were evaluated by comparing selected metrics of ecosystem structure and function among reference and restoration plots ranging in age (time after planting) from 2 to 5 years. Plant and animal communities were examined using a combination of quadrat sampling, funnel traps, pit-falls, and sweep nets. Soil organic content and soil electrical conductivity were also measured. Dune volumes and heights were calculated using a 2013 Lidar DEM. Plant communities were similar across 2 and 4 year-old plots but differed markedly among 2 and 5 year-old plots and between all restoration plots and undisturbed reference plots. After 5 years, restoration plots had 15 plant species, while reference plots had 19. Animal communities followed a similar trend in which all restoration plots differed from the reference plots with the exception of 5 year-old plots which were similar. More time seems necessary for restored dunes to accumulate soil organic matter at levels similar to natural dunes which is still about three times higher. There was a significant positive correlation between plot age and dune heights. These results suggest the native dune plant revegetation as implemented by the City of South Padre Island from 2010 to 2015 is successful in fostering plant and animal community succession and potentially increasing coastal resiliency.
Calibration of a plug-type gauge for measurement of surface heat flux and temperature using data from in-depth thermocouples

Abstract This study presents an investigation of the calibration and testing of a stainless steel plug-type gauge that utilizes temperature data from its two in-depth thermocouples (TCs) to predict its surface thermal boundary conditions caused by an unknown heating scenario regardless of its back surface boundary condition. Calibration of the sensor was accomplished using the two-probe calibration integral equation method (CIEM) which was modified to incorporate the effects of known temperature dependent properties. The precise locations of the in-depth TCs are not required to implement this method. The two-probe CIEM requires data from two calibration tests consisting of accurate measurements of the surface boundary conditions along with data from the two in-depth TCs to estimate the surface boundary conditions of any unknown (reconstruction) heating process when data from its in-depth TCs are measured. High temperature data was collected from three calibration tests and four reconstruction tests. Accurate predictions of the surface heat flux and surface temperature of four high temperature reconstruction tests (up to 770 °C) were obtained where the back surface of the gauge was heated, cooled, insulated and unaltered. Amplified experimental noise was added to the reconstruction temperature data to simulate noisy temperature data that may be gathered in a field test. The addition of amplified noise to the reconstruction temperatures had almost no effect on the overall accuracy of the surface heat flux and temperature predictions.
Workflow Requirements for Cost-of-Care Conversations in Outpatient Settings Providing Oncology or Primary Care: A Qualitative, Human-Centered Design Study.

Background Patients prefer to discuss costs in the clinical setting, but physicians and teams may be unprepared to incorporate cost discussions into existing workflows. Objective To understand and improve clinical workflows related to cost-of-care conversations. Design Qualitative human-centered design study. Setting 2 integrated health systems in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: a system-wide oncology service line and a system-wide primary care service line. Participants Clinicians, clinical team members, operations staff, and patients. Measurements Ethnographic observations were made at the integrated health systems, assessing barriers to and facilitators of discussing costs with patients. Three unique patient experiences of having financial concerns addressed in the clinic were designed. These experiences were refined after in-person interviews with patients (n = 20). Data were synthesized into a set of clinical workflow requirements. Results Most patient cost concerns take 1 of 3 pathways: informing clinical care decision making, planning and budgeting concerns, and addressing immediate financial hardship. Workflow requirements include organizational recognition of the need for clinic-based cost-of-care conversations; access to cost and health plan benefit data to support each conversation pathway; clear team member roles and responsibilities for addressing cost-of-care concerns; a patient experience where cost questions are normal and each patient's preferences and privacy are respected; patients know who to go to with cost questions; patients' concerns are documented to minimize repetition to multiple team members; and patients learn their expected out-of-pocket costs before treatment begins. Limitation Results may have limited generalizability to other health care settings, and the study did not test the effectiveness of the workflows developed. Conclusion Clinic-based workflows for cost-of-care conversations that optimize patients' care experience require organizational commitment to addressing cost concerns, clear roles and responsibilities, appropriate and complete data access, and a team-based approach. Primary funding source Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Thymic basaloid carcinoma: a rare clinical entity.

Primary thymic carcinoma is a rare malignancy and particularly basaloid type is an even rare subtype, with less than 20 cases published as individual case reports in the English literature.[1–5][1] A 61-year-old female patient presented after falling, with concern for rib fracture. CT of abdomen/
Smoking cessation in inpatient psychiatry treatment facilities: A review.

Abstract Background Tobacco-related diseases are a leading cause of death among individuals with severe mental illness (SMI), yet interventions to address tobacco cessation are rare in inpatient settings where persons with SMI are hospitalized. While cigarette smoking rates have declined in the general population, they remain high in persons with SMI. Inpatient settings would be a prime location to intervene on tobacco consumption among persons with SMI. The objective of this review was to examine evidence of smoking cessation interventions in psychiatric inpatient facilities. Method Using narrative overview guidelines, we searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL for smoking cessation RCT studies published between 1950 and 2018. Studies included had to have at least started in inpatient psychiatry settings. Examples of search terms included: smoking cessation in inpatient psychiatry, smoking cessation in inpatient mental health treatment facilities, and smoking cessation and mental health. Results Following the inclusion criteria, eight RCT studies were reviewed. One study was among adolescent psychiatric inpatient smokers ages 13–17, and 7 were among adult psychiatric inpatients with mean age 41 years. Treatment periods lasting 8 to 12 weeks started in inpatient settings and continued post discharge. A combination of behavioral and pharmacological interventions were used. Pharmacological interventions were nicotine replacement therapies, and at least one study used varenicline. At baseline, participants smoked an average of 18.1 cigarettes per day. Conclusion Smoking cessation in inpatient psychiatry settings is rare or delayed. There is a need for more tailored treatments among this population to help them quit smoking.
Programmable logic controllers

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are at the forefront of manufacturing automation. Many factories use programmable logic controllers to cut production costs and/or increase quality. PLCs and their unique language, ladder logic, are the workhorses of factory automation. Higher-level languages, such as sequential function charts and function blocks, ease the programming task for large systems. However, ladder logic remains the dominant language at present.
The influence of orbital parameters on the North American Monsoon system during the Last Interglacial Period

The response of summer precipitation in the western U.S. to climate variability remains a subject of uncertainty. For example, paleoclimate records indicate the North American monsoon (NAM) was stronger and spatially more extensive during the Holocene, whereas recent modeling suggests a weakened NAM response to increasing temperatures. These illustrate diverging pictures of the NAM response to warming. Here, we examine summer precipitation in the southwestern U.S. related to Last Interglacial insolation forcing. Using a high-resolution climate model, we find that Eemian insolation forcing results in overall wetter conditions throughout most of the southwestern U.S, but significantly drier than present conditions over Arizona. The overall wetter conditions are associated with a northward shift of the anticyclonic circulation aloft and increased moisture in the lower and mid-troposphere during the Eemian. Increased advection of Gulf of Mexico moisture is responsible for increasing precipitation in New Mexico and the northern edges of the NAM region. Drier conditions over Arizona are likely related to reduced local convection associated with reduced vertical moisture transport. These results highlight the spatial complexity of the NAM response to increasing radiative forcing and allow a better understanding of monsoon dynamics and variability in response to a warming climate.
Contracting for Inventory in a Distribution Channel with Random Demand and Substitute Products

Retailers often stock competing products from multiple manufacturers. When the retailer stocks out of a particular item, customers who prefer the item are likely, with some probability, to switch to a substitute product from another manufacturer at the same store. In such an event, a "lost sale" for the manufacturer is not a "lost sale" for the retailer; thus, the cost associated with a stockout is different for the manufacturer and the retailer and consequently their target fill rates are different. Such differences in stockout cost influence the optimal contract between the manufacturer and the retailer and also impose agency costs on the channel. Such contracts, in turn, determine equilibrium inventory levels and fill rates. We show that the manufacturer would prefer higher inventory levels than the retailer. We also explore three options available to the manufacturer to mitigate this problem. We offer branding, electronic data interchange, and vendor managed inventory as marketing, informational, and structural solutions that partially redress the basic asymmetry of objectives between the manufacturer and the retailer.
Motivation, Governance & the Viability of Hybrid Forms in Open Source Software Development

Open source software projects rely on the voluntary efforts of thousands of software developers, yet we know little about why developers choose to participate in this collective development process. This paper inductively derives a framework for understanding participation from the perspective of the individual software developer based on data from two software communities with different governance structures. In both communities, a need for software-related improvements drives initial participation. The majority of participants leave the community once their needs are met, however, a small subset remain involved. For this set of developers, motives evolve over time and participation becomes a hobby. These hobbyists are critical to the long-term viability of the software code: they take on tasks that might otherwise go undone and work to maintain the simplicity and modularity of the code. Governance structures affect the evolution of motives. Implications for firms interested in implementing "hybrid" strategies designed to combine the advantages of open source software development with proprietary ownership and control are discussed.
A review of Russell T. Warne's In the Know: Debunking 35 myths about human intelligence

Abstract This review considers Russell T Warne's (2020) book In the Know: Debunking 35 Myths About Human Intelligence (Cambridge University Press). The book serves as a corrective for widespread misunderstandings about intelligence, and is a must-read for the layperson interested in intelligence, as well as intelligence researchers.
The Number of MCMC Draws Needed to Compute Bayesian Credible Bounds

ABSTRACTIn the past 20 years, there has been a staggering increase in the use of Bayesian statistical inference, based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, to estimate model parameters and other quantities of interest. This trend exists in virtually all areas of engineering and science. In a typical application, researchers will report estimates of parametric functions (e.g., quantiles, probabilities, or predictions of future outcomes) and corresponding intervals from MCMC methods. One difficulty with the use of inferential methods based on Monte Carlo (MC) is that reported results may be inaccurate due to MC error. MC error, however, can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the number of MC draws. Most users of MCMC methods seem to use indirect diagnostics, trial-and-error, or guess-work to decide how long to run a MCMC algorithm and accuracy of MCMC output results is rarely reported. Unless careful analysis is done, reported numerical results may contain digits that are completely meaningless....
Negotiating task decomposition and allocation using partial global planning

Abstract To coordinate as an effective team, cooperating problem solvers must negotiate over their use of local resources, information, and expertise. Sometimes they negotiate to decide which local problem-solving tasks to pursue, while at other times they negotiate over the decomposition and distribution of tasks. They might negotiate by sharing all of their information, or by exchanging proposals and counterproposals, or by working through an “arbitrator.” In general, negotiation is a complex process of improving agreement on common viewpoints or plans through the structured exchange of relevant information. In this paper, we describe how partial global planning provides a versatile framework for negotiating in different ways for different reasons, and we examine in detail its utility for negotiating over whether and how problem solvers should decompose and transfer tasks to improve group performance. Finally, we propose how our approach can be extended to capture even more fully the complexity, flexibility, and power of negotiation as a tool for coordinating distributed problem solvers.
When to do your own thing: Analysis of cost uncertainties in multi-robot task allocation at run-time

We address the problem of finding the optimal assignment of tasks to a team of robots when the associated costs may vary, which arises when robots deal with uncertain or dynamic situations. We detail how to compute a sensitivity analysis that characterizes how much costs may change before optimality is violated. Using this analysis, robots are able to avoid unnecessary re-assignment computations and reduce global communication. First, given a model of how costs may evolve, we develop an algorithm to partition the robots into independent cliques, each of which maintains global optimality by communicating only amongst themselves. Second, we propose a method for computing the worst-case sub-optimality if robots persist with the initial assignment, performing no further communication/computation. Lastly, we develop an algorithm that assesses whether cost changes affect the optimality through an escalating succession of local checks. Experiments show that the methods reduce the degree of centralization needed by a multi-robot system.
Implantation and Diffusion of Cu in Be

The implantation and diffusion of Cu in single-crystal Be has been studied. Backscattering of 2 MeV He+ ions was used to determine the concentration-versus-depth profile to ≈ 2 µm with a resolution of ≈ 300 A. Room temperature implantations were made 8° from the C and A crystalline axes respectively, at 100 keV incident energy. Implantation fluences of 4–5 × 1016 Cu/cm2 were used throughout, except for one lower fluence ≈ 7 × 1015/cm2. The position (900 ± 100) A and width (850 ± 100) A of the peak in the Cu profile agree fairly well with the LSS theory. An extended tail at greater depths also was present, however, suggesting enhanced diffusion during the room temperature implantation. Isochronal anneals between 400 and 650° C showed a strongly temperature-dependent diffusion rate above approximately 550° C, with a much weaker temperature dependence below 550° C. The existence of such a low temperature region is again suggestive of damage-enhanced diffusion. A series of isothermal anneals at 595° C demonstrated that the penetration depth is proportional to the square root of the total anneal time, as expected from the diffusion equation, and showed no evidence of Cu being trapped near the surface. The diffusion constants DC and DAfor the C and A axes, respectively, are different, with DC/DA = 0.6 ± 0.1 at 595° C. Published data for autodiffusion in Be give DC/DA = 0.4 at 595° C, whereas from the model of LeClaire this ratio is expected to be larger for autodiffusion than for Group IB metals in Be. An even larger inconsistency has previously been reported for diffusion of Ag in Be for which DC/DA= 2.3 at 595° C.
Sticky Business: Orchestrating Cellular Signals at Adherens Junctions

Cohesive sheets of epithelial cells are a fundamental feature of multicellular organisms and are largely a product of the varied functions of adherens junctions. These junctions and their cytoskeletal associations contribute heavily to the distinct shapes, polarity, spatially oriented mitotic spindle planes, and cellular movements of developing tissues. Deciphering the underlying mechanisms that govern these conserved cellular rearrangements is a prerequisite to understanding vertebrate morphogenesis.
Progress in electro-optic polymers for broadband terahertz systems

We developed electro-optic (EO) polymers for use as emitters and sensors of THz radiation. Their large EO coefficients (>50 pm/V) and amorphous structure make these materials suitable for broadband THz applications.
Effect of emptying the vasculature before performing regional limb perfusion with amikacin in horses.

Reasons for performing study: Emptying the vasculature with an Esmarch bandage before i.v. regional anaesthesia is commonly performed in human patients to prevent leakage of the solution under the tourniquet but there is no evidence for its efficacy in horses for antimicrobial i.v. regional limb perfusion (IV-RLP). Objectives: To determine the effect on synovial fluid concentration of amikacin of emptying the vasculature before performing IV-RLP.Study designCrossover experiment. Methods: Eight clinically healthy horses underwent 2 IV-RLP with amikacin in a randomised, crossover design. Horses received an IV-RLP with amikacin with or without exsanguination before applying a pneumatic tourniquet at the level of the forearm. Blood was collected from the jugular vein (before tourniquet removal) and synovial fluid from the radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints (5 min after tourniquet removal and at 24 h) for amikacin determination. The procedure was video recorded to assess horse movement. Results: There was no difference in amikacin concentrations in the plasma or synovial fluid from the radiocarpal joint between groups. There was a higher concentration of amikacin in the synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint immediately after tourniquet removal in the group with exsanguination of the limb prior to IV-RLP (mean s.d.: no exsanguination 49.7 +/- 53.7 g/ml, exsanguination 257.4 +/- 149.7 g/ml, P = 0.04). Horse movement did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: Emptying the vasculature with an Esmarch bandage before IV-RLP can improve amikacin concentrations in the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses with no effect on the levels of amikacin in the radiocarpal joint.
Minerals of the Pacoima Pegmatite

Abstract Large, exceptionally well-developed crystals of allanite and zircon attract collectors to this southern California pegmatite.
U-234 Specific Alpha-Activity

The specific alpha-activity of U-234 has been determined using pure samples grown from UX. The half-life period was found to be 2.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 (L. E.)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ yr. The corresponding abundance in natural uranium is 0.0000580\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0000008 by weight in fair agreement with determinations by other methods.
Controlled growth of long GaN nanowires from catalyst patterns fabricated by dip-pen nanolithographic techniques

Long gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires were directly grown on SiO2 substrates from spatially defined locations using a chemical vapor deposition method. Locations of the GaN nanowires were well-controlled by using atomic force microscope (AFM)-based “dip-pen” nanolithography (DPN) and other patterning methods to precisely pattern catalyst islands on the substrate. Devices made of single GaN nanowires were fabricated and characterized. The convenient use of patterning techniques, especially the DPN technique, demonstrates a practical route to control the location of nanowires and for in situ fabrication of nanowire devices.
Phase and polarization diversity for OCDMA

A phase sensitive receiver for Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDMA) waveforms generated by spectral phase coding (SPC) using phase and polarization diversity offers expanded system capacity due to low values of multiple access interference (MAI).
Accelerator mass spectrometry and nuclear physics

Abstract The use of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for problems related to nuclear physics is discussed. Examples are given for AMS measurements of long half-lives, cross sections, exotic particles, and solar neutrinos.
Influence of a partner's HIV serostatus, use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and viral load on perceptions of sexual risk behavior in a community sample of men who have sex with men.

Objective: To assess the perceptions of gay and bisexual men concerning the risk of HIV transmission through various sexual practices with a new sex partner depending on that partner's disclosed HIV status, antiretroviral treatment status, and viral load. Methods: Study participants read four different scenarios describing sexual situations with a new partner and rated each scenario for risk of HIV transmission. HIV status and antiretroviral treatment status disclosed by the new sex partner were varied across four scenarios: unknown HIV status; HIV-negative; HIV-positive and not taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); and HIV-positive and taking HAART with an undetectable viral load. Results: Study participants were 472 men attending a gay pride festival who reported that they were HIV-negative. Eighty-nine percent of the men were white, and the mean age of the study participants was 35.8 years. Of the four scenarios, sex with an HIV-positive partner not taking HAART was rated as posing the greatest risk. Sex with an HIV-positive partner taking HAART who had an undetectable viral load was not consistently viewed as riskier than sex with an HIV-negative partner or a man with an unknown HIV status. Conclusions: The current study provides preliminary evidence for the effect of disclosure of HIV serostatus, use of HAART, and the presence of an undetectable viral load on the perceptions of sexual risk for HIV-negative men. The findings suggest that some gay and bisexual men judge risk based on the perceived HIV status of their sex partners and not on the general assumption that all sex partners entail equal risk, as many prevention campaigns have emphasized.
IMMUNOLABELINGOF ANTIBIOTIC-TREATED GRAMNEGATIVE BACTERIA

The use of cross-reactive antibodies to the core polysaccharide (CPS) of E. coli J5 to protect against the toxic effects of Gram-negative bacterial sepsis has been proposed. However, it has been shown that conserved lipopolysaccharide (LPS) epitopes on viable cells are not necessarily available for binding by cross-reactive antibody. To test the hypothesis that these conserved epitopes become available for binding after exposure to bacteriolytic antibiotics, Immunoelectron microscopy of control and antibiotic-treated bacterial cells was performed using a murine monoclonal antibody. M1B1 is an IgG directed to the CPS of LPS and binds purified LPS from E. coli K1:07 strain C94, but not viable cells, as demonstrated by a radiolabelled binding assay. Binding of M1B1 to control and antibiotic-treated C94 cells was detected with a gold bead-labelled goat anti-mouse antibody. M1B1 did not bind to intact C94 cells, but, after exposure to moxalactam, M1B1 bound to disrupted areas on the cell surface and to intracellular contents extruding from lysed cells. Specificity of M1B1 binding to LPS was confirmed using an irrelevant monoclonal antibody. We conclude that sequestered LPS epitopes within bacteria become exposed after antibiotic treatment. Exposure of these common epitopes may facilitate therapeutic intervention using cross-reactive antibodies.
Theoretical vibrational spectra of spiropentane and deuterated isotopomers

Abstract Ab initio studies are reported for spiropentane and several isotopomers. Geometry, energy, and vibrational frequencies have been computed at the RHF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G* levels. Computed structural parameters and vibrational spectra are compared with experiment. The infrared absorption band between 1600 and 1650 cm −1 which is characteristic of spirodioxides has been examined for the spiropentanes.
The role of the integral membrane nucleoporins Ndc1p and Pom152p in nuclear pore complex assembly and function

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a large channel that spans the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope and mediates transport events between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Only a few NPC components are transmembrane proteins, and the role of these proteins in NPC function and assembly remains poorly understood. We investigate the function of the three integral membrane nucleoporins, which are Ndc1p, Pom152p, and Pom34p, in NPC assembly and transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that Ndc1p is important for the correct localization of nuclear transport cargoes and of components of the NPC. However, the role of Ndc1p in NPC assembly is partially redundant with Pom152p, as cells lacking both of these proteins show enhanced NPC disruption. Electron microscopy studies reveal that the absence of Ndc1p and Pom152p results in aberrant pores that have enlarged diameters and lack proteinaceous material, leading to an increased diffusion between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Protein folding intermediates and inclusion body formation

The accumulation of newly synthesized polypeptide chains expressed from cloned genes as non native aggregates has become an important factor in the recovery of such proteins. Studies of both the refolding of denatured proteins in vitro, and of in vivo folding and maturation pathways, indicate that aggregates derive from specific partially folded intermediates and not from mature native, or fully unfolded proteins. The aggregation process in both homologous and heterologous cytoplasms may be driven by partial intracellular denaturation of intermediates, for example by high temperature, or by the absence of a critical factor—prosthetic group, sub-unit, chaperone—during the maturation process. All of these processes appear to be highly specific and subject to modification by genetic engineering of the intermediates, or alteration of their environment. This requires appreciation of the properties of such intermediates as distinct from the native states.
Image-Guided Oncologic Surgery Using Invisible Light: Completed Pre-Clinical Development for Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping

Background Invisible near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent light permits high sensitivity, real-time image-guidance during oncologic surgery without changing the look of the surgical field. In this study, we complete pre-clinical development of the technology for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping using a large animal model of spontaneous melanoma.
The Problem of Transporting Milk in Hot Condition

Summary It is shown that the growth of thermophilic bacteria complicates the scheme for transporting milk in a hot condition. Another factor is the effect on the physical condition of the milk. Milk held at temperatures ranging from 50°C. (122°F.) to 60°C. (140°F.) for a period of twenty-four hours is usually coagulated. The type of fermentation at 50° C. (122°F.) appears to be different from that at 60°C. (140°F.). The results do not indicate that heat can be used as a substitute for cold during periods of transportation. This is particularly true with milk for direct consumption. It may be feasible to ship milk in a hot condition under conditions where milk is to be used for the manufacture of butter and where the transportation period is not over a few hours. Further study of this problem is however required.
Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of traces of cobalt, nickel and copper with dithio-oxamide

The cobalt, nickel and copper complexes of dithio-oxamidc have been characterized in terms of color, effect of pH, structure in solidion, order of addition of reagents, adherence to Beer's law and sensitivity. The reactivity of the reagent to other ions has been reported. A method for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of cobalt, nickel and copper has been developed. the results of the application of this procedure to synthetic samples and to several National Bureau of Standards Samples are given.
Catheter for diagnosis and therapy with infrared evanescent waves.

We have developed an optical delivery device (catheter) capable of transmitting broadband infrared light (IR wavelengths from 2 to 10 μm) for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The catheter is 1.68 mm in outer diameter and 1 m in length. It consists of two hollow glass waveguides coupled to a high-refractive-index optic tip. The IR light interacts with the tissue at the optic-tissue interface to measure the spectral signatures and perform therapy on the tissue at this interface. Fourier-transform IR spectrophotometer light is used to obtain the spectral signatures, and an IR free-electron laser (FEL) is used to study the therapeutic interaction of evanescent waves with the tissue. We present our catheter design; preliminary IR spectroscopy of aorta, blood, fatty tissue, and muscle; and IR FEL therapy on atherosclerotic aorta.
Analysis of minor components by ultrahigh resolution NMR. I. Evidence for the detectability of weak resonances near peaks which are 10,000 times larger, without suppression of the large peaks

Although many papers have been published in the last 25 years on the subject of “elimination” of large unwanted resonances (Z-7), such as the Hz0 signal in ‘H NMR, refinements are still being reported practically every month. For example, the last five issues of this journal (July-October, 1986) contain three articles on this subject (&IO). Obviously, this activity is motivated not only by the importance of NMR for studying minor (low-molarity) components in the presence of major ones such as H20, but also by the various limitations and difficulties associated with each available solvent-suppression technique. Furthermore, peak suppression may be difficult, inconvenient, or undesirable (i) when there are many large peaks, (ii) when one or more of the small peaks are very close to a large one, and (iii) when the relative intensities of small and large peaks are being studied. In this report we show that careful attention to dynamic range and lineshape quality enables the NMR spectroscopist to study minor components without suppression of the major resonances, even when each minor peak has only lop4 the intensity of a major one and when the separation between the two peaks is only 100 Hz or even less. A quantitative discussion of the feasibility of studying minor components by NMR spectroscopy, with or without the use of major peak suppression, is facilitated by the introduction of three parameters, D, A, and R, defined by Eqs. [ l]-[3]
Interactions of acridine orange with double stranded nucleic acids. Spectral and affinity studies.

Abstract Spectral properties of acridine orange (AO) alone or in complexes with natural and synthetic nucleic acids of various base composition have been studied in aqueous solutions by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The dimerization constant and absorption spectra of the dye in monomelic and dimeric form were established; dimerization of AO resulted in quenching of its fluorescence. Complexes of the dye with synthetic nucleic acids differed in the degree of enhancement of fluorescence quantum yield, varying between 1.42 to 2.38 fold as compared to AO monomer; these differences, however, were not base-dependent. Affinity of the dye to natural and synthetic polymers was studied and analyzed using McGhee-von Hippel model of polymer-ligand interactions. Because the sterical requirement for intercalative binding assumes interaction of dye monomer, the correction for AO dimerization was made in all calculations. All studied DNAs (natural and synthetic ones, the latter being homopolymer pairs or alte...
Rotationally resolved (3 + 1) rempi of H 2 via the B1Σ+u state

In the paper, we compare the results of our ab initio calculations for the ro-vibrational branching ratios resulting from a (3+1) REMPI of H_2 via the B^1Σ^+_u state with the experimental data of Pratt, Poliakoff, Dehmer and Dehmer. These results indicate that non-Franck-Condon effects are less important here than in the (3+1) REMPI of H_2 via the C^1Π_u state. We observe that the ΔJ = ±3 peaks in the photoelectron spectrum are of negligible strength and that the ratio of ΔJ = +1 to ΔJ = −1 peak is independent of the ionic vibrational state. A detailed analysis indicates that these features arise as a result of a dynamic interference between the do and dμ ionization channels and do not imply either the smallness of the d-wave or the smallness of the j_t = 3 angular momentum coupling terms.
Perineural hemangiomas of the upper extremity: Report of four cases

Abstract Perineural hemangiomas in the upper extremity have been the subject of few reports. We found only eight such cases reported in the literature. We report four additional cases in which there were neurologic symptoms. The specific diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma was not made preoperatively in any of the patients. The greater the extent of intrascicular involvement, the more difficult is total eradication of the hemangioma.
Conformational complexity of melatonin in water and methanol.

Abstract The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of melatonin in water and methanol solutions is compared to the MCD spectra of indole and five melatonin conformations observed in low temperature jet spectroscopy. Based on a survey of indole compounds using Slater type orbitals-6G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) energies, and CNDO/S-D calculations of MCD spectral bands, a dominant structure with a water molecule bridging the amide-keto oxygen and indole NH atoms is proposed as the best fit for the MCD of aqueous melatonin. In methanol an additional band appears at 310 nm which is supported only by solvated structures in which the alkyl-amide arm is extended away from the indole moiety.
Good Teaching of French

Author's Summary— For good teaching, teachers must first of all be well prepared in all phases of the language. Haste results in poor teaching. Lessons must be carefully planned to hold interest of pupils. Assignments must be carefully and clearly made. Teachers need further study abroad or in summer schools.
Evaluation of Methods for Assessing Visual Function of Infants † 1384

One of the reasons infants may require docosahexaenoic acid is to support normal visual development. However, the optimal method for assessing visual function of infants has not been established. To evaluate available methods, we have determined test/retest reliability of transient visual evoked responses (latency; amplitude) and acuity measured by steady-state visual evoked potentials (sweep VEP) as well as the Teller acuity card procedure and have compared results obtained with the three procedures. To determine test/retest reliability, each procedure was administered twice within 5 d to 4 mo old infants (n=20-25), using standard protocols. Comparability of findings with all possible pairs of methods was determined by regression analysis. Test/retest reliability data are summarized below:Table Although the mean difference between test and retest results is reasonably small for all methods, the 95% C.I. for individual differences is quite large. More important, there were no statistically significant correlations between findings with any pair of procedures. We conclude that all methods are valid for comparison of visual function between/among groups of infants, but that none reliably predicts visual function/acuity of an individual infant.
Yeats's Nations: Gender, Class, and Irishness

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. That sweet insinuating feminine voice: hysterics, peasants and the Celtic movement 2. Fair Erin as landlord: femininity and Anglo-Irish politics in 'The Countess Cathleen' 3. When the mob becomes a people: nationalism and occult theatre 4. In the bedroom of the big house: kindred, crisis and Anglo-Irish nationality 5. Desiring women: feminine sexuality and Irish nationality in 'A Woman Young and Old' 6. The rule of kindred: eugenics, Purgatory and Yeats's race philosophy Bibliography.