cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age, expressed emotion, and interpersonal control patterning in families of persons with schizophrenia.

Abstract Expressed emotion (EE) is a measure of a relative's attitude toward a person with a mental disorder as reflected by comments made to an interviewer. Over the years, an impressive body of research has been generated in attempts to explain the relationship of EE and course of illness, particularly in regard to schizophrenia. Past analyses have demonstrated two common patterns of interpersonal control in families with high-EE relatives. The first was that the relative and patient competed for ‘who's in charge’, with both rigidly asserting control. The other was that the relatives responded rigidly in one control mode no matter what the offspring was saying. In this study, we tested whether the difference in patterning was due to the patients being older. Study participants were 71 relative–patient dyads. EE was measured with the Five-Minute Speech Sample, the Family Problem-Solving Task was used to generate interaction, and interaction data were coded with the Relational Control Coding System. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate a model with verbal exchanges as Level 1, relatives’ EE as Level 2, and age of the patient as Level 3. Results showed that age attenuated the relationship between the patient's message and the parent's response, and this effect was stronger in families with high-EE relatives. This effect may reflect disengagement on the part of the relative, the patient, or both. The over-responsive families may need advice on how to create more distance, or how to be more objective, but the distant families may need more support and encouragement to communicate and problem-solve.
Optometric care for the handicapped.

Abstract The need for optometric vision care for handicapped people is discussed. The high incidence of functional vision problems among the disabled population is presented. A vision clinic operated jointly by the New England College of Optometry and the Cotting School, a school for physically disabled children, is described. Suggestions for achieving successful involvement with the vision care of disabled people are presented.
Arrangement of Dam methylation sites (GATC) in the Escherichia coli chromosome

The occurrence of GATC (Dam-recognition) sites in available E. coli DNA sequences (representing about 2% of the chromosome) has been determined by a simple numerical analysis. Our approach was to analyze the nucleotide composition of nine large sequenced DNA stretches ("cantles") in order to identify patterns of GATC distribution and to rationalize such patterns in biological/structural terms. The following observations were made: (i) In addition to oriC, GATC-rich regions are present in numerous locations. (ii) There is a wide variation in GATC frequency both between and within DNA cantles which led to the identification of a void-cluster pattern of GATC arrangement. The distance between two GATCs was never greater than 2 kb. (iii) GATC sites are found more frequently in translated regions than (in decreasing order) non-coding or non-translated regions. In particular, rRNA and tRNA encoding genes exhibit the lowest GATC content.
Implementation of multitasking on a small microcomputer

A kernal program written in 6502 assembly language that allows as many as six different assembly language programs to run concurrently on a single small microcomputer is described. The basic principle used is that of time division multiplexing to allow multitasking. This is accomplished by assigning each program its own stack area and allowing it to execute for a specified duration, as determined by an interrupt-driven master program. This interrupt program also controls the proper sequencing of the programs and maintains the functional integrity of each individual program.
Foot and Ankle Manifestations of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

The term Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease represents a spectrum of neurological dysfunction more recently described as hereditary motor-sensory neuropathies. An abnormality of myelination is thought to be responsible for the clinical manifestations. While histological findings have been well described, the exact biochemical basis for this disorder remains unknown. Over one half of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease manifest foot and ankle problems, including pain, weakness, deformity, and, rarely, paresthesias. Characteristic patterns of neuromuscular weakness have been identified. Bilateral pes cavovarus is the most common pathologic foot deformity seen. The specific components include hindfoot varus, anterior or forefoot cavus, and, often clawtoes. The etiology of this abnormal foot posture usually results from tibialis posterior overpowering peroneus brevis coupled with peroneus longus overpowering tibialis anterior. Multiple treatment options have been described. Rationale for specific tendon transfers, soft tissue release, osteotomies, and arthrodesis is discussed. Results of surgical intervention are difficult to interpret and compare because of the wide spectrum of both neurological dysfunction and described operative procedures. In the presence of flexible deformity, early soft tissue release and tendon transfers may help prevent or delay more extensive bony procedures. The clinical results of triple arthrodesis in the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease patient appear to deteriorate with time. Genetic transmission, progression of the neurological dysfunction, flexibility of the deformity, distribution of muscular weakness, and anticipated foot demands vary a great deal within this patient population. Treatment decisions, therefore, must be individualized and based upon a clear history, careful examination, and well-defined patient goals.
Current status in color superconductivity

A brief introduction into color superconductivity in dense quark matter is presented. Recently proposed gapless color superconducting phases of neutral and beta-equilibrated dense quark matter are discussed. The current status in the field is described, and the promising directions of the future research are outlined.
Extension of the Optical Model and Its Application to the Elastic Scattering of O 16 by O 16 Nuclei

The absorptive part of the optical potential is considered as a function of conserved quantum numbers such as the total angular momentum $J$. This investigation results in the introduction of a smooth cutoff in the strength of the absorptive potential as $J$ gets larger than a certain critical value. This value is typical of nonelastic channels, and the cutoff reflects poor matching between the angular momenta in the elastic channel and those in the nonelastic channels. Brief consideration is also given to other conserved or approximately conserved quantum numbers such as isobaric spin and parity. The standard optical potential is modified to include an angular-momentum dependence with a suitable cutoff, and is applied to the elastic scattering of $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ by $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ nuclei. In the energy range 15-36 MeV (c.m.), such an extended optical model gives a good description of all the gross features of the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$-$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ data. A repulsive core in the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$-$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ potential has been considered, but no definite evidence for it is found in the present analysis.
From resonances to fluctuations: A microscopic analysis of the cross-section for inelastic neutron scattering to a definite state

Thomas' approximation to the general R-matrix theory of Wigner and Eisenbud is used to study the development of fluctuations in the cross-section for inelastic neutron scattering, to a definite state, in the transition from the resonance region to the continuum. In standard analyses of Ericson fluctuations, averaging of all resonance parameters is carried out from the beginning. Here, no averaging is performed; it is therefore possible to study, in detail, the effects of variations in both the random distributions of the phases of interfering amplitudes associated with elastic and inelastic scattering and the statistical distributions of parameters of the underlying resonances. The present microscopic model is not limited to the study of nuclear reactions; studies of inelastic scattering associated with quantum dots in semiconductors at low temperature and electron–atom interactions that involve many overlapping resonances, require analyses of the kind reported.
Microwave Inversion of Leaf Area and Inclination Angle Distributions from Backscattered Data

The backscattering coefficient from a slab of thin randomly oriented dielectric discs over a flat lossy ground is used to reconstruct the inclination angle and area distributions of the discs. The discs are employed to model a leafy agricultural crop, such as soybeans, in the L-band microwave region of the spectrum. The distorted Born approximation, along with a thin disc approximation, is used to obtain a relationship between the horizontal-like polarized backscattering coefficient and the joint probability density of disc inclination angle and disc radius. Assuming large skin depth reduces the relationship to a linear Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. Due to the ill-posed nature of this equation, a Phillips-Twomey regularization method with a second difference smoothing condition is used to find the inversion. Results are obtained in the presence of 1 and 10 percent noise for both leaf inclination angle and leaf radius densities.
Conditioned food preferences

Animals learn to prefer the flavors of foods on the basis of the foods’ postingestive nutritional consequences. This has been demonstrated with the conditioned flavor preference paradigm. With this paradigm, one flavor (the CS+) is paired with a nutrient that is orally consumed or is infused via a post-oral (e.g., intragastric) route; another flavor (CS-) is paired with a nonnutritive source. In subsequent two-choice tests, the rats displayed reliable preferences for the CS+ flavor over the CS- flavor. Very strong preferences (>95%) for sour or bitter flavors have been conditioned in nondeprived rats by pairing the CS+ with intragastric infusions of Polycose during 24-h/day training sessions. These conditioned preferences persisted for several weeks when the CS+ flavor was no longer paired with IG nutrient infusions. Thus, with the appropriate training procedures, conditioned flavor preferences can be as robust as conditioned flavor aversions.
Investigating the Connection Between Transit-Oriented Development and Displacement: Four Hypotheses

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become a predominant planning model in many cities. However, although access to public transit is often seen as benefiting low-income groups, in some cities community groups have challenged TOD plans on the grounds that they could cause gentrification and displacement. Yet, empirical studies have found little evidence that gentrification actually causes displacement. This article examines the connection between TOD and displacement in urban areas and seeks to make sense of the apparent discrepancy between community opposition to TOD and the empirical findings on displacement. Four explanations are considered: methodological shortcomings in existing studies, insufficient attention to social and psychological forms of displacement, potential transportation cost savings, and use of TOD plans as a policy target. The fourth explanation is illustrated using an example from the San Francisco Bay Area of California. This article aims to synthesize literature on these previou...
Effect of laser-induced antidiffusion on excited conduction electron dynamics in bulk semiconductors

By including the effect of local fluctuations in the electron kinetic energies, the kinetic Fokker-Planck-type equation for excited conduction electrons in bulk semiconductors (such as GaAs, Si, etc.) is systematically derived in the presence of a pulsed laser beyond the classical limit. A new contribution from an antidiffusion process is found as a correction to the spontaneous-phonon emission from drifting electrons in addition to contributions from joule heating and a field-dependent diffusion of electrons. The stimulated interband optical transitions of electrons from single-photon absorption are included as one of the source terms of the equation. Some possible types of damage in semiconductors including optical, electrical, and structural damage are explored. The calculated results demonstrate the existence of a kinklike feature in the electron distribution function around the edge of the conduction band due to antidiffusion. The energy spectra of the electron distribution function are studied at different times and used to analyze the transient behavior of both the conduction electron density and the hot-electron temperature.
The role of scaffold microarchitecture in engineering endothelial cell immunomodulation

The implantation of matrix-embedded endothelial cells (MEECs) has been reported to have great therapeutic potential in controlling the vascular response to injury and maintaining patency in arteriovenous anastomoses. While there is an appreciation of their effectiveness in clinical and animal studies, the mechanisms through which they mediate these powerful effects remain relatively unknown. In this work, we examined the hypothesis that the 3-dimensional microarchitecture of the tissue engineering scaffold was a key regulator of endothelial behavior in MEEC constructs. Notably, we found that ECs in porous collagen scaffold had a markedly altered cytoskeletal structure with oriented actin fibers and rearrangement of the focal adhesion proteins in comparison to cells grown on 2D surfaces. We examined the immunomodulatory capabilities of MEECs and discovered that they were able to reduce the recruitment of monocytes to an inflamed endothelial monolayer by 5-fold compared to EC on 2D surfaces. An analysis of secreted factors from the cells revealed an 8-fold lower release of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) from MEECs. Differences between 3D and 2D cultured cells were abolished in the presence of inhibitors to the focal adhesion associated signaling molecule Src suggesting that adhesion-mediated signaling is essential in controlling the potent immunomodulatory effects of MEEC.
Role of Natural Mortality in Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Management Programs

Seasonal patterns of natural mortality of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, were assessed throughout the cotton-growing season at seven East Texas locations in 1982. Proportions of mortality contributed by predators, parasites, desiccation and mortality in the egg stage varied between areas. For all sampling dates at all locations, mortality caused by predation was equal to or greater than any other mortality factor. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was the major predator in six locations. The fire ant, Solenopsis geminate (F.), was the dominant predator in only one field. Percentage of predation was lower when increased desiccation occurred on the same sampling date. Mortality induced by desiccation fluctuated between 0 and 51%. Percentage of parasitism was 50% during August and early September. Total mortality exceeded 80% throughout the growing season at Austonio and Huntsville. Peak total mortality was >90% at all locations during August through early September. Mortality at Austonio decreased from 92% in mid-September to 44% in November. High summer mortality of the boll weevil contributes to the success of management strategies used against boll weevils in the spring and fall.
Bringing HPC to Engineering Innovation

Although there's a widespread belief that the effective application of high-performance computing will dramatically increase industrial innovation, progress in this area has been slow and limited because of a combination of technical and economic impediments. Here, such impediments are outlined, along with efforts to address them.
SOME HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR OF EPIDERMOID CARCINOMA IN SITU AND RELATED LESIONS OF THE UTERINE CERVIX. A LONG-TERM PROSPECTIVE STUDY.

This study presents the clinician with information on the natural history of a lesion which if left undisturbed or treated with a minimum of therapy may progress to invasive cancer of the cervix. The 93 patients included in the study were asymptomatic and cervical lesions were discovered on routine cytological examination. A minimum of 6 months observation was required. Surgical treatment was undertaken when a lesion proved firmly established without regression or when invasive development was suspected. 49 of the original group were followed over 3 years. Lesions persisted in 22 and 27 regressed. There was variation noted in histologic findings and behavior of cases shown to be carcinoma in situ. The histological pattern and behavior were not correlated. It is thought that in some cases biopsies eradicated the carcinoma in situ in some fragments of residual carcinoma were dislodged by the inflammatory reaction and granulation tissue following biopsy and that obstetric trauma may have had the same effect in some. This would explain reported cases of disappearing carcinoma in situ following delivery. Topical use of oxytetracycline caused changes in cervical cytology; in some cancer cells disappeared temporarily and in few a desquammation of the abnormal epithelium resulted in temporary cure. The presence of Trichomonas was not correlated with this effect. In 2 cases douches with Trichotine caused disappearance of carcinoma in situ. A long interval of cytological negativity may occur especially following biopsy or drugs before recurrence is shown. It is suggested these presumed recurrences may represent new lesions. Borderline lesions were more prone to disappear than cancer in situ and those of the portio of the cervix more apt to disappear than those of the endocervical canal. Of 12 cases of progressive borderline lesions 1 progressed to invasive cancer after 13 years 8 to carcinoma in situ after 14 months to 5 years and 3 from dyskaryotic type to carcinoma in situ after 6 years. Diagnostic tampering with a lesion may cause its ap pearance to alter or its course to change. 4 cases of carcinoma in situ progressed to invasive cancer and 5 to possible invasion. It is believe d that without surgical treatment more would have progressed. Carcinoma in situ is regarded as preinvasive cancer which may be eradicated by minor procedures and its course modified by biopsy drugs and possibly the trauma of delivery. Dysplasias behave similarly and may develop into carcinoma in situ and later to invasive carcinoma.
Controlling size distributions of copper islands grown on TiO2()-(1×2)

Abstract The growth of Cu islands (0.03–3.4 ML) on a partially reconstructed TiO 2 (1 1 0) surface was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. These studies show that the island size distributions can be controlled by varying the diffusion ( D ) to flux ratio ( F ), with the smallest values of D / F corresponding to the most uniform size distributions. Cu diffusion on the reconstructed surface is slow and anisotropic at room temperature, resulting in post-deposition growth of the Cu islands and apparent clustering of islands at high coverage. The weak dependence of island density on flux suggests that nucleation at defects plays a role in growth of Cu on titania. The most striking characteristic of Cu growth on titania is that islands continue to nucleate up to the highest coverages studied, and consequently the increase in coverage has less of an effect on the island sizes. Despite the continued nucleation at high coverages, island size distributions are not unusually broad at room temperature and are comparable to those for metal on metal epitaxy.
THE REVERSAL OF THE SIGN OF THE CHARGE OF MEMBRANES BY HYDROGEN IONS.

1. It had been shown in previous papers that when a collodion membrane has been treated with a protein the membrane assumes a positive charge when the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution with which it is in contact exceeds a certain limit. It is pointed out in this paper that by treating the collodion membrane with a protein (e.g. oxyhemoglobin) a thin film of protein adheres to the membrane and that the positive charge of the membrane must therefore be localized in this protein film. 2. It is further shown in this paper that the hydrogen ion concentration, at which the reversal in the sign of the charge of a collodion membrane treated with a protein occurs, varies in the same sense as the isoelectric point of the protein, with which the membrane has been treated, and is always slightly higher than that of the isoelectric point of the protein used. 3. The critical hydrogen ion concentration required for the reversal seems to be, therefore, that concentration where enough of the protein lining of the membrane is converted into a protein-acid salt (e.g. gelatin nitrate) capable of ionizing into a positive protein ion (e.g. gelatin) and the anion of the acid used (e.g. NO3).
Mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia: Effective therapy for musculoskeletal pain?

Acupuncture (AP) is effective for the treatment of postoperative and chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting and for postoperative dental pain. Several recent randomized trials have provided strong evidence for beneficial AP effects on chronic low-back pain and pain from knee osteoarthritis. For many other chronic pain conditions, including headaches, neck pain, and fibromyalgia, the evidence supporting AP's efficacy is less convincing. AP's effects on experimental pain appear to be mediated by analgesic brain mechanisms through the release of neurohumoral factors, some of which can be inhibited by the opioid antagonist naloxone. In contrast to placebo analgesia, AP-related pain relief takes considerable time to develop and to resolve. Thus, some of the long-term effects of AP analgesia cannot be explained by placebo mechanisms. Furthermore, it appears that some forms of AP are more effective for providing analgesia than others. Particularly, electro-AP seems best to activate powerful opioid and non-opioid analgesic mechanisms.
The immunomodulatory effects of clonidine, an α-2-adrenergic agonist, in laying hens

The ability of the sympathetic nervous system to regulate chicken immune function was examined. Clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, was administrated at 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/L in the drinking water of White Leghorn hens at 48 wk of age. The hens were randomly housed in conventional cages in pairs. Concentrations of plasma IgG (also named IgY) were detected using chicken IgG ELISA, and the percentage of subpopulations of circulating lymphocytes were analyzed using flow cytometry. Compared with controls, treated hens had higher circulating IgG levels and a greater percentage of circulating B cells (Bu-1+ cells, P 0.05). These effects of clonidine on the IgG concentrations and the proportions of B-cells and CD8+ cells were dose-related. The highest increase was found in the hens treated with 10.0 mg/L of clonidine. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system is directly involved in regulating the chicken immune system via regulation of alpha-2-adrenergic receptor activations.
Detection of limited life span in small clones.

Abstract In studying the existence of a limited life span in organisms such as ameba the difficulty of culturing large numbers of descendants from a clone may encourage the practice of reducing clone size. At certain levels of viability with reduction of clonal size, the results obtained from the reduced clone are not at all representative of the total parent clone. Thus, reduction in clonal size may lead to false conclusions regarding the existence and characteristics of a limited life span.
Optimal surrender strategies for equity-indexed annuity investors

Abstract An equity-indexed annuity (EIA) is a hybrid between a variable and a fixed annuity that allows the investor to participate in the stock market, and earn at least a minimum interest rate. The investor sacrifices some of the upside potential for the downside protection of the minimum guarantee. Because EIAs allow investors to participate in equity growth without the downside risk, their popularity has grown rapidly. An optimistic EIA owner might consider surrendering an EIA contract, paying a surrender charge, and investing the proceeds directly in the index to earn the full (versus reduced) index growth, while using a risk-free account for downside protection. Because of the popularity of these products, it is important for individuals and insurers to understand the optimal policyholder behavior. We consider an EIA investor who seeks the surrender strategy and post-surrender asset allocation strategy that maximizes the expected discounted utility of bequest. We formulate a variational inequality and a Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation that govern the optimal surrender strategy and post-surrender asset allocation strategy, respectively. We examine the optimal strategies and how they are affected by the product features, model parameters, and mortality assumptions. We observe that in many cases, the “no-surrender” region is an interval ( w l , w u ) ; i.e., that there are two free boundaries. In these cases, the investor surrenders the EIA contract if the fund value becomes too high or too low. In other cases, there is only one free boundary; the lower (or upper) surrender threshold vanishes. In these cases, the investor holds the EIA, regardless of how low (or high) the fund value goes. For a special case, we prove a succinct and intuitive condition on the model parameters that dictates whether one or two free boundaries exist.
Salvaging national pride: The 2010 taekwondo controversy and Taiwan’s quest for global recognition

In this article, we analyze Taiwan’s grassroots reactions to the disqualification of taekwondo icon Yang Shu-chun in the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games, in order to examine how a technical dispute induced political and popular campaigns that variously blamed the governing party, the People’s Republic of China, and South Korea for inflicting shame on both the athlete and on Taiwan. Our research combines a historiography of Taiwan’s post-WWII experience, analysis of the nature of the Internet, and an assay of Taiwan’s three major newspapers. We find that the Yang incident became a symbolic vehicle for expressing the feeling of the nation’s citizens that Taiwan is trapped in international politics, and for restoring their national pride by transforming Yang into a virtuous heroine. We propose an attention to local, contingent narratives on sports, through which even regional games or failures serve to reinforce national identity.
Stone Formation After Augmentation Cystoplasty: The Role of Intestinal Mucus

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the role of mucus in urine after bladder augmentation and hypothesize that mucus acts as a possible etiological factor in stone formation.Materials and Methods: Mucus was collected via centrifugation from the 24-hour urine specimens of 8 stone forming and 10 nonstone forming patients who were randomly selected from our augmentation population. The mucus and stones were lyophilized, and then analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry for calcium, phosphate, magnesium and sodium. The 24-hour urine collections were also analyzed to determine any metabolic differences between the 2 groups.Results: Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry spectra showed increased calcium, phosphate, and magnesium, and significantly higher (p <0.05) calcium-to-phosphate ratios in the mucus of stone versus nonstone forming patients. Of the 8 stones examined all had viscous fluid (mucus) centers rich in calcium, phosphate and magnes...
Hemolysis in sickle cell mice causes pulmonary hypertension due to global impairment in nitric oxide bioavailability

Pulmonary hypertension is a highly prevalent complication of sickle cell disease and is a strong risk factor for early mortality. However, the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to pulmonary vasculopathy remain unclear. Transgenic mice provide opportunities for mechanistic studies of vascular pathophysiology in an animal model. By microcardiac catheterization, all mice expressing exclusively human sickle hemoglobin had pulmonary hypertension, profound pulmonary and systemic endothelial dysfunction, and vascular instability characterized by diminished responses to authentic nitric oxide (NO), NO donors, and endothelium-dependent vasodilators and enhanced responses to vasoconstrictors. However, endothelium-independent vasodilation in sickle mice was normal. Mechanisms of vasculopathy in sickle mice involve global dysregulation of the NO axis: impaired constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity (NOS) with loss of endothelial NOS (eNOS) dimerization, increased NO scavenging by plasma hemoglobin and superoxide, increased arginase activity, and depleted intravascular nitrite reserves. Light microscopy and computed tomography revealed no plexogenic arterial remodeling or thrombi/emboli. Transplanting sickle marrow into wild-type mice conferred the same phenotype, and similar pathobiology was observed in a nonsickle mouse model of acute alloimmune hemolysis. Although the time course is shorter than typical pulmonary hypertension in human sickle cell disease, these results demonstrate that hemolytic anemia is sufficient to produce endothelial dysfunction and global dysregulation of NO.
Analysis of deficit irrigation strategies for corn using crop growth simulation

Corn yields for full irrigation and 4 different levels of deficit irrigation were simulated using a model developed by Stockle and Campbell (1985). Different irrigation levels were obtained by holding the application depth constant and allowing the irrigation interval to vary from 1 to 5 days. Silt loam and loamy sand soils, two root depths, two water contents at planting time, total pumping heads ranging from 0 to 800 m, four ratios of energy cost to commodity price and climatic data for the 1974 growing season at Davis, California were examined. The different variable combinations resulted in a wide range of crop water deficit and yield. Results indicated that, for given combinations, slight deficit (ratios of actual to potential transpiration larger than 0.89) provided higher net benefit than full irrigation. Larger deficits were never advantageous across the diverse range of conditions examined, indicating that potential benefits are associated with only a narrow range of irrigation deficits. This result illustrates the risk involved when deficit irrigation is practiced. Large soil water holding capacity, high soil water contents at planting and deep root exploration were found important for successful implementation of deficit irrigation. Total pumping head and the ratio of energy cost to commodity price were important factors in determining the feasibility of deficit irrigation for the conditions examined. It was also found that the level of irrigation which maximized net benefits tended to be lower for situations where the quantity of water available for irrigation was fixed and the amount of land which could be irrigated was unlimited than when there was sufficient water to fully irrigate the entire farm. Situations where deficit irrigation is a more effective way of reducing energy cost than reducing system operating pressure were ob served.
Early versus late-onset Parkinson's disease: the role of the locus coeruleus.

(1990). Early Versus Late-Onset Parkinson's Disease: The Role of the Locus Coeruleus. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 52, No. 3-4, pp. 243-247.
Reaction of [PPN][Re(CO)5] with [Mn(CO)5(C2H4)][BF4], a rapid two-electron, ethylene transfer reaction, PPN=bis(triphenylphosphine)nitrogen(1+)

Abstract Reaction of Re(CO)5− with Mn(CO)5(C2H4)+ produces initially, among other products, Re(CO)5(C2H4)+ and Mn(CO)5−. The ethylene transfer accompanied by a two-electron process provides another example of rapid two-electron reactions, more rapid than single electron transfer. The ultimate products are bimetallic from single electron reactions.
Human E-rosette-positive cells which bind monomeric IgG mediate natural cytotoxicity.

Abstract We have observed that a subset of E+ cells bind human monomeric IgG (FcR-IgG). In the present study, we have separated the E+, FcR-IgG+ cells by flow cytometry and tested their NK activity against the tumor KS62 using the chromium-release assay. Virtually all the NK activity residing within the E+ subset was mediated by E+, FcR-IgG+ cells. These findings are discussed in relation to the cellular lineage of the human NK cell.
GATA3 expression in gestational trophoblastic tissues and tumours

Aims: GATA3 is a zinc-ﬁnger transcription factorthat is important for trophoblast differentiation.GATA3 is sensitive for urothelial and breast carcino-mas, but the speciﬁcity is low. The aim of this studywas to investigate the expression of GATA3 in tro-phoblast-related tissues and neoplasia.Methods and results: GATA3 immunohistochemistrywas performed on 33 placentas, one atypical placentalsite nodule, 25 hydatidiform moles (HMs), and 13 ges-tational trophoblastic tumours (GTTs). One hundredand sixty endometrial adenocarcinomas were alsostained. Western blotting was performed on trophoblas-tic cell lines and compared to other cancer cell lines.Immature placentas were characterized by strong,diffuse nuclear GATA3 staining. Mature placentasshowed less expression with scattered positive cells inthe villous cytotrophoblast. HMs showed diffuse expres-sion in cytotrophoblast and implantation sitetrophoblast, and heterogeneous expression in extravil-lous trophoblast. All GTTs were positive for GATA3.All endometrial adenocarcinomas were GATA3-nega-tive. Western blotting demonstrated GATA3 in chorio-carcinoma, whereas the placenta, and cervical andendometrial cancer cell lines, were negative.Conclusions: All trophoblast lineages were positivefor GATA3. The extent of GATA3 expression variedbetween immature and mature placentas, suggestinga role in trophoblast maturation. GATA3 does notdistinguish normal placenta, HMs, or GTTs. Neverthe-less, GATA3 may help in distinguishing trophoblastictumors from Mullerian epithelial malignancies and asubset of tumours of unknown origin.Keywords: choriocarcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, GATA3, hydatidiform mole, immunohistochemistry,Mullerian, placenta, trophoblast
Schistosome infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus):impacts on host physiology, behavior and energetics

SUMMARY Animals routinely encounter environmental stressors and may employ phenotypic plasticity to compensate for the costs of these perturbations. Parasites represent an ecologically important stressor for animals, which may induce host plasticity. The present study examined the effects of a trematode parasite, Schistosomatium douthitti , on deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) physiology, behavior and energetics. Measures were taken to assess direct parasite pathology as well as potential host plasticity used to reduce the costs of these pathologies. Parasitized mice had increased liver and spleen masses, as well as decreased liver protein synthesis. Parasitism also led to increased gastrointestinal (GI) mass, either directly due to parasite presence or as host compensation for decreased GI function. No additional plasticity was recorded - infected animals did not consume more food, decrease in body mass or reduce their activity. Parasitism led to reduced thermoregulation during short-term cold exposure, indicating that there may be fitness costs of parasitism. There were no changes in the other measures of energetics taken here, namely basal metabolic rate (BMR) and cold-induced maximal metabolic rate (MR max ). Together, the results suggest that many costs of parasite infection are largely ameliorated through physiological or morphological compensatory mechanisms.
Causal Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Accommodation (Secondary Control)

Causal uncertainty about one’s own outcomes (CU-Own) is associated with negative affect, depression, and a lack of perceived primary control. We predicted that accommodation, or secondary control, would act as a psychological buffer for high—CU-Own individuals, reducing negative affect and depression.We tested this hypothesis in two studies: one cross-sectional (Study 1) and one longitudinal (Study 2). Participants completed measures of CU-Own, harmony control, and depression in Study 1 and measures of CU-Own, harmony control, flexible goal adjustment, and negative affect in Study 2. Analyses reveal that the CU-Own-depression and CU-Own—negative affect associations were weaker when harmony control or flexible goal adjustment was high. Additional analyses in Studies 1 and 2 examined the roles played by primary control, locus of control, optimism, pessimism, and causal importance. Implications for the CU and accommodation literatures are discussed.
Subcritical Crack Growth of Bioactive Glasses in Simulated Body Fluid

A new series of bioactive glasses have been prepared with thermal expansion coefficients that more closely match that of Ti-based implant alloys. It is proposed that these glasses be used as coatings on biological implants that would provide improved fixation between the implant and tissue. As glasses are subject to environmentally assisted crack growth, it is important to develop an understanding of the stress corrosion crack growth (SCCG) behavior of this new family of glasses; furthermore, it is equally important to determine the effect of bioactivity on the SCCG properties of these glasses. This report will present the progress to date in the study of the SCCG properties of these new bioactive glasses
Hydroxymethanesulfonate as a tracer for fog processing of individual aerosol particles

Abstract Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an important component in fog and cloud systems, is identified in the negative ion mass spectra of individual particles sampled with an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS). The peak assignment at mass/charge ( m / z )–111 is confirmed by analyzing HMS particles produced in the laboratory. Individual particle mass spectra from a field campaign in Bakersfield, California reveal the presence of HMS in the ambient aerosol during isolated time periods near the dissipation phase of fog suggesting fog processing of the aerosol. The lifetime of HMS in the aerosol is limited to less than 12 h. Using the presence of HMS as a tracer for aqueous-phase fog processing, the size distribution indicates that particles with aerodynamic diameters greater than 0.7 μm are most affected by the fog and associated high relative humidity. HMS is predominantly associated with particles containing carbon, ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate. Examination of elemental carbon particles containing HMS shows the presence of organic carbon which most likely enhances the hygroscopicity of these particles. This study demonstrates the ability for real-time measurements of fog processing at the single particle level using a chemical tracer for aqueous-phase reactions and highlights the possibilities for using high temporal resolution measurements to gain unique insights into atmospheric processes.
Bacteria in the Vaginal Microbiome Alter the Innate Immune Response and Barrier Properties of the Human Vaginal Epithelia in a Species-Specific Manner

BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis increases the susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and negatively affects women's reproductive health. METHODS To investigate host-vaginal microbiota interactions and the impact on immune barrier function, we colonized 3-dimensional (3-D) human vaginal epithelial cells with 2 predominant species of vaginal microbiota (Lactobacillus iners and Lactobacillus crispatus) or 2 prevalent bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (Atopobium vaginae and Prevotella bivia). RESULTS Colonization of 3-D vaginal epithelial cell aggregates with vaginal microbiota was observed with direct attachment to host cell surface with no cytotoxicity. A. vaginae infection yielded increased expression membrane-associated mucins and evoked a robust proinflammatory, immune response in 3-D vaginal epithelial cells (ie, expression of CCL20, hBD-2, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor α) that can negatively affect barrier function. However, P. bivia and L. crispatus did not significantly upregulate pattern-recognition receptor-signaling, mucin expression, antimicrobial peptides/defensins, or proinflammatory cytokines in 3-D vaginal epithelial cell aggregates. Notably, L. iners induced pattern-recognition receptor-signaling activity, but no change was observed in mucin expression or secretion of interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. CONCLUSIONS We identified unique species-specific immune signatures from vaginal epithelial cells elicited by colonization with commensal and bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria. A. vaginae elicited a signature that is consistent with significant disruption of immune barrier properties, potentially resulting in enhanced susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections during bacterial vaginosis.
Heterogeneous software reliability modeling

A number of Markov-based software reliability models have been developed for measuring software reliability. However, the application of these models is strictly limited to software that satisfies the Markov properties. The objective of our work is to expand the application domain of the Markov-based models, so that most software can be modeled and software reliability can be measured at the architecture level. To overcome the limitations of Markov properties, our model takes execution history into account and addresses both deterministic and probabilistic software behaviors. Each state represents the executions of one or more components depending on the architectural styles. In addition, the executions of one component are depicted by using distinctive states, when such executions are influenced by past states. Furthermore, we construct loops to eliminate the likelihood of unlimited state expansion and utilize a binomial tree structure to account for all the different execution paths. We show that Markov models are applicable even to software that does not fully satisfy the Markov properties. Therefore, we significantly improve the state of the art in architecture-based software reliability modeling.
Hydrogels in Biology and Medicine: From Molecular Principles to Bionanotechnology†

Hydrophilic polymers are the center of research emphasis in nanotechnology because of their perceived “intelligence”. They can be used as thin films, scaffolds, or nanoparticles in a wide range of biomedical and biological applications. Here we highlight recent developments in engineering uncrosslinked and crosslinked hydrophilic polymers for these applications. Natural, biohybrid, and synthetic hydrophilic polymers and hydrogels are analyzed and their thermodynamic responses are discussed. In addition, examples of the use of hydrogels for various therapeutic applications are given. We show how such systems’ intelligent behavior can be used in sensors, microarrays, and imaging. Finally, we outline challenges for the future in integrating hydrogels into biomedical applications.
Workplace Issues in an Undergraduate Software Engineering Course

This paper describes how the author integrates work culture issues into his undergraduate course in Software Engineering. This is a required course for all Computer Science majors in our program. At issue is how work culture impacts upon the quality of the products being created by Software Engineers. The course addresses work culture concerns such as: What kinds of work culture issues arise during a software project? How can conflicts be resolved? How can poor work environments be improved? Work culture issues arise pretty much throughout the course and this paper provides an overview of how that occurs.
The characteristics of magma reservoir failure beneath a volcanic edifice

Abstract Eruptions fed from subsurface reservoirs commonly construct volcanic edifices at the surface, and the growth of an edifice will in turn modify the subsurface stress state that dictates the conditions under which subsequent rupture of the inflating reservoir can occur. We re-examine this problem using axisymmetric finite element models of ellipsoidal reservoirs beneath conical edifices, explicitly incorporating factors (e.g., full gravitational loading conditions, an elastic edifice instead of a surface load, reservoir pressures sufficient to induce tensile rupture) that compromise previous solutions to illustrate why variations in rupture behavior can occur. Relative to half-space model results, the presence of an edifice generally rotates rupture toward the crest of a spherical reservoir, with increasing flank slope (for an edifice of constant volume) and larger edifices (or greater reservoir scaled depths) normally serving to enhance this trend. When non-spherical reservoirs are considered, the presence of an edifice amplifies previously identified half-space failure characteristics, shifting rupture to the crest more rapidly for prolate reservoirs while forcing rupture closer to the midpoint of oblate reservoirs. Rupture is always observed to occur in the σ t orientation, and depending on where initial failure occurs rupture favors the initial emplacement of either lateral sills, circumferential intrusions or vertically ascending dikes. Ultimately, integration of our numerical model results with other information, for instance the sequence of intrusion/eruption events observed at a given volcano, can provide useful new insight into how a volcano's subsurface magma plumbing system evolved. We demonstrate this process through application of our model to Summer Coon, a well-studied stratocone on Earth, and Ilithyia Mons, a large conical shield volcano on Venus.
Parameter Imprecision in Finite State, Finite Action Dynamic Programs

In order to model parameter imprecision associated with a problem's reward or preference structure, we examine a finite state, finite action dynamic program having a one-step transition value-function that is affine in an imprecisely known parameter. For the finite horizon case, we also assume that the terminal value function is affine in the imprecise parameter. We assume that the parameter of interest has no dynamics, no new information about its value is received once the decision process begins, and its imprecision is described by set inclusion. We seek the set of all parameter-independent strategies that are optimal for some value of the imprecisely known parameter. We present a successive approximations procedure for solving the finite horizon case and a policy iteration procedure for determining the solution of the discounted infinite horizon case. These algorithms are then applied to a decision analysis problem with imprecise utility function and to a Markov decision process with imprecise reward structure. We also present conditions that guarantee the existence of a parameter-independent strategy that maximizes, with respect to all other parameter invariant strategies, the minimum value of its expected reward function over all possible parameter values.