cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical and glucose oxidase coenzyme activity of flavin adenine dinucleotide covalently attached to glassy carbon at the adenine amino group.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) was covalently attached to an electron-conducting support, i.e., glassy carbon. The support was activated by oxidation to create surface carboxylic acid groups, followed by reaction with a water-soluble carbodiimide. FAD was then attached to the activated support by three different methods: (1) directly; (2) through 6-aminocaproic acid as a spacer; and (3) through ethylenediamine glutaraldehyde as a spacer. Coupling occurred at the FAD adenine amino group, or possibly at a ribityl OH group. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine Eo' values and FAD loadings. The immobilized FAD also acted as a catalyst for the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in that it reduced overpotential by about 195 mV. When the apoenzyme of glucose oxidase was added to the glassy carbon-FAD or glassy carbon-spacer-FAD preparations, no reconstitution of enzyme activity could be observed. This suggests strongly that the adenine amino group of FAD cannot be modified by attachment of something as large as easily visible solid particles. However, it leaves unanswered the question of larger molecular weight material can be accommodated in the FAD-apoenzyme cleft and retain glucose oxidase activity.
Cyclic AMP mediation of bradykinin-induced stimulation of mitotic activity and DNA synthesis in thymocytes.

SummaryBradykinin increases the progression of rat thymocytes (suspended in vitro) into mitosis by a cyclic AMP-mediated reaction which stimulates the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.
A security thread in a thread-based curriculum

The Threads model for computing curriculum represents a natural evolution of contextualized computing education. As information security is one of the pervasive themes in IT curriculum, it is reasonable to design a security thread in a Thread-based curriculum. As computing security becomes more important in all sectors of society, so does the preparation of our students with knowledge and understanding of critical security concepts, methodologies, and techniques. Unfortunately, despite the deep and pervasive impact of security, undergraduate IT curricula and programs today often lack a cohesive model to deliver information assurance education to a wider audience, offering security courses beyond the limitation of a track, concentration, or a security minor. We want to infuse information security into our IT curriculum, and we found a good model for doing that. This paper introduces the Threads model for computing curricula originated from Georgia Tech's College of Computing, an innovative way to restructuring computing curriculum. We believe that a security Thread should be developed for any undergraduate IT program. We discuss the rationales, design, and implementation for an information security thread in IT programs as well as the challenges we have faced in designing such a thread.
Silene generation from a silyl 1,3-migration

Abstract To prove for a thermally-induced 1,3-migration of silicon from silicon to produce a silicon—carbon double bond, 1,2-divinyl-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane was pyrolyzed in a nitrogen-flow system at 620°C. All cyclic products can be rationalized as arising from an initial 1,3-migration to form the intermediate silene, 2,5-disila-2,5,5-trimethyl-2,6-heptadiene. The major product. 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-disilacyclobutane, is shown to arise from the dimerization of 2-sila-2-methylpropene. All other cyclic products appear to arise from various cleavages of an intermediate 2,5-disilabicyclo [2.1.1]hexane.
Programming in Pairs with Alice to Improve Confidence, Enjoyment, and Achievement.

Students in an introductory computing class participated in a study investigating the impact of using a graphics programming environment (Alice) and pair-programming on confidence, enjoyment and ac...
Increase in phosphotidylinositide-3 kinase activity by nitrotyrosylation of lysates of platelets from patients with systemic sclerosis

We have observed that the platelet non-integrin collagen receptor (65 kDa) and another protein (M(r) 185 kDa) are altered in the posttranslational modification by nitrotyrosylation in platelets from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We reported the identification of nitrotyrosylated 65-kDa proteins in a previous study. In the present investigation, using Western blots, one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoreses and matrix assisted ionization/desorption-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) we have identified the 185-kDa protein as phosphoinositide kinase C2beta (PI 3-K). There is a positive correlation between the nitrotyrosylation of PI 3-K and activity of the enzyme, i.e., the nitrotyrosylation of PI 3-K increases its enzymatic activity. In addition, the activity of PI 3-K increases in nitrotyrosylated platelet lystaes from patients with SSc compared to normal volunteer controls, suggesting that this is an alteration in the posttranslational modification of PI 3-K in platelets from patients with SSc. The increased nitrotyrosylation of PI 3-K may contribute to the impairment of platelet function in patients with SSc by increasing platelet reactivity to matrix components within the vascular walls of patients with this disease.
Ordinal data: An alternative distribution

To date, virtually all techniques appropriate for ordinal data are based on the uniform probability distribution over the permutations. In this paper we introduce and examine an alternative probability model for the distribution of ordinal data. Preliminary to deriving the expectations of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau under this model, we show how to compute certain conditional expectations of rho and tau under the uniform distribution. The alternative probability model is then applied to ordinal test theory, and the calculation of true scores and test reliability are discussed.
Promoting Urban Teachers’ Understanding of Technology, Content, and Pedagogy in the Context of Case Development

AbstractThis study investigated the potential of a professional development program centered on case development to help urban teachers: (a) integrate technology with content and pedagogy and (b) cultivate habits of reflection required to learn from practice. Qualitative analysis revealed that case development helped teachers develop an understanding of the nuanced relationships among technology, content, and pedagogy and engage in the type of reflection that enables learning from practice. Nevertheless, variability existed in the ways that teachers applied new knowledge to practice. Factors that influenced teachers’ learning and practice included beliefs about students, prescribed curricula, and lack of resources.
Spectrochemical Analysis of Abrasive Materials

Analysis of abrasive feed rolls used in IBM machines by a powder DC-arc technique is described. The feed rolls require special analysis because of the large amounts of aluminum, silicon, iron, and titanium oxides (2% – 100%).
Nonlinear spectroscopy of photon-dressed Dirac electrons in a quantum dot

We study the localization of dressed Dirac electrons in a cylindrical quantum dot (QD) formed on monolayer and bilayer graphene by spatially different potential profiles. Short-lived excitonic states which are too broad to be resolved in linear spectroscopy are revealed by cross-peaks in the photon-echo nonlinear technique. Signatures of the dynamic gap in the two-dimensional photon-echo spectra are discussed.
Ranolazine improves angina in women with evidence of myocardial ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease

Objectives We conducted a pilot study for a large definitive clinical trial evaluating the impact of ranolazine in women with angina, evidence of myocardial ischemia, and no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Background Women with angina, evidence of myocardial ischemia, but no obstructive CAD frequently have microvascular coronary dysfunction. The impact of ranolazine in this patient group is unknown. Methods A pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted in 20 women with angina, no obstructive CAD, and ≥10% ischemic myocardium on adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. Participants were assigned to ranolazine or placebo for 4 weeks separated by a 2-week washout. The Seattle Angina Questionnaire and CMR were evaluated after each treatment. Invasive coronary flow reserve (CFR) was available in patients who underwent clinically indicated coronary reactivity testing. CMR data analysis included the percentage of ischemic myocardium and quantitative myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI). Results The mean age of subjects was 57 ± 11 years. Compared with placebo, patients on ranolazine had significantly higher (better) Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores, including physical functioning (p = 0.046), angina stability (p = 0.008), and quality of life (p = 0.021). There was a trend toward a higher (better) CMR mid-ventricular MPRI (2.4 [2.0 minimum, 2.8 maximum] vs. 2.1 [1.7 minimum, 2.5 maximum], p = 0.074) on ranolazine. Among women with coronary reactivity testing (n = 13), those with CFR ≤3.0 had a significantly improved MPRI on ranolazine versus placebo compared to women with CFR >3.0 (Δ in MPRI 0.48 vs. −0.82, p = 0.04). Conclusions In women with angina, evidence of ischemia, and no obstructive CAD, this pilot randomized, controlled trial revealed that ranolazine improves angina. Myocardial ischemia may also improve, particularly among women with low CFR. These data document approach feasibility and provide outcome variability estimates for planning a definitive large clinical trial to evaluate the role of ranolazine in women with microvascular coronary dysfunction. (Microvascular Coronary Disease In Women: Impact Of Ranolazine; NCT00570089 ).
Associations of microbiological factors and plaque index with caries prevalence and water fluoridation status

Plaque indices, numbers of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and total viable flora in plaque and saliva were assessed as part of a large-scale cross-sectional study designed to determine the factors that are associated with high caries activity in children. Subjects, 12 to 15 years old, residing in areas where the water supplies were either fluoridated (n = 140) or fluoride-deficient (n = 173) were studied. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli numbers in saliva were positively correlated with plaque index. Plaque indices were significantly higher in the high-caries group than in the zero-caries group of the fluoride-deficient community. In the fluoridated community, there was no difference in the plaque index between the zero- or high-caries groups. In each community, pooled dental plaque and saliva harbored fewer mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the zero-caries than the high-caries group. Greater numbers of mutans streptococci were found in the dental plaque and saliva of the zero-caries subjects in the fluoridated community than in the fluoride-deficient community, suggesting that a greater caries challenge can coexist with zero-caries status in the fluoridated community.
Optimal use of postmenopausal hormone replacement

The well-informed physician can use the following specific strategies to help postmenopausal women obtain maximum benefit from estrogen therapy: 1) choosing the woman most likely to benefit; 2) initiating therapy at a time when it will do the most good; 3) tailoring treatment to maximize safety, efficacy, and acceptability; and 4) fostering patient commitment to long-term treatment through education, monitoring, and supportive counseling.
A bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR)-mithramycin technique for detecting cycling and non-cycling cells by flow microfluorometry.

Abstract Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation into cellular DNA results in an increase in fluorescence of mithramycin-stained cells. Flow microfluorometry can be used to distinguish among cells which have not replicated, cells which have replicated once, and cells which have replicated two or more times in the presence of 30 μM BUdR. This technique offers two advantages over present protocols: (1) a positive fluorescent signal is provided by the mithramycin stain rather than a negative signal, as with the Hoechst stain; (2) after mithramycin staining, hundreds of thousands of cells in any phase of the cell cycle can be analyzed in less than 10 min. The BUdR-mithramycin technique described herein is a useful tool for studying the cell-cycle kinetics of heterogeneous populations containing dividing and non-dividing cells.
A regression discontinuity design analysis of the incumbency advantage and tenure in the U.S. House

This paper uses a regression discontinuity design to compare the incumbency advantage enjoyed by freshmen and non-freshmen incumbents. The results show that compared to freshmen incumbents that barely won the last election, non-freshmen incumbents that barely won get 2.3 percentage points more in the next election. Further results suggest that the ability to deter high quality challengers is an important source of that advantage.
Numerical study of vapor phase-diffusion driven sessile drop evaporation

Abstract The focus of this paper is the numerical study of vapor phase-diffusion driven sessile drop evaporation to study the evaporation flux profile along the interface of an evaporating sessile drop and its effect on the fluid dynamics inside the drop. The spatial variation of vapor phase concentration of the evaporating liquid is governed by the Laplace equation and the fluid dynamics is governed by Stokes equation. In this study, the numerical analysis and the mesh discretization method are described thoroughly. The time dependent evaporation dynamics, drop shape, and fluid dynamics are solved simultaneously. We compared the calculated velocity profiles to the result presented in the previous work [Widjaja, E., Liu, N., Li, M., Collins, R. T., Basaran, O. A., & Harris, M. T. (2007). Computers and Chemical Engineering , 31 (3), 219–232] in the case of uniform evaporation flux along the drop interface. The two cases gave different results, which confirmed that fluid velocity profiles inside the drop are influenced by the evaporation flux profiles along the drop interface.
Accelerated Water-Fat Imaging Using Restricted Subspace Field Map Estimation and Compressed Sensing

Water-fat separation techniques play an important role in a variety of clinical and research applications. In particular, multiecho separation methods remain a topic of great interest due to their ability to resolve water and fat images in the presence of B(0)-field inhomogeneity. However, these methods are inherently slow as they require multiple measurements. An accelerated technique with reduced k-space sampling is desirable to decrease the scan time. This work presents a new method for water-fat separation from accelerated multiecho acquisitions. The proposed approach does not require the region-growing or region-merging schemes that are typically used for field map estimation. Instead, the water, fat, and field map signals are estimated directly from the undersampled k-space measurements. In this work, up to 2.5×-acceleration is demonstrated in a water-fat phantom, ankle, knee, and liver.
Diagnostic and therapeutic delays among a multiethnic sample of breast and cervical cancer survivors

BACKGROUND: Several publications reporting on health disparities document that ethnic minorities disproportionately experience delays in healthcare access, delivery, and treatment. However, few studies examine factors underlying access and receipt of healthcare among cancer survivors from the patient perspective. This study explores diagnostic and therapeutic care delays among a multiethnic sample of breast and cervical cancer survivors and examines contextual factors influencing diagnostic and therapeutic care delays. METHODS: Population-based sampling and a cross-sectional design were used to recruit 1377 survivors (breast cancer, n = 698; cervical cancer, n = 679). This multiethnic sample included 449 European American, 185 African American, 468 Latina American, and 275 Asian American survivors. RESULTS: Latina Americans were more likely to report diagnostic delays (P = .003), whereas African Americans were more likely to report therapeutic delays (P = .007). In terms of cancer type, cervical cancer survivors were more likely to report diagnostic (P = .004) and therapeutic delays (P = .000) compared with breast cancer survivors. “Fear of finding cancer” was the most frequently cited reason for diagnostic delays, and “medical reasons” were most frequently cited for therapeutic delays. CONCLUSIONS: Due in part to a higher proportion of diagnostic and therapeutic delays, ethnic minorities endure greater cancer burden, including poorer survival and survivorship outcomes. The medical community must recognize the impact of existing psychological and cultural dimensions on diagnostic care, as well as the personal and healthcare system level barriers that contribute to therapeutic delays. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Organization and Structure of the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude (DTLA-2)

The intercorrelations among the 11 subtests of the DTLA-2 for a portion of the standardization sample were subjected to both factor analysis and cluster analysis. None of the resulting factors or clusters corresponded exactly to any of the eight composites into which the subtests are partitioned, nor did the composites account well for the intercorrelations. Thus the organization of the DTLA-2 does not appear to reflect the actual structure of the instrument.
Multi-frame restoration of turbulence degraded underwater images

The ability to image underwater is highly desired for scientific and military applications, including optical communications, situational awareness, diver visibility, and mine detection. However, underwater imaging is severely impaired by scattering and optical turbulence associated with refraction index fluctuations. Naturally, the approaches taken to solve the underwater image restoration problem have their origin in atmospheric turbulence compensation algorithms. There is certain similarity between the atmospheric and underwater image degradations but the difference in the scales of refraction index fluctuations in two media brings out the need for significant modifications of atmospheric techniques to be applicable to underwater imagery. Significantly stronger underwater image distortions resulting in large local shifts and warping of the image features require robust tracking using, for example optical flow estimation, even under relatively benign underwater conditions. Comparative performance of multi-frame nonlinear gain “lucky patch” algorithms with variable degree of optical flow technique sophistication is presented for underwater imagery collected in a laboratory tank and in a field exercise. Reliance of image restoration on accuracy of the optical flow algorithm is revealed and one approach to enhance restored image quality using confidence measures of optical flow estimation is proposed.
Chemical Cell to Cell Communication on Biomineralized Nanopore Substrates for Single Cell Analysis

A method for chemically stimulating selected cells and observing cell to cell chemical communication on a biomineralized nanopore substrate provides an enabling tool for researchers studying diseases at the single cell level to better understand interactions between cells. By developing a method to analyze chemical communication between cells at the single cell level rather than determining behavior of large cultures, researchers can accurately pinpoint the responses cells have to various chemical stimuli. The biggest challenge in developing a method for observing intercellular chemical communication is determining the optimal methods for collecting quality data on living cells as they interact with one another.The goal of this research project is to determine how cells can grow on biomineralized nanopore substrates that are mounted on silicon micropore chips, allowing selected cells to be chemically stimulated so that cell to cell chemical communication can be observed.Results will be shown on the fabrication of biomineralized nanopore substrates and on the testing of various cellular growth factors to determine the ideal conditions for cell growth on the biomineralized nanopore substrates. Several different characterization methods will be employed, ranging from microscopic observation to optical assays like fluorescence spectroscopy of chemically stimulated cells. Results will be analyzed using statistical methods used in previously published studies looking at cell viability on substrates.
Irenaeus and Hellenistic Culture

Three recent discussions of Irenaeus by Reynders, Audet, and Enslin have examined the thought of Irenaeus almost exclusively in relation to the Christian tradition. This attitude toward his writings is natural, since Irenaeus lives so largely within the tradition; but he lived in the philosophical-rhetorical world of his day as well as in the church. It is the purpose of this paper to examine some of the ideas which he shares with non-Christians of the second century. First we shall consider his use of doxographical materials for the opinions of philosophers, and then we shall turn to his knowledge of other authors and of rhetoric.
Pastoral care of the dying patient

The ministerial role appears to involve four basic aspects or functions: personal, counseling, pastoral, and theologizing. In order to be a minister, one must be available as a fellow human, with some psychological skill, able to share spiritual or religious activity, and willing to articulate theologically to himself the meaning of his experiences for his personal faith. These aspects of the ministerial role are exemplified in the encounters of divinity students with disabled and dying patients. Because of the challenge that life presents to sincere faith, and because one or more of the four functions are often stressed in an isolated way, offensive stereotypes of the “minister” are pervasive. p ]Abhorrence of being identified as such a person made the ministerial candidates in this report reluctant to act or even speak in any religious way. The desire to become a psychologist or counselor and avoid theological topics, strong in the beginning, tended to disappear toward the end of the year. These phenomena were seen as natural phases of sequential growth in the struggle to understand the needs of other persons for a “minister.” As shift from self-concern to concern for the other occurred, the students became more open to learning from the patients how human and religious needs can be served without desecration to either.
Endovascular intervention for the failing vascular access.

Endovascular interventions have replaced surgical repair as the primary treatment of the failing or thrombosed vascular access. However, endovascular and surgical techniques are complementary: the limitations of one are the strengths of the other. Endovascular management of access-related problems is a critical component of a successful vascular access monitoring program. The identification and early treatment of developing stenoses, before access thrombosis are essential roles that are ideally suited to percutaneous, image-guided techniques. Despite recent advances in endovascular techniques and devices, angioplasty continues to be the primary method for treatment of access-related stenoses. When appropriate lesions are treated, angioplasty is a fast, easy, and safe procedure that can extend to patency of a hemodialysis graft or fistula.
Reversibility of biliary cirrhosis due to bile duct obstruction

Abstract The reversibility of biliary cirrhosis after 10 to 14 weeks of common bile duct obstruction was studied over a 1-year period in six monkeys. Hepatic injury was determined by serial serum hepatic enzyme measurements, urinalyses, portal venous pressure measurements, and microscopic evaluation of serial liver biopsies. Progressive hepatic cellular damage with portal hypertension and elevation of circulating hepatic enzymes occurred following bile duct obstruction in all monkeys. A temporary return to normal values occurred following biliary drainage into a Roux-en-Y jejunal segment, but within 8 to 10 weeks there was a steady increase in the circulating hepatic enzyme levels and portal pressures which remained elevated until time of death 7 to 10 months following biliary reconstruction. Early correction of mechanical biliary obstruction, prior to the development of progressive and permanent hepatic damage, is indicated in patients with correctable defects.
Effects of price competition in the credit card industry

Abstract Using a sample of major credit card issuers, this study examines the effects of credit card rates on card loan growth and delinquency rates between 1991 and 1994. Lower card rates failed to sufficiently increase card loans, and the delinquency rate was positively related to the card rate.
Calcium and ionophore A23187 stimulates deposition of extracellular matrix and acetylcholinesterase release in cultured myotubes

Calcium (Ca2+) and calcium-transporting ionophores stimulate protein secretion in many cellular systems. We demonstrate here that increases in intracellular calcium concentration induce a time- and concentration-dependent deposition of extracellular matrix and an increase in acetylcholinesterase secretion. Scanning and transmission electron-microscopy revealed that treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187, or high extracellular Ca2+ levels (5 mM to 15 mM) produce significant deposits of extracellular matrix around the myotubes, as well as a marked increase in the acetylcholinesterase reaction-product. Blocking muscle contraction was not necessary for the induction of AChE secretory activity. Sucrose density-gradients of media conditioned by muscle cells revealed 3 separate acetylcholinesterase molecular forms. However, incubation with A23187 increased only the 4.5 S and the 7.2 S molecular forms, whereas the 12.0 S form showed no significant differences from controls. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and autoradiography using [3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate revealed a broad band at 65000 daltons. This band was broader than for controls when medium was obtained from A23187-treated cells. Our results show that increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration induces marked deposition of extracellular matrix and increased acetylcholinesterase secretion, with an apparent selectivity for the monomeric and dimeric acetylcholinesterase molecular forms.
Canopy architecture, irradiance distribution on leaf surfaces and consequent photosynthetic efficiencies in heterogeneous plant canopies. Part II. Results and discussion

Abstract The influence of canopy architecture on the irradiance distribution on leaf surfaces in horizontally heterogeneous canopies was investigated using a procedural radiative transfer model. Four model canopies were abstracted as plant stands of 10 rows and 20 plants per row, and the procedural model was executed in conjunction with these digitized canopies. From the resulting distribution of the penetration function, the energy incident on leaf surfaces along the normal was calculated. The irradiance distribution was characterized by formally defining three kinds of irradiance — normal, diminished and null. Gross and net photosynthetic efficiencies due to irradiance in each energy class are presented. Canopy architecture was found to significantly influence the efficiency of energy use by affecting the interception pattern of solar radiation.
Achievable Capacity Under the Interference Temperature Model

The interference temperature model was proposed by the FCC in 2003 as a way to dynamically manage and allocate spectrum resources. It would allow unlicensed radios to sense their current RF environment and transmit in licensed bands, provided their transmission does not raise the interference temperature for that frequency band over the interference temperature limit. It never received much interest because nobody was sure exactly how to use it or how if it would work. This research focuses on a mathematical analysis of the interference temperature model in an effort to examine the relationships between the capacity achieved by the unlicensed network and the interference caused to the licensed network. We develop a model for the RF environment and determine probability distributions governing interference temperature as a function of various elements in the model. We then determine bounds on the amount of interference caused by implementing such a system. We examine model environments for a wireless WAN and a wireless LAN, each coexisting with a licensed carrier. For each, we quantify both the impact on the licensed signal and also the capacity achieved by our underlay network. By substituting numeric values for RF environments in which the interference temperature model might be applied, we show that achievable capacity is very small, while the impact the licensee can be very large. Based on this, we propose alternate usages for interference temperature and ways to boost capacity.
The Use of Carbohydrate Protein Conjugates of Proteases [CPC(Proteases)] for the Catalytic Formation of Peptide Bonds

The discovery of catalysts that can selectively couple unprotected peptide fragments would revolutionize protein chemistry by allowing convergent polypeptide synthesis. Proteolytic enzymes have the capability to perform this chemistry because the protein can specifically recognize and bind to C-terminal and N-terminal peptide sequences, activate the C-terminal peptide sequence by forming an acyl-enzyme intermediate, and couple the two peptide fragments together. However, barriers that limit the use of proteases as catalysts for convergent peptide synthesis include (i) the stability of proteolytic enzymes in organic solvent systems; (ii) a simple and effective C-erminal and N-terminal protecting group strategy; and (iii) the isolation of the polypeptide product from the reaction mixture. In the previous paper we reported the stabilization of enzymes by the covalent attachment of proteins through their ο-lysine residues to a series of carbohydrate-based macromolecules. In this paper we report the use of carbohydrate protein conjugates of proteases [CPC(proteases)] as catalysts for peptide bond synthesis and a general strategy for convergent oligopeptide synthesis.
A higher order FDTD method in Integral formulation

We present a fourth-order (4, 4) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)-like algorithm based on the integral form of Maxwell's equations. The algorithm, which is called the integro-difference time-domain (IDTD) method, achieves its fourth-order accuracy in space and time by taking into account the spatial and temporal variations of electromagnetic fields within each computational cell. In the algorithm, the electromagnetic fields within each cell are represented by space and time integrals (or integral averages) of the fields, i.e., the electric and magnetic fluxes (D,B) are represented by the surface-integral average, and the electric and magnetic fields (E,H) by the line and time integral average. In order to relate the integral average fields in the staggered update equations, we have obtained constitutive relations for these fields. It is shown that the IDTD update equations combined with the constitutive relations are fourth-order accurate both in space and time. The fourth-order correction terms are represented by the modified coefficients in the update equations; the numerical structure remains the same as the conventional second-order update equations and more importantly does not require the storage of field variables at the previous time steps to obtain the fourth-order accuracy in time. Furthermore, the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability criteria of this fourth-order algorithm turns out to be identical to the stability limits of conventional second-order FDTD scheme based on differential formulation.
An analysis of multiple misplaced parental social contingencies.

Abstract This study analyzed the training of a mother to modify five subclasses of her attention to her young child's noncompliance with instructions, and also displayed the changes in her child's behavior correlated with these events. Training in four subclasses consisted of teaching the mother to withhold various forms of social attention to her daughter's undesired behavior; training in the fifth subclass involved introduction of a brief room-timeout procedure for noncompliance. The effectiveness of the parent-training procedure, consisting of initial instructions and daily feedback, was demonstrated through a multiple-baseline design across the five subclasses of parent behavior. Sequential decreased in the first three subclasses of the mother's social attention to undesired child behavior resulted in incomplete improvements in some child responses; however, a decrease in the fourth subclass resulted in a significant increase in undesired child behavior. Complete remediation of all child behaviors was achieved following the training of a timeout procedure for noncompliance. Postchecks conducted up to 16 weeks later showed that these effects were durable.
Clinical Neuroscience of Addiction: Similarities and Differences Between Alcohol and Other Drugs

Background Existing pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other substance use disorders (SUDs) have demonstrated only modest efficacy. Although the field has recently emphasized testing and developing new compounds to treat SUDs, there are numerous challenges inherent to the development of novel medications, and this is particularly true for SUDs. Thus, research to date has tended toward the “repurposing” approach, in which medications developed to treat other mental or physical conditions are tested as SUD treatments. Often, potential treatments are examined across numerous drugs of abuse. Several repurposed medications have shown promise in treating a specific SUD, but few have shown efficacy across multiple SUDs. Examining similarities and differences between AUD and other SUDs may shed light on these findings and offer directions for future research. Methods This qualitative review discusses similarities and differences in neural circuitry and molecular mechanism(s) across alcohol and other substances of abuse, and examines studies of pharmacotherapies for AUD and other SUDs. Results Substances of abuse share numerous molecular targets and involve much of the same neural circuitry, yet compounds tested because they putatively target common mechanisms have rarely indicated therapeutic promise for multiple SUDs. Conclusions The lack of treatment efficacy across SUDs may be partially explained by limitations inherent in studying substance users, who comprise a highly heterogeneous population. Alternatively, medications may fail to show efficacy across multiple SUDs due to the fact that the differences between drug mechanisms are more important than their commonalities in terms of influencing treatment response. We suggest that exploring these differences could support novel treatment development, aid in identifying existing medications that may hold promise as treatments for specific SUDs, and ultimately advance translational research efforts.
Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy in the human eye

Wavefront sensor noise and fidelity place a fundamental limit on achievable image quality in current adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes. Additionally, the wavefront sensor ‘beacon’ can interfere with visual experiments. We demonstrate real-time (25 Hz), wavefront sensorless adaptive optics imaging in the living human eye with image quality rivaling that of wavefront sensor based control in the same system. A stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm directly optimized the mean intensity in retinal image frames acquired with a confocal adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). When imaging through natural, undilated pupils, both control methods resulted in comparable mean image intensities. However, when imaging through dilated pupils, image intensity was generally higher following wavefront sensor-based control. Despite the typically reduced intensity, image contrast was higher, on average, with sensorless control. Wavefront sensorless control is a viable option for imaging the living human eye and future refinements of this technique may result in even greater optical gains.
Anaerobic Power and Physical Function in Strength-Trained and Non–Strength-Trained Older Adults

BACKGROUND Challenging daily tasks, such as transferring heavy items or rising from the floor, may be dependent on the ability to generate short bursts of energy anaerobically. The purposes of this study were to determine if strength-trained (ST) older adults have higher anaerobic power output compared with non-strength-trained (NST) older adults and to determine the relationship between anaerobic power and performance-based physical function. METHODS Thirty-five men and women (age 71.5 +/- 6.4 years, mean +/- SD; NST: n = 18, ST: n = 17) were grouped by training status. Outcome variables included relative anaerobic power (Wingate test), physical function measured with the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance Test (CS-PFP, scaled 0 to 100), and anthropometric lean thigh volume (LTV). Analysis of covariance (with age and sex as covariates) was used to determine group differences in the dependent variables listed above. Pearson's r was used to determine the relationship between anaerobic power, CS-PFP total score (TOT), and CS-PFP lower body strength domain score (LBS). RESULTS The ST group had significantly higher mean anaerobic power (NST 58.9 +/- 16 W/l, ST 96.3 +/- 23 W/l), CS-PFP total (NST 61.2 +/- 13, ST 73.7 +/- 8), and LBS (NST 54.1 +/- 17, ST 70.9 +/- 8) compared with the NST group (p <.05). However, LTV was similar for both groups (NST 3.323 +/- 0.75; ST 3.179 +/- 0.79), which suggests that the ST group had higher muscle quality compared with the NST group. Anaerobic power was significantly related to TOT (r =.611, p =.001) and LBS (r =.650, p =.001). CONCLUSIONS High levels of physical function in ST older adults may in part be explained by higher levels of anaerobic power associated with strength training.
Sub-cellular trafficking of phytochemicals explored using auto-fluorescent compounds in maize cells.

Background Little is known regarding the trafficking mechanisms of small molecules within plant cells. It remains to be established whether phytochemicals are transported by pathways similar to those used by proteins, or whether the expansion of metabolic pathways in plants was associated with the evolution of novel trafficking pathways. In this paper, we exploited the induction of green and yellow auto-fluorescent compounds in maize cultured cells by the P1 transcription factor to investigate their targeting to the cell wall and vacuole, respectively.
Teaching old receptors new tricks: biasing seven-transmembrane receptors

Seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs; also known as G protein-coupled receptors) are the largest class of receptors in the human genome and are common targets for therapeutics. Originally identified as mediators of 7TMR desensitization, beta-arrestins (arrestin 2 and arrestin 3) are now recognized as true adaptor proteins that transduce signals to multiple effector pathways. Signalling that is mediated by beta-arrestins has distinct biochemical and functional consequences from those mediated by G proteins, and several biased ligands and receptors have been identified that preferentially signal through either G protein- or beta-arrestin-mediated pathways. These ligands are not only useful tools for investigating the biochemistry of 7TMR signalling, they also have the potential to be developed into new classes of therapeutics.
Iterative Reweighted $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ Methods for Finding Sparse Solutions

A variety of practical methods have recently been introduced for finding maximally sparse representations from overcomplete dictionaries, a central computational task in compressive sensing applications as well as numerous others. Many of the underlying algorithms rely on iterative reweighting schemes that produce more focal estimates as optimization progresses. Two such variants are iterative reweighted l1 and l2 minimization; however, some properties related to convergence and sparse estimation, as well as possible generalizations, are still not clearly understood or fully exploited. In this paper, we make the distinction between separable and non-separable iterative reweighting algorithms. The vast majority of existing methods are separable, meaning the weighting of a given coefficient at each iteration is only a function of that individual coefficient from the previous iteration (as opposed to dependency on all coefficients). We examine two such separable reweighting schemes: an l2 method from Chartrand and Yin (2008) and an l1 approach from Cande's (2008), elaborating on convergence results and explicit connections between them. We then explore an interesting non-separable alternative that can be implemented via either l2 or l1 reweighting and maintains several desirable properties relevant to sparse recovery despite a highly non-convex underlying cost function. For example, in the context of canonical sparse estimation problems, we prove uniform superiority of this method over the minimum l1 solution in that, 1) it can never do worse when implemented with reweighted l1, and 2) for any dictionary and sparsity profile, there will always exist cases where it does better. These results challenge the prevailing reliance on strictly convex (and separable) penalty functions for finding sparse solutions. We then derive a new non-separable variant with similar properties that exhibits further performance improvements in empirical tests. Finally, we address natural extensions to group sparsity problems and non-negative sparse coding.
The archaeology of Iwokrama and the North Rupununi

Abstract Archaeological investigations within Iwokrama Forest document significant Archaic and Horticultural occupations throughout the Reserve. Significantly, no evidence of earlier Paleoindian occupations (pre-7,000 B.P.) is documented. The Archaic Period from 7,000 to 3,000 B.P. (before present) is characterized by a variety of site types including artificial stone depressions and sharpening grooves, petroglyphs and a lithic tool manufacturing station. Petroglyphs reflect the Enumerative and Fish Trap Petroglyph Traditions better known from the savannah and rivers in southern Guyana. Archaic Period sites are found along major rivers and in the Iwokrama Mountains. Horticultural Period occupations dating from 3,000 B.P. to the Historic Period (mid-18th century), include eight archaeological sites that have produced a wide range of vessel forms similar to Koriabo, Taruma and Rupununi types found elsewhere in Guyana. The occurrence of polychrome types by 3,000 B.P. indicates an early arrival of such styles...
The Mesoscale and Microscale Structure and Organization of Clouds and Precipitation in Midlatitude Cyclones. X: Wavelike Rainbands in an Occlusion.

Abstract The dynamical and microphysical structures of trains of wavelike rainbands in an occlusion are described. The rainbands were located in a region of potential instability behind the cold front aloft They were 3–5 km wide, ∼80 km long, spaced 5–10 km apart, and arranged nearly parallel to the winds at their upper levels. Temperatures fluctuated in a wavelike manner in and out of the rainbands the temperatures inside the rainbands being ∼1–2°C higher than outside. The vertical air velocities also fluctuated. Near the top of the rainbands upward velocities of 1 m s−1, relative to the ambient air, were present inside the rainbands, but outside of the rainbands the relative velocities were ∼1 m s−1 downward. At lower levels the fluctuations in vertical velocities were about one-half those at the upper levels, and they showed fewer systematic variations with respect to the location of the wavelike rainbands. The convergence/divergence and airflow patterns had wavelike structures in the vicinity of the r...
Analysis Of Damped Waves Using The Boundary Element Method

The subject of this paper is the one-dimensional, damped wave equation including both viscous damping, where resistance is proportional to velocity, and material damping, where resistance is proportional to displacement.' Disturbances propagating in a material of finite length subject to distributed forces, surface forces and initial conditions will be examined. The purpose of the paper is to develop a numerically accurate and computationally efficient solution using the boundary element method (BEM) and to use this solution to examine the physical behavior of systems subjected to a variety of forcing functions. The model equations are important in both mechanical and thermal wave propagation. The BEM is particularly well suited for this class of problems since discontinuities at wave fronts could exist. The solution is based on the associated full space Green's function (GF), which naturally possesses the propagating wave front characteristics of the actual response. Representative plots are presented to show the fundamental effects of damping on the GF since characteristic responses to actual disturbances can be seen in the GF. Results are then presented to show how various degrees of damping effect the propagation of waves caused by applied surface forces.
Life on the Inside: Microbial Strategies for Intracellular Survival and Persistence

The strategies utilized by intracellular pathogens to propagate their genomes are discussed in this chapter in the context of recent developments in one's understanding of cell biology. The strategies employed by intracellular bacteria, defined by the establishment of replication-permissive niches, include (i) survival and replication within a phagolysosome , (ii) escape from the phagosome and replication within the cytoplasm, (iii) modulation of progression along the endocytic cascade, and (iv) exit from the endocytic cascade by entry into alternative pathways of membrane traffic within the host cell. The study of the cell biology of Ehrlichia-containing vacuoles is in its infancy, but it does suggest differences among species. Interestingly, while avoiding interactions with the endocytic cascade, Legionella pneumophila, Brucella abortus, and some strains of Chlamydia psittaci display intimate interactions with other organelle systems, most notably the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. The acquisition of the lysosomal marker LAMP, while bypassing the late-endosomal compartment, is explained by the localization of brucellae within vacuoles surrounded by the ER, identified by staining with Sec61β. In summary, the data suggest that B. abortus-containing phagosomes exit the endocytic pathway and transit through the autophagous pathway en route to their replication-permissive niche, the ER. The study of the mechanisms by which the pathogens infect mammalian cells will undoubtedly yield fascinating insights into both microbiology and cell biology at the most intimate interface between the pathogen and host.