cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetabular changes in coxa vara.

The purpose of this study was to define the acetabular changes associated with coxa vara and determine how these acetabuli differ from those of a normal hip. Charts and radiographs of 33 patients with coxa vara with a mean age of 6 years (range, 2–15 years) were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnosis was developmental coxa vara in 21 patients and congenital femoral deficiency in 12. Radiographic measurements, including acetabular index, sourcil slope, center edge angle, migration index, and medial joint space, were compared with those of 29 hips in the control group. The inclination of the acetabulum or acetabular slope (as measured by the acetabular index and sourcil slope) was significantly increased in the hips with coxa vara as compared with those in the control group. Both parameters have a statistically significant inverse correlation with the degree of varus, ie, the greater the varus of the proximal femur, the greater the upsloping of the acetabulum. Joint subluxation, as measured by the center edge angle, migration index, and medial joint space, showed little difference from that of control subjects. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Estimating the Costs of Public/Private Infrastructure Deals in Municipal Government

City governments in the U.S. enter into agreements with private developers to provide infrastructure such as roads, drainage systems, and utilities. From a normative perspective, public managers should calculate the costs to city government to execute these public/private deals before they agree to participate. Four cost categories deserve attention: (1) initial expenses required for project approval by city officials (approval spending); (2) spending for changes during project construction (momentum spending); (3) public spending to entice private investment (incentive spending); and (4) city government spending to maintain and operate the new infrastructure (operations spending). This paper calculates spending categories in a case study of Alliance Airport, a major public/private development in Fort Worth, Texas, requiring $63 million of direct and indirect public expenditures. Officials estimated less than 25 percent of total spending before project approval. Two-thirds of the public costs are foregone...
Four correlates of complex behavioral networks: Differentiation, behavior, connectivity, and compartmentalization: Carving networks at their joints: Survey

Some of the most complex networks are those that (i) have been engineered under selective pressure (either economic or evolutionary), and (ii) are capable of eliciting network-level behaviors. Some examples are nervous systems, ant colonies, electronic circuits and computer software. Here we provide evidence that many such selected, behavioral networks are similar in at least four respects. (1) Differentiation: Nodes of different types are used in a combinatorial fashion to build network structures through local connections, and networks accommodate more structure types via increasing the number of node types in the network (i.e., increasing differentiation), not via increasing the length of structures. (2) Behavior: Structures are themselves combined globally to implement behaviors, and networks accommodate a greater behavioral repertoire via increasing the number of lower-level behavior types (including structures), not via increasing the length of behaviors. (3) Connectivity: In order for structures in behavioral networks to combine with other structures within a fixed behavior length, the network must maintain an invariant network diameter, and this is accomplished via increasing network connectivity in larger networks. (4) Compartmentalization: Finally, for reasons of economical wiring, behavioral networks become increasingly parcellated. Special attention is given to nervous systems and computer software, but data from a variety of other behavioral selected networks are also provided, including ant colonies, electronic circuits, web sites and businesses. A general framework is introduced illuminating why behavioral selected networks share these four correlates. Because the four above features appear to apply to computer software as well as to biological networks, computer software provides a useful framework for comprehending the large-scale function and organization of biological networks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 13–40, 2005
Role of echocardiography in suspected infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers

Abstract The medical complications of intravenous (i.v.) drug abuse are protean and include hepatitis, accidental overdose, cellulitis, skin abscess, thrombophlebitis, aspiration pneumonia and infective endocarditis (IE). 1–3 Echocardiography is frequently performed to evaluate the possibility of IE when these patients present with a febrile illness, yet valvular vegetations are not often demonstrated. With growing economic constraints on medical care, diagnostic resources must be used in the most efficient manner possible. In this paper we focus on the role of echocardiography in evaluation of suspected IE.
Uptake of Calcium by Glycerinated Cardiac Slices

Partially glycerinated cardiac slices have been used to assess the effects of ryanodine and of mitochondrial and other inhibitors on calcium transport in systems that appear to retain a high degree of functional integrity. Strips of rabbit ventricle were extracted in 50% (w/v) glycerol for 24 hr at 4°C and slices 100 µ thick were cut on the freezing microtome. Such slices can bind 30 to 40 µmole of calcium/g of protein when incubated in medium containing 45Ca in the form of a Ca-EGTA buffer, binding being decreased with increasing times of glycerination. The concentrations of ATP and of Ca2+ required for halfmaximal activity are 5 x 10-5 M and 10-7 M respectively; both ATP and creatine phosphate must be present to elicit maximal uptake. Calcium accumulation appears to be attributable to the sarcoplasmic reticulum rather than to mitochondria, and is inhibited by caffeine, Salyrgan and ryanodine. Uptake is stimulated by oligomycin, but is not affected by azide, ouabain, carbachol, eserine, epinephrine or norepinephrine.
Analytical and biological inequivalence of two commercial formulations of the antitumor agent bleomycin.

Bleomycin is an antitumor agent which is a mixture of glycopeptides containing at least 55-75% bleomycin A2 and 25-32% bleomycin B2 fractional composition. Two bleomycin formulations, bleomycin sulfate, USP (Blenoxane, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.) and bleomycin HCI (Tianjin Hebei Pharmaceutical, Tianjin, China) were compared analytically and biologically. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses using the USP methodology showed that Blenoxane contained primarily (69%) bleomycin A2 and 29.3% bleomycin B2. In contrast, Tianjin-supplied bleomycin HCI contained 97% bleomycin A5 fraction. In vitro tumor cell growth inhibition assays showed equivalent activity in human OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells and slightly greater potency in murine L-1210 leukemia cells for the Tianjin formulation. In C57/B1 mice bearing B-16 melanoma tumors, Tianjin-supplied bleomycin produced slightly greater tumor growth inhibition at the expense of greater drug-induced lethality at higher dose levels. These studies show there are significant differences in two international bleomycin formulations. These compositional differences lead to altered biologic effects.
Global tectonics and eustasy for the past 2 billion years

Abstract Continental freeboard and eustasy, as gauged by the relative position of the world shelf break with respect to sea level, have varied by ± 250 m from today's ice-free shelf break depth of ∼ 200 m, during the past 600 Ma. Assuming constant or uniformly accreting continental crust and ocean water volume in an ice-free world, sea level fluctuations can be attributed to variation in the world ocean basin volume caused by changes in either its area or its depth relative to the world shelf break. An increase in volume and lowering of sea level occur as: (1) the world ocean floor ages, cools and subsides; (2) accreting continents collide, thicken and decrease in area; and (3) poorly conductive continental platforms become thermally elevated due to a size-induced stasis over the mantle. Conversely, a decrease in the age of the world ocean floor, attenuation of continental crust during rifting, and an increase in continent number and mobility, will reduce the world ocean basin volume and raise sea level. Theoretical sea level calculated from these principles correlates well with calibrated, first-order cycles of eustatic sea level change for the Phanerozoic. The record closely fits a simple model of retardation and acceleration of terrestrial heat loss during alternating periods of supercontinent accretion and fragmentation. Calibrated to sea-level highstands, successive first-order marine transgressions and orogenic “Pangea” regressions characterize a self-sustaining, ∼ 440 Ma plate tectonic cycle for the late Precambrian and Phanerozoic. The cycle can be recognized as far back as 2 Ga from the tectonic evidence of continental collision and rifting recorded in global orogenic peaks and mafic dike swarms, and may be related to major episodes of glaciation and evolutional biogenesis.
Calculation of the streaming potential near a rotating disk.

A corrected theory of the streaming potential in the vicinity of a disk-shaped sample rotating in an electrolytic solution is presented. When streaming-potential measurements on a variety of materi...
The clinical reliability of zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses appears acceptable but further research is necessary.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Survival and complications of zirconia based fixed dental prostheses: a systematic review. Raigrodski AJ, Hillstead MB, Meng GK, Chung K-H. J Prosthet Dent 2012;107:170-7. Reviewer Eleni D. Roumanas, DDS Purpose/Question To determine the reported complications and survival rate of zirconia-based FDPs Source of Funding Partially supported by NIDCR R25 DE018436 Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Seismic response of nonclassically damped systems

Abstract There are many practical problems in which the damping matrix cannot be represented in a classical form, thus leading to complex mode shapes and frequencies. A modal superposition method making use of the complex mode shapes is presented. In the method a complex mode shape is replaced by two real modal vectors. The modal equations are integrated in the same fashion as in the classically damped systems, except we now also use the modal velocities in addition to the usual modal displacements. It is shown that the modal superposition method for the nonclassically damped system gives response values almost identical to those given by the direct integration method. A method of constructing the damping matrix for a coupled primary and secondary system is also presented.
Training at Washington University School of Medicine in Psychiatry in the late 1950's, from the perspective of an affective disorder researcher

In the late 1950s three men in the Department of Psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, Drs. Eli Robins, Sam Guze and George Winokur, developed sets of criteria, based on published data and their own research, for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. They also presented data on how to validate these diagnoses. They termed their endeavor, “The medical model for psychiatric disorders.” Residents were taught how to use criteria to diagnose and treat psychiatric patients. Besides clinical interviewing, the emphasis was on published data, critical literature reading and research, either basic or clinical, always using structured interviews. All residents were required to do psychiatric research, supervised by one of the full-time staff. Besides the three above, there were many other faculty members who were actively engaged in teaching and research, but they all adhered to the above model. Repetition was the most important aspect of learning. It was an exciting time to be there and that enthusiasm led to many of the trainees continuing to be committed to academic careers and the others, to a very high standard of psychiatric care. In addition, it led to the development of DSMIII and beyond, a host of validated structured interviews, a method for testing new drugs, a method for validating psychiatric diagnoses, an emphasis on the importance of genetics to psychiatry, and many important clinical findings.
Transmission coefficients of GaAs/ErAs resonant tunneling diodes in strong magnetic fields

Zener-like resonant tunneling through ErAs quantum wells in a magnetic field has been studied quantitatively. The calculated transmission coefficient displays strong dependence on the magnitude and orientation of the magnetic field in agreement with the experiment. The magnetic field dependence of the transmission coefficient is explained in terms of strong interaction of confined hole states with 4f spins, spin-orbit interaction and angular momentum selection rules.
Gravitational wave production at the end of inflation.

We consider gravitational wave production due to parametric resonance at the end of inflation, or ``preheating.'' This leads to large inhomogeneities that source a stochastic background of gravitational waves at scales inside the comoving Hubble horizon at the end of inflation. We confirm that the present amplitude of these gravitational waves need not depend on the inflationary energy scale. We analyze an explicit model where the inflationary energy scale is $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, yielding a signal close to the sensitivity of Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory and Big Bang Observer. This signal highlights the possibility of a new observational ``window'' into inflationary physics and provides significant motivation for searches for stochastic backgrounds of gravitational waves in the Hz to GHz range, with an amplitude on the order of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{gw}}(k){h}^{2}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$.
The influence of diel vertical migration on zooplankton transport and recruitment in an upwelling region: estimates from a coupled behavioral‐physical model

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a common zooplankton behavior in which organisms reside in surface or near-surface waters at night and at deeper depths during the day. In many upwelling regions, DVM reduces the transport of organisms away from the region. It is unclear, however, what role DVM plays in recruitment (the arrival of larvae or juveniles to locations where they will become reproducing adults) to upwelling regions. In this study, we estimate the influence of DVM on zooplankton transport, the level of recruitment of locally produced propagules (self-recruitment), and sources of recruits in the upwelling region near Monterey Bay, California, by simulating the trajectories of fixed-depth and vertically migrating organisms with a drifter-tracking algorithm driven by climatological velocity fields from a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Our simulations suggest that DVM into subsurface poleward and onshore currents during the day does not fully compensate for equatorward and offshore transport in the surface Ekman layer at night and does not retain zooplankton in the Monterey Bay region. Our simulations also suggest that DVM decreases the ability of zooplankton to return to the region after being transported away and shifts source regions for recruits closer to the bay. While DVM does not appear to substantially increase the potential for self-recruitment to the region, this study indicates that other mechanisms, such as transport during non-upwelling periods, continuous transport below the surface, increases in mean transport depth over time, or seasonal changes in hydrography, may still enable relatively high levels of self-recruitment to this highly advective region.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in emergency department personnel.

Study objective Nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can precede infection in patients and contacts. Although general population S aureus /MRSA rates are well described, the prevalence of S aureus and MRSA nasal colonization in emergency department health care workers is not defined. We seek to determine the prevalence of S aureus and MRSA nasal colonization among ED health care workers without evidence of an active site of staphylococcal infection and identify variables associated with colonization. Methods We prospectively studied a convenience sample of ED health care workers from 5 urban teaching hospitals in Pittsburgh, PA. Each participant completed a questionnaire and nasal culturing. We tested susceptibility with the oxacillin disc diffusion method. We analyzed data with descriptive statistics and univariate regression, with α set at 0.05. Results Of 255 subjects, 23% were physicians; 62% were nurses, nursing assistants, or patient care technicians; and 15% were clerical staff or social service workers. Of 81 (31.8%) S aureus isolates, 11 (13.6%) were MRSA, an overall prevalence of 4.3%. All positive MRSA samples were from nurses, nursing assistants, or patient care technicians. No other covariate had an association with S aureus or MRSA colonization. Conclusion In this urban ED health care worker population, the prevalence of S aureus is similar but MRSA nasal colonization is higher than previously reported estimates in the general population of the United States. Physicians and nonpatient contact ED health care workers did not have MRSA colonization.
Managers' Fiduciary Duty Upon the Firm's Insolvency: Accounting for Performance Creditors

The leading view among corporate law scholars is that an insolvent firm's managers should maximize the sum of the values of all financial claims - both those held by shareholders and those held by creditors - against the firm. This Article points out a previously unrecognized problem with this financial value maximization (FVM) approach. What FVM proponents have overlooked is that an insolvent firm is likely to have two types of creditors: (1) payment creditors - parties owed cash, who hold financial claims against the firm; and (2) performance creditors - parties owed contractual performance, who hold claims for performance against the firm. The FVM approach requires managers to take into account the effect of their actions on payment creditors but not on performance creditors. We show that FVM's failure to account for performance creditors might cause an insolvent firm's managers to act in a way that harms performance creditors more than it benefits those with financial claims against the firm and, therefore, is inefficient. Our analysis indicates that an insolvent firm's managers should be obligated to maximize the sum of the values of all claims (both cash and performance) against the firm. This approach, we show, would eliminate the distortions associated with the FVM approach and make shareholders better off ex ante.
Uplink Soft Frequency Reuse for Self-Coexistence of Cognitive Radio Networks

The depletion of usable radio frequency spectrum has stimulated increasing interest in dynamic spectrum access technologies, such as cognitive radio (CR). In a scenario where multiple co-located CR networks operate in the same swath of white-space (or unlicensed) spectrum with little or no direct coordination, co-channel self-coexistence is a challenging problem. In this paper, we focus on the problem of spectrum sharing among coexisting CR networks that employ orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in their uplink and do not rely on inter-network coordination. An uplink soft frequency reuse (USFR) technique is proposed to enable globally power-efficient and locally fair spectrum sharing. We frame the self-coexistence problem as a non-cooperative game. In each network cell, uplink resource allocation (URA) problem is decoupled into two subproblems: subchannel allocation (SCA) and transmit power control (TPC). We provide a unique optimal solution to the TPC subproblem, while presenting a low-complexity heuristic for the SCA subproblem. After integrating the SCA and TPC games as the URA game, we design a heuristic algorithm that achieves the Nash equilibrium in a distributed manner. In both multi-operator and single-operator coexistence scenarios, our simulation results show that USFR significantly improves self-coexistence in spectrum utilization, power consumption, and intra-cell fairness.
Selection for the G4 DNA motif at the 5' end of human genes.

Formation of G4 DNA may occur in the course of replication and transcription, and contribute to genomic instability. We have quantitated abundance of G4 motifs and potential for G4 DNA formation of the nontemplate strand of 5’ exons and introns of transcripts of human genes. We find that, for all human genes, G4 motifs are enriched in 5’ regions of transcripts relative to downstream regions; and in 5’ regulatory regions relative to coding regions. Notably, although tumor suppressor genes are depleted and proto-oncogenes enriched in G4 motifs, abundance of G4 motifs in the 5’ regions of transcripts of genes in these categories do not differ. These results support the hypothesis that G4 motifs are under selection in the human genome. They further show that for tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, independent selection determines G4 DNA potential of 5’ regulatory regions of transcripts and downstream coding regions.
Leukotriene B4 Modulates Phospholipid Methylation and Chemotaxis in Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Formation of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine via the S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) pathway has been shown to be required for signal transduction of receptor-ligand interactions in a variety of cells. These interactions result in the remodeling of phospholipid pools and phospholipase activation. To extend these observations and to explore the role of the phosphatidylcholine synthesis pathway in transduction of the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor-ligand response, we examined phospholipid methylation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) following stimulation by LTB4, a potent chemotactic agent that is a metabolite of arachidonic acid. At early time points (approximately 3-10 min), formation of methylated phospholipids was enhanced following LTB4 stimulation. The LTB4 analogs 6-trans LTB4 as well as LTB4 epimers induced less methylation compared with LTB4, and the potencies of these analogs in inducing methylation correlated with their diminished ability to induce chemotaxis. Furthermore, the ability of these agonists to induce methylation also correlated with the binding affinity of these agents to the LTB4 receptors on these cells. Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by the choline transferase pathway was not affected by LTB4. Inhibition of the AdoMet reaction with 3- deazaadenosine, L-homocysteine homolactone, or erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl] adenine (EHNA) abrogated LTB4-induced phospholipid methylation and the chemotactic response. The potencies of these inhibitors in blocking phospholipid methylation also correlated with their ability to abrogate the LTB4-induced chemotactic response. These data suggest that phospholipid methylation and phospholipase activation play an important role in transduction of the LTB4 receptor-ligand interaction in PMN, which results in chemotaxis.
Utilizing Mutual Aid in Reducing Adolescent Substance Use and Developing Group Engagement

Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of mutual aid groups for high school students. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was applied to 242 adolescents, where every other adolescent was assigned to the intervention or the control condition. The study evaluated the influence of implementing mutual aid groups in decreasing perceived risk of substance use, favorable attitudes toward substance use, and reducing substance use while increasing group engagement. Participants were assessed at baseline, during Sessions 2 and 7, and treatment exit. General linear mixed-effects models were used to detect significant differences between treatment and control conditions. Results: Findings indicated mutual aid groups significantly reduced favorable attitudes toward drug use and decreased alcohol and marijuana usage compared to the control group. In addition, the adolescents in treatment significantly increased their group engagement. Conclusions: Results support mutual aid group work models for reducing alc...
NOTABLE CONTRIBUTORS TO AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY

(1965). NOTABLE CONTRIBUTORS TO AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 25-29.
Effects of temperature on the microstructure of first‐year Arctic sea ice

[1] While the apparent optical properties of sea ice vary with ice type and temperature throughout the annual cycle, they depend more fundamentally on how inclusions of brine, gas, precipitated salts, and other impurities are distributed within the ice. Since little is known about these distributions or about how they evolve with temperature, experiments were designed to collect detailed information on the microstructure of Arctic sea ice over a wide range of temperatures. An imaging system, capable of resolving inclusion sizes of less than 0.01 mm in diameter, was used to examine the microstructure of first-year ice in a temperature-controlled laboratory. Experiments were initially carried out at −15°C to obtain size distributions for brine inclusions and gas bubbles in cold ice. Brine inclusion dimensions were found to range from less than 0.01 mm to nearly 10 mm, with number densities averaging about 24 pockets per mm3. This is an order of magnitude larger than number densities previously reported. Gas bubbles in the samples were generally smaller than 0.2 mm and had number densities of approximately 1 per mm3, also an order of magnitude larger than previously reported. Large changes in microstructure were observed as samples were cooled to −30°C and subsequently warmed to −2°C. Observational results document the thermal evolution of the ice, as well as interactions between brine inclusions, gas bubbles, and precipitated salts. The link between the structural and optical properties of sea ice is closely tied to the total cross-sectional area of the inclusions. We show that this quantity increases dramatically when the ice cools below −23°C or warms above −5°C, but because changes in brine inclusions offset changes in precipitated salts, it remains surprisingly constant between these temperatures.
Determining network topology using governing dynamics based on nodal and network requirements

Future tactical networks are expected to carry larger and larger traffic loads including voice, video and data. One of the main issues a network planner faces is the limitation of available bandwidth. The bandwidth limitation results in a limitation on the number of radio links. This paper presents an algorithm that will create a governing dynamic that tries to balance the bandwidth interest of the individual node with the overall throughput interest of the entire network, given the limitation in the number of links that can be created. Using this governing dynamic leads to improved network throughput while minimizing the number of orphan nodes with very low link demands.
The Rickettsia conorii Autotransporter Protein Sca1 Promotes Adherence to Nonphagocytic Mammalian Cells

The pathogenesis of spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia species, including R. conorii and R. rickettsii, is acutely dependent on adherence to and invasion of host cells, including cells of the mammalian endothelial system. Bioinformatic analyses of several rickettsia genomes revealed the presence of a cohort of genes designated sca genes that are predicted to encode proteins with homology to autotransporter proteins of Gram-negative bacteria. Previous work demonstrated that three members of this family, rOmpA (Sca0), Sca2, and rOmpB (Sca5) are involved in the interaction with mammalian cells; however, very little was known about the function of other conserved rickettsial Sca proteins. Here we demonstrate that sca1, a gene present in nearly all SFG rickettsia genomes, is actively transcribed and expressed in R. conorii cells. Alignment of Sca1 sequences from geographically diverse SFG Rickettsia species showed that there are high degrees of sequence identity and conservation of these sequences, suggesting that Sca1 may have a conserved function. Using a heterologous expression system, we demonstrated that production of R. conorii Sca1 in the Escherichia coli outer membrane is sufficient to mediate attachment to but not invasion of a panel of cultured mammalian epithelial and endothelial cells. Furthermore, preincubation of a recombinant Sca1 peptide with host cells blocked R. conorii cell association. Together, these results demonstrate that attachment to mammalian cells can be uncoupled from the entry process and that Sca1 is involved in the adherence of R. conorii to host cells.
Research Note: Effect of Electronic Treatment of Drinking Water on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

Abstract Three electronic devices used to treat drinking water were compared with untreated city well water in a broiler growth performance trial. In each treatment feed conversion and BW were measured in 16 replicate pens of 60 female broilers at 29, 42, and 49 days of age. Two of the devices increased dissolved oxygen content of the water and reduced conductivity and microorganism count. One of these reduced broiler mortality (P = .065), decreased pH (P = .062), and increased Fe and Mn concentration in the water. The other increased water temperature, Ti, and Mn but reduced the concentration of Cl, Al, Ca, Cr, Mg, and Sr in the water. Neither the third device, an electrostatic water treatment, nor the other devices affected BW (P = .586) or feed conversion (P = .564) at 49 days of age. No significant treatment differences (P≤.05) in hematocrit, bursa of Fabricius weight, or tibial ash weight were observed at 21 days of age.
Mechanism of emulsion polymerization of vinylidene chloride. I

The rate of emulsion polymerization of vinylidene chloride has been measured as a function of catalyst and surfactant concentration in the system consisting of vinylidene chloride, water, ammonium persulfate, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The polymerization may be divided into three rather well-demarcated stages. In the first, a normal emulsion polymerization occurs at a rate which depends on the 0.6-power of the catalyst concentration and the 0.6-power of the surfactant concentration. In the second stage, the rate drops to less than half that of Stage I. The percentage conversion at which Stage II begins increases with increasing surfactant concentration. Stage II is absent at very high surfactant concentrations (10 g./100 g. monomer). In the third stage, the rate increases and may exceed the rate of Stage I; it depends on the first power of the catalyst concentration and is independent of surfactant concentration. Addition of catalyst at the end of the first stage does not affect the rate of Stage II but increases the rate of Stage III. These results are discussed in relation to the theories of Harkins, Smith, and Ewart.
Integral equation analysis of artificial media

This paper presents an integral equation and method of moments (MM) solution to determine the effective permittivity and permeability of an artificial medium. The artificial medium is modeled as a triple infinite periodic array of identical scattering elements. A plane wave of unknown phase constant is assumed to propagate in the periodic medium in a given direction, and the periodic moment method (PMM) is used to set up a matrix equation for the currents on the center element of the periodic array. By setting the determinant of the PMM impedance matrix to zero, one can determine the phase constant of the plane wave, and then the effective permittivity and permeability of the artificial medium. >
Doppler echocardiographic assessment of long-term progression of mitral stenosis in 103 patients: Valve area and right heart disease

Objectives.: The purpose of this study was to determine, in a large referral population, the rate of echocardiographic change in mitral valve area (MVA) without interim intervention, to determine w...
Control Addicts: A 12‐Step Program for Nurse Managers

Many ineffective nurse managers are control addicts, resulting in battered nurse syndrome in subordinates and creating a control cycle that is a barrier to becoming effective nurse managers. This article discusses the origins of control-addict RNs and identifies some common characteristics. RNs and identifies some common characteristics. The author provides “A 12 -Step Program for Control Addicts.” When completed, the program provides a foundation for control addicts to become effective nurse managers.
THE DYNAMICS OF PLASMA FREE FATTY ACID METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE.

Palmitic acid-1-C14 was given intravenously to volunteer subjects before, and toward the end of, 35–45 min of exercise. The fractional turnover rate and total turnover rates for plasma free fatty acids were greater during exercise. The concentration of free fatty acids in the plasma fell at the beginning of exercise, then rose and exceeded the resting levels. Immediately after exercise, there was a further abrupt rise and then another decline. The results indicate that exercise accelerates the efflux of plasma free fatty acids and then, secondarily, increases mobilization of free fatty acids from depots.
Predicting Carcass Composition in Early-Weaned Simmental Steers Using a Combination of Real-time Ultrasound, Live Evaluation, Carcass Expected Progeny Differences, and GeneSTAR Marbling Marker

Early-weaned Simmental steers (n = 192) were individually fed over 4 yr (48 head/ yr) to determine if real-time ultrasound (RTU), live evaluation, carcass expected progeny differences, GeneSTAR marbling, or a combination could accurately predict marbling composition. Steers were fed a high-concentrate diet for 249.7 ± 0.7 d and harvested at 423.3 ± 1.4 d of age. The RTU scans were recorded for ribeye area, intramuscular fat (IMF), and back fat thickness at 60-d intervals with final ultrasound scans taken ≤ 13 d prior to harvest. Yearling BW, marbling (MARB), percentage of retail cuts, and carcass weight expected progeny differences were calculated for each steer. Visual estimations of quality and yield grade were made ≤ 7 d prior to pre-harvest by 3 evaluators. Average price data over 5 yr were used for dressed beef, grid premiums, and discounts. GeneSTAR did not affect (P > 0.10) IMF deposition. Genetic, live, and carcass parameters were regressed on chemical IMF, dressed price, and profit using stepwise regression analysis. For chemically determined IMF, 67.0% of the variation was explained by RTU quality grade (R2 = 0.585), percentage of retail cuts (R2 = 0.030), and MARB (R2 = 0.028), indicating that RTU was the only major contributor. Approximately 17% of the variation in average dressed price was explained by RTU. GeneSTAR MARB marker was not an accurate indicator of intramuscular deposition of early-weaned Simmental steers; however, MARB expected progeny difference (EPD) was correlated to IMF deposition. Live evaluation better estimated yield grade than quality grade. Real-time ultrasound most accurately predicted MARB, carcass value, and profit.
Pollution and Property: When property regimes collide: the “takings” problem

"Takings" are usually understood as government-imposed restraints on preexisting private property rights. But this is myopic. A cursory examination of actual takings cases reveals that disputes often arise where existing public and private property rights collide: where private lands meets public waters or where public wildlife have habitat on private lands. In these cases, the government is not just imposing on private property rights; it is also seeking to vindicate existing public property rights, for which no compensation should be required. This presents a boundary issue: where do private property rights end and public property rights begin? This chapter assesses the boundary problem in regulatory takings law by examining several important public-private boundary disputes, including Causby, Nollan, Pallazolo, Just, Christy, and Tulare Lake. The purpose is not to offer a comprehensive theory of when private property rights should trump public property rights, or vice versa. The boundary problem is simply too complex to permit a simple, theory-based solution. But neither can the problem be willed away - as the Supreme Court seems intent on doing - by ignoring the public property rights at stake in many regulatory takings disputes.
Role of trauma team activation in poor outcomes of elderly patients

Abstract Introduction Elderly trauma patients suffer worse outcomes than younger patients. Trauma team activation (TTA) improves outcomes in younger patients. It is unclear whether decreased TTA effectiveness or under-activation in elderly patients could contribute to their poor outcomes. Material and methods This retrospective registry study examined all adult trauma patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center over 2 y. Analyses tested (1) whether age modifies the effect of TTA on poor outcomes, (2) whether elderly patients with severe injury were less likely to receive TTA than younger patients, and (3) which early variables were associated with poor outcomes among elderly patients who did not receive TTA. Results The study included 10,033 patients. The adjusted relative risk from TTA for all ages was 0.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.34–0.68, P P value, 0.171). The adjusted odds ratio for the young was 0.49 (95% CI = 0.26–0.91, P = 0.024) and for the elderly was 0.80 (95% CI = 0.53–1.20, P = 0.282). The adjusted odds ratio for lack of TTA associated with old age was 1.37 (95% CI = 1.12–1.69, P = 0.003). The strongest associations with poor outcomes were seen with low heart rate, low minimum blood pressure, high injury severity score, and high Glasgow coma score. Conclusions Lack of TTA could contribute to elderly patients' poor outcomes. Clinicians should not be reassured by normal heart rates and should be wary of even transiently lower blood pressures in the elderly. A large cohort study is needed to identify which additional elderly patients could benefit from TTA.
Management Innovation: Re-Engineering Management Strategy for Tomorrow

As the shift in global market continually progresses, innovative strategies to maintain competitiveness are imperative to maintain stability in the rapidly changing business environment. The implementation of change has remained a challenge for managers who face the pressure of maintaining competitiveness, as the organizational livelihood is dependent upon the ability to adapt to the changing market climates. To maintain relevance and flexibility to react effectively through employing the strategies of Management 2.0.
Reciprocal autoregulation by NFI occupancy and ETV1 promotes the developmental expression of dendrite-synapse genes in cerebellar granule neurons

Nuclear Factor One (NFI) transcription factors regulate temporal gene expression required for dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis via delayed occupancy of target promoters in developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Mechanisms that promote NFI temporal occupancy have not been previously defined. We show here that the transcription factor ETV1 directly binds to and is required for expression and NFI occupancy of a cohort of NFI-dependent genes in CGNs maturing in vivo. Expression of ETV1 is low in early postnatal cerebellum and increases with maturation, mirroring NFI temporal occupancy of coregulated target genes. Precocious expression of ETV1 in mouse CGNs accelerated onset of expression and NFI temporal occupancy of late target genes and enhanced Map2(+) neurite outgrowth. ETV1 also activated expression and NFI occupancy of the Etv1 gene itself, and this autoregulatory loop preceded ETV1 binding and activation of other coregulated target genes in vivo. These findings suggest a potential model in which ETV1 activates NFI temporal binding to a subset of late-expressed genes in a stepwise manner by initial positive feedback regulation of the Etv1 gene itself followed by activation of downstream coregulated targets as ETV1 expression increases. Sequential transcription factor autoregulation and subsequent binding to downstream promoters may provide an intrinsic developmental timer for dendrite/synapse gene expression.
Effects of erythrocyte aggregation and venous network geometry on red blood cell axial migration.

Axial migration of red blood cells in small glass tubes can cause blood viscosity to be effectively independent of shear rate. However, this phase separation may not occur to the same degree in the...
Circumstellar Dust, PAHs, and Stellar Populations in Early-Type Galaxies: Insights from GALEX and WISE

A majority of early-type galaxies contain interstellar dust, yet the origin of this dust, and why the dust sometimes exhibits unusual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ratios, remains a mystery. If the dust is internally produced, it likely originates from the large number of AGB stars associated with the old stellar population. We present GALEX and WISE elliptical aperture photometry of $\sim310$ early-type galaxies with Spitzer mid-infrared spectroscopy and/or ancillary data from ATLAS3D, to characterize their circumstellar dust and the shape of the radiation field that illuminates the interstellar PAHs. We find that circumstellar dust is ubiquitous in early-type galaxies, which indicates some tension between stellar population age estimates and models for circumstellar dust production in very old stellar populations. We also use dynamical masses from ATLAS3D to show that WISE W1 (3.4 $\mu$m) mass-to-light ratios are consistent with the initial mass function variation found by previous work. While the stellar population differences in early-type galaxies correspond to a range of radiation field shapes incident upon the diffuse dust, the ratio of the ionization-sensitive $7.7\mu$m to $11.3\mu$m PAH feature does not correlate with the shape of the radiation field, nor to variations with the size-sensitive $11.3\mu$m to $17\mu$m ratio. The $7.7\mu$m to $11.3\mu$m PAH ratio does tend to be smaller in galaxies with proportionally greater $H_2$ emission, which is evidence that processing of primarily smaller grains by shocks is responsible for the unusual ratios, rather than substantial differences in the overall PAH size or ionization distribution.
Development of High Selectivity Phosphoric Acid and its Application to Flash STI Pattern

In a manufacturing semiconductor device, silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon oxide (SiO2) materials are typically and widely used as dielectric materials. In general, phosphoric acid is used for etch of silicon nitride film. The etch rate of phosphoric acid decreases as etch time increases and phosphoric acid has low selectivity against oxide layer. Therefore, phosphoric acid of high selectivity between silicon nitride and silicon oxide without particle generation is needed to remove silicon nitride film. Especially, high selectivity between nitride and oxide is important for flash device application since both nitride and oxide materials exist during nitride remove process in flash Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) pattern. Therefore, control of EFH through high selectivity nitride etching is important for improvement of device performance and we developed Phosphoric Acid with high selectivity between nitride and oxide without particle generation for further devices.
Utilization of Wild Rice High Protein Germplasm in Rice Breeding

The necessity,significance and feasibility of utilization of wild rice high protein germplasm in rice breeding were studied.It also suggested strengthening special rice breeding and molecular genetics study of wild rice high protein germplasm.
Application of EASC-IHSTAT Software to Analyze Occupational Disease-Related Surveillance Data

[Objective]To introduce a method assisting occupational exposure data processing and decision making using EASC-IHSTAT software.[Methods]EASC-IHSTAT software was used to estimate data distribution and percentage of samples exceeding occupational exposure limits(OELs) for a group of time-weighted welding fume concentrations data collected in a workshop.Applying the U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s boundary values of 5%,a qualitative judgment on compliance to the national standards of welding fumes would be made for the selected workplace.[Results]All concentrations of welding fumes sampled in the workplace were below OELs,but 10.6% of the samples were above OELs according to EASC-IHSTAT software.[Conclusion]In regard of determining qualification of occupational exposures in compliance with relevant national standards,the protocol adopted by EASC-IHSTAT software is more rigorous than the current method in China.
Sensitive detection of prostatic hematogenous tumor cell dissemination using prostate specific antigen and prostate specific membrane-derived primers in the polymerase chain reaction

We developed a polymerase chain reaction based assay enabling sensitive detection of hematogenous tumor cell dissemination in patients with prostate cancer. We performed «nested polymerase chain reaction» amplifying messenger ribonucleic acid sequences unique to prostate specific antigen (PSA) and to the prostate specific membrane antigen, and compared the respective results. Prostatic tumor cells were detected in 2 of 30 patients (6.7%) by polymerase chain reaction with PSA derived primers, while prostate specific membrane primers detected tumor cells in 19 (63.3%). All 16 negative controls had negative PSA and prostate specific membrane polymerase chain reaction. Assays were repeated to confirm results, and polymerase chain reaction products were verified by deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and Southern analysis. Patients harboring circulating prostatic tumor cells as detected by prostate specific membrane and not by PSA polymerase chain reaction included 7 of 13 previously treated by radical prostatectomy who had nonmeasurable serum PSA levels at the time of this assay. The significance of these findings with respect to future disease recurrence and progression will be investigated
Some Philosophical Questions (and a New Theory)

Conversations about the worst social ills facing our age often focus on global climate change, or on the stunning inequalities between the rich and the poor. Many people, though, point to the escalating problem of addiction as our most challenging, both because of its personal costs to health and relationships and because of its economic costs to our own generation and to that of our children. So much has been said about addiction and its related social ills in the past few decades that one might think that the concept is clear and our attitudes uniform. The pervasive “war on drugs” refrain, popular over the past 40 years, seems to suggest that everyone is on the same page. Terms such as “addiction,” “disease,” “compulsion,” and “recovery” are thrown around as though everyone were in agreement about both the existence and the meanings of these occurrences in human lives. In fact, though, the ideas behind these terms are more problematic than they first appear. In fact, each is the subject of controversy.