cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Job Attitudes to Context Effects

Researchers have typically overlooked the possibility that responses to job attitude items might be produced “on the spot” using information that is temporally accessible to participants. In the current study, the authors test this possibility by examining context effects that occur when questionnaire content influences responses to subsequent survey items. Using data collected from employed students, the authors conducted three experiments that provide evidence that responses to job attitude measures are sensitive to context effects. Specifically, asking participants to think about either positive aspects or negative aspects of their jobs/organizations influenced subsequent responses to job attitudes items. Further analyses suggested that some effects of context manipulations on job attitudes were mediated by participant mood. The authors conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
An Azomethine H Automated Method for Boron Determination in Peanuts

An automated calorimetric method for determining B in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extracts from raw cured peanuts is described. The B is complexed with azomethine H which is prepared in situ as the condensation product of the H acid (8-amino-1-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid) and salicylaldehyde. The absorbance of the resulting yellow chromophore is then measured spectrophotometrically at 420 nm. Forty five samples per hour can be routinely analyzed over the range l-10 ppm B in the TCA extracts. The results obtained by using the proposed automated procedure agreed very closely with those obtained by the manual curcumin procedure.
All motifs are not created equal: structural properties of transcription factor - dna interactions and the inference of sequence specificity

The identification of transcription factor binding sites in genome sequences is an important problem in contemporary sequence analysis, and a plethora of approaches to the problem have been proposed, implemented and evaluated in recent years. Although the biological and statistical models, descriptions of binding sites and computational algorithms used vary considerably amongst these methods, most share a common assumption – that all motifs are equally likely to be transcription factor binding sites. Here we argue that this simplifying assumption is incorrect – that the specific nature of transcription factor-DNA interactions imposes constraints on the types of motifs that are likely to be transcription factor binding sites and on the relationships between motifs recognized by members of structurally similar transcription factors. We propose that our structural and biochemical understanding of the interactions between transcription factors and DNA can be used to guide de novo motif detection methods, and, in a series of related papers introduce several methods that incorporate this idea.
History matching production data and uncertainty assessment with an efficient TSVD parameterization algorithm

Abstract For large-scale history matching problems, applying the Gauss–Newton (GN) or the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm is computationally expensive. However, these algorithms can be efficiently applied with parameterization based on a truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) of a dimensionless sensitivity matrix, where a truncated SVD is computed by using the Lanczos method. The SVD parameterization algorithm has been previously combined with randomized maximum likelihood (RML) to simultaneously generate multiple realizations of the reservoir model. The resulting algorithm, called SVD-EnRML, has been applied for simulation of permeability fields of 2D synthetic reservoirs. In this work, the SVD-EnRML algorithm is extended for the simulation of both porosity and permeability fields of 3D reservoirs. In the proposed extension, a dimensionless sensitivity matrix is defined for each set of correlated model parameters. A limitation of the original algorithm is due to the fact that a square root of the covariance matrix is required as a transformation from the original space to a dimensionless space. In this work, this limitation is resolved by introducing ensemble-based regularization based on utilizing an ensemble of unconditional realizations of the reservoir model. Although the proposed extension fits well within the original algorithm, a modified SVD-EnRML algorithm is introduced to mainly improve the computational efficiency. Computational results, composed of two different examples, show that the algorithm can be efficiently applied for the simulation of rock property fields and performance predictions of 3D reservoirs.
Koala Retroviruses: Evolution and Disease Dynamics.

A retroviral etiology for malignant neoplasias in koalas has long been suspected. Evidence for retroviral involvement was bolstered in 2000 by the isolation of a koala retrovirus (KoRV), now termed KoRV-A. KoRV-A is an endogenous retrovirus—a retrovirus that infects germ cells—a feature that makes it a permanent resident of the koala genome. KoRV-A lacks the genetic diversity of an exogenous retrovirus, a quality associated with the ability of a retrovirus to cause neoplasias. In 2013, a second KoRV isolate, KoRV-B, was obtained from koalas with lymphomas in the Los Angeles Zoo. Unlike KoRV-A, which is present in the genomes of all koalas in the United States, KoRV-B is restricted in its distribution and is associated with host pathology (neoplastic disease). Here, our current understanding of the evolution of endogenous and exogenous KoRVs, and the relationship between them, is reviewed to build a perspective on the future impact of these viruses on koala sustainability.
Discriminating Multiple Nearby Targets Using Single-Ping Ultrasonic Scene Mapping

We present a software simulation and a hardware proof of concept for a compact low-power lightweight ultrasonic echolocation design that is capable of imaging a 120 field of view with a single ping. The sensor uses a single transmitter and a linear array of ten microphones, followed by a bank of eight spatiotemporal filters to determine the bearing angle of returned echoes. The sensor is capable of detecting multiple objects with a single omnidirectional ping, even if their echoes interfere with each other at the microphone array. The hardware implementation detects the bearing of nearby objects with an rms accuracy of 1.6° and can reliably detect a 70-cm-long 5-cm-diameter metal table leg at a range of 3 m. Stronger reflectors, such as building corners, can be reliably detected at a range of 9 m.
Glucose metabolism in RIF‐1 tumors after reduction in blood flow: An in Vivo 13C and 31P NMR study

Low pH appears to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic hyperthermia. 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy have been employed to examine the possibility that elevating glucose in a solid tumor while simultaneously reducing tumor blood flow would induce a more profound acidosis than either treatment alone. When blood flow in RIF-1 tumors was acutely reduced by administration of hydralazine and additional glucose was delivered locally by intratumoral injection, tumor acidosis (as determined by 31P NMR spectroscopy) during the period of reduced blood flow was not enhanced, relative to administration of hydralarine alone. Tumor NTP/P1 ratios decreased significantly within 20 min of hydralazine administration, whether or not glucose was injected, although NTP/P1 ratios were slightly higher in tumors that received extra glucose. Tumor lactate concentrations were not significantly different in glucose-supplemented tumors, despite glucose concentratlons that were 4 to 5 times higher. When the added glucose was labeled with 13C, no correlation was detected between the pH in an individual tumor and the intensity of the 3-[13C]-lactate resonance in the same tumor.
Geostatistical models for shales in distributary channel point bars (Ferron Sandstone, Utah): From ground-penetrating radar data to three-dimensional flow modeling

The hydraulic effects of shales on fluid flow in marine-influenced lower delta-plain distributary channel deposits are investigated using borehole, outcrop, and ground-penetrating radar data from the Cretaceous age Ferron Sandstone at Corbula Gulch in central Utah, United States. The instantaneous radar amplitude and gamma-ray counts are linearly correlated at well locations ( = 0.84). This correlation is exploited to model shale occurrence throughout a 150 110 12-m-thick (492 361 39.4 ft) radar survey volume. Variograms of shale occurrence computed from radar data have a correlation range of 5–8 m (16.4–26.2 ft) with no significant areal anisotropy in shale dimensions. The radar-derived variograms are similar to variograms computed from outcrop data. Sequential Gaussian simulations create shale distributions on variably dipping accretionary surfaces. Flow simulations examine the effects of flow direction, variogram range, and shale coverage fraction on breakthrough time, sweep efficiency, and upscaled permeability. The flow simulations compare homogeneous and stochastic geologic models, flow in three coordinate directions, eight geostatistical parameter combinations, and five realizations for each combination of parameters. The effects of shales are modest compared to predictions based on earlier, two-dimensional studies of shales. Upscaled permeability is reduced by 2–11% (horizontally) and 42% (vertically). Compared to homogeneous models, the time to breakthrough is reduced by less than 5%. The effects on sweep efficiency are smaller. These results imply that simple models of point-bar accretionary shales may suffice for modeling analogous deposits in reservoirs. If detailed shale models are needed, the geostatistical parameters presented in this article can be used as a starting point for stochastic reservoir modeling.
Circulating Serum Levels of Cytokines and Angiogenic Factors in Patients with Cervical Cancer

Progression of cervical cancer is associated with excessive circulating levels of cytokines, which are known to be modulators of tumor angiogenesis. The concentrations of cytokines and growth factors were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays in the serum of 61 women in various stages of cancer [stage 0 (n = 6), stage I (n = 15), stage II (n = 15), stage III (n = 15), and stage IV (n = 10)] and of 20 healthy control subjects. Our results indicated that b-FGF and TNF-beta levels were significantly elevated in stage I, and serum levels of TGF-beta and IL-7 were elevated in stages II-IV of invasive carcinoma. Our experimental subjects had significantly increased serum levels of IL-6, GM-CSF, and angiogenin in stages I-IV of cervical cancer, and TNF-alpha serum levels were elevated in all stages of invasive carcinoma. The serum levels of IL-8 and IL-10 were elevated only in stages II-III, and the levels of IL-2 were elevated in stages III-IV. The serum levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta remained unaltered in all stages of cancer progression. Progression of cervical cancer is associated with increased serum levels of angiogenin, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, b-FGF TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, TNF-beta, and GM-CSF during different stages, all of which have the potential to be angiogenic amplifiers.
Histochemical demonstration of endogenous dehydrogenase systems by supravital perfusion.

Endogenous dehydrogenase activity is demonstrated in fresh, intact organs by supravital perfusion with a tetrazolium solution. The animal is first injected intravenously with 1.5 mg Heparin/100 gm body weight. It is then anesthetized and a fine polyethylene cannula (PE50, Intramedic) is inserted into a major artery and secured with a ligature. An initial perfusion with warm (37°C) M/20 phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) to remove the blood from the tissues is followed by a 10 min perfusion with the same kind of buffer to which has been added 0.25% neotetrazolium chloride (Dajac Laboratories). The tetrazolium solution is delivered to the tissue at the rate of 1 ml/minute. A final perfusion with 10% formalin in warm phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) flushes and fixes the tissues. Frozen sections can then be cut and mounted in glycerol jelly. Fine, colored formazan crystals are deposited at the sites of enzyme activity. The method is simple and yields excellent histochemical preparations.
Lockout At American Crystal Sugar

As a June 23, 2012, vote neared, union workers at American Crystal Sugar were deciding whether the time had come for them to approve the contract offer by the company. Workers continued to staff picket lines at factory entrances, although enthusiasm for consistently staffing the picket line was waning (Lee 2012(1)). Replacement workers had operated the factories for nine months, successfully processing the 2011 sugar beet harvest. The company reported that although there had been some minor problems, all plants were running at nearly full capacity without the union workers. Company leaders indicated they were “attempting to adjust what they consider an archaic labor contract with newer standards that are competitive with other union rates” (Porter, 2012). The union had consistently been voting down the company’s contract offers for almost a year. Workers stated they were standing firm to protect their jobs, salaries, benefits, and promotion opportunities, and were not willing to give away “rights” they had been fighting for the past 50 years (Kolpack, 2011). Yet, many union workers knew that their bargaining power had been significantly eroded by the company’s ability to operate with non-union replacement workers.
Inference from the best systematization

In recent decades “inference to the best explanation” has become a fashionable mode of reasoning. It is, however, highly problematic and flawed in ways that the article expounds. Instead, so it is argued, a process of inference from (not to) the best systematization of the relevant determinable facts is a far more plausible and promising procedure.
Theory of Spin-Wave Interactions in Ferro- and Antiferromagnetism

The spin-wave theory in an ideal Heisenberg model of a ferromagnet is studied using Holstein and Primakoff's method including the spin-wave interactions. Several earlier published results of the correction to the spontaneous magnetization produced by spin-wave interactions were in disagreement with each other, and they were not in agreement with Dyson's result which is regarded as rigorous at low temperatures. Our result is in agreement with Dyson's to the order which we have considered.Our method can be applied to antiferromagnetism easily. We have obtained the correction arising from interactions between spin waves. The correction term is quite small. This means that the simple theory neglecting the spin-wave interactions is sufficient for practical purposes.
On the Theory of Prime Ends for Space Mappings

We present a canonical representation of prime ends in regular domains and, on this basis, study the boundary behavior of the so-called lower Q-homeomorphisms obtained as a natural generalization of quasiconformal mappings. We establish a series of effective conditions imposed on a function Q(x) for the homeomorphic extension of given mappings with respect to prime ends in domains with regular boundaries. The developed theory is applicable, in particular, to mappings of the Orlicz–Sobolev classes and also to finitely bi-Lipschitz mappings, which can be regarded as a significant generalization of the well-known classes of isometric and quasiisometric mappings.
Aircraft Trajectory Design Based on Reducing the Combined Effects of Carbon-Di-Oxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and Contrails

Aircraft operations need to meet the combined requirements of safety, efficiency, capacity and reduced environmental impact. Aircraft routes can be made efficient by flying wind optimal routes. However, the desire to reduce the impact of aviation emissions and contrails may result in trajectories, which deviate from wind optimal trajectories leading to extra fuel use. The lifetime associated with different emissions and contrails varies from a few hours to several hundred years. The impact of certain gases depends on the amount and location of the emission, and the decision-making horizon, in years, when the impact is estimated. The Absolute Global Temperature Potential (AGTP) is used as a metric to measure the combined effects of emissions and contrails. This paper extends earlier work by the authors to include the effect of oxides of nitrogen in the development of aircraft trajectories to reduce the combined effects of carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and contrails. The methodology is applied to air traffic in the continental US. The paper shows the trade-offs between reducing emissions and the cost of extra fuel using a fuel sensitivity index, defined as the reduction in AGTP per kg of fuel. The paper shows the performance of the optimization strategy for decision intervals of 10, 25 and 100 years. Based on the simplified models, the inclusion of NOX emissions has a slight influence on the minimal climate impact trajectories when the decision horizons are around 25 years.
IMPAIRED LEFT VENTRICULAR GLOBAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION: INSIGHTS FROM THE RELAX TRIAL

While abnormal resting left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) has been described in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), its prevalence and clinical significance are poorly understood. Patients enrolled in the RELAX trial of sildenafil in HFpEF (EF
Offline Student Political Activism: Supported or Thwarted by Online Political Engagement?

Social media is an integral part of everyday life for the current generation of college-age students. Researchers debate whether the time invested into these sites has a positive or negative influence on offline political activism. Drawing on an original survey of undergraduate students at Illinois Wesleyan University, this study finds that online political engagement has a significant, positive relationship with offline political activism, and this relationship holds even when controlling for the respondent’s political efficacy and natural political inclination. There is a positive relationship between online and offline political activism for students who believe that social media is an appropriate platform for political content; this indicator conditions the strength of online political engagement. Most importantly, observing political content on social media and searching for political information on social media both positively correlated with offline political activism. These results support the theory that the time and energy spent on social media positively influences offline political activism. Therefore, social networking sites should be considered positive mobilization and educational tools for United States college students. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol21/iss1/ 10
Data analysis of influenza surveillance in Xuanwu District of Beijing from 2005 to 2009

Objective:To investigate the data of flu virus detection in Xuanwu District of Beijing from 2005 to 2009 influenza season,analyze the epidemic characteristics of influenza in Xuanwu District of Beijing,and provide supporting data and documents for establishment of policy related to prevention and control of influenza in Xuanwu District of Beijing.Methods:Collected the throat swabs specimens of the influenza-like illness patients,then separated and performed appraisal for the influenza virus with MDCK cell breed method from Oct.2005 to Mar.2009.The identification of the isolates was carried out with hemagglutination(HA) and hemagglutination inhibition(HI) tests.Performed the statistic analysis on the strain separated and epidemic characteristics of the cases.Results:During the period from October 2005 to March 2009,1503 throat swabs specimens of Influenza-like illness that meet the requirement were collected,in which isolated 357 influenza viruses,with percentage of 23.75%.The vast majority of the influenza viruses isolated in 2005-2006 influenza season were Influenza A virus subtype H1N1,and Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 in 2006-2007 influenza season,Influenza B virus in 2007-2008 influenza season,Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 in 2008-2009 influenza season.Conclusion:Flu epidemic in different years showed a different pattern,that the superiority of the epidemic influenza strain was swift followed by rotation in Influenza A virus subtype H1N1,subtype H3N2 and Influenza B virus.
Molecular Assessment of Surgical Margins

Publisher Summary The application of molecular biology techniques in the evaluation of surgical margins is an appealing concept, intuitively logical, technically feasible, and already tested in pilot studies. Effective surgical treatment dictates that the cancer be removed in its entirety. If even a tiny amount of tumor is left in place, it is likely to grow and again pose a threat to the health and life of the patient within a short period of time. Molecular assessment of surgical margins provides improved prediction of local-regional tumor recurrence and patient survival. Molecular assessment of margins has not yet been validated in a large, multi-institutional trial confirming the clinical accuracy of the information and the potential for widespread application of the techniques. The selection of a therapeutic response to a positive molecular or traditional margin depends on pragmatic and technical factors, on one's assessment of the biological phenomenon that led to the positive margin, and on the tools available for further therapy. Removing an area of minimal residual tumor is an obvious response to positive tumor margins. If a positive margin reflects only the failure of a surgeon to remove enough tissue, then further resection alone might render the patient free of risk for recurrence.
Nanoelectronics and nanosensors for space exploration

Space missions have unique requirements for payloads of electronics, sensors, instruments, and other components in terms of mass, footprint, power consumption, and resistance to various types of radiation. Nanomaterials offer the potential for future radiation-hardened or radiation-immune electronics. Gas-sensing needs in planetary exploration and crew-cabin air-quality monitoring are currently being met by bulky instruments. Routine health checkups of astronauts and testing of water in space habitats are being done on a delayed basis by bringing samples back to Earth. Instead, nanomaterials can be used to construct ultrasmall, postage-stamp-sized gas/vapor sensors with selective discrimination and also lab-on-a-chip biosensors for water-quality monitoring and crew health monitoring.
Pathogenic shifts in endogenous microbiota impede tissue regeneration via distinct activation of TAK1/MKK/p38

Regeneration, the ability to replace missing or damaged tissue, has fascinated biologists for years and has inspired a new direction for the medical field. Figuring out how some animals easily accomplish this while others do not may help us to develop new therapies that enhance regeneration in humans. Previous work has indicated that the immune system, which is normally used to defend the body against bacteria, plays an important but complicated role in regeneration. By studying the relationships between bacteria, the immune system and regeneration in simple systems, it may be possible to see how their interactions either support or prevent the replacement of lost tissues. Flatworms called planaria can regenerate all of their tissues. Arnold et al. have now investigated what bacteria exist in planaria, how the planarian immune system responds to these bacteria, and how this response affects regeneration. The results reveal that the two main types of bacteria that are present in planaria are also found in humans. In fact, conditions that encourage the growth and spread of one of these types of bacteria (called Proteobacteria, many of which can make humans ill) damaged the worms and prevented them from regenerating. Arnold et al. then looked to see if the worms had genes that were similar to human genes that control the key immune process of inflammation, and found evidence of several such genes. Reducing the activity levels of these genes enabled worms that had been infected with Proteobacteria to regenerate again. However, these genes only seem to be responsible for regeneration when the planaria are infected with bacteria. Thus, planaria could be used as a simple model to discover how changes in resident bacteria can be detected by the immune system and affect the ability to regenerate tissues. Future studies could use planaria to identify even more genes that control regeneration during infection. Also, since the main types of bacteria in planaria are similar to those in humans, planaria may help us to learn how animals can properly balance the levels of these bacteria in order to remain healthy.
Differential binding of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus to corneal epithelium in culture.

Adherence of bacteria to corneal epithelium is a prerequisite for corneal infection. We used two methods to study the binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to rabbit corneal epithelial cells in culture. In the first method, rabbit corneal epithelial cells grown on glass slides were incubated with P. aeruginosa or S. aureus (10 7 CFU/ml) at room temperature for 90 min, and the bacterial binding to the epithelial cells was examined by light microscopy. Both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bound to epithelial cells. P. aeruginosa was bound to the cell periphery whereas S. aureus was bound randomly to the cell surface. In the second method, suspension cultures of corneal epithelial cells were used. In contrast to the findings in cultures on slides, binding pattern with cells in suspension was similar for both species and resembled that for S. aureus in cultures on slides. A much greater number of P. aeruginosa (186 ±1 1 bacteria/epithelial cell) than S 1 . aureus (30 ±1. 5 bacteria/epithelial cell) bound to epithelial cells grown on glass slides. In contrast, a similar number of P. aeruginosa (25 ± 5.1) and S. aureus (20 ± 4.7) bound to epithelial cells grown in suspension cultures. Using either method, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes did not bind significantly (<5/cell) to corneal epithelial cells. The above methods should prove useful for characterization of bacterial binding to corneal epithelial cells in culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:696-701,1990 Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most common pathogens associated with bacterial corneal ulcers. Corneal injury clearly predisposes to infection, 12 but the biochemical events that render injured corneas susceptible to infection have not been fully elucidated. The initial step in the establishment of most bacterial infections is assumed to be adherence of the microorganisms to tissues of the host. P. aeruginosa is able to adhere to and to penetrate the cornea of immature (5-day-old), but not adult (37-day-old) mice; adherence to the cornea of immature mice appears to be mediated by a sialic acid receptor. 3 In adult mice, adherence of P. aeruginosa to the scarified corneal epithelium is believed to be mediated by an N-acetylmannosamine receptor. 4 The adherence of P. aeruginosa to injured corneas of adult rats can be blocked by concanavalin A, 5
Identification of the Ion Conduction Pathway in a TMEM16 Scramblase

The TMEM16 family constitutes a class of widespread membrane proteins that is functionally split into ion channels and phospholipid scramblases. The recent crystallization of the fungal TMEM16 (nhTMEM16) has provided the first glimpse into the structural properties of TMEM16 proteins. This structure revealed a membrane-spanning hydrophilic crevice on the protein surface which is shown by our atomistic simulations to serve as the pathway for lipid movement. However, it is still puzzling how the same structure can also transport ions, because the structure does not reveal an obvious alternative pathway for ion permeation through the bilayer other than the path taken by phospholipids. In order to investigate the pathway and mechanism of ion permeation, and the weak ionic selectivity, we have performed multiple molecular dynamic (MD) simulations with nhTMEM16 embedded in asymmetric lipid bilayers under different levels of transmembrane electric potentials. The simulations reveal the formation of a “proteolipidic” pore along the hydrophilic crevice, where lipids play a structural role by lining the hydrophilic ion conduction pathway with their headgroups. Externalization of the anionic phospholipid PS along the pore wall was observed as water penetrates into the bilayer and extends across the membrane. Notably, ion permeation events through the aqueous pore formed between the protein and the lipid headgroups were also captured frequently for both cations (Na+) and anions (Cl-). Moreover, the inclusion of various lipid compositions in the simulated systems allowed us to characterize the interaction between the ions and the pore-lining headgroups as they transverse the membrane. This novel view of flexible pore structure explains a number of unusual features of the TMEM16 ionic currents, especially the highly variable ionic selectivity and the ability to permeate large ions, which also provides crucial information on the functional dichotomy in TMEM16s.
Mid-infrared hyperbolic metamaterial based on graphene-dielectric multilayers

Graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) enable new possibilities that are not attainable with conventional metal-based HMMs, such as tunability of optical properties and the ability to combine with graphene-based photodetection. A graphene HMM is made of alternating graphene-dielectric multilayers, whose properties can be understood with the effective-medium approximation (EMA). The initial experimental realization of this novel metamaterial has been demonstrated with a far-field measurement, and in this paper we investigate the light coupling from free space into a graphene HMM slab with a metallic grating using numerical simulations. We show that light can be efficiently coupled into the high-k guided modes in the HMM slab and be absorbed by the graphene layers, which can be applied to create ultrathin super absorbers.
Leveraging and coping with uncertainty in the response of individual cells to therapy

Non-genetic heterogeneity fluctuates over diverse timescales, ranging from hours to months. In specific cases, such variability can profoundly impact the response of cell populations to therapy, in both antibiotic treatments in bacteria and chemotherapy in cancer. It is thus critical to understand the way phenotypes fluctuate in cell populations and the molecular sources of phenotypic diversity. Technical and analytical breakthroughs in the study of single cells have leveraged cellular heterogeneity to gain phenomenological and mechanistic insights of the phenotypic transitions that occur within isogenic cell populations over time. Such an understanding moves forward our ability to design therapeutic strategies with the explicit goal of preventing and controlling the selective expansion and stabilization of drug-tolerant phenotypic states.
Comparison of virgin Ti-6Al-4V powders for additive manufacturing

Abstract Ti-6Al-4V powders from six different vendors were compared with respect to their microstructures, size-distributions, chemistries, surface appearances, flow behavior, and packing densities. The analysis approaches followed closely ASTM F3049 , the standard guide for characterization of additive manufacturing metal powders. Chemistries, including impurity content, agreed well with the standard requirements. Powder particle microstructures revealed acicular alpha prime for all vendors. Measurable differences were observed primarily in the size-distributions and the flow behavior.
Topographic restrictions on land-use practices: Consequences of different pixel sizes and data sources for natural forest management policies in the tropics

Abstract Much of the tropical forest that will escape conversion is on steep slopes. Land uses in steep areas disproportionately affect environmental processes, especially hydrology (e.g., peak flows, suspended sediment loads). We use data from East Kalimantan, Indonesia, to demonstrate why slope measurements used for planning and regulatory purposes should be based on digital elevation models (DEMs) constructed with small pixel data and ground-based or canopy-penetrating remote sensing, and not just mean slopes calculated for large areas with passive remote sensing. For five logging concessions, the proportion of the forest on slopes >40% (21.8°) ranged 35–85% with crown penetrating airborne lidar pixels of 1 m, but only 13–69% when pixel size was increased to 30 m. With passive satellite-based remotely sensed 30 m pixels, estimates of land on slopes >40% were even lower (11–56%). Policies based on DEMs with underestimated slopes contribute to the misuses of steep areas and the consequent deleterious in-forest and downstream impacts. The energy costs of forest operations increase with slope, which decreases the financial costs of compliance with environmentally motivated policies for the protection of steep terrain.
A Decision Aid to Promote Appropriate Colorectal Cancer Screening among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background. Concerns have been raised about both over- and underutilization of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in older patients and the need to align screening behavior with likelihood of net be...
Forward-looking engineering concepts for ultrasonic modulation of neural circuit activity in humans

We examine the potential for low-intensity focused ultrasound to non-invasively produce small (< 1mm3) focal acoustic fields for precise brain stimulation near the skull. Our goal is to utilize transcranial ultrasonic neuromodulation to transform communications and immersive gaming experiences and to optimize neuromodulation applications in medicine. To begin evaluating possible hardware design strategies for engineering ultrasonic brain interfaces, in the present study we evaluated the skull transmission properties of longitudinal and shear waves as a function of incidence angle for 0–2 MHz. We also employed K-wave and time-reversal numerical simulations to further inspect waveform interactions with modeled layers. Timereversal focusing for single-layer and three-layer skull cases were simulated for three different bandwidth ranges (MHz): Broadband(0–2), 1 MHz(0.4–1.4), and 0.2 MHz(0.4–0.6). Broadband and 1 MHz bandwidths emulate the performance of micromachined or piezo membrane ultrasonic arrays, while 0.2 MHz bandwidth is representative of the performance of conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer. We found the 3dB focal volume was ~0.6 mm for broadband and 1 MHz, with the latter showing a slightly larger sidelobe. In contrast, 0.2 MHz nearly doubled the size of the 3dB focal volume while producing prominent sidelobes. Our results provide initial confirmation that a broadband, ultrasonic, linear array can access the first 15 mm of the human brain, which contains circuitry essential to sensory processing including pre-motor and motor planning, somatosensory feedback, and visual attention. These areas are critical targets for providing haptic feedback via non-invasive neural stimulation.
Luxury Consumers' E-service Perceptions: Does Income Level Matter?

In the past, the term luxury seemed to be exclusively associated with a specific social class, the wealthy. Today, the luxury market does not appear to belong only to the wealthiest social class. Noticeably, more and more lower social classes are interested in possessing luxury goods (Truong, McColl, & Kitchen, 2009). The ongoing democratization phenomenon of luxury reflects this current change in the luxury market. Our study considers the current democratization of luxury products among consumers and service quality online (e-service quality hereafter) executed by luxury retailers. Our research question was how luxury consumer groups based on socioeconomic status differ from the e-service quality perspective. Specifically, this study was designed to examine group differences in terms of which e-service quality dimensions impact e-satisfaction.
Pleasure, Seduction, and Authorial Identity in Charles Sorel's Le Berger extravagant

In his preface the Le Berger extravagant (1627–1628), published in 1633 as L'Anti-Roman, Charles Sorel explains that he is working for the public good by composing a text that mocks all others and that is, as a result, the "tombeau des romans, & des absurditez de la Poesie." Sorel's statement of the "otherness" of his text is complicated the fact that the Anti-Roman is more or less a studied duplication of the very texts it criticizes. In this article, I examine the role of pleasure in the ambivalent dynamic between roman and anti-roman. Using Barthes's notions of pleasure and jouissance as a framework for the study, I consider the implications of Sorel's attempts to seduce the reader into his text by imitating the conventional novel's perceived use of pleasure as a mask for vice. The double-layered nature of the narration poses particular challenges for interpretation because meaning becomes suspended in the murky space between "same" and "other," between novel and anti-novel. Furthermore, the semantic ambiguities of this game of seduction confounds body and text to such a degree that the author's own identity becomes lost itself in the imitative disguises he adopts. He becomes, like his text, multilayered, polysemous, uncertain.
Dugas’ La Mécanique au XVII e Siècle (1956)

Having already given us a general history of mechanics from Greek times until the quantum theories of the interbellum1, Ducws now sets himself a task not only more limited but also essentially different. Selecting the former of the two greatest centuries of mechanics, he attempts to show how not only the science of mechanics but also the mechanistic views of science and philosophy developed and influenced one another at that time. Relatively little concerns the solution of specific mechanical problems—in Dugas’ term, “positive” mechanics. The balance between the concepts of mechanics and the relation of those concepts to experience and human thought is such that philosophers will regard the subject as mechanics, scientists as philosophy. In my opinion a measured and critical reading of this book will do good to all parties and perhaps by suggestion reveal some of the sins of today’s cellular sciences. In fact, the lines of thought opened here have a certain timeliness. When all about us we see the struggles of natural scientists to achieve definiteness and precision, and even, as they sometimes admit, a mathematical framework for their respective sciences, it is natural to turn to physics as the senior and most mature member of the group. In physics, it is mechanics that is the prototype of a precise, mathematical theory, and it is safe to guess that for every time a nonmechanical principle or formula of physics is used consciously, a mechanical one has been used five times. It was in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that this great science reached much of its present clarity, definiteness and extent. How did this happen? On what fundamental experiments does it rest, and how did the theorists use the results of these experiments?
Mycoplasmal, Chlamydial, Rickettsial, and Ehrlichial Pneumonias

Mycoplasmas and the various obligate and facultative intracellular bacteria that cause significant clinical pulmonary injury are quite diverse from the point of view of microbial genetics and phenotypes. Molecular analysis of the genetic similarity reveals that Rickettsia species of the typhus and spotted fever groups and Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species are relatively closely related and that Coxiella burnetii and Legionella pneumophila are genetically related to one another.1 However, Rickettsia and Coxiella species are only distantly related to one another and are even more distant from the genetically diverse Chlamydia and Mycoplasma.
A Qualitative Study of Gender-Based Pathways to Problem Drinking in Dublin, Ireland.

Objective: High rates of alcohol-related harm have been reported in the European Union, including Ireland, for more than 20 years. This articleâ?Ts goal is to contextualise such rates by examining gender-based pathways to alcohol use disorders from the perspective of those self-identifying as in recovery using data collected midway through this 20-year trend. Methods: Sixteen informants (nine men and seven women) were interviewed between 1998 and 1999 in Dublin, Ireland. Using qualitative methods, informants were asked to reflect upon their experiences of problem drinking and recovery. Results: Drinking expectancies, pub-based socialising, social anxiety and perceived social expectations to drink were cited as common pathways to problem drinking by informants, highlighting contradictions in drinking practices and the symbolic functions of alcohol. Drinking contexts identified by informants were public pub-based drinking for men and home-based drinking for women. Primary barriers to problem acceptance centered on pub-based socialising norms and gender-based shame. Benefits of support group membership included establishing new social networks and learning alternative ways to cope with negative emotions. Conclusion: Consideration of drinking expectancies, the social contexts in which problematic drinking occurs, gender ideologies, the cultural meanings of drinking behaviours, and attention to feelings of isolation or loneliness experienced by those exhibiting problematic consumption behaviours might further understandings of potentially harmful drinking, especially in periods of economic uncertainty.
The Intrusiveness of Home-Based Work on Family Life

This research is intended to ascertain factors related to intrusion of home-based work into the life of the family, and identify the relative impact of characteristics of the home-based worker, his or her family, and the business on intrusions. Logistic regression was used to examine three types of intrusions. Seeing clients at home more than once a week is almost exclusively a function of the characteristics of the work; receiving telephone calls daily and frequently sharing space are functions of the characteristics of the work and of the worker. Understanding the nature of intrusions can help advise families contemplating home-based work and help home-working families find a balance between family demands and work.
Editorial: perspectives on preparing technical communication professionals for today and the future

Technical communication (TC) practice is changing in significant ways, due largely to maturing technologies and increasing consumer demand for content designed for a multitude of devices and delivery channels. Whereas ten years ago technical communicators primarily produced static documents, today they primarily produce modular content components, the essential building blocks for the vast array of information products (e.g., user guides, training materials, product descriptions) that organizations must deliver in a variety of publishing formats, such as PDFs, websites, embedded user assistance, dynamic delivery, and mobile applications. In addition, technical communicators increasingly contribute to user experience (UX) projects, create video documentation, curate user-generated content, and manage social media communications.
Effect of macular ablation on frequency and latency of motion-induced emesis in the squirrel monkey.

Three previously motion-emetic sensitive squirrel monkeys were rendered refractory to a standard motion-emetic regimen by a two-stage utriculosacculectomy procedure which preserved the cristae ampullares of semicircular canals. Three nonoperated control squirrel monkeys tested on the same motion-emetic regimen time schedule as the operated animals remained motion-emetic sensitive with regard to incidence, frequency, and latency of motion-induced emetic responses. Following a sham surgical procedure (stapedectomy) performed on two of the latter animals and one additional new animal, the emetic incidence decreased from 100 to 89 percent, but the frequency and latency were not altered significantly.
Influence of Surface Conditions and Specimen Orientation on High Cycle Fatigue Properties of Inconel 718 Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Abstract High-cycle fatigue testing of nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 made by laser powder-bed fusion was performed on round uniform-gauge or hourglass specimens for various specimen orientations, stress ratios and surface conditions (as-built and machined). Only surface conditions, specifically near-surface process defects, influenced fatigue properties. There was a systematic bias of the azimuthal position of crack initiation sites. Crack initiation in specimens with as-built surfaces occurred at 50 µm diameter near-surface features. These dimensions were used in conjunction with fatigue limits derived from tests suspended at 107 cycles to calculate threshold ΔK values of 2–6 MPa √m due to as-built surface conditions.
Heart Retransplantation: Candidacy, Outcomes, and Management.

To describe the incidence and epidemiology of heart retransplantation in adults and children and to review the risk factors associated with adverse outcome following retransplantation to help guide recipient selection. Heart retransplantation is associated with inferior short-term and long-term survival when compared with primary heart transplantation and its use remains controversial although less so in the pediatric heart transplant population. In the most recent era of heart transplantation, patients retransplanted for CAV, greater than 1 year from their primary transplant, and who are not in critical condition have improved survival compared with other retransplant recipients. Survival with retransplantation can approach that of primary transplantation when patients are appropriately selected. More research is needed regarding the optimal timing for retransplantation and the optimal management for patients after retransplantation.
Low CD4 nadir linked to widespread cortical thinning in adults living with HIV.

Abstract Background The history of immune suppression, especially CD4 nadir, has been shown to be a strong predictor of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). However, the potential mechanism of this association is not well understood. Methods High resolution structural MRI images and neuropsychological data were obtained from fifty-nine HIV+ adults (mean age, 56.5 ± 5.8) to investigate the correlation between CD4 nadir and cortical thickness. Results Low CD4 nadir was associated with widespread cortical thinning, especially in the frontal and temporal regions, and global mean cortical thickness correlated with CD4 nadir. In addition, worse global neurocognitive function was associated with bilateral frontal cortical thinning, and the association largely persisted (especially in the left frontal cortex) in the subset of participants who did not meet HAND criteria. Conclusions These results suggest that low CD4 nadir may be associated with widespread neural injury in the brain, especially in the frontal and temporal regions. The diffuse neural injury might contribute to the prevalence and the phenotypes of HAND, as well as the difficulty treating HAND due to a broad network of brain regions affected. Low CD4 nadir related neural injury to the frontal cortex might contribute to subtle neurocognitive impairment/decline, even in the absence of HAND diagnosis.