cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OnRamp to Parallel and Distributed Computing (Abstract Only)

Computer science students must understand parallel and distributed computing (PDC) concepts to be effective computer scientists in the workforce, as reflected in the ACM Curriculum guidelines. Communities of CS educators are creating educational modules, and making parallel compute environments (PCEs) available to educators who are integrating PDC concepts into their existing curriculum. Even with these resources there is a barrier to entry for students to use PCEs, namely the unfamiliar and complex system software ecosystem of modern PCEs. The OnRamp project lowers that barrier to entry for exploring PDC concepts on a variety of PCEs while also providing a path for students to learn how to be productive on the native PCE. OnRamp is designed to be a general-purpose web portal for supporting the exploration of PDC concepts that harnesses the existing educational resources created by the CS education community. It coaches students through interactive modules that teach them about PDC concepts and PCEs while allowing them to launch parallel applications from day one. As students become more comfortable with running parallel applications on PCEs, OnRamp transforms into a reference guide as they graduate to using the native PCE. This poster describes the motivation, design, and some motivating use cases for the project. We hope that this poster inspires parallel and distributed computing educators to use OnRamp in their courses.
Quantitative Studies on the Effect of X-Rays on Neoplastic Cells.∗

SummaryThe experiments described indicate conspicuous differences in susceptibility to X-rays among different neoplastic cells of mice. They support the opinion that X-rays so injure cells that multiplication can proceed only for a few cell generations, after which they degenerate and die. Viruses producing neoplasms are far more resistant to X-rays and it seems probable that exposure in vitro to approximately 15, 000 r units of X-rays distinguishes between virus-containing and virus-free neoplasms, the latter losing the ability to transmit the disease when exposed to 15,000 r units of X-rays in vitro. Viruses are unaffected by the amount of irradiation used in these studies. Irradiated sarcoma cells multiply for several days and then die. Hence, failure to produce the disease with irradiated neoplastic cells is the best evidence available thus far that the neoplasms of mice studied are not transmitted by viruses.
PO-0566 Platelets As The Opsonins That Promotes Ingestion Of Microbes During Neonatal Sepsis

Background and aims Complement and IgG are humoral opsonins. We theorised platelets might be opsonins in neonates. We proposed that persistent neonatal bloodstream infections and thrombocytopenia might provide proof of the concept if there was high rather than low mean platelet volumes [MPVs] during infections (i.e., platelets consumed during phagocytosis). Methods From 2008 to 2013, all neonates >3 days of age and that had positive blood cultures underwent a record review. Infants were included if they had ≥ 2 positive blood cultures and had platelet counts 5 per mm 3 . Exclusion criteria were necrotizing enterocolitis, coagulopathy, organ or catheter-related thrombosis or endocarditis. Results Among 77 positive blood cultures, two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and two Candida bloodstream infections persisted and had thrombocytopenia. The four infants had initial elevated MPVs that declined to normal only with the resolution of infection. Blood smears had no aggregates of platelet, microbes and phagocytes. One MRSA and two Candida infections with associated thrombocytopenia occurred in extremely preterm infants; they had no elevation in MPVs and expired quickly. A review of all 77 infants with late-onset sepsis revealed the infecting microbe and extreme prematurity modulated the kinetics of MPVs during infection. Conclusions Two pathogens that likely resisted opsonization with complement and IgG were associated with continuing neonatal sepsis and thrombocytopenia. High MPVs suggests defective platelet production was not responsible for thrombocytopenia, but macrophages and neutrophils likely removed platelet-microbe-aggregates from the blood. These findings offer indirect proof that platelets may act as opsonins during neonatal phagocytosis.
Highly coherent vacuum ultraviolet radiation at the 15th harmonic with echo-enabled harmonic generation technique

Measurements of highly coherent vacuum ultraviolet radiation are produced with the echo-enabled harmonic generation technique.
Translational repression in malaria sporozoites

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by the parasitic protozoan, Plasmodium. Sporozoites, the infectious form of malaria parasites, are quiescent when they remain in the salivary glands of the Anopheles mosquito until transmission into a mammalian host. Metamorphosis of the dormant sporozoite to its active form in the liver stage requires transcriptional and translational regulations. Here, we summarize recent advances in the translational repression of gene expression in the malaria sporozoite. In sporozoites, many mRNAs that are required for liver stage development are translationally repressed. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α) leads to a global translational repression in sporozoites. The eIF2α kinase, known as Upregulated in Infectious Sporozoite 1 (UIS1), is dominant in the sporozoite. The eIF2α phosphatase, UIS2, is translationally repressed by the Pumilio protein Puf2. This translational repression is alleviated when sporozoites are delivered into the mammalian host.
Recommendations for clinical decision support deployment: synthesis of a roundtable of medical directors of information systems.

Background: Ample evidence exists that clinical decision support (CDS) can improve clinician performance. Nevertheless, additional evidence demonstrates that clinicians still do not perform adequately in many instances. This suggests an ongoing need for implementation of CDS, in turn prompting development of a roadmap for national action regarding CDS. Objective: Develop practical advice to aid CDS implementation in order to improve clinician performance. Method: Structured group interview during a roundtable discussion by medical directors of information systems (N = 30), with subsequent review by participants and synthesis. Results: Participant consensus was that CDS should be comprehensive and should involve techniques such as order sets and facilitated documentation as well as alerts; should be subject to ongoing feedback; and should flow from and be governed by an organization’s clinical goals. Conclusion: A structured roundtable discussion of clinicians experienced in health information technology can yield practical, consensus advice for implementation of CDS.
Science and Scientism

To develop an appreciation for the role of general systems methodology in respect to the social sciences, it is necessary to trace some aspects of their development, and also to examine the status of certain methodological questions within them. By observing a page (or several fragments of several pages) of the history of science, we find that in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the forerunners of what we recognize today as the social and behavioral sciences, study areas such as psychology, economics and political science, were closely related with humanistic and metalinguistic branches of study. The natural sciences (actually, the sciences of the inert) were in the heyday of their period of accomplishment, exhibiting unparalleled capacity for ‘dominion over the earth and mastery of nature.’ A good portion of this accomplishment was undoubtedly attributable to a growing freedom from the hegemony and dogmatism of various forms of institutionalized thought. One early adherent of science, for example, Bernard de Fontenelle, in championing science’s cause, extolled its principle values — skepticism, pragmatism, and relativism (Leiss, 1972, p. 77).
Effects of the Health Structure Regulation on prescribing behavior of established physicians

In 1992 the German Federal Minister of Health enacted a new law to secure the health insurance system by budgeting the expenses for prescriptions among else. The data derived from a sample of computer-assisted private practices show a significant decline of prescriptions both in natural units and in value since 1993, but the analysis of the patients' data also reveals a more or less deliberate pattern of procedure followed by the GPs with regard to certain groups of patients such as elderly or chronically ill patients.
The Monge-Ampère Equation and Optimal Transportation, an elementary review

1 Optimal Transportation 2 The continuous case: 3 The dual problem: 4 Existence and Uniqueness: 5 The potential equation: 6 Some remarks on the structure of the equation
The Impact of Investments in School Quality on Cognitive Skills

The remaining chapters of this book apply the methodology developed in the previous chapters to an unusually rich data set from Ghana. This chapter presents an analysis of the determinants of cognitive achievement in middle schools in Ghana using data from the 1988–89 Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS).1 More specifically, it presents estimates of equations (2.2) and (2.3) in Chapter 2. Later chapters will present different estimates of the impact of cognitive skills on different socioeconomic variables; in doing so, they will be presenting estimates of equation (2.1) in Chapter 2.
Inhibitory and Excitatory Systems in Autism Spectrum Disorders

It has been 50 years since elevated levels of serotonin (5-HT) were identified in the blood of some individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) yet most research on genetics, behavior, imaging, and neurochemistry has occurred in the last decade. With technological advances occurring in every aspect of research, it is now apparent that there are abnormalities in a variety of neurotransmitter systems, but central changes are directed toward specific types of transporters and/or receptors within each system. Three major systems are discussed in this chapter: GABA, glutamate, and 5-HT, and the chapter focuses on experimental evidence that implicates features of each system that potentially affect the excitatory:inhibitory (E/I) balance in the ASD brain. Disruption of the E/I balance in the direction of either decreased inhibition or elevated excitatory activity, or both, may contribute to altered connectivity and give rise to the ASD phenotype. Modern methods are directed toward increasing our understanding of the etiologies of the disorder.
Images from the Past: Mythical Narratives and Television

AbstractMyths, once considered as fallacies and stories that serve no purpose, are now widely recognized as pivotal to our sociocultural existente. Eminent scholars view myth as a metaphorical device for telling people about themselves, about other people, and about the complex world. This article presents the viewpoint of television as being the contemporary expression of myth. It examines the relationship between mythology and television, and the linkage between mythological narratives and the underlying themes and concepts in popular television programming to provide an explanation for how television performs the mythic functions for today's society.
Fortification of Soft Drinks with Protein from Cottage Cheese Whey

Cottage cheese whey protein concentrates, prepared by preconcentration by ultrafiltration followed by gel permeation to remove low molecular weight materials, have the solubility, stability and flavor that make them suitable for fortification of soft drinks and related products. These concentrates are characterized by high levels of “available” lysine and by amino acid compositions indicating good nutritional value. Carbonated beverages prepared with conventional beverage ingredients and containing up to 1% by weight of the total beverage of added whey protein maintained clarity, color, and flavor during 203 days storage at room temperature. Spray dried whey protein concentrates were incorporated without adverse effects into commercial “ade” type powders. Clarity of 1% protein solutions at pH 2-3.5 was not impaired by heating for 6h at 80°, but some structural change occurred since an average of 37% of the protein present precipitated on shifting pH to 4.7. Increased stability against heat denaturation under acidic conditions was conferred by some soft drink ingredients. Added sucrose reduced protein denaturation by 1/2 but sodium saccharin had no effect. The type of acid used also altered protein denaturation rate. While properly isolated whey protein concentrates have functional properties necessary for soft drink fortification, feasibility of use will depend upon cost.
Four-Corner Fusion

This chapter describes in detail the surgical steps involved in dorsal for a four-corner fusion. Details of dorsal sparing capsulotomy, scaphoidectomy, decortication of articular surfaces, and four corner fusions with headless compression screws are discussed. Indications, preoperative markings, surgical steps, postoperative care, operative dictation, and suggested readings are included.
The Role of Teaching a Novel Language in an SLA Content Course

Second Language Acquisition (SLA) courses are often part of MA TESOL, or other similar language teacher preparation MA programs; however, evidence suggests that the future language teachers in these classes oftentimes have trouble connecting the theoretical aspects of the SLA course to their future language classrooms. This chapter illustrates an innovative approach to helping future language teachers better internalize SLA concepts by integrating a hands-on experience of language learning as part of the SLA course, which in turn will help to inform their future language teaching. The language lessons are beneficial to all students, regardless of their previous experiences with language learning; the language lessons give all of the students a shared experience to be used in class discussions and also ensure that each student has a recent language learning experience on which to actively reflect. The novel language of instruction in the SLA course described in this chapter is Turkish, but any language (preferably one with which the majority of the students aren’t familiar to enhance the “we’re all in this together” mentality) would work just as well. With a specific theme each week in the SLA course described in this chapter, the students (N = 14) wrote reflective journals synthesizing their understanding of the SLA concepts presented in class with past and current foreign language learning experiences, focusing on the novel Turkish language learning experiences integrated into the class. Although many themes arose from the reflective journals, this chapter specifically focuses on student versus teacher beliefs, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), conceptualizing an ideal teacher self, and positive interactions between languages with connections made between the SLA concepts and their careers as future educators. The data indicate that through the reflective journals, the students in the class internalized the theoretical SLA concepts presented, and thus, were cognizant of the benefits of the assignment.
Prevention of Accidents and Risk Factors of Road Safety of School Buses in the Capital City and in the Suburbs of Thailand

The purpose is to study the levels of the prevention of accidents and the risk factors concerning road safety of school busses in the capital city and in the suburbs of Thailand and to find the correlation between the prevention of accidents and the risk factors concerning road safety of school buses in the capital city and in the suburbs of Thailand. The sample group consisted of 384 drivers of school buses in the capital city and in the suburbs of Thailand. Tools used are questionnaires, statistic is by mean, t-Test, pearson’s simple correlation moment. From the study, it is found that the levels of the prevention of accidents of school buses are moderate. The levels of the risk factors of road safety of school buses are high. It is also found that overall, the correlation level between the prevention of accidents and the risk factors of road safety of school buses, is low with statistic significant at .01, correlation coefficient .205.
Gemella bacteremia: an unlikely source of an unlikely cul-prit

Gemella is an anaerobic or microaerophlic gram positive coccus generally an inhabitant of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal flora which has been associated with poor dentition and infectious endocarditis in the past along with seldom cases of meningitis and liver abscess noted in literature. Oftentimes co-existing with other bacteria as a mixed infection, we highlight the case of a bacteremic individual with gemella as a single isolated organism from a source gemella is not commonly known to inhabit.
YouTube Kids: The App Economy and Mobile Parenting:

This research investigates the growing relationship between media industries and the everyday viewing patterns and lives of young children. Specifically, this research focuses on the development of...
An improved method for measuring the production, mortality and decomposition of extramatrical mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests

Abstract The production and mortality of extramatrical mycelia (EMM) of ectomycorrhizal fungi are poorly quantified despite their importance in soil carbon cycling in forests. Ingrowth bag/core methods are the most widely used but can not accurately assess temporal changes in EMM production and mortality, resulting in great uncertainty in annual estimates. A modified method using two mathematical models (Biomarker and Algebraic models) is proposed to quantify EMM production, mortality and decomposition over differing time periods by integrating EMM decomposition dynamics with ingrowth core/bag data. In the Biomarker model, EMM biomass and EMM total mass (sum of necromass and biomass) are assumed to be known by using chemical biomarkers as proxies. In the Algebraic model, only the total mass is known and the biomass is calculated using an algebraic method. Model application in a loblolly pine plantation showed that mean monthly EMM production, mortality and decomposition estimates among three time periods ranged from 10.1 to 16.0 kg ha−1, 6.6–15.0 kg ha−1, and 1.4–6.1 kg ha−1, respectively, when using the Biomarker model, while these estimates ranged from 24.8 to 35.7 kg ha−1, 15.5–22.8 kg ha−1, and 5.7–9.8 kg ha−1, respectively, when using the Algebraic model, demonstrating the importance of assessing temporal changes. Model validation indicated that EMM estimates were more reliable for short-term compared to long-term incubation (184 vs. 322 days). Our method could improve EMM estimation by accurately assessing temporal changes in EMM production, mortality and decomposition in forests.
Estimating factors influencing the detection probability of semiaquatic freshwater snails using quadrat survey methods

Developing effective monitoring methods for elusive, rare, or patchily distributed species requires extra considerations, such as imperfect detection. Although detection is frequently modeled, the opportunity to assess it empirically is rare, particularly for imperiled species. We used Pecos assiminea (Assiminea pecos), an endangered semiaquatic snail, as a case study to test detection and accuracy issues surrounding quadrat searches. Quadrats (9 × 20 cm; n = 12) were placed in suitable Pecos assiminea habitat and randomly assigned a treatment, defined as the number of empty snail shells (0, 3, 6, or 9). Ten observers rotated through each quadrat, conducting 5-min visual searches for shells. The probability of detecting a shell when present was 67.4 ± 3.0%, but it decreased with the increasing litter depth and fewer number of shells present. The mean (± SE) observer accuracy was 25.5 ± 4.3%. Accuracy was positively correlated to the number of shells in the quadrat and negatively correlated to the number of times a quadrat was searched. The results indicate quadrat surveys likely underrepresent true abundance, but accurately determine the presence or absence. Understanding detection and accuracy of elusive, rare, or imperiled species improves density estimates and aids in monitoring and conservation efforts.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Talar Osteochondral Lesions.

Background:Vitamin D deficiency affects over 1 billion people worldwide and is common in foot and ankle patients. The prevalence in those with osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) is unknown. ...
Biochemical and Molecular Biology Approaches to Study Cancer Metastases

Open image in new window Fig. 1 Diagram of the metastatic cascade. Tumor cells invade at the primary tumor site and enter the interstitial stroma. They thereby gain access to blood vessels for further dissemination. Tumor cells invade the vascular wall and are dislodged into the circulation in single cells and clumps. Circulating tumor cells arrest in the precapillary venules of the target organ by adherence or mechanical wedging. They must then exit the circulation to initiate a secondary tumor colony called a metastasis.
Social Knowledge and Inference Processing in Text Comprehension

Abstract This chapter examines the importance of social information in inference processing during text comprehension. Inferences are generated from prior world knowledge, much of which is social knowledge. Specifically, this chapter addresses five areas of research on the social aspects of inference processing. These include (1) the concept of shared knowledge, (2) attributional processes, (3) trait schemata and stereotypes, (4) reciprocity in social interaction and (5) affect. The impact of these factors on inference mechanisms is demonstrated through an example text. Relevant research from social psychology is discussed.
Evolution, Modularity, and Dynamics of Gene Regulatory Networks

Cells grow, divide, differentiate, and respond to changing environments by means of an intricate regulatory program. The genetic circuitry carrying out this program is staggeringly complex yet capable of remarkable evolutionary modification for different physiological contexts and ecological niches. Thus there is a tradeoff between the seemingly incompatible objectives of complexity and evolvability. To both evolve efficiently and have robust function, the network must allow just enough variability on which selection can act while preserving its intricacy. In this thesis, I study this interplay between networks, phenotype and evolution via a combination of concept, theory and experiment. Using genomic, phylogenetic, and expression data along with 30 years of literature from experimental molecular biology and genetics, I trace the evolution of four stress response networks (chemotaxis, spore formation, DNA uptake, and sigmaB general stress response) across several hundred diverse bacterial and archaeal lineages. At the conceptual level, I demonstrate that genes in these networks group into surprisingly well-defined evolutionary modules with distinctive rates of evolution and conserved patterns of gene expression. In many cases, the evolutionary module is also a module of defined dynamic control in the network, and differences in module from organism to organism seem to reflect niche adaptation. With this finding, I attempt to refine the notion of pathway homology from simple gene homology to homology of interactions between pathway components. This leads to the development of a novel probabilistic model for estimating the phylogeny of a pathway. The model captures fine-grained dependency between the evolution of genes in the pathway using data on gene content, gene-protein and protein-protein interactions, and rates of sequence evolution. I apply this model along with a distance matrix method to estimate the phylogeny of several bacterial pathways: glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, chemotaxis, oxidative stress, and the general stress response. I compare these results to known phylogenies for these pathways, and discuss the predictive power of the model. In parallel, I analyse genomic and expression data to investigate whether conserved phylogenetic distribution also implies conserved network dynamics, and vice versa. Preliminary results show that genes sharing expression patterns (transcriptional modules) are not always evolutionarily conserved, but that genes sharing phylogenetic patterns (evolutionary modules) are typically co-expressed. This finding sheds light on the conservation of a pathway in terms of its temporal and ecological roles, and provides an early insight into the evolution of pathway dynamics. These comparative approaches begin the attempt towards a system-level understanding of how evolution is linked to the design and dynamics of regulatory networks, and how these networks function across timescales from microseconds to eons.
The importance of food retailers: applying network analysis techniques to the study of local food systems

As local food activities expand and grow, an important question to answer is how various participants contribute to a local food system’s overall vitality and strength. This paper does so by focusing on the relationships between locally-oriented farm and retail actors and assessing what the configuration of these relationships tells us about the workings of the broader local food system. Such an analysis reveals two things. Empirically, it shows the important role food retailers play in the overall vibrancy of local food exchanges: food retailers form crucial links holding the broader system together and significantly expanding consumer access to local foods. Further, different retailer types have distinct impacts on network configurations, each serving particular roles in the development and maintenance of local food systems. Methodologically, this paper shows the value of applying social network analysis techniques to the study of local food systems: such an approach yields insights that may not be as readily assessable from other strategies. In this paper, I overview common network analysis techniques and apply them to a case study of local food activities in New England, suggesting how such an approach might be applied to local food systems in other places.
Effect of flow field geometry on operating current density, capacity and performance of vanadium redox flow battery

Abstract Addition of flow fields to carbon paper electrodes in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) can improve the peak power density through uniform distribution of electrolyte in the electrodes. However, it is unclear whether flow fields have a similar effect with graphite felt electrodes, as VRFBs with felt electrodes reported in literature show a large anomaly in obtained power density. In this work, we evaluate three flow fields; viz. serpentine, interdigitated and conventional (without flow pattern) type with felt electrodes and compare their performance with a serpentine flow field using carbon paper electrodes under identical experimental conditions. The conventional flow field provides highest energy efficiency (75%) followed by serpentine (64%) and interdigitated (55%) at 0.2 A cm−2 attributable to the deteriorating electrolyte distribution in the electrodes. Computation fluid dynamic simulations confirm the experimental finding of worsening electrolyte distribution (conventional
Relationship of Carpal Tunnel Release and New Onset Trigger Finger.

Purpose Carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger (TF) frequently present concomitantly; some studies suggest that carpal tunnel release (CTR) is a risk factor for the development of ipsilateral TF in the postoperative period . The primary objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between CTR and the subsequent development of TF. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of 1,386 hands in 1,140 patients who underwent primary CTR at a tertiary referral center from July 2008 to June 2013. After exclusion of cases in which contralateral CTR was performed within the first postoperative year after ipsilateral CTR, conditional logistic regression was performed in 906 hands in 890 patients to determine the association between CTR and TF in the first postoperative year in the operative hand compared with the contralateral hand. Conditional logistic regression and Poisson regression were performed in 1,386 hands in 1,140 patients to examine the association between CTR and TF in the year before surgery compared with the year after surgery. Multivariable regression analysis was used to determine associated risk factors. Results Of 1,386 hands, a new TF was seen in 147 (10.6%) within 1 year before CTR and 81 (5.8%) within 1 year after CTR. The occurrence of postoperative TF was associated with 2.5 times higher odds in the operative hand compared with the contralateral hand in the conditional logistic regression model of 906 cases. However, the incidence of TF was associated with 0.5 times lower odds during the year after CTR compared with the year before CTR in both conditional logistic regression and Poisson regression models of 1,386 cases. Increased body mass index is statistically associated with TF after CTR, but the attributable risk is negligible. Conclusions There is a predisposition for these 2 common hand pathologies to present in the same hand; however, patients can be counseled that CTR does not cause new incidence of TF in the operative hand. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Material Matters: Human Values and the Longer View

Whether you aspire to Weiser's [4] disappearing technology of ubiquitous computing or Negroponte's [3] atoms to bits or something in-between, there is something inescapably material about the digital. How much more so when the goal is hybridity: the bridging of atoms with bits. In this keynote, I examine the intersection of this hybridity with human values-in the present and in the longer term. I situate my remarks in the observation that our scientific and technological capacities have and will continue to far surpass our moral ones - that is our ability to use wisely and humanely the knowledge and tools that we develop. My reflections are grounded in the intellectual traditions of value sensitive design [1] and multi-lifespan design [2]. I take up such questions as: What human values and human impacts are implicated by hybridity and, in particular, hybrid materials? From this perspective of human values, are all hybrid materials the same? Is embedding computation in my glove the same as in my finger? Or are some materials deserving of special status? And, if so, in what ways? What cultural considerations come to the fore? What of non-humans? Turning to metaphor and mental models, what metaphors should be developed for hybrid materials? And in what ways will those highlight and hide embedded computation? What mental models should be associated with these materials? How will these models position people to think about their relationship with hybrid materials, including when to use them, how to adapt them, when to dispose of them, and when to eschew them? More generally, what constitutes responsible innovation around hybrid materials and how should we go about pursuing it? To gain purchase on these questions, I use the frame of value scenarios and anticipatory futures. My comments highlight the importance of taking the material impacts of the digital seriously. At stake is nothing less than what sort of society we want to live in and how we experience our humanity.
The Future of Flu: A Review of the Human Challenge Model and Systems Biology for Advancement of Influenza Vaccinology

Objectives: Novel approaches to advance the field of vaccinology must be investigated, and are particularly of importance for influenza in order to produce a more effective vaccine. A systematic review of human challenge studies for influenza was performed, with the goal of assessing safety and ethics and determining how these studies have led to therapeutic and vaccine development. A systematic review of systems biology approaches for the study of influenza was also performed, with a focus on how this technology has been utilized for influenza vaccine development. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for influenza human challenge studies, and for systems biology studies that have addressed both influenza infection and immunological effects of vaccination. Results: Influenza human challenge studies have led to important advancements in therapeutics and influenza immunization, and can be performed safely and ethically if certain criteria are met. Many studies have investigated the use of systems biology for evaluating immune response to influenza vaccine, and several promising molecular signatures may help advance our understanding of pathogenesis and be used as targets for influenza interventions. Combining these methodologies has the potential to lead to significant advances in the field of influenza vaccinology and therapeutics. Conclusions: Human challenge studies and systems biology approaches are important tools that should be used in concert to advance our understanding of influenza infection and provide targets for novel therapeutics and immunizations.
Student clinicians' and clients' perceptions of the therapeutic alliance and outcomes in stuttering treatment.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine how the therapeutic alliances (TA) of graduate student clinicians and adult clients who stutter relate to perceived treatment outcomes. Methods Student clinicians (N = 42) and adult clients who stutter (N = 22) completed a survey assessing their TA strength and perception of treatment outcomes. Responses were analyzed to determine similarities and differences in how clinicians and clients relate the TA to perceptions of treatment effectiveness, progress, and outcome satisfaction. Results Results suggest that clinicians and clients who stutter both relate the TA to treatment outcome, but in different ways. While clinicians associate the TA most with treatment effectiveness and client progress, clients relate the TA most to outcome satisfaction. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware that for adult clients who stutter, outcome satisfaction is related to the degree of shared understanding, agreement on daily tasks, and bond they experience with their clinician. To ensure a strong TA and client satisfaction, clinicians should actively seek their clients’ perspective regarding TA status.
5G device-to-device communication security and multipath routing solutions

Through direct communication, device-to-device (D2D) technology can increase the overall throughput, enhance the coverage, and reduce the power consumption of cellular communications. Security will be of paramount importance in 5G, because 5G devices will directly affect our safety, such as by steering self-driving vehicles and controlling health care applications. 5G will be supporting millions of existing devices without adequate built-in security, as well as new devices whose extreme computing power will make them attractive targets for hackers.This paper presents a survey of the literature on security problems relating to D2D communications in mobile 5G networks. Issues include eavesdropping, jamming, primary user emulation attack, and injecting attack. Because multipath routing emerges as a strategy that can help combat many security problems, particularly eavesdropping, the paper contains an extensive discussion of the security implications of multipath routing. Finally, the paper describes results of a simulation that tests three path selection techniques inspired by the literature. The simulation reveals that routing information through interference disjoint paths most effectively inhibits eavesdropping.
In conclusion: Sustainable and equitable relationships between ocean and society

Abstract Predicting future oceans requires integrated interdisciplinary research and examining mechanisms of socio-ecological linkages at multiple spatial scales. This conclusion explores various theories of causal linkages between global environmental changes, states of fisheries, socio-cultural conditions of coastal communities, and ocean governance.
Selective Lithium Recovery from Brines Using Hydrothermally Treated Titania Slag

Ion-exchange adsorbents such as delithiated lithium titanium oxides (LTOs) are highly effective for selective lithium adsorption from brines resources. In this work, we have synthesized LTO from waste titania slag and immobilized on a diatomaceous earth (DE) support. Titania slag was hydrothermally treated in alkaline solution to remove slag impurities. Acidic leaching followed by hydrolysis was performed to dissolve impurities and immobilize TiO2 on DE. Subsequent solid-state synthesis with Li2CO3 resulted in the formation of LTO. Batch adsorption studies show that around 99% of lithium was adsorbed from a buffered 50 ppm Li. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies show the lithium adsorption to be an endothermic, chemisorption process.
Richard Topcliffe and the Book Culture of the Elizabethan Catholic Underground

Richard Topcliffe (1531–1604) was the most infamous torturer of Elizabethan England. He was also a professional reader. Historians of the book are interested in how repressive regimes read the books of their enemies. This essay identifies a number of books that contain Topcliffe's marginalia and have not previously been studied by scholars. It argues that Topcliffe's reading was forensic in nature, and was utilized directly by the Elizabethan regime in its campaign against Catholicism. This investigation reveals the connection between racking and reading, and demonstrates the ways in which Topcliffe's reading legitimated state-authorized violence.
The popular sovereignty continuum: Civil and political society in contemporary South Africa:

Partha Chatterjee’s work on postcolonial politics articulates the limits of participation and governance in contexts of stark inequality. Chatterjee’s argument can be stretched within the South Afr...
Guiding a Train of Discoveries: Charles Darwin, Charles Daubeny, and the Reception of Natural Selection, 1859–1865

Charles Darwin was convinced after the publication of the Origin of Species in late 1859 that evolutionists would soon form “a good body of working men.” Natural selection, he believed, would appeal to workers because it did not only organize existing knowledge but also inspired novel investigation. His optimism proved correct but premature. In the early 1860s, commentators were far more likely to appropriate natural selection as a weapon for their existing cultural or theological agendas than to engage it as a tool for original research. A few naturalists, however, saw its potential and deliberately avoided charged ideological and theological concerns. Charles Daubeny, Oxford’s professor of botany, illustrates this dynamic. In largely overlooked remarks at the 1860 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, he evaluated natural selection skeptically but with pointed respect. He made a plea for less debate and more scientific inquiry. Although he never gave his full assent to evolution, in 1865 he insisted that even the “most determined opponents” of natural selection ought to admire a theory that had led Darwin to so many invaluable discoveries. Daubeny’s engagement with natural selection provides a case study in the ways that Victorians naturalists did not just argue about truth but also searched for tools.
An Ozonolysis Based Method and Applications for the Non-Lethal Modification of Insect Cuticular Hydrocarbons.

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are important, multi-function components of the insect epicuticle. In Drosophila spp., CHCs provide protection from desiccation and serve as semiochemicals for both intra- and interspecific communication. We developed a non-lethal method for the modification of Drosophila CHCs profiles through the exposure of live insects to a high dose of ozone gas (~ 45,000 ppm). Drosophila suzukii that were treated with ozone showed a 1.63–3.10 fold reduction in unsaturated hydrocarbons with these CHCs shown to regenerate over 108 h. Changes in CHCs were correlated with significantly reduced desiccation resistance in both male and female D. suzukii at one h after ozone treatment. Interestingly, individuals treated with ozone showed increased desiccation resistance in comparison to controls at 108 h after ozone treatment. The methodology reported in this paper provides a novel approach to investigate the biosynthesis and functions of CHCs during the lifespan of an insect.
Identifying strengths and weaknesses of methods for computational network inference from single cell RNA-seq data

Abstract Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers unparalleled insight into the transcriptional programs of different cellular states by measuring the transcriptome of thousands individual cells. An emerging problem in the analysis of scRNA-seq is the inference of transcriptional gene regulatory networks and a number of methods with different learning frameworks have been developed. Here we present a expanded benchmarking study of eleven recent network inference methods on six published single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets in human, mouse, and yeast considering different types of gold standard networks and evaluation metrics. We evaluate methods based on their computing requirements as well as on their ability to recover the network structure. We find that while no method is a universal winner and most methods have a modest recovery of experimentally derived interactions based on global metrics such as AUPR, methods are able to capture targets of regulators that are relevant to the system under study. Based on overall performance we grouped the methods into three main categories and found a combination of information-theoretic and regression-based methods to have a generally high performance. We also evaluate the utility of imputation for gene regulatory network inference and find that a small number of methods benefit from imputation, which further depends upon the dataset. Finally, comparisons to inferred networks for comparable bulk conditions showed that networks inferred from scRNA-seq datasets are often better or at par to those from bulk suggesting that scRNA-seq datasets can be a cost-effective way for gene regulatory network inference. Our analysis should be beneficial in selecting algorithms for performing network inference but also argues for improved methods and better gold standards for accurate assessment of regulatory network inference methods for mammalian systems.
Freud: Darkness in the Midst of Vision

Acknowledgments. Introduction: "The Development of the Hero." PART ONE: FREUD'S LIFE: THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS. A Traumatic Infancy. Childhood and Adolescence. The Early Adult Years: Searching for an Identity. Opening Up: Martha, Cocaine, Fleischl. Jean--Martin Charcot: "The Napoleon of Neuroses." Martha: "The Loss on an Illusion." PART TWO: THE BIRTH OF PSYCHOANALYSIS. Josef Breuer and the Invention of Psychotherapy. Breuer, Freud, and the Studies on Hysteria: 1886--1895. The Break with Breuer. Self--Analysis and the Invention of the Oedipus Complex. The Interpretation of Dreams and the End of the Fliess Affair. The Great Freud Emerges: 1899--1905. PART THREE: THE PSYCHOANALYTIC MOVEMENT: 1902--1939. The Psychoanalytic Movement: Images of War. Alfred Adler: The First Dissident. The King and His Knights: The Committee. Carl Gustav Jung: The Favorite Son Expelled. The First World War. Trauma Revisited: The Neuroses of War. Freud at Work: The Postwar Years. Freud at Home. Anna Freud: The Perfect Disciple. Otto Rank: "I Was In Deepest of All." "What Does a Woman Want?" Sandor Ferenczi: The Wise Baby. The Final Years. Appendix: Psychoanalysis Interminable: Freud as a Therapist. Background and Sources. Notes. Bibliography. Credits. Index.
Biological Constraints and the Pursuit of General Theories of Learning

Publisher Summary A constraint on a phenomenon is a limitation or boundary condition for its occurrence. Scientific investigations invariably lead to the identification of such boundary conditions. Studies of learning have documented numerous constraints, including, for example, the interval between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (CS and US), the intensity and novelty of the CS and US, and the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is surprising. Limitations on learning brought about by factors such as the CS–US interval and CS familiarity, for example, reliably occur in numerous situations in which classical conditioning is observed. The primary impetus for discussions about biological constraints on classical and instrumental conditioning was that certain learning phenomena were contrary to principles of learning widely held at the time, and being an exception t o the rule constituted a working definition of biological constraints.
Gender and Media: Content, Uses, and Impact

Although research offers compelling evidence to suggest that men and women are far more similar than they are different across a wide variety of domains, our perceptions of gender difference can lead us to believe that men and women do inhabit distinct gendered universes and can trigger self-fulfilling prophecies that confirm these expectations. These perceptions can even guide how academics choose to interpret the research literature.
Scattering by coated bodies of revolution using higher order impedance boundary conditions

Higher order impedance boundary conditions (HOIBCs) are applied to three-dimensional dielectric coated bodies of revolution (BOR). Differential equations describing the HOIBC which are based on a locally planar approximation, must first be transformed onto the double curved body of revolution. These equations are then solved along with a standard integral equation to obtain either the monostatic or bistatic radar cross section for the coated BOR. Since the Fourier series expansion of the currents is still applicable to the HOIBC solution, all of the advantages of the standard BOR formulation are retained, along with a reduction in the total number of unknowns required in the solution. >
Task assignment for network processor pipelines using GA

In several commercial network processors programming environments, programmer must manually assign many processing tasks to the processor pipelines which consist of many processing engines. Due to the large exploration space, this manual procedure is usually very tedious and inefficient and the optimal or even near-optimal assignment scheme may be difficult to obtain. This paper proposes an automated task-to-PE assignment algorithm based on genetic algorithm. Experimental results show that this method can quickly obtain near-optimal solutions from the large solution space and the algorithm execution time is decoupled with pipeline stages. These two features make this method very suitable to be used in a NP application development environment and provide a more efficient development experience for developers.
Effects of Age, Sex, and Body Position on Orofacial Muscle Tone in Healthy Adults

Purpose Quantification of tissue stiffness may facilitate identification of abnormalities in orofacial muscle tone and thus contribute to differential diagnosis of dysarthria. Tissue stiffness is affected by muscle tone as well as age-related changes in muscle and connective tissue. Method The Myoton-3 measured tissue stiffness in 40 healthy adults, including equal numbers of men and women in each of two age groups: 18–40 years and 60+ years. Data were collected from relaxed muscles at the masseter, cheek, and lateral tongue surfaces in two positions: reclined on the side and seated with head tilted. Results Tissue stiffness differed across age, sex, and measurement site with multiple interaction effects. Overall, older subjects exhibited higher stiffness coefficients and oscillation frequency measures than younger subjects whereas sex differences varied by tissue site. Effects of body position were inconsistent across tissue site and measurement. Conclusions Although older subjects were expected to have ...