cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Circulation in Individual Current States Survive in the Total Current Density

We describe the two-dimensional simulation of a bent resonant tunneling diode structure which displays vortices in its total current density pattern over a range of applied bias. In contrast, a double gate n-MOSFET is shown where such circulation exists in individual subband states but does not survive in the total current density solution. Both devices are simulated assuming ballistic quantum transport in Si at 300 K.
BMA*: An Efficient Algorithm for the One-to-Some Shortest Path Problem on Road Maps

The best known algorithm for the one-to-all shortest path problem is Dijkstra's algorithm, which can achieve time complexity O(|E| + |V|log(|V|)) by the implementation of data structures like buckets. While for one-to-some shortest path problem, no matter how small the "some" is, the time complexity of Dijkstra's algorithm remains O(|E| + |V|log(|V|)) and it often still needs to explore a large part of the graph and thus is not efficient. This paper proposes a novel algorithm which computes the shortest paths bidirectionally with A*algorithm multiple times to solve the one-to-some shortest path problem on road maps efficiently, where the size of the destination set is much smaller than the total number of vertices in the graph. The experiments on both randomly generated graphs and real road maps show that our algorithm is more space and time efficient than Dijkstra's algorithm with buckets, one of the most efficient algorithm for one-to-some shortest path problem.
Germination rates of tree seeds ingested by coyotes and raccoons.

Abstract The effect of ingestion by coyotes (Canis latrans) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) on seed germination was investigated for four tree species in Illinois. The germination rate of persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) seeds ingested by raccoons was significantly higher than the rate for uningested seeds. Both were significantly higher than the rate for coyote-ingested seeds. Among coyote-ingested seeds, germination rates of persimmon were significantly higher when seeds were protected by undigested fruit pulp or intact seed sheaths thus reducing the exposure of seeds to gastrointestinal enzymes. American plum (Prunus americana) seeds ingested by coyotes had a significantly lower germination rate compared to uningested seeds, whereas germination of pawpaw (Asimina triloba) seeds was similar between coyote-ingested and uningested seeds. Germination was significantly lower for hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) seeds ingested by raccoons compared to uningested seeds. Ingestion improved germination only for pers...
Actions of Gibberellic and Abscisic Acids on Lettuce Seed Germination Without Actions on Nuclear DNA Synthesis

Promotion and inhibition of DNA synthesis have been suggested as important causal events in the growth-promoting action of GA2 and the growthretarding action of ABA, respectively (11,12,15). We here report typical effects of GA and ABA during lettuce seed germination after seed irradiation that prevents detectable DNA synthesis as determined by 2 criteria: Feulgen microspectrophotometry and 3H-thymidine incorporation into nuclear DNA. Air-dry seeds of lettuce, Lactuca sativa 'New York,' were given 1.3 Mrad 60Co gamma-rays and then sown in Petri dishes containing distilled water or solutions of GA ("Gibrel," Merck) or ABA (Shell Development Company) as indicated. Whereas lower radiation doses are sufficient to prevent mitosis during germination (7), the 1.3 Mrad dose was necessary to inhibit nuclear DNA synthesis, as will be shown in this report. In all cases the pH was 5.7, and the dishes were exposed to continuous illumination with 900 jUw/cm2 white light i(Sylvania GroLux) at 20°. After 5 days, germination of these irradiated seeds (as the percentage of total number of seeds sown) was 0 % in water controls, 84 % in 5 X 10-4 M GA, and 1.5 % in 5 X 10-4 M GA + 100 mg/l ABA. Thus germination of these seeds was very sensitive to GA and ABA. By Feulgen microspectrophotometry the relative amount of DNA per nucleus was measured for individual cells from ,(a) the apical 0.5 mm of the radicle of unirradiated embryos before sowing, and (lb) the protruded 1.1 mm of 5-day-old root tips from the
Cl- flux through a non-selective, stretch-sensitive conductance influences the outer hair cell motor of the guinea-pig.

Outer hair cells underlie high frequency cochlear amplification in mammals. Fast somatic motility can be driven by voltage-dependent conformational changes in the motor protein, prestin, which resides exclusively within lateral plasma membrane of the cell. Yet, how a voltage-driven motor could contribute to high frequency amplification, despite the low-pass membrane filter of the cell, remains an enigma. The recent identification of prestin's Cl− sensitivity revealed an alternative mechanism in which intracellular Cl− fluctuations near prestin could influence the motor. We report the existence of a stretch-sensitive conductance within the lateral membrane that passes anions and cations and is gated at acoustic rates. The resultant intracellular Cl− oscillations near prestin may drive motor protein transitions, as evidenced by pronounced shifts in prestin's state-probability function along the voltage axis. The sensitivity of prestin's state probability to intracellular Cl− levels betokens a more complicated role for Cl− than a simple extrinsic voltage sensor. Instead, we suggest an allosteric modulation of prestin by Cl− and other anions. Finally, we hypothesize that prestin sensitivity to anion flux through the mechanically activated lateral membrane can provide a driving force that circumvents the membrane's low-pass filter, thus permitting amplification at high acoustic frequencies.
An evidence-based approach to the management of depression

Increasing numbers of patients are using complementary medicine for the treatment of depression, which complicates management. What is the evidence in support of one medication over another? What medications are safe to use in children and pregnant women? Is there any evidence supporting over-the-counter supplements? These are just a few of the questions that primary care physicians face on a daily basis. This article attempts to answer these questions and many others in an evidence-based approach to the management of depression, which focuses on diagnosis, medical management, and complementary treatments.
Synthesis and photopolymerization of monomers bearing isopropenylphenoxy groups

The synthesis of a series of monomers containing isopropenylphenoxy groups was carried out. On irradiation with UV light in the presence of onium salt photoacid generators, these monomers undergo a chain extension reaction consisting of a dimerization followed by a Friedel-Crafts ring closure which results in the formation of polymers with indane groups in the backbone. Aryl imide-containing monomers bearing isopropenylphenoxy groups were also shown to undergo facile photoinduced cationic polymerization. The resulting polymers displayed excellent thermal stability. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Systems-based safety intervention: reducing falls with injury and total falls on an orthopaedic ward.

Background: In-hospital falls can result in substantial morbidity and mortality and were declared “never events” by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in 2008. Interventions that were intended to reduce the incidence of falls based on patient risk factors have not been successful in the acute inpatient setting. We hypothesized that a systems-based fall-prevention program targeting high-risk situations would result in fewer falls with injury. Methods: Falls that occurred in the prospective postintervention period were reviewed in real time with use of a clinical database that could be accessed by all physicians, nurses, aides, and therapists. Analysis of the hospital setting, patient factors, and circumstances associated with all falls occurring on the hospital’s orthopaedic ward were evaluated during the preintervention study period. On the basis of the findings from this audit, four systems-based interventions were implemented. Prospective analysis of these interventions was then conducted. All falls were tracked by means of the clinical database and reviewed by the study investigators. The rates of falls with injury and total falls in the preintervention and postintervention periods were compared. Results: The preintervention study period (May 1, 2007, to September 28, 2008) represented 11,082 patient days, during which time the fall with injury rate and total fall rate were 1.17 and 4.24, respectively, per 1000 patient days. The postintervention study period (September 29, 2008, to May 1, 2010) represented 12,267 patient days, during which time the fall with injury rate and the total fall rate were 0.41 and 2.53, respectively, per 1000 patient days. The reductions in the rates of falls with injury (p = 0.036) and total falls (p = 0.024) were significant. Conclusion: Utilization of a continuous quality improvement model to develop a systems-based fall-prevention program can be effective in reducing falls with injury and total falls in an acute inpatient setting. Despite a thoughtful, multidisciplinary, intensive approach to the problem, falls did occur. We believe that it is unrealistic to consider all falls to be preventable. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Status of the Microbial Census

Over the past 20 years, more than 78,000 16S rRNA gene sequences have been deposited in GenBank and the Ribosomal Database Project, making the 16S rRNA gene the most widely studied gene for reconstructing bacterial phylogeny. While there is a general appreciation that these sequences are largely unique and derived from diverse species of bacteria, there has not been a quantitative attempt to describe the extent of sequencing efforts to date. We constructed rarefaction curves for each bacterial phylum and for the entire bacterial domain to assess the current state of sampling and the relative taxonomic richness of each phylum. This analysis quantifies the general sense among microbiologists that we are a long way from a complete census of the bacteria on Earth. Moreover, the analysis indicates that current sampling strategies might not be the most effective ones to describe novel diversity because there remain numerous phyla that are globally distributed yet poorly sampled. Based on the current level of sampling, it is not possible to estimate the total number of bacterial species on Earth, but the minimum species richness is 35,498. Considering previous global species richness estimates of 10 7 to 10 9 , we are certain that this estimate will increase with additional sequencing efforts. The data support previous calls for extensive surveys of multiple chemically disparate environments and of specific phylogenetic groups to advance the census most rapidly.
Exposed hydrophobicity is a key determinant of nuclear quality control degradation

Protein quality control (PQC) degradation protects the cell by preventing the toxic accumulation of misfolded proteins. In eukaryotes, PQC degradation is primarily achieved by ubiquitin ligases that attach ubiquitin to misfolded proteins for proteasome degradation. To function effectively, PQC ubiquitin ligases must distinguish misfolded proteins from their normal counterparts by recognizing an attribute of structural abnormality commonly shared among misfolded proteins. However, the nature of the structurally abnormal feature recognized by most PQC ubiquitin ligases is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the yeast nuclear PQC ubiquitin ligase San1 recognizes exposed hydrophobicity in its substrates. San1 recognition is triggered by exposure of as few as five contiguous hydrophobic residues, which defines the minimum window of hydrophobicity required for San1 targeting. We also find that the exposed hydrophobicity recognized by San1 can cause aggregation and cellular toxicity, underscoring the fundamental protective role for San1-mediated PQC degradation of misfolded nuclear proteins.
Tile size selection for low-power tile-based architectures

In this paper, we investigate the power implications of tile size selection for tile-based processors. We refer to this investigation as a tile granularity study. This is accomplished by distilling the architectural cost of tiles with different computational widths into a system metric we call the Granularity Indicator (GI). The GI is then compared against the communications exposed when algorithms are partitioned across multiple tiles. Through this comparison, the tile granularity that best fits a given set of algorithms can be determined, reducing the system power for that set of algorithms. When the GI analysis is applied to the Synchroscalar tile architecture[1], we find that Synchroscalar's already low power consumption can be further reduced by 14% when customized for execution of the 802.11a reciever. In addition, the GI can also be a used to evaluate tile size when considering multiple applications simultaneously, providing a convenient platform for hardware-software co-design.
Science Signaling Podcast: 31 January 2012

This Podcast features a conversation with authors of a Research Article published in the 31 January 2012 issue of Science Signaling. Jared Rutter and Caleb Cardon discuss their discovery that signaling through PAS kinases can bypass signaling through Tor2 in yeast. Tor2 is one of two Tor kinases that participate in signaling through the yeast target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway, which integrates information about cellular nutrient and energy status to control growth. Cells lacking Tor2 cannot grow, but activation of either of two PAS kinases can restore growth to Tor2-deficient cells by activating a downstream target of Tor2 signaling. The authors demonstrate that PAS kinases are part of a protein complex that may integrate metabolic and stress signaling.
Exact response time of FlexRay communication protocol

A method for determining worst-case response-time properties of the FlexRay protocol frames is proposed by Pop et al. in 2008, where the determination of the worst-case response time of frames transmitted in the dynamic segment is formulated as iterative sequences of an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problems. In this paper, we show that the analysis method of Pop et al. provides pessimistic results of the worst-case response time of frames transmitted in the dynamic segment. Then, we propose a new ILP formulation that computes the exact value of the worst-case response time of FlexRay frames transmitted in the dynamic segment. Further our approach is non-iterative requiring a solving of a single ILP for computing respectively the number of cycles a frame is delayed access to the bus and the delay spent in the unfilled cycle before the transmission of the frame starts.
Habitat as architecture: integrating conservation planning and human health.

The current resurgence in popular awareness of the environment is dominated by concern for energy and food sustainability. In the meantime, the biodiversity crisis continues to magnify (Brooks et al. 2006). While incidents like the Gulf of Mexico oil spill help focus public attention on how unsustainable energy use patterns are for human health and well-being and wildlife conservation, many other practices commonly considered “sustainable” are not so for biodiversity. Agricultural ecosystems may be perceived as sustainable if they produce organic products, yet the most extensive certified organic farms have many of the same homogenous landscape characteristics as non-organic industrial farms (reviewed in Bengtsson et al. 2005). Industrial production of biofuels threatens vast areas of native grasslands and forests (Groom et al. 2008; Fletcher et al. 2010). Likewise, green housing developments typically use only structural or aesthetic aspects of nature at the expense of protecting habitat (Milder 2007). Even in relatively natural suburbs, the most sensitive species often “fall out” and the more tolerant proliferate (McKinney 2002; Hepinstall et al. 2008). Sustainable development as currently defined is based on the assumption that human well-being, both physical and mental, is reliant on intact, functional environments; a human population with the capacity to support economic growth and participate in governance; a transparent, efficient, and equitable political and governance system; and a diverse economic base that is adaptable to changing conditions and does not deplete the resources it is dependent upon (e.g., UNDSD 2007). Although the themes of Social Capacity, Environmental Health, Economic Development and Growth, and Effective Governance are thought to be interdependent, and all necessary to achieve sustainable development (e.g., Powell et al. 2009), the predominant rationale for biodiversity conservation is often thought of as biocentric (i.e., nature has intrinsic value; Rolston 1989). However, an abundance of research has revealed that ecosystems with a full complement of interacting species have significant utilitarian value to humans by providing dividends for human health (e.g., Kellert 2005; Balvanera et al. 2006) and enhancing quality of life (e.g., Kellert et al. 2008). There remains a disconnection, though between biodiversity conservation and emerging issues in sustainability. In this essay, we suggest an integration of approaches such that remaining habitat puts biophysical limits on expansion of the “human footprint”. We also suggest that by employing biophilic design traditional conservation planning will be improved because it will integrate human physical, social, and psychological well-being. The goal of biophilic design is to integrate social and natural sciences to produce human living environments that sustain a human-nature connection; i.e., provide psychological benefits (Kellert et al. 2008).
Elimination of artifacts due to occlusion and discretization problems in image space blurring techniques

Traditional computer graphics methods render images that appear sharp at all depths. Adding blur can add realism to a scene, provide a sense of scale, and draw a viewer's attention to a particular region of a scene. Our image-based blur algorithm needs to distinguish whether a portion of an image is either from a single object or is part of more than one object. This motivates two approaches to identify objects after an image has been rendered. We illustrate how these techniques can be used in conjunction with our image space method to add blur to a scene.
Nonequilibrium Equality for Free Energy Differences

An expression is derived for the equilibrium free energy difference between two configurations of a system, in terms of an ensemble of finite-time measurements of the work performed in parametrically switching from one configuration to the other. Two well-known identities emerge as limiting cases of this result.
The fate of gold in cupric chloride hydrometallurgy

Abstract Because of the importance of gold in copper processing, controlled experiments were performed with gold metal and aqueous copper chloride solutions to characterize the behavior of gold under leach conditions and understand its disposition during the processing of ore concentrate and gold-containing alloys. These experiments were done under an inert atmosphere and also with exposure to air. A model of the aqueous solution resulting from leaching was also developed for correlating experimental results and predicting gold behavior. It was based on simple leach reactions for both gold and copper and the complex ions which are formed in the presence of strong saline solutions. The experimental results are compared with predictions and it is shown that the model is viable for predicting the effect of varying sodium chloride, cupric chloride and cuprous ion concentrations in leaching solutions. The effects of raising temperature and exposure to oxygen were also studied and both are shown to increase gold solubility in leach solutions. An increase in cuprous ion concentration in leach solution is shown to limit gold solubility as well as cause precipitation.
Membrane permeability of bifunctional, amino site‐specific, cross‐linking reagents

The membrane permeability of a series of reversible cross-linking reagents which are diazide tartarate derivatives has been compared with that of dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP). The diazide tartarate derivatives tested include tartryl-diazide (TDA), tartryl-di(glycylazide) (TDGA), tartryl-di(beta-alanylazide) (TDAA), tartryl-di-(gamma-aminobutyrylazide) (TDBA), tartryl-di(epsilon-aminocaproylazide) (TDCA). TDA, which has the shortest chain length of the diazide tartarate derivatives tested, proved to be readily permeable through the erythrocyte membrane. When added at equal concentration to unsealed ghosts, TDGA was at least as reactive as DTBP in its ability to cross link the internally displayed proteins 1, 2, 4.1, 4.2, and 6. Treatment of resealed ghosts by DTBP produced oligomeric complexes of these proteins plus apparent homooligomeric complexes of hemoglobin. TDGA at the same concentrations did not cross-link any of these components, indicating its membrane-impermeable nature. As the chain length of the homologous series increased from TDGA to TDCA, the cross-linkers became increasingly permeable through the erythrocyte membrane.
Sweetless'n low LDL-C targets for PCSK9 treatment

This editorial refers to ‘Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in high cardiovascular risk patients with inadequately controlled hypercholesterolaemia on maximally tolerated doses of statins: the ODYSSEY COMBO II randomized controlled trial’[†][1], by C.P. Cannon et al., on page 1186. In their trial, Cannon et al . report the superiority of the anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody (mAb) alirocumab (SAR236553/REGN727; s.c. 75 mg every 2 weeks) over ezetimibe (oral 10 mg once a day) in the reduction of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels among 720 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were inadequately controlled despite maximally tolerated statin dosage.1 At week 24, mean reduction in LDL-C from baseline was 50.6% for alirocumab vs. 20.7% for ezetimibe ( P < 0.001), while 77.0% of the alirocumab treatment arm achieved the recommended LDL-C target of < 1.8 mmol/L vs. 45.6% for ezetimibe ( P < 0.001). Mean LDL-C at week 24 was 1.3 mmol/L for alirocumab compared with 2.1 mmol/L for ezetimibe, yielding an additional 30% lipid-lowering effect for patients treated with the anti-PCSK9. The findings of the ODYSSEY COMBO II trial add to the evidence of alirocumab as a safe and efficacious option for patients whose LDL-C is insufficiently controlled under maximally dosed statin therapy, as is the case for an increasing number of high-risk patients. Available data indicate that fully human antibodies targeting PCSK9 are very effective in reducing LDL-C, apolipoprotein B (apoB), and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations.2 Their efficacy has been demonstrated alone or in addition to statins in hypercholesterolaemic patients.3 Used alone in the primary setting, anti-PCSK9 treatments yielded LDL-C reductions up to 70% greater than placebo.4 The ODYSSEY COMBO studies are … [1]: #fn-2
Correlation between CpG methylation profiles and hormone receptor status in breast cancers

Introduction Aberrant DNA methylation has been found frequently in human breast cancers, associated with the loss of expression of a number of regulatory genes for growth and correlated to clinical outcomes. The present study was undertaken to determine whether methylation of a set of growthsuppressor genes would correlate to the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs). Methods We used a pyrosequencing methylation analysis to study the methylation of 12 known growth-suppressor genes in 90 pairs of malignant/normal breast tissues. We also examined the expression of ERs and PRs in those specimens by immunohistochemistry. Mutations of p53 in tumor cells were detected by direct sequencing. Results Twelve tumor-suppressor genes: ARHI, RASSF1A, HIN-1, RARβ2, hMLH1, 14-3-3 σ, RIZ1, p16, E-cadherin, RIL, CDH13, and NKD2 were selected for this methylation study. Five of them (RIL, HIN-1, RASSF1A, CDH13, and RARβ2) were frequently methylated in breast cancers (57%, 49%, 58%, 44%, and 17%, respectively) but not the normal breast (0–4%). Two panels of methylation profiles were defined. The methylation of the HIN-1/RASSFIA panel strongly correlated to the expression of ERs, PRs, and hormone receptors (HRs; which were defined as 'positive' if ERs and/or PRs were positive; p < 0.001). Conversely, the methylation of the RIL/ CDH13 panel strongly correlated to negative ER, PR, and HR expression (p = 0.001, 0.025, and 0.001, respectively). The subset of triple-negative breast cancers (in other words, those with negative ER, PR, and HER-2/neu status) was positively associated with the methylation of the RIL/CDH13 panel and negatively associated with the HIN-1/RASSF1A panel. Mutations of p53 were found in nine breast tumors (11%), seven of which lacked methylation in both panels.
Evaluation of Brassica species as leaf sources for extending the processing season of a leaf protein concentrate plant

Leaf protein concentrates (LPC) were prepared in large pilot plant equipment from seven Brassica varieties grown on plots of up to 0.06 ha. Plants were harvested about a month before and after the lucerne processing season. Best yields of LPC, from leafier or forage-type species, were up to 0.9 t ha−1. Properties were as good as or better than those of LPC from lucerne. Lucerne processing procedures were modified to maximize yields from the more succulent Brassica plants.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2

Background: Vegans and other vegetarians who limit their intake of animal products may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency than nonvegetarians, because foods providing the highest amount of vitamin D per gram naturally are all from animal sources, and fortification with vitamin D currently occurs in few foods. Objective: We assessed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [s25(OH)D] concentrations and factors affecting them in vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians in a sample of calibration study subjects from the Adventist Health Study-2. Design: Food-frequency questionnaires and sun-exposure data were obtained from 199 black and 229 non-Hispanic white adults. We compared s25(OH)D concentration, dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake, and sun exposure in the different dietary groups. Results: We found no significant difference in s25(OH)D by vegetarian status for either white or black subjects. Among whites, dietary vitamin D intake and sun behavior were different between vegetarian groups, but there was no difference in skin type distribution. Among blacks, no significant differences were observed for any of these variables between vegetarian groups. The mean (±SD) s25(OH)D was higher in whites (77.1 ± 10.33 nmol/L) than in blacks (50.7 ± 27.4 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: s25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with vegetarian status. Other factors, such as vitamin D supplementation, degree of skin pigmentation, and amount and intensity of sun exposure have greater influence on s25(OH)D than does diet.
Intermodal tuning behavior of an etalon-tuned three-mirror TEA CO/sub 2/ laser

The detailed tuning behavior within a single ro-vibrational line of a TEA CO/sub 2/ laser was studied by using a wedged etalon and a pyroelectric array. The fine tuning of the laser was performed by using a temperature controlled etalon inside a three-mirror resonator. As the laser wavelength was scanned at a constant rate, single-longitudinal-mode pulses were observed approximately 82% of the time. Two-mode operation occurred over a narrow tuning range near the midpoint between successive cavity modes. The detailed structure of the staircase-like mode-to-mode tuning curve and the corresponding output intensity variations are explained using a simple theoretical model. >
Gold nanoparticle/PVDF polymer composite with improved particle dispersion

A substantial amount of work has been carried out in the area of dielectric nanocomposite materials. However, reported nanocomposite materials generally have disadvantages such as high dielectric loss mainly due to the nanoparticle agglomeration. Here, we present a novel nanocomposite material having polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) functionalized gold nanoparticles (5 nm in diameter) embedded inside a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) host polymer. A homogeneous dispersion of gold nanoparticles with low particle agglomeration has been achieved, up to 5 wt % of nanoparticles. Fabricated nanoparticle polymer composite films showed the absence of voids and cracks. Also, no evidence of macro-phase separation of nanoparticles from the polymer phase was observed.
The fan of influence of streams and channel feedbacks to simulated land surface water and carbon dynamics

Author(s): Shen, C; Riley, WJ; Smithgall, KR; Melack, JM; Fang, K | Abstract: Large-scale land models assume unidirectional land-to-river hydrological interactions, without considering feedbacks between channels and land. Using a tested, physically based model with explicit multiway interactions between overland, channel, wetland, and groundwater flows, we assessed how the representation and properties of channels influence simulated land surface hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecosystem dynamics. A zone near the channels where various fluxes and states are significantly influenced by the channels, referred to as the fan of influence (FoI) of channels, has been identified. We elucidated two mechanisms inducing the model-derived FoI: the base flow mechanism, in which incised, gaining streams lower the water table and induce more base flow, and the relatively more efficient conveyance of the channel network compared to overland flow. We systematically varied drainage density and grid resolution to quantify the size of the FoI, which is found to span a large fraction of the watershed (25-50%) for hydrologic variables including depth to water table and recharge, etc. The FoI is more pronounced with low-resolution simulations but remains noticeable in hyperresolution (25 m) subbasin simulations. The FoI and the channel influence on basin-average fluxes are also similar in simulations with alternative parameter sets. We found that high-order, entrenched streams cause larger FoI. In addition, removing the simulated channels has disproportionally large influence on modeled wetland areas and inundation duration, which has implications for coupled biogeochemical or ecological modeling. Our results suggest that explicit channel representation provides important feedbacks to land surface dynamics which should be considered in meso or large-scale simulations. Since grid refinement incurs prohibitive computational cost, subgrid channel parameterization has advantages in efficiency over grid-based representations that do not distinguish between overland flow and channel flow.
Exploring Mode Choice and Data Quality in a Panel Survey of New Businesses

Business characteristics – differences found in industry and employment.Respondent demographics – differences found in age and education level.Mode effects – none detected.Data quality – web respondents more like to provide higher quality data.Item nonresponse consistent over multiple years among Web respondents, decreased among CATI.
The ‘Tully monster’ is a vertebrate

Problematic fossils, extinct taxa of enigmatic morphology that cannot be assigned to a known major group, were once a major issue in palaeontology. A long-favoured solution to the 'problem of the problematica', particularly the 'weird wonders' of the Cambrian Burgess Shale, was to consider them representatives of extinct phyla. A combination of new evidence and modern approaches to phylogenetic analysis has now resolved the affinities of most of these forms. Perhaps the most notable exception is Tullimonstrum gregarium, popularly known as the Tully monster, a large soft-bodied organism from the late Carboniferous Mazon Creek biota (approximately 309-307 million years ago) of Illinois, USA, which was designated the official state fossil of Illinois in 1989. Its phylogenetic position has remained uncertain and it has been compared with nemerteans, polychaetes, gastropods, conodonts, and the stem arthropod Opabinia. Here we review the morphology of Tullimonstrum based on an analysis of more than 1,200 specimens. We find that the anterior proboscis ends in a buccal apparatus containing teeth, the eyes project laterally on a long rigid bar, and the elongate segmented body bears a caudal fin with dorsal and ventral lobes. We describe new evidence for a notochord, cartilaginous arcualia, gill pouches, articulations within the proboscis, and multiple tooth rows adjacent to the mouth. This combination of characters, supported by phylogenetic analysis, identifies Tullimonstrum as a vertebrate, and places it on the stem lineage to lampreys (Petromyzontida). In addition to increasing the known morphological disparity of extinct lampreys, a chordate affinity for T. gregarium resolves the nature of a soft-bodied fossil which has been debated for more than 50 years.
John C. Calhoun, Lani Guinier, and Minority Rights

Early in the first year of his presidency, Bill Clinton floated the name of Lani Guinier to be the Justice Department's chief civil-rights lawyer. Although Guinier never made it to Senate confirmation hearings, she was well qualified by education and professional training. Moreover, as a black Jewish female, it was evident to her that majoritarian democracy is often less than fair—and she was forthright about wishing to correct it by democratic means. Ironically, the minority veto, one of the alleged means by which Guinier wished to assure fairness, harkened back to the process of government advocated by John C. Calhoun (1782–1850). For Calhoun, constitutionalism or limited government was justified by epistemological nominalism, and was ensured by the concurrent majority and nullification. Like that of Aristotle, James Madison, and Karl Marx, Calhoun's political philosophy was based on class analysis. Indeed, the historian of American thought, Richard Hofstadter, subtitled a chapter on Calhoun, “The Marx of the Master Class.” As Hofstadter explains, in Calhoun, … there is discernible a rough parallel to several ideas that were later elaborated and refined by Marx: the idea of pervasive exploitation and class struggle in history; a labor theory of value and of a surplus appropriated by the capitalists; the concentration of capital under capitalistic production; the fall of working-class conditions to the level of subsistence; the growing revolt of the laboring class against the capitalists; the prediction of social revolution.
Long-Term Studies of the Effect of Rifampin on Nasal Carriage of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci

Eighty healthy men with nasal carriage of coagulase-positive staphylococci were given cloxacillin, rifampin, cloxacillin plus rifampin, or no drug. Treatment with rifampin alone or with rifampin plus cloxacillin eradicated the original strain from 80% of the men for 12 weeks after treatment; 15%-20% of the 80 subjects acquired a strain of a different phage type. Treatment with cloxacillin alone did not significantly alter the rate of carriage. Only one of 40 men receiving rifampin (either alone or with cloxacillin) acquired rifampin-resistant, coagulase-positive staphylococci; seven of the 40 acquired rifampin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Rifampin-resistant organisms did not persist in repeat nasal cultures five months after treatment. Of the 40 subjects given rifampin alone or rifampin plus cloxacillin, 60% had repeat nasal cultures done one year later. Only 50% were found to be carriers of coagulase-positive staphylococci. In another study, coagulase-positive staphylococci were eradicated from 70% of 20 carriers undergoing renal dialysis who received rifampin plus cloxacillin.
Doctor's Choice: The Physician and His Sources Of Information About Drugs

The physician uses, selectively, both commercial and scientific sources of information about drugs. Commercial sources are the predominant ones in making physicians aware of new drugs. However, information from both commercial and scientific sources plays a part in the physician's decision to prescribe a drug, and scientific sources become increasingly important as the condition which is to be treated becomes more severe, or as the treatment becomes less clear-cut.
Growth Mode Transition in Complex Oxide Heteroepitaxy: Atomically Resolved Studies

We performed investigations of the atomic-scale surface structure of epitaxial La5/8Ca3/8MnO3 thin films as a model system dependent on growth conditions in pulsed laser deposition with emphasis on film growth kinetics. Postdeposition in situ scanning tunneling microscopy was combined with in operando reflective high-energy electron diffraction to monitor the film growth and ex situ X-ray diffraction for structural analysis. We find a correlation between the out-of-plane lattice parameter and both adspecies mobility and height of the Ehrlich–Schwoebel barrier, with mobility of adatoms greater over the cationically stoichiometric terminations. The data suggest that the out-of-plane lattice parameter is dependent on the mechanism of epitaxial strain relaxation, which is controlled by the oxidative power of the deposition environment.
HYBRIDIZATION OF KARYOTYPICALLY DIFFERENTIATED POPULATIONS IN THE SCELOPORUS GRAMMICUS COMPLEX (IGUANIDAE).

Among the approximately 60 species of the lizard genus Sceloporus, there is much karyotypic diversity, resulting primarily from the fixation of "Robertsonian rearrangements" (centric fusions and fissions; Hsu and Mead, 1969; Jackson, 1971). Diploid (2n) chromosome numbers vary from 22 to 46 (Cole, 1970, 1971; Hall, 1973), a range exceeding that known for any other lizard genus. Because comparable variation has been detected in several groups of vertebrates, including other lizard genera (Gorman and Atkins, 1968; Matthey and van Brink, 1960) and rodents (review by Nadler, 1969), and in many invertebrates, evolutionists are becoming increasingly concerned with the role of karyotypic changes in animal speciation (White, 1969; Mayr, 1969, 1970). To investigate relationships between karyotypic diversification and speciation, Hall has undertaken a survey of chromosomal variation in Sceloporus and related genera, seeking particularly to identify intermediate evolutionary stages. Of 48 species of Sceloporus examined, all but one, the Mexican form S. grammicus, are karyotypically monomorphic, at least for Robertsonian mutations of the autosomes. An analysis of 1200 individuals of S. grammicus has revealed extensive chromosomal diversity at several levels of population structure, including the occurrence of rare individual variants, polymorphism, and the fixation of different Robertsonian modifications in parapatrically or allopatrically distributed populations. Chromosome numbers vary
Predictors of Upper-Extremity Physical Function in Older Adults.

Â Background: Little is known about the influence of habitual participation in physical exercise and diet on upper-extremity physical function in older adults. To assess the relationship of general physical exercise and diet to upper-extremity physical function and pain intensity in older adults. Â Methods: A cohort of 111 patients 50 or older completed a sociodemographic survey, the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA), an 11-point ordinal pain intensity scale, a Mediterranean diet questionnaire, and three Patient- Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) based questionnaires: Pain Interference to measure inability to engage in activities due to pain, Upper-Extremity Physical Function, and Depression. Multivariable linear regression modeling was used to characterize the association of physical activity, diet, depression, and pain interference to pain intensity and upper-extremity function. Results: Higher general physical activity was associated with higher PROMIS Upper-Extremity Physical Function and lower pain intensity in bivariate analyses. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet did not correlate with PROMIS Upper-Extremity Physical Function or pain intensity in bivariate analysis. In multivariable analyses factors associated with higher PROMIS Upper-Extremity Physical Function were male sex, non-traumatic diagnosis and PROMIS Pain Interference, with the latter accounting for most of the observed variability (37). Factors associated with greater pain intensity in multivariable analyses included fewer years of education and higher PROMIS Pain Interference. Conclusions: General physical activity and diet do not seem to be as strongly or directly associated with upper-extremity physical function as pain interference.
Method for Automatic Generation of Exploded View Based on Assembly Sequence Planning

A method for generating exploded view automatically for complex product by using assembly sequence planning and component geometric information is proposed. The structure of existing interference matrix is extended to axial directions of local coordinate system to analyze detachability of each component in tilt directions. From the viewpoints of geometric feasibility and assembly cost,each optimal disassembly component with direction and parallelism is stepwise screened out to form a wholly optimized sequence,using assembly relation matrices and several factors whose priority can be customized. Following principles of compact structure and sequence readability,displacement vector of each component is calculated by using its bounding box extracted directly and accumulative bounding box of exploded ones calculated in real time,while reading disassembly sequence. Each component is then driven to move to form the final exploded view. Assembly trace line and technical illustration can be developed further on this basis. The application system is developed on UG platform with a gear reducer taken as example to verify that the generation efficiency and the visual effect of the method meet the needs of engineering,which greatly reduces intensity of manual work.
The Economic Research on Deep Desulfurization of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

It can be hardly met the requirements of the emission standard just by adding calcium to remove sulfide in circulating fluidized bed boiler with the more strictness of emission standard will be formulated.In this paper,we proposed a deep-desulfurization program about circulating fluidized bed,which concluded the desulfurization inside boiler and wet flue gas desulfurization in tail.By assuming different sulfur content coal,we’ll make economic analysis of the deep desulfurization,and choose a reasonable distribution of deep desulphurization to achieve the best running status of desulfurization,that is by using the lowest total cost of desulfurization to meet the environmental emission standards.
Human astrocyte production of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 following exposure to lipopolysaccharide endotoxin

AbstractThe cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, have been found in the human central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that murine astrocytes produce these cytokines when induced with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS). The present study investigates the kinetics of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production by normal adult human astrocytes when exposed to LPS. [Neurol Res 1993; 15: 109–112]
Mitigation of chemical wear by graphene platelets during diamond cutting of steel

Abstract The diamond cutting of transition metal alloys, particularly steel, is severely hindered by accelerated chemical wear of the tool. Recent experimental findings show that the presence of graphene platelets mitigates this problem. However, the specific mechanisms responsible for this wear mitigation are currently unknown. In this paper, molecular dynamics techniques are successfully used to identify these diamond tool wear mitigation mechanisms. A modified embedded atom method force field is first evaluated for its ability to accurately simulate the catalyzed graphitization of diamond in the presence of steel. This force field is then used to simulate nanometric diamond cutting of steel in the presence of a 1 or 3 layered graphene platelet. Coordination analysis of these simulations shows that the presence of the graphene platelet results in 34%–96% reduction in tool wear, when compared to the graphene-free cutting condition. This is attributed to the graphene platelet serving as a physical barrier protecting the tool cutting edge, and also as a sacrificial source for carbon transfer into the workpiece. Other mechanisms, such as platelet cleaving and interlayer sliding, are also observed. The reduction in tool wear reported by the simulations is comparable to the trends observed in prior experiments.
Nonlinear feature transformation and deep fusion for Alzheimer's Disease staging analysis

Abstract In this study, we develop a novel nonlinear metric learning method to improve biomarker identification for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Formulated under a constrained optimization framework, the proposed method learns a smooth nonlinear feature space transformation that makes the mapped data more linearly separable for SVMs. The thin-plate spline (TPS) is chosen as the geometric model due to its remarkable versatility and representation power in generating sophisticated yet smooth deformations. In addition, a deep network based feature fusion strategy through stacked denoising sparse auto-encoder (DSAE) is adopted to integrate cross-sectional and longitudinal features estimated from MR brain images. Using the ADNI dataset, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed feature transformation and feature fusion strategies and demonstrate the improvements over the state-of-the-art solutions within the same category.
Quantification of human upper extremity nerves and fascicular anatomy

Introduction In this study we provide detailed quantification of upper extremity nerve and fascicular anatomy. The purpose is to provide values and trends in neural features useful for clinical applications and neural interface device design. Methods Nerve cross-sections were taken from 4 ulnar, 4 median, and 3 radial nerves from 5 arms of 3 human cadavers. Quantified nerve features included cross-sectional area, minor diameter, and major diameter. Fascicular features analyzed included count, perimeter, area, and position. Results Mean fascicular diameters were 0.57 ± 0.39, 0.6 ± 0.3, 0.5 ± 0.26 mm in the upper arm and 0.38 ± 0.18, 0.47 ± 0.18, 0.4 ± 0.27 mm in the forearm of ulnar, median, and radial nerves, respectively. Mean fascicular diameters were inversely proportional to fascicle count. Conclusion Detailed quantitative anatomy of upper extremity nerves is a resource for design of neural electrodes, guidance in extraneural procedures, and improved neurosurgical planning. Muscle Nerve 56: 463–471, 2017
Evaluation of distribution fault outage cost considering distributed photovoltaic generation

Distribution Fault outage directly influences the normal electricity consumption. Accurate evaluation of distribution fault outage cost plays a key role in the investment and decision on improving the power supply reliability. Based on distribution topology, we first analyze the characteristics of distribution load when take distributed photovoltaic generation (DPG) into accounts and propose the practical load models for both power generation and consumption of DPG with big data approach. Finally, we calculate the load and economic loss of all the distribution transformers and the overall outage cost in the perspective of feeder line as well. The numerical results present the effectiveness of our method.