cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child abuse: an attribution perspective.

Child abuse poses significant challenges for scientists and practitioners. For one thing, the willful harming of an innocent child is a painful image that understandably evokes intense emotions. The resulting diversity of strongly held views about the nature of the problem and what to do about it can, and too often does, lead to polarization among professionals who share the common goal of responding optimally to the problem. In this context, the articles in this special section do yeoman service to the field, recognizing, as they do, that there is no substitute for developing a strong empirical foundation to address this important social problem. The focus on children’s attributions for abuse is particularly laudable as there is some evidence that children’s responses to stressful events (e.g., interparental conflict) is mediated by their appraisals of the events (e.g., Grych, Fincham, Jouriles, & McDonald, 2000). However, the challenge of researching attributions in this field is emphasized by the fact that investigation of abuse allegations and receipt of services may alter the very phenomenon investigated. The sensitivity shown to this problem in the articles is exemplary; Kolko, Brown, and Berliner (2002, this issue) collected their data within 2 to 3 weeks of intake at Child Protective Services (CPS) and Feiring, Taska, and Chen (2002, this issue) did so within 8 weeks of abuse discovery. As attribution research is extended into yet another substantive area of inquiry, a further challenge arises. What does one make of the enormous body of literature on attribution that continues to grow at the rate of about 350 articles per annum (1990-2000; mean = 364.2, range = 291-536)? Does the study of children’s attributions for abuse take the course followed by researchers on close relationships, who did not build on existing research when they began to study attributions? Or can this voluminous literature inform the study of children’s attributions for abuse? The remainder of this commentary offers some observations pertinent to the last question before pointing out features of these articles that augur well for the future development of this field of inquiry.
The medium really is the message commentary on Michael J. Bader's paper

Whether it sees itself as an instrument of healing, of training, or of exploration in depth, psychoanalysis has only a single medium: the patient's speech. That this is self‐evident is no excuse for our neglecting it. And all speech calls for a reply [Lacan, 1953].
Orthonasal and Retronasal but not Oral-Cavity-Only Discrimination of Vapor-Phase Fatty Acids

Discrimination of vapor-phase linoleic, oleic, and stearic fatty acids was studied using triangle tests. For each trial, 2 of the 3 modified odorant delivery containers (MODCs) had the same content and 1 was different. Contents were either mineral oil-diluted linoleic or oleic acids, with mineral oil in the other MODC (blanks) or undiluted stearic acid with NaCl in the other MODC (blanks). The task was to indicate which of the 3 MODC had the most different odor. Vapor-phase fatty acids and blanks were presented orthonasally, retronasally, or oral-cavity-only. It was found that all 3 fatty acids were discriminated from the blanks both orthonasally and retronasally, P 0.05 (30% of 30 participants discriminated linoleic acid from blanks, P = 0.71; 47%, oleic and stearic acids, P = 0.09). These results demonstrate that human participants can discriminate linoleic, oleic, and stearic fatty acids both orthonasally and retronasally, confirming that humans can smell fatty acids.
Inhibition Drives Early Feature-Based Attention

Attention can modulate processing of visual input according to task-relevant features, even as early as approximately 100 ms after stimulus presentation. In the present study, event-related potential and behavioral data revealed that inhibition of distractor features, rather than activation of target features, is the primary driver of early feature-based selection in human observers. This discovery of inhibition consistent with task goals during early visual processing suggests that inhibition plays a much larger role at an earlier stage of target selection than previously recognized. It also highlights the importance of understanding the role of inhibition (in addition to activation) in attention.
Charge-remote fragmentation of lithiated fatty acids on a TOF-TOF instrument using matrix-ionization.

In numerous studies charge remote fragmentation (CRF) has been shown to be a powerful technique for determination of primary structure by allowing location of double bonds, various functional groups, and branching in a variety of compound types directly by mass spectrometry. Instrumentation and ionization methods traditionally used for CRF, however, are becoming rare, in large part because ESI and MALDI have to a significant extent replaced them. Here we demonstrate that by selecting a matrix that promotes rather than suppresses ionization of fatty acids (FA) by lithium ion adduction, and using a TOF-TOF mass spectrometer for high-energy collisional activation, CRF ions are produced that allow location of double-bond and branching positions. Further, we show that by using solvent-free MALDI sample preparation methods, thus eliminating the inherent segregation of the hydrophobic fatty acid from the hydrophilic LiCl that can occur during the evaporation of solvent, the desired [FA−H+2Li]+ ions are greatly enhanced. Because FAs can be vaporized using laser desorption, matrix assistance in desorption of the fatty acid may occur, but is not necessary. However, the matrix plays a crucial role in enhancing or suppressing ionization. For example, matrix materials with acid (e.g., 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) or hydroxy groups (e.g., dithranol) compete with the FA for Li+ and because of the high ratio of matrix to analyte, FA lithium adduction is minimized. However, highly electron-deficient matrix materials (e.g., TCNQ) readily donate Li+ to FAs because of the instability associated with being positively charged.
Still Missing? Comments on the Twentieth Anniversary of “The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology”

, Vol. 53, Issue 4, pp. 454–458, ISSN 0037-7791, electronic ISSN 1533-8533. © 2006 by Society for the Study of Social Problems, Inc. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, at http://www. ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. Still Missing? Comments on the Twentieth Anniversary of “The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology”
Modulation of transforming growth factor‐beta 1 stimulated elastin and collagen production and proliferation in porcine vascular smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts by basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor‐α, and insulin‐like growth factor‐I

During tissue repair and development, matrix accumulation is modulated as multiple signals impinge on target cells. We have investigated the effects of combinations of the mitogenic cytokines, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) with respect to the production of two matrix components, elastin and type I collagen. Using specific enzyme-linked immunoassays for detection of secreted precursors in both vascular smooth muscle cells and skin fibroblasts from the domestic pig, production of these two fibrous proteins was shown to be strongly stimulated by TGF-β1. In the smooth muscle cell, both bFGF and TGF-α were potent antagonists of TGF-β1-mediated matrix production, whereas IGF-1 was only weakly additive with respect to elastin production. Antagonism was also evident to a lesser extent in skin fibroblasts. Reduced responsiveness to TGF-β1 did not appear to be due to a switch to a proliferative state, since TGF-β1 itself acted as a mitogen in confluent SMC, and TGF-α was only a weak mitogen in confluent fibroblast cultures. Although a predominant effect of TGF-β is matrix accumulation, these findings suggest that this property will be significantly modified by the cytokine context. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Teratoma Factory

Adult human skin cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by overexpressing a cocktail of four transcription factors. iPSCs show molecular and functional similarities to embryonic stem cells. They can be successfully differentiated into many cell types, including hematopoietic cells, but the yield of blood cells is inefficient. It is also not currently possible to generate hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from iPSCs. Now, Amabile et al. take a different approach by using iPSC-generated teratomas (a tumor containing derivatives of all three germ cell layers) to produce HSCs and other types of blood cells. Amabile et al. generated iPSCs from adult human skin cells. The human iPSCs were able to differentiate in vitro into the three germ cell layers and to form teratomas when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. These teratomas contained bone marrow–like structures and blood cells such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, megakaryocytes, and HSCs. The human HSCs, B, T, and myeloid cells were able to migrate to the mouse bone marrow and spleen after transplantation. Hematopoiesis within the teratoma, especially HSC generation and migration, was enhanced when iPSCs were coinjected with OP9 stroma cells. The HSCs were able to form colony-forming unit (CFU)–GM and CFU-M in vitro and were able to engraft the bone marrow after transplantation into immunodeficient mice in the same way as cord blood cells. The transplanted recipient mice demonstrated multilineage reconstitution of the hematopoietic system, with a predominance of human myeloid cells. The teratoma-derived CD19+ B cells and CD3+ T cells were capable of producing fully human antibodies and cytokines, respectively. This study shows that human hematopoietic cells derived from iPSC-generated teratomas are capable of multilineage reconstitution after transplantation into mice and can produce human antibodies and cytokines. These teratoma factories may be useful for producing therapeutic antibodies and for drug screening. G. Amabile et al ., In vivo generation of transplantable human hematopoietic cells from induced pluripotent stem cells. Blood , published online 4 December 2012 (10.1182/blood-2012-06-434407). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/early/2012/12/04/blood-2012-06-434407.abstract
Islets break off from the mainland

A generous source of insulin-producing cells is found in the pancreas, raising hopes for transplantation therapies for diabetes ( pages 310–316 ).
Basal metabolic rate, maximum thermogenic capacity and aerobic scope in rodents: interaction between environmental temperature and torpor use

When torpid animals arouse and warm up to restore normal body temperature (Tb), they produce heat at levels that can reach up to 10 times basal metabolic rate (BMR), close to the cold-induced summit metabolism (VO2-sum). Because torpor is an adaptation aimed at conserving energy over periods of low ambient temperature (Ta) and food availability, selective forces that have led to the evolution of torpor may have simultaneously favoured high thermogenic capacity (i.e. VO2-sum) relative to the maintenance costs (i.e. BMR), hence a higher factorial aerobic scope (FAS; the ratio of VO2-sum to BMR). My objective was to test this adaptive hypothesis using a phylogenetically informed comparative approach with data on BMR and VO2-sum in rodents. I found a strong negative correlation between FAS and the average of the daily minimum Ta (Tmin) in species using torpor, which was due to differential effects of Ta on BMR (but not VO2-sum) in species that use torpor compared with species that do not. In addition, FAS was negatively correlated with the lowest torpid Tb in a subset of nine species. These results suggest that in species using torpor, selective forces may have acted to maximize the efficiency of thermogenic capacity (VO2-sum) relative to maintenance costs (BMR), resulting in an increasing FAS with decreasing Ta.
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Children

This report presents the results of the first behavioral genetic studies of children's loneliness. Data were collected using both an adoption design and a twin-sibling design. As part of the Colorado Adoption Project, 133 sibling pairs (69 biologically related pairs and 64 unrelated pairs in adoptive families) completed a general loneliness scale when they were 9, 10, 11, and 12 years old. As part of the San Diego Sibling Study, 142 sibling pairs (22 monozygotic twin, 40 dizygotic twin, and 80 full-sibling pairs) between the ages of 8 and 14 years old completed a scale assessing loneliness at school. Both studies showed significant heritability and nonshared environmental influences for children's loneliness.
Networks and Basic Solutions

A labeling procedure which could be used to carry out the steps of the simplex algorithm for a network flow problem is given. A modification of the simplex algorithm for the maximum flow problem is suggested which is equivalent to the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm if the solutions are kept basic in the latter. A procedure to keep the solutions basic in the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm is given. An example of a flow with gains problem with integer capacities and gains is given for which the usual labeling procedure may not lead to an optimum solution if the solutions are not kept basic. Extension of the network flow techniques to flows with gains is discussed.
Effects of curing time and filler concentration on curing and postcuring of urethane dimethacrylate composites: a microcalorimetric study.

The isothermal enthalpy changes with time of a dental composite were examined by microcalorimetry to isolate the effects of different filler concentrations and curing times on chemical aging of these composites. Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) monomer, zirconia-silica (ZS) powder, and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPM) were used as organic and inorganic matrices, and a coupling agent, respectively. The composite was mixed in different ratios and cured by visible light. The enthalpy changes with time for 0, 15, 45, 75% ZS-filled UDMA and 75% MAPM-silanated ZS-filled UDMA cured for 13, 30, 90, 150, and 300 s were measured at 37.0°, 57.0°, and 65.5°C until equilibrium. Increased curing time and filler concentration caused the excesss enthalpy changes (dH) and their rate of change (dH/dt) to increase with annealing time and apparent equilibrium was reached faster. In addition, dH showed nonlinear dependence with the increase in filler concentration by showing a maxima for samples containing 25 wt % filler. Further, filler silanation caused dH/dt to increase and required shorter times to reach apparent equilibrium. dH also reached a minimum when samples contained silanated filler, compared to composites containing unsilanated filler. It was concluded that the shorter curing time caused the occurrence of spontaneous densification, which facilitated continual resin curing; and longer curing time caused higher crosslinking of the organic phase. Moderate concentration of inorganic phase restricts the molecular motion of the surface layer of polymer onto filler particles, and the polymer is regarded as highly crosslinked, while a higher filler concentration forms aggregates that are covered by the polymer which causes a decrease in the molecular packing of the resin, and is reflected as low enthalpy values. Finally, silanation of the filler showed a highly endothermic reaction that is probably due to breaking and forming of bonds at the interface between the organic and the inorganic phases in the composites. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 40, 224–232, 1998
Modeling temporal channel variations in indoor wireless environments

The temporal variations of an indoor wireless channel can have a significant impact on the performance of the underlying wireless system. Therefore, there is a need to understand and model the temporal processes associated with the physical propagation phenomena. Typically, wireless channels are modeled through techniques that do not capture the temporal variability in the underlying channel response, but instead represent a snapshot or ensemble description of the channel. In this paper, we examine the problem of modeling the temporal variations of the channel response in an indoor environment. We have conducted channel sounding measurements for several typical office scenarios, i.e. static environment, people around a lunch table, people sitting and moving in an office. Using these traces, we quantified and compared the time variations under various conditions of the movement. We show that, in an indoor environment, only some taps of the channel impulse response vary significantly. We use autoregressive processes to model the time-varying part of the taps, and show this to be an excellent representation for channel responses in a typical indoor environment.
Cyclic designs for a covariate model

Abstract A linear model with one treatment at V levels and first order regression on K continuous covariates with values on a K -cube is considered. We restrict our attention to classes of designs d for which the number of observations N to be taken is a multiple of V , i.e. N = V × R with R ≥2, and each treatment level is observed R times. Among these designs, called here equireplicated , there is a subclass characterized by the following: the allocation matrix of each treatment level (for short, allocation matrix ) is obtained through cyclic permutation of the columns of the allocation matrix of the first treatment level. We call these designs cyclic . Besides having easy representation, the most efficient cyclic designs are often D-optimal in the class of equireplicated designs. A known upper bound for the determinant of the information matrix M ( d ) of a design, in the class of equireplicated ones, depends on the congruences of N and V modulo 4. For some combinations of parameter moduli, we give here methods of constructing families of D-optimal cyclic designs. Moreover, for some sets of parameters ( N, V,K = V ), where the upper bound on ∣ M ( d )∣ (for that specific combination of moduli) is not attainable, it is also possible to construct highly D-efficient cyclic designs. Finally, for N ≤24 and V ≤6, computer search was used to determine the most efficient design in the class of cyclic ones. They are presented, together with their respective efficiency in the class of equireplicated designs.
Characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) isolates from commercial poultry by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious, acute respiratory disease of chickens, of worldwide distribution, that affects growth and egg production and leads to significant economic losses during periodic outbreaks of the disease. Live attenuated vaccines (chicken embryo origin [CEO] and tissue-culture origin [TCO]) have been widely used to control the disease in the United States. It is believed that most of the outbreaks in the United States are caused by vaccine-related isolates that persist in the field and spill over into naive poultry populations. The objective of this study was to utilize the previously developed polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis to genotype recent ILT virus (ILTV) isolates from commercial poultry. Forty-six samples were collected during January 2006 to April 2007 from five poultry production regions of the United States and were characterized within PCR-RFLP groups III-VI. Sixty-three percent of the samples analyzed were categorized as closely related to the vaccine strains (groups III-V), whereas 33% were categorized as group VI viruses that differed in six and nine PCR-RFLP patterns from the CEO and TCO vaccines; a mixture of group IV and V viruses was detected in two samples (4%). In general, groups V and VI were the most prevalent viruses, found in 52% and 33% of the samples tested respectively. Both types of viruses were detected in vaccinated and nonvaccinated flocks. Although genetically different, both viruses produced severe disease in the field.
Automatic vehicle identification technology and applications

A vehicle identification system which uses RF techniques in the near-microwave region has application to a variety of transportation modes, including bus, truck, and rail. The system includes an active reader, a transmit/receive antenna and a series of uniquely encoded tags. An attractive feature of the tag is that it requires no direct power supply, as power is derived from the radiated RF energy of the reader. The system is being used in rail car, truck and automobile identification and bus vehicle location applications.
Emergence (from chaos?) of regulatory order in the transplanted heart

The principles by which "emergent properties" and functional order of self-organizing system, such as the heart, achieve homeodynamic stability provide a non-reductionist framework for understanding how biological systems adapt to imposed internal and external stresses, i.e., ischemia, organ/tissue replacement. Thus, the newly emergent dynamics of cardiac rhythm arising after heart transplantation may represent a more stable, versatile and adaptive regulatory order.
Critical state plasticity. Part VI: Meso-scale finite element simulation of strain localization in discrete granular materials

Development of more accurate mathematical models of discrete granular material behavior requires a fundamental understanding of deformation and strain localization phenomena. This paper utilizes a meso-scale finite element modeling approach to obtain an accurate and thorough capture of deformation and strain localization processes in discrete granular materials such as sands. We employ critical state theory and implement an elastoplastic constitutive model for granular materials, a variant of a model called “Nor-Sand”, allowing for non-associative plastic flow and formulating it in the finite deformation regime. Unlike the previous versions of critical state plasticity models presented in a series of “Cam-Clay” papers, the present model contains an additional state parameter ψ that allows for a deviation or detachment of the yield surface from the critical state line. Depending on the sign of this state parameter, the model can reproduce plastic compaction as well as plastic dilation in either loose or dense granular materials. Through numerical examples we demonstrate how a structured spatial density variation affects the predicted strain localization patterns in dense sand specimens.
12/15-Lipoxygenase deficiency protects mice from allergic airways inflammation and increases secretory IgA levels.

Background Induction of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) has been observed in the airways of subjects with asthma, although its physiologic role in the airways has remained largely undefined. Objectives We sought to test the hypothesis that the mouse 15-LO-1 ortholog 12/15-LO contributes to the development of allergic airways inflammation. Methods Two models were used to evaluate wild-type and 12/15-LO–deficient mice. The systemic model involved intraperitoneal injections of allergen, and the mucosal model involved allergen exposures occurring exclusively in the airways. The systemic and mucosal-specific contributions of 12/15-LO to allergic sensitization and airways inflammation were determined by comparing the results obtained in the 2 models. Results In the mucosal model 12/15-LO knockout mice were protected from the development of allergic sensitization and airways inflammation, as evidenced by circulating levels of allergen-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a; the profile of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; and the expression of cytokines and mediators in lung tissue. In the systemic model 12/15-LO knockout mice were not protected. This suggested the presence of a lung-restricted protective role for 12/15-LO deficiency that was potentially accounted for by increased activation of mucosal B cells and increased production of the known mucosal-specific protective mediator secretory IgA. Conclusions Induction of 15-LO-1 in asthma might contribute to allergic sensitization and airways inflammation, potentially by causing suppression of secretory IgA.
Uncertainty and Information

A half-century ago Claude Shannon, mathematician and innovative engineer at what was then called the Bell Telephone Laboratories, formulated the idea of information content residing in a message, and in a seminal paper of 1948, he established the discipline that became known as information theory. Though its influence is chiefly in communication engineering, information theory has come to play an important role in more recent years in elucidating the meaning of chance.
The role of culture in explaining college students’ selection into hookups, dates, and long-term romantic relationships

We analyze the Online College Social Life Survey, a survey collected between 2005 and 2011 of students (N = 22,454) at 22 U.S. colleges and universities and estimate whether students hooked up, dated, formed long-term romantic relationships, or did not form relationships while in college and their desire for these relationship opportunities. Students have equal rates of hooking up and dating. Men are more likely than women to have dated and hooked up and less likely to have formed a long-term relationship, although they are more likely to wish there were more opportunities to form long-term relationships. An examination of intimate partnering by sexual orientation, race, religious attendance, and Greek culture reveals distinct pattern that can be explained by cultural norms.
Reconstitution of PA700, the 19S regulatory particle, from purified precursor complexes

Here, we describe methodology for the in vitro reconstitution of PA700, the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome, from three purified subcomplexes that closely represent cellular assembly intermediates. These PA700 subcomplexes (denoted PS-1, PS-2, and PS-3) account for all subunits present in purified PA700 but have no overlapping or non-PA700 components. The reconstituted PA700 displays functional features indistinguishable from independently purified PA700, including ATPase activity, deubiquitylating activity, and ATP-dependent binding and activation of the 20S proteasome. This reconstitution assay -provides a platform for exploration of critical biochemical and molecular features of PA700 assembly and for insights to 26S proteasome assembly in intact cells.
Robert W. Dickerman, 1926–2015

Bob Dickerman died peacefully in his Bernalillo, New Mexico, home after a month of valiant struggle to overcome complications of a stroke. The trajectory of his career can be tracked through his varied peer-reviewed publications and the specimens upon which many of those publications were based. Perusal of the specimen labels and the titles of the publications reveals that he was widely traveled, and although the majority of his publications were about bird distribution and taxonomy, he also was an accomplished mammalogist, dabbled in animal behavior, and coauthored important virology publications (see Western Birds 43:200–202). Bob was an AOU Fellow since 1983 and an Elective Member of AOU since 1973. We will miss Bob’s warmth, friendship, and sense of humor. However, long after the last Dickerman story is told by those who knew him, Bob’s legacy will remain, in a vibrant Division of Birds at the Museum of Southwestern Biology (MSB) and in the treasure trove of specimens with ‘‘RWD’’ on the label that he deposited at institutions across the country and around the world. Bob was the middle child of three boys who grew up on a farm in upstate New York during the Great Depression. He was drafted for World War II but was too young to see combat. He served in Tokyo during the occupation of Japan after the war and attended Cornell University on the GI Bill after his discharge. Although an undergraduate, he was as old as the graduate students and shared office space with them, which afforded him opportunities to gain experience as a field biologist that younger undergraduate students might not have had. He once told me during one of our field trips within New Mexico that his interest in specimen-based science was piqued at Cornell when a Red Phalarope wandered to Cayuga Lake in September 1947. He witnessed the collection and preparation of this specimen (CUMV 21260) and was hooked. Bob soon learned to prepare museum specimens, and he put those skills to use as a field collector and preparator at the University of Kansas in the 1950s, and then as a doctoral student at the University of Minnesota. During his years at Kansas and Minnesota, Bob spent his field time primarily in Mexico. His Ph.D. advisor, Dwain Warner, said that nobody knew Mexico better than Bob (Moments of Discovery, University of Florida Press, 2010, ed. K.Winker). It would surprise many people to learn that Bob spent his professional career employed as a virologist at the Cornell Medical School in New York City. However, he never forgot his roots, and he also held an appointment in the Bird Department at the American Museum of Natural History. Besides teaching classes in virology, he was the field coordinator for a project that screened wild
Abstract 2551: New understanding of cancer induction by ionizing radiation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Ionizing radiation is a unique carcinogen that provides an opportunity to vary the location of biological damage within a cell nucleus. For example, electron and x-ray beams deposit dose uniformly and randomly, while energetic heavy ions deposit dose in densely packed straight lines along the ion paths. Cancer yields for these 2 radiations vary as follows: upward curvature with dose rate sparing for random and linearity and no dose rate sparing for heavy ions. Dose rate sparing has long been assumed to be based on biological repair, but it has never been explained why dose responses should differ between these radiation or why repair should be ineffective for heavy ions. To understand this better, consider how the distribution of a typical molecular lesion, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), varies with the type of radiation. For heavy ions at a specific energy, DSBs are expected to be lined up at random intervals along each track, their number being proportional to average track length in each nucleus, i.e. DSBs per nucleus are proportional to radiation dose (D). Increased charge on the heavy ion causes increased lineal energy transfer (L), i.e. DSBs are also proportional to L. Similarly for heavy ions fusions between DSBs would also be proportional to D and L. The comparable scenario for randomly deposited radiation differs in that the DSBs are distributed randomly with the nuclei. Their number remains proportional to radiation dose, but now fusions would exhibit proportionality to dose-squared as a direct result of the randomness of the DSBs. Moreover randomness eliminates simultaneity. Consequently DSBs can be eliminated before second ones occur close enough to fuse, which automatically gives rise to dose rate sparing. DSB fusion yields based on the above considerations would have the form Yfusions = CfLD + BfD2 with no dose rate sparing for the first term and positive dose rate sparing for the second term. If fusions are the initial lesion of radiation carcinogenesis, then Ycancer = CcaLD + BcaD2. Extensive cancer data in rat skin based on radiations with very different L values (56Fe (L = 150 keV/µ), 40Ar (L = 125 keV/ µ), 29Ne (L = 26 keV/ µ), 1H (L = 0.34 keV/ µ).) and doses are presented that confirm the existence of independent linear and dose-squared terms and that dose rate sparing only applies to the dose-squared term. The data support the proposition that DSB fusions could be the initial lesion of radiation carcinogenesis in the rat skin model. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2551. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2551
Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation Disorders Overview

The purpose of this overview is to increase the awareness of clinicians regarding neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders and their genetic causes and management.The following are the goals of this overview. Goal 1 Describe the clinical characteristics of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Goal 2 Review the genetic causes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Goal 3 Provide an evaluation strategy to identify the genetic cause of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation in a proband (when possible). Goal 4 Inform genetic counseling of family members of an individual with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Goal 5 Review high-level management of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation.
The Architecture of Clarity

This article presents a practical, systematic approach to redrafting dense text. It uses a real statute for an example, showing how the original text -- which crams a general rule, its conditions, and an exception into a single sentence -- can be reorganized into a clear, easy-to-use provision. The techniques described are effective for both legislative and contract drafting, especially for lawyers (or law students) updating old forms or laws.
Women’s Movements in Portugal and Spain: Democratic Processes and Policy Outcomes

ABSTRACTPortugal and Spain underwent dramatic transformations between 1974 and the early 1980s, transitioning from dictatorships to democracies. In this article I explore why Portugal was faster than Spain in adopting key gender-rights policies (e.g., divorce, equal pay, state feminism) during the period in question. Bridging insights from the democratization, social movement, and women’s studies literatures, I argue that Portugal’s accelerated policy path on women’s rights can be explained by three complex factors: (1) the nature of the revolutionary transition, which structured options for women’s movements and for institutional actors; (2) the configuration of movement-party alliances; and (3) supranational pressures to reorganize the state-civil society relationship. The study contributes to the engendering of democratization processes in Iberia by paying close attention to the interconnected agency of women’s movements with other political actors at a time of regime transformation.
Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 H30 Is the Main Driver of Emerging Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing E. coli at a Tertiary Care Center.

ABSTRACT The H30 strain of Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131-H30) is a recently emerged, globally disseminated lineage associated with fluoroquinolone resistance and, via its H30Rx subclone, the CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Here, we studied the clonal background and resistance characteristics of 109 consecutive recent E. coli clinical isolates (2015) and 41 historical ESBL-producing E. coli blood isolates (2004 to 2011) from a public tertiary care center in California with a rising prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Among the 2015 isolates, ST131, which was represented mainly by ST131-H30, was the most common clonal lineage (23% overall). ST131-H30 accounted for 47% (8/17) of ESBL-producing, 47% (14/30) of fluoroquinolone-resistant, and 33% (11/33) of multidrug-resistant isolates. ST131-H30 also accounted for 53% (8/14) of dually fluoroquinolone-resistant, ESBL-producing isolates, with the remaining 47% comprised of diverse clonal groups that contributed a single isolate each. ST131-H30Rx, with CTX-M-15, was the major ESBL producer (6/8) among ST131-H30 isolates. ST131-H30 and H30Rx also dominated (46% and 37%, respectively) among the historical ESBL-producing isolates (2004 to 2011), without significant temporal shifts in relative prevalence. Thus, this medical center’s recently emerging ESBL-producing E. coli strains, although multiclonal, are dominated by ST131-H30 and H30Rx, which are the only clonally expanded fluoroquinolone-resistant, ESBL-producing lineages. Measures to rapidly and effectively detect, treat, and control these highly successful lineages are needed. IMPORTANCE The ever-rising prevalence of resistance to first-line antibiotics among clinical Escherichia coli isolates leads to worse clinical outcomes and higher health care costs, thereby creating a need to discover its basis so that effective interventions can be developed. We found that the H30 subset within E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131-H30) is currently, and has been since at least 2004, the main E. coli lineage contributing to key resistance phenotypes—including extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, fluoroquinolone resistance, multidrug resistance, and dual ESBL production-plus-fluoroquinolone resistance—at a United States tertiary care center with a rising prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. This identifies ST131-H30 as a target for diagnostic tests and preventive measures designed to curb the emergence of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates and/or to blunt its clinical impact.
Measurement of Suction-Stress Characteristic Curve Under Drying and Wetting Conditions

Suction-stress characteristic curve (SSCC) is an important constitutive relation defining variation of effective stress because of changes in soil water content. It can be intrinsically related to soil–water-retention curve. SSCC reflects the amount of mechanical work done to a unit volume of soil by its pore water at a particular state of matric potential or water content. A new testing system, based on a drying cake method was established to measure SSCC under both drying and wetting conditions. A previously developed theory of incremental linear elasticity allows the determination of suction stress by monitoring elastic modulus and deformation of a soil cake under varying water contents. Changes in suction stress and elastic modulus result in radial displacement field of a soil cake. A twin-cake testing procedure was established to independently measure: the elastic modulus change with water content on one cake by using a miniature-loading system, and the displacement field on the other cake by using a digital still camera throughout the drying and wetting processes. A particle image velocimetry technique was used to analyze a series of sequential images to calculate the evolution of radial displacement field and its center. The test results on four different soils, covering from sand to silt and clay, were compared and validated with the results obtained independently by a transient water release and imbibition method. It is demonstrated that this new testing system provides a simple, fast, and non-destructive way to measure SSCC under varying drying and wetting conditions.
Bendamustine and Rituximab: Complete Response in a 62-Year-Old Female with an Aggressive Lymphoma and an Ejection Fraction of 20%

The treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the presence of cardiac comorbidities can be challenging considering that the standard treatment regimen used for this aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) consists of a combination of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, Oncovin (vincristine), and prednisone (R-CHOP). The use of the anthracycline doxorubicin has been associated with arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy, making patients with cardiac dysfunction poor candidates for R-CHOP. As such, it is imperative to find alternative regimens that omit cardiac toxicity without compromising efficacy for this patient population. We report a case of composite NHL in a patient who received frontline bendamustine with rituximab with encouraging results. Our patient had a left ventricular ejection fraction of 20%, making her a poor candidate for anthracycline-based therapy. We opted to administer bendamustine with rituximab for a total of 6 cycles. She remains disease free 18 months after the completion of therapy.
On the Competitive and Collaborative Implications of Category Captainship

AbstractCategory captainship (CC) is a retailing practice wherein a retailer collaborates with one of the manufacturers in a product category (referred to as the captain) to develop and implement a category management strategy. Although CC has been studied using both theoretical models and surveys, empirical evidence on the benefits and drawbacks of CC is scarce. The authors use a unique data set collected during a CC implementation to empirically examine the impact of CC on the retailer, the captain, and the other manufacturers in the category. The authors find that both the retailer’s private label and the captain benefit from CC because of pricing and assortment changes. They also find that some competing manufacturers benefit from CC while others suffer. Specifically, the manufacturers that closely compete with the captain benefit, whereas the manufacturers that are in close competition with the private label suffer because the retailer protects its private label. The authors show that category sales ...
Effect of High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas on Fracture of Austenitic Steels

Applications requiring the containment and transportation of hydrogen gas at pressures greater than 70 MPa are anticipated in the evolving hydrogen economy infrastructure. Since hydrogen is known to alter the mechanical properties of materials, data are needed to guide the selection of materials for structural components. The objective of this study is to characterize the role of yield strength, microstructural orientation, and small concentrations of ferrite on hydrogen-assisted fracture in two austenitic stainless steels: 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn (21-6-9) and 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn (22-13-5). The testing methodology involves exposure of tensile specimens to high-pressure hydrogen gas at elevated temperature in order to precharge the specimens with hydrogen, and subsequently testing the specimens in laboratory air to measure strength and ductility. In all cases, the alloys remain ductile despite precharging to hydrogen concentrations of ∼1 at. %, as demonstrated by reduction in area values between 30% and 60% and fracture modes dominated by microvoid processes. Low concentrations of ferrite and moderate increases in yield strength do not exacerbate hydrogen-assisted fracture in 21-6-9 and 22-13-5, respectively. Microstructural orientation has a pronounced effect on ductility in 22-13-5 due to the presence of aligned second-phase particles.
Development of stable extractive scintillating materials for quantification of radiostrontium in aqueous solutions

The research presented here is the development of sensor materials that are applicable for real-time in situ quantification of radiostrontium in aqueous solutions. Two different approaches were applied to prepare highly selective structures for simultaneous extraction and detection of radiostrontium using online detection methods. Online data were acquired with a flow scintillation analyzer IN/US β-Ram model 5 (LabLogic Systems, Inc) with a 30-s dwell time. Both approached utilized the commercially available SuperLig®620 solid-phase extractant (IBC Technologies, Inc.) to concentrate the strontium in combination with a scintillator to quantify the radioactivity.
Purpose-driven consultancies’ negotiation of organizational tensions

ABSTRACTThis article examines the negotiation of organizational tensions by purpose-driven consultancies, for-profit firms also motivated by social change agendas in their implementation of organizational development for corporate clients. Using two case studies – APCom training ethical corporate leaders, and GreenD communicating environmental sustainability programs – we trace how such consultancies negotiate these tensions, and how their underlying purpose might accordingly transform. Our multi-case study suggests two broad tensions related to purpose and impact that are experienced in context-specific ways by the consultancies. Although members sought to frame these tensions in positive ways, as complementary dialectics or contradicting the dominant capitalist system, they were also at risk of devolving into more paradoxical contradictions and even debilitating double binds, without sustained discussion to ‘repurpose’ the firms. We close by discussing theoretical and practical implications for purpose-...
Cytomorphologic features of metastatic endometrioid carcinoma by fine needle aspiration

Background Although metastatic disease is commonly seen in high grade carcinomas of gynecologic origin, it also occurs in low to intermediate grade endometrioid carcinomas (LGEMCAs), and may even be the primary presentation of disease. Tissue confirmation is necessary to guide therapy, but performing biopsies might not always be feasible or practical. In such instances, fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a safe and efficient alternative. No comprehensive series describing the cytomorphologic features of metastatic LGEMCA on FNA samples has been published. This study describes clinical and cytomorphologic features of metastatic LGEMCA diagnosed by FNA. Methods The pathology archives at 2 academic institutions were searched for patients with endometrial or ovarian endometrioid carcinoma, with concurrent or subsequent sampling of metastatic sites by FNA. Results Twelve cases were identified; all slides were reviewed and cytomorphologic features recorded. Four cases were obtained from metastatic sites as primary presentation of disease, and 8 cases were obtained from metastatic sites in patients with known history of LGEMCA. Metastatic LGEMCAs generate cellular specimens composed of cohesive clusters of cells with areas of gland formation. Consistent cytomorphologic features included nuclear overlapping, low to intermediate nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, round to elongated nuclear shape, finely vacuolated cytoplasm, mild to moderate nuclear membrane irregularities, squamous metaplasia, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Variability was seen with regards to the presence of necrosis (50% of cases) and mitosis (25% of cases). Conclusion The presence of these features on FNA samples should raise concern for an underlying gynecologic malignancy.
An uncommon cause of abdominal pain in a child: Meckel diverticulum

Meckel diverticulum, a common congenital anomaly of the small intestine, can be responsible of several complications due to the presence of ectopic gastric mucosa and represents a challenge for diagnosis. We present the case of a 11-year boy suffering from intestinal pain and bleeding in which radiological examinations unexpectedly raised the suspicion of Meckel diverticulum. The diagnosis was confirmed using 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy. At surgery, a fistulous tract between Meckel diverticulum and an inflamed appendix was found. The authors discuss the role of medical nuclear imaging which, notwithstanding its limitations, is of fundamental importance to achieve a correct and timely diagnosis. This is of particular relevance in unusual cases, as the one presented, in which Meckel diverticulum is found concurrently with other intestinal abnormalities.