cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FEEDING PATTERNS OF FISSURELLA SPECIES ON ISLA DE MARGARITA, VENEZUELA: USE OF RADULAE AND FOOD PASSAGE RATES

Afin de mieux comprendre l'ecologie alimentaire d'especes du genre Fissurella, les differences de structure et les modes d'utilisation des radula ont ete observes chez 3 especes du Venezuela. Le tube digestif et la duree du transit intestinal ont ete examines
Tracheostomy; indications and technic in surgical practice.

Summary Tracheostomics were employed in the care of sixty-five patients during a two-year period. In forty-four cases the procedure was used to prevent or treat obstruction of the upper respiratory tract. In the remaining twenty-one cases tracheostomy was used for obstruction of the lower respiratory tract. Tracheostomy should no longer be considered an operation to be employed solely for acute obstruction of the upper respiratory passages. The procedure is also indicated as a prophylactiq measure for laryngeal obstruction and as a treatment for secretony obstruction of the lower respiratory tract. It should be employed for the latter condition whenever the patient is unable to expel his tracheobronchial secretions and when nasotracheal suction or bronchoscopy gives only temporary relief.
Photoluminescence determination of the pressure and temperature of the shock wave induced by a picosecond laser pulse in the layered semiconductor GaSe

The pressure and temperature of the shock waves generated by a picosecond laser pulse in the layered semiconductor gallium selenide were determined by shock-induced changes of the photoluminescence spectra. The peak pressure was measured to be about 13 kbar, while the temperature remained the same during the measured time range. Our results are consistent with the pressure measurements made with a piezoelectric transducer.
The Growth of Calcium Phosphates on Hydroxyapatite Crystals. The Effect of Fluoride and Phosphonate

The nature of the calcium phosphate phase which precipitates on hydroxyapatite seed crystals can be controlled by varying the HAP seed concentration. At low seed concentrations, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) is formed while at high seed levels a more basic phase precipitates. It has been found that fluoride ion increases the percentage of basic phase that crystallizes while ethylidenediphosphonic acid encourages the formation of DCPD. This behavior is explained by the competition between the nucleation of DCPD and the crystal growth on sites already present on the HAP seeds.
On the accuracy of a numerical integration procedure for computing diffraction fields using table lookup

In this communication we have analyzed the errors introduced by table lookup when an electromagnetic diffraction integral is performed numerically. We have shown that in order to set the 3\sigma error of both the real and imaginary components equal to \varepsilon , the required table should have at least K entries uniformly distributed within a 2\pi range, where K \geq 3.85/\varepsilon\sqrt{N} and N is the number of terms used for numerical integration. The maximum deviation of the amplitude ( \bar{R} ) of this integral in this case is also less than \varepsilon and the maximum phase deviation is \tan^{-1} (\varepsilon/\bar{R}) . A numerical example is presented which confirms this prediction.
HIV-1 entry inhibitors: closing the front door.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to major declines in morbidity and mortality of HIV-1-infected individuals, but the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant viral isolates, comb...
New function for the granular skin glands of the eastern long‐toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum

While it has been accepted for over 50 years that salamanders use their tails for fat storage, no caudal adipose tissue was detected in the eastern long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum. We provide evidence to show that a proteinaceous material, sequestered in the epidermally derived caudal granular skin glands, is the storage product. An increase in the size of these glands, at the expense of fat deposits in the tail, is interpreted as a solution to a conflict between two of the tail's major functions: nutrient storage and predator deterrence. Loss of caudal lipid allows for larger granular glands. With more secretory product available for defense, the possibility of the salamander's surviving an encounter with a predator is apparently enhanced. Storing protein is energetically beneficial because salamander diets are primarily protein, and its has been demonstrated by previous investigators that converting protein to fat for storage is metabolically inefficient.
Complex formation between α-cyclodextrin and amines in water and DMF solvents

Complexation between α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and aliphatic amines in water and DMF solvents was studied by calorimetry. Amines form complexes with α-CD in both solvents but the nature of the complexes is quite different. In DMF the amines donate a hydrogen from the amine N−H group to the cyclodextrin forming a normal hydrogen bonded complex. In DMF solutions with large amine concentrations, complexes other than 1∶1 are observed. In contrast, in aqueous environment the amines form inclusion complexes in which the amine alkyl group penetrates the α-CD cavity and is stabilized by van der Waals interactions. The equilibrium constants for the complexes formed in water solvent increase with increasing alkyl chain length due to an entropy effect.
Nonlinear controller for automotive thermal management systems

The functionality of gasoline and diesel engine thermal management systems can be enhanced through the introduction of a smart thermostat valve and variable speed water pump. A nonlinear tracking controller is presented in this paper for advanced thermal management systems applicable to ground vehicles. Specifically, the controller is designed to ensure that the engine temperature follows a desired temperature trajectory which may be prescribed based on operating conditions. Further, the heat rejected from the system at the radiator is controlled by adjusting the radiator fan's speed. The controller ensures that the engine temperature tracking error is asymptotically forced to zero while compensating for the unmeasurable heat input from the engine's combustion process.
Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Synthesis in the Preparation of Scotch Whiskey

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), nonoxidative ethanol metabolites present in human organs commonly damaged by ethanol abuse, have been implicated as mediators of organ damage. FAEE are additives in various foods and beverages to provide flavor or fragrance, and therefore are common dietary lipid constituents. We hypothesized that FAEE could be generated during alcoholic beverage production because fatty acids are present within microorganisms and ethanol is generated during the fermentation process. In this report, we demonstrate that FAEE are present in commercially available scotch beverages, and that in the preparation of scotch, FAEE can be produced during the fermentation reaction as a result of FAEE synthase activity in the yeast. Following ingestion of scotch, preformed FAEE are delivered to GI tract. The consequences of ingestion of FAEE in scotch, if any, remain to be determined.
Fergies prescience: the changing nature of diglossia in Tunisia

Despite criticisms it has received, Ferguson’s (1959b) account of diglossia should be recognized for its prescience. It offered not only an admittedly idealized characterization of diglossia in Arabic, but also pointed out how and why it might change. Focusing on Tunisia, this article demonstrates the many ways in which Fergie was right. It examines the changing demographics of Tunisians’ access to the high variety of Arabic; the complex ways in which Tunisians, and Arabs more generally, deal with the “communicative tensions” diglossia creates; and considers the changing nature of Arabic in what is, in many ways, a postdiglossic Tunisia. Perhaps the most interesting thing about Ferguson’s (1959b) paper on diglossia is its prescience: even when Fergie wasn’t quite right, his work pointed future researchers in what have turned out to be especially profitable directions. His discussion was grounded in what he admitted to be an idealized description of four very different cases of a particular relationship between the standard, or “high,” variety of a language and the other, or “low,” less overtly prestigious variety of the same language within a speech community: Arabic, Modern Greek in its relationship to katharevusa, Swiss German in its relationship to High German, and Haitian Creole in its relationship to what we might term standard metropolitan French. Following William Marcais (1930, 1931a, 1931b), Ferguson termed this relationship “diglossia.” As careful readers of the paper will recall, however, Ferguson’s goal was not to offer a complete description of Arabic or Arabic diglossia (or any kind of diglossia). Rather, his goal was to understand the ways in which diglossia represents one possible configuration, often a transitional one, in language standardization, the processes whereby some languages come to have a standard variety (or more properly, varieties) while others do not. In so doing, Fergie altered the trajectory of research on Arabic and, to varying degrees, these other languages. 0165–2516/03/0163–0077 © Walter de Gruyter Int’l. J. Soc. Lang. 163 (2003), pp. 77–109
Evolution of ice crystal regions on the microscale based on in situ observations

[1] Microphysical properties of cirrus clouds largely influence their atmospheric radiative forcing. However, uncertainties remain in simulating/parameterizing the evolution of ice crystals. These uncertainties require more analyses in the Lagrangian view, yet most in situ observations are in the Eulerian view. Here we demonstrate a new method to separate out five phases of ice crystal evolution, using the horizontal spatial relationships between ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs) and ice crystal regions (ICRs). Based on global in situ data sets, we show that the samples of clear-sky ISSRs, ice crystal formation/growth, and evaporation/sedimentation are ~20%, 10%, and 70% of the total ISSR + ICR samples, respectively. In addition, the variance of number-weighted mean diameter (Dc) becomes narrower during the evolution, while the distribution of ice crystal number density (Nc) becomes wider. The new method helps to understand the evolution of ICRs and ISSRs on the microscale by using in situ Eulerian observations.
Compiler support for automatic checkpointing

Checkpointing is a key technology for applications on large cluster computer systems. As cluster sizes grow, component failures will become a normal part of operation, and applications will have to deal more directly with repeated failures during program runs. We describe automatic checkpointing in the ZPL compiler and its advantages over traditional library or system-based approaches that have no information about application behavior. We show that even naive compiler-inserted checkpoints can significantly reduce the size of the checkpoint recovery data, up to 73% in our application suite. We also introduce the notion of checkpoint ranges, a range of code where processors can perform a local checkpoint at any time during the range. The compiler guarantees that these local checkpoints form a globally consistent checkpoint without global coordination by ensuring that there are no in-flight messages during the checkpoint range. Checkpoint ranges help further alleviate any additional network congestion caused by checkpointing.
Analytic Interpolation With a Degree Constraint for Matrix-Valued Functions

We consider a Nehari problem for matrix-valued, positive-real functions, and characterize the class of (generically) minimal-degree solutions. Analytic interpolation problems (such as the one studied herein) for positive-real functions arise in time-series modeling and system identification. The degree of positive-real interpolants relates to the dimension of models and to the degree of matricial power-spectra of vector-valued time-series. The main result of the paper generalizes earlier results in scalar analytic interpolation with a degree constraint, where the class of (generically) minimal-degree solutions is characterized by an arbitrary choice of ?spectral-zeros?. Naturally, in the current matricial setting, there is freedom in assigning the Jordan structure of the spectral-zeros of the power spectrum, i.e., the spectral-zeros as well as their respective invariant subspaces. The characterization utilizes Rosenbrock's theorem on assignability of dynamics via linear state feedback.
Genome-wide discovery of maternal effect variants.

Many phenotypes may be influenced by the prenatal environment of the mother and/or maternal care, and these maternal effects may have a heritable component. We have implemented in the computer program SOLAR a variance components-based method for detecting indirect effects of maternal genotype on offspring phenotype. Of six phenotypes measured in three generations of the Framingham Heart Study, height showed the strongest evidence (P = 0.02) of maternal effect. We conducted a genome-wide association analysis for height, testing both the direct effect of the focal individual's genotype and the indirect effect of the maternal genotype. Offspring height showed suggestive evidence of association with maternal genotype for two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the trafficking protein particle complex 9 gene TRAPPC9 (NIBP), which plays a role in neuronal NF-κB signalling. This work establishes a methodological framework for identifying genetic variants that may influence the contribution of the maternal environment to offspring phenotypes.
Dagger: combining benefits of synchronous and asynchronous communication styles

Communication using blocking receives is the commonly used mechanism in parallel programming today. Message driven execution is an alternate mechanism which does not use receive style statements at all. The message driven execution style promotes the overlap of computation and communication. Programs written in this style exhibit increased latency tolerance: their performance does not degrade significantly with latency. It also induces compositionality: multiple independently developed modules can be combined correctly without loss of efficiency. However, as the flow of control is not explicit in such programs, they are often difficult to develop and debug. The authors present a coordination language called Dagger to alleviate this problem. The language has been implemented in the Charm parallel programming system, and runs programs portably on a variety of parallel machines. >
Multidimensional Acculturation Attitudes and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Americans

This study explored the relationship between multidimensional acculturation attitudes and depressive symptoms in 78 Korean American adults. Approximately 30% of Korean Americans reported scores higher than 16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, indicating the presence of elevated depressive symptoms. In multiple regressions controlling for family income, integration was negatively related to depressive symptoms, whereas marginalization was positively linked to depressive symptoms. Findings can be used in developing an intervention program that targets increasing integration and decreasing marginalization and, therefore, decreasing depressive symptoms of Korean Americans.
An ab initio study of adsorption of alanine on the chiral calcite surface

Density functional theory calculations has been used to examine the adsorption of d- and l-alanine (Ala) on the chiral calcite surface. We find negligible differences ( < 1 kcal/mol) in adsorption energies for the most stable minima of d- and l-Ala on the calcite surface. The strongest interaction in the adsorbed system is between the surface Ca and the O atom of the carboxyl group on Ala. The source of the weak enantiospecificity is the relative difference in dimensions of the Ala and the atoms on the calcite surface. The surface O and Ca atoms on the calcite surface are separated by 6 A, while the Ala molecule is roughly 3–4 A in size. This disparity in dimensions prevents the Ala molecule from making three strong points of contact with the surface, a prerequisite for strong enantiospecificity.
An Overview of the Penn State Design System

This paper overviews a CAD system under development at Penn State which will allow fast and near optimal implementation of a restricted class of VLSI architectures. Our target architectures are hierarchical mesh extensions of systolic meshes. Our target applications are primarily in the signal processing domain. The primitive components, at the lowest level in the mesh hierarchy, are one of the unique features of our target architectures. The CAD system under development includes: a tool for target architecture decomposition into primitive components, a tool for multi-level logic reduction for the primitive components; a tool for automatic gate placement within a primitive component; a tool for component placement within the target architecture; a high-level simulation tool; and a layout verification tool.
Monitoring Controversial Environmental/Natural Resource Issues: Differential Effects of Telephone and Mail Surveys

Monitoring public opinion, especially about controversial environmental/natural resource issues, through various survey modes remains an important social science tool used by scholars, advocates, newspaper reporters, and policymakers alike. However, with this use there has been a concomitant decline in response rates. To address this problem, increased use of mixed modes of surveys has occurred. The degree to which results of different modes can be combined remains a basic question. Can findings be compared to assess changes in public views across time or differences among various regions when different modes of data collection are used? We addressed this question by assessing how two comparable samples of residents' responses to the same questions differed depending upon survey mode (telephone or mail) while controlling for sampling procedures and survey content.
Tests of the Functional Form, The Substitution Effect, and the Wealth Effect of Mexico's Money Demand Function

M1, M2, and M3 demands in Mexico are positively influenced by output and stock prices and negatively associated with the saving rate, the U.S. interest rate, and the expected inflation rate. Peso depreciation affects M1 demand negatively and M2 and M3 demands positively. The log-linear form cannot be rejected for M1 demand and can be rejected for M2 and M3 demands, while the linear form can be rejected for M1, M2, and M3 demands. The CUSUMSQ test shows that M1, M2, and M3 demands are stable; while the CUSUM test indicates stability in M1 and M3 demands and instability in M2 demand.
Nanostructured manganese oxides and their composites with carbon nanotubes as electrode materials for energy storage devices

Manganese oxides have been synthesized by a variety of techniques in different nanostructures and studied for their properties as electrode materials in two different storage applications, supercapacitors (SCs) and Li-ion batteries. The composites involving carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and manganese oxides were also prepared by a simple room-temperature method and evaluated as electrode materials in the above applications. The synthesis of nanostructured manganese oxides was carried out by simple soft chemical methods without any structure directing agents or surfactants. The prepared materials were well characterized using different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spec- troscopy (XPS), surface area studies, etc. The electrochemical properties of the nano- structured manganese oxides and their composites were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies. The influence of structural/surface properties on the electrochemical performance of the synthesized manganese oxides is reviewed.
Understanding physical activity participation in members of an African American church: a qualitative study

Faith-based interventions hold promise for increasing physical activity (PA) and thereby reducing health disparities. This paper examines the perceived influences on PA participation, the link between spirituality and health behaviors and the role of the church in promoting PA in African Americans. Participants (n = 44) were adult members of African American churches in South Carolina. In preparation for a faith-based intervention, eight focus groups were conducted with sedentary or underactive participants. Groups were stratified by age ( or=55 years), geography and gender. Four general categories were determined from the focus groups: spirituality, barriers, enablers and desired PA programs. Personal, social, community and environmental barriers and enablers were described by both men and women, with no apparent differences by age. Additionally, both men and women mentioned aerobics, walking programs, sports and classes specifically for older adults as PA programs they would like available at church. This study provides useful information for understanding the attitudes and experiences with exercise among African Americans, and provides a foundation for promoting PA through interventions with this population by incorporating spirituality, culturally specific activities and social support within the church.
Lessons from a partially controlled field trial

Objectives Using the case of an on-going work-oriented prisoner-reentry experiment in Milwaukee, describe the challenges of organizing and sustaining a high-quality trial in the field in which only the randomization and data analysis are directly “controlled” by the evaluation team.
New techniques for the analysis of earthquake sources from local array data with an application to the 1993 Scotts Mills, Oregon, aftershock sequence

SUMMARY We analysed aftershocks recorded by a temporary digital seismic network following the moderate M w =5.5 1993, Scotts Mills, Oregon, earthquake. A technique to retrieve source moment tensors from local waveforms was developed, tested, and applied to 41 small earthquakes (M w ranging from 1.6 to 3.2). The derived focal mechanisms, although well resolved, are highly variable and do not share a common nodal plane. In contrast, the majority of the events, relocated with a joint hypocentre determination algorithm, collapse to a well-focused plane. The incompatibility of the nodal planes of most events with the plane defined by their locations suggests that the aftershocks did not occur on the fault plane, but tightly around it, outlining the rupture area rather than defining it. Furthermore, the moment tensors reveal stable P-axes, whereas T -axes plunges are highly dispersed. We detect a rotation of average T -axis plunge with depth, indicating a change from shallower, predominantly dip-slip mechanisms to deeper strike-slip mechanisms. These characteristics are diYcult to explain by remnant stress concentrations on the main-shock rupture plane or asperity- and barrier-type models. We suggest that the aftershocks occurred under the ambient regional stress, triggered by a sudden weakening of the region surrounding the main-shock slip, rather than from a shear stress increase due to the main shock.
The Growth Plate and Its Affections

This discussion has presented a brief outline of the growth plate as an organ responsible for longitudinal growth of bone in which certain physiological functions can be recognized. An attempt has been made to correlate some of the known affections of the plate with alterations in physiological and biochemical processes, in an effort to present a more rational approach to growth disturbances and to provide a possible framework for future investigation.
With High Fertilizer Prices is it Business as Usual or Should Fertilization Practices Change

After the spike in natural gas price in the winter of 2000-2001 the price of natural gas and N fertilizers have fl uctuated, but remained above previous historic levels. Seasonal trends have also resulted in both N product availability and high cost issues, including this fall. Recently, similar problems have hit phosphate and potash fertilizers where world demand and production problems (hurricanes affecting phosphate production in Florida) have negatively affected product price and supply in the United States. With these trends, are there fertilizer use practices that should change, or does crop response to fertilization pay no matter the cost? Crop nutrient applications should be determined by evaluating expected return from each input. If allocation is required due to limited product availability, product price, or available fi nancial resources, then decisions about fertilizer use should also be judged against other crop production needs, enterprise requirements, and overall farm business goals. Considering all potential inputs for producing crops, the focus should be on garnering optimum positive return. Following is information to help guide fertilization decisions when prices are high or product availability is short. Nitrogen Fertilization Corn is quite responsive to N supply and thus management is critical for profi table production. Of importance is setting an economical application rate and adjusting total N inputs by accounting for N available from all sources -- rotation following alfalfa and soybean, manure, byproducts, and secondary fertilizers like weed-and-feed, starter, and ammoniated phosphates. These sources can supply signifi cant amounts of crop available N, and if properly accounted for and managed, will greatly lower overall primary fertilizer N application and cost. Timing of application is important to help assure that applied N remains in the soil for crop use. Also, risk of N loss and thus potential for reduced yield becomes more important when refi ning to optimal or perhaps less than optimal rates. Therefore, practices should be avoided that enhance buildup of soil nitrate at times when losses are most probable. In Iowa, most nitrate leaching occurs in the early spring period and denitrifi cation in the later spring. Spring preplant application close to planting or sidedress typically provides the least risk from loss – although if weather and soil conditions are favorable, late fall application can be comparable but risk and probability of loss increases because of the increased time applied N is exposed to the environment. An example of the specifi c environmental effect on N loss was demonstrated in work by Baker et al. (1995) where they applied N from fall to late sidedress (Table 1). In a dry year, corn yield with fall application was not different from early spring and both were better than with late spring. In a wet year, mid-May to late spring application had higher yield. If primary N fertilizer applications must be made in the fall, they should be targeted to soils and
Novel materials solutions and simulations for nanoelectromechanical switches

Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches are a candidate to replace solid-state transistors due to their low power consumption. However, the reliability of the contact interface limits the commercialization of NEM switches, since for practical purposes, the electrical contact should be able to physically open and close up to a quadrillion (1015) times without failing due to adhesion (by sticking shut) or contamination (reducing switch conductivity). These failure mechanisms are not well understood, and materials that exhibit the needed performance have not yet been demonstrated. This study presents the development of platinum silicide (PtxSi) as a promising NEM switch contact material. Using controlled solid-state diffusion of thin films of amorphous silicon and platinum, PtxSi was formed over a range of stoichiometries (1≤x≤3). The platinum-rich silicide phase (Pt3Si) may be a particularly ideal contact material for NEM switches due to its combination of mechanical robustness with metal-like conductivity. We then present a novel, high-throughput contact material screening method for NEM contact materials based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) that enables billions of contact cycles in laboratory timeframes for arbitrary material pairs. Self-mated Pt contacts showed more than three orders-of-magnitude increase in contact resistance after 2·109 cycles due to the growth of insulating tribopolymer. Finally, we present density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) based studies to understand tribopolymer formation and growth. These calculations show that irreversible stress-induced polymerization processes are strongly affected by the ability of the molecule to displace laterally. Additionally, lower interaction energies between the model organic molecules and the PtxSi surface compared to Pt are found. This combination of experimental and theoretical methods in the framework of a materials genome effort aims to ultimately lead to accelerated discovery of suitable contact materials for NEM switches and to their commercialization.
Inefficient Markets and the New Finance

By the early 1980s, the Efficient Capital Market Hypothesis (ECMH) had become one of the most widely-accepted and influential ideas in finance. More recently the idea of market efficiency has fallen into disrepute as a result of market events and growing empirical evidence of inefficiencies. This article, which is extracted from a longer essay, argues that the weaknesses of efficient market theory are and were apparent from inspection of its initial premises, including the presumptions of homogeneous investor expectations, effective arbitrage, and investor rationality. By the same token, a wide range of phenomena inconsistent with the ECMH can be explained using market models that modify these three assumptions. To illustrate, this article explores three important strands of today's finance literature: (1) work on asset pricing when investors have heterogeneous expectations; (2) scholarship on how and why arbitrage may move public information into prices more slowly and incompletely than earlier writings suggested; and (3) the exploding literature in "behavioral finance." Taken together, these literatures provide the framework for building a new and more powerful working model of securities markets.
SpRoUTS (Space Robot Universal Truss System): Reversible Robotic Assembly of Deployable Truss Structures of Reconfigurable Length

Automatic deployment of structures has been a focus of much academic and industrial work on infrastructure applications and robotics in general. This paper presents a robotic truss assembler designed for space applications - the Space Robot Universal Truss System (SpRoUTS) - that reversibly assembles a truss from a feedstock of hinged andflat-packed components, by folding the sides of each component up and locking onto the assembled structure. We describe the design and implementation of the robot and show that the assembled truss compares favorably with prior truss deployment systems.
IT Productivity

This paper discusses what IT managers can realistically do to encourage employees to maximize their productivity. It managers must also decide what they can do to optimize the work environment. Demanding productivity and efficiency without the appropriate management support and resources can translate into resentful and unproductive employees.
Prehistoric Raised Fields in the Upper Midwestern United States: An Innovation in Response to Marginal Growing Conditions:

The prehistoric garden beds or ridged fields of Michigan and Wisconsin have puzzled Midwestern prehistorians for more than a century. Experimental studies and field reconnaissance undertaken by the...
Understanding Food Access in a Rural Community

AbstractThis paper is a mixed-method, in-depth study of how poor adults in a rural Pennsylvania community experience their environment as a food desert. Open-ended interviews and questionnaires were used to determine food purchasing and consumption practices as well as some of the health issues that individuals experienced. The open-ended format allowed participants to identify multiple factors influencing food access—transportation, inadequate social service information and benefits, terrain, inadequate education about food and nutrition, and cost. The study used an ecological framework to analyze the complex interaction of multiple systems influencing participants’ access to healthy food. Though our sample was small (11 participants), the narratives provided deeper understanding of the realities confronting poor rural adults in their quest for healthy diets. The paper considers implications for health and overall quality of life of the rural poor and suggests that larger-scale, in-depth studies are need...
Modeling of combined heat and power plant performance with seasonal thermal energy storage

Abstract The objective of this paper is to show the economic and environmental benefits that can be attained through the coupling of seasonal thermal energy storage (TES) and combined heat and power (CHP). Operational data from the UMass CHP district heating system was utilized to validate these benefits. Energy prices are significantly higher during the winter months due to the limited supply of natural gas. This dearth not only increases operating costs but also emissions, due to the need to burn ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). The application of a TES system to a CHP plant allows the plant to deviate from the required thermal load in order to operate in a more economically and environmentally optimal manner. TES systems are charged by a heat input when there is excess or inexpensive energy, this heat is then stored and discharged when it is needed. The scope of this paper is to present a TRNSYS model of a borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system that is designed using operational data from the campus CHP plant. The TRNSYS model predicts that a BTES efficiency of 90% is reached after 4 years of operation. It is concluded that the application of BTES to CHP enables greater flexibility in the operation of the CHP plant. Such flexibility can allow the system to produce more energy in low demand periods. This operational attribute leads to significantly reduced operating costs and emissions as it enables the replacement of ULSD or liquefied natural gas (LNG) with natural gas.
Global Homotopies and Newton Methods

This chapter describes the global homotopies and Newton methods. A key to devising global methods is to give up the monotone convergence and to consider more general homotopies. It turns out that singular matrices on the path cause no difficulties in the proof of Smales result. They cause trouble in attempts to implement this and most other global Newton methods numerically. Small steps must be taken in the neighborhood of vanishing Jacobians. This feature is not always pointed out in descriptions of the implementations but it is easily detected. These difficulties can be eliminated by using a somewhat different homotopy. The chapter discusses a pseudo-arc length continuation procedure in which the parameter is distance along a local tangent ray to the path. Using this parameter, this chapter discusses how to accurately locate the roots and the limit points on the path. These latter points are of great interest in many physical applications.
Histologic Grading of Primary Prostatic Cancer: A New Approach to an Old Problem

AbstractA simple and objective system for grading prostatic carcinoma was evaluated in a retrospective analysis of 169 cases followed during a 16-year period. The system identified and separated 4 grades of increasing malignancy based on the combined evaluation of gland differentiation and nuclear anaplasia as separate but complementary factors. The system demonstrates significant correlation with mortality rates for each grade group. Retrospective evaluation of the extent of the disease at the time of initial diagnosis also indicates correlation between prostatic grades and clinical stages.
Extended Charge Carrier Lifetimes in Hierarchical Donor-Acceptor Supramolecular Polymer Films

We report that supramolecular polymer films composed of a 2:1 mixture of monodiamidopyridine diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) electron donors and perylene bisdiimide (PDI) electron acceptors undergo photoinduced charge transfer in the solid state. Film formation is guided by complementary noncovalent interactions programmed into the molecular components, resulting in a film architecture comprised of polymer wires with order across the molecular-to-macroscopic continuum. Using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, we show that recombination lifetimes increase 1000-fold compared to the same supramolecular polymers in solution. Supramolecular donor–acceptor polymer films, such as these, that are designed by considering structure and electron transfer dynamics synergistically could lead to breakthroughs in organic optoelectronics.
Leading in Serious Conflicts

Sometimes conflicts get bad and occasionally, even in healthcare they get very bad. In our first chapter on conflict we covered the basics: how to try to prevent conflicts, how to keep stupid conflicts from escalating, and how to handle them when they escalate anyway. In this chapter we go to the next step—what happens when conflict gets serious.
Addressing the Wealth Gap for Hispanic Families

The author reflects on the racial and ethnic wealth gap and what it means for the Latino community and the national economy. In this article, the author examines several factors, including disparities in education, that contribute to the long-standing inequities facing Latino households. He also outlines key areas where policymakers must invest to create an agenda that reflects the American values of inclusivity and equitable treatment and results in opportunity for all Americans.
Hot Topics in Electrodeposition

The hard work of three leading researchers was recently interrupted when I asked them to ponder the following question: "What, in your view, is an exciting, major development in electrodeposition over the last five years?" Believe it or not, they each had a different answer!
High-Throughput Thermodynamic Modeling and Uncertainty Quantification for ICME

One foundational component of the integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) and Materials Genome Initiative is the computational thermodynamics based on the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) method. The CALPHAD method pioneered by Kaufman has enabled the development of thermodynamic, atomic mobility, and molar volume databases of individual phases in the full space of temperature, composition, and sometimes pressure for technologically important multicomponent engineering materials, along with sophisticated computational tools for using the databases. In this article, our recent efforts will be presented in terms of developing new computational tools for high-throughput modeling and uncertainty quantification based on high-throughput, first-principles calculations and the CALPHAD method along with their potential propagations to downstream ICME modeling and simulations.
Cocaine-Induced Metaplasticity in the CA1 Region of the Hippocampus

Abstract The memories associated with the occurrence of severe substance use disorder (i.e., addiction) are intimately involved with the most intractable feature of this brain disease, namely the susceptibility for relapse. The hippocampus is involved with several aspects of episodic memory and the ventral sector of the hippocampus projects directly to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) where rewarding stimuli are processed. This glutamatergic input from the hippocampus is known to significantly modulate the activity of the medium spiny neurons that elicit motivated responses. Increased efficacy of this input via synaptic plasticity (i.e., long-term potentiation (LTP)) has been observed to occur in the NAc following in vivo systemic exposure to cocaine, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Results from the rodent hippocampal slice preparation reviewed herein indicate that cocaine exposure can initially shift the propensity for LTP in the cornu ammonis region 1 without altering baseline synaptic strength. Such cocaine-induced metaplasticity in the hippocampus may comprise a crucial initial step onto the road toward addiction.
Self-anti-reflective density-modulated thin films by HIPS technique.

A critical factor for an efficient light harvesting device is reduced reflectance in order to achieve high optical absorptance. In this regard, refractive index engineering becomes important to minimize reflectance. In this study, a new fabrication approach to obtain density-modulated CuIn x Ga(1−x)Se2 (CIGS) thin films with self-anti-reflective properties has been demonstrated. Density-modulated CIGS samples were fabricated by utilizing high pressure sputtering (HIPS) at Ar gas pressure of 2.75 × 10−2 mbar along with conventional low pressure sputtering (LPS) at Ar gas pressure of 3.0 × 10−3 mbar. LPS produces conventional high density thin films while HIPS produces low density thin films with approximate porosities of ~15% due to a shadowing effect originating from the wide-spread angular atomic of HIPS. Higher pressure conditions lower the film density, which also leads to lower refractive index values. Density-modulated films that incorporate a HIPS layer at the side from which light enters demonstrate lower reflectance thus higher absorptance compared to conventional LPS films, although there is not any significant morphological difference between them. This result can be attributed to the self-anti-reflective property of the density-modulated samples, which was confirmed by the reduced refractive index calculated for HIPS layer via an envelope method. Therefore, HIPS, a simple and scalable approach, can provide enhanced optical absorptance in thin film materials and eliminate the need for conventional light trapping methods such as anti-reflective coatings of different materials or surface texturing.
Impact of the integration of proton magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy to PI-RADS 2 for prediction of high grade and high stage prostate cancer.

Author(s): Leapman, Michael S; Wang, Zhen J; Behr, Spencer C; Kurhanewicz, John; Zagoria, Ronald J; Carroll, Peter R; Westphalen, Antonio C | Abstract: OBJECTIVE:To compare the predictions of dominant Gleason pattern ≥ 4 or non-organ confined disease with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS v2) with or without proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thirty-nine men underwent 3-tesla endorectal multiparametric MRI including 1H-MRSI and prostatectomy. Two radiologists assigned PI-RADS v2 and 1H-MRSI scores to index lesions. Statistical analyses used logistic regressions, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and 2x2 tables for diagnostic accuracies. RESULTS:The sensitivity and specificity of 1H-MRSI and PI-RADS v2 for high-grade prostate cancer (PCa) were 85.7% (57.1%) and 92.9% (100%), and 56% (68.0%) and 24.0% (24.0%). The sensitivity and specificity of 1H-MRSI and PI-RADS v2 for extra-prostatic extension (EPE) were 64.0% (40%) and 20.0% (48%), and 50.0% (57.1%) and 71.4% (64.3%). The area under the ROC curves (AUC) for prediction of high-grade prostate cancer were 0.65 and 0.61 for PI-RADS v2 and 0.72 and 0.70 when combined with 1H-MRSI (readers 1 and 2, p = 0.04 and 0.21). For prediction of EPE the AUC were 0.54 and 0.60 for PI-RADS v2 and 0.55 and 0.61 when combined with 1H-MRSI (p g 0.05). CONCLUSION:1H-MRSI might improve the discrimination of high-grade prostate cancer when combined to PI-RADS v2, particularly for PI-RADS v2 score 4 lesions, but it does not affect the prediction of EPE.
Search for a Light Pseudoscalar Decaying to Taus

In some particular scenarios of 2HDM type-2, light pseudoscalar A bosons can be produced in association with b jets with a large cross section accessible with LHC Run-1 data, as explained in Sect. 2.2.3.
Spectroscopic signatures of cells metabolism and extracellular species using phasor-FLIM (Conference Presentation)

Fluorescence lifetime imaging has become a common technique in microscopy. The information contained in the fluorescence decay curve can be obtained with different methods. A major issue is that the fluorescence decay must be measured at many pixels either sequentially or in parallel, which generally results in relatively noisy curves. Another major issue is data analysis of the decay at each point of an image and the visualization of the results. Nonetheless, methods of data analysis and visualization have become relatively common and today we can analyze an image for different molecular species and molecular processes. In this talk I will discuss a method, called the phasor that was developed in my lab and that is now used in several commercial instruments. Using the phasor method applied to cell autofluorescence it has become possible to construct quantitative indices of cell metabolism and to identify molecular species characteristic to some diseases.
The model AS 800 artificial urinary sphincter: Mayo clinic experience

AbstractThe model AS 800 artificial urinary sphincter was implanted in 100 male and 9 female patients between 7 and 89 years old. Postoperative followup was 1 to 32 months. The indication for implantation was total urinary incontinence in 86 patients (78.9 per cent), stress incontinence in 22 (21.2 per cent) and urgency incontinence in 1 (0.9 per cent). Of the patients 97 (89 per cent) underwent implantation for the first time, 7 (6.4 per cent) had a previous artificial urinary sphincter model replaced by the AS 800 device and 5 (4.6 per cent) underwent reimplantation of a previous model. The cuff was placed around the bladder neck in all 9 female patients, whereas in the male patients the cuff was implanted around the bladder neck in 20 and around the bulbous urethra in 80. Thirty-one patients (28.4 per cent), 29 of whom were continent at night, were practicing nocturnal deactivation of the device. Complete post-activation continence was achieved in 91 patients (83.5 per cent), some leakage occurred in 1...
The Mortuary Component and Human Remains

This chapter reviews the mortuary component in bioarchaeological research. Bioarchaeologists who incorporate mortuary archaeology into their analyses are able to broaden their interpretations. The practice of bioarchaeology remedies the decoupling of biological remains from their archaeological (and cultural) context, but it also means that bioarchaeologists need to have a great deal of archaeological training or be in close collaboration with archaeologists. Humans have not always buried their dead, and so the appearance of this practice approximately 10,000 years ago signaled a shift in how people were thinking about the significance of dying. Analysis of burial ritual and mortuary sites has revealed a great deal about social ranking, variability in location and positioning, social organization, and treatment of elites.