cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of a Vlasov-Fokker-Planck operator-II

We show the possibility of collisional rest stabilization of a marginally linearly unstable Vlasov plasma by evaluating a simplified linearized Fokker--Planck collision term in the Vlasov equation, and studying the point spectrum.
Optimal periodic remapping of dynamic bulk synchronous computations

Dynamic remapping is critical to the performance of bulk synchronous computations that have non-deterministic behaviors because of the need of barrier synchronization between phases. There are two basic issues in remapping: when and how to remap. This paper presents a formal analysis of the issue of when to remap for dynamic computations with a priori known statistical behaviors, with an objective of finding optimal remapping frequencies for a given tolerance of load imbalance. The problem is formulated as two complement sequential stochastic optimization. Since general optimization techniques tend to reveal stationary properties of the workload process, they are not readily applicable to the analysis of the effect of periodic remapping. Instead, this paper develops new analytical approaches to precisely characterize the transient statistical behaviors of the workload process on both homogeneous and heterogeneous machines. Optimal remapping frequencies are derived for various random workload change processes with known or unknown probabilistic distributions. They are shown accurate via simulations.
Characterization of a Diffusible Signal Capable of Inducing Defense Gene Expression in Tobacco

Treatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell-suspension cultures with cryptogein, an elicitin protein from Phytophthora cryptogea, resulted in the release of a factor(s) that diffused through a 1000-D cutoff dialysis membrane and was capable of inducing sesquiterpene cyclase enzyme activity (a key phytoalexin biosynthetic enzyme in solanaceous plants) when added to fresh cell-suspension cultures. The diffusible factor(s) was released from cells over a 20-h period and induced a more rapid induction of cyclase enzyme activity than did direct treatment of the cultures with pure elicitin protein. The diffusible factor also induced a more rapid accumulation of transcripts encoding for sesquiterpene cyclase, acidic and basic chitinase, and hsr203 (a putative hypersensitive response gene) than did elicitin treatment. The diffusible factor(s) was resistant to protease, pectinase, Dnase, and RNase treatments, was not extractable into organic solvents, and was not immunoprecipitable when challenged with polyclonal antibodies prepared against elicitin protein. The diffusible factor(s) could not induce the release of more factor, suggesting that it was a terminal signal. These results are consistent with the notion that cells directly challenged or stimulated by pathogen-derived elicitors release diffusible secondary signal molecules that orchestrate the induction of complementary defense responses in neighboring cells.
Nurses' attitudes toward continuing formal education: a comparison by level of education and geography.

Abstract The education of nurses has an influence on patient safety and outcomes, the nursing shortage, the faculty shortage, and nurses' attitudes and actions. This article reports on a dissertation study designed to examine the attitudes of nurses, initially registered with an associate degree or diploma in nursing, toward continuing formal education. Actively licensed registered nurses in the eastern and western United States (n = 535) participated. The main finding of this study was that, although nurses held positive attitudes overall, attitudes ranked barely above neutral. The findings suggest that work needs to be done to improve nurses' attitudes toward continuing formal education and research needs to be undertaken to understand what would entice nurses back to school. Implications for nursing practice and education are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
Surgery for palliation and treatment of advanced breast cancer

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Surgery for palliation of advanced breast cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Surgical options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Definitive local surgery in metastatic breast cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Surgery for distant disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Beyond local optimality: An improved approach to hybrid model learning

Local convergence is a limitation of many optimization approaches for multimodal functions. For hybrid model learning, this can mean a compromise in accuracy. We develop an approach for learning the model parameters of hybrid discrete-continuous systems that avoids getting stuck in locally optimal solutions. We present an algorithm that implements this approach that 1) iteratively learns the locations and shapes of explored local maxima of the likelihood function, and 2) focuses the search away from these areas of the solution space, toward undiscovered maxima that are a priori likely to be optimal solutions. We evaluate the algorithm on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) data. Our aggregate results show reduction in distance to the global maximum by 16% in 10 iterations, averaged over 100 trials, and iterative increase in log-liklihood value of learned model parameters, demonstrating the ability of the algorithm to guide the search toward increasingly better optima of the likelihood function, avoiding local convergence.
Evaluation of pulse oximetry with EKG synchronization

Results are presented of an investigation of the effectiveness of using an EKG signal as a synchronization technique to improve pulse detection and overall accuracy of pulse oximetry. The unprocessed red and infrared transmitted signals representing the photoplethysmographic waveform were recorded from commercially available pulse oximeters. The arterial oxygen-saturation values output by these pulse oximeters were compared with recomputed results using EKG synchronization to determine possible improvements, particularly with controlled motion artifacts. >
Finite Ultrametric Spaces and Computer Science

The purpose of the paper is to describe a few properties of ultrametric spaces (in particular, of finite ones) and to demonstrate some applications of these properties to computer science.
Studies on the effects of a urea peroxide gel on plaque formation and gingivitis.

P R E V I O U S S T U D I E S 1 ' 2 have demonstrated that 11% urea peroxide in an anhydrous glycerin gel base (Proxigel, Block Drug Co., Jersey City, N . J.) effected a significant reduction in test group plaque compared to the control group. These studies, however, did not show a significant reduction in gingivitis in the test group compared to the control group. A possible explanation is that this "rub on" product may not have penetrated into the gingival crevices to a large enough degree to significantly reduce subgingival plaque and gingivitis. The present study was undertaken to see if the product could be delivered into the gingival sulcus to obtain a reduction (in the test group compared to the control group) in subgingival plaque and therefore in gingivitis. In this study, therefore, the product was brushed into the gingiva rather than rubbed on as in the previous studies.
CDOL: a declarative platform for developing OODB applications

The authors present a rule-based database language known as CDOL (comprehensive declarative object language). CDOL provides sublanguages for the expression of derived data, constraints, updates, and integrity rules. The basic rule language provides an expressive approach to extending the stored database with virtual attributes and classes. The constraint sublanguage of CDOL allows explicit declarative specification of integrity constraints. The update sublanguage of CDOL enables ad-hoc declarative update requests, where the end-user is relieved from database consistency considerations. Integrity rules in CDOL are designed as active, user-transparent agents that supplement the declarative updates to complete update methods that preserve database consistency. An important contribution of CDOL is the active, integrity rule framework it establishes for integrating derived data, constraints and updates in a coherent and easy to use application-development platform for OODBs. >
Body mass index as a predictor of complications after operative treatment of acetabular fractures.

Background: Obesity, a growing public health concern, is often thought to be an important risk factor for postoperative complications. We hypothesized that body mass index is predictive of complications after operative treatment of acetabular fractures. Methods: A retrospective chart review identified 169 consecutive patients in whom an acetabular fracture had been treated with open reduction and internal fixation at a level-1 trauma center. The patients were stratified into four classes according to their body mass index: normal (<25), overweight (≥25 but <30), obese (≥30 but <40), and morbidly ≥40). The perioperative outcomes that were evaluated included estimated blood loss, wound infection, nerve palsy, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and heterotopic ossification. Multivariate general linear models were used to test for the relationship between body mass index and perioperative outcomes while controlling for potential intervening variables (including surgical approach, fracture type, and surgeon experience). Odds ratios were calculated as well. Results: When body mass index was measured as a continuous variable, it was found to have a significant relationship with estimated blood loss (p = 0.003), prevalence of wound infection (p = 0.002), and prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (p = 0.03). Odds ratio analysis revealed that obese subjects (body mass index of ≥30) were 2.1 times more likely than patients of normal weight (body mass index of 750 mL and 2.6 times more likely to have a deep venous thrombosis. Morbidly obese patients (body mass index of ≥40) were five times more likely to have a wound infection. Conclusions: Body mass index is predictive of complications after operative treatment of acetabular fractures. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Evaluation of the Vitek 2 ID-GNB Assay for Identification of Members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae and Other Nonenteric Gram-Negative Bacilli and Comparison with the Vitek GNI+ Card

We evaluated the Vitek 2 ID-GNB identification card (bioMerieux, Inc., Durham, N.C.) for its ability to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative bacilli that are isolated in clinical microbiology laboratories. Using 482 enteric stock cultures and 103 strains of oxidase-positive, gram-negative glucose-fermenting and nonfermenting bacilli that were maintained at -70 degrees C and passaged three times before use, we inoculated cards according to the manufacturer's directions and processed them in a Vitek 2 instrument using version VT2-R02.03 software. All panel identifications were compared to reference identifications previously confirmed by conventional tube biochemical assays. At the end of the initial 3-h incubation period, the Vitek 2 instrument demonstrated an accuracy of 93.0% for the identification of enteric strains; 414 (85.9%) were correctly identified at probability levels ranging from excellent to good, and an additional 34 (7.1%) strains were correctly identified but at a low level of discrimination. Nineteen (3.9%) strains were unidentified, and 15 (3.1%) were misidentified. The 19 unidentified strains were scattered among 10 genera. Three of the 15 misidentified strains were lactose-positive Salmonella spp. and were identified as Escherichia coli; another was a lactose-positive, malonate-negative Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae strain that was identified as E. coli. Of the 103 glucose-fermenting and nonfermenting nonenteric strains, 88 (85.4%) were correctly identified at probability levels ranging from excellent to good, and 10 (9.7%) were correctly identified, but at a low level of discrimination, for a total of 95.1% accuracy with this group. Two strains were unidentified and three were misidentified. The errors occurred for strains in three different genera. With the increased hands-off approach of the Vitek 2 instrument and accuracies of 93% for the identification of enteric organisms and 95.1% for the identification of nonenteric organisms with the ID-GNB card, use of this product presents an acceptable method for the identification of most gram-negative organisms commonly isolated in the clinical laboratory. A comparison of these results to those obtained by testing 454 of the same strains with the Vitek GNI+ card revealed no significant difference in the abilities of the two cards to identify these organisms accurately.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal disorder of the hematopoietic stem cell (Hartmann and Arnold 1977) resulting in the production of blood cells which are defective in that they lack or are markedly deficient in glycan-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked surface proteins (Rosse 1990a). To date, 11 such proteins have been found to be missing or deficient on the abnormal cells (Auditore et al. 1960; Kunstling and Rosse 1969; Beck and Valentine 1951; Burroughs et al. 1988; Nicholson-Weller et al. 1983a; Pangburn et al. 1983; Holguin et al. 1989a; Hansch et al. 1987; Selvaraj et al. 1987,1988; Simmons et al. 1989; van der Schoot et al. 1989) (see Table 1). Other GPI-linked proteins that have not been identified are probably also missing.
Economics of Including Recreation as a Purpose of Eastern Water Projects

C HARACTERISTICALLY water resource development projects have been designed and justified for such useful purposes as providing hydropower, navigation, flood control and irrigation benefits. This has now been altered, most notably by Senate Document 97 and its supplement dealing with recreation benefits.' Among the major changes in policy is the recognition and full consideration of outdoor recreation as a primary purpose in water resource development project formulation and evaluation. The most immediate consequence of this is that benefits of recreation opportunities may now be included in project planning and justification considerations. The time has passed when we can profitably debate whether outdoor recreation should properly be acknowledged as a rightful use of natural resources. The propriety of this resource use is no longer an issue. The chief reasons for the expansion of interest accorded not only waterbased recreation activities but nearly all other types as well, stem in large part from changes which are occurring within our society. As we experience such things as increased per capita income, population growth, more leisure time, increased mobility, and continued urbanization, activities such as outdoor recreation take on greater significance among our wants and preferences. These changes are manifested in the changes in demand for outdoor recreation resources. The usual statements of demand for recreation refer to the demand for outdoor recreation facilities at zero prices, and are in this sense simply statements of attendance. While attendance information is useful, large numbers by themselves do not give us complete indications of value which have utility for comparing this use of resources with alternatives. The increased demand for recreation should, ceteris paribus, increase the value of resources which can be efficiently used for such purposesincluding water resources. To the extent that such is the case, this implies that an increase in investment in outdoor recreation facilities is de-
Case Report: Effect of Extraneous Blood Pool on Multigated Cardiac Scans

Multigated cardiac blood pool imaging is routinely used in the assessment and characterization of ventricular performance in a variety of cardiac disorders. The information obtained may help to define the need for surgical or medical therapy, as well as to ascertain whether specific therapy has been successful in improving cardiac function. To ensure the validity of multigated studies, proper identification of regions of interest for the left ventricle and background is critical {1). We have encountered some cases in which extracardiac structures greatly influenced the performance of an adequate multigated cardiac study. To our knowledge, the effect of such extraneous sources of blood pool on gated cardiac scan has not been well defined. A brief description of three cases is presented.
Comparison of IMP and HMPAO for SPECT Brain Imaging

This is the second article in the four-part series on nuclear medicine updates. Upon completion of this article the reader should be able to compare the (1) technical, and (2) clinical aspects of iodine-123-IMP and technetium-99m-HMPAO for brain perfusion imaging.
CHRONOTROPIC INCOMPETENCE IN ICD RECIPIENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVICE SELECTION

The current subcutaneous ICD system lacks the capability of cardiac pacing. ICD recipients with chronotropic incompetence (CI) benefit from pacing, however the prevalence of CI is underappreciated in ICD recipients. Analysis of the heart rate histogram (HRH) data, stored in the device log, has been
Synthesis and Spectroscopie Analysis of Smart Photochromic Materials

Sol-gel processing was used to dope photochromic materials into metal alkoxide-polymer and pure polymer materials. The films on silicon and quartz substrates were examined, with and without UV irradiation, by UV/VIS spectroscopy, ellipsometry and FTIR. p]The UV/VIS spectroscopy showed that the doped matrices were photochromic in the visible and near infrared. p]The ellipsometric data were obtained with a variable angle of incidence spectroscopie ellipsometer (VASE). The Cauchy and a combined Cauchy-Lorentz model were used to fit the unirradiated and irradiated films, respectively. The optical constants of the films showed significant changes upon irradiation. This means that the absorption coefficient and hence the emissivity of the films is being modulated with UV irradiation. The VASE-fitted thicknesses of the films were in the range of 1 to 6 microns. p]In the FTIR spectra, the spiropyran doped samples have shown IR transmission changes in the two spectral regions (6-7 μm and 7.5-8.5 μm) where changes are expected due to band opening. The transmission ratio for UV irradiated to unirradiated samples decreased by as much as about 24% at aparticular IR wavelength.
Triphenylene Nano/Microwires for Sensing Nitroaromatics

We report the synthesis, characterization, and application of triphenylene nano/microwires for sensing nitroaromatics. The fluorescence of these wires is dependent on the size of the wires, which can be controlled by heating temperature and time. The cross optical polarized microscopy result shows a birefringent crystal structure of the triphenylene microwires. Fluorescence imaging shows that the crystalline triphenylene nano/microwires may be used as a waveguide material. Both the conductivity and fluorescence of the crystalline nano/microwires change selectively in the presence of vapor of nitrobenzene, a representative nitroaromatic, suggesting that the nano/microwires of triphenylene may be used for selective detection of explosives.
The empirical march: Making science better at self-correction.

Psychology has been criticized recently for a range of research quality issues. The current article organizes these problems around the actions of the individual researcher and the existing norms of the field. Proposed solutions align the incentives of all those involved in the research process. I recommend moving away from a focus on statistical significance to one of statistical power, renewing an emphasis on prediction and the pre-registration of hypotheses, changing the timing and method of peer-review, and increasing the rate at which replications are conducted and published. These strategies seek to unify incentives toward increased methodological and statistical rigor to more effectively and efficiently reduce bias and error.
Dissociation of Methane on La2O3 Surfaces Doped with Cu, Mg, or Zn

We use density functional theory to examine methane dissociative adsorption on La2O3 substitutionally doped with Cu, Mg, or Zn. We find that these dopants activate the surface oxygen atoms and make methane dissociation exothermic. Cu-doped lanthana is very active, but it loses oxygen too easily and the surface is likely to be reduced at the temperatures at which methane dissociates. The reduced surface has lower activity. The effect of Mg doping on methane activation is less than that of Zn. We focus, therefore, on Zn-doped lanthana and calculate the activation barrier for methane dissociation. We suggest that, for dissociative adsorption, the Bronsted–Evans–Polanyi rule needs to be modified to take into account not only the binding energy of the products but also the distance between the fragments formed by dissociation. We also show that an oxygen vacancy on the Zn-doped lanthana surface adsorbs oxygen from the gas and converts it into a species that should be described as O2–. This reacts with methane ...
Stress Sensitivity Evaluation Methods of Low Permeability Reservoir

The stress sensitivity of permeability is an important factor to evaluate the dynamic productivity of a reservoir.The lack of practicality of the stress sensitivity evaluation standard SY/T 5358-2002 makes it hard to determine the degree of the stress sensitivity of the low-permeability reservoir.In this paper,the experimental procedures and the evaluation methods of the SY/T 5358-2002 are analyzed first and a new method is provided.Specifically,for the experimental procedures,the Biot coefficient needs to be considered for the conventional confining-changing measurement.And the starting point should be in-situ reservoir pressure rather than 20 MPa as the SY/T 5358-2002 stated.Also,it is rational to set the ending point as half of the original pressure rather than 2.5MPa.For the evaluation criteria,the change of the productivity is considered to determine the critical value which can help to distinguish the degree of the stress sensitivity.According to this new method,the cores from Ansai Oilfield are tested and determined to be the moderate stress sensitivity.
Guide to Using Sierra

Sierra is an engineering mechanics simulation code suite supporting the Nation's Nuclear Weapons mission as well as other customers. It has explicit ties to Sandia National Labs' workfow, including geometry and meshing, design and optimization, and visualization. Dis- tinguishing strengths include "application aware" development, scalability, SQA and V&V, multiple scales, and multi-physics coupling. This document is intended to help new and existing users of Sierra as a user manual and troubleshooting guide.
Simulation of Cardiac Action Potentials

Simulation of cardiac action potentials offers a brief introduction to cardiac action potential modeling by examining the history of the field and discusses experimental and modeling breakthroughs that have yielded today’s current models. The chapter begins with an overview of the cardiac action potential and highlights the Hodgkin and Huxley formalism. The chapter then highlights specific key models with a brief analysis of their merits and shortcomings. The chapter then focuses on modeling mutant sodium channels and the ability of modeling to elucidate pharmacodynamic mechanisms of sodium channel drug blockade. Other applications discussed include modeling calcium dynamics and force generation, and neurohumoral modeling via cell signaling pathways. Integration of modeling at different spatial scales and the importance of species and cell-type-specific models are discussed throughout.
Validation of a Behavioral Ethogram for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

Although guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) have been used in research for more than a century and remain the most prevalent USDA-covered species, little has been elucidated regarding the recognition of clinical pain or analgesic efficacy in this species. We sought to assess pain in guinea pigs by using newer, clinically relevant methods that have been validated in other rodent species: the behavioral ethogram and cageside proxy indicator. In this study, 10 male guinea pigs underwent electronic von Frey testing of nociception, remote videorecording of behavior, and cageside assessment by using time-to-consumption (TTC) of a preferred treat test. These assessments were performed across 2 conditions (anesthesia only and castration surgery under anesthesia) at 3 time points (2, 8, and 24 h after the event). The anesthesia only condition served to control for the nonpainful but potentially distressing components of the surgical experience. Compared with those after anesthesia only conditions, subtle body movements were increased and nociceptive thresholds were decreased at 2 and 8 h after surgery. At 24 h, neither subtle body movement behaviors nor nociceptive thresholds differed between the 2 conditions. In contrast, TTC scores did not differ between the anesthesia only and surgery conditions at any time point, underscoring the challenge of identifying pain in this species through cageside evaluation. By comparing ethogram scores with measures of nociception, we validated select behaviors as pain-specific. Therefore, our novel ethogram allowed us to assess postoperative pain and may further serve as a platform for future analgesia efficacy studies in guinea pigs.
Meaning in Words and Sentences

As we saw in Chapter 2, the statistical weightings in most readability formulas are based on the notion that words— vocabulary— are the greatest factor affecting readability. There is an obvious truth to this notion. Readers who do not understand a significant part of the vocabulary in a text will find it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to understand it. Indeed research has shown that a high proportion of unfamiliar words adversely affects comprehension (Freebody and Anderson 1983; Carver 1994).
A Reaction-Based Fluorescent Probe for Imaging of Formaldehyde in Living Cells

Formaldehyde (FA), in the 0.2–0.4 mM range, is produced and maintained endogenously via enzymatic pathways. At these levels, FA can promote cell proliferation as well as mediate memory formation. Once elevated, FA stress is known to induce cognitive impairments, memory loss, and neurodegeneration owing to its potent DNA and protein cross-linking mechanisms. Optical imaging is a powerful noninvasive approach used to study FA in living systems; however, biocompatible chemical probes for FA are currently lacking. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Formaldehyde Probe 1 (FP1), a new fluorescent indicator based on the 2-aza-Cope sigmatropic rearrangement. The remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and photostability of FP1 has enabled us to visualize FA in live HEK293TN and Neuroscreen-1 cells. We envision that FP1 will find widespread applications in the study of FA associated with normal and pathological processes.
A Discrete-Trial Choice Procedure for Assessing the Periodic Equivalent of an Aperiodic Ratio Schedule

Various procedures used to evaluate preference between fixed- and variable-ratio schedules (Fr, Vr) of reinforcement have often yielded differing results with respect to the extent to which subjects will choose a Vr over an equal valued Fr schedule. A discrete-trial choice procedure, therefore, was employed in the present study in an attempt to derive a more sensitive measure of the Fr equivalent of various Vr schedules. Twelve rats were presented with choice trials consisting of various ratio values which were systematically varied across sessions according to the psychophysical method of limits. In all, the Fr equivalency measures obtained for the various Vr schedules were lower than the Vr value, demonstrating that given equal valued Vr and Fr schedules, the subjects preferred the Vr. The preference measures did vary as a function of intertriai interval (Iti) length, although the results were inconclusive. Initial response latencies (Irls) for the choice responses coincided well with overall preference measures, suggesting that they, too, could be used as a measure of preference. Also, Iti response measures were used to adjust the choice measures, indicating that such response biases as position preferences could be effectively corrected for within this type of procedure. In conclusion, the discrete-trial choice procedure as employed in psychophysics methodology holds promise for evolving a comprehensive means of evaluating operant choice.
A review of studies on the effects of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation on the coagulation profile

Background: This study reports on the results of hemorrhagic shock (HS) plus resuscitation on the coagulation profile in severely injured patients and on the role of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) supplementation in a canine HS model. Clinical Studies: Primary hemostasis (platelet plug), secondary hemostasis (fibrin clot), and fibrinolysis were assayed in 22 injured patients who received an average of 21 units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs), 16.5 L crystalloid solution, and 1.25 L FFP during operation for control of bleeding. Measurements were obtained during operation and postoperatively at 5, 15, 36, and 84 hours and at 26 days. The platelet count during operation was 113,000/mm 3 , decreased to a nadir of 76,000/mm 3 at 48 hours, and then increased to 563,000/mm 2 by convalescence. Platelets were not given with resuscitation. The bleeding times and aggregation studies mirrored platelet levels until convalescence. HS led to significant reductions in fibrinogen (factor I), factor V, and factor VIII that normalized by day 1. The fibrinogen increased to supranormal levels by day 4 through day 26. Clotting times mirrored fibrinogen, factor V, and factor VIII levels. Fibrin split products were normal during operation and increased postoperatively through day 26. The increase in fibrin split products paralleled the increase in fibrinogen. Experimental Studies: The role of FFP supplementation in HS resuscitation was tested in two separate studies. After HS, the animals were resuscitated with shed blood and crystalloid; half the animals also received FFP. FFP did not improve the coagulation factors, fibrinogen and factors II, V, VII, and VIII. Thus, routine FFP supplementation for HS in humans was abandoned. This led to unexpected postoperative bleeding that in one instance caused death. Therefore, a second controlled study was used in which the FFP was given not only during blood volume restoration but also for an additional hour during continued ongoing controlled hemorrhage without shock. The second study demonstrated that the FFP prevented the reduction in coagulation factors compared with animals not receiving FFP. Clotting times paralleled coagulation protein levels. FFP is now used to supplement HS resuscitation in humans. Conclusion: Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock can be successfully implemented by restoration of blood loss with blood, crystalloid, and FFP added to maintain coagulation proteins.
Impact of an Interactive Vascular Surgery Web-Based Educational Curriculum on Surgical Trainee Knowledge and Interest

Objective The surgical council on resident education developed an online competency-based self-study curriculum for general surgery residency trainees. Vascular surgery trainees are yet to have a similarly validated and readily accessible self-study curriculum. We sought to determine the effect of an interactive online vascular surgery curriculum on trainee knowledge and interest in vascular surgery. Methods Over 15 months, 53 trainees (36 medical students and 16 surgical residents) performing a vascular surgery rotation were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, 2-cohort study. Before starting a 4-week rotation, trainee baseline demographics were collected, and a pretest was administered to evaluate baseline vascular surgery knowledge. During the same study period, 31 trainees (GROUP 1) were randomized to an interactive online curriculum with weekly reading assignments, and 21 trainees (GROUP 2) did not have access to the online curriculum. At the conclusion, all trainees received a posttest and survey to evaluate any change in vascular surgery knowledge and interest. Results Although 26.8% of trainees predicted that online computer modules would be a beneficial learning tool, most of trainees indicated textbook reading and case discussions are preferred. Analysis of GROUPS 1 and 2 revealed no significant differences in the average trainee age, training level, sex, or number of surgical cases observed during the rotation. Improvement in vascular surgery knowledge in GROUP 1 was significantly higher compared to GROUP 2 (average increase in posttest scores of 16.1% vs 6.6%, p = 0.009). New interest in vascular surgery was increased by 22.2% in GROUP 1, but was decreased by 40% in GROUP 2 (p Conclusions Basic vascular surgery principles can be efficiently introduced through an interactive online curriculum. This type of self-study can improve trainee knowledge, and foster interest in vascular surgery. As in other specialties, a standardized and validated online vascular surgery curriculum should be developed for emerging trainees.
Antibody-siRNA conjugates: drugging the undruggable for anti-leukemic therapy

Generating effective RNAi-based therapies with the potential to achieve leukemia remission remains critical unmet need. Despite a growing number of leukemia clinical trials, tissue specific delivery of therapeutic siRNA is a major roadblock in translating its clinical potential. The most recent reports in the antibody-siRNA-conjugates (ARCs) field add new dimensions to leukemic therapy, where a covalently ligated therapeutic antisense-RNA with the potential to repress the oncogenic transcript is selectively delivered into the cancer cells. Despite ARC localization to leukemic cells due to high affinity antigen-antibody interactions, multiple challenges exist to unlock the therapeutic potential of siRNA targeting. Areas covered: This review focuses on antibody and siRNA-based therapies for leukemia as well as potential antibody engineering-based strategies to generate an optimal ARC platform. Expert opinion: In vitro and clinical results have revealed that non-targeted delivery and inefficient cellular internalization of therapeutic siRNA are major contributing factors for the lack of efficacy in leukemia patients. Rational antibody design and selective protein engineering with the potential to neutralize siRNA charge, stabilize ARC complex, restrict off-targeted delivery, optimize endosomal escape, and extend serum half-life will generate clinically relevant leukemic therapies that are safe, selective, and effective.
Ultrafast photocurrent measurements of a black phosphorus photodetector

With its high mobility, narrow bandgap, and unique anisotropy, black phosphorus (BP) is a promising material for optoelectronic applications. Waveguide-integrated photodetectors with RC-limited speeds up to 3 GHz have been recently demonstrated at telecom wavelengths. To truly be competitive, however, BP photodetectors must reach speeds of tens of GHz. Here, we use BP's nonlinear photoresponse to measure the intrinsic speed of a BP photodetector using ultrafast pump-probe measurements. With this technique, we are able to observe how the detection speed depends on both the incident power and applied source-drain bias. A minimum response time of 60 ps was observed which corresponds to an intrinsic bandwidth of 9 GHz.
Integrating Morphological and Behavioral Phenotypes in Developing Zebrafish

The zebrafish, with its prolific reproduction, rapid development, and genetic homology to humans, provides an ideal model to efficiently characterize behavioral, developmental, and morphological phenotypes in biomedical research. By designing experiments to take advantage of these properties, behavioral phenotypes can be interpreted within the context of relevant neuromorphological phenotypes in order to present a truly integrative analysis of the rich biological data. These experiments may take the form of targeted studies or scaled up to a discovery mode that can keep pace with in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) experimental systems. Achieving the goal of data integration will require appropriate application and adaptation of traditional statistical approaches, as well as the development of novel methods implemented in concert with new experimental approaches. In this chapter, we survey experimental designs and statistical methods for behavioral studies in developing zebrafish, then highlight experimental factors and analysis strategies that facilitate integration of morphological and behavioral phenotypes. We conclude that appropriate design and analysis of integrated morphological and behavioral studies using zebrafish can elucidate new chemical bioactivity pathways, identify compounds eliciting a broad range of effects, and paint a more comprehensive picture of development than either class of phenotype alone.
Review and Analysis of Software Development Team Communication Research

Research problem: Communication affects many aspects of the software engineering process. In addition, poor team communication is often a root cause of failure for complex engineering projects. In global software engineering, communication and coordination become more challenging, and that fact affects the quality of the product. The goal of this study is to analyze the type and quality of research performed on software development team communication, and to present data to guide future research in these areas. Research questions: (1) How much communication research activity in the area of software development teams has been described in the literature from 2005 to 2015? (2) What is the current state of software development team communication research (what has been done and to what degree)? (3) What is the predominant research methodology of software development team communication research? (4) Where are the gaps in the current state of software development team communication research? (5) What are the major, common findings about communication in software development teams? Methodology: We reviewed 184 journal papers and performed a content analysis of the keywords from the relevant papers to create a software engineering team research taxonomy. We utilized this taxonomy to categorize the context of communication research papers. We then used the categorization results to determine the most active software development team communication research areas. In addition, we analyzed the quality of the journals (using impact factor and H-index as metrics) and the type of research performed in these areas (i.e., qualitative, quantitative, survey, social network analysis, or literature review). Results and conclusions: The results showed that the most active software development team communication research areas are global software development, project effectiveness, and effective teamwork. The most prevalent research methodology is a survey among those research areas. We conclude this paper with a presentation and discussion of the major findings of each research paper as well as the common themes among those findings in each of the top research areas.
Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Tumors of the Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Skull Base

The sinonasal tract remains an epicenter of a diverse array of neoplasia. This paper discusses changes to the WHO classification system of tumors involving this area. In particular, seromucinous hamartoma, NUT carcinoma, biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma, HPV-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic features, SMARCB1-deficient carcinoma, and renal cell-like adenocarcinoma are discussed.
Persistent wrist monarthritis: down to the bone.

A minority of osteoid osteomas are found to be juxta-articular and within the small bones of the wrist. We present a 30-year-old man diagnosed with an osteoid osteoma of the lunate bone, presenting with 3 years of left wrist pain, swelling and reduced range of motion. Given the patient’s background and laboratory testing, consideration was given to both inflammatory and infectious causes and the diagnosis was delayed, requiring repeat interval imaging and assisted by multiple imaging modalities. Management by surgical excision led to resolution of pain and swelling. In cases of a prolonged isolated monarthritis, juxta-articular osteoid osteoma should be considered in the differential.
Raman Scattering by Additively Colored SrF2 and BaF2 Crystals

Additive coloration in SrF2 produces two absorption bands[1]. One of these is the F-band with a peak around 4450 A and the other has a peak at about 6340 A. The origin of the latter is not yet clear. It is not produced by x-irradiation, but invariably occurs with the F-band in additively colored crystals with relatively lower intensity. Additively colored BaF2 also exhibits two absorption bands[2, 3] at approximately 4200 A and 6500 A. The latter is known to be the F-band.
Bayesian Estimation in Multidimensional Contingency Tables

This paper examines a new class of prior distributions for Bayesian estimation in contingency tables. It exploits both the conjugate Dirichlet prior when the data follow a multinomial distribution and the traditional loglinear parametrization by applying it to the means of the Dirichlet prior. The resulting prior distributions can reflect the user’s uncertainty about both the applicability of a loglinear structure and the values of the cell probabilities. Connections with the maximum likelihood approach permit the user to provide initial guesses at the cell probabilities either through various margins of the cell prior means or through the “effects” of a loglinear model. We apply our method to medical data concerning skin cancer.
Managing Wicked Environmental Problems

In chapter 1, we briefly mentioned some historical factors that may contribute to the transformation of complicated problems into wicked problems. These include broad, structural socioeconomic and demographic changes and also more immediate triggering events that polarize public debate and shift the political dynamics of environmental management dilemmas. Here we explore these themes in more detail. We also present and discuss three take-home lessons for public managers. We suggest that a public manager facing a wicked problem should (1) stop looking for the perfect solution; (2) seek instead a satisficingresponse; and (3) consider applying the iterative, analytic, adaptive, participatory process described in this book (particularly in chapters 6– 9).
Regional Variations: The Use Of Hospitals, Home Health, And Skilled Nursing In Traditional Medicare And Medicare Advantage

In the traditional Medicare program, the use of health care services—particularly postacute care—varies substantially across geographic regions. Less is known about such variations in Medicare Adva...
The effect of denosumab on kidney function in patients with metastatic breast cancer to bone previously treated with zoledronic acid.

e20701 Background: Bone metastases are a significant cause of morbidity leading to skeletal related events (SREs) in patients with advanced breast cancer. Denosumab and zoledronic acid (ZA) are use...
Rapid Downregulation of DAB2 by Toll-Like Receptor Activation Contributes to a Pro-Inflammatory Switch in Activated Dendritic Cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in regulating tolerogenic as well as immunogenic responses against microorganisms by directing both the innate and adaptive immune response. In health, phenotypically different DC subsets found in the gut mucosa are maintained in their tolerogenic state but switch to a pro-inflammatory phenotype during infection or chronic autoinflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanisms that promote the switch among the mucosal DCs from a tolerogenic to an immunogenic, pro-inflammatory phenotype are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that disabled homolog 2 (DAB2), recently described as a negative regulator of DC immunogenicity during their development, is regulated during intestinal inflammation and modulates mucosal DC function. We show that DAB2 is highly expressed in colonic CD11b+CD103- DCs, a subset known for its capacity to induce inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses in the colon, and is downregulated predominantly in this DC subset during adoptive T cell transfer colitis. Administration of Dab2-deficient DCs (DC2.4 Dab2-/- cells) modulated the course of DSS colitis in wild-type mice, enhanced mucosal expression of Tnfa, Il6, and Il17a, and promoted neutrophil recruitment. In bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), DAB2 expression correlated with CD11b levels and DAB2 was rapidly and profoundly inhibited by TLR ligands in a TRIF- and MyD88-dependent manner. The negative modulation of DAB2 was biphasic, initiated with a quick drop in DAB2 protein, followed by a sustained reduction in Dab2 mRNA. DAB2 downregulation promoted a more functional and activated DC phenotype, reduced phagocytosis, and increased CD40 expression after TLR activation. Furthermore, Dab2 knockout in DCs inhibited autophagy and promoted apoptotic cell death. Collectively, our results highlight the immunoregulatory role for DAB2 in the intestinal dendritic cells and suggest that DAB2 downregulation after microbial exposure promotes their switch to an inflammatory phenotype.
High-temperature ion-thermal behavior from average-atom calculations.

Atom-in-jellium calculations of the Einstein frequency were used to calculate the mean displacement of an ion over a wide range of compression and temperature. Expressed as a fraction of the Wigner-Seitz radius, the displacement is a measure of the asymptotic freedom of the ion at high temperature, and thus of the change in heat capacity from six to three quadratic degrees of freedom per atom. A functional form for free energy was proposed based on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution as a correction to the Debye free energy, with a single free parameter representing the effective density of potential modes to be saturated. This parameter was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations, and found to be $\ensuremath{\sim}0.2$ per atom. In this way, the ion-thermal contribution can be calculated for a wide-range equation of state (EOS) without requiring a large number of molecular dynamics simulations. Example calculations were performed for carbon, including the sensitivity of key EOS loci to ionic freedom.