cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLONGED MAINTENANCE OF BIOELECTRICALLY ACTIVE SPINAL CORD CULTURES (RAT, CHICK AND HUMAN).

Explants of embryonic and fetal spinal cords (rat, chick, and human) develop and maintain in vitro many cytologic and bioelectric properties characteristic of central nervous tissues in situ. Despite the thickness of the cord explants, a condition which appears to be necessary for differentiation, considerable neuronal development becomes visible to light microscopic examination. The mature expiant consists of large concentrations of small neurons interspersed with large neurons and neuroglia, bounded by a broad tract of nerve fibers and capped by a neuropil. Myelination in rat cultures usually begins 2–3 weeks after explantation in both the explant and outgrowth zone. Myelin is of the central glial type unless the cord explants are grown with their meningeal covering. In the latter case the myelination pattern abruptly changes to the peripheral Schwannian type as the axons penetrate the meninges. Bouton-like endings are observed in the neuropil of rat cord explants (whole-mounts) impregnated with silver; but most neurons are only partially blackened. In 20 μ sections, neuronal somas and dendrites are identified in negative image with blackened bouton-like endings suggesting synapses. Chick spinal cord, when grown in Rose chambers, becomes more thinly spread so that more detailed interrelationships can be visualized in the living neuronal somas, neuritic processes and termini. Bouton-like endings on neuronal somas have been selectively stained, vitally, with methylene blue. Complex bioelectric activity can be evoked in these long-term spinal cord explants by electric stimuli localized to various regions of the cord tissues as well as to attached dorsal-root ganglia. The long-lasting “after-discharge” patterns and the neuropharmacologic sensitivity of the responses show remarkable similarity to the activity of synaptic networks of the central nervous system in situ. These functions develop gradually during the first week after explantation of fetal rat cord tissues — more slowly in cultures explanted before the establishment of reflex arcs in utero, and more rapidly in cord explants from older fetuses. Reference is made to the companion electron microscopy study of older fetuses, which shows that characteristic synaptic structures, although extremely rare at the time of explantation, are abundant in later stages of the culture's development. This confirms the functional evidence that synapses are able to develop in organized culture conditions.
Reduction of a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene DNA adduct in rat mammary tissue in vivo when pretreated with tamoxifen.

Abstract Tamoxifen (TAM), an antiestrogenic compound, has been approved for the treatment of breast cancer in high risk women. TAM has been shown to be an effective agent for prevention of breast cancer in women of varying degrees of risk and has been proposed to be used prophylactically in women whose genetic background suggests a high risk for breast cancer. However, it is not known whether TAM given prophylactically will alter the response of women to carcinogens from common environmental exposures such as tobacco smoke. Therefore, we studied the effects of TAM pretreatment on mammary DNA adducts of the model carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), in the female rats to assess whether TAM would alter the adduct pattern of DMBA. TAM (0.3 mg/day) was given for 7 days prior to a single 20 mg DMBA gavage treatment that is considered a carcinogenic dose in the rat. At 7 days post-DMBA, there was a reduction in the major DMBA–DNA adduct and a significant reduction in the minor DMBA–DNA adduct in mammary glands (P=0.002) of TAM pretreated rats compared to control rats. These data indicate that TAM may alter either metabolic steps in the formation of DNA binding species and/or enhance adduct removal. These data suggest that TAM given to women prior to the development of breast cancer may modulate the impact of environmental exposures, for example, tobacco smoke. Furthermore, research is needed to determine if modulation will be positive, or negative as in the current study.
Fully plastic crack in an infinite body under anti-plane shear

Abstract The problem of a semi-infinite body with an edge crack subjected to far out-of-plane shear is solved by a transformation to a hodograph plane and the Wiener-Hopf technique. The material stress-strain behavior is governed by a pure power hardening relation and the results are valid for both deformation theory and flow theory of plasticity. Results are presented for crack opening displacement, path independent J integral and crack tip singularities for all finite values of the power hardening parameter.
The Sonju Lake layered intrusion, northeast Minnesota: Internal structure and emplacement history inferred from magnetic fabrics

Abstract The Sonju Lake intrusion (SLI), in northeastern Minnesota, is a layered mafic complex of Keweenawan age (1096.1 ± 0.8 Ma) related to the Midcontinent rift. The cumulate paragenesis of the intrusion is recognized as broadly similar to the Skaergaard intrusion, a classic example of closed-system differentiation of a tholeiitic mafic magma. The SLI represents nearly closed-system differentiation through bottom-up fractional crystallization. Geochemical studies have identified the presence of a stratabound, 50–100 m thick zone anomalously enriched in Au + PGE. Similar to the PGE reefs of the Skaergaard intrusion, this PGE-enriched zone is hosted within oxide gabbro cumulates, about two-third of the way up from the base of the intrusion. We present a petrofabric study using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) to investigate the emplacement and flow patterns within the Sonju Lake intrusion. Petrographic and electron microprobe studies, combined with AMS and hysteresis measurements indicate the primary source of the magnetic signal is pseudo-single domain (PSD) magnetite or titanomagnetite. Low field AMS was measured at 32 sites within the Sonju Lake intrusion, which provided information about primary igneous fabrics. The magnetic fabrics in the layered series of the Sonju Lake intrusion are consistent with sub-horizontal to inclined emplacement of the intrusion and show evidence that the cumulate layers were deposited in a dynamic environment. Well-aligned magnetic lineations, consistently plunging shallowly toward the southwest, indicate the source of the magma is a vertical sill-like feeder, presumably located beneath the Finland granite. The Finland granite acted as a density trap for the Sonju Lake magmas, forcing lateral flow of magma to the northeast. The strongly oblate magnetic shape fabrics indicate the shallowly dipping planar fabrics were enhanced by compaction of the crystal mush.
Rogue incumbents, donor assistance and Sierra Leone's second post-conflict elections of 2007

The removal of the governing Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) from power through the ballot box in 2007 represents a watershed moment in the growth and maturation of Sierra Leone's teething electoral democracy. This is because the peaceful alternation of political parties in power tends to strengthen democracy and nurture public confidence in elections as mechanisms of political change. In contrast to what happened in 1967, when the SLPP derailed the country's first post-independence democratic experiment by orchestrating a military coup after losing power in parliamentary elections, the SLPP in 2007 found itself isolated both internally and externally, and could rely neither on the support of a restructured army and police nor on external patrons like the United Kingdom which, among other things, suspended budgetary support for the government pending the satisfactory conclusion of the elections. The emergence of the People's Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC), whose membership consists largely of disaffected former SLPP members and supporters, and the electoral alliance forged between the PMDC and the All People's Congress (APC) in the presidential run-off, doomed any chance the SLPP may have had of holding on to power. The elections were referenda on the SLPP, which lost both the presidency and the legislature because its rogue leadership squandered the goodwill of the public, misappropriated donor funds with impunity, and failed to deliver basic social goods and services.
A new probabilistic relaxation scheme and its application to edge detection

This paper presents a new scheme for probabilistic relaxation labeling that consists of an update function and a dictionary construction method. The nonlinear update function is derived from Markov random field theory and Bayes' formula. The method combines evidence from neighboring label assignments and eliminates label ambiguity efficiently. This result is important for a variety of image processing tasks, such as image restoration, edge enhancement, edge detection, pixel classification, and image segmentation. The authors successfully applied this method to edge detection. The relaxation step of the proposed edge-detection algorithm greatly reduces noise effects, gets better edge localization such as line ends and corners, and plays a crucial role in refining edge outputs. The experiments show that our algorithm converges quickly and is robust in noisy environments.
The New View of Investment: A Neoclassical Analysis

The basis of investment pessimism, 549. — The new view, 551. — A simple model of growth, 553. — Investment and productivity in the long run, 555. — Investment and productivity in the short run, 560. — The rate of return on current investment, 563.— Summary, 567.
Determination of uranium-235, uranium-238 and thorium-232 in urine by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a very useful method for the determination of long-lived isotopes of uranium, thorium and other elements. This study investigates parameters for measurement of isotopes of these elements in human urine using a magnetic sector ICP-MS method and a previously established quadrupole ICP-MS method. The investigation was performed by means of comparison of data from the determination of 238U, 235U and 232Th in urine-based quality control materials, as well as specimens from an investigation of occupational exposure to smoke and particulates from a population of firefighters. In addition to difference in instrumentation, additional isotopes were quantitated, and sample size was decreased to 100 µL for the magnetic sector method from 500 µL for the quadrupole method. Though non-instrumental bias in samples >500 ng L−1238U due to differences in the serial dilution technique (Digiflex diluter for quadrupole, Eppendorf pipettor for the magnetic sector method) was noted, results of comparison of the analyses of samples by magnetic sector ICP-MS compare very favorably with those from quadrupole ICP-MS (rsquared = 0.991 inclusive, 0.987 excluding serially diluted samples), with a near unity slope (0.934 inclusive, 1.06 excluding serially diluted samples) and near-zero intercept (0.0105 inclusive, 0.001 excluding serially diluted samples). Addition of calibration with 235U (0.72% in NIST U standard) allowed the characterization of QCs and measurement of this isotope using the magnetic sector method with a multi-run (n = 28) urine LOD of 0.06 ng L−1. Other magnetic sector urinary isotopic multi-run LODs were in the below 3 ng L−1 range for a 100 µL sample versus 4 ng L−1 for a 500 μL sample with the quadrupole (n = 43).
Motors for Ship Propulsion

Electric propulsion of ships has experienced steady expansion for several decades. Since the early 20th century, icebreakers have employed the flexibility and easy control of direct current (dc) motors to provide for ship operations that split ice with back and forth motion of the ship. More recently, cruise ships have employed diesel-electric propulsion systems to take advantage of the flexibility of diesel, as opposed to steam engines, and because the electric plant can also be used for hotel loads. Research vessels, ferries, tankers, and special purpose vessels have also taken advantage of increased flexibility and fuel efficiency with electric propulsion. Today, the U.S. Navy is building an “all electric” destroyer to be named “Zumwalt,” which employs two induction motors for propulsion. There are several different classes of motors that might be considered for use in ship propulsion, ranging from dc (commutator) motors through conventional induction and synchronous motors to permanent magnet synchronous machines, doubly fed machines and superconducting alternating current (ac) and acyclic homopolar machines. This review paper describes features of some of the major classes of motor that might be used in ship propulsion.
Historical and administrative

Two sessions of the Western Interstate Snow-Survey Conference were held during the year ending May 31, 1936. One of an informal nature was held at Salt Lake City, November 16, 1935, in connection with the National Reclamation Association to discuss snow-survey methods and Federal cooperative plans with Montrose W. Hayes, Chief, River and Flood Division of the United States Weather Bureau. Some 20 representatives of Federal bureaus and irrigation-projects were present.
The Social Construct of Writing and Thinking: Evidence of How the Expansion of Writing Technology Affects Consciousness

The technology for the digitized text creates fluid meaning, representing its culture in transition from the dominance of the single-authored text with its hierarchically ordered system. This new architecture for the digitized word has been making explicit the shift from human consciousness reflecting the interiority of the self to a human consciousness reflecting self in relation to others. Educators using the technology of networked writing environments need to understand how the technology functions and intervenes for pedagogical processes during models of asynchronous and synchronous collaborative writing. Both models support a constructivist view of learning; however, for each, educators need to consider the ethos of the writer as inhabiting a negotiated, shared space with readers during text production. As a consequence, cocognition may occur when writers share ideas and engage in the process of collaboration.
Correlation of serum lipoprotein(a) with the angiographic and clinical presentation of coronary artery disease

This study reports the association of elevated serum lipoprotein(a) levels with angiographically extensive coronary disease and the presence of totally occluded coronary arteries, as well as the association of elevated lipoprotein(a) with unstable angina. These results support the role of lipoprotein(a) in the human atherothrombotic process.
Adaptive Divergence of Chewing and Sucking Arthropods to Plant Allelochemicals

Plant-feeding arthropods, in the course of evolutionary time, have adapted differentially to plant hosts and thereby achieved optimized use of available resources. Divergent patterns of niche orientation have lead to guilds of herbivores that may specialize on a single common plant host. Plants, in turn, have responded by developing chemical and morphological defenses to discourage potential consumers, particularly where a low apparency (sensu Feeny, 1976) is not sufficient to assure the plant’s survival. These arthropod-plant coadaptations have resulted in herbivores that represent very distinct feeding modes, and, expectedly, contrast in their capabilities for eluding plant defenses. Leaf-chewing lepidopterans, coleopterans, and orthopterans should have very different exposures to plant allomones compared to phloem-sucking homopterans and hemipterans. The possible differences in metabolic mechanisms within chewing and sucking arthropods in response to their phytochemical niches are discussed in this review.
Numerical analysis of typical STT-MTJ stacks for 1T-1R memory arrays

This paper presents a numerical analysis of four genres of STT-MTJ stacks. A comprehensive study based on critical memory performance metrics such as TMR, J C , and write cycle shows the relative merits and demerits of each stack for embedded memory applications. The impact of stray fields in memory stability and cell density is analyzed. It shows the benefits of Synthetic AntiFerromagnet (SAF) free layer in providing immunity against thermal disturbances in scaled technology generations.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine increases myogenic reactivity in mesenteric arteries of non-rupp rats when compared to rupp rats

MESENTERIC ARTERIES OF NON-RUPP RATS WHEN COMPARED TO RUPP RATS PAUL SPEER, ROLANDO RAMIREZ, JULIANNA MATTHEWS, JACQUELINE NOVAK, University of Pittsburgh, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburgh, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania OBJECTIVE: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NOS, is increased in preeclamptic pregnancies. Increased ADMA has been linked to oxidative stress generated by reduced placental perfusion and may contribute to preeclampsia by decreasing NO synthesis. Myogenic reactivity is increased in mesenteric arteries in a rat model of reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP). We hypothesized that, when exposed to ADMA, mesenteric arteries from pregnant non-RUPP (SHAM) rats, would exhibit increased myogenic reactivity similar to mesenteric arteries from pregnant RUPP rats. STUDY DESIGN: Mesenteric arteries (200-250 mm) were dissected from pregnant RUPP rats (n = 3), pregnant SHAM rats (surgical control, n = 2), and non-pregnant rats (n = 3) on day 20 of gestation. Myogenic reactivity was assessed using pressure arteriograph. Vessels were either pre-treated with ADMA 1mM or non-treated. After phenylephrine constriction intraluminal pressure was increased stepwise from 20-120 mm Hg. Myogenic responses were normalized as a % change in vessel diameter compared to the initial diameter at 20 mm Hg. Myogenic reactivity is greatest in arteries that demonstrate the smallest percent change in diameter with increasing pressure. Values expressed are mean % change. RESULTS: Arteries from the SHAM animals were less myogenic than arteries from the RUPP rats or nonpregnant controls. At 100 mm Hg, vessel diameter in the SHAM animals increased by 50% compared to only 22% in ADMA treated vessels. In arteries isolated from RUPP animals myogenic reactivity was increased compared to the SHAM animals and reactivity was not increased by ADMA treatment. ADMA had no effect on the arteries isolated from nonpregnant control rats. CONCLUSION: ADMA increases myogenic reactivity in pregnant SHAM rats but has little effect on pregnant RUPP rats. The increased myogenic reactivity observed in mesenteric arteries from RUPP rats may occur from NOS dysfunction independent of ADMA.
Lysine 188 substitutions convert the pattern of proteasome activation by REGγ to that of REGs α and β

11S REGs (PA28s) are multimeric rings that bind proteasomes and stimulate peptide hydrolysis. Whereas REGα activates proteasomal hydrolysis of peptides with hydrophobic, acidic or basic residues in the P1 position, REGγ only activates cleavage after basic residues. We have isolated REGγ mutants capable of activating the hydrolysis of fluorogenic peptides diagnostic for all three active proteasome β subunits. The most robust REGγ specificity mutants involve substitution of Glu or Asp for Lys188. REGγ (K188E/D) variants are virtually identical to REGα in proteasome activation but assemble into less stable heptamers/hexamers. Based on the REGα crystal structure, Lys188 of REGγ faces the aqueous channel through the heptamer, raising the possibility that REG channels function as substrate-selective gates. However, covalent modification of proteasome chymotrypsin-like subunits by 125I-YL3-VS demonstrates that REGγ (K188E)’s activation of all three proteasome active sites is not due to relaxed gating. We propose that decreased stability of REGγ (K188E) heptamers allows them to change conformation upon proteasome binding, thus relieving inhibition of the CT and PGPH sites normally imposed by the wild-type REGγ molecule.
Direct Observation and Analysis of Indentation Cracking in Glasses and Ceramics

A review of the observations of indentation-induced fracture suggests that there is no simple generalization which may be made concerning crack initiation sequences. Here, we investigate the material dependence of the initiation sequence of indentation cracks (cone, radial, median, half-penny, and lateral) using an inverted tester allowing simultaneous viewing of the fracture process and measurement of the indeter load and displacement during contact. Two normal glasses, two anomalous glasses, and seven crystalline materials are examined. Key results include (i) direct evidence that the surface traces of cracks observed at indentation contacts are those of radial cracks, rather than median-nucleated half-penny cracks (at least for peak contact loads <40 N) and (ii) that, in crystalline materials, radial cracks form almost immediately on loading of the indenter, in anomalous glasses at somewhat greater loads, but in normal glasses during unloading. A detailed consideration of the stress fields arising during indentation contact predicts material-dependent initiation sequences, in agreement with observations, particularly those of radial crack formation on loading for materials with large modulus-to-hardness ratios. In addition, a new, unexplored crack system is demonstrated, the shallow lateral cracks, which appear to be responsible for material removal at sharp contacts.
Nonlinear wavelet transforms for image coding

We examine the central issues of invertibility, stability, artifacts, and frequency-domain characteristics in the construction of nonlinear analogs of the wavelet transform. The lifting framework for wavelet construction motivates our analysis and provides new insight into the problem. We describe a new type of nonlinearity for use in constructing nonlinear transforms: a set of linear predictors that are chosen adaptively using a nonlinear selection function. We also describe how earlier families of nonlinear filter banks can be extended through the use of prediction functions operating on a causal neighborhood. We present preliminary results for a synthetic test image.
Microfluidically-unified cell culture, sample preparation, imaging and flow cytometry for measurement of cell signaling pathways with single cell resolution

We have developed a microfluidic platform that enables, in one experiment, monitoring of signaling events spanning multiple time-scales and cellular locations through seamless integration of cell culture, stimulation and preparation with downstream analysis. A combination of two single-cell resolution techniques-on-chip multi-color flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging provides multiplexed and orthogonal data on cellular events. Automated, microfluidic operation allows quantitatively- and temporally-precise dosing leading to fine time-resolution and improved reproducibility of measurements. The platform was used to profile the toll-like receptor (TLR4) pathway in macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-beginning with TLR4 receptor activation by LPS, through intracellular MAPK signaling, RelA/p65 translocation in real time, to TNF-α cytokine production, all in one small macrophage population (< 5000 cells) while using minute reagent volume (540 nL/condition). The platform is easily adaptable to many cell types including primary cells and provides a generic platform for profiling signaling pathways.
Australian Aborigines and psoriasis.

SUMMARY Psoriasis among full-blood Australian Aborigines appears to be rare or absent. After examination of some three thousand of these people in central, northern, and southern Australia, I have not seen psoriasis. Other medical and nursing observers have also not seen psoriasis in these people. Two references in the literature to psoriasis in Abotigines are reviewed briegly. The author has seen only one, male, part-Aborigine (more Causcasian than Aborigine), with in a female Aborigine whose father was said to be “not tribal”. A third was recently reported to me. Other conditions common among Aborigines, which should not be confused with psoriasis, are outlined, Certain aspects of the apparent absence of psoriasis in full-blood Australian Aborigines are discussed. Previous research about the essential causes of psoriasis has not been particularly rewarding. An important question must, therefore, be asked. Should some research projects in future be directed to reasons why some human groups seem not to get psoriasis rather than to why others do?
CD206-Positive M2 Macrophages That Express Heme Oxygenase-1 Protect Against Diabetic Gastroparesis in Mice

Background & Aims Gastroparesis is a well-recognized complication of diabetes. In diabetics, up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) in gastric macrophages protects against oxidative stress-induced damage. Loss of up-regulation of HO1, the subsequent increase in oxidative stress, and loss of Kit delays gastric emptying; this effect is reversed by induction of HO1. Macrophages have pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, depending on their phenotype. We investigated the number and phenotype of gastric macrophages in NOD/ShiLtJ (nonobese diabetic [NOD]) mice after onset of diabetes, when delayed gastric emptying develops, and after induction of HO1 to reverse delay. Methods Four groups of NOD and db/db mice were studied: nondiabetic, diabetic with normal emptying, diabetic with delayed gastric emptying, and diabetic with delayed gastric emptying reversed by the HO1 inducer hemin. Whole mount samples from stomach were labeled in triplicate with antisera against F4/80, HO1, and CD206, and macrophages were quantified in stacked confocal images. Markers for macrophage subtypes were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Development of diabetes was associated with an increased number of macrophages and up-regulation of HO1 in CD206+ M2 macrophages. Onset of delayed gastric emptying did not alter the total number of macrophages, but there was a selective loss of CD206+/HO1+ M2 macrophages. Normalization of gastric emptying was associated with repopulation of CD206+/HO1+ M2 macrophages. Conclusions CD206+ M2 macrophages that express HO1 appear to be required for prevention of diabetes-induced delayed gastric emptying. Induction of HO1 in macrophages might be a therapeutic option for patients with diabetic gastroparesis.
m‐Chloroperbenzoic Acid

m-Chloroperbenzoic acid reactant: 52.5 g. (0.300 mole) of m-chlorobenzoyl chloride product: m-chloroperbenzoic acid Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[3]; oxidation, CO2H CO3H; assay methods, for m-chloroperbenzoic acid; m-chlorobenzoyl chloride, preparation of; sulfuric acid, 20%, preparation
Foundations Of Service Science Technology And Architecture

This paper concludes the conspectus of Service Science for academicians and practitioners. It follows the two previous papers, entitled Foundations of Service Science: Concepts and Facilities and Foundations of Service Science: Management and Business, with the express purpose of defining the scope of the discipline. An eclectic background in service technology and service architecture is required to fully explore the research potential of a science based on services. This paper reviews the technical concepts needed to apply the concepts that have previously been introduced.
Metastable Fe(Pd) Alloys Formed by Pulsed Electron Beam Melting

Fe(Pd) surface alloys formed by either ion implanting Pd into Fe or by vapor depositing Pd on Fe have been examined after pulsed (~70 nsec) electron beam melting. TEM and ion backscattering/channeling showed that the implanted alloys with up to 9.6 at.% Pd were bcc and epitaxial with the substrate, in spite of predictions of initial solidification to the fcc phase by the Fe-Pd phase diagram. The resolidified Pd films, however, were fcc as predicted by the diagram. The defect structures observed in these alloys are discussed.
THERMOVISCOPLASTIC RESPONSE OF CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES USING A STATE VARIABLE THEORY

A number of combined creep-plasticity constitutive models with state variables have been recently proposed to describe time-dependent inelastic deformation of metals at elevated temperatures. Some of these models seem capable of more faithfully predicting material behavior under complex mechanical and thermal loading histories than is currently possible with traditional models which use separation of time-independent plasticity and time-dependent creep. For some time interest in the efficient numerical solution of boundary value problems using constitutive models was shown. A particularly promising model was used in the calculations. This model has been used to predict the uniaxial responses of several metals and alloys to various types of loading histories. The correlation between model predictions and experiments was found to be very good. Stresses and deformation in cylindrical structures subjected to time-dependent axisymmetric mechanical and thermal loads was studied. Several physically observed phenomena that cannot be simulated by traditional models are discussed. The computational scheme used is very efficient.
Compositional Synthesis with Parametric Reactive Controllers

Reactive synthesis with the ambitious goal of automatically synthesizing correct-by-construction controllers from high-level specifications, has recently attracted significant attention in system design and control. In practice, complex systems are often not constructed from scratch but from a set of existing building blocks. For example in robot motion planning, a robot usually has a number of predefined motion primitives that can be selected and composed to enforce a high-level objective. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for synthesis from a library of parametric and reactive controllers. Parameters allow us to take advantage of the symmetry in many synthesis problems. Reactivity of the controllers takes into account that the environment may be dynamic and potentially adversarial. We first show how these controllers can be automatically constructed from parametric objectives specified by the user to form a library of parametric and reactive controllers. We then give a synthesis algorithm that selects and instantiates controllers from the library in order to satisfy a given linear temporal logic objective. We implement our algorithms symbolically and illustrate the potential of our method by applying it to an autonomous vehicle case study.
An Analysis of PhotoShop's Channel by Means of Examples

Channel is considered a complex concept in Photoshop. Using examples,the paper points out that the nature of Channel is gray.The difference of pixel gray in the different image area leads to the different concentration of the basic colors,so the images present colorful appearance.Because gray is a reflection of color information,people can make full use of channel to conduct many special treatments to images.
Microgrid Frequency Control Based on H_∞ Mixed Sensitivity

Unbalancedactive power inmicrogridleads tothe fluctuation of microgrid frequency. To stabilize frequency of microgrid, a robust control strategy, which makes active power in microgrid balanced by controlling the power of micro-turbine, is proposed. The principle of microgrid power balance is analyzed and a the microgrid model is established; then based on H∞mixed sensitivity a robust controller is designed to make the output power of the gas turbine changed with load variation in microgrid and further the frequency fluctuation in microgrid is suppressed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulation results.
The Genetics of Drug Reactions

Genetically determined differences in metabolism are widespread and may be entirely innocuous for the individual unless a particular drug is prescribed. In this situation, however, the absence or deficiency of a particular enzyme or the abnormality of a receptor site may cause serious problems. Awareness of inherited variability in drug response is becoming more and more essential to the correct design of individual drug regimens.
An Argument for Light Microscopy - A Review of Forensic Microscopy for Trace Evidence Analysis

The microscope may seem to be a relic of an antiquated age of science when compared with some of today's advanced instrumentation. But microscopy can be as powerful as many current technologies and, in some cases, more powerful. The microscope is a nearly universal symbol of science, representing our ability to explore the world below the limits of our perception. Forensic science is equally well represented by the microscope. A brief review of some of the central concepts of microscopy is presented along with case reviews that show the utility of trace evidence.
EFFECT OF 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON MAGNESIUM METABOLISM

SummaryAfter receiving interscapular injections of 2,4-dinitrophenol, 10 mg/kg daily for 4 days, rabbits were killed on the fifth day. The balance data revealed no significant changes except an increase in body weight. The relative specific activity of Mg28, determined 4 hours after intravenous injection of Mg28, was significantly increased in the kidney, heart, stomach, liver, lung, bone marrow, skin, brain, and bone cortex. The increased turnover of magnesium in these tissues is attributed to the increased rate of oxidation caused by 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Species and plant community distribution in a Mojave-Great Basin desert transition

Multivariate analyses were used to describe the vegetation characteristics of a transition from lowelevation Mojave desert to higher-elevation Great Basin desert. Vegetation data used were from Plutonium Valley in the Nevada Test Site. Data from forty nine releves were analyzed with two classifications (two-day indicator analysis or TWINSPAN and unweighted paried group cluster analysis or CLUSTER). Three ordinations, reciprocal averaging (RA), detrended reciprocal averaging (DCA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (MNDS), were also used. A rotational correlation analysis was used to determine the vector direction of environmental gradients that correlate best with ordination results. Only token correspondence was found between multivariate classes generated by TWINSPAN and CLUSTER, and seven classes (plant communities) identified from field reconnaissance. The latter seven communities were based on differences in dominant species. Distribution of the vegetation was related more to beta diversity than alpha diversity. Individual species were much less diagnostic than the amount of plant cover, groups or guilds of species or differences in elevation and steepness of slope. Because of the high beta diversity the NMDS ordination gave results with the greatest ease of interpretation.
Studies of Two Novel Presynaptic Toxins

The use of toxins has been widespread in examining a number of biological phenomena. Every undergraduate in an introductory course in biochemistry is aware of the toxins which inhibit the electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation, and appreciates the value of these molecules in the understanding of complex biological processes. Our laboratory has long agreed with others in our field that toxins would be useful - in fact, would probably be essential — in unravelling the molecular mechanisms which control release of neurotransmitters at synaptic terminals. We have limited our work to toxins which are active at the presynaptic terminal, for we wish to consider only the relese of neurotransmitter. We have further restricted our attention to toxins which stimulate release, and have avoided working with those which inhibit release. It is worthwhile to examine the logic behind this decision. In Fig. 1 is presented a sketch of the biochemical steps involved in a mechanism of release of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh).
Prevention of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis What is the Evidence

Carotid artery atherosclerosis (CAA) represents a significant form of atherosclerosis with stroke as a major consequence. Whether it is a unique form of atherosclerosis is not established. However, this is not of major clinical relevance as no specific preventive measures over and above the established ones for cardiovascular risk are well established. Major risk factors for CAA are elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, hypertension, and increased inflammation. Identification of CAA prior to a clinical event centers on imaging studies. Studies with magnetic resonance imaging result in the best definition of CAA plaque morphology. Medical measures that result in prevention are especially centered on statins (marked reduction of the LDL-C) and hypertension control. Nonprocedural therapeutic measures to avoid and delay complications involve antiplatelet medications. Benefits from other measures such as increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased exercise appear desirable but require more clinical evidence. In conclusion, there are enough evidence-based medicine results to demand intensive medical preventive measures and not just relegate the patient with asymptomatic or symptomatic CAA to decision-making only involving the surgeon and interventionalist.
Thermal diode in gas-filled nanogap with heterogeneous surfaces using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation

A thermal diode serves as a basic building block to design advanced thermal management systems in energy-saving applications. However, the main challenges of existing thermal diodes are poor steady-state performance, slow transient response, and/or extremely difficult manufacturing. In this study, the thermal diode is examined by employing an argon gas-filled nanogap with heterogeneous surfaces in the Knudsen regime, using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The asymmetric gas pressure and thermal accommodation coefficients changes are found due to asymmetric adsorptions onto the heterogeneous nanogap with respect to the different temperature gradient directions, and these in turn result in the thermal diode. The maximum degree of diode (or rectification) is Rmax ∼ 7, at the effective gas-solid interaction ratio between the two surfaces of e* = 0.75. This work could pave the way to designing advanced thermal management systems such as thermal switches (transistors).
Distribution of Planktonic Foraminifera in Surface Sediments of the Gulf of Mexico

Distributional patterns of 40 individual species and subspecies of planktonic Foraminifera are plotted on the basis of relative abundance at each of 90 stations located throughout the Gulf of Mexico. All species are illustrated with scanning electron photomicrographs. There is only a poor relationship between the areal distribution of most species and the distribution of temperature and salinity values in the overlying water mass. Only nine species exhibit moderate correlation to trends of temperature and salinity in near surface waters. This results from factors that obscure such relationships during the process of incorporation into the sediments. Important factors in the Gulf of Mexico include the effects of surface currents and the absolute abundance of the particular species in question. Differential resistance to solution and downslope displacement are of lesser importance. The concept of using "ideal" or key species as paleoecological indicators is rejected because no single species fulfills all of the requirements: sensitivity to temperature and salinity changes, high resistance to solution, and great absolute abundance. Plotting ratios between species indicative of different ecological conditions only compounds the problem. Dealing with larger faunal elements, such as tropical vs. non-tropical species, produces the most accurate reflection of conditions in the overlying water mass. The relative ages of sediments exposed on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico were determined through the use of commonly accepted planktonic foraminiferal criteria. Except for the extreme southwestern portions of the study area, micropaleontological interpretations agree closely with those from the seismic profiler studies used to compile the preliminary map of the Gulf.
Problematic Jumps in Drug Prices and What You Can Do.

Health professionals can help patients lower their medication costs, whether they pay the whole charge or only part of it.
Robotic automation of droplet microfluidics

Droplet microfluidics enables new reactions, assays, and analytic capabilities, but often requires complex workflows involving numerous steps of macro- and micro-fluidic processing. We demonstrate robotically-automated droplet microfluidics, an approach to automate workflows with commercial fluid-handling robots. These workflows can be performed without human intervention, increasing reliability and convenience.
Migration, FDI, and Welfare

We investigate migration and foreign direct investment (FDI) for a small trading economy. Historically, immigration in small countries has been accompanied by FDI inflows (complementary capital movements). Based on the skill composition of migrants, empirical evidence finds that skilled immigration is accompanied by FDI inflows but unskilled immigration is accompanied by FDI outflows (substitutable capital movements). We prove that the Heckscher-Ohlin model cannot reconcile these apparently contradictory observations. We introduce a theoretical model in which capital and unskilled labor are sector specific, and demonstrate that this model can reconcile the historical and empirical observations on migration and FDI.
A Compassionate Pursuit of Justice: Towards a Religious Ethics of Care in a Time of Securitisation

Feminist theorizations of care have been central to feminist research practices. Nevertheless, this article argues that feminist theorizations of care have not addressed how a feminist committed to breaking down hierarchies between research participants and herself can carefully study ambiguous activism. By illuminating the similarities, overlaps, and differences between feminist and Islamic theorizations and practices of care and justice, this article forges an ethic of Islamic feminist research practice that supports the author’s investigation of a precarious movement—Iran’s Hezbollah. The article places feminist thought in conversation with the study of gender and religion, which is an urgent interdisciplinary task.
Different Faces of False: The Spread and Curtailment of False Information in the Black Panther Twitter Discussion

The task of combating false information online appears daunting, in part due to a public focus on how quickly it can spread and the clamor for automated platform-based interventions. While such concerns can be warranted, threat analysis and intervention design both benefit from a fuller understanding of different types of false information and of the community responses to them. Here, we present a study of the most tweeted about movie ever (Black Panther) in which the spread of false information of four different types is compared to the ad hoc Twitter community response. We find that (1) false information tweets played a small part in the overall conversation, (2) community-based debunking and shaming responses to false posts about attacks at theaters overwhelmed such posts by orders of magnitude, (3) as another form of community response, one type of false narrative (Satire) was used to attack another (Fake Attacks), and (4) the four types of false-information tweets differed in the use of hashtags and in the role played by originating users and responding users. Overall, this work helps to illustrate the importance of investigating “on-the-ground” community responses to fake news and other types of digital false information and to inform identification and intervention design and implementation.
Realizing Powerful Writing Pedagogy in U.S. Public Schools.

In this theoretical article, I argue that classroom teachers are in an ideal position to help students make sense of and take action regarding pressing social issues. Yet according to past research...
How Partisan Is Local Law Enforcement? Evidence from Sheriff Cooperation with Immigration Authorities

Is local law enforcement conducted differently based on the party in power? I offer an answer to this question by focusing on a case in which law enforcement is elected and has meaningful independent discretion: sheriff compliance with federal requests to detain unauthorized immigrants. Using a regression discontinuity design in a new dataset of over 3,200 partisan sheriff elections and administrative data on sheriff behavior, I find that Democrats and Republicans comply at nearly the same rate. These results contribute to ongoing research into the role that partisanship plays in local policy making, indicating that law enforcement officers make similar choices across party lines even when they have broad authority. I also present evidence that sheriffs hold more similar immigration enforcement views across party than the general public, highlighting the role of candidate entry and selection in determining the level of partisan polarization.
Innovations in the Treatment of Perinatal Depression: the Role of Yoga and Physical Activity Interventions During Pregnancy and Postpartum

We review evidence for physical activity and yoga as interventions for depressed pregnant and postpartum women. Results from existing trials have generally indicated that physical activity and yoga interventions are acceptable to women during the perinatal period, and that these interventions can be effective in reducing depression. However, some studies have not found significant differences between intervention and control conditions. In addition, symptom improvements were not always maintained. The available research on physical activity and yoga as interventions for perinatal depression is encouraging with regard to feasibility, acceptability, patient safety, and preliminary efficacy. These interventions have the ability to reach a large number of women who may not engage in traditional treatment. Additional high quality, rigorous, randomized controlled trials are needed. Future research is also needed to examine the optimal dose of these interventions and how to best increase sustained engagement.