cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurs, Jobs, and Trade

Abstract We propose a simple theory of endogenous firm productivity, unemployment, and top income inequality. High-talented individuals choose to become self-employed entrepreneurs and acquire more managerial (human) capital; whereas low-talented individuals become workers and face the prospect of equilibrium unemployment. In a two-country global economy, trade openness raises firm productivity, increases top income inequality, and may reduce welfare in the country exporting the good with lower relative labor-market frictions. Trade openness reduces firm productivity, lowers top income inequality, and necessarily raises welfare in the other country. The effect of trade on unemployment is ambiguous. Unilateral job-creating policies increase welfare in both countries. However, they reduce unemployment and raise top income inequality in the policy-active country; and reduce top income inequality while increasing unemployment in the policy-passive country.
Zones of Exocytotic Release on Bovine Adrenal Medullary Cells in Culture

Secretion of catecholamines from individual bovine adrenal medullary cells in culture was examined by amperometry with 1-micron radius carbon-fiber electrodes. Vesicular secretion is observed as a series of current spikes upon exposure to a secretagogue. The small size of the electrodes was exploited to map exocytotic release sites on the surface of bovine adrenal medullary cells. These studies reveal for the first time that release sites are spatially localized on endocrine cells in culture for a time scale of at least 15 min. Fluorescent monitoring by confocal microscopy of deposition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase from the vesicular membrane into the plasma membrane during exocytosis confirms the existence of zones of exocytotic inactivity on the surface of the cell. Measurement of coincident spikes with two adjacent electrodes (2.5-microns radius) has allowed the spatial resolution for measurement of exocytosis to be defined as 2 microns from the projected circumference of the electrode on the surface of the cell. In this small domain, point-source release and diffusional broadening would result in narrow spikes (Schroeder, T. J., Jankowski, J. A., Kawagoe, K. T., Wightman, R. M., Lefrou, C., and Amatore, C. (1992) Anal. Chem. 64, 3077-3083), a feature not seen in the data. Thus, for adrenal medullary cells, release following vesicular fusion is not instantaneous, but is a prolonged event occurring over several milliseconds.
Open Questions in the Theory of One Dimensional Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

These notes are intended to provide an overview of the basic theory of one-dimensional hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, focusing on some major remaining open problems.
Computable and Uncomputable Elements of Syntax

Publisher Summary Syntax of a language tries to find the general rules of paraphrasing, the general rules of consequence, and the general rules of constant semantic changes in the language. These general rules will use some general concepts, grammatical categories, and their combinations. The attempts to formulate the syntax of a natural language indicate a far greater degree of complexity. The syntax of a language of mathematics seems computable. There is a decision procedure for the well-formedness of a string of symbols. And there is a decision procedure that assigns the proper structure to any well-formed string—i.e., to any formula so that the set of all formulas for that language is recursive and the set of the structures assigned to the formulas is recursive. No syntax can be expected to enumerate recursively all commonly known sentences, which are implicitly used in referentials. Syntax, however, can to some extent find out what sentences were implicitly used for the referentials of given texts. Syntax and semantics merge. The use of a language presupposes the facts that are too trivial or too well known to be stated, though they are used for more involved locutions. The facts must be supplied independently of the syntactic theory, and they constitute the recurrent anchorage of the theory in empirical linguistic data.
A comparison of the herbicide tolerances of rare and common plants in an agricultural landscape.

Declining plant biodiversity in agroecosystems has often been attributed to escalating use of chemical herbicides, but other changes in farming systems, including the clearing of seminatural habitat fragments, confound the influence of herbicides. The present study introduces a new approach to evaluate the impacts of herbicide pollution on plant communities at landscape or regional scales. If herbicides are in fact a key factor shaping agricultural plant diversity, one would expect to see the signal of past herbicide impacts in the current plant community composition of an intensively farmed region, with common, successful species more tolerant to widely used herbicides than rare or declining species. Data from an extensive field survey of plant diversity in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA, were compared with herbicide bioassay experiments in a greenhouse to test the hypothesis that common species possess higher herbicide tolerances than rare species. Five congeneric pairs of rare and common species were treated with 3 commonly used herbicide modes of action in bioassay experiments, and few significant differences were found in the tolerances of rare species relative to common species. These preliminary results suggest that other factors beyond herbicide exposure may be more important in shaping the distribution and abundance of plant species diversity across an agricultural landscape. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:696–702. © 2014 SETAC
Entropic Character of the Atomic Level Stress in Polymeric Melts

The entropic character of the atomic level stress in polymeric melts and the stress optical coefficient are studied in model systems by the use of equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. The atomic level stress is defined in intrinsic coordinates, a mobile frame tied to the generic bond. The global stress σ is obtained in the global coordinate system by summing up the contributions due to the intrinsic stress corresponding to each atom in the population. The atom-based global stress is proportional to an average measure of bond orientation (P2), with the proportionality constant σ/P2 being related to the macroscopic stress optical coefficient (SOC). The proportionality constant may be expressed in terms of intrinsic quantities which, in turn, are computable from equilibrium simulations. The model reproduces most experimentally observed properties of the SOC. The ratio σ/P2 is chain length and deformation rate independent in the melt and becomes rate dependent in the glassy state. The dependence...
Self, Language, and World: Problems from Kant, Sellars, and Rosenberg

Edited by James R. O’Shea and Eric M. Rubenstein Ridgeview Publishing Company, 2010. Pp. 282. ISBN 0-924922-40-0. US$16.00 (pbk). Self, Language, and World is a collection of essays that address va...
Minimal residual disease detection by flow cytometry: Can it serve as a predictor of future relapse?

Commentary on Flow cytometric analysis of aberrant antigen expression of blasts using CD45 blast gating for minimal residual disease in acute leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome by Shigeki Ito, Yoji Ishida, Kazunori Murai, Shin-ichiro Kuriya.
Parallel processing for multi-wavelength imaging pyrometers

ABSTRACT This paper presenis the developmeni of parallel processing subsysiems as pan of mulii-wavelengih imaging pyromeiers( M- WIPs) for real-iime non-coniaci iemperaure measuremen1. The parallel processing subsystems are based on C40 Hydra or PC-Hydra which consists of four TMSS2OC4O floaiing-poin digiial signal processors. This paper describes the Single-Program-Muliiple-Dala implemen1aiion of The leas2-square fifing algorithm used in Me M- WIPiemperaiure measurement and compares its performance with the Multi-Program-Multiple-Data approach. 1. Introduction The infrared imaging market has grown significantly due to the advances in the development of lower-cost infrared focal-plane-array (FPA) cameras. Thermal imaging offers advantages, such as non-contact temperature measurement by remote sensing and two-dimensional temperature measurement with high spatial resolution, that makes imagingpyrometers unique temperature measurement instruments which can be used in numerous industrial applications.This paper examines the parallel processing subsystems of two multi-wavelength imaging pyrometers (M-WIP)systems. The M-WIP systems can be used in the rapid thermal processing (RTP) of silicon wafers where the surfacetemperature of the wafers must be monitored and controlled to achieve spatial uniformity and reproducibility.M-WIP temperature measurement are based on the detection of the emitted target radiation at a number ofdistinct wavelengths.1 The software for M-WIP temperature measurement employs computation intensive least-square fitting algorithm which calculates the temperature and emissivity at each test point. In real-time applications,the large computational requirement becomes one of the bottlenecks. Fortunately, this time consuming procedurecan be parallelized and a parallel computer system can be used to reduce the program execution time.Figure 1 shows the block diagram of a SUN workstation based M-WIP system (SUN M-WIP) which consists of
Obesity in Older Persons

Abstract The prevalence of obesity among older persons is growing. This trend has adverse medical, functional, psychosocial, and health care resource consequences. Many obese older persons were obese middle-aged adults. A sedentary lifestyle may be the dominant contributing factor. Intervention should focus on moderate weight reduction through the modification of diet, exercise, and behavior. Improvements in health and quality of life can be achieved with moderate weight reduction. Strategies tailored to the older population will facilitate successful interventions. Dietitians must be key participants in the effort to raise awareness of obesity as a serious health concern for older persons. The focus must be on achieving a more healthful weight. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1308-1311.
Alexander duality for projections of polytopes

Abstract An affine projection π : P p →Q q of convex polytopes induces an inclusion map of the face posets i : F (Q)→ F (P) . We define an order-preserving map of posets h : F (P)→ Susp p−q F (Q) such that for any filter J of Susp p−q F (Q) , the map h restricts to a homotopy equivalence between the order complexes of h−1(J) and J. As applications we prove (1) A conjecture of Stanley (Invent. Math. 68 (1982) 175) concerning the relation between the homotopy type of two complexes. (2) A conjecture of Reiner (pers. comm. 1999) which says the order complex of F (P)−i( F (Q)) has the homotopy type of a (p−q−1)-sphere. (3) The non-face posets of a class of regular cell complexes have the homotopy type of spheres, thereby answering a question raised by Reiner On some instances of the generalized Baues problem, unpublished manuscript, 1998 ( http://www.math.umn.edu/~reiner/Papers/papers.html ) and Edelman and Reiner (Discrete Comput. Geom. 23 (1) (2000) 1).
Loss of bone marrow-derived vascular progenitor cells leads to inflammation and atherosclerosis.

Abstract Background Aging represents the most powerful risk for the development of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic thromboembolic complications. Yet, the mechanism by which aging affects the arterial wall and its deterioration has remained essentially uncharacterized. Findings Chronic injuries to the arterial wall contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. However, it is important to note that a complex repair system that involves both local and bone marrow-derived cells maintains arterial homeostasis and integrity. With this review, we explain how the age-dependent failure of the bone marrow to produce vascular progenitor cells responsible for such arterial repair—an inability that results from the impact of a lifetime of risk factors such as hyperlipidemia—drives atherosclerosis and its thromboembolic complications. As a consequence of such failure, the normal processes of arterial wall repair and rejuvenation are impaired. The disequilibrium that ensues between injury of the arterial wall and repair leads to atherosclerotic inflammation and consequent thromboembolic complications. Conclusion The bone marrow and derived progenitor cells represent key regulators of atherosclerosis, and progress in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its thromboembolic complications will need to take into account this new dimension for the disease process.
Copyright news: Orphan Works and Section 108: reproduction by libraries and archives

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to discuss key issues for archives and special collections related to the recent Library of Congress Orphan Works report and Section 108 Study Group.Design/methodology/approach – The article is a documentary and legal analysis.Findings – The article finds that recent developments in copyright, such as the Library of Congress' determination on Orphan Works and the Section 108 Study Group could have major implications for libraries and archives interested in digitizing their holdings and making them more widely available.Practical implications – This article points to several new and / or emerging developments in the evolution of Copyright law in the USA that have implications for libraries, archives, and museums.Originality/value – This article identifies and highlights the implications of the Orphan Works and the Section 108 Study Group findings on copyright.
Observation of alpha-particle core-excited threshold states in 15O

Abstract The level schema observed in 15 O via the 12 C( 3 He, α 0 ) 11 C reaction can be described with the α-praticle core-excited threshold state model. The comparison of known angular momentum information with that predicted by the model indicates that the first two levels comprise a well separated doublet whereas higher levels are weakly split triplets. The level at 16.1 MeV has been observed to be a triplet.
Enhancing Light Emission of ZnO Microwire-Based Diodes by Piezo-Phototronic Effect

Light emission from semiconductors depends not only on the efficiency of carrier injection and recombination but also extraction efficiency. For ultraviolet emission from high band gap materials such as ZnO, nanowires have higher extraction efficiencies than thin films, but conventional approaches for creating a p–n diode result in low efficiency. We exploited the noncentral symmetric nature of n-type ZnO nanowire/p-type GaN substrate to create a piezoelectric potential within the nanowire by applying stress. Because of the polarization of ions in a crystal that has noncentral symmetry, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal under stress. The piezopotential acts as a “gate” voltage to tune the charge transport and enhance carrier injection, which is called the piezo-phototronic effect. We propose that band modification traps free carriers at the interface region in a channel created by the local piezoelectric charges. The emission intensity and injection current at a fixed ap...
Relationships between body temperature, thermal conductance, Q10 and energy metabolism during daily torpor and hibernation in rodents.

In the present paper we examine the ability of rodents to maintain body temperature (TB) following the marked reductions in metabolic heat production associated with torpor. Previously published values for metabolic rate (M),TB and ambient temperature (TA) were used to calculate thermal conductances (C') during normothermy and torpor in rodents capable of daily torpor (11 species) and hibernation (18 species). Values ofC' for torpid animals are uniformly lower thanC' in normothermic animals. In addition,C' of normothermic and torpid rodents decreases with increasing body mass (BM). However, the slope of the relationship betweenC' and BM is almost 4-fold greater for normothermic than for torpid animals. Thus, the ability of torpid rodents to conserve body heat by reducingC' decreases with increasing mass. Rodents that use daily torpor tend to be small and they tend to maintainTB well aboveTA during torpor. Hibernators tend to be larger and regulateTB relatively close toTA. Thus, the reductions inC' appear to be closely correlated with the level ofTB regulation during torpor. We suggest that the changes inC' represent a suite of physiological adaptations that have played a central role in the evolution of torpor, enabling rodents to regulateTB aboveTB during periods of very low heat production. Based on the approach used here we address the controversy of whether reductions inM during torpor are due entirely to temperature effects or whether metabolic inhibition in addition to temperature effects may be important. We suggest that the controversy has been confused by usingQ10 to evaluate the relationship ofM andTB in endotherms. What is perceived as metabolic inhibition (i.e.,Q10>3) is confounded by changes in the relationship ofM andTB due to reductions inC' and reductions in the difference betweenTB andTA. Unfortunately, changes inM andTB cannot be used to quantify changes in metabolic state in endotherms. Thus, neitherQ10 nor the approach used here can be used to make valid statements about the metabolic regulatory processes associated with torpor. Other methods, perhaps at the cell or tissue level, are needed.
Mid-winter hydroxyl night airglow emission intensities in the northern polar region

Abstract Ground-based spectrophotometric measurements of night airglow OH (8-3) band absolute intensities in the polar cap region (78.4°N) during winter solstice are reported. A mean value of 425 ± 40 R is found for the absolute intensity of the OH (8-3) band. Maximum and minimum daily mean values were 770 and 320 R respectively with hourly mean values ranging from 180 to 1020 R. Neither a winter solstice minimum or maximum in the intensity is obvious from the data. No consistent correlation was found between the absolute intensity and geomagnetic and solar activity. A mean transport of O and O3 into the polar cap region corresponding to a meridional wind speed of at least 20 m s−1 at 90 km height seems necessary to maintain the observed intensity. A dominant semidiurnal tide component is found in the intensity data, both on a 20-day and a 3-day time scale.
A portable 17.3 MeV gamma-ray source

Abstract The 7 Li(p, γ) 8 Be reaction at low beam energies, ≤ 100 keV, is considered for use as a high energy gamma-ray source. Production rates indicate that this reaction would yield a reasonable intensity of 17.3 and 14.3 MeV gamma rays with inexpensive and readily available proton ion sources.
GENITOR II.: a distributed genetic algorithm

Abstract GENITOR is a genetic algorithm which employs one-at-a-time reproduction and allocates reproductive opportunities according to rank to achieve selective pressure. Theoretical arguments and empirical evidence suggest that GENITOR is less vulnerable to some of the biases that degrade performance in standard genetic algorithms. A distributed version of GENITOR which uses many smaller distributed populations in place of a single large population is introduced. GENITOR II is able to optimize a broad range of sample problems more accurately and more consistently than GENITOR with a single population. GENITOR II also appears to be more robust than a single population genetic algorithm, yielding better performance without parameter tuning. We present some preliminary analyses to explain the performance advantage of the distributed algorithm. A distributed search is shown to yield improved search on several classes of problems, including binary encoded feedforward neural networks, the Traveling Salesman Pr...
Metabolic scaling in insects supports the predictions of the WBE model

The functional association between body size and metabolic rate (BS–MR) is one of the most intriguing issues in ecological physiology. An average scaling exponent of 3/4 is broadly observed across animal and plant taxa. The numerical value of 3/4 is theoretically predicted under the optimized version of West, Brown, and Enquist's vascular resource supply network model. Insects, however, have recently been proposed to express a numerically different scaling exponent and thus application of the WBE network model to insects has been rejected. Here, we re-analyze whether such variation is indeed supported by a global deviation across all insect taxa at the order and family levels to assess if specific taxa influence insect metabolic scaling. We show that a previous reported deviation is largely due to the effect of a single insect family (Termitidae). We conclude that the BS–MR relationship in insects broadly supports the core predictions of the WBE model. We suggest that the deviation observed within the termites warrants further investigation and may be due to either difficulty in accurately measuring termite metabolism and/or particularities of their life history. Future work on allometric scaling should assess the nature of variation around the central tendencies in scaling exponents in order to test if this variation is consistent with core assumptions and predictions of the WBE model that stem by relaxing its secondary optimizing assumptions that lead to the 3/4 exponent.
Binary logic diagrams imply nonunique functionality

Abstract Binary logic diagrams (BLDs) are widely used to document the functionality of logic-based control systems. The ambiguous functionality implied by certain BLDs is highlighted by drawing analogies with asynchronous sequential logic systems. Non-deterministic state transitions in these BLDs occur due to the existence of hazard and race conditions or, equivalently, non-unique feedback cut sets. The need for additional specifications to remove this ambiguity is discussed, and recommendations are made to aid in the specification of BLDs with unique functionality.
Anticonflict action of chlordiazepoxide in rats with combined lesions.

Abstract Lesions of brain areas thought to promote anxiety do not diminish the anticonflict effects of benzodiazepines (BZDs). After initial training in the lick-suppression conflict test, eight rats received electrolytic lesions of the amygdala, dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, and mammillary bodies. Ten others received sham lesions. Postoperative testing revealed a significant increase in punished licking at two stages after surgery in lesioned animals when compared with their own preoperative baseline levels and with the punished licking of control animals. Systemic administration of chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 2.5–10.0 mg/kg) resulted in a comparable dose-dependent increase in punished licking in both groups. These results suggest that the several structures lesioned need not be intact for CDP to have an antianxiety effect. It appears that sites of anxiolytic action are much more widely spread than currently believed and that other brain areas should be considered.
Quality of published reports of the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia.

Objective: To systematically assess the quality of published reports of the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia using a formal quality assessment instrument. Design: Retrospective review of studies published during 1966–1991. Articles: 108 articles related to the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia retrieved by a computerized search. Intervention: All articles, blinded to author(s), journal title, year of publication, and study institution(s), were independently reviewed by two investigators using a ten-item quality assessment instrument designed to evaluate: 1) identification of the inception cohort (4 items), 2) description of referral patterns (1 item), 3) subject follow-up (2 items), and 4) statistical methods (3 items). Adherence to each of the ten individual quality items and an overall quality score were calculated for all articles and across three time periods. Main results: Among all 108 articles that underwent quality assessment, 30 were published from 1966 to 1979, 61 from 1980 through 1989, and 17 from 1990 through 1991. The mean total quality score of all articles was 0.55 (range 0.22–0.90). There was a significant trend toward improvement in total quality scores over the three time periods (0.50 to 0.56 to 0.65; p<0.001). However, several systematic errors in the study design or reporting of these studies were discovered throughout time: only 3.7% provided comparative information about nonenrolled patients, 28.7% determined whether the study institution was a referral center, 36.1% specified inclusion or exclusion criteria, and 45.5% used appropriate statistical analyses to adjust for more than one prognostic factor. Conclusions: Despite improvement in overall quality of published articles, systematic errors exist in the design and reporting of studies related to the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The quality assessment tool employed in this study could be used to guide the development of high-quality outcomes research in the future.
A gentle fixation and permeabilization method for combined cell surface and intracellular staining with improved precision in DNA quantification

A method was developed for gentle fixation of mammalian cells and permeabilization of their membranes. The method is useful for staining of intracellular antigens or quantification of DNA content simultaneously with cell surface staining. Cells are treated for 1 h at 4 degrees C with 0.25% buffered paraformaldehyde then for 15 min at 37 degrees C with 0.2% Tween 20 detergent in PBS. The procedure permits excellent staining of intracellular proteins, very low coefficients of variation (CV) on the G0G1-peak of DNA distributions, and preservation of the integrity of cell surface antigens. The low vs. 90 degrees angle light scatter profile of cell clusters is maintained thereby allowing discrimination of different cell populations including human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes for gating and analytic purposes. The method was successfully used on a variety of other cell types, including human thymocytes, murine thymocytes and spleen cells, and several leukemic cell lines. Dual-color surface antigen staining combined with DNA staining with 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured with tetanus toxoid allowed the determination of the cell subset that was preferentially stimulated. Staining for internal antigens was done on CCRF-CEM for expression of CD3 epsilon and on NALM-6 for expression of mu. The technique we developed gave bright and specific staining of internal antigens in the examples presented here. It is particularly suited for correlations of internal antigen staining with DNA staining and/or surface immunofluorescence.
Dyadic Trade, Exit Costs, and Conflict

Most studies of the link between dyadic trade and militarized conflict examine the extent of trade interaction. However, interaction measures do not account for the impact of cutting off trade (i.e., exit costs). In this article, I highlight the link between exit costs, the cost of conflict, and “the spoils of conquest,” arguing that one state’s exit costs are associated with higher incidence of dyadic conflict when its trade partner’s exit costs are low. However, its exit costs become less aggravating—and eventually pacifying—as its trade partner’s exit costs increase. I test this argument by estimating import demand and export supply elasticities, developing yearly exit cost measures for directed dyads, 1984–2000. Statistical tests confirm that unilaterally high exit costs are aggravating, but that jointly high exit costs are pacifying, a pattern most prominent for trade in strategic commodities.
Applications of Polysilicon Films in Microsensors and Microactuators

This paper reviews the applications of polysilicon in microsensor technology and in the emerging field of microfabricated actuators. Polysilicon is an attractive material for thin-film strain gauges, and is also used to fabricate micromechanical structures. The need for better understanding of the non-electrical properties of polysilicon, such as Young’s modulus, residual strain, ultimate strength, friction, and wear, is emphasized.
An empirical investigation of corporate dividend pay-out behaviour in an emerging market

The Lintner model of aggregate corporate dividend pay-out behaviour is applied to firms in the private sector in a developing country, India. The findings are that an augmented Lintner model which includes external finance as an explanatory variable explains aggregate dividends better. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed both in the context of India and developing countries in general. Finally, the paper tests to see whether dividend pay-out behaviour can be characterized as rational. While it appears that dividend pay-out behaviour is not rational, which is contrary to recent evidence from the US and Japan, a deeper understanding of the institutional environment in which firms operate suggests that when viewed in that context the observed irrationality may indeed be rational.
Free-Living Stages of the Parasitic Copepod, Gangliopus Pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854 (Siphonostomatoida, Pandaridae) Reared from Eggs

[Five naupliar stages and the infective copepodid stage of the parasitic copepod, Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854 are described based on free-living larvae reared from eggs detached from ovigerous females infecting the branchial lamellae of the thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus (Bontarr, 1788). Among Siphonostomatoida parasitic on fish, G . pyriformis is the first representative known to have five, and not three or fewer naupliar stages in its life cycle. The infective copepodid bears a resemblance to the encysted copepodid 1 of Amaterasia amanoiwatoi Izawa, 2008. Chez le copepode parasite Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854, cinq stades nauplius et le stade copepodite infestant, sont decrits sur des larves vivantes elevees a partir d'œufs detaches de femelles ovigeres infestant les lamelles branchiales du requin Alopias vulpinus (Bontarr, 1788). Parmi les Siphonostomatoides parasites de poissons, G. pyriformis est le premier representant connu a avoir cinq et non trois ou moins, stades nauplius dans son cycle de vie. Le copepodite infestant ressemble au copepodite 1 enkyste de Amaterasia amanoiwatoi Izawa, 2008. , Five naupliar stages and the infective copepodid stage of the parasitic copepod, Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854 are described based on free-living larvae reared from eggs detached from ovigerous females infecting the branchial lamellae of the thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus (Bontarr, 1788). Among Siphonostomatoida parasitic on fish, G . pyriformis is the first representative known to have five, and not three or fewer naupliar stages in its life cycle. The infective copepodid bears a resemblance to the encysted copepodid 1 of Amaterasia amanoiwatoi Izawa, 2008. Chez le copepode parasite Gangliopus pyriformis Gerstaecker, 1854, cinq stades nauplius et le stade copepodite infestant, sont decrits sur des larves vivantes elevees a partir d'œufs detaches de femelles ovigeres infestant les lamelles branchiales du requin Alopias vulpinus (Bontarr, 1788). Parmi les Siphonostomatoides parasites de poissons, G. pyriformis est le premier representant connu a avoir cinq et non trois ou moins, stades nauplius dans son cycle de vie. Le copepodite infestant ressemble au copepodite 1 enkyste de Amaterasia amanoiwatoi Izawa, 2008. ]
Eucken on Capital and Interest

Addresses the theory of capital and interest of Eucken. Explains how Eucken works out the temporal aspects of the economic process in different monetary systems, market structures and economic systems. The theory is critically evaluated. Eucken made essential contributions to the theory of capital and interest (ranking alongside the works of Bohm‐Bawerk, Wicksell, Cassel, Fisher, Allais, Hirschleifer and a few other economists). The profession would benefit from closer acquaintance with his ideas.
Measuring recurrent and nonrecurrent traffic congestion

A methodology and its application to measure total, recurrent, and nonrecurrent (incident related) delay on urban freeways are described. The methodology used data from loop detectors and calculated the average and the probability distribution of delays. Application of the methodology to two real-life freeway corridors in Los Angeles, California, and one in the San Francisco, California, Bay Area, indicated that reliable measurement of congestion also should provide measures of uncertainty in congestion. In the three applications, incident-related delay was found to be 13% to 30% of the total congestion delay during peak periods. The methodology also quantified the congestion impacts on travel time and travel time variability.
Mechanism of the excitatory Cl- response in mouse olfactory receptor neurons

In vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), the odorant-triggered receptor current flows through two distinct ion channels on the sensory cilia: Ca2+ influx through a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel followed by Cl- efflux through a Ca2+-activated anion channel. The excitatory Cl- current amplifies the small CNG current and crucially depends on a high intracellular Cl- concentration. We show here that a (Na+)-(K+)-(2Cl-) cotransporter, NKCC1, is required for this Cl- current, in that ORNs deficient in Nkcc1 or incubated with an NKCC blocker (bumetanide) lack the Cl- current. Surprisingly, immunocytochemistry indicates that NKCC1 is located on the somata and dendrites of ORNs rather than the cilia, where transduction occurs. This topography is remarkably similar to the situation in secretory epithelial cells, where basolateral Cl- uptake and apical Cl- efflux facilitate transepithelial fluid movement. Thus, a single functional architecture serves two entirely different purposes, probably underscoring the epithelial origin of the ORNs.
Mapping ancient chinampa landscapes in the Basin of Mexico: A remote sensing and GIS approach

Abstract This paper uses remote sensing data to document a raised field, chinampa system adjacent to the Postclassic kingdom of Xaltocan in the northern Basin of Mexico. Various forms of landscape information; historic records and maps as well as remote sensing; are considered to understand the chinampa system. The remote sensing data examined include 1950s aerial photographs, Landsat 7 data, and Quickbird VHR, multi-spectral imagery. This article evaluates the utility of each of these forms of data to identify buried chinampa features and integrates them in a GIS to produce a map of Xaltocan's chinampa landscape. Canals of various sizes and hydrological positions comprised the chinampas and integrated the system together. Occupying at least 1500–2000 ha, Xaltocan's chinampa system represents the largest pre-Aztec, chinampa system in the Basin of Mexico.
Cdc48/p97 promotes degradation of aberrant nascent polypeptides bound to the ribosome

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis can initiate at ribosomes for myriad reasons including misfolding of a nascent chain or stalling of the ribosome during translation of mRNA. Clearance of a stalled complex is required to recycle the ribosome for future use. Here we show that the ubiquitin (Ub) pathway segregase Cdc48/p97 and its adaptors Ufd1-Npl4 participate in ribosome-associated degradation (RAD) by mediating the clearance of ubiquitinated, tRNA-linked nascent peptides from ribosomes. Through characterization of both endogenously-generated and heterologous model substrates for the RAD pathway, we conclude that budding yeast Cdc48 functions downstream of the Ub ligases Ltn1 and Ubr1 to release nascent proteins from the ribosome so that they can be degraded by the proteasome. Defective RAD could contribute to the pathophysiology of human diseases caused by mutations in p97.
Monographic series: : the continuing debate

This study discusses the results of an online survey on the cataloging treatment of monographic series in library catalogs. Issues regarding cataloging treatment of monographic series have been discussed in library literature for many years. In 2006, the Library of Congress (LC) announced their decision to treat all new monographic series as monographs. The Program for Cooperative Cataloging intends to continue tracing series. Survey results indicate libraries did not simply “follow LC.” Treatment decisions still appear to be local in nature and no trend in treatment was identified.
Behavioral contrast and induction in the crow

Common crows received baseline training on an equal-valued multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. When the schedule was subsequently changed to a multiple variable—interval variable-time schedule, in which reinforcement was delivered independently of responding in the latter component, this resulted in negative induction. That is, responding decreased in both components. After a return to the baseline schedule, a change to a multiple variable—interval extinction schedule, resulted in decreased responding in the extinction component. Accompanying this change was an increase in responding during the unaltered variable—interval component, i.e., positive behavioral contrast. Differences between these findings and predictions derived from several theories of behavioral contrast are discussed.
Characterization and regulation of the protein binding to a cis-acting element, RET 1, in the rat opsin promoter

RET 1 is a binding site for retinal nuclear proteins located at −136 to −110 bp in the rat opsin promoter, as defined by DNase protection assays. A similar sequence is found in the upstream flanking regions of many other photoreceptor genes in mammals and other species, includingDrosophila. A 7-base consensus sequence, CAATTAG, is found in these genes and has the binding activity of the longer RET 1 element. A 40-kDa protein that binds to RET 1 has been purified over 2 × 105-fold to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography. The RET 1 binding activity is first detectable at E18 and increases during the first two postnatal weeks. At embryonic ages the retarded bands show an altered mobility and at early postnatal ages two bands are detected, with the adult band increasing and the embryonic band decreasing in intensity. Treatment of early postnatal retinas with bFGF increased the binding activity in nuclear extracts and caused a shift in migration of the retarded band to a position characteristic of the embryonic form of the complex. The results support the hypothesis that RET 1-like elements play an important role in rod photoreceptor development.
Oculosympathetic paresis and hemicrania in spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery: Four cases and review of the literature

This report describes four patients who developed oculosympathetic paresis and hemicrania due to spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection. This diagnosis was established with non-invasive techniques in three of the four patients. None of the patients developed cerebrovascular complications and the long-term outcomes were excellent, irrespective of treatment with antiplatelet agents or anticoagulation. The epidemiology, clinical aspects, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of non-traumatic, internal carotid dissections are reviewed. Presentation with hemicrania and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome indicates a favorable prognosis for patients with spontaneous internal carotid artery dissections.
Correlates of Children's Usage of Videogames and Computers1

Fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students responded to a questionnaire concerning their experiences with electronic videogames and computers. Teacher ratings of academic achievement, personality characteristics, and behavior patterns were also obtained for each student. These data were used to examine a number of hypotheses concerning potential harmful or beneficial effects of electronic videogames on school-age children, and to provide preliminary evidence concerning the correlates of computer usage by school-age children. Videogame usage showed significant positive correlations with teacher ratings of impulsivity, significant negative correlations with ratings of academic achievement, and little relationship to rated sociability. Videogame use also proved positively related to other social activities and to microcomputer use.
A new technique for esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Abstract Background: The critical part of any operation involving a proximal gastric resection is the esophageal anastomosis. Leakage from this anastomosis is one of the main reasons for postoperative morbidity and death after gastrectomy. Application of the double-stapling technique affords many of the same advantages that it does for low rectal tumors, especially in obese patients with narrow costal margins. Methods: A new technique for esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer is described. Results: This technique has been used in 3 patients. At a follow-up of 22 months, there have been no anastomotic leaks or evidence of clinical stenoses. Conclusion: This technique minimizes manipulation and dissection around the distal esophagus. Not only does this make the operation easier, but it also allows for a longer proximal resection margin. Possibly this will result in lower rates of esophageal breakdown.
Significance of Keratinized Mucosa in Maintenance of Dental Implants With Different Surfaces

Background: The need for keratinized mucosa (KM) or immobile keratinized mucosa (i.e., attached mucosa [AM]) for the maintenance of osseointegrated endosseous dental implants has been controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of KM in the maintenance of root-form dental implants with different surfaces.Methods: A total of 339 endosseous dental implants in place for at least 3 years in 69 patients were evaluated. The width of KM and AM, modified plaque index (mPI), gingival index (GI), modified bleeding index (mBI), probing depth (PD), and average annual bone loss (ABL) were measured clinically and radiographically by a masked examiner. Based on the amounts of KM or AM, implants were categorized as follows: 1) KM <2 mm (KL); 2) KM ≥2 mm (KU); 3) AM <1 mm (AL); and 4) AM ≥1 mm (AU). Implants were further subdivided into the following four subgroups based on their surface configurations: 1) smooth surface implants (SI) with KM <2 mm (SKL); 2) SI with KM ≥2 mm (SKM); 3) roug...
Radiation risks from imaging studies in children with cancer.

Individuals exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation are known to be at risk of developing cancer. Recent reviews about the late effects of ionizing radiation indicate that even low doses of radiation can cause cancer. Significant radiation exposure occurs with commonly used imaging studies including CT scans, PET scans, and bone scans. Children with cancer, particularly those children with solid tumors, are exposed to frequent low doses of ionizing radiation from multiple imaging studies performed at initial diagnosis, throughout treatment, and during the follow-up period. This review provides estimates of cumulative radiation doses from imaging studies in children undergoing chemotherapy and/or surgery for various malignancies. Current risk estimates indicate that the radiation exposure from these imaging studies may be sufficient to increase the lifetime risk of cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:453–457. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of extrusion temperature and dwell time on aflatoxin levels in cottonseed.

Cottonseed is an economical source of protein and is commonly used in balancing livestock rations; however, its use is typically limited by protein, fat, gossypol, and aflatoxin contents. Whole cottonseed was extruded to determine if the temperature and dwell time (multiple stages of processing) associated with the process affected aflatoxin levels. The extrusion temperature study showed that aflatoxin levels were reduced by an additional 33% when the cottonseed was extruded at 160 °C as compared to 104 °C. Furthermore, the multiple-pass extrusion study indicated that aflatoxin levels were reduced by an additional 55% when the cottonseed was extruded four times as compared to one time. To estimate the aflatoxin reductions due to extrusion temperature and dwell time, the least mean fits obtained for the individual studies were combined. Total estimated reductions of 55% (three stages of processing at 104 °C), 50% (two stages of processing at 132 °C), and 47% (one stage of processing at 160 °C) were obtaine...
Jeanne Baret: the first woman to circumnavigate the globe

The voyages of scientific discovery conjure in our minds images of Sir Hans Sloane bioprospecting in Jamaica in 1687 or Joseph Banks voyaging aboard the Endeavour to Tahiti and New Zealand in 1768. But women also set foot on rickety and unsure ocean-going vessels in the 18th century in the service of science. The German-born Maria Sibylla Merian voyaged from Amsterdam to Surinam in South America in 1699 to search for exotic caterpillars. She sought one that would produce a thread to rival silk, a costly and much sought-after fabric in early-modern Europe. In the process, she produced one of the most celebrated 18th-century natural history books.
Discrete repairable reliability systems

Consider a reliability system consisting of n components. The failures and the repair completions of the components can occur only at positive integer-valued times k ϵ N++ ϵ (1, 2, …). At any time k ϵ N++ each component can be in one of two states: up (i.e., working) or down (i.e., failed and in repair). The system state is also either up or down and it depends on the states of the components through a coherent structure function τ. In this article we formulate mathematically the above model and we derive some of its properties. In particular, we identify conditions under which the first failure times of two such systems can be stochastically ordered. A variety of special cases is used in order to illustrate the applications of the derived properties of the model. Some instances in which the times of first failure have the NBU (new better than used) property are pointed out. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.