cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Syntheses of Cyanthiwigins B, F, and G

A concise and versatile approach toward the preparation of the cyanthiwigin family of cyathane natural products is described. By leveraging a unique double asymmetric catalytic alkylation procedure it is possible to quickly establish two of the most critical stereocenters of the cyanthiwigin framework with high levels of selectivity and expediency. The synthetic route additionally employs both a tandem ring-closing cross-metathesis reaction, and an aldehyde-olefin radical cyclization process, in order to rapidly arrive at the tricyclic cyathane core of the cyanthiwigin molecules. From this unifying intermediate, the preparations of cyanthiwigins B, F, and G are attained swiftly and without the need for protecting groups.
Evaluation of financial incentives for combined heat and power (CHP) systems in U.S. regions

Abstract In recent years, combined heat and power (CHP) systems have gained more attention from the U.S. government. Both the federal government and the state government have proposed many incentive policies to promote CHP systems. This paper focuses on analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of existing incentive policies for CHP systems in various U.S. states. In this paper, the existing incentive policies for CHP systems in different states are classified in four categories: capital cost rebate, tax credits, low tax loan, and utility credits. Four types of buildings including hospitals, large offices, large hotels, and primary schools, located in different U.S. regions, are selected and analyzed for the CHP incentives. Using the EnergyPlus simulation software, the energy consumption of each building is obtained. Then the simulation models of a CHP system are established for each building type. From the simulation results, the payback period of the CHP systems in different locations is calculated according to local incentive policies. This payback period is then compared with the one without regard for incentive policies. The results show that most of the incentive policies could obviously shorten the payback period in various U.S. regions, however some of them seem meaningless because some incentives were not effective enough to give a favorable payback period. This paper reveals that the type and level of incentives to promote CHP systems need to be carefully determined because the effectiveness and usefulness of incentive policies are highly dependent on the CHP performance due to the capacity of the power generation unit, the operational strategy of CHP system, the climate location, and the ratio of electricity cost to fuel cost.
Aplicación del sistema de carbohidratos y proteína neta de Cornell para condiciones tropicales

Cattle are used to convert forages, feed grains, and food byproducts into human food under production conditions that vary in soil, climate, feed composition and types of cattle. An analysis of our data base and our piblished data with lactating dairy cows indicate cattle performance is restricted to the level allowed by the most limiting nutrient, and that energetic efficiency is influenced by amino acid balance. The efficiency of tropial cattle production can be improved using models to account for performance variation by accurately predicting requirements and feed utilization in individual production settings. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is an answer to this problem and is described in this article.
Mechanisms of Resistance to NO-Related Antibacterial Activity

Little more than a decade ago, it was discovered that an array of physiological processes ranging from vascular homeostasis to neurotransmission and immunity are regulated by endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO). This chapter focuses on some of the recently elucidated strategies by which bacteria cope with the cytotoxic effects of NO and its redox congeners. Microbes, particularly pathogenic species, have coapted previously existing mechanisms and evolved novel strategies to avoid NO exposure or detoxify nitrogen oxides. The SoxRS and OxyR regulons are well characterized regarding their roles in resistance of enteric bacteria to oxidative stress, but both appear to be involved in resistance to reactive nitrogen species as well. Certain genes belonging to the SoxRS or OxyR regulons such as zwf (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and ahpC (alkyl hydroperoxide reductase) do appear to play a role in the resistance of Salmonella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to NO-dependent cytotoxicity, but this may reflect the incomplete dependence of these loci on SoxRS or OxyR for expression. The reducing potential of thioredoxin reductase is regenerated at the expense of thioredoxin and NADPH. Although a theoretically attractive defense mechanism, the role of thioredoxin reductase in the resistance of pathogenic organisms to NO-related cytotoxicity remains to be tested experimentally. A more complete comprehension of mechanisms of resistance to NO-related antibacterial activities will shed new light in understanding infectious processes and lead to the discovery and application of new therapies.
Creating Scientific Controversies: Uncertainty and Bias in Science and Society

For decades, cigarette companies helped to promote the impression that there was no scientific consensus concerning the safety of their product. The appearance of controversy, however, was misleading, designed to confuse the public and to protect industry interests. Created scientific controversies emerge when expert communities are in broad agreement but the public perception is one of profound scientific uncertainty and doubt. In the first book-length analysis of the concept of a created scientific controversy, David Harker explores issues including climate change, Creation science, the anti-vaccine movement and genetically modified crops. Drawing on work in cognitive psychology, social epistemology, critical thinking and philosophy of science, he shows readers how to better understand, evaluate, and respond to the appearance of scientific controversy. His book will be a valuable resource for students of philosophy of science, environmental and health sciences, and social and natural sciences.
The Optimal Placement of Different Types of Distributed Generation in Distribution Network

The impacts of distributed generation(DG) on note voltage,power flow and power loss depend on its types,capacity and location.Based on the static load model,the research on two kinds of DGs(small hydropower plants and PV) and storage devices is carried out.Through the analysis on the steady-state output characteristics of different DGs,the optimized placement function of small hydropower plants,PV and storage devices is proposed with the objective of minimum network loss by combining output characteristics of different DGs and such constraints conditions as the limitation of power flow and voltage.The conclusions show that the results are varied for different types of DGs,and it is necessary to consider the steady-state characteristics for different types of DG for more accurate results.
Community Engagement: It is all about Relationships!

Abstract The ability to generate sustainable, mutually beneficial, interprofessional teams becomes a critical skill for today’s emerging professionals. Team work starts by forming solid relationships; in academe, these relationships are often community-university partnerships. Relationships-as-collaboratives can be developed to bridge the intellectual resources of academe with the need for professional continuing education units through a blending of interrelated paradigms.
Vasilii Sigarev's Post-Soviet Dramas of the Provincial Grotesque

This article focuses on one of the most prominent playwrights of the post-Soviet period, Vasilii Sigarev, whose plays have enjoyed frequent stagings and critical acclaim in both Russia and the West. Elucidating the poetics of place and space that Sigarev develops in his dramas, I apply a concept that I term the “provincial grotesque.” This article analyzes the complex and multifaceted nature of space in Sigarev's works–an element of his dramaturgy that has thus far remained unexplored. It argues that the works of Sigarev provide a fertile source of material for examining dynamic notions of space and place, of center and periphery, which have occupied a pivotal role in the complex and volatile process of Russian identity contestation in the years since the Soviet Union's collapse.
Cross-layer personalization as a first-class citizen for situation awareness and computer infrastructure security

We propose a new security paradigm that makes cross-layer personalization a premier component in the design of security solutions for computer infrastructure and situational awareness. This paradigm is based on the observation that computer systems have a personalized usage profile that depends on the user and his activities. Further, it spans the various layers of abstraction that make up a computer system, as if the user embedded his own DNA into the computer system. To realize such a paradigm, we discuss the design of a comprehensive and cross-layer profiling approach, which can be adopted to boost the effectiveness of various security solutions, e.g., malware detection, insider attacker prevention and continuous authentication. The current state-of-the-art in computer infrastructure defense solutions focuses on one layer of operation with deployments coming in a "one size fits all" format, without taking into account the unique way people use their computers. The key novelty of our proposal is the cross-layer personalization, where we derive the distinguishable behaviors from the intelligence of three layers of abstraction. First, we combine intelligence from: a) the user layer, (e.g., mouse click patterns); b) the operating system layer; c) the network layer. Second, we develop cross-layer personalized profiles for system usage. We will limit our scope to companies and organizations, where computers are used in a more routine and one-on-one style, before we expand our research to personally owned computers. Our preliminary results show that just the time accesses in user web logs are already sufficient to distinguish users from each other,with users of the same demographics showing similarities in their profiles. Our goal is to challenge today's paradigm for anomaly detection that seems to follow a monoculture and treat each layer in isolation. We also discuss deployment, performance overhead, and privacy issues raised by our paradigm.
The Probability of Hospitalizations for Mild‐to‐Moderate Injuries by Trauma Center Ownership Type

Objective To corroborate anecdotal evidence with systematic evidence of a lower threshold for admission among for-profit hospitals. Data sources The study used Florida emergency department and hospital discharge datasets for 2012 to 2014. The treatment variable of interest was for-profit-designated trauma center status. The dependent variable indicated whether a patient with mild-to-moderate injuries was admitted after presenting as a trauma alert and then discharged to home. A separate analysis was conducted of discharges that had a 1-day length of stay. Study design Generalized estimation equations with logistic distribution models were used to control for the confounding influences and developed for four groups of patients: ICISS = 1 (no probability of mortality), ICISS ≥ 0.99, ICISS ≥ 0.95, and ICISS ≥ 0.85 (zero to 15 percent probability of mortality, which includes all mild and moderate injury patients). Principal findings For the ICISS = 1 and ICISS ≥ 0.99 models, the centers' for-profit status was the most important predictor. In the ICISS ≥ 0.95 and ICISS ≥ 0.85 models, injury type played a more important role, but for-profit status remained important. For patients with a 1-day stay, for-profit status was associated with an even higher probability of hospitalization. Conclusions Considerable differences exist between for-profit and not-for-profit trauma centers concerning hospitalization among the study population, which may be explained by supplier-induced demand.
Using the k-d Tree Data Structure to Accelerate Monte Carlo Simulations.

The k-d tree data structure is implemented in a Monte Carlo (MC) molecular simulation program to accelerate the range search for particles or interaction sites within the cutoff distance when Lennard-Jones and Coulomb interactions are computed. MC simulations are performed for different molecules in various ensembles to assess the efficiency enhancements due to the k-d tree data structure. It is found that the use of k-d trees accelerates significantly simulations for Lennard-Jones particles in the NVT and NVT-Gibbs ensembles and for n-butane and 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22-undecamethylpentacosane represented by the TraPPE–UA force field in the NpT ensemble. Simulations for TraPPE–UA ethanol in the NpT ensemble and for the rigid TIP4P water model in the Gibbs ensemble gain slightly in efficiency with the k-d tree, whereas simulations for TIP4P water in the NpT ensemble do not benefit from the use of the k-d tree. The speed-up can be attributed to the reduction in the number of distance calculations in th...
Abstract 371: Down Regulation of ECM Genes Laminin and Collagen IV Lead to Preserved Cardiac Function With Age and Increased Lifespan in Drosophila

Increased deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed in all advanced age heart failure patients, but current model systems are complex and slow to age. To investigate the effect of extrac...
Randomized Belief-Space Replanning in Partially-Observable Continuous Spaces

We present a sample-based replanning strategy for driving partially-observable, high-dimensional robotic systems to a desired goal. At each time step, it uses forward simulation of randomly-sampled open-loop controls to construct a belief-space search tree rooted at its current belief state. Then, it executes the action at the root that leads to the best node in the tree. As a node quality metric we use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the likelihood of success under the QMDP belief-space feedback policy, which encourages the robot to take information-gathering actions as needed to reach the goal. The technique is demonstrated on target-finding and localization examples in up to 5D state spacess.
High temperature corrosion resistant coatings for gas flare systems

Abstract Gas flaring systems are used in processing plants to eliminate excess gases while serving as a safe pressure-relieving system. These systems are built using 310 stainless steel (SS310) thanks to its mechanical properties and performance under high temperature operating conditions. However, the findings have revealed that SS310 is susceptible to high temperature sulfidation when exposed to a corrosive environment. In the present work, SEM analysis has been conducted to investigate the causes of this type of failure. To tackle this problem, high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying was used to deposit a double-layer thermal barrier coatings, including a top yttria stabilized zirconia layer (TBC) and a bond coating CoNiCrAlY layer (BC) on SS310 substrates. The performance of the coatings was tested by exposing it to a high temperature corrosive environment. As a result, an improved resistance to corrosion was observed. This improved performance can be attributed to the absence of tetragonal to monoclinic phase change transformation, and to a decrease in the volume fraction of the monoclinic phase in yttria stabilized zirconia top coat, as indicated by XRD analysis.
Sarcomas of the Temporal Bone

Temporal bone sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies. Optimal treatment of temporal bone sarcoma is challenging and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This chapter discusses the etiology, diagnosis, evaluation, staging, treatment, and prognosis of temporal bone sarcomas. It also introduces the most common types of temporal bone sarcoma.
Differential Diagnosis of Depression and Mood Disorders

Unlike anxiety that has normal developmental markers and characteristics, depression and mood disorders do not have age-related and predictable courses. Virtually everyone has experiences of being sad or having brief periods of depression associated with a significant distressing event (e.g., loss of a loved one, situational stress), but they do not cause significant or chronic impairment and do not follow a typical developmental course. Although adolescents are often characterized as “moody” or irritable or experience “hassles,” their behaviors typically do not meet diagnostic criteria for a depression or a mood disorder and they do not significantly interfere with overall functioning. Like anxiety, however, depression is an internalizing problem that can have negative effects on various spheres of psychological and social functioning. A focus on depression in children and youth is relatively recent, having received increased clinical and research emphasis in the last two to three decades.
Countertransference and Personality Pathology: Development and Clinical Application of the Countertransference Questionnaire

Mario, an accountant in his early 30s, came to therapy angry and ready to challenge the parameters of treatment (i.e., time, fees, and interventions). He displayed barely concealed disdain toward his therapist and therapy despite a desperate plea for help. He was isolated, new to the city with few attachments to tether him to the world. He was in conflict with his supervisor and coworkers after only a few months at his new job. He was intensely suspicious – of authority figures, of peers, of family, of strangers, of everyone with whom he came in contact. He was terrified of his internal experience of ever-impending annihilation of self. Seeking help was necessary to contain his terror, yet stimulated his expectation of intrusion and damage.
Design and Implementation of Off-Grid Systems

This chapter considers the design and implementation of off-grid electrical systems in developing countries. The life cycle of a mini-grid is presented, from the initial decision to develop a mini-grid to site assessment and the final decommissioning or expansion. Considerations when selecting whether to use conventional or biomass-fueled generator sets, solar arrays, wind turbines, or micro hydro power are discussed. A realistic in-depth design example is provided. Design of the distribution system is discussed. The chapter concludes with economic considerations and case studies of off-grid systems in Haiti, Tanzania, and Zambia.
Enchanted nature, dissected nature: the case of Galen's anatomical theology.

Through the historical portrait of Galen, I argue that even an enchanted nature does not prevent the performance of violence against nature. Galen (129–c. 216 CE), the great physician-philosopher of antiquity, is best known for his systematization and innovation of the Hippocratic medical tradition, whose thought was the reigning medical orthodoxy from the medieval period into the Renaissance. His works on anatomy were the standard that Vesalius’ works on anatomy overturned. What is less known about Galen’s study of anatomy, however, is its philosophical and theological edge. In this paper, I show that it is precisely because nature is enchanted that Galen undertakes the grisly practices of anatomical dissection and vivisection, which entail violence against nature. First, I illustrate the violent character of Galen’s anatomical experiments. Second, I elucidate Galen’s anatomical methodology as a form of philosophizing and theologizing with a scalpel. Third, I explicate the importance of the demonstration of divine teleology that anatomical dissection reveals. Fourth, I sketch how anatomical dissection as a way of knowing nature and God becomes a kind of anatomical, liturgical theology. I conclude that, at least for Galen, an enchanted nature is not in itself exempt from violence.
Characterizing the Normative Voice Tremor Frequency in Essential Vocal Tremor.

Importance Essential vocal tremor (EVT) is a neurologic voice disorder characterized by periodic fluctuations in pitch and loudness that can hinder intelligibility. Defining the normative range of vocal tremor frequency may assist in diagnosis and provide insight into disease mechanisms. Objective To characterize the normative voice tremor frequency in EVT (in hertz). Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional observational study of 160 patients with EVT. The setting was a tertiary voice center. Participants were identified from a database of consecutive patients diagnosed as having laryngeal movement disorders between January 1, 1990, and April 1, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures The following 3 methods measured the frequency of tremor experienced by patients with EVT: perceptual method, computerized peak detection method, and laryngeal electromyography method. Within-person and population-level tremor frequencies were compared across modalities to assess measurement reliability and consistency and to characterize the normal distribution of tremor frequencies in this population. Results Among 160 participants (median age, 70 years; interquartile range [IQR], 64-77 years; 90.6% female [n = 145]), the median frequency of EVT was consistently between 4 and 5 Hz across all 3 methods (perceptual, 4.8 Hz [IQR, 4.4-5.5 Hz]; computerized peak detection, 4.6 Hz [IQR, 4.2-5.0 Hz]; and laryngeal electromyography, 4.3 Hz [IQR, 3.8-5.0 Hz]). The mean in-person differences between each measurement method were not clinically meaningful (range, 0.1-0.5 Hz). Including all interquartile ranges across measurement modalities, the normative tremor frequency range for EVT was 3.8 to 5.5 Hz. Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date to characterize the normal frequency of tremor in patients with EVT. The normative frequency of EVT (range, 3.8-5.5 Hz) falls within a much narrower range than previously reported. Those whose frequency is outside this range may still have EVT but should be carefully evaluated for potential other causes of vocal tremor. Defining characteristics of EVT may aid appropriate diagnosis and improve understanding of this disease.
Corporate Environmental Responsibilities and Executive Compensation: A Risk Management Perspective

In this article, we examine how firms design executive compensation in light of their risk environment. Prior literature shows that corporate environmental responsibility (CER) of a firm inversely affects firm risk. We argue that firms with better CER performance benefit from the reduced firm risk, and therefore are more likely to provide greater managerial risk‐taking incentives to encourage the risk‐averse managers to undertake risk‐increasing but positive net present value (NPV) investments. Consistent with our hypotheses, we find that a firm’s CER rating is positively associated with its CEO risk‐taking incentives (vega) in the following year. We also document cross‐sectional variations in the CER‐vega relationship, that is, a weaker association in the controversial industries. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the role of CER on executive compensation design from the perspective of risk management.
Revision of Diagnosis in Early Parkinsonism with Abnormal Dopamine Transporter Imaging.

Background In patients with early parkinsonism, misdiagnosis may occur in >30% of cases. This can have detrimental consequences clinically and in clinical trials. Dopamine transporter (DAT) SPECT imaging can help improve diagnostic accuracy. Objective To describe characteristics of individuals initially diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) and with abnormal DAT SPECT imaging who had a change in diagnosis on follow-up. Methods Data were obtained from the biomarker study Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). PPMI is a multicenter, observational study that enrolled 423 individuals with a diagnosis of iPD of ≤2 years duration and with abnormal DAT SPECT imaging. Participants were assessed at least annually, and diagnosis was documented by the site neurologist. Characteristics of those that had a change in diagnosis were compared to those with stable diagnosis. Results 390 subjects were included. Eight (2%) had a change in diagnosis. The diagnosis was changed to multiple system atrophy in 5 cases, dementia with Lewy bodies in 2, and corticobasal degeneration in 1. Revision of diagnosis occurred 2-5.2 years from enrollment. Mean motor score was higher (26.9 vs 20.6; p = 0.01), DAT binding lower (1.056 vs 1.406; p = 0.01), genetic risk score lower (-0.016 vs -0.022; p = 0.0470), and olfaction score higher (28.75 vs 22.05; p = 0.03) in those whose diagnosis changed compared to those who did not. Conclusion Diagnosis remained stable in most individuals with early parkinsonism diagnosed with iPD and with abnormal DAT imaging. A small number had a revision in diagnosis. Clinical and biomarker abnormalities were greater at baseline in those whose diagnosis changed.
Direct numerical simulation of buckling instability of thin films on a compliant substrate

Surface buckling (wrinkling) driven by mechanical instability is commonly observed in thin-film structures with a compliant substrate. The resulting undulation, while sometimes undesirable, has bee...
Cognitive Engine Design for Spectrum Situational Awareness and Signals Intelligence

Cognitive radio technology is proposed as a means to achieve real-time spectrum situational awareness (SSA) and signals intelligence (SIGNIT) over a wide spectrum range by designing a cognitive engine that performs machine-learning based hierarchical RF signal identification. This allows the radio to classify and associate a signal using as fewer a number of features as possible. The classification algorithms can be based on any suitably chosen machine-learning algorithm such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) or deep learning. The proposed design allows the user to define, and modify, the SSA parameters during field operations. The specific example design proposed in this paper allows these definitions to be based on two levels of signal classification: a broad type of signals such as communications or radar and specific signals within each of these classes. It is shown that not only the proposed cognitive engine design allows realizing a large number of SSA definitions using permutations of the same two stage classifiers, but also the hierarchical approach may outperform dedicated classifiers with similar computational complexity. The design can easily be generalized to handle more than two levels of signal classification.
Urban air Mobility Regional Landing Site Feasibility and Fare Model Analysis in the Greater Northern California Region

The objective of this paper is to study the landing sites for the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept for commuting passengers in the Greater Northern California region. The aircraft for this service is designed to be an all-electric advanced multi-rotor aircraft with autonomous navigational and Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) capabilities. The commuting trips considered is focused on passengers traveling to work from home and back. The location and life-cycle cost model for the landing sites includes the following integrated approach:•Identify the Census tracts required for the analysis•Estimate demand potential for commuting trips•Define an algorithm to place landing sites based on demand•Estimate the infrastructure requirements and life-cycle cost model based on the configuration of the landing sitesThe analysis presented in this paper is for the Greater Northern California Region surrounding the San Francisco Bay Area. Three other metropolitans are being considered that include:•Dallas, Texas•Los Angeles, California•New York City, New York
Deep convolutional neural networks in the classification of dual-energy thoracic radiographic views for efficient workflow: analysis on over 6500 clinical radiographs.

DICOM header information is frequently used to classify medical image types; however, if a header is missing fields or contains incorrect data, the utility is limited. To expedite image classification, we trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in two classification tasks for thoracic radiographic views obtained from dual-energy studies: (a) distinguishing between frontal, lateral, soft tissue, and bone images and (b) distinguishing between posteroanterior (PA) or anteroposterior (AP) chest radiographs. CNNs with AlexNet architecture were trained from scratch. 1910 manually classified radiographs were used for training the network to accomplish task (a), then tested with an independent test set (3757 images). Frontal radiographs from the two datasets were combined to train a network to accomplish task (b); tested using an independent test set of 1000 radiographs. ROC analysis was performed for each trained CNN with area under the curve (AUC) as a performance metric. Classification between frontal images (AP/PA) and other image types yielded an AUC of 0.997 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.996, 0.998]. Classification between PA and AP radiographs resulted in an AUC of 0.973 (95% CI: 0.961, 0.981). CNNs were able to rapidly classify thoracic radiographs with high accuracy, thus potentially contributing to effective and efficient workflow.
Loss of BAP1 leads to more yaping in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is increasing in incidence and is expected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by the year 2030. Understanding molecular pathways that contribute to pancreatic cancer initiation and progression provides the opportunity to uncover potential molecular vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. In this issue of Cancer Research, Lee and colleagues provide compelling evidence that BRCA1-associated protein (BAP1) functions as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer by promoting the activity of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, highlighting YAP and TAZ, Hippo effectors, as attractive therapeutic targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, especially in BAP1-deficient or low tumors.See related article by Lee et al., p. 1656.
Maoism: A global history: edited by Julia Lovell, New York: Knopf, 2019, $37.50

In Western discussions of the Cold War and the ideologies that shaped its character and course, Maoism generally is treated as little more than an oddity: a curious Marxist variant developed by a c...
Perceived benefits and attitude of undergraduate nursing students towards the mentoring programme

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the nurse's overall experience with a mentoring programme and the study specifically seeks to determine the attitudes and perceived benefits of students in different semesters regarding the mentoring programme. Method The research design was quantitative. Face-to-face survey method based on a given questionnaire was conducted with all the targeted respondents. The methodology used was a non-experimental descriptive research design. Total of 146 respondents out of 243 populations were selected using a stratified random sampling strategy to determine the research sample to give equal opportunity. Results Findings of hypotheses test using one-way ANOVA indicated that there is a significant difference in attitudes towards the mentoring programme and perceived benefits between different groups of nursing at Training Institute Ministry of Health (Nursing) Sandakan. Conclusion In general, the mentoring programme had a positive impact. However, the level of attitude and perceived benefit is different among students in different semesters. The overall mean result is good and reflecting nursing students are fairly benefited from the mentoring programme.
Technology and Growth in a Fixed Physical World

In the conventional neoclassical growth model, technical change is generally characterized as “purely labor-augmenting,” a restriction that limits modern civilization to super-humans living in the Stone Age. As a novel and radical departure from conventional growth theory, the model developed in this paper seeks to remedy this “disturbing” state of affairs. Acknowledging the Earth’s fixed supply of physical matter, thereby requiring both physical and human advance to build on upon a fixed physical platform – the Earth – the model creates a pathway for economic growth to transpire through both physical- and human-augmenting technical change. Technical change in a fixed physical world, in turn, requires Schumpeterian creative destruction in which new vintages of technology-augmented matter displace obsolete vintages, both physical and human, one-for-one. The model endogenizes technical change by engaging savings and investment as the key drivers of human invention and its diffusion across the stocks of both human and physical capital. In addition to contributing to growth theory, this paper serves to bridge structural divides between growth theory, development economics, and growth accounting.
Teaching NeuroImages: The Venous System and Developmental Venous Anomalies: Drivers of Vascular Malformations?

A 57-year-old woman presented with acute confusion. CT-scan showed a left-sided hemorrhage, and MR-imaging demonstrated an adjacent cavernous malformation (CM) associated with a complex developmental venous anomaly (DVA) continuous with the hemorrhage (figure, A–C). Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) draining into the DVA (figure, D–F). DVAs are typically-benign lesions commonly associated with CMs and rarely, AVMs.1 Concurrence of these 3 malformations is exceptionally rare. Preserving DVA outflow is crucial when AVM extirpation is indicated.1 Our understanding of the role of the venous system and DVAs in the genesis of vascular malformations continues to evolve.2
Fluvial architecture and sequence stratigraphy of the Burro Canyon Formation, southwestern Piceance Basin, Colorado

AbstractThe Lower Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation in the southwestern Piceance Basin, Colorado, is composed of deposits that represent a braided fluvial system with high net to gross that transit...
Head and neck surgery global outreach: Ethics, planning, and impact

Background Head and neck surgical oncology and reconstruction are uniquely suited to address burdens of disease in underserved areas. Since these efforts are not well known in our specialty, we sought to understand global outreach throughout our society of surgeons. Methods Survey distributed to members of the American Head and Neck Surgery involved in international humanitarian head and neck surgical outreach trips. Results Thirty surgeons reported an average of seven trips to over 70 destinations. Identification of candidates, finances, on-site patient care, complications, long-term post-surgical care, ethics, and educational goals are reported. We report a success rate of 90% on 125 free flaps performed in these settings. Conclusions The effort to answer the call for alleviating the global burden of surgical disease is strong within our specialty. There is a shared focus on humanitarian effort and teaching. Ethics of high resource surgeries such as free flap reconstruction remains controversial.
Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound to Diagnose the Etiology of Acute Respiratory Failure at Admission to the PICU.

Objectives Determine the sensitivity and specificity of point-of-care lung ultrasound in identifying the etiology of acute respiratory failure at admission to the PICU. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Tertiary PICU. Patients Children older than 37 weeks gestational age and less than or equal to 18 years old admitted to the PICU with acute respiratory failure from December 2018 to February 2020. Intervention Point-of-care lung ultrasound performed within 14 hours of admission to the PICU by physicians blinded to patient history and clinical course. Two physicians, blinded to all clinical information, independently interpreted the point-of-care lung ultrasound and then established a consensus diagnosis (ultrasound diagnosis). The ultrasound diagnosis was compared with an independent, standardized review of the medical record following hospital discharge (final diagnosis). Measurements and results Eighty-eight patients were enrolled in the study. Forty-eight patients had a final diagnosis of bronchiolitis/viral pneumonitis (55%), 29 had pneumonia (33%), 10 had status asthmaticus (11%), and one was excluded because of an inability to differentiate the final diagnosis. Point-of-care lung ultrasound correctly identified the etiology of acute respiratory failure in 56% of patients (49/87; 95% CI, 46-66%). It identified bronchiolitis/viral pneumonitis with 44% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.31-0.58) and 74% specificity (95% CI, 0.59-0.85), pneumonia with 76% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.58-0.88) and 67% specificity (95% CI 0.54-0.78), and status asthmaticus with 60% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.31-0.83) and 88% specificity (95% CI, 0.79-0.94). Conclusions In contrast to literature demonstrating high utility differentiating the cause of acute respiratory failure in adults, blinded point-of-care lung ultrasound demonstrates moderate sensitivity and specificity in identifying the etiology of pediatric acute respiratory failure at admission to the PICU among children with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and status asthmaticus.
Transfer-Power Measurement Using a Non-Contact Method for Fair and Accurate Metering of Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is emerging as the preeminent way to charge electric vehicles, but there appears to be no fair way to measure the power transfer. In this article, Faraday coil transfer-power measurement (FC-TPM) is presented. FC-TPM employs non-contact, open-circuited sense coils to measure the electromagnetic field from WPT and calculates the real power propagating through the air gap between the transmitter and receiver coils. What is measured is the real electromagnetic power, representing the pure dispensation of energy that unambiguously demarcates the losses on either side. FC-TPM was demonstrated to be 0.1% accurate in hardware over an Rx coil misalignment of up to 10 cm using a 1-kW WPT system. Fair metering incentivizes businesses and individuals to make choices that conserve energy and advance technology by providing more information and by properly assigning the financial loss. This article is accompanied by a video highlighting the essential contributions of this article.
TU-G-213-02: IEC Subcommittee 62B (Diagnostic Imaging Equipment): Recent and Active Projects

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) writes standards that manufacturers of electrical equipment must comply with. Medical electrical equipment, such as medical imaging, radiation therapy, and radiation dosimetry devices, fall under Technical Committee 62. Of particular interest to medical physicists are the standards developed within Subcommittees (SC) 62B, which addresses diagnostic radiological imaging equipment, and 62C, which addresses equipment for radiation therapy, nuclear medicine and dosimetry. For example, a Working Group of SC 62B is responsible for safety and quality assurance standards for CT scanners and a Working Group of SC 62C is responsible for standards that set requirements for dosimetric safety and accuracy of linacs and proton accelerators. IEC standards thus have an impact on every aspect of a medical physicist’s job, including equipment testing, shielding design, room layout, and workflow. Consequently, it is imperative that US medical physicists know about existing standards, as well as have input on those under development or undergoing revision. The structure of the IEC and current standards development work will be described in detail. The presentation will explain how US medical physicists can learn about IEC standards and contribute to their development. Learning Objectives: 1. Learn about the structure of the IEC and the influence that IEC standards have on the design of equipment for radiology and radiation therapy. 2. Learn about the mechanisms by which the US participates in the development and revision of standards. 3. Understand the specific requirements of several standards having direct relevance to diagnostic and radiation therapy physicists.
The Legal Problems of Spyware

A few months ago, I was working on my home computer when all of a sudden Internet Explorer started getting bombarded with multiple images of full page pop-up advertising. It would not stop until 4 or 5 advertising windows were displayed. I closed each of the windows and ran my virus-checker, which came up empty. Two days later, the same thing happened, then the next day, then twice the next evening, and so on... It turned out - as should be obvious - that my computer was infected by a particularly venomous bit of spyware.Perhaps second only to spam as a curse of the Internet, spyware is not necessarily a new phenomenon. According to the Wikipedia, the concept dates back to the early days of the commercialization of the Internet. Spyware, along with its slightly less insidious cousin adware and the infamous spam, are creatures of the commercialization of the Internet. Spyware was initially developed to exploit commerce on the Internet through marketing, advertising placement or data gathering. None of these concepts is in and of itself illegal or unethical. However, when it takes place through the implantation of software without the knowledge or consent of the user, then the legality becomes more questionable. When personally identifying information is obtained, then the legality is virtually gone.
Some Metatheoretical Issues in Social Psychology

Recently, there has been a great deal of dissatisfaction expressed about social psychology as a field. As described by Shaver (1974), the crisis “… was that despite the development of an impressive methodology, many American social psychologists felt they had neither contributed substantially to the improvement of social life nor succeeded in developing a coherent scientific discipline” (p. 356). Jahoda (1974) describes it as a “failure of nerve” that “many people no longer fully believe in what they are doing, feeling that they may be on the wrong track” (p. 105). Jahoda describes the current split among social psychologists as developing “between those who wish to press on along the same well established route of empirical research and those who felt it was not getting us anywhere” (p. 105).
Preassociation of IL-15 with IL-15Rα-IgG1-Fc Enhances Its Activity on Proliferation of NK and CD8+/CD44high T Cells and Its Antitumor Action

In the induction of an immune response, IL-15Ralpha on APCs transpresents IL-15 to NK and CD8(+)/CD44(high) T cells that express the IL-2/15Rbeta and gammac subunits only. In this study, we show data mimicking this transpresentation by using IL-15 preassociated with a chimeric protein that is comprised of the extracellular domain of murine IL-15Ralpha and the Fc portion of human IgG1. When tested in vitro, IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc strongly increased the IL-15-mediated proliferation of murine NK and CD8(+)/CD44(high) T cells. The effect of IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc was dependent on the presence of both IgG1-Fc and IL-15Ralpha. When injected into mice, IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc enhanced the capacity of IL-15 to expand the number of NK and CD8(+)/CD44(high) T cells. The effect on cell numbers in vivo also depended on Fc receptor binding because reduced expansion was observed in FcRgamma(-/-) mice. NK cells cultured in IL-15/IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc complex gained cytotoxic activity toward a number of NK-sensitive targets. When mice bearing the NK-sensitive syngeneic tumor B16 were treated, the presence of IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc increased the antitumor activity of IL-15. Thus, a preassociation with IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc enhances the activities of IL-15 in vivo and in vitro that may be useful in the treatment of tumors.
Redistribution, Delegation, and Regulators' Incentives: Evidence from the Clean Air Act

Taking advantage of the structure of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), we study the tradeoff between efficiency and equity associated with different levels of discretionary power when delegating regulatory authority to lower levels of government. Exploiting an instrumental variables approach, we provide evidence that the benefits of the 1990 CAAA were highly localized and accrued disproportionately to poorer households. Further, under the current structure of the 1990 CAAA, it costs at most about $1.30 for every $1 worth of air quality improvements transferred from richer to poorer areas, suggesting that the program does not entail a large tradeoff between efficiency and equity.
Coliphage MS2 containing 5-fluorouracil: II. RNA-deficient particles formed in the presence of 5-fluorouracil

The addition of 5-fluorouracil to Escherichia coli infected with MS2 leads to the formation of two classes of fluorouracil-containing phage: one with buoyant density greater than that of normal MS2 and another with buoyant density lower than normal. The latter are non-infectious and do not adsorb to E. coli receptor sites as measured by inhibition of infective center formation. Serologic tests revealed slight differences between normal and defective phage, but no difference in the fingerprints of the coat proteins was detectable. The RNA content of defective phage is about 65% of normal. The isolated RNA is heterogeneous, in keeping with the density heterogeneity of the particles, and has an average S20 value of 20. Although the RNA is not infectious, it is more active than normal MS2 RNA in directing the synthesis of phage-specific proteins in cell extracts. As with normal MS2 RNA, the major product is phage coat protein, which yields a normal fingerprint. The results suggest that the RNA fragment lacks a specific part of the phage RNA molecule.
Effects of an Interprofessional Rural Rotation on Nursing Student Interest, Perceptions, and Intent

Purpose Rural areas are in critical need of nurses to meet the health needs of their residents. The problem under investigation in this study was whether a semester-long interdisciplinary rural rotation changed nursing students’ interest in rural health, perceptions of their performance of selected nursing skills, and their intention to practice in a rural community. Sample Two hundred forty eight (248) senior level baccalaureate students completed pre- and post-rotation surveys. 53.6% of students reported an increased interest in rural health. Findings Significant differences were found in students’ confidence in aspects of their performance including recognizing cultural differences, community assessment, community participation, meeting the unique needs of rural patients, identifying barriers to care, and identifying the impact of socioeconomic status on health. Students who attended high school in a rural community, expressed increased interest in rural health, and evaluated the rotation favorably were more likely to practice in a rural state after graduation (p < .05). Conclusions The findings have implications for changes in nursing education. A more comprehensive approach to rural health may be needed to attract students to nursing practice in rural communities. Key Words : Rural, Nursing education, Nursing practice, Intention
Cooperative Spacecraft Formation Flying: Model Predictive Control with Open- and Closed-Loop Robustness

This chapter discusses the cooperative spacecraft formation flying. Formation flying of multiple spacecraft is an enabling technology for many future space science missions including enhanced stellar optical interferometers and virtual platforms for Earth observations. Controlling a formation will require several considerations beyond those of a single spacecraft. Key among these is the increased emphasis on fuel savings for a fleet of vehicles because the spacecraft must typically be kept in an accurate formation for periods on the order of hours or days, and the performance of the formation should degrade gracefully as one or more of the spacecraft runs out of fuel. This chapter presents a model predictive controller that is particularly well-suited to formation flying spacecraft because it explicitly minimizes fuel use, exploits the well-known orbital dynamics environment, and naturally incorporates constraints.