cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adult Diapause Responses to Selected Environmental and Dietary Conditions

Diapause in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), remains a contentious issue despite intense investigation. In particular, the roles and interactions of photoperiod, temperature, and adult diet are poorly understood. We reexamined the influences of these factors by using a feeding regime typical of previous studies (group, one square per five weevils per day) as well as one known to promote reproductive development (single, one square per weevil per day). Three separate studies each incorporated all combinations of the following: photoperiod (short day, 11:13; long day 13:11 [L:D] h), temperature regime (constant 29.4°C; warm day, cool night, 29.4°C:10°C [day:night]), feeding regime, and age at dissection (3, 6, 9, and 12 d after adult eclosion). Studies differed in the source of weevils (Lower Rio Grande Valley, Brazos Valley of Texas), and the photoperiod used to rear weevils to adulthood (11:13 or 13:11 [L:D] h). Interpretable effects of photoperiod on diapause induction were not observed. Cool nights delayed development of fat bodies, oocytes with yolk, and the occurrence of diapause, especially in weevils fed in groups. However, these effects were not apparent by day 12. The most marked responses were to feeding regime. Hypertrophied fat bodies and diapause generally occurred more often, and oocytes with yolk less often, for weevils fed in groups compared with those fed singly. Fundamental differences in diapause response corresponding to rearing conditions or source of weevils were not observed. These results suggest improved understanding of the dynamics of adult diapause could be achieved through continued investigation of the effects of adult diets.
Survival and growth of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 in almond orchard soils

Aims: To evaluate factors potentially contributing to the long-term persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type (PT) 30 in an almond orchard. Methods and Results: Surface and subsurface soil temperatures, and air temperatures in a radiation shelter, were recorded during a 12-month period, and were used to identify relevant storage temperatures (20 or 35� C) for microcosms of two different soil types (clay and sandy loams) with moisture levels near saturation or near field capacity. Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 was inoculated into the microcosms at 6 log CFU g )1 dry weight. Between 14 and 180 days of incubation, counts of S. Enteritidis PT 30 decreased rapidly at 35� C and were significantly different (P <0 AE05) from counts at 20� C, regardless of the soil type or moisture level. Salmonella was detected by enrichment of 10-g samples from all microcosms after 180 days of incubation at 20� C, but from none of the microcosms held at 35� C. To measure the potential for the growth of S. Enteritidis PT 30 in clay loam soil, an aqueous extract of almond hulls (containing 1AE6% mono and disaccharides) or equivalent volume of water was added 7 days after inoculation. Significant (P <0 AE05) growth of S. Enteritidis PT 30 was observed within 8 or 24 h of adding hull extract, but not water, to soil. Conclusions: Opportunities may exist for S. Enteritidis PT 30 to survive for an extended time in almond orchard soils and to grow in these soils where hull nutrients are released. Significance and Impact of the Study: Temperature has a significant impact on the long-term survival of S. Enteritidis PT 30 in soil, and nutrients leached from almond hulls may result in Salmonella growth. These factors should be considered in the design of Good Agricultural Practices for almonds.
Effect of Low Salt Diet on Insulin Resistance in Salt-Sensitive Versus Salt-Resistant Hypertension

Accumulating evidence shows an increase in insulin resistance on salt restriction. We compared the effect of low salt diet on insulin resistance in salt-sensitive versus salt-resistant hypertensive subjects. We also evaluated the relationship between salt sensitivity of blood pressure and salt sensitivity of insulin resistance in a multivariate regression model. Studies were conducted after 1 week of high salt (200 mmol per day sodium) and 1 week of low salt (10 mmol per day sodium) diet. Salt sensitivity was defined as the fall in systolic blood pressure>15 mm Hg on low salt diet. The study includes 389 subjects (44% women; 16% blacks; body mass index, 28.5±4.2 kg/m2). As expected, blood pressure was lower on low salt (129±16/78±9 mm Hg) as compared with high salt diet (145±18/86±10 mm Hg). Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment were higher on low salt diet (95.4±19.4 mg/dL; 10.8±7.3 mIU/L; 2.6±1.9) as compared with high salt diet (90.6±10.8 mg/dL; 9.4±5.8 mIU/L; 2.1±1.4; P<0.0001 for all). There was no difference in homeostasis model assessment between salt-sensitive (n=193) versus salt-resistant (n=196) subjects on either diet. Increase in homeostasis model assessment on low salt diet was 0.5±1.4 in salt-sensitive and 0.4±1.5 in salt-resistant subjects (P=NS). On multivariate regression analysis, change in systolic blood pressure was not associated with change in homeostasis model assessment after including age, body mass index, sex, change in serum and urine aldosterone, and cortisol into the model. We conclude that the increase in insulin resistance on low salt diet is not affected by salt sensitivity of blood pressure.
Noradrenergic content and turnover rate in kidney and heart shows gender and strain differences

The objective of this study was to compare strain and gender differences in kidney and heart norepinephrine (NE) content and turnover rate in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously ...
Transarterial pacemaker lead implantation results in acute myocardial infarction

We report a case of inadvertent transarterial implantation of dual-chamber pacemaker leads; the ventricular lead positioned across the aortic valve into the left ventricle and the atrial lead curving in the aortic root with the tip positioned into the left circumflex artery, resulting in acute myocardial infarction. The diagnosis was made based on the finding on the chest X-ray, surface ECG, and coronary angiography.
Cage Versus Floor Rearing of Broiler Chickens

Abstract THE concept of rearing poultry in a cage or battery has existed for many years. In the early twenties, Bethke and Kennard (1924) demonstrated that chickens could be reared from hatching to maturity inside a building. The use of batteries or wire floors for growing and fattening birds was documented by Bethke and Kennard (1928), Carver (1931) and Buckner et al. (1933). Many commercial eggs are produced by cage laying hens. However, almost all commerical broilers are produced on the floor with litter. As shown by Reed et al. (1966), one of the reasons that broilers are not grown extensively in cages is the high incidence of breast blisters among birds reared on wire. Other problems are generated by the comparatively short time that each broiler is confined to the cage. These include the handling problems involved in rather frequent moving of birds into and out of the cages, and…
Contemporary results of juxtarenal aneurysm repair.

Objective: The increasing use of aortic endografts predictably will add to the complexity of open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair and, therefore, the proportion of surgically treated infrarenal AAAs that are juxtarenal in location (JRA) will grow. This study reviews a single-center experience with JRAs. Methods: Between June 1994 and December 2000, 138 patients underwent elective repair of a JRA, comprising 16.1% of 859 consecutive asymptomatic and intact symptomatic nonruptured infrarenal AAAs repaired over the same period. All patients with JRA needed proximal suprarenal clamping (SRC) or supravisceral (SVC) clamping. Patient demographics, selected risk factors, and operative details were recorded. Univariate analyses of selected risk factors for an adverse perioperative event were assessed, and multivariate analyses were performed with linear and logistic regression with backwards selection. Results: SRC was used in 95 patients (69%), and 43 patients (31%) underwent SVC. The mortality rate was 5.1% (7/138) for JRA repair, and 2.8% (20/720) for infrarenal AAA repair (P = .03). The mortality rate was significantly greater for those patients who received SVC compared with SRC (11.6% versus 2.1%; P = .02). Multivariate analysis identified SVC position as the only independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio [OR], 6.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 32.9; P = .035). Transient renal insufficiency occurred in 39 patients (28.3%), but only eight patients (5.8%) needed dialysis. Patients who had SVC had a significantly greater rate of renal insufficiency than those who received SRC (41.9% versus 22.1%; P = .02). Multivariate analysis showed SVC position (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.8; P = .008), diabetes (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 12.9; P = .04), and preoperative renal insufficiency (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 2.2 to 15.4; P < .001) were independent predictors of postoperative renal insufficiency. Renal ischemia during proximal clamping cannot alone explain renal complications because clamp time was shorter in patients with SVC (24.9 ± 2.4 minutes versus 32.2 ± 1.5 minutes; P = .009). Conclusion: JRA repair can be accomplished with a low mortality rate, but a more proximal clamp position may adversely affect outcome in these patients. Postoperative renal insufficiency is related to diabetes, preoperative renal insufficiency, and SVC position. These results suggest SRC is safer than SVC for proximal aortic clamp control of JRAs. Although clamp level must be tailored to patient anatomy, outcome may be improved if the clamp level can be kept distal to the superior mesenteric artery origin. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:1104-11.)
Using usability heuristics to evaluate patient safety of medical devices

Objective. To modify the traditional heuristic evaluation method of assessing software usability so that it can be applied to medical devices and used to evaluate the patient safety of those devices through the identification and assessment of usability problems.Design. Heuristic evaluation, a usability inspection method commonly used for software usability evaluation, was modified and extended for medical devices. The modified method was used to evaluate and compare the patient safety of two 1-channel volumetric infusion pumps.Results. The modified heuristic evaluation method was successfully applied to medical devices. One hundred and ninety-two heuristic violations were categorized for 89 usability problems identified for Pump 1, and 121 heuristic violations were categorized for the 52 usability problems identified for Pump 2. Pump 1 had more usability problems with high severity ratings than Pump 2. In general, Pump 1 was found to have more usability issues that are likely to induce more medical errors.Conclusions. Heuristic evaluation, when modified for medical devices, is a useful, efficient, and low cost method for evaluating patient safety features of medical devices through the identification of usability problems and their severities.
Trends in the Utilization of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Results From the National Cancer Database

Objective To evaluate variation in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) use among patients with ≥ clinical T2 (cT2) bladder cancer and determine changes in staging at radical cystectomy (RC) associated with therapy. Methods Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we identified all patients diagnosed with organ-confined, muscle-invasive (cT2+) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder between 2006 and 2010 who underwent RC. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed examining demographic, clinical, and hospital factors influencing the delivery of NAC. These included age, gender, race, income, geographic location, type of treating hospital, clinical stage, and patient comorbidities. Results A total of 5692 patients met our inclusion criteria, 962 (16.9%) of whom received NAC. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed several factors that negatively influenced receipt of NAC: increasing age, lower patient income, and treatment at a nonacademic institution (P Conclusion Although the use of NAC for organ-confined muscle invasive bladder cancer remains low, it is increasing over time. Patients receiving NAC are more likely to be downstaged and achieve complete pathologic downstaging. However, there is considerable variation in treatment patterns based on both clinical and nonclinical factors.
Norepinephrine Uptake, Smooth Muscle Sensitivity, and Metabolizing Enzyme Activity in Rabbit Veins

Some parameters of the adrenergic neuroeffector mechanism were measured in vitro in the central ear (near the base of the ear), common jugular, pulmonary, brachial, femoral, renal, superficial cervical, cephalic, and small saphenous veins, a branch of the deep circumflex iliac vein, the parietal branch of the internal iliac vein, branches of the anterior mesenteric vein, the inferior vena cava (immediately distal to the left renal vein), and a subcutaneous vein of the back. Although extraneuronal uptake of 3H-norepinephrine was the same in all of the veins except the mesenteric, the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine varied widely. A number of veins, including the femoral and superficial cervical veins, showed no neuronal uptake, and the uptake of others, including the cephalic and mesenteric veins, was greater than that measured in any previously studied vascular tissue. The median effective dose for the contractile effect of norepinephrine on the veins was on the same order of magnitude as that for the a...
Optimization of Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Hansen Solubility Parameters

: Process engineering operations in food and nutraceutical industries pertaining to the design of extraction of value-added products from biomass using pressurized liquids involve a careful selection of the solvent and optimal temperature conditions to achieve maximum yield. Complex molecular structure and limited physical property data in the literature of biological solutes extracted from biomass compounds have necessitated the process modeling of such operations. In this study, we have applied the Hansen 3-dimensional solubility parameter concept to optimize the extraction of molecularly complex solutes using subcritical fluid solvents. Hansen solubility spheres characterized by the relative energy differences (RED) have been used to characterize and quantify the solute–subcritical solvent interactions as a function of temperature. The solvent power of subcritical water and compressed hydroethanolic mixtures above their boiling points has been characterized using the above-mentioned method. The use of group contribution methods in collaboration with computerized algorithms to plot the Hansen spheres provides a quantitative prediction tool for optimizing the design of extraction conditions. The method can be used to estimate conditions for solute–solvent miscibility, an optimum temperature range for conducting extractions under pressurized conditions, and approximate extraction conditions of solutes from natural matrices.
Scheduling of Battery Charge, Discharge, and Rest

Electric vehicles operate inefficiently with a naive battery management system that charges or discharges battery cells in a pack based solely on application load demands. The battery pack's operation-time and lifetime can be extended significantly by effectively scheduling (the cyber part) battery charge, discharge, and rest activities, based on the battery characteristics (the physical part). We propose a set of policies for scheduling battery-cell activities, called the weighted-k round-robin (kRR) scheduling framework. This framework dynamically adapts battery-cell activities to load demands and the condition of individual cells, thereby extending the battery pack's operation-time and making them robust to anomalous voltage-imbalances. The framework comprises two key components. First, an adaptive filter estimates the upcoming load demand. Then, based on the estimated load demand, the kRR scheduler determines the number of parallel-connected cells to be discharged simultaneously. The scheduler also effectively partitions the cells in the pack, allowing the cells to be simultaneously charged and discharged in coordination with the battery reconfiguration system we developed earlier [17]. Besides the kRR scheduling framework, we characterize the discharge and recovery efficiency of a Lithium-ion battery cell. The kRR scheduling framework is shown to outperform three alternative scheduling mechanisms with respect to the operation-time by 7-56%, and improve the tolerance of voltage-imbalance by up to 50%.
PATTERNS AND RISK FACTORS OF LOCOREGIONAL RECURRENCE IN T1-T2 NODE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER PATIENTS TREATED WITH MASTECTOMY: IMPLICATIONS FOR POSTMASTECTOMY RADIOTHERAPY

Purpose Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) can reduce locoregional recurrences (LRR) in high-risk patients, but its role in the treatment of lymph node negative (LN-) breast cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify a subgroup of T1-T2 breast cancer patients with LN- who might benefit from PMRT. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed 1,136 node-negative T1-T2 breast cancer cases treated with mastectomy without PMRT at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 1980 and 2004. We estimated cumulative incidence rates for LRR overall and in specific subgroups, and used Cox proportional hazards models to identify potential risk factors. Results Median follow-up was 9 years. The 10-year cumulative incidence of LRR was 5.2% (95% CI: 3.9–6.7%). Chest wall was the most common (73%) site of LRR. Tumor size, margin, patient age, systemic therapy, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were significantly associated with LRR on multivariate analysis. These five variables were subsequently used as risk factors for stratified analysis. The 10-year cumulative incidence of LRR for patients with no risk factors was 2.0% (95% CI: 0.5–5.2%), whereas the incidence for patients with three or more risk factors was 19.7% (95% CI: 12.2–28.6%). Conclusion It has been suggested that patients with T1-T2N0 breast cancer who undergo mastectomy represent a favorable group for which PMRT renders little benefit. However, this study suggests that select patients with multiple risk factors including LVI, tumor size ≥2 cm, close or positive margin, age ≤50, and no systemic therapy are at higher risk of LRR and may benefit from PMRT.
Bitemporal Hemianopia Caused By Bilateral Blepharoptosis

A 49-year-old woman underwent Humphrey Visual Field (HVF) testing to evaluate a complaint of peripheral visual field loss. The HVF demonstrated a bitemporal hemianopia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the optic chiasm was normal. The visual field defect was shown to resolve on repeat testing after raising the upper eyelids with tape. Although rare, bitemporal hemianopic defects may be secondary to eyelid ptosis, especially when associated with lateral eyelid hooding.
The role of mortality awareness in risk management

Efforts to imagine a sustainable world replete with global risk and crisis management capabilities are often hampered by conflation of previously little discussed individual, local, regional and universal understandings of human mortality. Pointing to these variable expectations and experiences of death and dying, the article demonstrates the insufficiency of economic and biomedical perspectives on mortality for building workable policies of risk or crisis management that fully address human senses of hazard, contingency and loss on a global scale. From the initial observation that most perceived hazards represent the observers' mortal vulnerability to the unforeseen, the discussion proceeds to advocate a broader "contingency approach" to risk management, in which principled responses to the prospect, as well as the reality of deaths of all causes are recognised as integral to policies of sustainable existence.
Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the differential effects of the K262R mutation of P450 2B6 on catalytic activity.

Human P450 2B6 is a polymorphic enzyme involved in the oxidative metabolism of a number of clinically relevant substrates. The lysine 262 to arginine mutant of P450 2B6 (P450 2B6.4) has been shown to have differential effects on P450 2B6 catalytic activity. We previously reported that the mutant enzyme was not able to metabolize 17-α-ethynylestradiol (17EE) or become inactivated by 17EE or efavirenz, which are inactivators of the wild-type enzyme. Studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism by which this mutation affects P450 2B6 catalytic activity. Studies using phenyldiazene to investigate differences between the active site topologies of the wild-type and mutant enzymes revealed only minor differences. Similarly, Ks values for the binding of both benzphetamine and efavirenz were comparable between the two enzymes. Using the alternate oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide, the mutant enzyme was inactivated by both 17EE and efavirenz. The stoichiometry of 17EE and efavirenz metabolism by P450s 2B6 and 2B6.4 revealed the mutant enzyme was more uncoupled, producing hydrogen peroxide as the primary product. Interestingly, the addition of cytochrome b5 improved the coupling of the mutant, resulting in increased catalytic activity. In the presence of cytochrome b5 the variant readily metabolized 17EE and was inactivated by both 17EE and efavirenz. It is therefore proposed that the oxyferrous or iron-peroxo intermediate formed by the mutant enzyme in the presence of 17EE and efavirenz may be less stable than the same intermediates formed by the wild-type enzyme.
Oakland A's (B)

The general manager of the Oakland A's professional baseball team must evaluate two salary and bonus plans proposed by the A's star pitcher (see the A case, UVA-QA-0282). The plans call for the pitcher to receive a bonus if the next season's home attendance exceeds a specified number. Historical data are provided on team performance (number of games won), attendance, and the general manager's preseason forecast number of wins. Global Paper is a major player in the worldwide office-products market. It has served Entertainment World, a West Coast business, for many years. Entertainment World has issued an RFP for a global supply of its office products, asking for a proposal with maximum mutual partnership benefits. How should Global Paper respond to this request? This case is part of a series of cases on value-based selling. The A case provides the background. The B case (UVA-M-0720) provides the value mapping and value proposition. A newly appointed vice president for Corporate Communication at the U.S. subsidiary of a Japanese multinational corporation must choose among different methods for aligning corporate philanthropy programs with long-term corporate philosophy and business strategy. This case illustrates the key strategic role of corporate communication in enacting social responsibility. This note introduces basic principles of organizational design and the advantages of several common organizational structures. The principles of design are fit, differentiation, integration, technology, size, span of control, staffing, unity of command, and line versus staff. The structures diagrammed and described are functional, product, customer, geographic, divisional or M-form, matrix, amorphous, and hybrids. The note also discusses the new emerging Information Age organizational forms, which the author calls infocracies.
Corporate Governance in Three Economies: Germany, Japan, and the United States

This case examines the structure of corporate goverance in three economies: Germany, Japan and the United States. It presents the structure and background on the composition of Corporate Boards of Directors. The case sets up a discussion of how corporate governance impacts on managerial decisions.
Teaching Reflective Lawyering in a Small Case Litigation Clinic: A Love Letter to My Clinic

This article describes a live client, small case, teaching and learning centered, criminal defense clinic set in a high volume urban court. It offers concrete suggestions about how clinical educators can help students develop analytic and technical skills. The clinic model is conceived in three phases: giving students the opportunity to develop a contextualized understanding of the client; guiding students through strategic analysis and planning; and focusing students' litigation strategies on executing their strategic vision for their client. The article argues that this clinical setting structures the students' experiences so that they develop a complex and deeply moral lawyerly problem solving model.
Inhibition of endotoxin-induced lung inflammation by interleukin-10 gene transfer in mice

Interleukin (IL)-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that has great potential for use in the treatment of inflammatory and immune illnesses. In this study, gene transfer was used to induce IL-10 tr...
Practicing Food Sovereignty: Spatial Analysis of an Emergent Food System for the Standing Rock Nation

Food sovereignty is understood as the right to determine food systems, and the ability to exercise this right requires the capacity to obtain, produce, and distribute culturally relevant foods. In the Standing Rock Nation of the northern Great Plains, efforts to reclaim food sovereignty include projects to increase the availability of gathered and gardened plants that are necessary components of traditional foods. Toward this objective, a voucher-based food assistance program administered by the Standing Rock Tribe is helping elders obtain culturally meaningful foods while contributing to the growth of farmers' markets within the reservation. As program enrollment and market attendance increase, organizers are considering the spatial arrangement of food system components and its influence on accessibility and participation. Our GIS spatial analysis of voucher issuance and redemption patterns reveals that the minimum cost-distance to market explains 33% of variance in voucher redemption. In order to improve program equity and efficiency, cost-distance models are used to identify potential additional market locations that would reduce the effort associated with trips to market and thus encourage participation. These analyses and possible spatial solutions contribute a powerful tool to improve food-system planning and to enhance the food sovereignty of indigenous communities in rural areas.
Conceptual Tempo and Mother-Child Interaction: Results from a Longitudinal Intervention Program

Summary.-The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of the child's participation in longitudinal intervention upon his conceptual tempo and to assess the relation of maternal and child latencies to their structured teaching internction. Results indicated some effects of treatment upon tempo, but ruled out the effect of mother/child matching or differing latencies upon patterns of interamion. Instead both maternal and child behaviors were affected by maternal latency. Mothers with short latencies and children of mothers with short latencies exhibited more positive interactions and fewer negative interactions. Findings were interpreted in terms of the general dimension of tempo.
Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage

Current genome-editing technologies introduce double-stranded (ds) DNA breaks at a target locus as the first step to gene correction. Although most genetic diseases arise from point mutations, current approaches to point mutation correction are inefficient and typically induce an abundance of random insertions and deletions (indels) at the target locus resulting from the cellular response to dsDNA breaks. Here we report the development of 'base editing', a new approach to genome editing that enables the direct, irreversible conversion of one target DNA base into another in a programmable manner, without requiring dsDNA backbone cleavage or a donor template. We engineered fusions of CRISPR/Cas9 and a cytidine deaminase enzyme that retain the ability to be programmed with a guide RNA, do not induce dsDNA breaks, and mediate the direct conversion of cytidine to uridine, thereby effecting a C→T (or G→A) substitution. The resulting 'base editors' convert cytidines within a window of approximately five nucleotides, and can efficiently correct a variety of point mutations relevant to human disease. In four transformed human and murine cell lines, second- and third-generation base editors that fuse uracil glycosylase inhibitor, and that use a Cas9 nickase targeting the non-edited strand, manipulate the cellular DNA repair response to favour desired base-editing outcomes, resulting in permanent correction of ~15-75% of total cellular DNA with minimal (typically ≤1%) indel formation. Base editing expands the scope and efficiency of genome editing of point mutations.
Survey of a bacillary dysentery outbreak in primary school in Sichuan,2013

On 3,April 2013,an outbreak of bacillary dysentery occurred in a primary school in Yanjiang district of Ziyang,Sichuan province.As of 5 April.265 cases were reported.And 264 cases were students,the attack rate in students was 34%(264 /767).The epidemiological survey indicated that the cause of the outbreak might be the contamination of lunch food with pathogen on 1 and 2 April.
Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer.

Case study: B.L., a 37-year-old Asian man, comes to your office for a physical examination. He mentions that he started taking a daily aspirin because he heard that it would reduce his risk of heart attack and colorectal cancer.
Study of serum bile pigments in jaundiced patients using the Eberlein solvent-partition method.

Abstract Using the solvent-partition method of Eberlein, 95 jaundiced serum samples from 46 adult patients with various hepatobiliary diseases were analyzed for bilirubin and its conjugates. Although technically simple, the method was only semiquantitative because of poor reproducibility, inconstant correlation of results with diazo bilirubin measurements, and difficulty in establishing exact conversion factors. Clinically, the separation of bilirubin and its mono- and diglucuronide conjugates was of little diagnostic or prognostic value. Possible reasons for the limited applicability of this method as a clinical aid have been discussed.
On Certainty and Honesty

The notes known today as On Certainty were written in three different periods of Wittgenstein’s life. Sections §1–§64 of the book were written during Wittgenstein’s visit to America. His student and friend Norman Malcolm was extremely interested in the use of the expression “I know” in Moore’s essays A Defence of Common Sense and Proof of an External World. During Wittgenstein’s visit to Ithaca, Malcolm invited Wittgenstein to discuss these issues with him. In the late summer of 1950, Wittgenstein was diagnosed by Dr Edward Bevan to have cancer of the prostate. While staying at Elizabeth Anscombe’s house in Oxford, Wittgenstein wrote sections §65–§299 of the text. The concluding part of the text was written at the home of Dr Bevan and his wife, when Wittgenstein knew that his death was near. Ray Monk tells us that Wittgenstein said to Mrs. Bevan: “I am going to work now as I have never worked before,” and accordingly Wittgenstein wrote the final remarks of the text that year (§300–§676).1 The last remark is dated April 27th 1951, one day before Wittgenstein lost consciousness and two days before he passed away.
An Antibody Targeted To The Anionic Region Of Human Protease Activated Receptor 4 Inhibits Thrombosis Without Influencing Bleeding

Abstract Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors which are activated by cleavage of their N-terminus by thrombin. This generates a tethered ligand which is then able to activate the corresponding receptor. Human platelets express PAR1 and PAR4, which both have crucial roles in mediating the response of platelets to injury. Our hypothesis is that PAR4 is an ideal target for new anti-platelet therapies because it is required for stable clot formation and has limited tissue distribution. We have previously determined a region on PAR4 that is required for efficient activation by thrombin. A polyclonal antibody (CAN12) targeted to this region of the PAR4 exodomain does not cross react to PAR1. Initial studies determined that CAN12 is able to block thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 10 ng/ml. Control IgG does not inhibit aggregation at 2 mg/ml. In mouse platelets, CAN12 inhibits P-selectin expression and integrin activation. In the Rose-Bengal mouse model of carotid artery thrombosis, CAN12 (1 mg/kg) administered 10 minutes prior to injury was able to completely inhibit the formation of a thrombus in a dose dependent manner. The antibody delayed thrombosis to greater than 90 min; the experiment was terminated at 90 minutes. In contrast, control treatment (2 mg/kg IgG or saline) resulted in complete occlusion at ∼40 minutes. Further, the minimal dose of CAN12 required for complete inhibition of thrombosis (0.5 mg/kg) administered fifteen minutes after injury also delayed thrombosis from ∼50 minutes to ∼80 minutes. This indicates that CAN12 is able to disrupt a thrombus after it has been initiated. Preliminary evidence indicates that CAN12 is able to delay the cleavage of PAR4. Importantly, CAN12 (2 mg/kg) treatment does not increase bleeding time or blood loss in the tail clip assay compared to control IgG (2 mg/kg) treatment. There was also no significant increase in bleeding in the saphenous vein assay. The mice treated with CAN12 (2 mg/kg) had an average bleeding time of 102 seconds for 12 clot formations in 20 minutes compared to the control mice (IgG 2 mg/kg) which had an average bleeding time of 143 seconds for 11 clot formations. These data demonstrate that we are able to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo without influencing bleeding time. Overall, these studies provide insight towards the development of new anti-platelet therapies and, specifically, PAR4 as an antiplatelet therapy target. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
In Situ Doping Strategy for the Preparation of Conjugated Triazine Frameworks Displaying Efficient CO2 Capture Performance.

An in situ doping strategy has been developed for the generation of a novel family of hexaazatriphenylene-based conjugated triazine frameworks (CTFs) for efficient CO2 capture. The resulting task-specific materials exhibit an exceptionally high CO2 uptake capacity (up to 4.8 mmol g–1 at 297 K and 1 bar). The synergistic effects of ultrananoporosity and rich N/O codoped CO2-philic sites bestow the framework with the highest CO2 adsorption capacity among known porous organic polymers (POPs). This innovative approach not only enables superior CO2 separation performance but also provides tunable control of surface features on POPs, thereby affording control over bulk material properties. We anticipate this novel strategy will facilitate new possibilities for the rational design and synthesis of nanoporous materials for carbon capture.
How Do Auditors Order Their Tasks, and How Does Task Ordering Affect Performance?

I examine how the subjectivity of task criteria influences auditors’ ordering and performance of audit tasks under time pressure. Tasks with more objective criteria provide little flexibility in how well they can be completed (i.e. they are either performed correctly or incorrectly). On the other hand, tasks with more subjective criteria have a wider range of performance levels that satisfy the “letter” of the criteria, but not necessarily the “spirit.” I predict and find that under high time pressure, auditors tend to prioritize completion of an objective task over a subjective task, resulting in lower performance on the subjective task relative to when time pressure is low. By decreasing performance only on subjective tasks, auditors can address all of the criteria for both tasks if only in letter, rather than in spirit. I predict that this effect will be mitigated by informing auditors of heightened inherent risk related to the subjective task. While I find that auditors have an increased likelihood of performing the subjective task first when this task has higher inherent risk, I do not find differences in performance on either task relative to when inherent risk for both tasks was the same.
Minocycline blocks glial cell activation and ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia.

The signals for neural plasticity in medullary respiratory centers underlying ventilatory acclimatization to chronic hypoxia are unknown. We show that chronic hypoxia activates microglia and subseq...
Epidemiology of Human and Animal Viral Diseases

Viral disease epidemiology is the study of the determinants, dynamics, and distribution of viral diseases in populations. The risk of infection or disease in a population is determined by characteristics of the virus, the host, and the host population, as well as behavioral, environmental, and ecological factors that affect virus transmission from one host to another. Viral disease epidemiology has come to have a major role in clarifying the etiologic role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of specific diseases, in improving our understanding of the overall nature of specific viral diseases, and in determining factors affecting host susceptibility and immunity, in unraveling modes of transmission, in clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, in determining the safety, efficacy, and utility of vaccines and antiviral drugs, and especially in alerting and directing disease prevention and control actions. Information on incidence, prevalence, and morbidity and mortality rates contributes directly to the establishment of priorities for prevention and control programs, whether this involves vaccine or drug development and delivery, environmental and hygienic improvements, enhancement of nutritional status, personal or community behavior, agricultural and food processing enhancements, reservoir host and vector control, and international cooperation and communication.
Change deafness for real spatialized environmental scenes

The everyday auditory environment is complex and dynamic; often, multiple sounds co-occur and compete for a listener’s cognitive resources. ‘Change deafness’, framed as the auditory analog to the well-documented phenomenon of ‘change blindness’, describes the finding that changes presented within complex environments are often missed. The present study examines a number of stimulus factors that may influence change deafness under real-world listening conditions. Specifically, an AX (same-different) discrimination task was used to examine the effects of both spatial separation over a loudspeaker array and the type of change (sound source additions and removals) on discrimination of changes embedded in complex backgrounds. Results using signal detection theory and accuracy analyses indicated that, under most conditions, errors were significantly reduced for spatially distributed relative to non-spatial scenes. A second goal of the present study was to evaluate a possible link between memory for scene contents and change discrimination. Memory was evaluated by presenting a cued recall test following each trial of the discrimination task. Results using signal detection theory and accuracy analyses indicated that recall ability was similar in terms of accuracy, but there were reductions in sensitivity compared to previous reports. Finally, the present study used a large and representative sample of outdoor, urban, and environmental sounds, presented in unique combinations of nearly 1000 trials per participant. This enabled the exploration of the relationship between change perception and the perceptual similarity between change targets and background scene sounds. These (post hoc) analyses suggest both a categorical and a stimulus-level relationship between scene similarity and the magnitude of change errors.
Time, Space, or Econotimespace?

Here, the conception of space refers to two-dimensional geographic space, either in its absolute or its relative mathematical representation, and either discretized or continuous in its physical representation. Here, the conception of time refers to a one-dimensional irreversible sequencing of events, almost always measured with uniform separation intervals. The former has been a focal point of spatial statistics, whereas the latter has been a focal point of conventional econometrics. One interface of these two conceptions is space–time, which integrates the two dimensions of space with the one dimension of time into a single three-dimensional conception for locating objects. This is a focal point of both spatial statistics and spatial econometrics. One manifestation of it is econotimespace, which captures economic dynamics in terms of geographic relationships among economic activities occupying spatial economic landscapes.
Innovation Governance Competition: Payment Modernization Strategies in India and China

After decades of trade liberalization and ever greater integration of domestic economies into global markets, actors in both public and private sectors recognize the importance of innovation as a source of global comparative advantage. At the same time that governments in advanced market economies compete to foster innovation ecosystems within their domestic economies, private enterprises are complicating governments’ calculations by spawning new private global governance institutions. Payment card networks such as Visa and MasterCard are examples of global private regulators that can leverage their power in global markets to challenge the authority of local regulators. Public regulators in advanced market economies have used a variety of policy instruments to try to reassert their control over card networks, with only modest results. Both China and India have recently launched aggressive payment system modernization strategies as part of their national economic development plans. As part of those payment system modernization strategies, China launched China UnionPay in 2002, and by 2014, China UnionPay had become the second largest card network in the world, ahead of MasterCard and behind Visa. India is pursuing a more complex, standards-based payment system modernization strategy, and launched the RuPay card network in 2010 as part of its financial inclusion strategy. China and India have simply sidestepped the problem of how to control platform operators with de facto regulatory powers by launching competing national card networks to promote local economic development and block the local influence of global card networks at the same time.
A Property for a Counterexample to CARMICHAËL’S Conjecture

There are many papers on this subject, but the author cites the papers which have influenced him, especially Klee’s papers. Let n be a counterexample to Carmichael’s conjecture.
Recent Results on B Decays from CLEO

Using the CLEO detector[2] at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), we have measured, or set limits on, a variety of hadronic decays of the B meson with branching ratios in the range of 10-3 to 10-5. The data sample consists of 3.1 fb-1 on the Υ(4S) resonance which contains 3.3 million B B events and 10 million continuum events.
GG-01 Hypomethylation of STAT1 and HLA-DRB1 in CD8+ T cells is associated with type-I interferon-dependent HLA-DRB1 overexpression and activation of autologous CD4+ T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by epigenetic dysregulation, and increased autoantibody and type-I interferon (IFN) production. The goal of this study was to explore possible pathogenic roles of CD8 +T cells in lupus through characterizing DNA methylation changes. Methods Genome-wide DNA methylation of lupus and age, sex and ethnicity-matched control CD8+ T cells was measured using the Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays. Data preprocessing and statistical analysis of differentially methylated CpG sites was performed using GenomeStudio (Illumina). Gene ontology analysis of differentially methylated sites was performed with DAVID. Measurement of HLA-DRB1 expression on the surface of lupus and control CD8+ T cells with and without interferon alpha (IFNα) was performed by flow cytometry. Co-incubation of IFNα-treated CD8+ T cells from lupus patients and controls with autologous naive CD4+ T cells to assess effects on CD4+ T cell stimulation were performed. CD8+ T cell mRNA levels normalized to β-actin were quantified by qPCR. Results Lupus CD8+ T cells had 188 hypomethylated CpG sites compared to healthy matched controls. Among the most demethylated were sites associated with HLA-DRB1 (Δβ=−0.33) and STAT1 (Δβ=−0.15). The proportion of CD8+ T cells expressing HLA-DRB1 was significantly higher in lupus compared to controls. IFNα treatment upregulated cell surface expression of HLA-DRB1 on CD8+ T cells of lupus patients but not healthy controls. Co-incubation of naive CD4+ T cells with IFNα-treated autologous CD8+ T cells led to increased expression of the stimulation marker CD69 on CD4+ T cells in lupus patients, but not in healthy controls. This effect can be abrogated using HLA-DR blocking antibodies. Lupus and control CD8+ T cells significantly increased STAT1 mRNA levels after treatment with IFNα. The expression of CIITA, a key interferon/STAT1 dependent MHC-class II regulator, is only induced by IFNα in lupus CD8+ T cells, but not healthy controls. Conclusions HLA-DRB1 and STAT1 loci are hypomethylated and epigenetically poised for overexpression in lupus CD8+ T cells in the presence of type-I interferon. IFNα-treated lupus CD8+ T cells stimulate autologous CD4+ T cells in vitro and blocking of HLA-DR on CD8+ T cells can reduce this effect. These data suggest a possible pathogenic role for CD8+ T cells in lupus that is dependent upon a high type-I interferon environment and epigenetic priming. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health grant number R01AI097134.
Abstract 190: Mir-33 Inhibition Alters Monocyte/macrophage Kinetic Processes to Promote Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression

Previous studies have identified microRNA-33 (miR-33) as a key regulator of metabolic gene pathways involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. Inhibition of miR-33 promotes the regression ...