cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emissivity measurement of the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility

The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility is a 3 meter infrared optimized telescope available to the astronomical community based on a peer reviewed applications. Efforts underway for two years to reduce the telescope emission in the infrared have reduced the telescope emissivity by more than a factor of two. This paper will report on the present telescope emissivity, the method used to measure the telescope emissivity, and cleaning procedures.
Decomposition and nitrogen release of prunings from hedgerow species assessed for alley cropping in Haiti.

Decomposition and N release patterns from prunings of eight tree species were studied under field conditions. Leaves and stems ( 50 kg N ha -1 during the first 4 to 6 wk, whereas at high elevation A. angustissima contributed <40 kg N ha -1 during the period. Leaf N release correlated negatively with (lignin + polyphenol):N at low elevation. At the low elevation, gliricidia, L. shannonii, and leucaena provided adequate N for maize production in alley cropping. At the high elevation, A. angustissima contained adequate N, but N release rate may not meet peak N demands of an associated crop.
Crossover scaling in biased self-avoiding walks

We discuss biased self-avoiding walks defined as self-avoiding random walks with anisotropic or different weights for steps in the same direction as the previous step and those in a different direction. This problem is a discrete analog of the stiff ``wormlike'' chain in polymer physics but with the excluded-volume effect included. Our approach extends that of Halley, Nakanishi, and Sundararajan to include three dimensions. The scaling analyses of our Monte Carlo simulations for the simple cubic and square lattices suggest qualitative differences in the effect of excluded volume on the chain conformation in the stiff limit betwen two and three dimensions in a manner similar to a suggestion made by Petschek. In the limit of gauche weight p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 and contour length N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, we find scaling for the mean-square end-to-end distance 〈${R}^{2}$〉 with the crossover exponent one as before; however, the scaling function in three dimensions closely matches the random stiff-chain result with no excluded volume while that in two dimensions exhibits marked deviation from the random limit.
R70-6 Use of Functional Approximation Methods in the Computer Solution of Initial Value Partial Differential Equation Problems

The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad review of a class of unconventional computational methods for solving certain partial differential equations. The most widely used analog and digital techniques for solving initial-value problems involve the discretization of the space domain, with the aid of finite difference approximations. In the case of digital methods, there results a set of algebraic equations which must be solved for each step in the time domain. In analog techniques, finite difference approximations lead to a set of simultaneous ordinary differential equations, one for each grid point in this space domain. These equations can then be integrated using analog integrators. Although quite general in their applicability, finite differences methods often entail excessive and uneconomical computational efforts. This shortcoming, as well as the desire to explore new potential applications for hybrid computers, has led a number of investigators to experiment with alternative techniques, techniques which the author of the paper under review has chosen to classify as functional approximation methods.
Spectral diffusion, phonon echoes, and saturation recovery in glasses at low temperatures

Many features of glasses below 1 K are explicable in terms of localized tunneling levels, for which a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ analogy exists. Here we show that spectral diffusion, resulting from fluctuations in resonant frequency, is essential to our understanding of recent ultrasonic experiments. Our model involves a coupling among the levels of the form ${J}_{\mathrm{ij}}{S}_{z}^{i}{S}_{z}^{j}$, which acquires a time dependence when a spin-flipping rate ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is introduced. For two- and three-pulse phonon-echo experiments near $T=20$ mK, we predict phase-memory times which agree qualitatively with the experimental results of Golding and Graebner. For saturation recovery, we predict a linewidth whose time dependence should be observable near $T=100$ mK. Estimates of tunneling-model parameters and comparison with specific-heat experiments suggest that glasses may contain two types of tunneling levels.
Direct spinal cord perfusion pressure monitoring in extensive distal aortic aneurysm repair.

Background Although maintenance of adequate spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) by the paraspinal collateral network is critical to the success of surgical and endovascular repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, direct monitoring of SCPP has not previously been described. Methods A catheter was inserted into the distal end of a ligated thoracic segmental artery (SA) (T6 to L1) in 13 patients, 7 of whom underwent descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Spinal cord perfusion pressure was recorded from this catheter before, during, and after serial SA sacrifice, in pairs, from T3 through L4, at 32°C. Somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were also monitored during SA sacrifice and until 1 hour after cardiopulmonary bypass. Target mean arterial pressure was 90 mm Hg during SA sacrifice and after nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass, and 60 mm Hg during cardiopulmonary bypass. Results A mean of 9.8 ± 2.6 SAs were sacrificed without somatosensory and motor evoked potential loss. Spinal cord perfusion pressure fell from 62 ± 12 mm Hg (76% ± 11% of mean arterial pressure) before SA sacrifice to 53 ± 13 mm Hg (58% ± 15% of mean arterial pressure) after SA clamping. The most significant drop occurred with initiation of nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass, reaching 29 ± 11 mm Hg (46% ± 18% of mean arterial pressure) before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Spinal cord perfusion pressure recovered during rewarming to 40 ± 14 mm Hg (51% ± 20% of mean arterial pressure), and further within the first hour of reestablished pulsatile flow. Somatosensory and motor evoked potentials returned in all patients intraoperatively. Recovery of SCPP began intraoperatively, and in 5 patients with prolonged monitoring, continued during the first 24 hours postoperatively. All but 1 patient, who had remarkably low postoperative SCPPs and experienced paraparesis, regained normal spinal cord function. Conclusions This study supports experimental data showing that SCPP drops markedly but then recovers gradually during the first several hours after extensive SA sacrifice. Direct monitoring may help prevent a fall of SCPP below levels critical for spinal cord recovery after surgery and endovascular repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.
Forensic investigation of gentamicin sulfates by anion-exchange ion chromatography with pulsed electrochemical detection

Many methods exist for the separation of gentamicin C complex components, C1, C1a, C2 and C2a. In an investigation of possible counterfeit suppliers of gentamicin sulfate, a new method utilized high-pH anion-exchange separation on a carbohydrate column, with pulsed electrochemical detection on a gold electrode. Component ratios and the presence and/or absence of additional peaks were used to link or dissociate forensic samples.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Retrieval Processing: Effects of Consistent versus Inconsistent Retrieval Demands

Studies employing event-related potentials (ERPs) during tests of recognition memory have reported differences in neural activity elicited by new test items according to the specific demands of the retrieval task, such as retrieving studied words versus pictures. The present study investigated whether differential processing of new items is possible when retrieval demands vary unpredictably on a trial-by-trial basis. In separate study-test phases, subjects encoded lists of intermixed words and pictures, and undertook retrieval tests with words as test items. Each test item was preceded by a task cue that signaled whether subjects were to attempt to retrieve a word or a picture from the study list. In the “blocked”condition, the targeted study material remained constant throughout the test, whereas in the “mixed”condition, the targeted material varied unpredictably across trials. New-item ERPs were more positive-going when words rather than pictures were targeted in the “blocked” condition, replicating previous findings, but this effect was absent in the “mixed”condition. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that differential processing of retrieval cues depends upon the adoption of different task sets (“retrieval orientations” that develop over multiple trials and cannot be adjusted merely in response to an instructional cue. Unlike the new-item ERPs, ERPs elicited by the task cues in the mixed condition differed according to targeted material, but only on trials when there was a switch between target material. The implications of these findings for understanding the different retrieval strategies engaged when retrieval demands are consistent versus inconsistent are discussed.
Nonvolcanic tremors deep beneath the San Andreas Fault.

We have discovered nonvolcanic tremor activity (i.e., long-duration seismic signals with no clear P or S waves) within a transform plate boundary zone along the San Andreas Fault near Cholame, California, the inferred epicentral region of the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake (moment magnitude ~7.8). The tremors occur between 20 to 40 kilometers' depth, below the seismogenic zone (the upper ~15 kilometers of Earth's crust where earthquakes occur), and their activity rates may correlate with variations in local earthquake activity.
Percutaneous closure of complex post-infarct ventricular septal defect under 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic guidance.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5][![Graphic][6] ][6] A 52-year-old man presented in cardiogenic shock 3 days after experiencing an anteroseptal myocardial infarction and was found to have a large ventricular septal defect on
Effect of Changing VOC Influent Composition on the Microbial Community Structure of TBABs

Microbial communities in trickle bed air biofilters (TBABs) were evaluated under conditions of interchanging the feed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and VOC mixtures. Three independent TBABs (Biofilter “A,” “B,” and “C”) were run under interchanging VOCs conditions with different initial VOCs. Two aromatic compounds (toluene and styrene) and two oxygenated compounds (methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)) were interchanged as single solutes. Two other TBABs “D” and “E” were run for two VOC mixtures. Biofilter “D” had a VOC mixture with equal molar ratio of the four components and Biofilter “E” received a VOC mixture with its composition based on EPA 2003 emission report. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA genes was used to assess the microbial richness in TBABs for treating the VOC mixtures and the impact of interchanging VOCs on the bacterial community structure in the biofilters. The results from DGGE indicated that the microbial community structure in the biofilter was different after each interchange of VOCs. Some bands of microbial species faded and some bands were strengthened. For the two TBABs treating VOC mixtures, the microbial species did not show significant difference, but the richness among these species was different from each other.
Characterization of a potent biotin-conjugated CRF analog and the response of anterior pituitary corticotropes

Abstract A biotin-conjugated synthetic corticotropin releasing factor (B-CRF) was prepared and characterized. Its biological activity and binding affinity were compared with that of unlabeled synthetic CRF. Both forms of the releasing factor were equipotent in in vitro studies measuring the release of corticotropin (ACTH) (ED 50 =1 nM). The IC 50 in the binding assays was 1.5 nM for CRF and 4 nM for B-CRF. Dual avidin-biotin peroxidase complex stains were then used in pituitary monolayer cultures to visualize receptivity to the releasing factor and to confirm opiocortin storage in the target cells. All corticotropes showed stain for B-CRF. The percentage of cells that were double-labled for ACTH and CRF increased with the dose of B-CRF during a four hour incubation period. The CRF stain was abolished, however, when an excess of unlabeled CRF was added to compete with B-CRF. The distribution of the B-CRF and ACTH stains varied in the cells with the time of exposure to the analog. These studies show that biotin-conjugated CRF is a potent analog that can be demonstrated cytochemically on cells identified immunocytochemically as corticotropes. It can be used to follow important events associated with CRF stimulation including the rapid internalization of CRF coupled with the mobilization of corticotropin stores and the formation of cellular processes.
Selective modification of the 2-position of pyridoxol

Pyridoxol, protected by acetylation of the hydroxyl groups, has been converted to its N-oxide which upon reaction with perfluoroacetie anhydride yields a 2-nor-2-hydroxymethylpyridoxol derivative as an intermediate. This compound undergoes acyl migration from the 3-position. Protection of the pyridoxol hydroxyls by benzylalion followed by the same treatment yields the unrearranged α2-hydroxy derivative. This compound has been converted to a series of α2-substituted pyridoxols (X = -Cl, -Br, -OCOCH3, -OCH3, -OC2H5).
Alterations in tumor necrosis factor-induced endothelial cell procoagulant activity by hyperthermia.

TNF is a cytokine with potent antitumor activity in murine models and when administered clinically via regional perfusion. There is substantial evidence that this antitumor activity depends in large part on TNF's procoagulant effect on tumor neovasculature, which is mediated by induction of endothelial cell tissue factor (TF), a component of the extrinsic clotting cascade. In regional perfusion of a cancer-bearing limb or organ, TNF is always administered under hyperthermic temperatures; however, little is known about the effect of hyperthermia on TNF-mediated procoagulant activity in endothelium. We examined the effects of hyperthermia on TNF-mediated procoagulant activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were exposed to TNF at normothermic (37°C) and hyperthermic (41°C) temperatures for 90 min, then assayed for clotting activity, TF protein production and mRNA production of TF and tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), an endogenous inducible inhibitor of TF activity in HUVECs. TNF treatment at 41°C significantly reduced clotting activity, TF protein and mRNA as well as TFPI-2 mRNA compared to treatment at 37°C. These data show that hyperthermia significantly reduces the procoagulant effects of TNF on endothelial tissue compared to normothermia, which may have important clinical implications for the use of TNF in regional perfusion. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discounting Works in the Hotel Industry: A Structural Approach to Understanding Why:

This case study provides an empirical assessment of the relationship between discounting hotel room rates and hotel financial performance. The dynamics of the lodging industry are accounted for through the adoption of an error correction model. Recent research suggests that the use of discounting room rates may not be an effective pricing strategy as it results in increased occupancy rates at decreased average daily rates, thereby reducing a common financial performance indicator � revenue per available room (revPAR). The recommendation made to hotel managers, then, is to avoid discounting and instead adopt an average rate. This study generates opposing findings and reveals that discounting may be a practical short-term pricing solution that may compensate for market disequilibria. The results suggest that using statistical residuals rather than room rate averages may more accurately forecast appropriate hotel room rates and balance supply and demand. Thus, the recommendation of adopting average room rates may provide incorrect implications for managers in the short run.
SU-GG-T-554: A Simple Method to Determine Couch and Collimator Angles in 3-Field Breast Irradiation

Purpose: In 3‐field breast irradiation, it is essential to ensure field match between tangential and supraclavicular fields. A perfect field match can be easily accomplished with single‐isocenter technique, no couch or collimator rotations. For tangential field length larger than 20cm, symmetric tangential fields are used and thus appropriate couch and collimator rotations are needed to avoid field overlapping due to beam divergence. There are various methods to determine the couch and collimator angles, from rigorous geometric coordinate transformations to empirical approximations, each having advantages and shortcomings. The purpose of this study is to develop a lookup table method that is both accurate and easy to use. Method and Materials: Assuming symmetric tangential fields Y1=Y2=Y/2, couch and collimator angles needed to achieve a perfect field match are calculated using Siddon's formulae: sin (θ couch )= sin (β)/ sin (θ gantry ) , sin (θ collimator )= tan (β)/ tan (θ gantry ) , where tan(β)=Y2/SAD. A lookup table of couch and collimator angles as a function of θgantry and Y2 is then created for future easy access. Results: The lookup table helps determine appropriate couch and collimator angles during simulation and planning. For example, for θ gantry =55° , Y=20cm, it can be easily found from the table that θ couch =7° and θ collimator =4° . The couch and collimator angles increase with increasing field length and decreasing gantry angle. The collimator angle can also be expressed as a fraction of the couch angle. In most cases the ratio of θcollimator to θcouch ranges from 0.3 to 0.6. Conclusion: We have developed a lookup table method to help determine precisely the couch and collimator angles to achieve geometric match in 3‐field breast irradiation. The table is simple and easy to use. It eliminates the need for a calculator or computer program. It becomes a handy tool for dosimetrists, physicists and radiation oncologists. Similar lookup tables can be created for head & neck and craniospinal irradiations.
Diffusion of chlorine in granitic melts

Abstract The chemical diffusivity of Cl in granitic and haplogranitic melts was determined as a function of temperature (650–1400°C), pressure (1 bar–4.6 kbar), H 2 O content and NaCl concentration. Three series of experiments were made: (1) high temperature runs at 1 atm with a NaCl liquid, (2) runs at pressures to 2 kbar with a pure NaCl liquid or NaCl-rich brine and (3) H 2 O-rich runs with NaCl/HCl solutions at pressures to 4.6 kbar. Chlorine concentrations were determined by electron microprobe. Chlorine diffusion follows the Arrhenius equation in both high temperature (log ( D ) = −4.5−4502/ T (K)) and H 2 O-rich runs containing 10 wt% NaCl solution at 2 kbar (log ( D ) = −2.19−5780/ T (K)). The pressure effect at 850°C is moderate for both NaCl-rich (log ( D ) = −8.487−0.125 P ) and H 2 O - rich runs (log ( D ) = −7.26−0.103 P ). D Cl is related to the concentration of NaCl in the initial solutions for H 2 O-rich runs. At 850°C and 2 kbar, D Cl ranges from log( D ) = −7.24 (5.8 wt% NaCl solution) to log ( D ) = −7.59 (20 wt% NaCl solution), where D is in cm 2 /s. D Cl in runs with a 10 wt% HCl solution is several times higher than with a 10 wt% NaCl solution at the same PT conditions. Furthermore, at higher concentration of NaCl, D Cl is lower. It was found that in the NaCl-rich series D Cl increases very sharply with the addition of H 2 O to the glass to 2–3 wt%, further addition of H 2 O has a significantly smaller effect. This difference is interpreted as a result of the change in the melt structure. The relationship of D Cl and viscosity does not follow the Eyring equation in the high temperature runs. The results of this study, combined with other investigations suggest that diffusion rates of volatiles decrease as: CO 2 >H 2 O>Cl>F. This indicates that during magma evolution differentiation of the volatile constituents may occur.
MU1: A very high affinity subtype of enkephalin binding sites in rat brain

Abstract Displacement studies [ 3 H][DAla 2 MePhe 4 Glyol 5 ]-enkephalin ([ 3 H]DAGO) and [ 3 H][DAla 2 DLeu 5 ]-enkephalin ([ 3 H]DADL) by the corresponding unlabeled ligands show that there are at least three classes of sites which bind these enkephalin analogs with high affinity. Using computer modeling, the introduction of the third site significantly improved the goodness of fit in ten consecutive experiments. These sites appear to correspond to the μ, δ and μ 1 sites, with mean dissociation constants of 11, 1.3 and 0.9 nM for DADL and 2.5, 300 and 0.3 nM for DAGO, respectively.
Null-Space Function Estimation for the Interior Problem

In single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), projection data can be truncated when the camera's field of view is smaller than the object to be imaged. Using truncated projections to reconstruct a region of interest (ROI) is a reality we must face if small detectors are used. The truncated data result in an underdetermined system of imaging equations, which may lead to non-unique solutions. Data sampling and photon attenuation may also affect the solution uniqueness and stability. The uniqueness of the solutions in the ROI can be investigated by studying the null-space functions in the ROI. This paper uses an iterative algorithm to estimate the null-space image, to determine the sampling conditions under which a stable ROI reconstruction is possible with truncated data and to investigate whether attenuation can influence the ROI reconstruction bias. This iterative algorithm is validated by the singular value decomposition method. We show that if the ROI is sufficiently sampled, the null-space image is close to zero inside the ROI, and any almost-zero offset is insignificant in SPECT, because the noise is a much more dominating degradation factor.
Discovery of potent selective bioavailable phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) inhibitors active in an osteoarthritis pain model. Part II: Optimization studies and demonstration of in vivo efficacy

Selective phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) inhibitors are shown to have efficacy in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA) pain. We identified potent, selective PDE2 inhibitors by optimizing residual PDE2 activity in a series of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, while minimizing PDE4 inhibitory activity. These newly designed PDE2 inhibitors bind to the PDE2 enzyme in a cGMP-like binding mode orthogonal to the cAMP-like binding mode found in PDE4. Extensive structure activity relationship studies ultimately led to identification of pyrazolodiazepinone, 22, which was >1000-fold selective for PDE2 over recombinant, full length PDEs 1B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 4C, 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B, 9, 10 and 11. Compound 22 also retained excellent PDE2 selectivity (241-fold to 419-fold) over the remaining recombinant, full length PDEs, 1A, 4D, 5, and 6. Compound 22 exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties and excellent oral bioavailability (F=78%, rat). In an in vivo rat model of OA pain, compound 22 had significant analgesic activity 1 and 3h after a single, 10 mg/kg, subcutaneous dose.
Temporal order in yeast chromosome replication.

Abstract Previous work with bacteria has shown that a gene is maximally sensitive to mutagenesis by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) at the time it is being replicated. NG was used to test for temporal order in the replication of the genome of the unicellular eucaryote, Saccaromyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells growing exponentially were more sensitive to mutagenesis by NG than cells in which DNA synthesis had been inhibited. Further, in a synchronized population of cells, individual genetic markers exhibited maximum sensitivity to mutagenesis at distinct limited intervals within the DNA synthesis period. The peaks of sensitivity are interpreted as reflecting the times of replication of different genes. Since markers for five genes on four different chromosomes showed discrete periods of maximum sensitivity, it is likely that temporal ordering of replication exists for most genes in the yeast genome. These results imply that sites for initiation of DNA replication occur at fairly specific regions along yeast chromosomal DNA molecules, and are activated at predetermined times in the DNA synthesis period.
On the effects of accretion and fragmentation in interplanetary matter streams

The time evolution of interplanetary matter streams is studied using simple mathematical models, taking into account the effects of accretion and fragmentation. While the characteristic behaviour is determined essentiall by Λ0, the initial ratio of the accretion time scale to the internal collision time scale, a focussing following an initial expansion is generally observed. The relevance of the results to cosmogenic ‘Jet-Streams’ as well as present day meteor streams is discussed.
The characterization of the pathway of maltose utilization by Escherichia coli II. General properties and mechanism of action of amylomaltase

Abstract The enzymic behavior of the purified amylomaltase was investigated and the following observations reported: 1. 1. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 6.9. 2. 2. The turnover number of amylomaltase was found to be 1160 moles of maltose/mole of enzyme/min at 28° and pH 6.9. 3. 3. The enzyme acts upon maltose with the release of one molecule of glucose for each maltose molecule cleaved. 4. 4. The reaction catalyzed by amylomaltase has an equilibrium constant close to one (depending on the size of the polymer formed). 5. 5. Heavy metals, such as Hg ++ , Cu ++ , Ni ++ and Zn ++ , inhibit the enzyme. 6. 6. The mechanism of action of amylomaltase indicates the release of the reducing end of the maltose molecule as free glucose, whereas the non-reducing end is contributed toward the formation of the polymer. 7. 7. Studies pertaining to the substrates and inhibitors of the enzyme indicated the requirement for equatorial hydroxyl groups at carbon atoms 2 and 4 of the non-reducing end of the molecule, and the presence of carbon 6 of both the reducing and non-reducing ends of the molecule and the requirement of an unsubstituted carbon atom 1 of the reducing end of the molecule.
Spin‐free quantum chemistry. XVII. The Hückel–Hubbard theory and the Woodward–Hoffmann rules

We have developed a many-body version of Woodward–Hoffmann theory which is capable of rapid computation of π-electronic surfaces. This theory, called the Huckel–Hubbard theory, employs Huckel parameters as reaction coordinates and the Hubbard parameter for electron repulsion. We apply it to the cis-trans isomerization of ethylene and to several pericyclic reactions.
STE12, a protein involved in cell-type-specific transcription and signal transduction in yeast, is part of protein-DNA complexes.

The STE12 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for the expression of genes required for mating, such as those involved in pheromone response, and for genes unrelated to mating but regulated by the presence of an adjacent copy of the transposable element Tyl. We show that the STE12 protein is a component of specific DNA-protein complexes that form with transcriptional control elements from Tyl and the a-pheromone receptor gene STE2. Although a sequence involved in pheromone-dependent transcriptional activation is protected in both complexes, competition experiments indicate that the complexes are intrinsically different from each other. We show that another factor involved in cell-type-specific transcription, PRTF/GRM, is a component of the complex with the STE2 fragment but not the Tyl fragment. We propose that the STE12 product interacts with different transcription factors in different sequence contexts and that PRTF/GRM is one of these factors.
A Genetic Perspective on Eye Evolution: Gene Sharing, Convergence and Parallelism

Did the diversity of lens-containing eyes evolve from one ancestral eye (monophyletic evolution) or from multiple, independently derived eyes (polyphyletic evolution)? Monophyletic evolution would make diverse eyes homologous (inherited similarities from a common ancestor); polyphyletic evolution would make eyes homoplasious (independently acquired similarities). Historically, anatomical and developmental differences among eyes of different species favored homoplasy; however, recent molecular data indicating that all eyes employ a similar cascade of transcription factors (proteins regulating gene expression) for development have suggested homology. Comparative studies on invertebrates and vertebrates suggest that the use of common networks of developmental transcription factors may be due to parallel evolution, a form of homoplasy by independent recruitments of similar genes and transcriptional networks. Remarkably, the photoreceptors of lens-containing jellyfish eyes have ciliary photoreceptors, like vertebrate photoreceptors, and apparently employ a vertebrate phototransduction system (linked biochemical processes converting light into nervous electrical impulse), consistent with parallel evolution between jellyfish and vertebrate eyes. Finally, the major proteins conferring the lens optical properties—the crystallins—were recruited by a gene-sharing process (the addition of a new gene function without loss of the original function) from various stress proteins and common metabolic enzymes in different species by convergent mutations (derived independently, not related by common ancestry) in their promoters (gene regulatory sequences) leading to high lens expression. Thus, the data indicate that homology or homoplasy of diverse eyes depends upon the level of analysis.
The interpretations of library use in the age of digital libraries: Virtualizing the name

There have been numerous changes in the way that libraries organize information and how users seek, gain access to, and obtain library materials. These changes have modified many traditional library services, introduced new jargon, and created new library uses. If students are to become self-sustaining and effective users of information sources and services, they need to understand various library uses. This article reports a case study designed to examine the extent to which college students agree in interpreting the term library use. The degree of variation in how these students interpret basic library activities is high. The study's findings suggest that the notion of the library as a space is better agreed upon than the notion of the library as a store or service. Since the library use study is carried out in the context of rapidly changing information technology, this two-prong article will first discuss five different shifts that characterize the transitional nature of today's libraries; then the library use study will be discussed, and possible conclusions will be drawn. The findings have wide implications for designing user-centered information access instructional programs.
Electromagnetic imaging of underground targets using constrained optimization

Several high-frequency electromagnetic techniques have been used in recent years to detect and identify buried objects. Post-processing of the collected data is performed in many of these techniques to obtain high-quality images of buried targets. Accurate reconstructions of the target's constitutive parameters can be obtained by casting the imaging problem in terms of an inverse electromagnetic scattering problem. A number of techniques have been put forth recently to invert the electromagnetic data to obtain such images. The authors use a frequency-domain Born iterative method to reconstruct images of shallow targets. The Born iterative technique requires successive solutions to a forward scattering problem followed by an inverse scattering problem at each iteration step. They use a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm to solve the forward scattering problem and constrained optimization for the inverse problem. Two-dimensional simulated data for several canonical objects buried in the ground are obtained using the FDTD technique. The same FDTD code is also used in calculating the Green's function required for solving the constrained optimization problem. Lossy, inhomogeneous ground models are used in several simulations to illustrate the use of this technique for practical situations. The inversion process can be used to reconstruct images for many realistic dielectric contrasts for which a linear Born approximation fails. Moreover, it is also shown that a small number of measurements results in accurate reconstructions with this technique. Use of multiple frequencies is also investigated. >
Sugar-responsive block copolymers by direct RAFT polymerization of unprotected boronic acid monomers

Novel sugar-responsive block copolymers were prepared by RAFT block copolymerization of unprotected boronic acid monomers, providing a direct route to supramolecular assemblies that dissociate upon the addition of glucose.
The Dimensionality Of Program Complexity

Software complexity metrics attempt to define the unique chaxacteristics of computer programs in an analytical way. Many such metrics have been developed to explain various perceived differences among programs. Many studies have been conducted to show the similarity among classes of these metrics. What is lacking in this body of literature is a technique which will aid in the establishment of the true dimensionality of the complexity problem space. The objective of this paper is to examine some recent investigations in the area of software complexity using factor analysis to begin an exploration of the actual di- mensionality of the complexity metrics. This technique can expose the relationships of these many metrics, one to another. Some correlation coefficients from recent empirical studies on software metrics were factor analyzed, showing the probable existence of five complexity dimensions within thirty five different complexity measures.
The Importance of Student and Teacher Interactions for Disaffected Middle School Students: A Grounded Theory Study of Community Day Schools:

Students who are expelled from school often demonstrate the need for alternative learning environments that respond to their academic disengagement as well as their behavioral challenges. Teachers ...
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: master switch for allergic inflammation

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin (IL) 7–like cytokine that triggers dendritic cell–mediated T helper (Th)2 inflammatory responses. TSLP is highly expressed by keratinocytes in skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis and is associated with dendritic cell activation in situ, suggesting that TSLP might be a master switch for allergic inflammation at the epithelial cell–dendritic cell interface. New reports now establish a direct link between TSLP expression and the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and asthma in vivo, and begin to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying TSLP-induced allergic inflammation.
GABAergic inhibitory control of the transient and sustained components of orientation selectivity in a model microcolumn in layer 4 of cat visual cortex

Recently proposed models of orientation tuning in layer 4 of cat primary visual cortex (Somers, Nelson, & Sur, 1995; Douglas, Koch, Mahowald, Martin, & Suarez, 1995) rely on widespread inhibitory intracortical connections to suppress the nonoptimal component of a broadly tuned thalamic input, while local excitatory intracortical connections amplify the optimal component. However, new experimental data (Ferster, Chung, & Wheat, 1996) and theoretical analyses (Ferster, 1987; Krukowski, Priebe, & Miller, 1996) show that the temporally modulated component of thalamic input is well tuned and that the cortical circuitry must simply subtract an unmodulated DC component at nonoptimal orientations to obtain sharp tuning. In addition, within a single hypercolumn in layer 4, inhibitory and excitatory layer 4 neurons have approximately equal-sized axonal fields, making the most of their synapses within their own dendritic field (Kisvarday, Martin, Whitteridge, & Somogyi, 1985; Martin & Whitteridge, 1984). We have con...
Hospital-based, acute care encounters after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumours

Background The use of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for cancer is increasing; however, post-discharge outcomes have not been well described. The aim of the present study was to determine rates of hospital-based, acute care utilization within 30 days of discharge after RFA.
Mobilization of PML-RARA negative blood stem cells and salvage with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Background Relapsed acute promyleocytic leukemia (APL) is treated with re-induction chemotherapy, commonly arsenic trioxide, and stem cell transplantation (SCT). The effect of arsenic trioxide on autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection is unknown. Procedure Five pediatric patients with relapsed APL had PML-RARA negative peripheral blood stem cells mobilized (four after arsenic trioxide) and underwent autologous SCT after cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg × 2) and total body irradiation (TBI-fractionated 1,200 cGy) conditioning. Results All five patients remain in molecular remission a median of 20 months post-transplant. Conclusion Autologous SCT performed during molecular remission is a treatment option for pediatric patients with relapsed APL and may provide durable leukemia-free survival without the complications of allogeneic transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:521–524. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fibrous Monolithic Ceramics: III, Mechanical Properties and Oxidation Behavior of the Silicon Carbide/Boron Nitride System

Fibrous monolithic ceramics were fabricated in the SiC/BN system. The microstructure consists of high-aspect-ratio polycrystalline cells of SIC separated by cell boundaries of BN. The fibrous monolith with aligned cells fails noncatastrophically in flexure, with delamination cracking along the BN cell boundaries. Indentations cause controlled damage on the surface, but no strength-degrading flaws. The flexural strength is in the range 300-375 MPa, and the estimated shear strength is -14 MPa. The SWBN fibrous monoliths also show excellent resistance to high-temperature oxidation in air. Noncatastrophic fracture behavior is observed at room temperature after heat treatments between 1200” and 1500°C. The SIC cells on the surface are oxidized to form a protective silicate scale, which prevents deterioration of the BN cell boundaries.
A perspective on 360-degree evaluations.

From the Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine (R.G.), the Department of Pediatrics at Boston University Medical Center (B.Z.), and the A decade after the introduction of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Outcomes Project, a mystique continues to surround 360-degree evaluations. The ACGME requires residency training programs to provide objective assessments of resident performance and improvement in the 6 general competencies of patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, and systems-based practice. It further requires that these assessments involve the use of ‘‘multiple evaluators’’ (eg, faculty, peers, patients, self, and other professional staff), essentially mandating the use of 360-degree evaluations. In the Boston Combined Residency Program at Boston Medical Center and Children’s Hospital Boston, we have developed and completed piloting of a 360-degree evaluation for use on the general pediatrics ward at Boston Medical Center. With support from the Arthur Vining Davis Foundation to encourage caring attitudes in our trainees, we have challenged ourselves to devise a process that has evaluative and educational integrity with an obvious and meaningful impact on how our residents understand the work they do. Our 360-degree evaluation emphasizes interpersonal and communication skills, and professionalism. In various presentations, we have found that others have many of the questions we had as we began, and so we share what we have learned in the spirit of furthering the goals of the Outcomes Project. We especially want to comment on limitations to claims about the reliability and validity of evaluation tools in the context of medical training, and on the hidden opportunity to help residents develop important leadership skills.
Groupwise pose normalization for craniofacial applications

A general framework is proposed for solving groupwise pose normalization problems and is analyzed in detail under different feature spaces. The analysis shows that using principal component analysis for pose normalization is a special case of using the proposed framework under a special feature space. The experimental results on two cranio-facial datasets show the proposed method achieved promising results for solving groupwise pose normalization problems for craniofacial applications.
Pulmonary-renal syndromes in the intensive care unit

Renal disease associated with pulmonary hemorrhage is seen in a variety of clinical disorders and is a common cause of admission to intensive care units. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders have improved the therapeutic options significantly and have favorably influenced the course of many of these disorders. This article discusses rheumatologic diseases that involve both the kidney and lungs, with emphasis on pathogenesis and therapeutic options. Common pulmonary-renal syndromes including anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies-associated vasculitis.
A meta-analysis on the effect of implant characteristics on the survival of the wide-diameter implant.

The purposes of the study are to study the implant survival of the wide-diameter implant and to analyze if the length, the implant surface, or the placement location has any effect on its survival. Electronic databases were searched from inception to Dec 2014. Studies included in the review had implants placed in areas of adequate bone width and had clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for patient selection. Immediately placed and immediately loaded implants were excluded. A meta-analysis was done using the “random effects” model on the included studies. And, a meta-regression was used to evaluate the effects of location, length, and surface on the implant survival. Of the six studies selected, three evaluated surface-treated implants and three machined implants. The overall pooled survival rate of the wide implant is 96.3 %. The meta-regression showed that when using a wide implant, neither its surface nor its length nor its position in the maxilla or mandible adversely affected its survival (P > 0.05). This meta-analysis concluded that the location, length, and surface of the wide-diameter implant did not affect its survival and therefore suggested that when the conditions of the implant site corresponded to the inclusion criteria of our meta-analysis, choosing a wide-diameter implant in the posterior mandible or maxilla, where implant length may be limited by the nerve or the sinus, the use of a short implant regardless of its surface would not affect its survival.
Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques in orthopaedic surgery.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia was the first neoplastic disease to be associated with a specific chromosomal abnormality. This was a shorter-than-normal chromosome 22 (the Philadelphia chromosome), which was identified by Nowell and Hungerford 37 , in 1960. Since then, a number of tumor-specific chromosomal aberrations have been identified in association with hematological disorders and solid tumors 44 . Importantly for orthopaedists, a wide spectrum of both benign and malignant bone and soft-tissue neoplasms has been characterized cytogenetically
STM Study of Gold(I) Pyrazolates: Distinct Morphologies, Layer Evolution, and Cooperative Dynamics

We describe the first study of trinuclear gold(I) pyrazolates on the molecular level by time-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). On the graphite/1-octanoic acid interface dodecyl-functionalized gold pyrazolates formed concentration-controlled morphologies. We found two types of monomeric packing and one dimeric type with two trinuclear gold pyrazolates next to each other on the surface. For an octadecyl-functionalized derivative all studied concentrations resulted in a dimeric morphology. However, different concentrations led to different transient states during the layer evolution. At low concentrations, a transient monomeric state was present with the alkyl chains in a gauche-conformation that subsequently converted to a more optimized anti-conformation. At higher concentrations a less stable “line” polymorph was observed. The confinement of the molecules to the surface led to cooperative dynamics, in which two molecules in a dimer moved as if they were one particle. Furthermore, in a higher ...
Vincente Minnelli's Style in Microcosm: The Establishing Sequence of “Meet Me in St. Louis”

Between his first film, Cabin in the Sky, in 1943, and his most recent, A Matter of Time, in 1976, Vincente Minnelli directed thirty-two complete movies. Thirteen of these have been film musicals. During the 1940s and 1950s, the second and third full decades of sound cinema, Minnelli brought this uniquely American film genre to fruition with such films as Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), The Pirate (1948), An American in Paris (1951), and Gigi (1958). In his hands, this genre became a truly poetic fantasy form that freed the director to experiment with the rhythmic coordination of camera movement and music, to explore innovative color and lighting effects, and, thus, to create some of the loveliest and most imaginative films in the history of American cinema.
Transparency, Level 3 Assets, and the Investor

This Fair Value Accounting (FVA) advocacy comes from a belief that reflecting market prices as much as possible within financial statements leads to increased transparency for the investor. Firms (primarily banks) argue that illiquidity prevents such a notion and that FVA taken to an extreme leaves firms at the mercy of a market in disequilibrium, which will unjustifiably diminish balance sheet value. These issues are investigated and ultimately it is concluded that nether system, complete FVA or no FVA, will create complete transparency.
Modelling Total Cones in the Macula from AOSLO Data

There are large individual differences in the cones densities at specific retinal locations. We modelled the total cones within a central circle of 7 deg of retina, using data of healthy, young subjects collected with Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope. An average total of 221,000 cones was computed, with less variability in the total cones than at specific locations.
Comprehensive Treatment Intensive Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD and Comorbid Conversion Disorder

This clinical case describes the assessment and treatment of Roger, a 31-year-old veteran who served in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In addition to combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Roger presented with a conversion disorder (globus pharyngeus) and avoidance of consuming solid food without also consuming alcohol. A multicomponent treatment program for PTSD, trauma management therapy (TMT), was provided 5 times per week over a 3-week period. TMT included daily-exposure therapy (EXP) as well as daily social and emotion regulation (SER) group therapy to target anger, social withdrawal, and depression. In addition to TMT, exposure to food consumption in the absence of alcohol was provided in the final week. PTSD symptoms were assessed via semi-structured interview and self-report measures, while food intake was assessed via behavioral observation. PTSD symptoms as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) decreased from 63 at pre-treatment to 17 at post-treatment, indicating tha...