cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALANINE-GLUCAGON INTERRELATIONS IN HUMAN NEWBORNS

The significance of key substrate-hormone interrelations in neonatal glucose (G) homeostasis, was ascertained by measurements of plasma G, alanine (A), glucagon (GLU) and insulin (I) In the immediate hrs and days after birth. The effect of an A infusion was also studied. In cross-sectional studies over the initial 12 hrs of life, G fell (77 ± 6 mg% @ 1/2 hr to 57 ± 5 mg% @ 1-1/2 hrs) while GLU increased (224 ± 27 pg/ml to 420 ± 81 pg/ml) significantly, but A and I remained unchanged. When infants were sampled sequentially the fall in G (cord 133 ± 21 to 49 ± 14 mg%) and rise in GLU (83 ± 27 to 139 ± 41 pg/ml) during the first 2 hrs post birth was confirmed. G and GLU remained stable during the next 10 hrs but rose after 24 hrs; highest values were observed on day 3 (61 ± 6 mg% and 243 ± 30 pg/ml). Plasma A rose progressively; the peak at 12 hrs coinciding with the nadir of G. An increase in A also occurred from days 1 to 3. I remained unchanged throughout the period of observation. An I.V. infusion of 1mM/Kg A into 6 fasting infants at 12 hrs produced an elevation of plasma GLU at 15 min (208 ± 27 to 293 ± 62 pg/ml)and an increase in G at 30 min (47.8 ± 3.1 to 54.7 ± 1 rag%). Thus, in the neonate GLU secretion occurs in response to the stimulus of G need or gluconeogenic amino acid infusion. No consistent relation of endogenous A to G or GLU levels was observed but the response to A infusion suggests a potential role for this substrate in neonatal G homeostasis.
The use of race and ethnicity in science policy and regulations

Purpose Federal policies and regulations implemented over the past decade require inclusion of race and ethnicity in most federally funded health research, including epidemiologic studies. Biomedical journal editors also provide guidance as to how to present racial and ethnic data. The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which recent epidemiologic research is achieving the goals of these policies. Methods Both federal policies and regulations and biomedical journal editor manuscript requirements governing the use of race and ethnicity data were identified. Epidemiologic studies published between December 2002 and December 2003 in the Annals of Epidemiology , American Journal of Epidemiology , and Epidemiology were reviewed for consistency with these policies and regulations. Articles were included in the review if they were human studies with individual-level outcomes and were conducted in the United States. Publications were examined to determine funding sources, rationale and methods for collecting racial and ethnic data, use of race or ethnicity in the study, data analysis methods (including use of race and ethnicity in multivariate analyses), and the extent to which race and ethnicity were addressed in presentations of results, interpretation, and discussion. Results Relevant inclusion policies and regulations were identified from U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Centers for Disease Control (ATSDR/CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Health and Human Services (HHS), and National Institutes of Health (NIH). More than 80% of studies reviewed were supported at least in part by NIH or CDC, and race and ethnicity were mentioned in more than 90% of studies; however, fewer than half of these studies provided a rationale for including race and ethnicity data or the methods used for collecting such information. Three out of four studies included race and ethnicity in statistical analyses, yet the results of these analyses were discussed in only half of studies reviewed. Conclusion Although reporting of race and ethnicity in the epidemiologic literature has increased in recent years, this review finds the treatment of race and ethnicity to be incomplete and inconsistent. The use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic studies can be improved by implementing existing policy.
Metabolic stress during winter increases the toxicity of selenium to fish

Abstract This study examined the effect of reductions in water temperature and photoperiod, mimicking winter conditions, on the toxicity of combined dietary (5.1 μg/g dry weight) and waterborne (4.8 μg/l) selenium to juvenile bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ). Elevated selenium caused hematological changes and gill damage that reduced respiratory capacity, while increasing respiratory demand and oxygen consumption. Elevated selenium in combination with low water temperature (4°C) caused reduced activity and feeding, depletion of 50–80% of body lipid, and significant mortality within 60 days. Fish in warm-water selenium exposures continued to actively feed and lipid depletion did not occur despite increased oxygen consumption. The combination of stress-related elevation in energy demand and reductions in feeding due to cold temperature and short photoperiod, leading to severe depletion of stored body lipid, is given the name Winter Stress Syndrome. This syndrome caused bluegill to undergo an energetic drain that resulted in death of about one-third of the fish. Results indicate that the current US national water quality criterion for selenium is not adequate to protect young bluegill and other species that substantially reduce activity and feeding during cold weather. Aquatic contaminants should be evaluated in the context of seasonal metabolic changes that normally occur in test organisms. Winter Stress Syndrome could be an important, but as yet unquantified mortality factor in many circumstances.
Social security and mortality: The role of income support policies and population health in the United States

Social Security is the most important and effective income support program ever introduced in the United States, alleviating the burden of poverty for millions of elderly Americans. We explored the possible role of Social Security in reducing mortality among the elderly. In support of this hypothesis, we found that declines in mortality among the elderly exceeded those among younger age groups following the initial implementation of Social Security in 1940, and also in the periods following marked improvements in Social Security benefits via legislation and indexing of benefits that occurred between the mid-1960s and the early 1970s. A better understanding of the link between Social Security and health status among the elderly would add a significant and missing dimension to the public discourse over the future of Social Security, and the potential role of income support programs in reducing health-related socioeconomic disparities and improving population health.
Generation of Factor VIII Coagulant Activity by Isolated, Perfused Neonatal Pig Livers and Adult Rat Livers

Summary. Isolated, normal, neonatal pig livers released VIII:C into perfusates of porcine von Willebrand blood lacking VIIIR:AG and VIII:RWF. Neonatal von Willebrand livers released VIII:C only when partially purified VIIIR:AG was added to the von Willebrand blood. Adult rat livers, perfused with frozen-thawed erythrocytes suspended in Tyrode's solution containing 6% bovine serum albumin and hence no VIIIR:AG released VIII:C only when serum, adsorbed serum or cryoprecipitate from rat plasma was added to the perfusate. Cycloheximide blocked the release of VIII:C from rat liver.
LARGE DEFORMATIONS OF A LAMINATED COMPOSITE.

Abstract An approximate nonlinear theory is derived to describe the mechanical behavior of a laminated composite consisting of alternating layers of two homogeneous materials subjected to large deformations. The theory is based on two-term expansions of the motion across the thicknesses of the undeformed layers. The kinematics and the balance laws are formulated, and the constitutive equations are worked out for elastic behavior of the constitutive materials. The governing equations are subsequently written out in detail for the case of a small amplitude disturbance superimposed on a large static deformation. The latter system of equations is used to investigate the propagation of small amplitude time-harmonic waves in a prestressed laminated composite.
Algorithm for automatic interpretation of noun sequences

This paper describes an algorithm for automatically interpreting noun sequences in unrestricted text. This system uses broadcoverage semantic information which has been acquired automatically by analyzing the definitions in an on-line dictionary. Previously, computational studies of noun sequences made use of hand-coded semantic information, and they applied the analysis rules sequentially. In contrast, the task of analyzing noun sequences in unrestricted text strongly favors an algorithm according to which the rules are applied in parallel and the best interpretation is determined by weights associated with rule applications.
Platelet, endothelium and smooth muscle cell-derived mediators contributing to the development of unstable angina and myocardial infarction

Summary The factors contributing to the conversion from chronic to acute coronary heart disease syndromes (unstable angina and myocardial infarction) are reviewed. The elucidation of the vascular biology associated with endothelial injury and coronary artery narrowing should lead to new protective interventions in the future.
Primates in the Eocene

The mammalian order Primates made its first appearance in the fossil record during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), the global greenhouse warming event that marks the beginning of the Eocene. Two primate superfamilies, Tarsioidea and Adapoidea, dominate early and middle Eocene primate faunas. Warm climates enabled primates to thrive, and warming events within the Eocene facilitated cosmopolitan dispersal. Declining diversity at the end of the Eocene reflects environmental cooling. Fossils of earliest Tarsioidea and Adapoidea are similar dentally, often confused, and appear closely related as stem or crown Haplorhini. The superfamily Tarsioidea is represented by a single genus, Tarsius, living today, while Adapoidea appear to be ancestral to living Anthropoidea. Little is known of the Eocene history of strepsirrhine Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea. Temporal scaling of molecular clock ages suggests that Strepsirrhini appeared before Haplorhini in the Paleocene or possibly with Haplorhini at the beginning of the Eocene. Substantial skeletons of Eocene primates like those of adapoid Darwinius and Europolemur from Messel in Germany and Notharctus and Smilodectes from western North America constrain phylogenetic interpretation of primate relationships much more than dental remains ever can. A specialised grasping foot distinguishes early primates from other mammals. Traits associated in a functional complex include replacement of claws by nails on all digits; movement of the pedal fulcrum from the metatarsals to the tarsals; elongation of digit IV relative to digit III, with reduction of digit II and sometimes III; and then secondary development of a grooming claw or claws on digits II and sometimes III. The specialised grasping foot of early primates was later moderated in the emergence of anthropoid primates.
Foreign-accented speech perception ratings: a multifactorial case study

Seventy-eight native English speakers rated the foreign-accented speech (FAS) of 24 international students enrolled in an Intensive English programme at a public university in Texas on degree of accent, comprehensibility and communicative ability. Variables considered to potentially impact listeners' ratings were the sex of the speaker, the first language family of the speaker (Asian, Hispanic and Middle-Eastern students participated), the speaker's proficiency level (students were enrolled in low-, intermediate- and advanced-proficiency courses) and listeners' self-reported familiarity (low, medium or high) with FAS. The results of a multifactorial ANOVA and Tukey's pairwise comparisons of means suggest that all variables significantly correlate with listeners' judgements in all three rating areas, which lend further support to previous research. More importantly, the present multifactorial ANOVA identified significant interactions of all variables; this indicates that listeners' perception of FAS, rathe...
Tracking white matter

More than 40 years have elapsed since Norman Geschwind wrote his landmark paper Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man, but surprisingly little is known of the cerebral connections that fi gure so prominently in his work. Contemporary neuroanatomy texts give only brief accounts of white matter tracts, while neocortical structure and function receive detailed attention. Indeed, the anatomy of myelinated systems in the brain remains relatively neglected and, with the exception of the corpus callosum, clinicians have little appreciation of the role that individual tracts play in brain organisation and clinical syndromes. Fiber Pathways of the Brain provides a welcome remedy to this predicament, focusing on the nearly one-half of the cerebrum occupied by white matter. The authors of this impressive work present the results of 12 years of meticulous neuroanatomical research on the rhesus monkey brain. Using radioisotope track tracing they illustrate a wide range of fi bre systems with the intent of stimulating study of those in the human brain that are likely to be similar. Beginning with a thorough survey of whitematter pathways in the history of neuroscience, the book proceeds to describe methods of study in the monkey, the fi bre bundles by cortical region of origin, the connectional topography of individual tracts, and a summary of the fi bre systems; a fi nal section takes up functional considerations that will most interest the clinical neurologist. Fiber Pathways of the Brain is beautifully produced to display in exquisite detail the origin, trajectory, and destination of white-matter tracts. Enormous care has been taken to establish the precise location of these systems. While acknowledging the contributions of prior investigations, most notably those of Dejerine in 1895, the authors devote much eff ort to clarifying unresolved issues with modern techniques. The rhesus monkey is assumed to have much in common with human beings and thus add important information to human neuroanatomy, but the authors appropriately point out that the study of human white-matter systems mostly lies ahead. Reassuringly, references to several studies of human tractography with diff usion tensor imaging suggest that white-matter organisation in the two species is in fact quite similar. In summary, this book off ers a splendid addition to our knowledge of brain anatomy. With exceptional scholarship that lays a solid foundation for the investigation of the role of white matter in brain-behaviour relationships, the authors have presented a tour de force of neuroanatomy that those interested in brain connectivity will fi nd most valuable.
Glioma formation in neurofibromatosis 1 reflects preferential activation of K-RAS in astrocytes.

Individuals affected with the neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) tumor predisposition syndrome are prone to the development of multiple nervous system tumors, including optic pathway gliomas (OPG). The NF1 tumor suppressor gene product, neurofibromin, functions as a Ras GTPase-activating protein, and has been proposed to regulate cell growth by inhibiting Ras activity. Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that neurofibromin also regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin activity in a Ras-dependent fashion, and that the rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition ameliorates the Nf1−/− astrocyte growth advantage. Moreover, Nf1-deficient astrocytes exhibit increased protein translation. As part of a larger effort to identify protein markers for NF1-associated astrocytomas that could be exploited for therapeutic drug design, we did an objective proteomic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid from genetically engineered Nf1 mice with optic glioma. One of the proteins found to be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of OPG-bearing mice was the eukaryotic initiation factor-2α binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2). In this study, we show that Nf1 mouse OPGs and NF1-associated human astrocytic tumors, but not sporadic pilocytic or other low-grade astrocytomas, specifically expressed high levels of MetAP2. In addition, we show that Nf1-deficient astrocytes overexpress MetAP2 in vitro and in vivo, and that treatment with the MetAP2 inhibitor fumagillin significantly reduces Nf1−/− astrocyte proliferation in vitro. These observations suggest that MetAP2 is regulated by neurofibromin, and that MetAP2 inhibitors could be potentially employed to treat NF1-associated tumor proliferation.
Optimal ordering of operations in a manufacturing chain

We consider the effect of changes in the order of operations in a chain of manufacturing operations in which product differentiation increases at each operation of the chain. We investigate several measures for evaluating the performance of such a chain, and show that the optimal ordering of the operations depends critically on the performance measure. We give a unified treatment of earlier results that provides new intuition. We then extend these results to an explicit cost-minimization model.
Measurement of ventricular volume with a programmable calculator

A program written for the Texas Instrument TI-59 programmable calculator is presented which computes the ventricular volume by use of the method of area-length or Simpson's rule. Geometric data of single-plane silhouette, or biplane silhouettes, or computer-tomographically reconstructed cross-sections of the ventricle are required for the volume computation.
2 An Integrated Model for Characterizing & Managing System Architectures

The term “architecture” is widely used in systems engineering circles, but the explicit meaning of the term varies considerably from person to person, depending on expertise and viewpoint. A previous paper (Steiner '98) defined the term with respect to system evolvability. This paper attempts to clarify architectural characteristics by defining three orthogonal axes: Expression (form/function), Permanence (enduring/transitory), and Abstraction (abstract/concrete). Segregating a given architectural concept into these three key areas of concern facilitates a balanced approach to managing system architectural models. It can also logically be extended as a mechanism for clear communication among stakeholders.
Monte Carlo Studies of Uranium Calorimetry

Abstract Detailed Monte Carlo calculations of uranium calorimetry are presented which reveal a significant difference in the responses of liquid argon and plastic scintillator in uranium calorimeters. Due to saturation effects, neutrons from the uranium are found to contribute only weakly to the liquid argon signal. Electromagnetic sampling inefficiencies are significant and contribute substantially to compensation in both systems.
Nondifferential training of pigeons retards acquisition of subsequent discriminations involving other stimuli

In Experiment 1, two groups of pigeons (n = 8) were given nondifferential (ND) training with a green keylight and a white vertical line on a dark surround nonsystematically alternated. Two groups (n = 8) received single stimulus (SS) training with the green light only. In Experiment 2, two groups of pigeons (n = 8) were given ND training with vertical and horizontal lines, while two other groups (n = 8) received SS training with only the vertical line. In both experiments, all groups were transferred to a green S+ (VI reinforced) and a red S− (extinguished) transfer problem. In each experiment, one ND and one SS group was tested in the same context as initial training (houselight off) and one ND and one SS group was tested in a changed context (houselight on). In both experiments and in both contexts, the ND groups performed less well on the transfer problem than did the SS groups. There was no evidence of greater control by the context in ND than in SS groups, which suggests that the observed difference in acquisition of the transfer task is not attributable to a purported difference in control by the context under the two conditions. The overall results favor the position that nondifferential training reduces attention to stimuli involved in the original training procedure and that this reduced attention transfers to stimuli subsequently experienced.
Brillouin Gain Spectroscopy in Glasses and Crystals

Gain spectroscopy is a well established technique for the study of nonlinear scattering phenomena. Several capabilities of gain spectroscopy make the technique very powerful for frequency domain measurements of scattering processes. The use of gain spectroscopy is illustrated by the application of the technique to Brillouin measurements in solids.
A protocol for consistent, large-scale production of fertile transgenic rice plants

A protocol for consistent production of fertile transgenic rice plants was established utilizing microparticle bombardment of embryogenic tissues (Oryza sativa L. japonica cv. Taipei 309). This system has been employed to produce several thousand independently transformed plant lines carrying the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) gene and various genes of interest. The most efficient target tissue was highly embryogenic callus or suspension cell aggregates, when they were given an osmotic pre- and post-transformation treatment of 0.6 m carbohydrate. By optimizing the age of the tissue at the time of gene transfer and applying an improved selection procedure, transgenic plants were recovered in 8 weeks from the time of gene transfer, at an average of 22.3±9.7 per 100 calli and 22.4±8.0 plant lines per dish of suspension cell aggregates. This system has facilitated a number of studies using rice as a model for genetic transformation and will enable the large-scale production of transgenic rice plants for genomic studies.
On grouping sets of exponential populations

Suppose we have k random samples each of size n from a two parameter exponential distribution with location parameters μ i i=1,…,k, and where each item has the same, unknown scale parameter. A multistage procedure is developed to determine t≦k groups such that in any one group the distributions have μi's that are not appreciably different. The method yields a unique grouping and extends the approach of the Kumar and Pate1 test.The emphasis is on the development of a procedure based on the null sampling distribution of the maximum gap of the ordered first order statistics from exponential distributions. The procedure is based on complete ordered samples or censored (of any or of all) samples.
Experimental Determinations of the First Townsend Ionization Coefficient in Helium

The first Townsend ionization coefficient $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{{p}_{0}}$ ${(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ has been experimentally determined for an $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ (volts/cm\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}Torr) range from 3 to 300 in cataphoretically cleaned helium. The results obtained have been compared with several experimental and theoretical determinations of $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{{p}_{0}}$. The present values are in agreement within the combined experimental errors with those of Davies, Jones, and Morgan. Comparison is also made with the experimental results of Townsend and MacCallum where good agreement is found except at their lowest $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ values, where the present results lie below their corresponding data. At low $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$, the present results agree reasonably well with the theoretical values of Phelps and Dunlop except at very low $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ where Dunlop's calculated values are considerably smaller than the present experimental results. The significance of the experimental method at very high $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ where equilibrium conditions do not prevail is also discussed.
Molar volumes of alkanes and topological indices

This paper examines possible explanations for correlations that exist between graph-theoretical topological indices and observed physical properties of molecules. The general line of approach is to demonstrate that a particular graph-theoretical correlation has an analytical correspondence to an observed additive structural description. The basic approach is exemplified by showing that the correlation of partial molar volumes of normal alkancs with (chi) topological indices corresponds quantitatively to a previously obtained molecular structure relationship involving group additivity and average gauche conformation numbers. A recurrence relation is tested for the gauche numbers; and the results confirm a previously proposed linear dependence on molecular size.
Strategic response to mandatory reporting legislation in the U.S. livestock and meat industries: Are collusive opportunities enhanced?

Recent federal legislation requires U.S. meat packers to report detailed information about livestock and meat transactions. The goal of this legislation is to improve competitiveness within the livestock sector and improve decision making within the marketing channel. We discuss the effect of industry structure and market transaction information on the competitive behavior of participant firms and why this legislation may actually reduce the price paid to livestock producers. [JEL Classification: L100, L110, L120] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First Language Activation During Second Language Lexical Processing: An Investigation of Lexical Form, Meaning, and Grammatical Class

This study places the predictions of the bilingual interactive activation model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 1998) and the revised hierarchical model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) in the same context to investigate lexical processing in a second language (L2). The performances of two groups of native English speakers, one less proficient and the other more proficient in Spanish, were compared on translation recognition. In this task, participants decided whether two words, one in each language, are translation equivalents. The items in the critical conditions were not translation equivalents and therefore required a “no” response, but were similar to the correct translation in either form or meaning. For example, for translation equivalents such as cara-face, critical distracters included (a) a form-related neighbor to the first word of the pair (e.g., cara-card), (b) a form-related neighbor to the second word of the pair, the translation equivalent (cara-fact), or (c) a meaning-related word (cara-head). The results showed that all learners, regardless of proficiency, experienced interference for lexical neighbors and for meaning-related pairs. However, only the less proficient learners also showed effects of form relatedness via the translation equivalent. Moreover, all participants were sensitive to cues to grammatical class, such that lexical interference was reduced or eliminated when the two words of each pair were drawn from different grammatical classes. We consider the implications of these results for L2 lexical processing and for models of the bilingual lexicon.The writing of this article was supported in part by NSF Doctoral Enhancement Grant BCS-0111733 to Gretchen Sunderman and Judith F. Kroll, and by NSF grants BCS-0111734 and BCS-0418071 and NIH grant RO1MH62479 to Judith F. Kroll. We thank Maya Misra for advice on computing measures of orthographic similarity and Rachel Varra and Asha Persaud for research assistance. We also thank the anonymous SSLA reviewers for their helpful comments.
Denticles on Chain Silicate Grain Surfaces and Their Utility as Indicators of Weathering Conditions on Earth and Mars

Abstract Denticulated margins (also known in older literature as “sawtooth,” “cockscomb,” or “hacksaw” terminations) are a common feature of pyroxenes and amphiboles, visible in optical and electron microscopes. Denticles are remnants of undissolved material that formerly constituted the walls between elongate etch pits, the characteristic aqueous-dissolution form of chain-silicate minerals. Denticles occur widely in terrestrial near-surface materials that have experienced low-temperature aqueous alteration, including chemically weathered regoliths, soils in a variety of climatic and geomorphic settings, sediments, and sedimentary rocks. Ranges of dissolution forms and dimensions (commonly tens of microns in length) are identical on both pyroxenes and amphiboles in these materials. Denticles on terrestrial chain silicates are formed by low-temperature aqueous alteration. Denticles on a soil mineral grain (of unknown composition) at the Phoenix Mars Lander site and on terrestrial pyroxenes naturally weathered in terrestrial low-temperature aqueous environments are broadly similar in size, shape, and orientation relationships between denticles. However, quantitative morphometric parameters vary among different terrestrially weathered pyroxenes and even between different images of compositionally identical pyroxenes from the same naturally weathered sample; such variations are too large to allow simple identification of minerals of unknown composition from morphology alone. Nevertheless, the overall morphological similarities are consistent with a low-temperature aqueous corrosion origin of denticles at the Phoenix Mars Lander site.
Counterfactual Reasoning in Causal Judgments: Implications for Marketing

This article describes recent research on counterfactual reasoning in causal judgment and details implications for future research on consumer and managerial decisions. Two types of counterfactual reasoning may be employed in causal judgment, one of which involves outcome contrasts, and is used to generate possible causal explanations, and the other of which involves antecedent contrasts and is used to test candidate explanations. Prior research on outcome contrasts indicates that people compare instances in which the event occurred to instances in which the event did not occur and base their causal explanations on distinctive features between these two types of occurrences. Explanations may therefore vary as a function of the instances chosen for comparison. Prior research findings suggest that consumers and managers may choose different comparison instances depending on their perspective, culture, and perceived norms. Prior research on antecedent contrasts indicates that people test possible explanations for an event by considering instances in which the candidate factor was absent and asking whether the event would have occurred anyway. Findings suggest, however, that consideration of antecedent contrasts may depend on the type of category on which the explanation is based, with less emphasis on antecedent contrasts for explanations based on categories of objects found in nature (natural kind categories) compared to categories of objects made by humans (artifactual categories). This article proposes the hypothesis that people may perceive some brands and product categories as more like natural
DBT path selection for holistic memory efficiency and performance

Dynamic binary translators(DBTs) provide powerful platforms for building dynamic program monitoring and adaptation tools. DBTs, however, have high memory demands because they cache translated code and auxiliary code to a software code cache and must also maintain data structures to support the code cache. The high memory demands make it difficult for memory-constrained embedded systems to take advantage of DBT-based tools. Previous research on DBT memory management focused on the translated code and auxiliary code only. However, we found that data structures are comparable to the code cache in size. We show that the translated code size, auxiliary code size and the data structure size interact in a complex manner, depending on the path selection (trace selection and link formation) strategy. Therefore, holistic memory efficiency (comprising translated code, auxiliary code and data structures) cannot be improved by focusing on the code cache only. In this paper, we use path selection for improving holistic memory efficiency which in turn impacts performance in memory-constrained environments. Although there has been previous research on path selection, such research only considered performance in memory-unconstrained environments.The challenge for holistic memory efficiency is that the path selection strategy results in complex interactions between the memory demand components. Also, individual aspects of path selection and the holistic memory efficiency may impact performance in complex ways. We explore these interactions to motivate path selection targeting holistic memory demand. We enumerate all the aspects involved in a path selection design and evaluate a comprehensive set of approaches for each aspect. Finally, we propose a path selection strategy that reduces memory demands by 20% and at the same time improves performance by 5-20% compared to an industrial-strength DBT.
Efferent projections of the intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the rat.

The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (VLG) are ventral thalamic derivatives within the lateral geniculate complex. In this study, IGL and VLG efferent projections were compared by using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and retrograde transport of FluoroGold. Projections from the IGL and VLG leave the geniculate in four pathways. A dorsal pathway innervates the thalamic lateral dorsal nucleus (VLG), the reuniens and rhomboid nuclei (VLG and IGL), and the paraventricular nucleus (IGL). A ventral pathway runs through the geniculohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the anterior hypothalamus (IGL). A medial pathway innervates the zona incerta and dorsal hypothalamus (VLG and IGL); the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area (VLG); and the retrochiasmatic area (RCA), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, and subparaventricular zone (IGL). A caudal pathway projects medially to the posterior hypothalamic area and periaqueductal gray and caudally along the brachium of the superior colliculus to the medial pretectal area and the nucleus of the optic tract (IGL and VLG). Caudal IGL axons also terminate in the olivary pretectal nucleus, the superficial gray of the superior colliculus, and the lateral and dorsal terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system. Caudal VLG projections innervate the lateral posterior nucleus, the anterior pretectal nucleus, the intermediate and deep gray of the superior colliculus, the dorsal terminal nucleus, the midbrain lateral tegmental field, the interpeduncular nucleus, the ventral pontine reticular formation, the medial and lateral pontine gray, the parabrachial region, and the accessory inferior olive. This pattern of IGL and VLG projections is consistent with our understanding of the distinct functions of each of these ventral thalamic derivatives.
Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in Relational Integration during Reasoning

Patient and neuroimaging studies indicate that complex reasoning tasks are associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the process of relational integration, or considering multiple relations simultaneously, is a component process of complex reasoning that selectively recruits PFC. We used fMRI to examine brain activation during 0-relational, 1-relational, and 2-relational problems adapted from the Raven's Progressive Matrices and hypothesized that PFC would be preferentially recruited by the 2-relational problem type. Event-related responses were modeled by convolving a canonical hemodynamic response function with the response time (RT) associated with each trial. The results across different analyses revealed the same pattern: PFC activation was specific to the comparison between 2- and 1-relational problems and was not observed in the comparison between 1- and 0-relational problems. Furthermore, the process of relational integration was specifically associated with bilateral rostrolateral PFC (RLPFC; lateral area 10) and right dorsolateral PFC (areas 9 and 46). Left RLPFC showed the greatest specificity by remaining preferentially recruited during 2-relational problems even after comparisons were restricted to trials matched for RT and accuracy. The link between RLPFC and the process of relational integration may be due to the associated process of manipulating self-generated information, a process that may characterize RLPFC function.
Home THX sound system

Rapidly increasing use of home video, especially in the Dolby Stereo format, makes this outlet of increasing technical importance to producers. Techniques have been developed to better translate program material mixed for theatrical conditions into the home. The author looks at Hi-Fi reproduction aspects of this problem. >
Occupational Therapy in Chronic Progressive Disorders: Enhancing Function and Modifying Disease

Ashwini K. Rao, EdD, OTR, FAOTA, is Associate Professor of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine (in the Sergievsky Center) Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; akr7@cumc.columbia.edu Rao, A. K. (2014). From the Desk of the Associate Editor—Occupational therapy in chronic progressive disorders: Enhancing function and modifying disease. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68, 251–253. http://dx.doi. org/10.5014/ajot.2014.012120
A fundamental solution due to a periodic point force in the interior of an elastic half-space

The fundamental solution for a periodic point force in the interior of a three-dimensional, homogeneous, isotropic, elastic half-space is derived. The method of synthesis and superposition is employed to obtain the solution in the Laplace transform as well as the frequency domain. These correspond to the dynamic equivalent of Mindlin's static half-space point force solutions. It is reduced, for certain limiting conditions, to the dynamic equivalent of Boussinesq's and Cerruti's problems of a normal and tangential periodic point force respectively, on the boundary of a half-space. Also, static solutions of Mindlin, Boussinesq and Cerruti are recovered for small frequency parameters. Finally, results are presented and compared with other available solutions.
VRE-NET: A QoS-supported network subsystem for multimedia applications

Multimedia applications need support for both real-time computation and real-time communications because of their sensitivity to delay and jitter. It therefore requires the operating system to provide soft real-time support in the processor and the network subsystems. In this work, we present a network subsystem, which can cooperate with any CPU scheduler to provide network quality of service (QoS) to multimedia applications. This system, called VRE-NET, allows applications to reserve bandwidth for the protocol processing capacity of the network subsystem. The bandwidth reservation can be adjusted according to different QoS requirements. We provide a mechanism for users to associate each multimedia application with a rate controller that automatically adjusts the bandwidth reservation. The implementation was done in the Linux 2.6.0 kernel.
RESOURCE ENHANCEMENT BY INDIRECT EFFECTS OF GRAZERS: ARMORED CATFISH, ALGAE, AND SEDIMENT'

Armored catfish (Loricariidae) are the major grazers of attached algae in pools of the Rio Frijoles, Panama (909' N, 79044' W). In the dry season, sunny pools were inhabited by -6 individual loricariids per square metre of grazeable substratum. At these densities, armored catfish depleted algae and cleared sediment from bedrock substrata, leaving sparse standing crops of small, adnate diatoms (primarily Achnanthes spp.). To study the effects of armored catfish at 1/6 their natural density, I stocked four 6-7 cm (SL), 10-g Ancistrus (the most common size class of the most common species in stream pools) in each of five stream pens. Pens enclosed 4 m2 of bedrock substratum, and were alternately stocked or left empty during three consecutive periods of 29, 11, and 11 d. At the end of each period, standing crops of sediment and attached algae, and rates of photosynthesis by attached algae, were measured. The attached algae that developed with sparse Ancistrus had higher standing crops with larger cells or colonies, and higher primary productivity, than did periphyton subjected to heavy grazing by unconfined armored catfish. Even heavy grazing, however, was less deleterious to attached algae than prolonged sedimentation on substrata in enclosures left empty for 11 or 29 d. The net effect of Ancistrus on their algal food changed from depletion at high grazer densities to enhancement at low grazer densities, as sedimentation became more limiting to algae than grazing.
Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives. A practitioner's guide to meta-analysis.

A review of the English-language literature related to the association between use of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) and endometrial cancer is used to illustrate the principles of meta-analysis. Guidelines are presented on defining the problem finding the relevant studies abstracting the pertinent information imputing values to duration of use and recency and analyzing and interpreting the resulting data. The meta-analysis of the epidemiologic literature indicates that combined OC use is associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer. There also appears to be a residual protective effect that persists long after discontinuation of OC use. The absolute reduction in risk is inconsequential at the individual level however. A US womans probability of remaining free of endometrial cancer through age 74 years increases from 97.6% in the absence of OC use to 98.6% after 12 years of OC use. Although meta-analyses can provide a quantitative perspective on findings in the literature they cannot distinguish between correlation and causation.
N:P stoichiometry and protein:RNA ratios in vascular plants: an evaluation of the growth-rate hypothesis.

The growth-rate hypothesis states that fast-growing organisms need relatively more phosphorus-rich RNA to support rapid rates of protein synthesis, and therefore predicts, within and among taxa, increases in RNA and phosphorus content (relative to protein and nitrogen content) with increased growth rate. Here, we present a test of this hypothesis in vascular plants. We determined nitrogen : phosphorus ratios and protein : RNA ratios in pines growing at different rates due to nutrient conditions. In general, when comparing leaves of the same species at low and high growth rates, the faster-growing plants had higher RNA content, higher %N and %P, and lower protein : RNA ratios, but not consistently lower N : P ratios. We found no link between growth rate and foliar N : P or protein : RNA when comparing multiple species of different inherent growth rates. We conclude that plants adjust the balance of protein and RNA to favour either speed or efficiency of protein synthesis, but this balance does not alone dictate leaf stoichiometry.
Assemblies of silver nanocubes for highly sensitive SERS chemical vapor detection

We suggest that silver nanocube (AgNC) aggregates within cylindrical pores (PAM–AgNC) can be employed as efficient nanostructures for highly efficient, robust, tunable, and reusable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for trace level organic vapor detection which is a challenging task in chemical detection. We demonstrate the ability to tune both the detection limit and the onset of signal saturation of the substrate by switching the adsorption behavior of AgNCs between highly aggregated and more disperse by varying the number of adsorption-mediating polyelectrolyte bilayers on the pore walls of the membrane. The different AgNC distributions show large differences in the trace vapor detection limit of the common Raman marker benzenethiol (BT) and a widely used explosive binder N-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA), demonstrating the importance of the large electromagnetic field enhancement associated with AgNC coupling. The SERS substrate with highly aggregated AgNCs within the cylindrical pores allows for consistent trace detection of mid ppb (∼500) for BT analyte, and a record limit of detection of low ppb (∼3) for MNA vapors with an estimated achievable limit of detection of approximately 600 ppt. The dispersed AgNC aggregates do not saturate at higher ppb concentrations, providing an avenue to distinguish between higher ppb concentrations and increase the effective range of the SERS substrate design. A comparison between the AgNC substrate and an electroless deposition substrate with silver quasi-nanospheres (PAM–AgNS) also demonstrates a higher SERS activity, and better detection limit, by the nanocube aggregates. This is supported by FDTD electromagnetic simulations that suggest that the higher integrated electromagnetic field intensity of the hot spots and the large specific interfacial areas impart greatly improved SERS for the AgNCs. Moreover, we demonstrated that the AgNC substrate can be reused multiple times without significant loss of SERS activity which opens up new avenues for in-field monitoring.
Selective chemical absorbance in electrospun nonwovens

The absorbance of liquids and compounds with various degrees of hydrophilicity into electrospun fabrics and conventional fabrics was measured. Electrospun cellulose and poly(lactic acid) fabrics had comparable fiber diameters and pore spacings between fibers. Woven cotton and polyester [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] fabrics had pore spacings between fibers 10–20 times larger than the electrospun fabrics. The absorbance of liquids and chemicals with various degrees of water/octanol solubility onto the hydrophobic [poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(lactic acid)] and hydrophilic (cellulose and cotton) fabrics was compared. Both the surface chemistry of the fibers and the pore size in the fabrics were found to affect the liquid uptake, with smaller pores and similar chemistry resulting in the greatest liquid absorbance. The absorbance of chemical compounds also increased with decreasing fabric pore size, increasing surface-to-volume ratio, and compatible surface chemistry of the fabric. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Dynamics of lattice spins as a model of arrhythmia.

We consider evolution of initial disturbances in spatially extended systems with autonomous rhythmic activity, such as the heart. We consider the case when the activity is stable with respect to very smooth (changing little across the medium) disturbances and construct lattice models for description of not-so-smooth disturbances, in particular, topological defects; these models are modifications of the diffusive $\mathrm{XY}$ model. We find that when the activity on each lattice site is very rigid in maintaining its form, the topological defects\char22{}vortices or spirals\char22{}nucleate a transition to a disordered, turbulent state.
Stability of optimal-wave-front-sample coupling under sample translation and rotation

The method of wavefront shaping to control optical properties of opaque media is a promising technique for authentication applications. One of the main challenges of this technique is the sensitivity of the wavefront-sample coupling to translation and/or rotation. To better understand how translation and rotation affect the wavefront-sample coupling we perform experiments in which we first optimize reflection from an opaque surface---to obtain an optimal wavefront---and then translate or rotate the surface and measure the new reflected intensity pattern. By using the correlation between the optimized and translated or rotated patterns we determine how sensitive the wavefront-sample coupling is. These experiments are performed for different spatial-light-modulator (SLM) bin sizes, beam-spot sizes, and nanoparticle concentrations. We find that all three parameters affect the different positional changes, implying that an optimization scheme can be used to maximize the stability of the wavefront-sample coupling. We also develop a model to simulate sample translation or rotation and its effect on the coupling stability, with the simulation results being qualitatively consistent with experiment.