cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial segregation of cisco (Coregonus artedi) and lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis) larvae in Chaumont Bay, Lake Ontario

Abstract Two of the remaining coregonine species in Lake Ontario, cisco (Coregonus artedi) and lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis), spawn in Chaumont Bay, New York. Larvae co-occur in the spring but are difficult to distinguish morphologically. We applied genetic species identification using microsatellite DNA loci of 268 larvae from known locations in nearshore and offshore habitats in Chaumont Bay to determine the extent of mixing of these species in each habitat. Cisco dominated the larvae (95%) in offshore habitats and lake whitefish dominated (84%) in nearshore habitats, where seven of eight putative hybrids occurred. Habitat segregation between these two species at the larval stage has implications for productivity estimates, as changing environmental conditions may differentially affect shallow and deep waters, larval survival, and possibly subsequent recruitment. Discrimination between cisco and lake whitefish larvae will help to characterize habitat and basic life history needs and to focus research collections. Genetic species identification should be applied to larger samples of larvae to evaluate changes in larval distributions and associations with environmental conditions.
Split-face comparison of grid fractional radiofrequency vs 1064-nm Nd-YAG laser treatment of periorbital rhytides among Filipino patients.

Despite multiple individual studies proving efficacy of grid fractional monopolar radiofrequency (Grid RF) and near-infrared irradiation 1064-nm long-pulsed neodymium:YAG laser (Laser Genesis), there is a lack of controlled comparative trials between these devices. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of Grid RF versus Laser Genesis in the treatment of periorbital rhytides. This is a randomized, single-blind, split-face, prospective study. Eight patients with moderate to severe periorbital rhytides were treated with either Grid RF or Laser Genesis on each side of the face. Photographic and live assessment with the Lemperle Wrinkle Assessment grading scale was compared after 2 months. Difference in scores between Grid RF vs Laser genesis groups after 2 months was not statistically significant (P = 0.244). Each group showed statistically significant improvement months post-procedure (P .05). At 2 months follow-up, no adverse effects were seen. Grid monopolar radiofrequency (Grid RF) vs near-infrared radiation 1064 nm long-pulsed Nd-YAG laser (Laser Genesis) were equally efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated among patients in the treatment of periorbital wrinkles (P > .05).
Bone Tissue Composition in Postmenopausal Women Varies With Glycemic Control From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The risk of fragility fracture increases for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), even after controlling for bone mineral density, body mass index, visual impairment, and falls. We hypothesize that progressive glycemic derangement alters microscale bone tissue composition. We used Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) imaging to analyze the composition of iliac crest biopsies from cohorts of postmenopausal women characterized by oral glucose tolerance testing: normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 35, age = 65 ± 7 years, HbA1c = 5.8 ± 0.3%), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 26, age = 64 ± 5 years, HbA1c = 6.0 ± 0.4%), and overt T2DM on insulin (n = 25, age = 64 ± 6 years, HbA1c = 9.13 ± 0.6). The distributions of cortical bone mineral content had greater mean values (+7%) and were narrower (-10%) in T2DM versus NGT groups (p < 0.05). The distributions of acid phosphate, an indicator of new mineral, were narrower in cortical T2DM versus NGT and IGT groups (-14% and -14%, respectively) and in trabecular NGT and IGT versus T2DM groups (-11% and -10%, respectively) (all p < 0.05). The distributions of crystallinity were wider in cortical NGT versus T2DM groups (+16%) and in trabecular NGT versus T2DM groups (+14%) (all p < 0.05). Additionally, bone turnover was lower in T2DM versus NGT groups (P1NP: -25%, CTx: -30%, ucOC: -24%). Serum pentosidine was similar across groups. The FTIR compositional and biochemical marker values of the IGT group typically fell between the NGT and T2DM group values, although the differences were not always statistically significant. In summary, worsening glycemic control was associated with greater mineral content and narrower distributions of acid phosphate, an indicator of new mineral, which together are consistent with observations of lower turnover; however, wider distributions of mineral crystallinity were also observed. A more mineralized, less heterogeneous tissue may affect tissue-level mechanical properties and in turn degrade macroscale skeletal integrity. In conclusion, these data are the first evidence of progressive alteration of bone tissue composition with worsening glycemic control in humans. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Podcasting as a Pedagogical Tool for Experiential Learning in Social Work Education

Although pedagogical fundamentals of teaching with technology appear in the literature, the use of podcasting in the classroom is primarily documented outside of social work education. This study e...
Leading in complex environments: the role of leadership in multi-school organization improvement

School improvement in chronically under-performing schools remains a formidable challenge for school leaders. Recent policies in the U.S. have created incentives for school leaders to attempt new s...
All We Can Be: Innovations to Improve the Pipeline of Military Veterans in Medical Schools.

Medical schools are increasingly identifying military veteran applicants as a source of diversity, resiliency, and commitment—often derived from their personal experiences in the military. Yet, vet...
Mechanical Properties of SOFC Seal Glass Composites

A barium calcium aluminosilicate (BCAS) glass of composition (mol%) 35BaO-15CaO-5Al 2 O 3 -108 2 O 3 -35SiO 2 that is being investigated as sealing material for planar solid oxide fuel cells was reinforced with alumina platelets or 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particulates to improve its strength and fracture toughness. For the same ceramic content, composites containing alumina platelets showed much higher strength and fracture toughness than those with YSZ. For 30 mol% reinforcement, flexure strength of the glass improved by 230 % and 130 %, respectively, for alumina and YSZ reinforced composites, while fracture toughness improved by 350 and 120%. The 20 and 30 mol% alumina composites exhibited rising R-curve behavior. The increase in elastic modulus was more predominant for alumina containing composites than for YSZ composites. Addition of alumina did not have much effect on the density but addition of YSZ increased the density linearly. Effect of reinforcement on hardness was greater for alumina containing than for YSZ containing composites. The YSZ reinforced glass composites revealed more enhanced viscous behavior than the alumina counterparts at both 800 and 1000 °C.
Genetic algorithms with dynamic niche sharing for multimodal function optimization

Genetic algorithms utilize populations of individual hypotheses that converge over time to a single optimum, even within a multimodal domain. This paper examines methods that enable genetic algorithms to identify multiple optima within multimodal domains by maintaining population members within the niches defined by the multiple optima. A new mechanism, dynamic niche sharing, is developed that is able to efficiently identify and search multiple niches (peaks) in a multimodal domain. Dynamic niche sharing is shown to perform better than two other methods for multiple optima identification, standard sharing and deterministic crowding.
Transdermal Delivery of Azidothymidine (AZT) through Rat Skin Ex‐vivo

Problems with conventional delivery systems for the administration of azidothymidine (AZT) to AIDS patients have included difficulty in predicting blood concentrations; these may be very low due to first-pass metabolism and low bioavailability or may reach toxic levels, potentially leading to haematological adverse effects. Transdermal delivery has been proposed in order to reduce the likelihood of these problems. The purpose of this investigation was to increase the permeation of AZT through the skin and to identify a solvent system for transdermal delivery of AZT. AZT possesses characteristics favourable for transdermal absorption, low molecular weight (267.24), water solubility and lipid/water partition coefficient 1.2 at pH 7.4. Radiochemical assay was used to determine AZT concentrations. Ex-vivo permeation of AZT through excised rat skin was studied using a diffusion cell; the effect of various sorption promoters were investigated. The flux value increased from 14.94 μg cm−2 h−1 in control vehicle (distilled water) to up to 64.42 μg cm−2 h−1 in ethanol. The affinity of AZT for skin in the presence of ethanol was decreased by two orders of magnitude when compared with the control. A combination of ethanol and propylene glycol appears to be a good solvent system for the development of transdermal delivery system of AZT.
Discovery of Nearly Coherent Oscillations with a Frequency of approximately 567 Hz During Type I X-ray Bursts of the X-ray Transient and Eclipsing Binary X1658-298

We report the discovery of nearly coherent oscillations with a frequency of approximately 567 Hz during type I X-ray bursts from the X-ray transient and eclipsing binary X1658-298. If these oscillations are directly related to the neutron star rotation, then the spin period of the neutron star in X1658-298 is approximately 1.8 ms. The oscillations can be present during the rise or decay phase of the bursts. Oscillations during the decay phase of the bursts show an increase in frequency of approximately 0.5-1 Hz. However, in one particular burst the oscillations reappear at the end of the decay phase at about 571.5 Hz. This represents an increase in oscillation frequency of about 5 Hz, which is the largest frequency change seen so far in a burst oscillation. It is unclear if such a large change can be accommodated by present models used to explain the frequency evolution of the oscillations. The oscillations at 571.5 Hz are unusually soft compared to the oscillations found at 567 Hz. We also observed several bursts during which the oscillations are detected at much lower significance or not at all. Most of these bursts happen during periods of X-ray dipping behavior, suggesting that the X-ray dipping might decrease the amplitude of the oscillations (although several complications exist with this simple picture). We discuss our discovery in the framework of the neutron star spin interpretation.
Paying The Piper: An Empirical Examination Of Longer-Term Financial Consequences Of Illegal Corporate Behavior

Longer-term performance effects of corporate illegality were investigated. Results show that firms experience lower accounting returns over five years and slower sales growth in the third through f...
Comparison of Chironomids and Other Macroinvertebrates Associated with Myriophyllum spicatum and Heteranthera dubia

ABSTRACT Macroinvertebrate communities inhabiting exotic Eurasian milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) and native water stargrass (Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM.) macrophytes were studied from March 1999 to June 2000 in experimental ponds constructed to simulate reservoir wetlands. Although macrophyte architecture explained some variation in macroinvertebrate abundance between the two macrophytes, most variation was explained by the sampling months. Total number of macroinvertebrates was positively correlated with epiphyton biomass, and epiphyton biomass was significantly different between the two plant species and among sampling months. Taxa richness did not vary between the two plant types. Chironomid larvae were the most abundant organisms and were dominated by Apedilum elachistum on both plant species. Annual production of five chironomid species was estimated by the size-frequency method. Apedilum elachistum exhibited the highest productivity- 9.9 g dry wt m−2 y−1 of plant surface area on M spicatum ...
Simultaneous critical dimension and overlay measurements on a SEM through target design for inline manufacturing lithography control

This paper introduces the capability of measuring overlay (OL) errors (current level to prior level errors and neighboring field errors) and critical dimension (CD) errors simultaneously on a Critical Dimension Scanning Electron Microscope (CD SEM). In the past OL errors and CD errors have been measured on different tools sets. CD errors have always been measured on SEMs and OL errors have always been measured on optical tools. In both cases, measurements were obtained on separate target designs. The key to this paper is in the design of the targets. We combine, in one target design, the ability to extract OL and CD errors simultaneously. Current OL targets designs are limited by the resolution of that type of tool which is on the order of 1um, this means that current OL target designs are created at ground rules larger than this (typically 2-3um in size) and at ground rules much larger than the circuit design. A target design that allows the OL and CD to be measured at the ground rules of the circuit would be a much more desirable measurement and takes advantage of the SEM's strengths which include resolution. Additionally, a target design that allows current level to prior level OL, neighboring field OL and CD errors to be measured simultaneously would be extremely desirable. The key is designing the targets for cases where prior level information can be seen on the SEM, this can be performed on many levels throughout chip construction, probably more than half of all levels. This methodology will significantly reduce the time it takes to build parts, improve technical performance and save tool cost.
Binary mixtures of surfactants. The effect of structural and microenvironmental factors on molecular interaction at the aqueous solution/air interface

Abstract Using the nonideal solution treatment developed in a previous publication [Rosen and Hua, J. Colloid Interface Sci.86, 164 (1982)] surface tension-concentration curves for individual purified surfactants and their binary mixtures are used to calculate β, the molecular interaction parameter for mixed monolayer formation. The value of β is essentially constant with change in the value of the mole fraction of either surfactant in the surface phase from 0.2 to 0.8. Maximum interaction between the two surfactants occurs when their alkyl chains have the same number of carbon atoms. There is a decrease in β with increase in pH of the solution phase for an anionic-polyoxyethylenated nonionic system, consistent with the previously postulated weakly cationic character of the polyoxyethylene chain. With increase in the sodium chloride concentration of the solution, the value of β decreases for a cationic-polyoxyethylenated nonionic mixture but goes through a maximum for anionic-polyoxyethylenated mixtures. This may be due to complex formation between some ether oxygen of the polyoxyethylene chains and Na+. Temperature increase in the 10–40°C range results in a decrease in the value for β for ionic-polyoxyethylenated nonionic mixtures.
Environmental Sustainability Versus Profit Maximization: Overcoming Systemic Constraints on Implementing Normatively Preferable Alternatives

There is a systemic condition inherent in contemporary markets that compel managers not to pursue more morally preferable initiatives if those initiatives will require actions that conflict with profit maximization. Normative arguments for implementing morally preferable practices within the existing system fail because they are insufficient to counter-act the systemic conditions affecting decision-making that is focused on maximizing profit as the primary operational value. To overcome this constraint we must elevate a more normatively preferable value, ‚ideal environmental sustainability,’ to the level of being the primary filtering value through which other competing values are evaluated, prioritized, and implemented. In order for this to occur in practice, a change must be made relative to the laws, rules, and regulations that define and guide the market. This can be done by suitably defining the epistemic constraint of impartiality utilizing Rawls’ notion of a ‚veil of ignorance’ as a heuristic device.
Evidence for the regulation of Na+, K+-ATPase α1 gene expression through the interaction of aldosterone and cAMP-inducible transcriptional factors

Mineralocorticoid hormones such as aldosterone modulate cellular ion homeostasis at least in part through the regulation of Na+, K(+)-ATPase (NAKA) gene expression. While aldosterone acts at the transcriptional level through its ligand-inducible mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), tissue specific and other transcriptional factors may interact with the MR to modulate this regulatory response. cAMP also regulates NAKA alpha 1 gene expression which at the transcriptional level is mediated, in part, through a cAMP response element (CRE) present on a highly conserved, 48 base pair enhancer region, the PUC-1 core, of the rat NAKA alpha 1 subunit gene promoter. We have tested the hypothesis that the MR interacts with cAMP induced transcriptional factors to modulate the NAKA alpha 1 gene expression. In transient transfection studies a PUC-1 core attached to an enhancerless SV40 promoter driven reporter gene (pB1CAT) was induced by 8-bromo-cAMP in HeLa cells. Co-transfected MR expression vector inhibited the 8-bromo-cAMP inducible activity of pB1CAT. DNA binding studies suggested that the PUC-1 core binds both CREB/ATF proteins as well as the glucocorticoid hormone class of steroid receptors. These results suggest that the MR suppresses cAMP-mediated activation of PUC-1 core driven CAT activity possibly through a direct interaction with CREB/ATF transcriptional factors. This in turn suggests that the interaction of two distinct signal transduction systems, aldosterone and cAMP, may define the mineralocorticoid responsiveness of the Na+, K(+)-ATPase alpha 1 gene.
High-resolution micro-CT evaluation of mid- to long-term effects of estrogen deficiency on rat trabecular bone1

Abstract Rationale and Objectives. Previous studies have shown dramatic short-term bone loss following ovariectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mid- to long-term effects of estrogen deficiency on microarchitecture of tibial trabecular bone using a high-resolution microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT). Materials and Methods. Twenty-eight female rats were divided into two equal groups: ovariectomized (OVX, n = 14) and sham-operated (SOVX, n = 14), which in turn were divided into two equal subgroups (euthanized either 6 or 16 weeks after surgery). The left tibia of each animal was scanned with a high-resolution micro-CT (Skyscan 1072 micro-CT system; SkyScan, Aartselaar, Belgium). The Micro-CT system used an X-ray CCD-camera with a cooled 1024 × 1024-pixel 12-bit sensor. Results. Ovariectomy significantly decreased the ratio of bone volume:tissue volume (−42% at 6 weeks and −69% at 16 weeks) and trabecular thickness (−13% at 6 weeks and −30% at 16 weeks), while significantly increasing trabecular separation (+73% at 6 weeks and +100% at 16 weeks) and structure model index (+15% at 6 weeks and +48% at 16 weeks), when compared with SOVX, from 6 to 16 weeks. Conclusion. Based on the experimental results, there are alterations of trabecular microarcihtecture in the tibia following mid- and long-term estrogen deficiency. More rod-shaped trabeculae are formed with increasing duration of estrogen deficiency. The high-resolution micro-CT imaging system is useful to evaluate the mid- to long-term trabecular changes seen with estrogen deficiency or osteoporosis.
Advanced Strain-Based Design Pipeline Welding Technologies

To meet the increasing worldwide demand for natural gas, there is a need to safely and economically develop remotely located resources. Pipeline construction is a major activity required to connect these remote resources to markets. Such pipeline routes may cross areas containing geohazards such as discontinuous permafrost, active seismicity and offshore ice gouging. These pipelines may be subjected to longitudinal strains above 0.5%. To safely design pipelines for such conditions, a strain-based design (SBD) approach can be used in addition to conventional allowable stress designs (ASD).Significant pipeline construction cost savings can be achieved with the use of higher strength steels (X70+) due to reduced pipe wall thicknesses (less steel) and faster girth welding. However, a robust welding technology for higher strength SBD pipelines is often a technology gap depending on the target level of longitudinal strain that needs to be accommodated, since such applications often demand excellent weld toughness at low temperatures (−15°C) and high tensile strength (>120ksi). This paper discusses the development of an enabling welding technology that offers a superior combination of strength and toughness compared to commercially available technologies.Acicular ferrite interspersed in martensite (AFIM) has been previously identified as a useful high strength weld metal microstructure that can be applied in field pipeline construction. This paper describes how this microstructure has been used to create welds with excellent strength overmatch and good ductile tearing resistance for X80 SBD pipelines. This approach has been implemented for mainline, double-joining and repair welding applications. This paper describes the welding procedures, mechanical properties achieved, estimated strain capacities, and the results of a full-scale pipe strain capacity test.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Molecular set theory. III: The wide sense kinetics of molecular sets

An effort is made to begin widening the scope of kinetics by merging the concepts and point of view of molecular set theory with the stochastic approach to kinetics, beginning with the simplest unimolecular molecular set transformation. In this spirit the new concept ofmolecular set variable is introduced as the basic unit of kinetics as opposed to simply the traditionalconcentration (or cardinality) unit, connoting that the composition as well as the size of a molecular set are significant dynamic features of a system. The changes in state (or “value”) of the molecular set variable are characterized by a Markovian stochastic process and the relationship between this process and the corresponding unimolecular process for the concentration variable introduced earlier is discussed. The possible role of molecular set theory in terms of the underlying biomathematical structure of relational biology is also considered.
Film transfer with non-equilibrium chemical reaction

Abstract The asymmetric property of the nonlinear chemical affinity equation is shown to result in a diffusive flux augmentation effect, due to nonlinear chemical reaction rate, that is dependent on the direction in which the reaction is displaced from equilibrium. Because of this, a film when coupled with an external driving force can act as a “chemical pump”. A simple model is suggested for a quasi steady pump of this type which provides maximum pumping effect when the film thickness is in the range of eight to ten times the mean characteristic diffusion reaction length.
The Generative Potential of Mixed Methods Inquiry.

A mixed method approach to educational and social inquiry is presented as an important counterpoint to the contemporary debate about what constitutes valid, rigorous, and ‘scientific’ research. By welcoming all legitimate methodological traditions, mixed method inquiry meaningfully engages with difference and thus offers some generative potential for better, enriched, more insightful understanding.
Interactive error repair for an online handwriting interface

Current online handwriting recognition systems have very limited error recovery mechanisms. In this paper, we discuss the problem of error repair in an online handwriting interface. Based on user study of common repair patterns found in human handwriting, we propose an approach that allows users to recover from recognition errors. The basic idea is to handle the error repair at the interface level by interacting with users. The method requires few modifications on original recognition engine and imposes few restrictions on users. We have developed a prototype system to demonstrate the proposed concept and perform user study when the system provides error recovery mechanisms.
Analytical formulas for disk filters

Formulas relating the rate of filtrate flow in a sectioned disk filter to the process variables are derived. It is demonstrated that an optimum inner radius which yields a maximum flow of filtrate can be chosen. Flow rates for drum and disk filters operating under similar conditions are compared.
Target-mask similarity in backward recognition masking of perceived tone duration

Previous research using a backward recognition masking paradigm revealed that the perceived duration of a target increased with actual target duration, the time available for processing the target, and the duration of the mask. A model was developed which submits that the percept of target duration increases during the presentation of the target and the following silent interval. The mask terminates the growth of the perceived duration of the target. In addition, the perceived duration of the mask adds something to the final duration judgment. The model has provided a good description of duration perception for both tones and vowels, by several converging measures. Yet, in the previous studies, the target and mask were identical in all respects except for duration. The influence of the masking tone may possibly have been limited to this idiosyncratic situation. The present study explored this possibility by manipulating the frequency similarity between the target and masking tones. The target and masking tones could now differ in both duration and frequency. The earlier results were replicated, demonstrating that an identity of the target and masking tones is not a necessary condition for the previous findings.
Phase conjugator for active retrodirective array applications

A novel phase conjugator for active retrodirective array applications is presented. The circuit provides conversion gain as well as phase conjugating operation by using active devices, and results in a simple and compact design through the use of a common port for RF and IF signals. Measurement results indicate a 3.2 dB conversion gain with an RF-IF isolation of 20 dB. This phase conjugator can be used as a component in a retrodirective array when combined with an antenna.
Misidentification of nitrated peptides: comments on Hong, S.J., Gokulrangan, G., Schöneich, C., 2007. Proteomic analysis of age-dependent nitration of rat cardiac proteins by solution isoelectric focusing coupled to nanoHPLC tandem mass spectrometry. Exp. Gerontol. 42, 639-651.

Aging tissue has shown elevated 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels associated with posttranslational protein nitration caused by various reactive nitrogen species (Greenacre and Ischiropoulos, 2001). The extent of biological nitration is low, reaching merely up to five 3-NT residues per 10,000 tyrosine residues under inflammatory conditions (Radi, 2004). Therefore, the major challenge in the proteomic analysis of nitroproteins is the need to distinguish modified proteins from large amounts of unmodified proteins. Thus far, an overwhelming majority of publications addressing this posttranslational modification in vivo have relied on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) in combination with Western blot detection of 3-NT immunoreactive spots (Butterfield and Sultana, 2008). Because the technique relies on a precise alignment of Western blot analyses and 2D-PAGE gel images and presumes the presence of a single protein per gel spot, the identification of nitroproteins by these investigations should be considered putative, when no information is sought and obtained to localize specific nitration sites in the proteins (Amoresan et al., 2007). By a gel-free methodology and through the use of electrospray ionization (ESI) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), Hong et al. (2007) have attempted an accurate localization of modification sites required for unequivocal identification of nitration-sensitive proteins in the rat cardiac muscle, and subsequently implicated the effect of this age-associated posttranslational modification on protein functions. Their data was generated on a low-resolution ion trap mass spectrometer and, most probably, employing a high-tolerance protein database search to find potential nitropeptides. Also, “zoom” scans that permit determination of the number of charges on the precursor peptide ions (Davis and Lee, 1997) were not part of the data-dependent acquisition method used for data collection. Without charge state information, database search programs such as SEQUEST try to match both doubly- and triply-charged precursors to the submitted tandem mass spectra, and the higher charge state matches usually get higher scores. Although specific details about protein database search were missing from the paper (Hong et al., 2007), default precursor-ion and MS/MS product-ion mass tolerances are 1.5 Da and 1.0 Da, respectively, when one selects “LCQ” from the “Instrument type:” menu of the search parameters window in the Bioworks (SEQUEST) software employed. Because of charge-state ambiguities and high mass tolerance in protein database search, emphasis on validation of the identified hits was highly justified.
The public consumption of Western music in colonial India: From imperialist exclusivity to global receptivity

The high art of Europe, as the perceived location of elevated aesthetic accomplishment, compelled much of the British establishment in colonial India to pursue musical activities that mirrored the ...
DEFORMATION QUANTIZATION: IS C1 NECESSARILY SKEW?

Deformation quantization (of a commutative algebra) is based on the introduction of a new associative product, expressed as a formal series, . In the case of the algebra of functions on a symplectic space the first term in the perturbation is often identified with the antisymmetric Poisson bracket. There is a wide-spread belief that every associative *-product is equivalent to one for which C1(f,g) is antisymmetric and that, in particular, every abelian deformation is trivial. This paper shows that this is far from being the case and illustrates the existence of abelian deformations by physical examples.
Treating Navy Wastewaters Using High-Shear Rotary and Tubular Membrane Systems

AbstractMembrane filtration systems can handle varying wastewaters with simple and robust operation. However, current low permeate flux rates attributed to solids accumulation at the membrane surface limit more widespread technology use. This work seeks a better understanding of flux performance relative to solids concentration and transmembrane pressure coupled with potential flux enhancements. Enhancements revolve around disturbing solids accumulation at the membrane surface by physical cleaning or periodic flow reversal. Results indicate both rotary and tubular membranes produce consistent particle-free, low-turbidity permeate at varying levels of feed solids concentrations. Rotary membranes may produce only slightly greater permeate flux rates than tubular membranes at low feed solids concentration, but the difference increases drastically as feed solids concentration increases. Rotary membrane systems can concentrate wastewaters to greater than 40% solids, but the greater the feed solids, the less ad...
Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope exchange in the system calcite-carbon dioxide-graphite-methane-hydrogen-water vapor

Abstract Isotopic fractionation factors have been calculated for deuterium exchange between hydrogen, water vapor and methane, and for carbon-13 exchange between graphite, calcite, carbon dioxide and methane. These fractionation factors have been tabulated at various intervals between 0 and 700°C. Some geochemical applications of the calculated data are discussed
Applications in in ovo technology

Abstract By mid-August 1995, 55% of broiler embryos in North America were vaccinated for Marek's disease using the INOVOJECT system, with 201 INOVOJECT machines placed with 16 of the top 25 poultry producers, providing the industry with the capacity to inject in excess of 400 million eggs per month or about 5 billion eggs per annum. In ovo administration of a bursal disease antibody-infectious bursal disease virus (BDA-IBDV) complexed vaccine to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryos was safer and more potent than conventional IBDV vaccine alone because it delayed the appearance of bursal lesions, produced no early mortality, produced higher geometric mean antibody titers against IBDV, and generated protective immunity against challenge. In ovo administration of a BDA-IBDV complexed vaccine to broiler embryos generated antibody titers against IBDV sooner than conventional virus vaccinates, and generated protective immunity against challenge Direct DNA injection of plasmid DNA encoding beta-galactosidase into breast muscle in ovo and posthatch was an effective means to achieve both gene transfer and expression, with potential for the development of gene vaccines using plasmids encoding protective antigens from poultry pathogens. In ovo administration of 800 U chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF), a chicken hematopoietic cytokine for cells of the monocytic-granulocytic lineages, significantly reduced mortality associated with Escherichia coli exposure within the hatcher when compared to PBS controls (6.1 vs 12.4, P
Very Late Stent Thrombosis and Late Target Lesion Revascularization No End in Sight

Randomized trials and registries have clearly demonstrated that drug-eluting stents (DES) are effective in reducing restenosis.1,2 After their introduction and an initial period of unbridled enthusiasm, it was recognized that there was a significant increase in very late stent thrombosis (VLST) compared with bare metal stents, and this late complication has been the subject of continued concern and intensive investigation. Very late ST is fortunately infrequent, but it is associated with very high rates of death and myocardial infarction. Understanding the frequency, duration, and potential mechanisms of VSLT has been hampered by the lack of large studies where low-frequency events can be more accurately determined and evaluated. Randomized trials, typically evaluating low-risk patients, have shown a low rate of VLST averaging 0.2%/y, but rates in registries with off-label use are higher, averaging 0.6%/y.2,3 Some studies have suggested a plateau after 3 years whereas others have not.4 Because of the selective nature of these trials, the incidence and time course in an unrestricted population is unclear. Article see p 584 In this issue of Circulation , Kimura and colleagues report on the outcome of 12 812 patients receiving the first generation sirolimus-eluting stent. In this large unrestricted registry from Japan, the cumulative incidence of definite ST was low (0.3% early, 0.6% late, and 1.6% at 5 years).5 Most disturbing, however, was the observation of the continued steady rate of VLST of 0.26%/y without any evidence of a plateau up to 5 years. The rate of VLST is consistent with other large registries with long follow-up (the Table) and is compatible with the smaller Drug-Eluting Stents in the Real World-LATE (DESIRE-LATE) study, the only other registry to have 5-year data.3, …
The G-C Specific DNA Binding Drug, Mithramycin, Selectively Inhibits Transcription of the C-MYC and C-HA-RAS Genes in Regenerating Liver

ABSTRACT Expression of the c-myc and c-Ha-ras protooneogenes is dramatically increased in regenerating rat liver as an early response to partial hepatectomy. Nuclear runon transcription studies confirm that the increased c-myc and c-Ha-ras mRNA levels in regenerating livers refleet transcriptional activation of these genes. Mithramycin, a G-C specific DNA binding drug, prevents the increased transcriptional activity of c-myc and c-Ha-ras genes after hepatectomy but does not alter the transcriptional activity of the beta-actin gene. Continuous exposure of rats to mithramycin after hepatectomy prevents the increase in both c-myc and c-Ha-ras expression and blocks the increased cellular proliferation characteristic of regeneration. The delayed increase in c-myc and c-Ha-ras gene expression is associated with a delay in cellular proliferation. The inhibition of c-myc and c-Ha-ras transcription by mithramycin, the delay in cellular proliferation, and the ability of mithramycin to prevent protein binding to the c-myc promoter, suggest that the increased expression of these genes is a necessary component of liver regeneration.
Capsule Commentary on Aikens et al., Integrating Support Persons into Diabetes Telemonitoring to Improve Self-Management and Medication Adherence

This study conducted by Aikens et al.1 explored the potential benefits for medication adherence among diabetics after integrating a support person (relative or friend) into a VA-based telemonitoring program. These patients participated in 3–6 months of weekly telemonitoring via Interactive Voice Response Calls. Patients had the options of designating a care partner. After each interactive voice response (IVR) call that the patient completed, these care partners received an automatically generated email summarizing patient’s general health and self-management status. Clinicians were also notified about their patient’s non-adherence response via an automatically generated fax. The authors computed the physical composite summary, mental composite summary, and measured long-term medication adherence with the validated Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. They concluded that diabetics who were both noncompliant and psychologically distressed were readily engaged with automated telehealth. Another interesting observation was the selection and involvement of the care partner selected by the patient who received emails and text messages after IVR calls. Despite recruiting from 16 geographically different VA clinics, the authors were only able to recruit 98 non-adherent diabetic patients, who opted to involve a care partner. These participants were not selected randomly and their responses about adherence were purely subjective. Therefore, the results are less convincing due to small sample size and limited duration of the study. Previous studies have examined the impact of tele-monitoring on discrete clinical outcomes such as a decrease in HbA1c.2 However, an observational study conducted by Chumbler et al. didn’t find any significant clinical impact of using telehealth monitoring of veterans’ diabetes when comparing patients monitored on a daily basis versus patients monitored weekly.3 Despite these limitations, these preliminary findings should encourage clinicians and specialists to involve a support person at an early stage when evaluating noncompliant diabetics. It is worth mentioning that the VA has been a leader in providing services for veterans with chronic illnesses including diabetes. Future randomized controlled trials should include telemonitoring of diabetic patients with and without a support person and focus on measuring the diagnostic values related to diabetes complications and healthcare utilization.
Symbolic modelling and design methodology

Abstract Within the domain of design methodology, symbolic modelling exists as a means of organizing a design effort. Further, the use of symbolic modelling in engineering design leads to a proper demarcation between design and analysis. This use of symbolic modelling is illustrated through examples in normative and simulation modelling. The separation of modelling and analysis is shown to be an important principle in quality of design.
Using binary search on a linked list

In this article a variation of binary search applicable to a linked list structure is examined. There are no additional data structure properties imposed on the list; that is the list may be singly or multiply linked, but it is not required that the list be represented as a binary tree. The process can be used with improved efficiency in place of linear search on a linked list where introducing additional data structures complexity on the list is not desirable.This procedure seems appropriate for inclusion in data structures courses where searching and sorting are discussed. The texts on data structures cover the binary search on a fixed length sequence, but the general consensus is that there is no advantage in trying to implement the binary search process on linked lists. One possible exception in this regard, where no details are provided, is [2, page 147].
Reward Systems, Moral Reasoning, and Internal Auditors’ Reporting Wrongdoing

This study investigates the issue of whistle-blowing behavior that results from internal auditors discovering company wrongdoing in the process of preparing financial information. An experiment was conducted to examine whether reward systems such as cash incentives or employment contracts have an impact on auditors’ disclosing wrongdoing behavior. The results indicate that internal auditors are more likely to report wrongdoing to higher authorities when incentives are provided, suggesting reward systems have a positive effect on disclosing company’s wrongdoing or even fraud. In addition, the result reveals that internal auditors with lower levels of moral reasoning are more sensitive to cash incentives.
Variation in host response to brood parasitism reflects evolutionary differences and not phenotypic plasticity

Although adaptive traits are commonly assumed to decline when the selection pressures favouring them become relaxed, behavioural adaptations against brood parasitism often persist for long periods in isolation from brood parasites. In cases where declines have been observed, it has been unclear whether the lower expression in parasite-free populations represents genetic change or is due to phenotypic plasticity in trait expression. We experimentally tested two host species of brood-parasitic brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, for egg rejection behaviour in populations (1) that have bred outside the parasite's range for up to 8000 years, (2) that have been in long-term contact with cowbirds or (3) that are within the cowbird's range but are ‘cowbird-naive’ because cowbirds do not breed locally. American robins, Turdus migratorius, and grey catbirds, Dumetella carolinensis, breeding in allopatry from cowbirds showed lower responsiveness to cowbird eggs than conspecifics breeding in sympatry with cowbirds. Responses of robins and catbirds in cowbird-naive populations, which have had little or no exposure to cowbirds, were identical to those of conspecifics breeding in the presence of cowbirds, indicating that exposure to cowbirds is not necessary for the full expression of rejection and that this defence shows little or no phenotypic plasticity. Therefore, we conclude that the decline in rejection behaviour of allopatric robins and catbirds reflects genetic change and is not due to phenotypic plasticity.
The Environment in International Relations

In this lucid and well-organized text, Kate O'Neill provides a survey of current thinking in the field of international environmental politics. To make her effort manageable, she approaches this task as an analysis of the “politics of global environmental governance” (p. 1). This approach has the effect of orienting the survey toward research on efforts to develop cooperative and lasting solutions to a variety of environmental problems. The downside of this approach is a relative lack of emphasis on various forms of environmental conflict that lead to outcomes such as growth in the number of environmental refugees and the destruction of important ecosystems. But the virtue of the decision to focus on environmental governance is that it provides a coherent and easily understandable framework for the chapters that follow.
Kidney retransplantation for BK virus nephropathy with active viremia without allograft nephrectomy

BK virus nephropathy is an important cause of kidney allograft failure. Retransplantation has been successfully performed for patients with previous allograft loss due to BK virus nephropathy; however, whether allograft nephrectomy and viral clearance are required prior to retransplantation is controversial. Some recent studies have suggested that retransplantion can be successfully achieved without allograft nephrectomy if viremia is cleared prior to retransplant. The only published experience of successful retransplantation in the presence of active viremia occurred in the presence of concomitant allograft nephrectomy of the failing kidney. In this report, we describe a case of successful repeat kidney transplant in a patient with high-grade BK viremia and fulminant hepatic failure without concomitant allograft nephrectomy performed under the setting of a simultaneous liver-kidney transplant.
Regulation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity by nerve growth factor

Nerve growth factor is a neurotrophic factor that regulates neuronal cell development, maintenance, and injury responses in the peripheral and central nervous system. Nerve growth factor reduces injury owing to oxidative stress in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by increasing intracellular glutathione, in part owing to its stimulation of the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of glutathione. Here we show that nerve growth factor did not increase the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in PC12 cells at the transcriptional level. Rather, nerve growth factor enhanced the stability of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA in PC12 cells. These results suggest that, during oxidative stress, nerve growth factor extended the half-life of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA, thus increasing gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA levels compared to nerve growth factor-deprived PC12 cells.
Task Context and Individual Difference Effects on Skill Acquisition of Visual Processing Strategy

Pratt and Sohn (2001) suggested that training context impacts those with a holistic strategy while training context does not influence transfer performance for those with an analytic strategy. The present research attempts to compliment and extend their findings by examining the role of complexity and how it interacts with individual differences in visual processing strategy. Participants were given a visual discrimination task in which they trained on one of four stimulus sets that varied in complexity and similarity and then transferred to novel stimuli. Stimulus complexity was defined by the number of points each stimulus had. Stimulus similarity was defined by the six levels of discrimination difficulty. Using methods described by Pratt & Sohn (2001), participant's individual processing strategy was extracted from a screening session prior to training. Participants were categorized as either “analytic” or “holistic” based on their response reaction time as a function of stimulus complexity. Those with...
The transition from longitudinal to perpendicular recording

After more than 30 years of research, hard disk drives using perpendicular recording are finally commercially available. This review is a follow-up of a review written in 1999 and addresses the basic physics of perpendicular recording with special emphasis on the read and the write process and the magnetic aspects of the recording media. The paper also surveys various technical difficulties which prevented an earlier implementation of perpendicular recording. The paper closes with a short overview of alternative technologies that allow even higher storage densities.