cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Biometric Study of Molt in White Leghorn Hens

Abstract AS A result of several years of investigation relating to the effects of feeding inorganic sulphur compounds to laying hens, data have become available at the U. S. Animal Husbandry Experiment Farm, Beltsville, Maryland, which lend themselves quite readily to a study of the molt of White Leghorn hens and its effect on their egg production. * Observations on the molt were made on three groups of White Leghorn hens, each group representing a separate year’s work The first and third groups consisted of four lots each, and the second group, of three lots. The birds were kept in colony houses and were permitted a limited amount of grass range. The nutrition of the birds in any one group was the same, except for the composition of the mineral supplements for the various lots. However, the composition of the basal diet fed to the first group differed from that fed to . . .
Concluding remarks: The importance of polymer science for biological systems

The 139th Faraday Discussion covered many interesting subjects, divided into four sections: Cell Interactions; Membranes & Walls; Proteins and Polysaccharides; and Natural & Synthetic Polymers. Here, the meeting is summarised and future prospects are explored.
Structural degradation of polyurethane-based elastomeric modules

Degradative characteristics were studied using specimens of three polyurethane-based elastomeric modules that were treated in solutions of varying acidity, oxygen content and temperature. After periods of 10 and 100 days, molecular weight distribution changes, mechanical property changes and elemental chemistry changes were studied using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), stress-relaxation testing and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. As determined through analyses of the molecular, mechanical, and elemental changes after treatment, the degradative mechanism was influenced by whether the polyurethane was polyester-based or polyether-based, and the degree of structural degradation was influenced by the type and duration of conditioning treatment. Degradation of the polyester-based materials after treatment was dominated by a chain scission mechanism; conversely, the degradation of the polyether-based material was dominated by a crosslinking mechanism. Among the conditioning treatments, the combined effects of an increase in acidity, oxygen content and temperature most influenced the degree of degradation with time, with the increase in temperature having the greatest effect of any of the single variables investigated.
Information on and identification of Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) and other aphid species colonizing leaves of wheat and barley in the United States

In the United States, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), variously called the “Russian wheat aphid,” the “Russian grain aphid,” and the “barley aphid,” was first collected and identified in March 1986, near Muleshoe, Bailey County, Tex. By the end of 1986, D. noxia had been collected in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming on wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, and several grasses. Damage to wheat and barley during 1986 was extensive in some fields in Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado; crop losses were heavy in these areas. In addition to D. noxia , 12 other aphid species are known to colonize leaves of wheat, barley, and other small grains and some related grasses in the United States. A brief summary of taxonomic characteristics, usual hosts, and known distribution within the United States is given here for each species along with a couplet key and pictorial plates. This information should prove very useful to county, state, and federal personnel involved with surveys of grain aphids, particularly those surveys for D. noxia as it spreads into other grain-growing areas of the United States.
Growth, nutrient consumption, and end-product accumulation in Sf-9 and BTI-EAA insect cell cultures: Insights into growth limitation and metabolism

Growth, nutrient consumption, and end-product accumulation were quantitated in shake-flask cultures of two insect cell lines, Sf-9 and BTI-EAA, in three different serum-supplemented media. Per cell consumption or production rates were calculated for most medium components analyzed. Glucose was growth-limiting in TNM-FH medium and was the most important single source of organic-C for the cells in all cultures. Cells utilized fructose and maltose but not sucrose. alpha-Ketoglutarate and malate contributed significantly to the carbon budget of cells in TNM-FH. Lactate generally did not accumulate during growth. Most of the amino acids were consumed by the cells, with the exception of alanine which was produced. Most of the amino acids appeared to be present in adequate supply in the cultures. Glutamate was generally the most rapidly consumed of the amino acids, followed closely by glutamine. Alanine accumulation was correlated with glucose consumption. In Sf-9 cultures, ammonia accumulated only slightly or not at all as long as glucose was present in the medium, and uric acid was detectable at the end of growth and in the stationary phase. Added ammonia up to a concentration of 10 mM did not affect the growth of either cell line. Ammonia and lactate may be of less importance in limiting growth in insect cell cultures than in mammalian cell cultures. A hypothetical outline of the major metabolic pathways of the cultured insect cells is presented on the basis of information obtained here and in the literature.
Mutation of threonine 422 to glutamic acid mimics the phosphorylation state and alters the action of deltamethrin on Cav2.2

Abstract Effects of deltamethrin on voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) from rat brain (Cav2.2) expressed in Xenopus oocytes were assessed electrophysiologically. Deltamethrin reduced peak current of wild-type Cav2.2 in a stereospecific and concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 1 × 10−9 M. Phosphorylation of threonine 422 enhances voltage-sensitive calcium current, increases the probability that Cav2.2 will open under depolarizing conditions and antagonizes the inhibition of the channel by the betagamma subunit of heterotrimeric G-protein (Gβγ). Site-directed mutagenesis of threonine 422 to glutamic acid (T422E) results in a channel that acts as if it were permanently phosphorylated. Deltamethrin (10−7 M) significantly enhanced peak current via the T422E channel (1.5-fold) compared to the nontreated control and the increase was significantly greater than for either the wild-type (T422) or T422A (permanently unphosphorylated mutant) channels. The effect of deltamethrin on T422E Cav2.2 was stereospecific and concentration-dependent with an EC50 of 9.8 × 10−11 M. Thus, Cav2.2 is modified by deltamethrin but the resulting perturbation is dependent upon the phosphorylation state of threonine 422.
Vitamin A and β-Carotene on Host Defense

Abstract Even though the protective role played by vitamin A and β -carotene against numerous diseases has been clearly demonstrated, the exact mechanism by which they afford this protection is not completely understood. Impairment of the animal's immune system resulting from the vitamin deficiency may account for increased susceptibility to infection. This article attempts to draw from available information on the effects of vitamin A and β -carotene on specific and nonspecific host defense mechanisms as they relate to disease.
The hematopoietic protective effect of bacterial endotoxin prior to nitrogen mustard in the mouse and dog

Bacterial endotoxin was given to mice 24 h before nitrogen mustard (HN2). Total nucleated cells and peroxidase positive cells/humerus were significantly higher during the recovery phase in endotoxin-treated mice compared to controls given HN2 alone. Endotoxin was also given prior to HN2 in dogs, and a suggestive hematopoietic protective effect was found.
Iliac artery aneurysms: Stent-grafting techniques

This report describes our experience with the use of stent-grafts for the treatment of isolated iliac artery aneurysms (IAAs) and reviews the technical aspects of the procedure. Various stents were used in combination with polyester or polytetrafluroethylene graft material to treat 41 patients with peripheral vascular disease. Twenty of these procedures were for IAAs in 19 patients. There were 18 men and 1 woman, with a mean age of 72 years (range, 53 to 84 years). Fifteen of the 20 aneurysms were located in either the common iliac or the common and internal iliac arteries. Transluminal placement of the stent-grafts was successful in all patients. Immediate leaks were noted in four cases. Three were treated with additional stent-grafts and one with coil embolization with thrombosis of the aneurysms in all cases. There were no distal thromboembolic events or infections. The postprocedure course of two patients was complicated by thrombosis of the contralateral common iliac vein. The mean follow-up period was 21 months (range, 1 to 48 months). IAAs can be effectively treated with endoluminal placement of stent-grafts; however, long-term follow-up is needed before this mode of therapy can be recommended in all patients.
Design of a statistical method for the analysis of mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells

Mutagenesis data collected in the mammalian cell CHO/HGPRT assay were analyzed to study the distribution of the experimental errors associated with the test. The data neither followed the widely assumed Poisson distribution nor satisfied the usual statistical assumptions of normality and homogeneous variance of experimental errors. We transformed the data by using the power formula Y = (X + A) gamma where X is the observed mutation frequency, Y is the transformed frequency, and A and gamma are constants determined by the procedure of Box and Cox. Setting A = 1 and gamma = 0.15 we produced transformed values for which the assumptions of homogeneous variance and normal distribution were satisfied. This transformation enables one to properly use Student's t-test and dose-response analysis of variance to analyze CHO/HGPRT results. The experimental design for CHO/HGPRT mutagenesis assays is also discussed.
Hip Offset in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Quantitative Measurement with Navigation

Background Offset in THA correlates to abductor muscle function, wear, and impingement. Femoral offset after THA is not independent of the cup center of rotation (COR) so hip offset, a combination of femoral offset and change in hip COR, becomes the important measurement.
Methotrexate (MTX)-cIBR Conjugate for Targeting MTX to Leukocytes: Conjugate Stability and In Vivo Efficacy in Suppressing Rheumatoid Arthritis

ABSTRACT: Methotrexate (MTX) has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis at low doses and leukemia at high doses; however, this drug can produce severe side effects. Our hypothesis is that MTX side effects can be attenuated by directing the drug to the target cells (i.e., leukocytes) using (cyclo(1,12)PenPRGGSVLVTGC) peptide (cIBR). To test this hypothesis, MTX was conjugated to the N-terminus of cIBR peptide to give MTX–cIBR conjugate. MTX–cIBR (5.0mg/kg) suppressed joint arthritis in adjuvant arthritis rats and prevented periarticular inflammation and bone resorption of the limb joints. In vitro , the toxicity of MTX–cIBR peptide against Molt-3T cells was inhibited by anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) antibody and cIBR peptide in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that the uptake of MTX–cIBR was partially mediated by LFA-1. Chemical stability studies indicated that MTX–cIBR was most stable at pH 6.0. The MTX portion of MTX–cIBR was unstable under acidic conditions, whereas the cIBR portion was unstable under basic conditions. In biological media, MTX–cIBR had short half lives in rat plasma (44 min) and homogenized rat heart tissue (38 min). This low plasma stability may contribute to the low in vivo efficacy of MTX–cIBR; therefore, there is a need to design a more stable conjugate to improve the in vivo efficacy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Heterogeneous fluorine atom recombination/reaction on several materials of construction

Heterogeneous F-atom recombination/reaction probabilities on several construction materials were computed from measurements of F-atom flow rates at the entrance and exit of a catalytic duct in a low-pressure reactor. Atom loss probabilities at 300 K and pF^ 13N-m ~ (~1.3 -10~atm) are 6.4 -10~ 5 for A12O3, 1.6-10' for quartz and pyrex glass, 2.8-10" for type-304 stainless steel, 4.2-10" for molybdenum, 7.2-10" for nickel, 1.8-10 ~ for aluminum, and > 10 ~ for copper, brass, and zinc. The values for steel and aluminum vary little with temperature up to 470 and 560 K, respectively. Application of these materials in gas dynamic hydrogen fluoride laser nozzles is discussed briefly.
Gain and far-field patterns for phase-correcting Fresnel zone plate antennas at millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies

The Fresnel zone plate lens antenna, which provides advantages compared to a normal paraboloidal or spherical lens, has been extensively investigated in the millimeter-wave and terahertz regions. The advantages include reduced weight, volume, and attenuation and simplicity of design. The principal disadvantage is that the zone plate sometimes provides reduced gain compared to a true lens. Particularly at high millimeter-wave or terahertz frequencies the low loss of the zone plate more than compensates for the reduced directivity. This paper investigates the gains and far-field patterns for a number of cases and gives both the analysis and numerical results for the examples. These cases have dealt with large-angle designs, where the focal length (F) and diameter (D) are comparable (F/D = 0.3 to 2.5), unlike the typical optical examples. The antenna patterns are found to have beamwidths and first sidelobes that are similar to what one would obtain with a standard lens, given the same aperture illumination. Appropriate feed designs are also described. For best aperture efficiency the illumination taper is about 10 dB, and this gives first sidelobe levels of about -24dB for a circular aperture. Far-out average sidelobes are not as low as for a true lens, and this is where the gain is affected.
Analytical, linear stability criteria for the leap-frog, Dufort-Frankel method

Abstract The criterion of linear numerical stability of the combined leap-frog Dufort-Frankel scheme for advective-diffusive problems in two dimensions is κ x Δx 2 + κ y Δy 2 U 2 κ x + V 2 κ y Δt 2 ⩽1 , where Δx and Δy are the grid spacings in the x and y directions, U and V the velocity components, κ x and κ y the diffusion coefficients, and Δt the time step. Although this stability requirement does not depend explicitly on the magnitude of the diffusivity (only on the ratio of the diffusivity coefficients), the presence of the diffusive terms renders the criterion more severe than the one obtained for purely advective problems [(| U | Δx + | V | Δy ) Δt ≤ 1]. Only in one dimension are both criteria identical. Therefore, at more than one dimension, the unconditionally stable scheme (Dufort-Frankel) combined with the conditionally stable scheme (leap-frog) leads to the more restrictive stability condition. The maximum allowable time step occurs when the grid spacings in both directions have the same ratio as the square roots of the diffusivity coefficients. A new method is presented for discussing the stability of a finite-difference scheme without actually solving for the modulus of the amplification factor. This method is also extended to more general cases.
Influence of Tetracaine on the Structure and Function of Estrogen Receptors

The local anesthetic agent tetracaine has been shown to relax the affinity of estrogen receptors for estradiol and unidentified ligands in uterine cytosols. This effect is dependent on both the temperature of the exchange reaction and the concentration of tetracaine. Increasing the concentration of tetracaine in the system from 0 to 6 mM while keeping the temperature at 10 C results in a stepwise increase in the fractions of receptors that engage in a rapid exchange. Increasing the temperature of the exchange reaction from 0 to 17 C in the presence of 4 mM tetracaine similarly results in a stepwise increase in the fraction of receptors exhibiting the rapid exchange. The combination of 4 mM tetracaine and 10 C achieves the displacement of [3H]estradiol by unlabeled estradiol from the majority of the receptors in 30 min. In addition, tetracaine appears to relax the specificity of the receptors so as to facilitate the displacement of [3H]estradiol from the receptor by otherwise low affinity ligands, such as ...
Mechanics of energy transfer and failure of ductile microscale beams subjected to dynamic loading

Abstract The mechanical response of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) under impulse loading conditions has not been thoroughly studied to date, partially because of the lack of means to provide such extreme loading rates to miniature devices. However, the increasing use of MEMS-based sensors and actuators in adverse environments, which include extreme strain rate loading, has motivated the investigation of the response of MEMS components under these conditions. In this work, basic and mostly commonly employed Au MEMS components were subjected to impulse loads of 40 ns in duration, which were generated by a high power pulsed laser in order to achieve acceleration levels on the order of 10 9 g . This allowed for the microdevice mechanical/structural response to be investigated at time scales that were of the order of wave transit times in the substrate and the devices. Basic microscale structures, such as cantilevers and fixed-fixed beams of uniform cross-section, were employed to facilitate comparisons with companion finite element simulations in order to gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for impulsive deformation at the microscale. The simulations investigated the effect of loading rate, boundary conditions, beam length, material constitutive response, and damping on the final deformed shapes of the beams. It was found that contact and momentum transfer mechanisms were responsible for the large permanent beam deflections which were measured postmortem. Additionally, the effects of both damping and material property rate dependence were found to be dominant in determining the final deformed shape of the beams. In fact, our observations suggest that the contributions of material rate dependence and damping are not simply additive, but rather involve a coupling between them that affects the final structure response.
Nanocavities in Photonic Crystal Waveguides for Label-Free Biosensing

We have investigated resonant nanocavities coupled to photonic crystal waveguides for biosensing. The devices are fabricated using electron beam lithography and reactive-ion-etching. Preliminary results demonstrate successful detection of human IgG molecules and refractive index sensing.
Closed form solutions for fluid flow in a thin walled tube buckled by a uniform external pressure

Abstract Closed form solutions are presented which describe the large nonlinear motions of an incompressible fluid flowing in a thin walled tube which is buckled by a uniform external pressure. Solutions are in terms of arbitrary functions which can be determined by the inlet and initial conditions. The character of the solutions is discussed and several simple problems and their exact solutions are given.
Role of behavior modification in preventive medicine.

FOR many years, experts in the field of health have proposed that specific aspects of life-style, such as diet, physical activity, cigarette smoking, and consumption of alcohol, have an important i...
Catalina de Erauso: Prodigy of the baroque age

(1990). Catalina de Erauso: Prodigy of the baroque age. Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas: Vol. 24, No. 43, pp. 38-41.
Response Characteristics of the Orion Potassium Ion Selective Electrode

Abstract The Orion potassium ion selective electrode (92–19) has been evaluated in terms of Nernstian response, selectivity, anion, and pH effects. The response is slightly less than Nernstian and a linear calibration curve is obtained over the concentration range 10−4 to 10−1 M potassium, The calculated selectivity ratio for potassium over sodium depends on the relative concentrations of sodium and potassium. Slight anion effects are noted with the most significant occurring with iodide, hydroxide, chromate, and oxalate. Tetraphenyl borate ion causes a large negative potential shift and this effect appears to render the electrode only moderately useful for titrations with this reagent.
The Structure of Extruded NiAl

The deformation structure of Ni-rich NiAl extruded at 550 C has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy and by optical microscopy. Dislocations having a(100) Burgers vectors were found as complex networks, tangles, and prismatic loops. a(110) dislocations, which were rare, were concluded to arise from reactions of a(100) dislocations. Evidence of recovery and recrystallization was obtained. Extrusion was deemed to have been possible by the operation of (hko)(001) slip systems (often in plane strain flow) plus diffusion-assisted processes.
Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease.

omocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a demethylated product of methionine. Once formed, homocysteine can be irreversibly transsulfurated to form cystathionine and cysteine or remethylated to form methionine (Fig 1).1-3 CBS (EC 4.2.1.22), which contains PLP, is a key enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway. CBS catalyzes the condensation of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine, which is then cleaved by γ-cystathionase (EC 4.4.1.1), another PLP-containing enzyme, to form cysteine and α-ketobutyrate.2 In the remethylation pathway, homocysteine can be methylated to methionine by the B12dependent enzyme MS (EC 2.1.1.13) or by the enzyme BHMT (EC 2.1.1.5).2 The reaction catalyzed by BHMT takes place primarily in the liver and uses betaine as the methyl donor. In contrast, the B12-dependent MS enzyme is ubiquitously present in all tissues and uses 5-methytetrahydrofolate as a methyl donor. Because 5methytetrahydrofolate is formed from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate through the action of the enzyme MTHFR (EC 1.5.1.20), the activity of MTHFR is also an important determinant of plasma homocysteine concentration. Severe deficiencies in any one of these three enzymes can lead to homocystinuria, a rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by highly elevated blood and urine homocysteine levels. In the last few years all three genes have been cloned, and both severe and mild mutations have been found in all three genes. Most recently, another enzyme—MS reductase—has been isolated and characterized by Leclerc et al.4 MS reductase restores the MS activity by reductive methylation of cob(II)alalmin.5 Three patients with homocystinuria have been found to have defective MS reductase.4 Further studies are needed to determine whether this enzyme plays a role in the pathogeneses of moderate hyperhomocysteinemia.
Nuclear orientation and parity-mixing studies of the decays of 171Er and 169, 175Yb

Abstract Angular distributions of γ-radiations emitted by 171Er and 169, 175Yb have been studied from radioactive samples polarized at low temperatures. The magnetic hyperfine field of Er in ZrFe2 was deduced to be 8.3±1.0 MG, based on the anisotropies of the 171Tm γ-rays. The magnitudes of the 159Yb and 175Yb magnetic moments were deduced to be 0.63±0.09 μN and 0.40±0.05 μN, respectively, based on γ-ray anisotropies following the decay of samples polarized in Au. Gamma rays from 177Lu were observed to be emitted isotropically, indicating the lack of Lu polarization in Au. The E2/M1 and M2/E1 multipole mixing ratios were deduced for most of the mixed γ-transitions in 169, 171Tm and 175Lu. Investigations of the forward-backward asymmetry of the angular distributions of a number of strongly hindered γ-transitions in 169, 171Tm and 175Lu revealed no effect attributable to parity mixing in the nuclear states.
Nigrohypothalamic Fibers in the Cat

SummaryDegenerated fibers, resulting from lesions located in the Substantia nigra, ascend to the hypothalamus by way of the homolateral mammillary peduncle. These fibers terminate in homolateral nuclei of (a) the mammillary bodies, (b) the infundibular region and (c) the lateral hypothalamic area. None of the degenerated nigral fibers appear to enter the contralateral hypothalamus.
A Case Study of a Child With Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

This report presents the results of 10 years of observation and testing of a female child with a congenital agenesis of the corpus callosum. The agenesis was diagnosed from CT scans completed to ru...
High-Performance Impingement-Based Ultracompact Heat Exchanger

Significant advances have been made in compact liquid-liquid heat exchangers in the recent past, such as the brazed plate heat exchanger with enhanced plate geometries. However, additional improvements in heat exchanger performance may be realized by incorporating impinging jet flow rather than flow parallel to the heat exchange surface. It has been recognized for some time that highly efficient heat transfer over large areas can be attained using impinging jets with nearby drains, but no design model is available for this configuration. This paper presents a relatively simple theory for the heat transfer performance of jet-drain arrays based on the concept of transient heat transfer to the liquid. This theory is verified by comparison to experimental data. Next, the design and implementation of a liquid-liquid heat exchanger based on jet-drain arrays is presented and the performance of this novel device is directly compared with that of a brazed-plate heat exchanger. In addition, computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to design an enhanced impingement plate that virtually eliminates interactions between neighboring jets, further improving performance. Using the theory developed in this paper, very high performance compact liquid-liquid heat exchangers can be designed with relatively large orifices (approx. 1 mm), allowing for low pressure loss and the ability to pass a significant amount of solids through without clogging.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Studying the Effects of Protein and Lipid Composition on Lung Surfactant Adsorption Through Confocal Microscopy

Lung surfactant (LS) is a mixture of lipids and proteins that lines the air-water interface of the alveolar walls. It modulates the surface tension in the lungs which greatly reduces the mechanical work of breathing and also prevents the collapse of the alveoli upon expiration. Although lipids are the major constituent of LS, the hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C play an integral role in proper adsorption of LS to the air-water interface. Understanding the role of these proteins will allow for better design of exogenous LS therapies for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Confocal microscopy's abilities to optically section a sample and simultaneously image multiple dyes provide an ideal tool to study LS adsorption in vitro. Combining three-dimensional, multi-component imaging with surface tension measurements allows us to determine whether a particular surfactant mixture can successfully transition from bilayer aggregates in the bulk to a functional monolayer on the interface. SP-B and SP-C are believed to play an integral role in both the transport of aggregates to the interface and the unfolding of surfactant bilayers into a monolayer. Confocal microscopy has allowed us to study the importance of lipid and protein composition on the transport and unfolding of LS.
Statistical models appropriate for designs often used in group-randomized trials.

Group-randomized trials are characterised by the allocation of identifiable groups rather than individuals to study conditions; members within those groups are then observed to assess the effect of the intervention. It is convenient to categorize the designs employed in group-randomized trials along two dimensions, each with two levels. The first distinguishes between designs having just one or two time intervals and those having three or more intervals. The second distinguishes between nested cohort and nested cross-sectional designs. Following a brief review of the design and analytic issues common to group-randomized trials, and their general solutions, this paper presents the adaptations of the mixed-model analysis of covariance and random coefficients models that are required for the four combinations that result from this categorization scheme. The assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of each model are discussed.
Why do we say what we say the way we say it

Abstract This paper seeks answer to the question why exactly we say what we say the way we say it. Although Giora, 1997 , Giora, 2003 argued that cognitively prominent salient meanings, rather than literal meanings, play the most important role both in production and comprehension of language, most attention in pragmatics research has been focused on comprehension rather than production. This paper claims that salience plays as important a role in language production as in comprehension, and discusses how salience of an entity can be interpreted as a measure of how well an entity stands out from other entities and biases the preference of the individual in selecting words, expressions, and complex constructs in the process of communication. It is argued that there is a unique interplay between linguistic salience and perceptual salience both in production and comprehension. The role of perceptual and linguistic salience involves a relation between prominence of entities in a ranking, and preference of a choice among alternatives. From the perspective of interlocutors, three theoretically significant categories are distinguished: inherent salience, collective salience, and emergent situational salience. Inherent salience is largely equivalent to cognitive status. It is characterized as a natural built-in preference in the general conceptual and linguistic knowledge of the speaker, which has developed as a result of prior experience with the use of lexical items and situations, and changes both diachronically and synchronically. Inherent salience is affected by collective salience and emergent situational salience. Collective salience is shared with the members of a speech community, and changes diachronically. Emergent situational salience that changes synchronically refers to the salience of specific objects or linguistic elements in the context of language production and comprehension, and may accrue through such determinants as vividness, speaker motivation and recency of mention. In an actual situational context inherent, individual salience is affected and shaped both by collective and situational salience. When the speaker is faced with the choice of a word or an expression, a ranking of the available choices is obtained on the basis of the degree of salience of entities in the generation context. The word or phrase then is selected for utterance on the basis of maximum salience. This paper argues that inherent salience is dominated by linguistic salience, while emergent situational salience is usually governed by perceptual salience. As stated above salience is equally important both in production and comprehension. However, the focus of this paper will mainly be on speaker production because this issue has received less attention so far.
Subglottic hemangiomas in infants: treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injection and intubation.

Abstract Six children with a Subglottic hemangioma were treated in the Sophia Children's Hospital in the period 1982–1987 by means of intralesional corticosteroid injection, followed by intubation. After treatment all children were symptomfree. In 3 patients this result was attained after 1 injection, in 2 after 3 injections. One patient needed 5 injections. The average duration of intubation was 19 days (7–36). Three months ( 1 2 –7 1 2 ) after the onset of therapy all patients were free of symptoms. No serious complications were observed. No patient needed a tracheotomy. The average follow-up period was 3.3 years (1 1 2 –5 1 2 ). The authors feel that not only the effect of intralesional corticosteroids, but also local gentle pressure by the tube is of therapeutic importance. The above-mentioned treatment of subglottic hemangioma in children is now the treatment of choice in our clinic.
Taste receptors in innate immunity

Taste receptors were first identified on the tongue, where they initiate a signaling pathway that communicates information to the brain about the nutrient content or potential toxicity of ingested foods. However, recent research has shown that taste receptors are also expressed in a myriad of other tissues, from the airway and gastrointestinal epithelia to the pancreas and brain. The functions of many of these extraoral taste receptors remain unknown, but emerging evidence suggests that bitter and sweet taste receptors in the airway are important sentinels of innate immunity. This review discusses taste receptor signaling, focusing on the G-protein–coupled receptors that detect bitter, sweet, and savory tastes, followed by an overview of extraoral taste receptors and in-depth discussion of studies demonstrating the roles of taste receptors in airway innate immunity. Future research on extraoral taste receptors has significant potential for identification of novel immune mechanisms and insights into host-pathogen interactions.
The migration and coalescence of tritium-induced helium bubbles during creep in nickel

Understanding the behavior of helium in fusion reactor materials continues to be of critical importance to reactor designers. Of particular concern is the deleterious effect of grain boundary helium bubbles on mechanical properties, especially the high temperature ductility, of stainless steels. Grain boundary helium bubbles larger than a ''critical'' size for vacancy absorption are believed to reduce ductility by acting as ready-made nuclei for creep cavities. Rapid growth of these cavities then leads to premature intergranular fracture. Freshly nucleated bubbles are typically, however, only a few nanometers in size and are too small for growth by vacancy absorption. The subcritical growth regime implied by these observations was the subject of the present investigation. High purity nickel, as a less complex ''analog'' of stainless steel, was chosen as the material. Grain boundary helium bubbles act as effective creep cavity nuclei after attaining critical size for growth by vacancy absorption.
Multimarket contact and export entry

Abstract Despite a well-developed literature on implications of multimarket contact among firms for performance in domestic markets, only recently has theoretical and empirical work turned to similar issues in international trade. In this paper, I consider the possibility that exporters meeting rivals in multiple markets will be reluctant to enter (via exports) the home markets of those rivals. Empirical results using trade data (during 2007–2010) for the fats and oils industry support this hypothesis.
FDTD vs. AIM for bioelectromagnetic analysis

The effectiveness of a time-domain differential-equation and a frequency-domain integral-equation solver are contrasted for bioelectromagnetic analysis. The two fundamentally different methods are compared empirically in terms of their accuracy and efficiency for benchmark problems.
Thermal nonlinearity analysis of toroidal microcavities

The thermally-induced resonance shift produced by absorption of circulating light is studied theoretically and experimentally. Multiphysics finite element method modeling incorporating thermal and optical components is performed and verified using toroidal optical cavities.
Crowding effects on EcoRV kinetics and binding.

Abstract The cytosol of the cell contains high concentrations of small and large macromolecules, but experimental data are often obtained in dilute solutions that do not reflect in vivo conditions. We have studied the crowding effect that large macromolecules have on Eco RV cleavage by adding high-molecular-weight Ficoll 70 to reaction solutions. Results indicate that Ficoll has surprisingly little effect on overall Eco RV reaction velocity because of offsetting increases in V max and K m , and stronger nonspecific binding. The changes in measured parameters can largely be attributed to the excluded volume effects on reactant activities and the slowing of protein diffusion. Covolume reduction upon binding appears to reinforce nonspecific binding strength, and k cat appears to be slowed by stronger nonspecific binding, which slows product release. The data also suggest that effective Ficoll particle volume decreases as its concentration increases above a few weight percent, which may be due to Ficoll interpenetration or compression.
What Price Apathy—A School Epidemic of Tuberculosis

SUMMARY In Lake County, Illinois, a wealthy community where tuberculosis deaths had been reduced from 40 to 2.6 per 100,000 in a period of 23 years, a feeling of complacency developed. In the past year, a far-advanced case of tuberculosis was found in a grade school and this resulted in an intensive community tuberculin testing project involving some 11,000 persons. Careful analysis revealed 20 per cent of school children tuberculin positive where we had been finding 3.5 to 5 per cent on testing small groups. Twenty persons with pulmonary tuberculosis have been hospitalized from this area where before on “casual survey” we found only an occasional case. This study emphasizes the fallacy of letting up on control efforts and becoming apathetic about tuberculosis even in economically well-to-do and enlightened communities. Tuberculosis is not only the physician's problem, it is everyone's problem and this disease is the firstborn of the Mother of Pestilence.
Characterization of nanoscale temperature fields during electromigration of nanowires

Quantitative studies of nanoscale heat dissipation (Joule heating) are essential for advancing nano-science and technology. Joule heating is widely expected to play a critical role in accelerating electromigration induced device failure. However, limitations in quantitatively probing temperature fields—with nanoscale resolution—have hindered elucidation of the role of Joule heating in electromigration. In this work, we use ultra-high vacuum scanning thermal microscopy to directly quantify thermal fields in nanowires during electromigration. Our results unambiguously illustrate that electromigration begins at temperatures significantly lower than the melting temperature of gold. Further, we show that during electromigration voids predominantly accumulate at the cathode resulting in both local hot spots and asymmetric temperature distributions. These results provide novel insights into the microscopic details of hot spot evolution during electromigration and are expected to guide the design of reliable nanoscale functional devices.
Public understanding of growth charts: A review of the literature

Abstract Objective To examine current knowledge about the general public's comprehension of growth charts. Methods A literature search was carried out to identify and analyze the findings of studies that have examined the extent to which non-healthcare professionals comprehend the information presented by growth charts. Results Few studies have examined how well parents understand growth charts. These studies have mostly been conducted in developing countries and have yielded inconclusive results. Conclusion Growth charts can be useful for such purposes as growth monitoring and public health education, but their effectiveness as an educational tool depends on whether parents and caregivers comprehend the information they offer. The literature has not clearly proven that growth charts are easily understood by the general population. Practice implications Further studies of the public's understanding of growth charts are needed to help guide health care providers in their use of growth charts as educational tools.
Induced inefficiency as a response to the union threat

Milkman and Mitchell (1995) extend Rosen’s (1969) threat-effect hypothesis to suggest that the threat of unionization can induce inefficient underutilization of labor by nonunion firms. If firms follow this strategy, the apparent paradox of competitive coexistence in the face of higher union wages reflects induced nonunion firm inefficiency rather than superior union firm efficiency. Furthermore, this strategy decreases demand for nonunion workers in a partially unionized industry. A generalized cost function analysis of data from sawmills in the Pacific Northwest yields evidence that nonunion firms use this strategy.
The great American cookie experiment: engaging staff nurses in research.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to engage staff nurses in research in an informative and fun way by determining nurses' preference for sugar-free chocolate chip cookies versus regular chocolate chip cookies. Design and Methods A descriptive, crossover, double-blinded study was performed using a convenience sample of 300 staff nurses. Results Nurses preferred the texture, flavor, and overall preference of the regular chocolate chip cookie as compared with the sugar-free chocolate chip cookie (p Implications The Great American Cookie Experiment remains a creative teaching strategy to enhance knowledge and engage nurses in the research process.
Molecular mechanics studies of thionin blue in zeolite mordenite

Abstract The localization and arrangement of thionin blue (C 12 H 10 N 3 S + ) dye molecules in the zeolite mordenite framework is studied by molecular mechanics (MM) simulations. The computational results for dye molecule localization are compared to those from single crystal X-ray diffraction. Two low energy thionin orientations are observed. In both, the thionin molecules are inclined within the large 12-membered ring channels and indicate electrostatic interaction with the framework and with the extra-framework Na + ions. Molecule orientation and the determined S⋯O (3.12 and 3.13 A), N⋯O (3.22 and 3.33 A) and C⋯O (3.45 and 3.41 A) distances from the dye molecule to the channel wall are in reasonable agreement with the values found by single crystal X-ray diffraction (S⋯O = 3.084 A, N⋯O = 3.087 A and C⋯O = 3.235 A). Clustering of thionin molecules in the 12-membered ring channels is not observed. The calculated potential energies for these two low energy configurations are essentially the same (∼−2236 kJ/mol) The global minimum was confirmed by multiple simulation runs, using different starting orientations of the thionin molecules in the mordenite framework. Quench simulations were also performed to understand the energetics of diffusion of thionin molecules in mordenite. The calculated activation energy of diffusion, ∼12–15 kJ, is comparable to values reported in literature for molecular diffusion in zeolites.
An interesting class of C1 foliations

Abstract A class of depth two foliations is described in which certain growth conditions allow C 1 -smoothability, but obstruct higher order smoothability. Similarly, such conditions can obstruct even C 1 -smoothability. There result uncountably many examples of C 1 foliations that are not homeomorphic to C 2 foliations, as well as uncountably many C 0 foliations that are not homeomorphic to C 1 foliations.
NICKEL IN PETROLEUM REFINING

Nickel plays both negative and positive roles in petroleum refining. Found as a naturally occurring trace element in many crude oils and bound in oil-soluble ligation, nickel concentrations range from a few to over 250 ppm. In the conversion of crude oils to transportation fuels, these concentrations generally cause problems. Nickel interferes with upgrading processes, severely deactivating many heterogeneous catalysts (such as FCC), catalyzing undesirable side reactions (such as carbonization), and devaluing any residual material in which it may be isolated (such as coke). Nickel also can play a positive role in refining, assisting in oil exploration, catalyzing upgrading processes (such as for N removal), and producing petrochemicals (such as hydrogenation production). With increasing environmental concerns, Ni also has been utilized to identify sources of unregulated releases of crude oil, such as spills and seeps. This paper presents these and other aspects of nickel chemistry with relationship in exp...
You Want to Diversify Risk?: Consider Economic Derivatives

Economic derivatives markets offer new risk diversification opportunities for individual investors, covering factors such as inflation, real estate, hurricane damage or gas at the pump. Because these contracts tend to be written on unhedgeable underlying assets or variables, valuation and pricing are not straightforward. This article provides an overview of valuation approaches and shows that most contracts in these nascent markets are efficiently priced.
Assessment of the reliability of Indiana's electricity generation system

The objective of this research was to determine the adequacy of the rule-of-thumb reserve margin for Indiana's electricity generation system and the adjustment of the reserve margin. To achieve the objective, a statistical model is constructed to evaluate system reliability. Monte Carlo Simulation is applied to build the capacity availability probability distribution as the generation model. Hourly loads and daily peak loads of 2003, 2004 and 2005 are used to form the load models. Then, the generation model and the load model are convoluted to calculate the loss of load probability (LOLP) for Indiana's electricity generation system. Results show that the reliability standard is more than satisfied for 2003 and 2004. However, for 2005, the estimated LOLPs do not satisfy the standard, suggesting capacity expansion for the system is needed. By uniformly shifting load curves up or down to adjust the estimated LOLPs until the industry standard is satisfied, the new reserve margin for each load model is found. This analysis suggests that even for 2005 only a small increase in generating capacity is needed.
SYSTEMS (ANALYSIS, ENGINEERING, AND MANAGEMENT) PROGRAM AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

This paper describes the history and current status of the systems program at Northwestern University.