cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenosine-Induced Coronary Vasodilatation During Transesophageal Doppler Echocardiography Rapid and Safe Measurement of Coronary Flow Reserve Ratio Can Predict Significant Left Anterior Descending Coronary Stenosis

Background Less invasive methods are replacing traditional invasive means of measuring coronary flow reserve (CFR). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is becoming a useful tool for evaluation of coronary artery disease and has recently been used to measure CFR. This has always been done using dipyridamole, but adenosine has a greater vasodilator potency and more favorable kinetics than dipyridamole. This study was done to evaluate the hypothesis that adenosine is safe, rapid, and accurate in measuring coronary blood flow reserve by TEE Doppler. Methods and Results Forty-nine patients who had recently undergone angiography had a transesophageal echocardiogram with visualization of the coronary arteries and measurement of blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during adenosine infusion of 0.14 mg/kg per minute. Angiograms were analyzed by quantitative coronary angiography, and significant stenosis was defined as >70% lumenal diameter narrowing. Thirty-nine of the 49 pa...
Protease-resistant insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 inhibits IGF-I actions and neointimal expansion in a porcine model of neointimal hyperplasia.

IGF-I has been shown to play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis in experimental animal models. IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) binds to IGF-I and prevents its association with receptors. Overexpression of a protease-resistant form of IGFBP-4 has been shown to inhibit the ability of IGF-I to stimulate normal smooth muscle cell growth in mice. Based on these observations, we prepared a protease-resistant form of IGFBP-4 and infused it into hypercholesterolemic pigs. Infusion of the protease-resistant mutant inhibited lesion development by 53.3 6.1% (n 6; P < 0.01). Control vessels that received an equimolar concentration of IGF-I and the protease-resistant IGFBP-4 showed no reduction in lesion size compared with control lesions that were infused with vehicle. Infusion of a nonmutated form of IGFBP-4 did not significantly inhibit lesion development. Proliferating cell nuclear antigenanalysisshowedthatthemutantIGFBP-4appearedto inhibit cell proliferation. The area occupied by extracellular matrix was also reduced proportionally compared with total lesion area. Immunoblotting revealed that the mutant IGFBP-4remainedintact,whereasthewild-typeIGFBP-4that was infused was proteolytically cleaved. Further analysis of the lesions revealed that a marker protein, IGFBP-5, whose synthesis is stimulated by IGF-I, was decreased in the lesions that received the protease-resistant, IGFBP-4 mutant, whereas there was no change in lesions that received wildtype IGFBP-4 or the mutant protein plus IGF-I. These findings clearly illustrate that infusion of protease-resistant IGFBP-4 into the perilesion environment results in inhibition of cell proliferation and attenuation of the development of neointima. The findings support the hypothesis that inhibiting IGFBP-4 proteolysis in the lesion microenvironment could be an effective means for regulating neointimal expansion. (Endocrinology 148: 5002–5010, 2007)
Time and Event Measure

According to Dowty (1979) John slept for two hours is true iff there is some time interval t that is past with respect to the moment of evaluation, that is two hours long, and is such that each subinterval contains sleeping by John. Moltmann (1991, 1997) suggests a similar analysis, but introduces events located at time intervals. A crucial feature of both analyses is that the "stuff" measured by durative phrases is time. At each portion of the "time-stuff" there is sleeping by John.
Effect of albumin binding and amino acid competition on tryptophan uptake into brain.

— In the present study we examine the influence of pH, palmitate, and neutral amino acids on the passage of tryptophan from blood into brain during a single capillary pass, and on the partitioning of tryptophan between free and albumin-bound forms. The results show that a considerable fraction of albumin-bound tryptophan is stripped from albumin sites during passage, that uptake is concentration-dependent, and that amino acid competition for carrier sites is quantitatively the most important factor in regulating tryptophan uptake into brain. The interaction between tryptophan concentration, tryptophan binding, and competing amino acids is of considerable influence on brain serotonin biosynthesis.
Model of physiological stress in chickens 2. Dosimetry of adrenocorticotropin

Abstract Continuous adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) delivery by mini-osmotic pumps is a reliable method to induce stress in broilers. The present study was conducted to determine the minimum effective dose of ACTH that will evoke physiological stress. Chicks, which had been reared under floor-pen conditions until 5 wk of age received mini-osmotic pumps by surgical implantation. The mini-osmotic pumps delivered 2, 4, 8, or 16 IU of porcine ACTH/kg BW/d for 7 consecutive d. Controls (CON) were untreated chicks. Continuous infusion of ACTH caused dose-related stress responses. Chicks that received 8 or 16 IU showed the greatest responses, whereas those that received 2 or 4 IU were intermediate to the birds dosed with high ACTH and the CON birds. Responses included decreased BW; decreased relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen; and increased relative liver weight. Concomitantly, increased liver lipid and decreased liver moisture were recorded. Plasma concentrations of corticosterone (CS), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), cholesterol (CHOL), and triglycerides (TRI) and the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes were increased during ACTH infusion. ACTH infusion at 8 IU/kg BW/d for 7 d was determined to be the minimum effective dose that caused physiological stress in broilers.
Metalloporphyrin polymers bridged with conjugated cyano-substituted stilbene units

A new metalloporphyrin polymer in which the metalloporphyrin units are bridged edge to edge with cyano-substituted stilbene was synthesized from [5,15-bis(4-formylphenyl)-10,20-bis(mesityl) porphyrin] Zn(II) and 1,4-dihexyloxy-2,5-benzenediacetonitrile via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The synthesis and characterization of a new porphyrin monomer and polymer are presented. Based on UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence studies, electronic communication between the chromophore groups is low. The relatively high solubility of the materials provides for the preparation of polymer films by spin coating. The polymer film can be doped by FeCl3 and shows limited conductivity. The doped film is extremely stable in air and can be reversibly dedoped by reducing reagents such as NaBH4.
Benzimidazole analogs of l-tryptophan are substrates and inhibitors of tryptophan indole lyase from Escherichia coli

Tryptophan indole lyase (TIL), an enzyme found in Escherichia coli and related enterobacteria, produces indole from l-tryptophan (l-Trp). Indole is a signaling molecule in bacteria, affecting biofilm formation, pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. β-(Benzimidazol-1-yl)-l-alanine (BZI-Ala), 2-amino-4-(benzimidazol-1-yl)butyric acid (homo-BZI-Ala) and 2-amino-5-(benzimidazol-1-yl)pentanoic acid (bishomo-BZI-Ala) were synthesized and tested as substrates and inhibitors of TIL. BZI-Ala is a good substrate of TIL, with Km = 300 μm, kcat = 5.6 s(-1) and kcat /Km = 1.9 × 10(4) , similar to l-Trp. BZI-Ala is also a good substrate for H463F mutant TIL, which has very low activity with l-Trp. In contrast, homo-BZI-Ala was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor of TIL, with a Ki of 13.4 μm. However, the higher homolog, bishomo-BZI-Ala, was inactive as an inhibitor of TIL at a concentration of 600 μm, and is thus a much weaker inhibitor. The reaction of TIL with BZI-Ala was too fast to be observed in the stopped-flow spectrophotometer, and shows an aldimine intermediate in the steady state. However, H463F TIL shows equilibrating mixtures of aldimine and quinonoid complexes in the steady state. The spectra of the reaction of TIL with homo-BZI-Ala show a rapidly formed intermediate absorbing at 340 nm, probably a gem-diamine, that decays slowly to form a quinonoid complex absorbing at 494 nm. The potent binding of homo-BZI-Ala may be due to it being a 'bi-product' analog of the indole-α-aminoacrylate complex. These results demonstrate that an amino acid substrate may be converted to a potent inhibitor of TIL simply by homologation, which may be useful in the design of other potent TIL inhibitors.
Combining electromagnetics with solid state devices

Professor Hartwig Thim has led a distinguished career in the field of high-frequency solid state devices. In this paper we present a tribute to his work by highlighting the philosophy of analysis shared by Professor Thim, and by all great researchers.
Psychological Adjustment of Adopted and Nonadopted Children

41 adopted and 2,991 nonadopted children were compared on a behavior problem checklist completed by teachers. Adopted youngsters exceeded their nonadopted peers in frequency of disorders, especially conduct problems but also personality problems and socialized delinquency. Incidence of personality problems increased for adopted children from kindergarten through eighth grade and increased and then declined for nonadopted children over the same period. Boys experienced more maladjustment than girls, and differences between the sexes were greater for adopted than nonadopted youngsters on conduct problems, personality problems, and socialized delinquency.
Nicotine delays the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the rat.

SummaryNicotine tartrate administered to rats on the afternoon of vaginal proestrus delayed the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) output from the pituitary gland. Ovulation was completely blocked by sequential treatment with nicotine and a central nervous depressant, pentobarbital, under conditions in which neither drug alone would prevent LH release. The principal site of nicotine's antigonadotropic action, therefore. appears to be the central nervous system.We thank Mrs. Virginia Hoover for expert technical assistance, Dr. Gordon D. Niswender for H-15 antibody, Dr. Leo Reichert, Jr. for LER-1056-C2 LH for iodination, Mrs. Frances Smith for secretarial assistance, and Mr. Bobby McAlister and Mrs. Sylvia Barr for drawing the figure.
Impact of chamber geometry and gender on left ventricular systolic function in patients >60 years of age with aortic stenosis

In aortic stenosis, gender and other differences in the adaptive remodeling of the left ventricle have been described, but the influence of left ventricular (LV) geometry on systolic function is not widely appreciated. This study tested the hypothesis that the increased ejection fraction seen in some elderly women with aortic stenosis is due to changes in LV geometry, not increased myocardial mass or enhanced myocardial function. We therefore investigated gender-related differences in LV and myocardial function by analysis of end-systolic circumferential stress versus shortening relations in 65 patients (29 men and 36 women) with aortic stenosis who underwent cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Despite similar degrees of aortic stenosis, there were significant differences between men and women with regard to LV geometry and function. When compared with men, women had higher peak LV pressures (205 +/- 27 vs 188 +/- 27 mm Hg, p < 0.01), higher ejection fractions (66 +/- 14% vs 57 +/- 18%, p < 0.05), smaller LV end-diastolic dimensions (43 +/- 8 vs 51 +/- 6 mm, p < 0.01) and higher relative wall thickness (0.66 +/- 0.27 vs 0.50 +/- 0.10, p < 0.01). LV mass was similar in the 2 groups. Mean values for stress were lower in women and there was a predominance of women at extremely low levels of stress; this subgroup had very high values for relative wall thickness and endocardial shortening, but overall stress-shortening relations were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Calcium cycling and trophic relationships of arthropods in a 45Ca-Tagged cornfield.

The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) feeding relationships of arthropods on corn (Zea mays L.) and (2) cycling of calcium in a corn field.
Micro-Doppler analysis of multiple frequency continuous wave radar signatures

Micro-Doppler refers to Doppler scattering returns produced by non rigid-body motion. Micro-Doppler gives rise to many detailed radar image features in addition to those associated with bulk target motion. Targets of different classes (for example, humans, animals, and vehicles) produce micro-Doppler images that are often distinguishable even by nonexpert observers. Micro-Doppler features have great potential for use in automatic target classification algorithms. Although the potential benefit of using micro-Doppler in classification algorithms is high, relatively little experimental (non-synthetic) micro-Doppler data exists. Much of the existing experimental data comes from highly cooperative targets (human or vehicle targets directly approaching the radar). This research involved field data collection and analysis of micro-Doppler radar signatures from non-cooperative targets. The data was collected using a low cost Xband multiple frequency continuous wave (MFCW) radar with three transmit frequencies. The collected MFCW radar signatures contain data from humans, vehicles, and animals. The presented data includes micro-Doppler signatures previously unavailable in the literature such as crawling humans and various animal species. The animal micro-Doppler signatures include deer, dog, and goat datasets. This research focuses on the analysis of micro-Doppler from noncooperative targets approaching the radar at various angles, maneuvers, and postures.
Cytochrome c unfolding on an anionic surface.

It is now well accepted that the adsorption of proteins to solid supports sometimes involves surface-mediated unfolding. A detailed understanding of the adsorption and surface-mediated unfolding process is lacking. We selected a well studied protein, horse heart cytochrome c, and a weakly ionic support to examine some of the characteristics of protein adsorption under near-physiological conditions. We used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to investigate the effect of temperature on surface-mediated unfolding. Samples of cytochrome c were introduced to an anionic support, and a NaCl gradient was used to desorb the protein at different times and temperatures. The profiles and retention times were monitored to examine the adhesive properties of cytochrome c to the anionic support. We found that protein retention increased with time at temperatures as low as 0°C, and a significant loss of cytochrome c occurred between 55°C and 70°C. The loss of recovery of cytochrome c indicates irreversible surface-mediated unfolding. The changes in retention time may indicate more subtle transitions, including reversible surface-mediated unfolding of cytochrome c . These results suggest that perturbations in the structure as well as unfolding of cytochrome c can be detected at a lower temperature on an anionic surface than in solution thereby acting like a catalyst for protein unfolding.
The effect of surface tethering on the folding of the src-SH3 protein domain

The effect of surface tethering on the folding mechanism of the src-SH3 protein domain was investigated using a coarse-grained Gō-type protein model. The protein was tethered at various locations along the protein chain and the thermodynamics and kinetics of folding were studied using replica exchange and constant temperature Langevin dynamics. Our simulations reveal that tethering in a structured part of the transition state can dramatically alter the folding mechanism, while tethering in an unstructured part leaves the folding mechanism unaltered as compared to bulk folding. Interestingly, there is only modest correlation between the tethering effect on the folding mechanism and its effect on thermodynamic stability and folding rates. We suggest locations on the protein at which tethering could be performed in single-molecule experiments so as to leave the folding mechanism unaltered from the bulk.
Intrinsic Motivation and Rewards: What Sustains Young Children's Engagement with Text?

This study investigated the effects of reward proximity and choice of reward on the reading motivation of third-grade students as measured by indicators of task persistence. The major finding from this study was that students who were given a book as a reward and students who received no reward were more motivated to engage in subsequent reading than students who received a token reward. The results of the present study revealed that the proximity of the reward to the desired behavior is a particularly salient factor in enhancing reading motivation. In this study, books were less undermining to intrinsic motivation than token rewards. The major implication is that carefully chosen rewards can foster a culture of reading motivation.
Evidence for a crossed nigrostriatal pathway in rats.

In order to characterize further the origin of striatal afferents, adult rats underwent a unilateral intrastriatal infusion of 30% Evans Blue solution (0.2–0.5 μl). Labeled neurons were observed in ipsilateral substantia nigra, thalamus, cortex, ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum and dorsal raphe. Several labeled neuronal somata, albeit considerably fewer than seen ipsilaterally, were found also in the contralateral substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, a result contrary to previously reported findings in the rat. Control injections restricted to cortex overlying striatal target site did not result in similar labeling, and corpus callosum transection prior to intrastriatal injection did not prevent labeling of contralateral substantia nigra. These findings indicate that rats, like cats, have a sparse crossed nigrostriatal pathway.
Campaign spending effects in U.S. Senate elections: Evidence from the National Annenberg Election Survey

Abstract The National Annenberg Election Survey of 2000 offers a fresh perspective on central issues in the long-standing debate about impact of campaign spending by congressional challengers and incumbents. Examination of changes over time and across panel waves in knowledge and evaluations of Senate candidates and in consequent voting intentions strongly confirms the efficacy of challengers' expenditures. Challengers gained support over time in direct proportion to their level of spending. Incumbents adjusted their level of spending to that of their challengers, and their levels of familiarity and favorability increased over time, but to a degree unrelated to how much they spent. Their expenditures did not appear to offset the effects produced by challengers' spending.
Scheduling Measurements To Be Made By A Step-Stare Mosaic Infrared Sensor

The characteristics of a mosaic IR sensor used in the step-stare mode impose some surprising constraints on scheduling measurements. This paper assumes that the mission data requirements for a hypothetical measurement program have been translated into a prioritized list of measurements and a sample of scenes for each measurement. It then examines how the characteristics of a step-stare mosaic sensor impose requirements on the distribution of candidate sites. It also examines the problem of scheduling sites from the list of candidates for a set of measurements.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Appearance of New Terms in Accounting Language: A Preliminary Examination of Accounting Pronouncements and Financial Statements

ABSTRACT: Accounting language evolves as the transactions and organizations it provides guidance for change. We provide a preliminary analysis of terms used in official accounting pronouncements and annual corporate financial statements. Initial results show statistical natural language‐processing techniques provide a means of identifying new terms as they enter the lexicon. These techniques should be valuable in deriving a complete accounting lexicon as well as in constructing and maintaining an accounting thesaurus to support information retrieval.
Mitigation and analysis of arc faults in automotive DC networks

The introduction of system voltages higher than 24 VDC in vehicles, forces considerable component and system changes regarding reliability and electrical safety. In the instance of an arc fault, e.g., when a wire is cut, pinched, chafed or breaks under load, or an arc is drawn between disconnecting terminals, the resulting fault current may be significantly lower than the trip current of common protection devices such as fuses or circuit breakers. In these cases, the fault is cleared late (depending on the time/current characteristics) or, in some cases, not at all. The authors discuss different types of arc faults and introduce approaches to deal with them.
Total (elastic+absorption) cross sections for e-CH4 collisions in a spherical model at 0.10-500 eV.

Electron-${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$ scattering is investigated in a wide energy range (0.1--500 eV) by using a previously proposed spherical model [A. Jain, J. Chem. Phys. 81, 724 (1984)]. The study is divided into three energy regions: the 0.1--1.0-eV region, where a well-known minimum occurs in the total cross section [Ramsauer-Townsend (RT) effect], between 2 and 20 eV, with a d-wave broad structure around 7--8 eV, and from 20 to 500 eV, where inelastic channels (mainly ionization and dissociation) dominate over the elastic process. It is shown that a simple model, in which the total optical complex potential is spherical, is capable of reproducing qualitative features in the total, differential, and momentum-transfer cross sections in the present energy region.The present results are almost equivalent to more rigorous close-coupling calculations at low energies (El20 eV), where the rotationally elastic channel dominates. Below 20 eV, the total optical potential is real and consists of three spherical terms, namely, a static term calculated accurately from near-Hartree-Fock one-center methane wave functions, a parameter-free polarization potential of Jain and Thompson (however, below 1 eV we employ a cutoff-type phenomenological polarization potential), and a local-exchange interaction in the asymptotically adjusted version of the Hara free-electron-gas exchange (AAHFEGE) potential (however, below 1 eV, we consider just the HFEGE form). At and above 20 eV, we employ a complex optical potential with the same real part as in the 2--20-eV region, while the imaginary part is an energy-dependent absorption potential calculated from target electron density and short-range static-exchange potential in the quasifree model with Pauli blocking [Staszewska et al., J. Phys. B 16, L281 (1983)].Two versions of this absorption potential are used; one with undistorted charge density and the other with a polarized density. The final complex total optical potential is treated exactly in a partial-wave analysis to yield various cross sections. The results are compared with the available experimental and other theoretical data. The absorption cross sections are not sensitive to various forms of real part of the optical potential, and in general, reduce the elastic cross sections significantly.
Neural Stem Cells Genetically Modified to Overexpress Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase Enhance Amelioration of Ischemic Stroke in Mice

Background and Purpose—The harsh host brain microenvironment caused by production of reactive oxygen species after ischemic reperfusion injury offers a significant challenge to survival of transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) after ischemic stroke. Copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a specific antioxidant enzyme that counteracts superoxide anions. We have investigated whether genetic manipulation to overexpress SOD1 enhances survival of grafted stem cells and accelerates amelioration of ischemic stroke. Methods—NSCs genetically modified to overexpress or downexpress SOD1 were administered intracerebrally 2 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Histological and behavioral tests were examined from Days 0 to 28 after stroke. Results—Overexpression of SOD1 suppressed production of superoxide anions after ischemic reperfusion injury and reduced NSC death after transplantation. In contrast, downexpression of SOD1 promoted superoxide generation and increased oxidative stress-mediated NS...
Relationship between rate of gain from birth to six months of age and subsequent yields of dairy cows.

Abstract Three breeds of experiment station cows (WSU Guernseys, Jerseys, and Holsteins, and WWES Holsteins) were used to determine if average daily gain (pounds) from birth to 6 mo. of age was related to later 305-day lactation yields of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM). Feeding and management of the cows and calves was above-average. The 200 calves gained an average of 1.34 lb. daily and they subsequently produced an average of 10,544 lb. FCM per lactation. Comparing FCM yield by (a) simple averages or as (b) mature equivalent (ME) with average daily gain, without regard to breed, gave correlations and regressions misleadingly high. When yields were expressed in terms of (c) FCM/1,000 lb. of cow, (d) relative lactation capacity (Kleiber and Mead, J. Dairy Sci., 28:49.1945), or (e) gross efficiency (Gaines, Science, 67:353.1928), gain and subsequent yield were negatively correlated. The slower-gaining WSU Jerseys produced significantly better than the faster-gaining ones as judged by any of the five measures of producing ability mentioned above. In contrast, the faster-gaining WSU Holsteins produced the best (P
New Counselors' Experiences of Community Health Centers.

This phenomenological study explored 6 new counselors' experiences working in community mental health centers and their experiences of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs-accredited training received in preparation for such work. Three themes from the interviews were identified to provide implications for counselor preparation: contextual descriptions, essential graduate training components, and supportive factors.
New Perspectives on Mechanisms Involved in Generating Epithelial Cell Polarity

Yeaman, Charles, Kent K. Grindstaff, and W. James Nelson. New Perspectives on Mechanisms Involved in Generating Epithelial Cell Polarity. Physiol. Rev. 79: 73–98, 1999. — Polarized epithelial cells...
Transonic Navier-Stokes solutions for a fighter-like configuration

The Transonic Navier-Stokes wing code is extended to a 16-zone TNS wing-fuselage code and used to solve the transonic viscous flow over a modified F-16A. The computer code, called Transonic Navier-Stokes Wing/Fuselage uses a zonal approach to solve the three-dimensional Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. With the zonal implementation, clustering suitable for viscous calculations is achieved on all solid surfaces. The transonic case has flow conditions of free-stream M = 0.9, alpha = 4.12 deg, and a Reynolds number based on root chord of 4.5 million. This case required about 3,000 iterations to reduce the L2-norm of the residual by three orders, which takes about 15 hr of cpu time on the Cray X-MP/48 processor. Pressure distributions, as well as separaton patterns, compare favorably with experiment for this transonic case.
An efficient and practical architecture for high speed turbo decoders

Turbo codes not only achieve near Shannon capacity performance, but also have decoders with modest complexity, which is crucial for implementation. So far, efficient architectures for decoding of turbo codes have been proposed that are suitable for sequential processing. A novel architecture for a very high-speed turbo decoder is presented. The method makes parallel processing feasible. The performance of this decoder is illustrated and the tradeoff between speed and efficiency is discussed. It is shown that some decoders can run faster by some order of magnitude while maintaining almost the same processing load. A new structure for the interleaver is proposed, which makes the implementation of such a decoder feasible. It has been shown that the new interleaver structure can perform as well as other good interleavers.
Hospitalization experience of navajo subjects with type II diabetes and matched controls: An historical cohort study

Abstract Using an historical cohort study design with a 12 year follow-up, we found that 77 Navajo adults with type II diabetes mellitus were hospitalized at a rate of 335 hospitalizations per 1000 patient years compared to a rate of 167 hospitalizations per 1000 patient years for 77 age, sex, and residence matched non-diabetic controls, yielding a risk ratio of 2.0. Using matched pairs analysis (sign test), the observed difference in number of hospital admissions is statistically significant ( z = 2.30, p z = 0.95, p > 0.05). The 136 excess hospitalizations of the diabetic subjects included 45 admissions for poor metabolic control of diabetes, 50 excess admissions for infectious disease, and 26 excess admissions for conditions of the heart, eye, kidney, or non-traumatic amputation. In multivariate analyses, variables found to be associated with greater hospitalization experience among the 77 diabetic subjects in the 12 years follow-up period included older age at entry to the study, poorer metabolic control early in the study period, and presence of diabetic complications.
Effects of PAI on interface properties between HfSiO gate dielectric and silicon substrate

The effects of preamorphization implantation (PAI) on the interface properties between hafnium-silicate (HfSiO) gate dielectrics and silicon substrates were examined. In the case of an NH/sub 3/ nitrided interface, it was found that the PAI can improve the interface trap density (D/sub IT/) compared with the no PAI case. However, for the PAI samples, it was also found that samples with sacrificial screening oxide (Sac Ox) had worse interface properties compared with the samples without Sac Ox. It is attributed to the recoiled oxygen from Sac Ox during PAI.
Comparison of source apportionments of fine particulate matter at two San Jose speciation trends network sites.

In this study, the chemical composition of fine particulate matter samples collected at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Speciation Trends Network sites in San Jose, CA, from February 2000 to February 2005 were analyzed. A San Jose site was initially established at 4th Street and then subsequently moved to Jackson Street in mid-2002. These sites are 1 km apart. There were no known major changes in the nature of the sources in the area over this period. The study used positive matrix factorization model to extract the source profiles and their mass contributions and to compare the results for the congruence of the source apportionments between these two nearby sites. In the case of the 4th Street site, the average mass was apportioned to wood combustion (32.1 2.5%), secondary nitrate (22.3 2%), secondary sulfate (10.7 0.6%), fresh sea salt (7.7 0.9%), gasoline vehicles (7.3 0.5%), aged sea salt (6.8 0.4%), road dust (6.7 0.7%), diesel emissions (3.9 0.3%), and a Ni-related industrial source (2.5 0.4%). At the Jackson Street site, the average mass was apportioned to wood combustion (33.6 2.6%), secondary nitrate (20.3 1.9%), secondary sulfate (13.9 0.9%), aged sea salt (12.4 0.7%), gasoline vehicle (8.3 0.6%), fresh sea salt (5.3 0.5%), diesel emission (3.2 0.3%), road dust (1.9 0.1%), and Ni-related industrial source (1.3 0.1%). Conditional probability function analysis was used to help identify local sources. These results suggested that moving the sampling site a short distance had little effect on the nature of the resolved source types although some differences in their quantitative impacts were obtained in the positive matrix factorization analyses.
In vivo measurement of human wrist extensor muscle sarcomere length changes

1. Human extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) sarcomere length was measured intraoperatively in five subjects using laser diffraction. 2. In a separate cadaveric study, ECRB tendons were loaded to...
Ten-yr renal allograft survival of patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

Background Long-term allograft survival of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APAS) patients as well as patients who have antiphospholipid antibodies but no thrombotic complications remains largely unknown. This study evaluates long-term allograft survival of APA as well as patients with APAS. Methods During the study period from January 1, 1992 through May 31, 2009, 1625 patients with ESRD awaiting renal transplants were screened for APAS. Ninety-four (5.8%) of these patients had circulating levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) and 39 of these patients had documented evidence of clotting disorders and were diagnosed with APAS. Twenty-one patients with APAS received transplants on either low molecular weight (LMW) heparin or Coumadin as anticoagulation therapy. Of 94 patients with only ACA, 46 received renal transplants. Of the remaining 1492 patients, 1285 patients with no evidence of either ACA or APAS received renal transplants. Results Ten-yr allograft survival of patients with APAS treated with Coumadin was similar to those treated with LMW heparin (18% vs. 20%, NS). However, those allograft survivals were significantly lower than those patients positive for ACA (28%) alone (ACA vs. LMW heparin or Coumadin p=0.0001). Conclusion Despite anticoagulation therapies, patients with APAS have lower long-term graft survival than those patients who have circulating ACA but no APAS.
Resuspension of phytodetritus from the sea floor: A laboratory flume study

Mass settling of phytoplankton can result in the accumulation of a layer of phytodetritus on the sea floor. In order to determine the fate of this organic matter, we must know whether the phytodetritus may be returned to the water column by resuspension. This study was designed to measure the critical bed shear stress (t0crit) for resuspension of phytodetritus and to test whether t0crit differs (1) among types of phytodetritus with different phytoplankton species composition and (2) within type among ages. Phytodetritus was created from cultured Skeletonema costatum and from natural assemblages dominated by Chaetoceros spp., collected near the end of diatom blooms in Cape Cod Bay and Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Resuspension of phytodetritus decomposed 1- to 11-d was measured in a laboratory flume. Overall, t0crit for the diatom-derived detritus ranged by a factor of four (0.018‐ 0.068 N m 22 ), with significant differences in t0crit among types and ages of phytodetritus. Reasons for these differences are suggested, such as species-specific differences in size, shape, porosity, and stickiness of the detrital matrix, as well as changes in these parameters that occurred during decomposition. Values for critical shear velocity, which ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 cm s 21
Phylogeny of Powellomycetaceae fam. nov. and description of Geranomyces variabilis gen. et comb. nov.

The genus Powellomyces was described to accommodate two monocentric chytrid species from soil that develop exogenously and possess zoosporic ultrastructure similar to other members of the order Spizellomycetales. Despite Powellomyces-like chytrids being commonly observed in gross culture, the genus contained only two species. To determine diversity in this group I amassed 49 isolates of Powellomyces-like chytrids, including the cultures upon which species types were based and new isolates from pollen-baited water cultures of soils, plant detritus and manure. I sequenced portions of nucSSU and nucLSU rDNA regions and the EF-1ol-like gene from each isolate to produce a molecular phylogeny. This phylogeny supports monophyly of spizellomycetalean chytrids with exogenous development and suggests that multiple distinct lineages exist within this group. This phylogeny, along with a reevaluation of the ultra structural features of the two described species, supports the recognition of a new family, Powellomy cetaceae, and genus, Geranomyces, which contains 31 isolates of G. variabilis comb. nov.
Use of a dicistronic expression cassette encoding the green fluorescent protein for the screening and selection of cells expressing inducible gene products

To facilitate the screening and selection of cells expressing inducible gene products, we have constructed a plasmid that, by the inclusion of a viral internal ribosome entry site, permits the synthesis of a dicistronic mRNA encoding both a gene of interest and the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. This greatly simplifies the task of clone selection, since GFP fluorescence can be visualized non-obtrusively in live cells with a standard fluorescence microscope. We have applied this method to the tetracycline-regulated expression system in which the expression of a target gene, placed under the control of a promoter containing the tetracycline operator sequence (tetO), can be induced by a tetracycline-regulated trans-activator protein (tTA). Binding of the tTA to the tetO is inhibited in the presence of tetracycline. Optimal results with this system require two sequential rounds of transfection and screening. Obtaining a cell line expressing high levels of functional tTA is greatly simplified by transiently transfecting a plasmid encoding GFP into a pool of cells that has first been transfected with a tTA-expressor construct and selecting GFP-positive cells using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. In the second step, the tTA cell line can then be stably transfected with a dicistronic expressor-GFP cassette. This method eliminates the task of characterizing cell lines by the standard method of examining levels of the exogenously expressed protein in cell extracts of individual clones.
Fixed reference shift keying modulation for mobile radio transmission in a fading channel environment

A modulation/demodulation technique that provides a substantial performance improvement in phase and amplitude distorted channels typically encountered by moving vehicles receiving radio signals is presented. This technique, referred to as fixed reference shift keying, uses a pilot reference signal within the coherence bandwidth of the channel and instantaneous phase estimation techniques at the receiver. Signal estimation is performed using the difference in instantaneous phase estimates of the pilot and carrier received waveforms. This relative phase measurement ensures a degree of immunity to the phase distortion introduced by the channel, permitting a marked improvement in performance. >
Do peep shows “cause” crime? A response to Linz, Paul, and Yao

Government regulation of adult entertainment businesses, including peep shows, must be aimed at mitigating adverse secondary effects such as crime. To determine whether San Diego’s regulations meet this Constitutional threshold, Linz, Paul, and Yao (2006) compared police calls-for-service (CFSs) in peep show and control areas. Finding no significant difference, they concluded that San Diego has no legitimate rationale for regulating any aspect of peep shows. We disagree not only with the Linz et al. finding, but also with the logical adequacy of their conclusion. Their finding is a methodological artifact, in our opinion, and their conclusion is a fallacy. Before explaining our opinion, however, we disclose two facts. First, although Linz et al. acknowledged that their article was based on an earlier paper, they did not acknowledge a still earlier report (Linz & Paul, 2002) commissioned by the plaintiffs in a lawsuit (Mercury Books v. City of San Diego, U.S. District Court, Southern District of California, 00-CV2461). This omission does not necessarily invalidate the Linz et al. finding, but the article’s ancestry may be a material fact in judging its “suitability, credibility, and validity for publication” in a peer-reviewed journal (Horton, 2004, p. 821).
Statistically identifying tumor suppressors and oncogenes from pan-cancer genome-sequencing data.

Motivation: Several tools exist to identify cancer driver genes based on somatic mutation data. However, these tools do not account for subclasses of cancer genes: oncogenes, which undergo gain-of-function events, and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) which undergo loss-of-function. A method which accounts for these subclasses could improve performance while also suggesting a mechanism of action for new putative cancer genes. Results: We develop a panel of five complementary statistical tests and assess their performance against a curated set of 99 HiConf cancer genes using a pan-cancer dataset of 1.7 million mutations. We identify patient bias as a novel signal for cancer gene discovery, and use it to significantly improve detection of oncogenes over existing methods (AUROC = 0.894). Additionally, our test of truncation event rate separates oncogenes and TSGs from one another (AUROC = 0.922). Finally, a random forest integrating the five tests further improves performance and identifies new cancer genes, including CACNG3, HDAC2, HIST1H1E, NXF1, GPS2 and HLA-DRB1. Availability and implementation: All mutation data, instructions, functions for computing the statistics and integrating them, as well as the HiConf gene panel, are available at www.github.com/Bose-Lab/Improved-Detection-of-Cancer-Genes. Contact: ude.ltsuw.mod@esobr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reciting Colonial Scripts: Colonialism, Globalization and Democracy in the Decolonized Middle East

Colonial experiences, imperial ventures, globalization, and defensive modernization are the challenges facing Middle East nations as they move from a moment of national independence and anti-colonial resistance to a moment of liberation and democratic governance. Colonial and post-colonial imperial practices have substantially undermined the notion of civil society and created geographic, ethnic and economics scripts that could not be recited by the indigenous peoples of the decolonized Middle East. Globalization makes democratization even more challenging as western industrialized nations' interests clash with national aboriginal interests, which would prevail in the instance of liberation.
Behavioral plasticity in nest residency compensates for inbreeding depression in male prairie voles

Inbreeding negatively affects offspring production and survival in many species, but the fitness characteristics of adult inbred individuals are rarely evaluated. We examined the impact of inbreeding on the fitness of adult prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) under ecologically relevant conditions by releasing equal numbers of inbred and noninbred adults into 0.1 ha small mammal enclosures. The founding adult male and female prairie voles showed strong inbreeding depression that persisted into the third generation, despite the absence of additional inbreeding events. However, we found evidence that inbred males could ameliorate the negative inbreeding effects through a behavioral strategy: living at the nest with the mother of their offspring. Although they themselves produced fewer offspring, inbred males pursuing this reproductive strategy had offspring with increased reproductive success, resulting in equal numbers of grand-offspring produced by inbred and noninbred males. Our data demonstrate that a single generation of inbreeding can have lasting effects, but behavioral compensation for inbreeding effects is also possible.
Papillary adenomas (villous tumors): a review of 215 cases.

The clinicopathologic study of 219 papilary (villous) adenomas in 215 patients is reported. The high incidence (58.6 per cent) of carcinomatous changes is again noted. The overall incidence of recurrence was 12 per cent. That papillary adenoma on the whole is relatively benign, with a favorable prognosis, is reflected in the 10-year overall and determinate survival rates of 52 and 92 per cent, respectively.
I got the job! Now what do I do? : A practical guide for new reference librarians

New reference librarians should not expect to be passive participants in their orientations. As evidenced in current literature, few libraries are able to provide the time and resources needed to fully orient and train their staff. Therefore, librarians should take an active role in planning and implementing their own training. This article provides tips for developing a self-training plan for new reference librarians.
Race Differences in Public School Expenditures: Disfranchisement and School Finance in Louisiana, 1890-1910

No matter how one measures its commitment to public education, the S outh in 1890 lagged far behind the rest of the nation. Twenty years later, southern public schools were still characterized by relative backwardness, but the preceding two decades had seen impressive expansion in absolute terms. Among the salient features of this transformation were sharply increased per pupil expenditures, school terms, and enrollment rates; greater provision of normal schools and related institutions; and high rates of investment in school capital. State legislatures increased their appropriations, limitations on local taxes were abolished, and the number of counties and school districts voting to increase school expenditures skyrocketed.
Negative Predictive Value of Granulomas on EBUS-TBNA in Suspected Extrathoracic Malignancy

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a well-established diagnostic tool for lung cancer, sarcoidosis, and suspected metastatic extrathoracic malignancy. EBUS-TBNA carries a high diagnostic yield, but its negative predictive value (NPV) requires further clarification. We reviewed EBUS-TBNA at our cancer center from 2008 to 2015. We identified negative diagnostic samples for adenopathy suspected to represent metastatic disease from extrathoracic malignancy. We reviewed 529 EBUS-TBNAs. Ninety patients underwent EBUS-TBNA sampling of the hilum and/or mediastinum (121 nodes, 14 masses) for suspected extrathoracic malignancy. Thirty-seven patients had negative samples (lymph node, granulomas or non-diagnostic specimens). The overall NPV was 98 %. Granulomas (11 patients, 25 nodes) seen on histology had a 100 % NPV, including those that were FDG-PET (fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) avid (n = 14 nodes). Negative EBUS-TBNA in patients with extrathoracic malignancy and suspected secondary hilar or mediastinal metastases can infer a high NPV especially if granulomas are seen on histology. Larger prospective investigations are needed to confirm the high NPV of EBUS-TBNA with granulomas in extrathoracic malignancies.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigens of Coccidioides immitis: human sera interference corrected by acidification-heat extraction.

Abstract We describe the distortion caused by sera from patients with coccidioidomycosis in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for coccidioidal antigen. In experimental mixtures without exogenous antigen, immune sera produced an antigen-like effect. In contrast, in mixtures with a relatively large concentration of exogenous antigen, immune sera obscured antigen activity. In both circumstances, preparing specimens with an acidification-heat extraction procedure before assay rectified serum interference, and only in specimens with no exogenous antigen was the correction incomplete. Other evidence, including direct measurement of anticoccidioidal antibody after extraction, suggested that the residual antigen-like activity was not from persistent antibody. Incorporating the extraction procedure into the ELISA of clinical specimens, we found antigen activity in nine of 15 specimens. We conclude that acidificationheat extraction of sera improves detection of coccidioidal antigens and that coccidioidal antigens are present in some patients with coccidioidal infection.