cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF DIETARY RESTRICTION AND EXERCISE ON THE AGE-RELATED PATHOLOGY OF THE RAT

Intervention of the aging process is an effective, experimental means of uncovering the bases of aging. The most efficacious and commonly used intervention used to retard the aging processes is dietary restriction (DR). It increases mean and maximum life spans, delays the appearance, frequency, and severity of many age-related diseases, and more importantly, attenuates much of the physiological decline associated with age. Although the subject of intense research, the mechanism by which DR alters the aging processes is still unknown. Physical exercise is another effective intervention shown to affect aging phenomena, especially when applied in combination with DR. Mild exercise in concert with DR is beneficial, but vigorous exercise coupled with DR could be deleterious. With regard to pathology, exercise generally exerts a salutary influence on age-related diseases, both neoplastic and non-neoplastic, and this effect may contribute to the increase in median life span seen with exercised rats. Exercise coupled with 40% DR was found to suppress the incidence of fatal neoplastic disease compared to the sedentary DR group. Exercise with mild DR suppressed the incidence of multiple fatal disease and chronic nephropathy, and also delayed the occurrence of many age-related lesions compared to the ad libitum (AL) control group. However, these effects may have little bearing on the aging process per se, as maximum life span is only minimally affected. Although not as intensively studied as DR, results from studies that utilize exercise as a research probe, either alone or in combination with DR, have helped to assess the validity of proposed mechanisms for DR and aging itself. Neither the retardation of growth rate nor the increase in physical activity, observed with either exercise or DR, appear to contribute to the anti-aging action of DR. Moreover, results from lifelong exercise studies indicate that the effects of DR do not depend upon changes in energy availability or metabolic rate. The mechanisms involving effects on adiposity or immune function are also inadequate explanations for the action of DR on aging. Of the proposed mechanisms, only one, as postulated by the Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Aging, tenably accounts for the known effects of DR and exercise on aging.
Gender differences in organ density in a rat simulated microgravity model.

Abstract Research investigating the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body has demonstrated a shift of body fluids in actual spaceflight and in simulated Earth-based microgravity models in both males and females, possibly causing many deleterious physiological effects. Twenty-five anatomically normal female (NF) and 20 ovariectomized (OE) Fischer 344 rats were randomly selected to be in an experimental ( 1 h of 45° head-down tilt, 45HDT) or control ( 1 h of prone position) group. At the end of the hour experimental period, the density of the brain, lungs, heart, liver, and left and right kidneys were measured using spiral computed tomography (SCT) while the rats remained in their experimental positions. A sub-group of OE rats (N=6) was administered estrogen replacement therapy on a daily basis ( 5 μg/kg body weight, s.c.) for 4 days and then underwent 1 h of 45HDT and SCT analysis at one day, 2 days, and 5 days to determine if estrogen replacement therapy would alter organ densities. Our data demonstrate that 1 h of 45HDT produced significant increases (p 24 h time point. We conclude that estrogen plays a role in fluid distribution in a rat 45HDT model.
The incidence of adhesions after prior laparotomy: a laparoscopic appraisal.

Objective To relate the presence of intra-abdominal adhesions after laparotomy to the site of incision, repeat laparotomy, and the clinical indication for prior surgery. Methods: Three hundred sixty women undergoing operative laparoscopy after a previous laparotomy were assessed for adhesions between the abdominal wall and the underlying omentum and bowel. Complications resulting directly from these adhesions were documented. Results Patients with prior midline incisions had significantly more adhesions (58 of 102) than those with Pfannenstiel incisions (70 of 258). Patients with midline incisions performed for gynecologic indications had significantly more adhesions (109 of 259) than all types of incisions performed for obstetric indications (12 of 55). The presence of adhesions in patients with previous obstetric surgery was not affected by the type of incision. Adhesions to the bowel were significantly more frequent after midline incisions above the umbilicus. Twenty-one women suffered direct injury to adherent omentum and bowel during the laparoscopic procedure. Conclusions Intra-abdominal adhesions between the abdominal scar and underlying viscera are a common consequence of laparotomy. Patients undergoing laparoscopy after a previous laparotomy should be considered at risk for the presence of adhesions between the old scar and the bowel and omentum.
A Semi-Variance Model for Incorporating Risk into Capital Investment Analysis

ABSTRACT Most traditional approaches to capital expenditure analysis have been partially successful in explicitly accounting for risk. A utilitarian model for risk treatment is described in this paper. Specifically, we address two major aspects of the utilitarian approach: (1) the mathematical legitimacy of the underlying utility function with respect to its domain of economic significance and (2) the way “Expectancy-Variance” and “Expectancy-Semivariance” compare as risk/return trade-off criteria. In particular, we have shown how commonly used quadratic utility functions present some theoretical and practical inconveniences from an economic standpoint. Then, a hybrid utility function is introduced as a more legitimate and often more realistic model where semi-variance, rather than variance, is used as a measure of the investment riskiness.
Depression, Medical Illness, and Interleukin-1β in Older Cardiac Patients

Objective:A model has been proposed in which atherosclerosis contributes to depression in later life by the effects of cytokines on central monoamine systems. We collected pilot data to test the hypothesis that interleukin-1 (IL-1) is associated with depression in a cardiac patient group.Method:Thirty-seven subjects completed research evaluations that included depression diagnosis (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R), depressive symptom severity (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), medical illness burden (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale), and serum IL-1 level measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Serum IL-1 level was not significantly associated with depressive symptom severity or depression diagnosis, whether or not controlled for medical illness burden, age, and gender. IL-1 level was significantly correlated with medical illness burden.Conclusions:We did not confirm our study hypothesis. The correlation of IL-1 level with medical illness burden likely reflects its release as...
Knowledge of Language and Knowledge about the World: A Reaction Time Study of Invited and Necessary Inferences†

Necessary inferences (e.g., The jury was not able to deliver its verdict by 3 o'clock. The fury did not deliver its verdict by 3 o'clock.) depend on linguistic knowledge. Invited inferences, (e.g., The jury was able to deliver its verdict by 3 o'clock. The jury delivered its verdict by 3 o'clock.) depend on knowledge about the world. Responses were faster to necessary than to invited inferences when subjects verified only one of the two inference types (Experiments 1 and 3). When subjects verified both inference types there was no difference between invited and necessary inferences (Experiments 2 and 4). These data suggest that linguistic and world knowledge are psychologically distinct and that when factual knowledge is not needed in a task it is not processed. In Experiments 3 and 4 incongruent world knowledge slowed response times for both inference types. This suggests that linguistic and factual knowledge are both part of the initial representation of a sentence.
Implanted Auriculotemporal Nerve Stimulator for the Treatment of Refractory Chronic Migraine

Objective.— To report a case of improved pain control and function in a patient with chronic migraine after treatment with auriculotemporal nerve stimulation. Methods.— The patient is a 52-year-old woman with refractory pain in the bilateral temporal distribution and marked phonophobia as a result of chronic migraine. Results.— After a successful trial period, the patient underwent implantation of bilateral peripheral nerve stimulators targeting the auriculotemporal nerves. At 16 months of follow up, her average pain intensity declined from 8-9/10 on the numeric rating scale to 5/10. Her function improved as assessed by the Migraine Disability Assessment, from total disability (grade IV) to mild disability (grade II). Her phonophobia became far less debilitating. Conclusion.— Auriculotemporal nerve stimulation may be useful tool in the treatment of refractory pain in the temporal distribution due to chronic migraine.
Corrosion and protection of thin-line conductors in VLSI structures

Thin metallic lines in VLSI circuit structures are usually encapsulated in a dielectric in order to protect them from the atmosphere and prevent corrosion. However, during processing the lines are unprotected. Some of the steps to which they are subjected during processing are quite aggressive and can result in a significant yield loss. This paper pertains to the loss which is due to corrosion during processing. It focuses on the corrosion behavior of the two of the most commonly used conductors, aluminum and copper. Aluminum alloyed with small amounts of copper is also considered. The corrosion-related behaviors of aluminum and copper are vastly different, as is shown by their reaction with water and several processing solutions. The challenge of minimizing corrosion during processing as well as during subsequent storage and use is discussed, using suitable examples drawn from studies of thin films of the metals exposed to chemical etching, reactive ion etching, and cleaning.
Optimal placement of distributed antennas in cellular systems

We investigate the optimal placement of transmit antennas in distributed antenna systems. Our optimization framework imposes no constraints on the location of the antennas. Based on stochastic approximation theory, we adopt a formulation that is suitable for node placement optimization in various wireless network scenarios. We show that optimal placement of antennas inside the coverage region can significantly improve the power efficiency of wireless networks. We obtain the optimal placement topologies for different numbers of antennas and illustrate that the circular deployment is not optimum in general. Finally, we show via simulations that the optimal placement solution does not depend on the underlying shadowing model.
Ochratoxin A toxicosis in swine.

Ochratoxicosis was induced in young female swine by a diet contaminated with a rice culture of Aspergillus ostiantrs that contained ochratoxin A and by daily oral doses of 2.0 or I.O mg/kg body weight pure ochratoxin A. Mycotoxicosis was characterized early by depression and reduction in feed intake and loss of body weight, followed by diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia and dehydration. The pigs given pure ochratoxin A were dead or moribund in 5 to 6 days. Packed cell volume, hemoglobin, total plasma protein, and blood urea nitrogen were increased. Progressive leukocytosis, neutrophilia and mod- erate left shift in the differential count occurred. Concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the serum and urine were increased by the fourth to sixth day, but only the increase in urinary concentrations was significant. Gross findings included dehydration, enteritis, pale tan discoloration of the liver, and edema and hyperemia of the mesenteric and other lymph nodes. Microscopic lesions were most frequent and severe in the kidney and gastrointestinal tract. Necrosis of renal tubular epithelium was most frequent in the convoluted tubules. Many renal tubules were dilated. The intestinal lesions were focal and necrotizing and occurred in most anatomic regions. Fatty change was demonstrated in most of the livers. In lymphoid tissues the changes were edema, hyperemia and focal necrosis of lymphocytes within germinal centers and around follicles.
Patterns of Cognitive Impairments Among Heroin and Cocaine Users: The Association With Self-Reported Learning Disabilities and Infectious Disease

This study used data from six neuropsychological measures of executive function (EF) and general intellectual functioning (GIF) administered to 303 regular users of heroin and/or cocaine as indicators in a latent profile analysis (LPA). Results indicated the presence of three profiles: impaired GIF and EF profile (30.8%), intact GIF and EF profile (58.8%), and high GIF/intact EF profile (10.4%). Using a multinomial logistic regression, it was determined that individuals who reported being diagnosed with either a learning disability (LD) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were more likely to be in the impaired GIF and EF profile than other profiles. Results from a logistic regression indicated that the impaired GIF and EF profile was associated with a greater prevalence of past hepatitis B and/or C infection. Implication for harm reduction and treatment programs and the need to take into account individuals with LD and ADHD are discussed.
The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model: A model of bidirectional effects in developmental studies:

The actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) is a model of dyadic relationships that integrates a conceptual view of interdependence with the appropriate statistical techniques for measuring and testing it. In this article we present the APIM as a general, longitudinal model for measuring bidirectional effects in interpersonal relationships. We also present three different approaches to testing the model. The statistical analysis of the APIM is illustrated using longitudinal data on relationship specific attachment security from 203 mother-adolescent dyads. The results support the view that interpersonal influence on attachment security is bidirectional. Moreover, consistent with a hypothesis from attachment theory, the degree to which a child's attachment security is influenced by his or her primary caregiver is found to diminish with age.
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

This review describes the clinical, etiologic, and physiologic basis of the acute respiratory distress syndrome and summarizes how its molecular pathogenesis leads to respiratory failure. The autho...
Myeloid Cell Differentiation

Myeloid cell differentiation is the process by which stem cells develop into various types of mature blood cell. This is achieved by the sequential activation of sets of genes, which produce the proteins that direct cell development and confer the specific properties of blood cells. Disruption of this process is believed to result in leukaemia. Keywords: myeloid; differentiation; leukaemia; translocation
Generating VHDL models from natural language descriptions

This paper describes two approaches to the automatic generation of behavioral VHDL models from descriptions written in natural language. Both approaches are based on a modeling style in which behavior is represented by a system of interconnected processes. The first approach employs a semantic grammar to directly generate a single VHDL process from a paragraph written in a restricted English called ModelSpeak. The second approach accepts more general English and generates models consisting of multiple processes. series of sentences describing the behavior of a single process and generated correct VHDL code for it. This interface requires the behavior be expressed in a highly restricted English called ModelSpeak (10). Conditional expressions (if statements) may be nested to two levels, and interaction is invoked by the interface to resolve scope ambiguity of loops. This interface is implemented with a semantic grammar (3) in Prolog. The second interface (Approach II) to the Modeler's Assistant for natural language is substantially more complex, but accepts more general English expressions and generates multiple-process models. In this approach, each sentence is parsed by a bottom-up, parallel chart parser to generate a set of valid parse trees. The trees are examined by a Semantic Analyzer (7) to determine one which is semantically correct, and a conceptual graph (14) (semantic network) of its meaning is generated. Once the conceptual graph of individual sentences are joined together (12), a program called the Linker (8) analyzes the graph to produce a Process Model Graph and VHDL process code for the Modeler's Assistant. Nodes in the conceptual graph representing verbs typically generate processes or the conditions which govern them. Nodes representing objects generate signals. The modeling style underlying the Linker produces a sizable collection of processes, each consisting of a single if_then statement. To avoid unnecessary bus resolutions, multiple processes assigning to the same signal are merged. Since signal types are generally not expressed in the English description, they may be added interactively later. Before describing the approaches in more detail, related research on natural language interfaces is reviewed briefly.
Timed Voiding and Fluid Management

Timed voiding and fluid management are first-line therapy options for the treatment of incontinence. Complex testing need not be performed before instituting this therapy. Patient compliance and clinician reinforcement are the basis for success of this intervention.
InP/GaAs/GaP/GaAs short period superlattices grown by chemical beam epitaxy

The growth of a new type of pseudomorphically strained layer superlattice is investigated. InP(n)/GaAs(m)/GaP(n)/GaAs(m) superlattices with n=1 to 4 monolayers and m=4 to 40 monolayers were grown using chemical beam epitaxy on GaAs substrates. Perfectly strain balanced InP(n)/GaAs(m)/GaP(n)/ GaAs(m) superlattices with n=4 monolayers were realized. The global mismatch introduced by 50 period In(4)/GaAs(4)/GaP(4)/GaAs(4) superlattices is below 2/spl times/10/sup -3/ and superlattice satellite peaks are clearly observed in the diffraction patterns, demonstrating that chemical beam epitaxy is perfectly suited for realization of such strain balanced short superlattices. >
Seroprevalence and Coinfection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in the United States, 1988–1994

Seroprevalence of and coinfection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in the United States were analyzed by use of data from a nationally representative survey (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994). Evidence was explored for possible protection by prior HSV-1 infection against infection and clinical disease with HSV-2. Overall, 27.1% of persons aged > or =12 years were seronegative for HSV-1 and HSV-2; 51.0% were seropositive for HSV-1 only, 5.3% for HSV-2 only, and 16.6% for both HSV-1 and HSV-2. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 was higher in persons with HSV-1 antibody. Approximately 76% of persons who had HSV-2 antibody also had HSV-1 antibody. Persons seropositive for HSV-2 only reported a history of genital herpes more frequently (16.2%) than persons seropositive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 (5.9%). The seroprevalence of HSV-1 and age at infection may influence the epidemiology of clinical genital herpes, even if prior HSV-1 infection does not prevent HSV-2 infection.
Cheating During the College Years: How do Business School Students Compare?.

When it comes to cheating in higher education, business school students have often been accused of being the worst offenders; if true, this may be a contributing factor in the kinds of fraud that have plagued the business community in recent years. We examined the issue of cheating in the business school by surveying 268 students in business and other professional schools on their attitudes about, and experiences with, cheating. We found that while business school students actually cheated no more or less than students in other professional schools, their attitudes on what constitutes cheating are more lax than those of other professional school students. Additionally, we found that serious cheaters across all professional schools were more likely to be younger and have a lower grade point average.
Connexin-43 induces chemokine release from spinal cord astrocytes to maintain late-phase neuropathic pain in mice

Accumulating evidence suggests that spinal cord astrocytes play an important role in neuropathic pain sensitization by releasing astrocytic mediators (e.g. cytokines, chemokines and growth factors). However, it remains unclear how astrocytes control the release of astrocytic mediators and sustain late-phase neuropathic pain. Astrocytic connexin-43 (now known as GJ1) has been implicated in gap junction and hemichannel communication of cytosolic contents through the glial syncytia and to the extracellular space, respectively. Connexin-43 also plays an essential role in facilitating the development of neuropathic pain, yet the mechanism for this contribution remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether nerve injury could upregulate connexin-43 to sustain late-phase neuropathic pain by releasing chemokine from spinal astrocytes. Chronic constriction injury elicited a persistent upregulation of connexin-43 in spinal astrocytes for >3 weeks. Spinal (intrathecal) injection of carbenoxolone (a non-selective hemichannel blocker) and selective connexin-43 blockers (connexin-43 mimetic peptides (43)Gap26 and (37,43)Gap27), as well as astroglial toxin but not microglial inhibitors, given 3 weeks after nerve injury, effectively reduced mechanical allodynia, a cardinal feature of late-phase neuropathic pain. In cultured astrocytes, TNF-α elicited marked release of the chemokine CXCL1, and the release was blocked by carbenoxolone, Gap26/Gap27, and connexin-43 small interfering RNA. TNF-α also increased connexin-43 expression and hemichannel activity, but not gap junction communication in astrocyte cultures prepared from cortices and spinal cords. Spinal injection of TNF-α-activated astrocytes was sufficient to induce persistent mechanical allodynia, and this allodynia was suppressed by CXCL1 neutralization, CXCL1 receptor (CXCR2) antagonist, and pretreatment of astrocytes with connexin-43 small interfering RNA. Furthermore, nerve injury persistently increased excitatory synaptic transmission (spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents) in spinal lamina IIo nociceptive synapses in the late phase, and this increase was suppressed by carbenoxolone and Gap27, and recapitulated by CXCL1. Together, our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of astrocytic connexin-43 to enhance spinal cord synaptic transmission and maintain neuropathic pain in the late-phase via releasing chemokines.
Minimization of backscattering of a cylinder by double loading

A theory is presented on the minimization of the backscattering of a cylinder by loading a cylinder at two points with lumped impedances. The induced current on a doubly loaded cylinder when illuminated by a plane electromagnetic wave at an arbitrary angle is obtained. The optimum loading to eliminate the broadside backscattering which is caused by the symmetrical component of the induced current is established. A suitable loading to reduce the off-broadside backscattering, due to the antisymmetrical component of the induced current, is also determined. A proper choice of the impedance and the position of double loading can lead to the reduction of the backscattering over a wide aspect range. The useful formulas for optimum loading and some graphical illustrations are included. The advantages of double loading over central loading are discussed.
The role of mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics in ageing and disease

Mitochondria constitute an important topic of biomedical enquiry (one paper in every 154 indexed in PubMed since 1998 is retrieved by the keyword 'mitochondria') because of widespread recognition of their importance in cell physiology and pathology. Mitochondrial dysfunction is widely implicated in ageing and in the diseases of ageing, through dysfunction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, Ca(2+) homeostasis, central metabolic pathways or radical production. Nonetheless, the mechanisms and regulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation by mitochondria remain poorly described. Measurement of the capacities of different sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria show that the maximum capacities of sites in complexes I, II and III and in several associated redox enzymes greatly exceed the native rates observed in the absence of respiratory chain inhibitors. In vitro, the native rates and the relative importance of different sites both depend on the substrate being oxidized, with sites IQ, IIF, GPDH, IF and IIIQo each being important with particular substrates. The techniques involved in measuring rates from each site should become applicable to cell cultures and in vivo in the future.
The role of fatty acids in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a serious obesity-related disorder. NAFLD encompasses a wide spectrum of hepatic derangements ranging from a surfeit of fat in the liver (steatosis) to lipid surplus accompanied by fibrosis and cellular death (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH). The most widely accepted model to explain the progression from simple NAFLD to NASH is the "two-hit hypothesis," wherein fat over accumulation per se is not sufficient to induce the progression to statohepatitis, but renders the liver more susceptible to "second hits" that, once imposed upon the steatotic liver, cause further aberrations that culminate in the development of NASH. However, in light of recent data from our laboratory and elsewhere, we propose that an increased ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids delivered to or stored within the liver may, in part, mediate the progression from simple steatosis to NASH. The molecular mechanisms that mediate the effect of saturated fatty acids are unclear, although proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and endoplasmic reticulum stress may all play a role. Collectively, these data suggest that saturated fatty acids may represent an intrinsic second hit to the liver that hastens the development of NASH.
New algorithm for over-the-cell channel routing using vacant terminals

In this paper, we present a new algorithm, called WISER, for over-the-cell channel routing in the standard cell design technology using the two-layer routing model. The novelty of our approach lies in use of “vacant” terminals for over-the-cell routing. Furthermore, we consider longest paths in the vertical constraint graph as well as channel density as a basis for choosing nets to route over the rows of standard cells. Our approximation algorithm for net selection produces provably good results. Algorithm WISER has been tested on several benchmark examples, and experimental results show that WISER reduces the channel height by an average of 29% as compared to conventional channel routers. In addition, it reduces the total number of vias by 32% in the average case.
Mechanisms of common fragile site instability

The study of common fragile sites has its roots in the early cytogenetic investigations of the fragile X syndrome. Long considered an interesting component of chromosome structure, common fragile sites have taken on novel significance as regions of the genome that are particularly sensitive to certain forms of replication stress, which are frequently rearranged in cancer cells. In recent years, much has been learned about the genomic structure at fragile sites and the cellular checkpoint functions that monitor their stability. Recent findings suggest that common fragile sites may serve as markers of chromosome damage caused by replication stress during early stages of tumorigenesis. Thus, the study of common fragile sites can provide insight not only into the nature of fragile sites, but also into the broader consequences of replication stress on DNA damage and cancer. However, despite recent advances, many questions remain regarding the normal functional significance of these conserved regions and the basis of their fragility.
Dyeable Polypropylene via Nanotechnology

Our previous results [1, 2, 12] showed that the polypropylene could be made dyeable by incorporating nanoclay particles. The dyesites in the polypropylene nanocomposite are the prospective areas where nanoclay is located. It was reported that the dyeings were uneven indicating that nanoclay is not properly dispersed in polypropylene matrix. Later, we achieved the even dyeing of polypropylene by incorporating nanoclay particles with reduced particle size and improved dispersion.[13] Polypropylene nanocomposites were prepared by solution technique followed by melt mixing process. A titanate-coupling agent was used to improve the compatibility of the nanoclay particles with the polypropylene. The size distribution of as -received C-15A clay particles was reduced from microns to nanometers range by using the ball milling and ultrasonication techniques. The dispersion of nanoclay particles in the polypropylene matrix was characterized by using XRD data and TEM images. The increased dspacing value of C-15A in the nanocomposites was determined and a stage gallery structure was proposed to show that the intercalant is a polypropylene molecule. The study on dye sorption isotherms of nanoclay showed that the unique adsorption property of nanoclay is important for the improved dyeability of polypropylene. It was found that the nanoclay is a highly effective and efficient sorbent with a very high affinity and high capacity for both the ionic and non-ionic sorbates/dyes ; in addition, nanoclay as a sorbent can be either cationic or anionic exchanged with simple modifications. The effects of different quaternary ammonium structures and dye structures on dye sorption indicated that van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions were the two major forces for dye sorption onto clay. Ionic attraction also played important roles.
You Can't Always Get the Hours You Want: Mismatches between Actual and Preferred Work Hours in the U.S.

Data from the 1997 International Social Survey Programme show that a majority of U.S. employees prefer to work a different number of hours than they actually work. Employees are divided in their preferences: many want to spend less time at work, but there are also many who want to increase their hours. These preferences vary with such characteristics as gender, age, family structure, income, opportunities for advancement, and part-time status. One surprising result is that family structures associated with work–family conflict are not associated with a desire for fewer hours. Members of dual-earner couples without children and male breadwinners without children are most likely to desire fewer hours. This analysis suggests that work–family conflict is more likely to produce a desire for fewer hours when employees are well off economically.
Effects of hyperinsulinemia on the subsequent hormonal response to hypoglycemia in conscious dogs

The aim of this study was to determine if differing periods of prior hyperinsulinemic nonhypoglycemia can modify the subsequent counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia. Experiments were carried out on 19 normal 18-h fasted conscious dogs. Insulin was infused intraportally at 8 mU.kg-1.min-1 for 3 h on two occasions and 3.5 h on a third separate occasion. This resulted in similar steady-state arterial insulin levels during each protocol (4,370 +/- 433 pmol/l). Each animal was maintained at a similar plasma glucose nadir (2.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/l) for 2 or 2.5h, depending on the protocol. In protocol I (n = 7) plasma glucose was allowed to fall to the desired hypoglycemic plateau by 30 min. In a second group of dogs (protocol II, n = 5) there was a 30-min period of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia followed by a 30-min fall (similar to protocol I) in plasma glucose. In a third group of dogs (protocol III, n = 7), there was an initial 15-min period of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia followed by a 45-min fall in plasma glucose. Differing periods of euglycemic hyperinsulinemia had distinct effects on subsequent counterregulation. During the final 2 h of hypoglycemia the incremental area under the curve (AUC) for glucagon was significantly greater in protocol I vs. II (3.0 +/- 1.0, -0.5 +/- 0.2 micrograms.l-1.min-1, P < 0.02, respectively). Conversely, catecholamine levels were increased in protocol II (30 min prior hyperinsulinemic euglycemia) compared with protocol I (epinephrine 1,448 +/- 268, 855 +/- 119 nmol.l-1.min-1; norepinephrine 244 +/- 30, 166 +/- 23 nmol.l-1.min-1, respectively, P < 0.05). During protocol III, glucagon and catecholamine levels were intermediate between protocols I (no euglycemic hyperinsulinemia) and II (30 min euglycemic hyperinsulinemia).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TEI 2016 Studio: Inflated Curiosity

This studio introduces methods of making and controlling inflatable fabric. We provide materials and simple fabrication processes that enable designers to rapidly prototype inflatables with simple hinging transformations or texture change. Furthermore, we introduce a customized hardware that enables designers to rapidly prototype inflatable fabric. The goal of this studio is to provide hands-on experiences of designing inflatable fabric as shape-changing materials and research on shape-changing artifacts. Basic knowledge of programming in Arduino is required. Participants should bring their own laptop for the studio.
Implementation and Initial Testing of Advanced Processing and Analysis Algorithms for Correlated Neutron Counting

In order to improve the accuracy and capabilities of neutron multiplicity counting, additional quantifiable information is needed in order to address the assumptions that are present in the point model. Extracting and utilizing higher order moments (Quads and Pents) from the neutron pulse train represents the most direct way of extracting additional information from the measurement data to allow for an improved determination of the physical properties of the item of interest. The extraction of higher order moments from a neutron pulse train required the development of advanced dead time correction algorithms which could correct for dead time effects in all of the measurement moments in a self-consistent manner. In addition, advanced analysis algorithms have been developed to address specific assumptions that are made within the current analysis model, namely that all neutrons are created at a single point within the item of interest, and that all neutrons that are produced within an item are created with the same energy distribution. This report will discuss the current status of implementation and initial testing of the advanced dead time correction and analysis algorithms that have been developed in an attempt to utilize higher order moments to improve the capabilities of correlatedmore » neutron measurement techniques.« less
Wind Tunnel Modeling of Stack Dispersion in Complex Terrain

A wind-tunnel study was conducted to simulate stack releases of tritiated water vapor (HTO) from its National Tritium Labeling Facility (NTLF). Physical modeling simulations were performed in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel (ABLWT) at University of California, Davis. A circular-based scaled-model (1:800) of the site represented a full-scale area of 3,000 feet (914 meters) in diameter, including all buildings, topography, and the relative tree cover. The model was also turntable mounted so that it could be rotated to any desired wind direction. Two stacks of different design and location were individually tested: i) an existing stack located in the same location as air sampling station ENV-75EG; and ii) a proposed stack to be built on the rooftop of Building 75. Stack effluent was modeled by releasing a neutrally buoyant tracer gas (ethane) from the scaled model exhaust system. Simultaneously, concentration (or dilution) levels of the dispersed emissions at specified downwind ground-level receptor sites were measured using a hydrocarbon gas analyzer. The wind tunnel simulated near-neutral atmospheric conditions (between stability category B and C of the Pasquill-Gifford categories). Tests were conducted over a wide range of wind regimes that dynamically matched full-scale speeds ranging from a few mph to speeds in excess of 25 mph.
Clinical practice. Prostate-specific-antigen testing for early diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Foreword This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author's clinical recommendations. Stage A 65-year-old man with no risk factors for prostate cancer except his age has a normal digital rectal examination. Should a prostate-specific–antigen (PSA) test be ordered? The Clinical Problem The introduction of PSA testing in 1987 resulted in an enormous increase in the reported incidence of prostate cancer in the United States. After peaking in 1992, the incidence fell, presumably owing to the identification of preexisting cases among men who had been tested. The rate of death from prostate cancer has risen and fallen over the same period for reasons that are unclear (Figure 1).1 Advocates of screening attribute . . .
Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction

Background Epidemiologic data on the possible benefit of eating fish to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease have been inconsistent. We used data from the Chicago Western Electric Study to examine the relation between base-line fish consumption and the 30-year risk of death from coronary heart disease. Methods The study participants were 1822 men who were 40 to 55 years old and free of cardiovascular disease at base line. Fish consumption, as determined from a detailed dietary history, was stratified (0, 1 to 17, 18 to 34, and >35 g per day). Mortality from coronary heart disease, ascertained from death certificates, was classified as death from myocardial infarction (sudden or nonsudden) or death from other coronary causes. Results During 47,153 person-years of follow-up, there were 430 deaths from coronary heart disease; 293 were due to myocardial infarctions (196 were sudden, 94 were nonsudden, and 3 were not classifiable). Cox proportional-hazards regression showed that for men who consumed 35 g ...
Between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: The Stories We Tell

We live, simultaneously, in two worlds. On the one hand, we live in a world occupied and defined by our close relationships - those of family, neighborhood, and community - in which we cooperate with others who are very much known to us, sometimes in intimate detail. At the same time that we inhabit this world, we inhabit another world in which the food we eat, the garments we wear, the buildings we inhabit, and the technology we deploy are produced by multitudes of others distant and unknown to us. As producers in this world, we cooperate with countless others, again unknown to us, to bring about the goods and services we offer. Depending on the kinds of goods and services we produce, we may never directly encounter those who benefit from our efforts.
Survey on related factors of nutritional awareness,attitude,practice among school children in Jintan

Objective: To probe into nutritional knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP) level of pupils living in Jintan and the influencing factors and to provide a basis for nutritional education of school children.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 462 students from grade 5 in 3 primary schools in Jintan.Results: The passing rates of nutrition knowledge,attitude and practice were 44.5%,84.6% and 86.9%,respectively.The subjects lacked a better understanding about the Dietary Guidelines and nutrition knowledge related to health.The factors affecting nutrition knowledge,attitude and practices were mainly maternal educational background,children gender and the school they went.There was a relativity among nutrition knowledge,attitude and practice.The nutrition information of subjects was mostly from teachers,parents,radio and television Conclusion: Jintan city pupils lack nutritional knowledge,especially professional knowledge.Unhealthy dietary pattern exist generally.However,they are willing to improve unhealthy eating patterns.It is extremely necessary to strengthen the nutritional education for schoolchildren,enhance pupils' knowledge level and change their bad dietary behaviors.
Fine-Needle Aspiration and Surgical Pathology of Infectious Lesions: Morphologic Features and the Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for Rapid Diagnosis

With the resurgence of infectious diseases, proper handling of surgical and fine-needle aspirate (FNA) biopsies of infectious lesions for anatomic and microbiology studies is essential. In order to ensure such handling, a good consulting relationship among the clinician, anatomic pathologist, and clinical microbiologist, which emphasizes speedy and accurate cytologic, histopathologic, or both, diagnoses is necessary. The approach to the rapid workup of FNA and tissue specimens with pathologic findings suggestive of infection and clues to the accurate diagnosis of specific infectious agents are discussed.
Evidence-Based Security and Privacy Assurance in Cloud Ecosystems

This paper is concerned with the problem of security and privacy assurance in cloud ecosystems. Different controls are deployed in order to guarantee security and privacy across cloud ecosystems. It is yet challenging to assess their effectiveness in operation. Therefore, it is necessary to devise methodologies and technologies for providing assurance of whether security and privacy controls are effective and appropriate for specific cloud ecosystems. This paper discusses the rationale and requirements for evidence-based security and privacy assurance. It also discusses the underlining mechanisms shaping a software defined storage system for gathering evidence drawn from a cloud ecosystem. It explains such requirements and mechanisms in the context of a sample use case. In conclusion, it provides insights for evidence-based security and privacy assurance of cloud ecosystems.
Reproducibility and transparency in biomedical sciences.

The biomedical research sciences are currently facing a challenge highlighted in several recent publications: concerns about the rigor and reproducibility of studies published in the scientific literature.Research progress is strongly dependent on published work. Basic science researchers build on their own prior work and the published findings of other researchers. This work becomes the foundation for preclinical and clinical research aimed at developing innovative new diagnostic tools and disease therapies. At each of the stages of research, scientific rigor and reproducibility are critical, and the financial and ethical stakes rise as drug development research moves through these stages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Algebraic grid generation using tensor product B-splines

Finite difference methods are more successful if the accompanying grid has lines which are smooth and nearly orthogonal. The development of an algorithm which produces such a grid when given the boundary description. Topological considerations in structuring the grid generation mapping are discussed. The concept of the degree of a mapping and how it can be used to determine what requirements are necessary if a mapping is to produce a suitable grid is examined. The grid generation algorithm uses a mapping composed of bicubic B-splines. Boundary coefficients are chosen so that the splines produce Schoenberg's variation diminishing spline approximation to the boundary. Interior coefficients are initially chosen to give a variation diminishing approximation to the transfinite bilinear interpolant of the function mapping the boundary of the unit square onto the boundary grid. The practicality of optimizing the grid by minimizing a functional involving the Jacobian of the grid generation mapping at each interior grid point and the dot product of vectors tangent to the grid lines is investigated. Grids generated by using the algorithm are presented.
Case 50: Pancreatic Cyst in Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome

40-year-old woman with history of von Hippel-Lindau disease, status post right nephrectomy, was found to have a pancreatic cystic lesion on surveillance CT.
17–35: America, 1923–1924; London, Cambridge, and Gibraltar, 1931–1949

In Hayek and Mises’ Vienna, Freudian psychiatry flourished—‘it was through psychiatry’ that Hayek ‘got to the problems of political order.’ As Hayek visited New York (1923–1924), the Austrian-born Edward Bernays helped integrate Freud’s theories into the producer-sovereignty-seeking advertising and public relations industries—there are clear parallels between Hayek’s and Bernays’ style of propaganda.
Shallow mantle anisotropy beneath the Juan de Fuca plate

The anisotropic fabric of the oceanic mantle lithosphere is often assumed to parallel paleo-relative plate motion (RPM). However, we find evidence that this assumption is invalid beneath the Juan de Fuca (JdF) plate. Using travel-times of seismic energy propagating through the topmost mantle we find that the fast direction of P-wave propagation is rotated 18° ± 3° counterclockwise to the paleo-spreading direction and strikes between Pacific-JdF relative and JdF absolute plate motion (APM). The mean mantle velocity is 7.85 ± 0.02 km/s with 4.6% ± 0.4% anisotropy. Synthesis of the plate-averaged Pn anisotropy signal with measurements of Pn anisotropy beneath the JdF Ridge and SKS splits across the JdF plate suggest that the anisotropic structure of the topmost mantle continues to evolve away from the spreading center to more closely align with APM. We infer that the oceanic mantle lithosphere may record the influence of both paleo-RPM and paleo-APM.
Influence of length and structure of aryl boronic acid crosslinkers on organogels with partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate)

Organogels composed of 40% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) (40PVAc) and three arylboronic acids have been formed and characterized in several liquids to gain insights into the role of crosslinker length and structure on the properties of the gels. Data from 1H NMR, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, and rheology have been employed to correlate the degrees of crosslinking and the bulk physical properties of the gels. Benzene-1,4-diboronic acid (1,4-BDBA) and 4,4′-biphenyldiboronic acid (bPDBA) formed gels with 40PVAc that were stable for longer periods than those with benzene-1,3-diboronic acid. Surprisingly, the steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence properties of 1,4-BDBA or bPDBA were affected very little in solution upon addition of two model diols (1,3-propanediol and 1,2-ethanediol) or even 40PVAc. Furthermore, 40PVAc appeared to form crosslinks more efficiently, resulting in stiffer gels, with bPDBA than with 1,4-BDBA. We attribute these trends to the greater length, flexibility, and linearity of bPBPA. Overall, the results reported here demonstrate that minor structural changes in the crosslinker can alter significantly many of the bulk properties of two-component organogel networks. They also provide a clear ‘blueprint’ for making gels with specific desired properties for a range of applications that require virtually water-free systems.