cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled, Defect-Guided, Metal-Nanoparticle Incorporation onto MoS2 via Chemical and Microwave Routes: Electrical, Thermal, and Structural Properties

Ultrathin (0.3–3 nm) metal dichalcogenides exhibit confinement of carriers, evolution of band-structure and photophysical properties with thickness, high on/off rectification (in MoS2, WS2, and so forth) and high thermal absorption. Here, we leverage the stable sulfur/nobel-metal binding to incorporate highly capacitive gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto MoS2 to raise the effective gate-voltage by an order of magnitude. Functionalization is achieved via both diffusion limited aggregation and instantaneous reaction arresting (using microwaves) with selective deposition on crystallographic edges (with 60° displacement). The electrical, thermal, and Raman studies show a highly capacitive interaction between Au NP and MoS2 flakes (CAu-MoS2 = 2.17 μF/cm2), a low Schottky barrier (14.52 meV), a reduced carrier-transport thermal-barrier (253 to 44.18 meV after Au NP functionalization), and increased thermal conductivity (from 15 to 23 W/mK post NP deposition). The process could be employed to attach electrodes to ...
First-in-Man Primacy and the Nexus of Innovation in Interventional Cardiology

I have long been intrigued by the fashion for attributing originality by naming a procedure, complex, or clinical sign after the first person to describe it, and by the perseverance with which such eponyms persist. Blalock-Taussig, Norwood, Glenn, Fontan—marks of honor bestowed by the community in a frontier culture—remain prevalent monikers of operations performed for congenital heart disease, decades after introduction, despite the rationalizing simplifications they represent, and in defiance of the many departures that have transformed their original iterations. That historical field brings to mind a surgeon I encountered many years ago who cataloged his personal, if not eponymous, procedural innovations; notches in a belt, akin to a compendium of patents received or invited lectures given. As I began to explore the literature in that field, aiming to develop a better understanding of how technical progress is chronicled in the medical record, it became clear that, just as the fidelity of certain procedural eponyms may be suspect, the novelty and provenance of purported innovations can be ambiguous, and that, more generally, claims of primacy are inherently fraught. Years later, I came to appreciate the implications of that list, similar to but more acquisitive than the historical stream of eponymous procedures in its insinuation that technical innovations are uniquely forged by a single person, that procedural primacy is the embodiment of innovation in interventional medicine. Innovation, however, is much more complex, almost inevitably occurring within and evolving from an array of inputs and influences, both successes and failures, emanating from the individual him- or herself, as well as countless predecessors and contemporaries. This observation should go without saying, but it is worth a reminder in the current era, in which innovation has become uniquely esteemed. Accounting for all the influences contributing to the execution of any new procedure, to acknowledge …
Genital herpes during pregnancy: No lesions, no cesarean

Objective To determine the effects at our hospital of adoption of the 1988 guidelines recommended by ACOG for management of genital herpes infections during pregnancy. Methods Between 1984–1986, 96 pregnancies complicated by active genital herpes were delivered at Parkland Hospital. The outcome of these pregnancies were compared with 217 similar pregnancies managed after implementation of the 1988 ACOG herpes guidelines. Results Adoption of the 1988 ACOG herpes guidelines resulted in a 37% decrease in the use of cesarean delivery for women with genital herpes infections at our hospital. Most of this decrease was because the new guidelines eliminated the need for a confirmatory negative herpes culture before permitting vaginal delivery. No neonatal herpes infections occurred as a result of implementing the ACOG recommendations. Conculsion The rate of cesarean delivery for women with genital herpes infections during pregnancy declined significantly at our hospital as a result of the adoption of ACOG herpes guidelines, and there were no neonatal consequences, such as increased incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection.
Moving average rates of return and the variability of pension contributions and fund levels for a defined benefit pension scheme

Abstract A mathematical model is described which facilitates the comparison of different pension funding methods for a defined benefit pension scheme. Real investment rates of return to the pension fund are assumed to be represented by a moving average model for the corresponding force of interest. Expressions for the moments of the contribution and fund level are then derived. This leads to a discussion of methods of funding which are optimal in the sense of choosing the period for spreading surpluses and deficiencies in order to reduce the variability of both contributions and fund levels. The results are compared with those obtained when the investment returns are independent and identically distributed or autoregressive and, in this sense, the paper is a natural successor to Haberman (1994).
Designing Effective Warning Messages for Patient Medication Information

The lack of appropriate patient/consumer information is often cited as a major cause of medication misuse and drug-related morbidity. This paper reviews recent guidelines for improving written patient information for both prescription and over-the-counter medications. Discussion focuses on three complex issues: providing complete and specific information, providing understandable and usable information, and providing attractive and well-designed materials. Inevitable tradeoffs in meeting these objectives pose a significant challenge to designing more effective patient/consumer materials.
Converting OO models into RDBMS schema

This approach combines OMTool, an object-model editor, with the Schemer compiler. Schemer converts the object model into SQL code, which can then be used to generate relational tables. The approach frees application experts from the details of database structure during early development and lets them customize tables to a particular RDBMS. >
Trigeminal neuralgia Mechanisms of treatment

Background: Mechanisms of the surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia are considered. Results: Trigeminal neuralgia is effectively treated by microvascular decompression(MVD) and other surgical procedures. These procedures often cause reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV), which is latent in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Conclusion: MVD and other surgical procedures alter ganglion neuron transcription, as indicated by HSV reactivation. Controlled injury of the trigeminal root-ganglion probably occurs with the disparate surgical procedures, and this is likely the means of their effectiveness.
Pd-Catalyzed O-Arylation of Ethyl Acetohydroximate: Synthesis of O-Arylhydroxylamines and Substituted Benzofurans

An efficient Pd catalyst for the O-arylation of ethyl acetohydroximate with aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides has been developed. Ethyl acetohydroximate serves as an efficient hydroxylamine equivalent for C-O cross-coupling, thereby allowing for the preparation of O-arylhydroxylamines from simple aryl halides. Short reaction times and broad substrate scope, including heteroaryl coupling partners, allow access to O-arylhydroxylamines that would be difficult to prepare in a single step by traditional methods. Moreover, the O-arylated products so formed can be directly transformed into substituted benzofurans in a single operation.
Differential Effects of Leptin on the Invasive Potential of Androgen-Dependent and -Independent Prostate Carcinoma Cells

Obesity has been linked with an increased risk of prostate cancer. The formation of toxic free oxygen radicals has been implicated in obesity mediated disease processes. Leptin is one of the major cytokines produced by adipocytes and controls body weight homeostasis through food intake and energy expenditure. The rationale of the study was to determine the impact of leptin on the metastatic potential of androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) cells as well as androgen-insensitive (PC-3 and DU-145) cells. At a concentration of 200&#x5f;nm, LNCaP cells showed a significant increase (20&#x25; above control; ) in cellular proliferation without any effect on androgen-insensitive cells. Furthermore, exposure to leptin caused a significant ( to ) dose-dependent decrease in migration and invasion of PC3 and Du-145 prostate carcinoma cell lines. At the molecular level, exposure of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells to leptin stimulates the phosphorylation of MAPK at early time point as well as the transcription factor STAT3, suggesting the activation of the intracellular signaling cascade upon leptin binding to its cognate receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that leptin mediates the invasive potential of prostate carcinoma cells, and that this effect is dependent on their androgen sensitivity.
Substantial reductions of brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) populations in blocks of land on Guam through operational trapping

Abstract Two plots of land on opposite sides of Apra harbor in Guam that had been operationally trapped to remove brown tree snakes were subjected to further trapping at greater intensity to assess the remaining populations of snakes. Trapping in both plots was only terminated after at least 4 weeks without a capture. Only 2 snakes were captured in a 4.2 ha plot and 4 were captured in a 6.5 ha plot. Tagged snakes were released into an adjacent plot that was across a road from the 6.5 ha plot and had a bordering trap line as a barrier to deter snakes from exiting it into other plots or wharf areas. None of these snakes was found to have passed through the barrier trap line and crossed the road. Operational trapping methods were concluded to be highly effective in this developed area where optimal forested snake habitat occurs in a patchy distribution.
Pricing dynamics and product quality: the case of antidepressant drugs

The rising prices of pharmaceuticals have generated considerable, and often acrimonious, debate. Yet, there is little conceptual work or empirical evidence on pharmaceutical pricing strategies or on the time paths of these prices. This study provides a conceptual framework describing the interplay between quality and product differentiation in determining the preferred pricing strategy. We hypothesize that higher quality products will engage in price skimming strategies in markets where products are sufficiently differentiated, but will choose a market penetration strategy in markets that are less differentiated. We apply an empirical analysis to brand name antidepressants during the years 1999–2002, a market where differences in quality are modest. A nationally representative data set on drug utilization and expenditures is combined with a physician survey on the quality attributes of drugs to examine the effect of drug quality on pharmaceutical pricing strategies. Results indicate that higher quality antidepressants engage in a market penetration strategy, charging initially lower prices that rise over time. At approximately 6–7 years post-entry, prices of the antidepressant drugs examined converge. Prices of higher quality antidepressants continue to increase thereafter, eventually becoming the highest priced drugs in the therapeutic class. These findings are consistent with a market in which product differentiation is modest and consumers learn which drug works best for them through experience.
Agent-based region growing for individual tree crown delineation from airborne laser scanning ALS data

Individual tree crown delineation ITCD is a fundamental and vital component of individual tree-based forest inventory. Region-growing algorithms have been widely developed and applied in ITCD studies. Although individual treetops are typically designated as initial seeds, most region-growing algorithms do not consider tree competition when tree crowns touch each other and have some overlapping area. An agent-based region-growing ABRG algorithm was constructed for ITCD using airborne laser scanning ALS data considering both growth and competition mechanisms. Three region-growing algorithms were compared for both coniferous and deciduous trees. The algorithms were: 1 marker-controlled region growing with simultaneous growth MCRG; 2 agent-based region growing with one-way competition ABRG1W in which taller trees limit the growth of shorter trees, but shorter trees have no impact on taller trees; and 3 agent-based region growing with two-way competition ABRG2W in which taller and shorter trees influence each other. Incorporating competition into the ABRG algorithm resulted in a statistically significant improvement of the accuracy of individual tree delineations for conifers and a statistically significant improvement in the accuracy of plot-level crown area for deciduous trees. For conifers, two-way competition provided more accurate results because of increased competition in coniferous plots. For deciduous plots, the accuracy of one-way competition had a strong correlation 0.92 with relative spacing an index of competition level. This result is consistent with the one-way competition mechanism because the taller larger deciduous trees would limit the growth of small trees as the competition level declines. The degree of improvement in tree crown delineation accuracy by ABRG was related to the characteristics of tree height and density i.e. distance between trees in the plots.
The clinical management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers

Mutations in the cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with significantly increased risks of breast and ovarian cancer. Fortunately, effective strategies are available to reduce these risks, including genetic testing, which is an important consideration in determining management of patients with a strong family history of cancer. This article reviews the current evidence for risk-reducing strategies in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and outlines future research directions. In particular, screening controversies and current guidelines are discussed, as are issues related to prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy.
Outcome of a clinical pathway for discharge within 48 hours after laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Abstract Background The benefits of laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) include decreased pain, quicker recovery, and shorter hospital stay. Our hypothesis was that a clinical pathway for 48-hour discharge after LGB can be implemented safely. Methods Charts of patients undergoing LGB were retrospectively reviewed to assess our prospectively placed clinical pathway. Patients were discharged within 48 hours if they met the criteria of the pathway. Results There were 104 patients who underwent LGB with no intraoperative conversions. Complications included 5 leaks, 5 reoperations, and no mortality. In our series, 76% (n = 79) of patients were discharged within 48 hours. Gender and body mass index (BMI) did not differ between those who were discharged in 48 hours and those who were not ( P = not significant). No patient who was discharged in 48 hours required return before their scheduled appointment. Conclusions A majority of patients after LGB can be discharged safely in 48 hours. A formal clinical pathway helps decrease hospital stay without adverse patient outcome.
Near-Death Experiences and Spiritual Well-Being

People who have near-death experiences often report a subsequently increased sense of spirituality and a connection with their inner self and the world around them. In this study, we examined spiritual well-being, using Paloutzian and Ellison’s Spiritual Well-Being Scale, among 224 persons who had come close to death. Participants who reported having near-death experiences reported greater spiritual well-being than those who did not, and depth of spiritual well-being was positively correlated with depth of near-death experience. We discussed the implications of these findings in light of other reported aftereffects of near-death experiences and of spiritual well-being among other populations.
Modulation and demodulation for probabilistic coding

Research in coding theory has resulted in the determination of bounds, as a function of the rate of communication, on the probability of error that can be attained over a memoryless transmission facility. These results are reviewed, and their implication with regard to the evaluation of modulation and demodulation systems is discussed. The objective is to describe some of the interrelations that affect the performance of a communication system used with probabilistic coding.
Novel roles of prolactin and estrogens in breast cancer: resistance to chemotherapy

Resistance to chemotherapy is a major complication in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Estrogens and prolactin (PRL) are implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer but their roles in chemoresistance have been overlooked. A common feature to the two hormones is activation of their receptors by diverse compounds, which mimic or antagonize their actions. The PRL receptor is activated by lactogens (PRL, GH, or placental lactogen) originating from the pituitary, breast, adipose tissue, or the placenta. Estrogen receptors exist in multiple membrane-associated and cytoplasmic forms that can be activated by endogenous estrogens, man-made chemicals, and phytoestrogens. Here, we review evidence that low doses of PRL, estradiol (E(2)), and bisphenol A (BPA) antagonize multiple anticancer drugs that induce cell death by different mechanisms. Focusing on cisplatin, a DNA-damaging drug which is effective in the treatment of many cancer types but not breast cancer, we compare the abilities of PRL, E(2), and BPA to antagonize its cytotoxicity. Whereas PRL acts by activating the glutathione-S-transferase detoxification enzyme, E(2) and BPA act by inducing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. The implications of these findings to patients undergoing chemotherapy are discussed.
Turbidity, Viscosity and ATPase Activity of Fibrillar Protein Extracts of Rabbit Muscle

SUMMARY Results suggest that actomyosin from muscle in rigor is more easily dissociated than actomyosin from prerigor muscle. The addition of MgCl2 decreased the rate of ATP hydrolysis and extended the clear phase of the fibrillar protein extract. Pyrophosphate in the presence of magnesium was as effective as ATP in clearing actomyosin. As the ATP was hydrolyzed, the viscosity of the solution returned to values greater than those obtained before the addition of ATP. However, samples cleared with pyrophosphate retained their low viscosity characteristics indefinitely.
Estimates of Social Consensus by Majorities and Minorities: The Case for Social Projection

Meta-analyses of research on consensus estimation have identified an asymmetry in the error patterns between majorities and minorities (Gross & Miller, 1997; Mullen & Hu, 1988). Members of the majority slightly underestimate the size of their own group, whereas members of the minority strongly overestimate the size of theirs. The present analysis shows that a single psychological assumption about projection is sufficient to explain this asymmetry. Most people, regardless of whether they are actually members of the majority or members of the minority, believe themselves to be in the majority. It is not necessary to attribute different psychological mechanisms, such as ego protection or cognitive availability, to majority and minority members. A simple quantitative model and empirical data illustrate this point.
Modal FDI Strategies in Asia-Pacific Region

This paper utilized a Binomial Logistic model to study the world’s 60 largest food and beverage multinational firms’ (MNE) decisions on the forms of ownership for their foreign subsidiaries in the Asia-Pacific Rim region during the early- to mid-1990s. Both firm- and country-specific factors are used to explain the MNEs’ investment strategy. The model found that the firm’s past investment patterns, product type, the operations risk index in the host nation, and the geographic distance between investing firm’s home nation and the host nation all had significant impact on the bi-modal investment choice by the MNEs.
Review: Die Verfassung und die Politik: Einsprüche in Störfällen, [The Constitution and Politics: Protestations in Troubled Times]

Dieter Grimm is a respected German constitutional scholar who served on the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) from 1987 to 1999. Before that, he taught at the University of Bielefeld in North Rhein–Westphalia, where he wrote, among other works, a fine, concise book on constitutional history.1 He is now Rector of the Wissenschaftskolleg, a leading think tank in Berlin; Professor of Public Law at the nearby Humboldt University; and a frequent visitor to both New York University School of Law and Yale Law School. His latest book is a collection of essays, most of which were written during his time on the Constitutional Court. They tend to be more journalistic than academic in tone; many of them first appeared in serious newspapers, such as Die Zeit and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, rather than in legal periodicals. Their theme, as the title tells us, is the Constitution and politics. The Constitution is, of course, law, namely, the supreme law, the fundamental law, against which acts of ordinary legislation or implementation are measured, or—as the Germans for historical reasons still call their Constitution—the Basic Law (Grundgesetz). Justice Grimm’s essays are about the Constitution, but they are not, on the whole, legal essays. They are more concerned with constitutionalism than with constitutional law per se. They tend to explore larger issues regarding the function of constitutions in modern democracies rather than the interpretation of particular provisions. The essays’ intended audience, as the dust jacket tells us, is not lawyers alone but everyone with an interest in political questions. The subtitle Einspruche in Storfallen—which may be roughly paraphrased as “protestations in troubled times”—suggests something of the general purpose and direction of the essays. They are critical. They take issue, at many points, with the accepted wisdom and find cause for concern in recent and continuing events and attitudes. They are packed with warnings that we all must work hard to preserve constitutional values. Eternal vigilance, the author reminds us, is the price of liberty.
Functional analysis of the Tsh autotransporter from an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain.

The temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (Tsh) is an autotransporter protein secreted by avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains that colonize the respiratory tract and lead to airsacculitis, pericarditis, and colisepticemia. It is synthesized as a 140-kDa precursor protein, whose processing results in a 106-kDa passenger domain (Tsh s ) and a 33-kDa β-domain (Tsh β ). The presence of a conserved 7-amino-acid serine protease motif within Tsh s classifies the protein in a subfamily of autotransporters, known as serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae . In this study, we report that purified Tsh s is capable of adhering to red blood cells, hemoglobin, and the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen IV. We also demonstrate that Tsh s exerts proteolytic activity against casein, and we provide experimental evidence demonstrating that serine 259 is essential for the protease function. However, this residue is not required for adherence to substrates, and its replacement by an alanine does not abolish binding activity. In summary, our results demonstrate that Tsh is a bifunctional protein with both adhesive and proteolytic properties.
Supporting face-to-face communication between clinicians and children with chronic headaches through a zoomable multi-touch app

Chronic headaches are one of the top five health problems for young children in the United States, negatively affecting their quality of life and learning opportunities. A clear understanding of children's headache characteristics is crucial for delivering appropriate treatment. However, current data collection methods were designed for adults often resulting in insufficient information. In this paper we present a novel method to help children communicate with health care providers and researchers about their headaches. It augments an existing child-centric method called Draw-and-Tell Conversation, which has already been shown to provide more actionable information from children than standard data collection methods. It does so by enabling children to draw their symptoms on a zoomable drawing application, giving them the ability to provide more details and context than on paper. We present a study conducted with nineteen children aged 7 to 12 suggesting that children provided more information about their headaches when using the zoomable drawing application than when drawing on paper. This study provides a rare example of a mobile device used to enhance face-to-face interactions and contributes evidence of a specific benefit of zoomable user interfaces.
The (Il)logics of Federal Budgeting, and Why Crisis Must Come

The U.S. federal budgeting system faces severe challenges in coming years. Deficits are being recorded at levels and with regularity not seen in prior periods. This article suggests that such problems reflect the uncomfortable mix of logics informing budgetary and political institutions—that is, the rules of the game. Logics make it appropriate to expect that government be limited in its tax demands but simultaneously responsive in providing expensive services necessary for the achievement of the American dream, for example. Crisis is needed to allow the emergence of institutional forms that mediate between these conflicting logics.
Paging equals functionality.

There are a number of devices now used in automobiles that allow subscribed companies to track the car and to aid the owner in the case of accidents, lockouts, being lost, etc. Even in the age of the cell-phone, having a human whom you can routinely contact and who is paid to help you when a problem occurs is reassuring. Given the forthcoming graying of the baby boomers with a significant proportion of us developing a dementia, along with the large number of people who suffer head injuries, strokes, and similar disorders, the market for a similar device, worn on the body—perhaps as a secured bracelet—appears obvious. Compensatory aids may have an important role to play in helping patients become functional—particularly when used as a reminder, to orient them to time and place, or to provide a human voice to give instructions when necessary. Since one operator potentially can handle many patients at the same time, it could be a cost-effective device to obtain. I say “may have an important role” because very few studies have used such a device, much less carefully evaluated its usefulness. In this issue, Fish, Manly, and Wilson ( 2008 ) describe a very nice application of a single-case design to evaluate the use of a compensatory device in a patient with a frontal lobe lesion associated with deficits in planning that were characterized as goal-neglect by the authors.
The Current Transition in Industrial Capitalism

The advanced capitalist nations are currently undergoing a wrenching economic, social, and political transformation. At its heart, this transformation involves a shift away from the mass production of highly standardized goods and services for mass markets to small-batch production of relatively customized goods and services for niche markets. This volume brings together in one place essays by a group of individuals who have thought widely and written extensively on various aspects of the current transformation of industrial capitalism in an attempt to integrate this research and these disparate viewpoints into an single complete picture. Briefly, the book touches upon five dimensions of the current transformation of capitalism: technology, labor relations, firm organization, public policy, and locational decisionmaking. Each chapter is concerned with a different aspect of the same transformative process. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to frame the debate contained within the remainder of the book. To do so, it is first necessary to define a set of terms.
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis C

 Approximately 3% of the world’s population is infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the highest prevalence rates noted in Africa and Asia.  In the United States, the incidence of HCV infection is declining secondary to effective blood donor screening adopted in the early 1990s and changing practices of intravenous drug users due to an increased awareness of HIV and hepatitis.  Hepatitis C can be categorized into six genotypes and 50+ subtypes. Genotypes 1a and 1b are the most common, accounting for about 60% of global infections.
Knowledge and health beliefs related to heart disease risk among adults with type 2 diabetes

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to describe knowledge of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and to explore relationships between this knowledge and health beliefs and adherence among adults with type 2 diabetes.Data sourcesA convenience sample of 212 adults with
Input/output linkage in a user interface management system

The GRaphical INteraction System (GRINS) is described, which integrates an automation-based dialogue controller with a dynamic display model to provide a User Interface Management System. The linkage between the logical device interface and the graphical presentation of virtual devices is discussed. A display manager to support dynamic manipulations of hierarchically structure images is presented. Lastly a model of Display Objects whereby application-specific display objects can have computational constraints defined is described. The constraint system is equivalent to an attributed grammar and is evaluated using an incremental attribute flow algorithm.
Decadal Variations in Tropical Water Vapor: A Comparison of Observations and a Model Simulation

Multiple satellite records of tropical-mean water vapor are compared with a general circulation model (GCM) simulation to assess the ability to monitor and to predict low-frequency changes in total precipitable water. Particular attention is focused on the drying between 1979 and 1995 recorded by a TOVS statistical retrieval that is calibrated to radiosondes. Both a GCM integrated with observed SSTs and microwave and TOVS physical retrievals that overlap the drying period show no sustained drying. This discrepancy is consistent with the suggestion by Ross and Gaffen that the TOVS statistical algorithm is vulnerable to radiosonde instrumentation changes over this period that introduce an artificial drying trend into the retrieval.
Nucleation of Ice on Silver Iodide

Abstract It is shown that a constant nucleation rate implies a nearly constant supercooling. This is confirmed experimentally by observing the nucleation of ice and water on single AgI crystals. The experimentally determined supercoolings for condensation and deposition, when plotted on a T vs logP graph, allow the determination of the threshold for deposition (˜−5C at ˜3% supersaturation). The threshold for deposition at water saturation is found to be −9C. Three nucleation threshold temperatures are of interest. The first is that at which the transition from condensation to deposition occurs, the second that at which deposition first occurs at water saturation, and the third that at which liquid water in contact with the nucleus freezes. Only the first two are considered in this paper.
"Puffed-cheek" CT improves evaluation of the oral cavity.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Maneuvers that distend a lumen facilitate radiographic examinations. In evaluation of the upper aerodigestive tract, Valsalva and phonation maneuvers complement barium fluoroscopy. The current work investigates “puffed-cheek” CT to improve visualization of oral cavity tumors. METHODS: Seven patients (ages 17 to 86 years) underwent conventional and puffed-cheek CT. Five had squamous cell carcinoma, one had benign verrucous hyperplasia of the buccal mucosa, one had “cheek swelling,” and one had a pulsatile cheek mass. Conventional contrast-enhanced axial CT scans (3-mm thick, no interslice gap) were obtained through the oral cavity and neck. Each patient then pursed the lips and puffed out the cheeks, and axial images were obtained through the oral cavity (puffed-cheek scans). RESULTS: Three patients had normal conventional CT scans whereas puffed-cheek scans clearly showed the mass. Conventional CT in three patients showed a mass inseparable from two mucosal surfaces whereas puffed-cheek images clearly showed which surface the tumor involved. Two patients had normal conventional and puffed-cheek CT studies; in one, the physical examination was also normal. The other patient was a teenager with orthodontic appliances that created artifacts on both conventional and puffed-cheek images. Conventional angiography in this patient revealed a facial artery aneurysm. CONCLUSION: The puffed-cheek CT maneuver is easily taught, and patients comply readily. Puffed-cheek CT scans provide a clearer and more detailed evaluation of mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity than do conventional scans. In selected patients, the puffed-cheek technique can supplement conventional CT studies.
Time course for entry of intestinally infused lipids into blood of rats

The early time course of the absorption of duodenally infused 14C-labeled Intralipid into either the hepatic portal circulation or systemic circulation was measured. Plasma radioactivity did not increase significantly at either site until 30 min after the intestinal infusion began and was maximal between 60 and 120 min. In studies on the effects of intestinal lipid infusions on sham feeding in rats we find significant suppressions of sham feeding after only 10 min. Thus the time course for lipid absorption is different from that of the satiating effects of duodenally infused fats. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the satiating effect of fats infused into the small intestine occurs before entry of absorbed fats into the blood and is not dependent on recently absorbed circulating fat.
Conductive Atomic Force Microscopic (C-AFM) Studies of Au/MoS2 Nanocomposite Films

Au/MoS2 nanocomposite films with high Au concentrations (75 to 90 at%), recently developed at The Aerospace Corp., have shown properties that are promising for use in sliding electrical contacts, such as slip rings and relays. For such applications, it is critical to maintain low contact resistance while maintaining low friction with controlled wear (i.e. removal and transfer of material). In this report, we present results from conductive atomic force microscopic (c-AFM) investigations of Au/MoS2 nanocomposite structures and their dynamic material transfer phenomena under a sliding contact, which are both important in understanding the friction, wear and conducting mechanisms of the films. We have performed c-AFM to obtain topography, friction and current images simultaneously. Remarkable morphological changes were observed in a series of current images which initially showed distinct nanoscale metallic (Au) and semiconducting (MoS2 ) phases that were relatively well dispersed, but repeated contact sliding in the same area resulted in gradual disappearance of the metallic phase and reduction of the overall friction. These results reveal that MoS2 is transferred across the surface to provide lubrication while Au particles at or near the surface provide electrical conductivity. The c-AFM results provide real-time and real-space visualization of the lubrication mechanism occurring inside a nanoscale sliding contact.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Network meta‐analysis accurately predicted the outcome of a subsequent randomised trial comparing once weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg and once daily liraglutide 1.8 mg

Summary Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are an established treatment for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to indirectly compare two GLP-1 receptor agonists, once weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg and once daily liraglutide 1.8 mg, as a part of clinical trial planning. Methods Studies for inclusion in the network meta-analysis (NMA) included all available dulaglutide and liraglutide data as of November 2011 as well as results from the exenatide once weekly registration programme. Change from baseline in haemoglobin A1c (A1c) was the primary endpoint, and a 26-week treatment effect was estimated. Results Data for 7135 people with T2D from 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) followed for 12–52 weeks were included in the quantitative analysis. Observed results from the NMA predicted an A1c change from baseline of −15.1 mmol/mol (−1.38%) in the dulaglutide 1.5 mg group and −14.7 mmol/mol (−1.34%) in the liraglutide 1.8 mg group, with a predicted treatment difference (dulaglutide–liraglutide) of −0.4 mmol/mol (−0.04%) [95% credible interval: −2.4 to 1.5 mmol/mol (−0.22% to 0.14%)]. Conclusions The subsequent RCT primary result of a −0.7 mmol/mol (−0.06%) treatment difference (dulaglutide–liraglutide) in A1c demonstrated that once weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg and once daily liraglutide 1.8 mg resulted in similar glycaemic control, which was consistent with the NMA-predicted treatment difference. NMA is a useful tool and should be considered during clinical trial planning.
GC-MS Analysis of the Volatiles from Platycladus orientalis L. by a Simple Distillation Method

The volatiles of Platycladus orientalis L.'s phloem were extracted by a simple distillation technique and a Sohlet's extraction method,respectively,and analyzed by GC-MS.The results showed that the volatiles consisted of monoterpene,sesquiterpene and ethanols,aldehydes,esters and et al.For extracts by Sohlet's extraction,the major compounds were the high boiling point chemicals such as ethanols,aldehydes,esters and et al;for extracts by simple distillation method,sesquiterpenes were the major part.The simple distillation method was easy to operate and low-cost,and was suitable for extracting volatiles for forest insect attractant.
Research on network structure and VLAN division plan for smart substation

The double-star network topology structure is presented for a new-built smart substation according to its characteristics,and then a virtual local area network(VLAN) division plan is proposed based on voltage class,devices and basic transport protocol of VLAN technology.The experiment result shows that this VLAN division plan reduces the pressure from message transmission,avoids the appearance of network storm,and raises the reliability of system.This study is valuable for the network structure selection and VLAN division for smart substation.
Preventing Maternal Morbidity from Obstetric Hemorrhage: Implications of a Provider Training Initiative

Objective The objective of this study was to compare severe morbidity due to obstetrical hemorrhage and its potential preventability before and after a mandated provider training initiative on obstetric hemorrhage. Study Design Cases of severe morbidity due to obstetric hemorrhage during 2006 ( n = 64 before training initiative) and 2010 ( n = 71 after training initiative) were identified by a two-factor scoring system of intensive care unit admission and/or transfusion of ≥ 3 units of blood products and reviewed by an expert panel. Preventable factors were categorized as provider, system, and/or patient related. Results Potential preventability did not differ between 2006 and 2010, p = 0.19. Provider factors remained the most common preventable factor (88.2% in 2006 vs. 97.4% in 2010, p = 0.18), but the distribution in types of preventable factors improved over time for delay or failure in assessment (20.6 vs. 0%, p p p = 0.015) with a notable decline in factors related to policies and procedures (26.5 vs. 2.6%, p Conclusion We found significant improvement in provider assessment and treatment of obstetric hemorrhage and a significant reduction in preventable factors related to policies and procedures after the training initiative.
Reformulating: Approaching Mathematical Problem Solving as Inquiry

The Gestalt psychologist Karl Duncker (1903–1940) characterized problem solving as getting from where you are to where you want to be through successive reformulations of the problem until it becomes something you can manage. That view can be seen in a recent European project to promote inquiry as a means of learning mathematics and attracting students to its study. It can also be seen in increased research efforts to study problem formulation in mathematics. Considerations of how to educate teachers of mathematics to approach problem solving as inquiry should include attention to questions of metacognition and to the cognitive demand of a problem—in much the same manner as George Polya (1887–1985) promoted such attention. For Duncker and Polya, we solve problems by replacing our unsuccessful efforts by successful ones through a heuristic inquiry process.
Studies of Lead in Water and Biological Materials using X-ray Emission Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Advantages and limitations of Pb-determination in water and biological materials using X-ray emission spectroscopy are summarized. Sample excitations by X-ray tube, radioactive sources and charge-particle beams are discussed. X-ray emission spectroscopy is very useful in the determination of the origin of lead in the marine environment. This can be accomplished by the simultaneous measurement of several trace element concentration levels, i.e., elemental fingerprints. Sample preparation techniques for water and biological material are described. Continuous monitoring of Pb-level is also possible.
Declínios Da Autoridade E Ascensões Do Leitor: Hermenêutica, Recepção E Consumo Na América Latina | Decline Of Authority And Reader Rises: Hermeneutics, Reception And Consumption In Latin Americ

O estudo apresenta um panorama das correntes epistemologicas que empreenderam uma figuracao do receptor (leitor, espectador, usuario), seja de uma perspectiva contextual e sociologica ou de um sujeito imanente ao texto, isto e, de um prisma formal. Nesse percurso, muito embora com concentracao no debate levado a termo na America Latina, remonta-se as acepcoes filosoficas, especialmente a hermeneutica, passa-se pela teoria da recepcao e aporta-se na teoria da consumo, o que orienta o estudo para uma remissao constante as sociabilidades dominantes e aos enunciados que as endossam.
Aspects of awareness: considerations for social media use in the modern context

Commentators often describe media as a "window on the world." That metaphor, however, doesn't work with today's technology. Windows facilitate passive observation: one sits and is at the mercy of what is on the other side of the window in terms of what s/he can view. Today's media, however, are interactive. From television programming to instragram posts, individuals use modern media to negotiate what they wish to access, when, and on their own terms. (Consider the drastic differences between the push view of broadcast television of the past vs. the pull approach to accessing Apple TV options today.) So, while we still do sit and "watch," we get determine what we view.
Inflammatory monocytes contribute to the persistence of CXCR3hiCX3CR1lo circulating and lung‐resident memory CD8+ T cells following respiratory virus infection

Phenotypically diverse memory CD8+ T cells are present in the lungs that either re-circulate or reside within the tissue. Understanding the key cellular interactions that regulate the generation and then persistence of these different subsets is of great interest. Recently, DNGR-1+ dendritic cell (DC) mediated priming was reported to control the generation of lung-resident but not circulating memory cells following respiratory viral infection. Here, we report an important role for Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes (IMs) in contributing to the persistence of memory CD8+ T cells but not their generation. Effector CD8+ T cells expanded and contracted normally in the absence of IMs, but the memory compartment declined significantly over time. Quite unexpectedly, this defect was confined to tissue resident and circulating CXCR3hi CX3CR1lo memory cells but not CXCR3hi CX3CR1int and CXCR3lo CX3CR1hi subsets. Thus, two developmentally distinct innate cells orchestrate the generation and persistence of memory T cell subsets following a respiratory virus infection. See also: News and Commentary by Lafouresse & Groom.
Cooperative Vehicular Networking: A Survey

With the remarkable progress of cooperative communication technology in recent years, its transformation to vehicular networking is gaining momentum. Such a transformation has brought a new research challenge in facing the realization of cooperative vehicular networking (CVN). This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent advances in the field of CVN. We cover important aspects of CVN research, including physical, medium access control, and routing protocols, as well as link scheduling and security. We also classify these research efforts in a taxonomy of cooperative vehicular networks. A set of key requirements for realizing the vision of cooperative vehicular networks is then identified and discussed. We also discuss open research challenges in enabling CVN. Lastly, the paper concludes by highlighting key points of research and future directions in the domain of CVN.
Life of Earth: Pure

The inspiration of this apparel design is environmental issues occurring in some cities in China the designer observed while visiting her home in summer 2013. Due to acute pollution, the skies of the country are no longer blue, some rivers have changed to dark colors. The goals of creating this design (as a part of a series) were to: a) use garments as a communication tool to raise the public attention on pollution issues in China and b) combine digital printing and free form embroidery technique to create unique printed fabric and textured fabric.
Robust Semi-Supervised Learning on Multiple Networks with Noise

Graph-regularized semi-supervised learning has been effectively used for classification when (i) data instances are connected through a graph, and (ii) labeled data is scarce. Leveraging multiple relations (or graphs) between the instances can improve the prediction performance, however noisy and/or irrelevant relations may deteriorate the performance. As a result, an effective weighing scheme needs to be put in place for robustness.
Runge’s Theorem

If f ∈ H(G), G a connected open set, it is a consequence of the power series expansion for holomorphic functions that if f(zn) = 0, zn → z0 ∈ G then f = 0 in G. It is also a consequence that if f(n)(z0) = 0 for n = 0,1,2,…, then f = 0 in G. We adopt conventions about “sets with multiplicity” that allow us to treat both cases as one.
Neural Correlates of Learning and Memory

We have been studying changes in the electrical activity of the brain as cats learn and perform differentiated conditioned responses to flashes or clicks at different repetition rates. These studies involve long-term observation of unanesthetized freely moving animals in which 34 electrodes have been chronically implanted into a variety of cortical and sub-cortical locations. Presentation of an intermittent sensory stimulus causes a transient time-locked fluctuation in the voltage recorded from responsive brain regions. These voltage fluctuations can sometimes be seen as rhythmic waves or labeled responses at the repetition frequency of the stimulus appearing in the ongoing electrical activity, or EEG. By synchronizing the trigger of an oscilloscope to the stimulus presentation, it is possible to study the characteristic waveshape and latency of these time-locked oscillations, or evoked responses. Using computers, large numbers of evoked responses can be added to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, providing a picture of the characteristic or average evoked response.