cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alteration of tyrosine aminotransferase multiple form patterns by antisickling agents and a decomposition product of antitumor agents.

Abstract Antineoplastic agents of the nitrosourea class also have antisickling properties. It has been shown that compounds such as BCNU (1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) decompose under physiological conditions and give rise to substituted isocyanates. The latter are carbamylating agents and, presumably, through such activity have antisickling and antineoplastic activity. In fresh liver homogenates (at 0–4°C) cyanate and 2-chloroethyl isocyanate caused conversion of tyrosine aminotransferase form I to form III. This did not occur with the parent compound BCNU. However, liver homogenates prepared from rats pretreated with BCNU contained significantly more tyrosine aminotransferase form III than controls. Considering the effects that cyanate and isocyanate have on hemoglobin and tyrosine aminotransferase, it is possible that the antineoplastic activity of the nitrosoureas is due to carbamylation of specific regulators of cell division.
Use of Prepositions before the Infinitive Mood in the Romance Languages

APOINT of Romance grammar that offers noticeable difficulty to American pupils is the use of the various prepositions that in French, Italian, or Spanish replace the uniform English "to" before an infinitive, or the present participle. The first step that might be taken is that of making the pupils conscious of the complexity of the Romance use of prepositions in terms of the simplicity and uniformity of the English use. The teacher may call to the pupils' attention that in certain cases the English "to" is not translated at all in French, Italian, or Spanish; in others, it is translated by "4," "a," "a," respectively; and in others, by "de," "di," "de,", respectively. These three cases may be stated thus:
Wave propagation in a composite with a wavy sublamina

The through-thickness waviness in a sublamina in a composite laminate is the subject of study for the purposes of nondestructive evaluation by ultrasound. The model consists of a flat composite laminate with one sublamina which has sinusoidal waviness. The theoretical analysis of a longitudinal wave propagating through such a laminate is presented and the reflection coefficients at various locations on the plate are calculated. The results are validated by experimental ultrasonic C-scan.
Activity-based imaging probes of the proteasome.

Over the years, the proteasome has been extensively investigated due to its crucial roles in many important signaling pathways and its implications in diseases. Two proteasome inhibitors—bortezomib and carfilzomib—have received FDA approval for the treatment of multiple myeloma, thereby validating the proteasome as a chemotherapeutic target. As a result, further research efforts have been focused on dissecting the complex biology of the proteasome to gain the insight required for developing next-generation proteasome inhibitors. It is clear that chemical probes have made significant contributions to these efforts, mostly by functioning as inhibitors that selectively block the catalytic activity of proteasomes. Analogues of these inhibitors are now providing additional tools for visualization of catalytically active proteasome subunits, several of which allow real-time monitoring of proteasome activity in living cells as well as in in vivo settings. These imaging probes will provide powerful tools for assessing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in clinical settings. In this review, we will focus on the recent efforts towards developing imaging probes of proteasomes, including the latest developments in immunoproteasome-selective imaging probes.
Covalent bonding of sulfur on Ni(001): S as a prototypical adsorbate catalytic poisoner

The effects of sulfur, as a prototypical catalytic ``poisoner,'' on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Ni(001) are investigated with the highly precise full-potential linearzed augmented-plane-wave method. The Si-Ni interlayer distance is determined to be 1.36 A\r{}. The poisoning is found to be caused by local Ni-S covalent-bond formation and the ``lone-pair'' density polarization on the S site. A nearly magnetically dead Ni surface layer (0.12${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$) is obtained. The indirect long-range (screening) interaction is manifested in a layer-dependent oscillatory on-site charge transfer between ${e}_{g}$ and ${t}_{2g}$ symmetry states for Ni inner layers.
Mechanism-based Failure Laws for Biaxially Compressed IM7/8551-7 Graphite–Epoxy Laminates:

Failure mechanisms and stress-strain behaviors have been investigated for [±15] 6s , [±30] 12s , and [±45] 12s graphite-epoxy (IM7/8551-7) laminates under in-plane biaxial compression using a cruciform biaxial test frame and microscopic examination of the load-interrupted samples. The loading confinement ratio R is varied from 0 to nearly 1.0 to measure the sensitivity of sample failure mechanisms and stress-strain behaviors to different stress states. The failure modes for each orientation are found to be strongly confinement-ratio-dependent. For R=0, all the samples failed by in-plane shearing on a plane aligned with the fiber direction. As the confinement ratio is increased, the in-plane failure mode in [±30] 12s , and [±45] 12s samples transitioned to out-of-plane shearing at R = 0.25 and 0.5, and multiple delamination at R = 0.75 and 1.0. For the [±15] 6s samples, the failure modes transition to fiber buckling at R=0.25 and then out-of-plane shearing at R=0.5, 0.75, and 1.0. Microscopic examination of the load-interrupted samples confirms the source of the individual delaminations to be the wing cracks associated with the angled shear cracks in the out-of-plane direction. The classical laminate theory in combination with the standard rule of mixture is used to calculate the maximum shear stress in the matrix and the fibers. The failure data conform well with a Mohr-Coulomb-type shear failure law when applied to the fibers but not to the matrix. Thus, fiber shearing appears to be the failure-setting mechanism in this material under all material orientations and biaxiality ratios.
Negotiation Teamwork: The Impact of Information Distribution and Accountability on Performance Depends on the Relationship among Team Members

We examined how the distribution of information among team members and accountability pressures affected the quality of negotiated settlements reached among teams of friends negotiating against teams of strangers. The main conclusions of the experiment may be summarized by the following findings: (1) Teams of strangers reaped a greater share of the joint profit than did teams of friends when teammates were accountable to a supervisor as opposed to negotiating strictly on their own behalf. (2) Teams of strangers also reaped a marginally greater share of the joint profit than did teams of friends when teammates possessed unique, as opposed to common, information about their own team's preferences. (3) Not surprisingly, teams of friends were more cohesive than were teams of strangers; however, teams of friends were also more concerned about maintaining their relationship than were teams of strangers. (4) Teams of friends felt least cohesive when they were accountable to a supervisor, whereas teams of strangers felt most cohesive when they were accountable. Similarly, friends indicated greater relationship concerns when having to deal with distributed information, whereas information distribution had no effect on the relationship concerns of strangers. (5) For teams of strangers, greater team cohesiveness was positively correlated with better performance. (6) Moreover, when teams of strangers felt more cohesive than their opponents, they earned more than teams of strangers who felt less cohesive.
To win without fighting: an integrative framework

“To win without fighting” is perhaps the supreme ideal in strategic management. This article coalesces extant strategy literature under the overarching theme of “to win without fighting” as a style of strategy. It draws on managerial wisdom gained from the structural approach, the resource‐based view of the firm, the Schumpeterian perspective, and the commitment approach to strategy. From, respectively, both the challenger’s and the leader’s perspectives, it presents the necessary contextual conditions and the actual mechanisms through which “to win without fighting” could be practiced. Potential pitfalls of this style of strategy and its relationship with “to win by fighting” strategy are also addressed so as to put it into the larger perspective of strategic management practice.
Simulation of organisms using a developmental model Part 2: The heterocyst formation problem in blue-green algae

Abstract In Part 1 of this paper ‡ , we described a general program, called CELIA, for simulating linear arrays of cells, each one changing under the same set of rules. In this Part, we discuss how the program can be applied to biological hypothesis testing, by discussing the problem of heterocyst formation in filamentous blue-green algae. We shall assume familiarity with the contents of Part 1.
Nonradiative Electronic Relaxation Rate Constants from Approximations Based on Linearizing the Path-Integral Forward−Backward Action

electronic states. The first approximation is based on direct linearization (DL) of the forward -backward (FB) action in the exact path integral expression for this correlation function. The second approximation is based on linearizing the FB action in an equiValent quantum expression for this correlation function, which is given in terms of the Meyer-Miller mapping Hamiltonian (MML). The two approximations have several features in common, namely: (1) They are given in terms of an integral over a classical-like phase space; (2) The relevant operators are replaced by their Wigner transforms; (3) The dynamics is purely classical and
A high sensitive SPR biosensor system utilizing gold nanorods

In this report, we propose a compact and highly sensitive biosensor device which utilizes gold nanorods, gold nanohole array film and photodiode array to detect the biomolecular reactions. In this device the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) property of the gold nanorods and enhanced transmission and filtering property of nanohole array film is utilized to increase the sensitivity. The collective response of the biomolecular reaction with the gold nanorods and the gold nanohole array is captured by the photodiode. This system configuration utilizes the natural white light source to excite the SPR making it suitable for point of care biosensing of biomolecular bindings with pM levels of concentration. Two different photodiodes namely pinned (pinn) and n well-p substrate (nwell-psub) photodiodes were used to compare the performance of the system. Use of pinned photodiode had 2 times better performance advantage compared to nwell-psub photodiode.
Unified aeroelastic flutter theory for very low aspect ratio panels

A theory unifying the flutter analyses of orthotropic and isotropic panels having very low aspect ratios and exposed to an inviscid potential flow on the upper surfaces is developed. The analysis considers an infinitely long panel of finite width, simply supported on the side edges, and resting on a spring foundation. Three-dimensional linearized aerodynamic and classical plate theories are used. Traveling wave modes are utilized as solutions to the panel's aeroelastic equation of motion. The resulting aerodynamic integral is evaluated approximately using both numerical and analytical methods. The structural and aerodynamic generic variables, which are instrumental in establishing this unified theory, are derived using affine transformations. Subsonic as well as supersonic flutter and divergence boundaries are determined. The effects of air to panel mass ratios and midplane forces are examined. Viscous structural damping is found to be destabilizing. There is a general agreement between the results of this analysis and those obtained for isotropic panels by previous investigators.
Parallel quadtree coding of large-scale raster geospatial data on GPGPUs

Global remote sensing and large-scale environmental modeling have generated huge amounts of raster geospatial data. While the inherent data parallelism of large-scale raster geospatial data allows straightforward coarse-grained parallelization at the chunk level on CPUs, it is largely unclear how to effectively exploit such data parallelism on massively parallel General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) that require fine-grained parallelization. In this study, we have developed an efficient spatial data structure called BQ-Tree to code raster geospatial data by exploiting the uniform distributions of quadrants of bitmaps at the bitplanes of a raster. A fine-grained parallelization scheme has been implemented using Nvidia CUDA. Experiments show that the GPGPU implementation is capable of decoding a BQ-Tree encoded 16-bits NASA MODIS geospatial raster with 22,658*15,586 cells in 190 milliseconds, i.e., 1.86 billion cells per second, on an Nvidia C2050 GPU card. The performance achieves a 5.9X speedup when compared with the best dual quadcore CPU implementation and a 36.9X speedup compared with a highly optimized single core CPU implementation.
Comparative studies of myosins isolated from beef, pork, and rabbit muscles

Abstract 1. 1. Myosin from beef muscle differs significantly from rabbit myosin in content of proline, lysine, histidine, and serine. 2. 2. Pork myosin differs from rabbit protein in levels of threonine, lysine, and histidine. 3. 3. Pork myosin differs from beef myosin in its content of proline. 4. 4. No significant differences in sedimentation coefficients, intrinsic viscosities, or migration patterns upon disk-gel electrophoresis were observed between species. 5. 5. Variations between species in rate of hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate were observed.
Isolation and genetic characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of simian rotavirus SA 11

Ten stable temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have been isolated from the simian rotavirus SA11 following mutagenesis with nitrous acid or hydroxylamine. These mutants define five recombination groups between which recombination occurs at high frequency (>1.0%) and within which recombination does not occur at detectable levels (<0.2%). These observations support the interpretation that recombination in rotaviruses occurs by reassortment of genome segments during mixed infection. Four of the is mutants are members of the mutant group designated A, three is mutants are members of group B, and groups C, D, and E are each represented by single is mutants. The is mutants were unable to efficiently complement during mixed infection. Growth studies indicated that the ts lesions conditionally, and strongly, inhibit both virus yield and plaque formation.
Biofeedback treatment of migraine headache: A systematic case study

An individual suffering from migraine headaches was trained first to lower and then to raise her peripheral skin temperature. Migraine activity increased during cooling and decreased during warming. The results were interpreted in support of peripheral temperature feedback (warming) as a treatment for migraine headache.
Data Center Cooling Optimization: Ambient Intelligence Based Load Management (AILM)

Early Data centers can consume 25 to 50 times more electric power than a standard office space of the same footprint. In this paper, a simplified computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) model for a unit cell of a data center with a hot aisle-cold aisle (HACA) layout is simulated. Inefficiencies dealing with the mixing of hot air present in the room with the cold inlet air, leading to a loss of cooling potential are identified. The need for a thermal aware job-scheduling algorithm which enhances IT productivity, while maintaining the facility within server inlet temperature constraints is established. The inherent non-linearity of such an optimization problem is explained. A novel algorithm called the Ambient Intelligence based Load Management (AILM) is developed which counters the above issues and enhances the net data center heat dissipation capacity for given energy consumption at the facilities end. It gives a scheme to determine how much and where the computer loads should be allocated, based on the differential loss in cooling potential per unit increase in server workload. Enhancements of heat dissipation capacity of over 50% are proved numerically for the representative values considered. An approach to incorporate heterogeneity in data centers, both for lower heat dissipation and liquid cooled racks has been established. Finally, different objective functions are studied and an ideal combination of the IT objectives and thermal constraints is derived.© 2009 ASME
A 'Southern Cross' method for the analysis of genome organization and the localization of transcription units.

Abstract A ‘Southern Cross’ hybridization method is described which permits the rapid restriction mapping of DNA molecules, up to 40 kb in size, for at least ten enzymes in a single operation. The procedure allows the full set of 32P-end-labelled fragments derived from one restriction enzyme digest to intersect and attempt to hybridize to the gel-separated fragments of as many as ten unlabelled digests immobilized on parallel sheets of filter paper. A two-dimensional array of hybridization spots is revealed on each recipient paper, indicating which radioactive and non-radioactive DNA fragments have sequences in common. A restriction map can then be directly and simply deduced from the matrix of hybridization spots in each cross-blot. The method affords advantages over other procedures for obtaining restriction maps in terms of the time required, the number of restriction enzymes that can be mapped, and the potential for eliminating ambiguity. It is also sufficiently sensitive to detect DNA rearrangements and restriction-site polymorphisms in moderately complex genomes. Furthermore, the procedure is applicable to other aspects of the study of genome organization: for example, the exon and intron areas of a segment of cloned genomic DNA can be identified by cross-hybridizing a set of radioactive restriction fragments from the genomic clone against immobilized RNA from a cell type of interest.
A quantitative light microscopic analysis and ultrastructural description of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat.

Abstract The spinal trigeminal nucleus is involved in orofacial sensory transmission. Cholecystokinin octapeptide has been identified in axons in this nucleus and appears to play a role in the transmission of orofacial sensation from the trigeminal ganglia to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Although cholecystokinin has been reported in axonal processes within the spinal trigeminal nucleus at the light microscopic level, nothing is known about the synaptic relationships of these cholecystokinin axons. The goals of this study were to quantitatively determine the volume fraction of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the three subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, to provide the first ultrastructural description of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive processes within these subnuclei and to analyse the synaptic relationships of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive processes within the spinal trigeminal nucleus neuropil. Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity was localized by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method or the peroxidase labeled, avidin-biotin technique and quantified at the light microscopic level by point counting. Immunoreactive fibers were present in all three subnuclei, but the greatest volume fraction of immunoreactive axons was obtained in laminae I and II of the nucleus caudalis. No immunoreactive cell bodies were evident in any of the subnuclei. The majority of immunoreactive profiles in all three subnuclei were identified ultrastructurally as axon terminals that contained both small and medium sized agranular vesicles and infrequently, large dense core vesicles. These immunoreactive terminals were usually found in close contact with non-immunoreactive dendrites with which they were observed to form asymmetric synapses. Immunoreactive terminals were occasionally observed to contact the cell bodies of large non-immunoreactive neurons on the border of laminae I and II in the nucleus caudalis. These results indicate that cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive processes are present throughout the spinal trigeminal nucleus and in nucleus caudalis show a distribution similar to that reported for the spinal cord dorsal horn. Immunoreactive axons make synaptic contact with both the dendrites and perikarya of spinal trigeminal nucleus neurons. No axoaxonic synapses were observed. These findings suggest that cholecystokinin plays an important role in spinal trigeminal nucleus function. The possible colocalization of cholecystokinin and substance P in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the possible role of cholecystokinin in attenuating the action of opioids in the spinal trigeminal nucleus are also discussed.
Intrinsic Precision of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthesis Enhanced through Parallel Systems of Ligands

MOST aminoacyl-tRNAs possessed by an organism must contain amino-acids matched to their correct anticodon so that the meaning of structural genetic information will be preserved. It is only recently, however, that we have begun to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms with regard to isoleucyl-tRNA of Escherichia coli B. Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, which is representative of many others in size and other properties1, is quite selective among tRNAs, in that it binds strongly only to the cognate tRNAIle species2. However, a weaker, but still significant affinity for non-cognate tRNAs from E. coli can be detected3. In addition, non-cognates are isoleucylated (ref. 3 and unpublished work), albeit at a maximum rate considerably slower than tRNAIle. Two of these reactions, the binding and isoleucylation of tRNAphe (E. coli)3 and of tRNAfMet (E. coli), have been studied in detail. The generality of this phenomenon could prove important. First, the tRNA concentrations in E. coli are high (they can be no less than about 0.5 × 10−5 M4,5 for individual species) compared with those usual in vitro and thus even weak binding could be significant. Second, many incorrect interactions are possible. Assuming that there are about sixty molecular species of tRNA and twenty species of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, there are 1,200 possible interacting pairs and only about sixty of these (or 5%) are cognates. Since it is presumably desirable that misacylated tRNAs be held to a very small fraction of the total, misacylation could be significant, even if it is always a slow reaction. I have, as of writing, examined five species of purified tRNA, of which the two already mentioned give misacylations which are sufficiently facile to be easily studied under usual in vitro conditions. The other three are much less easily isoleucylated, but also give indications of reaction (my unpublished data). Thus, this limited survey emphasizes that these reactions may be common and that rejection of non-cognate tRNAs by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase may not be the only mechanism by which the correctness of the aminoacyl-tRNAs is assured. In fact, I have already reported3,6 that Ile-tRNAphe, synthesized by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase, is rapidly destroyed by phenylal-anyl-tRNA synthetase and have suggested6 that the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases may have a function in addition to synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNAs; that of destruction of misacylated cognate tRNAs.
Customer interaction in service innovation: evidence from India

Purpose – Customer interaction in new service development is a key success factor for new services. However, the knowledge about the process and techniques of customer interaction in any Asian and emerging market is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the process of customer interaction in new service development in an emerging market – India.Design/methodology/approach – The article is based on longitudinal case research involving 24 service firms, in which 48 managers and 24 customers were interviewed and the paper followed the development process of several new service projects in real time.Findings – The research answers several critical questions involved in customer interaction in new service development that include: What are the modes of customer interaction in NSD? What are the stages of customer interaction? Whom a firm shall interact with? What is the role of employees in customer interaction? And what are the pitfalls in customer interaction process?Research limit...
Transport of exogenous substrate and cell volume regulation in bivalve molluscs

Based on published values for transport kinetics, it has been suggested that uptake of free amino acids from the environment could not play a significant role in altering the intracellular pool of free amino acids during hypersaline acclimation in euryhaline bivalves. A review of more recent findings indicates that this suggestion requires reexamination. It has also been suggested that extracellular sources of amino acids within the animals could be utilized in altering the intracellular pool. Available data having bearing on that hypothesis are reviewed.
Composition of Developing Primary Wall in Onion Root Tip Cells. I. Quantitative Analyses.

An understanding of the factors influencing and directing cell development must rest on knowledge of the changes occurring during the course of cell development on both a morphological and biochemical level. Previous work on onion root tips has outlined some of these changes that occur early in the development of the cell (7, 8, 9, 11). The wall is one of the most conspicuous parts of the cell and undergoes great changes during the life of the cell. Very little is known, however, of the chemical composition of the wall during the early stages of formation. The analyses reported here attempt to enlarge the picture of the composition of the developing primary cell wall. The root tip is an excellent material in which to study cell development, as the various stages are arranged in approximately linear order. Thus, the analysis of consecutive sections yields information on changes accompanying cell development. The cell develops rapidly, particularly during the early stages, and to follow the development, sufficiently thin sections must be used. The first 20 consecutive 100 i sections of the onion root tip are analyzed in the present work. The usual methods of cell wall analysis based on gravimetric measurements or on paper chromatography could not be used on this level. Lignin is not present in this region of the root and as all the other wall components can be analyzed in terms of carbohydrates (hexoses and pentoses) or simple carbohydrate derivatives (hexuronic acids), colorometric procedures were used. Microchemical techniques were developed to handle the material and measure the sugars. A standard extraction procedure of the wall components is used and the various extracts analyzed for the amount of hexuronic acids, hexoses, and pentoses present. The results are expressed as per cell and per unit surface area per cell.
Placement Opportunities for Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics Professionals in Industry and Government/Military Positions

During the period from January 2002 through December 2002, the Placement Service of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society distributed announcements describing 141 new positions available for human factors and ergonomics professionals. This paper describes placement opportunities for HF and ergonomics professionals in Industry and Government/Military (N=117). The attributes of the position descriptions examined include: employment sector, major field of study, degree requirements, required work experience, salary, geographic location, travel, and areas of expertise.The type of industry seeking most employees was Consulting at 32%. The most frequently specified major field of study was Human Factors (N=73). Forty-nine percent of positions describe the master's degree as the minimum requirement. The geographical areas with the most jobs were East Central (N=20) and the Mid Atlantic (N=17). Finally, the area of expertise most frequently requested by employers was Human Computer Interaction (N=23) and Human Fac...
Quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa banding in trisomy 22.

Using quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa banding techniques we have identified an extra chromosome 22 in three non-mongoloid children with similar phenotypes and 47 chromosomes. In one of the children, the long arm of the extra 22 was shorter than usual. This 22q—chrcmcscme was observed in 4 normal family members with 46 chromosomes. In a fourth child, with similar physical findings, the extra G chromosome was shown to be neither a normal 21 nor 22. It must have arisen from a rearrangement in a parental gamete since it was not present in either parent's karyotype. No constellation of clinical findings, in association with an extra G chromosome, is sufficient evidence for the diagnosis of trisomy 22. The positive identification of the extra chromosome must be made using fluorescence and banding.
Visual Acuities and Dark-Adapted Thresholds of Children with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

We studied the visual acuities and dark-adapted sensitivities of 12 children with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. All except one child, who was seen only once, were tested serially. In the first decade of life, all visual acuities were within 2 octaves of normal. All but two final visual acuities obtained from patients in their second and third decades were more than 2 octaves poorer than normal. Dark-adapted sensitivities of all patients were, or became, significantly less than normal even in those patients whose period of follow-up was limited to the first decade of life. Of the 11 patients measured serially, seven showed decreases in dark-adapted sensitivities of at least 0.5 log unit during the follow-up period, and the last measured sensitivities of all patients were at least 2 log units less than the normal mean.
Upwelling into the thermocline of the Pacific Ocean

Abstract The established “island rule” and the recently introduced “separation formula” are combined to yield an analytical expression for the total upwelling into the thermocline in the Pacific. The combination of the two is achieved with the use of a hybrid model containing a stratified upper layer, a thick (slowly moving) homogenous intermediate layer and an inert lower layer. Both the upper and the intermediate layers are subject to diabatic cooling and heating (which need not be specified) and there is an exchange of mass between the two active layers. An attempt is made to examine the above analytical (hybrid) model numerically. Ideally, this should be done with a complete two-and-a-half layer model (with upwelling and downwelling), but such a model is much too complex for process-oriented studies (due to the required parameterization of vertical mixing). Consequently, we focus our attention on verifying that the separation formula and the island rule are consistent with each other in a much simpler, layer-and-a-half model (without upwelling). We first verified that the new “separation formula” provides a reasonable estimate of the wind-induced transport in an island-free basin. We then compare the wind-induced transport predicted by the separation formula and the island rule in an idealized basin containing an island. We show that in these idealized situations the two methods give results that are consistent with each other and the numerics. We then turned to an application of the (hybrid) two-and-a-half layer model to the Pacific where, in contrast to the idealized layer-and-a-half models (where the two methods address the same water mass), the two methods address two different water masses. While the separation formula addresses only thermocline water (σθ
Manganese removal from acid coal-mine drainage by a pond containing green algae and microbial mat

Acid mine drainage flowing from an underground seep, through an anoxic drain to an oxidation pond and then trickling filter was distributed among three treatment ponds for manganese reduction before releasing the mining water to a surface stream. Manganese was more effectively removed from the integrated green algae and microbial mat with limestone substrate pond (algae mat system) than from control ponds containing limestone or pea gravel substrates without mat. Although there was some Mn-cell binding, manganese was primarily deposited as precipitates at the pond bottom. Day/night and winter/summer manganese removal was essentially the same. The greater efficiency in Mn removal by the algae mat pond was most pronounced with higher flow rates and during the night. At 2 metres from the influent point of each pond, the algae mat pond removed 2.59 g manganese/day/M 2 , respectively, compared to 0.80 in the limestone pond and 0.37 in the pea gravel pond. Control ponds showed either Mn breakthrough or near breakthrough (Mn outflow releases > US Environmental Protection Agency regulations of 2 mg/L) during night-time sampling or when mine drainage flow exceeded 4.5 L/min.
A generalized Cauchy dispersion formula and the refractivity of elemental semiconductors

A generalized Cauchy dispersion formula applicable to both normal and anomalous dispersion in the refractive index of transparent materials is derived from the Kramers-Kronig relations. Several commonly used dispersion formulae are closely related to this result. The expansion coefficients, heretofore considered empirical, are simply the odd moments of the absorption spectrum. These ideas are illustrated for natural diamond, and high-purity silicon and germanium. Analysis of published data for these materials discloses extrinsic dispersive effects in the far infrared, even for `high-purity' samples. We attribute this dispersion to free-carrier or defect-induced absorptions at energies below the range of measurements.
Characterization of two mRNA · rRNA complexes implicated in the initiation of protein biosynthesis☆

Abstract To further our molecular understanding of the initiation of protein biosynthesis, additional studies on the interaction of the 3′ end of Escherichia coli 16 S ribosomal RNA with messenger RNA have been carried out using two colicin fragment-initiator region complexes. One contains the R17 A protein initiation site (7 intermolecular base-pairs) and the other a ribosome binding site from the P R transcript of bacteriophage lambda (9 intermolecular base-pairs). Requirements for the formation of the lambda P R · colicin fragment complex in vitro are identical to those previously documented for the R17 A site (Steitz & Jakes, 1975). Comparative thermal denaturation studies of the two complexes yield t m values of 32 °C and 37 °C for the A site and lambda P R region, respectively. This t m difference and partial nuclease digestion studies performed on the A site · colicin fragment complex provide strong experimental support for the previously proposed assignment of residues to the intermolecular base-paired region. The significance of the t m values observed for the two complexes and the contribution of mRNA · rRNA duplex formation to the initiation event occurring on the ribosome are discussed.
Emergency Rescue Decision Method Based on CBR in Coal Mine Accidents

Emergency rescue decision for accidents is related to the accidents losing. For the characters of emergency rescue decision, a decision method based on CBR supporting emergence rescue is proposed for coal mine accidents. The method involves describing historic accidents and rescue experience regularly, and retrieving the source case for the target case by calculating similarity degree. At last, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the method.
Speaker–listener neural coupling underlies successful communication

Verbal communication is a joint activity; however, speech production and comprehension have primarily been analyzed as independent processes within the boundaries of individual brains. Here, we applied fMRI to record brain activity from both speakers and listeners during natural verbal communication. We used the speaker's spatiotemporal brain activity to model listeners' brain activity and found that the speaker's activity is spatially and temporally coupled with the listener's activity. This coupling vanishes when participants fail to communicate. Moreover, though on average the listener's brain activity mirrors the speaker's activity with a delay, we also find areas that exhibit predictive anticipatory responses. We connected the extent of neural coupling to a quantitative measure of story comprehension and find that the greater the anticipatory speaker-listener coupling, the greater the understanding. We argue that the observed alignment of production- and comprehension-based processes serves as a mechanism by which brains convey information.
Imaging of the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Sonography versus videofluoroscopic cholangiography

The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the accuracies of laparoscopic sonography and laparoscopic videofluoroscopic cholangiography in detecting common bile duct stones and in identifying ductal anomalies during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Ninety-five patients who underwent laparoscopic videofluoroscopic cholecystectomy were prospectively studied with laparoscopic sonography and laparoscopic videofluoroscopic cholangiography. The number of successful studies, the time required to complete the study, and complications resulting from the study were recorded. The biliary system was evaluated for complete visualization of the common bile duct, visualization of the cystic duct, ductal anomalies, maximum diameter of the common bile duct, and common bile duct stones and/or debris. Also determined was whether laparoscopic sonographic findings altered operative management.Laparoscopic sonography was successfully performed in 93 of 95 patients, and laparoscopic videofluoroscopic cholangiography was s...
An Interactive Mobile Amphibious Probing and Surveillance System

Ecological studies of shallow water and wetland habitats are often hindered by difficulty accessing remote sites. Current methods of data acquisition, are either lack of the flexibility that is critical to characterizing conditions or organisms in dynamic habitats (such as physical sampling, mounting sensors in the field), or too big and expensive to work in shallow water or wetland habitats (such as remotely operated vehicles, and autonomous underwater vehicles). This paper presents an original robotic design to cover shallow-water and difficult terrain with amphibious capabilities and a self-adjustable sensor holder with camera for enhanced underwater testing, called interactive mobile amphibious probing and surveillance system. Experimental results show that the system is highly efficient and is ready to perform many demanding tasks in various water and weather conditions.
Implementation challenges of a feedback control system for wafer fabrication

A real-time feedback control system is being developed in a wafer fabrication line at IBM's San Jose plant. The goal of the system is to minimize the alignment drifts, and hence to increase wafer yields and chip quality, by automatically adjusting the set points of the exposure machines. The major challenges of implementing the feedback control system are: (1) no modification on the existing equipment, (2) minimum interruptions to the production operation, (3) asynchronous operations and communications of multiple computers, (4) computational algorithm of new set points, (5) large volume of data, (6) data grouping, and (7) data filtering. These challenges and the methods taken to address them are discussed. >
Pyroxenite xenoliths from the Rio Puerco volcanic field, New Mexico: Melt metasomatism at the margin of the Rio Grande rift

Mantle xenoliths from the Pliocene Rio Puerco volcanic field, New Mexico, record chemical modification of the subcontinental lithosphere in the transition zone between the Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande rift. The Rio Puerco necks brought a wide variety of mantle xenoliths to the surface, including abundant spinel ± garnet pyroxenites. Garnet pyroxenites equilibrated at pressures within the spinel lherzolite stability field (16–18 kbar) but at higher temperatures (1020–1100 °C) than lherzolite xenoliths (900–1000 °C). Calcite-bearing pyroxenites record temperatures as high as 1145 °C. Textural observations combined with the high equilibration temperatures are consistent with pyroxenite formation in response to melt interaction with a lherzolite precursor in the approximate ratio of 35% lherzolite to 65% melt. Bulk chemical data and the presence of both carbonatitic and basaltic glass inclusions indicate that the infiltrating melt(s) included both carbonatite and silicate components. Different mantle xenolith populations in volcanic centers of different ages in the Rio Grande rift constrain the likely age of melt infiltration and pyroxenite formation beneath the Puerco necks to Miocene–early Pliocene. Orthopyroxene + spinel + clinopyroxene + silicate glass symplectites around relict garnets record continued rift-related decompression ± heating following pyroxenite formation. Carbonatite + silicate melt generation was likely concentrated in areas affected by earlier metasomatism related to devolatilization of the subducted Farallon slab. Deep-seated fractures associated with the Jemez Lineament may have focused melts beneath the Puerco necks and resulted in wholesale conversion of lherzolite into pyroxenite.
Policy Makes Mass Politics

This review examines policy feedback effects among the mass public, with a focus on social policies in the United States and Europe. It shows that existing policies feed back into the political system, shaping subsequent policy outcomes. Policies exert this effect by altering not only the capacities, interests, and beliefs of political elites and states but also those of the public. Public policies can shape political participation and attitudes. These effects can be positive or negative, enhancing or undercutting participation and conferring positive or negative messages about individuals' worth as citizens. These effects originate in elements of program design, such as the size, visibility, and traceability of benefits, the proximity of beneficiaries, and modes of program administration. Thus, public policy itself shapes the distance of citizens from government, with profound implications for democratic governance.
Comprehensive Analysis of Silencing Mutants Reveals Complex Regulation of the Arabidopsis Methylome

Cytosine methylation is involved in various biological processes such as silencing of transposable elements (TEs) and imprinting. Multiple pathways regulate DNA methylation in different sequence contexts, but the factors that regulate DNA methylation at a given site in the genome largely remain unknown. Here we have surveyed the methylomes of a comprehensive list of 86 Arabidopsis gene silencing mutants by generating single-nucleotide resolution maps of DNA methylation. We find that DNA methylation is site specifically regulated by different factors. Furthermore, we have identified additional regulators of DNA methylation. These data and analyses will serve as a comprehensive community resource for further understanding the control of DNA methylation patterning.
Working briefly with reluctant clients: child protective services as an example

Therapists and counsellors often are faced with reluctant clients and constraining circumstances. Such difficulties are especially prevalent and severe in casework in child protective services - the parents of abused or neglected children are all involuntary clients, case loads are large, and time is limited. Drawing on experience in applying and modifying prior work at the Brief Therapy Center of MRI 1.0 work in child protective services of a Northern California county, thi’s article suggests general principles for effective intervention in such difficult circumstances and illustrates these with specific case examples. Since consideration of extreme conditions is often helpful in dealing with parallel but less extreme ones, the authors’ aim and hope is that readers will find this article helpful not solely in child protective work but also in the much wider territory where similar obstacles to effective counselling also occur. In an ideal world, any person with a significant problem would voluntarily seek out a counsellor and say, ‘I have a problem which I am unable to resolve on my own, so I have come to ask your help’. In addition, this person would be compliant with requests for information and suggestions about changes - and there would be ample time available for the clinician to work with the client. In the real world of the child protective services worker, unfortunately, the situation is very different, in fact almost opposite in every major respect. The case worker must seek out the ‘client’ who is thus under duress rather than volunteering, and must declare, in effect, ‘You have a problem’, namely the alleged abuse. This inevitably will be interpreted, at least initially, as blame and accusation. Such an
Public education about the relative harm of tobacco products: an intervention for tobacco control professionals

Background In the USA, new regulations require the collection of information on tobacco constituents by brand and variety and publication of this information in a way not likely to be misconstrued by consumers. Understanding of such information becomes increasingly important as new tobacco products are marketed and modifications are made to reduce the toxicity of some products. This pilot study assessed the current knowledge of tobacco control professionals regarding the relative harmfulness of several tobacco products, and evaluated an online educational intervention aimed at improving understanding of variations in nicotine and tobacco-specific N -nitrosamines (TSNAs). Methods Fifty-two tobacco control professionals participated in an online intervention which presented and discussed the results of constituent analyses of Camel Snus and Marlboro Snus compared to several conventional smokeless tobacco products. Comparisons with cigarettes were also discussed. Pre- and post-intervention questions assessed understanding of the concepts. Results Pre-intervention responses demonstrated that 31% did not know that cigarettes are more harmful than smokeless tobacco, 67% did not know that smokeless products higher in nicotine are likely to be more effective substitutes for cigarettes, 52% did not know TSNAs are the major carcinogens in tobacco and 81% did not know new snus products tend to be lower in TSNAs than conventional spit tobacco. After intervention participation, knowledge increased on all points except one where pretest results were 100% correct. Conclusions Public education campaigns are urgently needed for tobacco control professionals and consumers to increase awareness and understanding of the continuum of risk among tobacco products.