cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid-base disturbances in liver disease

There are several important associations between the liver and acid-base balance. First, primarily because of its metabolism of certain cationic amino acids and organic acid anions, particularly lactate, the liver has a surprisingly important influence on normal acid-base homeostasis. Second, in the presence of the necessary pathogenic milieu, the liver may produce a life-threatening number of hydrogen ions. Examples include accelerated ketogenesis during insulinopenic states, or lactate production during severe hepatic parenchymal hypoxia. Third, patients with various types of liver disease, both acute and chronic, often develop complicating acid-base disturbances. In addition, liver disease may predispose the patient to a particular acid-base disorder such as phenformin-induced lactic acidosis. Finally, the acid-base disturbance may be a complication of therapy, as when diuretic therapy directed at ascites results in metabolic alkalosis.
Extending Curriculum-Based Measurement into Middle/Secondary Schools: The Technical Adequacy of the Concept Maze

Abstract Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) is emerging at middle/secondary school settings. The purpose of mis study was to investigate the reliability of a concept maze task to assist middle school teachers in making accurate decisions regarding student content learning. A total sample of 240 middle-school students were randomly assigned to take a traditional maze or two different variations of the concept maze (examples or attributes). Results indicated that the concept maze using attributes as options was more difficult and more stable relative to the other two types of mazes. Alternate form and test-retest analyses of the concept mazes resulted in moderate correlations. Results are discussed in the context of extending CBM into middle and secondary classrooms as a tool that teachers can use to monitor the learning progress of their students.
Effect of Selected Plasticization Treatments and Storage on Freeze-Dried and Compressed Carrot Bars

Using selected plasticization, freeze-dried canot cubes were compressed into bars, stored for 6 months, and examined. Microwave plasticization produced better rehydration values, lower shear values, lower CO2, and higher O2 headspace levels than the conventional oven moisture equilibration method. Carrots equilibrated by microwave energy and stored at 3°C scored highest subjectively and objectively.
Exploring Youth Development With Diverse Children: Correlates of Risk, Health, and Thriving Behaviors

PURPOSE: This study explored the relationships between internal and external assets, risk behaviors, health behaviors, and thriving behaviors in diverse children. DESIGN AND METHODS: The strength of relationships existing between measures, differences between group means based on gender, grades earned, and school, and confidence interval (p Language: en
Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women.

Abstract Background Few population-based studies have assessed the physical and mental health consequences of both psychological and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) among women or men victims. This study estimated IPV prevalence by type (physical, sexual, and psychological) and associated physical and mental health consequences among women and men. Methods The study analyzed data from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) of women and men aged 18 to 65. This random-digit-dial telephone survey included questions about violent victimization and health status indicators. Results A total of 28.9% of 6790 women and 22.9% of 7122 men had experienced physical, sexual, or psychological IPV during their lifetime. Women were significantly more likely than men to experience physical or sexual IPV (relative risk [RR]=2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.1, 2.4) and abuse of power and control (RR=1.1, 95% CI=1.0, 1.2), but less likely than men to report verbal abuse alone (RR=0.8, 95% CI=0.7, 0.9). For both men and women, physical IPV victimization was associated with increased risk of current poor health; depressive symptoms; substance use; and developing a chronic disease, chronic mental illness, and injury. In general, abuse of power and control was more strongly associated with these health outcomes than was verbal abuse. When physical and psychological IPV scores were both included in logistic regression models, higher psychological IPV scores were more strongly associated with these health outcomes than were physical IPV scores. Conclusions Both physical and psychological IPV are associated with significant physical and mental health consequences for both male and female victims.
1397 EFFECT OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION ON PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN INFANTS WITH NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS

1397 EFFECT OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION ON PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN INFANTS WITH NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
Simple improvements on Cornfield's approximation to the mean of a noncentral hypergeometric random variable

SUMMARY This note provides some simple improvements to Cornfield's asymptotic approximation to the mean of a noncentral hypergeometric random variable. Simplicity, in the sense of avoidance of exact computation in favour of easy approximations, derives from an observation of Mantel & Hankey that in a four-fold table with all margins fixed, the ratio of expected cross-products is equal to the odds ratio parameter governing the noncentral distribution of the reference cell. The improvements often reduce the relative error of approximation by one or more powers of ten, even for tables whose total sample size is as small as two.
Religious service attendance and labour force status: evidence from survey data using count data methods

I undertake count data estimation with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and the Health and Retirement Study to evaluate the relationship between time spent out of the labour force and the frequency of religious service attendance for individuals of working age. I also examine whether being out of the labour force is correlated with the frequency of religious service attendance. Results using Poisson fixed-effect and negative binomial estimation suggest that men under age 50 appear to attend religious services less frequently when out of the labour force. I ascribe this finding to younger men’s religious service attendance being related to having work or the pursuit of work. Men between ages 50 and 65 attend religious services less frequently when out of the labour force, which I attribute to serious health problems in later age forcing labour market exiting and reduced frequency of religious service attendance. Women between ages 50 and 65 attend religious services more freq...
GSK3β-dependent inhibition of AMPK potentiates activation of neutrophils and macrophages and enhances severity of acute lung injury.

Although AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is involved in regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, activated AMPK also plays an anti-inflammatory role in many cell populations. However, desp...
Flight nurse interpretations of chest radiographs

The authors conducted a study to determine whether basic instruction in reading chest radiographs could enable flight nurses to interpret radiographs accurately. Flight nurses were taught 10 trauma-related chest roentgenographic patterns. The chest radiographs of 40 transported trauma patients were chosen randomly over a 14-month period for interpretation by a flight nurse and a referring physician. Flight nurses correctly identified 47 out of 55 patterns (85%). Referring physicians correctly identified 37 out of 55 (67%). Flight nurses also correctly identified 13 patterns that the referring physicians missed. The results indicate that emergency radiologists can advance and improve the radiological aspects of emergent patient care by providing flight nurses with minimal training in interpreting radiographs. When a flight nurse and a physician in an outlying area—where trauma is less commonly encountered—work as a team, more accurate and earlier diagnoses can be made, and therapy can be instituted earlier.
Koilonychia, Dome-shaped Epiphyses, and Vertebral Platyspondylia

A 2.5-year-old girl presented with koilonychia since birth and was subsequently found to have dome-shaped femoral epiphyses and platyspondylia with anterior central tongues on a skeletal survey.
Continuity of Care Maximizes Autonomy of the Elderly

If occupational therapy for an elderly patient is provided in only one setting for a short period, the therapistmay not have the resources to repair diminished self-esteem and self-confidence, both of which the patientmust have to achieve autonomy. Many elderly patients, once discharged from therapy, will retreat into theirhomes and will backslide because they lack a sense of purpose and a belief in their own effectiveness. A viciouscycle of decreasing ability and increasing dependence then begins (Kuypers & Bengston, 1973).The following case report describes an occupational therapy program that provided continuity of patient carefrom a home care setting to a community setting. Patient care in the community setting was provided througha community wellness program. This program, by furnishing a supportive environment, made it possible toprogress from the therapist saying to the patient, "You can do it," to a group of people saying to the patient,"You can do it," to the patient herself finally saying, "I can do it." The program therefore solved the problem ofthe patient's self-imposed isolation, enabling her to resume her place in the community.
Shear-induced variability in the United States pharmacopeia apparatus 2: Modifications to the existing system

The hydrodynamics within the United States Pharmacopeia Apparatus 2 have been shown to be highly non-uniform with a potential to yield substantial variability in dissolution rate measurements. Through the use of readily available engineering tools, several geometric modifications to the device were evaluated in this study. Specifically, we examined the influence of impeller clearance, agitator type (radial and axial), and vessel geometry (PEAK vessel) on the fluid flow properties and their relation to measured dissolution rates. Increasing the impeller clearance was observed to exacerbate the heterogeneity in shear and would likely result in greater variability in dissolution measurements. Altering the impeller type was shown to yield changes in the hydrodynamic behavior; however, the overall properties and problems with the test remain the same. Use of the PEAK vessel was observed to reduce shear heterogeneity in the regions where tablets are most likely to visit during testing; however, higher shear rates may result in the inability to discriminate between true differences in dissolution rates.
Nonproliferation and safeguards aspects of the IFR

Abstract The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has declared that the large and growing stocks of plutonium from weapons dismantlement in the U.S. and the former Soviet Union FSU are a “clear and present danger” to peace and security. Moreover, the opinion of some experts that plutonium of any isotopic blend is a proliferation threat (Mark, 1993) has been well publicized, heightening the concern that plutonium produced in the civilian fuel cycle is itself a proliferation threat. Assuring that separated plutonium, from dismantled warheads as well as from civilian power programs, is under effective control has (again) become a high priority of U.S. diplomacy. One pole of the debate on how to manage this material is to declare it to be a waste, and to search for some way to dispose of it safely, securely, and permanently. The other pole is to view it as an energy resource and to safeguard it against diversion, putting it into active use in the civilian power program. The ultimate choice cannot be separated from the long-term strategy for use of peaceful nuclear power. Continued use of a once-through fuel cycle will lead to an ever-increasing quantity of excess plutonium—requiring safeguarding. Alternatively, recycling the worl's stocks of plutonium in fast reactors, contrary to common misconception, will cap the world supply of plutonium and hold it in working inventories for generating power. Transition from the current-generation light water cooled reactors (LWRs) to a future fast-reactor-based nuclear energy supply under international safeguards would, henceforth, limit world plutonium inventories to the amount necessary and useful for power generation, with no further excess production. The IFR offers complete recycle of plutonium, and indeed, of all transuranics, with essentially no transuranics sent to waste, so the need for perpetual safeguards of Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) waste is eliminated. The pyro-recycle process is more proliferation resistant than the current plutonium-uranium extraction process (PUREX) because at every step of the IFR recycle process the materials meet the “spent-fuel standard”. The scale of IFR recycle equipment is compatible with colocation of power reactors and their recycle facility, eliminating off-site transportation and storage of plutonium-bearing materials. Self-protecting radiation levels are unavoidable at all steps of the IFR cycle, and the resulting limitation of access contributes to making covert diversion of material from an IFR very difficult to accomplish and easy to detect. Material diverted either covertly or overtly from the IFR fuel cycle would be difficult (relative to material available by other means, such as LWR spent fuel) to process into weapons feedstock.
Pulsed laser deposition of InP thin films on sapphire(1 0 0 0) and GaAs(1 0 0)

Abstract Indium phosphide thin films were deposited on sapphire and GaAs(1 0 0) substrates by pulsed laser deposition using a XeCl excimer laser in argon background gas and in high vacuum. The grown film structure and morphology were observed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The films were grown on sapphire produced a reflection electron diffraction pattern of a disordered film. Introduction of an argon gas background enhanced the particulate formation. Epitaxial InP(1 0 0) film with oriented polyhedral islands were grown on hydrogen-cleaned GaAs(1 0 0) at a substrate temperature of ∼573 K at 1×10 −8 Torr background pressure. By varying the deposition parameters, relatively smooth InP films with average surface roughness of about 4–12 nm were obtained.
Adaptive Angular Sampling for SPECT Imaging

This paper presents an analytical approach for performing adaptive angular sampling in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. It allows for a rapid determination of the optimum sampling strategy that minimizes image variance in regions-of-interest (ROIs). The proposed method consists of three key components: (a) a set of close-form equations for evaluating image variance and resolution attainable with a given sampling strategy, (b) a gradient-based algorithm for searching through the parameter space to find the optimum sampling strategy and (c) an efficient computation approach for speeding up the search process. In this paper, we have demonstrated the use of the proposed analytical approach with a single-head SPECT system for finding the optimum distribution of imaging time across all possible sampling angles. Compared to the conventional uniform angular sampling approach, adaptive angular sampling allows the camera to spend larger fractions of imaging time at angles that are more efficient in acquiring useful imaging information. This leads to a significantly lowered image variance. In general, the analytical approach developed in this study could be used with many nuclear imaging systems (such as SPECT, PET and X-ray CT) equipped with adaptive hardware. This strategy could provide an optimized sampling efficiency and therefore an improved image quality.
Potassium ion stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation by brain mitochondria.

Abstract Potassium ion is a specific stimulant of the respiration of brain slices and of brain mitochondria ( Hertz & Clausen, 1963 ; Sugawara & Utida, 1961 ). Recently, Utida and Sugawara (1963) have shown that the potassium ion stimulation of mitochondrial respiration is inhibited by ouabain. They conclude that the stimulation of respiration is the result of activation of a sodium-potassium activated ATPase similar to that first reported by Skou (1957) and later demonstrated in brain microsomes by Jarnefelt (1961) and Deul and McIlwain (1961) . This paper reports a specific stimulatory effect of the potassium ion on oxidative phosphorylation by rat brain mitochondrial preparations. The rates of both oxygen uptake and phosphate esterification are increased and the control of respiration by the presence of ADP is improved by the addition of optimal concentrations of potassium.
Reversible Record Breaking and Variability: Temperature Distributions across the Globe

Abstract Based on counts of record highs and lows, and employing reversibility in time, an approach to examining natural variability is proposed. The focus is on intrinsic variability; that is, variance separated from the trend in the mean. A variability index α is suggested and studied for an ensemble of monthly temperature time series around the globe. Deviation of 〈α〉 (mean α) from zero, for an ensemble of time series, signifies a variance trend in a distribution-independent manner. For 15 635 monthly temperature time series from different geographical locations (Global Historical Climatology Network), each time series about a century-long, 〈α〉 = −1.0, indicating decreasing variability. This value is an order of magnitude greater than the 3σ value of stationary simulations. Using the conventional best-fit Gaussian temperature distribution, the trend is associated with a change of about −0.2°C (106 yr)−1 in the standard deviation of interannual monthly mean temperature distributions (about 10%).
On the Nature of Trading

Two types of traders, market makers and speculators, establish their positions and manage their risk exposure differently, but balance sheets are insufficient to let us determine whether a trader is a market maker or a speculator. We want to understand and verify trader behavior, because leveraged trading firms, and individual traders, typically have incentives to mask their risk-taking activities. Without proper monitoring, traders can substitute risky speculation for less risky market-making to reap potential payoffs. Trading records that describe the evolution of a position over time can help us identify the trading strategy pursued. And knowledge of the trading strategy is an aid to evaluate the contract compliance, risk exposure, and capital requirements of trading firms.
Effects of boundary conditions and partial drainage on cyclic simple shear test results: a numerical study

Owing to imperfect boundary conditions in laboratory soil tests and the possibility of water diffusion inside the soil specimen in undrained tests, the assumption of uniform stress/strain over the sample is not valid. This study presents a qualitative assessment of the effects of non-uniformities in stresses and strains, as well as effects of water diffusion within the soil sample on the global results of undrained cyclic simple shear tests. The possible implications of those phenomena on the results of liquefaction strength assessment are also discussed. A state-of-the-art finite element code for transient analysis of multi-phase systems is used to compare results of the so-called ‘element tests’ (numerical constitutive experiments assuming uniform stress/strain/pore pressure distribution throughout the sample) with results of actual simulations of undrained cyclic simple shear tests using a finite element mesh and realistic boundary conditions. The finite element simulations are performed under various conditions, covering the entire range of practical situations: (1) perfectly drained soil specimen with constant volume, (2) perfectly undrained specimen, and (3) undrained test with possibility of water diffusion within the sample. The results presented here are restricted to strain-driven tests performed for a loose uniform fine sand with relative density Dr=40%. Effects of system compliance in undrained laboratory simple shear tests are not investigated here. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cutaneous Angiosarcoma: A Single-Institution Experience

Background Cutaneous angiosarcoma (CAS) is a rare, aggressive vascular sarcoma with a poor prognosis, historically associated with 5-year overall survival (OS) rates between 10 and 30 %.
Binaural and Multiple-Microphone Signal Processing Motivated by Auditory Perception

It is well known that binaural processing is very useful for separating incoming sound sources as well as for improving the intelligibility of speech in reverberant environments. This paper describes and compares a number of ways in which the classic model of interaural cross-correlation proposed by Jeffress, quantified by Colburn, and further elaborated by Blauert, Lindemann, and others, can be applied to improving the accuracy of automatic speech recognition systems operating in cluttered, noisy, and reverberant environments. Typical implementations begin with an abstraction of cross-correlation of the incoming signals after nonlinear monaural bandpass processing, but there are many alternative implementation choices that can be considered. Typical implementations differ in the ways in which an enhanced version of the desired signal is developed using binaural principles, in the extent to which specific processing mechanisms are used to impose suppression motivated by the precedence effect, and in the precise mechanism used to extract interaural time differences.
Support loss suppression in micromechanical resonators by the use of phononic band gap structures

By modifying the supporting structures of a conventional piezoelectric-on-substrate micromechanical (MM) resonator using phononic crystal (PC) slab structures with complete phononic band gaps (PBGs) the support loss in micromechanical resonators is suppressed and the quality factor of the fundamental extensional resonant mode is improved from approximately 1,200 to approximately 6,000. The conventional MM resonator and the PC resonators are both fabricated on the same chip and using the same fabrication process. The PC is made by etching a hexagonal (honeycomb) array of holes in a 15μm-thick slab of silicon. The radii of the holes are approximately 6.4μm and the spacing between the centers of the nearest holes is 15 μm. The conventional MM resonator is made of a rectangular structure with dimensions of 600 μm by 60 μm and the fundamental flexural and extensional modes of the structure in the smaller dimension are excited. In the third dimension, all the structures are made of a 15 μm silicon (Si) slab, a 100 nm layer of gold, a ~1 μm layer of zinc oxide, and a patterned 100 nm layer of aluminum electrodes stacked on top of each other to serve as the resonant mass and the transduction medium. The significant improvement obtained using the PC resonator structures makes them excellent candidates for next generation of MM resonators for wireless communication and sensing applications despite some minor remaining challenges.
Commissioning and operation of the new Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array

We give an overview of the scientific commissioning and early operation of the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). The Expanded VLA Construction Project was a decade-long project to transform the capabilities of the VLA, culminating in its re-dedication in 2012 as the Jansky VLA. The need to keep a vibrant and engaged user community throughout the entire construction project translated into operational requirements (one of which was allowing the minimum down-time possible), and the need for a mechanism to provide the community with early access to the new capabilities alongside on-going construction and commissioning, using a staged approach. This access was enabled during the EVLA Construction Project by defining an Open Shared Risk Observing (OSRO) program for the general community, and a Resident Shared Risk Observing (RSRO) program for those requesting capabilities not fully commissioned in exchange for a period of residency to help commission and test those capabilities with the assistance of NRAO staff. The OSRO program has become the General Observing (GO) program in full operations, and the RSRO program has continued as a means of maintaining, and adding to, an active pool of users with innovative ideas for new capabilities, driven by their science. Besides the new technical capabilities, the start of full operations of the Jansky VLA also introduced full dynamic scheduling, including the ability for fast (less than 24 hour) response to triggers and targets of opportunity, and the delivery of pipeline-calibrated visibility data for continuum projects. We discuss some of the challenges resulting from the new capabilities and operational model for the VLA.
Classical superposition phenomena in H+2 (v = O) - He reactive collisions

Abstract A simple classical model is used to analyze reactive processes in H + 2 -He collisions at relative energies above a few eV. Detailed structure of the cross section occurs and is a consequence of the superposition of probabilities due to distinct binary collision mechanisms which depend on impact parameter and initial orientation. The predicted structure correlates favorably with available experimental data. Comparison is also made with the (quantum) statistical phase space model.
The Scope of the Function Theoretic Approach for Equations Permitting a Separation of Variables

The motivation to continue analytically solutions of partial differential equations, and determine the location and type of singularities is generated by both modern and classical physical theories. In the area of modern physics, problems which occur in the scattering of particles, using either the potential scattering model [16, 28, 291, or the field theoretic model [12], require the analytic continuation of solutions of partial differential equations, and a large literature has been established concerning these problems. In classical physics, a revived interest has been shown recently concerning analytical methods. Indeed, as has been pointed out by Millar [27], the study of magnetic and gravitational anomalies has been enhanced by the use of these techniques; see in this regard the works of the Soviet researchers, Strakhov [30], and Voskoboinikov [34]. With this in mind, it has been our intent to organize a detailed research program concerning the analytic structure of solutions of partial differential equations. We have concentrated on elliptic partial differential equations of second order, since these are the types which have to date occurred in the applications. However, similar problems concerning the solutions of para- bolic and hyperbolic equations arise. The parabolic and hyperbolic equations have been investigated in detail by Widder [35] and by Leray [25, 261 respectively. The elliptic equations have been investigated by Bergman [l-3],
Unpacking Acculturation: Cultural Orientations and Educational Attainment Among Mexican-Origin Youth

Given educational risks facing Mexican-origin children of immigrant parents, it is important to understand how aspects of the acculturation process influence Mexican-origin youth’s educational success. Drawing from selective assimilation theory, this study examined how cultural orientations across myriad facets of acculturation were associated with the educational attainment of second-generation Mexican immigrant youth. The sample included 755 Mexican-origin youth (50% female) in the “Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study.” Results from structural equation models indicated that youth reporting greater facility in the English language and a stronger value on familism attained higher levels of education in young adulthood than did other youth. Parents’ U.S. social ties and youth’s value on early paid work were associated with less educational attainment. Innovative findings from this study indicate the importance of considering both Mexican and American cultural orientations across myriad facets of acculturation for understanding second-generation immigrant Mexican youth’s educational attainment.
Abscisic Acid Suppresses the Highly Occurred Somatic Homologous Recombination in Arabidopsis rfc1 Mutant

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many aspects of plant growth, including seed germination, root growth and cell division. Previous study indicates that ABA treatment increases DNA damage and somatic homologous recombination (HR) in Arabidopsis abo4/pol ɛ (aba overly-sensitive 4 /DNA polymerase ɛ) mutants. DNA replication factor C (RFC) complex is required for loading PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) during DNA replication. The defect in RFC1, the largest subunit of RFC, causes the high HR and DNA damage sensitivity in Arabidopsis. Here we found that like pol e/abo4, rfc1 is sensitive to ABA in both ABA-inhibiting seed germination and root growth. However, ABA treatment greatly reduces HR and also reduces the expression of the DNA-damaged marker genes in rfc1. These results suggest that RFC1 plays critical roles in ABA-mediated HR in Arabidopsis.
The effects of sodium fluoride on bone breaking strength.

The therapeutic use of sodium fluoride has been recommended in a variety of osteopenic bone diseases. The recommendations are based mainly on the known osteosclerotic effects of sodium fluoride and little information is available as to its effect on bone strength. The influence of various concentrations of sodium fluoride on bone strength in growing rats on high and low calcium diets was studied. The administration of sodium fluoride increased bone diameter, indicating stimulation of periosteal bone formation, but bone strength was reduced or not affected by fluoride ingestion.
RECTAL COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPERINEAL INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER

Abstract Purpose: As transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy (TIPPB) grows in acceptance as an option in the treatment of organ-confined prostate cancer, its associated toxicities are being defined. This clinical report documents rectal toxicity from a large cohort of men treated by a single practitioner for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Methods and Materials: Eight hundred twenty-five men were treated from September 1992 to September 1998 with TIPPB. One hundred-forty were treated in conjunction with external beam irradiation (EBRT) and 685 with TIPPB alone. All patients were implanted under real-time ultrasound guidance. No dose–volume histogram analysis was performed for this study. All patients were followed at 5 weeks after the procedure, then every 3–6 months thereafter. Rectal morbidity was graded by a modified RTOG toxicity scale. Therapy to control symptoms was recommended on an individual basis. Results: The median follow-up for the cohort is 48 months. A total of 77 patients (9.4%) reported Grade 1 toxicity at some time following an implant whereas 54 patients (6.6%) reported Grade 2 toxicity. The peak post-TIPPB time for experiencing rectal toxicity was 8 months at which time Grade 1 and 2 rectal toxicity was reported in 9.5% of the patients. This improved over the subsequent months and resolved in all patients by 3 1 2 years. Four patients (0.5%) reported Grade 3 rectal toxicity with rectal ulceration identified on colonoscopy at 1 year from implant. Two of the four patients had colonic manipulation in the radiated portion of the colon which subsequently caused it to bleed. None of the patients required blood product transfusion. In 3 of the 4 patients the Grade 3 rectal toxicity has resolved spontaneously and 1 patient continues to heal at the time of this report. No patient required hospitalization or surgical intervention. Conclusion: TIPPB is a tolerable and acceptable treatment option when used alone in early-stage, organ-confined adenocarcinoma of the prostate and in conjunction with EBRT in more advanced disease. This clinical report adds to the growing literature regarding the potential morbidity associated with this procedure and indicates that serious rectal injury is rare.
Corporate Raiding in Ukraine: Prevention, Defense, and Policy Reform

Corporate raiding (‘reiderstvo’) is widely recognized as a major obstacle to post-Communist economic and political modernization and—in recent years—has been more prevalent in Ukraine than in any other similarly large and advanced economy. Yet the problem is poorly understood by the business community, policymakers, and the public at large. Based on the author’s field research in Ukraine, this article examines Ukrainian and international businesses’ vulnerabilities to raider attacks, offers an overview of strategies that may prevent or preempt raids, and describes active defensive strategies that may be deployed when an attack is already under way. Finally, the article provides an assessment of relevant legal and administrative reform efforts and, also, suggests priorities for development of future policies.
Effects of in utero and lactational exposure of the laboratory rat to 2,4,2',4'- and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl on dopamine function.

Abstract Offspring of Sprague–Dawley derived dams were exposed to either 2,4,2′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) (1, 10, or 20 mg/(kg·day)) or 3,4,3′,4′-TCB (0.1 or 1 mg/(kg·day)) from gestational Day 6 through weaning by providing the dams with cookies adulterated with the appropriate amount and type of PCB. Male and female offspring were sacrificed on postnatal Days 35, 60, and 90, and brain concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, were determined in the frontal cortex, caudate nucleus and substantia nigra by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.In uteroand lactational exposure to 3,4,3′,4′-TCB resulted in significant elevations in concentrations of dopamine in the frontal cortex, and of dopamine and its metabolites in the substantia nigra that persisted into adulthood. In contrast,in uteroand lactational exposure to 2,4,2′,4′-TCB resulted in significant decreases in concentrations of dopamine in the frontal cortex and caudate nucleus that also persisted into adulthood. We suggest that the reductions in brain dopamine concentrations are a consequence ofortho-substituted PCB congener-induced inhibition of the synthesis of dopamine during critical periods of development acting, perhaps, in concert with PCB-induced changes in cholinergic receptor function. On the other hand, the persistent elevations in brain dopamine and metabolite concentrations following perinatal exposure to 3,4,3′,4′-TCB may be mediated by alterations in steroid hormone function during key developmental periods.
Knockdown of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a (ASIC1a) Suppresses Disease Phenotype in SCA1 Mouse Model

The mutated ataxin-1 protein in spinocerebellar ataxia 1 (SCA1) targets Purkinje cells (PCs) of the cerebellum and causes progressive ataxia due to loss of PCs and neurons of the brainstem. The exact mechanism of this cellular loss is still not clear. Currently, there are no treatments for SCA1; however, understanding of the mechanisms that regulate SCA1 pathology is essential for devising new therapies for SCA1 patients. We previously established a connection between the loss of intracellular calcium-buffering and calcium-signalling proteins with initiation of neurodegeneration in SCA1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Recently, acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) have been implicated in calcium-mediated toxicity in many brain disorders. Here, we report generating SCA1 Tg mice in the ASIC1a knockout (KO) background and demonstrate that the deletion of ASIC1a gene expression causes suppression of the SCA1 disease phenotype. Loss of the ASIC1a channel in SCA1/ASIC1a KO mice resulted in the improvement of motor deficit and decreased PC degeneration. Interestingly, the expression of the ASIC1 variant, ASIC1b, was upregulated in the cerebellum of both SCA1/ASIC1a KO and ASIC1a KO animals as compared to the wild-type (WT) and SCA1 Tg mice. Further, these SCA1/ASIC1a KO mice exhibited translocation of PC calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k from the nucleus to the cytosol in young animals, which otherwise have both cytosolic and nuclear localization. Furthermore, in addition to higher expression of calcium-buffering protein parvalbumin, PCs of the older SCA1/ASIC1a KO mice showed a decrease in morphologic abnormalities as compared to the age-matched SCA1 animals. Our data suggest that ASIC1a may be a mediator of SCA1 pathogenesis and targeting ASIC1a could be a novel approach to treat SCA1.
Intestinal surgical resection disrupts electrical rhythmicity, neural responses, and interstitial cell networks

Background & Aims: Surgical manipulations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including intestinal resection and anastomosis, lead to motility disorders including a decrease in phasic and segmental contractions. The aims of the present investigation were to determine mechanisms underlying the loss of motility in a murine model of intestinal resection and to follow-up the recovery of intestinal motility after surgical manipulation. Methods: Segments of ileum were removed from mice and the intestines were reconstructed. After surgery, the structure and activity of the ileal muscles, 0–5 cm oral and aboral to the site of resection, were examined at 5 and 24 hours with intracellular microelectrode recordings, isometric force measurements, Kit-like immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Results: Five hours after surgery there was loss of electrical slow waves and phasic contractions in muscles near the site of resection. This defect decreased as a function of distance above and below the resection. Tissues in the affected region were poorly responsive to carbachol and transmural nerve stimulation. Kit-like immunohistochemistry revealed disruption in interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) networks at the level of the myenteric and deep muscular plexuses. Lesions in ICCs decreased with distance from the site of resection. Slow waves and mechanical activity recovered at the site of anastomosis 24 hours after surgery and recovered more rapidly when tissues were incubated in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, L-N 6 -(1-Iminoethyl) lysine hydrochloride (L-NIL). Conclusions: Loss of intestinal motility after surgery is associated with acute disruption of ICC networks, slow waves, and phasic contractions. This activity partially recovered within 24 hours after surgery.
Effect of nitroglycerin on total and regional coronary blood flow in the normal and ischaemic canine myocardium

The effect of nitroglycerin on total coronary flow and its regional distribution was determined in normal conditions and in myocardial ischaemia. In normal hearts, capillary flow was 9·5% higher in the inner than in the outer myocardial half. When partial occlusion of coronary arteries was followed by infusion of noradrenaline, subendocardial flow was less than capillary flow in subepicardial layers. In these conditions, the administration of nitroglycerin resulted in a redistribution of capillary flow towards normal.
“Safety is everyone's job:” The key to safety on a large university construction site

Abstract Problem Construction risk management is challenging. Method We combined data on injuries, costs, and hours worked, obtained through a Rolling Owner-Controlled Insurance Program (ROCIP), with data from focus groups, interviews, and field observations, to prospectively study injuries and hazard control on a large university construction project. Results Lost-time injury rates (1.0/200,000 hours worked) were considerably lower than reported for the industry, and there were no serious falls from height. Safety was considered in the awarding of contracts and project timeline development; hazard management was iterative. A top-down management commitment to safety was clearly communicated to, and embraced by, workers throughout the site. Discussion and Impact A better understanding of how contracting relationships, workers' compensation, and liability insurance arrangements influence safety could shift risk management efforts from worker behaviors to a broader focus on how these programs and relationships affect incentives and disincentives for workplace safety and health.
Ionization of oriented Rydberg states by subpicosecond half-cycle electromagnetic pulses.

The ionization of Rydberg states by subpicosecond, unipolar electromagnetic-field pulses shows a strong orientation dependence. A small static electric field permits us to study Rydberg-Stark states with oriented permanent electric dipole moments. The probability for ionizing a Stark state depends on its energy and the orientation of its electric dipole moment with respect to the direction of the pulsed electric field. This orientation dependence is most prominent for pulse durations comparable to the classical orbit period. Classical simulations reproduce many of the observed features.
The Toy Language Syndrome

Theorists and implementers can easily interact in such a way that software performs improperly, even if there are no mathematical mistakes in the theory and no coding bugs in the implementation. This correspondence explains the problem and some ways to cope with it. Examples are drawn from program proving, language design, and code optimization.
Commentary on high-performance computing and neural and physiological processes: Focusing on the problem-solving process

The presentations by James A. Anderson (Anderson & Sutton, 1997) and Samuel Williamson (Gencer & Williamson, 1997) were indicative of a research effort focused on the real life psychological processes as opposed to the outcomes. The mental twists and turns in solving problems, often hidden from a learner, if shared, may demystify the learning process. This process-oriented psychological research should receive continued encouragement.
Self-discrepancy and suicidal ideation

The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain self-discrepancies predicted the extent to which individuals experienced suicidal ideation. The Selves Questionnaire (an idiographic measure of self-beliefs) was administered to 152 undergraduate participants, who also completed measures of hopelessness, depression, and suicidal ideation. Three kinds of self-discrepancies were associated with suicidal ideation: actual:ideal, actual:ought, and actual:ideal:future. Covariance structure analyses indicated a best-fitting model suggesting that, actual:ideal and actual:ideal:future self-discrepancies contribute to hopelessness, which in turn contributes to depression and suicidal ideation. The findings suggest that self-discrepancy, as a form of negative self-evaluation, may contribute to an individual's risk for suicidal ideation. Moreover, the findings point to an integration of self-discrepancy theory with hopelessness theory.
Using deformations to explore 3D widget design

We are developing a framework for creating interactive 3D environments for applications in design, education, and the communication of information and ideas [3]. Our most recent work focuses on providing a useful and powerful interface to such a complex environment. To this end we have developed 3D widgets, objects that encapsulate 3D geometry and behavior, to control other objects in the scene [2]. We build 3D widgets as first-class objects in our real-time animation system. Because our system allows rapid prototyping of objects, we hope to enlarge today’s surprisingly small vocabulary of 3D widgets that includes menus floating in 3D, gestural picking, translation and rotation, cone trees, and perspective walls. As a way to focus on issues of 3D widget design, we have developed widgets to perform a particular task: applying high-level deformations to 3D objects [1]. The complexity of these operations makes numerical specification or panels of sliders difficult to use, and yet direct manipulation interfaces cannot provide meaningful feedback without fixing most parameters. In this video paper, we show a set of new 3D widgets to control deformations called racks. A simple rack consists of a bar specifying the axis of deformation and some number of handles attached to the bar specifying additional deformation parameters. For example, a taper rack has two additional handles. Moving the ends of the handles towards or away from the axis bar changes the amount of taper of the deformed object; changing the distance between the handles changes the region over which the deformation is applied. A more complex rack can have multiple handles specifying different deformations. The racks in Figures 1–3 all have handles for twisting (purple), tapering (blue), and bending (red) an object. The deformation range is the region between the twist and taper handles. 2 The Issues in 3D Widget Design
Staphylococcus and the Healing Power of Pus

Staphylococcus aureus infections induce formation of neutrophil-rich abscesses filled with debris from dead phagocytes. Corbin and colleagues report that this pus has antimicrobial powers through the activity of calprotectin. Calprotectin, a member of the S100 family of proinflammatory proteins, acts through chelation of manganese. As manganese is an essential cofactor for several enzymes in S. aureus, this impacts bacterial growth and the bacterium's ability to withstand oxidative stress.
Student Teaching as a Rite of Passage

The purpose of this article is to use the concept of rites of passage to describe how cultural knowledge about teaching is acquired by neophytes during student teaching. Like other rites of passage as studied by van Gennep, Malinowski, Turner, and Moore and Myerhoff, this story of the induction of elementary student teachers follows the classic model: first the student teachers cut the ties that bind them to the ordinary world (rites of separation). Then they are secluded in the bush where a specialized body of knowledge unique to the professional community is transmitted to them (rites of transition). If they successfully survive all their trials, the novices are then ritually reinstated in the ordinary world with accompanying changes in their status, rights, and prerogatives (rites of incorporation). CULTURAL TRANSMISSION/ACQUISITION, RITES OF PASSAGE, STUDENT TEACHING, TEACHER INDUCTION
Mixed variational principles and stabilization of spurious modes in the 9-node element

Abstract The stabilization matrix for the 9-node plane stress element is developed through mixed variational principles. Through suppression of appropriate stresses, the element is constructed so that it exceeds the accuracy of both the underintegrated and fully integrated elements in various structural problems. One layer of elements is generally sufficient to match Euler-Bernoulli beam solutions within less than 1%; this property is termed flexural superconvergence. Results are given for a variety of problems to demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure.