cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic validity of the bayes-inspired indifference zone procedure: the non-normal known variance case

We consider the indifference-zone (IZ) formulation of the ranking and selection problem in which the goal is to choose an alternative with the largest mean with guaranteed probability, as long as the difference between this mean and the second largest exceeds a threshold. Conservatism leads classical IZ procedures to take too many samples in problems with many alternatives. The Bayes-inspired Indifference Zone (BIZ) procedure, proposed in Frazier (2014), is less conservative than previous procedures, but its proof of validity requires strong assumptions, specifically that samples are normal, and variances are known with an integer multiple structure. In this paper, we show asymptotic validity of a slight modification of the original BIZ procedure as the difference between the best alternative and the second best goes to zero, when the variances are known and finite, and samples are independent and identically distributed, but not necessarily normal.
Hot gluon propagator

In order to match two complementary approaches to quark gluon plasma, namely the classical hamiltonian lattice gauge field simulation which uses the temporal axial gauge, and hot perturbative QCD which rather uses the Coulomb or the covariant gauge, we obtain a general expression for the hard thermal loop gluon propagator for a variety of non-background gauge fixing conditions. The Coulomb energy is shown to be independent of the gauge fixing condition.
Quintessence and Cosmic Microwave Background

Analytic formulas for the position of the first acoustic peak in the CMB are derived and discussed. They are generalized to the case of a time-dependent dark energy component and it is shown how the cosmic parameters ΩM and Λ%#x039B;, extracted from observations, have an intrinsic uncertainty until one knows whether the dark energy density is, or is not, time dependent.
Enhancing network intrusion detection with integrated sampling and filtering

The structure of many standalone network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) centers around a chain of analysis that begins with packets captured by a packet filter, where the filter describes the protocols (TCP/UDP port numbers) and sometimes hosts or subnets to include or exclude from the analysis. In this work we argue for augmenting such analysis with an additional, separately filtered stream of packets. This “Secondary Path” supplements the “Main Path” by integrating sampling and richer forms of filtering into a NIDS's analysis. We discuss an implementation of a secondary path for the Bro intrusion detection system and enhancements we developed to the Berkeley Packet Filter to work in concert with the secondary path. Such an additional packet stream provides benefits in terms of both efficiency and ease of expression, which we illustrate by applying it to three forms of NIDS analysis: tracking very large individual connections, finding “heavy hitter” traffic streams, and implementing backdoor detectors (developed in previous work) with particular ease.
PATH: a lumped-element beam-transport simulation program with space charge

PATH is a group of computer programs for simulating charged-particle beam-transport systems. It was developed for evaluating the effects of some aberrations without a time-consuming integration of trajectories through the system. The beam transport portion of PATH is derived from the well-known program, DECAY TURTLE. PATH contains all features available in DECAY TURTLE (including the input format) plus additional features such as a more flexible random-ray generator, longitudinal phase space, some additional beamline elements, and space-charge routines. One of the programs also provides a simulation of an Alvarez linear accelerator. The programs, originally written for a CDC 7600 computer system, also are available on a VAX-VMS system. All of the programs are interactive with input prompting for ease of use.
EFFECTS OF UNIONIZATION ON GRADUATE STUDENT EMPLOYEES: FACULTY-STUDENT RELATIONS, ACADEMIC FREEDOM, AND PAY.

In cases involving unionization of graduate student research and teaching assistants at private U.S. universities, the National Labor Relations Board has, at times, denied collective bargaining rights on the presumption that unionization would harm faculty-student relations and academic freedom. Using survey data collected from PhD students in five academic disciplines across eight public U.S. universities, the authors compare represented and non-represented graduate student employees in terms of faculty-student relations, academic freedom, and pay. Unionization does not have the presumed negative effect on student outcomes, and in some cases has a positive effect. Union-represented graduate student employees report higher levels of personal and professional support, unionized graduate student employees fare better on pay, and unionized and nonunionized students report similar perceptions of academic freedom. These findings suggest that potential harm to faculty-student relationships and academic freedom should not continue to serve as bases for the denial of collective bargaining rights to graduate student employees.
Design and Deployment of a Multichroic Polarimeter Array on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope

We present the design and the preliminary on-sky performance with respect to beams and passbands of a multichroic polarimeter array covering the 90 and 146 GHz cosmic microwave background bands and its enabling broad-band optical system recently deployed on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). The constituent pixels are feedhorn-coupled multichroic polarimeters fabricated at NIST. This array is coupled to the ACT telescope via a set of three silicon lenses incorporating novel broad-band metamaterial anti-reflection coatings. This receiver represents the first multichroic detector array deployed for a CMB experiment and paves the way for the extensive use of multichroic detectors and broad-band optical systems in the next generation of CMB experiments.
Confidence intervals for autoregressive coefficients near one

Abstract Often we are interested in the largest root of an autoregressive process. Available methods rely on inverting t-tests to obtain confidence intervals. However, for large autoregressive roots, t-tests do not approximate asymptotically uniformly most powerful tests and do not have optimality properties when inverted for confidence intervals. We exploit the relationship between the power of tests and accuracy of confidence intervals, and suggest methods which are asymptotically more accurate than available interval construction methods. One interval, based on inverting the PT or QT statistic, has good asymptotic accuracy and is easy to compute.
Heteroatom-centered free radicals some selected contributions by radiation chemistry

Publisher Summary The advent of time-resolved techniques such as pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis, allowed direct detection of heteroatom on real time. The reason that hetero-centered radicals have an electronic structure, most often they exhibit intense and easily detectable optical absorptions in the UV, visible, and near-IR. This chapter presents and discusses some specially selected examples of hetero-centered radicals from solution studies as well as highlights some of the general achievements and basic concepts emerging therefrom. The chapter discusses two important groups of radicals belonging to the heteroatom-centered category—namely, those derived from purines and those from pyrimidines. There is also a discussion about the entire family of oxygen-centered radicals. There is a description of the early days of pulse radiolysis and the intermediates generated from organic nitro and nitroso compounds in some elementary redox processes. There is a presentation of some most recent results on aminyl radicals that are derived from amino acids, exemplifying the diversity of possible reactions of a seemingly simple type of radicals. The third example on aniline and aniline radicals aims to demonstrate the potential of time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. All these studies on N-centered radicals focus on the importance of acid/base properties of radicals. The aniline system, in particular, also draws attention to spin and charge distribution and possible implications to the chemistry of radical species.
Double affine Hecke algebras and Calogero-Moser spaces

In this paper we prove that the spherical subalgebra $eH_{1,\tau}e$ of the double affine Hecke algebra $H_{1,\tau}$ is an integral Cohen-Macaulay algebra isomorphic to the center $Z$ of $H_{1,\tau}$, and $H_{1,\tau}e$ is a Cohen-Macaulay $eH_{1,\tau}e$-module with the property $H_{1,\tau}=End_{eH_{1,\tau}e}(H_{1,\tau}e)$. In the case of the root system $A_{n-1}$ the variety $Spec(Z)$ is smooth and coincides with the completion of the configuration space of the relativistic analog of the trigomonetric Calogero-Moser system. This implies the result of Cherednik that the module $eH_{1,\tau}$ is projective and all irreducible finite dimensional representations of $H_{1,\tau}$ are regular representation of the finite Hecke algebra.
Social health insurance vs. tax-financed health systems - evidence from the OECD

This paper exploits the transitions between tax-financed health care and social health insurance in the OECD countries over the period 1960-2006 to assess the effects of adopting social health insurance over tax finance on per capita health spending, amenable mortality, and labor market outcomes. The paper uses regression-based generalizations of difference-in-differences and instrumental variables to address the possible endogeneity of a country's health system. It finds that adopting social health insurance in preference to tax financing increases per capita health spending by 3-4 percent, reduces the formal sector share of employment by 8-10 percent, and reduces total employment by as much as 6 percent. For the most part, social health insurance adoption has no significant impact on amenable mortality, but for one cause-breast cancer among women-social health insurance systems perform significantly worse, with 5-6 percent more potential years of life lost.
Blueprint for perturbative solution of flow and transport in strongly heterogeneous composite media using fractal and variational multiscale decomposition

[1] This paper offers a blueprint for extending perturbative ensemble moment (and potentially other, e.g., Gaussian or perturbative Karhunen-Loeve) solutions of stochastic flow and transport problems in composite, randomly heterogeneous porous media to cases in which medium heterogeneity is arbitrarily large. The proposed approach is based on a novel idea of combined fractal and variational multiscale decomposition. It considers log hydraulic conductivity to be a composite random field with piecewise statistically homogeneous increments characterized by a truncated power variogram, i.e., a truncated fractal. This consideration is supported either exactly or approximately by a growing amount of observational data. It allows decomposing the field into two or more mutually uncorrelated components having relatively small variances associated with a hierarchy of spatial correlation scales. Combining this fractal decomposition with a variational multiscale decomposition formalism, motivated by the multiscale nature of turbulence, allows decomposing flow and transport problems into two or more coupled sets of variational problems each of which is amenable to perturbative solution regardless of how heterogeneous the original field was. The problems are defined on a hierarchy of computational grids having discretization intervals proportional to the correlation scales. The proposed approach does not require introducing effective parameters on any scale; instead, it allows resolving flow and transport ensemble moments fully on multiple scales of spatial resolution. The approach nevertheless allows subgrid closure (another idea inspired by the literature on turbulence) through subgrid refinement or the use of effective subgrid parameters. It additionally offers the critically important capability of conditioning flow and transport analyses on multiscale measurements. Details are presented in the context of steady state single-phase flow in a composite medium.
Los hombres de dios aproximación a un estudio de la masculinidad en nueva españa

Este estudio inicia una “conversacion” academica sobre la posibilidad de analizar aspectos claves de la masculinidad dentro de tres ordenes mendicantes en Nueva Espana. Se adoptan tres avenidas de acercamiento al tema: 1. El estudio de la representacion del modelo de hombre santo en las historias de las ordenes. 2. El estudio de la realidad del hombre no-santo y “sexuado” que se registra en la Inquisicion 3. Las formas de ejercer el poder, como caracteristica de la conducta masculina, a traves de disputas dentro de las ordenes, como las ocasionadas por las elecciones dentro de las ordenes usando el sistema de “alternativa” o los enfrentamientos con la iglesia episcopal y la corona durante el proceso de secularizacion.
Exploring the links between star formation and minor companions around isolated galaxies

Previous studies have shown that galaxies with minor companions exhibit an elevated star formation rate. We reverse this inquiry, constructing a volume-limited sample of ∼L★ (Mr≤−19.5 + 5log h) galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6 that are isolated with respect to other luminous galaxies. Cosmological simulations suggest that 99.8 per cent of these galaxies are alone in their dark matter haloes with respect to other luminous galaxies. We search the area around these galaxies for photometric companions. Matching strongly star forming [EW(Hα) ≥ 35 A] and quiescent [EW(Hα) < 35 A] samples for stellar mass and redshift using a Monte Carlo resampling technique, we demonstrate that rapidly star forming galaxies are more likely to have photometric companions than other galaxies. The effect is relatively small; about 11 ± 1 per cent of quiescent, isolated galaxies have minor photometric companions at radii ≤60 kpc h−1 kpc, while about 16 ± 1 per cent of strongly star forming ones do. Though small, the cumulative difference in satellite counts between strongly star forming and quiescent galaxies is highly statistically significant (PKS= 1.350 × 10−3) out to radii of ∼100 h−1 kpc. We discuss explanations for this excess, including the possibility that ∼5 per cent of strongly star forming galaxies have star formation which is causally related to the presence of a minor companion.
FPA-CS: Focal plane array-based compressive imaging in short-wave infrared

Cameras for imaging in short and mid-wave infrared spectra are significantly more expensive than their counterparts in visible imaging. As a result, high-resolution imaging in those spectrum remains beyond the reach of most consumers. Over the last decade, compressive sensing (CS) has emerged as a potential means to realize inexpensive shortwave infrared cameras. One approach for doing this is the single-pixel camera (SPC) where a single detector acquires coded measurements of a high-resolution image. A computational reconstruction algorithm is then used to recover the image from these coded measurements. Unfortunately, the measurement rate of a SPC is insufficient to enable imaging at high spatial and temporal resolutions. We present a focal plane array-based compressive sensing (FPA-CS) architecture that achieves high spatial and temporal resolutions. The idea is to use an array of SPCs that sense in parallel to increase the measurement rate, and consequently, the achievable spatio-temporal resolution of the camera. We develop a proof-of-concept prototype in the short-wave infrared using a sensor with 64× 64 pixels; the prototype provides a 4096× increase in the measurement rate compared to the SPC and achieves a megapixel resolution at video rate using CS techniques.
On handling negative transfer and imbalanced distributions in multiple source transfer learning

Transfer learning has benefited many real-world applications where labeled data are abundant in source domains but scarce in the target domain. As there are usually multiple relevant domains where knowledge can be transferred, multiple source transfer learning MSTL has recently attracted much attention. However, we are facing two major challenges when applying MSTL. First, without knowledge about the difference between source and target domains, negative transfer occurs when knowledge is transferred from highly irrelevant sources. Second, existence of imbalanced distributions in classes, where examples in one class dominate, can lead to improper judgement on the source domains' relevance to the target task. Since existing MSTL methods are usually designed to transfer from relevant sources with balanced distributions, they will fail in applications where these two challenges persist. In this article, we propose a novel two-phase framework to effectively transfer knowledge from multiple sources even when there exists irrelevant sources and imbalanced class distributions. First, an effective supervised local weight scheme is proposed to assign a proper weight to each source domain's classifier based on its ability of predicting accurately on each local region of the target domain. The second phase then learns a classifier for the target domain by solving an optimization problem which concerns both training error minimization and consistency with weighted predictions gained from source domains. A theoretical analysis shows that as the number of source domains increases, the probability that the proposed approach has an error greater than a bound is becoming exponentially small. We further extend the proposed approach to an online processing scenario to conduct transfer learning on continuously arriving data. Extensive experiments on disease prediction, spam filtering and intrusion detection datasets demonstrate that: i the proposed two-phase approach outperforms existing MSTL approaches due to its ability of tackling negative transfer and imbalanced distribution challenges, and ii the proposed online approach achieves comparable performance to the offline scheme.
A Regularized Newton-Like Method for Nonlinear PDE

An adaptive regularization strategy for stabilizing Newton-like iterations on a coarse mesh is developed in the context of adaptive finite element methods for nonlinear PDE. Existence, uniqueness and approximation properties are known for finite element solutions of quasilinear problems assuming the initial mesh is fine enough. Here, an adaptive method is started on a coarse mesh where the finite element discretization and quadrature error produce a sequence of approximate problems with indefinite and ill-conditioned Jacobians. The methods of Tikhonov regularization and pseudo-transient continuation are related and used to define a regularized iteration using a positive semidefinite penalty term. The regularization matrix is adapted with the mesh refinements and its scaling is adapted with the iterations to find an approximate sequence of coarse-mesh solutions leading to an efficient approximation of the PDE solution. Local q-linear convergence is shown for the error and the residual in the asymptotic reg...
Riots, coups and civil war : revisiting the greed and grievance debate

The most influential recent work on the determinants of civil wars found the factors associated with the grievance motivation to be largely irrelevant. Our paper subjects the results of this empirical work to further scrutiny by embedding the study of civil war in a more general analysis of varieties of violent contestation of political power within the borders of the state. Such an approach, we argue, will have important implications for how we think theoretically about the occurrence of domestic war as well as how we specify our empirical tests. In the empirical model, the manifestation of domestic conflict range from low intensity violence and coups to civil war. Our multinomial specification of domestic conflict supports the hypothesis that diversity accentuates distributional conflict and thus increases the risk of civil war. We also find that democracies may be more efficient than autocracies in reducing the risk of civil war.
Office Market Analysis: Improving Best-Practice Techniques

This article focuses on ways to improve market analysis for proposed office projects, taking time and data limitations into account. The discussion moves sequentially through the three primary comp...
Holographic quantum error-correcting codes: Toy models for the bulk/boundary correspondence

We propose a family of exactly solvable toy models for the AdS/CFT correspondence based on a novel construction of quantum error-correcting codes with a tensor network structure. Our building block is a special type of tensor with maximal entanglement along any bipartition, which gives rise to an isometry from the bulk Hilbert space to the boundary Hilbert space. The entire tensor network is an encoder for a quantum error-correcting code, where the bulk and boundary degrees of freedom may be identified as logical and physical degrees of freedom respectively. These models capture key features of entanglement in the AdS/CFT correspondence; in particular, the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and the negativity of tripartite information are obeyed exactly in many cases. That bulk logical operators can be represented on multiple boundary regions mimics the Rindlerwedge reconstruction of boundary operators from bulk operators, realizing explicitly the quantum error-correcting features of AdS/CFT recently proposed in [1].
Guided design of copper oxysulfide superconductors

We describe a framework for designing novel materials, combining modern first-principles electronic-structure tools, materials databases, and evolutionary algorithms capable of exploring large configurational spaces. Guided by the chemical principles introduced by Antipov et al., for the design and synthesis of the Hg-based high-temperature superconductors, we apply our framework to screen 333 proposed compositions to design a new layered copper oxysulfide, Hg(CaS)2CuO2. We evaluate the prospects of superconductivity in this oxysulfide using theories based on charge-transfer energies, orbital distillation and uniaxial strain.
Does Financial Structure Matter for Poverty? Evidence from Developing Countries

Although there has been research looking at the relationship between the structure of the financial system and economic growth, much less work has dealt with the importance of bank-based versus market-based financial systems for poverty and income distribution. Empirical evidence has indicated that the structure of the financial system has little relevance for economic growth, suggesting that the same could be true for poverty since growth is an important driver in reducing poverty. Some theories, however, claim that, by reducing information and transaction costs, the development of bank-based financial systems could exert a particularly large impact on the poor. This paper looks at a sample of 47 developing economies from 1984 through 2008. The results suggest that when institutions are weak, bank-based financial systems are better at reducing poverty and, as institutions develop, market-based financial systems can turn out to be beneficial for the poor.
Africa: eco-populist utopias and (micro-)capitalist realities

Of all the world's regions today, sub-Saharan Africa is seen as most emblematic of 'disaster' and 'tragedy'. All that can go wrong in the human condition seems to be concentrated with particular bleakness here, in an apparent combination of the effects of the worst of nature and the worst of society. This essay aims to probe some of the realities behind such widespread generalities which are uniformly negative, and frequently pejorative too, conveying the sense of a place where the miseries of the human condition are self-inflicted. We first sketch some issues of environmental change in Africa and perspectives in the debates they have generated. While the 'new ecology' of African environments, and how African farmers use them, has much to commend it, it is called on to support an eco-populism that ignores the dynamics and effects of 'actually existing capitalism' in Africa. This includes commodity relations in the countryside (and in urban areas, with which they are so closely bound up), and the class and other social inequalities they inevitably generate. In particular we focus here on petty production in savanna environments, for reasons explained below, after first sketching some global forces in environmental change in Africa.
Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed Dihydrogen Generation from TMDS: Dehalogenation of Aryl Halides on Water

A mild and environmentally attractive dehalogenation of functionalized aryl halides has been developed using nanoparticles formed from PdCl2 in the presence of tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) on water. The active catalyst and reaction medium can be recycled. This method can also be applied to cascade reactions in a one-pot sequence.
Development of Knowledge Base for Designing Linkage-Type Dwell Mechanisms: Part 2—Application

Realisation d'une base de connaissances pour la conception des mecanismes articules avec arret. Theorie et application
Nonlinear Transient Localization and Beat Phenomena Due to Backlash in a Coupled Flexible System

Transient nonlinear localization and beat phenomena are studied in a system of two rods coupled with a nonlinear backlash spring. The method of Karhunen-Loeve (K-L) decomposition is used to reduce the order of the dynamics, and to study nonlinear effects by considering energy transfers between leading K-L modes. The computed K-L modes are used to discretize the governing partial differential equations, thus creating accurate and computationally efficient low-dimensional nonlinear models of the system. Reconstruction of transient nonlinear responses using these low dimensional models reveals the accuracy of the order reduction. Poincare maps are utilized to study the nonlinear localization and beat phenomena caused by the clearance connecting the coupled rods.
Sister-chromatid exchange in 4 human races.

Abstract The frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) were investigated in lymphocytes in 32 normal adult individuals of both sexes with no interracial familial backgrounds from Caucasian, American black, oriental and native American races. There was no significant difference in the average frequency of SCEs in the 4 races.
new fine structure cooling rate

One of the dominant electron cooling processes in the ionosphere is caused by electron impact induced fine structure transitions among the ground state levels of atomic oxygen. This fine structure cooling rate is based on theoretical cross sections. Recent advances in the numerical cross section determinations to include polarization effects and more accurate representations of the atomic target result in new lower values. These cross sections are employed in this paper to derive a new fine structure cooling rate which is between 40% and 60% of the currently used rate. A new generalized formula is presented for the cooling rate (from which the fine structure cooling rate is derived), valid for arbitrary mass and temperature difference of the colliding particles and arbitrary inelastic energy difference.
The Yang–Mills functional and Laplace's equation on quantum Heisenberg manifolds

In this paper, we discuss the Yang–Mills functional and a certain family of its critical points on quantum Heisenberg manifolds using noncommutative geometrical methods developed by A. Connes and M. Rieffel. In our main result, we construct a certain family of connections on a projective module over a quantum Heisenberg manifold that gives rise to critical points of the Yang–Mills functional. Moreover, we show that there is a relationship between this particular family of critical points of the Yang–Mills functional and Laplace’s equation on multiplication-type, skew-symmetric elements of quantum Heisenberg manifolds; recall that Laplacian is the leading term for the coupled set of equations making up the Yang–Mills equation.
Free radicals in the synthesis of medium-sized rings

Abstract Applications of free radical chemistry in the syntheses of seven- to nine-membered rings are presented in this review.
Cross-Layer Design of Coded Multicast for Wireless Random Access Networks

Joint optimization of network coding and Aloha-based medium access control (MAC) for multi-hop wireless networks is considered. The multicast throughput with a power consumption-related penalty is maximized subject to flow conservation and MAC achievable rate constraints to obtain the optimal transmission probabilities. The relevant optimization problem is inherently non-convex and hence difficult to solve even in a centralized manner. A successive convex approximation technique is employed to obtain a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker solution. A separable problem structure is obtained and the dual decomposition technique is adopted to develop a distributed solution. The algorithm is thus applicable to large networks, and amenable to online implementation. Numerical tests verify performance and complexity advantages of the proposed approach over existing designs. A network simulation with implementation of random linear network coding shows performance very close to the one theoretically designed.
Finite-Element and Boundary Integral Method for Analysis of Open Dielectric Waveguides

To analyze dielectric waveguides, the vector finite-element method is used in the interior region while boundary integral equations are applied in the exterior region. The propagation constant has been obtained by an iterative method.
The connection between fisheries resources and spatial land use change: The case of two New England fish ports

This study examined interactions between targeted fish populations, aspects of the fishing industry and land use changes along two ports in New England. By tracking changes in land uses over a two-decade period using parcel level data and geographic information system (GIS) tools, we examined the relationship of changes in species biomass, landings and other fishing industry variables to community spatial change. Using logistic regression models we assessed the impacts on essential infrastructure for continued fishing industry activity. Our findings have implications for land use policy that should accompany efforts being made to rehabilitate fish stocks; it should ensure that current marine infrastructure will remain in place to support the fishing industry if and when species rebound. Our models show that in New Bedford Harbor, the larger of the two ports, increasing scallop biomass (considered a long-term factor) is associated with the increase of marine-related land uses. In Provincetown Harbor, short-term factors, such as value and volume of fish landings as well as stock sizes, influence land use change. These findings suggest that the smaller port (Provincetown) is more vulnerable to market conditions and therefore in need of greater land use controls to prevent the conversion of marine-related uses. We propose some directions for further research and present the methodology used as one that can be applied to research questions of a similar nature.
Rational preimages in families of dynamical systems

Let \({\phi}\) be a rational function of degree at least two defined over a number field k. Let \({a \in \mathbb{P}^1(k)}\) and let K be a number field containing k. We study the cardinality of the set of rational iterated preimages Preim\({(\phi, a, K) = \{x_{0} \in \mathbb{P}^1(K) | \phi^{N} (x_0) = a {\rm for some} N \geq 1\}}\). We prove two new results (Theorems 2 and 4) bounding \({|{\rm Preim}(\phi, a, K)|}\) as \({\phi}\) varies in certain families of rational functions. Our proofs are based on unit equations and a method of Runge for effectively determining integral points on certain affine curves. We also formulate and state a uniform boundedness conjecture for Preim\({(\phi, a, K)}\) and prove that a version of this conjecture is implied by other well-known conjectures in arithmetic dynamics.
Predicting Thermal Distortion of Synchrotron Radiation Mirrors with Finite Element Analysis

High power and high power densities due to absorbed radiation are significant design considerations which can limit performance of mirrors receiving highly collimated synchrotron radiation from insertion devices and bending magnet sources. Although the grazing incidence angles needed for x-ray optics spread the thermal load, localized, non-uniform heating can cause distortions which exceed allowable surface figure errors and limit focusing resolution. This paper discusses the suitability of numerical approximations using finite element methods for heat transfer, deformation, and stress analysis of optical elements. The primary analysis objectives are (1) to estimate optical surface figure under maximum heat loads, (2) to correctly predict thermal stresses in order to select suitable materials and mechanical design configurations, and (3) to minimize fabrication costs by specifying appropriate tolerances for surface figure. Important factors which determine accuracy of results include finite element model mesh refinement, accuracy of boundary condition modeling, and reliability of material property data. Some methods to verify accuracy are suggested. Design analysis for an x-ray mirror is presented. Some specific configurations for internal water-cooling are evaluated in order to determine design sensitivity with respect to structural geometry, material properties, fabrication tolerances, absorbed heat magnitude and distribution, and heat transfer approximations. Estimated accuracy of these results is discussed.
Calculability of quark mixing parameters from general nearest neighbor interaction texture quark mass matrices

Abstract We perform an analysis of general quark mass matrices in the general nearest neighbor interaction form. Excellent agreement with experiment is realized with this general texture, which is neither hermitian nor real-symmetric. We then propose a new class of quark mass matrices that contain no additional parameters other than the quark masses themselves, and thus possess calculability, i.e., ensure a relationship between the six quark masses and four flavor-mixing parameters of the Standard Model.
Solubility of CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, O2, and N2 in 1-hexyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: comparison to other ionic liquids.

The solubilities of gases in ionic liquids are important in evaluating ionic liquids as solvents for reactions involving permanent gases, as gas storage media, and as solvents for gas separations. Gas solubilities are also important in developing methods to separate solutes from ionic liquid solutions. Here we describe our measurements of the solubilities of CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H4, O2, and N2 in 1-hexyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and compare these results to our previous investigations. In addition, focus is placed on efforts to tailor ionic liquids to enhance the solubilities of some gases, with particular emphasis on carbon dioxide.
Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, and solution conformation of (−)436-(SCo,SC)-(η5-C9H7)Co★(C3F7)I(Ph2PNHC★H(CH3)Ph, an easily resolvable chiral-at-metal complex

Abstract A convenient method for the preparation and resolution of (−)436-(SCo,SC)-(η5-C9H7)Co★(C3F7)I(Ph2PNHC★H(CH)3Ph) (2a) from racemic (η5-C9H7)CO★(C3F7)(CO)I with an optical yield > 99% is described. The absolute configuration of 2a was determined by crystallography. (−)436-2a crystallizes in the space group P212121 with a = 16.362(1), b = 19.944(4), c = 9.417(2) A, V = 3073.0(8) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.071, Rw = 0.064.
Recency, consistent learning, and Nash equilibrium

We examine the long-term implication of two models of learning with recency bias: recursive weights and limited memory. We show that both models generate similar beliefs and that both have a weighted universal consistency property. Using the limited-memory model we produce learning procedures that both are weighted universally consistent and converge with probability one to strict Nash equilibrium.
The risk of stroke in postmenopausal women receiving hormonal therapy.

Stroke affects one in five women and is the third leading cause of death in the United States. The incidence increases with age, and the number of females experiencing a stroke is similar to the number of men, unlike in coronary disease, where the number of females suffering from the disease is lower before menopause and then slowly becomes equal to the number of men. There are multiple risk factors for stroke, but the most significant ones influencing the relationship between hormones and stroke are obesity, hypertension and smoking. There have been multiple studies looking at the relationship between hormones and stroke. Among observational studies, 21 have shown no effect, while six have shown a decreased risk and four studies, an increased risk. It is clear that the risk of stroke with hormones is only for ischemic and not hemorrhagic stroke. Among randomized trials, the Women's Health Initiative data, because of the study's size, have provided the greatest weight in meta-analytic reviews. Overall, an...
The addition of alkylzinc iodides to 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)-2,3-dihydropyridinium salts. A synthesis of 2-alkyl-Δ3-piperidines.

Abstract Several 2-alkyl-1-(phenoxycarbonyl)-Δ 3 -piperidines were prepared by the addition of alkylzinc iodides to 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)-2,3-dihydropyridinium salts.
Sharp RIP bound for sparse signal and low-rank matrix recovery

Abstract This paper establishes a sharp condition on the restricted isometry property (RIP) for both the sparse signal recovery and low-rank matrix recovery. It is shown that if the measurement matrix A satisfies the RIP condition δ k A 1 / 3 , then all k -sparse signals β can be recovered exactly via the constrained l 1 minimization based on y = A β . Similarly, if the linear map M satisfies the RIP condition δ r M 1 / 3 , then all matrices X of rank at most r can be recovered exactly via the constrained nuclear norm minimization based on b = M ( X ) . Furthermore, in both cases it is not possible to do so in general when the condition does not hold. In addition, noisy cases are considered and oracle inequalities are given under the sharp RIP condition.
Sight and society in the People's Republic of China.

Abstract A 3 week visit to the People's Republic of China reveals a need for more eye examinations and professionally dispensed spectacles. Although health care is well organized and widely distributed especially considering the current stage of economic development, vision care per se will need upgrading as the society becomes more and more economically efficient and technologically developed.
Global optimization of bounded factorable functions with discontinuities

A deterministic global optimization method is developed for a class of discontinuous functions. McCormick's method to obtain relaxations of nonconvex functions is extended to discontinuous factorable functions by representing a discontinuity with a step function. The properties of the relaxations are analyzed in detail; in particular, convergence of the relaxations to the function is established given some assumptions on the bounds derived from interval arithmetic. The obtained convex relaxations are used in a branch-and-bound scheme to formulate lower bounding problems. Furthermore, convergence of the branch-and-bound algorithm for discontinuous functions is analyzed and assumptions are derived to guarantee convergence. A key advantage of the proposed method over reformulating the discontinuous problem as a MINLP or MPEC is avoiding the increase in problem size that slows global optimization. Several numerical examples for the global optimization of functions with discontinuities are presented, including ones taken from process design and equipment sizing as well as discrete-time hybrid systems.
THE UV CONTINUUM OF z > 1 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES IN THE HUBBLE ULTRAVIOLET ULTRADEEP FIELD

We estimate the UV continuum slope, β, for 923 galaxies in the range 1 = – 1.382(– 1.830) ± 0.002 (random) ± 0.1 (systematic). We find comparable scatter in β (standard deviation = 0.43) to local dwarf galaxies and 30% larger scatter than z > 2 galaxies. We study the trends of β with redshift and absolute magnitude for binned sub-samples and find a modest color-magnitude relation, dβ/dM = –0.11 ± 0.01, and no evolution in dβ/dM with redshift. A modest increase in dust reddening with redshift and luminosity, ΔE(B – V) ~ 0.1, and a comparable increase in the dispersion of dust reddening at z 2, we find trends that are consistent with previous works; combining our data with the literature in the range 1 < z < 8, we find a color evolution with redshift, dβ/dz = –0.09 ± 0.01 for low luminosity (0.05 L^(*)_(z=3), and dβ/dz = –0.06 ± 0.01 for medium luminosity (0.25 $L^(*)_(z=3) galaxies.
Comparison of Surgical and Anesthetic Complications in Neurosurgical Patients Experiencing Venous Air Embolism in the Sitting Position

Because venous air embolism (VAE) has been considered to be a major deterrent to use of the sitting position, records of 255 patients undergoing neurosurgery in the sitting position from 1975 to 1982 were reviewed to determine the nature of morbidity and mortality in relation to the surgical procedure as well as to the occurrence of VAE. Complications were classified as surgical or anesthetic during joint review by a neurosurgeon and two neuroanesthesiologists. Outcome was classified on the basis of postoperative hospital course and discharge examination. The incidence of VAE was 30%. Although there was a variety of perioperative complications in patients with and without VAE, most of the complications were related to the operative procedure, not the sitting position or VAE. The episodes of VAE did not seem to be significant factors in the perioperative morbidity and mortality in our series of patients operated upon in the sitting position. Two case reports are discussed in detail.
Qualitätsgesteuerte Anfragebearbeitung für Integrierte Informationssysteme

Abstract: Die jungste Entwicklung von zentralisierten Datenbankmanagementsystemen zu Informationssystemen, die verteilte, autonome Datenquellen integrieren, hat zu einer Verschiebung der Forschungsrichtung von der traditionellen Anfrageoptimierung zum Bereich der Anfrageplanung gefuhrt. Anfrageplanung untersucht das Problem, Plane zur Anfrageausfuhrung uber verteilte, heterogene, uberlappende und autonome Datenquellen zu finden. Das wichtigste Unterscheidungsmerkmal der unterschiedlichen Ausfuhrungsstrategien ist nicht mehr—wie fur Datenbanksysteme— die Antwortzeit, sondern die Informationsqualitat des Resultats. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht die Verwendung von Qualitatskriterien zur Beantwortung von Nutzeranfragen an integrierte Informationssysteme. Die Arbeit definiert Qualitatskriterien und analysiert, wie sie bewertet werden konnen. Der wichtigste Teil der Arbeit zeigt, wie diese qualitativen Bewertungen verwendet werden konnen, um die Qualitat der Anfrageresultate zu erhohen und um die Effizienz von Anfrageplanungsalgorithmen erheblich zu steigern.
Subsystem functionals and the missing ingredient of confinement physics in density functionals

The subsystem functional scheme is a promising approach recently proposed for constructing exchange-correlation density functionals. In this scheme, the physics in each part of real materials is described by mapping to a characteristic model system. The ``confinement physics,'' an essential physical ingredient that has been left out in present functionals, is studied by employing the harmonic-oscillator (HO) gas model. By performing the $\text{potential}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\text{density}$ and the $\text{density}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\text{exchange}$ energy per particle mappings based on two model systems characterizing the physics in the interior (uniform electron-gas model) and surface regions (Airy gas model) of materials for the HO gases, we show that the confinement physics emerges when only the lowest subband of the HO gas is occupied by electrons. We examine the approximations of the exchange energy by several state-of-the-art functionals for the HO gas, and none of them produces adequate accuracy in the confinement dominated cases. A generic functional that incorporates the description of the confinement physics is needed.
Azide synthesis with stable nitrosyl salts

Abstract Aryl and acyl hydrazines were converted to azides in excellent yields by an equimolar amount of nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate or nitrosyl sulfate.
Enhancing contrast of point images using coherent states and photon-number-resolving detectors

We map the transverse profile of light beams using photon-number-resolving detectors, and observe compression of beam profiles for higher detected photon-number, enabling contrast enhancement between two Airy disk beams at the Rayleigh limit.
Theory of Electromagnetic Instability of an Intense Beam in a Quadrupole Focusing System

Discrete quadrupole focusing systems are subject to an electromagnetic instability wherein the growing transverse motion of the beam interacts with the quadrupole field and the TE{sub 11} waveguide mode. The dispersion relation is derived, which is a matrix equation of infinite dimensions. We show that an appropriately truncated matrix equation is able to give exact growth rates. Furthermore, analytical growth rates are obtained and instability boundaries are established. Numerical solutions of the dispersion relation show that the overall stability properties are not favorable for long-pulse, high-current electron beams. The stability properties of ion beams are also discussed.
Housing, consumption and asset pricing

Abstract This paper considers a consumption-based asset pricing model where housing is explicitly modeled both as an asset and as a consumption good. Nonseparable preferences describe households’ concern with composition risk, that is, fluctuations in the relative share of housing in their consumption basket. Since the housing share moves slowly, a concern with composition risk induces low frequency movements in stock prices that are not driven by news about cash flow. Moreover, the model predicts that the housing share can be used to forecast excess returns on stocks. We document that this indeed true in the data. The presence of composition risk also implies that the riskless rate is low which further helps the model improve on the standard CCAPM.
First results with the Au-beam at the AGS

Abstract The first measurements using 11.6 A.GeV/c 197Au beam have been made in April 1992 at the Tandem-Booster-AGS accelerator facilities. Preliminary results from different experiments are presented for Au + Au collisions. Experiment E-877 shows a large increase of the total transverse energy between Si + Al and Au + Au reactions. Experiment E-866 observes an increase of the K+/π+ ratio (0.25 ± 0.02) with respect the Si + Au ratio.
Rubber Drillpipe Protectors Reduce Rotary Torque

Rubber drillpipe protectors have very low friction coefficients when they rotate against smooth or polished casing surfaces in drilling mud. A polished casing surface can be obtained by placing one protector on each joint of drillpipe run inside the casing. In this situation, casing polishing will occur in the course of normal drilling, and the resultant low friction coefficients will lead to reduced drilling torque in directional wells. The friction coefficient between casing and drillpipe protectors is controlled by the roughness of the casing surface. Coefficients range from 0.50 for badly rusted casing to 0.05 for a polished surface. The smooth casing surface needed for low friction will be obtained during 50 to 100 hours of rotation with drillpipe protectors inside the casing. A field test of this concept gave friction coefficients below 0.10 and a significant reduction in drilling torque.