cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmology and the Halo Occupation Distribution from Small-Scale Galaxy Clustering in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We use the projected correlation function wp(rp) of a volume-limited subsample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) main galaxy-redshift catalog to measure the halo occupation distribution (HOD) of the galaxies of the sample. Simultaneously, we allow the cosmology to vary within cosmological constraints imposed by cosmic microwave background experiments in a ΛCDM model. We find that combining wp(rp) for this sample alone with observations by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR), Cosmic Background Imager (CBI), and Very Small Array (VSA) can provide one of the most precise techniques available to measure cosmological parameters. For a minimal, flat, six-parameter ΛCDM model with an HOD with three free parameters, we find Ωm = 0.278, σ8 = 0.812, and H0 = 69.8 km s-1 Mpc-1; these errors are significantly smaller than from cosmic microwave background (CMB) alone and similar to those obtained by combining CMB with the large-scale galaxy power spectrum assuming scale-independent bias. The corresponding HOD parameters describing the minimum halo mass and the normalization and cutoff of the satellite mean occupation are Mmin = (3.03) × 1012 h-1 M☉, M1 = (4.58) × 1013 h-1 M☉, and κ = 4.44. These HOD parameters thus have small fractional uncertainty when cosmological parameters are allowed to vary within the range permitted by the data. When more parameters are added to the HOD model, the error bars on the HOD parameters increase because of degeneracies, but the error bars on the cosmological parameters do not increase greatly. Similar modeling for other galaxy samples could reduce the statistical errors on these results, while more thorough investigations of the cosmology dependence of nonlinear halo bias and halo mass functions are needed to eliminate remaining systematic uncertainties, which may be comparable to statistical uncertainties.
Constraints on Grain Formation around Carbon Stars from Laboratory Studies of Presolar Graphite

We report the results of an investigation into the physical conditions in the mass outflows of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) carbon stars that are required for the formation of micron-sized presolar graphite grains, with and without previously formed internal crystals of titanium carbide (TiC). A lower mass limit of 1.1 M☉ for stars capable of contributing grains to the solar nebula is derived. This mass limit, in conjunction with a mass-luminosity relation for carbon stars, identifies the region of the H-R diagram relevant to the production of presolar graphite. Detailed dynamical models of AGB outflows, along with constraints provided by kinetics and equilibrium thermodynamics, indicate that grain formation occurs at radii from 2.3 to 3.7 AU for AGB carbon stars in the 1.1-5 M☉ range. This analysis also yields time intervals available for graphite growth that are on the order of a few years. By considering the luminosity variations of carbon stars, we show that grains formed during minima in the luminosity are likely to be evaporated subsequently, while those formed at luminosity maxima will survive. We calculate strict upper limits on grain sizes for graphite and TiC in spherically symmetric AGB outflows. Graphite grains can reach diameters in the observed micron size range (1-2 μm) only under ideal growth conditions (perfect sticking efficiency, no evaporation, no depletion of gas species contributing to grain growth), and then only in outflows from carbon stars with masses 2.5 M☉. The same is true for TiC grains that are found within presolar graphite, which have mean diameters of 24 ± 14 nm. In general, the mass-loss rates that would be required to produce the observed grain sizes in spherically symmetric outflows are at least an order of magnitude larger than the maximum observed AGB carbon star mass-loss rates. These results, as well as pressure constraints derived from equilibrium thermodynamics, force us to conclude that presolar graphite and TiC must form in regions of enhanced density (clumps, jets) in AGB outflows having small angular scales. As shown in the companion paper by Croat et al., the enrichment of 12C in many AGB graphites, and the overabundances of the s-process elements Mo, Zr, and Ru in the carbides found within them, often greatly exceed the values observed astronomically in AGB outflows. These observations not only lend further support to the idea that the outflows are clumpy, but also imply that the outflowing matter is not well mixed in the circumstellar envelope out to the radii where grain condensation takes place.
Using metadata transformations to integrate class extensions in an existing class hierarchy

Class extensions provide a fine-grained mechanism to define incremental modifications to class-based systems when standard subclassing mechanisms are inappropriate. To control the impact of class extensions, the concept of classboxes has emerged that defines a new module system to restrict the visibility of class extensions to selected clients. However, the existing implementations of the classbox concept rely either on a “classbox-aware” virtual machine, an expensive runtime introspection of the method call stack to build the structure of a classbox, or both. In this paper we present an implementation technique that allows for the structure of a classbox to be constructed at compile-time by means of metadata transformations to rewire the inheritance graph of refined classes. These metadata transformations are language-neutral and more importantly preserve both the semantics of the classbox concept and the integrity of the underlying deployment units. As a result, metadata transformation provides a feasible approach to incorporate the classbox concept into programming environments that use a virtual execution system.
Amino acid phosphoramidate nucleosides: potential ADEPT/GDEPT substrates.

Abstract A series of aromatic, serum-stable, water soluble and nontoxic amino acid phosphoramidate monoesters of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUdR) and 1-β-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) was shown to inhibit the cellular growth of the human leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM in the presence of human prostatic acid phosphatase (hPAP).
Coordinating and competing in ecosystems: How organizational forms shape new technology investments

We consider firms in the context of their business ecosystems and explore how governance choices with respect to complementors and distributors shape their competitive behavior—i.e., investments in new technologies. We argue that, in addition to creating differences in incentives, governance choices play an important role in the firm’s ability to coordinate accompanying changes in interdependent activities so as to create value from the new technology. We test our predictions in the U.S. healthcare industry from 1995-2006. We examine how hospitals’ decisions to invest in new imaging technologies are shaped by their governance modes with physicians—key complementors to hospitals, and with managed care organizations (MCOs)— primary distributors of hospital and physician services. We find that hospitals pursuing alliances with physicians are more likely to invest in new technologies than hospitals pursuing arm’slength or integrated modes, and the likelihood of investment is increasing in the scope of alliance. Finally, hospitals pursuing tapered integration with downstream MCOs are more likely to invest in new technologies than hospitals pursuing arm’s-length relationships. Overall, the study argues for extending research on organizational forms to explore the link between coordination mechanisms and competitive behavior, and to consider such choices in the context of business ecosystems.
A Stress tensor for Anti-de Sitter gravity

We propose a procedure for computing the boundary stress tensor associated with a gravitating system in asymptotically anti-de Sitter space. Our definition is free of ambiguities encountered by previous attempts, and correctly reproduces the masses and angular momenta of various spacetimes. Via the AdS/CFT correspondence, our classical result is interpretable as the expectation value of the stress tensor in a quantum conformal field theory. We demonstrate that the conformal anomalies in two and four dimensions are recovered. The two dimensional stress tensor transforms with a Schwarzian derivative and the expected central charge. We also find a nonzero ground state energy for global AdS5, and show that it exactly matches the Casimir energy of the dual super Yang–Mills theory on S 3×R.
Operational Experience in the Langley Expansion Tube with Various Test Gases

The Langley Expansion Tube is an operational facility capable of producing good quality, highly repeatable, quasi-steady flow for test times sufficient to establish flow about blunt axisymmetric and two-dimensional models. Due to the capability of testing with arbitrary test gases, a wide range of real-gas, hypersonic-hypervelocity flow conditions may be generated. However, for a given test gas, the range of operating conditions producing useful flow is shown to be rather limited; hence, the facility yields a given flow condition for a given test gas, and variation in flow conditions comes about by using different test gases. Data are presented for operations using air and carbon dioxide as test gases. The driver gas was unheated helium at a nominal pressure of 5000 psi (34.5 MN sq m).
Oscillatory behavior during the oxygen oxidation of ascorbic acid

The oscillatory phenomenon was observed in aqueous solution during the oxidation of ascorbic acid by oxygen. Even though the exact number and amplitude of the oscillations could not be exactly duplicated for each and every run, such factors as temperature, concentration of ascorbic acid, cupric ions, and pH affecting the oscillatory behavior were studied, and those regions where oscillations occurred were delineated. A mechanism consistent with the oscillatory behavior is proposed and discussed.
From ‘work–family’ to the ‘gendered life course’ and ‘fit’: five challenges to the field

This article introduces the concepts of the ‘gendered life course’ and ‘life-course fit’ in order to provide a broader, dynamic, and contextual perspective on the match or mismatch characterizing the social environments confronting workers, their families, and their communities. It summarizes five challenges confronting scholars of community, work, family, and policy: (1) updating outdated concepts and categories; (2) incorporating the gendered life course and family strategies to improve fit; (3) recognizing social change; (4) seeking work–time policy transformation, not simply assimilation or accommodation; and (5) focusing on prevention. In doing so, it provides a very brief history of the work–family intersection from a US vantage point, along with an overview of organizational response by employers to the ‘work–family’ conundrum. There is a growing recognition that a sense of fit or misfit in terms of rising temporal demands, limited temporal resources and outdated work–hour constraints on workers an...
Photochemical selective fluorination of organic molecules using mercury (II) fluoride

Abstract Organic compounds, such as triphenylacetic acid, triphenyl ethylene, and triethyl phosphite can be selectively fluorinated in dimethylsulfoxide/ HgF 2 solutions under UV-visible illumination. Product yields, determined by 19 F-NMR, are essentially quantitative for the compounds studied, and in some cases only a single fluorinated product is formed.
Synthesis of Cyclic Amine Boranes through Triazole‐Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Alkyne Hydroboration

The first catalytic alkyne hydroboration of propargyl amine boranecarbonitriles is accomplished with triazole-AuI complexes. While the typical [L-Au]+ species decomposes within minutes upon addition of amine boranecarbonitriles, the triazole-modified gold catalysts (TA-Au) remained active, and allowed the synthesis of 1,2-BN-cyclopentenes in one step with good to excellent yields. With good substrate tolerability and mild reaction conditions (open-flask), this new method provides an alternative route to reach the interesting cyclic amine borane with high efficiency.
The Dilute Rheology of Swimming Suspensions: A Simple Kinetic Model

A simple kinetic model is presented for the shear rheology of a dilute suspension of particles swimming at low Reynolds number. If interparticle hydrodynamic interactions are neglected, the configuration of the suspension is characterized by the particle orientation distribution, which satisfies a Fokker-Planck equation including the effects of the external shear flow, rotary diffusion, and particle tumbling. The orientation distribution then determines the leading-order term in the particle extra stress in the suspension, which can be evaluated based on the classic theory of Hinch and Leal (J Fluid Mech 52(4):683–712, 1972), and involves an additional contribution arising from the permanent force dipole exerted by the particles as they propel themselves through the fluid. Numerical solutions of the steady-state Fokker-Planck equation were obtained using a spectral method, and results are reported for the shear viscosity and normal stress difference coefficients in terms of flow strength, rotary diffusivity, and correlation time for tumbling. It is found that the rheology is characterized by much stronger normal stress differences than for passive suspensions, and that tail-actuated swimmers result in a strong decrease in the effective shear viscosity of the fluid.
Imports of intermediate inputs and country size

The paper analyzes the relationship between country size and the use of imported intermediate inputs by firms in 76 developing countries. Recent evidence indicates that the use of imported inputs can have a large, positive effect on productivity and growth, thus motivating a better understanding of the determinants of foreign inputs. The results confirm that, as is the case with exports, use of imported intermediate inputs is much higher at the extensive and intensive margins in small relative to large countries. The results for imported inputs are comparable in magnitude with those for exports.
Three-wave envelope solitons: can the speed of light in the fiber be controlled

Theory predicts that three-wave envelope solitons (TWESs) can be generated in dual-mode optical fibers by injecting two copropagating lightwaves or a lightwave and a flexural acoustic wave. The mechanism of the three-wave interaction is the recently observed intermodal stimulated forward Brillouin scattering. The velocity of the TWES can be controlled by changing the pump power. Using 200-mW pump power for a typical dual-mode fiber can make the average speed of the light pulse in the fiber as low as 3*10/sup 4/ m/s. >
A graphical notation editing system (AGNES)—support for database modeling using the extended E-R model

A Graphical Notation Editing System (AGNES) project was initially undertaken in order to resolve some of the traditional problems in textual interfaces as manifested in most database management systems and knowledge base management systems. Entity-Relationship (E-R) Models have provided a popular technique for use in information modeling and analysis [Zhang, 1983]. Although offering a visual model containing a great deal of information in relatively little space, E-R models need to be supported by the necessary graphical tools for accessing and manipulating data. AGNES is an icon based editing tool which provides a graphic user interface between a Database Management System and the user. As the work began, it became immediately apparent that such an interface could also greatly enhance the modeling capability of E-R models. What follows is a set of enhancement tools that can be implemented.
Characterizing IMARAD CZT detectors with time resolved anode and cathode signals

We present the results of using standard IMARAD CZT detectors with a 100 MHz readout of the anode and cathode pulses. The detectors, 2 cm x 2 cm large and 0.5 cm thick, have 64 indium pixellated anode contacts at a pitch of 2.5 mm. We investigate the possibilities to improve on the detector's photo-peak efficiency and energy resolution using two depth of interaction (DOI) indicators: (i) the total charge induced on the cathode and (ii) the drift time of the electron cloud determined from the anode and/or the cathode pulses. The DOI correction with the cathode charge gives better results, increasing the 662 keV photo-peak efficiency by 57% and improving the energy resolution from 2.33% to 2.15% (FWHM, including the electronic noise). The information on the time dependence of the induced charge can be used as a diagnostic tool to understand the performance of the detector. Detailed comparison of the pulse shapes with detector simulations gives the electron mobility and drift time and makes it possible to assess the weighting potential and electric field inside the detector.
V-SMART-join: a scalable mapreduce framework for all-pair similarity joins of multisets and vectors

This work proposes V-SMART-Join, a scalable MapReduce-based framework for discovering all pairs of similar entities. The V-SMART-Join framework is applicable to sets, multisets, and vectors. V-SMART-Join is motivated by the observed skew in the underlying distributions of Internet traffic, and is a family of 2-stage algorithms, where the first stage computes and joins the partial results, and the second stage computes the similarity exactly for all candidate pairs. The V-SMART-Join algorithms are very efficient and scalable in the number of entities, as well as their cardinalities. They were up to 30 times faster than the state of the art algorithm, VCL, when compared on a real dataset of a small size. We also established the scalability of the proposed algorithms by running them on a dataset of a realistic size, on which VCL never succeeded to finish. Experiments were run using real datasets of IPs and cookies, where each IP is represented as a multiset of cookies, and the goal is to discover similar IPs to identify Internet proxies.
Electrospray MS studies of C60 Diels-Alder chemistry : characterization of a C60 adduct with the Danishefsky diene

Abstract The Diels-Alder reaction of C 60 with a crown-ether substituted diene as well as 1-methoxy-3-(trimethylsiloxyl)-1,3-butadiene (the Danishefsky Diene) is reported. C 60 shows dienophile reactivity comparable to N-phenylmaleimide.
TIME‐VARYING TERM PREMIA AND THE BEHAVIOR OF FORWARD INTEREST RATE PREDICTION ERRORS

In this paper I examine the time-varying expected term premium argument for the failure of the expectations hypothesis of the term structure of U.S. interest rates. Using an unobserved components model to estimate expected term premia from March 1951 to January 1991, I find considerable variation in estimated premia and significant persistence in their volatility over time.
Optimal Timber Rotation on Multiple Stands with an Asymmetric Externality

Motivated by the logging ban in China and its future deregulation strategy, this paper theoretically examines the dynamic problem of forest management with spatial externality. I construct a theoretical, spatially-explicit model of a forest planner who maximizes timber profits from infinite timber rotation on all stands minus the costs of water runoff, and more importantly, asymmetric depending on the relative location of the stand. The model examines a spatial model of two stands, where the age of one stand affects the cost of the other stand, but asymmetrically. Using specific functional forms, I examine the properties of spatial and temporal substitutability between the two stands and the marginal value of staggering harvesting on one stand. The simulation results illustrate the efficiency gains of a spatial, subadditive model versus an aspatial, additive model.
Ultrastructural fiber typing in normal and diseased human muscle.

Abstract The differential staining of the 3 fiber types for oxidative enzyme activity at the histochemical level provides the basis of their identification at the ultrastructural level. Type I fibers have the largest and most numerous mitochondria, the Type IIA smaller and less numerous mitochondria, and Type IIB have the smallest and least numerous mitochondria as studied in 4 patients without neuromuscular disease. Type I fibers could be distinguished from Type II fibers on the basis of mean Z-line width and IIA fibers could be distinguished from IIB fibers on the basis of mean M-line width. Type I fibers had wide Z-lines (95 nm) and wide M-lines (89 nm), Type IIA had narrow Z-lines (74 nm) and wide M-lines (79 nm) snd Type IIB fibers had narrow Z-lines (69 nm) and narrow M-lines (60 nm). This system of fiber typing based on relative Z-line and M-line widths was applied to several abnormal muscle biopsies each of which showed a deficiency in at least 1 of the major histochemical fiber types. In each case, the same deficiency was revealed at the ultrastructural level by measuring the relative Z-line and M-line widths of the remaining fiber types.
EVALUATING PROJECT ROBUSTNESS THROUGH THE LENS OF THE BUSINESS MODEL

The success of large-scale innovative projects is increasingly a function of the marriage of multiple complex technologies and the ability to articulate and capture economic benefits. For corporations, the decision to pursue particular projects often hinges on the creation of, or the ability to appropriate, requisite technologies in a manner that will allow for an adequate return on investment for project shareholders. The business model is a tool that can be used to help determine whether or not a project has the necessary components for successful completion. A business model articulates a business venture's value proposition, market segment, cost and profit structure, value chain, value network, and competitive strategy. While business models are commonly used at the corporate level, they can also be applied to projects in order to convey how the potential of multiple converging technological inputs lead to the creation of sustainable economic value outputs, often in the face of technical and market uncertainty. Empirical observations from the biopharmaceutical and aerospace industries reveal that projects with incomplete business models face considerable complications, while projects with complete business models face less difficulty with respect to execution. As such, companies can use business models as a tool for making project go/no go decisions whereby only projects with complete business models are allowed to progress through the development process.
Auditor Choice and Audit Fees in Family Firms: Evidence from the S&P 1500

SUMMARY: We examine auditor choice and audit fees in family firms using data from Standard & Poor's (S&P) 1500 firms. We find that, compared to non-family firms, family firms are less likely to hire top-tier auditors due to the less severe agency problems between owners and managers. Our results also show that family firms, on average, incur lower audit fees than non-family firms, which is driven by family firms' lower demand for external auditing services and auditors' perceived lower audit risk for family firms. Our additional analysis indicates that the tendency of family firms to hire non-top-tier auditors and to pay lower audit fees is stronger when family owners actively monitor their firms.
Supported metal catalysts for alcohol/sugar alcohol steam reforming

Despite extensive studies on hydrogen production via steam reforming of alcohols and sugar alcohols, catalysts typically suffer a variety of issues from poor hydrogen selectivity to rapid deactivation. Here, we summarize recent advances in fundamental understanding of functionality and structure of catalysts for alcohol/sugar alcohol steam reforming, and provide perspectives on further development required to design highly efficient steam reforming catalysts.
PASS-THROUGH IN RETAIL AND WHOLESALE

This paper studies how prices comove across products, firms and locations to gauge the relative importance of retailer versus manufacturer-level shocks in determining prices. I make use of a large panel data set on prices for a cross-section of retailers in the U.S. I analyze prices at the barcode or "Universal Product Code'' (UPC) level for individual stores. I find that only 16% of the variation in prices is common across stores selling an identical product. 65% of the price variation is common to stores within a particular retail chain (but not across retail chains), while 17% is completely idiosyncratic to the store and product. Product categories with frequent temporary "sales'' exhibit a disproportionate amount of completely idiosyncratic price variation. My results suggest that most of the observed price variation arises from retail-level rather than manufacturer-level demand and supply shocks. However, the behavior of prices is difficult to relate to observed variation in costs and demand at the retail level. This suggests that retail prices may vary largely as a consequence of dynamic pricing strategies on the part of retailers or manufacturers, rather than static demand and supply shocks.
Mixed-initiative interaction = mixed computation

We show that partial evaluation can be usefully viewed as a programming model for realizing mixed-initiative functionality in interactive applications. Mixed-initiative interaction between two participants is one where the parties can take turns at any time to change and steer the flow of interaction. We concentrate on the facet of mixed-initiative referred to as 'unsolicited reporting' and demonstrate how out-of-turn interactions by users can be modeled by 'jumping ahead' to nested dialogs (via partial evaluation). Our approach permits the view of dialog management systems in terms of their support for staging and simplifying inter-actions; we characterize three different voice-based interaction technologies using this viewpoint. In particular, we show that the built-in form interpretation algorithm (FIA) in the VoiceXML dialog management architecture is actually a (well disguised) combination of an interpreter and a partial evaluator.
Stereoselective Construction of cis-2,6-Disubstituted Tetrahydropyrans via the Reductive Etherification of δ-Trialkylsilyloxy Substituted Ketones: Total Synthesis of (—)-Centrolobine

[reaction: see text] The stereoselective intramolecular reductive etherification of delta-trialkylsilyloxy substituted ketones with catalytic bismuth tribromide and triethylsilane provides a convenient method for the construction of cis-2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans. This method was highlighted in the key step of an expeditious total synthesis of the antibiotic, (-)-centrolobine.
Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band: What Kind of Extracurricular Involvement Matters?

We examined the potential benefits and risks associated with participation in five types of activities: prosocial (church and volunteer activities), team sports, school involvement, performing arts, and academic clubs. Our sample included 1,259 mostly European American adolescents (approximately equal numbers of males and females). First, we explore the link between involvement in these activities and our indicators of positive and negative development. Involvement in prosocial activities was linked to positive educational trajectories and low rates of involvement in risky behaviors. In contrast, participation in team sports was linked to positive educational trajectories and to high rates of involvement in one risky behavior, drinking alcohol. Then, we explore two possible mediators of these associations: peer associations and activity-based identity formation. The evidence supported our hypothesis that group differences in peer associations and activity-based identities help explain activity group diffe...
Who Believes in Me? The Effect of Student-Teacher Demographic Match on Teacher Expectations

Abstract Teachers are an important source of information for traditionally disadvantaged students. However, little is known about how teachers form expectations and whether they are systematically biased. We investigate whether student–teacher demographic mismatch affects high school teachers’ expectations for students’ educational attainment. Using a student fixed effects strategy that exploits expectations data from two teachers per student, we find that non-black teachers of black students have significantly lower expectations than do black teachers. These effects are larger for black male students and math teachers. Our findings add to a growing literature on the role of limited information in perpetuating educational attainment gaps.
THE IMPACT OF RENT CONTROLS IN NON-WALRASIAN MARKETS: AN AGENT-BASED MODELING APPROACH

We use agent-based models to consider rent ceilings in non-Walrasian housing markets, where bargaining between landlord and tenant leads to exchange at a range of prices. In the non-Walrasian setting agents who would be extramarginal in the Walrasian setting frequently are successful in renting, and actually account for a significant share of the units rented. This has several implications. First, rent ceilings above the Walrasian equilibrium price (WEP) can affect the market outcome. Second, rent ceilings that reduce the number of units rented do not necessarily reduce total market surplus. Finally, the distributional impact of rent controls differs from the Walrasian setting.
Increasing the capacity of signalized intersections with separate left turn phases

A separate turn phase is often used on the approach leg to an intersections with heavy left turns. This wastes capacity on the approach because some of its lanes cannot discharge during its green phases. The paper shows that the problem can be eliminated by reorganizing traffic on all the lanes upstream of an intersection using a mid-block pre-signal. If drivers behave deterministically, the capacity that can be achieved is the same as if there were no left turns. However, if the reorganization is too drastic, it may be counterintuitive to drivers. This can be remedied by reorganizing traffic on just some of the available lanes. It is shown that such partial reorganization still increases capacity significantly, even if drivers behave randomly and only one lane is reorganized. The paper shows how to optimize the design of a pre-signal system for a generic intersection. It also identifies both, the potential benefits of the proposed system for a broad class of intersections, and the domain of application where the benefits are most significant.
On deadlock-free modular supervisory control of discrete-event systems

In this paper the problem of synthesizing deadlock-free modular supervisors for discrete-event systems is discussed. By introducing the d-invariant relation between a pair of supervisors, it is shown that when the control objective is described in terms of intersection of two languages, a necessary and sufficient condition for the modular supervisor to be deadlock-free is that this pair of subsupervisors satisfies a d-invariant relation. A procedure for synthesizing the deadlock-free modular supervisor is presented. Some issues concerning deadlock-free modular supervisory control are also discussed.
The fractal globule as a model of chromatin architecture in the cell

The fractal globule is a compact polymer state that emerges during polymer condensation as a result of topological constraints which prevent one region of the chain from passing across another one. This long-lived intermediate state was introduced in 1988 (Grosberg et al. 1988) and has not been observed in experiments or simulations until recently (Lieberman-Aiden et al. 2009). Recent characterization of human chromatin using a novel chromosome conformational capture technique brought the fractal globule into the spotlight as a structural model of human chromosome on the scale of up to 10 Mb (Lieberman-Aiden et al. 2009). Here, we present the concept of the fractal globule, comparing it to other states of a polymer and focusing on its properties relevant for the biophysics of chromatin. We then discuss properties of the fractal globule that make it an attractive model for chromatin organization inside a cell. Next, we connect the fractal globule to recent studies that emphasize topological constraints as a primary factor driving formation of chromosomal territories. We discuss how theoretical predictions, made on the basis of the fractal globule model, can be tested experimentally. Finally, we discuss whether fractal globule architecture can be relevant for chromatin packing in other organisms such as yeast and bacteria.
RNA-Interference-Based Silencing of Mammalian Gene Expression

RNA as hunter and hunted: RNA interference (RNAi) is a general method to silence gene expression. In mammals, transient delivery of dsRNA in the form of synthetic siRNAs interferes with the expression of homologous genes by causing the RISC-dependent degradation of the mRNAs. The cellular expression from DNA vectors of shRNAs, which are processed by the Dicer enzyme into siRNAs, allows the creation of continuous cell lines and transgenic animals in which suppression of a target gene is stably maintained by RNAi.
On channel-discontinuity-constraint routing in wireless networks

Multi-channel wireless networks are increasingly deployed as infrastructure networks, e.g. in metro areas. Network nodes frequently employ directional antennas to improve spatial throughput. In such networks, between two nodes, it is of interest to compute a path with a channel assignment for the links such that the path and link bandwidths are the same. This is achieved when any two consecutive links are assigned different channels, termed as ''Channel-Discontinuity-Constraint'' (CDC). CDC-paths are also useful in TDMA systems, where, preferably, consecutive links are assigned different time-slots. In the first part of this paper, we develop a t-spanner for CDC-paths using spatial properties; a sub-network containing O(n/@q) links, for any @q>0, such that CDC-paths increase in cost by at most a factor t= (1-2 sin(@q/2))^-^2. We propose a novel distributed algorithm to compute the spanner using an expected number of O(nlogn) fixed-size messages. In the second part, we present a distributed algorithm to find minimum-cost CDC-paths between two nodes using O(n^2) fixed-size messages, by developing an extension of Edmonds' algorithm for minimum-cost perfect matching. In a centralized implementation, our algorithm runs in O(n^2) time improving the previous best algorithm which requires O(n^3) running time. Moreover, this running time improves to O(n/@q) when used in conjunction with the spanner developed.
Recent Advances in High-Flux, Two-Phase Thermal Management

Recent developments in applications such as computer data centers, electric vehicle power electronics, avionics, radars, and lasers have led to alarming increases in heat dissipation rate, which now far exceeds the capability of air cooling schemes and even the most aggressive single-phase liquid cooling schemes. This trend is responsible for a recent transition to two-phase cooling, which capitalizes upon the coolant's latent heat rather than sensible heat alone to achieve several order-of-magnitude increases in heat transfer coefficient. Three two-phase cooling configurations have surfaced as best contenders for the most demanding applications: mini/microchannel, jet, and spray. This study will explore the implementation of these configurations into practical cooling packages, assess available predictive tools, and identify future research needs for each. It is shown that the design and performance assessment of high-flux, two-phase cooling systems are highly dependent on empirical or semiempirical predictive tools and, to a far lesser extent, theoretical mechanistic models. A major challenge in using such tools is the lack of databases for coolants with drastically different thermophysical properties, and which cover broad ranges of such important parameters as flow passage size, mass velocity, quality, and pressure. Recommendations are therefore made for future research to correct any critical knowledge gaps, including the need for robust computer algorithms. Also discussed is a new class of “hybrid” cooling schemes that capitalize upon the merits of multiple cooling configurations. It is shown that these hybrid schemes not only surpass the basic cooling configurations in heat dissipation rate, but they also provide better surface temperature uniformity.
Influence of Iron Oxide Particles on the Strength of Ball-Milled Iron

Detailed microstructural and mechanical property studies of ball-milled iron, in the powder and consolidated states, are reviewed and assessed. The analyses cover three and one-half orders of magnitude in grain size (from 6 nm to 20μm) and focus on the influence of oxide particles on the strength. The study includes the early work of Jang and Koch, Kimura and Takaki and continues with the more recent work of Umemoto et at. and Belyakov, Sakai et al. It is shown that the major contributors to strength are the nano-oxide particles. These particles are created by adiabatic shear banding during ball-milling leading to a bimodal distribution of particles. The predicted strength from particles, or?, is given by σ p = B (D s *) -1/2 where D s * is the surface-to-surface interparticle spacing, and B = 395 MPa·μ m 1/2 . A model is proposed that accounts for the influence of the bimodal particle size distribution on strength.
Beyond Market Access : The New Normal of Preferential Trade Agreements

This paper takes stock of the growing success of preferential trade agreements. It revisits what are the defining characteristics of modern preferential trade agreements, which are typically pursued for a diverse array of motives. In particular, the market access justification traditionally used to analyze the desirability and impact of preferential trade agreements misses increasingly important dimensions. The Beyond Market Access agenda of preferential trade agreements presents a new and broad set of deep regulatory and policy issues that differs in substance from the removal of tariff and quantitative barriers to trade. Issues related to preferences and discrimination, as well as the nature and implementation of commitments acquire a different meaning in deep preferential trade agreements. This change of paradigm presents significant opportunities and challenges for reform-minded developing countries to use preferential trade agreements to their own advantage.
The unfalsified control concept and learning

Without a plant model or other prejudicial assumptions, a theory is developed for identifying control laws which are consistent with performance objectives and past experimental data-possibly before the control laws are ever inserted in the feedback loop. The theory complements model-based methods such as H/sup /spl infin//-robust control theory by providing a precise characterization of how the set of suitable controllers shrinks when new experimental data is found to be inconsistent with prior assumptions or earlier data. When implemented in real time, the result is an adaptive switching controller. An example is included.
An efficient cleavage of lactones with boron triiodide-N,N-diethylaniline complex

Abstract Boron triiodide-N,N-diethylaniline complex efficiently cleaves lactones to the corresponding ω-iodocarboxylic acids and esters which are isolated in good yields.
Kaolin Particle Film and Water Deficit Influence Red Winegrape Color under High Solar Radiation in an Arid Climate

The main and interactive effects of a kaolin particle film and water deficit on vine and berry attributes of winegrape cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec were evaluated over three growing seasons in the warm, semiarid climate of southwestern Idaho. Berry concentrations of total anthocyanins increased with increasing severity of water deficit in both cultivars in all three study years; however, the increase was accompanied by a decrease in berry fresh weight. An equal or greater increase in total anthocyanin concentration with greater berry fresh weight was achieved in two out of three years under less severe water deficit when particle film was applied to the vine canopy. Particle film influenced stomatal conductance and leaf temperature and response differed by vine water status and cultivar, suggesting that drought response influenced the effectiveness of the film. Under the climatic conditions of this study, the combination of particle film and mild water deficit provided the greatest net increase in anthocyanin concentration. The differences observed between cultivars in response to the particle film limit the applicability of our results to cultivars with similar response to drought as Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec.
The Number of Seymour Vertices in Random Tournaments and Digraphs

Seymour's distance two conjecture states that in any digraph there exists a vertex (a "Seymour vertex") that has at least as many neighbors at distance two as it does at distance one. We explore the validity of probabilistic statements along lines suggested by Seymour's conjecture, proving that almost surely there are a "large" number of Seymour vertices in random tournaments and "even more" in general random digraphs.
Decomposition and Analysis of Process Variability Using Constrained Principal Component Analysis

Process-induced variability has become a predominant limiter of performance and yield of IC products especially in a deep submicron technology. However, it is difficult to accurately model systematic process variability due to the complicated and interrelated nature of physical mechanisms of variation. In this paper, a simple and practical method is presented to decompose process variability using statistics of the measurements from manufacturing inline test structures without assuming any underlying model for process variation. The decomposition method utilizes a variant of principal component analysis and is able to reveal systematic variation signatures existing on a die-to-die and wafer-to-wafer scale individually. Experimental results show that the most dominant die-to-die variation and wafer-to-wafer variation represent 31% and 25% of the total variance of a large set of manufacturing inline parameters in 65-nm SOI CMOS technology. The process variation in RF circuit performance is also analyzed and shown to contain 66% of process variation obtained with manufacturing inline parameters.
Christopher Foote's Discovery of the Role of Singlet Oxygen [1O2 (1Δg)] in Photosensitized Oxidation Reactions

The chemistry of singlet molecular oxygen [1O2 (1Delta g)], its importance in atmospheric, biological, and therapeutic processes, and its use as a reagent in organic synthesis have been of considerable interest. Many aspects of singlet oxygen chemistry have emanated from the work of Christopher S. Foote and co-workers. Singlet oxygen is a historically interesting molecule with an unusual story connected with its discovery. Foote and Wexler conducted experiments in the 1960s where evidence was obtained supporting 1O2 generation via two independent routes: (1) a photochemical reaction (dye-sensitized photooxidation) and (2) a chemical reaction (NaOCl with H2O2). An important factor in the discovery of 1O2 as the critical reaction intermediate in dye-sensitized photooxygenations was Foote's reassessment of the chemical literature of the 1930s, when 1O2 was suggested to be a viable intermediate in dye-sensitized photooxidation reactions. Experiments that used silica gel beads provided evidence for a volatile diffusible oxidant such as 1O2. However, a contemporaneous quarrel surrounded this early work, and the possible existence of solution-phase 1O2 was ignored for over 2 decades. Not long after Foote's initial studies were published in 1964, the idea of singlet oxygen as an intermediate in photooxidation chemistry gained increasing recognition and verification in organic, gas phase, and biological processes. There are many documented impacts that 1O2 has had and continues to have on biology and medicine, for example, photodynamic therapy and plant defenses.
Effect of Various Errors on the Spin Tune and Stable Spin Axis

Even though RHIC has two full Siberian snakes in each ring, there are various perturbations to the ideal case including orbit errors at the snakes, experiment solenoids, injection bumps, and interlaced horizontal‐vertical bumps at the hydrogen jet polarimeter. These errors can cause depolarization by shifting the spin tune and tilting the stable spin direction away from vertical. Tilting of the stable spin axis can enhance horizontal depolarizing resonances. This paper presents preliminary results for some of these error scenarios, as well as their impact on the stable spin directions at STAR and PHENIX.
Knotting and higher order linking in physical systems

We discuss physical systems with topologies more complicated than simple gaussian linking. Our examples of these higher topologies are in non-relativistic quantum mechanics and in QCD.
Local Structure and Vibrational Properties of α-Pu, α-U, and the α-U Charge Density Wave

The local atomic environment and vibrational properties of monoclinic α-Pu, orthorhombic α-U, and the α-U charge-density-wave (CDW) modulation are examined by extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Debye-Waller factors from temperature-dependent EXAFS measurements are fit to a correlated Debye model. The observed Pu-Pu bond Debye temperature is θcD(α-Pu) = 162 ± 5 K for the pure α-Pu phase. The temperature dependence of the U-U nearest neighbor and second nearest neighbor Debye-Waller factors exhibits a sharp discontinuity in slope near TCDW = 43 K, the transition temperature at which the charge-density wave (CDW) in α-U occurs. Our measurement of the CDW using EXAFS is the first observation of the structure of the CDW in polycrystalline α-U.
Explaining the Schwarzenegger Phenomenon: Local Frontrunners in Climate Policy

The surge of local climate policy is a puzzling political-economic phenomenon. Why have local policy-makers, incapable of mitigating global warming through individual emissions reductions, adopted ambitious policies while national governments refrain from action? I construct a game-theoretic model of two-level climate policy with incomplete information over political benefits. In equilibrium, the government selects a lax national regulation, and local policy-makers with private information on high local benefits choose more ambitious policies despite incentives to free ride. The analysis also suggests that even though local policy-makers prefer not to reveal information to the government, they must do so to pursue short-term political gains. Counterintuitively, new information can lead to more ambitious national regulation even if the government learns that the local political benefits are likely lower than expected. As an empirical application, I study the evolution of climate policies in the United States.
Pure SU(3) potentials

The string tensions for fundamental and a variety of representations: adjoint, 6, 10, 15-symmetric, 15-antisymmetric, and 27 have been measured in pure gauge SU(3). The calculations have been done on anisotropic lattices, using an O(a2) tadpole improved action. A range of lattice spacings and lattice sizes has been used to control finite volume and finite lattice spacing effects. Potentials between quarks in various representations have also been calculated with the fat center vortices model. At intermediate distances, the results show approximate Casimir scaling. From my lattice calculations, no color screening has been observed so far, even for distances as large as about 2.5 fm.