cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The conserved phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway determines heart size in mice

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) has been shown to regulate cell and organ size in Drosophila, but the role of PI3K in vertebrates in vivo is not well understood. To examine the role of PI3K in intact mammalian tissue, we have created and characterized transgenic mice expressing constitutively active or dominant-negative mutants of PI3K in the heart. Cardiac- specific expression of constitutively active PI3K resulted in mice with larger hearts, while dominant-negative PI3K resulted in mice with smaller hearts. The increase or decrease in heart size was associated with comparable increase or decrease in myocyte size. Cardiomyopathic changes, such as myocyte necrosis, apoptosis, interstitial fibrosis or contractile dysfunction, were not observed in either of the transgenic mice. Thus, the PI3K pathway is necessary and sufficient to promote organ growth in mammals.
Heterogeneity Within the Gifted: Higher IQ Boys Exhibit Behaviors Resembling Boys With Learning Disabilities

Previous studies of the gifted have been inconsistent, portraying them as both more and less well adjusted than the nongifted or less gifted. We examined behavioral, cognitive, attentional, and family history dimensions among four groups of 87 boys: High Gifted (IQ 140-154), Low Gifted (IQ 124-I 39), Learning Disabled, and a Normal control group. Findings indicated that High Gifted boys exhibit levels of behavior problems similar to the Learning Disabled, whereas Low Gifted boys demonstrate significantly lower levels of behavioral problems than do the Learning Disabled boys. These data provide support for the view of the gifted population as heterogeneous, with the High Gifted exhibiting more behavioral problems than the Low Gifted.
Religious Involvement, Audience Demographics, and Media Bias

This study sought to investigate the influence of religious involvement (religious partisanship, religiosity, and religious service attendance) as well as demographic factors (sex, ethnicity, and age) on the perception of media coverage of a controversial religious issue. Contrary to expectation none of the religious involvement measures were significant. However a significant effect for ethnicity on participants' perceptions of media bias was found. Several possible explanations, including issue salience, actual media bias, and acculturation, are discussed.
The four principles of adaptation

There are four principles of adaptation. The first is that if two quite different entities occur under the same condition, then one is adapted and the other is not adapted to this condition. Thus the warm-blooded vertebrate is adapted to year-round temperature in temperate regions because it is behaviorally active year-round, whereas the cold-blooded vertebrate is not adapted to year-round temperature because it is not active year-round. The second principle is that if one entity occurs under two quite different conditions, then it is adapted to one condition but is not adapted to the other condition. Thus the North American forest is adapted to moist conditions in the east and west, but is not adapted to the non-moist, semi-desert regions of the southwest. The third principle is that if one entity is adapted to a second, then the second is adapted to the first. Thus the white spruce was adapted to an expanding locale between 12 000 and 9000 years ago in the mid-west of North America, and this locale was adapted to the spruce. The fourth principle is that two quite different entities occur under two quite different conditions, and one is adapted to its condition and the other is adapted to its condition. Thus, there is a tendency (an entity) toward many boned toes in the paddle limbs of aquatic vertebrates and this is an adaptation to swimming, and there is a tendency toward two or one toes in land vertebrates and this is an adaptation to running. The four principles have a logically valid structure. An example is: if an animal is behaviorally active under year-round temperate temperature, P, then the animal is adapted to year-round temperate temperature, Q; equivalent to: if the animal is not year-round adapted, ∼Q, then the animal is not year-round active, ∼P(P⊃Q)≡(∼Q⊃∼P). Generation of this formula from the axioms of Logic for Mathematicians (Rosser, 1953) p. 530 takes a number of proofs. When it is said that an entity is behaviorally active, it is meant that the entity has the property of being behaviorally active. When it is said that an entity is adapted (to year-round temperature), it is meant that the entity has the property of being adapted, the property of adaptedness (to year-round temperature). This is the philosophical realist view. So by empirical justification and logical and philosophical ramification, an integrated model of the principles of adaptation is sought.
Optimization of tissue segmentation of brain MR images based on multispectral 3D feature maps

The purpose of this work was to optimize and increase the accuracy of tissue segmentation of the brain magnetic resonance (MR) images based on multispectral 3D feature maps. We used three sets of MR images as input to the in-house developed semi-automated 3D tissue segmentation algorithm: proton density (PD) and T2-weighted fast spin echo and, T1-weighted spin echo. First, to eliminate the random noise, non-linear anisotropic diffusion type filtering was applied to all the images. Second, to reduce the nonuniformity of the images, we devised and applied a correction algorithm based on uniform phantoms. Following these steps, the qualified observer "seeded" (identified training points) the tissue of interest. To reduce the operator dependent errors, cluster optimization was also used; this clustering algorithm identifies the densest clusters pertaining to the tissues. Finally, the images were segmented using k-NN (k-Nearest Neighborhood) algorithm and a stack of color-coded segmented images were created along with the connectivity algorithm to generate the entire surface of the brain. The application of pre-processing optimization steps substantially improved the 3D tissue segmentation methodology.
User interfaces with semi-formal representations: a study of designing argumentation structures

When designing mixed-initiative systems, full formalization of all potentially relevant knowledge may not be cost-effective or practical. This paper motivates the need for semi-formal representations that combine machine-processable structures with free text statements, and discusses the need to design them in a way that makes the free text more amenable to automated structuring and processing. Our work is done in the context of argumentation systems, and has explored a range of tradeoffs in combining informal free-text statements with formal connectors. The paper compares alternative argument representations which combine structured argument connectors with free text. We discuss merits of the systems based on a variety of analysis structures that we have collected from Web users to date.
Mood and Brand Extension Judgments: Asymmetric Effects for Desirable Versus Undesirable Brands

Although prior research (e.g., Barone, Miniard, & Romeo, 2000) has examined positive mood's impact on extensions of evaluations offered by favorably-evaluated core brands, unknown is whether mood might also influence extension evaluations associated with an unfavorably-evaluated brand. This research provides evidence of an asymmetrical effect of mood for extensions offered by desirable versus undesirable brands. When a favorably-evaluated core brand was involved, positive mood facilitated extension evaluations to a greater extent for moderate extensions than for near and far extensions. In contrast, mood failed to enhance the evaluations of any type of extension introduced by an undesirable core brand.
Proceedings: Carcinoembryonic antigen. Report of a screening study.

Originally described as a specific marker for colonic carcinomas, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has recently been demonstrated in elevated titers in patients with a variety of non-neoplastic diseases, especially in patients with serious metabolic disorders and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We are reporting results of CEA screening in 576 patients undergoing barium enema examination. None were known to have cancer, previously diagnosed or recurrent. Of this group, 23 were discovered to have primary or recurrent colonic cancers. CEA-radioimmunoassays by the Zirconyl phosphate gel method of Hansen were positive (>2.5 ng/cc) in 18 and greater than 5 ng cc in 15. However, in 4 of 13 early stage colonic carcinomas, CEA values were normal. Of the remaining 553 patients, none had proven cancer. Ninety-eight (18%) of them had elevated CEA values, but only 18 of these were greater than 5 ng/cc. Forty-six of these CEA positive patients had acute inflammatory bowel disease, acute gastrointestinal disorders, collagen diseases, or serious chronic metabolic diseases. Repeat CEA sampling in a third of the “false” positive group produced normal results in most. To date only 1 of the 98 “false” positive group is known to have developed a diagnosable cancer within the year. Of the CEA negative group, none have reported development of cancer. Caution is advised against interpreting a single elevated CEA value as synonymous with colonic cancer, and against dismissing the possibility of early colonic cancer in the face of a normal CEA value.
Issues of our time: science, religion, and literacy

As we go to press with the first issue of Volume 5 of Cultural Studies of Science Education it is timely to acknowledge the foundational efforts of Wolff-Michael Roth, who served with me for the past 4 years as founding coeditor. During this time Michael pioneered cuttingedge research, including theories and methods and ways of re-presenting research. He worked closely with numerous authors, assisting them to publish their best work in CSSE. Michael Roth’s role as coeditor formally finished with the completion of Volume 4. However, in this special issue Michael returns as guest editor of a cutting edge collection on science and religion. As editor of the first 200 pages of this issue Michael presents 17 articles that explore a topic of international significance from many different standpoints. These articles have the potential to impact thinking about science and religion and associated policies throughout the world. At the same time, the many issues addressed should stimulate scholars to produce further work emerging from the overlaps and interstices between these fields. The issues associated with studies of science and religion reflect diverse standpoints and likely will differ in different parts of the globe. Which science? Which religion? In addition to the articles that comprise the special issue there is a cluster of articles edited by Konstantinos Alexakos that is closely related to those that comprise the articles accepted under Roth’s editorship. This cluster also projects diverse perspectives that originated in David Long’s ethnography of a creationism museum and were elaborated in a forum that opened up the dialogue for others to join.
Exploring the accuracy and predictability of the self-efficacy beliefs of seventh-grade mathematics students

Abstract This research studied the self-efficacy beliefs of 107 seventh-grade mathematics students, particularly focusing on the accuracy and predictability of their beliefs. Path analysis showed that calibration accuracy had both direct and indirect effects on math performance, with indirect effects mediated through self-efficacy beliefs. Self-efficacy played a direct role in predicting students' math performance, postperformance self-evaluation, and postperformance judgments of effort. The effects of prior math achievement on math performance were mediated largely through the students' self-efficacy beliefs. The findings also did not reveal any gender differences in self-efficacy or calibration. Although the findings supported self-efficacy predictions, they also suggested important issues for future research, including accuracy of self-efficacy training in math problem solving and assessment of effort judgments prior and post performance.
Psychotherapy as an altered state of awareness: A common element

The special experience of therapeutic insight is described from a fresh perspective. This unique metalearning is reconsidered using Piaget's concepts of cognitive development (especially accommodation), Tart's description of altered states of consciousness (especially state-specific learning), Fromm's continua of ego-active and ego-passive processes, and the multidimensional value of metaphor in therapy suggested by Bettelheim, among others. The awareness that therapy provides is better understood as a new cognitive stage of growth that is state-dependent on a special human relationship. Ways to recognize, allow, and force this special form of emotional-cognitive learning are suggested.
Identification of dioxin-specific binding proteins in marine bivalves

Epidemiological investigations of germ cell tumors of Maine soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) and hard shell clams (Mercenaria spp.) from Florida demonstrate the prevalence of histogenically similar gonadal cancers as high as 40 and 60%, respectively. Human mortality rates due to ovarian cancer from the same areas are significantly greater than the national average. Since further investigation revealed that there was a heavy use of herbicides at these sites, we proposed to investigate their possible role in the etiology of the clam tumors. One avenue of investigation was to determine whether clams had a mechanism similar to the vertebrate Ah receptor which could be activated by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAH). We used the TCDD photoaffinity analog [125-I]-2-azido-3-iodo-7,8-dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin to detect two cytosolic proteins (28 and 39 kDa) in Mercenaria mercenaria and one (35 kDa) in Mya arenaria which specifically bound this ligand. Expression of both proteins in Mercenaria is tissue specific with the highest levels observed in cytosols from gill and gonad. Females exhibit higher levels of the 39 kDa protein in gonadal tissue than do the males. Studies to determine the relationship of these proteins to vertebrate Ah receptors, as well as their possible role in gonadal tumor development, are in progress.
Dynamical Aspects of Twin Tropical Cyclones Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation

Abstract A nonlinear shallow-water model on the sphere is used to study barotropic aspects of the formation of twin tropical disturbances by Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) convection. In the model, the effect of MJO convection upon the lower-tropospheric tropical circulation was simulated by an eastward moving, meridionally elongated mass sink straddling the equator. The intensity and propagation speed of the mass sink were chosen to simulate observations that MJO convection intensifies while nearly stationary in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, weakens while moving eastward over the Maritime Continent, again intensifies once it reaches the west Pacific Ocean, and finally becomes stationary and dies off near the date line. This mass sink produced twin cyclones in the two regions where it was stationary, namely, where it was initially turned on and where it was turned off. In addition, the mass sink produced two zonally elongated cyclonic potential vorticity anomalies straddling the equator in the reg...
Zero-interaction authentication

Laptops are vulnerable to theft, greatly increasing the likelihood of exposing sensitive files. Unfortunately, storing data in a cryptographic file system does not fully address this problem. Such systems ask the user to imbue them with long-term authority for decryption, but that authority can be used by anyone who physically possesses the machine. Forcing the user to frequently reestablish his identity is intrusive, encouraging him to disable encryption.Our solution to this problem is Zero-Interaction Authentication, or ZIA. In ZIA, a user wears a small authentication token that communicates with a laptop over a short-range, wireless link. Whenever the laptop needs decryption authority, it acquires it from the token; authority is retained only as long as necessary. With careful key management, ZIA imposes an overhead of only 9.3% for representative workloads. The largest file cache on our hardware can be re-encrypted within five seconds of the user's departure, and restored in just over six seconds after detecting the user's return. This secures the machine before an attacker can gain physical access, but recovers full performance before a returning user resumes work.
Epigenetic regulation of airway inflammation

Diverse cellular functions including the regulation of inflammatory gene expression, DNA repair and cell proliferation are regulated by epigenetic changes. Transcriptional co-activators possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, and histone acetylation plays a major role in inflammatory gene expression. Other marks such as histone methylation are also associated with gene induction and gene repression. Recent evidence implicates histone acetylation and methylation as being crucial for the development of tolerance in macrophages and CpG methylation for T regulatory cell development and function. The expression of the enzymes that lay down or remove these epigenetic marks have not been well studied in human airways disease, but reduced HDAC2 expression and activity is reported in lung macrophages, biopsies and blood cells from patients with COPD, severe asthma and smoking asthma. In vitro, inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) often lead to a further induction of inflammatory gene expression. This is not always the case, however, as HATs and HDACs also target non-histone proteins particularly transcription factors to alter their activity. Furthermore, trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor, can reduce inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. This effect of HDAC inhibitors may be due to their effects on cell death acting through acetylation of non-histone proteins. The role of epigenetic modifications in inflammatory gene expression and in the control of cell function in the airways is becoming clearer. Targeting specific enzymes involved in this process may lead to new therapeutic agents, in particular, in situations where current anti-inflammatory therapies are currently suboptimal.
Anorexia and Cachexia in Palliative Care Patients

SUMMARYAnorexia and cachexia are common in patients with advanced degenerative diseases. Cachexia is especially problematic in AIDS patients. These symptoms often result from or are exacerbated by other symptoms such as nausea and constipation. Potential causes and supportive care are described. Drug therapy that has been used is summarized. Evaluation instruments that have been used for this symptom are described. Some open research questions are listed. Evidence tables and drug therapy tables which include drug costs are presented.
Bimaterial Composites via Colloidal Rolling Techniques: III, Mechanical Properties

The mechanical properties of layered Ce-TZP/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} composites with laminate and cellular morphologies have been investigated. The strength and toughness increase as the layer thickness decreases, and the amount of transformation in the Ce-TZP layer increases discontinuously at the laminate/cellular transition. Very high strengths (1.1 GPa) and toughnesses (16 MPa{center{underscore}dot}m{sup 1/2}) have been obtained in some cases. These results indicate that the progressive refinement of layer microstructure and the disruption of planar connectivity of phases are beneficial to the mechanical performance, because they provide more stress concentrators to trigger stress-assisted transformation for toughening functions. The composites of finer microstructure, with a layer thickness of {le}20 {micro}m, have a homogeneous hardness of 11.5 GPa, which is a considerable improvement over that of Ce-TZP alone.
Production and Identification Repetition Priming in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

The experiment reported here examined implicit memory function, as measured through repetition priming, in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to examine whether impairments exist in this aspect of memory function. Young adults, healthy older controls, Alzheimer's disease patients, and MCI participants were asked to perform two types of implicit memory tests (word stem completion and threshold identification repetition priming tasks), as well as a recognition test for studied items. As expected, young adults performed better than the other participants on the recognition test and the word stem completion task; there was equivalent priming across groups on the word identification task. While both the older control and MCI participants showed lower levels of priming on the word stem completion task relative to the young adults, the magnitude of priming was equivalent for these two groups, and reliably greater than that of the dementia participants. These results suggest that not all aspects of memory function are impaired in MCI relative to healthy aging.
Trustworthy pervasive computing: the hard security problems

We examine five security problems that are barriers to mainstream pervasive computing. These are: device authentication, privacy, trust management, device assurance, recourse, and availability. We argue that the trust, security, and privacy issues inherent in pervasive computing environments present unique challenges that require a fundamental reexamination of how to build large-scale, trustworthy, distributed systems.
Communication Length as an Index of Communicator Attitude

It was hypothesized that communications about liked objects are longer than communications about disliked objects. Ss wrote letters of recommendation about liked and disliked people under conditions where the topics to be covered in the letter were minimally or partially specified. The hypothesis was confirmed for conditions of both minimal and partial topic specification.
Phase equilibrium in a molecular model of a fluid confined in a disordered porous material

We present a Monte Carlo simulation study of the phase diagram of an off-lattice molecular model of f fluid in a disordered porous material. The model consists of a Lennard-Jones 12-6 fluid confined in a rigid matrix of spheres and the size parameters are representative of methane in a silica xerogel. The fluid phase diagram shows effects of confinement, wetting, and matrix disorder. Our results provide evidence of two fluid phase transitions. The primary transition is analogous to the bulk vapor-liquid transition while the second transition has its origins in the wetting properties of the fluid in the more confined regions of the matrix.
Patient request for pharmacist counseling and satisfaction: Automated prescription delivery system versus regular pick-up counter.

Abstract Objectives To assess the rate of patient-requested pharmacist counseling for refill prescriptions and satisfaction with pick-up process for patients using an automated prescription delivery system (APDS) versus those using a regular pick-up counter and to explore patient willingness to use an APDS as a tool for pharmacist monitoring of medication therapy outcomes. Methods In this uncontrolled, cross-sectional, survey study, we assessed use of APDS or the regular counter by 116 patients picking up refill prescriptions at two community pharmacies. The main outcome measures were number of patients requesting pharmacist counseling for refill prescriptions, patient satisfaction with pick-up process, and patient willingness to use an APDS to report medication therapy outcomes. Results None of the regular counter users and only two APDS users (3.7%) requested counseling for their refill prescription ( P = 0.126). Almost all patients agreed that they were able to talk to a pharmacist about their prescription if they wanted to do so (95.1% regular counter and 92.3% APDS; P = 0.268). The majority (75%) of patients using APDS indicated that they would be willing to use the system to answer questions or perform simple tests to provide information that the pharmacist could use to improve medication effectiveness or reduce adverse effects. Conclusion Very few patients (ADPS or regular counter) asked to speak to a pharmacist about their refill medications, although it appeared that no perceived barriers to pharmacist access existed. Most APDS patients were willing to use this new technology to provide information about therapy outcomes to the pharmacist. Further exploration and testing of the APDS as a data collection tool to enhance pharmacist access to therapy outcomes is warranted.
Computer Control of Float Glass at Ford

The float glass process at Ford is a continuous process running 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. Like most of the continuous processes, it is pretty well automated and operates continuously, with manual intervention on exceptions basis. It consists of three major areas using three different types of automatic control equipment. The first section is called "batch house," in which predetermined amounts of raw materials are weighed, mixed, and conveyed to the second step. The control logic here is all prewired and uses relays and stepping switches. The second stage is melting and forming where the batch is converted into molten glass and finally into a flat ribbon of float glass. The control system for this portion is a real-time process control computer using direct-digital control philosophy for control. The third stage is cutting and unloading of brackets. This system is driven by a General Electric hard-wired numerical-control cutting machine using transistor technology and hydraulic as well as electric power to drive the equipment. Thus Ford has automated its float process using all three generations of control equipment.
Determination of Zinc Oxide and Bentonite in Calamine Lotion

A procedure for determining the total zinc oxide in Calamine Lotion, N. F. VII is presented, and a method indicating the quantity of bentonite and ferric oxide in Calamine Lotion, N. F. VII is suggested.
Role of c-Jun in cellular sensitivity to the microtubule inhibitor vinblastine

Abstract The role of c-Jun in the apoptotic response of cells to the microtubule inhibitor vinblastine was investigated using fibroblasts lacking or overexpressing c-Jun. c-Jun null cells were found to be more sensitive than wild-type cells at low (1–3 nM) concentrations of vinblastine, but showed essentially identical apoptotic responses as wild-type cells at a higher concentration of 10 nM. In contrast, c-Jun overexpressing cells were highly vinblastine-resistant, with an IC50 of 12-fold greater than wild-type cells. The fate of cells exposed to lethal concentrations of vinblastine was examined by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. All cell types appeared to undergo mitotic arrest prior to apoptosis. Apoptosis of wild-type cells was associated with significant DNA re-replication. In contrast, DNA re-replication was much less prominent in vinblastine-treated c-Jun null cells and absent during apoptosis of c-Jun overexpressing cells. These results suggest that c-Jun plays a key role in the cellular sensitivity to vinblastine. In addition, c-Jun appears to regulate the pathway to cell death following mitotic arrest.
Molecular Cytogenetics of Cattle: A Genomic Approach to Disease Resistance and Productivity

Classical cytogenetics has been merged with somatic cell and molecular genetics to facilitate mapping of the bovine genome. A physical map is presently being generated by the use of hybrid somatic cells and in situ hybridization to assign genes to chromosomes. A complementary genetic map is being generated by analysis of recombination of polymorphic loci, many of them identified with the same cloned DNA probes used for physical mapping. The eventual utilization of this map for selective breeding of disease resistance and productivity is dependent on the saturation of the map with polymorphic markers at a density that will assure linkage of genes influencing desirable phenotypes with at least one polymorphic marker. The identification of regions of chromosomal conservation among cattle, mice, and humans is being exploited to facilitate the saturation of the bovine map with useful markers.
Diminished Primary CD8 T Cell Response to Viral Infection during Protein Energy Malnutrition in Mice Is Due to Changes in Microenvironment and Low Numbers of Viral-Specific CD8 T Cell Precursors

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) increases the incidence and severity of infection, causing morbidity and mortality in malnourished populations. Viral-specific cells are an important component of protective immunity. We hypothesized that reduction in the expansion of viral-specific cells and the microenvironment of the PEM host leads to increased incidence and severity of infections. We tested this hypothesis using a mouse model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and an adoptive transfer system using P14 transgenic mice cells bearing T cell receptors specific for the D(b)-restricted LCMV glycoprotein 33-41 epitope. We transferred equal numbers of P14 cells from mice fed either an adequate, 18% protein or low, 0.6% protein diet into C57BL/6 mice that had been fed adequate-protein (AP) or low-protein (LP) diets for 2 wk, infected them with LCMV, and followed them 1 wk postinfection. During PEM, the expansion of primary viral-specific CD8 T cells diminished; in LP diet-fed mice, it was only 2-3% of that in the AP diet-fed mice. Furthermore, the diminished primary CD8 T cell response during PEM may in part have been due to low numbers of viral-specific CD8 T cells and an altered microenvironment.
Hypoxic Inhibition of Nonsense-Mediated RNA Decay Regulates Gene Expression and the Integrated Stress Response

Nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) rapidly degrades both mutated mRNAs and nonmutated cellular mRNAs in what is thought to be a constitutive fashion. Here we demonstrate that NMD is inhibited in hypoxic cells and that this inhibition is dependent on phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha). eIF2alpha phosphorylation is known to promote translational and transcriptional up-regulation of genes important for the cellular response to stress. We show that the mRNAs of several of these stress-induced genes are NMD targets and that the repression of NMD stabilizes these mRNAs, thus demonstrating that the inhibition of NMD augments the cellular stress response. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced formation of cytoplasmic stress granules is also dependent on eIF2alpha phosphorylation, and components of the NMD pathway are relocalized to these granules in hypoxic cells, providing a potential mechanism for the hypoxic inhibition of NMD. Our demonstration that NMD is inhibited in hypoxic cells reveals that the regulation of NMD can dynamically alter gene expression and also establishes a novel mechanism for hypoxic gene regulation.
Archival anarchies: Online fandom, subcultural conservation, and the transformative work of digital ephemera:

This article explores the politics of digital memory and traceability, drawing on Jacques Derrida’s Archive Fever and on queer theories of performance and ephemerality. Its primary example is the O...
Can solar cooking save the forests

Abstract Cooking with the sun has become a potentially viable substitute for fuelwood in food preparation in much of the developing world. Fuelwood scarcity is a growing problem that has thus far been poorly addressed. Solar cooking is one possible solution but its acceptance has been limited partially due to cultural barriers, relatively high start-up costs, and a lack of continued support subsequent to introduction. One possible source of some funding for solar cookers may be the Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocols) aimed at reducing carbon emissions to curtail the impact of global warming. Using Haiti as an example, CDM funding is shown to be promising but only a partial solution. With CDM as a possible source of at least seed capital, more ambitious solar cooking programs are feasible but their success will be a function of addressing cultural barriers and providing support for adaptation well beyond the introductory stage.
Spectral Errors from Single-Mode Analog Filters in Processing Geoscientific Data

The use of a single-mode filter for obtaining spectral estimates with an analog computer is discussed. The equivalent bandpass filter that results may have some undesirable selectivity characteristics. Examples are given and suggestions made on ways of avoiding these errors. Some applications of this type of data analysis are given by Jones and Pasquill [1] and Businger et al. [2].
Calcium Signaling in Dendritic Spines

Calcium (Ca(2+)) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that accumulates in the cytoplasm in response to diverse classes of stimuli and, in turn, regulates many aspects of cell function. In neurons, Ca(2+) influx in response to action potentials or synaptic stimulation triggers neurotransmitter release, modulates ion channels, induces synaptic plasticity, and activates transcription. In this article, we discuss the factors that regulate Ca(2+) signaling in mammalian neurons with a particular focus on Ca(2+) signaling within dendritic spines. This includes consideration of the routes of entry and exit of Ca(2+), the cellular mechanisms that establish the temporal and spatial profile of Ca(2+) signaling, and the biophysical criteria that determine which downstream signals are activated when Ca(2+) accumulates in a spine. Furthermore, we also briefly discuss the technical advances that made possible the quantitative study of Ca(2+) signaling in dendritic spines.
Managing Risk and Marginalizing Identities: On the Society-of-Captives Thesis and the Harm of Social Dis-Ease

This article develops the constitutive features of the society-of-captives thesis as suggested by Arrigo and Milovanovic, and Arrigo, Bersot, and Sellers. The relevance of this thesis is briefly explored in relation to the institutional and community-based treatment philosophies that currently inform the mental health and criminal justice systems. This exploration specifies how risk (being human and doing humanness differently) is managed symbolically, linguistically, materially, and culturally. The management of this risk extends to the kept as well as to their keepers, regulators, and watchers (i.e., the society of captives). This article calls for a new clinical praxis (being/doing a critical mindfulness) designed to overcome the totalizing madness (the harm of social dis-ease) that follows from managing risk fearfully and marginalizing identities desperately as reified recursively through society’s captivity. The ethical underpinnings of this clinical praxis represent an emergent direction for underta...
Use of group theory in the selection and description of regularization methods for functional source imaging

Commonly, functional source imaging problems are "partial" rather than "ordinary" inverse problems-wherein the defining operator consists of component operators that individually do not address all variables of the unknown. When this ordinary-to-partial transition is minimally constrained, algebraic principles can be used to derive a favored methodology-which we do here. The resulting Isotropy method is compared to two other regularization methods proposed for functional source imaging (Kalman and Joint Regularization). This theoretical support for the favored status of the Isotropy method is consistent with its favorable computational performance in low prior information settings, as indicated in recent publications
Biological therapies for the treatment of cutaneous wounds: Phase III and launched therapies

Introduction: Normal wound healing mechanisms can be overwhelmed in the setting of complex acute and chronic tissue injury. Biological therapies are designed to augment and/or restore the body's natural wound healing abilities. There are a variety of available and emerging technologies utilizing this approach that have demonstrated the ability to augment wound healing. Areas covered: In this review, the clinical data on launched and emerging biological therapies for wound healing applications are summarized. The methodologies discussed include biological skin equivalents, growth factors/small molecules and stem cell-based therapies. Expert opinion: While many products possess convincing clinical data demonstrating their efficacy in comparison to standard treatment options, more robust, controlled studies are needed to determine the relative value among established and emerging biological therapies. Future bioengineering and stem cell-based approaches are of particular interest due to the simultaneous corr...
Management of Graves Disease: A Review

Importance Graves disease is the most common cause of persistent hyperthyroidism in adults. Approximately 3% of women and 0.5% of men will develop Graves disease during their lifetime. Observations We searched PubMed and the Cochrane database for English-language studies published from June 2000 through October 5, 2015. Thirteen randomized clinical trials, 5 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and 52 observational studies were included in this review. Patients with Graves disease may be treated with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine (RAI), or surgery (near-total thyroidectomy). The optimal approach depends on patient preference, geography, and clinical factors. A 12- to 18-month course of antithyroid drugs may lead to a remission in approximately 50% of patients but can cause potentially significant (albeit rare) adverse reactions, including agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity. Adverse reactions typically occur within the first 90 days of therapy. Treating Graves disease with RAI and surgery result in gland destruction or removal, necessitating life-long levothyroxine replacement. Use of RAI has also been associated with the development or worsening of thyroid eye disease in approximately 15% to 20% of patients. Surgery is favored in patients with concomitant suspicious or malignant thyroid nodules, coexisting hyperparathyroidism, and in patients with large goiters or moderate to severe thyroid eye disease who cannot be treated using antithyroid drugs. However, surgery is associated with potential complications such as hypoparathyroidism and vocal cord paralysis in a small proportion of patients. In pregnancy, antithyroid drugs are the primary therapy, but some women with Graves disease opt to receive definitive therapy with RAI or surgery prior to becoming pregnant to avoid potential teratogenic effects of antithyroid drugs during pregnancy. Conclusions and Relevance Management of Graves disease includes treatment with antithyroid drugs, RAI, or thyroidectomy. The optimal approach depends on patient preference and specific patient clinical features such as age, history of arrhythmia or ischemic heart disease, size of goiter, and severity of thyrotoxicosis. Physicians should be familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of each therapy to best counsel their patients.
Topological analysis and visualization of interfirm collaboration networks in the electronics industry

This study examines the topological characteristics of interfirm collaboration networks (CNs) in the global electronics industry. Our results show that high-performing firms exhibit significant relational CN power, manage CNs that follow a power-law shape degree distribution, are predominantly horizontally integrated with low geographic complexity, and maintain a balanced exploration-exploitation collaboration relationship portfolio. We complement our topological analysis with graphical visualizations of each of these CNs over three timeframes (2004-06; 2007-09; 2010-12). Theoretically, we demonstrate the association of topological CN characteristics with high-performance of firms. Methodologically, our study defines and implements a data-driven analyses and visualization of CNs in high clockspeed industries. Our study makes important managerial contributions to the systemic design, engineering, and management of CNs. High-performing firms have distinct topological collaboration network characteristics.High-performing firms continuously evolve their collaboration network topology.Effectively encoded visualizations augment supply network intelligence.
Parentage Law (R)Evolution: The Key Questions

American state parentage laws have evolved significantly in the past half century in response to changes in both reproductive technologies and human conduct. Yet further evolution, if not a revolution, seems inevitable. In particular, American state laws increasingly recognize parenthood by consent for a nonbiological and nonadoptive parent-like figure in an intimate or familial relationship with a child’s biological or adoptive parent. Lawmakers, especially state legislators, will need to consider who may be granted standing as parents to seek court-ordered childcare, including former stepparents, former boyfriends and girlfriends, and present and former grandparents. As well, they must ponder whether standing should be granted to three or more possible parents; how consent to a new parent might be given outside of formal adoption by both a recognized parent and by an intended parent, including whether a formal declaration should be required, as via a voluntary acknowledgment or guardianship; and, whether household residence or a particular length of actual childcare activities should be demanded.Given the likely continuing changes in human conduct (as with more same sex marriages) and technologies (as with prebirth paternity testing), American parentage laws will undoubtedly continue to be further (r)evolutionized, presenting further challenges for American state lawmakers.
Informal caregivers and detection of delirium in postacute care: a correlational study of the confusion assessment method (CAM), confusion assessment method–family assessment method (CAM‐FAM) and DSM‐IV criteria

Objectives Delirium is a common, serious and potentially life-threatening syndrome affecting older adults. This syndrome continues to be under-recognised and under treated by healthcare professionals across all care settings. Older adults who develop delirium have poorer outcomes, higher mortality and higher care costs. The purposes of this study were to correlate the confusion assessment method–family assessment method and confusion assessment method in the detection of delirium in postacute care, to correlate the confusion assessment method–family assessment method and diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision criteria in detection of delirium in postacute care, to determine the prevalence of delirium in postacute care elders and to describe the relationship of level of cognitive impairment and delirium in the postacute care setting. Implications for Practice Delirium is disturbing for patients and caregivers. Frequently . family members want to provide information about their loved one. The use of the CAM-FAM and CAM can give a more definitive determination of baseline status. Frequent observations using both instruments may lead to better recognition of delirium and implementation of interventions to prevent lasting sequelae. Methods Descriptive studies determined the strengths of relationship between the confusion assessment method, confusion assessment method–family assessment method, Mini-Cog and diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision criteria in detection of delirium in the postacute care setting. Results Prevalence of delirium in this study was 35%. The confusion assessment method–family assessment method highly correlates with the confusion assessment method and diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision criteria for detecting delirium in older adults in the postacute care setting. Persons with cognitive impairment are more likely to develop delirium. Family members recognise symptoms of delirium when asked. Discussion The confusion assessment method–family assessment method is a valid tool for detection of delirium. Implications for Practice Delirium is disturbing for patients and caregivers. Frequently. family members want to provide information about their loved one. The use of the CAM-FAM and CAM can give a more definitive determination of baseline status. Frequent observations using both instruments may lead to better recognition of delirium and implementation of interventions to prevent lasting sequelae.
Particle-Hole Multiplets in Y 88 and the Mechanism of the (He 3 ,t) Reaction

The reactions ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},d){\mathrm{Y}}^{88}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87}(\ensuremath{\alpha},t){\mathrm{Y}}^{88}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{88}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},t){\mathrm{Y}}^{88}$, and ${\mathrm{Y}}^{89}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Y}}^{88}$ were studied and the data were used to construct a level scheme of ${\mathrm{Y}}^{88}$. Spin and parity assignments are suggested for many new states below 2.5 MeV. The principal components of their wave functions are interpreted in terms of particle-hole multiplets. The angular distributions from the (${\mathrm{He}}^{3},t$) reaction are not well fitted by distorted-wave calculations. Some systematic patterns of the (${\mathrm{He}}^{3},t$) reaction mechanism are noted, but the exceptions indicate that the conventional treatment of the (${\mathrm{He}}^{3},t$) reaction may be far from adequate.
THE IMPACT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ON EXERCISE CAPACITY AND MORTALITY IN HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION: INSIGHTS FROM CARDIOPULMONARY STRESS TESTING

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with exercise intolerance in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF); however, its effects on exercise capacity in preserved EF (HFpEF) have not been fully scrutinized. We sought to compare exercise parameters and mortality in HFpEF
Why Is (SiO)4 Calculated To Be Tetrahedral, Whereas (CO)4 Is Square Planar? A Molecular Orbital Analysis

Qualitative molecular orbital (MO) theory predicts that square-planar tetrasilacyclobutanetetraone D4h-(SiO)4 should, like D4h-(CO)4, have a triplet ground state, and the results of the (U)CCSD(T)-...
Exploring the interstellar boundaries of our heliosphere

The Sun moves at ~26 km s through the local interstellar medium, a partially ionized gas born from dying stars and stellar winds. At the same time, the Sun’s million-degree outer atmosphere, or corona, is continuously evaporating into space. This process creates a supersonically expanding (300-800 km s) solar wind that fills the heliosphere. The solar wind also carries an embedded Interplanetary Magnetic Field out from the Sun. Because the magnetized solar wind can not interpenetrate the interstellar medium, an interaction is set up that is thought to create three distinct boundaries, far beyond the most distant planets: 1) a termination shock, where the supersonic solar wind slows and becomes subsonic; 2) the heliopause, a boundary that separates plasma of solar and interstellar origins; and 3) a bow shock, which slows and begins to divert the upstream, interstellar plasma.
LIMITING SELF -PROPAGATING MALWARE BASED ON CONNECTION FAILURE BEHAVIOR

Self-propagating malware (e.g., an Internet worm) exploits security loopholes in software to infect servers and then use them to scan the Internet for more vulnerable servers. While the mechanisms of worm infection and their propagation models are well understood, defense against worms remains an open problem. One branch of defense research investigates the behavioral difference between worm-infected hosts and normal hosts to set them apart. One particular observation is that a worm-infected host, which scans the Internet with randomly selected addresses, has a much higher connection-failure rate than a normal host. Rate-limit algorithms have been proposed to control the spread of worms by traffic shaping based on connection failure rate. However, these rate-limit algorithms can work properly only if it is possible to measure failure rates of individual hosts efficiently and accurately. This paper points out a serious problem in the prior method and proposes a new solution based on a highly efficient double-bitmap data structure, which places only a small memory footprint on the routers, while providing good measurement of connection failure rates whose accuracy can be tuned by system parameters.