cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma fluctuations and large‐scale mixing near comet Giacobini‐Zinner

Low-pass filtered data from the ICE electron spectrometer are used to examine relationships between plasma densities, flow speeds, flow directions, and temperatures at distances within approx.10/sup 5/ km of the Comet Giacobini-Zinner nucleus. The sheath/transition region is characterized by electron temperatures of approx.4 x 10/sup 5/ K but with flow speeds and densities that commonly vary by factors of three or more. The largest amplitude density spikes often have significant flow changes associated with them, but a consistent pattern (as might accompany cometary rays, for example) is not found. Power spectral analyses in and near the sheath/transition regions show that density fluctuation levels are enhanced by all detectable frequencies from approx.0 to 21 mHz, consistent with strong density fluctuations on all measured time scales. Marginally significant power peaks are seen at periods of approx.4 min on the inbound pass and at approx.2 min on the outbound pass. Mechanisms such as amplification of convected ion pick-up waves and cometary rays for producing the large plasma variations are discussed. It is also suggested that a Rayleigh-Taylor driven mixing mechanism at a mass loading boundary approx.10/sup 5/ km from the nucleus may be operative.
Wireless corrosion monitoring for evaluation of aircraft structural health

The military spends billions of dollars annually on inspection, identification, and repair of damage resulting from aircraft corrosion. The currently available methods for identifying aircraft corrosion damage involve expensive, labor intensive scheduled inspections, resulting in longer periods in depot, and reduction in aircraft availability. In order to increase aircraft safety, availability, and operational efficiency, an on-platform monitoring system capable of fusing data streams from an array of environmental and corrosivity sensors is needed to provide inspection-free indicators of the existence of corrosion as well as the level of corrosive severity in difficult to access aircraft locations. This paper will discuss the design, test, and validation of such a system utilizing a wireless, ultra-low power network of sensors.1 2
Influence of naloxone upon apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in rats with electrolytic versus chemolytical lesions of the substantia nigra.

Abstract In rats with unilateral electrolytic lesions of the substantia nigra, apomorphine induced ipsilateral rotational behavior that was significantly potentiated by naloxone. Yet, in rats with unilateral chemolytic (6-hydroxydopamine) lesions of the substantia nigra, apomorphine induced dose-dependent contralateral turning that was not influenced by pretreatment with even high doses of naloxone. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of corpora striata from these rats revealed electrolytically-lesioned animals to have a 60–70% reduction in dopamine content while chemolytically-lesioned animals were virtually completely depleted of dopamine. These results suggest that striatal dopamine may be required for naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced effects in the rat rotational behavior paradigm.
Antifibrotics and Wound Healing in Glaucoma Surgery

When medical and laser therapy fail to control intraocular pressure, glaucoma filtration surgery needs to be performed. Glaucoma surgery is unique in that its success is linked to interruption of the wound-healing response in order to maintain patency of the new filtration pathway. In this article we will review the wound-healing pathway and the pharmacologic interventions that have been employed clinically and experimentally to interrupt wound healing, particularly steroids and the antifibrotic agents 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. A review of the published literature looking at use of these agents to enhance success as well as the associated complications are presented, critiqued, and interpreted in order to put the studies in proper perspective. Future directions and recommendations regarding use of these agents are available and an introduction to newer wound modulating agents such as anti-transforming growth factor beta 2 is presented.
An analysis of seed development in Pisum sativum V. Fluorescence triple staining for investigating cotyledon cell development

A triple staining technique has been developed to investigate the relationship between the increase in DNA content and initiation of storage protein synthesis in pea cotyledon cells. Cells were separated by incubation with macerozyme providing a population comparable to conventional chromic acid techniques but with the advantage of retained immunogenicity. The staining technique combined indirect immunofluorescence using specific antibodies against the storage protein, vicilin, and the cytoskeletal protein, tubulin, with the DNA stain, 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Using the enzymically separated cells, the staining method allowed the visualisation of vicilin deposits and microtubules and the quantification of DNA by image analysis in thesame cells. The distribution of cellular DNA contents and storage protein content increased with the size of embryo. In small embryos a proportion of mitotic cells were seen to have increased amounts of DNA, though no spindle abnormalities were seen. Storage protein could be detected by immunofluorescence in individual cells much earlier than reported by previous workers but never in mitotic cells. The sensitivity of the immunofluoresence technique for detecting storage protein was determined as 0.5 pg per cell by estimating the vicilin production in whole pea embryos using an enzyme immunoassay.
Defining a forum for retailing scholars:academics' rankings of journals in the discipline

The publication and dissemination of scholarly work are the major functions of journals. Thus rankings of journal effectiveness exist for many business disciplines. To date, such a ranking has not been conducted for the retail discipline. Utilizing a previously operationalized methodology, a four-stage, systematic rating of journals as outlets for retailing research was undertaken. Following MacMillan, it is posited that scholars in a field are best suited to define scholarly work and outlets in that field. Journals found to be ‘outstanding’ outlets were the Journal of Retailing and the Journal of Marketing. Seven other journals were rated as ‘significant’ while the remaining five were seen as ‘acceptable’. A discussion of the use and importance of the findings follows the results section. The current study adds to the literature, as it utilizes recognized experts in the field to define what is a proper scholarly forum for retailing research.
Prospection and emotional memory: how expectation affects emotional memory formation following sleep and wake.

Successful prospective memory is necessarily driven by an expectation that encoded information will be relevant in the future, leading to its preferential placement in memory storage. Like expectation, emotional salience is another type of cue that benefits human memory formation. Although separate lines of research suggest that both emotional information and information explicitly expected to be important in the future benefit memory consolidation, it is unknown how expectation affects the processing of emotional information and whether sleep, which is known to maximize memory consolidation, plays a critical role. The purpose of this study was to investigate how expectation would impact the consolidation of emotionally salient content, and whether this impact would differ across delays of sleep and wake. Participants encoded scenes containing an emotionally charged negative or neutral foreground object placed on a plausible neutral background. After encoding, half of the participants were informed they would later be tested on the scenes (expected condition), while the other half received no information about the test (unexpected condition). At recognition, following a 12-hour delay of sleep or wakefulness, the scene components (objects and backgrounds) were presented separately and one at a time, and participants were asked to determine if each component was old or new. Results revealed a greater disparity for memory of negative objects over their paired neutral backgrounds for both the sleep and wake groups when the memory test was expected compared to when it was unexpected, while neutral memory remained unchanged. Analyzing each group separately, the wake group showed a threefold increase in the magnitude of this object/background trade-off for emotional scenes when the memory test was expected compared to when it was unexpected, while those who slept performed similarly across conditions. These results suggest that emotional salience and expectation cues inter
Undergraduate Women in Science and Engineering: Effects of Faculty, Fields, and Institutions Over Time*

Objective. Taking an institutional approach to the determinants of outcomes for women in science and engineering, we examine the effects on women’s percentages among undergraduate majors and among degree recipients of four basic factors: (1) the percentage of faculty who are women in the students’ major science/engineering area; (2) the students’ disciplines (biology, physical sciences, and engineering); (3) the type of institution in which students are enrolled (‘‘Research I’’ vs. others); and (4) a time trend (1984–2000). Method. We use longitudinal, multivariate, and multi-institutional data from the Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS) and from a mail survey of registrars. Results. Over the observation period, the women’s percentages have risen steadily. The effects of disciplines and departments are stronger than those of institutions. Especially notable is that the percentages of women among undergraduate science/engineering majors and degree recipients are associated with the percentages of women among the faculty in these fields. Conclusion. The findings contribute empirically to the discussion about the effects of ‘‘role models’’ for the participation and performance of women in science and engineering—and point to the strong effects of departments, compared to institutions, in accounting for degrees awarded to undergraduate women. Science and engineering are strategic research sites in the study of gender, education, and careers. First, science and engineering are crucially important for modern society. They are connected to powerful social institutions, particularly to the government and to the economy, and they have broad and deep consequences for the present and future in areas including health and healthcare, communication and data banks, consumer goods, transportation, irrigation, energy, pollution, and environmental controls (Fox, 2006; Sonnert and Holton, 2002). Science and engineering careers thus play an n Direct correspondence to Gerhard Sonnert, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138 hgsonnert@cfa.harvard.edui. The authors will share all data and coding information with those wishing to replicate the study. The research reported in this article was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (SES0080638). We thank Judith Singer for advice in the early phase of this project and Lowell Hargens for his reading of an earlier version of this article.
A theorem in linear algebra with applications to the geometry of quadrics

Abstract By first obtaining a formula for the characteristic polynomial of the restriction of a linear mapping in R n to an affine subspace, we obtain a complete set of orthogonal invariants for quadrics in R n. In particular, we obtain two invariants which apply to quadrics of less than full rank.
Prokineticin 1 inhibits spontaneous giant contractions in the murine proximal colon through nitric oxide release

Abstract Prokineticins are novel peptides with reported effects on gastrointestinal contractility. Prokineticin actions are mediated by distinct prokineticin receptors (PKR1 and PKR2). This study investigated the role of prokineticin 1 in colonic contractility as well as sites of expression of its receptor in the mouse proximal colon by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Prokineticin 1 suppressed giant contractions in circular muscle. The inhibitory effect of prokineticin 1 on giant contractions was blocked by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). In vitro, prokineticin 1 stimulated nitric oxide release from longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus cultures. This effect was blocked by l-NAME. PKR1 is expressed on myenteric plexus neurons and colocalizes with a small subset of nNOS expressing neurons. This study suggests that PKR1 mediates an inhibitory effect in vitro, most likely through direct or indirect stimulation of nitric oxide release. PKR1 and its natural ligand, prokineticin 1 may be important for modulation of colonic motility.
Benthic foraminiferal distribution and biomass related to pore-water oxygen content: central California continental slope and rise

Benthic foraminiferal distributions and biomass were investigated with respect to bottom-water and pore-water dissolved oxygen concentrations and sedimentary organic carbon content at nine stations (624–3728 m) along two transects perpendicular to the central California coast. These stations were selected to intersect the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) as it impinges on the seafloor. Foraminiferal numerical densities were determined at selected depths within the uppermost 9 cm of box cores, using either an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay or a Rose Bengal vital staining technique. Foraminiferal abundances from surficial sediments, as determined by the staining technique, varied considerably and were negatively correlated to bottom-water oxygen concentration. Maximal numerical densities occurred at a depth of 998 m, which is within the OMZ; values ranged from 0 to 11.8 individuals cm−3 (determined by the ATP method) in surficial sediments. Six of nine cores exhibited subsurface maxima in foraminiferal abundance, and seven of the cores had subsurface foraminiferal biomass maxima. Results indicate that certain species are infaunal while others only live in the surface sediment interval, an important observation for paleoceanographic studies utilizing stable isotopic analyses of deep-sea benthic foraminifera.
Effect of Radiolytic Products on Bacteria in a Food System

Inhibitory effects of radiolytic products were studied using Escherichia coli, Pediococcus cerevisiae, and two radiation-resistant micro- organisms, an isolate of Moraxella-Acinetobacter and a Micrococcus sp. End products of an irradiation dose of 300 Krads completely inhibited resistant organisms on an experimental medium with a very low concentration of nutrients. Plate count agar, with higher nutrient concentration, required 600 Krads to produce the same inhibition. On the same medium, radiation-sensitive organisms could tolerate products generated by a 1000 Krad dose. However, no inhibition could be detected when either Escherichia coli or Morax-ella-Acinetobacter was incubated at 5°C on the surface of fresh meat irradiated to 1500 Krad. The effects of inhibitory products in culture media could be mitigated by the addition of catalase or sodium pyruvate.
Experimental and computational modeling of wave propagation in granular materials

A hybrid experimental-computational study has been conducted in order to determine the propagational characteristics of mechanical waves in granular materials. The experimental investigation has used the method of dynamic photoelasticity to collect photographic data which provide information on the wave speeds, integranular contact loadings, and wave-spreading characteristics. The computational study employed the use of the distinct-element method whereby the motion of each granule in the material is modeled by rigid-body dynamics assuming each particle interaction has particular frictionless stiffness and damping forces. The experimental results provide special dynamic material constants necessary for the computational modeling, and they also provide data for comparison purposes. Results from the experimental and computational studies compare well with each other and indicate that local microstructure plays an important role in the wave propagation through such materials.
Predictors of Language Acquisition in Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

In 118 children followed from age 2 to 5 (59 with autism, 24 with PDD-NOS and 35 with non-spectrum developmental disabilities), age 2 and age 3 scores of non-verbal ability, receptive communication, expressive communication and socialization were compared as predictors of receptive and expressive language at age 5. Non-verbal cognitive ability at age 2 was generally the strongest predictor of age 5 language, while at age 3 communication scores were a stronger predictor of age 5 language for children with autism. Early joint attention as well as vocal and motor imitation skills were more impaired in children who did not develop language by age 5 (but had relatively strong non-verbal cognitive skills) than in children who did develop language by 5.
Monitoring and blunting: Validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information seeking under threat.

Subjects were divided into information seekers (high monitors)/information avoiders (low monitors) and distractors (high blunters)/nondistractors (low blunters) on the basis of their scores on a self-report scale to measure coping styles, the Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS). In Experiment 1, subjects were faced with a physically aversive event (the prospect of electric shock). High monitors and low blunters chose to seek out information about its nature and onset whereas low monitors and high blunters chose to distract themselves. This effect was strongest with the blunting dimension. High monitoring and low blunting were also accompanied by sustained high anxiety and arousal. In contrast, low monitors and high blunters were able to relax themselves over time. In Experiment 2, subjects worked on a series of tests that presumably predicted success in college. They could attend as often as they wished to a light that signaled how well they were performing. Results showed that coping-style scores accurately predicted informational strategy, particularly with the monitoring dimension: High monitors tended to look at the light whereas low monitors tended to ignore it. Thus the MBSS measure of coping styles appears to be a valid instrument for predicting behavioral strategies in response to both physical and psychological stressors. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Antennas On Layered Substrates

Electrically thick layered substrates using the resonant structures discussed in [2-4] offer the advantage of providing simple and efficient support for millimeter wave printed circuit antennas. They can also produce desirable beam patterns through the proper choice of dielectrics. There has been theoretical study of these layered structures [2-4], but experimental investigation has been limited. Also, the primary focus has been on the use of dipole antennas with these structures, while slot antennas have received little attention. Here we give results for efficiency calculations for both slots and dipoles, and experimental pattern measurements for slots on layered substrates which show that they can produce desirable beam patterns with high front-to-back ratio. We find good agreement between theory and lOGHz modeling experiments.
Efficient algorithms for searching for exact repetition of nucleotide sequences.

There are several algorithms designed for searches for homologous sequences (Fitch 1966; Needleman and Wunsch 1970; Chva'tal and Sankoff 1975; Griggs 1977; Sannkoff 1972; Smith and Waterman 1981; Smith et al. 1981, Wagner and Fisher 1974; Waterman et al. 1976). This paper presents some very simple and useful high speed, “text editing” algorithms that search for exact nucleotide sequence repetition and genome duplication. The last algorithm suggested here is specifically adapted for the 4-letter alphabet of nucleotide sequences. Owing to the rapid accumulation of nucleotide sequences and the frequent need to search for sequence repetition or where a given set of nucleotides occurs in long sequences, efficient algorithms of this type are a necessity.
Least squares estimation in finite Markov processes

The usual least squares estimate of the transitional probability matrix of a finite Markov process is given for the case in which, for each point in time, only the proportions of the sample in each state are known. The purpose of this paper is to give another estimate of this matrix and to investigate the properties of this estimate. It is shown that this estimate is consistent and asymptotically more efficient than the previously considered estimate in a sense defined in this paper.
Phase detection and contrast loss in magnetic resonance imaging

Several recent articles have assessed the relative efficiency of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequences. One consideration that has received little attention is the effect on image contrast of displaying images without information on the sign of the reconstructed signals. The radiofrequency receivers currently used on most NMR imaging systems are quadrature detectors that preserve both the magnitude and sign of the NMR signal. Usually, however, sign or phase information is not used in the final image presentation. We point out that in imaging sequences that may have negative signals, such as inversion recovery, this loss of sign information produces a reduction in contrast between some tissues in an NMR image. We discuss the tissue parameters and interpulse delay times that result in contrast loss in inversion recovery and indicate the extent of contrast loss. We point out that for some tissues with unequal hydrogen spin densities, the region of contrast loss coincides with the region where maximum contrast would occur if sign information were preserved.
Biosensor-based microRNA detection: techniques, design, performance, and challenges

The current state of biosensor-based techniques for amplification-free microRNA (miRNA) detection is critically reviewed. Comparison with non-sensor and amplification-based molecular techniques (MTs), such as polymerase-based methods, is made in terms of transduction mechanism, associated protocol, and sensitivity. Challenges associated with miRNA hybridization thermodynamics which affect assay selectivity and amplification bias are briefly discussed. Electrochemical, electromechanical, and optical classes of miRNA biosensors are reviewed in terms of transduction mechanism, limit of detection (LOD), time-to-results (TTR), multiplexing potential, and measurement robustness. Current trends suggest that biosensor-based techniques (BTs) for miRNA assay will complement MTs due to the advantages of amplification-free detection, LOD being femtomolar (fM)–attomolar (aM), short TTR, multiplexing capability, and minimal sample preparation requirement. Areas of future importance in miRNA BT development are presented which include focus on achieving high measurement confidence and multiplexing capabilities.
Comparison of approaches for simulating reactive solute transport involving organic degradation reactions by multiple terminal electron acceptors

Reactive solute transport models are useful tools for analyzing complex geochemical behavior resulting from biodegradation of organic compounds by multiple terminal electron acceptors (TEAPs). The usual approach of simulating the reactions of multiple TEAPs by an irreversible Monod rate law was compared with simulations that assumed a partial local equilibrium or kinetically controlled reactions subject to the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction (ΔG) was either less than zero or less than a threshold value. Simulations were performed using a single organic substrate and O2, FeOOH, SO4-2 and CO2 as the terminal electron acceptors. It was assumed that the organic substrate was slowly and completely fermented to CO2 and H2 and the H2 was oxidized by the TEAPs. Simulations using the Monod approach showed that this irreversible rate law forced the reduction of both FeOOH and CO2 to proceed even when ΔG was positive. This resulted in an over prediction in amount of FeOOH reduced to Fe(II) in parts of the domain and it resulted in large errors in pH. Simulations using mass action kinetics agreed with equilibrium simulations for the case of large rate constants. The extent of reductive dissolution of FeOOH was strongly dependent on the thermodynamic stability of the FeOOH phase. Transport simulations performed assuming that the reactions of the TEAPs stopped when ΔG exceeded a threshold value showed that only simulated H2 concentrations were affected if the threshold value was the same for each TEAP. Simulated H2 concentrations were controlled by the fastest reaction of the TEAP, but it was common for reactions to occur concomitantly rather than sequentially.
Work in progress — A proposed model for managing undergraduate multidisciplinary engineering projects: A capstone challenge

This paper discusses a new and innovative experience in designing, implementing, and improving a multidisciplinary class for engineering capstone design. The approach was designed and augmented in order to fulfill the ABET required capstone design in all departments in our College of Engineering. The objective of this innovative capstone experience is to create a broad, practical, and exciting alternative to traditional capstone senior design experiences. This paper presents and discusses the creation process of the class from the conceptual point to implementation, with a new idea of engaging relatively large teams of 8–12 students in each project. The paper also presents results from the industrial partners' and students' perspectives.
Prevalence of Michigan dairy herds infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as determined by environmental sampling

Abstract A cross-sectional, stratified random survey of Michigan dairy herds was conducted to estimate the prevalence of herds infected with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease, in Michigan using targeted environmental sampling. One pooled sample each from the primary manure storage area and a high-traffic common cow area from each herd was collected and cultured for MAP using the ESP® culture system II. A herd was classified as positive if at least one sample was culture positive for MAP. State, agricultural district, and herd size stratum prevalence were calculated. Information on past MAP testing and cattle purchase history was collected, and logistic regression was performed to determine their importance to the MAP status of the herd. One hundred twenty-seven herds were contacted, and 94 agreed to participate in the study. The environment of 38 (40.4%) herds cultured positive for MAP. MAP was found in all herds (n = 15) with greater than 200 lactating cows. Herds that had tested for MAP or purchased cattle in the previous 5 years were 4.6 and 3.1 times, respectively, more likely to be infected than herds that had not. MAP continues to be prevalent on Michigan dairy farms, especially those with greater than 200 lactating cows. The environmental sampling protocol used in this study is an economically attractive alternative for monitoring herd level prevalence and the progress of Johne's disease control programs at the state or national level. Implementation of such a program would aid states in monitoring Johne's control program progress, and guide changes over time.
Charge Exchange in Li Scattering from Si Surfaces

Neutral fractions are measured for 4 keV ${^{\mathrm{7}}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}}^{+}$ scattering from clean, hydrogen-covered, and cesiated Si surfaces. The neutral fraction in scattering from clean Si is $\ensuremath{\sim}26%$ and it decreases with hydrogen adsorption. When Cs is adsorbed on Si, the neutral fraction does not distinguish the local potential at the Cs sites from the Si sites, unless hydrogen is coadsorbed. These results demonstrate that resonant charge transfer occurs due to coupling of the Li ionization level with the dangling bond surface states, and that the influence of the dangling bonds extends beyond the local scattering sites.
Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using Wiener filtering

We present a Wiener filtering based algorithm for the elimination of motion artifacts present in Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measurements. Until now, adaptive filtering was the only technique used in the noise cancellation in NIR studies. The results in this preliminary study revealed that the proposed method gives better estimates than the classical adaptive filtering approach without the need for additional sensor measurements. Moreover, this novel technique has the potential to filter out motion artifacts in functional near infrared (fNIR) signals, too.
Efficient protein-ligand docking using sustainable evolutionary algorithm

AutoDock is a widely used automated protein docking program in structure-based drug-design. Different search algorithms, such as Simulated Annealing, traditional Genetic Algorithm and Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm are used in AutoDock. However, the docking performance is still limited by the local optima issue in simulated annealing or the premature convergence issue existing in traditional evolutionary algorithms (EA). Because of the stochastic nature of the search algorithms, usually users need to do multiple runs to get reasonable docking results, which is time-consuming. We have developed a new docking algorithm AutoDockX by applying a sustainable GA named ALPS to the protein docking problem. We tested the docking performance over three different proteins (pr, cox and hsp90) with more than 20 candidate ligands for each protein. Our experiments showed that the sustainable GA based AutodockX gives significantly better docking performance than all the existing search algorithms implemented in the latest version of AutoDock4. Our algorithm has the benefits of less running time and much higher robustness. Instead of running a genetic algorithm or LGA search many times (e.g. 10), a single run of AutoDockX allows us to get better results. AutodockX thus has unique advantages in large-scale drug-candidate virtual screening.
Workplace Flexibility for Hourly Lower-Wage Employees: A Strategic Business Practice Within One National Retail Firm

Flexible work options are becoming a popular organizational practice used to assist employees with meeting their work and family responsibilities. However, much of the work–family scholarship and many of the work–family policies offered within organizations focus on forms of workplace flexibility for professional workers, at the exclusion of workers in lower-wage hourly jobs. Using data from interviews with senior managers (N = 40), this paper examines the flexible work options offered to workers in lower-wage hourly positions and the associated benefits and challenges to businesses offering flexible work options. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Tree-Structured Methods for Longitudinal Data

Abstract The thrust of tree techniques is the extraction of meaningful subgroups characterized by common covariate values and homogeneous outcome. For longitudinal data, this homogeneity can pertain to the mean and/or to covariance structure. The regression tree methodology is extended to repeated measures and longitudinal data by modifying the split function so as to accommodate multiple responses. Several split functions are developed based either on deviations around subgroup mean vectors or on two sample statistics measuring subgroup separation. For the methods to be computationally feasible, it is necessary to devise updating algorithms for the split function. This has been done for some commonly used covariance specifications: independence, compound symmetry, and first-order autoregressive models. Data analytic issues, such as handling missing values and time-varying covariates and determining appropriate tree size are discussed. An illustrative example concerning immune function loss in a cohort of...
The Thrombin Epitope Recognizing Thrombomodulin Is a Highly Cooperative Hot Spot in Exosite I

The functional epitope of thrombin recognizing thrombomodulin was mapped using Ala-scanning mutagenesis of 54 residues located around the active site, the Na(+) binding loop, the 186-loop, the autolysis loop, exosite I, and exosite II. The epitope for thrombomodulin binding is shaped as a hot spot in exosite I, centered around the buried ion quartet formed by Arg(67), Lys(70), Glu(77), and Glu(80), and capped by the hydrophobic residues Tyr(76) and Ile(82). The hot spot is a much smaller subset of the structural epitope for thrombomodulin binding recently documented by x-ray crystallography. Interestingly, the contribution of each residue of the epitope to the binding free energy shows no correlation with the change in its accessible surface area upon formation of the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. Furthermore, residues of the epitope are strongly coupled in the recognition of thrombomodulin, as seen for the interaction of human growth hormone and insulin with their receptors. Finally, the Ala substitution of two negatively charged residues in exosite II, Asp(100) and Asp(178), is found unexpectedly to significantly increase thrombomodulin binding.
Highly efficient CuIn1−xGaxSe2−ySy/CdS thin-film solar cells by using diethylselenide as selenium precursor

Abstract Conventional furnace selenization process was optimized to achieve effective selenization using diethylselenide (C 2 H 5 ) 2 Se (DESe). An optimized quantity of Na was added to improve V oc , FF and morphology. Sputter-deposited CuGa and In metallic precursors were homogenized in an inert atmosphere prior to the introduction of DESe followed by rapidly heating to the maximum process temperature to avoid formation of detrimental binary phases. Selenization was carried out in the temperature range 475–515 °C followed by sulfurization in dilute H 2 S. Solar cells were completed by depositing CdS heterojunction partner layer, i:ZnO/ZnO:Al window-bilayer and metallic contact fingers. PV conversion efficiency of 13.7% with a V oc of 540 mV, J sc of 38.3 mA/cm 2 and FF of 66.3% were obtained on 0.442 cm 2 cell areas. The process can be easily scaled-up for economic large-scale manufacture.
Regulation and function of selenoproteins in human disease

Selenoproteins are proteins containing selenium in the form of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine. Members of this protein family have many diverse functions, but their synthesis is dependent on a common set of cofactors and on dietary selenium. Although the functions of many selenoproteins are unknown, several disorders involving changes in selenoprotein structure, activity or expression have been reported. Selenium deficiency and mutations or polymorphisms in selenoprotein genes and synthesis cofactors are implicated in a variety of diseases, including muscle and cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunction, cancer, neurological disorders and endocrine function. Members of this unusual family of proteins have roles in a variety of cell processes and diseases.
RNA in Nascent DNA from Cultured Human Lymphocytes

RECENT studies in microorganisms indicate the presence of RNA in nascent DNA and point to a role of the RNA as primer for DNA synthesis1–8. We report here evidence that RNA is also present in human cells in short chain intermediates of DNA replication, apparently serving a primer function as in microorganisms.
More Than a Number: Unexpected Benefits of Return on Investment Analysis

Abstract In 2010–2011, University of Colorado (CU) librarians implemented a multi-campus pilot study to measure the institutional value of library resources used by faculty in their research. The study incorporated quantitative methods including return on investment (ROI), cost benefit analysis (CBA), and citation analysis of journal articles published by faculty; and qualitative methodologies such as in-person interviews with faculty. The study resulted in a CU ROI model that can be used to measure faculty perceptions of value and the economic benefits of electronic journal collections for faculty research in terms of ROI. The CU ROI methodology provides outcomes beyond a single ROI number and led to unexpected benefits for informing collection development decisions and strategies.
Is GPA a good measure of IQ

GPA is an expression that describes how the number of dots/inch and the number of graylevels/dot tradeoff in determining the number of graylevels per area (GPA). The metric is based on the assumption that anything that falls within a visual angle of approximately 3 minutes of arc will be spatially-integrated by the optical blur properties of our eyes.
Diffusion of dioctyl phthalate into poly(vinyl chloride)

Diffusion coefficients were determined gravimetrically for the diffusion of dioctyl phthalate into disks of suspension-polymerized poly(vinyl chloride) in the temperature range of 65–85°C. After an initial induction period, values of D were obtained which ranged from 10−10 to 10−8 cm.2/sec. and which gave an activation energy of 60 kcal./mole. The diffusion rates showed an inverse dependence on the number-average molecular weight of the poly(vinyl chloride), indicating that the chain ends are the primary point of attack in the diffusion process below the glass transition temperature.
Panel: Where in the World Should CAD Software be Made?

We have all seen the articles about highly skilled programmers available remotely at amazingly low rates. Large CAE vendors already develop their software in several countries. What are the driving forces...location, local talent, cost of living, inexpensive labor? Are the fundamental issues language barriers, time zones, or customer contacts? What are the facts? Can you utilize this resource? How can you manage a project with team members distributed around the world? Is there a growing trend of software development jobs moving to these low-cost providers? To address these intriguing questions we are fortunate to have a panel of experts engaged in all aspects of this topic. We have suppliers and users of remote programming talent, proponents and skeptics of the real benefits of a geographically distributed software development. Each of the panelists will highlight their experiences: What coordination problems or additional costs arose, how were these problems solved? Were they able to realize real costs savings? How were the other success factors, such as time to market, product quality, and customer satisfaction, impacted? Finally, they will give their views of how this segment of the global computer industry will evolve in the next 5 years. Following the opening statements, the panel will be available to answer your questions or debate alternative points of view.
Coronary occlusion and reperfusion promote early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachycardia in a canine tissue model of type 3 long QT syndrome

Although long QT syndrome (LQTS) and coronary occlusion-reperfusion (O/R) are arrhythmogenic, they affect ventricular action potential duration (APD) differently. In contrast to the prolonged APD i...
Central leptin gene therapy fails to overcome leptin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity

The objective of this study was to determine if central overexpression of leptin could overcome the leptin resistance caused by 100 days of high-fat feeding. Three-month old-F344XBN male rats were ...
A Case of Unilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Presenting as Acute Abdominal Pain

A 75-year-old male presented with productive cough; unintentional weight loss and constitutional symptoms since 1 month and was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. He was then started on appropriate antitubercular therapy. During his hospitalization, he developed acute abdominal pain. Laboratory testing was consistent with acute adrenal insufficiency and was diagnosed to be acute adrenal insufficiency secondary to unilateral hemorrhage on a computerized tomography scan. He was treated with corticosteroids and had recovery of adrenal function. Through this case, we wish to illustrate the importance of recognizing early this rare but potentially life threatening complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4021/jmc850w
The AIDS Epidemic: Estimating Survival After AIDS Diagnosis From Surveillance Data

Survival analysis based on reported acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases from the surveillance data maintained by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) leads to severe bias because of a sizable fraction of unreported deaths. One approach to this problem is to condition the analysis on reported deaths, but this approach presents several difficulties. First, only the individuals who die within a chronologic time interval defined by the analysis may be observed. Second, this right-truncated sampling process is complicated by the delay in reporting death to the surveillance system, and as a result, only a proportion of those who die within the defined time interval are reported. Third, the time each death is reported to the surveillance system, which is essential for the construction of a joint likelihood of survival and reporting delay, may not be available. Fourth, deaths that occurred before 1984 all had unknown times of death. As a consequence, the direct implementation of the joint likelihood...
Primary ovarian, thyroidal and adrenocortical deficiencies simulating pituitary insufficiency, associated with diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT The case of a 40-year-old woman with primary ovarian, thyroidal and adrenocortical deficiencies is presented. Pallor due to vitiligo, and the previous report of no detectable amount of gonadotropin in the urine, led to the clinical impression of pituitary insufficiency. The subsequent appearance of diabetes mellitus made this diagnosis less likely, as did the failure of urinary or plasma steroid levels to respond to ACTH administration, and the failure of the thyroidal I131 uptake or serum protein-bound iodine level to rise after TSH administration. The primary nature of the ovarian, thyroidal and adrenocortical deficiencies was confirmed by the demonstration of gonadotropin in the urine and of ACTH (Nelson) and TSH (McKenzie1) in the blood. The etiology of the multiple primary glandular deficiencies is unknown.
Controlling surface roughness in vapor-deposited poly(amic acid) films by solvent-vapor exposure

A series of vapor-deposited poly(amic acid) (PAA) films were exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vapors to investigate sorption kinetics and surface smoothing phenomena. Gravimetric sorption and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) results are both consistent with frontal (case II) diffusion. These experiments suggest that the solvent front is defined by a sharp interface that delineates the swollen material from the unswollen material. Solvent-vapor smoothing was studied by first depositing PAA onto rough aluminum surfaces, and then, during solvent-vapor exposure, the surface topology was continuously monitored using a light interference microscope. The resulting time-dependent power spectra indicate that high-frequency defects smooth faster than low-frequency defects. This frequency dependence was further investigated by depositing PAA onto a series of sinusoidal surfaces and exposing them to solvent vapor inside a flow channel. The sinusoidal amplitudes decay exponentially with time, with decay constants that are proportional to the surface frequency. To explain the physics of surface smoothing, a two-parameter model is presented and agrees qualitatively with experimental data.
PROOF OF A CONJECTURE BY A. W. BURKS AND H. WANG: SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN NET CYCLES AND STATES CYCLES.

In a foundational paper on the theory of automata A. W. Burks and H. Wang (1957) conjectured that a certain complexity measure involving the size of the strong components of a logical net formed a hierarchy for net behavior. This conjecture was established by Rhodes and Krohn. In this paper a strengthened version of the conjecture is proved by establishing that any logical net can be interpreted as a series-parallel composition of nets associated with its strong components. Some properties of the periodic behavior of machines, shown to be preserved under simulation and composition operations, are used to complete the proof. The relationship of this approach to algebraic proofs of series-parallel irreducibility is discussed.
Kinetic simulation of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the Venus ionopause

Two dimensional hybrid simulations with particle ions and fluid electrons are used to calculate the kinetic evolution of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at a boundary similar to the ionopause at the planet Venus. The magnetic field has been chosen to be essentially transverse to the plasma flow velocity, which is the most unstable case for the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Effects analogous to those found in MHD simulations are recovered, including a mode cascade to longer wavelengths. In addition, isolated structures on the order of the ion gyroradium are formed which can cross the boundary in either direction. These structures may be related to flux ropes commonly observed near the ionopause of Venus. The time evolution of these structures may represent transport across the boundary layers and the smearing of the shear layer may give rise to internal structure in the boundary. Similar processes occur in magnetized layers skin to the Earth's magnetopause.
Characterization of self-assembled organic films using differential charging in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Differential charging is often regarded as a problem in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies, especially for insulating or partially conducting samples. Application of a positive bias can reduce the effect of differential charging by attracting stray electrons from the system, thereby compensating for the electron loss. On the other hand, differential charging effect can be enhanced by the application of a negative bias to the sample during spectrum acquisition. The successful use of the differential charging technique to distinguish between multi- and monolayer organophosphonate films on oxide-covered silicon has been reported. A detailed description of this technique is now presented which shows how differential charging can be used as an important tool for the characterization of self-assembled films deposited on various surfaces. The dependence of this technique on the conductivity of the substrate has been investigated by studying the spectral behavior of the deposited films of phosphonic acid on conducting, semiconducting, and insulating samples (stainless steel, silicon, and glass). Application of either positive or negative dc electrical bias affects the carbon core-level (C1s) line shape and intensity, which is dependent on the atom's physical location above the surface.
A collective motion algorithm for tracking time-dependent boundaries

We present a numerical method that allows a formation of communicating agents to target the boundary of a time-dependent concentration by following a time-dependent concentration gradient. The algorithm motivated by [3,1], allows the agents to move in space in a non-stationary environment. Our method is applicable to finding the boundary of any regular surface and may be of interest for studying motions of swarms in biology, as well as to engineering applications where boundary detection is an issue.
SCIENCE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR, DUALISM, AND CONCEPTUAL MODIFICATION

Skinner's Science and Human Behavior is in part an attempt to solve psychology's problem with mind-body dualism by revising our everyday mentalistic conceptual scheme. In the case of descriptive mentalism (the use of mentalistic terms to describe behavior), Skinner offers behavioral "translations." In contrast, Skinner rejects explanatory mentalism (the use of mental concepts to explain behavior) and suggests how to replace it with a behaviorist explanatory framework. For experiential mentalism, Skinner presents a theory of verbal behavior that integrates the use of mentalistic language in first-person reports of phenomenal experience into a scientific framework.