cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central nucleus of the amygdala and the effects of alcohol and alcohol-drinking behavior in rodents

This article will review key literature on the effects of alcohol on the amygdala and the involvement of the amygdala in regulating alcohol drinking in mice and rats. Special emphasis will be placed on the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) because this nucleus is a major component of the extended amygdala, which has been implicated in regulating alcohol-drinking behavior. Immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization studies indicate that acute high-dose ethanol administration increases c-fos expression in GABAergic neurons within the CeA of the rat, suggesting activation of these neurons by ethanol. A similar high-dose (4 g/kg ethanol) effect on c-fos expression in the CeA of C57 mice was also observed, whereas the DBA mice showed increased c-fos expression in the CeA in the dose range of 1.25-4.0 g/kg. Studies with DBA x C57 F2 intercross mice suggest that there may be a relationship between the neuronal activating effects of ethanol in the CeA and the locomotor stimulating effects of ethanol. Studies with rats examining the effects of acute ethanol or chronic alcohol drinking on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) rates (as a measure of synaptic activity) indicated that (a) acute ethanol (0.25-2.0 g/kg) had little effect on LCGU rates in the CeA; (b) basal LCGU rates were reduced in the CeA as a result of chronic alcohol drinking; and (c) oral self-administration of ethanol increased LCGU values within the CeA. Microdialysis studies demonstrated that acute ethanol (2 g/kg) injection increased dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) release in the CeA. Microinjection studies indicate that GABA(A) receptors within the CeA are involved in oral ethanol self-administration. Overall, the findings from the various studies support a role for the CeA in mediating the stimulating actions of alcohol in mice and regulating alcohol-drinking behavior in mice and rats.
Mechanical properties of advanced nickel aluminides

Abstract The mechanical properties of two nickel aluminide alloys have been studied over a range of temperatures. Testing included tensile, impact, and fracture toughness testing. The wrought alloy was studied in cold-worked and cold-worked plus annealed conditions. The cast alloy was studied in the as-cast condition. At room temperature, the annealed wrought alloy showed good tensile properties and fracture toughness. The cold-worked material had much higher strength, but the fracture toughness was reduced. At 650°C both the cold-worked and the annealed conditions showed reduced toughness. The cast alloy showed acceptable tensile properties and fracture toughness at room temperature, and good tensile properties at 650°C. However, the fracture toughness was reduced at the higher temperature. Impact testing showed relatively little effect of temperature. Interganular fracture for the wrought alloy, and interdendritic fracture for the cast material were found to be responnsible for the low toughness observed at 650°C. The availability of oxygen to the freshly exposed metal at the strained crack tip is believed to cause oxygittlement of the grain boundaries, and thus intergranular fracture for the wrought alloy, and interdendritic failure for the cast material.
Observed decay of a cyclonic Gulf Stream ring

Abstract A cyclonic Gulf Stream ring was tracked in the western Sargasso Sea from March 1971 to April 1972. It moved 700 km southwest at 2 km day −1 and coalesced with the Gulf Stream off Cape Canaveral. During the first eight months the ring was in relatively deep water and available potential energy relative to 1000 m decayed at an estimated linear rate of 10 21 ergs day −1 . The ring had a life expectancy of approximately 2–5 years. During the final three months it moved into shallower water and the decay rate accelerated more than fourfold. Layers of Sargasso Sea water inside the ring indicated mixing with surrounding water that may be the decay mechanism of the ring.
Factor analysis and discriminant analysis of psychoeducational report contents

Abstract This study evaluated the psychoeducational reports of 205 children who were referred to the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Hospital for evaluation of academic achievement problems. Factor analysis of the report data indentified a medical factor, a school history factor, and a family factor. Following factor analysis, all three factors as well as measures of cognitive functioning and academic achievement were entered into a discriminant analysis in order to determine which variables, if any, helped predict the educational placement finally to be recommended for each child at the end of the individual psychoeducational work-up. Statistical analysis indicated different results for each of four educational placement options, the greatest predictability being associated with regular classroom placement. Across all placements, the variable that allowed for the greatest accuracy in predicting educational programming recommendations was academic achievement, measured as mean achievement score on standardized achievement tests.
Biosynthetic studies of human ovarian arrhenoblastomatous tissue in vitro. I. Sulfatase and sulfokinase activity.

Abstract Virilizing ovarian arrhenoblastomatous tissue was studied for the presence of alcoholic and phenolic steroid sulfatase and sulfokinase activity by independently incubating this tissue with the following tritiated substrates: dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, estrone sulfate, dehydroisoandrosterone and estrone. The influence of human menopausal urinary gonadotropin, human chorionic gonadotropin and adrenocorticotropin on sulfatase and sulfokinase activity by this tissue in vitro was examined. Considerable hydrolysis of both sulfurylated substrates (65–95%) was noted. Only minor sulfurylation of dehydroisoandrosterone (1%) was detected and there was no demonstrable sulfurylation of estrone. Except for an apparent reduction in the degree of esterification of dehydroisoandrosterone in the presence of adrenocorticotropin, the addition of tropic hormones did not significantly influence the yields from these reactions.
Increasing robustness against deactivation of nanoporous catalysts by introducing an optimized hierarchical pore network—Application to hydrodemetalation

Abstract The macropore network of a hierarchically structured mesoporous hydrodemetalation catalyst is mathematically optimized to maximize the catalytic activity and robustness to deactivation over a given time on stream. A Random Spheres Model (RSM) accounting for catalyst deactivation in both the meso- and macropores is used to describe transport and reaction in a catalyst pellet. The useful lifetime can be nearly doubled at the pellet scale, and increased by 40% at the reactor scale, while using 29% less catalyst compared to a non-optimized purely mesoporous catalyst. An optimized hierarchical structure is also superior to an optimized purely mesoporous catalyst. Introducing an optimized distribution of macroporosities and broad pore sizes does not lead to a significantly higher catalytic activity or lifetime over an optimized structure with a single macroporosity and a single broad pore size. Finally, the predicted optimum broad pore network properties are compared with relevant data from the patent literature.
Isolation of the gene for cytochrome P450 L1A1 (lanosterol 14α-demethylase) from Candida albicans

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome P450 L1A1 (lanosterol 14α-demethylase)-coding gene was used as a hybridization probe to isolate two Hind III fragments of 2.5 kb and 6.85 kb from a phage λ library of Candida albicans nucleotide sequences. Restriction endonuclease mapping and Southern blot hybridization experiments indicated that these fragments represent two allelic forms of the same gene. This cloned sequence, when introduced into S. cerevisiae or C. albicans on a multiple copy vector, produced an increase in cytochrome P450 content and resistance to imidazole antifungal agents which are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 L1A1. In addition, the cloned sequence was able to complement a cytochrome P450 L1A1 gene disruption when introduced into S. cerevisiae . These data indicate that the cloned sequence codes for the lanosterol 14α-demethylase cytochrome P450 L1A1 from C. albicans .
Analytical data on the U.S.G.S. standard rocks

Abstract The six new U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks together with G-1 and W-1 have been partially analysed using a combination of wet chemical techniques and X-ray fluorescence, and the results of 36 determinations for each rock are tabulated.
Acute hemodynamic effects of hexamethonium in normotensive man.

The effect of intravenous hexamethonium bromide was studied in 10 normotensive human subjects in the steady state. In the absence of over-all change in cardiac output, the variable decrease in arterial pressure is accounted for by decrease in calculated total peripheral resistance.
Clinical approach for evaluating dogs with azoospermia or aspermia.

The site or cause (such as gonadal disorder; blockage of ductulus efferens, epididymides, or ductus deferens; retrograde ejaculation; incomplete ejaculation; drug or toxin induced) of a pathologic or physiologic disturbance resulting in azoospermia or aspermia frequently can be determined through a methodical evaluation of the infertile dog. Through early detection, some dogs may return to a fertile state. Unfortunately, the majority of azoospermic or aspermic dogs remain infertile after diagnosis and therapy.
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) protocols

CONTENTS Chapter 1 Clinical, Epidemiologic, and Laboratory Aspects of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections / Elizabeth Palavecino Chapter 2 MRSA Case Studies / Kurt D. Reed, Mary E. Stemper, and Sanjay K. Shukla Chapter 3 MIC analysis and susceptibility testing of MRSA / German Bou Chapter 4 ITS-PCR identification of MRSA / Shin-ichi Fujita Chapter 5 Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Kurt D. Reed, Mary E. Stemper, and Sanjay K. Shukla Chapter 6 Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Staphylococcus aureus / Nicholas A Saunders and Anne Holmes Chapter 7 Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) analysis of MRSA / Teruyo Ito, Kyoko Kuwahara, and Keiichi Hiramatsu Chapter 8 Targeted gene disruption for the analysis of virulence of Staphylococcus aureus / J. Ross Fitzgerald Chapter 9 Molecular Analysis of Staphylococcal Superantigens / Patrick M. Schlievert and Laura C. Case Chapter 10 Investigation of Biofilm Formation in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus / James E. Cassat, Chia Y. Lee, and Mark S. Smeltzer Chapter 11 Comparative analysis of staphylococcal adhesion and internalization by epithelial cells / Xudong Liang and Yinduo Ji Chapter 12 Comparative analysis of MRSA / Fumihiko Takeuchi, Tadashi Baba, and Keiichi Hiramatsu Chapter 13 Genomic analysis of gene expression of Staphylococcus aureus / Chuanxin Yu, Junsong Sun, Li Zheng, and Yinduo Ji Chapter 14 Proteomic approach to investigate Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) / Patrice Francois, Alexander Scherl, Denis Hochstrasser, Jacques Schrenzel Chapter 15 Environmental surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus / J Scott Weese Chapter 16 The Control and Prevention of MRSA Infections / Liangsu Wang and John F. Barrett Chapter 17 Treatment of Infections Due to Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Gregory M. Anstead, Gabriel Quinones-Nazario, and James S. Lewis II
Export of lead from salt marshes

Abstract Lead accumulates in shallow salt marsh sediments and is taken up by grasses. Since about half of the annual grass crop is transported to the sea after the grass dies, this may contribute to the movement of lead to deeper waters. Where nitrogen additions increase the biomass of grasses, or where very heavy lead contamination takes place, substantial amounts of lead may be removed by tides from the marsh surfaces.
Gap junction remodeling in heart failure

Gap junctions, clusters of transmembrane channels that link adjoining cells, mediate myocyte-to-myocyte electrical coupling and communication. The component proteins of gap junction channels are termed connexins, and gap-junctional channels composed of different connexin types exhibit different biophysical properties. In common with other tissues, the heart expresses multiple connexin isotypes. Spatially defined patterns of expression of 3 connexin isotypes-connexin43, connexin40, and connexin45-form specific cell-to-cell conduction pathways for the spread of current flow that governs the normal cardiac rhythm. Remodeling of gap junction organization and connexin expression is a conspicuous feature of human congestive heart failure and other cardiac conditions in which there is an arrhythmic tendency. This remodeling may take the form of disturbances in the distribution of gap junctions, in which the normal ordered pathways for cell-to-cell conduction are disrupted, or quantitative alterations in connexin expression, notably reduced connexin43 levels, which may contribute to slowing of conduction. Recent evidence from studies in experimental animals strengthens the case that gap junction remodeling is a key determinant of the proarrhythmic substrate in the diseased heart.
Ethical Issues in Deep Brain Stimulation Research for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Focus on Risk and Consent.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently in pivotal trials as an intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although offering hope for TRD, DBS also provokes ethical concerns—particularly about decision-making capacity of people with depression—among bioethicists, investigators, institutional review boards, and the public. Here, we examine this critical issue of informed consent for DBS research using available evidence regarding decision-making capacity and depression. Further, we explore the implications of the nature of TRD as well as that of the intervention (invasive brain surgery) for informed consent. Based on these analyses, we argue that additional safeguards specific to DBS research for TRD, beyond those that might be used in any higher risk study, are not supported by available empirical evidence. We nevertheless underscore the limited data on such invasive procedures in severely ill psychiatric patients and advocate a research agenda for the systematic study of ethical issues rais...
Impacting behavior by integrating health communication and marketing

Without question, social marketing has proven to be a highly useful framework for health communicators to use in tackling critical problems in public health. Although many problems in public health...
Randi Weingarten, the American Federation of Teachers, and the Challenges of Policy Leadership in a Hostile Environment

Randi Weingarten is the president of the most vocal and influential teachers’ union, the American Federation of Teachers. Since rising through the ranks to AFT president in just two years, Weingarten is now a major, if not the most prominent, nongovernmental player in national education policy. She has earned deep respect from many educational policy actors. Likewise, Weingarten elicits withering criticism from others. This fascinating profile explains why, in such a brief period, she has proved to be a fierce, fearless, and effective leader under extraordinarily difficult circumstances. Her experience offers invaluable lessons applicable for others working in similarly intense policy arenas.
Deuterium isotope effect on the metabolism and toxicity of 1,2-dibromoethane.

Abstract The metabolism, hepatotoxicity, and hepatic DNA damage of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) and tetradeutero-1,2-dibromoethane (d 4 EDB) were compared in male Swiss-Webster mice. In vitro studies that measured bromide ion released from the substrate to monitor the rate of metabolism showed that the hepatic microsomal metabolism of EDB was significantly reduced by deuterium substitution, while metabolism by the hepatic glutathione S -transferases was unaffected. Three hours after ip administration of EDB or d 4 EDB (50 mg/kg), there was 42% less bromide in the plasma of d 4 EDB-treated mice than in the plasm of EDB-treated mice. This difference demonstrates a significant deuterium isotope effect on the metabolism of EDB in vivo . Although the metabolism of d 4 EDB was less than that of EDB 3 hr after exposure, the DNA damage caused by both analogs was not significantly different at this time point. At later time points (8, 24, and 72 hr), d 4 EDB caused significantly greater DNA damage than EDB. Since the decreased metabolism of d 4 EDB was apparently due to a reduced rate of microsomal oxidation, these data support the hypothesis that conjugation with GSH is responsible for the genotoxic effects of EDB.
A 1500 yr record of North Atlantic storm activity based on optically dated relict beach scarps

Understanding of long-term dynamics of intense coastal storms is important for determining the frequency and impact of these events on sandy coasts. We use optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates on relict scarps within a prograded barrier sequence to reconstruct the chronology of large-magnitude erosional events in the western Gulf of Maine. OSL dates obtained on quartz-rich sediments immediately overlying relict scarps indicate severe beach erosion and retreat due to erosional events ca. 1550, 390, 290, and 150 cal yr B.P. Our data provide new evidence of increased storm activity (most likely frequency and/or intensity of extratropical storms) during the past 500 yr, which was preceded by a relatively calm period lasting ~1000 yr. The width of the coastal sequence preserved between successive paleoscarps shows strong correlation with the time interval elapsed between storms. Our fi ndings indicate that diagnostic geophysical and sedimentological signatures of severe erosional events offer new opportunities for assessing the impact and timing of major storms along sandy coasts.
Common applications of electrophysiology (EEG) in the past and today: the technologist's view

Abstract The field of electroencephalography (EEG) has witnessed a dramatic development during the last decade. The electroencephalogram that had been principally used as a `post-hoc' diagnostic procedure is now fully used as an `on-line' monitor of neural function with its excellent temporal resolution. Neurophysiological monitoring in the operating room, neurological intensive care unit (ICU) and during endovascular procedures allows early identification of impending neurological deficits before irreversible neurological impairment. Long-term monitoring of scalp and synchronized video-EEG recordings and invasive (depth and subdural) electrode studies are well-established tools in the localization of the epileptogenic region for identification of potential candidates for surgery. The advent of digital EEG with digital storage and the ability to manipulate data with digital reformatting, filter and sensitivity changes has allowed us to maximize the information and reduce artifacts. These changes have revolutionized the way in which EEG is performed and interpreted.
Processes associated with ocean crustal formation: The Juan De Fuca Ridge

Recent geophysical, geological and geochemical studies on the Juan de Fuca Ridge have been gathered into a special collection of manuscripts that demonstrate the interdisciplinary nature of the crustal formation and evolutionary processes. On the ridge axis, these new studies include long-term sea floor and water column measurements that indicate ‘real-time’ changes due to volcanic activity and related hydrothermal flux, sea floor measurements of seismic activity detecting swarms of earthquakes near the axial zone, and submersible observations of a 2-km along-strike spacing of large-scale hydrothermal fields. Detailed sampling of axial basalts show that, in spite of abundant evidence of ‘excess’ volcanic activity, the Juan de Fuca Ridge is not a traditional hot spot. On a larger scale, geophysical surveys of the ridge flanks show that the upper crust can vary in thickness by a factor of two, that crustal porosity systematically decreases with age, and the topographic forcing is the dominant control of off-axis hydrothermal circulation. Finally, the Juan de Fuca Ridge has long been a testing ground for innovative survey techniques, and this issue includes reports on the development of acoustic backscatter as a quantitative measure of basement roughness and as an indicator of the presence of lithified sediments overlying zones of fluid upwelling.
Hyperthermia sensitizes rats to cocaine's proconvulsive effects and unmasks EEG evidence of kindling after chronic cocaine

Abstract In phase I, 64 male and female Sprague-Dawley rat siblings from 8 litters were divided equally among 4 treatment groups; saline plus normothermia (S37), saline plus hyperthermia (S45), cocaine (30 mg/kg) plus normothermia (C37), and cocaine plus hyperthermia (C45) and treated daily from 45–60 days of age. Cocaine plus hyperthermia produced protracted, intense and often fatals convulsions, whereas animals from either treatment alone did not convulse. Subsequently, 12 males, representing all phase I treatment groups equally, were implanted with telemetric transmitters to monitor the EEG and core body temperature in phase II. Survivors of this second phase were exposed to one trial each of saline plus hyperthermia, cocaine plus normothermia, and cocaine plus hyperthermia, in that order. The data obtained suggests that 1) the telemetered EEG and temperature can be used to detect changes reflecting sensitization/kindling in the absence of behavioral expression (convulsions), 2) analysis of EEG power spectral bands and body temperature curves showed that a history of daily cocaine exposure seems to have contributed more than daily hyperthermia to subsequently observed seizure patterns and thermic responses, and, finally, 3) cocaine plus hyperthermia resulted in a shorter latency to convulse and a lower maximal EEG seizure voltage, while increasing the variety, severity and duration of its behavioral expression (convulsion).
Changes in assortative mating: the impact of age and education, 1970-1990.

Data from the U.S. Census and Current Population Survey are used to examine trends in the propensity to marry or to cohabit by the age and educational attainment of potential partners. Marriage rates declined sharply across all age and educational combinations between 1970 and 1980 and declined more sharply for less-educated persons between 1980 and 1990. The rise in cohabitation compensated somewhat for the decline in marriage rates, but the compensation was unequally spread among age and educational combinations. Highly educated men were more likely, and highly educated women were no more or less likely, to marry than to cohabit with less-educated partners in 1970 and 1980. By 1990, however, educational assortative-mating patterns between these two types of unions were similar. In 1990, marriages and cohabitations involving women who were better educated than their partners were more common than those involving women who were less educated than their partners. In addition, men and women in their early 20s tend to have partners better educated than themselves, but persons in their 30s tend to cross the less-than-high-school/ more-than-high-school educational barrier when partners differ in educational attainment.
THE CLOTHING ATTITUDES AND ACTIVITIES OF HOME ECONOMISTS EMPLOYED IN BUSINESS

The Sproles Consumer Interest and Priorities questionnaire was administered to 3,036 American home economists, who were pursuing careers in business, in order to develop a profile of the clothing attitudes and activities of that segment of the consumer market who (1) have been enrolled in home economics programmes at the college level, and (2) have been employed in businesses created for profit or associations supported by profit-making companies. Sixty-four per cent (1,950) of the survey forms were returned. A majority of the respondents evidenced a consciousness of clothing styles worn by others, an understanding of the importance of fashionability within social situations, an awareness of personal clothing expenditures and an appreciation for the economic value of home sewing. Application of these principles, however, was individualized, as evidenced by contrasting methods of clothing acquisition, varied willingness to purchase clothing at sales or used clothing establishments, and diverse tendencies toward buying clothing on impulse. Only 22% of the sample perceived themselves to be fashion leaders.
A note on multi-step forecasting with functional coefficient autoregressive models

Abstract This paper presents and evaluates alternative methods for multi-step forecasting using univariate and multivariate functional coefficient autoregressive (FCAR) models. The methods include a simple “plug-in” approach, a bootstrap-based approach, and a multi-stage smoothing approach, where the functional coefficients are updated at each step to incorporate information from the time series captured in the previous predictions. The three methods are applied to a series of U.S. GNP and unemployment data to compare performance in practice. We find that the bootstrap-based approach out-performs the other two methods for nonlinear prediction, and that little forecast accuracy is sacrificed using any of the methods if the underlying process is actually linear.
Mapping the human liver/islet glucose transporter (GLUT2) gene within a genetic linkage map of chromosome 3q using a (CA)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphism and characterization of the polymorphism in three racial groups

Abstract The human liver/islet glucose transporter (GLUT2), a candidate gene for diabetes, has been incorporated into a genetic linkage map for chromosome 3q using a (CA)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphism adjacent to the 3′-end of exon 4a. We have found a total of nine alleles ranging in length from 153 to 169 nucleotides in three racial groups and have determined the precise structure of the variable region for four of the alleles by DNA sequencing. Five alleles were found to be common to the American Black, Caucasian, and Pima Indian racial groups studied. One allele (169 bp) was unique to American Blacks, and another rare allele (153 bp) was found only in the Caucasian population studied. Observed heterozygosity of the polymorphism in the Caucasian (CEPH) reference pedigree collection is 60%, for American Blacks 71%, and for Pima Indians 53%. An independent study recently identified the same dinucleotide repeat and found six alleles in a Caucasian population (Froguelet al., 1991), a result that we confirm; however, our sequencing data indicate a different molecular structure for the polymorphism for some of the alleles. We have constructed a new genetic linkage map of chromosome 3q uniquely placing the GLUT2 gene between flanking markers D3S26 and D3S43. The genetic map consists of 23 loci (25RFLPs and 2 (CA)n dinucleotide repeat markers) with 14 markers uniquely localized with odds of at least 1000:1. Three genes (FTHL4, TF, GLUT2) are integrated into the map, which spans a sex-average distance of 147.3 cM, 103.8 cM in males and 227.0 cM in females. Availability of this reasonably informative genetic marker at the GLUT2 locus should prove quite useful in genetic linkage and population association studies designed to identify inherited traits that might contribute to the diabetes phenotype.
Flood hydrology of the North Platte River headwaters in relation to precipitation variability

Summary This paper examines the flood hydrology of the North Platte River headwaters, northern Colorado, in order to provide information for downstream water resource management. The drainage basin (∼3700 km 2 ) is bound on all sides by mountain ranges in excess of 3200 m. As with most high-elevation rivers in the Rocky Mountain region, annual peak floods are generated by spring snowmelt runoff. Analysis of an 89-year continuous record of daily and annual peak discharges (1916–2004) in conjunction with historical climate data reveals statistically significant relationships between hydrologic and climatologic parameters. The magnitude of the annual peak discharge explains 73% of the variability in total annual discharge, with higher predictability for low-flow years than for high-flow years. The peak discharge time series exhibits no temporal auto-correlation in flood magnitude, but does reveal a strong 4–7 year periodicity in inter-annual flood variability. Basin-averaged total precipitation explains 76% of the variability in peak flood magnitude, and 84% of the variability in total annual discharge. Furthermore, both total annual discharge and basin-averaged precipitation are strongly correlated with Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values at regional scales. The regional PDSI index exhibits a 4–7 year periodicity in wet/dry cycles similar to that of the periodicity in inter-annual flood variability. These results indicate multi-annual, regional climatic conditioning of the total annual discharge regime, while local meteorological conditions during spring snowmelt are responsible for the timing and magnitude of the annual peak flood.
Influence of estradiol supplementation on neuropeptide Y neurotransmission in skeletal muscle arterioles of F344 rats

The effects of estradiol on neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurotransmission in skeletal muscle resistance vessels have not been described. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long-term...
Evaluating the synergic effect of collaboration in information seeking

It is typically expected that when people work together, they can often accomplish goals that are difficult or even impossible for individuals. We consider this notion of the group achieving more than the sum of all individuals' achievements to be the synergic effect in collaboration. Similar expectation exists for people working in collaboration for information seeking tasks. We, however, lack a methodology and appropriate evaluation metrics for studying and measuring the synergic effect. In this paper we demonstrate how to evaluate this effect and discuss what it means to various collaborative information seeking (CIS) situations. We present a user study with four different conditions: single user, pair of users at the same computer, pair of users at different computers and co-located, and pair of users remotely located. Each of these individuals or pairs was given the same task of information seeking and usage for the same amount of time. We then combined the outputs of single independent users to form artificial pairs, and compared against the real pairs. Not surprisingly, participants using different computers (co-located or remotely located) were able to cover more information sources than those using a single computer (single user or a pair). But more interestingly, we found that real pairs with their own computers (co-located or remotely located) were able to cover more unique and useful information than that of the artificially created pairs. This indicates that those working in collaboration achieved something greater and better than what could be achieved by adding independent users, thus, demonstrating the synergic effect. Remotely located real teams were also able to formulate a wider range of queries than those pairs that were co-located or artificially created. This shows that the collaborators working remotely were able to achieve synergy while still being able to think and work independently. Through the experiments and measurements presented here, we have also contributed a unique methodology and an evaluation metric for CIS.
Physical programming design optimization for High Speed Civil Transport

This note applies the new design optimization methodology entitled physical programming (Messac) to the preliminary design of the high speed civil transport (HSCT) plante.
Morphological Basis of Long-Term Habituation and Sensitization in Aplysia

The morphological basis of the persistent synaptic plasticity that underlies long-term habituation and sensitization of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica was explored by examining the fine structure of sensory neuron presynaptic terminals (the critical site of plasticity for the short-term forms of both types of learning) in control animals and in animals whose behavior had been modified by training. The number, size, and vesicle complement of sensory neuron active zones were larger in animals showing long-term sensitization than in control animals and smaller in animals showing long-term habituation. These changes are likely to represent an anatomical substrate for the memory consolidation of these tasks.
Early tendon transfers in the rehabilitation of median, radial, and ulnar palsies

Summary Early tendon transfers car restore a balanced simplification of motor performance and provide an essential component for re-education of sensation. Recommended transfers include the extensor indicis proprius to restore thumb opposition in low median palsy, the pronator teres to restore wrist extension in radial palsy, and the multi-tailed single flexor digitorum superficialis to restore thumb-index pinch and prevent ring-little finger clawing in low ulnar palsy.
Poverty and distorted industrialization in the Brazilian Northeast

Abstract Dramaric federal intervention and extensive industrialization in the Brazilian Northeast have not overcome its stagnant economy and society. After centuries of isolation and dependence on sugar exports, the Northeast was integrated economicallu into Brazil during 1930–1960, and since then it has been partially industrialized. The regional economy, however, is weakly integrated and highly unequal, leaving local markets small; industrial growth remains keyed to other parts of Brazil; and dependent politics distort the region's relations with Brasilia. Social inequality is extreme. Prospects for the future are bleak.
Factors in retail shelf management impacting wine sales

Food/beverage retailing practices have placed increasing emphasis on shelf management. While price is the major economic factor influencing sales of individual products, other nonprice factors such as number of facings, shelf height, and season of the year, are also paramount to the sales of products. The significance of these factors varies with wine type. Price and number of facings were significant in the sales of table wines in all stores in the study, whereas shelf height was in in two of the stores. For sparkling and dessert wines, number of facings was significant in explaining variations in sales in all stores, whereas price, shelf height, and season of the year were significant in a limited number of stores. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Linear transformations and collineations of translation planes

The translation planes of order pr in this paper will be thought of in the following way. Let ti be a vector space of dimension 2r over F = GF(p). A spread is a class of r-dimensional subspaces V1 , Va ,..., Tl’,,+r such that each nonzero vector belongs to exactly one of the I’, . The Vi are called the components of the spread. The points of the translation plane are the elements of V and the lines are the translates of the components of the spread. It follows that every collineation fixing the zero vector is a nonsingular linear transformation of v which preserves the spread in the sense that the image of each component is a component. See Andre [I].
Concerted cultivation and music learning: Global issues and local variations:

Concerted cultivation has been described as a common, urban middle-class practice concerning the enrollment of children in a variety of age-specific activities that may promote the learning of valu...
Abnormal glycolipid composition of erythrocytes with a weak P antigen.

. The erythrocytes of a normal man were agglutinated more weakly than normal cells by several anti-P1PPk sera, and exhibited a decreased capacity to absorb these antibodies. Analysis of his erythrocyte glycosphingolipids revealed that the globoside (P antigen) content was less than 25% of normal, and trihexosyl ceramide (the Pk antigen) was 30–40% of normal. The ganglioside content of his erythrocytes was approximately four times normal and sialosyl-paragloboside was increased about sixfold. It appears that his erythrocytes are unable to synthesize normal quantities of trihexosyl ceramide, and that these serological and chemical features constitute a new phenotype in the P blood group system.
Traps, events, emulation, and enforcement: managing the yin and yang of virtualization-based security

We question current trends that attempt to leverage virtualization techniques to achieve security goals. We suggest that the security role of a virtual machine centers on being a policy interpreter rather than a resource provider. These two roles (security reference monitor and resource emulator) are currently conflated within the context of virtual machines and VMMs. We believe that this ``double-duty'' leads to both a significant performance impact as well as a bloated virtualization layer. Increased complexity reduces confidence that the code is elementary enough to verify or trust from a security perspective. Ironically, as more security-related functionality is shoved into a VM platform, the system becomes less trustworthy as it becomes increasingly trusted.We argue that a principle reason for such an unfortunate situation is the lack of efficient hardware trapping mechanisms. We propose an architecture to help ameliorate this problem by transferring the security enforcement and program analysis roles from the virtualization component to a policy-directed FPGA.
Chemoimmunotherapy With Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab for Relapsed and Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Purpose The efficacy, toxicity, and tolerability of chemoimmunotherapy with the combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) were evaluated in previously treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The purpose of this study was to improve the complete remission (CR) rate for previously treated patients and evaluate the quality of bone marrow response. Patients and Methods One hundred seventy-seven previously treated patients with CLL were evaluated. Treatment consisted of rituximab 375 mg/m2 day 1 of course 1 and 500 mg/m2 day 1 of courses 2 to 6; fludarabine 25 mg/m2/d days 2 to 4 of course 1 and days 1 to 3 of courses 2 to 6; and cyclophosphamide 250 mg/m2/d days 2 to 4 of course 1 and days 1 to 3 of courses 2 to 6. Courses were repeated every 4 weeks. Results CR was achieved in 25% of 177 patients, and nodular partial remission and partial remission were achieved in 16% and 32% of patients, respectively; the overall response rate was 73%. Twelve (32%) of 37 complete r...
JPBI 10 Years Later: Trends in Research Studies

In 2008, the Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions (JPBI) celebrated 10 years in publication. As the flagship journal of positive behavior support (PBS), it is important to periodically examine the research published in JPBI to determine whether it reflects the basic principles of PBS, to explore the ways in which PBS is being practiced, and to consider future directions for PBS. We analyzed various dimensions of intervention research studies published in JPBI during the first 10 years. The data indicate that research has increasingly becoming aligned with PBS principles in many areas, yet other areas merit additional focus in the future.
The Galactic Distribution of Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars

We study the Galactic distribution of ∼10 000 candidate asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars selected by IRAS colours and variability index. The distance to each star is estimated by assuming a narrow luminosity function and a model-derived bolometric correction. The characteristic AGB star luminosity, L AGB, is determined from the condition that the highest number density must coincide with the Galactic bulge. Assuming a bulge distance of 8 kpc, we determine L AGB ∼ 3500 L⊙, in close agreement with values obtained for nearby AGB stars using the Hipparcos data, and those obtained by other methods. We find that there are no statistically significant differences in the Galactic distribution of AGB stars with different IRAS colours, implying a universal density distribution. The direct determination of this distribution shows that it is separable in the radial, R, and vertical, z, directions. Perpendicular to the Galactic plane, the number density of AGB stars is well described by an exponential function with a vertical scaleheight of 300 pc. In the radial direction the number density of AGB stars is constant up to R ∼ 5 kpc, and then it decreases exponentially with a scalelength of ∼1.6 kpc. This fall-off extends to at least 12 kpc, where the sample becomes too small. The overall normalization implies that there are ∼200 000 AGB stars in the Galaxy. We estimate the [25]‐[12] colour distribution of AGB stars for an unbiased volume-limited sample. By using a model-dependent transformation between the colour and mass-loss rate, ˙ M, we constrain the time dependence of ˙ M. The results suggest that for 10 −6 < ˙ M < 10 −5 M⊙ yr −1 the mass-loss rate increases exponentially with time. We find only marginal evidence that
Reporting and disclosing medical errors: pediatricians' attitudes and behaviors.

pital(97%,serious;90%,minor;82%,nearmiss),butonly 39% thought that current error reporting systems were adequate. Most pediatricians had used a formal error reporting mechanism, such as an incident report (65%), butmanyalsousedinformalreportingmechanisms,such as telling a supervisor (47%) or senior physician (38%), and discussed errors with colleagues (72%). Respondentsendorseddisclosingerrorstopatients’families(99%, serious;90%,minor;39%,nearmiss),andmanyhaddone so(36%,serious;52%,minor).Residentsweremorelikely than attending physicians to believe that disclosing a serious error would be difficult (96% vs 86%;P=.004) and to want disclosure training (69% vs 56%; P=.03). Conclusions: Pediatricians are willing to report errors to hospitals and disclose errors to patients’ families but believe current reporting systems are inadequate and struggle with error disclosure. Improving error reporting systems and encouraging physicians to report near misses, as well as providing training in error disclosure, couldhelppreventfutureerrorsandincreasepatienttrust. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:179-185
Controversies in Gender Diagnoses

This article presents the author's thoughts on gender diagnosis controversies during his tenure at the DSM-5 Workgroup on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders and the ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health. The work summarizes some of the published conclusions of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 revision processes regarding three particular controversies: (1) stigma versus access to care; (2) the retention of a child gender diagnosis; and (3) the treatment of prepubescent transgender children. Both the DSM and ICD work groups decided that despite the stigma associated with a diagnosis, retaining an adolescent and adult gender diagnosis is necessary to maintain access to care. As for the child gender diagnosis, given the heterogeneity of this clinical population and that gender dysphoria does not persist in most children, a child diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria (DSM) and Gender Incongruence (ICD) should be retained to facilitate ongoing evaluation and management in childhood while acknowledging the uncertainty of the outcome. The treatment of extremely gender variant prepubescent children remains a controversial subject since some underlying assumptions of the treating clinicians are a matter of opinion rather than of empirical data.
Social Pressure at the Plate: Inequality Aversion, Status, and Mere Exposure

This paper uses professional baseball data to evaluate the impact of social pressures on subjective decisions made by officials. Umpires show tendencies consistent with both centrality bias and favoritism toward players with higher status in the league. Results also indicate that the odds of a strike are lower for batters in close proximity to the official throughout the game. Implications extend beyond sport to issues regarding closeness of contact in employee–manager relationships and pay and promotions decisions in the workplace. Given the persistent monitoring of officials in professional baseball, this phenomenon could be more prevalent in less scrutinized positions in other industries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D Ensemble Monte Carlo device simulations of random trap induced degradation in drain current and in threshold voltage in the presence of random dopant distributions for 45 nm gate length MOSFETs

We investigate the influence of a single trap and two traps in close proximity located at the semiconductor/oxide interface (positioned in the middle portion of the gate width and gradually moved from the source end to the drain end of the channel). We find that when the trap is located at the source end of the channel, the threshold voltage and the magnitude of the drain current are dominated by the potential barrier created by the negatively charged (repulsive) trap. When the trap is positioned at the drain end of the channel, the barrier effect on carrier transport is smaller and screening (for small drain bias) and the absence of screening (at large drain bias due to the presence of pinch-off region) determine whether current will not be degraded or will be degraded, respectively. Additionally, the simulations reveal that the degradation characteristics are worse for the case of two traps in close proximity when compared to a single trap case at the same relative trap position because two traps in close proximity generate higher Coulomb potential barrier in the vicinity of the trap's interaction zone with the carriers, impending transport of carriers in the channel from source to drain region of the MOSFET. Twenty random dopant configurations are used for each trap position. We find that this size of the statistical sample is sufficient to give reliable and physically meaningful results.
Motherhood preconceived: the emergence of the Preconception Health and Health Care Initiative.

Since the 1980s, maternal and child health experts have sought to redefine maternity care to include the period prior to pregnancy, essentially by expanding the concept of prenatal care to encompass the time before conception. In 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention endorsed and promoted this new definition when it launched the Preconception Health and Health Care Initiative. In arguing that prenatal care was often too little too late, a group of maternal and child health experts in the United States attempted to spur improvements in population health and address systemic problems in health care access and health disparities. By changing the terms of pregnancy risk and by using maternalism as a social policy strategy, the preconception health and health care paradigm promoted an ethic of anticipatory motherhood and conflated women’s health with maternal health, sparking public debate about the potential social and clinical consequences of preconception care. This article tracks the construction of this policy idea and its ultimate potential utility in health and health policy discussions.
‘Trinity Mysteries’: responding to a chaotic reading of Irish history

In April 2011, a 25-year-old member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), Ronan Kerr, was killed when a bomb exploded under his car. The murder, which was claimed by dissident Republica...