cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students Teach Sex Education: Introducing Alternative Conceptions of Sexuality.

In this paper, we describe an exercise that challenges hetero-normative and sexist notions of sexuality, allowing students to envision alternative models. Research shows how active learning eases student anxiety over challenging or threatening material. After reading Jessica Fields' Risky Lessons and Waskul, Vannini, and Weisen's article entitled ‘Women and Their Clitoris’, students designed a sex education curriculum that challenges conventional methods. Beyond critiquing existing sex education models, this exercise provides a space for students to reflect on their own sex education experiences, develop their own ideas for teaching about sex and become comfortable discussing sex and sexuality with their peers. All but one of the students reported finding the activity enjoyable or interesting. More than half of students reported change in their views about sex and sex education as a result of the activity.
Invariant circles and the order structure of periodic orbits in monotone twist maps

Soit f une application tordue monotone conservant l'aire de l'anneau et ω un nombre irrationnel entre les nombres de rotation de f restreint aux frontieres. On montre que f n'a pas de cercle invariant de nombre rotation ω si et seulement si f a une orbite periodique non de Birkhoff dont le nombre de rotation est un convergent de ω
Dynamic titration: determination of dissociation constants for noncovalent complexes in multiplexed format using HPLC-ESI-MS.

With recent growth in fields such as life sciences and supramolecular chemistry, there has been an ever increasing need for high-throughput methods that would permit determination of binding affini...
Enhanced rate of formation of trigonal phase in blends of homogeneous isotactic propylene-1-hexene copolymers

Abstract Blends of a miscible pair of propylene-1–hexene (PH) copolymers with 11 and 21 mol% of 1-hexene have been studied in reference to their polymorphic behavior, lamellar structure and crystallization kinetics using in situ WAXD, DSC and AFM. As pure components, PH21 crystallizes in a trigonal packing in the whole range of undercooling while PH11 develops monoclinic crystallites at low undercooling or the mesomorphic form at high undercooling. In the blends, the level of overall crystallinity obtained from WAXS increases from 17 to 25% and scales directly with increasing content of PH21. Due to differences in crystallization kinetics, two separate populations of crystallites develop in the blends, each of a different polymorph. As expected, the content of trigonal phase decreases with increasing PH11, however, the rate of formation of trigonal phase in the whole range of undercooling increases with addition of PH11, which as a pure component does not form trigonal phase. This unexpected enhanced kinetics of formation of trigonal phase with blending is attributed to the increasing composition of 1-hexene in the melt during evolution of the monoclinic phase in the first stage of isothermal crystallization of the blends.
Wrongdoing in biomedical research: an ethical diagnosis and prescription.

Attention is focused on wrongdoing as a practice-specific notion to be fleshed out by reference to the ethos of a practice such as biomedical research. Wrongdoing in this sense, which is not the same thing as scientific misconduct, has not received the attention it deserves. There are two reasons forthis: (1) we have a tendency to be ethically reactive and (2) we tend to be preoccupied with questions that are highly charged politically, socially, and morally. Explaining this further, two types of ethical questions are distinguished - whether-we-ought questions and how-we-ought questions. Using the Baltimore case for purposes of illustration, it is argued that failure to attend to the latter sort of questions is detrimental to the practice of biomedical research. Answering such questions requires careful attention to the ethos of the practice of biomedical research as well as action on the part of practitioners, particularly those who serve as mentors to persons entering the profession.
The optimization of dissipation in dispersive dielectric slabs

Abstract Consider an electromagnetic plane wave incident on a dispersive dielectric slab with susceptibility kernel varying as a function of depth in the slab. After dissipation in Lorentz and Debye dielectric media, it is shown in this paper that it is possible to choose from among all plane waves of fixed energy and maximum duration a signal which maximizes joule heating in any preselected portion of the dielectric slab. This optimal signal is shown to be a normalized eigenfunction corresponding to the eigenvalue of a compact, self-adjoint, integral operator. Numerical approximations of these optimal signals are presented for examples of Lorentz and Debye media.
Targeted heat transfer augmentation in circular tubes using a corona jet

Abstract Natural convection heat transfer can be noticeably enhanced by corona wind in tubes and channels. A corona-induced secondary flow may be generated in tubes with no major changes in the geometry, or causing any noise or vibration. In this investigation, it is shown that the eccentric configuration of a wire electrode inside a tube forms a local jet along the eccentricity direction, which impinges on the tube wall and improves the local heat transfer. Since the direction of the corona jet is determined by the eccentricity direction of the electrode, the jet may be oriented properly to target the desired spots.
On the use of the imine-diene cyclocondensation reaction in the synthesis of yohimbine congeners

Abstract Cycloaddition of dihydroβ-carbolines with polyoxygenated dienes is used to provide rapid access to the title compounds.
Larval and pupal development of the mushroom bodies in the honey bee, Apis mellifera.

The mushroom bodies are paired neuropils in the insect brain that act as multimodal sensory integration centers and are involved in learning and memory. Our studies, by using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation and the Feulgen technique, show that immediately before pupation, the brain of the developing honey bee (Apis mellifera) contains approximately 2,000 neuroblasts devoted to the production of the mushroom body intrinsic neurons (Kenyon cells). These neuroblasts are descended from four clusters of 45 or fewer neuroblasts each already present in the newly hatched larva. Subpopulations of Kenyon cells, distinct in cytoarchitecture, position, and immunohistochemical traits, are born at different, but overlapping, periods during the development of the mushroom bodies, with the final complement of these neurons in place by the mid-pupal stage. The mushroom bodies of the adult honey bee have a concentric arrangement of Kenyon cell types, with the outer layers born first and pushed to the periphery by later born neurons that remain nearer the center of proliferation. This concentricity is further reflected in morphologic and immunohistochemical traits of the adult neurons, and is demonstrated clearly by the pattern of expression of Drosophila myocyte enhancer factor 2 (DMEF2)-like immunoreactivity. This is the first comprehensive study of larval and pupal development of the honey bee mushroom bodies. Similarities to patterns of neurogenesis observed in the mushroom bodies of other insects and in the vertebrate cerebral cortex are discussed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REVERSIBLE REACTION BETWEEN CO2(g) AND CALCINED DOLOMITE

Abstract The noncatalytic gas-solid reaction between calcined dolomite and CO2(g) has been studied in an electrobalance reactor as a function of temperature, pressure, and reactive gas composition. Multicycle tests consisting of as many as ten complete calcination-carbonation cycles were carried out to obtain information on sorbent durability. Surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution measurements were made to supplement the reaction studies. This reaction is of interest both as a model for studying (he importance of structural property changes in gas-solid reactions, and as the basis for a possible process for the high temperature separation of CO2 from gas streams. Calcined dolomite is a superior sorbent to calcined CaCO3 in that larger fractional conversions of CaO and improved multicycle durability are possible. With CaO obtained from CaCO3, the first-cycle fractional recarbonation was limited to about 0.80, a value which decreased by 15 to 20% in each subsequent cycle. In contrast, the fi...
Hippocampal Anatomy and Water Maze Performance Are Affected by Neonatal Cryoanesthesia in Rats of Both Sexes

There is recent evidence that cryoanesthesia, commonly used during neonatal hormone manipulations (e.g., gonadectomy), has deleterious effects on the morphology of the splenium of the corpus callosum and primary visual cortex in adult rats of both sexes. (Nunez and Juraska, 1998; Nunez, Kim, and Juraska, 1998). In the present study, the effect of neonatal cryoanesthesia on the morphology of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus and on performance in the Morris water maze was investigated. Cold exposure for as brief as 30 min (5 degrees C) on Postnatal Day 1 resulted in a significant decrease in the volume of the hippocampus and in brain weight of adults. Performance on the water maze was also impaired in cold-exposed animals. This study indicates that not only morphology but also behavioral performance in adulthood are affected by neonatal cryoanesthesia.
Hydrogen generation from 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane reforming over molybdenum carbide at low steam-to-carbon ratios

Abstract Because of the need for an efficient and inexpensive reforming catalyst, the objective of this work is to determine the feasibility of employing Mo 2 C catalyst for the steam reforming and oxy-steam reforming of the higher hydrocarbons typical of transportation fuels such as gasoline. It is shown that bulk Mo 2 C catalysts can successfully reform 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane (isooctane) to generate H 2 , CO and CO 2 at very low steam/carbon ratios, without coke formation, eliminating the need for pre-reforming. Maximum hydrogen generation was observed at a S/C ratio of 1.3 and 1000 °C during SR reactions and S/C of 0.71, O 2 /C of 0.12 at 900 °C during oxidative steam reforming reactions.
Conference announcement: the conference on auctions, market mechanisms, and their applications (AMMA)

We announce a new conference series, the Conferences on Auctions, Market Mechanisms, and Their Applications (AMMA), and the first edition of this conference, to be held in Boston in May 2009.
Detection of early seizures by diffuse optical tomography

In epilepsy it has been challenging to detect early changes in brain activity that occurs prior to seizure onset and to map their origin and evolution for possible intervention. Besides, preclinical seizure experiments need to be conducted in awake animals with images reconstructed and displayed in real-time. We demonstrate using a rat model of generalized epilepsy that diffuse optical tomography (DOT) provides a unique functional neuroimaging modality for noninvasively and continuously tracking brain activities with high spatiotemporal resolution. We developed methods to conduct seizure experiments in fully awake rats using a subject-specific helmet and a restraining mechanism. For the first time, we detected early hemodynamic responses with heterogeneous patterns several minutes preceding the electroencephalographic seizure onset, supporting the presence of a “pre-seizure” state both in anesthetized and awake rats. Using a novel time-series analysis of scattering images, we show that the analysis of scattered diffuse light is a sensitive and reliable modality for detecting changes in neural activity associated with generalized seizure. We found widespread hemodynamic changes evolving from local regions of the bilateral cortex and thalamus to the entire brain, indicating that the onset of generalized seizures may originate locally rather than diffusely. Together, these findings suggest DOT represents a powerful tool for mapping early seizure onset and propagation pathways.
Testing for hearing loss with auditory evoked responses— Successes and failures

Abstract These successes are significant and warrant continued effort to perfect the audiometric application of AER. But I should like to make absolutely clear that audiometry based on AER is not a panacea but a very demanding technique. Evoked responses cannot be used alone but most be considered as only one test in a battery of tests of hearing to be used together and compared. All children tested with AER must be followed longitudinally and must be retested until unequivocal and reliable behavioral tests become possible, lest errors remain undetected and children be denied proper therapy. AER is not very precise: it is a tedious, indirect, expensive method. It is not truly objective, since observer bias may interfere with the visual scoring of records. It is a very powerful, physiologic test of hearing, since it indicates that stimulation by sound has reached the brain. There are other physiologic tests which, added to AER, enable us to probe the function of the auditory pathway. The cochlear microphonic reflects excitation of the cochlear hair cells, the cochlear nerve action potential excitation of the 8th nerve, and the middle ear muscle reflex indicates an intact brain stem auditory-motor reflex arc. Cortical AER are fascinating and many of their features remain to be discovered. As a clinical tool, AER audiometry is very useful in selected cases, but in my opinion it is too demanding to be recommended for routine use in most speech and hearing clinics.
Cumulative Social Risk, Parenting, and Infant Development in Rural Low-Income Communities

SYNOPSIS Objective. The extent to which the severity of exposure to social risk is related to parenting and cognitive development in the first 15 months of an infant's life was studied in a representative diverse sample of families in two rural poor regions in the United States. Design. One thousand two hundred ninety-two families were followed for the first 15 months of the infant's life. Results. Evidence supported a pathway from risk severity through maternal sensitivity and warmth, language and learning activities, and maternal language to child outcomes, with the language and learning activities providing the most consistent independent prediction. Race, age, and geographic isolation moderated the associations between risk and different aspects of parenting. Both level and change in maternal engagement, maternal language input, and overall learning environment were related to early cognitive development. Cumulative risk measured as the mean of risk variables was a stronger predictor of parenting and ...
Earned Value Management: Transitioning from discouragement to a glimmer of hope

The ANSI/EIA 748 standard for an Earned Value Management (EVM) system notes that EVM “effectively integrate[s] the work scope of a program with the schedule and cost elements for optimum program planning and control”. Three projects at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado at Boulder have implemented versions of EVM, comprising processes that have evolved over four years, with each implementation applying lessons learned from the previous program. In retrospect EVM implementation has been unexpectedly challenging, in part a result of the anticipated objections to the cultural displacement of LASP's longstanding project management methodology. But what was not anticipated was the compounding of this resistance by the reticence of EVM to reveal much of the postulated ANSI/EIA 748 optimum at each step of the refinement. This paper examines LASP's process of accommodating EVM by describing the project approaches taken, issues encountered, and refinements made. The authors' review includes comment on the challenges experienced in this process, concluding with recommendations for implementation that relate specifically to projects within the university environment, and more generally to the broader community. Presently LASP's pathway to EVM certification appears better defined, and there are finally some hopeful indications of merit for expending the effort to do so.
Localization of motoneurons innervating individual abdominal muscles of the cat

The paper presents the results of a systematic investigation of the innervation of the cat's individual abdominal muscles. The segmental distribution of the different motor pools was determined by using electrical microstimulation of the ventral horn to produce visible localized muscle twitches and by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into individual muscles. The segmental distribution of each motor pool was as follows: rectus abdominis, T4-L3; external oblique, T6-L3; transverse abdominis, T9-L3; and internal oblique, T13-L3.
Exogenous Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Injures and Alters the Barrier Function of Endothelium in Rats In Vivo

Oxidation converts low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into a cytotoxin in vitro. Oxidized LDL exists in vivo in atherosclerotic lesions and possibly in plasma. Many cell functions are altered in vitro by oxidized LDL, but few have been examined in vivo. To test whether oxidized LDL could injure endothelial cells and alter endothelial permeability to macromolecules in vivo, we infused oxidized LDL, native LDL, or their solvent intravenously into rats. Subsequently, endothelial cell injury and proliferation were measured, and the transport into the aorta wall of the macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was quantified. Transport data were analyzed using mathematical models of macromolecular transport; parameters were estimated by optimally fitting model-predicted HRP concentrations to experimental data. Compared with native LDL or solvent control infusion, oxidized LDL infusion increased (1) the number of injured aortic endothelial cells fivefold to sixfold at 36 hours, (2) proliferation of endothelial cells at 48 hours, (3) intimal and medial accumulations of HRP twofold to threefold at 48 hours, and (4) the permeability coefficient of the endothelium to HRP fourfold to fivefold at 48 hours. Hence, oxidized LDL administered in vivo can injure the endothelium, despite the presence of endogenous antioxidants, compromising the function of the endothelium as a permeability barrier.
Early Life Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Causes Lifelong Molecular Reprogramming of the Hypothalamus and Premature Reproductive Aging

Gestational exposure to the estrogenic endocrine disruptor methoxychlor (MXC) disrupts the female reproductive system at the molecular, physiological, and behavioral levels in adulthood. The current study addressed whether perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors reprograms expression of a suite of genes expressed in the hypothalamus that control reproductive function and related these molecular changes to premature reproductive aging. Fischer rats were exposed daily for 12 consecutive days to vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide), estradiol benzoate (EB) (1 mg/kg), and MXC (low dose, 20 μg/kg or high dose, 100 mg/kg), beginning on embryonic d 19 through postnatal d 7. The perinatally exposed females were aged to 16–17 months and monitored for reproductive senescence. After euthanasia, hypothalamic regions [preoptic area (POA) and medial basal hypothalamus] were dissected for real-time PCR of gene expression or pyrosequencing to assess DNA methylation of the Esr1 gene. Using a 48-gene PCR platform, two genes (Kis...
Cellular and humoral immune response to hepatitis B virus structural proteins in mice after DNA-based immunization

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Development of a broad-based cellular immune response to hepatitis B viral structural proteins may be important for recovery from infection, and lack of such responses may lead to persistent viral infection and chronic liver disease. Strategies designed to enhance the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific immune response may be able to reduce persistent viral infection of the liver. The aim of this study was to induce HBV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice using DNA-based immunizations with the large and middle envelope and nucleocapsid proteins. METHODS: Antibodies to HBV structural proteins, T-helper-cell proliferation, and cytokine release and generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity were measured in vaccinated mice. RESULTS: Immunized mice developed high- titer antibodies against envelope and core proteins in serum. More importantly, 93% of the immunized mice produced strong inflammatory CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ CTL responses to viral proteins. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that DNA-based vaccination will generate broad-based CTL activity as well as strong T-helper cell responses with the production of TH1-type cytokines to HBV structural proteins. Such constructs are promising candidates as antiviral agents, and these studies have defined some of the most immunogenic antigens for an immunotherapeutic approach of chronic HBV infection. (Gastroenterology 1997 Apr;112(4):1307-20)
ADL 8-2698, a trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine, prevents gastrointestinal effects of intravenous morphine without affecting analgesia.

ADL-8-2698 is a novel peripherally restricted opioid antagonist that may selectively prevent opioid-induced gastrointestinal effects without reversing analgesia. Gastrointestinal transit time (lactulose hydrogen breath test) was measured in 14 volunteers with oral and intravenous placebo, oral placebo and intravenous morphine (0.05 mg x kg(-1)), and oral ADL 8-2698 (4 mg) and intravenous morphine (0.05 mg x kg(-1)) in a double blind, cross-over study. Morphine prolonged gastrointestinal transit time from 69 to 103 minutes (P = .005); this was prevented by ADL 8-2698 (P = .004). Postoperatively, 45 patients were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to receive ADL 8-2698 (4 mg) or placebo and intravenous morphine (0.15 mg/kg) or to receive oral and intravenous placebo. Analgesia and pupil constriction were measured. Morphine analgesia and pupil constriction were unaffected by ADL 8-2698 and differed from placebo (P < .002). We conclude that ADL 8-2698 prevents morphine-induced increases in gastrointestinal transit time by means of selective peripheral opioid anitagonism without affecting central opioid analgesia.
A three-year reflective writing program as part of introductory pharmacy practice experiences.

Objectives. To implement and evaluate a 3-year reflective writing program incorporated into introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) in the first- through third-year of a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program. Design. Reflective writing was integrated into 6 IPPE courses to develop students’ lifelong learning skills. In their writing, students were required to self-assess their performance in patient care activities, identify and describe how they would incorporate learning opportunities, and then evaluate their progress. Practitioners, faculty members, and fourth-year PharmD students served as writing preceptors. Assessment. The success of the writing program was assessed by reviewing class performance and surveying writing preceptor’s opinions regarding the student’s achievement of program objectives. Class pass rates averaged greater than 99% over the 8 years of the program and the large majority of the writing preceptors reported that student learning objectives were met. A support pool of 99 writing preceptors was created. Conclusions. A 3-year reflective writing program improved pharmacy students’ reflection and reflective writing skills.
On the continuity of the kernel of invex functions

For an invex function, it usually suffices that a kernel merely exists, with no need for any restrictions on the kernel. However, this is not always the case. We present here several situations where some degree of continuity is required and establish conditions sufficient for both existence and non-existence of a continuous kernel.
Direct measurement of less than 1 part-per-billion fluoride in rain, fog, and aerosols with an ion-selective electrode

Abstract Soluble fluoride in rain, snow, fog or aerosols can be determined directly in samples containing down to 0.28 p.p.b. (μg kg-1) by an inexperienced analyst after brief training with a lanthanum fluoride electrode. The method involves little sample handling, 10-ml samples suffice, a determination takes 15–22 min and the technique can be extended over 8 decades of concentrations. Probable uncertainty ranges from 10–20% near 0.28 p.p.b. to 3–6% above 100 p.p.b. The general technique compares the rate of change of potential in the unknown with that in nearby standards, and should be useful for trace determinations with other ion-selective electrodes as well. One possible application is the direct determination of other halides in rain. There does not seem to be any intrinsic reason why more dilute samples could not be handled if suitable standards could be prepared.
Laterality of symptomatic cystine calculi.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate patterns of laterality in cystine stone formation to determine whether phenotypic expression of this genetic disease is distributed equally in each kidney. Cystinuria is a genetic defect that may result in the formation of recurrent cystine calculi. Significant nongenetic factors may play a role in the manifestation of this disease. Methods Thirty-four patients seen in the Stone Center at the University of California, San Francisco were retrospectively evaluated for treatments and patterns of symptomatic stone formation between 1989 and 2002. A conservative surgical regimen and routine radiographic examinations were used. Treatments were used as a surrogate for development of symptomatic calculi. Results The mean age at last follow-up was 38.2 years. The mean age at presentation was 18 years. The 34 patients underwent a total of 249 procedures, averaging 7.3 procedures per patient. Of the 34 patients, 29% required only unilateral surgery and formed unilateral symptomatic calculi exclusively ( P Conclusions A subset of one third of patients with cystine stone formation will develop unilateral calculi exclusively during their lifetime. Understanding why the contralateral side did not form stones may provide insight into novel prophylactic regimens. The etiology of symptomatic unilateral cystine nephrolithiasis is unknown, but anatomic and external triggers should be considered.
Effect of Insulin and Prolactin on Acyltransferase Activities in MAC-T Bovine Mammary Cells

The enzymatic activities of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and lysophosphatidate acyltransferase were investigated in microsomal fractions prepared from MAC-T cells from bovine mammary gland and from FTO-2B cells from rat liver. In both cell lines, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase exhibited similar rates of palmitate and oleate incorporation. However, lysophosphatidate acyltransferase activity in MAC-T cells had a 2.8-fold greater rate of palmitate incorporation than of oleate incorporation. In FTO-2B cells, there was a 1.4-fold greater rate of oleate incorporation than of palmitate incorporation. FTO-2B and MAC-T cells displayed acyltransferase activities that were consistent with liver and mammary tissues, respectively. The acyltransferases were examined from FTO-2B and MAC-T cells that were treated with insulin and prolactin. Insulin suppressed both acyltransferase activities in FTO-2B cells, and prolactin had a stimulatory effect; however, these effects were very small. In contrast, insulin and prolactin had a stimulatory effect on both acyltransferase activities in MAC-T cells; prolactin elicited the largest effect. Treatment of MAC-T cells with cycloheximide inhibited the stimulatory effect of prolactin on acyltransferase activities.
The potential clinical utility of intravascular ultrasound guidance in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents.

Aims To assess the impact on clinical outcomes of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance during drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. IVUS guidance during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been demonstrated to be useful in optimizing stent deployment. However, it is not proved that routine use of IVUS guidance with DES implantation can prevent stent thrombosis or restenosis. Methods and results The clinical outcomes of 884 patients undergoing IVUS-guided intracoronary DES implantation from April 2003 to May 2006 were compared with the outcomes of a propensity-score matched population undergoing DES implantation with angiographic guidance alone. The primary endpoint of the study was definite stent thrombosis at 12 months. The secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE). After propensity-score matching, the two groups were well matched for clinical and angiographic characteristics. Patients undergoing IVUS-guided DES implantation underwent less direct stenting, more post-dilation, and had greater cutting balloon and rotational atherectomy use. At 30 days and at 12 months, a higher rate of definite stent thrombosis was seen in the No IVUS group (0.5 vs. 1.4%; P = 0.046) and (0.7 vs. 2.0%; P = 0.014), respectively. There were no major differences in late stent thrombosis and MACE (14.5 vs. 16.2%; P = 0.33) at 12 month follow-up between the groups. Rates of death and Q-wave myocardial infarction were similar, and there was no significant difference between groups in target vessel revascularization. However, a trend was seen in favour of the IVUS group in target lesion revascularization (5.1 vs. 7.2%; P = 0.07). IVUS guidance was an independent predictor of freedom from cumulative stent thrombosis at 12 months (adjusted HR 0.5, CI 0.1-0.8; P = 0.02). Conclusion IVUS guidance during DES implantation has the potential to influence treatment strategy and reduce both DES thrombosis and the need for repeat revascularization.
Transformation of Different Human Breast Epithelial Cell Types Leads to Distinct Tumor Phenotypes

We investigated the influence of normal cell phenotype on the neoplastic phenotype by comparing tumors derived from two different normal human mammary epithelial cell populations, one of which was isolated using a new culture medium. Transformation of these two cell populations with the same set of genetic elements yielded cells that formed tumor xenografts exhibiting major differences in histopathology, tumorigenicity, and metastatic behavior. While one cell type (HMECs) yielded squamous cell carcinomas, the other cell type (BPECs) yielded tumors closely resembling human breast adenocarcinomas. Transformed BPECs gave rise to lung metastases and were up to 10(4)-fold more tumorigenic than transformed HMECs, which are nonmetastatic. Hence, the pre-existing differences between BPECs and HMECs strongly influence the phenotypes of their transformed derivatives.
Project REACH: a provider-delivered dual protection intervention for women using family planning services in New York City

High rates of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infection (STI), including HIV, highlight the importance of promoting dual protection (DP) - i.e., methods that offer concurrent protection against unintended pregnancies and STI - during contraceptive counseling. Using a Phase II quasi-experimental design, this study compared an individualized, clinic-based, nurse-delivered intervention designed to increase DP against standard of care among 101 HIV negative women accessing contraceptive services in medically under-served areas of New York City. Participants were evaluated at baseline, post-counseling, and six months later. Findings indicated that the intervention has possible benefit. At six-month follow-up, there was greater perceived susceptibility to STI and fewer condom-unprotected vaginal sex occasions in the intervention arm. Women in the intervention also had five times the odds of reporting female condom use. Results suggest that this intervention has the potential for a larger population impact and should be more rigorously evaluated in a Phase III trial.
Do Sources of Cigarettes Among Adolescents Vary by Age Over Time

Trends in sources of cigarettes among adolescents were assessed using data from a teen cohort (2000-2006). Five sources-bought from store, got from other teen, stole from others, bought from others, and got from an adult-were measured over time by age. The most common source among all ages was other teens. Fewer teens bought cigarettes from stores, with a downward trend for all ages. Among all ages there was an upward trend in stealing with younger teens more likely to steal cigarettes. In addition to targeting cigarette sales, interventions are needed to target other youth cigarette sources.
Photodynamic research at Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Texas

We received our first CO 2 laser at Baylor University Medical Center in December 1974, following a trip to Israel in January of that year. Discussion with the customs office of the propriety of charging an 18% import tax lasted for nine months. We lost that argument. Baylor has been using lasers of many types for many procedures since that time. About ten years ago, through the kindness of Tom Dougherty and Roswell Park, we started working with photodynamic therapy, first with hematoporphyrin I and later with dihematoporphyrin ether (II). In February 1984, we were invited to a conference at Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A. on medical applications of the free electron laser as part of the Star Wars Program. A grant application from Baylor was approved that November, but funding did not start for many months. This funding contributed to the development of a new research center as part of Baylor Research Institute. Many of the projects investigated at Baylor dealt with applications of the free electron laser (FEL), after it became available. A staff was assembled and many projects are still ongoing. I would like to outline those which are in some way related to photodynamic therapy.
Replication of certain recently classified viruses in Toxorhynchites amboinensis mosquitoes and in mosquito and mammalian cell lines, with implications for their arthropod-borne status

Summary Thirty-one viruses recently placed in taxa were studied for their replication in Toxorhynchites amboinensis by intrathoracic inoculation. Results were compared to those obtained in vitro in mammal and insect cell cultures. These findings provide presumptive evidence for the association of eighteen of these viruses with arthropod vectors.
Clinical Reasoning: A 39-year-old woman with progressive proximal weakness

A 39-year-old woman presented with progressive weakness over the past 2½ years. She initially noticed weakness in her legs after falling while getting out of a boat. Her leg weakness slowly progressed over the next 2 years to the point where she was having great difficulty with stairs and getting up from a sitting position, particularly from low surfaces. In the 2 months prior to her initial visit, she had noticed difficulty reaching overhead. She denied any skin changes, rash, or muscle pain. She did not have any double or blurred vision, ptosis, facial weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, shortness of breath, numbness, or tingling. Prior to the onset of her symptoms, she had no medical problems apart from asthma and was not taking any medications or supplements. A detailed family history was negative for neurologic disease. Her examination demonstrated mild weakness of the neck flexors (Medical Research Council [MRC] grade 4), and moderate, symmetric, proximal arm and leg weakness (MRC grade 3). Distal muscles were strong. Cognition, cranial nerves, muscle bulk and tone, deep tendon reflexes, sensory examination, and coordination were normal. She had a mild Trendelenburg gait. There was no myotonia or fasciculation. The authors thank Dr. Andrew Engel for providing the images in the figure.
Enhancement of ion mobility in aluminosilicate-polyphosphazene nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of poly(bis-(2(2-memoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene) (MEEP) or cryptand[2.2.2] with the aluminosilicate Na-montmorillonite (NaMont) were studied to develop new solid electrolytes with high conductivity and a unity cation transport number. An aluminosilicate was chosen because the low basicity of the Si-0-Al framework should minimize ion pairing. To further reduce ion pairing, solvating molecules or polymers such as cryptand[2.2.2] or MEEP were introduced into the aluminosilicate. When compared to pristine Na-montmorillonite, impedance spectroscopy indicates an increase in conductivity of up to 100 for MEEP-NaMont intercalates, and of 50 for cryptand[2.2.2]·NaMont intercalates. The MEEP·NaMont intercalate exhibits high ionic conductivity anisotropy with respect to the montmorillonite layers (σpara./σperp. = 100), which is consistent with increased tortuosity of the cation diffusion path perpendicular to the structure layers. The temperature dependance of the conductivity suggests that cation transport is coupled to segmental motion of the intercalated polymer, as observed previously for simple polymer-salt complexes. Nanocomposites of solvating polymers or molecules with aluminosilicates provide a promising new direction in solid-state electrolytes.
Factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA) for refractory bleeding in cardiac surgery: review of clinical outcomes.

Abstract Background: Refractory postoperative bleeding complicates a significant number of cardiac surgical procedures and results in both morbidity and mortality. Conventional strategies to effect hemostasis include surgical reexploration and administration of blood products. In some cases, bleeding remains intractable despite these methods, and alternatives are needed. Herein, we report our experience with the use of factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA), a coagulation factor concentrate, for refractory postoperative bleeding. Methods: A retrospective review of the experience with FEIBA at a university-affiliated cardiac surgery program between February 2004 and January 2007 was performed. Results: Sixteen patients received FEIBA for refractory postoperative bleeding. The majority (69%) received a single dose, either intraoperatively or postoperatively. The recipients of multiple doses were more likely to undergo operative reexploration. Blood product utilization and hourly chest tube output were decreased significantly following administration of FEIBA. Three deaths occurred (19%), two from multisystem organ failure and one from respiratory failure. Thrombotic events included the development of a clotted hemothorax in one patient and distal extremity ischemia in another. Conclusions: FEIBA administration is associated with decreased blood product utilization and chest tube output in patients with refractory postoperative bleeding.
Cytokine mRNA changes during the treatment of hypertrophic scars with silicone and nonsilicone gel dressings

background Treatment of hypertrophic scars can be difficult for both patients and physicians. Silicone-containing gel dressings have been reported to be an effective alternative treatment for hypertrophic scars, yet the mechanism of action of these dressings is unknown. objective To determine whether silicone is an essential factor in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and investigate the effects of occlusive dressing therapy on the expression of key wound healing mediators. methods A pilot paired comparison, nonrandomized study was conducted comparing a silicone gel sheeting (Silastic [SGS]) with a hydrogel dressing (Clear Site). The effects of the dressings were compared side by side in the treatment of 15 hypertrophic scars at both the clinical and molecular levels through the use of reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction to evaluate effects on the expression of interleukin 8 (IL-8), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and fibronectin. results Comparable clinical improvement of the hypertrophic scars was obtained with both dressings. Treatment of hypertrophic scars resulted in increased mean levels of IL-8, bFGF, and GMCSF mRNA; while mean TGFβ and fibronectin mRNAs decreased after treatment with both dressings. Comparison between the two dressings revealed significant changes in IL-8 and fibronectin mRNA levels after treatment with Clear Site, while only fibronectin changes were significant after treatment with SGS with respect to normal skin. Only Clear Site induced significant changes in IL-8 and bFGF levels when untreated scars were compared with posttreatment lesions, suggesting that the hydrogel augments collagenolysis via promotion of inflammation. conclusions This study demonstrates that silicone is not a necessary component of occlusive dressings in the treatment of hypertrophic scars. The pathogenesis of hypertrophic scars is further elucidated by demonstrating that there is molecular evidence for extensive connective tissue remodeling occurring during occlusive dressing therapy.
Malignant germ cell tumor in situ in a cryptorchid testis

A case of a malignant undifferentiated germ cell tumor in situ of an undescended testis diagnosed by needle biopsy is described. Four similar cases have been so far recorded in the literature, all of them in the infertile men with normally descended descended testes. Two of them developed embryonal carcinoma of testis 4 1/2 later and one had a concomitant seminoma. In a high-risk group of patients (atrophic testis, cryptorchidism), a needle biopsy of a testicle may discover malignancy in its very early phase of development (Stage 0), at which time an orchiectomy alone may be a curative treatment.
Converting command‐line applications into binary components

A binary component is a separately compiled program that can be used as a part of a larger program. Binary components generally conform to an accepted technology such as JavaBeans or ActiveX, and generally support a rich program interface containing properties, methods and events. Binary components are generally used in a graphical user interface (GUI) environment. There are a number of benefits to be realized by converting command-line software into binary components. The most important of these is that GUI environments are more popular and more familiar to most people than command-line environments. Using binary components can greatly simplify a GUI implementation, to the point where it is only slightly more complicated than a typical command-line implementation. However there are benefits that go beyond mere convenience. Binary components have much richer interfaces than command-line programs. Binary components are service-oriented rather than task-oriented. A task-oriented program has a main routine that is devoted to accomplishing a single task. A service-oriented component has no main routine or main function, but instead provides a variety of services to its clients. Binary components can be easily integrated with one another, which permits a design where each major feature of an application is implemented in a different component. Such a design encourages software reuse at the component level and facilitates low-impact feature upgrades. We first delineate a design-pattern-based methodology for converting command-line programs into components. We then illustrate these principles using two projects, a simulation system for digital circuits, and a data generation system for software and hardware testing. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expertise and the explanation effect

Abstract The effect of professional experience on the “explanation effect”, i.e., generation of an explanation for an event occurrence increasing the judged likelihood of the event, is investigated in a risk assessment (financial auditing) context. An explanation effect was predicted for inexperienced auditors (auditing students); however, audit judgment experience was predicted to mediate, or eliminate, any explanation effect. Two competing hypotheses for the origin of the effect, the causal construction and recall-availability hypotheses, are tested given the presence of antecedent conditions for, and against, the explanation events. Audit risk judgments were provided by 58 novice and 42 experienced auditors. Written explanation for occurrence of the target event resulted in the explanation effect for novice subjects, both for specifie event and aggregate risk assessments. The pattern of results supported the recallavailability over the causal construction hypothesis. The judgments of the experienced auditors, however, did not indicate any explanation effect.
Cross-linking reconsidered: binding and cross-linking fields and the cellular response

We analyze a model for the reversible cross-linking of cell surface receptors by a collection of bivalent ligands with different affinities for the receptor as would be found in a polyclonal anti-receptor serum. We assume that the amount of cross-linking determines, via a monotonic function, the rate at which cells become activated and divide. In addition to the density of receptors on the cell surface, two quantities, the binding field and the cross-linking field, are needed to characterize the cross-linking curve, i.e., the equilibrium concentration of cross-linked receptors plotted as a function of the total ligand site concentration. The binding field is the sum of all ligand site concentrations weighted by their respective binding affinities, and the cross-linking field is the sum of all ligand site concentrations weighted by the product of their respective binding and cross-linking affinity and the total receptor density. Assuming that the cross-linking affinity decreases if the binding affinity decreases, we find that the height of the cross-linking curve decreases, its width narrows, and its center shifts to higher ligand site concentrations as the affinities decrease. Moreover, when we consider cross-linking-induced proliferation, we find that there is a minimum cross-linking affinity that must be surpassed before a clone can expand. We also show that under many circumstances a polyclonal antiserum would be more likely than a monoclonal antibody to lead to cross-linking-induced proliferation.
Marital status and quality of relationships: The impact on health perception

Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (1987-88), this study investigates how a variety of family conditions (including marital status as well as the quality of marital and cohabiting relationships) influences global health perception among 12,274 American adults. Health perception tends to vary according to different subcategories of the unmarried status. Logistic regression analyses indicate that health perception depends on marital status as well as on the quality of marriage and cohabitation. The health impacts of marriage are also determined by social network support.