cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socio‐environmental Sustainability: Lessons from Environmental Justice Activism

: [public affairs, ethical currents, socio-environmental activiism, Negev, Bustan] Liam Frink is contributing editor of Ethical Currents, the AN column of the AAA Committee on Ethics.
The dynamics of price—cost margins in concentrated industries

(1989). The dynamics of price—cost margins in concentrated industries. Applied Economics: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 261-272.
The economic impact of case management.

Abstract Case management (CM) was initiated to manage resource utilization. With demonstrated success, it was incorporated into acute care settings. As continued effectiveness was demonstrated, CM strategies were used in a variety of settings and with more populations and conditions. Today, it can be seen in a multitude of applications.
Executive dysfunction and the course of geriatric depression.

Background Executive dysfunction is common in geriatric depression and persists after improvement of depressive symptoms. This study examined the relationship of executive impairment to the course of depressive symptoms among elderly patients with major depression. Methods A total of 112 nondemented elderly patients with major depression participated in an 8-week citalopram trial at a target daily dose of 40 mg. Executive functions were assessed with the initiation/perseveration subscale of the Dementia Rating Scale and the Stroop Color-Word test. Medical burden was rated with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Results Both abnormal initiation/perseveration and abnormal Stroop Color-Word scores were associated with an unfavorable response of geriatric depression to citalopram. In particular, initiation/perseveration scores below the median (≤35) and Stroop scores at the lowest quartile (≤22) predicted limited change in depressive symptoms. Impairment in other Dementia Rating Scale cognitive domains did not significantly influence the outcome of depression. Conclusions Executive dysfunction increases the risk for poor response of geriatric depression to citalopram. Because executive functions require frontostriatal-limbic integrity, this observation provides the rationale for investigation of the role of specific frontostriatal-limbic pathways in perpetuating geriatric depression. Depressed elderly patients with executive dysfunction require vigilant clinical attention because they might be at risk to fail treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressant.
Turkey and the Gulf Cooperation Council

In the last decade, the Gulf has emerged as an important focal point of Turkish foreign policy. The Arab Awakening, however, has unleashed powerful pressures for change throughout the Middle East and Gulf. The key question is what impact these pressures for change will have on Turkey's foreign policy toward the Gulf and the Middle East more broadly. Ankara's Gulf policy was predicated on the political status quo in the Gulf remaining largely intact. Can this policy still succeed? Or will it have to be redefined to deal with a new and highly dynamic strategic landscape?
Timing of mate-locating by males in relation to female activity in the carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta (Hymenoptera: Aphidae)

Males of the carpenter beeXylocopa varipuncta Patton wait for females to visit them as they hover at landmark territories along ridgelines on some spring afternoons. While hovering, males advertize their presence by releasing a pheromone that attracts passing females. If males have limited time to invest in territorial hovering and signaling, then they should engage in these activities more often at times when mate-searching females are most likely to visit landmark territories. The number of females flying near male territories varies greatly over the course of afternoons and from day to day. Measures of female activity and male territorial activity were highly correlated at one study site, both in terms of changes within afternoons and in terms of day-to-day fluctuations. This result supports the hypothesis that males ofX. varipuncta time their mateattracting behavior to maximize contacts with receptive females.
The Water Was There

(2006). The Water Was There … Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 25-26.
Long-Term Variability of the Internal and External Geomagnetic Field

The magnetic fields of the Earth, the planets and the sun, provide a basis for the basic structure of our solar system. The geomagnetic field has been explored and measured for centuries, and it is known that it experiences major changes on time scales ranging from seconds to millions of years. These changes are associated with the internal source of the geomagnetic field, which is not completely understood. Measurements conducted by spacecraft during the last few decades, have explored the geomagnetic field and revealed details about both internal and external sources. The external sources are associated with the complex system of currents that flows in the “comet-like” configuration of the distant geomagnetic field called the magnetosphere, which is produced by the solar wind. The magnetic fields due to the external sources can vary with time scales from a few seconds to several years, related to solar cycle activity. The study of these phenomena span scientific disciplines extending from the geophysics of the Earth's core to solar and space plasma physics. A crucial element of this study is the continuous and accurate monitoring of the geomagnetic field and the appropriate means to archive this important data set.
Effect of Flexible Spacer Length on the Rheology of Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymers

The effect of flexible spacer length on the rheology of side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers (SCLCPs) was investigated. For the study, a liquid-crystalline monomer, [n-[(4-cyanobiphenyl)oxy]alkyl]carboxylic acid (nCN-COOH) with varying methylene groups (n = 5, 7, and 11), was grafted onto a nearly monodisperse hydroxylated polyisoprene, yielding SCLCPs, poly{[n-[(4-cyanobiphenyl)oxy]alkyl]carbonyl}oxyisoprenes (PI-nCN). Differential scanning calorimetry has shown that the clearing temperature (Tcl) of PI-nCN increases with increasing n. Polarizing optical microscopy has shown that PI-5CN has a nematic mesophase, while both PI-7CN and PI-11CN have a smectic mesophase. The linear dynamic viscoelasticity, steady shear flow, and transient/intermittent shear flows of PI-nCN were investigated. It was found that flexible spacer length has a profound influence on the rheological responses of PI-nCN. The following observations have been made. (i) At temperatures below Tcl the complex viscosity (|η*|) of PI-5CN e...
PathPass: Opening doors for people with disabilities

Conventional “push a button” door openers introduce significant difficulty for disabled persons using canes or wheelchairs. This paper presents a new design for creating easy and safe accessibility conditions through the establishment of an advanced interaction between the person and the accessibility control of the building. Based on this concept, an integrated architecture for door openers, called PathPass, is proposed that introduces easy to use equipment by the person and to the door's control unit allowing the performance of a wide range of operational modes. Finally a prototype implementation of PathPass is presented.
Molecular mechanisms of transformation by the BCR-ABL oncogene.

The BCR-ABL oncogene is generated by the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) translocation, fusing the BCR gene to the ABL gene. The BCR-ABL fusion protein has elevated ABL tyrosine kinase activity that is critical for transformation of hematopoietic cells. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells transformed by BCR-ABL show reduced growth factor requirements and apoptosis, as well as enhanced viability and altered adhesion. The elevated ABL kinase activity leads to chronic activation of signaling pathways that are required for all aspects of transformation. Progression of the disease from chronic phase to blast crisis correlates with additional cytogenetic alterations that are likely to contribute to the failure of traditional therapy. This review describes molecular mechanisms that are thought to be important for transformation by the BCR-ABL oncoprotein and points at pathways for targeted drug development in the treatment of CML.
Duhem, the Arabs, and the history of cosmology

Duhem has generally been understood to have maintained that the major Greek astronomers were instrumentalists. This view has emerged mainly from a reading of his 1908 publication To Save the Phenomena. In it he sharply contrasted a sophisticated Greek interpretation of astronomical models (for Duhem this was that they were mathematical contrivances) with a naive insistence of the Arabs on their concrete reality. But in Le Systeme du monde, which began to appear in 1913, Duhem modified his views on Greek astronomy considerably; his more subtle understanding included the recognition that many Greeks subordinated mathematical astronomy to physical theory. But he could not completely repudiate his earlier views about Greek astronomy in part because his extreme nineteenth century prejudices led him to continue to insist on a clear-cut demarcation between Greek and Arabic astronomy. The inevitable result is a certain unevenness in the Systeme and some glaring inconsistencies.
Using Data to Strengthen Ambulatory Oncology Nursing Practice.

Ambulatory careLeadershipOncology nursingQuality improvementQuality of careSurvey researchBackground: Efforts to measure quality of care do not capture the unique aspects ofambulatory oncology settings. To retain nurses, ensure a safe practice environment,and encourage behaviors that support high-quality care, there is a need to identifyfactors associated with job satisfaction and turnover with measures that reflect theambulatory setting. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine thepatterns and correlates of the work environment for nurses and nurse practitionersworking in a National Cancer InstituteYdesignated Comprehensive Cancer Center.Methods: Web-based questionnaires were disseminated to employees with aregistered nurse license in ambulatory settings and related support services and included3 affiliated satellite locations. Participants completed the Practice Environment Scaleof the Nursing Work Index, revised for ambulatory oncology settings, the SafetyOrganizing Scale, and items to assess job sati sfaction, perceived quality of care, andintentiontoleavetheircurrentposition.Logisticandlinearregressionmodelswereusedtoexamine factors associated with these outcomes. Results: From 403 individuals,319 (79.2%) participated. The majority of respondents endorsed excellent quality ofcare (57.7%), job satisfaction (69.3%), and intention to stay in current position (77.4%).Endorsement of favorable collegial nurse-physician relationships was significantlyassociated with all 3 outcomes and increased performance of safety organizingbehaviors. Nurses reported variations in practice environments and safety organizingbehaviors across units. Conclusions: Work environment assessments are useful toretain experienced nurses and support the delivery of high-quality patient care.Implications for Practice: Routine assessment of the work environment forregistered nurses and advanced practice nurses is feasible and informative.Ambulatory Oncology Nursing Practice
Saliva as a chemical cue in the development of social behavior

Throughout development, Mongolian gerbils engage in conspicuous naso-oral investigations of their social partners9 mouth areas. The behavioral contribution of saliva-related stimuli in regulating oral-directed responses was studied during several important phases of the gerbil9s social life. Weanlings were preferentially attracted to their mother9s saliva, subadults at puberty preferred saliva of littermates to that of nonlittermates, and sexually experienced males preferred the saliva of estrous females to that of nonestrous females. The use of saliva as a discriminative cue during various developmental periods suggests that oral chemostimuli have a perennial role in regulating social interchanges.
Bronchodilating activity of an H1 blocker, chlorpheniramine.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that chlorpheniramine (CP), an H 1 blocker, can cause bronchodilatation if administered intravenously (iv) and in higher doses than those currently prescribed. In 10 subjects with allergic asthma, forced expiratory flows (FEF) were recorded on different days, at comparable baseline values, before and up to 5 hr after administration of 8 mg per os (po) chlorpheniramine, 10 mg iv CP (repeated twice), 5.5 mg/kg iv aminophylline, and 30 mg po butabarbital as well as during a day without drug. Chlorpheniramine administered intravenously produced reproducible increases (+Δ) in FEF, starting at 15 min, peaking at 120 min, and still persisting at 5 hr; the peak +Δ averaged 15% for FEV 1 and 27% to 53% for flows at low lung volume. FEF showed a comparable +Δ after aminophylline, a smaller +Δ after orally administered chlorpheniramine and no significant +Δ during butabarbital or control sessions. The ratio change over time/variability was higher for FEV 1 , FEF 50% , and FEF 25%–75% than for the remaining parameters. In six subjects a double-blind study (chlorpheniramine vs. saline solution) confirmed the effectiveness of the doses administered in the open study. In three subjects, 10 mg iv chlorpheniramine was given at four different baseline values; the highest +Δ occurred when the basal FEV 1 was ~50% of the predicted value and the basal FEF at low lung volume 30% to 40% of the predicted value. In two subjects, log dose-response curves to 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg iv chlorpheniramine were obtained by using FEV 1 FEF 50% , and FEF 25%–75% Thus chlorpheniramine in high iv doses can dilate the bronchi, the +Δ FEF depending on the dose, the percent of the predicted basal FEF value, and "individual" responsiveness. Within the dose range used, bronchodilatation to chlorpheniramine and aminophylline administered intravenously was best detected by FEV 1 , FEF 50% , and FEF 25%–75% .
Initiated chemical vapor deposition of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels

Abstract Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), a low temperature variant of hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) is a solvent-free polymerization technique. It was used to synthesize thick, free-standing films of the hydrogel poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA). In this work, we show that the iCVD technique can yield PHEMA which is free from residual entrained monomer, has low non-specific protein adsorption and is capable of supporting good cell adhesion and proliferation.
Scaling of the resolving power and sensitivity for planar FAIMS and mobility-based discrimination in flow- and field-driven analyzers

Continuing development of the technology and applications of field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) calls for better understanding of its limitations and factors that govern them. While key performance metrics such as resolution and ion transmission have been calculated for specific cases employing numerical simulations, the underlying physical trends remained obscure. Here we determine that the resolving power of planar FAIMS scales as the square root of separation time and sensitivity drops exponentially at the rate controlled by absolute ion mobility and several instrument parameters. A strong dependence of ion transmission on mobility severely discriminates against species with higher mobility, presenting particular problems for analyses of complex mixtures. While the time evolution of resolution and sensitivity is virtually identical in existing FAIMS systems using gas flow and proposed devices driven by electric field, the distributions of separation times are not. The inverse correlation between mobility (and thus diffusion speed) and residence time for ions in field-driven FAIMS greatly reduces the mobility-based discrimination and provides much more uniform separations. Under typical operating conditions, the spread of elimination rates for commonly analyzed ions is reduced from >5 times in flow-driven to 1.6 times in field-driven FAIMS while the difference in resolving power decreases from ∼60% to ∼15%.
Galileo as a ‘bad theologian’: a formative myth about Galileo’s trial

Abstract For 150 years after Galileo’s condemnation in 1633, there were many references to the trial, but no sustained, heated or polarized discussions. Then came the thesis that Galileo was condemned not for being a good astronomer but for being a bad theologian (using Scripture to support astronomical hypotheses); it began in 1784–1785 with an apology of the Inquisition by Mallet du Pan in the Mercure de France and the printing in Tiraboschi’s Storia della letteratura italiana of an apocryphal letter attributed to Galileo but forged by Onorato Gaetani. This thesis is not only untenable and false but inverts and subverts the truth; it proved to be long-lasting and widely accepted; so it may be labeled a myth. It was held by such writers as Bergier, 1788-1790a , Bergier, 1788-1790b , Berault-Bercastel, 1790 , Feller, 1797 , Cooper, 1838 , Purcell, 1844 , Marini, 1850 , Reumont, 1853 , Madden, 1863 , Duhem, 1908 . Afterwards, it was generally abandoned, its death knell being pope John Paul II’s speeches in 1979–1992. The myth seems to have acted as a catalyst insofar as its creation encouraged the proliferation of pro-clerical accounts and the articulation of pro-Galilean ones, thus making the discussion of Galileo’s trial the cause celebre it is today.
Designing for Watershed Inquiry

In this article, we describe a collaborative design initiative with three secondary school teachers to promote the use of Web-based inquiry in the context of a watershed investigation. Design interviews that focus on instructional goals and pedagogical beliefs of classroom teachers were conducted. The interview protocol used a curricular framework for watershed inquiry and the Web-based Inquiry for Learning Science (WBI) instrument to present a range of instruction. The findings from the design interviews guided the development of a new Web-based activity. Differences among users of our environmental education materials are discussed.
Predicting SA-I mechanoreceptor spike times with a skin-neuron model

Slowly adapting type I (SA-I) mechanoreceptors encode the edges and curvature of touched objects by generating neural spikes in response to indentation of the skin. Beneath this general input-output relationship, models are of great utility for understanding the sub-processes, as SA-I transduction sites are inaccessible to whole-cell recording. This work develops and validates a SA-I skin-receptor model that combines a finite element model of skin mechanics, a sigmoidal function of transduction, and a leaky integrate-and-fire model of neural dynamics. The model produced a R(2)=0.80 goodness of fit between predicted and observed firing rates for 3 and 5mm grating stimuli. In addition, modulation indices of predicted firing rates for 3 and 5mm gratings are 0.46 and 0.59, respectively, compared to the 0.71 and 0.72 found in vivo. An analysis of predicted first spikes indicates their latency may also be enhanced by edges, as edge proximity shortened first spike latencies by 26.2 and 41.8 ms for the 3 and 5mm gratings, respectively. The model described here bridges the gap between those models that transform sustained indentation to firing rates and those that transform vibration to spike times.
1,1-Dichloroethylene nephrotoxicity in the rat.

Abstract The acute, oral nephrotoxicity of 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE, vinylidene chloride) as demonstrated by increases in kidney weight, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine concentration, and histopathologic changes after oral administration of 1,1-DCE to male and female rats was determined. Fasting males were susceptible to 400 mg/kg with urea nitrogen elevated 24, 48, and 72 hr later whereas fed males were not. Doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg caused urea nitrogen elevations, and 400 mg/kg caused elevated creatinine. By these criteria, males were more susceptible than females. The time-course of the biochemical changes indicative of nephrotoxicity coincided with plasma enzyme changes associated with hepatotoxicity or were slightly preceded by them. In male rats histopathologic changes observed including vacuolization, tubular dilitation, and necrosis, coincided closely with increases in kidney wet weight. The prevalence of histopathologic lesions. however, was at least as great in the females as the males and may have been slightly more prolonged, but the other indicators of nephrotoxicity were not affected by 1,1-DCE.
Bioconversion of (R)-(+)-limonene by P. digitatum (NRRL 1202)

Abstract Racemic limonene was enantio-selectively and enantio-specifically converted to (R)-(+)-α-terpineol by Penicillium digitatum mycelia. Bioconversion only occurred during the early to mid-log phase of growth. This pattern held true when different age inocula were used. Bioconversion activity increased more than 4-fold after substrate induction. Aeration was critical to this bioconversion. The optimum oxygen requirement was 1·6 mg/litre. Up to 4% (v/v) limonene did not inhibit the bioconversion. α-Terpineol inhibition was seen at concentrations greater than 25·9 m m . The optimum conversion temperature was 28°C, and the optimum pH was 4·5. The highest concentration of product was formed with a contact time of between 1 and 2 days.
Downfield Proton Chemical Shifts Are Not Reliable Aromaticity Indicators

[structure: see text] The downfield chemical shifts of arene hydrogens (delta (1)H) are due only in part to the pi ring current contribution [sigma(//)(pi)]; local framework effects are equally important. Neither proton chemical shifts nor even sigma(||)(pi) tensor elements, per se, are reliable aromaticity indicators. Unsaturated polycyclic hydrocarbons with nonaromatic quinoid structures have delta (1)H and sigma(//)(pi) values in the "aromatic range". Conversely, numerous aromatic protons, including those in five-membered ring heterocycles, resonate in the "nonaromatic range".
Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium of Polymer + Solvent Mixtures by the Chain-of-Rotators Equation of State

Vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) of polymer + solvent mixtures is described by the chain-of-rotators (COR) equation of state (EOS) using segment parameters that are applicable to polymers of varying ...
Multi-objective optimization of actively controlled structures with topological considerations

This paper presents a novel approach for the optimum design of actively controlled structures using both cooperative and Stackelberg game theoretic formulations wherein the structural topology is also optimized. Most of the available literature for design of actively controlled structures deals with structures of a predetermined topology. It is recognized that the structural performance can be improved significantly by the optimization of topology. The optimum topology is created herein by minimizing the strain energy. Once the optimum topology is obtained, a simultaneous sizing and control system optimization of the optimum topology is performed which (i) maximizes the energy dissipated by the controller, (ii) minimizes the structural weight, and (iii) minimizes the controller performance index. The design variables include actuator locations, member cross-sectional areas and entries of state and control weighting matrices. The multi-objective design problem is solved as a bi-level Stackelberg game. A co...
NMDA Receptor‐Mediated Regulation of AMPA Receptor Properties in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

Activation of the calcium-dependent protease calpain has been proposed to be a necessary step in the formation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, and stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration, calpain activation, proteolysis of cytoskeletal elements, and modification of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor properties. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of NMDA treatment of cultured hippocampal slices on the properties of AMPA receptors. Cultured hippocampal slices were treated with NMDA (100 microM) for 15 min and [3H]AMPA binding to membrane fractions was measured. NMDA-treated slices exhibited an increase in both "high-affinity" and "low-affinity" [3H]AMPA binding, with smaller changes in 6-cyano-7-nitro[3H]quinoxaline-2,3-dione binding. The increase in [3H]AMPA binding was significantly reduced by preincubation of cultures with calpain inhibitor I or calpeptin (100 microM). Furthermore, NMDA exposure decreased the number of GluR1 subunits of AMPA receptors detected by an antibody against the C-terminal domain of the subunit in western blots and resulted in the formation of a lower molecular weight species detected by an antibody against the N-terminal domain. Both effects were completely prevented by calpain inhibitors. These results indicate that NMDA receptor activation produces calpain activation and complex modifications of AMPA receptor properties, which could be involved in NMDA receptor-mediated changes in synaptic efficacy.
Is There a Dose-Response Relationship for Heart Disease With Low-Dose Radiation Therapy?

Purpose To quantify cardiac radiation therapy (RT) exposure using sensitive measures of cardiac dysfunction; and to correlate dysfunction with heart doses, in the setting of adjuvant RT for left-sided breast cancer. Methods and Materials On a randomized trial, 32 women with node-positive left-sided breast cancer underwent pre-RT stress single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT-CT) myocardial perfusion scans. Patients received RT to the breast/chest wall and regional lymph nodes to doses of 50 to 52.2 Gy. Repeat SPECT-CT scans were performed 1 year after RT. Perfusion defects (PD), summed stress defects scores (SSS), and ejection fractions (EF) were evaluated. Doses to the heart and coronary arteries were quantified. Results The mean difference in pre- and post-RT PD was −0.38% ± 3.20% ( P =.68), with no clinically significant defects. To assess for subclinical effects, PD were also examined using a 1.5-SD below the normal mean threshold, with a mean difference of 2.53% ± 12.57% ( P =.38). The mean differences in SSS and EF before and after RT were 0.78% ± 2.50% ( P =.08) and 1.75% ± 7.29% ( P =.39), respectively. The average heart Dmean and D95 were 2.82 Gy (range, 1.11-6.06 Gy) and 0.90 Gy (range, 0.13-2.17 Gy), respectively. The average Dmean and D95 to the left anterior descending artery were 7.22 Gy (range, 2.58-18.05 Gy) and 3.22 Gy (range, 1.23-6.86 Gy), respectively. No correlations were found between cardiac doses and changes in PD, SSS, and EF. Conclusions Using sensitive measures of cardiac function, no clinically significant defects were found after RT, with the average heart Dmean
A TREE ARCHITECTURE FOR THE SYMMETRIC EIGENPROBLEM

ABSTRACT In this paper we present a tree architecture foreigendecomposition based on a Divide -and-Conquer approach. A comparison of this method with the previously proposed systolic array architecture is made. Strategies for serial -parallel computation and fault -tolerantdesign are indicated. The suitability of this architecture for VLSI implementation is pointed out. 1. Introduction 1.1. Problem Description Many signal and image processing algo-rithms require the eigendecomposition of large matrices for efficient application [1,2,3]. Often, these problems have to be solved in a distri- buted fashion, e.g. in a Distributed Sensor Net- work involving the combination of sub -spaces. Another notable example is the so- called 'super- radar'. There have been many solutions to the eigendecomposition problem. We will be concerned mainly with the symmetric eigen- problem. The quantities of interest are the eigenvalues (all or some of them) and the corresponding eigenvectors. The specializationto symmetric matrices is not overly restrictive,
Solution of the Burgers equation on semiinfinite and finite intervals via a stream function

The initial-boundary-value problem on the semiinfinite interval and on a finite interval for the Burgers equation u"t = u"x"x + 2u"xu is solved using a stream [email protected] a linearizing transformation w = e^@f. The transformation reduces the equation to a heat equation with appropriate initial and homogeneous time-dependent linear boundary conditions. One advantage of this method is that we never need to find an explicit expression for @f in our computations.
The synthesis and characterization of tris(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)uranium,U(2,4-C7H11)3

Abstract The reaction of “UCl3·nTHF” with three equivalents of the 2,4-dimethylpentadienyl anion leads to the formation of pyrophoric tris(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)uranium, a rare example of a homoleptic uranium(III) organometallic compound. The compound has been characterized by infrared and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Weed control research in Colorado potatoes—A review

Studies have been conducted for three years to determine the herbicides best adapted for the control of annual broadleaf and grass weeds in Colorado potato fields. The most effective registered herbicides are EPTC, EPTC + trifluralin, and metobromuron. Promising herbicides that are not registered are alachlor and 4-amino-6-t-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5-(4H)-one (BAY-94337).
Defective interfering particles with covalently linked [+/-]RNA induce interferon

Defective interfering (DI) particles of vesicular stomatitis virus which contain covalently linked complementary [+]message and [-]anti-message RNA as a single-stranded ribonucleoprotein complex within the particle, are extremely efficient inducers of interferon. A single particle can induce a quantum yield of interferon. A single molecule of double-stranded RNA presumed to form, at least in part, on entry into the cell is thought to induce interferon synthesis. Conventional [-]RNA DI particles with the same polypeptide composition as [+/-]RNA DI particles fail to induce interferon.
Out-of-plane computed-tomography-guided biopsy using a magnetic-field-based navigation system.

The purpose of this article is to report our clinical experience with out-of-plane computed-tomography (CT)-guided biopsies using a magnetic-field-based navigation system. Between February 2002 and March 2003, 20 patients underwent CT-guided biopsy in which an adjunct magnetic-field-based navigation system was used to aid an out-of-plane biopsy approach. Eighteen patients had an underlying primary malignancy. All biopsies involved the use of a coaxial needle system in which an outer 18G guide needle was inserted to the lesion using the navigation system and an inner 22G needle was then used to obtain fine-needle aspirates. Complications and technical success were recorded. Target lesions were located in the adrenal gland (n = 7), liver (n = 6), pancreas (n = 3), lung (n = 2), retroperitoneal lymph node (n = 1), and pelvis (n = 1). The mean lesion size (maximum transverse diameter) was 26.5 mm (range: 8–70 mm) and the mean and median cranial–caudal distance, between the transaxial planes of the final needle tip location and the needle insertion site, was 40 mm (range: 18–90 mm). Needle tip positioning was successfully placed within the lesion in all 20 biopsies. A diagnosis of malignancy was obtained in 14 biopsies. Benign diagnoses were encountered in the remaining six biopsies and included a benign adrenal gland (n = 2), fibroelastic tissue (n = 1), hepocytes with steatosis (n = 2) and reactive hepatocytes (n = 1). No complications were encountered. A magnetic-field-based navigation system is an effective adjunct tool for accurate and safe biopsy of lesions that require an out-of-plane CT approach.
Variability of estradiol concentration in normal dogs

Estradiol concentrations are evaluated in canine serum as part of an adrenal panel used to diagnose atypical Cushing's syndrome and other endocrine abnormalities. Estradiol concentrations are often elevated in dogs without clinical signs of hyperestrogenism, and the significance of this elevation is unknown. The purpose of this study was to estimate the variation in estradiol concentrations in normal dogs. Ten neutered male and female dogs were enrolled in the study. Blood was collected from each dog at 2 h intervals, four times during a given day. This was repeated approximately 1 (week 2) and 5 weeks later (week 6). There was no attempt for a given dog to be started at the exact time or day each week. Results showed that estradiol concentrations ranged from 44.6 to 120.3 pg/mL with a mean of 70.4 pg/mL, which is greater than the upper limit of normal for our laboratory (69 pg/mL). The mean difference between the highest and lowest concentrations for each dog was 28.8 pg/mL, with a range of 12.5-53.5 pg/mL. Mean estradiol concentrations from week 6 (63.2 pg/mL) were significantly lower than those from week 1 (71.4 pg/mL; P=0.015) and week 2 (76.5 pg/mL; P=0.0004). These data show a wide range of variability in estradiol concentration both within and between dogs and that these measurements often exceed the normal ranges established by the laboratory. Therefore, diagnosis of hyperestrogenism or atypical Cushing's syndrome based on increased estradiol concentrations should require compatible clinical presentation of hyperestrogenism together with elevated serum estradiol.
Structural characterization of the second intra-discal loop of the photoreceptor tetraspanin RDS.

Vertebrate photoreceptors contain a unique tetraspanin protein known as ‘retinal degeneration slow’ (RDS). Mutations in the RDS gene have been identified in a variety of human retinal degenerative diseases, and more than 70% of these mutations are located in the second intra-discal (D2) loop, highlighting the importance of this region. Here we examined the conformational and thermal stability properties of the D2 loop of RDS, as well as interactions with ROM–1, a non-glycosylated homolog of RDS. The RDS D2 loop was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (MBP). The fusion protein, referred to as MBP–D2, was purified to homogeneity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the wild-type (WT) D2 loop consists of approximately 21% α–helix, approximately 20% β–sheet and approximately 59% random coil. D2 loop fusion proteins carrying disease-causing mutations in RDS (e.g. R172W, C214S, N244H/K) were also examined, and conformational changes were observed (compared to wild-type D2). In particular, the C150S, C214S and N244H proteins showed significant reductions in α–helicity. However, the thermal stability of the mutants was unchanged compared to wild-type, and all the mutants were capable of interacting with ROM–1, indicating that this functional aspect of the isolated D2 loop remained intact in the mutants despite the observed conformational changes. An I–TASSER model of the RDS D2 loop predicted a structure consistent with the circular dichroism experiments and the structure of the conserved region of the D2 loop of other tetraspanin family members. These results provide significant insight into the mechanism of RDS complex formation and the disease process underlying RDS-associated retinal degeneration.
Technology frames and framing: a socio-cognitive investigation of requirements determination

Requirements determination (RD) during information systems delivery (ISD) is a complex organizational endeavor, involving political, sensemaking, and communicative processes. This research draws on the analytic concept of technology frames of reference to develop a socio-cognitive process model of how frames and shifts in frame salience influence sensemaking during requirements determination. The model provides a theoretical and conceptual perspective that deepens our understanding of requirements processes in organizations and of the socio-cognitive basis of power in ISD. The paper reports on a longitudinal case study, in which four technology frame domains were identified and the influence of frames on project participants' understanding of requirements was traced through eight RD episodes. Repeated shifts in the salience of the business value of IT and IT delivery strategies frames disrupted project participants' understanding of requirements and contributed to a turbulent RD process. Analysis of frames and framing helped explain how interpretive power was exercised, yet constrained, in this project. Implications for further research and for practice are considered.
Joint contact loading in forefoot and rearfoot strike patterns during running

Research concerning forefoot strike pattern (FFS) versus rearfoot strike pattern (RFS) running has focused on the ground reaction force even though internal joint contact forces are a more direct measure of the loads responsible for injury. The main purpose of this study was to determine the internal loading of the joints for each strike pattern. A secondary purpose was to determine if converted FFS and RFS runners can adequately represent habitual runners with regards to the internal joint loading. Using inverse dynamics to calculate the net joint moments and reaction forces and optimization techniques to estimate muscle forces, we determined the axial compressive loading at the ankle, knee, and hip. Subjects consisted of 15 habitual FFS and 15 habitual RFS competitive runners. Each subject ran at a preferred running velocity with their habitual strike pattern and then converted to the opposite strike pattern. Plantar flexor muscle forces and net ankle joint moments were greater in the FFS running compared to the RFS running during the first half of the stance phase. The average contact forces during this period increased by 41.7% at the ankle and 14.4% at the knee joint during FFS running. Peak ankle joint contact force was 1.5 body weights greater during FFS running (p<0.05). There was no evidence to support a difference between habitual and converted running for joint contact forces. The increased loading at the ankle joint for FFS is an area of concern for individuals considering altering their foot strike pattern.
Routines in teacher planning

(1979). Routines in teacher planning. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 18, The Complex Classrooms: A Research Focus, pp. 163-169.
The risk of second-tier supplier failures in serial supply chains: Implications for order policies and distributor autonomy

Abstract As organizations decrease inventory, the potential impact of a supply disruption increases. However, due to supply chain structural changes, the likelihood of a disruption may be less. Additionally independent supply chain actors may react to policy changes, changing supply chain configurations and perhaps reducing loss magnitudes. If risk is a product of likelihood and magnitude, does higher inventory reduce an organization’s supply related risk? This paper examines the supply risk issue within the context of a second-tier supply failure, and is grounded in inventory and resource dependency theories. By evaluating risk assessment in a simulation environment, exploratory findings suggest that increased inventory in a tiered supply chain can sometimes increase supply risk rather than decrease it. Managerial insights into the effects of supply chain stability and coordination are provided. By taking a systems perspective of supply risk management, organizations will be better able to manage supply risk concerns.
ON ROTH'S PSEUDO EQUIVALENCE OVER RINGS ∗

The pseudo-equivalence of a block lower triangular matrix T =( Tij )o ver ar egular ring and its block diagonal matrix D(T )=( Tii) is characterized in terms of suitable Roth consistency conditions. The latter can in turn be expressed in terms of the solvability of certain matrix equations of the form TiiXYT jj = Uij.
Anxiety-Promoting Parenting Behaviors: A Comparison of Anxious Mothers and Fathers

The majority of research identifying anxiety-promoting parenting behaviors has been conducted with mothers, leaving a gap in current knowledge about the role of fathers’ parenting behaviors. In an attempt to fill this gap, this study compared anxiety-promoting parenting behaviors of anxious mothers and fathers. Parents completed self-report measures of parenting behavior and independent coders rated parenting behaviors (i.e., overcontrol, granting of autonomy, warmth, hostility, anxious behavior) of mothers (n = 34) and fathers (n = 21) during a challenging parent–child interaction task (children were ages 6–12). Results indicated that anxious fathers were observed to be more controlling than anxious mothers; while anxious mothers reported using more punishment and reinforcement of children’s dependence in anxiety provoking situations compared to fathers. Findings extend our knowledge about anxious fathers, and highlight the need for additional research on the impact of fathers’ parenting with respect to the development of child anxiety.
Suppression of Autophagic Flux by Bile Acids in Hepatocytes

Retention of bile acids (BAs) in the liver during cholestasis plays an important role in the development of cholestatic liver injury. Several studies have reported that high concentrations of certain BAs induce cell death and inflammatory response in the liver, and BAs may promote liver tumorigenesis. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a lysosomal degradation process that regulates organelle and protein homeostasis and serves as a cell survival mechanism under a variety of stress conditions. However, it is not known if BAs modulate autophagy in hepatocytes. In the present study, we determined autophagic flux in livers of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) knockout (KO) mice that have increased concentrations of hepatic BAs and in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes treated with BAs. The results showed that autophagic flux was impaired in livers of FXR KO mice and in BA-treated primary mouse hepatocytes. Mechanistically, BAs did not affect the activities of cathepsin or the proteasome, but impaired autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion likely due to reduction of Rab7 protein expression and targeting to autophagosomes. In conclusion, BAs suppress autophagic flux in hepatocytes by impairing autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion, which may be implicated in bile acid-induced liver tumor promotion observed in FXR KO mice.
Complexity of calcium signaling in synaptic spines

Summary Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are thought to be cellular mechanisms contributing to learning and memory. Although the physiological phenomena have been well characterized, little consensus of their underlying molecular mechanisms has emerged. One reason for this may be the under-appreciated complexity of the signaling pathways that can arise if key signaling molecules are discretely localized within the synapse. Recent findings suggest an unanticipated degree of structural organization at the synapse, and improved methodsincellularimagingoflivingtissuehaveprovided much-needed information about the intracellular dynamics of Ca 2þ , thought to be critical for both LTP and LTD. In this review, we briefly summarize some of these developments, and show that a more complete understanding of cellular signaling depends on the successful integration of traditional biochemistry and molecular biology with the spatial and temporal details of synaptic ultrastructure. Biophysically realistic computer simulations can have an important role in bridging these disciplines. BioEssays 24:1130–1144, 2002. 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Utility of the Trail-Making Test as a Predictor of Driving Performance in Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical utility of the Trail-Making Tests (TMTs) as screens for impaired road-test performance. DESIGN: Secondary analyses of three data sets from previously published studies of impaired driving in older adults using comparable road test designs and outcome measures. SETTING: Two academic driving specialty clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Older drivers (N = 392; 303 with cognitive impairment, 89 controls) from Rhode Island and Missouri. MEASUREMENTS: Standard operating characteristics were evaluated for the TMT Part A (TMT-A) and Part B (TMT-B), as well as optimal upper and lower test cut-points that could be useful in defining groups of drivers with indeterminate likelihood of impaired driving who would most benefit from further screening or on-road testing. RESULTS: Discrimination remained high (>70%) when cut-points for the TMTs derived from Rhode Island data were applied to Missouri data, but calibration was poor (all P 25%). Mere inability to complete the test in a reasonable time frame (e.g., TMT-A > 48 seconds or TMT-B > 108 seconds) may still be a useful tool in separating unsafe from safe or marginal drivers in such samples. CONCLUSION: The TMTs (particularly TMT-A) may be useful as screens for driving impairment in older drivers in general practice settings, where most people are still safe drivers, but more-precise screening measures need to be analyzed critically in a variety of clinical settings for testing cognitively impaired older drivers. Language: en
Call Paths for Pin Tools

Fine-grained binary instrumentation is a popular technique to monitor program execution. Intel's Pin is a leading dynamic binary instrumentation framework for building program measurement and analysis tools. A key feature missing in Pin is the ability to associate call paths with instructions as they execute. The availability of calling context information enables Pin tools to provide more detailed diagnostic feedback. This paper introduces CCTLib---a call path collection library that any Pin tool can use to obtain the full calling context at any and every machine instruction that executes. CCTLib not only associates any instruction with source code along the call path, but also points to the data object accessed by the instruction if it is a memory access.With CCTLib, we demonstrate that collecting call paths on each executed instruction is possible, even for reasonably long running programs. Prior art in call path collection for Pin has several limitations. Compared to other open-source Pin tools for call path collection, CCTLib provides richer information that is accurate even for programs with complex control flow and does so with about 30% less overhead---a difference of 14× on average. CCTLib enables attribution of metrics in Pin tools to both code and data.
Millimeter-Wave Absorption by Cutaneous Blood Vessels: A Computational Study

The aims of the present study were to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) and EMield distributions inside cutaneous blood vessels and in surrounding tissues (dermis and fat) depending on the frequency of millimeter wave exposure. Most calculations were performed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. A rectangular block of homogeneous or multilayer tissue with blood vessels located in the center of the block was used as the basic geometry. We found that the SAR reached its maximal value in a long blood vessel oriented parallel to the E-field. It exceeded the SAR in the surrounding dermis by 40%- 42% at 42.25 GHz. However, in the same blood vessel oriented perpendicularly to the E-field, the SAR was lower than that of the surrounding dermis. Absorption of millimeter waves in a cutaneous blood vessel was higher at 61.22 GHz than at 42.25 GHz. The SAR distribution in a blood vessel was nearly uniform. Because of the small sizes of cutaneous blood vessels relative to the wavelength, the SAR distributions in these blood vessels can be calculated by using quasi-static theory.
Combating Corrosion in WTE Facilities: Theory and Experience

In boilers that use municipal solid wastes as fuel, metal wastage due to corrosion and erosion and tube fouling due to the buildup of deposits present serious problems to the system designer and operator. This study examines the corrosion mechanisms in Waste- To-Energy (WTE) boilers and summarizes the findings of a corrosion survey of several WTE "facilities and of interviews with senior engineers in the WTE industry. In addition, this study examines the existing methods of reducing corrosion that are adopted in WTE plants. Finally, the study proposes experimental research on corrosion resistant materials to be carried in the near future.