cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child care arrangements and repeated ear infections in young children.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between child care arrangements and repeated ear infections in young children. METHODS. Data on 5818 children younger than 6 years of age were taken from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey of Child Health. RESULTS. Seventeen percent of the children had had repeated ear infections in the year preceding the interview. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors significantly associated with repeated ear infections were age (1 to 2 years), race (White), sex (male), and medical history (repeated tonsillitis, enlarged adenoids, or asthma). When these factors were controlled for, children in a current child care arrangement still had a 50% higher chance of repeated ear infections than did children not in care. Children in day care centers were at higher risk than children cared for in homes. Care in settings with more than six children elevated the risk, but hours per week of care did not. CONCLUSIONS. Decreasing the risk o...
Prenatal diagnosis of terminal myelocystocele in the fetal surgery era: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE We report a case of a child with terminal myelocystocele (TMC). This case exemplifies the importance of performing a multidisciplinary evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging in the patient with suspected meningomyelocele when fetal surgery is being considered.CLINICAL PRE
Lay Brothers: The Other Men in the Mendicant Orders of New Spain

In 1556 Franciscan missionaries from the city of Mexico arrived in the then remote area of Zacatecas to begin what was expected to be a crucial but difficult evangelization of the area. They had been preceded by several other brothers who had not settled there despite having spent several years in catechizing the indigenous. The intention of these four missionaries was to stay and found a convent. Along with Fr. Pedro de Espinareda and Fr. Diego de la Cadena came one lay brother, Fr. Jacinto de San Francisco, and one donado simply called Lucas. Fr. Joseph Arlegui, chronicler of the order, assumed the presence of those friars would lay the foundation for the difficult task of evangelizing such distant lands and such unwilling peoples.
Predicted Configurations of Oligosaccharide Extensions in the Lipooligosaccharide of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Isolates

Lipooligosaccharide configurations were predicted in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolates based on the presence of seven oligosaccharide extension-initiating genes (or alleles). Predicted configurations with 2 to 3 oligosaccharide extensions were more prevalent among middle ear than throat strains. In addition, strains with these configurations averaged higher levels of serum resistance than strains with other configurations.
Equilibrium and Pseudo Equilibrium Low‐Temperature Dehydration of Montmorillonoids

Data have been obtained on the corresponding partial water pressures and temperatures at which hydrated montmorillonites will dehydrate reversibly. The data support but cannot establish (unequivocally) the idea that mixed-layer phases are metastable with respect to gross mixtures and usually persist metastably in the stability field of either the dehydrated or the hydrated phase. The influence of the host lattice (montmorillonite. or saponite, and the interlayer cation, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, and Pb2+) is clearly shown in the pressure-temperature curves presented.
Measuring subnanosecond fluorescent lifetimes using photon counting.

Summary An evaluation is made of a typical time-correlated single photon counting apparatus using a D2-filled gated flash lamp. The aim is to determine: (1) the valid flash lamp profile, and (2) the reliability and sensitivity of subnanosecond lifetime measurements. As model systems for very short-lived fluorescence possessing single exponential decay, concentrated JV-methylpiperidine (NMP) solutions in n-hexane were used. Stern-Volmer self-quenching kinetics were observed over a concentration range of 0.508 M to 1.00 × 10-4M. Solutions having known subnanosecond lifetimes were accordingly prepared. The flash lamp profile was altered so that the tail-portion (time > 3.6 ns after maximum) was reduced by a factor of 0.80. This altered profile provided the best convoluted functions as compared with the observed fluorescence decay curves. For lifetimes less than about 1 ns, the full-width-tenth-maximum values of the convoluted and observed decay functions were used as the criterion for best fit. Using highly concentrated NMP solutions, lifetimes of 0.30, 0.50, and 0.70 ns could be clearly distinguished; a lower limit for reliable measurement is placed at ca 0.2 ns for a flash lamp having a FWHM of 2.6 ns and a 1/e value of 0.8 ns.
Implementation of Chua's circuit with a cubic nonlinearity

This paper reports an implementation of Chua's circuit with a smooth nonlinearity, described by a cubic polynomial. Some bifurcation phenomena and chaotic attractors observed experimentally from the laboratory model and simulated by computer for the model are also presented. Comparing both the observations and simulations, the results are satisfactory. >
Multidimensional carrierless AM/PM systems for digital subscriber loops

Carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP) is a viable alternative for digital subscriber loop (DSL) systems such as high-speed DSL, asymmetric DSL, and very high-speed DSL. In this paper, two novel orthogonal-based modulation schemes are introduced for the DSL environment. In the first technique, the conventional two-dimensional (2-D) CAP-16 line code is extended to a three-dimensional (3-D) scheme. The 3-D system is designed so that the new overall transfer matrix maintains perfect reconstruction (PR) of the transmitted information. The system is designed by solving a minimax optimization problem by using the sequential quadratic programming algorithm; this searches the whole space of signals under the PR condition and the DSL constraints. The 3-D CAP system leads to a 50% increase in throughput at the expense of the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation by 3-4 dB. It should be noted that this increase in throughput can also be achieved by a CAP-64 system. Nevertheless, the dynamic range of the proposed 3-D CAP approach is 7.4 dB less than CAP-64, which leads to faster equalization. Furthermore, the equalizer performance in the 3-D case is 1-3 dB better, depending on channel and noise considerations. Another application of the multidimensional CAP approach, referred to as orthogonality division multiple access (ODMA) is presented. In this approach, the CAP system is extended to more than three dimensions by maintaining the same overall symbol rate as in the 2-D case. The ODMA system allows multiple-access operation of the DSL communication link with minimal hardware penalty. The performance of the ODMA system for the multiple-access environment is found to match the conventional 2-D CAP, allowing suitable multiple-access topology with minimal complexity overhead. The ODMA system complexity is compared with discrete multitone and is found to have 25% less complexity for the same bit rate. Theoretical analysis of the ODMA system using zero-forcing equalization shows that the equalization process yields better SNR as the number of dimensions increases, asymptotically approaching the intersymbol interference-free matched filter bound.
A generalized updating rule for modified Hopfield neural network

In this paper, a generalized updating rule (GUR) for the modified Hopfield neural network (MHNN) is presented. It is proved that with the GUR, for any given sequence of updating modes the network monotonously converges to a fixed point. An upper bound on the gradient of the energy function at the fixed point is given. All conventional MHNN algorithms are shown to be instances of the GUR. It is shown that the class of wide sense sequential updating modes guarantee the network to converge to the local minimum points of the energy function.
Characterization and Impact of Pulmonary Hypertension on Outcomes After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Characterization and Impact of Pulmonary Hypertension on Outcomes After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation V.N. Selby ,1 J.J. Teuteberg,2 I.E. Allen,3 R.J. Tedford,4 R.L. Kormos,5 T. De Marco.1 1Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; 2Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; 3Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; 4Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; 5Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Dictionary Use While Reading: The Effects On Comprehension and Vocabulary Acquisition For Students Of Different Verbal Abilities

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION IS CONSIDered by many to be the single most important aspect of foreign language learning. Not only do the majority of students studying foreign languages cite vocabulary as their number one priority (16; 50; 71), but it is often considered a priority by teachers as well. As Candlin asserts, "The study of vocabulary is at the heart of language teaching in terms of organization of syllabuses, the evaluation of learner performance, and the provision of learning resources" (viii). Nevertheless, while most first and second level courses emphasize vocabulary knowledge through their textbooks, courses with authentic texts often lack this emphasis (16; 24; 56). It appears that when the pedagogical focus shifts from medium to message, when students study literary texts instead of language texts, that the pedagogical assumption regarding vocabulary learning also shifts in emphasis from intentional to incidental. Vocabulary is no longer a primary classroom focus, something to be taught and tested; but rather, something to be acquired incidentally by the student while reading. Although one popular theory of second language acquisition (SLA) is based on this premise of incidental vocabulary acquisition as the result of comprehensible input (37; 38), does this actually happen? Do students acquire unknown words incidentally while reading? If so, how many and to what degree? An additional concern is dictionary use. Although many students express reliance on dictionaries (5; 69), many educators and researchers discourage the practice, advising students to guess at word meaning and to use the dictionary only as a tool of last resort (27; 48; 63). The primary concern is that looking up words frequently interferes with short term memory and thus disrupts the comprehension process. Empirical evidence to substantiate these assertions and corresponding pedagogical practices, however, is lacking (13; 43). Some of the unanswered questions that this study explores are: 1) Do students indeed acquire a significant amount of vocabulary while reading? 2) Are more words learned by guessing from context or by looking them up in a dictionary? 3) Does dictionary use affect reading comprehension? 4) Does dictionary use help some students more than others (i.e., those of higher or lower verbal ability levels)?
Engagement in after-school program activities: quality of experience from the perspective of participants

Middle school students’ experiences at after-school programs were compared as they participated in different types of activities and with different social partners. The students (N = 165) attended eight programs in three Midwestern states. A total of 1,596 experiences were randomly sampled using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) during 1 week in the fall of 2001 and 1 week in the spring of 2002. Student engagement was conceptualized as the simultaneous experience of concentration, interest, and enjoyment. Students reported high levels of engagement while participating in sports activities and arts enrichment activities at the after-school programs, and low levels of engagement while completing homework at programs. They reported being more engaged in activities involving both adults and peers than activities with peers only. Concentrated effort, intrinsic motivation, and positive and negative mood states were also compared by program activities and social partners. Findings about participants’ subjective experiences and engagement in specific program activities have implications for understanding after-school programs as a context for youth development.
Preventing Secondary Traumatization in the Undergraduate Classroom: Lessons From Theory and Clinical Practice

Indirect exposure to traumatic events or to survivors of trauma can itself be traumatizing and lead to symptoms similar to those of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a phenomenon known as secondary traumatization. Undergraduate students enrolled in courses on trauma are potentially vulnerable to secondary traumatization, although no research on them has been conducted. Literature on trauma therapy and the prevention of secondary traumatization is reviewed and suggestions are made for generalizing those findings to the university classroom. Issues of trauma exposure, safety, education, self-care, empowerment, and social support are discussed.
Assessing the ways to recovery from the global financial crisis

Purpose – The financial crisis has led to a number of important trends. This article sets out to examine the capabilities of both emerging markets and developed economies to come back from the current economic slowdown. It will draw on both trade and growth theories and uses relevant data to support the main arguments. Evidence suggests that the recovery will be slow and both emerging and developed countries will experience slower growth than the previous decade.Design/methodology/approach – The paper makes use of secondary data on future economic trends. It also draws on data and theory from international trade and foreign direct investment to support the future projected scenarios.Findings – The paper provides evidence on country data and comparisons between the main trading nations. The paper also draws on current macroeconomic data to support the main future predictions.Originality/value – The paper is useful for both academics and business practitioners and relates to the strategic decisions that hav...
Species-specific dibutyl phthalate fetal testis endocrine disruption correlates with inhibition of SREBP2-dependent gene expression pathways

Fetal rat phthalate exposure produces a spectrum of male reproductive tract malformations downstream of reduced Leydig cell testosterone production, but the molecular mechanism of phthalate perturbation of Leydig cell function is not well understood. By bioinformatically examining fetal testis expression microarray data sets from susceptible (rat) and resistant (mouse) species after dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure, we identified decreased expression of several metabolic pathways in both species. However, lipid metabolism pathways transcriptionally regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) were inhibited in the rat but induced in the mouse, and this differential species response corresponded with repression of the steroidogenic pathway. In rats exposed to 100 or 500 mg/kg DBP from gestational days (GD) 16 to 20, a correlation was observed between GD20 testis steroidogenic inhibition and reductions of testis cholesterol synthesis endpoints including testis total cholesterol levels, Srebf2 gene expression, and cholesterol synthesis pathway gene expression. SREBP2 expression was detected in all fetal rat testis cells but was highest in Leydig cells. Quantification of SREBP2 immunostaining showed that 500 mg/kg DBP exposure significantly reduced SREBP2 expression in rat fetal Leydig cells but not in seminiferous cords. By Western analysis, total rat testis SREBP2 levels were not altered by DBP exposure. Together, these data suggest that phthalate-induced inhibition of fetal testis steroidogenesis is closely associated with reduced activity of several lipid metabolism pathways and SREBP2-dependent cholesterologenesis in Leydig cells.
Occam's inversion to generate smooth, two-dimensional models from magnetotelluric data

Magnetotelluric (MT) data are inverted for smooth 2-D models using an extension of the existing 1-D algorithm, Occam’s inversion. Since an MT data set consists of a finite number of imprecise data, an infinity of solutions to the inverse problem exists. Fitting field or synthetic electromagnetic data as closely as possible results in theoretical models with a maximum amount of roughness, or structure. However, by relaxing the misfit criterion only a small amount, models which are maximally smooth may be generated. Smooth models are less likely to result in overinterpretation of the data and reflect the true resolving power of the MT method. The models are composed of a large number of rectangular prisms, each having a constant conductivity. Apriori information, in the form of boundary locations only or both boundary locations and conductivity, may be included, providing a powerful tool for improving the resolving power of the data. Joint inversion of TE and TM synthetic data generated from known models al...
Reciprocal Embryo Transfer Between SHR and WKY II. Effect on Cardiovascular Development

In order to study the in vivo effect of putative hypertensinogenic factors on early development of the cardiovascular system, embryos were reciprocally transferred between WKY and SHR to allow embryonic and fetal development of WKY in a hypertensive intrauterine environment and SHR in a non-hypertensive uterine environment. In one day-old neonates blood vessel dimensions and blood pressures were assessed. Pressures were also measured in animals which matured to the adult stage to determine whether there were any long-term effects on pressure of having developed in an in utero environment different from the one they would have naturally experienced. The data indicate that there are no consistent effects of intrauterine environment on vascular development, as indicated by the fact that normalized wall/lumen ratios were not different between normal and transferred animals, and immediate and long-term pressures were also similar in normal and transferred groups.
Stereotypes of Males' and Females' Speech:

Parallel designs were used to test the hypotheses that (a) strongly assertive forms would be attributed relatively more often to males and less assertive forms relatively more often to females, and (b) syntactic forms associated with males would be rated more intelligent and those associated with females less so. The results (ns = 24) for 4 groups of undergraduates were consistent with each of these predictions, suggesting that recently reported “changes in attitudes” toward women may have been more a function of changes in the social desirability of expressing anti-feminist prejudices than of changes in the attitudes.
Increasing the Enrollment of Underrepresented Minority Dental Students: Experiences from the Dental Pipeline Program

Dental educators have been trying to increase enrollment of underrepresented minority (URM) students for many years with limited success. The Pipeline, Profession, and Practice: Community-Based Dental Education program has developed or been affiliated with several innovative strategies for increasing the enrollment of URM students in U.S. dental schools. In March 2005, three promising approaches were discussed at an American Dental Education Association symposium and are described in this article: 1) collaborative recruitment programs based on groups of regional schools; 2) workshops that focus on the effective operation of admissions committees; and 3) a new summer enrichment program for college students interested in dentistry and medicine.
Urban Triage, City Systems, and the Remnants of Community Some “Sticky” Complications in the Greening of Detroit

Detroit’s long-range planning agenda—as articulated in the Detroit Future City (DFC) plan—is based on an innovative vision of a smaller, greener city. Implementing this vision rests on clearing the city’s most abandoned and deteriorated neighborhoods and transforming the area into vast green spaces. Eventually, therefore, the eighty-eight thousand people currently residing in this zone must (be) relocate(d). As services are phased out and infrastructure networks decommissioned, it is reasoned outmigration will accelerate; this strategy of “urban triage” geographically targets expenditures on the basis of viability, such that the flow of public resources to “nonviable” neighborhoods is constricted. This article explores one assumption that underlies triage-based policy and planning. Namely, it is believed that by removing infrastructures and services (“city systems”) from a given area, people will leave that area, a causal proposition that can be broken into two constituent parts. First, there is nothing u...
Persons, Situations, and Virtue Ethics

Imagine a person making a call in a suburban shopping plaza. As the caller leaves the phone booth, along comes Alice, who drops a folder full of papers that scatter in the caller's path. Will the caller stop and help before the only copy of Alice's magnum opus is trampled by the bargain-hungry throngs? Perhaps it depends on the person: Jeff, an entrepreneur incessantly scheming about fattening his real estate holdings, probably won't, while Nina, a political activist who takes in stray cats, probably will. Nina is the compassionate type; Jeff isn't. In these circumstances we expect their true colors to show. But this may be a mistake, as an experiment conducted by Isen and Levin (1972) shows. There, the paper-dropper was an experimental confederate. For one group of callers, a dime was planted in the phone' s coin return slot; for the other, the slot was empty. Here are the results
Shock and Vibration Isolation Using Internally Rotating Masses

This paper considers the use of a chain of springs and masses to reduce the transmission of shock and vibration through the system. The masses are equipped with internally rotating masses that absorb some of the axial vibration into internal kinetic energy of the masses. The internal masses have viscous damping, but no elastic or gravitational restraint. Previous research has shown that a single cart system attached to a vibrating structure can help mitigate shock through targeted energy transfer. This paper examines the potential for shock isolation provided by a chain of such systems. Through numerical simulations, tradeoffs are examined between displacement and transmitted force.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Integration of Price and Cost Analysis in Developing Processor-Producer Feasibility Studies

Local communities and area development groups throughout the country are seeking to expand industrial employment and markets for agricultural products. An expansion of agricultural processing industries is particularly attractive since it supposedly accomplishes both of these objectives simultaneously. Development groups are action oriented and require information presented in such a way that specific follow‐up action programs can be implemented. This article summarizes an approach which permits the integration of the two decision‐making entities involved in determining processing feasibility—the processing firm and the farm firm. The approach developed in this article provides a starting point for consideration of processing feasibility by action agencies, raw product producers and potential investors in processing plants.
Effects of dust enrichment on oxygen fugacity of cosmic gases

The degree to which dust enrichment enhances the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of a system otherwise solar in composition depends on the dust composition. Equilibrium calculations were performed at 10−3 bar in systems enriched by a factor of 104 in two fundamentally different types of dust to investigate the iron oxidation state in both cases. One type of dust, called SC for solar condensate, stopped equilibrating with solar gas at too high a temperature for FeO or condensed water to be stabilized in any form, and thus has the composition expected of a nebular condensate. The other has CI chondrite composition, appropriate for a parent body that accreted from SC dust and low-temperature ice. Upon total vaporization at 2300 K, both systems have high fO2, >IW. In the SC dust-enriched system, FeO of the bulk silicate reaches ~10 wt% at 1970 K but decreases to <1 wt% below 1500 K. The FeO undergoes reduction because consumption of gaseous oxygen by silicate recondensation causes a precipitous drop in fO2. Thus, enrichment in dust having the composition of likely nebular condensates cannot yield a sufficiently oxidizing environment to account for the FeO contents of chondrules. The fO2 of the system enriched in water-rich, CI dust, however, remains high throughout condensation, as gaseous water remains uncondensed until very low temperatures. This allows silicate condensates to achieve and maintain FeO contents of 27–35 wt%. Water-rich parent bodies are thus excellent candidate sources of chondrule precursors. Impacts on such bodies may have created the combination of high dust enrichment, total pressure, and fO2 necessary for chondrule formation.
Self-Compassion Promotes Personal Improvement From Regret Experiences via Acceptance

Why do some people report more personal improvement from their regret experiences than others? Three studies examined whether self-compassion promotes personal improvement derived from recalled regret experiences. In Study 1, we coded anonymous regret descriptions posted on a blog website. People who spontaneously described their regret with greater self-compassion were also judged as having expressed more personal improvement. In Study 2, higher trait self-compassion predicted greater self-reported and observer-rated personal improvement derived from recalled regret experiences. In Study 3, people induced to take a self-compassionate perspective toward a recalled regret experience reported greater acceptance, forgiveness, and personal improvement. A multiple mediation analysis comparing acceptance and forgiveness showed self-compassion led to greater personal improvement, in part, through heightened acceptance. Furthermore, self-compassion's effects on personal improvement were distinct from self-esteem and were not explained by adaptive emotional responses. Overall, the results suggest that self-compassion spurs positive adjustment in the face of regrets.
Predation of Striped Lynx Spider, Oxyopes salticus (Araneae: Oxyopidae), on Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae): a Laboratory Evaluation

Oxyopes salticus Hentz is an important member of the predatory community within and adjacent to row crops in the United States. Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a major pest of crops in most areas of North America. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine relationship of predatory success to size of the spider and size of the plant bug. Predation success was inversely related to prey size across all predator sizes. After exposure for 24 h, all spider size classes had high predation values (36–92%) for small (first-second instar) plant bug nymphs, intermediate values (32–68%) for medium-sized (third instar) nymphs, and low predation values (8–52%) for large (fifth instar) nymphs. Significant increases in predation from 24 to 48 h occurred only with small spiders exposed to small- and medium-sized plant bugs. Low predation success may be due both to difficulty in prey capture and to satiation after one or more successful prey captures.
Structurally Accurate Model for the “29”-Structure of CuxO/Cu(111): A DFT and STM Study

Copper is a common catalyst for many important chemical reactions including low-temperature water gas shift, selective catalytic reduction of NOx, methanol synthesis, methanol steam reforming, and partial oxidation of methanol. The degree of surface oxidation, or the oxidation state of the active site, during these reactions has been debated and is known to have a large influence on the reaction rates. Therefore, elucidating the atomic-scale structure of copper surface oxides is an important step toward a fuller understanding of reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis. The so-called “29” monolayer oxide film is a common intermediate in the oxidation of Cu(111). The large size of its unit cell has thus far prevented the development of a definitive model for its structure. Using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we arrive at a model for the “29” CuxO film on Cu(111). There is very good agreement between experimental and computational...
A NEW SUBFAMILY OF GEOMYOID RODENTS (MAMMALIA) AND A POSSIBLE ORIGIN OF GEOMYIDAE

Two new species, Mojavemys galushai and Phelosaccomys neomexicanus, are described from the Barstovian of New Mexico. Both of these species are assigned to a new subfamily, the Mojavemyinae. It is uncertain as to whether this new subfamily should be referred to the Heteromyidae or Geomyidae. Both Mojavemys an Phelosaccomys retain some heteromyid characteristics while developing advanced traits of geomyids. It is possible that these genera represent transitional forms between a heteromyid ancestor and advanced geomyines, thus deriving the Geomyidae directly from the Heteromyidae sometime in the middle Tertiary. It is also possible that the Mojavemyinae are a subfamily of heteromyids only convergent with geomyids. A third possibility is that the mojavemyines are among a group of middle Tertiary geomyoids from which both Recent heteromyids and geomyids were derived.
Oxidative guanine base damage regulates human telomerase activity

Changes in telomere length are associated with degenerative diseases and cancer. Oxidative stress and DNA damage have been linked to both positive and negative alterations in telomere length and integrity. Here we examined how the common oxidative lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine (8-oxoG) regulates telomere elongation by human telomerase. When 8-oxoG is present in the dNTP pool as 8-oxodGTP, telomerase utilization of the oxidized nucleotide during telomere extension is mutagenic and terminates further elongation. Depletion of MTH1, the enzyme that removes oxidized dNTPs, increases telomere dysfunction and cell death in telomerase-positive cancer cells with shortened telomeres. In contrast, a preexisting 8-oxoG within the telomeric DNA sequence promotes telomerase activity by destabilizing the G-quadruplex DNA structure. We show that the mechanism by which 8-oxoG arises in telomeres, either by insertion of oxidized nucleotides or by direct reaction with free radicals, dictates whether telomerase is inhibited or stimulated and thereby mediates the biological outcome.
Addressing Deceptive Distinctions: A Comparison of the Occupational Requirements of Military Personnel and Elementary School Teachers

In the analysis of expected behaviors and personal attributes, emphasis has been on differences between men and women, often failing to address "deceptive distinctions” of occupational requirements. Based on mean comparisons of six variables from two gender ideology scales by equal numbers of men and women across different occupations (military personnel; elementary school teachers), a number of significant of differences were noted within gender, that follow occupational expectations. Ultimately, both men and women adhere to occupational expectations, while still continuing to "‘do gender” especially when the behaviors do not contradict requirements of the job.
Changes in renal function following treatment for ovarian cancer.

5581 Background: Among women treated for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC), new or worsening renal dysfunction has been observed but not systematically studied. We conducted a retrospective cohort st...
Whole-Person, Whole-Community Care at the End of Life

Making the now all-but-universal experience of deteriorating and eventually dying as comfortable and as rich as possible for each person and those closest to her is an ethical responsibility of caregivers and the community.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Features of BAP1 Cancer Syndrome: A Report of 8 New Families and Review of Cases in the Literature.

Importance Patients with germline mutations in BAP1 may develop several flesh-colored melanocytic BAP1 –mutated atypical intradermal tumors (MBAITs). These tumors generally develop earlier than other BAP1–associated tumors, highlighting an important role for dermatologists in identifying and screening patients with a history suggestive of a germline mutation. Objective To describe 8 new families with germline mutations in BAP1 and provide a comprehensive review of reported cases. Design, Settings and Participants Patients were identified in an outpatient dermatology clinical setting over a 6-month period (10 mutation carriers from 8 families) and through a literature review using PubMed (205 patients). Exposures Mutations were identified through next-generation sequencing of saliva or blood samples, and RNA was extracted from fibroblasts cultured from a patient with an intronic variant to determine the impact of the mutation on the coding sequence. Main Outcomes and Measures All 215 patients were assessed for personal and/or family history and genotype. These findings were compiled and assessed for any association between genotype and phenotype. Results Overall, this study included 215 patients (108 women, 91 men, and 16 gender unspecified; median [range] age, 46.5 [10.0-79.0] years). Nine of the 10 patients who were identified in the outpatient dermatology setting were found to have MBAITs on clinical examination. Forty of 53 patients (75%) identified in the literature review who underwent total-body skin examinations (TBSE) were found to have MBAITs, suggesting a high penetrance in patients who have undergone TBSE. The most prevalent malignancies among BAP1 mutation carriers were uveal melanoma (n = 60 [28%]), mesothelioma (n = 48 [22%]), cutaneous melanoma (n = 38 [18%]), and renal cell carcinoma (n = 20 [9%]). A total of 71 unique mutations in BAP1 have been reported. Conclusions and Relevance Our results indicate that germline mutations in both coding and noncoding regions throughout the BAP1 gene can impair protein function, leading to an increased risk for several associated malignancies. Four of the 8 probands we present had no history of BAP1-associated malignancies and were assessed for germline mutations when found to have MBAITs on dermatologic examination. Dermatologists can identify patients with a high likelihood of the BAP1 cancer syndrome through personal and family history and TBSE for the presence of possible MBAITs.
Supervisory control of preventing electric misoperation system based on state tree structures

Based on state tree structures, supervisory control of preventing electric misoperation system is developed. A preventing electric misoperation system is an important part of substation. It guarantees that each operation of primary equipment in a substation is safety and reliable. The operating targets of preventing electric misoperation system are circuit breaker, switch and ground switch, which are discrete-event dynamic components that are event-driven and have discrete event behavior. Owing to the inherent discrete switching nature, in this paper we model the plant and specification as state tree structures. By using the STSLib software, the control logic (supervisor) is synthesized. In this paper we illustrate the detailed procedure of this approach and verify that the synthesized control logic (supervisor) is feasible.
Review of the Imaging Features of Benign Osteoporotic and Malignant Vertebral Compression Fractures

Vertebral compression fractures are very common, especially in the elderly. Benign osteoporotic and malignant vertebral compression fractures have extremely different management and prognostic implications. Although there is an overlap in appearances, characteristic imaging features can aid in the distinction between these 2 types of compression fractures. The aim of this review is to characterize the imaging features of benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures seen with CT, PET, SPECT, and MR imaging.
Mixed-precision architecture based on computational memory for training deep neural networks

Deep neural networks (DNN) have revolutionized the field of machine learning by providing unprecedented human-like performance in solving many real-world problems such as image or speech recognition. Training of large DNNs, however, is a computationally intensive task, and this necessitates the development of novel computing architectures targeting this application. A computational memory unit where resistive memory devices are organized in crossbar arrays can be used to store the synaptic weights in their conductance states. The expensive multiply accumulate operations can be performed in place using Kirchhoff's circuit laws in a non-von Neumann manner. However, a key challenge remains the inability to alter the conductance states of the devices in a reliable manner during the weight update process. We propose a mixed-precision architecture that combines a computational memory unit storing the synaptic weights with a digital processing unit and an additional memory unit that stores the accumulated weight updates in high precision. The new architecture delivers classification accuracies comparable to those of floating-point implementations without being constrained by challenges associated with the non-ideal weight update characteristics of emerging resistive memories. The computational memory unit in a two layer neural network realized using nonlinear stochastic models of phase-change memory achieves a test accuracy of 97.40% in the MNIST digit classification problem.
Perspective and Directions for Future Research

Abstract Based on several observational cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies, an association has been shown between Mediterranean diet and a lower prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mediterranean Diet also exerts neuroprotective effects in acute neurotraumatic diseases (stroke). Moreover, Mediterranean diet lowers incidences of cardiovascular disease, decreases the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome along with maintenance of cognitive function due to the presence of olive oil, fish, garlic, fresh vegetable, and red wine. The aim of this perspective is to evaluate the impact of Mediterranean Diet on onset, progression and regression on neurodegenerative diseases, show relationship among type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and Alzheimer disease, and discuss the effect of Mediterranean diet on normal aging, longevity, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, this chapter will also suggest directions for future research studies in this area of research.
Schistosomes: Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon 1907), Schistosoma japonicum (Katsurada 1904), Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz 1852)

Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by three species belonging to the genus Schistosoma: S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium. In addition, S. mekongi has been identified as a pathogen in certain regions of South East Asia and S. intercalatum in West Africa. The World Health Organization estimates that at present 200 million to 300 million people are infected with one or more of these species. The geographic distribution of these parasites reflects that of their specific snail vectors.
Implications of Monogamy for Infant Social Development in Mammals

Monogamy is a relatively rare mating system among the mammals, probably because of the ability of the mammalian female to rear offspring in the absence of any parental investment by a male. Females both gestate and lactate, and they can typically ensure their offsprings’ survivorship to the point of weaning and independence (Kleiman, 1977). Monogamy has evolved in diverse mammals, and the basis for its evolution appears to have differed in different groups. Some of the selective forces that may have influenced the evolution of monogamy in mammals include high rates of intrasexual aggression among females, limited polygyny potential in males, and nonshareable indispensable male parental care (Kleiman, 1977; Wittenberger & Tilson, 1980).
Asymptotics of Extremes and Order Statistics

We discussed the importance of order statistics and sample percentiles in detail in Chapter 6. The exact distribution theory of one or several order statistics was presented there. Although closed-form in principle, the expressions are complicated, except in some special cases, such as the uniform and the exponential. However, once again it turns out that just like sample means, order statistics and sample percentiles also have a very structured asymptotic distribution theory. We present a selection of the fundamental results on the asymptotic theory for order statistics and sample percentiles, including the sample extremes. Principal references for this chapter are David (1980), Galambos (1987), Serfling (1980), Reiss (1989), de Haan (2006), and DasGupta (2008); other references are given in the sections. First, we recall some notation for convenience.
Introduction to Silencing, Heterochromatin, and DNA Break Repair

Position dependent repression of transcription is a common regulatory theme in eukaryotes. This phenomenon was first recognized in Drosophila melanogaster when chromosomal translocations that juxtaposed heterochromatic regions and euchromatic regions resulted in variegated expression of genes at the translocation junctions (reviewed in Weiler and Wakimoto, 1995). Modifiers of Drosophila position effect variegation include the chromatin factors HP1 and Polycomb group protiens (Stankunas et al., 1998; Sinclair et al, 1998; Clark and Elgin, 1992; Paro and Hogness, 1991; James et al., 1989). Gene silencing in vertebrate cells is often associated with genomic imprinting. The mouse H19 gene is expressed from the maternal chromosome only (Hark and Tilghman, 1998; Ishihara et al., 1998). On the paternal chromosome, a region near the H19 gene is highly methylated at CpG residues leading to transcriptionally repressive chromatin formation (Svensson et al., 1998; Tremblay et al., 1995). Gene silencing also affects the expression of transgenes in mammalian cells (reviewed in Henikoff, 1998). The insertion of tandem, multiple-copy tansgenes often leads to variable expression. Introduction of high copy number repeats results in extensive methylation and chromatin compaction within the transgenic sequence, leading to low level expression (Garrick et al., 1998).
CVD health factors and CVD risk factors: state of the science, emerging priorities part 2: obesity prevention.

This report outlines a course of action to prevent obesity and stall the obesity epidemic now underway in the United States and other parts of the world. While African Americans and Hispanics are most vulnerable to obesity, the etiology of obesity shows that both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for overweight and obesity. Although obesity is familial, genes may not be the main culprit; and, in fact, explain < 20% of the obesity prevalence. Clearly, environmental factors (specifically those related to energy intake [diet] and energy output [physical activity]) are more often associated with obesity. Patients with multiple risk factors, including obesity, for cardiovascular disease need to be treated aggressively with lifestyle modifications and medications, when necessary, to affect positive cardiovascular health outcomes. However, a wiser, healthier approach to obesity is to prevent it from occurring in the first place. Ethn Dis. 2012; 22[3, Suppl 1]:S1-36–S1-40
In Vivo Metabolic Tracing Demonstrates the Site‐Specific Contribution of Hepatic Ethanol Metabolism to Histone Acetylation

Background Epigenetic dysregulation through ethanol (EtOH)-induced changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications has been implicated in several alcohol-related disorders such as alcoholic liver disease. EtOH metabolism in the liver results in the formation of acetate, a metabolite that can be converted to acetyl-CoA, which can then be used by histone acetyltransferases to acetylate lysine residues. EtOH metabolism in the liver can also indirectly influence lysine acetylation through NAD+ -dependent sirtuin activity that is altered due to increases in NADH. As a proof-of-concept study to determine the direct influence of hepatic EtOH metabolism on histone acetylation changes, we used heavy-labeled EtOH (13 C2 ) and mass spectrometry (MS) to site specifically characterize lysine acetylation on histone proteins. Methods Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were gavaged using a bolus dose of either 13 C2 -labeled EtOH (5 g/kg) or maltose dextrin. Blood and livers were collected at 0, 4, and 24 hours followed by histone protein enrichment and derivatization using acid extraction and propionylation, respectively. Metabolic tracing and relative quantitation of acetylated histone proteins were performed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Data were analyzed using MaxQuant, Xcalibur Qual Browser, and the Bioconductor package "mzR." The contribution of EtOH to histone acetylation was quantified using the change in relative abundance of stable isotope incorporation in acetylated peptides detected by MS. Results Data show significant incorporation of the EtOH-derived 13 C2 -label into N-terminal lysine acetylation sites on histones H3 and H4 after 4 hours, with rapid turnover of labeled histone acetylation sites and return to endogenous levels at 24 hours postgavage. Moreover, site-specific selectivity was observed in regard to label incorporation into certain lysine acetylation sites as determined by tandem mass spectrometry and comparison to isotope simulations. Conclusions These data provide the first quantitative evidence of how hepatic EtOH metabolism directly influences histone lysine acetylation in a site-specific manner and may influence EtOH-induced gene expression through these transcriptionally activating chromatin marks.
Association between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Exfoliation Syndrome: The Utah Project on Exfoliation Syndrome

Purpose Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is associated with genetic variants of lysyl oxidase–like 1 (LOXL1), a key enzyme in the stabilization of extracellular matrix (ECM) and elastin, and in connective tissue repair. Because patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have increased and altered elastin degradation, an association between XFS and COPD was hypothesized and analyzed. Impact of XFS on survival in patients with COPD was evaluated. Design Case-case and case-control comparison with 5:1 age- and sex-matched controls. Subjects Total of 2943 patients with XFS, 20 589 patients with COPD, and 162 patients with both disorders seen between 1996 and 2015 were identified from Utah Population Database–linked medical records. Controls were selected and matched by sex and birth year to patients in a 5:1 ratio. Methods Unconditional logistic regression, using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes (365.52 and 366.11) to define XFS and an outcome of COPD (496.0), was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) to estimate risk of COPD in patients with XFS, adjusting for age and sex. Model covariates included race, obesity, and tobacco use. Main Outcome Measures Whether XFS patients have an increased risk of developing COPD; whether COPD patients have an increased risk of XFS; and, in COPD patients, whether survival differs between those with XFS and those without. Results In XFS patients, risk of a COPD diagnosis was increased compared with that of non-XFS controls (OR = 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.70; P Conclusions XFS patients may have an increased risk of a COPD diagnosis compared with non-XFS individuals. In COPD patients, risk of XFS was not increased compared with those with no COPD history. In COPD patients with XFS, survival is significantly improved compared with COPD patients with no XFS history.