cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigating Uncertainty and Responsibility: Understanding Inequality in the Senior-Year Transition

Relying on interviews with 62 college seniors, this study explores students’ experiences with uncertainty and responsibility as they approach graduation. Notable differences between first-generation and continuing-generation students emerged in relation to: (a) how seniors experienced responsibility and commitment as they approached graduation, and (b) how disparities in parental resources and information shaped uncertainty. The findings also highlight important racial variation that was found within these groups. Implications for research and student affairs practice are discussed.
Governance under Constraints

Governments, by their nature, are rule-making bodies with the power to enforce the laws and other policies that they choose to adopt. To the extent that rule-making is itself governed by rules, alternative procedures for selecting rules can be analyzed without focusing much attention on the particular public policies under consideration. This property of constitutional analysis allows the present analysis of Swedish constitutional procedures for making new laws to be general in the sense that it applies to any democratic government using similar procedures for selecting new laws in any policy area that may attract governmental interest.
Test-retest reliability of cerebral blood flow in healthy individuals using arterial spin labeling: Findings from the EMBARC study

Abstract Introduction Previous investigations of test-retest reliability of cerebral blood flow (CBF) at rest measured with pseudo-continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (pCASL) demonstrated good reliability, but are limited by the use of similar scanner platforms. In the present study we examined test-retest reliability of CBF in regions implicated in emotion and the default mode network. Material and methods We measured absolute and relative CBF at rest in thirty-one healthy subjects in two scan sessions, one week apart, at four different sites and three different scan platforms. We derived CBF from pCASL images with an automated algorithm and calculated intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) across sessions for regions of interest. In addition, we investigated site effects. Results For both absolute and relative CBF measures, ICCs were good to excellent (i.e. > 0.6) in most brain regions, with highest values observed for the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum. A leave-one-site-out cross validation analysis did not show a significant effect for site on whole brain CBF and there was no proportional bias across sites. However, a significant site effect was present in the repeated measures ANOVA. Conclusions The high test-retest reliability of CBF measured with pCASL in a range of brain regions implicated in emotion and salience processing, emotion regulation, and the default mode network, which have been previously linked to depression symptomatology supports its use in studies that aim to identify neuroimaging biomarkers of treatment response.
Discovering Hidden Knowledge in Carbon Emissions Data: A Multilayer Network Approach

In this paper, we construct the first human carbon emissions network which connects more than a thousand geographical locations based on their daily carbon emissions. We use this network to enable a data-driven analysis for a myriad of scientific knowledge discovery tasks. Specifically, we demonstrate that our carbon emissions network is strongly correlated with oil prices and socio-economic events like regional wars and financial crises. Further, we propose the first multilayer network approach that couples carbon emissions with climate (temperature) anomalies and identifies climate anomaly outlier locations across 60 years of documented carbon emissions data; these outlier locations, despite having different emission trends, experience similar temperature anomalies. Overall, we demonstrate how using network science as a key data analysis technique can reveal a treasure trove of knowledge hidden beneath the carbon emissions data.
VKORC1-1639A allele influences warfarin maintenance dosage among Blacks receiving warfarin anticoagulation: A retrospective cohort study

Aim: The study objectives were to investigate the association between selected CYP2C9 and VKORC1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with serious bleeding or thrombotic risk, and to estimate mean daily maintenance dose of warfarin and international normalized ratio measurements among Blacks receiving warfarin anticoagulation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 230 Black adults receiving warfarin for a minimum of three consecutive months with a confirmed date of first dosage. Results: A lower mean daily maintenance dosage of warfarin was required to maintain an international normalized ratio measurement within the therapeutic range among Blacks with the VKORC1-1639G>A variant alleles ([G/A vs G/G, p = 0.02], [A/A vs G/A, p = 0.008] and [A/A vs G/G, p = 0.001]). Conclusion: Data indicated that VKORC1-1639A variant allele influenced warfarin daily maintenance dosage among our small, likely admixed Black patient population.
Expanding gender accountability? Women’s organizations and the state in turkey

In the 1980s and 1990s, a women’s movement has arisen and begun to mature in Turkey. Women’s organizations representing diverse positions and missions have begun to engage in a dialogue with each other, as well as with the Turkish state, especially with the National Women’s Machinery: “Directorate General on the Status and Problems of Women”. This article explores the reasons for the above developments through an examination of a) the influence of the international women’s rights regime and gender sensitive donor programs, and b) increased openness and diversity within Turkish society. We reach the conclusion that even though these changes are limited, they have important implications, heralding an increased tolerance for compromise on the part of the Turkish state, and a readiness to overcome the traditional dichotomous view of the state (expecting all services from the state or staying completely away from the state) on the part of the women’s organizations. This process has further been legitimized and supported by the international women’s rights regime, whose norms and principles are embodied in many international conference documents and conventions.
Bayesian Cortical Models

A fundamental challenge faced by the brain is to act on the basis of noisy sensory information and incomplete knowledge about the world. There is growing evidence that the brain utilizes Bayesian principles for tackling this problem. This article reviews emerging theories regarding how neurons in the brain may represent probabilistic information and how networks of such neurons may combine such information for perception and action by implementing Bayesian inference. Three classes of Bayesian cortical models are covered: log probability models, population coding models, and models based on hierarchical networks.
Hämatochezie als schlechter Vorbote

Bei dem 60-jahrigen Patienten kam es zwei Wochen vor Spitaleintritt zu rezidivierenden Frischblutabgangen ab ano. Wahrend eines Ferienaufenthalts in der Schweiz trat dann eine massive Rektalblutung mit Schockzustand und Hamoglobinabfall (10,6 g/dl) auf.
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to irreversible visual loss. Intraretinal microvascular changes, such as altered retinal vascular permeability and eventual retinal vessel and capillary closure, characterize NPDR. Macular edema, the most frequent cause of visual loss in NPDR, may result from increased vascular leakage. Retinal hypoxia, secondary to chronic hyperglycemia, triggers the pathologic processes of NPDR. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that inflammatory mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis. Systemic factors such as glycemic control, hypertension, and serum lipid level also contribute to the development and progression of NPDR. Prompt and appropriate initiation of laser photocoagulation for macular edema or severe retinal nonperfusion, along with optimal control of systemic factors, can prevent visual loss.
Graphical Analysis of Life Data

In the present chapter we study several graphical techniques for testing which life distribution fits the data. The objective is to obtain fast graphical verification or assessment of the type of life distribution for a particular system. The analysis is based on a given sample of observations on the TTF of a given system (or component of a system). It is often the case that such observations are censored (see Section 2.1) and the information is incomplete. We also distinguish between parametric and non-parametric (distribution-free) models of life distribution. We start with probability plotting techniques for parametric uncensored data.
Control of choroidal blood flow by the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal in pigeons: a laser Doppler study.

Anatomical studies in birds have suggested that choroidal blood flow may be regulated by a circuit involving the following serially-connected components: the retina-the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-the medial subdivision of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (mEW)-the ciliary ganglion-the choroidal blood vessels. In order to better clarify the role of this circuit, we examined the effects of electrical stimulation of EW on choroidal blood flow in the ipsilateral eye, using laser Doppler velocimetry to monitor choroidal blood flow in the superior pole of the eye. Baseline choroidal blood flow values (144-311.3 mg/min per eye) were found to be comparable to those previously reported in rabbits, cats and primates. Stimulation of EW dramatically increased choroidal blood flow. The increases were current-related and the average maximal increases ranged between 300-700% above baseline values. In contrast, EW stimulation had little or no effect on overall bodily blood flow. All EW stimulation sites were later verified histologically. These results indicate that the SCN-mEW circuit in birds may be involved in mediating increases in choroidal blood flow, possibly in response to the levels of retinal illumination. Such adaptive neural regulation of choroidal blood flow may play an important role in mitigating the potentially deleterious effects of light on the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:2483-2492,1990
Ultrasound-Induced hyperthermia increases cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of P-glycoprotein substrates in multi-drug resistant cells.

Purpose. Localized hyperthermia has been shown previously to augment the cytotoxicity of some lipophilic anticancer drugs. Because many of the substrates for the multi-drug resistance (MDR) transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) are lipophilic in nature, studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that hyperthermia induced by ultrasound could also increase cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of P-gp substrates by P-gp-expressing cells.
Magneto-acoustic Interfacial Reaction-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis: A Direct Path to Manufacturing Metal Matrix Nanocomposites

This work investigates a novel nanoparticle fabrication methodology: combined reaction and acoustic cavitation abrasion of a solid in contact with a liquid. Magneto-Acoustic Mixing Technology is used to produce nanometer- to micron-sized particles by chemical and acoustic mechanisms between diamond particles and a stainless steel surface in the presence of a metallic liquid (Mg), where it is found that particle–surface interactions and cavitation generate particles more efficiently together than independently, producing unique chemistries. The individual and combined influence of sonic power and chemical reaction on particle size, volume fraction, chemistry, magnetic properties, and applicability to metal matrix nanocomposite fabrication are studied.
Nebulized Mannitol, Particle Distribution, and Cough in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled interferon, a potential treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, must be formulated with mannitol, which can cause bronchospasm and cough. Coughing during drug inhalation can be affected by many factors, but some factors are fixed by the needs of the formulation and inflammatory disease in the airways. A component of the cough response may be related to sites of deposition, particularly upper and central airways. If deposition sites are important, then manipulating the particle distribution of the aerosol may mitigate coughing. To design a therapeutic formulation and delivery system for formulations that contain mannitol, we tested the effect of particle distribution on cough during mannitol inhalation in volunteers with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS: A solution of mannitol was formulated to match requirements for future interferon formulations (40 mg/mL, 220 mOsm/L). Mannitol aerosols were generated by using different nebulizers providing particle distributions that were expected to vary upper airway deposition. The nebulizer fill volume was adjusted to correct for differences in nebulizer efficiency with a target inhaled mass of 20 mg. Particle distributions were measured by cascade impaction (mass median aerodynamic diameters, 1.2 and 6.5 μm). Seven subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis participated in the study. To maximize deposition, the subjects were trained to inhale slowly and deeply (6 s inspiration). Spirometry was measured before and after inhalation. The study was carried out on separate days (day 1: 1.2 μm; day 2: 6.5 μm), and the pattern of coughing was observed. RESULTS: Coughing was often spontaneous and provoked by spirometry. When inhaling the 1.2-μm distribution, no subject coughed during inhalation. Six of the seven subjects coughed when inhaling the 6.5-μm particles. Spirometry was unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: In subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nebulized mannitol can cause coughing. Modifying the aerosol distribution prevents coughing during mannitol inhalation. Mannitol aerosols can be inhaled safely without bronchospasm. These data serve to inform future formulation and/or device combinations for planned interferon therapy.
Acute Life-Threatening Hemorrhage in Neonates With Severe Hemophilia A: A Report of 3 Cases.

Hemorrhagic shock is a rare, emergent condition that is often fatal in newborns. In this article, we report cases of 3 neonates presenting with acute, life-threatening hemorrhage who were subsequen...
Flippen, J. Brooks. Speaker Jim Wright: Power, Scandal, and the Birth of Modern Politics: Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2018. 527 pages. $35 (hardcover)

J. Brooks Flippen, an historian at Southeastern Oklahoma State University, has avoided one of the most serious pitfalls to face biographers: he has not fallen head-over-heels in love with his subje...
Effects of alloying and processing on ultrasonic fatigue behavior in binary Ti-Al alloys

Abstract Three model binary Ti-Al alloys with single α phase were investigated in this study to develop a fundamental understanding of high cycle and very high cycle fatigue behavior in α-titanium alloys. Ultrasonic fatigue instrumentation with a cyclic frequency of nominally 20 kHz was used for fully reversed loading fatigue testing and combined with customized optical microscopy to study small crack growth from artificial cracks initiated at micro-notches produced by focused ion beam. Fractography showed the formation of low ΔK facets with different features near the crack initiation sites. Micro-beach marks were observed to form on some facets which could be correlated with the spatial angle between facet normal and loading direction. Aluminum content and processing (forging/rolling history) were found to have no significant effect on the small crack growth behavior of the studied alloys. Different crack growth models were compared and discussed to estimate the fatigue performance, especially for cross-rolled Ti-4Al alloy with void-type defects.
The effect of APOBEC3B deaminase on double-stranded DNA

Mutations mediated by the APOBEC3 (A3) family of single-strand specific cytosine deaminases can accumulate in various cancers, as strand-coordinated clusters and isolated lesions. A3-mediated mutations also occur during normal development, accounting for ~20% of heritable mutations. A3B is an archetypical member of this family and is thought to contribute to both cancer initiation and progression. A3B has a strong preference for C in a TC context and catalyzes hydrolysis of the primary amine of un-paired C to generate U. Subsequent repair generates a distinctive pattern of C-substitutions, which along with their context signify their A3B origin. Although single-stranded DNA is the preferred A3B substrate, we report here that in some instances A3B can deaminate the C of TC in a double-stranded DNA context in vitro. These include C paired to O6-methylguanine (O6meG), to an abasic (AP) site, or to a G adjacent to an AP site. AP sites are the most common lesion in DNA, and O6meG levels increase under alkylating conditions caused by environmental nitrosamines and some chemotherapeutic agents. We also show that elevated expression of A3B can enhance double-stranded breaks induced by the alkylating agent MNNG in mammalian cells, but this effect does not require A3B deaminase activity.
Restructuring Work for Family: How Dual-Earner Couples with Children Manage

Abstract : This study developed and tested a model of the conditions under which dual earner, professional couples with children living at home restructure work in order to accommodate family needs. 87 such couples where at least one spouse was a professional in advertising law or accounting, participated in the study. The results supported a symmetric model of family functioning. Furthermore, both men and women's restructuring was systematically related to their own work and family conditions, as well as their spouse's work and family conditions. These results emphasize the importance of studying dual earner couples as a family system. Keywords: Dual earner couples, Stress, Work satisfaction, Marital satisfaction.
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Acute Leukemia Transformed from Myelofibrosis

Abstract Background and Rationale: Transformation of myelofibrosis (MF) to acute leukemia (>20% blasts) portends a grave prognosis. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a curative approach for patients with acute leukemia; however, the outcomes of ASCT in patients with MF transformed to acute leukemia are currently unknown. Methods: Fifty-one consecutive patients with either primary (PMF) or secondary (SMF) were transplanted at UTMDACC after 1994. Thirteen patients who developed AML (25%), 10 arising from PMF and 3 with SMF, received an ASCT from a sibling or matched unrelated donor. Median age was 59 years. Five patients (38%) had prior splenectomy. JAK2V617F mutation analysis was performed in 7, and was present in 5 patients. Cytogenetics were intermediate in 10 and poor-risk in 3 patients. Seven patients (54%) were not in remission at the time of transplant. Eleven of 13 patients received induction chemotherapy; 6 achieved remission, while 7 had persistent disease at the time of transplant. One patient had a prior autologous transplant and 2 patients had prior allogeneic transplant for myelofibrosis. The donors were matched siblings (7 patients), matched unrelated (4 patients) and 1 antigen mismatched relatives (2 patients). The stem cell source was peripheral blood in 9 and bone marrow in 4 patients. Nine patients received a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen with a fludrabine-melphalan-based regimen, and 4 myeloablative conditioning (3 fludarabine-busulfan, 1 busulfan-cyclophosphamide). Results: All patients engrafted, 75% achieved full donor chimerism, on day 30. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment occurred after a median of 13 and 21.5 days. Twelve evaluable patients achieved remission; 3 subsequently relapsed. JAK2V617F mutation became negative after transplant in all tested patients and reappeared in 1 patient who later relapsed. Grade 2–4 aGVHD developed in 3 patients (grade 3–4 in one) and cGVHD in 4/11 evaluable patients (extensive in two). After a median follow-up of 17.2 months (range 7.2–128.6 mo), OS and EFS were 49% (SE 15%) and 44% (SE 14%), respectively (Figure1). Six patients died, related to disease relapse (2), pneumonia (2), GVHD (1), and hepatic failure (1). Conclusion: Patients with acute leukemia transformed from myelofibrosis with good performance status can achieve durable complete remissions with ASCT. Download : Download high-res image (67KB) Download : Download full-size image
How to Ensure That Teaching Kitchens Are Age-Friendly.

Abstract Health systems and community organizations have increasingly offered nutrition education through teaching kitchens. With an increasing number of older adults (>65 years) accessing these programs, teaching kitchens may consider age-friendly adaptations to their standard curriculum. Based on experiences with implementing Healthy Teaching Kitchens Across Veteran Affairs Health Care System, and by applying the 5M Geriatric Care Framework (Mind, Multicomplexity, Medications, Mobility, What Matters Most), several steps are proposed for teaching kitchens to be able to better accommodate older adults.
Patient safety and the annulment of medical clearance exams for hearing aids: Are we "closing the book" too soon?

Abstract Purpose To determine the utility of medical clearance exams by otolaryngologists prior to the distribution of hearing aids to patients with hearing loss. Material and methods Medical records of 313 consecutive hearing-impaired individuals seeking financial assistance for hearing aids from the Lions Hearing Center of Michigan and who presented for medical clearance exams between January 2014 and May 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Separate determinations were made for each patient about (1) benefit from the exam and (2) avoidance of significant harm. Results Majority (64.2%; n = 201) of patients benefited from medical clearance exams. Furthermore, 5.4% of patients (n = 17) were found to have avoided significant harm due to administration of the medical clearance exam. Finally, 14.4% (n = 45) were offered alternative interventions over conventional hearing aids. Conclusions Medical clearance exams are beneficial to a majority of patients with hearing loss prior to receiving hearing aids. With the impending arrival of over-the-counter hearing aids in the United States, special consideration should be placed on educating the general public about the importance of the medical evaluation prior to purchasing any type of hearing aid.
Transcending Our Stories: A Narrative Perspective on Spirituality in Later Life

This paper draws on insights from narrative gerontology, narrative psychology, and narrative therapy to discuss spirituality in relation to aging. Defining spirituality in terms of meaning-making, it considers the possibility of narrative foreclosure - i.e., one's life continues on (beyond retirement, for instance) yet, in one's mind, one's story has all but ended. It argues that coping with the changes and challenges of later life requires countering such foreclosure by developing a good, strong story. A process of story-work is then elaborated whereby older adults can be assisted in expanding, examining, transforming, and eventually transcending the stories by which they live. Every person is born into life as a blank page -and every person leaves life a full book (Baldwin, 2005, p. ix). Growing old is one of the ways the soul nudges itselfinto attention to the spiritual aspect of life (Moore, 1992, p. 214).
Global Brain Ischemia and Reperfusion: Translation Initiation Factors

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for victims of cardiac arrest, both within and outside of the hospital, succeeds in restoring spontaneous circulation in about 70,000 patients a year in the United States. At least 60% of these patients subsequently die in the hospital as a result of extensive brain damage; only 3–10% of resuscitated patients are finally able to resume their former lifestyles1. These statistics may even be optimistic; in a recent report of data for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, out of a total of 1,445 patients only 10 survived to discharge with the majority of these survivors (6/10) having a spontaneous pulse en route to the hospital2. Clearly, patients do not often escape cardiac arrest and resuscitation without initiation of brain injury mechanisms, and there are currently no therapeutic approaches that are convincingly effective in ameliorating the brain damage that usually accompanies this clinically important brain insult.
Promising agents on the horizon

Abstract It is imperative that new therapeutic options be evaluated to identify those that may successfully circumvent chemoresistance in ovarian cancer and improve long-term outcomes. This chapter describes preclinical and clinical studies investigating novel therapies and potential preventive agents that may hold promise in future clinical applications in ovarian cancer treatment and control.
Recent developments in the AMS system at the Nuclear Science Laboratory: Impacts on radionuclide sensitivities and current capabilities

Abstract In recent years, the AMS system at the Nuclear Science Laboratory of the University of Notre Dame has introduced a series of upgrades which have dramatically increased the capabilities for the measurement of trace radionuclides. These upgrades have solved issues with isotopic selectivity in the injection system, allowed for the measurement of heavier radionuclides, and improved the quality of both ion beams and the data obtained with them. The specifics of the installed equipment, as well as preliminary results on isotopic sensitivities for previously measured and newly-developed radionuclides, are discussed. Finally, the impacts on the development of planned radionuclide measurements in the future, including measurements of the actinides, will be mentioned.
Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions Create a Beneficial O2 Microenvironment in N2-fixing Biological | Inorganic Hybrid.

Summary Powered by renewable electricity, biological | inorganic hybrids employ water-splitting electrocatalysis and generate H2 as reducing equivalents for microbial catalysis. The approach integrates the beauty of biocatalysis with the energy efficiency of inorganic materials for sustainable chemical production. Yet a successful integration requires delicate control of the hybrid's extracellular chemical environment. Such an argument is evident in the exemplary case of O2 because biocatalysis has a stringent requirement of O2, but the electrocatalysis may inadvertently perturb the oxidative pressure of biological moieties. Here we report that the addition of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions promotes a biocompatible O2 microenvironment in an O2-sensitive N2-fixing biological | inorganic hybrid. Langmuir-type nonspecific binding between bacteria and nanoemulsions facilitates O2 transport in a bacterial microenvironment and leads to a 250% increase in efficiency for organic fertilizers within 120 h. Controlling the biological microenvironment with nanomaterials heralds a general approach accommodating the compatibility in biological | inorganic hybrids.
The Orient in Chaucer and medieval romance

The idea of the Orient is a major motif in Chaucer and medieval romance, and this new study reveals much about its use and significance, setting the literature in its historical context and thereby offering fresh new readings of a number of texts. The author begins by looking at Chaucer's and Gower's treatment of the legend of Constance, as told by the Man of Law, demonstrating that Chaucer's addition of a pattern of mercantile details highlights the commercial context of the eastern Mediterranean in which the heroine is placed; she goes on to show how Chaucer's portraits of Cleopatra and Dido from the 'Legend of Good Women', read against parallel texts, especially in Boccaccio, reveal them to be loci of medieval orientalism. She then examines Chaucer's inventive handling of details taken from Eastern sources and analogues in the 'Squire's Tale', showing how he shapes them into the western form of interlace. The author concludes by looking at two romances, 'Floris and Blauncheflur' and 'Le Bone Florence of Rome'; she argues that elements in Floris of sibling incest are legitimised into a quest for the beloved, and demonstrates that Le Bone Florence be related to analogous oriental tales about heroic women who remain steadfast in virtue against persecution and adversity. Professor CAROL F. HEFFERNAN teaches in the Department of English, Rutgers University.
Rocket Science: The Shuttle's Main Engines, though Old, Are not Forgotten in the New Exploration Initiative

The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), developed 30 years ago, remains a strong candidate for use in the new Exploration Initiative as part of a shuttle-derived heavy-lift expendable booster. This is because the Boeing-Rocket- dyne man-rated SSME remains the most highly efficient liquid rocket engine ever developed. There are only enough parts for 12-15 existing SSMEs, however, so one NASA option is to reinitiate SSME production to use it as a throw-away, as opposed to a reusable, powerplant for NASA s new heavy-lift booster.
Hemorrhage Near Fetal Rat Bone: Preliminary Results

High‐intensity ultrasound has shown potential in treating many ailments requiring noninvasive tissue necrosis. However, little work has been done on using ultrasound to ablate pathologies on or near the developing fetus. For example, Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (cyst on lungs), Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (benign tumor on tail bone), and Twin‐Twin Transfusion Syndrome (one twin pumps blood to other twin) are selected problems that will potentially benefit from noninvasive ultrasound treatments. Before these applications can be explored, potential ultrasound‐induced bioeffects should be understood. Specifically, ultrasound‐induced hemorrhage near the fetal rat skull was investigated. An f/1 spherically focused transducer (5.1‐cm focal length) was used to expose the skull of 18‐ to 19‐day‐gestation exteriorized rat fetuses. The ultrasound pulse had a center frequency of 0.92 MHz and pulse duration of 9.6 μs. The fetuses were exposed to 1 of 4 exposure conditions (denoted A, B, C, and D) in addition to a sham exposure. Three of the exposures consisted of a peak compressional pressure of 10 MPa, a peak rarefactional pressure of 6.7 MPa, and pulse repetition frequencies of 100 Hz (A), 250 Hz (B), and 500 Hz (C), corresponding to time‐average intensities of 1.9 W/cm2, 4.7 W/cm2, and 9.4 W/cm2, respectively. Exposure D consisted of a peak compressional pressure of 6.7 MPa, a peak rarefactional pressure of 5.0 MPa, and a PRF of 500 Hz corresponding to a time‐average intensity of 4.6 W/cm2. Hemorrhage occurrence increased slightly with increasing time‐average intensity (i.e., 11% for A, 28% for B, 31% for C, and 19% for D with a 9% occurrence when the fetuses were not exposed). The low overall occurrence of hemorrhaging may be attributed to fetal motion (observed in over half of the fetuses from the backscattered echo during the exposure). The mean hemorrhage sizes were 3.1 mm2 for A, 2.5 mm2 for B, 2.7 mm2 for C, and 5.1 mm2 for D. The larger lesions at D may be related to these fetuses moving less as only 40% of the fetuses were observed moving for this exposure condition.
Accurate calculation and instability of supersonic wake flows

This study is concerned with the computation and linear stability of a class of laminar compressible wake flows. The emphasis is on correct basic flow profiles that satisfy the steady equations of motion, and to this end the unperturbed state is obtained through numerical integration of the compressible boundary-layer equations. The linear stability of the flow is examined via the Rayleigh equation that describes evolution of inviscid disturbances. Analytical results are given for short-and long-wavelength disturbances and some numerical results of the general eigenvalue problem are also reported.
Dewey and Foucault: What's the Problem?

This article explicates a valuable but undernoticed point of contact between John Dewey and Michel Foucault. Both agreed that thinking arose in the context of problems such that the work of thought for both proceeds by way of working through and working over problems. Both affirmed that thinking arose in problematic situations; that it was about clarifying those situations, and that ultimately it was directed towards achieving a degree of resolution of what was problematic in the situation. Both agreed that thinking—or inquiry—was not fundamentally about the representations of a situation; either those produced by a contemporary thinker or as an exercise directed at historical materials. Both agreed that a history of ideas as autonomous entities, distorted not only the process of thinking as a practice, but also the reasons for which it had been engaged in, often with a certain seriousness and urgency, the first place: that is to say, such approaches covered over the stakes. Both agreed that the stakes involved something experiential and entailed a form of logic (or in Foucault’s later vocabulary a mode of ‘veridiction’), in which the thinker could not help but be involved.
Studies on cyclitols—XVII : Structural requirements for abnormal hydroxylation of dienes by permanganate☆

Abstract Abnormal hydroxylation by permanganate of cyclopentadiene (1a) and 1,3-cyclohexadiene (1b) has been described previously. This pathway, referred to as the epoxidic pathway, gives (1,2,3,4/0)-1,2-epoxydiols (3), and (1,2,3/4)- and (1,2,4/3)-tetrols (5 and 6) in addition to normal products. A second abnormal pathway, described by other authors, converts 1,5-hexadiene (7) and related dienes (9) into tetrahydrofurandiols (8 and 10). This is referred to as the oxacyclane pathway. The study has now been extended to include 1,4-cyclohexadiene (11) and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (17). VPC analysis using authentic markers shows that 11 gives only normal products, neither epoxydiol nor (cis/trans)-tetrol being detectable. The study of 17 is less complete; only normal products have been identified, but in the absence of authentic abnormal products for comparison, the conclusions are only tentative. 17 is a constrained analogue of 7, and might possibly be expected to react by the oxacyclane pathway. Examination of models suggests that 17 probably cannot assume a conformation leading to the transition state necessary to give analogues of 8 by the oxacyclane pathway, and also that in any conformation that would lead to the necessary transition state, the methylenic hydrogens would seriously hinder the approach of the reagent. Measurements of the models also show that the interatomic distances, among the carbon atoms in the double bonds, are markedly different in 11 with respect to 1a and 1b. On the other hand, the distances in 7 are more like those in 1. It is proposed that the epoxidic pathway requires conjugated double bonds in the substrate, and that the oxacyclane pathway requires proximity of isolated double bonds. 11 does not react by the oxacyclane route because the proposed bicyclic product 21 would be too strained to be formed.
Data mining for diagnostic debugging in sensor networks: preliminary evidence and lessons learned

Sensor networks and pervasive computing systems intimately combine computation, communication and interactions with the physical world, thus increasing the complexity of the development effort, violating communication protocol layering, and making traditional network diagnostics and debugging less effective at catching problems. Tighter coupling between communication, computation, and interaction with the physical world is likely to be an increasing trend in emerging edge networks and pervasive systems. This paper reviews recent tools developed by the authors to understand the root causes of complex interaction bugs in edge network systems that combine computation, communication and sensing. We concern ourselves with automated failure diagnosis in the face of non-reproducible behavior, high interactive complexity, and resource constraints. Several examples are given to finding bugs in real sensor network code using the tools developed, demonstrating the efficacy of the approach.
Glacial and Quaternary geology of the northern Yellowstone area, Montana and Wyoming

This fi eld guide focuses on the glacial geology and paleoecology beginning in the Paradise Valley and progressing southward into northern Yellowstone National Park. During the last (Pinedale) glaciation, the northern Yellowstone outlet glacier fl owed out of Yellowstone Park and down the Yellowstone River Valley into the Paradise Valley. The fi eld trip will traverse the following Pinedale glacial sequence: (1) deposition of the Eightmile terminal moraines and outwash 16.5 ± 1.4 10Be ka in the Paradise Valley; (2) glacial recession of ~8 km and deposition of the Chico moraines and outwash 16.1 ± 1.7 10Be ka; (3) glacial recession of 45 km to near the northern Yellowstone boundary and moraine deposition during the Deckard Flats readjustment 14.2 ± 1.2 10Be ka; and (4) glacial recession of ~37 km and deposition of the Junction Butte moraines 15.2 ± 1.3 10Be ka (this age is a little too old based on the stratigraphic sequence). Yellowstone’s northern range of sagebrush-grasslands and bison, elk, wolf, and bear inhabitants is founded on glacial moraines, sub-glacial till, and outwash deposited during the last glaciation. Floods released from glacially dammed lakes and a landslide-dammed lake punctuate this record. The glacial geologic reconstruction was evaluated by calculation of basal shear stress, and yielded the following values for fl ow pattern in plan view: strongly converging—1.21 ± 0.12 bars (n = 15); nearly uniform—1.04 ± 0.16 bars (n = 11); and strongly diverging—0.84 ± 0.14 bars (n = 16). Reconstructed mass balance yielded accumulation and ablation each of ~3 km3/yr, with glacial movement near the equilibrium line altitude dominated by basal sliding. Pollen and charcoal records from three lakes in northern Yellowstone provide information on the postglacial vegetation and fi re history. Following glacial retreat, *E-mails: kpierce@usgs.gov; joe.licciardi@unh.edu; teresa.krause@msu.montana.edu; whitlock@montana.edu. Pierce, K.L., Licciardi, J.M., Krause, T.R., and Whitlock, C., 2014, Glacial and Quaternary geology of the northern Yellowstone area, Montana and Wyoming, in Shaw, C.A., and Tikoff, B., eds., Exploring the Northern Rocky Mountains: Geological Society of America Field Guide 37, p. 189–203, doi:10.1130/2014.0037(09). For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org. © 2014 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved. on May 20, 2014 fieldguides.gsapubs.org Downloaded from
EAAI-10: The First Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence

The first symposium on Educational Advances in Artficial Intelligence (EAAI) was held in July 2010 in conjunction with the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-10). It included an invited talk, paper presentations, model AI assignments, a teaching and mentoring workshop, a best educational video award, and a robotics track. This report summarizes that symposium.
3.8 mW terahertz radiation generation through plasmonic nano-antenna arrays

We present a high-performance photoconductive terahertz emitter based on a two dimensional array of plasmonic nano-antennas. The array of plasmonic nano-antennas is specifically designed to offer high power terahertz radiation by introducing a strong time-varying dipole moment in response to an incident optical pump. We experimentally demonstrate terahertz radiation power levels as high as 3.8 mW over 0.1–5 THz bandwidth in response to a 240 mW optical pump beam, exhibiting the highest reported terahertz power levels with one order of magnitude higher optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies compared to conventional designs.
Thermal Conductivity of Alkali Halide Crystals Containing the Hydroxide Ion

Thermal-conductivity measurements have been performed from 0.34 to 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for alkali halide crystals containing the hydroxide ion as an impurity. For sodium chloride containing hydroxide, bowl-shaped thermal-conductivity curves are measured between 0.4 and 0.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; the form of these curves is believed to arise from more than one tunneling energy level of hydroxide in the 0.9- to 2.8-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ region. Thermal-conductivity measurements on potassium chloride containing hydroxide suggest the existence of tunneling levels immediately below 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Similar measurements on rubidium chloride and potassium iodide with hydroxide suggest the existence of tunneling levels considerably below 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, with the scattering stronger in the latter system. The tunneling levels of sodium-chloride-sodium-hydroxide show no isotopic dependence when deuteroxide O${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is substituted for hydroxide O${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Measurements on lightly doped hydroxide samples were complicated by the presence of significant amounts of divalent calcium impurity that destroys the excited energy levels of hydroxide. The thermal-conductivity data in KCl and NaCl have been fitted quantitatively by computer computations using the Debye thermal-conductivity integral. Resonance phonon scattering rates were used which incorporate temperature-dependent widths as essentially the only adjustable parameters, plus frequency-dependent imaginary parts in the resonance denominators. In some cases the widths determined this way are in good agreement with other data on the linewidths.
Accurate determination of Peptide Phosphorylation Stoichiometry Via Automated Diagonal Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry – Proof of Principle

While reversible protein phosphorylation plays an important role in many cellular processes, simple and reliable measurement of the stoichiometry of phosphorylation can be challenging. This measurement is confounded by differences in the ionization efficiency of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated sites during analysis by mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate diagonal capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of this stoichiometry. Diagonal capillary electrophoresis is a two-dimensional separation method that incorporates an immobilized alkaline phosphatase microreactor at the distal end of the first capillary and employs identical electrophoretic separation modes in both dimensions. The first dimension is used to separate a mixture of the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of a peptide. Fractions are parked in the reactor where they undergo complete dephosphorylation. The products are then periodically transferred to the second capillary and analyzed by mass spec...
Computation of the nusselt number asymptotes for laminar forced convection flows in internally finned tubes

Abstract The central goal of this paper is to report a simple approximate way for the prediction of the two asymptotes for the local Nusselt number in laminar forced convection flows inside internal longitudinal finned tubes. The computational attributes of the M ethod O f L ines, (MOL) are propitious for the determination of asymptotic temperature solutions and corresponding heat transfer rates (one for z → 0 and the other for z → ∞. The two local Nusselt number sub-distributions, namely Nuz → 0 and Nuz → ∞, blend themselves into an approximate Nusselt number distribution that covers the entire z-domain in a natural way.
Strong Ultrapowers and Long Core Models

In his paper [7] Steel asked whether there can exist a normal measure U on a cardinal κ such that We use Reverse Easton forcing to show that this is consistent from a P 2 κ hypermeasure; we also show that the result is sharp, using the core model for nonoverlapping coherent extender sequences. The proof uses forcing technology due to Woodin. In this section we collect some facts that are useful in the forcing constructions of the next section. None of them are due to us, and we are unsure to whom they should be attributed for the most part. We give sketchy proofs; the reader who wants to see more details is referred to [2].
Energy efficiency of China's cement industry

Abstract We have studied the cement industry in China to determine the prospects for renovation and for building new facilities during the 1990s, and, in particular, the prospects for improved energy efficiency. The potential is good for renovating most vertical-kiln plants to improve their energy intensity 10–30% while substantially increasing their capacity and reducing pollution, all at los cost. State-of-the-art precalciner kilns offer small energy-efficiency advantages, but important environmental and product-quality advantages over improved vertical kilns. We present three scenarios that differ as to the technology of new plants, emphasizing: (i) high-cost, state-of-the-art precalciner kilns, (ii) moderate-cost advanced vertical kilns, and (iii) low-cost vertical kilns without advanced technology. We discuss the costs, energy intensities, and environmental implications of these three scenarios.
Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression during hypoxia: Role of Ca2+ and PKC

Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression during hypoxia: Role of Ca 2+ and PKC. Gene expression for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is regulated by reductions in oxygen tension (hypoxia). Hypoxia-induced regulation of the TH gene is due to the binding of specific transcription factors to specific sites on the 5′ flanking region of the gene. The purpose of this study was to identify the second messenger system(s) responsible for regulation of the TH gene during hypoxia. Fura-2 fluorescence imaging of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, an O 2 -sensitive cell line, revealed that there is an increase in cytosolic calcium (Ca 2+ ) associated with exposure to hypoxia. Based on the evidence that the transcription factors that bind to the TH promoter during hypoxia can also be induced by elevations in cytosolic Ca 2+ , the role of Ca 2+ in the hypoxic regulation of the TH gene was explored. To assay the effect of hypoxia on TH gene expression, Northern blot analyses of total RNA were performed on PCI2 cells exposed to hypoxia in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors. The addition of the L-type calcium channel blockers nifedipine or verapamil caused partial inhibition of the hypoxia-induced increase in TH mRNA. The increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ during hypoxia was also only partially inhibited by addition of nifedipine. Importantly, chelation of extracellular Ca 2+ completely inhibited the increase in TH mRNA by hypoxia. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with BAPTA/AM, an intracellular Ca 2+ chelator, inhibited the hypoxic induction of TH gene expression in a dosedependent manner. Addition of chelerythrine chloride (CHL), a protein kinase C inhibitor, to the media before exposure to hypoxia also resulted in an inhibition of TH induction by hypoxia. These results suggest that hypoxia regulates TH gene expression by a mechanism that is dependent on influx of calcium from the extracellular stores, partially but not exclusively through the L-type calcium channels. These results further suggest that a member of the PKC family is essential for this regulation.