cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of clinical and angiographic factors to functional capacity as measured by the Duke Activity Status Index

Improvement of patient functional status is an important goal in the therapy of cardiovascular disease. Given the pressures on the medical profession to restrain the growth of health care costs, credible documentation of improved functional capacity as a result of therapy is particularly important, especially if effects on “hard end points” such as death or myocardial infarction are difficult to demonstrate. Measurement of functional status inevitably includes a subjective component, so that most physicians consider it a “soft end point.” Indeed, traditional measures, such as the New York Heart Association classification, have considerable imprecision and interobserver variability. In an attempt to overcome some of these limitations, we recently described a new method of determining functional capacity of patients with cardiac disease.1 The Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) is a brief self-administered questionnaire that gauges the patient's ability to perform common activities and uses the responses in a weighted score that assesses overall patient functional capacity. To determine if DASI varies in an appropriate fashion according to clinical factors known to influence patient functional status, this study examines the correlation of DASI with clinical factors in a large, independent group of patients.
Submillimetre Observations of the Night Sky Emission above 120 Kilometres

WE report new diffuse background measurements of the night sky obtained with three submillimetre detectors. These observations were made on December 2, 1970. A liquid-helium cooled telescope was carried by an Aerobee 170 to an altitude of 190 km. Six detectors covering bandwidths in the 5 µm–1.5 mm range were flown: the results from the near infrared detectors will be reported separately.
Some Optical, Thermo-Optical, and Piezo-Optical Properties of Synthetic Sapphire*

Measurements of the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indexes of synthetic sapphire are reported. Direct independent measurements of the birefringence are given. Temperature and piezo-optical coefficients of birefringence are given and combined with published data and calculations of W. L. Bragg to yield order of magnitude values for the thermal coefficient of expansion and Young’s modulus.
Coronary degeneration in sexually mature rainbow and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri.

Abstract Correlation of coronary arteriosclerosis with sexual maturation was found in rainbow and steelhead trout. All sexually mature nonanadromous rainbow, precocial male steelhead, and adult spawning steelhead had myointimal hyperplasia but it was infrequent in immature juveniles. Lesion severity in adult rainbow and precocial steel head approach that of spawning steelhad.
SENSORY MODALITY AND TRANSMODAL STIMULUS PROPERTIES IN CHILDREN'S DISCRIMINATION LEARNING AND TRANSFER

Univerrity of Kanras Summary.-72 preschoolers in the 3 conditions were given a 2-choice, 1dimensional training task in one of 2 sensory modalities, vision or audition, and in one of 2 structural properties: interruptedness or intensity, e.g., flashing (+) vs ongoing (-) light. There followed a 2-dimensional transfer task with 2 new stimu:us dimensions varying simultaneously and independently, one in the same sensory modality as the training dimension but with a different structural property, e.g., bright vs dim ligh.; and the other with the Sam- structural property but in a different sensory modaliry, e.g., puked vs continuous tone. The dimension in the same modality was relevant in a modal condition while the dimension with the same structural property was relevant in a transmodal condition. Significant interference resulted when the structural property reinforced in training was incorrect in transfer. No significant facilitation resulted from holding the same modality relevant or keeping the same structural property correct from training to transfer as compared with a conrrol condition where both modality and structural property were changed.
Identification of residues in the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 that contact the MCP-1 receptor, CCR2.

The CC chemokine, MCP-1, has been identified as a major chemoattractant for T cells and monocytes, and plays a significant role in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. To identify the regions of MCP-1 that contact its receptor, CCR2, we substituted all surface-exposed residues with alanine. Some residues were also mutated to other amino acids to identify the importance of charge, hydrophobicity, or aromaticity at specific positions. The binding affinity of each mutant for CCR2 was assayed with THP-1 and CCR2-transfected CHL cells. The majority of point mutations had no effect. Residues at the N-terminus of the protein, known to be crucial for signaling, contribute less than a factor of 10 to the binding affinity. However, two clusters of primarily basic residues (R24, K35, K38, K49, and Y13), separated by a 35 A hydrophobic groove, reduced the level of binding by 15−100-fold. A peptide fragment encompassing residues 13−35 recapitulated some of the mutational data derived from the intact protein. It exh...
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of hodgkin disease: A study of 89 cases with emphasis on the false-negative cases

INTRODUCTION. Although the cytologic features of Hodgkin disease (HD) has been well described, HD accounts for most of the false-negative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of malignant lymphomas. In this study, the authors examined the factors contributing to a false-negative diagnosis of HD. METHODS. Eighty-nine cases from 72 patients (23 females and 49 males) with HD evaluated by FNA were identified between 1990 and 1999. The patients' ages ranged from 5 to 90 years (median, 38 years). Eighty-five FNAs were from lymph nodes, and 4 were from extranodal sites. Histologic correlation was available for all patients. RESULTS. Based on the original cytologic diagnosis, 43 (48.3%) cases had a positive diagnosis of HD, 20 (22.5%) suspicious or atypical diagnosis, 13 (14.6%) a benign diagnosis (false-negative cases), and 10 (11.2%) were nondiagnostic. Three (3.4%) additional cases had a malignant diagnosis other than HD. After review, three false-negative cases were reclassified as HD and seven as atypical lymphoid proliferation. Three of these 10 cases also showed conspicuous collections of histiocytes mimicking poorly formed granulomas. In those atypical cases, only rare Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells variants were identified. No R-S cells or its variants were identified in the remaining three false-negative cases; subsequent excisional biopsy showed partial involvement of the lymph node by HD in two cases. Among the nondiagnostic cases, nine cases showed considerable fibrosis in the resected lymph node. In addition, six cases were performed without on-site assessment. CONCLUSIONS. The cytologic diagnosis of HD can be challenging when classic R-S cells are absent. Contributing factors for a false-negative diagnosis include obscuring reactive inflammatory cells, fibrosis of the involved lymph nodes, partial involvement of the lymph node by HD, sampling error, and misinterpretation. On-site assessment significantly minimizes the false-negative diagnostic rate. Furthermore, additional material can be obtained for ancillary studies.
Effect of the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor zaprinast on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

Abstract Purpose: The cardiac and renal protective effects of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors against ischemia-reperfusion injury have recently been demonstrated in animal studies. We evaluated the effect of pretreatment with the PDE-5 inhibitor zaprinast on warm renal ischemia in a rat model. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent concomitant right nephrectomy and left renal hilar occlusion for 30 minutes. Twelve animals were equally divided into three groups: Group 1 received no pharmacologic pretreatment, group 2 was pretreated with zaprinast 10 mg/kg, and group 3 was pretreated with zaprinast 20 mg/kg. Zaprinast was dissolved in 25% dimethyl sulfoxide and given as a single intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before surgery. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, histopathology, and TUNEL staining for apoptosis were assessed 24 hours postoperatively. Results: The mean creatinine level for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 0.73 mg/dL, 0.55 mg/dL, and 0.38 mg/dL, respectively. These v...
Effect of different alcohols on the contractile force of the isolated guinea-pig myocardium☆

The effect of methanol ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol and i-pentanol on myocardial contractile force was studied using the isolated guinea-pig ventricular strip. Ethanol, 3 × 10−2 − 3 × 10−3 M caused a concentration-related reduction of myocardial contractile force. Similarly geometrically increasing concentrations of the 7 other alcohols, 1 × 10−3 − 1 M, decreased contractile force essentially in proportion to the concentration. The magnitude of myocardial depression produced by the 8 alcohols was proportional to the length of their carbon chains. When the pD′2 value of each alcohol studied was related to its structure, among the alkyl alcohols, methanol and n-pentanol caused, respectively, the least and the greatest depression of contractile force. When sucrose, 1 × 10−2 − 3 × 10−1 M was added to the media to produce hyperosmolarity equivalent to that induced by ethanol, sucrose did not alter the contractile force significantly. The present study suggests that the negative inotropic action of ethanol and other alcohols is not caused indirectly by the accompanying hyperosmolarity, but most likely is caused by their direct affinity for myocardial cell structures and their consequent effects on cellular function.
Modularity and attention: Is the binding problem real?

Abstract Van der Heijden rejects the feature integration theory of visual attention (Treisman, 1988, 1993; Treisman & Gelade, 1980) and proposes instead a theory relating modularity in the visual system to selection for action. His positive proposals about the relations between visual processing, intention, and selection for action are interesting, but I do not believe they are incompatible with my theory. In this paper I will focus on and question his arguments about the binding problem and the role of attention in visual perception. Van der Heijden attacks two claims that are fundamental to my theory: (1) the idea that modularity gives rise to a “binding problem” (the need to specify which of the features present characterize any particular object), and (2) the more general idea that there are limits to capacity at the level of perceptual processing. I will argue that he is wrong to reject the two claims, that the binding problem is a real one, for his model as for others, and that his account is more s...
Al Qaeda Affiliates Operating in Failed States: The Next Front in the War on Terror

The essay employs a comparative analysis to examine the future of Al Qaeda affiliates operating in Somalia, Yemen and the Maghreb. Among the issues examined are the impact of failed states, tribal structures, criminal enterprise, and counter terrorism policies on affilate armed and financial capability. The paper argues that Al Qaeda affiliates are confined to the periphery of collapsed and weak states and thier future regeneration may be contingent on on the emergence of power vacuums caused by regime overthrow. Despite such opportunities, Al Qaeda affiliates are likely to fail because of the effect of internal factionalism, the de-legitimating effect of their criminal activities and the impact of domestic and international counter terror policies.
Stimulation of intestinal glutamine absorption in chronic metabolic acidosis.

Abstract Background Amino acid glutamine plays a central role in inter-organ nitrogen transfer in acidosis, a compensatory mechanism that is essential in maintaining acidbase balance. Intestinal glutamine absorption is a key exogenous glutamine source in maintaining glutamine homeostasis. The purpose of this in vivo study was to investigate the regulation of intestinal glutamine absorption during chronic metabolic acidosis. Methods Metabolic acidosis in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was induced by adding 1.5% NH 4 Cl to drinking water. [ 3 H]-L-glutamine transport activity across brush border membrane vesicles and glutamine transporter ATB 0 messenger RNA levels by relative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were measured in rat jejunum. Data were analyzed by t test ( P Results Acidosis occurred as early as 1 day and was partially compensated by 7 days. Glutamine transport in brush border membrane vesicles was increased after 2 days of acidosis. Chronic acidosis (7 days) resulted in an 8-fold increase of glutamine transport activity. The glutamine transport maximal capacity (Vmax) was stimulated 5-fold, while the transport affinity (Km) was not affected by acidosis. Relative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed a 2.5-fold increase of glutamine transporter ATB 0 messenger RNA levels. Conclusions Chronic metabolic acidosis stimulates intestinal glutamine absorption via a mechanism that involves an increase of functional membrane glutamine transporter units.
Flavones of Iva hayesiana

Abstract Extraction of Iva hayesiana Gray gave a sesquiterpene lactone which polymerized and the flavones hispidulin and axillarin.
Highly Attrition Resistant Zinc Oxide-Based Sorbents for H2S Removal by Spray Drying Technique

Primary issues for the fluidized-bed/transport reactor process are high attrition resistant sorbent, its high sorption capacity and regenerability, durability, and cost. The overall objective of this project is the development of a superior attrition resistant zinc oxide-based sorbent for hot gas cleanup in integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC). Sorbents applicable to a fluidized-bed hot gas desulfurization process must have a high attrition resistance to withstand the fast solid circulation between a desulfurizer and a regenerator, fast kinetic reactions, and high sulfur sorption capacity. The oxidative regeneration of zinc-based sorbent usually initiated at greater than 600 C with highly exothermic nature causing deactivation of sorbent as well as complication of sulfidation process by side reaction. Focusing on solving the sorbent attrition and regenerability of zinc oxide-based sorbent, we have adapted multi-binder matrices and direct incorporation of regeneration promoter. The sorbent forming was done with a spray drying technique that is easily scalable to commercial quantity.
Improved magneto-optic trapping in a vapor cell

We have captured 3.6 x 10(10) cesium atoms in a magneto-optic trap loaded from a vapor cell. The 300-fold increase in the number of trapped atoms compared with that of previous research was accomplished by using larger laser intensities and 4-cm-diameter laser beams. The loading time constant was as short as 0.2 s.
Vocational Decision Making Among Women: Implications for Organizational Behavior

This paper synthesizes the literature on vocational decision making among women. Anticipatory socialization to adult work roles results in the development of a vocational self-concept, which includes personality, interests, values, perceived capacities, perceived opportunities, and perceived costs. Preferences based on this self-concept guide the job-search process. Expectancy theory is proposed to integrate the findings in the literature, and implications for research are discussed.
Vapor Transport vs. Seed–Soil Contact in Wheat Germination

The assumption that seed-soil contact is important for germination of seeds has influenced imbibition research and equipment design but has not been tested. This study compared germination with and without seed-soil contact. Over a temperature range from 3 to 28°C, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed was either provided with good seed-soil contact or separated from soil by fiberglass cloth. The germination system was sealed to prevent evaporation. At soil water potentials of -4.5 and -2.3 MPa, no seeds germinated in either treatment. When the soil water potential was - 1.1 to -0.15 MPa, the average increase in germination time due to the absence of seed-soil contact was 0.3 d (5.6%). Days to germination ranged from 1.1 d at -0.15 MPa and 28°C, to 18.3 d at -1.1 MPa and 3°C. These results show that vapor transport may be the most important mechanism for imbibition and that liquid transport through seed-soil contact may make little contribution. Recognition of vapor transport as a sufficient, and perhaps dominant, mechanism for water transport between seed and soil should improve modeling efforts and planting equipment designs.
Oxathiolene oxides: a novel family of compounds that induce ferritin, glutathione S-transferase, and other proteins of the phase II response.

Abstract Compounds that induce the synthesis of cytoprotective phase II enzymes have shown promise as cancer chemopreventive agents. Although chemically diverse, phase II enzyme inducers are capable of participating in Michael reaction chemistry. We have synthesized a novel class of organosulfur compounds, termed oxathiolene oxides (OTEOs). Based on their chemical properties, we hypothesized that these compounds could function as phase II enzyme inducers. Northern blot analysis showed that oxathiolene oxides induce the phase II enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and ferritin H and L mRNA in a concentration-dependent fashion in a normal embryonic mouse liver cell line, BNLCL.2. OTEO-562 (3-cyclohexenyl-4-methyl-1,2-oxathiol-3-ene-2-oxide) was the strongest inducer. Western blot analysis demonstrated that GST-α and ferritin H protein levels were also induced in cells treated with OTEO-562, as was total GST and NQO1 enzyme activity. Further, induction of NQO1 activity by OTEO-562 was equivalent in aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor wild-type and Ah receptor mutant cell lines, suggesting that oxathiolene oxides activate phase II enzymes by an Ah receptor-independent mechanism. Consistent with this observation, OTEO-562 failed to induce cytochrome P450 1A1 mRNA. These results suggest that oxathiolene oxides may merit further investigation as candidate chemopreventive agents.
Shear flow aerodynamics - Lifting surface theory

A lifting surface theory based on a parallel shear flow model is presented for steady, incompressible flows. The theory is intended to account approximately for the presence of a boundary layer. The method of Fourier transforms is used to calculate the pressure on a surface of infinite extent and arbitrary contour. Immediately above the surface is a region of sheared flow (the boundary layer), outside of which the flow velocity is constant. The Fourier transform of the pressure on this surface is used to derive the shear flow equivalent to the kernel function of classical potential flow lifting surface theory. The kernel function provides an integral relation between the upwash at a given point on the surface and the pressure everywhere on the surface. This relation is treated as an integral equation for the pressure, and is solved numerically. Computations are presented for the lift and pitching moment on a flat plate in two-dimensional flow, and for flat, rectangular wings of aspect ratio 1, 2, and 5. As expected, the shear layer decreases the lift curve slope; however, the shear layer (whose thickness is constant along the wing chord) has little effect on the center of pressure.
Endogenous Spillovers, Strategic Blocking, and the Design of Contracts in Collaborative R&D: Evidence from NCRA filings of R&D Joint Ventures

The research provides evidence from a dataset of R&D joint venture contracts about how firms organize collaborative R&D. We work out of a dataset of 96 contracts to construct a taxonomy of the types of mechanisms firms use in organizing collaborative R&D. We identify mechanisms with particular syndromes of terms of contract and find that mechanisms cluster into five groups, each of which constitutes a distinct R&D joint venture governance structure. We indicate how these groups line up with various types of hazards. In particular, the research indicates that while knowledge spillovers may give rise to appropriability hazards, the combination of weak property rights and efforts to contain or channel knowledge spillovers may enable joint venture members to strategically block other members' follow-on commercialization or follow-on research. Consequently, firms must balance countervailing hazards. The research goes on to indicate how joint venture partners balance the prospect of strategic blocking against efforts to contain spillovers.
Modulation of calcium channels in cardiac and neuronal cells by an endogenous peptide

Calcium channels mediate the generation of action potentials, pacemaking, excitation-contraction coupling, and secretion and signal integration in muscle, secretory, and neuronal cells. The physiological regulation of the L-type calcium channel is thought to be mediated primarily by guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). A low molecular weight endogenous peptide has been isolated and purified from rat brain. This peptide regulates up and down the cardiac and neuronal calcium channels, respectively. In cardiac myocytes, the peptide-induced enhancement of the L-type calcium current had a slow onset (half-time approximately 75 seconds), occurred via a G protein-independent mechanism, and could not be inhibited by alpha 1-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, or angiotensin II blockers. In neuronal cells, on the other hand, the negative effect had a rapid onset (half-time less than 500 milliseconds) and was observed on both T-type and L-type calcium channels.
The humoral response to HIV-1: new insights, renewed focus.

Over two decades, significant advances in our understanding of the humoral immune response to HIV-1 infection have been made, yet a tremendous amount of work lies ahead. Despite these advances, strategies to reliably induce antibodies that can control HIV-1 infection are still critically needed. However recent advances in our understanding of the kinetics, specificity and function of early humoral responses offer alternative new approaches to attain this goal. These results along with the new broad NAb specificities, the role for other antibody functions, the increased understanding of HIV-1-induced changes to B cell biology, and results from the RV144 “Thai” trial showing potential modest sterilizing protection by non-neutralizing antibody responses, have renewed focus on the humoral system. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of the earliest humoral responses are discussed, highlighting presentations from the meeting on the Biology of Acute HIV Infection (AHI).
Effects of Different Mobility Models on Traffic Patterns in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, there has been a great deal of research on investigating the effects of mobility on network attributes such as capacity, connectivity, and coverage. In this paper, the node mobility is studied from a new perspective with an objective to reveal the inherent impact of different mobility models on the the traffic patterns in wireless sensor networks. Specifically, the transmission pattern of a mobile sensor node is first characterized by an alternating renewal process that changes states between the active and the inactive. Then, the active state distribution is investigated under four commonly used mobility models: random walk, random waypoint, discrete Brownian motion, and extended Levy walk. For each mobility model, the spectrum of the traffic oriented from a single node is analyzed based on renewal theory. According to this analysis, novel results regarding the impact of each mobility model on the traffic nature are found: random walk, random waypoint, and discrete Brownian motion can only induce short range dependent traffic, whose autocorrelation function decays exponentially fast. In contrast, the traffic under extended Levy walk exhibits pseudo long range dependence, in which the autocorrelation function decays slower than exponential and follows a power law form at large time lags. Finally, the revealed findings are verified by the statistical analysis on the collected traffic traces from the simulated transmissions.
Reliable control protocol for crossbar arbitration

We describe an incremental request-grant protocol between line cards comprising virtual output queues and a central arbitration unit in a crossbar-based packet switch. Moreover, we introduce a method to make this protocol reliable in the presence of transmission errors that might lead to permanent inconsistency of the queue state information maintained by the arbiter. The protocol employs a "census" mechanism that travels the round-trip distance from line card to arbiter and back. We prove that it detects any inconsistency as well as its precise magnitude, enabling immediate corrective action.
Measurements with a Spectral Radiometer

An f/2.5 spectral radiometer, consisting of telescope and monochromator mounted on a movable head, is described. By comparison with a blackbody standard and appropriate calibration, spectral radiances can be obtained in watts/cm2-micron-steradian. Observation on many targets indicates a nearly identical radiance for all. Space scans at a given wavelength do give target distinguishability however, and a discussion of possible cause is given. Rapid variations in radiance have been observed, and are still being investigated.
Computational Approaches and Tools Used in Identification of Dispersed Repetitive DNA Sequences

It has become clear that dispersed repeat sequen- ces have played multiple roles in eukaryotic genome evolution including increasing genetic diversity through mutation, inducing changes in gene expression, and facili- tating generation of novel genes. Growing recognition of the importance of dispersed repeats has fueled development of computational tools designed to expedite discovery and classification of repeats. Here we review major existing repeat exploration tools and discuss the algorithms utilized by these tools. Special attention is devoted to ab initio programs, i.e., those tools that do not rely upon previously identified repeats to find new repeat elements. We conclude by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of current tools and highlighting additional approaches that may advance repeat discovery/characterization.
Development of Composite Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

In this paper, iron oxide coated gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications were prepared. Synthetic strategies for preparing such particles and controlling their morphology are described.
Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study of the Thermochemistry and Reactions of the Chlorinated Disilenes and Their Isomers (Si2HnCl4-n)

Structures, vibrational frequencies, and energies for the chlorinated disilenes, their dibridged isomers, and the transition states connecting the chlorinated disilenes to the corresponding silylsilylenes are presented. Geometries and frequencies were obtained at the MP2/6-31G(d,p) level, and energetics were calculated at the G2, G2(MP2), MP4/6-31+G(2df,p), and/or MP2/6-31+G(2df,p) levels of theory, depending on the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule. The silylsilylene isomer with the structure HnCl3-nSiSiCl was found to be lowest in energy for all of the chlorinated compounds. The dibridged structures are all significantly higher in energy than the silylsilylene and disilene structures. Barriers for isomerization by H transfer and Cl transfer ranged from 5 to 18 kcal/mol and 9 to 23 kcal/mol above the disilene, respectively. Energies along paths for decomposition of the chlorinated disilenes to pairs of silylenes are presented, confirming that the reverse reactions are barrierless. Finally, energet...
Congenital and irreducible non-traumatic dislocation of the patella--a modified soft tissue procedure.

Abstract Many procedures have been described for the correction of congenital dislocation of the patella. Most operations entail extensive soft tissue releases through curved skin incisions. A modification of the Langenskiold and Ritsila procedure is described. The main alterations include a limited and straight anterior skin incision, a fashioning of a ‘buckle’ of the transferred distal-patellar tendon to a distally based flap and the transposition of an extensive medial rotation flap. This report describes the early results (mean=19 months) of the modified procedure in three cases of congenital lateral dislocation of the patella.
A Twenty-Six Year History of Wood Stork Nesting in South Carolina i1524-4695-31-sp1-3-

Abstract Since the first documented successful nesting of Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) in South Carolina in 1981, a total of 16,642 nesting attempts have been recorded. During the past 26 years, annual nesting has increased from eleven to a high of 2,057 nests in 2004. Storks have used 27 different colony sites, however, five sites have supported 76.3% of all nesting attempts. Mean colony size was 118 nests (range 1-547). Colony turnover rate was 0.19 overall based on annual calculations. However, 95.6% of colonies with more than 100 nests in one year were active the following year (N = 68). Only three of 27 sites are in public ownership and 21 sites are in wetlands altered or maintained by man. Production of young has been high each year (x bar = 2.08 young per successful nest) and abandonment of active colonies has been rare. This may result from the availability of varied habitats used by foraging storks. Nesting storks use palustrine habitats associated with rivers, inter-tidal wetlands, isolated ...
Classroom Seismographs and the Challenge of Encouraging a Culture of Scientific Inquiry in K–12 Schools

Curiosity about how the world works, and systematic reasoning to investigate what we are curious about—these lie at the heart of what it means to be a scientist. In our experience with operating seismographs in K–12 schools, we are finding that what it means to be a student (and a teacher) is often very different. While curiosity does seem to be alive and well in the minds of young elementary school children, it is sadly less and less apparent as students progress through the later years of elementary school and beyond ( e.g., National Research Council 2000). Furthermore, we are finding that few K–12 science teachers tend to dwell within a culture of curiosity and scientific investigation. We are thus experiencing a noticeable culture gap when we collaborate with teachers and students on educational seismology projects. Theoretically, seismographs-in-schools projects provide an opportunity for us to encourage curiosity and a culture of inquiry and scientific investigation in K–12 schools and to give young students a full appreciation of the nature of scientific inquiry. But then we hit this culture gap: Often the students do not show evidence of curiosity, nor do the teachers appear able or willing to model and reinforce such curiosity. How then might we promote the development of curiosity and scientific reasoning in K–12 schools? To foster new generations of scientists and scientifically literate citizens will require teachers who are themselves comfortable with inquiry and the open-ended nature of research. And so we face a conundrum, as the teachers with whom we seek to collaborate are themselves products of an educational system that is sorely lacking a culture of curiosity and inquiry. This presents a formidable challenge. In this article, we describe our efforts to encourage a culture of inquiry and scientific investigation in K–12 schools as part of …
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus survival on hospital fomites

We examined the duration of survival of 2 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on 3 types of hospital fomites. MRSA survived for 11 days on a plastic patient chart, more than 12 days on a laminated tabletop, and 9 days on a cloth curtain. Irregular surfaces may help harbor organisms in the environment. In addition to contact precautions, MRSA containment during an outbreak should include concurrent environmental decontamination.
CHILDREN'S USE OF SEMANTIC AND SYNTACTIC INFORMATION FOR WORD RECOGNITION AND DETERMINATION OF SENTENCE MEANINGFULNESS

Third-, sixth-, and college-grade students were presented with entire sentences for silent reading and were asked to monitor these sentences either for the presence of nonwords or for meaningfulness. The sentence forms were of three types: semantically coherent, syntactically intact (but nonmeaningful), and incoherent (nonmeaningful, nongrammatical). Three developmental differences were obtained in the speed of analyzing these sentences for words/nonwords versus meaningfulness/nonmeaningfulness. First, facilitation produced by the addition of semantic information (semantically coherent sentence condition) to syntactic information (syntactically intact condition) during word level analysis was greater for children as compared to adults. Second, the addition of syntactic information to nongrammatical incoherent strings of words again facilitated word level analysis for the children. Third, the difference in decision speed between monitoring sentences for words versus meaningfulness was negligible for adults, but was very robust for children. These results are consistent with the notion that sentential (syntactic as well as semantic) information is relied upon to a relatively greater extent by children, as compared to adults, for word level analyses. Adult readers, on the other hand, appear to utilize syntactic and semantic information as much at the level of sentential analysis as at the level of word recognition.
Does the Brain Rest?: An Independent Component Analysis of Temporally Coherent Brain Networks at Rest and During a Cognitive Task

Brain regions which exhibit temporally coherent fluctuations, have been increasingly studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Such networks are often identified in the context of an fMRI scan collected during rest (and thus are called "resting state networks"), however they are also present during (and modulated by) the performance of a cognitive task. In this paper we will refer to such networks as temporally coherent networks (TCNs). Independent component analysis (ICA) is one method being used to identify TCNs. ICA is a data driven approach which which is especially useful for decomposing activation during complex cognitive tasks where multiple operations occur simultaneously. In this paper we present results showing that TCNs are robust, and can be consistently identified at rest and during performance of a cognitive task in healthy individuals and in patients with schizophrenia. In summary, multiple TCNs are present at rest and during a cognitive task, but are modulated in complex ways.
Maternal ratings of attention problems in ADHD: evidence for the existence of a continuum.

Objective: To investigate whether items assessing attention problems provide evidence of quantitative differences or categorically distinct subtypes of attention problems (APs) and to investigate the relation of empirically derived latent classes to DSM-IV diagnoses of subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), for example, combined subtype, predominantly inattentive type, and predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type. Method: Data on attention problems were obtained from maternal ratings on the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). Latent class models, which assume categorically different subtypes, and factor mixture models, which permit severity differences, are fitted to data obtained from Dutch boys at age 7 (N = 8,079), 10 (N = 5,278), and 12 years (N = 3,139). The fit of the different models to the data is compared to decide which model, and hence, which corresponding interpretation of AP, is most appropriate. Next, ADHD diagnoses are regressed on latent class membership in a subsample of children. Results: At all the three ages, models that distinguish between three mainly quantitatively different classes (e.g., mild, moderate, and severe attention problems) provide the best fit to the data. Within each class, the CBCL items measure three correlated continuous factors that can be interpreted in terms of hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattentiveness/dreaminess, and nervous behavior. The AP severe class contains all of the subjects diagnosed with ADHDYcombined subtype. Some subjects diagnosed with ADHDY predominantly inattentive type are in the moderate AP class. Conclusions: Factor mixture analyses provide evidence that the CBCL AP syndrome varies along a severity continuum of mild to moderate to severe attention problems. Children affected with ADHD are at the extreme of the continuum. These data are important for clinicians, research scholars, and the framers of the DSM-V as they provide evidence that ADHD diagnoses exist on a continuum rather than as discrete
Authoritarianism and the Crisis of the Argentine Political Economy

1. Thinking about authoritarianism in Argentina 2. Cycles of crisis and transformation in the Argentine political economy 3. The state and the 'Argentine Revolution' 4. The state-led project of capitalist restructing 5. Working-class politics and the state 6. The Cordobazo, popular resistance, and entrepreneurial reaction 7. Military reformism and the 'deepening of the Revolution' 8. The military's extrication crisis and the 'Gran Acuerdo Nacional' 9. The 'proceso' and the apothesis of authoritarianism 10. Alfonsi n and the unfinished agenda of democratic class compromise Postscript: menem and neoliberal restructuring Notes Bibliography Index.
Modeling the Gratification‐Seeking Process of Television Viewing

This study attempted to establish the audience activity construct as an intervening factor in the gratification-seeking process, by taking into account the expanded viewing options in the emerging multichannel environment. It examined the viewing motives, activities, and satisfaction of adolescents—the first generation to grow up in that environment. The major theoretical assumption tested was whether more strongly motivated viewers would more actively engage in various audience activities throughout the viewing process and receive greater viewing satisfaction afterwards. Findings from testing the path model generally support this assumption. However, the role of media exposure in the gratification-seeking process comes into question due to its lack of causal linkage to several model components. A revised theoretical model is proposed to help inform future research.
Sexual Attraction in Conjoint Therapy

Considering the magnitude of the potential repercussions concerning sexual attraction between mental health professionals and their clients, relatively little research exists in the field of marriage and family therapy (MFT). Although the topic of sexual attraction and various ethical dilemmas accompanying the issue have raised awareness of the increasing need to address sexual attraction dynamics in therapist training programs (Harris, 2001), the inherent gray nature of the topic often makes it difficult to address. Research shows that that a majority of therapists encounter feelings of sexual attraction either toward or from their clients during their careers. In light of the MFT research addressing sexual attraction in therapy, to date few studies address the phenomenon in the context of conjoint therapeutic sessions, a significant component of our profession. This paper presents the results of a study designed to assess how therapists in training think about how they would handle attraction in the con...
Understanding and undermining the racio-economic agenda of No Child Left Behind: using critical race methodology to investigate the labor of bilingual teachers

Language education for students of color is a neutral process. The education of linguistically diverse students is situated in larger issues concerning white supremacy and the distribution of wealth and power. In this article, I argue that the English‐only language policy contained within No Child Left Behind (NCLB) justifies a hierarchical racial order in which subordinate language status is still represented in racial and economic terms. As such, there is a pressing need to understand how language policy (specifically, NCLB) affects teachers and how teachers respond to and influence the enactment of such policies. The research suggests that Latina/o teachers understand NCLB’s language policy to be a convergence of race and class interests and, in view of that, mediate and undermine English‐only policy in the classroom. Through the work of bilingual educators, I hope to expand the discussion about preparing teachers for educating linguistic minorities to go beyond the methods fetish and to reconsider the...
Multiculturalism, Recognition and Abjection: (re)mapping Italian identity

This article focuses Italy's conversations about multiculturalism as dual processes of national homogeneity and abjection with respect to its growing conversation around citizenship, national identity and immigration. Abjection is a concept that directs attention to border-making through dual cultural practices of recognizing and managing difference; these practices, however, simultaneously produce ghettoes of difference within the imaginary of the nation. Italian schools, along with other EU member schools, have been designated as a central institution for the production of the new citizen, both European and, in this case, Italian. Through an analysis of documents from the European Union and Italian Ministry of Education, one can begin to map the multiple multicultural citizenships that make up these relational new citizens. This work gives intelligibility to particular dispositions, particular practices, ways of being and systems of reasoning connected to the new multicultural citizen. In doing so, it also makes visible the non-European, non-Italian and non-multicultural within multicultural, European Italy.
High Temperature Anatase TiO 2 Stabilization in TiO 2 /Si Multilayer Structures

In this work TiO2/Si multilayer structures have been grown by sputtering. After rapid thermal annealing in pure inert gas or inert gas with oxygen atmosphere the multilayers have been investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, μ-Raman and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry for their structure and anatase/rutile phase composition. It has been found that the photocatalytically more active anatase TiO2 is stabilized and that interdiffusion and chemical reaction processes were strongly hindered up to 1100°C annealing temperature in oxygen containing atmosphere. These findings are of particular importance since only at this high temperature simultaneous formation of embedded Si nanocrystallites can be achieved.
Vaporization Enthalpies and Vapor Pressures of Some Insect Pheromones by Correlation Gas Chromatography

The vaporization enthalpies and vapor pressures of the following insect pheromones at T/K = 298.15 have been evaluated by correlation gas chromatography: Z-8-dodecenyl acetate, Z-4-tridecenyl acetate, E-11-tetradecenyl acetate, E,E-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, S-ethyl (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate, R,S-2-propynyl (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate, and Z-13-octadecenyl acetate. Also evaluated are vapor pressures as a function of temperature from T/K = 298.15 to 500 which have been fit to a third-order polynomial. Normal boiling temperatures are predicted by extrapolation. The results are compared to available literature values.
Early abnormalities related to postinfarction Wallerian degeneration: evaluation with MR diffusion-weighted imaging.

Purpose: Wallerian degeneration (WD) is most commonly seen after cerebral infarctions and results in persistent neurological deficits. MRI may detect changes related to WD as early as 4 weeks after the insult. We sought to determine if MR diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) detects changes of WD during the acute period that follows a cerebral infarction. Method: Eleven patients with cerebral infarctions underwent DWI within 72 h of the onset of symptoms. DWI was performed using a high diffusion gradient strength (B = 1,000) in a single axis and trace imaging. We reviewed all images with special attention to the signal intensity in the location of the corticospinal tracts. Results: Ten patients harbored 11 middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarcts, and one patient had an anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarction. Only one patient with an MCA infarct showed a subtle abnormality in the ipsilateral corticospinal tract. The patient with the ACA infarct showed an abnormality in the region of the corticopontine tract. Conclusion: As used in this study, DWI depicted presumed early WD in only 20% of instances.
Multiple Dirac fermions from a topological insulator and graphene superlattice

Graphene and three-dimensional topological insulators are well-known Dirac materials whose bulk and surface states are governed by Dirac equations. They not only show good transport properties but also carry various quanta related to the geometrical phase such as charge, spin, and valley Hall conductances. Therefore, it is a great challenge to combine the two Dirac materials together, realizing multiple Dirac fermions. By using first-principles density-functional-theory calculations, we demonstrate such a system built from topological insulator-band insulator-graphene superlattice structures. Hexagonal boron nitride is proposed as an ideal band-insulating material in gluing graphene and topological insulators, providing a good substrate for graphene and a sharp interface with a topological insulator. The power factors for $p$-type doping are largely enhanced due to the charge-conducting channels through multiple Dirac cones. The systems characterized by the coexistence of the topologically protected interfacial and graphene Dirac cones can pave the way for developing integrated devices for electronics, spintronics and valleytronics applications.
Decreased intracellular pH is not due to increased H+ extrusion in preconditioned rat hearts

Ischemic preconditioning reduces intracellular acidification during a subsequent, prolonged period of ischemia. This may reflect decreased anaerobic glycolysis or increased H+ efflux. To distinguis...
Francis X. Blouin, Jr. and William G. Rosenburg. Processing the Past: Contesting Authority in History and the Archives . New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 272p. ISBN 978-0199740543. $74

Processing the Past is an examination of the evolution of professional archival management and its relationship to the study of history. As the title states, much of this book deals with the concept of authority, from both an archival and an intellectual perspective, and seeks to build understanding in the increasingly separate worlds of the historian and archival professional. Blouin and Rosenburg, an archivist and historian, have labeled this disparity the “archival divide” and, in the course of Processing the Past , trace its beginnings, meanings, and consequences for archivists, historians, and the creation of archives past and present. The book . . .
Event regularity and irregularity in a time unit

In this paper, we study the problem of learning a regular model from a number of sequences, each of which contains events in a time unit. Assuming some regularity in such sequences, we determine what events should be deemed irregular in their contexts. We perform an in-depth analysis of the model we build, and propose two optimization techniques, one of which is also of independent interest in solving a new problem named the Group Counting problem. Our comprehensive experiments on real and hybrid datasets show that the model we build is very effective in characterizing regularities and identifying irregular events. One of our optimizations improves model building speed by more than an order of magnitude, and the other significantly saves space consumption.
Automaticity, Arousal, and Information Exposure

(1984). Automaticity, Arousal, and Information Exposure. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 267-284.