cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Layer Design in Wireless Cognitive Networks

The objective of this research is to provide appropriate cross-layer architecture for wireless cognitive networks for efficient resource allocation and improved quality of service. We proposed the blackboard model, which is known for coordinating multiple agents (cognitive nodes) in a real-time manner, receiving the current state of information from these nodes, providing conclusions basing on information received from these nodes, updating these nodes with current conclusions, and suggesting needed actions for these nodes. Each cognitive node is assumed as an agent to the blackboard. The parameter values abstracted from these cognitive nodes to blackboard are structured messages that are optimized with respective to an objective function. This paper introduces the cross-layer design of a cognitive network, the role of the blackboard architecture, and possible applications.
Pearls and Pitfalls in Thoracic Imaging: Variants and Other Difficult Diagnoses

T. Hartman, ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 224 pages, $99 Differentiation of normal variants from rare diseases may be difficult on thoracic imaging, and a really concise book on that topic is lacking. Therefore, this book was designed to fill that niche, giving guidance
A Drosophila ESC-E(Z) Protein Complex Is Distinct from Other Polycomb Group Complexes and Contains Covalently Modified ESC

The extra sex combs (ESC) and Enhancer of zeste [E(Z)] proteins, members of the Polycomb group (PcG) of transcriptional repressors, interact directly and are coassociated in fly embryos. We report that these two proteins are components of a 600-kDa complex in embryos. Using gel filtration and affinity chromatography, we show that this complex is biochemically distinct from previously described complexes containing the PcG proteins Polyhomeotic, Polycomb, and Sex comb on midleg. In addition, we present evidence that ESC is phosphorylated in vivo and that this modified ESC is preferentially associated in the complex with E(Z). Modified ESC accumulates between 2 and 6 h of embryogenesis, which is the developmental time when esc function is first required. We find that mutations in E(z) reduce the ratio of modified to unmodified ESC in vivo. We have also generated germ line transformants that express ESC proteins bearing site-directed mutations that disrupt ESC-E(Z) binding in vitro. These mutant ESC proteins fail to provide esc function, show reduced levels of modification in vivo, and are still assembled into complexes. Taken together, these results suggest that ESC phosphorylation normally occurs after assembly into ESC-E(Z) complexes and that it contributes to the function or regulation of these complexes. We discuss how biochemically separable ESC-E(Z) and PC-PH complexes might work together to provide PcG repression.
Mitigating Age-Related Immune Dysfunction Heightens the Efficacy of Tumor Immunotherapy in Aged Mice

Although cancer tends to affect the elderly, most preclinical studies are carried out in young subjects. In this study, we developed a melanoma-specific cancer immunotherapy that shows efficacy in aged but not young hosts by mitigating age-specific tumor-associated immune dysfunction. Both young and aged CD4(+)CD25(hi) regulatory T cells (Treg) exhibited equivalent in vitro T-cell suppression and tumor-associated augmentation in numbers. However, denileukin diftitox (DT)-mediated Treg depletion improved tumor-specific immunity and was clinically effective only in young mice. DT-mediated Treg depletion significantly increased myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) numbers in aged but not young mice, and MDSC depletion improved tumor-specific immunity and reduced tumor growth in aged mice. Combining Treg depletion with anti-Gr-1 antibody was immunologically and clinically more efficacious than anti-Gr-1 antibody alone in aged B16-bearing mice, similar to Treg depletion alone in young mice. In contrast, DT increased MDSCs in young and aged mice following MC-38 tumor challenge, although effects were greater in aged mice. Anti-Gr-1 boosted DT effects in young but not aged mice. Aged antitumor immune effector cells are therefore competent to combat tumor when underlying tumor-associated immune dysfunction is appropriately mitigated, but this dysfunction varies with tumor, thus also varying responses to immunotherapy. By tailoring immunotherapy to account for age-related tumor-associated immune dysfunctions, cancer immunotherapy for aged patients with specific tumors can be remarkably improved.
Identifying patients with cellulitis who are likely to require inpatient admission after a stay in an ED observation unit

Abstract Background Emergency department observation units (EDOU) are often used for patients with cellulitis to provide intravenous antibiotics followed by a transition to an oral regimen for discharge. Because institutional regulations typically limit EDOU stays to 24 hours, patients lacking a clinical response within this period will often be subsequently admitted to the hospital for further treatment. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the rate of hospital admission and characteristics predictive of admission in patients with cellulitis who are initially placed in an ED observation unit. Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients placed into EDOU with a diagnosis of skin infection was conducted. Age, sex, history of diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, intravenous drug use, location of cellulitis, presence of abscess, laboratory infectious markers, vital signs, and outpatient antibiotic treatment were recorded. The primary outcome was a hospital admission due to failure to respond to treatment within the 24-hour observation time window. Significant variables on univariate analysis were used to create a multivariate analysis, which identified predictive characteristics. Results Four hundred six patient charts were reviewed, with 377 meeting inclusion criteria; the inpatient admission rate from EDOU was 29.2%. Using logistic regression techniques, we created a model of independent predictors for need of admission after 24 hours: cellulitis of the hand (odds ratio [OR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-4.9), measured temperature higher than 100.4°F (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5), and lactate greater than 2 (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.3) were predictive of failure of ED observation. Conclusions Patients with cellulitis placed into ED observation status were more likely to fail an observation trial if they had an objective fever in the ED, an elevated lactate, or a cellulitis that involved the hand.
Free-Text Collection-Level Metadata in Large-Scale Digital Libraries: A Comparative Content Analysis [Presentation]

This presentation includes audio/video media and discusses metadata. This presentation reports results of the study that used an in-depth comparative content analysis to assess free-text collection-level subject metadata in three large-scale digital cultural heritage aggregations in the United States and Europe.
Naloxone injections into CA3 disrupt pattern completion associated with relapse from cocaine seeking

The goal of the present research was to assess the degree to which a pattern completion process operates in cue-induced relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior. Using a novel cue-preference version of the place preference task, rats were administered cocaine or saline, which resulted in a preference for the cocaine-paired cues. After 21 days of abstinence and prior to the preference test, for one group, PBS or naloxone was injected into the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus and for a second group, saline or naloxone was injected systemically. The results indicated that infusions of naloxone into CA3 or systemic injections produced a marked disruption for one and two cues, but had minimal disruptive effect for three or four cues, suggesting that naloxone injections disrupt CA3 function and trigger a deficit in a pattern completion process. Thus, it appears that cue-based activation of the dorsal CA3 might be a critical trigger via a pattern completion process. Based on additional analyses it appears that there is a disruption primarily for object touches for one cue naloxone injections into the CA3 or systemic injections, but no effect on time (spatial context). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opportunity Cost for Society Related to U.S. Truck Size and Weight Regulation: Freight Efficiency:

Improvements in truck freight efficiency through such measures as optimized logistics and truck loading, the utilization of other transportation modes, and the reform of federal truck size and weight policy are expected to require fewer truck trips to move the nation’s freight. This reduction in truck travel distance should bring with it reductions in fuel consumption, emissions, and casualties as a result of reduced exposure. This paper discusses truck size and weight policy domestically and internationally and contrasts U.S. mass efficiency with that of the country’s North American Free Trade Agreement partners and, more broadly, with countries outside of North America. The analysis reveals the outdated nature of U.S. federal size and weight policy compared with other nations. The inability of U.S. federal policy to remain current with other countries is a result of a freeze on policy change that has been in place since 1982. An analysis of the societal benefits associated with improvements in truck fre...
Practical 35mm Close-up Photography in Entomology

Introduction The literature on close-up photography in entomology is fairly extensive and, in most instances, extremely accurate and explicit. Much of this, however, covers the subject on a theoretical basis or treats it as a fine art. Most entomologists view photography much as they do microscopy or statistics, as tools and not as avocations.
W. K. Frankena and G. E. Moore’s Metaethics

William K. Frankena has himself authoritatively and engagingly nar rated the itinerarium of his mind from youthful cognitivism in ethics, as a beginner 'of Calvinistic background and Hegelian sympathies' who con trived to combine 'naturalism about "good" with intuitionism about "ought" ', to his mature noncognitivist rationalism as a major philosopher of sophisticated analytic technique and Calvinist sympathies.1 A number of his characteristic earlier opinions were elaborated in response to the writings of G. E. Moore; and this body of work as a young man contains the seeds of his later development. Yet the past thirty years have radically altered the perspective from which Moore and his influence are now viewed. What changes does our altered perspective on Moore make to our understanding of Frankena?
Roles of Communicating Agents in Technological Change in Agriculture

and Table 5 presents the probabilities for significant differences between the means. Table 5 shows that supervisors and interviewers do not appear as distinct groups since there are only two significant differences out of six comparisons. However, clerks do appear as distinctly different from either supervisors or interviewers as there are five significant differences out of six when this group is compared to either of the other two. A glance at the mean scores given in Table 2 shows, however, that the clerks' answers are not uniformly in the direction of procedural emphasis. On the one hand, clerks perceive less emphasis on external subjects than do supervisors or interviewers, but on the other hand, they see more goal oriented action in their daily tasks than do either of the other two groups. The net result is that both in perception of the job and in social evaluation the clerks' role definition is heavily weighted around the middle or "mixed" position on the scale from procedure to service. This same finding holds for the clerks' emphasis on personalization. In this respect the clerks' role definition is midway between the other employees and the official literature of the agency. The hypothesis that contact with clients influences employee role definition is, then, not substantiated with regard to supervisors, but is substantiated with regard to clerical personnel.
Cutaneous Immunization Against B. Aertrycke in the Guinea-Pig

For a number of years one of us (Meyer)1 has attempted to analyze the mechanism of the immunity response which follows an intracutaneous injection of filtrates, vaccines, etc. It appeared superfluous to study the phenomena more carefully until the facts reported by Besredka and his followers 2 with human pathogenic microbes mostly noninvasive by the cutaneous route had been confirmed with organisms responsible for spontaneous infections in laboratory animals. Furthermore, since Besredka stresses the importance of organotropism for various bacteria it appeared desirable to ascertain if it might be possible to cuti-immunize either locally or generally against an organism for which the skin is in all probability not the receptive tissue. An enterotropic organism, B. aertrycke (B. enteritidis Breslau, B. pestis caviae) of guinea-pigorigin which caused general infections when fed and when injected intracutaneously was chosen for the study to be reported in this communication.
Book Review: Niza Yanay’s The Ideology of Hatred: The Psychic Power of Discourse

This work is important to those concerned with nationalist discourses of hatred and exclusion, as well as for those interested in thinking about how to heuristically define “hate” in a given project. But Yanay does not merely diagnose the nationalist symptom. She also attempts to theorize, especially in the final chapter, what she sees as “the possibility of transforming hatred to friendship”, the “raison d’etre of this book”. [New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 2013. 168 pp. $22.00]
The discreet charm of protein binding sites hardcover

I think I met Joseph Yariv sometime around 1987, during the 10 years I spent in York, UK, at the time that he, John Helliwell and I were collaborating on the solution of the concanavalin A mannosid...
Policy Analysis in Brazil: A Comparison of Rationalist and Argumentative Approaches

Policy analysis, as persuasively argued by Leonardo Secchi in his article, is weakly institutionalized in Brazil. The most intriguing part of Secchi’s argument is that that there is now the opportu...
Lattice model of spatial correlations in catalysis

Optically detected single-turnover measurements of biological and inorganic catalysts provide a detailed picture of structural and dynamical influences on catalytic activity. Measurement at the single-molecule level of catalysis of a fluorogenic reaction (or its reverse) yields a stochastic fluorescence trajectory reflecting the statistics of individual reaction and product dissociation events. Analysis of time correlations displayed by this trajectory reveals reaction details inaccessible in a bulk measurement of averaged dynamics. Superresolution optical detection techniques can provide a spatial resolution over which correlations could be observed in space as well as time. A model is constructed here for spatial correlations in catalytic activity produced by an entity transported among multiple active sites. An approximation strategy based on perturbation theory in the coupling between transport and reaction dynamics is applied to calculate the mean dwell time of a reactant on an active site and the correlation between dwell times of reactants at different locations.
A review on the effects of TiO2 surface point defects on CO2 photoreduction with H2O

Abstract Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with water by photocatalysts such as TiO2 to produce solar fuels is an attractive approach to alleviate the environmental influences of greenhouse gases and in the meantime produce valuable carbon-neutral fuels. Among the materials properties that affect catalytic activity of CO2 photoreduction, the point defect on TiO2 is one of the most important but not frequently addressed and well understood in the literature. In this review, we have examined the major influences of TiO2 point defects on CO2 photoreduction with H2O, by changing the catalysts' gas adsorption capabilities, optical properties, and electronic structures. In addition, the performances of various defective TiO2 toward CO2 photoreduction are summarized and compared in terms of productivity, selectivity, and stability. We hope this review can contribute to understanding the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction on defective TiO2 and provide insights to the design of highly efficient defect-rich TiO2 to boost the CO2 utilization.
Origins and Applications of CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing.

In this graphical review we highlight key milestones in the discovery and development of CRISPR and cas9 technology, as well as illustrate mechanisms of cas9:sgRNA target binding and DNA repair.
Current Drive Using Past Waves and Folded-Waveguide Launchers for the ARIES-I Tokamak Reactor†

Fast waves launched from folded waveguides are proposed as the reference current drive scenario for the ARIES-I tokamak reactor. An RF power of 100 MW at 141 MHz is launched from above the plasma m...
The Effect of Visual Variability on the Learning of Academic Concepts

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify effects of variability of visual input on development of conceptual representations of academic concepts for college-age students with normal langu...
Argonne/Oak Ridge National School on Neutron and X-ray Scattering in its 19th Year

The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory hosted the 19th year of their National School on Neutron and X-ray Scattering on August 5–19, 201...
Mindfulness-based stress reduction in a mental health outpatient setting: Benefits beyond symptom reduction

ABSTRACTMindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) originated from Buddhist spiritual practices with the aim of restoring wholeness and well-being among medical patients suffering from pain and illn...
FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN SORPTION RELATED TO PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL REMEDIATION OF SOILS

Sorption of organic contaminants to natural particles plays a fundamental role in their biological availability. This paper considers the influence of sorption thermodynamics and kinetics on contaminant bioavailability, with emphasis on the author's prior work. Equilibrium bioavailability is evaluated by examining the effects of sorption behavior on the Biomembrane-Soil Organic Carbon Concentration Factor (BSOCCF), defined as the ratio of biomembrane- water to soil OC-water distribution coefficients. Phosphatidylcholine liposomes are used to model the biomembrane phase. The influence of sorption kinetics is discussed for circumstances in which desorption from particles is rate limiting to bio-uptake. Factors examined include the influence of contaminant structure, contaminant concentration, the concentration of competing co-solutes, and irreversible sorption phenomena such as hysteresis and conditioning effects. The generation of a highly desorption-resistant fraction and the underlying causes of desorption resistance are discussed, especially in the context of a 'matrix collapse' outcome of irreversible sorption. A section is included on 'facilitated bioavailability,' in which cells may access sorbed molecules directly or are able to promote desorption by altering the chemical or physical properties of the soil particle or surrounding liquid.
8.28 Spectroscopic Analysis: NMR and Shift Reagents

The utilization of NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of chiral compounds is described. The use of chiral solvating agents, metal complexes, liquid crystals, and chiral derivatizing agents for the determination of enantiomeric purity and assignment of absolute configuration is discussed. Systems that are commercially available or the most extensively studied are emphasized.
Measuring Poverty and Vulnerability

The measurement of poverty and inequality is surprisingly intricate. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a self-contained overview of the issues that arise when trying to measure poverty. The virtue of this chapter is concision; for more extensive treatments, one might start with the Handbook by Haughton and Khandker ( 2009), or the classic exposition by Ravallion (1992). A more formal treatment may be found in Duclos and Araar (2006), and a sophisticated treatment of issues related to the measurement of multidimensional poverty in Kakwani and Silber (2008).
Receding-Horizon Optimization of Unbalanced Distribution Systems with Time-Scale Separation for Discrete and Continuous Control Devices

This paper presents a method for the optimal control of discrete and continuous devices in an unbalanced three-phase distribution network with significant renewable generation. A hierarchical control scheme is presented where the discrete mechanical assets are dispatched at a slow time-scale as a mixed-integer program (MIP) and the continuous DERs are controlled at a fast time-scale as a convex program. The optimization programs are operated at two time scales as they manage controllable grid resources with different levels of responsiveness and flexibility. The MIP optimizes slow mechanical assets to position voltage robustly against uncertain net-load and a three-phase SOCP program is used to solve the fast loss-minimization optimization for the continuously operated DERs while providing corrective control against the intermittent and variable renewable net-load generation. The scheme is presented on the IEEE-13 node test feeder.
Otolaryngology Resident Reviewer Development Program: Lessons Learned from Cohort 1.

ObjectiveTo implement a quality improvement project addressing the knowledge gap in the otolaryngology resident and fellow scientific peer review process.MethodsThe creation of the Resident Reviewe...
Comment on Davis et al. Development and Validation of a Simple Hip Fracture Risk Prediction Tool for Type 2 Diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I. Diabetes Care 2018;42:102-109.

In the article by Davis et al. (1), regarding risk factors for hip fracture in people with type 2 diabetes, we note the absence of two risk factors that were not considered and that are relatively easy to assess. The first is cognitive impairment. Approximately 40% of participants with hip fractures have cognitive impairment (2), including ∼20% with dementia. The second factor is an elevated albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR)—a manifestation of small vessel disease—which is associated with cognitive impairment and with hip fracture risk (3,4). Both cognitive impairment and microvascular disease are common in people with diabetes. The association of cognitive impairment and microvascular disease may be understood in two complimentary ways. One is …
CHAPTER 12 – Quantification Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses quantification theory. Although a considerable part of logical inference is contained in the pro-positional calculus, it is only with the introduction of the apparatus of quantifiers that one can encompass the full scope of logical deduction as it occurs in mathematics and in science generally. An alphabet is called a vocabulary consisting of two kinds of symbols, relation symbols and function symbol. A function symbol t whose degree is 0 is also called a constant symbol. Any occurrence of a variable in a term is considered to be a free occurrence. As in the case of the propositional calculus, logical consequence can be determined by considering a single sentence. Wherever possible, existential quantifiers preceding universal quantifiers are used. After applying it as many times as possible, one obtains a sentence consisting of a string of quantifiers followed by a formula containing no quantifier. Such a sentence is called a prenex sentence. A prenex sentence is also said to be in prenex normal form.
Complex Biological Event Extraction from Full Text using Signatures of Linguistic and Semantic Features

Building on technical advances from the BioNLP 2009 Shared Task Challenge, the 2011 challenge sets forth to generalize techniques to other complex biological event extraction tasks. In this paper, we present the implementation and evaluation of a signature-based machine-learning technique to predict events from full texts of infectious disease documents. Specifically, our approach uses novel signatures composed of traditional linguistic features and semantic knowledge to predict event triggers and their candidate arguments. Using a leave-one out analysis, we report the contribution of linguistic and shallow semantic features in the trigger prediction and candidate argument extraction. Lastly, we examine evaluations and posit causes for errors in our complex biological event extraction.
High definition optical method for evaluation of casing - Cement microannulus (CCMA)

Abstract During the well-cementing setting phase, a change in temperature or pressure could fail the cement sheath or the occurrence of the microannulus at the interface between the cement and the casing, or between the cement and formation. Microannuli is a big issue in many oilfield's well-cementing operations, thus often results in production reduction and an increase in remedial cost. However, the key to successful long term well integrity of casing-cement microannulus is to understand and evaluate the hydraulic sealing of cementing annulus by detecting existing or potential fluid movements within the well that may exist between the casing and formation after the cement job. This article aims to demonstrate a new way of evaluating and understanding the behavior of microannulus sealing function of the cement sheath-casing interface using the high-resolution optical device as a function of cement curing age and pipe lengths. The technical benefit of this novel experiment is to quantify the primary functional purpose of the cement which is supporting the casing and to seal the annulus to the flow of fluid. The experiment was carried out using API Class H cement.
Application for Public Health Accreditation Among US Local Health Departments in 2013 to 2019: Impact of Service and Activity Mix

Objectives. To examine correlates of applying for accreditation among small local health departments (LHDs) in the United States through 2019.Methods. We used administrative data from the Public He...
Can SARS-CoV-2 infect the central nervous system via the olfactory bulb or the blood-brain barrier?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. On February 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the name for the new illness caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19. By March 11, the outbreak of COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the WHO. This virus has extensively altered daily life for many across the globe, while claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. While fundamentally a respiratory illness, many infected individuals experience symptoms that involve the central nervous system (CNS). It is likely that many of these symptoms are the result of the virus residing outside of the CNS. However, the current evidence does indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can use olfactory neurons to travel from the periphery into the CNS, and that the virus may also enter the brain through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We discuss how the virus may use established infection mechanisms (ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Cathepsin L), as well mechanisms still under consideration (NRP1 and BASIGIN) to infect and spread throughout the CNS. Confirming the impact of the virus on the CNS will be crucial in dealing with the long-term consequences of the epidemic.
Fair Credit Markets: Using Household Balance Sheets to Promote Consumer Welfare

Access to credit can provide a path out of poverty. Improvidently granted, however, credit also can lead to financial ruin for the borrower. Strangely, the various regulatory approaches to consumer lending do not effectively distinguish between these two effects of the lending process. This Article develops a framework, based on the household balance sheet, that distinguishes between lending that is welfare enhancing for the borrower and lending that is potentially (indeed likely) ruinous, and argues that the two types of lending should be regulated in vastly different ways. From a balance sheet perspective, various kinds of personal loans impact borrowers in vastly different ways. Specifically, there is a difference among loans based on whether the loan proceeds are being used: (a) to make an investment (where the borrower hopes to earn a spread between the cost of the borrowing and the returns on the investment); (b) to fund capital expenditures (homes, cars, etc.); or (c) to fund current consumption (medical care, food, etc.). From a balance sheet perspective, this third type of lending is distinct. Such loans reduce wealth and are correlated with significant physical and mental health problems. In contrast, loans used to acquire capital assets (i.e. houses) are positively correlated with such socioeconomic indicators. Payday loans are the paradigmatic example of the use of credit to fund current consumption. Loans to fund current consumption reduce the wealth of the borrower because they create a liability on the “personal balance sheet” of the borrower, without creating any corresponding asset. The general category of loans to fund current consumption includes both loans used to fund unforeseen contingencies like emergency medical care or emergency car repairs, and those used to make routine purchases. Consistent with the stated justification for creating these lending facilities, which is to serve households and communities, the emergency lending facilities of the U.S. Federal Reserve should be made accessible to individuals facing emergency liquidity needs. Loans that are taken out for current consumption but are not used for emergencies also should be afforded special regulatory treatment. Lenders who make non-emergency loans for current consumption should owe fiduciary duties to their borrowers. Compliance with such duties would require not only much greater disclosure than is currently required. It also would impose a duty of suitability on lenders, which would require lenders to provide borrowers with the loan most appropriate for their needs, among other protections discussed here. These heightened duties also should be extended to borrowers when they take out a loan that increases the debt on a borrower’s balance sheet by more than 25 percent.
Fairness Through Counterfactual Utilities.

Group fairness definitions such as Demographic Parity and Equal Opportunity make assumptions about the underlying decision-problem that restrict them to classification problems. Prior work has translated these definitions to other machine learning environments, such as unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning, by implementing their closest mathematical equivalent. As a result, there are numerous bespoke interpretations of these definitions. Instead, we provide a generalized set of group fairness definitions that unambiguously extend to all machine learning environments while still retaining their original fairness notions. We derive two fairness principles that enable such a generalized framework. First, our framework measures outcomes in terms of utilities, rather than predictions, and does so for both the decision-algorithm and the individual. Second, our framework considers counterfactual outcomes, rather than just observed outcomes, thus preventing loopholes where fairness criteria are satisfied through self-fulfilling prophecies. We provide concrete examples of how our counterfactual utility fairness framework resolves known fairness issues in classification, clustering, and reinforcement learning problems. We also show that many of the bespoke interpretations of Demographic Parity and Equal Opportunity fit nicely as special cases of our framework.
Comparative single-cell analysis of biopsies clarifies pathogenic mechanisms in Klinefelter syndrome.

Summary Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47, XXY, is characterized by a distinct set of physiological abnormalities, commonly including infertility. The molecular basis for Klinefelter-related infertility is still unclear, largely because of the cellular complexity of the testis and the intricate endocrine and paracrine signaling that regulates spermatogenesis. Here, we demonstrate an analysis framework for dissecting human testis pathology that uses comparative analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data from the biopsies of 12 human donors. By comparing donors from a range of ages and forms of infertility, we generate gene expression signatures that characterize normal testicular function and distinguish clinically distinct forms of male infertility. Unexpectedly, we identified a subpopulation of Sertoli cells within multiple individuals with KS that lack transcription from the XIST locus, and the consequence of this is increased X-linked gene expression compared to all other KS cell populations. By systematic assessment of known cell signaling pathways, we identify 72 pathways potentially active in testis, dozens of which appear upregulated in KS. Altogether our data support a model of pathogenic changes in interstitial cells cascading from loss of X inactivation in pubertal Sertoli cells and nominate dosage-sensitive factors secreted by Sertoli cells that may contribute to the process. Our findings demonstrate the value of comparative patient analysis in mapping genetic mechanisms of disease and identify an epigenetic phenomenon in KS Sertoli cells that may prove important for understanding causes of infertility and sex chromosome evolution.
Gathering Leaves and Lifting Words: Histories of Buddhist Monastic Education in Laos and Thailand

AcknowledgmentsNote on TranscriptionIntroduction PART I. Structural Mechanisms: The Institutional History of Monastic Education 1. From the Sala Vat to the Institut Bouddhique 2. Wandering Librarians 3. Kings and Universities PART II. Proximate Mechanisms: Toward a Curricular History of Monastic Education 4. Genres, Modes, and Idiosyncratic Articulations 5. The Culture of Translation 6. Canons and Curricula PART III. Vernacular Landscapes: Teaching Buddhism in Laos and Thailand 7. From Manuscript to Television 8. Philosophical Embryology ConclusionNotesNote on Manuscripts, Archives, Monastic Libraries, and CatalogsBibliographyIndex
Strategic Planning for Efficiency, Quality, and Effectiveness

A framework for effective strategic planning which is quality-based and efficiency-based is developed in this chapter. This framework is designed to meet the needs for an integrated approach to effectiveness, quality, and efficiency, as established in chapter 1. The building blocks for this approach are developed in chapters 3–7.
On achieving complete coverage of delay faults in full scan circuits using locally available lines

We propose a testability enhancement technique for delay faults in standard scan circuits that does not involve modifications to the scan chain. Extra logic is placed on next-state variables, and if necessary, on primary inputs, and can be resynthesized with the circuit to minimize its hardware and performance overheads. The proposed technique allows us to achieve complete coverage of detectable delay faults. A simple test generation procedure that guarantees complete coverage when used with the proposed technique is also described.
Remote Monitoring Using Smartphone Based Plantar Pressure Sensors: Unimodal and Multimodal Activity Detection

Automatic activity detection is important for remote monitoring of elderly people or patients, for context-aware applications, or simply to measure one’s activity level. Recent studies have started to use accelerometers of smart phones. Such systems require users to carry smart phones with them which limit the practical usability of these systems as people place their phones in various locations depending on situation, activity, location, culture and gender. We developed a prototype for shoe based activity detection system that uses pressure data of shoe and showed how this can be used for remote monitoring. We also developed a multimodal system where we used pressure sensor data from shoes along with accelerometers and gyroscope data from smart phones to make a robust system. We present the details of our novel activity detection system, its architecture, algorithm and evaluation.
Digital Imaging of the Optic Nerve

Why do we need measures of the optic nerve head (ONH) and/or the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in clinical glaucoma management?
Biphasic effect of PGF2a on the basolateral 40 pS K channel (a heterotetramer of Kir4.1 and Kir5.1) in the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT1) (1109.9)

We used the patch-clamp technique to examine the effect of PGF2α on the basolateral 40 pS K channel in the DCT1. Application of PGF2α at concentrations lower than 500 nM stimulated the 40 pS K chan...
Omega-3 fatty acids: cardiovascular benefits, sources and sustainability

The evidence for the cardioprotective nature of omega-3 fatty acids is abundant, and currently available data indicate that patients with known coronary heart disease should consume at least 1 g daily of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from either oily fish or fish-oil supplements, and that individuals without disease should consume at least 250-500 mg daily. However, this area of research poses two questions. Firstly, which is the best source of omega-3 fatty acids-fish or fish-oil supplements? Secondly, are recommendations for omega-3 supplementation warranted in view of the rapid depletion of world fish stocks? The argument that eating fish is better than taking fish-oil supplements stems from the fact that several important nutrients, such as vitamin D, selenium, and antioxidants, are missing from the supplements. However, three major prevention trials have clearly indicated that omega-3 fatty acid capsules confer cardiovascular benefits and, therefore, that both are cardioprotective. Sustainable sources of omega-3 fatty acids will need to be identified if long-term cardiovascular risk reduction is to be achieved at the population level.
Auger and electron energy-loss study of the Pd/SiC interface and its dependence on oxidation

Abstract Auger and electron energy-loss spectroscopies have been used to observe the formation and oxidation of the Pd/SiC interface. The interface is reactive at room temperature, and intermixing produces a surface phase consisting of Pd silicide with some dissolved C. The dependence of the Si(L2,3VV) lineshape on Pd coverage and on annealing suggests that the local environment of Si in the silicide is that of a mixture of Pd3Si and Pd4Si rather than that of Pd2Si, which is formed when Pd is deposited on elemental Si. There is no indication of Pd carbide formation even after annealing at ∼800°C. Oxidation-induced changes in the spectra indicate that (for room-temperature exposures up to 106 L (=1 Torr s)) adsorption occurs preferentially on Si sites.
Arabidopsis genome. A milestone in plant biology.

The completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence is the culmination of a remarkable decade of world-wide growth and collaboration in developing Arabidopsis as a model genetic and genomic system. Since the 1930s, plant geneticists have been drawn to the study of Arabidopsis because of its small size
Mineralogic and isotopic constraints on the origin of strontium-rich cap rock, Tatum Dome, Mississippi, U.S.A.

Abstract The limestone portion of the salt dome cap rock at Tatum dome, Mississippi, is composed of an upper massive zone and a lower banded zone. The upper zone consists of equigranular fine-crystalline calcite with veinlets and disseminations of carbonaceous matter associated with minor amounts of detrital and authigenic quartz, sulfides and Sr minerals. The lower zone is composed of alternating light and dark calcite bands. The dark bands are composed of fine-grained and peloidal calcite, quartz, bitumen and disseminated sulfide minerals. The lighter bands consist of variable proportions of generally coarse-crystalline euhedral calcite, celestite and strontianite resulting in Sr contents of up to 30% locally. Solubility data for celestite, strontianite, calcite and anhydrite suggest that a decrease in temperature favors the replacement of Ca minerals by Sr minerals, which is consistent with the observed mineral textures and paragenesis. However, the source of cap rock Sr is difficult to determine. Anhydrite at Tatum dome contains 800 ppm Sr, but the abundance of Sr minerals in the limestone cap rock and the 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of limestone cap rock minerals require a Sr source other than local anhydrite. Sr released by the replacement of anhydrite by calcite is capable of producing a molar ratio of celestite to calcite of only ∼ 0.001, yet locally this ratio is ∼ 3. A likely source of additional Sr is oilfield brines, such as those in central Mississippi that contain up to 3000 ppm Sr along with significant Pb and Zn. Episodic introduction of brines into the cap rock in combination with the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria probably caused the sequential production of the dark bands. The lighter bands probably reflect introduction of a later Sr-enriched fluid or evolution of the original fluid in combination with changes in the chemical parameters controlling mineral precipitation. Calcite was replaced by Sr minerals during this later Sr-rich event.
Photoinitiated electron transfer in zinc porphyrin-perylenediimide cruciforms and their self-assembled oligomers.

Two X-shaped, cruciform electron donor2–acceptor–acceptor′2 (D2-A-A′2) molecules, 1 and 2, in which D = zinc 5-phenyl-10,15,20-tripentylporphyrin (ZnTPnP) or zinc 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), respectively, A = pyromellitimide (PI), and A′ = perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI), were prepared to study self-assembly motifs that promote photoinitiated charge separation followed by electron and hole transport through π-stacked donors and acceptors. PDI secondary electron acceptors were chosen because of their propensity to form self-ordered, π-stacked assemblies in solution, while the ZnTPnP and ZnTPP donors were selected to test the effect of peripheral substituent steric interactions on the π-stacking characteristics of the cruciforms. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements in toluene solution reveal that 1 assembles into a π-stacked structure having an average of 5 ± 1 molecules, when [1] ≅ 10–5 M, while 2 remains monomeric. Photoexcitation of the π-stacked structure of 1 res...
Immediate-early genes and pain: What's all the “Fos” about?

T here are several reasons why immediateearly genes (lEGs) have sparked interest in the pain community. The first studies suggested that by monitoring the expression of these genes, in response to noxious stimuli, it is possible to follow the activity of large populations of neurons tend to correlate these activity patterns with behavior . 1,3,7-1°'14'1e'17,19,21 The larger and more fundamental question concerns the significance of increased lEG expression in adult, postmitotic neurons. The authors write, "The observation that nervous activity can alter gene transcription at first seemed paradoxical, as adult nerve cells do not undergo mitosis and normally do not show signs of growth. Why, then, should the nuclear transcription machinery and other processes related to nervous system development be activated by physiological nerve cell stimulation?" Although recognizing that "we do not yet know precisely what this long-lasting activation of lEGs means in relation to nociception and pain," they suggest that the emphasis on the "beneficial functions of transcription control by external stimuli mediated by lEGs" may be exaggerated. Rather, since "clinical and experimental evidence overwhelmingly shows that any somatic trauma, lesion to the peripheral or central nervous system, or transient pain conditions can result in chronic pain and chronic nervous system disease" the authors hypothesize that "most of the changes related to chronic pain result from deregulated gene expression under conditions when lEGs are at work." Given that protein products of many lEGs transcriptionally regulate an enormous number of genes that
Lunar Orbiter: Tracking Data Indicate Properties of Moon's Gravitational Field.

After only a few days in orbit, the first U.S. satellite of the moon has already produced data which have provided new information about the moon's gravitational field. Results indicate that the spacecraft will probably not impact on the moon before it completes its photographic mission, but that it will probably do so in about 8 months. Preliminary indications are that the moon has a relatively large pear-shaped component and that the gravitational properties will be of considerable scientific interest.
Acoustic Emission From Simple Upsetting of Solid Cylinders

Acoustic emission (AE) generated during simple upsetting (forging) of solid cylinders contains information that could potentially be used to separate the upsetting process into a range of zones of plastic deformation and a zone of both plastic deformation and cracking. This investigation monitored the AE signals during the upsetting of cylindrical specimens of 7075-T6 Aluminum from the start of plastic deformation through eventual cracking. The count rate (N) and cumulative count (N) as a function of effective strain were determined. The count rate data are characterized by three distinct regions, an initial peak during yielding of the material, a period of gradual increase during the progression of plastic deformation and the accompanying changes in specimen geometry, and finally a region of rapid increase in N as cracking begins. The cumulative count and rms data follow similar patterns. An analysis of the amplitude distribution of the cumulative count data over a range of strain was made, and in the region of higher amplitude emissions, changes in the distribution of up to two orders of magnitude are observed for data obtained during plastic deformation and surface cracking compared to that from the region of pure deformation only. If plotted as log count (N) versus signal amplitude, the resulting data can be fit with a line using least squares methods yielding a power law relationship sensitive to the degree of deformation.
Flagger Effects in Reducing the Likelihood of Rear-End Collisions for In-Platoon Vehicles in Work Zones

Rear-end collisions are among the most dominant crash types in work zones. Three factors may increase the potential of rear-end collisions in work zones: following too closely, speeding, and faster trailing. This study explores the effectiveness of flaggers in reducing the frequency of these three factors. Eleven data sets were collected from five single-lane work zones with no lane change opportunity. Time gap and speed data for around 4,600 in-platoon vehicles were used. Statistical analyses were based on the frequency of the three factors. According to the results, during flagger presence and a 45 mph speed limit, the probability that a vehicle in platoon would follow too closely was reduced by 60% to 69% compared with a 45 mph or 55 mph speed limit and no flagger. The probability that a vehicle would speed by at least 5 mph at short time gaps was reduced by 28% to 72% during flagger presence and a 45 mph speed limit compared with a 55 mph speed limit and no flagger and by 85% to 95% during flagger pre...
Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in splenocytes of socially stressed male mice.

Splenocytes from socially stressed male mice display functional glucocorticoid (GC) resistance, viz., the antiproliferative effects of GC on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocytes is absent. In this study, we investigated changes in the structure and function of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in socially stressed animals. Changes of GR at both DNA and RNA levels were excluded. Reduced GR function was restricted to macrophages (CD11b+) in association with impaired nuclear translocation of GR after GC stimulation. Consequently, GC failed to block the activation of NF-κB in these cells. Thus, impaired nuclear translocation of GR and the lack of transcriptional suppression of NF-κB by GC were identified as the molecular mechanisms responsible for the observed GC resistance in spleens of socially stressed mice.