cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faint blue galaxies revisited

If dwarf-elliptical galaxies formed their stars very rapdily (on timescales of less than 1 Gyr), they may in principle be detectable out to high redshift. Prior to the discovery of cosmic acceleration, it appeared that rapid and late formation dwarf elliptical galaxies might be required to explain the number counts of faint galaxies. A plausible hypothesis emerged: that photoionization by the UV background prevents gas cooling in low-mass halos until $z \lesssim 1.5$ . The discovery of cosmic acceleration eased the tension between predicted galaxy number counts and galaxy-evolution models. Nevertheless, there is some evidence for relatively late star formation in nearby dE's, and the photoionization delay mechanism still appears to have some merit. It is thus of interest to look back in time to see if we can find starbursting dwarf galaxies at moderate redshift. We review the connection between faint-blue galaxies and bursting-dwarf galaxies and discuss some attempts to identify progenitors to dE galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) observations. We find roughly 85 galaxies in the HUDF with redshifts $0.6 that appear to have formed most of their stars at $z . Of these, 70% have half-light radii less than 1.5 kpc. These are thus “smoking gun” candidates for dwarf galaxies that are either collapsing for the first time at moderate redshifts or have otherwise been unable to form stars for more than 1/3$ of a Hubble time.
Ionic liquids containing fluorinated β-diketonate anions: synthesis, characterization and potential applications

Ionic liquids (ILs) sporting anions comprising the β-diketonate functionality were prepared, fully characterized via ESI-MS, FTIR, and 1H/13C NMR, and tested in multiple scenarios. We present eight new salts based on four different β-diketonate anions, each coupled with the choline or tetrabutylphosphonium cation. The thermal stabilities and transitions of these β-diketonate salts were explored using DSC and TGA. Seven of the compounds displayed melting points at or below 100 °C and hence formally qualify as ILs. The inherent binding capability of the β-diketonate moiety made possible a task-specific IL amenable to lanthanide recognition. For example, coordination with Eu3+ was accompanied by a striking three order-of-magnitude intensification of luminescence (‘turn-on’). Additionally, these ILs display prominent acidochromism. That is, the intense visible color of β-diketonate ILs is modulated in the presence of an acid source, permitting the visual transduction of local pH changes. Utility for carbon capture was also considered, however, these ILs were essentially incapable of binding CO2. Computational studies were better able to elucidate this behavior, revealing that the association of CO2 with the β-diketonate anion is thermodynamically unfavored and sterically hindered. Despite this negative result for CO2 capture, these newly introduced β-diketonate ILs show interesting and useful physicochemical properties applicable to a number of future applications.
A Feasible Method for Standard Errors of Estimate in Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis.

A jackknife-like procedure is developed for producing standard errors of estimate in maximum likelihood factor analysis. Unlike earlier methods based on information theory, the procedure developed is computationally feasible on larger problems. Unlike earlier methods based on the jackknife, the present procedure is not plagued by the factor alignment problem, the Heywood case problem, or the necessity to jackknife by groups. Standard errors may be produced for rotated and unrotated loading estimates using either orthogonal or oblique rotation as well as for estimates of unique factor variances and common factor correlations. The total cost for larger problems is a small multiple of the square of the number of variables times the number of observations used in the analysis. Examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.
Adaptation and prosthesis effects on stride-to-stride fluctuations in amputee gait.

Twenty-four individuals with transtibial amputation were recruited to a randomized, crossover design study to examine stride-to-stride fluctuations of lower limb joint flexion/extension time series using the largest Lyapunov exponent (λ). Each individual wore a “more appropriate” and a “less appropriate” prosthesis design based on the subject's previous functional classification for a three week adaptation period. Results showed decreased λ for the sound ankle compared to the prosthetic ankle (F1,23 = 13.897, p = 0.001) and a decreased λ for the “more appropriate” prosthesis (F1,23 = 4.849, p = 0.038). There was also a significant effect for the time point in the adaptation period (F2,46 = 3.164, p = 0.050). Through the adaptation period, a freezing and subsequent freeing of dynamic degrees of freedom was seen as the λ at the ankle decreased at the midpoint of the adaptation period compared to the initial prosthesis fitting (p = 0.032), but then increased at the end compared to the midpoint (p = 0.042). No differences were seen between the initial fitting and the end of the adaptation for λ (p = 0.577). It is concluded that the λ may be a feasible clinical tool for measuring prosthesis functionality and adaptation to a new prosthesis is a process through which the motor control develops mastery of redundant degrees of freedom present in the system.
Multicompartment pharmacokinetic analysis and simulations using a programmable calculator

This paper describes the use of a programmable calculator (HP-97), for fitting plasma concentration profiles to 1 and 2 compartment open models and calculating fitted and derived parameters together with estimates of steady state plasma drug levels following various dosage regimens in clinical settings.
Decolorization of meadowfoam estolides using sodium borohydride

Estolides are condensed oligomers of fatty acids made by introducing an ester linkage at sites of unsaturation. Estolides made from meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) oil fatty acids have positive effects in personal care formulations and a patent has been applied for. However, estolides prepared by acid catalysis had a color of 12 (Gardner scale) and industrial cooperators desired lower color to increase marketability of meadowfoam estolides. Hydrogen peroxide and hydrogenation did not lower the color of estolide but 1% w/w sodium borohydride at 80°C for 12 h reduced color to 7 on the Gardner scale which was acceptable to the industrial partners for further development. Sodium borohydride decolorization gives a product with good color at a reasonable cost. The sodium borohydride does not have to be used in concentrations higher than 1% w/w and the product loss, which can be several percent with a clay-based process, is negligible using sodium borohydride.
Body Composition Changes in the Critically III Patient: Emphasis on Water Balance

The moisture contents of foods, fluids, and parenteral solutions taken in and of all samples excreted, the water of oxidation of fuel mixtures burned, and the evaporative water loss must be determined in order to obtain a quantitative picture of water balance. Because there is a tendency to retain water after trauma, surgery, or an acute illness, changes in the water compartment of the body may lead to changes in body weight that may be considered erroneously as changes in energy or protein stores. Measurement of water balance, in addition to calorie and nitrogen balance is one of the most accurate means of accounting for these changes in body composition. Fluid and electrolyte therapy and nutritional supplementation can be tailored to meet the patient's specific needs by utilizing this information. Application of these principles to the care of hospitalized patients outside of the research setting will be discussed.
Performance analysis of dynamic processes

The article covers various approaches for modeling and analyzing dynamic processes in networks. Modeling the dynamic performance as a stochastic process, we apply tools from discrete and continuous time Markov processes theory, renewal theory and queuing theory to analyze the long term, steady state performance of the processes. Non-stochastic approaches include adversarial queuing theory, and game theory techniques.
A comparative study of defect states in evaporated and selenized CIGS(S) solar cells

Current-voltage, admittance spectroscopy, and drive-level capacitance profiling measurements were taken on Cu(In1−xGax)(Se1−ySy)2 solar cell devices. The devices were made using two different types of absorbers. One set of absorbers was deposited via physical vapor deposition, while the other set of absorbers was made by selenization of metal precursors. Additionally, each type of absorber was completed with one of two different types of buffer treatments: a CdS layer or a cadmium partial electrolyte surface modification. The devices with the evaporated absorbers had larger values of VOC, higher carrier densities, lower densities of trapping defects, and likely shallower gap states. Results were qualitatively similar for the CdS and partial electrolyte buffers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special Stains in Mohs Surgery

The excellent cure rates associated with Mohs micrographic surgery depend on accurate interpretation of complete and high-quality microscopic frozen sections. Reliable interpretation of microscopic slides is only possible if the surgeon can distinguish tumor cells from surrounding normal tissue. By highlighting tumor cells with a chromogen that is visible on light microscopy, immunostaining allows the Mohs surgeon to distinguish tumor from normal cells in these challenging scenarios. This article focuses on practical aspects involving the most commonly used immunostains in dermatologic surgery, including MART-1 for melanocytic neoplasms, cytokeratin stains for keratinocytic neoplasms, and CD34 stains for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
Couple interaction: A study of the punctuation process

This study examined couples' punctuation of their own interactions. The association between causal explanations for the interactions on issues involving differences and the nature of relatedness (i.e., degree of distress) was the major purpose of the study. Punctuation was defined as a way of grouping sequences of interactions. Punctuational differneces were operationalized by measuring couples' causal explanations and attributions of responsibility concerning their own interactions. Twenty distressed and non-distressed couples, matched on age, income, education, and length of relationship, participated in an intensive 3-hour interview conducted at their homes. Two relationship measures to determine the degree of distress were administered. The interview involved: generating issues of important differences, improvisational role plays of interactions, responses to open-ended questions about “self” and “other” perspectives, and rankings of causal explanations and attributions of responsibility about the interactions. The results suggested that the nature of relatedness, as defined by degree of distress, was associated with the punctuation of interactions by the communicators, tentatively supporting the Watzlawicket al. (1967) metacommunicational axiom. The main finding was that distressed couples attributed responsibility to the mate rather than self, whereas in nondistressed douples responsibility was shared.
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSESSMENT OF STUDENT-CENTERED METHODOLOGIES

The cAcL2 approach (concept Advancement through chemistry Lab-Lecture) incorporates three major educational methodologies into one: a student-centered approach, the full integration of lecture and laboratory formats, and hands-on activity based-instruction. This format has been tested for cognitive and attitudinal gains in students and the results clearly point out to its benefits. Instructional materials for a oneyear general chemistry sequence have been developed to facilitate its implementation in classrooms. The most important aspects of the format with tested practices are discussed while challenges and implications of findings are shared in order to assist instructors interested in implementing innovative formats of instruction such this one, the cAcL2.
Education Improves Public Health and Promotes Health Equity

This article describes a framework and empirical evidence to support the argument that educational programs and policies are crucial public health interventions. Concepts of education and health are developed and linked, and we review a wide range of empirical studies to clarify pathways of linkage and explore implications. Basic educational expertise and skills, including fundamental knowledge, reasoning ability, emotional self-regulation, and interactional abilities, are critical components of health. Moreover, education is a fundamental social determinant of health – an upstream cause of health. Programs that close gaps in educational outcomes between low-income or racial and ethnic minority populations and higher-income or majority populations are needed to promote health equity. Public health policy makers, health practitioners and educators, and departments of health and education can collaborate to implement educational programs and policies for which systematic evidence indicates clear public health benefits.
Protein-extracted lucerne fibres as a carbon and energy source for cellulase production by Thermomonospora curvata

Protein-extracted lucerne fibre (PELF) was evaluated as a carbon/energy source for cellulase production by the thermophilic actinomycete, Thermomonospora curvata. Shake cultures with lucerne fibre produced only one-half the cellulase obtained from growth on cotton fibre (the most inductive substrate). Control of pH at 8·0 under fermenter conditions lowered the rate of PELF carbohydrate solubilization during early growth and raised saccharifying cellulase production by about 70% to a maximum of 0·48 filter paper units/ml.
Profile effects in early bilingual language and literacy

Bilingual children’s language and literacy is stronger in some domains than others. Reanalysis of data from a broad-scale study of monolingual English and bilingual Spanish–English learners in Miami provided a clear demonstration of “profile effects,” where bilingual children perform at varying levels compared to monolinguals across different test types. The profile effects were strong and consistent across conditions of socioeconomic status, language in the home, and school setting (two way or English immersion). The profile effects indicated comparable performance of bilingual and monolingual children in basic reading tasks, but lower vocabulary scores for the bilinguals in both languages. Other test types showed intermediate scores in bilinguals, again with substantial consistency across groups. These profiles are interpreted as primarily due to the “distributed characteristic” of bilingual lexical knowledge, the tendency for bilingual individuals to know some words in one language but not the other and vice versa.
The effects of governmental financing on firms' R&D activities: a theoretical and empirical investigation

There is a long history of governmental support for private innovative activity in the U.S.A. However, the economic research on this topic has been narrow in focus, emphasizing primarily the relationship between the level of governmental R&D and the corresponding (in a causal sense) level of private R&D. In this paper, we explore the effects of governmental financing on another aspect of private innovative behavior—the sharing by firms of innovation-related knowledge. Based on a simple model of private innovative activity in the face of an exogenous governmental R&D contracts/grants structure, we find, among other things, that governmental R&D allocations spur industrial R&D laboratories toward greater sharing of their innovation-related knowledge.
Use of herbal treatments in pregnancy

Objective Interest in herbal treatments has increased without data on safety, efficacy, or rates of use in pregnancy. We examined antenatal herbal and natural product use among mothers of nonmalformed infants in 5 geographic centers. Study design We used data on nonmalformed infants from the Slone Epidemiology Center's case-control surveillance program for birth defects to examine rates and predictors of herbal use. Exposures were identified through maternal interview. In addition to overall use, 5 categories based on traditional uses and 2 natural product categories were created; topical products and herbal-containing multivitamins were excluded. Results Among 4866 mothers of nonmalformed infants, 282 (5.8%) reported use of herbal or natural treatments. Use varied by study center and increased with increasing age. Conclusion Although rates of use are low, there remains a need for investigation of the safety of these products. Given sparse data on efficacy, even small risks might well outweigh benefits.
Translocation and Uncoupling of the β-Adrenergic Receptor in Rat Lung after Catecholamine Promoted Desensitization in Vivo

Beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists are widely used in many clinical situations to regulate beta-adrenergic stimulation. However, responsiveness to beta-stimulation may be reduced by the process of desensitization. We have established an in vivo mammalian model system, the rat lung, to study the cellular and biochemical basis for beta-agonist induced desensitization. After in vivo administration of a beta-agonist [(-)isoproterenol] the adenylate cyclase becomes rapidly insensitive to further stimulation by beta-agonists with no change in basal or NaF-stimulated activity. The in vivo desensitization can be blocked by the simultaneous administration of a beta-antagonist [(+/-)propranolol] and the process displays the pharmacological characteristics typifying the beta 2 receptor of rat lung. This indicates that the in vivo desensitization is itself a receptor-mediated event. The processes of de- and resensitization are very rapid with onset within 5 min, maximal effect at 10 min, and complete reversal by 2-3 h. The change of adenylate cyclase sensitivity is paralleled by a translocation of approximately 40% of the beta-receptors from the plasma membrane fraction to a light membrane fraction, which has very low activities of plasma membrane marker enzymes. The receptors translocated to the light membrane fraction as well as those remaining in the plasma membranes are uncoupled with loss of their ability to form the high affinity, nucleotide sensitive, physiologically active state of the receptor. During resensitization the receptors in the plasma membrane fraction are recoupled before all the translocated receptors have returned. This suggests that translocation and uncoupling of the receptors are two distinct, probably independent processes. During the entire process of de- and resensitization no structural change of the receptor protein residing in the plasma membranes or light membrane fraction can be demonstrated as visualized by photoaffinity labeling.
Interaction between zonal populations of articular chondrocytes suppresses chondrocyte mineralization and this process is mediated by PTHrP.

Summary Objective Articular cartilage is separated from subchondral bone by the tidemark and a calcified cartilage zone. Advancement of the calcified region and tidemark duplication are both hallmarks of osteoarthritis (OA). Currently the mechanisms controlling post-natal articular cartilage mineralization are poorly understood. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that cellular communication between different cartilage layers regulates articular chondrocyte mineralization. Design Co-culture models were established to evaluate the interaction of chondrocytes derived from the surface, middle and deep zones of articular cartilage. The cultures were stimulated with triiodothyronine (T3) to promote chondrocyte hypertrophy. The effects of zonal chondrocyte interactions on chondrocyte mineralization were examined over time. Results Co-culture of deep zone chondrocytes (DZCs) with surface zone chondrocytes (SZCs) suppressed the T3-induced increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and related mineralization. Moreover, SZC–DZC co-culture was associated with a significantly higher parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) expression when compared to controls. When PTHrP(1–40) was added to the DZC-only culture, it suppressed DZC ALP activity similar to the inhibition observed in co-culture with SZC. In addition, treatment with PTHrP reversed the effect of T3 stimulation on the expression of hypertrophic markers (Indian hedgehog, ALP, matrix metalloproteinases-13, Type X collagen) in the DZC cultures. Moreover, blocking the action of PTHrP significantly increased ALP activity in SZC+DZC co-culture. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the role of zonal chondrocyte interactions in regulating cell mineralization and provide a plausible mechanism for the post-natal regulation of articular cartilage matrix organization. These findings also have significant implications in understanding the pathology of articular cartilage as well as devising strategies for functional cartilage repair.
Centroidal frames in dynamical systems. I - Point vortices

The dynamics of point vortices is studied in Part I of the paper. It is well known that the (translational) centre-of-mass frame decomposes the motion of a mechanical system into simpler components. It is less known, however, that special rotational frames have also been suggested for the same purpose. In contrast to the centre-of-mass frame, the angular velocities of these rotational frames are not given explicitly that limits their application to small perturbations of rigid body rotations. A new class of centroidal frames (CF) related to different groups such as translation, rotation, dilation, etc., is introduced in this paper. The CFS decompose the motion of point vortices into a group and a relative components without restriction to small perturbations of pure group motions. The definition of the CFS is based on an averaging of motion or on minimization of energy of the relative motion, where an appropriate energy function is expressed through generators of the group action. As a result, the linear and angular velocities as well as other characteristics of the CFS can be obtained explicitly. Part I of the paper presents application of the CFS to a hamiltonian system of point vortices. Examples of integrable and chaotic motions in the CFS visualize dynamical patterns that are completely hidden in the conventional fixed frame (ff). Motions which look like chaotic in the FF reveal a variety of stable and unstable structures in the CFS. Quasi-periodic and chaotic motions coexist for all energies and the CFS permit to clearly distinguish between them. A new phenomenon of asymptotic symmetries (in rotational CFS) of some chaotic motions is discovered. This is related to a permutation symmetry of the hamiltonian.
Oligomerization of EpsE Coordinates Residues from Multiple Subunits to Facilitate ATPase Activity

EpsE is an ATPase that powers transport of cholera toxin and hydrolytic enzymes through the Type II secretion (T2S) apparatus in the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. On the basis of structures of homologous Type II/IV secretion ATPases and our biochemical data, we believe that EpsE is active as an oligomer, likely a hexamer, and the binding, hydrolysis, and release of nucleotide cause EpsE to undergo dynamic structural changes, thus converting chemical energy to mechanical work, ultimately resulting in extracellular secretion. The conformational changes that occur as a consequence of nucleotide binding would realign conserved arginines (Arg210, Arg225, Arg320, Arg324, Arg336, and Arg369) from adjoining domains and subunits to complete the active site around the bound nucleotide. Our data suggest that these arginines are essential for ATP hydrolysis, although their roles in shaping the active site of EpsE are varied. Specifically, we have shown that replacements of these arginine residues abrogate the T2S process due to a reduction of ATPase activity yet do not have any measurable effect on nucleotide binding or oligomerization of EpsE. We have further demonstrated that point mutations in the EpsE intersubunit interface also reduce ATPase activity without disrupting oligomerization, strengthening the idea that residues from multiple subunits must precisely interact in order for EpsE to be sufficiently active to support T2S. Our findings suggest that the action of EpsE is similar to that of other Type II/IV secretion ATPase family members, and thus these results may be widely applicable to the family as a whole.
Irrigation Lowers Substrate Temperature and Enhances Survival of Plants on Green Roofs in the Southeastern United States

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. sustainable, landscape, roof garden SUMMARY. Green roofs are becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States due to their economical and environmental benefits as compared with conventional roofs. Plant selection for green roofs in the variable climate of the southeastern United States has not been well evaluated. Shallow substrates on green roofs provide less moderation of temperature and soil moisture than deeper soils in traditional landscapes, necessitating empirical evaluation in green roof environments to make informed recommendations for green roof plant selection. Nineteen species and cultivars, including succulents, grasses, and forbs, were evaluated under seasonal irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in experimental green roofs. Plants were planted on 26 Oct. 2009 and each evaluated for survival and increase in twodimensional coverage of the substrate during establishment, after overwintering, and after thefirstgrowing season. Thewinter 2009‐10was colder thannormal,and some plants, such as ice plants (Delospermaspp.), considered to be cold-hardy in this climate did not survive through the winter. Irrigation influenced survival for the summer period and only succulent plants like stonecrops (Sedum spp.) survived without irrigation. Irrigated experimental green roofs had significantly lower summer substrate temperatures (up to 20 � F lower) and plants survived in irrigated conditions. Plants that survived both winter and summer under irrigated conditions include pussytoes (Antennaria plantaginifolia), mouse-ear tickseed (Coreopsis auriculata), eastern bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix), glade cleft phlox (Phlox bifida stellaria), and eggleston’s violet (Viola egglestonii). Irrigation is recommended on extensive green roofs to increase the palette for plant selection by protecting against plant mortality due to drought and extreme soil temperatures.
A Penalty Cost Approach to Strategic Asset Allocation with Illiquid Asset Classes

Traditional approaches to asset allocation do not directly address the issue of liquidity. The financial crisis brought liquidity management to the forefront for several large university endowments—investors who heretofore had been considered thought leaders in their approaches to asset allocation. The authors discuss a new approach developed at Stanford University that modifies the familiar mean–variance optimization framework by incorporating an illiquidity-related marginal penalty function that varies with each investor’s liquidity needs. The new methodology allows for an explicit, easily communicated, and natural specification of illiquidity preferences that works in conjunction with the standard Markowitz approach to solve the asset-allocation problem faced by today’s institutional investors.
Current Trends in Communication Graduate Degrees: Survey of Communications, Advertising, PR, and IMC Graduate Programs.

A survey of 61 master’s degree advertising programs reveals significant trends in program titles, curriculum design, course delivery, and students served. The results provide insight for current an...
Without a map

In the United States, low and high-income young people currently have unequal access to information about higher education. Low-income prospective college students, for example, are less likely to have informational resources in their immediate families, requiring that they rely on information from other sources. We report on interview data collected in two high schools, one in a rural/suburban school district (N?=?43), the other in an urban district (N?=?25), which offer insight into how high school students from low-income communities use the Internet to learn about college. We observe that students are capable of accessing a great diversity of information about college online, but run into challenges when trying to interpret of that information. We introduce the term "knowledgeable translators" to capture the important role played by contacts with specialized knowledge about post-secondary institutions who help students evaluate and contextualize college information via online and offline channels. The role of online participation in college access is examined.Students from low-income communities feel they have adequate access to online information.Students used the Internet for information seeking and social support.Students reported difficulty in evaluating and using online information.Students accessed online and offline contacts for translating college information.
OP0063 Impact of baseline interferon pathway activation on widespread gene expression changes with disease flare in lupus patients: Interim report from the bold (biomarkers of lupus disease) study

Background Heterogeneity of clinical manifestations and underlying biology has confounded treatment development and optimal care of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. About half of adult SLE patients tend to have stable, high expression levels of genes in the interferon (IFN) signaling pathways. We and others have previously reported differences in expression levels between IFN groups of genes in pathways other than IFN signaling pathways1,2,3,4,5. Objectives To determine how gene expression changes with disease flare in SLE patients with high versus low expression of IFN pathway genes. Methods The BOLD study enrolls patients with active disease who are withdrawn from potentially confounding background immunosuppressive therapy and given brief intramuscular steroids (depomedrol) to induce improvement (Improving Visit), and followed until flare (Flare Visit). An interim analysis was conducted by TaqMan® RT-PCR on 23 patients who completed the study. Expression levels of 272 genes (selected based on reported associations with lupus and/or inflammation) were compared between Improving Visit and Flare Visit. Results Striking expression differences between Improving Visit and Flare Visit were observed for some genes, predominantly associated with the IFN High Group. Expression of most (76%) genes tested did not change with flare (p>0.1). IFN groups did not differ in demographic features. There was a trend towards higher disease activity (CLASI score, p=0.06, BILAG scores p=0.1) at baseline in the IFN high group. View this table: Table 1 Conclusions This interim report suggests biomarkers in several pathways might be tested as sensitive indicators to guide patient selection and dosing in the development of treatments which affect the TLR/IFN pathway, and to optimize the eventual use of these agents in clinic. Given the heterogeneity of patients with SLE it could be that some of these downstream indicators could help differentiate between patients who are or are not intrinsically good candidates for targeting of IFN signaling pathways. 1. O'Toole et al., ACR 2011, Abstract 1407. 2. Baechler et al., PNAS 2003. 3. Bennett et al., J. Exp. Med 2003. 4. Kirou et al., Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005. 5. Petri et al, Lupus 2009. Disclosure of Interest A. Seyhan Employee of: Pfizer, M. O'Toole Employee of: Pfizer, Y. Zhang Employee of: Pfizer, F. Immermann Employee of: Pfizer, A. Hill Employee of: Pfizer, P. Reddy Employee of: Pfizer, J. Masferrer Employee of: Pfizer, T. Zhou Employee of: Pfizer, W. Mounts Employee of: Pfizer, M. Whitley Employee of: Pfizer, T. Walker Employee of: Pfizer, S. Kamp: None Declared, J. James: None Declared, S. Sridharan Employee of: Pfizer, J. Merrill: None Declared, M. Honczarenko Employee of: Pfizer
Turbulence Modeling Verification and Validation (Invited)

Turbulence modeling for the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations includes many assumptions and simplifying closures. Numerous models have been developed over the years, and all are deficient in one way or another. Many collective efforts have attempted to validate turbulence models for a wide range of problems, but conclusions have often been muddied due to the lack of grid convergence, lack of model verification in different codes, or for other reasons. In this paper, turbulence modeling verification and validation is discussed primarily within the context of several recent workshops. A web-based turbulence modeling resource is also described, whose goals include turbulence model documentation, verification, and validation. Using this resource, specific models can easily be put through a verification testing procedure, helping to eliminate coding errors.
Search for A Super Laboratory Strain of Boll Weevils: A Rapid Method for Pheromone Analysis of Frass

Three laboratory strains of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, produced more pheromone than the standard laboratory strain. Soxhlet extraction of the frass provided a rapid method of analyzing for the pheromone.
Monitoring Process and Outcomes for Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports in Residential Settings: Better Uses of Data

AbstractThe success of multitiered systems of support for students in public school settings, and Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS), in particular, has led to implementation of this framework in other settings, including secure care juvenile correctional facilities. Although all essential components of the framework translate well to other settings, some adaptations are necessary to accommodate different structures, goals, and operational procedures of nonpublic school settings. Secure care settings historically have gathered multiple types of data for evaluation and monitoring purposes. Some forms of those traditional data serve PBIS purposes well, but other certain new data, other forms of data, and different analyses of existing data may be needed to accurately monitor progress and impact of PBIS. In this article, we describe purposes for data as part of the PBIS framework, and discuss adaptations to typical data sources and analyses that may be needed in secure care settings.
Auditory Processing Disorders: Assessment, Management, and Treatment

Six years following the first edition, Donna Geffner and Deborah Ross-Swain have edited the latest edition of their book Auditory Processing Disorders: Assessment, Management, and Treatment. By sta...
English and Chinese onomatopoeia in poetry and translation

： This paper, from the rhet oric angle, approaches the differences and uses of English and Chinese onomatop oeia in poetry and mutual translation.
Foodborne pathogens in ready-to-eat peanut butter-containing products

Abstract Since the mid-1990s there have been six recorded outbreaks associated with commercial peanut butter, peanut-based products, and peanut-flavored savory snacks. Recently, low-moisture foods, including nut butters, have been acknowledged as foods whose consumption may lead to foodborne illness. Previously this category of foods was thought to be safe as the low water activity does not permit the growth of foodborne microorganisms. Research has shown that while pathogenic foodborne microorganisms are unable to grow in these foods, they are able to persist in the products at both refrigerated and ambient conditions for as long as 52 weeks. Evaluation of thermal and nonthermal inactivation strategies has been shown to provide minimal reduction of pathogens in contaminated peanut butter products. Preventive control measures, including risk assessment, exclusion of pests, separation of raw and processed product, validated cleaning and sanitation procedures, and so on, are of paramount importance to ensure the safety of these products.
Online Advertising Using Facebook Photos: the Risk and Reward of Using Consumers’ Profile Pictures

Recently, scholars have researched source effects of ambiguous or unidentified others on product evaluations in an online environment. For example, Holzwarth et al. (2006) found that using ambiguous avatars that represented service agents on a retailer’s website led to more positive attitudes toward the product than not using an avatar. Similarly, Naylor et al. (2011) found that subjects had higher preferences for online products when the source of an online review was ambiguous compared to when a Facebook profile picture of the source was displayed. The question that motivates this study is how robust is this ambiguity effect? To answer this question, we set out to replicate a 2012 study of an article entitled “Beyond the ‘Like’ Button: The Impact of Mere Virtual Presence on Brand Evaluations and Purchase Intentions in Social Media Settings” (Naylor et al. 2012). Their findings demonstrated that the ambiguity of the age of a product’s endorsers positively impacts the liking of the product. The purpose of this manuscript is to replicate the Naylor et al. (2012) findings and extend this research by examining an additional product type (Study 1) and a different operationalization of ambiguity (Study 2). We begin with a discussion of the pertinent literature related to source credibility; then the research design, method, and results sections are presented.
Redescription of the ichnospecies Antipus flexiloquus Hitchcock, from the Early Jurassic of the Connecticut Valley

Many ichnological taxa named by Edward Hitchcock have never been adequately described and illustrated. Among these is the ichnogenus Antipus Hitchcock (1858, p. 115) with two species: A. flexiloquus based on specimens AC (=Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts) 35/25 and AC 41/52 (designated the type specimen by Lull 1904, p. 536); and A. bifidus based on specimens AC 23/3, AC 17/2, and AC 23/2 (designated the type specimen by Hitchcock 1865, p. 56). Lull (1904, p. 536) regarded A. bifidus as “… extremely doubtful…” and did not consider it in later publications (e.g., Lull 1915, 1953). The impressions ascribed to A. bifidus might be organic in origin, but if they are trackways, they are totally unlike the tracks of A. flexiloquus. Antipus bifidus is here regarded a nomen dubium because it is undiagnostic. Referred specimen AC 35/25, a small, thin slab of micaceous shale (approximately 87 mm by 96 mm, less than 2 mm thick) that is not mentioned by Lull (1904, 1915, 1953), has one manus and possibly one pes track of such poor quality that analytic comparison to the type of A. flexiloquus is impossible. Therefore, the ichnogenus Antipus has a single species, A. flexiloquus, known only from the type specimen, AC 41/52. Two of the eleven tracks on AC 41/52 have been illustrated (Hitchcock 1858, plate 20, fig. 10; republished with minor revision by Lull 1915, fig. 117; these two tracks are here designated M2 and P4). These simple outline sketches do not accurately portray details of the tracks, and the full trackway pattern was not illustrated.
The layered learning practice model: Lessons learned from implementation.

Purpose Pharmacists’ views about the implementation, benefits, and attributes of a layered learning practice model (LLPM) were examined. Methods Eligible and willing attending pharmacists at the same institution that had implemented an LLPM completed an individual, 90-minute, face-to-face interview using a structured interview guide developed by the interdisciplinary study team. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim without personal identifiers. Three researchers independently reviewed preliminary findings to reach consensus on emerging themes. In cases where thematic coding diverged, the researchers discussed their analyses until consensus was reached. Results Of 25 eligible attending pharmacists, 24 (96%) agreed to participate. The sample was drawn from both acute and ambulatory care practice settings and all clinical specialty areas. Attending pharmacists described several experiences implementing the LLPM and perceived benefits of the model. Attending pharmacists identified seven key attributes for hospital and health-system pharmacy departments that are needed to design and implement effective LLPMs: shared leadership, a systematic approach, good communication, flexibility for attending pharmacists, adequate resources, commitment, and evaluation. Participants also highlighted several potential challenges and obstacles for organizations to consider before implementing an LLPM. Conclusion According to attending pharmacists involved in an LLPM, successful implementation of an LLPM required shared leadership, a systematic approach, communication, flexibility, resources, commitment, and a process for evaluation.
Do Aromatase Inhibitors Increase Hemoglobin in Women with Breast Cancer

Abstract Aromatase inhibitors (AI) block the conversion of testosterone and androstenedione to the estrogen estrone by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme complex. AI are used to treat estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer in postmenopausal women. With AI therapy, estrogen levels decrease to 85–95% of baseline. In women with metastatic disease, androstenedione levels do not increase. We have evaluated 2 women for polycythemia during AI therapy. Case 1 is 52 years old with stage II breast cancer treated with lumpectomy, TAC × 6 and radiation. Tamoxifen was started 4 months later. The mean hemoglobin during 6 months of tamoxifen was 14.0±0.1 gm/dl. When switched to exemestane, the mean hemoglobin over the next 24 months was 16.1±0.5 gm/dl (Mann-Whitney, p 0.60). 2 additional women received tamoxifen which was subsequently changed to an AI, 1 of whom had a mean hemoglobin of 12.9±0.3 gm/dl on tamoxifen which increased to 14.9±0.4 gm/dl on exemestane (Mann Whitney, p 1 gm/dl while on AI therapy which decreased back to baseline when switched to tamoxifen. In conclusion, although the numbers are small and the data retrospective, these data suggest that AI therapy may be associated with an increase in hemoglobin in a subgroup of women treated with AI therapy for localized breast cancer. Given that AI have not been shown to significantly increase the systemic androgen level, the mechanism for the increase in hemoglobin remains unclear. A well designed, prospective study is needed to determine if AI have an effect on hemoglobin in women being treated for breast cancer.
Prefrontal Cortex Integration of Emotion and Cognition

Ideas from classical philosophy and psychology that emotion and cognition are distinct and separate have been challenged by evidence of their intricate interaction in the brain. Accumulated evidence shows that areas associated with emotions and cognition are strongly linked and influence each other according to principles based on the structural organization of the cortex. Subcortical structures that process information about needs and drives are old in phylogeny and innervate the prefrontal cortex, targeting strongly the posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These two prefrontal regions are part of the cortical component of the limbic system but are functionally distinct. Through widespread connections, the pOFC acts as an integrator of the internal and external environments for the perception of affective events. In contrast, the ACC specializes in the expression of emotions through robust pathways to central autonomic structures. Both prefrontal limbic regions are connected with lateral prefrontal areas associated with cognitive functions, effectively linking areas associated with emotion and cognition. Functional and circuit studies in animals and humans indicate that even simple tasks necessitate interaction between areas associated with cognition and emotions and suggest that their linkage is disrupted in several psychiatric and neurologic diseases.
Greybox Design Methodology: A Program Driven Hardware Co-optimization with Ultra-Dynamic Clock Management

In this paper, a novel Greybox design methodology is proposed to establish a design and co-optimization flow across the boundary of conventional software and hardware design. The dynamic timing of each software instruction is simulated and associated with processor hardware design, which provides the basis of ultra-dynamic clock management. The proposed scheme effectively implements the instruction-based clock management and achieves 21.71% frequency speedup. Besides, a novel program-driven hardware optimization flow is proposed, in which software operations are mapped with hardware gate netlist and sorted by the usage frequency. The experiments on an ARM based pipeline design in commercial 65nm CMOS process show an extra 10% frequency speedup is obtained with high optimization efficiency. Overall, the proposed Greybox design method achieves frequency speedup by 31.56%, comparing with conventional design method.
Reputation and status inconsistency: An examination of its effects in the IPO market

Combining social construction with signaling theory arguments, this study examines the relationship between reputation and status inconsistency and performance in the IPO market using data from 1,8...
Brain activation during emotion regulation in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

BackgroundDifficulties in regulating emotions are linked to the core symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). We therefore investigated the neural substrates of emotion-regulation problems in women with PMDD.MethodsOn the basis of self-evaluations over 2 months on the Daily Record of Severity of Problems, eligible participants were assigned to two groups: PMDD and control (18 per group). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a well-validated task were used to assess brain function during emotion regulation. Participants were tested twice, once during the follicular (asymptomatic) and once in the late luteal (symptomatic) phase of the menstrual cycle.ResultsWomen with PMDD gave higher ratings of negative affect in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase, and compared with healthy control participants during the luteal phase. A region-of-interest fMRI analysis indicated that during the late luteal phase, women with PMDD had hypoactivation in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during all conditions of the emotion-regulation task, not only in the contrast that isolated emotion regulation. An exploratory whole-brain, voxel-wise analysis showed that women with PMDD had less activation in the precentral gyrus during the luteal phase than the follicular phase, and less activation in the postcentral gyrus compared with control participants.ConclusionsDuring the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, women with PMDD experience difficulty regulating emotions. Hypoactivation in the right dlPFC may contribute to this problem, but may be related more generally to other affective symptoms of PMDD. Hypofunction in the right pre- and postcentral gyri warrants additional study.