cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to Scholes' ‘objections’

Bahasa Minangkabau merupakan salah satu bahasa daerah di Indonesia yang berasal dari Sumatera Barat yang penutur aslinya adalah suku Minangkabau. Komunitas Seni Sakato merupakan komunitas yang berasal dari suku Minangkabau yang cukup aktif dan berpengaruh di Kota Yogyakarta. Walaupun berada jauh dari daerah asalnya Sakato tetap menggunakan bahasa Minangkabau di tengah masyarakat bersuku Jawa. Hal ini membuat peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti tentang upaya pemertahanan bahasa kajian sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode simak dan wawancara. Upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dianalisis menggunakan teori Miles dan Huberman (pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan simpulan). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau ragam nonformal pada Komunitas Seni Sakato di Kota Yogyakarta meliputi upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam kegiatan seni, upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam bidang sastra, upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam keluarga dan upaya pemertahanan bahasa Minangkabau dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Minangkabau language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia originating from West Sumatra whose native speakers are Minangkabau tribe. Sakato Art Community is a community that originated from the Minangkabau tribe who is quite active and influential in Yogyakarta City. Despite being away from his home region Sakato still uses the Minangkabau language in a Javanese tribal community. This makes the researcher interested to examine efforts to preserve the language of sociolinguistic studies. This research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection method used is the method of referring and interviewing. Effort to preserve Minangkabau language were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s theories (data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing). Based on the data analysis, effort to preserve the non-formal Minangkabau language in Sakato Art Community in Yogyakarta City include efforts to preserve Minangkabau language in art activities, efforts to preserve minangkabau language in the field of literature, efforts to preserve minangkabau language in the family and efforts to preserve Minangkabau language in daily life day.
Purification of canine post-heparin hepatic lipase

Abstract A method for the purification of canine hepatic lipase from post-heparin hepatic venous blood plasma was developed and found applicable to mixed venous post-heparin plasma. The method employs sequential (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation, heparin-Sepharose chromatography at pH 8.8 and, finally, adsorption to antiserum prepared against dog pre-heparin plasma. The lipase was purified 10000-fold. The specific activity assayed with Intralipid as substrate was 840 μmol free fatty acid h −1 · mg −1 . Enzyme recovery was 20%. Upon electrophoresis of the purified lipase in polyacrylamide gel containing SDS, a major protein-staining band with an apparent molecular weight of 60000 was consistently found. This component accounted for 85–90% of the protein applied to the gel, and by amino acid analysis appeared to be distinct from canine antithrombin III, a protein thought to contaminate hepatic lipase purified by earlier methods.
Total cross section and resonance spectroscopy for n+124Sn.

The neutron total cross section of $^{122}\mathrm{Sn}$ has been measured over the energy range 0.013 to 0.310 MeV. An R-matrix analysis has been performed to obtain resonance and average parameters which provide for a complete representation of the neutron entrance channels for the ${\mathit{s}}_{1/2}$, ${\mathit{p}}_{1/2}$, and ${\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$ contributions. The conventional s- and p-neutron strength functions have been determined to be 0.123\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023 and 2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2, respectively (in units of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$). Limits are placed on the average level spacings and strength functions for the individual partial wave components. The s-wave potential scattering radius has been determined to be 6.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 fm. Average scattering functions, deduced from the average parameters, have been used to determine the real well depth of an optical model potential which reproduces these functions. We find, as have others, that the real well depth is parity dependent.
The relationship of affective illness and personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients

AbstractIn a retrospective chart review of 424 patients treated at the UCSD Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic, 37.8% of atients with an unequivocal psychiatric xiagnosis were diagnosed with an Axis I affective disorder (AD), and the these, 45% were also diagnosed with an Axis II ersonality disorder (AD + PD). Comparetf with 82 patients diagnosed with AD and no Axis II diagnosis (AD Alone), AD + PD patients were initially more impaired and received more medications-secifically antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. AD + PD patients improved at least as much as did AD Alone patients; Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) patients showed the most impairment prior to treatment as well as the most improvement with treatment.
Planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of shock-induced ignition

Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging has been developed for use in studies of shock-induced ignition. PLIF measurements of OH have been made in stoichiometric mixtures of H2 and O2 diluted in 90% Ar using two shock tube endwall configurations. These OH images, which serve as indicators of ignition, were first obtained in the weak and strong ignition limits in the gas behind a shock reflected from a planar endwall. In both limits the images exhibited planar combustion waves. The absence of observable ignition kernels in the weak ignition limit presumably results from lack of optical access to the corners of the shock tube where kernel formation is expected to occur. A grooved endwall was used to introduce thermal nonuniformities and thereby promote isolated regions of ignition within the imaged region. Sequences of PLIF images defining the temporal evolution of the ignition process were acquired in the weak and strong ignition limits for this endwall configuration. These images exhibit highly nonuniform structure and serve to illustrate the utility of 2-D imaging techniques for ignition studies.
Low-frequency dynamics of the iliac artery of the unanesthetized baboon.

The effects of low-frequency, sinusoidal changes in iliac blood flow and iliac blood pressure were measured in the unanesthetized baboon. The changes in the iliac arterial bed were demonstrated by the altered admittance over the bandwidth 0.007 to 0.1 Hz. The arteries are compliant because the admittance has a phase angle that is greater than zero at all measured frequencies. A resonance occurs at 0.02 Hz since the magnitude of the admittance function is minimum and the phase is maximum at that frequency. The magnitude of the admittance function is greater at the highest frequency measured than at the lowest. The mechanism underlying the admittance function is nonlinear. The mechanism measured in these experiments is probably due to autoregulation in the iliac vessels. The data fit a pressure-sensitive, parametric model of the iliac arterial bed.
Preserving privacy in wireless sensor networks using reliable data aggregation

An important topic addressed by the wireless sensor networks community over the last several years is the in-network data aggregation. It is significant as well as a challenging issue to provide reliable data aggregation scheme while preserving data privacy. However, in WSNs, achieving ideal data accuracy is complicated due to collision, heavy network traffic, processing delays and/or several attacks. The problem of gathering accurate integrated data will be further intensified if the environment is adverse. Hence how to attain data privacy and perfect data accuracy are two major challenges for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. To address this problem, we propose in this paper a new privacy preserving data aggregation scheme. We present REBIVE (REliaBle prIVate data aggrEgation scheme). In REBIVE the data accuracy maintenance and data privacy protection mechanisms work cooperatively. Different from past research, our proposed solution have the following features: providing privacy preservation technique for individual sensor data and aggregated sensor data; maintaining perfect data accuracy for realistic environments; being highly efficient; and being robust to popular attacks launched in WSNs.
A MOLECULAR MOTOR FOR GLIDING MOTILITY IN CYANOBACTERIA

Motile microorganisms either swim, by using flagella or glide over surfaces by mechanisms that are poorly understood. In cyanobacteria, gliding motility appears as a relatively slow and smooth surface-associated translocation in the direction of the long axis of the filaments at rates up to a few micrometers a second. Many filamentous species translocate in a highly coordinated manner. Translational movements are usually accompanied by revolutions around the long axis of the filament. While moving, the cyanobacteria secrete slime which is left behind as a twisted and collapsed thin tube. The observation of the slime secretion process shows that the mucilage is formed as fine bands that emerge in close proximity to the cells cross walls. Ultrastructural studies have revealed that the cyanobacteria possess at their cross walls complex, pore-like organelles, which might be involved in slime secretion. As each cell possess two different sets of pores pointing in opposite direction, the coordinated activity of these structures could explain how the filament can reverse the direction of locomotion. Furthermore, ultrastructural studies have shown that rotating cyanobacteria possess cell surfaces formed by parallel, helically arranged surface fibrils. As the arrangement of these fibrils corresponds with the path of the filaments during locomotion, it might be imaginable that these fibrils serve as screw thread guiding the rotation of the filaments, with the necessary thrust for locomotion being derived from the secretion of slime using the pores at the cross walls.
Synthetic Studies on the Carbohydrate Moiety of Amipurimycin

The carbohydrate core of amipurimycin in its fully acetylated form was synthesized in 24 steps starting from commercially available methyl 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside to give an overall yield of 1.5%. The late‐stage intermediates involved were suitable for total synthesis of amipurimycin. It was further discovered that the branches and the protecting groups on the sugar rings of involved intermediates had a significant influence on their conformations, which in turn resulted in new and interesting cyclization reactions.
"Lifecare": a viable option for long-term care for the elderly.

In the absence of any coherent US long-term care policy, the "lifecare" or "continuing care" retirement community (CCRC) has emerged as one viable model, providing housing, health care, social supports, and long-term care insurance to about 300,000 elderly Americans. Some CCRCs have also demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of a health care philosophy targeted to the maximum functional independence (MFI) of residents. Broad dissemination of the CCRC model and the philosophy of MFI depend on development of new approaches to the role of government and private health insurance along with a new understanding of, and commitment to, risk management.
Growth cycle and related vertical distribution of the thecosomatous pteropod Spiratella (“Limacina”) helicina in the central Arctic Ocean

The growth cycle and related vertical distribution of the thecosomatous pteropod Spiratella (“Limacina”) helicina (Phipps) were studied. S. helicina has a life cycle of approximately 1.5 to 2 years in the central Arctic Ocean (Canada Basin). It spawns mainly during the spring to summer period, and on a small scale during the winter. The young double their sizes during the winter months of October to May, slow down in growth until late summer, and attain maximum size in early winter. The oldest disappear by late March. Gonadal tissue was first seen in young pteropods of 0.7 mm diameter, the predominant size from February to April. S. helicina 0.8 mm in diameter, the size predominant from May through July, are mature and hermaphroditic. Growth during the winter months suggests that particulate organic matter is available during this period to these obligate ciliary feeders. Vertical distribution is size and season-dependent. The youngest specimens collected (0.2 to 0.4 mm) were found concentrated in the first 50 m. The larger sizes dispersed during the summer months, and tended to concentrate in the top 150 m during the rest of the year. They aggregated in the top 50 m from late winter through early spring, and fall through early winter; then concentrated in the 100 to 50 m level until the end of winter. Numerous environmental factors seem to be involved in determining the vertical distribution of the species in the central Arctic Ocean.
Hepatorenal Syndrome in the Intensive Care Unit

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional form of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with advanced liver cirrhosis or fulminant hepatic failure. Various new concepts have emerged since the initial diagnostic criteria and definition of HRS was initially published. These include better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in HRS, identification of bacterial infection (especially spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) as the most important HRS-precipitating event, recognition that insufficient cardiac output plays a role in the occurrence of HRS, and evidence that renal failure reverses with pharmacotherapy. Patients with HRS are often critically ill and, by definition, have multiorgan failure. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on novel advances in HRS, with emphasis on the different aspects of management of these patients in the intensive care unit.
Dynamin GTPase Domain Mutants That Differentially Affect GTP Binding, GTP Hydrolysis, and Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis

The GTPase dynamin is essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Unlike most GTPases, dynamin has a low affinity for nucleotide, a high rate of GTP hydrolysis, and can self-assemble, forming higher order structures such as rings and spirals that exhibit up to 100-fold stimulated GTPase activity. The role(s) of GTP binding and/or hydrolysis in endocytosis remain unclear because mutations in the GTPase domain so far studied impair both. We generated a new series of GTPase domain mutants to probe the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis and to further test the role of GTP binding and/or hydrolysis in endocytosis. Each of the mutations had parallel effects on assembly-stimulated and basal GTPase activities. In contrast to previous reports, we find that mutation of Thr-65 to Ala (or Asp or His) dramatically lowered both the rate of assembly-stimulated GTP hydrolysis and the affinity for GTP. The assemblystimulated rate of hydrolysis was lowered by the mutation of Ser-61 to Asp and increased by the mutation of Thr-141 to Ala without significantly altering the Km for GTP. For some mutants and to a lesser extent for WT dynamin, self-assembly dramatically altered the Km for GTP, suggesting that conformational changes in the active site accompany self-assembly. Analysis of transferrin endocytosis rates in cells overexpressing mutant dynamins revealed a stronger correlation with both the basal and assembly-stimulated rates of GTP hydrolysis than with the calculated ratio of dynamin-GTP/free dynamin, suggesting that GTP binding is not sufficient, and GTP hydrolysis is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in vivo.
Information Content of Fluorescence Polarization and Anisotropy

The equality of information content in fluorescence polarization and emission anisotropy is a common assumption and the two quantities are used according to practical considerations. However, an information-theoretic analysis presented here reveals that their information content is substantially different. A scaling relation exists between polarization and anisotropy, and normalization allows their direct comparison. Various measures of information such as the absolute, relative, differential, and potential entropies all appear larger for anisotropy over part or all of its normalized overlap with the polarization function. The larger information content coincides with the signal range where the emitted light is polarized mostly in the parallel direction. Polarization takes on larger absolute entropy only when the emission is about perpendicular to the incident light and when the differential entropy is considered over the entire physical domain. The additional information locally afforded by polarization appears to be related to its larger signal range whereas the extra information in anisotropy may be attributed to a second perpendicular emission plane in its definition, which is oriented along the axis of propagation of light and takes the contribution of all degrees of rotational freedom into account. Thus anisotropy may be considered as a more accurate and more informative representation of the underlying physical phenomena. Some practical aspects relevant to studies of protein–ligand interactions are also discussed.
Ability of dietary antioxidants to affect lipid oxidation of cooked turkey meat in a simulated stomach and blood lipids after a meal

Abstract Oxidized lipids that form during digestion of a meal have the potential to promote reactions that incur vascular disease. A grape seed extract (1% of the meat weight) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2% of the lipid weight) were each effective at preventing formation of lipid oxidation products for 3 h during co-incubation with cooked turkey meat in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Grape seed extract (GSE) at 0.1% of the meat weight accelerated lipid peroxide formation in SGF. Increasing concentrations of GSE decreased the ability of iron to partition into isolated microsomes. Swine trials were conducted in which cooked meat or cooked meat with added antioxidants were fed (seven meals during seven days). Lipid oxidation products were measured in chylomicrons from blood samples that were withdrawn 3 and 4 h after the last meal. Each of the antioxidant treatments that prevented lipid oxidation in SGF also inhibited formation of conjugated dienes in blood chylomicrons ( P
Religion, Identity and the Origins of Ancient Israel

According to the Bible, early Israel originated as a group migrant slaves who escaped from Egypt, spent an extended time in the wilderness as pastoral nomads, and then fought their way into the highlands of Palestine. Because these events are not wholly confirmed by the archaeological and historical evidence, modern scholars are attempting to reconstruct Israel's early history on the basis of the archaeological evidence, ancient textual evidence, and a critical reading of the Bible. Scholars agree that the Israelites, or their ancestors, first appeared in the highlands of Palestine around 1200 bce. The key question is where these early highland settlers came from. At present, the most popular theory among scholars is that the settlers migrated into the highlands from the Canaanite lowlands, so that the earliest Israelites were essentially Canaanites. But that theory is now being questioned vigorously by scholars who accentuate the role of nomadic pastoralists in the highland settlements. In important ways, our understanding of Israelite religion and identity hinges on these important debates.
MHC antigen expression by melanomas recovered from mice treated with allogeneic mouse fibroblasts genetically modified for interleukin-2 secretion and the expression of melanoma-associated antigens.

Recent approaches toward the immunotherapy of neoplastic disease involve the introduction of expression-competent genes for interleukin-2 (IL-2) into autologous malignant cells. Treatment of tumor-bearing experimental animals with the IL-2-secreting cells successfully induces partial and at times complete remissions. In most instances, however, although delayed, progressive tumor growth continues. Here, certain of the characteristic of B16 melanomas (H-2b) persisting in C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) treated with an IL-2-secreting, melanoma-antigen-positive cellular immunogen (RLBA-IL-2 cells) are described. Unlike the melanoma cells first injected, B16 cells recovered from mice treated with RLBA-IL-2 cells were deficient in the experssion of MHC class I, but not class II determinants. Deficient MHC class I expression correlated with the cells' resistance to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from the spleens of mice immunized with RLBA-IL-2 cells. Melanomas persisting in mice treated with non-IL-2-secreting, melanoma-antigen-positive cell constructs (RLBA-ZipNeo cells) were also deficient in the expression of MHC class I determinants, and the melanoma cells were resistant to CTL from mice immunized with RLBA-ZipNeo cells. Thus, the expression of melanoma-associated antigens rather than IL-2-secretion correlated with deficient MHC class I expression by the persistent melanomas. This point was substantiated by the expression of MHC class I antigens by melanomas persisting in mice treated with IL-2-secreting, melanoma-antigen-negative LM cells (LM-IL-2); it was equivalent to that of melanomas in untreated mice. The involvement of MHC class I antigens in the immune resistance of persistent melanoma cells from mice treated with the melanoma-autigen-positive immunogens was indicated by the effect of interferon γ (IFNγ) orN-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on the susceptibility of the cells to anti-melanoma CTL. Treatment of the resistant melanomas with IFNγ or MNNG stimulated MHC class I antigen expression and restored the cells' sensitivity to CTL from mice immunized with IL-2-secreting or nonsecreting, melanoma-antigen-positive cellular immunogens. Prior treatment of the treated cells with antibodies to MHC class I determinants inhibited the cells' susceptibility to CTL from mice immunized with RLBA-IL-2 cells.
Control of a Two-Stage Assemble-to-Order Manufacturing System Under Demand and Capacity Uncertainties

This paper focuses on the production and assembly control in a two-stage assemble-to-order (ATO) manufacturing system. An ATO manufacturing system keeps inventory only at the component level, and products are assembled only after a customer order is received. ATO systems have a widespread use in various industries where mass customization is popular. The motivation of the problem is due to the need for firms in this setting to effectively coordinate the production of components and allocate the assembly line capacity shared across many different products. We model component production lines and a downstream product assembly line with M/M/1 queues in order to identify optimal policies regarding a firm’s decision on how many components of each type to produce and how to prioritize orders for various products. We also propose an effective heuristic solution that is robust with respect to the number of product alternatives offered.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Upending the hair follicle

A new study profiles microRNA (miRNA) expression in mouse epidermis and hair follicles and examines the requirement for these miRNAs during normal embryonic development. In the absence of Dicer-dependent miRNA production, hair follicles evaginate rather than invaginate, revealing an unexpected role for miRNAs in regulating hair follicle morphogenesis.
A developmentally inspired combined mechanical and biochemical signaling approach on zonal lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration

Articular cartilage is organized into multiple zones including superficial, middle and calcified zones with distinct cellular and extracellular components to impart lubrication, compressive strength, and rigidity for load transmission to bone, respectively. During native cartilage tissue development, changes in biochemical, mechanical, and cellular factors direct the formation of stratified structure of articular cartilage. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of combined gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors on the zonal organization of articular cartilage. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were encapsulated in acrylate-functionalized lactide-chain-extended polyethylene glycol (SPELA) gels simulating cell density and stiffness of the superficial, middle and calcified zones. The cell-encapsulated gels were cultivated in a medium supplemented with growth factors specific to each zone and the expression of zone-specific markers was measured with incubation time. Encapsulation of 60 × 106 cells per mL hMSCs in a soft gel (80 kPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (3 ng mL−1) and BMP-7 (100 ng mL−1) led to the expression of markers for the superficial zone. Conversely, encapsulation of 15 × 106 cells per mL hMSCs in a stiff gel (320 MPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL−1) and hydroxyapatite (3%) led to the expression of markers for the calcified zone. Further, encapsulation of 20 × 106 cells per mL hMSCs in a gel with 2.1 MPa modulus and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL−1) and IGF-1 (100 ng mL−1) led to up-regulation of the middle zone markers. Results demonstrate that a developmental approach with gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors can potentially regenerate zonal structure of the articular cartilage.
Spectroscopic properties of low-lying electronic states of Au2

Abstract Complete active space MCSCF (CASSCF)/first-order configuration interaction (FOCI)/multireference singles + doubles CI (MRSDCI)/relativistic CI (RCI) calculations are carried out on 24 electronic states of Au2. The potential energy surfaces of these states are reported. These calculations facilitate the assignments of two known bands and predict a number of electronic transitions which are yet to be observed. The spin-orbit splitting of many of these electronic states is found to be significantly large.
Neurologic adverse effects of ranolazine in an elderly patient with renal impairment.

Ranolazine, an antianginal agent, has activity at muscle and neuronal sodium channels. Congenital genetic mutations to sodium channels in humans and supratherapeutic ranolazine concentrations in animal models have produced similar neurologic adverse reactions. We describe a case of neurologic adverse effects in an 81-year-old woman with coronary artery disease, renal impairment, and mild neurologic disease who received ranolazine for symptomatic control of a non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Just over 48 hours after a dose increase, she experienced new-onset dysarthia, dysmetria, hallucinations, worse tremors, and difficulty with word finding. Her workup for acute stroke and infectious causes was negative. Her symptoms abated 2 days after ranolazine was discontinued. The patient was at risk for ranolazine adverse effects due to the high dose administered and her advanced age, renal impairment, and baseline mild neurologic disease. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 5) between the patient's neurologic adverse events and the ranolazine therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report illustrating rare but debilitating neurologic adverse effects of ranolazine. Health care practitioners should be aware of the adverse effects of ranolazine and avoid doses greater than 500 mg twice/day in patients older than 80 years or those with a creatinine clearance of less than 30 ml/minute.
Cardiomyopathy Associated With Cancer Therapy

Chemotherapy-associated cardiomyopathy is a well known cardiotoxicity of contemporary cancer treatment and a cause of increasing concern for both cardiologists and oncologists. As cancer outcomes improve, cardiovascular disease has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. Asymptomatic or symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the setting of cardiotoxic chemotherapy is an important entity to recognize. Early diagnosis of cardiac injury through the use of novel blood-based biomarkers or noninvasive imaging modalities may allow for the initiation of cardioprotective medications or modification of chemotherapy regimen to minimize or prevent further damage. Several clinical trials are currently underway to determine the efficacy of cardioprotective medications for the prevention of chemotherapy-associated cardiomyopathy. Implementing a strategy that includes both early detection and prevention of cardiotoxicity will likely have a significant impact on the overall prognosis of cancer survivors. Continued coordination of care between cardiologists and oncologists remains critical to maximizing the oncologic benefit of cancer therapy while minimizing any early or late cardiovascular effects.
Order-strengthening in CuAu

The strengthening induced on ordering a previously disordered sample of equiatomic Cu-Au at constant temperature was studied using hardness measurements and high angle x-ray diffraction. A transient decrease in hardness was observed to occur at a very early ordering stage. This decrease can be explained in terms of a reversion mechanism.
Structure of fluoride methemoglobin

Abstract The structures of fluoride methemoglobin and acid methemoglobin have been compared by X-ray difference Fourier techniques. Despite the close similarity in ligand bulk and iron spin in these complexes, small but significant differences in tertiary structure are found. The globin structure is clearly extremely sensitive to small changes in the nature of the ligand.
The Chronic Fatigue Twin Registry: method of construction, composition, and zygosity assignment.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and the symptom of chronic fatigue are conditions of unknown etiology. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define CFS as an illness characterized by >= 6 months of disabling fatigue associated with muscle pain, pharyngitis, and alterations in mood, sleep and neurocognition. We constructed a registry of twins with chronic fatigue to facilitate research on the impact of illness, the associated medical and psychosocial factors, and the heterogeneous proposed mechanisms for these conditions. We have recruited 204 twin pairs in which one or both members reported persistent fatigue through patient support group newsletters (60%), clinicians/researchers familiar with CFS (12%), notices placed on electronic bulletin boards for CFS (11%), twin organizations and researchers (6%), relatives and friends (3%) and other sources (8%). Complete data are available for 177 pairs (87%). Twins completed an extensive questionnaire booklet that included measures of physical and mental health, functional status, and psychosocial factors; a structured psychiatric interview was also conducted by telephone. Twins were classified using three increasingly more stringent diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue: 1) >= 6 months of fatigue (115 discordant and 61 concordant pairs); 2) chronic fatigue with additional symptoms and application of the medial exclusions of the CDC CFS case definition as obtained by self-report (92 discordant and 41 concordant pairs) and; 3) chronic fatigue with additional symptoms unexplained by self-reported medical conditions and psychiatric diagnoses as determined by the structured interview (69 discordant pairs and 25 concordant pairs). Despite the limitations of a volunteer registry, the Chronic Fatigue Twin Registry promises to be an important resource for research on CFS and chronic fatigue.
Central compartment dissection (of levels VI and VII) for carcinoma of the larynx, hypopharynx, cervical esophagus, and thyroid

Lymphatic spread to the paratracheal and upper mediastinal nodes most often arises from tumors of the hypopharynx, larynx, cervical esophagus, and thyroid. The paratracheal and upper mediastinal lymph nodes are within the described lymphatic drainage pathways for tumors arising in these sites. Failure to address these lymphatics can lead to central compartment recurrence after thyroidectomy in cases of differentiated thyroid cancer or stomal recurrence after total laryngectomy in cases of squamous carcinoma of the larynx, hypopharynx, and cervical esophagus. We briefly review the lymphatic drainage to the central compartment (levels VI and VII), and we describe the operative techniques for appropriate lymphadenectomy. Rouviere’s 1,2 classic description of the lymphatic drainage of the larynx was expanded by the more contemporary work of Welsh et al, 3 who used injection of radioactive tracers to define lymphatic pathways. Interestingly, these injection studies demonstrated that supraglottic laryngeal lymphatics drain primarily to the ipsilateral upper and midjugular lymph nodes. However, small areas of uptake also were found in the contralateral side of the neck, and the tracer was demonstrated in the ipsilateral thyroid lobe and the paratracheal lymph nodes. Subglottic injections drained to the paratracheal and upper mediastinal lymph nodes. The cervical esophagus is richly supplied with lymphatics, and primary tumors at this site drain to the paratracheal, upper mediastinal, and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The efferent hypopharyngeal lymphatics drain into the anterior pathway that pierces the thyrohyoid membrane, terminating in the superior and midjugular lymph nodes, whereas the posterior pathway drains the inferior hypopharynx and proceeds to the paratracheal, retroesophageal, and internal jugular lymph nodes. 4 Lymphatic drainage from the thyroid gland follows multiple routes and is routinely bilateral. The primary echelon of nodal drainage from the thyroid is to the cricothyroid (“Delphian”) lymph node, the paratracheal nodes, and the upper mediastinal lymph nodes.
Trafficking in Persons: An issue of human security

This paper discusses trafficking in persons within a human security framework by identifying factors that heighten the insecurity of women and children within countries of origin, transit and destination. The author begins by reviewing the definitions in use and assessing the scope of the problem, and describing vulnerable populations and harmful practices. The paper then addresses conditions of vulnerability, including economic conditions, the entrenchment of organized crime, and civil war and unrest. It examines responses to the problem in countries of origin, transit, and destination, and concludes with recommendations for future policy intervention.
Recruitment of immune cells across atrial endocardium in human atrial fibrillation.

Background: Although clinical studies have suggested a link between inflammation markers and atrial fibrillation (AF), it is still unclear whether local immunologic responses actually exist in human atria during AF. Methods and Results: To address this point, human left appendages were obtained from 16 patients who underwent cardiac surgery (5 with sinus rhythm (SR) and 11 with AF) and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. In all the AF specimens, adhesion and migration of CD45-reactive cells were consistently observed predominantly in the atrial endo- and subendomyocardium and more prominently than in SR. Most of them were immunologically active CD68-positive macrophages, whereas CD3-positive T cells infiltrated to a lesser extent. Scavenger-receptor A staining revealed maturation of macrophages not in the endocardium but in the midmyocardium, a gradient from endo- to midmyocardium. In the endocardium, along with adhesion molecules (intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), a chemotactic protein-1, which facilitates the recruitment, was more abundantly expressed in AF than in SR. Cytokines including transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-6 were frequently expressed by these macrophages. Conclusions: These observations collectively imply active adhesion and recruitment of macrophages across the endocardium in human fibrillating atria, thereby supporting the concept of local immunologic inflammatory responses around the atrial endocardium of AF. (Circ J 2010; 74: 262-270)
Transforming Seismic Reflection Data Into Quantitative Rock Properties by Seismic Inversion

The transformation of seismic reflection data into quantitative rock properties can be very valuable in all phases of oil and gas exploration and production. In this study, public domain data from Australian offshore have been used to explain the logical workflow, which consists of systematic steps from seismic petrophysics to rock physics modeling and seismic inversion for quantitative rock property estimation. The application of seismic inversion technology offers many rewards, such as: better reservoir definition and management; better resource estimation; and reductions in uncertainty. The main benefit is that it improves direct and intangible interpretation of seismic data to provide meaningful geological boundaries in the subsurface. In order to provide the reliable estimate of rock properties for reservoir modeling the workflow is tested rigorously and divided into three categories which are based on the basic inversion types. The results reveal that relative impedance inversion should be performed first, which then followed by revision of seismic interpretation on impedance data. Full bandwidth rock properties are estimated by deterministic inversion. The results can be improved by several iterations of well to seismic tie, wavelet estimation, and low frequency models. As resolution with accuracy has always been challenging, the stochastic inversion approach is trailered for reservoir characterization and high resolution rock properties have been predicted. This produces a number of possible rock property models, as well as litho facies models and the results can be optionally constrained by the well data. It can be concluded that, to some degree, stochastic inversion is able to overcome the limited seismic bandwidth by integrating the rock physics properties of different lithologies. The examples of seismic inversion are discussed to demonstrate that significant benefits can be obtained by following an optimized workflow that is tailored to deal with the uncertainties that impact the end product.
Regeneration of plants from protoplasts of Capsella bursa-pastoris and somatic hybridization with rapid cycling Brassica oleracea.

Fertile rooted plantlets were recovered from leaf mesophyll protoplasts of Capsella bursa-pastoris. Protoplasts cultured over a feeder layer of Brassica napus cells produced 221 colonies, 7 of which regenerated multiple plantlets. The nuclear DNA content of most regenerates varied from 0.89 to 1.0 pg/nucleus, close to the value for seed-grown C. bursa-pastoris (0.94±0.03 pg/nucleus). Two regenerants had a tetraploid DNA content (1.8– 2.0 pg). Plants with a DNA content close to Capsella produced seeds, both in vitro and in soil. Intertribal somatic hybrids were obtained by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of untreated C. bursa-pastoris protoplasts with iodoacetate-treated protoplasts of rapid-cycling B. oleracea. Plants were confirmed as somatic hybrids by isozyme and RAPD analysis. The nuclear DNA content of the hybrids ranged from 3.2 to 6.4 pg, higher than the sum of the parental genomes. One of two hybrids tested was resistant to Alternaria brassicicola, like the Capsella fusion partner. Hybrids rooted easily and produced sterile flowers when transplanted to soil.
Asphalt Flocculation and Deposition. V. Phase Behavior in Miscible and Immiscible Injections

Asphalt formation and precipitation under primary oil recovery conditions as well as secondary recovery by immiscible gas injection were studied. The crude oils were from a carbonate and highly fractured reservoir. No asphalt precipitated under these conditions. Since the oil reservoir had experienced significant formation damage and plugging of its well's tubing due to asphalt formation and precipitation, the absence of asphalt precipitation in our experiments points to the important influence on asphalt formation of flow of the oil, the streaming potentials arising from the flow, and their interaction with the electrical properties of the asphalt aggregates. Also investigated was asphalt precipitation when an enriched gas was injected into the oil under dynamic (multiple contact) miscibility conditions. Only trace amounts of asphalt precipitated when the dilution ratio R was high enough. However, significant asphalt precipitation occurred in completely miscible injections. For this case, we report exten...
Status and Outlook for Heavy-Ion Accelerator Systems

There are five major heavy-ion centers constructed or funded worldwide; two additional centers are on the verge of being funded. Additionally, there are numerous smaller installations producing excellent science. Most installations aim at 10 MeV/u for the higher mass particles, and as high as possible for lighter ions. Berkeley and Dubna have reached or plan to reach relativistic energies for heavy ions. Studies and proposals for additional relativistic heavy-ion faccilities are pursued at least in five places. Altogether a very large effort is under way which is bound to leave a deep impression on basic science in the decade to come. There is an obvious energy gap in proposed facilities; namely, 30 - 150 MeV/u for high-mass particles. It is apparent that we should be searching for inexpensive magnets for high Bp in circular machines, or for very high, inexpensive electric gradients in linacs. This picture could be dramatically changed with a real breakthrough in ion source development. At least we should satisfy ourselves that we understand ion sources to the extent that we can predict their ultimate performance; only then can we produce optimum accelerator system designs.
Further evidence that the callosum is involved in sustaining attention

This study is a follow-up to a previous study that found a correlation between callosal efficiency and sustained attention. Normal children were tested on a vigilance task in which the amount of time between target presentations (interstimulus interval; ISI) was varied. Efficiency of the anterior callosum was assessed by a task that required subjects to perform incongruent movements with the left and right hands simultaneously. Subjects who showed less interference between the two hands missed fewer signals on the vigilance task after the longer ISIs, suggesting callosal involvement in the ability to sustain attention over a long period of time in the absence of sensory input. Age differences in the sustained attention were also observed.
Beauty, Personality, and Affect as Antecedents of Counterproductive Work Behavior Receipt

Over the years, much attention has been devoted to understanding counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and its related concepts. Less is known, however, about whether certain employees find themselves more than others to be the targets of CWB. To examine this issue, we tested a model that positioned CWB receipt as a function of employees' personality (neuroticism, agreeableness), their appearance (physical attractiveness), and the negative emotions felt toward those employees by their coworkers. Two studies using multiple sources of data revealed that disagreeable and physically unattractive employees received more CWB from their coworkers, coworker negative emotion felt toward employees was associated with CWB receipt, and the relationship between employee agreeableness and CWB receipt was due, in part, to coworker negative emotion.
Resumption of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Secretion as Shown by I131 Uptake in Cattle after Graded Withdrawal of Thyroxine

Abstract Eighteen lactating cows and heifers were injected daily with thyroxine ( T 4 ) at 50% above their secretion rate. Instead of sudden withdrawal of T 4 , the hormone was reduced one-half for seven days, then to one-fourth for 14 days before complete withdrawal. The uptake of I 131 by the thyroid gland was used as an index of resumption of secretory activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. Six mature cows (5 yr old) showed no collection of I 131 until the time of complete withdrawal, then one cow showed collection by the thyroid on Day 1, a second cow on Day 4, two cows on Day 7, and two on Day 10. The 11 heifers began collection earlier, four during the period on one-fourth, then after withdrawal two showed collection on Day 1, two on Day 4, three by Day 10, and an old cow on Day 13. Milk yield of the mature cows was well sustained during seven days on one-half T 4 level. During 14 days on one-fourth level, milk yield dropped from 51.8 lb/day to 46.9lb and, following complete withdrawal, to 32.9lb on Day 13, a reduction of 33.7% from the production before the beginning of withdrawal. The six heifers still producing considerable amounts of milk dropped from 27.0 to 26.0lb on one-half T 4 level, and to 21.0lb during 14 days on one-fourth level. After complete withdrawal, milk yield dropped to 20.4lb on Day 13, a total reduction of 22.8%.
Fluctuations of Differential Phase and Radar Measurements of Precipitation

Abstract The specific differential polarization phase shift KDP has been suggested as a possible estimator of rainfall as well as a rain-hail discriminator in several recent studies. Here, the complex multivariate Gaussian model, used widely in communication theory and statistics optics, is applied for modeling KDP caused by precipitation. Specifically, the width of the marginal phase probability density function is used to estimate ϕDP (cumulative differential phase) fluctuations. This results in suboptimal but simple expressions, which highlight the dependence of ϕDP fluctuations on the magnitude of the HV (horizontalvertical) cross-correlation coefficient |ρHV|. Statistical arguments are separated from the effects of radar wavelength and Doppler spread. Implications of ϕDP fluctuations on accuracy of rainfall and snow/hail radar measurements are also discussed and the author comments on the feasibility of using cross-polarized differential phase measurements.
Depression and cancer risk: 24 years of follow-up of the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area sample

Objective The objective was to characterize the relationship between depression and incident cancer. Few studies have employed population-based prospective data on subtypes of cancer to address the question.
Intravascular ultrasound imaging of an acute dissecting aortic aneurysm: a case report.

Abstract A case of acute dissecting aortic aneurysm is described in which intravascular ultrasonography was used at the time of aortography to produce real-time, 360 degree cross-sectional images of the aorta. The transmural vessel morphology visualized by this new catheter-based technology allowed confirmation of the diagnosis and identification of distal extension to the aortic bifurcation. The case demonstrates the unique potential of this modality in diagnosis and possible therapy in vascular diseases. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:510-2.)
Interventional cardiovascular MR—The next stage in pediatric cardiology

Abstract Real-time magnetic resonance imaging is attractive to guide minimally invasive treatment of structural heart disease not only because it can spare radiation but also because soft tissue imaging may add value. Interventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging will allow simple as well as novel non-surgical treatments of structural heart disease in children. Real-time MRI tools already are available. Catheter tools are emerging. A handful of pediatrics hospitals are installing investigational systems now to explore this promising technology.