cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interplay between nutrient balancing and toxin dilution in foraging by a generalist insect herbivore

Food mixing by herbivores is thought to balance nutrient intake and possibly dilute secondary metabolites characteristic of different host plant species. Most empirical work on insect herbivores has focused on nutrient balancing in laboratory settings. In this study, we characterize food mixing behaviour of the caterpillar Grammia geneura (Strecker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in nature and use the observed patterns to design ecologically relevant experiments that reveal the relative importance of these processes in food-switching behaviour. Our design involved both choice and no-choice experiments with chemically defined diets in which primary nutrients and secondary metabolites were manipulated in tandem. We analysed two stages in the process of food-switching behaviour: leaving food and accepting new food. In nature, an individual’s rate of leaving host plants was positively associated with its probability of rejecting plant species most recently eaten, but not related to its probability of accepting different host plant species. Furthermore, an individual’s leaving rate was negatively related to its average feeding bout duration. This relationship resulted partly from variation in the response of individuals to nutrient imbalance and partly from shortened feeding bouts prior to switching, suggesting that a decline in feeding excitation preceded searching for food that differed from that most recently eaten. Laboratory experiments with synthetic diets indicated the importance of secondary metabolites in the decline in feeding excitation prior to switching. Preference for new food depended strongly on secondary metabolites in a manner consistent with toxin dilution. This is the first experimental evidence for the process of toxin dilution in caterpillars, and for the combined influence of nutrients and secondary metabolites on their foraging patterns in nature.
Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence, Solid State

The measurement of photoluminescence or electroluminescence on solid samples can provide details on the electronic nature of the material in question. The majority of these measurements involve the examination of the electronic structure of semiconductors, especially those under consideration for use as light-emitting diodes or photoelectric cells. The presence of defects in these materials (in the form of excitons and acceptor/donor centers) can dramatically alter the observed spectral properties. However, the technique is largely limited to electronic profiling, so significant structural information and sample morphology must be probed with complementary techniques. Basic instrumentation and techniques for recording these spectra are presented, along with special considerations for solid-state samples. Numerous examples of recent literature reports utilizing this technique are also presented. Keywords: solid-state; photoluminescence; electroluminescence; semiconductors; excitons; energy transfer
Amphetamine-Induced Behavior, Dopamine Release, and c-fos mRNA Expression: Modulation by Environmental Novelty

We have shown recently that the psychomotor activating effects of amphetamine in the rat are much greater when this drug is administered in association with environmental novelty than when it is given in a home environment. The main purpose of the present study was to explore the neural basis of this phenomenon. We found, using in situ hybridization of c-fos mRNA, that the pattern of neuronal activation in the cortex, in the caudate, in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens, and in other subcortical structures was markedly different when amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was given in association with exposure to environmental novelty relative to when it was given at home. In most brain regions the magnitude of c-fos expression was over two times greater in rats given amphetamine plus novelty than in rats given amphetamine alone. In contrast, an in vivo microdialysis study indicated that environmental novelty did not affect amphetamine-induced dopamine release in either caudate or nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the mesostriatal dopamine system reduced amphetamine- but not novelty-induced c-fos expression. Finally, we found no differences in the amount of corticosterone secreted after exposure to novelty, amphetamine, or both, suggesting that corticosterone does not play a critical role in the ability of novelty to modulate amphetamine-induced psychomotor activation. In conclusion, it seems that environmental novelty alters the neurobiological effects of amphetamine independently of the primary neuropharmacological actions of this drug in the striatum.
Underground coal gasification

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a method whereby the mining and conversion of coal are accomplished in a single step. Many field tests of UCG have been operated worldwide since the 1930's with varying degrees of success; based on this experience (especially in the USSR and US), a field design which is applicable to a wide range of geological conditions and coal properties has evolved. This review discusses the rationale of this design and provides a physicochemical interpretation for the operation of a UCG system. Pertinent field and laboratory results as well as formal mathematical models of an in-situ gasifer are evaluated as part of the analysis. 158 references.
Dispelling the myth of the required high hairline in follicular unit hair transplantation.

background. Hair restoration surgeons have historically taught that the hairline should be placed high on men undergoing hair restoration surgery. objective. To evaluate the position of the anterior-most aspect of the frontal forelock on men experiencing type III‐V male pattern baldness. methods. Twenty men, ages 20‐46 years, with type III‐V male pattern baldness were evaluated for the distances between the chin to nose, nose to eyebrows, and eyebrows to frontal forelock. results. The mean distance from chin to nose was 6.96 cm. The mean distance from nose to eyebrows was 6.55 cm. The mean distance from eyebrows to hairline was 6.8 cm. The distance from chin to hairline was 20.3 cm. Therefore the eyebrows to hairline distance was 33.4% of the whole. conclusion. When using follicular transplantation, it may be appropriate at times to divide the face into thirds at the time of hairline development. SINCE THE AUTHOR attended his first seminar on hair replacement surgery in 1983, prominent hair restoration surgeons have preached that a man’s hairline should be made higher than the ideal hairline referred to in the writings of Leonardo da Vinci, which state that the perfect face is one that is divided into thirds— the chin to the bottom of the nose equals the bottom of the nose to the eyebrows, equals the eyebrows to the hairline (Figure 1). In spite of da Vinci’s observations, hair restoration surgeons continue to teach that a man’s hairline should be adjusted several centimeters superior to this ideal. When standard grafts were the norm, there was definitely justification for keeping the hairline high. If the hairline was moved inferiorly even 1 cm with standard grafting, there was an expenditure of up to 100 punch hair grafts. This fact, in combination with the reality that donor availability was limited to approximately 400 punch grafts, made the idea of keeping the hairline high a prudent one. With the advent of follicular hair transplantation, the author feels that this philosophy should undergo serious reevaluation.
Laparoscopic biliary reconstruction.

Abstract Background Biliary reconstruction represents a relatively untested frontier in laparoscopy. Methods Retrospective review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic biliary operations at Legacy Health System from 1998 to 2003. Results Seven patients underwent laparoscopic biliary reconstruction. Indications included benign calculous disease in 4 patients, benign stricture on 1 patient, choledochal cyst in 1 patient, and malignant biliary obstruction in 1 patient. Operations performed included choledochoduodenostomy, hepaticojejunostomy, stricturoplasty, choledochal cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy, and cholecystojejunostomy. Median operative time was 300 minutes. Median hospital stay was 4 days. One perioperative complication of a bowel obstruction required reoperation. Median follow-up was 15 months. One patient died of metastatic cancer 8 months after surgery. All other patients are symptom free with no signs of stricture or recurrent biliary obstruction. Conclusions Laparoscopic biliary reconstruction represents a viable treatment option in carefully selected patients.
The many-beam theory of lattice image formation in transmission electron microscopy

Abstract The Bloch-wave formulation of dynamical theory of electron diffraction has been used to obtain an analytic expression for the intensity profile of lattice images from perfect crystals when two or more beams are admitted by the objective aperture. The resulting equation takes into account the effects on the image of lens aberrations and defocusing as well as crystal orientation and thickness. By means of this equation, all the calculations may be carried out in the object space thus obviating the need for Fourier transformations.
An area-efficient hexagonal interconnection network for multi-core processors

With the rapid increase in the number of processor cores on a chip, packet-switching networks on chip (NoCs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for designing scalable communication infrastructures for future multi-core processors. The quest for high-performance networks, however, has led to very area-consuming and complex routers with marginal return in performance. On the other hand, studies show that real parallel applications generate traffic at a much lower rate than the offered rate at the cost of expensive and power-hungry buffers. This paper presents a low-cost hexagonal network design with only one buffer in each router. Efficient routing algorithms are proposed. Extensive simulation results with a 19-node network show that our network, in addition to its lower cost, provides low network latency under low to medium network load, which matches the communication requirement imposed by applications for multicore processors.
Weiser-Maples strain of guinea-pigs

In 1953 Rubbo & Pierson reported dissatisfaction with available albino guinea-pigs as laboratory animals for tuberculosis diagnostic procedures, experimental chemotherapeutic studies, and tuberculin skin testing. At the same time, Weiser and Morse in our laboratory noted a similar variable susceptibility to challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the test animals then commercially available: further complicating their studies were the number of deaths experienced in the stock available for experimentation. No aetiological agent, viral or bacterial, was identified by microbiological studies although the incidence of these 'infections' was very high in their albino guinea-pigs. Because of such characteristics-variable susceptibility to challenge with known numbers of viable M. tuberculosis, unpredictable life expectancy due to low resistance of the stock strains to disease-a programme to select and develop a better experimental guinea-pig was instituted. In J954 a local hospital in Denver gave about 200 of its excess stock guineapigs to Weiser, and during the following year these animals were maintained and studied. They varied in colour and size, and selections for breeding were made with a goal of securing an animal with some pigmentation but with a light-coloured skin and coat. This was deemed essential to allow better definition of experimentally-produced gross lesions and evaluation of skintesting procedures. Intensive breeding and selection (Wright, 1922; Wright & Eaton, 1929) began 9 October 1955. Brother X sister and parent X offspring matings were made using animals whose coat colour and skin pigmentation approached that thought to be desirable. Other factors studied included age at maturity, fertility, growth rate, sex ratio, infant mortality, production of monstrosities, resistance to tuberculosis, and incidence of spontaneous disease. This is now an established colony of guinea-pigs approaching a pure inbred strain, currently in generation 15. These animals are very hardy and vigorous,
Combined mechanical trauma and metabolic impairment in vitro induces NMDA receptor-dependent neuronal cell death and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis

Neuronal necrosis and apoptosis occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in animals and contribute to subsequent neurological deficits. In contrast, relatively little apoptosis is found after mechanical injury in vitro. Because in vivo trauma models and clinical head injury have associated cerebral ischemia and/or metabolic impairment, we transiently impaired cellular metabolism after mechanical trauma of neuronal-glial cultures by combining 3-nitropropionic acid treatment with concurrent glucose deprivation. This produced greater neuronal cell death than mechanical trauma alone. Such injury was attenuated by the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK801). In addition, this injury significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells over that accruing from mechanical injury alone. This apoptotic cell death was accompanied by DNA fragmentation, attenuated by cycloheximide, and associated with an increase in caspase-3-like but not caspase-1-like activity. Cell death was reduced by the pan-caspase inhibit...
A 50-V, 0.7-m Omega *cm/sup 2/, vertical-power DMOSFET

A 50-V vertical power MOSFET with extremely low specific on resistance is reported. Devices with a cell density as high as 8 million cells/in/sup 2/ and capable of switching 160 A of current have been successfully fabricated using an improved fabrication technology which used low processing temperatures, double-layer interlevel dielectric, shallow source implants, and an improved source contact metallurgy. The lowest measured specific on resistances are 0.8 and 0.7 m Omega *cm/sup 2/, respectively, under continuous and pulsed bias conditions for FETs capable of blocking 50 V in the reverse direction. This result represents the best ever reported forward conductivity for a 50-V power MOSFET. >
Electromechanical properties of smart materials

A smart material is one that can perform both sensor and actuator functions. This definition allows for some flexibility in deciding how to qualify a material as "smart", since the fun damental mechanisms of operation may differ greatly between types of smart materials. From the point of view of an electroceramist, piezoelectric materials, which show reversible electromechan ical coupling, may be thought of as "naturally" smart materials since the same piezoelectric material may act as a sensor and/or an actuator. Piezoelectric single crystals, polymers, and poled poly crystalline ceramics all show good electromechanical coupling. In addition, they may be combined in a composite material that exaggerates their beneficial properties by eliminating their detrimental properties. Some common piezoelectric materials are reviewed, along with some examples of smart materials that incorporate piezoelectric ceramics.
Mastery Quizzing as a Signaling Device to Cue Attention to Lecture Material

A mastery quiz is a miniquiz given at the start and end of a lecture period used to signal key lecture concepts. It also provides an incentive for focused attention and regular and punctual attendance. Students earn points toward their final grades for submitting correct responses at either or both testings. Introductory psychology students showed significant improvement in knowledge of mastery quiz content as assessed by pre–post lecture comparisons. Credits earned on mastery quizzes also predicted performance on course examination questions measuring signaled concepts and other concepts from lectures on days that mastery quizzes were administered.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT ROUTES TO POLITICIZING PERSONAL EXPERIENCE DOES KNOWLEDGE MAKE A DIFFERENCE

This study examines the effects of issue-specific knowledge on the extent to which personal unemployment experiences influence presidential approval. The well informed are found to be more likely to connect personal experiences directly to political preferences, yet less likely to generalize from their own personal experiences in assessing the state of the nation as a whole. Since perceptions of the state of national conditions have a well-documented influence on presidential approval, simultaneously considering direct and indirect paths helps to resolve contradictory implications in past findings on the role of information in conditioning the politicization of personal economic experience. The weak overall impact of self-interest on political preferences is widely known and well documented (for a review, see Sears and Funk 1990). Subsequent research in this vein has shifted toward locating conditions under which personal experiences are most likely to be politicized (see, e.g., Feldman 1985). The concepts used to locate groups most likely to rely on personal experiences-have run the gamut from distinctions made on the basis of socioeconomic position (Weatherford 1983), habitual versus occasional voting (Cohen and Uhlaner 1991), levels of issue-specific knowledge (Conover, Feldman, and Knight 1986), and levels of news media use (Mutz 1992; Weatherford 1983). Scholars generally concur about the distinction relevant to these comparisons: those with high levels of political knowledge, heavy use of mass media, high levels of political interest, and regular involvement in the political process are expected to differ in their decision-making DIANA C. MUTZ is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of WisconsinMadison. The author would like to thank the Letters and Sciences Survey Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for making these data available and Dick Brody for his comments on an earlier draft of this study. Public Opinion Quarterly Volume 57:483-502 ? 1993 by the American Association for Public Opinion Research All rights reserved. 0033-362X/93/5704-0006$02.50 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.103 on Thu, 20 Oct 2016 04:02:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Wisdom as a form of giftedness.

This article describes an important, yet largely neglected, kind of giftedness, namely, wisdom. First, the article discusses how giftedness is identified currently. Second, the article presents an alternative view based on a balance theory of wisdom. The theory is described, and it is shown why the theory offers a useful way of conceptualizinig wisdom. Finally, the article concludes that, given the state of the world, we should have a strong incentive to identify and develop wisdom as a form of giftedness.
International Perspectives: The Kosovo-Dartmouth Alliance for Healthy Newborns

Kosovo declared independence on February 17, 2008. The political and medical postconflict environment in Kosovo before independence was the setting for a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) program involving collaboration among public and private United States partners developed for leveraging resources to increase effectiveness. The formal 18-month effort focused on improved perinatal outcomes and was part of a longer and broader past and future effort that continues. The Alliance’s primary partner in Kosovo was the Ministry of Health (MoH), and there were two primary components. The antenatal care in family medicine component addressed Kosovo priorities in primary care and family medicine while implementing antenatal care at family medicine centers using the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended guidelines. The perinatal care component included technical and material assistance at the University Clinical Center in Pristina to introduce, educate, and support evidence-based interventions, including prenatal steroids, the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and exogenous surfactant. The strategy of the Alliance employed education and clinical interventions to address a primary goal of system development. Observation and comments included the conclusion that the Alliance was successful as an improvement and change agent that advanced perinatal or reproductive system- and nation-building. This pilot program can serve as a foundation for further effort.
A retrospective review of treatment of the odontogenic keratocyst.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate different surgical treatment methods for odontogenic keratocysts and the outcome of those treatments over a 25-year period. Patients and methods A retrospective review was performed of 40 patient charts treated at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (Iowa City, IA) from 1977 to 2002 with the diagnosis of odontogenic keratocyst. Demographic data were collected along with lesion location, symptoms present at initial presentation, surgical treatment rendered, length of follow-up, and incidence of recurrence. Results Surgical treatments included enucleation, enucleation with Carnoy’s solution, peripheral ostectomy, peripheral ostectomy with Carnoy’s solution, and en bloc resection. Recurrence was found in 9 to 40 patients. Seven of 9 recurrences (78%) occurred in 5 years or less, with 2 (22%) occurring more than 5 years after initial treatment. Patients treated with enucleation had a recurrence rate of 54.5% (6 of 11 patients). One of 2 patients treated with enucleation and Carnoy’s solution had a recurrence. Those treated with peripheral ostectomy had a recurrence rate of 18.2% (2 of 11). Peripheral ostectomy with Carnoy’s solution had no recurrences (0/13). Conclusion Treatment of an odontogenic keratocyst with peripheral ostectomy, with or without the use of Carnoy’s solution, had a significantly lower rate of recurrence. Treatment with enucleation, with or without the use of Carnoy’s solution was associated with a significantly higher recurrence rate.
Development of a Practical Synthesis of Toll-like Receptor Agonist PF-4171455: 4-Amino-1-benzyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydroimidazo [4,5-c] pyridin-2-one

The development and implementation of a scalable process for the manufacture of the Toll-like receptor (TLR7) agonist PF-4171455 (1) is described. Initial routes used to synthesise 1 in milligram quantities were unsuitable for large-scale synthesis to provide bulk material. As part of the transfer between Medicinal Chemistry and Research-API, collaboration provided a fit for purpose route for the kilo-scale synthesis of 1. Key aspects of the synthesis included (i) a safe and practical synthesis of a key nitropyridone intermediate 7 over four steps, (ii) a sequential regioselective chlorination to selectively functionalise 7 and (iii) use of a carbamate as a tethered carbonyl group, allowing an efficient regiospecific synthesis of 1.
Comparative sequence analyses reveal sites of ancestral chromosomal fusions in the Indian muntjac genome

Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) has an extreme mammalian karyotype, with only six and seven chromosomes in the female and male, respectively. Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) has a more typical mammalian karyotype, with 46 chromosomes in both sexes. Despite this disparity, the two muntjac species are morphologically similar and can even interbreed to produce viable (albeit sterile) offspring. Previous studies have suggested that a series of telocentric chromosome fusion events involving telomeric and/or satellite repeats led to the extant Indian muntjac karyotype. We used a comparative mapping and sequencing approach to characterize the sites of ancestral chromosomal fusions in the Indian muntjac genome. Specifically, we screened an Indian muntjac bacterial artificial-chromosome library with a telomere repeat-specific probe. Isolated clones found by fluorescence in situ hybridization to map to interstitial regions on Indian muntjac chromosomes were further characterized, with a subset then subjected to shotgun sequencing. Subsequently, we isolated and sequenced overlapping clones extending from the ends of some of these initial clones; we also generated orthologous sequence from isolated Chinese muntjac clones. The generated Indian muntjac sequence has been analyzed for the juxtaposition of telomeric and satellite repeats and for synteny relationships relative to other mammalian genomes, including the Chinese muntjac. The generated sequence data and comparative analyses provide a detailed genomic context for seven ancestral chromosome fusion sites in the Indian muntjac genome, which further supports the telocentric fusion model for the events leading to the unusual karyotypic differences among muntjac species.
Anglo-Chicano and Male-Female Differences in Disclaimed Activity

In order to test the hypothesis that Chicanos, as part of a more generally passive coping style, are more likely than Anglos to disclaim responsibility for actions, 374 subjects (196 Anglos and 94 Chicanos) were evaluated. Each subject was presented with 12 stories, and asked to judge the likelihood that 6 alternatives which differed in degree of disclaimed activity, were responsible for the behavior of characters in each story. These judgments provided a measure of disclaimed activity, which is defined as ascribing responsibility for one's actions to someone or something else. It was expected that Chicanos would show even greater disclaimed activity than Anglos on themes related to parents and peers than on stories which involved themes of death. Additionally, it was expected that women would show more disclaimed activity than men. Contrary to earlier studies on disclaimed activity, no significant differences were found between Anglos and Chicanos. Surprisingly, women showed less rather than more disclai...
Cvt18/Gsa12 Is Required for Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Transport, Pexophagy, and Autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris

Eukaryotic cells have the ability to degrade proteins and organelles by selective and nonselective modes of micro- and macroautophagy. In addition, there exist both constitutive and regulated forms of autophagy. For example, pexophagy is a selective process for the regulated degradation of peroxisomes by autophagy. Our studies have shown that the differing pathways of autophagy have many molecular events in common. In this article, we have identified a new member in the family of autophagy genes. GSA12 in Pichia pastoris and its Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterpart, CVT18, encode a soluble protein with two WD40 domains. We have shown that these proteins are required for pexophagy and autophagy in P. pastoris and the Cvt pathway, autophagy, and pexophagy in S. cerevisiae. In P. pastoris, Gsa12 appears to be required for an early event in pexophagy. That is, the involution of the vacuole or extension of vacuole arms to engulf the peroxisomes does not occur in the gsa12 mutant. Consistent with its role in vacuole engulfment, we have found that this cytosolic protein is also localized to the vacuole surface. Similarly, Cvt18 displays a subcellular localization that distinguishes it from the characterized proteins required for cytoplasm-to-vacuole delivery pathways.
The impact of various imaging parameters on ultrasonic displacement and velocity estimates

The accuracy of displacement and velocity data in ultrasonic motion detection systems depends on a combination of ultrasonic imaging parameters. These include magnitude and direction of target motion, target region dimensions, scattering media, ultrasonic frequency of interrogation, digital sampling frequency, and signal type (envelope detected or RF). Because the impact of scattering media in particular has heretofore received little or no attention, we provide experimental results and computer analysis to evaluate the influence of different scattering media on the accuracy of ultrasonic displacement and velocity estimates using porcine liver, porcine muscle, and woolen sea sponge samples. Our experimental results show that for identical target dimensions and displacements, the accuracy of ultrasonic displacement and velocity estimates in porcine muscle samples are substantially higher than in porcine liver samples. Analysis of experimentally derived autocovariance curves for each tissue type indicates that the improvement in accuracy for muscle samples is not, in fact, due to differences in the speckle characteristics for each tissue type. The improvement is attributed to the presence of well-defined and resolvable image structures from muscle and the lack of such resolvable structures in porcine liver tissue. We provide a summary of the factors impacting ultrasonic displacement and velocity measurements, and discuss why and how a combination of one or more imaging parameters affects these measurements. >
Study of Narrowband Dampers with Zero Weight Penalty for Aero Engine Combustion Instability Suppression

The performance of modern combustion systems including fuel efficiency, stability, emissions, pattern factor, and lean flammability limit depend on mixing processes between the combustion air, the fuel, and the flame stabilization/holding mechanism. Modern combustors rely on a combination of large and small scale turbulent eddies and vortices to control mixing, liquid fuel droplet dispersion, flame holding, and ultimately the heat release. Under favorable conditions these vortices can couple with fluctuating heat release and one (or multiple) acoustic resonant modes of the feed/combustion chamber, resulting in thermoacoustic instability. This feedback coupling mechanism becomes unstable if the rate at which the heat release perturbation produces acoustic energy exceeds the rate at which acoustic energy is removed/dissipated from the combustion chamber. Thermoacoustic instabilities have been reported in all types of propulsion systems including rockets, scramjets and gas turbine combustors and augmentors. Throughout the 50 year development of high performance gas turbine engines combustion instability has always been a major challenge for both the combustor and the thrust augmentor. Thermoacoustic instability can be suppressed by either making the heat release mechanism (flame) put less acoustic energy into the sympathetic acoustic mode or by removing more acoustic energy from it. The former treatment is done by modifying the heat release aspect of the combustion and the latter is done by acoustic damping of the combustion enclosure. Either one of these strategies for instability mitigation can be done passively or actively. In the research reported in this paper, acoustic damping approach is taken to suppress instabilities. Unlike previous research, narrow-band passive acoustic radiation-based dampers are developed with the goal of neutral weight penalty to the overall system. In a step-by-step approach to demonstrating the damping effectiveness of the proposed damper, its effectiveness was first examined on two lowtemperature acoustic rigs (dobbed ‘cold rigs’) capable of becoming thermoacoustically unstable by synthetic means. The demonstration followed by installing the narrow-band acoustic damper on the Propulsion Directorate’s Augmentor High Impact Technology (HIT) rig. Both the cold rig and HIT rig tests demonstrated the impressive effectiveness of the dampers in dissipating (and not just redistributing) the acoustic energy of the unstable mode, and thus mitigating the thermoacoutic instability, of the rigs. Further research is required to develop these new narrow band dampers for application to aero gas turbine engines.
Teaching Collaboration: A Demonstration Model☆

Abstract Teaching through collaboration models will greatly benefit future practitioners and professionals who intend to meet the needs of consumers, provide quality care, and be cost-effective. Clearly, the needs of people with psychiatric disabilities are complex and require the expertise of multiple professions; however, few opportunities exist for students to learn collaboration skills. The transdisciplinary collaboration project in San Jose, California, exemplifies teaching and learning opportunities for collaboration. Students and faculty from the disciplines of nursing, speech pathology, occupational therapy, social work, and recreational therapy were involved. Outcomes of the project are described. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2000]. 6, 183-190.)
Advanced stored waveform inverse Fourier transform technique for a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer.

The stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) technique is used for broadband excitation of ions in an ion-trap mass spectrometer to perform mass-selective accumulation, isolation, and fragmentation of peptide ions formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Unit mass resolution is achieved for isolation of ions in the range of m/z up to 1300 using a two-step isolation technique with stretched-in-time narrow band SWIFT pulses at the second stage. The effect of "stretched-in-time' waveforms is similar to that observed previously for mass-scan-rate reduction. The asymmetry phenomenon resulting from the stretched ion-trap electrode geometry is observed during application of normal and time-reversed waveforms and is similar to the asymmetry effects observed for forward and reverse mass scans in the resonance ejection mode. Mass-selective accumulation of ions from multiple laser shots was accomplished using a method described earlier that involves increasing the trapping voltage during ion introduction for more efficient trapping of ions.
World Literature and the Creation of Literary Worlds

Based on the author’s work as general editor of the Norton Anthology of World Literature, the essay develops an approach to world literature centered on world creation. The creation of literary worlds can be understood within the framework of possible worlds theory as developed by Thomas Pavel, Lubomir Dolezel and others. Taking its point of departure from possible worlds theory, the essay then focuses on specific genres that foreground the capacity of literature to create whole worlds, including world creation myths and science fiction. Three terms are used to analyze this body of literature: reference; scale; and model. While the category of reference accounts for the status of the worlds to be found within literary works, scale and model capture the particular challenges world creation literature faces.
Multi-Label Markov Random Fields as an Efficient and Effective Tool for Image Segmentation, Total Variations and Regularization

One of the classical optimization models for image segmentation is the well known Markov Random Fields (MRF) model. This model is a discrete optimization problem, which is shown here to formulate many continuous models used in image segmentation. In spite of the presence of MRF in the literature, the dominant perception has been that the model is not effective for image segmentation. We show here that the reason for the non-effectiveness is due to the lack of access to the optimal solution. Instead of solving optimally, heuristics have been engaged. Those heuristic methods cannot guarantee the quality of the solution nor the running time of the algorithm. Worse still, heuristics do not link directly the input functions and parameters to the output thus obscuring what would be ideal choices of parameters and functions which are to be selected by users in each particular application context. We describe here how MRF can model and solve efficiently several known continuous models for image segmentation and describe briefly a very efficient polynomial time algorithm, which is provably fastest possible, to solve optimally the MRF problem. The MRF algorithm is enhanced here compared to the algorithm in Hochbaum (2001) by allowing the set of assigned labels to be any discrete set. Other enhancements include dynamic features that permit adjustments to the input parameters and solves optimally for these changes with minimal computation time. Several new theoretical results on the properties of the algorithm are proved here and are demonstrated for images in the context of medical and biological imaging. An interactive implementation tool for MRF is described, and its performance and flexibility in practice are demonstrated via computational experiments. We conclude that many continuous models common in image segmentation have discrete analogs to various special cases of MRF and as such are solved optimally and efficiently, rather than with the use of continuous techniques, such as PDE methods, that restrict the type of functions used and furthermore, can only guarantee convergence to a local minimum. AMS subject classifications: 05C21, 05C85, 68W40, 68U10
A Hierarchical Linear Model Approach for Assessing the Effects of House and Neighborhood Characteristics on Housing Prices

This pedagogical paper illustrates how a hierarchical linear model (Raudenbush and Bryk, 2002) can be used by researchers and practitioners to estimate housing prices as a function of both house an...
Beliefs and concerns African American (AA) and white (W) patients (pts) with breast, lung, and colon cancer bring to bear on the decision to undergo chemotherapy

9076 Background: AA have poorer stage-specific survival for breast, colon and lung cancer than whites and are also less likely to receive therapy for these cancers. This study seeks to explore the set of beliefs and concerns patients with primarily resected breast, lung, and colon cancer bring to bear on the decision to receive chemotherapy. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted and recorded by a non-physician, African-American interviewer on patients with colon, breast, and lung cancer referred to medical oncology for chemotherapy. Grounded theory methods were used to analyze and code the interview transcripts. Results: A total of 27 interviews were conducted (17AA, 10W) including pts with breast (5), colon (6) and lung cancer (16). All but 7 of the pts were referred for adjuvant therapy. Three major themes emerged: (1) Patient versus physician control in decision making; (2) Absolute trust in one's physician versus qualified trust; (3) Major role of God in the decision making process versus...
Existing System Solutions Redeployment in Remote Developing Country: Lessons Learnt from a Multi-national IT Consulting Firm

As one kind of world economic shift, redeploying existing IT solutions from developed countries to developing ones now becomes common practice for many multinational IT consulting and service firms. The redeployment process may encounter many new challenges due to complexity of unfamiliar contexts with various uncertainties. Most project management literatures and best practices do not take this unique category of project into considerations, hence lead to gaps between theory and practice. This paper presents case studies on the practice of remote redeployment practices. Through analyzing collected data, we reported seven aspects that are essential for the success of these projects. The case study brings some novel results, some of them even contradict to that in textbooks.
Insights into lomaiviticin biosynthesis. Isolation and structure elucidation of (-)-homoseongomycin.

The dimeric diazofluorenes known as the lomaiviticins are produced by the marine bacterium Salinispora pacifica DPJ-0019. Investigation of the fermentation broth of DPJ-0019 has yielded the first m...
The Role of Information in Distributed Resource Allocation

The goal in networked control of multiagent systems is to derive desirable collective behavior through the design of local control algorithms. The information available to the individual agents, either attained through communication or sensing, invariably defines the space of admissible control laws. Hence, informational restrictions impose constraints on achievable performance guarantees. This paper provides one such constraint with regard to the efficiency of the resulting stable solutions for a class of networked submodular resource allocation problems with applications to covering problems. When the agents have full information regarding the system, the efficiency of the resulting stable solutions is guaranteed to be within 50% of optimal. However, when the agents have only localized information about the system, which is a common feature of many well-studied control designs, the efficiency of the resulting stable solutions can be $1/n$ of optimal, where $n$ is the number of agents. Consequently, in general, such control designs cannot guarantee that systems comprised of $n$ agents can perform any better than a system comprised of a single agent for identical system conditions. The last part of this paper focuses on a specific resource allocation problem, a static sensor coverage problem, and provides an algorithm that overcomes this limitation by allowing the agents to communicate minimally with neighboring agents.
Introducing “Ynene” Metathesis: Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization Leads to Highly Cis and Syndiotactic Cyclic Polymers of Norbornene

Tungsten alkylidynes [CF3–ONO]W≡CC(CH3)3(THF)2 (1) and [tBuOCO]W≡CC(CH3)3(THF)2 (3) react with ethylene. Complex 1 reacts reversibly with ethylene to give the metallacyclobutene (2). Complex 3 reacts with ethylene to form the tethered alkylidene (4) featuring a tetraanionic pincer ligand. Complexes 1 and 3 initiate the polymerization of norbornene at room temperature. The polymerization of norbornene by 1 is not stereoselective, whereas 3 generates a highly cis and syndiotactic cyclic polynorbornene. Comparison of the intrinsic viscosity, radius of gyration, and elution time of the synthesized cyclic polynorbornene with those of linear analogues provides conclusive evidence for a cyclic topology.
Characteristics and evolutions of neuraminidase genes in human avian H5N1 influenza strains

Objective To reveal the evolutionary characteristics of neuraminidase(NA)genes of human avian H5N1 influenza strains by means of analyzing sequences of NA genes.Methods The sequences of NA genes of human avian H5N1 influenza strains in Guangdong Province(GD-01-06)were determined and others were searched out from GenBank in Internet.Explored the evolutionary speed of variants by using DNAStar 5.0 software and analyzed the NA gene nucleotide sequences of human avian HSN1 influenza strains as well as local clinical information.Results One hundred and twelve amino acids substations were found in NA genes in 53 pathogenic strains isolated from 1997 to 2006,which accounted for 24.9% of all corresponding loci in these 53 strains(112/450).All these 53 strains were divided into two groups,1997 group and 2003-2006 group.The sequence homology between GD-01-06 strain and PC-6231-04 strain was 94.1%.As compared with strains in 1997 and in 2004-2005,there were two substitutions in Y081H and E363G strains.There were a deletion of I53 and a substitution of C049I in NAs in all strains during 2003-2006 compared with those in 1997,which changed the secondary structure of protein.Compared with synonymous mutations,Ka was higher than Ks for NA gene missense mutations in GD-01-06 strain, which suggested that these was selective immunological pressure on the evolutionary process of NA gene. Conclusions According to the evolutionary characteristics,the 53 strains isolated during 1997 to 2006 can be divided into two groups.The evolutionary process of NA gene is obviously influence by selective immuno- logical pressure.C049I substitution happened in strains during 2003-2006 can result in modification of sec- ondary structure of NA protein,which is worthy of future study.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXCESS SALT INGESTION EVIDENCE THAT GENETIC FACTORS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION

Using the genetic technique of selective inbreeding, it has been possible to quickly develop two statistically separable populations from one unselected strain of Sprague-Dawley rats. One of these is very sensitive, the other very resistant, to the development of experimental hypertension from a high salt diet. It was suggested that similar genetic factors operate in man.
Distributed coverage of nonconvex environments

1 Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA, and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, aganguli@uiuc.edu 2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, jcortes@ucsc.edu 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, bullo@engineering.ucsb.edu
Innmune-Related Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Twins

Abstract Abstract 1588 Acquired or inherited immune deficiency is an established risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but does not account for the majority of cases. Recent epidemiologic evidence from the InterLymph Consortium suggests that subclinical, subtle alterations in immune response may also affect risk. Specifically, atopic conditions have been associated with a protective effect and infections at an early age with risk. Unaffected twins of patients are ideal controls because they are partially (fraternal) or completely (identical) matched on genetic factors. We evaluated these factors in twin pairs in whom one member was diagnosed with NHL. At least one member of 197 twin pairs returned detailed questionnaires; in 75 pairs, both the case and unaffected co-twin returned the questionnaire and in 122 pairs only one twin (usually the unaffected co-twin) returned the questionnaire. NHL diagnosis in the case-twin was confirmed by medical record and pathology review. Multivariable conditional logistic regression adjusted for education was used to estimate the effect of the exposures on risk with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Eczema in childhood was associated with a 60% decreased risk of NHL (OR= 0.4, 95% CI= 0.2, 0.9). Allergic asthma (OR= 0.2, 95% CI= 0.1, 0.6), hay fever (OR= 0.4, 95% CI= 0.2, 0.8) and allergies to plants (OR= 0.3, 95% CI= 0.1, 0.9) were protective. Compared to no atopic conditions, the twin with ≥ 3 atopic conditions had a 90% decreased risk of NHL (95% CI= 0.0, 0.5). Tonsillectomy and appendectomy were each associated with a significant, ∼ 2-fold increased risk. The twin with more early childhood exposures (more contact with pets, young children, sucking thumb or pacifier) likely to transmit infection was also at an increased risk of NHL. The study confirms the inverse association between allergy and NHL risk in genetically matched cases and controls and provides further evidence that childhood exposures are important mediators of risk. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The economics and politics GM food labeling : An introduction to the special issue

This introduction to the special issue focuses on the economics of labeling genetically modified (GM) foods and implications of GM-labeling policies and the specific contributions of papers included.
“We Saw Our Son Blossom” A Guide for Fostering Culturally Responsive Partnerships to Support African American Autistic Children and Their Families

Findings related to racial and ethnic disparities in autism research indicate that there are broad socioeconomic, cultural, and language barriers that limit African American families' navigation of...
Motivational decline and recovery in higher education STEM courses

Decline in student motivation is a concern for STEM education, especially for underrepresented groups in the sciences. Using the Science Motivation Questionnaire II, 41 foundational STEM courses we...