cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
20 – Sphericalized SVD updating for subspace tracking

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a low complexity square root algorithm that tracks the dominant or subdominant singular subspace associated with time-varying data matrices. The algorithm complexity is O(nr) where n is the data dimension and r the tracked subspace dimension. The algorithm sphericalizes most of the signal and noise eigencomponents to reduce computation via deflation while retaining enough eigen information to track the rank of the input process. The algorithm is shown to converge in the mean with probability one, to the desired subspace and singular levels using the stochastic algorithm ordinary differential equation(ODE) approach. This chapter develops a strongly consistent MDL-based detection scheme for rank determination. It also shows how to significantly reduce computations when forward-backward averaging is employed.
Perceptions of terror stricken tourism destinations

In the wake of global safety and security concerns, it is important to understand and document perceptions held by tourists so as to inform destination recovery efforts post terror attack. This exp...
A bioactivatable self-quenched nanogel for targeted photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy has attracted significant attention due to its localized treatment advantage. However, the non-specific distribution of photosensitizers and the subsequent potential toxicity caused by sunshine exposure hinder its wide adoption in cancer treatment. To minimize these unwanted effects and improve its efficacy, we developed a bioactivatable self-quenched nanogel, which remains in its inactive state in healthy tissues. Anti-EGFR Affibody decorated nanogels can effectively target head and neck cancer and release activated pheophorbide A in a reducing environment, such as in the tumor stroma and cytoplasm. Consequently, the EGFR targeted nanogel coupled with NIR irradiation alleviates tumor burden by 94.5% while not inducing systemic toxicity.
The Save More Tomorrow Program and the Household Balance Sheet: A Theoretical Investigation

The Save More Tomorrow (SMarT) program of Thaler and Benartzi (2004) has been pointed to as an example of how insights from behavioral finance can be utilized to help households become better prepared for retirement. In this paper we model a representative household that discounts the future hyperbolically and participates in the SMarT program. We provide a "proof of concept" that increased savings contributions from participation in the SMarT program can be offset by other changes to the household balance sheet (i.e., by reductions in other savings assets and/or by increases in debt liabilities), except in the case where the household faces a borrowing constraint that binds. We conclude that it is necessary to assess how the entire household balance sheet is impacted by SMarT program participation in order to properly evaluate the effectiveness of the program at helping households to become better prepared for retirement, given the empirical fact that most households have unused borrowing capacity in an advanced economy like the United States.
Weighted (b,c)-inverses in categories and semigroups

In [Linear Algebra Appl. 436 (2012), 1909–1923], the author introduced, for any semigroup S and any a,b,c∈S, the (b, c)-invertibility of a as meaning the existence of some (b, c)-inverse y∈S such t...
Does Scientific Publication Inform Public Discourse? A Case Study Observing Social Media Engagement Around Vaccinations.

In the early 2000s, there was a shift in the use of the internet. Individuals on the internet began seeking information from other creators and creating their own content. These online communities ...
Chapter 5 – Decision Functions

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with making decisions or having cell display a value that is conditional upon what is in one or more other cells. It begins with the logical comparison operators and Boolean functions. The logical comparison operators are used to make tests. This chapter examines the IF function and shows how to use SUMIF, SUMIFS, and SUMPRODUCT. The table lookup functions LOOKUP, VLOOKUP, and HLOOKUP are also examined. It concludes with some notes on conditional formatting.
Unpacking Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Emotional Distress Among Adolescents During Witnessed Police Stops

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to investigate racial/ethnic disparities in emotional distress during witnessed police stops among a national sample of urban-born youth. Methods A national sample of urban-born youth in the U.S. from the most recent wave (2014–2017) of the Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing Study was used in the present study, with a particular focus on youth who report having witnessed police stops, despite not being directly stopped by the police (N = 1,488). Results Significant racial/ethnic disparities in feeling angry and unsafe during witnessed police stops emerged, with multiracial, black, and Hispanic youth exhibiting the highest rates of these forms of emotional distress. In the case of Black and multiracial youth, officer intrusiveness and perceptions of procedural injustice collectively explain a large portion of disparities in emotional distress during witnessed stops. Conclusions Youth of color are more likely to report emotional distress during witnessed police stops, largely due to the officer intrusiveness and perceived injustices that characterize these stops. Moving forward, scholars should consider whether racial/ethnic disparities in witnessing police violence and injustice may be a significant driver of mental health inequities among urban-born youth.
Ultrasound measurements of abdominal muscle thickness are associated with postmenstrual age at full oral feedings in preterm infants: A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND A premature infant's discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is dependent on factors such as respiratory stability, adequate growth, and the ability to consume oral feeds. Once infants have achieved respiratory stability, a tool that can better predict age at discharge is desirable. Thus, we conducted a secondary data analysis to assess the association between ultrasound measurements of abdominal muscle thickness and postmenstrual age (PMA) at full oral feedings. METHODS Forty-nine (n = 49) healthy, premature infants (mean gestational age = 32 weeks) were recruited from the NICU. Anthropometric measurements and ultrasound measurements of the rectus abdominis were conducted when infants were medically stable. Fat-free mass (FFM) was obtained using air displacement plethysmography. The relationship between ultrasound measurements of muscle thickness and PMA at full oral feedings was assessed using linear regression analysis. The relationship between FFM z-scores and PMA at full oral feedings was also assessed for comparison. RESULTS When adjusting for gestational age at birth, PMA at measurement, days of positive pressure respiratory support, weight, and length, ultrasound measurements of abdominal muscle thickness were independently, negatively associated with PMA at full oral feedings (β estimate: -0.71, P = .03). CONCLUSION Preliminary results suggest infants with greater abdominal muscle thickness may reach full oral feedings at an earlier PMA (nearly 1 week per millimeter). Thus, ultrasound measurements of abdominal muscle thickness may be helpful in assessing readiness for discharge in healthy preterm infants. Further research is needed for development and validation of a prediction equation.
Keep Law Alive

An account of the author’s recent book, Keep Law Alive, including: an assessment of the dangers which threaten law and the democracy it depends upon; an analysis of the ethically and intellectually praiseworthy methods and traditions law once enjoyed, using as examples the Model Penal Code, a pair of judicial opinions by Justice Holmes, and an essay on affirmative action; the elaboration of a way of thinking about law not as rules or policy or theory but as an inherently unstable but crucially important structure of thought and expression; and finally some attention to the question, how we might resist the corruption of law and, failing that, and using Augustine as an example, how we might live with its loss.
Bidirectional Behavioral Selection in Mice: A Novel Pre-clinical Approach to Examining Compulsivity

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders (OCRD) is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders with no definitive etiology. The pathophysiological attributes of OCD are driven by a multitude of factors that involve polygenic mechanisms, gender, neurochemistry, physiological status, environmental exposures and complex interactions among these factors. Such complex intertwining of contributing factors imparts clinical heterogeneity to the disorder making it challenging for therapeutic intervention. Mouse strains selected for excessive levels of nest- building behavior exhibit a spontaneous, stable and predictable compulsive-like behavioral phenotype. These compulsive-like mice exhibit heterogeneity in expression of compulsive-like and other adjunct behaviors that might serve as a valuable animal equivalent for examining the interactions of genetics, sex and environmental factors in influencing the pathophysiology of OCD. The current review summarizes the existing findings on the compulsive-like mice that bolster their face, construct and predictive validity for studying various dimensions of compulsive and associated behaviors often reported in clinical OCD and OCRD.
Implementing PubMed's linkout to full-text E-journals: Challenges and solutions

Providing library patrons with seamless linking from database citations to full-text electronic journals (e-journals) is a goal of librarians, database vendors, and patrons. A number of products have been developed with this goal in mind. One important resource that provides such links to full-text publications from PubMed is LinkOut, freely available from the National Library of Medicine. Libraries face three practical issues when trying to implement PubMed's LinkOut: managing e-journals in general, determining which vendors, aggregators, and/or e-journals can work with LinkOut, and guiding patrons to access all of the full text that the library offers. This paper discusses each of these challenges from one library's perspective.
Towards Penetration-based Clawed Climbing

Despite significant research focused on running robots, very little progress has been made towards legged robots that are capable of climbing in natural environments. Unlike their running counterparts, climbing robots must generate hand or foot holds capable of pulling them toward the substrate. The majority of efforts to develop climbing robots have been for urban settings with smooth glass or metal surfaces where suction and magnetic approaches to generating adhesion are possible. Some examples of robots that have used a suction based approach include [8, 10, 15]; some magnetic based climbers include [2, 13]. A few robots have also addressed climbing on rough rock surfaces, employing strong grips capable of sustaining tensile and shear loads [3, 4]. This paper describes efforts towards the development of a penetrationbased clawed climbing robot capable of climbing on rough or smooth inclines.
The Foundations and Architecture of Autotutor

The Tutoring Research Group at the University of Memphis is developing an intelligent tutoring system which takes advantages of recent technological advances in the areas of semantic processing of natural language, world knowledge representation, multimedia interfaces, and fuzzy descriptions. The tutoring interaction is based on in-depth studies of human tutors, both skilled and unskilled. Latent semantic analysis will be used to semantically process and provide a representation for the student's contributions. Fuzzy production rules select appropriate topics and tutor dialogue moves from a rich curriculum script. The production rules will implement a variety of different tutoring styles, from a basic untrained tutor to one which uses sophisticated pedagogical strategies. The tutor will be evaluated on the naturalness of its interaction, with Turing-style tests, by comparing different tutoring styles, and by judging learning outcomes.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF IRRADIANCE AND CO2 ON CO2 FIXATION AND N2 FIXATION IN THE DIAZOTROPH TRICHODESMIUM ERYTHRAEUM (CYANOBACTERIA)(1).

The diazotrophic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. contribute approximately half of the known marine dinitrogen (N2 ) fixation. Rapidly changing environmental factors such as the rising atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) and shallower mixed layers (higher light intensities) are likely to affect N2 -fixation rates in the future ocean. Several studies have documented that N2 fixation in laboratory cultures of T. erythraeum increased when pCO2 was doubled from present-day atmospheric concentrations (∼380 ppm) to projected future levels (∼750 ppm). We examined the interactive effects of light and pCO2 on two strains of T. erythraeum Ehrenb. (GBRTRLI101 and IMS101) in laboratory semicontinuous cultures. Elevated pCO2 stimulated gross N2 -fixation rates in cultures growing at 38 μmol quanta · m(-2 ) · s(-1) (GBRTRLI101 and IMS101) and 100 μmol quanta · m(-2 ) · s(-1) (IMS101), but this effect was reduced in both strains growing at 220 μmol quanta · m(-2 ) · s(-1) . Conversely, CO2 -fixation rates increased significantly (P < 0.05) in response to high pCO2 under mid- and high irradiances only. These data imply that the stimulatory effect of elevated pCO2 on CO2 fixation and N2 fixation by T. erythraeum is correlated with light. The ratio of gross:net N2 fixation was also correlated with light and trichome length in IMS101. Our study suggests that elevated pCO2 may have a strong positive effect on Trichodesmium gross N2 fixation in intermediate and bottom layers of the euphotic zone, but perhaps not in light-saturated surface layers. Climate change models must consider the interactive effects of multiple environmental variables on phytoplankton and the biogeochemical cycles they mediate.
Cobamides and ribonucleotide reduction. XII. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of "active coenzyme B12".

Abstract Reaction mixtures containing coenzyme B12 (5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin), an equivalent concentration of ribonucleotide reductase from Lactobacillus leichmannii, dGTP, and dihydrolipoate were incubated for 6 to 1000 ms at 37° in a rapid reaction apparatus and then freeze-quenched. When the frozen samples were examined by EPR spectroscopy, an EPR signal previously undescribed for coenzyme B12 systems was observed, but the signal was not observed with samples frozen more slowly. The kinetics of the appearance of this signal closely parallel those of the spectrophotometric changes observed previously in this system by stopped flow techniques. When GTP is substituted for dGTP, the paramagnetic species first accumulates and then disappears with kinetics again following those seen by stopped flow spectroscopy. The maximum spin concentration attained in the presence of dGTP or GTP is somewhat higher than that of the intermediate concentration calculated from the spectrophotometric changes, corresponding to about 60% of the original enzyme or coenzyme concentration, whichever is limiting. Changes in the reaction components affect the concentration of the species observed by EPR and by spectrophotometry in the same way. It is concluded that the EPR spectrum and the changes in absorption spectrum are due to the formation of the same cobamide intermediate of ribonucleotide reduction. The EPR spectrum has not yet been analyzed in sufficient detail to permit proposal of the structure for the intermediate, but it is considered possible that it may be a B12r-deoxyadenosyl radical-enzyme complex.
The Gravitational Instability Picture and the Epoch of Galaxy Formation

Our understanding of cosmology is informed and tested by the confrontation of theories and observations of structure — galaxies and the large-scale galaxy distribution. There is evidence the luminous central parts of the giant galaxies were present at redshift z = 3. In the cold dark matter model for structure formation the galaxies would have to have been assembled not much earlier than this, in pronounced collapses that may be observable. The gravitational instability picture would allow earlier galaxy assembly; it would require a departure from the commonly asssumed scale-invariant adiabatic gaussian primeval density fluctuations.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Nucleic Acid of Influenza Virus

Abstract The principal ribonucleic acid (RNA) component isolated from purified equine influenza virus has an approximate sedimentation coefficient (S20,W) of 21S in sucrose gradient containing 0.1 m NaCl. Three other components of 18S, 14S, and 8S were also detected. All the RNA components have characteristics of single-stranded RNA. The average base composition of the principal RNA components is cytosine, 22.2; adenine, 22.9; guanine, 22.3; and uridine, 32.6. There was no qualitative difference in the RNA isolated from noninfectious virus particles compared to that from infectious virions.
Attenuation Tomography Beneath the Rocky Mountain Front: Implications for the Physical State of the Upper Mantle

Utilizing the Rocky Mountain Front (RMF) broadband seismic dataset acquired in 1992, this study has derived the seismic attenuation structure underlying part of the Southern Rocky Mountains and surrounding areas through measurements of differential t* of S-phase waveforms. Previous studies of the area include P, S and surface wave travel time tomography, and all indicate low upper mantle velocities below the Rocky Mountain region. Calculations of intrinsic attenuation coupled with current velocity models aid in the determination of temperature, partial melt distributions, and compositional variation. A N-S zone of high shear wave attenuation (Q s 30) is found in the mantle beneath the Rocky Mountains and lies east of the region of lowest shear wave velocity. Relationships between shear wave attenuation and shear wave velocity are consistent with both thermal and compositional variability. Along the eastern Colorado Rockies and due north of the Rio Grande Rift, the relationships are consistent with an interpretation of elevated temperatures by up to 50 K at 125 km depth. West of this region low velocities and low attenuation suggest either unusual composition or very high temperatures. The low density mantle material beneath the Colorado Rocky Mountains in addition to increased crustal thickness and low density crustal intrusions provides a density contrast sufficient to support its overburden.
The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology

Part I. Classic Discussions: 1. On the definition and method of political economy John Stuart Mill 2. Objectivity and understanding in economics Max Weber 3. The nature and significance of economic science Lionel Robbins 4. Economics and human action Frank Knight 5. Philosophical foundations of economics: three texts Karl Marx 6. The limitations of marginal utility Thorstein Veblen Part II. Positivist and Popperian Views: 7. The methodology of positive economics Milton Friedman 8. Testability and approximation Herbert Simon 9. Why look under the hood? Daniel M. Hausman 10. Popper and Lakatos in economic methodology D. Wade Hands Part III. Ideology and Normative Economics: 11. Science and ideology Joseph Schumpeter 12. Welfare propositions of economics and interpersonal comparisons of utility Nicholas Kaldor 13. The philosophical foundations of mainstream normative economics Daniel M. Hausman and Michael S. McPherson 14. Why is cost-benefit analysis so controversial? Robert Frank 15. Capability and well-being Amartya Sen Part IV. Branches and Schools of Economics and their Methodological Problems: 16. Econometrics as observation: the Lucas critique and the nature of econometric inference Kevin Hoover 17. Does macroeconomics need microfoundations? Kevin Hoover 18. Economics in the laboratory Vernon Smith 19. Neuroeconomics: using neuroscience to make economic predictions Colin F. Camerer 20. The market as a creative process James M. Buchanan and Viktor J. Vanberg 21. What is the essence of institutional economics? Geoffrey Hodgson Part V. New Directions in Economic Methodology: 22. The rhetoric of this economics Deirdre McCloskey 23. Realism Uskali Maki 24. What has realism got to do with it? Tony Lawson 25. Feminism and economics Julie Nelson 26. Credible worlds: the status of theoretical models in economics Robert Sugden.
Minimal replication origin of the 200-kilobase Halobacterium plasmid pNRC100.

Abstract We have identified the replication origin of pNRC100, a 200-kb plasmid of Halobacterium halobium, by assaying for replication ability of miniplasmids containing cloned fragments of pNRC100 and the mevinolin resistance selectable marker of Haloferax volcanii. First, we showed the replication ability of plasmid pNGHCMEV1, which contains the 19-kb HindIII-C fragment of pNRC100, by recovery of plasmid DNA from mevinolin-resistant transformants of H. halobium. The minimal replication origin of approximately 3.9 kb was defined by subcloning successively smaller regions of pNGHCMEV1 and assaying for plasmid replication in either H. halobium or H. volcanii. The same replication origin was also recovered after transformation of H. volcanii with a library of partial Sau3AI fragments of pNRC100. The nucleotide sequence of the minimal replication origin was determined and found to contain a long open reading frame, named repH, transcribed away from a highly A+T-rich region. The transcription start site was identified by primer extension analysis to be 17 to 18 nucleotides 5' to a putative repH start codon. The predicted product of the repH gene, an acidic protein with a molecular weight of 113,442, showed 24 to 27% identity with predicted gene products of H. volcanii plasmid pHV2 and H. halobium plasmid p phi HL, suggesting that each is involved in plasmid replication. One pNRC100 minireplicon, pNG11 delta 12, was analyzed by linker scanning mutagenesis, which showed the requirement of repH for replication. Restoration of the repH reading frame of one replication-defective pNG11 delta 12 derivative by introduction of a second small insertion resulted in reversion to replication proficiency. The replication ability of pNG11delta12 was lost when the entire A+T-rich region, about 550 bp long, was deleted but not when small insertions or deletions were introduced into this region. The presence of only 52 bp of the A+T-rich segment was sufficient to permit replication. The pNG11delta12 minireplicon was lost at high frequency from cells grown without mevinolin selection, suggesting that the plasmid partitioning locus of pNRC100 is absent in the minimal replication origin region. We discuss the possible roles of the repH gene and the A+T-rich region in replication of pNRC100.
Serotonergic raphe neurons express TASK channel transcripts and a TASK-like pH- and halothane-sensitive K+ conductance.

The recently described two-pore-domain K+ channels, TASK-1 and TASK-3, generate currents with a unique set of properties; specifically, the channels produce instantaneous open-rectifier (i.e., "leak") K+ currents that are modulated by extracellular pH and by clinically useful anesthetics. In this study, we used histochemical and in vitro electrophysiological approaches to determine that TASK channels are expressed in serotonergic raphe neurons and to show that they confer a pH and anesthetic sensitivity to these neurons. By combining in situ hybridization for TASK-1 or TASK-3 with immunohistochemical localization of tryptophan hydroxylase, we found that a majority of serotonergic neurons in both dorsal and caudal raphe cell groups contain TASK channel transcripts (approximately 70-90%). Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from raphe cells that responded to 5-HT in a manner characteristic of serotonergic neurons (i.e., with activation of an inwardly rectifying K+ current). In those cells, we isolated an endogenous K+ conductance that had properties expected of TASK channel currents; raphe neurons expressed a joint pH- and halothane-sensitive open-rectifier K+ current. The pH sensitivity of this current (pK approximately 7.0) was intermediate between that of TASK-1 and TASK-3, consistent with functional expression of both channel types. Together, these data indicate that TASK-1 and TASK-3 are expressed and functional in serotonergic raphe neurons. The pH-dependent inhibition of TASK channels in raphe neurons may contribute to ventilatory and arousal reflexes associated with extracellular acidosis; on the other hand, activation of raphe neuronal TASK channels by volatile anesthetics could play a role in their immobilizing and sedative-hypnotic effects.
Comments on "A Readily Implemented Single-Error-Correcting Unit-Distance Counting Code"

Kautz, in the above paper1has presented a method of correcting single errors in SIB 3 codes that does not displace the count by more than two counts in the counting sequence, assuming the two most significant bits are correct. This paper presents a correction method that does not require the two most significant bits to be correct and does not displace the count by more than one in the counting sequence. Some incorrect conversion formulas in the Kautz article are corrected.
Continuous dependence for certain degenerate parabolic equations

Abstract Consider time-periodic solutions of u − ▽ · γ(¦▽u¦) ▽u = | , where γ may have an initial interval of degeneracy: γ(r) = 0 for 0 ⩽ r ⩽ r0. It is shown that, although u need not even be unique, one has continuous dependence on the data and also on the nonlinearity γ(·) for η(·): = γ(¦▽u¦) ▽u . This generalizes the results of T. I. Seidman (J. Differential Equations19 (1975), 242–257) for the nondegenerate case.
Using silicon injection phenomenon during fire-through contact formation to improve process control and performance of screen-printed multicrystalline-silicon solar cells

High-performing screen printed, fire-through Si solar cells require a uniform, about 10-µm-thick, back surface field (BSF), with a peak Al concentration of about 1018 cm−3. This entails forming an ∼30-µm-thick Si-Al melt, which initiates sporadically and tends to agglomerate and ball up, thus producing a non-uniform BSF. We have developed a method to stabilize the Si-Al melt by deploying Si injection (at about 550°C for 2–5 s) during ramp-up, which initiates a thin, uniform melt along the entire Si-Al interface. This promotes adhesion between the Si surface and the growing Al-Si melt. We have previously shown that this process produces an excellent back contact, but the quality of the front contact and overall cell efficiency were not evaluated. The primary concern was whether molten glass frit would rapidly react with SiN:H and etch away a significant thickness of N+ silicon. Here, we report that high-efficiency cells with a uniform BSF, an open-circuit voltage >620 mV, and short-circuit current density >32 mA/cm2 can be produced by a T-t firing profile that includes Si injection.
Geldanamycin selectively targets the nascent form of ERBB3 for degradation

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) targets a broad spectrum of client proteins with divergent modes of interaction and consequences. The homologous epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERBB2 receptors as well as kinase-deficient mutants thereof differ in their requirement for HSP90 in the nascent versus mature state of the receptor. Specific features of the kinase domain have been implicated for the selective association of HSP90 with mature ERBB2. We evaluated the role of HSP90 for the homologous ERBB3 receptor. ERBB3 is naturally kinase deficient, a central mediator in cell survival and stress response and the primary dimerization partner for ERBB2 in signaling. Cellular studies indicate that, similar to EGFR, the geldanamycin (GA) sensitivity of ERBB3 and HSP90 binding resides in the nascent state and is dependent on the presence of the kinase domain of ERBB3. Furthermore, despite its intrinsic lack of kinase activity and in contrast to the reported GA sensitivity of mature and kinase-deficient EGFR, the GA sensitivity of the nascent state of ERBB3 appears to be exclusive. Geldanamycin disrupts the interaction of ERBB3 and HSP90 and inhibits ERBB3 maturation at an early stage of synthesis, prior to export from the ER. Studies with a photo-convertible fusion protein of ERBB3 suggest geldanamycin sensitivity at a later stage in maturation, possibly through the putative role of HSP90 in structural proofreading.
The incidence of salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: A SEER database review and review of the literature

Our review included 988 cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1973-2011 and includes the parotid, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, oral cavity and pharynx. The most common location for CXPA was the parotid gland with a decrease in the reported overall incidence rate noted since 1973. A racial predilection was noted (Black greater than White) and a higher incidence was noted in males. Grade III CXPA had the worst 5- and 10-year disease specific survival. The overall average incidence rate of CXPA for 1973-2011 was 0.68 persons per million. The overall 5- and 10-year survival for CXPA was 63.2% and 44.6%, respectively.
The Stability of Endogenous Tyrosine Hydroxylase Protein in PC‐12 Cells Differs from That Expressed in Mouse Fibroblasts by Gene Transfer

Previous studies have used recombinant retroviruses encoding the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene to transduce various cell lines, including fibroblasts (NIH-3T3), a pituitary tumor cell line (AtT20), and a pancreatic endocrine line (RIN). These genetically modified cells, synthesizing either 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, or both, are potential donors for treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the levels of TH protein in such transduced cells have been low and heterogeneous. Using several modified versions of retrovirus vectors encoding TH, we demonstrated that protein stability is an important factor governing levels of TH in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. Whereas low levels of TH protein were observed in infected NIH-3T3 cells, high levels of a TH-beta gal fusion protein were found. This difference was due to a significantly longer half-life of the TH-beta gal fusion protein relative to TH alone. However, the TH-beta gal fusion protein was found to be enzymatically inactive. We also found that the half-life of the endogenous TH protein in PC-12 cells is sevenfold longer than the TH protein in transduced fibroblasts, implying that a cell-type specific regulator or mechanism may stabilize TH in catecholaminergic cells.
Improving photomask linewidth measurement accuracy via emulated stepper aerial image measurement

The most significant contribution to uncertainty in the measurement of photomask linewidths is the rough shape of the edge of the etched chrome lines. This uncertainty can be greatly reduced if the emulated stepper aerial image of the feature is measured instead of its geometric linewidth. That is: measure what the photomask does, not what it is. Phase-shift and other kinds of mask can be measured in the same way.
Invalidity of True Experiments Self-Report Pretest Biases

The validity of true experiments is threatened by a class of self-report biases that affect all respondents at pretest but which are diminished by treatment, yielding noncomparable treated and control subjects at posttest. These biases include inaccurate self-evaluations due to (a) lack of understanding of dimensions of self-rating, (b) unconscious needs to rationalize sources of severe emotional distress, (c) distressed or altered states (e.g., drug states) that lower the ability to report accurately, and (d) deliberate impression management in service of accessing desired treatment. They are detectable via external criteria, special conditions of measurement, and retrospective pretests, and may be lessened in several ways. Unchecked, they produce treatment by self-report bias interactions that undermine the validity of even true experiments.
PLASMA DIPOLE RESONANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD

The theory and technique for determining the plasma dipole resonance frequency in a transverse electric field is applied to the case of a plasma in an axial d-c magnetic field. The frequency variation is in good agreement with theory over the range of magnetic field in which the resonances can be observed. (C.E.S.)
Evidence for a regulatory element controlling amino aced transport system L in Chinese hamster ovary cells

We have used the technique of somatic cell hybridization to study the regulation of the neutral amino acid transport system L in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The cell line CHO-ts025C1 has a temperature-sensitive mutation in leucyl-tRNA synthetase. At the nonpermissive temperature of 39 degrees C, CHO-ts025C1 cells are unable to charge leucyl-tRNA and behave as though starved for leucine by increasing their system L transport activity two- to fourfold. From the temperature-sensitive cell line, we have isolated a regulatory mutant cell line, CHO-C11B6, that has constitutively elevated system L transport activity. The CHO-C11B6 cell line retains the temperature-sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutation, but growth of this cell line is temperature resistant because its increased system L transport activity leads to increased intracellular leucine levels, which compensate for the defective synthetase. Hybrid cells formed by fusion of the temperature-sensitive CHO-ts025C1 cells and the temperature-resistant CHO-C11B6 cells show temperature-sensitive growth and temperature-dependent regulation of leucine transport activity. These data suggest that the system L activity of CHO cells is regulated by a dominant-acting element that is defective or absent in the regulatory mutant CHO-C11B6 cell line.
Neuropsychological and behavioral effects of postnatal dexamethasone in extremely low birth weight preterm children at early school age

Neuropsychological and behavioral effects of postnatal dexamethasone in extremely low birth weight preterm children at early school age
An empirically derived agenda of critical research issues for managing supply-chain disruptions

While the literature related to supply-chain disruptions is informative, it has primarily focused on supply-chain disruptions from a general or high-level view of the phenomenon (e.g. supply-chain uncertainty, risk perceptions). Additionally, although most would agree that disruptions are present in all supply chains, there is a limited amount of information on how to deal with them from a practical perspective in both the short term and long term. Because of the importance of and research needs within this area, we launched a major multi-industry, multi-methodology empirical study on supply-chain disruptions. The study is multi-faceted in that it seeks insights into many issues within the broad area of global sourcing and supply-chain disruptions. Throughout our various interactions with industry, we found that several common themes and issues surfaced as being critical to successful disruption analysis and mitigation as well as resilient supply-chain design. Within this paper, we report on these key iss...
Occurrence of a thermostable antigen of ovarian carcinoma in normal tissues and secretions

Thermostable antigen (TA) occurs in ovarian carcinoma and in certain specialized tissues. High titers of TA were found in nineteen of twenty endocervical extracts but not in myometrium, endometrium, or exocervix. TA was present in all of sixteen cervical mucus samples. Antibodies to perchloric acid extract of bronchus showed cross-reaticity with TA from ovarian carcinoma and cervix. Immunofluorescence with frozen sections revealed TA to be present in the columnar epithelium of ovarian neoplasms, and endocervical glands, in bronchial seromucous glands and in hepatic bile canaliculi. Immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion were used to test for cancer patient antibodies against TA. All sera tested negative. An immunofluorescence inhibition test for circulating TA also tested negative in sera of ovarian and cervical cancer patients.
Approaching and Avoiding Linda: Motor Signals Influence the Conjunction Fallacy

Abstract In two experiments, using two different conjunction problems, participants who engaged in avoidance motor actions were significantly more likely to commit conjunction errors than participants who engaged either in approach or no motor actions. Because previous studies (e.g., Friedman & Forster, 2000) have demonstrated that avoidance motor signals enhance analytic processing, whereas approach motor signals enhance heuristic processing, these findings suggest that enhanced heuristic processing does not necessarily lead to an increase in conjunction error. Instead, detail-oriented processing can lead participants to pay too much attention to irrelevant details in a given narrative, which can undermine consistency with normative principles of judgment.
On the long-term variability of Jupiter’s winds and brightness as observed from Hubble

Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 imaging data of Jupiter were combined with wind profiles from Voyager and Cassini data to study long-term variability in Jupiter's winds and cloud brightness. Searches for evidence of wind velocity periodicity yielded a few latitudes with potential variability; the most significant periods were found nearly symmetrically about the equator at 0 deg., 10-12 deg. N, and 14-18 deg. S planetographic latitude. The low to mid-latitude signals have components consistent with the measured stratospheric temperature Quasi-Quadrennial Oscillation (QQO) period of-5 years, while the equatorial signal is approximately seasonal and could be tied to mesoscale wave formation, robustness tests indicate that a constant or continuously varying periodic signal near 4.5 years would appear with high significance in the data periodograms as long as uncertainties or noise in the data are not of greater magnitude. However, the lack of a consistent signal over many latitudes makes it difficult to interpret as a QQO-related change. In addition, further analyses of calibrated 410-nm and 953-nm brightness scans found few corresponding changes in troposphere haze and cloud structure on QQO timescales. However, stratospheric haze reflectance at 255-nm did appear to vary on seasonal timescales, though the data do not have enough temporal coverage or photometric accuracy to be conclusive. Sufficient temporal coverage and spacing, as well as data quality, are critical to this type of search.
Forecasting Cost Path of Electric Vehicle Drive System: Monte Carlo Experience Curve Simulation

The future costs of electric-drive vehicles, like those of any new technology, are uncertain. One method for forecasting cost reductions uses the concept of the experience curve. Experience curves take into account scale economies, technological improvements in production processes, improvements in product design, and improved efficiency of workers and production management. The future manufacturing cost of an innovative new technology—the synchronous, brushless permanent magnet electric vehicle drivetrain—is analyzed using experience curves and a Monte Carlo simulation technique. Based on experience curve theory and the assumptions used in the analysis, a drop in manufacturing cost is predicted—from today's $12, 000 (with low-volume, hand-built production) to a cost of about $1, 200 to $1, 700 when full-scale economies and manufacturing experience have been realized. This cost range implies eventual high-volume prices of $1, 500 to $2, 100 once corporate profit and warranty costs are included. In an ongo...
Will China become a Major Force in World Food Markets

From the perspective of China's trading partners, few policy issues are as important as China's emergence onto world agricultural markets. In this essay, we argue that if China is to become a modern developed country, a massive structural transformation of China's agricultural sector must occur. We offer a forward-looking vision of China's food economy and its links with the world in the 21st century. We believe that gains from specialization when China moves to a country with specialized family farms will be huge compared to the returns that have resulted from decollectivization. Following a structural revolution in China's agricultural sector, China will become a major force in world food markets. This transformation will be characterized by land reform, a massive shift of labor out of agriculture, expanded farm size, a significant change in regional cropping patterns, more interprovincial trade, and greater international trade. This structural transformation will occur as long as there is strong economic and political pressure to raise agricultural labor productivity, liberalize markets, boost the rule of law, and increase per capita farm incomes relative to urban incomes
Toxicity of eugenol; determination of LD50 on rats.

SummaryThe LD50 for pure eugenol, administered to rats by stomach tube, and without subsequent reaspiration, was estimated to be 1.8 ml (1.93 g/kg). Any use of this datum as a guide to safe dosage ...
Monitoring oxygen partial pressure in tissue using microdialysis sampling and membrane coated oxygen sensors.

The use of microdialysis sampling coupled to oxygen sensors for monitoring oxygen tension in the tissue of animals was examined. The response time of the microdialysis sampling system was not different than oxygen sensors implanted directly in the tissue. The microdialysis system could be calibrated in vivo using the no-net-flux calibration method while directly implanted oxygen sensors had to rely on in vitro calibration. No difference was found in the oxygen tensions determined in vivo between microdialysis sampling and direct sensor implantation.
Rotating cylinder drag balance with application to riblets

Experimental results are reported and discussed for a rotating cylinder drag balance designed to predict drag reduction by surfaces like riblets. The apparatus functions by measuring the torque applied to the inner cylinder by a fluid, such as water, that is set in motion by the controlled rotation of the outer cylinder. The instrument was validated by calibration for laminar flow and comparison of turbulent flow results to the those of G. I. Taylor. The ability to predict drag reduction was demonstrated by testing 114 m symmetric sawtooth riblets, which gave a maximum reduction of about 5% and an overall drag reduction range of 5<S+<20, both of which are in excellent comparison to results reported in literature. The most suitable conditions for testing riblets are to apply the riblets only to the inner cylinder surface and to use cylinders for which the curvature of the flow is minimized.
Breakup Densities of Hot Nuclei

Breakup densities of hot $^{197}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{u}$-like residues have been deduced from the systematic trends of Coulomb parameters required to fit intermediate-mass-fragment kinetic-energy spectra. The results indicate emission from nuclei near normal nuclear density below an excitation energy ${E}^{*}/A\ensuremath{\lesssim}2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$, followed by a gradual decrease to a near-constant value of $\ensuremath{\rho}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}0.3$ for ${E}^{*}/A\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$. Temperatures derived from these data with a density-dependent Fermi-gas model yield a nuclear caloric curve that is generally consistent with those derived from isotope ratios.
Role of oral sensory signals in determining meal size in lean women

Abstract Objectives: Cognitive restraint exerts a limiting effect on food intake in lean individuals. Satiation is the process that determines meal size. Oral, gastric, intestinal, and postabsorptive signals might influence this process. I evaluated the roles of oral and gastric signals in determining meal size in lean women. Methods: Nine women ate cereal when they felt hungry under baseline and three treatment conditions: 1) eating until the pleasantness of the flavor of the cereal subsided, 2) eating until the stomach felt full, and 3) eating while watching television. The study was done in a normal living environment. The amounts of cereal consumed under the four conditions were measured. Results: Cereal consumption was similar to that of baseline when the volunteers relied on oral signals to terminate the act of eating. Cereal consumption was significantly higher than baseline when the volunteers ate until they felt full in the stomach and while watching television ( P Conclusions: Recognition of oronasal sensory cues while eating could be the mechanism used by some lean women to limit meal size, and this effect can be offset by cognitive distraction.
A microprocessor reaction time laboratory

The hardware and software required to implement a multiple-subject microprocessor-based laboratory are described. A basic stimulus-probe reaction time paradigm encompasses a wide range of cognitive psychology experiments and requires little or no sophistication to use.
Dynamic sensing behavior of ferromagnetic shape memory Ni-Mn-Ga

This paper is focused on the characterization and modeling of a commercial Ni?Mn?Ga alloy for use as a dynamic deformation sensor. The flux density is experimentally determined as a function of cyclic strain loading at frequencies from 0.2 to 160?Hz. With increasing frequency, the stress versus strain response remains almost unchanged whereas the flux density versus strain response shows increasing hysteresis. This behavior indicates that twin-variant reorientation occurs in concert with the mechanical loading, whereas the rotation of magnetization vectors occurs with a delay as the loading frequency increases. The increasing hysteresis in magnetization must be considered when utilizing the material in dynamic sensing applications. A modeling strategy is developed which incorporates magnetic diffusion and a linear constitutive equation. The model is used to describe the hysteretic dependence of magnetic flux density on strain at dynamic frequencies.
Rotational isomerism and the vibrational spectrum of 3-butenenitrile

Abstract The infrared spectrum of 3-butenenitrile, CH 2 CH-CH 2 CN in the liquid, gaseous and solid states has been recorded from 4000 to 100 cm −1 . The Raman spectrum of the liquid has also been recorded and depolarization values measured. Both gauche and cis isomers are present at ambient temperature and the cis isomer is the stable form in the solid phase. A complete vibrational assignment based on band contours, positions and depolarization values is given for the cis isomer and the spectra are interpreted in detail. Several of the normal vibrations of the gauche isomer have also been elucidated. From the temperature dependence of two of the low frequency bands, the energy difference between the two isomers was found to be approximately 500 cal.
Determination of Optimum Values of Control Parameters to Reduce Laser Speckle Noise for Projection Moire´ System

Projection moire technique using laser interferometry to generate grating patterns is one of the major techniques for out-of-plane displacement or warpage measurement of electronic packaging devices. Laser speckle is one of the most crucial sources of noise that increase measurement error and decrease repeatability of projection moire systems. The aim of this work is to reduce the laser speckle noise by optimizing the noise control parameters (laser power, camera exposure and camera gain) to minimize the measurement error and maximize the repeatability of the projection moire system. Taguchi’s design experimental method is used to formulate the experimental layout, to investigate the effect of the each control parameter on the measurement error and repeatability, and to determine the best possible parameter levels. Regression analysis is employed to precisely find the optimum values of the each control parameter. The validation test shows that the approach using Taguchi method and regression analysis is well established to optimize the noise control parameters of the projection moire system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME