cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of regulatory Hck and PAI-2 proteins in the monocyte response to PEG-containing matrices.

Abstract Mass spectrometry is a powerful proteomic tool enabling researchers to survey the global proteome of a cell. This technique has only recently been employed to investigate cell–material interactions. We had previously identified material scarcity and limited adherent cells as challenges facing mass spectrometric analysis of cell–material interactions. U937 adherent to tissue culture poly(styrene) was used as a model system for identifying proteins expressed by adherent monocytes and analyzed by HPLC coupled offline to MALDI-ToF/ToF (LC-MALDI). We identified 645 proteins from two cation fractions of crude U937 monocyte cell lysate. Forty three proteins of interest from the 645 were chosen based on literature searches for relevance to monocyte–material inflammation and wound healing. Proteins such as 40S ribosomal protein S19 and tyrosyl tRNA synthetase highlight the ability of LC-MALDI to identify proteins relevant to monocyte–material interactions that are currently unexplored. We used PEG-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks and PEG-only hydrogels to investigate surface dependent effects on the Src family kinase Hck and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) using the pyrazolo pyrimidine small molecule inhibitor PP2 and exogenous urokinase plasminogen activator addition, respectively. Hck is well researched in cell adhesion while PAI-2 is virtually unknown in cell–material interactions. U937 on TCPS and PEG-only hydrogels secreted similar levels of inflammatory cytokines and gelatinase MMP-9. MCP-1 secretion from monocytes on PEG-only hydrogels was Hck independent in contrast to Hck-dependent MCP-1 secretion in U937 on TCPS. Overall, U937 adherent to sIPNs secrete low levels of soluble gelatinase MMP-9, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 independent of Hck and PAI-2. This work demonstrates significant changes in surface dependent expression of proteins from monocytes adherent to PEG-based materials compared to TCPS.
Full-Fuel-Cycle Approach to Vehicle Emissions Modeling: A Case Study of Gasoline in the Southeastern Region of the United States

The use of full-fuel-cycle analysis as a scientific, economic, and policy tool for the evaluation of alternative sources of transportation energy has become increasingly widespread. However, consistent methods for performance of these types of analyses are only now becoming recognized and utilized. The work presented here provides a case study of full-fuel-cycle analysis methods applied to the evaluation of gasoline in the southeastern region of the United States. Results of the study demonstrate the significance of nonvehicle processes, such as fuel refining, in terms of energy expenditure and emissions production. Unique to this work is the application of the MOBILE5 mobile emissions model in the full-fuel-cycle analysis. Estimates of direct and indirect greenhouse gas production are also presented and discussed using the full-fuel-cycle analysis method.
High prevalence of thrombophilic traits in children with family history of thromboembolism.

Objectives To determine a proximate family history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in (1) the prevalence of thrombophilia; (2) the frequency of recommended changes in management resulting from thrombophilia evaluation; and (3) outcomes in longitudinal follow-up. Study design Laboratory thrombophilia investigation was performed in 56 children with first- or second-degree family history of thromboembolism before age 55 years, but without personal history of thromboembolism, who were enrolled in a prospective inception cohort. VTE risk factors, family history, thrombophilia findings, and management recommendations were systematically collected, along with thromboembolism risk episodes/exposures, prophylactic anticoagulation, major bleeds, and thromboembolism events during follow-up. Results The frequencies of all thrombophilia traits were higher than the general population. Among 32 children who underwent complete laboratory evaluation, 34% had ≥2 traits. Thrombophilia testing led to recommendations for risk-based transient antithrombotic prophylaxis in 71% of subjects. No thromboembolism episodes developed during more than 900 patient-months of follow-up, although at-risk exposures were infrequent. Conclusion Risk-stratified approaches to primary prevention of pediatric VTE should be further evaluated in cooperative prospective studies.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL ATTITUDES: Conservatism or Powerlessness?

This article reevaluates research on gender differences in sexual attitudes, a literature characterized by misuse of attitude scales and misinterpretation of those gender differences that are obtained. A study by Hendrick, Hendrick, Slapion-Foote, and Foote (1985) is used to illustrate these pitfalls. The gender differences in sexual attitudes obtained in this study, characterized by Hendrick et al. as indicative of women's greater sexual conservatism, are interpreted here as reflections of the different social structural positions of women and men.
High-speed double precision computation of nonlinear functions

High-speed coprocessors for computing nonlinear functions are important for advanced scientific computing as well as real-time image processing. In this paper we develop an efficient interpolative approach to such coprocessors. Performed on suitable subintervals of the range of interest, our interpolation which uses third degree polynomial is adequate for many elementary functions of interest with double precision mantissas. Our method requires only one major multiplication, two minor multiplications and a few additions. The minor multiplications are for the second and third degree terms, and their significant bits are much fewer than those of the first degree term. This leads to a very fast and efficient VLSI architecture for such coprocessors. It appears that polynomial based interpolation can yield considerable benefits over previously used approaches, when execution time and silicon area are considered. Further, it is possible to combine the computation of multiple functions on a single chip, with most of the resources on the chip shared for several functions. >
Regioselective directed ortho metalation of 3H-naphto[2,1-b]pyrans. Synthesis of methylteretifolione B

Abstract The regiospecific lithiation of the 3 H -naphtho[2,1-b]pyran system 1 b andits utility as a metalted tertifolione B equivalent 3 is described.
Israeli School and Community Response to War Trauma: A Review of Selected Literature.

This article presents a review of literature focusing on mental health clinicians who have responded to war trauma in their work with children in Israeli schools. The review provides a brief introduction to the country's war history and inception of school psychological and counselling services. Within this framework, results of empirical research, methods of assessment and multisystemic interventions are reviewed. Research results acknowledge the school as a major source of social support and facilitator of recovery. Family cohesion and parent symptomatology are also significant predictors of stress and anxiety, especially in early childhood. Recommendations for clinical and school use are included.
A Review of Literature Concerning Odors, Ammonia, and Dust from Broiler Production Facilities: 3. Land Application, Processing, and Storage of Broiler Litter

SUMMARY A literature review on production and control of nuisance odor from land application, processing, and storage of broiler litter is presented in this paper. The review identifies several odor production factors and odor control strategies based upon research conducted on litter and manure from poultry and other species. Published research lacks information on odor emissions and control of odor as affected by litter moisture conditions, loading and transportation of litter, application site factors, and weather conditions (prior, during, and after litter application). For this reason, several studies, mostly from peer-reviewed publications on ammonia emissions from broiler operations and various species were included. It was inferred that conditions that cause increased ammonia emissions may also be favorable for the production and increase in odor from land application, processing and storage of broiler litter. New nuisance odor assessment tools, such as the model odor from feedlots setback estimation tool (OFFSET), provide a better control on setback distances for improved community relations. Consideration of wind speed, direction, and weather condition during land application, incorporation of land-applied litter, covering of litter in storage and while in transportation, and processing, such as composting of litter and mortality, were all considered as practices that help minimize odor emission.
Distributed signal processing

This paper explores issues arising from designing digital signal processing algorithms for dynamically-varying computing environments such as an unreliable network of processors. We present a language for specifying signal processing algorithms which permits the execution path of the algorithm to be dynamically chosen. The language leads naturally to a graphical representation of the algorithm with interesting interpretations. Finally, we formulate and characterize the solution for the problem of dynamically and optimally choosing the execution path of algorithms to minimize a system-wide cost function such as expected congestion.
Model of climate evolution based on continental drift and polar wandering

The thermodynamic meteorologic model of Adem is used to trace the evolution of climate from Triassic to present time by applying it to changing geography as described by continental drift and polar wandering. Results show that the gross changes of climate in the Northern Hemisphere can be fully explained by the strong cooling in high latitudes as continents moved poleward. High-latitude mean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere dropped below the freezing point 10 to 15 m.y. ago, thereby accounting for the late Cenozoic glacial age. Computed meridional temperature gradients for the Northern Hemisphere steepened from 20 to 40 C over the 200-m.y. period, an effect caused primarily by the high-latitude temperature decrease. The primary result of the work is that the cooling that has occurred since the warm Mesozoic period and has culminated in glaciation is explainable wholly by terrestrial processes.
High-order finite volume shallow water model on the cubed-sphere

A central-upwind finite-volume (CUFV) scheme for shallow-water model on a nonorthogonal equiangular cubed-sphere grid is developed, consequently extending the 1D reconstruction CUFV transport scheme developed by us. High-order spatial discretization based on weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) is considered for this effort. The CUFV method combines the alluring features of classical upwind and central schemes. This approach is particularly useful for complex computational domain such as the cubed-sphere. The continuous flux-form spherical shallow water equations in nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinates are utilized. Fluxes along the element boundaries are approximated by a Kurganov-Noelle-Petrova scheme. A fourth-order strong stability preserving Runge-Kutta time stepping scheme for time integration is employed in the present work. The numerical scheme is evaluated with standard shallow water test suite, which accentuate accuracy and conservation properties. In addition, an efficient yet inexpensive bound preserving filter with an optional positivity filter is used to remove spurious oscillations and to achieve strictly positive definite numerical solution. To tackle the discontinuities that arise at the edges of the cubed-sphere grid, we utilize a high-order 1D interpolation procedure combining cubic and quadratic interpolations.The results with the high-order scheme is compared with the results for the same tests for various schemes available in literature. Since, the scheme presented here uses local-cell information, it is expected to be scalable to high number of processors count in a distributed node high-performance computer.
Leveling the Playing Field: Longer Acquaintance Predicts Reduced Assortative Mating on Attractiveness

Clear empirical demonstrations of the theoretical principles underlying assortative mating remain elusive. This article examines a moderator of assortative mating--how well couple members knew each other before dating--suggested by recent findings related to market-based (i.e., competition) theories. Specifically, competition is pervasive to the extent that people achieve consensus about who possesses desirable qualities (e.g., attractiveness) and who does not. Because consensus is stronger earlier in the acquaintance process, assortative mating based on attractiveness should be stronger among couples who formed a relationship after a short period rather than a long period of acquaintance. A study of 167 couples included measures of how long partners had known each other before dating and whether they had been friends before dating, as well as coders' ratings of physical attractiveness. As predicted, couples revealed stronger evidence of assortative mating to the extent that they knew each other for a short time and were not friends before initiating a romantic relationship.
Quill: an extensible system for editing documents of mixed type

A description is given of Quill, an extensible document creation system that is organized as a collection of cooperating editors, each with its own set of objects and commands. The objects implemented by the various editors can be nested without restriction, forming a hierarchical document that can be described by the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). The user is presented with a 'what you see is what you get' (WYSIWYG) view of the document in which the various objects can be directly manipulated on the display screen. A system shell ensures consistency among the editors and coordinates their foreground and background activities to ensure keystroke responsiveness. Each Quill editor is a programming object that communicate with the shell and with other editors by means of a standard set of procedures. A rigorous specification of the shell/editor interface enables additional editors to be added to the Quill system without affecting the existing editors. >
Students Leading the Way Toward Social Justice Within and Beyond the Classroom

In this article we present two programs we have developed at Bryn Mawr College designed to effect socially just change on our campus and beyond. Both programs create forums for dialogue across differently positioned community members and ensure that students assume leadership roles in these efforts. In our discussion we describe the programs, identify their shared premises, and discuss preliminary findings—both benefits and challenges—from our ongoing study of participants' experiences in the programs. We highlight the kinds of personal changes participants experience as they pave the way for institutional change, and we emphasize how students lead all participants down the still unfolding paths these programs chart.
Second-order susceptibility from a tight-binding Hamiltonian

Using a new formalism that modifies a tight-binding Hamiltonian to include interaction with a timedependent electromagnetic field, we have obtained an analytical expression for the second-order susceptibility. This expression has been used to calculate the energy dependence of x (v) for GaAs. The results are in agreement with previous calculations and with available experimental data. @S0163-1829~98!01848-7#
On the principle of exchange of stabilities in Rayleigh-Bénard convection, II-No-slip Boundary conditions

Rayleigh-Benard convection with internal heat sources and a variable gravity field is treated with no-slip boundary conditions. It is proved that the principle of exchange of stabilities holds at all Prandtl numbers, as long as the gravity field and the integral of the heat sources both have the same sign. The proof is based on the idea of a positive operator, and uses the positivity properties of Green's function. The generalized Green's function is also employed.
Intensity Fluctuation Autocorrelation Studies of the Dynamics of Muscular Contraction

The past thirty to forty years of physiological, biochemical, and electron microscopic and x-ray diffraction structural studies on striated muscle have provided biologists with a molecular model of muscle. This model suggests a dynamic mechanism for the process which transforms chemical energy to mechanical energy in muscle. Recently, many of the molecular components characteristic of muscle have been found associated with other important physiological processes in other organs. For example, actin, a contractile protein, has been found in large amounts in nerve tissue, in blood platelets, and in amoeboid cells. The other most important contractile protein, myosin, or primitive forms of it, has also been found in these cells. The suspicion is that the streaming of cytoplasm and the release of various transmitter substances in nerve cells, amoeboid movement, and retraction in blood clots are all driven by some modified form of the actin-myosin contractile system that is found in its most highly organized form in muscle.
Remembering Asian Anticolonialism, Again

Gertrude Stein once remarked that history must be understood not as the passage of time, but as the killing of centuries. This killing of centuries takes a very long time, she added, and she discerned the final death throes of the nineteenth century—a period in thrall to science and the idea of civilizational progress—in the middle of World War II. Being an American Jew in France, that denouement was realized, for her, by Hitler's Germany, in the moment that it fell to American industrial war making. But Stein's insight might as easily and as correctly be applied to the analysis of anticolonialism and the collapse of European rule in South and Southeast Asia. It was there, after all, that the ideology of a civilizational mission was revealed in all its hypocrisy. Such, at least, is the impression one gathers from reading the works of Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Leela Gandhi, and Benedict Anderson, each of whom offers a perspective on the history of empire's end, and the rise of revolutionary and nationalist independence movements in Asia. As counterpoint to their insistently particularizing narration of these movements, James C. Scott sketches a deep history of recurrent antistatism as the context in which European empires made their ill-fated claims to civilizational exceptionalism, and in which anarchism could emerge as a technics of ungovernability.
On efficient distributed deadlock avoidance for real-time and embedded systems

Thread allocation is an important problem in distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems. A thread allocation policy that is too liberal may cause deadlock, while a policy that is too conservative limits potential parallelism, thus wasting resources. However, achieving (globally) optimal thread utilization, while avoiding deadlock, has been proven impractical in distributed systems: it requires too much communication between components. In previous work we showed that efficient local thread allocation protocols are possible if the protocols are parameterized by global static data, in particular by an annotation of the global call graph of all tasks to be performed by the system. We proved that absence of cyclic dependencies in this annotation guarantees absence of deadlock. In this paper we present an algorithm to compute optimal annotations, that is annotations that maximize parallelism while satisfying the condition of acyclicity. Moreover, we show that the condition of acyclicity is in fact tight and exhibits a rather surprising anomaly: if a cyclic dependency is present in the annotation of the call graph and a certain minimum number of threads is provided, deadlock is reachable. Thus, in the presence of cyclic dependencies, increasing the number of threads may introduce the possibility of deadlock in an originally deadlock free system.
Small pulmonary lesions detected at CT: clinical importance.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the histopathologic findings of pulmonary nodules 1 cm or smaller detected at computed tomography (CT) that were removed at video-assisted thorascopic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings were retrospectively reviewed in 64 patients (48 women, 16 men; aged 22-85 years) who underwent video-assisted thorascopic surgical resection of small pulmonary lesions present on CT scans. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients had a total of 65 lesions resected. Of the 64 patients, 37 (58%) patients had no known previous malignancy and 27 (42%) had previous malignancy. Overall, 58% (38 of 65 [95% confidence interval = 0.45, 0.73]) of these lesions were malignant. Among the patients without previous malignancy, 14 (38%) had lung carcinoma (10 [27%], primary bronchogenic carcinoma; four [11%], carcinoid). In patients with a previous malignancy, malignant lesions were diagnosed in 81% (22 of 27). This included seven (26%) patients with bronchogenic carcinoma as a se...
Symmetry and explicit solutions of partial differential equations

Garrett Birkhoff’s mathematical work over the last three decades has been primarily centered on scientific computation and numerical analysis, and the other contributions to this special issue survey the broad range of his research and influence in this area. However, this subject represents only a small part of Garrett’s many and diverse interests, and the number of areas of mathematics on which he has left his mark is astonishing. My own contribution to these proceedings will be devoted to another of Garrett’s “applied” research areas — the applications of Lie groups to differential equations, a subject whose renaissance, especially among applied mathematicians, owes much to his pioneering efforts in the 1940’s, [2]. In light of the subject of this conference, I find Garrett’s choice of thesis topic for his last pure mathematics Ph.D. student, [15, 16], slightly ironic, but his insight into its hidden potentialities has more than been fulfilled. My debt to Garrett for initiating my research career and its subsequent course cannot be understated. So it is with great
Data security for Web-based CAD

Internet-based computing has significant potential for improving most high-performance computing, including VLSI CAD. In this paper we consider the ramifications of the Internet on electronics design, and develop two models for Web-based CAD. We also investigate the security of these systems, and propose methods for protection against threats both from unrelated users, as well as from the CAD tools and tool developers themselves. These techniques provide methods for hiding unnecessary information. Such techniques will be key to the development of future Internet-based CAD applications, since serious CAD users will be unwilling to use any CAD methodology that risks exposing their designs to outsiders. By enabling Web-based CAD, these techniques can improve CAD performance, enable collaboratory design, and create a usage-based pricing methodology.
A staged approach to the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis: Induction of remission with glucocorticoids and daily cyclophosphamide switching to methotrexate for remission maintenance

Objective To determine the efficacy of a daily cyclophosphamide (CYC) and glucocorticoid induction and methotrexate (MTX) remission-maintenance regimen for the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Methods An open-label, prospective, standardized trial for the treatment of WG was performed using CYC and glucocorticoids for remission induction and MTX for remission maintenance. Thirty-one patients were enrolled in this study. Outcome was assessed using predetermined definitions based on clinical characteristics and pathologic, laboratory, and radiographic findings. Results The use of CYC and glucocorticoids for remission induction and MTX for remission maintenance resulted in disease remission for all 31 patients. The median time to remission was 3 months and the median time to discontinuation of glucocorticoids was 8 months. No patients have died, and 5 patients (16%) have had disease relapses at a median of 13 months after achieving remission. Only 2 patients (6%) have had to withdraw from the trial as a result of medication toxicity. Conclusion The use of CYC and glucocorticoids for remission induction and MTX for remission maintenance was shown by this study to be an acceptable alternative therapy for patients with active WG, including those with severe disease at onset.
Parental effects enhance risk tolerance and performance in offspring

Predation risk can strongly influence community dynamics through its effects on prey foraging decisions that often involve habitat shifts (i.e., from risky to refuge habitats). Although the within-generation effects of risk on prey are well appreciated, the effects of parental experience with risk on offspring decision-making and growth are poorly understood. The capacity of parents to prepare their offspring for potential risk exposure may be adaptive when the likelihood of eventual risk exposure is high and be instrumental in shaping how offspring allocate their foraging effort and habitat use. Using a simple rocky intertidal food chain, we examined the influence of parental exposure to predator risk cues on the behavior, foraging, and tissue maintenance of offspring exposed to the presence and absence of risk. We found that offspring of risk-experienced parents were bolder. When confronted with risk, these offspring spent more time out of refuge habitat, foraged more, and maintained more tissue than offspring of risk-free parents. Thus, parental experience with risk was most important when offspring were exposed to risk. These results suggest that the effects of parental experience with predation risk on offspring traits strongly shape the transmission of risk effects in ecological communities.
Vortex induced lift on a flat plate with a curved forward-facing flap

Free streamline solutions are obtained for two-dimensional inviscid incompressible flow past a flat plate with a forward-facing curved flap. It is shown that it is possible to shape the curved flap to make the adverse pressure gradient on top of the flap less severe than for a straight flap and thus increase the prospects of making the flow experimentally realizable.
Identification of the 11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene as a major metabolite produced by the green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum

Benzo(a)pyrene metabolites were isolated after incubation of [14C]-benzo(a)pyrene with the green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum. A significant amount of radioactivity chromatographed in the dihydrodiol region which did not coelute with any of the previously identified dihydrodiol metabolites isolated from this system. Following characterization by mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and high pressure liquid chromatography, this metabolite was identified as the cis-11,12-dihydro-11,12-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. This metabolite has not been identified previously as a metabolite formed in a plant system.
Uniform commercial policy, illegal trade, and the real exchange rates : a theoretical analysis

Countries on fixed exchange rates sometimes use uniform tariff cum subsidy (UTCS) schemes as a way of achieving a real depreciation without disturbing the nominal exchange rate. A potential drawback of this policy in relation to an across-the-board devaluation is that a UTCS scheme provides incentives for illegal trade. Using an optimizing model with currency convertibility and illegal trade, the author finds that welfare is lower under a UTCS scheme than under a corresponding across-the-board devaluation and that in some cases the real exchange rate actually appreciates in response to an increase in the UTCS rate.
Role of the NF-κB transcription factor c-Rel in the generation of CD8+ T-cell responses to Toxoplasma gondii.

The nuclear factor kB transcription factor c-Rel is exclusively expressed in immune cells and plays a role in numerous cellular functions including proliferation, survival and production of chemokines and cytokines. c-Rel has also been implicated in the regulation of multiple genes involved in innate and adaptive immune responses to the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii ,i n particular IL-12. To better understand how this transcription factor controls the CD8 1 T-cell response to this organism, wild-type (WT) and c-Rel 2/2 mice were challenged with a replication-deficient strain of T. gondii that expresses the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). These studies revealed that c-Rel was required for optimal primary expansion of OVA-specific CD8 1 T cells and that immunized c-Reldeficient mice were susceptible to challenge with a virulent strain of T. gondii. However, when c-Rel 2/2 cells specific for OVA were adoptively transferred into a WT recipient, or c-Rel 2/2 mice were treated with IL-12 at the time of immunization, there was no apparent proliferative defect. Surprisingly, upon secondary challenge, antigen-specific CD8 1 T cells in c-Rel 2/2 mice expanded to a much greater degree in terms of frequency as well as numbers when compared with WT mice. Despite this, the cytokine responses of c-Rel 2/2 mice remained defective, consistent with their susceptibility to secondary challenge. Together, these results indicate that in this infection model, the major influence of c-Rel in generation of CD8 1 T-cell responses is through its regulation of the inflammatory
Accurate and Automated System Call Policy-Based Intrusion Prevention

One way to prevent control hijacking attack is to compare a network applications run-time system calls with a pre-defined normal system call behavior model, and raise an alert upon detecting a mismatch. This paper describes a system called PAID, which can automatically derive an accurate system call pattern from the source code of an application, and use it to detect any anomalous behavior at run time with minimal overhead. Because each applications system call pattern is directly derived from its source code, PAID never raises false positive alarms. Moreover, its false negative rate is very close to zero because PAID uses the sequence of return addresses on the user/kernel stack to uniquely identify each system call instance. Experiments on a fully operational PAID prototype show that PAID can indeed stop all known control hijacking attacks. The run-time latency and throughput penalty of PAID are under 13.02% and 11.52%, respectively, when it is tested against a set of production-mode network applications.
Activation of carboplatin by carbonate.

Carboplatin, [Pt(NH3)2(CBDCA-O,O‘)], 1, where CBDCA is cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate, is in wide clinical use for the treatment of ovarian, lung, and other types of cancer. Because carboplatin is relatively unreactive toward nucleophiles, an important question concerning the drug is the mechanism by which it is activated in vivo. Using [1H,15N] heteronuclear single quantum coherance spectroscopy (HSQC) NMR and 15N-labeled carboplatin, we show that carboplatin reacts with carbonate ion in carbonate buffer to produce ring-opened products, the nature of which depends on the pH of the medium. The assignment of HSQC NMR resonances was facilitated by studying the reaction of carboplatin in strong acid, which also produces a ring-opened product. The HSQC NMR spectra and UV-visible difference spectra show that reaction of carboplatin with carbonate at pH > 8.6 produces mainly cis-[Pt(NH3)2(CO3-2)(CBDCA-O)]-2, 5, which contains the mono-dentate CBDCA ligand and mono-dentate carbonate. At pH 6.7, the primary produc...
Inorganic Polyphosphate: A Molecule of Many Functions

▪ Abstract Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) is a chain of tens or many hundreds of phosphate (Pi) residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. Despite inorganic polyphosphate's ubiquity—found in every cell in nature and likely conserved from prebiotic times—this polymer has been given scant attention. Among the reasons for this neglect of poly P have been the lack of sensitive, definitive, and facile analytical methods to assess its concentration in biological sources and the consequent lack of demonstrably important physiological functions. This review focuses on recent advances made possible by the introduction of novel, enzymatically based assays. The isolation and ready availability of Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase (PPK) that can convert poly P and ADP to ATP and of a yeast exopolyphosphatase that can hydrolyze poly P to Pi, provide highly specific, sensitive, and facile assays adaptable to a high-throughput format. Beyond the reagents afforded by the use of these enzymes, their gene...
“Finding Garrett”: An Evolutionary Language Development Game

Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution that leads to adaptations in species or populations. Phenotypes confer habitat-specific fitness consequences, which could lead to the evolution of similar strategies (convergence) or different strategies (divergence) within and across species. The evolution of communication is an example of convergent evolution in many cases. We describe a learning game that simulates the emergence of language and highlights differences between convergent and divergent evolution. With minor modifications, this game can also be used to illustrate phenotypic plasticity. During three preliminary trials, high school and university students representing different species developed novel strategies (languages) to solve the common problem of finding “Garrett,” a student who mimicked an essential resource. Naturally, there was a range of complexity and diversity among the strategies that emerged. We describe how the game can help illustrate evolutionary principles such as adaptation and natural selection.
In-depth annotation for patient level liver cancer staging

Cancer stages, which summarizes extent of cancer progression, is an important tool for evidence-based medical research. However, they are not always recorded in the electronic medical record. In this paper, we describe work for annotating a medical text corpus with the goal of predicting patient level liver cancer staging in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Our annotation consisted of identifying 11 parameters, used to calculate liver cancer staging, at the text span level as well as at the patient level. Also at the patient level, we annotated stages for three commonly-used liver cancer staging schemes. Our inter-rater agreement showed text annotation consistency 0.73 F1 for partial text match and 0.91 F1 at the patient level. After annotation, we performed several document classification experiments for the text span annotations using standard machine learning classifiers, including decision trees, maximum entropy, naive Bayes and support vector machines. Thereby, we identified baseline performances for our task at 0.63 F1 as well as strategies for future improvement.
1 Some Aspects of Catalytic Science

Publisher Summary It is a marked characteristic of catalytic development that the empirical art has always been in advance of the science. Fermentation processes for wine and vinegar, the making of soap, and the etherification process all preceded the first formulations of catalytic action. The theory of catalysis has normally succeeded those practical applications that the ingenuity of a research scientist provided. The theoretical study of basic principles has been the catalyst for an increasing tempo of technical development. Experimental research served to generalize the phenomenon of chemisorption over a wide variety of catalytic materials, beginning with the metals and extending to compounds such as oxides, sulfides, and halides. A chemistry of interaction was revealed at surfaces fundamentally distinct from that of normal molecular compound formation. Theoretical studies by Eyring and Lennard Jones revealed the duality of adsorption suggested by earlier experimental findings, the conditions for van der Waals adsorption, and the change to chemical binding with activation energy dependent on the intersection of the potential energy curves corresponding to the two types of adsorption.
80Gb/s XNOR using a Four Wave Mixing Scheme in Highly Nonlinear Fibers

80 Gb/s All-optical XNOR has been demonstrated using four wave mixing scheme in highly nonlinear fibers. The nonlinear Schrodinger equations (NLS) describing the process in fibers has been simulate and solved using split-step Fourier method.
Eastern North American Population at ca. A.D. 1500

Archaeologically documented population aggregates are used to estimate the population of eastern North America around A.D. 1500 and by extension the entire continent north of heavily populated Mesoamerica. Occupied areas plotted from archaeological and historical information were increased by buffer areas with widths determined by average nearest neighbor distances. Population sizes assigned to these areas were based on three compilations of historic sources, each handled in various ways. Local densities were calculated and then used to interpolate density surfaces for a ca. 3.1 million km2 area. The surfaces were further modified by assessments of data quality and overall occupation intensity to provide upper and lower bounds for each estimate. The procedure, designed to produce a range that was overly wide, resulted in an eastern population between .5 and 2.6 million and a continental total, north of Mesoamerica, of 1.2 to 6.1 million. These figures fall in the lower third of current authoritative estimates for the continent as a whole, which range from 2.4 to 18 million.
Bundle with care--rethinking Medicare incentives for post-acute care services.

A Medicare payment approach in which savings and risk are shared may achieve a better balance of cost, quality, and access than a system of single bundled payments, at least until our capacity to measure patients' care needs and outcomes is sufficiently robust.
231 Gonadal Hormones Differentially Modulate Cerebrovascular Inflammation in Male Rats.

Activation of inflammatory pathways underlies cerebrovascular disease pathology. There is a well-described gender difference in stroke incidence between men and women. Also, testosterone and male gender are associated with increased stroke risk. Thus, we explored the impact of testosterone and estrogen on cerebrovascular inflammation using both in vivo and in vitro models of inflammation. We hypothesized that testosterone will augment and estrogen will suppress the expression of two vascular markers of cellular inflammation: cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Using four groups of male rats (intact, orchiectomized [ORX], estrogen-treated [ORXE], and testosterone-treated [ORXT]), we determined the effects of gonadal steroids on cerebrovascular inflammation after i.p. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections. Using Western analysis, the induction of inflammatory markers was decreased in blood vessels from estrogen-treated rats compared to intact or ORX males. In contrast, in cerebral vessels from testosterone-treated rats, there was significant augmentation in LPS-induced COX-2 and iNOS protein levels. Confocal microscopy was used for cellular localization of COX-2 and iNOS. ORXT rats showed increased COX-2 and iNOS immunoreactivity in endothelial and smooth muscle cells after LPS treatment. In vitro incubations with LPS of isolated pial vessels from the same animal groups demonstrated greater COX-2 induction in ORXT rats compared to ORX and ORXE. Increases in PGE2 production, a principal prostaglandin end-product of COX-2 enzymatic activity, were also greater in vessels from ORXT rats. In conclusion, testosterone and estrogen differentially contribute to cerebrovascular inflammation. Thus, this may contribute to differences in stroke morbidity and mortality between men and women. Presently, we are exploring mechanisms by which the gonadal hormones influence the proinflammatory signaling nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) pathway. Supported by NIH grant HL-50775.
Quality Enhancement Research Initiative: translating research into practice.

(2003). Quality Enhancement Research Initiative: Translating Research Into Practice. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 221-221.
Receipt of mammography recommendations among White and non-White women before and after the 2009 United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendation change

Receipt of a mammography recommendation from a physician is a strong predictor of obtaining a mammogram. In 2009, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended routine biennial mammography for women aged 50–74 but not for women aged 40–49. We examined changes in reports of clinician recommendations for mammography among White and non-White women after these age-specific recommendations were issued. Data from women aged 40–49 and 50–74 were drawn from the 2008 and 2013 National Health Interview Surveys. We used linear probability models to determine whether the proportions of women reporting a mammography recommendation changed after the USPSTF recommendation was issued and whether any changes observed differed across White and non-White women. All analyses were stratified by age groups and mammography history. Among women without a recent mammogram, reported clinician recommendations did not change for White women, but they decreased by 13-percentage points (95 % CI −0.22, −0.03) among non-White women aged 40–49 (p = 0.01) and increased by 9-percentage points (95 % CI 0.01, 0.17) among non-White women aged 50–74 (p = 0.04). Among women with a mammogram in the past 2 years, reported mammography recommendation from a clinician did not change for White or non-White women. Recommendations to reduce screening may be differentially implemented across racial/ethnic groups. Changes in reports of mammography recommendation from a clinician after the USPSTF breast cancer screening recommendation change were observed only among non-White women without a recent history of mammography. It is unclear whether these differences are due to the clinician, the women, or both.
Lessons From Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Industrial and Organizational (I-O) Psychology, to a greater extent than any other field of behavioral science, is concerned with one of the few fundamental elements of the life of an individual in our world. In the United States and other nations in the industrialized world, our work defines us. You are what you do. To do nothing is to be nothing. Just as doing nothing negates our humanity, we are defined privately and socially by our work.
Die Präservierung von Spenderlebern mit UW-Lösung — Erste Erfahrungen an der University of Chicago

Seit der ersten Lebertransplantation vor uber 20 Jahren konnten durch schrittweise Verbesserung der Operationstechnik, der Abstosungsdiagnostik und -behandlung grose Fortschritte erzielt werden, die in einem standig zunehmenden Transplantat-Uberleben resultierten. Somit wurde die orthotope Lebertransplantation (OLT) zur Therapie der Wahl bei Patienten mit terminalem Leberversagen mit einem Einjahres-Transplantatuberleben zwischen 70 bis zu 90% (1).
Vaccine approaches currently in development.

AIDS: The need for a vaccine against HIV/AIDS is becoming vital since the cost of treating the disease is making many poorer countries unable to provide widely-available therapies to their populations. Obstacles to vaccine development include lack of understanding by researchers on what constitutes immunity against HIV infection, the highly variable nature of HIV, and the lack of an ideal animal model to test HIV vaccines. The following vaccine approaches, which are currently in development, are discussed: subunit vaccines (gp120 vaccines), recombinant vector vaccines, prime boost regimens, DNA vaccines, whole-killed vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, virus-like particle vaccines, and peptide vaccines. The progress being made in vaccine development is slow, but steady. However, none of the approaches appear ready for large-scale human trials. The growing realization that a vaccine is needed may lead to more substantial funding and greater progress in developing a vaccine.
GlycoPep MassList: software to generate massive inclusion lists for glycopeptide analyses

Protein glycosylation drives many biological processes and serves as markers for disease; therefore, the development of tools to study glycosylation is an essential and growing area of research. Mass spectrometry can be used to identify both the glycans of interest and the glycosylation sites to which those glycans are attached, when proteins are proteolytically digested and their glycopeptides are analyzed by a combination of high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods. One major challenge in these experiments is collecting the requisite MS/MS data. The digested glycopeptides are often present in complex mixtures and in low abundance, and the most commonly used approach to collect MS/MS data on these species is data-dependent acquisition (DDA), where only the most intense precursor ions trigger MS/MS. DDA results in limited glycopeptide coverage. Semi-targeted data acquisition is an alternative experimental approach that can alleviate this difficulty. However, due to the massive heterogeneity of glycopeptides, it is not obvious how to expediently generate inclusion lists for these types of analyses. To solve this problem, we developed the software tool GlycoPep MassList, which can be used to generate inclusion lists for liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) experiments. The utility of the software was tested by conducting comparisons between semi-targeted and untargeted data-dependent analysis experiments on a variety of proteins, including IgG, a protein whose glycosylation must be characterized during its production as a biotherapeutic. When the GlycoPep MassList software was used to generate inclusion lists for LC-MS/MS experiments, more unique glycopeptides were selected for fragmentation. Generally, ∼30 % more unique glycopeptides can be analyzed per protein, in the simplest cases, with low background. In cases where background ions from proteins or other interferents are high, usage of an inclusion list is even more advantageous. The software is freely publically accessible.
Inception: a creative coding environment for virtual reality, in virtual reality

In this paper we build and evaluate a live-programming system for digital artists to create artwork within a virtual reality environment. Using the large display space that virtual reality provides, we develop an interaction for artists to see parallel evaluations of their art. A study of the system with ten participants demonstrated that parallel editing and execution is accessible to designers and that designers can leverage these techniques to survey more options faster.
"I Wonder if They Had Ever Seen a Black Man before?" Grappling with Issues of Race and Racism in Our Own Backyard.

This article investigates the experiences of aspiring school leaders, predominantly Students of Color, within a predominantly White, male, upper class, Texas university educational leadership program. Based in the tradition of narrative inquiry, written reflections, semi-structured interviews, course documents, and field notes provided data for this qualitative study. Findings suggest aspiring administrators were not afforded opportunities to address issues of race and racism throughout their program of study. The author encourages faculty to join the conversation on issues of race, take seriously the call to work in support of Students of Color, and confront programmatic failures in preparing aspiring practitioners for effective school leadership.