cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What drives the diffusion of inclusionary zoning

Social scientists offer competing theories on what explains the policymaking process. These typically include economic rationalism, political competition or power struggles, and policy imitation of the kind that diffuses across spatially proximate neighbors. In this paper, we examine the factors that have influenced a recent local policy trend in California: inclusionary zoning (IZ). IZ programs require developers to make a certain percentage of the units within their market-rate residential developments affordable to low- or moderate-income households. By 2007, 68 percent of jurisdictions in the San Francisco Bay Area had adopted some type of IZ policy. We test the relative importance of economic, political, and spatial factors in explaining the rapid diffusion of IZ, across 100 cities and towns in the Bay Area. Consistent with an economic efficiency argument, results of hazard models provide some evidence that IZ is adopted in places with less affordable housing. However, political factors, such as partisan affiliation and the strength of affordable housing nonprofits, are even more robust predictors of whether or not a local government adopts IZ. There is no evidence of spatial diffusion in the case of IZ adoption; jurisdictions are not, on average, responding to the behavior of their neighbors. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Thiadiazole Carbamates: Potent Inhibitors of Lysosomal Acid Lipase and Potential Niemann−Pick Type C Disease Therapeutics

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized at the cellular level by abnormal accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in lysosomal storage organelles. Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) has been recently identified as a potential therapeutic target for NPC. LAL can be specifically inhibited by a variety of 3,4-disubstituted thiadiazole carbamates. An efficient synthesis of the C(3) oxygenated/C(4) aminated analogues has been developed that furnishes the products in high yields and high degrees of purity. Common intermediates can also be used for the synthesis of the C(3) carbon substituted derivatives. Herein we tested various thiadiazole carbamates, amides, esters, and ketones for inhibition of LAL. In addition, we tested a diverse selection of commercially available non-thiadiazole carbamates. Our studies show that, among the compounds examined herein, only thiadiazole carbamates are effective inhibitors of LAL. We present a mechanism for LAL inhibition by these compounds whereby LAL transiently carbamoylates the enzyme similarly to previously described inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by rivastigmine and other carbamates as well as acylation of various lipases by orlistat.
Thermochemical and Kinetic Analysis of the Acetyl Radical (CH3C•O) + O2 Reaction System

Thermochemical properties for reactants, intermediates, products, and transition states important in the acetyl radical (CH3C•(O)) + O2 reaction system are analyzed with density functional and ab initio calculations, to evaluate reaction paths and kinetics in both oxidation and pyrolysis. Enthalpies of formation (Δ ) are determined using isodesmic reaction analysis at the CBSQ composite and density functional levels. Entropies ( ) and heat capacities ( (T)) are determined using geometric parameters and vibrational frequencies obtained at the HF/6-31G(d‘) level of theory. Internal rotor contributions are included in S and Cp(T) values. The acetyl radical adds to O2 to form a CH3C(O)OO• peroxy radical with a 35 kcal/mol well depth. The peroxy radical can undergo dissociation back to reactants, decompose to products, CH2CO + HO2 via concerted HO2 elimination (Ea = 34.58 kcal/mol), or isomerize via hydrogen shift (Ea = 26.42) to form a C•H2C(O)OOH isomer. This C•H2C(O)OOH isomer can undergo β scission to prod...
A man-machine vehicle routing and dispatching system using interactive computer graphics

Vehicle routine and dispatching is normally a dynamic process. The requirements change up to the time the vehicle is to leave on a route and in some cases new requirements occur after the vehicle has begun its trip.Rather than being a replacement for the dispatcher, the system described in this paper is a tool which the dispatcher uses to extend his capability and effectiveness. The dispatcher continues to do what he is best at, decision making in a changing evironnment, while the computer provides the data storage, the data manipulation and the visual assist of a graphics terminal. The interactive mode allows the dispatcher to use this system in a dynamic dispatching environment.
Urban Schools Challenges and Possibilities for Early Childhood and Elementary Education

Addressing the seemingly perpetual turbulent landscape of urban schools, the role that elementary educators and teacher educators can play in reversing negative trends and trajectories is considered. Three urban education journals were examined over a 5-year period (2005-2010) to determine the emphasis on elementary students or schools. Of the 429 articles, only 8% focused on the elementary years. Schools and teacher education programs that are willing to learn from existing successful models and to straightforwardly and vigilantly address endemic racism in policies and practices offer the most hope for transforming urban schools. Collaborative grassroots efforts are recommended.
Insights into lymphocyte development from X-linked immune deficiencies

The genetic immune deficiencies have drawn the attention of physicians and immunologists for more than 40 years. The selectivity of these deficiencies brings into focus the contribution of the response of each arm of the immune system to specific pathogens. Recently, the genes underlying four X-linked defects in immune development in humans have been identified by either positional cloning or candidate-gene cloning techniques. Remarkably, these genetic defects reveal a microcosm of lymphocyte developmental controls involving cell—cell interactions, combinatorial cell surface receptor specificity and lineage-specific signal transduction.
How adolescents approach decisions: Changes over Grades seven to twelve and policy implications.

LEWIS, CATHERINE C. How Adolescents Approach Decisions: Changes over Grades Seven to Twelve and Policy Implications. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 538-544. Considerable controversy focuses on the ages at which adolescents are permitted to make legally regulated decisions-for example, consent to medical treatment, consent to experimentation, choice of custodial parent. The decision advice of 108 adolescents at three grade levels (grades 7-8, 10, and 12) was investigated in a simulated peer-counseling situation. In adolescents' advice to their "peers," there is a significant increase, with grade level, in mention of the potential risks and potential future consequences of decisions; in recognition and cautious treatment of "vested interests"; and in advice to solicit independent professional opinions. No differences between grade levels are found in the incorporation of negative information about a trusted adult or in recommendations that peers or parents be consulted about the decisions.
Predictors of student Internet use: data from three developing countries

Training, organizational support, attitude and national culture were explored in relation to college students’ Internet usage. Samples were drawn from India, Mauritius and Reunion Island (an overseas Department of France). Each nation differs culturally from the others. Questionnaire data was collected on students’ Internet usage as well as the predictor variables. Data was analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. The country groups were dummy‐coded. Results suggested that attitude, training and university support were positively related to students’ Internet use. Non‐significant interaction terms suggested that these relationships did not change according to country sample. The present findings are consistent with previous reports using samples from Western, economically developed countries.
PROCESSING OF SPEECH SIGNALS FOR PHYSICAL AND SENSORY DISABILITIES

Abstract Assistive technology involving voice communication is used primarily by people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or who have speech and/or language disabilities. It is also used to a lesser extent by people with visual or motor disabilities. A very wide range of devices has been developed for people with hearing loss. These devices can be categorized not only by the modality of stimulation [i.e., auditory, visual, tactile, or direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve (auditory-neural)] but also in terms of the degree of speech processing that is used. At least four such categories can be distinguished: assistive devices (a) that are not designed specifically for speech, (b) that take the average characteristics of speech into account, (c) that process articulatory or phonetic characteristics of speech, and (d) that embody some degree of automatic speech recognition. Assistive devices for people with speech and/or language disabilities typically involve some form of speech synthesis or symbol generation for severe forms of language disability. Speech synthesis is also used in text-to-speech systems for sightless persons. Other applications of assistive technology involving voice communication include voice control of wheelchairs and other devices for people with mobility disabilities.
Dual-bed strategies to improve hydrocarbon yields in the oxidative coupling of methane

Abstract The performances of Li-containing catalysts have been compared in the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), Li/Sn/MgO was found to be superior in activity almost equal to Li2CO3/ MgO in selectivity. Using these catalysts, attempts were made to further increase the C2+ yield of the OCM process. Blank reactor experiments on the oxidation of ethane, and catalytic OCM experiments with SiC in the post-catalyst volume showed that the role of gas phase reactions in the formation of carbon oxides is typically minimal. However, the use of a presumably ‘inert’ second bed of SiC, while not increasing selectivities, can increase C2+ yields. Ga-doped MFI zeolites are known to be good ethane dehydrogenation catalysts. The possibility of OCM using a 5 wt.-% Ga-doped ZSM-5 zeolite (MFI-5) was examined, and it was found that MFI-5 showed some OCM activity. The addition of some oxygen was necessary to convert ethane to aromatics at higher temperatures. An attempt was then made to integrate the OCM aromatization functions in a single reactor. Intimate mixtures of Li/MgO MFI-5 gave low activity selectivity no aromatization. However, using a Ga/ MFI catalyst bed on top of a Li/Sn/MgO catalyst again increased overall C2+ yields, this time accompanied by aromatics formation. Possible explanations for these phenomena are offered.
Using Individual Animal Susceptibility Test Results in Bovine Practice

The integration of antimicrobial susceptibility test results into food animal case management can be a challenging proposition. The use of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute veterinary-specific interpretive criteria can assist with the antimicrobial selection process when these criteria exist for the specific antimicrobial, pathogen, host animal, disease process, and dosing regimen being considered. When veterinary-specific interpretive criteria do not exist, clinicians can, and should, evaluate microbiological, pharmacological and clinical data to ensure responsible use of antimicrobials.
Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: Multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions

Abstract Economic resilience is a major way to reduce losses from disasters. Its effectiveness would be further enhanced if it could be precisely defined and measured. This paper distinguishes static economic resilience—efficient allocation of existing resources—from dynamic economic resilience—speeding recovery through repair and reconstruction of the capital stock. Operational definitions are put forth that incorporate this important distinction. The consistency of the definitions is examined in relation to antecedents from several disciplines. The effectiveness of economic resilience is evaluated on the basis of recent empirical studies. In addition, its potential to be enhanced and eroded is analyzed in various contexts.
Temporal change in fragmentation of continental US forests

Changes in forest ecosystem function and condition arise from changes in forest fragmentation. Previous studies estimated forest fragmentation for the continental United States (US). In this study, new temporal land-cover data from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) were used to estimate changes in forest fragmentation at multiple scales for the continental US. Early and late dates for the land-cover change data were ca. 1992 and ca. 2001. Forest density was used as a multi-scale index of fragmentation by measuring the proportion of forest in neighborhoods ranging in size from 2.25 to 5314.41 ha. The multi-scale forest density maps were classified using thresholds of 40% (patch), 60% (dominant), and 90% (interior) to analyze temporal change of fragmentation. The loss of dominant and interior forest showed distinct scale effects, whereas loss of patch forest was much less scale-dependent. Dominant forest loss doubled from the smallest to the largest spatial scale, while interior forest loss increased by approximately 80% from the smallest to the second largest spatial scale, then decreased somewhat. At the largest spatial scale, losses of dominant and interior forest were 5 and 10%, respectively, of their ca. 1992 amounts. In contrast, patch forest loss increased by only 25% from the smallest to largest spatial scale. These results indicate that continental US forests were sensitive to forest loss because of their already fragmented state. Forest loss would have had to occur in an unlikely spatial pattern in order to avoid the proportionately greater impact on dominant and interior forest at larger spatial scales.
Double dissociation of spatial and object visual memory: Evidence from selective interference in intact human subjects

A functional dissociation of the spatial and object visual systems was produced by selective interference in intact young adults. Subjects were instructed to remember the location of a dot in a spatial memory test, and the form of an object memory test. As predicted by current notions of dissociable visual systems in the primate, spatial memory was selectively impaired by a movement discrimination spatial task, whereas object memory was selectively impaired by a color discrimination object task.
Effect of Energy Pulse on 3-D Edney IV Interaction

This study investigates the effect of energy deposition on pressure and thermal loads generated by an Edney IV interaction. This complex supersonic jet impingement problem is formed by the intersection of an oblique shock generated by a 15-deg wedge with a Mach 3.45 bow shock in front of a 0.0254-m diam sphere. The full three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the k-w turbulence model. Mesh-resolved simulations show that surface pressure without energy addition is in good agreement with experiments. The peak value is 1.8 times that observed without the impinging shock. Results from a grid resolution study confirm that the surface pressure is less sensitive than the heat flux. For flow control, a spherical energy pulse with a volume of 3 mm 3 and energy of 283 mJ is deposited upstream of the primary triple point. The unsteady interaction of the energy spot and its induced blast wave with the oblique shock, the distorted bow shock, and the impinging supersonic jet is elucidated in the context of the "lensing" phenomenon. The simulations indicate significant impact of the energy deposition on the surface pressure and heat flux. The instantaneous surface pressure and heat flux rise when the blast wave and high-energy spot hit the surface and fall when the expansion waves reach the surface. However, the overall integrated stress and thermal loads are reduced, mainly due to the effect of the expansion waves.
Water-Cooled Target Box Design at LAMPF

The target boxes in the main experimental beam line (Line A) at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) have operated since 1976. A program of replacing the boxes is underway. This paper will present past history, design considerations, calculational results and the final box design.
On models for object lifetime distributions

Analytical models of memory object lifetimes are appealing because having them would enable mathematical analysis or fast simulation of the memory management behavior of programs. In this paper, we investigate models for object lifetimes drawn from programs in object-oriented languages such as Java and Smalltalk. We present certain postulated analytical models and compare them with observed lifetimes for 58 programs. We find that observed lifetime distributions do not match previously proposed object lifetime models, but do agree in salient shape characteristics with the gamma distribution family used in statistical survival analysis for general populations.
Phase field model of surface electromigration in single crystal metal thin films

Abstract A phase field model is developed for numerically studying the time evolution of insulating voids in a current-carrying single crystal metal thin film. In our model, we include the effects of surface electromigration, surface self-diffusion and current crowding in the fully nonlinear regime. A continuously varying scalar order parameter is used to describe the metal and void “phases” within the wire in this phase field formulation. The time evolution of the metal–void interface is given by two partial differential equations: one embodying the conserved dynamics of the order parameter and the other a modified Laplace’s equation for the electrical potential. We also carry out detailed asymptotic analysis to verify that our phase field formulation faithfully represents the surface electromigration problem.
Personhood and future belief: two arguments for something like Reflection

This paper offers two new arguments for a version of Reflection, the principle that says, roughly, that if one knew now what one would believe in the future, one ought to believe it now. The most prominent existing argument for the principle is the coherence-based Dutch Strategy argument advanced by Bas van Fraassen (and others). My two arguments are quite different. The first is a truth-based argument. On the basis of two substantive premises, that people’s beliefs generally get better over time and that being a person requires having knowledge of this fact, it concludes that it is rational to treat your future selves as experts. The second argument is a transcendental one. Being a person requires being able to engage in plans and projects. But these cannot be meaningfully undertaken unless one has Reflection-like expectations about one’s future beliefs. Hence, satisfaction of Reflection is necessary for being a person. Together, the arguments show that satisfaction of Reflection is both rational and necessary for persons.
Unified translation repression mechanism for microRNAs and upstream AUGs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding complementary sites in the 3'-UTR. In a recent genome-wide study reporting a new miRNA target class (miBridge), we identified and validated interactions between 5'-UTRs and miRNAs. Separately, upstream AUGs (uAUGs) in 5'-UTRs are known to regulate genes translationally without affecting mRNA levels, one of the mechanisms for miRNA-mediated repression. Using sequence data from whole-genome cDNA alignments we identified 1418 uAUG sequences on the 5'-UTR that specifically interact with 3'-ends of conserved miRNAs. We computationally identified miRNAs that can target six genes through their uAUGs that were previously reported to suppress translation. We extended this meta-analysis by confirming expression of these miRNAs in cell-lines used in the uAUG studies. Similarly, seven members of the KLF family of genes containing uAUGs were computationally identified as interacting with several miRNAs. Using KLF9 as an example (whose protein expression is limited to brain tissue despite the mRNA being expressed ubiquitously), we show computationally that miRNAs expressed only in HeLa cells and not in neuroblastoma (N2A) cells can bind the uAUGs responsible for translation inhibition. Our computed results demonstrate that tissue- or cell-line specific repression of protein translation by uAUGs can be explained by the presence or absence of miRNAs that target these uAUG sequences. We propose that these uAUGs represent a subset of miRNA interaction sites on 5'-UTRs in miBridge, whereby a miRNA binding a uAUG hinders the progression of ribosome scanning the mRNA before it reaches the open reading frame (ORF). While both miRNAs and uAUGs are separately known to down-regulate protein expression, we show that they may be functionally related by identifying potential interactions through a sequence-specific binding mechanism. Using prior experimental evidence that shows uAUG effects on translation repression together with miRNA expression data specific to cell lines, we demonstrate through computational analysis that cell-specific down-regulation of protein expression (while maintaining mRNA levels) correlates well with the simultaneous presence of miRNA and target uAUG sequences in one cell type and not others, suggesting tissue-specific translation repression by miRNAs through uAUGs.
High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments

A new development of on-board data processing platform has been in progress at NASA Langley Research Center since April, 2012, and the overall review of such work is presented in this paper. The project is called High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments (HOPS) and focuses on a high-speed scalable data processing platform for three particular National Research Council's Decadal Survey missions such as Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS), Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystems (ACE), and Doppler Aerosol Wind Lidar (DAWN) 3-D Winds. HOPS utilizes advanced general purpose computing with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based algorithm implementation techniques. The significance of HOPS is to enable high speed on-board data processing for current and future science missions with its reconfigurable and scalable data processing platform. A single HOPS processing board is expected to provide approximately 66 times faster data processing speed for ASCENDS, more than 70% reduction in both power and weight, and about two orders of cost reduction compared to the state-of-the-art (SOA) on-board data processing system. Such benchmark predictions are based on the data when HOPS was originally proposed in August, 2011. The details of these improvement measures are also presented. The two facets of HOPS development are identifying the most computationally intensive algorithm segments of each mission and implementing them in a FPGA-based data processing board. A general introduction of such facets is also the purpose of this paper.
NEW URBANISM AND NATURE: GREEN MARKETING AND THE NEOTRADITIONAL COMMUNITY

A central goal of New Urbanism (NU) is to provide alternatives to suburbs through ecologically sound designs and more natural communities. This article situates NU environmental rhetoric culturally...
INTRA-ABDOMINAL HYPERTENSION AND THE ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) occurs in a variety of clinical situations such as accumulation of ascites, bowel distention from ileus or mechanical obstruction, and reduction into the peritoneal cavity of large, chronic hernia contents that have "lost their domain." Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), or markedly increased IAP, is common after extensive abdominal trauma. The factors that contribute to IAH are accumulation of blood and clot, bowel edema or congestion from injury to mesenteric vessels or excessive crystalloid resuscitation, and perihepatic or retroperitoneal packing after damage control laparotomy for diffuse nonsurgical bleeding. Closure of the swollen and noncompliant abdominal wall under tension may further aggravate the IAH in these situations. IAH has profound effects, both abdominal and systemic. These physiologic aberrations, in concert, may result in organ dysfunction and failure. It is therefore important to anticipate IAH, attempt prevention, recognize its presence, and establish treatment. Sometimes IAH is referred to as the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). This syndrome is characterized by a tensely distended abdomen, elevated intra-abdominal and peak airway pressures, inadequate ventilation with hypoxia and hypercarbia, disturbed renal function, and an improvement of these features after abdominal decompression. This article discusses the physiologic consequences of IAH and focuses on its prevention and treatment. We also emphasize the concept that IAH and ACS are not synonymous and that ACS is a late manifestation of uncontrolled IAH.
CcpA-independent glucose regulation of lactate dehydrogenase 1 in Staphylococcus aureus.

Lactate Dehydrogenase 1 (Ldh1) is a key enzyme involved in Staphylococcus aureus NO·-resistance. Full ldh1-induction requires the presence of glucose, and mutants lacking the Carbon-Catabolite Protein (CcpA) exhibit decreased ldh1 transcription and diminished Ldh1 activity. The redox-regulator Rex represses ldh1 directly by binding to Rex-sites within the ldh1 promoter (Pldh1). In the absence of Rex, neither glucose nor CcpA affect ldh1 expression implying that glucose/CcpA-mediated activation requires Rex activity. Rex-mediated repression of ldh1 depends on cellular redox status and is maximal when NADH levels are low. However, compared to WT cells, the ΔccpA mutant exhibited impaired redox balance with relatively high NADH levels, yet ldh1 was still poorly expressed. Furthermore, CcpA did not drastically alter Rex transcript levels, nor did glucose or CcpA affect the expression of other Rex-regulated genes indicating that the glucose/CcpA effect is specific for Pldh1. A putative catabolite response element (CRE) is located ∼30 bp upstream of the promoter-distal Rex-binding site in Pldh1. However, CcpA had no affinity for Pldh1 in vitro and a genomic mutation of CRE upstream of Pldh1 in S. aureus had no affect on Ldh1 expression in vivo. In contrast to WT, ΔccpA S. aureus preferentially consumes non-glycolytic carbon sources. However when grown in defined medium with glucose as the primary carbon source, ΔccpA mutants express high levels of Ldh1 compared to growth in media devoid of glucose. Thus, the actual consumption of glucose stimulates Ldh1 expression rather than direct CcpA interaction at Pldh1.
Inhibition of chymotrypsin by phosphonate and phosphonamidate peptide analogs

Abstract A series of mono-, di-, and tetrapeptide analogs incorporating an activated, tetrahedral phosphorus moiety in place of the scissile carbonyl group have been synthesized and evaluated as inactivators of porcine pancreatic elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) and bovine pancreatic chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1). As previously reported (Lamden, L. A., and Bartlett, P. A. (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.112, 1085–1090), the simple phosphonofluoridate analogs of alanine (6a-F) and phenylalanine (6b-F) are the most rapid inactivators yet reported for these enzymes. More hydrolytically stable derivatives of 5b and 6b were explored for chymotrypsin, and the thiophenyl, thiomethyl, and phenyl esters were shown to be effective inactivators, with the latter being the most stable. This strategy was extended to the tetrapeptide level by the synthesis of the four diastereomers of analog 8. However, each isomer proved to be comparable in its behavior toward chymotrypsin. Potential reasons for this unexpected lack of stereoselectivity were investigated, and it was shown that the phosphorus amide substituent is capable of functioning as a leaving group. In a related dipeptide diester analog, l -15, a threefold difference in reactivity between phosphorus diastereomers was seen.
Multivariate goodness-of-fit tests based on statistically equivalent blocks

Various nonparametric procedures are known for the goodness-of-fit test in the univariate case. The distribution-free nature of these procedures does not extend to the multivariate case. In this paper, we consider an application of the theory of statistically equivalent blocks(SEB)to obtain distribution-free procedures for the multivariate case. The sample values are transformed to random variables which are distributed as sample spacings from a uniform distribution on [0, 1], under the null hypothesis. Various test statistics are known, based on the spacings, which are used for testing uniformity in the univariate case. Any of these statistics can be used in the multivariate situation, based on the spacings generated from the SEB. This paper gives an expository development of the theory of SEB and a review of tests for goodness-of-fit, based on sample spacings. To show an application of the SEB, we consider a test of bivariate normality.
Worthwhile effects of salt-matrix reduction on shape, morphology and magnetic properties of FeNi nanoparticles

Abstract Modification of hydrogen reduction of mechanically alloyed Ni-ferrite led to well dispersed spherical FeNi nanoparticles with superior magnetic properties. The as-milled powder was reduced in hydrogen atmosphere at 600 °C for 1 h. Salt-matrix utilization during the reduction showed itself as a well barrier to the particle sintering and growth. As the results of the modified process, shape of the particles was changed, their size was decreased and their soft magnetic properties were remarkably improved as evidenced by SEM, TEM, XRD and VSM.
Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelets and fibrinolytic activity in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans

Summary Sixteen patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans were treated intravenously with PGI2 at a dose of 5 ng/kg/min for a period of 72 hours. Three hours from the beginning of PGI2 infusion a non-significant decrease in platelet susceptibility to ADP, collagen and a suppression of TXA2 formation in collagen treated PRP were observed. However, continuation of the therapy was associated with an increased sensitivity of platelets to pro-aggregatory agents and an increased generation of TXA2 by PRP. Three hours from the beginning of the infusion of PGI2 thrombin time and recalcification plasma clotting time were significantly shortened while fibrinolytic activity as measured by euglobulin clot lysis time was doubled. Taking into account the above effects of PGI2 it is suggested that for treatment of thromboembolic disorders a period of three hours of PGI2 infusion or a shorter one would be more effective than 72 hours of PGI2 therapy.
Stabilization of the frequency, phase, and repetition rate of an ultra-short pulse train to a Fabry-Perot reference cavity

Abstract The carrier frequency, phase, and repetition rate of an ultra-short pulse train is controlled via simultaneous stabilization of more than 500 000 of its longitudinal modes to a Fabry–Perot reference cavity.
Experiments in Balance with a 3D One-Legged Hopping Machine

In order to explore the balance in legged locomotion, we are studying systems that hop and run on one springy leg. Pre vious work has shown that relatively simple algorithms can achieve balance on one leg for the special case of a system that is constrained mechanically to operate in a plane (Rai bert, in press; Raibert and Brown, in press). Here we general ize the approach to a three-dimensional (3D) one-legged machine that runs and balances on an open floor without physical support. We decompose control of the machine into three separate parts: one part that controls forward running velocity, one part that controls attitude of the body, and a third part that controls hopping height. Experiments with a physical 3D one-legged hopping machine showed that this control scheme, while simple to implement, is powerful enough to permit hopping in place, running at a desired rate, and travel along a simple path. These algorithms that control locomotion in 3D are direct generalizations of those in 2D, with surpris...
Tuning the Globular Assembly of Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Heteropolymer Sequences

We propose a heteropolymer design scheme to tune monomer distributions that stabilize or destabilize the collapsed globular conformation relative to random sequencing. Polymer sequences trained via globular templating are mapped to a one-dimensional Ising-like model, and inverse Monte Carlo simulations are performed to determine an effective interaction between monomers that reproduces intrasequence correlations. Heteropolymer sequences generated using this effective interaction quantitatively reproduce the coil-to-globule transition with increasing polymer hydrophobicity observed for templated sequences. Through potential scaling, the range of transition hydrophobic fractions required to collapse the polymer opens up by a factor of 2, from a minimum fraction of 17% to a maximum of 32% for the longest polymers simulated. Collapsed conformations are favored by sequences in which there is intermediate segregation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic units along the backbone, while monomer integration favors coils.
A note on controlling the optical density on analog film records in strong motion accelerographs

Abstract A device and its solid state logic are described which improve the uniformity of the optical density of recorded analog traces on film. An example is presented for the Light Control Module LM-8, designed to work in the SMA-1 strong motion accelerograph. Tests have been performed to determine the overall performance of LM-8. The results are very favorable and show that LM-8 improves significantly the overall quality of strong motion acceleration traces recorded on film.
Rotational constants of excited vibrational states of 14N216O

Abstract The infrared spectrum of 14 N 2 16 O has been studied extensively, the most recent work being that of Tidwell, Plyler, and Benedict ( 1 ), Pliva ( 2 ), Gordon and McCubbin ( 3 ), and Grosso and McCubbin ( 4 ). To our knowledge, the microwave spectrum of 14 N 2 16 O in excited vibrational states has not been recorded, aside from measurements on ν 2 1 by Burrus and Gordy ( 5 ). Accurate values of the rotational constants of molecules in the 2 ν 2 0 (Σ), 2 ν 2 2 (Δ), and ν 1 (Σ) vibrational states are required in order to treat the Fermi interaction between 2 ν 0 and ν 1 . These constants have been determined in this work.
Organ pipe radiant modes of periodic micromachined silicon surfaces.

In recent studies on small pyroelectric thermal anemometers with roughened surfaces we showed that one of the most widely used heat transfer models1,2 yielded calculated anemometer responses for flow and geometric behaviour that agreed functionally with observations, but were significantly smaller than the experimental data3-5. As the first stage in investigating the role of small structures in heat transfer, we initiated a study of emittance from deep gratings. Here we report measurements at 400 °C of infrared (3 µm⩽λ⩽14 µm), normal, s- and p-polarized spectral emittances of 45 µm deep, near square-wave gratings of heavily phosphorus doped (110) silicon (P content ∼5 × 1019 cm-3). The grating surface repeat scales, Λ, were 10, 14, 18 and 22µm, yielding a range of Λ/λ from 0.14 to 7.33. The s-polarization vector was parallel to the grating slots. Both s and p spectral emittances had pronounced resonant periodicities with a characteristic length of ∼42 µm. A reasonable explanation for this behaviour is the presence of standing waves in the air slots perpendicular to the silicon surface similar to those in an organ pipe. While the resonant amplitude of the s polarization does not depend significantly on Λ it does for the p polarization. No explanation for the Λ dependence of the p polarization is known.
Auger study of preferred sputtering on binary alloy surfaces

Abstract Auger Electron Spectroscopy has been used to investigate the preferred sputtering behavior on homogeneous Cu/Ni alloy surfaces. Measurements were made on a range of alloy compositions with Ar + sputter ions of 0.5 to 2 keV energy. A kinetic model has been formulated to describe the time variation of the surface composition during sputtering. Based on this model, we were able to determine the individual sputter yields for Cu and Ni atoms in the alloy and the depth of the surface layer where the composition is altered by sputtering. The sputter yields were found to be relatively independent of the alloy composition but increased almost linearly with energy. The depth of the altered layer was comparable to the Auger sampling depth with its value increasing from 10 A to more than 20 A when ion energy increased from 0.5 to 2 keV.
Tin-induced dynamic embrittlement of Cu-7% Sn bicrystals with a Σ5 boundary

Abstract The kinetic model for dynamic embrittlement predicts that the cracking rate is proportional to the diffusivity of the embrittling species along the grain boundary. Diffusion-bonded bicrystals of Cu–7% Sn with a Σ5 (031)/[100] symmetrical tilt boundary were used to test the model and to examine the mechanism of the cracking process. The bicrystals, in which surface-segregated tin was the embrittling species, were tested at 265°C in vacuum parallel and perpendicular to the tilt axis. Cracking occurred parallel to the tilt axis, the fast-diffusion direction, by the propagation of a sharp crack at a maximum rate of ∼2 μ m/s and at a stress intensity of less than 3.5 MPa √m. Cracking appeared to be continuous, suggesting that the tin diffusion occurs in the core of the crack tip. No cracking occurred perpendicular to the tilt axis, i.e. the slow-diffusion direction; here, plastic creep occurred with the formation of cavities at the grain boundaries. The hypothesis of a grain-boundary-diffusion process leading to cracking is supported, and the susceptibility to this type of cracking appears to be extremely sensitive to grain boundary structure.
Sodium Zeolite A: Influence on Broiler Carcass Yields and Tibia Characteristics

Abstract This study considered the effect of dietary sodium zeolite A (SZA) on processing yields and tibia characteristics of male and female broilers divergently selected over three generations for high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). Genetic lines included high and low incidence of TD and an unselected control line. Birds (ten replicate pens/line; thirty-five birds/pen) were fed either a standard diet or SZA-supplemented diet at levels of 0.25% and 0.50% from 1-21, 22-50, and 51-56 days of age, respectively. After the study, the high TD line had significantly (P .05) among the lines. The SZA effect was significant (P
The Conflict over Railroad Regulation in Alabama

A half century ago the conflict over state regulation of railroads was the chief issue in Alabama politics. Two staunch advocates led the rival forces. Both leaders were in agreement on the need to develop the industrial capacities of the state, but each sponsored violently opposing concepts of how this could best be done. The present article, by presenting the two sides of the Alabama controversy, provides us with insights into the national dilemma over government regulation of business which developed after the Civil War.
Toward a new welfare economics for sustainability

The debate over various definitions of sustainability has for the most part been conducted within the framework of traditional welfare economics. Discussion has centered on technical issues imbedded within the functional forms of various optimization models, especially the coefficient of the elasticity of substitution and the social discount rate. Two more basic problems are: (1) intractable theoretical difficulties within welfare economics call into question the results of traditional models of sustainability regarding intergenerational welfare and (2) equating per capita consumption with welfare contradicts empirical evidence suggesting that the link between happiness and wealth/income is relatively weak. Alternative approaches to measuring well-being are being developed and these have great potential to move the sustainability debate forward.
Simplified Restrainer Design Procedure for Multiple-Frame Bridges

The collapse of existing bridges due to unseating at supports and intermediate (in-span) hinges with inadequate seat-width can be prevented by the use of restrainers to limit the relative hinge opening. A new simplified procedure for the design of restrainers in bridges accounts for the dynamic characteristics and out-of-phase motion of adjacent frames as well as the inelastic behavior of the bridge. The simplified procedure is developed from an empirical relationship for the restrainer stiffness as a function of the frame stiffnesses, initial hinge displacement, target displacement, and target ductility of the structure. Parameter studies and case studies show that the simplified procedure limits the relative hinge displacement to a designer-specified value.
A behavioral model for commercial banking

THIS DISSERTATION sets up a model for the analysis of commercial bank behavior. The approach combines some of the basic tenets of the neoclassical theory of the firm with those of the Markowitz-Tobin portfolio analysis. The commercial bank is viewed as purchasing "input" in the form of loanable funds in a deposit market and then allocating this input to alternative credit output. For simplicity it is assumed that there are only two outputs, loans and government securities, with loans having both higher risk and yield characteristics. The problem is to determine the optimum portfolio allocation and portfolio size for the bank. It is shown that for banks operating under conditions of perfect competition in all markets, the portfolio allocation chosen is that corresponding to the maximum expected return per unit risk. It is further shown that the size of the portfolio (total deposit input purchased) varies directly with the degree of risk aversion of the bank. At the extremes, risk-neutral and risk-loving banks desire an infinite portfolio size. An investigation of the comparative static properties of the model indicates that interdependencies between the asset and liability sides of the bank's balance sheet can be explained by the theory. The results of the perfectly competitive model are qualified by introducing imperfect competition into the bank's markets. It is concluded that under conditions of imperfect competition banks no longer choose that portfolio allocation corresponding to maximum expected return per unit risk. Instead portfolio allocation is now a function of bank preferences. It is also likely that under conditions of imperfect competition risk averse banks will restrict the size of their portfolio and the amount of credit extended to the loan market relative to that which would prevail under conditions of perfect competition. It is concluded that while the portfolio approach offers interesting insights into bank behavior, the model must be used with caution because it concentrates on only one aspect of bank decision making: the risk-yield tradeoff. Its power to deal with the liquidity and customer relations aspects of banking is limited.
Generation of Functional Broadside Tests for Transition Faults

Scan design allows a circuit to be tested using states that the circuit cannot enter during functional operation. It was observed that nonfunctional operation during testing may cause excessive currents that can cause a good chip to fail the test because of voltage droops caused by the excessive current demand. A good chip may also fail due to the propagation of signal transitions along nonfunctional long paths, especially during at-speed testing. This problem is studied in this paper in the context of tests for transition faults. A method for determining transition faults that are untestable under functional operation-conditions is described. Two procedures for generating transition-fault tests that use only functional operation conditions are also described. The first procedure accepts as input a broadside test set for transition faults. The second procedure accepts as input a test sequence for the nonscan circuit. Although such a test sequence is more complex to generate and simulate, it results in higher numbers of faults detected under functional operation conditions
Asymptomatic Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi

The natural history of asymptomatic seroconversion to Borrelia burgdorferi has been unclear. We report here, on the basis of a post hoc assessment, the frequency and outcome of asymptomatic seroconversion to B. burgdorferi in participants of a large Lyme disease vaccine trial. We show that infection with B. burgdorferi may be asymptomatic but that asymptomatic infection is unusual in the United States.
Dogs (Canis familiaris) account for body orientation but not visual barriers when responding to pointing gestures.

In a series of four experiments we investigated whether dogs use information about a human’s visual perspective when responding to pointing gestures. While there is evidence that dogs may know what humans can and cannot see, and that they flexibly use human communicative gestures, it is unknown if they can integrate these two skills. In Experiment 1 we first determined that dogs were capable of using basic information about a human’s body orientation (indicative of her visual perspective) in a point following context. Subjects were familiarized with experimenters who either faced the dog and accurately indicated the location of hidden food, or faced away from the dog and (falsely) indicated the unbaited container. In test trials these cues were pitted against one another and dogs tended to follow the gesture from the individual who faced them while pointing. In Experiments 2–4 the experimenter pointed ambiguously toward two possible locations where food could be hidden. On test trials a visual barrier occluded the pointer’s view of one container, while dogs could always see both containers. We predicted that if dogs could take the pointer’s visual perspective they should search in the only container visible to the pointer. This hypothesis was supported only in Experiment 2. We conclude that while dogs are skilled both at following human gestures, and exploiting information about others’ visual perspectives, they may not integrate these skills in the manner characteristic of human children.