cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering of Public Systems

The many phenomena loosely labeled “urban problems” exhibit one common and disconcerting characteristic—they resist solution. Despite enormous public attention and expenditures, they persist. This raises two questions: why are these problems so persistent, and how should engineering more effectively address these problems? This paper seeks to answer both questions. The nature of urban problems is examined, and the use of systems analysis is reviewed. Finally, four recommendations are made for broadening the systems approach and thereby increasing the effectiveness of the engineers in dealing with urban systems.
III–V Tunnel FET Model With Closed-Form Analytical Solution

Using an idealized semianalytical model of charge transport for InAs-based tunneling FET, it is shown that the output and transfer characteristics can be accurately reproduced and could be used to develop compact models. The use of a mathematical approximation for the analytical solution of the surface potential is vital here to minimize the computation time. The 20-nm gate homojunction and 40-nm gate heterojunction transistors have been simulated and compared with the calibrated numerical simulation results. The results are in good agreement.
Measures for Antirust Protection of 600 MW Direct Air-Cooling Unit off Service

The measures for antirust protection of 600 MW direct air -cooling unit off service in Inner Mongolia Tuoketuo Power Plant were explored with respect to the characteristics of large protected area and difficulty of protection.Thus the dosage of octaamine and the positions to introduce octaamine were discussed, and pre-coating protection and fine treatment with resin were put forward as the pollution-preventing measures for the direct air-cooling u-nit off service.It was found that after pollution-preventing treatment the unit had good hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance, which could help to provide profitable references for the protection of direct air-cooling units off service.
Deriving Safety-Related Scenarios to Support Architecture Evaluation

This chapter introduces an analysis process that combines the different perspectives of system decomposition with hazard analysis methods to identify the safety-related use cases and scenarios. It argues that the derived safety-related use cases and scenarios, which are the detailed instantiations of system safety requirements, serve as input to future software architectural evaluation. Furthermore, by modeling the derived safetyrelated use cases and scenarios into UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams, the authors hope that visualization of system safety requirements will not only help to enrich the knowledge of system behaviors but also provide a reusable asset to support system development and evolution. Deriving Safety-Related Scenarios to Support Architecture Evaluation 33 Copyright © 2005, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. Introduction This chapter defines a technique to identify and refine the safety-related requirements of a system that may constrain the software architecture. The purpose of the approach presented here is to provide a relatively complete set of scenarios that can be used as a reusable asset in software architectural evaluation and software evolution for safetycritical systems. For this purpose, we will identify, refine, and prioritize the safety-related requirements in terms of scenarios by using safety analysis methods. The resulting scenarios can serve as input to software architectural evaluation. By evaluating various kinds of architectural decisions against the input safety-related requirements, the evaluation approach will assist in the selection of an architecture that supports the system safety. The resulting scenarios are reusable during software evolution. By reusing those common scenarios, and hence the common architectural decisions, the cost of development and the time to market can be reduced. The objective of this chapter is to introduce a technique that: (1) Identifies and refines the safety-related requirements that must be satisfied in every design and development step of the system, (2) instantiates the nonfunctional requirement – safety – into misuse cases and misuse scenarios that are further modeled by UML, and (3) provides a reusable asset – utility tree – that may either support the engineering decision making during software development or become input to future software architectural evaluation.
Whitehead's Use of Imagination in His Conception of God

For most readers the conceptual elements of Whitehead's doctrine of God stand out more than the imaginative elements. If we take a more careful look at his understanding of the role of imagination in various realms and at his choice of particular images to illustrate his view of God, however, we can appreciate better the primary concerns that underlie his reformulation. We also find a consistency of purpose in relating images to his philosophical system and a richness that otherwise goes unnoticed. The shortcomings in his use of imagination result from a neglect of certain aspects of experience.
The Whipple Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer

Whipple first described pancreaticoduodenal resection in 1935, for a cancer of the ampulla of Vater [1]. Within a short time, the operation was being performed for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, although it underwent a number of modifications before the one-stage operation that we know today was developed [2, 3]. By 1953, Cattell and Warren reported that they had performed 102 Whipple procedures at the Lahey Clinic [4]. Of these, 88 were for malignant disease of the periampullary area, and 46 of the 88 were for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Nineteen of the 46 were done as one stage resections, the others had some form of biliary decompression performed as an initial procedure. The mortality rate in this early series of 46 patients was 17.3% (eight deaths).
Synthetic Aperture Radar on low power multi-core Digital Signal Processor

Commercial off-the-self (COTS) components have recently gained popularity in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) applications. The compute capabilities of these devices have advanced to a level where real time processing of complex SAR algorithms have become feasible. In this paper, we focus on a low power multi-core Digital Signal Processor (DSP) from Texas Instruments Inc. and evaluate its capability for SAR signal processing. The specific DSP studied here is an eight-core device, codenamed TMS320C6678, that provides a peak performance of 128 GFLOPS (single precision) for only 10 watts. We describe how the basic SAR operations can be implemented efficiently in such a device. Our results indicate that a baseline SAR range-Doppler algorithm takes around 0.25 second for a 16 M (4K × 4K) image, achieving real-time performance.
Dynamical and gravitational instability of an oscillating-field dark energy and dark matter

Coherent oscillations of a scalar field can mimic the behavior of a perfect fluid with an equation-of-state parameter determined by the properties of the potential, possibly driving accelerated expansion in the early Universe (inflation) and/or in the Universe today (dark energy) or behaving as dark matter. We consider the growth of inhomogeneities in such a field, mapping the problem to that of two coupled anharmonic oscillators. We provide a simple physical argument that oscillating fields with a negative equation-of-state parameter possess a large-scale dynamical instability to growth of inhomogeneities. This instability renders these models unsuitable for explaining cosmic acceleration. We then consider the gravitational instability of oscillating fields in potentials that are close to, but not precisely, harmonic. We use these results to show that if axions make up the dark matter, then the small-scale cutoff in the matter power spectrum is around 10^-15M⊕.
Class structure and rural self-help in Kenya and Tanzania

Comparisons of development in neighbouring Kenya and Tanzania are a ""natural"" enterprise although there have been few explicit attempts to date.
Discovery of element 117: Super-heavy elements and the “island of stability”*

Element 117 (tennessine) joined the periodic table in November 2016. Two tennessine isotopes were synthesized by bombarding 249Bk from Oak Ridge National Laboratory with 48Ca ions at the Joint Inst...
The struggle over democracy in the Middle East : regional politics and external policies

1. Introduction Nathan J. Brown and Emad El-Din Shahin Part 1: The View From Outside: External Efforts at Democracy Promotion 2. New Wine in Old Bottles? American Efforts to Promote Democracy in the Arab World Nathan J. Brown and Amy Hawthorne 3. Democracy and Security in the Middle East Richard Youngs 4. The Fantasy of Arab Democracy without a Constituency Walid Kazziha 5. Democracy and Faith: The Continuum of Political Islam Azza Karam Part 2: Country Studies 6. Transformations in Eastern Europe and Lessons for the Middle East Shlomo Avineri 7. Democratic Transformation in Egypt: Controlled Reforms ... Frustrated Hopes Emad El-Din Shahin 8. The Myth of the Democratizing Monarchy Shadi Hamid 9. Democracy in Lebanon: The Primacy of the Sectarian System Bassel Salloukh 10. Democracy, Islam and Secularism in Turkey Ersin Kalaycioglu 11. Conclusion Nathan J. Brown and Emad El-Din Shahin
Composition and Variation of Macronutrients, Immune Proteins, and Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Human Milk From Nonprofit and Commercial Milk Banks.

Background:When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants. Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists.Resea...
Submission to Senate Finance Committee - Why a Residence-Based System Is Far Better for Our Country than a Territorial System that Provides a Continuing Preference to Foreign Income

This concise submission shows that from many tax policy standpoints a residence-based tax system would be significantly better than a territorial-based tax system. Policy issues mentioned include: - competitiveness, - broadening of the tax base so the rate can be lowered, - domestic job loss, - neutrality of physical location and legal ownership of assets, - simplification, and - trapped cash problem.
High-resolution heat flux width measurements at reactor-level magnetic fields and observation of a unified width scaling across confinement regimes in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

New data from Alcator C-Mod have extended the range of heat flux measurements and scalings to poloidal magnetic fields above ITER-level. Knowledge of how the scrape-off layer heat flux width (λ q) scales with machine parameters is crucial for designing fusion reactors and developing a power exhaust solution. An international database indicated that λ q scaled approximately inversely with the poloidal magnetic field (B p) and had no other significant dependencies. However, reactor-class tokamaks are expected to have at least 50% higher B p than the maximum of that database (0.8 T). Alcator C-Mod has been the only diverted tokamak capable of operating at reactor-level B p, up to ~1.3 T. A major focus of the final experimental campaign on Alcator C-Mod was to characterize λ q over a wide range of conditions, utilizing a unique array of heat flux sensors with unprecedented spatial resolution and heat flux dynamic range. The heat flux width scaling is found to extend up to B p ~ 1.3 T in H-mode. Looking across confinement regimes we find the remarkable result that λ q exhibits a unified dependence on volume-averaged core plasma pressure (). Within a standard deviation of about 20%, the heat flux width in any of the C-Mod plasmas studied (L-, I-, and H-mode) is proportional to the inverse square root of . It is also found that the standard prescription of representing the target plate heat flux profile as a convolution of exponential and Gaussian functions does not capture the heat flux profile measured in the private zone; a purely exponential decay fits the data better in this region to >3 orders of magnitude in heat flux dynamic range.
Environmental Studies and Human Geography

Human geography and environmental studies identify and analyze environmental changes and human–environment relations in distinct yet interrelated ways. The phrase ‘human–environment geography’ describes a subfield of human geography that is useful in capturing geographical work that is most directly comparable to research and teaching in environmental studies. Human–environment geography and environmental studies evolved along different intellectual trajectories, which partially explain many of the peculiarities of the two fields. The two fields converge in their embrace of pluralism, and their mutual concern with material transformations of the environment, human drivers of such transformations, and human conceptions of nature. Conversely, the fields diverge along several lines, including disciplinary training, relative attention to social theory, and degree of engagement with public policy. Consideration of the convergences and divergences across the fields of human geography and environmental studies draw out the ways in which practitioners and scholars in each field might draw lessons regarding the innovations and shortcomings of their counterparts.
Haciendose un Líder: Leadership Identity Development of Latino Men at a Predominantly White Institution:

There is limited literature on how race influences leadership identity development. Using a case study methodology, this research explores the influence of race on the leadership identity developme...
Implementing a Postoperative Opioid-Prescribing Protocol Significantly Reduces the Total Morphine Milligram Equivalents Prescribed

Background:Opioid-prescribing patterns have been implicated as a contributing factor to the opioid epidemic, yet few evidence-based guidelines exist to assist health-care providers in assessing and possibly modifying their prescribing practices.Methods:Five orthopaedic hand surgeons at a level-I tra
Automatically Determining the Confocal Parameters From OCT B-Scans for Quantification of the Attenuation Coefficients

The attenuation coefficient is a relevant biomarker for many diagnostic medical applications. Recently, the Depth-Resolved Confocal (DRC) technique was developed to automatically estimate the attenuation coefficients from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) data with pixel-level resolution. However, DRC requires that the confocal function parameters (i.e., focal plane location and apparent Rayleigh range) be known a priori . In this paper, we present the autoConfocal algorithm: a simple, automatic method for estimating those parameters directly from OCT imagery when the focal plane is within the sample. We present autoConfocal+DRC results on phantom data, ex-vivo biological tissue data, and in-vivo clinical data.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Treatment of Unprotected Left Main Stenosis.

This article reviews the latest data on unprotected left main (ULM) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, with a focus on the NOBLE and EXCEL trials. In EXCEL trial, the primary endpoint at 3 years was 15.4% in the PCI group and 14.7% in the CABG group (p = 0.02 for non-inferiority of PCI versus CABG). In NOBLE, the primary endpoint at 5 years was 28% and 18% for PCI and CABG, respectively (HR 1.51, CI 1.13–2.0, which did not meet the criteria for non-inferiority of PCI to CABG; p for superiority of CABG was 0.0044). Higher repeat revascularization and non-procedural myocardial infarction were noted in PCI group but there was no difference in all-cause or cardiac mortality between the two groups. A heart team approach with appropriate patient selection, careful assessment of LM lesions, and meticulous procedural technique makes PCI a valid alternative to CABG for ULM stenosis.
Time and dose-dependent impairment of neonatal respiratory motor activity after systemic inflammation.

Abstract Neonatal respiratory impairment during infection is common, yet its effects on respiratory neural circuitry are not fully understood. We hypothesized that the timing and severity of systemic inflammation is positively correlated with impairment in neonatal respiratory activity. To test this, we evaluated time- and dose-dependent impairment of in vitro fictive respiratory activity. Systemic inflammation (induced by lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired burst amplitude during the early (1 h) inflammatory response. The greatest impairment in respiratory activity (decreased amplitude, frequency, and increased rhythm disturbances) occurred during the peak (3 h) inflammatory response in brainstem-spinal cord preparations. Surprisingly, isolated medullary respiratory circuitry within rhythmic slices showed decreased baseline frequency and delayed onset of rhythm only after higher systemic inflammation (LPS 10 mg/kg) early in the inflammatory response (1 h), with no impairments at the peak inflammatory response (3 h). Thus, different components of neonatal respiratory circuitry have differential temporal and dose sensitivities to systemic inflammation, creating multiple windows of vulnerability for neonates after systemic inflammation.
Nanotechnology-Enabled Point-of-Use (POU) Filters for Drinking Water Disinfection

Nanotechnology-incorporated low-cost materials for household point-of-use (POU) water treatment systems may confer better protection to public health due to potential removal of microbial pathogens (bacteria and viruses) from drinking water supplies and could serve as a sustainable complementary option to the conventional communal water treatment methods that are in use today.
Hepatitis B vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

AIM: To determine the prevalence for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HBV screening and vaccination practices for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional observational study. A retrospective chart review was performed in 500 patients who have been consecutively treated for IBD between September 2008 and January 2013 at the Rush University Medical Center Gastroenterology section. The patients were identified through the electronic medical record with the criteria that they attended the gastroenterology clinic, and that they had a diagnosis of IBD at the time of visit discharge. Once identified, each record was analyzed to determine whether the subject had been infected with HBV in the past, already been vaccinated against HBV, or advised to get vaccinated and followed through with the recommended vaccination. RESULTS: About 254 out of 500 patients (51%) had HBV screening ordered. Among those ordered to have screening tests, 86% followed through with HBV serology. Gastroenterology physicians had significantly different screening ratios from each other (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the ratios of HBV screening when IBD specialists were compared to other gastroenterology physicians (0.505 ± 0.023 vs 0.536 ± 0.066, P = 0.66). Of those 220 patients screened, 51% of IBD patients were found not to be immune against HBV. Approximately 50% of gastroenterology physicians recommended HBV vaccinations to their patients in whom serology was negative for antibodies against HBV. IBD specialists recommended vaccinations to a higher percentage of their patients compared to other gastroenterology physicians (0.168 ± 0.019 vs 0.038 ± 0.026, P = 0.015). Present and/or past HBV infection was found in 3.6% of the patients who had serology checked. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) between our study and that reported in previous studies done in Spain (4/220 vs 14/2076 respectively, P = 0.070); and in France (4/220 vs 3/315 respectively, P = 0.159). But, the prevalence of anti-HBcAb in this study was less than that reported in the study in Spain (7/220 vs 155/2076 respectively, P = 0.006); and was not significantly different from that reported in the study in France (7/220 vs 8/315 respectively, P = 0.313). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HBsAg in our IBD patients was not higher than previously reported European studies. Most IBD patients are not routinely screened or vaccinated against HBV at a tertiary referral center in the United States.
Transformational Leader or Narcissist? How Grandiose Narcissists Can Create and Destroy Organizations and Institutions:

Transformational leaders challenge the status quo, provide a vision of a promising future, and motivate and inspire their followers to join in the pursuit of a better world. But many of these leade...
The Effects of Topographic Micropatterning on Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells.

Artificial small-diameter vascular grafts remain an unmet need in modern medicine, due to the thrombosis and neointimal hyperplasia that plague currently available synthetic devices. Tissue enginee...
Neural Components of Reading Revealed by Distributed and Symbolic Computational Models

Determining how the cognitive components of reading—orthographic, phonological, and semantic representations—are instantiated in the brain has been a long-standing goal of psychology and human cogn...
Quadrotor Accelerometer and Gyroscope Sensor Fault Diagnosis with Experimental Results

This paper presents the design and real-time experimental results of a fault diagnosis scheme for inertial measurement unit (IMU) measurements of quadrotor unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). The objective is to detect, isolate, and estimate sensor bias fault in accelerometer and gyroscope measurements. Based on the quadrotor dynamics and sensor models under consideration, the effects of sensor faults are represented as virtual actuator faults in the quadrotor state equations. Two nonlinear diagnostic estimators are designed to provide structured residuals enabling the simultaneous detection and isolation of the sensor faults. Additionally, based on the detection and isolation scheme, two nonlinear adaptive estimators are employed for the estimation of the fault magnitude. The performance of the diagnosis method is evaluated and demonstrated through real-time flight experiments.
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma in Adult.

Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a hamartoma comprised of cardiac myocytes. It is the classic cardiac manifestation of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) which is an autosomal dominant genetic syndrome with multi-organ involvement, but highly variable phenotype. Cardiac rhabdomyoma is most commonly diagnosed in infancy, 70 to 90% of whom have TSC. However, TSC-associated cardiac rhabdomyoma usually shows spontaneous regression within the first two years of life and hence is extremely rare in adults. We present a 34-year-old woman with TSC who was found to have a cardiac rhabdomyoma when she was referred to the cardiology clinic for evaluation and to establish care. Cardiac rhabdomyoma is usually asymptomatic. However, depending on size and location, it can cause outflow or inflow tract obstruction and aberrant electrical conduction. Hence, appropriate surveillance is important.
Cytoreductive Nephrectomy Following Immunotherapy-Base Treatment in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Series and Review of Current Literature.

The role and timing of cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving immunotherapy-based regimens is unclear. However, the ability to achieve a complete response for metastatic renal cell carcinoma likely requires a nephrectomy at some point during treatment. Here we present a case series of three patients with metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma who received front-line immunotherapy-based treatment and subsequently underwent a cytoreductive nephrectomy. All three patients had a complete response to therapy and have subsequently remained off systemic therapy for a median of 531 days (range, 476–602). We also review the limited literature in this setting and highlight ongoing clinical trials. Although the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving immunotherapy-based treatment is uncertain, a subset of patients will benefit from either an immediate or deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy. Ongoing trials are underway to further determine how to incorporate cytoreductive nephrectomy into the treatment paradigm for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Innovations in Screening Tools for Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a lethal disease with rapidly rising incidence. Screening for EAC and its metaplastic precursor, Barrett's esophagus (BE), followed by endoscopic surveillance and endoscopic treatment of dysplasia or early EAC are promising approaches to decreasing EAC incidence and EAC mortality. Historically, screening for EAC has been completed with a traditional per-oral esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD); however, this method has limitations including cost, tolerability, and accessibility. For this reason, much effort has been put forward to develop more effective, minimally invasive, and accessible BE and EAC screening tools. The purpose of this review is to describe recent developments of these novel tools. RECENT FINDINGS While endoscopic alternatives such as transnasal endoscopy are cheaper and well tolerated, they have not gained acceptance. Non-endoscopic modalities namely, swallowable cell collection devices coupled with biomarker analysis have been found to have excellent performance characteristics, tolerability, and cost effectiveness. In this article, we provide an update on innovative developments in EAC/BE screening modalities including transnasal endoscopy, capsule endomicroscopy, swallowable cell collection devices, and exhaled volatile organic compound analyses.
State-of-the-Art Review of Blockchain-Enabled Construction Supply Chain

AbstractThis paper aims to highlight the critical problems associated with the construction supply chain (CSC) by analyzing the literature and shedding light on the existing research limitations an...
Illuminating Culprit Plaque Histology by Optical Coherence Tomography: Shedding New Light on Old Insights.

Coronary atherosclerosis continues to be major cause of death in the developed world [(1)][1]. Although we have known for at least a century that fissures and ruptures of coronary arteries are the cause of coronary thrombosis and, in the last 2 decades, that plaque erosion and calcified nodule are
Entrapment of sized emboli by the KMA-Greenfield intracaval filter

Clinical studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filter in the management of pulmonary emboli have stimulated efforts to accurately define this filter's capability to entrap sized emboli and maintain caval patency. Twenty-three dogs had filters inserted and positioned distal to the renal veins. Radiopaque emboli measuring 2 to 5 mm were introduced via the femoral vein. Cineradiography allowed direct observation of emboli capture and filter flow dynamics. Probability of entrapment was found to be related to (1) emboli size, (2) depth of filling of the conical-shaped filter by prior entrapment of emboli, and (3) absence of distal venous hypertension. The geometric design of the filter, which allows progressive vertical filling while maintaining circumferential blood flow, is thought to be responsible for entrapment of emboli and avoidance of venous thrombosis and hypertension.
Satellite triangulation of thunderstorms, from fading radio fields synchronously recorded on two orthogonal antennas

[1] Single-satellite observations of lightning radio emissions normally do not independently provide useful thunderstorm location. The scientific value of these radio waveform recordings is greatly enhanced by knowing at least the approximate location of the source thunderstorm. Since the Very High Frequency radio emissions from lightning are always broadband and usually incoherent, radio interferometry is an obvious approach to direction-finding the source. However, radio-interferometry requires separated, deployed antennas, and for decametric radio waves, success with interferometric direction-finding on a satellite has not yet been reported. We describe a method for approximate location of source thunderstorms, using the statistical fading of the received electric field on two orthogonal, but co-located, antennas. The method is based on previous work geolocating polarized sources, and we show that it can be adapted efficiently to unpolarized radio fields, which constitute the majority of lightning emissions. We implement the method with dual-antenna radio recordings from the FORTE satellite, and demonstrate its capabilities using a wide variety of radio data.
Chaos and the Theory of Elections

The concept of “chaos” is a fairly recent development, but already it plays an important, integral role in the study of dynamical systems. Using these mathematical techniques, we now understand how and why deterministic systems admit what appears to be highly random behavior (see, e.g., Devaney, 1986). For instance, these new approaches have enriched our understanding of numerical analyses and of physical and biological systems. Recently, as one might expect, chaos has been discovered in dynamical models developed for the social sciences (Saari, 1985a).
Dissociation of Visual Discrimination From Saccade Programming in Macaque Frontal Eye Field

Thompson, Kirk G., Narcisse P. Bichot, and Jeffrey D. Schall. Dissociation of visual discrimination from saccade programming in macaque frontal eye field. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1046–1050, 1997. To d...
Invited Forum: Bridging the “Language Gap”

This Forum provides a range of voices on the Language Gap, as our aim is to shed light on the need for more critical dialogue to accompany the proliferation of political initiatives, policymaking, educational programs, and media coverage. We highlight some relevant background on the Language Gap and describe some of the research used to support the concept. The diverse slate of Forum contributions that we have assembled approach the Language Gap topic from a range of linguistic anthropological perspectives—theoretical, empirical, political, ethnographic, personal, and experiential. Based on an acknowledgment of the need to improve educational access for economically and culturally diverse students, the subsequent discussions provide a range of perspectives designed to move away from denouncing and altering home language skills as a panacea for academic woes and social inequity. Linguistic anthropology's focus on language learning ecologies, and the sophistication therein, provides a novel perspective on the Language Gap. The contributions included below problematize existing ideologies, demonstrate the wealth of resources within various communities, and propose new directions for school practices and policymaking in an effort to bridge the “language gap” toward a more inclusive and discerning view of linguistic practices across diverse groups. Video Abstract
Two-person bargaining: An experimental test of the Nash axioms

Tests were carried out on thirty pairs of subjects, using three different sets of conditions, for the purpose of experimentally validatingNash's axioms (and also, incidentally, certain other hypotheses of two-person bargaining). Under validation, it was found that subjects' responses conformed to both thesymmetry andindependence of irrelevant alternatives axioms. On the other hand, the axiom ofinvariance under linear transformations of utility was constantly violated. This may be due to the fact that subjects, whenever possible, try to effect an interpersonal comparison of utility.
Mating types in cellular slime molds.

Abstract We have discovered mating types in three species of cellular slime mold. One of these species is Dictyostelium discoideum , hitherto the subject of extensive biochemical investigations, and now amenable to genetic studies.
Intelligibility Rating of L2 Speech Pre- and Postintervention:

As a result of a recent law passed in Ohio, a program was designed to improve the oral intelligibility of International Teaching Assistants at Bowling Green State University. To evaluate the efficacy of the training, naive undergraduate students were asked to evaluate the pre- and postrecorded speech samples of the international students, both in terms of intelligibility of the sample and the identification of the topic of the monologue. Analysis showed a significant improvement in the intelligibility ratings between pre- and posttraining samples. Further, the average number of correct subject matter identifications was shown to increase, while the average number of incorrect judgments decreased significantly from pre- to posttraining evaluations.
Analysis of polysorbate and its polyoxyethylated metabolite

Polysorbates are used as emulsifiers in a number of pharmaceuticals and have been implicated as the possible toxic agent in the neonatal vitamin supplement, E-Ferol. In the investigation of the toxicity of this compound, it was necessary to find a method to separate and quantitate polysorbate and its polyoxyethylated metabolite from biological fluids. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed which combines the use of a 500 A mu Styragel size exclusion column with an ammonium cobaltothiocyanate complexation column and detection at 620 or 320 nm. The detection limit is approximately 5 micrograms. The method was used to demonstrate that polysorbate was metabolized in vitro by hepatocytes and that the urinary metabolite in humans is comparable to that produced by the rat.
Simultaneous bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture: A case report and subject review

Both unilateral and simultaneous bilateral rupture of the quadriceps tendon are frequently misdiagnosed. Patients typically present to the emergency department after a fall associated with sudden sharp pain and inability to extend the knee. Most frequently, the patient is elderly. Those under age 40 with bilateral quadriceps rupture usually have an associated metabolic disorder. The 22-year-old uremic patient we report is the youngest case with simultaneous bilateral rupture of the quadriceps tendon described in the English literature. Emphasis is placed on the initial clinical presentation and management. In addition, the pathophysiology and differential diagnosis are reviewed.
Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder for NASA Operation Ice Bridge

The Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder (MCoRDS) system was developed by the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS) to map the thickness of ice sheets. This radar system was used in Antarctica as one of the primary sensors for NASA's Operation Ice Bridge (OIB) during the fall of 2009. Compared to its predecessors, MCoRDS features several new capabilities which enabled it to successfully capture ice thickness measurements over multiple glaciers on an aerial platform. This paper will focus on the capabilities of MCoRDS and also provide a sample of the processed radar results.
The 1906-07 Iranian Constitution and the Constitutional Debate on Islam

Abstract After a brief sketch of the historical background, the mutual impact of Islam and constitutionalism is examined by looking closely at the process of constitution-making in the broad context of the constitutional politics of Iran between 1905 and 1911. The modification of modern constitutional concepts under the impact of Shiʿi Islam and through its custodians in the course of the reception of Western constitutionalism in this period is followed by an analysis of the impact of modern political ideas on Islam. The analysis is based on the texts of the Fundamental Law of 1906 and its 1907 Supplement, and on the contemporary tracts for and against constitutionalism from opposite Islamic viewpoints. Our detailed examination of these sources indicates no presumption that a constitution had to be based on Islam. Nor was there any notion of ‘the Islamic state,’ the slogan of the Islamic revolution of 1979. For the constitutionalists and anti-constitutionalist pamphleteers of the first decade of the twentieth century alike, the counterpart to the constitutional government was not the Islamic state but the autocratic monarchy of ‘the king of Islam.’
Health-related quality of life following hematopoietic stem cell transplant during childhood.

The purpose of this study is to examine the self-reported and parent-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children (age < 19 years) who received a hematopoietic (bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood) stem cell transplant (SCT) at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC). A total of 35 families participated: 31 SCT recipients, 35 mothers, and 28 fathers. Mean scores were 73.6 child, 71.2 mothers, and 76.2 fathers (range of 0-100, with high scores indicating better HRQoL). No significant overall HRQoL difference between parent and child were reported. Mothers reported significantly lower physical functioning (F2,23 = 3.509, P = .041) compared to child (P = .041) and fathers (P = .025). Older age at time of transplant was associated with higher procedural anxiety according to child (r = .498, P = .005) and mothers (r = .466, P = .008). Older age at time of transplant was associated with less worry according to fathers (r = -.589, P = .002). Overall, SCT recipients and their pare...
Practical Universal Noiseless Coding

Discrete data sources arising from practical problems are generally characterized by only partially known and varying statistics. This paper provides the development and analysis of some practical adaptive techniques for the efficient noiseless coding of a broad class of such data sources. Specifically, algorithms are developed for coding discrete memoryless sources which have a known symbol probability ordering but unknown probability values. A general applicability of these algorithms is obtained because most real world problems can be simply transformed into this form by appropriate preprocessing.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Broadband acoustic transducer driven by magnetostrictive composite rod and electrostrictive stack

An acoustic transducer consisting of a magnetostrictive Terfenol-D composite and electrostrictive PMN-PT stack connected in mechanical series is presented. A broadband velocity response is possible in this transducer when the two sections are connected in electrical parallel. A linearly coupled electromechanical model is formulated through mechanical vibrations, classical electroacoustics, and linear piezoelectricity and piezomagnetism. The linear model is used to analytically calculate the head mass velocity of the transducer in response to white noise voltage excitation. The analytical solutions are shown to correlate well with measurements, while providing a framework for calculation of material properties under the same dynamic conditions found during operation, as opposed to quasistatic conditions.
Word sorting and free recall

Using Mandler’s word sorting task, the effect of a possible experimental artifact which might account for the relation between the number of categories used and recall was investigated. When Ss sort into more piles, more cards are exposed to view, giving Ss the opportunity to scan more words. If scanning is analogous to repetition of the individual words, increased recall could be due to increased exposure to the words rather than to the use of more categories. No difference in the category-recall function was obtained between Ss who were and who were not allowed to see the top cards in the piles. These results suggest that repetition per se is not the cause of increased recall with more categories.
Femi-Nazis and Bra Burning Crazies: A Qualitative Evaluation of Contemporary Beliefs about Feminism

Despite data demonstrating a substantial gender gap in the United States, many women do not self-identify as feminist. An evaluation of the literature suggests four potential reasons for the lack of identification, 1) a negative connotation associated with the term “feminist,” 2) the dichotomous presentation of feminism (e.g., the lack of grey area between feminism and non-feminism), 3) a belief that feminism may no longer be necessary, and 4) a perceived lack of cultural relevance. Previous research on feminism has not adequately addressed the dynamic and contextual factors that can influence a woman’s decision of whether to self-identify. Therefore, the goal of this project was to use qualitative methodology to allow for the identification of potential personal barriers for women associating with the feminist movement. The data suggest that feminism is viewed as an obsolete entity with largely negative connotations associated with the term. The implications of these barriers and several suggestions for change in the movement are discussed.
Technology in Education

The possible contributions and the major limitations of educational technology are noted. Six areas where technology can be applied to educational problems are noted and their suitability as progra...
From Useful Idiot to Useful Infidel: Meditations on the Folly of 21st-Century “Intellectuals”

Lenin allegedly referred to the thinkers and activists ready to cover up for his crimes against his own people as “useful idiots.” Today, some intellectuals sacrifice their integrity as intellectuals not for a professedly progressive egalitarian movement, but in order to protect radical Islam, one of the most regressive and authoritarian movements imaginable. This article refers to such people as “useful infidels,” showing how their excessive self-criticism is exploited by Islamists to incriminate the West in the evils of modernity. The result is a perversion of human rights discourse and a marriage of pre-modern sadism and post-modern masochism.
Gadolinium-containing endohedral fullerenes: structures and function as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents

Gadolinium-containing endohedral fullerenes represent a new class of effective relaxation agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The range of different structures possible for this class of molecules and their properties as MRI agents are reviewed here.
Binary representation of interference patterns for phase-shifting digital hologram

Phase-shifting digital holograms can completely record the complex (amplitude and phase) wavefront information, containing three-dimensional object shape and relative position. In this study, we examine a binary representation for a phase-shifting digital hologram and apply it to three-dimensional object recognition and reconstruction. For this purpose, we derive an optimal threshold and quantized value for the binary representation of the interference patterns. The recognition results indicate that even with only one bit to represent the digital hologram, there is still enough information for us to recognize the three-dimensional objects. By using the proposed algorithms, one can easily implement the overall recognition process in real-time applications.
Material variability as measured by low temperature electrical resistivity

Low temperature electrical resistivity was used to determine the material variability (1) between different manufacturers, (2) between different heats from the same manufacturer, and (3) within a given heat for Al 2024, Al-5% Mg alloys, Inconel 718, A286 stainless, and AISI 316. Generally, the coefficient of variation for solution annealed alloys ranged from 1.2 to 14% between manufacturers, 0.8 to 5.1% between heats, and 0.1 to 1.6% within a heat with stainless steels at the low ends and Al 2024 at the high ends. The variability is increased if the material is in a precipitation-hardened condition. A statistical analysis suggests that the variability within a heat is non-normal.
Effectiveness of warfarin among patients with cancer.

BACKGROUND Among patients treated with warfarin for venous thromboembolism (VTE), cancer patients have more thrombotic and hemorrhagic events than patients without cancer. Is this also the case when cancer patients are anticoagulated for other indications?
Renal-cell carcinoma metastatic to the mandible and gingiva.

A number of malignant tumors are capable of metastasizing to the oral tissues. These include adenocarcinomas derived from such areas as the lung,l* 2 thyroid,3 breast,4 rectum,5 uteruqG prostate,i and kidney.8-‘0 Robbins and Stockdale’l describe the probable pathways for metastasis of these lesions to the structures of the head, with a marked propensity for secondary localization in the mandible. Tumor emboli apparently enter the prevertebral plexus of veins (Batson) to reach the spinal column and skull. Invasion of the renal vein and the lymphatic system may also occur. Two qualities of the cancer cell tend to enhance the frequency of metastasis by embolization. These are (1) lack of cohesiveness of cancer cells to each otherI and (2) stickiness-the tendency of cancer cells to cling to a new surfa.ce.f” Normal cells, particularly epithelial, are noted for their resista.ncc to mechanical separation and their desire to seek contact.14 The intravasation of t)umor cells is possibly a function of (1) a structural opening in the vessel wall, whether it be a true defect or the normally weak approximation of lymphatic endothelium, (2 j a break in the vessel’s surrounding connective tissue. and/or (3 1 a prolonged or transient rise in extra.vasc,ular pressure.15 Tnt,ra.vasation may be further facilitat,ed by repeated trauma to the primary lesion; iatrogenic manipulation may also be responsible. The entrance of tumor cells into the circulation does not guarantee that implantation will occur at a distant site. The greater the number of tumor
Nonlinear circuit analysis via perturbation methods and hardware prototyping

Nonlinear signal processing is necessary in many emerging applications where form factor and power are at a premium. In order to make such complex computation feasible under these constraints, it is necessary to implement the signal processors as analog circuits. Since analog circuit design is largely based on a linear systems perspective, new tools are being introduced to circuit designers that allow them to understand and exploit circuit nonlinearity for useful processing. This paper discusses two such tools, which represent nonlinear circuit behavior in a graphical way, making it easy to develop a qualitative appreciation for the circuits under study.
A Comparison of Solid State Sub-Carrier Oscillators for Color TV Receivers

Increasing use of semiconductors in color TV circuitry has permitted the evolution of many different methods for color sub-carrier regeneration. This chassis function is a major contributor to color picture quality since phase errors introduced in the regeneration process can result in tint errors easily discernible by the most unskilled viewer. The solid state circuits commonly used or recommended for use in this area may be classified by operating principles as follows: 1) Automatic phase control (APC) loops 2) Injection locked oscillators 3) Crystal ringing circuits.
Ligand binding properties of cytochromes c

The cytochromes c' bind CO, alkylisocyanides and CN- with rate and equilibrium constants which are 10(2)- to 10(6)-fold smaller than other high-spin hemoproteins. The decreased affinity for exogenous ligands is largely associated with steric interactions at the heme coordination site. While CO and alkylisocyanides bind noncooperatively to the dimeric Rhodospirillum molischianum cytochrome c', CO, alkylisocyanides and CN- appear to bind cooperatively to the dimeric Chromatium vinosum cytochrome c' due to a ligand-linked dimer-monomer dissociation equilibrium. The differences between the cytochromes c' are thought to be due to differences in amino acid residues near the heme coordination site and subunit interface.