cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of Auditory Spatial Targets in Sighted and Blind Subjects

iv Introduction 1 Methods 5 Motion Tracking Equipment 7 Eye Tracking Equipment 11 Sound Display Equipment 14 Control of Speakers 17 Solid State Relays 18 DIO Card 19 LabView Code 20 Sound Source 21 Sound Chamber 22 Description of Experiments and Subject Testing 23 Experimental Protocol 26 Data Collection and Processing 30 Determination of Subject Head Orientation and Targeting Accuracy 31 Statistical Considerations 36 Results 38 Absolute Errors 40 Data Variability Analysis 48 Relative Error Analysis 51 Temporal Analysis of Angular Path Length 52 Temporal Analysis of Direction Transitions 54 Time in Localization 56 Angular/Positional Drift 57 Discussion 59 List of References 67 Appendix 71
Robocode: using games to teach artificial intelligence

This paper describes a game called Robocode that allows the development of virtual robots using the Java language. By incorporating an enjoyable game into an artificial intelligence class and providing students with tools for developing practical versions of the algorithms discussed in class, the students should be able to better appreciate the theory and develop greater confidence in their understanding of it.
Analysis of mode-dependent statistics of Markovian jump linear systems

This paper proposes performance criteria for linear systems with Markovian jumping parameters. Exact convex conditions for internal stability and contractiveness of such systems are expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities.
Dual Anti‐platelet Therapy After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Is There Any Benefit? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Background: Anti-platelet therapy is an important component of medical therapy post coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). While aspirin administration is a Class I indication after CABG, the benefit of concomitant clopidogrel is a controversial issue. Methods: We searched OVID Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, and EMBASE for randomized control trials and observational studies comparing aspirin W placebo to aspirin R clopidogrel after CABG. Results: Eleven articles (five randomized control trials and six observational studies) including 25,728 patients met inclusion criteria. Early saphenous vein graft occlusion was reduced with the use of dual anti-platelet therapy (risk ratio (RR) = 0.59, 95% CI 0.43-0.82, p = 0.02). In- hospital or 30-day mortality was lower with aspirin R clopidogrel (0.8%) compared to aspirin alone (1.9%) (p < 0.0001), while risk of angina or perioperative myocardial infarction was comparable (RR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.31-1.14, p = 0.12). Patients treated with aspirin R clopidogrel demonstrated a trend towards a higher incidence of major bleeding episodes as compared to patients treated with aspirin alone (RR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.37, p = 0.05). In a pooled analysis of studies involving off-pump CABG compared to aspirin alone, dual anti-platelet therapy reduced the risk of perioperative myocardial infarction and saphenous graft occlusion by 68% (47% to 71%) and 55% (2% to 79%) respectively. Conclusion: Dual anti-platelet therapy after CABG improved early saphenous vein graft patency, but may increase the risk of bleeding. The use of dual anti- platelet therapy appears to be most beneficial in patients undergoing off-pump CABG. Prospective randomized studies are necessaryto determine whetherthis beneficial effect of dualtherapy is alsoachieved in patients undergoing on pump CABG. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12074 (J Card Surg 2013;28:109-116)
INTRA-ANNUAL VARIATION IN RIVER–RESERVOIR INTERFACE FISH ASSEMBLAGES: IMPLICATIONS FOR FISH CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT IN REGULATED RIVERS

While much is known about the fish assemblages, habitats, and ecology of rivers and reservoirs, there has been limited study of the fish assemblages in transitional habitats between these lotic and lentic habitats. Data about these river–reservoir interface (RRI) fish assemblages are needed to guide integrated management efforts of river–reservoir ecosystems. The aim of these efforts is to recommend flows for natural river function, conserve native riverine fish assemblages, and maintain reservoir sport fisheries. We used a multigear approach to assess the fish assemblages of four RRIs in the Colorado River Basin, Texas. In addition to characterizing RRI fish assemblages using species richness and evenness metrics, and habitat-use guilds, we used a multivariate approach to evaluate intra-annual shifts in species composition and abundance. All RRIs had high species richness and evenness values and included both macrohabitat generalist and fluvial species. RRIs also contained high proportions of the fish species available within each river–reservoir ecosystem, ranging from 55% to 80%. Observed intra-annual shifts in RRI fish assemblages resulted from changes in abundance of dominant species rather than changes in species composition, with abundance of most species increasing from early spring to summer. Fish species responsible for intra-annual shifts included mostly floodplain and migratory species, suggesting that species both used littoral habitats within RRIs and migrated through RRIs to river and reservoir habitats. The diversity of fishes found within RRIs highlights the importance of including these areas in future conservation and management efforts of river–reservoir ecosystems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Excited Atoms and Reversible Effects of Electron Impacts in Gases

Excited Atoms. Attention is called to the accumulating evidence that normal atoms and those which are “excited” by the displacement of an electron to an outer orbit may have very different physical, chemical, and spectroscopic properties. Thus all atoms, even the inert atoms like helium, are electronegative when excited and tend to form homopolar and heteropolar compounds and negative ions. These compounds and ions are often sufficiently stable to exist for some time in a discharge tube. In any case they profoundly affect the spectrum of the substance.Reversible Effects of Impacts. Klein and Rosseland point out reasons for believing that an excited atom may revert to the normal state by transferring its energy to a free electron at a collision as well as by radiation. Franck points out that such radiationless transfers of energy may also occur at a collision between an excited and a normal atom.Phenomena due to Radiationless Transfers of Energy. Franck and Cario show that such transfers of energy may account for (1) the quenching of fluorescence by foreign gases, (2) the excitation of the spectrum of one metal vapor by resonance radiation of another vapor which is mixed with it, (3) the dissociation of hydrogen by mercury 2536 A radiation when mercury vapor is mixed with the hydrogen. These suggestions are critically reviewed.
The effects of task characteristics on online discussion

A key guidance factor of computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is the specification of a discussion task. Aspects of the discussion task may affect the quality of group discussion for higher-order learning. This experiment investigated the effects of two aspects of discussion task on asynchronous text discussion of an online higher-education course. Groups completed discussion assignments that varied in degree of task context and outcome specification. Content analysis was used to assess conceptual conflict and level of information processing of online messages. Results indicate that conceptual conflict is associated with higher-order discussion, but differences in task context and product do not have large effects on the quantity or quality of online discussion.
A musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine.

A new musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine is described in this paper. This model features a rigid pelvis and sacrum, the five lumbar vertebrae, and a rigid torso consisting of a lumped thoracic spine and ribcage. The motion of the individual lumbar vertebrae was defined as a fraction of the net lumbar movement about the three rotational degrees of freedom: flexion–extension lateral bending, and axial rotation. Additionally, the eight main muscle groups of the lumbar spine were incorporated using 238 muscle fascicles with prescriptions for the parameters in the Hill-type muscle models obtained with the help of an extensive literature survey. The features of the model include the abilities to predict joint reactions, muscle forces, and muscle activation patterns. To illustrate the capabilities of the model and validate its physiological similarity, the model’s predictions for the moment arms of the muscles are shown for a range of flexion–extension motions of the lower back. The model uses the OpenSim platform and is freely available on https://www.simtk.org/home/lumbarspine to other spinal researchers interested in analyzing the kinematics of the spine. The model can also be integrated with existing OpenSim models to build more comprehensive models of the human body.
On a General Model for Social and Cognitive Consistency

Theories of cognitive consistency are formally integrated and compared by applying a multiple regression modeling strategy that has developed in the analysis and formal integration of theories of social consistency. Several important studies of cognitive consistency theories are reviewed to locate conceptual omissions in tests of the theory. In addition, several issues that are problematic in testing consistency theories are reviewed, alternative solutions are discussed, and areas in which additional work is needed are noted.
Activation of remote meta -C–H bonds assisted by an end-on template

Functionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) single bonds is an efficient strategy for rapid generation of complex molecules from simpler ones. However, it is difficult to achieve selectivity when multiple inequivalent C-H bonds are present in the target molecule. The usual approach is to use σ-chelating directing groups, which lead to ortho-selectivity through the formation of a conformationally rigid six- or seven-membered cyclic pre-transition state. Despite the broad utility of this approach, proximity-driven reactivity prevents the activation of remote C-H bonds. Here we report a class of easily removable nitrile-containing templates that direct the activation of distal meta-C-H bonds (more than ten bonds away) of a tethered arene. We attribute this new mode of C-H activation to a weak 'end-on' interaction between the linear nitrile group and the metal centre. The 'end-on' coordination geometry relieves the strain of the cyclophane-like pre-transition state of the meta-C-H activation event. In addition, this template overrides the intrinsic electronic and steric biases as well as ortho-directing effects with two broadly useful classes of arene substrates (toluene derivatives and hydrocinnamic acids).
Microglial proliferation in the spinal cord of aged rats with a sciatic nerve injury.

Nerve injury may lead to chronic neuropathic pain syndromes. We determined whether the extent of central nervous system microglial activation that accompanies nerve injury is age dependent and correlated with behavioral manifestations of pain. We used the Bennett and Xie sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury model (Bennett, G.J., Xie, Y.-K., A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man, Pain, 33 (1998) 87-107) to induce neuropathic pain in three age cohorts of Fischer 344 FBNF1 hybrid rats (4-6, 14-16, and 24-26 months). Rats were assessed for thermal sensitivity (hyperalgesia) of their hind paws pre-injury (day 0) and up to 35 days post injury. On various days post injury, the L4-L5 levels of their spinal cords were reacted for localization of an antibody to OX-42, a marker for microlgia. OX-42 immunoreactivity (ir) was quantified by use of a Bioquant density analysis system. OX-42 ir was heavy in areas of sciatic nerve primary afferent terminations and in the motor columns of its neurons. Aging increases OX-42 ir in the absence of injury. After injury, OX-42 ir increased further, but the increases over control levels decreased with age. Ligation-induced analgesia and hyperalgesia were both correlated with the increases in OX-42 ir, regardless of age.
Segmental pulmonary vascular responses to changes in pH in rat lungs: role of nitric oxide.

BACKGROUND Respiratory or renal failure is associated with changes in blood pH. Changes in pH may have profound effects on vascular tone and reactivity. Site of action of acidosis in the pulmonary vasculature and the role of nitric oxide production remain unclear. METHODS We utilized isolated rat lung preparation perfused with autologous blood (Hct = 20%, flow rate = 33 ml/min), and investigated the effect of acidosis and alkalosis (induced by ventilation with high and low inspired CO2) on vascular resistance and the role of nitric oxide during resting and elevated tone conditions. Changes in resistance were described in terms of small and large arteries and veins, using the vascular occlusion technique. RESULTS Acidosis (Pco2 = 66.7 +/- 0.7 mmHg, pH = 7.17 +/- 0.01, Po2 = 255 +/- 3 mmHg) caused vasoconstriction under resting and increased vascular tone conditions (U46619-induced). The changes in resistance occurred primarily in the small arteries. In contrast, alkalosis (Pco2 = 20.1 +/- 0.3 mmHg, pH = 7.61 +/- 0.01, Po2 = 244 +/- 3 mmHg) caused vasodilation only at elevated tone conditions. Nitro-L-arginine (LNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, increased vascular resistance slightly but did not modulate the responses to pH, suggesting that such responses are not nitric oxide dependent. During KCl-induced contraction, the effects of pH were abolished. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in rat lung, acidosis causes an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance at normal and elevated tone conditions. Furthermore, the response is limited primarily to the small arteries, and is not mediated by nitric oxide. Alkalosis tends to cause the opposite effects. The effects of acidosis and alkalosis were abolished when vascular tone was elevated with a low dose of KCl, suggesting that vascular response to pH may involve changes in membrane potential.
Spectroscopy of Solids in the Far-Infrared: Studies of superconductors, magnetic materials, and ferroelectrics in this spectral region are rewarding.

The far-infrared spectral region (10-100 cm -1 ) is a fruitful one for studies of solids. The experimental obstacle of weak sources has been partially overcome in recent years by the introduction of very sensitive bolometric radiation detectors cooled by liquid helium to temperatures near 1 °K. Used with a mercury arc source and a simple grating monochromator, these detectors have made work in a number of areas of solid-state physics possible. Important examples of such work are, (i) demonstration of the energy gap in superconductors and measurement of gap widths in various metals; (ii) observation of magnetic resonances in ordered magnetic materials, from which precise information about exchange fields and anisotropy energies can be obtained; and (iii) demonstration of the existence of a temperature-dependent low-frequency vibrational mode associated with the Curie-law dielectric constant in certain types of ferroelectric crystals.
Emergent/urgent therapeutic irradiation in pediatric oncology: patterns of presentation, treatment, and outcome.

Purpose. We reviewed all pediatric cases referred for emergent/urgent therapy (requiring treatment within 48 hours) to identify frequency, patterns of presentation, and efficacy of therapy. We defined five categories of emergent/urgent therapy based on irradiated site and/or signs: Group I, spinal cord compression; Group II, respiratory compromise; Group III, infradiaphagmatic distress; Group IV, intracranial signs; Group V, pain. Materials and Methods. From 2/1/88-3/1/ 94, 104 children with 115 problems were referred by specialists at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Diagnosis, nature of the emergency, and response were examined. Responses were categorized as complete resolution, improvement or stabilization, and progression. Results. The 104 children represented 12%, of referrals during the study period. The most common tumors were CNS PNET and gliomas (20%); and neuroblastoma (20%). Forty-five problems occurred with newly diagnosed tumors and 70 after progression. Ninety-one episodes were managed with radiation therapy and 24 with other modalities. Patients with spinal cord/cauda equina (n = 33) compression improved (55%) or stabilized (30%). Patients with respiratory compromise from thoracic (n = 14) or abdominal (n = 5) disease had a response rate of 72%. Eight patients in group III had a 66% response. In Group IV (n = 16), 63% had complete responses and 19% had stabilization. Group V (n = 15) patients had a complete or partial response of 93%. Conclusion. Approximately 10% of children referred for radiation therapy required emergent/urgent treatment. Eighty percent of patients achieved stabilization or showed improvement in signs and symptoms, indicating that radiotherapy is a valuable and reliable component of multimodal care in such situations.
Tissue microarray sampling strategy for prostate cancer biomarker analysis.

High-density tissue microarrays (TMA) are useful for profiling protein expression in a large number of samples but their use for clinical biomarker studies may be limited in heterogeneous tumors like prostate cancer. In this study, the optimization and validation of a tumor sampling strategy for a p
Enabling a Practical Cognitive Radio

This paper presents innovative techniques that enable Cognitive Radios (CRs) to become more practical for use in consumer products. Due to inherent delays in an opportunistic network, interruptions might render CR unusable in low latency consumer applications (i.e. voice). In this paper, we present four techniques and results that help reduce delays and improve performance of a CR. specifically, we propose techniques that reduce error rate probability and delays while co-existing in a competitive environment.
Congenital airway abnormalities requiring tracheotomy: a profile of 56 patients and their diagnoses over a 9 year period

Abstract We reviewed the 9 year experience at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with patients requiring tracheotomy for a diagnosis of congenital airway abnormalities. Of the 56 patients, 28 (50%) had cardiovascular, or chromosomal abnormalities, neurologic conditions, or congenital syndromes, 24 (43%) were born prematurely, and 13 (23%) were found to have gastroesophageal reflux. Only 18 (32%) went on to eventual decannulation of their tracheotomy with a mean tracheotomy duration of 1.75 years. The majority of patients (75%) had multiple presenting signs. Stridor was the most common (54%), followed by accessory respiratory effort (39%), cyanosis (30%), apnea (29%) and failure to thrive (23%). Twenty eight patients (50%) had multiple airway abnormalities contributing to their need of a tracheotomy for airway protection or ventilator dependence. Laryngeal abnormalities were found in 71% of patients, tracheal abnormalities in 48% of patients, bronchial abnormalities in 11%, and upper airway obstruction in 14%. Of the laryngeal abnormalities, laryngomalacia was the most common, followed by subglottic stenosis, glottic web, and vocal cord paralysis. Tracheomalacia was the most common tracheal abnormality. The relatively large percentage of patients with cardiovascular or other major malformations, and prematurity, accounts for comorbid factors in the need for prolonged tracheotomy (and low early decannulation rate). Although gastroesophageal reflux was found in a recognizable portion of the patients, it is unclear whether this represents a comorbid condition.
A reexamination of PSC 833 (Valspodar) as a cytotoxic agent and in combination with anticancer agents.

Background: The cyclosporins have been thought as being mainly immunosuppressive agents which interfere with the function of the MDR pump and thus play a role in resistance to drug anticancer effects. We reexamined their cytotoxicity in defined cell lines both as single agents and in combination with agents which may be of value in human malignant disease. Methods: Cells were grown to confluence following inoculation at 5000–8000 cells/well in 96-well dishes, and growth patterns and death were determined by an MTT assay. Median effect analysis was used to look for synergy, additive effects, or antagonism between the cyclosporins and drugs with antitumor effects in humans. Results: Cyclosporin A and PSC 833 were found to have cytotoxic activity at clinically achievable concentrations in breast, leukemia, and prostate cell lines. Synergistic or additive effects were demonstrated in all three prostate cell lines when PSC 833 was combined with estramustine, etoposide, ketoconazole, suramin, or vinorelbine in the prostate cancer cell lines. Cell line-selective additive effects or synergism were also identified with bicalutamide, carboplatin, cisplatinum, cis-retinoic acid, dexamethasone, 5-fluorouracil, liarozole, and trans-retinoic acid. Conclusions: PSC 833 or cyclosporin alone or in combination with other agents may have an anticancer effect independently of their modulatory action on MDR. Several of the synergistic combinations which are not mediated by the MDR pump need to be tested in vivo for efficacy.
Home-based biobehavioural intervention reduces dependence, increases engagement of patients with dementia in the short term and improves care giver well-being and confidence

Commentary on: LN Gitlin, L Winter, MP Dennis, et al.. A biobehavioral home-based intervention and the well-being of patients with dementia and their caregivers: the COPE randomized trial. JAMA2010;304:983–91.
Assessment of abuse in runaway and homeless youth

Many youth are leaving abusive living situations and, as a result, becoming runaways and homeless. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study that focuses on discovering how shelter staff actually assess youth for the possible problems of sexual, physical, and family substance abuse. Respondents included a counselor and a supervisor selected from each of four runaway/homeless shelters. The findings reveal that assessment does not follow a structured format or protocol, nor do the respondents rely on a checklist of warning signs or red flags. Rather, they watch for physical signs and atypical behavior that may be an indication of underlying problems. Although respondents seem aware of the importance of assessing sexual, physical, and substance abuse, they bring a wide range in levels of vigilance and skill to the assessment of each problem.
Steps to Preventing Type 2 Diabetes: Exercise, Walk More, or Sit Less?

Accumulated evidence supports the promotion of structured exercise for treating prediabetes and preventing Type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, contemporary societal changes in lifestyle behaviors (occupational, domestic, transportation, and leisure time) have resulted in a notable widespread deficiency of non-exercise physical activity (e.g., ambulatory activity undertaken outside the context of purposeful exercise) that has been simultaneously exchanged for an excess in sedentary behaviors (e.g., desk work, labor saving devices, motor vehicle travel, and screen-based leisure time pursuits). It is possible that the known beneficial effects of more structured forms of exercise are attenuated or otherwise undermined against this backdrop of normalized and ubiquitous slothful living. Although public health guidelines have traditionally focused on promoting a detailed exercise prescription, it is evident that the more pressing need is to revise and expand the message to address this insidious and deleterious lifestyle shift. Specifically, we recommend that adults avoid averaging < 5,000 steps/day and strive to average ≥ 7,500 steps/day, of which ≥ 3,000 steps (representing at least 30 minutes) should be taken at a cadence ≥ 100 steps/min. They should also practice regularly breaking up extended bouts of sitting with ambulatory activity. Simply put, we must consider advocating a whole message to “walk more, sit less, and exercise.”
Semiconstrained Primary and Revision Total Elbow Arthroplasty with Use of the Coonrad-Morrey Prosthesis

Background: Semiconstrained total elbow prostheses are used routinely by many surgeons to treat a variety of severe elbow disorders. Our objective was to review the results of primary and revision total elbow arthroplasty with use of the Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis. The selected use of this semiconstrained implant in patients with instability and poor bone stock was hypothesized to provide inferior results compared with those in the published reports.
Frequency-dependent thermal response of indium nanoparticles in porous glass

AC thermal measurements were made on indium nanoparticles in the dielectric porous host Vycor in the temperature range of 1.4 K to 10 K. The width of the superconducting transition and the size of the specific heat discontinuity at the transition were the same as for bulk indium, indicating that thermal fluctuations are negligible and that the indium particles are moderately coupled. The heat transfer process was studied via the frequency dependence of the thermal response. The response changes dramatically when the indium nanoparticles can no longer follow the driving heater. The temperature dependence of the indium system thermal response time can be estimated from the data. Using a model which considers only electronic thermal conduction, we find a temperature-independent (for T>Tc) electronic mean free path of 1 nm, consistent with resistivity and critical field data.
Some results from the radiative wave equation for a slab of random, densely-distributed scatterers

Abstract Using the ladder-approximated Bethe-Salpeter equation, the radiative wave equation for a slab of random, densely-distributed small spherical scatterers is constructed. The quasicrystalline approximation with coherent potential method is used for calculation of the effective propagation constant. The coherence of random scatterers is taken into account. The first and second-order bistatic scattering and transmission coefficients through the slab are obtained by iteration. Constructive interferences due to the boundaries are computed. The radiative wave equation for thermal emission from this slab is solved by a discrete ordinate method. Comparison with the independent scattering assumption in the conventional radiative transfer equation is discussed.
Being Seen As Individuals Versus As Group Members: Extending Research on Metaperception to Intergroup Contexts

Recent research has begun to examine people's expectations for how they are viewed in intergroup contexts, yet little work has considered how these metaperceptions relate to those that emerge in interpersonal contexts. As we extend research on metaperceptions into the intergroup realm, we must address several important conceptual issues. In this article, we provide a general overview of research on interpersonal metaperceptions, along with many factors that are likely to affect whether people think they are viewed as individuals or as group members. We also consider how metaperceptions are likely to be formed differently in interpersonal and intergroup contexts, and depending on the group membership of the perceiver We then explore the consequences of different kinds of metaperceptions for intergroup relations, and how they relate to strategies we might use to improve intergroup relations, to suggest future directions for research on metaperceptions in intergroup contexts.
Preferential labeling of brain cholesterol by (3-14C)D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate.

{3-14C}D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate or {2-14C}glucose was injected subcutaneously into 15-day old suckling rats. The animals were killed 3, 6 and 24 hr later by decapitation. Brain proteins, cholesterol, glycolipids, and phospholipids were extracted and prepared for counting. The {3-14C}D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate injected animals showed ca. twofold greater labeling (p<.001) of brain cholesterol compared to {2-14C}glucose; whereas the {2-14C}glucose injected animals showed ca. fourfold greater labeling (p<.001) of brain proteins than {3-14C}D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate at all time points. The difference in labeling of brain glycolipids and phospholipids was less striking, but greater labeling was apparent at each time point in the {2-14C}glucose injected animals compared to the {3-14C}D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate injected animals. These data suggest that D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate behaves differently than glucose, being a more direct precursor for brain cholesterol biosynthesis and a less effective precursor for brain protein synthesis. Further studies ascertaining the specific activities of the precursors are necessary to quantitatite the respective contributions of D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate and glucose to lipid and protein synthesis in the rat brain during development.
Observing Inscriptions at Work: Visualization and Text Production in Experimental Physics Research

This article presents a case study that examined how practices of visualization and text production converge in an experimental physics research setting. Findings suggest that visuals communicate meaning and become persuasive through their ability to index in different ways the technical dimensions of laboratory work. The author argues that examining the coproduction of visuals and texts in the scientific workplace contributes insights into the technical objectives and rhetorical motives they are designed to serve.
Cavitation and cavity-induced fracture during superplastic deformation

The characteristics of fracture by cavitation in superplastic materials are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical developmental aspects of cavity nucleation, cavity growth and cavity interlinkage. Various factors, including grain boundary sliding, impurity atoms or particles, phase proportion, deformation temperature, strain rate, strain and grain size, are discussed. Finally, methods for controlling cavitation during superplastic deformation are summarized, and problems which require further work are also presented.
CHRONOLOGY AND DYNAMICS OF VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE PRAIRIE‐WOODLAND REGION OF SOUTHERN MINNESOTA, U.S.A. *

SUMMARY The pollen and sediment stratigraphy of Wolsfeld Lake and French Lake in the Big Woods of southern Minnesota was investigated. Wolsfeld Lake is in the northeastern Big Woods, and French Lake is in the western Big Woods about 1.5 km from the prairie-woodland border. During the mid-postglacial, most of the present Big Woods was prairie. Oak woodland began invading prairie about 5000 years ago in the eastern Big Woods, then expanded westward, becoming established near French Lake 2400 years ago. Topography and water bodies, which control fire frequency, strongly influenced where and when woodland invaded prairie. Oak woodland persisted until 300 years ago, when Ulmus, Ostrya virginiana, Tilia americana and Acer saccharum rapidly expanded and became dominant. The changes from prairie to oak woodland and from oak woodland to ‘bigwoods’ must have required reductions in fire frequency, which were probably caused by increased precipitation and possibly decreased temperatures. About 100 years before the expansion of bigwoods, sediment influx increased at the coring site in Wolsfeld Lake, probably because of an increase in runoff and, therefore, precipitation. A conceptual model is presented in which climatic changes trigger vegetation changes, but interactions among the existing vegetational pattern, fire, and topography cause climatic thresholds for vegetation change to vary in space and time.
Visualization of Liquid Water Transport in a PEFC

Using an optical /air polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), the mechanics of liquid water transport, starting from droplet emergence on the gas diffusion layer (GDL) surface, droplet growth and departure, to the two-phase flow in gas channels, is characterized under automotive conditions of 0.82 A/cm2, 70°C, and 2 atm. It is observed that water droplets emerge from the GDL surface under oversaturation of water vapor in the gas phase, appear only at preferential locations, and can grow to a size comparable to the channel dimension under the influence of surface adhesion. Liquid film formation on more hydrophilic channel walls and channel clogging are also revealed and analyzed. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Charge collection and energy resolution studies in compressed xenon gas near its critical point

Abstract We have built a 4.5 l high purity Xe gas ionization chamber and operated it at pressures of up to 62 atm (1.4 g/cm 3 ) at room temperature. This thermodynamic regime in pure xenon has not previously been studied. Ionization from a 207 Bi internal conversion electron source was drifted over distances of 2.7 and 5.0 cm in two separate gridded ionization chambers within the gas volume. We observed that there was less than 1% difference in the charge collected from these two detectors at the same electric field strength. Energy resolution measurements were performed over the range of xenon densities from 0.49 to 1.40 g/cm 3 at several electric field strengths. An electronic noise subtracted resolution of 16 keV FWHM was measured for the 976 keV 207 Bi internal conversion line at an electric field strength of 1.3 kV/cm in compressed xenon gas near its critical density.
FOXO3 and Related Transcription Factors in Development, Aging, and Exceptional Longevity

In June 2013, a workshop was convened in San Francisco to explore, in depth, the role of the Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3 (and related FOXOs) in development, aging, and, in particular, exceptional longevity. The presentations covered results derived from model systems, computational analysis and bioinformatics, and genomics and genome-wide association studies of a number of cohorts. Although the data collectively strongly reinforce FOXO3 and the FOXO/FOXO3 pathway as very important determinants in aging and life span, much of the detail of how the latter is achieved still remains unknown, in part, because of the very large number of genes (~2,200 in Caenorhabditis elegans) the transcription factor is involved in helping regulate. Particularly challenging at the present time is understanding the association of apparently nonfunctional specific variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of FOXO3 and exceptional longevity in humans, a finding replicated in a number of studies. Nonetheless, as summarized in this report, valuable information and insights were presented at the workshop on the transcription factor including but not limited to its role in determining longevity in C elegans and Drosophila (in flies, eg, an important interaction in aging occurs between dFOXO and the transforming growth factor-β/activin pathway), stem cell function and aging (notably in hematopoiesis), downstream regulatory activity (eg, by binding near sites of RNAse occupancy and altering chromatin structure), and as a potential target for the development a healthy aging drug (in this example, using compounds developed and screened to effect FOXO function in cancer cells).
Self and cross-compatibility in three species of the hemiparasite Triphysaria (Scrophulariaceae)

Abstract The genus Triphysaria is comprised of both self-compatible and self-incompatible species, all of which are hemiparasites. Pollen tube growth experiments indicate that self-incompatibility is governed by a homomorphic, gametophytic mechanism typical of Scrophulariaceae and Solanaceae. While the autogamous and allogamous Triphysaria species are morphologically quite distinct, interspecific hybrids between them were readily obtained with no evidence of unilateral compatibility. Self-compatibility was dominant in interspecific F1 hybrids. Since several of the morphological traits that distinguish the self-compatible and -incompatible species segregate in the F2 generation, the F2 population will be useful for mapping mating trait loci. The results are consistent with self-compatibility being derived from self-incompatibility relatively recently in evolution.
Effect of ethanol and cocaine treatment on the immune system of v-Ha-ras-transgenic mice

Abstract The objective was to investigate if the presence of the v-Ha- ras oncogene could induce immune changes different to the ones observed in normal mice. Therefore, we decided to use Oncomice, the transgenic mice with an activated v-Ha- ras oncogene under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus-promoter, and their normal inbred counterparts, FVB mice. Both strains of mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with ethanol or the isocaloric control diet and were injected daily with cocaine or saline. The percentage and absolute number of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen and thymus were determined. The in vitro production of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-2 (interleukin-2) and IFN-γ (interferon-gamma) by spleen cells, and the levels of serum sIL-2R (soluble IL-2 receptor) were also measured. Oncomice fed the Lieber-DeCarli ethanol diet or receiving either saline or cocaine injections presented a higher tumor incidence than Oncomice receiving the control diet. A reduced total number of thymocytes as well as absolute number of cells in all the subsets was found in Oncomice. Moreover, a decreased percentage of CD8 + cells was also observed in Oncomouse spleens. These features were even more marked in ethanol-treated Oncomice. Higher serum sIL-2R levels were observed in Oncomice, especially in mice treated with ethanol or cocaine. The results suggest that the oncogene product, P21 ras , plays an important role in dysregulating the immune system and hence in favoring tumorigenesis.
A Numerical Procedure for the Dynamic Plastic Response of Beams with Rotatory Inertia and Transverse Shear Effects

ABSTRACT A numerical procedure is used to examine the influence of transverse shear forces in the yield criterion and rotatory inertia on the dynamic plastic response of beams. Various results are presented for a long beam impacted by a mass and a simply supported beam loaded impulsively, both of which are made from a rigid perfectly plastic material with yielding controlled by the Ilyushin-Shapiro ield criterion. Transverse shear effects lead to a dramatic reduction in the slopes of the deformed profiles for both beam problems. Moreover, the slope of the deformed profile underneath the striker in the impact problem is quite sensitive to the actual shape of a yield curve, while the maximum transverse displacement is less sensitive. The retention of rotatory inertia in the basic equations leads to further reductions up to 17 and 10% in the slopes and maximum transverse displacements, respectively.
On Hölder's inequality☆

It is pointed out that the normalization 1/p + 1/q = 1 in Holder’s inequality can be replaced by relations of the form 1/p + 1/q ≤ 1/r or 1/p + 1/q ≥ 1/r if the inequality is suitably adjusted. A single symmetric form, including all cases, is given. It is further noted that apparent adhesion to the normalization has perhaps unnecessarily restricted investigations of inequalities only indirectly related to Holder’s inequality.
The trans-theoretical stages of change model and motivational interviewing for building maternal supportiveness in cases of sexual abuse.

ABSTRACT When a child has been sexually abused, the non-offending parent plays a crucial role in determining that child's recovery. However, the disclosure of sexual abuse in families often throws non-offending parents into a dilemma about whether or not to side with the perpetrator or child, leaving them in an ambivalent position. In order to enhance the ability of parents to protect and support their children, this paper proposes the use of the Transtheoretical Stages of Change model and Motivational Interviewing. Techniques of Motivational Interviewing will be discussed and then illustrated with a case example.
Analysis of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate with luciferase luminescence.

Abstract A sensitive, relatively simple, assay with wide range linearity has been developed for adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). It is based on the conversion of cyclic AMP to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is then measured by its luminescent reaction with luciferase. A linear standard curve for cyclic AMP was demonstrated using samples of 100 μl containing from 7.2 × 10−9 to 7.2 × 10−6M cyclic AMP. The assay was used to measure the rise in human urine cyclic AMP levels produced by glucagon infusion. Urine samples needed only to be filtered and buffered prior to assay and values agreed with those obtained using another assay method.
Deferred compensation for career employees in public defined benefit pension plans: evidence from Colorado PERA

With significant under funding of public defined benefit pension plans, public debate often focuses on funding problems, neglecting benefit-side factors that contribute to under funding. In this study we examine the benefit side by calculating the value of deferred compensation, using a unique dataset of salary histories for recent university retirees covered by the Colorado Public Employees Retirement Association plan. We find sizable levels of deferred compensation that is associated with retirement age and period, job class, service years, and to some extent gender, with administrators receiving the highest levels. We also find wage–earning profiles to underestimate salary growth for higher-paid employees.
The phase diagram and transport properties for hydrogen-helium fluid planets.

Hydrogen and helium are the major constituents of Jupiter and Saturn, and phase transitions can have important effects on the planetary structure. In this paper, the relevant phase diagrams and microscopic transport properties are analyzed in detail. The following paper (Paper II) applies these results to the evolution and present dynamic structure of the Jovian planets. Pure hydrogen is first discussed, especially the nature of the molecular-metallic transition and the melting curves for the two phases. It is concluded that at the temperatures and pressures of interest (T ≈ 10^4 K, P ≈ 1-10 Mbar), both phases are fluid, but the transition between them might nevertheless be first-order. The insulator-metal transition in helium occurs at a much higher pressure (~ 70 Mbars) and is not of interest. The phase diagrams for both molecular and metallic hydrogen-helium mixtures are discussed. In the metallic mixture, calculations indicate a miscibility gap for T ≾ 10^4 K. Immiscibility in the molecular mixture is more difficult to predict but almost certainly occurs at much lower temperatures. A fluid-state model is constructed which predicts the likely topology of the threedimensional phase diagram. The greater solubility of helium in the molecular phase leads to the prediction that the He/H mass ratio is typically twice as large in the molecular phase as in the coexisting metallic phase. Under these circumstances a "density inversion" is possible in which the molecular phase becomes more dense than the metallic phase. The partitioning of minor constituents is also considered: The deuterium/hydrogen mass ratio is essentially the same for all coexisting hydrogen-helium phases, at least for T ≳ 5000 K. The partitioning of H_2O, CH_4, and NH_3 probably favors the molecular (or helium-rich) phase. Substances with high conduction electron density (e.g., AI) may partition into the metallic phase. Electronic and thermal conductivities, viscosity, helium diffusivity, and Soret coefficient are evaluated for the fluid molecular and metallic phases, all to at least order-of-magnitude accuracy. The properties of the metallic phase are typical of a liquid alkali metal, and those of the molecular phase are typical of a dense neutral fluid (except that the conductivities may be almost metallic at the transition pressure). The opacities of molecular hydrogen and solar-composition mixtures are discussed for T ≈ 500 K, where molecular hydrogen alone may be insufficiently opaque to ensure convection in the Jovian planets. Sufficient opacity to initiate convection is probably supplied by the minor constituents. Current uncertainties are assessed.
Discussion of ‘Accounting Premium’ for IAS/IFRS and U.S. GAAP Vis-à-vis German GAAP”

Abstract Ernstberger and Vogler [Ernstberger, J. & Vogler, O. (2008-this issue). Analyzing the German Accounting Triad with an Enhanced Multifactor Model—‘Accounting Premium’ for IAS/IFRS and U.S. GAAP Vis-a-vis German GAAP. International Journal of Accounting.] employ the concurrent use of three distinct accounting-standard regimes (German GAAP; U.S. GAAP; and IAS/IFRS GAAP) in Germany as a foundation for evaluating the relation between accounting standard regime and equity-return attributes. They find that firms using U.S. or IAS/IFRS GAAP have higher betas but yield lower returns (cost of capital) relative to firms employing German GAAP. They also find that portfolios designed to isolate the return impacts of U.S. and IAS/IFRS GAAP relative to German GAAP are priced in a risk-factor-like fashion. In this discussion I suggest that a good bit of this empirical evidence is problematic. I also discuss the implausibility of information quality being priced in a Fama and French [Fama, E.F. & French, K.R. (1992). The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns. The Journal of Finance 47 (2): 427–465.] factor-like fashion. Finally, I introduce the importance of conditioning analyses of the relation between firm-level information quality and equity-market return (cost of capital) on the degree to which the shareholder base of a firm holds diversified portfolios.
Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by percutaneous aspiration biopsy

Carcinoma of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis may be extremely difficult to differentiate by standard diagnostic methods preoperatively as well as at the operating table. Operative pancreatic biopsy may have a high morbidity, rare mortality, and can be misleading. Percutaneous aspiration biopsy may be of great potential benefit. It provides additional histological material not usually available, and an accurate diagnosis of malignancy can be made. In select patients a needless laparotomy may be avoided. It appears to be a safe procedure that should be considered in the evaluation of the patient with suspected pancreatic malignancy in which a mass lesion is demonstrated by ultrasonography, computerized tomography, angiography, or retrograde pancreatography.
The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and its histologic subtypes in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants

We examined the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino residents of the United States to obtain further clues about the etiology of the disease. The age, race, and birthplace of residents of Hawaii, San Francisco/Oakland (California), and western Washington who had received a diagnosis of NHL during the period 1973–86 were obtained from population-based cancer registries, and a special tabulation from the 1980 Census was used to estimate the number of person-years at risk for each category of resident. The incidence of NHL in each of the Asian groups examined was 35 to 85 percent that of US-born Whites. However, there was no consistent trend of increasing incidence with increasing generation of residence in any of the groups. In Asian-Americans, the risk of small cell lymphocytic and plasmacytoid lymphoma was 10 to 85 percent that of Whites, although no clear trends of risk with generation of residence in the US were observed. They also were at a reduced risk of follicular lymphoma, and in Chinese and Japanese persons, the risk was lower in first generation than in later generation migrants (Chinese: Asian-born relative risk [RR]=0.11, US-born, RR=0.84; Japanese: Asian-born, RR=0.15, US-born, RR 0.36). The risk of diffuse lymphoma was similar in Chinese-and Japanese-Americans and US-born Whites. We conclude that, with the exception of follicular lymphoma, the basis for the relatively low incidence of NHL in Asian-Americans does not lie in exposures or characteristics that differ between the migrants themselves and their descendants.