cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A digital non-Foster fast-wave line using an Internet of Things approach for software tuning of multiple digital negative capacitors

A software-tunable digital non-Foster fast-wave transmission line is presented, using an Internet of Things approach to implement tuning and signal monitoring. Such non-Foster fast-wave lines offer greater bandwidth than conventional passive designs, and a digital non-Foster approach is proposed to provide a software-adjustable implementation of the required negative capacitors. Further, an IoT (Internet-of-Things) approach is employed, where multiple non-Foster circuit elements are controlled over Ethernet by a laptop graphical user interface, including remote signal monitoring. This IoT approach has the advantage of being readily extended to accommodate more devices or multidimensional arrays. Measured data is presented for an IoT-based prototype of a superluminal digital non-Foster fast-wave line with software-tunable negative capacitance.
The utility of presacral drainage in penetrating rectal injuries in adult and pediatric patients

Abstract Background With changing weaponry associated with injuries in civilian trauma, there is no clinical census on the utility of presacral drainage (PSD) in penetrating rectal injuries (PRIs), particularly in pediatric patients. Methods Patients with PRI from July 2004-June 2014 treated at two free-standing children's hospitals and two adult level 1 trauma centers were compared by age (pediatric patients ≤16 years) and PSD. A stratified analysis was performed based on age. The primary outcome was pelvic/presacral abscess. Results We identified 81 patients with PRI; 19 pediatric, 62 adult. Forty patients had PSD; only three pediatric patients had a drain. Adult patients were more likely to have sustained gunshot wounds (84%), whereas pediatric patients were more likely to sustain impalement injuries (59%). Pediatric patients were more likely to have distal extraperitoneal injuries (56% versus 27% in adults, P = 0.03). PSD was more common in adult patients (59% versus 14%, P = 0.0004), African-Americans (71% versus 11% Caucasian, P versus 18% impalement, P P = 0.31); one patient with PSD and two without PSD ( P = 0.58). In stratified analysis, there were no differences in any infectious complication between those with and without PSD. Conclusions Pelvic/presacral abscess is a rare complication of PRI, especially in pediatric patients. PSD is not associated with decreased rates of infectious complications and may not be necessary in the treatment of PRI.
Collective memory in primate conflict implied by temporal scaling collapse.

In biological systems, prolonged conflict is costly, whereas contained conflict permits strategic innovation and refinement. Causes of variation in conflict size and duration are not well understoo...
Modeling travel mode and timing decisions: Comparison of artificial neural networks and copula-based joint model

Abstract The field of travel demand analysis has traditionally been dominated by statistical models. Conversely, Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been rapidly emerging in the past few years, and several studies have demonstrated instances where ML outperformed statistical models, notably in their forecasting potential. In this article, we compare the performance of discrete, continuous, and joint discrete-continuous statistical models with the performance of the neural networks (NN), recognized as a popular ML technique. Specifically, we model two critical trip-related decisions of travel mode and departure time. Overall, we find that in addition to having a much easier and faster implementation process, the NN model offers better predictions for both decision variables. Nonetheless, critiques of NN usually typecast it as a black box due to difficulty of assessing the role of explanatory variables in estimating the target variables. To tackle this issue, we further investigate the contribution of exploratory variables in two steps: (1) estimating the relative importance of each exploratory variable, and (2) conducting sensitivity analysis on the most important variables. The results indicate that beside superior prediction accuracy, the NN is capable of capturing nonlinearities in travel demand, which suggests that it can also be more accurate to capture asymmetrical and non-linear responses for policy analysis purposes.
Development of a fibrinolysis assay for canine plasma.

Abstract Unbalanced coagulation and fibrinolysis leads to hemorrhage or thrombosis. Thromboelastography has been used to characterize hypo- and hyper-fibrinolysis in dogs, however the technique requires specialized instrumentation and proprietary reagents that limit its availability. The aim of this study was to develop a simple microplate method for assessment of fibrinolysis in canine plasma. Plasma from healthy dogs was mixed in a microwell plate with tissue factor, calcium, phospholipid and tissue plasminogen activator. Light absorbance was measured at regular intervals until return to baseline. Peak optical density (milli-absorption units, mAU), formation velocity (mAU/s), lysis velocity (mAU/s) and area under the curve (mAU.s) were calculated. The influence of potential interferents, variation in fibrinogen and ex vivo addition of heparin and aminocaproic acid on assay performance was determined. Inter-day coefficients of variation were ≤15% for all variables. Bilirubin ≤ 1.88 mg/dL and hemoglobin ≤ 0.09 mg/dL did not interfere with assay variables. Aminocaproic acid (40 μg/mL) and heparin (0.125 U/mL) caused almost complete inhibition of fibrinolysis and coagulation, respectively. All variables except lysis velocity (R2 = 0.08) were associated with fibrinogen concentration (R2 > 0.8). This assay showed acceptable performance characteristics for measurement of fibrinolysis in normal canine plasma. The assay utilizes small volume citrate plasma samples and readily available instrumentation and reagents, is not influenced by mild to moderate hemolysis or icterus and detects the presence of fibrinolysis inhibitors.
Flood Runoff in Relation to Water Vapor Transport by Atmospheric Rivers Over the Western United States, 1949-2015

Atmospheric rivers (AR) have a significant role in generating floods across the western United States. We analyze daily streamflow for water years 1949 to 2015 from 5477 gages in relation to water vapor transport by ARs using a 6-hour chronology resolved to 2.5° latitude and longitude. The probability that an AR will generate 50 mm/day of runoff in a river on the Pacific Coast increases from 12% when daily mean water vapor transport, DVT, is greater than 300 kg m-1s-1 to 54% when DVT>600 kg m-1s-1. Extreme runoff, represented by the 99th quantile of daily values, doubles from 80 mm/day at DVT=300 kg m-1s-1 to 160 mm/day at DVT=500 kg m-1s-1. Forecasts and predictions of water vapor transport by atmospheric rivers can support flood risk assessment and estimates of future flood frequencies and magnitude in the western United States.
Global European Union Studies: sometimes normal is a little weird

ABSTRACTWhat is ‘European Union Studies’? Answers to this question shape scholarly and public thinking about the European Union, and its member states and citizens. The articles in this special issue, devoted to the best papers presented at the 2017 European Union Studies Association biennial conference in Miami, sketch a perspective, which I call Global European Union Studies. This approach recognizes that European integration is embedded within a larger global story. It suggests that the European project sits in dialogue with events happening in other countries and internationally, affecting and being affected by them. It resituates the European experience as part and parcel of broader transformations taking place across the world. In terms of payoff, European Union Studies can transform its own understanding of the European Union, make connections to those studying other world regions as well as international phenomenon, and focus attention on pressing real-world problems.
Energy trade off analysis of optimized daily temperature setpoints

Author(s): Ghahramani, Ali; Dutta, Kanu; Becerik-Gerber, Burcin | Abstract: We introduce a systematic approach for analyzing the energy consumption of four control policies (i.e., zone level daily optimal control, zone level annual optimal control, building level daily optimal control, building level annual optimal control), which differed based on their temporal and spatial control scales. In order to integrate occupant thermal comfort requirements, we defined uniformly distributed random constraint functions on the setpoints. We used the DOE reference small office building in three U.S. climate zones for simulating the performances of control policies, using EnergyPlus. Among the four control policies, the building level annual control policy showed close to the highest energy efficiency (27.76% to 50.91% (average of 39.81%) savings depending on the climate) with comparatively small training data requirements. In addition, the building level daily optimal setpoint selection, subject to thermal comfort constraints, leads to 17.64 – 38.37% (average of 26.61%) energy savings depending on the climate. We also demonstrate that temporal scale of the policies have a statistically significant impact on the small office building’s energy consumption while spatial scale’s impact is insignificant.
Calculating Electronic Energies from Kohn-Sham Effective Potentials

The problem of finding the exact energy of a system given the exact density is well known, though not solved. Here, approximate formulas for calculating the energy from the density are examined using density scaling relations and a functional expansion of the energy. The term that is first order in the functional expansion can be evaluated exactly from the Kohn-Sham effective potential. The term that is second order is evaluated using the Fermi-Amaldi-like correction for the Coulomb energy. An analysis of the approximation of Parr and Ghosh [Phys. Rev. A 51, 3564 (1995)] and of Morrison and Parr [Phys. Rev. A 53, R2918 (1996)] is made using the functional expansion.
Of Beans, Weeds, and Human Cytogenetics

Cell culture proved to be a superior system for kary-ological investigations, but it required considerable experience and a sizable expenditure. It was not practical or even feasible for many laboratories to set up cell culture facilities just for studying chromosomes. Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to procure biopsy specimens from normal persons, except in surgery cases. Therefore, the lymphocyte culture method discovered by Peter Nowell (1960), as a byproduct of another research project, was one of the most timely and welcomed contributions to human cytogenetics. Only a small quantity of peripheral blood sufficed to yield a good number of mitoses for chromosome analysis. Peter, a pathologist teaching at the University of Pennsylvania, was studying leukocytes in culture. After several days of incubation of the cultures he obtained an unexpected result: a large number of mitotic cells. Leukocytes in the peripheral blood were regarded by most biologists as terminal points of cellular differentiation. Thus, they were not supposed to possess the ability to undergo mitosis. In Nowell’s cultures, however, many cells looked like lymphoblasts instead of mature lymphocytes. He thought that some factor in the tissue culture system caused this anomalous behavior. Therefore, he systematically tested the variables that he could think of, but initially failed to find the responsible factor. It turned out that tissue culture per se was not responsible for stimulating the lymphocytes to return to a more immature form. Nowell was using the popular method for separating erythrocytes and leukocytes prior to cell culture (a method used by Edwin Osgood for many years), agglutinating erythrocytes with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a crude powder extracted from the common navy bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Phytohemagglutinin not only agglutinates red cells to facilitate separation but also, it turned out, stimulates mature lymphocytes to return to a blastic state capable of cell division once again. When Nowell used other methods to separate red cells from leukocytes, no mitosis could be observed in his cultures.
Epidemiology of infectious complications in cancer patients.

Infectious complications are a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients, especially those with underlying hematologic malignancies. Several large studies have estimated that 70–75% of deaths in patients with acute leukemia are caused by infection, with or without hemorrhage [1, 2, 3]. Fewer data exist on infectious mortality in patients with solid organ tumors; however, approximately 50% of these patients are estimated to have an infection as either the primary or an associated cause of death [4,5]. Because patients with underlying malignancies are a heterogeneous group, an epidemiologic review of infections in these patients must take into account the diversity of the patient population. The nature of the underlying malignancy, the immunodeficiencies associated with it, and the treatments directed against it are all important determinants of infection.
Tolerability and effectiveness of 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) for warfarin and non-warfarin reversals.

Abstract Purpose Current guidelines favor 4F-PCC over plasma for warfarin reversal. Uncertainty remains on its thrombotic risk and hemostatic effectiveness when used for direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), transplants, massive transfusion protocols (MTP), and non-anticoagulated patients. This study sought to evaluate the tolerability and effectiveness of 4F-PCC in a real-world setting. Materials and methods This was a retrospective study of adults who received 4F-PCC from March 2014 to December 2015. The primary outcome was thromboembolic events within 14 days. The secondary outcome was hemostatic effectiveness within 24 h. Results The final analysis included 212 patients. Primary reversal indication was major bleed in 165 patients (77.8%) and emergent surgery in 47 patients (22.2%). Thromboembolism occurred in 22 patients (10.4%), more in emergent surgery than major bleed reversals (17% and 8.5%, respectively). MTP and heart transplant patients had the highest thromboembolic event rates (44.4% and 28.6%, respectively). Hemostatic effectiveness was 65.8% (68% in major bleed and 58.1% in emergent surgery). DOAC patients achieved hemostasis most often (78.9%). Administration of any reversal agent, major surgery within 14 days, and MTP activation were significant predictors of thromboembolism. Conclusions Use of 4F-PCC in this real-world setting was associated with variable thromboembolic and hemostatic effectiveness rates based on the indication for reversal.
ReTEST: A Cost Effective Test Case Selection Technique for Modern Software Development

Regression test selection offers cost savings by selecting a subset of existing tests when testers validate the modified version of the application. The majority of test selection approaches utilize static or dynamic analyses to decide which test cases should be selected, and these analyses are often very time consuming. In this paper, we propose a novel language-independent Regression TEst SelecTion (ReTEST) technique that facilitates a lightweight analysis by using information retrieval. ReTEST uses fault history, test case diversity, and program change history information to select test cases that should be rerun. Our empirical evaluation with four open source programs shows that our approach can be effective and efficient by selecting a far smaller subset of tests compared to the existing techniques.
Risk of 90-day readmission in patients after firearm injury hospitalization: a nationally representative retrospective cohort study

Abstract: Background: National conversation has justifiably been concerned with firearm-related deaths and much less attention has been paid to the consequences of surviving a firearm injury. We assessed the risk of hospital readmission, length of stay (LOS) during hospitalization, and costs within 90-days after surviving an index firearm injury and compared these data with pedestrians and occupants involved in motor vehicle crash (MVC). Methods: Nationwide Readmission Database, a nationally representative readmission database from 2013 and 2014 was used to create a retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome was time-to-first all-cause readmission within 90-days after discharge from the index hospitalization. Secondary utcomes were LOS and hospitalization costs at index events and at 90-days. Results: There were 3,334 (10.5%), 3,818 (10.6%) and 24,672 (9.4%) firearm injury, pedestrian, and occupant MVC readmissions within 90-days. The risk of 90-day readmission among firearm was 20% (HR=1.20, 5%CI=1.09-1.32) and 34% (HR=1.34, 95%CI=1.26-1.44) greater than patients admitted after pedestrian and occupant MVC. The primary causes of firearm readmission were surgical complications, intestinal disorders and open wounds. The mean total costs were lower among patients after firearm injury versus occupant MVC hospitalizations ($9,357 versus $11,032, p=0.028) but mean total LOS was greater (4.48 versus 4.38 days, p=0.003). Medicaid-insured patients had longer LOS at a total lower cost during index hospitalization after firearm injury as compared to MVC occupant injury. Increased LOS and lower costs of 90-day readmissions among firearm patients versus occupant MVC were irrespective of insurance. Conclusion: The patients surviving a firearm injury have a substantial risk of subsequent hospitalizations, higher than pedestrian or occupant MVC injuries. Medicaid is disproportionately burdened by the costs of treatment of firearm injury.
REGIONAL VARIATION IN CHRONIC INOTROPE INFUSION IN ADVANCED HEART FAILURE

Chronic inotrope infusion is utilized as a therapeutic or palliative strategy in chronic advanced heart failure for a variety of clinical goals. Due to the paucity of evidence available to guide usage, there is a significant variation in clinical practice. Their mechanism of action, specifically
Floodplain dynamics in North American permafrost regions under a warming climate and implications for organic carbon stocks: A review and synthesis

Abstract Although there have been studies on changes to hydrology in permafrost regions and exports of nutrients and organic matter to the Arctic Ocean, little is known about how geomorphic dynamics of rivers in permafrost regions will change in the future under a warming climate and the effects of those changes on floodplains. We focus on river dynamics in the context of channel-floodplain interactions and the implications for organic carbon storage in floodplains. As sites of nutrient processing and storage of sediments and organic matter, changes in channel and floodplain form and process will impact sediment yields, nutrient and organic matter export to the Arctic Ocean, aquatic and riparian habitat, and infrastructure. We present a review of the factors influencing reach-scale river dynamics, using the framework of factors affecting erosive force and erosional resistance of banks and floodplain surfaces, which will change due to a warming climate. We summarize studies indicating how observed and modeled trends in these factors will affect erosive force and erosional resistance in the future. We then hypothesize the net effects that these changes will have on the ratio of erosive force to erosional resistance, and the cascading effects on channel and floodplain form and process. We describe two scenarios that could occur under different conditions in the form of conceptual models, one in which the ratio of erosive force and erosional resistance decreases, and one in which the ratio increases. An increase in the ratio of erosive force to erosional resistance due to a reduction in permafrost extent and depth and an overall increase in discharge would increase bank erosion, bank failures, sediment supply, and lateral channel migration rates, decreasing floodplain turnover time and the age of riparian vegetation. A decrease in the ratio of erosive force to erosional resistance due to a reduction in erosive force relative to sediment supply would cause enhanced deposition within the river corridor. Regardless of which scenario may occur, changes in channel process and form will influence the ratio of lateral to vertical accretion, change the nature and stored amount of floodplain sediment, and change the sources and storage of organic carbon within floodplains.
Colonization of drying temporary wetlands by Coptotomus loticus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae): a unique strategy for an aquatic wetland insect

Predaceous diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are well-known for their ability to colonize both permanent and temporary aquatic habitats. They often move predictably between these two habitats, colonizing recently flooded habitat and returning to permanent habitat during the dry-down phase. However, Coptotomus loticus Hilsenhoff does not appear to utilize this same strategy. The objective of our study was to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of C. loticus distribution in wetland habitats of the southeastern USA. Floodplain wetlands were sampled seasonally over 2 years (a drought year and a flood year), and Carolina bays were sampled seasonally over 3 years. During the drought year, C. loticus remained primarily in permanent water bodies on the floodplain. During the flood year, C. loticus utilized temporary habitats on the floodplain to a greater degree than in the drought year. High densities of C. loticus were more common in temporary habitat during the latter half of the year (dry-down phase) versus the early actively-flooding portion of the year. The highest density of C. loticus in Carolina bays was also found during the dry-down phase. These results suggest C. loticus may be accessing temporary wetland habitat in which fish and other vertebrates may be stranded as the habitat dries down. Dytiscids have been known to consume vertebrate carrion, and in this study system, C. loticus may be utilizing the dry-down effect to hone in on stranded vertebrates as a readily available food source, a strategy not yet described among wetland macroinvertebrates. This phenomenon warrants further study in this and other systems, however, to verify its existence across time and space.
NASA surveys hurricane damage to puerto rico's forests

Hurricane Maria transformed the lush rainforests of Puerto Rico, leaving lots of openings in the forest canopy. NASA scientists studied the island's forests before and after the storm using a portable lidar instrument onboard a small aircraft to create 3D views of the forest.
James Frederick Ferrier's Socratic Ethics

James Frederick Ferrier is probably best known for the idealism he presents in An Introduction to the Philosophy of Consciousness and Institutes of Metaphysic, in which Ferrier critiques and offers...
Safety and operational impact of connected vehicles' lane configuration on freeway facilities with managed lanes.

Abstract Managed lanes (MLs) have been implemented as a vital strategy for traffic safety and management improvements. Previous studies involving MLs didn’t examine the impact of connected vehicles’ (CVs) lane configuration on freeway facilities with managed toll lanes. CVs are quickly expanding in the transportation industry and are among the most recent promising developments in traffic and safety engineering. In this study, several scenarios were tested using microscopic traffic simulation to determine the optimal CV lane configuration strategies while taking into consideration the market penetration rate (MPR%) of CVs and traffic conditions (i.e., peak, off-peak). Both safety (i.e., conflict frequency, conflict reduction) and operational (i.e., average speed, average delay) performance measures were included in the analyses. A Negative Binomial model was developed for investigating the factors that affect the safety measures. Tobit models were used to evaluate traffic operation. The results of the safety and operational analyses suggested that an MPR% between 10 % and 30 % was recommended when the CVs were only allowed in MLs. By converting one of the general-purpose lanes (GPLs) to a managed lane, the MPR% could reach 60 %. It was also concluded that restricting CVs to only the CV lane was not recommended. Lastly, the findings suggested that by allowing CVs to use all the lanes in the network (MLs, GPLs and CV lane), the optimal MPR% could reach between 70 % and 100 %. This study has major implications for improving MLs by recommending the optimal CV lane configuration and market penetration rate for each design.
The entropy of Hawking radiation

In this review, recent progress on the black hole information problem that involves a new understanding of how to calculate the entropy of Hawking radiation is described. The review shows how the method for computing gravitational fine-grained entropy, developed over the past 15 years, can be extended to capture the entropy of Hawking radiation. This technique reveals large corrections needed for the entropy to be consistent with unitary black hole evaporation.
Failure investigation of nuclear grade POCO graphite target in high energy neutrino physics through numerical simulation

Abstract In many high energy physics neutrino beamlines, targets are made up of isotropic POCO graphite grade for production of neutrinos for high energy particle physics research and are bombarded with highly energetic pulsed proton beam. The pulsed proton beam with a small beam size creates thermal stress waves as well as radiation damage such as displacement damage, void formation, swelling, and gas formation amongst others. As a result, after a few years of operation one of the longest operated targets appears to have undergone bulk swelling and fractured along the beam centerline. A complex interaction of dynamic loading due to beam, material degradation due to irradiation are thought to have caused such a failure. Here, we present a numerical simulation to capture the combined effects of swelling and the dynamic effect of thermal stress waves due to beam heating, to explain the failure of target. An empirical formula has been developed to take into account swelling as a function of temperature and proton fluence and has been implemented in a commercial finite element code. Extensive X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed on graphite samples from the failed target to understand the lattice parameter changes due to irradiation and build a valid empirical model. Simulation results show that swelling plays a major role in elevating the stress state in the material exceeding the failure strength while the pulsed beam heating also introduces fatigue loading that would explain brittle fracture emanating from inside of the material and propagating outward. Such empirical formulations will help in identifying the threshold values of critical parameters to extend the service life of future multi-megawatt neutrino targets and targets in other accelerator environments.
Drivers of inflation-linked public debt: an empirical investigation

This paper empirically explores the drivers behind the cross-country heterogeneity in inflation-linked (IL) debt for advanced and emerging economies between 1995 and 2017. It finds that countries with more flexible exchange rate regimes and higher tax rates issue more of their public debt linked to inflation. There is some evidence that high inflation countries issue more IL debt, but no indication that country size, financial development, or institutional quality is significantly associated with the IL debt share. For IL debt over gross domestic product, however, institutional quality matters, but the exchange rate regime and inflation do not.
DFT and TDDFT Study of the Reaction Pathway for Double Intramolecular C-H Activation and Functionalization by Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel-Nitridyl Complexes.

Previous work was successful in synthesizing a nickel amine, [CztBu(PyriPr)(NH2-PyriPr)], by double C-H activation and functionalization via irradiating a disphenoidal Ni(II) azido complex, [CztBu(PyriPr)2NiN3]. The present work seeks to expand upon the earlier research and to substitute the metal with iron or cobalt. Density functional theory (DFT)-B3LYP/6-31+G(d') and APFD/Def2TZVP-was used to simulate the generation of an intermediate with significant nitridyl radical character after the loss of N2 from the starting azido complex. DFT and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) were also used to propose a detailed pathway comprised of intermediates of low, intermediate, or high spin multiplicity and photogenerated excited states for the reaction of the azido complex, [CztBu(PyriPr)2MN3], to form the amine complex [CztBu(PyriPr)M(NH2-PyriPr)], M = Co, Ni, or Fe.
Logistic Regression in Clinical Studies.

Highlights • A logistic regression model is used when the outcome of interest is binary. The term “logistic” refers to the underlying “logit” (log odds) function that is used to model the binary outcome. • Odds ratios are produced from a logistic regression model, and have a useful interpretation. • Tips, tricks and concepts used to fit logistic regression models are similar to those used in linear regression models. • Modeling building that is knowledge-based rather than automatic is preferred in most applications of logistic regression. • A logistic regression model that is overparameterized (ie too many variables for too few events) can result in odds ratios that are implausibly large and confidence intervals that are wide and uninterpretable. These types of “overfitted” models should be avoided. • Logistic regression models can be fit using most standard statistical software.
THE EFFECT OF ACETAZOLAMIDE ON BRAIN O2 METABOLISM

Publisher Summary Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that are known to mimic electrophysiological, circulatory, and pharmacological effects of hypercapnia on brain have been suggested to increase brain tissue oxygenation and their possible clinical usefulness in treatment of cerebrovascular disorders impairing brain oxygenation has been suggested. A 30% decrease in brain oxygen uptake is reported following an administration of 30 mg kg −1 acetazolamide in the rhesus. The effect was attributed to a delay in the Bohr shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve during capillary transit resulting in impaired O 2 unloading. This chapter discusses a study in which the effect of acetazolamide on brain O 2 metabolism was examined. Cerebral metabolic rates, O 2 , glucose, and lactate were measured in pentobarbital-anesthetized, gallamine-paralyzed dogs ventilated with 50% O 2 . In four experiments, mean brain tissue PO 2 was measured by the double indicator dilution technique employing indocyanine green as a no diffusible tracer and 18 O-saturated blood as a source of labeled oxygen. Mean brain tissue PO 2 approximately doubled after the administration of acetazolamide. It seems clear that carbonic anhydrase inhibition in a dog leads to improved oxygenation of the brain. The apparent sensitivity of cerebral blood flow to changes in PaCO 2 is probably the result of disequilibrium in the acid–base system resulting in high tissue PCO 2 .
IMPROVED DETECTION OF ILARVIRUSES AND NEPOVIRUSES AFFECTING FRUIT TREES USING QUANTITATIVE RT-qPCR

Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays were developed for the detection of the ilarviruses Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), and American plum line pattern virus (APLPV), and the nepoviruses Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) and Cherry leafroll virus (CLRV). These viruses affect various stone fruits such as apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, and almonds. The goal of this work was to improve the RT-qPCR detection of PNRSV, PDV, and ApMV in addition to developing three new RT-qPCR assays for the detection of APLPV, ToRSV and CLRV. Primers for conventional RT-PCR as well as primers and probes for RT-qPCR assays were designed after aligning coat protein (CP) gene sequences of geographically diverse isolates with the corresponding CP gene sequences from GenBank, targeting regions with 100% sequence identity. The efficiency of each RT-qPCR assay, as well as the intra- and inter-assay variability, were determined. These conventional RT-PCR and RT-qPCR assays were validated using purified total RNAs from 221 trees from the USDA Clonal Germplasm Repository orchards. The data showed that more isolates were detected by RT-qPCR than by RT-PCR.
Who Really Voted for President Obama in 2008 and 2012

The authors use simple bilinear regression on statewide exit poll data to gauge the popularity of President Barack Obama in election years 2008 and 2012 among voters in four age groups (18 to 29 year-olds; 30 to 44 year-olds; 45 to 64 year-olds; and voters 65 and older) and three income groups (under $50,000; $50,000 to $100,000; and voters earning more than $100,000). While there was little change in his popularity among voters in all age groups, Obama’s popularity with the poorest group of voters (those earning less than $50,000) took a noticeable hit in 2012.
Understanding Teacher Users of a Digital Library Service: A Clustering Approach

This article describes the Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) process and its application in the field of educational data mining (EDM) in the context of a digital library service called the Instructional Architect (IA.usu.edu). In particular, the study reported in this article investigated a certain type of data mining problem, clustering, and used a statistical model, latent class analysis, to group the IA teacher users according to their diverse online behaviors. The use of LCA successfully helped us identify different types of users, ranging from window shoppers, lukewarm users to the most dedicated users, and distinguish the isolated users from the key brokers of this online community. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the discovered usage patterns on system design and on EDM in general.
AZD1775 sensitizes T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to cytarabine by promoting apoptosis over DNA repair

While some children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have excellent prognoses, the prognosis for adults and children with T cell ALL is more guarded. Treatment for T-ALL is heavily dependent upon antimetabolite chemotherapeutics, including cytarabine. Targeted inhibition of WEE1 with AZD1775 has emerged as a strategy to sensitize cancer cells to cytarabine and other chemotherapeutics. We sought to determine if this strategy would be effective for T-ALL with clinically relevant anti-leukemia agents. We found that AZD1775 sensitizes T-ALL cells to several traditional anti-leukemia agents, acting synergistically with cytarabine by enhancing DNA damage and apoptosis. In addition to increased phosphorylation of H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX), AZD1775 led to increased phosphorylation of H2AX at tyrosine 142, a signaling event associated with promotion of apoptosis over DNA repair. In a xenograft model of T-ALL, the addition of AZD1775 to cytarabine slowed leukemia progression and prolonged survival. Inhibition of WEE1 with AZD1775 sensitizes T-ALL to several anti-leukemia agents, particularly cytarabine and that mechanistically, AZD1775 promotes apoptosis over DNA repair in cells treated with cytarabine. These data support the development of clinical trials including AZD1775 in combination with conventional chemotherapy for acute leukemia.
Cone beam computed tomography use in orthodontics

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used by orthodontists to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) images of their patients. This is of value as malocclusion results from discrepancies in three planes of space. This review tracks the use of CBCT in orthodontics, from its validation as an accurate and reliable tool, to its use in diagnosing and treatment planning, and in assessing treatment outcomes in orthodontics.
Carcinogenicity of cadmium in animals: What is the significance for man?

The carcinogenic potency of cadmium injected into rats and mice has been demonstrated 20 years ago. In contrast, chronic dietary intake of cadmium‐containing food by laboratory animals did not induce any tumors. With regard to inhalation of aerosols of different cadmium compounds, there is now an extensive data base which shows that inhaled cadmium does induce lung tumors in laboratory rats. Even the highly insoluble CdS was found to induce lung carcinomas in rats, although it appears at a first glance that higher inhaled concentrations of CdS are needed to give the same pulmonary carcinogenic response as inhaled CdCl2 or CdO dust. In fact, an exposure concentration‐lung tumor relationship for the rat can be established which can be transformed into a dose (in terms of cadmium per gram lung tissue)‐response curve for the rat by applying lung dosimetric principles. However, the question arises as to whether and how the results of the rat studies should be extrapolated to humans since chronic inhalation exp...
A congruence analysis of human stress.

(1985). A Congruence Analysis of Human Stress. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 7, No. 1-4, pp. 35-64.
A survey of microsurgery training in the United States.

The increasing use of clinical and experimental microsurgical techniques has created a need for standardized, high-quality training programs in microsurgery. Towards this end, we conducted a study of the microsurgery instruction available in the United States. The data were collected from responses to surveys mailed to 55 microsurgery training centers across the country. Survey questions asked for a general characterization of each training program and its participants and for a specific description of course content. The results indicated that, even though training programs differed considerably, there were common elements. Total course length ranged from less than 40 hours to 80 hours, with a range of 32–40 hours devoted to basic microsurgery techniques. Forty percent of instructional programs were not certified for continuing medical education (CME) credit. Half of all reported trainees were residents in training. The basic microsurgery techniques common to most programs included instruction in microvascular end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses of femoral arteries and veins in rats. Instruction in peripheral nerve repair was not offered. We conclude that, although there are merits to a diverse curriculum, it is time to institute a minimum level of standardized basic microsurgery training.
Role of chelating agents, monovalent anion and cation in the dissociation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus occlusion body

Abstract The degree of dissolution brought about by individual constituents of dilute alkaline saline (DAS) was examined using radioactively labeled Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus occlusion bodies (AcNPV OB). DAS consists of 50 m m Na2CO3, 50 m m NaCl, and 2 m m Na4-EDTA and is often used for the in vitro release of virions from OBs. Both monovalent cation (Na+) and anion (Cl−), as well as CO 3 2− , in a Tris-NH4OH solution, pH 11.0, individually induced dissolution of the OB matrix. Each of the DAS constituents induced dissolution to different degrees and at different ionic concentrations. In addition, the kinetics of matrix solubilization effected by Na+, Cl−, and CO 3 2− were dissimilar indicating unique mechanisms of actions in the dissociation process. Our results indicate that electrostatic interactions are important for OB stability in addition to hydrophobic contributions as previously demonstrated.
Immigrant inviability in yellow pecan aphid

1. Host-associated differentiation (HAD) may be an important driver of parasite biodiversity. The sympatric occurrence of host-associated populations features prominently in studies documenting HAD but this neither confirms nor denies that the lineages arose in sympatry. It does raise the question of what maintains such structure despite the proximity of populations in space and time. 2. We tested for immigrant inviability in yellow pecan aphid Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell, a species previously shown to be host associated, using a laboratory reciprocal transplant experiment on pecan and water hickory. 3. Immigrant inviability on the alternative host is present in yellow pecan aphid. Immigrants to both hosts were significantly less fecund than residents and their nymphs were significantly less viable. Future studies should establish the genetic and non-genetic (maternal effects) basis of immigrant inviability in yellow pecan aphid in order to be certain about its contribution to pre-mating reproductive isolation. 4. Since aphids are cyclic parthenogens, inviability of both immigrants and their offspring has the potential to contribute to total pre-mating reproductive isolation. This is different than the case of obligate sexually reproducing organisms where offspring viability is a post-mating reproductive isolating mechanism. We discuss the implications of this for estimating the contributions of immigrant and offspring inviability to total reproductive isolation in aphids.
Calcitonin-like immunoreactivity in the blue crab: tissue distribution, variations in the molt cycle, and partial characterization.

Calcitonin-like immunoreactivity has been found in blood and tissues of the marine blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. The activity in blood rises significantly during the immediate premolt (D4) stage, but tissue immunoreactivity does not vary significantly with molt stage. The immunoreactivity to antisalmon calcitonin serum is due to a 27.2 kDa protein that shows strong similarities in amino acid composition to a similar protein in a lobster and to human calcitonin precursor. The protein is most abundant in the midgut glands (hepatopancreas), but is also found in significant quantities in several other tissues. Immunoreactivity in the blood appears to be primarily due to the same molecular weight fraction, with secondary contributions from smaller molecules, closer in size to vertebrate calcitonin. A physiological function of the calcitonin-like substance in calcium transport during or after molt has yet to be demonstrated. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of short‐term thyroxine administration during the laying period on egg production and moulting by Turkeys

Abstract 1. Effects of thyroxine (T4) administration on egg production, moulting and photorefractoriness in laying turkeys were determined. Thyroxine dosages of 0.075 to 2 mg/bird/d were injected IM for periods of either 2 or 3 weeks following 10 weeks of photostimulation. Control groups were administered saline vehicle. 2. Plasma T4 concentrations were increased in a dose dependent manner by T4 administration, while triiodothyronine (T3) was decreased. 3. Egg production and percentage of hens in production were transiently decreased in a dose dependent manner by T4 administration, but returned to levels similar to controls within 4 weeks of T4 treatment termination. Moulting was stimulated in a dose‐dependent manner by T4 administration, but was similar to controls after T4 treatment termination. Only dosages of 2 mg/bird/d resulted in cessation of egg production and complete moulting. 4. Results indicate that although short term elevation of plasma T4 causes cessation of egg production and moulting thes...
Opiate Use, Addiction, and Relapse

An attempt is made (l) to isolate the critical variables, and (2) to specify the behavioral processes and principles by which these variables operate to produce opiate use, addiction, and relapse. The analysis is an extension of the “differential association-reinforcement” theory, presented previously in this journal, to the drug use-addiction-relapse process. The analysis describes how positive and negative reinforcement, both physiological and social, generate opiate use. Addiction is analyzed as escape-avoidance behavior maintained principally by the nonsocial, negative reinforcement of withdrawal alleviation. Various problems in successfully extinguishing escape-avoidance behavior are seen to be responsible for the phenomenon of addiction relapse.
The electron heating rate and ion chemistry in the thermosphere above Wallops Island during the solar eclipse of 7 March 1970.

Electron heating rate and ion chemistry in thermosphere above Wallops Island during solar eclipse of March 7 1970
Outcomes of very low birth weight in young adults.

Preterm delivery remains the primary public health challenge in obstetrics. Infants who weigh less than 2500 g account for 11 percent of all births in the United States but for more than 90 percent of all neonatal deaths. Very-low-birth-weight infants, weighing between 500 g and 1500 g, account for approximately 1 percent of all live births but more than 60 percent of all neonatal deaths. Forty percent of the very-low-birth-weight children who survive are burdened with long-term sequelae. The majority of preterm deliveries are spontaneous, caused by premature labor with or without premature rupture of the fetal membranes. About 20 . . .
Solvent Dynamics Effects on Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constants of Cobalt Tris(bipyridine)

This paper presents microelectrode voltammetry-derived heterogeneous electron transfer kinetic rates k{sub ET} for the redox couple [Co(bpy){sub 3}]{sup 2+/3+} in a series of solvents for which ({tau}{sub L}) longitudinal relaxation values are known (four polar monomeric solvents and four oligomeric polyether solvents, CH{sub 3}O-(CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}O){sub n}-CH{sub 3} where n=1, 2, 3, and 4) and one, a higher oligomer (n=8, MPEG-400), for which {tau}{sub L} is estimated. {tau}{sub L} ranges from 0.2 to 38 ps. The results show that k{sub ET} varies inversely with {tau}{sub L}, and according to other modes of analysis, as predicted for control of the energy barrier-crossing rate by the dynamics of solvent dipolar relaxation. Additionally, the observed k{sub ET} is proportional to the diffusion coefficient D{sub Co} of [Co(bpy){sub 3}]{sup 2+}, which is rationalized by the mutual connection of D{sub Co} and k{sub ET} to the solvent viscosity. D{sub Co}, k{sub ET}, and viscosity were also measured as a function of electrolyte concentration in MPEG-400 which allowed extension of the overall solvent viscosity range. The [Co(bpy){sub 3}]{sup 2+/3+} rate constant in these media was also proportional to D{sub Co}, indicating solvent dynamics control over a time scale range of ca. 500-fold, larger than any previouslymore » reported. Experiments at constant viscosity but varied electrolyte concentration demonstrated the absence of strong double layer or ion pairing influences on the reaction rate. 32 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Generation of braking saccades in congenital nystagmus

Objectives: We examined eye movement records of two congenital nystagmus (CN) subjects, whose waveforms contained braking saccades, to test the hypothesis that eye velocity, rather than eye position, is the more important criterion for braking saccade generation. Specifically, we wished to determine the criteria and timing used by their ocular motor systems in triggering these unique saccades. Materials and methods: For the records analyzed, eye movements were measured by either scleral search coil or IR limbic reflection and data were sampled at rates of 200–488 Hz with a resolution of 12 bits for analysis by custom software. Both position and velocity were used to determine critical timing points in CN cycles, including saccadic onset, duration, offset, and magnitude. Phase planes at various times (between 40 and 70 ms) prior to saccade onset helped determine (using foveation window criteria for best acuity) the conditions to generate a braking saccade. Results: Braking saccades do brake CN slow phases,...
Magnetoemission from Incandescent Bodies

We report experimental detection of a newly recognized, spectrally diffuse circular polarization in light from various incandescent bodies in a magnetic field. Polarization fractions of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ -${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ are seen at 1.5\ensuremath{\mu}m in a 25-kG field, roughly conforming with a very simple theory.