cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helical network model for twisted bilayer graphene

In the presence of a finite interlayer displacement field, bilayer graphene has an energy gap that is dependent on stacking and largest for the stable AB and BA stacking arrangements. When the relative orientations between layers are twisted through a small angle to form a moir\'e pattern, the local stacking arrangement changes slowly. We show that for nonzero displacement fields the low-energy physics of twisted bilayers is captured by a phenomenological helical network model that describes electrons localized on domain walls separating regions with approximate AB and BA stacking. The network band structure is gapless and has of a series of two-dimensional bands with Dirac band-touching points and a density of states that is periodic in energy with one zero and one divergence per period.
Assessment Gaze, Refraction, and Blur: The Course of Achievement Testing in the Past 100 Years

This chapter addresses assessment (testing) with an emphasis on the 100-year period since the American Education Research Association was formed. The authors start with definitions and explanations...
LARS&LISA: a universal school-based cognitive-behavioral program to prevent adolescent depression

Adolescent depression is a prevailing international mental health concern as up to 27% of adolescents experience either subsyndromal depression or a major depressive episode by the age of 18. Depression in adolescence has been found to negatively impact current and future academic achievement, functioning, mental health, and quality of life. Accordingly, the authors emphasize the importance of proactively preventing depression (and its negative outcomes) instead of waiting and having to “fix” the problems after they have already developed. The current article begins with a discussion of the various types of prevention, including their respective advantages and disadvantages. Further and more importantly, the article’s primary focus is to provide a summary of the theoretical basis, development of, empirical support for, and content of a universal school-based cognitive-behavioral program to prevent adolescent depression entitled LARS&LISA (Lust An Realistischer Sicht & Leichtigkeit Im Sozialen Alltag). As the program exists within the overlapping realms of universal prevention, school-based programs, and cognitive-behavioral interventions, the content of this article is relevant to all three areas and offers insight into the development of depression prevention in general. Finally, empirical support for the positive effects of the program is presented and some ideas for further research are discussed.
Goldstone bosons and the Englert-Brout-Higgs mechanism in non-Hermitian theories

In recent work, Alexandre, Ellis, Millington and Seynaeve have extended the Goldstone theorem to non-Hermitian Hamiltonians that possess a discrete antilinear symmetry such as $PT$ and possess a continuous global symmetry. They restricted their discussion to those realizations of antilinear symmetry in which all the energy eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian are real. Here, we extend the discussion to the two other realizations possible with antilinear symmetry, namely energies in complex conjugate pairs or Jordan-block Hamiltonians that are not diagonalizable at all. In particular, we show that under certain circumstances it is possible for the Goldstone boson mode itself to be one of the zero-norm states that are characteristic of Jordan-block Hamiltonians. While we discuss the same model as Alexandre, Ellis, Millington and Seynaeve, our treatment is quite different, though their main conclusion that one can have Goldstone bosons in the non-Hermitian case remains intact. We extend our analysis to a continuous local symmetry and find that the gauge boson acquires a nonzero mass by the Englert-Brout-Higgs mechanism in all realizations of the antilinear symmetry, except the one where the Goldstone boson itself has zero norm, in which case, and despite the fact that the continuous local symmetry has been spontaneously broken, the gauge boson remains massless.
Learning Multilingual Topics from Incomparable Corpora

Multilingual topic models enable crosslingual tasks by extracting consistent topics from multilingual corpora. Most models require parallel or comparable training corpora, which limits their ability to generalize. In this paper, we first demystify the knowledge transfer mechanism behind multilingual topic models by defining an alternative but equivalent formulation. Based on this analysis, we then relax the assumption of training data required by most existing models, creating a model that only requires a dictionary for training. Experiments show that our new method effectively learns coherent multilingual topics from partially and fully incomparable corpora with limited amounts of dictionary resources.
What Factors Influence Operative Time in Total Knee Arthroplasty? A 10-Year Analysis in a National Sample.

Abstract Introduction Changes in reimbursement in total knee arthroplasty by CMS has been tied to a perceived decrease in the total surgical time required to perform these operations. However, little information is available to CMS or the AMA about recorded surgical times for TKA across the United States and the variables that drive these values. Such objective data would be a useful reference for policy makers interested in evaluating physician reimbursement, particularly if paired to contemporary data on the clinical results associated with observed trends in surgical times. Therefore, the purpose of our study, using a large national database, was to evaluate 1) changes in operative time over time and 2) factors associated with variations in operative time. Methods The NSQIP database was queried to identify all primary TKAs conducted between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2017. We included all TKAs conducted within our study period that had operative time data available. Multivariable linear models were created to assess factors that influence operative time over the study period. Outcome trends across years were assessed using either linear models or Cochran-Armitage test for trend analyses. Results After applying pre-determined exclusion criteria, a total of 140,890 TKAs were included in our final analysis (61.9% female, mean age (±SD): 49.83 ± 9.52 years). The mean operative time across the study period was found to be 92.60 minutes. Examining quarterly values, operative time stayed within 5 minutes of this mean (range: 89.80 to 97.51 minutes). Multivariable analysis identified various factors including age, sex, functional status, anesthesia type, body mass index, operative year, transfusion requirements, and preoperative laboratory findings as being significant influencers of operative time (p Discussion With a recent call for an additional TKA procedural code valuation by CMS, current information regarding factors influencing operative time and clinical outcome trends related to TKA procedures remains essential. Our analysis indicates that, while there are numerous factors that influence procedure duration, operative times have remained stable. This information should be heavily considered in regard to physician reimbursement, since providers are maintaining operative times and work effort while mitigating factors that influence outcomes in the peri-operative period.
Transient response of joint dominated space structures - A new linearization technique

The linearization method presented for calculating the transient responses of nonlinear systems due to initial disturbances is an extension of the 'describing function' approach, in which the system's steady-state response is calculated by representing such nonlinear elements as space structure joints with impedances that are functions of response amplitude. It is shown that, for the transient case, the steady-state impedances can be averaged over the range of responses in order to furnish equivalent values of stiffness and damping; these, for a given set of initial displacements, may be treated as constant during calculations of system response.
Python Inferfaces for the Smoldyn Simulator

Motivation: Smoldyn is a particle-based biochemical simulator that is frequently used for systems biology and biophysics research. Previously, users could only define models using text-based input or a C/C++ applicaton programming interface (API), which were convenient, but limited extensibility. Results: We added a Python API to Smoldyn to improve integration with other software tools such as Jupyter notebooks, other Python code libraries, and other simulators. It includes low-level functions that closely mimic the existing C/C++ API and higher-level functions that are more convenient to use. These latter functions follow modern object-oriented Python conventions. Availability: Smoldyn is open source and free, available at http://www.smoldyn.org, and can be installed with the Python package manager pip. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux.
A Preliminary Investigation of Provider Attitudes Toward a Transdiagnostic Treatment: Outcomes from Training Workshops with the Unified Protocol

Evidence-based psychological treatments (EBPTs) for common mental health conditions are efficacious but remain underutilized in clinical service settings. Novel transdiagnostic and modular approaches that treat several disorders simultaneously promise to address common barriers to the dissemination and implementation of traditional EBPTs. Despite the promise that transdiagnostic treatments hold, the claims that these interventions can be more easily disseminated and implemented have not been widely tested. The present study examined whether a transdiagnostic treatment, the Unified Protocol (UP), addresses some barriers to dissemination and implementation for clinicians. Exploratory aims of the current study were to examine the effects of a UP introductory training workshop on clinician attitudes and behaviors by: (1) evaluating UP knowledge and treatment delivery, (2) determining relationships between clinician characteristics and their knowledge acquisition, satisfaction with UP, and UP penetration, and (3) exploring clinicians’ perceptions of the UP’s characteristics utilizing mixed methods. Workshop participants showed a good understanding of UP treatment concepts following training, and over a third of survey respondents reported use of the intervention 6-months after training. Positive attitudes toward EBPTs and fewer years of clinical practice were associated with greater satisfaction with the UP. Clinicians held positive views of the UP’s flexibility and relative advantage over standard EBPTs but held negative views toward the manual’s design and packaging. Overall, our findings suggest that clinicians may view transdiagnostic treatments such as the UP favorably and may consider them appealing over standard EBPTs. However, barriers associated with traditional EBPTs may extend to transdiagnostic treatments like the UP.
Leveraging the mass balances of cellular metabolism to infer absolute concentrations from relative abundance metabolomics data

Abstract Motivation As the large-scale study of metabolites and a direct readout of a system’s metabolic state, metabolomics has significant appeal as a source of information for many metabolic modelling platforms and other metabolic analysis tools. However, metabolomics data are typically reported in terms of relative abundances, which precluding use with tools where absolute concentrations are necessary. While chemical standards can be used to determine the absolute concentrations of metabolites, they are often time-consuming to run, expensive, or unavailable for many metabolites. A computational framework that can infer absolute concentrations without the use of chemical standards would be highly beneficial to the metabolomics community. Results We have developed and characterized MetaboPAC, a computational strategy that leverages the mass balances of a system to infer absolute concentrations in metabolomics datasets. MetaboPAC uses a kinetic equations approach and an optimization approach to predict the most likely response factors that describe the relationship between absolute concentrations and their relative abundances. We determined that MetaboPAC performed significantly better than the other approaches assessed on noiseless data when at least 60% of kinetic equations are known a priori. Under the most realistic conditions (low sampling frequency, high noise data), MetaboPAC significantly outperformed other methods in the majority of cases when 100% of the kinetic equations were known. For metabolomics datasets extracted from systems that are well-studied and have partially known kinetic structures, MetaboPAC can provide valuable insight about their absolute concentration profiles.
Toward Deeper Understanding of Children’s Writing: Pre-Service Teachers’ Attention to Local and Global Text Features at the Start and End of Writing-Focused Coursework

This mixed methods study sought to extend what is known about preservice teachers’ [PSTs’] enactment of the core practice of reading and responding to students’ writing by examining their reading o...
The personalized external aortic root support procedure: interesting niche or ready for prime time?

Aortic root dilation is nearly universal among patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and many patients require aortic root replacement to prevent devastating aortic catastrophe. This has traditionally entailed placement of a composite-valved graft, often with a mechanical aortic valve, necessitating lifelong anticoagulation. In the 1990s, a significant development within the field of cardiac surgery occurred, and valve sparing root replacement (VSRR) techniques were developed and refined. These allow prophylactic replacement of aortic root aneurysms while sparing a healthy, functioning aortic valve. These techniques have been shown to be safe and durable in patients with MFS.1 2 However, VSRR is a technically demanding procedure that is not available in all cardiac centres. This has led some to investigate alternatives to VSRR, in an effort to make these repairs both safer and more generalisable within the cardiac surgical community. Van Hoof and colleagues3 report outcomes on the first 200 consecutive patients undergoing the personalized external aortic root support (PEARS) procedure. The results of this innovative procedure are very encouraging, with a 0.5% perioperative mortality. Late reoperations were only performed in three patients, and no type A dissections occurred during the follow-up period. Further, the PEARS procedure seems to have a positive impact on aortic regurgitation and medium-term valve outcomes seem promising. These results are remarkable and the authors and surgeons dedicated to pioneering this innovative approach …
Developing an audio-based communication tool for NICU discharge of Latino families with imited English proficiency

Abstract Objective Research shows NICU Latino parents with limited English proficiency (LEP) feel less comfortable asking questions and participating in medical decision-making, which may negatively affect transition to community healthcare. Question prompt lists (QPL), suggested questions sometimes drawn from families and providers, can improve family-centered communication. We explored clinician and parent perceptions to inform development of and pilot a NICU discharge QPL. Methods Focus groups with NICU and primary care providers explored perceived educational needs of Latino parents LEP and barriers to effective transition to community healthcare. Semi-structured interviews with Latino parents LEP explored perceptions of knowledge gaps and recommendations to improve the transition process. A Spanish audio QPL for parents and an English written version for providers were developed and pilot tested for acceptability. Results Provider focus groups (n = 27) and parent interviews (n = 19) identified themes: decreased parent activation, knowledge gaps, limited-use interpreters, unfamiliarity with healthcare system, and social isolation as barriers to smooth NICU-to-home transition. Providers (n = 11) and parents (n = 10) favored QPL introduction early in NICU admission, finding it useful to improve communication and transition processes for families. Conclusion Our QPL may address challenges faced by Latino parents LEP when transitioning home. Practice implications QPLs may improve Latino NICU infants’ healthcare outcomes.
Glutamine metabolism enables NKT cell homeostasis and function through the AMPK-mTORC1 signaling axis

Cellular metabolism is essential in dictating conventional T cell development and function, but its role in natural killer T (NKT) cells has not been well studied. We have previously shown that NKT cells operate distinctly different metabolic programming from CD4 T cells, including a strict requirement for glutamine metabolism to regulate NKT cell homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which NKT cells regulate glutamine metabolism for their homeostasis and effector functions remain unknown. In this study, we report that steady state NKT cells have higher glutamine levels than CD4 T cells and NKT cells increase glutaminolysis upon activation. Among its many metabolic fates, NKT cells use glutamine to fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutathione synthesis, and glutamine-derived nitrogen enables protein glycosylation via the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Each of these functions of glutamine metabolism was found to be critical for NKT cell survival and proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that glutaminolysis and the HBP differentially regulate IL-4 and IFN{gamma} production. Finally, glutamine metabolism appears to be controlled by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mTORC1 signaling. These findings highlight a unique metabolic requirement of NKT cells which can be potentially serve as an effective immunotherapeutic agent against certain nutrient restricted tumors. SignificanceNKT cells get activated very early during an immune response and produce cytokines and chemokines, which further activate other immune cell types. Although metabolism regulates these functions in other T cell subsets, little is understood about how metabolic pathways are controlled in NKT cells. The present study shows that NKT cells metabolize the amino acid glutamine through two different branches of metabolism, which control NKT cell homeostasis and expansion in a similar manner but control cytokine production differently. This glutamine dependency seems to be regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a central regulator of energy homeostasis. Together, our study demonstrates a unique metabolic profile of glutamine metabolism in NKT cells which could be harnessed for NKT cell-based immunotherapy.
Characterization of the Human Body Impact on UAV-to-Ground Channels at Ultra-low Altitudes

At ultra-low altitudes, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can act as a personal base station where it communicates only with one user. User equipment (UE) can be inside the pocket of a user or near their chest while facing or facing-away from the flying base station. In these scenarios, the wireless channel can go through different fading levels, depending on the UAVs location, user orientation, the location of the UE near the users body, and the frequency of the transmitted signal. In this work, we provide measurement results and investigate how the human body affects the Air-to-Ground (AtG) channel characteristics under various use cases of holding a device. These channel characteristics include the average signal strength, shadowing, multipath, and the Rician K-factor. We target three different use cases of holding the device: Near-Chest Facing, In-pocket Facing, and Near-Chest Faing-away from the transmitting UAV. We perform this study at carrier frequencies of 900 MHz and 2.5 GHz and in Line-of-Sight conditions. First, we conduct a set of baseline experiments to understand ground-to-ground and AtG channels in free space. Second, we conduct AtG experiments with the user holding the device and show that the human body can induce either gains or losses compared to free space, depending on its relative orientation to the UAV. Third, we find that there are two distinct regions of operation, one in which the channel characteristics are mainly affected by the UAV and another that is dominated by the users body. Fourth, we address the timevarying nature of the K-factor and analyze the users body impact on its mean and standard deviation. We find that if a user changes their orientation to face away from the transmitting UAV, their body can cause extreme fluctuations in the K-factor value over time and reduce its mean value by an average and a maximum of 6.8 and 15 dB, respectively. Finally, to demonstrate the impact of our findings on the design of deployment strategies of UAVs, we considered how the human body and the relative UAV hovering position can affect the physical layer security in a UAV-assisted network. We show that the secrecy rate for a UAVbased network can be heavily influenced by the human body orientation relative to the UAV hovering location, consequently resulting in a different optimal deployment strategy compared to existing schemes that employ free-space pathloss models that neglect such human-induced effects.
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), a key checkpoint in reprogramming of regulatory T cells metabolism and function

Cellular metabolism has key roles in T cells differentiation and function. CD4+ T helper-1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 subsets are highly glycolytic while regulatory T cells (Tregs) use glucose during expansion but rely on fatty acid oxidation for function. Upon uptake, glucose can enter pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) or be used in glycolysis. Here, we showed that blocking 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) in the oxidative PPP resulted in substantial reduction of Tregs suppressive function and shifts toward Th1, Th2, and Th17 phenotypes which led to the development of fetal inflammatory disorder in mice model. These in turn improved anti-tumor responses and worsened the outcomes of colitis model. Metabolically, 6PGD blocked Tregs showed improved glycolysis and enhanced non-oxidative PPP to support nucleotide biosynthesis. These results uncover critical role of 6PGD in modulating Tregs plasticity and function, which qualifies it as a novel metabolic checkpoint for immunotherapy applications.
Predicting negative attributions in first-time mothers who are teens

This study aimed to determine if Cognitive Readiness to Parent and History of Maltreatment predicted Negative Attribution in first-time mothers who are teens (aged 1419) as well as adult low education (aged 21-36 with less than two years of post-secondary education) and adult high education mothers (aged 21-36 with two or more years of postsecondary education). The mothers were measured on their Cognitive Readiness to Parent, History of Maltreatment and Negative Attribution. The mothers were assessed at three time points: prenatally (during their last trimester of pregnancy), when their child was 6 months old, and when their child was 8 months old. During the prenatal assessments, the Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory (KIDI), the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), and the Parenting Style Expectations Questionnaire (PS) were administered. When the child was 6 months old, the mothers were given the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and when the child was 8 months old, the Attribution Style Measure for Parents (ASMP) was administered. Results indicated that Cognitive Readiness to Parent was more predictive of Negative Attribution than was a History of Maltreatment for all mom types. When both constructs were combined into a statistical model, a History of Maltreatment did not significantly predict Negative Attribution beyond Cognitive Readiness to Parent. Additionally, the CAPI (Child Abuse Potential Inventory) and the Parenting Style measure (Parenting Style Expectations Questionnaire) were the strongest predictors of Negative Attribution. The results indicate that first-time mothers who are teens and adult with low education may benefit most from child development and parenting style education.
A von Neumann algebra approach to quantum metrics

We propose a new definition of quantum metric spaces, or W*-metric spaces, in the setting of von Neumann algebras. Our definition effectively reduces to the classical notion in the atomic abelian case, has both concrete and intrinsic characterizations, and admits a wide variety of tractable examples. A natural application and motivation of our theory is a mutual generalization of the standard models of classical and quantum error correction.
Tree-like continua and 2-to-1 maps

It is not known if there is a 2-to-1 map from a continuum onto a tree-like continuum. In fact, it is not known if there is a 2-to-1 map onto a hereditarily decomposable tree-like continuum. We show that the domain of such a map would have to contain an indecomposable continuum.
An atlas of supernova remnant candidates in Messier 31

Narrow-band CCD imagery in H-alpha and forbidden SII of a large fraction of the spiral arms in the Northeast half of Messier 31 has been used to isolate a sample of 52 'forbidden-line' SNR candidates for which the integrated ratio forbidden SII:H-alpha is greater than 0.5. An atlas of images in these emission lines, red optical continuum, and 1465 MHz radio continuum is presented, together with the tabulated integral properties of these sources. Assessing the completeness of the sample yields a crude estimate of the massive supernova rate (due to stars more massive than 7 solar masses) of 1 in 80 yr. The range of measured luminosities in both H-alpha and radio continuum is fully consistent with those found for 'forbidden-line' SNR in Messier 33, the LMC, and the Galaxy. With the inclusion of our candidates the number of extragalactic SNRs (with well-known distances) now exceeds the number of known galactic SNRs.
Influence of Computer-Based Meeting Support on Process and Outcomes for a Divisional Coordinating Group

This research examines the introduction of computer-based group decision support systems (GDSS) to members of a division level coordinating group. Participants performed authentic problem formulation tasks which varied naturally in degree of structuredness, in two non-GDSS meetings then were provided GDSS for four additional meetings. It was proposed that the introduction of the GDSS and task structuredness would influence (1) group process in terms of the amount of divergent and convergent thinking communicated during meetings and (2) perceived outcomes regarding quality, satisfaction, understanding, confidence, and commitment to group positions. Results suggest that GDSS use affected both the total amount and pattern of group communication but not perceived outcomes. Structuredness of the task affected perceived outcomes but neither amount nor patterns of communication. Additional qualitative data regarding perceived of costs and benefits in using GDSS provide richer explanation for study findings and suggest further lines of inquiry.
Determination of minimum-effort motions for general open chains

In this paper we compute approximate minimum effort motions for open chains by solving a finite dimensional minimization problem using B-splines for the path representation. We begin by deriving the gradient of the recursive Newton-Euler dynamics formulation with respect to the parameters of a curve defining the motion, where the kinematics are expressed via the product of matrix exponentials. We then use this gradient to solve joint torque minimization problems for spatial open chains. The advantage of our approach is that the gradients are computed for each local frame recursively, therefore sharing the same efficiency advantages as the original recursive algorithm, and also can be computed for any spatial open chain. The optimization approach is applied to several open chains where minimum effort paths are found.
Field-based finite-element circuit models for magnetic components with hysteresis

A methodology is described for the development of field-based, geometry-dependent circuit models which enable coupled field/circuit simulation of circuits containing magnetic components with hysteresis. Saber templates are developed for the field equivalent subcircuits representing the dynamic electromagnetic fields in the magnetic (ferrite), conductive (copper), and insulating elements, as well as for an interface network. Hysteresis models are included in the finite-element formulation of the ferrite model. Transient electromagnetic and circuit phenomena within and outside the magnetic components can be simulated simultaneously for a wide range of circuit topologies and excitation waveforms, using existing circuit simulators.
The Heredity and Treatment of Angle-closure Glaucoma Secondary to Iris and Ciliary Body Cysts

Three families with peripheral iris and ciliary body cysts are described. The cysts were multiple in 10 of the 11 affected patients, and they were bilateral in 8 of the 11. Angle closure glaucoma secondary to the cysts was present in 4 of the 11 cases. The management of this glaucoma requires a high index of suspicion, careful gonioscopic evaluation and proper medical and/or surgical treatment. Laser therapy for the angle closure caused by pigmented cysts may be curative. Nonpigmented ciliary body cysts are refractory to argon laser treatment and carry a poor prognosis. The cases described suggest an autosomal dominant hereditary pattern. The importance of examination and follow up of healthy relatives of patients with iris and ciliary body cysts is stressed, as early detection and treatment by laser cystotomy may prevent or cure angle closure glaucoma if the disease is diagnosed prior to the establishment of synechial closure.
Finding all steady state solutions of chemical kinetic models

Ordinary differential equations are used frequently by theoreticians to model kinetic process in chemistry and biology. These systems can have stable and unstable steady states and oscillations. This paper presents an algorithm to find all steady state solutions to a restricted class of ODE models, for which the right-hand sides are linear combinations of rational functions of variables and parameters. The algorithm converts the steady state equations into a system of polynomial equations and uses a globally convergent homotopy method to find all the roots of the system of polynomials. All steady state solutions of the original ODEs are guaranteed to be present as roots of the polynomial equations. The conversion may generate some spurious roots that do not correspond to steady state solutions. The stability properties of the steady states are not revealed. This paper explains the algorithms used and gives results for a cell cycle modeling problem.
Measurement error in the response in the general linear model

Abstract Problems where there is measurement error in the response variable in a general linear model are considered. With Y denoting the true value and U the observed/surrogate value, a rich class of measurement error models is considered in which (a) the mean of U given Y = y can be either linear or nonlinear in y, (b) the variance of U given Y = y can depend on y, and (c) the parameters in the model for U given Y can change across observations in the study. This could occur, for example, when using a radioimmunoassay to measure the outcome variable with recalibration for each batch of reagents. The parameters in the measurement error models are estimated using independent “calibration” data. Full and pseudo—maximum likelihood estimators (MLE's) and their asymptotic properties are described under distributional assumptions. The pseudo-MLE's and naive estimates using imputed values are special cases of a general class of estimators. The asymptotic properties of such estimators are given and then used to ...
Fair and Efficient Compensation for Taking Property under Uncertainty

Existing mechanisms for managing eminent domain suggest that, when there is uncertainty about whether a government will take property, efficiency requires that the property owner receive at most partial compensation. We argue that announcing the possibility of a taking is itself a taking when this implies that further investments will not be compensated. We argue that it is both fair and efficient to require governments to compensate owners for losses in asset value from such announcements. We propose a mechanism that provides incentives for both efficient investment and efficient takings, while paying full compensation for expected losses under efficient behavior.
APPARATUS FOR STUDYING FOULING OF HEATED SURFACES BY BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

A laboratory-scale double tube heat exchanger was developed to study fouling phenomena of biological fluids. The test fluid is continuously circulated through the system exposing the solution to an electrically-heated stainless steel section. The stainless steel section is 0.635 cm (0.25 in.) diameter and is located on the center-axis of 2.54 cm (1 in.) diameter glass-pipe. The heat transfer characteristics of the system were determined and egg albumin solution was used to test the applicability of the system for studying fouling. The system was found to be stable and reproducible. The system can be used to study the effects of operational variables (such as surface temperature, velocity and fluid temperature) and fluid characteristics on fouling rates. The test surface can be easily interchanged to study surface characteristics also.
A Model of the Teaching‐Learning Process for Assisting Development of Children's Thinking During Communication

This theoretical discussion presents the base for a series of experimental studies designed to develop thinking processes in elementary school children in communication skills. The theoretical model was based originally in major part on a synthesis of concepts from Hilgard's Theories of Learning and Instruction. Central to the model is the statement from Gagne that learning contributes to intellectual development because it is cumulative in its effects. That is, students learn a developmental sequence of increasingly complex and interacting structures of learned capabilities. The major divisions of the model are labeled cognitive readiness, reinforcement, and transfer. Clusters of hypothesized concepts numbering 16 in total are described in progressive cumulative and dependent relationship. Empirical testing under way appears to give some support to the web of relationships in the classificatory scheme. A total sample of 683 fifth-grade pupils completing all 9 experimental measures has contributed data for an analysis of gross subcapabilities related to improvement of problem-solving skills. The teaching-learning strategy for the experiment was based on the above model. A curriculum of over 100 lessons was constructed in accordance with the theoretical model and with an emphasis on either: reinforcement of a central problem-solving program, or subcapabilities of listening, or sub-capabilities of qualitative levels of thinking—all supposedly contributing to improved problem-solving skills. As the concepts for the model are presented, illustrative pupil and teacher verbalization (actual) is given for clarification.
Germicidal Potency and Tissue Toxicity of Surface Active Saline Mixture of Azochloramid

ConclusionsThe addition of sodium tetradecyl sulfate to Azochloramid increased the efficiency of the germicide for Staphylococcus aureus and decreased it for Eberthella typhosa. Since Staphylococcus aureus is likely to be the better test organism it may be concluded that the addition of wetter probably improved the germicidal efficiency of Azochloramid. Certainly the addition of wetter greatly improved Azochloramid by decreasing the concentration required to produce the same effect as germicide without wetter. This results in a considerably more potent and economical preparation.For purposes of comparison all germicides tested to date are included in Table II. The halogens gave the lowest toxicity indexes when tested against both Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Eberthella typhosa (Gram negative). Since Staphylococcus aureus is likely to be the better test organism the halogens were followed by the phenols, the silver compounds, the mercurials, and lastly the dyes in the order named.
Comparison of polyphosphate and orthophosphate as fertilizers for fish ponds

Abstract Sodium polyphosphate and triple superphosphate were used as sources of polyphosphate and orthophosphate, respectively, at equal P 2 O 5 application rates in sunfish ( Lepomis spp.) ponds. Filtrable orthophosphate and total phosphorus concentrations were generally higher in ponds treated with polyphosphate. However, differences between chlorophyll a concentration and net sunfish production did not differ between treatments ( P > 0.05).
Hard Copy Images In A Digital Radiology Department

In a digital imaging department, images are viewed using PAC systems and CRT terminals. Although the need for hard copies is greatly reduced, it is expected that some hard copy images will continue to be required for patient charts and communication to referring physicians. This report considers the utility of non-film modalities for such applications that do not involve the primary diagnosis and compares the acceptability of three possible modalities.
Psychic and somatic anxiety symptoms as predictors of response to fluoxetine in major depressive disorder

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the presence/severity of psychic and somatic anxiety symptoms predicted clinical response following a 12-week, flexible-dose (20-60 mg daily), open-label trial of fluoxetine for major depressive disorder (MDD). The presence and severity of psychic and somatic anxiety symptoms were assessed with the use of select subscales of the Symptom Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist among 518 outpatients with MDD. With the use of separate logistic regressions, we tested for the relationship between clinical response, baseline Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) scores, and subscale scores at baseline entered separately as independent variables Overall completion, response and remission rates for the trial were 64.2%, 55.4%, and 48.9%, respectively. All subscale scores selected for this analysis significantly predicted treatment response to fluoxetine. The presence/severity of psychic and somatic anxiety symptoms of MDD at baseline predicted an increased likelihood of non-response to fluoxetine in MDD. Studies examining whether specific treatment strategies are more effective than the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for MDD patients with high levels of co-morbid psychic and somatic anxiety symptoms are warranted.
Chloride-bicarbonate exchange in the urinary bladder of the turtle. Independence from sodium ion

The rates of Cl− absorption and HCO−3 secretion were not different in turtle urinary bladders bathed in Na+-containing and solutions. These results in turtle bladder are inconsistent with Na+-anion cotransport but can be accounted for by a Cl−/HCO−3 exchange system.
Application of a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator to aeroelastic flight test data

Identification of non-linear systems involves estimating unknown parameters and model (regressor) selection, selection of a subset of candidate terms that best describes the observed output. Model selection is an important step in black-box modelling of any observed process. This procedure is concerned with selecting a subset of parameters to give a parsimonious description of the system which may afford greater insight into the functionality of the system or a simpler controller design. In this study, a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) technique is investigated for computing efficient model descriptions of non-linear aeroelastic systems. The LASSO minimises the residual sum of squares by the addition of an l1 penalty term on the parameter vector of the traditional l2 minimisation problem. Its use for model selection is a natural extension of this constrained minimisation approach to pseudolinear regression problems which produces some model parameters that are exactly zero and, the...
Characterization of mutant TMK368K pig citrate synthase expressed in and isolated from Escherichia coli.

Summary A cDNA that encodes pig citrate synthase (PCS) was inserted into a plasmid T7 vector and was expressed in an E. coli gltA mutant. Up to 10 mg of purified PCS was obtained from 2 liters of E. coli . The mammalian protein produced in E. coli comigrated with the enzyme purified from pig heart on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) with an Mr of 50,000, and reacted with a polyclonal antibody directed against pig heart citrate synthase. The Vmax and Km of the expressed PCS were indistinguishable from those of the pig heart enzyme. The PCS produced in E. coli did not contain the trimethylation modification of Lys 368, characteristic of the pig heart enzyme. These data suggest that the PCS protein produced in E. coli is catalytically similar to the enzyme purified from pig heart and methylation of Lys 368 is not essential for catalysis.
Calculation of T1, T2, and proton spin density images in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract For nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, the spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 , the spin-spin relaxation time T 2 , and the spin density images are computed from a series of T 1 - and T 2 -weighted images on a pixel-by-pixel basis. In the most general case, T 1 and T 2 values are related to the image intensity nonlinearly. This fact together with the large number of pixels involved renders the computation a time-consuming process. The effect of pulse profile on the intensity should also be considered. A rapid and stable algorithm is presented to optimize the computation process based on a detailed analysis of the intensity expressions. The pulse sequence used is a spin-echo type, and the proposed method is applicable to any type of pulse profile. A series of images taken at different repetition times but the same echo time are used to calculate the T 1 image. Similarly, images taken at the same repetition time but different echo times are used to compute the T 2 image. Finally these T 1 and T 2 images are incorporated in the calculation of the spin density image. The slice profile function and its derivatives are tabulated by numerical integration and interpolations are applied when the evaluations are required. Numerical analyses are given based on the simulations, and experimental results are also presented.
The calculation of turbulent wakes

On compare les valeurs calculees de la vitesse, des proprietes integrales et du cisaillement de Reynolds avec des donnees experimentales pour des ecoulements de sillage turbulents
Differing patterns of industrial dynamics: New Zealand, Ohio, and Sweden, 1978–1994

New Zealand, Ohio, and Sweden have experienced sharply divergent macroeconomic developments since the early 1970s. During the 1980s, New Zealand went from being the most heavily regulated and protectionist OECD country to one of the least regulated and most open economies in the world. Ohio suffered severe economic downturns when its major industries (steel, automobiles, and machinery) went through devastating crises. Since then, a major restructuring has taken place, and manufacturing output, exports, and employment have generally grown faster than in the United States as a whole. Sweden had an outstanding industrial growth record for several decades until the mid-1970s but then suffered economic setbacks from which it has not yet fully recovered. Industrial output declined for several years, resumed growth in the early 1980s but then stagnated again in the early 1990s.
The Influence of Thermal Oxide Characteristics on the Friction Behavior of Aluminum Auto Body Sheet Alloys

The influence of the thickness and structure of thermally produced aluminum oxides on the microscopic frictional response of aluminum auto body sheet alloys 6010-T4, 6009-T4, and 2036-T4 has been investigated. A variety of oxide thicknesses and structures were produced through variation of exposure temperature and quench medium. Coefficients of friction for the surfaces were subsequently determined using a tool steel slider under three conditions of lubrication: unlubricated sliding, lubrication with oil-based DG4247, and lubrication with water-based DA4251. For unlubricated sliding, friction was high for all alloys at low oxide thicknesses, corresponding to metal-to-metal contact and adhesive wear. With increasing thickness, friction coefficient changed in a manner controlled by the underlying strength of the material and the level of surface MgO. Lubricated sliding tests with DG4247 and DA4251 showed a uniformly low friction coefficient, independent of oxide thickness. However, after selective removal o...
Parallel CFD design on network-based computer

Combining multiple engineering workstations into a network-based heterogeneous parallel computer allows application of aerodynamic optimization with advanced computational fluid dynamics codes, which can be computationally expensive on mainframe supercomputers. This paper introduces a nonlinear quasi-Newton optimizer designed for this network-based heterogeneous parallel computing environment utilizing a software called Parallel Virtual Machine. This paper will introduce the methodology behind coupling a Parabolized Navier-Stokes flow solver to the nonlinear optimizer. This parallel optimization package is applied to reduce the wave drag of a body of revolution and a wing/body configuration with results of 5% to 6% drag reduction.
The Interplay Between Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy

Abstract Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are recognized as two critical processes underlying mitochondrial homeostasis. Morphological and bioenergetic characterization of the life cycle of an individual mitochondrion reveals several points where fusion, fission, and mitophagy interact. Mitochondrial fission can produce an impaired daughter unit that will be targeted by the autophagic machinery. Mitochondrial fusion, on the other hand, may serve to dilute impaired respiratory components and thereby prevent their removal. The inverse dependency of fusion and mitophagy on membrane potential allows them to act as complementary rather than competitive fates of the daughter mitochondrion after a fission event. We discuss the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in different tissues and in different disease models under both stress-induced and steady-state conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 1939–1951.
The interaction of H2O and Cl2 on Fe polycrystalline surfaces

Abstract Temperature-programmed desorption and Auger spectroscopy were used to study the interaction of H 2 O and Cl 2 on an Fe polycrystalline surface under UHV conditions over the temperature range of 90–900 K. The TPD spectra of H 2 O on a clean Fe(poly) surface show the desorption of H 2 O from two states at 175 and 205 K. There is no recombinant H 2 O desorption from the Fe(poly), in contrast to the Fe(100) surface. The adsorption and dissociation of H 2 O is significantly affected by the presence of Cl at the Fe(poly) surface. Pre-exposure of Cl 2 results in dissociatively adsorbed Cl (Cl a ) at the surface. Cl a acts as a site blocker, preventing H 2 O dissociation. Cl 2 adsorption on an Fe(poly) surface pre-exposed to H 2 O at 90 K leads to a Cl 2 -H 2 O reaction which results in the formation of an OH-Cl complex. This complex is stabilized to temperatures above 400 K in UHV and results in recombinant H 2 O desorption over a broad temperature range. Desorption of an FeOCl complex is observed at 240 K regardless of dosing sequence, but only at low adsorbate pre-coverages. These data demonstrate that Cl a inhibits hydroxylation of the Fe(poly) surface. The low temperature volatilization of the Fe surface via Fe oxychloride formation does not directly involve H 2 O (a) , but can only occur after H 2 O dissociation.