cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrometric detection of intermediate-mass black holes at the Galactic Centre

We assess the astrometric detectability of intermediate-mass black holes populating the inner parsec of the Milky Way Galaxy. The presence of these objects induces dynamical effects on Sgr A* and the star S2, which could be detected by next generation astrometric instruments that enable micro-arcsecond astrometry. An allowed population of ten $10^4~M_{\odot}$ IMBHs within one parsec induces an angular shift of about 65 $\mu$as yr$^{-1}$ on the position of Sgr A*, corresponding to a perpendicular velocity component magnitude of 1.6 km s$^{-1}$. It also induces changes in the orbit of S2 that surpass those induced by general relativity but lie within observational constraints, generating a mean angular shift in periapse and apoapse of 62 $\mu$as and 970 $\mu$as respectively.
Protein dynamics in supercooled water: the search for slow motional modes.

The impact of studying protein dynamics in supercooled water for identifying slow motional modes on the μs time scale is demonstrated. Backbone 15N spin relaxation parameters were measured at −13 °C for ubiquitin, which plays a central role for signaling proteolysis, cellular trafficking and kinase activation in eukaryotic organisms. A hitherto undetected motional mode involving Val 70 was found, which may well play an important role for ubiquitin recognition. The measurement of rotating frame 15N relaxation times as a function of the spin-lock field allowed determination of the correlation time of this motional mode, which would not have been feasible above 0 °C.
The Fundamentals of Critical Care Support: local experience and a look into the future

Fundamentals of Critical Care Support (FCCS) is an educational course offered by the Society of Critical Care Medicine (USA) to provide and augment the basic knowledge for individuals managing critically ill patients. More than 10,000 clinicians every year throughout the world attend FCCS courses, preparing non-intensivists to manage critically ill patients for the first 24 h until a consultation can be secured. The most important emphasis of the FCCS course is to learn the basic principles and the adaptation of multidisciplinary approaches to managing the critically ill. The curriculum consists of integrated lectures and skills stations helping to provide the knowledge and guidance in decision making. This article is an account of one institution's experience in offering this course for over 12 years.
Teaching the Proper Push-up Position

The ability to maintain proper body positioning throughout the performance of a push-up is important in order to build strength and to limit the potential for injury. This article describes what to...
Understanding the effects of recrystallization and strain induced boundary migration on ∑3 twin boundary formation in Ni-base superalloys during iterative sub-solvus annealing

Abstract The formation of ∑3 twin boundaries in an experimental low stacking fault Ni-based superalloy containing 24 wt% Co was investigated. Normalized microstructures were hot deformed to strain limits of 0.10 and 0.50 at a strain rate of 0.1/s and a temperature of 1020 °C. The hot-deformed microstructures were characterized using electron backscatter diffraction, and were subsequently subjected to a series of iterative sub-solvus anneal heat treatments at 1100 °C for one to two minutes. By characterizing the changes in the microstructure and grain boundary character distribution as a function of annealing time, this investigation sought to quantify and detail how twin boundary generation and growth occurs during annealing. This behavior was investigated in the same alloy, but with two distinct as-deformed starting microstructures associated with the different strain limits. The starting microstructures possessed varying levels of intragranular misorientation networks, which were found to have greatly affected the resultant formation of ∑3 annealing twin boundaries. Strain induced boundary migration (SIBM) was observed to have been restricted in the iteratively annealed sample deformed to a strain of 0.10. Due to the sub-solvus heat treat temperature, grain boundary precipitates were present in the microstructure which limited the mobility of the grain boundaries and suppressed grain growth. As a result, the expansion in the length fraction of ∑3 twin boundaries was limited as a function of annealing time. The sample deformed to 0.50 strain, however, was shown to have recrystallized both upon deformation and subsequent annealing. Although recrystallization was found to largely remove much of the pre-existing twin boundaries, the mobility of the newly formed boundaries during growth of the recrystallized grains resulted in a dramatic increase in both the density and length fraction of twin boundaries.
Steps to address anti-microbial drug resistance in today's drug discovery.

There is no doubt that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest health risks to emerge in the 21st century. The increase in multi-drug resistant strains of many bacterial pathogens rai...
Edge magic total labeling of lexicographic product C4(2r+1) o ~K2 cycle with chords, unions of paths, and unions of cycles and paths

An edge magic total (EMT) labeling of a graph G = ( V , E ) is a bijection from the set of vertices and edges to a set of numbers defined by λ : V ∪ E → {1, 2, ..., ∣ V ∣ + ∣ E ∣} with the property that for every x y ∈ E , the weight of x y equals to a constant k , that is, λ ( x ) + λ ( y ) + λ ( x y ) = k for some integer k . In this paper given the construction of an EMT labeling for certain lexicographic product $C_{4(2r+1)}\circ \overline{K_2}$ , cycle with chords [ c ] t C n , unions of paths m P n , and unions of cycles and paths m ( C n 1 (2 r + 1) ∪ (2 r + 1) P n 2 ) .
Understanding the effect of specialization on hospital performance through knowledge-guided machine learning

Abstract The healthcare spending in the United States accounts for about 17% of US GDP, making the US the highest healthcare expenditure per capita in the world. There are areas for improvement such as hospital care, which represents the single largest national health expenditure by the type of services. Because hospital operations and manufacturing processes share some similarities at systems level, we believe that some of the theories and techniques developed for manufacturing processes are also applicable to hospital operations. In this work, we examine whether the so-called focused factory theory (i.e., factories that concentrate on narrow range of services or operations produce better products at low costs) is applicable to hospital operations. Specifically, we examine whether the hospitals that are specialized in certain diseases achieve better results in terms of costs and patient outcomes using a large national healthcare cost and utilization project (HCUP) dataset. Challenges in analyzing the HCUP data will be discussed. Pure data-driven machine learning (ML) approaches based on multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares (PLS), Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA), ordinal regression (OR) and logistic regression (LR) will be used to investigate the effects of hospital specialization on hospital performance in terms of cost (measured by total charge) and patient outcome (measured by death of patient during hospitalization). We show that, without domain knowledge, the results from ML approaches are incomplete. The full effects of specialization are revealed only when ML is applied to a model structure that is defined based on domain knowledge. Our results suggest that domain knowledge can play a significant role in machine learning applications and should be incorporated whenever possible.
Broiler chicken myofiber morphometrics and myogenic stem cell population heterogeneity

Myogenic stem cells (MSC), also known as satellite cells, play a key role in mediating post-hatch skeletal muscle growth in broiler chickens. Information regarding the heterogeneity of MSC populations and myofiber size distributions in different muscles of modern broiler strains of both sexes is scarce. Thus, myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and myogenic regulatory factor expression by MSC populations in 2 functionally different muscles (Biceps femoris, BF and Pectoralis major, PM) from both sexes of broilers from 2 strains, Ross 708 x Ross 708 (ROSS; Aviagen Group, Huntsville, AL) and Red Ranger (RR; S&G Poultry, Clanton, AL) was evaluated. Female and male broilers from both strains (n = 80 birds per strain) were reared for 43 d on a common corn and soybean meal-based diet. At 43 d of age, 8 birds per sex per strain (n = 32 total) were euthanized and PM and BF muscle samples from each bird were analyzed using cryohistology, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, and fluorescence microscopy. Cryosections from each muscle from each bird were IF stained to detect Myf-5, MyoD, and Pax7-expressing MSC. The CSA of every fiber in each digital image was measured and MSC populations (Myf-5+, MyoD+, Pax7+, Myf-5+: MyoD+, Myf-5+: Pax7+, MyoD+: Pax7+, and Myf-5+: MyoD+: Pax7+) were enumerated. Myofiber CSA was similar among the 2 strains and 2 sexes (P > 0.05). As expected, mean myofiber CSA was greater in the predominantly fast-twitch PM than the predominantly slow-twitch BF muscle (P = 0.006). At 43 d of age, ROSS broilers had a 32% larger population of Myf-5+: MyoD+: Pax7+ MSC compared with RR (P = 0.04). The heterogeneity of MSC was similar among the sexes. While the total MSC population was larger in the BF muscle compared with the PM (P 0.05). The major differences in myofiber morphometrics and MSC heterogeneity were not among the different broiler strains or sexes but were instead, between the 2 functionally different muscles.
Organ Formation from Callus Cultures of Bananas and Plantains

Spherical swellings which resembled globular embryos developed on the surface and within leaf base expiants of banana (Musa acuminata Colla. cvs. Dwarf Cavendish and Valery), plantain (Musa × paradisiaca L. cvs. Mysore and Apple), and bluggoe-type cooking banana (Musa × paradisiaca L. cv. Chato) when cultured without illumination for 30 to 60 days on a basal medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, i-inositol (100 mg/1), thiamine-HCl (0.4 mg/1), sucrose (30 g/1), supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) activated charcoal, various concentrations of 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba), and solidified with 0.3% (w/v) agar. Inclusion of kinetin or N -benzyl-adenine (BA) in addition to dicamba during culture initiation suppressed the formation of these structures. Transfer of leaf base expiants to hormone-free basal medium or to MS with a lowered concentration of dicamba resulted in the rapid enlargement and elongation of the globular masses. Small pieces of callus which were shaken free after transfer to liquid medium continued to divide, and eventually organized into discrete structures resembling those which arose from the globular swellings. In both instances the structures closely resembled those described elsewhere as “somatic embryos.” However, shoot formation from these structures was never observed. Root elongation occurred. Histological examination revealed these structures to be unipolar and without typical embryo anatomy. Swellings in the basal area, presumed to be nascent shoot axes, were identified as secondary root axes.
Adaptation in 5-HT2 receptors-CaMKII signaling in lateral habenula underlies increased nociceptive-sensitivity in ethanol-withdrawn rats.

Abstract Alcoholics often experience hyperalgesia, especially during abstinence, yet the underlying cellular and molecular bases are unclear. Recent evidence suggests that 5-HT type 2 receptors (5-HT2Rs) at glutamatergic synapses on lateral habenula (LHb) neurons may play a critical role. We, therefore, measured paw withdrawal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli, and alcohol intake in a rat model of intermittent drinking paradigm, as well as spontaneous glutamatergic transmission (sEPSCs), and firing of LHb neurons in brain slices. Here, we report that nociceptive sensitivity was higher in rats at 24 h withdrawal from chronic alcohol consumption than that of alcohol-naive counterparts. The basal frequency of sEPSCs and firings was higher in slices of withdrawn rats than that of Naive rats, and 5-HT2R antagonists attenuated the enhancement. Also, an acute ethanol-induced increase of sEPSCs and firings was smaller in withdrawal than in Naive rats; it was attenuated by 5-HT2R antagonists but mimicked by 5-HT2R agonists. Importantly, intra-LHb infusion of 5-HT2R agonists increased nociceptive sensitivity in Naive rats, while antagonists or 5-HT reuptake blocker decreased nociceptive sensitivity and alcohol intake in withdrawn rats. Additionally, KN-62, a CaMKII inhibitor, attenuated the enhancement of EPSCs and firing induced by acute alcohol and by 5-HT2R agonist. Furthermore, intra-LHb KN-62 reduced nociceptive sensitivity and alcohol intake. Quantitative real-time PCR assay detected mRNA of 5-HT2A and 2C in the LHb. Thus adaptation in 5-HT2R-CaMKII signaling pathway contributes to the hyper-glutamatergic state, the hyperactivity of LHb neurons as well as the higher nociceptive sensitivity in rats withdrawn from chronic alcohol consumption.
Incidental biliary dilation in the era of the opiate epidemic: High prevalence of biliary dilation in opiate users evaluated in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND Biliary dilation is frequently related to obstruction; however, non-obstructive factors such as age and previous cholecystectomy have also been reported. In the past two decades there has been a dramatic increase in opiate use/dependence and utilization of cross-sectional abdominal imaging, with increased detection of biliary dilation, particularly in patients who use opiates. AIM To evaluate associations between opiate use, age, cholecystectomy status, ethnicity, gender, and body mass index utilizing our institution's integrated informatics platform. METHODS One thousand six hundred and eighty-five patients (20% sample) presenting to our Emergency Department for all causes over a 5-year period (2011-2016) who had undergone cross-sectional abdominal imaging and had normal total bilirubin were included and analyzed. RESULTS Common bile duct (CBD) diameter was significantly higher in opiate users compared to non-opiate users (8.67 mm vs 7.24 mm, P < 0.001) and in patients with a history of cholecystectomy compared to those with an intact gallbladder (8.98 vs 6.72, P < 0.001). For patients with an intact gallbladder who did not use opiates (n = 432), increasing age did not predict CBD diameter (r2 = 0.159, P = 0.873). Height weakly predicted CBD diameter (r2 = 0.561, P = 0.018), but weight, body mass index, ethnicity and gender did not. CONCLUSION Opiate use and a history of cholecystectomy are associated with CBD dilation in the absence of an obstructive process. Age alone is not associated with increased CBD diameter. These findings suggest that factors such as opiate use and history of cholecystectomy may underlie the previously-reported association of advancing age with increased CBD diameter. Further prospective study is warranted.
LISH: A New Random Number Generator using ECG Noises

In this paper, we propose a novel method, "Lift and Shift" (LISH), where it can generate a unique true random number based on the patient’s unique ECG noise signal. The advantage of the proposed LISH method is that the ECG signal noise is nearly impossible to replicate or measure without the user’s consent, and it is a readily available signal in most modern health sensors. To validate LISH, multiple NIST tests, as well as ENT and Dieharder statistical suites have been tested, and the results all indicate highly unpredictable outputs and it is very promising for cryptography application.
BOUNDARY-LAYER EFFECTS ON WAVE RESISTANCE OF A SHIP MODEL

The wave-resistance coefficients of a Wigley ship form have been calculated by the Michell integral, using the Michell thin-ship centerplane distribution, a slender-body hull-surface distribution, and a slender-body centerplane distribution. These calculations have been carried out for two different cases: (1) wave-resistance calculation without the effects of the boundary layer and wake, and (2) calculations including these effects. Results have been compared with the residuary resistance and the "measured" wavemaking resistance, obtained as the difference between the measured total and wake-survey resistances.
CHAPTER 8 – Inductance and Transformers

This chapter introduces the inductor and the transformer with a discussion of their physical and electrical properties. In a coil, the inductive action is multiplied. Counter EMF, abbreviated CEME, is the voltage that appears across inductors in alternating current (AC) circuits. It is because of the property called self-inductance. Physical properties that determine inductance of a coil depends on inductance of coil, number of turns of wire on coil, permeability of core material, cross sectional area of coil, length of coil, and absolute permeability for air. To calculate the total inductance of series connected inductors, individual inductance values are simply added. When inductors are parallel to one another, the total inductance is calculated using one of two methods. If three or more inductances are in parallel, reciprocal equation is used and in case of two, reciprocal addition process is used. The chapter introduces the concept of mutual inductance. This property marks the difference between resistors and inductors. The property of mutual inductance is put to practical use in the transformer. In a coil with the larger number of turns, a larger voltage is induced across the coil; however, with a smaller number of turns, the voltage is less. Therefore, having more or fewer turns in the secondary as compared to the primary, the voltage may either be stepped up or stepped down to provide the necessary operating voltage for the load. Turns Ratio defines the relation between the number of turns in secondary winding and that of primary winding.
Leader Survival, Revolutions, and the Nature of Government Finance

Leaders face multiple threats to their political survival. In addition to surviving the threats to tenure from within the existing political systems, which is modeled using Bueno de Mesquita and colleagues’ (2003) selectorate theory, leaders risk being deposed through revolutions and coups. To ameliorate the threat of revolution, leaders can either increase public goods provisions to buy off potential revolutionaries or contract the provision of those public goods, such as freedom of assembly, transparency, and free press, which enable revolutionaries to coordinate. Which response a leader chooses depends upon existing institutions and the structure of government finances. These factors also affect the likelihood and direction of institutional change. Tests of leader survival indicate that revolutionary threats increase the likelihood of deposition for nondemocratic leaders. Leaders with access to resources such as foreign aid or natural resource rents are best equipped to survive these threats and avoid the occurrence of these threats in the first place.
CP Violation Search in $\tau\to \pi\pi^0\nu_{\tau}$ Decays

Using a sample of 12.2 million $\tau$-lepton pairs produced by $e^+e^-$ annihilation at $\sqrt{s}\sim 10.6 $GeV and collected by the CLEO detector, we search for and set limits on CP violation in $\tau$-lepton decays. For each event, we require that both $\tau$-leptons decay via the mode $\tau\ra \pi\pi^0\nu$. The search is performed within the context of a multi-Higgs Doublet Model and the imaginary part of the coupling constant parameterizing the non-Standard Model diagram leading to CP violation is constrained to be $-0.046 < \Im{(\Lambda}) < 0.022$ at 90% CL. The novel search technique is of general utility.
Using the Newly-created ILE DBMS to Better Represent Temporal and Historical GIS Data

This article introduces a type of DBMS called the Intentionally-Linked Entities (ILE) DBMS for use as the basis for temporal and historical Geographical Information Systems. ILE represents each entity in a database only once, thereby mostly eliminating redundancy and fragmentation, two major problems in Relational and other database systems. These advantages of ILE are realized by using relationship objects and pointers to implement all of the relationships among data entities in a native fashion using dynamically-allocated linked data structures. ILE can be considered to be a modern and extended implementation of the E/R data model. ILE also facilitates storage of things that are more faithful to the historical records, such as gazetteer entries of places with imprecisely known or unknown locations. This is difficult in Relational database systems but is a routine task using ILE because ILE is implemented using modern memory allocation techniques. We use the China Historical GIS (CHGIS) and other databases to illustrate the advantages of ILE. This is accomplished by modeling these databases in ILE and comparing them to the existing Relational implementations.
Perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and suicide ideation: re-examination of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory in two samples

The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) proposes that suicide ideation is caused by the interaction of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, in which each predictor amplifies the harm of the other. Though several studies support this synergy hypothesis, research has not considered potential quadratic effects of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, which can distort the sign, size, and significance of interactions, if mistakenly neglected in a model. This investigation examined the synergy hypothesis in samples of university undergraduates and psychiatric inpatients, this time controlling for quadratic effects. Despite adequate power, results showed no interaction between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness in either sample, regardless of the presence of quadratic effects. Additionally, no quadratic effects were observed. The lower-order, linear perceived burdensomeness term was positively associated with suicide ideation in both samples, but the thwarted belongingness term was not associated with suicide ideation in either sample. The discussion considers implications of current findings for the IPTS, highlighting a need to formally test the impact of sample characteristics on the estimation of theory parameters. Recommendations for systematic evaluation of such sample and theory parameters are offered and their clinical implications are discussed.
Approaches to Facilitating Analysis of Health and Wellness Data

In the last decade novel sensing technologies enabled development of applications that help individuals with chronic diseases monitor their health and activities. These applications often generate large volumes of data that need to be processed and analyzed. At the same time, many of these applications target non-professionals and individuals of advanced age and low educational level. These users may find the data collected by the applications challenging and overwhelming, rather than helpful, and may require additional assistance in interpreting it. In this article we discuss two different approaches to designing computing applications that not only collect the relevant health and wellness data but also find creative ways to engage individuals in the analysis and assist with interpretation of the data.
Self-sorting of isotropic cells

Abstract In the preceding paper (Goel et al., 1970), using a simple model which assumes (a) differential affinities between cells of different types, and, (b) local motility of cells, it was shown that, for a self-sorting system of isotropic cells, none of the absolutely stable configurations are the two-dimensional analogs of biologically interesting structures, e.g. tubular, epithelial and vesicular. Using the same model, it is shown here that some of the absolutely stable configurations for the two-dimensional anisotropic cells are the analogs of these biologically interesting structures.
Prostacyclic production in rabbit arteries in situ: Inhibition by arachidonic acid-induced endothelial cell damage or by low-dose aspirin

Abstract The central artery of the rabbit ear was perfused in situ and effluent fractions from the artery were assayed for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-K-PGF1α) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2), the stable metabolites of prostacyclin (PGI2) and TxA2, using specific radioimmunoassays. These metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) were not detected in the effluent during infusion of Tyrode's solution but both metabolites were detected when small amounts of AA were infused into the artery. Examination of the arteries by scanning electron microscopy revealed that high concentrations of AA which caused a short burst of 6-K-PGF1α and TxB2 production damaged the endothelial cells while lower concentrations which stimulated continuous production did not cause damage. When a non-damaging concentration of AA was infused into an artery that the previously received a damaging concentration, PG production was greatly reduced. Pretreatment of the rabbits with 4 mg/kg acetyl-salicyclic acid (ASA) inhibited 6-K-PGF1α production by the rabbit ear artery in response to AA and 70% inhibition was still evident 18 hours after ASA.
d-Propranolol protects against oxidative stress and progressive cardiac dysfunction in iron overloaded rats

d-Propranolol (d-Pro: 2-8 mg·(kg body mass)(-1)·day(-1)) protected against cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress during 3-5 weeks of iron overload (2 mg Fe-dextran·(g body mass)(-1)·week(-1)) in Sprague-Dawley rats. At 3 weeks, hearts were perfused in working mode to obtain baseline function; red blood cell glutathione, plasma 8-isoprostane, neutrophil basal superoxide production, lysosomal-derived plasma N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase (NAGA) activity, ventricular iron content, and cardiac iron deposition were assessed. Hearts from the Fe-treated group of rats exhibited lower cardiac work (26%) and output (CO, 24%); end-diastolic pressure rose 1.8-fold. Further, glutathione levels increased 2-fold, isoprostane levels increased 2.5-fold, neutrophil superoxide increased 3-fold, NAGA increased 4-fold, ventricular Fe increased 4.9-fold; and substantial atrial and ventricular Fe-deposition occurred. d-Pro (8 mg) restored heart function to the control levels, protected against oxidative stress, and decreased cardiac Fe levels. After 5 weeks of Fe treatment, echocardiography revealed that the following were depressed: percent fractional shortening (%FS, 31% lower); left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF, 17%), CO (25%); and aortic pressure maximum (P(max), 24%). Mitral valve E/A declined by 18%, indicating diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac CD11b+ infiltrates were elevated. Low d-Pro (2 mg) provided modest protection, whereas 4-8 mg greatly improved LVEF (54%-75%), %FS (51%-81%), CO (43%-78%), P(max) (56%-100%), and E/A >100%; 8 mg decreased cardiac inflammation. Since d-Pro is an antioxidant and reduces cardiac Fe uptake as well as inflammation, these properties may preserve cardiac function during Fe overload.
Surgical management of urogenital sinus abnormalities

Abstract This report describes 12 cases of urogenital sinus malformations and their management in female infants, 10 with imperforate anus. Excluded were cases of urogenital sinus malformation secondary to the adrenogenital syndrome or primary sexual ambiguity. Immediate definition of the anatomy by appropriate endoscopy and radiography is essential to plan the correct operative approach. This can be a relatively simple flap vaginoplasty from below, together with perineal anoplasty in some cases. Others may require an extensive combined abdominal-perineal approach with vaginal pullthrough, ureteral reimplantation, creation of a urethra from the urogenital sinus, resection of vaginal septum, and creation of perineal skin flaps to join to the pulled through vagina which may be too short to reach the perineum.
Decay dynamics of nascent acetonitrile and nitromethane dipole-bound anions produced by intracluster charge-transfer

Decay dynamics of nascent dipole bound states of acetonitrile and nitromethane are examined using time-resolved photoelectron imaging of iodide-acetonitrile (I−·CH3CN) and iodide-nitromethane (I−·CH3NO2) complexes. Dipole-bound anions are created by UV-initiated electron transfer to the molecule of interest from the associated iodide ion at energies just below the vertical detachment energy of the halide-molecule complex. The acetonitrile anion is observed to decay biexponentially with time constants in the range of 4–900 ps. In contrast, the dipole bound state of nitromethane decays rapidly over 400 fs to form the valence bound anion. The nitromethane valence anion species then decays biexponentially with time constants of 2 ps and 1200 ps. The biexponential decay dynamics in acetonitrile are interpreted as iodine atom loss and autodetachment from the excited dipole-bound anion, followed by slower autodetachment of the relaxed metastable ion, while the dynamics of the nitromethane system suggest that a dipole-bound anion to valence anion transition proceeds via intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution to nitro group modes in the vicinity of the iodine atom.
Lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet radiation on Glomerella conidia.

Abstract 1. 1) The survival curves of ultraviolet irradiated Glomerella conidia have a sigmoid shape. The sigmoid survival curve may be described as a 7 hit curve (approximately) or as indicating radiation-produced toxic substances with a threshold for lethal action. 2. 2) At high doses of radiation the survival curve levels off to form a long plateau. This plateau in the curve indicates the presence of a small proportion of resistant spores among the sensitive population. The resistant spores may be observed under the microscope and are characterized by the presence of melanin pigment in the spore in contrast to the great majority of Glomerella conidia which appear colorless. The proportion of resistant spores increases with increasing age of the spore culture. 3. 3) With increasing dose of ultraviolet radiation the mutation curve rises to a peak and then declines at higher doses of radiation. This decline in the frequency of mutants among the surviving spores is due to an increasing proportion of resistant pigmented spores among the surviving population at high doses. The mutation curve for sensitive spores alone does not decline at the higher doses of radiation.
Race differences in diagnosis and surgery for occupational low back injuries.

STUDY DESIGN Population-based telephone survey in Missouri. OBJECTIVE To examine the unique contribution of race to diagnosis and surgery rates in workers' compensation claimants. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Race differences in diagnostic specificity and rates of surgery may mediate documented differences in workers' compensation case management outcomes (treatment expenditures, disability ratings, and settlement awards) between African Americans and whites with low back injuries. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS African American (n = 580) and white (n = 892) workers' compensation claimants with single-incident low back injuries were interviewed regarding diagnoses and treatments received for their injury. Participants were, on average, 21 months after settlement. Analyses examined the association of race (controlling for clinical findings, legal representation, age, gender, and socioeconomic status) with diagnosis (herniated disc vs. regional backache) and surgery. Risk ratios for race were calculated. RESULTS Whites were 40% more likely than African Americans to receive a herniated disc diagnosis. Of claimants with the latter diagnosis, whites were 110% more likely than African Americans to undergo surgery. CONCLUSIONS Race differences in diagnosis and surgery may help to explain why African Americans, relative to whites, receive lower workers' compensation medical expenditures, disability ratings, and settlement awards.
Is the Average Age at Retirement Changing

Abstract A formula that obtains the number retiring in each period of a birth cohort's lifetime is derived from labor force participation rates and population data. It is demonstrated that trends in labor force participation of older men and in average retirement age need not move in the same direction. Applying the formula to the available data for American men, truncated working life tables between ages 52.5 and 72.5 are calculated for cohorts born between 1866 and 1909. The conditional mean retirement age is found to have been stable around age 65, while the variance of retirement age has decreased over time.
Subnational Opposition to Globalization

Using a unique dataset on the geographic distribution of reported protest events from local sources, the study explains the variation in community-level mobilization in response to neoliberal reforms in two countries in the global periphery. Building on insights from macro, cross-national studies of protests related to market reforms, this article highlights local structural conditions that more likely generate popular contention in poorer countries. Count regression models show that localities with greater levels of state and community infrastructure (highways, administrative offices, universities, NGOs and local chapters of oppositional parties) were associated with heightened collective action opposing the privatization of health care and public utilities. These state and community infrastructures were shaped by national contexts in the era of state-led development preceding the current epoch of accelerated globalization.
Partisanship, Trade Policy, and Globalization: Is There a Left–Right Divide on Trade Policy?

Are there noticeable differences among political parties in a country over their trade policy positions? Do left parties advocate different trade policies than right parties? In the advanced industrial countries where labor tends to be scarce, are left parties more protectionist than right ones, which represent capital owners? Political institutions within these democratic countries may affect the role of partisanship. We also investigate whether increasing globalization has led to more or less partisan polarization over trade policy. We examine 25 developed countries from 1945 to 1998 to see how their parties have competed over trade policy. Controlling for various factors, partisanship matters. Right parties consistently take more free trade stances than do left ones. Globalization and other international forces have also shaped both the nature and the extent of the domestic debate over exposure to international trade.
Multi-Contrast Multi-Atlas Parcellation of Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Human Brain

In this paper, we propose a novel method for parcellating the human brain into 193 anatomical structures based on diffusion tensor images (DTIs). This was accomplished in the setting of multi-contrast diffeomorphic likelihood fusion using multiple DTI atlases. DTI images are modeled as high dimensional fields, with each voxel exhibiting a vector valued feature comprising of mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), and fiber angle. For each structure, the probability distribution of each element in the feature vector is modeled as a mixture of Gaussians, the parameters of which are estimated from the labeled atlases. The structure-specific feature vector is then used to parcellate the test image. For each atlas, a likelihood is iteratively computed based on the structure-specific vector feature. The likelihoods from multiple atlases are then fused. The updating and fusing of the likelihoods is achieved based on the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation problems. We first demonstrate the performance of the algorithm by examining the parcellation accuracy of 18 structures from 25 subjects with a varying degree of structural abnormality. Dice values ranging 0.8–0.9 were obtained. In addition, strong correlation was found between the volume size of the automated and the manual parcellation. Then, we present scan-rescan reproducibility based on another dataset of 16 DTI images – an average of 3.73%, 1.91%, and 1.79% for volume, mean FA, and mean MD respectively. Finally, the range of anatomical variability in the normal population was quantified for each structure.
The Traumatic Air Myelogram

Abstract A case of a pneumomyelogram of the cervical spine resulting from blunt trauma to the head is presented. The patient had pneumocephalus and skull fractures. On presentation the patient had no neurological deficits and remained neurologically stable throughout the hospital course. This is the first report of a traumatic pneumomyelogram and pneumocephalus with multiple skull fractures where the patient sustained no neurological sequale.
Pushing the Limits: Defeating Leukemia Stem Cells by Depleting Telomerase

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs), featuring unlimited self-renewal capacity and chemoresistance, are critical cellular targets for new treatments to improve outcomes for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Bruedigam et al. (2014) demonstrate that inhibition of telomerase is damaging to LSCs and may represent a promising therapeutic approach in AML.
Indistinguishability in electron-impact excitation-ionization of helium

We present fully differential cross section (FDCS) calculations for electron-impact excitation-ionization of helium using the four-body distorted wave-exchange (4DWE) model. This model includes both the direct and exchange amplitudes, which account for the indistinguishability of the free electrons in the final state. The results of the 4DWE model are compared with absolute experimental results, and we find that the exchange amplitude has a minimal impact in determining the shape and magnitude of the FDCS.
Cowriting, overwriting, and overriding in portfolio land online

Abstract A computer writing lab and electronically submitted essays leading to a final, electronically submitted portfolio—a paperless class—would appear the perfect technology to teach the writing process and so model what teacher-researchers consider the most effective ways to teach writing. However, the results of my initial experiment with electronic portfolios-in-progress have caused me to reconsider how I used the system and what I would change should I again have the technology available to use electronic portfolios. For, as I read and responded, I found myself focusing on grammatical and other sentence-level issues, even with first drafts, rather than on global matters. I commented in boldface, took charge of student texts in ways I had not done in years, and effectively violated most of my beliefs about how to teach writing.
Parallel computing in the undergraduate curriculum

This paper reports on our NSF grant (CDA-9414309) from the Education Innovation program in the CISE directorate. We not only present the current status of grant activities as we near completion, but we also present a "how to" approach for those faculty from teaching-oriented schools who want to submit a proposal in the area of educational computing. We discuss both our successes and our failures and we give advice on how to avoid the pitfalls we have encountered. Most important, throughout the paper, we give advice on how to obtain funding in the first place.
The effects of temperature on benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and adduct formation in the gulf toadfish,Opsanus beta.

In order to examine the effects of temperature on benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolism and adduct formation in the absence of the effects of temperature on uptake, gulf toadfish,Opsanus beta, were given a dose of 0.05 mg/kg3H-BaPvia caudal vein cannulae at their acclimation temperatures. (18 or 28°C) or following an acute temperature change (18 to 28°C or 28 to 18°C). After 72h, BaP-derived radioactivity was detected in all tissues examined and, as in otherin vivo studies of fish, the highest levels were found in the bile, the liver and the kidney. Temperature did not affect the total amount of BaP metabolized and excreted to the bile, but there were significant quantitative differences between temperature treatments in the classes of Phase I metabolites accumulated. Fish acclimated to high temperature accumulated more BaP triols and tetrols (breakdown products of highly carcinogenic BaP diol epoxides) than fish acclimated at low temperature regardless of exposure temperature: the proportion of biliary metabolites as tetrols and triols in each of the four temperature treatments (acclimation: exposure temperature), 28:18, 28:28, 18:18 and 18:28°C were 21.3±3.6, 58.1±6.1, 14.2±1.8 and 20.9±3.2% (mean±SEM, n=4), respectively. Significant quantities of BaP-DNA and BaP-hemoglobin adducts were detected; however, only the amounts of BaP-DNA adducts showed sensitivity to temperature. As predicted from our metabolite data, high acclimation or exposure temperature led to a significant increase in the amount of BaP-DNA adducts formed: adduct formation in the temperature treatments, 28:18, 28:28, 18:18 and 18:28°C were 342±52, 526±51, 155±42 and 252±55 fg BaP/ µg DNA (mean±SEM, n=4), respectively. These results are discussed in the context of mechanisms of high temperature-enhancement of carcinogenesis in fish.
A new calibration method for latent image fidelity

With the shrinking of all fundamental features in modern IC manufacturing, the aerial image calculation is becoming insufficient for accurate simulation of the printable wafer. In this presentation, a reliable simulation methodology based on basic principles is being introduced which includes an exact analytical solution of the Maxwell equations inside the photoresist as well as all other relevant layers. This solution contains multi-layers including bottom anti-reflection coating (BARC), silicon dioxide, nitride layers, as well as immersion in the medium between the stepper and the photoresist. The calibration is performed in order of parameter importance. This calibration gives higher weight to the most critical parameters. The latent image in the resist is computed, the resulting acid concentration is derived from the latent image, and the PEB (post exposure baking) is completed by invoking a reaction-diffusion system. The diffusion equation component orthogonal to the resist surface is solved exactly in closed form due to the small dimension of the resist thickness. The development is performed in a similar way. The latent image is compared to SEM images and the simulation parameters are calibrated through a newly developed optimization scheme to produce very accurate simulation fidelity. The methodology given here has been very successfully applied in detection of printing failures (hot-spots) for state of the art compact designs. An accuracy smaller than 1nm has been obtained. The system is very fast, suitable for entire chip analysis and highly parallelized. This calibration can be performed on a dual core laptop. Several practical examples are given.
Survival and development in culture of dissociated parasympathetic neurons from ciliary ganglia.

Abstract Parasympathetic neurons from avian embryonic ciliary ganglia survive in low density culture when neurons are free from contact with other cells. A charged substratum, polyornithine, and a conditioned medium permit cell survival and vigorous neurite formation. The heart-conditioned medium must be present continuously and is active after dialysis. Neurites elongate rapidly, branch extensively, and follow patterns of charged substratum provided in the culture dish.
AERONET-based surface reflectance validation network (ASRVN) data evaluation: Case study for railroad valley calibration site

Abstract The AERONET-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN) is an operational processing system developed for validation of satellite derived surface reflectance products at regional and global scales. The ASRVN receives 50 × 50 km 2 subsets of MODIS data centered at AERONET sites along with AERONET aerosol and water vapor data, and performs an atmospheric correction. The ASRVN produces surface bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), albedo, parameters of the Ross-Thick Li-Sparse (RTLS) BRF model, as well as Hemispherical-Directional Reflectance Factor (HDRF), which is required for comparison with the ground-based measurements. This paper presents a comparison of ASRVN HDRF with the ground-based HDRF measurements collected during 2001–2008 over a bright calibration Railroad Valley, Nevada site as part of the MODIS land validation program. The ground measurements were conducted by the Remote Sensing Group (RSG) at the University of Arizona using an ASD spectrometer. The study reveals a good agreement between ASRVN and RSG HDRF for both MODIS Terra and Aqua with rmse ~ 0.01–0.025 in the 500 m MODIS land bands B1–B7. Obtained rmse is below uncertainties due to the spatial and seasonal variability of the bright calibration 1 km 2 area. While two MODIS instruments have a similar rmse in the visible bands, MODIS Aqua has a better agreement (lower rmse ) with the ground data than MODIS Terra at wavelengths 0.87–2.1 μm. An independent overall good agreement of two MODIS instruments with the ground data indicates that the relative calibration of MODIS Terra and Aqua at medium-to-bright reflectance levels for the stated time period is significantly better than uncertainties of the ASRVN and ground data.
Organizational Forms and Architectural Space: Building Meaning in Charitable Organizations in New York City, 1770 to 1920

Over the past 15 years, organizational theory and nonprofit scholarship have enjoyed a remarkable renaissance, yet both perspectives still lack a clear understanding of organizational forms. This article suggests ways of tracing the development and differentiation of organizational forms through empirical analyses of the built environment and argues that this approach offers valuable insight into the history of nonprofit charitable organizations, public-private partnerships, and citizen participation in a developing democracy. The mainfocus is on how charitable practices operated within buildings and how different buildings used by charitable organizations in the 19th century limited and defined social service provision. Investigating the ways in which early organizational struggles over space influenced, constrained, and/or enabled organizational institutionalization can lead to greater understandings of American civil society.
HUME-ROTHERY PHASES AND QUANTUM HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS

A recently introduced model of quantum heterogeneous phases is extended to include the effects of coupling between impurities and charged domains. A discussion is given about the application of this model to several physical problems, including Hume-Rothery phases, localization, and quasicrystals.
Seasonal Variation in Cell Volume of Epilimnetic Bacteria

The relationship between bacterial cell volume and temperature was examined for field data collected over a 4-year period and through controlled chemostat incubations of aPseudomonas sp. Volumes of planktonic bacteria were found to decrease as water temperature increased. Changes in temperature accounted for 38% of the variation in average cell volume (P<0.001). Average planktobacterial cell volume fell 42% from 0.217μm3 in mid-winter to 0.127μm3 in mid-summer. Similar results were found for the size distribution of epibacterial cells. Controlled chemostat incubations of aPseudomonas sp. indicated that cell volume was significantly affected by temperature, growth rate, and the interaction of temperature and growth rate. The data suggest that a change in cell volume as a result of a change in temperature is an intrinsic property of planktonic bacteria.