cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonclassical Antimetabolites XXIII: Simulation of 5′-Phosphoribosyl Binding VI. Relative Contribution of the Oxygen Functions of the 2′-Deoxy-5′-phosphoribosyl Moiety of 2′-Deoxyuridylate to Thymidylate Synthetase

1- (5′-Hydroxypentyl)uracil (XI) was synthesized by alkylation of uracil with 5-chloropentyl p -nitrobenzoate (XIII), followed by removal of the p -nitrobenzoyl blocking group with methanolic n -butylamine. The phosphate ester (XIV) was prepared from XI with polyphosphoric acid at 60°. When assayed as an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, XIV required a concentration 60 times that of the substrate, 2′-deoxyuridylate, to give 50 per cent inhibition. Combined with the previous results that 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridylate (V) is a 90,000-fold better inhibitor than 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (IV), these current results show that the phosphate group contributes considerably more to binding to thymidylate synthetase than do the other two oxygenated functions of the 2′-deoxyribosyl moiety.
TOBACCO CALLUS RESPIRATION AND ITS RESPONSE TO 2,4‐DINITROPHENOL

NOuiRFALIsE, A. 1940. Recherches sur le developpement des racines de Vicia Paba traitees a l'heteroauxine. Cellule 48: 307-333. NoLL, F. 1900. iJber den bestimmenden Einfluss von Wiirzelkriimmungen auf Entstehung und Anordnung von Seitenwurzeln. Landw. Jahrb. 29: 361-426. NUTMAN, P. S. 1948. Physiological studies on nodule formation. I. The relation between nodulation and lateral root formation in red clover. Ann. Bot. 12: 81-96. RIPPEL, K. 1937. Umkehr der Seitenwurzelgenese bei Leguminosen als korrelative St6rung. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 55:288-292. THIMANW, K. V. 1936. Auxins and the growth of roots. Amer. Jour. Bot. 23: 561-569. VAW OVEUMEEK, J. 1939. Evidence for auxin production in isolated roots growing in vitro. Bot. Gaz. 101: 450-456. VAN TIEGHEM, P., AND H. DuLIOT. 1888. Recherches comparatives sur l'origine des membres endog?nesdans les plantes vasculaires. Ann. Sci. Nat.-Bot. 7 S6r. 8: 1-660. ZIMMERMANN, P. W., AND A. E. HITCICOCIc. 1935. Responses of roots to "root-forming" substances. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 7:439-445.
"Senseless" antiviral polyribonucleotides: poly (1-propargylinosinic acid).

ABSTRACT Previous work has shown that novel amphipathic oligo and polyribo-nucleotides exhibiting secondary structure in solution are potent inhibitors of HIV and HCMV replication and cytopathicity in tissue culture. It was hypothesized that the mechanism(s) of action for these compounds might be inhibition of retroviral reverse transcriptase (RT) and/or viral uptake by cells. Pursuit of the essential pharmacophore has led to the discovery of poly (1-propargylinosinic acid) (10), an HIV and HCMV-active polyribonucleotide lacking the secondary structure previously thought to be essential for the observed antiviral activity.
NOAA's Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations in the western Gulf of Alaska

Efforts to understand the growth and decline of various commercial fish stocks in relation to their environment have a long history. For example, systematic studies of the northeast Atlantic started with the establishment of the International Commission for the Exploration of the Sea in 1902 [Mills, 1983]; a large part of this effort has been investigations of fisheries resources and surveys and descriptions of the physical environment (temperature, salinity, and circulation). Numerous other programs in “fishery oceanography” have had similar goals. A general premise in these studies has been that changes in abundance are related to biological and physical events that occur during the early life stages of fish.
Words and pronunciation as coding aids

In Experiment I after an initial presentation of 1 or 2 to-be-recalled triarams, E either spelled the items, pronounced them, or said related words. Pronunciation did not facilitate recall, whereas the related words did. Experiment II showed that the failure to find facilitatory effects of pronunciation in Experiment I was due to whether E or S did the spelling and pronouncing.
Superconducting properties and microstructural evolution of Li doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox

Abstract Superconducting properties and microstructural evolution of Li doped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x with nominal composition of Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca(Cu 1− y Li y ) 2 O x and Bi 2+ z Sr 2 CaCu 2 Li y O x were studied T c, zero increased by 10 K from undoped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x to 94.1 K, and T c, onset > 100 K was observed. Li doped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x systems exhibit a similar phase formation sequence as undoped Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x but at significantly lower temperatures. The liquid phase formed at lower temperatures in Li doped materials promotes the formation and growth of the 2212 phase. Four factors indicate that Li partially substituted for Cu in 2212 while it also resided interstitially and/or in non-superconducting phases: the existence of Cu free phases in Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca(Cu 1− y Li y ) 2 O x , the presence of CuO phases in Bi 2+ z Sr 2 CaCu 2 Li y O x , EDX measurements, and NMR results.
Calibration of pulsed field gel electrophoresis for measurement of DNA double-strand breaks.

SummaryThe pulsed field gel elctrophoresis (PFGE) assay was calibrated for the measurement of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Calibration was conducted by incorporating [125I]deoxyuridine into DNA, which induces one double-strand break for every disintegration that occurs in frozen cells. Based on the percentage of the DNA migrating into the gel, the number of breaks/dalton/Gy was estimated to be (9·3 ± 1·0) × 10−12. This value is close to (10 to 12) × 10−12 determined by neutral filter elution using similar cell lysis procedures at 24°C and at pH 8·0. Also, the estimate is in good agreement with the value of (11·7 ± 2) × 10−12 breaks/dalton/Gy as measured in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells using the neutral sucrose gradient method (Blocher 1988), and (6 to 9) × 10−12 breaks/dalton/Gy as measured in mouse L and Chinese hamster V79 cells using neutral filter elution (Radford and Hodgson 1985).
De Haas-van Alphen and high field galvanomagnetic studies of the Bi2Te3 valence band structure

Abstract A study of de Haas-van Alphen oscillations in p-type Bi 2 Te 3 has yielded all of the effective mass parameters. The valence band structure is found to consist of tilted ellipsoids centered on the mirror planes. From this data and the high field saturation value of the Hall coefficient for H ‖ c the number of ellipsoids is determined to be six.
Lamellar-Hexagonal Transition Kinetics Exhibit an Exponential Dependence on Temperature

Measurements of the kinetics of the lamellar-hexagonal transition have been made for a several lipids with PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) headgroups. These lipids have equilibrium phase transition temperatures that span a range of about 100° C. The speed of these transitions depends exponentially on temperature, with the transitions happening twice as fast with every increase of 50° C. Building on evidence that this transition occurs via a one-dimensional pathway, we use Avrami theory to create an explicit one-dimensional theory, with membrane pores as nucleation sites. We suspect that the exponential temperature dependence is due to the energetic cost of pore formation, as the population of pores should be regulated by a Boltzmann factor.
Pasture-Associated Laminitis

Laminitis is a painful and debilitating condition of horses and ponies that has major economic and welfare implications. Anecdotal observations and the results of survey studies have indicated that most laminitis cases occur in horses and ponies kept at pasture (hence, the term pasture-associated laminitis). Risk for development of pasture-associated laminitis represents a dynamic interaction between animal predisposing factors (an insulin-resistant phenotype commonly termed equine metabolic syndrome) and environmental conditions, particularly the nonstructural carbohydrate (simple sugars, starches, and fructans) content of pasture forage. Countermeasures for avoidance of pasture-associated laminitis involve (1) mitigation of metabolic predisposition (insulin resistance and obesity) in high-risk horses and ponies and (2) dietary and pasture grazing management strategies that minimize exposure to the dietary conditions known to trigger laminitis in susceptible animals.
Boundedness and unboundedness in polynomial differential systems

On relie le caractere fini ou infini d'un systeme differentiel polynomial autonome aux signes des invariants du systeme differentiel correspondant des polynomes homogenes de plus haut degre
Introduction to the Special Issue on Children's Rights and Voices in Research: Cross-National Perspectives

Human rights and social justice perspectives frame this cross-national comparative special issue of Early Education & Development. Human rights, as set out in international legal frameworks such as...
Electronic properties of amorphous zinc tin oxide films by junction capacitance methods

Abstract Amorphous zinc tin oxides have recently shown sufficiently high mobilities that fully transparent electronic devices with these materials are now considered promising. We report the first detailed characterization of the electronic properties of these materials using the methods of admittance spectroscopy, drive-level capacitance profiling (DLCP), and transient photocapacitance (TPC) spectroscopy. We have examined a series of 1–3 μm thick zinc tin oxide films (at a composition of 1:1 ZnO:SnO2) incorporated into metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) devices. These were annealed at 400, 500, and 600 °C. The DLCP measurement is largely insensitive to interface defects and thus provides a good measurement of the free carrier and defect densities within the bulk region of these films. For the best samples (annealed at 600 °C), our results indicate a free carrier density of 5 × 1014 cm−3 plus a deep defect density 1.5 × 1015 cm−3. The TPC spectra disclose optical transitions between defect levels and the conduction and/or valence bands. They reveal two primary features in these materials: A dominant gaussian shaped deep defect band with an optical threshold near 1.6 eV relative to the conduction band, and an exponential band-tail with a characteristic (Urbach) energy near 120 meV. The Urbach energy indicates the degree of disorder in semiconducting materials, and is directly correlated to the anneal temperature for this series of samples.
Counting by weighing and its effect on comparing population proportions

Abstract Counting by weighing is a rapid procedure for obtaining N items (e.g., seeds) based on weight rather than exact counting. We show how to modify the test statistic used for comparing m population proportions (e.g., seed germination rates) when independent samples are taken using this approximate counting procedure. The modified test will have approximate size α as advertised under the null hypothesis that there is no difference among the m proportions. A simulation study is conducted to determine the small to moderate sample size Type I error rates of the classical and modified tests.
Scanning force microscope studies of Langmuir-Blodgett polyaniline thin films

Thin films of electrically conductive polyaniline were prepared using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. Both single-layer and multilayer films were prepared using various surface pressures and dipping speeds. The resulting film microstructures were then studied using scanning force microscopy. Z-type deposition was observed, with high-quality single layers of flat polyaniline platelets being formed at dipping speeds of 1 mm min−1 and surface pressures near 10 mN m−1. Lower surface pressures resulted in incomplete layers, while much higher surface pressures resulted in clumps of polyaniline bundles in the finished films. The fabrication of polyaniline films composed of flat platelets using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique as opposed to films composed of the more common clumped bundles as seen in chemically cast or evaporated films, results in finished films of much greater smoothness and structural homogeneity. In all cases, the conductivity of protonated LB films was lower than free-standing films cast from polyaniline-NMP solutions.
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Transient Extreme Wave Profiles on Depth-Varying Currents

The results of laboratory experiments on transient (short lived), extreme (highest nonbreaking) waves on depth-varying currents are reported. A new feedback control wave focusing method on currents was developed to create transient, extreme waves in the presence of desired depth-varying currents at the prescribed position. Both wave profiles and time series of surface displacements were measured to examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme waves. Wavelengths estimated from dispersion relations consistently underestimated those measured directly from the video images of transient extreme waves. This underestimation well correlates with a proposed wavelength asymmetry parameter ξ (a ratio of the trough length to the crest length), suggesting the rapid change of a transient wave profile during a wave cycle. The effects of the current shear on transient, extreme wave profiles are recognized. The negative shear increased the limiting wave steepness but reduced the vertical asymmetry. The vertical asymmetry could be remarkably augmented by the positive current shear, while the limiting wave steepness was reduced. These results were clearly observed in the spatial wave profiles, but not in the time series of the surface displacement.
Identification of AFLP Markers that Discriminate Between Cultivated Cotton and the Hawaiian Island Endemic, Gossypium tomentosum Nuttall ex Seeman

Interspecific gene flow from crop species into wild relatives may compromise the genetic integrity of native species and in the case of transgenic crops lead to the escape of transgenes into natural populations. Approximately 72% of the upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) acreage grown in the United States in 2000 utilized transgenic cultivars. The closest relative of G. hirsutum is G. tomentosum Nuttall ex Seeman, endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago. Because these two species are fully interfertile, cultivation of transgenic G. hirsutum in the Hawaiian Islands is restricted. We investigated the possibility of identifying AFLP genetic markers that are diagnostic for each species and thus could be used in future studies to detect introgression between them. In addition, we were interested in comparing levels and geographic patterns of AFLP diversity in G. tomentosum to previous estimates using allozyme data. AFLP analysis led to the detection of 11 and 16 species-specific markers for G. tomentosum and G. hirsutum, respectively. These species-specific AFLP markers will be useful for detecting gene flow between G. hirsutum and G. tomentosum that has occurred in the past and thus might occur in the future if the restrictions on cultivation of transgenic G. hirsutum are relaxed in the Hawaiian Islands. Little genetic diversity and limited geographic patterning were discovered using AFLP markers, consistent with data from previous allozyme studies.
Adjunctive Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy for Lower-extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: Clinical and Economic Outcomes

PURPOSE To assess the clinical and economic benefits of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) alone versus CDT with rheolytic percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) for lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive patients with acute iliofemoral DVT treated with CDT with urokinase between 1997 and 2003 were identified. Demographic characteristics and clinical and economic outcomes were compared between patients treated with CDT alone versus CDT plus PMT. RESULTS Twenty-six limbs in 23 patients received CDT with urokinase, whereas 19 limbs in 14 patients were treated with CDT plus PMT. Mean treatment duration for CDT was 56.5 ± 27.4 hours, compared with 30.3 ± 17.8 hours for CDT plus PMT ( P = .001). Mean urokinase dose for CDT was 6.70 ± 5.9 million U compared with 2.95 ± 1.82 million U for CDT plus PMT ( P = .011). Urokinase CDT achieved complete clot lysis in 80.7% of limbs ( n = 21) compared with 84.2% of limbs ( n = 16) treated with CDT plus PMT ( P = .764). The incidences of major bleeding (CDT, 7.7%; CDT plus PMT, 5.3%; P = .749) and pulmonary embolism (CDT, 3.8%; CDT plus PMT, 5.3%; P = .818) were similar. The mean urokinase and PMT device cost for CDT alone was $10,127 compared with $5,128 for CDT plus PMT ( P = .026). CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous CDT with rheolytic PMT is as effective as CDT alone for acute iliofemoral DVT but requires significantly shorter treatment and lower lytic agent dose, resulting in lower costs. Randomized studies to confirm the benefits of pharmacomechanical thrombolysis in the treatment of DVT are warranted.
How the Working Class Saved Capitalism: The New Labor History and The Devil and Miss Jones

"It is all over now," agrees Nelson Lichtenstein, but "all labor history seems either to have looked forward to this moment of mass industrial unionism or backward upon those two decades [the 1930s and 1940s] when American politics stood on the verge of acquiring a European, social democratic character." 1 Far from looking forward and backward from "the age of the cIo [Congress of Industrial Organizations]," as Michael Denning has characterized the thirties, film history orients itself instead around the rise and fall of the classic Hollywood studio system. Motion pictures grew out of the immigrant working class, whose children constituted the core constituencies for both classic Hollywood and the cio. The vital-
Modification of evoked responses in the caudate nucleus by cholinergic agents

Abstract In order to further define cholinergic mechanisms in basal ganglia structures, macroelectrodes were placed into the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and certain thalamic nuclei of paralyzed unanaesthetized cats. The effects of systemically administered cholinomimetic and cholinolytic agents on evoked responses generated between connecting structures were studied. Physostigmine sulphate and the direct muscarinic stimulants arecoline and oxotremorine but not pilocarpine depressed intercaudate and intracaudate responses, while atropine sulphate caused enhancement of these responses and reversed the effect of cholinomimetic drugs. Nicotinic drugs were without effect. Cholinergic drugs had no effect on caudate afferent responses or on any other basal ganglia evoked potentials. These findings implicate the caudate interneurone as the source of basal ganglia cholinergic activity.
In vivo induction of proinflammatory cytokines in mouse tissue by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by a multitude of bacteria. Persistent infection leads to generation of various inflammatory mediators, resulting in tissue destruction and osteoclastic resorption of the alveolar bone. This study describes a novel in vivo murine calvarial model to assess the effects of oral pathogens on the expression of three proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] which are involved in bone resorption. We chose Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans as prototype oral pathogens. We also tested the effects of Streptococcus gordonii, an oral commensal supragingival microorganism, considered a non-pathogen. Live bacteria were injected into subcutaneous tissue overlying the parietal bone of mice calvaria for 6 days. At the end of the experimental period, tissues overlying the calvaria were removed and analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine expression by Northern blotting. Cytokine mRNA was not detected in the tissue over the calvaria of control animals. In contrast, P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans elicited mRNA expression of all three cytokines, TNFalpha being the highest (TNFalpha > > IL-1beta > IL-6). P. gingivalis was more potent than A. actinomycetemcomitans in inducing cytokine expression. In contrast, S. gordonii induced only low levels of mRNA for IL-1beta and TNFalpha but no IL-6 mRNA induction. These results suggest that oral microorganisms with access to host tissues elicit a battery of proinflammatory cytokines. There were clear differences in profiles and, interestingly, a commensal bacterium also stimulated bone resorptive cytokine expression in host tissues.
Optimal harvesting in age-structured populations

In this paper, we discuss the optimal harvesting in age-structured populations. We characterize the optimal controls for finite-horizon problems and describe a scheme to approximate them. We also give an analysis of the infinite-horizon problem as a function of a bifurcation parameter.
Inflammatory damage to skin by prolonged contact with 1,2‐dichlorobenzene and chloropentafluorobenzene

Skin samples from Fischer-344 rats and Hartley guinea pigs exposed dermally to 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) and chloropentafluorobenzene (CPFB) for up to 4 h were examined for chemical-induced damage. Samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and scored for polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) margination, dermal inflammation, and epidermal necrosis by light microscopy. Ultrastructural evaluation of samples fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde and postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide was used to visualize margination of PMNs. Guinea pigs exhibited postexposure inflammatory changes following an exposure of about an hour-and-a-half shorter duration than rats. DCB-induced inflammation and PMN margination occurred following an exposure about a half hour shorter in both species compared to CPFB. In contrast, epidermal necrosis was more severe with CPFB than with DCB. These changes may account for decreases in chemical penetration rates which have been observed in previous studies with DCB and CPFB in rats and guinea pigs.
Joseph Hardin: NCSA Mosaic

The Web and Internet were transformed from a medium used primarily by academics and researchers to one used by the general public. The Mosaic Web browser helped kick-start this evolution by making it very simple for users to download and install a browser and experience the Web through a simple and elegant interface on their Unix, Windows, or Macintosh computers. Although Mosaic wasn't the first browser, it was the first that had a primary goal of ease of installation across all major computing platforms. Mosaic came from a culture of building user-friendly networking tools at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In 2008, the author met with Joseph Hardin to talk about his role as manager of NCSA's Software Development Group (SDG) in the early 1990s and the genesis, growth, and impact of the NCSA browser that became Mosaic.
Atypical lymphocytosis, cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia, and monoclonal gammopathy in an HIV patient with marrow involvement by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

![Figure][1] A 43-year-old man presented with fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Physical examination revealed bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. Complete blood count showed hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL, a white cell count of 4.4 × 109/L, and a platelet count of 195 × 109/L. Blood smear
Self-reaction of pentamethyldisilyl radicals: is dimethylsilylene a product?

Abstract The self-reaction of the pentamethyldisilyl radical was investigated, in solution at 298 K. Products due to the disproportionation and combination of these radicals were detected in a ratio ≤ 0.48. However, there was no evidence for silylene formation. These results suggest that silylenes, which are formed during polysilane photolysis, are not produced from the self-reaction of polysilyl radicals but must be photo-extruded from the polysilane itself.
Coordinated Movement of Cytoplasmic and Transmembrane Domains of RyR1 upon Gating

Ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) produces spatially and temporally defined Ca2+ signals in several cell types. How signals received in the cytoplasmic domain are transmitted to the ion gate and how the channel gates are unknown. We used EGTA or neuroactive PCB 95 to stabilize the full closed or open states of RyR1. Single-channel measurements in the presence of FKBP12 indicate that PCB 95 inverts the thermodynamic stability of RyR1 and locks it in a long-lived open state whose unitary current is indistinguishable from the native open state. We analyzed two datasets of 15,625 and 18,527 frozen-hydrated RyR1-FKBP12 particles in the closed and open conformations, respectively, by cryo-electron microscopy. Their corresponding three-dimensional structures at 10.2 A resolution refine the structure surrounding the ion pathway previously identified in the closed conformation: two right-handed bundles emerging from the putative ion gate (the cytoplasmic “inner branches” and the transmembrane “inner helices”). Furthermore, six of the identifiable transmembrane segments of RyR1 have similar organization to those of the mammalian Kv1.2 potassium channel. Upon gating, the distal cytoplasmic domains move towards the transmembrane domain while the central cytoplasmic domains move away from it, and also away from the 4-fold axis. Along the ion pathway, precise relocation of the inner helices and inner branches results in an approximately 4 A diameter increase of the ion gate. Whereas the inner helices of the K+ channels and of the RyR1 channel cross-correlate best with their corresponding open/closed states, the cytoplasmic inner branches, which are not observed in the K+ channels, appear to have at least as important a role as the inner helices for RyR1 gating. We propose a theoretical model whereby the inner helices, the inner branches, and the h1 densities together create an efficient novel gating mechanism for channel opening by relaxing two right-handed bundle structures along a common 4-fold axis.
Alumina Size Distributions from High-Pressure Composite Solid-Propellant Combustion

Alumina size distributions were obtained for both a coarse and a fine oxidizer composite propellant burning in a nitrogen atmosphere over the pressure range from atmospheric to 500 pounds per square inch. The amount of additive agglomeration was found to be significantly higher for the coarse oxidizer propellant and decreased with increasing pressure to the 0.3 power over the range from atmospheric pressure to 250 pounds per square inch. High-speed photographs of the burning propellant surface revealed that the additives moved on the surface with the average particle velocity decreasing with pressure to approximately the 0.3 power over the pressure range from atmospheric to 50 pounds per square inch. The empirical relation between particle velocity and pressure was used to modify an agglomeration criterion presented previously. Evaluation of the critical aluminum diameter required for agglomeration indicated that both propellant types used in this study should experience some agglomeration over the pressure range studied. The aluminum size required for agglomeration was found to increase with increasing pressure. The experimental findings of the critical aluminum diameter required for agglomeration were in reasonable agreement with the calculated data. The volume mean diameter of the alumina was found to decrease with increasing pressure.
Acceptance of the Roebling Medal for 2010 of the Mineralogical Society of America

When I think about all the good luck I’ve had, it seems miraculous. My first big break was when I went to live with my sister, Leslie, and brother-in-law Holly Wagner. Holly was a career-long U.S. Geological Survey geologist then stationed in Lawrence, Kansas. I started college at the University of Kansas. When I asked Holly “What should I study?” He replied “Geology has been good to me. Why don’t you try that?” Geology has been very good for me, also. My next lucky break was going to work with George Kennedy as a graduate student in UCLA. George was building several kinds of high P - T experimental apparatus, and I got there just at the right time to learn experimental petrology. On the theoretical side, my other George mentor, George Tunell, grilled and drilled me on elementary thermodynamics. At the time that seemed like an ordeal, but later I was to become very grateful for his interest in me. Another great thing that happened was that I got acquainted with Julian Goldsmith. He spent two summers away from …
Semi-infinite probabilistic optimization: first-order stochastic dominance constrain

We consider stochastic optimization problems involving a continuum of probabilistic constraints. They are equivalent to stochastic dominance constraints of first order, frequently called stochastic ordering constraints. We develop necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for these models. We show that the Lagrange multipliers corresponding to dominance constraints can be identified with piecewise constant nondecreasing utility functions. We also show that the convexification of stochastic ordering relation is equivalent to second-order stochastic dominance under rather weak assumptions.
Higher Order Pathwise Numerical Approximations of SPDEs with Additive Noise

In this article the pathwise numerical approximation of semilinear parabolic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) driven by additive noise is considered. A new numerical scheme for the time and space discretization of such SPDEs is proposed, and this scheme is shown to converge for such SPDEs faster than standard numerical schemes such as the linear implicit Euler scheme or the linear-implicit Crank-Nicholson scheme. The suggested scheme takes advantage of the smoothing effect of the dominant linear operator and of two linear functionals of the noise process of the SPDE. The abstract setting under which the scheme is analyzed includes SPDEs driven by fractional Brownian motions too.
X-ray vs. NMR structures as templates for computational protein design

Certain protein-design calculations involve using an experimentally determined high-resolution structure as a template to identify new sequences that can adopt the same fold. This approach has led to the successful design of many novel, well-folded, native-like proteins. Although any atomic-resolution structure can serve as a template in such calculations, most successful designs have used high-resolution crystal structures. Because there are many proteins for which crystal structures are not available, it is of interest whether nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) templates are also appropriate. We have analyzed differences between using X-ray and NMR templates in side-chain repacking and design calculations. We assembled a database of 29 proteins for which both a high-resolution X-ray structure and an ensemble of NMR structures are available. Using these pairs, we compared the rotamericity, chi(1)-angle recovery, and native-sequence recovery of X-ray and NMR templates. We carried out design using RosettaDesign on both types of templates, and compared the energies and packing qualities of the resulting structures. Overall, the X-ray structures were better templates for use with Rosetta. However, for approximately 20% of proteins, a member of the reported NMR ensemble gave rise to designs with similar properties. Re-evaluating RosettaDesign structures with other energy functions indicated much smaller differences between the two types of templates. Ultimately, experiments are required to confirm the utility of particular X-ray and NMR templates. But our data suggest that the lack of a high-resolution X-ray structure should not preclude attempts at computational design if an NMR ensemble is available.
Integrated Effects of Matrix Mechanics and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on Capillary Sprouting

Angiogenesis is the growth of new capillaries from existing vasculature. Vascular network formation is known to be regulated by the biophysical and biochemical signals emanating from the microenvironment. However, it is not clear how endothelial cells integrate these signals to drive the capillary morphogenesis. In this study, human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded on scaffolds with varying stiffness and capillary formation was quantified. Our study revealed that cells formed well defined networks on compliant gels. Increase in stiffness resulted in a decrease in sprouting. VEGF was encapsulated within the scaffolds at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ng/mL to investigate the interplay between VEGF concentration profiles and matrix stiffness in guiding network formation. Quantitative analysis revealed that while VEGF disrupted sprout formation on compliant substrates, it elicited a sprouting response in cells seeded on scaffolds of intermediate rigidity. Additionally, we also observed that a minimum cell density is required for the formation of well-connected vascular networks.
Conditions for shear banding and material instability in finite elastoplastic deformation

Abstract A necessary and sufficient condition for shear banding in two-dimensional space is derived for finite elastoplastic deformation of compressible materials. The criterion for the initiation of shear bands, a geometric instability, is that the governing field equations become hyperbolic. The results indicate that shear bands may occur before the material response reaches its peak load, irrespective of compressibility, and that the critical work-hardening rate, which represents the material factor governing shear banding, has the order of the ratio of yield stress to shear modulus. Moreover, the characteristics, or the orientations, of shear bands do not in general coincide with the direction of maximum shear stress, and so their directions may not be orthogonal. Also in the analysis, the critical stress ratio, which is a deformation factor controlling shear banding, is derived explicitly in terms of Poisson's ratio, the relative density of the aggregate, and the transverse stress ratio. The prediction of the orientations of shear bands explains well, at least qualitatively, experimental observations in the open literature. The criterion for material instability, unlike the onset of shear banding, is defined at a point when the stress-strain relation of the aggregate has no inverse. The criterion for material instability due to shear banding is derived. This provides a tool to distinguish shear band localization from shear fracture in general.
Applications and implications of gold therapy

Recent advances in biological, chemical and medical disciplines are now providing a better understanding of the processes whereby the complexes of gold exercise their physiological and pharmacological effects. As a result, exciting new developments in their therapeutic applications are occurring and others appear likely in the future.
The importance of large-diameter trees to forest structural heterogeneity.

Large-diameter trees dominate the structure, dynamics and function of many temperate and tropical forests. However, their attendant contributions to forest heterogeneity are rarely addressed. We established the Wind River Forest Dynamics Plot, a 25.6 ha permanent plot within which we tagged and mapped all 30,973 woody stems ≥1 cm dbh, all 1,966 snags ≥10 cm dbh, and all shrub patches ≥2 m2. Basal area of the 26 woody species was 62.18 m2/ha, of which 61.60 m2/ha was trees and 0.58 m2/ha was tall shrubs. Large-diameter trees (≥100 cm dbh) comprised 1.5% of stems, 31.8% of basal area, and 17.6% of the heterogeneity of basal area, with basal area dominated by Tsuga heterophylla and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Small-diameter subpopulations of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla and Thuja plicata, as well as all tree species combined, exhibited significant aggregation relative to the null model of complete spatial randomness (CSR) up to 9 m (P≤0.001). Patterns of large-diameter trees were either not different from CSR (Tsuga heterophylla), or exhibited slight aggregation (Pseudotsuga menziesii and Thuja plicata). Significant spatial repulsion between large-diameter and small-diameter Tsuga heterophylla suggests that large-diameter Tsuga heterophylla function as organizers of tree demography over decadal timescales through competitive interactions. Comparison among two forest dynamics plots suggests that forest structural diversity responds to intermediate-scale environmental heterogeneity and disturbances, similar to hypotheses about patterns of species richness, and richness- ecosystem function. Large mapped plots with detailed within-plot environmental spatial covariates will be required to test these hypotheses.
Reactivity of ragweed allergens with IgE antibodies: Analyses by leukocyte histamine release and the radioallergosorbent test and determination of cross-reactivity

Five distinct proteins with allergenic activity have been isolated from short ragweed pollen. We initially tested three of these, AgE, AgK, and Ra3, for reactivity with IgE antibodies by leukocyte histamine release and by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). We found highly significant correlations between the reactivities of these allergens by leukocyte histamine release and by the RAST, consistent with the view that both procedures detected comparable allergenic activity. We next tested the allergenic cross-reactivity of all five ragweed allergens. AgE, AgK, Ra3, Ra4, and Ra5, by RAST inhibition. With solid-phase AgE the only nonhomologous inhibitor was AgK, which cross-reacted weakly and required a 140-fold mass excess of AgK compared to AgE. With solid-phase AgK both AgK and AgE produced significant inhibition; AgE was slightly more potent than the homologous AgK, Ra3 and Ra5 were allergenically unique, because only the homologous allergen produced 50% inhibition. Ra4 was weakly inhibited by AgE, Ra3, and Ra5 when these allergens were added in 300- to 5---fold mass excesses; this weak inhibition may represent either cross-reaction or cross-contamination. We found that RAST inhibition could be used as an assay for the individual ragweed allergens and we demonstrated the presence of all of the allergens in a whole ragweed extract. The sensitivity of the RAST inhibition assay ranged from 10 ng to 100 ng for 50% inhibition. Finally, the solid-phase ragweed allergens were used to determine the frequency of elevated IgE antibody levels in 65 patients with ragweed hay fever. Virtually all of the patients reacted with AgE (97%), while 88% reacted with AgK, 51% reacted with Ra3, 28% reacted with Ra4, and 17% reacted with Ra5. These results highlight the usefulness of the RAST as a specific and sensitive tool for immunochemical studies of allergens.
Isodicentric chromosome 18q as sole abnormality in a histologically normal bone marrow from a patient with diffuse large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Abstract Cytogenetic analysis was performed on the histologically and immunophenotypically normal bone marrow (BM) of a 33-year-old woman with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) before BM harvest. Unstimulated 24− and 48-hour cultures produced only normal metaphases. A pokeweed mitogen (PWM)—stimulated 48-hour culture, however, showed a clonal isodicentric chromosome 18q as the sole abnormality, suggesting a role for this approach in detection of submicroscopic BM involvement by B-cell NHL.
Quantum weirdness it's all in your mind.

In this article the author discusses a version of quantum theory that removes the paradoxes of the microscopic world making quantum information a figment of the imagination. Topics include some bizarre paradoxes of quantum mechanics, such as the appearance of particles in two places at the same time, the development of a model in 2001 by a team of physicists that eliminates quantum paradoxes by combining quantum theory with probability theory and reimaging the wave function, called Quantum Bayesianism (QBism), physicists' use of the wave function to calculate the probability that a particle will have a certain property, and some criticisms of QBism, such as its inability to explain complex macroscopic phenomena in microscopic terms.
Relationship between distortion product otoacoustic emissions and frequency modulation difference limens.

Objective: To explore the relationship between distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and frequency modulation difference limens (FMDLs) in normal-hearing subjects. Design: Fifteen normal-hearing adult subjects (age range = 20 to 29 yr; mean age = 21 yr, 6 mo) participated in the study. Each subject met the following criteria: 1) hearing thresholds <20 dB HL bilaterally at frequencies 0.25 to 8 kHz; 2) type A tympanograms bilaterally; and 3) no history of otologic disease. To reduce gender-related differences, only female subjects were recruited as subjects. DPOAE amplitudes and FMDLs were measured in both ears of 15 female adults at 1, 2, and 4 kHz. Ears were classified on the basis of DPOAE amplitude into large DPOAEs and small DPOAEs. Results: Results indicated that ears with larger DPOAEs showed better frequency discrimination (smaller FMDLs) than did ears with smaller DPOAEs at 2 kHz. Conclusions: Results of the current study support frequency discrimination models that predict a relationship between frequency selectivity and frequency discrimination.
Climate model sensitivity to sea ice albedo parameterization

Three one-year experimental simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (NCAR CCM) were performed with three sea ice albedo parameterizations and compared with control run results to examine their impact on polar surface temperature, planetary albedo and clouds. The first integration utilized sea ice albedos of the Arctic Basin for the spring and summer of 1977 derived from defence Meteorological Satellite Imagery (DMSP). The second simulation employed prescribed lead and melt pond fractions and an albedo weighting scheme. The third simulation involved the coupling of an interactive sea ice/snow albedo parameterization made a function of surface state.
Adsorption and Dipole Surface Orientational Order at Liquid Surfaces

Adsorption at surfaces has been a topic of considerable interest since Gibbs introduced his famous adsorption equation in 1875. However, only in the past few years, has adsorption become quantitatively understood (at least in the vicinity of a critical point). Adsorption is far more complex than perhaps one might envision. At the liquid–vapour interface of a binary liquid mixture one can find: (i) strong adsorption (where one component completely saturates the surface); (ii) competitive adsorption (where the two species compete for surface sites); and (iii) dipole surface orientational order (due to dipole-image dipole interactions). In this paper we discuss these various modes of adsorption.
Behavioral/Emotional Functioning in 3-Year-Old African-American Children with Prenatal Cocaine/Polydrug Exposure † 1301

Behavioral/Emotional Functioning in 3-Year-Old African-American Children with Prenatal Cocaine/Polydrug Exposure † 1301
A simultaneous-infection test for viral interrelationships as applied to aspermy and other viruses.

Abstract Tomato aspermy virus in mixture with cucumber mosaic virus produced stunting in tomato plants in excess of that caused by either virus separately. This suggests that the viruses are not closely related. Experience has shown that closely related mutant strains of viruses and of parasites in general, when introduced as mixtures, do not produce effects that exceed the limits of disease manifestations induced by the same strains separately.
Measurement of the Amplitude and Phase of a Sculpted Rydberg Wave Packet

We have completely determined the amplitude and phase of a quantum wave packet. The wave packet was shaped using a programmable optical pulse. Phase information comes from analysis of covariant fluctuations due to interference between the wave packet and a well-characterized reference.
Chromatography pattern recognition of Aroclors using iterative probabilistic neural networks

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the application of an iterative probabilistic neural network (PNN) as a classification tool in the analysis of multicomponent environmental samples of Aroclors. The PNN is a neural network implementation of a Bayes classifier. This network is incorporated into an iterative method for classifying Aroclor samples. The performance of the method is demonstrated using experimental gas chromatograms of Aroclors, Aroclor mixtures, and random noise. This technique is compared with standard chromatography data processing procedures and linear regression pattern recognition and found to be more accurate and more sensitive for component identification. The method is appropriate for use in routine environmental screening applications in which the presence or absence of one or more Aroclors must be determined in the presence of interfering signals.
Some inverse Laplace transforms of exponential form

An algorithm for finding inverse Laplace transforms of exponential form for two classes of functions is established and used to derive a set of new formulas which are presented as a table of Laplace transform pairs. These formulas are useful in problems in fluid mechanics.
The Smooth Muscle Cell-restricted KCNMB1 Ion Channel Subunit Is a Direct Transcriptional Target of Serum Response Factor and Myocardin

Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (MaxiK) channels play a pivotal role in maintaining normal arterial tone by regulating the excitation-contraction coupling process. MaxiK channels comprise α and β subunits encoded by Kcnma and the cell-restricted Kcnmb genes, respectively. Although the functionality of MaxiK channel subunits has been well studied, the molecular regulation of their transcription and modulation in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is incomplete. Using several model systems, we demonstrate down-regulation of Kcnmb1 mRNA upon SMC phenotypic modulation in vitro and in vivo. As part of a broad effort to define all functional CArG elements in the genome (i.e. the CArGome), we discovered two conserved CArG boxes located in the proximal promoter and first intron of the human KCNMB1 gene. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed serum response factor (SRF) binding to both CArG elements. A luciferase assay showed myocardin (MYOCD)-mediated transactivation of the KCNMB1 promoter in a CArG element-dependent manner. In vivo analysis of the human KCNMB1 promoter disclosed activity in embryonic heart and aortic SMCs; mutation of both conserved CArG elements completely abolished in vivo promoter activity. Forced expression of MYOCD increased Kcnmb1 expression in a variety of rodent and human non-SMC lines with no effect on expression of the Kcnma1 subunit. Conversely, knockdown of Srf resulted in decreases of endogenous Kcnmb1. Functional studies demonstrated MYOCD-induced, iberiotoxin-sensitive potassium currents in porcine coronary SMCs. These results reveal the first ion channel subunit as a direct target of SRF-MYOCD transactivation, providing further insight into the role of MYOCD as a master regulator of the SMC contractile phenotype.
Detecting changes in morphospace occupation patterns in the fossil record: characterization and analysis of measures of disparity

Abstract Recently, there has been much interest in detecting and measuring patterns of change in disparity. Although most studies have used one or two measures of disparity to quantify and characterize the occupation of morphospace, multiple measures may be necessary to fully detect changes in patterns of morphospace occupation. Also, the ability to detect morphological trends and occupation patterns within morphospace depends on using the appropriate measure(s) of disparity. In this study, seven measures were used to determine and characterize sensitivity to sample size of the data, number of morphological characters, percentage of missing data, and changes in morphospace occupation pattern. These consist of five distance measures—sum of univariate variances, total range, mean distance, principal coordinate analysis volume, average pairwise dissimilarity—and two non-distance measures—participation ratio and number of unique pairwise character combinations. Evaluation of each measure with respect to sensi...