cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zirconium-doped indium oxide thin films for organic light-emitting diodes

Transparent and highly conducting zirconium-doped indium oxide (ZIO) thin films have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on glass substrates without a post- deposition anneal. The structural, electrical and optical properties of these films were investigated as a function of film composition and substrate deposition temperature. Films were deposited using a KrF excimer laser (248 nm, 30 ns FWHM) at a fluence of 1 J/cm2 at growth temperatures ranging from 20 degrees Celsius to 400 degrees Celsius in oxygen pressure ranging from 1 mTorr to 25 mTorr. The films (approximately 2000 angstrom thick) deposited at 200 degrees Celsius in 25 mTorr of oxygen show electrical resistivities as low as 2.7 X 10-4 (Omega) -cm, the average visible transmittance of 89%, the refractive index of 1.99 and optical band gap of 4.1 eV. These ZIO films were used as a transparent anode contact in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and the device performance was studied. The external quantum efficiency measured at 100 A/m2 for the [ZIO/TPD/Alq3/MgAg] diodes was about 0.9%. Low driving voltage and high light emission were observed for the OLEDs with the ZIO anode.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interception of two spherical drops in linear Stokes flow

A boundary-integral method is developed for computing the interception of two spherical drops with arbitrary radii and viscosities in infinite linear Stokes flow. At any instant, the flow is computed in a frame of reference with origin at the center of one drop, using a cylindrical polar coordinate system whose axis of revolution passes through the center of the second drop. Taking advantage of the axial symmetry of the interfaces in the drop coordinates, the problem is formulated as a system of integral equations for the zeroth, first, and second Fourier coefficients of the normal component of the jump in the interfacial traction and for the meridional and azimuthal components of the interfacial velocity with respect to the meridional angle. The integral equations are solved with high accuracy using a boundary-element method featuring adaptive boundary-element distribution and automatic time-step adjustment according to the interfacial gap. Simulations of two drops intercepting in uniaxial straining flow provide accurate data on the drop collision velocity and particle stress tensor for gaps as small as 10−4 times the drop radius. Simulations of two drops intercepting in simple shear flow confirm that slightly offset drops collide during the interception. Accurate data are presented for Batchelor’s relative mobility functions in linear Stokes flow used to describe the relative droplet motion.
Stability of the Shanley Column Under Cyclic Loading

This paper presents a numerical study of the Shanley column under cyclic loading. The model includes intermediate deformation kinematics. The constitutive model is based on the Dafalias-Popov model. Results for fully reversed, symmetric load or displacement-controlled loading are presented. Under displacement-controlled loading, the model can exhibit a transient response which takes it away from its initial configuration, but the response eventually reaches a stable cycle. Under load-controlled loading, the model can either reach a limit cycle or develop a limit load instability that causes collapse. The responses that result in collapse are imperfection sensitive. In addition, the response of the model is also sensitive to the amplitude of the applied loading cycles.
Count Me Out

Patrick Sutton is a postdoctoral researcher in the Center for Gravitational Physics and Geometry at Pennsylvania State University. He is studying issues related to data processing and signal detection in the LIGO gravitationalwave detectors under construction in the United States. Lee Samuel Finn is an Associate Professor with the Center for Gravitational Physics and Geometry at Pennsylvania State University. His principal research interests are in the physics and astrophysics one will be able to do with yetundetected gravitational waves. He has thus been described as 'a phenomenologist in a field without any phenomena'.
Vascular targeting in photodynamic occlusion of subretinal vessels.

Purpose: To evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) for occlusion of subretinal neovascular membranes, the authors studied efficiency and collateral damage of PDT-induced photothrombosis in the rabbit choriocapillary layer. Method: Benzoporphyrin derivative, a new photosensitizer, currently in clinical trials for tumor therapy, was used. Low-density lipoprotein served as a carrier to enhance selective targeting of vascular endothelial cells. Results: Complete choriocapillary occlusion was achieved at a BPD dose of 2 mg/ kg and a radiant exposure as low as 10 J/cm 2 . When PDT was performed 3 hours after BPD application, damage to the neural retina was minimal. Only inner photoreceptor segments showed mitochondrial swelling probably secondary to choroidal ischemia. Bruch's membrane remained intact. Retinal pigment epithelium was invariably damaged as seen with other photosensitizers. Conclusion: Compared with photocoagulation BPD-PDT allows endothelial-bound intraluminal photothrombosis, sparing important structures such as neural retina and Bruch's membrane. It may thus provide a more selective treatment of juxtafoveal and subfoveal neovascular membranes.
Acetylcholine stimulates the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor from primary dissociated cell cultures of the rat telencephalon and diencephalon.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-41) immunoreactive neurones in the CNS are widely distributed; although the major concentration is in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus, there are also large clusters of CRF-containing neurones in the brainstem, limbic system and cerebral corte. In this study, we sought to determine whether dispersed rat brain cells cultured in vitro are capable of secreting CRF immunoreactivity. In both telencephalic and diencephalic cultures CRF content of the cells increased from day 7 to 28. This effect was greatest in cells raised in media containing 10% fetal calf serum and 10% heat inactivated horse serum as compared with media containing 10% fetal calf serum and 10% NuSerum. Exposure of the cells to 56 mM K+ or to 10−9 M acetylcholine caused a release of CRF which was calcium dependent. The effect of acetylcholine was antagonised by atropine (10−6 M). The CRF immunoreactivity in both types of cell produced two peaks on gel chromatography; one of which eluted with the void volume and the other of which co-eluted with standard CRF-41. However, only the mature peptide was detected in media from cells stimulated with potassium. We conclude that cell cultures of the rat diencephalon and telencephalon produce immunoreactive CRF-41 and that immunoreactive CRF-41 secretion in both diencephalic and telencephalic cells is regulated by acetylcholine.
Electrode kinetics by hydrodynamic voltammetry—study of ferrous-ferric, ferrocyanide-ferricyanide and iodide-iodine systems

Abstract Using rotated and circulatory electrolysis cells, rate parameters of electrode processes have been determined at stationary conical and cylindrical platinum microclectrodes in flowing solutions, under judiciously controlled hydrodynamic conditions. Virtually ideal laminar flow was maintained at velocities up to 700 cm/s. Normally reversible d.c. current/voltage waves were made “irreversible in shape”, due to enhancement of convective mass transfer. Thus specific electron-transfer rate constants, ranging up to an estimated limit of 10 cm/s, could be evaluated by a simple and unambiguous “wave analysis” procedure. The electro-oxidation of iodide to iodine, in perchloric acid in the absence of triiodide , is governed by second-order kinetics. A mechanism is proposed to account for this remarkable finding.
Theoretical analysis of tsunami generation by pyroclastic flows

[1] Pyroclastic flows are a common product of explosive volcanism and have the potential to initiate tsunamis whenever thick, dense flows encounter bodies of water. We evaluate the process of tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow by decomposing the pyroclastic flow into two components, the dense underflow portion, which we term the pyroclastic debris flow, and the plume, which includes the surge and coignimbrite ash cloud parts of the flow. We consider five possible wave generation mechanisms. These mechanisms consist of steam explosion, pyroclastic debris flow, plume pressure, plume shear, and pressure impulse wave generation. Our theoretical analysis of tsunami generation by these mechanisms provides an estimate of tsunami features such as a characteristic wave amplitude and wavelength. We find that in most situations, tsunami generation is dominated by the pyroclastic debris flow component of a pyroclastic flow. This work presents information sufficient to construct tsunami sources for an arbitrary pyroclastic flow interacting with most bodies of water.
Ultrastructural effects of lettuce infectious yellows virus in Lactuca sativa L.

Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus (LIYV) is a whitefly-transmitted virus with characteristics similar to the Closterovirus group. We describe an ultrastructural study of the development of LIYV disease in young lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) leaves at 5, 12, 14, and 35 days after inoculation. LIYV particles are long, flexuous rods found initially in leaf vascular parenchyma cells and sieve elements. The development of virions in the parenchyma cell is preceded by the appearance of vesicles. These vesicles contain fine fibrils and occur in tightly packed arrays. At later stages after inoculation, virions appear in spherical sites, termed “viroplasm” regions, in the cell cytoplasm. Finally, the virions become aggregated into inclusion bodies which often comprise a major volume of the parenchyma cytoplasm. Electron-dense deposits of material of unknown composition are associated with the infection and appear along the plasma membrane.
Potent benzimidazolone based human β3-adrenergic receptor agonists

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of benzimidazolone beta(3) adrenergic receptor agonists are described. A trend toward the reduction of rat atrial tachycardia upon increasing steric bulk at the 3-position of the benzimidazolone moiety was observed.
Gradient Coil Design - A Review Of Methods

Methods of coil design for MRI gradient coils and other purposes are discussed. The conflicting requirements for satisfactory gradient coil performance are described and analyzed. Design methods are classified into discrete wire techniques and current density techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of each group of methods are described, and optimization methods are summarized. These include the target field approach, and constrained inductance and power minimization. Design for low fringe fields is described, including active shielding.
Thermal Analysis on Planar Interface Stability in Solidification of Semitransparent Materials

Significant melt undercooling may be developed in the melt in front of the solid/liquid interface during solidification of semitransparent materials because of internal radiative heat transfer with the environment. A nonequilibrium planar interface solidification model has been developed recently to permit the melt undercooling near the interface. A thermal analysis is presented for the stability of such a planar interface. An absolute stability theory derived by Ludwig for opaque materials has been employed as a first approximation. The stability theory takes into account the stabilizing effect of efficient cooling through the solid layer and defines a heat flux parameter to quantify the latent heat released that is transferred into the undercooled melt. When the variation of the heat flux parameter during solidification is calculated based on the present nonequilibrium planar interface model, the stability of the interface for given process conditions can be determined
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of trifunctional carbamoyl-bis-phosphonate alkane ligands

Abstract Trifunctional ligands, 1,1-bis-phosphono-2-carbamoyl ethanes [(RO) 2 P(O)] 2 CHCH 2 [C(O)NEt 2 ] and 1-phosphono- 1-carbamoyl-n-phosphono alkanes [(RO) 2 P(O)][C(O)NEt 2 ]CH(CH 2 ) n [P(O)(OR) 2 ] (n = 2–4), were prepared from metathesis reactions of the appropriate metallated anions, [(RO) 2 P(O)] 2 CH- and [(RO) 2 P(O)][C(O)NEt 2 ]CH − . Selected coordination chemistry of the ligands with lanthanide nitrates was examined, and the molecular structure of Gd(NO 3 ) 3 [(i-C 3 H 7 O) 2 P(O)][C(O)N(C 2 H 5 ) 2 ]CH(CH 2 ) 3 [P(O)(O-i-Pr) 2 ] was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The molecule crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c with a = 10.156(1), b = 18.009(4), c = 19.690(4) A, β = 96.65(1), Z = 4, V=3577(1) A 3 and P calc = 1.539 g cm −3 . The structure was solved by direct methods and blocked least-squares refinements converged with R F = 5.34% and R wF = 4.57% on 5102 independent reflections with F>3σ(F). The compound displays a polymeric structure, with each Gd atom bonded to three bidentate nitrate ions and the phosphoryl and carbonyl atoms of the carbamoylmethylphosphonate (CMP) fragment. The long arm phosphonate bridges to a second Gd atom. The coordination number of each Gd atom is nine. The GdO(P) and GdO(C) distances involving the CMP fragment are 2.332(4) and 2.396(4) A, and the GdO(P) distance involving the long arm phosphonate is 2.328(4) A.
Effects of microgravity on muscle and cerebral cortex: a suggested interaction.

Abstract The “slow” antigravity muscle adductor longus was studied in rats after 14 days of spaceflight (SF). The techniques employed included standard methods for light microscopy, neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Light and electron microscopy revealed myofiber atrophy, segmental necrosis and regenerative myofibers. Regenerative myofibers were N-CAM immunoreactive (N-CAM-IR). The neuromuscular junctions showed axon terminals with a decrease or absence of synaptic vesicles, degenerative changes, vacant axonal spaces and changes suggestive of axonal sprouting. No alterations of muscle spindles was seen either by light or electron microscopy. These observations suggest that muscle regeneration and denervation and synaptic remodeling at the level of the neuromuscular junction may take place during spaceflight. In a separate study, GABA immunoreactivity (GABA-IR) was evaluated at the level of the hindlimb representation of the rat somatosensory cortex after 14 days of hindlimb unloading by tail suspension (“simulated” microgravity). A reduction in number of GABA-immunoreactive cells with respect to the control animals was observed in layer Va and Vb. GABA-IR terminals were also reduced in the same layers, particularly those terminals surrounding the soma and apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in layer Vb. On the basis of previous morphological and behavioral studies of the neuromuscular system after spaceflight and hindlimb suspension it is suggested that after limb unloading there are alterations of afferent signaling and feedback information from intramuscular receptors to the cerebral cortex due to modifications in the reflex organization of hindlimb muscle groups. We propose that the changes observed in GABA immunoreactivity of cells and terminals is an expression of changes in their modulatory activity to compensate for the alterations in the afferent information.
Electric field-induced shift of a far infrared resonance in KBr:Li+

Abstract With applied electric field, a small frequency shift of the far infrared absorption line in KBr:Li + has been observed. Such a shift is consistent with a resonant mode model but not with a tunneling model.
Moments of the Present Worths of General Probabilistic Cash Flows Under Random Timing

ABSTRACT The raiments of the net present value of probabilistic investment alternatives are presented in this paper An investment alternative is characterized by Its Initial Investment, I, economic life, T cashflow profileR(t), 0 t‘ges; T and salvage value S. In the case of uncertainty surrounding these quantities, expected present value criterion becomes an important decision tool in evaluating the Investment alternatives Variance and higher moments of the net present value also play an additionally important role in the selection of probabilistic investment projects. A wide class of functions ore used in their most general form to represent I, R(t), and S. In addition, T is assumed to be n random variable with any probability density function provided that its moment generaring function exist. Our purpose is to generalize enhance, and unify the subject area which has received considerable attention in the last several years
The enzymatic synthesis of polyribonucleotides using 5′-adenylylmethylenediphosphonate: A phosphonic acid analog of adenosine triphosphate

Abstract 1. 1. The effects on RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate: RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) of 5′-adenylylmethylenediphosphonate, an analog of ATP in which the polyphosphate side chain has been varied, have been studied. 2. 2. Enzymatic synthesis of polyribonucleotides as catalyzed by the enzyme and primed for by DNA and deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate copolymer, is shown to occur when 5′-adenylylmethylenediphosphonate is substituted for ATP. The extent of this synthesis is from 30 to 50 % of that observed with the natural substrate, ATP.
Cytokinetics and Chemotherapy of Psoriasis

The successful treatment of psoriasis with folic acid antagonists during the past 25 years has led to extensive research in the areas of cytokinetics and chemotherapy. In this paper we shall review selected aspects of these topics relevant to the treatment of psoriasis. The effectiveness of methotrexate treatment of psoriasis can be related to both the hyperproliferative cytokinetics of psoriasis and an increased biochemical sensitivity of psoriatic epidermal cells to this drug. Future research goals in chemotherapy of psoriasis include (a) optimizing drug schedules for available drugs; (b) identifying other susceptible biochemical points of selective drug attack; (c) identifying secondary advantages in order to facilitate selective drug action in psoriasis, such as ultraviolet light therapy in combination with a systemic drug; and (d) developing topically effective chemotherapeutic agents. Approaches to research on topical therapy are reviewed with specific reference to animal testing models for psoriasis and percutaneous penetration of topically applied agents.
Latino High School Students’ Perceptions of Caring: Keys to Success

This mixed methods investigation specifically examined Latino high school adolescents’ perceptions of teacher behaviors that demonstrate caring. A chi-square test was conducted to analyze the frequency of responses, and focus group interviews were conducted to expand on the results. The data indicated that although Latino male students were as likely to perceive the same behaviors Latina female students perceived as important or very important, a higher percentage of female students rated the same items as important. This investigation situates Latino high school adolescents’ voices as a pivotal agent to inform about the critical nature of caring for all students.
The specificity of aminoacylation: a tRNA-tRNA interaction model.

Abstract Most of the isoacceptor species for a particular tRNA can be classified according to the middle base in the anticodon together with the fourth base in the amino acid stem. These specifying nucleotides would operate if a tRNA-tRNA interaction occurs on the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase so that the anticodon of one tRNA molecule faces the fourth base of the other tRNA molecule. This model explains most of the misacylation reactions or changes in aminoacylation after mutation or chemical modifications of tRNAs. It also provides an explanation for biochemical properties of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases such as the presence of two active sites, and for the high fidelity of the aminoacylation. It may give insight into the origin and stability of the genetic code.
Poetry and computers: Experimenting with the communal text

poetry is unusually difficult for the naive reader. Recently, shrinking enrollments in introductory poetry courses have attested to the frustration many students experience when approaching poetry for the first time. Unable to find a recognizable plot or character, and lacking the critical framework necessary to recognize and discuss many of the poetic elements present in a work, students have little opportunity to express with satisfaction their sense of the poem. Before the instructor can establish a helpful reading approach, the students have already become disenchanted. Several years ago at Brown University, Professor Robert Scholes and two teaching assistants, Nancy Comley and I, began to conceive of an introductory poetry course which had a simple goal: to establish among students a critical reading method and to do so as they were engaged in expressing their own reactions to the literature. The goal was not itself new; most of the courses which we have taught have been organized around some form of this intention. But too often in previous poetry courses we had felt that the students resisted our initial attempts to establish a critical reading method. They saw the process of reading critical commentaries as mere information-gathering serving to define a mysterious object which bore no relation to the poem which they saw before them. Too much valuable time was spent in demonstrating to the students the value of a sound critical method. We needed a means of presenting both the poetry and the secondary materials so that the students would quickly come to see their reading of these materials as the catalyst which produced a further, more meaningful text. The possibility of us.ing a computer as an aid in present-
The effect of amphotericin B on the K-channel activity of MDCK cells

By using the whole-cell patch technique, it is shown that the total outward current is increased, as a function of time, after the addition of amphotericin B to the bathing solution. The whole-cell current is shown to be primarily a K-channel current by the blockage of this current upon application of TEA to the bathing solution. Single K-channel studies, using the outside-out patch-clamp technique, reveal that the single K-channel opening probability increases by a factor of six after the addition of amphotericin B. In addition, single K-channel voltage dependent studies, using the inside-out patch-clamp technique, demonstrate that this increase in opening probability is due to an increase in the amplitude of Po(v). In contrast to the present belief that amphotericin B simply creates pores in a cell's membrane, these results suggest that amphotericin B can also influence the function of the cell's K-channel proteins.
Volume Averaging Study of the Capacitive Deionization Process in Homogeneous Porous Media

Ion storage in porous electrodes is important in applications such as energy storage by supercapacitors, water purification by capacitive deionization, extraction of energy from a salinity difference and heavy ion purification. A model is presented to simulate the charge process in homogeneous porous media comprising big pores. It is based on a theory for capacitive charging by ideally polarizable porous electrodes without faradaic reactions or specific adsorption of ions. A volume averaging technique is used to derive the averaged transport equations in the limit of thin electrical double layers. Transport between the electrolyte solution and the charged wall is described using the Gouy–Chapman–Stern model. The effective transport parameters for isotropic porous media are calculated solving the corresponding closure problems. The source terms that appear in the average equations are calculated using numerical computations. An alternative way to deal with the source terms is proposed.
A gas chromatographic method for the identification of gamma-irradiated frog legs

Abstract When triglycerides or fatty acids are irradiated, some of the major stable products formed are hydrocarbons with one less carbon than the parent fatty acids. These hydrocarbons are formed as the result of the loss of CO2 via various free radical reactions. A procedure has been developed utilizing capillary gas chromatography (GC) to monitor the formation of these hydrocarbons in gamma-irradiated frog legs. Since frog legs contain large amounts of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acida, the formation of the hydrocarbons (pentadecane, heptadecane, 8-heptadecene, and 6,9-heptadecadiene, respectively) from the decarboxylation of these fatty acids was monitored. The yield of these hydrocarbons was found to be linear with applied dose. A sample from a lot of imported frog legs that were believed to have been irradiated was also analyzed. The results obtained from the GC determination of the hydrocarbons compared favorably with those obtained by using electron spin resonance to monitor the free radicals trapped in the frog leg bone after irradiation.
825 HEMATOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HEMOGLOBIN SO ARAB AND CO ARAB DISEASES: CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVALUATION

Ten year old, black female originally diagnosed as having SC disease had multiple thrombotic crises resembling SS disease. Because of her unusually severe clinical course, Hb electrophoresis on citrate agar and finger printing was done and SO Arab disease was diagnosed. The clinical presentation of Hb SO Arab in this patient resembled that of Hb SD disease. Her hemoglobin varied from 9.9 to 10.5 gm/dl and reticulocyte count from 1.2 to 2.5%. The peripheral blood smear showed moderate anisopoikilocytosis, moderate polychromasia and occasional sickle forms. The RBC survival study revealed a half life of 19 days (normal 22-28 days). Hb CO Arab was found in two siblings who are asymptomatic. Numerous target cells and mild anisocytosis was seen on the peripheral blood smear. RBC survival study in one of the siblings showed a half life of 16 days with sequestration in the spleen. Oxygen dissociation curve in the patient with SO Arab showed marked decrease in oxygen affinity of P50 66.5 mm/Hg resembling the pattern seen in sickle cell anemia. In the siblings normal or slightly increased P50 of 35.4 mm/Hg was seen. This is the first report of decreased RBC survival with RBC sequestration in the spleen in CO Arab disease. We wish to emphasize the importance of citrate agar electrophoresis and finger printing for the diagnosis of SO Arab disease.
The Nutrition Transition: An Overview of World Patterns of Change

This paper examines the speed of change in diet, activity, and obesity in the developing world, and notes potential exacerbating biological relationships that contribute to differences in the rates of change. The focus is on lower- and middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. These dietary, physical activity, and body composition changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of these countries' economic and social development. There are some unique issues that relate to body composition and potential genetic factors that are also explored, including potential differences in body mass index (BMI)—disease relationships and added risks posed by high levels of poor fetal and infant growth patterns. In addition there is an important dynamic occurring—the shift in the burden of poor diets, inactivity and obesity from the rich to the poor. The developing world needs to give far greater emphasis to addressing the prevention of the adverse health consequences of this shift to the nutrition transition stage of the degenerative diseases
Barrier Membranes Used for Ridge Augmentation: Is There an Optimal Pore Size?

Purpose To identify the optimal pore size of barrier membranes for successful alveolar ridge reconstruction procedures, to determine if cortical perforations have any effect on bone regeneration, and to reiterate that bone graft containment is an important parameter for successful regeneration. Materials and Methods This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study performed on hound dogs. Corticocancellous tibial bone grafting was performed to the lateral border of the mandible and protected with barrier membranes (meshes). The experiment analyzed three different pore sized meshes, compared with controls without the mesh. Two meshes (macroporous and microporous) were made of titanium, and one was a resorbable mesh. Meshes were preformed into the shape of a cube with one face open. Each side of the cube measured approximately 10 mm. Cubes were open-faced on one side, to facilitate packing of the graft material. The dogs received bilateral ramus grafts. Cortical perforations were created on the left ramus of all the dogs and compared with the right side, which did not have perforations. The dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups and sacrificed at intervals of 1, 2, and 4 months. Before sacrifice, all dogs received 2 doses of tetracycline as a marker for new bone formation. Histomorphometry was performed by using Bioquant image-analysis software. Areas of new bone and soft tissue were measured. The rate of mineral apposition was also calculated. All values obtained via histomorphometry were statistically analyzed with a t test. Results Thirty-one experimental sites were evaluated. The amount of new bone growth into the macroporous mesh was significantly higher than in the other groups. The mean area of new bone formation in large and small meshes was 66.26 ± 13.78 mm 2 and 52.82 ± 24.75 mm 2 , respectively. In the resorbable mesh group, the mean area of new bone formed was 46.76 ± 21.22 mm 2 . The amount of new bone formed in the control group was 29.80 ± 9.35 mm 2 . There was no significant difference in amount of bone formation between left and right sides ( P = .3172). Resorbable meshes had significant soft tissue ingrowth (23.47 mm 2 ) compared with macroporous mesh (16.96 mm 2 ) and microporous mesh (22.29 mm 2 ). Controls had the least amount of soft tissue ingrowth (9.41 mm 2 ). Mineral apposition rate was found to be higher in the resorbable group (2.41 μm/day), and the rate was lowest (1.09 μm/day) in the large pore mesh group. Conclusion Macroporous membranes facilitated greater bone regeneration compared with microporous and resorbable membranes. Macroporous mesh also prevented significant soft tissue ingrowth compared with other meshes. Containment of a bone graft is the most critical parameter in successful bone regeneration. Cortical perforations did not have any effect on the quantity of regenerated bone. Further research should be directed toward identifying a critical pore size and manufacturing a reliable mesh that would prevent excessive soft tissue ingrowth in ridge augmentation procedures.
The acute effects of postoperative radiation therapy on the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap used in immediate breast reconstruction.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the acute effects of postoperative radiation therapy on the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction following modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer. Methods and Materials: Twenty-five consecutive patients were treated with postoperative radiation therapy after TRAM flap reconstruction between 1985 and 1999. The radiation records for these patients were retrospectively reviewed. Information regarding treatment techniques, timing, and dose was obtained and correlated with the extent of erythema, desquamation, and the need for treatment break. Results: The median age was 48 years. The median dose of chest wall radiation was 5040 cGy. Additional boost doses were delivered in 13 patients. Twelve patients (48%) developed mild erythema in the treatment field during the course of treatment and 13 patients (52%) developed moderate (40%) or brisk (12%) erythema. Only 10 patients (40%) developed any kind of desquamation; 5 patients (20%) developed dry desquamation and another 5 patients (20%) developed moist desquamation. No patients required a break in the course of treatment because of acute side effects. None of the parameters evaluated (the use of chemotherapy prior to radiation, the interval between surgery and radiation, smoking, prior incidence of fat necrosis, the use of bolus during radiation, and the use of a boost) were predictive of an increased incidence of either the extent of erythema or the development of desquamation in the treatment field. Conclusion: Postmastectomy radiation for TRAM flap reconstruction is well tolerated and is not associated with an increased incidence of acute side effects. Radiation technique and the use of preradiation chemotherapy do not appear to be correlated with an increased incidence of acute side effects.
Spectral prominences and phonetic distinctions in language

Abstract This paper reviews the acoustical and perceptual bases for several phonetic distinctions that appear to be signalled by manipulating the degree of prominence of a peak in the spectrum. These include the nonnasal-nasal and the front-back distinction for vowels, the compact-diffuse distinction for consonants, and the features rounding and breathy. The possible auditory bases for these distinctions are discussed, and the need for further work in this area is emphasized.
Neuralgia-like symptoms in a patient with an airgun pellet in the ethmoid sinus: a case report

An unusual case of a retained airgun pellet in the ethmoid sinus is presented. The patient's only complaint was a severe neuralgic headache. Anatomical basis for this symptom, imaging and successful endoscopic removal of the foreign body are discussed. The philosophy for removal of innocuous foreign bodies, potential pitfalls in surgical management, and a review of the literature are included in the discussion.
Verification, Validation, and Solution Quality in Computational Physics: Cfd Methods Applied to Ice Sheet Physics

Procedures and methods for veri.cation of coding algebra and for validations of models and calculations used in the aerospace computational fluid dynamics (CFD) community would be ef.cacious if used by the glacier dynamics modeling community. This paper presents some of those methods, and how they might be applied to uncertainty management supporting code veri.cation and model validation for glacier dynamics. The similarities and differences between their use in CFD analysis and the proposed application of these methods to glacier modeling are discussed. After establishing sources of uncertainty and methods for code veri.cation, the paper looks at a representative sampling of veri.cation and validation efforts that are underway in the glacier modeling community, and establishes a context for these within an overall solution quality assessment. Finally, a vision of a new information architecture and interactive scienti.c interface is introduced and advocated.
Disulfide bonding patterns and protein topologies

This paper examines the topological properties of protein disulfide bonding patterns. First, a description of these patterns in terms of partially directed graphs is developed. The topologically distinct disulfide bonding patterns available to a polypeptide chain containing n disulfide bonds are enumerated, and their symmetry and reducibility properties are examined. The theoretical probabilities are calculated that a randomly chosen pattern of n bonds will have any combination of symmetry and reducibility properties, given that all patterns have equal probability of being chosen. Next, the National Biomedical Research Foundation protein sequence and Brookhaven National Laboratories protein structure (PDB) databases are examined, and the occurrences of disulfide bonding patterns in them are determined. The frequencies of symmetric and/or reducible patterns are found to exceed theoretical predictions based on equiprobable pattern selection. Kauzmann's model, in which disulfide bonds form during random encounters as the chain assumes random coil conformations, finds that bonds are more likely to form with near neighbor cysteines than with remote cysteines. The observed frequencies of occurrence of disulfide patterns are found here to be virtually uncorrelated with the predictions of this alternative random bonding model. These results strongly suggest that disulfide bond pattern formation is not the result of random factors, but instead is a directed process. Finally, the PDB structure database is examined to determine the extrinsic topologies of polypeptides containing disulfide bonds. A complete survey of all structures in the database found no instances in which two loops formed by disulfide bonds within the same polypeptide chain are topologically linked. Similarly, no instances are found in which two loops present on different polypeptide chains in a structure are catenated. Further, no examples of topologically knotted loops occur. In contrast, pseudolinking has been found to be a relatively frequent event. These results show a complete avoidance of nontrivial topological entanglements that is unlikely to be the result of chance events. A hypothesis is presented to account for some of these observations.
California Beetle Faunistics: 100 Years After Fall

Abstract In the 100 years since the last comprehensive faunistic treatment of California beetles, there have been many advances in knowledge of the region's Coleoptera diversity. The intervening years' published literature was scoured for additions at both species and higher taxonomic levels. Reviewed here are four families and 25 subfamilies that have been added to the fauna during this period. The state's species list has grown from 3,404 species in 1901 to over 7,300 today. These data establish a baseline for an incipient inventory of the region.
Finite Element Based Design Of Prosthetic Socket And Socket/Artificial Limb Connection

The paper presents the progress made on the development of finite element based design of prosthetic socket and socket/artificial limb connection. The data made available to author from the UTHSCSA-Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory (REL) in the native GEO file format was converted to DXF file format by using a FORTRAN 77 computer program developed at the UTSA Division of Engineering. The DXF file conversion allowed the surface profile to be viewed and manipulated within AutoCAD software. Preliminary design drawing for socket, socketlartificial limb connection was developed and converted to IGES file format for use within the ANSYS finite element analysis program. A Finite element model was created within ANSYS, pertinent loads and pressure were applied to the model, and stresses and deflections were determined in the socket.
Mitogen-inducible prostaglandin G/H synthase: A new target for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

Prostaglandins have been shown to be involved in many different biological processes, under both normal and pathological conditions. As the key enzyme in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, prostaglandin GIH synthase (PGHS) has been well characterized, including extensive studies as a pharmacological target of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The gene for this enzyme has been cloned, sequenced, and characterized from sheep, mouse, and human sources. Recently, a new form of this enzyme, a mitogen-inducible PGHS (miPGHS), was identified. Comparisons between these two genes and their protein products have identified significant differences, including structural differences in the proteins and their mRNAs. The genes encoding these two isoenzymes are not coordinately regulated in cultured cells or in tissues. The discovery of this second form of PGHS may change our understanding of how NSAlDs exert their effects. miPGHS is believed to be a new, unique target of NSAIDs which could have a different sensitivity to many of these drugs, compared to the previously identified PGHS. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Notch signaling regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation during zebrafish heart regeneration

The human heart’s failure to replace ischemia-damaged myocardium with regenerated muscle contributes significantly to the worldwide morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Remarkably, certain vertebrate species, including the zebrafish, achieve complete regeneration of amputated or injured myocardium through the proliferation of spared cardiomyocytes. Nonetheless, the genetic and cellular determinants of natural cardiac regeneration remain incompletely characterized. Here, we report that cardiac regeneration in zebrafish relies on Notch signaling. Following amputation of the zebrafish ventricular apex, Notch receptor expression becomes activated specifically in the endocardium and epicardium, but not the myocardium. Using a dominant negative approach, we discovered that suppression of Notch signaling profoundly impairs cardiac regeneration and induces scar formation at the amputation site. We ruled out defects in endocardial activation, epicardial activation, and dedifferentiation of compact myocardial cells as causative for the regenerative failure. Furthermore, coronary endothelial tubes, which we lineage traced from preexisting endothelium in wild-type hearts, formed in the wound despite the myocardial regenerative failure. Quantification of myocardial proliferation in Notch-suppressed hearts revealed a significant decrease in cycling cardiomyocytes, an observation consistent with a noncell autonomous requirement for Notch signaling in cardiomyocyte proliferation. Unexpectedly, hyperactivation of Notch signaling also suppressed cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration. Taken together, our data uncover the exquisite sensitivity of regenerative cardiomyocyte proliferation to perturbations in Notch signaling.
Organizational Ethics, Individual Ethics, and Ethical Intentions in International Decision-Making

This study explores the impact of both individual ethics (IE) and organizational ethics (OE) on ethical intention (EI). Ethical intention, or the individual’s intention to engage in ethical behavior, is useful as a dependent variable because it relates to behavior which can be an expression of values, but also is influenced by organizational and societal variables. The focus is on EI in international business decision-making, since the international context provides great latitude in making ethical decisions. Results demonstrate that both IE and OE influence EI. Ethical congruence is also discussed as a positive influence. Younger managers are more influenced by OE than older managers. The findings call for creating governance mechanisms to enhance ethical congruence, thereby increasing the likelihood of managers making ethical choices in organizational decision-making.
EGG – GALLERY LENGTH RELATIONSHIP AND WITHIN-TREE ANALYSES FOR THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The within-sample distributions of gallery length (GL) and egg (E) density as well as their functional relationships to the infested bole were studied in an epidemic population of the southern pine beetle in southeast Texas. A least-squares linear regression analysis through the origin showed an average of 1.59 eggs per centimeter of gallery. GL accounted for 81% of the variation in E and thus is useful for estimating egg numbers. The density of attacking adults is unsatisfactory for predicting E. GL and E are uniformly distributed within but not among the 100-cm 2 sample disks at a given height. The functional relationship of both variables to the infested bole is adequately described by the model y = (A+Bx)exp(Cln(x−x 2 )), where y = GL or E per 100 cm 2 , x = the normalized height on the infested bole, and A, B, and C are parameters to be estimated for each set of data.
Production of Hyperlipemia and Early Atherosclerosis in Rabbits by a High Vegetable Fat Diet

Feeding of a high vegetable fat diet made up of ground peanuts and purina chow to rabbits resulted in an increase in the serum cholesterol, as well as other serum lipids, including β-lipoprotein fraction. Microscopic lipid deposits in the intima and underlying media of the ascending and thoracic aorta were present in 10 of 33 rabbits at the end of 5 to 12 months. Small areas of gross atherosclerosis of the aorta were found in two rabbits.
Feline dermatophytosis: aspects pertinent to disease management in single and multiple cat situations.

Practical relevance:Dermatophytosis (ringworm) is a superficial fungal skin disease of cats that, depending on the geographic region and practice caseload, may be encountered uncommonly through to ...
What is the confocal parameter

A novel derivation is presented of the Gaussian beam as a limit of the solution to the full wave equation. Usually, the functional form of the Gaussian beam is found by a two-step process. First, the Green's function of the paraxial wave equation is identified. Then, since the paraxial wave equation is invariant under translation, the z-axis variable is replaced by z+jb. It is shown that when starting with a solution of the full three-dimensional Helmholtz equation in spherical coordinates, performing the transformation z to z+jb corresponds physically to causing the phase fronts of the solution to become ellipsoids. The separation of the foci of the ellipsoids is 2b, where b is the confocal parameter of the beam. In the paraxial limit the ellipsoidal solution becomes a Gaussian beam. Adopting this approach to Gaussian beams allows a simple, geometrical interpretation of the optical resonator stability criterion. >
Current paradigms of cancer chemoprevention

Cancer chemoprevention has been continually evolving ever since the term was coined in the 70s. From the original approaches of identifying chemopreventive agents from the dietary constituents based on the epidemiological data to the current status of adapting them from the molecular targets, significant understanding of cancer as a disease and its possible prevention has been achieved. The identification of the chemopreventive agent from a complex mixture of natural product extracts involves numerous steps including bioassay guided fractionation; evaluation of the extracts, fractions and isolated new chemicals selectively using in vitro and in vivo experimental models; and understanding the mechanism of their action. This in turn provides identification of the molecular target for the parent drug and a basis for the synthesis of more effective, nontoxic analogs. A chemopreventive agent by definition needs to be nontoxic, since it is expected to be consumed by healthy people that may be at a higher risk of developing cancer. This makes a case for these agents to be evaluated as possible adjuvant chemotherapeutic agents. It is expected that more selective delivery methods to the target organs to eliminate toxicity and use of chemopreventive agents as adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent using personalized approaches will be the next steps for chemoprevention.
The effects of elastic stress on microstructural development: the three-dimensional microstructure of a γ-γ' alloy

We investigate the three-dimensional structure of a model g–g alloy using serial sectioning and digital reconstruction. The particles align in parallel two-dimensional sheets along the 100 crystallographic directions. The sheets in different regions of the microstructure are aligned along different 100 crystallographic directions. A variety of particle morphologies are observed. These morphologies are relatively independent of particle size, indicating a significant departure from single-particle equilibrium morphologies. The primary determinant of particle morphology appears to be the interparticle elastic interactions, both within sheets of particles and at the intersections of sheets. There is no evidence of particle coalescence despite the small interparticle separation.  2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.