cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A High-Content Screen Identifies MicroRNAs That Regulate Liver Repopulation After Injury in Mice.

Background & Aims Liver regeneration is impaired in mice with hepatocyte-specific deficiencies in microRNA (miRNA) processing, but it is not clear which miRNAs regulate this process. We developed a high-throughput screen to identify miRNAs that regulate hepatocyte repopulation after toxic liver injury using fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase–deficient mice. Methods We constructed plasmid pools encoding more than 30,000 tough decoy miRNA inhibitors (hairpin nucleic acids designed to specifically inhibit interactions between miRNAs and their targets) to target hepatocyte miRNAs in a pairwise manner. The plasmid libraries were delivered to hepatocytes in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase–deficient mice at the time of liver injury via hydrodynamic tail-vein injection. Integrated transgene-containing transposons were quantified after liver repopulation via high-throughput sequencing. Changes in polysome-bound transcripts after miRNA inhibition were determined using translating ribosome affinity purification followed by high-throughput sequencing. Results Analyses of tough decoy abundance in hepatocyte genomic DNA and input plasmid pools identified several thousand miRNA inhibitors that were significantly depleted or increased after repopulation. We classified a subset of miRNA binding sites as those that have strong effects on liver repopulation, implicating the targeted hepatocyte miRNAs as regulators of this process. We then generated a high-content map of pairwise interactions between 171 miRNA-binding sites and identified synergistic and redundant effects. Conclusions We developed a screen to identify miRNAs that regulate liver repopulation after injury in live mice.
Opioids Impair Intestinal Epithelial Repair in HIV-Infected Humanized Mice

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and subsequent microbial translocation play crucial roles in persistent immune activation leading to HIV disease progression. Opioid use is associated with worse outcome in HIV-infected patients. The exacerbated disease progression by opioids is mainly driven by excessive intestinal inflammation and increased gut permeability. The objective of this study is to investigate how opioids potentiate HIV disease progression by compromising intestinal barrier function and impairing intestinal epithelial self-repair mechanism. In the present study, abnormal intestinal morphology and reduced epithelial proliferation were observed in bone marrow-liver-thymus humanized mice and in HIV-infected patients who were exposed to opioids. In bone marrow-liver-thymus mice, HIV, and morphine independently, and additively induced gut dysbiosis, especially depletion of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Muribaculaceae. We also observed that the abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Muribaculaceae negatively correlated with apoptosis of epithelial cells, and intestinal IL-6 levels. Previous studies have shown that these bacterial families play crucial roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis because they include most short-chain fatty acid-producing members. Short-chain fatty acids have been shown to maintain stem cell populations and suppress inflammation in the gut by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDAC). In addition, we demonstrate that morphine exposure inhibited growth of intestinal organoids derived from HIV transgenic mice by suppressing Notch signaling in an HDAC-dependent manner. These studies implicate an important role for HDAC in intestinal homeostasis and supports HDAC modulation as a therapeutic intervention in improving care of HIV patients, especially in opioid-abusing population.
Family b/orders: Hungary’s Campaign for the “Family Protection Action Plan”

On July 1 2019, the Hungarian government launched its Family Protection Action Plan (FPAP): a seven-point program intended to boost demographic growth of ethnic Hungarians (MHC 2019b). This plan, w...
Wetting for self-healing and electrowetting for additive manufacturing

Abstract Advanced additive manufacturing actively widens its tool box of wettability-related phenomena to be used in production of new items. Novel self-healing engineering materials incorporate vascular networks with two types of nanochannels: the one containing a resin monomer, whereas another one — a curing agent. If such nanocomposites are damaged locally, both types of channels are locally broken, and they release resin monomer and curing agent droplets. These droplets spread by wettability over the nanotextured matrix, touch each other, and coalesce, which triggers polymerization reaction and crack stitching. Wettability-facilitated droplet spreading is accompanied by liquid imbibition in the pores in the nanofiber network. Such process peculiarities are in focus in the present review. An additional process relevant in direct writing and 3D printing is electrowetting (EW). It stems from the change in the contact angle in response to the electric polarization of dielectric substrates. EW allows movement of droplets on horizontal, vertical, and inverse surfaces, which can significantly facilitate the existing direct writing and 3D printing technologies. Accordingly, EW is also in focus in the present review.
Putting Everything on the Table: Complexity, Context, and Community Engagement with Public Education

For the first time since 1968, local education authorities in Washington, D.C. embarked on a contentious process of engaging communities as part of a comprehensive revision of the city’s student assignment and school boundary policies in 2013. Despite the potentially divisive nature of the issue, public deliberation went beyond re-drawing school boundaries to address a broad range of educational equity issues in the city. Based on extensive qualitative data interpreted through a policy knowledge framework (Dumas and Anderson in Educ Policy Anal Arch, 2014, https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v22n11.2014 ), I present D.C.'s community engagement process as a case that represents alternative possibilities for educational change in global contexts when policy is derived through a deliberative process that embraces the complexity of schooling contexts, utilizes qualitative methods, and addresses inequality. Limitations of the process are also discussed.
Pyrethroid exposure among children residing in green versus non-green multi-family, low-income housing.

BACKGROUND There is growing concern about children's chronic low-level pesticide exposure and its impact on health. Green building practices (e.g., reducing leakage of the thermal and pressure barrier that surrounds the structure, integrated pest management, improved ventilation) have the potential to reduce pesticide exposure. However, the potential impact of living in green housing on children's pesticide exposure is unknown. OBJECTIVE To address this question, a longitudinal study of pyrethroid metabolites (3-phenoxybenzoic acid [3-PBA], 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid [4-F-3-PBA], trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid [trans-DCCA]) in first morning void urine, collected from 68 children from New Orleans, Louisiana residing in green and non-green housing was conducted. METHODS Children were followed for 1 year with three repeated measures of pesticide exposure. Generalized estimating equations examined associations between housing type (green vs. non-green) and urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations adjusting for demographic and household factors over the year. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of samples had detectable concentrations of 3-PBA (limit of detection [LOD]: 0.1 μg/L); 8% of 4-F-3-PBA (LOD: 0.1 μg/L), and 12% of trans-DCCA (LOD: 0.6 μg/L). In adjusted models, green housing was not associated with statistically significant differences in children's 3-PBA urinary concentrations compared to non-green housing.
Generation of fate patterns via intercellular forces

Studies of fate patterning during development typically emphasize cell-cell communication via diffusible signals. Recent experiments on monolayer stem cell colonies, however, suggest that mechanical forces between cells may also play a role. These findings inspire a model of mechanical patterning: fate affects cell contractility, and pressure in the cell layer biases fate. Cells at the colony boundary, more contractile than cells at the center, seed a pattern that propagates via force transmission. In agreement with previous observations, our model implies that the width of the outer fate domain depends only weakly on colony diameter. We further predict and confirm experimentally that this same width varies non-monotonically with substrate stiffness. This finding supports the idea that mechanical stress can mediate patterning in a manner similar to a morphogen; we argue that a similar dependence on substrate stiffness can be achieved by a chemical signal only if strong constraints on the signaling pathway’s mechanobiology are met.
Molecular characteristics of proteins within the mitochondrial Fe-S cluster assembly complex.

Abstract Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential for life, as they are widely utilized in nearly every biochemical pathway. When bound to proteins, Fe-S clusters assist in catalysis, signal recognition, and energy transfer events, as well as additional cellular pathways including cellular respiration and DNA repair and replication. In Eukaryotes, Fe-S clusters are produced through coordinated activity by mitochondrial Iron-Sulfur Cluster (ISC) assembly pathway proteins through direct assembly, or through the production of the activated sulfur substrate used by the Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly (CIA) pathway. In the mitochondria, Fe-S cluster assembly is accomplished through the coordinated activity of the ISC pathway protein complex composed of a cysteine desulfurase, a scaffold protein, the accessory ISD11 protein, the acyl carrier protein, frataxin, and a ferredoxin; downstream events that accomplish Fe-S cluster transfer and delivery are driven by additional chaperone/delivery proteins that interact with the ISC assembly complex. Deficiency in human production or activity of Fe-S cluster containing proteins is often detrimental to cell and organism viability. Here we summarize what is known about the structure and functional activities of the proteins involved in the early steps of assembling [2Fe-2S] clusters before they are transferred to proteins devoted to their delivery. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of how the ISC assembly apparatus proteins interact to make the Fe-S cluster which can be delivered to proteins downstream to the assembly event.
Differentiation of Malignant Cells as a Therapeutic Approach

The hematological malignancies may be considered to be diseases of altered maturation in which the rate of proliferation is increased relative to that of terminal differentiation. Many neoplastic cells, however, retain the capacity to mature to end-stage cells with a finite life-span. Differentiation to a nonmalignant state can be produced in many different malignant cell types by exposure to a variety of structurally diverse biological and chemical agents, including cytokines, solvents, hormones, vitamins, tumor promoters and cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The induced transformation to a terminally differentiated phenotype demonstrates the reversibility of the malignant state.
Loss of Residual Hearing Initiated by Cochlear Implantation: Role of Inflammation-Initiated Cell Death Pathways, Wound Healing and Fibrosis Pathways, and Potential Otoprotective Therapies

Cochlear implantation with electrode array insertion, even in the best of surgical hands, can be traumatic, causing the release of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic factors that lead to loss of auditory hair cells that are critical for the retention of a cochlear implant patient’s residual hearing. The chronic inflammatory process following cochlear implantation can lead to cochlear fibrosis and increased cochlear implant (CI) impedance. This can interfere with function of the implant alone or when combined with acoustic stimulation as in electroacoustic stimulation of the auditory system. Less-traumatic surgical techniques have been developed and electrode arrays have been modified to reduce trauma associated with cochlear implantation. In addition, several drug therapies have been shown to reduce postoperative inflammation and conserve residual hearing in animal models of electrode insertion trauma-induced hearing loss. These drug therapies show promise for future use in CI patients, where conservation of residual hearing is a goal and these promising therapies need to be tested in clinical trials. Preserving residual low-frequency hearing in CI patients may provide improved speech perception in quiet and noise and enhanced music perception compared to CI patients that lose residual audition. Despite conservation of residual hearing with more advanced surgical techniques and low trauma electrode designs, residual native auditory function continues to deteriorate years after surgery. Future trends of cochlear implantation will likely focus on drug-eluting electrodes and longer less-traumatic electrodes that can compensate for a loss of residual hearing many years post-implantation.
Smoking and carboxyhemoglobin in the St. Louis metropolitan population: theoretical and empirical considerations.

The most important source of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure is smoking. If a person smokes and inhales, the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level in his blood is due primarily to smoking, and other sources of CO exposure are relatively unimportant. The COHb data for smokers are analyzed by type of smoking, sex, and whether or not the subject has an industrial occupation. Data indicate that men and women who smoke at the same rate reach the same equilibrium level of COHb, but women achieve lower COHb levels after ceasing smoking for the day. Restriction or elimination of cigarette smoking makes the most sense for protecting the atherosclerotic population from chronic CO exposure.
A non-invasive assessment of cardiopulmonary hemodynamics with MRI in pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Purpose We propose a method for non-invasive quantification of hemodynamic changes in the pulmonary arteries resulting from pulmonary hypertension (PH). Methods Using a two-element Windkessel model, and input parameters derived from standard MRI evaluation of flow, cardiac function and valvular motion, we derive: pulmonary artery compliance (C), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), time-averaged intra-pulmonary pressure waveforms and pulmonary artery pressures (systolic (sPAP) and diastolic (dPAP)). MRI results were compared directly to reference standard values from right heart catheterization (RHC) obtained in a series of patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension (PH). Results In 7 patients with suspected PH undergoing RHC, MRI and echocardiography, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 25 mmHg), MRI was able to correctly identify all patients as having pulmonary hypertension, and to correctly distinguish between pulmonary arterial (mPAP > 25 mmHg, PCWP > 25 mmHg, PCWP > 15 mmHg) in 5 of 7 cases. Conclusions We have developed a mathematical model capable of quantifying physiological parameters that reflect the severity of PH.
Mechanisms of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae. I. Analysis of antibody and T-lymphocyte responses in mouse strains developing differing levels of immunity.

Abstract The kinetics of cellular and humoral responses directed against schistosomula were examined in mice of three inbred strains which demonstrate differences in the degree of resistance induced by immunization with irradiated cercariae. T-Cell reactivity was observed during the first 4 weeks after vaccination but declined to control levels thereafter. Anti-schistosomulum antibody was first detected 2 weeks after vaccination, peaked by 6 weeks, and persisted as late as 15 weeks. In sera obtained at 6 weeks, antibody activity was detected in affinity chromatography-purified fractions containing IgM, IgA, IgG 1 , IgG 2a , and IgG 3 immunoglobulins. In general, the cellular and humoral responses observed in C57B1/6J mice, which consistently developed a high level of immunity after vaccination, were not significantly different from those observed in C3H/HeJ or CBA/J mice, which achieved only low to moderate levels of immunity. Thus, although antibody production appears to correlate more closely than T lymphocyte responsiveness with the typical long-term resistance pattern observed in this model, the absence of striking differences in parasite-specific antibody levels between mice of these different strains suggests that additional mechanisms may be involved in the development of immunity after vaccination.
Development of a novel method for isolation of four developmentally distinct myeloid derived dendritic cells pre-cursors: phenotypic and functional analyses (HEM3P.283)

Myeloid cell progenitors have the potential to give rise to dendritic cells which have a high capacity to stimulate adaptive immune responses as well as to cells with potent immunosuppressive activity. However, the stage in their development in which these functions are gained is poorly defined. Here, we developed a method for isolating progenitor populations at specific stages of development. Bone marrow cells were lineage depleted and cultured in GM-CSF to drive their differentiation toward a myeloid lineage for three days. Cells were then sorted based on Ly6C and CSF-1R (CD115) expression, two markers whose expression is known to change throughout myeloid ontogeny. We then monitored the developmental progression of each population based on the expression of these markers as well as other hallmarks of dendritic cell or myeloid suppressor cell phenotypes. We also measured the function of each population relative to antigen uptake and degradation as well as their response to stimulation by TLR agonists. Collectively, our results indicate that myeloid progenitors progress along this pathway: Ly6C-CD115- -> Ly6C+CD115- -> Ly6C+CD115+ -> Ly6C-CD115+ -> Ly6C-CD115+. Phenotypically, these populations represent CMP, MDSC, monocytes, immature DC, and more mature DC, respectively. These findings not only enhance our understanding of myeloid cell development and differentiation driven by GM-CSF, but also inform the design of GM-CSF-derived DC based vaccine strategies.
Endocytic Traffic in Polarized Epithelial Cells: Role of the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is required for multiple cellular events including endocytosis and the transfer of cargo within the endocytic system. Polarized epithelial cells are capable of endocytosis at either of their distinct apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains. Actin plays a role in internalization at both cell surfaces. Microtubules and actin are required for efficient transcytosis and delivery of proteins to late endosomes and lysosomes. Microtubules are also important in apical recycling pathways and, in some polarized cell types, basolateral recycling requires actin. The microtubule motor proteins dynein and kinesin and the class I unconventional myosin motors play a role in many of these trafficking steps. This review examines the endocytic pathways of polarized epithelial cells and focuses on the emerging roles of the actin cytoskeleton in these processes.
Function and Back Symptoms in Older Adults

Objectives: To determine the relationship between back symptoms and limitations in nine specific functional activities. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: This study was conducted as part of the Framingham Heart Study, a population-based study performed on a representative sample of community-living residents of Framingham, Massachusetts. Participants: Subjects consisted of 1,007 surviving members of the original cohort who participated in the 22nd Biennial Examination in 1992–93. Ages ranged from 70 to 100. Measurements: Subjects were asked whether they experienced pain, aching, or stiffness in their back on most days and whether they had difficulty performing nine specific functional skills. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals are reported for the entire sample and within categories of sex. The proportion of functional limitations attributable to back symptoms and the proportion of limitations ascribed by subjects to back symptoms among subjects with these limitations are also reported. Results: The results provide evidence of a relationship between back symptoms and functional limitations. ORs were highest for difficulty standing in one place for about 15 minutes, pushing or pulling a large object, and walking half a mile. Of those with back symptoms, 43% to 63% of limitations in activities were due to back symptoms. Among all subjects, back symptoms were so prevalent that 18% to 34% of all functional limitations were attributable to back symptoms. The association between back symptoms and functional limitations was especially strong in women. Conclusion: Back symptoms account for a large percentage of functional limitations in older adults, especially in women.
X-Ray Spectroscopy of Highly Charged Ions in Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasmas

The Universe is rich with X-ray sources which can now be observed with unprecedented resolution using instruments on Chandra and XMM-Newton. In order to interpret their spectral signatures and derive reliable information regarding the physical characteristics and the dynamics of these objects and their environments, detailed spectral models have been developed which require vast amounts of highly accurate data on atomic collisional and radiative properties for ions in a broad range of ionization states. These data are usually obtained from theoretical calculations through which a large parameter space of physical conditions such as temperature and density can be explored. Critical to the reliability of these models is the careful benchmarking of the theoretically generated data through high-precision laboratory measurements. To provide a picture of the astrophysics, the goal is to develop a set of key spectroscopic diagnostics with an accuracy ( ∼ 5–10%) that is commensurate with the uncertainties in the highest quality astrophysical spectra. Using a broad band, high resolution X-ray microcalorimeter coupled to an EBIT, we are studying the behavior of highly charged plasma ions. Our goals for accuracy and reliability are now achievable and some of our results are presented here. A new technique for improving the measurement accuracy is also described.
Hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction among children with cancer after receiving aminoglycosides

Background Children undergoing cancer therapy often receive aminoglycosides to treat febrile neutropenia or gram-negative infections. The magnitude of the risk of developing aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity and the dose threshold at which that risk significantly increases are unknown. Procedure Eligible cancer patients received the aminoglycoside amikacin at Children's Medical Center between 2004 and 2007. They were aged 3–8 years; were without prior hearing loss; had no platinum-based chemotherapy, cranial radiation, nor bone marrow transplant; and received no loop diuretics within 6 weeks of testing. Consenting patients underwent complete hearing and vestibular testing. Results We tested 23 patients who had significant amikacin exposure. Three (13%) had abnormal hearing tests, and four (17%) had subclinical vestibular dysfunction; none had both. Of those with hearing loss, two were known to have developed hearing loss after aminoglycoside exposure, but the third had moderate to severe high-frequency sensorinueral hearing loss bilaterally that had been undiagnosed. We observed clear dose-dependent ototoxicity; of the eight patients who received amikacin for a cumulative total of more than 50 days, five (68%) developed toxicity. Similarly, of the seven who received a cumulative total of more than 1,200 mg/kg, five developed toxicity. Conclusions These data highlight the risks of prolonged aminoglycoside administration and warrant further validation in a larger group of patients. Patients to be treated with prolonged aminoglycoside therapy may benefit from prospective hearing screening. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1772–1777. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accretion disc viscosity: a limit on the anisotropy

Observations of warped discs can give insight into the nature of angular momentum transport in accretion discs. Only a few objects are known to show strong periodicity on long timescales, but when such periodicity is present it is often attributed t o precession of the accretion disc. The X-ray binary Hercules X-1/HZ Herculis (Her X-1) is one of the best examples of such periodicity and has been linked to disc precession since it was first observed. By using the current best-fitting models to Her X-1, which invoke precess ion driven by radiation warping, I place a constraint on the effective viscosities that act in a warped disc. These effective viscosities almost certainly arise due to turbulence induc ed by the magneto-rotational instability. The constraints derived here are in agreement with analytical and numerical investigations into the nature of magneto-hydrodynamic disc turbulence, but at odds with some recent global simulations.
Severe pulmonary hypertension is associated with altered right ventricle metabolic substrate uptake

In severe pulmonary hypertension (SPH), prior studies have shown an increase in right ventricle (RV) uptake of glucose, but it is unclear whether there is a change in the relative utilization of fa...
Radiation Beaming in Pulsars

It is usually considered that the beaming of the radiation coming out of a pulsar has to be strictly connected with the mechanism producing the radiation itself. We want to show that even when the emitting mechanism gives rise to an isotropically distributed radiation, the presence of a strong magnetic field will automatically beam the radiation preferentially along the magnetic field line rather than in any other direction. We have computed the Compton scattering and from that the opacity K H (K0 is the opacity for zero field). In Figure 1 the ratio K H /K0 is given vs. θ, the angle between the propagation vector and the magnetic field axis. H q is a critical magnetic field numerically equal to 4.41 × 1013 G; N e is the electron density. For the ordinary wave the opacity is reduced at θ=0, while it is unaffected at θ=π/2 where K H →K0.
Internal mass and heat transport effects on catalytic behavior—activity, selectivity, and yield in a complex reaction system

Abstract The effects of internal mass and heat diffusion on catalytic activity and on the selectivity and yield of intermediate product in a consecutive reaction system are investigated. It is shown that, over a wide range of conditions, the selectivity property is annihilated and there is a net consumption rather than production of intermediate. In other regions, selectivity is greatly decreased and the yields of intermediate are small. For consecutive reactions in which the activation energy of the first reaction is greater than that of the second, however, improved selectivity is possible and the yield of intermediate may surpass that realized in the absence of internal gradients. Expressions for estimation of activity over a large range of thermal effects are given, and a convenient numerical technique for solution of the nonlinear equations involved in description of the system is discussed.
Protein-drug interactions : characterization of inhibitor binding in complexes of DHFR with trimethoprim and related derivatives

Structural and thermodynamic interactions for the binding of trimethoprim and related congeners to the binary complex of dihydrofolate reductase (from chicken) and NADPH are explored using free energy simulation methods. Good agreement between structures from experimental X-ray refinement and molecular dynamics simulations is found for the complexes. Agreement with thermodynamic measurements is found as well. Our thermodynamic calculations suggest that entropic contributions and desolvation thermodynamics can play a crucial role in overall binding, and that extreme care must be taken in the use of simple model building to rationalize or predict protein-drug binding.
Syntactic Development in the Oral Language of Learning Disabled and Normal Students at the Intermediate and Secondary Level

Syntax is a crucial component of oral language development. Frequently, learning disabled children's oral language development is characterized by syntax problems. Hence, since deviations in oral l...
Cyanea capillata Bell Kinematics Analysis through Corrected In Situ Imaging and Modeling Using Strategic Discretization Techniques

Obtaining accurate kinematic data of animals is essential for many biological studies and bio-inspired engineering. Many animals, however, are either too large or too delicate to transport to controlled environments where accurate kinematic data can be easily obtained. Often, in situ recordings are the only means available but are often subject to multi-axis motion and relative magnification changes with time leading to large discrepancies in the animal kinematics. Techniques to compensate for these artifacts were applied to a large jellyfish, Cyanea capillata, freely swimming in ocean waters. The bell kinematics were captured by digitizing exumbrella profiles for two full swimming cycles. Magnification was accounted for by tracking a reference point on the ocean floor and by observing the C. capillata exumbrella arclength in order to have a constant scale through the swimming cycles. A linear fit of the top bell section was used to find the body angle with respect to the camera coordinate system. Bell margin trajectories over two swimming cycles confirmed the accuracy of the correction techniques. The corrected profiles were filtered and interpolated to provide a set of time-dependent points along the bell. Discrete models of the exumbrella were used to analyze the bell kinematics. Exumbrella discretization was conducted using three different methods. Fourier series were fitted to the discretized models and subsequently used to analyze the bell kinematics of the C. capillata. The analysis showed that the bell did not deform uniformly over time with different segments lagging behind each other. Looping of the bell trajectory between contraction and relaxation was also present through most of the exumbrella. The bell margin had the largest looping with an outer path during contraction and inner path during relaxation. The subumbrella volume was approximated based on the exumbrella kinematics and was found to increase during contraction.
Band spectra and hyperfine structure of HgH, HgD, and HgT☆

Abstract The analysis of the band spectrum ( A 1 2 Π 1 2 -X 2 Σ + system) of HgH has been extended to include v ″ = 4, and that of HgD to include v ″ = 5. Rotational constants for these levels have been calculated. The HgT molecular spectrum has been produced, partially analyzed, and some constants have been calculated. Spin splitting in the ground state of all three molecules is discussed and vibrational energy levels are compared. Magnetic hyperfine structure in the band spectra of 199 HgD and 199 HgT has been observed and analyzed. Measurements are presented and the analysis is compared with theory.
Influence of humic substances on Co2+ sorption by a subsurface mineral separate and its mineralogic components

Abstract The sorption of Co2+ (10−6 mol/L) was measured on subsurface mineral materials in the absence and presence of a sorbed leonardite humic acid (LHA) to 1. (1) evaluate the sorptive role of mineral-bound humic substances, and 2. (2) establish approaches to model metal ion binding in composite materials. The subsurface materials were a 1. (1) maximum LHA sorption occurred, and 2. (2) Co sorption to the mineral phase was weak and dominated by ion exchange. The LHA appeared simply to augment, rather than to change the intrinsic adsorption behavior of the mineral sorbents. Accordingly, predictions of the Kd for Co on the LHA-coated subsurface materials (DCP, CP) based on a linear additivity model agreed well with the experimental data, suggesting that the complex humic-mineral association acted as a noninteractive sorbent mixture at low aqueous Co concentrations.
Fracture of the Modular Femoral Neck Component in Total Hip Arthroplasty

The use of modularity, specifically dual modular femoral stems, in total hip arthroplasty has increased in popularity over the past 2 decades. While offering several distinct advantages intraoperatively, the long-term success of adding a second modular junction has yet to be established. One potential complication of increasing modularity is component fracture. We present a case of modular femoral neck prosthesis fracture necessitating revision surgery to treat this complication. Careful preoperative planning during revision of these failures is essential to avoid morbidity and unnecessary subsequent revision surgeries, as demonstrated in this case. The combined effects of crevice and fretting corrosion, large-diameter femoral head, long modular neck, metal-on-metal articulation, patient size, and activity level may have all played integral roles in creating an environment susceptible to this classic pattern of fatigue fracture.
Mammals of the Duck Creek Local Fauna, Late Pleistocene of Kansas

The Duck Creek local fauna, recovered from a gravel pit near the Smoky Hill River, Ellis County, Kansas, contains the southwestern-most record of Synaptomys borealis and Clethrionomys gapperi . Other remains include species of Sorex, Sylvilagus, Lepus, Spermophilus, Geomys, Thomomys, Peromyscus, Microtus, Ondatra , and Mustela . A late Pleistocene age for the fauna is suggested by the evolutionary grade of Ondatra and Microtus , and preferred habitats and geologic ranges of extant species. Recovery of the fauna from the Pfeifer terrace (mapped as Illinoian) and a comparison with selected Pleistocene plains faunas indicates the Duck Creek local fauna is of Illinoian age. Habitat requirements of extant species in the fauna suggest there are two biotic communities present:—moist-riparian and upland.
Urinary incontinence and the community-dwelling elder: a practical approach to diagnosis and management for the primary care geriatrician

Although there have been dramatic improvements in the management of incontinence since the 1940s, this area remains a major challenge to the geriatrician. Patients need to be asked regularly if they are incontinent and, after the diagnosis is made, should be given a rational treatment plan. Urodynamics should not be performed until mainstream treatments have failed.
Identification of C. elegans sensory ray genes using whole-genome expression profiling

The three cells that comprise each C. elegans sensory ray (two sensory neurons and a structural cell) descend from a single neuroblast precursor cell. The atonal ortholog lin-32 and the E/daughterless ortholog hlh-2 act to confer neural competence during ray development, but additional regulatory factors that control specific aspects of cell fate are largely unknown. Here, we use full-genome DNA microarrays to compare gene expression profiles in adult males of two mutant strains to identify new components of the regulatory network that controls ray development and function. This approach identified a large set of candidate ray genes. Using reporter genes, we confirmed ray expression for 13 of these, including a beta-tubulin, a TWK-family channel, a putative chemoreceptor and four novel genes (the cwp genes) with a potential role in sensory signaling through the C. elegans polycystins lov-1 and pkd-2. Additionally, we have found several ray-expressed transcription factors, including the Zn-finger factor egl-46 and the bHLH gene hlh-10. The expression of many of these genes requires lin-32 function, though this requirement may not reflect direct activation by lin-32. Our strategy provides a complementary foundation for modeling the genetic network that controls the development of a simple sensory organ.
Passive orientation measurement using magnetoquasistatic fields and coupled magnetic resonances

A passive position orientation measurement method is presented which leverages the spatial variation of the reflected magnetoquasistatic field from a mobile loop to determine the loop's spatial orientation. The azimuthal orientation was measured from 0° to 360° at a distance of 1 m from the fixed measurement loop. Inverting the theoretical expressions to estimate orientation from measured field values resulted in an average and RMS error of 3.15° and 4.55°, respectively. This technique offers a means to accurately determine the orientation of the mobile loop through purely passive methods.
The location of comonomer units in crystallizable copolymers: Brominated polyethylene

Abstract Single crystals of polyethylene brominated in suspension contained 0% to 19.1% bromine (Br) on their fold surfaces. ‘As brominated’ crystals, crystals annealed at 388K and ‘melt-crystallized’ samples were all characterized using d.s.c. and WAXS. Melting points decreased with increasing levels of bromine for each set of samples. Heats of fusion for the ‘as brominated’ crystals were approximately constant up to 19.1% Br content. The annealed and ‘melt recrystallized’ brominated samples all possessed lower ΔH f values than the ‘as brominated’ crystals. Polyethylene unit cell dimensions for the ‘as brominated’ were constant to approximately 7% Br. At a concentration of 19.1% Br both the ‘ a ’ and ‘ b ’ dimensions of the unit cell increased, presumably because of distortions at the crystal/fold surface interface. The ‘ a ’ and ‘ b ’ dimensions of the annealed crystals increased at low levels of Br ( 1 Br atom/fold). These dimensions increased continuously with Br concentration in the ‘melt crystallized’ samples. Both the observed WAXS and d.s.c. data on these materials are consistent with the inclusion of comonomer units in the polyethylene crystals.
Contributions of riparian and hillslope waters to storm runoff across multiple catchments and storm events in a glaciated forested watershed

Summary The contributions of hillslope and riparian sources of runoff to streamflow were determined for four catchments (1.6–696 ha) in the Point Peter Brook watershed, a glaciated, forested, watershed in Western New York, USA. Investigations were performed for 10 storm events of varying size, intensity, and antecedent moisture conditions. Hydrometric, geochemical, and landscape analysis procedures were used to characterize the sources of runoff and the influence of topography on hydrologic response. Using end member mixing analysis (EMMA), throughfall, groundwater discharged at hillslope seeps, and valley-bottom riparian water were identified as the controlling end-members for storm-event runoff. Contribution from seep groundwater was highest during baseflow, contributions from throughfall increased through the rising limb of the hydrograph, while riparian water amounts were highest at or after the peak in discharge. The delayed response of riparian water was attributed to displacement by hillslope interflow. The relative contributions of the end-members varied with catchment size and storm event conditions. Riparian water contributions were greater at the large catchment size (696 ha) while seep groundwater was important for the small headwater catchments. Steep hillslope gradients and moist valley-bottoms allowed for a greater expression of hillslope seep water in runoff during baseflow conditions. Percent contributions of riparian water to streamflow were higher for larger storm events while small events and wet antecedent conditions increased the expression of seep groundwater. This study underscored the need for three-dimensional or volume-based assessments to characterize the contributions of valley-bottom riparian and wetland areas to streamflow.
“A Splendid Patrimony”: Wang Bo and the Development of a New Poetic Decorum in Early Tang China

This essay proposes that we extract Wang Bo from the retrospectively formulated context of the so-called “Four Elites of the Early Tang” and attempt instead to assess Wang Bo's poetry within other relevant contexts, foremost his own family tradition. By taking into consideration ideas and inspirations that Wang Bo drew from this tradition, an alternative approach is suggested to understanding the development of the “new decorum” in early Tang poetry that has long been attributed to Wang Bo. In so doing, this essay argues more generally for a different literary-historical narrative of the early Tang.
Dichten, Denken, Lesen: Theories of Reading in Paul Celan and Martin Heidegger

The author contributes to the ongoing scholarly debate about Paul Celan's intellectual ties to Martin Heidegger. Critics have commented extensively on conceptual and stylistic traces of Heidegger in Celan's writing. The author argues that the issue of influence deserves closer attention. Several motifs, metaphors, concepts, and ideas that have struck readers as manifestly Heideggerian can be found in Celan's earliest writing, predating by several years his familiarity with Heidegger's philosophy. The author demonstrates that Celan and Heidegger independently of one another developed concurring theories of reading. Both of them associate a particular mode of thinking with reading, namely an open-ended reflection that draws on the innovative language repertoire of art to transcend narrowly rational and functionalized conventions of thought.
Template and "DNA-like" ribonucleic acids as distinct entities in a preparation from rat liver.

Abstract 1. 1. An RNA preparation from rat liver similar to DNA with respect to G-C content, and highly active in stimulating amino acid incorporation by Escherichia coli ribosomes, was subjected to zone centrifugation. The active material was present as several peaks with sedimentation values of 16 S and higher. The RNA with the low G-C content was present in the 10-S region. 2. 2. Recentrifugation of the 10-S material led to a nearly complete separation of the low G-C RNA from the material with template activity. 3. 3. The nucleotide composition of the purified 10-S RNA is characterized by a high A and a low U content. The components rich in template activity show a composition closer to that of ribosomal RNA. 4. 4. The 10-S RNA probably corresponds to the chromatin RNA whose synthesis is relatively insensitive to actinomycin. The results suggest that its function is not that of messenger for protein synthesis.
Construct Validity Invariance and Discrepancies in Meta-Analytic Effect Sizes Based on Different Measures A Simulation Study

Critical to meta-analysis is the presumption that effect sizes based on different measures are directly comparable. Recent theoretical work has shown that an invariance condition—universe score, or construct, validity invariance—must hold for either observed score or reliability-corrected effect sizes based on different measures to be directly comparable. To date, however, no research has been done investigating how crucial violations of this invariance condition are for either effect size discrepancy across different measures or the outcomes of a meta-analysis. This article reports the results of a simulation study of the possible effects that violations of construct validity invariance have on (a) the differences in population construct level standardized mean difference effect sizes based on different measurement procedures; (b) the variability in population construct level correlation effect sizes based on different measurement procedures; and (c) the results of a meta-analysis. Results suggest that c...
Effect of leaf pubescence in wheat on the bird cherry oat aphid (Homoptera: Aphidae).

In direct comparisons of preference, the pubescent-leaved wheat cultivar ‘Vel’ attracted a statistically significantly lower number of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) than did the glabrous-leaved ‘Arthur’ wheat. Rates of aphid population increase were also significantly lower on ‘Vel’ than on ‘Arthur.’ Comparable results were obtained using the pubescent-leaved cv. ‘Downy’ and the glabrous-leaved ‘Abe.’ Aphid behavior was also affected by leaf pubescence. On ‘Arthur’ their movements were rapid and fluid, and probing normally occurred within 5 to 10 sec. However, on ‘Vel,’ their movements were slow and awkward; they appeared “restless” and often left the plant without probing. R. Padi is an important vector of the barley yellow dwarf virus. This leaf pubescence of common wheat provides a potentially valuable resistance to R. Padi which may contribute to control of the virus disease.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Iron(III) Oxyhydroxides/Oxides Characterized Using Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Microwave assisted synthesis of iron oxide/oxyhydroxide nanophases was conducted using iron(III) chloride titrated with sodium hydroxide at seven different temperatures from 100 degrees C to 250 degrees C with pulsed microwaves. From the XRD results, it was determined that there were two different phases synthesized during the reactions which were temperature dependent. At the lower temperatures, 100 degrees C and 125 degrees C, it was determined that an iron oxyhydroxide chloride was synthesized. Whereas, at higher temperatures, at 150 degrees C and above, iron(III) oxide was synthesized. From the XRD, we also determined the FWHM and the average size of the nanoparticles using the Scherrer equation. The average size of the nanoparticles synthesized using the experimental conditions were 17, 21, 12, 22, 26, 33, 28 nm, respectively for the reactions from 100 degrees C to 250 degrees C. The particles also had low anisotropy indicating spherical nanoparticles, which was later confirmed using TEM. Finally, XAS studies show that the iron present in the nanophase was present as iron(III) coordinated to six oxygen atoms in the first coordination shell. The higher coordination shells also conform very closely to the ideal or bulk crystal structures.
Peer-directed behaviors of infants and toddlers during nursery school play

Peer-directed behaviors of 7 infants and 11 toddlers were observed during nursery school free play at the beginning and end of a semester. Both infants and toddlers directed positive behaviors toward their peers more frequently than negative behaviors. At both observation periods toddlers engaged in more distal social behaviors, particularly vocalizing and laughing, than infants. There were many more changes across the semester than there were age group differences in these data. The changes occurred in the physical contact categories. These data and other reports in the literature suggest that proximal contact behaviors may be more affected by time spent with peers and distal social behaviors may be more age-dependent. The limits that measurement methods may place on implications to be drawn from such results as these have been considered.
Paths of Rural Transformation in Turkey

In any discussion of agricultural transformation in Turkey it is necessary to establish that agriculture has been a dynamic sector, especially during the last two decades. It is true that the social organization — the mode of production — does not seem to have undergone the (mistakenly) expected changes. This, however, does not indicate a stagnation or “blockage”. Agricultural production may increase with significant technological change and greater integration into the social division of labour despite the persistence of small family farms. Unlike in industry, larger scale does not necessarily imply increasing efficiency in agriculture.