cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disability inclusion: A missing ingredient for food system equity

Abstract Disability is the largest minority group in the world and includes over 1 billion people worldwide. Although people with disabilities are part of all our communities, health disparities remain largely unaddressed for this population, including food inequities. Current research has focused on documenting food access disparities for people with disabilities, but there are limited interventions that address food inequities for this population. To be effective, these interventions must go beyond the individual, and should include a food systems approach that advances equity for people with disabilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for the disability community to be integrated into food system research and policy efforts. However, the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit is absent of disability perspectives. This is a missed opportunity, and people with disabilities must be invited to this table in order to advance food equity for everyone in our communities.
Material Balance Analysis of Prototype Commercial Downdraft Gasifiers

Complete material balance data have been published only recently for downdraft gasifiers. Generally, it is inconvenient to measure all stream rates; thus unknown stream rates are estimated from material balance. Typically the system is overspecified; this leads to various solution options; thereby leading to conflicting estimations. This paper presents an analysis of data from two prototype gasifiers which examines four solution options based on sensitivity considerations.
A Discrete-Time Aerodynamic Model of the Vocal Tract

Computer simulations of speech processes can lead to better understanding of real-world speech phenomena and can be used to predict and interpret the results of speech production experiments. An aerodynamic model that updates vocal tract parameters over small time steps is presented. Some initial results illustrating how this model (implemented in Matlab) works demonstrate how changes in articulation can lead to differences in voicing and frication.
Life on the Third Coast

Robert Lee Maril. Cannibals and Condos: Texans and Texas along the Gulf Coast. College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1986 xv + 114 pp. $13.95 (cloth)
Insights into proteomic immune cell signaling and communication via data-driven modeling.

Over the past decade, studies applying data-driven modeling approaches have demonstrated significant contributions toward the integrative understanding of multivariate cell regulatory system operation. Here we review applications of several of these approaches, including principal component analysis, partial least squares regression, partial least squares discriminant analysis, decision trees, and Bayesian networks, and describe the advances they have offered in systems-level understanding of immune cell signaling and communication. We show how these approaches generate novel insights from high-throughput proteomic data, from classification to association to influence to mechanisms. Looking forward, new experimental technologies involving single-cell measurements of cytokine expression beckon extension of these modeling techniques to inference of immune cell–cell communication networks, with a goal of aiding development of improved vaccine therapeutics.
Endogenous glycosphingolipids move to the cell surface at a rate consistent with bulk flow estimates.

The bulk flow model of intracellular trafficking predicts that forward transport from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane proceeds by default without a special signal being required (Wieland, F.T., Gleason, M. L., Serafini, T. A., and Rothman, J. E. (1987) Cell 50, 289-300). We tested a crucial prediction of this model, which is that the endogenous lipid components of the transport vesicles would reach the plasma membrane at the rapid rate of bulk flow. The rate at which endogenous glycosphingolipids moved from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane was determined in Chinese hamster ovary cells using metabolic labeling with tritiated palmitate and oxidation of cell surface ganglioside NeuAc alpha 2—-3Gal beta 1—-4Glc beta 1—-4Cer (GM3) with periodate. Whereas radioactive precursor became incorporated into ceramide and glucosyl ceramide without a detectable lag, synthesis of labeled lactosyl ceramide and ganglioside GM3 did not begin until 5-6 min and 11-12 min, respectively, after addition of labeled precursor. Labeled GM3 reached the plasma membrane 5-6 min following its synthesis. Overall, approximately 18 min transpired from the time that the ceramide precursor was synthesized in the ER until labeled GM3 reached the plasma membrane. These results indicate that lipid transport vesicles move rapidly to the plasma membrane at a rate consistent with bulk flow estimates.
El impacto de la educación de la justicia criminal en el clima político-socio-económico de naciones de transición y desarrollo

Se propone que los esfuerzos sean emprendidos para desarrollar los departamentos academicos de la Criminologia y justicia criminal dentro de los sistemas educativos mas altos de naciones desarrolladas y de transicion. Es mi proposicion que en tiempo, este plan estrategico reducira el alcance y la extension de la corrupcion en estas naciones y movera generalmente el crimen en un contexto mas manejable. Esto en cambio rendira una oportunidad aumentada para tales naciones como asegurar la inversion externa, darse cuenta de la estabilidad economica aumentada, y participar eventualmente en un grado mas grande en la economia del mercado global
SECURQUAL: An Instrument for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Enterprise Information Security Programs

ABSTRACT: The ever-increasing number of security incidents underscores the need to understand the key determinants of an effective information security program. Research that addresses this topic requires objective measures, such as number of incidents, vulnerabilities, and non-compliance issues, as indicators of the effectiveness of an organization's information security activities. However, these measures are not readily available to researchers. While some research has used subjective assessments as a surrogate for objective security measures, such an approach raises questions about scope and reliability. To remedy these deficiencies, this study uses the COBIT Version 4.1 Maturity Model Rubrics to develop an instrument (SECURQUAL) that obtains an objective measure of the effectiveness of enterprise information security programs. We show that SECURQUAL scores reliably predict objective measures of information security program effectiveness. Future research might use the instrument as a surrogate effecti...
A metatarsal equivalent to the metacarpal index in Marfan syndrome.

Background: Foot problems are common in patients with Marfan syndrome because of the ligamentous laxity that affects the weightbearing joints most. Such patients frequently are seen by their general practitioners or podiatrists. Educating primary health care providers about a metatarsal index, if it is sufficiently sensitive and specific, may help patients get early and appropriate workup for connective tissue disorders. Methods: A metatarsal equivalent to the metacarpal index (MCI) in the hand was evaluated as a diagnostic tool for Marfan syndrome (and possibly other connective tissue disorders). Fifty-six patients were studied. Sixteen had a genetic diagnosis of Marfan syndrome. There were 20 controls each for the MCI and the metatarsal index (MTI). Hand and foot radiographs were reviewed. Results: The average MCI in patients with Marfan syndrome was 9.8 compared to 7.6 in the control group (p < 0.0005). The average MTI was 12.7 and 9.8, respectively (p < 0.0005). An MCI value of 8.5 and an MTI value of 10.5 had the best statistical profiles (combination of sensitivity and specificity) in diagnosing Marfan syndrome in our study population. Conclusion: The MTI as a screening tool for Marfan syndrome is as effective as, if not more than, the well-recognized MCI.
SU‐E‐T‐815: Deformable Registration and Cumulative Dose Records as Applied to Patients with Cervical Carcinoma

Purpose: Use daily patient imaging to calculate cumulative dose to target and organs at risk during the course of radiation treatment for cervical cancer patients and compare with the planned dose.Methods: Daily cone beam CT(CBCT) scans were taken for 10 patients during their cervical cancerradiation therapytreatment course. Dose from the treatment plan was calculated on each of the CBCTs. Deformable registration was performed on each of the daily CBCTs in order to map the patient's daily anatomy and dose onto the planning CT (reference). The cumulative dose was then calculated and the Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) of the cumulative dose was compared to the DVH of the original planned dose. Results: The DVH for the calculated cumulative dose deviated from the DVH of the actual dose due to changes in the patients' daily anatomy. The planning target volume (PTV) showed similar coverage; however, the dose received by the organs at risk (OARs) differed from the original plan. Conclusions: Since patient anatomy varies on a daily basis, daily imaging combined with deformable registration and cumulative dose calculations yields an accurate dose to target and organs at risk. This dose information can then be used by the clinician to guide additional radiation therapy to boost target dose and spare OARs. This work was supported by Varian Medical Systems, Inc.
Effects of reserpine administration on rat mammary tumors and uterine disease induced by N-nitrosomethylurea.

Reserpine 50 μg100 g body weight administered s.c. to female rats on the day before, of and after each of three N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) i.v. injections, influenced a number of experimental observations. The total doses of NMU given to the various treatment groups were 15, 12, 9, 6, 3 and 1.5 mg100 g body weight. Tumor incidence ranged from approximately 100 to 0% in the control and reserpine-treated groups, depending on the dose of carcinogen given. Concurrent reserpine administration with the NMU decreased the number of tumors per rat; at 15 and 12 mg100 g body weight NMU doses the values were only 58 and 55% of the respective controls. Reserpine treatment at these 2 NMU doses also increased the percentage of well-differentiated mammary tumors compared with corresponding controls. Tumor estrogen receptor levels in controls ranged from 71 to 78 fmol/mg protein and in the reserpine-treated groups from 96 to 105 fmol/mg protein; significant elevations were present in the rats given reserpine and the 2 highest doses of NMU. Tumor progesterone and prolactin receptor levels were similar in control and reserpine-treated groups. The estrous cycle of the controls was frequently arrested at estrus and 2157 (37%) had a fluid-distended uterus and thickened uterine walls; only 252 (4%) of reserpine-treated rats had hydrometria and none exhibited cycle arrest at estrus. The effect of reserpine on mammary tumors was also studied when given after initial exposure to the carcinogen. NMU was administered to 65 rats in 3 doses of 5 mg100 g body weight by i.v. injections 4 weeks apart. Equal numbers of animals comprised 1 control and 2 reserpine treatment groups. Reserpine was given at a daily dose of 20 μg100 g body weight commencing 67 days after the first NMU dose (chronic regimen) or by the same schedule preceded by 50 μg100 g doses given on the day before, with and on the day after the second and third NMU injections (acute/chronic regimen). A fourth group of rats received chronic reserpine treatment but no NMU. All 3 NMU-exposed groups had a 100% tumor incidence; none developed in the reserpine-treated controls. The acute/chronic reserpine treatment increased the rate of tumor development but neither drug schedule altered the number of tumors per rat or the mean final total tumor areas. Reserpine administration was associated with greater degrees of anaplasia in mammary tumors induced by NMU (P < 0.01). The mean tumor estrogen receptor content was significantly higher in the acute/chronic reserpine-treated group (P < 0.0002) and the chronic reserpine-treated animals (P < 0.008) compared with controls. Tumor prolactin receptor content was unaffected by the drug. Peroxidase activity was higher in mammary tumors and lower in uteri from reserpine-treated rats compared with tumor-bearing controls. Also, there was a strong correlation (r = 0.82) between the mammary tumor estrogen receptor and tumor peroxidase activity for rats treated with the acute/chronic reserpine regimen.
Vasopressin stimulates sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans synthesized by fetal rat chondrocytes in monolayer culture.

Abstract The effects of lysine vasopressin (1–100 ng/ml) on the 24 h incorporation of [ 35 SO 4 − ] into proteoglycans synthesized by fetal rat chondrocytes in monolayer culture has been investigated. The hormone enhances sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans released in the medium and those associated with the cell layer. This enhancement was independent of cell density or stimulation of cell division by the hormone or calf serum. These observations provide evidence that the hormone stimulation of sulfate incorporation is not directly linked to hormone stimulation of cell division.
Precordial murmurs in high cardiac outputstates: Differentiation from murmurs of congenital heart disease in infancy

In the newborn period, cardiac failure is usually related to congenital heartdisease, and is accompanied by cardiac murmurs and cyanosis. Similar signs may be found in the clinical picture of congestive heart failure which results from the high cardiac output state associated with a large systemic arteriovenous fistula. The clinical and pathologic findings in two infants with congestive heart failure due to large systemic arteriovenous fistulas are described. An analysis of the physical characteristics of the precordial murmurs recorded in retrospect in these infants is reported. Some differences in the physical characteristics of murmurs associated with high cardiac output states as compared to some murmurs of congenital heart disease are discussed.
Three‐phase flow in porous media: A review of experimental studies on relative permeability

We present a detailed, synthesized review of experimental studies on three-phase relative permeability published since 1980. We provide comprehensive, yet highly focused, analysis of critical aspects of the field and their evolution over the last three decades. In particular, we review the effects of saturation history, wettability, spreading, and layer drainage on the measured flow properties. We also list all the processes, rock types, fluid systems, and measurement techniques in order to provide a clear map for future studies. Behavior of the measured three-phase relative permeabilities with respect to fluid saturations, saturation histories, wettability of rock samples, spreading characteristics, interfacial tensions, and other pertinent properties are carefully discussed. Studies that use a diverse set of experimental techniques and data analysis to deduce relative permeability are included. The experimental techniques that should be utilized to reduce uncertainty are also explored. We interpret the measured properties and outcomes of different studies and compare them to substantiate distinct trends at various saturation ranges and provide ideas for new studies. This is intended to distill a clear image of where the field stands and to allow composition of possible paths for future investigations. The areas of critical relevance that have not been investigated or require further studies are highlighted.
Managerial Support for Dual-Career Relocation Dilemmas

Abstract This study examined managerial decision making in the context of a dual-career relocation dilemma. Specifically, 143 managers and professionals responded to a memo contained in an in-basket simulation exercise that involved a dual-career employee relocation and corresponding request for spouse employment assistance. Competing theoretical predictions were tested with regard to managerial support for this dual-career work–family situation as a function of the gender of the employee. Findings indicated that managers offered more extensive assistance to the spouse of a female employee than to the spouse of a male employee. A content analysis of decision-makers' responses indicated a wide range of specific responses, with offering multiple forms of assistance being most common (27%), followed by delegating the issue to human resources (22%). The results are discussed in terms of implications for future research on managerial support for work–family and employee mobility. Practical suggestions are outlined.
The cranial arteries of turtles and their evolutionary significance

In this paper the cranial arteries, cranial arterial foramina, and bony canals of the Cheloniidae, Chelydridae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae are described in detail. From skull studies and published material, the general cranial arterial patterns of all the turtle families can be inferred. Sea turtles, the Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, possess both a large stapedial artery and a large artery supplying the orbit, which is possibly similar to the primitive cranial arterial pattern for turtles. From a primitive pattern in which stapedial and palatine arteries supply the orbit, the Chelydridae and Testudinidae retained a large stapedial artery and reduced the palatine artery, while the Kinosternidae and Dermatemydidae developed a large palatine artery and reduced the stapedial artery. The Trionychidae and probably the Carettochelyidae evolved a complex arterial pattern in which the stapedial artery was reduced somewhat and the pseudopalatine artery was substituted for the palatine artery. Pleurodires in general retained a large stapedial artery and reduced or eliminated the palatine artery. The Podocneminae, including the Madagascar species, developed a highly modified carotid canal, which is found in no other turtle group. The facts which have been presented should aid in fossil skull studies and in understanding the evolutionary background of recent turtles.
Comparison of five aminocyclitol antibiotics in vitro against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas.

Abstract The in vitro susceptibility of 163 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and 23 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to various concentrations of gentamicin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, tobramycin, and BB-K8, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, was determined. Studies were performed in Mueller-Hinton agar and broth, and two different sizes of bacterial inocula were used. On a weight basis, gentamicin and tobramycin demonstrated comparable activity in vitro and were the most active of the five drugs tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Proteus species. All of these organisms were inhibited by gentamicin or tobramycin at concentrations of 5.0 μg or less/ml in agar with both inocula of bacterial cells. In addition, tobramycin was the most active drug against isolates of P. aeruginosa and gentamicin was the most active against Salmonella and Shigella species. Although kanamycin and BB-K8 demonstrated a high degree of activity against most Enterobacteriaceae, they were not the most active agents tested for any genus. Spectinomycin was the least active compound, and many isolates grew in concentrations higher than those readily attainable in serum.
Analysis of a centered-inclined waveguide slot coupler

Integral equations are developed for a centered-inclined coupling slot (including the effect of finite wall-thickness of the common broad-wall) and the slot-aperture electric intensity field is found using the method of moments. Numerical results for resonant length, backscattered wave amplitude, and phase variation off-resonance are presented over a range of values of the waveguide b dimension, wall thickness, slot width, and frequency. It is shown that the resonant length is relatively insensitive to slot tilt, theta , for a standard-height X-band waveguide, whereas its dependence on theta is significant for reduced-height waveguides. The phase variation of scattered TE/sub 10/ waves in both waveguides off-resonance is less for wider slots and smaller b dimensions. Shunt-series coupling slots exhibit greater phase variation off resonance when compared to a centred-inclined coupling slot. Also, the former has a longer resonant length for a smaller b dimension and for a wider slot. Thus the centred-inclined slot coupler possesses superior characteristics. The higher-order mode coupling between a centred-inclined slot coupler and a pair of straddling radiating slots in the branch waveguide is significant. >
DNA Hybridization and Evolutionary Relationships in Three Osmunda Species

Molecular hybridization techniques have been used to estimate the degree of DNA base sequence homology between some members of the fern genus Osmunda. Under conditions permitting extensive reassociation, measurements of the extent of inter-specific reaction and the thermal stability of the hybrid molecules indicated that O. claytoniana L. (interrupted fern) shares more DNA homology with O. cinnamomea L. (cinnamon fern) than it does with O. regalis L. (royal fern). These findings are in conflict with predictions from a recent analysis of living and fossil specimens by numerical techniques. However, they are consistent with the earlier, more traditional, taxonomic assignments.
Discernibility of land mines using lateral migration radiography

Lateral migration radiography (LMR) employs scattered photons to get detailed images of covered objects. Images of real mines buried in soil using LMR have shown dramatic differences compared to images generated using simulated mines. The major characteristic that allows for the discernibility of land mines to the degree of actual type identification is the presence of voids (air volumes) required for the operation of the fuse assembly or for blast direction control. Air volumes greatly modify the detected field of both once and multiple- scattered photons. The LMR system consists of two uncollimated detectors positioned to detect once-scattered photons and two collimated detectors designed to detect primarily multiple- scattered photons. Air volumes modify both exit paths and the position of first-scatter events; they also modify the migration paths of multiple-scattered photons, thus producing different images in the two detector types. The burial mode (below surface or laid on the surface) of the land mine can also be discerned by LMR due to a shadowing effect seen for surfaced-laid land mines. The presence of even a minute amount of metal in the land mine also aids in discerning the mine, because metal produces a signal decrease in both types of detectors. Monte Carlo calculations have been performed with the MCNP code to obtain an understanding of the details of the photon lateral migration process. Images generated from these Monte Carlo calculations are in agreement with the experimental measurements. The real mine images confirm that LMR is capable not only of mine detection, but also of mine identification.
Complex low-temperature magnetic behaviour of the ordered double-perovskite Sr2RuGdO6

In order to investigate the various interactions in a system consisting of both a 4d transition metal (Ru) and a 4f rare earth (Gd), a combined nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetization study has been carried out on the ordered double-perovskite Sr2RuGdO6. As the temperature is reduced, an antiferromagnetic ordering (type-I) of the Ru sublattice occurs at T1 = 33 K, which is a consequence of the Ru–O–O–Ru superexchange interactions. A second magnetic transition occurs between 30 and 10 K, which is characterized by a maximum in magnetization at T2 = 17 K, along with hysteretic behaviour, and reflects the importance of the Ru–O–Gd interactions over this temperature range. For T3<2 K, the Gd sublattice orders antiferromagnetically, which is a consequence of the emergence of strong Gd–O–O–Gd interactions. In an external magnetic field, a temperature-dependent spin reorientation is observed. The NMR spectrum for Sr2RuGdO6 at 1.3 K consists of two peaks at 119 and 133 MHz corresponding to the 99Ru and 101Ru isotopes, respectively, and a hyperfine field of 605 kOe. The evolution of the 101Ru NMR peak in an applied magnetic field reveals the existence of a ferromagnetic phase in the antiferromagnetic matrix at low temperature, indicating a complex competition and coexistence of different magnetic interactions in Sr2RuGdO6.
Smoothing and differentiating load–displacement data using a low-pass filter for improved crack opening load estimates

The presence of even small amounts of noise in experimental data significantly influences numerically determined derivatives. Dynamic programming is used to construct a low-pass filter enabling the smoothing and differentiation of noisy data. The filter is used to smooth and differentiate load-displacement data for a propagating fatigue crack to obtain smoothed compliance as a function of applied load. The smoothed compliance is shown to allow for improved subsequent estimates of the crack opening load.
The Performance of a Modified RENAL Nephrometry Score in Predicting Renal Mass Radiofrequency Ablation Success

Objective To assess the predictive performance of a modified RENAL nephrometry score for renal tumors undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods Patients who underwent RFA were identified from 2002 to 2011, and RENAL nephrometry scoring was performed for each. A modified RENAL (m-RENAL) nephrometry score was created to account for the small sizes of tumors ablated for which the size variable, R, was adjusted. A size of 3 cm was calculated as the optimal cutoff for the R component of the m-RENAL nephrometry score, and tumors were given an R score of 1 if 4 cm. Other RENAL variables were unchanged. Oncologic outcomes were stratified by complexity tertiles defined as low (4-6), medium (7-9), and high (10-12). Outcomes were reported as initial ablation success (IAS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and metastatic-free survival (MFS). The Kaplan-Meir method was used to estimate survival based on complexity tertile. Results Two hundred forty patients were identified who underwent RFA, of which 192 patients were eligible for analysis. Median follow-up was 32.2 months, and median tumor size was 2.4 cm. IAS was achieved in 185 of 192 patients (96.4%). Overall, the estimated 3-year RFS was 95.1% and MFS was 97.3%. There was no statistical difference between complexity tertiles using the standard RENAL nephrometry score; however, the m-RENAL nephrometry score was significantly associated with IAS and RFS ( P = .027 and P = .003, respectively). There were too few events (n = 3) to perform statistical analysis for MFS. Conclusion A modification to the size variable increases the performance of the RENAL nephrometry score when used to stratify RFA ablation success.
Help, help, i'm being suppressed! The significance of suppressors in software testing

Test features are basic compositional units used to describe what a test does (and does not) involve. For example, in API-based testing, the most obvious features are function calls; in grammar-based testing, the obvious features are the elements of the grammar. The relationship between features as abstractions of tests and produced behaviors of the tested program is surprisingly poorly understood. This paper shows how large-scale random testing modified to use diverse feature sets can uncover causal relationships between what a test contains and what the program being tested does. We introduce a general notion of observable behaviors as targets, where a target can be a detected fault, an executed branch or statement, or a complex coverage entity such as a state, predicate-valuation, or program path. While it is obvious that targets have triggers - features without which they cannot be hit by a test - the notion of suppressors - features which make a test less likely to hit a target - has received little attention despite having important implications for automated test generation and program understanding. For a set of subjects including C compilers, a flash file system, and JavaScript engines, we show that suppression is both common and important.
Computation of precise two-electron correlation energies with imprecise Hartree–Fock orbitals

Recently developed linear R12-type explicitly correlated methodology promises few-percent basis set errors with small, double-ζ quality, Hartree–Fock basis sets. We present an MP2-R12 method which achieves the two-electron basis limit as closely as desired using any finite Hartree–Fock basis set. We found that the two-electron correlation energy can be computed precisely from a very approximate Hartree–Fock function. The error in the two-electron correlation energy due to the finite Hartree–Fock basis set was averaged over a set of 20 small molecules. The mean error was found to be small, at most 1% for a double-ζ basis set, and quickly decaying.
Norm Violations, Sex, and the “Blank Stare”

Summary Thirty-two students (16 females and 16 males) studying at four Midwestern university libraries were stared at for 15 minutes by female and male confederates (Cs). An equal number of students served as controls. The results indicated that female Ss departed sooner and with greater frequency than did male Ss, particularly when the starer was a male. In addition, male Ss returned the stare more frequently than did female Ss, especially when the starer was a female. The implications of the results were discussed in terms of role theory and interpersonal attraction.
A new theoretical paradigm to describe hysteresis, discrete memory and nonlinear elastic wave propagation in rock

The velocity of sound in rock is a strong function of pressure, indicating that wave propagation in rocks is very nonlinear. The quasistatic elastic properties of rocks axe hysteretic, possessing discrete memory. In this paper a new theory is developed, placing all of these properties (nonlinearity, hysteresis, and memory) on equal footing. The starting point of the new theory is closer to a microscopic description of a rock than the starting point of the traditional five-constant theory of nonlinear elasticity. However, this starting point (the number density ρ of generic mechanical elements in an abstract space) is deliberately independent of a specific microscopic model. No prejudice is imposed as to the mechanism causing nonlinear response in the microscopic mechanical elements. The new theory (1) relates suitable stress-strain measurements to the number density ρ and (2) uses the number density ρ to find the behaviour of nonlinear elastic waves. Thus the new theory provides for the synthesis of the full spectrum of elastic behaviours of a rock. Early development of the new theory is sketched in this contribution.
Acculturation, Distress Disclosure, and Emotional Self-Disclosure Within Asian Populations

Research into youth mentoring suggests that programs focused on specific practices (e.g., emotional disclosure and collaborative relationships) increase the likelihood of a successful mentoring relationship, factors similar to the psychotherapy literature. However, research into psychotherapy with Asians has indicated that these factors, based on Western values, are less effective, especially with those who are less acculturated. To test the relevance of these factors within mentor-type relationships, this study examined the relationship between acculturation and distress disclosure, and the relationship between acculturation and the retrospective willingness to emotionally self-disclose to friends and unrelated, trusted adults in 98 participants representing several ethnic Asian backgrounds. Both values-based and behaviorally based acculturation measures were used. Values-based, but not behaviorally based acculturation, predicted distress disclosure (i.e., less acculturated individuals were less likely to disclose distress). Using an imagery protocol, participants were then asked to think back to adolescence and indicate their willingness to self-disclose emotions to friends and unrelated, trusted adults. Participants were more willing to self-disclose emotions to friends compared to unrelated, trusted adults, regardless of values acculturation level. However, a significant interaction occurred in an unanticipated direction using behaviorally based acculturation. Less behaviorally acculturated individuals were more willing to disclose emotions to unrelated, trusted adults compared to more behaviorally acculturated individuals. Discussion regarding the results revolved around the utility of a behavioral measure of acculturation, values and behaviors in acculturation, the role of older persons in Asian culture, and the possible role of community in the acculturation process.
An update on multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). MS is a clinically heterogeneous entity; symptoms may manifest in a relapsing–remitting or progressive fashion, the course may be benign or rapidly incapacitating, and the neuraxis may be involved in a widespread fashion; or the disease may predominantly affect spinal cord and optic nerves [1]. Heterogeneity is also evident in structural studies of MS lesions, revealing that diverse mechanisms— including antibody mediation, cellular mechanisms, and perhaps a primary oligodendroglial apoptosis—may underlie demyelination in different individuals (Fig. 1). Autoantibodies against myelin constituents, including myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) [2] and myelin basic protein (MBP), have been implicated in tissue damage in some multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Such antibodies have been identified in situ in actively demyelinating lesions and have also been identified against surface structures of oligodendrocytes. Berger et al. [3] reported that IgM antibodies specific to MOG and MBP can be detected by Western blot in the serum of patients with initial attacks of demyelination (e.g. clinically isolated syndromes [CIS]); furthermore, the presence of these antibodies, and especially those against MOG, predict evolution of CIS to chronic MS. These data, which still have not been fully confirmed, suggest that an easily measured antibody test might represent a biomarker for early MS. They also add support to the concept that therapies, which target humoral pathways, might prove useful in MS. Compelling data indicate that susceptibility to MS is inherited. The MS-prone genotype results from multiple independent or interacting polymorphic genes, each exerting a small or at most moderate effect to the overall risk. It is also likely that genetic heterogeneity exists, meaning that specific genes influence susceptibility and pathogenesis in some individuals but not in others. Concordance in families for early and late clinical features has been observed as well, indicating that in addition to susceptibility, genes influence disease severity or other aspects of the clinical phenotype. Hence, some genes may be involved in the initial pathogenic events, while others could influence the development and progression of the disease. The strongest and most consistently replicated evidence for an MS susceptibility gene has been localized to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) superlocus on chromosome 6p21.3. Studies in multi-case families confirm the known association with the HLA class II DR2 haplotype (HLA-DRB1*1501
Is the prevalence of autism increasing in the United States

A consistent approach to identification and studies in a stable representative population are needed to decide
Color Constancy: From Physics to Appearance

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What will happen to retirement income for 401(k) participants after the market decline

This paper uses administrative data from millions of 401(k) participants dating back to 1996 as well as several simulation models to determine 401(k) plans' susceptibility to several alleged limitations as well as its potential for significant retirement wealth accumulation for employees working for employers who have chosen to sponsor these plans. What will happen to 401(k) participants after the 2008 market decline will be largely determined by the extent to which the features of automatic enrollment, automatic escalation of contributions, and automatic investment are allowed to play out. Simulation results suggest that the first two features will significantly improve retirement wealth for the lowest-income quartiles going forward, and the third feature (primarily target-date funds) suggest that a large percentage of those on the verge of retirement would benefit significantly by a reduction of equity concentrations to a more age-appropriate level.
Comparison of metabolism of glycine injected intravenously in free and dipeptide forms.

Abstract Dipeptides, like diglycine, when injected intravenously in rats, are quickly taken up by tissues and hydrolyzed. Metabolism of glycine residue released by diglycine hydrolysis was investigated in this study. Radioactive labeling of nonprotein [trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble] and protein fractions of pancreas, intestinal mucosa, liver, kidney cortex, lung, gastrocnemius muscle, brain and plasma, as well as expired CO2, were determined after injection of 14C-diglycine. Results were compared with those obtained after equivalent 14C-glycine injection. The effect of tissue dipeptide hydrolysis on distribution of radioactivity was examined after injection of 14C-glycylsarcosine under similar experimental conditions. Generally, intravenous injection of diglycine was at least as effective as that of glycine in labeling of nonprotein and protein fractions; labeling of kidney TCA-soluble pool was significantly higher and only that of muscle was lower after diglycine injection. Tissue capacities for transport and protein synthesis appeared to determine the extent of nonprotein and protein labeling, respectively, after both 14C-glycine and 14C-diglycine injections. Radioactive labeling of nonprotein pools and proteins were influenced by tissue capacities for dipeptide hydrolysis; both were higher in kidney and lower in pancreas and liver when glycylsarcosine was injected as compared to diglycine. Oxidation of injected glycine (labeling of expired CO2) was significantly enhanced when glycine was given in the form of diglycine but was reduced when given as glycylsarcosine as compared to free-glycine injection. In conclusion, glycine residue of a readily hydrolyzable peptide, like diglycine, is as effective as free glycine when injected intravenously for incorporation into tissue proteins (except muscle) and for oxidative energy metabolism, while injection of an hydrolysis-resistant peptide like glycylsarcosine favors incorporation of glycine residue into kidney protein at the expense of other tissues.
Computer-Aided Design: Leading or responding?

It is shown that past and current CAD algorithm development for IC design has focused on meeting the challenges of the day, rather than on the needs of the perceivable future. It is argued that new tools required by an emerging technology should be available as soon as the technology is available. Consequently, work on the tools must begin while the technology is being developed. This is not an unrealistic goal, since all major mainframe computers have their operating systems and compilers under development while prototype hardware is being built in the laboratory.
An Analysis of Health Promotion and Risk Behaviors of Freshman College Students in a Rural Southern Setting

This study described health promotion and risk behaviors of entering college students in a rural southern setting. A sample of 251 students completed the Health Promotion and Health Risk Survey during a testing period that included other academic surveys. Results indicated that participants believe they are in control of their health. In addition, participants reported that happiness and health were the most important personal values for them. When compared with the National College Health Risk Behavior data, participants in this study were significantly lower in many of the health risk behaviors.
On integration, substitution and the probability integral transform

Abstract It is well known that if X is a random variable with distribution function G, then G−1 (U) has the same distribution as X, where U is uniform on (0, 1); moreover, if G is a continuous function, then G(X) has a uniform distribution on (0, 1). In this paper we consider some related results.
Beyond the Definitions of the Phenotypic Complications of Sickle Cell Disease: An Update on Management

The sickle hemoglobin is an abnormal hemoglobin due to point mutation (GAG → GTG) in exon 1 of the β globin gene resulting in the substitution of glutamic acid by valine at position 6 of the β globin polypeptide chain. Although the molecular lesion is a single-point mutation, the sickle gene is pleiotropic in nature causing multiple phenotypic expressions that constitute the various complications of sickle cell disease in general and sickle cell anemia in particular. The disease itself is chronic in nature but many of its complications are acute such as the recurrent acute painful crises (its hallmark), acute chest syndrome, and priapism. These complications vary considerably among patients, in the same patient with time, among countries and with age and sex. To date, there is no well-established consensus among providers on the management of the complications of sickle cell disease due in part to lack of evidence and in part to differences in the experience of providers. It is the aim of this paper to review available current approaches to manage the major complications of sickle cell disease. We hope that this will establish another preliminary forum among providers that may eventually lead the way to better outcomes.
Type II superlattice infrared detector and focal plane arrays

Type II superlattce photodetectors have recently experienced significant improvements in both theoretical structure design and experimental realization. Empirical Tight Binding Method is initiated and developed for Type II superlattice. Growth characteristics such as group V segregation and incorporation phenomena are taken into account in the model and shown higher precision. A new Type II structure, called M-structure, is introduced and theoretically demonstrated high RoA, high quantum efficiency. Device design is optimized to improve the performance. As a result, 55% quantum efficiency and 10 Ohm.cm2 RoA are achieved for an 11.7 mm cut-off photodetector at 77K. FPA imaging at longwavelength is demonstrated with a capability of imaging up to 171K. At 81K, the noise equivalent temperature difference presented a peak at 0.33K.
On deviatoric interpretation of Neuber’s rule and the SWT parameter

Abstract In this paper a deviatoric interpretation of Neuber’s rule and Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT) parameter is presented and discussed. It is found that the deviatoric formulation of Neuber’s rule results in inelastic strains at notch-root that are between estimations obtained from traditional Neuber’s rule and the equivalent strain energy density method of Molski and Glinka. Based on an energy interpretation and some analogy with the Neuber’s rule a deviatoric interpretation of the SWT parameter called SWT D is discussed. It is found that for positive mean stresses and moderate negative mean stresses the traditional SWT parameter and the proposed SWT D parameter yield similar results. On the other hand, for large compressive mean stresses with a stress ratio R D parameter demonstrates a fairly good correlation while the original SWT parameter results in wide scatter. It can be noted that results obtain with both the deviatoric Neuber’s rule and the SWT D parameter do not involve or require any additional constants or fitting parameters.
Stable isotope geochemistry of deep sea cherts

Abstract Seventy four samples of DSDP recovered cherts of Jurassic to Miocene age from varying locations, and 27 samples of on-land exposed cherts were analyzed for the isotopic composition of their oxygen and hydrogen. These studies were accompanied by mineralogical analyses and some isotopic analyses of the coexisting carbonates. δ 18 O of chert ranges between 27 and 39%. relative to SMOW, δ 18 O of porcellanite—between 30 and 42%.. The consistent enrichment of opal-CT in porcellanites in 18 O with respect to coexisting microcrystalline quartz in chert is probably a reflection of a different temperature (depth) of diagenesis of the two phases. δ 18 O of deep sea cherts generally decrease with increasing age, indicating an overall cpoling of the ocean bottom during the last 150 m.y. A comparison of this trend with that recorded by benthonic foraminifera ( Douglas and Savin , 1975) indicates the possibility of δ 18 O in deep sea cherts not being frozen in until several tens of millions of years after deposition. Cherts of any Age show a spread of δ 18 O values, increasing diagenesis being reflected in a lowering of δ 18 O . Drusy quartz has the lowest δ 18 O values. On-land exposed cherts are consistently depleted in 18 O in comparison to their deep sea time equivalent cherts. Water extracted from deep sea cherts ranges between 0.5 and 1.4 wt %. δD of this water ranges between −78 and −95%. and is not a function of δ 18 O of the cherts (or the temperature of their formation).
Deficient strongly adherent monocytes in the peripheral blood of cancer patients.

The numbers of strongly adherent monocytes in the peripheral blood of normal subjects and cancer patients were determined. The method used was to place peripheral blood mononuclear cells in microwells and culture them for 1 week. At the end of that period, adherent macrophages were counted in the Coulter counter after release. Adherent cells per milliliter of blood, per total cells, and per mononuclear cells or monocytes plated were markedly diminished in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 44 melanoma, 23 breast cancer, 18 lung cancer, nine colon cancer, and 27 leukemia patients. Median values were 14.8×104 adherent cells per ml peripheral blood for 86 normal subjects, as against 2.5×104 per ml in the peripheral blood of the 125 patients (P<0.001). There was a poor correlation between the adherent cell numbers and the peripheral blood leukocyte counts, but an excellent correlation of the different adherent cell counts with each other. The number of adherent cells in the peripheral blood varied inversely with age in the cancer patients, but not in the normal subjects (r=0.29, P<0.005). When patients under age 50 were compared to the controls, the deficiency of adherent cells was slightly more severe in patients with stage IV lung cancer than in those with stage III lung cancer. In contrast, there was no difference in the degree of deficiency between patients with stage III melanoma and no evident disease and patients with stage IV disseminated metastatic disease. The implications of these results are discussed.