cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies and issues for managing menopause-related symptoms in diverse populations: ethnic and racial diversity

Menopause is a naturally occurring "equal opportunity" event that every woman who lives beyond the age of approximately 52 years will experience. During the next 20 years, approximately 3.5 million African American women, 2 million Latinas, and 1 million Asian American women will enter the menopause. How a woman approaches the menopausal transition depends on a number of factors, from educational level to socioeconomic status; health-related factors, including stress; and marital status. Increasingly, the roles of race and ethnicity, as they relate to menopausal symptoms, are being explored. Understanding similarities and differences among women of color in perceptions, attitudes, and expectations surrounding the menopause can help provide culturally appropriate care and promote lifestyles that may decrease symptoms and increase quality of life. For example, minority women are usually the gatekeepers for healthcare for themselves and their families and have a highly developed social support network, often including extended family, a church community, and involvement in sororal or social organizations. In the future, research on menopausal symptoms among women of different racial/ethnic groups should focus on exploring in greater detail the effect of dietary factors and body mass index, additional evaluation of pituitary sensitivity, and use of complementary and alternative medicines in symptom management, with a better understanding of the risks and benefits of such therapies.
Microstructures for control of multiple ion or electron beams

Structures have been fabricated with the potential to provide multiple particle beam control for high-speed direct-write lithography with the potential of gigahertz date rates and 0.1- mu m pixel sizes. The principal device structure consists of an array of apertures capable of supporting individual deflectors that is built into monolithic single-crystal silicon substrate. The construction of versions of these structures with very small 0.08- mu m apertures and with aperture/Einsel lens combinations has been demonstrated. Far-submicrometer ( >
Dynamics of flocculation due to an added immiscible liquid

The dynamics and instability of liquid films coating two solid particles that approach each other with a certain normal velocity are investigated. Depending on the values of various physicochemical parameters and velocity of approach and initial separation, there are two possible outcomes of this encounter, namely, either the rupture of the film (dewetting) or the coalescence of the two unruptured film surfaces takes place. Based on the magnitudes of the parameters, conditions are derived for the prediction of whether dewetting or coalescence occurs. While the present results are most germane to coagulation of particles in a gas (or condensable vapor), they also provide a qualitative understanding of flocculation in a liquid medium (by the addition of a preferentially wetting immiscible liquid phase). Some insight is also gained regarding the separation of multicomponent solids by preferential flocculation. Based on the dynamics and time of coalescence of the two approaching fluid films, a method is also suggested for the experimental determination of the Hamaker constant.
Statistics enhancement in hyperspectral data analysis using spectral-spatial labeling, the EM algorithm, and the leave-one-out covariance estimator

Hyperspectral data potentially contain more information than multispectral data because of higher dimensionality. Information extraction algorithm performance is strongly related to the quantitative precision with which the desired classes are defined, a characteristic which increase rapidly with dimensionality. Due to the limited number of training samples used in defining classes, the information extraction of hyperspectral data may not perform as well as needed. In this paper, schemes for statistics enhancement are investigated for alleviating this problem. Previous works including the EM algorithm and the Leave-One-Out covariance estimator are discussed. The HALF covariance estimator is proposed for two-class problems by using the symmetry property of the normal distribution. A spectral-spatial labeling scheme is proposed to increase the training sample sizes automatically. We also seek to combine previous works with the proposed methods so as to take full advantage of statistics enhancement. Using these techniques, improvement in classification accuracy has been observed.
The Chemical Revolution and its Chymical Antecedents

In 1989, the late Frederic L. Holmes published an important cor rective to the history of eighteenth-century chemistry. In the bril liantly succinct 144 pages of his Eighteenth-Century Chemistry as an Investigative Enterprise, Holmes argued that historians have tradi tionally placed far too much emphasis on Antoine-Laurent Lavoi sier's resounding defeat of the phlogiston theory and indeed on the chemistry of "airs" more generally. Such radically discontinuist pic tures of Lavoisier's contribution had given the impression that his immediate predecessors contributed little but error to the history of chemistry. Holmes advocated a much more balanced treatment of chemistry in the era of the Enlightenment, a new approach that would give due consideration to the quotidian developments of ordi nary chemists before and during the Chemical Revolution. In this way it would be possible not only to arrive at a truer picture of the goals common to eighteenth-century chemists, but to chart the
Study on the Supporting System for Smart Grid Control Center

The chief technical characteristics of the supporting system for smart grid control center include: wide area, panorama, distribution, integration, sensitivity, foresight and risk defense. The essential element in real-time monitor, control and early warning is to realize early warning and preventive control. The dispatch planning is to realize unified, coordinated and refined plan compilation and its close loop safety check at different levels, with multiple targets, multiple obligations, and multiple periodes. The dispatch management shall focus on enhancing flexibility, standardize business flow and integration of different levels coordination . This paper first presents the general system design, compared it with current technical support means to introduce the system framework and key features. In the end, several key technical issues are discussed and described with the application prospects.
Aptamer-Based Folding Fluorescent Sensor for Cocaine

We adapted in two steps a deoxyribonucleotide-based aptamer to signal the recognition of cocaine: an instability was engineered in one stem of a three-way junction that forms the cocaine-binding pocket and the resulting short stem was end labeled with a fluorophore and a quencher. In the absence of cocaine, two stems are open, but in its presence they close and the three-way junction forms. This major structural change brings fluorophore and quencher together thereby signaling the presence and concentration of ligand. The sensor is selective for cocaine over its metabolites, can operate in serum, and is useful for the screening of cocaine hydrolases.
Emerging promotional and pricing approaches in the US pharmaceutical market

Purpose – This paper aims to review the progression of the pharmaceutical industry through the lens of government legislation in the USA. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of pharmaceutical marketing practices while providing direction for emerging pricing and promotional approaches. Design/methodology/approach – This paper offers a comprehensive review of pharmaceutical marketing practices through an exhaustive review of the literature. Further, suggestions are made based on emerging marketing techniques found in the literature. Findings – Changes in government legislation will continue to play a significant role in promotional activities of the pharmaceutical industry. This study identifies specific pricing and promotional tools the pharmaceutical industry can use in response to these emerging changes. Specific actions such as enhancing public image, reconfiguring sales forces, outsourcing and optimizing the pricing mix are suggested. Practical implications – This paper present...
Rate of Disappearance of Gas Bubble Trauma Signs in Juvenile Salmonids

Abstract To assess the rate of disappearance of gas bubble trauma (GBT) signs in juvenile salmonids, we exposed spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss to water containing high levels of dissolved gas supersaturation (DGS) for a time period sufficient to induce signs of GBT, reduced the DGS to minimal levels, and then sampled fish through time to document changes in severity of GBT. Because of the tendency of GBT signs to dissipate at different rates, we conducted trials focusing on emboli (bubbles) in the gill filaments and lateral line and separate trials that focused on bubbles in the external surfaces (fins, eyes, and opercula). Bubbles in gill filaments dissipated almost completely within 2 h after transfer of fish to water of nearly normal DGS (104%), whereas bubbles in the lateral line dissipated to negligible levels within 5 h. Bubbles on external surfaces were more persistent through time than they were in gill filaments and the lateral line. Although typically diss...
Adhesion characteristics of two Burkholderia cepacia strains examined using colloid probe microscopy and gradient force analysis.

Colloid probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) was used to investigate two strains of Burkholderia cepacia in order to determine what molecular scale characteristics of strain Env435 make it less adhesive to surfaces than the parent strain, G4. CP-AFM approach curves analyzed using a gradient force method showed that in a high ionic strength solution (IS = 100 mM, Debye length = 1 nm), the colloid probe was attracted to the surface of strain G4 at a distance of ∼30 nm, but it was repelled over a distance of 25 nm when approaching strain Env435. Adhesion forces measured under the same solution conditions during colloid retraction showed that 1.38 nN of force was required to remove the colloid placed in contact with the surface of strain G4, whereas only 0.58 nN was required using strain Env435. At I S=1m M(Debye length = 10 nm), the attractive force observed with G4 was no longer present, and the repulsive force seen with Env435 was extended to ∼250 nm. The adhesion of the bacteria to the probe was much less at low IS solution (1 mM) than at high IS (100 mM). The greater adhesion characteristics of strain G4 compared to Env435 were confirmed in column tests. Strain G4 had a collision efficiency of α = 0.68, while strain Env435 had a much lower collision efficiency of α = 0.01 (IS = 100 mM). These results suggest that the reduced adhesion of strain Env435 measured in column tests is due to the presence of high molecular weight extracellular polymeric substances that extend out from the cell surface, creating long-range steric repulsion between the cell and a surface. Adhesion is reduced as these polymers do not appear to be “sticky” when placed in contact with a surface in AFM tests. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Scale Locality of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

We investigate the scale locality of cascades of conserved invariants at high kinetic and magnetic Reynold's numbers in the ``inertial-inductive range'' of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, where velocity and magnetic field increments exhibit suitable power-law scaling. We prove that fluxes of total energy and cross helicity---or, equivalently, fluxes of Els\"asser energies---are dominated by the contributions of local triads. Flux of magnetic helicity may be dominated by nonlocal triads. The magnetic stretching term may also be dominated by nonlocal triads, but we prove that it can convert energy only between velocity and magnetic modes at comparable scales. We explain the disagreement with numerical studies that have claimed conversion nonlocally between disparate scales. We present supporting data from a ${1024}^{3}$ simulation of forced MHD turbulence.
Can the lowest two electronic states of Si2 be ordered

Abstract Second-order configuration interaction (SOCI) calculations on Si 2 and C 2 in their lowest 3 Σ − g and 3 Π u , states, combined with experimental data for C 2 , lead to a prediction of a near certain 3 Σ g − Si 2 ground state with T e = 180 ± 200 cm −1 . Enough computed information is now available to guide an experimental search for the bands in the 3 Σ − g to 3 Π u electronic transition.
Organization and regulation of sexually dimorphic neuroendocrine pathways

Reproduction depends on the co-ordinated expression of stereotypical behaviors and precisely timed physiological events, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the integration of sensory and hormonal information that is crucial to this process have remained difficult to define. A variety of experimental approaches has provided compelling evidence that the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the preoptic region plays a particularly important role in the neural control of gonadotropin secretion. It is larger in female rats, contains high densities of neurons that express receptors for ovarian steroid hormones and appears to provide direct projections to gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus. Moreover, it receives inputs from a variety of distinct sensory systems known to influence secretion of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary. Thus, the AVPV appears to represent an important nodal point in sexually dimorphic forebrain circuits for the integration of sensory and hormonal information that influence reproduction. Examples of neurohumoral integration at the level of functional neural systems, individual neurons in the AVPV, or at the molecular level have been identified which provide new insight into how the hypothalamus co-ordinates expression of sex specific reproductive behaviors with gonadotropin secretion.
Negative Adverbials, Prototypical Negation and the De Morgan Taxonomy

Gamut (1991) and Atlas (1991, 1993, 1996b) showed that the Generalized Quantifier only Proper Name licenses Negative Polarity Items but fails to be downwards monotonic in Barwise & Cooper's (1981) sense. In Atlas (1996a, in press) I examined Zwarts's (1996, 1998) De Morgan taxonomy for negative Noun Phrases. Two of the four De Morgan entailments used by Zwarts to characterize the negation of negative Noun Phrases express downward monotonicity of the Noun Phrase Q, viz. Q(F or G) ∥- QF & QG, and QF V QG ∥- Q(F and G). I introduced a connection between a revised Zwartsian De Morgan taxonomy and the familiar concept in Cognitive Linguistics, due to Rosch (1978), and discussed by Lakoff(1987) and Taylor (1995), of 'prototypicality'. I argued on philosophical grounds that anti-additive quantifiers were logically 'prototypical' negation operators; anti-additive quantifiers are downwards monotonic and closed under disjunction, viz. they satisfy a third De Morgan relationship QF & QC ∥- Q(F or G). I then hypothesized that the logically prototypical operators were realized in natural language by linguistically and psycho-linguistically prototypical expressions; e.g. no Count Noun is 'prototypical', but only Proper Name is not; the latter is not downwards monotonic, though it is closed under disjunction, and it licenses Negative Polarity Items. Thus the questions were raised: (a) Are there other negative expressions in the same logical class as only Proper Name ? (b) Is any one logical De Morgan condition essential for Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase lexically semantic negativity ? In this essay I answer those two questions: (a') Yes. (b') No. The latter answer explains the theoretical importance of a concept like 'prototypical' negation in logical semantics, a concept like 'prototypical' negativity in lexical semantics, and the Hypothesis that claims that logically prototypical quantifiers are realized in natural language by linguistically prototypical negative No
Role of opioid receptors (mu, delta 1, delta 2) in modulating responses of nociceptive neurons in the superficial and deeper dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) in the rat.

Abstract This report describes the effects of intravenously administered agonists and antagonists at μ-, δ1- and δ2-opioid receptors on the Aδ- and C-fiber-evoked responses of trigeminal nociceptive neurons in anesthetized rats. Extracellular single unit recordings were made from 61 nociceptive neurons (23 NS, 38 WDR) in the superficial and 37 nociceptive neurons (3 NS, 34 WDR) in the deeper dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis). Administration of either the δ1-receptor agonist [ d -Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE; 0.05–2 mg/kg), the δ2-receptor agonist [ d -Ala2,Glu4]deltorphin (DELT; 1–2 mg/kg) or the μ-receptor agonist [ d -Ala2,N-MePhe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO; 0.05–1 mg/kg) inhibited the Aδ- and C-fiber-evoked responses of nociceptive neurons in the superficial and deeper dorsal horn. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced on the C-fiber-evoked responses than on the Aδ-fiber-evoked responses. In other neurons, DPDPE also produced facilitation, or inhibition followed by facilitation, or differential effects (inhibition of the C-fiber-evoked responses and facilitation of the Aδ-fiber-evoked responses) on the Aδ- and C-fiber-evoked responses. The effects of DPDPE were antagonized by 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX, 0.4–1 mg/kg), a δ1-receptor antagonist, in 88% ( 7 8 ) of neurons. Naltriben (NTB, 0.7–1 mg/kg), a δ2-receptor antagonist, antagonized the effects of both DELT and DPDPE. A smaller dose of NTB (0.3 mg/kg), which failed to reverse the effects of DPDPE in 100% ( 4 4 ) of neurons, effectively antagonized the effects of DELT in 100% ( 6 6 ) of neurons. The inhibitory action of DAMGO was completely antagonized by naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) in 100% ( 6 6 ) of neurons. The results of the present investigation suggest that: (1) μ-, δ1- and δ2-opioid receptors play an important role in the inhibitory modulation of the Aδ- and C-fiber-evoked responses of nociceptive neurons in the superficial and deeper dorsal horn of the medulla; (2) selective inhibition of the C-fiber-evoked responses by activation of opioid receptors may account for the opioid-mediated selective suppression of second or persistent pain as compared to first pain; and (3) NTB, in a limited dose range, can discriminate between δ1- and δ2-opioid receptor subtypes.
Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding

The causes of abnormal uterine bleeding include a wide spectrum of diseases of the reproductive system and nongynecologic causes as well. The differential diagnosis of abnormal excessive uterine bleeding includes organic causes that may be subdivided into reproductive tract disease, iatrogenic causes, and systemic disease. Reproductive tract disease that may result in abnormal uterine bleeding comprises the complications of pregnancy (threatened, incomplete, or missed abortion, ectopic pregnancy, trophoblastic disease, placental polyp, and subinvolution of the placental site), malignant tumors (endometrial, cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and oviduct malignancies and granulosa theca cell ovarian tumors), infection (endometritis, salpingitis), and other benign pelvic disorders (traumatic lesions of the vagina, severe vaginal infections, foreign bodies, cervical polyps, cervical erosion, cervicitis, submucous uterine leiomyomas, adenomyosis, endometriosis, and endometrial polyps). Iatrogenic causes of abnormal uterine bleeding include sex steroids, hypothalamic depressants, digitalis, phenytoin, anticoagulants, and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Systemic diseases that may cause abnormal uterine bleeding include hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, and coagulation disorders. Abnormal uterine bleeding that occurs in a woman of reproductive age should be considered the result of complication of pregnancy until proved otherwise. Abnormal uterine bleeding occurring in a woman of perimenopausal or postmenopausal age should be considered the result of a malignancy until proved otherwise. Menorrhagia occurring in an adolescent should be attributed to a coagulopathy until proved otherwise. When an organic cause of abnormal uterine bleeding cannot be found, then by exclusion the diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding is assumed. Coagulation disorders, particularly von Willebrand disease, are more common than many physicians realize. Women with a history of high-risk factors, all adolescents with menorrhagia, women with anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding who fail medical or surgical therapy, and women with ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding without an anatomic uterine lesion should be screened for a coagulopathy.
Magnetopause characteristics at 0840-1040 hours local time

An analysis of three-dimensional energetic particle distributions for 14 consecutive ISEE satellite orbits during magnetopause crossings and close approaches is presented. The data were collected from the Nov. 10 through Dec. 11, 1977, time period and cover local times of 0840 to 1040 hours. It was found that the magnetopause in this period defined by energetic particles can be represented as sharp particles and a well defined boundary for magnetospherically trapped particles for a wide range of magnetospheric activity and magnetosheath field conditions. The magnetopause position, orientation, and velocity were determined for all identified magnetopause crossings and close approaches using the technique of Williams (1979); it was found that the magnetopause is nearly always in motion with velocities ranging from near zero to at least plus or minus 25 km/s. Correlations with published plasma, magnetic field, and plasma wave magnetopause identifications show the energetic particle results to be accurate and an important factor in determining magnetopause characteristics and behavior.
Convergence to Traveling Waves in Two Model Systems Related to the Dynamics of Liquid–Vapor Phase Changes

Abstract Two prototype systems arising from an earlier model for the dynamics of liquid–vapor phase transitions of retrograde fluids in shock tubes are studied. For the first system, the existence of traveling waves is established. The stability of some traveling waves is proved under some conditions if the traveling wave for the reaction-diffusion part of the system is stable. This shows that the admissibility of traveling waves for the original model cannot be determined by stability consideration alone. This leads to the second prototype system for the original model in which the effect of initiation of nuclei is included. For the second system, the convergence to traveling waves is proved for some initial value problems. This result shows the initiation term has a sizable effect in the long time on the speed of the phase boundary.
Soybean phosphorus and potassium requirement evaluation by three M-DRIS data bases.

Modified-diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (MDRIS) soybean (L.) norms are now available for select, large, and regional data bases. It is unclear which of these data bases is more accurate in evaluating nutritional needs of soybean. A study was conducted to compare the ability of select, narrow-based (S); large, broad-based (L); Midwest (MW); and Southeast (SE) MDRIS data bases to diagnose P and K nutrition in four soybean cultivars grown in a limestone by a P by K soil fertility study in Iowa. Greater accuracy by L, MW, and SE vs. S in evaluating plant P and K status was attributed to spuriously high P and K concentrations in S, which resulted in excessive P and K deficiency diagnoses. Diagnostic accuracy for L and MW did not differ. Greater accuracy of MW vs. SE in detecting P deficiencies was attributed to the larger norm mean for P. The SE performed better than L or MW in determining K nondeficiencies, resulting in superior overall K diagnoses and overall P plus K diagnoses. This was attributed to relatively larger CVs for norms involving K (vs. the average CV for nutrient expressions involving DM) in the SE data base compared to those in the L and MW data bases, which resulted in less incorrect diagnoses by SE where K was nondeficient. Diagnoses by MW were not superior to those for L and SE; therefore, data do not support the suggestion that regional data bases will improve soybean diagnoses for P iihd K. Data do support the assumption that MDRIS norms from large, broad-based (L) data sets are more accurate than norms from select, narrow-based (S) data sets in evaluating plant nutrient requirements.
Multimedia communications: architectural alternatives

Multimedia communications systems are a combination of human interfaces and end users interacting with multimedia data bases and highly disparate but interconnected communications networks. This paper discusses several architectural alternatives and system requirements that will assist in the design and development of MMCS in actual environments. The approaches taken in this paper are based upon the development of such systems in both medical and printing and publishing environments. This paper develops several key concepts as how best to define and structure data in a multimedia environment, how best to integrate the communications elements, and how best to permit the maximum flexibility to the end user to utilize the system's capabilities in the context of a fully conversational environment.
Thermal Transport in Few-Quintuple Bi2Te3 Thin Films and Nanoribbons

In this work, thermal conductivity of perfect and nanoporous few-quintuple Bi2 Te3 thin films as well as nanoribbons with perfect and zig-zag edges is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with Green-Kubo method. We find minimum thermal conductivity of perfect Bi2 Te3 thin films with three quintuple layers (QLs) at room temperature, and we believe it originates from the interplay between inter-quintuple coupling and phonon boundary scattering. Nanoporous films and nanoribbons are studied for additional phonon scattering channels in suppressing thermal conductivity. With 5% porosity in Bi2 Te3 thin films, the thermal conductivity is found to decrease by a factor of 4–6, depending on temperature, comparing to perfect single QL. For nanoribbons, width and edge shape are found to strongly affect the temperature dependence as well as values of thermal conductivity.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Characterizing complex structural variation in germline and somatic genomes

Genome structural variation (SV) is a major source of genetic diversity in mammals and a hallmark of cancer. Although SV is typically defined by its canonical forms (duplication, deletion, insertion, inversion and translocation), recent breakpoint mapping studies have revealed a surprising number of ‘complex' variants that evade simple classification. Complex SVs are defined by clustered breakpoints that arose through a single mutation but cannot be explained by one simple end-joining or recombination event. Some complex variants exhibit profoundly complicated rearrangements between distinct loci from multiple chromosomes, whereas others involve more subtle alterations at a single locus. These diverse and unpredictable features present a challenge for SV mapping experiments. Here, we review current knowledge of complex SV in mammals, and outline techniques for identifying and characterizing complex variants using next-generation DNA sequencing.
Generalized Eckstein-Bertsekas proximal point algorithm involving (H,η)-monotonicity framework

A general framework for the Eckstein-Bertsekas proximal point algorithm, based on the notion of (H,@h)-monotonicity, is developed. Convergence analysis for the generalized Eckstein-Bertsekas proximal point algorithm in the context of solving a class of nonlinear inclusions is examined. Furthermore, some results on general firm nonexpansiveness and resolvent mapping corresponding to (H,@h)-monotonicity are given.
Understanding Pro-Arrhythmic Effects of Drugs using Computational Models and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis

Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia is a dangerous side effect of many pharmacological agents. Often, drugs block the K+ channel responsible for rapid delayed rectifier current (IKr), leading to delayed repolarization of action potentials, prolongation of the QT interval, and increased arrhythmia risk. Some drugs, however, block IKr potently but are nonetheless safe. In addition, the effects of a drug on action potential morphology depend not just on the channel that is blocked, but also on the other channels present in the cell, a concept known as "repolarization reserve." We have gained new insight into both phenomena through analysis of ventricular myocyte computational models with parameter randomization and multivariable regression. The most likely targets of a non-specific drug can be deduced from the relationship between action potential duration and drug concentration, if the data are compared to the parameter sensitivity analysis of an appropriate electrophysiological model. Simulations also provide insight into how the electrophysiological substrate of a ventricular myocyte affects the response of the cell to a drug that blocks IKr. Such a drug always prolongs action potential duration, but the effects can be either exacerbated or attenuated, depending on the characteristics of the other ion channels present. Specifically, simulations with a common human ventricular myocyte model suggest that the most important factors influencing the response to an IKr-blocking drug are: 1) the underlying density of IKr; 2) the density of slow delayed rectifier current IKs; 3) the voltage-dependence of IKr inactivation; 4) the density of L-type Ca2+ current, and 5) the kinetics of IKs activation. These simulations provide for a quantification of the important concept of repolarization reserve, and demonstrate how analysis of computational models can provide insight into the factors that influence adverse drug reactions.
Computer Calculated Diffraction Patterns

Diffraction patterns calculated by computing two dimensional Fourier transform of aperture electric field
Maternal well-being and sleep–wake behaviors in infants: An intervention using maternal odor

Le developpement d'un cycle organise sommeil-eveil chez les jeunes bebes est influence par les caracteristiques a la fois du nourrisson et de l'enfant, et par la nature de leur interaction dyadique. L'organisation de l'etat de sommeil-eveil est influencee tout d'abord par la regularisation biologique homeostatique, et plus tard par la regularisation socioemotionnelle. Cet article decrit une etude des possibilites utilisant une intervention olfactive concue pour etablir la transition de la regularisation physiologique a la regularisation sociale dans l'organisation de l'etat sommeil-eveil. Un echantillon de 21 dyades mere-bebe a participe a une etude longitudinale d'une annee, apres qu'on leur ait assigne soit une condition experimentale avec une aide au sommeil portant l'odeur maternelle (RSA) ou une condition controle avec une aide au sommeil neutre (SC). Des questionnaires remplis par les meres ont mesure le bien-etre psychologique maternel, et des videos ont enregistre les comportements sommeil-eveil des bebes de maniere repetee durant la premiere annee. Les meres RSA ont fait etat de bien meilleurs niveaux de hien-etre tout au long de l'anneee. A six et douze mois, les meres faisant etat de sentiments plus depressifs presentaient differents patterns d'interaction nocturne. L'organisation de l'etat sommeil-eveil du bebe et l'utilisation de l'aide au sommeil changerent considerablement durant la premiere annee, mais ne furent pas alterees par l'intervention.
Trypanosomiasis: an approach to chemotherapy by the inhibition of carbohydrate catabolism

When the infected mammalian host of Trypanosoma brucei brucei is injected with a solution of the iron chelator salicyl hydroxamic acid and glycerol, the aerobic and anaerobic glucose catabolism of the parasite is blocked and the parasite is rapidly destroyed.
Classifying the fluidization and segregation behavior of binary mixtures using particle size and density ratios

Experimental investigations show that fluidized binary mixtures exhibit varied pressure drop profiles and segregation patterns, depending on the level of disparity due to size and/or density differences. In this study, different mixture types are mapped on a graph of density versus size ratios. It is found that the ratio of the minimum fluidization velocities of individual components can be used to categorize these mixtures. A simple correlation is developed to compute the ratio of the minimum fluidization velocities based on the density and size ratios. Categorizing the binary mixtures in this manner gives a qualitative understanding of how the different mixtures behave on fluidization. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Effects of cyclopentenone prostaglandins and related compounds on insulin-like growth factor-I and Waf1 gene expression.

Abstract The molecular pathways by which the cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA and PGJ series) inhibit cell growth and tumorigenicity are poorly understood. These cellular responses may be caused by specific regulation of growth-related and stress-induced genes. A variety of prostaglandins were tested for their ability to regulate insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and Waf1 gene expression in C6 rat glioma cells. The prostaglandins (in order of potency) PGJ 2 >PGA 1 >PGA 2 ≈PGD 2 ≫PGE 2 all significantly repressed IGF-I gene expression. With the exception of PGE 2 , the same prostaglandins that repressed IGF-I also induced Waf1 gene expression. However, the order of potency for Waf1 induction was different than for IGF-I repression: PGA 2 >PGA 1 ≈PGJ 2 >PGD 2 . The different order of potency of the prostaglandins in regulating IGF-I and Waf1 gene expression suggests that different intracellular signals may be involved in regulating the two genes. Augmentation of glutathione levels by pretreatment of cells with N -acetyl- l -cysteine attenuated the effect of PGA 2 on IGF-I and Waf1 gene expression. Conversely, depletion of the intracellular glutathione pool by pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine potentiated the effect of PGA 2 on the expression of both genes. These results suggest that conjugation with glutathione prevents the regulation of gene expression by PGA 2 . We also tested the effect of several simpler compounds that contain a five-membered ring system on IGF-I and Waf1 gene expression. 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, but not cyclopentanone or cyclopentene, repressed IGF-I and induced Waf1 gene expression, demonstrating the requirement for an α , β -unsaturated carbonyl for regulation of the two genes. The dione compound 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, which has two potentially reactive carbons rather than one, was considerably more potent than 2-cyclopenten-1-one in repressing IGF-I gene expression (IC 50 =30 μ M for 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione as compared with 167 μ M for 2-cyclopenten-1-one). Additional results indicated that diethyl maleate, which has two α , β -unsaturated carbonyls in a non-cyclic configuration, also repressed IGF-I gene expression (IC 50 =214 μ M) and induced Waf1 gene expression, indicating that the cyclic structure is not required for either effect.
LONG-TERM GROWTH RESPONSE TO GROWTH HORMONE (GH) TREATMENT IN GH DEFICIENT MEDULLOBLASTOMA (PNET) SURVIVORS

LONG-TERM GROWTH RESPONSE TO GROWTH HORMONE (GH) TREATMENT IN GH DEFICIENT MEDULLOBLASTOMA (PNET) SURVIVORS
Inherent Overload Protection for the Series Resonant Converter

The overload characteristics of the full bridge series resonant power converter are considered. This includes analyses of the two most common control methods presently in use. The first of these uses a current zero crossing detector to synchronize the control signals and is referred to as the ? controller. The second is driven by a voltage controlled oscillator and is referred to as the ? controller. It is shown that the ? controller has certain reliability advantages in that it can be designed with inherent short circuit protection. Experimental results are included for an 86 kHz converter using power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
Nanometer particles: A new frontier for multidisciplinary research

In summary, it is clear that exciting new possibilities now exist for research into, and applications of, nanometer particles. The proposed special issue of the Journal of Aerosol Science will draw together current knowledge on these subjects and describe the state-of-the-art research, providing a platform for future exploration.
In-situ electron microscopy study of the reactivity of molybdenum disulphide in various gaseous environments

The interaction of single crystal molybdenum disulphide with various gases has been followed dynamically usingin situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. It is found that in the presence of oxygen attack takes place preferentially at edges and point defects on the basal plane. I1 appears that the reaction proceeds by two pathways, conversion to MoO2 predominates at low temperatures (690 K) end formation of MoO3 becoming significant at jigher temperatures (800 K), with intermediate metastable oxides playing some role. Reduction of molybdenum disulphide in hydrogen is a relatively sluggish reaction and attack occurs exclusively at the edge regions of crystals resulting in the formation of metallic molybdenum as major product with e minor amount of Mo2S3.
Representations of Hopf Algebras Arising fromLie Algebras of Cartan Type@c

w x 1.1. This is a continuation of 13 in an effort to use algebraic group actions to study the representations of restricted Lie algebras of Cartan type. In this paper we study the representation theory of certain finite-diw x mensional Hopf algebras that arise from the construction in 13 . The representation theory of these Hopf algebras closely resembles the representation theory of Frobenius kernels of reductive algebraic groups in positive characteristics. Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group scheme over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p ) 0. It is well known that if F : G a G is the r th iteration of the Frobenius map and G s ker F , r r there is a chain of normal subgroup schemes G eG e ??? eG. In earlier 1 2 terminology this is equivalent to the existence of a chain of finite-dimenŽ . Ž . sional cocommutative Hopf algebras Dist G ; Dist G ; ??? ; 1 2 Ž . Ž . Dist G , where Dist G is known as the r th hyperalgebra of the distribur Ž . Ž . tion algebra Dist G of G. Let g be the Lie algebra of G and u g be its restricted universal enveloping algebra. There exists an isomorphism of
Planning under uncertainty in the NASA FTS environment

An evaluation system called the associative rule memory (ARM) that operates with an interactive or automatic planner in a robot-based world, such as the world of the NASA Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS), is described. The ARM is constructed from a neural network model called a Boltzmann Machine, and ranks alternative robotic actions based on the probability that the action works as expected in achieving a desired effect. The system is experience-based, and can predict the probability of achieving a desired effect for robotic actions that have not been explicitly tested in the past. The ARM is designed to quickly and efficiently find high probability of effect for robotic actions for a given desired effect. This paper details the construction of the ARM for the NASA FTS robotic environment. Examples are also provided that demonstrate the use of the ARM within a current NASA symbolic planning system.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Familial congenital absence of adrenal glands; evaluation of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and estrogen metabolism in the perinatal period†

The patient was the fourth of affected male siblings. Cortisol (1.3 μg per cent), cortisone (9.6), and corticosterone sulfate (0.1) concentrations were low in cord blood. The larger amount of cortisone may have originated from maternal cortisol. Aldosterone was undetectable in cord blood, indicating lack of fetal secretion or maternofetal transfer. Unexpectedly normal concentrations of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) sulfate in cord serum could represent maternal transfer of DOC, with subsequent fetal sulfurylation. Low estrone and estradiol concentrations in maternal and cord serum were consistent with absence of the fetal adrenals. Despite the low levels of the steroids, the propositus had a normal lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio at 38 weeks' gestation. Circulatory insufficiency developed within half an hour after birth and responded to gluco- and mineralocorticoid therapy. The three untreated siblings died between 14 and 67 hours of age. It is evident that early recognition of this condition may be lifesaving.
Cortical motor representation of the laryngeal muscles inMacaca mulatta

In order to determine the cortical areas of representation for the laryngeal muscles inMacaca mulatta, the inferolateral motor portions of both hemispheres were electrically stimulated. Muscular responses were observed under α-chloralose anesthesia. Stimulation of areas on the cortical surface with monopolar eletrodes, by a 100/sec constant current, resulted in differentiated contractions of the thyroarytenoid, cricothyroid or extrinsic laryngeal muscles. Responses were observed visually and measured by force transducers attached to the dissected muscles. InMacaca mulatta, these areas lie primarily within von Bonin and Bailey's histologically designated area FCBm. In several experiments, heart rate was also monitored. At threshold stimulation values, heart rate changes occurred only from the area principally devoted to responses of the cricothyroid muscle. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the possible differential motor innervation by vagal and accessory nerve components of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Living in the Narrows: Subsistence economy and culture change in Labrador Inuit society during the contact period

This paper presents zooarchaeological analyses of several contact period Inuit winter settlement sites in Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. These sites span the history of Inuit settlement in the region (from about AD 1600 to 1900) and provide an ideal opportunity to examine the relationship of changing patterns of Inuit settlement organization to changing subsistence, social relations and environmental fluctuations. Two of the most conspicuous changes of the contact period came in the eighteenth century, when most winter settlements were relocated to sheltered coastal locations and communal winter houses were adopted. The role played by environmental factors in these changes are discussed in light of new palaeoenvironmental data and zooarchaeological focused on Hamilton Inlet. Environmental changes do seem to have influenced hunting practices. However, this analysis does not support the proposition that the adoption of communal houses was associated with a colder climate or with more severe ice conditions. Rather, it demonstrates a notable increase in importance of open water seal hunting in Hamilton Inlet during the eighteenth century, and links the communal house to increased need for organized hunting labour.
Controls on tropical Pacific Ocean productivity revealed through nutrient stress diagnostics

Phytoplankton growth rates can now be estimated from satellite ocean colour measurements, but this remarkable development requires an understanding of the specific growth-limiting nutrients. In situ iron-enrichment experiments have revolutionized our understanding of nutrient constraints, but only on a scale of tens of kilometres. In regions like the equatorial Pacific, high surface nitrate and vanishingly low iron can cause phytoplankton to synthesize special pigment-protein complexes with unique fluorescence properties. A new study combines this understanding of physiological responses to iron stress with field data spanning thousands of square kilometres to more accurately estimate phytoplankton growth in this climate-critical region. The findings show that the 'greenness' of phytoplankton is not always an accurate reflection of primary productivity. See Fig. 1 on page 1025 to match the study area with the cover image. The nutrients that limit phytoplankton growth also influence fluorescence. The nature of these relationships in the tropical Pacific are now established, allowing fluorescence measurements to determine the factors that limit phytoplankton growth in this region more accurately, and on a larger spatial scale, than has been possible previously. In situ enrichment experiments have shown that the growth of bloom-forming diatoms in the major high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the world's oceans is limited by the availability of iron1,2,3. Yet even the largest of these manipulative experiments represents only a small fraction of an ocean basin, and the responses observed are strongly influenced by the proliferation of rare species rather than the growth of naturally dominant populations4,5. Here we link unique fluorescence attributes of phytoplankton to specific physiological responses to nutrient stress, and use these relationships to evaluate the factors that constrain phytoplankton growth in the tropical Pacific Ocean on an unprecedented spatial scale. On the basis of fluorescence measurements taken over 12 years, we delineate three major ecophysiological regimes in this region. We find that iron has a key function in regulating phytoplankton growth in both HNLC and oligotrophic waters near the Equator and further south, whereas nitrogen and zooplankton grazing are the primary factors that regulate biomass production in the north. Application of our findings to the interpretation of satellite chlorophyll fields shows that productivity in the tropical Pacific basin may be 1.2–2.5 Pg C yr-1 lower than previous estimates have suggested, a difference that is comparable to the global change in ocean production that accompanied the largest El Nino to La Nina transition on record6.
Dynein at the Kinetochore: Timing, Interactions and Functions

Kinetochores have been proposed to play multiple roles in mitotic chromosome alignment, including initial microtubule (MT) capture, monitoring MT attachments, prometaphase and anaphase chromosome movement and tension generation at metaphase. In addition, kinetochores are essential components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), and couple chromosome alignment with SAC silencing at metaphase. Although the molecular details of these activities remain under investigation, cytoplasmic dynein has been implicated in several aspects of MT and SAC regulation. Recent work clarifies the contribution of dynein to MT interactions and to events that drive anaphase onset. This review summarizes these studies and provides new models for dynein function.
Recent Changes in Platinum Group Element Concentrations and Osmium Isotopic Composition in Sediments from an Urban Lake

Automobile catalyst emissions have resulted in the occurrence of elevated Pt, Pd, and Rh concentration in the urban and roadside environment. We investigate the chronology of platinum group elements (PGE) accumulation in dated sediments from an urban lake near Boston, MA. Chronological profiles demonstrate that Pt, Pd, and Rh concentrations increased following the introduction in catalysts with accumulation rates 6-16 times larger in 1992-2002 than prior to the introduction of catalysts. Ratios of these elements closely match their ratios in catalysts, providing further evidence of an automobile source. Iridium and Ru accumulation in sediments also increased following the introduction of catalysts, and while past Os contamination is associated with leather tanning, recent changes in the isotopic composition of Os indicate another anthropogenic source for this element. The PGE have similar geochemical properties and are difficult to separate from one another, and therefore, we suggest that automobile catalyst emissions also result in increasing environmental concentrations of Ir, Ru, and Os, which occur as impurities in catalysts. An automobile catalyst source of Ir and Os is supported by elevated concentrations of these elements in a tunnel dust sample.