cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenal androgen blockade in relapsed prostate cancer

The effectiveness of aminoglutethimide as an adrenal inhibitor has been well-documented by decreases in plasma testosterone and delta 4 levels, which fall significantly following the drug in previously orchiectomized patients. The use of cortisone or cortisol along with aminoglutethimide complicates the interpretation of the role of aminoglutethimide in effecting clinical responses. However, since physiologic replacement doses were used in most cases, a significant role for cortisone in effecting a clinical response is unlikely. Aminoglutethimide does have side-effects including rash and lethargy. It requires administration of replacement doses of cortisone and sometimes mineralocorticoid as well since it inhibits adrenal steroid synthesis in all pathways. Peripheral adrenal androgen inhibitors, such as flutamide, Megace, cyproterone acetate or 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, in the future may be equally effective and simpler to administer than aminoglutethimide but objective and adequate numbers of studies using acceptable objective criteria must be done in order to adequately compare these drugs to aminoglutethimide. There appears to be approximately a 33% response rate (partial objective regression and objectively stable) following blockade of adrenal androgens in patients in relapse after castration. Blockade of adrenal androgen is certainly more tolerable and has many fewer side-effects than the alternative of chemotherapy which does not give response rates in most cases that are significantly different from those noted with aminoglutethimide. Murray's paper, combined with prior studies by Drago et al., goes a long way in establishing adrenal androgen blockade with that drug as the next step to be taken in patients following relapse from prior castration (medical or surgical). The most important question revolves around the timing of adrenal androgen blockade. As stated by Murray, will adrenal androgen blockade provide better survival if given earlier following relapse? The answer is not known yet. The answer may come from the work of Labrie [1], Geller and Albert [2] and others, who suggest that total survival in prostate cancer may be improved with blockade of adrenal androgens not after relapse following castration, but with panandrogen blockade at the time of initial therapy for prostate cancer.
Thermal conductivity measurement from 30 to 750 K: the 3ω method

An ac technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of dielectric solids between 30 and 750 K is described. This technique, the 3ω method, can be applied to bulk amorphous solids and crystals as well as amorphous films tens of microns thick. Errors from black‐body radiation are calculated to be less than 2% even at 1000 K. Data for a‐SiO2, Pyrex 7740, and Pyroceram 9606 are compared to results obtained by conventional techniques.
Calculation of the crystal field parameters of praseodymium ethyl sulfate and praseodymium trichloride.

Abstract A method of applying the extended Huckel molecular orbital method for the evaluation of crystal field parameters in the rare earth compounds is presented. The charge distribution in the crystal field and the effect of the outer coordinated sphere on the calculation of the crystal field parameters is discussed. From the calculated charge distribution, the crystal field parameters A20〈r2〉, A40〈r4〉, A60〈r6〉, and A66〈r6〉 of praseodymium ethyl sulfate crystal and praseodymium trichloride crystal have been obtained. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data. Some possible sources of the error in the calculation are discussed.
Survey of cancer genetics: Genetic testing implications

The identification of an increasing variety of "cancer genes," thereby signifying the cancer destiny of patients from hereditary cancer families, offer numerous opportunities for cancer surveillance and management, including prophylactic surgery in selected circumstances. This new science and technology has emerged at a rapid pace, making it difficult for many physicians to grasp its full impact. This article reviews the genetics and molecular genetics of cancer and updates its genetic counseling implications. Several hereditary cancer syndromes are reviewed as cancer genetic models, including multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B, neurofibromatosis, familial pancreatic carcinoma, familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Special attention is given to the distinctive pathology features that may appear in certain hereditary cancer syndromes, with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma discussed as a prototypic model. Genetic testing issues including variable positions relevant to whether and/or when to test and whom to test, as well as the position of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, are also discussed. Cancer 1997; 80:523-32. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Local likelihood estimation for nonstationary random fields

We develop a weighted local likelihood estimate for the parameters that govern the local spatial dependency of a locally stationary random field. The advantage of this local likelihood estimate is that it smoothly downweights the influence of faraway observations, works for irregular sampling locations, and when designed appropriately, can trade bias and variance for reducing estimation error. This paper starts with an exposition of our technique on the problem of estimating an unknown positive function when multiplied by a stationary random field. This example gives concrete evidence of the benefits of our local likelihood as compared to unweighted local likelihoods. We then discuss the difficult problem of estimating a bandwidth parameter that controls the amount of influence from distant observations. Finally we present a simulation experiment for estimating the local smoothness of a local Matern random field when observing the field at random sampling locations in [0,1]^2. The local Matern is a fully nonstationary random field, has a closed form covariance, can attain any degree of differentiability or Holder smoothness and behaves locally like a stationary Matern. We include an appendix that proves the positive definiteness of this covariance function.
Minkowski's convex body theorem and integer programming

The paper presents an algorithm for solving Integer Programming problems whose running time depends on the number n of variables as nOn. This is done by reducing an n variable problem to 2n5i/2 problems in n-i variables for some i greater than zero chosen by the algorithm. The factor of On5/2 “per variable” improves the best previously known factor which is exponential in n. Minkowski's Convex Body theorem and other results from Geometry of Numbers play a crucial role in the algorithm. Several related algorithms for lattice problems are presented. The complexity of these problems with respect to polynomial-time reducibilities is studied.
Churn detection in large user networks

Anomaly detection on dynamic real-world networks such as large caller networks and online social networks is a very difficult problem, analogous to looking for a needle in a haystack. This paper considers detecting churners in a 3.7 million mobile phone network. The two main issues are designing fast and efficient features and classifiers. We discuss both in this paper. We associate every caller in the network with an activity vector and an affinity graph, and our features are derived from activity levels computed from subgraphs of the affinity graph. These features reflect the graph-dependent nature of the problem. To compute these networks expeditiously, we extend as integral affinity graphs the concept of integral images. Our anomaly classifier is a cascaded classifier with stages that combine naive Bayes and decision tree classifiers. Simulations with a 3.7 million cell phone user network illustrate an anomaly classifier that reaches a false alarm rate of 0.8% with a churn detection rate of 71%.
Ceramide Profiling of Complex Lipid Mixtures by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Ceramides and sphingoid bases are important intracellular second messengers that play a role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Until now, quantitative and qualitative analysis of ceramide second messengers has been limited by a lack of analytical methods capable of detecting endogenous levels of, and differentiating between, individual ceramide species. Here we report the use of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ceramides. Collision-induced fragmentation resulted in characteristic product ions for the sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine) head groups at m/z 264 and 282 and m/z 266 and 284, respectively, regardless of the length of the fatty acyl chains, with spectra being reproducible at concentrations as low as 25 nM (25 fmol/microliter). These reporter ions were used to detect both sphingosine- and sphinganine-based ceramides in complex mixtures using precursor ion scan analysis. We demonstrated the application of this method for profiling the composition of ceramides in a commercial preparation of bovine brain ceramides and, following minimal chromatographic separation, a lipid extract of cultured T cells. Furthermore, we easily detected relative differences in individual ceramide species levels by comparing the profiles of three related lymphocyte cell lines, Jurkat, U937, and WEHI 231. Finally, by the addition of a nonnaturally occurring internal standard, we show that the technique can be used to measure quantitative changes in ceramide levels in such biologically derived lipid preparations.
Black liquor gasification

A new process has been developed for converting concentrated Kraft mill black liquor into clean fuel gas and reduced smelt. Bench- and pilot-scale tests have demonstrated that the process can be operated to provide essentially complete conversion of the black liquor feed into fuel gas with a heating value of about 4470 kJ/m3 (120 Btu/scf) and smelt that is over 95% reduced to sulfide. Engineering studies indicate that the process can be used to fuel a gas turbine in a power generation system that integrates well with the requirements of a pulp mill. The overall process has the potential for higher efficiency, lower cost, and greater safety than conventional Tomlinson recovery boiler systems. Un nouveau procede de conversion de la liqueur noire concentree d'une papeterie Kraft en gaz combustibles propres et en residus, a ete mis au point. Des tests a l'echelle de laboratoire et a l'echelle pilote demontrent que le procede peut etre utilise pour la conversion quasi-complete de la liqueur noire en gaz combustibles dont le pouvoir calorifique est d'environ 4470 kJ/m1 (120 Btu/scf) et en residus dont la reduction en sulfure est superieure a 95%. Des etudes d'ingenierie montrent que le procede peut servir a l'alimentation d'une turbine a gaz dans un systeme de production d'energie repondant bien aux besoins d'une papeterie. L'ensemble du procede est concu pour permettre une plus grande efficacite, des couts moins eleves et une securite accrue par rapport aux chaudieres de recuperation Tomlinson classiques.
Motion and Capture of Quasiparticles in Solids in the Presence of Cooperative Trap Interactions

Abstract The motion and capture of quasiparticles in periodic lattices are investigated with the help of a calculation which is exact in a one-dimensional system, and whose special feature is that it treats cooperative interactions among traps. These interactions are analyzed through lattice gas arguments. The motion is studied with the help of generalized master equations which allow for an arbitrary degree of transport coherence. The analysis, although of particular relevance to the dynamics of Frenkel excitons in molecular solids, is of general applicability.
ISOELECTRONIC IMPURITIES IN SEMICONDUCTORS

The term “Isoelectronic Impurity” is used to denote an impurity center in a crystal arising when an atom from the same column of the periodic table as one of the constituents of the host crystal substitutes for that constituent. Isoelectronic substitutions in certain wideband gap semiconductors have a profound effect on the optical properties of the materials for photon energies in the vicinity of the band gap. In particular, the impurity systems GaP:N, GaP:Bi, and ZnTe:0 exhibit sharp absorption lines and CdS:Te exhibits an absorption band lying within the band gaps of the pure crystals.1,2,3,4 These lines can be attributed to exciton bound states at the impurities.
A critical evaluation of the role of receptors in the control of aldosterone secretion and sodium excretion

Summary Evidence has been considered that arterial baroreceptors influence renal Na excretion via a reflex mechanism which is mediated by an increase in renal sympathetic activity. Such a mechanism might lead to Na retention by either (1) a direct influence of the renal nerves on tubular transport of Na, or (2) indirectly through an increase in renal arteriolar tone and decreased GFR. Available data are inadequate to establish the existence of either mechanism. In fact, there is considerable evidence that the renal nerves exert no direct influence on renal tubular transport. The possibility of arterial baroreceptors which regulate aldosterone secretion has been considered. Extensive denervation of the central arterial tree has failed to provide evidence for such a mechanism. Results from constriction of the common carotid arteries low in the neck indicate that a marked reduction in carotid artery pulse pressure may stimulate ACTH release and a subsequent slight elevation in aldosterone secretion. It seems doubtful that the mechanism has physiologic importance. Evidence is lacking to demonstrate that right atrial stretch receptors are concerned with the regulation of aldosterone secretion. Studies of the hypothalamus and lower brain stem have failed to demonstrate a center for the primary control of aldosterone secretion. Indeed, the striking similarity in the response in aldosterone secretion to bleeding in hypophysectomized and decapitated dogs indicates that the aldosterone stimulating hormone is secreted by an extracranial organ. Failure of nephrectomized-hypophysectomized dogs to show an increase in aldosterone secretion in respose to acute bleeding and the very low rates of aldosterone secretion before bleeding provide evidence for secretion of ASH by the kidney. Also, acute nephrectomy of hypophysectomized dogs with thoracic caval constriction resulted in a marked fall in aldosterone production and saline extracts of kidney showed pronounced aldosterone stimulating activity. The possibility of a receptor in the kidney which responds to a decrease in volume or pressure and leads to release of an aldosterone stimulating hormone by the juxtaglomerular cells was considered.
Properties of the one- and two-component electron-hole liquid in stressed Si at T=0

We present a calculation of the $T=0$ properties of the two-component electron-hole liquid (EHL) in 001g-stressed Si, of the EHL in the equilibrium limit in 001g-stressed Si, and of the EHL in 111g-stressed Si. We conclude that a phase separation of the two-component EHL such as that which we have predicted to occur in 111g-stressed Ge is much less likely to occur in 001g-stressed Si. We also discuss the available experimental data for 111g-stressed Si and 001g-stressed Si in the equilibrium limit.
Conductorless switching in ion‐implanted magnetic bubble devices

A new, conductorless switching concept for use in ion‐implanted magnetic bubble devices is investigated. The switches consist of two passive merge gates with different orientations relative to the crystal axes placed back‐to‐back. Switching is achieved through a six‐quadrant reversal of the rotation direction of the in‐plane field. A small device was fabricated on 2μm YSmTmCaGeIG material using a single‐masking‐level process in order to test two‐way switching between a 7.5μm×8.5μm storage array and a 17μm‐period backward turn major loop. Results at 100 kHz operating frequency show a 22 Oe (9%) transfer margin at 60 Oe peak triangular drive, and a minimum drive field of 44 Oe. With this new concept, the problems of switch alignment and conductor crossing are eliminated while maintaining, the relatively large minimum lithographic features (2μm–3μm) associated with ion‐implanted bubble technology.
Biological Modulators in Eosinophilic Diseases

Eosinophils can regulate local and systemic inflammation, and their presence in higher numbers appears to play an important role in the pathology of various atopic and inflammatory diseases. Eosinophil maturation, recruitment, and survival depend on several cytokine regulators, including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-4, and IL-13 as well as growth factors such as GM-CSF. Over the last decade, the approach to treating eosinophilic diseases has changed greatly. A number of biologic modulators have been developed to target eosinophilic inflammatory pathways, and their usage has resulted in variable clinical improvement in the treatment of eosinophilic-associated conditions. Novel targeted therapies that are safe and effective for treating these disorders are being investigated. This review summarizes the clinical use of biologic agents that have been studied in clinical trials or approved for treating eosinophilic diseases.
Mechanical failure of prosthetic human implants: a 10-year experience with aortic stent graft devices.

Abstract Objective: The first endovascular stent graft was implanted to treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm more than a decade ago. This technique has evolved dramatically with the growing understanding of metallurgic and fabric sciences and improved device designs. However the potential for stent graft material failure remains. This investigation describes the incidence of material failure, potential modes of device fatigue, and the clinical significance of these failures. Methods: Six hundred eighty-six endovascular stent grafts were used to treat patients with aortic aneurysms. Device fatigue in the form of stent, suture fracture, or graft wear was identified with an analysis of follow-up radiographs and explanted stent grafts. A review of patient clinical histories, spiral computed tomographic scan studies, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectroscopy of explanted devices was conducted to evaluate the modes and consequences of failure. Results: Sixty patients were identified with device fatigue, 49 of whom had abdominal endovascular repairs and 11 of whom had thoracic repairs. Of the 60 patients with stent graft fatigue, 43 patients had metallic stent fractures, 14 had suture disruptions, and three had graft holes. These material failures occurred within seven distinct stent graft designs. The average time to the recognition of failure was 19 months, with a mean follow-up period of 8 months since the event was identified. Eleven patients died, and one was lost to follow-up 2 years after identification of a stent fracture. The remaining patients are presently being followed eoyj physical examination, plain film radiograph, and computed tomographic scans for clinical sequelae of device fatigue. Conclusion: Endovascular stent graft fatigue has been recognized in numerous devices after aortic implantation. Fatigue may take the form of stent, graft, or suture failure, with certain modes unique to specific stent graft devices. The clinical significance of stent graft material failure remains uncertain. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:16-26).
ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PCBs INDUCES PROINFLAMMATORY AND PROMETASTATIC RESPONSES

Abstract Exposure to specific congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can induce proinflammatory alterations, which may contribute to the formation of blood-borne tumor metastasis. The main aim of the present study was to establish an experimental model of PCB exposure in which PCBs are administered by oral gavage, which resembles the human exposure through the food chain. To determine structure–function relationship, we studied induction of inflammatory responses in the livers, lungs and brains of mice treated with PCB77 (a major coplanar PCB), PCB104 (a non-coplanar PCB with multiple ortho -chlorine substituents), and PCB153 (a major non-coplanar PCB) after a single gavage dose (150 μmol/kg body weight). The strongest expression of proinflammatory proteins occurred 24 h following the PCB administration independent of the class of PCB congeners. These data indicate that food-chain exposure to PCBs can induce proinflammatory mediators in organs that are potential targets for PCB-induced toxicity.
Regulation of Mucosal Immunity in the Female Reproductive Tract: The Role of Sex Hormones in Immune Protection Against Sexually Transmitted Pathogens

The immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) does not mount an attack against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other sexually transmitted infections (STI) with a single endogenously produced microbicide or with a single arm of the immune system. Instead, the body deploys dozens of innate antimicrobials to the secretions of the FRT. Working together, these antimicrobials along with mucosal antibodies attack viral, bacterial, and fungal targets. Within the FRT, the unique challenges of protection against sexually transmitted pathogens coupled with the need to sustain the development of an allogeneic fetus, has evolved in such a way that sex hormones precisely regulate immune function to accomplish both tasks. The studies presented in this review demonstrate that estradiol (E2) and progesterone secreted during the menstrual cycle act both directly and indirectly on epithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells in the reproductive tract to modify immune function in a way that is unique to specific sites throughout the FRT. As presented in this review, studies from our laboratory and others demonstrate that the innate and adaptive immune systems are under hormonal control, that protection varies with the stage of the menstrual cycle and as such, is dampened during the secretory stage of the cycle to optimize conditions for fertilization and pregnancy. In doing so, a window of STI vulnerability is created during which potential pathogens including HIV enter the reproductive tract to infect host targets.
Visualization of nascent RNA transcripts and simultaneous transcription and replication in viral nucleoprotein complexes from adenovirus 2-infected HeLa cells.

Abstract The study of potential regulatory events in gene expression in animal cells, such as RNA processing and template specificity for transcription or replication, was approached by visualization of these cellular processes in animal virus-infected cells. Viral nucleoprotein complexes were selectively extracted from purified HeLa cell nuclei 15 to 24 hours following infection with human adenovirus serotype 2. These viral nucleoprotein complexes contained replicative and transcriptional activities as judged by biochemical and structural analysis. Methods were developed that permitted electron microscopic visualization of adenovirus serotype 2 nucleoprotein complexes separated from the mass of cellular chromatin and containing measurable nascent RNA transcripts. Importantly, nascent RNA transcripts were observed on molecules that were intermediate in replication. Quantitation revealed that transcripts were present on replicating molecules with approximately the same frequency with which they were present on non-replicating molecules. This demonstrated that molecules of adenovirus serotype 2 DNA could serve simultaneously as templates for replication and transcription and that there was no obvious preference for replicating molecules as transcriptional templates.
Separation of pyrenediones by column

Abstract The 1,6- and 1,8-pyrrenediones were separated directly on a column of silica gel by means of glacial acetic acid as the eluant. The final purification of 1,6-pyrenedione was accomplished on a column of activated alumina by use of benzene as the solvent. The infrared and ultraviolted speactra of purified 1,6-, 1,8-, and 4,5-pyrenediones and of 1-oxo-6,7-phenalenedicarboxylic acid anhydride were recorded.
Three-Axis Attitude Determination Using Global Positioning System Signal Strength Measurements

An alternative method to the standard carrier-phase algorithm for deriving three-axis attitude solutions from global positioning system (GPS) signal sources is investigated. This new method uses signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurements from two or more canted antennas and a knowledge of each receiving antenna's gain pattern to generate pointing vector solutions. These vector solutions are then converted to a three-axis attitude solution. The method has the advantage of requiring no complicated initializing procedures such as integer ambiguity resolution, and it can generate three-axis solutions with as few as two antennas. A solution is produced whenever a minimum of three GPS satellites are in view, regardless of the vehicle's orientation at that time or at any time previously. The performance of this SNR approach is investigated using a Kalman filter to derive solutions on a satellite whose attitude generally remains fixed in the local frame. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated while the canting angles between the antennas and the filter values are varied. In addition, self-calibrating and self-scaling options are explored to reduce the algorithm's dependence on any outside knowledge of the vehicle's attitude during an in-flight calibration process. The study also examines the performance of the solution under the expected error conditions of an inaccurate calibration and sky blockage. The results demonstrate that the estimate is relatively insensitive to these expected errors. Some general conclusions are drawn about the performance and sensitivity of the developed algorithm.
Sulfur Retention of North Dakota (Beulah) Lignite Ash in P.F.B.C.

New York University (NYU), under a Department of Energy (DOE) contract, has designed and constructed a sub-pilot scale Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustor (PFBC) Facility at the Antonio Ferri Laboratories, Westbury, Long Island. The basic feature of this experimental research facility is a well-instrumented, 780 mm diameter coal combustor capable of operating up to 1010 kPa and provided with a liberal number of ports, making it a versatile unit for study of fundamental in-bed phenomena. Further, the overall design features make it a flexible facility for solving a variety of industrial research problems. The main objectives of the facility are three-fold: to develop fundamental data and correlations in the fluid mechanics and combustion process in PFBC; to perform research in important areas of pressurized fluidized bed-combustion, like low-grade fuel combustion under pressure; and to provide the PFBC community with an experimental research tool for basic and applied research in order to accelerate the commercialization of this technology. The facility started its shakedown tests utilizing bituminous coal in September, 1982. Subsequently, experimental research was, and is, being conducted in the combustion of North Dakota lignite at 710 k Pa. The results presented in this paper describe the research recently obtained with tests conductedmore » at pressurized conditions (710 k Pa) utilizing North Dakota lignite. Preliminary results indicate that the agglomeration process may be suppressed due to the higher pressure. In addition, the research indicates than an inert bed material could be used in the combustion process for controlling SO/sub 2/ emissions. This is attributed to the alkali compounds present within the ash of the lignite. The research also indicates that SO/sub 2/ emissions could be controlled by varying the excess air.« less
Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: A reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena.

A broad empirical literature demonstrates what has been termed a confirmation bias or positive test strategy heuristic in reasoning (Klayman & Ha, 1987), a potentially maladaptive pattern of data preferences that coexists with more normative preferences for highly diagnostic information (Skov & Sherman, 1986). A model is developed to account for these variations in test strategies, beginning with the premise that cognitive processes are adapted to reducing particularly costly errors rather than to detecting "truth" (Cosmides & Tooby, 1992). By specifying the information required to minimize various errors of primary concern, the model clarifies the adaptiveness of certain confirmatory preferences, identifies conditions under which such preferences should diminish, and outlines how error minimization goals might produce data preferences coincidentally consistent with normative prescriptions.
Political Economy of Government Intervention in the Free Market System

(2009). Political Economy of Government Intervention in the Free Market System. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 403-408.
The campaign by Cincinnati business interests for strong mayors and sports stadia

Abstract Between August 1995 and March 1996 Cincinnati area citizens faced two referenda elections: (1) a change in the City’s charter from a council-manager form of government to a strong-mayor system, and (2) a local sales tax increase to fund the construction of two professional sports stadia. Local business interests, primarily in the guise of the Cincinnati Business Committee, championed both changes. The two proposals experienced dramatic reversals of fate over the course of their campaigns. This study uses the distribution of costs and benefits to political actors and social (political) learning by the business forces to explain why the first referendum failed while the second passed.
Revisiting Christian Oeyen: "The Other Clement" on Father, Son, and the Angelomorphic Spirit

This article contributes to research on Clement of Alexandria's pneumatology by revisiting and expanding upon Christian Oeyen's oft-neglected study Eine fruhchristliche Engelpneumatologie bei Klemens von Alexandrien, published in 1966. It argues, first, that a study of Clement's Pneumatology cannot ignore the surviving portions of Clement's Hypotyposes (especially the Excerpta ex Theodoto, Eclogae Propheticae, and Adumbrationes), because these appear to have included treatises "On Prophecy" and "On the Soul." Secondly, it reaffirms Oeyen's thesis that Clement of Alexandria's Pneumatology is best understood within the framework of early Jewish and Christian speculation on the "first created" angelic spirits (πρωτo;κτιστoι). The article advances the discussion by providing a context for Clement's "angelomorphic Pneumatology": this phenomenon is part of a larger theological articulation, occurring in tandem with Spirit Christology and a marked binitarian orientation.
Electromyographic activity of the palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles in exercising horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Determining the respiratory related activity of the palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles in exercising horses is relevant because dysfunction of these muscles has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Objective: To determine if the palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles have respiratory activity that increases with intensity in exercising horses. Methods: Electromyographic activity was measured in the palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles using bipolar fine-wire electrodes while the horses completed an incremental exercise treadmill protocol. Results: Both muscles displayed synchronous expiratory activity that increased significantly (P<0.05) with exercise intensity. Phasic expiratory activity of the palatinus increased 390 ± 98%, whereas phasic expiratory activity of the palatopharyngeus increased by 198 ± 30% as the treadmill speed increased from 6 to 12 m/s. Conclusions: The palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles may be important respiratory muscles, functioning to stabilise the position of the soft palate during intense exercise. Clinical relevance: The predominant expiratory activity of these muscles may be associated with specific muscle function related to exercise or distinct upper airway phenomena of an obligate nasal breather, such as the horse.
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous endovascular aneurysm repair success is predicted by access vessel diameter

Objective Ultrasound scan-guided access allows for direct visualization of the access artery during percutaneous endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. We hypothesized that the use of ultrasound scan guidance allowed us to safely increase the utilization of percutaneous endovascular aortic aneurysm repair to almost all patients and decrease access complications. Methods A retrospective chart review of all elective endovascular aortic aneurysm repairs, both abdominal and descending thoracic, from 2005 to 2010 was performed. Patients were identified using International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification Codes and stratified based on access type: percutaneous vs cut-down. We examined the success rate of percutaneous access and the cause of failure. Sheath size was large (18-24F) or small (12-16F). Minimum access vessel diameter was also measured. Outcomes were wound complications (infections or clinically significant hematomas that delayed discharge or required transfusion), operative and incision time, length of stay, and discharge disposition. Predictors of percutaneous failure were identified. Results One hundred sixty-eight patients (296 arteries) had percutaneous access endovascular aneurysm repair (P-EVAR) whereas 131 patients (226 arteries) had femoral cutdown access EVAR. Ultrasound scan-guided access was introduced in 2007. P-EVAR increased from zero cases in 2005 to 92.3% of all elective cases in 2010. The success rate with percutaneous access was 96%. Failures requiring open surgical repair of the artery included seven for hemorrhage and six for flow-limiting stenosis or occlusion of the femoral artery. P-EVAR had fewer wound complications (0.7% vs 7.4%; P = .001), shorter operative time (153.3 vs 201.5 minutes; P P P P = .02). Access vessel diameter P P = .01). Conclusions Ultrasound scan-guided P-EVAR can be performed in the vast majority of patients with a high success rate, shorter operative times, and fewer wound complications. Access vessel diameters
Spatial attention boosts short-latency neural responses in human visual cortex

In a previous study of visual-spatial attention, Martinez et al. (2007) replicated the well-known finding that stimuli at attended locations elicit enlarged early components in the averaged event-related potential (ERP), which were localized to extrastriate visual cortex. The mechanisms that underlie these attention-related ERP modulations in the latency range of 80-200 ms, however, remain unclear. The main question is whether attention produces increased ERP amplitudes in time-domain averages by augmenting stimulus-triggered neural activity, or alternatively, by increasing the phase-locking of ongoing EEG oscillations to the attended stimuli. We compared these alternative mechanisms using Morlet wavelet decompositions of event-related EEG changes. By analyzing single-trial spectral amplitudes in the theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) bands, which were the dominant frequencies of the early ERP components, it was found that stimuli at attended locations elicited enhanced neural responses in the theta band in the P1 (88-120 ms) and N1 (148-184 ms) latency ranges that were additive with the ongoing EEG. In the alpha band there was evidence for both increased additive neural activity and increased phase-synchronization of the EEG following attended stimuli, but systematic correlations between pre- and post-stimulus alpha activity were more consistent with an additive mechanism. These findings provide the strongest evidence to date in humans that short-latency neural activity elicited by stimuli within the spotlight of spatial attention is boosted or amplified at early stages of processing in extrastriate visual cortex.
Myths and fallacies of "Personally Identifiable Information"

Developing effective privacy protection technologies is a critical challenge for security and privacy research as the amount and variety of data collected about individuals increase exponentially.
The Effects of 13-cis Retinoic Acid on Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation and Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix Proteins†

To understand the role of retinoids in chemoprevention, the authors examined the effects of 13-cis retinoic acid (cRA) on squamous cell carcinoma proliferation and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. The antiproliferative effects of cRA were first seen on day 11 (66% inhibition) and progressed through day 19 (96% inhibition). Using an adhesion assay, the authors then investigated the effects of cRA and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) on cellular adhesion to purified type IV collagen, fibronectin, and laminin matrices. Cells treated for 4 days with TGF-beta1 increased adhesion by 15% to 29%, and cells treated with cRA increased adhesion by 19% to 39%. However, the use of cRA alone resulted in a decrease in adhesion when tumor cells were treated for 7 days (20% to 32%) and 15 days (25% to 40%). The authors also discuss how cRA acts as a differentiating agent on squamous cell carcinoma.
Use of higher dose extended interval aminoglycosides in a neonatal intensive care unit.

The objective of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of an extended interval aminoglycoside dosing guideline implemented in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A retrospective review of pharmacokinetic data on 44 patients led to the development of an extended interval aminoglycoside guideline utilizing a 5-mg/kg dose given at an interval based on postconceptional age and risk factors that may alter aminoglycoside clearance. After implementation of the new clinical guideline, a retrospective review of patient records was performed. Thirty-six of 43 peak levels were within the goal range. Trough levels were 2 microg/mL. Thirty-three patients had clinical or culture proven sepsis and were successfully treated with the new regimen. No difference between pre- and post-treatment blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine values was observed. Hearing evaluations were performed in 32 patients with one failure. The patient who failed the hearing screen, passed a follow-up hearing test. Three deaths, none attributed to infection or the drug, occurred during the evaluation period. The dosing guidelines developed for our NICU patients are safe and effective, although evaluation of the longterm potential for ototoxicity should be performed.
Monitoring Drug Efflux from Sensitive and Multidrug-Resistant Single Cancer Cells with Microvoltammetry

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the eventual cross-resistance of certain cancer cells to a series of chemically unrelated drugs. It is attributed to a number of possible biophysical processes, one of them being increased drug efflux from resistant cells which leads to a decreased intracellular drug accumulation and retention. In this work, a carbon fiber microdisk electrode was used to monitor directly doxorubicin efflux from single preloaded cancer cells. Electrochemical cleaning, adsorptive preconcentration, and an electrocatalytic effect due to ambient oxygen made it possible to detect eventually very low drug concentrations (down to 1 nM) at good temporal resolution (down to 30 s/measurement) very close (≤1 μm) to single cancer cells for the first time. The results from a sensitive (AUXB1) and a drug-resistant (CHRC5) version of Chinese hamster ovarian cancer cells show that resistant cells exhibit a much higher initial efflux rate and shorter efflux time constant when both cell lines are preloaded up t...
Detecting and parsing architecture at city scale from range data

We present a method for detecting and parsing buildings from unorganized 3D point clouds into a compact, hierarchical representation that is useful for high-level tasks. The input is a set of range measurements that cover large-scale urban environment. The desired output is a set of parse trees, such that each tree represents a semantic decomposition of a building – the nodes are roof surfaces as well as volumetric parts inferred from the observable surfaces. We model the above problem using a simple and generic grammar and use an efficient dependency parsing algorithm to generate the desired semantic description. We show how to learn the parameters of this simple grammar in order to produce correct parses of complex structures. We are able to apply our model on large point clouds and parse an entire city.
Transcription of the Genome of Bacteriophage φ29: Isolation and Mapping of the Major Early mRNA Synthesized In Vivo and In Vitro

Abstract The 29 early mRNA's synthesized in infected Bacillus subtilis were studied by using sedimentation velocity analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and hybridization of 29 DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonuclease Eco RI. Viral RNAs synthesized in vivo in the resence of chloramphenicol were found to hybridize to Eco RI-A, -C, and -D fragments, but not to Eco RI-B and -E fragments, of the viral genome. Major early mRNA sedimenting as 16S material in neutral sucrose gradients was examined in detail. Radioactive 29 RNA, purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation, was hybridized to either the Eco RI-A or Eco RI-C DNA fragment. The RNA was eluted from the hybrids and then tested for complementary hybrid formation with Eco RI-A and -C fragments. RNA eluted from the Eco RI-A fragment annealed only to the Eco RI-A fragment and not to the Eco RI-C fragment. Similarly, RNA eluted from the Eco RI-C fragment hybridized to the Eco RI-C and -D fragments. Viral RNAs synthesized in vitro using B. subtilis RNA polymerase hybridized to both Eco RI-A and -C DNA fragments. Furthermore, RNA initiated with [γ-32P]GTP also hybridized to both Eco RI-A and -C fragments. These results indicate that there are at least two efficient promotors for early transcription on the 29 chromosome. In addition, a low-molecular-weight RNA initiated with [γ-32P]ATP was found to hybridize exclusively with the Eco RI-A fragment. Kinetic studies of 29 mRNA synthesis during the lytic cycle have shown that viral RNAs hybridizable to the Eco RI-A and -C fragments are synthesized immediately after phage infection. On the other hand, mRNA specific for the Eco RI-B fragment was not synthesized for several minutes after phage infection. Based on the results of the in vivo and in vitro transcription studies, a transcription map of the 29 chromosome is proposed.
All-sky imaging of visible-wavelength atmospheric polarization at Mauna Loa, Hawaii

An all-sky imaging polarimeter was deployed in summer 2008 to the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii to study clear-sky atmospheric skylight polarization. The imager, designed at Montana State University, operates in four wavebands in the visible region and one near infrared (NIR) waveband of the spectrum and has dual field-of-view capability. This paper describes the Mauna Loa deployment and presents comparisons of these data to those observed by Coulson with a principal-plane scanning polarimeter in the late 1970s and early 1980s. We further show how the all-sky imaging technique yields additional insight to the nature of skylight polarization beyond what is observed in a single scan of the solar principal plane.
The uniqueness of the message in a retinal ganglion cell spike train and its implication for retinal prostheses

We sought to determine whether the messages conveyed in the spike trains of individual retinal ganglion cells are unique or whether, as has been reported for other neurons, they depend in some way on a neuron's state. Our data show convincingly that the messages are unique.
SOIL STRESS MEASUREMENT EXPERIENCES

Equipment and techniques that have been used for measuring soil pressures on underlying or retaining structures are described. Typical data are presented and considered that show a range of soil pressure transfer or concentration effects, depending on the design of special soil buffler zones or projecting conditions of the rigid structures. Equipment and techniques of measurement are also described for measurement of the principal soil stresses within an embankment mass. Principal soil stress data are presented and examined for two major earthfill dams, which show evidence of arching effects between the zones of different compressibility. /Author/
Holding single molecules up to the light: the fluctuating enzymes

Summary form only given. Single-molecule experiments have shown that an enzyme is a dynamical entity whose conformation and enzymatic rate undergo constant fluctuation over a broad range of time scales.
Simulated space radiation effects on power MOSFETs in switching power supplies

The application of power MOSFETs in spaceborne power converters was simulated by exposing switched devices to low-dose-rate ionizing radiation. Both radiation-hardened and nonradiation-hardened devices were tested. The results were compared to those obtained at higher dose rates and with constant gate bias. The primary effects of ionizing radiation on power MOSFETs are changes in the threshold voltage and degradation of mobility. These effects result in slower switching speeds and reduced drive capability. Both threshold shift and mobility degradation were found to depend on bias conditions and dose rate. Therefore, in order to predict device behavior, both the radiation environment and operating conditions must be taken into account. >
High Spin Inorganic Clusters: Spin Frustration in Polynuclear Manganese and Iron Complexes

The nature of magnetic exchange interactions as they occur in binuclear, trinuclear, tetranuclear and dodecanuclear complexes of manganese and iron is discussed. It is shown that, even though pairwise (MnIII-MnIII) exchange interactions are antiferromagnetic or at best weakly ferromagnetic, it is still possible to prepare polynuclear manganese complexes which have high spin multiplicity ground states. The relatively large numbers of unpaired electrons in some of these complexes reflects spin frustration. The topology of a triangle of three MnIII ions is such that, if it distorted to an isosceles triangle, there can be spin frustration resulting from the interplay of the two different magnitude exchange interactions. Intermediate-spin ground states may result from spin frustration. If tetranuclear or higher nuclearity complexes are prepared which can be viewed as being made up of triangular units stitched together, then the spin frustration in the triangular building blocks can lead to polynuclear complexes which have large numbers of unpaired electrons.
An Efficient Framework for Multi-dimensional Tuning of High Performance Computing Applications

Deploying an application onto a target platform for high performance oftentimes demands manual tuning by experts. As machine architecture gets increasingly complex, tuning becomes even more challenging and calls for systematic approaches. In our earlier work we presented a prototype that combines efficiently expert knowledge, static analysis, and runtime observation for bottleneck detection, and employs refactoring and compiler feedback for mitigation. In this study, we develop a software tool that facilitates \emph{fast} searching of bottlenecks and effective mitigation of problems from major dimensions of computing (e.g., computation, communication, and I/O). The impact of our approach is demonstrated by the tuning of the LBMHD code and a Poisson solver code, representing traditional scientific codes, and a graph analysis code in UPC, representing emerging programming paradigms. In the experiments, our framework detects with a single run of the application intricate bottlenecks of memory access, I/O, and communication. Moreover, the automated solution implementation yields significant overall performance improvement on the target platforms. The improvement for LBMHD is up to 45\%, and the speedup for the UPC code is up to 5. These results suggest that our approach is a concrete step towards systematic tuning of high performance computing applications.