cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology of diastolic hypertension as a generalized vascular disease.

Abstract Diastolic hypertension has closer demonstrable relationships to arteriolar disease than systolic hypertension, which is better correlated with alterations of the aortic wall. Among the arterioles, those of the kidney, pancreas and salivary glands were found to be regularly thickened in hypertensive surgical patients, and the colonic arterioles were least affected. Glomerular capillary atrophy was one consequence of chronic hypertension. Tortuosity of arterioles in chronic hypertension is believed to result from their unequal smooth muscle hypertrophy, and this probably accounts for the focal nature and irregularity of the degenerative arteriolosclerotic changes that slowly develop. Arteriolar vasospasm and hypertrophy accompanying diastolic hypertension are more generalized than the subsequent arterial and arteriolar disease.
Stress fractures in the gapped area of a two implant construct: a case report

The concomitant occurrence of femoral shaft and hip fractures are not rare. The ideal management of ipsilateral intertrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures is still controversial and needs to be addressed. Cephalomedullary nail fixations of both the fractures have been described with excellent results. Similar results have been published with two implant constructs treating both of these injuries separately. We report the case of a stress fracture, in the gapped area above the proximal interlocking screw of a retrograde femoral nail placed for a segmental femur fracture and a trochanteric fracture treated with a sliding hip plate screw construct, 9 months after initial injury. The gapped area of a two implant construct is of concern and biomechanical studies have shown that the proximal end of the nail and the interlocking screws may act as a stress riser in the femur. A stress fracture in the gapped area of a two implant construct has not been described earlier, although a cadaveric study had shown that the area of the proximal screw hole of the retrograde nail is a common site for a fracture, on loading. Kissing or overlapping instrumentation increases the load to failure and creates a biomechanically stable construct.
Generalized Painlevé formulation and Lie group symmetries of the Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation

Abstract In this paper, we give a generalized Painleve formulation for the Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation (which governs nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in a magnetized plasma). We will then study the Lie group symmetries of the same equation, and find that the latter possesses a five-parameter symmetry group.
Prolonged hemorrhagic shock decreases splanchnic prostacyclin synthesis

Abstract The effect of increasing time of hemorrhage-induced hypotension on basal splanchnic prostanoid (PG) release was examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and hemorrhaged to 30 mm Hg for 30, 60, or 120 min (SK-30, SK-60, SK-120 groups). Following shock, the superior mesenteric artery and its end organ intestine (SV + SI) was cannulated and perfused in vitro with Krebs buffer at 3 ml/min. Basal SV + SI release of 6-keto-PGF lα (6-keto), PGE2, and thromboxane B 2 (TxB 2 ) was measured in the SK groups by radio-immunoassay after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of perfusion and compared to sham-operated controls (SM-30, SM-60, and SM-120 groups). 6-Keto was the major PG released from the sham SV + SI groups and was two- to sixfold higher than PGE 2 or TxB 2 release. Acute shock for 30 min increased SV + SI 6-keto release threefold or higher than the SM-30 group after 15–90 min of perfusion. Acute shock for 60 or 120 min lowered all PG release below SM-60 and SM-120 levels. These data confirmed our earlier study which showed that the SV + SI attempted to compensate for acute hemorrhagic shock for 30 min by increased release of prostacyclin, a potent endogenous vasodilator. The present study showed that the capacity of the SV + SI to increase endogenous prostacyclin release following hemorrhagic shock was limited by the time duration of the hypotension.
In the names of Chinese women

Responding to a political paradox, in which even liberatory movements can also be oppressive, this essay offers an approach to forming feminist alliances and building community. It does so in relation to the names given to Chinese women. Neither feminist scholarship nor Chinese studies in our field has come to grips with the deep, culturally embedded, and politically significant meaning of these names. Through an analysis of two names, Zhao Di and Qiou Jin, this essay advances theory enabling us to link and enrich rhetorical, feminist and intercultural studies on the one hand and to break through the limits of inlertextuality and self‐reflexivity on the other.
Thermal Bubble Nucleation in Nanochannels: Simulations and Strategies for Nanobubble Nucleation and Sensing

Progress in the state of the art of nanofabrication now allows devices that may enable the experimental sensing of bubble nucleation in nanochannels, and the direct measurement of the bubble nucleation rate in nanoconfined water and other fluids. In this paper we report on two aspects in achieving this goal: 1) new molecular dynamics simulations of nanobubble formation in nanoconfined argon and water model systems and 2) an ultrasensitive nanofluidic device architecture potentially able to detect individual nanobubble nucleation events.
Progressive texture matching for Earth-observing satellite image database

Content-based indexing of images and videos based on texture features is a powerful mechanism to retrieve images and video scenes. However, the feature extraction process from these images and video is time consuming and is not suitable for interactive query processing. A progressive texture extraction and matching algorithm is proposed and evaluated in this paper. This algorithm takes advantage of the multi- resolution lower than the full resolution of an image or video, the proposed algorithm performs the feature extraction and matching hierarchically. Only those regions matched to the target template at a lower resolution level will be further compared at a higher resolution. The computation speed of this algorithm is shown to be significantly improved over conventional algorithms while maintaining the same accuracy.
Listening to Jane Cunningham Croly's "Talks with Women": Issues of Gender, Dress, and Reform in Demorest's Monthly Magazine

This paper explores how popular women's magazines promoted change in women's roles and reform in dress during the nineteenth century. Selected writings about women and dress for Demorest's Monthly Magazine by its editor, Jane Cunningham Croly, are examined. A journalist and women's rights advocate, Croly wrote in support of women's advancement and tied issues of women in society to reform in dress and appearance. A fashion-oriented woman's magazine, Demorest's popularity was comparable to that of other such periodicals of the day, including Godey's Ladies Book."Talks With Women," a column written by Croly and published in Demorest's are interpreted for indication of the ways that reform issues were incorporated into the popular press. The framework of gender as a category of analysis within the area of women's history is used for a discussion of the relevance of Croly's writings for contemporary interpretations of dress and gender identity. This discussion is structured around the following themes: (a) wo...
Brief report: does fenfluramine treatment enhance the cognitive and communicative functioning of autistic children?

In 1982, a biomedical research team reported success in altering some of the cognitive, behavioral, and communicative deficits in three autistic children (GeUer, Ritvo, Freeman, & Yuwiler, 1982). Symptomatic improvements were attributed to fenfluramine medication which, according to the investigators, substantially reduced circulating levels of serotonin (see Holm & Varley, 1988, for a comprehensive review). The results of two follow-up studies (Ritvo, Freeman, Geller, & Yuwiler, 1983; Ritvo et al., 1986) appeared to confirm Geller's initial hypothesis. Several recent studies have also confirmed the effectiveness of fenfluramine in reducing blood serotonin levels (August, Raz, & Baird, 1985; Groden, Groden, Dondey, & Zane, in press; Ho et al., 1986; Klykylo, Feldis, O'Gredy, Ross, & Halloran, 1985; Stubbs, Budden, Jack-
Eudiaptomus Yukonensis, New Species (Copepoda: Calanoida), From Northwestern Canada

ABSTRACT Eudiaptomusyukonensis, new species, described from a shallow tundra pond at Shingle Point, Yukon Territory, differs from its morphologically similar congener, Eudiaptomus graciloides (Lilljeborg, 1888) in the shape and ornamentation of the wings of the female metasome, the short setae of the female endopods, the spines of the male right antennule, and the characters of the male P5. Eudiaptomus yukonensis is the second species of the genus to be reported from North America.
BINDING OF LOW DENSITY AND VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS TO LIVER PLASMA MEMBRANES OF COPPER-DEFICIENT RATS

Abstract The binding of rat LDL and rabbit β-VLDL to liver plasma membranes of copper-deficient rats was examined. Characterization experiments demonstrated binding of both lipoprotein fractions to be relatively insensitive to treatment with pronase, EDTA, excess CaCl 2 , or heparin. Competitive displacement experiments demonstrated that the binding reaction is not dependent on specific apolipoprotein ligands and imply a nonspecific binding site. These results indicate binding independent of the LDL or chylomicron remnant receptor. Copper deficiency had no effect on the total binding of either LDL or β-VLDL over a wide range of label concentration. The data indicate that hepatic membranes from copper-deficient rats do not exhibit altered binding capacity for LDL or β-VLDL and provide evidence that an impairment in receptor-mediated binding of lipoproteins does not contribute to the hypercholesterolemia observed in copper-deficient rats.
Which factors predict hospital-acquired late-onset neonatal sepsis?

Neonates are one of the highest risk groups of hospitalized patients for sepsis. There is a wide variation in the incidence and microbial causes of late-onset neonatal sepsis, owing to differences in both patient populations and standards of care in the individual neonatal units. Stratification according to risk factors is required to allow the meaningful comparison of infection rates between units. Knowledge of risk factors is also important in order to target interventions on high-risk aspects of neonatal care. Few independent risk factors for late-onset sepsis have been identified, the most common being birth gestational age and parenteral nutrition. Further work is required to validate that these observations can be generalized, and that they could, therefore, be used to stratify infection rates in multicenter surveillance schemes.
Epitaxial crystallization of polyphenylene sulfide: Lattice effects on structures

The investigation of dilute solution epitaxy of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) has been carried out on a series of inorganic substrates, which cover a wide range of interatomic spacings, surface energies, and geometries. A variety of morphological arrangements of PPS on various substrates were observed. Both 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 epitaxial orientations were observed on monovalent alkali halides. While the 〈100〉 epitaxy is generally thought to grow upon nucleation on surface steps along the 〈100〉 direction, 〈110〉 epitaxy may also be nucleated on these surface steps. Changes in ionic lattice dimensions and ionic nature of the substrate have a substantial effect on the molecular packing of PPS and the resulting crystal orientations. Four new crystalline phases of PPS have resulted from the fold surface epitaxies on NaCl, KCl, KBr, and mica with favorable one- or two-dimensional lattice matching. This is a direct indication of the important role of lattice matching in inducing and defining the epitaxies and polymorphism of PPS.
Effects of Left Heart Assist on Geometry and Function of the Interventricular Septum

Abstract Background . Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is a common but poorly understood problem associated with mechanical left heart assist (LHA). Left ventricular unloading may affect RV function even in normal hearts by altering geometry or function of the interventricular septum, although such changes have not been well defined. Accordingly, the purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of LHA on septal geometry and function in normal swine and to assess the resultant effects on RV function. Methods . Domestic swine (50 kg, n=10) were anesthetized and instrumented for collection of physiologic data and for open-chest LHA, which was accomplished by left atrial to subclavian artery bypass using a centrifugal pump. Both global and regional RV function data as well as two-dimensional echocardiographic data of septal geometry and function were collected at control levels and during both partial and full LHA. Short-axis echocardiographic images were obtained at the midventricular level and analyzed to quantify septal curvature (k; cm −1 ), systolic septal thickening (%), and systolic septal excursion (cm). Results . Partial LHA had no effect on either septal geometry or function. Full LHA resulted in decreased diastolic septal curvature (k = 0.10 ± 0.07 versus 0.42 ± 0.06 at control; p p p Conclusions . Left heart assist results in marked changes in both geometry and function of the interventricular septum in normal hearts. These changes, however, do not appear to be associated with changes in either global or regional RV function. Evaluation of the septum with echocardiography may be helpful in defining strategies for clinical application of this technology.
Synthesis and Structure of CpMo(CO)(dppe)H and Its Oxidation by Ph3C

The reaction of CpMo(CO)(dppe)Cl (dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) with Na+[AlH2(OCH2CH2OCH3)2]- gives the molybdenum hydride complex CpMo(CO)(dppe)H, the structure of which was determined by X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical oxidation of CpMo(CO)(dppe)H in CH3CN is quasi-reversible, with the peak potential at −0.15 V (vs Fc/Fc+). The reaction of CpMo(CO)(dppe)H with 1 equiv of Ph3C+BF4- in CD3CN gives [CpMo(CO)(dppe)(NCCD3)]+ as the organometallic product, along with dihydrogen and Gomberg's dimer (which is formed by dimerization of Ph3C•). The proposed mechanism involves one-electron oxidation of CpMo(CO)(dppe)H by Ph3C+ to give the radical-cation complex [CpMo(CO)(dppe)H]•+. Proton transfer from [CpMo(CO)(dppe)H]•+ to CpMo(CO)(dppe)H, loss of dihydrogen from [CpMo(CO)(dppe)(H)2]+, and oxidation of Cp(CO)(dppe)Mo• by Ph3C+ lead to the observed products. In the presence of an amine base, the stoichiometry changes, with 2 equiv of Ph3C+ being required for each 1 equiv of CpMo(CO)(dppe)H because of deprotonatio...
Systematic evaluation of criminal justice projects: A state of the art in the United States

Abstract This article presents the results of a survey of the development of systems for the evaluation of criminal justice programs funded through Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) grants. LEAA established a requirement for program evaluation in early 1972. State Planning Agencies (SPAs) organized pursuant to the provisions of the Safe Streets Act were surveyed from May through October of 1972 in order to identify the nature and extent of project and program evaluation activity underway or planned. The survey emphasized the identification and description of “evaluation system” development. This report presents a summary of evaluation activity in each of the 54 jurisdictions with an SPA. Four innovative systems are described in greater detail.
Introducing “race consciousness” into criminal justice education: A pedagogical model

This article describes a pedagogical model for introducing “race consciousness” into criminal justice education. After reviewing the relevant literature, I propose a model course that incorporates history, theory, policy and practice in an instructional framework designed to highlight the relevance of race in the study of justice-based issues. The article concludes with recommendations for course design and proposals for evaluating the model's effectiveness.
Discussion of Work on Isospora Species1

Comments are made concerning the work reported at this Conference by Dr. Edith Box. The importance of stress on the animals used in experimental work is emphasized. Difficulties in identification of isosporan species in birds are mentioned.
Teenage driving fatalities

Abstract Background/Purpose: A recent legislative effort in New Hampshire to institute a graduated licensing system for teenagers (TA) led to an analysis of state data on fatal crashes involving TA drivers. This provides an overview of these events and suggests possible prevention strategies. Methods: Data on fatal crashes involving TA drivers was obtained for the years 1991 through 1996 from the Fatal Accident Unit, Division of State Police, New Hampshire Department of Safety. Results: From 1991 through 1996, there were 100 events resulting in 109 total deaths, of which 76 were TA. Five involved motorcycles. Four drivers struck pedestrians, and two struck children on bicycles. In one case, an object fell from a truck, crushing a car. The remaining 88 were single- or multiple-car crashes, and these were analyzed further. Two thirds of the drivers were boys. The driver breakdown by age was 15 years, 3; 16 years, 21; 17 years, 26; 18 years, 20; 19 years, 18. The TA driver was killed in 47% of the events. Nineteen percent resulted in the death of the driver of another car. In 62 events, there were passengers in the TA's car, and in 55% of these, a passenger was killed. Twenty percent of the crashes involved drugs or alcohol, and almost two thirds of these occurred between 10:0 pm and 6:00 am. Seat belts were not used by at least 72% of those injured fatally. In 59%, known traffic violations, usually speeding, contributed. More detailed data were available for 1995 through 1996, during which there were 30 crashes resulting in 33 deaths. Speed limit did not correlate with number of crashes. One-car crashes outnumbered multiple-car, 57% to 43%. Ninety percent occurred on single-lane roads. Most significantly, 63% of the drivers had been licensed less than 1 year and 47% less than 6 months. In this latter group, drugs and alcohol played no role, and none occurred between 11:00 pm and 6:00 am. Conclusions: Two at-risk groups exist. The first is inexperienced sober TA drivers on single-lane roads during conventional hours. As experience increases, the second group appears: TA who have been drinking and are out late at night. Prevention strategies must take into account these two groups.
Molecular mechanisms in cancer: What should clinicians know?

Normal cells are influenced by a variety of environmental and host influences that can produce pro-carcinogenic mutations. Either a single or a series of mutations might result in cellular transformation. Like normal cells, most cancer cells use multiple redundant intracellular signaling pathways to ensure the maintenance and viability of functions critical to their survival. Thus, cellular pathways that are integral to cell function, survival, proliferation, and receptor expression are potential targets for therapeutic intervention. One example of this is the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Other potential targets are molecules that mediate processes through which tumors produce angiogenic and invasion factors that stimulate host blood vessel growth into tumors and allow tumor growth and metastasis, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor. Targeting of downstream events that result in cellular apoptosis is another potential strategy. Continued investigations may result in the development of proteomic profiling databases through which a patient might be matched with molecular signatures in a library and upon which individualized cancer therapies might be selected. In this way, clinicians might recommend combinations of molecularly targeted agents and other therapies on the basis of an individual patient's proteomic profile.
Potential modes of interaction of 9-aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA) derivatives with the 5-HT2A receptor: a ligand structure-affinity relationship, receptor mutagenesis and receptor modeling investigation.

The effects of 3-position substitution of 9-aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA) on 5-HT2A receptor affinity were determined and compared to a parallel series of DOB-like 1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropanes substituted at the 4-position. The results were interpreted within the context of 5-HT2A receptor models that suggest that members of the DOB-like series can bind to the receptor in two distinct modes that correlate with the compounds’ functional activity. Automated ligand docking and molecular dynamics suggest that all of the AMDA derivatives, the parent of which is a 5-HT2A antagonist, bind in a fashion analogous to that for the sterically demanding antagonist DOB-like compounds. The failure of the F3406.52L mutation to adversely affect the affinity of AMDA and the 3-bromo derivative is consistent with the proposed modes of orientation. Evaluation of ligand−receptor complex models suggest that a valine/threonine exchange between the 5-HT2A and D2 receptors may be the origin of selectivity fo...
International Investment and Colonial Control: A New Interpretation

The impact of economic factors on colonial imperialism in the late nineteenth century has long been a topic of debate. This article examines the expected relationship between different forms of international investment and different patterns of political ties between developed and developing countries. Drawing on the literature on relational contracts and collective action, it argues that direct colonial control was likely to be associated with cross-border investments whose rents were particularly easy to seize or protect, and whose protection did not require multilateral action. Where such rents were difficult to seize or protect unilaterally, colonialism is expected to be less likely. The most common example of the former sort of investment is primary (raw-materials or agricultural) investment; of the latter, multinational manufacturing affiliates. The argument is weighed against both a survey of the qualitative evidence and some simple quantitative evaluations. The approach also has potential applications to more general problems of international conflict and cooperation.
atonal is a proneural gene that directs chordotonal organ formation in the Drosophila peripheral nervous system

In the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, proneural genes of the achaete-scute complex (ASC) are required for formation of the precursors of external sense organs but not of chordotonal organs. We report the isolation of a gene, atonal (ato), with evidence that it is a proneural gene for the formation of chordotonal organs. This gene is expressed in the proneural clusters and sense organ precursors that give rise to the embryonic and adult chordotonal, but not external sense, organs. Chordotonal organs are eliminated in embryos carrying chromosomal deficiencies that remove ato. Like the ASC products, ato protein contains a basic-helix-loop-helix region and heterodimerizes with daughterless protein to bind to E boxes. Moreover, ectopic expression of ato promotes the formation of extra sense organs. Despite similar proneural properties, we find that ectopic expression of the ASC genes promotes external sense organ formation exclusively, whereas ato promotes chordotonal organ formation preferentially. Thus, proneural genes are major determinants of neuronal identity.
Applying the Bradley–Terry–Luce method to P–E fit

Abstract This study attempted to increase the size of the correlation between person–environment (P–E) fit and job satisfaction by rescaling the instrumentation of the Theory of Work Adjustment using the Bradley–Terry–Luce method and a probability-based fit index. This approach worked as well as, but failed to outperform, the currently used correlation-based fit index. However, a probability-based fit index offers the advantage of being intuitively easier to understand than a correlation-based index. The very high correlation between the correlation-based fit index and the probability-based fit index suggests that both assess the same construct. It is argued that, considering the restriction of range common to all assessments of job satisfaction, the correlation between fit index and job satisfaction may not represent an upper limit, but rather a lower bound of the relationship between P–E fit and job satisfaction.
Propofol: a new treatment strategy for refractory migraine headache.

Migraine headache remains a treatment dilemma in headache clinics, pain clinics, and emergency departments throughout the country. In the late nineties, investigators reported that a standard hypnotic anesthetic, propofol (2,6 di-isopropylphenol), dramatically improved pain scores of patients suffering from refractory migraine headaches [[1–3]][1]. Case reports over the last few years have appeared in the medical literature describing the use of propofol for migraine treatment. Dosing regimens are not clear, and mechanisms of action to terminate or markedly curtail ongoing intractable headaches are not described. This case report, of two hospitalized patients with refractory migraine, increases the existing literature on the use of propofol therapy in migraine headache. In the first case, three different scenarios and dosages are described in the same patient. In the second case, the use of different dosages of propofol is described. A self-reported scale was employed by the patients to determine the efficacy of propofol therapy. In the first case, the patient's self-reported migraine score was an average of 100/100 and decreased to 10/100. In the second case, the patient's self-reported migraine score improved from 92/100 to 40/100. We propose that the improvements in the self-reported migraine score in both patients after propofol therapy may be due to GABAA agonist effects and cerebral vasoconstriction. [1]: #ref-1
DEPRESSION, SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION, AND SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES

Objective To measure associations among depression, sexual risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infection (STI) among white and black youth in the United States. Design Analysis of prospective cohort study data. Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health occurred in 1995 when participants were in grades 7 through 12. Six years later, all Wave I participants who could be located were invited to participate in Wave III and to provide a urine specimen for STI testing. Setting In-home interviews in the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii. Participants Population-based sample. A total of 10 783 Wave I (adolescence) and Wave III (adulthood) white and black respondents with sample weight variables. Main Exposures Chronic depression (detected at Waves I and III) and recent depression (detected at Wave III only) vs no adult depression (not detected at Wave III). Outcome Measures Multiple sexual partners and inconsistent condom use in the past year and a current positive test result for Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , or Trichomonas vaginalis (adulthood). Results Recent or chronic depression in adulthood was more common for blacks (women, 19.3%; men, 11.9%) than for whites (women, 13.0%; men, 8.1%). Among all groups (white men and women, and black men and women), adult depression was associated with multiple partners but not with condom use. Among black men, depression was strongly associated with STI (recent: adjusted prevalence ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-4.43; chronic: adjusted prevalence ratio, 3.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-6.28); having multiple partners did not mediate associations between depression and STI. Conclusions Integration of mental health and STI programs for youth is warranted. Further research is needed to elucidate how depression may influence the prevalence of STI among black men.
An improved freeze-drying technique for the study of hydrogen exchange of proteins and polypeptides.

Abstract An improved freeze-drying method for the study of hydrogen exchange of proteins and polypeptides has been developed. Tritiated water is added to a solution of the exchanging substance to start exchange. Samples are taken at various times and frozen at a low temperature followed by freeze-drying and high-vacuum drying. The tritium-containing dry substance is then dissolved in water and liquid scintillation counted. Experimental artifacts due to exchange between the substance and ice or the substance and water vapor have been eliminated. Absence of artifacts was demonstrated by control experiments. The exchange curve of poly- dl -alanine at 0° and pH 3.50 was studied. All of the peptide hydrogens exchange at the same rate, in agreement with previous infrared and gel filtration studies.
A Survey of Secondary Activities of Telephone Callers Who Are Put on Hold

This paper examines the results of a study conducted to determine what types of secondary activities callers engage in when they are placed on hold in a telephone call setting. One hundred and one participants were surveyed in order to determine if they performed secondary tasks while on hold, and if so, the types of activities engaged in and the relative amount of time they spent on those activities. Results showed that 79% of callers engaged in some form of secondary activity while on hold. These activities were diverse, with the majority of participants reporting 8 different types of secondary activities. The data from this study will help researchers and IVR designers understand the types of secondary tasks in which callers engage and allow them to design on-hold stimuli that support multi-tasking and enable them to more accurately construct experiments to reflect real world conditions.
Induction of nasal late-phase reactions by insufflation of ragweed-pollen extract

Abstract We studied changes in NAC in 17 ragweed-sensitive individuals after intranasal ragweed-challenge testing. All patients experienced immediate symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion that were associated with marked decreases in NAC (mean = 68%). In 10 trials patients also experienced late (>0 hr) symptoms of nasal congestion with or without rhinorrhea; the mean late NAC decrease in this group was 42%. In contrast, no late symptoms were noted in nine trials, and the mean NAC decreased 5% in this group (p
Markov random field approach to region extraction using Tabu Search

This paper describes a region extraction algorithm based on the concept of Markov random fields. Markov random fields (MRFs) are characterized by using a Gibbs Distribution which equates back to the MRF. A heuristically developed energy functional is presented and used with the MRF in an efficient and accurate manner. Since the MRF used in this work is defined using the polar coordinate system, a very large search space exists for radial lengths and sites. To aid in pursuing these radial sites, a combinatorial optimization technique known as Tabu Search is exploited. Also provided is an extensive empirical study on aerial imagery and parts detection, in addition to a final discussion and description of future work.
Vertical Handover Decision Policy Based on the End User's Perceived Quality of Service

The integration of heterogeneous wireless networks allows the users to benefit simultaneously from these radio access technology (RAT) and they can also use an important number of applications. New applications constraints are more complex and may be change dynamically and rapidly under time. The handover mechanism is responsible to guarantee the required quality of service when users roam across different RAT in order to provide an ubiquitous environment. With the diversification of the context metrics allowed by these networks, the level of computationally and complexity has a direct impact on the perceived quality of service especially of the network selection process on application performance. The present work addresses the network selection process, which is probably the most important key of the vertical handover decision mechanism. It proposes a modification of the Simple Additive Weighting called Enhanced-Simple Additive Weighting (E-SAW) for ranking networks that avoid computational cheaper by eliminating network access which does not satisfy a minimum required context. After ranking, in order to avoid bad network selection which does not respond to user requirement, we define handover decision scheme that improves network performances perceived by end users and avoid the processing delay caused by unnecessary handover.
Mars pathfinder's lessons learned from the Mars pathfinder project manager's perspective and the future road

Abstract This paper addresses Mars Pathfinder Project lessons learned from a Project Management perspective. Also, it contrasts the Future Project Development approach relative to the Mars Pathfinder's approach. Mars Pathfinder was initiated by NASA in March 1992 as an experiment in CHEAPER, BETTER, FASTER. Not only was the Mars Pathfinder Team challenged to land on Mars-- no easy task-- but they were asked to do it under a low price, cost cap and short schedule. The Team was also asked to invent a new way of doing business at JPL. Given Institutional priority at JPL, the Mars Pathfinder Team charged off in many directions, which taken as a whole, resulted in a successful, effective, integrated approach to Project Management. But what we did was really nothing new. It was back to basics, cutting out the “crap,” executing a well laid out plan, and following through on the details- extremely important. This paper outlines the Mars Pathfinder key steps to Project Management, reports on the results and presents a Vision for future Project development.
Stability of the hypoosmotic swelling test over time.

The results of the sperm count, motility, and hamster oocyte penetration (SPA) tests have been found to vary greatly in individuals who have had tests performed on more than one occasion. The study presented herein was designed to evaluate the stability of the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test over time. A total of 444 patients were classified into categories according to the time interval between HOS tests: 0–90 days (n = 267), 91–180 days (n = 35), 181–270 days (n = 37), 271–360 days (n = 30), 1–2 years (n = 54), and >2 years (n = 21). A paired t test was used to compare mean HOS scores. The correlation between the HOS test of the first specimen and the HOS of the second specimen was calculated. For those who had 2 tests the only significant difference was found in the >2 year group (69.67 ± 9.13 vs. 64.23 ± 12.83%), p <. 05. When comparing the first and third HOS test in 74 patients, there was a significant (p <. 05) decrease in the later test when the interval was greater than 270 days. The difference w...
In vitro Efficacy of Anti-glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Malignant Glioma Cell Lines

Our studies have confirmed the presence of large concentrations of various intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) in glioma tissue compared to normal brain. This avenue of research was extended to assess the anti-proliferative activity of anti-intermediate filament protein monoclonal antibodies (anti-IFP mAbs) against human glioma cells. In this study, anti-proliferative activity of glial fibrillary acidic protein monoclonal antibodies (anti-GFAP mAbs) has been tested in vitro, using glioma cell lines prepared and established from freshly resected brain tumors. One anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), two glioblastoma multiforme (GB1 and GB2) cell lines and three anti-GFAP mAbs (B12C4, B12B4 and B6C6, all IgG1, kappa) were used. Immunofluorescence study indicated the ability of anti-GFAP mAbs to recognize the cell surface of glioma cells and the inhibition study showed that mAb B12B4 inhibited the proliferation of GB1 (96%), GB2 (85%) and AA (93%) at a concentration of 3.2 x 10(-10) M. mAb B12C4 inhibited the proliferation of GB1 (95%), GB2 (86%) and AA (94%) at a concentration of 3.26 x 10(-10) M and mAb B6C6 inhibited the proliferation of GB1 (75%), GB2 (75%) and AA (91%) at a concentration of 2.074 x 10(-10) M. Thymidine release assay demonstrated the cytolytic activities of anti-GFAP mAbs towards these glioma cell lines, and this observation was confirmed by dye exclusion, which indicated the lysis of glioma cells after anti-GFAP mAbs treatment. Anti-GFAP mAbs had little effect (< or = 20%) on normal human lymphocyte, liver and intestine cell lines. These results look promising for radioimaging and immunotherapy of human gliomas.
Dynamische Fehlerkorrektur in autokatalytischen Peptid-Netzwerken

Dem Entstehen von Fehlern (der Produktion von mutierten Peptiden) wirkt dieses einfache nichtlineare chemische Netzwerk durch verstarkte Produktion der nativen Sequenz entgegen. Das Netzwerk reagiert auf diese spontan auftretenden Fehler, indem die mutierten Peptide T9A und T26A als Katalysatoren fur die Kondensation der Peptidfragmente E und N, bei der die native selbstreplizierende Sequenz T gebildet wird, herangezogen werden. Dieser Mechanismus der dynamischen Fehlerkorrektur (siehe Bild) konnte fur die Stabilisierung von genomischer Information von Bedeutung sein.
World-Systems Analysis and Archaeology: Continuing the Dialogue

Many archaeologists have used world-systems analysis in precapitalist settings. Some have criticized it; others have dismissed it out of hand. Critiques include that it was developed for the “modern” world, that it is overly economistic, that it neglects individual actors, and that it inappropriately uses modern analyses in ancient settings. Although there is some validity to these charges when applied to Wallerstein’s original formulation, most are misdirected. The critiques are rooted in inattention to the last three decades of work on world-systems, especially modifications made with the explicit intention to make world-systems analysis useful in precapitalist settings. Newer comparative versions of world-systems analysis were initially developed to better understand the evolution of world-systems that gave rise to the modern world-system. These new advances are useful for the study of interregional interactions and long-term development. Archaeologists are well placed to contribute to the further development of world-systems analysis; they can shed light on ancient world-systemic processes and the origins of the modern world-system, provide empirical backing for hypotheses, and raise new theoretical and empirical questions.
Anisotropy of oxygen transport in YBa2Cu3O7: The role of the [½, b,0] tunnels

We calculated the potential of interstitial oxygen in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 using effective medium theory. We found that there is no potential energy barrier for oxygen motion in the [½, b,0] tunnel. Oxygen motion in the a and c directions requires overcoming barriers of 1.7 and 1.6 eV. Implications for superconductivity and oxygen diffusion are given.
Mediated and convergent lexical priming in language production: a comment on Levelt et al. (1991).

Levelt et al. (1991) argued that modular semantic and phonological stage theories of lexical access in language production are to be preferred over interactive spreading-activation theories (e.g., Dell, 1986). As evidence, they show no mediated semantic-phonological priming during picture naming: Retrieval of sheep primes goat, but the activation of goat is not transmitted to its phonological relative, goal. This research reconciles this result with spreading-activation theories and shows how the absence of mediated priming coexists with the convergent priming necessary to account for mixed semantic-phonological speech errors. The analysis leads to the proposal that the language-production system may best be characterized as globally modular but locally interactive.
On the Fučík Spectrum of the p -Laplacian

We construct and variationally characterize by a min-max procedure an unbounded sequence of continuous and strictly decreasing curves in the Fucik spectrum of the p-Laplacian. Applications to quasilinear elliptic boundary value problems are given.
Studying Intellectual Outliers: Are There Sex Differences, and Are the Smart Getting Smarter?

By studying samples of intellectual outliers across 30 years, researchers can leverage right-tail data (i.e., samples at or above the 95th percentile on tests of ability) to uncover missing pieces to two psychological puzzles: whether there are sex differences in cognitive abilities among smart people, and whether test scores are rising (a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect) among smart people. For the first puzzle, data indicate that the high male-to-female ratio among extremely high scorers on measures of math ability has decreased dramatically, but is still likely one factor among many explaining female underrepresentation in some professions. For the second puzzle, data indicate that the right tail has risen at a similar rate as the general (or middle portion of the) distribution; it is thus likely that the entire curve is rising at a relatively constant rate, consistent with the Flynn effect, which may explain why a greater number of gifted students have been identified in recent years. However, th...
Habituation: Electrical changes in the visual system

The amplitude of neuroelectric potentials evoked in the visual system by repetitive exposure to a two-second period oflight was analyzed. At the optic nerve and lateral geniculate nucleus consistent decrement occurred in two stages. Stage 1 consisted of a sharp decline in amplitude over the first few trials; Stage 2 occurred more gradually over the course of a week of trials. Whenever consistent decrementing occurred it was accompanied by a shift in the power distribution among EEG frequencies: Specifically. a decrease in power of 37-50 and 72-80 Hz occurred. At the striate cortex no such consistent decrementing was found. Instead, while some electrodes did record a decrement, others showed an increment and still others no change in amplitude over the week of testing. Since each electrode recorded reliably and con­ sistently. the conclusion was reached that at the striate cortex, habituation constituted a pattern of response. The significance of this finding was discussed in terms of the exquisite specificity of habituation to modality and the neural structures that have been founll involved in the habituation process. configuration of the input. In addition a large number of neural systems, even those of in­ vertebrates (7), have been shown important to the process (8-13). In view of these findings we deemed it appropriate to once again investigate the COllrse of orienting and habituation of various stations in an input system with the aim of resolving for ourselves some of the discrepancies among the reports of previous research. Specifically, some of these studies (14-16) report consistent decrementing of the amplitude ofthe neuroelectric response evoke4 during the orienting reaction with repetitive stimulation; others (17) using carefully con­ trolled procedures find no such consistency. To this end we implanted small electrodes in the optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleu~ and striate cortex and studied the responses evoked by the onset of a two-second period of colored light. Data analysis included the initial responses evoked, the changes in their amplitude over a succession of trials on each day of testing, and the changes that occurred over a week of testing. In addition, for these same trials, power spectra of the possible changes in frequency distribution of the EEG were determined.
Optical Mapping of Arrhythmias Induced by Strong Electrical Shocks in Myocyte Cultures

Strong electrical shocks can induce arrhythmias, which might explain why shocks fail to defibrillate. In this work, the localization of arrhythmia source and the relationship with local changes of transmembrane potential (V m ) were determined in geometrically defined cell cultures using optical mapping technique. Uniform-field shocks with strength (E) of 10 to 50 V/cm were applied across cell strands with width of 0.2 and 0.8 mm. The threshold for arrhythmia induction was dependent on the strand width: in the 0.8- and 0.2-mm strands, arrhythmias were induced at E≥20.6±1.8 V/cm (n=8) and E≥30.3±1.8 V/cm (n=8), respectively. At the same shock strength, the arrhythmia rate and duration were larger in the wider strands. During shocks that induced arrhythmias, the V m waveforms on the anodal side revealed a positive V m shift that followed the initial large hyperpolarization and postshock elevation of the diastolic V m . These V m changes were absent during failed shocks. To determine the localization of the arrhythmia source, arrhythmias were induced in narrow cell strands containing regions of local expansion. Optical mapping of the first extrabeat with a coupling interval of 315±60 ms revealed that in the majority of cases (9 out of 13) the source of arrhythmias was localized in the areas of shock-induced hyperpolarization. Thus, (1) induction of postshock arrhythmias, their rate, and their duration strongly depend on the tissue structure; (2) arrhythmia induction coincides with the appearance of a positive V m shift in the areas of hyperpolarization; and (3) the source of postshock arrhythmias is located in the areas of shock-induced hyperpolarization.
Myocardial adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase in the developing spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Cardiac membrane preparations from developing spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (0 to 125 days of age) were analyzed for the apparent numbers of alpha-and beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase activities in an attempt to correlate biochemical changes with the reported functional changes occurring with the development of hypertension in the SHR. Although the apparent number of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors were similar in both strains of rats, isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the prehypertensive SHRs when compared to WKY rats and declined to lower values as hypertension appeared. The percent stimulation produced by isoproterenol remained similar in cardiac membranes from normotensive WKY rats at all ages of development whereas this percent stimulation was 40% higher at birth in the SHRs and declined to approximately one half the original value by 100 days of age (P<0.05). The elevated adenylate cycla...
A Laboratory-Problem Centered First Course for Electrical Engineers

The objectives of Carnegie's first course for electrical engineering students are the conversion of basic science into "root content" and the development of professional method. Both objectives are met by a program of the solution of a series of professionally difficult but scientifically simple problems, which require both analytical and experimental work. All laboratory work is planned by the student, who takes major responsibility for its conduct and is permitted to make mistakes. Each new problem is used but once. Typical problem solutions require two to three weeks and two to three laboratory periods for completion. Recitation and laboratory work are integrated. Several examples of problems are given, together with typical student plans, student reports, and instructor's comments. General rules for planning such a course are presented. The success of the course and its effect on the rest of the curriculum are discussed.
Stochastic Mixed-Signal VLSI Architecture for High-Dimensional Kernel Machines

A mixed-signal paradigm is presented for high-resolution parallel inner-product computation in very high dimensions, suitable for efficient implementation of kernels in image processing. At the core of the externally digital architecture is a high-density, low-power analog array performing binary-binary partial matrix-vector multiplication. Full digital resolution is maintained even with low-resolution analog-to-digital conversion, owing to random statistics in the analog summation of binary products. A random modulation scheme produces near-Bernoulli statistics even for highly correlated inputs. The approach is validated with real image data, and with experimental results from a CID/DRAM analog array prototype in 0.5 µm CMOS.