cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract PD10-01: Trends in genetic testing and results for women diagnosed with breast cancer or ovarian cancer, 2013-2017

Background: Genetic testing is increasingly important for breast and ovarian cancer risk reduction and treatment. However, little is known about trends and disparities in receipt of testing in the community and test results after diagnosis. Methods: We linked records of all women with breast cancer or ovarian cancer diagnosed from 2013-2017 in Georgia and California and reported to Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries to genetic testing results from four laboratories that did most clinical testing in the studied regions (Ambry Genetics, GeneDx, Invitae, Myriad Genetics). We combined test results performed by all laboratories over 2012-2019 with SEER data. We measured use of any test, median number of genes tested, rates of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and pathogenic variants (PVs). Results: A total of 25.2% of 187,535 breast cancer patients, and 34.3% of 14,689 ovarian cancer patients, had genetic testing. Testing increased annually by 2% while the median number of genes tested increased annually by 28%. Among tested patients diagnosed with breast cancer in 2017, 5.2% had BRCA1/2 PVs while 4.9% had PVs in genes associated with a recognized cancer syndrome (APC, CDH1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, NF1, PMS2, PTEN, RET and TP53) or with emerging evidence for an increased risk of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer (ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CHEK2, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C and RAD51D). Among tested patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2017, 11.0% had BRCA1/2 PVs while 2.3% had PVs in a syndromic gene (APC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, NF1, PMS2, and TP53) or an emerging breast/ovarian cancer gene (ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CHEK2, NBN, PALB2, RAD51C and RAD51D). PVs in other tested genes were rare (generally Citation Format: Allison W Kurian, Monica Morrow, Steven Katz. Trends in genetic testing and results for women diagnosed with breast cancer or ovarian cancer, 2013-2017 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD10-01.
International studies of management and organization: half a century of advancing scholarship

To celebrate the 50th Anniversary of International Studies of Management & Organization (ISMO), the Founding Editor, Jean J. Boddewyn, the past Editor-in-Chief, Moshe Banai, and the current Editor-...
Localized chondro-ossification underlies joint dysfunction and motor deficits in the Fkbp10 mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that features wide-ranging defects in both skeletal and nonskeletal tissues. Previously, we and others reported that loss-of-function mutations in FK506 Binding Protein 10 (FKBP10) lead to skeletal deformities in conjunction with joint contractures. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying joint dysfunction in OI are poorly understood. In this study, we have generated a mouse model in which Fkbp10 is conditionally deleted in tendons and ligaments. Fkbp10 removal substantially reduced telopeptide lysyl hydroxylation of type I procollagen and collagen cross-linking in tendons. These biochemical alterations resulting from Fkbp10 ablation were associated with a site-specific induction of fibrosis, inflammation, and ectopic chondrogenesis followed by joint deformities in postnatal mice. We found that the ectopic chondrogenesis coincided with enhanced Gli1 expression, indicating dysregulated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Importantly, genetic inhibition of the Hh pathway attenuated ectopic chondrogenesis and joint deformities in Fkbp10 mutants. Furthermore, Hh inhibition restored alterations in gait parameters caused by Fkbp10 loss. Taken together, we identified a previously unappreciated role of Fkbp10 in tendons and ligaments and pathogenic mechanisms driving OI joint dysfunction.
The burden of over-representation: race, sport, and philosophy

What does Jacques Derrida have to say about sport? Sport philosophers haven’t been particularly drawn to Derrida as a source of enlightenment in sport. Indeed, deconstructionist philosophy in gener...
Wetting/drying cycles increase arsenic bioaccessibility in mine-impacted sediments

Abstract Physical and chemical weathering of arsenic-enriched mine wastes can lead to the mobilization and dispersal of contaminated sediments into surrounding (residential) areas. Additionally, seasonal effects during dry and rainy seasons affect contaminant bioaccessibility in ways that may significantly influence risk estimates of chronic arsenic exposure for residents living near mining sites. Rainwater-transported sediments from the Red Hill Mercury Mine in Tustin, California were collected monthly over a period of 25 months and the ingestible size fraction (≤250 μm) analyzed for bulk arsenic concentration (239 ± 149 mg/kg, n = 32, 114 to 678 mg/kg), assessed for arsenic bioaccessibility (11.2 ± 6.3%, n = 32, 2.7 to 24.9%), and compared with realtime rainfall data. Arsenic bioaccessibility was highly variable and strongly negatively correlated with cumulative rainfall over the preceding 40 days (r2 = 0.51, P
Foreword Special Section on “Advances in Electrical Modeling and Validation of Electronic Packaging and Systems”

In a time where the demands for electronic systems and components are rising in an unprecedented fashion, the complexity for designing these components and systems is increasing at a similar pace. From wearable and handheld devices to autonomous vehicles to data centers and supercomputers, the growing amount of integration and the demand for more efficient access to ever-increasing data are pushing the state-of-art design methods to their limits. In this environment, innovative research is necessary to push the capability of electrical modeling and validation methods in order to equip the electronic design community with the most adequate tools to tackle the emerging challenges.
Early ABI Testing May Decrease Risk of Amputation for Patients With Lower Extremity Ulcers.

Abstract Objectives: Patients with lower extremity wounds from diabetes mellitus or peripheral artery disease (PAD) have a risk of amputation as high as 25%. In patients with arterial disease, revascularization decreases the risk of amputation. We aimed to determine if the early assessment of arterial perfusion correlates with the risk of amputation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients referred to the vascular clinic over 18 months with Rutherford Grade 5 and 6 chronic limb-threatening ischemia to determine if patients had a pulse exam done at the time the wound was identified and when ankle brachial index (ABI) testing to evaluate perfusion was performed. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to determine if the timing of ABI testing affected the time to revascularization, wound healing, and risk of amputation. Results: Ninety-three patients with lower extremity wounds were identified. Of these, 59 patients (63%) did not have a pulse exam performed by their primary care provider when the wound was identified. Patients were classified by when they underwent ankle brachial index testing to assess arterial perfusion. Twenty four had early ABI ( Discussion: Early ABI testing expedites specialty referral and time to revascularization. It can decrease the time to wound healing. Larger cohort studies are needed to determine the overall effect of early ABI testing to decrease amputation rates.
Keeping Children from Harm's Way: How National Policy Affects Psychological Development

Parenting - a Major Commitment Risk Factors in Infancy and Early Childhood Traumatic Experiences of Childhood Adolescent Outcomes Intergenerational Transmission of Positive and Negative Outcomes Implications for Public Policy.
War and peace.

If the fiftieth anniversary of the double helix teaches us anything it ought to be that great scientific discoveries are almost never made in time of war or directly for the purpose of war.
Nonexistence of classes of Yang-Mills fields

Nonexistence is shown for regular localized free classical Yang-Mills fields with nonvanishingϕα, with a semi-simple and compact internal holonomy group, and with one of the following types of time dependence: 1) there exists a gauge in which the potentials are independent of time, 2) the gauge fieldϕϰλ is covariant constant in time, 3) there exists an internal operator fieldT(xϰ) such that ∇tϕϰλ=[T,ϕϰλ] where ∇ϰT belongs to the Lie algebra of the holonomy group, and the matrix formed from the adjoint representation of the gauge field and its dual has maximal rank.
Prevention of enteric disease by peritoneal cells from Bacillus subtilis exopolysaccharide (EPS)-treated mice (MUC4P.840)

Beneficial microbes modulate host immune responses and prevent pathogen-induced inflammation; the molecular mechanisms involved in this process are only recently being elucidated. The enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium shares genetic and phenotypic similarities to the human pathogen enteropathogenic E. coli . We previously demonstrated that probiotic B. subtilis , but not an exopolysaccharide (EPS) null mutant, protected mice from C. rodentium -associated disease. We also showed that purified EPS were sufficient to prevent disease when administered i.p. 24 hr prior to pathogen infection. In addition, we found that B. subtilis and EPS failed to protect TLR2 KO and TLR4 KO mice, suggesting that EPS-mediated protection utilizes both of these pathways. Since EPS bind peritoneal macrophages and because EPS are administered i.p., we hypothesized that peritoneal cells may contribute to protection. To test this idea, we adoptively transferred peritoneal cells from EPS-treated mice to naive mice and found that these cells could prevent disease. We also show that TLR4 and TLR2 are required by peritoneal cells and non-peritoneal cells, respectively. We hypothesize that B. subtilis EPS mediate their protective effects through TLR4-expressing macrophages. Adoptive transfer studies with sorted cells from wt and TLR4 KO mice will be performed to test this idea.
Regional integration and foreign direct investment : a conceptual framework and three cases

The authors discuss how regional investment agreements may affect the inward and outward flows of foreign direct investments in the integrating region. After describing the multidimensional character of the issue, they provide a conceptual framework for analysis as well as three case studies focused on different kinds of regional integration: (1) North-North integration (Canada joining the CUSFTA); (2) North-South integration (Mexico's accession to NAFTA); and (3) South-South integration (MERCOSUR). They conclude that the response to an integration agreement will, in each case, depend on the environmental change brought about by the regional investment agreements, the locational advantage of the country or region, the competitiveness of local firms in the integrating region, and the motives for foreign direct investment in and by the country or region in question. The creation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA), for example, had relatively little influence on direct investment patterns in Canada, since much of the trade between Canada and the United States had been liberalized long before the CUSFTA was established. By contrast, the Mexican accession to NAFTA brought about significant policy changes, which helps to explain foreign multinationals' increasing interest in the country. Similarly, the establishment of the MERCOSUR Common Market is likely to significantly affect the region's policy environment, which suggests that it may have a notable (although varying) impact on foreign direct investment in the four member countries.
Specificity of the Anamnestic Response Produced by Listeria monocytogenes or Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Challenge With Listeria monocytogenes

When mice immunized with Listeria monocytogenes were given a second injection of listeria, they showed an anamnestic immune response to intravenous challenge with listeria, as measured by enumeration of the viable infecting organisms in the spleens of the infected animals. This response was independent of the effects of the challenge dose. When mice immunized with living or heat-killed attenuated mycobacterial cells were boosted with living H37Ra, there was also an accelerated response to listeria challenge. The response was greater in the mice given the primary immunization with living cells than in those immunized with heat-killed cells. The response to listeria challenge in mice immunized and boosted with mycobacteria was of less magnitude than that in the mice immunized and boosted with listeria. Growth of listeria in the mice immunized and boosted with mycobacteria was retarded only during the first 2 days of the infection, whereas the infecting listeria in mice immunized and boosted with listeria were permanently inactivated. Mice immunized with mycobacterial ribosomal fraction and restimulated with living mycobacterial cells showed no accelerated response to listeria challenge. It is evident from these results that resistance to these organisms is specifically evoked, but that once evoked it is not completely nonspecific in action. Also, the resistance produced by the mycobacterial ribosomal fraction to challenge with mycobacteria is completely specific in action. Therefore, it has been shown that there are two mechanisms involved in acquired immunity to facultative, intracellular parasites. One is nonspecific and mediated by activated macrophages. The other is specific and mediated by a mechanism as yet unknown.
Biosynthesis of the Peptidoglycan of Bacterial Cell Walls: XIII. Peptidoglycan Transpeptidase and d-Alanine Carboxypeptidase: Penicillin-Sensitive Enzymatic Reaction in Strains of Escherichia Coli

Abstract A particulate enzyme system from strains of Escherichia coli is described which catalyzes the utilization of the uridine nucleotides, UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-l-Ala d-Glu-α, e-diaminopimelyl-d-Ala-d-Ala and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, for peptidoglycan synthesis. Unlike the systems previously studied in gram-positive cocci, this particulate enzyme catalyzes the terminal cross-linking reaction in cell wall synthesis, a transpeptidation in which a d-alanine residue is lost from the end of one of the N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide residues incorporated into the product. The d-alanine residue is also lost from the end of the second unit involved in the cross-linking, apparently through the action of a d-alanine carboxypeptidase. Both the transpeptidase and the d-alanine carboxypeptidase are inhibited by various penicillins and cephalosporins.
Truth and Beauty: A Legal Translation

This essay addresses questions of truth and beauty, of poetry and fidelity, as applied to legal education and ultimately to law. After discussing how law schools can most faithfully translate their teachings to lawyers' real concerns, I shall ponder how the law itself reconciles its duty to truth with its practitioners' longing for beauty.
The functions of government in social entrepreneurship: theory and preliminary evidence*

Much social entrepreneurship has occurred in countries with national governments with low levels of state capacity to address social problems. Yet, little or no social change resulting from social entrepreneurship could have become ‘large-scale’ without the enabling institutions, resources, and policies of government, even ones with reputations for inefficiency or corruption. We develop a typology for describing the functions of government in social entrepreneurship in terms of the level of state capacity (i.e., higher or lower) and the locus of social innovation (i.e., top-down or bottom-up). We adopt the ‘classical view’ of entrepreneurship of Israel Kirzner and Joseph Schumpeter and extend it to social entrepreneurship in order to recognize entrepreneurial behaviour as a universal phenomenon in all institutional environments and to model and specify social entrepreneurship in social systems. We find preliminary evidence to support the typology in many well-known, contemporary cases of social entrepreneurship. Resumen. En paises con gobiernos nacionales en que el estado posee una baja capacidad para abordar los problemas sociales se ha observado la aparicion de multitud de iniciativas sociales. A pesar de ello, pocos o ninguno de los cambios sociales con origen en iniciativas sociales podrian haber alcanzado una gran escala si no hubieran sido habilitados por las instituciones, recursos y politicas de sus gobiernos, incluso para aquellos presuntamente ineficaces o corruptos. Desarrollamos una tipologia para describir las funciones del gobierno en iniciativas sociales en terminos del nivel de la capacidad estatal (alto o bajo) y el origen y direccion de la innovacion social (de arriba a abajo o desde abajo hacia arriba). Adoptamos el “concepto clasico” de espiritu emprendedor de Israel Kirzner y Joseph Schumpeter y lo trasladamos a las iniciativas sociales para entender asi el comportamiento emprendedor como un fenomeno universal que surge bajo cualquier ambiente institucional y modelizar y especificar las iniciativas sociales dentro de los sistemas sociales. Encontramos indicios preliminares que apoyan la tipologia en muchos casos contemporaneos de iniciativas sociales bien conocidas.
Issues in the implementation of the i486 cache and bus

To meet its performance goal of executing most instructions in a single clock, the i486 microprocessor uses a cache memory that is integrated on the silicon die as the processor. The integrated cache is capable of performing one memory read or write each clock cycle. The size and organization of the cache were selected based on available silicon area and on the results of trace-driven simulation. An external bus was devised featuring burst data transfers to quickly fill cache lines and provisions to ensure cache coherency. >
Extraordinary politics of ordinary people: Explaining the microdynamics of popular committees in revolutionary Cairo

On 28 January 2011 – as police abandoned the streets and reports of theft spread – Egyptians went down to the streets to protect their families and property, closing down intersections and setting ...
Electrochemically Active Surface Area Voltammetric Charge Correlations for Ruthenium and Iridium Dioxide Electrodes

L'aire superficielle active electrochimiquement d'une electrode de titane modifiee par RuO 2 ou IrO 2 est estimee en utilisant la methode d'adsorption des ions Zn 2+ afin de determiner l'activite electrocatalytique de telles electrodes
Expression of early fetal antigens on transformed mouse cells.

We have used immunoprecipitation of radioactivity from labeled cell membrane preparations to study further the association between the histocompatibility-2 (H-2) peptides and a tumor-associated embryonic antigen (Ag I) on the surface of L-cells. Since earlier studies had shown that Ag I and H-2 co-cap on L-cells, the present study was initiated to test the hypothesis that Ag I presents an altered H-2 peptide expressed on transformed cells. Indeed, sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of Ag I shows two major peaks at approximately 110,000 and 40,000 daltons, the latter co-migrating with the major H-2 peptide. However, further analysis using sequential immunoprecipitation indicates that the molecules reacting with antisera to H-2 and to Ag I are separate entities, precipitating independently of one another. This has led us to postulate that Ag I and H-2 participate in a unique kind of association in the cell membrane, that is, that the bonds between them which allow them to co-cap may be in the lipid bilayer itself, and that these bonds are disrupted upon solubilization of the membrane.
Read-through strategies for suppression of nonsense mutations in Duchenne/ Becker muscular dystrophy: aminoglycosides and ataluren (PTC124).

Nucleotide changes within an exon may alter the trinucleotide normally encoding a particular amino acid, such that a new “stop” signal is transcribed into the mRNA open reading frame. This causes the ribosome to prematurely terminate its reading of the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated decay of the transcript and lack of production of a normal full-length protein. Such premature termination codon mutations occur in an estimated 10% to 15% of many genetically based disorders, including Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. Therapeutic strategies have been developed to induce ribosomal readthrough of nonsense mutations in mRNA and allow production of a full-length functional protein. Small molecule drugs (aminoglycosides and ataluren [PTC124]) have been developed and are in clinical testing in patients with nonsense mutations within the dystrophin gene. Use of nonsense mutation suppression in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy may offer the prospect of targeting the specific mutation causing the disease and correcting the fundamental pathophysiology.
Sensor fusion approach to optimization for human perception: an observer-optimized tricolor IR target locating sensor

A sensor suite has been developed for the task of ground target acquisition that includes human perception in the sensor fusion optimization. The presentation to the operator has been chosen to be visual imagery of the target in its background clutter (this maximizes quantity of information presentable to the operator, while quality is determined by sensor capabilities and pre-display processing). The resulting composite display is natural and intuitive, increasing the amount of data that can be displayed and easily comprehended without operator confusion. Three spectral bands for imaging sensors have been selected for this suite: near-IR (.9-1.5 micrometers ), mid-IR (3-5 micrometers ), and far-IR (8-12 micrometers ). These are highly mature technologies, each with quality imaging capability and unique target signature exploitation capabilities.
Resistance training for adolescents.

The benefits and possible detriments of resistance training have been noted extensively in the literature. Although the benefits of resistance training are well known, many professionals fail to heed scientific advice or follow appropriate recommendations for resistance training in adolescents. When developing a resistance training program for adolescents, be cognizant of any pre-existing health conditions and experience level of the adolescent. For strength training, the adolescent should begin with exercises that involve all major muscle groups with relatively light weight, one to three sets of 6 to 15 repetitions, 2 to 3 non-consecutive days per week. As the adolescent becomes more experienced, gradually increase loads and add multijoint exercises. Each exercise session should be properly supervised for safety, and to provide feedback on technique and form, regardless of the resistance training experience of the adolescent. This article reviews the guidelines for resistance training for health-related fitness for adolescents.
Expression of glyoxysomal ascorbate peroxidase in cotton seedlings during postgerminative growth

Abstract In previous research, cottonseed glyoxysomal ascorbate peroxidase (gmAPX) was identified as a membrane-bound APX that scavenged H 2 O 2 generated within the glyoxysomes of cotyledons during the conversion of stored lipids into carbohydrates. To corroborate the importance of gmAPX as a H 2 O 2 scavenger during the establishment of oil-rich seedlings in the soil, the mRNA and protein levels of gmAPX were compared with those for marker enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle and photorespiration, namely isocitrate lyase (ICL) and hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR), respectively. During the first 72 h of growth in the dark, steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding gmAPX and ICL were coordinately expressed in cotton cotyledons. These increases in transcripts were followed by an accumulation of both proteins that peaked at 48 h indicating that the temporal appearance of gmAPX was regulated by the abundance of gmAPX transcripts. After 72 h, ICL levels declined whereas gmAPX levels increased in the dark-grown seedlings. Exposure of the 48-h, dark-grown seedlings to light accelerated the decrease in the protein levels of ICL and gmAPX but increased the transcript and protein/activity levels of HPR, gmAPX transcripts also were more abundant in the greening cotyledons than in the cotyledons of the dark-grown seedlings. These results indicated that like HPR , the accumulation of transcripts encoding gmAPX was partially regulated by light. The protein levels of gmAPX increased in the cotyledons at 120 h for both the dark- and light-grown seedlings. Results from DNA gel blot analyses suggested that two copies of the gene that encode gmAPX were present in cotton. The concerted accumulation of gmAPX with ICL in the dark and with HPR in the light suggests that gmAPX along with catalase may serve as another important peroxide scavenger in the cotyledons of oilseed seedlings not only during the conversion of stored lipids to carbohydrates but also during photorespiration.
The latex allergy triage or admission tool: An algorithm to identify which patients would benefit from “latex safe” precautions

T he g rowing i nc idence of latex allergy a m o n g pat ien ts in all care areas, of any age, wi th any diagnos i s , a n d in any g e o g r a p h i c loca t ion has cha l lenged us to re th ink our policies and procedures for providing quali ty "latex safe" care. The abili ty to create a "latex safe" e n v i r o n m e n t in heal th care facilities has b e c o m e impera t ive for bo th pa t i en t s and employees to decrease their direct or aerosolized latex exposure and possible sens i t iza t ion to latex ant igens. ~,z It is not possible at this t ime to provide an e n v i r o n m e n t tha t is completely free of latex, he nc e the term "latex safe" rather t han "latex free" in desc r ib ing the e n v i r o n m e n t and pa t i en t care. "Latex safe" s eems to be "the te rm mos t often u sed to descr ibe a s t anda rd of t r e a tmen t which successful ly provides care to latex allergic pa t i en t s wi thou t allergic reac t ion caused by latex exposure . . .and an envir o n m e n t tha t r educes the risk of others developing latex allergy by the e l iminat ion of s igni f icant latex exposure."3
The asymptotic value of a singular integral related to the cauchy-hermite interpolation formula

In general terms, and without precise definitions, the problem here to be studied is this: Let F be a simple closed contour of the complex z-plane consisting of a finite number of smooth segments joined end-to-end. There may be corners or cusps at the endpoints of the segments. Let distinct points S , = {Z,o, z,1, ..., z.,} be given on F. Le t f ( z ) be continuous on F. Consider the improper complex line integral
Creep strength of a tungsten–rhenium–hafnium carbide alloy from 2200 to 2400 K

Abstract The high–temperature creep behavior of tungsten–4 wt.% rhenium-0.32 wt.% hafnium carbide (W-4Re-0.32HfC) was evaluated at temperatures ranging from 2200 to 2400 K and stresses ranging from 40 to 70 MPa in a vacuum less than 1.33×10 –6 MPa (1.0×10 –8 torr). The effects of temperature and stress on the steady–state creep rate were determined. The stress exponent for creep was 5.2, and the activation energy for creep was 594 kJ mol −1 . The creep strength of W-4Re-0.32HfC was compared with that of pure tungsten (W) and tungsten–5 wt.% rhenium (W–5Re) at a creep rate of 10 −6 s −1 as a function of temperature. The temperature-compensated creep rate of W–4Re–0.32HfC was approximately two orders of magnitude less than that of pure W and one order of magnitude less than that of W–5Re. The creep strength of W–4Re–0.32HfC was correlated with its microstructural development during the high-temperature deformation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) study of the creep tested samples revealed that the high creep strength of this alloy resulted from finely dispersed submicron-sized HfC particles. The strengthening effect of the HfC particles could be attributed to direct and indirect particle strengthening. Direct particle strengthening was caused by the retardation of subboundary dislocation movement by direct particle/dislocation interaction. Indirect particle strengthening was caused by the formation of subgrains, which in turn reduces the distance that dislocations can move before being immobilized at subgrain or grain boundaries. The strengthening effect of HfC particles was reduced as HfC particle diameter increased.
A comparison of daily representations of canopy conductance based on two conditional time- averaging methods and the dependence of daily conductance on environmental factors

Dans les modeles hydrologiques qui prennent en compte les surfaces vegetales, les estimations de la conductance du couvert pour la vapeur d'eau faites a partir des mesures de flux de seve et de la demande climatique peuvent conduire a des valeurs instantanees et des moyennes journalieres erronees, a cause d'un regime de flux hydrique non conservatif. Un calcul de la conductance base sur les moyennes journalieres de certaines variables est une methode pour resoudre ce probleme. Toutefois, la comparaison entre les deux methodes n'avait pas encore ete effectuee. Ce travail compare ces deux methodes de calcul de la conductance de couvert pour une foret de pins. L'equation de Penman-Monteith a ete simplifiee, en supposant un fort couplage entre le couvert et l'atmosphere, et utilisee ici pour calculer les valeurs instantanees de conductance de couvert. Un ecart important entre les deux methodes a ete mis en evidence, a cause des biais apparaissant en conditions de flux de seve ou de deficit de saturation de l'air faibles. Deux procedures de moyennage conditionnel ont ete developpees pour exclure ce type de donnees, et une relation etroite entre les deux methodes a ete trouvee. La conductance de couvert journaliere a ete ainsi calculee sur une saison de vegetation complete dans un peuplement de Pinus taeda âge de 15 ans. En depit de la diminution de conductance entre les episodes de pluie, conduisant a des deficits hydriques dans le sol, et de variations importantes d'indice foliaire au cours de la saison, la conductance du couvert est restee uniforme jusqu'aux basses temperatures de la fin de la saison.
Sintered gold alloy for direct restorations

D uring the past four years, the Department of Operative Dentistry at the School of Dentistry, UCLA, participated in the development of a new restorative materialt for direct gold restorations. The material possesses superior physical properties and manipulative advantages. The term “direct gold” includes all pure golds, as well as the gold alloy described in this report, These golds may be compacted by cold welding into a prepared cavity. Each type of gold has a recommended purpose, function, and manner of manipulation. Gold possesses a regular, well-organized lattice structure. Slip planes result from this orderliness, but strength may be increased by one of the following meansl: (a) creating small grain sizes with induced stresses at the grain boundaries, as occurs when molten gold is rapidly chilled; (b) introducing internal stresses of the nature that results when gold is work-hardened during condensation (cold welding) ; and (c) disturbing the orderly structure of pure gold with the addition of other elements to produce stress interferences. All compacted golds develop increased hardness with the introduction of stresses. However, greater hardness occurs with the introduction of minute quantities of other elements without lessening desirable manipulative characteristics. Palladium, platinum, indium, silver, and calcium, alone and in combination, were evaluated to determine their effect on various physical properties. Xhonga2 reported that the Au-Ca combination (Electraloy) possessed salutory properties (Table I). In addition to surface hardness, the new material had a density and transverse strength that approximated that of other go1ds.S Those who collaborated in the testing and those who have used the material clinically suggested that it possesses a quality of spreading or being moved across a surface prior to condensation. This also occurs with gold foil. This characteristic permits the gold alloy
Exploring a flight deck based wake turbulence situational awareness tool

As NextGen concepts move toward increasing en route and terminal throughput, wake turbulence separation may become a limiting factor in the pursuit of capacity improvements. Better knowledge of the probable location of wakes (for air traffic controllers as well as pilots) could help provide safe separation from wake turbulence while avoiding unnecessary restrictions to operations. The Wake Turbulence Avoidance Automation (WTAA) research project, performed under MITRE's Mission Oriented Investigation and Experimentation (MOIE) work for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), demonstrated the use of existing FAA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) wake turbulence research and algorithms to estimate wake characteristics given specific aircraft and meteorological data. This capability was used to drive displays of wake information on pilot Cockpit Displays of Traffic Information (CDTIs). This paper provides an overview of the existing FAA and NASA wake research that was leveraged and describes the development of the wake tool and the methods used to provide wake situational awareness to flight crews. Feedback obtained from the human in the loop (HITL) simulations is discussed and recommendations for further development and incorporation of FAA and NASA advances in wake research are provided. For one arrival procedure developed during the research, an analysis of the capacity impact at individual airports and an estimate of the system-wide delay impact of possible arrival procedures enabled by these wake tools is presented.
The Anderson intramolecular potential function—II. Application to CO2 CS2, and OCS

Abstract A model anharmonic potential-energy function recently proposed by Anderson to model successfully the general quartic force field of linear triatomic molecules and to be useful, in extended form, for larger molecules. The model contains a single adjustable parameter which Anderson determined originally from the force constants in the general quartic force field. However, since we wish to apply the model to molecules for which there is little hope of determining all the general quartic force constants, we have considered alternative ways of determining the parameter of the model, in particular by adjusting the parameter by least-squares directly to the primitive spectroscopic data. This adjustment is explored in the cases of CO 2 , CS 2 and OCS for which there are many data available.
Enantioselective synthesis of the bromopyrrole alkaloids manzacidin A and C by stereospecific C-h bond oxidation.

The manzacidins represent a small family of structurally unique secondary metabolites found only sparingly in nature. Efforts to probe the pharmacological profile of these intriguing bromopyrrole alkaloids have been precluded by a deficiency of available material. Access to substantive quantities of both manzacidins A and C is now made possible through a rapid, enantioselective, and highly efficient synthesis that is described herein. The path to these targets showcases for the first time the distinct power of our catalytic C−H bond amination methodology for simplifying problems in alkaloid total synthesis. Application of this chemistry enables the facile and enantiospecific installation of tetrasubstituted carbinolamine stereocenters, functionality common to all of the manzacidins. The requisite materials for implementing our plan are assembled using modern tools for catalytic asymmetric synthesis that include both carbonyl-ene and directed hydrogenation reactions. In addition, a new protocol for tetrahy...
Reengineering the MBA for Small and Mid‐Size Firms: A Business‐Driven Approach

Most universities have MBA programs designed to train functionally specialized managers for large Fortune 1000 type firms. The graduate management education needs of small and mid‐size firms have been largely ignored. Many innovative MBA programs have themes that emphasize entrepreneurship, management of technology, or international business, but none have integrated all three themes in a redesigned MBA program that meets the needs of small and mid‐size firms.This paper describes a successful business‐driven approach to re‐engineering the form and content of an MBA program to create a higher value‐added program for smaller and rapidly growing enterprises. This curriculum development process was funded by a grant from the Cleveland Foundation’s Statewide Program for Businessand Management Education. Guided by a business‐driven process, The University of Toledo successfully initiated a new Executive MBA for Small and Mid‐size firms in the fall of 1995.
Evaluation of hybrid forecasting approaches for wind speed and power generation time series

Abstract Forecasting of wind speed and wind power generation is indispensible for the effective operation of a wind farm, and the optimal management of its revenue and risks. Hybrid forecasting of time series data is considered to be a potentially viable alternative compared with the conventional single forecasting modeling approaches such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM). Hybrid forecasting typically consists of an ARIMA prediction model for the linear component of a time series and a nonlinear prediction model for the nonlinear component. In this paper, we systematically and comprehensively investigate the applicability of this methodology based on two case studies on wind speed and wind power generation, respectively. Two hybrid models, namely, ARIMA–ANN and ARIMA–SVM, are selected to compare with the single ARIMA, ANN, and SVM forecasting models. The results show that the hybrid approaches are viable options for forecasting both wind speed and wind power generation time series, but they do not always produce superior forecasting performance for all the forecasting time horizons investigated.
Effect of first forbidden decays on the shape of neutrino spectra

We examine the effect of first forbidden (FF) decays on $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay neutrino spectra by performing microscopic nuclear structure calculations. By analyzing the FF decay branches of even-even nuclei, we conclude that FF decays may be responsible for part of the missing neutrinos in the so-called reactor neutrino anomaly. Further calculations and more experimental data are needed for a firm conclusion.
Entropy measures under similarity relations

We discuss the Shannon measure of entropy. An extension of this measure is provided for situations in which the underlying items of concern have a similarity relationship in addition to a probability distribution defined on them
Echocardiographic Score as a Predictor of In-Hospital Cost in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) is an effective means of palliating mitral stenosis, but it sometimes leads to adverse clinical outcomes and exorbitant in-hospital costs. Because echocardiographic score is known to be predictive of clinical outcome in patients undergoing PBMV, we examined whether it could also be used to predict in-hospital cost. Preprocedure echocardiographic scores, baseline clinical characteristics, and total in-hospital costs were examined among 45 patients who underwent PBMV between January 1, 1992, and January 1, 1994. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 71 years and had preprocedure echocardiographic scores that ranged from 4 to 12. Following PBMV, mean mitral valve area increased from 1.1 +/- 0.3 to 2.4 +/- 0.6 cm2 (p = 0.0001), and mean pressure gradient decreased from 18.3 +/- 5.9 to 6.7 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (p = 0.0001). In-hospital cost for the 45 patients ranged from $3,591 to $70,975 (mean $9,417; median $5,311). Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that among the variables examined, echocardiographic score (p = 0.0007), age (p = 0.01), and preprocedure mitral valve gradient (p = 0.03) were associated with in-hospital cost. Regression modeling suggested that every increase in preprocedure echocardiographic score of one grade was associated with an increase in in-hospital cost of $2,663. Because echocardiographic score is predictive of both clinical outcome and in-hospital cost, we conclude that patients with elevated scores should be considered for alternative therapy.
Accounting for the shapes and size distributions of miniature endplate currents

The current model does not account adequately for the characteristics of miniature endplate currents (MEPCs). We do not understand their relatively slow rise, the shape of their rise, their variable and sometimes prolonged decay, and the correlation between amplitude and decay time. If we assume that ACh is released from the vesicle through a pore and that the vesicle enlarges as it takes on additional transmitter, the predictions are more like MEPCs. However, previous measurements showed that after quantal size was increased the vesicles in the terminal were not enlarged. This need not be a problem, because some of the ACh is added to vesicles positioned at the active zones, a process known as second-stage loading. By using the false transmitter precursor monoethylcholine we provide additional evidence for second-stage loading. The distribution of quantal sizes at the junction usually does not follow a normal probability distribution; it is skewed to the right. The skew can be accounted for by a model incorporating second-stage loading in which the vesicles are released randomly, without regard to their ACh content. If the vesicles increase in size when they contain more transmitter, only vesicles at the active zone need swell.
Lifetime reproductive success and the opportunity for selection in a nonterritorial damselfly (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

Major components of male and female lifetime reproductive success (LRS) were quantified for a damselfly that exhibits "scramble competition" for mates. The opportunity for selection on male reproduction was potentially 2.9 times that for females. Differential fertility/clutch and survivorship each accounted for about half of the total variation in female reproductive success. Variation in fertilization efficiency accounted for 7% of the total opportunity for selection on males. Although differences in survivorship and mating efficiency each contributed to about a third of the total opportunity for selection on male reproduction, both components appeared to be influenced by random factors. Survivorship was age-independent, and the mating distributions among males with equal mating opportunities were indistinguishable from those expected if matings were random with respect to male phenotype. Because the proportion of the standarized variance (I) in LRS that was attributed to sexual selection depended on the way the selective episodes were defined, the sample of individuals included in the partitioning analysis, and the degree of sexual selection on mated males that could be detected, my results caution against drawing conclusions about the dynamics of sexual selection on populations based on a superficial comparison of I values.
Accuracy of International Conversions of Elite Sires and Cows When Conversion Equations Are Based on Linear Regression

Conversion equations that are based on linear regression are used widely to transform estimated breeding values (EBV) of sires for production, type, health, and management traits from the genetic base, scale, and units of measurement of an exporting country to that of an importing country. One of the major deficiencies of these regression equations is that the accuracy of converted EBV of elite sires and cows, which are of primary interest in genetic selection programs, is lower than that for average animals. In this study, it is shown both mathematically and in practical examples that the standard error (SE) of prediction of elite dairy sires can be much larger than for average sires. When more than 100 sires are used to develop conversion equations, the SE of prediction for elite AI sires is up to 10% larger than for an average sire, and, when 50 sires are used to develop conversion equations, the SE of prediction is up to 25% larger than for an average sire. When fewer than 50 sires are used to develop conversion equations, the accuracy of converted EBV of elite sires is very poor, and SE can be 30 to 60% larger than for an average sire. Based on this study, it is recommended that international sire evaluations based on BLUP methodology (rather than linear regression) be made available as soon as possible for nonproduction traits in all countries and for production traits in countries that currently do not participate in routine INTERBULL (International Bull Evaluation Service) analyses.
The Center of Excellence for Laparoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery at the University of Miami.

The purpose of the Center of Excellence for Laparoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery at the University of Miami (UM Center) is to promote the highest level of education and training of medical professionals via the most technologically advanced methods as well as to foster research and product development in laparoscopic and minimally invasive procedures. Our core values of ingenuity, integrity, and quality are the cornerstone of the UM Center’s vision to become the local, national, and international leader in the field of education, research, and product development in laparoscopic and minimally invasive procedures. UM Center’s strategic plan helps guide the management and goals of the Center to (1) provide the most technological advanced training outside the operating room to residents, (2) educate and train local, national and international surgeons in skills and procedures that meet their practice and career needs, (3) aid in the development of technology and innovative procedures needed to perform state-ofthe-art surgery, and (4) perform research using educational and surgical skills training methods.
Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv) Antibodies Optimized for Environmental Analysis of Uranium

Recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv) were specifically generated and selected for the measurement of environmental uranium with an antibody-based sensor. These sFvs, which recognized UO(2)(2+) complexed to 2,9-dicarboxyl-1,10-phenanthroline-acid (DCP), were produced using genetic material obtained from the spleen cells of rabbits immunized with UO(2)(2+)-DCP conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Immunoglobulin light chain and heavy chain genes were amplified and cloned into the phagemid pSD3 for generation of a recombinant antibody library and phage-displayed antibodies. The screening process was designed to isolate antibodies that bound to a "loaded" noncovalent complex with high affinity, while selecting against binding to an "unloaded" complex. After five rounds of panning, individual positive scFv clones were used to infect E. coli TG1 and soluble scFv antibodies were purified and characterized. Binding studies showed that the best scFv bound tightly to the UO(2)(2+)-DCP complex (K(d), 19.6 nM). However, because of the depletion experiments performed on this library during the panning process, this scFv bound 1200-fold less tightly (K(d), 23.5 μM) to metal-free DCP. This scFv (clone 3A) was subsequently used to accurately determine the UO(2)(2+) concentrations in environmental water samples using a sensor based on kinetic exclusion analysis. The present studies demonstrate that recombinant scFvs with properties engineered for specific applications (i.e., biosensor-based measurement of metals in groundwater) can be prepared if the correct genetic material and techniques are employed. The phage display system permitted the generation of proteins with very specific binding properties (in this case, high affinity for a metal-chelate complex and low affinity for metal-free chelator). The recombinant scFvs isolated in these studies will be the basis for rapid and affordable assays for the detection of residual uranium in environmental water samples.