cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SC-10DIVERGENT LIPID METABOLISM DRIVES SELF-RENEWAL IN GLIOBLASTOMA

The tumor microenvironment is essential to cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance, providing discreet cues influencing cellular behavior. However, the mechanisms by which CSCs sense and respond to microenvironmental stresses, such as lipid availability, which regulates cellular metabolism and membrane turnover, are poorly understood. Scavenger receptors, a broad class of membrane receptors, are instrumental in the recognition and uptake of modified lipids, presenting a unique link between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment. Recent work published by our group utilizing patient-derived CSCs demonstrated elevated levels of the scavenger receptor CD36 in Glioblastoma (GBM) CSCs, with functional consequences on self-renewal and tumorigenesis. These results highlighted enhanced oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake and utilization by CSCs and suggest that lipid metabolism is intimately linked to CSC maintenance. We therefore hypothesize that CSCs possess increased ability to take up and metabolize lipid species. We have observed increased lipid uptake and incorporation in CSCs as assessed by 14C acetate and 3H oleate. Despite increased uptake, CSCs show decreased lipid droplet accumulation as evidenced by Oil Red O staining. These results were confirmed by flow cytometry with the alternative lipid stain Nile Red. A metabolic shRNA screen is currently underway to identify potential targets in the regulation of lipid metabolism in CSCs. These data provide a paradigm by which CSCs utilize lipid species, providing survival and metabolic advantages and thereby allowing for tumor progression.
Relationships of PPARgamma and PPARgamma2 mRNA levels to obesity, diabetes and hyperinsulinaemia in rhesus monkeys.

Relationships of PPARγ and PPARγ2 mRNA levels to obesity, diabetes and hyperinsulinaemia in rhesus monkeys
Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera. XLI. Factors Limiting Potential Distance of Sex Pheromone Communication in Trichoplusia ni

The theoretical mean maximum distance of sex pheromone communication between males and females of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) was calculated based on estimates of: (1) the emission rate of pheromone from females, (2) the dilution of pheromone molecules in moving air, and (3) the lower threshold for male pheromone-responsiveness. This theoretical maximum distance was further limited by the duration of pheromone emission by females and the flight speed of males, both varying with wind velocity.
An Attempt to Transmit Rheumatoid Arthritis to Humans

ConclusionsIn no instance was there-clinical or pathological evidence for transmission of active rheumatoid arthritis from one human to another by the direct passage method of study as described.
Assessing the Uncertainty of Regression Estimates in a Response Surface Model for Repeated Measures

AbstractThis paper examines methods of evaluating uncertainty, or the estimated standard error, of regression coefficient estimates obtained from response surface models when the responses have complex covariance structure. Existing procedures are described for estimating the regression coefficient estimates and associated standard errors along with adjustments to account for underestimation of the uncertainty. A simulation study is conducted using an example from manufacturing assuming a variety of commonly used covariance structures. Results from the simulation indicate that the usual standard error estimates are adequate for simpler covariance structures, but adjustments are needed for more complex structures. The best adjustments are often the ones associated with the Kenward-Roger procedure. In addition, the choice of iterative procedure used to obtain the restricted maximum likelihood estimate of the covariance parameters can affect the adequacy of the standard error adjustment.
Processing Interval Joins On Map-Reduce

In this paper we investigate the problem of processing multiway interval joins on map-reduce platform. We look at join queries formed by interval predicates as defined by Allen’s interval algebra. These predicates can be classified in two groups: colocation based predicates and sequence based predicates. A colocation predicate requires two intervals to share at least one common point while a sequence predicate requires two intervals to be disjoint. An interval join query can therefore be thought of as belonging to one of the three classes: (a) queries containing only colocation based predicates, (b) queries containing only sequence based predicates and (c) queries containing both classes of predicates. We address these three classes of join queries, discuss the challenges and present novel approaches for processing these queries on map-reduce platform. We also discuss why the current approaches developed for handling join queries on real-valued data can not be directly used to handle interval joins. We finally extend the approaches developed to handle join queries containing multiple interval attributes as well as join queries containing both interval as well as non-interval attributes. Through experimental evaluations both on synthetic and real life datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed approaches comfortably outperform naive approaches.
Infections Caused by Viridans Streptococci

Members of the Streptococcus viridans group are medically important for their role in causing …
A qualitative analysis of children's emotional reactions during hospitalization following injury

Children who sustain injuries are at risk for experiencing traumatic stress reactions. Few studies have obtained detailed, qualitative information regarding children's and parents' own understanding of their experiences during the peritrauma period. Understanding children's injury and early hospital experiences is crucial to inform the development of early interventions during the peritrauma period, which speak to these concerns. The primary purpose of this study was to understand child and parent views of the stressors experienced by children hospitalized for an injury. A secondary aim was to identify children's feelings and thoughts about injury- and hospital-related stressors. Ten children and their parents participated in semistructured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded. Stressors were classified into 5 domains: procedural concerns, uncertainty, sleep and nutrition challenges, being confined to the hospital, and home preparation. Children and parents were more likely to articulate feelings about stressors than thoughts about stressors. Feelings reported by children and parents were predominantly negative. Children and parents may have an easier time expressing feelings than thoughts, which has implications for communicating with medical teams as well as for psychological treatment. Future research should examine how children's perceptions of their injury- and hospital-related experiences relate to later outcomes such as traumatic stress reactions.
Communicability Of Pleasure And Normativity Of Taste In Kant’s Third Critique

My purpose in the present paper is to re-examine Kant’s account of the nature of aesthetic judgments. I believe that Kant is right both in viewing judgments of taste as validity claims and in construing the type of validity which such judgments possess as intersubjective validity. But he is mistaken, I wish to hold, in supposing that aesthetic pleasure is a universally sharable feeling. In what follows I shall argue for this thesis and suggest a way in which the normative character of aesthetic judgments can be upheld in the face of the non-universal character of aesthetic pleasure.
Use of the Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Unstable Angina

The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was developed by Moulopoulos (1) in 1963 and introduced into clinical practice by Kantrowitz (2) in 1968, providing the first effective, widely applicable means of mechanically supporting the failing circulation. Initial use of the IABP was in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, and the results were disappointing in this group of patients with severe, irreversible myocardial dysfunction (3). In cardiac surgery, the IABP was first used to wean patients from cardiopulmonary bypass (4,5), and at that time unstable angina was not a common indication for surgical intervention. When counterpulsation was used for control of intractable pain, the IABP usually was removed after the acute episode, and the patient returned at a later date for surgery. Today, improved methods of operative management have dramatically decreased the incidence of post-operative pump failure, so that presently the IABP most commonly is employed pre-operatively to reverse hemodynamic instability or to control unstable angina which is refractory to pharmacologic therapy.
Who Should Deliver Medical Therapy for Patients With Chronic Heart Failure? An Immediate Call for Action to Implement a Community-Based Collaborative Solution.

Ever wonder who cares for the 5.7 million patients in the United States with heart failure? Most are initially assessed by a family physician or internist, who after making the diagnosis, often refers them to a cardiologist—not for the treatment of heart failure—but for the evaluation of possible coronary artery disease. When the diagnostic and therapeutic issues regarding a patient’s coronary anatomy have been clarified and after all procedural opportunities have been exhausted, the patient is dutifully returned to the family physician, with a recommendation that he/she implement guideline-directed medical therapy. It is a generalist who cares for most patients with chronic heart failure.1 When we communicate with our colleagues in primary care medicine, why do we convey only a broad philosophical directive rather than a detailed list of specific actionable recommendations? The management of chronic heart failure is not simple. Optimal treatment requires the skillful orchestration of as many as 7 different classes of drugs, together with the appropriate application of different types of devices.2 Heart failure is generally more disabling and lethal than cancer,3 and its comprehensive management is frequently far more challenging. When chemotherapy is given to patients with cancer, its administration is tightly controlled by medical oncologists, who prescribe antineoplastic drugs aggressively and under close supervision, generally at doses and durations that closely resemble those used in randomized clinical trials. Serious adverse effects are expected, but patient compliance and provider enthusiasm is enhanced by societally reinforced fears about the need for aggressive therapy to prevent the silent spread of malignant cells. …
Improved adherence adjustment in the Coronary Drug Project

The survival difference between adherers and non-adherers to placebo in the Coronary Drug Project has been used to support the thesis that adherence adjustment in randomized trials is not generally possible and, therefore, that only intention-to-treat analyses should be trusted. We previously demonstrated that adherence adjustment can be validly conducted in the Coronary Drug Project using a simplistic approach. Here, we re-analyze the data using an approach that takes full advantage of recent methodological developments. We used inverse-probability weighted hazards models to estimate the 5-year survival and mortality risk when individuals in the placebo arm of the Coronary Drug Project adhere to at least 80% of the drug continuously or never during the 5-year follow-up period. Adjustment for post-randomization covariates resulted in 5-year mortality risk difference estimates ranging from − 0.7 (95% confidence intervals (CI), − 12.2, 10.7) to 4.5 (95% CI, − 6.3, 15.3) percentage points. Our analysis confirms that appropriate adjustment for post-randomization predictors of adherence largely removes the association between adherence to placebo and mortality originally described in this trial. ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT00000482 . Registered retrospectively on 27 October 1999.
What Are Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals

In the US, dietary supplement annual sales are about $30 billion annually, which is in the same sales range of several of the large pharmaceutical, or so called Big Pharma, companies. As doctors, we know how often people take one or more supplements with the idea that they are having a medicinal effect. A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients derived from food products that are concentrated in liquid or capsule form. Strictly speaking, dietary supplements, or simply supplements, are a subcategory of foods, not drugs. In 1994 Congress defined the term “dietary supplement” as a product taken by mouth that contains a “dietary ingredient” intended to supplement the diet. By law a dietary ingredient must be one or a combination of compounds specified in the Dietary and Health Education Act, such as vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals and amino acids.
Light in Darkness: Edith Stein’s Life

Edith Stein’s life is a study in chiaroscuro. The contrasts of light and shadow are due largely to the changes that were taking place in Europe during her lifetime, but there were others also, those that occurred in her own personal life. In all of these she radiated a singular quality of light that was characteristic of her person. One constant that endured through all the changes was the intense intellectual energy and joy in learning that seem to have been rooted in the philosophical nature of her personality.
Firm-Specific Estimates of the Ex Ante Bankruptcy Discount

This paper uses an Adjusted Present Value model based on the interaction between taxes and expected bankruptcy costs to estimate firm-specific estimates of the ex ante bankruptcy discount. I find that firms lose 16.3% of firm value in bankruptcy which represents an ex ante bankruptcy discount of 1.4%. By contrast, the present value of tax shields from debt financing are 3.6% of firm value.
Prokaryote Complex Intracellular Structures: Descriptions and Discoveries

The gas vacuole was first observed in 1895, but details of this structure (gas vesicles) aswell as discovery of the other structures covered in this monograph (proteasomes, phycobilisomes,chlorosomes, carboxysomes and carboxysome-like inclusions, magnetosomes, intracytoplasmic membranes,membrane-bounded nucleoids, pirellulosomes, anammoxosomes and the cytoarchitecture of Epulopiscium spp.)awaited the availability of the transmission electron microscope and related technologies. Additionaladvancements in electron microscopy were required for the optimal visualization of some structures.
15 – A Chemiluminescent DNA Probe Test Based on Strand Displacement Amplification

This chapter introduces a DNA probe test that is based on strand displacement amplification (SDA) and chemiluminescence detection. A step-by-step protocol is presented for amplification and detection of a DNA sequence specific to Myobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The chapter also covers application of the protocol to clinical sputum specimens. The Myobacterium tuberculosis system provides a model for development of SDA and chemiluminescence detection systems for viruses and other infectious agents. SDA requires sequence-specific detection methods. Analysis of SDA products using agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium staining, a technique commonly used for polymerase chain reaction, routinely reveals a number of non-target amplification products that obscure identification of target amplification. Application of this system to other targets require modifications of the sample processing protocol, the DNA sequences, the reaction conditions of SDA, and the detection assay.
Animal Cognition Today and Tomorrow

In reflecting on the Eighth Kent Psychological Forum and this resulting volume, we felt it appropriate to provide a brief review of the preceding chapters along with an account of some of the ideas discussed in and outside the formal Forum sessions. In so doing, we will try to highlight some common themes from the meeting and this volume, but we also freely interject our own opinions. We hope this treatment may give some idea as to the direction the study of sequential and temporal behaviors is taking. As will be readily noted, the volume begins with an introductory chapter in which Stewart Hulse sets the stage for the remainder of the volume by providing both a historical background for and a current evaluation of the field. Later sections focus on current approaches to the study of sequential learning and memory, counting and timing behaviors, and cognitive structure. We consider each section in turn.
Sensitivity of single units in the LSO of decerebrate cat to sinusoidally amplitude modulated tones

ABSTRACT Fluctuations in amplitude are a common component of behaviorally important sound stimuli. Amplitude modulation (AM) is encoded by the peripheral auditory system in the timing of discharge spikes, and, more centrally, in the discharge rate. The mechanism producing this transformation from a time- to rate-based code is not known, but recent modeling efforts have suggested a role for neurons with response characteristics consistent with cells in the lateral superior olive (LSO). The responses of single units in the LSO of unanesthetized decerebrate cat were recorded to monaural sinusoidally amplitude modulated (SAM) tones by systematically varying sound level and modulation frequency (fm), and are described in terms of synchronization to the envelope and average discharge rate as a function of fm. LSO units typically synchronize strongly to low fm, and discharge preferentially (i.e. more strongly) over a small range of fm in response to low level SAM tones. At higher sound levels synchronization decreases and response rate increases until most or all modulation in the response is lost. These results contrast with responses recorded in the barbiturate-anesthetized cat, which tend to respond to most low-frequency modulations, and are consistent with LSO as an intermediate processing stage between the peripheral temporal- and central rate-based code for AM sounds.
Assessment of SiC-CMC compatibility with components of actinide fuel systems

Abstract Silicon carbide (SiC) fiber reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMC) represent an alternative cladding material for accident tolerant fuel light water reactor (LWR) applications, however, data and technology gaps exist that need to be understood before SiC-CMCs can be considered. One technology gap is the understanding of fuel-clad chemical interactions (FCCI) in SiC-CMC clad LWR systems. A review of SiC interactions with relevant elements to the LWR fuel system is discussed. Insights are drawn from research focusing on the use of SiC for high temperature electronics applications and high temperature structural materials applications as well as insights from tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel development, where SiC is a critical component of the TRISO design. The interactions discussed in this review are framed relative to the expected conditions for SiC-CMC cladding application. The general observation is that limited risk of FCCI exists under normal operating conditions for SiC-CMC cladding systems in LWR applications.
Inhomogeneity of Strain in Metal Particulates Produced by Modulation-Assisted Machining

Modulation-Assisted Machining (MAM) is an emerging method of metal particulate production where the tool feed rate in a metal cutting process is modulated to form chip particles directly from a solid workpiece. During the cutting process, a periodic disengagement occurs between the tool and the workpiece forming discrete corresponding particles of uniform shape and size. As a result of the large plastic strains that occur during metal cutting, the final particle morphology (size and shape) produced by MAM is determined by the deformation conditions. Average strains in MAM are in the range of ~2–4 depending on the modulation and cutting conditions. Numerical simulation and finite element analysis have shown that the strain imparted in MAM can vary significantly even during the formation of an individual chip. The variation of deformation is a result of the transient nature of cutting and commonly observed in periodic deformation processes. In the present paper, the particle shape, strain and hardness were studied using Al6061-T6 as a model material. Particles of short fiber-like morphology were produced. The cross-sectional shape of the fibers was dictated by the amount and distribution of strain during the cutting process. Hardness measured by nano-indentation at different points on the fiber cross-section varied between 1.7–2 GPa consistent with the variations in strain reported in individual MAM particles. Consequently, the cross-sectional shape of fibers differs from the one simulated using only process kinematics and assuming steady-state conditions.
A 3-D finite volume model for sediment transport in coastal waters

A 3-D model has been developed to simulate sediment transport and bed change induced by currents and waves in coastal waters. The currents are calculated with the 3-D phase-averaged shallow water flow equations, the wave characteristics are determined with a horizontal 2-D wave spectral transformation model, and multiple-sized non-cohesive suspended load and bed load are simulated using a non-equilibrium transport model. The classical mixing length model is modified to determine the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosity considering the effects of current, waves, and wave breaking. A new approach is proposed in the present 3-D model framework to calculate the bed grain shear stress, which is applied to determine the equilibrium bed-load transport rate and near-bed suspended-load concentration. The flow and sediment transport equations are numerically solved using an implicit finite volume method on a hexahedral mesh constructed with horizontal telescoping (quadtree) rectangular cells and vertical sigma coordinate. The difference in the near-bed cells for flow and suspended load calculations is avoided by adding the bed load to the suspended load in the first flow cell above the bed. The developed model has been tested in four laboratory and field cases. It reasonably well reproduces the measured water levels, flow velocities, sediment concentrations, and bed changes.
Role of the hydrogen bond lifetimes and rotations at the water/amorphous silica interface on proton transport.

Using a highly robust and reactive all-atom potential, molecular dynamics computer simulations have been used to provide detailed analysis of the behavior of water and protons at a large-scale amorphous silica surface that offers the heterogeneity of surface sites and water/silica interactions. Structural data of the H-O distances as a function of distance from the glass surface showed variation in hydrogen bond (H-bond) lengths to second and third nearest oxygen neighbors that play an important role in H-bond lifetimes, rotations, and proton transfer, especially at the glass surface. The higher density and inherently closer average spacing between oxygens in the glass surface (2.6 A) in comparison to that in water (2.8 A) create a significantly different environment for H-bond lifetimes and proton transfers. Continuous H-bond lifetime autocorrelation functions for water H-bonded to the surface are considerably shorter than those of bulk water, whereas the intermittent lifetime autocorrelation functions are longer. Such results affect proton transfers that are over an order of magnitude higher at the surface than farther from the surface or in bulk water. However, most of these transfers are rattling events between the participating oxygens, one of which is the newly formed H3O+ ion adjacent to the interface. Such a H3O+ ion has an extremely low barrier to proton transfer back to the surface site in comparison to a H3O+ ion in bulk water. Nonetheless, the simulations showed that rotation of the H3O+ ion away from the initial transfer site allowed for structural diffusion of an excess proton away from the surface. Proton conduction from such rotations could be enhanced by external forces.
Detection of bcl-2 gene rearrangement in MALT lymphomas from HCV-infected patients

2693 Previously, t(14;18)(q32;q21) has been associated primarily with follicular lymphomas (FLs) whereas t(11;18)(q21;q21) has been associated primarily with MALT lymphomas. However, a novel form of t(14;18)(q32;q21) has been recently reported to occur frequently in MALT lymphomas. This novel translocation differs from t(14;18)(q32;q21) classically associated with FLs in that it fuses IGH with MALT1 instead of bcl-2. It was detected most frequently in MALT lymphomas of the liver, skin, salivary gland, and conjunctiva. Interestingly, each of these anatomical sites are susceptible to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Previous studies have suggested a role for bcl-2 rearrangement in development of lymphoproliferative disorders among patients infected with HCV. However, it remains unclear whether the classical form of t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving fusion of IGH with bcl-2 contributes to development of MALT lymphomas in HCV-infected patients. Tumor biopsy specimens from HCV-infected and HCV-negative MALT lymphoma patients were analyzed by PCR for the presence of bcl-2 rearrangement. Rearrangement of bcl-2 was detected in 4 of 11 (36%) MALT lymphomas from HCV-infected patients, but in only 1 of 9 (11%) MALT lymphomas from HCV-negative patients. All 4 instances of bcl-2 rearrangement detected in tumor biopsy specimens from HCV-infected patients occurred at the MBR. In contrast, the single instance of bcl-2 rearrangement detected among HCV-negative patients occurred at the mcr. Rearrangement of bcl-2 was also detected in 15 of 15 (100%) HCV-negative FL patients, which is consistent with previous studies indicating that bcl-2 rearrangement is present in the majority of FLs. Notably, FLs are infrequent among HCV-infected patients. To investigate whether MALT lymphoma biopsy specimens positive for bcl-2 rearrangement might have had follicular origins, CD10 expression was analyzed. CD10 is usually expressed in FLs both within and between follicles. All MALT lymphomas available for analysis were negative for CD10 expression, which excluded the possibility these tumors were of follicular origin. These data indicate that, in addition to t(11;18)(q21;q21) and t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocations involving MALT1, bcl-2 rearrangement is detectable in MALT lymphomas. Furthermore, MALT lymphomas from HCV-infected patients were more likely to exhibit bcl-2 rearrangement than MALT lymphomas from HCV-negative patients.
Identification and Removal of Doublets with DoubletDecon

SUMMARY Retention of multiplet captures in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data can hinder identification of discrete or transitional cell populations and associated marker genes. To overcome this challenge, we created DoubletDecon to identify and remove doublets, multiplets of two cells, by using a combination of deconvolution to identify putative doublets and analyses of unique gene expression. Here we provide the protocol for running DoubletDecon on scRNA-seq data. For complete details on the use of this protocol, please see DePasquale et al. (2019) (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.082). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Elevated levels of calpain 14 in nasal tissue in chronic rhinosinusitis.

Sinusitis is a common condition associated with inflammation in the sinuses and nasal mucosa. Calpain 14 is highly expressed in the nasal tissues of sinusitis subjects. Calpain 14 is associated with epithelial barrier disruption.https://bit.ly/3fyAwVO
Transport, Fate and Impacts of the Deep Plume of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Formed During the Macondo Blowout

The 2010 Macondo oil well blowout consisted in a particularly intense, localized infusion of petroleum hydrocarbons to the deepwaters of the Gulf of Mexico. A substantial amount of these hydrocarbons did not reach the ocean surface but remained confined at depth within an intrusion layer at about 1000 m of depth. This layer, or plume, impacted the Gulf's benthic, mesopelagic and pelagic ecosystems, damaging also fish and mammals. This review outlines the challenges the science community overcame since 2010, the discoveries and the remaining open questions in interpreting and predicting the distribution, fate and impact of the Macondo oil in the deepwater plume. In the past ten years, the scientific community supported by, among others, the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative, has achieved key milestones in observing, conceptualizing and understanding the physical oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico, not only at the surface but also along its northern continental shelf and slope. Major progress has been made also in modeling the transport, evolution and degradation of hydrocarbons. Here we review this new knowledge and modelling tools, how our understanding of the deep plume has evolved, and how research in the past decade may help preparing in the event of a future spill in the Gulf or elsewhere. Observational, theoretical, and modelling limitations, however, still constrain our ability to predict the three-dimensional movement of water in this basin, and the fate and impacts of the hydrocarbons they may carry.
Protein Expression Profiling

Protein expression profiling is defined in general as identifying the proteins expressed in a particular tissue, under a specified set of conditions and at a particular time, usually compared to expression in reference samples. This information is useful in drug discovery and diagnosis as well as in understanding response mechanisms at the protein level. We may identify all the proteins responding to a particular stimulus and select those whose expression changes most. Or we may isolate significant protein variables and then identify them. These definitive sets of proteins (protein expression signatures; PES) are specific to diseases, toxicants, physical stresses, and to degrees of stress severity. Here we describe a method, based on machine learning, for isolating the sets of proteins, before identifying them by name, which classify accurately the treatment classes in a study. The principle in this chapter is that if proteins associated with known classes of interest can be used to identify unknown classes then the proteins are definitive for diagnosis.The proteins in each class, including controls, are converted to digital data and serve as input to artificial neural network (ANN) models. Multiple two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) gel patterns are included in each treatment class. A training subset of digitized individual, not composite, gel images is used to construct an ANN model which is then applied to a test set of images. Successful classification of the unknown (test) data confirms that the variables included in the model are indeed significant in discrimination among the classes. In the study described here the misclassifications were 5% or less using the ANN models. The ANN method seems to be a useful complement to image analysis, described in Chapter "Troubleshooting Image Analysis in 2DE". The reduction in protein variables permits multivariable statistics such as cluster and discriminant analyses.
Current Educational Practices for Major Neurocognitive Disorders in Psychiatry: a Scoping Review.

A scoping review of the literature was performed to examine the current state of education on major neurocognitive disorders within psychiatry, to review influential factors for pursuing a career working with these patients, and to review what has been done in education to address the shortage of providers to care for patients with major neurocognitive disorders. Using the Arksey and O’Malley framework for conducting scoping reviews, twenty-eight studies on education in geriatric psychiatry, neuropsychiatry, and major neurocognitive disorders were selected. Learner groups included medical students, residents, and psychiatrists. The results from the studies were compared, and major themes were presented. Several studies found that positive clinical experiences with older adult patients and effective teachers in geriatric psychiatry play a role in influencing trainees to pursue a career in geriatric psychiatry. Topics pertaining to major neurocognitive disorders are taught by the majority of medical schools during the psychiatry rotation and are rated as the most important teaching topic in neurology among psychiatry residency program directors. Several interventions have resulted in increased comfort working with geriatric patients and patients who have major neurocognitive disorders among students, but fewer studies have resulted in an increase in interest seeing these patients in practice. There is a lack of research pertaining to psychiatry residents working with patients that have major neurocognitive disorders. While research on geriatric psychiatry and neuropsychiatry education exists, more research is needed that focuses specifically on how medical students and psychiatry residents are being taught major neurocognitive disorders.
A Dual-Wall 3D-Printed Anti-tampering Medical Bottle

Smart packaging tailored for unique access has been in increasing demand, especially in the field of prescribed opioid. This study features an opioid smart package that consists of a dual-wall medical bottle with deterrent liquids between the walls. The inner container is made of brittle polylactic acid (PLA), while the outer container is made of impact-resistant acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Both inner and outer containers were designed through SolidWorks and 3D-printed using corresponding materials. The design includes compartments inside the walls (of the dual-wall bottle) that hold deterrent liquids. Upon abuse of the bottle, the inner container made of brittle PLA breaks first, exposing the pills to the trapped liquid and rendering them unusable. Variables including wall thickness, the gap distance between the walls of the inner and outer containers, and channel widths, were systematically studied to find the set of specifications that results in optimal tamper resistance property. Additionally, the anti-tampering performance of the dual-wall medical bottle was tested using several common tampering approaches.
Prospective Comparative Study of Preoperative Expectations and Postoperative Outcomes in Anatomic and Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty

Background Compared with anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is associated with lower preoperative and postoperative outcome scores and range of motion. It is unknown whether patients' preoperative expectations of surgery are lower in RTSA compared with aTSA. The purpose of this study was to assess preoperative patient expectations and postoperative outcomes in aTSA and RTSA. Methods A consecutive series of patients undergoing primary aTSA for diagnosis of osteoarthritis or primary RTSA for diagnosis of rotator cuff tear arthropathy were studied prospectively. Expectations were evaluated using the validated Hospital for Special Surgery's Shoulder Surgery Expectations Survey. Baseline demographics, comorbidities, and social factors were collected. Baseline and 2 years postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, visual analog scale pain, Single Assessment Number Evaluation (SANE), and patient satisfaction were obtained. Results There were 128 patients (64 aTSA and 64 RTSA). There was no significant difference in total preoperative expectations score between groups. On multivariate linear regression analysis, aTSA (p = 0.024) and younger age (p = 0.018) were associated with higher expectations for improved ability to exercise. Changes in preoperative to postoperative ASES (p = 0.004) and SANE (p = 0.001) scores were higher in the aTSA group. Total preoperative expectations score was not correlated with postoperative functional outcomes or satisfaction in either group. In the aTSA group, expectations for participation in exercise were positively correlated with changes in preoperative to postoperative ASES score (p = 0.01) and SANE score (p = 0.01). Conclusion Though patients undergoing primary aTSA demonstrated greater improvement in functional outcome than those undergoing primary RTSA, both groups reported similar aggregate preoperative expectations. Those undergoing aTSA had higher expectations for return to exercise which was positively correlated with postoperative functional outcomes. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective cohort study.
Some Thoughts on the Cross-Cultural Prevalence of Dementia

The secret of a long and contented life free from the physical and mental ravages of aging has long been sought. The search has sometimes taken the form of the explorations of the establishment of a state of inner serenity, or more often, in the quest for the identification of environmental factors which would promote health and longevity. Often myth and folklore have established particular locations in remote and exotic lands where all the ingredients for longevity exist. Such stories exert a very powerful appeal as witnessed by the enormous popularity of the 20th century version of the legend contained in Hilton’s award winning The Lost Horizon describing the now famous lamasery, Shangri La. Sometimes these accounts have spurred on explorers such as Ponce de Leon who in 1513 set out in search of the island of Bimini where, he believed, the Fountain of Youth was located. It is perhaps rather ironic while he was unable to discover the Fountain of Youth, he did explore Florida (World Book Encyclopedia, 1985).
Abstract 15990: Disturbed Shear Stress Facilitates Caveolae-Mediated oxLDL Uptake Leading to Increased Endothelial Stiffness

Introduction: Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a key risk factor in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are primarily located at vessel bifurcations that exhibit bidirectional recirculating disturbed shear stress (DSS) patterns. It is also well known that while DSS patterns are pro-atherogenic, laminar shear stress (LSS) is atheroprotective. Hypothesis: OxLDL uptake into endothelial cells (ECs) is caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein dependent and increases under DSS conditions leading to increased cellular stiffness. Methods: To address these questions, a microfluidic channel with a step barrier was designed, tested and fabricated to generate both unidirectional LSS and recirculating DSS patterns onto an endothelial monolayer for 48 hours. EC stiffness was assessed using atomic force microscopy. Results: Our results show a 40% increase in endothelial oxLDL uptake in DSS vs. LSS regions (n=4, p ex vivo stiffness measurements of intact vessels from wild type (WT) mice which showed a 50% increase in EC stiffness in the DSS regions of the aortic arch as compared to the LSS regions of the descending aorta (DA) (n=5, p Conclusion: Taken together, this study suggests that DSS-induced increase in oxLDL uptake is mediated by caveolae and plays a significant role in increasing localized EC stiffness which in turn is expected to impair endothelial barrier function.
Combinatorial Topology and the Trade Off Method in Bib Designs

When two BIB designs based on the same set of varieties have identical parameters, one can obtain either of them from the other by trading off some blocks for an equal number of blocks. Define a trade to be two collections of blocks such that each of the (v/2) pairs of varieties is contained in the same number of blocks from both collections. A method, based on combinatorial topology, for studying the trades with block size 3 is introduced. Using this method we give a new proof of the fact that volume of a trade can never be 5. Then we present a topological proof of the existence of a unique type of minimal trades, into which every trade can be decomposed. We also give a short proof of the fact that BIB(v, b, r, k, λ) designs, with possibly negative frequency of blocks, exist whenever the necessary conditions rv = bk and λ(ν - 1) = r(k — 1) hold. The technique in this proof is a simple version of Graver and Jurkat [2] concerning null t-design.
Prolonged Quinidine Half‐life with Associated Toxicity in a Patient with Hepatic Failure

A markedly prolonged quinidine elimination half-life due to hepatic failure and resultant quinidine toxicity occurred in a 57-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation. A prolonged QT interval, development of torsades de pointes, and a serum quinidine concentration of 3.1 micrograms/ml contributed to a decision favoring permanent pacemaker implantation. The apparent quinidine half-life ranged from 66-99 hours and was associated with QT prolongation and persistent U waves. On discontinuing quinidine, all signs associated with toxicity resolved as serum quinidine concentrations decreased, which resulted in reversal of the decision to implant a permanent pacemaker. This case reports an extremely long quinidine elimination half-life and reillustrates the importance of drug pharmacokinetics in patient care.
Designing a Shareholder Access Rule

This paper examines the specific features of the shareholder access rule recently proposed by the Securities and Exchange Commission. I suggest that, even accepting the Commission's generally cautious approach and its desire to limit shareholder access to cases where the need for it is evident, the restrictions included in the rule proposal are excessive and should be relaxed. In particular, I identify several changes in these restrictions that would contribute to attaining the policy goals that the proposed rule seeks to serve.
Untimely Bollywood: Globalization and India's New Media Assemblage, by Amit S. Rai

Amit S Rai's Untimely Bollywood is a provocative new addition to the fields of film, new media, and South Asian popular culture studies. Moving away from issues of representation and considerations...
A Geometrical Perspective on the Coherent Multimode Optical Field and Mode Coupling Equations

The generalization of the Poincare sphere to $N \ge 2$ modes is the ( $N-1$ )-dimensional complex projective space CP( $N-1$ ). There is a minimal set of $2N-2$ Stokes vector components that determine the coherent multimode optical field. These are obtained from the inverse stereographic projection of coordinate hyperplanes in CP( $N-1$ ) into a $2N-2$ sphere, just as in the $N=2$ case. We derive $N$ -mode analogs of Poole’s optical fiber polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) equations that involve only $2N-2$ independent variables. This is achieved by means of an explicit generalized coherent state representation of the optical field, which enables the components of the PMD vector to be expressed in terms of the optical state and its frequency derivatives. Poole’s equations describe mode coupling as a flow on CP( $N-1$ ). We give general constraints on the mode-coupling matrix and Stokes vector components. The group delay operator is shown to be a rank-2 perturbation of a diagonal matrix.
A Review of “The Urban Wisdom of Jane Jacobs”

In considering the enduring legacy of Jane Jacobs, it is not only true that the self-described housewife from Scranton left us an owner's manual for successful urbanism. Her principles related to b...
New horizons in melanoma treatment: targeting molecular pathways.

Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer. Over the past several decades, the incidence of melanoma has been increasing rapidly, especially in the southern and western United States (the so-called Sun Belt) and in subtropical countries such as Australia settled by fair-skinned peoples.1 In 2009, it was estimated that 60,000 patients would be diagnosed as having melanoma and 7,000 would die of this disease in the United States.2 Melanoma arises from transformed melanocytes, long-lived pigment-producing cells that reside within the basal epidermis. Melanocyte progenitors arise from the neural crest and migrate into the basal epidermis during embryonic development guided by c-KIT/stem cell factor signaling. Over the past few years, significant advances in our understanding of melanocyte biology and the role of protein kinases in melanoma have given rise to a wealth of therapeutic targets that are now in preclinical or clinical evaluation. These targets are different from the more traditional immunologic manipulations and cytotoxic chemotherapy that have been used to treat melanoma over the past 4 decades.3
The Arab Opposition Molehill

Arab Islamic oppositions have proven largely ineffectual in molding regime outcomes since the liberalizations of the 1980s and 1990s, although many continue to overestimate their potential for propelling reform. This article argues that a keen sense of the past is necessary when evaluating whether or not an opposition matters for political reform. Section I introduces noted scholar Juan Linz's notion of “semi-opposition”—limited and “semi-free” opposition groups that may sustain authoritarian regimes as much as repression. Using interviews and English and Arabic sources, Section II demonstrates historical correspondences between semi-opposition and the Jordanian and Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB) organizations concerning origins and support, ideology and approach to politics, regime tolerance and political environment, and political behavior. Section III develops Linz's hypothesis on the links between semi-opposition and authoritarian persistence by examining how the MB marginalizes and raises the costs of dissent for other opposition groups and actors. The MB is briefly contrasted with the Algerian Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) opposition party of 1989–1992 in Section IV. Decidedly not a semi-opposition, the FIS proved far more transformative than either the Jordanian or Egyptian MB, inducing centrifugal politics and the collapse of the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) state that governed Algeria from 1962.
Flexible optitrode for localized light delivery and electrical recording

We present optitrode, a miniaturized flexible probe for integrated, localized light delivery and electrical recording. This device features an annular light guide with transparent polymer and fused silica layers surrounding a twisted-wire tetrode. We have developed a novel fabrication process, V-groove guided capillary assembly, to achieve high-precision, coaxial alignment of the various layers of the device. Optitrode with a length-to-diameter ratio ∼500 (5 cm long, 100 μm diameter) has been fabricated, and both the electrical and optical functions have been characterized. The prototype can deliver 11% (110 mW) of the total laser power under abrupt bending angle ∼25°.
Synchronizing chaotic systems

We have shown that one may use chaotic signals to drive dynamical systems. When the driven system is stable to the driving signal and the driven system matches the system that produced the chaotic driving signal, the driven system will produce chaotic signals that are synchronized to the driving system. This may be seen in both autonomous and nonautonomous chaotic systems. This synchronized chaos may be useful in spread spectrum communications applications.