cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
We Created Chavez: A People's History of the Venezuelan Revolution by George Ciccariello-Maher, and: Women in Cuba: The Making of a Revolution within the Revolution by Vilma Espín, Asela de los Santos and Yolanda Ferrer (review)

Ciccariello-Maher, George. We Created Chavez: A People’s History of the Venezuelan Revolution . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Reivew by Yoly Zentella. Espin, Vilma., Asela de los Santos, and Yolanda Ferrer. Women in Cuba: The Making of a Revolution within the Revolution . New York: Pathfinder Press, 2012. Review by Yoly Zentella.
Model-transformation-based computational design synthesis for mission architecture optimization

In this paper, a model-based approach to exploring the trade space of multi-spacecraft mission architectures is introduced. Missions involving multiple spacecraft are inherently more complex to design than traditional single spacecraft missions. This is particularly true for fractionated mission concepts, where spacecraft have diverse roles and distributed responsibilities, and fulfilling mission goals requires communication and collaboration. In practice, this complexity and the lack of computational models and tools limit design teams to consider small design spaces and force them to quickly fixate on a single mission design. However, design fixation at such early stages often leads to sub-optimal designs. Towards overcoming this limitation, we propose an automated approach to exploring and visualizing the trade space of multi-spacecraft mission architectures that aids users in decision making, and provides a basis for identifying solutions that are Pareto-optimal with respect to user-defined science requirements, technical and resource constraints, and mission objectives. Central to our approach is the automated synthesis and analysis of mission architecture alternatives from a set of user-provided functional requirements and mission goals, as well as a library of spacecraft components and analysis models. Design rules (synthesis knowledge) are provided in the form of model-transformation rules. Sequences of endogenous model transformations are applied in-place to produce sets of candidate solutions, thereby effectively searching the design space. The search process is guided by the specified objectives, and is implemented using evolutionary algorithms. We demonstrate our approach to architectural optimization using a simplified radio interferometry mission design as a case study. We conclude that using the proposed approach, the number and diversity of candidate mission architectures available for consideration can be significantly increased. Furthermore, the automated synthesis and evaluation of mission architectures can lead to emergent and non-intuitive solutions to be discovered.
DAMMP: A Distributed Actor Model for Mobile Platforms

While mobile computing has seen a trend towards miniaturization and energy savings for a number of years, the available hardware parallelism in mobile devices has at the same time continued to increase. Overall, mobile devices remain resource constrained on power consumption and thermal dissipation. Aggregating the computing capabilities of multiple mobile devices in a distributed and dynamic setting, opens the possibilities for performance improvements, longer aggregate battery life and novel dynamic and distributed applications.In this paper, we propose a Distributed Actor Model for Mobile Platforms (DAMMP), which includes a) a mobile extension to the actor-based Distributed Selector (DS) programming model, along with a new implementation for mobile Android devices, b) an extension to the DS programming model that enables the programmer to react and adapt to dynamic changes in device availability, c) an adaptive mobile-to-server and mobile-to-mobile computation offloading model and its implementation on the Android platform, and d) creation of a dynamic network of heterogeneous Android devices using both Wi-Fi Soft AP and Wi-Fi Direct's peer to peer (P2P) network.We evaluate the DAMMP framework under ideal thermally-controlled usage conditions to show promising scalability and performance, and analyze the communication overhead of both Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi Direct when used as the communication layer for DAMMP. We also evaluate the impact of adaptive offload on device-level thermal dissipation in more realistic usage scenarios, thereby demonstrating possibilities for thermal control and power management that can be achieved at the application level with a distributed actor model. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first cross-platform distributed actor/selector runtime system that can span mobile devices and distributed servers.
Cell surface associated LapA of Pseudomonas fluorescens is anchored inside its Type-1 Secretion TolC-like Pore

The type-1 secretion system (T1SS) of gram-negative bacteria enables a one-step translocation strategy known to move functionally diverse proteins from the cytoplasm into the extracellular environment without a periplasmic intermediate. LapA of Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1 is a giant type-1 secreted (T1S) adhesin that facilitates biofilm formation only when displayed at the cell surface. A LapA-targeting periplasmic protease, LapG, connects intracellular cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels with cell surface-associated LapA by cleaving and absolving LapA from the cell surface under conditions unsuitable for biofilm formation. Here, we demonstrate that LapA contains a novel N-terminal element, called the retention module (RM), which prohibits classical one-step T1S of LapA. We provide evidence that the RM of LapA tethers LapA at the cell surface through its outer membrane TolC-like pore, LapE, where LapA is accessible to the periplasmic protease LapG. We also demonstrate that this unusual retention strategy is likely conserved among LapA-like proteins and represents a new subclass of T1SS ABC transporters exclusively involved in transporting LapA-like adhesins.
MMIC packaging and on-chip low-loss lateral interconnection using additive manufacturing and laser machining

A new and versatile 3D printed on-chip integration approach using laser machining is demonstrated in this paper for microwave and mm-wave systems. The integration process extends interconnects laterally from a MMIC to a chip carrier. Laser machining techniques are studied and characterized to enhance the 3D printing quality. Specifically, the width of microdispensed printed traces is accurately controlled within micrometer range and probe pads are formed by laser cutting to facilitate RF measurement. S-parameters of a distributed amplifier integrated into the package are simulated and measured from 2 to 30 GHz. The overall performance is significantly better than traditional wirebonded QFN package. The attenuation of the microstrip line including interconnects is only 0.2 dB/mm at 20 GHz and return loss with the package is less than 10 dB through-out the operating frequency band.
Microdisk-Based Full Adders for Optical Computing in Silicon Photonics

We experimentally demonstrate a two-bit thermal-optic ripple-carry full adder based on microdisk resonators in silicon photonics with the advantages of large bandwidth, low power consumption, and high scalability, paving the way to future optical computing.
Major Transplantation Antigens, Viruses, and Specificity of Surveillance T Cells

The altered-self hypothesis is an attempt to explain why thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) apparently lyse only virus-infected target cells with which they share major transplantation antigens (Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1974a-c; Doherty and Zinkernagel, 1974, 1975a). Specific T-cell-mediated lysis of cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), ectromelia virus (mouse pox), or vaccinia- or paramyxovirus (Sendai) requires homology of the K or D regions but not the I region of the major murine histocompatibility (H-2) gene complex (Doherty et al., 1976a; Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1975; Blanden et al., 1975a; Doherty and Zinkernagel, 1976; Koszinowski and Thomssen, 1975; Zinkernagel, 1976a). H-2K and H-2D code for major histocompatibility (H) or transplantation antigens that are expressed independently on the cell surface and that are responsible for rapid allogeneic graft rejection (reviewed in Schreffler and David, 1975, and Klein, 1975).
Family Violence and Parent Psychopathology

Family violence, which refers to child maltreatment and intimate partner violence, is a widespread problem in the United States. In 2002, the most recent year for which figures are available, 896,000 children were found to be victims of maltreatment, including physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, and neglect (U.S. Department of Health and Human Sciences, 2004). A recent survey found that approximately 1.5 million women and 834,700 men are victims of intimate partner violence annually (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998). Many victims of partner violence live with children. A U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics special report found that between 1993 and 1998, the average number of victims of intimate partner violence who lived with children under the age of 12 was 459,590 (Rennison & Welchans, 2000).
Case Mix and Dual Diagnoses

As the reader may recall, one of the several concerns expressed about the Prospective Payment System (PPS) was that physicians would “game the classification system.” That is, there would be a tendency to employ diagnosis related groups (DRGs) with a higher reimbursement ratio, if the attending physician felt at the outset that the patients’ needs justified a longer length of stay (LOS).
Indicator Species — Restricted Taxa Approach in Coniferous and Hardwood Forests of Northeastern America

Many calicioid lichens and fungi are dependent on mature forests containing trees of different ages and a varied light and humidity regime, making them good indicators of forest age and continuity [2, 7, 9].
Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance

This paper tells the story of how hormesis became recognized as a fundamental concept in biology, affecting toxicology, microbiology, medicine, public health, agriculture, and all areas related to enhancing biological performance. This paper assesses how hormesis enhances resilience to normal aging and protects against a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and other diseases, as well as trauma and other threats to health and well-being. This paper also explains the application of hormesis to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, macrophage polarization and its systematic adaptive protections, and the role of hormesis in enhancing stem cell functioning and medical applications.
Double Beta Decay and Majorana Neutrinos: Right-Handed Currents or Nonzero Masses?

Lepton number nonconservation in no-neutrino double beta decay comes about either because both left- and right-handed components of a Majorana neutrino are coupled to the electron in the weak leptonic current, or because the neutrino has nonzero mass. It is shown that nuclear transitions of the type 0+ → 2+are engendered only by an admixture of opposite chirality currents, and therefore serve as a very sensitive test of this mechanism of lepton nonconservation. Neutrino mass limits from 0+ → 0+ transitions are also described. Effects due to the presence of N*(3,3) resonances inside the nucleus are taken into account, and they are significant for 0+ → 2+ transitions and for heavy-mass limits on Majorana neutrinos.
Retrospective study of systemic chemotherapy in combination with consolidative stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with five or fewer oligometastases from breast, colorectal, and lung cancers.

e21036 Background: The oligometastatic state is one of limited metastases, amenable to local therapies of curative potential. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a non-surgical treatment ...
Verbal semantics and the left dorsolateral anterior temporal lobe: a longitudinal case of bilateral temporal degeneration

Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of semantic knowledge, is associated with neurodegeneration that starts in the anterior temporal lobe...
Fine Resolution Position Estimation Using Kalman Filtering

This paper is focused on using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) processed with the Kalman filter to provide fine resolution position estimates. The method is designed to provide position estimates between global positioning system (GPS) position updates. The goal is to have the GPS provide position data on a course scale while the IMU data is used to estimate the position on a finer scale. By integrating both the GPS and IMU, a more precise position estimate on a fine scale can be achieved that cannot be accomplished using the sensors independently.
Impact of trauma center volume on major vascular injury: An analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB).

Abstract Background The association of procedure volume and improved outcomes has been established with infrequently performed elective operations. However, effect of trauma center volume on outcomes in emergency surgery has not been defined. We hypothesized that high volume centers (HVC) would provide better outcomes for operative major vascular injuries (MVI) than low volume centers (LVC). Methods The NTDB was queried from 2010 to 2014. Patients with MVI were identified and HVC were compared to LVC. HVC were defined as >480 patients per year with ISS≥15. Results There were 37,125 patients with MVI, with 16,461 (44.3%) managed operatively. Of these, 15,965 (97%) underwent surgery at HVC and 496 (3%) at LVC. There was no difference in shunt utilization, however, HVC were more likely to utilize endovascular repair (31.0% vs. 21.9%, p Conclusions Although LVC may have less proficiency with endovascular techniques, trauma center volume does not influence survival in emergency surgery for MVI.
Ethnomathematics: self-reported mathematical experiences and use of embedded mathematics by college students in a costuming and design program

Teachers need to help students see connections between the mathematics they experience in school, the mathematics used by mathematicians, and real-world mathematics. To do this we must understand the mathematics embedded in everyday mathematics that students use – their ethnomathematical practices. We delved into the mathematics used by students enrolled in the College Conservatory of Music’s (CCM) costuming and design program for theatrical productions at a large urban university in the U.S. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, and analyzed in order to answer the following research questions: What experiences have costuming and design students (in CCM) had with mathematics throughout their K-16 school coursework? How do they use mathematics embedded within the process of designing and creating costumes for theater productions? Results suggest that students’ mathematical experiences in K-16 schools were unique. When designing and creating costumes, they described the use of embedded mathematics content such as measurement and proportions but rarely suggested the use of mathematical processes, such as communication, problem solving, and reasoning. Through the use of interviews teachers can learn about students’ out-of-school ethnomathematical practices and then create lessons with meaningful contexts.
Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Faculty Development Workshop to Enhance Debriefing Skills Among Novice Facilitators.

Introduction Effective debriefing during simulation-based training (SBT) is critical to promote learning outcomes. Despite debriefing’s central role in learning and various published debriefing methods and techniques, little is known about faculty development structure for debriefing training among novice facilitators. Continuing medical education courses often use simulation-based methods but provide minimal training in debriefing techniques to novice facilitators. We describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a structured debriefing training workshop for novice facilitators. Methods Designed and conducted by simulation debriefing experts, a debriefing workshop was provided to novice facilitators serving as faculty during the simulation-based Sedation Provider Course (PC) at the 2018 Society of Pediatric Sedation conference. Emphasizing evidence-based key elements of effective debriefing, the workshop was divided into three components: 1) an introductory 30 minute didactic, 2) 75 minutes role modeling of simulated effective and ineffective debriefing 3) 120 minutes repetitive deliberate practice sessions with summative and formative feedback. Effective transfer of learned debriefing skills was assessed during facilitators’ PC debriefing using the Objective Structured Assessment of Debriefing (OSAD) tool, facilitators’ self-efficacy, and PC student learners’ evaluation of facilitator debriefings during the PC. Results Sixteen facilitators participated in the 4-h workshop and the next day served as PC faculty. The median OSAD score was 31 (13-40) for all facilitators. OSAD components with lowest and highest performance were “Establishing Learning Environment” with a median score of 1 (1-5) and “Engagement of Learners,” with a median score of 4.75 (2.5-5). Facilitators' self- assessment in debriefing significantly improved on the 5-point Likert scale pre- and post-workshop, respectively. PC student learners’ evaluations revealed high degrees of satisfaction with debriefing quality. Conclusions A proposed model integrating full-length debriefing and repetitive practice paired with summative and formative feedback provides a feasible and effective approach for debriefing training of novice facilitators for simulation-based educational courses.
Neonatal Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a case report

We reported a case of neonatal Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with his clinical manifestations, examinations, diagnosis and treatment. This infant was hospitalized due to the rash and poor response. He was diagnosed as LCH after admission by imaging, skin biopsy and immunohistochemistry. The infant died because his parents refused all possible treatments. At the moment, no effective treatment is available for LCH patients, while the main managements are infection control and necessary supportive care. Pulmonary infections often contribute to the death of LCH patient and can aggravate the situation by stimulating histiocytic hyperplasia. Key words: Histiocytosis, langerhans-cell; Infant, newborn; Case reports
Clinicopathologic Characteristics of JC Virus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background The vast majority of polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN) is due to BK virus, but rare cases result from JC virus reactivation. To date, only a handful of biopsy-proven JC-PVN cases have been reported. Here, we describe the clinical and pathologic findings in 7 patients with biopsy-proven JC-PVN. Methods Search of the pathology archives at 2 institutions found 7 cases of JC-PVN. Clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical records, and the biopsies were reviewed. Results Four cases were diagnosed at 6 y posttransplant or later. The remaining 3 cases presented within approximately 2 y posttransplant, of which 2 showed subclinical JC-PVN on surveillance biopsy. Two early presenting patients were treated for acute rejection just before acquiring JC-PVN. Late presenting patients had higher chronicity, which correlated to worse outcome. All but 1 biopsy showed nonspecific inflammation within areas of interstitial fibrosis without significant inflammation in unscarred cortex. The earliest presenting patient was the exception and showed active inflammation with tubulitis. Viral cytopathic changes were detected in all cases with moderate or high-histologic viral load (pvl), showing preference for the distal tubules and medulla. The 2 cases with low pvl did not demonstrate cytopathic changes but were SV40 positive. Conclusions JC-PVN can be insidious in presentation, which may cause delayed or missed diagnosis. Unlike BK-PVN, which typically occurs early in the posttransplant period, JC-PVN can occur both early and late following transplant. Overreliance on negative plasma and urine BK viral loads to exclude PVN can be a pitfall.
Forecasting shale gas performance using the Connected Reservoir Storage Model

Abstract Characterized by rock sediments and complicated storage mechanisms, shale reservoir development is to create flow systems comprised of complex natural fissures and hydraulic fracture stimulation such that the hydrocarbons in the reservoir can be recovered economically. The prediction of shale reservoir production performance is critical for reservoir management and challenging due to the compounding nature of multiple flow mechanisms one encounters during the life of a shale gas well. Given empirical nature, many models based on curve-fitting historical production data prone to inaccurately forecast well's rates in shale gas reservoirs, particularly when the production history of a well is short. This paper further extends the applicability of the Connected Reservoir Storage Model (CRSM) to shale reservoirs. The CRSM was derived from diffusivity theory by using historical production rate and bottomhole flowing pressure (BHFP) to determine the reservoir behavior and unit pressure response, and it can be conveniently used to predict production performance under variable operating conditions. The CRSM is mathematically robust and easy for application since it can be determined with limited reservoir information without knowing the reservoir geometry or reservoir permeability. This study uses the operational history of a shale gas well to demonstrate the CRSM's capability in rate prediction and couples the model with stochastic methods to approximate the most probable outcome under variable operating conditions.
Symptom specificity of ayahuasca's effect on depressive symptoms

<!-- named anchor --> Background Ayahuasca's effects on symptoms of depression have generated considerable optimism. Clients frequently report more concern about some symptoms than others, and available treatments alter symptoms differentially. Few studies address the symptom specificity of this psychoactive brew. <!-- named anchor --> Aims We examined self-reported effects of ayahuasca on the individual symptoms of depression assessed by the 10-item short-form of Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression (CESD-10). <!-- named anchor --> Methods We asked over 120 participants to complete a retrospective assessment of CESD-10 symptoms one month before and one month after using ayahuasca. <!-- named anchor --> Results Participants indicated that ayahuasca had a larger influence on affective symptoms like hope, depressed mood, and happiness, than cognitive, interpersonal, and somatic symptoms like restless sleep, loneliness, and difficulty focusing. <!-- named anchor --> Conclusions Potential clients might appreciate identifying if different treatments provide more relief for some depressive symptoms than others. We examined retrospective reports of ayahuasca's potential for differential impact. Those eager to alter hope, happiness, and other affective symptoms will likely find ayahuasca more helpful than those who want an intervention for restless sleep, loneliness, or trouble focusing. This symptom specificity parallels the effects of serotonergic antidepressant medications, suggesting that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy using ayahuasca might have considerable appeal for those who seek comparable relief but would rather not use prescription serotonergic medications. Jumpstarting psychotherapy with the rapid onset of ayahuasca-induced relief also appears to have potential.
In Vivo Multi-Day Calcium Imaging of CA1 Hippocampus in Freely Moving Rats Reveals a High Preponderance of Place Cells and No Detectable Photobleaching

Calcium imaging using GCaMP calcium indicators and miniature microscopes has been used to image cellular populations during long timescales and in different task phases, as well as to determine neuronal circuit topology and organization. Because the hippocampus (HPC) is essential for many tasks of memory, spatial navigation, and learning, calcium imaging of large populations of HPC neurons can provide new insight on cell changes and organization over time during these tasks. To our knowledge, all reported HPC in vivo calcium imaging experiments have been done in mouse. However, rats have many behavioral and physiological experimental advantages over mice, and, due to their larger size, rats are able to support larger implants, thereby enabling the recording of a greater number of cells. In this paper, we present the first in vivo calcium imaging from CA1 hippocampus in freely moving rats. Using GCaMP7c and the UCLA Miniscope, we demonstrate that hundreds of cells (mean 240+-90 cells per session, maximum 428 cells) can reliably be visualized and held across weeks, and that calcium events in these cells are correlated with periods of movement. We additionally show proof of method by showing that an extremely high percent of place cells (82.3%+-8.1%, far surpassing the percent seen during mouse calcium imaging) can be recorded on a navigational task, and that these place cells enable accurately decoding of animal position. Finally, we show that calcium imaging is rats is not prone to photobleaching during hour-long recordings and that cells can be reliably recorded for an hour or more per session. A detailed protocol for this technique, including notes on the numerous parameter changes needed to use Ca2+ in rats, is included in the Materials and Methods section, and implications of these advancements are discussed.
An electrostatically suspended contactless platform

Abstract Electrostatic suspension of a silicon disk with explicit control of the lateral translational degrees-of-freedom is reported. The transduction subsystem configures electrode pairs to exert electrostatic forces on the disk and to also measure differential capacitances related to the disk position. Disk sidewall forcing electrodes are not necessary to control the disk’s lateral position because tilting the disk relative to the plane of the electrodes exerts lateral forces on the disk. Despite the fact that the disk’s lateral and angular degrees-of-freedom are strongly coupled, the system is not strongly stabilizable using only the disk’s vertical position and tilt estimates derived from electrode–disk gap measurements. Nevertheless, a stabilizing controller is proposed and lateral position measurements are added for regulating the disk’s in-plane position. Extensive experimental results corroborate the model and analysis.
Associations of lead and cadmium with sex hormones in adult males

Heavy metal exposures are ubiquitous in the environment and their relation to sex hormones is not well understood. This paper investigates the associations between selected heavy metals (lead and cadmium) and sex hormones (testosterone, free testosterone, estradiol, free estradiol) as well as other major molecules in the steroid biosynthesis pathway (androstanedione glucuronide and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)). Blood lead and cadmium were selected as biomarkers of exposure, and tested for associations in males using National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999-2004. After adjustment for age, race, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes and alcohol intake, blood lead was positively associated with testosterone and SHBG while blood cadmium was positively associated with SHBG. After controlling for additional heavy metal exposure, the associations between lead and testosterone as well as cadmium and SHBG remained significant. Furthermore, the association between blood lead and testosterone was modified by smoking status (P for interaction=0.011), diabetes (P for interaction=0.021) and blood cadmium (P for interaction=0.029). The association between blood cadmium and SHBG levels was modified by blood lead (P for interaction=0.004). This study is the most comprehensive investigation to date regarding the association between heavy metals and sex hormones in males.
Molecular Mechanism of Ceramide Trafficking from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus in Mammalian Cells

Synthesis and sorting of lipids are essential events for membrane biogenesis and its homeostasis. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the center of the de novo synthesis of various lipid types. Trafficking of various lipids from the ER to other organelles has been suggested to occur by mechanisms different from the vesicle-mediated mechanism for protein trafficking. However, molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular trafficking of lipids remain poorly understood. Ceramide is synthesised at the ER, and translocated to the Golgi compartment for conversion to sphingomyelin (SM). We previously isolated a mammalian cultured cell mutant defective in ceramide trafficking, and have recently identified a key factor (named CERT) for ceramide trafficking in functional rescue experiments and proposed a molecular lipid extraction and transfer model for the non-vesicular mechanism of CERT-mediated trafficking of ceramide.
Sequences and Series of Functions

Sequences and series of functions are natural extensions of the topics discussed in Chaps. 2 and 3 and many of their properties are derived in a straightforward manner from the results covered there. The investigation of series of functions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries uncovered problems with the foundations of calculus which led to the restructuring of the subject and the birth of analysis as we know it today. Here we investigate the basic forms of convergence for sequences and series of functions with specific attention payed to the representation of functions as power series. This is propagated by our brief study of Taylor polynomials in Chap. 5 and we also provide a construction of a function which is continuous on \(\mathbb{R}\) but is not differentiable at any point.
The Great Success of a "Foul Book"

Victorian Sensation The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation . James A. Secord. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001. 644 pp. $35, £22.50. ISBN 0-226-74410-8. Secord offers a comprehensive analysis of how Robert Chamber's anonymously published (1844) theory of evolution was read and how it became a sensational best-seller.
The skeleton of the eye: II. Overlap of the scleral ossicles of the domestic fowl

Abstract The scleral ossicles, a ring of overlapping membrane bones, lie just outside the corneal margin in the eyes of domestic fowl. Eighty percent of the bony rings contain 14 bones; less than 1% have 13 bones; 19% have 15 bones; about 1% have 16 bones. Each bone is foreshadowed during development by a transient papilliform thickening in the overlying conjunctival epithelium. These conjunctival papillae appear on the eighth day of incubation and disappear on the twelfth day, when the corresponding preosseous membranes begin to ossify. Observations, and experiments involving the removal of specific papillae early or late in their maturation (in order to delete, or to reduce the size of, individual bones), demonstrated the following constraints on the morphogenesis of the scleral ossicular ring. (1) The number of ossicles is a function, not only of the number of papillae, but also of the distance between adjacent papillae; when two papillae lie close together, a single ossicle may arise beneath the pair. (2) There are three regions in the ring: nasal, dorsal (in both of which the bones overlap in one direction) and temporal (in which the bones overlap in the opposite direction). (3) The determinants of the direction of overlap between adjacent bones are extrinsic to the ossicles themselves and are distributed throughout each region, rather than confined to the discrete locations within each region where overlap normally occurs. (4) The three places in the ring where these regions meet are characterized by the loss (in 13-membered rings) or the addition (in 15- and 16-membered rings) of papillae and of their corresponding bones, and by transitions in the direction of overlap between the bones.
Agents Making Sense of the Semantic Web

Effective use of the vast quantity of available information and services on the Internet will require multi-agent systems to be tightly integrated with existing web infrastructure. This however will be impossible unless the information on the web is presented in a semantic language, such as the DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML), which is one aim of the “Semantic Web”. As part of our exploration of Semantic Web technology, and DAML in particular, we have constructed ITTALKS, a web-based system for automatic and intelligent notification of information technology talks. In this paper, we describe the ITTALKS system, and discuss the numerous ways in which the use of Semantic Web concepts and DAML extend its ability to provide an intelligent online service to both the human community and, more interestingly, the agents assisting them.
An application of science to the management of coastal dunes along the Atlantic coast of the U.S.A.

Coastal foredune management begins with an understanding of and appreciation for the dynamics of dune creation, development and decay. Sediment exchange between the dune and beach components of the total dune–beach profile is a necessary element in foredune creation and development. Foredune development is enhanced by a slightly negative total dune–beach budget. Foredune crestlines display alongshore periodicities in displacement that are related to beach processes. Effective management is based on the dimensions of the alongshore foredune variations and the retention of sediment in the migrating foredune system.
Things Look Up With Aging (P7.292)

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that when bisecting vertical lines normal older subjects would deviate more upward than younger subjects. BACKGROUND: When bisecting a line, people need to use global attention. Whereas the left hemisphere appears to mediate focal attention, the right mediates global attention and with aging there is a decrease of right hemispheric function. When bisecting vertically oriented lines normal subjects deviate upward (vertical pseudoneglect). It has been posited that this deviation may be related to a relative increase in activation of the ventral (allocentric) ‘what’ stream when viewing the allocentric upper and lower line segments. Thus, with a decrease of the ability to mediate global attention, older subject may have greater upward deviation than younger subjects. DESIGN/METHODS: Nine older (mean age = 72.33, SD = 5.16) and nine younger (mean age = 24.89, SD = 4.20) participants performed 12 trials of a vertical line (intersection of the midsagittal and coronal planes) bisection task. Deviation was measured from the marks made by the participants and the actual bisection point. RESULTS: The older subjects deviated higher than did the younger subjects (p = .041, one tailed). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that older subjects are more likely to allocate focal upward attention and thus enhance the allocentric upward bias mediated by the ventral stream. Older adults more often fall than do younger adults and it is possible that this upward allocation of attention may be contributing to these falls. Disclosure: Dr. Douyon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Falchook has received personal compensation for activities with the University of Florida College of Medicine, the Institute for Advancement of Human Behavior, and PeerView Institute for Medical Education. Dr. Heilman has nothing to disclose.
From Interdisciplinarity to Counterdisciplinarity: Is There Madness in Martti's Method?

Over the years, Martti Koskenniemi has drawn upon other disciplines to illuminate and resolve certain puzzles in legal thought. But close examination of Koskenniemi’s approach to interdisciplinarity itself raises several puzzles. What is the logic that drives Koskenniemi’s embrace of certain disciplines and rejection of others – particularly in light of his claim that it is not possible to sensibly choose among scholarly methods? Why does Koskenniemi view the turn to international relations (IR) as so problematic – particularly given that he sometimes criticizes IR approaches as being too Kantian, and other times criticizes IR theory for not being Kantian enough? To address these puzzles, this paper explores the links between Koskenniemi’s understanding of the nature and purposes of law, and the methods appropriate to study of the law. It does so by analyzing his use of structuralism and linguistics in early writings, his more recent turn to history, and his memorable claim that the turn to IR can be understood as an effort to colonize law. The paper then turns from Koskenniemi’s understanding of law’s purpose to his understanding of law’s promise. Koskenniemi’s writings on interdisciplinarity suggest that lawyers should engage in a particular form of critique – namely, unmasking "false universals," by identifying the particular that lies behind every claim of the universal. But these writings also suggest an equally important affirmative task for law and lawyers – namely, to understand and justify particular decisions in universal terms. Understanding how lawyers can simultaneously find the particular in the universal and the universal in the particular presents, perhaps, the most difficult puzzle of all. I offer a reading of Koskenniemi’s writings that suggests a resolution to this puzzle.
Machine learning for simulation-based support of early collaborative design

The research and development of a simulation-based decision support system (SB-DSS) capable of assisting early collaborative design processes is presented. The requirements for such a system are included. Existing collaborative DSSs are shown to lack the capability to manipulate complex simulation-based relationships. On the other hand, advances within the machine learning in design community are shown to have a potential for providing, but have not yet addressed, simulation-based support for collaborative design processes. The developed SB-DSS is described in terms of its four principal components. First, the behavior-evaluation (BE) model is used to both structure individual, domain-specific decision models and organize these models into a collaborative decision model. Second, a probabilistic framework for the BE model enables management of the uncertainty inherent in learning and using simulation-based knowledge. Significantly, this framework provides a constraint satisfaction environment in which simulation-based knowledge is used. Third, a statistical neural network approach is used to capture simulation-based knowledge and build the probabilistic behavior models based on this knowledge. Fourth, since a probability distribution theory does not exist for the nonlinear neural network approaches, Monte Carlo simulation is introduced as a method to sample the trained neural networks and approximate the likelihoods of design variable values. Consequently, constraint satisfaction problem-solving capability is obtained. In addition, a mapping of the SB-DSS architecture onto a collaborative design agent framework is provided. Experimental evaluation of a prototype SB-DSS system is summarized, and performance of the SB-DSS with respect to search and usability metrics is documented. Initial results in developing the simulation-based support for collaborative design are encouraging. Lastly, a categorization of the machine learning approach and a critique of the proposed categorization scheme is presented.
Eyeblink EMG: A Miniature Eyelid Electrode for Recording from Orbicularis Oculi

Reflex blinking is primarily controlled by fast fibers of the palpebral portion of the orbicularis oculi but it is difficult to record EMG from these fibers with standard surface electrodes. To solve this problem, a small, easily-prepared, silver/silver chloride electrode embedded in a dental cement casing was developed. Using this electrode, recordings could be obtained from the palpebral component which were of high quality and were many times larger than those recorded from the slow or mixed fibers in the orbital portion.
Altered HDL subclasses in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia are not affected by weight reduction.

Reduction of body weight is commonly used to decrease the plasma lipids of patients with primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, but the effects of stabilized weight reduction on lipoprotein compositions and distribution are not well known. Since lipoprotein structures are perhaps as important in normal and abnormal metabolism and atherogenesis as are the levels of lipoproteins, we examined the effects of weight loss on the plasma concentrations, compositions, and ultracentrifugal flotation properties of plasma lipoproteins. Nine patients (eight males, one female) with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and low high-denisty lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels who were ∼130% of ideal body weight were studied during two dietary periods (basal and low weight). Subjects consumed an isocaloric diet for 5 weeks consisting of ∼15% protein, ∼45% carbohydrate, ∼40% fat, ∼500 mg/d cholesterol, PS ratio 0.43 (basal), followed by a hypocaloric diet of the same composition, which was eaten for 16 to 52 weeks, until the desired weight was lost (9.6 ± 3.6 kg). Then patients continued to eat a diet of the same composition lower in calories but sufficient in quantity to maintain their new lower body weights for the final 5 weeks (low-weight period). The last weeks of the basal and the low-weight periods were spent in a metabolic ward. Thus, high and low body weights were known to be stable for at least 5 weeks. Fasting (12 to 14 hours) plasma total triglycerides decreased in all patients (from 328 ± 204 mg/dL at basal to 185 ± 77 mg/dL at low weight, P < 0.01). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol increased in seven of nine (144 ± 20 to 164 ± 31, P < 0.02), and HDL-cholesterol increased in eight of nine patients (29 ± 3 to 36 ± 5, P < 0.01). Apoprotein AI (apoAI) levels were low at 83 ± 3 mg/dL, and apoprotein AII (apoAII) 42 ± 7 mg/dL were normal during the basal period. Neither level changed significantly with weight reduction. On zonal ultracentrifugation of typical normal plasmas three subspecies of HDL are definable HDL2, HDL3L, and HDL3D. In normal subjects, the faster floating HDL3L is the dominant subspecies. In our patients' plasmas, the slower floating HDL3D was the preponderant HDL on basal diet and HDL2 was not detected. At the end of the low-weight period, HDL profiles had not changed significantly. LDL was of a slow floating variety in five of the nine patients. Weight reduction increased LDL quantities and flotation rates, and altered LDL composition toward normal. Thus, although stable weight reduction tended to correct the metabolic derangement(s) in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL, the aberrations in HDL remained; this may suggest that perhaps the HDL abnormality is independent of any defects in VLDL and LDL.
The ability of trained nurses to detect lumps in a test set of silicone breast models

BACKGROUND Screening for breast carcinoma is a Healthy People 2000 objective and physical examination is an important component of the screening process. However, many women do not have access to a high quality breast examination. To help address this problem for Native American women, the authors developed the Nurses Providing Annual Cancer Screening (NPACS) training program, a week-long training session conducted at the nurses' clinical site. The goal of the current study was to demonstrate that, after receiving training, the nurses can detect masses in breast models at acceptably high rates. METHODS Thirty-four nurses who had completed the NPACS training program performed examinations of a test set of six silicone breast models. True-positive and false-positive rates of lump detection were calculated. RESULTS The nurses were able to detect more lumps in the simulated breasts than both untrained and trained physicians tested in previous trials using the same methodology. On the average, nurses found 76% of the 18 lumps in the 6 breast models. However, their rate of false-positive detections also was somewhat higher. Although the modal number of false-positive detections for both physicians and nurses was 0, the median number of false-positive detections was 0 for the physicians and 1.0 for the nurses. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, trained nurses were able to detect masses in breast models at high rates. This observation suggests that widespread training of nurses to perform screening breast examinations might be considered as a response to the breast carcinoma screening needs of adult women. Cancer 1999;86:1750–6. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Genotoxicity of diesel-exhaust particles dispersed in simulated pulmonary surfactant

Diesel-exhaust particles from two sources were dispersed in aqueous mixtures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, a major component of pulmonary surfactant, and were tested for genotoxicity. Diesel samples from the same sources were extracted with dichloromethane and transferred into dimethyl sulfoxide and subjected to the same assays. Both types of extractions yielded similar results in both the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and the sister-chromatid exchange assay using V79 cells. After separation of the samples into supernatant and sediment fractions, the activity of both diesel samples was shown to reside exclusively in the supernatant fraction for the solvent-extracted samples, and exclusively in the sedimented fraction for surfactant dispersed samples. These findings indicate that genotoxic activity associated with diesel particles inhaled into the lung may be made bioavailable by virtue of the solubilization/dispersion properties of pulmonary surfactant components.
Characteristics of a phosphorus-doped p-type ZnO film by MBE

A solid-source GaP effusion cell was used to provide phosphorus dopants to achieve p-type ZnO with molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Room temperature (RT) Hall-effect measurements reveal that phosphorus-doped ZnO has a strong p-type conduction with a hole concentration of 6.5×1018 cm-3 and a hole mobility of 9.0 cm2/V s. X-ray diffraction measurements show a preferential growth orientation along by θ-2θ scan and a tilt of ZnO (11-20) plane relative to the substrate surface by rocking curve and reciprocal space map. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra at 8.5 K show a dominant acceptor-bound exciton emission at 3.319 eV. The acceptor energy level of the phosphorus dopant is calculated to be 0.18 eV above the valence band from PL spectra, which is consistent with the temperature dependence of PL measurements.