cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro release of endogenous monoamines and amino acids from several CNS regions of the rat.

The in vitro release of endogenous norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), GABA, glutamate (GLU), aspartate (ASP), glycine (GLY), taurine (TAU) and alanine (ALA) from superfused slices of cerebral cortex (CTX), striatum (STR), hippocampus (HIP), hypothalamus (HYPO), midbrain (MB), thalamus (THAL), nucleus accumbens (ACC), pons-medulla (PM) and spinal cord (SC) was studied. Under resting conditions or with 60 mM K+ in the absence of Ca2+, there was little or no release of NE, DA, 5-HT, GABA, GLU or ASP from any region. In most regions, there was a measurable resting release of ALA, GLY and TAU; of these three amino acids, only GLY in the PM and SC showed an increased release in the 60 mM K+ plus 2.5 mM Ca2+ medium. In 8 of the regions studied, the release of both GABA and GLU were stimulated by 60 mM K+ in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+. For the amino acids, no reliable data were obtained for release from the ACC because of its small size. The highest amount of K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of GABA was found with slices from the HYPO, THAL and MB while the highest amount of GLU was released from slices of STR, HIP and CTX. In those regions where reliable levels of K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of ASP were observed (STR, CTX, THAL), the amount of ASP was at least 5-fold lower than the values for GLU. A K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of NE, DA and 5-HT was observed for all 9 CNS regions studied. The highest release of (a) DA occurred from slices of CTX, STR and ACC; (b) NE was found in the HYPO and ACC; and (c) 5-HT occurred in the HYPO. The data (a) do not support a transmitter role for ALA and TAU in the CNS; (b) support a major transmitter function for GLY only in the PM and SC; and (c) support a transmitter role for GABA, GLU, NE, DA and 5-HT in the CNS regions examined (with the exception of GABA and GLU in the ACC where no data were obtained).
Recognizing artifactually generated coordinated stasis: implications of numerical models and strategies for field tests

Abstract A null model that generates the first and last occurrences of species through time in a single stratigraphic section predicts several patterns startlingly similar to those described as coordinated stasis. The model is able to produce these patterns by assuming stochastically constant extinction and origination rates, a Gaussian form of facies control with respect to water depth, and cyclically varying water depths in accord with sequence stratigraphy. The model predicts that highstand and lowstand systems tracts will be characterized by faunal tracking with only minor amounts of faunal turnover. Sequence boundaries and flooding surfaces within the transgressive systems tract will be characterized by elevated rates of faunal turnover. These pulses of faunal turnover will exhibit ecological selectivity in terms of the preferred depths, facies tolerances, and abundance of species. Where outcrop patterns of first and last occurrences match these predictions, biologically-driven or environmentally-driven coordinated stasis may not be distinguishable from stratigraphic artifact. However, pulses of faunal turnover that occur within highstand and lowstand systems tracts are likely to be real turnover events. Multiple outcrop studies that span a significant distance along paleoslope are necessary to disprove artifactual turnover that occurs at a sequence boundary or within a transgressive systems tract.
Effects of Instructions at Encoding on Constructive Memory Processes: A Small-n Approach

A series of experiments using a research design for small ns investigated the effects of instructions for encoding of prose passages on accuracy of recognition test. Results indicated no consistent relationship between instructions for encoding and subsequent accurate recognition. Assumptions underlying the use of statistics for large ns and implications for the design of research in cognitive psychology are discussed.
Phytolith Analysis: Applications of a New Paleoethnobotanical Technique in Archeology

The purpose of this paper is to acquaint professionals not directly involved in soil phytolith research with its applications in archeology. The potential and limitations of the technique, nature of the remains, and basic procedures for field sampling and analysis will be discussed. Both current research applying phytolith analysis in New World archeology and topics requiring basic research will be reviewed. Study of phytoliths (opal silica bodies) in the soil of archeological sites is a new component of paleoethnobotanical research in the Americas. Although use of this technique to identify cultivated grasses archeologically has a considerable history in the Old World (Neotolitzky 1900, 1914; Schellenberg 1908; Edman and Soderberg 1929; Watanabe 1968, 1970), application of phytolith analysis to detection of New World crops dates from the 1960s with investigations at the Kotosh site in Peru (Matsulani 1972). It was not until the 1970s and publication of Rovner's (1971) stimulating article on the potential of phytolith analysis in archeology that interest in the technique began to grow. Subsequently, phytolith analysis of archeological soils has increased in the Americas (e.g., Rovner 1971, 1975, 1980; Carbone 1977; Lewis 1978, 1979, 1981; Pearsall 1978, 1979; Piperno 1979, 1981; Robinson 1980; Starna et al. 1980). Growing interest in this application of phytolith analysis has led to refinements in processing procedures, classification and identification techniques, and a broadening of problems approached. Increasing interest among paleoethnobotanists and archeologists in phytolith analysis must be tempered with caution, however, because considerable basic research remains to be done. Topics of needed research include movement of phytoliths in soil, development of classfication schemes for regional vegetation formations, investigation of sources of bias in archeological phytolith assemblages, and continued work on classfication and counting procedures.
Progesterone in the ventromedial hypothalamus of ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats inhibits subsequent facilitation of estrous behavior by systemic progesterone.

Abstract The putative neural target sites of progesterone's (P) inhibitory on estrous behavior were re-examined utilizing intracranial hormone implants. Subjects were estrogen-primed ovariectomized, Long-Evans rats, and all were outfitted with permanent indwelling guide cannulae aimed for the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), preoptic area (POA), or midbrain. In a series of 4 weekly testing paradigms, the ability of blank or P-filled implants to both facilitate estrous responsiveness and to interfere with an animal's ability to exhibit estrous behavior following a systemic injection of P 24 hours later was assessed. P-filled implants placed bilaterally into the VMH inhibited the subsequent facilitation of estrous behavior by systemic P administration. Neither P-filled implants in other brain regions nor blank implants lowered into the VMH had this same effect. Seven of the females that exhibited progesterone-induced behavioral refractoriness 24 h after P stimulation of the VMH exhibited facilitation of estrous responsiveness in behavioral tests given 4.5 h after cannulae placement suggesting that progesterone may exert its facilitative and inhibitory actions on estrous responsiveness at the same neuronatomical locus.
Cw laser oscillations in Cd II in an electron beam created plasma

Abstract A cw Cd II laser has been demonstrated using electron beam excitation. Cw laser oscillation has been obtained on six transitions of Cd II in a HeCd plasma. Output power as a function of electron beam discharge parameters has been investigated.
Immunohistopathological studies of blastomycosis: the use of labeled specific antigens in a hamster model of disease

We applied a modified immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase method, utilizing labeled Blastomyces dermatitidis antigens, to look for specific antibody-bearing B/ plasma cells in the tissue infiltrates of blastomycosis lesions induced in hamsters. No specific anti-blastomyces antibodies were detectable by this method, although such antibodies were present in blood samples as demonstrated by routine immunodiffusion techniques. These studies suggest that humoral immune reactions do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of lesions of blastomycosis in hamsters.
Abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation and urothelial tumorigenesis in essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats

Abstract Data provided by several investigators is showing conclusively that the mechanisms regulating normal proliferation and differentiation of certain cell populations are upset in EFAD rats. In most studies, a significant increase in the mitotic index was recorded. This has been seen in squamous keratinizing epithelia of the skin and upper alimentary tract (tongue, esophagus and forestomach). Also, an increase of cell proliferation was found in the gastric glands and intestinal crypts of the EFAD mice and rats. Study of the mitotic index of most organs of the EFAD rat is under investigation in our laboratory. Though, a more dynamic approach to evaluating changes in cell proliferation in EFAD such as was carried on by McCullough et al.,28 using cell labeling, will open leads for understanding the role of EFA and presumably their biological active products, such as prostaglandins, in controlling the cell cycle of various populations. Yet, it is apparent that most cell populations characterized by active renewal, and in which mitoses are normally abundant, such as covering epithelia23 are particularly responsive to the EFAD condition. The recognition of urothelial tumors in a small, though significant number of EFAD rats, and the large incidence of atypical hyperplasias suggest that in this nutritional condition abnormal proliferation and tumorigenesis of the transitional epithelium (urothelium) of the urinary passages is favored. The study of the pathology, life span and longevity of the chronically EFA-deficient rat is showing that: (1) Proliferation and differentiation of certain cell populations are abnormal and, as for urothelial cells, neoplastic in nature and (2) these changes increase in frequency with aging.
Psychometric description of some specific-fear questionnaires.

This paper deals with questionnaires tapping fears of snakes, spiders, mutilation, and public speaking. Psychometric description of the scales across several samples indicated consistent distribution characteristics. In addition, consistently high reliability estimates were obtained; available results on test-retest reliability and validity were also encouraging. Correlations of these tests with one another and with general measures of anxiety indicated little shared variance. Inclusion of these scales in fear assessment procedures is suggested to promote standardization of evaluation and comparability of results across samples and laboratories.
Experimental parkinsonism is associated with increased pallidal GAD gene expression and is reversed by site-directed antisense gene therapy.

The levels of mRNA encoding the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(65) and GAD(67)) were measured throughout the pallidal complex in normal and acutely (i.e., 1 month duration) and chronically (i.e., 5 years duration) parkinsonian 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) -treated monkeys as well as in monkeys exposed to MPTP but asymptomatic for parkinsonism. GAD(65) mRNA labeling was modestly increased in the mid/caudal internal globus pallidus (GPi) but not in the external globus pallidus (GPe) in parkinsonian monkeys, compared with normal and asymptomatic monkeys. GAD(67) mRNA expression was highly increased in the mid/caudal GPi, and modestly increased in the GPe in parkinsonian monkeys compared with normal and asymptomatic animals. Infusion of GAD(67) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides bilaterally into the GPi resulted in a transient reversal of akinesia and bradykinesia that was not produced by infusion of missense oligodeoxynucleotides. These data emphasize the role of GAD enzyme (particularly GAD(67)) and GABA in the GPi for the expression of parkinsonian motor signs and suggest that selective manipulation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the GPi may have therapeutic potential for treating parkinsonism.
Adenosine and adenine nucleotides are mitogenic for mouse thymocytes.

Abstract Mouse thymocyte populations composed principally of θ-bearing cells exhibited a fourfold or greated enhancement in DNA synthesis when cultured in the presence of adenosine or adenine nucleotides. In contrast θ-bearing cells derived from spleen were markedly inhibited under the same circumstances. The effects of a variety of other nucleosides and nucleotides on DNA synthesis by spleen and thymus cells are also presented.
Spectroscopic Constants and Potential Energy Curves for GeF

Abstract The spectroscopic constants of the electronic states of GeF lying below the 60000 cm−1 region are obtained using the complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field followed by first- and second-order configuration interaction (FOCI. SOCI) methods which included up to a million configurations. The potential energy curves of the low-lying electronic states are also computed. The computed spectroscopic constants confirm the assignments of the X, A, a, C, C′, and D′ states of GeF. In addition the spectroscopic constants of several electronic states of GeF are predicted which are yet to be observed.
Alterations in striatal acetylcholine overflow by cocaine, morphine, and MK-801: relationship to locomotor output

The activity of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum appears to be modulated by a variety of different systems including dopamine, opiate, and glutamate. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of drugs known to act on these three systems (i.e., cocaine, morphine, and MK-801) on striatal ACh overflow with microdialysis procedures, and to determine if alterations in ACh function induced by these agents are related to changes in locomotor activity. Cocaine was found to increase striatal ACh following intraperitoneal injections of 20 and 40 mg/kg, but not 10 mg/kg. The increases in locomotor activity induced by cocaine appeared to be dose dependent, while the effects on striatal ACh were not. Injections of 0.1 mg/kg MK-801 (a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist) produced dramatic increases in locomotor activity while decreasing striatal ACh overflow. A lower dose (0.03 mg/kg) of MK-801 failed to alter locomotor activity or striatal ACh. Morphine produced an apparent dose-dependent elevation in striatal ACh while only the lowest dose (5 mg/kg) increased locomotor activity. These appears to be no relationship between alterations in striatal ACh and locomotor output following systemic administration of these psychoactive agents.
Gender differences in personality components of computer science students: a test of Holland's congruence hypothesis

The problem of disproportional representation of females in computer science curricula was examined in the context of Holland's theory of vocational personality. It was hypothesized that some combination of standardized mathematical aptitude and congruence would significantly predict achievement and persistence in computer science.
Model for photon migration in turbid biological media

Various characteristics of photon diffusion in turbid biological media are examined. Applications include the interpretation of data acquired with laser Doppler blood-flow monitors and the design of protocols for therapeutic excitation of tissue chromophores. Incident radiation is assumed to be applied at an interface between a turbid tissue and a transparent medium, and the reemission of photons from that interface is analyzed. Making use of a discrete lattice model, we derive an expression for the joint probability Γ(n, ρ)d2ρ that a photon will be emitted in the infinitesimal area d2ρ centered at surface point ρ = (x, y), having made n collisions with the tissue. Mathematical expressions are obtained for the intensity distribution of diffuse surface emission, the probability of photon absorption in the interior as a function of depth, and the mean path length of detected photons as a function of the distance between the site of the incident radiation and the location of the detector. We show that the depth dependence of the distribution of photon absorption events can be inferred from measured parameters of the surface emission profile. Results of relevant computer simulations are presented, and illustrative experimental data are shown to be in accord with the theory.
The three‐particle distribution function of lattice gases

A variational method for determining the three‐particle distribution function of classical systems from the single‐particle and pair distribution functions is used to treat one‐dimensional nearest‐neighbor interaction lattice gases. Apparently, no approximations were used to develop this method. Since the three‐particle distribution function of finite range interaction lattice gases can be determined by using the transfer matrix method, the suitability of the variational method for determining three‐particle distribution functions is examined. The results show that the variational method is successful.
The Institutional Determinants of International Female Crime

In this article the author estimates the relative influences of the four broad social institutions of education, politics, family, and economy, plus the process of modernization upon proportionate female crime by using international data for 1974 derived from Interpol statistics. Each of the institutions is operationalized into three empirical indices, as is modernization, using data from the Handbook of International Data on Women. Then these 15 independent variables are intercorrelated with 7 specific categories of female offenses plus total female crime, each rendered in proportionate form as a ratio of female crime to all crime detected by the police in each category. The correlational analysis is constructed so as to constitute a test of three competing theories of female crime: the violence-prone “new female criminal,” the theory of economic need, and economc opportunity theory. The data provide only weak support for the theory of the “new female criminal,” but considerably stronger support for both...
Chronic diarrhea: a review on pathophysiology and management for the clinical gastroenterologist.

The objectives of this article are to provide a review for general gastroenterologists of the fluid fluxes in the normal human gut and the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to chronic diarrhea, and to propose a practical approach to management. Most clinical disorders presenting as chronic diarrhea involve more than one physiological mechanism. The role of motility and functional disorders that result in chronic diarrhea will be emphasized, given the high prevalence of these conditions. There is a growing understanding of the roles of neurotransmitters and hormones in the development of functional gut disorders and intestinal motility and secretion; modulation of these mechanisms also provides a means for novel therapy.
Some recent advances in uranocene chemistry

Among the recent advances in uranocene chemistry have been the synthesis and spectral study of several unique compounds that help to characterize the bonding and ring-ring interactions in f-block sandwich compounds. One of these new compounds is the uranocene structure derived from benzocyclooctatetraene. The nature of the bonding in uranocenes has been a matter of interest and controversy for some years [ 1 ] ; structural data fit an ionic model [2,3] but photoelectron spectra [4], nmr studies [S], XCY calculations [6] and MSssbauer spectroscopy [7] suggest substantial covalency. A large number of substituted uranocenes have been prepared for such studies but most substituents (e.g., alkyl groups) constitute a relatively small perturbation of the electronic system of the [8]annulene system. For this reason the benzo[8]annulene system is of especial interest; in benzocyclooctatetraene radical anion, for example, a substantial fraction of the spin density is delocalized into the benzene ring [8]. Benzocyclooctatetraene, 1, was prepared by a modification of the method of Elix and Sargent [9] ; 7,10-dihydrobenzocyclooctatetraene, 2, derived from trapping with butadiene the cyclooctatrienyne intermediate produced by reaction of bromocyclooctatetraene with sodium amide, was dehydrogenated with dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ). Benzo[8]annulene dianion [lo, 111, 3, was produced by reduction of 1 with pctassium or potassium naphthalide in THF. The reaction of 3 with uranium tetrachloride in THF gave a 20% yield of the desired dibenzouranocene together with extensive reduction [121. Dibenzouranocene, 4, exhibits some other unusual properties. Unlike the usual 4-band cascade at about 620 nm typical of uranocenes, 4 has only a broad absorption at 624 nm with a single shoulder at 650 nm. The compound is much less soluble than most substituted uranocenes and is more like uranocene itself. Moreover, the compound has a low temperature coefficient of solubility that makes recrystallization difficult. Nevertheless, crystals suitable for X-ray analysis were obtained by slow crystallization. The resulting structure [13] shows the two benzene rings to be almost eclipsed with each other. This pattern results in a disordered crystal in which the [8]an-
Retention impairment produced by unilateral amygdala implantation: Reduction by posttrial amygdala stimulation

This experiment examined the amygdala sites at which posttrial electrical stimulation was effective in enhancing later retention performance. Rats were trained in a one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance task. Following training, animals received no stimulation or were stimulated 30 sec or 4 hr after training. Implanted-unstimulated rats, as well as those stimulated 4 hr after training, had retention performance that was impaired relative to that of unimplanted rats; the impairment was observed primarily in those animals whose electrodes damaged the lateral two-thirds of the amygdala. Animals stimulated 30 sec after training had retention performance significantly better than that of the implanted-nonstimulated animals. Examination of electrode tip placements indicated that stimulation of the amygdala enhanced retention if administered to most areas other than the basomedial nucleus. This nucleus is an area in which stimulation is an effective region from which to produce amnesia under other behavioral conditions. Thus, memory enhancement and impairment produced by electrical stimulation of the amygdala may be mediated by different anatomical systems.
Recruiting and Retaining High-Risk Adolescents into Family-Based HIV Prevention Intervention Research

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of evidence-based recruitment and retention strategies for a longitudinal, family-based HIV prevention intervention study targeting adolescents in psychiatric care by (1) determining consent rate (recruitment), rate of participation at the first intervention session (retention), and follow-up attendance rate (retention); and (2) examining socio-demographic factors, family-level processes, sexual risk-related indices, and intervention factors (i.e., treatment arm) associated with study retention. Only one-third of the families contacted ultimately enrolled in the study. 81% of those enrolled participated in the workshop and 72% attended the booster sessions with no significant differences between families on any variable based on attendance. Retention over 1 year was 85% and did not differ by treatment arm. Strategies employed were successful at retaining families once they were enrolled. Findings highlight barriers to enrollment for adolescents in psychiatric care and suggest that it may be critical to integrate HIV prevention programs within community-based mental health services in order to counteract recruitment challenges.
A new type of hexaosmium boride cluster, H3Os6(CO)16B, that does not conform to electron counting rules.

A new type of hexaosmium boride cluster, H3Os6(CO)16B, was produced in the thermolysis of H3Os3(CO)9(BCO). This complex is an 86 valence electron cluster, but the Os6 framework does not possess one of the geometries previously observed for Os6 clusters that have 86 valence electrons. [HOs6(CO)18]- and [Os6(CO)18]2- have octahedral frameworks while that of H2Os6(CO)18 is a face-capped square pyramid. The Os6 framework of H3Os6(CO)16B can be viewed as being derived from a pentagonal bipyramid that is missing one equatorial vertex. It contains an interior boron atom. Alternatively, it can be viewed like the 84 valence cluster Os6(CO)18 as either a bicapped tetrahedron, with a boron atom residing on the edge of the tetrahedron that is common to the capped faces, or a face-capped trigonal bipyramid, with the boron atom on an equatorial edge of the bipyramid that is also an edge of the capped face. H3Os6(CO)16B was characterized by 1H, and 11B, 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopies and single-crystal X-ray diffr...
Dysmobility syndrome and mortality risk in US men and women age 50 years and older

Mortality risk was significantly elevated in older adults from NHANES 1999–2002 with dysmobility syndrome. Dysmobility syndrome was recently proposed as an approach to evaluate the musculoskeletal health of older persons, but data linking this syndrome to adverse outcomes are currently lacking. The present study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 to assess the relationship between dysmobility and mortality in adults age 50 years and older by age, sex, and race or ethnicity. Dysmobility was defined as three or more of the following: high body fat, osteoporosis, low muscle mass, low muscle strength, slow gait speed, or falling risk. Body composition and bone density were assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Gait speed was measured via a timed walk, muscle strength via isokinetic knee extension, and fall risk via self-reported balance problems in the past year. Hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality were calculated with Cox proportional hazard models. Twenty-two percent of adults age 50+ years had dysmobility in 1999–2002. Mortality risk by dysmobility varied significantly by age (p interaction = 0.001). HRs for those aged 50–69 years were 3.63 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.69, 4.90) and 2.59 (95 % CI 1.82, 3.69), respectively, before and after adjusting for all confounders, compared with 1.46 (95 % CI 1.07, 1.99) and 1.23 (95 % CI 0.89, 1.69) for those aged 70+ years. The relationship was significant when examined by sex or race/ethnicity within age group for most subgroups. Dysmobility was associated with increased mortality risk in adults age 50 years and older, with risk being higher in those age 50–69 years than in those age 70+ years.
Magnetostrictive offset and noise in flux gate magnetometers

Longitudinal magnetostriction of the core material is found to be the principal source of offset and noise in present state-of-the-art flux gate magnetometers. Magnetostrictive offset is identified with even harmonics of the steady-state induced EMF resulting from the periodic elongation (or contraction) of the core material. Magnetostrictive noise is identified with random fluctuations of the magnetostrictive offset caused by frictional forces exceeding the magnetostrictive stress when the core material is near zero elongation. An analytical model and experimental results of magnetostrictive offset and noise are presented. It is expected that flux gate magnetometers with zero magnetostriction of the core material will yield a significant increase in signal-to-noise ratio with corresponding decreases in offset and magnetomotive drive power.
Recipients of hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning and exposure circumstances.

Abstract Background Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is preventable. Severe cases are often referred for hyperbaric oxygen treatment. To guide prevention efforts and treatment practices, this study provides some of the most detailed current information about patients with carbon monoxide poisoning who have been treated at hyperbaric facilities across the United States and the circumstances surrounding their exposures. This study can help improve efforts to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning and enhance treatment practices. Methods From August 2008 to January 2010, nonidentifiable, patient-level data were reported by 87 hyperbaric facilities in 39 states via an online reporting system. This reporting system was developed collaboratively by the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results Among the 864 patients reported to receive hyperbaric oxygen treatment for unintentional, non–fire-related, carbon monoxide poisoning, most of the patients were white men aged between 18 and 44 years. Only 10% of patients reported the presence of a carbon monoxide alarm at their exposure location, and 75% reported being part of a group exposure. Nineteen patients (2%) reported a prior carbon monoxide exposure. About half (55%) of the patients treated were discharged after treatment; 41% were hospitalized. Conclusions The findings in this report expand the knowledge about patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. These results suggest that prevention efforts, such as educating the public about using carbon monoxide alarms and targeting the most at-risk populations, may help reduce the number of exposures, the number of persons with chronic cognitive sequelae, and the resulting burden on the health care system.
Nuclear track determination of lithium and boron in various matrices

Abstract In recent experiments it has been demonstrated that trace amounts of lithium and boron can be determined uniquely by recording their thermal neutron-induced reaction products in nuclear track detectors. In some samples under nuclear reaction analysis, it may be difficult to isolate the source of alpha-particle emissions, induced by thermal neutrons, because these reactions are common to a number of elements. Lithium and boron will undergo a significantly larger number of alpha-producing nuclear reactions than equivalent amounts of most other elements, because of their large thermal neutron cross-sections and isotopic abundances. By careful chemical etching, the alpha-particle tracks from neutron-induced boron reactions can be enlarged selectively to an easily discernible size. The boron concentration and distribution within the sample is determined by measuring these etched alpha-particle tracks in the detector. The boron-alpha particle detector also serves the role of a particle absorber, stopping all alpha particles produced at the sample surface from reaching a second detector positioned behind it. On the other hand, tritons, generated by neutron-induced lithium reactions, penetrate and produce etchable tracks within the second detector. A measurement of the etched triton track density yields the lithium distribution within the sample. Thus the thermal neutron exposure is used to determine the lithium and boron content of the same sample area. A distinct advantage of this technique, as compared to whole sample analysis, is the ability to identify and map the distributions of lithium and boron non-destructively in small samples on a microscopic scale. This multiple discriminating detector technique can be used to determine the in situ distribution and abundance of lithium and boron.
Successful Replacement of "Parachute" Mitral Valve in a Child

A Starr-Edwards mitral valve of orifice area 1.53 cm.2 was successfully inserted to replace [see figure in the PDF file] [see table in the PDF file] a "parachute" mitral valve producing clinically significant mitral stenosis.
A harmonic analysis of lunar gravity

An improved model of lunar global gravity has been obtained by fitting a sixteenth-degree harmonic series to a combination of Doppler tracking data from Apollo missions 8, 12, 15, and 16, and Lunar Orbiters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and laser ranging data to the lunar surface. To compensate for the irregular selenographic distribution of these data, the solution algorithm has also incorporated a semi-empirical a priori covariance function. Maps of the free-air gravity disturbance and its formal error are presented, as are free-air anomaly and Bouguer anomaly maps. The lunar gravitational variance spectrum has the form V(G; n) = O(n to the -4th power), as do the corresponding terrestrial and martian spectra. The variance spectra of the Bouguer corrections (topography converted to equivalent gravity) for these bodies have the same basic form as the observed gravity; and, in fact, the spectral ratios are nearly constant throughout the observed spectral range for each body. Despite this spectral compatibility, the correlation between gravity and topography is generally quite poor on a global scale.
Seriality and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Celebrity Reality Television

This paper seeks to explore the link between seriality and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in contemporary American reality-based television. Specifically, it considers the way the two wo...
Effects of Acid Rock Drainage on Stocked Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An In-Situ, Caged Fish Experiment

In-situ caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) studies reveal significant fish toxicity and fish stress in a river impacted by headwater acid rock drainage (ARD). Stocked trout survival and aqueous water chemistry were monitored for 10 days at 3 study sites in the Snake River watershed, Colorado, U.S.A. Trout mortality was positively correlated with concentrations of metals calculated to be approaching or exceeding conservative toxicity thresholds (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd). Significant metal accumulation on the gills of fish stocked at ARD impacted study sites support an association between elevated metals and fish mortality. Observations of feeding behavior and significant differences in fish relative weights between study site and feeding treatment indicate feeding and metals-related fish stress. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of in-situ exposure studies for stream stakeholders in quantifying the relative role of aqueous contaminant exposures in limiting stocked fish survival.
Lipid‐partitioning and disposition of benzo[a]pyrene and hexachlorobiphenyl in lake michigan Pontoporeia hoyi and Mysis relicta

Two Lake Michigan macroinvertebrates, Pontoporeia hoyi and Mysis relicta, exhibited major differences in the disposition of the lipophilic contaminants, ( 3 H)benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and ( 14 C)2,4,~,2',4',5' -hexachlorobipheny_l ~HCB). Interac.tions of these contaminants with major lipid classes (tnacylglycerols and phospholipids) were exammed by centrifuging aqueous whole organism homogenates of labeled animals into three discrete layers that were operationally defined as "buoyant-lipid," "particle" and "aqueous" fractions. The buoyant-lipid fraction contained most of the energy storing triacylglycerols, whereas the particle and aqueous fractions contained most of the membrane phospholipids. During 2 to 4 d experiments, unmodified BaP and HCB partitioned amon~ the three fractions in proportion to the distribution of total-lipids in both species, but in M. relict a most of the BaP was bwtransformed into polar metabolites that were selectively found in the aqueous and particle fractions. Apparently HCB was not substantially biotransformed in either species but took longer (ca. 2 d) to reach steady state among lipid pools in M. relict a than it did in P. hoyi (<I d). Although the contaminants did not always completely reach steady state in the or­ ganisms with respect to the external environments during these relatively short experiments, they appeared to reach steady state among lipid pools within the organisms.
Electrical performance analysis of packaged CMOS ASIC devices and systems

The performance of scaled and packaged CMOS devices is analyzed. A detailed investigation of methods of calculating simultaneous switching noise, including negative feedback influence, is performed. Equivalent chip-package interface circuits and closed-form equations are included. A method of modeling L/sub eff/ as seen by the output driver circuit on its V/sub DD//V/sub SS/ path is investigated. Application specific output driver circuits are designed to minimize effective simultaneous switching noise. The performance and noise characteristics of such drivers are compared with those of conventional output drivers. >
Televised Exposure to Politics: New Measures for a Fragmented Media Environment

For many research purposes, scholars need reliable and valid survey measures of the extent to which people have been exposed to various kinds of political content in mass media. Nonetheless, good measures of media exposure, and of exposure to political television in particular, have proven elusive. Increasingly fragmented audiences for political television have only made this problem more severe. To address these concerns, we propose a new way of measuring exposure to political television and evaluate its reliability and predictive validity using three waves of nationally representative panel data collected during the 2008 presidential campaign. We find that people can reliably report the specific television programs they watch regularly, and that these measures predict change over time in knowledge of candidate issue positions, a much higher standard of predictive validity than any other measure has met to date.
A Clock Duty-Cycle Correction and Adjustment Circuit

A clock duty-cycle correction circuit that accepts input duty cycles ranging from 30% to 70% and maintains a user-selectable output duty cycle over a frequency range of 500MHz to 6GHz is demonstrated. The output duty cycle is selectable from 41.25% to 58.75% in 1.25% increments. The circuitry is integrated into a clock-distribution chip which provides 10 identical outputs
Locating the contagion source in networks with partial timestamps

This paper studies the problem of identifying a single contagion source when partial timestamps of a contagion process are available. We formulate the source localization problem as a ranking problem on graphs, where infected nodes are ranked according to their likelihood of being the source. Two ranking algorithms, cost-based ranking and tree-based ranking, are proposed in this paper. Experimental evaluations with synthetic and real-world data show that our algorithms significantly improve the ranking accuracy compared with four existing algorithms.
Ripplet: A new transform for image processing

Efficient representation of images usually leads to improvements in storage efficiency, computational complexity and performance of image processing algorithms. Efficient representation of images can be achieved by transforms. However, conventional transforms such as Fourier transform and wavelet transform suffer from discontinuities such as edges in images. To address this problem, we propose a new transform called ripplet transform. The ripplet transform is a higher dimensional generalization of the curvelet transform, designed to represent images or two-dimensional signals at different scales and different directions. Specifically, the ripplet transform allows arbitrary support c and degree d while the curvelet transform is just a special case of the ripplet transform (Type I) with c=1 and d=2. Our experimental results demonstrate that the ripplet transform can provide efficient representation of edges in images. The ripplet transform holds great potential for image processing such as image restoration, image denoising and image compression.
Dyadic Adjustment and Depressive Symptoms The Mediating Role of Attachment

The present study examines adult attachment as a mediator, explaining the association between dyadic adjustment and depressive symptoms. Participants included 188 women and 35 men (N = 223) with a ...
Russian students' participation in and perceptions of a season of Sport Education

This study examined the participation and perceptions of a cohort of sixth-grade Russian students as they participated in a season of basketball that followed a Sport Education format. Thirty-seven students from two classes completed 18-lesson seasons. Throughout the initial skills practice sessions and practice games, as well as the formal competition phase, students of both genders and skill levels spent most of their lesson time actively engaged in motor tasks. The students also demonstrated significant competence in the officiating and coaching roles associated with the season. In interviews during and following the season, the students commented that they found the season to be particularly interesting, that they enjoyed having student coaches and that they developed significant team affiliation. Questionnaire data confirmed that students believed they had made significant gains in their skill and understanding of basketball. These findings are discussed within the context of selfdetermination theory. In the early 1990s, the Soviet Union was undergoing considerable change, change that was neither orderly nor painless. Amidst presidential turmoil and the transition from a centralized economy to one resembling more of a free market, many Russians were left in an indeterminate state with regard to work, income and stability. The early 1990s were also the years in which the current generation of Russian school children was born. As a result of this, none of today’s Russian school children has experienced a Soviet education. One of the great success stories of the Soviet Union was the opportunity for children and youth to participate in the sport culture. As members of sports clubs, young Soviets had access to quality coaching, had opportunities to improve their skills, were able to socialize with friends and were able to participate in competitive sport. The sports club offered significant affiliation. As members of Spartak, Zenit or Lokomotiv, children were able to develop an identity with a group of fellow Russians in a way that promoted positive social interactions.
Oxidation of LDL by Myeloperoxidase and Reactive Nitrogen Species Reaction Pathways and Antioxidant Protection

Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) appears to play an important role in atherogenesis. Although the precise mechanisms of LDL oxidation in vivo are unknown, several lines of evidence implicate myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species, in addition to ceruloplasmin and 15-lipoxygenase. Myeloperoxidase generates a number of reactive species, including hypochlorous acid, chloramines, tyrosyl radicals, and nitrogen dioxide. These reactive species oxidize the protein, lipid, and antioxidant components of LDL. Modification of apolipoprotein B results in enhanced uptake of LDL by macrophages with subsequent formation of lipid-laden foam cells. Nitric oxide synthases produce nitric oxide and, under certain conditions, superoxide radicals. Numerous other sources of superoxide radicals have been identified in the arterial wall, including NAD(P)H oxidases and xanthine oxidase. Nitric oxide and superoxide readily combine to form peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species capable of modifying LDL. In this review, we examine the reaction pathways involved in LDL oxidation by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species and the potential protective effects of the antioxidant vitamins C and E.
The effects of temperature and activity on intraspecific scaling of metabolic rates in a lungless salamander.

The scaling of metabolic rate with body mass holds substantial predictive power as many biological processes depend on energy. A significant body of theory has been developed based on the assumption that metabolic rate scales with body mass as a power function with an exponent of 0.75, and that this scaling relationship is independent of temperature. Here we test this hypothesis at the intraspecific level in a lungless salamander using data on both standard and maximal metabolic rates (SMR and MMR, respectively). We also address a recently proposed alternative explanation that predicts systematic variation in this mass-scaling exponent, the metabolic level boundaries hypothesis (MLB). Consistent with predictions of the metabolic theory of ecology the mass scaling of SMR and MMR were independent of temperature, however, we find evidence that the mass-scaling exponent for SMR and MMR differ significantly from 0.75. Further, our data do not provide strong support for MLB. Mass-scaling exponents for MMR generally exceed those for SMR, although these differences are rarely statistically significant.J. Exp. Zool. 9999A:1-7,2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. How to cite this article: Gifford ME, Clay TA, Peterman WE. 2013. The effects of temperature and activity on intraspecific scaling of metabolic rates in a lungless salamander. J. Exp. Zool.
Spawning phenology and geography of Aleutian Islands and eastern Bering Sea Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)

Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) is an economically and ecologically important species in the south- eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, yet little is known about the spawning dynamics of Pacific cod in these regions. To address this knowledge gap, we applied a gross anatomical maturity key for Pacific cod to describe temporal and spatial patterns of reproductive status over three winter spawning seasons: 2005, 2006, and 2007. Maturity status of female Pacific cod was assessed by fishery observers during sampling of commercial catches and used to construct maps showing spawning activity in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands. Most spawning activity was observed on the Bering Sea shelf and Aleutian Island plateaus between 100 and 200 m depth. Data for those days when a high percentage of spawning stage fish were observed were used to identify areas with concentrations of spawning fish. Spawning concentrations were identified north of Unimak Island, in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands, at the shelf break near Zhemchug Canyon, and adjacent to islands in the central and western Aleutian Islands along the continental shelf. The spawning season was found to begin in the last days of February or early March and extend through early to mid-April. Variation in spawning time (averaging � 10 days between years) may have been associated with a change from warm (2005) to cold (2007) climate conditions during the study period. Our information on Pacific cod spawning patterns will help inform fishery management decisions, models of spawning and larval dispersal and the spatial structure of the stock. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
RADIOACTIVE IRON AND ITS METABOLISM IN ANEMIA : ITS ABSORPTION, TRANSPORTATION, AND UTILIZATION.

Artificially produced radioactive iron is an extremely sensitive agent for use in following iron in the course of its changes in body metabolism, lending itself to studies of absorption, transport, exchange, mobilization, and excretion. The need of the body for iron in some manner determines the absorption of this element. In the normal dog when there is no need for the element, it is absorbed in negligible amounts. In the anemic animal iron is quite promptly assimilated. The plasma is clearly the means of transport of iron from the gastrointestinal tract to its point of mobilization for fabrication into hemoglobin. The speed of absorption and transfer of iron to the red cell is spectacular. The importance of the liver and bone marrow in iron metabolism is confirmed.