cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A potent photoreactive general anesthetic with novel binding site selectivity for GABAA receptors.

Abstract The pentameric γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) are the major inhibitory ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system. They mediate diverse physiological functions, mutations in them are associated with mental disorders and they are the target of many drugs such as general anesthetics, anxiolytics and anti–convulsants. The five subunits of synaptic GABAARs are arranged around a central pore in the order β-α-β-α-γ. In the outer third of the transmembrane domain (TMD) drugs may bind to five homologous intersubunit binding sites. Etomidate binds between the pair of β – α subunit interfaces (designated as β+/α–) and R–mTFD-MPAB binds to an α+/β– and an γ+/β– subunit interface (a β– selective ligand). Ligands that bind selectively to other homologous sites have not been characterized. We have synthesized a novel photolabel, (2,6-diisopropyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl)phenyl)methanol or pTFD-di-iPr-BnOH). It is a potent general anesthetic that positively modulates agonist and benzodiazepine binding. It enhances GABA–induced currents, shifting the GABA concentration-response curve to lower concentrations. Photolabeling–protection studies show that it has negligible affinity for the etomidate sites and high affinity for only one of the two R–mTFD-MPAB sites. Exploratory site–directed mutagenesis studies confirm the latter conclusions and hint that pTFD-di-iPr-BnOH may bind between the α+/β– and α+/γ– subunits in the TMD, making it an α+ ligand. The latter α+/γ– site has not previously been implicated in ligand binding. Thus, pTFD-di-iPr-BnOH is a promising new photolabel that may open up a new pharmacology for synaptic GABAARs.
Adapting Teaching to the Clinical Setting

Adapting teaching to the clinical setting is most successful when the teacher and trainee are able to work alongside of each other allowing the cognitive apprenticeship model to be embraced. Six tools of experiential learning as components of this framework are described including scaffolding, modeling, coaching/supervision, articulation, reflection, and exploration. These tools provide useful guidance for supervisors to teach in clinical settings. Inherent in this process is the concept of validation of the trainees and includes the importance of supervisors cultivating nonjudgmental acceptance of themselves. Optimal teaching and learning in the clinical environment requires investment of time and resources.
Abstract 2581: Pancreatic cancer immunotherapy with chitosan/IL-12

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Pancreatic cancer is difficult to treat due to its late diagnoses and limited treatment options. Strategies capable of reducing tumor mass so that patients are eligible for tumor resection, i.e. the Whipple procedure, and strategies for reducing metastatic deposits with immunotherapy are needed. New immunotherapy techniques can provide an alternative to modern chemotherapy, radiation, or surgical options which have not been able to reduce pancreatic cancer mortality. IL-12 has been discovered to be a potent agent in the development of anti-tumor immunity through its ability to stimulate the activities of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK cells, and macrophages while promoting Th1 differentiation. We have previously discovered that a bioadhesive chitosan/IL-12 combination can aggressively eliminate implanted tumors in murine models. Chitosan is a non-toxic and degradable polysaccharide derived from crustacean shells that shows great potential for use in immunotherapy models due to its unique binding properties. Here, ability of chitosan/IL-12 vaccinations to slow the growth of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in vivo was investigated. C57BL/6 mice received subcutaneous inoculations with Panc02 cells. After Panc02 tumors became visible, the mice received 4 weekly intratumoral immunotherapy treatments with either saline or chitosan/IL-12. There was a prominent delay in the tumor growth of the chitosan/IL-12 group at all stages of the treatment. Seven days after the second treatment, control mice had an average tumor volume of 180mm3 and treatment mice tumors became undetectable. Seven days after the fourth treatment, the control mice had an average tumor volume of 743mm3 and treatment mice had an average tumor volume of 221mm3. Cell proliferation assays showed that IL-12 had no direct effect on the Panc02 cell line. However, interferon-γ, a cytokine whose production is induced by IL-12, reduced the growth of Panc02 cells in vitro. These data shows that chitosan/IL-12 may be an effective immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer and also that IL-12 is not directly cytotoxic, but rather, it initiates an effector response capable of inhibiting pancreatic tumors. Citation Format: Haley K. Perlow, Lirong Yang, David Zaharoff. Pancreatic cancer immunotherapy with chitosan/IL-12. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2581. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2581
A novel circuit topology for generating and validating digitally sense amplifier differentials for bulk and SOI

In this paper, a novel programmable voltage divider circuit is proposed for converting digital signals to differential (analog) signals which can be used to evaluate differential sense amplifies in the absence of SRAM cells for the first time. The differentials can be programmable and switchable to reverse polarity. A circuit utilizing this scheme is also proposed to test variety of differential circuits having small signal inputs. The digital input is used to generate analog signals to drive the differential circuits; results are then validated digitally to alleviate more complicated testing problems. The novel circuit technique is implemented in hardware and test results are corroborated with simulations. The circuit functions both in bulk and silicon on insulator (SOI) technologies.
Stringy de Sitter Brane-Worlds

The possibility that our 3+1-dimensional world might be a cosmic defect (brane-world) within a higher-dimensional spacetime has recently attracted much interest, owing to the proof [7] that gravity may be localized on such brane-worlds. Randall and Sundrum showed that such geometries may also solve the hierarchy problem [8]. However, it remained unclear whether these and other desirable properties can be achieved within the same model. Herein, we describe a family of stringy toy model brane-worlds [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], which generalize the concept of spacetime variable cosmic strings [9, 10] and exhibits simultaneously:
Plasmonics effects of non-precious metallic nanodisks

Plasmonics has attracted many researchers by its enourmous possibilities. However, the plasmonic materials of interest are mostly precious metals such as gold and silver. In this work, plasmonic properties of various sized non-precious metallic nanodisks are studied. Our calculations show that the non-precious metals examined here exhibit the same red-shifting pattern as the diameter increases. While the Ag nanodisk shows the highest scattering cross section (SCS) in the ultraviolet range, the SCS patterns of Al, Ni, and Cu nanodisks are high throughout the visible region. The amplitudes of the normalized SCS of the Al, Ni, and Cu nanodisks are comparable with the Ag nanodisk in the visible region. These results suggest the cost effective replacement of precious metals in application of plasmonics-based optics.
Morphology of the reproductive tract in a lizard exhibiting incipient viviparity (Sphenomorphus fragilis) and its implications for the evolution of the reptilian placenta.

The morphology of the female reproductive tract and corpus luteum is examined in Sphenomorphus fragilis, a lizard from the lowland regions of New Guinea exhibiting incipient viviparity. Females oviposit eggs that hatch either immediately or within a few hours. Corpora lutea form from ovulated follicles and decrease in diameter as embryonic development progresses. The oviduct from vitellogenic females is sparsely populated with well developed uterine glands containing secretory granules. The eggs are covered with a relatively thin shell (10 μm thick) composed of an inner boundary layer and proteinacous fibers. The secreted shell is complete by early neurulation. Shell morphology does not change throughout the remainder of the in utero incubation period. A well vascularized uterus and chorioallantoic membrane provide simple placentation. These findings suggest that the reduction in shell thickness associated with the evolution of a placenta is due to a decrease in the number of shell glands in the uterus and is not a delay or inhibition of the shelling process per se. This hypothesis further suggests that the selective forces favoring shell gland loss act on the vitellogenic female during gland recruitment which occurs prior to ovulation and not on the pregnant female. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct Ray Field And Intensity Calculation In Lens Systems And Its Application To Flare And Ghost Reduction

This paper deals with the calculation of intensity associated with rays in optical systems. A new set of equations is derived using optical field techniques which gives the electromagnetic fields, including intensity and polarization, around an arbitrary skew base ray. These equations are then used to calculate the flare and ghost light reflected from lens surfaces. An example is given showing flare light and its reduction in several patented lenses using this approach. The system of equations is derived using a parabasal approach in which one uses a small angle spherical or elliptical wave expansion about a base ray which is propagating at an arbitrary angle. These are manipulated to give field transfer equations. The field expressions are matched at lens surfaces to give field refraction equations. The result is a set of equations for transferring complete electromagnetic field information through an optical system. The equations thus derived are applied to the minimization of scattered light in optical systems. They are incorporated in an optimizing lens design program. An additional term is included in the merit function of the program so that the lens can be redesigned to minimize flare and ghost light at the image plane. The equations will be presented along with the application to flare light minimization.
Strategic Implications of Market Share Attraction Models

Market share attraction models, which specify that a firm's market share is equal to the ratio of its "attraction" to the total attraction for all firms, have received increasing attention in recent years. However, there has been little research investigating the practical implications of such models. This paper presents a game-theoretic analysis of such a model and deduces the strategic implications of a Nash equilibrium solution to the model. It is shown that these implications are consistent with previous empirical research in marketing and business policy.
Self-Adjoint Elliptic Operators and Manifold Decompositions Part I: Low Eigenmodes and Stretching

This paper is the first of a three-part investigation into the behavior of analytical invariants of manifolds that can be split into the union of two submanifolds. In this article, we will show how the low eigensolutions of a self-adjoint elliptic operator over such a manifold can be studied by a splicing construction. This construction yields an approximated solution of the operator whenever we have two L2-solutions on both sides and a common limiting value of two extended L2-solutions. In Part 11, the present analytic “Mayer-Vietoris” results on low eigensolutions and further analytic work will be used to obtain a decomposition theorem for spectral flows in terms of Maslov indices of Lagrangians. In Part I11 after comparing infinite- and finite-dimensional Lagrangians and determinant line bundles and then introducing “canonical perturbations” of Lagrangian subvarieties of symplectic varieties, we will study invariants of 3-manifolds, including Casson’s invariant. 0 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparison of splitting methods for the identification of corner-points

Abstract Espelid, R. and I. Jonassen, A comparison of splitting methods for the identification of corner-points, Pattern Recognition Letters 12 (1991) 79–83. The problem of detecting corner-points in two-dimensional image curves, using splitting methods is addressed. The question of interest is how to reduce computing time without sacrificing quality in corner-point positioning. Three algorithms are compared: the classical Iterative-End-Point algorithm; a modified, line search method; and our proposal, using incremental distance calculations. There is a problem with the line search approach, because the set of points it identifies may include spurious corner-points. The proposed algorithm, however, maintains the quality of, and is three times faster, than the classical algorithm.
Hierarchical Modeling O2 and N2 Adsorption in C168 Schwarzite: From Quantum Mechanics to Molecular Simulation

The adsorption of pure O2 and N2 and their mixture in C168 schwarzite, as a model for a nanoporous carbon adsorbent, has been studied with use of grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. The gas−carbon interaction is modeled by a pairwise additive atom−atom Lennard-Jones potential with parameters determined from ab initio quantum mechanical computations. For pure O2, the adsorption simulated with the ab initio potential is similar to that with the empirical Steele potential derived from gas adsorption on planar graphite in the limit of zero loading; however, for pure N2, the adsorption simulated with the ab initio potential is much larger. Consequently, a large adsorption selectivity of N2 over O2 from their mixture is found with the ab initio potential. With both potentials the adsorbed gas molecules are found to preferentially align along the channel intersection of the C168 schwarzite structure, and a localized nonuniform density distribution of the adsorbed gas molecules is observed, which is more evi...
Magnetic oxide films

Magnetic oxide films including europium oxide, yttrium and gadolinium iron garnets, orthoferrites, and ferrites are reviewed from a point of view which stresses the common aspects of oxide film growth and the resulting structural and magnetic properties. The growth techniques of each material are described. They include chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, chemical solution, liquid epitaxy, and evaporation. Problems such as non-stoichiometry, strain, cracking, and substrate-film interaction are discussed for each material. The substrate is found to exert a strong influence on the film quality and generally a better match between film and substrate results in improved films. The magnetic characteristics of the films including the magnetization, coercive force, Faraday rotation, and ferromagnetic resonance linewidth are discussed. In terms of these properties, the films are compared with the corresponding bulk materials. The means of improving magnetic oxide films are considered, and an assessment is made of the possibility of producing thin films whose structural and magnetic properties are comparable with those of bulk material.
The effect of hypercholesterolemia on the rabbit transarterial wall oxygen gradient.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hypercholesterolemia on the transarterial wall oxygen gradient. Female New Zealand white rabbits (3–4 kg) were fed a 0.5% cholesterol supplemented diet or a 0.25% cholesterol supplemented diet and their transarterial wall oxygen gradients measured prior to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions at 4 weeks (0.5% cholesterol group) or 8 weeks (0.25% cholesterol diet) after beginning the diet. Arterial blood oxygen content and arterial blood pressure were recorded during the experiments. Control rabbits had a serum cholesterol level of 52.8 ± 6 mg/dl, rabbits fed the 0.25% cholesterol diet had serum cholesterol levels of 579.5 ± 29.2 mg/dl, and those fed the 0.5% cholesterol diet had serum cholesterol levels of 1235.4 ± 37.6 mg/dl. There was no difference in the transarterial wall oxygen gradients between any of the groups. These results were noted with no differences in arterial blood oxygen content, arterial blood pressure, or evidence of atherosclerotic lesions. Hypercholesterolemia does not alter the delivery of oxygen to the artery wall prior to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. (Ann Vasc Surg 1998;12:418–423.)
Search for the decay μ + →e + +e − +e +

A search for μ+→e++e−+e+ was conducted using counter techniques. The number of mesons stopped was 109; when multiplied by the efficiency for detecting a three-electron decay, the number became 1.7·107. Five events were seen and are probably due to the decay mode μ+→e++e−+e++ν+\(\bar \nu \). Even assuming them to be due to μ+→e++e−+e+, a new upper limit of 5·10−7 is set for the branching ratio of this mode.
The extent of axoplasmic transport during development, determined by migration of various radioactively-labelled materials.

— Several isotopic precursors have been monocularly injected into chick embryos and into day-old or 15-day-old chicks. After various intervals, the incorporation of various isotopes into acid insoluble material within the retina of the injected eye and within the optic lobes, was determined. Radioactive proline and fucose were used as precursors of protein and glycoprotein respectively while uridine was used as an RNA precursor. The proportion of rapidly migrating proteins and glycoproteins was reduced during maturation. The extent of RNA migrating also appeared to decline during development. The proportion of synthesized protein that was transported was relatively constant and independent of the amino acid used. Around 30 per cent of retinally synthesized glycoprotein migrated distally and this migrating material appeared to contain very few sialic acid residues. A considerable amount of retinally synthesized gangliosides also appeared rapidly in the distal regions of the optic nerve.
DUSTY EXPLOSIONS FROM DUSTY PROGENITORS: THE PHYSICS OF SN 2008S AND THE 2008 NGC 300-OT

SN 2008S and the 2008 NGC 300-OT were explosive transients of stars self-obscured by very dense, dusty stellar winds. An explosive transient with an unobserved shock breakout luminosity of order 10{sup 10} L{sub sun} is required to render the transients little obscured and visible in the optical at their peaks. Such a large breakout luminosity then implies that the progenitor stars were cool, red supergiants, most probably {approx}9 M{sub sun} extreme asymptotic giant branch stars. As the shocks generated by the explosions propagate outward through the dense wind, they produce a shock luminosity in soft X-rays that powers the long-lived luminosity of the transients. Unlike typical cases of transients exploding into a surrounding circumstellar medium, the progenitor winds in these systems are optically thick to soft X-rays, easily absorb radio emission, and rapidly reform dust destroyed by the peak luminosity of the transients. As a result, X-rays are absorbed by the gas and the energy is ultimately radiated by the reformed dust. Three years post-peak, both systems are still significantly more luminous than their progenitor stars, but they are again fully shrouded by the reformed dust and only visible in the mid-IR. The high luminosity and heavy obscuration may makemore » it difficult to determine the survival of the progenitor stars for {approx}10 years. However, our model indicates that SN 2008S, but not the NGC 300-OT, should now be a detectable X-ray source. SN 2008S has a higher estimated shock velocity and a lower density wind, so the X-rays begin to escape at a much earlier phase.« less
Distribution of Al, V, and Mn in lichens across Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana

The lichen Ramalina stenospora was collected from 16 location in Calcasieu Parish and from 2 locations in Cameron Parish in Southwestern Louisiana. The metals V, Mn, and Al were measured in lichen specimens collected during three seasons — fall 1983, winter and spring 1984. The metals were determined using thermal neutron activation analysis. Vanadium was found to range in concentration from 2.1 to 10 mg kg−1; and Al from 900 to 4500 mg kg−1. Metal concentration was found to decrease exponentially with distance outward from the industrial corridor. The major industries included were an Al plant, two refineries and five chemical plants mostly related to plastics production.
Adaptive SRF-PLL with reconfigurable controller for Microgrid in grid-connected and stand-alone modes

Accurate detection of grid voltage phase angle under fault and distorted voltage conditions is essential for distributed generation (DG). Failure to detect supply voltage phase angle accurately will lead to frequency fluctuation, power oscillation and harmonic currents. For Microgrid applications, the synchronization mechanism should be able to detect the frequency drift during islanding mode and provide stable frequency reference for standalone operation. To realize this goal, an adaptive synchronous reference frame phase locked loop (ASRF-PLL) with islanding detection capability is proposed. A reconfigurable inverter controller that supports both gird connected and stand-alone operation modes is also proposed. This provides stable operation under various grid conditions and maintains stable frequency reference during islanding mode. Simulation results were carried out to validate the proposed PLL to synchronies the power converter link between the Microgrid with hybrid generation and the AC Grid. The proposed PLL was implemented using the dSPACE 1103. The experimental results confirm excellent performance of the proposed technique and agree with the simulation results moreover. The proposed PLL performance was compared with the conventional SRF-PLL. The results verify the validity of the proposed PLL showing its ability to maintain stable operation under various conditions.
Whistler propagation in nonsymmetrical density channels

[1] We present results from a study of whistler propagation in plasma density channels extended along Earth's geomagnetic field and localized across it. Our study is focused on whistler guiding by channels with a nonsymmetrical density profile across the channel. Such profiles are typical for density inhomogeneities observed on/near the plasmapause formed in the Earth's magnetosphere during strong geomagnetic storms/substorms. Considering these density channels as a combination of high-density and low-density ducts, we analyze leakage of the electromagnetic energy from these ducts depending on various parameters of the system. Our results indicate that a whistler with a frequency less than half of the local electron gyrofrequency can propagate along a nonsymmetrical duct with a homogeneous central part, without any leakage, when the width of the duct is equal to an integral multiple of each of the two internal perpendicular wavelengths. We also show that a homogeneous ducting region is not necessary; a low-frequency whistler can be guided along a region of appropriate density within a monotonic density gradient. This finding makes our results particularly relevant for the interpretation of intense whistler dynamics recorded in a number of satellite observations near/on the plasmapause where strong transverse density gradients are observed.
Scientific versus Engineering Modeling

I went to my reprint pile and selected a couple of papers that typify scientific and engineering models. If any of the writers read this, please don’t take offense at my criticisms. The fact that the papers made it into my reprint pile indicates I thought they were valuable and worth retaining for future reference. I’m going to restrict myself to process-oriented models based on conservation of mass and formulated as differential equations. I won’t consider regression models, neural network models, and similar formulations. I’ll save my opinions of these for another editorial.
Surface Pinned Layer-Like Field Inhomogeneities in CdS

Abstract : In a CdS platelet a slow-moving high electric field domain which changes it width appreciably in time was observed using the Franz-Keldysh effect. Photographs and a current-versus-time curve are presented, which who that the changing high field domain is actually the projection of a narrow high field layer spread in the bulk of the crystal, whose edges move at the crystal surfaces with different velocities. (Author)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope lipids and the host immune response.

., 1999). The organism is a slow-growing bacillusthat is transmitted by the respiratory route. Although it iscapable of causing disease in most organs, pulmonaryinvolvement is most common. Soon after infection, thebacilli are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages andsurvive within early phagosomes. Innate immuneresponses directed by macrophages predominate early ininfection. Subsequent recruitment of dendritic cells leadsto cell-mediated responses involving CD4
Sleep-Related, Nyctohemeral and Briefly Episodic Variation in Human Plasma Prolactin Concentrations

A recently developed, sensitive, specific homologous radioimmunoassay for human prolactin (hPRL) made possible our study of hPRL variation in plasma across sleep-wake cycles and in daytime naps. Samples were drawn at 20-min intervals from 5 normal young adults (4 ♂, 1 ♀), studied over at least three 24-hr periods each, and in 12 daytime naps. Study periods consisted of 1–3 baseline sleep-wake cycles per subject (total 8/5 subjects), 1-2 sleep-wake cycles per subject in which the wake cycle contained a single 2-hr daytime nap period (total 8 sleep-“nap” cycles/5 subjects) and a single daytime nap added onto the end of a 24-hr sleep-wake cycle (total 4/4 subjects). Sleep was polygraphically monitored. Round the clock hPRL concentrations exhibit briefly episodic, rather aperiodic, circhoral variation that rarely approaches undetectability or reported t½ values of labeled exogenous PRL. The briefly episodic pattern does not repeat itself at 24-hr periods or in sleep each night, and is not synchronous with hGH...
Lewis Acid Promoted Titanium Alkylidene Formation: Off-Cycle Intermediates Relevant to Olefin Trimerization Catalysis

Two new precatalysts for ethylene and α-olefin trimerization, (FI)Ti(CH2SiMe3)2Me and (FI)Ti(CH2CMe3)2Me (FI = phenoxy-imine), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. (FI)Ti(CH2SiMe3)2Me can be activated with 1 equiv of B(C6F5)3 at room temperature to give the solvent-separated ion pair [(FI)Ti(CH2SiMe3)2][MeB(C6F5)3], which catalytically trimerizes ethylene or 1-pentene to produce 1-hexene or C15 olefins, respectively. The neopentyl analogue (FI)Ti(CH2CMe3)2Me is unstable toward activation with B(C6F5)3 at room temperature, giving no discernible diamagnetic titanium complexes, but at −30 °C the following can be observed by NMR spectroscopy: (i) formation of the bis-neopentyl cation [(FI)Ti(CH2CMe3)2]+, (ii) α-elimination of neopentane to give the neopentylidene complex [(FI)Ti(═CHCMe3)]+, and (iii) subsequent conversion to the imido-olefin complex [(MeOAr2N═)Ti(OArHC═CHCMe3)]+ via an intramolecular metathesis reaction with the imine fragment of the (FI) ligand. If the r...
MBD2 is a critical component of a methyl cytosine-binding protein complex isolated from primary erythroid cells

The chicken embryonic β-type globin gene, ρ, is a member of a small group of vertebrate genes whose developmentally regulated expression is mediated by DNA methylation. Previously, we have shown that a methyl cytosine-binding complex binds to the methylated ρ-globin gene in vitro. We have now chromatographically purified and characterized this complex from adult chicken primary erythroid cells. Four components of the MeCP1 transcriptional repression complex were identified: MBD2, RBAP48, HDAC2, and MTA1. These 4 proteins, as well as the zinc-finger protein p66 and the chromatin remodeling factor Mi2, were found to coelute by gel-filtration analysis and pull-down assays. We conclude that these 6 proteins are components of the MeCPC. In adult erythrocytes, significant enrichment for MBD2 is seen at the inactive ρ-globin gene by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, whereas no enrichment is observed at the active βA-globin gene, demonstrating MBD2 binds to the methylated and transcriptionally silent ρ-globin gene in vivo. Knock-down of MBD2 resulted in up-regulation of a methylated ρ-gene construct in mouse erythroleukemic (MEL)-ρ cells. These results represent the first purification of a MeCP1-like complex from a primary cell source and provide support for a role for MBD2 in developmental gene regulation.
Severe Plastic Deformation of Difficult-to-Deform Materials at Near-Ambient Temperatures

Plane-strain machining can be used to impart large plastic strains in alloys that are difficult to deform by other severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes. By cutting at low speeds, the heating caused by friction with the tool can be reduced to insignificant levels. The utility of this approach for characterizing microstructure development in SPD is demonstrated using a variety of commercial alloys that exhibit different deformation behaviors and strengthening mechanisms, including CP-titanium, aluminum alloy 6061-T6, nickel-base superalloy IN-718, and pearlitic plain-carbon steel.
Some Verbal Aspects of the 1937 Revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, Form L

(1938). Some Verbal Aspects of the 1937 Revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, Form L. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 340-342.
Correlation of the photosystem I and II reaction center chlorophyll-protein complexes, CP-a1 and CP-aII with photosystem activity and low temperature fluorescence emission properties in mutants of Scenedesmus

CORRELATION OF THE PHOTOSYSTEM-I AND PHOTOSYSTEM-II REACTION CENTER CHLOROPHYLL-PROTEIN COMPLEXES, CP-AI AND CP-AII, WITH PHOTOSYSTEM ACTIVITY AND LOW-TEMPERATURE FLUORESCENCE EMISSION PROPERTIES IN MUTANTS OF SCENEDESMUS
On the observability of nonlinear systems: I

Recently, much interest has been shown [ 1, 2, 31 in the problem of estimating the states and parameters of a nonlinear dynamic system from a knowledge of its input and observed output on a time interval [to , tr]. The nature of this problem motivates the study of observability of such systems. The observability problem is concerned with determining conditions under which a knowledge of the input-output data uniquely determines the state of the system. For linear dynamic systems, the observability conditions are well known [4]. For nonlinear systems, local observability conditions are reported in [5]. It was Kostyukovskii [6, 71 who first reported general observability conditions for nonlinear systems. The present paper derives its inspiration from the work of Kostyukovskii and obtains results different from those of Kostyukovskii. The results of the present paper cover much more ground than those of [6, 71 and only part I is reported. Part II will be published shortly. The paper is organized as follows. Definitions and the problem statement are discussed in Section II. Sections III, IV and V contain results on functional dependence and related topics. Necessary conditions and a sufficient condition are stated in Sections VI and VII. Several illustrative examples are included in Section VIII and the conclusions are in Section IX.
Dissolution of native sulfur by the acid bomb digestion technique for the determination of trace elements and total sulfur

Abstract A new procedure utilizing an acid-digestion bomb dissolution technique for the determination of total sulfur and volatile trace elements in natural, crystalline sulfur is described. A set of time-temperature curves are presented from which suitable conditions for sample dissolution, within the physical limits of Parr® 4749 bombs, may be selected. The curves describe percent sulfur dissolution over the temperature range 100–175°C for up to 4 hr. The curves are dependent on furnace/oven type. It is calculated that a minimum of 3 ml conc. HNO3 acid is required for dissolution of 100 mg S. Total sulfur is measured in the bomb solutions employing a slight modification of the classical gravimetric BaSO4 precipitation method. At the Geochemical Laboratory of Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, 100 mg S samples are digested routinely with 3 ml HNO3 at 150°C for 90 min. in a Lindberg® Hevi-Duty type 51232 furnace.
Use of multiple detectors and stepwise elution in ion chromatography without suppressor columns

Refractive index, spectrophotometric and conductivity detectors were coupled in tandem to an ion chromatography system without suppressor column. Quantitative sensitivity increased in the order given. The refractive index and conductivity detection limits are limited by background noise; the spectrophotometric detection limit is limited by the ability to compensate for the high eluent background absorbance. Peak distortion at high analyte concentration limits peak height linearity to about 2.5 order of magnitude. Peak areas vary linearly with concentration over the 4-decade concentration range studied. Step-changes in eluent flow rate, pH, and total salt content were examined in order to minimize the separation time for a sample containing Cl−, NO −3, Br−, SO2−4 and S2O2−3. The flow change decreased separtion time by 30%, but concentration chanes were not of practical use. In the absence of column/eluent interactions, pH changes significantly reduced separation time.
Increasing the resistance of oxygen converter linings

We developed a. differentiated construction for converter linings using tarred dolomite and periclase — spinel refractories in sites most prone to erosion: the throat, the neck, and the upper cylindrical parts on the pivot sides. Taking into account the topography of the wear we selected a rational profile for the working layer of the lining with which we obtained a higher and more uniform resistance. We developed and introduced a production technology for tarred dolomite refractories by pressingbodies cooled to 35–45°C, using tar with an increased coke residue and a viscosity of C10 40=40-50 sec as the bond. We also improved the order of feeding in the batch materials, introduced slag and blow cycles for converter melting, ensuring rapid finishing of the high-basic slag in the blow process, reducing the melting time and the number of heats produced with the blow, etc. As a result of improving the quality of the tarred dolomite refractories, the introduction of the differentiated (with respect to thickness and types of refractories used) constructions for the linings, the use of rational firing cycles for the linings, improvements and stabilization in the quality of the batch materials, and improvements in the converter melting technology, the average life of the converter linings increased to 612 heats and the total consumption of refractories dropped to 2.95 kg/ton of steel; the maximum resistance reached 646 heats. The increase in the life of the linings ensured regular operation of the converter shop and provided a substantial increase in steel output.
An Analysis of Air Masses Associated with Federal Ozone Exceedances Across St. Louis, Missouri: 2001–2010

The St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan region has a history of poor air quality. Although some studies have examined the surface and atmospheric conditions associated with federal ozone exceedances across St. Louis, little research has been done on the air mass types associated with ozone exceedances in this region. The research is a first step in that direction. Days with ozone exceedances from 2001 to 2010 were classified according to the accompanying air mass type that dominated the region on each of those days. This study found that over 70 percent of ozone exceedances occurred on days with maritime tropical air masses, and over 20 percent occurred on days with dry tropical masses. Exceedances also occurred with dry moderate air masses in the region. It is hoped that recognizing air masses associated with ozone exceedances will allow us to better alert the residents of these dangerous events.
Climate change and optimal energy technology R&D policy

Public policy response to global climate change presents a classic problem of decision making under uncertainty. Theoretical work has shown that explicitly accounting for uncertainty and learning in climate change can have a large impact on optimal policy, especially technology policy. However, theory also shows that the specific impacts of uncertainty are ambiguous. In this paper, we provide a framework that combines economics and decision analysis to implement probabilistic data on energy technology research and development (R&D) policy in response to global climate change. We find that, given a budget constraint, the composition of the optimal R&D portfolio is highly diversified and robust to risk in climate damages. The overall optimal investment into technical change, however, does depend (in a non-monotonic way) on the risk in climate damages. Finally, we show that in order to properly value R&D, abatement must be included as a recourse decision.
Deaths and cardiovascular events in men receiving testosterone.

As clinicians and researchers in the testosterone field, we found surprising the results reported by Dr Vigen and colleagues1 of increased deaths and cardiovascular events in male veterans receiving testosterone following coronary angiography because these results contradict a literature spanning more than 20 years.2 Should testosterone therapy be considered unsafe based on this study? We do not believe so.
Duration of Immunity to Norovirus Gastroenteritis

The duration of immunity to norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis has been believed to be from 6 months to 2 years. However, several observations are inconsistent with this short period. To gain better estimates of the duration of immunity to NoV, we developed a mathematical model of community NoV transmission. The model was parameterized from the literature and also fit to age-specific incidence data from England and Wales by using maximum likelihood. We developed several scenarios to determine the effect of unknowns regarding transmission and immunity on estimates of the duration of immunity. In the various models, duration of immunity to NoV gastroenteritis was estimated at 4.1 (95% CI 3.2-5.1) to 8.7 (95% CI 6.8-11.3) years. Moreover, we calculated that children (<5 years) are much more infectious than older children and adults. If a vaccine can achieve protection for duration of natural immunity indicated by our results, its potential health and economic benefits could be substantial.
Effects of climate variability on lake evaporation: Results from a long-term energy budget study of Sparkling Lake, northern Wisconsin (USA)

Abstract Variations in lake evaporation have a significant impact on the energy and water budgets of lakes. Understanding these variations and the role of climate is important for water resource management as well as predicting future changes in lake hydrology as a result of climate change. This study presents a comprehensive, 10-year analysis of seasonal, intraseasonal, and interannual variations in lake evaporation for Sparkling Lake in northern Wisconsin (USA). Meteorological and lake temperature measurements are made at a raft on the lake and are supplemented by radiation measurements from a nearby airport. The data are analyzed over 14-day periods from 1989 to 1998 (during the ice-free season) to provide bi-weekly energy budget estimates of evaporation rate (along with uncertainty estimates). The mean evaporation rate for Sparkling Lake over the study period is 3.1 mm day−1, with a coefficient of variation of 25%. Considerable variability in evaporation rates is found on a wide range of timescales, with seasonal changes having the highest coefficient of variation (18%), followed by the intraseasonal (15%) and interannual timescales (12%; for summer means). Intraseasonal changes in evaporation are primarily associated with synoptic weather variations, with high evaporation events tending to occur during incursions of cold, dry air (due, in part, to the thermal lag between air and lake temperatures). Seasonal variations in evaporation are largely driven by temperature and net radiation, but are out-of-phase with changes in wind speed. This presents challenges when calculating evaporation rates by means of the simpler mass-transfer technique. On interannual timescales, changes in summer evaporation rates are strongly associated with changes in net radiation and show only moderate connections to variations in temperature or humidity. Nonetheless, we are able to identify a simple, empirical relationship for estimating interannual evaporation rates that is more accurate than the mass transfer technique.
Homosexual samples: Differences and similarities∗

(1970). Homosexual samples: Differences and similarities. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 312-325.
Measurement of Dicumarol-Sensitive NADPH:(Menadione–Cytochrome c) Oxidoreductase Activity Results in an Artifactual Assay of DT-Diaphorase in Cell Sonicates☆

Abstract Purified DT-diaphorase can be assayed as either dicumarol-inhibitable NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase or dicumarol-inhibitable NAD(P)H:dichlorophenolindophenol reductase. Both of these methods have been utilitzed to assay DT-diaphorase activity in tissue and cell homogenates. When DT-diaphorase activity was measured as dicumarol-inhibitable NADPH:dichlorophenolindophenol reductase in sonicates of two cell lines previously shown to not have any measurable activity of this enzyme, no enzymatic activity was detected. However, when the water-soluble bisulfite addition product of menadione was used as the electron acceptor, an artifactual activity for DT-diaphorase was detected in these cell lines. When another cell line was assayed utilizing menadione bisulfite, an apparent activity of about three times that found with dichlorophenolindophenol was measured, and thus, may overestimate DT-diaphorase activity in cells having activity. When menadione was used in place of menadione bisulfite, an artifactual DT-diaphorase activity was also detected, but was about one-half that obtained with menadione bisulfite. Polarographic determinations of the midpoint potentials for menadione and menadione bisulfite indicated that the latter compound was easier to reduce and may account for the greater apparent DT-diaphorase activity measured with this compound.
Microbiology and management of joint and bone infections due to anaerobic bacteria

Purpose To describes the microbiology, diagnosis, and management of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis due to anaerobic bacteria.
Simple adaptive algorithms for Cholesky, LDL/sup T/, QR, and eigenvalue decompositions of autocorrelation matrices for sensor array data

This paper introduces simple adaptive algorithms for tracking the Cholesky, LDL/sup T/, QR, and eigenvalue decompositions of autocorrelation matrices for sensor array data. The proposed algorithms employ multiplicative updates without costly divides, square roots, or cos/sin operations. Analyses of the algorithms using the ordinary differential equation (ODE) method verify that they converge to their respective solutions. Simulations indicate that all of the algorithms perform their respective tasks and that the adaptive Cholesky and LDL/sup T/ algorithms are particularly competitive.
Distribution of phosphorus in sediments from Tomales Bay, California

Abstract The distribution of phosphorus among six sequentially extracted fractions was determined in suspended load and bottom sediments from Lagunitas Creek and Tomales Bay, California. The sequential extraction scheme was a modification of the sedex scheme of Ruttenberg (1992), using the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to extract organic phosphorus. SDS effectively removed organic phosphorus from sediments with little interference from inorganic phosphorus containing phases. The distribution of phosphorus in the sequentially extracted fractions was similar in suspended load and bottom sediments collected from Lagunitas Creek and the bay. The concentration of phosphorus in CDB-extractable iron oxide phases was below detection in all samples. Most of the phosphorus (70–80%) contained in these sediments was found in the organic and residual phases. Porewaters from sediment cores were analyzed for dissolved inorganic carbon, ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, iron, calcium and fluoride. Within bay sediments, porewaters were depleted in phosphate relative to dissolved inorganic carbon and ammonium, suggesting that phosphate released from organic matter decomposition is being removed from the porewaters. Sequential extraction results suggest that approximately 15% of the phosphate released from organic matter decomposition could be removed from the porewaters by adsorption into the exchangeable phosphorus fraction and an additional 3% may be precipitated as authigenic phosphate minerals. The remaining phosphate (82%) released from organic matter decomposition must be either taken up within the sediment mixed layer (0–40 cm) or escapes to the overlying water column.
Linear stability of the H+ ‐ O+ two‐stream interaction in a magnetized plasma

The Bergman and Lotko (1986) analysis of the linear stability of the H(+) - O(+) two-stream interactions for parallel propagating wave modes is extended to an analysis of the stability of wave modes that propagate at an angle to the terrestrial magnetic field. The analaysis provides an insight into the manner in which the oblique modes linearly couple and become unstable; the conditions under which the particular couplings are important; the qualitative behavior of the frequency, wave vector, and growth rate of the most unstable mode; and the changes to these introduced by finite ion temperatures. Consideration is also given to the relative importance of obliquely propagating and parallel propagating waves for the condition when the velocity difference between two ion beams is below the upper limit.
Through-thickness determination of phase composition and residual stresses in thermal barrier coatings using high-energy X-rays

High-energy X-rays were used to determine the local phase composition and residual stresses through the thickness of as-sprayed and heat-treated plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings consisting of a NiCoCrAlY bond coat and an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) topcoat produced with through-thickness segmentation cracks. The as-sprayed residual stresses reflected the combined influence of quenching stresses from the plasma spray process, thermal expansion mismatch between the topcoat, bond coat and substrate, and stress relief from the segmentation cracks. Heat treatments led to the formation of a thermally grown oxide (TGO) which was in compression in the plane, as well as relief of quenching stresses and development of a stress gradient in the YSZ topcoat. The high-energy X-ray technique used in this study revealed the effects that TGO and segmentation cracks have on the in-plane stress state of the entire coating.