cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology and Media Use in Preschool Classrooms: Prevalence, Purposes, and Contexts

Although the amount of time that preschoolers spend with screen media at home is continuing to increase, less is known about the types of media experiences children are having in preschool settings. Furthermore, little research has investigated the purposes for which preschool teachers use technology and media in the classroom and the contexts in which such use occurs. The current study addresses that gap by providing a nuanced picture of technology and media use in preschool classrooms. Lead teachers were recruited via email lists of educators who participated in previous studies or expressed interest in receiving communication from our research group. Participants (N = 312, 98.6% female; Mage = 43.9 years) all taught preschool-age children. Participants were first asked to check which of four devices they used with children in their classroom (tablet, smartphone, computer, television). If participants responded that they used each device, they were asked how often. Survey items also assessed (1) Purposes: how often teachers used each device for instructional purposes (e.g., teaching new material, practicing material) and non-instructional purposes (e.g., entertainment, as a reward), and (2) Context: how often teachers used devices for both teacher-supported and non-teacher-supported activities. Results indicated that tablet and computer use were most common, whereas smartphone and television use were less prevalent. Teachers reported most frequently using tablets, computers, and smartphones for instructional purposes. Television was most frequently used for entertainment. Tablets and smartphones were most frequently used in teacher-supported individual contexts, whereas computers were most frequently used in teacher-supported whole group contexts. Latent class analysis showed five classes of classroom technology and media use: tablet and computer users, tablet only users, low technology users, computer for teacher-supported instruction users, and television only users. Finally, we determined that these classes were predicted by program funding (publicly- or privately-funded), teacher experience, and teacher education.
Perceived safety and preparedness for active shooter incidents among undergraduate students

Abstract Background Active shooter (AS) situations on school campuses have been a serious threat. Students play a significant role in the effectiveness of safety procedures in these situations. Evaluating student perceptions of preparedness and safety is important as schools implement AS preparedness policies. Methods This study was conducted at a private university in the United States of America (US). A total of 421 undergraduate students participated in a survey that asked about their perceptions of preparedness and safety at their University. The survey was sent to the students via email. Inferential statistics were utilized for data analyses. Results Over half of the students were aware of the locations of the AS guidelines, but a limited number of students were aware of the University resources. The more confident they felt to respond to AS events, the more susceptible they felt to AS events. The more they felt that the University was prepared and safe, the less they felt susceptible. The more they were confident in responding to AS events, the safer they felt. In addition, students' perception of safety depended on their perception of the University's preparedness, especially among those who felt that the University was susceptible. Conclusions The results indicated that students who were more involved in emergency preparedness activities had both a higher awareness of susceptibility and higher perceptions of preparedness and safety. Providing appropriate emergency preparedness programs may help students familiarize themselves with the resources and enhance their preparedness.
A comfort analysis of using smart glasses during "picking" and "putting" tasks

Abstract Logistics and operations managers are always evaluating ways to improve their order picking operations. While there are numerous picking studies, currently there is a void in research focused on improving productivity and efficiency for putting-type warehousing tasks such as receiving, storing, and shipping. Studies have shown that the logistics industry demonstrates significant improvement when using head mounted display solutions for order picking tasks. However, little research has been completed on the comfort of head mounted displays such as smart glasses and how to alter them to increase their product lifecycle. Altered Vuxiz® glasses are used in this work to study comfort, preference, and performance while executing common logistical order picking and shipment putting tasks. The impact of design type (weighted front, side, or back) was investigated using comfort rating scales. Device preference surveys, the participants adjustments made to the glasses and task performance were also captured. There was no significant difference in device preference regardless of task type. Despite the side weighted arrangement being the most comfortable, the participants still were uncomfortable. For companies considering investing in smart glasses, other alternatives should be considered to extend the lifecycle of head mounted display devices.
A community effort to bring structure to disorder.

With protein structure prediction recently getting a seismic boost in accuracy, hopes are also up to better predict unstructured protein regions that can adopt diverse conformations. CAID, a community effort to revive systematic benchmarking, should help.
Longitudinal Measurement Invariance of the Authoritative School Climate Survey

This study evaluated the longitudinal psychometric properties of the Authoritative School Climate Survey (ASCS) using a statewide sample of middle and high schools across 8 years. Multilevel confir...
הקניין החדש וסדרי הכוחות הישנים The New Property and the Old Status Quo

תקציר בעברית: חלק גדול מרווחתו ועצמאותו של הפרט בימינו נובע מזכאותו לטובות הנאה שונות שמקורן ברשויות השלטון, כגון רישיונות, זיכיונות וקצבאות. בית המשפט העליון הביע נכונות עקרונית להכיר בטובות הנאה שלטוניות אלו כקניינו של הפרט, כשהמשמעות היא שאותו "קניין חדש" יהיה ראוי להגנה חוקתית: רשויות השלטון לא תוכלנה לשנות ולשלול את ההענקות כרצונן אלא תהיינה מחויבות לעמוד בתנאי פסקת ההגבלה. ה"קניין החדש" נהגה, אם כן, כמוסד המיועד להגן על הפרט מפני שרירותיות שלטונית. אלא שבפועל, הדוקטרינה המתפתחת בישראל הפכה אותו למוסד הנוטה להגן על קבוצות לחץ מאורגנות ולהרתיע רגולטורים מפני פגיעה בפריווילגיות של קבוצות לחץ אלו. מאמר זה מנתח את התפתחותו ואת רציותו של מוסד הקניין החדש בישראל, ומציע דרכים לכייל מחדש את הדוקטרינה כך שתמלא את מטרותיה המקוריות ולא תהפוך לחסם לרפורמות רגולטוריות אשר נועדו לקדם את האינטרס הציבורי
Dynamic Consumer Demand

In this chapter, alternative dynamic models of consumer behavior are presented and evaluated. I first review historical models, including the partial adjustment model and state adjustment model, which are mainly empirical in nature. Next, models based on the theory of the consumer are presented. These modeling approaches are both myopic models (i.e., models that ignore consumer’s choices on future marginal utility), and fully intertemporal models. The intertemporal models discussed include both single-equation models and multivariate models. The rational addiction model is an important single-equation model. Multivariate generalizations of intertemporal models include the Multivariate Rational Addiction model (MRA), the SNAP model, and Habits-as-Durables model. To show how to empirically implement the system of dynamic consumer demand functions approach, I present a data set for alcoholic beverages and estimate demand parameters for the MRA model. Results indicate close conformity with theory.
Institutional Change in the West

This chapter advances beyond overviews of Western and Chinese institutions and theoretical explanations of problems to present actual examples of institutional degeneration in the West. All of these examples highlight China’s growing influence through trade and economic ties. Most of these examples reflect the stark differences between Western and Chinese institutions and government structures and the nonexcludability of Western institutional surplus. China’s ability to entice foreign acquiescence is clearly demonstrated by these examples, which show detrimental political influence crosses borders along with the gains from trade. Many examples are from the United States, but other Western countries have not been spared.
What is the Influence of a Compulsory Attendance Policy on Absenteeism and Performance

The authors utilized a quasiexperimental design across sections of managerial communication and management information systems classes (N D 212) to test the impact of compulsory attendance policies on student absenteeism and performance. Students in the compulsory attendance policy condition received an attendance policy that punished excessive absenteeism. Students in the other condition received a policy that told students they were expected to attend but offered neither reward nor punishment. Results suggest that the compulsory policy reduced absenteeism. The policy’s effect on performance depended on the student’s level of prior academic achievement. The authors discuss the findings.
Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis of peptide assemblies generates multimolecular crowding in cells for biomedical applications

Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis enables the spatiotemporal control of multimolecular crowding in cells, thus offering a unique opportunity for modulating cellular functions. This article introduces some representative enzymes and molecular building blocks for generating peptide assemblies as multimolecular crowding in cells, highlights the relevant biomedical applications, such as anticancer therapy, molecular imaging, trafficking proteins, genetic engineering, artificial intracellular filaments, cell morphogenesis, and antibacterial, and briefly discusses the promises of ENS as a multistep molecular process in biology and medicine.
Effects of Age, Disease, and Drugs on Bone Density

When the clinician must quantify the effects of a disease process on the skeleton, the sites affected by that disease process must be known in order to choose the appropriate skeletal region to measure. Similarly, if the effect of a disease process on the skeleton is to be followed over time with densitometry, the expected magnitude of the change must be known in order to choose the appropriate interval between measurements.* The sites expected to be affected by certain drugs and the magnitude of changes with time must also be appreciated for similar reasons. All of this must be appreciated against the background of the expected age-related changes in bone density. Brief summaries of the effects of age, disease, and drugs on the skeleton follow. The reader is referred to the cited references for more detailed descriptions of the actual studies.
The Genome of Enterococcus faecalis V583: a Tool for Discovery

The strain chosen for genome DNA sequencing was Enterococcus faecalis V583, the first vancomycin-resistant clinical isolate in the United States. The genome of strain V583 was sequenced by The Institute for Genome Research (TIGR) using the random sequencing method. The predicted open reading frames (ORFs) are organized by functional category in the online annotation database and are summarized in a table. The strain V583 contains four DNA molecules: the main 3,218,030-bp bacterial chromosome and three circular plasmids. The three plasmids are circular DNA molecules identified as Plasmid-1, Plasmid-2, and Plasmid-3, containing 66,320, 17,963, and 57,660 bp, respectively. TTGR has assembled a number of tools for the analysis of the E. faecalis genome and its comparison to other bacterial genomes through the Comprehensive Microbial Resource (CMR). A particularly useful tool is the CMR Gene Attribute Download resource, which allows a user to configure and download a database from the TTGR annotation based on all or part of the assigned role categories. The information contained within the genome of E. faecalis V583 greatly aids one's understanding of how this organism has adapted to be a versatile, opportunistic human pathogen. Comparative genomics and functional genome analysis will begin to unravel the role that regulatory elements play in physiologic responses to environmental stress and in the expression of potential virulence factors.
Mechanisms of neuregulin action.

Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) and ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase signalling is essential for the formation and proper functioning of multiple organ systems and inappropriate Nrg1/ErbB signalling severely compromises health, contributing to such diverse pathol- ogies as cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders. Numerous genetic modelling studies in mice demonstrate that Nrg1 signalling is important in the development of normal neu- ronal connectivity. Recent studies have identifi ed novel signalling mechanisms and revealed unexpected roles of Nrg1 isoforms in both the developing and adult nervous system. Of particular interest to this discussion are fi ndings linking defi cits in Nrg1— ErbB4 signalling to perturbations of synaptic transmission, myelination, and the sur- vival of particular sets of neurons and glia. 2007 Growth factors and psychiatric disorders. Wiley, Chichester (Novartis Foundation Symposium 289) p 74-86 Genetic association of neuregulin 1 and schizophrenia The Nrg1 gene is a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. This was initially reported by Decode in 2002 in a study in which a seven-marker haplotype (fi ve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two microsatellites) at the extreme 5' end was identifi ed as signifi cantly associated with disease diagnosis in an Icelandic population (Stefansson et al 2002). The association of these, and/or additional sequence polymorphisms in the Nrg1 gene with disease has been reproduced in numerous studies in multiple populations. A recent count of the literature indicates that there have been at least 30 studies of which about two or three show associa- tion between Nrg1 and schizophrenia and the rest do not. Both positive and nega- tive fi ndings have been reported in case-control and family based studies and in numerous geographically distinct populations (for recent update, see: http://www. schizophreniaforum.org/res/scz gene/geneoverview.asp?geneid=311). Several recent studies have extended the Nrg1 connection beyond schizophrenia raising the possibility that dysregulation of Nrg1-ErbB signalling contributes to other disorders such as 1
Wind and Temperature Database for Flight Planning

This paper discusses the importance of enroute wind conditions and the need for a wind measurement system which provides accurate and timely observations of wind and temperature conditions aloft. Recent advances in remote measurement of winds, temperature, and humidity such as the stratospheric-tropospheric radars and profilers developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Environmental Research Lab form the basis of such a system. A domestic system could and should be established using these devices together with a near real time winds aloft data dissemination network. 17 refs.
Optical multiple beam-forming systems for wireless communication antennas

Several new systems and concepts using optical technology are introduced for the wireless communication antenna. These include antenna-design limitations on frequency reuse in cellular architectures, optical beamforming, adaptive filtering, and direction finding, optical receive- mode IF combining, use of ultra-short optical time delay methods for millimeter wave antenna arrays, and the use of space-time coding of electro-optically steered lasers for multiple access communications.
Twist and Fluoresce

Catalytic antibodies, or artificial enzymes, act as catalysts by lowering the energy of the transition state of a reaction. In his Perspective, Brauman highlights the study by Simeonov et al., who have applied similar principles to photochemical processes and shown that intense fluorescence can be achieved. The approach provides a way of measuring internal molecular motion within the antibody on a very fast time scale. Fluorescent antibodies may find applications in immunochemistry, histological assays, and genomic studies.
Geothermal point sources identified in a fumarolic ice cave on Erebus volcano, Antarctica using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing

[1] Degassing of CO2 on the flanks of the active Erebus volcano is thought to occur mainly through fumarolic ice caves (FIC) and associated fumarolic ice towers. There is also minor CO2 degassing from isolated areas of warm ground. The mechanism supplying heat and CO2 gas into the FIC is poorly understood. To investigate this system, a fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) system was deployed in a FIC to obtain temperature measurements every meter. The DTS data reveal that localized gas vents (GV) supply heat to the FIC air mass and are an important component of the FIC microclimate. FIC temperature is anti-correlated with local atmospheric pressure, indicating barometric pumping of the GV. These results enable the use of FIC temperature as a proxy for flank degassing rate on Erebus, and represent the first application of DTS for monitoring an active volcano.
Toward a Complementary Neuroscience: Metastable Coordination Dynamics of the Brain

Metastability has been proposed as a new principle of behavioral and brain function and may point the way to a truly complementary neuroscience. From elementary coordination dynamics we show explicitly that metastability is a result of a symmetry-breaking caused by the subtle interplay of two forces: the tendency of the components to couple together and the tendency of the components to express their intrinsic independent behavior. The metastable regime reconciles the well-known tendencies of specialized brain regions to express their autonomy (segregation) and the tendencies for those regions to work together as a synergy (integration). Integration ~ segregation is just one of the complementary pairs (denoted by the tilde [~] symbol) to emerge from the science of coordination dynamics. We discuss metastability in the brain by describing the favorable conditions existing for its emergence and by deriving some predictions for its empirical characterization in neurophysiological recordings.
Pose estimation for planar contact manipulation with manifold particle filters

We investigate the problem of using contact sensors to estimate the pose of an object during planar pushing by a fixed-shape hand. Contact sensors are unique because they inherently discriminate between ?contact? and ?no-contact? configurations. As a result, the set of object configurations that activates a sensor constitutes a lower-dimensional contact manifold in the configuration space of the object. This causes conventional state estimation methods, such as the particle filter, to perform poorly during periods of contact due to particle starvation. In this paper, we introduce the manifold particle filter as a principled way of solving the state estimation problem when the state moves between multiple manifolds of different dimensionality. The manifold particle filter avoids particle starvation during contact by adaptively sampling particles that reside on the contact manifold from the dual proposal distribution. We describe three techniques, one analytical and two sample-based, of sampling from the dual proposal distribution and compare their relative strengths and weaknesses. We present simulation results that show that all three techniques outperform the conventional particle filter in both speed and accuracy. In addition, we implement the manifold particle filter on a real robot and show that it successfully tracks the pose of a pushed object using commercially available tactile sensors.
Design and Implementation of a Path Finding Autonomous Robot System Using Multiple Sensors

Developing autonomous mobile robot system has been a hot topic in AI area. With recent advances in technology, autonomous robots are attracting more and more attention worldwide, and there are a lot of ongoing research and development activities in both industry and academia. In complex ground environment, obstacles positions are uncertain. Path finding for robots in such environment is very hot issues currently. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a multi-sensor based path finding autonomous exploration robot system, 2RE, with the VEX robotics design system. With the goals of path finding in complex ground environment with different obstacles, a novel path finding method integrating line tracking and obstacle avoidance algorithms is proposed and implemented. Experimental results indicate that our robot system with our path finding algorithm can effectively solve path finding problem in complex ground environment and avoid collision with the obstacles
Characteristics of Cooling of the Leading Edge With a Row of Dual Impinging Jets

The leading edge of turbine blades is one of the critical areas that need to be cooled effectively because of the high local heat transfer rate of the main flow. Film cooling with different shaped holes as well as internal cooling by impinging jets has successfully been applied in modern gas turbine applications. This paper numerically studies the cooling of the leading edge with a row of dual impinging jets — two jets close to each other. Heat transfer of the dual jets is compared to that of a single jet (in a row) based on the same flow rate or jet velocity. The effect of the distance between the dual jets and the jet inclination angle is examined to seek the best geometric parameters. In addition, the curvature of the leading edge surface is considered to examine the heat transfer difference between curved and flat walls. Various jet-to-target spacing and Reynolds numbers are also studied. Results show that the dual impinging jets generally produce two high heat transfer regions in the stagnation point, and the peak value is slightly higher than the single row of jets with the same Reynolds number. When the distance between two jets is 3d, the jet flow after bouncing back from the symmetry line affects the heat transfer as a crossflow. The target surface curvature has little effect on the overall heat transfer, but the peak heat transfer coefficient is lower on the curved surface than that on the flat surface. The dual impinging jets present a higher average heat transfer around the stagnation region.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Cointegration Test of a Long-Run Relation Between the Real Effective Exchange Rate and the Trade Balance

This paper uses newly developed cointegration methodologies to examine the long run relation between the real effective exchange rate and the trade balance in nine Asian economies over the present flexible exchange rate period, 1973Q1 through 1991Q1. The results indicate that there exists a positive and significant long-run “ statistical equilibrium” between the trade balance and the real effective exchange rate in Asia. The approach adopted in this study is found to be an acceptable substitute for testing the Marshall-Lerner condition of stability. [F31, F14]
Transferring software engineering research into industry: the Stevens way

The Stevens Institute School of Systems and Enterprises (SSE) was founded on the principle of the Open Academic Model -- which has the fundamental intent of enabling rich collaboration among Academia, Industry and Government. This paper describes different methods used by the Software Engineering (SwE) Program to enable this collaboration and gives examples of the results obtained. The collaboration primarily takes the form of SwE knowledge transfer and deployment into industry and government through graduate education and sponsored research. This paper is a case study of the experiences in one small SwE Masters' program in the methods used to transfer research knowledge into industry, and in some cases, create new SwE knowledge. Examples of student papers and sponsored research topics are used as evidence.
Communicating with patients: skills assessment in US colleges of pharmacy.

Objective. To describe current practices in assessing patient communication skills in US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Methods. Syllabi and behavioral assessment forms were solicited and key faculty members were interviewed. Forms were analyzed to determine skills most commonly assessed in communication with simulated or role-playing patients. Results. Fifty schools submitted behavioral assessment forms for patient communication skills. Individuals from 47 schools were interviewed. Colleges were found to vary in the way communication skills were assessed. Assessment forms focused more on dispensing a new prescription than monitoring ongoing therapy. Providing information was emphasized more than promoting adherence. Common faculty concerns were lack of continuity and congruence of assessment across the curriculum. Conclusions. A common understanding of the standards and procedures for determining competence is needed. Experience and assessment activities should be sequenced throughout a program to bui...
A new fluorescence assay of trimethoprin and metabolites using quantitative thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A new assay procedure using quantitative thin-layer chromatography has been developed for trimethoprim and its four major free and conjugated metabolitres. The method is based upon the measurement of the fluorescence which develops for these compounds on non-fluorescing silica gel plates. Quantities as low as 0.03 μg can be determined. Previously reported assay procedures for trimethoprim have not been generally applicable for the assay of the metabolites. Accuracy and reproducibility data are reported for the determination of trimethoprim in urine, plasma and various tissues, and for the metabolites from urine.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Sigma‐Bond Electronic Transitions in Alkanes

Sigma‐bond electronic transitions in alkanes have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Vacuum ultraviolet spectra of a large number of alkanes have been recorded in the range 50 to 94 kK and absorption intensities as well as frequencies have been determined. The implications of vapor‐phase conformational isomerism are discussed. A qualitative interpretation of the observed spectra has been developed using independent‐systems theory in connection with a simple model in which excitations in only C–C bonds are considered. A reasonably good topological matching between theory and experiment is achieved. A quantitative theory in which C–H bond excitations are included has also been developed. With this theory parameters are derived from the spectra of methane and ethane which prove sufficient to describe the higher alkanes without recourse to ``fitting.'' The theoretical procedures used are outlined in the text and described in greater detail in an Appendix.
Mode choice, transport structure and urban land use

Abstract A theoretical model of the urban land market is solved to examine the impact of bimodal passenger transportation on equilibrium residential land use. In this model travel to the central business district occurs on a dense system of radial roads or bus routes and a competing system or radial expressways or mass transit lines fed by a subsidiary system of densely spread access streets. Under rational behavior assumptions for households, it is shown that various basic urban forms can result depending on the relative generalized cost characteristics of the competing dense and sparse radial networks. The basic urban forms yield fundamental shapes, differing as to the relative geometry and position of the market areas for the two modes. The standard Alonso-Muth model of unimodal travel and circular urban form is found to result as a special case in several of these cases. American urbanized areas of various sizes and modal mix provide plausible examples for each of the basic forms. The paper concludes with a discussion of the model's implications as a framework for examining optimum urban transport structure and the proliferation of transport routes as a function of urban size.
Some epidemiological and familial aspects of coronary heart disease: Report of a pilot study

Abstract Certain selected characteristics of a group of coronary heart disease deaths, 45 years of age and under, occurring in Baltimore during 1954–1957 were compared with those of a group of deaths from other causes, occurring in the same period and matched by race, sex and age group. The following statistically significant differences in these groups were found: 1. 1. A larger proportion of coronary deaths were married than the controls; also, the coronary deaths had been married more frequently and their wives were on the whole older than those of the control deaths. 2. 2. Analysis of their lifetime residential history indicated that a larger proportion of the coronary deaths than of the controls had moved to Baltimore after 16 years of age. 3. 3. The wives of the coronary deaths had higher mean serum cholesterol levels than did those of the control deaths. Similarly, the male offspring of the coronary deaths had higher levels than did those of the control deaths. The coronary and control deaths were not found to differ with respect to relative socio-economic status, educational level, occupation, nativity and parents' origin, smoking habits and major religious affiliation. The implications of these findings from an etiologic viewpoint were briefly discussed.
Dilemma for social evolution: The impact of Darwin

For 100 years prior to the publication of The Descent of Man social evolution was accepted as a legitimate, much-discussed field of enquiry. Darwin's revolutionary approach at first seemed to reinforce its formulations. This paper reviews in detail the intellectual discussions of the decade immediately preceding the appearance of Darwin's book, and those occurring in the years which followed, to illustrate how in fact social evolutionary theory was diverted and ultimately checked by Darwin's notions. Darwin's theories stimulated much new research in the life sciences. This paper undertakes to demonstrate that they had the opposite effect on social evolutionary theorizing and led to curtailment of social evolutionary investigation. Darwinism not only led to doctrines of racial and sexual superiority, but introduced into social theorizing an anomalous philosophic base, which denied or diminished the utility of cultural analyses of social events.
Hepatic gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial function during hibernation.

Abstract 1. 1. The aim of these studies was to investigate a mitochondrial basis for changes in gluconeogenesis during hibernation. 2. 2. State 3 respiration rates in liver mitochondria from hibernating ground squirrels were reduced by 62–66%. The limiting reaction appeared to be electron transport, particularly in respiratory complex III 3. 3. The mitochondrial ATP + ADP + AMP content was reduced by 29% during hibernation; cellular adenine nucleotide content was unchanged. 4. 4. Pyruvate carboxylation in intact mitochondria was decreased 75% during hibernation, although total pyruvate carboxylase activity was not lower. 5. 5. Rates of gluconeogenesis in intact hepatocytes isolated from hibernators were lower than in cells from non-hibernators.
Factors modifying plasma insulin and glucose responses to ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation

Abstract Experiments were performed to evaluate the role of the pituitary, adrenal medulla, and sympathetic nervous system in the plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon responses to brief electric stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) of rats. Hypophysectomy resulted in decreased base-line insulin and glucose levels. The hyperglycemic response to VMN stimulation was only slightly impaired by hypophysectomy, while the insulin rebound following the end of stimulation was completely blocked. Starvation also partially inhibited the hyperglycemic response and blocked the insulin rebound. Following adrenal autotransplantation, the hyperglycemic response was preserved but of shortened duration, while the suppression of insulin secretion seen in normal animals was eliminated. Neither centrally administered 6-hydroxydopamine nor propranolol altered the glucose or insulin responses to VMN stimulation. Injection of phentolamine increased both prestimulatory insulin levels and the poststimulatory rebound but failed to block the inhibition of insulin secretion during stimulation. In animals stimulated for longer periods of time, the continuous suppression of insulin secretion was relieved by an infusion of phentolamine, and the hyperglycemia was attenuated. No significant inhibition of the glucagon response to stimulation was produced by either phentolamine or propranolol. The results indicate that in the rat the glucose and insulin responses to VMN stimulation are independent of the pituitary, and that inhibition of insulin secretion is mediated by alpha receptor stimulation provided by circulating catecholamines of adrenal origin.
Coreless substrate technology investigation for ultra-thin CPU BGA packaging

Coreless packaging is an attractive option to meet the low z-height requirements typically demanded in low-profile mobile devices. In order to deliver high quality, fully functional assembled coreless packages several aspects of this technology need to be studied to understand the benefits and the drawbacks. Towards realizing this goal, a prototype coreless BGA package for an existing product was designed, fabricated, and characterized for power delivery and IO signal integrity. A comparative study of performance was performed on a 45nm CPU in a coreless BGA package, and compared to the same 45nm CPU in the standard cored BGA. This paper reviews the design strategies implemented and characterization data collected to achieve matched electrical performance with the existing cored package. The paper first makes comparisons between cored and coreless designs and then presents the detailed physical design concepts. Next the paper focuses on electrical performance analysis including both IO performance and power delivery analysis, and then reviews the validation data collected. The results of this study show that the IO performance is comparable between the cored and coreless packages for both microstrip and the stripline routing for both DDR3 and PCI Express Gen 2. Additionally, the power delivery study shows that the expected benefit from the removal of PTH's is compromised in this prototype design due to the removal of die side capacitors and the reduction in the total number of land side capacitors. This made the coreless DC loadline virtually unchanged when compared to the cored package.
“Masculinity,” “femininity,” and the complex construct of adjustment

Bem has hypothesized that “masculinity” (instrumentality) and “femininity” (expressiveness) contribute interactively to adjustment, whereas others have argued that they contribute additively or that only instrumentality is important. To investigate the issue, 92 male and 92 female undergraduates were given the Short Bem Sex-Role Inventory, the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and a broad range of self-report adjustment measures. Correlational analyses demonstrated that both instrumentality and expressiveness had important correlates with the adjustment indices, and hierarchical multiple regression revealed that they sometimes combined additively, but never interactively. Expressiveness correlated weakly with traditional adjustment indices (global and social self-esteem, and lack of anxiety), but also weakly to moderately with more socially oriented aspects of adjustment, including lower loneliness, lower social distrust, and lower aggression. Instrumentality correlated moderately to highly with self-esteem, lower anxiety, and lower loneliness (although self-esteem mediated the relationships); it also correlated with lack of adjustment in terms of higher Type A behavior and aggression.
Phylogenetic imputation of plant functional trait databases

Continental-scale maps of plant functional diversity are a fundamental piece of data of interest to ecosystem modelers and ecologists, yet such maps have been exceedingly hard to generate. The large effort to compile global plant functional trait databases largely for the purpose of mapping and analyzing the spatial distribution of function has resulted in very sparse data matrices thereby limiting progress. Identifying robust methodologies to gap fill or impute trait values in these databases is an important objective. Here I argue that existing statistical tools from phylogenetic comparative methods can be used to rapidly impute values into global plant functional trait databases due to the large amount of phylogenetic signal often in trait data. In particular, statistical models of phylogenetic signal in traits can be generated from existing data and used to predict missing values of closely related species often with a high degree of accuracy thereby facilitating the continental-scale mapping of plant function. Despite the promise of this approach, I also discuss potential pitfalls and future challenges that will need to be addressed.
The application of heterojunction structures to optical devices

Basic factors are reviewed that enter into the successful operation of single crystal heterojunction devices, with an emphasis on the role of defects. The devices discussed include laser diodes, solar cells and electron emitters using negative electron affinity surfaces.
Quien Es El Mas Macho? A Comparison of Day Laborers and Chicano Men

This study examined whether the ideology of machismo is essentially a class-based structural phenomenon found primarily among poor and uneducated, working-class immigrant Latino men or an endemic cultural trait and value. We compared the responses on the Mirande Sex Role Inventory (MSRI), a measure of traditional gender roles, of a sample of Day Laborer (DLG), immigrant men (N = 37) who work in the secondary labor market in menial, low-wage jobs with those of more educated, largely nonimmigrant, men (N = 105)1 who are part of the primary labor market group (PLG) and have higher-wage stable jobs. DLG consistently scored higher on the Traditionalism items on the MSRI than the PLG sample and endorsed traditional beliefs that restrict women's behavior and/or activities and reinforce the double sexual standard but results of separate factor analyses conducted with two or three components revealed considerable overlap and consistency in the two samples on the various components of the MSRI, particularly the Traditionalism Factor. The diversity of responses between the two samples suggests that there is not one but a wide range and variety of Latino masculinities.
(Tetrahydrofuran)potassium mer-trans-tris(carbazolyl)dichloro(tetrahydrofuran)zirconate.

In the title compound, [K(C4H8O)][ZrCl2(C12H8N)3(C4H8O)], the Zr atom is pseudo-octahedral, with two Cl ligands in trans positions. There is extensive interaction between the potassium cation and two of the aromatic carbazolyl ligands in η6 [C⋯K = 3.167 (3)–3.331 (3) A] and η2 [C⋯K = 3.147 (3)–3.268 (2) A] fashions.
Proteolysis of chloroplast thylakoid membranes. II. Evidence for the involvement of the light-harvesting chlorophyll ab-protein complex in thylakoid stacking and for effects of magnesium ions on photosystem II-light-harvesting complex aggregates in the absence of membrane stacking☆

Abstract Isolated pea thylakoids were experimentally unstacked in low-salt buffer and then incubated with 1 or 100 μg Pronase/ml. Brief treatment with the low Pronase concentration, which affects primarily the light-harvesting chlorophyll a b -protein complex at the outer or stromal surface of the thylakoids, abolished the membrane restacking characteristically observed with undigested thylakoids in 5 m m MgCl 2 . However, restacking of mildly digested membranes could be induced by 15 m m MgCl 2 , suggesting that the adhesion component was modified but not eliminated. In contrast, this mild proteolysis had no affect on the average intramembrane particle diameter or density on the exoplasmic face (EF) of freeze-fractured thylakoids. These particles are generally assumed to be the structural equivalents of aggregates of Photosystem II reaction centers and light-harvesting chlorophyll a b -protein complexes. We found that the subtle MgCl 2 -induced alterations in EF-particle-size categories observed upon restacking of undigested thylakoids were retained after mild proteolysis. More extensive proteolysis (100 μg/ml), which permits significant enzyme access to the thylakoid lumen, also eliminated thylakoid restacking in 5 m m MgCl 2 , but reduced average EF-particle size, and eliminated the MgCl 2 -induced alterations in the size categories of the EF-particles. We conclude that a stroma-exposed and protease-sensitive portion of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a b complex is involved in (but not necessary for) cation-mediated adhesion of thylakoid membranes. This protein segment, however, is not required for a cation-induced, internal reorganization of Photosystem II reaction center-light-harvesting chlorophyll a b -protein aggregates which gives rise to discrete changes in particle sizes on freeze-fractured membranes.
Influence of Vibration on Interface Friction of Pile-Soil System

Based on the model of effective friction coefficient, the change tendency of effective friction coefficient under different harmonic forces and the method of improving its decrease rate have been studied. The model of vibratory piling machine has been taken as a research object for friction reduction, and the stress of soil particles and the situation of friction resistance on pile surface have been analyzed while sinking the pile. The effect on interface friction of pile-soil system under vibration, caused by the depth of pile sinking, pile structure parameters and vibration acceleration, has also been studied, so that an effective method of decreasing interface friction can be found. Thus, the sinking efficiency would be improved by being analyzed, evaluated and parameter optimized.
Machine-independent PASCAL code optimization

A variant of PASCAL pseudo-code which is suitable for optimization is presented. This new language, Universal pseudo-code, is designed to be easily extended to meet the needs of a variety of target machines. The language is further designed such that only one optimizer need be written for it. This approach lends itself well to the portable software spirit of PASCAL. The problems and opportunities associated with optimization at this level are discussed.
Acute care of avulsed teeth

Anterior teeth that are completely avulsed from traumatic injury should be replanted as soon as possible. Care should be exercised to prevent dehydration of the tooth. The avulsed tooth should be stabilized until the patient can be seen by the dentist. The long-term prognosis favors the benefit of retaining a natural tooth, even though some resorption of the root surface occurs with almost all replantations. Immature permanent teeth offer the best prognosis for healing.
Machinability of ultrafine-grained copper using tungsten carbide and polycrystalline diamond tools

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is an effective process to produce bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials from regular coarse-grained materials. Such ECAE-processed materials typically excel in strength, wear resistance, ductility, and high strain-rate superplasticity, with promising applications in lightweight transportation and medical industries. Precision machining work is generally indispensable for further applications after bulk materials are produced by ECAE. To effectively and efficiently machine such ECAE-processed materials for further broad applications, machining issues such as machinability and tool material selection should be considered. This study was undertaken to investigate the machinability of ECAE-processed pure copper using both tungsten carbide (WC) and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools in order to facilitate broad applications of ECAE-processed UFG coppers. It is found that despite its higher cost, PCD is favored to machine UFG copper based on this study since it has better wear resistance, gives lower cutting forces, yields a better workpiece surface finish, and results in no smearing on the workpiece. In machining UFG copper, depth of cut notching was observed as the wear pattern and abrasion as the wear mechanism for the WC tool, while flank wear was observed as the wear pattern and diffusion as the wear mechanism for the PCD tool.
Effects of Tarantula Toxin GsMTx4 on the Membrane Motor of Outer Hair Cells

GsMTx4, a cationic hydrophobic peptide isolated from tarantula venom, is a specific inhibitor of stretch-activated channels (SACs). Here we show that the toxin also affects the membrane motor of outer hair cells at low doses. The membrane motor of outer hair cells is based on prestin, a member of the SLC26 family of membrane proteins, and directly uses electrical energy available at the plasma membrane. It is considered to be an essential part of the “cochlear amplifier,” which increases the sensitivity, tuning, and dynamic range of the mammalian ear. The toxin shifts the operating point of the motor. The saturating value of the voltage shift is (26±1)mV, capable of significantly reducing the performance of the cochlear amplifier. The dissociation constant is (3.1±0.6)μM, about 5 fold higher than that for SACs.
Individual differences in academic procrastination tendency and writing success

This study examined the relation between academic procrastination tendency and student writing success. We found that the tendency to procrastinate on writing tasks was associated with general anxiety, anxiety about writing the paper, writing the paper later than usual, less satisfaction with writing the paper, and lower grades. Additionally, receipt of feedback on writing was associated with better writing outcomes for high procrastinators. These results have implications for understanding academic procrastination and the use of academic interventions to address procrastination.
The wage structure and wage distribution in Poland, 1994‐2001

Analyzes the wage structure and wage distribution for male and female Polish workers during a more mature phase of a transition to a market economy, namely 1994‐2001. The results indicate an overall rise in earnings inequality for both genders during this period. Contrary to conventional expectations, changes in the composition of employment caused by a deep restructuring process did not have a significant impact on earnings inequality. Throughout this period, the changes in the wage structure and wage distribution were almost entirely due to the changes in returns to worker characteristics. However, does not observe the “explosion of differentials at all levels,” predicted by many leading models on transition. Wage structures for men and women evolved in different ways. This analysis suggests that the effect of changes in labor supply and institutional factors on the wage structure and wage distribution was relatively unimportant. Demand side factors seem to be far more important in explaining the dynamics of earnings inequality in Poland during 1994‐2001.