cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young Adolescents' Digital Technology Use, Perceived Impairments, and Well-Being in a Representative Sample

Objective To examine the cross-sectional associations between young adolescents' access, use, and perceived impairments related to digital technologies and their academic, psychological, and physical well-being. Study design There were 2104 adolescents (ages 10-15 years), representative of the North Carolina Public School population, who completed questionnaires in 2015. Administrative educational records were linked with parental consent. Results Nearly all young adolescents (95%) had Internet access, 67% owned a mobile phone, and 68% had a social media account. Mobile phone ownership was not associated with any indicators of well-being (math and reading test scores, school belonging, psychological distress, conduct problems, or physical health) after controlling for demographic factors. Having a social media account and frequency of social media use were only robustly associated with conduct problems (explaining ∼3% of the variation in conduct problems). Despite the lack of strong associations, 91% of adolescents reported at least 1 perceived technology-related impairment and 29% of adolescents reported online-to-offline spillover of negative experiences. Economically disadvantaged adolescents reported similar access, but greater online-to-offline spillover and stronger associations between social media account ownership and poor psychological well-being compared with their more affluent peers. Conclusions At the population level, there was little evidence that digital technology access and use is negatively associated with young adolescents' well-being. Youth from economically disadvantaged families were equally likely to have access to digital technologies, but were more likely than their more affluent peers to report negative online experiences. Closing the digital divide requires prioritizing equity in experiences and opportunities, as well as in access.
Rejoinder to the Festschrift

Sir,I will begin by extending my deepest appreciation to the exceptional group of my past students and colleagues who have authored the papers in this Festschrift and to the editors of CM&E for pub...
COPPTCHA: COPPA Tracking by Checking Hardware-Level Activity

User privacy is an extremely important concern for mobile applications. Recently, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has penalized multiple mobile application developers, such as TikTok and BabyBus for violating privacy regulations. Privacy concerns are more critical for children, who do not comprehend the risks associated with transmitting private information like geospatial location. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) is an online privacy regulation platform to monitor data usage by mobile applications designed for children. Existing research on detecting whether an application complies with certain privacy regulations is performed either by analyzing the application binary or by dynamic monitoring of network at runtime. However, as explained in related work, both methods have their respective demerits. We propose COPPTCHA, a Hardware performance counter (HPC)-based technique to detect whether a children’s app abides by the COPPA regulations. HPCs are special purpose registers found in all processors that measure system level events. Since the proposed method is hardware-based, it is difficult to undermine it compared to software-based COPPA compliance detection. COPPTCHA has no hardware overhead, since HPC data collection is integral to all industry standard processors. The HPC readings of applications running on a smartphone are classified using machine learning based classifiers to detect COPPA compliance. Our experiments employing a Moto-G4 smartphone shows that COPPTCHA can detect COPPA-violating apps with ≥ 99% accuracy.
Foldability and chameleon propensity of fold-switching protein sequences

It has been shown recently by Porter & Looger that a significant number of proteins exist that can form more than one stable fold. This note examines the sequences of these fold-switching proteins by (a) calculating their foldability scores recently introduced by the present author and (b) comparing the propensity of chameleon sequences in fold switchers and in non-fold switchers. It has been found that the average foldability score of the fold switchers indicates weaker foldability. As for the propensity of chameleon sequences of length 5-7 it was found, somewhat surprisingly, that there is only a very small difference between the fold switchers and the non-fold switchers. Furthermore, when looking at amino acid propensities, for several amino acids there was even an opposing trend in the deviation of their propensities from the overall amino acid propensities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
“We aren’t after a House Negro to prove our love for Black People”: the complicated relationship between George S. Schuyler and the John Birch society

Scholars have taken great interest in black conservatism, but most focus on the ideology’s contours during the post-civil rights era. Few closely interrogate the relationship between black conserva...
A New Government-Private Sector Collaboration Model of HRD in Korea: A Work and Learning Dual System Model for Talent Development

Although a continual nationwide drive to develop human resources has enabled Korea to achieve rapid economic growth, Korean society has recently faced several emerging social and economic issues at the national, organizational, and individual levels including a higher unemployment rate, a skill mismatch between job seekers and the market, and the required additional cost of reeducation. To address these issues, the Korean government and private organizations have cooperated to create a new government-private sector collaboration model called a work-learning dual system (WLDS). Our study explored how WLDS functions in the workplace and its influence on learning and performance outcomes at various levels through interviews with multiple stakeholders and documents collected from the organizations that are responsible for the implementation of WLDS. We interviewed twelve employees and analyzed internal and external documents. The findings were presented within the key dimensions of talent development by Garavan, Carbery, and Rock (Eur J Train Dev 36(1):5–24, 2012), and the outcomes were specified from multiple stakeholders at various levels. WLDS provides important implications not only for research on talent development but also HRD practices through public-private partnerships.
DAT-RNN: Trajectory Prediction with Diverse Attention

Trajectory prediction, an emerging application of spatial-temporal graph, is extremely critical in dynamic applications such as autonomous vehicles and robots. However, the diversity of trajectories and the modeling of mutual relations make it difficult to predict trajectories precisely and efficiently. In this work, we propose a novel approach, diverse attention RNN (DAT-RNN), to handle the diversity of trajectories and the accurate modeling of neighboring relations with two novel and well-designed modules: DAT-RNN first uses a diversity-aware memory (DAM) module, which is based on the detour integral of each individual, to capture the temporal behavior of each person; then DAT-RNN employs an anomaly attention module (AAM), which integrates a weighted sum of spatial relations from multiple neighbors to assist the prediction. With the well-elaborated modules, DAT-RNN integrates both temporal and spatial relations to improve the prediction under various circumstances. Comprehensive experiments on ETH and UCY datasets demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Seeing Like a State, Enacting Like an Algorithm: (Re)assembling Contact Tracing and Risk Assessment during the COVID-19 Pandemic

As states increasingly use algorithms to improve the legibility of society, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is common for concerns about the expanding power of the algorithm or the st...
Prediction of antimicrobial resistance in clinical Enterococcus faecium isolates using a rules-based analysis of whole genome sequences

Background: Enterococcus faecium is a major cause of clinical infections, often due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a powerful tool to study MDR bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms. Here we use WGS to characterize E. faecium clinical isolates and test the feasibility of rules-based genotypic prediction of AMR. Methods: Clinical isolates were divided into derivation and validation sets. Phenotypic susceptibility testing for ampicillin, vancomycin, high-level gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, and linezolid was performed using the VITEK 2 automated system, with confirmation and discrepancy resolution by broth microdilution, disk diffusion, or gradient diffusion when needed. WGS was performed to identify isolate lineage and AMR genotype. AMR prediction rules were derived by analyzing the genotypic-phenotypic relationship in the derivation set. Results: Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that 88% of isolates in the collection belonged to hospital-associated clonal complex 17. Additionally, 12% of isolates had novel sequence types. When applied to the validation set, the derived prediction rules demonstrated an overall positive predictive value of 98% and negative predictive value of 99% compared to standard phenotypic methods. Most errors were falsely resistant predictions for tetracycline and doxycycline. Further analysis of genotypic-phenotypic discrepancies revealed potentially novel pbp5 and tet(M) alleles that provide insight into ampicillin and tetracycline class resistance mechanisms. The prediction rules demonstrated generalizability when tested on an external dataset. Conclusions: Known AMR genes and mutations can predict E. faecium phenotypic susceptibility with high accuracy for most routinely tested antibiotics, providing opportunities for advancing molecular diagnostics.
Impacts from Wildfires on Livestock Health and Production: Producer Perspectives

Wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity across the Western United States. However, there is limited information available on the impacts these fires are having on the livelihood of livestock producers and their animals. This work presents the results of a survey evaluating the direct and indirect impacts of the 2020 wildfire season on beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and goat, producers in California, Oregon, and Nevada. Seventy completed surveys were collected between May and July 2021. While dairy producers reported no direct impacts from the fires, beef, sheep, and goat producers were impacted by evacuations and pasture lost to fires. Only beef producers reported losses due to burns and burn-associated deaths or euthanasia. Dairy, beef, sheep, and goat producers observed reduced conception, poor weight gain, and drops in milk production. All but dairy producers also observed pneumonia. Lower birthweights, increased abortion rates, and unexplained deaths were reported in beef cattle, sheep, and goats. This work documents the wide-ranging impacts of wildfires on livestock producers and highlights the need for additional work defining the health impacts of fire and smoke exposure in livestock, as well as the policy changes needed to support producers experiencing direct and indirect losses.
Prospective Evaluation of Intra-Articular Dextrose Prolotherapy for Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Dogs

The objective of this study was to evaluate intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy for osteoarthritis of the elbow or stifle in dogs in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective pilot study. Seventeen dogs were evaluated with 10 meeting inclusion criteria for this study. Evaluations included orthopedic exam, visual lameness scoring, Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), goniometry, kinetic gait analysis, and radiography. Initial lameness score, age, body weight, duration of lameness, and CBPI scores did not differ between groups. Change in CBPI pain severity score in the prolotherapy group from wk 6-12 was significantly less improved than in the placebo group, with no other significant differences in pain severity or pain interference scores between groups. Range of motion and radiographic scores did not differ between groups at any time. Mean kinetic forces improved in prolotherapy dogs but were not significantly different between treatment groups at any time. Although easily performed and well-tolerated, there were no statistically significant benefits of dextrose prolotherapy for treatment of osteoarthritis of the elbow and stifle in dogs. Post hoc power analysis of these sample means and standard deviations found that 29-106 animals per group would be necessary to demonstrate significant differences in kinetic forces, providing useful guidance for future studies.
Reconceptualizing a Lifelong Science Education System that Supports Diversity: The Role of Free-Choice Learning

Science educators worldwide are concerned about decreasing engagement in school science and declining enrollments in university science courses, a situation affecting societal vitality and informed democratic participation in science. I share these same concerns, however, suggesting that the primary issue is the way in which schools and universities approach diversity seems problematic. I posit that the practice of science education itself needs to become more diverse, embracing innovative approaches to learning. Findings from a US National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded retrospective study of the long-term impacts of gender-focused, free-choice science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning experiences build a case for developing a lifelong science learning system that supports diversity broadly, acknowledging the diverse places in which learning happens, the variety of forms of learning employed, and the multitude of reasons why someone might be interested and engaged in STEM. Two hundred and thirteen young women from diverse backgrounds underrepresented in STEM who had taken part in programs 10–20 years before participated in a web-based survey. Findings indicate that participation contributed to lasting impacts in interest, engagement, and participation in science communities, hobbies, and careers, influencing women’s identities and relationship to and with science. Programs also helped participants become more interested in STEM, appreciate the diversity of disciplines and practices embodied within it; build social capital, such as long-term mentors and friends who could further interest and persistence in STEM; and increased agency, influencing future careers, education, and hobbies/pursuits. Effects were particularly significant for women living in urban areas. Results reinforce free-choice science learning as a critical player in a comprehensive, whole life approach to science education reform for diversity.
Characterization of the ATP-dependent binding of wheat germ protein synthesis initiation factors eIF-(iso)4F and eIF-4A to mRNA.

The ATP-dependent binding of wheat germ protein synthesis initiation factors eIF-(iso)4F and eIF-4A to an oligoribonucleotide has been investigated by direct fluorescence titration techniques. In addition, the effect of ATP on the interaction between another cap-binding initiation factor, eIF-4F, and eIF-4A was studied using the same methods. Comparison of the equilibrium association constants (K(eq)) indicate that 1) hydrolyzable ATP affects the affinity of eIF-(iso)4F for eIF-4A, regardless of whether or not mRNA was previously bound to the eIF-(iso)4F; in contrast, ATP had no effect on the eIF-(iso)4F/oligoribonucleotide interaction; 2) in the presence of ATP, the binding of the binary eIF-(iso)4F.eIF-4A complex to the oligoribonucleotide is of similar affinity as the binding of the oligoribonucleotide to the eIF-(iso)4F alone; the stoichiometry of this ternary eIF-(iso)4F.eIF-4A.mRNA complex was found to be 1:1:1; and 3) a similar ATP effect is observed for the eIF-4F/eIF-4A interaction as for the eIF-(iso)4F.eIF-4A complex.
Sorting n/sup 2/ numbers on n*n meshes

The authors show that by folding data from an n*n mesh onto an n*(n/k) submesh, sorting on the submesh, and finally unfolding back onto the entire n*n mesh it is possible to sort on bidirectional and strict unidirectional meshes using a number of routing steps that is very close to the distance lower bound for these architectures. The technique may also be applied to reconfigurable bus architectures to obtain faster sorting algorithms. >
Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone in acetone precipitates and kaolin extracts of human urine

Abstract Urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) was precipitated with acetone and measured in a radioimmunoassay specific for LH. Recovery experiments were done adding the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (2nd IRP-HMG) to the urine of a hypophysectomized patient. Parallelism of the dilution curves of 2nd IRP-HMG and several dilutions of acetone precipitates of urine confirmed the validity of the assay. Direct acetone precipitation and acetone precipitation of kaolin extracts were compared for LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) recoveries. The methods gave comparable results for immunochemical FSH, but LH values for acetone precipitates were 3.7 to 4.3 times higher than those in the kaolin extracts and the discrepancies were comparable for all age groups. Measurement of serum LH and urinary LH by direct acetone precipitation during four normal menstrual cycles and in 2 patients with gonadal agenesis before and after estrogen administration confirmed that the urinary excretion reflected the serum LH concentration.
New Distributions of Extreme Winds in the United States

Using methods previously reported, annual extreme wind speed data series were extended with recent records at airports and reduced to the standard 30-ft elevation. These were fitted by the Fisher-Tippett Type II (Frechet) distribution by a logarithmic transformation of the Type I distribution. Maps are given for the 2 yr, 10 yr, 25 yr, 50 yr, and 100-yr mean recurrence intervals. A map for the 50-yr interval for Alaska is included as well as tabular data for Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Confidence limits on mean recurrence intervals are extended to the new record length and fixed interval probabilities are discussed. A nomogram for power law elevation-speed conversion for powers of 1/7, 1/5, and 1/3 is included.
The impact of emerging "4G" systems on the performance and complexity requirements of RFICs

Although 4G systems are many years from being deployed on a widespread basis, there is an active ongoing worldwide effort to develop the requirements of these proposed new systems. The standards and goals of these new systems are still in considerable flux, although some overall trends have emerged. This paper presents an overview of a variety of proposed schemes, and their issues for RFIC implementation at the handset level.
It's not just goals all the way down - it's activities all the way down

The rational agent community uses Michael Bratman's planning theory of intention as its theoretical foundation for the development of its agent-oriented BDI languages. We present an alternative framework based on situated action and activity theory, combining both BDI and activity-based modeling, to provide a more general agent framework. We describe an activity-based, as opposed to a goal-based, BDI language and agent architecture, and provide an example that shows the flexibility of this language compared to a goal-based language.
ANOVA Method for Variance Component Decomposition and Diagnosis in Batch Manufacturing Processes

In batch manufacturing processes, the total process variation is generally decomposed into batch-by-batch variation and within-batch variation. Since different variation components may be caused by different sources, separation, testing, and estimation of each variance component are essential to the process improvement. Most of the previous SPC research emphasized reducing variations due to assignable causes by implementing control charts for process monitoring. Different from this focus, this article aims to analyze and reduce inherent natural process variations by applying the ANOVA method. The key issue of using the ANOVA method is how to develop appropriate statistical models for all variation components of interest. The article provides a generic framework for decomposition of three typical variation components in batch manufacturing processes. For the purpose of variation root causes diagnosis, the corresponding linear contrasts are defined to represent the possible site variation patterns and the statistical nested effect models are developed accordingly. The article shows that the use of a full factor decomposition model can expedite the determination of the number of nested effect models and the model structure. Finally, an example is given for the variation reduction in the screening conductive gridline printing process for solar battery fabrication.
Currency Crashes in Industrial Countries: Much Ado About Nothing?

Sharp exchange rate depreciations, or currency crashes, are associated with poor economic outcomes in industrial countries only when they are caused by inflationary macroeconomic policies. Moreover, the poor outcomes are attributable to inflationary policies in general and not the currency crashes in particular. On the other hand, crashes caused by rising unemployment or external deficits have always had good economic consequences with stable or falling inflation rates.
Schensted Algorithms for Dual Graded Graphs

This paper is a sequel to l3r. We keep the notation and terminology and extend the numbering of sections, propositions, and formulae of l3r. The main result of this paper is a generalization of the Robinson-Schensted correspondence to the class of dual graded graphs introduced in l3r, This class extends the class of Y-graphs, or differential posets l22r, for which a generalized Schensted correspondence was constructed earlier in l2r. The main construction leads to unified bijective proofs of various identities related to path counting, including those obtained in l3r. It is also applied to permutation enumeration, including rook placements on Ferrers boards and enumeration of involutions. As particular cases of the general construction, we re-derive the classical algorithm of Robinson, Schensted, and Knuth l19, 12r, the Sagan-Stanley l18r, Sagan-Worley l16, 29r and Haiman's l11r algorithms and the author's algorithm for the Young-Fibonacci graph l2r. Some new applications are suggested. The rim hook correspondence of Stanton and White l23r and Viennot's bijection l28r are also special cases of the general construction of this paper. In l5r, the results of this paper and the previous paper l3r were presented in a form of extended abstract.
Investigation of the heat handling capabilities of DIII-D neutral beamline internal components

The current DIII-D neutral beam system is a nominal five second pulse length upgrade of a previous design rated for only 500 msec operation. While the ion sources are rated for 60 sec operation, in practice pulse lengths are limited both by the beamline internal components ability to handle the fraction of the power which is scraped off, and by the power supplies ability to provide pulse lengths of greater than 5 sec. This paper examines the capability of the existing DIII-D neutral beamline heat removing components both in terms of present and desired operating parameters. To date, at 2.5 MW per ion source, pulses are limited to 3.5 sec by beamline internal components, while at lower ratings of 2.0 MW per ion source, up to 5 sec pulses have been achieved, Recent advances and demonstration of the extraction of 3.5 MW per DIII-D ion source give an even wider window of operating conditions. A full series of beamline thermocouple data has been collected to determine the heat loading and implied surface temperatures for the various DIII-D neutral beamline internal components. These data will be presented along with an analysis of the needs for specific component upgrades, given a desire for 10 sec operation.
Sequential blind extraction of mixed source signals with guaranteed convergence

This work presents a gradient-based method for sequential blind extraction of mixed source signals. In our approach the number of unknowns to be determined is only 2(m - 1) and there is no need for computing any matrix inversion. Our algorithm is guaranteed to converge. In addition, the convergence speed of our algorithm can be improved by adjusting a parameter. Simulation results show the operation characteristic, the effectiveness of our method, and the advantages over the existing algorithm.
Viral DNA Packaging: One Step at a Time

During its life-cycle the bacteriophage φ29 actively packages its dsDNA genome into a proteinacious capsid, compressing its genome to near crystalline densities against large electrostatic, elastic, and entropic forces. This remarkable process is accomplished by a nano-scale, molecular DNA pump – a complex assembly of three protein and nucleic acid rings which utilizes the free energy released in ATP hydrolysis to perform the mechanical work necessary to overcome these large energetic barriers. We have developed a single molecule optical tweezers assay which has allowed us to probe the detailed mechanism of this packaging motor. By following the rate of packaging of a single bacteriophage as the capsid is filled with genome and as a function of optically applied load, we find that the compression of the genome results in the build-up of an internal force, on the order of ∼ 55 pN, due to the compressed genome. The ability to work against such large forces makes the packaging motor one of the strongest known molecular motors. By titrating the concentration of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate at different opposing load, we are able to determine features of the mechanochemistry of this motor – the coupling between the mechanical and chemical cycles. We find that force is generated not upon binding of ATP, but rather upon release of hydrolysis products. Finally, by improving the resolution of the optical tweezers assay, we are able to observe the discrete increments of DNA encapsidated each cycle of the packaging motor. We find that DNA is packaged in 10-bp increments preceded by the binding of multiple ATPs. The application of large external forces slows the packaging rate of the motor, revealing that the 10-bp steps are actually composed of four 2.5-bp steps which occur in rapid succession. These data show that the individual subunits of the pentameric ring-ATPase at the core of the packaging motor are highly coordinated, with the binding of ATP and the translocation of DNA temporally segregated into two distinct phases of the mechanochemical cycle of the entire ring. Because this ring-ATPase is a member of the ASCE superfamily of ATPases, these results may have implications for a broad and diverse family of cellular motors.
Negotiating an Islamic burial: An examination of burial resources for Muslims in Central Texas

Among all the ritual performances following the death of an individual, specialattention is given to the corpse in almost all religions. Islamic Shari'a laws provide specific guidelines as to how to treat the corpse, including washing, drying, shrouding and burial. These practices differ from American Christian-based funeral practices of embalming and planning a memorial service through a funeral home. In the Austin (Texas) metropolitan area, there are a few options for members of the Muslim community seeking Islamic burial services for deceased individuals, including a cemetery that provides an ‘Islamic section’ where Muslims in the Austin area can practise the traditional requirements for burials. The purpose of the study reported here was to examine the resources available to those seeking an Islamic burial in this area. Through semi-structured interviews conducted with religious leaders, organizers and volunteers in Muslim communities, this research offers new and important information detailing the experience of seeking and acquiring an Islamic burial in Central Texas.
Redox equilibria in zeolites

The interaction between hydrogen and zeolites containing different reducible cations (Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+) has been investigated at temperatures between 280 and 400 °C. The first stage of this interaction - leading to a reduced state of the cations in the solid - can be reversed in all systems investigated. The inner-crystalline equilibrium between Ni2+ and reduced nickel in the solid follows approximately the mass action law, the degree of reduction depending on the hydrogen pressure. A subsequent slow recrystallization of reduced nickel into larger particles outside the zeolite was observed in certain systems. Die Reduktion verschiedener Kationen (Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+) in Zeolithen durch Wasserstoff wurde im Temperaturbereich von 280–400 °C untersucht. Die erste Stufe dieser Reaktion, in der reduzierte Teilchen im Zeolithkristall gebildet werden, ist in allen untersuchten Systemen umkehrbar. Der Reduktionsgrad von Nickel in diesem innerkristallinen Gleichgewicht ist durch den Wasserstoffdruck bestimmt und folgt naherungsweise dem Massenwirkungsgesetz. In einigen Systemen wurde eine relativ langsame sekundare Rekristallisation des reduzierten Nickels zu groseren Teilchen auserhalb des Zeoliths beobachtet.
Some surgical problems of nontoxic goiter.

TODAY interest centers predominantly in the experimental studies which are adding to our knowledge of the physiology of the thyroid and the therapy of its diseases, yet practical problems still arise in the management of these conditions, especially as they are related to surgery of the gland. To the surgeon falls the lot of making important practical decisions about treatment, which are modified by the knowledge being acquired from laboratory and clinical studies. Nontoxic goiter is a very common disease. Partial thyroidectomy for this condition is one of the operations most frequently performed. It is because it is so important for a doctor to be able to determine with discrimination and accuracy those patients who should be subjected to surgery that a discussion of this matter is thought to be worthwhile. The removal of goiters which produce or threaten tracheal obstruction, or those which are large and unsightly, presents technical problems only. There is no question about the indication for surgery i...
Neurogenesis in the olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja in the rat.

Neurogenesis in the rat olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja was examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. Animals in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestational days. Ten groups of embryos (E) were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E12–E13, E13–E14 4 E21–E22, respectively. Three groups of postnatal animals (P) were given four consecutive injections of [3H]thymidine on P0–P3, P2–P5, and P4–P7, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during either 24 or 48 h periods were quantified at several anatomical levels. Three populations of neurons were studied: 1. (1) large cells in layer III 2. (2) small to medium-sized cells in layers II and III, and in the striatal bridges 3. (3) granule cells in the islands of Calleja. Neurogenesis is sequential between these three populations with No. 1 oldest and No. 3 youngest. The large neurons in layer III originate mainly between E13 and E16 in a strong lateral-to-medial gradient. Neurons in population No. 2 are generated between E15 and E20, also in a lateral-to-medial gradient; neurogenesis is simultaneous along the superficialdeep plane. Granule cells in the smaller islands of Calleja are generated between E17 and E22 in combined lateral-to-medial and superficial-to-deep gradients. Neurons in the large island of Calleja are generated mainly between E19 and E22 in a strong rostral-to-caudal gradient. Neurogenesis is reduced to < 10% in both populations No. 2 and No. 3, occurring mainly between P0 and P4. The neurogenetic patterns in populations No. 2 and No. 3 are similar to those in the striatum, while neurogenesis in population No. 1 fits into the pattern of the globus pallidus and substantia innominata. These developmental patterns indicate that the olfactory tubercle is a mixed striato-pallidal system rather than an olfactory cortical area. The lateral-to-medial neurogenetic gradient shown in each neuronal population in the olfactory tubercle correlates with both differential anatomical projections and differential neurochemical characteristics along the lateral-medial plane.
Gene technology and the drugs of tomorrow.

The progress of pharmaceutical research depends on three factors: on the evolution of medical needs, on societal attitudes, and on scientific and technical feasibility. Among the factors which are ‘internal’ to science, molecular biology seems to be the most important driving force, at least for the foreseeable future. The influence of molecular biology on pharmaceutical research is occurring in several distinct phases. The first phase was characterized by the use of gene technology as a production instrument for known proteins. In the second phase, gene technology is instrumental in the identification of novel proteins and in the elucidation of their gene structure and physiological function. A great number of proteins which have therapeutic potential will eventually emerge from this phase, with the more important ones like the hematopoietic factors yet to come. During the third phase, gene technology will provide proteins that can serve as pharmacological tools: receptors, ligands, enzymes, cytokines and other proteins provided by gene technology will enable us to open up new fields of pharmacology from which novel drugs, often low molecular weight chemical entities, will emerge. Finally the fourth phase will be characterized by a knowledge of gene structure and regulation extensive enough to develop a pharmacology of gene regulation and to establish somatic gene therapy. New drugs that can be expected to emerge from the interaction of molecular biology and pharmaceutical research within the next ten to twelve years are discussed. It is expected that pharmaceutical research will in the end be transformed into a discipline in which molecular biology and structural chemistry play dominating roles while synthetic chemistry will be reduced to the role of an important tool.
CTEM versus STEM versus HVEM: Evaluation of the three‐dimensional morphology of arsenic inclusions

Electron-dense arsenic inclusions appeared in the nucleus of parenchymal hepatocytes from fish exposed to arsenate, but were absent in fish exposed under identical conditions to solutions lacking arsenic. Images of these inclusions were compared using conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). Stereo pairs from the same individual inclusions were examined using each of these methods to provide a more complete understanding of their three-dimensional organization and to evaluate the relative merits of each technique in the study of similar electron-dense structures. Comparable results were obtained with the three types of instrumentation. Although HVEM is the technique of choice for the analysis of three-dimensional images of such high electron-dense structures, STEM proved to be a good alternate technique for the selection and general evaluation of samples in preparation for HVEM.
Effect of lipid composition on the transfer of sterols mediated by non-specific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein2).

Abstract The rate of non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP)-mediated exchange is independent of structure for dissimilar sterols: cholesterol, lanosterol, sitosterol and vitamin D-3. Conversely, the nsLTP-mediated exchange of cholesterol is markedly affected by the phospholipid composition of the donor liposome. Negatively charged phosphatidylglycerols strikingly increase cholesterol exchange in the presence of nsLTP while not altering the exchange in the absence of nsLTP. The presence of unsaturated acyl chains in the phospholipid enhances exchange. Sphingomyelin drastically decreases cholesterol exchange, as does di - O -alkylphosphatidylcholine. Decreased exchange produced by these substitutions can be reversed by addition of phosphatidylcholine. The presence of an acyl group and a negative charge in the phospholipid are critical for the nsLTP-mediated transfer of cholesterol. In addition to these studies on composition of the donor membrane, the charge on the membrane also appears critical. Maximal exchange rates accompany optimization of potential interaction of negatively charged surface and the basic nsLTP. The nsLTP also mediates an approximately equal rate of exchange of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine. However, approaching equilibrium, only half of the phospholipid can be exchanged while there is exchange of about 90% of cholesterol. Thus, it appears that only the phospholipid in an outer membrane layer may be available whereas cholesterol is fully available. Therefore, in contrast to a ‘carrier’ model we suggest that nsLTP facilitates exchange by binding to the membranes, and binding is highly dependent upon lipid composition. Once bound, the protein functions as a bridge between membranes, thus, facilitating exchange.
Causal Primacy and Comparative Fault The Effect of Position in a Causal Chain on Judgments of Legal Responsibility

This study examined the effect of the relative position of two events in a causal chain on the perceived legal responsibility of parties to a lawsuit. Subjects read two legal controversies. Each involved an injury that had occurred because two different parties, one associated with Event A and one associated with Event B, had each been negligent. With the facts otherwise held constant, the relative position of the two events in the causal chain producing the outcome was varied. In one scenario, either a demonstration (Event A),prompted a libelous newspaper article (Event B), leading to financial and emotional harm to the plaintiff, or the article prompted the demonstration. In the second scenario, a dog jumped a fence either before or after being teased by a boy, who was subsequently bitten by the dog. Results indicated that the relative negligence, liability, and financial responsibility attributed to the party associated with an event were greater when that event was the prior cause.
Getting the Big Picture: Writing to Learn in a Finance Class.

This paper describes a project incorporating writing-to- learn activities into an introductory finance class. Such activities use writing informally as a vehicle to promote student learning. Examination of the students' brief papers showed that students became less likely to skip theory and go to canned formulas and that they took more responsibil ity for their work. For instructors, the project was beneficial because it enabled them to tailor class presentations more precisely to students' actual comprehension of course material.
Free Volume and Finite-Size Effects in a Polymer Glass under Stress

Molecular dynamics simulations of the nonlinear creep response of a polymer glass under tension and compression have been performed at the glass transition temperature. The dynamics were measured as the deformation proceeds using the bond autocorrelation function, and the relaxation times measured as the system is compressed or elongated exhibit a universal response. In tension, the volume increases with strain rate and the relaxation times decrease. In compression, however, the volume decreases by approximately the same amount for all of the applied stresses. Thus, decreases in free volume take place alongside a decrease of the relaxation times by over a factor of 100. We find direct evidence that a characteristic length scale exists below which the deformation of the system exhibits distinct anomalies.
A case for intrathecal opioid therapy

Interventions to relieve pain should be based upon a thorough understanding of both the genesis of the pain and the patient who suffers. Failed back surgery syndrome is uniquely prevalent in the United States, not because our surgeons are inferior technicians; instead, patients who will not benefit from the surgery are too often selected. A similar paradox will probably occur in this patient, and I would not consider her a good candidate for implantation of a pump and catheter to deliver opioids. She is currently taking a high oral dose and has only transiently obtained good pain …
Utilizing music technology as a model for creativity development in K-12 education

Many students are highly engaged, motivated, and intellectually stimulated by music outside of the classroom. In 2012, the US ranked 17th among developed countries in education. A major commonality in nations outperforming the US is a deeper focus on the arts. We argue it necessary to find new ways to engage students in music education. In this initial work, we demonstrate that teaching with music technology provides an affordable point of entry for non-trained music students to express their musical sensibilities. Computer-based tools have become the standard for the music industry. We posit that music technology classes serve as an excellent environment for creative development, offering self-awareness of one's creative process, experiential flow learning, and creative thinking skills.
A parallel algorithm for coverage optimization on multi-core architectures

Location siting is an important part of service provision, with much potential to impact operational efficiency, safety, security, system reliability, etc. A class of location models seeks to optimize coverage of demand for service that is continuously distributed across space. Decision-making and planning contexts include police/fire resource allocation for a community, siting cellular towers to support cell phone signal transmission, locating emergency warning sirens to alert the public of severe weather and other related dangers, and many others as well. When facilities can be sited anywhere in continuous space to provide coverage to an entire region, this is a very computationally challenging problem to solve because potential demand for service is everywhere and there are an infinite number of potential facility sites to consider. This article develops a new parallel solution approach for this location coverage optimization problem through an iterative bounding scheme on multi-core architectures. The developed approach is applied to site emergency warning sirens in Dublin, Ohio, and fire stations in Elk Grove, California. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach, enabling real-time analysis and planning. This work illustrates that the integration of cyberinfrastructure can significantly improve computational efficiency in solving challenging spatial optimization problems, fitting the themes of this special issue: cyberinfrastructure, GIS, and spatial optimization.
PS2-51: Comparison of Two Different Methods of Classifying Periodontal Disease Severity

Background/Aims Accurately determining the severity of periodontal disease has historically been a challenge in the dental practice. The object of this pilot effort was to compare two different methods of classifying periodontal disease severity based on provider-documented data among a random sample of dental patients at Marshfield Clinic. The Marshfield Clinic’s electronic dental record provides an opportunity to collect specific data points for each tooth and its different surfaces as part of the periodontal charting conducted by the dental hygienist. The dental hygienists also classify the overall periodontal condition based on the American Dental Association (ADA) classification of gum diseases.
A dual-functional paramyxovirus F protein regulatory switch segment: activation and membrane fusion.

Many viral fusion–mediating glycoproteins couple α-helical bundle formation to membrane merger, but have different methods for fusion activation. To study paramyxovirus-mediated fusion, we mutated the SV5 fusion (F) protein at conserved residues L447 and I449, which are adjacent to heptad repeat (HR) B and bind to a prominent cavity in the HRA trimeric coiled coil in the fusogenic six-helix bundle (6HB) structure. These analyses on residues L447 and I449, both in intact F protein and in 6HB, suggest a metamorphic region around these residues with dual structural roles. Mutation of L447 and I449 to aliphatic residues destabilizes the 6HB structure and attenuates fusion activity. Mutation of L447 and I449 to aromatic residues also destabilizes the 6HB structure despite promoting hyperactive fusion, indicating that 6HB stability alone does not dictate fusogenicity. Thus, residues L447 and I449 adjacent to HRB in paramyxovirus F have distinct roles in fusion activation and 6HB formation, suggesting this region is involved in a conformational switch.
Management of clinically negative neck for the patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in the modern era

Management of the cervical metastases is of paramount importance in the treatment of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Head and neck oncologists continue to debate the appropriate approach of the clinically negative neck among patients with HNSCC. There are three management options: (A) Observation, reserving therapeutic neck dissection for only those patients who subsequently develop metastatic disease in the neck. (B) Staging with reserving definitive treatment for those who are found to have subclinical disease in the neck. Staging may require the use of imaging techniques or "staging" neck dissection. In the latter case a selective neck dissection (SND) is usually recommended, but it is still controversial if this surgical procedure for clinically negative neck is a staging or a therapeutic approach. (C) Elective treatment of the neck using neck dissection, radiation therapy or both. All these strategies may be appropriate, depending on the clinical circumstances and will be discussed in this review.
ARACHIDONIC ACID DIOLS PRODUCED BY CYTOCHROME P-450 MONOOXYGENASES ARE INCORPORATED INTO PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are synthesized by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and released into the blood. When taken up by vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, the EETs are primarily esterified to phospholipids or converted to dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (DHETs) and released. In the present studies, radiolabeled 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-DHETs released into the medium from vascular smooth muscle cells were isolated and incubated for 4–16 h with cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. The uptake ranged from 2 to 50% for the three regioisomers. Hydrolysis of the endothelial lipids and gas chromatographic-mass spectral analyses of the products indicated that all three DHET regioisomers were incorporated intact into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. Similar incubations with EETs confirmed that small amounts of DHETs were also esterified to endothelial phospholipids. These studies indicate that DHETs are incorporated into phospholipids either at the time of EET conversion to DHET or upon release and re-uptake of DHETs. Beside demonstrating for the first time that fatty acid diols are incorporated intact into endothelial lipids, these studies raise the possibility that both EETs and DHETs remain long enough in the vascular wall to produce chronic vasoactive effects.