cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimized bi-material layouts for energy dissipating composites under finite deformations

Abstract This study investigates the use of topology optimization as a method for discovering novel layouts of material phases which enhance the energy dissipation capacity of bi-material polymeric composites. Motivated by the experimental and numerical results in Wang et al. (2011), a multi-material topology optimization approach is developed to design composites consisting of a hard glassy polymer phase and soft elastomer phase undergoing large deformations. Computational homogenization is carried out to simulate the composite behavior and the energy dissipated as plastic work in the glassy polymer phase is maximized. The topology optimization examples investigated herein show the ability of the developed framework to exploit the physical phenomena reported in Wang et al. (2011) to improve energy dissipation capacity. Different deformation modes are considered and the influence of symmetry, phase volume fraction, and material rate effects on optimized composites is investigated. Additionally, the design of composites with a soft phase providing energy dissipation capacity and hard phase providing stiffness is carried out to show how vastly different phenomena are exploited to dissipate energy in optimized composites of this type.
A Novel Device Model Validation Strategy for 1.5- and 3-T MRI Heating Safety Assessment

This article presents a novel test instrument and strategy for active implantable medical device (AIMD) model validation under a radiofrequency (RF) field generated by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. A high electric field generator is developed as an alternative instrument for standard MRI RF coils. This system is both compact and power efficient. In addition, a set of validation pathways are proposed based on the Hadamard matrix. These pathways provide low correlations among incident electric fields and yet generate relatively high temperature rises. Two generic AIMDs with different lengths are used to validate the strategy experimentally. It is demonstrated that this method provides an efficient and effective alternative for future AIMD model validation under MRI RF emissions.
Enterprise Security with Endpoint Agents.

Enterprise security is complicated by the use of mobile devices. These devices roam outside the protections of the enterprise core network. They operate closer to threats while simultaneously being farther from the enterprise, which makes compromise more likely and response more difficult. This paper describes an approach using software agents installed on endpoint devices to maintain security of these devices and their associated enterprise. These agents monitor local activity, prevent harmful behavior, allow remote management, and report back to the enterprise. The challenge in this environment is the security of the agents and their communication with the enterprise. This work presents an agent architecture that operates within a high-security Enterprise Level Security (ELS) architecture that preserves end-to-end integrity, encryption, and accountability. This architecture uses secure hardware for sensitive key operations and device attestation. Software agents leverage this hardware security to provide services consistent with the ELS framework. Additional agents leverage this baseline security to provide additional features and functions. This enables an enterprise to manage and secure all endpoint device agents and their communications with other enterprise services.
Investigating ultrasound-light interaction in scattering media

Significance: Ultrasound-assisted optical imaging techniques, such as ultrasound-modulated optical tomography, allow for imaging deep inside scattering media. In these modalities, a fraction of the photons passing through the ultrasound beam is modulated. The efficiency by which the photons are converted is typically referred to as the ultrasound modulation’s “tagging efficiency.” Interestingly, this efficiency has been defined in varied and discrepant fashion throughout the scientific literature. Aim: The aim of this study is the ultrasound tagging efficiency in a manner consistent with its definition and experimentally verify the contributive (or noncontributive) relationship between the mechanisms involved in the ultrasound optical modulation process. Approach: We adopt a general description of the tagging efficiency as the fraction of photons traversing an ultrasound beam that is frequency shifted (inclusion of all frequency-shifted components). We then systematically studied the impact of ultrasound pressure and frequency on the tagging efficiency through a balanced detection measurement system that measured the power of each order of the ultrasound tagged light, as well as the power of the unmodulated light component. Results: Through our experiments, we showed that the tagging efficiency can reach 70% in a scattering phantom with a scattering anisotropy of 0.9 and a scattering coefficient of 4 mm⁻¹ for a 1-MHz ultrasound with a relatively low (and biomedically acceptable) peak pressure of 0.47 MPa. Furthermore, we experimentally confirmed that the two ultrasound-induced light modulation mechanisms, particle displacement and refractive index change, act in opposition to each other. Conclusion: Tagging efficiency was quantified via simulation and experiments. These findings reveal avenues of investigation that may help improve ultrasound-assisted optical imaging techniques.
Food Access 3.0: Insights From Post-Katrina New Orleans on an Evolving Approach to Food Inequities

The second wave of food access interventions, or Food Access 2 0, focused on expanding groceries in underserved areas across the country 2 Distant grocery stores make shopping for healthy foods difficult because of added costs and inconvenience, especially in cities with a poor transportation infrastructure and a low rate of car ownership 3,4 In New Orleans, Louisiana, food access disparities worsened in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina,5 heightening awareness of the problem and precipitating a multistakeholder response that helped lead this wave Federal disaster funds were eventually used to support the first locally directed, healthy food retail incentive program 6 Perhaps because of the existential nature ofthe disaster or the delayed and muted federal response, rebuilding after Hurricane Katrina generated an unprecedented degree of citizen involvement Coalitions, such as the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network and the National Black Food and Justice Alliance, use food system entry points to build community, transform structural inequities, and promote food and social justice (for references, see the Appendix [available as a supplement to the online version of this article at http://www ajph °rg]) [ ]the Community Food Projects Competitive Grants Program, run by the US Department of Agriculture, provides funds that promote comprehensive responses to local food access, farm, and nutrition issues
On the Effectiveness of Higher-Order Logic Programming in Language-Oriented Programming

In previous work we have presented Open image in new window , a functional language-oriented programming language with languages as first-class-citizens. Language definitions can be bound to variables, passed to and returned by functions, and can be modified at run-time before being used. Open image in new window programs are compiled and executed in the higher-order logic programming language \(\lambda \)Prolog. In this paper, we describe our compilation methods, which highlight how the distinctive features of higher-order logic programming are a great fit in implementing a language-oriented programming language.
Analysis of Tremor During Grasp Using Ultrasound Imaging: Preliminary Study

This paper investigates the use of ultrasound imaging to characterize tremor during a grasping motion. Ultrasound images were collected from three human participants including an able-bodied participant, a patient with Parkinson’s disease, and a patient with essential tremor. Each human participant was instructed to grasp and hold objects with three different masses in a vertical upright position with an ultrasound probe strapped to their forearm while seated. The images were processed using an ultrasound speckle tracking algorithm to measure muscle strain during the grasping and holding motion. Analysis of the computed strain values showed marked differences in the strain peaks and frequencies between able-bodied participant and the patients with tremor. The detected frequencies depict how the strain measurement changes during the grasping and holding motion. The frequency for tremor participants fall within accepted frequency ranges for Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor, and thus can be representative of the actual tremor frequency.
Application of Hydroprocessing, Fermentation, and Anaerobic Digestion in a Carbon-Negative Pyrolysis Refinery

This study investigates the economic and environmental benefits of integrating hydroprocessing, fermentation, and anaerobic digestion into a pyrolysis refinery. Two scenarios were developed for upg...
Compassion Fatigue and Satisfaction in US Army Laboratory Animal Medicine Personnel

Compassion fatigue (CF) has been described in various "caring professions," particularly the human medical field. Recently, CF has been identified as a concern in animal care professions, specifically veterinary medicine. Despite the perception that veterinary personnel in animal research are at increased risk of CF, few studies have assessed CF in this population. The cur-rent cross-sectional study aimed to describe the prevalence of both CF and compassion satisfaction (CS) among active-duty veterinary personnel in Department of Defense animal research environments, using the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL). The ProQOL measures burnout and secondary traumatic stress as representative of compassion fatigue, while also measuring the inverse of CF, or CS. The current study set out to identify factors associated with both CF and CS. Validated scales of measurement were used to assess the frequency of exposures and outcomes of interest, while associations were analyzed using linear regression models. The study found that most survey respondents reported high levels of CS and low levels of BO and STS. Factors associated with higher levels of CF and lower CS included working with NHPs, difficulty working with primary investigators, loneliness, and euthanasia distress. These findings can inform future studies of CF in animal research environments and bolster initiatives to reduce occupational stress by the preventing and mitigating CF.
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3)-rich microalgae along with methionine supplementation in broiler chickens: Effects on production performance, breast muscle quality attributes, lipid profile, and incidence of white striping and myopathy

Abstract The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3)-rich microalgae and methionine (Met) supplementation on production performance, incidence of breast muscle white striping (WS), and pathology, lipid profile, and meat quality aspects in broiler chickens was investigated. The hypothesis tested was that feeding Met and n-3 fatty acid (FA)-rich diet enhances muscle n-3 FA content and meat quality while attenuating breast muscle WS and myopathy in broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four (n = 144) 10-day-old Cornish cross chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0% microalgae (control), 2% microalgae (diet 1), and diet 1 + 100% more National Research Council requirement of Met (diet 2) up to day 42 of growth. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The chicks were kept in 6 pens with 8 chicks per replicate pen. Feed consumption and feed efficiency were calculated on day 21 and 42. On day 43, 3 chicks per pen (n = 18/treatment) were euthanized. The breast muscle (pectoralis major) was visually scored for muscle WS (1 = no striping, 2 = mild, 3 = severe) and was subjected to histopathology. Breast muscle lipid profile (total lipids, FA composition, cholesterol, lipid oxidation products), quality (moisture, color, drip loss, shear force, cook loss, pH), and chemical characterization (protein, minerals) were recorded. A one-way analysis of variance was carried out with diet as the main factor and significance was set at P 0.05). The results demonstrated a significant effect of DHA-rich microalgae along with Met supplementation in reducing the incidence of breast muscle striping and myopathy, while enriching meat with n-3 FA. However, inclusion of Met in microalgae-based diets could influence meat tenderness and color.
Chemical carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis is a potential model of p21-activated kinase positive female breast cancer

The p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase that is overexpressed in a subset of human breast carcinomas with poor prognosis. The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) ort...
Impact of diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic syndrome on the risk of Alzheimer's disease among postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND In spite of an increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the aging population worldwide, limited attention has been paid to their potential association. AIM To investigate the association of DM and cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS, a precursor to DM) with risk of incident AD among postmenopausal women. METHODS Postmenopausal women aged 50-79 (n = 63117) who participated in the U.S. Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHIOS), recruited in 1993-1998, without baseline AD and followed up through March 1, 2019, were analyzed. AD was classified by participant-reported history of doctor-diagnosis of incident AD in the WHIOS. DM was defined by participant-report or treated because of diabetes or serum glucose concentrations ≥ 126 mg/dL. CMS was defined as having ≥ 3 of five CMS components: large waist circumference, high blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, elevated glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The associations of DM and CMS with AD were analyzed using Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 20 years (range: 3.36 to 23.36 years), of 63117 participants, 8340 developed incident AD. Women with DM had significantly higher incidence of AD [8.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.0-9.0 per 1000 person-years (PY)] than those without DM (7.1, 95%CI: 6.9-7.2 per 1000 PY). Multivariate Cox's regression analysis indicated that women with DM or CMS had a significantly higher risk of AD than those without DM or CMS. The corresponding hazard ratios [HR (95%CI)] were 1.22 (1.13-1.31, P < 0.001) in subjects with DM, and 1.18 (1.09-1.27, P < 0.001) in subjects with CMS. The HRs diminished with age and became non-significant in the oldest age group. CONCLUSION During a median follow-up of 20 years, DM and CMS were significantly associated with the risk of AD among postmenopausal women. More specifically, women aged 50-69 with DM or CMS vs those without these conditions had significantly higher relative risks of AD than the relative risks of AD in those aged 70-79 with DM or CMS vs those without DM or CMS.
Application and Implementation of Big Data Visualization Technology in Network Security System

In order to improve the safety and reliability of the information system of the State Grid, platforms that apply technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to realize the safety monitoring and management of information systems have been widely used. At the same time, the application of visualization technology can fully display the current security status and situation of the network, as well as the intrusion and attack process of various attacks and threats. This paper proposes to apply big data visualization technology to realize asset visualization, behavior visualization, and attack visualization, and to show the risk status, intrusion view and process of the entire network.
Plastic Deformation and Ductility of AA7075 and AA6013 at Warm Temperatures Suitable to Retrogression Forming

A warm forming process with a simultaneous retrogression heat treatment, termed retrogression forming, can achieve good formability in high-strength aluminum alloys and recover their high strength through a single reaging heat treatment after forming. Tensile data from two commercial aluminum alloy sheet materials, AA7075-T6 and AA6013-T6, are presented for conditions suitable to retrogression forming. AA7075-T6 sheet was tested at temperatures from 180 °C to 220 °C and strain rates from 3.2 × 10−3 to 10−1 s−1. AA6013-T6 sheet was tested from 230 °C to 250 °C and 3.2 × 10−3 to 10−1 s−1. Both materials exhibit nearly steady-state flow at these temperatures and produce a modest strain-rate sensitivity of m = 0.039. The activation energies for plastic flow under these conditions are 221 kJ/mol for AA7075-T6 and 253 kJ/mol for AA6013-T6. Test data are used to construct predictive models for flow stress as a function of temperature and strain rate. AA7075-T6 demonstrates an excellent potential for retrogression forming at 200 °C and strain rates up to 10−1 s−1 if time at temperature is held to under 12 minutes. AA6013-T6 exhibits a modest potential for retrogression forming at 240 °C and strain rates up to 10−1 s−1 if time at temperature is held to under 7 minutes.
Associations Between Air Pollution Exposure and Empirically Derived Profiles of Cognitive Performance in Older Women.

BACKGROUND Elucidating associations between exposures to ambient air pollutants and profiles of cognitive performance may provide insight into neurotoxic effects on the aging brain. OBJECTIVE We examined associations between empirically derived profiles of cognitive performance and residential concentrations of particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in older women. METHOD Women (N = 2,142) from the Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging completed a neuropsychological assessment measuring attention, visuospatial, language, and episodic memory abilities. Average yearly concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 were estimated at the participant's addresses for the 3 years prior to the assessment. Latent profile structural equation models identified subgroups of women exhibiting similar profiles across tests. Multinomial regressions examined associations between exposures and latent profile classification, controlling for covariates. RESULT Five latent profiles were identified: low performance across multiple domains (poor multi-domain; n = 282;13%), relatively poor verbal episodic memory (poor memory; n = 216; 10%), average performance across all domains (average multi-domain; n = 974; 45%), superior memory (n = 381; 18%), and superior attention (n = 332; 15%). Using women with average cognitive ability as the referent, higher PM2.5 (per interquartile range [IQR] = 3.64μg/m3) was associated with greater odds of being classified in the poor memory (OR = 1.29; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.10-1.52) or superior attention (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.10-1.53) profiles. NO2 (per IQR = 9.86 ppb) was associated with higher odds of being classified in the poor memory (OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.17-1.63) and lower odds of being classified with superior memory (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.67-0.97). CONCLUSION Exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 are associated with patterns of cognitive performance characterized by worse verbal episodic memory relative to performance in other domains.
Using advanced spatial and single-cell transcriptomics to characterize the human endometrium.

The human endometrium exhibits complex signaling cascades mediated by spatial–temporal cellular interactions. Understanding the normal endometrial microenvironment is the first step towards understanding diseases of endometrial dysfunction.
Thermophysical Properties of Helium-4 from 4 to 3000 R with Pressures to 15000 Psia

Data on many of the properties of helium commonly used in engineering calculations are compiled over as wide a temperature and pressure range as is practical. These properties are presented in a form which is convenient to the engineer. All of these properties have been critically evaluated and represent the best values for that property at this time.
A demographic study of deer browsing impacts on Trillium grandiflorum

When white-tailed deer populations reach high densities, they have negative and often dramatic effects on forest herb populations. However, it is not clear how deer affect the demographic processes of plant populations. We examined how the structure and dynamics of Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. populations are affected by deer browsing in the Upper Great Lakes region by sampling populations from nine study sites in a forested landscape in 1998 and 1999. We constructed a stage-based matrix population model for the regional population. Our model indicated that the long-term growth rate of the population to be −3.56% per year (λ = 0.965). Mortality rates were highest for seeds (97.5%) followed by seedlings (29.1%), and lower for all remaining stage classes (4.9 to 8.5%). The observed stage distribution significantly differed from the stable stage distribution, and the damping ratio (ρ = 1.103) indicated the population would not reach its stable stage distribution anytime soon. In the absence of deer browsing, the long-term growth rate would improve to between −3.46% and −1.61% per year. A moderate drought during the study could account for the negative population growth rate, but deer browsing accelerates the rate of decline. Population growth is most sensitive to the proportion of plants remaining in the nonflowering stage, and deer browsing reduces this proportion. Browsing damage was relatively low in this study (5.4% of stems in 1998, 11.5% in 1999) compared to another study of browsing impacts on T. grandiflorum, indicating deer could have far more severe demographic consequences in populations subject to higher levels of browsing.
Caveats of antenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease.

Abstract The heat denaturation method for N-acetyl-β- d -hexosaminidase A (Hex A) should be used solely for Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) carrier detection of the Ashkenazi Jewish population. All suspected carriers, pregnant women, and persons with debilitating disorders ought to be rechecked, with the use of leukocyte preparations for the Hex A assay, with both heat denaturation and electrophoretic methods. The antenatal diagnosis of TSD should be based on the complete absence of Hex A in amniotic fluid and cultured amniotic cells as determined by procedures which separate Hex A from its isoenzymes, e.g., electrophoresis. When time is a factor, as in advanced pregnancy or when cultures fail to grow, such electrophoretic methods yield Hex A values for amniotic fluid itself which are in concordance with those found for cultured amniotic cells.
Can One Undergraduate Course Increase Cross-Cultural Competence?

The majority of students who took this general education undergraduate course in developing cross-cultural understanding at a state college in the northeastern United States reported that their level of cross-cultural competence and global awareness increased by the end of the course. The primary course objective was to help students better understand their own cultural roots and become more globally aware of other cultural groups. This limited study revealed that this one undergraduate college course was successful in increasing cultural self-awareness, cross-cultural competence, and global awareness among the students who took the course. In addition, it points to the need for more courses to be added to college curricula and for more statistically significant studies to be conducted.
Language and globalization : "Englishnization" at Rakuten

Hiroshi Mikitani, the CEO of Rakuten, (Japan's largest online retailer), is at the helm of an organization that is rapidly expanding into global markets. In a critical stride toward becoming the world's No. 1 Internet services company, Mikitani announces Englishnization - a highly publicized aggressive two-year English proficiency mandate for all 7,100 of Rakuten's Japanese employees. Mikitani's goal is not only to ensure the success of the organization, but also to break down linguistic and cultural boundaries in Japanese society. At the time, only an estimated 10% of the Japanese staff could function in English. The stakes are high: those who do not reach their target score by the deadline risk being demoted. As Englishnization progresses, loss of productivity, lack of time to study, and conflicted views among managers impede staff success. Some employees even question the relevance of Englishnization, particularly for staff working exclusively in Japan. Fifteen months since the announcement, the vast majority had not yet reached their target English proficiency scores. With the deadline rapidly approaching, Mikitani must decide how to proceed to ensure the success of Englishnization, the continued global rise of his organization, and even the future of Japan. Learning Objective: This case can be taught effectively to MBA students or executives at any level in courses on topics such as Strategy, Managing Human Capital, Managing Change. It is used as a discussion on how companies should think about transforming their workforce into global employees with regards to their language and cultural perspectives.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Patients Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Lymphoproliferations associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) commonly arise in settings of immune dysfunction, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, EBV was associated with 39 of 59 (66%) HIV-related systemic lymphomas. Unlike the lymphoproliferations that arise in the setting of transplantation, the HIV-related lymphomas were monoclonal, as evaluated by Ig heavy chain rearrangements and EBV termini analysis, and associated (40%) with c-MYC rearrangements. Furthermore, analysis of multiple lymphoma tissues from one autopsy showed evidence that a single lymphoma clone was responsible for dissemination. The latent EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) transcripts detected in the HIV-related lymphomas were characteristic of the pattern found in Burkitt lymphoma (g1 EBNA1) and not in transplant-related lymphoproliferations. However, unlike Burkitt lymphoma, EBV latent membrane-associated protein (LMP) transcripts were also detected, thereby constituting an EBV expression pattern (g1 EBNA1+, LMP+) not previously observed in B-cell lymphomas. These findings demonstrate a high frequency of EBV-associated lymphomas in the setting of HIV infection that are distinct from the lymphoproliferations that arise during iatrogenic transplant-associated immuno-suppression or in the general population. However, it is also apparent that HIV-related lymphomas are biologically heterogeneous, which may reflect the multiple mechanisms or steps necessary for eventual malignant transformation.
GLOBAL GRIDS FROM RECURSIVE DIAMOND SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SURFACE OF AN OCTAHEDRON OR ICOSAHEDRON

In recent years a number of methods have been developed for subdividing the surface of the earth to meet the needs of applications in dynamic modeling, survey sampling, and information storage and display. One set of methods uses the surfaces of Platonic solids, or regular polyhedra, as approximations to the surface of the earth. Diamond partitions are similar to recursive subdivisions of the triangular faces of either the octahedron or icosahedron. This method views the surface as either four (octahedron) or ten (icosahedron) tessellated diamonds, where each diamond is composed of two adjacent triangular faces of the figure. The method allows for a recursive partition on each diamond, creating nested sub-diamonds, that is implementable as a quadtree, including the provision for a Peano or Morton type coding system for addressing the hierarchical pattern of diamonds and their neighborhoods, and for linearizing storage. Furthermore, diamond partitions, in an aperture-4 hierarchy, provide direct access through the addressing system to the aperture-4 hierarchy of hexagons developed on the figure. Diamond partitions provide a nested hierarchy of grid cells for applications that require nesting and diamond cells have radial symmetry for those that require this property. Finally, diamond partitions can be cross-referenced with hierarchical triangle partitions used in other methods.
Commodity Prices and Inflation in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia

Inflation followed a strikingly uniform pattern in all countries of the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia during the period 1996-2009, falling until about 2000 and then rising. International fuel prices do not help explain this pattern. This conclusion is robust even when different cross sections of countries are tested or when different regression variables are included. The pattern of inflation is explained mainly by past inflation, the strength of the US dollar, US inflation, and - depending on the subset of countries analyzed - monetary and exchange rate policies and nonfuel commodity prices.
Lecithin Requirement for the Sporulation Process in Neurospora crassa

Abstract Reversible inhibition of conidiogenesis occurred when lecithin was depleted from Neurospora membranes by choline starvation.
Selecting a reference frame

Reference frames are representations that parse space. In the case of spatial terms, reference frames mediate the mapping of linguistic expressions onto spatial configurations of objects. In the sentence ``The fly is above the cat,'' ``above'' is defined with respect to a reference frame that is imposed on the cat. Different types of reference frames can be used to define spatial terms, each based on a different source of information. For example, gravity, the orientation of objects in the scene or the orientation of the viewer can all be used to set the orientation of a reference frame. When these reference frames disagree (because the viewer is reclining or because the objects in the scene are overturned), there are competing definitions for the spatial term, resulting in the need for reference frame selection. The purpose of this paper is to review a line of research that examines reference frame selection in the context of spatial language. This work shows that all reference frames are initially active and assign a direction to a spatial term. Moreover, this activation is automatic, and is followed by the selection of a single reference frame, with selection accompanied by inhibition of the non-selected frames. Parallels between reference frame selection in language and in perception and attention are discussed.
GABAergic Modulation of Hippocampal Population Activity: Sequence Learning, Place Field Development, and the Phase Precession Effect

Wallenstein, Gene V. and Michael E. Hasselmo. GABAergic modulation of hippocampal population activity: sequence learning, place field development, and the phase precession effect. J. Neurophysiol. ...
Sub‐regional seasonal precipitation linkages to SOI and PDO in the Southwest United States

This paper highlights the relationship between precipitation variability at the sub-regional level in the Southwest United States and the SOI and PDO climate teleconnection indices during the period 1950–2000. Statistical correlations at α = 0.05 and 0.01 levels are calculated for fall, winter, and spring precipitation in the Southwest, and contemporaneous and antecedent seasonal SOI and PDO index values. A strong SOI-winter precipitation signal is seen to progress across Arizona and New Mexico from southwest to northeast over a three-season lagged period. The PDO also exhibits a strong relationship with winter and spring precipitation in New Mexico; however, the PDO is not well correlated with precipitation in Arizona. The results underscore the non-uniform spatio-temporal relationships of the SOI and PDO indices as they relate to the precipitation regime of the Southwest, and provide a framework for future diagnostic analyses of these relationships.
Real order-automorphism groups

By using the concept of tame embeddings of chains, a characterization is given of the subobjects of the lattice-ordered groups of order-automorphisms of the chains of rational and real numbers.
15N NMR of polyaniline

Abstract 15 N NMR spectroscopy has been utilized as a structural probe for the leuco- and “emeraldine” base forms of polyaniline. Preliminary results suggest that the emeraldine base polymer exists as an alternating copolymer of oxidized and reduced units. End-groups are not detected at the experimental level of sensitivity.
An Anticipatory Case for Managing Teams and Team Projects

Accounting faculty can address problems associated with team development and group activities by using an anticipatory case exercise at the beginning of the course. The anticipatory case is a four‐part case that engages students in a discussion of the potential problems of managing teams and team projects. The case describes the personal characteristics and behaviors of a fictitious team of students at three stages of a team project; the teacher then presents students with a set of discussion questions at the conclusion of each case part. This case is one way to discourage negative team development behaviors at the outset of the course. Importantly, the anticipatory case facilitates team development by (1) identifying potential project management or team process problems, (2) alerting students to expectations in terms of team behaviors and project grading, and (3) allowing student teams to get to know each other better and to set formal rules of engagement for their own team process.
Alcohol: the link between hormone replacement and breast cancer risk

Abstract Many women avoid or discontinue hormone replacement therapy due to the fear of breast cancer. They have read studies linking hormone use with increased breast cancer incidence. The link between alcohol use and breast cancer risk, in contrast, is at least as strong as that of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), yet little publicity has reached practicing physicians or patients. A new study by Ginsburg, suggests that women who use hormone replacement therapy experience an elevation in estradiol levels exceeding the ovulatory range (>300 pg/ml) with prolonged elevation for four hours, after consumption of a moderate amount of alcohol (2 to 4 ounces or .07 grams/kg). This provides a plausible explanation for the observation of increased breast cancer among women who drink alcohol regularly and suggests that a synergism between the two products may be possible. All of the epidemiologic data to date would suggest than an exposure threshold exists for hormone therapy or alcohol use. Existing literature was evaluated to identify studies that simultaneously measure alcohol and HRT exposure in relation to breast cancer incidence. Two epidemiologic studies analyzed both exposures together. The adjustment for alcohol intake in HRT users by Kaufman eliminated any breast cancer risk associated with HRT (Relative Risk: 0.9, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.7–1.1). By subdividing the Iowa Women's Health Study Cohort, Gapstur found that breast cancer risk was confined to women who used HRT and reported drinking at least 5 grams of alcohol per day. While more study is appropriate, these data are reminiscent of the link that was ultimately identified between the combination of oral contraceptives and smoking on arterial thrombosis. Alcohol and hormone exposure together may act synergistically to create increased breast cancer risk. Given the prolonged elevation of estradiol levels in women who use hormones and consume moderate amounts of alcohol, new guidelines should be established to counsel women who choose to use HRT. They should be informed about the effect of moderate alcohol intake. More importantly, the women who choose to avoid alcohol while they use hormones can be reassured that there is little evidence to suggest that their risk of breast cancer is increased in any way.
Pesticide exposure to greenhouse handgunners.

The exposure of pesticide applicators in a commercial greenhouse facility was assessed. Data were collected from four handgunners who applied fluvalinate (insecticide), chlorpyrifos (insecticide), ethazol (fungicide), and dicofol (miticide). Potential exposure was measured with exposure pads placed outside all clothing of the applicator. Handwashes and air samples were also collected, as were pre- and post-exposure tank mixture samples. Pesticide penetration was measured with exposure pads placed inside protective clothing. When all exposure assessments were normalized for spray rate, it was determined that applicators were at significantly greater potential dermal risk (excluding hands) from fluvalinate. The normalized air samples showed significantly more exposure to the applicator from ethazol. Exposure to outside pads was primarily (84%) to the legs of the applicators. Ethazol penetrated Tyvek® coveralls more readily than the other compounds. Tank mixture analyses suggested that the wettable powder formulations were not well-mixed.
The ketogenic diet for the treatment of myoclonic astatic epilepsy in a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Initiation of the ketogenic diet in a child with epilepsy and type 1 diabetes mellitus presents a challenge because the distinction between diet-induced ketosis and diabetic ketoacidosis is difficult to discern. We report the successful use of the ketogenic diet in a child with myoclonic astatic epilepsy and type 1 diabetes.
Foundation theories of solute transport in porous media: a critical review

Abstract The theories that have been employed to derive the macroscopic differential equations that describe solute transport through porous media are reviewed critically. These foundational theories may be grouped into three classes: (1) those based in fluid mechanics, (2) those based in kinematic approaches employing the mathematics of the theory of Markov processes, and (3) those based in a formal analogy between statistical thermodynamics and hydrodynamic dispersion. It is shown that the theories of class 1 have had to employ highly artificial models of a porous medium in order to produce a well-defined velocity field in the pore space that can be analysed rigorously or have had to assume that well-defined solutions of the equations of fluid mechanics exist in the pore space of a natural porous medium and then adopt an ad hoc definition of the solute difusivity tensor. The theories of class 2 do not require the validity of fluid mechanics but they suffer from the absence of a firm dynamical basis, at the molecular level, for the stochastic properties they attribute to the velocity of a solute molecule, or they ignore dynamics altogether and make kinematic assumptions directly on the position process of a solute molecule. The theories of class 3 have been purely formal in nature, with an unclear physical content, or have been no different in content from empirically based theories that make use of the analogy between heat and matter flow at the macroscopic level. It is concluded that none of the existing foundational theories has yet achieved the objectives of: (1) deriving, in a physically meaningful and mathematically rigorous fashion, the macroscopic differential equations of solute transport theory, and (2) elucidating the structure of the empirical coefficients appearing in these equations.
Experimental determination of corundum solubilities in pure water between 400–700°C and 1–3 kbar

Experimentally reversed corundum solubilities in pure water at 400° to 700°C and 0.7 to 3 kbar yield values of dissolved aluminum that range from 1–4 ppm Al. At constant pressure the solubility shows a sigmoidal behavior with a slight maximum at 500°C and minimum at 600°C. Corundum solubility increases with increasing pressure at constant temperature. The dissolved aluminum appears to form an uncharged, but polar species under these conditions probably of the form Al(OH)30.
Monoamines suppress the phytohemagglutinin wattle response in chickens

The influence of the biogenic amines serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) on the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) wattle response was studied in three populations derived from line UNH 105 New Hampshire chickens. At 3 or 6 weeks of age, chicks were injected intravenously with either 5-HT, DA, NE, or a saline control. Thirty minutes after monoamine injection, 100 ug PHA-P was injected in the wattle and the thickness increase was calculated 24 hr later. Analysis of variance showed significant monoamine effects compared to controls but no difference in response among the three populations. 5-HT and NE each depressed significantly the wattle response in 3 and 6 week old chicks. DA reduced the response in both ages also but the significantly greater reduction in 6 than in 3 week old chicks indicated an age effect. These results suggest a regulatory role for monoamines in the PHA wattle response.
“With the Gifts and Good Treatment That He Gave Them”: Elite Maya Adoption of Spanish Material Culture at Progresso Lagoon, Belize

Spanish artifacts make up a tiny percentage of all artifacts found on the west shore of Progresso Lagoon, a Maya community in northern Belize occupied from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century. Textual references suggest that Spanish encomenderos distributed these objects as “gifts” during reduction and pacification efforts, but the careful distribution of these artifacts suggests specific political and economic choices made by Maya individuals. This article compares Spanish material culture from Progresso Lagoon with other Maya sites along the frontier of the Spanish colony, in an attempt to define how strategies of Maya consumption of foreign objects varied with intensity of colonial interaction, social status, and function. The consumption of Spanish artifacts at Progresso Lagoon suggests elite strategies for retaining legitimacy in the uncertain political and economic climate of the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries.
Retrieving NASA problem reports: a case study in natural language information retrieval

A system that retrieves problem reports from a NASA database is described. The database is queried with natural language questions. Part-of-speech tags are first assigned to each word in the question using a rule-based tagger. A partial parse of the question is then produced with independent sets of deterministic finite state automata. Using partial parse information, a look up strategy searches the database for problem reports relevant to the question. A bigram stemmer and irregular verb conjugates have been incorporated into the system to improve accuracy. The system is evaluated by a set of 55 questions posed by NASA engineers. A discussion of future research is also presented.
Lead poisoning: A disease for the next millennium

Summary The decline in the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning is a public health success story. However, nearly a million preschool-aged children in the United States alone have elevated BPb levels. Toxicity correlates with BPb concentrations and progresses from biochemical and subclinical abnormalities at levels around 10 μg/dL to coma and death at levels over 100 μg/dL. Treatment consists of the elimination of exposure, interruption of the pathway into the child, modification of diet to ensure adequate essential metal intake (calcium, iron), and on occasion, chelation therapy. The identification of children with the most lead poisoning depends on screening for exposure (questionnaire) or evidence of increased absorption (BPb test). Follow-up is crucial to maximize the effectiveness of any intervention.
Intimate Relationships and Psychopathology

Relationship functioning and individual mental health and well-being are strongly associated with one another. In this article, we first review the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between relationship discord and various types of psychopathology, We then review findings suggesting that relationship discord is associated with poorer outcome for individual-based treatments for psychopathology and that, generally, relationship discord does not improve following individual-based treatments for psychopathology. Finally, we present a model for conceptualizing work with couples in which one partner has a psychiatric disorder and review the efficacy of couple-based interventions in the treatment for psychiatric disorders, with a focus on substance-related, mood, and anxiety disorders.
Prostate cancer detection: Relationship to prostate size

Abstract Objectives. It has been suggested that the lower detection rate for cancer in large prostates is due to the smaller proportion of tissue sampled. To examine this hypothesis, we evaluated whole-mount radical prostatectomy specimens in which the volume of cancer had been determined. We correlated cancer volume to overall gland volume. In addition, we performed stochastic computer simulations of parasagittal sextant biopsies on the same group of radical prostatectomy specimens. We correlated the likelihood of a positive cancer biopsy simulation with tumor volume and gland size. Methods. Six hundred seven tumor foci from 180 serially sectioned whole-mount prostatectomy specimens were mapped and digitized. Tumor volume was calculated by a step-section planimetry algorithm. Before sectioning, each gland was weighed. Systematic parasagittal sextant biopsies were computer simulated for each case. For each prostate, 40 simulations were performed, with random variations in biopsy location programmed for each run. Overall cancer detection by biopsy was considered positive if 90% of the 40 simulation runs were positive for cancer. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate statistical significance. Results. Small-volume cancers (0.5 cc or less) were twice as frequent in large glands greater than 50 g (P = 0.03). These small-volume tumors comprised 33% (13 of 40) of cancers in prostates greater than 50 g, 16% (5 of 31) in glands less than 30 g, and 14% (15 of 109) in glands 30 to 50 g. The rate of positive sextant biopsy simulation was lower in glands greater than 50 g than in glands 50 g or less (48% versus 67%, P Conclusions. The observed lower cancer detection rate in large glands is a result of the higher proportion of low-volume cancers in these glands. This suggests that large prostates are more likely to be biopsied because of an elevated prostate-specific antigen value resulting from benign elements of the gland and not from a significant cancer. Increasing the number of cores solely to compensate for increased prostate size risks a disproportionate increased detection of small-volume tumors with a low clinical likelihood of progression.
Simulation of atmospheric-turbulence image distortion and scintillation effects impacting short-wave infrared (SWIR) active imaging systems

Advanced sensor systems prototypes using active illumination systems hold the promise of both range and background discrimination detection capabilities. However, the impact of optical turbulence on such systems is not minimal. Since these systems operate in the near-visible SWIR band, the influences of both image distortion and illumination pulse scintillation will affect system performance. Understanding the nature of these turbulent impacts can aid in setting system parameters that minimize turbulence degradation while maximizing system performance. In this paper we highlight simulation techniques for modeling image distortion due to a combination of limited isoplanatic patch size and angle of arrival variations due primarily to large scale turbulent eddies. In addition, we discuss the simulation of the laser pulse illumination via phase screen propagation. We then illustrate these effects via simulation of target images.
Targeted use of vancomycin as perioperative prophylaxis reduces periprosthetic joint infection in revision TKA

Background The role of vancomycin in surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis and high-risk patients who are most likely to benefit remains unclear.