cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication Across Conflict Lines: The Case of Ethnically Divided Cyprus

This article explores the dynamics of nationalist communication, or better, of non-communication, between the rival Cypriot ethnic communities. The analysis shows how the protracted ethno-nationalist conflict that has stained the history of the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus has affected, among other things, the process of communication between the Greek Cypriot and the Turkish Cypriot communities. A number of themes that occupy a central place in the conflict are explored from the vantage point of how each community understands and addresses them as it interacts with the other. The inquiry discloses that the interpretive mental frameworks by which the meaning of words, facts, events, behaviors, and phenomena have been perceived, recalled, understood, and transferred have become culturally and institutionally configured in such a way over the years as to often dissociate and even dismantle the very conditions by which intercommunal communication becomes possible. The article also examines the conditions and prospects of freeing communication from its entrapments in the 'meaning patterns' of ethno-nationalist conflict, particularly in the context of the emerging bicommunal citizen peace movement. It shows how the germinating inter-ethnic dialogue in the spirit of peaceseeking rapprochement is commencing a process of deconstructing the traditional forms of conflictual, nationalist discourse while opening up new vistas of understanding, possibilities, and vision for the future.
The Geographic Determinants of Housing Supply

I process satellite-generated data on terrain elevation and presence of water bodies to precisely estimate the amount of developable land in U.S. metropolitan areas. The data show that residential development is effectively curtailed by the presence of steep-sloped terrain. I also find that most areas in which housing supply is regarded as inelastic are severely land-constrained by their geography. Econometrically, supply elasticities can be well characterized as functions of both physical and regulatory constraints, which in turn are endogenous to prices and demographic growth. Geography is a key factor in the contemporaneous urban development of the United States.
Polymorphism with migration and selection

Two single-locus, deterministic models with discrete nonoverlapping generations are formulated for the maintenance of genetic variation in each of two distinct biological situations. The first two models are applicable to an autosomal locus in an hermaphroditic plant population with mixed selfing and random mating. They describe the interaction of migration and viability selection for, respectively, an island migration model and for a subdivided population. Pollen as well as seed may disperse. Sufficient conditions are derived and discussed for the existence of protected polymorphism in the diallelic case. The remaining two models are pertinent to migration and selection at a single X-linked locus. An island model is again considered as well as that of a subdivided population. Mating is at random, selection occurs only through viability differences, and the migration structure for males and females may differ. For a diallelic population, protection conditions are derived and discussed vis-a-vis the autosomal case.
Detection of endogenous salsolinol in neonatal rat tissue by a radioenzymatic--thin-layer chromatographic assay.

A sensitive radioenzymatic—thin-layer chromatographic assay for the quantitative analysis of the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, salsolinol, in plasma and neonatal rat tissue is described. The assay involves the enzymatic O-methylation of salsolinol by catechol-O-methyltransferase in presence of [3H] S-adenosylmethionine, and subsequent separation by thin-layer chromatography of the resultant [3H] O-methyl-salsolinol from the O-methylated derivatives of dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. The method allows the detection of as little as 100 pg salsolinol per g tissue, and the accurate quantitation of as little as 100 pg/ml plasma and 500 pg/g tissue. This assay permitted the detection of trace amounts of endogenous salsolinol in neonatal rat tissue (< 500 pg/g tissue).
The mental disability requirement in the insanity defense.

This paper offers a discussion of some of the nuances of mental disease or defect as required for the insanity defense in criminal law. It also compares and contrasts the mental disease or defect definitions of criminal law with those definitions used in clinical practice. It points out a general pattern of vagueness and dispute regarding the proper interpretation of the mental disability requirement in the insanity defense and in other legal provisions. It reports a variety of interpretations by courts and commentators regarding the meaning of these phrases, and it reports attempts by state legislatures to narrow the range of applicable conditions by excluding various mental or emotional states. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetry, beauty and chaos in Chebyshev's paradise

Chebyshev polynomials and Halley maps are used as a reservoir for the generation of several visually striking and intricate classes of symmetrical and chaotic patterns. Relatively simple numerical recipes are included to encourage reader involvement.
Scaling Analysis of Performance Trade-Offs in Electronics Cooling

Using the governing equations for internal fluid flow and heat transfer, scaling laws are developed to predict how the selection of a liquid or gas coolant and geometry affects the pumping power and volume requirements of heat sinks in electronics cooling applications. One of the principal outcomes of the presented scaling analysis is derivation, based on first principles, of new figure-of-merit parameters that can be used to evaluate cooling performance and guide efforts on development of new cooling fluids. The new figures-of-merits are critically compared to existing performance metrics and experimental data from the literature to emphasize the relevance and accuracy of developed scaling laws.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Pharmacology of platelet inhibitors

Although many drugs have inhibitory effects on platelet function, none of them inhibits all of the mechanisms that may be involved in the various forms of thrombosis. Choice of suitable drugs is hampered by lack of full knowledge concerning the reactions that make the major contributions to the formation of arterial thrombi at sites of repeated vessel wall injury or on atherosclerotic lesions. Drugs such as aspirin that inhibit the arachidonate pathway in platelets can only be expected to be effective against thromboembolic events in which the generation of thromboxane A2plays a major part. If thrombin and fibrin formation are dominant, oral anticoagulant agents or heparin should be beneficial; thus, experimental evidence indicates that with repeated vessel wall injury, the formation of platelet fibrin thrombi on the vessel wall is probably influenced more by inhibitors of thrombin generation than by the subendothelial constituents such as collagen. Agents like prostacyclin that raise platelet cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels in platelets by stimulating adenylate cyclase are potent inhibitors of the reaction of platelets to all aggregating and release-inducing stimuli, but these agents are not suitable for long-term administration. The effect of dipyridamole on platelet cyclic AMP levels is weak, and this drug may act through other effects on platelets or on other cells. Indeed, several of the drugs that have been tested in clinical trials may exert their effects through unrecognized mechanisms. Many combinations of drugs have been used to affect platelets or platelets and coagulation. This practice has been based on the theory that because several mechanisms may be involved in thrombus formation, combinations of drugs that inhibit different mechanisms may be beneficial.
Novel heat transfer fluids for direct immersion phase change cooling of electronic systems

Abstract We describe the use of computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) and figure of merit (FOM) analysis to identify new heat transfer fluids for direct immersion cooling of electronic systems. Thirty-five new fluids, with thermophysical properties in the range 320 K 0.09 W m−1 K−1 and Hvap > 35 kJ mol−1, were identified via a CAMD approach. Further analysis of these 35 fluids led to the selection of 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-methylpentane (C6H11F3) for experimental evaluation. C6H11F3 was synthesized from commercially available precursors, and its thermophysical properties were measured to verify its FOM. Next, the pool boiling performance of a mixture of 7 wt.% C6H11F3 + 93 wt.% HFE 7200 was determined using a 10 mm × 10 mm grooved Si thermal test chip coated with copper. An improvement of 7% in the critical heat flux (CHF) was obtained, suggesting that C6H11F3 is worth further examination as a candidate for direct immersion phase change cooling applications.
Characteristics of Registered Nurses in Rural Versus Urban Areas: Implications for Strategies to Alleviate Nursing Shortages in the United States

ABSTRACT: Methods: This study compares characteristics of rural and urban registered nurses (RNs) in the United States using data from the 2000 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses. RNs in 3 types of rural areas are examined using the rural-urban commuting area taxonomy. Findings: Rural and urban RNs are similar in age and sex; nonwhites and Hispanics are underrepresented in both groups. Rural RNs have less nursing education, are less likely to work in hospitals, and are more likely to work full time and in public/community health than urban RNs. The more rural an RN's residence, the more likely he/she commutes to another area for work and the lower salary he/she receives. Conclusions: Strategies to reduce nurse shortages should consider differences in education, work patterns, and commuting behavior among rural and urban RNs. Solutions for rural areas require understanding of the impact of the workplace on these behaviors.
Language, tranning, and experience in information system assessment

Abstract This paper proposes a framework of models for making information system assessments and provides empirical evidence relevant to the framework. Perceptions of the decision language and degree of structure appropriate to each model are tested, as are the impact of training and experience on the perceived usefulness of various assessment models. Results indicate that assessment models primarily based on quantitative language were perceived as more useful when executed as structured procedures, and models primarily based on qualitative language were perceived as more useful when executed as unstructured procedures. In addition, perceptions of a decision model's usefulness were affected by participants' training and experience. The findings suggest that no single model is perceived as rich enough to encompass a full range of decision languages and procedures, and that the perceived usefulness of any given model depends on an individual's training and experience. Triangulation and dialectic inquiry are suggested as possible multimodel strategies useful in enriching information system assessment practice.
Negotiating a flexible work arrangement: How women navigate the influence of power and organizational context

Prior work-life research has highlighted that while organizations may be introducing more work-life policies, organizational members are not necessarily using these policies. Empirical research is needed that focuses on the individual and provides insight into who is taking advantage of these policies and how they go about negotiating access. In this study, we explore this issue as we investigate the behavioral dynamics that underlie women's experiences negotiating a flexible work arrangement. Focusing on the individual, we examine the influence that perceptions of power and organizational work-life support have on flexible work arrangement negotiations. The results of our research indicate that both macro level factors such as perceived work life support and micro level factors such as perceptions of power affect both the process and outcomes of these negotiations. We explore the implications these findings have for work-life and negotiation research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution structures of 5-fluorouracil-substituted DNA and RNA decamer duplexes.

The structures in solution of eight oligonucleotide duplexes each containing either zero, one, or two 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) or 5-fluorouridine (FUrd) nucleosides were determined by the combined use of NMR spectroscopy, restrained molecular dynamics, and full relaxation matrix refinement to determine how FdUrd and FUrd substitution affects the structure of duplex DNA and RNA and to establish whether structural differences due to FdUrd and FUrd substitution in nucleic acids may be responsible, in part, for the biological effects of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (FUra). The nucleic acid directed effects of FUra include induction of single-strand breaks in duplex DNA and altered processing of pre-mRNA and rRNA. Four self-complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequences were prepared and studied as duplexes in aqueous solution: (5‘ dGCGAAUUCGC)2, (5‘ dGCGAAUFCGC)2, (5‘ dGCGAAFUCGC)2, and (5‘ dGCGAAFFCGC)2. The corresponding oligoribonucleotide sequences (5‘ rGCGAAUUCGC)2, (5‘ rGCGAAUFCGC)2, (5‘ rG...
Effects of Intracameral Injection of Chondroitinase ABC In Vivo

• A glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzyme, chondroitinase ABC, was introduced into the anterior chamber of three cynomolgus monkeys. Following the injection, the intraocular pressure decreased in the experimental eyes. Depending on the monkey, the intraocular pressure was lowered for 5, 7, or 14 days before it returned to the normal level. Repeated injections produced a similar response. Structurally, the intertrabecular spaces appeared widened, and marked ballooning of the juxtacanalicular tissue was observed. The outer trabecular beams and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal were greatly disorganized. Considerable loss of the juxtacanalicular tissue was noted even 2 months after the enzyme was injected into the anterior chamber. These observations suggest that chondroitinase ABC digested the trabecular glycosaminoglycans, triggering intraocular pressure reduction and causing disorganization of the extracellular matrices of the disorganized trabecular beams, especially in areas near Schlemm's canal.
Efficient Confidence Interval Methodologies for the Non Centrality Parameter of a Non Central t Distribution

This article considers the problem of constructing a confidence interval for the non centrality parameter of a non central t distribution. This has applications to the signal to noise ratio in regression problems and to the coefficient of variation for normally distributed data. A new procedure is developed that provides shorter confidence intervals than the standard procedure, and a program is available for its implementation. This new procedure will be useful for practitioners, and its development also provides some interesting theoretical results.
Negotiating the New Economic Order of Waste

AbstractThrough looking at the growth of international waste recovery and waste dumping in the 1970s and 1980s, this paper considers one aspect of the mixed environmental legacy of the oil crisis. ...
Mechanistic studies of affinity modulation

A synthetic ligand for the protein FKBP12 was covalently linked to a peptide ligand (pYEEI) for the Fyn SH2 protein to create a bifunctional molecule called SLFpYEEI. This bifunctional molecule can...
Mapping Functional Domains in AcMNPV pp31

Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) replicates in the nucleus and produces a viral-modified form of the nuclear matrix called the virogenic stroma. The virogenic stroma is the site of viral DNA packaging and nucleocapsid assembly and is thought to be the site of viral DNA replication and RNA transcription. AcMNPV encodes a phosphoprotein, pp31, which localizes to the nucleus of uninfected insect cells and to the virogenic stroma of infected insect cells. pp31 has DNA binding activity and has been identified as a late expression factor. Thus, the intracellular location of pp31, its DNA binding activity, and its identification as a late transcription factor suggest that it participates in replicative events that occur in the virogenic stroma during AcMNPV infection. The purpose of this study was to map the pp31 domains needed for nuclear localization, virogenic stroma localization, and DNA binding. We focused on four basic amino acid regions (BRs 1-4) and used site-directed mutagenesis and gene fusion techniques to probe their functions. The amino-terminal basic region (BR1) was most important for nuclear localization of pp31 in uninfected cells. Three of the four BRs were needed to efficiently localize pp31 to the nucleus and virogenic stroma in infected cells. BR3 was identified as the DNA binding domain of pp31. These data indicated that BR1, BR3, and BR4 are important functional or multifunctional domains within the AcMNPV pp31 protein.
The role of broadband inhibition in the rate representation of spectral cues for sound localization in the inferior colliculus

Previous investigations have shown that a subset of inferior colliculus neurons, which have been designated type O units, respond selectively to isolated features of the cat's head-related transfer functions (HRTFs: the directional transformation of a free-field sound as it propagates from the head to the eardrum). Based on those results, it was hypothesized that type O units would show enhanced spatial tuning in a virtual sound field that conveyed the full complement of HRTF-based localization cues. As anticipated, a number of neurons produced representations of virtual sound source locations that were spatially tuned, level tolerant, and effective under monaural conditions. Preferred locations were associated with spectral cues that complemented the highly individualized broadband inhibitory patterns of tuned neurons. That is, higher response magnitudes were achieved when spectral peaks coincided with excitatory influences at best frequency (BF: the most sensitive frequency) and spectral notches fell within flanking inhibitory regions. The directionally dependent modulation of narrowband ON-BF excitation by broadband OFF-BF inhibition was not a unique property of type O units.
Oscillating reactions in open systems

The probable existence of oscillating chemical reactions has been attracting some interest in recent years for their possible role in explaining certain biological phenomena. Perhaps the simplest model of oscillating reactions is that of Lotka (1910), which consists of a chain of autocatalytic reactions. Two “reactor systems” in which such a chain of reactions could take place are considered in this work and are called homogeneous and compartmental models, respectively. The differential equations governing the temporal behavior of the reacting species are solved on an analog computer, and the conditions under which sustained oscillations occur are obtained and discussed. Comparisons of the solution obtained in the two models are discussed.
Sensitive Detection of Abnormal Aortic Architecture in Marfan Syndrome With High-Frequency Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization

Background Aneurysmal dilation of the aorta with subsequent rupture or dissection occurs frequently in patients with Marfan syndrome and is the primary cause of morbidity. These complications are related to the altered composition and disorganized structure of the aortic media. Our goal was to use high-frequency ultrasonic tissue characterization to identify these structural changes in abnormal aorta from patients with Marfan syndrome. We measured integrated backscatter and anisotropy of backscatter of ultrasound from specimens of aorta from patients with Marfan syndrome undergoing aortic root replacement and compared these values with those from aortic specimens of patients without clinical aortic pathology. Methods and Results Aortic tissue was obtained at the time of surgery from 11 patients with Marfan syndrome undergoing repair of an aortic aneurysm or dissection. Normal tissue was obtained at the time of autopsy from 8 patients without evidence of aortic disease. Acoustic microscopy at 50 MHz was pe...
Calculation of molecular momentum distributions using gaussian expansions of slater-type atomic orbitals

Abstract Electronic momentum distributions and Compton profiles have been calculated for a number of small polyatomic molecules in the STO NG (N = 3,4,5,6) approximation. The gaussian expansions converge rapidly and give acceptable approximations to the corresponding STO values for most momentum space properties. However, the gaussians underestimate both the very low and very high momentum components of the distribution, and in the latter case the error may be quite significant even for large N.
Sustainable development in tropical forest ecosystems

SUMMARY As an alternative to deforestation, nations with tropical forest ecosystems are experimenting with sustainable development methods. ‘Royal Development Projects’ underway in Thailand involve reforestation, new crop development, appropriate rural technologies, multicropping, forest preservation and alternative agriculture. Integrated resource management emulates natural resource patterns there. The Cousteau Society has drafted a development plan for Nayarit (Mexico) that identifies land suitability in the coastal zone for different types of development in order to minimize impacts on marine and terrestrial ecological communities. Under the plan, an Environmental Protection Council will serve as a ‘one-stop’ permitting agency and a Community Participation Committee will facilitate citizen involvement. In Papua New Guinea, established forestry practices involving rings of successively mature trees, and reef ownership based on ‘limited entry’ fishing are threatened by commercialization. These must be p...
Termination assertions for recursive programs: Completeness and axiomatic definability*

The termination assertion p〈S〉 q means that whenever the formula p is true, there is an execution of the possibly nondeterministic program S which terminates in a state in which q is true. The program S may declare and use local variables and nondeterministic procedures with call-by-value and call-by-address parameters. In addition, the program may call undeclared global procedures. Formulas p and q are first-order formulas extended to express hypotheses about the termination of calls to undeclared procedures. A complete effective axiom system with rules corresponding to the syntax of the programming language is given for the termination assertions valid over all interpretations. Termination assertions define the semantics of programs in the following sense: if two programs have different input-output semantics, then there is a temination assertion that is valid for one program but not the other. Thus the complete axiomatization of termination assertions is an axiomatic definition of the semantics of recursive programs.
The linker-protein network: control of nucleosomal DNA accessibility

Numerous studies have recently addressed the accessibility of nucleosomal DNA to protein factors. Two popular concepts – the histone code and chromatin remodeling – consider the nucleosome as a passive entity that ‘waits' to be marked by histone modifications and is ‘mobilized' by ATP-dependent remodelers. Here, we propose a holistic view of the nucleosome as an active, dynamic entity, the accessibility of which is controlled by binding of different linker proteins to the DNA entry/exit site. The linker proteins might directly compete for this binding site; alternatively, protein chaperones and/or chromatin remodelers might exchange one linker protein for another. Finally, according to our proposed model, the exchange factors are themselves controlled by post-translational modifications or binding of protein partners, to respond to the ever-changing intra- and extra-cellular environment.
Individual versus group housing affects nociception independently of housing status during development

Individually housed rats displayed longer nociceptive latencies than did group-housed animals both before and after very brief, mild electric shocks. The lack of effect of mild shock in changing latencies indicates that individual housing did not result in a stress-induced hypoalgesia rein-stateable by a mild stressor, itself insufficient to cause hypoalgesia in normal animals. The longer latencies were entirely a function of the housing condition current at the time of testing. No carryover effects occurred from the housing condition that was in effect immediately after weaning. Therefore, it is likely that no critical period exists for nociceptive sensitivity. The longer latencies support the hypothesis that individual housing is stressful in rats. These results may be of interest to those planning experiments or comparing results across laboratories on stress-induced hypoalgesia.
“Good For The Jews:” Response to the Sklare Lecture

Amidst Marshall Sklare’s papers in the Brandeis University Archives & Special Collections Department is a box containing reel-to-reel tape recordings of a 1979 ‘‘Planning Conference for a Center for Modern Jewish Studies.’’ One of the tapes contains Sklare’s extemporaneous ‘‘Remarks on the Preparation of a Sociology of American Jewry.’’ In these remarks, Sklare said that one of the Cohen Center’s first tasks should be to write a definitive, scholarly sociology of American Jewry, a work of ‘‘synthesis and interpretation.’’ This was important to Sklare because he saw his fellow social scientists in the field of contemporary Jewry publishing basic research, while leaving the tasks of synthesis and interpretation to popular writers of whom Sklare had a particularly low opinion (e.g., Kahn 1968; Yaffe 1968). Sklare listed five challenges facing the person who would tackle this scholarly sociology. One of them he called the question of ‘‘self-censorship.’’ He said that there were some ‘‘sensitive’’ areas of research that were better left unexplored: the full range of American Jewish activities in support of Israel, Jewish involvement with American Communism, American Jewish youth and the campus revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, and American Jewish action in support of the right of emigration of Soviet Jews. Essentially, Sklare argued that scholars of American Jewry should think carefully about what was Good For The Jews before embarking on a program of research. Sklare’s remarks raise the same questions of scholarly motivations and biases that are at the heart of Leonard Saxe’s Sklare Award Lecture. Of course, most scholars who dedicate themselves to the study of contemporary Jewry are motivated by a deep, abiding commitment to the survival and wellbeing of Jews and Judaism. The key question is how to control the biases that arise from these commitments. Postmodern thinkers call on researchers to engage in ‘‘reflexivity,’’ questioning how their own commitments and life experiences shape their research (Lincoln and
Factors affecting the in vivo nitrate reductase assay for mm 106 apple trees

Abstract Factors affecting the in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) assay were investigated in order to optimize the assay conditions for various tissues of MM 106 apple trees. The addition of nitrate and phosphate to the assay medium significantly increased nitrate reductase activity (NRA), but high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate inhibited the NRA. The optimum concentrations of nitrate and phosphate for in vivo NRA ranged from SO to 100 mM and were tissue‐specific. The optimum pH of the assay medium was 7.5. The addition of 2% (v/v) n‐propanol to the assay medium stimulated NRA, but concentrations of n‐propanol greater than 2% significantly decreased the NRA. Vacuum infiltration was effective in stimulating NRA. The in vivo NR assays for leaves and stems were linear for at least 60 minutes following an initial 30 minute lag, whereas there was no lag phase in root tissues.
Editing Strategies in Television News Documentaries

This study describes the editing techniques used in four renowned television news documentaries that aired between 1954 and 1982. It is informed by Peirce's theories of signs, and realist and symbolic film theory, as well as some of the understandings common to broadcast journalists. The analysis attempts to bridge subdisciplinary boundaries to advance an accessible vocabulary for discussing journalistic representational strategies. The prevalence of continuity and thematic editing styles, special transitional effects, audio track synchronization, and differing cutting rates was quantitatively analyzed and linked to classic film realism and montage strategies. The quantitative findings and a comparative case study analysis of the structural nuances of each documentary illustrate the variety of representational strategies used by network journalists. These findings are discussed in light of analysts' assertions that televised reports have become increasingly journalist centered.
On Interpolation and Approximation by Polynomials with Monotone Derivatives

and If’“‘W 0 and If(x) - Qn(x)j < CtF’w(f’P), n-l) (1.1) on [0, I] where ~(f(p), .) is the modulus of continuity of f(p) there, and C depends only on
Faith Without Works: Jesus People, Resistance to Temptation, and Altruism

Students in a large introductory psychology class were given an opportunity to cheat on a class examination. Some time later, they were asked to volunteer to participate in a project designed to help mentally retarded children. On the basis of attitudinal and behavioral self-report measures, the subjects were divided into four groups according to religious belief: Jesus people, religious, nonreligious, and atheists. The four groups did not differ in frequency or magnitude of cheating, nor did they differ in committing themselves to performing the altruistic act. Females showed a significantly higher frequency of altruistic behavior than did males. Resistance to temptation and altruism were essentially unrelated to one another, and level of religiousness did not appreciably affect the magnitude of the relationship.
Prostitute women and AIDS: epidemiology.

Epidemiologic data from prostitute studies from around the world are reviewed to elucidate the importance of prostitutes as a link in the epidemic spread of HIV. Because prostitutes are viewed as a major source of a variety of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) many researchers have studied their role in spreading the AIDS pandemic. In interpreting the review 3 factors that influence the degree to which prostitutes spread STDs must be kept in mind: 1) the cultural differences that exist in the prevalence of prostitute use; 2) the inefficiency of female-to-male transmission of some diseases such as HIV; and 3) the heterogeneousness of prostitutes as a group. Geographic areas demonstrate a range in the prevalence of infection with the highest being in central African countries where sexual transmission is predominately heterosexual in contrast to countries with predominately homosexual transmission as North and South America and Europe. Much of the HIV infection among prostitutes in Europe and North America is attributed to intravenous drug use; however no studies report data on the risk of needle sharing versus sexual contacts with infected partners. The risk of infection increases with an increase in number of partners; however the number of partners is less significant if partners come from areas with high infection rates. Susceptibility to HIV increases if there is concurrent infection by other STDs. The use of condoms reduces the risk of HIV transmission. Although contact with prostitutes is not currently listed as a recognized risk category for AIDS case surveillance the contact may be a link in HIV epidemics in areas having lower prevalence of STDs that could act as cofactors for transmission or acquisition of HIV. Prostitutes must be taught to protect themselves and to teach their clients safer sex practices.
Intratumoral delivery of an interferon gamma retrovirus-producing cells inhibits growth of a murine melanoma by a non-immune mechanism.

Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent inhibitor of cell growth effective against a wide range of tumor-derived cell lines. We cloned murine IFNγ cDNA into a retroviral vector and created a packaging cell line (Am-gamma) producing this IFNγ-encoding retrovirus. In a pilot experiment, admixing and co-injection of equal numbers of retrovirus-producing and target B16 melanoma cells led to high rates of infection and strong suppression of neoplastic growth. This effect was observed in the absence of measurable systemic production of IFNγ and could be reproduced in animals lacking cytotoxic immune responses. Tumor angiogenesis was unaffected and no increase in apoptosis was apparent; however, mitotic indices were greatly reduced in Am-gamma-containing abortive tumors. We thus concluded that IFNγ directly affects proliferation of B16 cells. Indeed, exposure of B16 cells to IFNγ in vitro inhibits cell division, as measured by a thymidine incorporation assay. Most importantly, repeated intratumoral injections of Am-gamma stunted growth of established B16 melanomas in 75% of treated animals. Thus, this approach can serve as a prototype for new anti-cancer modalities.
In Situ Assessment of Pitting Corrosion and Its Inhibition Using a Localized Corrosion Monitoring Technique

Abstract Pitting corrosion of pipelines remains a serious concern to operators in the oil and gas industry. Pitting is a particularly insidious and extremely rapid form of attack of a metal structu...
Purification, crystal growth and characterization of CdSe single crystals

Abstract CdSe single crystals have been grown from the stoichiometric melt and from Se rich solutions. Here we report the first mid and far infrared spectra of CdSe crystals free of any known impurity bands. Previous studies of the lattice vibrational properties of CdSe crystals have shown the presence of two bands at 538 and 270 cm -1 . Modifications in the purification and crystal growth conditions lead us to assign these two bands to a sulfur impurity. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra are also presented and discussed.
New and Improved Tests for Adhesion

Abstract Three new methods are discussed for measuring the work Ga , required to detach unit area of an adhering material from a substrate. The first is a simple modification of the Outwater double-torsion test for long rectangular plates, bonded together. This method is suitable for evaluating aluminum-epoxy bonds, for example, or the transverse strength of fibrous composites. The second is a pull-off test for long strips adhering to a rigid surface. It seems suitable for adhesive tapes and laminates. The third is a reconsideration of the “blister” test for films and coatings, in which a circular debond at the interface is made to grow by internal pressure. The relation obtained between pull-off force F for a strip, or blow-off pressure P for a layer, takes the unusual form: F4 (or P4 ) ∞ KG 3 a where K is the tensile stiffness of the detaching layer. This dependence arises from the non-linear (cubic) relation between load or pressure and deflection in these configurations. Nevertheless, the product Fθ, ...
Schottky diodes of Au on GaAs/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x//GaAs n-N heterostructures grown by MBE

Au Schottky barrier heights on molecular-beam-epitaxial grown n-GaAs/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x//N-GaAs heterostructures with x up to 0.26 have been studied. It was found that phi /sub bn/=0.9-1.77x+2.89x/sup 2/, or phi /sub bn/ approximately=0.77E/sub g/-0.20 for x >
The Greening of Insurance

Every sector of the economy telegraphs climate risks to its insurers. In turn, climate change stands as a stress test for insurance, the world's largest industry, with U.S. $4.6 trillion in revenues, 7% of the global economy ( 1 – 6 ). Insurers publicly voiced concern about human-induced climate change four decades ago ( 1 ). I describe industry trends, activities, and promising avenues for future effort, from a synthesis of industry progress in managing climate change risk [see supplementary materials (SM)].
Springback behavior of brass in micro sheet forming

Abstract In order to investigate the springback behavior of brass in micro sheet metal forming processes, an efficient and low cost 3 point bending experiment was conducted. Thicknesses and average grain diameters of brass 26000 1/2 Hard (H02) were controlled to achieve a range of desired T/D (thickness/average grain diameter) ratios. The relationship between springback amount and T/D ratio was studied through this experiment. It can be concluded from this study that the springback amount of brass can be expressed as a function of T/D when its thickness is less than 350 μm.
Genomic imprinting: piece of cake.

Knocking out a minor form of the Igf2 messenger RNA from the placenta in mice has surprisingly strong effects on nutrient transport to the fetus. This has implications for the theory of maternal–paternal genetic conflict.
Wachstum gentechnisch veränderter E. coli K—12‐Zellen in Klärschlamm aus zwei Kläranlagen Growth of Genetically Modified E. coli K ‐ 12 Cells in Sewage Sludge of Two Different Sewage Treatment Plants

Bei Forschungsarbeiten und in der Produktion mit gentechnisch veranderten Mikroorganismen kann es zu deren Freisetzung kommen, wobei ein wichtiger Weg uber Abwassersysteme und Klaranlagen in Vorfluter verlauft. Die unkontrollierte Vermehrung eines solchen Stammes in der Natur kann ein Risiko bedeuten. Daher wurde das Wachstum eines gentechnisch veranderten E. coli K-12-Stamms in einem wasserigen Klarschlammuberstand zweiter kommunaler Klaranlagen untersucht. Dabei konnte kein dauerhaftes Wachstum des Teststammes nachgewiesen werden. The release of genetically engineered microorganisms may occur from research laboratories of production plants. The most important pathway of release is via the sewage system and the sewage treatment plants into surface waters. The growth of these organisms might represent a risk to the environment. Therefore the growth of a genetically engineered strain of E. coli K-12 was investigated. Aqueous supernatant from sewage sludge of two domestic sewage plants was used as medium. This medium was treated with sterile filtration and amended with nutrients. The test strain E. coli K-12 W3110iqM15Nalr(pBR322) did not show permanent growth under the conditions employed. The result is interpreted by the presence of bacteriophages and the poor nutritional conditions in the medium.
Nano-particle plasmonics in active media

Localized surface plasmon excitations in metallic nanoparticles in either absorbing or amplifying host media are analyzed. In the case of absorption, we present the first direct measurements of enhanced absorption in two dimensional films of dyes and isolated metallic nanoparticles. These results are of particular importance for enhancing the performance of low cost solar cells by allowing for a reduction in the thickness of amorphous layers that have poor conduction properties. Materials specific to the application of plasmon enhancement of TiO 2 dye sensitized solar cells are also described. The situation where the surrounding medium is capable of amplification is studied and the gains required to achieve a field singularity in the static limit are calculated for real metals. In addition, the enhancement of local fields in such systems is estimated and discussed in terms of further augmenting Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) processes for molecular detection.
Pointing the Way to Discovery: Using a Creative Writing Practice in Qualitative Research

There are compelling possibilities for the ways in which creative writing practices can inform qualitative and collaborative research projects, particularly those projects devoted to phenomenological inquiry. This article lays out a specific research methodology based on a creative writing practice that is prompted by words and phrases evocative of a research question. This practice, called “pointing,” is explained through Gadamer's notion of understanding, play, and conversation as well as Heidegger's hermeneutical process. The use of such a practice in a specific collaborative research project on therapists' experience of hopelessness is described and implications for additional projects are proposed.
Malignant atrophie papulosis (Kohlmeier‐Degos disease) in childhood

Malignant atrophic papulosis (Kohlmeier-Degos disease) is reported for the first time with pathologic verification of central nervous system involvement in a child. The disease began in infancy with rare recurring skin lesions; the child died at the age of 7, after progressive neurologic deterioration. Diagnosis was suspected clinically and confirmed by biopsy of a typical skin lesion. Recognition of this disorder by its dermatologic manifestations may obviate invasive diagnostic procedures.
Guns on Campus: A History

In the last few months, discussion of the wisdom or folly of allowing guns on college campuses has erupted. Several state legislatures have discussed bills to allow students, employees, and even visitors who have concealed carry permit licenses to be armed on campus. Some public universities have already lost legal battles with their state legislatures on this matter; faculty, staff, and students are now free to carry on campus at the University of Colorado. The University of Utah lost a similar suit, but students are prohibited by the student conduct code from possessing a firearm on campus. (Employees and visitors do not appear to be similarly restricted.) Acad. Quest. (2014) 27:411–425 DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9451-2
Answering the myth: use of emergency services on Friday the 13th.

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of Friday the 13th on hospital admission rates and emergency department (ED) visits. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of all ED visits on Friday the 13th from November 13, 2002, to December 13, 2009, from 6 hospital-based EDs. Thirteen unlikely conditions were evaluated as well as total ED volumes. As a control, the Friday before and after and the month before and after were used. χ2 Analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for each variable, as appropriate. Results A total of 49 094 patient encounters were evaluated. Average ED visits for Friday the 13th were not increased compared with the Friday before and after and the month before. However, compared with the month after, there were fewer ED visits on Friday the 13th (150.1 vs 134.7, P = .011). Of the 13 categories evaluated, only penetrating trauma was noted to have an increase risk associated with Friday the 13th (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.61). No other category was noted to have an increase risk on Friday the 13th compared with the control dates. Conclusions Although the fear of Friday the 13th may exist, there is no worry that an increase in volume occurs on Friday the 13th compared with the other days studies. Of 13 different conditions evaluated, only penetrating traumas were seen more often on Friday the 13th. For those providers who work in the ED, working on Friday the 13th should not be any different than any other day.
Optimal signal processing in small stochastic biochemical networks.

We quantify the influence of the topology of a transcriptional regulatory network on its ability to process environmental signals. By posing the problem in terms of information theory, we do this without specifying the function performed by the network. Specifically, we study the maximum mutual information between the input (chemical) signal and the output (genetic) response attainable by the network in the context of an analytic model of particle number fluctuations. We perform this analysis for all biochemical circuits, including various feedback loops, that can be built out of 3 chemical species, each under the control of one regulator. We find that a generic network, constrained to low molecule numbers and reasonable response times, can transduce more information than a simple binary switch and, in fact, manages to achieve close to the optimal information transmission fidelity. These high-information solutions are robust to tenfold changes in most of the networks' biochemical parameters; moreover they are easier to achieve in networks containing cycles with an odd number of negative regulators (overall negative feedback) due to their decreased molecular noise (a result which we derive analytically). Finally, we demonstrate that a single circuit can support multiple high-information solutions. These findings suggest a potential resolution of the “cross-talk” phenomenon as well as the previously unexplained observation that transcription factors that undergo proteolysis are more likely to be auto-repressive.
The herpes simplex virus UL20 protein functions in glycoprotein K (gK) intracellular transport and virus-induced cell fusion are independent of UL20 functions in cytoplasmic virion envelopment

The HSV-1 UL20 protein (UL20p) and glycoprotein K (gK) are both important determinants of cytoplasmic virion morphogenesis and virus-induced cell fusion. In this manuscript, we examined the effect of UL20 mutations on the coordinate transport and Trans Golgi Network (TGN) localization of UL20p and gK, virus-induced cell fusion and infectious virus production. Deletion of 18 amino acids from the UL20p carboxyl terminus (UL20 mutant 204t) inhibited intracellular transport and cell-surface expression of both gK and UL20, resulting in accumulation of UL20p and gK in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in agreement with the inability of 204t to complement UL20-null virus replication and virus-induced cell fusion. In contrast, less severe carboxyl terminal deletions of either 11 or six amino acids (UL20 mutants 211t and 216t, respectively) allowed efficient UL20p and gK intracellular transport, cell-surface expression and TGN colocalization. However, while both 211t and 216t failed to complement for infectious virus production, 216t complemented for virus-induced cell fusion, but 211t did not. These results indicated that the carboxyl terminal six amino acids of UL20p were crucial for infectious virus production, but not involved in intracellular localization of UL20p/gK and concomitant virus-induced cell fusion. In the amino terminus of UL20, UL20p mutants were produced changing one or both of the Y38 and Y49 residues found within putative phosphorylation sites. UL20p tyrosine-modified mutants with both tyrosine residues changed enabled efficient intracellular transport and TGN localization of UL20p and gK, but failed to complement for either infectious virus production, or virus-induced cell fusion. These results show that UL20p functions in cytoplasmic envelopment are separable from UL20 functions in UL20p intracellular transport, cell surface expression and virus-induced cell fusion.
Data sharing to inform school-based asthma services.

BACKGROUND This article examines results and lessons learned from a collaborative project involving a large urban school district, its county health department, multiple community partners, and the local university to establish an effective system for data sharing to inform monitoring and evaluation of the Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools (CMS) Asthma Education Program (AEP). METHODS Databases maintained by nurses, program staff, and school personnel were integrated into a single AEP Evaluation Database. RESULTS There were a number of positive findings, including evidence that students with an elevated level of need received priority from AEP. A series of dependent group t tests analyzing changes across time in students' grade-point averages and absences, as well as their implications, also demonstrated some improvements. Additional outcome analyses for the 296 students who received case management services demonstrated further program benefits in the areas of attendance, academic performance, behavior, and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing the ability of school-based programs to merge data across project partners will facilitate efforts not only to evaluate services but also to demonstrate program impact on a wide variety of health and academic outcomes for students.