cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulation and proliferation of adult leg muscle precursors in Manduca are dependent on innervation.

During metamorphosis, the larval thoracic legs of the moth Manduca sexta are replaced by new adult legs. The leg motoneurons do not die after the loss of the larval muscles, but persist to innervate the new adult leg muscles (Kent and Levine, 1988). The adult muscles form from myoblasts that originate in specific production sites within the legs and migrate to the sites of muscle formation, where they accumulate, proliferate, and fuse to form myofibers (Consoulas et al., 1996b). Throughout adult leg muscle development, there is a close association between nerves and the developing muscles, suggesting a role for the nervous system in myogenesis (Consoulas et al., 1996a). This prediction was confirmed and the role of the nervous system clarified in the present study by cutting the larval leg nerves prior to metamorphosis. Although myoblasts were generated and migrated normally in the operated leg, they failed to accumulate in the appropriate regions. The myoblasts did not die, but failed to proliferate and remained in the denervated legs as dispersed cells or as aggregates in inappropriate regions. In about 26% of cases, this resulted in the formation of adult legs that lacked muscles. In the remaining cases, however, delayed regeneration of the leg nerve occurred and small muscles appeared in the more proximal segments of the denervated legs. Each muscle fiber in these operated legs bore motor terminals belonging to axons of the leg nerves which had grown out from the proximal nerve stump and invaded the leg. Following the delayed appearance of motor axons, myoblasts aggregated and underwent proliferation and differentiation into muscle fibers. In a second set of experiments, denervation was performed later, after myoblasts had aggregated to establish anlagen. Myoblast proliferation was reduced but differentiation continued. These observations suggest that motor nerves are essential for both the accumulation of myoblasts into the correct areas of muscle development and the appropriate level of proliferation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 32: 531–553, 1997
Near-field scanning optical microscopy imaging: theory, simulation and experiment

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is begin studied to achieve optical resolution much better than the diffraction limit. Improved resolution is realized when the sample is in the near field of the probe. Strong near-field coupling between sample and probe complicates image analysis. Experiments with well characterized tips and simple samples are needed to produce basic NSOM images. Detailed modeling able to reproduce imags and identify essential features in image formation is required. We analyze experimental NSOM transmission images of nanochannel glass arrays and of Au nanoparticles obtained in illumination mode. We use several approaches, including the discrete dipole method and the transfer matrix method, to simulate these images. Experimental and simulated images are compared to identify the contributions of tip-field structure, sample scattering, and the collection process to the images and to provide a clear interpretation of these NSOM images.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
STORAGE RING DESIGN OPTIMIZATION FOR FEL OPERATION

An electron beam in a storage ring seems to be a perfect driver for a free electron laser. The understanding of storage rings is very well advanced to project designs with high peak current, small beam sizes and short damping times. Since the beam is recycled after passage through the optical cavity we can expect a relatively high overall efficiency. On the other hand, however the fact that we do want the beam to circulate and interact with the laser field every turn puts a limit on the allowable perturbation of the beam due to the laser field. This limits the peak laser power we can get from a storage ring beam. The main advantage of a storage ring for FEL operation therefore is realized for continuous high power laser generation. In this paper we discuss some of the limitations in storage ring beam parameter as they pertain to FEL operation. The interaction of a FEL field with the beam, however, is not discussed here.
Extra-nuclear inheritance in a sexually produced aphid: the ability to overcome host plant resistance by biotype hybrids of the greenbug,Schizaphis graminum

Greenbugs of biotype E that grow and reproduce well on a biotype C-resistant sorghum (IS 809) were crossed with biotype C greenbugs. The resulting hybrids were tested on IS 809 to study how the ability to overcome the cultivar's resistance is inherited. Only those hybrids stemming from biotype E mothers were able to overcome the resistance of IS 809 plants, indicating that this trait is inherited by the sexually-produced fundatrices in an extra-nuclear manner from the mother. A plausible explanation for this phenomenon is presented.
Proximity-coupled high-T c Josephson junctions: do they exist?

A significant portion of the worldwide effort to develop high-Tc Josephson junctions for electronic applications has been devoted to superconductor-normal-superconductor (SNS) junctions. This paper expands upon our recent review of this subject. Numerous groups have reported nominally-SNS devices with a variety of geometries and normal interlayers. The electrical properties of these junctions have been interpreted almost exclusively with reference to conventional proximity effect theory, which describes the behavior of low-Tc SNS devices very well. In fact, however, almost all high-Tc SNS junctions are better understood by recognizing that transport occurs through unintended pinholes in the normal interlayers. It is only recently that proximity effect theory was successfully applied to any high-Tc device, despite vigorous but unsupported prior claims. The evolution of research on high- Tc SNS junctions is instructive in that it illustrates the danger inherent in assuming that device behavior can be interpreted by simply applying the most obvious theory connected with its intended structure.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sjogrens syndrome as failed local immunohomeostasis: prospects for cell-based therapy.

Abstract Sjogrens syndrome has been estimated to affect between 0.2% and 2% or more of the population. It is an autoimmune disease with the hallmark histopathology of focal, periductal, and perivascular CD4 + cell infiltration of the lacrimal and salivary glands. The immunohistopathology is typically associated with severe lacrimal and salivary dysfunctions, which contribute to debilitating ocular surface and oral symptoms. The quality of life of patients with Sjogrens syndrome often is degraded further by serious, multisystemic manifestations, and they are subject to a forty-fold increased risk of developing B cell lymphomas. In normal lacrimal glands, secretory epithelial cells, autoimmune effector lymphocytes, and regulatory lymphocytes can be seen as collaborating to maintain a local immunohomeostasis. The epithelium contributes by secreting immunomodulatory paracrine factors and also by continuously exposing autoantigens, which thereby become available for uptake by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Local or systemic perturbations may initiate autoimmune pathophysiology by impairing the replacement of normally-turning-over regulatory cells, by altering epithelial production of immunomodulatory paracrine factors, by inducing intact epithelial cells to begin secreting previously cryptic epitopes (epitopes that previously were not available to bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and so could not be recognized by T cell antigen receptors), and by inducing epithelial cells to begin expressing MHC Class II molecules and presenting formerly cryptic epitopes directly to CD4 + cells. This process has been modeled ex vivo with mixed cell reactions comprised of isolated epithelial cells and autologous lymphocytes. This development has occurred as studies of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) and other immunoregulatory phenomena have elucidated the origins and functions of several different kinds of regulatory lymphocytes and shown that regulatory lymphocytes can be generated ex vivo. It now is possible to envision strategies for exploiting each possible mode of epithelial autoantigen exposure to produce therapeutic regulatory cells that might be capable of re-establishing normal immunohomeostasis. Consideration of the hypothetical therapies identifies a number of basic questions that warrant investigation.
Inhibition of renal gluconeogenesis by theophylline.

SummaryTheophylline, at a concentration from 1.0–10.0 mM, significantly inhibited glucose production from glycerol, malate, pyruvate, and α-ketoglutarate by the isolated tubules of rat renal cortex; the higher the theophylline concentration in the incubation media the smaller the glucose production rates were. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were decreased in the presence of theophylline at a concentration of 4 mM or higher. At a concentration of 1.0 mM, theophylline did inhibit glucose production from all these substrates but did not affect ATP levels in the renal tubule cell. These findings suggest that theophylline suppresses renal gluconeogenesis by a direct inhibition of certain cytosolic enzymes and/or by decreasing the levels of ATP in the cell.
The detection and decay of Cry1Ab Bt-endotoxins within non-target slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Mollusca: Pulmonata), following consumption of transgenic corn

Abstract With greater acreages being planted to transgenic crops, the exposure of non-target species to bioengineered material is increasing. Although the slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller), is a major agricultural pest throughout the world, Bacillus thuringiensis crops were not intended to target these species. Molluscs are readily consumed by many generalist predators; if these Cry1Ab-endotoxins are taken up by slugs during feeding on transgenic plants, predators would therefore be exposed to elevated endotoxin concentrations. Using a biochemical assay, we tested the hypothesis that slugs fed transgenic corn would accumulate detectable quantities of Cry1Ab-endotoxins for prolonged periods of time. Characterization indicated that at low dilution rates, Cry1Ab-endotoxins were detectable in slugs fed Bt-corn but no reactivity was elicited by specimens fed non-transgenic food. It was possible to detect Cry1Ab-endotoxins in slugs for 95.9 h after consumption of Bt-corn. Although quantities were small, thes...
Failed partial nephrectomy: local recurrence vs. multicentric disease.

Candidates for partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma include those with (1) bilateral synchronous lesions, (2) tumour in a solitary kidney and (3) renal mass and borderline renal function. Present imaging techniques aid in the identification of appropriate candidates for partial nephrectomy and in the preoperative assessment for technical feasibility of the operation. Studies have shown that the postoperative local recurrence rate ranges from 9 to 13% [1–3]. We submit a case report in which a 65-year-old male with a history of colon carcinoma four years earlier was found to have a 3 cm left lower pole lesion on his follow-up abdominal CT scan. Upon intended partial nephrectomy, a small synchronous upper pole mass was noticed as well as numerous cortical lesions despite extensive preoperative imaging to the contrary. It is our feeling that finer imaging techniques including thinner CT cuts, additional imaging planes and continued use of renal ultrasound will aid in the identification of ipsilateral, synchronous lesions and draw further distinction between local recurrence and multicentric disease.
Randomization and Rules for Causal Inferences in Biology When the Biological Emperor Significance Testing Has No Clothes

Why do classic biostatistical studies, alleged to provide causal explanations of effects, often fail? This article argues that in statistics-relevant areas of biology—such as epidemiology, population biology, toxicology, and vector ecology—scientists often misunderstand epistemic constraints on use of the statistical-significance rule (SSR). As a result, biologists often make faulty causal inferences. The paper (1) provides several examples of faulty causal inferences that rely on tests of statistical significance; (2) uncovers the flawed theoretical assumptions, especially those related to randomization, that likely contribute to flawed biostatistics; (3) re-assesses the three classic (SSR-warrant, avoiding-selection-bias, and avoiding-confounders) arguments for using SSR only with randomization; and (4) offers five new reasons for biologists to use SSR only with randomized experiments.
A phenylalanine rotameric switch for signal-state control in bacterial chemoreceptors

Bacterial chemoreceptors are widely used as a model system for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of transmembrane signalling and have provided a detailed understanding of how ligand binding by the receptor modulates the activity of its associated kinase CheA. However, the mechanisms by which conformational signals move between signalling elements within a receptor dimer and how they control kinase activity remain unknown. Here, using long molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the kinase-activating cytoplasmic tip of the chemoreceptor fluctuates between two stable conformations in a signal-dependent manner. A highly conserved residue, Phe396, appears to serve as the conformational switch, because flipping of the stacked aromatic rings of an interacting F396-F396' pair in the receptor homodimer takes place concomitantly with the signal-related conformational changes. We suggest that interacting aromatic residues, which are common stabilizers of protein tertiary structure, might serve as rotameric molecular switches in other biological processes as well.
STUDIES OF THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS. IV. THE NEARLY PERFECT CORRELATION BETWEEN λλ6196.0 AND 6613.6

In a sample of 114 diffuse cloud sightlines spanning a wide range of interstellar environments, we find the equivalent widths of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) λ6196.0 and λ6613.6 to be extremely well correlated, with a correlation coefficient of 0.986. A maximum likelihood functional relationship analysis shows that the observations are consistent with a perfect correlation if the observational errors, which are dominated by continuum placement and other systematics such as interfering lines, have been underestimated by a factor of 2. The quality of this correlation far exceeds other previously studied correlations, such as that between the λ5780.5 DIB and either the color excess or the atomic hydrogen column density. The unusually tight correlation between these two DIBs would seem to suggest that they might represent the first pair of DIBs known to be due to the same molecular carrier. However, further theoretical work will be required to determine whether the different linewidths and band shapes of these two DIBs can be consistent with a common carrier. If the two DIBs do not in fact share the same molecular carrier, their two carriers must be chemically very closely related.
Monitoring the Monitor: Does Ownership Matter?

One of the most intriguing and influential questions in organizational theory is i°who monitors the monitor?i± A theory of ownership is proposed by Alchian and Demsetz in answer to this question. In this paper, a model of successive monitoring is constructed to show that, when it is feasible for a capitalist owner to overcome free riding in a team through monitoring, it is equally feasible for the workers as owners to do so with an outcome-based incentive for the monitor at the top. Thus the answer to the question i±who monitors the monitori± has no specific implications for ownership, capitalist or labor. While ownership is neutral in affecting the feasibility of monitoring, it is generally not so in affecting income distribution and other design variables in the organization.
Cationic photopolymerization of alkyl glycidyl ethers

An investigation of the photoactivated cationic ring-opening frontal polymerizations of a series of alkyl glycidyl ethers was carried out with the aid of a novel technique, optical pyrometry. With this technique, the effects of various experimental parameters, such as the photoinitiator type and concentration, as well as the effects of the monomer structure on the frontal behavior of these monomers were examined. Upon irradiation with UV light, the photopolymerizations of many alkyl glycidyl ethers displayed a prominent induction period at room temperature as the result of the formation of long-lived, relatively stable secondary oxonium ions. The input of only a small amount of thermal activation energy was required to induce the further reaction of these species with the consequent autoaccelerated exothermic ring-opening polymerization. Photoactivated frontal polymerizations were observed for both mono- and polyfunctional alkyl glycidyl ether monomers. The ability of monomers to exhibit frontal behavior was found to be related to their ability to stabilize the secondary oxonium ion intermediates through hydrogen-bonding effects.
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: an unusual finding of gastro-intestinal adenomatous polyps in a syndrome characterized by hamartomatous polyps

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is a rare, hamartomatous polyposis syndrome of unknown etiology. Hamartomatous gastro-intestinal polyps, alopecia, onychodystrophy, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and complications of weight loss are typical of the syndrome. In this report, we describe a pathological finding of colonic adenomatous polyposis as opposed to hamartomatous polyposis. We also describe our treatment, long-term therapeutic plan, and the need for further research.
Simulation study of device physics issues in III–V MOSFETs at 10 nm node

As documented by the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), power consumption has been one of the crucial bottlenecks for future Si CMOS technology scaling. To address this challenge, both industry and academia have been investigating alternative device architectures and materials, among which III–V compound semiconductor transistors stand out as promising candidates for future logic applications. Their light effective masses lead to high electron mobilities and high on-currents, which should translate into high device performance at low supply voltage [1–4]. Although there are still many technology issues remaining to be solved before III–V MOSFETs can challenge state-of-the-art Si MOSFETs, simulation can provide insight in understanding the device physics and estimating the maximum performance. In this paper, we use numerical simulations to study the device physics in the In x Ga 1−x As MOSFETs with a gate length of 15 nm (initial) and 10 nm after optimizing the device structure. Key device metrics are identified at the ballistic limit using a 2-D Schrodinger-Poisson solver with effective masses imported from accurate tight-binding calculations. This approach, which has been benchmarked against recent experimental results [5–7], provides realistic estimates of the maximum performance benefits that can be expected from the use of III–V channel materials.
Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. By Michael Jacobson

Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration. By Michael Jacobson. New York: New York University Press, 2005. Pp. 292. $29.95 cloth. Reviewed by Candace Kruttschnitt, University of Minnesota The mass incarceration movement in this country has garnered substantial scholarly interest. In fact, it could easily be argued that this movement is responsible for a renewed academic interest in penology and the sociology of punishment. The scholarship in this area, with a few notable exceptions, has focused predominantly on how we can explain the phenomenon of the "get touch" or "penal harm" movement (Cullen et al. 2000). A political culture of intolerance, the bureaucratization of prisons, and even the rise of a postmodern penology are all thought to account for this development (Feeley & Simon 1992; Irwin & Austin 1994; Caplow & Simon 1999). Scholars who study the frontline of corrections have noted some of the limitation in this discourse, suggesting that the transformations in punishment are incomplete and often haphazardly realized (e.g., Lynch 1998). But, what has been largely missing from this body of work is a serious consideration of how we might go about changing an excessive reliance on incarceration that has swelled our prison populations to record national and international levels and has absorbed increasing proportions of most states' fiscal resources. Jacobson's Downsizing Prisons tackles this important question. The book is framed for both an academic and a policy audience, although it will probably hold more sway with the latter than the former. Academics will be familiar with many of the arguments he uses to frame his analysis of the current prison system: (1) it is racially and economically biased, (2) punishments are not proportional to the offenses and may not be a deterrent, (3) mass incarceration has substantial negative effects on some communities, (4) alternatives to imprisonment are underutilized, and (5) there is only a weak relationship between prison expansion and crime reduction. But they will not be familiar with his systematic consideration of how we might go about changing our prison system to make it both more socially and fiscally palatable. He employs case studies of both New York City and San Diego to show how different policing strategies both resulted in significant crime reductions and, as well, reductions in their respective prison and jail populations. In an effort to further hammer home the notion that incarceration rates are largely unrelated to drops in crime, Jacobson shows that the states with the largest increases in prison populations did not have the largest drops in crimes. …
Exploring the Cultural Content of French Feature Films.

OF THE MANY FORMS OF REALIA AT THE DISPOSAL of the French teacher, the feature film can be the most engaging and rewarding. Nothing holds students' attention quite like a movie or gives them as vivid an experience of France, short of going abroad. Moreover, movies can furnish glimpses of milieus and personalities the average tourist or student rarely encounters. Instructors have been quick to make use of this potential in the classroom. In literature courses the movie version of a play or novel is compared with the original text. In civilization classes films are used along with supplemental readings as historical documents. Recently French departments have added to the traditional literature sequence courses devoted entirely to film.' I will concentrate here on the wealth of information about French culture found
3D Viscoelastic traction force microscopy.

Native cell–material interactions occur on materials differing in their structural composition, chemistry, and physical compliance. While the last two decades have shown the importance of traction forces during cell–material interactions, they have been almost exclusively presented on purely elastic in vitro materials. Yet, most bodily tissue materials exhibit some level of viscoelasticity, which could play an important role in how cells sense and transduce tractions. To expand the realm of cell traction measurements and to encompass all materials from elastic to viscoelastic, this paper presents a general, and comprehensive approach for quantifying 3D cell tractions in viscoelastic materials. This methodology includes the experimental characterization of the time-dependent material properties for any viscoelastic material with the subsequent mathematical implementation of the determined material model into a 3D traction force microscopy (3D TFM) framework. Utilizing this new 3D viscoelastic TFM (3D VTFM) approach, we quantify the influence of viscosity on the overall material traction calculations and quantify the error associated with omitting time-dependent material effects, as is the case for all other TFM formulations. We anticipate that the 3D VTFM technique will open up new avenues of cell–material investigations on even more physiologically relevant time-dependent materials including collagen and fibrin gels.
Compact approximate solution to the Kondo problem

A compact approximate ground state of the Kondo problem is introduced. It consists of four Slater states. The spin up and down states of the localized $d$ impurity are paired with two localized $s$-electron states of opposite spin. All the remaining $s$-electron states are rearranged, forming two new optimal orthonormal bases. Through a rotation in Hilbert space, the two localized states (and the rest of the bases) are optimized by minimizing the energy expectation value. The ground-state energy ${E}_{00}$ and the singlet-triplet excitation energy $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathit{st}}$ are calculated numerically. Although the two energies can differ by a factor of 1000, they are obtained simultaneously. The singlet-triplet excitation energy $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathit{st}}$ is proportional to $\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}1∕2J\ensuremath{\rho}]$ and quite close to the Kondo temperature ${k}_{B}{T}_{K}$. The cases for antiferromagnetic $(Jg0)$ and ferromagnetic $(Jl0)$ couplings are investigated.
Training placement for tracking fading channels

The problem of training symbol placement in data packets for channel tracking is considered, where the channel is time-varying Rayleigh flat fading. We use the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimator for channel tracking. A minmax approach is considered. We optimize the placement by minimizing the maximum MSE over a packet. It is shown that training symbols should be scattered throughout the packet with equal space to achieve the optimal performance.
Pneumoencephalus after one missed step.

An 82-year-old female sustained a ground level fall after missing a single step while Christmas shopping. She arrived at the emergency department with stable vital signs, but with massive facial bleeding threatening her airway. We proceeded with emergent nasal packing and endotracheal intubation. CT of head and face revealed massive pneumoencephalus (Fig. 1) secondary to complete disruption of the facial complex from the cranium, consistent with LeFort I, II and III fractures (Fig. 2). The patient was taken to surgery and subsequently extubated on day 2 without neurological deficit. Int J Emerg Med (2008) 1:145 DOI 10.1007/s12245-008-0025-3
Production of Gastroesophageal Erosions and Ulcers (GEU) in Gnotobiotic Swine Monoinfected with Fermentative Commensal Bacteria and Fed High-carbohydrate Diet

Erosions and gastroesophageal ulcers (GEU) were produced in the pars esophagea of young gnotobiotic swine fed a carbohydrate-enriched liquid diet and monoinfected with two different fermentative commensal bacteria, Lactobacillus and Bacillus sp. In contrast, piglets, fed a similar diet and inoculated with Gastrospirillum sp. (Helicobacter heilmannii), a helicobacter species that colonizes the gastric mucosa, did not develop GEU. Experimental GEU likely develops secondary to epithelial damage mediated by microbial-origin acids whose production is potentiated by high dietary carbohydrate and parietal cell-origin hydrochloric acid.
Regulation of intrinsic and synaptic properties of neonatal rat trigeminal motoneurons by metabotropic glutamate receptors.

We studied how metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation modifies the synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties of neonatal rat trigeminal motoneurons using the broad-spectrum mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentane-dicarboxylic acid [(1S,3R)-ACPD], group I/II antagonist (±)-α-methyl-4-carboxy-phenylglycine (MCPG), and group III agonist l-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate (l-AP4). (1S,3R)-ACPD depressed excitatory transmission to trigeminal motoneurons presynaptically and postsynaptically via presynaptic inhibition and by reducing the currents carried by ionotropic glutamate receptors selective for AMPA. (1S,3R)-ACPD also depolarized trigeminal motoneurons and increased input resistance by suppressing a Ba2+-sensitive leakage K+ current. These effects were not mimicked byl-AP4 (100–200 μm). High-threshold Ca2+ currents were also suppressed by (1S,3R)-ACPD. Repetitive stimulation of excitatory premotoneurons mimicked the postsynaptic effects of (1S,3R)-ACPD. The postsynaptic effects of (1S,3R)-ACPD and repetitive stimulation were both antagonized by MCPG, suggesting that mGluRs were similarly activated in both experiments. We conclude that mGluRs can be recruited endogenously by glutamatergic premotoneurons and that mGluR-mediated depression of excitatory transmission, combined with increased postsynaptic excitability, enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of oral-related synaptic input to trigeminal motoneurons during rhythmical jaw movements.
Applications of actuator disk theory to membrane flapping wings

This study addresses the aerodynamics of elastic membrane flapping wings. Several applications of the actuator disk theory to the flapping wings of insects and birds are reviewed. In previous studies, to account for spatial and temporal variance in the wake behind the flapping wings, empirical corrections were proposed for the induced velocity and power. In the present paper, a new procedure for determination of the correction factor is proposed, using membrane-type flapping-wing devices. Wind-tunnel experiments were conducted and the stroke-averaged propulsive thrust was measured on 25-cm-wingspan (flat and 9% camber) and 74-cm-wingspan flapping-wing models. Either flapping frequency or input power was held constant during the tests. Obtained thrust forces were compared to theoretical values predicted by the actuator disk theory. Empirical correction factors to the actuator disk theory were determined, providing a best fit to the experimental data when the flapping axis aligned with freestream velocity. It is noteworthy that the numerical value for the correction factor for the 25 cm cambered wing agrees with the results obtained on large insects. The theoretical corrections for angle of attack of the flapping wing give satisfactory agreements with the experimental data only for relatively low forward speeds.
Between Response and Interpretation: Ideological Becoming and Literacy Events in Critical Readings of Literature

The study described in this article intended to discover how social processes can influence literary understandings and the development of critical readings of literature in the public space of a classroom. The author draws on Bakhtin's notion of “ideological becoming” to consider how dialogic exchanges focused on works of literature can support or subvert critical understandings. This cross-case analysis illustrates how two women students changed their responses to a short story as they participated in postreading events in their literature class. The data suggest that one student whose initial response was critical of the status quo changed her thinking about the story and adopted a reading that reflected dominant ideologies. The results of this study suggest that literature teachers who introduce multiple perspectives need to have explicit strategies for supporting students' emerging critical perspectives.
A temperature-mapping molecular sensor for polyurethane-based elastomers

We present a crosslinked polyurethane elastomer featuring a thermochromic molecular sensor for local temperature analysis. The thermochrome is a modified donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) that was dispersed homogeneously into the polymer blend in minuscule amounts. Rapid temperature jump measurements in a pyroprobe and impacts in a Hopkinson bar show that the DASA has suitable kinetics for detecting localized temperature increase following impact or rapid heating. The thermochrome retains a signature of the peak temperature in the elastomer, allowing post-mortem mapping of micron-scale temperature localization in materials such as explosive and propellant composites. We demonstrate the concept by using the kinetics of the DASA activation to determine peak temperatures reached during bullet perforation of the polyurethane.
TISSUE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF AVIAN ISOZYMES: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PHYLOGENETIC APPLICATIONS

We conducted cladistic analyses of isozyme tissue expression patterns in represen- tatives of 13 avian genera from two orders (Charadriiformes and Passeriformes) to assess utility of those characters for reconstructing phylogenies. Presence or absence of expression in each of 12 different tissues was determined by means of starch-gel electrophoresis for 30 presumptive gene loci and heteropolymers. Most parsimonious trees were examined for "correct" segregation of the two orders and unification of members of two disparate families (Recurvirostridae and Emberizidae). We found high levels of homoplasy in isozyme expression patterns in the study taxa, with most containing little phylogenetic information. However, some isozyme expression patterns of malic enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase, and aconitate hydratase yielded cladograms ap- proximating the three taxonomic distinctions mentioned above. Reanalysis of isozyme expression characters under the assumption of homologous gains being impossible (Dollo parsimony) resulted in longer (less parsimonious) and less "accurate" trees. S-Acon-A and S-Aat-A showed significantly greater restriction of tissue expression in relatively primitive taxa, whereas Ldh-A4 and, to a lesser degree, S-Me-A showed increased restriction of tissue expression in advanced taxa. These opposite polarities in isozyme expression restriction suggest independent evolutionary histories for various loci. The evolutionary trend of decreasing numbers of ex- pressed LDH isozymes accompanying phyletic advance, as observed in fishes (Markert et al., 1975; Toledo and Ribiero, 1978), was not observed in avian systems. The findings of widespread homoplasy, opposite polarities and limited predictive capability for the isozyme tissue expression patterns suggest that most may be more useful in studies of gene regulation than in higher level taxonomy. (Isozymes; tissue expression patterns; phylogenetic utility; homoplasy; Dollo.)
Physico-chemical treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater technology and progress

The physico-chemical wastewater treatment in the pharmaceutical technology has its unique feature,for the implementation of more rigorous"pharmaceutical industrial water pollutant discharge standards" of the pharmaceutical companies,it is an effective treatment for selected methods.In this paper,the physico-chemical treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater technology and be briefed on progress with the Review.
Informed consent right of patients in nursing

Objective To approach the request of informed consent for nursing and strengthen informing duty. Methods To solve informed consent of patients from six aspects applied for nursing. Results Patients and their families have informed consent, but nurses lack realization. Conclusion Emphasizing and meeting informed consents is fundamental right of patients, which will benefit patients' recovery and lessen discrepancies between nurses and patients.
Effect of high-dose ibuprofen on 24-hour blood pressure in healthy women

The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin has been shown to increase blood pressure in normotensive individuals. The effect of other NSAID on blood pressure has not been as well studied. We evaluated the effects of ibuprofen, an NSAID currently available without a prescription, on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in ten young, healthy, normotensive women. Using a randomized, crossover, double-blind design, subjects received ibuprofen 800 mg and a placebo identical in appearance to ibuprofen three times a day for eight days with a washout period between regimens. Subjects were instructed to follow a no-added salt diet during the study. Twenty-four-hour blood pressure monitoring and 24-hour urine collection for prostaglandin E2, creatinine, and sodium were performed on days 1 and 8 of each study week. Tablet counts and a 40 percent reduction in urinary prostaglandin E2 documented compliance with ibuprofen. Ibuprofen had no significant effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure at any hour during the 24-hour period. Mean blood pressure for the 24-hour period was 112/73 and 111/73 mm Hg on day 1 and 111/73 and 112/73 mm Hg on day 8 for placebo and ibuprofen, respectively. We conclude that ibuprofen at doses as high as 2400 mg/d for up to seven days has no effect on blood pressure in normotensive women. Further studies are needed in hypertensive subjects.
The CT and MRI diagnosis of Infantile Hepatic Hemangioendothelioma

Objective To approach the diagnostic value of CT and MRI in the diagnosis of infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the imaging features in 19 cases and made discussion according to references.Fifteen patients were performed CT non-enhanced scanning and enhancement.MR imaging were obtained in six patients,both CT and MRI were performed in two case.Results In the 19 patients,9 had single mass,3 had multiple mass,7 had diffuse mass.CT scan show as a well-defined single or multiple mass with lower attenuation than that of the normal liver parenchyma in 15.The mass enhanced gradually from periphery to the central area in the macro-focus,significant homogeneous enhancement within tumor mass in the micro-focus.A dilated and elongated feeding artery may be seen in the mass in 11.At unenhanced MR imaging,the lesions have low or equal signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images in 6.Flowing void vessels may be present on T2-weighted images in some cases.Conclusion The contrast-enhanced CT and MRI findings of infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma have some characteristic features and differential diagnosis form other solid hepatic tumors can be made possible.
Fast direct solution of large-scale volume integral equations with exact arithmetic

A new HSS (Hierarchically Semiseparable) direct matrix solution algorithm, including both factorization and inversion, is developed for solving the volume integral equation (VIE) for large-scale electrodynamic analysis. This direct solution algorithm is exact in the sense that the matrix factorization, inversion, and solution do not involve any approximation. The HSS-representation of the VIE dense system has a controlled accuracy, by choosing the rank of admissible blocks to satisfy the prescribed accuracy. Taking into account the rank's dependence with electrical size, the resultant direct VIE solver is shown to have O(N) complexity in memory, O(NlogN) complexity in factorization as well as inversion, and O(N) complexity in solution, irrespective of electrical size. Numerical experiments on large-scale scattering problems involving millions of unknowns have validated the accuracy and complexity of the proposed new direct solver. The proposed factorization and inversion algorithms are also applicable to other integral operators.
Left ventricular endocardial and epicardial strain changes with apical myocardial ischemia in an open‐chest porcine model

Early detection of acute myocardial ischemia is critical to prevent permanent myocardial damage. The impact of apical ischemia on global left ventricular (LV) function can be difficult to characterize using traditional volume‐based echocardiography measures. Myocardial strain imaging is a sensitive, quantitative marker of myocardial deformation that can measure ventricular function. Recent advances allow layer‐specific measurement of endo‐ and epicardial strain, enhancing the ability to evaluate myocardial ischemia. This study investigates the effects of apical ischemia on LV function using epi‐ and endocardial strain. We hypothesize that myocardial strain will identify changes in regional and global myocardial function associated with focal apical ischemia as compared to ejection fraction (EF), and that longitudinal strain will be a better indicator of myocardial dysfunction compared to circumferential or radial strain. In a porcine model ( n = 9), acute ischemia was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Echocardiograms were performed at baseline, during 15‐min ischemia, and after reperfusion. Global longitudinal strain decreased with acute focal ischemia of the left ventricular apical region (baseline: −16.4% vs. ischemia: −12.2%; P = 0.010), with no change observed in global circumferential and radial strain or EF. Both endocardial and epicardial longitudinal strain decreased by 68% ( P < 0.001) in the ischemic and peri‐ischemic zone, while circumferential and radial strain only decreased in endocardium of the ischemic zone. Longitudinal strain was more sensitive to ischemia, being able to detect changes in global LV function and thus may confer clinical diagnostic advantage in the evaluation of acute LV apical ischemia.
Shear Stress Induces Change in Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 5 Levels with Sustained Activation under Disturbed and Continuous Laminar Flow.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) has been reported to regulate endothelial integrity and protect from vascular dysfunction under laminar flow. Previously reported research indicates that under laminar flow ERK5 is activated with production of atheroprotective molecules. However, the characterization of ERK5 activation and levels under different flow patterns has not been investigated. Confluent HUVECs were serum-starved then seeded on glass slides. HUVECs incubated in 1% FBS were exposed to continuous laminar flow (CLF), to-and-fro flow (TFF), or pulsatile forward flow (PFF) in a parallel plate flow chamber. At the end of experimentation, cell lysates were immunoblotted with antibodies to phospho-ERK5 and total ERK5. ERK5 activation was assessed by the levels of phosphorylated ERK5. The densitometric mean ± SEM is calculated and analyzed by ANOVA. p Levels of ERK5 decreased with all flow conditions with the largest decrease in TFF flow condition. TFF and CLF exhibited sustained ERK5 phosphorylation in HUVECs stimulated for up to 4 hours. PFF had transient phosphorylation of ERK5 at 2 hours, which then became undetectable at 4 hours of exposure to flow. Also, TFF and CLF both showed decreased levels at 4 hours, suggesting a decrease in activation for these flow conditions. Exposure of HUVEC to different types of shear stress results in varying patterns of activation of ERK5. Activation of ERK5 with TFF suggests a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling under disturbed flow conditions.
Oesophagogastric Dissociation: When Is It Relevant?

Even for the otherwise normal child, clinically significant gastro-oesophageal reflux may be a cause of major morbidity and possible mortality and effective treatment difficult to achieve. Despite heavy medical management, the patient’s quality of life and indeed that of his family or caregivers is often severely reduced and an outwardly effective conservative approach may not always be acceptable. Failure of conservative management often leads to a surgical antireflux procedure. Of the several varieties of fundoplication, for which the eventual long-term outcomes are not much different, the Nissen 360° moderately loose wrap, undertaken through an open upper abdominal approach or laparoscopically, is still the more common intervention. Fundoplications in this setting have proven generally satisfactory, although for a minority the wrap may loosen and reflux recurs or a hiatal hernia may appear.
Mutation Signatures Including APOBEC in Cancer Cell Lines

Background Multiple endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage contribute to the overall mutation burden in cancer, with distinct and overlapping combinations contributing to each cancer type. Many mutation sources result in characteristic mutation signatures, which can be deduced from tumor genomic DNA sequences. Examples include spontaneous hydrolytic deamination of methyl-cytosine bases in CG motifs (AGEING signature) and C-to-T and C-to-G mutations in 5'-TC(A/T) motifs (APOBEC signature). Methods The deconstructSigs R package was used to analyze single base substitution mutation signatures in over 1000 cancer cell lines. Two additional approaches were used to analyze the APOBEC mutation signature. Results Most cell lines show evidence for multiple mutation signatures. For instance, the AGEING signature, which is the largest source of mutation in most primary tumors, predominates in the majority of cancer cell lines. The APOBEC mutation signature is enriched in cancer cell lines from breast, lung, head/neck, bladder, and cervical cancers, where this signature also comprises a large fraction of all mutations. Conclusions The single base substitution mutation signatures of cancer cell lines often reflect those of the original tumors from which they are derived. Cancer cell lines with enrichments for distinct mutation signatures such as APOBEC have the potential to become model systems for fundamental research on the underlying mechanisms and for advancing clinical strategies to exploit these processes.
The Search for the Convergence of the Absolute Beginning and the Doctrine of Creatio ex Nihilo

Science and theology have very different methodology and use different tools. Despite the differences sometimes both disciplines try to answer same question. One of the questions addressed by science and theology is the origin of the universe. Present article is an attempt to describe how certain scientific achievements in cosmology can support biblical message about the beginning of the world. Bible teaches that the world was created by God out of nothing a finite time ago. Current cosmology holds to the view that is widely known as the Big Bang theory. According to this theory the universe appeared out of the state of infinite density around 15 billion years ago. This revolutionary statement implies that modern physicists do not adhere anymore to the view that the universe is eternal. Thus, both Bible and science claim that the universe had the beginning. Some theoretical physicists have proposed that the universe came out of nothing. Analysis shows that although the statement sounds similar to the doctrine of creatio ex nihilo it has different meaning. However, this difference does not annul the possibility of the convergence of two sides.
PLASTICITY | Proteomic Approaches to the Analysis of Protein Alterations at the Synapse in Kindling

Technological advances over the last decade in gel electrophoresis and in mass spectrometry (MS)-based procedures have revolutionized approaches for analyzing proteins. Application of these new techniques, collectively termed proteomics, has permitted the global analysis of protein levels and modification states at very high sensitivities of detection on multiple samples simultaneously. This technology provides a means to analyze proteins, in parallel with analysis of gene expression, in tissues and cells under differing treatment conditions and in differing settings (e.g., disease vs. normal). This article presents an overview of current technologies used for 2D gel and MS analysis for proteomic studies, and the application of this technology to brain – particularly with emphasis on the kindling model of epilepsy in rat.
SHOCK INITIATION OF PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE CRYSTALS: STERIC EFFECTS DUE TO PLASTIC FLOW

Complete results are presented of the analysis of steric hindrance due to edge dislocation motion in the different crystal slip systems associated with different crystal orientations relative to the shock wave in pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). A systematic search was done for close intermolecular atom-atom approaches during the shear displacement associated with motion of an edge dislocation. A graphical display of results is given. The number and severity of close approaches or contacts correlates well with the measured shock initiation sensitivity of , , , and orientations of PETN single crystals. This forms the basis of a new model of shock initiation of detonation in homogeneous solids.