cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growing Up African-American, Christian, and Female: The Dichotomies of My Life

W black and White. While I will address the issue of being a black girl going to school in an all white community, there are other situations in my life that I will address where I stuck out like a fly in a bowl of cream. Looking retrospectively at my life, and the way I was socialized, I realize that every moment has led up to the person I am now. Peter and Brigitte Berger define socialization as "The process through which an individual learns to become a member of society." I look at this process as the internalization of the societal norms. Whether an individual grows up on a farm in Kansas, or in New York's inner city, the values and norms they are taught as a young child will affect them throughout their lives. The way they are socialized will affect the decisions they make, the careers they choose, the majors they decide on in college, friends they make, etc. The largest influences an individual has in their lives are their significant others. These are people who are closest and have the most influence over an individual. Edwin Sutherland, who is most well-known in criminology, developed the theory of Differential Association. He attributed the way someone learned values and behaviors to how close they felt to their significant others. He said that there are four things that will determine how much of an effect your significant others will have on you: the frequency in which you see someone, the duration of time you spend with that person, the priority they have in your life (i.e., how important they are to you), and how intense your experiences with that person are. All of these affect how much an individual's significant others had to do with their socialization. This is called primary socialization, the adults and social groups that are primarily involved in an individual's life at an early age. Generalized others are those people in a person's life that may not have had a direct impact on an individual's life, but have indirectly impacted her or his life in some way. This may include people on television, sports stars, of even a person's pastor at church. For instance, in the movie Billy Elliot, Billy aspired to become a dancer because he watched Fred Astaire on television dancing. Although Billy did not personally know Fred Astaire, he had an impact on Billy and what he aspired to do. While Fred Astaire would be considered a generalized other to Billy, his father and brother would be considered significant others to him because they are in his life everyday and are constantly influencing him. In order to understand me and the way I have been socialized, one must first know where I am from, and where I have been. I will attempt to set up my social location to give context to my life. I was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1981. I was born to a mother, father and an older brother. …
Cannabinoid modulation of corticolimbic activation to threat in trauma-exposed adults: a preliminary study

Excessive fear and anxiety, coupled with corticolimbic dysfunction, are core features of stress- and trauma-related psychopathology, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Interestingly, low doses of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can produce anxiolytic effects, reduce threat-related amygdala activation, and enhance functional coupling between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex and adjacent rostral cingulate cortex (mPFC/rACC) during threat processing in healthy adults. Together, these findings suggest the cannabinoid system as a potential pharmacological target in the treatment of excess fear and anxiety. However, the effects of THC on corticolimbic functioning in response to threat have not be investigated in adults with trauma-related psychopathology. To address this gap, the present study tests the effects of an acute low dose of THC on corticolimbic responses to threat in three groups of adults: (1) non-trauma-exposed healthy controls (HC; n = 25), (2) trauma-exposed adults without PTSD (TEC; n = 27), and (3) trauma-exposed adults with PTSD (n = 19). Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-subjects design, 71 participants were randomly assigned to receive either THC or placebo (PBO) and subsequently completed a well-established threat processing paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In adults with PTSD, THC lowered threat-related amygdala reactivity, increased mPFC activation during threat, and increased mPFC-amygdala functional coupling. These preliminary data suggest that THC modulates threat-related processing in trauma-exposed individuals with PTSD, which may prove advantageous as a pharmacological approach to treating stress- and trauma-related psychopathology.
Arctic Geopolitics of Fishing

Fisheries are typically considered to be a ‘low’ security interest of coastal states, connected with other soft security issues like food and environmental protection. However, in the Arctic region, high geopolitical stakes are woven into fisheries in surprising ways. In the Bering Sea, the US and Russian coast guards work together on joint fisheries enforcement—one of the only direct lines of communication between the two governments. Similarly, in the Barents Sea, Norway balances cooperation with Russia on fisheries with calls for NATO to take a stronger role in the Arctic. On the commercial side, the influence of China on the Greenlandic fishing industry, and the ongoing debate over fishing around Svalbard, can be linked to broader dynamics in Arctic power politics. Fishing has been recognized as an arena of ‘gray zone’ warfare, and emerging gray zone uses of both coast guards and fishing fleets may challenge Arctic coastal states in novel ways. In particular, as climate change drives changes in fish distributions and assortments in the Arctic, the issue of fishing may increasingly rise to the level of high geopolitics. This paper analyzes the geopolitical stakes of fisheries in and around the Arctic Ocean. Key actors in both governmental and commercial sectors will be identified, and the important historical and emerging relationships will be traced: between Arctic states; among small and great powers; and between alliances and institutions like NATO and the EU, in which fisheries issues often serve as an irritant.
Matching in Networks with Bilateral Contracts: Corrigendum

Hatfield and Kominers (2012) introduced a model of matching in networks with bilateral contracts and showed that stable outcomes exist in supply chains when firms' preferences over contracts are fully substitutable. Hatfield and Kominers (2012) also asserted that in their setting, full substitutability is equivalent to the assumption that all indirect utility representations of each firm's preferences are quasisubmodular; we show here that this claimed equivalence result does not hold in general. We show instead that full substitutability is equivalent to weak quasisubmodularity of all indirect utility representations.
Model-free speed management for a heterogeneous platoon of connected ground vehicles

Motivated by military applications, this work considers connected platoons of ground vehicles of potentially different sizes and presents a model-free approach for optimizing the speed of the plato...
TRIM Proteins in Host Defense and Viral Pathogenesis.

Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a large group of E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in different cellular functions. Of special interest are their roles in innate immunity, inflammation, and virus replication. We discuss novel roles of TRIM proteins during virus infections that lead to increased pathogenicity. TRIM proteins regulate different antiviral and inflammatory signaling pathways, mostly by promoting ubiquitination of important factors including pattern recognition receptors, adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors that are involved in type I interferon and NF-κB pathways. Therefore, viruses have developed mechanisms to target TRIMs for immune evasion. New evidence is emerging indicating that viruses have the ability to directly use TRIMs and the ubiquitination process to enhance the viral replication cycle and cause increased pathogenesis. A new report on TRIM7 also highlights the potential pro-viral role of TRIMs via ubiquitination of viral proteins and suggests a novel mechanism by which ubiquitination of virus envelope protein may provide determinants of tissue and species tropism. TRIM proteins have important functions in promoting host defense against virus infection; however, viruses have adapted to evade TRIM-mediated immune responses and can hijack TRIMs to ultimately increase virus pathogenesis. Only by understanding specific TRIM-virus interactions and by using more in vivo approaches can we learn how to harness TRIM function to develop therapeutic approaches to reduce virus pathogenesis.
Toward a scalable robust security-constrained optimal power flow using a proximal projection bundle method

Abstract Robust security-constrained optimal power flow (rSCOPF) aims to find the worst-case contingencies of alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) in power systems. With the rise of GPU architectures on the upcoming supercomputer architectures, optimization algorithms that rely on sparse linear algebra and indefinite linear systems are becoming increasingly hard to solve efficiently (e.g. interior-point method). To address this we revisit a maximin optimization formulation of the rSCOPF and the single-level mixed-integer semidefinite programming (MISDP) reformulation, which is obtained by taking the Lagrangian relaxation of the inner minimization ACOPF problem. In this paper, we focus on the development of a proximal projection bundle method (PPBM) for solving continuous relaxation node subproblems of the MISDP problem, based primarily on the well-known alternating direction method of multipliers. Cutting planes reminiscent of bundle method ideas are also applied in coordination with updates of the proximal parameter. The cutting-plane method can generate a large number of linear inequalities, leading to a large scale but decomposable quadratic programming (QP) subproblem that is amenable to GPUs. We present the numerical results on the IEEE 30, 57, 118, and 300-bus systems by using our PBMM method. We discuss the main computational bottleneck of our method, which is the time taken to solve each iteration of a QP subproblem instance of the PPBM, and how GPU architectures can accelerate this solution process.
Endocrinological and Peptide Modifications in Psychiatric Illness

ABSTRACT A review of recent developments relating endocrinological findings to psychiatric conditions is presented. The relevance of endocrinologic changes will be discussed as an index of (1) brain monoamine functions; (2) the intactness of psychologic defenses; (3) response to stress; and (4) as a major patterned output indicative of the response of the nervous system to stimulation. Secondly, a brief review will be presented of recent findings on the role of endogenous brain peptides or endorphins.
Utilizing Brief Spiritual Assessments with Clients who belong to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: : Balancing Cultural Competence

In recent years social work has increasingly focused on spirituality and religion as key elements of cultural competency. The Joint Commission—the nation's largest health care accrediting organization—as well as many other accrediting bodies require spiritual assessments in hospitals and many other mental health settings. Consequently, specific intervention strategies have been fostered in order to provide the most appropriate interventions for religious clients. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest and one of the faster growing churches in the United States. In an effort to facilitate cultural competence with clients who are members of the Church of Jesus Christ, a brief spiritual assessment instrument was developed. This mixed-method study asked experts in Church culture (N = 100) to identify the degree of cultural consistency, strengths, and limitations of the brief spiritual assessment instrument. Results indicate that the framework is consistent with Church culture and a number of practice-oriented implications are offered.
SCHWINGER MECHANISM FOR GLUON PAIR PRODUCTION IN THE PRESENCE OF ARBITRARY TIME DEPENDENT CHROMOELECTRIC FIELD IN ARBITRARY GAUGE

We study the nonperturbative gluon pair production from arbitrary time dependent chromoelectric field Ea(t) with arbitrary color index a = 1, 2,…, 8 via Schwinger mechanism in arbitrary covariant background gauge α. We show that the probability of nonperturbative gluon pair production per unit time per unit volume per unit transverse momentum is independent of gauge fixing parameter α. Hence the result obtained in the Feynman–'t Hooft gauge, α = 1, is the correct gauge invariant and gauge parameter α independent result.
Coccidioidomycosis in patients with various inflammatory disorders treated with tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors.

Coccidioides fungi are found primarily in the southwestern United States and are the cause of coccidioidomycosis. Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFIs) are therapies for autoimmune and inflammatory conditions; their association with coccidioidomycosis is not well characterized. We aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of coccidioidomycosis among TNFI recipients with different inflammatory disorders at a tertiary care center. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic health records of patients at our institution from April 4, 2010 to December 17, 2017, who received TNFIs (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, or golimumab) and had positive culture, pathologic, and/or serologic results for coccidioidomycosis. Among 1770 patients identified who received TNFIs, 49 (2.8%) had proven or probable coccidioidomycosis. Of these 49, 28 (57%) were men, 47 (96%) were White, and 42 (86%) had pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. The most common TNFIs used were adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept. Coccidioidomycosis was identified in 25 of 794 patients with rheumatologic disorders (3.1%), 18 of 783 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (2.3%), and six of 193 patients with dermatologic disorders (3.1%) (P = .34). There was no difference in coccidioidal infections among recipients of any particular TNFI agents. A minority of patients (7/49, 14%) had an extrapulmonary infection, and the majority of these (6/7) had IBD. Our study shows a low prevalence of coccidioidomycosis in TNFI recipients, even within the Coccidioides-endemic area. Persons with IBD were disproportionately represented among those with extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Treatment with azoles was effective. LAY SUMMARY Among 1770 patients who received tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors, 49 (2.8%) had newly acquired coccidioidomycosis over a 7-year period. Dissemination occurred in 14.3%, but disproportionately among those with underlying inflammatory bowel disease. All patients recovered with medical management.
Decolonising Academic Spaces: Moving Beyond Diversity to Promote Racial Equity in Postsecondary Education

Despite efforts to advance diversity, postsecondary institutions globally have found themselves in the midst of campus protests. Central to increased activism is the failure of postsecondary institutions to create decolonised spaces both in and out of the classroom where minoritised students can engage in learning that suggest their lives and lived experiences really matter. This chapter presents a conceptual framing for decolonised academic spaces that move beyond diversity to promote racial equity and inclusion. We address four guiding concepts: (1) decolonising the mind through ways of knowing and knowledge construction; (2) decolonising pedagogy; (3) decolonising structures, policies and practices; and (4) reimagining the academy from a decolonised lens. Thereafter, we discuss what these may look like in praxis and the implications on decolonising academic spaces.
Patient Reported Sexual Function Outcomes in Male Patients Following Open Radical Cystoprostatectomy and Urinary Diversion.

OBJECTIVE To report sexual health outcomes in male patients undergoing open radical cystoprostatectomy using a validated questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS Beginning in 2017, male patients were asked to complete a validated questionnaire during scheduled post-cystectomy clinic visits that assessed sexual function using the 5 item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) and supplemental questions which evaluated libido, orgasm, partner interest, and adequacy of pre-operative counselling. Baseline data and functional outcomes were compared and multivariable analysis performed. RESULTS A total of 134 patients who met inclusion criteria completed the questionnaire. Pre-operative IIEF-5 was available in 78 patients with a median score of 16 (IQR:5-23). In those patients, median age at cystectomy was 68.9 years (IQR:60.2-72.4) and median duration of follow-up was 17.3 months (IQR:6.3-28.7). Median IIEF-5 score at time of survey completion was 1 (IQR:1-11). Increasing age, shorter follow-up duration, insufficient counselling, and absence of partner interest were predictive of lower scores. Younger age, pre-operative erectile function, and neurovascular preservation were predictive of a higher IIEF-5 score on univariate and multivariate analysis. Median libido score was 2 “low” (IQR:1-3) and ability to orgasm was reported by 34 (43.6%) patients. Neurovascular preservation (OR:3.03 95% CI:1.10-8.26, P = .03) and sufficient preoperative counselling (OR:3.078 95% CI:1.17-8.098, P = .02) were associated with preserved ability to orgasm. Libido was influenced by partner interest (OR 11.7, 95% CI:3.793–6.14, P CONCLUSION Sexual dysfunction after radical cystoprostatectomy is prevalent with many contributing factors. As such, establishing appropriate expectations and goals during preoperative counseling, performing neurovascular preservation when appropriate, and readily identifying and treating dysfunction in follow-up may improve sexual recovery.
D-2-Hydroxyglutarate in Glioma Biology

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are common genetic abnormalities in glioma, which result in the accumulation of an "oncometabolite", D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). Abnormally elevated D-2-HG levels result in a distinctive pattern in cancer biology, through competitively inhibiting α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)/Fe(II)-dependent dioxgenases (α-KGDDs). Recent studies have revealed that D-2-HG affects DNA/histone methylation, hypoxia signaling, DNA repair, and redox homeostasis, which impacts the oncogenesis of IDH-mutated cancers. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of D-2-HG in cancer biology, as well as the emerging opportunities in therapeutics in IDH-mutated glioma.
Multi-Year Sorghum Biomass Prediction with UAV-Based Remote Sensing Data

Multi-temporal Remote Sensing (RS) data acquired by multisensor mobile mapping systems such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide significant utility for collecting plant phenotypic traits. Biomass is a plant trait that is highly correlated with biofuel production, yet also highly affected by genetics and the environment. Previous studies demonstrated the effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for predicting end-of-season biomass in a single year. However, biomass prediction across multiple years remains a challenge due to the variation of environments and breeding trials. This paper focuses on exploring the transferability of an RNN model incorporating features extracted from LiDAR, hyperspectral and weather data. A k-means assisted transfer learning strategy is proposed to identify optimal samples for fine-tuning the pre-trained RNN model. Results from multiple experiments conducted on sorghum breeding trials at the Purdue University are summarized.
Should Managers Care About Intra-household Heterogeneity?

In this study we seek to study the implications of ignoring intra-household heterogeneity in choice models estimated using scanner data. Using a unique data set that identifies choices made by individual customers within a household, we estimate multinomial choice models at the household level with and without incorporating intra-household heterogeneity using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedures. We find that the estimates obtained at the customer level are significantly different from those obtained at the household level. We use the estimates obtained at the household and customer level to conduct a policy simulation to target households with a promotion. We find that using customer level estimates to target households with a promotion results in significantly higher profits relative to targeting based on household level estimates which ignores intra-household heterogeneity.
The Existence of Kirkman Squares—Doubly Resolvable ( v ,3,1)- BIBD s

A Kirkman square with index λ, latinicity μ, block size k, and v points, KSk(v;μ,λ), is a t×t array (teλ(v−1)/μ(k−1)) defined on a v-set V such that (1) every point of V is contained in precisely μ cells of each row and column, (2) each cell of the array is either empty or contains a k-subset of V, and (3) the collection of blocks obtained from the non-empty cells of the array is a (v, k,λ)-BIBD. For μe1, the existence of a KSk(v; μ, λ) is equivalent to the existence of a doubly resolvable (v, k, λ)-BIBD. The spectrum of KS2 (v; 1, 1) or Room squares was completed by Mullin and Wallis in 1975. In this paper, we determine the spectrum for a second class of doubly resolvable designs with λe1. We show that there exist KS3 (v; 1, 1) for v \equiv 3 \pmod 6, ve3 and v≥27 with at most 23 possible exceptions for v.
Interactive realism for visualization using ray tracing

Visual realism is necessary for many virtual reality applications. In order to convince the user that the virtual environment is real, the scene presented should faithfully model the expected actual environment. A highly accurate, fully modeled, interactive environment is thus seen as "virtually real". The paper addresses the problem of interactive visual realism and discusses a possible solution: a hybrid rendering paradigm that ties distributed graphics hardware and ray tracing systems together for use in interactive, high visual realism applications. This new paradigm is examined in the context of a working rendering system. This system is capable of producing images of higher fidelity than possible through the use of graphics hardware alone, able both to render images at speeds useful for interactive systems and to progressively refine static, high quality snapshots.
Marketing at the frontier: Exploring the role of informal marketers in Africa

Abstract This paper examines the role of informal marketers and the sale, promotion and distribution of branded consumer goods in African countries and in other less developed countries. The emphasis of this paper is on the motivations of small-scale informal market vendors, the pressures they face in developing their selling strategies and the implications of each for multinationals seeking access to these markets. This research posits that three major “drivers” inform the behavior of small-scale vendors and that these drivers are themselves closely related to the level of economic uncertainty that exists at a macro level and micro level in LDCs. Implications for multinational companies with branded products are discussed as well as areas in which marketing mix adaptations may allow for more control over the distribution of branded goods. The Makola market in Accra, Ghana provides the field context for exploring these issues.
Adaptation of allocation of resources and attention in response to external shocks: The case of Southwest Airlines

Purpose – The basic assumption in strategic management is that consistently high performing companies are able to adapt effectively to external shocks. While adaptation of allocation of resources and its constraints have been investigated, it is important to also consider the allocation of attention. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the differences in the patterns in the allocation of resources and attention in a comparative case study with focus on Southwest Airlines. This study illustrates that the comparison of the patterns of allocation of resource and attention is very promising for the explanation of consistent superior performance.Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyzes Federal Aviation Administration and American Transport Association data in order to determine actual resource allocation. Moreover, textual analysis of annual reports serves as basis for examining the patterns of allocation of attention.Findings – The results of this paper reveal a striking divergence of allocation o...
Sensitive Detection and Identification of Isovanillin Aerosol Particles at the pg/cm3 Mass Concentration Level Using Raman Spectroscopy

A compact Raman spectroscopy system with high sensitivity to chemical aerosols has been developed. This system has been used to detect isovanillin aerosols with mass concentration of 12 pg/cm3 in a 15 s signal integration period with a signal-to-noise ratio of 32. We believe this represents the lowest chemical aerosol concentration and signal integration period product ever reported for a Raman spectroscopy system. The Raman system includes (i) a 10 W, 532-nm cw laser, (ii) an aerosol flow cell, (iii) a 60× aerosol concentrator, (iv) an f/1.8 Raman spectrometer with a spectral range of 400–1400 cm−1 and a resolution of 4 cm−1, and (v) a low-noise CCD camera (1340 × 400 pixels). The collection efficiency of the Raman system has been determined to be 2.8%. Except for the laser cooling subsystem, the Raman system fits in a 0.61 m × 0.61 m × 0.61 m box.Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research
Perspectives on Language as a Source of Social Markers

Because linguistic forms vary between groups of speakers, language serves as a source of social markers, allowing people to distinguish between those who do and do not belong to the same social group. This review surveys interdisciplinary perspectives on four issues concerning social markers: (a) the role of inter- and intra-individual variation, (b) the purpose of social markers, (c) language as an especially good source of social markers and (d) social marking as a source of new dialects.
Mechanism of Cholestasis: 4. Structural and biochemical changes in the liver and serum in rats after bile duct ligation

To determine whether changes in the function of the hepatocellular microsomal biotransformation system play a role in the genesis of cholestasis or result from it, the biochemical alterations in the biotransformation system and the appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum were compared in rats during the 1st 4 days after bile duct ligation. The time course of the changes in the structure of the hepatocytes was also compared with the results of commonly used hepatic tests. Cholestasis is characterized by decreased metabolism of substrates bound to the lipoprotein of cytochrome P-450 despite an increase in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This increase occurs after cholestasis is apparent and, therefore, results from it. The changes in the endoplasmic reticulum with hypertrophy of the smooth form may be adaptive in nature. The high but transient elevation of transaminase activity soon after bile duct ligation was not associated with morphological signs of injury. The later injurious effects of cholestasis are thought to be caused, at least in part, by the accumulation of bile salts, which by their detergent action decrease the function of the hypertrophic smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Developing a collection registry for IMLS NLG digital collections

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has been funded to create a collection registry and item-level metadata repository for digital collections and content created under the auspices of the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) National Leadership Grant (NLG) program. The first stages of developing the collection registry are described: defining a collection; surveying current collection description schemas and registries; and determining which schema to use and whether to modify it. Next steps will include populating the registry, testing the efficacy of the schema and designing internal and public interface.
Managing public higher education restructuring: Understanding college and university cost structures

G. Thomas Sav Received: 25. 2.2010 Original scientific paper Accepted: 10.10.2010 UDC 378 This paper focuses on understanding college and university costs as a prerequisite for successfully managing ongoing issues associated with restructuring publicly provided higher education. Restructuring is well underway as a result of globalization, the European led Bologna Declaration, and U.S. nationally competitive forces. It potentially affects the mix and level of products that colleges and universities produce. To capture the possible cost implications of those changes, multi-product cost functions are empirically estimated for four levels of U.S. public colleges and universities: doctoral, master, bachelor, and associate degree granting institutions. Scale and scope estimates are derived for research and three teaching outputs, including undergraduate, graduate, and professional education. Findings regarding product specific economies of scale suggest that government reforms to place enrollment growth at lower level associate colleges may increase the costs of providing public higher education. In contrast, reforms that create more specialized institutional missions could generate cost savings. While the empirical estimates pertain to U.S. colleges and universities, the lessons of experience in one country can be valuable to others.
MARTYRDOM: SELF‐DENIAL OR SELF‐EXALTATION? MOTIVES FOR SELF‐SACRIFICE FROM HOMER TO POLYCARP A THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION1

This article explores the theological understandings of martyrdom in the second century and how they might serve as a response to Nietzsche's critique that Christian martyrdom is not self-abnegation but a self-deluded assertion of the will to power. In reply to this objection, the article focuses on the early church's self-conscious concern for the proper and improper forms of martyrdom as depicted in the Martyrdom of Polycarp. By contrasting the depiction of Polycarp's martyrdom “according to the gospel” with classical views of self-sacrifice in Homer's Iliad and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, it will show how martyrdom, contra Nietzsche, can be an act of true self-denial.
Increased breakdown strengths of polypropylene films melt-extruded from plasma-treated resin

Thin (11–36 μm) films formed by melt extruding polypropylene resin after the resin had been briefly exposed to low pressure, low temperature, 96% CF4/4% O2 gas plasma, exhibited approximately a 20% increase in dielectric breakdown strength. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantum-chromodynamic vacuum as a glueball condensate

It is argued semiquantitatively that the magnetic instability of the perturbative QCD vacuum leads to the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate that locally can be described as a ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={0}^{++}$ gluon color-singlet bound state of "glueball." We also indicate how this result might be obtained by a more rigorous field-theoretical treatment. A general discussion of the global properties of the "glueball vacuum" is given, and as an illustration of our ideas we construct a phenomenological model in which the bag constant is related to the QCD scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$.
The effect on ocean circulation of a change in the sign of

The purpose of this note is to clarify an issue raised originally by Welander (1968) and subsequently discussed by Kamenkovitch & Mitrofanov (1971), Johnson et al. (1971) and Fandry & Leslie (1972). When the depth of the ocean varies, the variation of the parameter f / h , where f is the Coriolis parameter and h is the depth of the (homogeneous) ocean, determines the form of the interior flow. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00636.x
On the square root of a positive B(X, X∗)-valued function

Let (Ω, B, μ) be a measure space, X a separable Banach space, and X∗ the space of all bounded conjugate linear functionals on X. Let f be a weak∗ summable positive B(X, X∗)-valued function defined on Ω. The existence of a separable Hilbert space K, a weakly measurable B(X, K)-valued function Q satisfying the relation Q∗(ω)Q(ω) = f(ω) is proved. This result is used to define the Hilbert space L2,f of square integrable operator-valued functions with respect to f. It is shown that for B+(X, X∗)-valued measures, the concepts of weak∗, weak, and strong countable additivity are all the same. Connections with stochastic processes are explained.
Prediction of Two-Person Team Lifting Capacity

Predictive models for team lifting capacity are important for task and equipment design, as well as worker selection and placement. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction equation fo...
Litigating Community Noise Annoyance: A Human Factors Perspective:

Noise annoyance in the community setting is a prominent source of civil legal action and local government hearings. Measurement, interpretation, and enforcement of community noise offenses is a challenging task, particularly when zoning regulations or noise ordinances are not in place for guidance. This paper provides a human factors perspective on how to measure community noise, interpret noise data, render comparisons against benchmarks, provide conclusions about expected noise impact on the community, and plot objective determinants of predicted sleep arousal and speech interference, all for use in legal proceedings. A common community noise case study example (automobile racetrack noise) is used for illustrative purposes.
Phase segregation and work-function variations on metal surfaces: spontaneous formation of periodic domain structures☆

Electrostatic interactions are shown to be capable of giving rise to periodic domain structures under conditions of phase segregation on metal surfaces. The effect is strongest when the work function difference is large and the domain boundary energy is small. A variety of geometries is considered, but a simple striped phase is found to be energetically favored under most conditions. The theory is closely related to that of surface stress effects, which may simultaneously contribute to the stability of domain superstructures.
Inhibition of lung cancer growth: ATP citrate lyase knockdown and statin treatment leads to dual blockade of mitogen-activated protein Kinase (MAPK) and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways†

ATP citrate lyase (ACL) catalyzes the conversion of cytosolic citrate to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. A definitive role for ACL in tumorigenesis has emerged from ACL RNAi and chemical inhibitor studies, showing that ACL inhibition limits tumor cell proliferation and survival and induces differentiation in vitro. In vivo, it reduces tumor growth leading to a cytostatic effect and induces differentiation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood and agents that could enhance the efficacy of ACL inhibition have not been identified. Our studies focus on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lines, which show phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT activation secondary to a mutation in the K-Ras gene or the EGFR gene. Here we show that ACL knockdown promotes apoptosis and differentiation, leading to the inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, in contrast to most studies, which elucidate how activation/suppression of signaling pathways can modify metabolism, we show that inhibition of a metabolic pathway "reverse signals" and attenuates PI3K/AKT signaling. Additionally, we find that statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which act downstream of ACL in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, dramatically enhance the anti-tumor effects of ACL inhibition, even regressing established tumors. With statin treatment, both PI3K/AKT and the MAPK pathways are affected. Moreover, this combined treatment is able to reduce the growth of EGF receptor resistant tumor cell types. Given the essential role of lipid synthesis in numerous cancers, this work may impact therapy in a broad range of tumors.
Pea leaf weevil herbivory on pea seedlings: effects on growth response and yield

Field experiments were conducted to determine growth and yield responses of Pisum sativum L. to defoliation by adult Sitona lineatus (L.). Seedlings grown under conventional (moldboard plowed) and conservation (chisel plowed) tillage treatments were infested for a 1-week period with 0, 1 and 8 weevils per plant at two times: at 75% field emergence and 1 week later. After the early infestation, defoliation for the control, low and high weevil densities was about 0, 15 and 50%, respectively, while defoliation after the late infestation was about 0, 10 and 35%. An undercompensatory growth response was observed in one experiment after seedlings were subjected to moderate levels of early defoliation. Exact compensation was observed in two experiments after early infestations of low and high Sitona densities. Sitona defoliation reduced the number of pods per plant and pod length in two experiments. However, seed biomass was never significantly reduced. Averaged over all experiments, reduction in seed biomass due to high Sitona densities was 10 and 5% for early and late infestations, respectively. Tillage treatments did not affect Pisum compensatory growth response, although yield components were sometimes greater in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage, possibly due to slightly greater soil moisture in the conservation tillage plots.
Low bone turnover and low bone density in a cohort of adults with Down syndrome.

Summary Increased incidence of osteoporosis in Down syndrome has been reported, but etiology is not established. We report low bone turnover markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in a cohort of people with Down syndrome without consistent clinical risk factors. Our results should guide future studies and treatments for this common problem.
The impact of consolidation and safety-net support on Canadian, US and UK banks: 1893–1992

Abstract This study investigates bank consolidation and safety-net support provision in Canada, the UK and the US over a 100-year historical period, and the impact of these policy variables on bank capital and risk-taking choices. The study finds that consolidation and strengthened safety nets have largely supplanted the historical role of high bank capital levels in providing protection to risk-adverse depositors. Furthermore, despite strengthened safety-net guarantees, the study finds that bank asset-risk choices in the 1980s are comparable to those observed in the 1890s, while bank equity volatilities have shown approximately a 10-fold increase over this period. Finally, the study finds that bank capital ratios are as asset-risk sensitive in the 1980s as those in the 1890s, perhaps reflecting residual market discipline or regulatory moral-suasion effects.
Analytical design and experimental validation of uniform pressure actuator for electromagnetic forming and welding

Abstract In this paper, an analytical model is used to design a coil, called a Uniform Pressure Actuator (UPA), for use during electromagnetic forming (EMF) and magnetic pulsed welding (MPW) by combining and extending past efforts by other researchers. The UPA offers increased forming efficiency and repeatability, as well as a robust design. Magnetic pressure applied to the workpiece and workpiece velocity are predicted to ensure impact conditions are sufficient for MPW. The UPA is constructed and tested experimentally to validate the accuracy of the analytical model, as well as verify assumptions made during modeling. The coupling coefficient introduced in the magnetic analysis is experimentally determined and compared to previous researchers’ values. Workpiece velocities for various energy levels, workpiece thicknesses, and materials with various conductivities and densities are compared to analytical predictions and show good agreement for the initial acceleration in the process. Workpiece velocity measurements were obtained using a Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system, which provides a robust method for measuring velocities with submicron displacement and temporal resolution in the nanosecond range. Uniformity of the workpiece deformation is also examined, which is an advantage of the UPA.
Mating behaviour of two inbred strains of mice

Summary Observations were made of the mating patterns of males from two inbred strains, ST/J and CBA/J, with females from both of these strains. Experiment I involved single males that were housed separately, while experiment II involved inter-strain pairs of males that were housed together. In three out of the four possible situations, the ST males had a significantly greater rate of mating success than the CBA males. In all four situations the mating pattern of the ST male was significantly different from that of the CBA male in at least two respects (thrusts per mount and genital lickings per mating). It is not possible, at this time, to attribute the greater mating success of the ST male to any specific aspects of his mating pattern. The mating success of each of the two types of males, under paired conditions with ST females, in this experiment corresponds closely to the reproductive success of these males in a previous experiment.
Intrinsic coupling in cytochrome oxidase: nature and stoichiometry of the coupling reactions.

Summary The aerobic oxidation of ferrocytochrome c has been studied in lysolecithin dispersions of cytochrome oxidase and in Ca 2+ -state mitochondria by oxygen pulsing of the reaction systems monitored with electrodes appropriate for measuring the concentrations of O 2 , K + and H + . When oxygen is introduced, there is a surge of K + into the particle followed by an efflux of K + from the particle as the oxygen tension diminishes. At the end of the pulse the original level of K + in the medium is restored. Concomitant with K + influx, protons are released into the medium and, concomitant with K + efflux, protons are taken up from the medium. The inverse relation between K + efflux and proton influx is an expression of cation/proton exchange. The values for the K + /e and H + /e ratios have been determined by two independent methods and shown to be close to 1. The U-shaped profile for the changes in K + and H + concentrations during an oxygen pulse experiment provides clear evidence that electron flow in cytochrome oxidase can be coupled to cyclical transport of monovalent cations such as K + . The so-called uncoupled respiration of cytochrome oxidase can now be identified as coupled cyclical transport of cations.
Controlled Self-assembly of Colloidal Cobalt Nanocrystals Mediated by Magnetic Interactions

Abstract We demonstrate the possibility of obtaining a rich set of self-assembled arrays from a single component cobalt nanocrystal (NC) system by a controlled variation of size, shape and inter-particle interactions. By selecting appropriate conditions in which one of a set of weak but competing interaction forces (steric, van der Waals, depletion, or magnetostatic) dominates we can reproducibly achieve a wide range of nanocrystal arrays. This includes hexagonal and square arrays, arrays spatially segregated by size, linear chains and lyotropic crystals exhibiting increased orientation order as a function of concentration.
Functional Adaptive Model Estimation

In this article we are interested in modeling the relationship between a scalar, Y, and a functional predictor, X(t). We introduce a highly flexible approach called functional adaptive model estimation (FAME), which extends generalized linear models (GLMs), generalized additive models (GAMs), and projection pursuit regression (PPR) to handle functional predictors. The FAME approach can model any of the standard exponential family of response distributions that are assumed for GLM or GAM while maintaining the flexibility of PPR. For example, standard linear or logistic regression with functional predictors, as well as far more complicated models, can easily be applied using this approach. We use a functional principal components decomposition of the predictor functions to aid visualization of the relationship between X(t) and Y. We also show how the FAME procedure can be extended to deal with multiple functional and standard finite-dimensional predictors, possibly with missing data. We illustrate the FAME ...
A Probabilistic and Continuous Model of Protein Conformational Space for Template-Free Modeling

One of the major challenges with protein template-free modeling is an efficient sampling algorithm that can explore a huge conformation space quickly. The popular fragment assembly method constructs a conformation by stringing together short fragments extracted from the Protein Data Base (PDB). The discrete nature of this method may limit generated conformations to a subspace in which the native fold does not belong. Another worry is that a protein with really new fold may contain some fragments not in the PDB. This article presents a probabilistic model of protein conformational space to overcome the above two limitations. This probabilistic model employs directional statistics to model the distribution of backbone angles and 2nd-order Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) to describe sequence-angle relationship. Using this probabilistic model, we can sample protein conformations in a continuous space, as opposed to the widely used fragment assembly and lattice model methods that work in a discrete space. We show that when coupled with a simple energy function, this probabilistic method compares favorably with the fragment assembly method in the blind CASP8 evaluation, especially on alpha or small beta proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first probabilistic method that can search conformations in a continuous space and achieves favorable performance. Our method also generated three-dimensional (3D) models better than template-based methods for a couple of CASP8 hard targets. The method described in this article can also be applied to protein loop modeling, model refinement, and even RNA tertiary structure prediction.
A phase-I Trial Using a Universal GM-CSF-producing and CD40L-expressing Bystander Cell Line (GM.CD40L) in the Formulation of Autologous Tumor Cell-based Vaccines for Cancer Patients with Stage IV disease

Significant antitumor T-cell responses are generated in vitro when human lymphocytes are stimulated with autologous tumor cells in the presence of bystander cells transfected with CD40L and GM-CSF. Our goal was to test this bystander-based vaccine strategy in vivo in cancer patients with stage IV disease. Patients received three intradermal vaccine injections (irradiated autologous tumor cells plus GM.CD40L bystander cells) at 28-day intervals. Patients with no disease progression received three additional vaccines at 4, 12, and 24 months. Patients were monitored for toxicity, tumor response, and tumor-specific immune responses. Twenty-one patients received at least three vaccine injections, with no toxicity attributable to the vaccine. Immunohistochemistry of vaccine injection site biopsies with CD1a and CD86 antibodies confirmed recruitment and activation of dendritic cells. There was no tumor regression after vaccination, but many patients had stable disease, including six of ten melanoma patients. Four patients developed tumor-specific T-cell responses on ELISPOT testing. One patient, who had stable disease for 24 months, demonstrated an increase in MART-1-specific T-cells by tetramer analysis after re-immunization; biopsy of the tumor that progressed 2 years after the onset of vaccination revealed a massive peritumoral and intratumoral T-cell infiltrate. Vaccination of cancer patients with autologous tumor cells and GM.CD40L bystander cells (engineered to express GM-CSF and CD40L) is safe, can recruit and activate dendritic cells, and can elicit tumor-specific T-cell responses. Phase-II trials are underway to evaluate the impact of bystander-based vaccines on melanoma and mantle cell lymphoma.
Timing of first pregnancy as a factor in divorce: A cross‐cultural analysis

(1963). Timing of first pregnancy as a factor in divorce: A cross‐cultural analysis. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 119-130.