cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability Analysis of a DC Power System

A stability study of a dc power system is performed by applying Nyquist stability criterion to a mathematical model that describes the behavior of the system during small disturbances about a steady-state operating point. The operating-point stability, as predicted by this linearized model, is compared with the response of the hybrid computer simulation of the actual system. Regions of instability for various system parameters, including the impedance of the ac system and the transmission line length, are established by a digital computer study. The delay and attenuation of the transmission line as well as the action of the converters with typical controllers are accurately taken into account. The linearized model presented should be helpful in the design and development of converter control systems for two-terminal dc power systems. Moreover, this method of analysis may be readily extended to include multiterminal dc power systems.
Lupus erythematosus-like syndrome with a familial deficiency of C2.

• Several cases of isolated C2 deficiency in man have been reported In the medical literature. The earliest cases did not seem to be associated with known diseases or syndromes; more recently, reports of C2 deficiency associated with systemic lupus erythematosus; anaphylactoid purpura, recurrent infections, and dermatomyositis have appeared. We report here another case of C2 deficiency. The propositus, a 24-year-old woman, had a lupus erythematosus-like rash and a history of arthralgia, as well as a selective deficiency of C2. Studies of hemolytic C2 of the immediate members of her family indicate an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance. These findings add to the increasing evidence that a C2 deficiency predisposes some persons to serious vascular diseases. ( Arch Dermatol 112:671-674, 1976)
Kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanism of the formation of benzaldehyde-sulfur(IV) adducts

The kinetics and mechanism of the formation of α-hydroxyphenylmethanesulfonate (HPMS) by the addition of bisulfite to benzaldehyde were studied at low pH. A three-term rate law was observed as d[HPMS]/dt = (k_1α -2 + (k_2 + k_3K_H^- {H^+})α_1)[S(IV)]_t[C_6H_5CHO] where α_1 = [HSO_3^-]/[S(IV)], α_2 = [SO_3^(2-)/[S(IV)], and K_H is the proton association constant of benzaldehyde. The Rate-limiting steps of each term appeared to be the nucleophilic attack of HSO_3^- on the carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde, the attack of HSO_3^- on the carbonyl carbon, and the attack by HSO_3^- on the protonated carbon of the carbocation, C_6H_5C^+H(OH), respectively. Over the pH range of most natural systems, only the k_1 and k_2 steps contribute to adduct formation while the k_3 term becomes important for pH < 1. At 25 oC and µ = 1.0 M, the intrinsic rate constants were determined to be k_1 = (2.15 ± 0.09) X 10^4 M^(-1)s^(-1), k_2 = (0.71 ± 0.03) M^(-1) s^(-1), k_3 ≅ 2.5 x 10^7 M^(-1) s^(-1). Para-substitution on the benzaldehyde ring resulted in a slight increase in reactivity for p-NO_2- and p-Cl-, and a decrease for p-OH-, p-OCH_3-, and p-CH_3-C_6H_5CHO. The equilibrium association constant, K = [C_6H_5CH(OH)SO_3^-]/[HSO_3-] [C_6H_5CHO], at 25 oC was determined to be 4.8 (±0.8) x 10^3 at µ = 0.1 M and 0.98 (±0.11) x 10^3 M^(-1) at µ = 1.0 M. ΔHo and ΔSo were determined to be -64.6 kJ mol^(1-) and -146 J mol^(-1) deg^(-1), respectively.
Multilayer reflective coatings for extreme-ultraviolet lithography

Multilayer mirror coatings which reflect extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation are a key enabling technology for EUV lithography. Mo/Si multilayers with reflectances of 67.5% at 13.4 nm are now routinely achieved and reflectances of 70 2% at 11.4 nm were obtained with MO/Be multilayers. High reflectance is achieved with careful control of substrate quality, layer thicknesses, multilayer materials, interface quality, and surface termination. Reflectance and film stress were found to be stable relative to the requirements for application to EUV lithography. The run-to-run reproducibility of the reflectance peak position was characterized to be better than 0.2%, providing the required wavelength matching among the seven multilayer-coated mirrors used in the present lithography system design. Uniformity of coating was improved to better than 0.5% across 150 mm diameter substrates. These improvements in EUV multilayer mirror technology will enable us to meet the stringent specifications for coating the large optical substrates for our next-generation EUV lithography system.
It's not that i don't have problems, i'm just not putting them on facebook: challenges and opportunities in using online social networks for health

To understand why and how people share health information online, we interviewed fourteen people with significant health concerns who participate in both online health communities and Facebook. Qualitative analysis of these interviews highlighted the ways that people think about with whom and how to share different types of information as they pursue social goals related to their personal health, including emotional support, motivation, accountability, and advice. Our study suggests that success in these goals depends on how well they develop their social networks and how effectively they communicate within those networks. Effective communication is made more challenging by the need to strike a balance between sharing information related to specific needs and the desire to manage self-presentation. Based on these observations, we outline a set of design opportunities for future systems to support health-oriented social interactions online, including tools to help users shape their social networks and communicate effectively within those.
On the Insignificance of Photochemical Hydrocarbon Aerosols in the Atmospheres of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets

The close-in extrasolar giant planets (CEGPs) reside in irradiated environments much more intense than that of the giant planets in our solar system. The high UV irradiance strongly influences their photochemistry, and the general current view believed that this high UV flux will greatly enhance photochemical production of hydrocarbon aerosols. In this Letter, we investigate hydrocarbon aerosol formation in the atmospheres of CEGPs. We find that the abundances of hydrocarbons in the atmospheres of CEGPs are significantly less than that of Jupiter except for models in which the CH4 abundance is unreasonably high (as high as CO) for the hot (effective temperatures ≳1000 K) atmospheres. Moreover, the hydrocarbons will be condensed out to form aerosols only when the temperature-pressure profiles of the species intersect with the saturation profiles—a case almost certainly not realized in the hot CEGPs' atmospheres. Hence our models show that photochemical hydrocarbon aerosols are insignificant in the atmospheres of CEGPs. In contrast, Jupiter and Saturn have a much higher abundance of hydrocarbon aerosols in their atmospheres that are responsible for strong absorption shortward of 600 nm. Thus the insignificance of photochemical hydrocarbon aerosols in the atmospheres of CEGPs rules out one class of models with low albedos and featureless spectra shortward of 600 nm.
Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

ABSTRACT The dendrobatid genus Silverstoneia is a clade of forest-dwelling frogs that share small adult size ( II, male nurse frogs (known in four species), and larvae possessing an umbelliform oral disc with few to many submarginal papillae and medially emarginate posterior labium (also known in four species). The clade is distributed from Costa Rica to southern Departamento del Valle del Cauca in western Colombia and includes eight species, five of which are described herein as new species. As in all species of Dendrobatoidea, in Silverstoneia the distal tendon of insertion of the m. semitendinosus inserts dorsad to the distal tendon of the mm. gracilis complex and is strapped to the dorsal edge of the inner surface of the mm. gracilis complex by a unique binding tendon. The species of Silverstone...
Formation and behavior of 1-arylpropene-amine exciplexes

Abstract The photochemical reactions of several 1-arylpropenes with diethylamine and trimethylamine in hexane and acetonitrile solution have been investigated. The amines quench the fluorescence of the singlet 1-arylpropenes with rate constants which are dependent upon the aryl substituent. The formation of fluorescent exciplex intermediates is observed for some of the 1-arylpropenes with triethylamine. Preparative irradiation results in the formation of 1-arylpropene-amine adducts as well as 1-arylpropene isomerization, reduction, and dimerization. In the case of 1-phenyl-propene a single adduct is formed with either diethylamine or triethylamine. Mixtures of regioisomeric adducts are formed in the reactions of some of the 1-arylpropenes. The effects of aryl substituents upon exciplex formation and photochemical behavior are discussed.
Molecular-Level Control over Surface Order in Self-Assembled Monolayer Films of Thiols on Gold

Long-chain omegahydroxyalkanethiols [HS(CH(2))nOH] coordinate to gold surfaces through the sulfur atom and produce ordered, hydrophilic monolayers in which the hydroxyl groups are exposed at the outer surface. Coadsorption of two omega-hydroxyalkanethiols of different chain lengths n resulted in the formation of a monolayer having a disordered surface region that was markedly less hydrophilic than the homogeneous, hydroxylic surface formed from either pure compound. By controlling the composition of the monolayer, it was also possible to control simultaneously the degree of order in the surface and its hydrophilicity. In the monolayers containing a mixture of alkanethiol components, these components apparently did not phase-segregate into macroscopic islands, but were dispersed on a molecular scale. assistance and many useful discussions.
Predicting breeding bird occurrence by stand- and microhabitat-scale features in even-aged stands in the Central Appalachians

Abstract Spatial scale is an important consideration when managing forest wildlife habitat, and models can be used to improve our understanding of these habitats at relevant scales. Our objectives were to determine whether stand- or microhabitat-scale variables better predicted bird metrics (diversity, species presence, and abundance) and to examine breeding bird response to clearcut size and age in a highly forested landscape. In 2004–2007, vegetation data were collected from 62 even-aged stands that were 3.6–34.6 ha in size and harvested in 1963–1990 on the Monongahela National Forest, WV, USA. In 2005–2007, we also surveyed birds at vegetation plots. We used classification and regression trees to model breeding bird habitat use with a suite of stand and microhabitat variables. Among stand variables, elevation, stand age, and stand size were most commonly retained as important variables in guild and species models. Among microhabitat variables, medium-sized tree density and tree species diversity most commonly predicted bird presence or abundance. Early successional and generalist bird presence, abundance, and diversity were better predicted by microhabitat variables than stand variables. Thus, more intensive field sampling may be required to predict habitat use for these species, and management may be needed at a finer scale. Conversely, stand-level variables had greater utility in predicting late-successional species occurrence and abundance; thus management decisions and modeling at this scale may be suitable in areas with a uniform landscape, such as our study area. Our study suggests that late-successional breeding bird diversity can be maximized long-term by including harvests >10 ha in size into our study area and by increasing tree diversity. Some harvesting will need to be incorporated regularly, because after 15 years, the study stands did not provide habitat for most early successional breeding specialists.
Laryngotracheal Separation for Intractable Aspiration Pneumonia in Neurologically Impaired Children: Experience With 11 Cases

Abstract Purpose Laryngotracheal separation (LTS) with or without end-to-side laryngoesophagostomy was performed as an antiaspiration procedure for intractable aspiration pneumonia in 11 children. The effectiveness of LTS for preventing aspiration was investigated. Methods Eleven children aged from 9 months to 16 years with intractable aspiration pneumonia underwent LTS with (n = 8) or without (n = 3) laryngoesophagostomy at our institution over the last 2 years. Of these 11 patients, 7 underwent fundoplication with or without gastrostomy for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) before LTS (n = 5) or concurrently with LTS (n = 2). The effectiveness of LTS was evaluated by chart review and follow-up phone questionnaires. Results LTS decreased the frequency of performing suction from an average of once every 30 minutes to once every 4.5 hours in all patients. In 5 patients who underwent fundoplication with gastrostomy before LTS, aspiration pneumonia remained unless they underwent LTS. Two patients who underwent LTS with or without laryngoesophagostomy tolerated oral feeding postoperatively. All parents rated LTS as excellent or good in terms of improving the quality of life. Conclusions LTS can be recommended for neurologically impaired children with intractable aspiration as a primary surgical intervention. If patients show impaired swallowing and GER, LTS could be performed simultaneously with fundoplication and gastrostomy.
Toddler Adjustment: Impact of Parents' Drug Use, Personality, and Parent–Child Relations

Abstract The intercorrelations among parents' drug use, personality, and parent–child relations and the child's anxious/regressive and reflective behaviors were investigated in a sample of 2-year-olds (N = 115). The results indicate that maternal child-rearing practices mediate the effect of maternal personality attributes on the child's intrapsychic functioning. The father's drug use had a direct influence on the child's reflective behavior. Generally, the mother's drug use, personality, and child-rearing practices were more important than the father's attributes. However, the father's drug use had a strong impact on the child when it interacted with the mother's drug use. Parental differences and implications for prevention are discussed.
The 2-H isophosphindoline-1,3-dione ion: The phosphorus analogue of the phthalimide anion

Abstract Reaction of potassium dihydrogenphosphide with diethyl phthalate produces the potassium 18-crown-6 complex salt of the 2H-isophosphindoline-1,3-dione ion ( 1 ). The structure of 1 is discussed.
Dietary Trends of Barn Owls in an Agricultural Ecosystem in Northern Utah

Abstract Barn Owl (Tyto alba) diets were studied for 15 years in Utah. Ninety-eight percent of 111,016 prey items were mammals, heavily dominated by voles (Microtus spp.). Food-niche breadth (FNB) was 3.33 for the entire sample and varied gradually but significantly among the 15 years and among seasons. Frequency of prey in the diet did not vary significantly from year to year or among seasons. Mean daily temperatures did not vary significantly among years but annual precipitation totals and days when deep snow covered the ground varied significantly among years. Irrigation for agriculture may have partially mitigated annual precipitation fluctuations. Hay, one of the most important crops on the study area, increased over the study period and other crops decreased slightly in the amount planted. Hectares of hay planted, hectares of corn planted, and hectares of barley planted were the variables that combined to best predict annual FNB.
Specialized Algorithm for Navigation of a Micro Hopping Air Vehicle Using Only Inertial Sensors

The need for accurate and reliable navigation techniques for micro air vehicles plays an important part in enabling autonomous operation. Traditional navigation systems typically rely on periodic global positioning system updates and provide little benefit when operating indoors or in other similarly shielded environments. Moreover, direct integration of the onboard inertial measurement unit data stream often results in substantial drift errors yielding virtually unusable positional information. This paper presents a new strategy for obtaining an accurate navigation solution for the special case of a micro hopping air vehicle, beginning from some known location and heading, using only one triaxial accelerometer and one triaxial gyroscope. Utilizing the unique dynamics of the hopping vehicle, a piece-wise navigation solution is constructed by selectively integrating the inertial data stream for only those short periods of time while the vehicle is airborne. Interhop data post processing and sensor bias recalibration are also used to further improve estimation accuracy. To assess the performance of the proposed algorithm, a series of tests were conducted in which the estimated vehicle position following a sequence of 10 consecutive hops was compared with measurements from an optical motion-capture system. On average, the final estimated vehicle position was within 0.70 m or just over 6% from its actual location based on a total traveled distance of approximately 11 m.
Review of usnic acid and Usnea barbata toxicity

Usnic acid is a prominent secondary lichen metabolite that has been used for various purposes worldwide. Crude extracts of usnic acid or pure usnic acid have been marketed in the United States as dietary supplements to aid in weight loss. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 21 reports of liver toxicity related to the ingestion of dietary supplements that contain usnic acid. This prompted the FDA to issue a warning about one such supplement, LipoKinetix, in 2001 (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-lipo.html). Subsequently, usnic acid and Usnea barbata lichen were nominated by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for toxicity evaluations. At present, a toxicological evaluation of usnic acid is being conducted by the NTP. This review focuses on the recent findings of usnic acid-induced toxicities and their underlying mechanisms of action.
Digging Through Dust: Historiography for the Organizational Sciences

This article argues that historical research is an important organizational research paradigm, for which there is little instruction on its unique methods and techniques. Those who decide to pursue this methodology are given few methodological tips on how to conduct this research and how to avoid standard pitfalls. First, this article reviews some of the key types of research questions asked by historians. Different formats for research questions include biographical research, focus on a single topic, concentration of a particular place or time, and microhistory. Next, different sources of historical data are summarized (archival research, primary and secondary sources, personal interviews, and quantitative data), focusing on their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, several dilemmas that all historical researchers face are presented, providing suggestions on different ways to resolve those dilemmas. For example, the challenge of being overly celebratory versus critical is discussed as is the challenge of understanding the past through contemporary viewpoints. In addition, suggestions are presented on how to evaluate historical research and where to publish it. Suggestions for topics for historical investigation are made throughout the article. Work is cited from historical scholars on historiography as well as organizational researchers who have conducted historical research. Finally, the article ends with a summary of the benefits of conducting historical research.
An approximate dynamic programming approach for model-free control of switched systems

Several approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithms have been developed and demonstrated for the model-free control of continuous and discrete dynamical systems. However, their applicability to hybrid systems that involve both discrete and continuous state and control variables has yet to be demonstrated in the literature. This paper presents an ADP approach for hybrid systems (hybrid-ADP) that obtains the optimal control law and discrete action sequence via online learning. New recursive relationships for hybrid-ADP are presented for switched hybrid systems that are possibly nonlinear. In order to demonstrate the ability of the proposed ADP algorithm to converge to the optimal solution, the approach is demonstrated on a switched, linear hybrid system with a quadratic cost function, for which there exists an analytical solution. The results show that the ADP algorithm is capable of converging to the optimal switched control law, by minimizing the cost-to-go online, based on an observable state vector.
Application of LIS reagents in determining the stereochemistry of the 7-phenyl-2-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes

Stereochemical assignments are made for the endo- and exo-7-phenyl-2-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes by analysis of their europium doped nmr spectra.
Paradoxical Effects of Immunopotentiators on Tumors and Tumor Viruses

Growth of tumors was inhibited or enhanced in mice by a synthetic (pyran) or a biologic (corynebacterium parvum) immunopotentiator. Marked inhibition of leukemogenesis induced by Friend leukemia virus was produced by prophylactic intraperitoneal treatment with pyran, while intravenous treatment with pyran (in the same dose and regimen) significantly enhanced growth of tumor virus. Paradoxical effects were also seen with the biologic immunopotentiator C. parvum in solid tumor systems. Treatment with C. parvum either potentiated disease or had no effect on the life span of most mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma. In contrast, the same treatment could produce a high percentage of tumor regressions in mice bearing the MCA 2182 sarcoma, although the effect was somewhat variable. These data, which show that a change in route of drug administration or in the type of tumor treated may reverse the effect of treatment, emphasize that the mechanism of action of immunopotentiators must be elucidated before consistent beneficial treatment of tumor viruses or tumors can be achieved.
Hemodynamic effects of extracorporeal circulation in closed-chest normal animals and in those with myocardial infarction with shock.

The hemodynamic effects of closed-chest extracorporeal circulation were investigated in normal dogs and in dogs subjected to coronary embolization. In both groups, despite delivery of large volumes of blood into the abdominal aorta through peripheral routes, a rise in proximal aortic pressure could not be achieved; to accomplish this it was necessary to increase vascular resistance by balloon obstruction of the lower abdominal aorta, the distal aorta being supplied with superior vena cava blood. The resulting rise in proximal aortic pressure was accompanied by a diminution in calculated left ventricular work.
Sustained release delivery systems. III: Preparation and in vitro dissolution of surface-reacted dapsone particles

Abstract The use of low solubility materials as coating agents to prepare sustained release particles is well known. Distinct from this physical process, the present work was undertaken to assess the feasibility of chemically forming a low solubility derivative, or derivatives, on the surface of a drug particle. Accordingly, the surface reaction of solid dapsone (DDS) particles exposed to acetic anhydride vapor was studied as a function of time, temperature, particle size, and particle type (compressed and precipitated). The in vitro dissolution of these particles was also studied. Over time, DDS was converted to monacetyldapsone (MADDS) and diacetyldapsone (DADDS). The temperature-controlled reaction studies were carried out using a small rotating basket that contained the DDS powder while being permeable to acetic anhydride vapor. The extent of conversion as a function of time was determined by removing samples at known time intervals and assaying for DDS, MADDS and DADDS using HPLC. At any one time, the fraction of DDS acetylated decreased with increasing particle size. The time course of the reaction for compressed particles was different from that for precipitated particles. Temperature studies suggested that the conversion reaction of the precipitated particles was under chemical control while that for compressed particles was under diffusion control. In either case, it appeared that conversion proceeded in accordance with the so-called “shrinking unreacted core” model, which resulted in the formation of an external layer of MADDS and DADDS that increased in thickness with time, while the diameter of the unreacted core decreased. That such a low solubility layer had an influence on the release of the unreacted drug core was confirmed by in vitro dissolution studies. As the content of DADDS in the reacted layers increased, the rate of dissolution of DDS from the core decreased markedly.
Experimental analysis of nature–nurture interactions

The presumed opposition of nature and nurture has been a major concern of western civilization since its beginnings. Christian theologians interpreted Adam and Eve's eating of the forbidden fruit as the origin of an inherited 'original sin'. Saint Augustine explicitly applied the concept to human mental development, arguing that, because of original sin, children are inclined toward evil and education requires physical punishment. For centuries, it was considered parents' moral and religious obligation, not to nurture their children, in our current sense of that word, but to beat the willfulness out of them. 16thC humanists fought back, arguing that "schools have become torture chambers" while it is adults "who corrupt young minds with evil". Locke's (1690) statement that children are born as a 'white paper' was crucial in rejecting the dogma of an inborn (and sinful) nature. The original sin vs. white paper argument merged with another ancient dichotomy: inborn instinct (which controls animal behavior) vs. the reason and free will which humans have. Darwin made the concept of inherited instinct, common to both man and animals, one cornerstone of his theory of evolution. The 20(th)C saw scientists recast the debate as instinct vs. learning, bitterly argued between behaviorists and ethologists. Laboratory experimentation and field observation showed that behavior could develop without learning but also that conditioning paradigms could powerfully mold behavior. The progress of genetics and neurobiology has led to the modern synthesis that neural development, and hence behavior, results from the interdependent action of both heredity and environment.
Expression of multiple artificial microRNAs from a chicken miRNA126-based lentiviral vector.

Background The use of RNAi in both basic and translational research often requires expression of multiple siRNAs from the same vector.
Tooth movement and dimensional change of denture base materials using two investment methods

This in vitro investigation evaluated methods of investing a maxillary denture (1) by using a silicone rubber and gypsum base covering all the artificial teeth and (2) by following the generally accepted procedure of investing in a total gypsum environment. The amount of vertical opening found in dentures processed with silicone investment was approximately the same as for those processed with the all-gypsum technique, the horizontal movement of the teeth was more lingual in the silicone investment technique. Comparing the weight of the residual impression between the denture base of acrylic resin and the master die showed no significant difference between the silicone investments and the gypsum technique. The relined denture base provided a more accurate fit than a heat-cured denture processed in both types of investment, silicone and all-gypsum. Finally, a special device was developed that permitted tooth movement in processed dentures to be measured simply and accurately.
Nominal shocks in monopolistically competitive markets: An experiment

Abstract A market experiment examines the capacity of price and information frictions to explain real responses to nominal price shocks. Results indicate that both price and information frictions impede the response to a nominal shock, as predicted by the standard dynamic adjustment models. Observed adjustment delays, however, far exceed predicted levels. Results of a pair of subsequent treatments indicate that a combination of announcing the shock privately to all sellers (rather than publicly) and a failure of many sellers to best respond to their expectations explains the observed adjustment inertia.
The separation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine by column chromatography

A method for the complete separation and apparent quantitative recovery of both phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine from lipid extracts of beef brain is presented. Evidence for the purity, quantitative recovery, and the suitability of the technique for the subsequent analysis of the fatty acid and fatty aldehyde composition of the phospholipids is described.
Genome-wide association tests of inversions with application to psoriasis

Although inversions have occasionally been found to be associated with disease susceptibility through interrupting a gene or its regulatory region, or by increasing the risk for deleterious secondary rearrangements, no association study has been specifically conducted for risks associated with inversions, mainly because existing approaches to detecting and genotyping inversions do not readily scale to a large number of samples. Based on our recently proposed approach to identifying and genotyping inversions using principal components analysis (PCA), we herein develop a method of detecting association between inversions and disease in a genome-wide fashion. Our method uses genotype data for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and is thus cost-efficient and computationally fast. For an inversion polymorphism, local PCA around the inversion region is performed to infer the inversion genotypes of all samples. For many inversions, we found that some of the SNPs inside an inversion region are fixed in the two lineages of different orientations and thus can serve as surrogate markers. Our method can be applied to case-control and quantitative trait association studies to identify inversions that may interrupt a gene or the connection between a gene and its regulatory agents. Our method also offers a new venue to identify inversions that are responsible for disease-causing secondary rearrangements. We illustrated our proposed approach to case-control data for psoriasis and identified novel associations with a few inversion polymorphisms.
Early-, Middle-, and Late-Developing Sounds in Monolingual and Bilingual Children: An Exploratory Investigation

Purpose To examine the accuracy of early-, middle-, and late-developing (EML) sounds in Spanish-English bilingual children and their monolingual peers. Method Twenty-four typically developing child...
Variability in the yield strength of a metallic glass at micron and submicron length scales

Abstract This work presents an in-depth investigation of the dispersion in the compressive yield strength of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass as the specimen dimensions decrease from the micron to the submicron length scale. While the investigated alloy belongs to one of the so-called “ductile” glass families, the degree of variation in strength exhibited in the submicron size range approaches that of conventional brittle ceramics. Using a three-parameter Weibull analysis, however, we find that the engineering reliability of the glass is independent of specimen size. The glass exhibits a size-independent failure-free stress of 1825 MPa, below which yielding is not expected. The three-parameter Weibull modulus is also size independent. The dispersion in yield strengths above the failure-free stress is due to the change in the sampling volume for specimens 1 μm in diameter or larger, while interactions between defects and the surface actually limit the breadth of the strength distribution observed in specimens 200–330 nm in diameter relative to what may be expected for that volume. Using an instability criterion for a penny-shaped crack under shear with interfacial friction, a relationship between yield strength and the corresponding defect size is established, and the defect concentration is estimated.
An immunohistochemical and pathway tracing study of the striatopallidal organization of area X in the male zebra finch.

Area X is a nucleus within songbird basal ganglia that is part of the anterior forebrain song learning circuit. It receives cortical song-related input and projects to the dorsolateral medial nucleus of thalamus (DLM). We carried out single- and double-labeled immunohistochemical and pathway tracing studies in male zebra finch to characterize the cellular organization and circuitry of area X. We found that 5.4% of area X neuronal perikarya are relatively large, possess aspiny dendrites, and are rich in the pallidal neuron/striatal interneuron marker Lys8-Asn9-neurotensin8–13 (LANT6). Many of these perikarya were found to project to the DLM, and their traits suggest that they are pallidal. Area X also contained several neuron types characteristic of the striatum, including interneurons co-containing LANT6 and the striatal interneuron marker parvalbumin (2% of area X neurons), interneurons containing parvalbumin but not LANT6 (4.8%), cholinergic interneurons (1.4%), and neurons containing the striatal spiny projection neuron marker dopamine- and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) (30%). Area X was rich in substance P (SP)-containing terminals, and many ended on area X neurons projecting to the DLM with the woolly fiber morphology characteristic of striatopallidal terminals. Although SP+ perikarya were not detected in area X, prior studies suggest it is likely that SP-synthesizing neurons are present and the source of the SP+ input to area X neurons projecting to the DLM. Area X was poor in enkephalinergic fibers and perikarya. The present data support the premise that area X contains both striatal and pallidal neurons, with the striatal neurons likely to include SP+ neurons that project to the pallidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:239–261, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computation-centric memory models

We present a computation-centric theory of memory models. Unlike traditional processor-centric models, computation-centric models focus on the logical dependencies among instructions rather than the processor that happens to execute them. This theory allows us to define what a memory model is, and to investigate abstract properties of memory models. In particular, we focus on constructibility, which is a necessary property of those models that can be implemented exactly by an online algorithm. For a nonconstructible model, we show that there is a natural way to define the constructible version of that model. We explore the implications of constructibility in the context of dag-consistent memory models, which do not require that memory locations be serialized. The strongest dag-consistent model, called NN-dag consistency, is not constructible. However, its constructible version is equivalent to a model that we call location consistency, in which each location is serialized independently.
Responses of native and invasive fishes to carbon dioxide: potential for a nonphysical barrier to fish dispersal

Upon arrival in a novel environment, invasive species have the potential to cause negative consequences at their new location. Rather than try to eliminate invasive species after introduction, prev...
Assessment of quantitative methods for 2-dimensional echocardiography.

Several 2-dimensional echocardiographic (2-DE) methods were tested in vitro for accuracy of linear and cross-sectional measurements and in vivo for left ventricular (LV) volume reconstruction. With 2-DE instrument settings at low and high gains and with precise in vitro calibrations, we studied myocardial slice thickness (3.0 to 10.0 mm). The 2-DE myocardial thickness was measured by leadingtrailing, trailing-leading, and leading-leading methods. Regression analysis of 2-DE versus direct measurements yielded excellent correlations for all 3 methods (r > 0.985), with interobserver variability 0.970), and low interobserver variability (< 4%) for the inner edge and leading edge methods, but the leading edge method was the most accurate (1.3 to 2.5% error). In vivo LV volumes in 7 anesthetized dogs were compared with 2-DE and cineangiography. Good correlations (r = 0.92) were obtained, but the inner edge method underestimated angiographic volume, whereas the leading edge method reduced the magnitude of underestimation. Thus, the leading edge method for 2-DE is most accurate not only for linear and cross-sectional measurements of the myocardium, but also for application to in vivo LV volumes.
New Communication Technologies and the Information Worker: The Influence of Occupation

Les differentes categories professionnelles des metiers de l'information leurs attitudes vis-a-vis des nouvelles technologies, notamment: utilisation de l'ordinateur personnel a domicile
Plasma protein and blood volume restitution after hemorrhage in conscious pregnant and ovarian steroid-replaced rats

We have previously shown that both plasma protein restitution and plasma volume restitution are significantly enhanced in female rats hemorrhaged during the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle. Estradiol and progesterone levels are markedly elevated during proestrus and also increase during pregnancy. The present studies were therefore designed to determine whether the ability to restore plasma protein and blood volume after hemorrhage is augmented during pregnancy and by chronically elevated estradiol levels. The response to moderate hemorrhage (22-23% blood loss) was evaluated in conscious pregnant rats during early and midgestation and compared with that of virgin female rats studied during metestrus. At 22 h posthemorrhage, plasma volume had increased to greater than basal levels, and blood volume was restored to 93 +/- 1% (metestrus), 91 +/- 2% (early pregnancy), and 98 +/- 2% (midgestation) of control (P > 0.05). Animals hemorrhaged during metestrus or early pregnancy restored the same amount of protein to the plasma as had been removed, whereas those hemorrhaged during midgestation restored nearly 50% more plasma protein than had been removed (P < 0.01). In ovariectomized animals with chronic steroid replacement that maintained plasma progesterone at metestrus levels (15 +/- 2 ng/ml) but raised plasma estradiol to twofold that of midgestation (22 +/- 3 pg/ml), the blood volume and plasma protein restitution responses to hemorrhage did not differ from those of ovariectomized animals with no steroid replacement. In summary, posthemorrhage restoration of plasma protein content is significantly augmented during midgestation, but not during early pregnancy. This augmented response cannot be attributed to chronic elevation of plasma estradiol levels alone.
Pheromone mediated modulation of pre-flight warm-up behavior in male moths

An essential part of sexual reproduction typically involves the identification of an appropriate mating partner. Males of many moth species utilize the scent of sex pheromones to track and locate conspecific females. However, before males engage in flight, warm-up by shivering of the major flight muscles is necessary to reach a thoracic temperature suitable to sustain flight. Here we show that Helicoverpa zea males exposed to an attractive pheromone blend (and in some instances to the primary pheromone component alone) started shivering earlier and took off at a lower thoracic temperature than moths subjected to other incomplete or unattractive blends. This resulted in less time spent shivering and faster heating rates. Two interesting results emerge from these experiments. First, the rate of heat generation can be modulated by different olfactory cues. Second, males detecting the pheromone blend take off at lower thoracic temperatures than males exposed to other stimuli. The take-off temperature of these males was below that for optimal power production in the flight muscles, thus generating a trade-off between rapid departure and suboptimal flight performance. Our results shed light on thermoregulatory behaviour of unrestrained moths associated with the scramble competition for access to females and suggest ecological trade-offs between rapid flight initiation and sub-optimal flight performance.
Effect of Gastrointestinal Protein Adsorption on the In Vitro Release of AZT from Ethylcellulose Microspheres

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of gastrointestinal proteins on the in vitro release of zidovudine (AZT) from ethylcellulose microspheres, and to investigate protein adsorption as a possible mechanism that mediates this effect. AZT release from ethylcellulose microspheres was tested in the presence of different gastrointestinal proteins, both dietary (casein and albumin) and endogenous (pepsin, pancreatin, and mucin) in simulated gastric fluid and/or simulated intestinal fluid. The resulting release profiles were compared with those produced in the corresponding release media without the presence of proteins. Protein adsorption on AZT-loaded ethylcellulose microspheres was studied for the five proteins under investigation. The amounts of adsorbed proteins were determined by fluorescent spectrometry after the protein solution was reacted with fluoraldehyde reagent. All of the investigated proteins were found to slow the release of AZT from ethylcellulose microspheres. At gastric pH, ovalbumin and casein had the maximum effect on AZT release. Mucin exerted a more pronounced effect at gastric pH compared with that at intestinal pH. The negative effect of pancreatin on AZT release increased when its concentration was increased. The five proteins were found to adsorb on AZT-loaded ethylcellulose microspheres with varying quantities. The observed protein adsorption is believed to cause blockage of the small pores and channels in the microsphere structure, and consequently slow the release of AZT.
Coxeter cones and their h-vectors

Coxeter cones are formed by intersecting the nonnegative sides of a collection of root hyperplanes in some root system. They are shellable subcomplexes of the Coxeter complex, and their h-vectors record the distribution of descents among their chambers. We identify a natural class of �graded� Coxeter cones with the property that their h-vectors are symmetric and unimodal, thereby generalizing recent theorems of Reiner�Welker and Branden about the Eulerian polynomials of graded partially ordered sets.
Impedance and mesh structure considerations in the finite element analysis of Eddy current NDT probe phenomena

Differential eddy current probes are used in the nondestructive testing of steam generator tubing for the detection and characterization of defects in the tube wall. Axisymmetric finite element code has been developed to study the associated electromagnetic field/defect interaction phenomena. Alternative forms of probe impedance calculations are examined in this paper together with the effects of mesh structure on the finite element prediction of probe impedance plane trajectories.
Binuclear rhodium alkyl and acyl A-frame complexes: synthesis, structure and reactivity

Abstract The electrophilic alkylation of Rh2(CO)3(dppm)2 (2) with CH3SO3CF3 yields the μ-acyl A-frame complex Rh2(μ- CH3CO)(CO)2(dppm)2+ (3). Complex 3 is unstalbe and at 70 °C forms the A-frame species Rh2(CH3)(μ- CO)(CO)(dppm)2+ (4) via CO loss. Between 40 and 70 °C, both complexes 3 and 4 are observed in solution. Complex 3 reacts with CO to yield the terminal acyl complex Rh2(CH3CO)(CO)3(dppm)2+ generated in situ. The characterization of complexes 3, 4 and Rh2(CH3CO)(CO)3(dppm)2+ is based on NMR and IR spectroscopies, and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods for complexes 3 and 4. The crystals of 3 are monoclinic (space group P21/c) having a unit cell of dimensions a=11.953(3), b=24.127(7), c=22.490(12) A, β=103.00(3)°, V=6310.1 A3 and Z=4, with one molecule per asymmetric unit along with acetone and diethyl ether as solvents of crystallization. Complex 3 possesses an A-frame structure in which the Rh centers are bridged by two dppm ligands, and an acyl group occupies the bridgehead position with the carbonyl carbon bonded to Rh1 and the oxygen bonded to Rh2. The RhRh separation of 2.952(3) A3 suggests a weak RhRh interaction and the absence of a formal RhRh single bond. The crystals of 4 are monoclinic (space group P21/n) having a unit cell of dimensions a=13.919(4), b=15.682(3), c=23.758(9) A, β=96.76(3)°, V=5149.8 A3 and Z=4, with one molecule per asymmetric unit. Complex 4 possesses an unsymmetrical A-frame structure with the two Rh centers bridged by two dppm ligands and CO located in the bridgehead position. The RhRh bond distance is 2.811(2) A. The reactivity of these complexes with H2, phenyl acetylene and CO is also examined.
Missing the target and missing the point: ‘successful’ random assignment but misleading results

As the use of field experiments in criminology increases, discussions have focused on methods for achieving randomization, correcting for flawed randomization, increasing power and addressing treatment implementation problems in the interventions under study. This paper explores what may be a fairly common and basic challenge for field experimentation: the problem of attrition before random assignment in the targeted population—when an experiment may be well conducted, except that it ‘misses the target’ for a variety of possible reasons and produces experimental results that may be of questionable validity. To illustrate this basic, but seldom discussed, phenomenon, this paper draws on the examples of 13 field experiments by the author and colleagues as a body of case studies to assess the nature and magnitude of pre-assignment attrition and its possible implications for experimental findings.
Applications of an advanced differential equation in the study of wavelets

Abstract A new wavelet family K ( t ) is discussed which represents a natural range of continuous pulse waveforms, deriving from the theory of multiplicatively advanced/delayed differential equations. K satisfies: all moments of K vanish; the Fourier transform of K relates to the Jacobi theta function; and K generates a wavelet frame for L 2 ( R ) . Estimates on the frame bounds as well as the translation parameter are provided.
Low vitamin D status in children with sickle cell disease.

Objectives To examine vitamin D status in children with sickle cell disease (SCD)-SS and its relation to season and dietary intake. Study design Growth, dietary intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), and parathyroid hormone levels were measured. Children with low and normal vitamin D status were compared. Low vitamin D status was defined as a serum concentration of 25-OHD Results Children with SCD-SS (n = 65), 5 to 18 years of age, were evaluated. Mean (±SD) serum 25-OHD concentration was 25.5 ± 12.8 nmol/L; 65% of subjects had low vitamin D status. Low vitamin D prevalence was highest during spring (100%). Children with SCD-SS were at higher risk for low vitamin D status than healthy children. Vitamin D intake was lower in subjects with SCD-SS and low vitamin D than those with normal serum vitamin D status ( P Conclusions Low serum vitamin D status was highly prevalent in black children with SCD-SS. Vitamin D status was associated with season and dietary intake.
Seasonal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Does Not Protect Against Newly Emerging Variants of Influenza A (H3N2v) virus in Ferrets

The recent increase in human cases of influenza A H3N2 variant virus [A(H3N2)v] highlights the need to assess whether seasonal influenza vaccination provides cross-protection against A(H3N2)v virus. Our data demonstrate that the 2011-2012 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) protected ferrets against homologous H3N2 virus challenge but provided minimal to no protection against A(H3N2)v virus. The complete absence of specific hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to A(H3N2)v is consistent with the poor cross-protection observed among TIV-immune animals.