cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotics as tools for metabolic studies. XVIII. Inhibition of sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase.

Antibiotics that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation or the uncoupler-induced mitochondrial ATPase activity were tested as inhibitors of rat brain (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase. Peliomycin, oligomycin B, and rutamycin in micromolar concentrations were found to be potent inhibitors of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase. At millimolar concentrations venturicidin X, venturicidin, and, to a lesser extent, ossamycin were also inhibitory. Even at high concentrations, aurovertin, A20668B (leucinostatin), and A23871 (efrastatin) were not inhibitory. All the antibiotics that were effective inhibitors of the over-all reaction had negligible effects on the K+-dependent phosphatase activity in the absence of Na+, with p -nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. Inhibition by antibiotics could be relieved by washing. The Mg++ concentration was found to be important in regulating the degree of inhibition. The ATP-ADP exchange reaction characteristic of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent activity was stimulated by the inhibitors. The pattern of inhibition by the antibiotics tested suggests that the mitochondrial uncoupler-induced ATPase and the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase possess some mechanistic similarity.
β-Adrenoceptor and nNOS-derived NO interactions modulate hypoglycemic pial arteriolar dilation in rats

We examined the relative contributions from nitric oxide (NO) and catecholaminergic pathways in promoting cerebral arteriolar dilation during hypoglycemia (plasma glucose ≅ 1.4 mM). To that end, we...
Influence of body mass index on the prevalence and progression of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: a retrospective analysis*

AbstractObjective: High body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Our aim was to determine if prevalence of dysplasia in BE varies by BMI and study the effect of BMI on progression to high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or EAC.Materials and methods: This is a retrospective review of patients with endoscopic evidence of BE confirmed by presence of intestinal metaplasia on histology from January 2000 to December 2012 at Cleveland Clinic. Patient demographics, BMI and endoscopic findings such as length of BE, dysplasia in BE and size of hiatal hernia were reviewed. Dysplasia was classified as no dysplasia (NDBE), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), HGD and EAC.Results: In this cohort of 1239 patients, average BMI was 29.8 ± 6 kg/m2. There were 228 (18.4%) in group with BMI <25, 236 (19%) in BMI group 25–27.4, 262 (21.1%) in BMI 27.5–29.9, 303 (24.5%) in BMI 30–34.9, 126 (10.2%) in BMI 35–39.9 and 86 (6.8%) in BMI ≥40. Lower BMI groups had lower prevalence of dyspl...
Medicolegal Aspects of Prenatal Diagnosis

Most physicians are aware of the increasing number of malpractice cases called “wrongful birth” and “wrongful life,” which expose them to legal liabilities due to failure to take into account, or act upon the knowledge of, an increased risk of the birth of an infant with physical or mental abnormalities. Prior to 1970 the fetus was considered, by parents and physicians alike, to be ensconced in a little black box that allowed no examination before birth except by stethoscope and X rays. The only predictions that might be made about fetal status were based upon genetic (Mendelian) risks and nongenetic (statistical) risks. Nowadays that little black box has windows in it for viewing its contents. The view may be direct, as in amniography, fetoscopy, and ultrasonic imaging, or it may be indirect, as in amniocentesis, chorionic villus biopsy, or fetal tissue and blood sampling. The knowledge gained about the fetus during the last 15 years has been extensive and the physician who fails to utilize this expanded knowledge does so at his or her own peril.
Extensive Turnover of Compatible Solutes in Cyanobacteria Revealed by Deuterium Oxide (D2O) Stable Isotope Probing

Cyanobacteria are important primary producers of organic matter in diverse environments on a global scale. While mechanisms of CO2 fixation are well understood, the distribution of the flow of fixed organic carbon within individual cells and complex microbial communities is less well characterized. To obtain a general overview of metabolism, we describe the use of deuterium oxide (D2O) to measure deuterium incorporation into the intracellular metabolites of two physiologically diverse cyanobacteria: a terrestrial filamentous strain (Microcoleus vaginatus PCC 9802) and a euryhaline unicellular strain (Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002). D2O was added to the growth medium during different phases of the diel cycle. Incorporation of deuterium into metabolites at nonlabile positions, an indicator of metabolite turnover, was assessed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Expectedly, large differences in turnover among metabolites were observed. Some metabolites, such as fatty acids, did not show significant t...
A SCADA System Testbed for Cybersecurity and Forensic Research and Pedagogy

This paper presents a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) testbed recently built at the University of New Orleans. The testbed consists of models of three industrial physical processes: a gas pipeline, a power transmission and distribution system, and a wastewater treatment plant--these systems are fully-functional and implemented at small-scale. It utilizes real-world industrial equipment such as transformers, programmable logic controllers (PLC), aerators, etc., bringing it closer to modeling real-world SCADA systems. Sensors, actuators, and PLCs are deployed at each physical process system for local control and monitoring, and the PLCs are also connected to a computer running human-machine interface (HMI) software for monitoring the status of the physical processes. The testbed is a useful resource for cybersecurity research, forensic research, and education on different aspects of SCADA systems such as PLC programming, protocol analysis, and demonstration of cyber attacks.
Nephronophthisis and Autosomal Dominant Interstitial Kidney Disease (ADIKD)

Nephronophthisis comprises a clinically and genetically heterogenous group of autosomal recessive inherited tubulointerstitial cystic disorders. It represents the most frequent genetic cause of end-stage renal disease in children and young adults. Up to date mutations in 18 different genes (NPHP1-18) have been identified. Almost all gene products localize either to primary cilia or the ciliary base which leads to the classification of nephronophthisis as a ciliopathy. Nephronophthisis is often accompanied by anomalies in other organs. Several well described complex clinical syndromes can feature the renal picture of nephronophthisis, including Senior-Loken syndrome, Joubert syndrome, COACH syndrome, Jeune syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndromea and others. Autosomal dominant interstitial kidney disease (ADIKD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a slowly progressive tubulo-interstitial nephropathy leading to end-stage renal disease in late adulthood. Although there is major clinical and histological overlap with nephronophthisis, autosomal dominant inheritance as well as progressive renal failure later in life are two main differences. So far three genes could be identified in which mutations lead to ADIKD: (1) UMOD, (2) REN and (3) MUC1.
Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field aimed at the application of the principles and methods of engineering and life sciences toward the fundamental understanding of structure–function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissues and the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve tissue functions [8, 38, 56, 57, 78, 111]. Typically, this involves collaborative efforts between materials scientists, cell and molecular biologists, immunologists, surgeons, and engineers to create replacement tissues that will be accepted by the body and promote native extracellular matrix (ECM) production. This requires the use of materials that do not activate catabolic pathways in the body, ultimately leading to fibrous encapsulation or destruction of the material [25, 78, 104, 111].
Case report: bilateral tunneled epidural catheters to prevent unilateral analgesia for cancer-related pain.

OBJECTIVE Unilateral analgesia often occurs with epidural analgesia. Traditional methods of troubleshooting this problem can be insufficient in obtaining adequate pain relief in a timely manner for terminal cancer patients. This case report demonstrates a safe and effective solution which can be utilized in these circumstances. CASE REPORT A 55-year-old female with stage IV pancreatic cancer and life expectancy of a few weeks presented to the interventional pain clinic with intractable sacral pain. The decision to place an epidural catheter and external pump for analgesia was made. An epidural catheter placed at the L5-S1 level showed contrast spread only along the right nerve roots and a test dose produced only right-sided analgesia. Suspecting compartmentalization of the epidural space, a second left-sided epidural catheter was placed and bilateral analgesia was achieved by using both catheters. This dual catheter technique gave the patient effective bilateral analgesia until she passed away several weeks later. CONCLUSION The bilateral epidural catheter technique is safe and effective in patients who present with persistent unilateral epidural analgesia despite exhausting traditional solutions.
Sodium Chloride Derivatives and Miscellaneous Inorganics

This very important chemical, which is known by many names such as salt, common salt, rock salt, grainer salt, and brine solution, is not included in the top 50 because it is really a naturally occurring mineral. We sometimes forget this because, although it is a mineral, it occurs as a very pure chemical and is readily isolated. If it were included in the top 50 list, it would be near number 1 with sulfuric acid, since close to 90 billion lb are processed each year in the United States. Salt mining must be nearly as old as humankind. It has been used as an object of worship, as a medium of exchange, and as a political weapon with a distribution dependent on high taxes. It is the oldest inorganic chemical industry. Sodium hydroxide, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and titanium dioxide are all top 50 chemicals that are made from salt or salt derivatives.
Contemporary Academic Publishing: Democratization and Differentiation in Careers

ABSTRACTThis study examined how publishing figures in the careers of academics as a means to study the social organization of higher education. Publishing is a means by which academics legitimate themselves. Yet previous work has demonstrated that most academics publish comparatively little. A classic literature in the sociology of science has used employing organization and career phase as chief devices by which to understand how academic fields are stratified. The study treated the field of sociology as a case by which to examine publication processes across cohorts of academics and stratified tiers of academic work. This article argues that a major transformation marks contemporary academic careers: Publication in science and scholarship is increasingly democratized. This article concludes with a discussion on three sets of macro conditions—massification, saturated labor markets, and neoliberalism—that may be understood for their democratizing effects on the career patterns of contemporary academics.
Social-Emotional Screening to Predict Truancy Severity: Recommendations for Educators:

The present study examined whether high school students’ (N = 1,658) self-reported social-emotional strengths collected at the beginning of the school year via schoolwide screening could predict st...
Design and analysis of tracer experiments--biochemical aspects.

The major successes which have attended the application of isotopic tracer techniques to biology have occurred at the biochemical level and have been concerned with elaborating the fate of relatively small molecules in biosynthesis. This is because of the availability of adequate procedures for purification and characterization of the relatively simple molecules concerned. These procedures include not only synthetic and degradative methods based on organic chemistry, but specific analytic characterization using enzymologic techniques. We may enumerate briefly a few outstanding examples.
Investigation of an interleaved high-gain DC-DC converter with GaN power semiconductor devices for DC-distributed renewable energy systems

The negative environmental impacts of energy production from gas and fossil fuels are causing widespread concern to developed countries. However, electricity production from wind turbines and solar energy systems is evolving rapidly to meet the demand for clean and renewable energy. Integrating renewable energy sources with power conversion systems is an area of intense research. Among possible alternative energy resources, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly used for electric power generation because they are eco-friendly, emission-free, and relatively cost-effective. High-gain converters are an essential component utilized mainly in low-voltage renewable energy sources and dc-distribution systems because they provide a high-voltage gain and are more efficient than other step-up converters. Interleaved high-gain dc-dc converters promise efficient energy conversion across a range of applications, including distributed generation and grid integration. This paper presents a performance analysis of an interleaved high-gain dc-dc converter for dc-distributed renewable energy systems with 650 V GaN HEMTs. The converter design with GaN power transistors and SiC Schottky diodes is discussed. The performance of the high-gain converter is examined at different input voltages and output power levels.
Disruption of stromal hedgehog signaling initiates RNF5-mediated proteasomal degradation of PTEN and accelerates pancreatic tumor growth

The contribution of the tumor microenvironment to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development is currently unclear. We therefore examined the consequences of disrupting paracrine Hedgehog (HH) signaling in PDAC stroma. Herein, we show that ablation of the key HH signaling gene Smoothened (Smo) in stromal fibroblasts led to increased proliferation of pancreatic tumor cells. Furthermore, Smo deletion resulted in proteasomal degradation of the tumor suppressor PTEN and activation of oncogenic protein kinase B (AKT) in fibroblasts. An unbiased proteomic screen identified RNF5 as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for degradation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in Smo-null fibroblasts. Ring Finger Protein 5 (Rnf5) knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSKβ), the kinase that marks PTEN for ubiquitination, rescued PTEN levels and reversed the oncogenic phenotype, identifying a new node of PTEN regulation. In PDAC patients, low stromal PTEN correlated with reduced overall survival. Mechanistically, PTEN loss decreased hydraulic permeability of the extracellular matrix, which was reversed by hyaluronidase treatment. These results define non-cell autonomous tumor-promoting mechanisms activated by disruption of the HH/PTEN axis and identifies new targets for restoring stromal tumor-suppressive functions.
Clarifying model for continuity of care: A concept analysis

Aim The aim is to clarify the use of the term continuity in the specific context of acute care hospitalization and discharge. Background The meaning of "continuity" is often co-mingled with other concepts, specifically coordination and communication. To increase usefulness for contemporary concerns with the hospitalization-postdischarge continuum, continuity of care is examined from the specific context of acute hospitalization and discharge. Design Concept analysis. Data sources Medline via Ovid, Cochrane Library, Cinahl, and Google Scholar. Search years encompassed 2001-2016. Review methods Rodgers evolutionary concept analysis method. Results A total of 50 papers were included in this concept analysis. Synthesis of findings from these papers resulted in a model of continuity of care that illustrates the hierarchical and interdependent relationship between time and setting, patient-provider relationships, communication, and coordination in the context of discharge transitions. Conclusion The continuity model provides a framework to assist in the design of multicomponent, interdisciplinary, integrated interventions that can then be tested for their effect on patient care practices and outcomes.
Interface Constraints on MESFET and MISFET Architectures

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interface constraints on MESFET and MISFET architectures. The options available for developing III–V compound integrated circuit field effect transistor (FET) technology depend, in large measure, on the fundamental surface and interfacial properties of these compounds. Such a technology should employ a minimum number of process steps to produce a high density of FET per chip, should employ a minimum number of other circuit components, and should have a high integrated circuit yield with acceptable cost/performance trade-offs. While no unique solution that would satisfy all of these desired data has yet emerged, a substantial amount of progress has been made toward adapting Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) MESFETs for large scale integration. The prospects for a very large scale integration (VLSI) technology based on the properties of III–V compound MESFETs and MISFETs are enhanced by the availability of SI GaAs and InP. They are also constrained to the use of either direct ion implantation into these SI substrates or to the use of homoepitaxially grown, or heteroepitaxial ternary and quaternary alloy layers whose lattice constants match those of their SI substrates. In either case, the SI substrates are expected to provide the required isolation between devices on the same chips. Moreover, among the various constraints imposed on the use of dielectric layers for VLSI the most severe are those concerned with MISFET gate insulators.
Showing Up after the Storm: Our "Fickle" Bleeding Heart?

While usually lauded, “empathic giving” may actually lead to suboptimal outcomes due in part to the enhancement of tribal sentiments in individual interactions, as well as by decisions driven more by emotional, rather than rational, considerations in the giving process. This point is linked to recent suggestions that government should reform social safety nets in order to decrease these negative interactions, and increase their efficacy. To this end, we use analyses of the September Supplements to the Current Population Survey in order to explore and find a negative change in individual-level volunteering subsequent to hurricanes Katrina and Ike, but not after hurricane Charley. We also find variations by region, and in particular, in “Deep Blue” states, as well as by whether individuals were located in the hurricane-affected states. Our findings are consistent with the notion that empathy may lead to more problems, including burnout and stratified giving, with implications for a public or private call to action.
The Difficult Esophageal Conduit

A variety of esophageal diseases are treated with esophagectomy, from benign to esophageal cancer. Careful attention must be given to management of the difficult conduit, including patients who have had prior gastric surgery and other procedures, patients with conditions such as diabetic gastroparesis, which can affect the stomach as a future usable conduit, and patients who have an absent or unusable stomach. In these situations, consideration should be raised for the use of alternative conduits, including jejunal and colonic interposition conduits. The esophageal surgeon should also be adept at management of intraoperative difficulties with the conduit.
Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle of growth-restricted ovine fetuses

Fetal sheep with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have lower fractional rates of glucose oxidation and greater gluconeogenesis, indicating lactate shuttling be...
Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance Research since “1984”: A Review and Agenda

Although monitoring or the observation of performance against some standard has long been recognized as a critical function of managers, the last quarter century has seen an explosion in the use of technologies as a means through which organizations can monitor their employees. Much progress has been made in our understanding of how such technologically driven approaches to monitoring have impacted workers in areas such as stress, task performance speed and quality, psychological control, security, fairness, and privacy. Given this accumulation of knowledge, the time is ripe for a review and integration of this body of work. In this chapter, we review this literature with an eye on the future as we chart a direction for future research.
Unsupervised Learning of Spike Patterns for Seizure Detection and Wavefront Estimation of High Resolution Micro Electrocorticographic ( $\mu $ ECoG) Data

For the past few years, we have developed flexible, active, and multiplexed recording devices for high resolution recording over large, clinically relevant areas in the brain. While this technology has enabled a much higher-resolution view of the electrical activity of the brain, the analytical methods to process, categorize, and respond to the huge volumes of seizure data produced by these devices have not yet been developed. In this paper, we proposed an unsupervised learning framework for spike analysis, which by itself reveals spike pattern. By applying advanced video processing techniques for separating a multi-channel recording into individual spike segments, unfolding the spike segments manifold, and identifying natural clusters for spike patterns, we are able to find the common spike motion patterns. And we further explored using these patterns for more interesting and practical problems as seizure prediction and spike wavefront prediction. These methods have been applied to in vivo feline seizure recordings and yielded promising results.
Minimal-size real-space d -wave pairing operator in CuO 2 planes

A novel minimal-size pairing operator ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{D0}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ with $d$-wave symmetry in ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes is introduced. This pairing operator creates on-site Cooper pairs at the four oxygens that surround a copper atom. Via the time evolution of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{D0}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$, an additional interorbital pairing operator ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{Dpd}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ with $d$-wave symmetry is generated that pairs fermions located in a Cu and its four surrounding O atoms. The subsequent time evolution of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{Dpd}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ generates an intraorbital $d$-wave pairing operator ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{Dpp}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ involving the four O atoms that surround a Cu atom, as well as the $d$-wave operator ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{D}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ traditionally used in single-band models for cuprates. Because we recover the larger size operators extensively used in the three-orbital Hubbard model, we suggest that long-range order using the canonical extended operators occurs together with long-range order in the new minimal operators. However, our minimal $d$-wave operators could be more practical to study $d$-wave superconductivity because in the finite-size relatively small systems accessible to computational techniques it is easier to observe long-range order using local operators. Moreover, an effective model with the usual tight-binding hopping of the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes supplemented by an attractive potential $V$ in the $d$-wave channel is introduced. Using mean-field techniques, we show that a paired ground state is stabilized for any finite value of $V$. We observed that the values of $V$ that lead to gap sizes similar to those in the cuprates are smaller for $d$-wave pairing operators that include Cu $d$ orbitals than those that include only $p$ orbitals. In all cases the gap that opens in the spectrum has standard $d$-wave symmetry. Finally, a simpler effective model is introduced to study the phenomenology of multiorbital $d$-wave superconductors, similar to how the negative-$U$ Hubbard model is used for properties of $s$-wave superconductors.
Perceptions of Victims of Street Harassment: Effects of Nationality and Hair Color in Vietnam

Very little research has investigated how a woman’s appearance affects the perceptions and judgments of her as a victim of harassment. This study focuses on how Vietnamese participants evaluate victims of street harassment based on nationality (Vietnamese vs. American) and hair color (dark/brown vs. light/blonde). After randomly viewing a blonde or dark-haired Vietnamese or White American target and reading her story of street harassment, participants rated her perceived threat, negative emotions, benign coping, self-blame, self-esteem, and frequency of street harassment. The results align with the hypotheses that blondes will be judged to experience less threat, negative emotions, and self-blame, but to experience more benign coping, self-esteem, and frequency of street harassment. This main effect for hair color, however, was qualified by significant interactions of these dependent measures suggesting that the blonde Vietnamese target was especially likely to not experience street harassment as negative. This research suggests that hair color, much like clothing and makeup, is used to judge women’s experiences of street harassment.
Safety Education in the Context of the ACS Guidelines, “Undergraduate Professional Education in Chemistry: ACS Guidelines and Evaluation Procedures for Bachelor’s Degree Programs”

Among the tasks that the ACS Committee on Professional Training undertakes is the periodic revision of the ACS Guidelines and Evaluation Procedures for Bachelor’s Degree Programs (also known as “th...
Quantum K-Theory of Grassmannians and Non-Abelian Localization

In the example of complex grassmannians, we demonstrate various techniques available for computing genus-0 K-theoretic GW-invariants of flag manifolds and more general quiver varieties. In particular, we address explicit reconstruction of all such invariants using finite-difference operators, the role of the q-hypergeometric series arising in the context of quasimap compactifications of spaces of rational curves in such varieties, the theory of twisted GW-invariants including level structures, as well as the Jackson-type integrals playing the role of equivariant K-theoretic mirrors.
Host-cell interactions and innate immune response to an enteric pathogen in a human intestinal enteroid-neutrophil co-culture

Abstract Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) respond to inflammation and infection in the gut. The physical and molecular interactions between the human intestinal epithelium and PMN in the gut mucosa and their coordinated responses to enteric pathogens, are poorly understood. We have established a PMN-enteroid co-culture model consisting of human intestinal stem-cell derived enteroid monolayers and peripheral blood PMN. The model was characterized in terms of tissue structure, barrier function, cell phenotype, production of cytokines, and innate immune responses. Shigella was used as a model enteric pathogen to interrogate PMN and epithelial cell interactions and innate immunity. PMN added to the enteroid monolayers increased production of IL-8 and rapidly transmigrated across the epithelial cell layer. PMN immune phenotype was distinctly modified in the gut microenvironment via molecular signals and direct epithelial cell contact. Apical exposure to Shigella increased PMN migration and production of IL-6 by co-cultured cells. PMN became activated and efficiently phagocytosed bacteria at the apical epithelial cell surface. The co-culture model revealed PMN-epithelial cell direct communication, tissue-driven PMN phenotypic adaptation and enhancement of anti-microbial function. This novel ex vivo epithelial cell-PMN co-culture system is relevant for mechanistic interrogation of host-microbe interactions and innate immune responses and the evaluation of preventive/therapeutic tools.
Carboxylates and alcohols production in an autotrophic hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor.

Microbiological conversion of CO2 into biofuels and/or organic industrial feedstock is an excellent carbon-cycling strategy. Here, autotrophic anaerobic bacteria in the membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) transferred electrons from hydrogen gas (H2 ) to inorganic carbon (IC) and produced organic acids and alcohols. We systematically varied the H2 -delivery, the IC concentration, and the hydraulic retention time in the MBfR. The relative availability of H2 versus IC was the determining factor for enabling microbial chain elongation (MCE). When the H2 :IC mole ratio was high (>2.0 mol H2 /mol C), MCE was an important process, generating medium-chain carboxylates up to octanoate (C8, 9.1 ± 1.3 mM C and 28.1 ± 4.1 mmol C m-2 d-1 ). Conversely, products with two carbons were the only ones present when the H2 :IC ratio was low (<2.0 mol H2 /mol C), so that H2 was the limiting factor. The biofilm microbial community was enriched in phylotypes most similar to the well-known acetogen Acetobacterium for all conditions tested, but phylotypes closely related with families capable of MCE (e.g., Bacteroidales, Rhodocyclaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Thermoanaerobacteriales, and Erysipelotrichaceae) became important when the H2 :IC ratio was high. Thus, proper management of IC availability and H2 supply allowed control over community structure and function, reflected by the chain length of the carboxylates and alcohols produced in the MBfR.
Smarter Early Intervention Systems for Police in an Era of Pervasive Police Recording

Investigations of police departments by the U.S. Department of Justice spurred the spread of early intervention systems that use data to detect officers at elevated risk of problematic conduct. These systems of internal self-surveillance remain even when consent decrees expire and federal investigators turn to other tasks—or pull back during Presidential regime changes. Such automated technologies of harm detection and prevention that outlast political upheaval are alluring—but they are only as effective as the data and criteria on which they rely to detect and prevent problems. Current systems largely are dependent on reported events and use simplistic thresholds based on intuition to trigger red flags. To improve the harm prevention power and build a smarter system, this Article proposes using a rich and growing source of data not traditionally used in early intervention systems—audiovisual data from police-worn body cameras and community-member cell phone cameras. The Article also presents findings from the coding and collection of 213 body camera policies regarding whether a major source of audiovisual data—police-worn body camera videos—may be used to monitor and evaluate officers. While there are policy silences, gaps, and splits, the Article concludes that the majority of departments have the opportunity to use the rapidly accumulating trove of audiovisual data to create smarter early intervention systems.
Post-intervention lung cancer screening compliance among internal medicine resident physicians at a primary care clinic in Hartford, Connecticut

Background: Lung cancer (ca) screening has shown to reduce mortality by up to 20%.Despite this, only 4% of eligible patients in the US undergo screening. Our initial analysis revealed that 18.3% of patients who met screening criteria had an appropriately ordered LDCT scan, with an 8.7% completion rate. The aim of this study was to improve lung ca screening compliance following the USPSTF guidelines among residents from the University of Connecticut Internal Medicine (IM) residency program at a Clinic in Hartford, Connecticut. Methods: Care provided to patients by an IM resident at the Gengras Clinic were included. After initial data was gathered, we implemented an intervention to improve screening compliance between October 2019 and March 2020, when SARS-CoV-2 pandemic occurred and routine services were interrupted. USPSTF screening guidelines were emailed monthly to residents and attendings;they were reminded of the importance of lung ca screening;updating the pack-year smoking history;as well as instructions on correctly ordering LDCT and documenting shared decision making, which is needed for insurance approval. In-person reminders also occurred at the clinic. Results: Post-intervention, 601 charts were reviewed. 168/601 (27%) patients met screening criteria. 433 patients were excluded due to unclear packyear, did not meet screening criteria, were deceased or last seen at the clinic prior to the intervention. 63/168 (37.5%) met the criteria and had an appropriately ordered LDCT;51/168 (30.35%) had a completed LDCT in chart. The remaining 12/168 (7.14%) with an appropriately ordered LDCT, had it scheduled at the time of data collection or it had been cancelled for unclear reasons. 20 patients' LDCT was ordered by their pulmonologist. 94 (62.5%) who met screening criteria did not have a LDCT ordered. 11 patients with a smoking history, who did not meet screening criteria had a LDCT ordered because of clinical suspicion for cancer. Lastly, 4/168 (2.4%) had a diagnosis of personal history of lung ca. Conclusions: After our educational intervention, patients who qualified had an increase of LDCT being ordered (37.5% from 18.3%) and completed (30.3% from 8.7%). This is, to our knowledge, the first study of its kind. We identified areas of improvement that were key to achieving higher screening rates: educating all residents and attendings on lung ca screening guidelines;educating patients on the importance of undergoing screening tests;creating a best practice advisory in the electronic medical record system that reminds provider to input pack-year smoking history and if the criteria for screening is met, a pop-up prompting the provider to order LDCT;obtaining insurance approval;and lastly, stressing the importance on screening and overall outcomes.
The Promised Land

For where does one run to when he's already in the Promised Land? Claude Brown, Manchild in the Promised Land (1965) Shortly after sundown on July 21, 1969, Lillie Belle Allen was murdered in York, Pennsylvania. Born and raised in Aiken, South Carolina, Allen, age twenty-seven, had set out the day before with her father and children for Brooklyn, New York, where her older brother Benjamin resided. She planned a brief stop in York along the way to visit her sister Hattie. Having tired of the “southern way of life,” her sister later recalled, Lillie Belle was strongly considering moving north. As Allen and her family headed toward York, the nation celebrated mankind's first successful moon landing and Neil Armstrong's unprecedented lunar walk. Unbeknownst to Allen, racial tensions had boiled over in York shortly before she departed Aiken. By the evening of July 21st, dozens of men and women, black and white, had already been shot, including Officer Henry Schaad, a rookie policeman. He would later die from the gunshot wound he incurred on July 18. Yet Allen and her family had little if any sense that they were in danger when they set out to buy some food after a relaxing day in the countryside at her brother-in-law's favorite fishing spot. As they approached the railroad tracks that crossed North Newberry Street, however, members of various white gangs yelled out to each other, “Here comes the niggers” and aimed an arsenal of weapons at their car. Hattie Dickson, Allen's sister, who was driving her father's Cadillac, did not hear any of the warning calls but she distinctly remembers seeing a white man with a gun pointed in her direction. “Lord,” she yelled, “they're getting ready to shoot!” In a panic, Hattie tried to turn around. When the car got stuck on the railroad tracks, Lillie Belle Allen exited the passenger side door with the intention of taking over the driving. But no sooner had she done so than she was met by a fusillade of gunshots. Gary King later testified: “So many bullets…hit the white Cadillac…it was just like somebody sat it out in a field for target practice.” Dickson later termed her sister's death a “modern-day lynching,” a mob attack on an innocent female with complicity from the police.
Risk Literacy

I examine financial literacy—specifically knowledge of risk—using data from surveys in the United States and other countries. I show that risk literacy is very low; the majority of individuals lack knowledge of concepts such as risk diversification and do not understand the relationship between risk and return. Findings are strikingly similar across countries; a third of survey respondents in most countries report that they do not know the answer to risk literacy questions. I also show that risk literacy matters for financial decisions; those who are more knowledgeable about risk are more likely to have precautionary savings and to plan for retirement. Given that individuals have much greater responsibility for their financial well-being before and after retirement than in the past, addressing lack of financial literacy, including risk literacy, may provide new ways to promote saving and financial security.
"For Me, It's Having Something Meaningful": Women's Emotional Understandings of Sex and the Sexual Acceptability of Contraception.

While the sexual acceptability of contraception – or, the impact of contraceptive methods on individuals’ sexual experiences – is a growing area of research, less frequently do studies engage the i...
Anticonvulsant Medications for Treatment of Neuropathic and “Functional” Pain

The broad definition of neuropathic pain as articulated by the International Association of Pain, “pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system,” unfortunately has done little to guide the clinician when attempting to develop an effective treatment plan that may include an anticonvulsant medication. Current guidelines and indications for use of anticonvulsant therapy primarily utilize a lesion-based approach when recommending treatment for patients suffering from neuropathic pain. However, recent work would suggest that selection of patients based on sensory symptoms and signs rather than strictly by disease etiology has potential benefits in identifying successful therapeutic outcomes.
Response of cancer cells to molecular interruption of the CK2 signal.

Protein kinase CK2 is one of the key cellular signals for cell survival, growth, and proliferation. It is has been observed to be elevated in various cancers that have been examined. Various observations suggest that moderate dysregulation of CK2 may profoundly influence the cell response. We have examined the effects of interfering with the CK2 signal in various cancer cell lines by employing antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) against the α and β subunits of CK2. Our results demonstrate that antisense CK2-α and antisense CK2-β ODNs markedly influence cell viability of these cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Antisense CK2-α was slightly more effective than antisense CK2-β in most of the cells tested. The efficacy of the antisense ODN seemed to vary with the cell type; however, in all cases potent induction of apoptosis was observed. Significantly, the effects of the antisense ODN on the CK2 activity in the nuclear matrix were relatively small compared to the much stronger induction of apoptosis in cells. This suggests that modest downregulation of CK2 can evoke a much greater apoptotic response in cancer cells. (Mol Cell Biochem 227: 167-174, 2001)
ATLAST: A Three-Level Language Analysis SysTem

The past decade of research in Natural Language Processing has universally recognized that, since natural language input is almost always ambiguous with respect to its pragmatic implications, its syntactic parse, and even its lexical analysis (i.e., choice of correct word-sense for an ambiguous word), processing natural language input requires decisions about word meanings, syntactic structure, and pragmatic inferences. The lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic levels of inferencing are not as disparate as they have often been treated in both psychological and artificial intelligence research. In fact, these three levels of analysis interact to form a joint interpretation of text.
Determining the genetic basis of equine deafness via candidate gene studies (928.3)

White fur or coat pigmentation and the presence of blue eyes have been linked to cochleosaccular deafness in multiple mammalian species. At this time, no hereditary explanation has been presented for this phenotype as it appears in horses. A candidate gene study was established to determine the genetic basis for this disorder in a pedigree of Spanish Mustangs. KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in multiple mammalian deafness studies, was sequenced in both the affected Spanish Mustangs and related members of the pedigree. A mutation (KI16 + 1037A) in the 5’ splice junction of exon 17 known to cause the sabino coat pattern appeared to be unlinked from the deafness phenotype. Sabino coloration is distinguished as a white coat, ranging from minimal white splashes to an entirely white mammal. Future research will focus on the sequencing of additional candidate genes affecting melanocyte migration and melanin production, including EDNRB, MITF, PMEL17, and SOX10.Grant Funding Source: Supported by HHMI
Characterization of Micron-Sized, Optical Coating Defects by Photothermal Deflection Microscopy

Information about the localized absorbing defects in optical thin films is required for a better understanding of laser-induced damage. Photothermal deflection microscopy offers a nondestructive optical diagnostic which can yield spatially resolved absorption data on simple and multiple-layer AR and HR dielectric coatings. This paper describes the computer-controlled apparatus used to generate absorption maps of dielectric thin films and an experiment in which a partial correlation between localized absorption sites and damage caused by nanosecond laser irradiation at 351 nm is established. An absolute calibration of absorption for our measurement technique is presented here. Micron-sized absorbtive defects of Cu were introduced into our coatings to provide a means of calibration. Also presented here are some preliminary data on the modification of the absorption signatures measured by photo-thermal deflection as a function of the location of the defect within the coating layers.
An approach to reduce build up layers for flip chip-ball grid array (FC-BGA) substrates

Flip Chip-Ball Grid Array (FC-BGA) packages with build-up type organic carriers have been focused towards implementing high I/O counts and electrical performance requirements. Many products utilize 2 build up layers on 2 core layers which is a total of 6 layers with 2-2-2 structure. Three or four build up layers are utilized for higher performance requirements. It is clear that layer count reduction would improve the cost performance for the FC-BGA. This paper shows an approach, using advanced technologies, to reduce 1 build up layer from 2 build up layers product applications of the FC-BGA keeping same I/O counts, electrical performance and reliability. The power plane for simultaneous switching noise, the high speed signal integrity and the structural analysis to compare the warpage and the stress will be applied to confirm the cost performance of the approach.
Using the stereokinetic effect to convey depth: computationally efficient depth-from-motion displays

Recent developments in microelectronics have encouraged the use of 3D data bases to create compelling volumetric renderings of graphical objects. However, even with the computational capabilities of current-generation graphical systems, real-time displays of such objects are difficult, particularly when dynamic spatial transformations are involved. In this paper we discuss a type of visual stimulus (the stereokinetic effect display) that is computationally far less complex than a true three-dimensional transformation but yields an equally compelling depth impression, often perceptually indiscriminable from the true spatial transformation. Several possible applications for this technique are discussed (e.g., animating contour maps and air traffic control displays so as to evoke accurate depth percepts).
Understanding large system failures-a fault injection experiment

Fault injection is used to characterize large system failures. Thus, it overcomes limitations imposed by the lack of complete information in field failure data. The experiment is conducted on a commercial transaction processing system. The authors: (1) introduce the idea of failure acceleration to conduct such experiments; (2) estimate total loss of the primary service to occur in only 16% of the faults; (3) reveal errors termed potential hazards that do not affect short-term availability but cause a catastrophic failure following a change in operating state; and (4) identify at least 41% of errors as potential candidates for repair before total failure. The results enhance the understanding of large system failures and provide a foundation for design enhancements and modeling of availability. >
Bulldozers, Land, and The Bottom: Environmental Justice and a Rapid Assessment Process

In 2005, I was invited to meet with representatives from Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government (LFUCG), and the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) to discuss the possibility of conducting a social needs assessment in a low-income, minority neighborhood. The Newtown Pike Extension (NPE) is a major road project that will significantly impact a low-income minority area in downtown Lexington, KY. As part of a major mitigation for environmental justice, a Project Team consisting of federal, state, and local stakeholders completed a social needs assessment in 2006. This paper describes the successful use of a qualitative, teambased, intensive applied approach to understand social needs from the community perspective. A rapid assessment procedure (RAP) was used that quickly revealed unanticipated barriers directly related to the unique culture of the community and beliefs about the project and stakeholders. Results were immediately useful in making positive changes in project decision-making.
Growing up with epilepsy: A two-year investigation of cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy

Summary Purpose: To characterize patterns and determinants of normal and abnormal cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy compared to healthy controls. Methods: Longitudinal (2-year) cognitive growth was examined in 100 children, age 8–18 years, including healthy controls (n = 48) and children with new onset epilepsy (n = 52). Cognitive maturation was examined as a function of the presence/absence of two neurobehavioral comorbitiies (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or academic problems) identified at the time of epilepsy diagnosis. Groups were compared across a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing intelligence, academic achievement, language, memory, executive function, and psychomotor speed. Results: Children with new onset epilepsy without neurobehavioral comorbidities were comparable to healthy controls at baseline, rate of cognitive development, and follow-up assessment across all neuropsychological domains. In contrast, the presence of neurobehavioral comorbidities was associated with significantly worse baseline and prospective cognitive trajectories across all cognitive domains, especially executive functions. Conclusion: The presence of neurobehavioral comorbidities at the time of epilepsy onset is a major marker of abnormal cognitive development both prior to and after the onset of epilepsy.