cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lighthouse Debate and the Dynamics of Interventionism

Coase’s publication of “The Lighthouse in Economics” (1974) sparked a polarizing debate over his claim that government intervention is not necessary for the existence of a private lighthouse market. The purpose of this paper is to reframe this debate by asking the following question: why was nationalization the outcome of lighthouse regulation? We answer this question by utilizing the Austrian theory of interventionism to illustrate how regulation of the lighthouse market distorted the entrepreneurial market process. We argue that the nationalization of the lighthouse market in England and Wales was a result of prior government failure to exclude private lighthouses from the market, not a failure of the entrepreneurial market process to privately provide lighthouses.
Billing by residents and attending physicians in family medicine: the effects of the provider, patient, and visit factors

Medical billing and coding are critical components of residency programs since they determine the revenues and vitality of residencies. It has been suggested that residents are less likely to bill higher evaluation and management (E/M) codes compared with attending physicians. The purpose of this study is to assess the variation in billing patterns between residents and attending physicians, considering provider, patient, and visit characteristics. A retrospective cohort study of all established outpatient visits at a family medicine residency clinic over a 5-year period was performed. We employed the logistic regression methodology to identify residents’ and attending physicians’ variations in coding E/M service levels. We also employed Poisson regression to test the sensitivity of our result. Between January 5, 2009 and September 25, 2015, 98,601 visits to 116 residents and 18 attending physicians were reviewed. After adjusting for provider, patient, and visit characteristics, residents billed higher E/M codes less often compared with attending physicians for comparable visits. In comparison with attending physicians, the odds ratios for billing higher E/M codes were 0.58 (p = 0.01), 0.56 (p = 0.01), and 0.63 (p = 0.01) for the third, second, and first years of postgraduate training, respectively. In addition to the main factors of patient age, medical conditions, and number of addressed problems, the gender of the provider was also implicated in the billing variations. Residents are less likely to bill higher E/M codes than attending physicians are for similar visits. While these variations are known to contribute to lost revenues, further studies are required to explore their effect on patient care in relation to attendings’ direct involvement in higher E/M-coded versus their indirect involvement in lower E/M-coded visits.
HiExpan: Task-Guided Taxonomy Construction by Hierarchical Tree Expansion

Taxonomies are of great value to many knowledge-rich applications. As the manual taxonomy curation costs enormous human effects, automatic taxonomy construction is in great demand. However, most existing automatic taxonomy construction methods can only build hypernymy taxonomies wherein each edge is limited to expressing the is-a relation. Such a restriction limits their applicability to more diverse real-world tasks where the parent-child may carry different relations. In this paper, we aim to construct a task-guided taxonomy from a domain-specific corpus, and allow users to input a seed taxonomy, serving as the task guidance. We propose an expansion-based taxonomy construction framework, namely HiExpan, which automatically generates key term list from the corpus and iteratively grows the seed taxonomy. Specifically, HiExpan views all children under each taxonomy node forming a coherent set and builds the taxonomy by recursively expanding all these sets. Furthermore, HiExpan incorporates a weakly-supervised relation extraction module to extract the initial children of a newly-expanded node and adjusts the taxonomy tree by optimizing its global structure. Our experiments on three real datasets from different domains demonstrate the effectiveness of HiExpan for building task-guided taxonomies.
On Adversarial Examples for Character-Level Neural Machine Translation

Evaluating on adversarial examples has become a standard procedure to measure robustness of deep learning models. Due to the difficulty of creating white-box adversarial examples for discrete text input, most analyses of the robustness of NLP models have been done through black-box adversarial examples. We investigate adversarial examples for character-level neural machine translation (NMT), and contrast black-box adversaries with a novel white-box adversary, which employs differentiable string-edit operations to rank adversarial changes. We propose two novel types of attacks which aim to remove or change a word in a translation, rather than simply break the NMT. We demonstrate that white-box adversarial examples are significantly stronger than their black-box counterparts in different attack scenarios, which show more serious vulnerabilities than previously known. In addition, after performing adversarial training, which takes only 3 times longer than regular training, we can improve the model’s robustness significantly.
Chapter 1. The Nitrogen Cycle, Historical Perspective, and Current and Potential Future Concerns

This chapter deals with the nitrogen cycle, historical perspective, and current and potential future concerns. Nitrogen (N) along with carbon is the most complex and crucial of the elements essential for life. Nitrogen is the most widely utilized plant nutrient in fertilizers and is a major component of animal manures. Nitrogen compounds also have been recognized for their many potential adverse impacts on the environment and health. The chapter explores that research during the period 1880 to 1910 revealed many basic reactions of the N cycle and set the stage for five decades of vigorous and detailed N cycle studies. The use of a nitrification test to measure soil fertility was proposed, tested, and abandoned. Furthermore, N fertilizer consumption rapidly increased. Total N from manures are relatively small compared to fertilizer sources; the move to concentrated animal feeding operations has resulted in high N outputs in local areas. Nitrogen fertility research continued on a site and crop specific basis, but less attention was paid to environmental issues. In recycling of issues, N is now gaining renewedattention as new environmental problems have come to the forefront and old issues have resurfaced. This chapter concludes that perhaps as a society wide spread dissemination of knowledge, open and informed discussion at world forums, and consensus on appropriate actions is called for. Technical solutions are the domain of the scientist, but such solutions must fit the world needs for a sustainable future.
Assessing investors’ earnings expectations: the contextual usefulness of composite forecasts

ABSTRACTThis study constructs composite forecasts and evaluates their contextual usefulness as a proxy for investors’ expectations of annual earnings. Our empirical tests utilize composites of three forecast sources: financial analysts’, time-series and security-price based forecasts. Our full sample results support the incremental usefulness of composite forecasts, over and above that of any of the three forecast sources. Moreover, results from partitioned subsamples show that the usefulness of composite forecasts is contextual. Composite forecasts are a better proxy for investors’ earnings expectations when (1) the information environment is relatively poor; or (2) firms experience negative performance in the prior year.
The Hermite–Hadamard Inequality in Higher Dimensions

The Hermite–Hadamard inequality states that the average value of a convex function on an interval is bounded from above by the average value of the function at the endpoints of the interval. We provide a generalization to higher dimensions: let $$\Omega \subset {\mathbb {R}}^n$$ be a convex domain and let $$f:\Omega \rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$ be a convex function satisfying $$f \big |_{\partial \Omega } \ge 0$$, then $$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{|\Omega |} \int _{\Omega }{f ~\text {d} {\mathcal {H}}^n} \le \frac{2 \pi ^{-1/2} n^{n+1}}{|\partial \Omega |} \int _{\partial \Omega }{f~\text {d} {\mathcal {H}}^{n-1}}. \end{aligned}$$The constant $$2 \pi ^{-1/2} n^{n+1}$$ is presumably far from optimal; however, it cannot be replaced by 1 in general. We prove slightly stronger estimates for the constant in two dimensions where we show that $$9/8 \le c_2 \le 8$$. We also show, for some universal constant $$c>0$$, if $$\Omega \subset {\mathbb {R}}^2$$ is simply connected with smooth boundary, $$f:\Omega \rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}_{}$$ is subharmonic, i.e., $$\Delta f \ge 0$$, and $$f \big |_{\partial \Omega } \ge 0$$, then $$\begin{aligned} \int _{\Omega }{f~ \text {d} {\mathcal {H}}^2} \le c \cdot \text{ inradius }(\Omega ) \int _{\partial \Omega }{ f ~\text {d}{\mathcal {H}}^{1}}. \end{aligned}$$We also prove that every domain $$\Omega \subset {\mathbb {R}}^n$$ whose boundary is ’flat’ at a certain scale $$\delta $$ admits a Hermite–Hadamard inequality for all subharmonic functions with a constant depending only on the dimension, the measure $$|\Omega |$$, and the scale $$\delta $$.
The Role of Assisted Living Capacity on Nursing Home Financial Performance

The rapid growth of the assisted living industry has coincided with decreased levels of nursing home occupancy and financial performance. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationships among assisted living capacity, nursing home occupancy, and nursing home financial performance. In addition, we explore whether the relationship between assisted living capacity and nursing home financial performance is mediated by nursing home occupancy. This research utilized publicly available secondary data, for the state of Florida from 2003 through 2015. General descriptive statistics were used to assess the relationships among financial performance, assisted living capacity, and occupancy. To explore the relationships among financial performance, assisted living capacity and occupancy, and test potential mediation of occupancy, we followed Baron and Kenny's approach and estimated 3 models examining the relationships between (1) assisted living capacity and nursing home financial performance, (2) assisted living capacity and nursing home occupancy, and (3) nursing home occupancy and financial performance after assisted living capacity is included in the model. We used generalized estimating equations, to adjust for repeated measures and to model the above relationships. Year fixed effects control for time trend. The independent variable, assisted living beds, was lagged for 1 year to account for the potential influence on financial performance. The final analytic sample consisted of 7688 nursing home-year observations from 657 unique nursing homes. Our findings suggest that assisted living capacity does have a negative impact on nursing homes' financial performance. Even though, assisted living capacity seems not to significantly decrease nursing home occupancy. The relationship between assisted living capacity and financial performance was not mediated through occupancy. These findings suggest that assisted living communities may not be able to significantly reduce nursing home occupancy; however, the presence of assisted living communities may create additional financial/competitive pressures that result in decreased nursing home financial performance.
Teaching advocacy communication to pediatric residents: the efficacy of applied improvisational theater (AIT) as an instructional tool

In today’s communication landscape, the public often turn to the Internet and social media instead of their physician for health information. To remain relevant and respected amidst the wealth of h...
Exercise ventilatory inefficiency in heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Abstract Background Dyspnea on exertion is common to both heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it is important to discriminate whether symptoms are caused by HF or COPD in clinical practice. The ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) slope and VE intercept (a reflection of pulmonary dead space) are two candidate non-invasive indices that could be used for this purpose. Thus, we compared non-invasive indexes of ventilatory efficiency in patients with HF and preserved or reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively) or COPD. Methods Patients with HFpEF (n = 21), HFrEF (n = 20), and COPD (n = 22) patients performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing to volitional fatigue. VE and gas exchange were measured via breath-by-breath open circuit spirometry. All data from rest to peak exercise were used to calculate VE/VCO2 slope and VE intercept using linear regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine optimized cutoffs for VE/VCO2 slope and VE intercept to discriminate HFpEF and HFrEF from COPD. Results HFrEF patients had a greater VE/VCO2 slope than HFpEF and COPD patients (HFrEF: 40 ± 9; HFpEF: 32 ± 7; COPD: 32 ± 7) (p Conclusion These findings demonstrate that VE intercept, not VE/VCO2 slope, may discriminate COPD from both HFpEF and HFrEF patients.
Medicaid savings from the Contraceptive CHOICE Project: a cost-savings analysis.

Background Forty-five percent of births in the United States are unintended, and the costs of unintended pregnancy and birth are substantial. Clinical and policy interventions that increase access to the most effective reversible contraceptive methods (intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants) have potential to generate significant cost savings. Evidence of cost savings for these interventions is needed. Objective The purpose of this study was to conduct a cost-savings analysis of the Contraceptive CHOICE Project, which provided counseling and no-cost contraception, to demonstrate the value of investment in enhanced contraceptive care to the Missouri Medicaid program. Study Design The Contraceptive CHOICE Project was a prospective cohort study of 9256 reproductive-age women who were enrolled between 2007 and 2011. Study follow-up was completed October 2013. This analysis includes 5061 Contraceptive CHOICE Project participants who were current Missouri Medicaid beneficiaries or were uninsured and reported household incomes Results Among the Contraceptive CHOICE Project participants who were included, the uptake of intrauterine devices and implants was 76.1% compared with 4.8% among the comparison group. The estimated contraceptive cost for the simulated Contraceptive CHOICE Project group was $4.0 million vs $2.3 million for the comparison group. The estimated numbers of unintended pregnancies and births averted among the simulated Contraceptive CHOICE Project group compared with the comparison group were 927 and 483, respectively, which represented a savings in pregnancy and maternity care of $6.7 million. We estimated that the total cost savings for the state of Missouri attributable to the Contraceptive CHOICE Project was $5.0 million (40.7%) over the project duration. Conclusion A program providing counseling and no-cost contraception yields substantial cost savings because of the increased uptake of highly effective contraception and consequent averted unintended pregnancy and birth.
The UNAV, a Wind-Powered UAV for Ocean Monitoring: Performance, Control and Validation

Wind power is the source of propulsive energy for sailboats and albatrosses. We present the UNAv, an Unmanned Nautical Air-water vehicle, that borrows features from both. It is composed of a glider-type airframe fitted with a vertical wing-sail extending above the center of mass of the system and a vertical surface-piercing hydrofoil keel extending below. The sail and keel are both actuated in pitch about their span-wise axes. Like an albatross, the UNAv is fully streamlined, high lift-to-drag ratio and generates the gravity-cancelling force by means of its airborne wings. Like a sailboat, the UNAv interacts with water and may access the full magnitude of the wind. A trim analysis predicts that a 3.4-meter span, 3 kg system could stay airborne in winds as low as 2.8 m/s (5.5 knots), and travel several times faster than the wind speed. Trim flight requires the ability to fly at extreme low height with the keel immersed in water. For that purpose, a multi-input longitudinal flight controller that leverages fast flap actuation is presented. The flight maneuver is demonstrated experimentally.
Voter ID Laws: A View from the Public*

Objective The proliferation of voter identification (ID) laws in the American states has spawned a growing literature examining their causes and effects. We move in a different direction, focusing on public opinion toward these laws. Methods Drawing on a battery of questions in the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we explore why some respondents believe these laws prevent fraud while others believe they disadvantage political participation. Results We find that partisanship shapes respondents’ attitudes about the effects of voter ID laws, but in different ways. Democrats, whose opinions vary according to ideology, education, attention to politics, and racial resentment, are divided. Republicans, however, are markedly more united in their support of voter ID laws. Conclusions These differences, we argue, are consistent with an elite‐to‐mass message transmission reflecting the current context of polarized party politics and the variation in the voter coalitions comprising the Democratic and Republican parties.
On cross‐validation for sparse reduced rank regression

In high dimensional data analysis, regularization methods pursuing sparsity and/or low rank have received much attention recently. To provide a proper amount of shrinkage, it is typical to use a grid search and a model comparison criterion to find the optimal regularization parameters. However, we show that fixing the parameters across all folds may result in an inconsistency issue, and it is more appropriate to cross‐validate projection–selection patterns to obtain the best coefficient estimate. Our in‐sample error studies in jointly sparse and rank deficient models lead to a new class of information criteria with four scale‐free forms to bypass the estimation of the noise level. By use of an identity, we propose a novel scale‐free calibration to help cross‐validation to achieve the minimax optimal error rate non‐asymptotically. Experiments support the efficacy of the methods proposed.
How is the Doctor Feeling? ICU Provider Sentiment is Associated with Diagnostic Imaging Utilization

The judgment of intensive care unit (ICU) providers is difficult to measure using conventional structured electronic medical record (EMR) data. However, provider sentiment may be a proxy for such judgment. Utilizing 10 years of EMR data, this study evaluates the association between provider sentiment and diagnostic imaging utilization. We extracted daily positive / negative sentiment scores of written provider notes, and used a Poisson regression to estimate sentiment association with the total number of daily imaging reports. After adjusting for confounding factors, we found that (1) negative sentiment was associated with increased imaging utilization $(p < 0.01)$, (2) sentiment’s association was most pronounced at the beginning of the ICU stay $(p < 0.01)$, and (3) the presence of any form of sentiment increased diagnostic imaging utilization up to a critical threshold $(p < 0.01)$. Our results indicate that provider sentiment may clarify currently unexplained variance in resource utilization and clinical practice.
Enhanced spin coherence of rubidium atoms in solid parahydrogen

We measure the transverse relaxation of the spin state of an ensemble of ground-state rubidium atoms trapped in solid parahydrogen at cryogenic temperatures. We find the spin dephasing time of the ensemble (${T}_{2}^{*}$) is limited by inhomogeneous broadening. We determine that this broadening is dominated by electrostaticlike interactions with the host matrix, and can be reduced by preparing nonclassical spin superposition states. Driving these superposition states gives significantly narrower electron paramagnetic resonance lines and the longest reported electron spin ${T}_{2}^{*}$ in any solid-phase system other than solid helium.
Ambiguity and Consumer Perceptions of Risk in Various Areas of Biotechnology

Certain advances in biotechnology generate controversy, with consumer resistance derived from publicly expressed concerns about safety, despite scientific evidence of safety. The reasons for this discrepancy are not fully understood. This study aimed to understand how participants respond to biotechnology when some ambiguity about risk or uncertainty is presented. A sample of 318 adults completed a survey assessing aversion to ambiguous information in controversial areas such as food, vaccines, fluoridated water, and stem cell research. Participants responded to ambiguity assessments and 14 scenarios in these categories that contained a description of a benefit and either missing or conflicting information about an unknown risk or uncertainty. Participants who reported greater aversion to ambiguity tended to respond in a way that signals the assignment of high risk, and low benefit, when presented with some unknown or uncertain risk. The results of the present study can be used to develop methods to close the divide.
Walking With a Weighted Pelvic Belt or With an Equivalent Pure Downward Force on the Pelvis: Are These Different?

In a previous study, a tethered pelvic-assist device (TPAD) was used to successfully retrain crouch gait in children with cerebral palsy by applying a downward force on the pelvis while walking on a treadmill. While the results of this study were promising, an important issue was to translate this training to the children in a more practical manner. This motivated the question in this letter whether a different intervention could result in similar improvements in the gait as seen with the TPAD. This is the motivation for this study, which compares the biomechanical differences in walking under the following two conditions. 1) The TPAD applies a pure downward force on the pelvis using tethers. 2) A weighted pelvic belt is used to apply the same downward force on the pelvis. In this case, the weight belt also increases the mass at the pelvis. A total of ten healthy subjects performed two separate experiments while walking on an instrumented treadmill. The whole-body kinematics were recorded using a motion-capture system, and the ground reaction forces were measured by the force plates embedded in the treadmill. We found no significant differences in the kinematic gait parameters of healthy subjects when the downward force, equivalent to 15% body weight, applied by the TPAD was replaced by a weighted pelvic belt having 15% body weight. However, the activation of the gastrocnemius muscle and the estimated maximum ankle torque, predicted by an inverted pendulum mathematical model, during the single support phase of walking, showed a higher increase with the weight belt when compared to a pure downward force. Thus, the weight belt, because of its simplicity, must be further considered as a more convenient candidate to translate the results of TPAD in children with cerebral palsy who suffer from crouch gait.
Revisiting controlled digital lending post-ReDigi

This paper looks at the recent Redigi court decision and discusses its impact on controlled digital lending programs (CDL) by libraries. As there are notable differences in facts between Redigi and CDL programs, the decision should have minimal impact on the framework designed to digitize and lend library materials within the United States.
Use of Supervised Exercise During Recovery Following Sports-Related Concussion

Objective To assess the safety of supervised exercise (SE) in acute sport-related concussion (SRC) and its influence on recovery. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University SRC clinic at a tertiary care center. Patients One hundred ninety-four consecutive new patient charts were reviewed. Patients were included if they were seen within 30 days of sustaining a SRC, and their medical records included all required data elements. One hundred twenty-six patients were included in the analysis. Interventions Symptomatic patients who initiated SE within 16 days of SRC (n = 24) were compared with those who did not undergo SE or initiated SE after postinjury day 16 (n = 84). Age, sex, history of previous concussions, injury severity, relevant comorbidities, and other treatments received were included in the analysis. Main outcome measures The association between early SE and clearance for return to sport was determined using a hazard ratio (HR). The number of days from SRC until clearance for return to sport and the number of days symptomatic from concussion were also compared between early SE and nonearly SE cohorts. Results No serious adverse events occurred in the early SE group. Early SE was associated with earlier return to sport (HR = 2.35, P = 0.030). The early SE group had fewer days from SRC until clearance for return to sport (mean 26.5 ± 11.2 days vs 35.1 ± 26.5 days, P = 0.020). There was a trend toward fewer symptomatic days in the early SE group (P = 0.054). Conclusion Early SE performed in the symptomatic stage of SRC was safe and associated with earlier return to sport.
PAWS: Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling

Existing paraphrase identification datasets lack sentence pairs that have high lexical overlap without being paraphrases. Models trained on such data fail to distinguish pairs like flights from New York to Florida and flights from Florida to New York. This paper introduces PAWS (Paraphrase Adversaries from Word Scrambling), a new dataset with 108,463 well-formed paraphrase and non-paraphrase pairs with high lexical overlap. Challenging pairs are generated by controlled word swapping and back translation, followed by fluency and paraphrase judgments by human raters. State-of-the-art models trained on existing datasets have dismal performance on PAWS (<40% accuracy); however, including PAWS training data for these models improves their accuracy to 85% while maintaining performance on existing tasks. In contrast, models that do not capture non-local contextual information fail even with PAWS training examples. As such, PAWS provides an effective instrument for driving further progress on models that better exploit structure, context, and pairwise comparisons.
Rate-Cost Tradeoffs in Control

Consider a control problem with a communication channel connecting the observer of a linear stochastic system to the controller. The goal of the controller is to minimize a quadratic cost function in the state variables and control signal, known as the linear quadratic regulator (LQR). We study the fundamental tradeoff between the communication rate $r$ b/s and the expected cost $b$ . We obtain a lower bound on a certain rate-cost function, which quantifies the minimum directed mutual information between the channel input and output that is compatible with a target LQR cost. The rate-cost function has operational significance in multiple scenarios of interest: among others, it allows us to lower-bound the minimum communication rate for fixed and variable length quantization, and for control over noisy channels. We derive an explicit lower bound to the rate-cost function, which applies to the vector, non-Gaussian, and partially observed systems, thereby extending and generalizing an earlier explicit expression for the scalar Gaussian system, due to Tatikonda et al. [S. Tatikonda, A. Sahai, and S. Mitter, “Stochastic linear control over a communication channel,” IEEE Trans. Autom. Control , vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 1549–1561, Sep. 2004.]. The bound applies as long as the differential entropy of the system noise is not $-\infty$ . It can be closely approached by a simple lattice quantization scheme that only quantizes the innovation, that is, the difference between the controller's belief about the current state and the true state. Via a separation principle between control and communication, similar results hold for causal lossy compression of additive noise Markov sources. Apart from standard dynamic programming arguments, our technical approach leverages the Shannon lower bound, develops new estimates for data compression with coding memory, and uses some recent results on high resolution variable-length vector quantization to prove that the new converse bounds are tight.
A Prospective Study of Serum Vitamin E and 28-Year Risk of Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic data are inconsistent regarding the vitamin E-lung cancer association, and no study to our knowledge has examined serologic changes in vitamin E status in relation to subsequent risk. METHODS In a cohort of 22 781 male smokers in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, we ascertained 3184 lung cancer cases during up to 28 years of observation. Cox proportional hazards models examined whether higher serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations at baseline, 3 years, or the interval change were associated with lower lung cancer risk. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking intensity and duration, serum total cholesterol, and trial intervention group, we found lower lung cancer risk in men with high baseline alpha-tocopherol (fifth quintile [Q5] vs Q1, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66 to 0.87, Ptrend < .001). A similar reduction in risk was seen for serum alpha-tocopherol at 3 years (Q5 vs Q1, HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.91, Ptrend = .004). The inverse risk association appeared stronger for younger men and those who had smoked fewer years but was similar across trial intervention groups. We also found reduced risk among men not supplemented with vitamin E who had a lower serum alpha-tocopherol at baseline and greater increases in concentrations at 3 years (third tertile vs first tertile of serum alpha-tocopherol change, HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.91, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Higher vitamin E status, as measured by serum alpha-tocopherol concentration, as well as repletion of a low vitamin E state, was related to decreased lung cancer risk during a 28-year period. Our findings provide evidence supporting the importance of adequate physiological vitamin E status for lung cancer risk reduction.
“President Vows to Cut Hair”: Dataset and Analysis of Creative Text Editing for Humorous Headlines

We introduce, release, and analyze a new dataset, called Humicroedit, for research in computational humor. Our publicly available data consists of regular English news headlines paired with versions of the same headlines that contain simple replacement edits designed to make them funny. We carefully curated crowdsourced editors to create funny headlines and judges to score a to a total of 15,095 edited headlines, with five judges per headline. The simple edits, usually just a single word replacement, mean we can apply straightforward analysis techniques to determine what makes our edited headlines humorous. We show how the data support classic theories of humor, such as incongruity, superiority, and setup/punchline. Finally, we develop baseline classifiers that can predict whether or not an edited headline is funny, which is a first step toward automatically generating humorous headlines as an approach to creating topical humor.
Flux Growth and Electronic Properties of Ba2In5Pn5 (Pn = P, As) : Zintl Phases Exhibiting Metallic Behavior

Ba2In5P5 and Ba2In5As5 were grown from the reaction of barium and the pnictogen elements in indium flux. These Zintl phases feature a new structure type in orthorhombic space group Pnma (for the phosphorus analogue, a = 17.2572(2) A, b = 4.1599(1) A, c = 17.4895(2) A, R1 = 0.0376). The layered structure features anionic slabs of interconnected main group atoms, with hexagonal channels defined by In−In bonds and capped on the outer edges by the pnictides; Ba2+ cations reside in between these layers. Despite the apparently charge-balanced nature of the structure and the band gaps indicated in density of states calculations, the rising resistivities with increasing temperature indicate these materials behave as metals (ρRT for Ba2In5P5 = 1.0 × 10−3 Ω cm, and ρRT Ba2In5As5 = 6.1 × 10−3 Ω cm). NMR studies of the 115In Knight shifts and the Korringa relationship observed for the temperature dependence of the 31P resonance of Ba2In5P5 characterize these compounds as semiconductors doped into the metallic regime....
Parameterization of proximal humerus locking plate impingement with in vitro, in silico, and in vivo techniques.

Background Locked plating of displaced proximal humeral fractures is common, but rates of subacromial impingement remain high. This study used a multidisciplinary approach to elucidate the relationships between common surgical parameters, anatomic variability, and the likelihood of plate impingement. Methods The experiment was completed in 3 phases. First, a controlled in vitro experiment was conducted to simulate impingement. Second, a dynamic in silico musculoskeletal model modeled changes to implant geometry, surgical techniques, and acromial anatomy, where a collision detection algorithm was used to simulate impingement. Finally, in vivo shoulder kinematics were recorded for 9 activities of daily living. Motions that created a high likelihood of impingement were identified. Results Of simulated impingement events, 73.9% occurred when the plate was moved proximally, and 84% occurred when acromial tilt was 20° or 25°. Simulations of impingement occurred at cross-body adduction angles between 10° and 50°. Impingement occurred at an average of 162.0° ± 14.8° abduction with 10 mm distal plate placement, whereas the average was 72.1° ± 11.4° with 10 mm proximal placement. A patient may encounter these shoulder angles when performing activities such as combing one's hair, lifting an object overhead, and reaching behind one's head. Discussion and Conclusion Proximal implant placement and decreases in acromial tilt play major roles in the likelihood of impingement, whereas plate thickness and humeral head center of rotation should also be considered. Careful preoperative planning that includes these factors could help guide operative decision making and improve clinical outcomes.
Efficient reductive acylation of 3-nitroindoles

3-Nitroindoles are catalytically reduced by hydrogen on palladium/carbon to furnish the relatively unstable aminoindoles, which in the presence of carboxylic acid anhydrides afford good to excellent yields of the corresponding N-acylaminoindoles. 2-Nitroindoles give lower yields of N-acylated 2-aminoindoles.
Bifunctional antitumor agents : A DNA interactive enediyne from the pyrrolo[9,10-b]phenanthrene template

Abstract Regioselective substitution of the intercalative pyrrolo[9,10- b ]phenanthrene template was used to prepare an enediyne conjugate. The enediyne induced DNA strand scission at relevent concentration but proteolysis was not significant.
Development of a stereoselective and chemoselective approach to trans-2,3-disubstituted-4-chromanones

A direct synthesis of chromanones 10 and 11 was achieved in five steps from acetophenone 1 in an overall yield of 37% and 53% respectively. The requisite 2,3-trans stereochemistry in chromanone 10 and 11 was set by a chemoselective and stereoselective conjugate reduction of chromones 8 and 9.
Nickel-catalyzed intramolecular C–H arylation using aryl pivalates as electrophiles

Abstract This paper describes a method for nickel catalyzed intramolecular C–H arylation using aryl pivalates as electrophiles. The transformation is efficient for the synthesis of diverse electronically and sterically differentiated dibenzofurans. Additionally, the method could be expanded toward the synthesis of carbazoles. Preliminary mechanistic studies of the transformation are also described.
A Security Evaluation of DNSSEC with NSEC3.

Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) and Hashed Authenticated Denial of Existence (NSEC3) are slated for adoption by important parts of the DNS hierarchy, including the root zone, as a solution to vulnerabilities such as ”cache-poisoning” attacks. We study the security goals and operation of DNSSEC/NSEC3 using Mur', a finite-state enumeration tool, to analyze security properties that may be relevant to various deployment scenarios. Our systematic study reveals several subtleties and potential pitfalls that can be avoided by proper configuration choices, including resource records that may remain valid after the expiration of relevant signatures and potential insertion of forged names into a DNSSEC-enabled domain via the opt-out option. We demonstrate the exploitability of DNSSEC opt-out options in an enterprise setting by constructing a browser cookie-stealing attack on a laboratory domain. Under recommended configuration settings, further Mur' model checking finds no vulnerabilities within our threat model, suggesting that DNSSEC with NSEC3 provides significant security benefits.
The adaptive significance of phasic colony cycles in army ants

Army ants are top arthropod predators in tropical forests around the world. The colonies of many army ant species undergo stereotypical behavioral and reproductive cycles, alternating between brood care and reproductive phases. In the brood care phase, colonies contain a cohort of larvae that are synchronized in their development and have to be fed. In the reproductive phase larvae are absent and oviposition takes place. Despite these colony cycles being a striking feature of army ant biology, their adaptive significance is unclear. Here we use a modeling approach to show that cyclic reproduction is favored under conditions where per capita foraging costs decrease with the number of larvae in a colony ("High Cost of Entry" scenario), while continuous reproduction is favored under conditions where per capita foraging costs increase with the number of larvae ("Resource Exhaustion" scenario). We argue that the former scenario specifically applies to army ants, because large raiding parties are required to overpower prey colonies. However, once raiding is successful it provides abundant food for a large cohort of larvae. The latter scenario, on the other hand, will apply to non-army ants, because in those species local resource depletion will force workers to forage over larger distances to feed large larval cohorts. Our model provides a quantitative framework for understanding the adaptive value of phasic colony cycles in ants.
Molten salt synthesis and structural characterization of novel salt-inclusion vanadium bronze Cs5FeV5O13Cl6.

Single crystals of a new reduced vanadate phase, Cs5FeV5O13Cl6, have been grown from the reaction of metal oxides V2O5 and Fe2O3 in the presence of a metal reducing agent in a eutectic CsCl/NaCl flux. This compound adopts a tetragonal structure (P4/nmm, a = 10.943(3) A, c = 10.535(4) A, Z = 2) that consists of reduced vanadate layers separated by ionic layers comprised of [FeCl6]3− anions and Cs+ cations. There are two distinct vanadium sites in the structure of this compound; V4+ is in square pyramidal configuration, and V5+ has a tetrahedral coordination environment. The 51V NMR Knight shift and the magnetic susceptibility data indicate the delocalization of the unpaired electron of vanadium. Ferrimagnetic ordering is observed at 5 K.
Understanding Biases in Ribosome Profiling Experiments Reveals Signatures of Translation Dynamics in Yeast

Ribosome profiling produces snapshots of the locations of actively translating ribosomes on messenger RNAs. These snapshots can be used to make inferences about translation dynamics. Recent ribosome profiling studies in yeast, however, have reached contradictory conclusions regarding the average translation rate of each codon. Some experiments have used cycloheximide (CHX) to stabilize ribosomes before measuring their positions, and these studies all counterintuitively report a weak negative correlation between the translation rate of a codon and the abundance of its cognate tRNA. In contrast, some experiments performed without CHX report strong positive correlations. To explain this contradiction, we identify unexpected patterns in ribosome density downstream of each type of codon in experiments that use CHX. These patterns are evidence that elongation continues to occur in the presence of CHX but with dramatically altered codon-specific elongation rates. The measured positions of ribosomes in these experiments therefore do not reflect the amounts of time ribosomes spend at each position in vivo. These results suggest that conclusions from experiments in yeast using CHX may need reexamination. In particular, we show that in all such experiments, codons decoded by less abundant tRNAs were in fact being translated more slowly before the addition of CHX disrupted these dynamics.
Rhenium and Technetium Oxo Complexes in the Study of Organic Oxidation Mechanisms

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the mechanistic understanding of organic oxidation chemistry that has been generated by using high-valent metal oxo compounds of technetium and rhenium. Oxidation of organic compounds and alkenes, in particular, is an enormous area, and transition-metal-based catalysts have played a pivotal role. The similarity of the chemistries of rhenium and technetium elements with those of Mo, W, Ru, and Os makes them attractive models for probing reaction mechanisms for compounds of metals in the middle of the transition series. The chapter describes the preparation, structure, and chemical behavior of methyl rhenium trioxide (MTO) and discusses the bishydroxylation of alkenes. Detailed mechanistic inquiries into the mechanisms of transformations has shed light on several long-standing problems in organic oxidation chemistry and has revealed the importance of important structural classes of metal oxo and peroxo complexes.
VPI-8: A High-Silica Molecular Sieve with a Novel “Pinwheel” Building Unit and Its Implications for the Synthesis of Extra-Large Pore Molecular Sieves

Relatively large (up to 4 μm), needle-like crystals of the high-silica molecular sieve VPI-8 are synthesized by hydrothermal methods and are subsequently calcined to remove the pore-filling organic...
Vestigial nematicity from spin and/or charge order in the cuprates

Nematic order has manifested itself in a variety of materials in the cuprate family. We propose an effective field theory of a layered system with incommensurate, intertwined spin- and charge-density wave (SDW and CDW) orders, each of which consists of two components related by ${C}_{4}$ rotations. Using a variational method (which is exact in a large-$N$ limit), we study the development of nematicity from partially melting those density waves by either increasing temperature or adding quenched disorder. As temperature decreases we first find a transition to a single nematic phase, but depending on the range of parameters (e.g., doping concentration) the strongest fluctuations associated with this phase reflect either proximate SDW or CDW order. We also discuss the changes in parameters that can account for the differences in the SDW-CDW interplay between the 214 family and the other hole-doped cuprates.
Hydrogen-Bonding Pattern of a Bicyclic γ-Keto Acid: (−)-anti-Isoketopinic Acid

(–)-1,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-7-anti-carboxylic acid, C10H14O3, crystallizes in space group P41 and forms intermolecular carboxyl-to-ketone hydrogen-bonded chains (catemers). The hydrogen-bonded chains are orthogonal to the 41 screw axis and involve translationally related molecules.
Some Recent Ab Initio Calculations of the NMR Chemical Shift

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current state of affairs, to review the progress that has occurred in the recent years that makes todays results so encouraging, and to discuss briefly a few applications of shielding calculations. It emphasizes on understanding and predicting the chemical shifts lies now more in the ab initio domain than, out of necessity in the past, in the semi-empirical area. It discusses that at least for small molecules, ab initio calculations are generally better than semi-empirical ones at this point in time. A review of the classical picture of the origin of chemical shifts precedes the quantum mechanical fundamentals, because it is so easy to become lost in the symbolism and mathematics of quantum mechanics, it is desirable to keep in mind the basic classical picture of what the quantum theory is attempting to describe. The chapter also presents the current best results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and shift anisotropies for heavy atoms in order to see the level of agreement today, between theory and experiment. Since most calculations are sensitive to the choice of basis set, a review of the evolution of choice of basis sets is given so as to decide on the level required for adequate calculated results.
Applications of luminescent transition platinum group metal complexes to sensor technology and molecular probes

Abstract Luminescent transition metal complexes are currently revolutionizing many areas of photochemistry and photophysics. In particular, they are proving useful as molecular probes and sensors. We discuss the design consideration in producing useful sensors and probes. As we show, complexes are amenable to rational design. Applications of inorganic complexes to a variety of sensor technologies are discussed. In addition, problem areas such as sensor–support interactions are covered.
A novel class of inferior colliculus principal neurons labeled in vasoactive intestinal peptide-Cre mice

Located in the midbrain, the inferior colliculus (IC) is the hub of the central auditory system. Although the IC plays important roles in speech processing, sound localization, and other auditory computations, the organization of the IC microcircuitry remains largely unknown. Using a multifaceted approach in mice, we have identified vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons as a novel class of IC principal neurons. VIP neurons are glutamatergic stellate cells with sustained firing patterns. Their extensive axons project to long-range targets including the auditory thalamus, auditory brainstem, superior colliculus, and periaqueductal gray. Using optogenetic circuit mapping, we found that VIP neurons integrate input from the contralateral IC and the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The dorsal cochlear nucleus also drove feedforward inhibition to VIP neurons, indicating that inhibitory circuits within the IC shape the temporal integration of ascending inputs. Thus, VIP neurons are well-positioned to influence auditory computations in a number of brain regions.
Competing Pathways in the Azomethine Ylide Route to Indoloquinones: An Improved Procedure for the Generation of a Transient 4-Oxazoline from the Oxazolium Salt

Azomethine ylide generation from the oxazolium salt 22 and PhSiH3/CsF affords complex products derived from the initial cycloadduct 23 via three competing pathways. Colorless intermediates 24−27 have been detected, and their oxidation products 10, 28, and 29 have been identified. Nucleophilic activation of the oxazolium salt 22 is reported using the organic-soluble benzyltrimethylammonium cyanide. This variation affords the unstable cycloadduct 32, which undergoes aromatization via a single pathway involving 24 and 27, and DDQ oxidation gives the indoloquinone 10 in an improved 63% yield. Lower yields using PhSiH3/CsF or NaCN activation methods are attributed to the heterogeneous conditions and interception of the azomethine ylide by unreacted oxazolium salt.
Desymmetrization of 4-dimethylsiloxy-1,6-heptadiynes through sequential double silylformylation.

Desymmetrization of dimethylsilyloxyalkadiynes (1) by Rh-catalyzed intramolecular silylformylation affords 5-exo-(formylmethylene)oxasilacyclopentanes 2 in high yields. Novel sequential double silylformylation of 1a also provides desymmetrization, giving 3-(3-silyl-2-formylprop-2-enyl)-5-exo-(formylmethylene)oxasilacyclopentanes 4 in excellent yields. Reduction of 2a and 4 with NaBH4 gives the corresponding 5-exo-(hydroxymethylmethylene)oxasilacyclopentanes 3a and 5, respectively.