cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Chromophobe Adenomas of the Canine Adenohypophysis An Ultrastructural Evaluation of a Neoplasm of Pituitary Corticotrophs

Chromophobe adenomas from 8 dogs with clinical signs and lesions of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's-like disease) were selected for electron microscopic study in order to establish a morphologic basis for active secretion by the neoplastic cells. At the level of ultrastructure there was definite evidence of secretory activity and the organelles concerned with protein synthesis (endoplasmic reticulum) and packaging of secretory products (Golgi apparatus) were well developed. Although the numerous secretory granules present varied in electron density and in size, the most frequently encountered granule measured 170 m μ in diameter. The secretory granules of the neoplastic cells differed from those found within acidophils and basophils of the canine hypophysis. Based on these findings it was concluded that the cells comprising these chromophobe adenomas were actively secreting corticotrophs of the pituitary gland.
Clinical applications of dual-energy CT in head and neck imaging

Dual-energy CT provides insights into the material properties of the tissues and can differentiate between tissues that have similar attenuation on conventional, single energy CT imaging. It has several useful and promising applications in head and neck imaging that an otolaryngologist could use to deliver improved clinical care. These applications include metal artifact reduction, atherosclerotic plaque and tumor characterization, detection of parathyroid lesions, and delineation of paranasal sinus ventilation. Dual-energy CT can potentially improve image quality, reduce radiation dose, and provide specific diagnostic information for certain head and neck lesions. This article reviews some current and potential otolaryngology applications of dual-energy CT.
Thermal Design of an Airborne, Military Computer Chassis With Air-Cooled, Cast Pin Fin Coldwalls

This paper documents the thermal design process required to provide effective thermal management for an airborne, military computer, consisting of 24 modules (two P/S modules and 22 PWB modules), which are edge-cooled to two cast, pin fin coldwalls. The computer chassis is mounted in an electronics pod mounted underneath the centerline of a fighter aircraft. The pod consists of several electronics bays and a self-contained, air-cycle, environmental control system (ECS). The computer chassis is mounted in the forward bay, and the ECS is mounted in the rear bay of the electronics pod. The ECS is an air-cycle refrigeration system, which operates on captured ram air directed by an inlet/diffuser to an expansion turbine. This turbine produces low-pressure, chilled-air, which is then directed through an air-to-liquid, load heat exchanger to produce chilled-liquid. The chilled liquid is piped through small liquid lines to the forward bay of the pod, where the air-cooled, computer chassis is located. The chilled liquid is converted back to chilled-air in an air-to-liquid heat exchanger. The chilled-air is supplied to the forward bay volume and is drawn through the computer chassis coldwalls by a fan integral to the computer chassis. The temperature of the chilled-air, produced in this manner, becomes a strong function of the altitude and Mach number of the fighter aircraft, because of the effect of these two parameters on the ram air mass flow rate and temperature at the inlet to the expansion turbine. The mass flow of the air used to cool the chassis is also a variable, because the density of the air is a function of the flight altitude and the fan has altitude-dependent, operating characteristics. This fan provides the flow of air through the chassis. Emphasis is placed in the design process on the effect of the operating characteristics of the fan at altitude and the determination of the system performance curve associated with the pin fin coldwalls. This performance curve is controlled by the pressure drop characteristics of the pin fin coldwalls, which are a function of the Fanning f-factor and Colburn j-factor characteristics of the cast pin fin design. Design examples are used to demonstrate the design process.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A cognitively based simulation of academic science

The models used in social simulation to date have mostly been very simplistic cognitively, with little attention paid to the details of individual cognition. This work proposes a more cognitively realistic approach to social simulation. It begins with a model created by Gilbert (1997) for capturing the growth of academic science. Gilbert's model, which was equation-based, is replaced here by an agent-based model, with the cognitive architecture CLARION providing greater cognitive realism. Using this cognitive agent model, results comparable to previous simulations and to human data are obtained. It is found that while different cognitive settings may affect the aggregate number of scientific articles produced, they do not generally lead to different distributions of number of articles per author. The paper concludes with a discussion of the correspondence between the model and the constructivist view of academic science. It is argued that using more cognitively realistic models in simulations may lead to novel insights.
The par toxin-antitoxin system from Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1 and its chromosomal homologs

The par post-segregational killing locus present on Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1 was the first Type I toxin-antitoxin system described in Gram-positive bacteria. Translation of the 33 amino acid Fst toxin, encoded on RNA I, is suppressed by a 66 nucleotide regulatory RNA, RNA II. RNA I and RNA II are transcribed convergently and interact at dispersed regions of complementarity, establishing a stable complex that accumulates in plasmid-containing cells. RNA II is slowly removed from the complex, allowing translation of RNA I in plasmid-free segregants. Intramolecular structures are also important for regulating translation of RNA I. The Fst toxin contains a putative transmembrane domain and is believed to exert its function at the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, although its precise target and mode of action have yet to be determined. Numerous chromosomal homologs of pAD1 par have been identified in Gram-positive bacteria suggesting that this locus may play important roles in cellular function.
Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging in the Large

Syntactic preprocessing is a step that is widely used in NLP applications. Traditionally, rule-based or statistical Part-of-Speech (POS) taggers are employed that either need considerable rule development times or a sufficient amount of manually labeled data. To alleviate this acquisition bottleneck and to enable preprocessing for minority languages and specialized domains, a method is presented that constructs a statistical syntactic tagger model from a large amount of unlabeled text data. The method presented here is called unsupervised POS-tagging, as its application results in corpus annotation in a comparable way to what POS-taggers provide. Nevertheless, its application results in slightly different categories as opposed to what is assumed by a linguistically motivated POS-tagger. These differences hamper evaluation procedures that compare the output of the unsupervised POS-tagger to a tagging with a supervised tagger. To measure the extent to which unsupervised POS-tagging can contribute in application-based settings, the system is evaluated in supervised POS-tagging, word sense disambiguation, named entity recognition and chunking. Unsupervised POS-tagging has been explored since the beginning of the 1990s. Unlike in previous approaches, the kind and number of different tags is here generated by the method itself. Another difference to other methods is that not all words above a certain frequency rank get assigned a tag, but the method is allowed to exclude words from the clustering, if their distribution does not match closely enough with other words. The lexicon size is considerably larger than in previous approaches, resulting in a lower out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rate and in a more consistent tagging. The system presented here is available for download as open-source software along with tagger models for several languages, so the contributions of this work can be easily incorporated into other applications.
Ability and willingness to service debt as explanation for commercial and official rescheduling cases

Abstract This is a study of debt servicing capacities of LDCs. A common characteristic of the large number of such studies is that they use an eclectic list of explanatory variables. Here a set of explanatory variables is obtained from a willingness-to-pay model. Furthermore, earlier studies did not differentiate among different rescheduling cases. Differentiating based on the type of loans rescheduled, empirical tests have been implemented. Results indicate that explanatory variables are highly significant in explaining the occurrence of commercial and official reschedulings. However, a different set of variables has affected rescheduling decisions of borrowers on commercial and official loans.
The trial of Floreta d'Ays (1403): Jews, Christians, and obstetrics in later medieval Marseille

In 1403, a Jewish midwife, Floreta, widow of Aquinon d'Ays, was brought before the criminal court of Marseille to answer for the death in childbirth of a Christian woman. Floreta was charged with having performed a procedure that precipitated the patient's haemorrhaging and death. This is the first known case of a malpractice trial against a midwife and an unusual case of anti-Judaic sentiment in a city hitherto quite tolerant of its Jewish minority population. Aside from Floreta's statements in her own defence, all the recorded testimony comes from Christian women who were present in the birthroom, giving us a rare glimpse inside that female preserve. Although the final outcome of the case is not known, Floreta vigorously appealed the ruling that she be tortured to elicit a confession. This essay presents an edition and translation of a portion of the trial record, setting it into the context of Marseille legal procedure, obstetrical knowledge of the time, and changes in anti-Judaic sentiment in early fi...
Negotiated price discounting of perishable inventories

In this paper a model is presented for jointly optimizing the replenishment interval and retailer's and consumer's discounted prices for a perishable good, such that both wholesaler and retailer benefit from increased profits. An instrument of negotiation for distribution of system gains is incorporated into the model.
Conformational isomerism leads to supramolecular isomerism and nanoscale inclusion in 2D extended framework solids based on C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene

Co-crystallization of C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene 1 with 4,4′-bipyridine 2 in the presence of m-xylene results in the formation of a 2D brick framework, 3c·2(m-xylene), that possesses nanoscale cavities that host four aromatics as guests in which 1 adopts a ‘T-shaped’ conformation.
Personal Responsibility and Physician Responsibility — West Virginia's Medicaid Plan

West Virginia is planning to ask residents who are eligible for Medicaid because of low income to sign documents outlining “member responsibilities and rights.” Drs. Gene Bishop and Amy Brodkey explain that the plan has implications far beyond its effects on needy West Virginians.
Towards Rapid Citywide Damage Mapping Using Neighborhood Edge Dissimilarities in Very High-Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery—Application to the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake

Abstract Remote sensing technology is increasingly recognized as a valuable post-earthquake damage assessment tool. Recent studies performed by research teams in the United States, Japan, and Europe have demonstrated that building damage sustained in urban environments can be identified through analysis of optical imagery and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Damage detection using automated change detection algorithms will soon facilitate the scaling and prioritization of relief efforts, as well as the monitoring of the recovery operations. This paper introduces the use of an edge dissimilarity algorithm to quantify the extent of building damage.
Dose-response relationship between naloxone injections and intake of sucrose solution

When individually housed rats are given, daily, a 1-h opportunity to drink a 10% solution of sucrose, they avidly take large amounts. When given naloxone, the prototypic antagonist of morphine-like effects, the intake of sucrose is attenuated. Doses as small as.065 mg/kg reliably, but slightly, reduce intake and doses greater than 1.0 mg/kg dramatically reduce intake.
Integrated ARROW waveguides with hollow cores.

We report the design, fabrication, and demonstration of antiresonant reflecting optical (ARROW) waveguides with hollow cores. We describe the design principles to achieve low waveguide loss in both transverse and lateral directions. A novel fabrication process using silicon dioxide and silicon nitride layers as well as sacrificial polyimide core layers was developed. Optical characterization of 3.5µm thick waveguides with air cores was carried out. We demonstrate single-mode propagation through these hollow ARROW waveguides with propagation loss as low as 6.5cm-1 and mode cross sections down to 6.7µm2. Applications of these waveguides to sensing and quantum communication are discussed.
The “Tree Meteorite” of La Pine, Oregon*

On August 16, 1938, the Portland Oregonian carried on its front page a story of the finding of a white-hot meteorite in a hole in a fir tree about 60 feet from the ground. It was said that it had cut through 14 inches of the side of the tree. The story spread all over the country. The writer saw it in Time and in the Christian Science Monitor. Attempts were made by interested persons to obtain samples for inspection, but the holder refused all requests. He would not let even newspaper men see it! Two forestry officials finally got a glimpse of it. They reported that it was light in color and weight and full of holes. It was soon learned through the Forestry Department that “tree meteorites” had several times previously been reported in the Pacific Northwest. Analyses of these objects had revealed a composition about like that of the ashes from sound wood in the same trees. Very little iron (only traces) and no nickel have been found. It is thought that these clinkers are formed when the top of a tree is burned off by forest fires and ashes sink down into the trunk, perhaps into a rotten spot, and there fuse into a solid mass by the intense heat of the surrounding burning wood.
Engineering Education and Democracy

Most engineers are agreed that the engineering profession is not sufficiently active in civic and governmental affairs; that engineers are not sufficiently insistent in voicing their opinions to public officials who administer affairs vital to the profession. With a view to the future, an eminent educator here prescribes one form of engineering education intended to build engineers interested in assuming their places as effective citizens in our democratic government.
A closer look at export and import statements

Abstract Export and import statements can be implemented as syntactic extensions. We first define their intuitive semantics in terms of Scheme programs. Then we show how export and import can be improved to allow for an arbitrary load-sequence of modules and to handle dynamic extensions of modules.
Protection of translation initiation factor eIF2 phosphorylation correlates with eIF2-associated glycoprotein p67 levels and requires the lysine-rich domain I of p67

The rate of protein synthesis in mammals is largely regulated by phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) that is modulated by the cellular glycoprotein, p67, due to its protection of eIF2alpha phosphorylation (POEP) activity. At the N-terminus of p67, there are three unique domains, and at the C-terminus there is a conserved amino acid sequence. To analyze the importance of these domains, C-terminal deletion mutants of rat p67 were expressed constitutively in KRC-7 cells. In these cells, the phosphorylation level of the alpha-subunit of eIF2 was determined, and it was found that expression of the 1-97 amino acid segment of rat p67 increases POEP activity in vivo, and induces the endogenous levels of p67. These cells also show increased growth rate, and efficient translation of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and beta-galactosidase reporter genes. At the N-terminus of p67, there are two unique domains: a lysine-rich domain I with the sequence (36)KKKRRKKKK(44), and an acidic residue-rich domain with the sequence (77)EEKEKDDDDEDGDGD(91). Substitution of lysine-rich domain I with (36)NMKSGNKTQ(44) in rat recombinant p67 resulted in the inhibition of its POEP activity, and substitution of the acidic residue-rich domain with (77)QNIQKALEPEAGDGA(91), resulted in no inhibition of POEP activity in KRC-7 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that protection of translation initiation factor eIF2 phosphorylation correlates with eIF2-associated glycoprotein p67 levels and requires the lysine-rich domain I of p67.
Chemical profile and antioxidant capacities of tart cherry products

The levels of anthocyanins and other flavonoids, as well as melatonin, in various tart cherry products (frozen and dried cherries, powders from individually quick frozen (IQF) cherry and juice concentrate) from two tart cherry cultivars, ‘Montmorency’ and ‘Balaton’ were analysed comparatively by HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry (EMS). Our results show that the major anthocyanin compound in these two tart cherry cultivars is cyanidin 3-glucosylrutinoside, followed by cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanydin sophoroside, and peonidin 3-glucoside. Studies on antioxidant activities (total antioxidant status assay) of crude extracts of ten tart cherry products show that these products preserve their antioxidant capacities after processing and storage. We have also compared the antioxidant activities of several single constituents that are present in tart cherry. When TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) values were evaluated conceptually against the cherry phytochemical profile, cyanidin and its derivatives were found to be the significant contributors to the antioxidant systems of tart cherries. It was shown that standard compounds with common aglycon moieties show similar antioxidant activities.
Tracking the Elusive Green Women: Sex, Environmentalism, and Feminism in the United States and Europe

Ecofeminism is a set of theories variously claiming that, because of bio logical determinism, reproductive and maternal roles, the oppression of patriarchy and women's more holistic spiritual conne...
Evidence for higher-order structure formation by the c-myb 18-mer phosphorothioate antisense (codons 2-7) oligodeoxynucleotide: potential relationship to antisense c-myb inhibition.

We have demonstrated the formation of higher-order structures (presumably tetraplexes) by an 18-mer phosphorothioate antisense c-myb oligodeoxyribonucleotide that has been shown to have activity in...
The pharmacological effects of selectively released hydrogen cyanide.

Abstract A series of bisquaternary ammonium-biscyanohydrin compounds were found to be potent neuromuscular blocking agents of the tubocurarine type when assessed in the sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle of the chicken and in the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm of the rat. When the cyano group was not present in the molecule, the potency decreased several fold. This phenomenon was greater with the unsubstituted alcohol than with the acetyl or benzoyl derivatives. Presumably, it was due to the interference of the latter radicals with the liberation of cyanide from the molecule. Sodium nitrite did not modify the toxicity of the cyanohydrin, but sodium thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin and their combination were antagonistic. Titrimetric studies revealed that cyanide is released in vitro . The presence of an amine in the cyanohydrin solution greatly increased the amount of cyanide that was liberated. It was concluded that the increased potency observed in compounds possessing an easily-releasable cyanide was not owing completely to a configurational change introduced by the presence of the nitrile, but rather was the result of a localized release of hydrocyanic acid.
Latina Women: Health and Healthcare Disparities

This article examines disparities in health and healthcare for Latina women. It draws on existing literature and descriptive data from a study with Latinas. Mortality rates, leading causes of death, and reproductive health are well-documented. Little information is available on the health and chronic health conditions severely inflicting Latinas such as heart disease and diabetes. Despite advances regarding reproductive care and screening procedures, Latinas still experience inequities in healthcare insurance and utilization. Study findings indicate higher rates of diabetes and hypertension than Latinas nationwide and reasons for delaying seeking healthcare. Directions for future research and policy recommendations are explored.
Encoding of motion video sequences for the MPEG environment using arithmetic coding

In this paper, we describe a motion-compensated hybrid DCT/DPCM algorithm suitable for compressing motion video sequences at 1-1.5 Mbits/second. The algorithm is compatible with the currently emerging MPEG video compression standard with one exception: the entropy coding of the DCT coefficients, motion vector data and all side information is accomplished via arithmetic coding rather than Huffman coding. The algorithm can be made completely MPEG-compatible with the addition of an arithmetic-Huffman transcoder. Experimental results demonstrate the effect of the proposed changes on the compression efficiency.
Voltage/VAR Control in Distribution Networks via Reactive Power Injection Through Distributed Generators

This paper demonstrates how reactive power injection from distributed generators can be used to mitigate the voltage/VAR control problem of a distribution network. Firstly, power flow equations are formulated with arbitrarily located distributed generators in the network. Since reactive power injection is limited by economic viability and power electronics interface, we formulate voltage/VAR control as a constrained optimization problem. The formulation aims to minimize the combined reactive power injection by distributed generators, with constraints on: 1) power flow equations; 2) voltage regulation; 3) phase imbalance correction; and 4) maximum and minimum reactive power injection. The formulation is a nonconvex problem thereby making the search for an optimal solution extremely complex. So, a suboptimal approach is proposed based on methods of sequential convex programming (SCP). Comparing our suboptimal approach with the optimal solution obtained from branch and bound method, we show the trade-off in quality of our solution with runtime. We also validate our approach on the IEEE 123 node test feeder and illustrate the efficacy of using distributed generators as distributed reactive power resource.
The interaction of platelets with a tritium-labelled heparin☆☆☆

Abstract Platelets were found to take up tritium-labelled heparin either when platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was treated with the labelled heparin or if platelets, free of plasma proteins, obtained from chromatography of PRP on Sepharose 2B were treated with the tagged heparin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) prevented uptake of heparin by platelets. Platelets were found to take up only “free” heparin but not heparin complexed with antithrombin III. 20% of the heparin was released by complete aggregation of the platelets. Treatment of 3 H-heparinized platelets with a low dose of sodium dodecyl sulfate which did not disrupt the platelets liberated 40%. The heparin released in both cases had anticoagulant activity. Treatment with the low dose SDS followed by aggregation and then higher doses of detergents freed almost all of the heparin. It is concluded that uptake of heparin by platelets may involve a combination of several constituents: 1) platelet factor 4, 2) surface membranes, and 3) other granules or cytoplasmic components. Inasmuch as platelets do not take up heparin combined with antithrombin III, the physiologic significance of the complexing of heparin by platelets has not been settled.
Quasilinear and relaxational realms in multiple regime self-oscillators

Abstract The results of this paper are new in that they suggest a dissipative non-linearity for which a given number of quasilinear limit cycles of the Lienard (Rayleigh) equation is accompanied by a given (and in general different) number of relaxation regimes. These aspects of global behavior of the Lienard equation with parameter have not been previously recorded in the literature on non-linear oscillations. Thus, qualitative dynamics, whose existence otherwise could be questioned or only hypothesized as possible “in principle” are delivered by concrete oscillators. Details of global bifurcations at intermediate values of the relaxational parameter along with conjugate classes and certain conjectures are presented on the basis of several numerical experiments for different qualitative situations.
Medical education: Finishing the unfinished business of the 20th century

(1996). Medical education: Finishing the unfinished business of the 20th century. Teaching and Learning in Medicine: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 132-136.
Compliance and persistence with osteoporosis medications: A critical review of the literature

It is widely acknowledged that compliance and persistence with oral osteoporosis medications, particularly with bisphosphonates, is poor. Several excellent reviews have been written on compliance and persistence with osteoporosis medications and have discussed improvements seen with extended dosing intervals. This review begins with studies on extended dosing intervals to examine the limitations of administrative claims data. It also looks at compliance and persistence across multiple medical conditions, examining the importance of prescription fulfillment, intentional choice, causation and possible interventions.
Integrating Emergency Care Into a Patient- and Outcome-Centered Health Care System

Our health care system is transitioning from a standard feefor-service model, which can promote resource use, to a system that rewards value. This transition includes establishing accountable care organizations, which share in Medicare savings if spending is lower than an established baseline, paying for bundles and episodes of care, rewarding hospitals that provide higher value in terms of quality and costs, decreasing readmissions, and a host of other demonstrations and novel approaches. Where emergency care and emergency department (ED) utilization fit in the new payment models is a matter of debate. A common postreform narrative around ED utilization is that it should be avoided whenever possible to stem expensive resource use, hospital admissions and readmissions, and wasteful testing. What this narrative may overlook is that ED utilization is frequently demanded by both patients and physicians—with utilization potentially increasing as rates of insurance increase— continues to provide a social safety net for the uninsured or underinsured, and serves a vital social emergency preparedness function. Furthermore, the narrative may misunderstand the current economic model of EDs, which rely on efficient disposition of easily managed patients and hospital admissions. So how will EDs contribute to a value-producing system as we move beyond fee-for-service medicine? Addressing these challenges, Smulowitz et al propose a framework in their important article that aims to reduce the cost of emergency care while integrating EDs into an outcomecentered system that improves the health of populations. What they propose is a fundamentally new narrative. This article divides ED utilization into 3 categories—minor injuries and illnesses, intermediate/complex care, and emergency care—and conducts a data-driven thought experiment to determine the greatest sources of cost savings. Their central conclusion is that diverting minor injuries and illnesses from EDs, though accounting for a substantial portion of emergency care and therefore attractive, will have inconsequential savings. Instead, the focus should be on reducing admissions from intermediate/ complex ED visits and improving overall efficiency in ED care. f
An intelligent Cooperative Control Architecture

This paper presents an extension of existing cooperative control algorithms that have been developed for multi-UAV applications to utilize real-time observations and/or performance metric(s) in conjunction with learning methods to generate a more intelligent planner response. We approach this issue from a cooperative control perspective and embed elements of feedback control and active learning, resulting in an new intelligent Cooperative Control Architecture (iCCA). We describe this architecture, discuss some of the issues that must be addressed, and present illustrative examples of cooperative control problems where iCCA can be applied effectively.
Waveguide-hologram-based wavelength-multiplexed pseudoanalog true-time-delay module for wideband phased-array antennas

A pseudoanalog true-time-delay (TTD) module based on substrate-guided waves and wavelength-division multiplexing is presented. A 1-to-32 (5-bit) even fan-out is demonstrated by use of a two-dimensional waveguide hologram array. This module has a packing density of 2.5 lines/cm(2) and very compact packaging (8 cm x 4 cm x 8 mm). It also reduces TTD system complexity by providing continuously tuned delay signals to parallel-control the whole phased-array antenna system. The device has a measured bandwidth of as high as 2.4 THz. The delay signal can range from tens of picoseconds to several nanoseconds.
Rotatable Spoke Fluoroscopic Test Object

A test object for evaluating the performance of medical x-ray television systems has been developed. The test object consists of an array of six steel wires of varying diameters (range 0.022" to 0.005") arranged at 30 degree intervals like spokes in a wheel, sandwiched between two circular pieces of 1/8"-thick acrylic. This test object is viewed during fluoroscopy through various thicknesses of water (6"-10") to simulate small to large patients. It can be viewed while stationary or while rotating at 7.5 - 30 RPM. Standards of performance will be given.
Introduction to Silicon Compilation

Inexorable progress in device scaling has given rise to obvious increases in circuit complexity. There is the conjecture that the level of complexity in hardware designs is akin to the level of complexity associated with large software systems. If this is the case, then it follows that the design methods and expertise of systems analysts could be brought to bear on the complexity problems associated with large designs in silicon. Already there is evidence that structured hardware design, analogous to structured programming, is emerging in design philosophies that emphasize wiring management and hierarchical design development with regular structures [1]. However, if the expertise of the personnel in the software world is to be applied to silicon implementations of systems then there must be mechanisms that allow their participation in the design process. This could most effectively be achieved by allowing them to write programs which, when compiled, yield code that produces manufacturing data for silicon parts. Thus, taking a macroscopic view, there is a need to provide design tools that take a completely textual description of a design and translate it to layout data.
Structural studies on materials from TbFe3 to Tb2Fe17 with aluminium substitution for iron

Abstract The structural behavior and phase relationships of materials in the composition range TbFe 3 to Tb 2 Fe 17 , with Al substitution for Fe, have been investigated in alloys which have been given various heat treatments. The binary phases TbFe 3 (PuNi 3 type), Tb 2 Fe 17 (Th 2 Ni 17 ), TbAl 3 and TbAl 4 have been confirmed. The PuNi 3 type takes up Al to a composition of about Tb 0.25 Fe 0.70 Al 0.05 in materials either prepared by melting only or prepared by melting with subsequent heat treatment at 1000 °C. Beyond this composition in “as-melted” materials, a series of structural changes take place which involve modifications in the c axis. An “as-melted” material, Tb 0.25 Fe 0.50 Al 0.25 is of the CeNi 3 type. Similar materials annealed at 1000 °C are two-phase between the PuNi 3 -type and the Th 6 Mn 23 -type structures. The Tb 2 Fe 17 -type structure is stable beyond x = 0.20 in Tb 0.105 Fe 0.895− x Al x in “as-melted” materials. At higher Al concentrations ( x = 0.25), first the Th 2 Zn 17 structure type, and subsequently a cubic structure, crystallize from the melt. When the compounds are annealed at 880 °C a new modification crystallizes with a composition around Tb 0.105 Fe 0.745 Al 0.15 . This structure is very similar to the Th 2 Ni 17 type, but its c axis is reduced by one half. The Th 2 Zn 17 structure is stable in annealed specimens (880 °C) at compositions of Tb 0.105 Fe 0.895− x Al x with x = 0.25 to 0.42. Indications for a new phase are found around Tb(FeAl) 5 . A Th 6 Mn 23 type is stable around the composition Tb 0.167 Fe 0.633 Al 0.20 . Various phase equilibria are presented for the tertiary region.
Midgut mitochondrial transhydrogenase in wandering stage larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

Midgut mitochondria from fifth larval instar Manduca sexta exhibited a transhydrogenase that catalyzes the following reversible reaction: NADPH + NAD+ NADP+ + NADH. The NADPH-forming transhydrogenation occurred as a nonenergy- and energy-linked activity. Energy for the latter was derived from the electron transport–dependent utilization of NADH or succinate, or from Mg++-dependent ATP hydrolysis by ATPase. The NADH-forming and all of the NADPH-forming reactions appeared optimal at pH 7.5, were stable to prolonged dialysis, and displayed thermal lability. N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited the NADPH NAD+ and energy-linked NADH NADP+ transhydrogenations, but not the nonenergy-linked NADH NADP+ reaction. Oligomycin only inhibited the ATP-dependent energy-linked activity. The NADH-forming, nonenergy-linked NADPH-forming, and the energy-linked NADPH-forming activities were membrane-associated in M. sexta mitochondria. This is the first demonstration of the reversibility of the M. sexta mitochondrial transhydrogenase and, more importantly, the occurrence of nonenergy-linked and energy-linked NADH NADP+ transhydrogenations. The potential relationship of the transhydrogenase to the mitochondrial, NADPH-utilizing ecdysone-20 monooxygenase of M. sexta is considered. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 69:118-126, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pathogenesis of mucosal biofilm infections: challenges and progress

Living-tissue biofilms remained unrecognized until very recently, mainly as a result of traditional microbial sampling techniques or histologic processing, which disrupt the spatial organization of the tissue microorganisms. Thus, the biofilm nature of certain mucosal infections was frequently unintentionally missed or disregarded. To a large extent, the study of human tissue biofilms is still in its infancy. However, with the advent of newer methodologies, such as fluorescent in situ hybridization and endoscopic confocal laser scanning microscopy, which combine the identification of microbes with in situ, direct visualization of their relationships with each other and with their substratum, mucosal tissue biofilms are becoming easier to study and, thus, their role in human infections is becoming more apparent. This review summarizes the challenges in the study of tissue biofilms, proposes two inflammation-centered – albeit opposite – pathogenetic models of mucosal tissue biofilm infections and suggests d...
Light isomerizes the chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin

The primary photochemical event in the two light-transducing pigments whose chromophore is retinal, rhodopsin or bacteriorhodopsin, is a source of controversy. It was originally proposed that the primary photoevent in the bleaching of rhodopsin is the photoisomerization of the chromophore from 11-cis to all-trans retinal1,2. Photochemical considerations suggested that a photoisomerization is the primary event in both rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin3–7. However, this description of bacteriorhodopsin's photochemistry has been questioned8–10. To elucidate this problem, we determined the isomeric conformation of retinal for two of the photolytic intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin, using a method that enables us to extract chromophores from the photocycle intermediates L and M at low temperatures (−74 °C), and have determined the isomeric conformation of the extracted retinals by HPLC11,12. Here we provide direct evidence that isomerization of the chromophore has taken place in two of the early photocycle intermediates (L and M) of bacteriorhodopsin.
The Economic Effects of Faculty Unions

The relationship between faculty salaries and unionism at Ph.D.-level universities is investigated. Unlike previous attempts at analyzing this topic, the model endogenizes the union-nonunion choice using appropriate techniques for analyzing limited dependent variables. These techniques allow computation of average salaries for all schools under the assumption that they are unionized and also under the assumption that they are not unionized. Subtraction of the predicted nonunion salary from the union salary provides an estimate of salary differences, which is corrected for selectivity bias.
GALILEAN SATELLITES AND THE GALILEO SPACE MISSION

The Galileo spacecraft arrived at Jupiter in December 1995 to start its two-year mission of exploring the Jovian system. The spacecraft will complete eleven orbits around Jupiter and have ten more close encounters with the outer three Galilean satellites, after the initial close approach to Io on December 7, 1995. Since the Io encounter occurred closer to Io than originally designed, the spacecraft energy change was greater than nominally planned and resulted in an initial spacecraft orbital period about 7 days less than that designed in the nominal tour. A 100-km change in the Io-encounter distance results in an 8-day change in initial period of the spacecraft. Hence the first Ganymede encounter was moved forward one week, and the aim points for the first two Ganymede encounters were altered, but all other encounters would occur on their nominal dates and at the nominal altitudes. This was accomplished without expending spacecraft fuel and resulted in the first Ganymede flyby occurring on June 27, 1996 rather than the nominally scheduled July 4.
Draft report suggests reclassifying oceanography in research rankings

A draft report by the National Research Council (NRC) that proposes a new accounting system for doctoral research programs would group oceanography among other geosciences, and would cease listing it individually. The proposal is a suggestion of a committee charged with revising the methodology used to assess doctoral research programs; their report is the first stage of an effort to rearrange the fields used for ranking and evaluating Ph.D granting programs in U.S. graduate schools. The first decadal report was completed in 1995, and is used, for example, by ranking systems such as the well-known list published annually by U.S. News and World Report.
Which way for competition? None of the above

Despite growing documentation that the conditions needed to support competition in health care do not exist, consumer-directed health care has been offered as the new market-based solution to cost inflation. Yet typical consumer-based insurance products undermine the very logic of expecting consumers to make good health care decisions by making preventive services—the category of services about which consumers are best able to make informed decisions using their own money—exempt from cost sharing. Consumer-directed care threatens important societal values—in particular, the goal of establishing relationships between patients and clinical professionals based on trust.
Optimal learning with a local parametric belief model

We are interested in maximizing smooth functions where observations are noisy and expensive to compute, as might arise in computer simulations or laboratory experimentations. We derive a knowledge gradient policy, which chooses measurements which maximize the expected value of information, while using a locally parametric belief model that uses linear approximations with radial basis functions. The method uses a compact representation of the function which avoids storing the entire history, as is typically required by nonparametric methods. Our technique uses the expected value of a measurement in terms of its ability to improve our estimate of the optimum, capturing correlations in our beliefs about neighboring regions of the function, without posing any assumptions on the global shape of the underlying function a priori. Experimental work suggests that the method adapts to a range of arbitrary, continuous functions, and appears to reliably find the optimal solution. Moreover, the policy is shown to be asymptotically optimal.
Dermal and transdermal delivery: prodrugs

Attempts to deliver drugs into and through the skin (dermal and transdermal delivery) have not been very successful because the physicochemical properties of drugs are often not optimal. Prodrugs can be used to optimize those physicochemical properties of drugs and optimize their delivery by transiently masking their polar functional groups. For a drug to cross the rate-limiting barrier to delivery (the stratum corneum) it must dissolve in and cross multiple lipid and aqueous phases within the stratum corneum. Prodrugs can be designed to exhibit increased lipid and aqueous solubilities resulting in increased delivery. In order to identify the optimal prodrugs, they must be evaluated as saturated solutions where their thermodynamic activities are maximal in the solution and in the skin. If prodrugs are evaluated at concentrations less than at saturation, inaccurate conclusions about the optimal physicochemical properties may result. Prodrugs must be designed to optimize both their lipid and aqueous solubil...
Conditions for HCN synthesis and catalyst activation over Pt–Rh gauzes

Abstract We have examined different processing conditions for the synthesis of HCN by the ammoxidation of methane over woven Pt–Rh gauzes in an autothermal bench scale reactor. Compared to the conventional air processes, the HCN yield can be improved 10–15% by preheating the reactant gases, and HCN throughput can be increased 140% by removing N 2 from the feed stream. We were able to attain operation in a high pressure bench scale reactor, and HCN yields were maintained above 0.60 up to 3.5 atm at 300% of the throughput achievable at 1 atm. We also investigated activation of the Pt–Rh gauze catalyst which occurs through facet and pit formation on the metal surface. A high temperature treatment reduced activation times from 30 to 3 h. Pits on the catalyst surface resulted from increased temperatures and NH 3 in the reactant gas, but HCN processing conditions were necessary for the catalyst to achieve best performance.
Contribution of Linguistic Variables to Bilingual Listeners' Perception of Degraded English Sentences

Purpose The present study was designed to investigate what linguistic variables best predict bilingual recognition of acoustically degraded sentences and how to identify bilingual individuals who m...
The surface energy of multi-component systems

Abstract Two commonly used non-equivalent ways of defining the surface energy of a multi-component system are discussed, both for a single-phase (isolated) system and for a two-phase system such as nuclei immersed in a neutron gas. For the case of ordinary nuclei, with a relatively small neutron excess, the results are illustrated with the aid of the algebraic droplet model. The general case (arbitrary neutron excess, one or two phases) is illustrated by the nuclear Thomas-Fermi model of nucleons interacting by velocity-dependent (Seyler-Blanchard) interactions. The results bring out the subtleties of the surface-energy problem of multi-component systems and stress the need for care in making estimates of the properties of nuclear matter in astrophysical applications.
Selecting the donor liver: Risk factors for poor function after orthotopic liver transplantation

Initial poor function and primary nonfunction are important problems in clinical transplantation. The incidence of primary nonfunction is about 6% and that of initial poor function is about 15%. Grafts with initial poor function have a higher graft failure rate in the first 3 mo after transplantation. Severe steatosis and cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution for over 30 hr will alone cause primary nonfunction. However, primary nonfunction is probably most often caused by the presence of multiple relative risk factors. The major donor-relative risk factors are moderate steatosis, cold preservation over 12 hr and donor age over 50 yr, whereas retransplantation, high (United Network of Organ Sharing class 4) medical status and kidney failure are recipient relative risk factors. The most important perioperative risk factor is warm ischemia time. Rates of primary nonfunction and initial poor function might be reduced by avoidance of combinations of risk factors. Several tests have been developed to predict primary nonfunction and initial poor function, but none is yet clinically efficient. (Hepatology 1994;20:829–838).
Investigation of the sources of combustion instability in low-temperature combustion engines using response surface models

In the search for more efficient and cleaner engines, low-temperature combustion engines have emerged with the potential to simultaneously increase engine efficiency and reduce nitrogen oxides and ...
Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1 Mediates Transcriptional Induction of Matrix Metal loproteinase 9 Expression

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis require precise coordination of adherence to extracellular matrix (ECM) and controlled degradation of its components. Invasive cells secrete proteolytic enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which degrade specific basement membrane molecules. Expression of these enzymes is regulated by multiple signaling mechanisms, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. One of the terminal effectors of this signaling cascade is jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) which phosphorylates the transcription factor c-jun, a component of the AP-1 complex. MMP-9 expression is regulated by two well-characterized AP-1 sites in the promoter of this gene. To determine how JNK1 activity regulated MMP-9 expression in human squamous cell carcinoma lines, we overexpressed this kinase in SCC25 cells. JNK1 overexpression induced MMP-9 protein levels and activity in this cell line. Elevated MMP-9 expression correlated with increased invasion of reconstituted basement membranes by JNK1-overexpressing clones. Site-directed mutagenesis of the MMP-9 promoter revealed that JNK1 cooperated with its transcription factor target c-jun to increase MMP-9 expression at the transcriptional level via the proximal AP-1 site. These results suggest that elevated JNK1 expression may contribute to increased MMP-9 activity and ECM invasion by tumor cells.