cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the validity of self-reported adolescent cigarette smoking.

The comparison of adolescent cigarette smoking rates determined by traditional questionnaire, random response questionnaire and carbon monoxide test is reported. Results from 1,160 students in forty classes in seven different schools indicate the random response questionnaire elicited a statistically larger proportion of smokers than the traditional questionnaire. For practical purposes the magnitude of this difference may not warrant the added effort required to administer and interpret random response questionnaire results compared to carefully administered traditional questionnaires. Neither traditional questionnaire nor random response questionnaire results was greatly affected by the bogus pipeline technique.
A new index for generation capacity reliability studies—expected cost penalty

Abstract The concept of reliability has been known and used for many years. Quantitative reliability evaluation using probabilistic techniques is widely accepted for evaluating the adequacy of installed generating capacity in planning power systems. Adequacy has been defined as the ability of the system to supply load while taking into account component outages. Recently, however, power system planners have expressed their interest in defining the adequacy in a broader sense, considering the ability to supply load ‘economically’ under component outages. This has led to growing interest in using the adequacy assessment methods to determine new indices such as the expected penalty due to deviating from the economic dispatch (EPDED). This paper introduces a generation system adequacy method for multistate units reflecting the penalty associated with off-economic dispatch states. A unit addition algorithm has been developed for generation system reliability evaluation considering n -state units. The algorithm computes reliability indices such as probability, frequency, and mean duration. Also, assuming a fixed load, the minimum generation cost required to satisfy the load under normal and outage conditions can be computed. The incremental cost associated with the normal condition represents the ‘economic dispatch’ state, whereas the incremental cost associated with outage conditions may represent the ‘off-economic dispatch’ states. By calculating the system incremental cost under each outage, a new index called ‘penalty due to deviation from the economic dispatch’ is also calculated for various levels of capacity outage in addition to the aforementioned indices. The application of this method is illustrated using an example.
Vibrational spectra of methyl formate and deuterated analogs

Abstract Infrared spectra of HCOOCH 3 , DCOOCH 3 and HCOOCD 3 have been investigated in the gas phase and in solution from 250 to 3600 cm −1 under moderate resolution. All observed bands except some very weak ones were assigned to fundamental modes, overtones and combinations on the basis of C s , symmetry and a cis configuration. Some modifications are suggested in previous assignments for HCOOCH 3 . All a ' fundamentals were observed and the assignments checked with the product rule. Some a ″ modes appear to be very weak. The results are briefly discussed in the light of recent proposals for distinguising group and framework vibrations.
A General Algorithm for Exact Simulation of Multicomponent Aggregation Processes

A Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm is presented for the simulation of the time evolution of aggregation processes featuring multiple components, properties, or conservation laws. Instead of using deterministic differential population balance equations, the MC algorithm utilizes a stochastic approach to aggregation kinetics. As a result, exact simulation of spatially independent aggregation processes is possible without the need for numerical approximations. Furthermore, simulations exactly predict all moments of the size and composition distributions of aggregating particles for both nongelling and gelling kernels and extend these results to the postgelation period. The algorithm is shown to require at most O((?1?2???)1/(?+1)) rate-limiting operations per time step for a ?-component aggregation process featuring ?i monomers of each component i?a substantial performance improvement over the potential of previous methods. Simulation results are presented for bivariate sum, product, and constant kernels, and for the perikinetic (Brownian) kernel.
Thermochemistry, bond energies, and internal rotor potentials of dimethyl tetraoxide.

Thermochemical properties of dimethyl tetraoxide (CH3OOOOCH3), the dimer of the methylperoxy radical, are studied using ab initio and density functional theory methods. Methylperoxy radicals are known to be important intermediates in the tropospheric ozone cycle, and the self-reaction of methylperoxy radicals, which is thought to proceed via dimethyl tetraoxide, leads to significant chain radical termination in this process. Dimethyl tetraoxide has five internal rotors, three of them unique; the potential energy profiles are calculated for these rotors, as well as for those in the CH3OO, CH3OOO, and CH3OOOO radicals. The dimethyl tetraoxide internal rotor profiles show barriers to rotation of 2−8 kcal mol-1. Using B3LYP/6-31(d) geometries, frequencies, internal rotor potentials, and moments of inertia, we determine entropy and heat capacity values for dimethyl tetraoxide and its radicals. Isodesmic work reactions with the G3B3 and CBS-APNO methods are used; we calculate this enthalpy as −9.8 kcal mol-1. B...
Work in Progress The Court Of Alfonso XIII And The Crisis Of The Bourbon Restoration In Spain, 1902–1931

(1999). Work in Progress The Court Of Alfonso XIII And The Crisis Of The Bourbon Restoration In Spain, 1902–1931. The Court Historian: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 255-261.
Theoretical studies of aromatic silicon-based structures and their application to photostructural changes in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract The self-consistent-field X-alpha scattered-wave technique has been used to investigate the electronic structure of aromatic silicon-based clusters which can be expected to form some of the defect centers in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films. These clusters, which are planar rings containing 4n+2 π-electrons, exhibit resonance stabilization and give rise to the silicon analogue of aromatic hydrocarbons. We have studied Si 6 (sat) 6 and Si 4 O(sat) 4 clusters in comparison to benzene (C 6 H 6 ). The silicon-based clusters are less stable than benzene due to larger interatomic separations as well as shielding effects of the Si 3s electrons. However, our results show that Si 4 O(sat) 4 is more stable than Si 6 (sat) 6 . The introduction of oxygen into such resonant rings adds stability by increasing the strength of π-bonding throughout the ring. As a result, we show how the presence of such structures in a-Si:H can account for the photostructural effects observed in thin films of these materials.
Prerequisites for Parasitism in Rhabditid Nematodes

Abstract To evaluate their potential for survival in a vertebrate host, dauer larvae from 7 species of rhabditid nematodes were subjected to in vitro conditions designed to emulate those of a vertebrate digestive tract. Dauer larvae from 3 of the 7 species, selected for their ability to survive elevated temperatures and low pH, and representing differing types of phoretic associations with invertebrate hosts, were fed to frogs to examine their ability to survive passage through a vertebrate digestive system. The degree of invasiveness of the phoretic association that dauer larvae had with their invertebrate hosts did not correspond to patterns of in vitro survivorship for any of the experimental conditions. When consumed with a prey item, dauer larvae from all 3 species were recovered from frogs 72 hr postexposure, and no differences for in vivo survivorship were observed among the 3 species. The contention that invasiveness or facultative parasitism within an invertebrate host is a beneficial or necessar...
Inference for multiperiod price and quantity indices

Although price and quantity indices are usually computed from two periods, Theil [Econometrica, 28, 2, 1960] proposes using all the sample observations jointly. Banerjee [Econometrica, 29, 4, 1961] develops an analysis-of-variance approach to index numbers. Together, these ideas permit estimation and hypothesis testing. If, over T periods, the prices of K commodities vary in proportion, and the quantities likewise, then
In vitro induction of prolactin production and aromatase activity by gonadal steroids exclusively in the stroma of separated proliferative human endometrium.

Summary Prolactin production by decidualized human endometrium has been demonstrated in organ explant cultures and presumed to be of stromal origin by immunocytochemistry and the presence of simultaneous stromal histologic changes. To test the hypothesis that endometrial prolactin production is exclusively of stromal origin, late proliferative human endometrium was separated into glands and stroma and cultured for 3 days. Confluent cultures were incubated with progesterone, 50 ng/ml; estradiol, 5 ng/ml; or both progesterone and estradiol for 4, 8, and 15 days. Prolactin concentration was measured at 2-day intervals by specific radioimmunoassay throughout a 15-day culture in all samples. Aromatase activity at 15 days was assayed by the production of tritiated water from 1&#x0026;#x0026;#x0026;#x0026;#x0026;#x000DF; 3 H-androstenedione. Possible contamination of gland cultures by stromal cells was controlled by the substitution of D-valine in the culture media. No prolactin was detected in the D-valine-treated gland cultures. Stromal cell cultures demonstrated increasing prolactin with continuous incubation with progesterone (15-day control: 11.28 ± 0.91 ng/100 μg deoxyribonucleic acid versus 15-day progesterone: 245.8 ± 4.24 ng/100 μg). Prolactin levels increased after progesterone was removed at day 4 and 8, reaching peak production 4 days later, followed by a steady decline. Estradiol induced a sustained increase in prolactin production even after withdrawal of steroids. Aromatase activity in gland cells exposed to steroids exhibited no change with time. Steroid-treated stromal cell cultures showed an increase in aromatase activity in all 15-day (controls: 21.6 ± 0.7 pmol substrate converted per mg of deoxyribonucleic acid per 24 hours versus progesterone: 43.4 ± 4.2 versus estradiol: 34.2 ± 3.5 versus progesterone and estradiol: 47.5 ± 2.4) but not in 4- or 8-day incubations. These studies support these conclusions: (1) nongestational endometrial prolactin is of stromal, not glandular origin; (2) stromal prolactin production is induced and maintained by progesterone: (3) stromal prolactin production is induced by estradiol but does not require continued exposure for maintenance; (4) aromatase activity is increased by long-term exposure to progesterone and estradiol in stroma but not in glands. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:1109-14.)
Are self-reports of breathing effort and breathing distress stable and valid measures among persons with asthma, persons with COPD, and healthy persons?

Background Breathing is a subjective experience that includes physical sensations, such as effort to breathe, and an affective element, such as breathing distress. Objective The overall purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether measurement of the physical sensations (breathing effort) and affective response to these sensations of breathing (breathing distress) are consistent and valid. Design A longitudinal repeated measures design was used to evaluate a 2-week daily breathing with a sub-sample (n = 43) who also recorded their daily breathing during 4 weeks. Subjects Age-matched, stable subjects (n = 92) with an average age of 62 were evaluated. The sample consisted of 32 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 27 subjects with asthma, and 33 healthy subjects. Measures Visual Analogue Scales for breathing effort (VAS-E) and breathing distress (VAS-D) were scored daily. Results The VAS-E and VAS-D mean, highest, and lowest scores were found to be stable over time in the sub-sample and a significant difference (F = 2.56, P < .05) between VAS-E and VAS-D was found. Differences were found in mean and highest VAS-E and VAS-D by group, with the COPD group reporting the highest values. Conclusions This investigation provided initial evidence of the stability and validity of daily VAS-E and VAS-D measures and preliminary support for the use of daily VAS logs to evaluate differences in breathing effort and breathing distress.
A Novel Estradiol/Estrogen Receptor α-dependent Transcriptional Mechanism Controls Expression of the Human Prolactin Receptor

Prolactin exerts diverse functions in target tissues through its membrane receptors, and is a potent mitogen in normal and neoplastic breast cells. Estradiol (E2) induces human prolactin receptor (hPRLR) gene expression through stimulation of its generic promoter (PIII). This study identifies a novel E2-regulated non-estrogen responsive element-dependent transcriptional mechanism that mediates E2-induced hPRLR expression. E2 stimulated transcriptional activity in MCF7A2 cells transfected with PIII lacking an estrogen responsive element, and increased hPRLR mRNA and protein. The abolition of the E2 effect by mutation of Sp1 or C/EBP elements that bind Sp1/Sp3 and C/EBPβ within PIII indicated the cooperation of these transfactors in E2-induced transcription of the hPRLR. DNA affinity protein assay showed that E2 induced estrogen receptor α (ERα) binding to Sp1/Sp3 and C/EBPβ DNA-protein complexes. The ligand-binding domain of ERα was essential for its physical interaction with C/EBPβ, and E2 promoted this association, and its DNA binding domain was required for transactivation of PIII. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed tethering of C/EBPβ to Sp1 by E2-activated ERα. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that E2 induced recruitment of C/EBPβ, ERα, SRC1, p300, pCAF, TFIIB, and Pol II, with no change in Sp1/Sp3. E2 also induced promoter-associated acetylation of H3 and H4. These findings demonstrate that an E2/ERα, Sp1, and C/EBPβ complex with recruitment of coactivators and TFIIB and Pol II are required for E2-activated transcriptional expression of the hPRLR through PIII. Estradiol produced in breast stroma and adipose tissue, which are major sources of estrogen in post-menopausal women, could up-regulate hPRLR gene expression and stimulate breast tumor growth.
Treatment of an Intramammary Bacterial Infection with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3

Deficiency of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been correlated with increased risk of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza. A plausible reason for this association is that expression of genes encoding important antimicrobial proteins depends on concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 produced by activated immune cells at sites of infection, and that synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is dependent on the availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Thus, increasing the availability of 25(OH)D3 for immune cell synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 at sites of infection has been hypothesized to aid in clearance of the infection. This report details the treatment of an acute intramammary infection with infusion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to the site of infection. Ten lactating cows were infected with in one quarter of their mammary glands. Half of the animals were treated intramammary with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 treated animal showed significantly lower bacterial counts in milk and showed reduced symptomatic affects of the mastitis. It is significant that treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 reduced the severity of an acute bacterial infection. This finding suggested a significant non-antibiotic complimentary role for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the treatment of infections in compartments naturally low in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 such as the mammary gland and by extension, possibly upper respiratory tract infections.
Glycerol-based immobilized liquid membranes for olefin-paraffin separation

The separation of olefin−paraffin mixtures is an important and expensive operation in the petrochemical industry. Facilitated transport membranes for olefin−paraffin separation have been extensively studied in the literature in an effort to provide an economic and efficient technology for this important application. In the present work, a glycerol-based silver nitrate solution is employed for the selective separation of 1-butene over n-butane in an immobilized liquid membrane (ILM) configuration having a dry sweep gas flowing on the permeate side. The silver nitrate concentration in glycerol was studied up to 7.5 M; the 1-butene and n-butane concentrations were studied up to 10% each in the feed gas mixture. These ILMs were studied in a flat membrane substrate for their extended-term stability to variations in the feed relative humidity among other parameters. The silver nitrate−glycerol ILMs were quite stable and provided reasonable permeabilities for 1-butene with selectivities for 1-butene over n-butan...
Worksite Health Promotion Program Participation A Study to Examine the Determinants of Participation

This study explores the relationship between organizational health climate and worksite health promotion program participation, specifically engaging individuals who are unlikely to make positive health behavior choices on their own. Participants consisted of employees at three separate furniture-manufacturing facilities completing a voluntary survey. Using responses (n = 349) from the health climate instrument, which is a measure of the collective attitudes, beliefs, and readiness to change a health behavior, this study identified two factors that were significant contributors to worksite health promotion program participation. Health norms, the collective attitudes regarding healthy lifestyle, as measured by the subscales-health scale and intention to make a behavior change-and "optimistic bias," the overassessment of one's personal health, were found to be predictors of participation. Additionally, significant (p < .05) predictors of self-assessed health, included perceived control to initiate, competence to carry out, and the organizational support of the health behavior change. The findings suggest that the organization's health norms and self-assessed health are associated with the worker's motivation to become involved with health promotion interventions. Offering worksite health screenings and advanced programming and creating a culture of health at work can help address program participation.
High prevalence of array comparative genomic hybridization abnormalities in adults with unexplained intellectual disability

Purpose: Array comparative genomic hybridization is now a widely used clinical tool for the evaluation of intellectual disability. The current 10% yield of positive findings is based largely on pediatric data. Adults with unexplained intellectual disability have not been systematically studied with array comparative genomic hybridization. Here, we report our initial experience with array comparative genomic hybridization testing on 45 adults with unexplained intellectual disability referred to an adult genetics clinic. Methods: Beginning in 2006, we applied clinically available array comparative genomic hybridization testing to adults referred with an intellectual disability phenotype. The initial platform used was an early generation targeted or constitutional array, which was replaced by our current platform using more than 5000 bacterial artificial chromosome clones with an average resolution of 500 Kb and targeting 114 disease loci. All patients also underwent high-resolution karyotype analysis and molecular testing for Fragile X syndrome. Results: Our population comprised 45 patients with unexplained intellectual disability (18 men and 27 women) with an average age of 35.1 years. Most patients had not been evaluated by genetics clinics since childhood or had never undergone a genetic evaluation; only two had documentation of prior normal karyotype studies. Three subjects had abnormal high-resolution chromosome studies, which were also confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization. Seven of the remaining 42 patients (17%) had novel genomic losses identified only by array comparative genomic hybridization. Conclusion: Abnormal genomic losses detected by array comparative genomic hybridization are prevalent in adults with unexplained intellectual disability. Our data showing abnormalities in 22% and 17% of overall patients and of cases with normal karyotypes, respectively, suggest that the yield of array comparative genomic hybridization in adults with unexplained intellectual disability may be higher than in pediatric populations.
Mapping the influence of molecular structure on rates of electron transfer using direct measurements of the electron spin-spin exchange interaction.

The spin−spin exchange interaction, 2J, in a radical ion pair produced by a photoinduced electron transfer reaction can provide a direct measure of the electronic coupling matrix element, V, for the subsequent charge recombination reaction. We have developed a series of dyad and triad donor−acceptor molecules in which 2J is measured directly as a function of incremental changes in their structures. In the dyads the chromophoric electron donors 4-(N-pyrrolidinyl)- and 4-(N-piperidinyl)naphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide, 5ANI and 6ANI, respectively, and a naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NI) acceptor are linked to the meta positions of a phenyl spacer to yield 5ANI−Ph−NI and 6ANI−Ph−NI. In the triads the same structure is used, except that the piperidine in 6ANI is replaced by a piperazine in which a para-X−phenyl, where X = H, F, Cl, MeO, and Me2N, is attached to the N‘ nitrogen to form a para-X-aniline (XAn) donor to give XAn−6ANI−Ph−NI. Photoexcitation yields the respective 5ANI+−Ph−NI-, 6ANI+−Ph−NI-, ...
The Sounds of Tradition: Arbitrariness and Agency in a Brazilian Cultural Heritage Center

Abstract This article examines state–citizen interactions in the Pelourinho Historical Center of Salvador, Brazil. It argues that attention to sound in the Pelourinho provides a number of ways of updating longstanding anthropological concerns with structure and agency. On the basis of attention to sound it addresses social action around play, the ability to position oneself in flows of signs, and the adroit manipulation of different classes of sign. This article is thus a phenomenologicallyinfluenced criticism of an anthropology of meaning based on the arbitrary sign and accompanying form/content and subject/object distinctions. Yet it emphasizes also that a naive celebration of ontology and the materiality of sign vehicles ignores the extent to which both communication and agency may turn on people's ability to move pragmatically between non-referential language and more fully symbolic communicative events.
Lattice effects in solids under hydrostatic pressure by neutron pair density function analysis

Applications of the atomic pair density function, PDF, as a tool for determining short to intermediate range distortions in crystalline solids has gained momentum in recent years because of increased recognition of the significance of lattice effects to the intrinsic properties of materials. The analysis is carried out without assuming lattice periodicity as is commonly done with ordered solids since, by definition, local effects are aperiodic. Despite improvements on its accuracy by using synchrotron radiation and pulsed neutron sources that significantly reduce statistical error, its use has been limited on results from ambient conditions or as a function of temperature. This is because systematic errors are difficult to determine especially in high background environments such as with pressure measurements. Experiments of this kind can be quite useful, however, and for this reason a procedure is described in this paper for extracting local atomic information using real-space analysis under pressure. Although the corrections are first order approximations, the accuracy is comparable to other simpler experimental geometries.
Enzymatic oxidation of cephalosporin C using whole cells of the yeast Triginopsis variabilis within a “cross-flow filter-reactor”

An economical process for the enzymatic oxidation of cephalosporin C to glutaryl-7-ACA was developed at a pilot plant scale. The process utilized nonviable whole cells of the yeast Triginopsis variabilis containing high levels of d-amino acid oxidase. Prior to use, the whole cells were permeabilized with a 25% acetone/water solution which enhanced their apparent activity by 20- to 50-fold. After permeabilization, the whole cells were incubated at pH 11, which served to selectively deactivate catalase which was present in very large quantities. Deactivation of catalase was critical to achieving high reaction yields. The whole cells were utilized within a “cross-flow filter-reactor” which allowed easy and economical recycle of the cells for repeated use. The overall yield of glutaryl-7-ACA from cephalosporin C was 90–95%. The overall productivity of the yeast was 13 kg cephalosporin C oxidized per kilogram yeast (dry basis). The reaction was run at a concentration of 40 g cephalosporin CL−1 and the overall reactor productivity was 11 g glutaryl-7-ACA l−1 h−1. The process has been thoroughly demonstrated on a 35-l scale, and it should be directly scaleable to 10,000 l or more.
Synthesis of 3, 3-bis (difluoramino) octahydro-1, 5, 7, 7-tetranitro-1, 5-diazocine (TNFX, a diversified energetic heterocycle)

Abstract The syntheses of new 3,3-dinitro derivatives of the 1,5-diazocine ring system are described. Highly deactivated precursor ketones hexahydro-7,7-dinitro-1,5-bis(2- and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1,5-diazocin-3(2 H )-ones ( 18 ) have been difluoraminated to the corresponding gem -bis(difluoramino)diazocines ( 19 ). The 1,5-bis(4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)diazocine derivative undergoes N -nitrolysis with the protonitronium reagent formed in the nitric acid–trifluoromethanesulfonic acid–antimony pentafluoride system to produce 3,3-bis(difluoramino)octahydro-1,5,7,7-tetranitro-1,5-diazocine 2 (TNFX), containing nitramine, gem -dinitro, and gem -bis(difluoramino) structural components.
Family Risk and Resilience in the Context of War and Terrorism

War and terrorism are exerting increasing force on world affairs, with growing implications for families and the scholars who study them. In this review, I consider the implications of mass violence for families, with particular emphasis on families with members serving in the U.S. military and families around the world who live where mass violence occurs. Mass violence poses significant threats to mental health and family functioning, but individuals and families also display striking levels of resilience.
Steam treatment of minimally processed carrot sticks to control surface discoloration

The effects of steam treatment and storage at 2° on surface discoloration and phenolic changes in modified atmosphere packaged carrot sticks was studied. Steam treatment retarded surface discoloration, soluble phenolic and isocoumarin production and lignin formation. Heat inactivation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and syringaldazine oxidase (SOX) also occurred. Surface discoloration on nonheated samples was accompanied by elevated levels of soluble phenolics, lignin and elevated PAL, POD, and SOX activities over time. Control of surface discoloration by steam appeared to be related to retardation of phenylpropanoid metabolism.
Potential Pharmaceutical Applications of a New Beta Cyclodextrin Derivative

AbstractThe three major natural cyclodextrins viz alpha, beta and gamma, consist of six, seven or eight glucose units, respectively (1). In addition to the natural cyclodextrins, numerous new products have been shown to have potential for the pharmaceutical industry (2,3). A clear distinction has to be made between cyclodextrin polymers, which are mainly used as separation materials in analytical chemistry (4) and cyclodextrin derivatives, which are monomers of substituted cyclodextrins (5). In the synthesis process of the latter, both the C(2) and C(3) secondary and the C(6) primary hydroxyl groups have been the target of many chemical substitutions (6), leading to the development and the characterization of cyclodextrin derivatives of pharmaceutical interest (7). Such derivatives have been successfully used in the design of new drug carrier systems (3,5), Hence, in addition to their increased solubility, these chemically modified cyclodextrins exhibit excellent complexing abilities (8). The different po...
Measurement of atmospheric tilt in a high-altitude horizontal path

The problem of tracking of a ballistic missile during the boost phase is very challenging and is of high interest to the Airborne Laser Program (ABL). One of the components of accomplishing missile tracking is the ability to compensate for the tilt induced by the atmosphere. The ABL technology program's airborne laser extended atmospheric characterization experiment project included the task of measuring the atmospheric tilt. This effort was accomplished by propagating an optical beacon from one aircraft and receiving it at a second aircraft using a quad cell detector. This paper will describe how the Air Force obtained the atmospheric tilt calculations from quad cell data that was corrupted with noise. A comparison to ray optics tilt simulations was sued throughout to understand the data and evaluate the noise sources. The result is a comparison of simulated data and measured data with explanations of observed differences.
A packet scheduling approach to QoS support in multihop wireless networks

Providing packet-level quality of service (QoS) is critical to support both rate-sensitive and delay-sensitive applications in bandwidth-constrained, shared-channel, multihop wireless networks. Packet scheduling has been a very popular paradigm to ensure minimum throughput and bounded delay access for packet flows. This work describes a packet scheduling approach to QoS provisioning in multihop wireless networks. Besides minimum throughput and delay bounds for each flow, our scheduling disciplines seek to achieve fair and maximum allocation of the shared wireless channel bandwidth. However, these two criteria can potentially be in conflict in a generictopology multihop wireless network where a single logical channel is shared among multiple contending flows and spatial reuse of the channel bandwidth is possible. In this paper, we propose a new scheduling model that addresses this conflict. The main results of this paper are the following: (a) a two-tier service model that provides a minimum "fair" allocation of the channel bandwidth for each packet flow and additionally maximizes spatial reuse of bandwidth, (b) an ideal centralized packet scheduling algorithm that realizes the above service model, and (c) a practical distributed backoff-based channel contention mechanism that approximates the ideal service within the framework of the CSMA/CA protocol.
Three years in vivo wear: core-ceramic, veneers, and enamel antagonists

Objectives Test the hypotheses that there are equivalent wear rates for enamel-versus-enamel and ceramic-versus-enamel, analyzing the in vivo wear of crown ceramics, their natural enamel antagonists, and the corresponding two contralateral teeth; and, that bite force does not correlate with the wear.
Innovative Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Therapy for Intestinal Failure

Children with intestinal failure (IF) suffer from insufficient intestinal length or function, making them dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN) for growth and survival. PN and its components are associated with many complications ranging from simple electrolyte abnormalities to life-threatening PN-associated liver disease, which is also called intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). From a nutrition perspective, the ultimate goal is to provide adequate caloric requirements and make the transition from PN to full enteral nutrition (EN) successful. Upon review of the literature, we have summarized the most effective and innovative PN and EN therapies for this patient population. Antibiotic-coated catheters and antibiotic or ethanol locks can be implemented, as they appear effective in reducing catheter-related infection and thus further reduce the risk of IFALD. Lipid emulsions should be given judiciously. The use of an omega-3 fatty acid-based formulation should be considered in patients who develop IFALD. Trophic feeding is important for intestinal adaptation, and EN should be initiated early to help wean patients from PN. Long-term management of children with IF continues to be an emerging field. We have entered uncharted territory as more children survive complications of IF and IFALD. Careful monitoring and individualized management to ensure maintenance of growth while avoiding complications are the keys to successful patient outcomes.
Toward an expert system for damage assessment of structural concrete elements

The assessment of damage of structural concrete elements relies on the engineering judgment of the person in charge of the inspection and evaluation. This paper describes a rule-based prototype expert system developed to assist an engineer engaged in the task of assessing postearthquake damage to structural concrete elements in the task of providing guidance for inspection as well as criteria for evaluation and courses of action to take afterwards. The expert system, called DASE, identifies the most likely failure modes that may be developed by columns or beams of a damaged building, determines the severity of damage and, suggests immediate actions to take afterwards, such as rehabilitation procedures or tests, to maintain an acceptable local safety level. Floor damage classification and restoration guidelines can also be provided, assuming that all of the structural components in a building's floor have been inspected. The Analytic Hierarchy Process has been implemented as the overall framework to determine the severity of damage, since it allows judgments and personal values to be represented in a systematic and rational manner. DASE provides graphics that customize the user interface and an explanation facility. The knowledge acquisition process consisted primarily of the analysis of documented knowledge found through literature research.
Milk fat depression in dairy cows: role of silage particle size.

Abstract The effect of particle size of alfalfa silage on lactating cow metabolism was investigated with reference to milk fat depression. Eighteen cows in a crossover design were fed total mixed rations containing either fine (2.0 mm), medium (2.6 mm), or coarse (3.1 mm) ground alfalfa silage as 55% of dietary DM. Intake of DM and NDF was not influenced by particle size of the ration. Actual milk production also was unaffected, but milk fat percentage decreased from 3.8% for cows fed the coarse ration to 3.0% for cows fed the fine ration. This decline lowered 4% FCM yield and efficiency of production for cows fed the fine ration compared with cows fed medium or coarse rations. Cows fed the coarse ration had longer rumination and total chewing times. Ruminal pH and acetate:propionate ratio decreased when cows consumed the fine ration. Plasma glucose and serum insulin increased with decreasing particle size of silage. Results indicated that reduced size of silage particles altered chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation, glucose metabolism, and decreased milk fat secretion.
δ-aminolevulinate couples cycA transcription to changes in heme availability in Rhodobacter sphaeroides

In this paper, the response of the transcriptional control region of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c2 gene, cycA, to intermediates in heme biosynthesis was studied. To determine if cycA transcription was regulated by heme availability, several precursors or analogs of tetrapyrroles were tested. Addition of delta-aminolevulinate (ALA), the first committed intermediate in heme biosynthesis, was shown to inhibit cycA transcription initiation at both the upstream and downstream promoter regions. In addition, an ALA auxotroph, which can grow in the presence of high levels of ALA, showed a 5 to 7-fold reduction in steady-state transcription from cycA::lacZYA operon fusions. To identify genetic elements responsible for negative regulation by ALA, trans-acting mutants with increased expression of cycA were isolated that were resistant to growth inhibition by the heme analog cohemin. These cohemin-resistant mutants (Chr) have elevated levels of several cycA transcripts and they contain cycA transcripts that had not previously been detected in wild-type cells. In addition, cycA transcription in the Chr mutants continues after the addition of ALA. Finally, we found that Chr mutants have increased ALA synthase activity, suggesting that synthesis of cytochrome c2 and ALA synthase are controlled by a common gene product whose activity has been modified in these mutants. A model is presented to explain how changes in tetrapyrrole intermediates could provide an effective signal to control both cycA transcription and ALA synthase synthesis in R. sphaeroides.
Contributions of high- and low-quality patches to a metapopulation with stochastic disturbance

Studies of time-invariant matrix metapopulation models indicate that metapopulation growth rate is usually more sensitive to the vital rates of individuals in high-quality (i.e., good) patches than in low-quality (i.e., bad) patches. This suggests that, given a choice, management efforts should focus on good rather than bad patches. Here, we examine the sensitivity of metapopulation growth rate for a two-patch matrix metapopulation model with and without stochastic disturbance and found cases where managers can more efficiently increase metapopulation growth rate by focusing efforts on the bad patch. In our model, net reproductive rate differs between the two patches so that in the absence of dispersal, one patch is high quality and the other low quality. Disturbance, when present, reduces net reproductive rate with equal frequency and intensity in both patches. The stochastic disturbance model gives qualitatively similar results to the deterministic model. In most cases, metapopulation growth rate was elastic to changes in net reproductive rate of individuals in the good patch than the bad patch. However, when the majority of individuals are located in the bad patch, metapopulation growth rate can be most elastic to net reproductive rate in the bad patch. We expand the model to include two stages and parameterize the patches using data for the softshell clam, Mya arenaria. With a two-stage demographic model, the elasticities of metapopulation growth rate to parameters in the bad patch increase, while elasticities to the same parameters in the good patch decrease. Metapopulation growth rate is most elastic to adult survival in the population of the good patch for all scenarios we examine. If the majority of the metapopulation is located in the bad patch, the elasticity to parameters of that population increase but do not surpass elasticity to parameters in the good patch. This model can be expanded to include additional patches, multiple stages, stochastic dispersal, and complex demography.
A pulser-sustainer carbon monoxide electric-discharge supersonic laser

Operation of a cw CO electric‐discharge supersonic laser with a pulser‐sustainer discharge is described. High‐power operation as well as independent control over electron energy and density are demonstrated. Maximum input power achieved to date is 100 kW. The maximum output power is 6 kW or 10% of the sustainer positive column power. Much improved performance appears possible.
10.1.1 Managing the Project Team as a Special Class of Stakeholder for Enterprise Transformation Projects

The Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL's) Enterprise Project – the implementation of a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to replace the home-grown business computing systems in use since the early 1980's – provides a provocative case study regarding the management of project teams in which team members are, themselves, stakeholders. This paper describes the project's approach to stakeholder management for the project team, which had mixed success, discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the approaches used, and provides lessons learned for handling project team members as a special class of stakeholders who have special needs. Specifically, it is noted that project team members may be either system advocates or system critics or adversaries. It is recommended that transition management tactics be developed in anticipation of both types of stakeholders being present on the project team.
The Molecular Biological Bandwagon in Cancer Research: Where Social Worlds Meet

This paper analyzes the development of a scientific bandwagon in cancer research using a social worlds perspective and qualitative methods. It shows that a “standardized” package of oncogene theory and recombinant DNA technologies served as a highly transportable interface among many different laboratories and lines of research. That is, the package promoted intersections among different social worlds which, in turn, facilitated the rapid development of oncogene research and the larger molecular biological cancer research bandwagon. The paper proposes the bandwagon as one process by which conceptual shifts in science occur and shows that the process of such change is inseparable from both the local and broad scale organization of work and technical infrastructures.
Comparison of food safety cognitions and self-reported food-handling behaviors with observed food safety behaviors of young adults.

Comparison of food safety cognitions and self-reported food-handling behaviors with observed food safety behaviors of young adults
InAs growth and development of defect microstructure on GaAs

Abstract Epitaxially deposited thin films of InAs on semi-insulating GaAs substrates are commonly used for high-speed electronic devices. Large (7%) lattice mismatch between InAs and GaAs leads to Stranski–Krastanov growth mode with formation of 3D islands. The effect of growth temperature in MOVPE deposition, on InAs crystal microstructure was studied. The origin of multiple tilting of the InAs crystal lattice observed for the high temperature growths was investigated in detail. The microstructure of uncoalesced InAs islands was determined using X-ray diffraction rocking curve scans and backscattered electron Kikuchi pattern crystal orientation imaging. Misoriented grains are formed within uncoalesced InAs islands at an early stage during the growth.
Range of Sizes of Peptide Products Generated during Degradation of Different Proteins by Archaeal Proteasomes

Abstract The 20 S proteasome processively degrades cell proteins to peptides. Information on the sizes and nature of these products is essential for understanding the proteasome’s degradative mechanism, the subsequent steps in protein turnover, and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation. Using proteasomes from Thermoplasma acidophilum and four unfolded polypeptides as substrates (insulin-like growth factor, lactalbumin, casein, and alkaline phosphatase, whose lengths range from 71 to 471 residues), we demonstrate that the number of cuts made in a polypeptide and the time needed to degrade it increase with length. The average size of peptides generated from these four polypeptides was 8 ± 1 residues, but ranged from 6 to 10 residues, depending on the protein, as determined by two new independent methods. However, the individual peptide products ranged in length from approximately 3 to 30 residues, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography. The sizes of individual peptides fit a log-normal distribution. No length was predominant, and more than half were shorter than 10 residues. Peptide abundance decreased with increasing length, and less than 10% exceeded 20 residues. These findings indicate that: 1) the proteasome does not generate peptides according to the “molecular ruler” hypothesis, and 2) other peptidases must function after the proteasome to complete the turnover of cell proteins to amino acids.
Vitamin E Deficiency Decreases Long-Chain PUFA in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

α-Tocopherol is a required, lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects PUFA. We hypothesized that α-tocopherol deficiency in zebrafish compromises PUFA status. Zebrafish were fed for 1 y either an α-tocopherol-sufficient (E+; 500 mg α-tocopherol/kg) or -deficient (E−; 1.1 mg α-tocopherol/kg) diet containing α-linolenic (ALA) and linoleic (LA) acids but without arachidonic acid (ARA), EPA, or DHA. Vitamin E deficiency in zebrafish decreased by ~20% (n-6) (P < 0.05) and (n-3) (P < 0.05) PUFA and increased the (n-6):(n-3) PUFA ratio (P < 0.05). In E− compared to E+ females, long chain-PUFA status was impaired, as assessed by a ~60% lower DHA:ALA ratio (P < 0.05) and a ~50% lower ARA:LA ratio (P < 0.05). fads2 (P < 0.05) and elovl2 (P < 0.05) mRNA expression was doubled in E− compared to E+ fish. Thus, inadequate vitamin E status led to a depletion of PUFA that may be a result of either or both increased lipid peroxidation and an impaired ability to synthesize sufficient PUFA, especially (n-3) PUFA.
Developing High-Tech Ventures: Entrepreneurs, Advisors, and the Use of Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs)

Understanding how entrepreneurs secure venture-related knowledge during the preoperational stage is a rarely studied aspect of entrepreneurship research. Our premise is that entrepreneurs will rely...
Image Classifying Based on Cost-Sensitive Layered Cascade Learning

Image Classification is an important means of image processing, Traditional research of image classification usually based on following assumptions: aiming for the overall classification accuracy, sample of different category has the same importance in data set and all the misclassification brings same cost. Unfortunately, class imbalance and cost sensitive are ubiquitous in classification in real world process, sample size of specific category in data set may much more than others and misclassification cost is sharp distinction between different categories. High dimension of eigenvector caused by diversity content of images and the big complexity gap between distinguish different categories of images are common problems when dealing with image Classification, therefore, one single machine learning algorithms is not sufficient when dealing with complex image classification contains the above characteristics. To cure the above problems, a layered cascade image classifying method based on cost-sensitive and class-imbalance was proposed, a set of cascading learning was build, and the inner patterns of images of specific category was learned in different stages, also, the cost function was introduced, thus, the method can effectively respond to the cost-sensitive and class-imbalance problem of image classifying. Moreover, the structure of this method is flexible as the layer of cascading and the algorithm in every stage can be readjusted based on business requirements of image classifying. The result of application in sensitive image classifying for smart grid indicates that this image classifying based on cost-sensitive layered cascade learning obtains better image classification performance than the existing methods.