cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is It Important to Secure the Horns During Lateral Meniscal Transplantation? A Cadaveric Study

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if secure attachment of the horns of the lateral meniscus during transplantation affects the load-bearing function of the meniscus. Six knee joints were loaded in compression (310 N) and the interarticular contact pressure in the joint measured using pressure-sensitive film inserted into the joint. Each knee was tested first with the original intact meniscus and then after each of the following surgical procedures involving the original lateral meniscus: (1) total meniscectomy; (2) meniscal transplantation with a tibial bone bridge; (3) meniscal transplantation with neither horn secured; (4) meniscal transplantation with the anterior horn secured; (5) meniscal transplantation with the posterior horn secured; and (6) meniscal transplantation with both horns secured. The results are as follows. (1) The intact joint gave the largest contact area and the smallest peak contact pressure. The joint with the total meniscectomy gave the smallest contact area and the largest peak contact pressure. (2) A meniscal transplantation with either a tibial bony bridge or with both horns secured gave results similar to those for the intact joint. (3) A meniscal transplantation with only one horn secured gave results somewhere in between those for the intact joint and those for the joint without a meniscus. A meniscal transplantation with neither horn secured gave results similar to those for a joint without a meniscus.
Field colonization, population growth, and dispersal of Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore, a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake

Abstract Invasion of native plant communities by the Australian paperbark tree (“melaleuca”), Melaleuca quinquenervia, complicates restoration of the Florida Everglades. Biological control, within the context of a comprehensive management program, offers a means to suppress regeneration of melaleuca after removal of existing trees and a mechanism to forestall reinvasion. To meet this need, a biological control program commenced in 1997 upon the release of an Australian weevil (Oxyops vitiosa [Pascoe] [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]). Release of a second biological control agent, the melaleuca psyllid (Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore), followed in February 2002 at field sites containing mixed age-class melaleuca stands or coppicing stumps. Each site was inoculated with 7000–10,000 adult psyllids, with one exception where 2000 nymphs were released on seedlings the following December. Psyllid populations established everywhere irrespective of colony source, site conditions, or the quantity released, although numbers released and, to a lesser degree, colony age influenced the numbers of colonies produced. Quantity included in the release was the major determinant of the resultant number of colonies, although the duration of their tenure in quarantine culture may have also influenced this. One site, comprised mainly of coppicing stumps, contained 3.3 million psyllids per ha within 3 months after release. Less than 1% of the coppices at a similar site harbored psyllid colonies 2 months after release (May 2002), but this rose to 75% in October then to 100% by December. The census population exceeded 715,000 adults and nearly 11 million nymphs by late January 2003. Psyllid populations dispersed 2.2–10.0 km/year, with the slower rates in dense, continuous melaleuca stands and faster rates in fragmented stands. Over 1 million psyllids had been redistributed to 100 locations as of December 2005. This species now occurs throughout much of the range of melaleuca in south Florida due to natural range expansion as well as anthropogenic dissemination.
Foundations for auto shredders

Abstract Unbalanced forces developed by hammer wear and impact must be resisted by auto shredder foundations. Methods for estimating the impact forces are described. Because of different soil conditions, a concrete mat, a concrete block, and a pile-supported foundation system were adopted at three different construction sites. The design procedures involved in determining the dynamic response for each type of foundation are illustrated by examples. Vibration measurements made on the pile-supported foundation after construction permitted comparisons of prototype motions with design predictions.
An Experimental Investigation of the “Pull” Effect

(1959). An Experimental Investigation of the “Pull” Effect. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 275-283.
A stochastic model for the effects of pad surface topography evolution on material removal rate decay in chemical-mechanical planarization

The role of stochastic variations in pad surface topography evolution during a chemical-mechanical planarization or polishing (CMP) process is investigated. The roughness of the pad surface is considered, while the blanket film wafer is smooth and flat. The material removal rate (MRR) for CMP is modeled utilizing elastic as well as inelastic contact between the wafer and pad. Evolution of the pad surface topography is observed to have a significant influence on the MRR variations. A distinguishing feature of this paper is the MRR evolution equation for a single asperity. It is observed that an elastic contact model significantly underestimates the experimental trend. The selection of the initial probability density function (pdf) used in an MRR time-evolution model is shown to be a key issue. It is observed that reasonably small changes in numerical estimates of pdf parameters can have a significant effect on the accuracy of material removal model predictions. By extending the model to the case of inelastic contact between the wafer and pad asperities, it is found that model performance can be notably improved. Finally, it should be mentioned that the emphasis here on statistical elements, combined with the approach of developing mean MRR models based on models for individual asperities, allows one to easily incorporate more realistic model assumptions, an example being that pad asperities have tip curvatures and spacing that are random.
Training to maintain surgical skills during periods of robotic surgery inactivity.

Background The study was performed to establish a level of practice needed for newly-trained residents to maintain robotic surgical skills during periods of robotic inactivity. Methods Ten surgical residents were trained to a standardized level of robotic surgery proficiency with inanimate models. At the end of two, four and six weeks, the residents practiced with the models for a total of one hour. Each resident performed a timed tissue closure task immediately after reaching the proficiency standards and twice in succession at eight weeks. Time to completion was compared between the three trials with a repeated measures ANOVA and a post-hoc test. Results Average time to complete the tissue closure task decreased by more than 25% over the period between reaching the proficiency standards and the trials at eight weeks, with the difference significant (P < 0.004). Conclusions Biweekly practice for one hour was sufficient to maintain robotic surgical skills. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Soil Temperature in Timing of Emergence from Hibernation in the Jumping Mouse, Zapus hudsonius

An elevation in soil temperature at the depth of the winter nest was essential for the termination of hibernation and resumption of surface activity in jumping mice. Captive mice in artificial burrow systems kept at 5 °C did not emerge when only the soil that plugged their burrows at the surface was heated as high as 23 °C, far beyond that which occurs naturally in the spring. In contrast, a uniform rise in soil temperature from 5 °C to 9 °C eventually stimulated emergence in 11 of 12 males but only 2 of 12 females. A more rapid and universal emergence occurred when this 4°C elevation at the depth of the nest was accompanied by an 11 °C rise in surface soil. Males emerged sooner than females, again suggesting that they were more sensitive to temperature change. These laboratory findings are consistent with the soil temperature changes that occurred in nature prior to the dates that males and females emerged.
Accelerated fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithms for sparsity-regularized cone-beam CT image reconstruction.

Purpose: The development of iterative image reconstruction algorithms for cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) remains an active and important research area. Even with hardware acceleration, the overwhelming majority of the available 3D iterative algorithms that implement nonsmooth regularizers remain computationally burdensome and have not been translated for routine use in time-sensitive applications such as image-guided radiation therapy(IGRT). In this work, two variants of the fast iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm (FISTA) are proposed and investigated for accelerated iterative image reconstruction in CBCT. Methods: Algorithm acceleration was achieved by replacing the original gradient-descent step in the FISTAs by a subproblem that is solved by use of the ordered subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (OS-SART). Due to the preconditioning matrix adopted in the OS-SART method, two new weighted proximal problems were introduced and corresponding fast gradient projection-type algorithms were developed for solving them. We also provided efficient numerical implementations of the proposed algorithms that exploit the massive data parallelism of multiple graphics processing units. Results: The improved rates of convergence of the proposed algorithms were quantified in computer-simulation studies and by use of clinical projection data corresponding to an IGRT study. The accelerated FISTAs were shown to possess dramatically improved convergence properties as compared to the standard FISTAs. For example, the number of iterations to achieve a specified reconstruction error could be reduced by an order of magnitude. Volumetric imagesreconstructed from clinical data were produced in under 4 min. Conclusions: The FISTA achieves a quadratic convergence rate and can therefore potentially reduce the number of iterations required to produce an image of a specified image quality as compared to first-order methods. We have proposed and investigated accelerated FISTAs for use with two nonsmooth penalty functions that will lead to further reductions in image reconstruction times while preserving image quality. Moreover, with the help of a mixed sparsity-regularization, better preservation of soft-tissue structures can be potentially obtained. The algorithms were systematically evaluated by use of computer-simulated and clinical data sets.
Dyspnea prevalence, trajectories, and measurement in critical care and at life's end.

Purpose of review Dyspnea is a multidimensional response to an asphyxial threat that heralds respiratory failure. A clinician's ability to treat dyspnea warrants understanding the prevalence, burden, trajectories, and measurement across chronic conditions and exacerbations. This review focuses on two contexts: the intensive care unit and the near death stage of illness. Recent findings Dyspnea is the most distressing symptom experienced by critically ill patients at risk for dying. New longitudinal studies reveal varying dyspnea trajectories over time and by diagnosis. Patients with noncancer diagnoses, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, experience severe dyspnea for months before death, whereas patients with cancer even without apparent cardiorespiratory disease have an escalation of dyspnea near death. The sickest patients and those who are cognitively impaired or unconscious are not represented because self-report measures are used. Thus, dyspnea is underrepresented in most end-of-life cohorts. In most data, the Numeric Rating Scale for the intensity of breathlessness, while unidimensional, is the most valid measure for palliative care because of its simplicity. Use of the Respiratory Distress Observation Scale in future studies will permit the inclusion of patients who are unable to self-report dyspnea. Summary In summary, new evidence is demonstrating the high prevalence and distress associated with dyspnea among critically ill patients and patients near death.
Why digital forensics is not a profession and how it can become one

ABSTRACTDigital forensics (DF) has existed since the 1970s when industry and government first began developing tools to investigate end users engaging in Web-enabled financial fraud. Over the next 40 years, DF evolved until, in 2010, the National Research Council ‘officially’ recognized DF as a forensic discipline. Over its evolution, DF developed some of the traits of a profession, which sociologists suggest include the following: (1) specialized knowledge; (2) specialized training; (3) work that is of great value; (4) credat emptor (‘let the buyer trust’) relations with clients; (5) a code of professional ethics; (6) cooperative relations with other members; (7) high levels of autonomy; and (8) self-regulation. This paper reviews the development of DF and argues that despite making strides, DF has not yet achieved the status of a profession as described by social scientists, and that it will not achieve that status until it remedies several deficiencies and addresses impediments preventing it from attai...
The Mikoyan Mini-Hamburger, or How the Socialist Realist Novel about the Soviet Meat Industry Was Created

This article examines Boris Pilnyak's attempt to answer Commissar Mikoyan's “social mandate” for a work of Socialist Realist fiction that would glorify the achievements of the newly modernized Soviet meat industry in general and of the recently constructed Mikoyan meat-packing plant in particular. Pilnyak's Meat: A Novel (1936), which reads like a Soviet(ized) version of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1907), shows how under a socialist system the negative features of the tsarist-era meat business can be eliminated in Stalinist Russia without having to sacrifice industrial efficiency or worker productivity. The novel failed to please the Party leadership, however, because the author did not respond earnestly enough to Mikoyan's “social mandate.” Pilnyak provided a parodic, tongue-in-cheek pastiche of a Socialist Realist novel rather than a genuine one. This article shows how Commissar Mikoyan's aspiration to have a literary monument erected to the Soviet meat industry, which he had worked so diligently to modernize and expand, culminated in the publication of The Book about Tasty and Healthy Food (1939), the famous cookbook and household guide, which projects numerous Socialist Realist images of material abundance, good taste, and scientific nutrition that were associated during the Stalin years with an ideal (and idealized) cuisine that never really existed in the USSR. The food commissar's abiding desire to produce a domestic version of the American hamburger was likewise realized through his creation of the “Mikoyan cutlet,” which generated a veritable revolution in the system of public food service in his country.
RSS step size: 1 dB is not enough!

A radio transceiver normally provides received signal strength (RSS) quantized with 1 dB or higher step size. Currently, we know of no application which has demonstrated a need for sub-dB RSS estimates. In this paper, we demonstrate the need for, and benefits of, greater resolution in RSS for breathing rate monitoring and gesture recognition. Measuring RSS requires orders of magnitude less bandwidth than measuring OFDM channel state information (CSI) or frequency modulated carrier wave (FMCW) channel delay. We have designed a prototype with an off-the-shelf low-power transceiver and a processor to achieve an RSS estimate with a median error of 0.013 dB. We experimentally verify its performance in non-contact breathing monitoring and gesture recognition. We demonstrate that simply decreasing the step size of RSS lower than 1 dB can enable significant benefits, enabling extremely low bandwidth RF sensing systems. Results indicate that RFIC designers could enable significant gains for RF sensing applications with four more bits of RSS quantization.
Co-management of domestic wastewater and food waste: A life cycle comparison of alternative food waste diversion strategies

Food waste is increasingly viewed as a resource that should be diverted from landfills. This study used life cycle assessment to compare co-management of food waste and domestic wastewater using anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) against conventional activated sludge (CAS) and high rate activated sludge (HRAS) with three disposal options for food waste: landfilling (LF), anaerobic digestion (AD), and composting (CP). Based on the net energy balance (NEB), AnMBR and HRAS/AD were the most attractive scenarios due to cogeneration of produced biogas. However, cogeneration negatively impacted carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, and ozone depletion, illustrating unavoidable tradeoffs between energy recovery from biogas and environmental impacts. Fugitive emissions of methane severely increased global warming impacts of all scenarios except HRAS/AD with AnMBR particularly affected by effluent dissolved methane emissions. AnMBR was also most sensitive to food waste diversion participation, with 40% diversion necessary to achieve a positive NEB at the current state of development.
Cell Cycle, Neurological Disorders, and Reactive Gliosis

Neurons and glia play a critical role in the normal development of the central nervous system and contribute to injury and disease via numerous pathological pathways. Internal and external stimuli induce signaling cascades that are incorporated into apoptotic mechanisms, ultimately culminating in cell death or cell survival. Growing bodies of evidence demonstrate that cell cycle proteins are expressed in dying neurons in both the developing and adult brain. Although the general mechanisms that control cell cycle have been studied at length, the regulation of progression of the cell cycle, as well as the reactivation of cell cycle pathways in neurons, remains to be fully identified. In this chapter, we will review the cell cycle in brief with a focus on the central nervous system, examine key contributors in the cell cycle that are involved in neurological disorders and gliosis, and look at the mechanism of cell cycle re-entry as a novel mechanism in neurological disorders.
Atlantic meridional heat transports computed from balancing Earth's energy locally

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation plays a major role in moving heat and carbon around in the ocean. A new estimate of ocean heat transports for 2000 through 2013 throughout the Atlantic is derived. Top-of-atmosphere radiation is combined with atmospheric reanalyses to estimate surface heat fluxes and combined with vertically integrated ocean heat content to estimate ocean heat transport divergence as a residual. Atlantic peak northward ocean heat transports average 1.18 ± 0.13 PW (1 sigma) at 15°N but vary considerably in latitude and time. Results agree well with observational estimates at 26.5°N from the RAPID array, but for 2004–2013 the meridional heat transport is 1.00 ± 0.11 PW versus 1.23 ± 0.11 PW for RAPID. In addition, these results have no hint of a trend, unlike the RAPID results. Strong westerlies north of a meridian drive ocean currents and an ocean heat loss into the atmosphere that is exacerbated by a decrease in ocean heat transport northward.
Leukocyte iNOS is required for inflammation and pathological remodeling in ischemic heart failure.

In the failing heart, iNOS is expressed by both macrophages and cardiomyocytes. We hypothesized that inflammatory cell-localized iNOS exacerbates left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice underwent total body irradiation and reconstitution with bone marrow from iNOS-/- mice (iNOS-/-c) or WT mice (WTc). Chimeric mice underwent coronary ligation to induce large infarction and ischemic heart failure (HF), or sham surgery. After 28 days, as compared with WTc sham mice, WTc HF mice exhibited significant (p < 0.05) mortality, LV dysfunction, hypertrophy, fibrosis, oxidative/nitrative stress, inflammatory activation, and iNOS upregulation. These mice also exhibited a ~twofold increase in circulating Ly6Chi pro-inflammatory monocytes, and ~sevenfold higher cardiac M1 macrophages, which were primarily CCR2- cells. In contrast, as compared with WTc HF mice, iNOS-/-c HF mice exhibited significantly improved survival, LV function, hypertrophy, fibrosis, oxidative/nitrative stress, and inflammatory activation, without differences in overall cardiac iNOS expression. Moreover, iNOS-/-c HF mice exhibited lower circulating Ly6Chi monocytes, and augmented cardiac M2 macrophages, but with greater infiltrating monocyte-derived CCR2+ macrophages vs. WTc HF mice. Lastly, upon cell-to-cell contact with naive cardiomyocytes, peritoneal macrophages from WT HF mice depressed contraction, and augmented cardiomyocyte oxygen free radicals and peroxynitrite. These effects were not observed upon contact with macrophages from iNOS-/- HF mice. We conclude that leukocyte iNOS is obligatory for local and systemic inflammatory activation and cardiac remodeling in ischemic HF. Activated macrophages in HF may directly induce cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction and oxidant stress upon cell-to-cell contact; this juxtacrine response requires macrophage-localized iNOS.
Comments on Pellegrino’s ‘Anatomy of Clinical Judgments’

Dr. Pellegrino’s statement of the end of clinical judgment, and of the questions that need to be asked in the course of the physician’s execution of his task in making such judgments, appears to me unexceptionable. And it is of course both correct and important to distinguish between the concrete, timebound, practical and humane goal of clinical practice on the one hand and the more generalizing, temporally less pressing, theoretical and less personal context of scientific inquiry on the other. As a philosopher interested in the conceptual structure of science, however, who cherishes a hunch that the conceptual analysis of clinical judgment would reveal a structure not so very different — despite the clear difference in ends — from that of scientific thought, I find a good deal to question in the categories Dr. Pellegrino uses in his exposition. He seems to be distinguishing “science, dialectic, ethics, art and rhetoric” in the spirit of the Aristotelian division of the sciences, a division, in my view, almost wholly inappropriate, in the terms in which Aristotle made it, to any modern philosophical discussion of the nature of science or disciplines like clinical medicine that exist in some practical, if not in a strict conceptual, relation to it.
Environmental radon exposure and breast cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study II

Radon and its decay products, a source of ionizing radiation, are primarily inhaled and can deliver a radiation dose to breast tissue, where they may continue to decay and emit DNA damage-inducing particles. Few studies have examined the relationship between radon and breast cancer. The Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) includes U.S. female registered nurses who completed biennial questionnaires since 1989. Self-reported breast cancer was confirmed from medical records. County-level radon exposures were linked with geocoded residential addresses updated throughout follow-up. Time-varying Cox regression models adjusted for established breast cancer risk factors were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). From 1989 to 2013, 3966 invasive breast cancer cases occurred among 112,639 participants. Increasing radon exposure was not associated with breast cancer risk overall (adjusted HR comparing highest to lowest quintile = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.21, p for trend = 0.30). However, women in the highest quintile of exposure (≥74.9 Bq/m3) had a suggested elevated risk of ER−/PR- breast cancer compared to women in the lowest quintile (<27.0 Bq/m3) (adjusted HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.96, p for trend = 0.05). No association was observed for ER+/PR+ breast cancer. Although we did not find an association between radon exposure and risk of overall or ER+/PR+ breast cancer, we observed a suggestive association with risk of ER−/PR- breast cancer.
Interannual variability of the kuroshio intrusion in the South China Sea

The interannual variability of intrusions of the Kuroshio into the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated using satellite remote sensing data supported by in-situ measurements. The mesoscale circulation of the SCS is predominantly wind-forced by the northeast winter and southwest summer monsoons. Although the region has been studied extensively, considerable uncertainty remains about the annual and interannual mesoscale nature of the circulation. The frequency and characteristics of Kuroshio intrusions and their effect on circulation patterns in the northeast SCS are also not well understood. Satellite observations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA) from TOPEX/ Poseidon for the period 1997–2005 are used here to analyze the annual and interannual variability in Kuroshio intrusions and their effects on the region. Analysis of SST and SSHA shows the formation and characteristics of intrusions vary considerably each year. Typically, the intrusion occurs in the central region of Luzon Strait and results in an anticyclonic circulation in the northeastern SCS. However, in some years, the intrusion is located in the northern portion of Luzon Strait and a cyclonic intrusion results. Wind stress and wind stress curl derived from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer are used to evaluate the relationship between wind stress or wind stress curl and the presence of winter Kuroshio intrusions into the SCS.
Precipitation thresholds for fecal bacterial indicators in the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Many coastal states of the United States restrict harvest of shellfish from select areas based on some environmental trigger. Such areas are classified as being conditionally approved. In Maryland, the trigger is an inch or more of rainfall that has fallen in the last 24 h. This study used 11 years of monitoring data to test the relationship between daily rainfall totals and densities of fecal indicators in Maryland shellfish harvest waters. Precipitation and fecal coliform (FC) water monitoring data from 2004 to 2014 were matched by date and watershed. The influence of antecedent rainfall conditions (i.e. rainfall in the preceding days or weeks) and the distance of each monitoring station to land were compared to the percent of samples exceeding the FDA criterion for managing shellfish harvest areas. Sample stations beyond 1000m from land had FC densities consistently below the FDA criterion and were excluded from further analysis. Rainfall events greater than an inch tended to result in significantly elevated FC for the following two days, followed by lower levels thereafter. The total amount of rain in the last three weeks was positively related to the proportion of samples with FC greater than the FDA criterion. Bay-wide, the percent of samples exceeding the FDA criterion rose from seven percent for rainfall less than an inch to 37% following one or more inches of rain. Watersheds were classified based on the percent of FC densities over the criterion when rainfall was an inch or more, with 41 of 81 watersheds showing FC responses indicative of potential conditionally approved areas, those shellfish growing areas where the one inch precipitation trigger may be applied. These areas largely overlapped the current conditionally approved areas defined by Maryland. The percent of open water, wetlands, and poorly drained soils explained a significant amount of the variability (R2 = 0.72) in the difference in percent of samples exceeding the FDA criterion when rainfall was greater than an inch and when it was less than an inch. Logistic regression analysis showed that the current trigger of one inch of rain in 24 h is predictive of FC densities over the FDA criterion, though the appropriate threshold will most likely depend on how far the particular shellfish growing area is from land and antecedent rain conditions. In watersheds with relatively high percentages of open water to total watershed size, higher rainfall thresholds might be appropriate. The approach taken in this study could be applied to individual stations and sub-watersheds, potentially allowing the reclassification of some shellfish harvest areas.
Response to: McBride A, Campbell K, Bikkina M, et al. Cost-efficiency analyses for the US of biosimilar filgrastim-sndz, reference filgrastim, pegfilgrastim, and pegfilgrastim with on-body injector in the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced (febrile) neutropenia. J Med Econ 2017;20:1083–93

McBride et al.1 recently published what was referred to as “cost-efficiency analyses”. The analyses completed by the authors compared four alternative granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) ...
The dynamic role of dengue cross-reactive immunity: changing the approach to defining vaccine safety and efficacy

Summary Dengue virus infections cause a substantial public health burden in tropical and subtropical regions. A single dengue vaccine has been approved by regulatory authorities in 19 countries, but concerns regarding vaccine safety in people who are dengue naive at the time of immunisation has introduced uncertainty into the vaccine's future. As other dengue vaccines complete or enter large-scale efficacy trials, we argue that foundational work by Sabin, historic epidemiological observations of dengue outbreaks, and prospective cohort studies in Asia and the Americas indicate that modifications must be made to the methods of assessing dengue vaccines. In this Personal View, we review and relate previous data that supports a dynamic role of cross-protective dengue immunity to the goals and challenges of measuring and interpreting dengue vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety in clinical trials. We suggest that for partly protective vaccines, temporary cross-protective immunity could lead to overestimation of vaccine safety and efficacy in the early years following vaccination. We recommend that assessment of dengue vaccines should span several years, involve active surveillance to clinically characterise incident infections and regular blood draws to define kinetic changes in immunological profiles, and include sample sizes that are large enough to support detailed analyses of vaccine trial subgroups, such as individuals who are dengue naive.
Neurochemical Effects of Viral Infections in the Central Nervous System

In recent years it has become apparent that dysfunction of virus-infected cells occurs by a variety of mechanisms. Cells can harbor viruses and be unaffected, with regard to vital functions of cell division or cell differentiation. Similarly, virus persistence has been observed in vivo in the absence of any clinical illness, and these observations collectively raise the question as to what leads to cellular dysfunction in the course of a viral infection. Correlations of changes in specific molecular events to alterations in cellular function have recently been studied in a number of viral infections. Although a complete review of all viral systems studied in this regard is beyond the scope of this review, basic mechanisms highlighted by specific viral infections will be discussed such that many mechanisms by which viruses cause central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction will become evident.
Depression, Psychological Resources, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults 75 and Above

The purposes of this study were (1) to compare psychological resources and health-related quality of life between two groups of community-dwelling elders, 75 years of age and older, with similar chronic illnesses, but with varying levels of depression, and (2) to examine the relationships among depression, psychological resources, and health-related quality of life. Fifty-two elders (14 men and 38 women) were divided into mildly (n = 18) and severely (n = 34) depressed groups based on their depression scores. There were no significant differences between the two groups for demographic and illness characteristics. There were significant differences for number of medications, mastery, health perceptions, mental health functioning, and well-being. Severely depressed elders had poorer health perceptions, and decreased mastery, functioning, and well-being as compared with mildly depressed elders. An explanatory model was developed using factor analysis that fit the data well. Health perceptions and mastery had direct influences on depression, and depression directly impacted well-being.
Relation of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal System to Decline of Reproductive Functions in Aging Female Rats

In mammalian species, reproductive functions decline w ith aging and the capacity to produce live offspring by the female usually ceases well before death of the individual. Many neuroendocrine and other mechanisms involved in these changes remain to be investigated. In women, menstrual cycles generally cease between 40–50 years of age, but for 2–3 years prior to the menopause, they tend to become irregular and there is an increase in the number of anovulatory cycles (Timeras and Meisami, 1972), suggesting a possible decrease in LH secretion. The ovaries tend to form large or cystic follicles and there is inadequate development and often early involution of the corpus luteum leading to shortening of the cycle. Both estrogen and progesterone secretion appear to decline in women approaching the menopause and the ovaries show a reduced capacity to respond to gonadotropins. In the postmenopausal period, ovulation rarely occurs, the ovariesloose their follicles and become fibrotic, and the pituitary responds to loss of inhibitory gonadal feedback by increasing release of gonadotropins, particularly FSH. However, a sharp fall in gonadotropin release has been observed in women after 80 years of age (Albert et al., 1956).
Advanced Device Structures Fabricated with Anisotropic Dry Etching

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses advanced device structures fabricated with anisotropic dry etching. Dry-etching technology, particularly plasma etching, is currently commonly used in the fabrication of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. The ever-decreasing device dimensions demand dry-etching techniques for their delineation. One of the reasons is the difficulty in wetting small openings for aqueous solutions because of the capillary effects. However, because of the more physical nature of these dry-etching processes, the etch selectivity of a particular material over others is often poorer than the wet-etching ones. The chapter describes various device components and some of their device and circuit applications. These advanced structures have been demonstrated to result in enhanced performance and higher packing density. As more and more new processes using anisotropic dry etching to realize a large variety of structures are developed, plasma etching is rapidly becoming an indispensable part of any very-large-scale-integration process.
Analysis and Control of Deterministic and Stochastic Dynamical Systems with Time Delay

This chapter presents a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the analysis and control of time-delayed deterministic and stochastic systems. The studies of numerical methods for time-delayed systems in the mathematics literature are reviewed including a discussion of the abstract Cauchy problem for delayed differential equations. Several numerical methods for computing the response of and designing controls for time-delayed systems are presented. These include semidiscretization, continuous time approximation, lowpass filter based continuous time approximation, and continuous time approximation with Chebyshev nodes. A 1arge number of examples are presented including optimal feedback gain design, stability domains in the feedback gain space of linear time-invariant and periodic systems, optimal control, Lyapunov stability, supervisory control of systems with uncertain time delay, moment stability, Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation and reliability formulation of stochastic systems.
High-mobility group nucleosome binding domain 1 (HMGN1) functions as a Th1-polarizing alarmin

High-mobility group (HMG) nucleosome binding domain 1 (HMGN1), which previously was thought to function only as a nucleosome-binding protein that regulates chromatin structure, histone modifications, and gene expression, was recently discovered to be an alarmin that contributes extracellularly to the generation of innate and adaptive immune responses. HMGN1 promotes DC recruitment through interacting with a Gαi protein-coupled receptor (GiPCR) and activates DCs predominantly through triggering TLR4. HMGN1 preferentially promotes Th1-type immunity, which makes it relevant for the fields of vaccinology, autoimmunity, and oncoimmunology. Here, we discuss the alarmin properties of HMGN1 and update recent advances on its roles in immunity and potential applications for immunotherapy of tumors.
Winds of change – Predicting water-based recreationists' support and opposition for offshore wind energy development in the Great Lakes

Abstract This study examined the factors influencing water-based recreationists' perceptions of support and opposition towards off-shore wind energy development (OWD) on Lake Erie. Much of the proposed or future Lake Erie OWD infrastructure may either be within or adjacent to public lands, waters, and protected areas, raising concerns about the potential environmental and social impacts upon recreation stakeholders. The limited body of OWD research within the United States has suggested there are numerous factors that may influence overall perceptions of support and opposition such as political orientation and beliefs in climate change. Moreover, recent research has proposed that the perceived recreation impact of OWD may be the most important predictor of support and opposition. This study confirmed this premise and found the perceived recreation impact of OWD to be the strongest predictor of support. Results of a multiple linear regression suggested that political orientation (β = 0.135), beliefs in the anthropogenic causation of climate change (β = 0.207), beliefs in the occurrence of climate change (β = 0.213), and the perceived recreation impact of OWD among water-based recreationists (β = 0.439) were significant predictors of support for OWD on Lake Erie (R2 = 0.46). Study findings corroborated previous research which suggested that regional climate change beliefs and political attitudes may influence support for OWD. From a policy and management standpoint, study results highlight the importance of assessing and communicating recreation experience and use impacts when planning, developing, and managing OWD and related decisions in the United States.
Higher education in South Korea: recent changes in school competitiveness and research productivity

This paper counts SCI-level journal publications over the period 1980–2016 to rank higher education institutions in South Korea. First, a league table shows that school competitiveness has changed ...
X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome Manifesting as Recurrent Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia: A Case Report

We reported a Chinese boy with X-linked hyper IgM (XHIGM) syndrome, manifesting as recurrent and severe pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. His parents were healthy and unrelated. In August 2018, the 5-month-old boy manifested as cough and dyspnea, and then in July 2019, he was admitted because of the same symptoms. Immunological results of the two admissions both showed low IgG, low IgA, normal IgM and high levels of 1,3-β-D-glucan (BDG). Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), great reading counts of P. jirovecii were identified from the deep sputum in both admissions. Caspofungin combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were used to anti-infection, and he recovered quickly. Whole-exome sequencing was performed for this family because of immune suppression, the disease-causing gene (exon 10-22 of CD40L) deletion for XHIGM syndrome was identified. NGS is beneficial for etiology diagnosis. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia as an opportunistic infection could be recurrent in patients with XHIGM syndrome.
Clinical significance of expert consensus documents on clinical application of plasma exchange in pediatrics

Blood purification in children has developed in recent 20 years and been used in pediatric nephrology, neurology, hemotology, toxic and rheumatic disease.However, the lack of practice guideline leads to over uasage or inadequate application.There is no proper pratice guideline for children in China or over the world.Blood Purification Specialist Committee of Pediatric Association in Chinese Medical Doctor Association called experts together to make it out.With 2 years′ efforts, they finally got the goal.Through paper review, mutiple center researches and numberless dis-cussion, experts finally establish plasma exchange(PE) guideline of 9 different diseases for children including autoi-mmune hemolytic anemia, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)associated vasculitis, liver failure, hemolytic uremic syndrome, hemophagocytic syndrome, severe systemic lupus erythematosus, Gillain-Barre syndrome, acute di-sseminated encephalomyelitis and myasthenia gravis.This guideline provides the basement to establish a better one.What′s important is that PE is not the first treatment for certain disease, we should take the indication into consideration seriously. Key words: Blood purification; Plasma exchange; Expert consensus; Children
Incidental skeletal abnormalities in a 22-year-old man.

A 22-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of trauma. Radiographic images are shown below (Figures ​(Figures11–3). Figure 1 Oblique radiograph of the hand and wrist demonstrates multiple radio lucent, expansile masses of varying shapes in the phalanges, metacarpals, radius, and ulna. Figure 3 Axial computed tomography (CT) image of the skull base shows an expansile, cartilaginous mass (arrow) involving the parasellar area and petrous spices. For diagnosis and discussion, see the following page. DIAGNOSIS: Enchondromatosis (Ollier's disease).
Ethanol effects on cerebellar myelination in a postnatal mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Abstract Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are alarmingly common, result in significant personal and societal loss, and there are no effective treatments for these disorders. Cerebellar neuropathology is common in FASD and can cause impaired cognitive and motor function. The current study evaluates the effects of ethanol on oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, as well as molecules that modulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and function in the cerebellum in a postnatal mouse model of FASD. Neonatal mice were treated with ethanol from P4–P9 (postnatal day), the cerebellum was isolated at P10, and mRNAs encoding oligodendrocyte-associated molecules were quantitated by qRT-PCR. Our studies demonstrated that ethanol significantly reduced the expression of markers for multiple stages of oligodendrocyte maturation, including oligodendrocyte precursor cells, pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes, and mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Additionally, we determined that ethanol significantly decreased the expression of molecules that play critical roles in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Interestingly, we also observed that ethanol significantly reduced the expression of myelin-associated inhibitors, which may act as a compensatory mechanism to ethanol toxicity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethanol alters the expression of a variety of molecules important in oligodendrocyte function and myelination. Collectively, our studies increase our understanding of specific mechanisms by which ethanol modulates myelination in the developing cerebellum, and potentially identify novel targets for FASD therapy.
Maternal Outcomes and Pregnancy-Related Complications Among Hospitalized Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report from the National Inpatient Sample

Previous studies have been inconsistent in reporting the risk of pregnancy-related complications in women with IBD. We aimed to investigate the differences in frequencies of pregnancy-related complications requiring hospitalization in women with IBD compared to women without IBD. We performed a population-based, cross-sectional study using the 2014 USA National Inpatient Sample. Frequencies of ICD-9 codes for pregnancy-related complications in women aged 18–35 years with IBD were compared to women with no IBD controlling for confounders predisposing to pregnancy complications. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for each outcome. A total of 6705 women with IBD and a pregnancy complication were discharged from the hospital in 2014. In multivariate analyses, there was no statistically significant difference between women with and without IBD for: spontaneous abortion, post-abortion complications, ectopic pregnancy, hemorrhage, severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, early labor, polyhydramnios, hyperemesis, missed abortion, mental disorder during pregnancy, and forceps delivery. Women with IBD had significant lower odds for prolonged pregnancy, gestational diabetes, fetal distress, umbilical cord complications, obstetric trauma, mild preeclampsia, and hypertension. There was, however, higher odds for infectious and parasitic complications (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.42–2.14, p < 0.0001), UTIs (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.07–2.60, p = 0.02), and anemia (OR 5.26, 95% CI 4.01–6.90, p < 0.0001). In this large population-based analysis, women with IBD had higher odds for certain infections such as UTIs and anemia during pregnancy when compared to women with no IBD. For other pregnancy-related complications, women with IBD had the same or lower odds than women with no IBD. These data are important to share with women with IBD considering pregnancy.
Erscheinung, Erscheinen (Manifestation)

The lexeme Erscheinung/Erscheinen (manifestation) is related to the formative process of Werden (becoming) that fascinated Goethe throughout his life and which, in turn, is part and parcel of his understanding of morphology in all its manifestations, from the most elementary chemical processes to the highest products of the human mind. Because he was convinced that every existent thing necessitates interpretation to be grasped in its changefulness, he employed a range of surrogates to express the meanings of Erscheinung/Erscheinen. Thus, the lexeme can be translated in different ways: foremost as manifestation, phenomenon, appearance, or illusion. Moreover, Goethe believed that each manifestation is the result of an unrecognized law in the appearing object that corresponds to an unknown regulating principle in the observing subject and that nothing in living nature is static or occurs in isolation; everything is interconnected. Thus, Goethe’s method of inquiry consisted of close empirical observation that included reflection on the observing subjects themselves—a form of phenomenology. Consequently, Anschauen and Gegenstand also enter into the semantic field. Finally, the following examination highlights a lesser-known signification of Erscheinung in Goethe’s usage, one for which he did not have a specific term: that of emergence. Emergence seems most apt to express Goethe’s “lebendiger Begriff” (living concept), which can be seen as the counterpart to nature’s “lebendiges Fliesen” (living flow), which he repeatedly expressed in his literary and scientific writing.