cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct reprogramming of genetically unmodified fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells

In vitro reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent embryonic stem cell-like state has been achieved through retroviral transduction of murine fibroblasts with Oct4, Sox2, c-myc and Klf4. In these experiments, the rare 'induced pluripotent stem' (iPS) cells were isolated by stringent selection for activation of a neomycin-resistance gene inserted into the endogenous Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1) or Nanog loci. Direct isolation of pluripotent cells from cultured somatic cells is of potential therapeutic interest, but translation to human systems would be hindered by the requirement for transgenic donors in the present iPS isolation protocol. Here we demonstrate that reprogrammed pluripotent cells can be isolated from genetically unmodified somatic donor cells solely based upon morphological criteria.
MAPping the genomic landscape of low-grade pediatric gliomas

Two recent large-scale sequencing studies have identified multiple genetic aberrations in pediatric low-grade gliomas. These findings offer substantial insights that may spur the development of new diagnostics and treatments for these cancers.
The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in Artificial Insemination

The nurse practitioner caring for the couple requesting artificial insemination is able to provide comprehensive care as a teacher, counselor, and technician. An artificial insemination program is described, in which the nurse practitioner assesses the couple's emotional status relative to infertility, counsels them if indicated, describes the legal ramifications of the procedure, performs the insemination, and assists in interviewing donors for the program.
Intimate partner violence, depression, and PTSD among pregnant Latina women.

PURPOSE We undertook a study to describe factors related to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among pregnant Latinas who were or were not exposed to intimate partner violence. METHODS We interviewed 210 pregnant Latinas attending prenatal clinics located in Los Angeles, California. Latinas who did and did not have histories of intimate partner violence were recruited. We then assessed the women for strengths, adverse social behavioral circumstances, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. RESULTS Significantly more women exposed to intimate partner violence scored at or above the cutoff point for depression than women who were not (41% vs 18.6%; P CONCLUSIONS Intimate partner violence was significantly associated with depression and PTSD but was associated with depression only after controlling for other factors in the multivariate model. The risk for depression declined with greater mastery but increased with a history of trauma or exposure to intimate partner violence. Stress, a history of trauma not associated with intimate partner violence, and lower income were all independently associated with increased risk for PTSD.
Steroid Hormone Effects on Somatomedin. I. Somatomedin Action in Vitro1

The effects of cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone on somatomedin action on cartilage incubated in vitro have been examined. The addition of hormones in the absence of serum had no effect on the incorporation of sulfate by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats, embryonic chicks, or normal young pigs. Normal human serum provided a source of somatomedin which stimulated the incorporation of sulfate by cartilage in a doseresponse relationship; the potency of serum with and without added steroid hormone was determined after formal parallel-line analysis. Moderately supraphysiologic levels of cortisol, 17 β-estradiol, and testosterone generally had little effect on somatomedin action in these test systems. Very high levels of serum cortisol (100-1000 µg⁄100 ml) inhibited somatomedin action on pig cartilage, but had little effect on rat or chick cartilage. A 20 ng⁄100 ml increase in serum estradiol had no effect on somatomedin action on chick cartilage, but appeared to enhance somatomedin action on pig cartil...
Effects of Wake Vortices on Commercial Aircraft

Commercial aircraft are becoming more and more susceptible to wake vortex encounters at cruise altitude. Every airplane generates a trailing vortex which can linger behind the aircraft for miles. If a following aircraft penetrates the wake, it could potentially be a flight safety issue due to the induced roll on the airplane created by the circulation of the vortex. The strength of a wake vo rtex can be modeled and quantified by the coefficient of roll which a penetrating aircraft will experience when passing through a vortex. In this study, the coefficient was computed by a closed -form method and by using strip theory in order to analyze the effects of the vortex on the penetrating aircraft and determine the risk involved. Results showed that a penetrating aircraft with an equivalent span to the wake generating aircraft will experience a much lower coefficient of roll than when the penetrati ng aircraft has a smaller span. The results are especially important in a situation where there is a large disparity in aircraft size, such as a regional jet passing through the wake of a jumbo jet. Further, the coefficient of roll induced by a trailing vortex with a small core radius will be stronger than that of a vortex with a larger radius. In all cases, at least one scenario existed where the penetrating aircraft could not produce a control power coefficient of roll of the same magnitude as the indu ced coefficient from the vortex. Also, the taper ratio of the penetrating wing affects the strength of the induced coefficient of roll. A more rectangular wing will experience a stronger induced roll coefficient than a wing with taper. Lastly, the effec t of the spanwise vortex location of the vortex on the penetrating wing was examined. The induced roll coefficient was found to be the largest when the aircraft penetrates along the vortex axis and the vortex axis coincides with the centerline of the airp lane. Overall, the results determined from the various analyses offer substantial evidence to the risk of trailing wake vortex encounters at cruise altitude.
Using Student Risk Factors in School Violence Surveillance Reports: Illustrative Examples for Enhanced Policy Formation, Implementation, and Evaluation

This article presents information about the range and type of violent and associated behaviors that occur on American school campuses. We argue that the prevailing practice of reporting single-item population estimate trends from school violence surveillance surveys provides an incomplete basis upon which to form and evaluate public policy related to school violence. The presentation draws upon information derived from the 1993, 1995, 1997, and 1999 Centers for Disease Control’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) surveys (CDC 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000) and the 1997–1998 California Student Survey (CSS) (Austin et al. 2001). Secondary analyses using the YRBS and the CSS are used to illustrate the importance of considering risk and school adjustment patterns when examining school violence trends to formulate public policy agendas.
Reactive oxygen species and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes as second messengers in signal transduction

Signaling by H(2)O(2), alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and related chemical species, is thought to differ from signaling by other second messengers because the oxidants and other electrophiles can readily undergo nonenzymatic reactions and are therefore classified as "reactive." This brief review will describe how and when the chemistry of signaling is similar or differs from classic second messengers, such as cyclic AMP, or posttranslational signaling, such as farnesylation or ubiquitination. The chemistry of cysteine provides a common factor that underlies signaling by H(2)O(2) and HNE. Nonetheless, as H(2)O(2) and HNE are rapidly metabolized in vivo, spatial considerations are extremely important in their actions. Therefore, the locations of sources of H(2)O(2) and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, the NADPH oxidases, mitochondria, membrane lipids, and redox cycling toxicants, as well as their targets, are key factors. The activation of the JNK pathway by HNE and endogenously generated H(2)O(2) illustrates these principles.
State and Trait Effects on Individual Differences in Children’s Mathematical Development

Substantial longitudinal relations between children's early mathematics achievement and their much later mathematics achievement are firmly established. These findings are seemingly at odds with studies showing that early educational interventions have diminishing effects on children's mathematics achievement across time. We hypothesized that individual differences in children's later mathematical knowledge are more an indicator of stable, underlying characteristics related to mathematics learning throughout development than of direct effects of early mathematical competency on later mathematical competency. We tested this hypothesis in two longitudinal data sets, by simultaneously modeling effects of latent traits (stable characteristics that influence learning across time) and states (e.g., prior knowledge) on children's mathematics achievement over time. Latent trait effects on children's mathematical development were substantially larger than state effects. Approximately 60% of the variance in trait mathematics achievement was accounted for by commonly used control variables, such as working memory, but residual trait effects remained larger than state effects. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Genetic Studies of the β-Hairpin Loop of Rous Sarcoma Virus Capsid Protein

The first few residues of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) CA protein comprise a structurally dynamic region that forms part of a Gag-Gag interface in immature virus particles. Dissociation of this interaction during maturation allows refolding and formation of a beta-hairpin structure important for assembly of CA monomers into the mature capsid shell. A consensus binding site for the cellular Ubc9 protein was previously identified within this region, suggesting that binding of Ubc9 and subsequent small ubiquitin-like modifier protein 1 (SUMO-1) modification of CA may play a role either in regulating the assembly activity of CA in immature particles or mature cores or in controlling postentry function(s) during the establishment of infection. In the present study, mutations designed to eliminate the consensus binding site were used to dissect the potentially overlapping functions of these residues. The resulting replication defects could not be traced to a failure to form particles of normal composition but, rather, to a deficit in genome replication. Genetic suppressors of two detrimental beta-hairpin mutations improved infectivity without restoring the consensus site or creating a novel one elsewhere. Optimal restoration of infectivity to a Lys-to-Arg mutant required a combination of secondary changes, one on the surface of each domain of CA. Rather than arguing for a critical role of Ubc9 and SUMO in RSV replication, these findings provide strong support for a structural role of the N-terminal residues and a particularly striking example of long-range interactions between regions of CA in achieving a functional core competent for genome replication.
The 'Dutch disease': a disease after all?

Many third world oil producers are encountering serious problems in building up a diversified export base, while West European oil and gas producers (Netherlands, United Kingdom) are suffering a decline in their traded goods (manufacturing) sector induced by real wage pressures. It is becoming increasingly clear that high but temporary oil revenues may be somewhat ora mixed blessing, the quip of The Economist notwithstanding. The mechanism behind this unbalance is clear enough: part of the oil revenues is spent on non-traded goods which leads to a real appreciation (i.e., a rise in the relative price of non-traded goods in terms of traded goods). This in turn draws resources out of the non-oil traded sector into the non-traded goods producing sector (Corden and Neary (1982); van Wijnbergen (1980)). One may say that this is an efficient response to the increase in income from oil production, the United Kingdom (Mexico, Egypt, ...) simply should move into oil derived industries and non-traded goods and forget about their manufacturing sector until oil reserves are exhausted. However, many developing countries are hesitant to take this advice: after all the post-World War II success stories in economic development involve without exception countries that promoted their traded goods sector aggressively. Moreover, it is a well-established 'stylised fact' that technological progress is faster in the traded non-sheltered sectors of an economy than in the non-traded sector (Balassa (1964) is an early reference). Considering the hypothesis that technological progress, rather than taking place exogenously with the passage of time, is a function of accumulated experience, the concern of countries like Egypt, Mexico or Indonesia is much easier to understand. Since Solow (1957) and Denison (1962) it is known that capital accumulation explain only a small part of economic growth. If most of economic growth is caused by Learning by Doing induced technologica...
INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AND DIGITAL HUMANITIES

The digital age has been a boon for intellectual historians, particularly those of us who work on early modern Europe and America. The mass digitization of old books has made research more efficient than ever: first editions are there for the downloading on Google Books, Gallica, Liberty Fund, Project Gutenberg, and elsewhere. The creation of such large-scale databases as Early English Books Online (EEBO), Eighteenth-Century Collection Online (ECCO), the Making of the Modern World (formerly Goldsmiths’–Kress), or, on a more modest level, the ARTFL project's FRANTEXT, has also breathed new life into old texts. Books that lay forgotten for generations can now be rediscovered thanks to the magic of search engines. To be sure, this power has not always been wielded for good: students today can “cite anything, but construe nothing,” stringing together KWICs (keywords in context), and reading only a surrounding sentence or two (if that). But however they are used, these tools and platforms have transformed our daily work habits.
Demand for cash balances in a cashless economy

We study the demand for cash balances in the year 2050, when people exclusively use debit cards for all transactions. Money no longer serves as a medium of exchange. However, money still retains its roles as unit of account, numeraire and store of value. We capture these roles in a multi-period model with intertemporal uncertainty regarding prices and the interest rate on bonds, the alternative asset. A key result of our analysis is that the standard negative relationship between money demand and the bond interest rate is seen to be part of a larger economic reality encompassing a broader range of empirically testable implications, including the possibility that the relationship may be positive. We develop formal structural restrictions under which the positive relationship between cash balance demand and the bond interest rate is not only a possible outcome, but an explicit prediction of the model.
A Benchmark for Platelet Count Monitoring with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin: Expanding Implementation of National Patient Safety Goals

Practitioners in US hospitals are implementing anticoagulation dosing and monitoring protocols to improve the safety of anticoagulation, consistent with National Patient Safety Goal 03.05.01. An audit of the Utrecht Patient Oriented Database of patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) at the University Medical Center Utrecht revealed low compliance with platelet count monitoring as well as initial management of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Limitations to this work included the inability to exclude other drug-induced causes of thrombocytopenia and their definition of the frequency of platelet count monitoring for compliance in patients given venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Despite these limitations, the authors’ work represents the first published report on extending the quality of heparin anticoagulation management to platelet count monitoring and evaluation for HIT in a large patient population. Clinicians should include evaluations of compliance with platelet co...
Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences

Otters are classified in the Lutrinae and are united by a suite of semi-aquatic adaptations that distinguish them from the rest of the Mustelidae. Past systematic studies have been based primarily on overall similarity of morphological characters but have not been concordant, with regard either to relationships within the subfamily or to the relationships of the Lutrinae to other taxa in the Mustelidae. We evaluate the relationships among nine of the 13 species of otters and their position in the Mustelidae through phylogenetic analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Based on the sequence data presented here, our results suggest that otters are divided into three primary clades that include: (1) the North American river, neotropical and marine otters; (2) the sea, Eurasian, spotted-necked, cape clawless and small-clawed otters; and (3) the giant otter. Furthermore, our results indicate that among sampled mustelid taxa, members of the genus Mustela are most closely related to otters. The hierarchical relationships among clades are not well resolved, particularly the monophyly of otters, largely because a pattern of short internal branches combined with long terminal branches suggests a rapid evolutionary radiation. Estimates of divergence time calibrated by the fossil record suggest that the lineages leading to the North American river, neotropical and marine otters, and the giant otter diverged before the end of the Miocene, much earlier than predicted from the fossil record.
Postcolonialism and Native American Geographies: the Letters of Rosalie La Flesche Farley, 1896-1899

As the privileged daughter of the last traditional chief of the Omaha Indians, Rosalie La Flesche Farley acted as business manager for the Omaha during a period of changing land tenure and scandalous land loss. The letters I examine here discuss the spaces of colonial relations into which Rosalie was tied during the allotment, selling, and leasing of Omaha land in the late nineteenth century. While there is an acknowledged ‘problem’ with a postcolonial interpretation of US historical geography, a postcolonial analysis of Rosalie’s writing allows for a measure of understanding about the numerous conflicting, obviously distraught, but ultimately personally advantageous spaces of ‘Indianness’ she occupied. The gendered and racialized spaces and subjectivities she occupied were products of American colonialism and her strategies of survival within it.
Derivative estimation with known control-variate variances

We investigate the conception that the sample variance of the control variate (CV) should be used for estimating the optimal linear CV weight, even when the CV variance is known. A mixed estimator, which uses an estimate of the correlation of the performance measure (Y) and the control (X) is evaluated. Results indicate that the mixed estimator has most potential benefit when no information on the correlation of X and Y is available, especially when sample sizes are small. This work is presented in terms of CV for familiarity, but its primary application is in derivative estimation. In this context, unlike CV, X and Y are not assumed to be correlated.
Effect of Prophylaxis on the Clinical Manifestations of AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections

Administration of targeted prophylaxis for AIDS-related opportunistic infections has contributed significantly to the recent decrease in mortality among patients with AIDS in the United States. Most reported prophylaxis trials have focused on determining (a) the percentage of cases prevented and (b) the effect of widespread antibiotic use on drug susceptibility. A third phenomenon that is seldom reported on is the attenuating effect of failed prophylaxis on the clinical presentation of opportunistic infections (OIs). With the increasingly widespread use of prophylaxis for OIs, more atypical "breakthrough" cases of opportunistic infections will be seen. Reports of clinical changes are reviewed below. Investigators should routinely report the clinical manifestations of breakthrough cases in all articles pertaining to prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS.
Achieving accurate simulations of urban impacts on ozone at high resolution

The effects of urbanization on ozone levels have been widely investigated over cities primarily located in temperate and/or humid regions. In this study, nested WRF-Chem simulations with a finest grid resolution of 1 km are conducted to investigate ozone concentrations [O3] due to urbanization within cities in arid/semi-arid environments. First, a method based on a shape preserving Monotonic Cubic Interpolation (MCI) is developed and used to downscale anthropogenic emissions from the 4 km resolution 2005 National Emissions Inventory (NEI05) to the finest model resolution of 1 km. Using the rapidly expanding Phoenix metropolitan region as the area of focus, we demonstrate the proposed MCI method achieves ozone simulation results with appreciably improved correspondence to observations relative to the default interpolation method of the WRF-Chem system. Next, two additional sets of experiments are conducted, with the recommended MCI approach, to examine impacts of urbanization on ozone production: (1) the urban land cover is included (i.e., urbanization experiments) and, (2) the urban land cover is replaced with the region’s native shrubland. Impacts due to the presence of the built environment on [O3] are highly heterogeneous across the metropolitan area. Increased near surface [O3] due to urbanization of 10–20 ppb is predominantly a nighttime phenomenon while simulated impacts during daytime are negligible. Urbanization narrows the daily [O3] range (by virtue of increasing nighttime minima), an impact largely due to the region’s urban heat island. Our results demonstrate the importance of the MCI method for accurate representation of the diurnal profile of ozone, and highlight its utility for high-resolution air quality simulations for urban areas. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/ERL/9/114019/mmedia
Dense phase vertical pneumatic conveying

Vertical pneumatic conveying was studied in a 3-in. I.D. line, nineteen feet in length. Experiments were performed in both the empty line and in the line containing screen packing. Whereas in the conventional empty line choking occurs as the gas velocity is decreased, stable operation was possible in the screen packed line from the dilute conveying region down through the dense phase conveying region to the fluidizing region. A theoretical treatment proposed by Leung et al. to describe vertical transport of solids by liquids was used to predict the pressure drop/gas velocity relationship reasonably well for the screen packed line. Indications were obtained that the same equations may also be applied to conventional vertical pneumatic conveying in an empty line. On a etudie le transport pneumatique vertical dans un tuyau de 3 pouces de diametre interieur et de 19 pieds de longueur. On a fait les experiences dans le tuyau vide et dans le tuyau contenant une garniture-crible. Une obstruction s'est produite dans le tuyau vide ordinaire lorsque la velocite du gaz a decru, tandis que, dans le cas du tuyau avec garniture-crible, il a ete possible d'obtenir un fonctionnement stable a partir de la zone de transport a phase diluee en passant par celle a phase dense jusqu'a la region de fluidisation. On a utilise une theorie proposee par Leung et autres (pour decrire le transport vertical des solides) afin de predire assez bien le rapport entre la chute de pression et la velocite du gaz dans le cas du tuyau a garniture-crible. On a obtenu des indications a l'effet que les memes equations peuvent aussi s'appliquer au transport pneumatique vertical et ordinaire dans un tuyau vide.
Dysphagia After Partial Laryngectomy

Management of head and neck cancer has changed over the last 30 years. Less radical surgeries and new therapies have resulted in improved survival and quality of life for patients with laryngeal cancer. Yet, open procedures remain a necessary surgical management option and speech-language pathologists must be ready to address the complete swallowing recovery needs of those patients. This article reviews current statistics regarding laryngeal cancers, etiologies and discusses the three main types of partial laryngectomy surgeries still performed. Descriptions of the surgical approaches and resulting anatomic changes are provided. Functional outcomes for each type of partial laryngectomy and the requisite dysphagia evaluations and interventions are reviewed.
Convective momentum transport and perturbation pressure field from a cloud-resolving model simulation

This study uses a 2D cloud-resolving model to investigate the vertical transport of horizontal momentum and to understand the role of a convection-generated perturbation pressure field in the momentum transport by convective systems during part of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) Intensive Observation Period. It shows that convective updrafts transport a significant amount of momentum vertically. This transport is downgradient in the easterly wind regime, but upgradient during a westerly wind burst. The differences in convective momentum transport between easterly and westerly wind regimes are examined. The perturbation pressure gradient accounts for an important part of the apparent momentum source. In general it is opposite in sign to the product of cloud mass flux and the vertical wind shear, with smaller magnitude. Examination of the dynamic forcing to the pressure field demonstrates that the linear forcing representing the interaction between the convective updrafts and the large-scale wind shear is the dominant term, while the nonlinear forcing is of secondary importance. Thus, parameterization schemes taking into account the linear interaction between the convective updrafts and the large-scale wind shear can capture the essential features of the perturbation pressure field. The parameterization scheme for momentum transport by Zhang and Cho is evaluated using the model simulation data. The parameterized pressure gradient force using the scheme is in excellent agreement with the simulated one. The parameterized apparent momentum source is also in good agreement with the model simulation. Other parameterization methods for the pressure gradient are also discussed.
Interrelationship Between Biodegradability, Toxicity and Structure of Chlorophenols

It is postulated that a biological endpoint measured under equilibrium or semi-equilibrium conditions will be less sensitive to lipophilicity than one further removed from equilibrium. Data for the toxicity and biodegradabilityof a group of chlorophenols with reference to a pure microbial culture are provided in support of this hypothesis, as are other toxicity data obtained from the literature.
Mycorrhiza and PGPB modulate maize biomass, nutrient uptake and metabolic pathways in maize grown in mining-impacted soil

Abiotic stress factors including poor nutrient content and heavy metal contamination in soil, can limit plant growth and productivity. The main goal of our study was to evaluate element uptake, biomass and metabolic responses in maize roots growing in mining-impacted soil with the combination of arbuscular mycorrhiza (My) and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB/B). Maize plants subjected to PGPB, My and combined treatments showed a significant increase in biomass and uptake of some elements in shoot and root. Metabolite analysis identified 110 compounds that were affected ≥2-fold compared to control, with 69 metabolites upregulated in the My group, 53 metabolites in the My+B group and 47 metabolites in B group. Pathway analysis showed that impact on glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism was common between My and My+B groups, whereas PGPB group showed a unique effect on fatty acid biosynthesis with significant increase in palmitic acid and stearic acid. Differential regulation of some metabolites by mycorrhizal treatment correlated with root biomass while PGPB regulated metabolites correlated with biomass increase in shoot. Overall, the combination of rhizospheric microorganisms used in our study significantly increased maize nutrient uptake and growth relative to control. The changes in metabolic pathways identified during the symbiotic interaction will improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in rhizospheric interactions that are responsible for increased growth and nutrient uptake in crop plants.
The Structure of Cognitive Agency

Credit theories of knowledge have to explain the conditions under which beliefs are attributable to cognitive agents. The most promising way to explain these conditions is to offer an account of cognitive agency that is a plausible development of the uncontroversial notion that we are believing subjects. This article develops and defends a Structuralist model of cognitive agency.
Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Different Epitopes on the HIV-1 Envelope Exhibit Broad and Potent Neutralization

The potency and breadth of the recently isolated neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 have stimulated interest in their use to prevent or to treat HIV-1 infection. Due to the antigenically diverse nature of the HIV-1 envelope (Env), no single antibody is highly active against all viral strains. While the physical combination of two broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) can improve coverage against the majority of viruses, the clinical-grade manufacturing and testing of two independent antibody products are time and resource intensive. In this study, we constructed bispecific immunoglobulins (IgGs) composed of independent antigen-binding fragments with a common Fc region. We developed four different bispecific IgG variants that included antibodies targeting four major sites of HIV-1 neutralization. We show that these bispecific IgGs display features of both antibody specificities and, in some cases, display improved coverage over the individual parental antibodies. All four bispecific IgGs neutralized 94% to 97% of antigenically diverse viruses in a panel of 206 HIV-1 strains. Among the bispecific IgGs tested, VRC07 × PG9-16 displayed the most favorable neutralization profile. It was superior in breadth to either of the individual antibodies, neutralizing 97% of viruses with a median 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.055 μg/ml. This bispecific IgG also demonstrated in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters comparable to those of the parental bNAbs when administered to rhesus macaques. These results suggest that IgG-based bispecific antibodies are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection in humans. Importance To prevent or treat HIV-1 infection, antibodies must potently neutralize nearly all strains of HIV-1. Thus, the physical combination of two or more antibodies may be needed to broaden neutralization coverage and diminish the possibility of viral resistance. A bispecific antibody that has two different antibody binding arms could potentially display neutralization characteristics better than those of any single parental antibody. Here we show that bispecific antibodies contain the binding specificities of the two parental antibodies and that a single bispecific antibody can neutralize 97% of viral strains with a high overall potency. These findings support the use of bispecific antibodies for the prevention or treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Heritage ethics Toward a thicker account of nursing ethics

The key to understanding the moral identity of modern nursing and the distinctiveness of nursing ethics resides in a deeper examination of the extensive nursing ethics literature and history from the late 1800s to the mid 1960s, that is, prior to the "bioethics revolution". There is a distinctive nursing ethics, but one that falls outside both biomedical and bioethics and is larger than either. Were, there a greater corpus of research on nursing's heritage ethics it would decidedly recondition the entire argument about a distinctive nursing ethics. It would also provide a thicker account of nursing ethics than has been afforded thus far. Such research is dependent upon identifying, locating, accessing and, more importantly, sharing these resources. A number of important heritage ethics sources are identified so that researchers might better locate them. In addition, a bibliography of heritage ethics textbooks and a transcript of the earliest known journal article on nursing ethics in the US are provided.
Advanced Concepts in Multi-Dimensional Radiation Detection and Imaging

Advanced concepts in radiation detection and imaging significantly enhance the capabilities relevant for nuclear security and safety as well as in prevention and in response to nuclear and radiological attack. More recent developments in combining radiological and nuclear detection concepts with complementary sensor data and information provide yet further improved capabilities in these areas as well as in risk management and mitigation. We briefly discuss some of the new concepts and technologies that are being developed and implemented in the Berkeley Applied Nuclear Physics program. They range from micrometer resolution scale instruments that enable new means in detecting and reconstructing gamma rays to meter-scale instruments necessary to enable standoff detection capabilities. Complementary to that, contextual and environmental data are being measured and correlated with nuclear signatures and backgrounds to increase the ability to detect weak sources in the midst of spatially and temporally varying backgrounds. The concept of three-dimensional, volumetric imaging will be described as well the concept of the Nuclear Street View, both related concepts relevant for the detection and characterization of nuclear materials and associated activities. Finally, the impact of these technologies in the effective assessment of structures and radiation after a radiological or nuclear event will be discussed.
Confirming the Structural Validity of the My Class Inventory -- Short Form Revised.

Researchers analyzed data collected from elementary school students (N = 893) to further establish the psychometric soundness of the My Class Inventory – Short Form Revised (MCI-SFR). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted resulting in a good fit for a four-factor model, which corresponds to the instrument's four scales (Cohesion, Competitiveness, Friction, Satisfaction). Findings confirm the MCI-SFR as both a reliable and valid measure for assessing students' perceptions of their classroom climate.
Base decisions on facts, not instinct

It saddens me that we have to prescribe in detail, through the campaign's priorities for action, what should come naturally to those working in a caring profession.
Multicomponent phase-field model for extremely large partition coefficients

We develop a multicomponent phase-field model specially formulated to robustly simulate concentration variations from molar to atomic magnitudes across an interface, i.e., partition coefficients in excess of 10±23 such as may be the case with species which are predominant in one phase and insoluble in the other. Substitutional interdiffusion on a normal lattice and concurrent interstitial diffusion are included. The composition in the interface follows the approach of Kim, Kim, and Suzuki [Phys. Rev. E 60, 7186 (1999)] and is compared to that of Wheeler, Boettinger, and McFadden [Phys. Rev. A 45, 7424 (1992)] in the context of large partitioning. The model successfully reproduces analytical solutions for binary diffusion couples and solute trapping for the demonstrated cases of extremely large partitioning.
A Quantitative Estimate of the Effect of Aliasing in Climatological Time Series

The phenomenon of aliasing is well known and covered in most basic textbooks on time series analysis. For many climate studies we need to minimize aliasing effects. For example, to better understand the dependence of climate variables on differing forcings, we need to be able to determine how large variability is at various timescales. Estimates of variance that occurs at low frequencies can be compromised by variance aliased from higher frequencies. There is extensive literature estimating aliasing effects on data associated with what might be referred to as weather timescales (short), and some pointing out how specific variations might alias to climate timescales (e.g., Gray and Madden 1986; Wunsch 2000). However, to our knowledge, there is none providing general estimates of the possible size of aliased variations onto climate timescales. Results from simple calculations estimating the size of aliasing effects with averaging and sampling strategies often used in climate analysis surprised us by their magnitude. This note describes these results. A parameter that we use to summarize the likely effects of aliasing in an analysis is the ratio of averaging length (AL) to sampling interval (SI), AL/SI. We stress that for AL/SI , 1, considerable aliased variance can appear at all, even the lowest, frequencies. A survey of articles published during the past four years in the Jour-
Reappraising and Extending the Predictors of States’ Immigrant Policies: Industry Influences and the Moderating Effect of Political Ideology*

Objective We examined how the preferences of firms in immigrant-heavy industries influence the enactment of immigration policies by states and considered whether political ideology, serving as an interpretive lens for such preferences, moderates the effects of industry influences. Existing hypotheses about immigrant policy predictors were also reevaluated. Method We coded all immigration bills enacted for years 2005–2012 and fit multilevel, mixed models to predict state-year counts of beneficial and restrictive policies. Results Models showed that increases in GDP and employment within the accommodations industry predicted more beneficial immigrant policies within states. The effect of construction industry variables was conditional on state residents’ political ideology. There was mixed support for extant racial and economic threat and political climate hypotheses. Conclusion Firms in sectors heavily dependent on immigrant labor influence state-level immigrant policy. Some of these effects are direct, and some are moderated by state residents’ political beliefs.
Evaluation of pneumatic inclined deck separator for high-ash Indian coals

Application of pneumatic separators in coal beneficiation is increasing rapidly over the last decade primarily due to their low capital and operating costs, and waste handling problems associated with traditional wet processing methods. Large amount of shale/rock that is extracted in coal production can be removed prior to transportation at the mine face by using this methodology. Due to the limited washing facilities in India, most of the thermal power plants burn raw coal from run-of-mine (ROM) to generate electricity. This practice causes poor utilization efficiency, high operating and maintenance costs, and high emission rates for the power plants. One potential method that can be utilized is the air-fluidized inclined vibrating deck technology. The technology was demonstrated on a pilot-scale at different coal washeries in India at a feed rate of 5-ton per hour. The pilot-scale evaluation showed that 20 %–25 % high-ash incombustible material can be eliminated from ROM feed with only minor losses in energy content (<10 %) from respective ROM coal. Furthermore, a feasibility analysis showed significant economic gains in terms of transportation cost, improving power-plant efficiency, and reducing emissions rates by using the technology.
Learning a Context-Dependent Switching Strategy for Robust Visual Odometry

Many applications for robotic systems require the systems to traverse diverse, unstructured environments. State estimation with Visual Odometry (VO) in these applications is challenging because there is no single algorithm that performs well across all environments and situations. The unique trade-offs inherent to each algorithm mean different algorithms excel in different environments. We develop a method to increase robustness in state estimation by using an ensemble of VO algorithms. The method combines the estimates by dynamically switching to the best algorithm for the current context, according to a statistical model of VO estimate errors. The model is a Random Forest regressor that is trained to predict the accuracy of each algorithm as a function of different features extracted from the sensory input. We evaluate our method in a dataset of consisting of four unique environments and eight runs, totaling over 25 min of data. Our method reduces the mean translational relative pose error by 3.5 % and the angular error by 4.3 % compared to the single best odometry algorithm. Compared to the poorest performing odometry algorithm, our method reduces the mean translational error by 39.4 % and the angular error by 20.1 %.
Register, Genre, and Style: Register studies in context

The preceding chapters have introduced the concept of register in relation to the related concepts of genre and style . These chapters have additionally described a framework for doing register analysis, presented several case studies that have applied this framework, and discussed research findings on the more general patterns of register variation and historical change. In the present chapter, we return to some of the themes introduced in Chapter 1, discussing the place of register studies in relation to other academic fields and in relation to real-world applications. Register studies in the broader context of linguistics It is possible to consider linguistics as comprising two major subfields: the study of language structure (e.g., phonology, morphology, grammar) and the study of language use, how people acquire language and what they actually do with the structural resources of a language. The study of language use is intimately connected to the study of linguistic variation. All human languages exhibit linguistic variation: related linguistic structures that express similar meanings. Variation exists at all linguistic levels, including: allophones (e.g., t vs. t h ), synonymous words (e.g., dresser vs. chest of drawers ), morphemes (e.g., -tion vs. -ment ), grammatical constructions (e.g., relative clauses with and without a relative pronoun, active voice vs. passive voice). In large part, the study of language use is the study of linguistic variation, investigating the question of why a speaker uses one set of linguistic forms rather than another at any given time and place.
On the relationship between edge removal and strong converses

This paper explores the relationship between two ideas in network information theory: edge removal and strong converses. Edge removal properties state that if an edge of small capacity is removed from a network, the capacity region does not change too much. Strong converses state that, for rates outside the capacity region, the probability of error converges to 1. Various notions of edge removal and strong converse are defined, depending on how edge capacity and residual error probability scale with blocklength, and relations between them are proved. In particular, each class of strong converse implies a specific class of edge removal. The opposite direction is proved for deterministic networks, and some discussion is given for the noisy case.
Export Instability and Economic Development

(1967). Export Instability and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 248-249.
HDAC10 as a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.

Objective We analyzed histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10) for function in the context of the DNA damage response in BRCA1-null ovarian cancer cells as well as evaluated the potential of general HDAC inhibitors in primary ovarian carcinoma cells. HDAC10 had previously been shown to be highly stimulatory to the process of homology directed repair in HeLa cells, and in this study we investigated whether HDAC10 could impact in vitro the response to anticancer therapies. We hypothesized that the loss of HDAC10 would sensitize cells to platinum therapy.
Financial and clinical outcomes of extracorporeal mechanical support.

BACKGROUND Over the past decade, extracorporeal mechanical support (ECMO) has been increasingly utilized in respiratory failure and cardiogenic shock. There is a need for assessing clinical and financial outcomes of ECMO use. This study presents our institution's experience with veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) over a 9-year period. METHODS A retrospective review of our institution's ECMO database identified patients undergoing VA-ECMO between 2005 and 2013 (N = 150). Patients were assigned to four groups by indication: post-cardiotomy syndrome, cardiogenic shock requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), cardiogenic shock not requiring CPR, and respiratory failure. Hospital charges from administrative records were analyzed. Trend and correlation analyses were used to evaluate clinical and financial outcomes. RESULTS Of the 150 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 28% required VA-ECMO for post-cardiotomy syndrome, 31.3% for cardiogenic shock with CPR, 35.3% for cadiogenic shock with no CPR, and 5.4% for respiratory failure. Mean duration on ECMO was 5.0 ± 3.4 days with a survival rate of 64% and no difference between the four groups (p = 0.40). ECMO-associated charges averaged $74,500 ± 61,400 per patient, 6% of total hospital charges. Subgroup analysis of cardiogenic shock patients revealed a nearly twofold increase in ECMO-related charges among patients who did not receive CPR (p = 0.04), as well as a trend toward improved survival (69.8% vs 51.1%, p = 0.06). CONCLUSION In view of the variations in survival and costs in ECMO patients, further studies should aim to delineate patient populations that benefit from early initiation of ECMO.
Project Quality: The Achilles Heel of Offshore Technology Projects?

Technology projects today are being increasingly executed in project sourcing structures that span country boundaries. However, the performance implications of such offshoring efforts are often ambiguous vis-a-vis those that are executed within country boundaries. Further, little is known about project execution capabilities that may be central to improving the performance of offshore technology projects. This study attempts to shed light on the above issues using data from technology projects distributed within and across country boundaries. The study findings are twofold. First, a comparative analysis of project performance across 702 technology projects reveals that projects executed offshore realize significantly lower performance related to quality and technical goals compared with projects executed within country boundaries. Second, a subsequent in-depth analysis of the offshore technology projects in the sample highlights the enabling but differential performance effects of project execution capabilities. Specifically, we find that while risk management planning capability is central to improving project adherence to schedule and budgetary goals, agile project management capability is central to improving project adherence to quality and technical goals in technology projects executed offshore. The study concludes with a discussion of the findings, implications for technology research and practice, limitations, and directions for future research.