cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on rural residence and access to drug abuse services: where are we and where do we go?

ABSTRACT: Context: Illicit drug use is common in rural areas, but very little research has investigated rural populations' access to drug abuse services. Purpose: To describe the current state of the scientific literature on access to drug abuse services in rural areas and suggest directions for future research. Methods: We performed a literature review of published articles on rural drug abuse services and summarized the findings according to potential, realized, accommodating, and acceptable access. Relevant articles on rural access to medical, alcohol, and mental health care were selected to supplement the scarce literature specific to drug abuse. Findings: A limited body of work indicates that rural populations have lower availability and utilize needed drug abuse services less frequently than their urban counterparts. Even less is known about the accommodation and acceptability of drug abuse programs serving rural populations. Conclusions: Research that investigates the existence and determinants of problems with access to drug abuse services is greatly needed to enable policy makers, drug treatment managers, and practitioners to better meet the needs of their rural clientele. As this field of inquiry advances, methodologies for constructing drug abuse service areas and measuring consumers' evaluations must be developed.
Battered Women’s Multitude of Needs Evidence Supporting the Need for Comprehensive Advocacy

To better illuminate the elements of an effective community response to domestic violence, this study examined how survivors prioritized their help-seeking activities and what their priorities revealed about their patterns of need. This study expanded on Sullivan and Bybee’s findings regarding the utility of community-based advocacy by examining whether the extent to which such advocacy was effective was dependent on the types of needs that survivors presented. Cluster analysis revealed five distinct subgroups of survivors: one focused primarily on activities to acquire housing, a second worked more on education and employment, a third focused heavily on legal issues, and two groups were characterized by survivors’ level of activity across a variety of needs (high and low). Despite the varied constellations of needs survivors presented, broad-based advocacy enhanced survivors’ effectiveness in mobilizing needed community resources. These findings suggest that comprehensive and individualized approaches to advocacy for battered women are essential.
Jupiter’s Radiation Belts and Upper Atmosphere

Models of Jupiter’s radiation belts have been constructed to determine the distribution of particles and their energies which will produce the observed decimetric radio emission. Data on the spectrum and the variation of emission with Jovian longitude have been used to show that the relativistic particles have a nearly isotropic distribution with high energies (of order 100 MeV) within 2 Jovian radii and a very flat distribution in the equatorial plane of low energy particles further out in the magnetosphere.
Polymeric Sensors to Monitor Cockroach Locomotion

We have developed a method using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric sensor to monitor the leg movements of cockroaches. The PVDF sensor was coated with gold as electrodes. It was attached to the leg of a roach. The voltage signals generated through bending directly correlate to the movement of the legs. It was found that the output voltage was a function of the degree of sensor bending caused by the movement of leg sclerites. An ex situ motorized linear stage generated similar results.
High‐pressure metamorphism caused by magma loading in Fiordland, New Zealand

Cretaceous granulite facies metamorphism in the Fiordland area of New Zealand has distinctive mineralogical, textural and structural features that set it apart from most other regional metamorphic belts. The metamorphism, developed over a 30×150-km area and the consequence of a 20-km-thick increment to crustal thickness, is closely associated in space and time with a large plutonic complex, the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO). Although temperatures and pressures as high as 700 °C and 12 kbar were attained, the metamorphic overprint on earlier low-pressure assemblages is weak and incomplete. Little strain accompanied the metamorphism. The temperature threshold at which metamorphic recrystallization is recorded is over 500 °C. Zoned garnets are preserved at unusually high temperatures, indicating duration of metamorphism on the order of 10 times shorter than in most other regional terranes. This pattern of features bears close similarity to metamorphism in the Coast Plutonic Complex in North America, where a mechanism of ‘magma loading’ has been invoked. In Fiordland, the high-pressure metamorphism can be explained by depression of country rock under a crustal zone that is inflated by intrusion of the WFO. Regional structure of the WFO as a horizontally sheeted complex suggests that the pluton was emplaced by vertical displacement of country rock, and supports the magma loading model.
Quantitation & Case-Study-Driven Inquiry to Enhance Yeast Fermentation Studies

We propose a procedure for the assay of fermentation in yeast in microcentrifuge tubes that is simple and rapid, permitting assay replicates, descriptive statistics, and the preparation of line graphs that indicate reproducibility. Using regression and simple derivatives to determine initial velocities, we suggest methods to compare the effects of experimental variables. This technique is straightforward enough to facilitate design of an inquiry lab based on a scenario that explores modifications to enhance the rate of fermentation.
Signatures of Large-Amplitude Vibrations in the Spectra of H5+ and D5+

H5+ is a weakly bound molecular ion, which is formed from the reaction of H3+ and H2 and that has a very rich vibrational spectrum. In this work, diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) approaches are used to explore the nature of vibrationally excited states of the proton-transfer mode in H5+. On the basis of these calculations, alternative assignments of the recently reported infrared multiphoton dissociation spectra of H5+ and D5+ [J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 3160−3166] are suggested. In the proposed assignments, progressions of transitions in the proton-transfer mode with up to nine quanta of excitation are invoked. Reduced dimensional calculations of the spectra of H5+ and D5+ are used to provide an understanding of why such high overtones should be observable through absorption spectroscopy. Implications of how excitations of this mode can provide insights into the H3+ + H2 reaction are also discussed.
Development and Preliminary Testing of an Organizational Heart Health Support Assessment

Abstract Because of a growing need in the area of worksite health promotion to assess the employer as well as the employee, an organizational heart health support instrument and data collection process was developed and field tested. Modeled after criteria found in the 1992 National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion, the instrument was reviewed by experts in the field and found to have sufficient content and face validity. Following training of a group of 14 advanced health promotion majors serving as independent raters, the instrument was field tested at four cooperating worksites. Significant differences were observed by mean organizational support scores across these worksites. Of 134 total items, 133 were found to have inter-rater agreement of 80 percent or greater. Additionally, internal consistency reliability ranged from .83 to. 97 for the instrument's six sub-scales. Taken in total, the instrument was judged acceptable for field use to assess organizational need, heighten management's awareness ...
Solution Deposition of Self-Assembled Benzoate Monolayers on Rutile (110): Effect of π–π Interactions on Monolayer Structure

High-quality, self-assembled benzoate monolayers were synthesized on rutile (110) using simple aqueous reactions. Sputtering and annealing cycles, which create surface and subsurface defects, were not needed. The monolayers were hydrophobic and remained largely contaminant free during exposures to laboratory air for tens of minutes. During this period, infrared spectroscopy showed that the monolayers did not spontaneously adsorb airborne hydrocarbons or other adventitious aliphatic species. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images, infrared and X-ray photoemission spectra, Monte Carlo simulations, and ab initio calculations were all consistent with benzoate molecules adopting an edge-to-face ring geometry with their four nearest neighbors—a tetrameric bonding geometry. This bonding is further stabilized by a pairing interaction between adjacent benzoate molecules, a pairing that has previously been interpreted as dimerization. The coexistence of paired and unpaired regions of the monolayer is consistent...
Background parenchymal enhancement over exam time in patients with and without breast cancer.

Purpose To compare background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) over time in patients with and without breast cancer. Materials and methods This retrospective Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant study included 116 women (25-84 years, mean 54 years) with breast cancer who underwent breast magnetic resonance imaging at 3T between 1/2/2009 and 12/29/2009 and 116 age and date-of-exam-matched women without breast cancer (23-84 years, mean 51 years). Two independent, blinded readers (R1, R2) recorded BPE (minimal, mild, moderate, marked) at three times (100, 210, and 320 seconds postcontrast). Subsequent cancers were diagnosed in 9/96 control patients with follow up (12.6-93.0 months, mean 63.6 months). Exact Mann-Whitney, Fisher's exact, and McNemar tests were performed. Results Mean BPE was not found to be different between patients with and without breast cancer at any time (P = 0.36-0.64). At time 2 as compared with time 1, there were significantly more patients, both with and without breast cancer, with BPE >minimal (R1: 90 vs. 41 [P mild (R1: 59 vs. 10 [P mild at time 2. Conclusion BPE changes between the first and second postcontrast scans and stabilizes thereafter in most patients. Further investigation into the most clinically relevant timepoint for BPE assessment is warranted. Level of evidence 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:74-83.
Advancing a national cradle-to-grave-to-cradle public health agenda

In 1881, President James A. Garfield was shot by an assassin—one bullet to his arm and another to his back. Physicians rushed to care for him, believing that he had survivable injuries. The discove...
A Quality Improvement Team on Autologous and Directed-Donor Blood Availability

Article-at-a-Glance Background Until 1985, volunteer donors provided blood for almost all transfusions and donated blood was rarely restricted for transfusion to a specific patient. With the AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) crisis, autologous (blood from oneself) and directed (blood from families and friends) donations increased, calling for handling of far greater complexity. At the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, the demand for special donations superseded the development of systems to meet the demand and autologous and/or directed donations were often not available when needed. After a rapid rise in incident reports and complaints from physicians, nurses, patients, and families, a quality improvement (QI) team was formed in mid-1991 to improve blood availability. Method Meetings were held to analyze the processes involved in blood donation and transfusion, identify and categorize problems, develop interventions, test and implement solutions, and monitor improvements. Educational efforts were implemented throughout the medical center, recruitment for a special donations coordinator began, and changes were made in the blood bank's internal systems. Results In two years, with stable numbers of transfused units, the number of incident reports regarding blood availability decreased from 19 to 2 per year—an improvement that has been sustained for more than three years. The QI team continues to meet regularly to design and implement additional improvements. Conclusion A QI team has improved the availability of autologous and directed-donor blood to patients and has extended the impact of the QI methodology throughout the medical center as a whole.
Mapping the Evidence to Improve Retention Rates in Addiction Services

Untreated alcohol and drug addiction continues to be a major health issue in the United States. To meet the challenges of this chronic illness, treatment should be based in the best, most up-to-date science. Treatment retention and completion have been continually shown to significantly improve health and wellness outcomes. Unfortunately, most individuals who enter programs do not successfully complete them. The goal of this study is to use evidence mapping to define the best evidence-based practices and strategies to improve retention rates within addiction services and to present recommendations.
Deciding to Lead: When and Why to Begin to Take on Leadership Roles

Leaders need to be decisive. Great leadership includes judgement about when to begin to lead and how to make important decisions. We will refer to a classic text from the business world to explore some of the myths and realities of what distinguishes great leadership from mediocre and poor leadership.
Determination of optimal imaging parameters for the reconstruction of a nuclear fuel assembly using limited angle neutron tomography

The core components of nuclear reactors (e.g., fuel assemblies, spacer grids, control rods) encounter harsh environments due to high temperature, physical stress, and a tremendous level of radiation. The integrity of these elements is crucial for safe operation of nuclear power plants; post-irradiation examination (PIE) can reveal information about the integrity of these components. Neutron computed tomography (CT) is one important PIE measurement tool for nondestructively evaluating the structural integrity of these items. CT typically requires many projections to be acquired from different view angles, after which a mathematical algorithm is used for image reconstruction. However, when working with heavily irradiated materials and irradiated nuclear fuel, obtaining many projections is laborious and expensive. Image reconstruction from a smaller number of projections has been explored to achieve faster and more cost-efficient PIE. Classical reconstruction methods (e.g., filtered backprojection), unfortunately, do not typically offer stable reconstructions from a highly asymmetric, few-projection data set and often create severe streaking artifacts. We propose an iterative reconstruction technique to reconstruct curved, plate-type nuclear fuel assemblies using limited-angle CT. The performance of the proposed method is assessed using simulated data and validated through real projections. We also discuss the systematic strategy for establishing the conditions of reconstructions and finding the optimal imaging parameters for reconstructions of the fuel assemblies from few projections using limited-angle CT. Results show that a fuel assembly can be reconstructed using limited-angle CT if 36 or more projections are taken from a particular direction with 1° angular increment.
Effect of PCO2-adjusted pH on the neonatal heart during hypothermic perfusion and ischemia.

The effect of pH regulation on the function of the isolated neonatal heart during continuous hypothermic perfusion and arrest was tested in 3- to 6-day-old piglet hearts. Three groups of hearts were perfused from an adult support pig, with pH varied by a carbon dioxide/oxygen gas exchanger and temperature controlled by a heat exchanger. After control function studies were obtained at normothermia with a pH of 7.4, the hearts were cooled over 15 minutes to 10° C. Hypothermic perfusion was maintained for 1 hour, followed by rewarming to 37° C. In group 1 (n = 5), the alpha stat (neutral) model, the blood perfusate was maintained at a pH of 7.4 (calculated at 37° C). In group 2, the alkaline model, the pH was maintained at 7.9, and in group 3, the pH-stat (acid) model, the pH was maintained at 7.0. In addition, the effect of 1 hour of hypothermic ischemia after hypothermic perfusion at a pH of 7.0 was evaluated in five hearts (group 4). After rewarming no significant difference was noted in functional recovery (group 1 = 93% ± 5%, group 2 = 92% ± 6%, group 3 = 96% ± 5%, and group 4 = 95% ± 2%), oxygen consumption, coronary resistance, lactate extraction, and myocardial extravascular water content We conclude that neonatal heart function is resistant within the range of this study to changes in pH caused by changes in carbon dioxide tension during hypothermic perfusion and ischemia.
Free energy functionals for polarization fluctuations: Pekar factor revisited

The separation of slow nuclear and fast electronic polarization in problems related to electron mobility in polarizable media was considered by Pekar 70 years ago. Within dielectric continuum models, this separation leads to the Pekar factor in the free energy of solvation by the nuclear degrees of freedom. The main qualitative prediction of Pekar's perspective is a significant, by about a factor of two, drop of the nuclear solvation free energy compared to the total (electronic plus nuclear) free energy of solvation. The Pekar factor enters the solvent reorganization energy of electron transfer reactions and is a significant mechanistic parameter accounting for the solvent effect on electron transfer. Here, we study the separation of the fast and slow polarization modes in polar molecular liquids (polarizable dipolar liquids and polarizable water force fields) without relying on the continuum approximation. We derive the nonlocal free energy functional and use atomistic numerical simulations to obtain nonlocal, reciprocal space electronic and nuclear susceptibilities. A consistent transition to the continuum limit is introduced by extrapolating the results of finite-size numerical simulation to zero wavevector. The continuum nuclear susceptibility extracted from the simulations is numerically close to the Pekar factor. However, we derive a new functionality involving the static and high-frequency dielectric constants. The main distinction of our approach from the traditional theories is found in the solvation free energy due to the nuclear polarization: the anticipated significant drop of its magnitude with increasing liquid polarizability does not occur. The reorganization energy of electron transfer is either nearly constant with increasing the solvent polarizability and the corresponding high-frequency dielectric constant (polarizable dipolar liquids) or actually noticeably increases (polarizable force fields of water).
Reducing Overuse-Is Patient Safety the Answer?

In this issue of JAMA, Zapata and colleagues discuss framing the provision of unnecessary medical care as a patient safety problem and managing this problem using the hospital patient safety committee.1 The case presented highlights the lack of clarity about who is accountable for addressing overuse issues. All hospitals are concerned with the safety of their patients, and the authors provide a thoughtful discussion of the merits and challenges of using patient safety infrastructure to target overuse. To retain focus on safety issues while facilitating greater attention to overuse requires defining the relationship between overuse and patient safety.
Comments on Flight and the Evolution of Bats

Inasmuch as bats possess wings, are capable of sustained flight, and have become totally committed anatomically to this mode of existence, an interpretation of chiropteran evolution must first deal with the evolution of chiropteran flight. Unlike birds which can simply fold their wings, when not in use (and walk about on relatively unspecialized pelvic appendages) bats are essentially incapable of alternative forms of locomotion when not in flight. Of course, all bats can scurry about to some extent and vampire bats (Desmodontinae) are quite agile at walking on their elbows and wrists. However, by virtue of their anatomical adaptations for flight, bats have largely abandoned their terrestrial (i.e., quadrupedal) locomotory abilities. No other volant animal has made such a complete and drastic modification in its locomotory style; the only possible exceptions are the reptilian pterosaurs and flightless birds.
Critical Friendship for Librarians: Striving Together for Scholarly Advancement

Abstract Critical friendship is a form of nonhierarchical developmental relationship in which there is no mentor or protege. In critical friendship, individuals with similar aims and differing experiences and knowledge aid each other in achieving goals by critically observing each other’s performance and progress. Bonded with trust, critical friends serve as sworn friends who strive and struggle side by side and share joy and pain throughout their journey. Originating from within the field of higher education, the critical friendship methodology has primarily been used by educators to improve their teaching skills, but has been found to be a powerful resource for librarians. While the literature on critical friendship demonstrates its effectiveness when applied to educators’ pedagogical strategies, it has not been studied as a means to promote scholarly advancement in higher education nor for its positive impact on professional development for librarians. Especially for those who are tenure-track librarians, having a tool to aid with publication, service, and academic contribution for tenure and promotion is incredibly useful. This chapter reports on the action research project conducted by us, two junior faculty librarians at an urban university, who have converted the critical friendship methodology to a framework accessible to nonteaching, tenure-track faculty librarians. For 2 years, we have implemented a practice of critical friendship as a way to assist each other to survive, strive, and succeed during our long journey to tenure while fostering each other’s advancement as librarians. The authors have found that a diversity of experience aids in the strength of a critical friendship. The expression of unique cultural understandings, in our case our disparate upbringings in Midwest America and Tokyo, Japan, has aided to strengthening and empowering each critical friend. This chapter will not only discuss the definition, history, methodology, benefits, and challenges of critical friendship, but will also provide a summary, an outline, tools, and advice for librarians seeking a new nonhierarchical model of mentorship.
Patient Safety in Obstetrics: More Evidence, Less Emotion.

On a recent week covering the inpatient service, I was quietly rounding on our antepartum unit when a code call for labor and delivery came over the hospital intercom system. I sprinted to Labor and Delivery to find one of our recently postpartum women receiving chest compressions from the code team
The origins of coastal ecological decline and the Great Atlantic Oyster Collapse

Abstract Changes to Earth systems threaten human and non-human sustainability because these changes undermine critical life support systems such as estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs), which are in systematic ecological decline. This article investigates the root social causes of coastal decline through the case of serial collapses of the Atlantic oyster ( C. virginica ), starting in New York in 1810. The research triangulates two methods, inductive historical political economy, and a reading of archival newspapers from 1607 to 1900 interpreted through a framework informed by Marxian attention to the flow of capital and the stages of capitalist development. The historical research indicates that the community-oriented classical republicanism of Jefferson, lost to the rise of a liberal republicanism in the period after the Revolutionary War and the early 19th century. This shift initiated the first stages of American capitalism, called “original accumulation,” that caused the first collapse of the native oyster beds. As capitalism matured into the “production” phase, industrial harvesting and development in the ECE destroyed the cultivated beds. In the archives, oysters are consistently framed as a commodity, not a part of a living seashore with needs. Recurring discourses of an “inexhaustible” industry, competition between states, and even “oyster wars” highlight the importance of the oyster as a commodity. In stories about depletion, the narratives are limited to the source of oysters seed to New York, or micro-depletions that complain of a lost favored brand and the search for its replacement. The origins of Atlantic ECE decline are found in the development of Atlantic capitalism.
Elevated Hemoglobin A1c Is Associated With Incident Diabetes Within 4 Years Among Normoglycemic, Working-Age Individuals in an Employee Wellness Program

Assessment of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in addition to fasting glucose (FG) levels and other risk factors can improve diabetes risk assessment (1). Employee wellness programs (EWPs) are common in the U.S. (2), providing opportunities to identify working-age individuals at risk for diabetes (3) and to offer risk-reduction programs targeted to those at most risk. Based on the records of one large laboratory testing provider for EWPs, 25% of those offered FG testing were also offered HbA1c testing (4). Here we investigated whether the addition of HbA1c to FG testing for EWP participants with apparently normal FG (<100 mg/dL) would identify those at elevated risk for incident diabetes. The analysis was based on a cohort of 34,676 employees and spouses who participated in an EWP in 2012. Those with baseline FG ≥100 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol), or a self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes ( n = 8,837), with missing baseline data ( n = 244), or who failed to participate in the EWP at least once during 4 years of follow-up ( n = 4,256) were excluded, leaving 21,339 participants. The association …
Automated behavioral mapping for monitoring social interactions among older adults

Social interactions in retirement communities' shared spaces is a key component to preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people. Given the underutilization of these spaces, placing technologies to promote socialization in shared spaces might improve independence and quality of life among older adults. In order to understand socializations in these shared spaces, surveillance systems must be developed to quantify the number and type of interactions in an environment. We hypothesize that social interactions amongst older adults can be detected using multiple cameras and microphones strategically placed in the environment. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of an automatic behavioral mapping surveillance system designed for monitoring interactions among older adults and technology interventions in retirement communities' shared common areas. Specific emphasis is given to the system designed to monitor the number, length and type of interactions of older adults in the community.
Exploration in Least-Squares Policy Iteration

One of the key problems in reinforcement learning is balancing exploration and exploitation. Another is learning and acting in large or even continuous Markov decision processes (MDPs), where compact function approximation has to be used. In this paper, we provide a practical solution to exploring large MDPs by integrating a powerful exploration technique, Rmax, into a state-of-the-art learning algorithm, least-squares policy iteration (LSPI). This approach combines the strengths of both methods, and has shown its efiectiveness and superiority over LSPI with two other popular exploration rules in several benchmark problems.
Table-Mounted System Software Development

Virtually all the requirements for (interactive) eye tracking application development are similar today as they were a few years ago with older equipment (see Chap. 7), save for the most important: mapping of the eye tracker coordinates.
Fault-tolerant flight control using one aerodynamic control surface

This paper considers a statically stable unmanned aircraft that is equipped with only two aerodynamic control surfaces (called elevons) and one tractor-type propeller. A fault in either of the elev...
Simulation in Transplant Surgery

Transplant surgery is a complicated field that has continued to evolve over the last few decades. It is one of the most regulated fields in medicine given the critical nature of the patients and the scarcity of available organs. Much has been done to establish protocols that increase the safety of transplant surgery. This includes procedures for the donor/procurement phase as well as the recipient/transplant phase. Education through various types of simulation has greatly enhanced the field at both these phases and has allowed caregivers to become knowledgeable about the pitfalls that can occur when taking care of a donor or recipient, dealing with difficult patient family encounters, enhancing the surgical trainee’s experience, and ensuring the proper treatment and delivery of donor organs. Without the development of this intricate interwoven network of staff with all aspects of transplant, we would not have achieved the success and level of safety that current transplant recipients experience today.
Ethanol promotes differentiation of embryonic stem cells through retinoic acid receptor-γ

Ethanol (EtOH) is a teratogen, but its teratogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. The alcohol form of vitamin A (retinol/ROL) can be oxidized to all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), which plays a critical role in stem cell differentiation and development. Using an embryonic stem cell (ESC) model to analyze EtOH's effects on differentiation, we show here that EtOH and acetaldehyde, but not acetate, increase differentiation-associated mRNA levels, and that EtOH decreases pluripotency-related mRNAs. Using reporter assays, ChIP assays, and retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) knockout ESC lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination, we demonstrate that EtOH signals via RARγ binding to RA response elements (RAREs) in differentiation-associated gene promoters or enhancers. We also report that EtOH-mediated increases in homeobox A1 (Hoxa1) and cytochrome P450 family 26 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp26a1) transcripts, direct RA target genes, require the expression of the RA-synthesizing enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (Aldh1a2), suggesting that EtOH-mediated induction of Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1 requires ROL from the serum. As shown with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout lines, the retinol dehydrogenase gene Rdh10 and a functional RARE in the ROL transporter stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (Stra6) gene are required for EtOH induction of Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1. We conclude that EtOH stimulates stem cell differentiation by increasing the influx and metabolism of ROL for downstream RARγ-dependent transcription. In stem cells, EtOH may shift cell fate decisions to alter developmental outcomes by increasing endogenous ROL/RA signaling via increased Stra6 expression and ROL oxidation.
Concordant Reaction Networks: Architectures That Promote Dull, Reliable Behavior Across Broad Kinetic Classes

In this chapter we’ll resume a narrative that ran through Chapters 7 and 8. There our interest was largely in the relationship between the structure of a reaction network and its capacity (or lack of it) to give rise to instabilities or multiple equilibria within a positive stoichiometric compatibility class. The principal theorems centered mostly on a reaction network’s deficiency or, in some cases, on the deficiencies of the network’s linkage classes. In this chapter, however, deficiencies will play almost no role at all.
Troubleshooting Implementation Challenges

Careful selection and installation of an evidence-based practice that begins initial implementation in a transformation zone will mitigate many of the most substantial implementation challenges. This chapter anticipates some of the more common implementation challenges and suggests strategies to address them and support program sustainability. When well implemented, evidence-based practices can incur only marginal additional costs and, over time, produce significant community cost-benefits. This chapter examines the impact of initial perceptions of clinical progress and potential concerns related to cultural relevance as important considerations for new implementation efforts to address.
Hierarchical Reconstruction of High-Resolution 3D Models of Large Chromosomes.

Eukaryotic chromosomes are often composed of components organized into multiple scales, such as nucleosomes, chromatin fibers, topologically associated domains (TAD), chromosome compartments, and chromosome territories. Therefore, reconstructing detailed 3D models of chromosomes in high resolution is useful for advancing genome research. However, the task of constructing quality high-resolution 3D models is still challenging with existing methods. Hence, we designed a hierarchical algorithm, called Hierarchical3DGenome, to reconstruct 3D chromosome models at high resolution (<=5 Kilobase (KB)). The algorithm first reconstructs high-resolution 3D models at TAD level. The TAD models are then assembled to form complete high-resolution chromosomal models. The assembly of TAD models is guided by a complete low-resolution chromosome model. The algorithm is successfully used to reconstruct 3D chromosome models at 5 KB resolution for the human B-cell (GM12878). These high-resolution models satisfy Hi-C chromosomal contacts well and are consistent with models built at lower (i.e. 1 MB) resolution, and with the data of fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments. The Java source code of Hierarchical3DGenome and its user manual are available here https://github.com/BDM-Lab/Hierarchical3DGenome .
Pain Screening in the Older Adult With Delirium

Abstract Background In patients with cognitive impairments who are unable to self-report pain, nurses must rely on behavioral observation tools to assess and manage pain. Although frequently employed in medical-surgical units, evidence supporting the psychometric efficacy of the Pain in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) for pain screening in older adults with delirium is lacking. Aim To examine the psychometrics of the PAINAD for older adults with delirium in medical-surgical settings. Design A descriptive repeated measures design. Setting Medical-surgical units in an urban tertiary care hospital. Participants Sixty-eight older adults with delirium. Methods Patients with delirium unable to self-report pain were screened by two data collectors with the PAINAD and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). Patients with a PAINAD score ≥3 or a CPOT score ≥2 received a pain intervention. Pain assessments were repeated 30 minutes post baseline or pain intervention. Results Patients were predominately female (58.8%) with dementia (71%). Thirty-nine patients screened positive for pain and received a pain intervention. PAINAD reliability was strong (Cronbach's α = 0.81-0.87; interrater intraclass coefficients [ICC] = 0.91-0.94; test-retest ICC = 0.76-0.77). Construct validity was supported by a statistically significant interaction effect between time (baseline versus follow-up) and condition (pain intervention versus no pain group; Rater 1: F(1,66) = 8.31, p = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.11; Rater 2: F(1,66) = 8.22, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.11. Conclusions The PAINAD is a reliable and valid tool for pain screening for older adults with delirium in medical-surgical settings. Clinical Implications Pain and delirium frequently co-occur in the older adult population. Best practices require a holistic assessment for contributing pain and non-pain factors in patients exhibiting distress.
Issues Relevant to Population Health in Political Advertising in the United States, 2011‐2012 and 2015‐2016

Policy Points Political advertising can influence which issues are public policy priorities. Population health-relevant issues were frequently referenced in televised political advertising in the 2011-2012 and 2015-2016 US election cycles, with about one-fourth of all ads aired mentioning traditional public health and health policy topics and more than half referencing broader determinants of population health. The volume of population health-relevant issues referenced in political ads varied by geography, political office, political party, and election cycle. Ads referencing broader determinants of population health (such as employment, education, or gender equality) rarely tied these determinants directly to health outcomes. Context Political discourse is one way that policymakers and candidates for public office discuss societal problems, propose solutions, and articulate actionable policies that might improve population health. Yet we know little about how politicians define and discuss issues relevant to population health in their major source of electoral communication, campaign advertisements. This study examined the prevalence of references to population health-relevant issues conveyed in campaign advertising for political office at all levels of government in the United States in 2011-2012 and 2015-2016. Understanding advertising as part of the political discourse on topics of relevance to population health yields insights about political agenda-setting and can inform efforts to shape opinion. Methods We conducted a content analysis of all English-language, candidate-related campaign advertisements aired on local broadcast, national network, and national cable television in the 2011-2012 and 2015-2016 election cycles (3,980,457 and 3,767,477 airings, respectively). We analyzed the volume of coverage in these ads about issues relevant to population health, including narrowly defined public health issues as well as a broad range of other social, economic, and environmental factors that affect population health. Findings Across both election cycles and all electoral races, 26% of campaign advertising discussed issues relevant for the narrowly defined conceptualization of public health and 57% discussed issues pertinent to topics within the more expansive population health conceptualization. There was substantial variation in population health-related content in ads across election cycles, by level of political office, political party, and geographic area. Geographic variation indicates that where a person lives affects their potential exposure to political communication about various health-related topics. Conclusions Political campaign ads in the United States frequently referenced population health-relevant content at all levels of government, although the ads rarely connected population health-relevant issues to health. Variation in volume and content of these references likely shaped public opinion and the public will to address population health-related policy.
Examining Social Support and Participation After Stroke

Date Presented 04/05/19 Primary Author and Speaker: Kimberly Erler Additional Authors and Speakers: Sarah McKinnon, Virginia Sullivan Contributing Authors: Rebecca Inzana
Education Research: Teaching and assessing communication and professionalism in neurology residency with simulation.

In medical education, professionalism and interpersonal communication skills are considered to be equally important to the mastery of medical fund of knowledge.1,2 The American Association of Medical Colleges states that “medical schools should articulate and defend the importance of professional values,” and suggests tools for developing and assessing these skills, such as 360-degree evaluations, simulations, clinical vignettes, retreats, and focus groups.1 The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education includes interpersonal communication and professionalism as core competencies; trainees must achieve these before practicing independently.2
Democratic Policing and Officer Well-Being

Efforts to improve police-community relationships have increased initiatives that aim to build trust and mutual respect between officers and the communities they serve. Existing literature examines the impact of internal departmental dynamics and individual-level characteristics on officers' endorsement of community-oriented policing strategies. Research has indicated that when officers feel fairly treated within their agencies and when they are less psychologically and emotionally distressed, they report stronger support for policing tactics that increase fairness in police processes and decision making. This mixed-method study is the first to examine the reciprocal relationship by asking: How do procedurally just and community-oriented policing strategies impact officer well-being and occupational stress? Sworn officers in a medium-sized California department completed a survey assessing their views on their agency, various police tactics, the communities they serve, and their physical and mental health. Results showed that officers' increased support for community-oriented and procedurally just police strategies are significantly associated with decreased job stress, depression, anxiety, and negative affect, controlling for race, gender, perceived job dangerousness, cynicism, and how many years they had served as a police officer. In-depth interviews with officers in the department revealed three explanatory mechanisms for these statistical relationships. First, the tenets of procedural justice provided officers with tactics that reduce the threat and stress of intergroup interactions. Second, community-oriented policing activities increased opportunities for officers to have positive interactions with the communities they work in, mitigating the distrust, cynicism, and detachment fostered by enforcement activities. Last, procedural justice and community-oriented police strategies empowered officers to counter negative stereotypes about police and reaffirm their self-image. Taken together, these survey and interview findings highlight the mutuality of democratic policing and officer wellness.
The steppe and the sea: pearls in the Mongol Empire: by Thomas T. Allsen, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019, 240 pp., US$45.00, £37.00, ISBN 978-0-8122-5117-3.

Not many historians advanced the study of Mongol Empire as much as Thomas T. Allsen (1940–2019). Beginning with his dissertation in 1979 – edited and published as Mongol Imperialism: The Policies o...
A constructional perspective on the rise of metatextual discourse markers

Cognitive linguistics seeks to account for “a speaker’s knowledge of the full range of linguistic conventions” (LANGACKER, 1987; also GOLDBERG, 2006). It is surprising therefore that little attention has been paid in cognitive linguistics to the linguistic conventions called “discourse markers” (SCHIFFRIN, 1987) or “pragmatic markers” (FRASER, 2009, et passim). Pragmatic markers include signals of attention to social relationships (well, please), beliefs (I think, in fact), and discourse management (after all, anyway). Members of the third subtype are metatextual connectors of discourse segments (“discourse markers” in Fraser’s taxonomy). I argue that because pragmatic markers in general play a major role in negotiating meaning, they are an important part of speakers’ knowledge of language. Pragmatic markers are well-known not to have truth-conditional meaning, and not to be syntactically integrated with the host clause. However, they have conventional pragmatic meanings (HANSEN, 2012; FINKBEINER, 2019). I exemplify my recent research on the historical development in English of metatextual discourse markers with a diachronic construction grammar perspective on by the way (TRAUGOTT, 2020). Focus will be on the importance of routinized, replicated contexts in change (CROFT, 2001; BYBEE, 2010).
The role of precursor decomposition in the formation of samarium doped ceria nanoparticles via solid-state microwave synthesis

The impact on the final morphology of ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles made from different precursors (commercial: cerium acetate/nitrate) and in house: cerium tri(methylsilyl)amide (Ce-TMSA)) via a microwave solid state reaction has been determined. In all instances, powder X-ray diffraction indicated that the cubic fluorite CeO2 phase (PDF# 04–004-9150, with the space group Fm-3 m) had formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed spherical nanoparticles were produced from the Ce-TMSA precursor. The commercial acetate and nitrate precursors produced particles with irregular morphology. The roles of the precursor decomposition and binding energy in the synthesis of the nanocrystals with various morphologies, as well as a possible growth mechanism, were evaluated based on experimental and computational data. The formation of spherical shaped nanoparticles was determined to be due to the preferential single-step decomposition of the Ce-TMSA as well as the low activation energy to overcome decomposition. Due to the complicated decomposition of the commercial precursors and high activation energy the resulting particles adopted an irregular morphology. Highly uniform samarium doped ceria (SmxCe1-xO2-δ) nanospheres were also synthesized from Ce-TMSA and samarium tri(methylsilyl)amide (Sm-TMSA). The effects of reaction time and temperature, on the final morphology were observed through SEM. The rapid single-step decomposition of TMSA-based precursors as observed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and confirmed through the calculation of potential energy surfaces and binding energies from density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicated that nanoparticle formation follows LaMer’s classical nucleation theory.
Detecting cryptocurrency pump-and-dump frauds using market and social signals

Abstract The cryptocurrency market has gained significant traction in the last decade, becoming an alternative finance platform to traditional stock market trading. Despite its rapid evolution, legal regulations have not yet caught up to the cryptocurrency market’s progress, attracting the attention of scammers looking to exploit legal loopholes for profits. Pump-and-dump schemes, a well-worn fraud device, has regained relevance in this new territory. In a typical pump-and-dump scheme, scammers organize and leverage media channels to artificially inflate the price of an alternative cryptocurrency, only to quickly sell them to profit off unsuspecting buyers. The disruptive nature of pump-and-dump schemes necessitates a system to reliably forecast pump targets and the magnitude of its success. In this paper, we propose an approach to predict the target cryptocurrency for each pump before its announcement using market and social media signals using Neural Network-based architectures while offering interpretable insights into their black-box nature. Additionally, we construct models that are capable of forecasting the highest price induced by the pump after the cryptocurrency’s identity is revealed within 6.1% error margin. We examine the optimal temporal windows and describe the limitations of social data to predict the manipulations in cryptocurrency trade. Our experimental results serve as proof of a feasible forecasting expert system for identifying cryptocurrency pump-and-dump frauds using publicly available data.
Carbon Capture and Storage Potential Offshore the U.S. East Coast: New Methods and Insights from Legacy Seismic Data

The Mid-Atlantic United States Offshore Carbon Storage Resource Assessment Project is part of larger U.S. initiative to assess, examine, and improve carbon dioxide storage potentials. This paper outlines seismic reprocessing methods associated with the project and touches on preliminary results. We rework 1970s vintage legacy data with modern techniques and achieve marked improvements in seismic imaging that allow project team members to better estimate storage potential. We show the extent of data reprocessing and highlight a few key improvements including signal timing and give examples of image improvement in both sediments and rift basins.