cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The widths of glissile extended dislocations in anisotropic face-centred cubic crystals

Abstract A total dislocation in a face-centred cubic crystal can dissociate to form a glissile extended dislocation on a {111} plane. The latter consists of two Shockley partial dislocations connected by a stacking fault. An analysis of dislocations based on anisotropic elasticity theory has been employed to calculate the force between the Shockley partials as a function of orientation in eight f.c.c. elements. In all cases the force was found to be repulsive, i.e. the dissociation is always energetically favourable in these elements. It is also shown, however, that there are permissible elastic constant values in the anisotropic case for which the dissociation is not energetically favourable. The widths of the glissile extended dislocations in the various f.c.c. elements have been computed as a function of stacking-fault energy. The anisotropic results have been compared with those derived from two isotropic approximations: the first employing average values of the elastic constants, the second employing...
Thyroid hormone responsive QTL and the evolution of paedomorphic salamanders

The transformation of ancestral phenotypes into novel traits is poorly understood for many examples of evolutionary novelty. Ancestrally, salamanders have a biphasic life cycle with an aquatic larval stage, a brief and pronounced metamorphosis, followed by a terrestrial adult stage. Repeatedly during evolution, metamorphic timing has been delayed to exploit growth-permissive environments, resulting in paedomorphic salamanders that retain larval traits as adults. We used thyroid hormone (TH) to rescue metamorphic phenotypes in paedomorphic salamanders and then identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for life history traits that are associated with amphibian life cycle evolution: metamorphic timing and adult body size. We demonstrate that paedomorphic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum complex) carry alleles at three moderate effect QTL (met1–3) that vary in responsiveness to TH and additively affect metamorphic timing. Salamanders that delay metamorphosis attain significantly larger body sizes as adults and met2 explains a significant portion of this variation. Thus, substitution of alleles at TH-responsive loci suggests an adaptive pleiotropic basis for two key life-history traits in amphibians: body size and metamorphic timing. Our study demonstrates a likely pathway for the evolution of novel paedomorphic species from metamorphic ancestors via selection of TH-response alleles that delay metamorphic timing and increase adult body size.
Reliability and validity of the quantitative inventory of alcohol disorders (QIAD) and the veracity of self-report by alcoholics

The purpose of this study was to investigate a recently developed instrument for alcoholism severity: The Quantitative Inventory of Alcohol Disorders (QIAD). The primary intention was to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the QIAD as a diagnostic tool within the field of alcoholism. A secondary intention was to examine the veracity of alcoholics self-report on the QIAD and other alcohol-related instruments. The subjects for the experimental group were 25 inpatient alcoholics and their spouses. The control group consisted of 21 nonalcoholics and their spouses. All subjects were administered the QIAD, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and the Alcohol Severity Rating Scale (ASRS). The alcoholics and partners were given the same tests 5 to 8 days after initial testing. The primary therapists for the alcoholics were asked to rate alcoholism severity for each subject using the ASRS. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were used for the test-retest reliability procedure. Alcoholics scores on the QIAD, MAST, and ASRS were compared with their spouses scores using a test-retest procedure. Nonalcoholics scores on these instruments were also compared with their spouses' scores. Construct and concurrent validity for the QIAD were tested through comparison of QIAD scores of the alcoholics with their corresponding scores on the MAST and ASRS. t-Tests were used to determine differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics on all three scales. The results of this investigation supported the position that the QIAD is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring alcoholism severity. The QIAD correlated highly for both the alcoholics and their spouses. The test-retest procedure revealed a high level of correlation. A significant difference was found between the QIAD scores of the alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the alcoholics QIAD and MAST scores, both measuring the extent of alcoholism. The QIAD demonstrated concurrent validity by significantly correlating with alcoholics ASRS ratings. High correlations between alcoholic and spouse scores on the QIAD supported the hypothesis that inpatient alcoholics can produce valid responses to self-report questionnaires.
Atheroembolic Renal Disease and Anticoagulants use: A Case Report and Literature Review

Warfarin therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes in several conditions including atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic disease. However, it can cause peripheral embolization by destabilizing the atherosclerotic plaque. This usually manifests as purple or blue toe syndrome, but isolated cases of renal manifestations are also reported. We report the case of a 77-year-old man who has been hemodialysis dependent due to warfarin induced atheroembolic renal disease. This is the most common cause of death in patients with cholesterol crystal embolization. Better understanding of the clinicopathological manifestations and high index of suspicion for the condition in predisposed patients can facilitate early diagnosis and potentially decrease the mortality risk. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/wjnu37w
Generation of suppressor T cells during the primary response of murine spleen cells in diffusion chambers.

A vigorous secondary response to DNP is elicited by dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) in spleen cells from primed mice cultured in Millipore diffusion chambers. However, the same antigen under the same conditions does not elicit a primary response in normal spleen cells. In contrast, foreign erythrocytes elicit a primary response and function as an effective carrier for the primary response to a hapten. We found that the failure of haptenated protein to induce a primary response in diffusion chambers can be attributed to the generation of suppressor T cells by the protein. Cultures of T depleted normal spleen cells, supplemented with carrier-specific helper T cells, developed a DNP-specific primary response upon stimulation with DNP-KLH.
Co-Occurring Psychiatric Symptoms in Opioid-Dependent Women: The Prevalence of Antenatal and Postnatal Depression

Background: Despite the high prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in substance-dependent women, little evidence is available on postpartum depression in this population. Objectives: To determine whether demographic variables and prenatal depression predict postpartum depression and select substance abuse treatment outcomes in a sample of pregnant women. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 125 pregnant women enrolled in a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program. Data on demographic variables, prenatal care attendance, urine drug screen (UDS) results, and psychiatric symptoms were abstracted from patient medical and substance abuse treatment charts. The Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) was administered 6 weeks post-delivery. Multiple linear regression was conducted to identify predictors of prenatal care attendance and total PDSS scores at 6 weeks postpartum. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine predictors of positive UDS at delivery. Results: Nearly one-thir...
Exploratory Dijkstra forest based automatic vessel segmentation: applications in video indirect ophthalmoscopy (VIO)

We present a methodology for extracting the vascular network in the human retina using Dijkstra’s shortest-path algorithm. Our method preserves vessel thickness, requires no manual intervention, and follows vessel branching naturally and efficiently. To test our method, we constructed a retinal video indirect ophthalmoscopy (VIO) image database from pediatric patients and compared the segmentations achieved by our method and state-of-the-art approaches to a human-drawn gold standard. Our experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms prior state-of-the-art methods, for both single VIO frames and automatically generated, large field-of-view enhanced mosaics. We have made the corresponding dataset and source code freely available online.
Attribute learning in preschool children: Mediation and selection mechanisms

Preschool children learned to respond to a black vertical line and were tested for orientation, form, and color generalization under two test procedures. The results indicated that (1) a procedure which approximated successive generalization testing (N) provided little evidence that any of the tested-for attributes were learned, whereas a procedure which contained dimensional “orienting” properties (0) indicated that each tested-for S+ attribute was learned; (2) group analyses of the 0 procedure suggested a hierarchical arrangement of learned attributes; however, additional analyses failed to reveal hierarchies for individual Ss. The results suggested that during training the S+ complex activates for different individuals either one, two, or three attribute mediators and that during Phase II, properties of the test operate to select activated mediators to control test behavior.
The role of polarity in the development of the hydrozoan planula larva.

These experiments were done in order to define the role that polarity plays during embryogenesis in hydrozoans.
It takes two to tango: The (un)easy dance between life-course sociology and life-span psychology

Abstract This article reflects on the challenges and contradictions of studying adult lives in contemporary times. It highlights complexities related to age, variability, social change, risk and uncertainty, institutional contexts, politics, and interdependence. It discusses how life-course sociology and life-span psychology might together better inform these and other themes. It also identifies key points of divergence and convergence between the two fields, what these might mean for their future separation, cooperation, or integration, and how the barriers between them might be overcome.
CADe Prompts and Observer Performance: A Game of Confidence

In computed tomographic (CT) colonography, also known as virtual colonoscopy, patients are typically scanned in two positions (1,2). By comparing the two CT scans, radiologists can maximize the visible region of colon for polyp detection and also identify mobile residual materials or normal anatomy that could imitate abnormalities in a single scan. However, current computer-aided detection (CADe) systems consider each scan as a separate study; therefore, the locations of CADe prompts do not necessarily match between the two position scans of the same patient. Thus, radiologists are expected to review all regions indicated by CADe prompts alike, regardless of whether the region was prompted on both scans or on only one. This month’s issue of Academic Radiology contains a research study that investigated the effect of ‘‘dual-matching’’ truepositive CADe prompts on the polyp identification performance of a computer-assisted reader in CT colonography (3). Four radiologists reviewed simulated CADe prompts of 33 CT colonography studies, 21 of which contained one medium-sized (6–9 mm) adenomatous polyp. Mediumsized polyps are of interest because unaided radiologists tend to miss them more often than larger lesions (4). Each patient had eight CADe prompts: four in supine and four in prone CT scans. A polyp was indicated either by one true-positive CADe prompt on either CT scan or by a true-positive CADe prompt on both CT scans. According to the results, the use of the matching true-positive CADe prompts yielded a statistically significant 11% increment in the detection sensitivity of computer-assisted readers. The effect of CADe prompts on observer performance has been studied in medical imaging for more than two decades. A majority of these studies has involved mammography, which is one of the earliest applications of CADe (5). As with CT colonography, mammography studies have multiple projection images per patient. Retrospective and prospective studies have indicated that the use of CADe prompts can increase
Application of the Meshless Element-Free Galerkin Method to Freckle Formation in Directional Solidification

Freckles or channel segregates are the most severe form of the macrosegregation that can occur in unidirectionally solidified superalloy castings used in the manufacturing of gas turbine blades. These defects are formed due to thermosolutal convection during solidification. Mathematical modeling of the solidification process involves the simultaneous solution of the conservation equations of momentum, energy and solute concentration in all regions (liquid, mush and solid). Most numerical simulations of dendritic solidification processes have been performed using finite element or the finite volume techniques. The dependence of these methods on the mesh is not always advantageous for problems in which discontinuities or regions of sharp gradients do not coincide with the original mesh lines. In the present work, the meshless element free Galerkin (EFG) method has been investigated to simulate directional solidification processes in which sharp gradients in the field variables can occur as a result of the formation of channels. Simulations of a multicomponent Ni-Al-Ta-W alloy have been performed in a two dimensional domain. The calculations are started with the alloy in all-liquid state and the growth of the mushy zone is followed in time. A projection method is used to solve the momentum equation which makes the computation more efficient than the previously used penalty method. The accuracy of the EFG results is compared with that of the finite element calculations and the potential advantages of the meshless methods for this type of problems are discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The LYS5 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The LYS2 and LYS5 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae together encode the 180-kDa α-aminoadipate reductase (AAR) in the biosynthetic pathway of lysine. The 4.8-kb LYS2 gene encodes the 155-kDa subunit of AAR. The complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of the 1.1-kb LYS5 gene is presented in this report. It contains a single continuous open reading frame of 816 nt encoding a 272-amino-acid, 30.6-kDa polypeptide.
Fieldwork under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival

Fieldwork under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival. Carolyn Nordstrom and Antonius C. G. M. Robben. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. vii. 306 pp., contributors, notes, references, index.
Interferon Signal transduction

The interferon signal transduction pathway initiates at a cell surface receptor and mediates the activation of target genes in the nucleus. The binding of interferon to a transmembrane receptor stimulates the activation of associated tyrosine kinases of the Janus kinase (JAK) family. Subsequently, latent cytoplasmic transcription factors are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation and function as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Advances in the field of interferon research have contributed to our understanding of signal transduction induced by many cytokines that also use JAK/STAT signaling pathways to activate early response genes. The specificity of signal activation by distinct cytokines that share these signaling components, and the molecular interaction of the signaling components with each other and their respective cytokine receptors represent major areas of research that are beginning to be elucidated. Signaling molecules other than the JAKs and STATs have also been found to be activated following interferon binding. In addition, the induction of type I interferon stimulated genes by double-stranded RNA in the absence of interferon provides another pathway of specific gene activation.
Baixa do Cassang: Ending the abuse of Portuguese Africans

On 4 January 1961 in Baixa do Cassange, in the north of Angola, the blacks who worked in the cotton fields began a strike. The army with air support was called to quell the rebellion, and the article emphasizes the importance of air support tethered to the ground forces, particularly in a remote and vast area of operations in the tropical rainy season. In this case, the support originally came in the form a squadron of Lockheed PV-2 Harpoons from Luanda, some 300 kilometers away. These open-ocean reconnaissance aircraft and their crews were ill-suited for the task. When this became apparent, four small Auster D5/160s were relocated from Negage to Malange, among the ground forces. The Austers flew reconnaissance missions over the troubled zones, dropped provisions and messages to the advancing ground forces, and served as a backup communications link. When the strike ceased after three weeks, the Austers assumed a humanitarian role in support of the starving population. The conclusion is that air support t...
Langevin Dynamics Simulations of Genome Packing in Bacteriophage

We use Langevin dynamics simulations to study the process by which a coarse-grained DNA chain is packaged within an icosahedral container. We focus our inquiry on three areas of interest in viral packing: the evolving structure of the packaged DNA condensate; the packing velocity; and the internal buildup of energy and resultant forces. Each of these areas has been studied experimentally, and we find that we can qualitatively reproduce experimental results. However, our findings also suggest that the phage genome packing process is fundamentally different than that suggested by the inverse spool model. We suggest that packing in general does not proceed in the deterministic fashion of the inverse-spool model, but rather is stochastic in character. As the chain configuration becomes compressed within the capsid, the structure, energy, and packing velocity all become dependent upon polymer dynamics. That many observed features of the packing process are rooted in condensed-phase polymer dynamics suggests that statistical mechanics, rather than mechanics, should serve as the proper theoretical basis for genome packing. Finally we suggest that, as a result of an internal protein unique to bacteriophage T7, the T7 genome may be significantly more ordered than is true for bacteriophage in general.
Divergence in Expression between Duplicated Genes in Arabidopsis

New genes may arise through tandem duplication, dispersed small-scale duplication, and polyploidy, and patterns of divergence between duplicated genes may vary among these classes. We have examined patterns of gene expression and coding sequence divergence between duplicated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to the simultaneous origin of polyploidy-derived gene pairs, we can compare covariation in the rates of expression divergence and sequence divergence within this group. Among tandem and dispersed duplicates, much of the divergence in expression profile appears to occur at or shortly after duplication. Contrary to findings from other eukaryotic systems, there is little relationship between expression divergence and synonymous substitutions, whereas there is a strong positive relationship between expression divergence and nonsynonymous substitutions. Because this pattern is pronounced among the polyploidy-derived pairs, we infer that the strength of purifying selection acting on protein sequence and expression pattern is correlated. The polyploidy-derived pairs are somewhat atypical in that they have broader expression patterns and are expressed at higher levels, suggesting differences among polyploidy- and nonpolyploidy-derived duplicates in the types of genes that revert to single copy. Finally, within many of the duplicated pairs, 1 gene is expressed at a higher level across all assayed conditions, which suggests that the subfunctionalization model for duplicate gene preservation provides, at best, only a partial explanation for the patterns of expression divergence between duplicated genes.
Morphic congruences and DOL languages

Abstract In a short note, Head (1991) showed that given an arbitrary finitely-generated submonoid M of a finitely-generated free monoid A∗ and an endomorphism e of A∗ such that (M) e ⊆ M, there exists an algorithmically computable natural number N such that for any xϵA ∗ ; L(S x )∩M=∅ ; if and only if {(x)ei|0⩽i⩽N}∩M=∅ where Sx=(A, e, x) is a D0L system. In this paper, the idea of a morphic refinement of a finite partition of A∗ is introduced to allow us to extend Head's result to all regular languages in A∗. Moreover, it is shown that such a bound N can be computed which only depends upon the regular language L and is independent of the endomorphism e.
Power in the Classroom III: Teacher Communication Techniques and Messages.

This study is a third in a series of investigations concerned with teacher power in the classroom. The focus of this project was on the generation of an extended list of power strategies or “behavior alternation techniques”; (BATs) and representative messages (BAMs) that elementary and secondary teachers use and perceive as effective in managing student behavior. Students generated lists of universal BATs and BAMs unrestricted by hypothetical relationships or scenarios. From these lists, 18 BATs with sample BAMs were derived and submitted for examination by public school teachers. The teachers reported frequent use and perceived effectiveness of only 7 BATs. These findings suggest that teachers feel they rely primarily on reward‐type BATs and frequently use the student's “audience”; to effect change. Teachers also reported that their students do not frequently employ any of those BATs to change teacher behavior. Potential predictors of differential teacher use of BATs (instructor gender, years taught, gra...
Anti-angiogenic Therapy in Pediatric Neuro-oncology

In order to grow, tissues require additional nutrients and oxygen as well as removal of waste products. Tumors achieve this by up-regulating angiogenic cytokines and/or down-regulating natural inhibitory proteins that allow neovascularization to proceed. Brain tumors continue to account for significant morbidity and mortality, in spite of significant advances in neurosurgical and radiation techniques and new chemotherapy combinations. As such, there is a real and immediate need for novel biologic therapies that can target these tumors. A number of new drugs that target different aspects of the angiogenic cascade have been identified and are now in clinical trials in children with primary brain tumors. In many of these pre-clinical and clinical studies, anti-angiogenic therapy has been well tolerated, has lacked many of the traditional toxicities of radiation and chemotherapy, does not require blood-brain barrier penetration, and targets a critical pathway in central nervous system tumor development. This review will discuss what angiogenesis is, how pediatric brain tumors regulate angiogenesis to obtain a vascular supply, what types of inhibitors are available, how different classes of inhibitors work, the types of resistance possible, how rapidly these inhibitors may work, and what surrogate markers of activity are available to follow response.
On finite subgroups of SU(2), simple Lie algebras, and the McKay correspondence

The question is considered of how the restriction pi(n)Gamma, where pi(n) is irreducible for all n and Gamma is a finite subgroup of SU(2), decomposes into Gamma-irreducibles for any arbitrary n in [unk](+). It is announced that, using the McKay correspondence, the problem has an elegant solution in terms of the Coxeter element for the associated Lie algebra and that the numbers involved come in a beautiful way from the root structure.
Modeling and measurement of tissue elastic moduli using Optical Coherence Elastography

Mechanical forces play crucial roles in tissue growth, patterning and development. To understand the role of mechanical stimuli, biomechanical properties are of great importance, as well as our ability to measure biomechanical properties of developing and engineered tissues. To enable these measurements, a novel non-invasive, micron-scale and high-speed Optical Coherence Elastography (OCE) system has been developed utilizing a titanium:sapphire based spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) system and a mechanical wave driver. This system provides axial resolution of 3 microns, transverse resolution of 13 microns, and an acquisition rate as high as 25,000 lines per second. External lowfrequency vibrations are applied to the samples in the system. Step and sinusoidal steady-state responses are obtained to first characterize the OCE system and then characterize samples. Experimental results of M-mode OCE on silicone phantoms and human breast tissues are obtained, which correspond to biomechanical models developed for this analysis. Quantified results from the OCE system correspond directly with results from an indentation method from a commercial. With micron-scale resolution and a high-speed acquisition rate, our OCE system also has the potential to rapidly measure dynamic 3-D tissue biomechanical properties.
Dementia: its definition, differential diagnosis, and subtypes.

Dementia, not unlike heart failure or renal insufficiency, is a generic term that makes little assumption about etiology. Because there are no specific laboratory tests, however, its diagnosis relies exclusively on clinical criteria. The presence of dementia should be suspected whenever mental changes of insidious onset emerge without sufficient situational stress and gradually interfere with the daily living activities that are appropriate for age and background. Dementia can be reversible or irreversible, precipitously progressive or indolent, bristling with multiple cognitive deficits, or characterized almost exclusively by disturbances of affect, motivation, and personality. When the behavioral changes are dramatic and interfere with active careers in younger individuals, early diagnosis poses little difficulty. The real challenge arises among the elderly, in whom dementia is also far more common. This is because the elderly tend to have less demanding daily activities, the disruption of which may take longer to detect, and also because
Molecular mechanisms for intrafibrillar collagen mineralization in skeletal tissues

Abstract The critical role of the self-assembled structure of collagen in skeletal mineralization is long recognized, yet the angstrom to tens of nanometers length-scale nucleation mechanism of calcium phosphate mineral (Ca–Pi) remains unclear. Here, by constructing three-dimensional structure of collagen fibril, we report direct computational evidence of intrafibrillar Ca–Pi nucleation in the collagen matrix and illustrate the crucial role of charged amino acid sidechains of collagen molecules in nucleation. The all-atom Hamiltonian replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation shows that these charged sidechains are oriented toward the fibril “hole zones” and significantly template nucleation with amorphous Ca–Pi phase, ∼1.3–1.6 nm in size, thus explaining the empirical observations that Ca–Pi nucleates principally in these regions. We also show that the low water density of about 0.70 g cm−3 in these zones may further benefit nucleation by lowering the enthalpic penalty for ion desolvation. This work provides insight, at the atomistic level, into the nucleation mechanism of bone crystals within a collagen matrix for understanding mineral deposition, interpreting mineralization experiments and guiding the design of new implantable materials.
Hyperthyroidism in elderly patients

Hyperthyroid disorders occur in older people and often are present with atypical findings or as apathetic hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism exacerbates underlying chronic disease, especially cardiovascular conditions. Elderly people can be treated successfully and stabilized with careful screening, astute diagnostics, and appropriate therapy.
Benign Familial Hematuria

To the Editor.— We read with interest the article by Blumenthal et al1concerning the importance of examining the urine sediment of patients and family members in establishing the diagnosis of benign familial hematuria. We concur with their notion of reducing the number of painful and costly urologic and radiological procedures in patients with hematuria but believe that the authors have failed to evaluate and discuss an important cause of hematuria, at least in children. This cause is idiopathic hypercalciuria, an entity with a familial occurrence pattern that is being recognized as a major cause of gross and microscopic hematuria in children.2,3 Hypercalciuria, defined as urinary calcium excretion of more than 4 mg/kg of body weight every 24 hours or as a calcium/creatinine ratio of more than 0.21 (mg/mg) in a urine sample collected over a two-hour period,3was prospectively found in 78 (36%) of 215 children
Saving Seeds, Preserving Taste: Heirloom Seed Savers in Appalachia Bill Best. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013.

Saving Seeds, Preserving Taste: Heirloom Seed Savers in Appalachia Bill Best. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013.Bill Best discovered his life's work of collecting, sharing, and preserving heirloom seeds after an unfortunate gardening experience. He began a garden at his home in Kentucky that had similar soil and seasons to his childhood home in North Carolina, expecting the same results as the gardens of his youth. At the end of the season, he found he had a bumper crop of tough beans, so tough that he deemed them virtually inedible. He explained his garden failure story to his mother who shared some of her heirloom seeds with him. Her seeds were collected from prior harvests and were not from a commercial source where the research of large corporations had bioengineered the beans to become tough enough to withstand a mechanical harvest. This was Best's introduction to heirloom seeds and to the fact that seeds are not created equal.As Best began to sell heirloom vegetables at the local farmers' market and to develop a network to trade heirloom seeds he writes that "[he] had been slow to realize that [he] was involved in an activity that dealt with a lot of history and culture and also tapped into widespread unhappiness with the state of the modern food supply-a food supply increasingly dominated by large corporate farms and multinational food/feed/ seed/chemical conglomerates" (8-9).Saving Seeds, Preserving Taste explores a variety of crops that have been preserved by heirloom seed collectors including beans, tomatoes, apples, corn, candy roasters, and cucumbers. Best has saved a wide variety of different seeds for each type of crop and has also recorded the oral history connected to the development of the particular variety. His work provides valuable documentation of the stories behind the crop varieties contributing to a deeper understanding of the cultural development of Appalachia. Best notes, "[he] later realized that Grandma Sanford [his grandmother] was continuing to pass on her gardening traditions to Mother, who was later to pass them on to [him]. And Grandma Sanford was passing on traditions she had learned from her family decades earlier. Perhaps the most important tradition being passed on was seed saving" (3). Best does for the kitchen garden what Steve Bender and Felder Rushing's Passalong Plants (1993) does for the flower garden by creating written documentation of the stories surrounding passalong fruits and vegetables in the South. …
Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network

We described and predicted spatial varia- tion in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River water- shed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juve- nile. These assignments used comparisons of stron- tium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gra- dients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad- scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and under- stand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss.
Diapiric shale and coast-perpendicular, fault-related subbasins, south Texas Gulf Coast

AbstractCoast-perpendicular shale ridges are rare structural features worldwide, and their origin remains a subject of debate. We studied some coast-perpendicular shale ridges and faults within a minibasin located onshore in Refugio County in the Texas Gulf Coast. We used 3D seismic data, visualization tools, and seismic attributes to examine the geometry of coast-perpendicular diapiric structures associated subbasins (SBs) and faults, and coast-parallel listric faults. Our results indicated that the minibasin is subdivided into four SBs by five diapiric shale ridges that intrude through the fault heaves of down-to-the-basin (synthetic) and coast-perpendicular faults. Three of the SBs are oriented perpendicular to the coast, whereas the fourth has a curvilinear form trending northeast–southwest–southeast. Of the five diapiric shale ridges, three are coast-perpendicular. The other two are curvilinear to the coast. All five diapiric shale ridges are associated with coast-perpendicular faults that bound the ...
Spatial sampling design for a demographic and health survey.

The recent advances in global position systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing (RS) can be exploited for spatial sampling design for demographic and health surveys. These technologies are par- ticularly useful when a sampling frame is unavailable and/or location (of household) is important for data collection (e.g., location of residence might greatly impact exposure to ambient air pollution among members of a population). Building on these technologies, this article presents a methodology of spatial sampling adopted for the respiratory health and demographic survey conducted in Delhi and its environs from January through April 2004. The overall goal of the survey was to select households that adequately represented exposure to ambient air pollution. The proposed methodology involved constructing a sampling frame of residential areas and the simulation of weighted random points within residential areas. The simu- lated locations were navigated with the aid of GPS to identify households at these locations and to acquire residents' consent to participate in the survey; a total of 1,576 households at the 2,000 simulated locations were found suitable and partic- ipated in the survey. The average ambient air pollution at the sample sites was not significantly different from the average air pollution observed in the study area, which demonstrates the robustness of the proposed sampling method.
Impaired Fungicide Activity in Plants Blocked in Disease Resistance Signal Transduction

Fungicide action is generally assumed to be dependent on an antibiotic effect on a target pathogen, although a role for plant defense mechanisms as mediators of fungicide action has not been excluded. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis, the innate plant defense mechanism contributes to the effectiveness of fungicides. In NahG and nim1 (for noninducible immunity) Arabidopsis plants, which normally exhibit increased susceptibility to pathogens, the fungicides metalaxyl, fosetyl, and Cu(OH)2 are much less active and fail to control Peronospora parasitica. In contrast, the effectiveness of these fungicides is not altered in Arabidopsis mutants defective in the ethylene or jasmonic acid signal transduction pathways. Application of the systemic acquired resistance activator benzothiadiazole (BTH) in combination with these fungicides results in a synergistic effect on pathogen resistance in wild-type plants and an additive effect in NahG and BTH-unresponsive nim1 plants. Interestingly, BTH treatment normally induces long-lasting pathogen protection; however, in NahG plants, the protection is transient. These observations suggest that BTH treatment can compensate only partially for an impaired signal transduction pathway and support the idea that pathogen defense mechanisms are under positive feedback control. These observations are strikingly reminiscent of the reduced efficacy of antifungal agents in immunocompromised animals.
Modeling the Dynamics of Long-Term Variability of Hydroclimatic Processes

Abstract The stochastic analysis, modeling, and simulation of climatic and hydrologic processes such as precipitation, streamflow, and sea surface temperature have usually been based on assumed stationarity or randomness of the process under consideration. However, empirical evidence of many hydroclimatic data shows temporal variability involving trends, oscillatory behavior, and sudden shifts. While many studies have been made for detecting and testing the statistical significance of these special characteristics, the probabilistic framework for modeling the temporal dynamics of such processes appears to be lacking. In this paper a family of stochastic models that can be used to capture the dynamics of abrupt shifts in hydroclimatic time series is proposed. The applicability of such “shifting mean models” are illustrated by using time series data of annual Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) indices and annual streamflows of the Niger River.
The roles of embodiment, emotion and lifeworld for rationality and agency in nursing practice

Abstract Nursing practice invites nurses to embody caring practices that meet, comfort and empower vulnerable others. Such a practice requires a commitment to meeting and helping the other in ways that liberate and strengthen and avoid imposing the will of the caregiver on the patient. Being good and acting well (phronesis) occur in particular situations. A socially constituted and embodied view of agency, as developed by Merleau-Ponty, provides an alternative to Cartesian and Kantian views of agency. A socially constituted, embodied view of agency is less mechanistic and less deterministic than Descartes' and Kant's radical separation of mind and body, and more responsive and generative than Kant's vision of moral agency as constituted by autonomous choice makers who are uninfluenced by emotion. The role of emotion in perception and judgement is explored in this paper. Distinctions between techne and phronesis are drawn. The role of emotion in market relationships and procedural ethics drawn for the abstract, general other are strategies for exchange of goods and services, but these same market relationships are dependent on well-functioning nonmarket relations of noncalculated giving and receiving.
An interactive graphic and process controlled system for composing and sampling loom constrained designs

The traditional method of designing textiles is to fill in patterns of squares on graph paper to represent the finished fabric. For the major classification of looms, the patterns also constitute a specification of how to set up the loom and how to control its moving parts.
Vapor pressure and normal boiling point predictions for pure methyl esters and biodiesel fuels

Abstract Temperature dependent vapor pressures of the methyl esters of fourteen fatty acids that are commonly present in biodiesel fuels were predicted by the Antoine equation and a group contribution method. The predicted boiling points of these esters up to a pressure of 100 mmHg were within ±1.0% of reported data for these two methods. Normal boiling points were determined from both the predicted vapor pressure and a correlation equation and the prediction errors were less than 5 K comparing to available published data. The vapor pressure and normal boiling points of 19 real-world biodiesel fuels were predicted and compared with reported data where available. The prediction errors of normal boiling points were less than 1.0%, and the predicted vapor pressures were also observed to closely match the reported data among the methyl esters of soybean oil, rapeseed oil and tallow. The predicted results showed that, except for coconut and butterfat, most of the methyl esters of the vegetable oils and animal fats had a normal boiling point in the range of 620–630 K. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the variation of fatty acid composition and the uncertainty of the normal boiling point of C18:2 were the main factors that affected the predicted normal boiling points of the biodiesel fuels.
Static and Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Studies of Low-Symmetry Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes

The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of a series of four RuII polypyridyl complexes are reported. Compounds of the form [Ru(dmb)x(dea)3-x]2+ (x = 0−3), where dmb is 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine and dea is 4,4‘-bis(diethylamino)-2,2‘-bipyridine, have been prepared and studied using static and time-resolved electronic and vibrational spectroscopies as a prelude to femtosecond spectroscopic studies of excited-state dynamics. Static electronic spectra in CH3CN solution reveal a systematic shift of the MLCT absorption envelope from a maximum of 458 nm in the case of [Ru(dmb)3]2+ to 518 nm for [Ru(dea)3]2+ with successive substitutions of dea for dmb, suggesting a dea-based chromophore as the lowest-energy species. However, analysis of static and time-resolved emission data indicates an energy gap ordering of [Ru(dmb)3]2+ > [Ru(dmb)2(dea)]2+ > [Ru(dea)3]2+ > [Ru(dmb)(dea)2]2+, at variance with the electronic structures inferred from the absorption spectra. Nanosecond time-resolved electronic absorp...
The effects of sequential versus concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy on survival and toxicity in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade astrocytoma.

Purpose: To determine the effects of sequential versus concurrent administration of cranial radiotherapy and cisplatin/carmustine (BCNU) chemotherapy on survival and toxicity in newly diagnosed high-grade astrocytomas. Methods and Materials: From 1988 to 1996, 101 patients were treated on 2 therapeutic protocols for malignant glioma that used the identical chemotherapy regimen but differed in the timing of cranial radiotherapy. The eligibility criteria for the 2 protocols were identical. In the first protocol (1988–1991, 52 patients), cisplatin 120 mg/BCNU 120 mg i.v. over 72 h, was given for 3 monthly cycles prior to cranial radiotherapy. After a response rate of 42%, with a median survival of 13 months was achieved with this sequential regimen, a successor protocol (1992–1996, 49 patients) was developed in which cranial radiotherapy began concurrently with the start of the identical chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy was delayed but not discontinued if prolonged grade III/IV hematologic toxicity was experienced, but protocol therapy was discontinued if disease progression or thromboembolic events occurred. Survival outcome and hematologic toxicity were compared for the patients treated on these protocols. Results: Seventy-seven percent of sequentially-treated patients and 68% of concurrently-treated patients completed all planned therapy. Kaplan-Meier survival was similar to concurrent or sequential administration of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (median 12.8 months vs. 13.8 months, respectively). Hematologic toxicity was significantly less in sequentially- versus concurrently-treated patients, with median nadir per cycle (2.9 vs. 1.8 × 103/mm3 ) (p < 0.001), and incidence of grade 3/4 leukopenia 40% versus 77% (p = 0.002). There was also an increase in platelet transfusion requirements in concurrently-treated patients, but no significant worsening of anemia. We postulate that the worsened leukopenia results from the effects of concurrent radiotherapy on circulating stem cells. Conclusion: Concurrent radiotherapy with this regimen of cisplatin and BCNU chemotherapy did not improve survival, but did increase hematologic toxicity. Therefore, we do not recommend further testing of the concurrent regimen, whereas the sequential regimen is currently under evaluation in a Phase III trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the Southwest Oncology Group. In addition, these studies demonstrate that relatively small radiotherapy fields can deliver a dose to circulating stem cells sufficient to worsen the hematologic toxicity of concurrent myelosuppressive chemotherapy, a phenomena which should be considered in the design of combined modality protocols for other body sites.
Interconnect technique for sub-threshold circuits using negative capacitance effect

Global interconnects in deep-submicron (DSM) regime contribute a significant amount of power consumption and large propagation delay. As the global interconnect delay dictating the overall system performance, its variation also has larger impact on system performance in sub-threshold circuits. Due to the exponential relationship between weak-inversion current and the process-voltage-temperature (PVT) parameters, performance and power dissipation of sub-threshold circuits are exceedingly sensitive to PVT fluctuations. In order to build efficient sub-threshold circuits with higher operating frequencies, it is crucial to minimize the global interconnect delay and its variation. Shifting the interconnect driver transistors from the sub-threshold region to the super-threshold region is a way to secure a high-speed variation-tolerant interconnect system for sub-threshold circuits. Standard MOSFET with a ferroelectric insulator exhibits negative capacitance effect at low voltage and provides a lower than 60mV/dec swing. Therefore, it is more suitable for sub-threshold operation than bulk CMOS, and it can boost the applied gate voltage internally and results show a boosting efficiency of 100% could be obtained at a supply voltage of 0.2 volts. Besides, impact of process variation on sub-threshold operation with MOSFET with a ferroelectric insulator is also mentioned.
Contextualist Inquiry into Hospital Revenue Cycle Transformation: Bridging Research and Practice

Approximately a quarter of all US non-for-profit hospitals operate with negative margins. In this unsustainable situation, revenue cycle management (RCM), the business process which drives revenue collection and account receivable administration, becomes increasingly crucial for healthcare organizations. RCM is at the center of an incredibly complex network of external and internal links and its success chiefly depends on a smooth flow of timely, accurate information. While IS research increasingly focuses on the clinical potential of health information technologies (HITs), the adoption and diffusion of IT as an enabler of hospitals' administrative activities remains by and large an unexplored frontier. To advance the conversation on the administrative potential of HIT, we draw on Pettigrew's contextualist framework of organizational transformation inquiry. We review a diverse body of RCM academic literature and juxtapose the findings with the prevalent RCM discourse in practitioner publications to reveal the major themes and opportunities for future research.