cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An exposure-based examination of the effects of written emotional disclosure.

Objectives. We undertook this study to clarify the operative mechanisms that account for the relationship between emotional disclosure and health. We hypothesized that emotional disclosure via writing was a form of exposure-based therapy and that exposure was the active therapeutic component. Design and method. A group of 129 male and female undergraduates were randomly assigned to three writing groups: (1) a trauma disclosure writing group; (2) a positive emotion writing group to control for affect arousal; and (3) a neutral writing group to control for any affect arousal - either positive or negative. Process measures were taken before and after each 3-day, 20-minute writing session. All participantscompleted questionnaires that assessed psychological and physical functioning at both the baseline and the end of the semester (approximately 9 weeks later). Results. Groups reported differential affective arousal as well as disclosure themes in accord with our predictions. We did not replicate the findings of Pennebaker and his colleagues (e.g. Pennebaker & Beall, 1986). In our study, physical health outcome measures did not differ between groups by the end of the semester, nor did psychological measures change from baseline to follow-up. Conclusions. We found only limited support for the hypothesis that exposure best explains the effects of written self-disclosure. Implications for future research in this area are discussed.
Difference spectra: Dominance of two-body cascades in antiproton-neutron annihilations at rest.

A novel method of analysis which eliminates the combinatorial background in searches for states produced in p-barn annihilations and in association with a recoil ..pi../sup -/ is presented. The difference between ..pi../sup -/ and ..pi../sup +/ spectra on p-barn annihilations is the spectrum of the recoiling ..pi../sup -/ or difference spectrum. We applied this analysis to the exclusive channels p-barn..-->..2..pi../sup -/..pi../sup +/, 2..pi../sup -/..pi../sup +/..pi../sup 0/, 3..pi../sup -/2..pi../sup +/. A new prominent state of mass and width approx. =1480 and 100 MeV/c/sup 2/ is present in the first and dominates the third channel. These three channels are interpreted in terms of two-body intermediate states only. The suppression or absence of ''direct'' annihilation is consistent with theoretical models which view the annihilation as a short-range (0.1 fm) phenomenon.
Transcriptional Regulation of a Bacteriophage Encoded Extracellular DNase (Spd-3) by Rgg in Streptococcus pyogenes

The Streptococcus pyogenes transcriptional regulator Rgg controls the expression of virulence-associated genes encoded both within the core genome and within horizontally transmissible DNA such as temperate bacteriophage. Previously, we showed that Rgg binds to the non-coding DNA upstream of the bacteriophage gene encoding an extracellular DNase Spd-3. In the current study, we further characterized Rgg-mediated regulation of spd-3 expression. Two spd-3 transcripts were identified by northern blotting. The 5′ ends were 27 and 594 nucleotides upstream of the start codon as determined with primer extension analysis and 5′ RACE (rapid amplification of c-DNA ends), respectively. Results obtained with gel shift assays showed that purified Rgg bound specifically to non-coding DNA containing the promoters of both transcripts. Transcriptional fusion analyses confirmed the presence of Rgg-repressible promoters within these DNA regions. In addition, repression was associated with direct DNA binding by Rgg as determined with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results show that the chromosomally encoded transcriptional regulator, Rgg, directly represses both bacteriophage promoters controlling the expression of Spd-3. The results provide new information regarding the regulation of prophage encoded virulence factors of S. pyogenes and highlight the complex evolutionary history of S. pyogenes and temperate bacteriophage.
Structure and meaning in the verb lexicon: Input for a syntax-aided verb learning procedure

Abstract How might children learn the meanings of new verbs? Well-known problems with unconstrained induction of word meanings from world observations suggest that additional sources of information are required. This paper presents an investigation of the availability of syntactic cues to verb meaning. If there exist strong and reliable parallels between verbs' structural and semantic properties, then each verb's linguistic context could provide valuable evidence about its meaning. In Experiments 1–3, adult subjects' judgements of verbs' semantic similarity were compared with other adults' judgements about the syntactic properties of the same verbs. In Experiment 4, subjects paraphrased sentences formed by pairing verbs with unaccustomed sentence frames (e.g. John thought the book to Mary). The findings from these investigations provide new and detailed support for the view that the syntax of verbs is a regular projection from their semantics, and therefore that there is considerable information about a v...
Microwave Dielectric Spectrum of Vegetation - Part II: Dual-Dispersion Model

This paper is the second in a series evaluating the microwave dielectric behavior of vegetation material. It draws upon the data presented in Part I to develop a Debye-Cole dual-dispersion dielectric model consisting of a component that accounts for the volume fraction occupied by water in free form and another that accounts for the volume fraction occupied by the mixture comprised of water molecules bound to bulk-vegetation molecules. To determine the dielectric dispersion properties of the latter, measurements were made for sucrosewater solutions of known volume ratios. The proposed dielectric model is found to give excellent agreement with data over a wide range of moisture conditions and over the entire 0.2-20 GHz range examined in this study.
Exercise bioenergetics following sprint training

Abstract The biochemical and physiologic integration of cellular and whole-animal energetics has been studied following sprint exercise training. Our previous studies with endurance training (K. J. A. Davies, L. Packer, and G. A. Brooks, 1981, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 209 , 539–554) led us to propose that muscle oxidative capacity is the primary determinant of endurance, but that whole-animal maximal O 2 consumption (O 2max ) is not limited by muscle oxidative capacity, and is, therefore, an unreliable predictor of endurance. In the present study, O 2max during exercise was increased by 15% (relative to controls) following a 4-week program of daily treadmill running at high speeds (similar to the 14% increase in O 2max following endurance training). In contrast to endurance training, however, sprint training resulted in increased (10%) CO 2 production at O 2max , indicating that no shift to greater lipid utilization had occurred. Furthermore, sprint training did not affect muscle pyruvate oxidase, palmitoyl-carnitine oxidase, succinate oxidase, or cytochrome oxidase activities. Muscle cytochrome c ( c 1 ), and cytochrome a concentrations, as well as the mitochondrial content of muscle were also not increased by sprint training. These results are very different from endurance training adaptations which include 100% increases in muscle oxidase activities, and cytochrome and mitochondrial contents. Although the maximum speed which could be attained at O 2max was increased 25% by sprint training, no improvement in endurance capacity was observed. The results demonstrate that it is possible to increase O 2max with no change in muscle oxidase activities or endurance capacity. This dissociation is further evidence that O 2max is not limited by muscle oxidase activity, but that endurance capacity and muscle oxidative capacity are closely coupled.
Approximating the solar/stellar energy generation rate, luminosity gradient, and the hydrogen content

In this paper we wish to develop an analytical technique for modelling the energy generation rate and the luminosity gradient for a one solar mass star like the Sun. Following the MDV method for approximating the solar/stellar structure (Doorish, 1989) we derive dimensionless variables for the energy generation rate and luminosity which are used in an expansion equation (on the order of a simple general confluent hypergeometric function). Modelling the luminosity of the Sun is complicated due to the nature of the energy generation rate. For this reason, we attempt to first derive approximation of the energy generation rate. The resulting solutions bring about a model of the luminosity gradient and the corresponding energy generation rate for the proton-proton cycle. Also, we are able to derive, analytically, the hydrogen content from the center of the star to the surface using concepts derived from the energy generation rate.
Boosting the prediction and understanding of DNA-binding domains from sequence

DNA-binding proteins perform vital functions related to transcription, repair and replication. We have developed a new sequence-based machine learning protocol to identify DNA-binding proteins. We compare our method with an extensive benchmark of previously published structure-based machine learning methods as well as a standard sequence alignment technique, BLAST. Furthermore, we elucidate important feature interactions found in a learned model and analyze how specific rules capture general mechanisms that extend across DNA-binding motifs. This analysis is carried out using the malibu machine learning workbench available at http://proteomics.bioengr.uic.edu/malibu and the corresponding data sets and features are available at http://proteomics.bioengr.uic.edu/dna.
Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta in Shorthorn and Angus Cattle

Summary Twelve cases of epitheliogenesis imperfecta were encountered in four herds of Shorthorn and Angus cattle. Affected calves had extensive epithelial defects in skin, tongue, buccal mucosa, and hooves. One Shorthorn calf had brachygnathia inferior and anotia as associated defects. Genealogical data of affected animals suggest a simple autosomal recessive inheritance. This defect had not been reported previously in Shorthorn and Angus cattle. Zusammenfassung Epitheliosis imperfecta bei Shorthorn- und Angusrindern In 4 Shorthorn- und Angus-Viehherden wurden 12 Falle von Epitheliogenesis imperfecta beobachtet. Die betroffenen Kalber wiesen grose Epithel-defekte an der Haut, der Zunge, der Backenschleimhaut und den Klauen auf. Ein Shorthornkalb zeigte zudem eine Brachygnathia inferior sowie Fehlen der Ohrmuschel. Die genealogischen Daten sprechen fur eine einfache autosomale Vererbung. Bisher wurde uber ahnliche Misbildungen bei Shorthornund Angusrindern nicht berichtet. Resume Epitheliosis imperfecta chez des bovins Shorthorn et Angus 12 cas d'Epitheliosis imperfecta ont ete observes dans 4 troupeaux de Shorthorn et d'Angus. Les veaux atteints presentaient d'importantes defections de l'epithelium sur la peau, la langue, la muqueuse de la joue et les onglons. Un veau Shorthorn a presente en meme temps une Brachygnathia inferior et l'absence des pavillons des oreilles. Les donnees genealogiques indiquerent une simple heredite autosomale. De telles malformations n'ont pas ete decrites jusqu'a maintenant chez des bovins Shorthorn et Angus. Resumen Epiteliosis imperfecta en vacunos Shorthorn y Angus Se observaron en 4 ganaderias de reses vacunas Shorthorn y Angus 12 casos de epiteliogenesis imperfecta. Los terneros afectados presentaban defectos epiteliales extensos en piel, lengua, mucosa bucal y pesunas. Un ternero Shorthorn tenia braquignatia inferior y anotia. Los datos genealogicos de los animales afectados sugieren una herencia recesiva autosomica simple. No se habian descrito hasta la fecha defectos semejantes en reses vacunas Shorthorn y Angus.
Addition of Particle Tracking Techniques to Improve Two-Dimensional Echo PIV for Opaque Flow Measurement

The ability to measure multi-component velocity vectors in opaque flows, especially in blood flows, would have a number of important benefits. Over the last few years, we have developed a new technique, echo particle imaging velocimetry (echo PIV), based on the synthesis of two technologies: PIV and digital brightness-mode (B-mode) ultrasound contrast imaging. Recently-reported results using a custom-developed Echo PIV system [1] showed the utility of this technique in accurately measuring two-dimensional velocity vectors in a variety of opaque flows.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Who's (Really) the Boss? Perception of Situational Power in Written Interactions

We study the perception of situational power in written dialogs in the context of organizational emails and contrast it to the power attributed by organizational hierarchy. We analyze various correlates of the perception of power in the dialog structure and language use by participants in the dialog. We also present an SVM-based machine learning system using dialog structure and lexical features to predict persons with situational power in a given communication thread.
Evaluation of the plasticity index as a scuffing criterion

The plasticity index has often been invoked as an indicator of the most likely condition for scuffing of metals. The particular condition for initiating scuffing was thought to be 2% plastic strain in contacting asperities, which would lead to adhesion between asperities. E~eriments were done to validate the hypothesis using low alloy steels and stainless steel, lubricated with plain mineral oil and mineral oil containing 1% stearic acid, in slow single-pass sliding and in repeat pass sliding. Some experiments showed an influence of asperity slope on scuffing load as suggested by the plasticity index. Most experiments showed no such influence. All experiments showed that a great amount of plastic flow occurred before scuffing occurred.
Wafer Chemistry and Properties for Ion Removal by Wafer Enhanced Electrodeionization

Electrodeionization is a widely used technology to produce ultrapure water for various applications such as cooling towers, water reclamation for micro-fabrication, and pharmaceuticals. Wafer Enhanced- Electrodeionization (WE-EDI) is a technology which immobilizes resins into wafers allowing for a significant expansion in applications due to a decrease in internal and external channeling and leakage. Although WE-EDI allows for a wide variety of applications in low concentration and selective ion removal, there have been few studies on the effects of various processing variables on WE-EDI performance. This paper investigates the effects of different variables in wafer performance including porosity, capacity, permeability, and ion exchange bead type. Experimental data and predictive modeling shows that thickness and capacity have little effect on the ability of the wafer to enhance cation transport while the ratio of anion exchange to cation exchange resin, the amount of polymer used to bind the resins, an...
Referential communication skills of learning disabled/language impaired children

Communicative behaviors used in encoding new information were examined. Eighteen learning disabled/language impaired (LD/LI) children were compared with two matched groups of normally developing children: age-mates and language-mates. Behaviors studied included measures of communicative effectiveness, communicative efficiency, verbal output, and referential strategies. LD/LI children did not differ significantly from age-mates. However, they did significantly outperform language-mates. Deficient lexicon and deficient comparison activity hypotheses are discussed in light of the results.
Easing Countries' Transitions From Price Controls and Subsidies

Abstract In transitional economies, initial popular support of market reforms is often followed by disillusionment and repudiation of the reform program. To facilitate economic transition, this paper proposes a marketable discount coupon system (DCS) that reassures the public, even as an economy moves from nonmarket to market prices. Unlike price controls, subsidies, or ration coupons, DCS involves no queuing or allocative distortions. Unlike vouchers, DCS would not be negated by inflation. To avoid distortions, discount coupons would be marketable and redeemable, even without purchase of specific products. This procedure permits efficient adjustment of domestic prices to international levels.
Heat wave flash droughts in decline

Flash drought is a term that was popularized during rapidly evolving droughts in the Central U.S. in 2012 that were associated with heat waves. We posit that there are two kinds of flash droughts, and we will focus on heat wave flash droughts, of which the 2012 events were typical. We find, based on an analysis of temperature observations and model-reconstructed soil moisture (SM) and evapotranspiration from 1916 to 2013, that heat wave flash droughts in the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) are most likely to occur over the Midwest and the Pacific Northwest during the growing season. We also find that the number of such events across the CONUS has been decreasing over the last century but rebounded after 2011. The long-term downward trends appear to be associated with generally increasing trends in SM resulting from increasing trends in precipitation over the areas where heat wave flash droughts are most likely to occur.
Temporal Regulation of Intracellular Organelle Homeostasis in T Lymphocytes by Autophagy

The highly conserved self-degradation pathway known as autophagy plays important roles in regulating T lymphocyte homeostasis. Recently, we found that T lymphocytes lacking the autophagy-related gene Atg5 or Atg7 have defective survival and contain expanded mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, whether these defects are caused by impaired autophagy or by defects in their autophagy-independent signaling capacity of Atg5 or Atg7 in T lymphocytes remains unknown. Furthermore, the function of the microtubule-associated protein L chain 3 (LC3) conjugation system in T lymphocytes remains unclear. To address these questions, we generated conditional knockout mice with specific deletion of Atg3, a ubiquitin enzyme E2-like molecule involved in the LC3 conjugation system, in T lymphocytes. Atg3-deficient T lymphocytes displayed a phenotype similar to those of Atg7- and Atg5-deficient T cells. The survival of Atg3-deficient naive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was defective. Furthermore, the mitochondria and ER were expanded in Atg3-deficient T cells. Interestingly, mitochondrial and ER content did not change instantly upon inducible deletion of Atg3 in mature T lymphocytes in vitro. Instead, it began to expand 10 d after inducible deletion of Atg3 in mature T lymphocytes, and mitochondrial content continued to increase on day 18. Cell death began to increase 24 d after inducible deletion of Atg3. These data show that the LC3 conjugation system is essential for autophagy in T lymphocytes. Our data suggest that autophagy promotes T lymphocyte survival by regulating organelle homeostasis and that the decreased survival of autophagy-deficient T cells is due to the temporal accumulation of these autophagy-related defects.
Factors affecting the stability of transmissible enteritis virus of turkeys.

The effects of environmental factors on the stability of transmissible enteritis virus of turkeys were studied, using an assay system of poult inoculation. Viral infectivity persisted for less than 6 hr at 37 C in nutrient broth. Survival of virus was enhanced in the presence of cysteine and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, and at pH 5.5. Survival was also enhanced in a growing culture of intestinal microflora and could be observed as well in a culture of Streptococcus fecalis in medium with reduced oxygen tension. These results were compared with findings in experiments with several other intestinal viruses, and it is suggested that some intestinal viruses may be adapted to the conditions of low pH and redox potential that are normal in the intestine. Transmissible enteritis of turkeys is a disease that occurs as explosive outbreaks in flocks. Affected birds show depression, enteritis, and loss of weight. Mortalities may be high. Recent studies indicate that this disease is caused by an enveloped virus that bears some morphologic similarities to the myxoviruses.1 Although the
Non-hematologic predictors of mortality improve the prognostic value of the international prognostic scoring system for MDS in older adults.

Objectives The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) is commonly used to predict survival and assign treatment for the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We explored whether self-reported and readily available non-hematologic predictors of survival add independent prognostic information to the IPSS.
A design technique for 2-D linear-phase frequency-sampling filters with fourfold symmetry

A two-dimensional (2-D) frequency-sampling filter approximates a desired frequency response by interpolating a frequency response through set frequency samples which are samples taken from the filter's frequency response. In this brief, a technique for designing 2-D Type 1-1, Type 1-2, Type 2-1, and Type 2-2 frequency-sampling filters that have real impulse responses, linear phase, and fourfold symmetry is developed that controls interpolation errors and approximates a desired frequency response by minimizing a weighted mean-square error over the passbands and stopbands subject to constraints on the filter's amplitude response.
In situ copolymerization and compatibilization of polyester and polystyrene blends. II. Thermally and chemically induced reaction and mechanical properties

The basic studies of in situ compatibilization process between polystyrene (PS) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) are carried out by adding various functionalized polystyrenes with mono, di, tetra hydroxy functions. The tensile mechanical properties of these in situ compatibilized blends are investigated. It is important to control the thermal degradation of PBT during the high temperature processing in order to generate the reaction between the functionalized polystyrene and PBT and result in the improvement in their mechanical properties. However, the excess degradation deteriorates the tensile properties of the in situ copolymerized and compatibilized polymer blends. It is found that the usage of Titanium butoxide (TNBT) was effective to promote the thermal degradation of PBT and the copolymerization of PBT with the functionalized polystyrenes. On the other hand, Triphenyl phosphite (TPP) was used to prevent the excess thermal degradation and induce the possible end capping reaction of PBT. The addition of 5% PS-F4 (tetra functionalized polystyrene) in PS/PBT 10/90 blend at 270°C with 1% TPP exhibits the best improvement in the elongation at break among the mono-, di- and tetra-functionalized polystyrenes. The increase of amount of the functionalized polystyrenes into the PS/PBT blends decreased the elongation to break, the yield strength, and the energy to break. More functional groups in the functionalized polystyrenes are more effective in promoting in situ compatibilization. Furthermore, the one-step mixing in which all the ingredients were blended together for 10 min has better elongation to break than the two steps mixing. The detailed characterization of rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of various blends of functionalized PS/PBT and PS/PBT with different functionalized polystyrenes and the additives are described.
PAT: a retargetable parallelizing tool for Fortran

A description is given of PAT (Parallelization Assistant Tool), a retargetable tool that converts sequential Fortran to Parallel Fortran for IBM, CRAY, and Sequent multiprocessors. It runs on a range of Unix workstations, using X windows to display source code, program analysis, and transformations. PAT is intended to help programmers convert their program from sequential to parallel code, while simultaneously educating them in exploiting and understanding applications-level and architectural parallelism. The authors report on experiences with PAT, limitations of its approach, future development, and the use of PAT's analysis for other tools. >
Resource-adaptive real-time new event detection

In a document streaming environment, online detection of the first documents that mention previously unseen events is an open challenge. For this online new event detection (ONED) task, existing studies usually assume that enough resources are always available and focus entirely on detection accuracy without considering efficiency. Moreover, none of the existing work addresses the issue of providing an effective and friendly user interface. As a result, there is a significant gap between the existing systems and a system that can be used in practice. In this paper, we propose an ONED framework with the following prominent features. First, a combination of indexing and compression methods is used to improve the document processing rate by orders of magnitude without sacrificing much detection accuracy. Second, when resources are tight, a resource-adaptive computation method is used to maximize the benefit that can be gained from the limited resources. Third, when the new event arrival rate is beyond the processing capability of the consumer of the ONED system, new events are further filtered and prioritized before they are presented to the consumer. Fourth, implicit citation relationships are created among all the documents and used to compute the importance of document sources. This importance information can guide the selection of document sources. We implemented a prototype of our framework on top of IBM's Stream Processing Core middleware. We also evaluated the effectiveness of our techniques on the standard TDT5 benchmark. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a real application in a large-scale stream processing system.
Asymmetric synthesis of topographically constrained amino acids: synthesis of the optically pure isomers of α,β-dimethyl-phenylalanine and α,β-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Abstract All four isomers of α,β-dimethylphenylalanine and α,β-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid have been synthesized in high optical purity for use in the design of topographically constrained peptides.
Automated Identification and Extraction of Horizontal Curve Information from Geographic Information System Roadway Maps

Roadway horizontal alignment has long been recognized as one of the most significant contributing factors to lane departure crashes. Knowledge of the location and geometric information of horizontal curves can greatly facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. When curve information is unavailable, obtaining curve data in a cost-effective way is of great interest to practitioners and researchers. To date, many approaches have been developed to extract curve information from commercial satellite imagery, Global Positioning System survey data, laser-scanning data, and AutoCAD digital maps. As geographic information system (GIS) roadway maps become more accessible and more widely used, they become another cost-effective source for extraction of curve data. This paper presents a fully automated method for the extraction of horizontal curve data from GIS roadway maps. A specific curve data-extraction algorithm was developed and implemented as a customized add-in tool in ArcMap. With this tool, ...
Fencing in the past: Budapest's Statue Park Museum

This article focuses on an open-air museum established in Budapest in 1993 as a repository for the city's communist monuments. Following Raymond Williams's emphasis on the importance of studying th...
Evidence for latest Pleistocene to Holocene movement on the Santa Cruz Island fault, California

Timing of the latest movement on the Santa Cruz Island fault, a dramatic physiographic feature of the southern boundary of the California Transverse Ranges, is demonstrated to be latest Pleistocene to Holocene in age. Faulting of dated terrace gravels confirms that the most recent rupture on the fault is no older than 11.78 {plus minus}0.1 ka. This represents an order of magnitude increase over the recency suggested by previous work and requires proportional increases in estimates of the minimum slip rate and seismic hazard posed by the fault. Uplifted latest Pleistocene to Holocene fill terraces are consistent with models of high rates of uplift and high sediment supply. Numerical solution of the interaction of sea-level rise with uplift at the west end of Santa Cruz Island predicts that the youngest strata in the faulted terrace sequence are about 6.1 ka. Reevaluation of high-resolution seismic sections just west of the island supports the latest Pleistocene to Holocene timing of the most recent rupture on the fault. The Santa Cruz Island fault apparently represents an active seismogenic element of southern California, the recent and high rate of activity of which have not been previously recognized.
Video coding with multiple descriptors and spatial scalability for device diversity in wireless multi-hop networks

Providing video services to heterogeneous clients in wireless ad hoc networks is particularly challenging as (i) the heterogeneous client processing and display capabilities typically prevent clients from processing and displaying the same encoded video information, and (ii) wireless connections typically suffer from bandwidth variability and transmission errors. We jointly address these two challenges by introducing a novel video coding strategy which combines multiple description coding, in particular temporal descriptors, with layered spatial coding. Our spatial scalable descriptor coding strategy enables heterogeneous clients in wireless multi-hop networks with path diversity to receive preencoded video streams over independent paths and to process only that amount of encoded video information that suits their processing and display capabilities. We evaluate our coding strategy through simulation experiments with a highly dynamic video sequence. We find that our coding strategy with two descriptors improves the quality of the received video by approximately 4 dB and cuts the quality variability approximately in half compared to layered coding.
Determining The Factors Affecting Demand For Branded Beef: Applying A Logit Model To 2004 Neilson Home-Scan Data

This paper finds that branded fresh beef expenditures increased from 20.8 percent in 1998 to 28.6 percent in 2004 for all fresh beef expenditures. In addition, geographic location, household income, household race, and household size were found to affect the likelihood of branded fresh beef purchases in 2004.
Frontogenesis During the November 15, 1980 Storm of STREX

Upper air and surface observations taken during the November 15, 1980 mission of STREX (Storm Transfer and Response Experiment) permit a detailed mesoscale analysis of an intense front over the Northern Pacific Ocean. The temperature and wind fields have been analyzed at 50 mb intervals from the surface to 700 mb, yielding graphical computations of vertical velocity, potential temperature and vorticity. Terms contributing to frontogenesis as expressed by change of potential temperature gradient and change of vorticity have been analyzed using cross-sections normal to the front. This study is similar to that of Sanders (1955) but differs in two respects. First, the cyclone was over the ocean throughout its development and relatively little work has been done in quantifying frontogenesis in such situations. Also, multiple frontal penetrations by instrumented aircraft allow accurate quantification of the frontogenetic processes above the surface.
In-Plane Residual Stresses in Filament-Evaporated Aluminum Films on Single Crystal Silicon Wafers

The in-plane residual stresses of single crystal silicon wafers that were coated with filament-evaporated aluminum films have been obtained from measurements of strains produced by shadow Moir interferometry. The aluminum films were deposited as thin film layers over a 8.9cm diameter area on (100) p-type, 10.16cm diameter, 0.05cm thick single crystal silicon wafers, and the stresses were determined by an analysis that accounts for the finite dimensions of the samples. The aluminum film thicknesses varied from 70 to 78Onm. The aluminum films increased the inplane stresses of the wafers by 3 to 15MPa depending on the film thickness.
Activation of Partially Purified Pepsinogen

Pepsinogen can be extracted from the mucosa of the fundus part of pig stomachs by m/10 NaHCO3-solution. Such extracts contain 80-90% of the total peptic activity of the mucosa (as determined after complete autolysis of the mucosa at pH 2) in the form of pepsinogen which is stable at alkaline reaction. The extract is treated with Filtercel† to remove most of the mucilaginous material, which otherwise renders the extract very difficult to handle. The pepsinogen may then be gradually purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate at pH 7. (Table I.)The total peptic activity (pepsinogen + preformed pepsin) of the various samples was determined by the hemoglobin method1 at pH 1.8, all pepsinogen being activated at this pH.2, 3 Pepsinogen alone was estimated as the difference between the total activity just mentioned and the activity of samples which previously had been titrated to pH 9 in order to destroy preformed pepsin. The activity is expressed in pepsin units [P.U.]Hb,4 the “specific activity...
Advance in laboratory detection of four diagrrheagenic Escherichia coli

Four diagrrheagenic E.coli strains including enteropathogenic E.coli(EPEC),enteroinvasive E.coli(EIEC),enterotoxigenic E.coli(ETEC) and enterohemorrhagic E.coli(EHEC) are known to be common pathogens worldwide for diarrhea in human.Therefore rapid and accurate diagnosis of these four pathogens is very important for the prevention and control of diarrhea.This article reviewed the current progress in methods for the laboratory detection of these four pathogens including bacteria isolation and culture,immunology tests,molecular methods including multiplex PCR,real-time fluorescence PCR,etc.
The problem existing in the night nursing and countermeasure

Objective:To investigate the problems existing in the night nursing and compare ward-around scores among different night nurses in order to explore correlation between problems and the working length of nurses. Methods:The records of night ward-around from January 2005 to October 2006 were analyzed. Results:①The biggest problem existed in aseptic articles and drug management,then in the refrigerator management,service attitude and behavior. ②Full member of the hospital had different word-around scores compared to contract nurses(t=5.917,P0.001) . ③Working length correlated to ward-around scores positively(Pearson=0.15,P0.001) . Conclusion:It was important to strengthen the train of nurses with short working length and administration of contract nurses,and supervise the night nurses to obey rules and operation proce-dures strictly in order to ensure the night nursing safety and nursing quality.
Research of Reference Value for Variable Condition Terminal Difference in Regenerative Heater

The terminal deference of HP heater is an important target of heater.Based on the thermal equilibrium,the feed water inlet and outlet temperature of condensing section in heater is equated through the iterative calculation,and thus upper,lower terminal difference in various condition is solved.Considering the blockage pipe and pipe scaling happen in heater,it is indicated the operation condition of heater has larger influence to the terminal difference of heater.
Knowledge and Perception

In this final chapter, I shall consider color skepticism to be an established view and shall proceed to discuss some of the epistemological questions it raises. Ancient and modern skeptics have frequently pointed out that our senses are deceptive; failures of veridicality occur that lead us to adopt beliefs that are false. Their arguments are occasionally based on pointing out certain examples of deception such as the straight stick that looks bent in water or the round plate that looks elliptical, and so forth. Texts on the psychology of perception are filled with examples of illusions and hallucinations of one kind or another. But such examples fail to support the case that our senses are radically deceptive.
Protecting Minority Shareholders in Close Corporations: Modeling Czech Investor Protections on German and United States Law

Privatization in the Czech Republic has opened the door to foreign investment. Investors, however, have been slow to invest in the Czech Republic because of its relatively weak shareholder protections. This Note analyzes the shareholder protections in the Czech Republic and suggests changes to the Czech Commercial Code based on German and United States protections for minority shareholders. Implementation of broader shareholder protections will perhaps increase confidence in the Czech Republic and stimulate foreign investment.
Intergenerational Relations and Continuities in Socialization

ABSTRACT The concept of “generations” is important in analyses of socialization, representing a crucial link between individual development and the broader social and historical context. Intergenerational relations are characterized in this chapter in terms of macro- and micro-perspectives on time, social structure, and socialization. The concept “generation” is defined in two ways: generation as cohort and as lineage, corresponding to these two levels of analysis. Relations between generations are seen as a continuous bilateral negotiation in which the young and the old exchange information and influence from their respective positions in developmental and historical time. There are inevitable intergenerational differences, stemming from contrasting types of contact with cultural institutions, differences in orientation toward future time, age differentials in social position, and within-cohort solidarity. There are also inevitable intergenerational similarities, resulting from interdependence, explicit attempts at transmission, and mutual effect-informational dependence. These factors which lead to difference and similarity between generations can be seen as one element in broader socio-cultural change, as generational units are involved in the production, testing, and selection of cultural alternatives in a feedback process .
Germanium photodetectors on amorphous substrates for electronic-photonic integration

A germanium photodetector is fabricated on silicon dioxide at low temperature in order to demonstrate monolithic compatibility with back-end-of-line CMOS manufacturing. Final MSM photodetectors demonstrate net gain with an internal quantum efficiency greater than 100%.
One Site to Rule Them All, Redux: The Second Round of Usability Testing of a Responsively Designed Web Site

ABSTRACTThis article examines the usability testing of a responsively redesigned library Web site. Responsive design provides a unified user experience regardless of the device used to view a site. The study's aim is twofold: to determine if the responsively designed site and its external online services support users’ information seeking needs, and to discover if there is a singular experience across different devices. A cognitive walkthrough was the main testing instrument used in gathering input. Over two rounds of testing, students of various class years and technological skill from the New York City of Technology (City Tech), CUNY participated in the study. The first round of testing for this usability study on the library Web site was previously documented (Tidal 2015). This article presents the findings and comparisons between the first and second round of usability testing. The study found not only numerous improvements that could enhance the library Web site, but also the lack of a unified experi...
Fifty Years Later: Miranda & the Police

This symposium asks us to reflect upon the fifty years after Miranda v. Arizona was handed down and to assess what impact Miranda had on law enforcement in this country. More colloquially, it asks whether, on balance, Miranda has been “good news” or “bad news” for the police. As I began to work on answering this question, however, I was troubled by the assumptions seemingly lurking within that question: (1) the assumption that Miranda has mattered at all to the police, (2) the assumption that it has mattered because it has somehow changed the behavior of police and/or the behavior of suspects, and (3) the assumption that, because of those changes, Miranda must have either helped or hampered the ability of the police to do their jobs successfully. All of those assumptions are worth questioning and, in fact, must be questioned if the underlying question is to be answered accurately and completely. In this article, therefore, I examine the assumptions behind the question whether Miranda has had a net positive or net negative impact on the police. After a brief overview of the Miranda decision in Part I, I set out to answer three questions. In Part II, I examine whether Miranda has impacted police behavior at all. Specifically, I analyze whether the police have complied with both the “letter” and the “spirit” of Miranda, or whether the police have managed to circumvent the requirements set forth in the decision. In Part III, I address whether Miranda has impacted the behavior of suspects: whether and how often they appear to understand the protections of Miranda and how often they choose to avail themselves of those protections or waive them entirely. In Part IV, I discuss whether Miranda offers the police any benefits or whether it undermines effective interrogation practices and thus the ability to secure the convictions of guilty suspects. I conclude the article by arguing that, on balance, Miranda has been far more beneficial than detrimental to the police in the United States, that its protections have been largely meaningless or unclaimed by all but the most experienced criminals, and that, consequently, it has hampered the pursuit of justice as a whole.
Derivatives and the Legal Origin of the 2008 Credit Crisis

Experts still debate what caused the credit crisis of 2008. This Article argues that dubious honor belongs, first and foremost, to a little-known statute called the Commodities Futures Modernization Act of 2000 (CFMA). Put simply, the credit crisis was not primarily due to changes in the markets; it was due to changes in the law. In particular, the crisis was the direct and foreseeable (and in fact foreseen by the author and others) consequence of the CFMA’s sudden and wholesale removal of centuries-old legal constraints on speculative trading in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives.Derivative contracts are probabilistic bets on future events. They can be used to hedge, which reduces risk, but they also provide attractive vehicles for disagreement-based speculation that increases risk. Thus, as an empirical matter, the social welfare consequences of derivatives trading depend on whether the market is dominated by hedging or speculative transactions. The common law recognized the differing welfare consequences of hedging and speculation through a doctrine called “the rule against difference contracts” that treated derivative contracts that did not serve a hedging purpose as unenforceable wagers. Speculators responded by shifting their derivatives trading onto organized exchanges that provided private enforcement through clearinghouses in which exchange members guaranteed contract performance. The clearinghouses effectively cabined and limited the social cost of derivatives risk. In the twentieth century, the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) largely replaced the common law. Like the common law, the CEA confined speculative derivatives trading to the organized (and now-regulated) exchanges. For many decades, this regulatory system also kept derivatives speculation from posing significant problems for the larger economy.These traditional legal restraints on OTC speculation were systematically dismantled during the 1980s and 1990s, culminating in 2000 with the enactment of the CFMA. That legislation set the stage for the 2008 crises by legalizing, for the first time in U.S. history, speculative OTC trading in derivatives. The result was an exponential increase in the size of the OTC market, culminating in 2008 with the spectacular failures of several systemically important financial institutions (and the near-failures of several others) due to bad derivatives bets. In the wake of the crisis, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act). Title VII of the Act is devoted to turning back the regulatory clock by restoring legal limits on speculative derivatives trading outside of a clearinghouse. However, Title VII is subject to a number of possible exemptions that may limit its effectiveness, leading to continuing concern over whether we will see more derivatives-fueled institutional collapses in the future.
Spinal dorsal horn circuitry involved in the brain stem control of nociception.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the spinal dorsal horn circuitry involved in the brain stem control of nociception. The role of several neurochemicals in the brain stem projections to dorsal horn sensory systems has been examined. The double immunofluorescence method provides information on the colocalization of neurochemicals within single neurons or axon terminals. The descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) modulation of dorsal horn neuronal activity exhibits a predominantly postsynaptic mechanism that occurs at a variety of sites. 5HT contacts are found on several different populations of long distance projection neurons and interneurons. There is no strong morphological support for 5HT presynaptic effects on primary afferent axons. The spinomesencephalic, spinothalamic and dorsal column postsynaptic (DCPS) neurons receive 5HT contacts, thus, 5HT innervation of projection pathways is a common feature of monoaminergic modulation of dorsal horn neural circuits. The different classes of projection neurons receiving 5HT inputs suggest that 5HT plays a role in modulating output systems having a diversity of function.
Browsing an Augmented Reality with Named Data Networking

Augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR) are entering the consumer market, and attracting substantial attention from content creators. However, delivering AR and VR experiences using existing IP networks presents significant challenges that tend to force creators into "stovepipe" solutions, in contrast with the openness of the early World Wide Web, which led to its widespread content revolution. Taking advantage of multiple network interfaces and providing resilience to intermittent connectivity in mobile scenarios are difficult, as is handling trust for experiences built up from the content of heterogeneous providers. Additionally, streaming AR and VR content, including video components, must be user-navigable across multiple dimensions. This paper explores opportunities for an augmented reality web using Named Data Networking (NDN), a proposed future Internet architecture in which the network forwards intrinsically secure data packets directly based on application-defined names. By providing web semantics at packet granularity, NDN enables the success of the web to be pursued for low-latency, high-granularity, and context-dependent media in AR. The paper outlines emerging media types that could be part of a new AR browsing experience, briefly introduces NDN, describes benefits the architecture should provide via an example browser design, and enumerates related open research challenges.