cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetry of the polarized-laser-induced photofragmentation of oriented CH3I molecules.

The degree of orientation of C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$I in rotation-state---selected, oriented-molecule beams has been measured via the asymmetry of the angular distribution of the $\mathrm{I}(^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})$ photodissociation product from the linearly-polarized-laser---induced photofragmentation of C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$I in (parent) rotational states $|JKM〉=|111〉, |212〉, |211〉, \mathrm{and} |222〉$. For the latter state the up/down asymmetry is nearly $\frac{4}{1}$ (less for the other states). Partial disorientation of the C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$I due to hyperfine coupling in a weak electric field has also been demonstrated.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and Its Relationship to Hematocrit in Giant Cell Arteritis

• We separated 24 patients with biopsy-proved giant cell arteritis into three groups based on erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) at clinical presentation: low, 1 to 40 mm/h; high, 41 to 80 mm/h; and very high, greater than 80 mm/h. The presence of anemia in the very high ESR group compared with the low ESR group was the only statistically identified difference. A linear regression analysis confirmed a high degree of inverse correlation between ESR and hematocrit in the subject population. There was no difference in ischemic ocular complications among the three groups. These findings emphasize that the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis should be made predominantly on clinical suspicion with less reliance on the ESR as a diagnostic criterion. Furthermore, the degree of ESR elevation does not predict which patients are at increased risk for the development of ocular complications. Finally, the ESR may not reliably indicate active disease in patients with normal hematocrit values.
Contrast effects and delay of reward in the double alleyway

Four groups of albino rats received a factorial arrangement of contrasting rewards in G1 (2 or 8 pellets) and G2 (2 or 8 pellets) of a double alleyway. After 63 trials, each group was divided into two equal groups and shifted to either a 15-sec or 0-sec delay of G1 reward. During preshift trials, a “depression” effect occurred in A1. During postshift trials, delay of G1 reward inhibited A1 speeds but had no effect on A2 speeds. The results were interpreted as supporting the notion that the double alleyway may be considered as a differential conditioning situation. The postshift A2 speed data were interpreted within the framework of frustration theory.
NONCHAOTIC AND CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC SYSTEMS: FIVE-ONE CONSERVATIVE CASES

In this paper we study the nonchaotic and chaotic behavior of all 3D conservative quadratic ODE systems with five terms on the right-hand side and one nonlinear term (5-1 systems). We prove a theorem which provides sufficient conditions for solutions in 3D autonomous systems being nonchaotic. We show that all but five of these systems: (15a, 15b), (18b), (41)(A = ∓1), (43b), and (49a, 49b) are nonchaotic. Numerical simulations show that only one of the five systems, (43b), really appears to be chaotic. If proved to be true, it will be the simplest ODE system having chaos.
Acquiring New Technology Comparing Nonprofit and Public Sector Agencies

Increasing competition for scarce resources and new demands for accountability create information management challenges for human service agencies. A survey of managers of human service agencies is used to identify obstacles to acquisition of new information technology in both public and nonprofit agencies. Agencies with donors committed to new technology, managers with discretion to choose among technology alternatives, and a workforce with few volunteers are likely to acquire technology. The results are consistent with theoretical approaches to the nonprofit sector that emphasize similarities between nonprofit and public agencies. Both types of agencies are dependent on external sponsors.
Dynamic behavior of a single screw plasticating extruder part I: Experimental study

The dynamic responses of a 2–1/2 inch single screw plasticating extruder and extrusion line were investigated. Step changes in screw speed, take-up speed, back pressure, and processing materials were used to determine the transient responses of barrel pressures, die pressure, melt temperature, and extrudate thickness. Dynamic responses of the entire extrusion line can be explained by the flow mechanism of the extruder and the logical properties of the polymer used. A capillary rheometer was also used to determine if it could simulate pressure responses in the extruder for screw speed changes. Results showed that capillary rheometer was helpful in estimating the short term pressure responses in the die.
Statistical learning across development: flexible yet constrained.

Much research in the past two decades has documented infants’ and adults' ability to extract statistical regularities from auditory input. Importantly, recent research has extended these findings to the visual domain, demonstrating learners' sensitivity to statistical patterns within visual arrays and sequences of shapes. In this review we discuss both auditory and visual statistical learning to elucidate both the generality of and constraints on statistical learning. The review first outlines the major findings of the statistical learning literature with infants, followed by discussion of statistical learning across domains, modalities, and development. The second part of this review considers constraints on statistical learning. The discussion focuses on two categories of constraint: constraints on the types of input over which statistical learning operates and constraints based on the state of the learner. The review concludes with a discussion of possible mechanisms underlying statistical learning.
Statistics of phase quadrature components of microwave fields transmitted through a random medium

The phase quadrature components of the total microwave field transmitted through a random volume distribution of Styrofoam spheres have been measured in the laboratory. The radii (a) of the spheres were large compared to the wavelengths ( ka=2\pi a/\lambda\sim20 ), and their index of refraction was close to unity ( \eta = 1.019 ). The statistical results lead in general to the bivariate normal distribution with correlation ( \rho ) to describe the scattered incoherent field, rather than to the simpler Rayleigh distribution. The quadrature components of the incoherent field are Gaussian, but in general \sigma_{1}^{2}\neq\sigma_{2}^{2} and \rho\neq 0 . However, by rotating (in phase) the quadrature axes, two simpler situations arise: (a) at one orientation, \sigma_{1}^{2}=\sigma_{2}^{2} but \rho\neq0 ; (b) at an orientation 45\deg from case (a), \sigma_{1}^{2}\neq\sigma_{2}^{2} but \rho\neq0 . Probability density expressions for these simpler cases exist in the literature. As the quadrature axes are rotated, the sum \sigma_{1}^{2}+\sigma_{2}^{2} remains equal to a constant (the incoherent power), as it should. These departures of the incoherent field from the Rayleigh distribution are a function of the sum of the reciprocal transmitter and receiver distances. This behavior suggests that the departures are related to the sphericity of the transmitting and receiving beams.
The Subunit Composition of the Human NADH Dehydrogenase Obtained by Rapid One-step Immunopurification

Defects of the NADH dehydrogenase complex are predominantly manifested in mitochondrial diseases and are significantly associated with the development of many late onset neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Here we describe an immunocapture procedure for isolating this multisubunit membrane-bound complex from human tissue. Using small amounts of immunoisolated protein, one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) peptide mass finger printing (PMF), and nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we can resolve and identify the human homologues of 42 polypeptides detected so far in the more extensively studied beef heart complex I. These polypeptides include the GRIM-19 protein, which is claimed to be involved in apoptosis, a polypeptide first identified by gene screening as a neuronal protein, as well as a protein thought to be in differentiation linked processes. The concordance of data from human and bovine complex I isolated by different procedures adds to the certainty that these novel proteins of seemingly diverse function are a part of complex I.
The unemployment impact of the 1993 US midwest flood: a quasi-experimental structural break point analysis

Most studies of the labor market impact of natural disasters report findings drawn from the observation of one or a few geographic areas. In this study, we provide large-sample evidence of the unemployment impact of disasters based on an empirical assessment of 320 counties affected by the 1993 Midwest flood, the costliest flood in the US history. We undertake a disaster economic impact analysis that combines quasi-experimental comparison group methods with econometric structural break point techniques. The combination of research designs offers advantages over the implementation of either impact evaluation design alone. We find that the flood caused unemployment rates to spike in heavily damaged counties but that the effects dissipated quickly. Unemployment rates dropped to below pre-flood levels shortly after the floodwaters receded. Temporary unemployment rate impacts in lightly damaged counties are detectable but were modest. Our findings are consistent with other macroeconomic studies which suggest t...
EFFECT OF ANOMALIES ON QUASI-RENORMALIZABLE THEORIES.

Apparently nonrenormalizable field theories, such as the new models for weak interactions, can become renormalizable when gauge invariance of the second kind is present. However, the anomaly associated with the axial-vector current may destroy this gauge invariance in perturbation theory, even though it is present in the Lagrangian. When this happens the theory remains nonrenormalizable. Nevertheless it is possible, by enlarging the theory, to remove the anomaly at the expense of introducing additional fermion fields, which correspond to as-yet-unobserved particles.
The influence of directed attention at encoding on source memory retrieval in the young and old: An ERP study

Abstract Neuroimaging evidence suggests that older adults exhibit deficits in frontally-mediated strategic retrieval processes, such as post-retrieval monitoring. Behavioral research suggests that explicitly directing attention toward source features during encoding may improve source memory for both young and older adults and alleviate age-related source memory impairments, in part, by reducing demands on post-retrieval monitoring. We investigated this hypothesis in the present event-related potential (ERP) study. Young and older adults attended to either objects and their presented color (source) or to the object alone during study and made color source memory decisions at test. We attempted to match performance between groups by halving the memory load for older adults. Behavioral results showed that, while direction of attention to object and color improved source memory for both groups, older adults benefited less than the young. ERPs revealed that demands on late right frontal effects, indicative of post-retrieval monitoring, were similarly reduced by directed attention at encoding for both groups. However, older adults showed reduced ERP correlates of recollection (parietal old–new effect), as well as a sustained widespread negativity, potentially indicative of memory searches for perceptual details in the face of impaired recollection. These results suggest that older adults, like the young, can engage in post-retrieval monitoring when source details are difficult to recover. However, impaired recollection may underlie persistent age-related source memory deficits, even when encoding is supported via directed attention.
The Impact of State Relationships on If, When, and How Conflict Management Occurs

This paper examines if, when, and how states act to manage militarized disputes. I argue that the relationship between the third party and disputants, the management history, and the characteristics of the conflict help us understand when management occurs and the management techniques employed. I find substantial evidence that biased third parties are quick to offer management services and to employ economic and diplomatic techniques. Conditions that increase the perceived probability of conflict resolution, such as previous conflict management, and factors that lower the cost of conflict management, such as costly conflict, lead to the timely use of diplomatic and verbal techniques. The findings offer significant contributions to both the conflict management and alliance literatures.
Algorithm-based fault tolerance on a hypercube multiprocessor

The design of fault-tolerant hypercube multiprocessor architecture is discussed. The authors propose the detection and location of faulty processors concurrently with the actual execution of parallel applications on the hypercube using a novel scheme of algorithm-based error detection. System-level error detection mechanisms have been implemented for three parallel applications on a 16-processor Intel iPSC hypercube multiprocessor: matrix multiplication, Gaussian elimination, and fast Fourier transform. Schemes for other applications are under development. Extensive studies have been done of error coverage of the system-level error detection schemes in the presence of finite-precision arithmetic, which affects the system-level encodings. Two reconfiguration schemes are proposed that allow the authors to isolate and replace faulty processors with spare processors. >
Intrathecal Colistin and Sterilization of Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Shunt Infection

OBJECTIVE:To report 2 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) infection successfully sterilized with intrathecal colistin 10 mg/day after development of nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous administration.CASE SUMMARIES:Case 1. A 69-year-old African American woman with a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage and hydrocephalus requiring VPS placement was admitted with VPS infection and meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures revealed MDR P. aeruginosa susceptible only to colistin. Intravenous colistin was initiated but rapidly discontinued due to development of renal dysfunction. Intravenous colistin was the probable cause of the adverse effect. Intrathecal colistin was initiated via an externalized VPS, with subsequent improvement in white blood cell counts in the CSF. Follow-up CSF cultures remained sterile and renal function returned to baseline. Case 2. A 69-year-old white woman with a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, hydro...
Chloroplast-derived anthrax and other vaccine antigens: their immunogenic and immunoprotective properties

Transgenic plants offer many advantages, including low cost of production (by elimination of fermenters), storage and transportation, heat stability, absence of human pathogens, protection of antigens in the stomach through bioencapsulation (when delivered orally), elimination of the need for expensive purification and sterile injections and generation of both systemic and mucosal immunity. Recent studies have demonstrated that chloroplast-derived anthrax-protective antigen elicits effective immune responses, develops neutralizing antibodies, confers complete protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge and produces 360 million doses of vaccine in one acre of transgenic plants. Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens are efficacious against bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoan pathogens.
Pseudohypopyon in Best's Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy

We examined ten eyes with pseudohypopyon in seven patients with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. Fluorescein angiography showed hyperfluorescent defects in the retinal pigment of the superior half of the lesion in all ten eyes. The electro-oculographic findings were abnormal in all four patients who underwent this test. The fluid shifted slightly in two of six patients whose heads were turned to the side for an hour or longer, indicating that the material was probably located between the retinal pigment epithelium and the sensory retina. The volume of the hypopyon increased in one eye.
MRI of the microarchitecture of myocardial infarction: are we seeing new kinds of structures?

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death and disability. In addition to the immediate incidence of death in acute infarction caused by pump failure or arrhythmias related to the immediate loss of functioning cardiac tissue and the possibility of later progression to intractable pump failure in the subacute or chronic phases of infarction, a significant number of patients with prior MI have sudden death,1 presumably largely caused by arrhythmias related to the infarction. There are various theories about the mechanisms of infarction-related arrhythmias, many centering around the idea that the altered transmission through the region of the infarction can alter the propagation of waves of electric activation in such a way that they can set up self-perpetuating foci of electric activity. However, there is still much uncertainty about the area. Article see p 206 In MI, there is ischemia of a portion of the heart wall that is sufficiently severe and prolonged that cells in the heart wall start to die. Whereas the myocytes, with their relatively high metabolic demands, are likely to be irreversibly damaged by such a significant period of ischemia and thus lost from the wall, the fibroblasts in the heart wall are more resistant to the effects of ischemia and thus are more likely to survive. In the healing phases of MI, these fibroblasts can become activated and effectively “patch” the wall with a meshwork of collagen. The resistance of the heart wall to the effects of ischemia is species-dependent, in part reflecting the different capacities of different species for supplying collateral blood to myocardium at risk. A correlate of this is seen in the degree of definition of the infarcted myocardium from the adjacent spared myocardium. Species such …
Biodegradation of 2‐furaldehyde under nitrate‐reducing and methanogenic conditions

Nitrate-reducing and methanogenic microbial consortia capable of using 2-furaldehyde (furfural) as a sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from a mixture of soil and municipal sewage and from municipal anaerobic digestor sludge, respectively. Under nitrate-reducing conditions, more than 97% of the furfural was biodegraded in 0.25, 1.5, 4 and 32 d at initial substrate concentrations of 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 ppm, respectively. In all cases microbial populations were able to reduce furfural levels to less than the detection limit of 20 ppb as measured by HPLC. At 500 ppm, there was a 12-d lag period before detectable activity was noted, while there was no lag period at the lower concentrations tested. When the disappearance of both furfural (50 ppm) and nitrate was measured, the molar ratio of nitrate to furfural consumed was approximately 4.2:1, Which is in good agreement with the theoretical ratio of 4.0:1. The biodegradation of furfural was generally more rapid under methanogenic than under nitrate-reducing conditions. The methanogenic consortium was able to metabolize 97% of the furfural in 2, 4, 48 and 144 h at initial concentrations of 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 ppm, respectively. No lag period was noted at any concentrations tested. As under nitrate-reducing conditions, populations were able to reduce furfural levels to less than 20 ppb. Complete metabolism of furfural in cultures that received an initial concentration of 50 ppm resulted in the production of 0.056 mM methane or 43% of the theoretical yield that would result from complete conversion of the material to carbon dioxide and methane. This is the first report of the biodegradation of furfural under nitrate-reducing conditions.
Comparison between Observed Convective Cloud-Base Heights and Lifting Condensation Level for Two Different Lifted Parcels

Approximately 400 Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) observations of convective cloud-base heights at 2300 UTC were collected from April through August of 2001. These observations were compared with lifting condensation level (LCL) heights above ground level determined by 0000 UTC rawinsonde soundings from collocated upper-air sites. The LCL heights were calculated using both surface-based parcels (SBLCL) and mean-layer parcels (MLLCL—using mean temperature and dewpoint in lowest 100 hPa). The results show that the mean error for the MLLCL heights was substantially less than for SBLCL heights, with SBLCL heights consistently lower than observed cloud bases. These findings suggest that the mean-layer parcel is likely more representative of the actual parcel associated with convective cloud development, which has implications for calculations of thermodynamic parameters such as convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition. In addition, the median value of surface-based CAPE (SBCAPE) was more than 2 times that of the mean-layer CAPE (MLCAPE). Thus, caution is advised when considering surface-based thermodynamic indices, despite the assumed presence of a well-mixed afternoon boundary layer.
Variation with Height and Latitude of Radiosonde Temperature Trends in North America, 1975–94

Abstract Based on the 120-station North American radiosonde network, temperature trends for 100–50-mb (low stratosphere), 300–100-mb (tropopause), and 850–300-mb (troposphere) layers, and Earth’s surface, are evaluated for six 10° latitude bands extending from 20°–30°N to 70°–80°N for the 20-yr interval 1975–94. Confidence estimates are indicated by two standard errors of the least squares regression. In the average for the six latitude bands, the 100–50-mb annual temperature trend is −0.5°C decade−1 and the 850–300-mb trend is 0.2°C decade−1. In spring at 70°–80°N, the 100–50-mb and 300–100-mb layers cool by almost 2°C decade−1. The 300–100-mb layer cools by 0.7°C decade−1 relative to the 850–300-mb layer at 70°–80°N, but the two layers have the same warming trend at 20°–30°N, indicating the transition from the 300–100-mb layer being mostly in the stratosphere in polar regions to mostly in the troposphere in the northern subtropics. The surface warms much more than the troposphere at 70°–80°N (showing th...
Performance of low-maintenance turfgrass mixtures and blends

Several studies have been conducted on low-maintenance turfgrass species; however, relatively few have evaluated mixtures or blends. The objective of this study was to evaluate low-maintenance turfgrass mixtures or blends for turf quality under minimal input conditions. Eight turfgrass mixtures or blends were planted in 2009 at the University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum (Chaska, MN) on a low-fertility soil to assess their adaptability to low-input conditions (minimal water and fertilizer and no pesticides after establishment). The year after establishment, plots were divided into no-mow and minimal mow treatments. Plots were evaluated for establishment in 2009 and overall quality and percent weed cover in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Native grass mixtures established slowly with greater weed encroachment, but over time resulted in high-quality ratings. Under minimal mowing, the Tall Fescue Blend [tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)] performed the best for quality, while three fine fescue (Festuca sp.) mixtures and the Tall Fescue/ Kentucky Bluegrass Mixture [tall fescue D kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis)] also had acceptable quality ratings. The Kentucky Bluegrass Blend (kentucky bluegrass) was less competitive with weeds and had unacceptable quality ratings. Under nomow conditions, the native grass mixtures and the Tall Fescue Blend had the highest overall quality ratings.
Adaptive Strategies of Wakuénai People to the Oligotrophic Rain Forest of the Rio Negro Basin

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the adaptive strategies of Wakuenai people to the oligotrophic rain forest of the Rio Negro basin. The discussions of native Amazonians have been characterized by debates over the relative importance of protein availability, soil fertility, or tribal politics in shaping the overall adaptive strategies. Even in the isolated areas of Amazonia, native adaptive strategies can be studied in at least two planes or levels: one horizontal and the other vertical. Ecological studies in anthropology are becoming aware of the limitations of treating communities as if they are closed to the impact of external influences coming not only from neighboring communities, that is, at the same hierarchical level, but also those coming from higher levels of organization—such as regional and national systems. The development of a complex ancestral cult might have played an important role in the formation of exogamous phratries through the creation of a stable relationship between local patrilineal groups and specific microenvironments. The populations of north-western Amazonia appear territorially fixed than other lowland populations and their myths are detailed in their ecological data.
Efficient Access to Multifunctional Trifluoromethyl Alcohols through Base-Free Catalytic Asymmetric C-C Bond Formation with Terminal Ynamides.

The asymmetric addition of terminal ynamides to trifluoromethyl ketones with a readily available chiral zinc catalyst gives CF3 -substituted tertiary propargylic alcohols in up to 99 % yield and 96 % ee. The exclusion of organozinc additives and base as well as the general synthetic utility of the products are key features of this reaction. The value of the β-hydroxy-β-trifluoromethyl ynamides is exemplified by selective transformations to chiral Z- and E-enamides, an amide, and N,O-ketene acetals. The highly regioselective hydration, stereoselective reduction, and hydroacyloxylation reactions proceed with high yields and without erosion of the ee value of the parent β-hydroxy ynamides.
Isogamous sexuality in a new strain of Allomyces

Ever since the discovery by Kniep in 1929 of sexual reproduction and alternation of generations in the water mold, Allomyces javanicus, there has been considerable interest in the whole genus. Hatch (1933) found an identical cycle to be present in a fungus considered by him to be Butler's A. arbusculus. In both species gametophyte plants grew from swarmers released upon germination of the resistant sporangia of the sporophyte plant. Anisogametes released from the gametangia on the gametophyte fused in pairs to form zygotes which developed into sporophytes. Zo6spores derived from thin-walled sporangia on the sporophyte grew directly into new sporophytes. Subsequent investigations have shown that there also exist strains of both of the aforementioned species which commonly pass through a short cycle involving the sporophyte only, the gametophyte being omitted altogether. In these cases the swarmers released from the resistant sporangia grow directly into new sporophytes. A third type of life history involving cyst formation was discovered by Emerson (1938). The nature of the life cycle in A. moniliformis, a species discovered by Coker and Braxton (1926), was found by Emerson in 1938 to be of this cyst forming type. Emerson did not describe this cycle in detail for A. moniliformis, merely stating that it was like that discovered by him in the species he later named A. cystogenus.2
α-Phase transformation kinetics of U – 8 wt% Mo established by in situ neutron diffraction

Abstract The α-phase transformation kinetics of as-cast U - 8 wt% Mo below the eutectoid temperature have been established by in situ neutron diffraction. α-phase weight fraction data acquired through Rietveld refinement at five different isothermal hold temperatures can be modeled accurately utilizing a simple Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov impingement-based theory, and the results are validated by a corresponding evolution in the γ-phase lattice parameter during transformation that follows Vegard’s law. Neutron diffraction data is used to produce a detailed Time-Temperature-Transformation diagram that improves upon inconsistencies in the current literature, exhibiting a minimum transformation start time of 40 min at temperatures between 500 °C and 510 °C. The transformation kinetics of U – 8 wt% Mo can vary significantly from as-cast conditions after extensive heat treatments, due to homogenization of the typical dendritic microstructure which possesses non-negligible solute segregation.
TU-H-204-02: Work of NRC, States and of re-evaluating dose limits by NCRP

Since 1928, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has developed, maintained, and elaborated the International System of Radiological Protection used world-wide as the common basis for radiological protection standards, legislation, guidelines, programs, and practice. ICRP provides and periodically revises radiation and tissue weighing factors, provides and updates recommended dose limits for occupational and public exposures, recommends dose levels for termination of pregnancy, and estimates threshold doses for tissue reactions (deterministic effects). ICRP developed the dose quantity “effective dose”. NCRP Council Committee 1 (CC-1) is charged with developing recommendations for revising radiation protection guidance for the United States. Topics to be discussed include a summary of current ICRP guidance, NCRP CC-1 directions, NRC regulatory changes on the horizon, and potential implications of radiation protection guidance changes on the practice of medicine. The opinions of AAPM members on potential changes are welcomed. NCRP Program Area Committee (PAC) 4 has oversight of activities in radiation protection in medicine, including protection of patients and training of health care workers. Documents have been published recently on diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses, health effects of preconception and prenatal radiation exposure, and administrative policies for quality assurance and peer review of tissue reactions associated with fluoroscopically guided interventions. Additional documents are in preparation. Learning Objectives: 1.To understand the international system of radiation protection and learn about the work of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in relation to activities of medical physicists 2.To understand the ongoing work of NCRP in developing new guidance for radiation protection in the U.S. 3.To understand the ongoing work of NCRP in developing new recommendations for radiation protection in medicine. 4.To learn about other national organizations in US whose work plays a useful role in the activities of medical physicists. M. Rehani, Work done as part of being member of ICRP. ICRP is an independent charity.
Degradation and Biodegradation Standards for Starch-Based and Other Polymeric Materials

Biodegradation standards are established for United States and Europe for the biodegradation of plastic materials under industrial compost, marine, anaerobic digestion, and active landfill biodegradation environments. Two essential components of biodegradation are that the material must be a food source for the bacteria in the disposal environment and that biodegradation must take place within a short time period. Biodegradation standards require performance specification and test method standards. For industrial compost, the biodegradation standards for the United States are ASTM D6400-05 and D 5338-09 and for Europe are ISO 17088 and ISO 14855-2. For marine biodegradation, the standards are ASTM D7081-05 with D6691-09 and ISO 14852-1999 or ISO 14851. For anaerobic digestion, the standards are ASTM D5511-02 and ISO 1853-2005. For active landfill, the standards only exist in the United States as ASTM D5526. Marine biodegradation in Europe, anaerobic digestion, and active landfill standards exist only for test methods and not performance specifications.
Spatially resolved measurements to improve analytical performance of solution-cathode glow discharge optical-emission spectrometry

Abstract Past studies of the solution-cathode glow discharge (SCGD) revealed that elemental and molecular emission are not spatially homogenous throughout the source, but rather conform to specific zones within the discharge. Exploiting this inhomogeneity can lead to improved analytical performance if emission is collected only from regions of the discharge where analyte species emit strongly and background emission (from continuum, elemental and/or molecular sources) is lower. Effects of this form of spatial discrimination on the analytical performance of SCGD optical emission spectrometry (OES) have been investigated with an imaging spectrograph for fourteen atomic lines, with emphasis on detection limits and precision. Vertical profiles of the emission intensity, signal-to-background ratio, and signal-to-noise ratio were collected and used to determine the optimal region to view the SCGD on a per-element basis. With optimized spatial filtering, detection limits ranged from 0.09–360 ppb, a 1.4–13.6 fold improvement over those obtained when emission is collected from the full vertical profile (1.1–840 ppb), with a 4.2-fold average improvement. Precision was found to be unaffected by spatial filtering, ranging from 0.5–2.6% relative standard deviation (RSD) for all elements investigated, closely comparable to the 0.4–2.4% RSD observed when no spatial filtering is used. Spatial profiles also appear useful for identifying optimal line pairs for internal standardization and for flagging the presence of matrix interferences in SCGD-OES.
An Introduction to Mechanistic Modeling of Swarms

It has long been recognized that interactive cooperative behavior within biological groups or “swarms” is advantageous in avoiding predators or, vice versa, in capturing prey. For example, one of the primary advantages of a swarm-like decentralized decision making structure is that there is no leader and thus the vulnerability of the swarm is substantially reduced. Furthermore, the decision making is relatively simple and rapid for each individual, however, the aggregate behavior of the swarm can be quite sophisticated.
Growth and seismic hazard of the Montserrat anticline in the North Canterbury fold and thrust belt, South Island, New Zealand

Abstract Fault-related fold growth is a seismic hazard in North Canterbury, New Zealand. The North Canterbury fold and thrust belt (NCFTB) is located at the southern end of the Hikurangi subduction zone, South Island, New Zealand where the Pacific plate transitions from subduction to transpression along the Alpine fault. Transpression causes shortening beneath the South Island, resulting in basement thrusts generating folds such as the Montserrat anticline. We focus on fault geometry and seismic hazard associated with this structure, exposed along the coast where Pleistocene marine terraces on the backlimb record tectonic uplift. To constrain parameters associated with evolution of this fault-related fold, we model the fold using several trishear kinematic models. A listric fault is most compatible with field and regional geophysical studies. Ages of marine terraces and inner edge elevations constrain uplift rate due to slip on the Glendhu fault to 1.1 ± 0.1 m(ka) −1 . An ∼800 year recurrence interval is calculated for the Glendhu fault. Listric fault geometry lengthens the recurrence interval relative to other fault geometry models. An accurate understanding of subsurface fault geometry and kinematics is important for estimating seismic hazard in regions of fault-related folding such as the NCFTB because it affects recurrence interval estimations.
The welfare/self-sufficiency gap among single mothers through theoretical lenses

Poverty has been a recurring issue in America since time immemorial and become the target of a panoply of corrective measures from the federal government. One of these measures is, of course, the T...
Generation of Minimum Tree-Like Witnesses for Existential CTL

An advantage of model checking is its ability to generate witnesses or counterexamples. Approaches exist to generate small or minimum witnesses for simple unnested formulas, but no existing method guarantees minimality for general nested ones. Here, we give a definition of witness size, use edge-valued decision diagrams to recursively compute the minimum witness size for each subformula, and describe a general approach to build minimum tree-like witnesses for existential CTL. Experimental results show that for some models, our approach is able to generate minimum witnesses while the traditional approach is not.
hp -Adaptive Finite Elements for Coupled Multiphysics Wave Propagation Problems

The paper describes a generalization of hp-adaptive finite elements technology to coupled multiphysics problems. Three representative examples are used: dual-mixed formulation with weakly imposed symmetry for linear elasticity, coupled acoustics/viscoelasticity and coupled acoustics/poroelasticity problem, to illustrate variational formulations and concept of weak couplings. We discuss then necessary changes in data structures, constrained approximation and the hp mesh optimization algorithm. Sample numerical results for the three problems illustrate the new methodology.
Borders, Belonging and Homeland (In)security

Following September 2001, the United States engaged a war on terror that involved significantly tightening immigration procedures and border controls, and loosening legal standards related to surveillance and detention. Politicians and state agents vilified those who questioned the morality or legality of state actions in the war on terror. They argued that unprecedented threats to national security justified severe responses. Globalisation was implicated in the attacks and analysts wondered how global markets would be affected in the aftermath. The United States Government has long embraced neo-liberal economic policies that advocate increasing the role of the market under globalisation and shrinking the state. Yet, the manner in which the United States is fighting terrorism represents a dramatic expansion of the state. The new focus on ‘homeland security’ camouflages the extensive growth in the last four decades of the state control orientation and apparatus found in the criminal justice system and the military. The 9/11 attacks, and manipulation of attendant fear of the ‘other’, serve as an opportunity for the state to respond with a control-oriented security strategy with the goal of controlling potentially problematic populations increasingly marginalised in the global economy.
Decontamination and Refurbishment of the Hot Fuel Examination Facility South (HFEF/S) Argon Cell

The HFEF/S argon celll is a large hot cell at the Argonne National Laboratory-West (ANL-West) Site of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). From the start of operations in 1964, until the fall of 1977, this hot cell was operated without personnel entry in support of United States breeder reactor programs. During the first four years it was used for remote pyrometallurgical reprocessing and refabrication of about 35 000 uraniumfissium† metallic driver-fuel elements for EBR-II. Thereafter, the cell was used for nondestructive and destructive examinations of fast-reactor fuel and material experiments irradiated in EBR-II or in the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT)
Ethical Issues When Considering Exposure

Exposure-based treatments are arguably among the most successful and efficacious psychological treatments for the anxiety disorders (Deacon and Abramowitz, Journal of Clinical Psychology 60: 429–441, 2004). Unfortunately, despite decades of empirical support from clinical trials, the administration of these treatments in real-world clinical practice continues to lag considerably. Although there are a number of reasons for this gap between research and practice (e.g., lack of competently trained therapists, restrictions and insufficient resources in community clinics), misinformation about exposure-based treatments has emerged as a clear barrier and has led to a “public relations problem” for this effective treatment (Richard and Gloster, Comprehensive handbook of the exposure therapies pp. 409–425, 2007). The public relations problem is based on the erroneous belief that exposure treatment is cruel and unethical because it causes undue harm. The present chapter aims to address the ethical issues involved in considering and implementing exposure, including addressing whether exposure therapy causes harm, clinician competency, supervision and training, ethical issues surrounding public exposures, safety issues, disclosure during treatment planning, and the use of exposure therapy with children.
Thin-Film Sensor for Fatigue Crack Sensing and Monitoring in Steel Bridges under Varying Crack Propagation Rates and Random Traffic Loads

AbstractFatigue cracks are critical structural concerns for steel highway bridges, and fatigue initiation and propagation activity continues undetected between physical bridge inspections. Monitori...
Abstract TP300: Where Did They Go? Recruitment and Retention in the Michigan Stroke Transitions Trial (MISTT)

Background: Poor transitions adversely affect stroke survivors and contribute to readmissions and poor quality of life. More randomized trials are needed to identify effective interventions to impr...
VKORC1 and Novel CYP2C9 Variation Predict Warfarin Response in Alaska Native and American Indian People

Alaska Native and American Indian (AN/AI) people have unique pharmacogene variation that may affect warfarin disposition and therapeutic response. We performed targeted genotyping for cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9, vitamin K epoxide oxidase reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), CYP4F2, CYP4F11, and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) variants in AN/AI people receiving warfarin. The primary outcome was stable warfarin dose, defined as one dose, and associated international normalized ratio within the target range, at least 6 months after starting therapy, with two matching doses at least 2 weeks apart. Genotype–phenotype relationships were assessed by multivariate regression analysis, adjusted for self-reported heritage, age, gender, and concurrent statin use. VKORC1 genotype explained 34% of dose variability, with VKORC1 −1639G>A and 1173C>T associated with a 1.7 mg/day (P = 1.4e-05) dose reduction. Additionally, CYP2C9 N218I was suggestively significant (P = 0.077), with heterozygotes requiring 1.1 mg/day less than reference individuals. Self-reported heritage was significantly associated with dose, largely driven by differences in the diagnostic VKORC1 allele frequencies among AN/AI people.
Teoría del framing y protoperiodismo: estudio de los atributos asociados a la figura de Magallanes en los diarios de Pigafetta y Francisco Albo

La presente investigacion se centra en analizar las principales cualidades y atributos que los diarios de Pigafetta y de Francisco Albo utilizan para describir la figura de Magallanes durante la vuelta al mundo. Metodologia: Se ha recurrido a la metodologia cualitativa de analisis de framing de las noticias publicadas en los diarios de Pigafetta y de Francisco Albo. Desde una aproximacion inductiva, se han identificado un total de tres tipos de encuadres: funciones, heroe/antiheroe y el viaje. Resultados: En el caso del diario de Pigafetta, el encuadre mas utilizado para describir la figura de Magallanes fue el del «heroe». En el diario de Francisco Albo, se utilizo mas el «viaje». Discusion y conclusiones: El hecho de utilizar o descartar una serie de atributos en cada encuadre genera que la opinion publica se forje una opinion u otra sobre Magallanes: el diario de Pigafetta diviniza la figura de Magallanes, mientras que el diario de Francisco Albo ignora parcialmente la presencia de este navegante portugues y relega su labor a un segundo plano
Safety and efficacy of esketamine nasal spray in a depressed patient who was being treated with tranylcypromine: A case report

Abstract Background Treatment of depression with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is complicated by the risk of drug interactions and possible serotonin syndrome if antidepressants with monoamine enhancement are used concomitantly. Esketamine nasal spray is a recently FDA approved antidepressant for individuals with treatment resistant depression and is to be used adjunctively with antidepressant pharmacotherapy. We report a patient who was successfully and safely treated with esketamine nasal spray while being treated with tranylcypromine. Methods This patient was treated in our Center and data regarding blood pressure and side effect were reviewed from her clinical record. Results Baseline depression and anxiety ratings, including HAM A, QIDS, HAMD and MADRS, were in the range of moderate range of anxiety and depression. Baseline GAD 7 was only slightly elevated. At the end of the 4 week acute treatment phase (treatments of esketamine nasal spray twice weekly at doses ranging from 28 to 56 mg), all of her mood and anxiety ratings were in the normal range. Blood pressure usually increases during treatment with esketamine nasal spray, and increases during treatment were within the normal range and there was no evidence of hypertension. Esketamine nasal spray was well tolerated and there was no evidence of a serotonin syndrome. Limitations This is a single case report, but we review the literature of treatment of patients taking MAOIs with ketamine and with intravenous esketamine. Conclusions Esketamine nasal spray appears to be a safe treatment even if administered to a patient being treated with tranylcypromine, an MAOI.
A Survey on the Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network Breadcrumb Trails for Sensing and Localization

Wireless sensor networks play a pivotal role in creating temporary communications capability in emergency situations, especially when existing communications network fail. For example, these networks could establish a communication channel between a first responder and a base station in a building where cell phone communications or GPS signals are unavailable. A breadcrumb network (a trail of communications nodes) plays a very crucial role in establishing the temporary communication. In this paper we identify various approaches for and benefits of creating breadcrumb networks. The two major types of breadcrumb networks are human deployable and self-deployable. These networks can also help in establishing communication paths to solve the problem of mapping and localization, either by themselves or with the help of some pre-existing network. In most of the work surveyed, the breadcrumbs are small battery operated wireless sensor motes operating at the 700 MHz or 2.4 GHz frequencies.