cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The surface renewal approach to turbulence: A consideration of the assumption of segregation and the simplified treatment of the interfacial conditions

Abstract Implicit in surface renewal based formulations for turbulent convective transport is the assumption that each element of fluid that participates in the surface renewal process is segregated from the surrounding fluid. In addition, these analyses have almost exclusively employed simpe interfacial conditions. Consideration is given in this study to implications pertaining to the predictive capabilities of the surface renewal approach which are related to these factors. The results of this study both reinforce the acceptability of the simplified treatment of the interfacial conditions, and indicate that the assumption of segregation does not adversely affect the predictions for the mean transport properties other than r.m.s. fluctuations. It is concluded that the assumption of segregation does affect r.m.s. wall temperature fluctuations.
Pressure solution and hydrothermal recrystallization of carbonate sediments — an experimental study — reply

Abstract The extent of calcite recrystallization was determined in pressure-solution and hydrothermal experiments which were conducted on deep-sea carbonates of low-Mg calcite, Iceland spar, and reagent-grade calcite powder. In the pressure-solution experiments, wet sediments were subjected to confining pressures of 500–1500 bars and pore pressures of 150–500 bars, at temperatures between 22° and 180°C, for 21–240 h. The hydrothermal experiments were performed in sealed teflon-coated bombs at 200°C, zero effective stress, in sulfate-free sea water, for two weeks. The hydrothermal system was solution-dominated. The extent of calcite recrystallization was determined by measuring the oxygen isotopic compositions of the pore fluids and solids before and after each experiment. Scanning Electron Microscope observations, porosity and specific surface-area measurements were performed. In fine-grained carbonate samples subjected to high effective stresses, the mechanism for recrystallization apparently involves both relief of strain energy at grain-to-grain contacts and decrease in surface free energy by decreasing the surface area, while in coarse-grained carbonates, relief of strain energy appears to be the most important control of recrystallization. In the hydrothermal experiments, however, decrease in surface free energy is the only driving force for recrystallization. Effective stress increased the rate of calcite recrystallization. In both pressure-solution and hydrothermal experiments, clay minerals retarded the reaction. The effects of diatomite and basaltic glass on the extent of calcite recrystallization was investigated only in the hydrothermal experiments. Both admixed non-carbonate materials retarded the reaction, diatomite being the most effective inhibitor. Surface chemical reactions seem to be responsible for the observed inhibitions of calcite recrystallization. Increases in the extent of calcite recrystallization with increasing ionic strength were observed in hydrothermal experiments in NaCl solutions of five different ionic strengths.
Mixed carbonyl–nitrile complexes of dirhenium(II). The structural characterization and reactivity of salts of the [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(NCMe)n]+ cations (dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2, n=1 or 2)

Abstract The monocarbonyl complexes Re2X4(μ-dppm)2(CO) (X=Cl or Br) react with stoichiometric quantities of the nitriles RCN (R=Me or Ph) in the presence of TlY (Y=PF6 or O3SCF3) to afford complexes of the type [Re2X3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(NCR)]Y and [Re2X3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(NCR)2]Y in high yield. Crystal structure determinations on the salts [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(NCMe)]O3SCF3 and [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(NCMe)2]ReO4 have shown that the former has the unsymmetrical structure [(MeCN)(CO)ClRe(μ-dppm)2ReCl2]+ with a ReRe bond (ReRe distance 2.2881(7) A), while the bis-nitrile complex is the edge-sharing bioctahedron [(MeCN)ClRe(μ-Cl)(μ-CO)(μ-dppm)2ReCl(NCMe)]+, with an all-cis arrangement of the μ-CO and two MeCN ligands and a ReRe bond (ReRe distance 2.5669(4) A). The species [Re2X3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(NCMe)]+ and [Re2X3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(NCMe)2]+ readily interconvert upon the addition or loss of an acetonitrile ligand and, along with their benzonitrile analogues, they react with halide, XylNC and acetylene to afford Re2X4(μ-dppm)2(CO), [Re2X3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)2]Y and [Re2X3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(η2-C2H2)]Y, respectively.
Characterization of intensity-coded multivalued logic circuit implementation

Multivalued logic (MVL) is seriously being considered for optical implementation for its algorithmic parallelism. Practical implementation of an MVL algorithm using any technology demands engineering analysis of such implementations. Instead of concentrating on the algorithm and architectural aspects, we attempt to address the system issues such as logic levels, signal-to-noise ratio, and threshold value for intensity-coded MVL. Both computer simulation and experimental results are provided.
Effects of Diet and Light During the Pre-Breeder Period, and of Diet During the Breeder Period on Turkey Breeder Performance

Abstract Based on two experiments each involving 150 Beltsville or Medium White female turkeys in the pre-breeder period and reduced to 144 in the breeder period, the following results were obtained. When a low energy diet containing 44 percent oat mill feed instead of a currently used high energy diet was fed from 20 to 32 weeks of age, average feed consumption increased 49 percent with only a small decrease in body weight gain. A small reduction in body weight gain was also achieved by feeding the high energy diet on a restricted intake basis saving 10 percent in feed consumption. Fortification of the pre-breeder diet with extra vitamins, and added bacitracin and ethoxyquin failed to influence the results of these measurements, but did tend to increase subsequent egg production (.10 > P > .05). By restricting the amount of light to 6 hours per day during most of the 12-week pre-breeder period of turkey females hatched on October 17, body weights at 32 weeks of age were increased 5.1 percent, feed consumption decreased 12.2 percent, and subsequent egg production was delayed and tended to be increased only slightly (.10 > P > .05). The addition of 6 and 12 percent menhaden fish meal to breeder turkey diets increased hatchability of fertile eggs from 72.4 to 78.7 percent (P
New constraints on the structure of the inner core from P’P’

We measured absolute P’P’df as well as differential P’P’bc-P’P’df and P’P’ab-P’P’df travel time residuals for earthquakes in Alaska and the Aleutians recorded at NORSAR array (Norway). For such paths, P’P’df samples two regions of the inner core which have been identified as strongly anisotropic (∼3.5%), respectively beneath the Central Pacific and Africa, and should arrive some ∼6s earlier than predicted by a standard model. Absolute and differential travel times do not appear to be anomalous. A very complex texture and/or heterogeneity of the top ∼400km of the inner core, or a significant contribution from the strongly heterogeneous D”, is required to explain this discrepancy.
An audit of 2273 ureteroscopies — a focus on intra-operative complications to justify proactive management of ureteric calculi

Background: At the National Stone Centre we have adopted a proactive management approach involving early ureteroscopy for ureteric calculi. As the efficacy of ureteroscopy is known this study focuses on the low intra-operative complication rate as justification for a proactive management protocol. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study (1987–1997) identified 1,936 patients undergoing 2,273 ureteroscopies. A database was created from inpatient hospital records. The male to female ratio was 3 to 1, age range was 25 to 84 years. Results: Twenty-three patients (1%) had an intra-operative complication during ureteroscopy. Immediate ureteric JJ stenting was performed in 16 cases with ureteric injury. Two cases underwent percutaneous drainage and delayed antegrade ureteric stenting, ureteroscopy was terminated because of poor visibility. Five patients (0.22%) underwent open surgery for: ureteric perforation (n=2); Dormia basket ureteric avulsion (n=1); impacted Dormia basket and stone (n=1); and impacted balloon dilator and stone (n=1). Ureteroscopic complications were not related to the level of ureteric calculus. Conclusion: A protocol of proactive management of ureteric calculi facilitates rapid turnover of large patient numbers. This approach is supported by the low intraoperative complication rate, most of which can be managed by further endoscopic procedures. In the event of corrective open surgery a favourable outcome has resulted
Francophobia and Interimperial Politics in late Bourbon Puerto Rico: The Duke of Crillón y Mahón’s Failed Negotiations with the Spanish Crown, 1776-1796

Reconstructs how Louis Balbes des Berton, or Duke of Crillon y Mahon, a Frenchman naturalized as Spaniard, attempted to persuade the Spanish Crown to grant him liberal commercial and colonizing concessions in Puerto Rico in the later 18th c. Author describes how Crillon at first wanted to settle and colonize parts of Santo Domingo near French St Domingue, but the Crown refused this, as part of increased measures against (further) foreign encroachments in Spanish territories, and granted him land in Puerto Rico in 1776 instead, for growing sugar, coffee, and other crops. He places this within the context of the Bourbon reforms, aimed at preventing foreign intrusions in more peripheral Spanish colonies like Puerto Rico then, by aligning these with Spanish imperial objectives. Author further relates how Crillon sought to elaborate the land grant through planning, proposals, and several appeals to the Spanish Crown, up to 1796, for concessions to facilitate his introduction and trading in African slaves, and exempting him from certain extant legal taxes and requirements regarding colonists and land sale, aiming to achieve a sort of feudal power. These proposals and appeals, or calls for financial support, were mainly dismissed by the Crown, seemingly for several legal reasons or transgressions. The author argues, however, that while Crillon was avaricious, the Crown's dismissal related as much to Crillon being a foreigner, whose loyalty to Spain seemed doubtful to some Hispanophiles in the Crown's inner circle.
Ileo-Ileal intussusception in the newborn Report of a radiologically diagnosed case

Ileo-Ileal intussusception was demonstrated preoperatively in a newborn infant by gastrografin enema with deliberate reflux of the contrast material into the small bowel. An intraluminal filling defect and stretching of the mucosal folds were demonstrated. The indictions and proper use of contrast enemas are discussed.
THE MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF OHMIC CONTACTS TO ALGAAS : A MICROSTRUCTURAL, ELEMENTAL DIFFUSION AND ELECTRICAL INVESTIGATION

Interfacial microstructure and phase composition of PtTiGePd ohmic contacts to heavily C-doped AlGaAs were investigated as a function of annealing temperatures. Results of the material analyses were used to explain the specific contact resistances measured for each thermal treatment. Evidence of interdiffusion and compound formation between AlGaAs and Pd was visible in a Ga-rich Pd-Ga-As reaction zone prior to heat treatment. As the annealing temperature was raised from 530 to 600°C, As began to out-diffuse. At 600°C, this As out-diffusion, which is critical to the formation of good p-type ohmic contacts, contributed to the creation and development of the laterally continous two-phase interfacial region, TiAs/Pd12Ga2Ge5, overlying the AlGaAs substrate. The minimum specific contact resistance was also achieved at this temperature. As the annealing temperature was elevated to 650°C, the specific contact resistance degraded in response to intensive chemical diffusion and development of a broad, nonuniform multiphased interfacial region.
Decision Support for Bus Operations in a Mass Transit System

A computerized system has been developed for assigning, parking, and dispatching buses so that each operator in the St. Louis metropolitan transit system generally drives the same bus each day. Combinations of optimizing routines, mathematical heuristics, decision rules from experienced personnel, and human intervention are used to manage the bus operations efficiently. This paper describes the tools created for this task and documents significant improvements in maintenance that occurred after the system became operational.
Reflections on Caplan’s The Myth of the Rational Voter

Putting it bluntly, this book is an attack on democracy. Nowhere, however, does Caplan come out and say that there is another form of government which works better. Of course it would be quite possible for democracy to have many defects and still be better than other governments which have more. The first half of the book is taken up with questions on economic policy matters in which the average voter is shown to give answers much worse than the Ph.D. economists. It seems quite possible that the average dictator or Prince would do as badly or even worse. The data were collected by professionals and I see no reason to doubt them. There is how ever another set of opinions on economic policy in the book: the opinions of the "enlightened voter." They tend to fall between the opinions of the Ph.D.s, and those of the masses. In fact they are a statistical creation, which I think have little real world basis. It does seem reason able, however, that people with at least some knowledge of economics would tend to answer questions in a way which falls between the views of the completely ignorant and Ph.D. economists. Since enlightened voters, like the few people who hold Ph.D.s in economics is a small group, the ignorant masses dominate in any election. We would predict from these data that democracies would follow outstandingly foolish economic policies. I would not say that the economic policies in democracies are brilliant, but they don't seem to be suicidal so the prediction is oversimplified. Alternative forms of government are not obviously better. Caplan makes no effort to judge the economic knowledge of dictators. A little more than half of the human race lives in undemocratic states. Traditionally hereditary monarchy has been the dominant form of government, but it's rare now. I suspect that the average dictator would do as badly as the average voter if given an economic test. Presently, there are only four dictators who are the sons of their predecessors, ruling in North Korea, Syria, the Congo, and Singapore. Singapore is probably the best governed country in the world. North Korea is probably the worst.
Efficacy of Transthoracic Echocardiography for Diagnosing Heart Failure in Septic Shock

Background Cardiac dysfunction occurs in up to 80% of patients with septic shock. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is an ideal tool for the detailed characterization of cardiac function. Its feasibility is perceived to be poor in critically ill patients, but this has never been studied. To address this question, the authors evaluated the efficacy of TTE to diagnose heart failure in septic shock.
Creativity and dissociation. Dance/movement therapy interventions for the treatment of compartmentalized dissociation

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between creativity and compartmentalized dissociation (CD) and explore clinical implications for treatment. After examining the distinction between detachment and CD, the paper presents the main developmental pathways that lead to pathological presentations of CD, highlighting the role of creativity and fantasy proneness. The paper defines the potential benefits of using creative approaches specifically focusing on dance/movement therapy (DMT) in the treatment of CD. These dance/movement interventions address some of the therapeutic tasks required for people with CD, such as the identification and mapping of alters and the improvement of communication, collaboration and coordination among them. The paper finally applies choreographic and performance lenses to the integration and mastery of therapeutic transitions, specifically pertaining to the transformation and fusion of alters. In this process, the paper both examines the benefits of the use of body and movement and also stresses potential caveats in working with this population.
A monolithic microring transmitter in 90 nm SOI CMOS technology

A silicon microring modulator with independent resonance and coupling tunability is monolithically integrated with a stacked CMOS driver. At 25Gbps, the OMA is -1.9dBm, the extinction ratio is 3.5dB, and the excess loss is 2.6dB.
Air pollution in asthma: effect of pollutants on airway inflammation

Objectives The objective of this review is to examine the impact of air pollutants on airway inflammation, with an emphasis on the interaction of the effect of ozone, particulate matter, and endotoxin exposure and immunoglobulin E-mediated airway inflammation. Data Sources This review examines the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and sources for different types of air pollution, as well as undertakes a review of epidemiologic and human challenge studies which address the impact of air contaminants in asthma and allergic inflammation. Results Epidemiologic and human challenge studies both demonstrate that ozone and endotoxin exposure can exacerbate allergic inflammation in the airway. Conversely, allergic processes may enhance individual response to air pollutants as well. Conclusions Ozone and particulate matter are both important agents in inducing asthma exacerbation. However, these pollutants have not been implicated in development of immunoglobulin E responses to neoantigens. Decreased exposure to these pollutants or a better understanding of the processes by which they impact the airway may be useful in decreasing asthma severity.
The outcome of patients with oesophageal eosinophilic infiltration after an eight‐week trial of a proton pump inhibitor

Summary Background Current diagnostic guidelines recommend that eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) should be diagnosed only after GERD is excluded by a lack of response to a trial of acid suppression. There is limited information available providing outcome data about the effectiveness of this approach. Aim To examine the impact of double-dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy on symptoms, endoscopic and histological features in patients with documented oesophageal eosinophilia consistent with EoE (≥15 eosinophils/high-power field). Methods Sixty consecutive symptomatic patients with documented oesophageal eosinophilia received open-label omeprazole 20 mg orally twice daily before meals for 8 weeks. Clinical, endoscopic and histological (resolution: 0–5 eosinophils/HPF, partial improvement: 5–14 eosinophils/HPF), or no improvement: (≥15 eosinophils/HPF) evaluation was repeated at the end of this period. An expert GI pathologist, unaware of the study aims, reviewed all slides. Results Clinical improvement occurred in 43 (71.6%), endoscopic signs were reduced in 34 (61.8%) and normalised in 12 (21.8%), and histologically, 34 (56.6%) improved, while 15 (25%) obtained complete resolution. Overall, 22 patients (36.7%) obtained both complete clinical and histological remission. Conclusions More than 50% of patients with documented oesophageal eosinophilic infiltration in the EoE range improved when treated with a double-dose PPI trial for 8 weeks. These findings support the published guidelines recommending a PPI trial prior to diagnosing EoE, and confirm the existence of an eosinophilic oesophageal infiltrationPPI-responsive population.
Significant Variation for Bio-oil Compounds After Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Cobs and Stover Among Five Near-Isogenic Brown Midrib Hybrids in Maize

We analyzed five near-isogenic brown midrib hybrids in maize via pyrolysis/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py/GC-MS) in order to determine how differing lignin composition and structure impacts individual bio-oil compounds. Twenty-six compounds were analyzed for differences among the five hybrids and between cob and stover materials. We found statistically significant differences for 9 compounds, when comparing the 5 hybrids, and 17 significant differences when comparing maize cobs with stover. Our data indicate that it may be possible to predict phenolic compounds within bio-oil based on cell wall lignin composition. The genetic variation observed in this study suggests that bio-oil quality can be improved by plant breeding.
Tests of the harassment-reduction function and frequency-dependent maintenance of a female-specific color polymorphism in a damselfly

Color polymorphisms have provided classical examples of how frequency-dependent selection maintains genetic variation in natural populations. Here we tested for the first time, the hypothesized adaptive function of a female-specific color polymorphism in odonates to lower male harassment towards females generally. Under conditions controlling for sex ratio, population density and morph frequency, we also tested two major frequency-dependent selection hypotheses for the maintenance of the polymorphism. Using groups of captive Enallagma hageni, whose females are either green or a male-like blue, we varied morph frequency at two sex ratios. We quantified sexual harassment towards females by visual observations, and by the presence of dust on females that was transferred from dusted males. Per capita harassment rate for the female-monomorphic treatments did not differ from that of the female-polymorphic treatments. At a male-biased sex ratio, per capita harassment rate towards blue, but not green females increased with morph frequency, providing partial support for frequency-dependent selection resulting from male learning of female morphs. Even at high frequency, green females were not harassed more than blue, contrary to the prediction that males should always recognize green females as mates. Moreover, frequency-dependent harassment towards blue females was not detectable using harassment measured with dust evidence, which greatly underestimated the incidence of sexual harassment. Our findings identified problems with the use of insectaries and the dusting technique to quantify male sexual harassment towards females, as well as with a past insectary experiment on Ischnura elegans that failed to demonstrate frequency-dependent harassment.
Adenosine A2A receptor and TNF-α regulate the circadian machinery of the human monocytic THP-1 cells.

Morning stiffness and increased symptoms of inflammatory arthritis are among the most common manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), an important mediator of inflammation in RA, regulates the circadian expression of clock proteins, and adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) mediate many of the anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic actions of methotrexate, the cornerstone drug in the treatment of RA. We found that A2AR activation and TNF-α activated the clock core loop of the human monocytic THP-1 cell line. We further observed that interleukin (IL)-10, but not IL-12, mRNA expression fluctuates in a circadian fashion and that TNF-α and A2AR stimulation combined increased IL-10 expression. Interestingly, TNF-α, but not CGS21680, dramatically inhibited IL-12 mRNA expression. The demonstration that A2AR and TNF-α regulate the intrinsic circadian clock in immune cells provides an explanation for both the pathologic changes in circadian rhythms in RA and for the adverse circadian effects of methotrexate, such as fatigue.
Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Disorders in Cases of Incest

The complexity of this topic necessitates focusing on prototypical situations which highlight the relationship between incest and severe personality disorders. Hence many aspects of the subject will not be examined here. I deal mainly with the `narcissistic contract' between the incestuous partners and with the traumatic consequences for the victim, after experiencing the breakdown of basic boundaries during incest. I quote from our group psychotherapy work with Dr Bonnie Buchele, both with victims and offenders, in separate groups (Ganzarain and Buchele, 1988, 1990).
Ecological energetics of Chaoborus in a tropical lake

Ecological energetics of Chaoborus brasiliensis from Lake Valencia, Venezuela, were studied between February 1979 and February 1980. Direct measurements were made of the respiration rate, assimilation efficiency, and growth rate of all 4 larval instars and of the pupae. For the larval stages, respiration increased as the 0.67 power of body mass. Respiration rates of the larvae, when corrected for body size and temperature, were extraordinarily low by comparison with the rates for most aquatic insects. The respiration rates of pupae were 3 times as high as those of larvae the same size. Assimilation rates increased significantly with body size for the larvae and differed slightly but significantly among food types. Assimilation efficiencies fell within the expected range for carnivores. The growth efficiencies were exceptionally high for instars II-IV by comparison with other small aquatic organisms. High growth efficiency for Chaoborus brasiliensis, and possibly for Chaoborus generally, is explained by a very low maintenance cost and may be a significant explanation for the wide distribution and high degree of ecological success in this primary carnivore of plankton communities.
Adolfo León Gómez, 1858–1927: An early 20th century Colombian nationalist and anti-imperialist

(1992). Adolfo Leon Gomez, 1858–1927: An early 20th century Colombian nationalist and anti-imperialist. History of European Ideas: Vol. 15, No. 1-3, pp. 407-412.
Ecological correlates of stress for a habitat generalist in a biofuels landscape.

Understanding the success of habitat generalist species requires knowledge of how individuals respond to stressors that vary across habitats within landscapes. Habitat structure can affect stress by altering predation risk, conspecific densities, and densities of heterospecific competitors. Increased demand for biofuels will alter habitat structure for species in agroecosystems worldwide. We measured stress responses of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)), a widespread habitat generalist, in a biofuels landscape. We quantified fecal corticosterone concentrations for individuals in four biofuel crops: switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize), mixed prairie, and corn (Zea mays L.). We also evaluated stress responses of deer mice to the annual harvesting of corn. Deer mice inhabiting switchgrass and mixed prairie had higher fecal corticosterone concentrations compared with mice in corn and miscanthus. Fecal corticosterone concentrations correlated positively with abundances of conspecifics and behaviorally dominant voles (prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842); meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) across habitats. Stress levels of deer mice depended on how habitat structure modified the competitive environment. Deer mice did not exhibit increased fecal corticosterone concentrations in response to corn harvest, a rapid and extensive habitat disturbance common to agroecosystems. Our research is the first to investigate how landscape change due to biofuels expansion can affect stress levels of individuals.
Resetting of essential tremor and postural tremor in Parkinson's disease with transcranial magnetic stimulation.

We studied the effects of transcranial motor cortex stimulation on the electromyographic characteristics of tremor in 9 patients with familial essential tremor and in 12 patients with postural tremor associated with Parkinson's disease. Transcranial magnetic stimulation reset both types of tremor equally. The resetting depended on the stimulus intensity, but was most closely correlated with the duration of the electromyographic silent period that followed the stimulus-induced motor evoked potential. Tremor resetting was present bilaterally even after focal, unilateral stimulation. Transcranial electrical stimulation failed to reset the tremor in either patient group. These results emphasize the role of central, intracortical structures in the generation of essential tremor and postural tremor in Parkinson's disease. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Separation of Cdc25 dual specificity phosphatase inhibition and DNA cleaving activities in a focused library of analogs of the antitumor antibiotic Dnacin

Abstract Biological evaluation of 96 analogs and synthetic intermediates of the naphthyridinomycin-type antitumor antibiotic Dnacin led to the identification of several low-micromolar inhibitors of dual specificity phosphatases, specifically Cdc25A1, Cdc25B2, and VHR, as well as the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B. While the parent Dnacins are potent DNA cleavage agents, most of the analog structures, even those that retained significant phosphatase inhibitory activities, did not lead to plasmid DNA cleavage. Thus, the DNA-targeting and the phosphatase-inhibitory activities of Dnacins can be assigned to different pharmacophores.
Calmodulin concentrated at the osteoclast ruffled border modulates acid secretion

Osteoclasts mediate acid dissolution of bone for maintenance of serum [Ca2+] and for replacement of old bone in terrestrial vertebrates. Recent findings point to the importance of intracellular signals, particularly Ca2+, in osteoclast regulation. However, acid degradation of bone mineral subjects the osteoclast to uniquely high extracellular [Ca2+]. We hypothesized that this high calcium environment would affect calcium signalling mechanisms, and studied the calcium binding regulatory protein, calmodulin, in the osteoclast. Avian osteoclast bone resorption was inhibited 30% at 1 microM and 90% at 7 microM by the calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine. Osteoclast bone attachment was not affected by 10 microM trifluoperazine. Quantitative immunofluorescence using fluorescein-labelled calmodulin monoclonal antibody showed a severalfold increase of calmodulin concentration in bone attached relative to plastic attached osteoclasts. Western blots confirmed this, showing two to threefold increased osteoclast calmodulin per milligram of cell protein in 3-day bone-attached vs. nonattached cells. Scanning confocal microscopy showed calmodulin polarization to areas of bone attachment. Electron micrographs with 9 nm colloidal gold labelling showed calmodulin in the acid secreting ruffled membrane. ATP-dependent acid transport in osteoclast membrane vesicles was inhibited by the calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium. This effect was reversed by addition of excess calmodulin, showing that the inhibition is specific. Vesicle acid transport inhibition reflects an approximately fourfold shift in the apparent Km for ATP of vesicular acid transport in the presence of the calmodulin antagonist. We conclude that calmodulin concentration and distribution is modified by bone attachment, and that osteoclastic acid secretion is calmodulin regulated.
Social Psychological and Structural Influences on Vegetarian Beliefs

This study examines the link between social structural variables (gender, race, education, age, rural childhood), individual social psychology (altruism, self-interest, traditionality, and openness to change), and beliefs about the benefits of vegetarianism (for health, the environment, animals, and world hunger) and self-reported vegetarianism . Data from a random sample of 420 adult U.S. residents showed that 5 .2 percent considered themselves vegetarian . The strongest predictor of vegetarianism as a di- etary choice was the belief that vegetarianism is beneficial to the environ- ment . None of the social structural variables had a direct influence on vegetarianism as a dietary choice . Of the four values studied, only altru- ism and traditional values influenced beliefs about the benefits of vege- tarianism . Altruistic values increased, and traditional values decreased, be- liefs that vegetarianism is beneficial to health, the environment, farm animals, and world hunger . Blacks were more likely than Whites to adhere to the beliefs that vegetarianism helps prevent cruelty to farm animals, is beneficial to personal health, and is beneficial to the environment . The
Testing and Fault Tolerance of Multistage Interconnection Networks

Test length is independent of network size in this simple, straightforward methodology for testing MINs (multistage interconnection networks). It requires only four test sequences for single-fault diagnosis. 26 references.
Digital Image Change Detection

Multiple views of a scene generally contain informa-tion that is implicit in the differences between the views. Such information can be of great interest when images are taken under different conditions or at different times, as it may provide insight into underlying physical or biological processes. Digital image change detection permits to detect and helps interpret such change information where the human observer otherwise fails. The method described here produces a "change image," which portrays image differences according to a simple convention. In the change image, previously invisible differences clearly stand out, often in meaningful patterns, and they can be further enhanced for easy visual interpretation. Examples are presented of this method applied successfully in widely different fields - remote sensing, radiology, nuclear medicine - illustrating the potential of digital image change detection, and also suggesting further avenues of research.
Persistence of Native-Like Topology in a Denatured Protein in 8 M Urea

Experimental methods have demonstrated that when a protein unfolds, not all of its structure is lost. Here we report measurement of residual dipolar couplings in denatured forms of the small protein staphylococcal nuclease oriented in strained polyacrylamide gels. A highly significant correlation among the dipolar couplings for individual residues suggests that a native-like spatial positioning and orientation of chain segments (topology) persists to concentrations of at least 8 molar urea. These data demonstrate that long-range ordering can occur well before a folding protein attains a compact conformation, a conclusion not anticipated by any of the standard models of protein folding.
Childbirth As Negotiated Reality

This paper will describe birth as a social as well as a physiological event, a process which is socially constructed and socially defined. The ways in which the medical establishment controls the birth experience, creating it as a medical event, will be presented. The role of childbirth education is presented here as supporting the medical model and preparing the pregnant woman and her mate for their roles in the institutional birth. We will briefly consider an alternative, non-medical approach to birth. IF SITUATIONS DEFINED as real are real in their consequences, then those who define, control. Those who have the power to establish their definitions of a given situation as the working definition of reality control that situation. Obstetrics is the branch of medicine concerning the care of women during pregnancy, labor and the puerperium (Gould, 1972) and in contemporary American society has control over the definitions (or diagnoses) relevant to childbirth. Medical expansion into the area of childbirth began before the development of asepsis, surgical techniques, anesthesia. But by the beginning of the nineteenth century, medicine had begun the redefinition of childbirth from a family or religious event, to a medical event, needing medical presence for its safe conduct. (Bogdan, 1976). Until pregnancy and childbirth were defined as medical events, midwifery was in no sense an area, branch or interest of medicine as a profession. During the middle ages, midwifery and its concerns were outside of medicine. “One obvious group outside of the control of the university physician was the midwife, but during the period under study the university physician generally ignored this whole area of medicine. Midwives might or might not be qualified, but this was not a matter of public concern.” (Bullough, 1966: 102) Professions are political organizations, mandated by their relationship with the state, but within that mandate free to define the nature of their work and to work as they see fit. (Freidson and Lorber, 1972:3) When medicine expanded into obstetrics, it redefined childbirth in medical terms, removed from its socio-emotional context. Birth was redefined as “delivery,” not an activity which women engage in, but a procedure which doctors do, a service medicine can provide. When women as consumers of health care challenged that model, medicine reacted as challenged political organizations usually do, either discrediting or coopting its challengers. In the earlier period they saw midwives as “dirty,” unskilled. (c.f. Kobrin, 1966, Ehrenreich and English, 1973) Later on, segments of the reformists were brought out, given the role of “childbirth educators” and allowed to see themselves as “health professionals” and members of the “childbirth team.” Unlike the current home birth movement with a return to lay midwifery, the 1950’s “natural childbirth” movement’s simple desire that *An earlier version of this paper, “The Social Construction of Birth: A Symbolic Interactionist Analysis of In-Hospital, ‘Prepared’ Childbirth” was presented at the American Sociological Association meetings, Chicago, 1977.
Cerebral ammonia metabolism in normal and hyperammonemic rats.

Brain ammonia is generated from many enzymatic reactions, including glutaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and the purine nucleotide cycle. In contrast, the brain possesses only one major enzyme for the removal of exogenous ammonia, i.e., glutamine synthetase. Thus, following administration of [13N]ammonia to rats [via either the carotid artery or cerebrospinal fluid (csf)], most metabolized label was in glutamine (amide) and little was in glutamate (plus aspartate). Since blood-and csf-borne ammonia are converted to glutamine largely, if not entirely, in the astrocytes, it is not possible from these types of experiments to predict with certainty the metabolic fate of the bulk of endogenously produced ammonia. By comparing the specific activity ofl-[13N]glutamate to that ofl-[amine-13N]glutamine following intracarotid [13N]ammonia administration it was concluded that metabolic compartmentation is no longer intact in the brains of rats treated with the glutamine synthetase inhibitorl-methionine-SR-sulfoximine (MSO) and that blood and brain ammonia pools mix in such animals. In MSO-treated animals, recovery of label in brain was low (∼20% of controls), and of the label remaining, a prominent portion was in glutamine (amide) (despite an 87% decrease in brain glutamine synthetase activity). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that glutamine synthetase is the major enzyme for metabolism of endogenously—as well as exogenously—produced ammonia. The rate of turnover of blood-derived ammonia to glutamine in normal rat brain is extremely rapid (t1/2≤3 s), but is slowed in the brains of chronically (12–14-wk portacaval-shunted) or acutely (urease-treated) hyperammonemic rats (t1/2≤10 s). The slowed turnover rate may be caused by an increased astrocytic ammonia, decreased glutamine synthetase activity, or both. In the hyperammonemic rat brain, glutamine synthetase is still the only important enzyme for the removal of blood-borne ammonia. Hyperammonemia causes an increase in brain lactate/pyruvate ratios and decreases in brain glutamate and brainstem ATP, consistent with an interference with the malate-aspartate shuttle. In vitro, pathological levels of ammonia also inhibit brain α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and, less strongly, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The rat brain does not adapt to prolonged hyperammonemia by increasing its glutamine synthetase activity. Therefore, since the brain only has a limited capacity to buffer against excess ammonia, it is important that diseases in which hyper-ammonemia is a prominent feature be treated to reduce the associated hyperammonemia as much as possible.
Growth factors and TPA stimulate DNA synthesis and alter the morphology of cultured terminally differentiated adult rat cardiac muscle cells.

Abstract Previous studies have established that the terminally differentiated ventricular cardiac muscle cell of the adult rat reinitiates semiconservative DNA replication when grown in culture (W. C. Claycomb and H. D. Bradshaw, Jr., 1983, Dev. Biol. 90, 331–337). Work reported here shows that several growth factors and chemicals will stimulate this DNA synthetic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Autoradiographic experiments establish that this stimulated DNA synthesis is due to cells not previously synthesizing DNA being induced to enter the S phase of the cell cycle. By far the greatest stimulation (250%) is observed with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Fifty ng/ml is the optimal concentration, and the maximal effect is observed 5 days after adding TPA. TPA also substantially increases the protein content of the cultured myocytes. Diacylglycerols (DAG) induce these same changes, indicating that the effect of TPA is mediated by protein kinase C. The morphology of the cultured cardiac muscle cells is profoundly altered by TPA and DAG. TPA- and DAG-treated myocytes spread more thinly on the surface of the culture flask, acquire multiple nuclei, and undergo nucleolar fragmentation. The myofibrillar ultrastructure of the treated cells becomes almost totally disorganized, and intermediate filaments and rough endoplasmic reticulum accumulate in the cytoplasm. These TPA results suggest a possible relationship between the degree of ultrastructural differentiation of the ventricular cardiac muscle cell and DNA synthetic activity. This easily altered cellular plasticity should be very useful for studies of the regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
Intelligent design synthesis. An object-oriented approach

Conceptual design is a process of converting design requirements into an acceptable design solution. An object-oriented system for conceptual design is presented. The process of component synthesis is guided by production rules. An object-oriented programming paradigm is chosen since it simulates the designer's way of thinking during conceptual design. The system is implemented in Smalltalk-80 programming language and environment. Besides providing all the characteristics of an object-oriented language, Smalltalk-80 allows for development of highly user-friendly interfaces. The design synthesis process is presented using a graphical and textual description.
Striatal extracellular dopamine levels are not increased by hyperglycemic exacerbation of ischemic brain damage in rats.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that hyperglycemic exacerbation of incomplete forebrain ischemia is mediated by increased extracellular dopamine levels. Normoglycemic and hyperglycemic Sprgue—Dawley rats (eight each) with previously placed coaxial striatal microdialysis probes underwent 12 min of forebrain carotid artery occlusion and trimethaphan-induced hypotension. Microdialysis was performed before, during and for 6 h after ischemia, then perfusion-fixation was performed. Hyperglycemic rats had more severe postischemic damage in the caudate-putamen, neocortex, and hippocampus. Extracellular striatal dopamine levels were increased by ischemia, but were unaffected by hyperglycemia. These data show that hyperglycemic exacerbation of ischemic striatal damage does not depend on elevated extracellular dopamine levels.
Predictions of future ozone changes

A variety of possible natural and human‐related threats to ozone have been recognized over the last few decades. Along with this recognition has come the development of numerical models of the global atmosphere and other tools to evaluate the potential importance of these threats. Numerical models of the global atmospheric chemistry and physics have been the primary tools for studies aimed at projecting possible changes to the complex processes affecting ozone. While representing the known important processes, these models also include many simplifications of the chemical and physical processes that control ozone. Comparison of the model results to measured constituent distributions (e.g., ground‐based, satellite, and aircraft instruments), along with analyses of past natural or human‐related ozone perturbing events and variations (e.g. solar variability, volcanic eruptions, the atmospheric nuclear tests) is useful in evaluating these models for use in predictive studies. These models are currently applie...
Boron Diffusion with Boric Acid for High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells

A boron diffusion process using boric acid as a low cost, nontoxic spin-on source is introduced. Using dilute solutions of boric acid, sheet resistances ranging from 20 to 200 Ω/□ were achieved, along with saturation current densities as low as 85 fA/cm 2 . These results indicate that boric acid is a suitable source for forming both p + emitters and back surface fields for high efficiency n- and p-type solar cells. The degradation of the minority carrier bulk lifetime, which is a common efficiency-limiting characteristic of low cost boron sources, was also minimized through the use of a high purity boric acid source. The ability to achieve low sheet resistances, high bulk lifetimes and low saturation current densities with boric acid were exploited to achieve a 19.7% efficient screen printed solar cell exhibiting a bulk lifetime >400 μs.
Colchicine toxicity precipitated by interaction with sunitinib.

Summary What is known and Objective Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory agent used primarily in treatment of gout and familial Mediterranean fever. Toxicity is uncommon, and depends on dose, hepatic or renal impairment, co-administration with P-glycoprotein or CYP3A4 inhibitors and route of administration. In patients taking p-glycoprotein inhibitors, maximum recommended dose is 0·3 mg per day. In renal or hepatic impairment, recommendation is to avoid concomitant administration of p-glycoprotein inhibitors and colchicine. Case Summary We present an 82 year old patient, with a history of gout, chronic kidney disease and recurrent renal cell carcinoma who was admitted with features of colchicine toxicity after taking a cumulative dose of 41·4 mg over ten days, and taking sunitinib 50 mg daily from day seven of his high dose colchicine regimen. Symptoms started after commencing his cycle of sunitinib, which he had taken in 14 day cycles for many years. He developed severe diarrhea, normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, fever, pneumonia, white cell abnormalities including 30% bands and toxic granulation with Dohle bodies. Red cell abnormalities included anemia, burr cells and acanthocytosis. He also developed acute cardiovascular collapse with hypotension and acute systolic heart failure. Cardiac catheterization showed previously known coronary artery disease, with no significant progression to explain degree of cardiovascular collapse. What is new and Conclusion P-glycoprotein inhibition by sunitinib has been demonstrated. Interaction with colchicine metabolism precipitated colchicine toxicity in this case. Knowledge of p-glycoprotein and its role in drug interactions and potential drug toxicity may not be widespread among clinicians. We report the first case of colchicine toxicity precipitated by interaction with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.