cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple Interpretations of Some Integrals

INTRODUCTION In teaching the calculus sequence one talks about centroids, moments of inertia and radii of gyration; volumes of revolution; pressure and total force on submerged planar areas; moments of force and the center of fluid pressure and perhaps even the products of inertia. These integrals are related to one another. Collected here together are several isolated results which do not appear, to my knowledge, in any one book and a new result about the center of fluid pressure coordinate other than the depth of the center of fluid pressure, which is the one usually discussed. It is assumed that the necessary definitions of centroids; moments of area, volume, force and inertia; radius of gyration; and the center of fluid pressure are the usual ones.(3 ) Suppose A is the area of one side of the enclosed region, R, lying wholly within the first quadrant, which is completely submerged in a fluid of uniform volume density, W. If the y-axis lies in the surface of the liquid and the positive x-axis is in the direction of gravity, then the fluid pressure per unit area at a depth x below the surface is given by Wx.(:) The following integrals are meaningful. (See Figure 1.)
Environmental and Stress State Effects on Fracture and Fatigue Crack-Growth in Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be Bulk Amorphous Metals

Our work has focused on the fracture and fatigue crack-growth mechanisms of a Zr41.25Ti13.75Ni10Cu12.5Be22.5 bulk metallic glass. These alloys exhibit failure strengths on the order of 2 GPa and toughnesses of 10-30 MPavm with remarkably little plastic deformation. The effect of stress state on strength properties was studied in an effort to model fracture mechanisms. While fracture surfaces suggest significant plastic flow, failure strains are quite small and appear to be independent of stress state. Other methods of energy dissipation, including adiabatic heating, are discussed. Temperature increases of more than 20°C have been noted on the side face of the fracture sample at the crack tip during fracture. The micromechanics of fatigue crack growth are also considered and related to the batch chemistry, environment, and microstructure.
Numerical analysis of shear forces response in the ends of the blast-loaded arches

Finite element method was used to study linear and nonlinear response of shear forces in the end of the arches subjected to nuclear and nonnuclear explosion loads in order to well design against the shear failure of the engineering structures. The influence of the ratio of the thickness to the span(h/L),duration of the loads,boundary conditions and plastic deformation were analyzed.It is demonstrated that h/L has significant influence on the dynamic shear and the plastic deformation only has remarkable influence on the first negative peak value or the second positive peak value of the dynamic shear in the end of the arches.Therefore,the first positive peak value is the key parameter for structural design.
Development of Ganoderma Lucidum Jing-diao rice wine

The article introduced the recipe foundation,functional factors,processing technology,equipments,and quality control system,etc.
Analysis on Therapeutic Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on AIDS in Changsha City from 2009 to 2010

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy(HARRT),and to provide a basis for promoting HARRT work. Methods The data were downloaded from history cards of antiretroviral therapy(ART) database of AIDS Direct Reporting Network System from January 1,2009 to December 31,2010.Basic information tables of free ART and follow-up cards were analyzed with EXCEL 2003 and SPSS 13.0 software. Results Before the treatment,the mean CD4+ T lymphocyte count was 142.33±112.71/μl.After 12 months of treatment,the mean CD4+ T lymphocyte count reached 308.23+162.58/μl.There were statistically significant differences in the detection results of CD4+ T lymphocyte count between the pre-treatment and the post-treatment for 3,6,9,and 12 months(P0.05).After 6 months of treatment,128 cases received viral load test,82.0% of their results were below the detection limit. Conclusions After one year of treatment,the therapeutic effect of HARRT on AIDS is obvious in Changsha,and the situation of the cases remains stable.
ELIMINATION OF LDI IN Ti AND ITS ALLOYS

The sources harmness dissolution mechanism and elmination method of low density inclusion(LDI) weresummarised. LDI is the main reason of fatigue crack of plane jet engine rotating components, and influences thetitarnium's application in plane engine. It is discovered that LDI is some phase zones enriched alpha stabilizing alloy elements such as N, C, O, etc. These hard alpha phases, which have high melting point andhigh brittleness, become the source of cracks after being worked. LDI cannot be eliminated by triple VAR.LDI's elimination is a dissolution/diffusion controlled process. BM+VAR is a method to eliminatethe LDI. The HM process can not only eliminate LDI, but also reduce the cost and the recycling timeof production, so it will be the primary method to produce premium titanium alloys.
Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy

Stroke remains a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Carotid artery stenosis is a major cause of stroke. Advances in medical therapy, surgical technique and endovascular maturation has resulted in options for the treatment of carotid stenosis. Here, we present a review of carotid artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy as it applies to trials comparing and contrasting the two treatment options. We also explore the intricacies surrounding reimbursement of these treatment strategies in the USA.
Infrared thermography of welding zones produced by polymer extrusion additive manufacturing

Abstract In common thermoplastic additive manufacturing (AM) processes, a solid polymer filament is melted, extruded though a rastering nozzle, welded onto neighboring layers and solidified. The temperature of the polymer at each of these stages is the key parameter governing these non-equilibrium processes, but due to its strong spatial and temporal variations, it is difficult to measure accurately. Here we utilize infrared (IR) imaging – in conjunction with necessary reflection corrections and calibration procedures – to measure these temperature profiles of a model polymer during 3D printing. From the temperature profiles of the printed layer (road) and sublayers, the temporal profile of the crucially important weld temperatures can be obtained. Under typical printing conditions, the weld temperature decreases at a rate of approximately 100 °C/s and remains above the glass transition temperature for approximately 1 s. These measurement methods are a first step in the development of strategies to control and model the printing processes and in the ability to develop models that correlate critical part strength with material and processing parameters.
Bounded extremum seeking for angular velocity actuated control of nonholonomic unicycle

Summary We study control of the angular-velocity actuated nonholonomic unicycle, via a simple, bounded extremum seeking controller which is robust to external disturbances and measurement noise. The vehicle performs source seeking despite not having any position information about itself or the source, able only to sense a noise corrupted scalar value whose extremum coincides with the unknown source location. In order to control the angular velocity, rather than the angular heading directly, a controller is developed such that the closed loop system exhibits multiple time scales and requires an analysis approach expanding the previous work of Kurzweil, Jarnik, Sussmann, and Liu, utilizing weak limits. We provide analytic proof of stability and demonstrate how this simple scheme can be extended to include position-independent source seeking, tracking, and collision avoidance of groups on autonomous vehicles in GPS-denied environments, based only on a measure of distance to an obstacle, which is an especially important feature for an autonomous agent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Akt3 in Mediating Outside-in Signaling of the Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3

Abstract Abstract 1134 Ligand binding to integrins mediates cell adhesion and transmits “outside in” signals that lead to cell spreading, migration, and proliferation. In platelets, the prototype integrin aIIbb3-mediated outside-in signaling is required for platelet spreading and retraction, and greatly amplifies platelet activation. Previous studies suggest that phosphoinositide 3-Kinases (PI3K) are activated upon binding of integrin αIIbβ3 to its ligand fibrinogen, and is important in outside-in signaling leading to platelet spreading. However, the mechanism by which PI3K transmits outside-in signals has been unclear. A major known downstream effector of PI3K is the Akt (protein kinase B) family of serine/threonine kinases, including Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3. We have recently shown that platelets not only express Akt1 and Akt2 as previously reported, but also express a substantial amount of Akt3. To investigate whether Akt3 is a downstream effector mediating PI3K-dependent integrin outside-in signaling, platelets from Akt3 knockout mice were compared with wild type platelets for their spreading on fibrinogen. Platelets from Akt3−/− mice showed partially, but significantly reduced spreading on fibrinogen, indicating that Akt3 is important in integrin-mediated outside-in signaling leading to platelet spreading. Consistent with the results of Akt3 knockout, treatment of platelets with a pan Akt inhibitor also significantly inhibited spreading of human and mouse platelets on fibrinogen. Akt becomes phosphorylated upon platelet spreading on fibrinogen, which is significantly reduced in Akt3 knockout platelets, and is abolished by PI3 Kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, or Src Family Kinase (SFK) Inhibitor, PP2, suggesting that Akt activation is downstream from PI3K, and SFK during integrin outside-in signaling. Thus, our data reveals that Akt3 is an important downstream effector of PI3K-dependent integrin outside-in signaling promoting platelet spreading. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The use and abuse of pre-employment personality tests

Abstract Employers are using pre-employment personality tests with increased frequency to identify the candidates best equipped to perform certain jobs and to eliminate the candidates least likely to succeed. While these tests promise higher retention rates and increased objectivity in hiring, they can also expose employers to litigation for violation of federal anti-discrimination statutes. This installment of Accounting Matters explores several recent lawsuits and the laws governing the discrimination claims, and concludes by offering several best practices for reducing the risk of litigation when using pre-employment personality tests.
Single Session of Functional Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Walking Produces Corticomotor Symmetry Changes Related to Changes in Poststroke Walking Mechanics.

Background Recent research demonstrated that the symmetry of corticomotor drive with the paretic and nonparetic plantarflexor muscles was related to the biomechanical ankle moment strategy that people with chronic stroke used to achieve their greatest walking speeds. Rehabilitation strategies that promote corticomotor balance might improve poststroke walking mechanics and enhance functional ambulation. Objective The study objectives were to test the effectiveness of a single session of gait training using functional electrical stimulation (FES) to improve plantarflexor corticomotor symmetry and plantarflexion ankle moment symmetry and to determine whether changes in corticomotor symmetry were related to changes in ankle moment symmetry within the session. Design This was a repeated-measures crossover study. Methods On separate days, 20 people with chronic stroke completed a session of treadmill walking either with or without the use of FES of their ankle dorsi- and plantarflexor muscles. We calculated plantarflexor corticomotor symmetry using transcranial magnetic stimulation and plantarflexion ankle moment symmetry during walking between the paretic and the nonparetic limbs before and after each session. We compared changes and tested relationships between corticomotor symmetry and ankle moment symmetry following each session. Results Following the session with FES, there was an increase in plantarflexor corticomotor symmetry that was related to the observed increase in ankle moment symmetry. In contrast, following the session without FES, there were no changes in corticomotor symmetry or ankle moment symmetry. Limitations No stratification was made on the basis of lesion size, location, or clinical severity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate, for the first time (to our knowledge), the ability of a single session of gait training with FES to induce positive corticomotor plasticity in people in the chronic stage of stroke recovery. They also provide insight into the neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying improvements in biomechanical walking function.
TCI and TIVA for Neurosurgery: Considerations and Techniques

The main goals of neurosurgical anesthesia are to provide the patient with an adequate anesthetic that provides a stable hemodynamics, reduces cerebral metabolism, avoids intracranial hypertension, avoids interference with intraoperative neuromonitoring, and allows rapid emergence from anesthesia for neurological examination (Talke et al. Anesth Analg 95:430–5, 2002). Volatile anesthetics combined with synthetic opioids have been used in the past years for neurosurgical procedures because these combinations allow for rapid recovery and prompt neurological assessment (Magni et al. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 134–8, 2005; Todd et al. Anesthesiology 78:1005–20, 1993). However, volatile anesthetics have been shown to affect cerebral autoregulation (Matta et al. 91:677–80, 1999) and intracranial pressure (ICP) (Magni et al. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 134–8, 2005; Strebel et al. Anesthesiology 83:66–76, 1995), which can make the surgery more difficult and dangerous, increasing the risk of ischemic cerebral insults.
Association between primary surgery and all-cause mortality among elderly patients with high-risk prostate cancer.

e576Background: To determine the five year survival impact of primary surgery compared to radiation therapy in older men with high risk prostate cancer. Methods: This was a population-based cohort study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare patients 66 years or older, diagnosed for prostate cancer between 2004 and 2008. High-risk prostate cancer was identified as Gleason score of ≥ 8, or clinical stage T3a. Treatments studied were definitive local (curative intent) therapy (surgery or radiation therapy) within 180 days of prostate cancer diagnosis. The two treatment groups were retrospectively followed for one-year pre and five years post diagnosis. Main outcome measure was five-year all-cause mortality and cancer specific mortality. Sequential Cox regression was used to assess the hazard of mortality associated with surgery, compared to radiation therapy, after adjusting for socio-demographic variables, variables and propensity score. Results: We identified a cohort of 24,838 ...
Room temperature 1040fps, 1 megapixel photon-counting image sensor with 1.1um pixel pitch

A 1Mjot single-bit quanta image sensor (QIS) implemented in a stacked backside-illuminated (BSI) process is presented. This is the first work to report a megapixel photon-counting CMOS-type image sensor to the best of our knowledge. A QIS with 1.1μm pitch tapered-pump-gate jots is implemented with cluster-parallel readout, where each cluster of jots is associated with its own dedicated readout electronics stacked under the cluster. Power dissipation is reduced with this cluster readout because of the reduced column bus parasitic capacitance, which is important for the development of 1Gjot arrays. The QIS functions at 1040fps with binary readout and dissipates only 17.6mW, including I/O pads. The readout signal chain uses a fully differential charge-transfer amplifier (CTA) gain stage before a 1b-ADC to achieve an energy/bit FOM of 16.1pJ/b and 6.9pJ/b for the whole sensor and gain stage+ADC, respectively. Analog outputs with on-chip gain are implemented for pixel characterization purposes.
Building Natural Language Interfaces to Web APIs

As the Web evolves towards a service-oriented architecture, application program interfaces (APIs) are becoming an increasingly important way to provide access to data, services, and devices. We study the problem of natural language interface to APIs (NL2APIs), with a focus on web APIs for web services. Such NL2APIs have many potential benefits, for example, facilitating the integration of web services into virtual assistants. We propose the first end-to-end framework to build an NL2API for a given web API. A key challenge is to collect training data, i.e., NL command-API call pairs, from which an NL2API can learn the semantic mapping from ambiguous, informal NL commands to formal API calls. We propose a novel approach to collect training data for NL2API via crowdsourcing, where crowd workers are employed to generate diversified NL commands. We optimize the crowdsourcing process to further reduce the cost. More specifically, we propose a novel hierarchical probabilistic model for the crowdsourcing process, which guides us to allocate budget to those API calls that have a high value for training NL2APIs. We apply our framework to real-world APIs, and show that it can collect high-quality training data at a low cost, and build NL2APIs with good performance from scratch. We also show that our modeling of the crowdsourcing process can improve its effectiveness, such that the training data collected via our approach leads to better performance of NL2APIs than a strong baseline.
Law, Institutions and Economic Development: Examining the Development of the Home Mortgage Market in India - Can Two Wrongs Make a Right?

There is a vast literature examining the interactions between law, institutions and economic development, but it only occasionally examines how actual markets in emerging economies have developed and transitioned to relying on legal institutions. This paper addresses that question by examining the puzzling growth of the formal home mortgage market in India from the mid 1990s onwards. Enforcing a mortgage and foreclosing on property in the Indian courts were, until very recently, lengthy affairs with a typical case taking between 15 to 20 years to resolve. These delays, along with other factors, made writing mortgages unattractive for banks and led to a trivial home mortgage market until the mid 1990s. However, from about 1994 to 2003, and before any mortgage law related changes took effect, the home mortgage market in India grew quite impressively. This paper examines what led to this growth and finds that, amongst other things, banks in India relied on “dysfunctions” in the criminal justice system to help overcome dysfunctions in the civil justice system for enforcing mortgages. Quite simply two “wrongs” might make a “right”. In particular, in house departments at banks relied on a provision that criminalized “bounced” checks along with the predictability and regularity of extortion by the police to enhance their ability to obtain payments for mortgages and other kinds of debts (e.g., car loans, student loans). Although this aided the growth of the home mortgage market, it also resulted in substantial negative collateral effects by enhancing corruption and worsening adjudicative delays in India. Indeed, the “bounced” check strategy came to represent one of the largest areas of litigation in India. However, once the mortgage market started growing the banks pushed for law changes around 2003 that facilitated the continued expansion of the market, but reduced the need to rely on the “bounced” check strategy, which was becoming costly for banks. This account of the development of the home mortgage market in India not only tracks the incentives faced by the players and highlights the improvisational aspects of this market’s growth, but also has implications for a number of areas of research. This includes insights on the interactions between law, institutions and economic development, the role of private ordering, and key players like in-house lawyers, in market development, and how sustained change and legal reform might be effectuated in some contexts. These insights in turn facilitate the emergence of a richer and more textured approach for exploring the interactions between law, institutions and economic development.
Compare and contrast, a test of expertise

In this paper we present three key elements of case-based reasoning ("CBR") and describe how these are realized in our HYPO program which performs legal reasoning in the domain of trade secret law by comparing and contrasting cases. More specifically, the key elements involve how prior cases are used for: (1) Credit assignment of factual features; (2) Justification; and (3) Argument in domains that do not necessarily have strong causal theories or well-understood empirical regularities. We show how HYPO uses "dimensions", "case-analysis-record" and "claim lattice" mechanisms to perform indexing and relevancy assessment of past cases dynamically and how it compares and contrasts cases to come up with the best cases pro and con a decision.
Breast Biopsy Intensity and Findings Following Breast Cancer Screening in Women With and Without a Personal History of Breast Cancer

Importance There is little evidence on population-based harms and benefits of screening breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in women with and without a personal history of breast cancer (PHBC). Objective To evaluate biopsy rates and yield in the 90 days following screening (mammography vs magnetic resonance imaging with or without mammography) among women with and without a PHBC. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational cohort study of 6 Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) registries. Population-based sample of 812 164 women undergoing screening, 2003 through 2013. Exposures A total of 2 048 994 digital mammography and/or breast MRI screening episodes (mammogram alone vs MRI with or without screening mammogram within 30 days). Main Outcomes and Measures Biopsy intensity (surgical greater than core greater than fine-needle aspiration) and yield (invasive cancer greater than ductal carcinoma in situ greater than high-risk benign greater than benign) within 90 days of a screening episode. We computed age-adjusted rates of biopsy intensity (per 1000 screening episodes) and biopsy yield (per 1000 screening episodes with biopsies). Outcomes were stratified by PHBC and by BCSC 5-year breast cancer risk among women without PHBC. Results We included 101 103 and 1 939 455 mammogram screening episodes in women with and without PHBC, respectively; MRI screening episodes included 3763 with PHBC and 4673 without PHBC. Age-adjusted core and surgical biopsy rates (per 1000 episodes) doubled (57.1; 95% CI, 50.3-65.1) following MRI compared with mammography (23.6; 95% CI, 22.4-24.8) in women with PHBC. Differences (per 1000 episodes) were even larger in women without PHBC: 84.7 (95% CI, 75.9-94.9) following MRI and 14.9 (95% CI, 14.7-15.0) following mammography episodes. Ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive biopsy yield (per 1000 episodes) was significantly higher following mammography compared with MRI episodes in women with PHBC (mammography, 404.6; 95% CI, 381.2-428.8; MRI, 267.6; 95% CI, 208.0-337.8) and nonsignificantly higher, but in the same direction, in women without PHBC (mammography, 279.3; 95% CI, 274.2-284.4; MRI, 214.6; 95% CI, 158.7-280.8). High-risk benign lesions were more commonly identified following MRI regardless of PHBC. Higher biopsy rates and lower cancer yield following MRI were not explained by increasing age or higher 5-year breast cancer risk. Conclusions and Relevance Women with and without PHBC who undergo screening MRI experience higher biopsy rates coupled with significantly lower cancer yield findings following biopsy compared with screening mammography alone. Further work is needed to identify women who will benefit from screening MRI to ensure an acceptable benefit-to-harm ratio.
Outcomes after mechanical aortic valve replacement in children and young adults with congenital heart disease

Abstract Objectives There are little recent data on the outcomes of mechanical aortic valve replacement (AVR) in children and young adults with congenital aortic valve disease. We sought to review the survival and associated thromboembolic or bleeding complications after mechanical AVR at a single center. Methods Data were retrospectively collected for 121 patients undergoing prosthetic AVR from 2000 to 2014. Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards were employed. Results Median age at AVR was 16 years (interquartile range, 12-22.8 years). The valves implanted were the St Jude valve (St Jude Medical Inc, St Paul, Minn) in 79 patients (62%), the On-X valve (On-X Life Technologies Inc, Austin, Tex) in 45 patients (35%), and CarboMedics (Sorin SpA, Milan, Italy) in 3 patients (2.4%). Median valve size was 23 mm (range, 21-25 mm). There were 5 early deaths (3.9%). Median follow-up was 5 years (range, 1.6-9.2 years; 600 patient-years). There were 14 deaths during follow-up. Survival was 90.6% ± 2.8% at 1 year, 85.4% ± 3.7% at 5 years, and 81.5% ± 4.5% at 10 years. Freedom from aortic valve reoperation was 98% ± 1.4% at 1 and 5 years, 91.5% ± 3.9% at 7 years, and 78.4% ± 6.9% at 10 years and at latest follow-up. Univariable analysis identified younger age, lower weight, and use of a 16-mm CarboMedics valve as predictors of reoperation. Valve sizes of 16 or 17 mm have a significantly higher risk of reoperation compared with larger valves (log-rank test, P Conclusions Mechanical AVR in patients with congenital heart disease has excellent short- and midterm outcomes. Younger age was an independent predictor of reoperation.
Progress in Inherited Retinal Disease Drug Discovery and Development: A Foundation’s Perspective

Ophthalmic drug discovery and development has enjoyed a recent renaissance, with a major shift away from reformulating old systemic drugs for ocular use to de novo discovery of drugs for specific ocular disease targets. This shift, coupled with a revolution in molecular biology and genetic sequencing, has uncovered an unprecedented number and variety of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in eye disease. With such a treasure chest of new science to pursue, it also creates a new challenge for translating the lab-based discoveries through the translational “valley of death” into full scale industry-led development of new, approved therapeutics to treat eye disease. This is in fact a daunting task, as the cost of drug development continues to increase and many of the new therapeutic targets are based on smaller, orphan diseases with very high unmet medical needs. This perspective focuses on the role of a nonprofit foundation, The Foundation Fighting Blindness, in fueling and supporting the advancement of new therapies for blinding inherited retinal degenerative diseases into approved therapeutics. The new collaborative model is changing the way breakthrough drugs are coming to market for patients, and innovative funding models are required to match the innovative science.
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Risk for Disordered Gambling

The literature on the behavioral genetics of disordered gambling is reviewed in this chapter. This includes studies that have focused on estimating the aggregate influence of genetic and environmental factors and studies that have focused on identifying the specific genes that account for the aggregate genetic risk. Topics also covered are disordered gambling comorbidity, developmentally relevant studies, identifying the specific environments that account for the aggregate environmental risk, and gene-environment interplay. The chapter is concluded with a summary of the general conclusions, areas in need of more research, and recommendations for the way forward.
Lesbian and Gay Educators Functioning in Heteronormative Schools

This qualitative study explores the ways in which lesbian and gay educators negotiate their sexual identities in their school settings. Ten gay and lesbian public and Catholic school educators from...
Templaticity Effects on Differential Processing of Consonants and Vowels

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of morphophonology and written representations in speech processing. Results are presented from an immediate serial recall (ISR) study, designed to determine the relative effects of L1 morphology and orthography on the recall of consonants versus vowels. Forty-five speakers of English, Amharic, and Arabic completed an ISR experiment testing the differential recall of these two segment types. English speakers remembered sequences of syllables in which the consonant is held constant and the vowel changes (e.g., “ma mi mu …”) better than sequences in which the vowel is held constant and the consonant changes (e.g., “ka ma za …”), whereas Arabic speakers remembered both types of sequences equally well, replicating findings from Kissling (2012). Crucially, Amharic speakers in this study performed similarly to Arabic speakers, remembering both sequence types with equal accuracy. Given that Amharic and Arabic share a templatic morphological system, this new result suggests that the morphophonology of a listener’s L1 impacts ISR. English and Amharic share similar orthographic systems; the mean accuracies of English and Amharic speakers were significantly different, and it therefore appears that orthography of the L1 does not affect recall accuracy. The results have implications for the role of the morphophonology of a given speaker’s L1 in ISR and in speech processing more generally.
An Inductive Analysis of Young Adults’ Conceptions of Femininity and Masculinity and Comparison to Established Gender Inventories

This study provides an analysis of the content of feminine and masculine characteristics/behaviors described in writing by 366 young women and 289 young men from the U.S. Emergent characteristics/behaviors were placed into domains. For both femininity and masculinity, the domains of “physical differences related to sex” and “emphasized physical differences” emerged. For masculinity, additional domains were: “activities and interests focused on the body,” “powerful or oriented toward power,” and “emotion-control or emotionally-limited.” For femininity, additional domains were “lacking power,” “orientation to other people,” and “emotional.” We then compared the characteristics/behaviors and domains we discovered to gender inventories that are commonly used in the contemporary period. The masculine domains focused on physical differences, activities, and interests that emerged from the present study are mostly absent from these masculinity inventories. The domains focused on power and restricted emotion are evident in these inventories, but these inventories do not cover all of the characteristics within our domains. The feminine domains that emerged from the present study are more often covered in these inventories, but some of the specific feminine characteristics we found are not evident in these inventories. Results are discussed in terms of gender role theory, gender inequality, and potential application for qualitative and quantitative inquiries into the construction of gender.
RNA expression and risk of venous thromboembolism in lung cancer.

Background The propensity to develop venous thromboembolism (VTE) on the basis of individual tumor biological features remains unknown. Objectives We conducted a whole transcriptome RNA sequencing strategy, focusing on a single cancer type (lung cancer), to identify biomarkers of cancer-associated VTE. Methods Twelve propensity-matched patients, 6 each with or without VTE, were identified from a prospective institutional review board-approved registry at the Cleveland Clinic with available tissue from surgical excision of a primary lung mass between 2010 and 2015. Patients were propensity matched based on age, sex, race, history of prior cancer, date of cancer diagnosis, stage, histology, number of lines of chemotherapy, and length of follow-up. RNA sequencing was performed on tumor tissue, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed on differentially expressed genes. Results We identified 1037 genes with differential expression. In patients with VTE, 869 genes were overexpressed and 168 were underexpressed compared to patients without VTE. Of these, 276 overexpressed and 35 underexpressed were significantly different (Q < 0.05). GSEA revealed upregulation of genes in complement, inflammation, and KRAS signaling pathways in tumors from patients with VTE. Conclusions These differentially expressed genes and associated pathways provide biologic insights into cancer-associated VTE and may provide insignts to develop new risk stratification schemes, prevention, or treatment strategies.
Ethics in the time of COVID: What remains the same and what is different.

The COVID-19 pandemic raises difficult ethical questions for our healthcare system and its providers. Perhaps the most difficult is how to fairly distribute scarce resources, such as ICU beds and ventilators, as the answer will determine who lives and who dies. Compounding the difficulty, all of us are experiencing the dizzying newness of our socially distanced lives, and we sense that ‘things are different now.’ How do our traditional ethical principles apply to these very novel circumstances?
Noninvasive Risk Stratification for Sudden Cardiac Death

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for approximately 350,000 people per year in the USA alone and is the leading cause of death in the Western world. Risk stratification for SCD is highly desirable for the simple reason that preventative strategies can be readily applied prospectively to a “high-risk” population affecting their outcome. In this chapter, risk assessment in the asymptomatic population; the role of various noninvasive and invasive tests for risk stratification in patients with structural heart disease; and the role of ejection fraction, biochemical markers, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and genetic-based risk stratification are discussed.
Stress Distribution Analysis on Hyperspectral Corn Leaf Images for Improved Phenotyping Quality

High-throughput imaging technologies have been developing rapidly for agricultural plant phenotyping purposes. With most of the current crop plant image processing algorithms, the plant canopy pixels are segmented from the images, and the averaged spectrum across the whole canopy is calculated in order to predict the plant's physiological features. However, the nutrients and stress levels vary significantly across the canopy. For example, it is common to have several times of difference among Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter readings of chlorophyll content at different positions on the same leaf. The current plant image processing algorithms cannot provide satisfactory plant measurement quality, as the averaged color cannot characterize the different leaf parts. Meanwhile, the nutrients and stress distribution patterns contain unique features which might provide valuable signals for phenotyping. There is great potential to develop a finer level of image processing algorithm which analyzes the nutrients and stress distributions across the leaf for improved quality of phenotyping measurements. In this paper, a new leaf image processing algorithm based on Random Forest and leaf region rescaling was developed in order to analyze the distribution patterns on the corn leaf. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used as an example to demonstrate the improvements of the new algorithm in differentiating between different nitrogen stress levels. With the Random Forest method integrated into the algorithm, the distribution patterns along the corn leaf's mid-rib direction were successfully modeled and utilized for improved phenotyping quality. The algorithm was tested in a field corn plant phenotyping assay with different genotypes and nitrogen treatments. Compared with the traditional image processing algorithms which average the NDVI (for example) throughout the whole leaf, the new algorithm more clearly differentiates the leaves from different nitrogen treatments and genotypes. We expect that, besides NDVI, the new distribution analysis algorithm could improve the quality of other plant feature measurements in similar ways.
Road Traffic Monitoring using DSRC Signals.

A wide variety of sensor technologies are nowadays used for traffic monitoring applications. Since most of these technologies rely on wired infrastructure, the installation and maintenance costs limit the deployment of the traffic monitoring systems. In this paper, we introduce a traffic monitoring approach that exploits dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) signals sent in a vehicular network and machine learning techniques. We verify the feasibility of the proposed approach with extensive simulations and real-world experiments at an intersection. We first simulate wireless channels under realistic traffic conditions using a ray-tracing simulator and a traffic simulator. Next, we conduct experiments in a real-world environment and collect DSRC messages transmitted from a roadside unit (RSU). The results show that we are able to separate different traffic intensities with an accuracy of 96.3\% and 87.6\% on the simulation and experimental data, respectively. We also estimate the number of vehicles on the road with a weighted mean absolute percentage error (WMAPE) of 10.7\% and 19.7\% on simulation and experimental data, respectively. The proposed approach is suitable to be deployed alongside the current monitoring systems to improve the performance of the systems without requiring additional investment in infrastructure.
Age Group Identity and Political Participation

Young adults are underrepresented in American politics, but political scientists have devoted little attention to age bias in political participation and public policy. Drawing on arguments that groups vary in their cohesiveness, and that groups with stronger shared identity participate in politics at higher rates, we explore the relationship between age identity and political participation. Using data from a survey of a nationally-representative sample of adults, we measure how strongly citizens identify with others in their age group. We find that young adults do tend to have weaker age identity than senior citizens, but also that their average age identity is as strong as their political party identity. Second, we explore whether age identity is associated with two forms of political participation: voting and participating in protests related to climate change. We find that age identity is a strong predictor of both forms of political participation, especially for young adults.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PAROTID TUMORS

SUMMARY The management of parotid tumors is primarily surgical. The majority of epithelial salivary tumors (80%) are benign, with pleomorphic adenomas predominating. Adequate surgical excision of these tumors necessitates a superficial or total parotidectomy, depending on the location of the tumor within the parotid. Malignant tumors form a challenging group of diverse lesions. Their treatment depends on their histologic diagnosis, their TNM stage, and other factors. In general terms, the more high grade the tumor and the more advanced the stage, the greater the need for radical surgery with postoperative radiation. Prognosis is best for small, low- grade lesions. Recent subclassifications of adenocarcinomas and the lack of large series make prediction of 5-year survival difficult for these cancers.
Functionalized Scout Fragments for Site-Specific Covalent Ligand Discovery and Optimization

Covalent ligands are a versatile class of chemical probes and drugs that can target noncanonical sites on proteins and display differentiated pharmacodynamic properties. Chemical proteomic methods have been introduced that leverage electrophilic fragments to globally profile the covalent ligandability of nucleophilic residues, such as cysteine and lysine, in native biological systems. Further optimization of these initial ligandability events without resorting to the time-consuming process of individualized protein purification and functional assay development, however, presents a persistent technical challenge. Here, we show that broadly reactive electrophilic fragments, or "scouts", can be converted into site-specific target engagement probes for screening small molecules against a wide array of proteins in convenient gel- and ELISA-based assay formats. We use these assays to expediently optimize a weak potency fragment hit into a sub-μM inhibitor that selectively engages an active-site cysteine in the retinaldehyde reductase AKR1B10. Our findings provide a road map to optimize covalent fragments into more advanced chemical probes without requiring protein purification or structural analysis.
The anti-cancer effect of statins in obese esophageal cancer patients undergoing esophagectomy.

e16012Background: In addition to lowering lipid levels and treating atherosclerotic disease, statins have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity in various cancer types. We evaluate...
The Promised Land: Freud’s Dream of England

In June 1938, a few months after Adolf Hitler’s annexation of Austria to the German Reich, Sigmund Freud left Vienna for London. But did he really go into exile? Or was England for him the home that he desired; a home in which he had never lived, but to which he was now to return? This chapter discusses Freud’s treatment of England in his private letters and professional papers; it also reflects on the significance of his choice of residence for the history of psychoanalysis.
Trajectory of AKI in hospitalized pediatric patients - impact of duration and repeat events.

Background Peak severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with mortality in hospitalized pediatric patients. Other factors associated with AKI, such as number of AKI events, severity of AKI events, and time spent in AKI may also have associations with mortality. Characterization of these events could help to evaluate patient outcomes. Methods Pediatric inpatients ( 1) AKI, AKI severity (maximum KDIGO stage), and total number of AKI events. AKI duration as percent admission days in a KDIGO stage and AKI percent velocity were determined. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for time to 30 day survival by AKI characterization. A mixed effects logistic regression model with mortality as the dependent variable and nested in patients was developed incorporating patient variables and AKI characterizations. Results A total of 184,297 inpatient encounters met study criteria (male 51.7%, Age 7.8 years (IQR 2.5, 13.8), mortality 0.56%). Hospital length of stay was 1.9 days (IQR 0.37, 4.8 days), 15.4% had an intensive care unit admission and 12.2% underwent mechanical ventilation. AKI occurred in 5.6% (n = 10,246) of admissions (Stage I = 4.5% (n = 8,310), Stage II = 1.3% (n = 2,363), Stage III=0.77% (n = 1,423)) and repeat AKI events occurred in 1.92% (n = 3,558). AKI was associated with mortality (OR 6.0, 95% CI 4.8, 7.6, p 0.05). Conclusions AKI occurs in 5.6% of the pediatric inpatient population and multiple AKI events occur in ∼30% of these patients. Maximum KDIGO stage is most strongly associated with mortality. Multiple AKI events and AKI duration should also be considered when evaluating patient outcomes.
Endothelial-Derived miR-17∼92 Promotes Angiogenesis to Protect against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Background Damage to the renal microvasculature is a hallmark of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)-mediated AKI. The miR-17∼92 miRNA cluster (encoding miR-17, -18a, -19a, -20a, -19b-1, and -92a-1) regulates angiogenesis in multiple settings, but no definitive role in renal endothelium during AKI pathogenesis has been established. Methods Antibodies bound to magnetic beads were utilized to selectively enrich for renal endothelial cells from mice. Endothelial-specific miR-17∼92 knockout (miR-17∼92 endo-/- ) mice were generated and given renal IRI. Mice were monitored for the development of AKI using serum chemistries and histology and for renal blood flow using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and laser Doppler imaging. Mice were treated with miRNA mimics during renal IRI, and therapeutic efficacies were evaluated. Results miR-17, -18a, -20a, -19b, and pri-miR-17∼92 are dynamically regulated in renal endothelial cells after renal IRI. miR-17∼92 endo-/- exacerbates renal IRI in male and female mice. Specifically, miR-17∼92 endo-/- promotes renal tubular injury, reduces renal blood flow, promotes microvascular rarefaction, increases renal oxidative stress, and promotes macrophage infiltration to injured kidneys. The potent antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is highly expressed in renal endothelium in miR-17∼92 endo-/- after renal IRI and is a target of miR-18a and miR-19a/b. miR-17∼92 is critical in the angiogenic response after renal IRI, which treatment with miR-18a and miR-19b mimics can mitigate. Conclusions These data suggest that endothelial-derived miR-17∼92 stimulates a reparative response in damaged renal vasculature during renal IRI by regulating angiogenic pathways.
Comparing the Fasting and Random-Fed Metabolome Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Children and Adolescents: Implications of Sex, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance.

As the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is occurring at a younger age, studying adolescent nutrient metabolism can provide insights on the development of T2D. Metabolic challenges, including an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) can assess the effects of perturbations in nutrient metabolism. Here, we present alterations in the global metabolome in response to an OGTT, classifying the influence of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in adolescents that arrived at the clinic fasted and in a random-fed state. Participants were recruited as lean (n = 55, aged 8–17 years, BMI percentile 5–85%) and overweight and obese (OVOB, n = 228, aged 8–17 years, BMI percentile ≥ 85%). Untargeted metabolomics profiled 246 annotated metabolites in plasma at t0 and t60 min during the OGTT. Our results suggest that obesity and IR influence the switch from fatty acid (FA) to glucose oxidation in response to the OGTT. Obesity was associated with a blunted decline of acylcarnitines and fatty acid oxidation intermediates. In females, metabolites from the Fasted and Random-Fed OGTT were associated with HOMA-IR, including diacylglycerols, leucine/isoleucine, acylcarnitines, and phosphocholines. Our results indicate that at an early age, obesity and IR may influence the metabolome dynamics in response to a glucose challenge.