cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody, Purification: Monoclonal (MAB) and Polyclonal

The purification of antibodies relies both on the specialized properties of this class of homologous proteins as well as more typical properties of proteins, in general. Typically, the antibody is isolated from the crude feedstock using an affinity chromatographic step, usually one exploiting the highly specific and potent binding interaction between immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and Protein A or G. Following this initial capture of the antibody, the partially purified antibody is further polished using ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, or hydroxyapatite chromatographic methods. New specialized methods have recently been developed using mixed-mode chromatographic methods that combine two modalities of purification in one step. Other advances have come from the development of membrane supports that offer much higher throughput than conventional resin-based chromatography. This review also addresses purification of IgM antibodies, whose large size and tendency to precipitate present additional challenges. Finally, we note that the structural similarity of IgG antibodies presents an opportunity for platform or generic processes and describe the advantages of such an approach. Keywords: antibody; immunoglobulin; purification; protein A; chromatography
The 44P subunit of the T4 DNA polymerase accessory protein complex catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.

Abstract The genes encoding all three T4 DNA polymerase accessory proteins have been cloned into overexpression plasmids. Induction of cells harboring these plasmids results in the synthesis of each accessory protein at levels that approach 10% of the total cellular protein. The solubility of the accessory proteins after induction at 42 degrees C ranges from about 60% to greater than 95%. A plasmid that allows overexpression of the 44P/62P complex has been manipulated further to overexpress selectively the 44P subunit without 62P, permitting us to assess how each subunit contributes to the properties of the 44P/62P complex. A comparison of 44P and 44P/62P by conventional hydrodynamic techniques shows that 44P forms a subcomplex nearly as large as the 44P/62P complex. In addition, 44P catalyzes DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis with a specific activity similar to that of the 44P/62P ATPase. However, unlike the 44P/62P complex, the ATPase activity of 44P alone is only slightly stimulated by 45P. This suggests that one role of the 62P subunit is to facilitate a productive interaction of 44P and 45P.
Chapter 4 - Solvent design for crystallization of pharmaceutical products

This chapter presents case studies relevant to the pharmaceutical industry. The design of crystallization solvents for pharmaceuticals is discussed. In the manufacture of many pharmaceuticals, the high-molecular weight chemicals are recovered as pure solids from impure solutions via crystallization. One of the key decisions in designing solution-crystallization processes is the selection of solvents. This chapter describes a systematic approach involving computer aided molecular design (CAMD) technique, for solvent design/selection for crystallization of pharmaceuticals. Two case studies relating to the design of solvents for ibuprofen, an important pharmaceutical compound, are presented: (1) the first case study involves cooling crystallization solvent design while the (2) second case study involves design of solvent/antisolvent mixture for drowning out crystallization. An experimental verification step is also presented for the ibuprofen cooling crystallization solvent-design problem. Within the chemical process industry, crystallization is one of the key unit operations in the production of high-value chemicals. Crystallization from solution is widely used for the purification of drugs during the final stages of manufacture.
The SRE/SRM approach for spectral testing of AMS circuits

Cost effective testing of analog and mixed-signal components is considered by the ITRS as one of four most daunting SoC challenges. Spectral testing is of critical importance to a large class of integrated circuits and is particularly challenging for high speed and/or high resolution circuits. This paper presents a new spectral testing methodology, termed the SRE/SRM approach, which uses low-cost spectrally related excitations (SRE) and/or spectrally related measurements (SRM) to accurately determine the spectral performance of AMS circuits. This approach can be used in both production test and built-in-self-test (BIST) environments. Simulation results show that sources or measurement devices with 9-10 bit accuracy can be used to accurately test high resolution CUTs with actual spectral performance as high as over 104 dB SFDR.
Estimation of target size using two passive infrared sensors

Passive infrared (PIR) sensors are widely used as a part of unattended ground sensor suite for situational awareness. Currently, the PIR sensor is mainly used as a wakeup sensor for the imaging sensor in order to conserve power. Since the PIR sensor mainly responds to the thermal radiation from the target, animals in the vicinity of the sensor can cause many false alarms. The number of false alarms can be cut drastically, if the target’s size can be estimated and a decision is made based on target size. For example, if the target is 5 ft 9 in tall and 1.5 ft wide, it is most likely a human being as opposed to an animal. In this paper, we present a technique to estimate target size using two PIR sensors with Fresnel lens arrays. One of the PIR sensors is mounted such that its Fresnel zones are horizontal to the ground, and the second PIR sensor is mounted such that its Fresnel zones are at a slant angle to the horizontal plane. The former is used to estimate the width/length, while the latter is used to estimate the height of the target. The relative signal strength between the two sensors is used to estimate the distance of the target from the sensor. The time it takes to cross the Fresnel zones is used to estimate the speed of the target. The algorithm is tested using the data collected in the woods, where several animals are observed roaming.
The fine structure of thin unmyelinated axons within muscle spindles

Abstract Electron microscopic examination of muscle spindles of tenuissimi and lumbrical muscles of 4 cats, one of which was treated with 5-hydroxydopamine (5-HDA), revealed that within the capsular spindle interior and at the extracapsular polar regions there are bundles of thin axons (less than 0.5 μm) not previously described.Only following 5-HDA treatment did some of these axons exhibit large dense (80 nm) vesicles which were never seen in semi-serial sections in the other axons of the bundle. Small dense core vesicles were never observed in these thin spindle axons of both control and 5-HDA treated cats. Bundles of thin axons with and without large dense vesicles following 5-HDA treatment were also observed a few microns away from intrafusal neuromuscular junctions and from intrafusal muscle fiber membranes. Also, following 5-HDA treatment thin axons with large dense vesicles were seen in bundles which included larger unmyelinated axons, presumably of the λ-type, devoid of large dense vesicles. No special unequal distribution was observed of the thin spindle axons in respect to nuclear chain or nuclear bag fibers in the equatorial, the juxta-equatorial, the intracapsular polar or the extracapsular polar regions of the muscle spindles. Despite the absence of small dense core vesicles in the reported thin spindle axons, the possibility is discussed that the axons exhibiting large dense vesicles following 5-HDA treatment are postganglionic sympathetic, and the suggestion is made that the remainder of the thin axons in the bundle,i.e., these devoid of the large dense vesicles in semi-serial sections, are cholinergic. The possibility not previously reported of a significant direct,i.e., non-humoral, contribution of the sympathetic nervous system to motor integration via ‘sympathetic bias’ on the muscle spindles in addition to the λ-bias is discussed.
REVERSAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PIGEONS: ROLE OF FLYING-EXERCISE AND NON-ATHEROGENIC DIET

Abstract Fifty pairs of white Carneau pigeons (genetically susceptible to atherosclerosis) were used to study the effects of flying-exercise on diet-induced atherosclerosis. When pigeons were fed commercial diet supplemented with cholesterol and coconut oil, deposition of fatty plaques was noticed onto the inner wall of aortas. An unique technique for the measurement of atherosclerotic index (AI) was developed. Significant rise of AI (31.6), cholesterol content of plasma (1485 mg/dl) and aortas (18.5 mg/dl) was observed when the pigeons were fed atherogenic diet and kept confined within cages for the first 24 weeks of experiment. Some regression of atherosclerosis was noticed (AI-13.1, cholesterol level in plasma-931 mg/dl, and aortas-16.7 mg/g) when these pigeons were trained to fly approximately 4 miles daily for the following 24 weeks. However rapid decline of AI (8.05) was observed due to dietary change (atherogenic to commercial diet) plus daily training of flying-exercise for the same 24 weeks. The study suggests that complete reversal of atherosclerosis might have been possible through training moderate form of flying-exercise and feeding non-atherogenic diet for an extended period of time.
MAGSAT scalar anomaly distribution: The global perspective

It is established that geographic coincidences exist between high-altitude Magsat scalar anomalies and major geologic and tectonic structures, with oceanic abyssal plains overlain by negative anomalies agreeing well in spatial extent and position and submarine platforms lying beneath positive scalar anomalies. In addition, geographic coincidence is found in the continents between many high-latitude positive anomalies and shields and cratons in North America, Eurasia and Australia. While these correlations are qualitative, they serve to identify regions for detailed study. The global distribution of anomalies provides a basis for comparative study which will be enhanced when reduced-to-pole versions of the Magsat data become available.
Blogging: mediating impacts of flow on motivational behavior

Purpose – Upon extending Hoffman and Novak's flow model, this paper aims to delineate the blogging motivations with an emphasis of flow mediation to predict blogging behaviors. Three objectives are to: identify determinant dimensions of blogging motivations, behaviors and flow; investigate the hypothesized relationships between blogging motivations, blogging behaviors with the mediation of flow; and control the moderating effect of individual differences (i.e. blogger and blog reader) to disperse their blogging behaviors.Design/methodology/approach – Using the self‐administered questionnaire, the data (n=432) are collected from students at a public Southwestern university in the USA. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 7.0 identifies and validates the measurement model prior to examining the hypothesized relationships. To test the hypothesized relationships, structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis is employed in addition to the multi‐group SEM analysis to scrutinize the moderate ef...
LEVERAGED ESOPS AND CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING

The ESOP is treated as simply an employee benefit, but it is really a device to save the human race. —Louis T. Kelso, founder of ESOP1 The American public is not too well-informed….these plans have been heralded as the basic solution for many of our economic ills. Specifically, one of our chief proponents… has said that widespread adoption of ESOPs will accomplish the following objectives: The restoration and acceleration of economic growth to unprecedented levels; create legitimate full employment for two or three decades; and lay the foundation for arresting inflation. I must confess that these are some claims. Certainly no one since I have been chairing this committee has come before us with program that promises that much. —Sen. Hubert Humphrey, Joint Economic Committee Hearings, 1975 (Kelsonomics is) an amateurish and crankish fad. —Paul Samuelson, San Juan Star, April 27, 1972 The ESOP is first and foremost an employee benefit plan. —Rosen, Klein, Young, 1986
TASER Electronic Control Devices Can Cause Cardiac Arrest in Humans

The TASER X26 electronic control device (ECD) is a handgun-shaped device that uses compressed nitrogen to fire darts ranging from 9 to 14 mm in length that impale the clothes or skin of an individual up to a distance of 35 ft. Wires connect the darts to the device. The TASER X26 functions as a constant current generator and delivers an initial 50 000-V to begin an arcing shock (the actual voltage delivered to the body is in the range of 1400–2520 V), followed by electric pulses of 105- to 155-microsecond duration, at a frequency of ≈19 Hz (≈1140 times per minute), and 80- to 125-microcoulomb delivered charge.1 A single trigger pull discharges a 5-second cycle that can be shortened by a safety switch to deactivate the device or prolonged if the trigger pull is held. The trigger can be activated multiple times. The X26 data port stores the time and date of use and number and duration of trigger pulls. If effective, the shock elicits neuromuscular inhibition, allowing law enforcement to gain control of a suspect (see www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACUjnJBHIZc for a TASER demonstration). The device can also be applied in a “drive-stun” mode by directly pressing the X26 ECD against the skin to achieve pain compliance without neuromuscular inhibition. The TASER X26 is the most widely sold ECD. Called a less lethal or nonlethal weapon because it is supposed to be deployed to temporarily incapacitate, not to kill the subject, the X26 is not considered a firearm and therefore is not regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Response by Kroll et al on p 111 The purpose of this article is to present information to support the conclusion that the TASER X26 ECD can cause cardiac arrest in humans. As noted in an earlier article, …
Restriction of color in the rat with associated sterility in the male and heterochromia in both sexes

The effects of a new dominant gene in the rat are described. This gene, restricted (Hr e), causes a marked restriction of the colored areas of the body in the hooded, irish and self color patterns. Males with this restricted color pattern (Re) exhibit testicular tubular dysgenesis with consequent sterility, and a slightly reduced growth rate. The histological structure of the testis is described. Various experimental studies with the Re males are presented. These studies indicate that the cause of the sterility is a relative insensitivity of the germinal epithelium to pituitary follice-stimulating hormone. There is a high incidence of heterochromia in Re rats with cream coat color and ruby eye.
Mucin glycoproteins in chronic ulcerative colitis. Peanut lectin binding in human and nonhuman primate colons.

Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis are confronted with a two-edged sword of life-threatening complications. First, there are the acute and chronic sequellae of mucosal inflammation; second, carcinoma of the colon may supervene later in the course of the disease. The potential complication of cancer is particularly vexing to the patient and physician since the risk increases with time, and neoplastic lesions are difficult to detect at early stages in the setting of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis is characterized by a diffuse disorder of cellular proliferation (1), and it is not unusual to find multiple sites of dysplasia or carcinoma in these colons (2). This suggests that abnormal epithelium, which may give rise to cancer, may be present diffusely throughout the colon. As a result, many investigators have sought means of identifying those patients who are at the greatest risk of developing neoplastic complications of ulcerative colitis. The most extensively investigated approach to this problem has been the identification and classification of epithelial dysplasia (3). Dysplasia is the earliest morphologically detectable sign of epithelial neoplasia, and circumstantial evidence suggests that dysplasia is the precursor of carcinoma. However, mild dysplasia may be present in ulcerative colitis for an extended period without progressing to cancer, and in some cases
Characterization of an immunoglobulin cDNA clone containing the variable and constant regions for the MOPC 21 kappa light chain

Nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping have been used to characterize a cDNA copy of immunoglobulin MOPC 21 Kappa mRNA clones in the bacterial plasmid pMB9. Three regions of the inserted cDNA of plasmid pL21-1 have been sequenced and match the known protein sequence at amino acid residues 1-24, 128-138 and 171-179. With these sequences to provide absolute correlations between the restriction map and the structural gene sequence it has been possible to exactly deduce the positions of all 11 of the insert restriction sites mapped within the structural gene. The pL21-1 insert contains the complete variable and constant regions as well as parts of the 3' untranslated and polypeptide leader coding sequences.
Patterns of Hypermetria and Terminal Cocontraction during Point-to-point Movements Demonstrate Independent Action of Trajectory and Postural Controllers

We examined elbow muscle activities and movement kinematics to determine how subjects combine elementary control actions in performing movements with one and two trajectory segments. In reaching, subjects made a rapid elbow flexion to a visual target before stabilizing the limb with either a low or a higher level of elbow flexor/extensor coactivity (CoA), which was cued by target diameter. Cursor diameter provided real-time biofeedback of actual muscle CoA. In reversing, the limb was to reverse direction within the target and return to the origin with minimal CoA. We previously reported that subjects overshoot the goal when attempting a reversal after first having learned to reach accurately to the same target. Here we test the hypothesis that this hypermetria results because reversals co-opt the initial feedforward control action from the preceding trained reach, thereby failing to account for task-dependent changes in limb impedance induced by differences in flexor/extensor coactivity as the target is acquired (higher in reaching than reversing). Instructed increases in elbow CoA began mid-reach, thus increasing elbow impedance and reducing transient oscillations present in low CoA movments. Flexor EMG alone increased at movement onset. Test reversals incorporated the initial agonist activity of previous reaches but not the increased coactivity at the target, thus leading to overshoot. Moreover, we observed elevated coactivity in reversals upon returning to the origin even though coactivity in reaching was centered at the goal target. These findings refute the idea that the brain necessarily invokes distinct unitary control actions for reaches and reversals made to the same target. Instead, reaches and reversals share a common control action that initiates trajectories toward their target and another later control action that terminates movement and stabilizes the limb about its final resting posture, which differs in the two tasks.
Suppression of myeloma establishment in adult mice with anti-μ antiserum

Abstract Uniform suppression of MOPC-104E tumor development was observed in adult BALB/c mice to which 0.4 ml of high titered anti-μ antiserum had been administered intraperitoneally or intravenously one day before subcutaneous tumor implantation. In contrast, when MOPC-104E cells were exposed to anti-μ antiserum in vitro for 10 min and subsequently injected into adult BALB/c mice, inhibition of tumor development was observed in only about half of the subject animals. Nude mice treated intraperitoneally with anti-μ antiserum were also uniformly refractory to MOPC-104E challenge. Anti-μ antiserum exhibited virtually no cytotoxicity against MOPC-104E cells in vitro . These observations suggest that neither complement-mediated cytotoxicity nor T cell-mediated immunity is likely to be the primary mechanism for anti-μ-mediated suppression of myeloma development in adult BALB/c mice. More plausible explanations for this type of suppression include macrophage arming, some type of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and/or opsonization.
Non-heart-beating donors: One response to the organ shortage

Summary The use of organs from NHBDs is beginning to gain acceptance as a method to help alleviate the current organ shortage. This is shown by the number of OPOs that now have protocols for retrieving organs from NHBDs. In a controlled setting, NHBDs can be expected to yield kidneys and, in preliminary studies, extrarenal organs that function similarly to those retrieved from HBDs. The best method of renal preservation after retrieval from NHBDs appears to be machine perfusion—as a result of which, rates of delayed graft function can be reduced significantly. Experimental work may help further limit the damaging effects of warm ischemia. Although controlled NHBDs could have a significant impact on extrarenal transplantation, the impact on renal transplantation will be much smaller. For this reason, in the absence of HBDs, kidneys from uncontrolled NHBDs could have the most significant impact on decreasing the disparity between donors and potential renal recipients. However, protocols involving uncontrolled NHBDs are logistically more complex and must limit warm ischemia while, at the same time, satisfying issues of consent for any procedure performed in preparation for organ donation. Because a large number of healthcare professionals are involved with potential NHBDs, discussions with them and with on-site ethics committees are extremely important. Although the use of NHBDs has a historical precedent, many are unaware that this concept is not new. Therefore, education of these same healthcare professionals is essential. Likewise, the transplant institution by way of medical boards or IRBs should approve protocols that involve the use of NHBDs. Active discussions regarding NHBDs should help allay any fears of impropriety and should help to maintain public trust. If our approach to NHBDs is scientifically sound, ethically based, and expertly applied, the use of NHBDs can be expected to have a major impact on organ donation. Despite this resurgence of interest in NHBDs, we must not lose sight of the fact that we can and must do more to realize the full potential of HBDs.
T‐Lymphocyte Activation: The Biology and Function of CD2 and CD4

This review will focus on the functional analysis of the role of CD2 and CD4 in T-cell activatiohn. Both these molecules have been cloned and sequenced. The expression of the CD2 and CD4 cDNAs and mutant forms of the molecules into appropriate recipient cell lines has helped to document that these molecules are receptors on the cell surface, interacting with ligand(s), and impacting upon the T-cell response
Atomic tailoring of Eu-centers in thinfilms for spectral storage applications

The doping of Eu into MgS as well as CaS:Eu thinfilms, produced by Chemically Controlled Pulsed Laser Deposition (CCPLD), offer a lot of potential for the development of ultra-high density; (Terabits per sq. in.) spectral storage devices. These storage capacities are made possible by the use of spectral holeburning technique where many spectral holes can be burned into the inhomogeneously broadened Zero Phonon Line (ZPL) of 4f-5d electronic transition of the Eu ions inside the MgS and CaS lattice. It is shown that one can tailor different optical centers by introducing trace amounts of impurities in the alkaline earth sulfide lattice, especially if these impurities occupy sites close to the europium ion. The effect of doping on MgS and CaS thinfilms with oxygen impurity has been presented. Laser excited fluorescence results have been presented that demonstrate possible atomic tailoring of calcium and magnesium sulfides in creating new oxygen associated europium centers. Such centers are of prime importance in increasing the spectral storage capacity of multilayer thinfilm structures based on these materials.
Spatial growth of gulf stream meanders

Abstract An attractive explanation for the observed spatial growth of the Gulf Stream meanders is that the meanders are spatially growing unstable waves. The results of a calculation based on a simple two-layer model of baroclinically unstable flow presented here support this idea. The model is a familiar one with the energy for the growth of the meander perturbations coming from the potential energy available in the geostrophic tilt of the interface between the two layers due to their velocity shear. In order to distinguish between spatial and temporal growth, it IS necessary to assume that the meanders are generated in a localized region, or equivalently, that the meanders are upstream disturbances which are amplified as they enter a region of unstable flow. This assumption is implemented mathematically through the use of a Green's function which governs the propagation of the meanders. Analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Green's function leads to a criterion which must he satisf...
The Soviet computer industry: a tale of two sectors

For the Soviet economy in general, and the Soviet computing community in particular, the last few years have been a period of unprecedented troubles and changes. The old, stable, centrally planned economic system has proven to be far more brittle than almost anyone expected; but attempts to build a market economy have fallen far short of many hopes and expectations. The net result to date is an economy in confusion and shambles (e.g., see [3, 6]).
Prospects for quantitative fMRI: Investigating the effects of caffeine on baseline oxygen metabolism and the response to a visual stimulus in humans

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides an indirect reflection of neural activity change in the working brain through detection of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal changes. Although widely used to map patterns of brain activation, fMRI has not yet met its potential for clinical and pharmacological studies due to difficulties in quantitatively interpreting the BOLD signal. This difficulty is due to the BOLD response being strongly modulated by two physiological factors in addition to the level of neural activity: the amount of deoxyhemoglobin present in the baseline state and the coupling ratio, n, of evoked changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism. In this study, we used a quantitative fMRI approach with dual measurement of blood flow and BOLD responses to overcome these limitations and show that these two sources of modulation work in opposite directions following caffeine administration in healthy human subjects. A strong 27% reduction in baseline blood flow and a 22% increase in baseline oxygen metabolism after caffeine consumption led to a decrease in baseline blood oxygenation and were expected to increase the subsequent BOLD response to the visual stimulus. Opposing this, caffeine reduced n through a strong 61% increase in the evoked oxygen metabolism response to the visual stimulus. The combined effect was that BOLD responses pre- and post-caffeine were similar despite large underlying physiological changes, indicating that the magnitude of the BOLD response alone should not be interpreted as a direct measure of underlying neurophysiological changes. Instead, a quantitative methodology based on dual-echo measurement of blood flow and BOLD responses is a promising tool for applying fMRI to disease and drug studies in which both baseline conditions and the coupling of blood flow and oxygen metabolism responses to a stimulus may be altered.
Removal and recovery of beryllium in waters by chlorella vulgaris

Abstract Using nitrous oxide‐acetylene flame atomic absorption and direct curent argon plasma emission spectrometry to determine Beryllium, the removal of Beryllium from solutions and waste waters by an algae biomass, Chlorella vulgaris was investigated. Binding was dependent on pH with maximum binding of over 80 % occurring at a pH between 6 and 9. The binding was independent of the Beryllium concentration in the range 0.05–2.7 μg/mL investigated. The effect of three separate matrices were investigated with optimal binding of Beryllium at pH 6.5 of 80 % for Sodium Acetate, 65 % for Sodium Carbonate, and 50 % for deionized‐distilled water. Using an industrial waste water from a Beryllium mining operation, containing Beryllium as ions and solid (Beryllium (II) oxide), four pretreatments resulted in optimal binding ranging from 0 to over 95 % (depending on the pretreatement [form of Berryllium]). pH reversal allowed nearly 100 % recovery of the bound Beryllium (Be2+ ions) back into solution from the Chlorel...
Refined complexity analysis for heap operations

Abstract A heap (priority queue) is a data structure for representing a set of items, each item having an associated numerical value, which facilitates such operations as insertion, deletion, merge (union), and findmin (find the item having the minimum value). It is well known that when n items are present the inherent complexity of these operations (in terms of comparisons) is logn per operation in the worst case. However, Cheriton and Tarjan have observed that when the frequency of findmin operations is small relative to the frequency of other operations, then certain implementations of heaps perform better than logn per operation. We explore this phenomenon with respect to inherent complexity.
Coaxing charge from the vacuum

Abstract We examine a U(1)-symmetric field theory for two scalar fields in which thee tree-level potential is ununded from below. We calculate the finite-temperature effective potential and demonstrate that (1) radiative corrections stabilize the theory; (2) Q-balls appear at low temperatures; and (3) the U(1) symmetry is spontaneously broken at high temperatures and restored at low temperatures. We investigate the theory's dynamics in a sector of fixed charge, focusing on the cosmological production of Q-balls as relics of the early era of broken symmetry.
Assemblages of multiple thick filaments in nematode mutants.

A spectrum of thick filament-related structures exhibiting novel structural features is isolated in addition to the normal thick filaments fromunc-15 andunc-82 mutants ofCaenorhabditis elegans. Many assemblages have multiple myosin-coated filaments extending from both ends of central domains exhibiting paracrystalline paramyosin. The filament ends resemble the polar core structures of native thick filaments. Assemblages with filaments at only one end and short thick filaments that branch are also present. This spectrum of novel structures accumulates at high levels in specific mutants due to alterations in paramyosin or other interacting proteins. The multifilament structures are either alternative assemblages of thick filament proteins and substructures or usually transient nucleation centres active in the assembly of thick filaments which are favoured under mutant conditions.
Observed Fears and Discomforts among Urban Students on Field Trips to Wildland Areas

Abstract Interpreters at urban nature centers were asked to recall and list fears expressed by students on field trips to wildland areas. Forty-eight interpreters recalled 564 examples of fearful reactions. Responses were interpreted based on the literature on fear. Fears of snakes, insects, nonindigenous animals, and plants were most frequently cited. Enlightening was the high frequency of “fear of getting lost” and the emotion of disgust expressed in relation to natural objects. Results suggest the need to address not only students' fears but also their feelings of disgust. Anxiety reactions from students suggest that interpretive programs for some students may be corrective instead of formative.
2-D BIBO stability using 1-D wave model

The bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) stability of 2-D shift-invariant systems is studied using the concept of the wave advance model, which converts the 2-D equation into a 1-D time-varying format. It is shown that the wavefront 1-D discrete Fourier transforms evolve according to a conventional time-invariant equation. The propagation model is used to develop 2-D BIBO stability criteria. The most general criterion is necessary and sufficient for BIBO stability of systems without singularities of the second kind on the unit bidisk. The criteria are sufficient when applied to 2-D systems with singularities of the second kind. In fact, this kind of singularity appears as a loss controllability (pole/zero cancellation) in a related 1-D observable canonical state equation. The approach proposed shows very clearly the effect of the numerator in the stability of such systems. The stability analysis of singularities can be carried out with conventional algebraic tools. >
Influence of Oilfield Chemicals on the Surface Tension of Stimulating Fluids

Surface tension plays a very important role in the stimulation of gas wells. A low surface tension is required to reduce capillary forces that trap the aqueous phase in the formation. Accumulation of the aqueous phase near the wellbore area, known as water blockage, leads to a significant reduction in gas production. An experimental study was conducted to examine the effects of various acids and stimulation additives on surface tension. A Kruss tensiometer (Model K-12) was used to conduct surface tension measurements. Acids examined included: HCl, acetic, citric, formic, and combinations of these acids. Stimulation additives tested included: mutual solvent, short-chain alcohols, corrosion inhibitors, hydrogen sulfide scavengers, iron-control agents, and clay stabilizers. In addition, the effects of three classes of surfactants (nonionic, cationic and anionic) on surface tension of acid solutions were investigated. The surface tension of acid stimulating fluids is a complex function of acid type, concentration, and additive type and concentration. Acetic and formic acids had lower surface tension values than HCI, especially at high acid concentrations. The surface tension of the organic acids examined depended on the pK a value of the acid. Organic acids with high pK a values had low surface tension values. The surface tension of hydrochloric acid can be reduced by mixing with acetic acid. EGMBE lowered the surface tension of acetic, formic and hydrochloric acids up to 10 wt%. Increasing the concentration of EGMBE above 10 wt% had no significant effect on the surface tension of these acids. The effect of organic acid strength on surface tension diminished in the presence of EGMBE. Short-chain alcohols reduced the surface tension of 15 wt% HCl with the greatest reduction obtained with n-butanol. Citric and erythorbic acids, which are usually used as iron control agents significantly reduced the surface tension of 15 wt% HCl. Ionic surfactants reduced the surface tension of hydrochloric acid more than the two nonionic surfactants tested. The three corrosion inhibitors examined reduced surface tension up to a critical concentration beyond which they had no effect on surface tension. An aldehyde-based HIS scavenger lowered the surface tension of 15 wt% acid solutions at very low concentrations. Clay stabilizers (cationic polymers) did not significantly affect the surface tension of 15 wt% HCl. Addition of a hydrogen sulfide scavenger, a nonionic surfactant or a corrosion inhibitor into solutions of 15 wt% HCl and EGMBE had a small effect on the surface tension of the acid.
Composition and properties of very low density lipoproteins secreted by the perfused rat liver and subfractionated by affinity chromatography

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were isolated from the perfusate of rat livers infused with a complex of oleic acid bound to bovine serum albumin. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, bile flow, histopathology, and transmission electron microscopy indicated that secretory functions but not morphologic integrity of the livers were maintained during the procedure. Plasma VLDL and liver perfusate VLDL did not have similar size distribution. VLDL isolated from recycling perfusate and single pass perfusate were also subfractionated with concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Three subfractions were eluted sequentially from the perfusate VLDL: a non-adherent fraction A and two adherent fractions B and C. The size of these VLDL, determined after negative staining and examination by transmission electron microscopy, was significantly decreased by affinity chromatography. VLDL in fractions A, B and C were spherical and had diameters of 935 +/- 17, 881 +/- 34 and 415 +/- 30 A respectively. Fraction A, which did not adhere to the column, contained 65% of the lipid applied to the column. The carbohydrate composition of fraction A VLDL was 11.2 +/- 0.6% fucose, 14.7 +/- 1.2% galactose, 43.7 +/- 2.3% N-acetylglucosamine, and 30.5 +/- 1.9% sialic acid. Sugars such as glucose and mannose, which bind to concanavalin A, were not detected. In contrast, VLDL fractions B and C, which adhered to the column, contained both glucose (17.7 and 2.5%) and mannose (5.8 and 8.3%) as well as the other sugars present in VLDL fraction A. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the affinity column procedure clearly altered the apolipoprotein patterns of the applied VLDL, thereby producing abnormal fractions B and C. Fractions B and C also differed from unfractionated VLDL and fraction A VLDL in lipid composition, in surface/interior core lipid ratio, and in fatty acid composition of the interior core lipids, primarily triacylglycerols. The steady-state anisotropy, the limiting anisotropy and the lipid order parameter of fluorescence probe molecules 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and trans-parinaric acid incorporated into the VLDL were of the following order: fraction B greater than fraction A greater than fraction C. These results are consistent with the interpretation that concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography may artificially produce a series of VLDL subfractions whose composition and structural properties do not resemble those of native VLDL.
A finite element model for the analysis of tailored pulse stimulation of boreholes

A constitutive model is described for the prediction of dynamic crack formation in geological media. The model includes a simple tensile failure criterion for crack formation and a soil plasticity model for both deviatoric and volumetric plasticity. Numerical results are presented which show that the model reproduces the observed dependence of fracture formation on loding rate for dynamic pressure loading of boreholes. The use of the model as a numerical tool for design is demonstrated through two example parameter studies.
US IOOS ® - from integrated to Interdependent and Indispensible

Integration is defined providing rapid access to multidisciplinary data from many sources and to provide data and information required to achieve multiple goals that historically have been the domain of separate agencies, offices, or programs. There are plenty of examples and efforts underway within US Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) that are moving us to a fully integrated system. The President's Executive Order 13547, outlines our policy to achieve “an America whose stewardship ensures that the ocean, our coasts, and the Great Lakes are healthy and resilient, safe and productive, and understood and treasured so as to promote the wellbeing, prosperity, and security of present and future generations.” For US IOOS to be a vital contributor to this goal we suggest a need to move beyond Integration to become “Interdependent” and “Indispensible.” Given the current fiscal climate, no one agency, entity or program can act alone. The scientific information needed to guide personal and programmatic decisions necessitates taking the next step to interdependence. Are we ready to take that step? Interdependences also refer to the fact that the subsystems can not stand alone. To deliver necessary capabilities IOOS elements must progress from the research and development stages, through efficient test and operational efforts into routine operations. Technologies must be incubated and rapidly inserted to keep the US IOOS system operating effectively and efficiently. Prompt delivery of meaningful output to the end user demands a fully interdependent system. One in which the models and observations are standardized and work seamlessly together to rapidly tailor the output to users' needs. But interdependence also suggests that each partner be it at the Federal, State, Local and Tribal level or the Private sector needs to be there for the long term. The analogy is really the three legged stool. Once you become interdependent, if one of the partners pulls back the stool falls when ability for the other partners/legs are unable to support the enterprise. This demands not only policy and technology, but trust. Once partners and programs are fully interdependent they become indispensible. This paper will provide examples within IOOS that suggests the move is underway. The paper will provide an update on the US IOOS Blueprint to Full Capability, will provide examples of observation networks that rely on multiple partnerships to remain viable, and how the information, products and services are now have been fully endorsed by managers and decision makers.
Block-diagonality of LFS-groups of p-type

Abstract In this paper, we prove that every locally finite simple group of p-type has a Kegel cover K = { ( H i , M i ) | i ∈ I } such that • H i / O p ( H i ) is the central product of perfect central extensions of classical groups defined over a field in characteristic p; • if ( H 1 , M 1 ) , ( H 2 , M 2 ) ∈ K with H 1 ⩽ H 2 then H 2 is ‘block-diagonal’ for H 1 . Roughly speaking, ‘ H 2 is block-diagonal for H 1 ’ means that for every component L 2 of H 2 / O p ( H 2 ) and every non-trivial composition factor C for H 1 on L 2 there is exactly one component L 1 of H 1 / O p ( H 1 ) that is not trivial on L 2 . Moreover C is a natural module for L 1 . The exact definition of block-diagonal is given in Section 4.
Recurrence matrices and the preservation of dynamical properties

Abstract We prove that the construction of a recurrence matrix (a matrix of inter-vector distances) preserves the dynamical properties of an observed attractor. Because of this fact, a recurrence matrix is a useful transform for studying high-dimensional systems, “compressing” high-dimensional vector sets into a two-dimensional format without losing relevant information. Practical issues are discussed in an example.
Vascular Bed–specific Expression of an Endothelial Cell Gene Is Programmed by the Tissue Microenvironment

The endothelium is morphologically and functionally adapted to meet the unique demands of the underlying tissue. At the present time, little is known about the molecular basis of endothelial cell diversity. As one approach to this problem, we have chosen to study the mechanisms that govern differential expression of the endothelial cell–restricted von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene. Transgenic mice were generated with a fragment of the vWF gene containing 2,182 bp of 5′ flanking sequence, the first exon and first intron coupled to the LacZ reporter gene. In multiple independent lines of mice, β-galactosidase expression was detected within endothelial cells in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. In isogeneic transplantation models, LacZ expression in host-derived auricular blood vessels was specifically induced by the microenvironment of the heart. In in vitro coculture assays, expression of both the transgene and the endogenous vWF gene in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) was upregulated in the presence of cardiac myocytes. In contrast, endothelial cell levels of thrombomodulin protein and mRNA were unchanged by the addition of ventricular myocytes. Moreover, CMEC expression of vWF was not influenced by the addition of 3T3 fibroblasts or mouse hepatocytes. Taken together, the results suggest that the vWF gene is regulated by vascular bed–specific pathways in response to signals derived from the local microenvironment.
Effect of 17β estradiol on [3H] progesterone binding in rat brain

Abstract A progesterone-binding component is reported in the cerebral hemispheres of immature female rat. [3H] progesterone binding in the brain cytosol is increased following two weeks of estradiol administration. The [3H] progesterone binding by this component can be reduced by pretreatment with unlabeled steroid. In addition, the binder from both control and estradiol-treated groups shows inter-action with ATP immobilized on columns of ATP-Sepharose.
Role of competition policy in the US innovation system

US competition policy, with its recent emphasis on encouraging the commercialization of new technological innovations, exhibits the flexibility to embrace new national competitiveness objectives. Competition policy's traditional economic goal, of broadening consumer choice and improving market efficiency, is now extended to encourage continuous innovation (both technological and organizational) in a network-based, global business environment. Antitrust enforcement in recently formed industries exhibiting dynamic innovation requires a new theoretical foundation (utilizing Schumpeterian, evolutionary, Austrian, path-dependence, and resource-based perspectives) to create competition guidelines for agency intervention, as well as remedies that will not interfere with the ‘creative destruction’ that characterizes the innovation process. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Nox5 mediates PDGF-induced proliferation in human aortic smooth muscle cells

The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is important in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases in smooth muscle cells have been shown to participate in signaling cascades regulating proliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a powerful smooth muscle mitogen. We sought to determine the role of Nox5 in the regulation of PDGF-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) proliferation. Cultured HASMC were found to express four isoforms of Nox5. When HASMC stimulated with PDGF were pretreated with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), proliferation was significantly reduced. Proliferation induced by PDGF was also heavily dependent on JAK/STAT activation, as the JAK inhibitor, AG490, was able to completely abolish PDGF-stimulated HASMC growth. Specific knockdown of Nox5 with a siRNA strategy reduced PDGF-induced HASMC ROS production and proliferation. Additionally, siRNA to Nox5 inhibited PDGF-stimulated JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. ROS produced by Nox5 play an important role in PDGF-induced JAK/STAT activation and HASMC proliferation.
Biologic effects of thrombopoietin, the Mpl ligand, and its therapeutic potential

In vitro experiments and data from studies in Mpl-null and thrombopoietin (TPO)-null mice have shown that TPO is the major regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis. In addition to its effect on megakaryocyte production and maturation, TPO has a proliferative effect on other progenitors, particularly erythroid progenitors, when used in combination with other cytokines (erythropoietin, interleukin 3, and kit ligand). The precise effect of TPO on platelet release is uncertain and warrants further study. In myeloablated animal models (mice and primates), TPO shortened the period of critical neutrocytopenia and accelerated the recovery of platelet counts, thereby showing great promise for use in patients postchemotherapy and posttransplantation.