cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early onset oral tongue cancer in the United States: A literature review

The incidence of early onset oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTC) has been increasing in the United States, and no clear etiology has been identified. Studies on this topic have generally been small and presented varied results. The goal of this review is to analyze and synthesize the literature regarding early onset OTC risk factors, outcomes, and molecular analyses within the US. To date, studies suggest that early onset OTC patients tend to have less heavy cigarette use than typical onset patients, but there may be an association between early onset OTC and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco and snuff) use. Early onset OTC is associated with similar or possibly improved survival compared to typical onset OTC. There has been no evidence to support a significant role for human papillomavirus in development of early onset OTC. Further research with larger cohorts of these patients is needed to better characterize this disease entity.
Label-free Biomolecular Sensing by SERS on Nanoporous Gold Nanoparticle Arrays

We review our recent progress in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biomolecular sensing on substrate-bound nanoporous gold (NPG) nanoparticles arrays which feature large surface area, tunable plasmonics, and high-density localization of enhanced electric field. This type of SERS substrate has been shown to provide superior performance in terms of ultrahigh sensitivity and reliable specificity for robust detection.
The Head Control Scale: Development, inter-rater reliability, and utility.

Purpose This study introduces a new scale for the assessment of head control called the Head Control Scale (HCS). The purpose of this study was to establish interrater reliability of the HCS and to determine its usefulness in a clinical setting. Methods The HCS assesses head control in four positions (prone, supine, pull to sit, and supported sitting) on a 0-4 rating scale. The authors used both a focus group and pilot testing to refine the scale to its final version, which was then used to assess interrater reliability. Twenty-six therapists used the HCS to evaluate head control of five subjects of varying ages and abilities who were videotaped spending 30-40 seconds in each position. Participants also completed a post-rating survey. Results Fleiss's weighted kappa coefficient is excellent for the prone (0.82), pull to sit (0.83), and sitting (0.88) positions as well as for the scale overall (kappa = 0.91). It can be described as fair to good for supine (kappa = 0.68). Conclusions The HCS has high interrater reliability and users report it to be a needed tool, applicable to clinical practice, and easy to use. Implications The results of this study indicate that the HCS has great potential for clinical use.
Investigation of factors associated with ABCB5-positive limbal stem cell isolation yields from human donors

Abstract Purpose To identify factors associated with isolation yields of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily member B5 (ABCB5)-positive limbal stem cells (LSCs) from human cadaveric donor eyes. Methods Whole eye globes were obtained from the Saving Sight eye bank, Kansas City, MO and the CorneaGen eye bank, Seattle, WA. ABCB5-positive LSCs were sorted by flow cytometry upon anti-ABCB5 monoclonal antibody staining within one week after donor death. The yields of live limbal epithelial cells in their entirety and of isolated pure ABCB5-positive LSC subsets were correlated with variables contained in the eye donors’ medical information. Results The mean isolation yield of live limbal epithelial cells and ABCB5-positive LSCs per donor eye was (340,000 ± 160,000 and 2,608 ± 1,842 respectively, mean ± SD). Stepwise regression analysis showed that cardiac disease-related death was the strongest negative predictor of the ABCB5-positive LSC isolation yield (p = 0.01). While we observed a trend for an age-related decline in the yield of ABCB5-positive LSCs, a statistically significant association could not be established (2% decrease/year, p = 0.11). Additionally, despite a trend for decreased isolation yields of total live limbal epithelial cells isolated from single donors with a longer time between death and tissue processing (p = 0.04), this did not affect the yields of purified ABCB5-positive LSC, which was independent of increasing time between death and tissue processing (p = 0.50). Conclusions Our study identifies cardiac disease-related death as a donor variable significantly associated with lower ABCB5-positive LSC isolation yields.
Hybrid Sparse Array Beamforming Design for General Rank Signal Models

The paper considers sparse array design for receive beamforming achieving maximum signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (MaxSINR) for both single point source and multiple point sources, operating in an interference active environment. Unlike existing sparse design methods which either deal with structured environment-independent or non-structured environment-dependent arrays, our method is a hybrid approach and seeks a full augumentable array that optimizes beamformer performance. This approach proves important for limited aperture that constrains the number of possible uniform grid points for sensor placements. The problem is formulated as quadratically constraint quadratic program (QCQP), with the cost function penalized with weighted $l_1$ -norm squared of the beamformer weight vector. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms for array configurability in the case of both single and general rank signal correlation matrices. Performance comparisons among the proposed sparse array, the commonly used uniform arrays, arrays obtained by other design methods, and arrays designed without the augmentability constraint are provided.
Reevaluating the sensory recruitment model by manipulating crowding in visual working memory representations

The prominent sensory recruitment model argues that visual working memory (WM) is maintained via representations in the same early visual cortex brain regions that initially encode sensory stimuli, either in the identical neural populations as perceptual representations or in distinct neural populations. While recent research seems to reject the former (strong) sensory recruitment model, the latter (flexible) account remains plausible. Moreover, this flexibility could explain a recent result of high theoretical impact (Harrison & Bays, The Journal of Neuroscience, 38 (12), 3116-3123, 2018) – a failure to observe interactions between items held in visual WM – that has been taken to reject the sensory recruitment model. Harrison and Bays (The Journal of Neuroscience, 38 (12), 3116-3123, 2018) tested the sensory recruitment model by comparing the precision of memoranda in radially and tangentially oriented memory arrays. Because perceptual visual crowding effects are greater in radial than tangential arrays, they reasoned that a failure to observe such anisotropy in WM would reject the sensory recruitment model. In the present Registered Report or Replication, we replicated their study with greater sensitivity and extended their task by controlling a potential strategic confound. Specifically, participants might remap memory items to new locations, reducing interactions between proximal memoranda. To combat remapping, we cued participants to report either a memory item or its precise location – with this report cue presented only after a memory maintenance period. Our results suggest that, similar to visual perceptual crowding, location-bound visual memoranda interact with one another when remapping is prevented. Thus, our results support at least a flexible form of the sensory recruitment model.
Successful cognitive aging: What the oldest-old can teach us about resistance and resilience

Over the past century, we have witnessed a remarkable extension of human life expectancy by >27 years. Reflecting this accomplishment, people ≥90 years of age are now the fastest-growing segment of the population in most of the world. Indeed, more than half of all children born today in developed countries are expected to live to 100 years of age or beyond,1 and it is remarkable how little we know about these pioneers of aging. Biomedical research tends to focus on disease and poor outcomes, but the oldest-old individuals who have reached extreme age with preserved cognitive health present an unparalleled opportunity to investigate factors that may promote successful cognitive aging throughout the lifespan, even in the presence of neuropathologic changes associated with cognitive loss and dementia.
Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is an injectable progestin-only contraceptive administered every 13 weeks. DMPA is an extremely effective contraceptive agent when used consistently. With typical use, approximately 6 out of 100 women will become pregnant in the first year of use, reflecting that some users do not return for repeat injections. DMPA is reversible and can be used by women of all ages; however, there is a delayed return to fertility after discontinuation (median duration 10 months). There are few contraindications to DMPA use and it can be used in postpartum and breastfeeding women. Noncontraceptive benefits of DMPA include treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and a decreased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer.
The role of epidemiology studies in human health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a public health concern given evidence that they persist and accumulate in the environment and can cause toxic effects in animals and humans. However, evaluating adverse effects of PCBs in epidemiologic studies is complicated by the characteristics of PCB exposure. PCBs exist as mixtures in the environment; the mixture changes over time due to degradation, and given physicochemical differences between specific PCB congeners, the mixture that an individual is exposed to (via food, air, or other sources) is likely different from that which can be measured in biological tissues. This is particularly problematic when evaluating toxicity of shorter-lived congeners that may not be measurable by the time biological samples are collected. We review these and other issues that arise when evaluating epidemiologic studies of PCBs and discuss how epidemiology data can still be used to inform both hazard identification and dose-response evaluation.
Inclusion of individuals with low IQ in drug development for autism spectrum disorder

Although individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and/or limited language ability make up a significant proportion of those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), they are routinely excluded from ASD research. As a result, this vulnerable population is prevented from participating in and deriving full benefit from research. In this commentary, we expand upon points made by McCracken and colleagues (this issue), who describe several opportunities for improvement in drug development for ASD related to the inclusion of individuals with ID and/or limited language ability.
The psychology of whistleblowing

Whistleblowing — reporting another person's unethical behavior to a third party — represents an ethical quandary. In some cases whistleblowing appears heroic whereas in other cases it appears reprehensible. This article describes how the decision to blow the whistle rests on the tradeoff that people make between fairness and loyalty. When fairness increases in value, whistleblowing is more likely whereas when loyalty increases in value, whistleblowing is less likely. Furthermore, we describe systematic personal, situational, and cultural factors stemming from the fairness-loyalty tradeoff that drive whistleblowing. Finally, we describe how minimizing this tradeoff and prioritizing constructive dissent can encourage whistleblowing and strengthen collectives.
Maternal adaptation during childbearing in Norway, Sweden and the United States

The purpose of the study of 147 healthy primiparous women is to investigate the relationship between maternal adaptation during pregnancy and postpartum. This report is part of a larger study of relationships between family dynamics and maternal adaptation during childbearing in Norway, Sweden and the US. Variables included maternal adaptation, age, social status, mother's employment, type of birth, length of hospitalization and mother infant time together in the hospital. Mothers reporting greater adaptation during pregnancy reported greater adaptation postpartum. Mothers who believed themselves adapted indicated that they were better prepared for labour, had more control over their birth experience, a better relationship with their partner, and perceived greater participation in child care from their partner. Few differences were found in maternal adaptation among all mothers, and few relationships were found among selected sociodemographic variables and maternal adaptation. Formation of maternal identity and mother's confidence in her ability to cope with the tasks of motherhood was affected by mothers' prenatal identification with the motherhood role, supporting the notion that knowing what to expect provides a sense of control. Mothers' prenatal identification with the motherhood role directly or indirectly affected her satisfaction with motherhood. Nurses may want to develop practice strategies to support these findings.
Effects of mental imagery and oral and print stimuli on prose learning of intermediate grade children

Two studies investigated the effects on prose learning of oral vs, written presentations of text and the use of mental imagery. Sixth graders (Study 1) and fourth graders (Study 2) listened to or read a text. Some students were asked to imagine pictures of the material. Oral presentations produced better results than written-only forms. Fourth graders benefited more from mental imagery than did sixth graders.
Monocytes and Macrophages Synthesize and Secrete Thrombospondin

Thrombospondin, one of the major glycoproteins released from alpha-granules of thrombin-stimulated platelets, is a disulfide-linked trimer of 160,000-dalton subunits. Cultured human monocytes secreted thrombospondin (determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) into the culture medium in a time-dependent manner (1.45 micrograms/10(6) cells/24 hr); secretion was totally blocked by cycloheximide (1 microgram/mL). 35S-thrombospondin was isolated from 35S-methionine-labeled human monocyte postculture medium with rabbit polyclonal anti-thrombospondin coupled to protein A-Sepharose. The immunoisolated 35S-thrombospondin migrated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels after reduction with a molecular weight of 159,000. Similar results were obtained using mouse resident peritoneal macrophages. Elicited peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice pretreated with endotoxin, casein, or thioglycollate secreted much less thrombospondin than did resident macrophages harvested from control mice. Thus, monocytes and macrophages from two different species synthesize and secrete thrombospondin, and the rate of synthesis of thrombospondin appears to depend on the state of activation of the cells.
TH2 inflammation repressed by chemokines.

The proto-oncogene BCL6 participates in the regulation of immune responses; a lack of it leads to generalized type 2 inflammation. Macrophage chemokine genes have now been identified as targets for BCL-6 repression and perhaps induce this inflammation.
The Ten Commandments Perspective on Power and Authority in Organizations

Power and authority in terms of the Ten Commandments (TCs) are discussed. The paper reviews the TCs in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The treatment and basis for power and authority in each religion are clarified. Implications of power and authority using the perspective of the TCs are provided. The paper suggests that in today's business environment people tend to be selective in identifying only with certain elements of the TCs that fit their interest and that the TCs should be viewed as general moral guidelines.
Morphological Analysis of Alumina and its Trihydrate

Available morphological analyses for fine particles are briefly reviewed. Three methods for characterizing morphology of alumina and hydrate are studied in some detail: shape factor by Optomax Image Analyzer, signature by sieve cascadography and Fourier method. The shape factor represents only a global deviation from a circle and does not fully reflect small scale protuberances on the particle profile. The sieve cascadography, when fully developed, can be a useful tool for shape characterization. The commercially implemented Fourier analysis provides information on both global and local shape features by its morphological descriptors which can be used for distinguishing various types of particles. An example is given in which a newly defined “blockiness index” from a combination of Fourier descriptors is used to identify and quantify the blocky alumina or hydrate crystals.
Relationship between marbling group and major muscle contribution to beef carcass mass

Left sides from 18 beef carcasses (9 steers and 9 heifers) were divided equally among three marbling groups (low = traces or slight; intermediate = small or modest; high = slightly abundant) and evaluated to determine the relationship between longissimus composition and the percentage each major muscle contributes to the weight of the beef carcass. The adductor (A), biceps femoris (BF), deep pectoral @P), gluteal group (GL), infraspinatus 0, longissimus (L), psoas major 0, rectus abdominis (RA), rectus femoris (RF), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), serratus ventralis (SV), spinalis (SP), supraspinatus (SU) and triceps brachii (TB) were removed, trimmed of external fat and weighed. Muscle weights were expressed as a percentage of hot carcass weight: A = .76%; BF = 3.30%; DP = 1.89%; GL = 1.81%; I = 1.10%; L = 3.35%; PM = .95%; RA 1.12%; RF = .94%; SM = 2.35%; ST = 1.14%; SV = 2.26%; SP = .82%; SU = .69% and TB = 1.83%. The deep pectoral and triceps brachii were heavier (P < .05) in steer carcasses than in heifer carcasses. No other sisnificant sex effects were noted. Percentage of muscle tended to decrease with increasing marbling level; however, the linear regression of relative muscle weight on marbling level was significant for the BP, DP, PM, SM, SU and TB. Using marbling score or yield grade factors to predict the percentage of individual muscles in the carcass resulted in R2 values greater than .4 in 7 of the 15 muscles evaluated. Results froin this study indicated that the percentage of carcass weight composed of individual muscles tended to decrease as marbling score increased; however, the linear effect of marbling score was significant (P < .05) for only 6 of the 15 muscles tested. Prediction equations suggested that the major factor affecting the percentage each muscle contributed to the beef carcass was overall carcass fatness (marbling score and yield grade).
Interglacials, Milankovitch Cycles, Solar Activity, and Carbon Dioxide

The existing understanding of interglacial periods is that they are initiated by Milankovitch cycles enhanced by rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. During interglacials, global temperature is also believed to be primarily controlled by carbon dioxide concentrations, modulated by internal processes such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Recent work challenges the fundamental basis of these conceptions.
The effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on trkA and choline acetyltransferase mRNA expression in the basal forebrain of the adult female Sprague-Dawley rat

Cognitive deficits associated with aging and with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease have been attributed to degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. Estrogen is known to provide trophic support to cholinergic neurons, although the mechanisms underlying the actions of estrogen have yet to be determined. Because cholinergic neurons require neurotrophic growth factors for their survival, it is possible that the trophic effects of estrogen on basal forebrain systems are caused by enhanced expression of neurotrophins or their receptors. To begin to examine this hypothesis, we used in situ hybridization analysis to determine the effects of ovariectomy (ovx) and estrogen replacement on trkA mRNA levels in the rat basal forebrain. Ten days of estrogen deprivation after ovx resulted in significant decreases in trkA mRNA levels in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Short-term estrogen replacement therapy restored trkA mRNA expression to a level comparable with ovary-intact animals. No changes in trkA mRNA levels were observed in the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca after ovx or estrogen replacement. To assess the functional status of cholinergic neurons in the absence and presence of estrogen, the effects of ovx and estrogen replacement on ChAT mRNA levels were also examined and found to reflect the changes observed in trkA mRNA expression. These studies suggest that the trophic effects of estrogen on basal forebrain cholinergic systems may be mediated, in part, through the signaling of neurotrophic growth factors through their receptors.
Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese and Semantics: Primes and Universals

Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese. Anna Wierzbicka. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 317 pp. Semantics: Primes and Universals. Anna Wierzbicka. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 500 pp.
The Vaccinia Virus A18R DNA Helicase Is a Postreplicative Negative Transcription Elongation Factor

Loss of vaccinia virus A18R gene function results in an aberrant transcription profile termed promiscuous transcription, defined as transcription within regions of the genome which are normally transcriptionally silent late during infection. Promiscuous transcription results in an increase in the intracellular concentration of double-stranded RNA, which in turn results in activation of the cellular 2-5A pathway and subsequent RNase L-catalyzed degradation of viral and cellular RNAs. One of three hypotheses could account for promiscuous transcription: (i) reactivation of early promoters late during infection, (ii) random transcription initiation, (iii) readthrough transcription from upstream promoters. Transcriptional analysis of several viral genes, presented here, argues strongly against the first two hypotheses. We have tested the readthrough hypothesis by conducting a detailed transcriptional analysis of a region of the vaccinia virus genome which contains three early genes (M1L, M2L, and K1L) positioned directly downstream of the intermediate gene, K2L. The results show that mutation of the A18R gene results in increased readthrough transcription of the M1L gene originating from the K2L intermediate promoter. A18R mutant infection of RNase L knockout mouse fibroblast (KO3) cells does not result in 2-5A pathway activation, yet the virus mutant is defective in late viral gene expression and remains temperature sensitive. These results demonstrate that the A18R gene product is a negative transcription elongation factor for postreplicative viral genes.
Comparative neurovirulence of herpes simplex virus type 1 strains after peripheral or intracerebral inoculation of BALB/c mice

Twenty-three strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 were compared for their pathogenicity in 4-week-old BALB/c mice after peripheral (footpad) or intracerebral inoculation. Among those strains examined were (i) six clinical isolates of brain or cerebrospinal fluid origin, (ii) seven clinical isolates of oral or genital origin, (iii) five prototype laboratory strains that have been passaged numerous times in culture, and (iv) five syncytial variants capable of producing cell fusion in culture. Based on comparative 50% lethal dose values, the strains appeared to segregate into one of three classes of neurovirulence. Class I strains were highly virulent by both the peripheral and intracerebral routes of inoculation, class II strains were highly virulent by the intracerebral route only, and class III strains were highly attenuated by both routes of inoculation. In vivo growth curves for whole brain homogenates infected with class III strains revealed titers of infectious virus approaching those found in the brains of animals infected with class I or II strains. These results would therefore suggest that (i) a strain-dependent variation in neural spread exists that may influence the ability of the virus to cause acute neurological disease and (ii) the amount of infectious virus present within an infected brain does not necessarily determine or reflect the clinical status of the animal. Of the clinical isolates examined, the strains recovered from brain tissue of humans after fatal episodes of encephalitis were found to be no more neurovirulent in mice than the strains isolated from nonneural sites. However, although syncytial variants were found to be highly attenuated by the peripheral route, as a group these strains proved to be among the most virulent when inoculated directly into the central nervous system.
Mechanisms of sodium fluoride-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction: role of MLC phosphorylation

NaF, a potent G protein activator and Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitor, significantly increased albumin permeability and decreased transcellular electrical resistance (TER), indicating endothelial cel...
The effect of axial midline angulation on dental esthetics.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of various degrees of axial midline angulation on the attractiveness of a smile. We explored the influence of age, race, sex, direction of midline deviation, education, occupation, and dominant hand on each evaluator's perception of dental esthetics. Photographs of smiling subjects--one man and one woman--were altered to produce both left and right axial midline angulations in 5 degree increments. Fifty orthodontists and 50 laypeople evaluated these altered photographs by assigning both a numerical attractiveness rating and an acceptable or unacceptable rating to each. The results showed that attractiveness scores and acceptability ratings declined consistently as axial midline angulation increased. Statistical analysis showed that both sex of the subject and occupation of the judge were significant variables (P < .05) in the evaluation of the subjects. Age, race, sex of the judge, education level, direction of midline deviation, and dominant hand were not statistically significant. The mean acceptable midline angulation for the male subject was 6.6 +/- 4.5 degrees for orthodontists and 10.7 +/- 6.2 degrees for laypeople. For the female subject, the mean acceptable threshold was 6.4 +/- 4.0 degrees for orthodontists and 10.0 +/- 6.1 degrees for laypeople (P < .001). Discrepancies of 10 degrees were unacceptable by 68% of orthodontists and 41% of laypeople.
Technology transfer at Internet speed

You are the factory manager with two processes running, a third scheduled to ramp down and a fourth scheduled to startup. Then the new loadings forecast comes out and you discover that the process your factory was going to ramp down is ramping up and the new process startup has been pulled in. Is your factory flexible enough to commit to the new loadings forecast and still meet the startup schedule? There is only one way to find out, you go to the Internet and consult the Route and Tool Readiness (RTR) System. The Route and Tool Readiness system is a spreadsheet-based system accessible from the Intel Intranet, which links information from several different sources to give an integrated view of a startup project. These include tool schedules, route information, throughput time data and engineering contact names. As the time between process development and process transfer into manufacturing continues to decrease, the RTR system becomes more critical. It enables factory management to successfully deal with last-minute technology changes during transfer as well as sudden shifts in market demand between multiple technologies. At the same time, it makes technology transfer projects more productive, accurate, and faster.
Arithmetic invariants of discrete Langlands parameters

The local Langlands correspondence can be used as a tool for making verifiable predictions about irreducible complex representations of p-adic groups and their Langlands parameters, which are homomorphisms from the local Weil-Deligne group to the L-group. In this article, we refine a conjecture of Hiraga, Ichino, and Ikeda which relates the formal degree of a discrete series representation to the value of the local gamma factor of its parameter. We attach a rational function in x with rational coefficients to each discrete parameter, which specializes at x=q, the cardinality of the residue field, to the quotient of this local gamma factor by the gamma factor of the Steinberg parameter. The order of this rational function at x=0 is also an important invariant of the parameter—it leads to a conjectural inequality for the Swan conductor of a discrete parameter acting on the adjoint representation of the L-group. We verify this conjecture in many cases. When we impose equality, we obtain a prediction for the existence of simple wild parameters and simple supercuspidal representations, both of which are found and described in this article.
Associations with anticipated and obtained outcomes in instrumental learning

In four experiments, we investigated encoding of the reinforcer in instrumental learning. We contrasted the view that the reinforcer is encoded as a consequence of the response with the position that the expectation of the reinforcer serves as an antecedent stimulus for the response. In all four experiments, a response was followed by one reinforcer in the presence of a stimulus known to elicit an expectation of a different reinforcer. In Experiments 1 and 2, we found that devaluing the consequent reinforcer reduced performance of the response more than did devaluing the expected reinforcer. In Experiment 3, we found no evidence at all for a detrimental effect of devaluing the expected reinforcer. Experiment 4 showed that a stimulus associated with a reinforcer will preferentially promote a response that has the same-consequent reinforcer rather than the same-antecedent reinforcer. These results provide further support for the view that response-reinforcer associations are the crucial product in instrumental learning situations.
Influence of Spatial Structure on Accuracy of Interpolation Methods

Effectiveness of precision agriculture depends on accurate and efficient mapping of soil properties. Among the factors that most affect soil property mapping are the number of soil samples, the distance between sampling locations, and the choice of interpolation procedures. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of data variability and the strength of spatial correlation in the data on the performance of (i) grid soil sampling of different sampling density and (ii) two interpolation procedures, ordinary point kriging and optimal inverse distance weighting (IDW). Soil properties with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 12 to 67% were sampled in a 20-ha field using a regular grid with a 30-m distance between grid points. Data sets with different spatial structures were simulated based on the soil sample data using a simulated annealing procedure. The strength of simulated spatial structures ranged from weak with nugget to sill (N/S) ratio of 0.6 to strong (N/S ratio of 0.1). The results indicated that regardless of CV values, soil properties with a strong spatial structure were mapped more accurately than those that had weak spatial structure. Kriging with known variogram parameters performed significantly better than the IDW for most of the studied cases (P < 0.01). However, when variogram parameters were determined from sample variograms, kriging was as accurate as the IDW only for sufficiently large data sets, but was less precise when a reliable sample variogram could not be obtained from the data.
Rotation sensitivity of waves propagating in a rotating piezoelectric plate

The rotation effect on the characteristics of waves propagating in a piezoelectric plate is studied in the framework of linear piezoelectricity including Coriolis and centrifugal forces. The rotation sensitivity of the wave dispersion relations is analyzed in details for polarized ceramic plates and for the lowest thickness-shear and the lowest thickness-twist waves because of the particular importance of these modes for gyroscope applications. The analysis shows that the frequency shifts monotonically with the increasing rotation rate and the rotation sensitivity of long waves is substantially greater than that of short waves. Generally, plates with shorted electrode surfaces have higher rotation sensitivity than plates with free-charge surfaces. For long waves and for small rotation rate relative to the wave frequency, the frequency shifts with rotation rate, linearly for plates with shorted electrode surfaces and nonlinearly with a nearly flat initial tangent for plates with free-charge surfaces. These rotation sensitivity characteristics are of interest for the development of rotation sensors and other piezoelectric devices for which frequency insensitivity to rotation is desired.
Effect of the Thyroid Hormone on Egg Production of White Leghorn Hens

Abstract DURING the past twenty years there has developed considerable interest in the relation of the secretions of the endocrine glands to growth and reproduction in domestic animals. Due to the fact that the hormone of the thyroid gland can be administered orally, poultry physiologists have given especial attention to the effect of the thyroid hormone upon feathering and egg laying in fowls. Crew and Huxley (1923) were unable to demonstrate an effect of thyroid feeding on egg production in two pens of six hens each during a period of four weeks starting in September. The egg weight was the same. In a later more extensive experiment Crew (1925) reported rather phenomenal results with thyroid in the rejuvenation of five cocks and seven hens five to eight years of age. To each of these birds desiccated thyroid was administered daily for six months (May to October). During the first two weeks . . .
A Magnet Field System for a High Density Tokamak Reactor

A design for a magnet system for a high density high field tokamak reactor is described. In this design stress in the trunk of the toroidal field structure is significantly reduced by elimination of the central ohmic heating transformer. In addition all superconducting coils are operated in the steady state and pulsed fields are generated only by copper coils.
Apomorphine has no effect on plasma homovanillic acid in schizophrenic patients

Abstract Previous experiments suggest that pharmacological perturbations of the brain dopaminergic system may be reflected by concentrations of plasma homovanillic acid. This study examined the ability of low-dose apomorphine to reduce plasma homovanillic acid concentrations in schizophrenic patients chronically treated with neuroleptics. The data suggest that apromorphine dose not reduced plasma homovanillic acid in those patients.
Experiments for teaching polymer characterization

A laboratory manual has been published containing over twenty experiments on polymer characterization, including measurement of molecular weight and distribution, thermal properties, morphology, and mechanical properties. Although written for immediate use in a polymer science laboratory course, the book should find wide use for the instruction of industrial laboratory assistants and by the chemist or engineer who wishes to familiarize himself in further detail with the field. This paper will discuss both the philosophy of the book and the details of selected experiments, all of which have been tested in a graduate laboratory. The main text of the book provides background information on synthesis (experiments in synthesis are also included), a minimal scheme for the characterization of a new polymer, and equipment, theory, data treatment, and limitations for each characterization method for which there is an experiment. Wherever appropriate, a numerical data set is worked through in complete detail from instrument readings to final results. The format of the experiments proper, like those of ASTM and many industrial methods, is kept free of nonessential material and is written in simple stepwise form for direct reference during the experiment. Alternate procedures are included in some cases where more than one type of commercial equipment is in widespread use.
A Graphical Sinusoidal Analysis of a Nonlinear RC Phase-Shift Feedback Circuit

In certain nonlinear systems, a form of frequency response has been observed in which the peak is bent over to the right or left depending on the type of nonlinearity. It will be shown that a similar response may be obtained in the RC phase-shift feedback circuit by inserting a nonlinear resistor, such as a thyrite, in the feedback loop. This circuit is discussed with emphasis on a graphical sinusoidal analysis of some general applicability which predicts its frequency response. An informative physical interpretation is also obtained from the analysis of the triple-valued region in the response and of the "jump" phenomena. The method is essentially a graphical superposition of the voltageresistance characteristic of the nonlinear resistor upon the voltage-resistance characteristics (with frequency as a parameter) of the circuit between the two points where the nonlinear resistor is intended to be placed. The points of intersection satisfy both sets of characteristics, and therefore yield the response of the circuit. The method is also applied to a series RLC circuit containing a nonlinear iron core inductor, for which current-inductance curves are super-imposed.
Glut1 and Glut3 expression in lymphoma and their association with tumor intensity on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of glucose transporters (Gluts) 1 and 3 in Hodgkin and nonHodgkin lymphoma and to assess the association between their expression and the tumor intensity on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS All 31 lymphoma patients in whom the histologic diagnosis was made and who had also undergone a prechemotherapy PET scan at our institution between June 2001 and December 2005 were included in this retrospective study. The percentage of tumor cells in the various lymphoma subtypes was estimated by comparison of hematoxylin and eosin stain with a lineage-associated immunohistochemical stain on the same block of tissue. Tissue specimens were stained with Glut1 and Glut3 antibodies. The percentages of Glut1+ and Glut3+ cells in the entire cell population (lymphoma cells and nonlymphomatous cells) and among the lymphoma cells were estimated. FDG PET images were reviewed and the tumor intensity was assessed by calculating the maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax). Correlation coefficients between SUVmax and the percentage of Glut1+ and Glut3+ cells in the entire cell population were calculated. RESULTS In all 31 cases, tumors were visible on FDG PET and positive for Glut1 and Glut3. The correlation between the percentage of Glut1+ cells and SUVmax was statistically significant across all 31 cases (r = 0.73, P<0.0001, 95% confidence interval: 0.50-0.86) and across the 25 cases of nonHodgkin lymphoma (r = 0.71, P<0.0001, 95% confidence interval: 0.44-0.87). There was no statistically significant correlation between the percentage of Glut3+ cells and SUVmax. More importantly, in 16 of 31 cases (52%), only nonlymphomatous, benign cells expressed Glut1 or Glut3. CONCLUSION Intensity of lymphoma on FDG PET is likely associated with Glut1 expression. The nonlymphomatous, benign cells may play an important role in visualization of lymphoma on FDG PET.
GA/GV measured in the decay of polarized neutrons

Abstract A measurement of [ G A / G V ] in the decay of polarized neutrons, basically quite similar to our 1968 one, gives a value of 1.258±0.015. The asymmetry coefficient, A , is −0.113±0.006. These results include the 1968 data.
Radiation effects on vibrational heating of polymers

The significance of the radiative heat transfer from a semitransparent material is assessed in the presence of nonlinear heat generation resulting from a cyclic loading. Critical limits for the heat generation parameter p are obtained for various values of the radiation-conduction parameters R and N. The effect of optically thin radiation is examined for a slab, while the optically thick limit is analyzed for the planar, cylindrical, and spherical geometries. An effective slip temperature coefficient is used for the combined conduction and optically thick radiation, and its importance on the critical limits for heat generation is assessed. It is concluded that the effect of radiative interchange is to increase significantly the critical values of P above those obtained from analysis involving only conduction. ar = B = k = kp = L = m = n = N = qc = qr = q = R = T =
Statewide and local recruitment of mourning doves in Missouri

Intensive harvests have the potential to greatly affect local mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) populations, a popular gamebird and songbird. To evaluate if recruitment was commensurate with harvest, we applied a ratio-based method to estimate local and statewide mourning dove recruitment across 7 public hunting areas in Missouri from 2005 to 2011. We estimated recruitment from preharvest adult sex ratios and harvest age ratios that incorporated various methods to address potential inherent biases (e.g., bias in the adults of unknown sex in preharvest samples, bias in unknown age wings, and local differential vulnerability; DV). Data from 356 radio-marked doves revealed a DV rate, where hatch year doves were, on average 2.7× more likely to be harvested than adult doves. Recruitment estimates for local areas were highly variable and in some cases, biologically unrealistic (e.g., >10 offspring/female), because of small preharvest sample sizes. However, data pooled statewide provided recruitment estimates of 3.1 offspring/female (±0.3 SE) or 4.1 offspring/female (±0.3 SE), assuming samples of unknown sex doves were female biased or male biased, respectively. Although statewide estimates agree with directly observed rates, the sex ratios and differential vulnerability comprising them vary considerably from what has been previously assumed. Whether preharvest sex ratios are biased from trapping methods has 2 important implications; either regional approaches have overestimated recruitment or the number of females in Missouri's population is much less than originally thought. Because each of these scenarios are important to understanding the effects of regional harvest management on Missouri's dove population, they highlight the importance of a better understanding of biases involved in estimating recruitment. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
A new species of Artemisia (Asteraceae: Anthemidae) from southeastern Oregon

Artemisia packardiae from the Succor Creek area in southeastern Oregon is described and compared to its nearest relative,A. michauxiana Besser.
Microfluidic chip for high efficiency electrophoretic analysis of segmented flow from a microdialysis probe and in vivo chemical monitoring.

An effective method for in vivo chemical monitoring is to couple sampling probes, such as microdialysis, to online analytical methods. A limitation of this approach is that in vivo chemical dynamics may be distorted by flow and diffusion broadening during transfer from sampling probe to analytical system. Converting a homogeneous sample stream to segmented flow can prevent such broadening. We have developed a system for coupling segmented microdialysis flow with chip-based electrophoresis. In this system, the dialysis probe is integrated with a PDMS chip that merges dialysate with fluorogenic reagent and segments the flow into 8−10 nL plugs at 0.3−0.5 Hz separated by perfluorodecalin. The plugs flow to a glass chip where they are extracted to an aqueous stream and analyzed by electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. The novel extraction system connects the segmented flow to an electrophoresis sampling channel by a shallow and hydrophilic extraction bridge that removes the entire aqueous droplet from t...
Expression and regulation of superoxide dismutase activity in human skin fibroblasts from donors of different ages

We have determined the activities, protein, and mRNA abundances as well as the level of transcriptional activation of two intracellular forms of the free radical metabolizing enzyme superoxide dismutase in 29 human skin fibroblast lines established from donors of different ages. SOD-1 (a copper and zinc containing form of SOD) and SOD-2 (a manganese containing form of the enzyme) activities were both observed to be significantly lower in cell lines derived from fetal skin than in lines established from postnatal skin (ages 17-94 years). The percent of total activity contributed by SOD-1 decreased in an age-associated manner from approximately 50% in the fetal lines to less than 20% in lines established from old tissue donors. All of the cell lines were screened to exclude the possibility that they contained a polymorphism known to influence SOD-2 activity. Northern blot analysis revealed three SOD-1 mRNA transcripts that were 0.5, 0.7, and 1.9 kb in length. Although SOD-1 protein abundance was lower in fetal lines than in lines derived from postnatal donors, SOD-1 mRNA abundance did not differ between fetal cells and cell lines derived from young donors. SOD-2 protein abundance and mRNA abundance were both significantly lower in fetal lines than in postnatal lines. No postnatal age-dependent differences were observed in any of the SOD-2 parameters examined. Nuclear run-on analysis revealed that fetal cell lines exhibited a lower level of transcriptional initiation for SOD-1 than postnatal lines. The transcription of SOD-2 was readily detected in postnatal lines, but undetectable in fetal lines. These results are consistent with multiple levels of control for SOD-1 expression and with a strong transcriptional influence on SOD-2 expression.
Ultrastructure and Location of Cytoplasmic Fibrils in Spiroplasma floricola OBMG

The ultrastructure ofSpiroplasma floricola OBMG was investigated to identify subcellular structures that might be involved in motility and helicity. Optimal preservation for thin sectioning was achieved with either glutaraldehyde or a mixture of glutaraldehyde plus paraformaldehyde followed by OsO4 and uranyl acetate. In thin sections, a 94-nm-wide band consisting of 4-nm-diameter fibrils was observed apposed to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. The band of fibrils extended axially the entire length of the cell. The addition of rethenium red to fixative solutions resulted in condensation of the fibrils. Freeze-substitution increased the apparent thickness of membranes but did not improve preservation of the fibrils. Freeze-fracturing revealed a 99-nm-wide zone containing few particles in fractured membrane surfaces. Treatment with deoxycholate or Triton X-100 to dissolve membranes yielded bands of fibrils comparable to those seen in thin sections. Based on these findings, a model indicating the intracellular location of the fibrils is proposed.