cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of environmental and intrinsic factors that contribute to stereotypic behavior in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Full body repetitive behaviors, known as motor stereotypic behaviors (MSBs), are one of the most commonly seen abnormal behaviors in captive non-human primates, and are frequently used as a behavioral measure of well-being. The main goal of this paper was to examine the role of environmental factors (i.e., foraging enrichment and socialization) and intrinsic factors (i.e., temperament and origin) in the development of MSB in rhesus macaques living in cages. MSB was assessed during short annual observations in which a trained observer recorded a monkey's behavior for 5 min, followed by a 3-min novel object test. Data were collected over 11 years, totaling 9805 observations. We compared MSB for animals with and without foraging enrichment, and across three socialization conditions: full contact pairing, protected contact socialization (partners physically separated by widely spaced bars), and single housing. In addition, we evaluated whether individual differences in response to a novel object and ancestral origin (i.e., China vs. India), predicted MSB expression during the annual observations. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed effects modeling, with the best fitting models chosen using Akaike Information Criterion. Subjects were at lowest risk for MSB when a foraging device was present (p < 0.05), and when in full contact social housing (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in MSB between subjects that were single housed and subjects housed in protected contact pairs. In addition, subjects that never touched the novel object were significantly less likely to exhibit MSB than those that touched the object immediately (p < 0.001) or within 3 min (p < 0.001). Finally, monkeys with some degree of Chinese ancestry were significantly more likely to display MSB than Indian-origin monkeys (p < 0.05). These results add to the growing body of literature on factors that can contribute to the development of MSB.
Dynamic compilation for energy adaptation

While previous compiler research indicates that significant improvements in energy efficiency may be possible if properly optimized code is used, the energy constraints under which a given application code should be optimized may not always be available at compile-time. More importantly, these constraints may change dynamically during the course of execution. In this work, we present a dynamic recompilation/linking framework using which the energy behavior of a given application can be optimized while the application is being executed. Our preliminary experiments indicate that large energy gains are possible through dynamic code recompilation/linking at the expense of a relatively small increase in execution time.
Automatically Rating Pronunciation Through Articulatory Phonology

Articulatory Phonology’s link between cognitive speech planning and the physical realizations of vocal tract constrictions has implications for speech acoustic and duration modeling that should be useful in assigning subjective ratings of pronunciation quality to nonnative speech. In this work, we compare traditional phoneme models used in automatic speech recognition to similar models for articulatory gestural pattern vectors, each with associated duration models. What we find is that, on the CDT corpus, gestural models outperform the phonemelevel baseline in terms of correlation with listener ratings, and in combination phoneme and gestural models outperform either one alone. This also validates previous findings with a similar (but not gesture-based) pseudo-articulatory representation. Index Terms: pronunciation modeling, nonnative speech, articulatory phonology
Mutations in the human TWIST gene

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a relatively common craniosynostosis disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance. Mutations in the TWIST gene have been identified in patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. The TWIST gene product is a transcription factor with DNA binding and helix-loop-helix domains. Numerous missense and nonsense mutations cluster in the functional domains, without any apparent mutational hot spot. Two novel point mutations and one novel polymorphism are included in this review. Large deletions including the TWIST gene have been identified in some patients with learning disabilities or mental retardation, which are not typically part of the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Comprehensive studies in patients with the clinical diagnosis of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome have demonstrated a TWIST gene abnormality in about 80%, up to 37% of which may be large deletions [Johnson et al., 1998]. The gene deletions and numerous nonsense mutations are suggestive of haploinsufficiency as the disease-causing mechanism. No genotype phenotype correlation was apparent.
Trace Hydrazine Detection with Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers: A Turn‐On Sensory Mechanism

Hydrazine, a heavily used industrial chemical, has been implicated as a carcinogen and is readily absorbed through the skin. Its strong reducing power has led to its use as an oxygen scavenger and corrosion inhibitor in various applications involving water-heating systems, as well as a fuel in rocketpropulsion systems. As a result of its toxicity and reactivity, facile detection of hydrazine is also relevant to homeland security. Traditional analytical methods utilized for hydrazine detection include spectrophotometric detection, as well as assorted electrochemical schemes. The expansion of conjugated polymer sensory materials has also led to their application towards the detection of hydrazine. Of primary interest have been the conducting properties of polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline. To our knowledge, however, amplifying fluorescent polymers (AFPs) have not been explored for hydrazine detection. AFPs show very high sensitivities to quenching analytes such as 2,4,6trinitrotoluene (TNT) via a photoinduced electron-transfer quenching (“turn-off”) mechanism. This sensitivity of fluorescence quenching is due to a combination of interand intrachain exciton transport in thin films. Herein we report a “turn-on” fluorescence detection method for hydrazine vapor with AFPs. We investigated several polymers (P1–P3) for hydrazine detection. These conjugated polymers are structurally related poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs), varying in their degree of electron density along the polymer chain. The response of P3 to saturated hydrazine vapor (10 s exposure) is given in Figure 1. It is clear from Figure 1 that no new emitting species were generated by exposure to hydrazine since the spectral shape does not change. In addition, the excitation spectrum of the polymer remained the same after the introduction of hydrazine. The other conjugated polymers investigated also showed no change in the shape of their emission spectra upon exposure to hydrazine vapor (see Supporting Information).
Distributed-memory parallel routing for field-programmable gate arrays

The problems of placement and routing are without doubt the most time-consuming part of the process of automatically synthesizing and configuring circuits for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). FPGAs offer the ability to quickly reconfigure circuits to support rapid prototyping, emulation, or configurable computing, but the time to perform placement and routing, which can take many hours, has become a serious bottleneck. This problem is addressed here by showing that the negotiation-based routing paradigm, which has been applied successfully in several FPGA routers, can be parallelized to achieve increased performance without any significant decrease in the quality of the results. In this paper, we report several new findings related to the negotiation-based routing paradigm. We examine in-depth the convergence of the negotiation-based routing algorithm. We illustrate that the negotiation-based algorithm can be parallelized. Finally, we demonstrate that a negotiation-based parallel FPGA router performs well in terms of delay and speedup with practical FPGA circuits.
Bistability in oscillatory cortical modules

Abstract A bistable system exhibits two distinct response levels, so it may act as a switch. Bistability is a common feature of many dynamical systems, including single and interconnected neurons. In general, it provides a simple model mechanism for the gating of neural activity, which may be ubiquitously important for the operation of real nervous systems. Here we explore the range of conditions under which bistability is possible in recurrent neural networks. In particular, we explore whether oscillations affect the capacity of a circuit to produce bistable behavior. To this end, we simulate and compare three types of networks: one with homogeneous parameters (so individual units are identical), another with heterogeneous parameters, and a third that is forced to produce oscillatory activity. We use an evolutionary strategy to generate networks of each type that are bistable in the presence of noise. We find that all evolved networks reach a nearly equal capacity to sustain bistability in the presence of high noise, suggesting that such capacity is not greatly limited by other constraints that may be placed upon a network.
Distrust And Dominance In Managing Alternative Work Arrangements: A Micro-Analytic Test Of Transaction Cost Theory

Organizations that successfully outsource may see better value-creation in creating a sustainable competitive advantage. The objectives of this study were threefold: a) provide a framework for studying the effects of perceived distrust that leads to dominance, b) analyze how opportunism parlays into the concept of dominance, and c) determine if the relationship between outsource partners varies by analyzing transaction characteristics. Our research shows that firms should take caution to fully understand the effects that contract size has on a firm’s resources.
Living the Postmodern Dream Adolescent Women's Discourse on Relationships, Sexuality, and Reproduction

Why do teen women risk pregnancy in a social context calling for deferred parenthood? A postmodern perspective makes sense of this behavior in a way that conventional policy analysis does not. Interviews with 63 adolescent women (Black and White, ever-pregnant, and never-pregnant) and focus group sessions with 225 teens are used to construct four discourse schemas: Accidental, Pair Bond, Developmental, and Protective. Teens use discourse from “the modern family,” psychotherapy, and other cultural resources to give meaning to their everyday life experiences of sex, pregnancy, and parenthood. Contradictions abound. Implications for the study of the family are briefly addressed.
Impact of Facility Maintenance on Campus Recreational Sports Departments at Public Universities in the United States

Society, government, and the economy have a direct impact on the condition and availability of facilities at public colleges and universities across the country. This article explores the factors t...
X-ray assisted nitridation of silicon surface at ambient temperature

Abstract The reaction of Si (111) surface with chemisorbed NH 3 assisted by Synchroton Radiation (SR) is studied in detail with photoemission spectroscopy. In-situ ambient temperature nitridation is achieved and the promoting role of SR is demonstrated. The analysis of core-level spectra indicates that the film is close to stoichiometric, while valence band and partial yield spectra show the widening of the band gap. These enable us to generate the interface energy band diagram. Experiments performed with different photon energies indicate that the softer part of the SR spectrum is more efficient in promoting the reaction.
Limited field of view of head-mounted displays is not the cause of distance underestimation in virtual environments

Observers binocularly viewed a target placed in a large open field under two viewing conditions: unrestricted field of view and reduced field of view, as effected using a simulated head-mounted display. Observers indicated the perceived distance of the target, which ranged from 2 to 15m, using both verbal report and blind walking. For neither response was there a reliable effect of limiting the field of view on the perception of distance. This result indicates that the significant underperception of distance observed in several studies on distance perception in virtual environments is not caused by the limited field of view of the head-mounted display.
A grounded coplanar waveguide technique for microwave measurement of complex permittivity and permeability

We present a method for extracting the complex permittivity and permeability of dielectric/magnetic thin films in a grounded coplanar waveguide configuration. The technique is applicable for extraction of these material parameters for lossy and lossless materials over a broad frequency range with high accuracy. For validation, we extracted complex permittivity and permeability, using the scattering parameters obtained from the full-wave electromagnetic simulation for two test cases over a frequency range of 5 to 15 GHz. Accuracy for both dielectric as well as magnetic materials is within 2% error.
Flight control in a windshear via nonlinear H/sub infinity / methods

The design of the control of an aircraft encountering wind shear after takeoff is treated as a problem of minimizing the H/sub infinity / gain between the wind shear and the vertical acceleration of the aircraft. The method of nonlinear H/sub infinity / control is used to design the control law. For the reason of robustness, no information or assumptions about wind shear structure or intensity are used in the design of the controller. The approximate solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation is used to design a nonlinear controller to improve the performance. Simulations under both linear and nonlinear controllers are carried out. The performance of the aircraft is good and the angle of attack is smooth. >
Clutter rejection by clustering likelihood-based similarities

We implement and evaluate a likelihood-based method to cluster contacts in a multistatic active sonar setting. The underlying assumption is that a true contact will be detected by multiple receivers and any aspect-dependent feature must be consistent across all contacts in a cluster. Contacts which are contained in the same cluster can be appropriately fused and passed into a tracker. Clutter contacts detected are rejected if they are not in a cluster with any other possible objects. The use of the aspect dependent features Doppler and target strength allows for improved rejection of clutter. We show that clutter can be rejected with minimal false negatives.
Graph-theoretic topological control of biological genetic networks

The control of biological genetic networks is an important problem. If the system is abstracted into a graph, then the affect of drugs, pharmaceuticals, and gene therapy can be abstracted as changing the topology of the graph. We consider the control objective of removing the stable oscillations of the genetic network. This control is done using several theorems relating the topology of the network to the dynamics of the system. These theorems suggest that the controller should remove all the negative feedback in the networks.We prove that the problem of minimizing the edges and vertices to remove, in order to remove negative feedback, is NP-hard. In light of this result, a heuristic algorithm to solve this graph problem is presented. The algorithm is applied to several genetic networks, and it is shown that the heuristic gives reasonable results. Additionally, we consider the p53 network and show that the algorithm gives biologically relevant results.
The Attainment of Precision in Celestial Navigation

There are two approaches to the study of errors in astronomical observations at sea. One is to collect as much information as one can from practising navigators; the other, described here, is to carry out controlled experiments with the object of breaking down the various causes of error, a virtually impossible task if the first approach is adopted. In both cases a large mass of data must be carefully studied and analysed, and this is particularly important where one aims to resolve the errors into separate components (those due to dip uncertainties, horizon, body, degree of twilight, and sea state).
A Logistic Regression Model For The Enhancement Of Student Retention: The Identification Of At-Risk Freshmen

A logistic regression model will be developed to provide early identification of freshmen at risk of attrition. The early identification is accomplished literally within a couple of weeks after freshman orientation. The dependent variable of interest is persistence, and it is a binary, nominal variable. Students who proceed from freshman matriculation to graduation without ever having dropped out are labeled persistors. Freshman matriculates who leave college either temporarily or permanently are classified as dropouts. The independent variables employed to predict attrition include demographics, high school experiences, and attitudes, opinions, and values as reported on a survey administered during freshman orientation. The model and its results will be presented along with a brief description of the institutional intervention program designed to enhance student persistence.
Imbalance in a Mesoscale Vortex within a Midlatitude, Continental Mesoscale Convective System

Abstract The authors examine the degree of hydrostatic and gradient balances in a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that crossed Oklahoma on 1 August 1996. Results indicate that the MCV was partially unbalanced because the cool layer at the base of its core was too cool and too shallow to balance the tangential winds about the MCV's axis. The apparent imbalance may have been due to strong, unsteady forcing on the vortex; insufficient or unrepresentative data; approximations used in the analysis; or reasons that are unknown.
A Novel and Robust Un-Assisted, Low-Trigger and High-Holding Voltage SCR (uSCR) for Area-Efficient On-Chip ESD Protection

A novel and robust un-assisted low-trigger and high-holding voltage silicon controlled rectifier (uSCR) is proposed and realized in a 0.35-mum fully-salicided BiCMOS process. Without using any external trigger circuitry, the uSCR has a trigger voltage as low as 7 V to effectively protect deep submicron MOS circuits and a holding voltage higher than the supply voltage to minimize transient influence and avoid latch-up issue. Moreover, the electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection robustness of the uSCR in both positive and negative operations exceeds 60 mA/mum, which enables ESD protection levels of 8 kV human body model (HBM) and 2 kV charged device model (CDM) for a low voltage ICs, while each uSCR cell only consumes an area of about 2400 mum2.
Applications of 3D seismic attribute analysis in hydrocarbon prospect identification and evaluation: Verification and validation based on fluvial palaeochannel cross-sectional geometry and sinuosity, Ness County, Kansas, USA

Abstract Due to their high resolution and established success rates, the analysis of geometrical and stratigraphic 3D seismic reflection data attributes have become one of the most important tools in many hydrocarbon exploration and development programs. In areas with high drilling risk as a result of the lack of spatial continuity and lithological variation of potential prospects, analysis of relevant seismic attributes is essential to successful placement of wells. This study of the York field, Ness County, Kansas, presents a corroborative finding, based on the analysis of a set of 3D seismic attributes, revealing a meandering fluvial channel system incised on the Mississippian stratigraphic unconformity north east of a previously interpreted Weirman field palaeoshoreline and submarine channels. The York field prospect identification and appraisal program targeted the Cherokee sands where reservoir properties are favorable and where it was thought that thick Cherokee sands correlate with structural Mississippian highs. We produce evidence that Cherokee sand-prone fluvial facies is mappable based on synergistic analysis of seismic arrival time, amplitude, spectral decomposition, acoustic impedance, and waveform attributes. Seismic amplitude highs and relative acoustic impedance lows showed moderate conformance with Mississippian-horizon time lows. Controls exerted by channel post-confluence water and sediments supply provide corroborating hydraulic geometry aspects for the interpreted fluvial system. Time-structural maps, in addition to time and horizon slices of several 3D seismic attributes including amplitude, spectral decomposition components, and relative acoustic impedance all seem to indicate that five previously drilled dry wells within the study area were outside the boundary of a meandering, Cherokee fluvial system of potential reservoir quality. Additionally, comparisons of the results of this research to previous studies conducted in the south west of Ness County have provided an opportunity to support and contribute to, interpreted paleodepositional setting established by Raef et al, 2015 where a palaeoshorline was interpreted. The results of this study support a broadly NE–SW trending meandering channel system with SE flow direction.
Impact Of Chinas Yuan Revaluation

In the past two years, the Bush Administration, members of Congress and a few senators, such as Sen. Charles Schumer of New York and Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and others have put pressure on China to abandon her peg the Chinese Yuan to the U.S. Dollar. These efforts finally succeed. On July 21, 2005, Peoples Bank of China announced that the Chinese Yuan is no long pegged solely to the U.S. dollar, instead, the Yuan is now linked to a basket of currencies, including Dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Korean Won and other currency from any country that had at least $10 billion trade with China. In this paper we ask the questions: what is the impact of China Yuan revaluation decision? Does this means that China no long stockpile U.S. Treasury Bills? The American consumers can no longer benefit from the low-priced consumer goods manufactured in China? And in what way the U.S. economy will be affected, if at all?
Contamination effects and resolutions on the GOES thermal control system

The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) thermal control system could have been affected by specific contamination problems that arose due to the unique conditions and requirements of the specific space mission. This paper addresses some specific contamination effects from the coatings used in the GOES instrument cavity. In addition, the paper describes contamination control actions that were implemented during ground processing to ensure limited impact on the on-orbit temperature control. The selection of thermal coatings is an integral part of the overall spacecraft design. As a result of a higher contamination accretion, properties of the surface coatings may become altered. In an effort to quantify the molecular contamination effects from material outgassing, an assessment was conducted to address the concerns inside the GOES instrument cavities. The study results prompted an extensive prelaunch vacuum bakeout effort and an on-orbit decontamination exercise. In addition, the thermal performance of the instrument radiant coolers could have been detrimentally affected by scattered solar radiation from particulate contamination. In order to mitigate the impact of the particulate contamination, the radiant cooler surfaces were cleaned according to an established criterion prior to launch. (Author)
Estimating Marketing Policy Effects on Sales of A Frequently Purchased Product

Determining the optimal marketing mix for a firm requires information about the sales effects of the marketing policies under consideration. A model and estimation procedure to obtain such market i...
What motivates farmers to apply phosphorus at the “right” time? Survey evidence from the Western Lake Erie Basin

Abstract Phosphorus loadings from the Maumee River watershed have significantly compromised the Lake Erie ecosystem, as evidenced by the most severe harmful algal bloom in Lake Erie in 2015 and the shut-down of Toledo drinking water supply in 2014. Despite government payments for adoption of voluntary conservation practices, excess nutrient runoff from agricultural production remains a substantial challenge. The right timing of nutrient application is a critical best management practice (BMP). Using a unique survey of 2540 farmer respondents in the Maumee River watershed, this paper analyzes how socio-psychological, socio-demographic, and field-based spatial characteristics impact farmers' adoption of timing-related best practices for nutrient management, including delaying broadcast application before a storm event, avoiding winter application of nutrients, and avoiding fall application of nutrients. Results reveal three unique classes of farmers for each of the timing-related management decisions. While the significance of most farmer and field characteristics varies across the three BMP adoption decisions, perceived efficacy—the belief that the particular practice will actually reduce dissolved phosphorus runoff from farm fields—is positively correlated with a higher likelihood of adopting each of the BMPs across almost all classes of farmers. For example, results from the ordered logit model suggest that a 20% increase in perceived efficacy would result in the likelihood of actual adoption of delaying broadcast from 35% to 48%. An implication is that policies and outreach efforts aimed at increasing farmers' perceived efficacy of practices could lead to higher adoption levels, but the effectiveness may vary across different classes of farmers.
Laparoscopic bilateral cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma

Since laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma was reported in 1992, the laparoscopic technique has largely replaced the open approach [4]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the laparoscopic approach is associated with decreased blood loss, shorter hospitalization, faster recovery, and lower cost [1]. Conversion rates are reported at less than 5.5 %, yet concern still exists that intraoperative hypertensive crisis may be more severe with laparoscopy due to increased intraabdominal pressure [3]. Bilateral pheochromocytomas are common in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) or von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. Total adrenalectomy commits the patient to lifelong steroid hormone replacement and the risk of Addisonian crisis after bilateral adrenalectomy [5]; [8]. The risk of malignant pheochromocytomas in patients with or without MEN 2 or VHL is low. The current literature supports cortical-sparing adrenalectomy in patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas [2, 7, 10]. This video presents a patient with bilateral pheochromocytomas who underwent bilateral laparoscopic cortical-sparing adrenalectomies. A 40-year-old female presented to her primary care physician with a history of a hypertensive crisis that required an emergent cesarean section. Her workup revealed elevated urinary metanephrines, and a CT scan showed a left adrenal lesion measuring 3.9 cm and a right adrenal lesion measuring 2.7 cm. After undergoing alpha blockade, she was consented for bilateral partial adrenalectomies. A left partial adrenalectomy was performed first using four ports. The ports were then closed and the patient was repositioned in a left lateral decubitus position for a subsequent right partial adrenalectomy. The patient had an uncomplicated hospital course and was discharged home on postoperative day 4. She returned for follow-up at 2 weeks and 1 month and had returned to her normal activities. Testing for MEN and von Hippel-Lindau was both negative. Her electrolyte and cortisol levels normalized, and she was weaned off her postoperative steroids by week five. At 1-year follow-up, she remains off steroids and no longer requires anti-hypertensive medications. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the gold standard for removal of benign lesions of the adrenal gland. Bilateral pheochromocytomas are more common in the presence of hereditary conditions such as MEN and von Hippel-Lindau and should be ruled out [8, 10]. The risk of Addisonian crisis and lifelong steroid replacement should prompt cortical preservation with bilateral disease [9]. Laparoscopic bilateral partial adrenalectomies should be considered in patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas [6]. Finally, all patients undergoing pheochromocytoma excision require lifelong follow-up to monitor for recurrence.
Synergy Behavior Evaluation Model of Beyond-Visual-Range Coordinated Air Combat

For the evaluating question of collaborative networks exhibition in beyond visual range(BVR) coordinated air combat,the collaboration satisfaction degree is formulated based on the analyzing of influence facts in beyond visual range coordinated air combat.Also the index system of collaboration satisfaction degree is built,and the evaluating method of collaboration satisfaction degree based on the binary semanteme model is put forward.The feasibility of the evaluating model and the evaluating method is validated by an example at the end of this paper.It provides basis for the effective training and controlling of BVR coordinated air combat.
Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction in Institutional Practice: Results from a Survey of U.S. Military Physicians

Because of recent concerns about the professional satisfaction of physicians in general and of military physicians in particular, the authors surveyed a national sample of 1,392 military physicians; 88% responded. Two-thirds of physicians were at least somewhat satisfied with the professional abilities of their peers and with the quality of care they were able to provide, but only 19% were satisfied with salary and 27% with practice efficiency. Characteristics of physicians that were independently related to overall satisfaction included age, recruitment pathway, workload, specialty, and perceived availability of key resources. Indicator variables for the individual medical facilities were also significantly related to global satisfaction, suggesting a separate "hospital effect" that bears additional investigation. Efforts to improve satisfaction may enhance recruitment and retention of military physicians.
An Overview of Perinatal Clinical Pharmacology

The current status, recent advances, and future trends in perinatal pharmacology are highlighted, with emphasis on the individualization of drug regimens in preterm and term neonates. Exposure of the fetus to drugs during pregnancy and through maternal drugs in breast milk is also discussed.
Variation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Management

Objective. To evaluate variation in airway management strategies in one suburban emergency medical services system treating patients experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Method. Retrospective chart review of all adult OHCA resuscitation during a 13-month period, specifically comparing airway management decisions. Results. Paramedics demonstrated considerable variation in their approaches to airway management. Approximately half of all OHCA patients received more than one airway management attempt (38/77 [49%]), and one-quarter underwent three or more attempts (25/77 [25%]). One-third of patients arrived at the emergency department with a different airway device than initially selected (25/77 [32%]). Conclusion. This study confirmed our hypothesis that paramedics’ selection of ventilation strategies in cardiac arrest varies considerably. This observation raises concern because airway management diverts time and energy from interventions known to improve outcomes in OHCA management, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation. More research is needed to identify more focused airway management strategies for prehospital care providers.
Ribosome activity and degradation in meiotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The percentage of active ribosomes in meiotic cells was shown to be influenced by the presporulation carbon source and the age of the culture at the time of inoculation into sporulation medium. Cells harvested at early stationary phase from medium containing glucose (YPG) have a lower percentage (25 to 50%) of active ribosomes at the onset of sporulation than cells harvested from medium containing acetate (YPA). Furthermore, the percentage of active ribosomes in YPD cells typically remains below 50% during the initial 12 h of sporulation. Cells harvested from either YPD or YPA medium during logarithmic growth had 65 to 85% active ribosomes. The YPA cells maintained 65 to 85% active ribosomes during the initial 12 h of sporulation whereas the respiratory inactive YPD cells exhibited a decline to 11% by T4 and, thereafter, never exceeded 20%. The increase in the percentage of active ribosomes in YPA cells between T0 and T4, and in YPD cells between T0 and T8 was primarily due to a decrease in the inactive ribosome population resulting from the rapid degradation of ribosomes. Extensive ribosome degradation during meiosis reduced the initial ribosome content in YPD and YPA-grown cells by 50 to 65% at T12. The number of messenger-bound ribosomes remained constant for the first 4 h in YPA cells and for 8 h in YPD cells. Thereafter, the number in both cell types decreased at a rate of 7 to 8% per h.
Procedures and Functions

Procedures and functions are the building blocks of all but the simplest programs. Deciding the method to break the different parts of a complex program into components is one of the most difficult aspects of software development. This chapter covers the basic mechanics of the way to use procedures and functions. It touches only briefly on the more difficult problem of the way to organize the procedures and functions into a working program. This chapter covers the basics of writing and using procedures and functions. The essential points about Interactive Data Language (IDL) programming modules are: Variables are local to the procedure or function that contains them unless they are included in the argument list. Arguments in the argument list are matched according to the order in the list in the calling procedure and the called procedure. Keyword parameters can be given in any order and even mixed with positional parameters. Within a procedure or function, the keyword name should generally be the same as the local variable it is associated with (for example, PRINT = print). The capitalization simply emphasizes that there is a keyword tag PRINT.
A longitudinal study of cognitive trajectories in Mexican Americans age 75 and older.

Objective To identify distinct trajectories for global cognition, memory, and non-memory domains among Mexican American adults 75 years of age and older. Methods The final sample included 1336 participants of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly observed during four Waves from 2004–2005 to 2012–2013. Latent class growth curve models were used to identify distinct trajectories for global cognition, memory, and non-memory. Results Three trajectory classes were identified for global cognition, memory, and non-memory domains. Nearly 31% of the final sample maintained high global cognition (persistent high), 52.6% experienced slight decline (decline but high), and 15% experienced severe decline in global cognition (decline to low). Over 95% of participants classified in the decline to low trajectory for global cognition were also classified as decline to low for memory and non-memory. This high level of consistency for memory and non-memory domains was observed for the decline but high (97.0%) and persistent high (93.7%) trajectory classes. Conclusions These results indicate that the majority of Mexican American older adults will experience varying degrees of cognitive decline. However, a substantial proportion of older Mexican Americans are able to maintain high cognitive functioning into advanced age despite the high prevalence of risk factors for cognitive decline in this population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mediated Relationship Between Received Support and Job Satisfaction: An Initial Application of Socialization Resources Theory

The relationship between support received within workplace friendships and employee job satisfaction is complicated. Extending Socialization Resources Theory (SRT), this study hypothesized that the relationship between received support (i.e., emotional, informational, and instrumental) and job satisfaction is mediated by employee organizational assimilation (i.e., familiarity with coworkers, acculturation, recognition, and involvement). The findings help explain the complex relationship between received support and job satisfaction, and demonstrate that assimilation is an influential third variable influencing employee experiences and attitudes.
Myocardial perfusion imaging in emergency department patients with negative cardiac biomarkers: yield for detecting ischemia, short-term events, and impact of downstream revascularization on mortality.

Background— In patients with possible acute coronary syndromes, guidelines recommend routine provocative testing after negative cardiac biomarkers. We hypothesized that myocardial perfusion imaging would be low yield with limited short-term value and that early revascularization would not affect mortality. Methods and Results— We identified consecutive patients referred from our emergency department between October 2004 and September 2011 who had myocardial perfusion imaging after negative troponin T tests and nondiagnostic ECGs. We assessed the incidence of abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging, coronary angiography, revascularization, and mortality. In a cohort of 5354 patients (58.7% female, age 59±13, 78.6% thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] ≤2), 9% had >5% and 3.6% had >10% ischemic myocardium. Among patients with TIMI scores ≤2, 6.1% had >5% ischemic myocardium compared with 19.6% of patients with TIMI scores ≥3 ( P <0.001). At 30 days, 7 patients were deceased, 187 had revascularization, and 6 had revascularization for an acute myocardial infarction. Over 3.4±1.9 years of follow-up, 347 patients died. In propensity-matched groups of patients with ischemia, there was no association between early revascularization and mortality (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.49–2.07). Conclusions— Routine provocative testing to detect ischemia before emergency department discharge is low yield in patients with negative troponins and TIMI scores ≤2 and modest yield in patients with TIMI scores ≥3. In all patients, 30 days events are rare. Finally, in patients with ischemia, we are unable to demonstrate a mortality benefit with early revascularization.
"HUMAN CAPITAL" AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES INDEVELOPMENT: HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT ON JAVA AND BALI

Dari analisis data Susenas 1993 ditemukan bahwa angka partisipasi sekolah di Jawa dan Bali untuk penduduk usia 16-18 tahun adalah sekitar 40 persen, namun variasinya cukup berarti bila memperhatikan perbedaaan antarpropinsi dan perbedaan desa-kota. Dengan asumsi bahwa biaya sekolah lanjutan tidak murah, penulis berhipotesis bahwa latar belakang sosial ekonomi dan variasi antar daerah, terutama school availability, adalah variabel-variabel yang dapat menjelaskan tingkat partisipasisekolah tersebut. Guna membuktikannyadan mendapatkan model yang memadai,penulis menggunakan probit model sebagai teknik analisis. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa variabel desa-kota memiliki peranan yang paling berarti, sementara status sosial ekonomi secara keseluruhan juga tidak bisa diabaikan. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut saran yang diajukan antara lain adalah perlunya perhatian terhadap masalah variasi antar wilayah dalam halpembangunan di bidang pendidikan.
The Downside of Blended Value and Hybrid Organizing

Critics of entrepreneurial capitalism have argued that entrepreneurship creates dysfunction in individuals, families, communities, and society because entrepreneurs neglect social and environmental...
Morphometric age and survival following kidney transplantation.

Background As patients with chronic kidney disease become older, there is greater need to identify who will most benefit from kidney transplantation. Analytic morphomics has emerged as an objective risk assessment tool distinct from chronologic age. We hypothesize that morphometric age is a significant predictor of survival following transplantation. Methods A retrospective cohort of 158 kidney transplant patients from 2005 to 2014 with 1-year pre-operative imaging was identified. Based on a control population comprised of trauma patients and kidney donors, morphometric age was calculated using the validated characteristics of psoas area, psoas density, and abdominal aortic calcification. The primary outcome was post-transplant survival. Results Cox regression showed morphometric age was a significant predictor of survival (hazard ratio, 1.06 per morphometric year [95% confidence interval, 1.03 – 1.08]; p<0.001). Chronological age was not significant (hazard ratio, 1.03 per year [0.98 – 1.07]; p=0.22). Amongst the chronologically oldest patients, those with younger morphometric age had greater survival rates compared to those with older morphometric age. Conclusions Morphometric age predicts survival following kidney transplantation. Particularly for older patients, it offers improved risk stratification compared to chronologic age. Morphomics may improve the transplant selection process and provide a greater assessment of prospective survival benefits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A model for broad choice data

Abstract This paper analyzes a discrete choice model where the observed outcome is not the exact alternative chosen by a decision maker but rather the broad group of alternatives which contain the chosen alternative. The model is designed for situations where the choice behavior at a particular level is of interest but only broader level data are available. For example, consider analyzing a household's choice for a vehicle at the make-model-trim level but only choice data at the make-model level are observed. The proposed model is a generalization of the multinomial logit model and collapses to it when there is full observability of the exact choices. We show that the parameters in the model are at least locally identified, but for certain configurations of the data, they are only weakly identified. Methods to address weak identification are proposed when there are data available on the overall market shares of all alternatives, and both maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation methods are explored.
Identification and Mapping of Paralogous Genes on a Known Genomic DNA Sequence

The completion of whole genome sequencing projects offers the opportunity to examine the organization of genes and the discovery of evolutionarily related genes in a given species. For the beginners in the field, through a specific example, this chapter provides a step-by-step procedure for identifying paralogous genes, using the genome browser at UCSC (http://genome.ucsc.edu/). The example describes identification and mapping in the human genome, the paralogs of TCF12/HTF4. The example identifies TCF3 and TCF4 as paralogs of the TCF12/HTF4 gene. The example also identifies a related sequence, corresponding to a pseudogene, in one of the introns of the JAK2 gene. The procedure described should be applicable to the discovery and creation of maps of paralogous genes in the genomic DNA sequences that are available at the genome browser at UCSC.
The Arithmetization of Model Theory

In Section 12 we developed a theory of internal models and gave meaning to the idea of a class M being a standard transitive model of ZF. For 𝓜 to be a standard model of ZF means in particular that 𝓜 is a model of Axiom 5, the Axiom Schema of Replacement. Since Axiom 5 is a schema “M is a standard model of ZF” is a meta-statement asserting that a certain infinite collection of sentences of ZF hold. Can this metastatement be formalized in ZF, that is, can “𝓜 is a standard model of ZF” be expressed as a single sentence in ZF? This question is as yet unresolved. It can be resolved however if 𝓜 is a set, that is, “m is a standard model of ZF” can be expressed as a single sentence in ZF. The basic objective of this section is to produce such a sentence. Our approach is to assign Godel numbers to the well formed formulas of our language. This assignment will be made by the mapping J of Definition 15.2.
Environmental Crisis and the Production of Alternatives: Conservation Practice(s) in the Galapagos Islands

Recent discussions over conservation in the Galapagos Islands indicate a search for the right way to do conservation policy. When it is treated as a narrowly environmental issue, there are relatively clear dictates as to the organization of priorities and targets. As a social issue, however, conservation is not just “done”; it is experienced, negotiated, and contested such that policies intended to address the same issues inhabit and generate quite different spaces on the islands. In this chapter, we suggest that conservation in the Galapagos has changed considerably over the past three decades; this has happened less because of changing ecological conditions or scientific understandings and more because regular moments of crisis have led to ongoing efforts to reconcile different visions of human/environmental dynamics. As a result of attempts to reconcile conservation and society, conservation approaches have multiplied. There is now not just one approach to conservation on the islands but several, and together they constitute an uneven patchwork of overlapping and competing or conflicting approaches. Based upon data collection encompassing four field seasons and over 100 interviews with key informants of the archipelago, from governmental representatives and conservationists to farmers, fishermen, and other residents, we illustrate this multiplicity of conservation approaches and develop a framework for understanding environmental crises as generative spaces and moments in which new approaches, alliances, and attitudes are formed.
Code status transitions from full code to do-not-resuscitate (DNR) among hospitalized patients with advanced cancer.

6592Background: Code status discussions ensure the delivery of preference-concordant care. However, the processes by which hospitalized patients with advanced cancer change their code status from f...
Phenomic Impact of Genetically-Determined Euthyroid Function and Molecular Differences between Thyroid Disorders

Background: The thyroid plays a key role in development and homeostasis, but it has been difficult to establish causality with diseases and phenotypic traits because of several potential confounders. Methods: To determine the causal effect of euthyroid function, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study of euthyroid thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels with respect to 2419 traits assessed in 337,199 individuals from UK Biobank. Additionally, we investigated the molecular differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism using genome-wide data. Results: After multiple testing correction, sixteen traits appear to be affected by genetically-determined euthyroid TSH, including multiple thyroid-related traits, e.g., hypothyroidism (p = 2.39 × 10−17), height (p = 2.76 × 10−10), body fat distribution (impedance of whole body, p = 4.43 × 10−8), pulse rate (p = 2.84 × 10−8), female infertility (p = 4.91 × 10−6), and hearing aid use (p = 7.10 × 10−5). Moreover, we found a consistent genetic correlation between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (rg = 0.45, p = 5.45 × 10−6) with several immune pathways shared between these diseases. Two molecular pathways survived multiple testing correction for specificity to hyperthyroidism, JAK/STAT signaling (p = 1.02 × 10−6) and Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity (p = 4.39 × 10−6). Conclusion: Our data shed new light on the inter-individual variability of euthyroid function and the molecular mechanisms of the two thyroid disorders investigated.