cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilayer-Winding Versus Switched-Flux Permanent-Magnet AC Machines for Gearless Applications in Clean-Energy Systems

A variety of clean-energy systems, such as electric and hybrid vehicles or wind-power sources, can appreciably benefit from motors or generators directly connected to the mechanical part of the system. This paper describes the development and experimental investigation of two radically different low-speed permanent-magnet ac machines: a multilayer-winding synchronous machine and a switched-flux machine. The study allows an in-depth comparison of these divergent concepts from the viewpoint of practical applications in the clean-energy infrastructure.
Innovation and new product introductions in emerging markets: Strategic recommendations for the Indian market☆

Abstract While radical innovations and growth strategies supporting such innovations may provide the firm with very high returns, there are also considerable risks in devising and implementing such innovations. Apart from the business risks of venturing into new territories and new markets, radical innovations also carry with them the burden of accounting for market and environmental factors that are often not under the control of the firm. The opportunities presented by the emergence of several Asian markets, such as India and China, are particularly appealing for Western countries willing to expand into these markets. However, market characteristics, institutional development, and customer behaviors bring into sharp focus the choice of a specific innovation and new product development strategy for such markets. This paper examines these various strategic issues in the context of India. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for managers and some propositions for future academic research.
Effect of prolonged, severe exercise on the ultrastructure of human skeletal muscle.

Three subjects exercised to exhaustion by pedaling a bicycle ergometer at a work load that required an oxygen uptake of 75–80% of their maximal aerobic capacity. Muscle samples were taken from the vastus lateralis with the needle biopsy technique before exercise and immediately after the onset of exhaustion. Muscle glycogen decreased from initial values of 2.57, 1.41, and 3.09 to 0.22, 0.85, and 0.37 g/100 g wet weight respectively for the three subjects during the exercise. The ultrastructure of the fatigued muscle was not dissimilar from that obtained from the muscle at rest. The electron micrographs of fatigued muscle did show an almost complete absence of glycogen particles.
Improvement of Ohmic contacts to n-type GaN using a Ti/Al multi-layered contact scheme

Abstract An improvement to the conventional Ti/Al/Ti/Au contact scheme has been developed to achieve better Ohmic contact properties to n -GaN using a Ti/Al multi-layered structure. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates the formation of an AlGaN barrier layer at the metal–GaN interface of the conventional contact scheme, due to the in-diffusion of the excess Al during thermal annealing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the Al diffusion was significantly reduced via the new contact scheme, since the excess Al was tied up by the additional Ti layer. As a result, an order of magnitude smaller specific contact resistivity was realized. The surface morphology of the contact electrodes was also improved, as verified by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These results indicated that the Ti/Al multi-layered contact scheme is an improvement to the conventional counterpart in achieving lower contact resistance as well as higher reliability and uniformity of GaN-based devices.
Growth phase and elemental stoichiometry of bacterial prey influences ciliate grazing selectivity.

ABSTRACT. Protozoa are known to selectively graze bacteria and can differentiate prey based on size and viability, but less is known about the effects of prey cellular composition on predator selectivity. We measured the effect of growth phase and elemental stoichiometry of Escherichia coli on grazing by two ciliates, Euplotes vannus and Cyclidium glaucoma. Bacterial cells of a single strain were transformed with green and red fluorescent protein and harvested from culture at differing growth stages. Cells in exponential growth phase had low carbon:phosphorus (39) and nitrogen:phosphorus (9) ratios, while cells from stationary phase had high carbon:phosphorus of 104 and nitrogen:phosphorus of 26. When offered an equal mixture of both types of bacteria, Cyclidium grazed stationary phase, high carbon:phosphorus, high nitrogen:phosphorus cells to 22% of initial abundance within 135 min, while Euplotes reduced these cells to 33%. Neither ciliate species decreased the abundance of the exponential phase cells, lower carbon:phosphorus and nitrogen:phosphorus, relative to control treatments. Because protozoa have higher nitrogen:phosphorus and carbon:phosphorus ratios than their prokaryotic prey, this study raises the possibility that it may be advantageous for protozoa to preferentially consume more slowly growing bacteria.
An open source situational awareness display for administering heterogeneous networks on the tactical edge

Timely and accurate situational awareness is one of the key elements of any effective military campaign. As such, significant effort has been invested in the DoD to share location, blue force tracking, and other track data to enable commanders to make effective decisions. What has been less available are network and link visualization tools for network administrators at the tactical edge to quickly diagnose problems and assess the performance of highly intermittent networks. Although many radio systems have built-in proprietary tools that show connectivity diagrams, these tools are extremely difficult to adapt to other systems due to their closed nature. In this paper, we present a real-time open source network visualization tool for rapid network and link situational awareness on heterogeneous networks. Using widely available software such as Google Earth and various distribution systems, we show that network connectivity over several heterogeneous radio systems can be easily visualized to aid in decision making.1
Scalable formal design methods for asynchronous VLSI

This lecture will provide an overview of the field of asynchronous VLSI, and show how formal methods have played a critical role in the design of complex asynchronous systems. In particular, I will talk about program transformations and their application to asynchronous VLSI, as well as describe a simple language that I developed to describe these circuits and aid in their validation.
Pseudosteady state analysis of nonlinear aircraft maneuvers

An analytical method was developed for studying the combined effects of rotational coupling and nonlinear aerodynamics on aircraft response for specified control inputs. The method involves the simultaneous solution of two nonlinear equations which are functions of angle attack, roll rate, and control inputs. The method was applied to a number of maneuvers for a fighter-type aircraft. Time history responses verified the usefulness of the analysis for predicting a variety of response characteristics caused by interacting nonlinear aerodynamic and inertial effects, including spin conditions.
The talking glove

A new bi-directional communication aid is being developed which allows deaf, deaf-blind, or nonvocal individuals to interact verbally with others. The device analyzes a nonvocal person's fingerspelling hand formations and outputs the spelled words as synthesized speech. In effect, this component of the communication aid is a "talking glove". In addition, by using state-of-the-art voice recognition equipment, a deaf user is able to read incoming speech on the miniature LCD screen of a modified digital wristwatch. Similarly, a deaf-blind individual may read incoming speech on a portable braille display module.
Random oscillations arising in the MACSYMA implementation of Khachian-type algorithms in linear programming

Anderson and Wang in [1] ran a series of experiments on MACSYMA to test the practicality of the now widely publicized Khachian algorithm for deciding the consistency of a system of linear inequalities. They found the Khachian algorithm to be highly impractical even for very small-sized problems which, in turn, led them to construct a modified algorithm which proved to be a substantial improvement over the original one. In this paper, results of a statistical analysis of data furnished by these experiments are presented. In particular, attention is focussed on the parameter α which in a sense measures, at each step, the saving in using the Anderson-Wang modified algorithm. An intriguing discovery is the fact that αi is a random time series which fluctuates between -1 and 0 before approaching zero as the procedure terminates.Also, it appears that much progress has to be made before such algorithms can be of use in practical problems.
Duration of Antibiotic Therapy for Early Lyme Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background: Treatment of patients with early Lyme disease has trended toward longer duration despite the absence of supporting clinical trials. Objective: To evaluate different durations of oral doxycycline treatment and the combination of oral doxycycline and a single intravenous dose of ceftriaxone for treatment of patients with early Lyme disease. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Single-center university hospital. Patients: 180 patients with erythema migrans. Intervention: Ten days of oral doxycycline, with or without a single intravenous dose of ceftriaxone, or 20 days of oral doxycycline. Measurements: Outcome was based on clinical observations and neurocognitive testing. Efficacy was assessed at 20 days, 3 months, 12 months, and 30 months. Results: At all time points, the complete response rate was similar for the three treatment groups in both on-study and intention-to-treat analyses. In the on-study analysis, the complete response rate at 30 months was 83.9% in the 20-day doxycycline group, 90.3% in the 10-day doxycycline group, and 86.5% in the doxycycline-ceftriaxone group (P> 0.2). The only patient with treatment failure (10-day doxycycline group) developed meningitis on day 18. There were no significant differences in the results of neurocognitive testing among the three treatment groups and a separate control group without Lyme disease. Diarrhea occurred significantly more often in the doxycycline-ceftriaxone group (35%) than in either of the other two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Extending treatment with doxycycline from 10 to 20 days or adding one dose of ceftriaxone to the beginning of a 10-day course of doxycycline did not enhance therapeutic efficacy in patients with erythema migrans. Regardless of regimen, objective evidence of treatment failure was extremely rare.
Visible fluorescence dye in a fiber optic sensor to detect general anesthetics

We have explored the use of Merocyanine 540 as a reporter fluorophore in an optical fiber sensor for general anesthetics. Depression of the freezing point of phospholipid vesicles caused by the addition of small hydrophobic molecules, such as general anesthetics, is monitored using an order-sensitive fluorophore. This reagent is immobilized at the tips of optical fibers for remote spectroscopy. Previously, the fluorophore Laurdan was shown to be a sensitive probe of lipid fluidity. However, Laurdan absorbs and emits in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum; problems associated with UV sensor operation include intrinsic/natural absorption and fluorescence, increased risk of tissue damage, low transmission in glass and plastic optical elements, and unavailability of convenient optical fiber accessories. Merocyanine 540 absorbs most strongly around 540 nm and thus eliminates many of the practical problems associated with UV operation. Preliminary studies suggest that this dye is sensitive to lipid bilayer fluidity, although the mechanisms for this sensitivity appear to be based on concentration-dependent aggregation and on the inner filter effect. Because it is highly susceptible to photobleaching, merocyanine 540 is unsuitable for this application.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A functional SNP of interferon-γ gene is important for interferon-α-induced and spontaneous recovery from hepatitis C virus infection

Cytokine polymorphisms are associated with disease outcome and interferon (IFN) treatment response in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We genotyped eight SNPs spanning the entire IFN-γ gene in two cohorts and assessed the association between those polymorphisms and treatment response or spontaneous viral clearance. The first cohort was composed of 284 chronically HCV-infected patients who had received IFN-α-based therapy and the second was 251 i.v. drug users who had either spontaneously cleared HCV or become chronically infected. A SNP variant located in the proximal IFN-γ promoter region next to the binding motif of heat shock transcription factor (HSF), −764G, was significantly associated with sustained virological response [P = 0.04, odds ratio (OR) = 3.51 (confidence interval 1.0–12.5)]. The association was independently significant in multiple logistic regression (P = 0.04) along with race, viral titer, and genotype. This variant was also significantly associated with spontaneous recovery [P = 0.04, OR = 3.51 (1.0–12.5)] in the second cohort. Functional analyses show that the G allele confers a two- to three-fold higher promoter activity and stronger binding affinity to HSF1 than the C allele. Our study suggests that the IFN-γ promoter SNP −764G/C is functionally important in determining viral clearance and treatment response in HCV-infected patients and may be used as a genetic marker to predict sustained virological response in HCV-infected patients.
Structural policy with increasing returns and product substitutability: A numerical note

Abstract Consider a two-firm industry with Cobb-Douglas technology exhibiting increasing returns, and linear demands for the differentiated products. Suppose that the permissible structural policies are unregulated and Averch-Johnson-regulated monopoly and duopoly. Then the optimal policy depends, ceteris paribus on the degree of product differentiation and allowed rate of return. Among other results, with appropriate numerical choices of the parameters, partial deregulation may be the optimal structural policy.
Association between mast cells and the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis in different rat strains.

Abstract To study the role of anterior uveal mast cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), the mast cells in the iris and ciliary body of Lewis rats, Brown Norway (BN) rats, and their F1 hybrids (LBNF1) were quantitated in normal rats and during the induction period of EAU. The mean baseline mast cell number was 68.9 ± 10.8 per anterior uvea for Lewis rats, 0.3 ± 0.2 for BN rats, and 4.6 ± 0.6 for LBNF1 rats. Detectable mast cells in the anterior uvea of S-Ag-immunized Lewis rats decreased to 60% of control at 6 days postimmunization, recovered to 80% at 10 days, and dropped again to 16% at 13 days, with disease onset around 14 days. In Lewis rats that were adoptively transferred with a uveitogenic T-lymphocyte line, a profound drop in anterior uveal mast cell numbers occurred in the eyes with early signs of EAU, 3 days after the transfer. The decrease in detectable mast cells is consistent with mast cell degranulation. The data suggest that anterior mast cells participate in the immunopathogenesis of EAU and may influence the genetic susceptibility to EAU.
Blockholders Are More Common in the United States Than You Might Think

Finance scholars have long characterized the large publicly traded U.S. company as having a fragmented ownership structure with a diffuse shareholder base—significantly more diffuse than comparable companies in most other countries. But the findings of the author's recent study, which incluudes large amounts of “hand-collected data” on the share ownership of U.S. companies, are strikingly at odds with this characterization. As reporteed in the study, 96% of a sample of 375 randomly chosen, publicly traded U.S. corporations—including companies like American Express and McDonald's—had at least one shareholder who owned at least 5% of the firm's common stock. In fact, such blockholders as a group owned almost 40% of the typical U.S. company. There was, to be sure, an inverse relation between ownership concentration and firm size, but ownership was unexpectedly concentrated even among the largest companies, with 89% of the S&P 500 companies in the sample having at least one 5% blockholder. What's more, the ownership concentration of U.S. public companies turned out to be remarkably similar to the average ownership concentration of large samples of listed companies from 22 European and East Asian countries. More specifically, the ownership structure of U.S. companies—after controlling for differences in company size—appears to all in the middle of the distribution of those countries, whether one looks at the proportion of companies with block-holders or the blockholders' average percentage holdings.
Norepinephrine is required for leptin effects on gene expression in brown and white adipose tissue.

Exogenous leptin enhances energy utilization in ob/ob mice by binding its hypothalamic receptor and selectively increasing peripheral fat oxidation. Leptin also increases uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT), but the neurotransmitter that mediates this effect has not been established. The present experiments sought to determine whether leptin regulates UCP1 expression in BAT and its own expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) through the long or short forms of leptin receptor and modulation of norepinephrine release. Mice lacking dopamine b-hydroxylase (Dbh 2/2 ), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing norepinephrine and epinephrine from dopamine, were treated with leptin (20 mg/g body weight/day) for 3 days before they were euthanized. UCP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were 5-fold higher in BAT from control (Dbh 1/2 ) compared with Dbh 2/2 mice. Leptin produced a 4-fold increase in UCP1 mRNA levels in Dbh 1/2 mice but had no effect on UCP1 expression in Dbh 2/2 . The b3-adrenergic agonist, CL-316,243 increased UCP1 expression and established that BAT from both groups of mice was capable of responding to b-adrenergic stimulation. Similarly, exogenous leptin reduced leptin mRNA in WAT from Dbh 1/2 but not Dbh 2/2 mice. In separate experiments, leptin produced comparable reductions in food intake in both Dbh 1/2 and Dbh 2/2 mice, illustrating that norepinephrine is not required for leptin’s effect on food intake. Lastly, db/db mice lacking the long form of the leptin receptor failed to increase UCP1 mRNA in response to exogenous leptin but increased UCP1 mRNA in response to CL-316,243. These studies establish that norepinephrine is required for leptin to regulate its own expression in WAT and UCP1 expression in BAT and indicate that these effects are likely mediated through the centrally expressed long form of the leptin receptor. (Endocrinology 140: 4772‐ 4778, 1999)
Physician dress style and the examination of young children

Abstract To evaluate the expectations of patients and parents regarding physicians' attire, physicians in three clinics were dressed formally with a white coat and a necktie some of the time, and informally, in street clothes, the remaining times. Interviews were conducted with the children and parents. Prior to the examination, 87 (55%) children wanted the physician to wear a white coat, 59 (37%) preferred casual attire, and the remaining 13 (8%) were indifferent. Of the 284 parents, 144 (51%) expected the physician to wear a white coat, 83 (29%) preferred casual attire, and 57 (20%) were indifferent. Following the examination of the 87 children who preferred a white coat, 16(18%) changed their minds, compared with 12 of 57 (20%) who preferred casual attire. Some 70% of patients 10 years or older wanted the physician to wear a white coat. Of the 284 parents, 144 (51%) preferred that the physician wear a white coat and 83 (29%) preferred casual attire. Preexamination parental preference was independent of the child's age. Following the examination, 13 of 103 parents changed their preference when the physician dressed according to their choice compared with 40 of 106 when the physician's attire was different from the initial preference ( χ 2 = 10.5, p = 0.0012). The change of preference was unrelated to the child's age, but was more pronounced among parents who preferred a white coat prior to the examination. To evaluate the perception among physicians regarding the preferred dress style during the examination of young children, a short questionnaire was sent to 165 physicians. Of these, 137 (83%), 70 males and 67 females, completed the questionnaire. Forty-nine (36%) never wear a white coat, 44 (32%) wear a white coat at least some of the time, and 44 (32%) always wear a white coat. Many physicians (66%) strongly believe that their attire affects the physician-patient relationship. However, they are almost evenly split as to those who believe that casual attire is the right one, and those who believe that formal attire is proper. Although there is no consensus as to which is the more appropriate attire, physicians of both philosophies believe that this is an important issue. The study also demonstrates that although many factors influence the physician-patient relationship, the physician dress style creates the initial impression, and many parents and older children prefer a formally dressed physician.
Piezoresistance in liquid suspensions : graphite in silicone elastomer

Piezoresistance is defined as a change in the conductivity or resistivity of a solid material with deformations. Phenomenological formulation of this effect involves either stresses or strains to describe the deformations. Each description introduces two piezoresistance coefficients, characterizing the response of an isotropic material. This study extends the concept of piezoresistance to liquid suspensions. Deformations are limited to small changes in the material microstructure and, therefore, induce small variations in specific resistance. As a working hypothesis, it is assumed the piezoresistance effect is determined by fluctuations in the local electric field caused by displacement of the inclusions. An experimental study is conducted with graphite micro-particles dispersed in silicone rubber. Small amplitude oscillatory shear deformations are produced by a rheometer in cone-and-plate configuration. A specially designed sensor rosette, attached to the fixed plate of a rheometer, extracts two piezores...
A Blended Value Framework for Educating the Next Cadre of Social Entrepreneurs

We adopt a blended value framework with implications for how business schools and educators can design, implement, and measure social entrepreneurship programs. The framework stresses both social a...
Diversity in IR Theory: Pluralism as an Opportunity for Understanding Global Politics

Rather than dead or even moribund, International Relations (IR) theory is most certainly “alive,” although of course exactly how “well” remains a matter for debate. This article explains that each of the traditional and more recent “schools” of theory has its important strengths and serious weaknesses. Some theories are more appropriately applied to particular problems than to others. Analysts need to be conversant with a wide range of theories so they can recognize them when they are being employed (even only implicitly) and also use them as a toolkit when developing a research subject or explanations for patterns observed. Viewing some subjects simultaneously from more than one theoretical perspective often enhances understanding.
Products of Hecke eigenforms

Abstract Let f ( z ) and g ( z ) be Hecke eigenforms for Γ 0 ( p ) , where p is a prime. If both f ( z ) and g ( z ) are non-cuspidal forms and p ⩾ 7 , then the product is a Hecke eigenform only if it comes trivially from a level 1 solution. If g ( z ) is a cuspform and p ⩾ 5 , then in addition to the level 1 solutions, there are 8 new cases where the product of Hecke eigenforms is a Hecke eigenform.
Cytotoxicity of human eosinophil granule major basic protein to human nasal sinus mucosa in vitro.

The toxic effects of the human eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP), reduced and alkylated, were studied on human nasal mucosa in vitro. With a microscope coupled with a television monitor (magnification ×2500) and videotape recorder, we investigated the effects of MBP on the mucosa and the ciliary activity of single cells. In nasal mucosal specimens from normal individuals, MBP, 5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L, significantly inhibited ( p p
Porous Media Based Model for Deep-Fat Vacuum Frying Potato Chips

Abstract Vacuum frying is an alternative method to the traditional atmospheric deep-fat frying that offers the health benefits associated with lower concentrations of acrylamide and less adverse effects on oil quality while still preserving the natural color and flavor of the product. A multiphase porous media model involving heat and mass transfer within a potato chip was implemented in a commercial CFD program. Simulations were run at different frying pressures of 1.33 kPa, 9.89 kPa, 16.7 kPa, and 101 kPa. Good agreement between predicted and literature experimental moisture, oil, and acrylamide content was obtained. Regardless of fryer pressure, the model showed the core pressure reached approximately 40 kPa higher than the surface. The model modified Darcy’s law to account for the Klinkenberg effect.
The learner characteristics, features of desktop 3D virtual reality environments, and college chemistry instruction: A structural equation modeling analysis

We examined a model of the impact of a 3D desktop virtual reality environment on the learner characteristics (i.e. perceptual and psychological variables) that can enhance chemistry-related learning achievements in an introductory college chemistry class. The relationships between the 3D virtual reality features and the chemistry learning test as it relates to the selected perceptual (spatial orientation and usability) and psychological (self-efficacy and presence) variables were analyzed using the structural equation modeling approach. The results supported all the hypothesized relationships except one. Usability strongly mediated the relationship between 3D virtual reality features, spatial orientation, self-efficacy, and presence. Spatial orientation and self-efficacy had statistically significant, positive impact on the chemistry learning test. The results indicate that 3D virtual reality-based instruction is effective for enhancing students' chemistry achievement. Overall, this study contributed a research model that can help increase the effectiveness of desktop virtual reality environments for enhancing spatial ability and science achievement. Moreover, this study provides insight to science educators, instructional designers, and multimedia developers who are interested in designing science-based instruction using instructional design principles.
Unexpected Effect of Light on Colloidal Crystal Spacing

Colloidal crystals were formed from microsphere suspensions via a simple and novel approach using gel beads. The microspheres self-assembled not only around each bead but also between beads in an ordered pattern. The crystals shrunk under incident light, with the effect of blue (wavelength 450 to 500 nm) being the most profound. The results shed new light on the fundamental issue of self-assembly and colloid science.
SMEDWI-2 Is a PIWI-Like Protein That Regulates Planarian Stem Cells

We have identified two genes, smedwi-1 and smedwi-2, expressed in the dividing adult stem cells (neoblasts) of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Both genes encode proteins that belong to the Argonaute/PIWI protein family and that share highest homology with those proteins defined by Drosophila PIWI. RNA interference (RNAi) of smedwi-2 blocks regeneration, even though neoblasts are present, irradiation-sensitive, and capable of proliferating in response to wounding; smedwi-2(RNAi) neoblast progeny migrate to sites of cell turnover but, unlike normal cells, fail at replacing aged tissue. We suggest that SMEDWI-2 functions within dividing neoblasts to support the generation of cells that promote regeneration and homeostasis.
Monoclonal antibodies directed against rat tracheal epithelial cells transformed in vitro

Cloned hybridoma cell lines were obtained by fusion of murine myeloma cells with spleen lymphocytes of either F344 rats or BALB/c mice immunized against the malignant F344 tracheal cell line, 2-10-1. Monoclonal antibodies were selected for their ability to bind to the immunizing cell line and not to normal tracheal epithelial cells. Results from quantitative binding assays indicated that such monoclonal antibodies recognized six epitopes. Each epitope was detected on four other malignant tracheal epithelial cell lines, and was also expressed during early preneoplastic cell passages (i.e. before the cells acquired the ability to produce carcinomas in vivo). Quantitative differences in epitope expression between non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic passages of individual cell lines could not be detected for five of the epitope groups. However, two monoclonal antibodies, recognizing the same epitope, did show quantitative binding differences between non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cell passages on three of the five cell lines tested. Our results show that carcinogen-altered tracheal cell populations can be distinguished from non-altered cells (by our current assay methods) by use of monoclonal antibodies. The suggest that the antigen expression is an early event associated with the transformation of rat tracheal epithelial cells in culture.
Finite size Lyapunov exponent for some simple models of turbulence

Exact expressions for the finite size Lyapunov exponent λ(δ) are found and analyzed for several idealized models of turbulence in 1D and 2D. Among them are a random walk with discrete time and continuously distributed jumps and an isotropic Brownian flow in 2D also known as the Kraichnan flow. For the former a surprising fact is a δ−1 scaling for intermediate values of δ in contrast to δ−2 well known for a random walk in continuous time (Brownian flow) and for a simple random walk in discrete time. For the Kraichnan flow an exact relation is established between the scaling of λ(δ) and the scaling of relative dispersion in time.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 177

Abstract Nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A = 177 is summarized. Data from various decay and reaction experiments are compared. Evaluated data and the adopted spin, parity, and Nilsson-state assignments are given. Deviations from the regional trend of Nilsson ground-state assignments are noted for 177 W and 177 Re. Similar shifts have been observed in this region for nuclei 8 to 10 neutrons removed from the β -stability line. In all cases, low-lying K π = 1/2 ± orbitals move to ground.
A simple acid digestion method for the determination of ten elements in ambient aerosols by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract A method is presented for multi-element determinations in ambient aerosols collected on Whatman 41 filter paper. Subsections of filters are exposed to vapor phase attack by nitric and hydrofluoric acids, and complete dissolution is accomplished by a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids at high temperatures in quartz tubes. The residue is taken up in dilute nitric acid and processed directly by standard additions with a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The method was tested on NBS Coal Fly Ash, SRM 1633, and found to yield accurate results.
Energy Modeling System Using Building Information Modeling Open Standards

There is an urgent need in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries for new programs and methods of producing reliable energy simulations using building information modeling (BIM) technology. Current methods and programs for running energy simulations are not very timely, are difficult to understand, and lack high interoperability between BIM and energy simulation software. It is necessary to improve on these drawbacks as design decisions are often made without the aid of energy modeling leading to the design and construction of nonoptimized buildings with respect to energy efficiency. The goal of this research project is to develop a new methodology to produce energy estimates from a BIM model expeditiously and to improve interoperability between the simulation engine and BIM software. In the proposed methodology, the extracted information from a BIM model is compiled into an input file and run in a popular energy simulation program on an hourly basis for a desired period. The case applied in this paper showed that the application of this methodology can be used to quickly provide energy simulations from BIM models. With the aid of an easy-to-run and easily understood energy simulation methodology, designers will be able to make more energy conscious decisions during the design phase and as changes in design requirements arise. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000215. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Building information models; Simulation; Energy efficiency. Author keywords: Building information modeling; Energy simulation; Industry Foundation Classes extensible markup language (ifcXML); Interoperability; DOE-2; Energy simulation input (INP) file.
Co-RAM: combinational logic synthesis applied to software partitions for mapping to a novel memory device

We introduce the application of current techniques for hardware synthesis of combinational logic blocks to large-scale software partitions for eventual implementation of these partitions in a novel memory device called "Co-RAM." The novelty of our approach is based upon the observation that a wide variety of largescale software functionality can be considered "stateless" by conventional hardware synthesis tools and so may be realized as combinational logic. By limiting the functions placed in memory to combinational functions, we eliminate conventional synchronization overhead associated with coprocessors. A significant aspect of Co-RAM is that it is a system design concept that inherently merges hardware and software design styles at the system level, impacting programming styles, system build approaches, and the programmer's view of the underlying machine. A direct consequence of viewing the functionality as combinational is that the system state is not partitioned with the tasks. By Considering Co-RAM functionality to be stateless with respect to system state, Co-RAM functionality is inlined around the advancement of effectively unpartitioned system state. The rules for procedural combinational logic synthesis are shown to apply to a wide variety of software partitions. Results of our investigation project speedups of 8/spl times/ to 1000/spl times/ for a range of algorithms of varying problem size and for projected devices ranging from conventional field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to highly specific combinational logic devices.
Topology and Modality: The Topological Interpretation of First-Order Modal Logic

As McKinsey and Tarksi showed, the Stone representation theorem for Boolean algebras extends to algebras with operators to give topological semantics for (classical) propositional modal logic, in which the "necessity" operation is modeled by taking the interior of an arbitrary subset of a topological space. in this paper the topological interpretation is extended in a natural way to arbitrary theories of full first-order logic. The resulting system of S4 first-order modal logic is complete with respect to such topological semantics.
Leptin and zeranol up-regulate cyclin D1 expression in primary cultured normal human breast pre-adipocytes

Adipocytes account for more than 90% of human breast volume and secrete adipocytokines, which play a role in breast cancer development. Among the adipocytokines is leptin, which is secreted mainly by adipocytes and plays a key role in breast cancer development. Leptin expression is up-regulated in both obese and breast cancer patients, and promotes breast cancer cell growth. Exposure to environmental estrogens has also been found to be directly related to the development of breast cancer. Zeranol (Z) is a non-steroidal anabolic growth promoter with estrogenic activity that is widely used in the US beef industry due to its commercial benefits. Gossypol is a natural compound extracted from cottonseed that inhibits breast cancer growth, and is potentially a chemopreventive food component. This study focused on Z and bio-active Z-containing sera (ZS) collected from Z-implanted beef, and evaluated their adverse health risk to humans. We hypothesized that Z increases the risk of breast cancer in obese women. A cell proliferation assay, ELISA analysis, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the interaction of leptin, Z and (-)-gossypol in primary cultured normal human breast pre-adipocytes. The results indicated that Z and ZS stimulated the growth of pre-adipocytes isolated from normal human breast tissues by up-regulating cyclin D1 expression, while (-)-gossypol reversed this effect.
Performance of polygenic scores for predicting phobic anxiety.

Context: Anxiety disorders are common, with a lifetime prevalence of 20% in the U.S., and are responsible for substantial burdens of disability, missed work days and health care utilization. To date, no causal genetic variants have been identified for anxiety, anxiety disorders, or related traits. Objective: To investigate whether a phobic anxiety symptom score was associated with 3 alternative polygenic risk scores, derived from external genome-wide association studies of anxiety, an internally estimated agnostic polygenic score, or previously identified candidate genes. Design: Longitudinal follow-up study. Using linear and logistic regression we investigated whether phobic anxiety was associated with polygenic risk scores derived from internal, leave-one out genome-wide association studies, from 31 candidate genes, and from out-of-sample genome-wide association weights previously shown to predict depression and anxiety in another cohort. Setting and Participants: Study participants (n = 11,127) were individuals from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Main Outcome Measure: Anxiety symptoms were assessed via the 8-item phobic anxiety scale of the Crown Crisp Index at two time points, from which a continuous phenotype score was derived. Results: We found no genome-wide significant associations with phobic anxiety. Phobic anxiety was also not associated with a polygenic risk score derived from the genome-wide association study beta weights using liberal p-value thresholds; with a previously published genome-wide polygenic score; or with a candidate gene risk score based on 31 genes previously hypothesized to predict anxiety. Conclusion: There is a substantial gap between twin-study heritability estimates of anxiety disorders ranging between 20-40% and heritability explained by genome-wide association results. New approaches such as improved genome imputations, application of gene expression and biological pathways information, and incorporating social or environmental modifiers of genetic risks may be necessary to identify significant genetic predictors of anxiety.
High Mobility Group Protein-1 Inhibits Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils through Binding to Phosphatidylserine

Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, also called efferocytosis, is an essential feature of immune responses and critical to resolution of inflammation. Impaired efferocytosis is associated with an unfavorable outcome from inflammatory diseases, including acute lung injury and pulmonary manifestations of cystic fibrosis. High mobility group protein-1 (HMGB1), a nuclear nonhistone DNA-binding protein, has recently been found to be secreted by immune cells upon stimulation with LPS and cytokines. Plasma and tissue levels of HMGB1 are elevated for prolonged periods in chronic and acute inflammatory conditions, including sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute lung injury, burns, and hemorrhage. In this study, we found that HMGB1 inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is directly involved in the inhibition of phagocytosis by HMGB1, as blockade of HMGB1 by PS eliminates the effects of HMGB1 on efferocytosis. Confocal and fluorescence resonance energy transfer demonstrate that HMGB1 interacts with PS on the neutrophil surface. However, HMGB1 does not inhibit PS-independent phagocytosis of viable neutrophils. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from Scnn + mice, a murine model of cystic fibrosis lung disease which contains elevated concentrations of HMGB1, inhibits neutrophil efferocytosis. Anti-HMGB1 Abs reverse the inhibitory effect of Scnn + bronchoalveolar lavage on efferocytosis, showing that this effect is due to HMGB1. These findings demonstrate that HMGB1 can modulate phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils and suggest an alternative mechanism by which HMGB1 is involved in enhancing inflammatory responses.
Biologically inspired bearing-only navigation and tracking

In this paper we develop controllers that are used for the control of individual or groups of vehicles based only on sensors that provide bearing information. Our inspiration is derived from the observation that many ant species use landmark retinal positions to navigate without having any range information. This is specially relevant to vision-based controllers for vehicles because cameras provide very good bearing information but relatively poor range information. We present a provably correct bearing-only navigation controller and a methodology for tracking that lends itself to control of formations. The proposed feedback controllers are shown to have analytically guaranteed properties. The effectiveness of the proposed controllers is demonstrated through computer simulations.
1H, 15N, and 13C Chemical shift assignments of the navel orange worm pheromone-binding protein-1 (Atra-PBP1)

A pheromone-binding protein from navel orange worm, Amyelois transitella (Atra-PBP1) binds to non-polar pheromone molecules and facilitates the transport and delivery of pheromone to the membrane-bound pheromone receptors. We report complete NMR chemical shift assignments of Atra-PBP1 obtained at pH 4.5 and 25°C (BMRB No. 15601).
Multicenter Evaluation of the New VITEK 2 Advanced Colorimetric Yeast Identification Card

The performance of the new VITEK 2 Advanced Colorimetry yeast identification (YST) card for use with the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO) was compared to that of the API 20C AUX (API) system (bioMerieux SA, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) in a multicenter evaluation. A total of 12 quality control, 64 challenge, and 623 clinical yeast isolates were used in the study. Comparisons of species identification, platform reliability, and substrate reproducibility were made between YST and API, with API considered the reference standard. Quality control testing to assess system and substrate reproducibility matched expected results >/=95% of the time. The YST card correctly identified 100% of the challenge strains, which covered the species range of the manufacturer's performance claims. Using clinical isolates, the YST card correctly identified 98.5%, with 1.0% of isolates incorrectly identified and 0.5% unidentified. Among clinical isolates, the YST card generated fewer low-discrimination results (18.9%) than did API (30.0%). The time to identification with YST was 18 h, compared to 48 to 72 h with API. The colorimetric YST card used with the VITEK 2 provides a highly automated, objective yeast identification method with excellent performance and reproducibility. We found this system useful for timely and accurate identification of significant yeast species in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Intratester and Intertester Reliability of the KT-1000 Arthrometer in the Assessment of Posterior Laxity of the Knee

We measured tibial translation in the knees of 22 subjects with posterior cruciate ligament tears or reconstructions by using the KT-1000 arthrometer. To assess the reliability of the device, two testers made measurements. One tester was a novice and the second tester had substantial clinical experience with the KT-1000 arthrometer. The quadriceps neutral angle was found for the uninvolved knee. Anterior and posterior translation and total anterior-posterior excursion were then measured. The quadriceps neutral angle was then reproduced in the involved knee and the same measurements were taken. Each subject was tested twice by each tester. The intraclass correlation coefficient values for the novice, experienced, and intertester reliability were 0.67, 0.79, and 0.62, respectively, for corrected posterior translation; 0.59, 0.68, and 0.64, respectively, for corrected anterior translation; 0.70, 0.74, and 0.29, respectively, for quadriceps neutral angle; and 0.84, 0.83, and 0.62, respectively, for total anterior-posterior excursion. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals for the novice, experienced, and intertester reliability were +/-2.95, +/-2.53, and +/-3.27 mm, respectively, for corrected posterior translation; +/-3.99, +/-3.89, and +/-3.74 mm, respectively, for corrected anterior translation; and +/-10.70 degrees, +/-11.73 degrees, and +/-16.25 degrees, respectively, for quadriceps neutral angle. The KT-1000 arthrometer was found to be a moderately reliable tool for the measurement of tibial translation in patients with posterior cruciate ligament tears and reconstructions.
The Cerebellum: So Much More

In her article “The cerebellum: The brain's engine of agility” (News Focus, 11 Sept., p. [1588][1]), Ingrid Wickelgren reviews evidence of cerebellar involvement in motor performance. Although she mentions motor learning, Wickelgren does not touch on recent findings about the cerebellum's
Low-voltage fully-differential CMOS switched-current filters

A 3.3-V fully differential switched-current filtering technique based on current-copier principles is presented. A five-pole lowpass filter has been integrated using the MOSIS standard 1.2-/spl mu/m CMOS n-well technology. Experimental results show that the filter response is accurate for sampling frequencies up to 5 MHz. Measured dynamic range is about 65 dB, and power dissipation is 10 mW per pole. An important feature of this approach is that a designer can optimize circuit performance by optimizing the well-known folded-cascode operational amplifier designs.