cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The origin of human triploids

Summary the data using a maximum-likelihood method was that 66.4 yo of the triploids were the result of dispermy, 23.6 % the result of fertilization of a haploid ovum by a diploid sperm formed by failure of the first meiotic division in the male and 10 % the result of a diploid egg formed by failure of the first maternal meiotic division. The possible sources of error inherent in the technique me reviewed and our results compared with previously published data. This work was supported by a grant from the Spencer Foundation, by grant no. 6–47 from the National Foundation and by grant no. HD 07879 from the National Institutes of Health. We are extremely grateful to Miss Shirley Yee of the Population Genetics Laboratory, University of Hawaii, for providing the maximum- likelihood estimates, and we thank Dr Kobara and the staff of the Pathology Department, the nursing staff of Kapiolani Hospital and Dr Julia Tsuei of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology without whose help in collecting the specimens the present study would have been impossible.
Flavor Studies of Nootkatone in Grapefruit Juice

SUMMARY —Nootkatone, a sesquiterpene ketone previously reported as a primary flavoring constituent in grapefruit oil, has been tested for flavoring effect in grapefruit juice reconstituted from foam-mat-dried crystals. Unexpected difficulties were encountered in achieving uniform dispersion of the nootkatone. After a satisfactory method was developed, flavor thresholds and preferences were established by comparing samples of juice containing nootkatone with controls. Nootkatone was detectable at 1 ppm in water and at 6 ppm in 10.5’Brix reconstituted grapefruit juice. Threshold levels were the same in samples with and without “locked-in” oil. Flavor effects were evaluated on four samples: 1) nootkatone isolated from grapefruit oil; 2) a sample of nootkatone synthesized from valencene, and purified repeatedly by GLC; 3) a routinely purified sample of synthetic nootkatone purified by GLC; and 4) a sample of crystalline nootkatone. All had the same threshold. To some judges the nootkatone was very bitter at a level above 7 ppm. For most iudges however, at slightly above threshold level (about 6—7 ppm) the flavor and aroma of grapefruit iuice were enhanced by the presence of nootkatone.
PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF BERYLLIUM AND BERYLLIUM-- COPPER ALLOYS.

The elastic constants of beryllium and of alloys containing 1.1 and 2.4 wt% copper (0.16 and 0.35 at.%) have been measured by a pulse-echo-overlap method. These stiffness coefficients in units of ${10}^{12}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ are: The effect of hydrostatic pressures up to 6 kbar is indicated by the pressure derivatives given below: The coefficient ${C}_{13}=\ensuremath{-}0.01$ is unusual for a metal; this value indicates that there is no coupling between a tensile stress along the $c$ axis and a resolved stress in the basal plane. This anisotropy in the bonding mechanisms for the two principal directions has been correlated with the band structure and may account for the relatively easy cleavage of beryllium along the basal plane.
Microsatellite instability and gene mutations in transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor are absent in small bowel carcinoid tumors.

BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) with concomitant mutations in the coding region of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor (TGFβRII) results in an aberrant growth-regulatory phenotype in colorectal carcinomas. The authors postulated that a similar mechanism occurred during the malignant evolution of small bowel carcinoid tumors. METHODS Mutational analysis of two coding regions in the TGFβRII gene associated with MSI and BAT-26 within intron 5 of the mismatch repair gene, hMSH2, was undertaken in small bowel carcinoids (n = 14), lymph node metasasis (n = 1) and liver metastases (n = 5). Quantitative PCR analysis [TAQMAN, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA] was then undertaken to examine gene alterations in mismatch repair genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) in small bowel carcinoids (n = 7) and matched normal mucosa (n = 5). Staining was then analyzed using quantitative tissue array profiling (AQUA analysis) in a small bowel EC carcinoid tissue microarray (n = 55 tumors) with immunostaining against TGFβRII and MSH2. RESULTS Mutational examination of the TFGβRII gene and BAT-26 demonstrated that MSI was not present in any carcinoid material. Q RT-PCR analysis demonstrated statistically significant increased message levels of hMSH2 but not hMLH1 in carcinoid tumors. Quantitative analysis of membrane TGFβRII immunostaining using AQUA demonstrated that TGFβRII expression was down-regulated (P < 0.0002) in thirty-three primary small bowel carcinoids that exhibited lymph node and liver metastases compared to normal mucosa. AQUA analysis of nuclear MSH2 immunostaining demonstrated no differences for MSH2 between normal tissue and carcinoid tumor metastasis. Small bowel carcinoids characterized by variable expression of TGFβRII, did not exhibit MSI and had no differences in MSH2 expression. CONCLUSIONS The molecular events leading to the formation of carcinoid tumors in the small bowel were different from those resulting in epithelial carcinomas. The usually slow-growing and relatively nonaggressive carcinoid tumors had variable expression of TGFβRII but were associated with the retention of mismatch repair protein function and a microsatellite-stable phenotype. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Modification of the active site of isocitrate lyase from Pseudomonas indigofera.

Abstract Kinetic analysis of inactivation of isocitrate lyase from Pseudomonas indigofera by 3-bromopyruvate established that enzyme binds this compound prior to alkylation and that substrate, D s -isocitrate, competes for the same site on the enzyme. The rate of inactivation was increased by EDTA which is a promoter of catalysis in the presence of activated (reduced) enzyme and substrate. The combination of products, glyoxylate plus succinate, also protected against inactivation. Glyoxylate plus itaconate, phosphoenolpyruvate, or maleate also protected. However, each of the latter three compounds or glyoxylate or succinate alone provided little or no protection. Pyruvate, a competitive inhibitor with respect to glyoxylate in the condensation reaction, also failed to protect. However, two dicarboxylates, meso -tartrate and oxalate, that are also competitive inhibitors with respect to glyoxylate provide some protection against inactivation by BrP perhaps by bridging across cationic sites that facilitate glyoxylate and succinate binding. These and other results imply that alkylation by 3-bromopyruvate occurs at the succinate part of the active site. A mechanism which includes a catalytic role for the cysteine residue at the active site is presented and discussed.
Isolation and reactions of a phosphorylated form of phosphoryl transferase from beef heart mitochondria

Abstract Phosphoryl transferase, a mitochondrial protein which increases the phosphorylative capacity of poorly phosphorylating submitochondrial particles and catalyzes an ATP-ADP exchange reaction, is phosphorylated during oxidation either of succinate or pyruvate-malate. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer, as well as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibit the phosphorylation of the transferase when phosphorylation is mediated by electron transfer. The protein is also phosphorylated by ATP, the donor group being specifically the terminal phosphate of ATP. The transphosphorylation reaction is not inhibited by inhibitors of electron transfer and coupled phosphorylation, nor by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The phosphoryl form of the transferase can phosphorylate ADP in the presence of hexokinase, glucose, and magnesium ion, but the transfer is only 50% complete. During this transfer reaction a portion of the protein-bound phosphate becomes transformed to an acid-stable form. Phosphorus is released from phosphoryl transferase as inorganic orthophosphate at pH 4 and 10 and by heat, but is relatively stable at pH 7.5 at 0 °. Hydroxylamine also induces release of protein-bound phosphorus as inorganic phosphate. The possible role of the phosphoryl group of the transferase in oxidative phosphorylation is discussed.
Factors Underlying Distance Learner Satisfaction with Televised College-Level Courses.

Two investigations were conducted to identify the major dimensions of distance learner satisfaction with live‐broadcast, interactive (one‐way video, two‐way audio) televised college‐level courses. ...
A novel type of laser scanning microscope: theoretical considerations

Abstract A novel type of confocal laser scanning microscope using a waveguide device is proposed and theoretical considerations are given. This microscope is capable of obtaining an image with differential interference constrast by means of mode interference in the waveguide device. The performance of this microscope was analyzed using Fourier optics and the two-dimensional beam propagation method. The outstanding feature of this microscope is its capability of obtaining information from the object about its phase and amplitude separately.
Epidermal Growth Factor Treatment Enhances the Kinase Activity of Kinase Suppressor of Ras

Abstract In Drosophila melanogaster andCaenorhabditis elegans, kinasesuppressor of Ras (KSR) functions as a positive modulator of Ras-dependent signaling either upstream of or parallel to Raf. Attempts to characterize the biochemical and biological properties of mammalian KSR, however, have had limited success. Although some studies demonstrated a requirement of KSR kinase activity for its action, others indicated the kinase function of KSR is dispensable and suggested that KSR acts primarily as a scaffold protein. Interpretations of KSR function are further hampered by the lack of a standardized assay for its kinase activity in vitro. To address this issue, we established a two-stage in vitro kinase assay in which KSR never comes in contact with any recombinant kinases other than c-Raf-1. Using this assay, we show that KSR immunoprecipitated from quiescent COS-7 cells overexpressing Flag-tagged KSR was inactive, but its activity was rapidly and markedly induced upon epidermal growth factor treatment. Moreover, KSR-reconstituted mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was detected in KSR immunoprecipitates depleted of all contaminating kinases (c-Raf-1, MEK1, ERK2) by multiple high salt washes. Only full-length kinase-active KSR was capable of signaling c-Raf-1-dependent activity as kinase inactive and C- and N-terminal deletion mutants were without effect. Furthermore, endogenous KSR isolated from A431 cells, which contain high levels of activated EGF receptor, displays constitutively enhanced kinase activity. Hence, KSR kinase activity is not an artifact of overexpression but a property intrinsic to this protein. The recognition of EGF as a potent activator of KSR kinase activity and the availability of a well defined in vitro kinase assay should facilitate the definition of the function of KSR as a Ras-effector molecule.
Isolation and characterization of novel EST-derived genic markers in Pisum sativum (Fabaceae).

Premise of the study: Novel markers were developed for pea (Pisum sativum) from pea expressed sequence tags (ESTs) having significant homology to Medicago truncatula gene sequences to investigate genetic diversity, linkage mapping, and cross-species transferability. Methods and Results: Seventy-seven EST-derived genic markers were developed through comparative mapping between M. truncatula and P. sativum in which 75 markers produced PCR products and 33 were polymorphic among 16 pea genotypes. Conclusions: The novel markers described here will be useful for future genetic studies of P. sativum; their amplification in lentil (Lens culinaris) demonstrates their potential for use in closely related species.
Are phonological features of roots in syntax? Evidence from Guébie

Based on original field data, I demonstrate that in Guebie (Kru, Niger-Congo), third person pronouns phonologically resemble their antecedents. This system, along with other phonologically determined agreement systems, pose problems for our traditional Y-model of grammar, which assumes that phonological features are not present in the syntax (cf. DM, Marantz 1995), thus morphosyntactic processes like agreement should not be able to access phonological features. Here I address the question of whether phonologically determined agreement systems can be modeled without requiring syntax to be sensitive to phonological features. To do this I argue that pronouns select for an NP complement (cf. Elbourne 2001), where the pronoun enters into an agree relation with its NP complement. When spelled out, the morphologically agreeing heads must be phonologically similar, and this overt agreement licenses ellipsis of the NP.
CCD camera for dual-energy digital subtraction angiography

A motion immune dual-energy subtraction technique in which X-ray tube voltage and beam filtration were switched at 30 Hz between 60 kVp (2.0 mm Al filter) and 120 kVp (2.00 mm Al+2.5 mm Cu filter) was previously reported. In this study the effects of camera lag on the dual-energy iodine signal is investigated. The temporal lag of the lead oxide vidicon tested reduced the dual-energy iodine signal by a factor of 2.3, as compared to a mode that included 4 scrub frames between low- and high-energy images, for an iodine phantom with thicknesses of 0-86.0 mg/cm/sup 2/, imaged over a 15 cm thick Lucite phantom. On the other hand, the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera has inherently no temporal lag and its versatile scanning characteristics make it near ideal for dual-energy DSA. The CCD camera eliminates the reduction of dual-energy iodine signal, since it does not mix low- and high-energy image data. Another benefit of the CCD camera is that the separation time between low and high-energy images is not limited to the frame period, as is the lead oxide vidicon; and as small as a 5-msec time difference is possible. The short time interval between low and high-energy images minimizes motion misregistration artifacts. Due to these advantages, the CCD camera significantly improves the utility of dual-energy DSA.
Accuracy at the Top

We introduce a new notion of classification accuracy based on the top τ-quantile values of a scoring function, a relevant criterion in a number of problems arising for search engines. We define an algorithm optimizing a convex surrogate of the corresponding loss, and discuss its solution in terms of a set of convex optimization problems. We also present margin-based guarantees for this algorithm based on the top τ-quantile value of the scores of the functions in the hypothesis set. Finally, we report the results of several experiments in the bipartite setting evaluating the performance of our solution and comparing the results to several other algorithms seeking high precision at the top. In most examples, our solution achieves a better performance in precision at the top.
Perceptions of stroke recovery: an exclusion of communication and cognition.

BACKGROUND: Perceptions of stroke recovery can differ substantially between stroke survivors and their healthcare providers. Concordance between the two is important for collaborative goal setting to facilitate optimal outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To explore stroke survivors’ perceptions of their own recovery and residual impairments with specific emphasis on communication and cognition. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A qualitative analytic approach was used in the study. Nine stroke survivors participated in a focus group discussion as part of a larger study designed to examine post-stroke outcomes. RESULTS: Early in the focus group proceedings, a discussion emphasizing how stroke survivors perceive their overall recovery emerged. Six of the nine participants (67%) perceived their overall stroke recovery to be greater than 90%, and only physical impairments were reported. Later in the course of the interview, eight of the nine participants (89%) reported either word retrieval or memory loss deficits which negatively influenced their daily functional activities. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke survivors in this sample did not include communication and cognitive deficits in their perception of their overall recovery despite later reporting these symptoms and related impairment. Failure of patients to include such persisting deficits in their reports of recovery can cause a mismatch between stroke survivor and healthcare provider goals.
Communication visualization for bottleneck detection of high-level synthesis applications

High-level synthesis tools increase FPGA productivity but can decrease performance compared to register-transfer level designs. To help optimize high-level synthesis applications, we introduce a bottleneck detection tool that provides a developer with a visualization of communication bandwidth between all application processes, while identifying potential bottlenecks via color coding. We evaluated the tool using third-party applications to identify and optimize bottlenecks in just several minutes, which achieved speedups ranging from 1.25x to 2.18x compared to the original FPGA execution. Overhead was modest with less than 2% resource overhead and 3% frequency overhead.
Phytoplankton production patterns in Massachusetts Bay and the absence of the 1998 winter–spring bloom

The seasonal productivity cycle and factors controlling annual variation in the timing and magnitude of the winter–spring bloom were examined for several locations (range: 42°20.35′–42°26.63′N; 70°44.19′–70°56.52′W) in Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay, USA, from 1995 to 1999, and compared with earlier published data (1992–1994). Primary productivity (mg C m−2 day−1) in Massachusetts Bay from 1995 to 1999 was generally characterized by a well-developed winter–spring bloom of several weeks duration, high but variable production during the summer, and a prominent fall bloom. The bulk of production (mg C m−3 day−1) typically occurred in the upper 15 m of the water column. At a nearby Boston Harbor station a gradual pattern of increasing areal production from winter through summer was more typical, with the bulk of production restricted to the upper 5 m. Annual productivity in Massachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor ranged from a low of 160 g C m−2 year−1 to a high of 787 g C m−2 year−1 from 1992 to 1999. Mean annual productivity was higher (mean=525 g C m−2 year−1) and more variable near the harbor entrance than in western Massachusetts Bay. At the harbor station productivity varied more than 3.5-fold (CV=40%) over an 8 year sampling period. Average annual productivity (305–419 g C m−2 year−1) and variability around the means (CV=25–27%) were lower at both the outer nearfield and central nearfield regions of Massachusetts Bay. Annual productivity in 1998 was unusually low at all three sites ( 0.05) among years (1995–1999). The mean photic depth during the bloom period was significantly deeper (P < 0.05) in 1998, signifying greater light availability with depth. Nutrients were also in abundance during the winter–spring of 1998 with stratified conditions not observed until May. In general, the magnitude of the winter–spring bloom in Massachusetts Bay from 1995 to 1999 was significantly correlated with winter water temperature (r2=0.78) and zooplankton abundance (r2=0.74) over the bloom period (typically February–April). The absence of the 1998 bloom was associated with higher than average water temperature and elevated levels of zooplankton abundance just prior to, and during, the peak winter–spring bloom period.
Mek1 Suppression of Meiotic Double-Strand Break Repair Is Specific to Sister Chromatids, Chromosome Autonomous and Independent of Rec8 Cohesin Complexes

During meiosis, recombination is directed to occur between homologous chromosomes to create connections necessary for proper segregation at meiosis I. Partner choice is determined at the time of strand invasion and is mediated by two recombinases: Rad51 and the meiosis-specific Dmc1. In budding yeast, interhomolog bias is created in part by the activity of a meiosis-specific kinase, Mek1, which is localized to the protein cores of condensed sister chromatids. Analysis of meiotic double-strand break (DSB) repair in haploid and disomic haploid strains reveals that Mek1 suppresses meiotic intersister DSB repair by working directly on sister chromatids. Rec8 cohesin complexes are not required, however, either for suppression of intersister DSB repair or for the repair itself. Regulation of DSB repair in meiosis is chromosome autonomous such that unrepaired breaks on haploid chromosomes do not prevent interhomolog repair between disomic homologs. The pattern of DSB repair in haploids containing Dmc1 and/or Rad51 indicates that Mek1 acts on Rad51-specific recombination processes.
The Role of Membrane Phosphoglycerate Kinase in the Control of Glycolytic Rate by Active Cation Transport in Human Red Blood Cells

When the internal Na of human red cells is raised, both K influx and lactate production increase and become more sensitive to the inhibitory action of ouabain. This occurs with either glucose or purine nucleoside as substrate. Fresh whole hemolysates enriched with Na and Mg will convert intermediates above the triose phosphate dehydrogenase step to lactate at a rate which is slowed by ouabain. Intermediates beyond the phosphoglycerate kinase step (PGK) are metabolized at a very rapid rate which is not affected by ouabain. No metabolic effects of ouabain were found in ghost-free hemolysates. Hemoglobin-free ghosts were shown to have both triose phosphate dehydrogenase and PGK activity. The rate of this two-enzyme sequence was found to be a function of the ADP concentration, being maximal when ADP > 0.35 mM. Initial addition of ATP to the ghost system rendered the forward rate of the sequence sensitive to the inhibitory action of ouabain. When the sequence was run in reverse, no inhibitory effect of ouabain could be demonstrated. It is concluded that membrane PGK is a point at which the Na-K transport system can influence the metabolic rate and that this action is possibly exerted via a compartmentalized form of ADP which is an immediate substrate for the ghost PGK.
Alloantiserum-induced inhibition of migration inhibition factor production in immune response gene-controlled immune systems.

We have previously demonstrated that alloantisera prepared by reciprocal immunization of strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs specifically block stimulation of in vitro DNA synthesis in genetically controlled systems. In order to determine whether this blockade extends to other T-lymphocyte functions, we examined the effect of alloantisera on the production of migration inhibition factor (MIF). (2 x 13)F1 guinea pigs were immunized with a DNP derivative of the copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-lysine (DNP-GL) and with DNP guinea pig albumin (GPA). The response to the former is controlled by a 2-linked Ir gene while that to the latter is mainly controlled by a 13-linked Ir gene. MIF production was assayed by an indirect procedure in which the migrating cell population lacked the histocompatibility antigen against which the alloantiserum was directed. Our results showed that anti-2 serum blocked MIF production by F1 cells in response to DNP-GL but not DNP-GPA while anti-13 serum had the opposite effect. These experiments show that expression of a second major T-cell function is specifically blocked by alloantisera and suggest that Ir-gene products may act as antigen recognition substances on more than one type of T cell.
Vertex Group Effects in Entangled Polystyrene−Polyhedral Oligosilsesquioxane (POSS) Copolymers

The linear viscoelastic behavior of thermoplastic hybrid inorganic−organic polymers synthesized through radical copolymerization of styrene and styryl-based polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (POSS), R...
Premature Adoption and Routinization of Medical Technology: Illustrations from Childbirth Technology

The first part of this article discusses four forces underlying the emergence, adoption, and routinization of medical technology: key societal values, policies of the federal government, reimbursement policies, and economic incentives. It also addresses a set of impacts resulting from increased reliance on medical technology. The second part of the paper assesses three examples of childbirth technology: electronic fetal monitor, obstetric ultrasound, and cesarean birth. The tendency toward premature and excessive use of technology is especially strong in the area of childbirth and technology.
The influence of transport on the kinetics of binding to surface receptors: application to cells and BIAcore.

Accurate estimation of biomolecular reaction rates from binding data, when ligands in solution bind to receptors on the surfaces of cells or biosensors, requires an understanding of the contributions of both molecular transport and reaction. Efficient estimation of parameters requires relatively simple models. In this review, we give conditions under which various transport effects are negligible and identify simple binding models that incorporate the effects of transport, when transport cannot be neglected. We consider effects of diffusion of ligands to cell or biosensor surfaces, flow in a BIAcore biosensor, and distribution of receptors in a dextran layer above the sensor surface. We also give conditions under which soluble receptors can be expected to compete effectively with surface-bound receptors.
In-Situ characterization of passive rfid tag performance at absolute minimum power levels

This paper presents a novel alternative approach for non-invasive characterization and evaluation of the passive RFID tag performance. This method will provide a reader-independent measure of tag's performance using a vector network analyzer (VNA), which is a fundamental commercial RF measuring instrument that can be accurately calibrated.
The EGPs: the eclosion hormone and cyclic GMP-regulated phosphoproteins. II. Regulation of appearance by the steroid hormone 20- hydroxyecdysone in Manduca sexta

Two proteins (the EGPs) in the CNS of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta are phosphorylated by the action of the neuropeptide eclosion hormone (EH), which triggers ecdysis behavior (Morton and Truman, 1986, 1988). The onset of sensitivity to EH requires prior exposure to the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE). A series of steroid removal and replacement experiments indicates that the EGPs are also regulated by 20-HE with a time course that is similar to that seen for the 20-HE regulation of behavioral sensitivity to EH. This suggests that the steroid regulation of EH sensitivity is due to the regulation of the EGPs. The appearance of the EGPs requires not only the presence of 20- HE, but also its subsequent removal. The appearance of the EGPs can be blocked in vivo and in vitro by maintaining artificially elevated levels of 20-HE, but only up to a particular time in development. The ending of this steroid-sensitive period occurs 4 hr before the normal appearance of the EGPs, consistent with the hypothesis that the EGPs are synthesized de novo in response to the removal of 20-HE.
Generation of FGF reporter transgenic zebrafish and their utility in chemical screens

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) represent a large family of secreted proteins that are required for proper development and physiological processes. Mutations in mouse and zebrafish FGFs result in abnormal embryogenesis and lethality. A key to understanding the precise role for these factors is to determine their spatial and temporal activity during embryogenesis. Expression of Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6 (dusp6, also known as Mkp3) is controlled by FGF signalling throughout development. The Dusp6 promoter was isolated from zebrafish and used to drive expression of destabilized green fluorescent protein (d2EGFP) in transgenic embryos (Tg(Dusp6:d2EGFP)). Expression of d2EGFP is initiated as early as 4 hours post-fertilization (hpf) within the future dorsal region of the embryo, where fgf3 and fgf8 are initially expressed. At later stages, d2EGFP is detected within structures that correlate with the expression of Fgf ligands and their receptors. This includes the mid-hindbrain boundary (MHB), pharyngeal endoderm, otic vesicle, hindbrain, and Kupffer's vesicle. The expression of d2EGFP is under the control of FGF signalling as treatment with FGF Receptor (FGFR) inhibitors results in the suppression of d2EGFP expression. In a pilot screen of commercially available small molecules we have evaluated the effectiveness of the transgenic lines to identify specific FGF inhibitors within the class of indolinones. These compounds were counter screened with the transgenic line Tg(Fli1:EGFP)y1, that serves as an indirect read-out for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signalling in order to determine the specificity between related receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). From these assays it is possible to determine the specificity of these indolinones towards specific RTK signalling pathways. This has enabled the identification of compounds that can block specifically the VEGFR or the FGFR signalling pathway. The generation of transgenic reporter zebrafish lines has allowed direct visualization of FGF signalling within the developing embryo. These FGF reporter transgenic lines provide a tool to screen for specific compounds that can distinguish between two conserved members of the RTK family.
Focusing the Corporate Product: Securities Analysts and De-diversification

The issue of corporate control is examined through an analysis of the de-diversification activity of publicly held American firms from 1985 to 1994. Prominent accounts of such behavior depict newly powerful shareholders as having demanded a dismantling of the inefficient, highly diversified corporate strategies that arose in the late 1950s and the 1960s. This paper highlights an additional factor that spurred such divestiture: the need to present a coherent product identity in the stock market. It is argued that because they straddle the industry categories that investors—and securities analysts, who specialize by industry—use to compare like assets, diversified firms hinder efforts at valuing their shares. As a result, managers of such firms face pressure from analysts to dediversify so that their stock is more easily understood. Results indicate that, in addition to such factors as weak economic performance, de-diversification is more likely when a firm's stock price is low and there is a significant mi...
Internet infrastructure for Privacy-Enhanced Mail

This presentation describes Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM), a system to provide security for electronic messages. PEM protocols use end-to-end encryption to ensure writer-to-reader security for store-and-forward mail delivery through the Internet. This presentation also describes some of the infrastructure that will support PEM. The Internet is a rapidly growing system of several thousand interconnected computer networks that mainly support science and education. By 1992, the Internet already was serving more than a million host computers in over 100 countries. PEM was designed by a committee that is called the Privacy and Security Research Group (PSRG). A working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for preparing PEM specifications for publication as Internet standards.
Proposed Modifications of K/FR/DS2/TD/TF—Temperture Relation

The technical note by Howe serves as a good example of the pitfalls associated with an inadequate analysis of aeration data. Howe presents experimental data from two unsteady aeration tests. These data are used to show that the reaeration coefficient varies inversely with temperature. This finding is counter to the accepted temperature dependence of K 2 . It is well recognized in the literature that oxygen transfer coefficients increase with increasing temperature, other factors remaining constant.
Intergenerational Equity and Solar Energy in Bangladesh

The principle of intergenerational equity supposes that people have a right to fairly access energy services. Sadly, the current global energy system does not distribute its energy services equitably, and in 2009 approximately 1.4 billion people lived without electricity, 2.7 billion depended on wood, charcoal, and dung for domestic energy needs, and a further one billion people had access to electricity networks that was unreliable or unaffordable. Soura Shakti (SS) offers a blueprint for how planners around the world can rapidly expand access to modern energy services through the use of solar home systems (SHS). SS is the homegrown SHS program of Bangladesh’s Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL). The program has, as of April 2012, successfully distributed 1.42 million SHS units throughout Bangladesh and is on target to reach four million by the end of 2015. To put this number in perspective, despite being one of the poorest countries in the world, Bangladesh has nine times the residential solar capacity of the United States, and it is home to the fourth largest market for photovoltaic (PV) installations after Germany, Japan, and Spain. In 2009, more than 99 percent of all SHS installations in Bangladesh occurred as part of the SS program. Even more impressive, the program achieved its targets three years ahead of schedule, without a single customer defaulting on a loan, and at $2 million below cost.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid inhibits growth of head and neck cancer cell lines by reactivation of tumor suppressor microRNAs.

Summary Background microRNAs negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Mounting evidence shows that miR expression is deregulated in human cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor miRs may be re-expressed upon treatment with histone deacetylases inhibitors. Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that is currently being investigated in clinical trials for HNSCC. We hypothesized that SAHA will re-express a set of tumor suppressor miRs and enhance the efficacy of cisplatin and radiation in HNSCC. Results In this study, miR expression profile was utilized to identify the tumor suppressor miRs that are re-expressed following SAHA treatment in HNSCC. Our data demonstrated that two tumor suppressor miRs, miR-107 and miR-138, were significantly up-regulated in CAL27 and SCC25 cell lines, following SAHA treatment. In addition to this, treatment with SAHA in a dose dependent manner significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, cell migration, and anchorage dependent clonogenic survival in CAL27 and SCC25 cell lines, respectively. Further, the expression of several oncogenes, PKCe, HIF1β, CDK6, and RhoC were down regulated in response to SAHA treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated that the combination treatment with SAHA and a chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin caused a significant reduction of cell growth compared to the single agent treatment. Conclusion Our data indicate that SAHA treatment results in reactivation of the silenced tumor suppressor miRs. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the usefulness of this drug as a novel combination therapy for HNSCC patients.
Hepatic microsomal activities in rats with long and short sleeping times after hexobarbital: a comparison.

SummaryRats were separated into 2 groups—long-sleepers and short-sleepers—on the basis of their response to a dose of hexo-barbital. The drug-metabolizing activities of the hepatic postmitochondrial supernatant fraction from long-sleepers were less than those from short-sleepers with respect to hexo-barbital, acetanilide, aminopyrine, and o-nitro-anisole, each of which represents a different drug-metabolism pathway. This trend was observed in all 5 strains of rats examined. After phenobarbital pretreatment, this difference between the two groups was no longer observed in one strain studied. The strain differences in drug-metabolism activities were not as great in the rat as those reported in various rabbit strains.
Visual Navigation Method of Substation Patrol Robot

In view of actual demand of circular inspection of substation equipments,a visual navigation method based on trajectory guidance for monocular patrol robot is presented.For preinstalled guide trajectory and stop marks,the video capture program is developed by OpenCV and DirectShow software library to implement real-time acquisition of video information of road;the target colour is extracted by HSI model,then the interference information is removed by mathematical morphology;finally the trajectory and stop marks are segmented and extracted by calculating the 8-adjacent connected areas,and the trajectory parameters are calculated by sampling-estimation method,the electric motor for two driving wheel is controlled by navigational parameters which are fused by proportional coefficient to implement the motion control of patrol robot.Experimental results show that the presented method possesses better real-time performance and reliability and the autonomous navigation of patrol robot can be realized by this method.
Diagnostic value of heart rate variability in children with beta-adrenergic receptor hypersensitivity

Objective The study is to evaluate autonomic nervous activity and its circadian rhythm over a 24 hour period in children with beta adrenergic receptor (β AR) hypersensitivity and hyperthyroidism by analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), and to discuss the diagnosis value of autonomic nervous tone change in children with β AR hypersensitivity Methods Indexes of HRV are measured in 23 children with β AR hypersensitivity, and 13 hyperthyroidism and 26 healthy control Time domain indexes and spectral indexes of HRV are derived and the night day difference of HRV is analyzed Results 1 Spectral indexes over a 24 hour period: In patients with β AR hypersensitivity and hyperthyroidism, there are significant increases both in low frequency (LF) to high frequency (HF) ratio (LF/HF) and HF normalized units (HF UN ) compared with the control group Whereas there are no significant changes compared with β AR hypersensitivity and hyperthyroidism 2 Spectral indexes during waking hours: In patients withβ AR hypersensitivity and hyperthyroidism, there are no significant difference in LF normalized units (LF UN ), HF UN and LF/HF; whereas there are significance changes compared with normal subject 3 Spectral indexes during sleeping hours: there are no significantly differences in indexes of HF, LF UN and HF UN compared with β AR hypersensitivity and normal subject, whereas these indexes significance changes compared with hyperthyroidism 4 Time domain indexes change over a 24 hour period: There are significant changes of the night day difference in time domain indexes withβ AR hypersensitivity or control group, in which rMSSD and pNN50 are most sensitive indexes Whereas there are significant difference in patients with hyperthyroidism in any time domain indexes of HRV compared with control group or β AR hypersensitivity, and the night day difference in HRV is significantly smaller compared with β AR hypersensitivity or control group, the circadian rhythm is almost disappeared Conclusion It is showed that the children withβ AR hypersensitivity have no difference from normal subjects in autonomic nervous system activity, but these patients respond differently to the catecholamine stimulus, which results in changes in autonomic balance, and relatively increase of sympathetic nervous activity But cardiac autonomic nervous activity still has a circadian rhythm, which is similar to normal subject The analysis of HRV may play an important role in diagnosisβ AR hypersensitivity
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy : Hypothetical risk of emergence as a zoonotic foodborne epidemic

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (B SE) is a fatal neurological disease of cattle, recognized in Great Britain in 1986. Cases in other countries have been attributed to imports from Great Britain. The disease has not occurred in the U.S. BSE is one of a group of diseases (other examples are scrapie of sheep and Creutzfeld-Jacob disease of humans) referred to as prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Under some circumstances prion diseases can be transmitted by injection or by feeding infected (abnormal prion protein-containing) tissue to susceptible hosts. BSE was disseminated by feeding meat and bone meal containing BSE agent which was not completely inactivated by rendering. BSE is hypothesized to have emerged from scrapie via recycling of rendered by-products in cattle. There is also evidence of spontaneous feed-borne transmission of BSE to wild ruminants in zoological parks and to domestic cats. It has been hypothesized that foodborne transmission of BSE to humans has occurred or could occur. This hypothesis can neither be definitively refuted nor supported. However, it seems unlikely. In spite of hundreds of years of human exposure to scrapie, there is no evidence of transmission of scrapie to humans. Even if BSE is ultimately found to be somehow transmissible to humans, the risk of foodborne transmission appears to be low for several reasons : (i) The oral route is several orders of magnitude less sensitive than the parenteral route for transmission of prion diseases ; (ii) the BSE agent is only detectable in brain, spinal cord, and intestine of infected cattle, tissues infrequently used for human food ; and (iii) Great Britain (where the disease occurs) destroys and bans the use of all tissues from BSE-infected cattle as well as the brains, spinal cords, and intestinal tracts from clinically normal cattle.
Treatment of Acne Keloidalis Nuchae: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a chronic inflammatory condition that leads to fibrotic plaques, papules and alopecia on the occiput and/or nape of the neck. Traditional medical management focuses on prevention, utilization of oral and topical antibiotics, and intralesional steroids in order to decrease inflammation and secondary infections. Unfortunately, therapy may require months of treatment to achieve incomplete results and recurrences are common. Surgical approach to treatment of lesions is invasive, may require general anesthesia and requires more time to recover. Light and laser therapies offer an alternative treatment for AKN. The present study systematically reviews the currently available literature on the treatment of AKN. While all modalities are discussed, light and laser therapy is emphasized due to its relatively unknown role in clinical management of AKN. The most studied modalities in the literature were the 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser, 810-nm diode laser, and CO2 laser, which allow for 82–95% improvement in 1–5 sessions. Moreover, side effects were minimal with transient erythema and mild burning being the most common. Overall, further larger-scale randomized head to head control trials are needed to determine optimal treatments.
Not by Design: The Arizona State Museum's 1966–;67 Survey of the Trincheras Culture

ABSTRACTThe 1966–;67 Arizona State Museum Sonora-Sinaloa Project, directed by William W. Wasley, went into the field during an especially turbulent period for both American archaeology and American society generally. This personal account describes how the project unfolded and tries to place its activities, especially its work with the Trincheras culture, within the cultural and historical context of the times.
On the efficacy of anthracene isomers for triplet transmission from CdSe nanocrystals

The effect of isomeric substitutions on the transmitter for triplet energy transfer (TET) between nanocrystal (NC) donor and molecular acceptor is investigated. Each isomeric acceptor is expected to bind in a unique orientation with respect to the NC donor. We see that this orbital overlap drastically affects the transmission of triplets. Here, two functional groups, the carboxylic acid and dithiocarbamate, were varied between the 1-, 2- and 9-positions of the anthracene ring to give three ACA and three ADTC isomers. These six anthracene isomers served as transmitters for triplets between CdSe NC sensitizers and 9,10-diphenylanthracene annihilators for photon upconversion. The photon upconversion quantum yield (QY) is the highest for 9-ACA (12%), lowest for 9-ADTC (0.1%), around 3% for both 1-ACA and 1-ADTC, and about 1% for the 2-isomers. These trends in QYs are reflected in the rates of TET given by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy where a maximum of 3.8 × 107 s−1 for 9-ACA was measured. Molecular excited state energy levels were measured both in solution and polymer hosts to correlate structure to TET. This work confirms that anthracene excited states levels are very sensitive to molecular substitution, which in combination with orbital overlap, critically affect Dexter-based TET.
Assessment with children who need augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Clinical decisions of AAC specialists.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who are augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) specialists approach the assessment process for 2 c...
Trade–offs between government revenue and future resource–acquisition objectives

The effect of current lower oil prices on both oil producing and oil importing developing countries is discussed. The exploration (and R&D) investment decision is then characterised as an open–ended planning problem with low (mostly imperfectly known) probabilities of success. It is argued that actuarial probabilities should be used to design reward structures for such investments, so as to separate these from fluctuations in energy prices. In the appendix a fictitious example is given to illustrate this problem.
The Effects in Combination of the Major Color-Factors of the Guine Apig.

Page 530, Table of contents, line 9 and page 546 subtitle, for Imperfect dominance of " f ," read Imperfect dominance of " F ." Page 536, line 13, for "pink-browns" read "pink-eyed browns." Line 15, for " PPbb " read " Ppbb ." Page 549, table 14, under column "change in grade," 8th entry, for "0.0
Tracking the maximum power point of hysteretic perovskite solar cells using a predictive algorithm

Among the variety of approaches, such as current density–voltage (J–V) measurements with different voltage scan directions and rates, steady-state efficiency measurements, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT), MPPT is the most reliable method for characterizing the efficiency of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells with strong hysteretic behavior. However, MPPT based on the commonly used simple perturb-and-observe (P&O) algorithm can still significantly underestimate the true maximum power point if the hysteresis is severe and a relatively small dwell time at each bias step is used. Here, we present a predictive P&O algorithm to model the current data which allows the prediction of the steady-state current density for each bias set point. As a result, our predictive MPPT speeds up the tracking process and measures the true maximum power point, regardless of the degree of hysteresis, suggesting a useful approach for characterizing the performance of hysteretic solar cells.