cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining the retailer's replenishment policy considering multiple capacitated suppliers and price-sensitive demand

Abstract This article presents a mixed integer nonlinear programming model to find the optimal selling price and replenishment policy for a particular type of product in a supply chain defined by a single retailer and multiple potential suppliers. Each supplier offers all-unit quantity discounts as an incentive mechanism. Multiple orders are allowed to be submitted to the selected suppliers during a repeating order cycle. The demand rate is considered to be not constant but dependent upon the selling price. The model provides the optimal number of orders and corresponding order quantities for the selected suppliers, and the optimal demand rate and selling price that maximize the total profit per time unit under suppliers’ capacity and quality constraints. In addition, we provide sufficient conditions under which there exists an optimal solution where the retailer only orders from one supplier. We also apply the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions to investigate the impact of supplier's capacity on the optimal sourcing strategy. The results show that, there may exist a range of capacity values for the dominating supplier, where the retailer's optimal sourcing strategy is to consider multiple suppliers without fully utilizing the dominating supplier's capacity. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed model.
Using sequence diagrams to document Web elements' unknown behavior

Software engineers depend on analysis and design methods that take into consideration user's requirements and computing resources on the processing site. With many new network applications being developed based on web browser user interfaces, software engineers have become more dependent on knowledge of network operations. Web caching is an existing mechanism that seeks to improve user's response time, but their existence and functionality are usually transparent to those not directly working with the network infrastructure. In this paper, a new method that uses UML sequence diagrams to perform requirements analysis on web applications is proposed, whereby the web application is designed in such a way to avoid the actions taken by hidden resources, such as web caches, becoming, then, independent of the uncertainty of the caching mechanisms for dynamic contents.
Imaging profiles of light intensity in the near field: applications to phase-shift photolithography.

We describe a method of imaging the intensity profiles of light in near-field lithographic experiments directly by using a sensitive photoresist. This technique was applied to a detailed study of the irradiance distribution in the optical near field with contact-mode photolithography carried out by use of elastomeric phase masks. The experimental patterns in the photoresist determined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were compared with the corresponding theoretical profiles of intensity calculated by use of a simple scalar analysis; the two correlate well. This comparison makes it possible to improve the theoretical models of irradiance distribution in the near field. Analysis of the images highlights issues in the experimental design, provides a means for the optimization of this technique, and extends its application to the successful fabrication of test structures with linewidths of ∼50 nm.
Avian Influenza Virus Exhibits Rapid Evolutionary Dynamics

Influenza A viruses from wild aquatic birds, their natural reservoir species, are thought to have reached a form of stasis, characterized by low rates of evolutionary change. We tested this hypothesis by estimating rates of nucleotide substitution in a diverse array of avian influenza viruses (AIV) and allowing for rate variation among lineages. The rates observed were extremely high, at >10(-3) substitutions per site, per year, with little difference among wild and domestic host species or viral subtypes and were similar to those seen in mammalian influenza A viruses. Influenza A virus therefore exhibits rapid evolutionary dynamics across its host range, consistent with a high background mutation rate and rapid replication. Using the same approach, we also estimated that the common ancestors of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences of AIV arose within the last 3,000 years, with most intrasubtype diversity emerging within the last 100 years and suggestive of a continual selective turnover.
Fault Localization for Firewall Policies

Firewalls are the mainstay of enterprise security and the most widely adopted technology for protecting private networks. Ensuring the correctness of firewall policies through testing is important. In firewall policy testing, test inputs are packets and test outputs are decisions. Packets with unexpected (expected) evaluated decisions are classified as failed (passed) tests. Given failed tests together with passed tests, policy testers need to debug the policy to detect fault locations (such as faulty rules). Such a process is often time-consuming.To help reduce effort on detecting fault locations, we propose an approach to reduce the number of rules for inspection based on information collected during evaluating failed tests. Our approach ranks the reduced rules to decide which rules should be inspected first. We performed experiments on applying our approach. The empirical results show that our approach can reduce 56% of rules that are required for inspection in fault localization.
Quantifying viscoelastic behavior of DNA-laden flows in microfluidic systems

Fully integrated lab-on-a-chip systems for applications such as DNA sequencing and pathogen detection will incorporate significant microfluidic components. These systems will necessarily require the flow of large molecules such as DNA, which give the bulk fluid viscoelastic behavior. Additionally, the contour lengths of these molecules L, will approach those of the fluid channel h (L/h/spl sim/0.25) presenting a unique flow situation that is not well understood. Flow visualization of dilute and semi-dilute lambda-DNA solution flows through a gradual contraction device is used to characterize the viscoelastic behavior. Deviations from Newtonian flow fields brought about by the viscoelastic fluid rheology and concentration effects are assessed.
Legal Aspects of Land Tenure

Man's relations to land are of two major types: land use and land tenure. The first refers to the use made of land in supplying human needs; the latter includes the relations among men, determining their rights and responsibilities in land.' Legal aspects of land tenure are concerned with the laws of property in agricultural land. The law of property may be found in constitutional provisions, statutes, court decisions, common law, or local custom. The laws governing land tenure, whether they concern the State or the individual, the owner or the tenant, the trustee or the mortgagee, or the heir or the squatter, are laws of property, concerned with the distribution of rights in land. Any adjustment in our system of agricultural land tenure represents an adjustment in the position of agricultural land as property. For example, a rural zoning ordinance always changes the rights of the holder of a piece of land; an easement for an electrical transmission line divides rights in land between the owner and the public utility company; and the Kansas law requiring that the landlord compensate the tenant for certain unexhausted improvements under specified conditions reduces the landlord's rights in the land. The tenurial relationships established among men are social phenomena and are never static; they are ever changing. In fact, man's economic, social, political, and religious history is replete with terrific and sustained struggles for a better and better distribution of the rights and responsibilities in land. These struggles have always had as their objective the readaptation of the manmade tenure system to the needs of the time. The battle, of necessity, has been terrific because of the reluctance of those in power to yield to change, and has been sustained owing to the slowness with which significant changes in fundamental arrangements are made even after the need has been recognized. But during the centuries the struggle has been carried on against the power of vested interests and in spite of the costliness of what are inevitably trial and error methods and the dead weight of cumbersome legal traditions. During the major part of our national life, however, owing to our preferred economic position and to numerous programs giving opportunities to or pacifying the disadvantaged, adjustments in our system of land tenure have been exceedingly few and we have tended to fall behind in light of the many new problems facing us.
The Encounter of Buddhism and Law in Early Twentieth-Century Korea

Law is central to an understanding of the development of modern Korean Buddhism. New legal and regulatory structures that were introduced during the first two decades of the twentieth century in Korea significantly impacted the course of modern Korean Buddhist history. The relationship between modern secular laws and Buddhist organizations during this period, however, was forged chiefly in the context of increasing Japanese political control over Korea, especially after the start of direct colonial rule following annexation in 1910. Therefore, the critical legal issues involved in the historical development of early modern Korean Buddhism have typically been subsidiary to the analyses of Japanese colonial policies toward the monastic community. The precise contours of the relationship between Buddhism and law in the modern period remain largely unexplored and thus indistinct because the focus in previous studies has been placed on the confrontation between the sangha and the colonial state.
ARE PROFESSIONALS "SMARTER" THAN NONPROFESSIONALS?

Summary.-Does the professional work role require greater intelligence of job incumbents than the semiprofessional or nonprofessional work roles? This study reports that consistent with the popular perspective (1) professions require more intelligence, verbal and numerical ability of job incumbents than semipcofessions and nonprofessions for satisfactory performance of the work role and (2) semiprofessions require more intelligence and verbal ability of workers than nonprofessions. Does the professional work role require greacer intelligence of job incumbents than the semiprofessional or nonprofessional work roles? It is generally asserted that professional work is grounded on an abstract theoretical knowledge base which requires a greater degree of ideational skill than semiprofessional or nonprofessional work. Verbal and numerical ability, for example, are held to be more important for successful performance of the professional work role than for the performance of the semiprofessional or nonprofessional work roles which are seen as more physically demanding. The existence of such an intellectual dichotomy serves as a primary basis for legitimizing the autonomy of
PM.75 Safety of Fondaparinux in Pregnancy- Experience of a North West Tertiary Referral Clinic

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is amongst the leading causes of maternal death in developed countries. Several series have confirmed the safety and efficacy of LMWHs in pregnancy and it has become the favoured anticoagulant. Adverse skin reactions to LMWHs are rare but recognised events, whereupon a particular LMWH may be successfully replaced with another one. However if the skin symptoms do not improve an alternative must be sought. Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide. Whilst it has been extensively studied for use both in surgical prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases; its use in pregnancy is less well documented. We report 4 pregnancies in 3 women using Fondaparinux which adds to the available literature. All required thromboprophylaxis because of previous pregnancy associated VTE when they demonstrated broad cross-reactivity between several heparins and/or heparinoids. In 3 pregnancies Fondaparinux was commenced in the first trimester and continued until 6 weeks postpartum. All continued without event resulting in vaginal delivery of well grown babies at term. There was no minor or major maternal bleeding (mean blood loss 250 mls) or thromboembolic event reported during the pregnancy or post-partum period. All babies were breastfed without effect. There was no congenital abnormality or neonatal bleeding. In a 4 th pregnancy LMWH was initially deferred until 20 weeks gestation where upon recurrent allergic skin reaction led to the change to Fondaparinux. Review at 37 weeks gestation was pre-empted by a complaint of reduced fetal movements with pathological CTG necessitating emergency caesarean section at her base hospital.
Influence of Vesicle Size and Aqueous Solvent on Intact Phospholipid Vesicle Adsorption on Oxidized Gold Monitored Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), we have studied the adsorption characteristics of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) of a gel-phase phospholipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), on an oxidized gold substrate. By monitoring the frequencies and intensities of vibrational absorption modes due to phosphate and methylene functional groups in the head and tail regions of the phospholipid, we differentiated the adsorption state of the precursor vesicles (i.e., intact vs ruptured vesicles) as a function of vesicular size in the SUV limit and the properties of the aqueous-phase solvent. We found that on oxidized gold, vesicles of DPPC in ultra pure water remained intact for all sizes tested (viz., 65, 80, and 160 nm) with varying degree of deformation. In contrast, when phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as a bathing medium, all vesicles remained intact, were more distorted than the same size in pure water, and appeared to be nearly fully collaps...
Evidence for the Existence of Two Antibodies for Crystalline Insulin

ConclusionsEvidence is presented indicating the presence of two antibodies for crystalline insulin in the serum of a patient who was both allergic and resistant to crystalline insulin. It was also shown that the patient was allergic but not resistant to a preparation of human insulin. The relation of the two antibodies to the patient's response to crystalline and human insulin is discussed.
Therapeutic Reflections on Our Bipolar History of Perception

The long history of theorizing about perception—a history as long as the history of philosophy itself—divides into two quite distinct and irreconcilable camps, one that takes sensory experience to show us external reality just as it is, and one that takes such experience to reveal our own mind. Why we swing back and forth between these two extremes is something I hope to explain. Perhaps I might be forgiven for declining to take a position on which side in this oldest of philosophical debates has things right—but I mean to ask for no such forgiveness because in fact I am going to tell you which side is right: Neither one. Each position is wholly pathological. The first part of this essay diagnoses our long bipolar history and draws several lessons from it. The second part suggests that many current theories might still benefit from this diagnosis, inasmuch as they simply recapitulate the bipolar structure of these older debates. As therapy, I suggest we recognize that although perceptual experience is obviously indispensable to our lives, we ought not to suppose that the phenomenal character of that experience itself reveals anything about the nature of either mind or world.
Teaching Race, Wealth and Inequality in American Politics at Liberal Arts Colleges and Beyond

At this point, this paper is a draft and is in the midst of being a working paper. There is much information that will be added in the near future to the body of the paper as well as the works cited and appendices. In this paper I look to discuss strategies and approaches used and lessons learned in teaching about race, wealth and inequality in American politics at a small liberal arts college. Some of the lessons learned can be generalized to many classroom settings; others may be more specific to the privileged and homogeneous environment found in the classrooms of small private liberal arts colleges. There are certain approaches that I must take as a younger professor who happens to be a Black Male, teaching majority White students about issues that could be perceived as controversial or make students uncomfortable. In teaching this topic area, I have learned as much or more from my students and their reactions as they have from me and mine. In recent years and decades, wealth has factored in as a very important measure of equality in the United States of America. Arguably, race, wealth and inequality are the root of many possible problems or questions in American politics. The course discussed in this paper seeks to investigate some of the central causes and impacts of the above factors as they relate to American politics and public policy. Each time the course is offered, various approached are used in looking into the roots of the gap in wealth along racial lines and the factors which perpetuate the problem. Also, the ways in which the racial wealth gap impacts politics and public policy are examined. This paper and the accompanying presentation seek to discuss the major issues and topics covered in the course. It then goes into discussing how such issues and topics can be taught to students who may feel no connection to the topic area. The hurdles faced in teaching such topics to majority white students from generally privileged backgrounds in a liberal arts setting are examined.
Propagules of Quercus liaotungensis Population and Their Relations to the Regeneration

The progress in the studies of the seed rain and its dispersal dynamic,the fate of post-dispersal seeds,seed germination,seedling establishment,the adaptation of seedling regeneration to predation and sprouting characteristics is briefly summarized,and the prospectivs studies in the future were also discussed.Quercus liaotungensis acorns (seeds) are the food resource of many vertebrates and birds and the heavy pression of predation during the seed germination and seedling recruitment resulted in its regenerative problems.However,acorn predation and dispersal by predators are regarded as a main factor influencing the fate of Q.liaotungensis acorns and hence the establishment and recruitment of seedlings in the field,and the predators’ transporting and scatter hoarding the acorns to their nests play an important role in the natural regeneration and diffusion of Q.liaotungensis populations.Illumination and water are important factors influencing the seed germination and seedling establishment,and some disturbance (e.g.selective cutting) in forest management is benifical to the seed germination,the growth and survival of seedlings and the regeneration of Q.liaotungensis population.The high capacity to sprout of Q.liaotungensis has important ecological significance in maintaining its genetic diversity and the vigor of population.As a means of passing regeneration bottleneck from seed,seedling,sapling to adult tree,sprouting is the mainly strategy by which the regeneration of Q.liaotungensis population relies on under strong disturbance.
Random walk approximants of mixed and time-changed Lévy processes

Random walks are used to model various random processes in different fields. In this chapter we are only interested in random walks as approximating processes of some basic driving processes of stochastic differential equations discussed in the previous chapter. There is a vast literature (see, e.g., [GK54, Don52, Bil99, Taq75, GM98-1, GM01, MS01]) devoted to approximation of various basic stochastic processes like Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion, Levy processes, and their time-changed counterparts. In the context of approximation, the question in what sense a random walk approximates (or converges to) an associated stochastic process becomes important. We will be interested only in the convergence in the sense of finite-dimensional distributions, which is equivalent to the locally uniform convergence of corresponding characteristic functions (see, e.g., [Bil99]).
Emerging Antiepileptic Drugs for Severe Pediatric Epilepsies

The medical management of the epilepsy syndromes of early childhood (eg, infantile spasms, Dravet syndrome, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) is challenging; and requires careful evaluation, classification, and treatment. Pharmacologic therapy continues to be the mainstay of management for these children, and as such it is important for the clinician to be familiar with the role of new antiepileptic drugs. This article reports the clinical trial data and personal experience in treating the severe epilepsies of childhood with the recently Food and Drug Administration-approved new antiepileptic drugs (vigabatrin, rufinamide, perampanel, and clobazam) and those in clinical trials (cannabidiol, stiripentol, and fenfluramine). Genetic research has also identified an increasing number of pediatric developmental and seizure disorders that are possibly treatable with targeted drug therapies, focused on correcting underlying neural dysfunction. We highlight recent genetic advances, and how they affect our treatment of some of the genetic epilepsies, and speculate on the use of targeted genetic treatment (precision medicine) in the future.
Type and strength of self-construal interact with the influence of anchoring heuristics in appraisals of self-efficacy

Abstract The thrust of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-construal type and strength on self-efficacy when an anchoring heuristic is provided. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: high anchor, low anchor, medium anchor, or no anchor. We first measured self-construal type (independent versus interdependent, or “I” versus “We”) and also computed participants' strength of self-construal type. Finally, we measured participants' perceived self-efficacy to complete a puzzle task. Our findings indicated a three-way interaction among “anchors,” self-construal type and self-construal strength regarding self-efficacy. A main effect for self-construal type was also found. Specifically, independent self-construal participants had significantly higher levels of self-efficacy. The theoretical basis as well as the implications of this finding are discussed.
Colorectal Disease in the Elderly Patient

Operative and nonoperative management of colorectal diseases in elderly patients will become increasingly common as the percentage of elderly patients increases. A patient’s age should no longer be perceived as a “risk factor” in deciding management issues. Rather, associated medical conditions need to be optimized and the patients need to be managed more or less aggressively on an individual basis to ensure a favorable outcome.
Selection of prepaid or fee-for-service care by Medicaid families: examining the health-risk hypothesis.

These results indicate that one PHP, relative to the FFS system, experienced favorable selection on the part of Medicaid AFDC eligibles who have voluntarily enrolled in the plan. Moreover, they suggest the value of adding at least one simple health measure to Medicaid AFDC capitation formulae. The results regarding selection should be considered preliminary because they represent only one PHP-FFS comparison. Data from this PPMHC evaluation, as well as those from other ongoing comparative evaluations of Medicaid eligibles in prepaid and fee-for-service care (e.g., Freund et al., 1989), should provide considerably more information than is currently available on these issues, as well as on issues of the relative impact of PHP and FFS care on utilization and outcomes of Medicaid AFDC eligibles.
SU-F-T-03: Radiobiological Evaluation of a Directional Brachytherapy Device Surgically Implanted Following EBRT

Purpose: Preceding surgical implantation following external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) delivery, a radiobiological evaluation was performed for a new LDR Pd-103 directional brachytherapy device (CivaSheet). As this was the first case with the device used in combination with EBRT, there was concern to determine the appropriate prescription dose. Methods: The radiobiological model of Dale (1985, 1989) was used for a permanent LDR implant including radioactive decay. The biological effective dose (BED) was converted to the equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) for comparison with EBRT prescription expectations. Given IMRT delivery of 50.4 Gy, an LDR brachytherapy dose of approximately 15–20 Gy EQD2 was desired. To be specific to the treatment site (leiomyosarcoma T2bN0M0, grade 2 with R1 surgical margin), the radiobiological model required several radiobiological parameters with values taken from the literature. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine their relative importance on the calculated BED and subsequent EQD2. The Pd-103 decay constant (λ=0.0017 h−1) was also used. DVHs were prepared for pre- and post-surgical geometries to glean the possible and realized implant geometric configuration. DVHs prepared in VariSeed9 were converted to BEDVHs and subsequently EQD2 values for each volume-element. Results: For a physical dose of 28 Gy to a 0.5 cm depth, BED=21.7 Gy and EQD2=17.6 Gy, which was near the center of the desired EQD2 range. Tumor bed (CTV=4 cm3) coverage was 99.2% with 48 sources implanted. In order of decreasing importance from the sensitivity analysis, the radiobiological parameters were α=0.25 Gy−1, TPOT=23 days, α/β=8.6 Gy, and T=1.5 h. Percentage variations in these values produced EQD2 variations of 40%, 20%, 18%, and 1%, respectively. Conclusion: This radiobiological evaluation indicated that prescription dose may be determined for comparison with the desired EQD2, and that radiobiologicalparameter uncertainties produce smaller EQD2 differences than had physical dose been simply added to EBRT dose. Research support provided in part by CivaTech Oncology, Inc. for Dr. Rivard.
Characterization and Purification of Cytosolic and Nuclear Estrogen Receptors

Abstract Characterization and purification of estrogen receptor are difficult due to its instability during the lengthy procedures currently used in many laboratories. This report describes the utility of both size-exclusion and DEAE HPLC techniques in isolation and partial purification of the holoreceptor form stabilized by sodium molybdate. The holoreceptor was excluded from the TSK G3000 SW column and eluted as a sharp peak at 0.29M NaCl by a linear salt gradient on a Spherogel TSK IEX-545 DEAE column. Dissociated receptor subunits can be resolved by these columns according to their sizes and net surface charges.
Exploiting useful skew in gated low voltage clock trees

Low swing/voltage clocking is a well-studied approach to reduce dynamic power consumption in clock networks. It is, however, challenging to maintain the same performance at scaled clock voltages due to timing degradation in the Enable paths that are required for clock gating, another highly popular method to reduce dynamic power. A useful skew methodology is proposed in this paper to increase the timing slack of the Enable paths when the clock network is operating at a lower swing volt age. The skew schedule is determined via linear programming. The methodology is evaluated on five largest IS-CAS'89 benchmark circuits. The results demonstrate an average 47% increase in the timing slack of the Enable path, thereby facilitating low swing operation without degrading performance.
Olfactory Mechanisms for Discovery of Odorants to Reduce Insect-Host Contact

Insects have developed highly sophisticated and sensitive olfactory systems to find animal or plant hosts for feeding. Some insects vector pathogens that cause diseases in hundreds of millions of people and destroy billions of dollars of food products every year. There is great interest, therefore, in understanding how the insect olfactory system can be manipulated to reduce their contact with hosts. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of insect olfactory detection mechanisms, which may serve as a foundation for designing insect control programs based on manipulation of their behaviors by using odorants. Because every insect species has a unique set of olfactory receptors and olfactory-mediated behaviors, we focus primarily on general principles of odor detection that potentially apply to most insects. While these mechanisms have emerged from studies on model systems for study of insect olfaction, such as Drosophila melanogaster, they provide a foundation for discovery of odorants to repel vector insects or reduce their host-seeking behavior.
Perceived Harms and Social Norms in the Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco.

Perceptions of harms and social norms influence the use of conventional tobacco cigarettes, but little research is available about their combined relationship with e-cigarette and smokeless tobacco use. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 309 individuals from central Illinois. We explored (1) demographic predictors of perceived harms and social norms related to e-cigarette and smokeless tobacco use, and (2) whether perceived harms, social norms, or both were important predictors of e-cigarette and smokeless tobacco use. E-cigarette perceptions of harm were consistent across all demographic characteristics. Smokeless tobacco perceptions of harm were unrelated to age, race, and sex, but lower education and income were associated with lower perceived harm (p < .05). E-cigarette social norms were less favorable among non-whites (p < .05) but did not vary by other demographic characteristics. Only less education was associated with more favorable social norms of smokeless tobacco (p < .05). Higher perceiv...
Is Routine Spine MRI Necessary in Skeletally Immature Patients With MHE? Identifying Patients at Risk for Spinal Osteochondromas.

Background Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is an autosomal dominant condition leading to development of osteochondromas throughout the body. Although long bones are most often affected, spine involvement may occur and usually requires advanced imaging for diagnosis. However, the high cost of detection, infrequent occurrence, and very low likelihood of spinal cord compression and neurological injury, create a management conundrum. The purpose of our investigation is to identify patients at greatest risk for spinal lesions and refine indications for advanced imaging. Methods All MHE patients in a 24-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Skeletally immature patients with advanced imaging of the spine were further evaluated. The demographic characteristics, family history, clinical presentation, past surgical history, tumor burden, and distribution of patients with spinal lesions were compared with those without. Results In total, 227 MHE patients were identified and 21 underwent advanced spinal imaging. Spinal lesions were found in 8 of the 21 screened patients (38.1%, 3.5% overall), of which 4 were intracanal and 1 was symptomatic (4.8%, 0.4% overall). Only the symptomatic patient underwent excision of the spinal lesion. Patients with spinal lesions had higher tumor burden than those without (median, 28.5 vs. 19 locations; P=0.010). There was a significant association with rib (P=0.018) and pelvic (P=0.007) lesions, which may serve as "harbinger" lesions. The presence of both a rib and a pelvic lesion used as a screening tool for spinal lesions produces a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 69%. Conclusions Symptomatic spinal involvement in children with MHE is rare and tends to occur in patients with higher tumor burden. We recommend limiting advanced spine imaging to children with neurological symptoms or with rib and pelvic "harbinger" lesions. Patients without these findings are unlikely to have spine involvement needing intervention. This approach offers an opportunity to avoid unnecessary testing and substantially reduce costs of diagnostic imaging. Level of evidence Level III.
Seeing History: A Visual Assessment of the Historic-Grounding of Old Western Tourist Towns

ABSTRACTDespite the significant role that the visual plays in the experience of tourism, few studies have specifically examined the visual appearances of heritage tourist destinations. This study s...
An overview of the microethics and macroethics education of computing students in the United States

The literature does not include a good synthesis of how ethics, particularly macroethical issues, are integrated into the education of computing versus engineering students. Survey responses from faculty who teach computing students (n=188) were compared to other engineering disciplines (n=1161). The most common topics taught by the computing respondents were: professional practice issues (64%) and the societal impacts of engineering and technology (62%); these same topics were the most prevalent among other engineering disciplines. Privacy and civil liberties were taught by 48% of computing educators (vs. 9% of non-computing), while six topics were taught less frequently to computing students. Ethics and societal impact topics were most commonly taught to computing students using discussions and case studies in sophomore or junior level core engineering courses and senior capstone design. Some ethical topics were also infused into co-curricular activities. Among computing instructors, only 32% felt that undergraduate education on both ethics and broader societal impacts in their program was sufficient. Fewer respondents (23%) felt that graduate education of computing students on these issues was sufficient. These perceptions were similar in other engineering disciplines. The research results suggest improvements for the integration of ethics into the education of computing students.
Neurofibromatosis type 1: a case highlighting pulmonary and other rare clinical manifestations

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-related lung disease is a rare but increasingly recognised, high morbidity associated feature of the condition. We present a 48-year-old male patient with NF1, who was initially admitted for a subarachnoid haemorrhage requiring aneurysmal coil embolisation. During his recovery, he developed a left-sided pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement followed by concerns for re-expansion pulmonary oedema requiring intubation. Subsequently, the patient also developed a right-sided pneumothorax requiring additional chest tube placement but did not develop right-sided pulmonary oedema. During his hospitalisation, the patient also exemplified other important NF1-related pathophysiology including pheochromocytoma, cerebrovascular abnormalities and cardiovascular manifestations. Due to his multiple comorbidities and poor prognosis, we held a goals of care discussion with the patient's mother, and with her agreement, the patient underwent compassionate withdrawal of artificial life support.
Seeing Floaters: A Case Report and Literature Review of Intraventricular Migration of Silicone Oil Tamponade Material for Retinal Detachment.

Background Intraocular injection of silicone oil is commonly performed during vitrectomy to tamponade the retina in place for treatment of retinal detachment. Although rare, this intravitreal silicone can migrate through the optic nerve and chiasm and enter the cerebral ventricles. Case Description Here we present a case report of a patient presenting with headache and intraventricular hyperdensities on a computed tomography (CT) scan, raising a concern for intraventricular hemorrhage. However, the intraventricular hyperdensities were in a nondependent location and moved to a new nondependent location when repeat imaging was performed with the patient in the prone position. We provide a literature review of this phenomenon and discuss the relevant CT and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Conclusions Intraocular silicone can rarely migrate into the cerebral ventricular system. Careful review of the clinical history and imaging findings can help distinguish this from other, more dangerous intracranial pathologies.
Window-Based Applications of TRC Databases: Structure and Internet Distribution

Thermophysical and thermochemical property data on organic compounds provide vital background information for scientific and engineering communities in both academic and industrial environments. The Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC) has collected an enormous amount of property data over the past 55 years. New advances in computer technology enable relatively large databases to have friendly “communications” based upon a PC Windows platform. Here we discuss the structure, upgrade procedures, and mechanisms for distribution over local PC networks and the Internet, with emphasis on three databases: TRC COMPOUNDS (Wincmp), SOURCE (WinSource), the archive of raw experimental data, and TRC TABLE (WinTable), the TRC collection of recommended data.
Fluorous Methods for Synthesis and Separation of Organic Molecules: From Separating Mixtures to Making Mixtures

Fluorous molecules partition out of an organic phase and into a fluorous (highly fluorinated) phase in a liquid-liquid extraction. New fluorous techniques allow simple yet substantive separations of organic reaction mixtures based on the presence or absence of a fluorous tag. Fluorous-tagged molecules can also be separated from non-tagged molecules by solid phase extraction over fluorous reverse phase silica gel. This technique is ideal for solution phase parallel synthesis because it allows simple yet substantive separations of organic reaction mixtures.
Treatment of Premenstrual Syndromes with Progesterone Antagonists (e.g., RU-486): Political and Methodological Issues

The effect of political and social considerations on development and availability of medication is exemplified by the debate of the progesterone antagonist RU-486 and its indications. Premenstrual syndromes (PMS) are quite prevalent. In some women they are severe enough to warrant treatment, but at present there is no single treatment modality that has been shown to be effective with most women with PMS. Increased levels of progesterone and/or its fluctuations during the luteal phase have been suggested as possible factors in the pathophysiology of PMS. Therefore, progesterone antagonists represent a very promising avenue for treatment of a subgroup of PMS, and some other hormonally-related dysphoric disorders as well. Regretfully, because of the abortant properties of these compounds, they are the subject of a fierce debate and political considerations in the United States, and their availability for treatment trials of other indications in women is limited. It is hoped that progesterone antagonists will eventually be introduced for studies of their treatment and efficacy when indicated.
Thermal Infrared Absorption of Atmospheric Radiation by Water Vapor and its Effect on Climate

The current state of our knowledge of the thermal infrared absorption spectrum of water vapor is reviewed. Climatic implications as well as the cases for and against dimeric absorption are discussed.
Analysis of a large patient cohort with nivolumab: Predictive clinical factors for continued benefit after an immune-related adverse event.

e14600Background: Nivolumab (NIVO), a PD-1 inhibitor, is used in various advanced malignancies with meaningful and durable outcomes. However, its use can be limited by severe immune-related adverse...
Quantitative evaluation of variables to student success in a mastery learning baccalaureate nursing programme.

Aim This study evaluated the relationship of student input and throughput variables in a mastery learning baccalaureate nursing programme to licensure success. Design This study used a quantitative, correlational design. Methods Retrospective analysis of records of 367 graduates over a 6-year period tested the relationship of pass rate on the licensing examination to six variables: overall pre-admission grade point average, entrance assessment scores, interview scores, remediation, programme length and exit assessment using point-biserial correlations, and chi-square analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results Overall pre-admission grade point average, entrance assessment scores, interview scores and exit assessment scores were positively correlated with student success. Although remediation and programme length were not correlated with success, 87% of the students participated in remediation. Most students (95%) successfully passed the Registered Nurse licence examination on their first attempt. While specific criteria were related to student success, further research is needed to determine the role of remediation.
Detection of the site protected 7-coordinate RuV = O species and its chemical reactivity to enable catalytic water oxidation

Abstract Artificial photosynthesis could promise cheap and abundant energy but requires the discovery of new water oxidation catalysts. A RuV = O 7-coordinate intermediate is implicated in the reactivity of the fastest water oxidation catalysts. Previously we reported in situ characterization of the 7-coordinate [RuV = O(L)2(bda)]+ stabilized on the electrode. Here we use ligand protection to stabilize [RuV = O(pic)2(dpp)]3+. We report the transformation of [RuII(pic)2(dpp)]2+ (dpp = 2,9-di-(pyrid-2′-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline, pic = 4-picoline) water oxidation catalyst using a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray diffraction, resonance Raman (RR) and density functional theory (DFT). We observe the generation of [RuV = O(pic)2(dpp)]3+ and its chemical reactivity in solution. Lag phase in the oxygen evolution by [RuII(pic)2(dpp)]2+ is due to catalyst activation via an oxygen atom transfer from [RuV = O(pic)2(dpp)]3+ to the polypyridine dpp ligand and formation of [RuIII(pic)2(dpp-NO,NO)]3+. Detailed information regarding catalyst activation during the reaction will enable the design of more active and stable catalysts.
THE IMPACT OF FAMILY ENVIRONMENT ON CHILDREN’S ANXIETY LEVEL/ ŠEIMOS APLINKOS POVEIKIS VAIKO NERIMO LYGIUI

Family and emotional relationships governing its functioning have a great influence upon the development of a person and his/her adult life. The specificity of a family environment is believed to be the key factor which either protects against, or contributes to, the emergence of developmental disorders during adolescence. Research results presented in this paper aim at highlighting the relationships between traits of family environment and children’s anxiety level. The research was conducted from 2015 to 2016 among 180 students of Polish junior high schools located in both: rural and urban areas. Seima ir emociniai rysiai daro didele įtaką vaiko raidai ir suaugusiojo gyvenimui. Manoma, kad seimos aplinkos specifika yra esminis veiksnys, kuris arba apsaugo nuo vystymosi sutrikimų paauglystės laikotarpiu atsiradimo, arba juos sukelia. Straipsnyje pateikiami tyrimų rezultatai siekia pabrėžti rysį tarp seimos aplinkos ypatybių ir vaikų nerimo lygio. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas 2015 m., apklausiant 180 Lenkijos aukstesniųjų klasių mokinių is kaimiskųjų vietovių ir miestų
A Review of Coccidioidomycosis in California: Exploring the Intersection of Land Use, Population Movement, and Climate Change.

California has seen a surge in coccidioidomycosis (valley fever), a disease spread by the Coccidioides immitis fungus found in soil throughout the state, particularly in the San Joaquin Valley. We reviewed epidemiologic studies in which outbreak and sporadic cases of coccidioidomycosis were examined, and we considered the possible relationship of these cases to environmental conditions, particularly the state's increasing aridity, drought, and wildfire conditions. Most of the studies we reviewed pertained to cases occupationally acquired in construction, military, archeological, and correctional institutional settings where workers were exposed to dust in C. immitis-endemic areas. A few reviewed outbreaks in the general population related to dust exposure from natural disasters, including an earthquake-associated landslide and a dust storm that carried particles long distances from endemic areas. Although many of California's coccidioidomycosis outbreaks have been occupationally related, changing demographics and new, immunologically naive populations in dry, endemic areas could expose the general population to C. immitis spores. Given the high rate of infection among workers who, for the most part, are healthy, the general population, including some elderly and immunocompromised individuals, could face additional risk. With climate-related events like drought and wildfires also increasing in endemic areas, research is needed to address the possible associations between these phenomena and coccidioidomycosis outbreaks.
The role of charge-transfer (CT) electronic states in photo-physical processes in organic electroluminescent materials (Conference Presentation)

Intra-molecular CT states play an important role in the photo-physical processes and eventual device performances of organic electroluminescent materials such as organic thermally activated delayed florescence (TADF) and radical emitters. For organic TADF emitters, we have shed light on how the energy levels and excitation characters of intra-molecular CT states impact electronic-structure parameters such as singlet-triplet energy gap, spin-orbit coupling, transition dipole moment, and thus reverse intersystem crossing and radiative decay processes. For organic radical emitters, we have designed donor-acceptor neutral radicals based on the electron-poor perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) or tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radical moiety combined with different electron-rich groups. Experimental and quantum-chemical studies demonstrate that the molecules do not follow the Aufbau principle: The Singly Occupied Molecular Orbital (SOMO), mainly localized on the PTM [TTM] segment, is found to lie below the Highest (doubly) Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO), mainly localized on the donor segment. Such the non-Aufbau behavior in the organic radical emitters is resulted from a high-energy CT state. These donor-acceptor radicals provide a remarkable combination of strong D1-to-D0 emission yield (up to 54%) and high photo-stability (e.g., the half-lives reach up to several months under pulsed UV laser irradiation). Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on a radical emitter show near-infrared (NIR) emission with a high maximal external quantum efficiency of 4.0 %.
A LEARNING-THEORETIC CHARACTERISATION OF MARTIN-LÖF RANDOMNESS AND SCHNORR RANDOMNESS

Numerous learning tasks can be described as the process of extrapolating patterns from observed data. One of the driving intuitions behind the theory of algorithmic randomness is that randomness amounts to the absence of any effectively detectable patterns: it is thus natural to regard randomness as antithetical to inductive learning. Osherson and Weinstein [11] draw upon the identification of randomness with unlearnability to introduce a learning-theoretic framework (in the spirit of formal learning theory) for modelling algorithmic randomness. They define two success criteria—specifying under what conditions a pattern may be said to have been detected by a computable learning function—and prove that the collections of data sequences on which these criteria cannot be satisfied correspond to the set of weak 1-randoms and the set of weak 2-randoms, respectively. This learning-theoretic approach affords an intuitive perspective on algorithmic randomness, and it invites the question of whether restricting attention to learning-theoretic success criteria comes at an expressivity cost. In other words, is the framework expressive enough to capture most core algorithmic randomness notions and, in particular, Martin-Lof randomness—arguably, the most prominent algorithmic randomness notion in the literature? In this article, we answer the latter question in the affirmative by providing a learning-theoretic characterisation of Martin-Lof randomness. We then show that Schnorr randomness, another central algorithmic randomness notion, also admits a learning-theoretic characterisation in this setting.