cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superior arm-movement decoding from cortex with a new, unsupervised-learning algorithm.

Objective The aim of this work is to improve the state of the art for motor-control with a brain-machine interface (BMI). BMIs use neurological recording devices and decoding algorithms to transform brain activity directly into real-time control of a machine, archetypically a robotic arm or a cursor. The standard procedure treats neural activity-vectors of spike counts in small temporal windows-as noisy observations of the kinematic state (position, velocity, acceleration) of the fingertip. Inferring the state from the observations then takes the form of a dynamical filter, typically some variant on Kalman's (KF). The KF, however, although fairly robust in practice, is optimal only when the relationships between variables are linear and the noise is Gaussian, conditions usually violated in practice. Approach To overcome these limitations we introduce a new filter, the 'recurrent exponential-family harmonium' (rEFH), that models the spike counts explicitly as Poisson-distributed, and allows for arbitrary nonlinear dynamics and observation models. Furthermore, the model underlying the filter is acquired through unsupervised learning, which allows temporal correlations in spike counts to be explained by latent dynamics that do not necessarily correspond to the kinematic state of the fingertip. Main results We test the rEFH on offline reconstruction of the kinematics of reaches in the plane. The rEFH outperforms the standard, as well as three other state-of-the-art, decoders, across three monkeys, two different tasks, most kinematic variables, and a range of bin widths, amounts of training data, and numbers of neurons. Significance Our algorithm establishes a new state of the art for offline decoding of reaches-in particular, for fingertip velocities, the variable used for control in most online decoders.
Long Nav or Short Nav?: Student Responses to Two Different Navigational Interface Designs in LibGuides Version 2

Abstract This study used two successive phases of usability testing to evaluate two different versions of a Communication 430 course LibGuide. The first version of this guide had a longer, more visually complex navigation menu, with more course-related research information directly accessible through this menu. The second version had a shorter, less complex menu that offered less directly accessible information. Twenty-four of the 33 students enrolled in the class (73%) tested either one version or the other for usability in completing tasks that simulate course-related research assignments, ultimately indicating they found the longer navigation menu more usable. This paper may be the first to describe the engagement of students enrolled in a course in testing a LibGuide dedicated specifically to that course. As such, it will be of interest to many academic librarians and instructional design professionals.
Simon-Claude Constant-Dufeux and the Symbolic Interpretation of Architectural Origins in 19th-Century France

This essay examines the design by French architect Simon-Claude Constant-Dufeux of a tomb of the maritime explorer Jules Dumont d’Urville, erected in the cimetiere du Sud in Paris (today, Montparnasse cemetery) in 1844. Its unusual parabolic profile and the vivid polychromy of its surface made it something of an archetype for architects in Paris in the 1840s, who saw it as an assault on the neoclassical ideals promoted by the French Academy. In the world of the visual arts, music, and literature, Romanticism is among the most fundamental movements, a watershed moment in which art was rethought in light of the exigencies of the modern world. Romanticism in architecture, however, is more difficult to describe. Drawing on French Romantic philosophy, particularly the works of Pierre Leroux and Victor Cousin, and from archeologists, especially the work of Charles Lenormant, this essay interprets the tomb of Dumont d’Urville within the Romantic discourses of the early 19th century. It argues that the tomb’s Romanticism lay in its ability to enact a totalizing ideology, one which fused form and content, communication, and expression.
Assessing operating room turnover time via the use of mobile application

Background: Improving operating room (OR) utilization is crucial to hospitals. This study examines the effectiveness of a mobile application co-developed with hospital staff to track OR turnover time (TOT). Methods: An Android-based app, named ORTimer, was used by staff in two OR units (GI-Lab and D-Core) of Greenville Memorial Hospital (GMH) in South Carolina. The staff used the app to record milestones and note delay reasons (if applicable). A total of 1,782 turnover observations from the GI-Lab and 694 turnover observations from the D-Core were collected for the study. Using data collected from the app and additional information from GMH’s electronic medical record system, a two-sample proportionality test was conducted to test the hypothesis that the use of the app improved OR turnover performance (i.e., the TOT is equal to or less than the allotted time). Results: The result of the hypothesis test indicates that a higher percentage of observations in the GI-Lab and D-Core met their turnover target time when the ORTimer app was used. Additionally, multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant factors that contribute to prolonged OR TOT and to estimate their impacts. Conclusions: The app serves as both a visual management tool as well as a TOT data collection tool. By identifying barriers to the on-time completion of the turnaround, the app allows for continuous improvement of the turnover process.
Remote Hand Motion Detection and Monitoring with Noise Reduction

The digital triaxial accelerometer has become more and more popular in the research and industrial world due to its small size, low power consumption, low cost and its sensing capability in the x, y and z-axis directions. This paper presents several noise reduction schemes for hand motion detection with the triaxial digital accelerometer ADXL345 by using the RCM3365 board as the web server for control and also for data monitoring.
Does State-Level Nurse Practitioner Scope-of-Practice Policy Affect Access to Care?:

There is heated debate surrounding policy reform granting full state-level nurse practitioner (NP) scope of practice (SOP) in all U.S. states. NP SOP policy is argued to impact access to care; however, a synthesis of empirical studies assessing this relationship has yet to be performed. Our study fills this critical gap by systematically reviewing studies that examine this relationship. We apply Aday and Andersen’s Access Framework to operationalize access to care. We also use this framework to map components of access to care that may relate to NP SOP through concepts identified in this review. Our findings suggest that full state-level NP SOP policy is associated with increases in various components of access to care, but additional work is needed to evaluate causality and underlying mechanisms behind this policy’s effect on access. This work is necessary to align research, practice, and policy efforts surrounding NP SOP with healthcare accessibility.
Adjuvant Ipilimumab in High-Risk Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma is a common intraocular malignant tumor that is uniformly fatal once metastatic. No effective adjuvant therapy currently exists to reduce the risk of distant metastasis after definitive treatment of the primary lesion. Immunotherapy has been used effectively in the adjuvant setting in locally advanced cutaneous melanoma. We performed a Phase I/II clinical trial of adjuvant ipilimumab in high-risk primary uveal melanoma with distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) as the primary objective. A total of 10 patients with genomically high-risk disease were treated: three at a dose of 3 mg/kg and seven at 10 mg/kg. Two of the seven patients at the higher dose had to discontinue therapy secondary to grade 3 toxicity. At 36 months follow-up, 80% of patients had no evidence of distant disease (95% CI, 58.7–100). With recent advancements in CTLA-4 inhibition, PD-1 inhibition, and combined checkpoint blockade, immunotherapy is a promising avenue of treatment in uveal melanoma. Further clinical trials are needed to elucidate the role of immunotherapy in the adjuvant setting.
Static endoscopic swallow evaluation in children

Objectives Static Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (SEES) has been demonstrated to have a strong correlation with the Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study (VFSS) in adults. In children, Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluations of Swallow (FEES) are frequently performed to avoid repeated VFSS; however, a subset of the population does not tolerate FEES. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of a modified SEES in children. Methods Charts of 50 consecutive patients who underwent FEES evaluations were reviewed. Patients age 3 months to 12 years undergoing SEES, FEES, and VFSS were extracted. We compared a binary assessment of outcome on SEES versus VFSS as the diagnostic standard to report characteristics, including sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predicted value. Results A total of 36 patients met all inclusion criteria (mean age 2.8 years). Using the VFSS as the diagnostic standard, residue seen on SEES had a sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 85.7%, a positive predictive value of 88.9%, and a negative predictive value of 75.0% for predicting deep penetration or aspiration. Conclusion SEES may be helpful for developing an initial diagnostic impression and may serve as a platform for patient and caregiver counseling. In children who are unable to cooperate with FEES, SEES may provide clinical insight in predicting an abnormal swallow study; however, a normal SEES was less reliable in predicting a safe swallow on subsequent VFSS in this patient population. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1590-1594, 2020.
Pulsed UV Light as a Microbial Reduction Intervention for Boneless/Skinless Chicken Thigh Meat

ObjectivesSalmonella, E. coli and Campylobacter are pathogens of concern in poultry processing. Pulsed Ultra Violet (PUV) light is an effective antimicrobial treatment with limited use in the food industry. Research using PUV light has established that it can be a more effective antimicrobial treatment than conventional UV light. The germicidal, UV-C wavelengths fall between 100 to 280nm with the optimum germicidal effect at 254nm. PUV light includes a much broader spectrum, 100 to 1100nm, with 50% of the energy deriving from the UV region. Unlike the continuous, low intensity output of conventional UV light, PUV light is emitted in short bursts of very high intensity light. The objective of this work is to investigate application of PUV light for destruction of Salmonella, E. coli and Campylobacter on chicken thigh meat. Materials and MethodsLean and skin surface chicken thighs, acquired from a commercial poultry integrator, were inoculated to a 6 to 7 log CFU/cm² concentration before exposure to PUV light in separate trials for each of the above mentioned pathogens. Treatment variables included the distance from the quartz window of the PUV light (8 and 13 cm) and application time (5, 15, 30, and 45 s). Inoculated control samples were not exposed to PUV light. Nine thighs were used for each distance by time treatment combination for each bacterial species. After treatment, samples were stomached in buffered peptone water and the suspensions were serially plated on selective agars. Comparison of treated samples to control samples allowed for quantification of microbial reduction due to PUV light treatment. The main effects, distance and treatment time and their interaction, were evaluated in a 2-way ANOVA. When needed, a Tukey multiple comparison test was used to detect significant differences (p 0.05) for microbial reduction of E. coli, Campylobacter or Salmonella. Distance from the PUV light did not affect lean surface microbial reduction for E. coli, Campylobacter or Salmonella (p > 0.05). Lean surface microbial reduction increased (p 0.05). Skin surface microbial reduction for E. coli and Salmonella was increased (p < 0.05) with closer proximity to the PUV light source. Skin surface microbial reduction increased (p < 0.05) with PUV light exposure time for E. coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella. PUV light exposure for 5 and 45 s on skin surface thighs resulted in log₁₀ reductions of 1.1ᴬ and 2.0ᴮ for E.coli, 1.2ᴬ and 1.9ᴮ for Campylobacter, and 0.9ᴬ and 1.8ᴮ for Salmonella, respectively. ConclusionThis study clearly demonstrated the potential of using PUV light as a microbial reduction intervention on chicken meat.
Examining Processes of Normative Isomorphism and Influence in Scaled Change Among Higher Education Intermediary Organizations

This study examines the Association of American Universities Undergraduate STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) initiative and the ability of a national organization and its mem...
Correction of Iron Deficiency in Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients Does Not Improve Patient Outcomes

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a chronic medical condition that affects approximately 1-2% of the world's population and greater than 10% of those age 65 and older. Among patients with HF, iron deficiency (ID), defined as ferritin Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of hospital records of patients admitted with HF as a primary or secondary diagnosis to a city-based large academic teaching health system between April 1, 2014 and April 1, 2017. Thereafter, we identified those patients who had sufficient iron studies (hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, transferrin, TSat) during their hospitalization to diagnose ID, as per the criteria above. Patients with ID were then stratified into those that did and did not receive IVFe. Patient charts were evaluated to two primary endpoints, namely one-year readmissions for HF and patient mortality. Results: In total, 390 patients had sufficient iron studies performed to assess ID status, of which 279 met criteria for ID (71.5%). Eighty-four of the 279 patients received IVFe. Amongst patients that received IVFe, 38 patients were readmitted for HF (45.2%) and 6 patient deaths occurred within 1 year (7.14%). Amongst the remaining 195 patients who did not receive IVFe, 93 were readmitted for HF (47.69%) and 15 patient deaths occurred within 1 year (7.69%). Conclusion: These data suggest that despite clinical benefit in patient functional outcomes and overall quality of life in chronic heart failure patients treated with IVFe, treatment of ID in acute HF patients does not result in a reduction in admissions for HF or improvements in patient mortality. Download : Download high-res image (98KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in the Wake of Clerical Sexual Abuse in America

This article outlines the history of cleric sexual abuse from 1950 through contemporary times, and surveys past civil and criminal prosecutions of Roman Catholic sexual abuse cases. Contemporary theories of criminal liability may be either an alternative to – or an adjunct with – civil tort lawsuits, and injunctive relief is increasingly sought to investigate as well as to deter future abuse. Time will tell the impact of ongoing state and federal RICO Act prosecutions not just on perpetrators but also clerics and Church decision-makers remaining in active ministry. Restorative justice, forums for listening and sharing, through stories and prayer, may well offer the most opportunity for fostering healing and reconciliation within the bounds of the law yet not directly involving courts or legal processes. Restorative justice strongly shines the light of the Gospel on this scourge, where agents of such justice are mindful of the words of the Apostle Paul, in his Second Epistle to the Corinthians that “[a]ll this is from God, who reconciled us to himself through Christ and gave us the ministry of reconciliation.” Remediative and restorative measures outside the courts must augment legal remedies within halls of justice for multifaceted and effective means to address the past and ongoing criminal and civil law and public health crises arising from cleric sexual abuse, and to help prevent future abuses from taking place.
Third time's a charm: diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis after two negative polymerase chain reaction results.

Abstract Introduction Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a sensitive and specific method in diagnosing herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. However there are increasing reports of false negative HSV PCR. Case description We present a patient in the 9th decade of life with abnormal behavior and focal seizures with MRI showing a right temporal T2 hyperintense non-enhancing lesion with electrographic evidence of right lateralized periodic discharges. CSF analysis and PCR for HSV-1 and 2 yielded negative results twice, and therefore acyclovir was discontinued. Patient initially improved following correction of hyponatremia. Patient however deteriorated and imaging revealed a new right parietal lesion. Third CSF sample showed lymphocytic pleocytosis with positive HSV-1 PCR. Patient improved following antiviral treatment. Discussion Acyclovir treatment should continue in high clinical suspicion scenarios despite negative HSV PCR. We further discuss causes of PCR false negatives and challenges it poses for patient care.
The Effects of Cement Kiln Dust on the Soil Electrical Resistivity

Electrical resistivity is a non-destructive, cost-effective and sensitive method to evaluate soil's physical and chemical properties. Electrical resistivity has been used widely in surface and subsurface exploration. The electrical resistivity is directly related to the subsurface geotechnical and geothermal properties like porosity, temperature, salinity and water content. Recently uses of waste material as an additive to improve the soil engineering properties are growing because of their cost-effectiveness. Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) is a waste material of the cement manufacturing process. CKD is widely used as an additive material in ground improvement to improve soil's geotechnical properties. This study is mainly focused on the effect of CKD on the electrical resistivity properties of the soil. In this study, the electrical resistivity of a natural soil slope treated with CKD and a test model in the laboratory was investigated. Besides, the effects of CKD on soil pH and electrical resistivity were studied by performing a series of tests to predict the soil's corrosivity potential. The soil was treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of CKD and the electrical resistivity of the soil was measured at different water contents, porosities and curing times. The results indicate that the soil's electrical resistivity increases by increasing the CKD content and curing time. Additionally, an increase in water content or porosity decreases the electrical resistivity of CKD treated soil. Furthermore, the electrical resistivity measurement is a practical method to determine the stabilized soil's geotechnical and geomechanical properties.
Elinor Ostrom as Behavioral Economist

Similar to fellow Nobelists Vernon Smith and Richard Thaler, Elinor Ostrom has emphasized not just our cognitive limits, but also the institutions that people create to overcome them. But, while Vernon Smith or Thaler still focus primarily on private choices, and the institutions within which such choices happen, e.g. private financial or health choices, Elinor Ostrom has expanded the realm of inquiry by exploring how bounded rationality also enters the picture in collective action problems. The fact that Elinor Ostrom is primarily interested in collective action, rather than private individual action, has also led her to a different perspective on the limits of rational choice models. For Ostrom, the simplistic rational choice collective action model, as developed in Mancur Olson’s Logic of Collective Action, leads to wrong predictions about the conditions under which collective action happens (or doesn’t happen), and, furthermore, biases the analysis in favor of paternalistic solutions for solving collective action problem, as illustrated in Hardin’s analysis of the tragedy of the commons. The result of Ostrom’s analysis is a richer concept of rational choice, which simultaneously (a) accepts that individuals will act opportunistically, possibly undermining collective action, and (b) acknowledges the capacities of groups to take advantage of richer behavioral features, like altruistic punishment, fairness, group loyalty, and intrinsic preferences, in order to enable self-governing collective action. This richer concept of human behavior also raises additional concerns about the problems of hierarchical paternalistic proposals, showing that tyranny and oppression can be even more robust than accounted for by the simple rational choice model, particularly when we consider group loyalty.
Iron Ore Pelletization: Part I. Fundamentals

The behavior of iron ore pellet binders is complex. Any pellet binder is subject to a handful of practical requirements: that it be readily dispersed through a pellet, that it effectively controls ...
Numerical analysis of meteotsunamis in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Although relatively rare, meteotsunamis are capable of causing coastal infrastructure damage and casualties. Analyses of water level and meteorological data in the U.S. show that meteotsunamis occur more frequently than expected, and therefore, it is important to include meteotsunami assessment in coastal hazard mitigation efforts. In this study, we conducted numerical experiments to investigate the generation and propagation of meteotsunami waves and assessed hazards on a broad scale in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The numerical experiments used a simple 2D depth-averaged hydrostatic shallow water model forced by an idealized atmospheric pressure disturbance on a set of trajectories and directions (1260 runs) covering the whole Florida GOM shelf. Results show that bathymetry pattern has control over the direction of major meteotsunami waves and that forward speed has more influence on maximum water level than the trajectory location. Maximum water level anomaly tracking and Proudman length analysis both demonstrate that Florida’s wide and long straight continental shelf in the northeastern GOM is favorable for producing large meteotsunamis. Statistical analysis indicates that pressure disturbances coming from southwest–west direction result in higher water level near south Florida region, while east direction in the Florida panhandle region. The forward speed distribution shows that 20–25 m/s have the most potential. These results can help identify vulnerable coastal regions and pressure disturbance scenarios that most likely generate higher meteotsunami waves.
Separation of freezing- and drying-induced denaturation of lyophilized proteins using stress-specific stabilization. I. Enzyme activity and calorimetric studies

Stabilization of labile proteins during lyophilization requires protection of the protein against both freezing and dehydration stresses. Solutions of 1-10% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol (PEG) fully protected both lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase during freezing and thawing, but did not stabilize the proteins during freeze-drying. Thus, with this lyophilization system a second compound could be tested for its capacity to stabilize dried proteins, independent of its ability to provide cryopreservation. In the presence of low concentrations of glucose or trehalose (which alone provided minimal protection) and 1% PEG (wt/vol), almost full enzyme activity was recovered after freeze-drying and rehydration. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the PEG was crystalline and the sugars were amorphous in the dried samples. Experiments with lactose and mannitol demonstrated that if these compounds also crystallized during freeze-drying, protein stabilization was reduced or abolished. PEG stabilizes the proteins during freezing, due to preferential exclusion of PEG from the protein's surface. The sugars protect the proteins during dehydration by hydrogen bonding to the dried protein, thus serving as water substitutes. This report provides the first example of stabilization of proteins during lyophilization through separate, specific treatments of the fundamentally different stresses of freezing and dehydration.
A fundamental framework for molecular communication channels: Timing & payload

As system sizes shrink, the usual macroscopic methods of communication using electromagnetic and acoustic waves become increasingly less efficient owing to mismatches between realizable antenna sizes and the propagation characteristics of the medium. Thus, at the scale of microns and below, communication methods which utilize molecular messengers become attractive, a notion supported by the ubiquity of molecular signaling in biological systems, sometimes using identical molecules (tokens) and sometimes using tokens with embedded payloads such as, for instance, m-RNA. Here we consider a wide range of molecular signaling techniques used by biological systems, and by applying simple information-theoretic concepts seek to develop an outerbound model which distills the plethora of channel details to (1) timing, and (2) molecular “packet” payloads as the information-bearing agents. We find that both bits/joule and bits/sec/joule efficiencies are greatly increased by using tokens with only 1-bit payloads and that overall information carriage efficiency (and consequently, bit rate) is best served by using tokens with large payloads.
An Overlooked Impact of Welfare Reform: The Effect on General Assistance Recipients: Evidence from Two Welfare-to-Work Programs in New York City

To date very little is known regarding General Assistance (GA) recipients' response to welfare reform. In New York City, GA recipients were required to participate in a workfare and a welfare-to-work program. Recipients were initially enrolled in each program in 'waves' due to program capacity constraints. I identify the effect of the programs using a quasi-experiment in which enrollees are compared to concomitantly eligible, non-enrolled recipients. I find that each program increased welfare exits and that the latter program also increased employment. The magnitude of these effects is similar to the effect that similar programs have on family assistance recipients.
Persistent inflammatory nociception increases levels of dynorphin1-17 in the spinal cord, but not in supraspinal nuclei involved in pain modulation

Abstract Abstract: It is well established that nerve injury or inflammatory injury results in a time-dependent increase in the expression of dynorphin in the spinal cord. However, little is known about the effects of persistent pain on the expression of this endogenous opioid peptide by supraspinal nuclei implicated in the modulation of pain sensitivity. This study used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure the levels of dynorphin 1-17 in the spinal cord as well as in brainstem nuclei 4 hours, 4 days, or 2 weeks after intraplantar injection of saline or complete Freund's adjuvant in the left hind paw. As previously reported, complete Freund adjuvant produced a time-dependent increase in dynorphin that was confined to the ipsilateral dorsal horn. In contrast, levels of dynorphin 1-17 in the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars α, parabrachial nuclei, microcellular tegmentum, pontine periaqueductal gray, and midbrain periaqueductal gray were not affected at any time after injection of complete Freund adjuvant. These data suggest that alterations in levels of dynorphin do not mediate the up-regulation of activity in bulbospinal pain inhibitory or pain facilitatory pathways that occurs during persistent pain. © 2002 by the American Pain Society
THE COCKROACH HEART AS A BIOASSAY ORGAN

Detailed procedures are presented for denervation of the American cockroach heart, Periplaneta americana L., by removal of the lateral cardiac nerve cords. Results of bioassay with the innervated heart are also presented and compared to responses obtained from identical assay conditions with the denervated heart. The response of the innervated heart to 10−3M sodium azide, slight changes in the concentration of sodium ion, reduced glutathione, saline dilutions, and low amounts of ethanol and acetone was characterized by the immediate appearance of irregularities in the heartbeat. In contrast, the responses of the denervated heart to the first three of these compounds were always characterized by a smooth even heartbeat changing gradually in amplitude and/or rate and/or contractile state of the alary muscles. All assay conditions examined caused qualitatively less response in the beat of the denervated heart. Irregularities in the beat of the innervated heart which were induced in bioassay were found to be due to extreme sensitivity of the spontaneously active cardiac neurons. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DAS HERZ DER KUCHENSCHABE ALS ORGAN FUR BIOTESTS Das isolierte abdominale Herz von Periplaneta americana L. reagiert auf Durchspulung mit 10−3 Mol Natriumazid in physiologischer Kochsalzlosung mit einem unmittelbaren Anstieg des Tonus his zu fast systolischer Hemmung. Danach verringert das Herz, den Tonus allmahlich, schlagt unregelmasig und tritt in eine kurze Periode diastolischer Pause ein, bevor es in Diastole stehen bleibt. Die Herzschlagaktivitat wurde wieder aufgenommen, wenn das Natriumazid durch Spulung mit physiologischer Kochsalzlosung ersetzt wird. Nach Entfernung beider Paare der Herzscitennerven gab das Herz von P. americana auf Bespulung mit 10−3 Mol Natriumazid in physiologischer Kochsalzlosung keine Initialreaktion. Statt dessen stieg der Herzschlag nach 2 min allmahlich leicht an und die Herzschlagamplitude nahm im Verlaufe von 6 min sehr allmahlich ab. Nach 6 min blieb das Herz in Diastole stehen. Die Herzreaktionen der amerikanischen Kuchenschabc waren bei Auftropf-Tests mit anormaler Natriumchloridkonzentration, herabgesetztem Glutathion und Losungsmitteln ahnlich den fur Natriumazid beschriebenen. Die Reaktion des denervierten Herzens ist durch das Fehlen von Unregelmasigkeiten im Herzschlagmuster gekennzeichnet. Sowohl das denervierte wie das innervierte Herz reagieren auf Testtropfen von nur etwas anormalen Calciumchloridkonzentrationen.
A Note on Names for Energy Drink Brands and Products

AbstractThis note examines selectively the names and language associated with popular energy drinks. It defines energy drink, provides a brief history of these products, describes their characteristics, and discusses the names and language used in the marketing of such products. It includes a table of the most popular beverages lists the products by brand and name.
The Soil Management Assessment Framework

Erosion rates and annual soil loss tolerance (T) values in evaluations of soil management practices have served as focal points for soil quality (SQ) research and assessment programs for decades. Our objective is to enhance and extend current soil assessment efforts by presenting a framework for assessing the impact of soil management practices on soil function. The tool consists of three steps: indicator selection, indicator interpretation, and integration into an index. The tool's framework design allows researchers to continually update and refine the interpretations for many soils, climates, and land use practices. The tool was demonstrated using data from case studies in Georgia, Iowa, California, and the Pacific Northwest (WA, ID, OR). Using an expert system of decision rules as an indicator selection step successfully identified indicators for the minimum data set (MDS) in the case study data sets. In the indicator interpretation step, observed indicator data were transformed into unitless scores based on site-specific algorithmic relationships to soil function. The scored data resulted in scientifically defensible and statistically different treatment means in the four case studies. The efficacy of the indicator interpretation step was evaluated with stepwise regressions using scored and observed indicators as independent variables and endpoint data as iterative dependent variables. Scored indicators usually had coefficients of determination (R2) that were similar or greater than those of the observed indicator values. In some cases, the R2 values for indicators and endpoint regressions were higher when examined for individual treatments rather than the entire data set. This study demonstrates significant progress toward development of a SQ assessment framework for adaptive soil resource management or monitoring that is transferable to a variety of climates, soil types, and soil management systems.
Consequences of the tidal slowing of Mercury

Abstract Mercury, currently rotating very slowly, probably rotated faster in the past. If Mercury's rotation period had been near 8 hours initially, similar to that of most solar system bodies today, it would have been flattened by a few percent. As Mercury was slowed by solar tides, craters which were circular when they were emplaced would have been distorted by the same few percent. Substantial surface stresses, well above the fracture stress, would have been produced unless stress relief occurred; these stresses should have produced tensional fractures near the poles and two intersecting sets of shear planes in equatorial regions. Satellite orbits about the slowly spinning Mercury have been shown to collapse onto its surface: the impact craters resulting from these hypothetical lost satellites should be elongated along the orbit paths, which probably lie near the equator. However, none of these features has been found on the Mariner 10 images. They may be obscured by the effects of tidal heating that should cause an overall internal temperature increase of about 100°K although the increase would be substantially more in certain regions. Radial tides, sometimes called push-pull tides, are important at the present time because Mercury's large orbital eccentricity causes the planet to undergo significant tidal flexing each orbital period; the contemporary tidal heating due to this mechanism is estimated at more than 10 16 erg/sec.
Multidimensional scaling of consumer preferences for a public transportation system: An application of two approaches

Abstract Consumer attitudes toward a proposed new public transportation system were assessed through the application of two multidimensional scaling models to data on preference choices for system attributes. Carroll's vector model and Kruskal and Carmone's nonmetric unfolding model were compared on theoretical and empirical levels to determine their utility for exposing the latent structure of attitudes for a public project. While the unfolding model was attractive because of a theoretical property, the vector model was able to uncover latent dimensions for the attitudes which could be related via discriminant analysis to socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the respondents. The vector model also produced an outcome which was more closely related to a unidimensional analysis of these data. Therefore, even though both the vector and unfolding models produced plausible geometric representations of the attitudes which arc expected to aid urban transportation planners in designing systems, the vector model produced the more acceptable outcome.
Evalutation of protective properties of motor oils under actual service conditions by polarization resistance method

In this study the capability of motor oils to protect engines from electrochemical corrosion is focused on. The kinetics of the process of corrosion are tested by the polarization resistance method. As the rate of corrosion is dependent on the thermal state, temperature is recorded. Complex variations in temperature, due to many things-water circulating in cooling jacket, formation of film of moisture on the machine --are shown. An increase in the rate of corrosion of the sensing elements corresponds to an increase in corrosion-damaged area of parts, and so characterizes a change in the protective property of oils. Possible use of this polar resistance method is suggested.
Integrating forward-chaining rules with operations and permanent knowledge bases

Traditionally, rule-based forward-chaining systems are considered to be standalone, working on a volatile memory. This paper focuses on the integration of forward-chaining rules with command-driven programming paradigms in the context of permanent, integrated knowledge bases. A system architecture is proposed that integrates the data management functions of large computerized knowledge bases into a module called a knowledge base management system (KBMS). Experiences we had in integrating rules with operations into a prototype KBMS called DALI are surveyed. For this integration, a new form of production rule, called the activation pattern controlled rule, is introduced, which augments traditional forward-chaining rules by a second, additional left-hand side, which allows making rules sensitive to calls of particular operations. Activation pattern controlled rules play an important role in DALI's system architecture, because they facilitate the storage of knowledge that has been specified relying on mixed programming, a combination of data-driven, command-driven, and preventive programming. The general problems of implementing permanent knowledge bases that contain rules and operations are discussed, and an algorithm for implementating activation pattern controlled rules, called IPTREAT, a generalization of the TREAT algorithm, is provided. Furthermore, the paper intends to clarify the differences between traditional, volatile rule-based systems and rule-based systems that are geared toward knowledge integration by supporting a permanent knowledge base.
The dissociation chemistry of permethylated guanosines as articulated by MS/MS

Abstract Permethylation of covalently modified guanosines is shown to be an effective means of increasing the abundance of structurally significant fragment ions when protonated base ions from nucleosides are subjected to collision-induced dissociation in MS/MS. The gas-phase chemistry which is observed can be clearly related to the original site of substitution, and provides a valuable means of determining sites of substitution and other modifications in nucleosides related to guanosine.
A Peer Mentoring Group for Junior Clinician Educators: Four Yearsʼ Experience

PURPOSE To study the effect of a peer mentoring group (PMG). METHOD Six junior clinician educator faculty and one senior faculty at the University of Washington Medical Center's Department of Psychiatry formed a PMG in 2006. The PMG had 30 meetings during 2006-2010. Group format, goals, and meeting agendas were determined solely by participants. Feedback about positive and negative outcomes of participation in the PMG was determined by open-ended response to three sets of questions; qualitative analysis was performed by an outside research consultant. RESULTS Program evaluation revealed benefits and undesirable or unintended outcomes. Reported benefits were increased workplace satisfaction; improved social connection; increased professional productivity and personal growth/development through accountability, collaboration, mutual learning, support, and information sharing; synergy, collaboration, and diversity of thought; increased involvement in professional activities; opportunity for peer discussions in a safe environment; and increased accountability and motivation. Undesirable or unintentional outcomes were exclusivity, lack of hierarchy, scheduling of meetings, absence of an intentional curriculum, diverse and competing interests, personal-professional enmeshment, and occasional loss of focus due to overemphasis on personal matters. Every member of the PMG was retained, and scholarly productivity increased, as did collaboration with other group members. CONCLUSIONS Participants in this PMG experienced qualitative benefits and perceived advantages in career advancement and scholarly productivity. Negative consequences did not deter participation in the PMG or outweigh benefits. The self-sufficient and low-cost structure makes it particularly portable.
An extensible dynamically-typed hierarchy of exceptions

In this paper we address the lack of extensibility of the exception type in Haskell. We propose a lightweight solution involving the use of existential types and the Typeable class only, and show how our solution allows a fully extensible hierarchy of exception types to be declared, in which a single overloaded catch operator can be used to catch either specific exception types, or exceptions belonging to any subclass in the hierarchy. We also show how to combine the existing object-oriented framework OOHaskell with our design, such that OOHaskell objects can be thrown and caught as exceptions, with full support for implicit OOHaskell subtyping in the catch operator.
Urticarial vasculitis: An updated review

Urticaria and vasculitis are two different reaction patterns in the skin. Both are caused by a wide variety of substances involving different pathogenic mechanisms. Recently isolated cases of "urticarial vasculitis" have been reported. These cases involve patients who present with a clinical picture of urticaria which, by skin biopsy, shows necrotizing vasculitis. The probable underlying pathogenic mechanism in this condition is one of immune complex deposition. This review will analyze the clinical, laboratory, and immunopathologic features of these patients and then will develop an overall concept of what constitutes "urticarial vasculitis."
Effects of Light, Oxygen, and pH on the Absorbance of 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl

ABSTRACT: The absorbance of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) at 517 nm in methanol and acetone decreased by 20 and 35% for 120 min at 25 °C under light, respectively; in the dark it did not change significantly for 150 min. Decomposition of DPPH under 21% oxygen after 90 min under light was significantly higher than that under 1% oxygen. Absorbance of DPPH in pH 4 buffer solution in methanol, and in pH 10 buffer solution in acetone, decreased by 55 and 80%, respectively, under light for 120 min. The evaluation of antioxidant activity by the changes of DPPH absorbance should be carefully interpreted since the absorbance of DPPH at 517 nm is decreased by light, oxygen, pH, and type of solvent in addition to the antioxidant.
Language-based capabilities

The Principle of Least Privilege suggests that software should be executed with no more authority than it requires to accomplish its task. Current security tools make it difficult to apply this principle: they either require significant modifications to applications or do not facilitate reasoning about combining untrustworthy components.In this talk, I present Shill, a secure shell scripting language. Shill scripts enable compositional reasoning about security through contracts that limit the effects of script execution, including the effects of programs invoked by the script. Shill contracts are declarative security policies that act as documentation for consumers of Shill scripts, and are enforced through a combination of language design and sandboxing.We have implemented a prototype of Shill for FreeBSD and used it for several case studies including a grading script and a script to download, compile, and install software. Our experience indicates that Shill is a practical and useful system security tool, and can provide fine-grained security guarantees.
Impaired myocardial autophagy linked to energy metabolism disorders

Autophagy represents an evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism that promotes cell survival by releasing energy substrates via degradation of cellular constituents and by eliminating defective organelles under conditions of stress, such as starvation and hypoxia. The link between enhanced autophagy and nutrient deprivation has been well established. For example, chronic myocardial ischemia, a condition of insufficient oxygen and nutrition, activates autophagy to degrade and recycle damaged cellular structures, thereby ameliorating cardiomyocyte injury.
Ribosyl transfer between ribose nucleotides in the rat.

IN the course of studies on alterations in the rate of catabolism of nucleic acids induced by radiation after total body exposure of rats, evidence has been obtained of the existence of an exchange between the ribosyl residues of purines and pyrimidines and urinary imidazole acetic riboside. The latter riboside has served as a measure of the isotope concentration in the ribose pool of the rat. Hiatt et al. 1 have reported recently an application of this ‘metabolic trap’ to the study of mechanisms by which glucose is metabolized in vivo, particularly with respect to the contribution of the glucose-6-phosphate oxidative shunt to the metabolism of glucose. The use of imidazole acetic riboside as a device for trapping ribosyl residues has been made possible by the findings of Tabor and his collaborators2,3, who have demonstrated that imidazole acetic riboside is one of the major urinary excretion products of imidazole acetic acid.
Treatment of an oral erythroplastic squamous cell carcinoma with Mohs' micrographic surgery

In the case presented in this article, a large superficial erythroplastic oral carcinoma with vaguely delineated clinical borders and foci of invasive squamous cell carcinoma was treated with Mohs' micrographic surgery. This provided a safe, thorough, yet conservative mode of treatment. Mohs' micrographic surgery may be considered among the alternative treatments for selected mucosal lesions of squamous cell carcinoma.
Design of a Routing Protocol that Exploits the Availability of Directional Antennas in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

We present a new distributed routing protocol for direct-sequence spread-spectrum, mobile ad hoc packet radio networks that contain a mix of nodes with directional antennas and nodes with omnidirectional antennas. Two components of the routing protocol are jointly designed: a new congestion-based link metric that is utilized to identify multiple routes with low levels of congestion and a new forwarding protocol that can dynamically split traffic among the multiple routes based on the relative capabilities of the routes. To be able to efficiently exploit the nodes with the directional antennas, our routing approach accounts for the additional capabilities of these nodes and utilizes multiple routes to a destination if the routes exhibit low mutual coupling. We show that our joint routing and forwarding approach provides substantial improvements in network performance compared to a scheme that simply selects minimum-hop routes. Our investigations demonstrate that the most significant gains in network performance are achieved in networks in which there is a mix of nodes with different types of antennas, but gains in network performance are also achieved in networks in which all nodes employ omnidirectional antennas only.
Art and the domain of the aesthetic

Observant un certain retour a l'esthetique dans les milieux universitaires et artistiques americains en reaction a la critique contemporaine fondee sur l'interpretation ideologique et politique des oeuvres, l'A. etudie la nature de l'experience esthetique dans sa dimension therapeutique et evalue la pratique de certaines formes d'art comme la litterature. Soulignant l'incompatibilite entre les notions de desinteressement et d'attention symapthique, l'A. explique la capacite humaine a l'experience esthetique par la saisie cognitive et instrumentaliste des proprietes expressives de l'oeuvre.