cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schumpeter and public choice, Part II Democracy and the demise of capitalism: The missing chapter in Schumpeter

In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy,' Schumpeter asked whether capitalism could survive. His answer was a simple but emphatic No. Because the reasons he set forth in Part II of his book are now so familiar and persuasive, readers invariably overlook the fact that he left out one of the most important causes of the possible if not probable demise of capitalism, namely, the 'successful' working of democratic political processes.2 It is this missing link, this missing chapter that I wish to add or fit into the Schumpeterian analysis. Such a chapter seems utterly consistent with Schumpeter's own views of democracy, at least those spelled out in Part IV, on 'Socialism and Democracy.' Although Schumpeter did not write a parallel section, nor even a chapter on 'Capitalism and Democracy,' he did offer countless obiter dicta and footnote asides that provide the necessary substance for anyone writing the missing chapter. I want to suggest, also, that Schumpeter was much too sanguine about the compatibility of socialism and democracy, but that will be a lesser theme in this paper. We need not provide a detailed summary of Schumpeter's classic theory of the demise of capitalism. Suffice it to say, the theory was a complex but logical examination of the social and intellectual consequences of a successful economic system that led inexorably to the internal crumbling of capitalist institutions and the social environment within which that economy functioned. A 'growing hostility' created, in part, and exploited by intellectuals led, finally, to the destruction of the institutional framework and the protecting strata of society. The analysis he set forth in Part II of his book is surely one of the most imaginative and surprising feats in social theory. One is simply dazzled by his virtuoso performance. He did stand Marx on his head. Compelling as it is, the analysis remains incomplete. Schumpeter, no great friend of democracy (as suggested by the theory in Part IV and by reminiscences of personal friends),3 surprisingly and inexplicably ignored
Calculated aqueous-solution-solid-solution relations in the low-temperature system CaO-MgO-FeO-CO2-H2O

Abstract A method of estimating an aqueous-solution composition from that of solid-solutions believed to be in equilibrium with it is derived. The low-temperature ternary Ca-Fe-Mg phase relations of the rhombohedral carbonates are investigated using this method, and their phase diagrams at 25 and 150°C are calculated. Algebraic manipulations of equilibrium constant equations representing dissolution of the carbonates yield equations for the phase boundaries separating calcite from an ankerite-dolomite solid-solution and an ankerite-dolomite solid-solution from a siderite-magnesite solid-solution. A value for the free energy of formation of ankerite is estimated (−1818.0 ± 0.8 kJ/mol, 25°C) from compositions of natural coexisting carbonates. Necessary compositional information for the carbonates was derived from the relatively unmetamorphosed Early Proterozoic Marra Mamba Banded Iron-Formation of the Hamersley Basin of Western Australia. The method yielded information on the a Fe 2+ a ca 2+ and a Mg 2+ a ca 2+ ratios of the solutions that deposited the carbonates of the Marra Mamba. The method suggests a depositing solution for the carbonates of the Lower Marra Mamba Iron-Formation significantly richer in iron than was likely to have been the case for Early Proterozoic seawater.
Management of destructive bowel injury in the open abdomen.

Background: Little attention has been focused on destructive injuries of the bowel in patients requiring open abdominal management. We therefore reviewed our institutional experience for destructive bowel injury requiring open abdominal management with the vacuum pack technique (vac). Methods: The trauma registry at a Level I trauma center was used to identify patients sustaining destructive bowel injury for an 11-year period beginning in May 1990. Patients were assessed for pertinent clinical and demographic information, and individuals requiring open abdominal management were compared with those who did not. Results: One hundred four patients required bowel resection and constitute the study population. Twenty-nine patients had vacs placed, with 22 (75.9%) of the total eventually obtaining delayed fascial closure. Nineteen (18.3%) patients had resection and primary repair (PR) of large and/or small bowel in conjunction with a vac, 10 (9.6%) patients had stoma formation in conjunction with a vac, 62 (59.6%) patients had resection and PR of small and/or large bowel in conjunction with primary fascial closure, and 13 (12.5%) patients had stoma formation and primary fascial closure. There were no differences in abdominal abscess or leak rates between groups. There were four deaths, none of which was secondary to failure of an anastomosis. Conclusion: Bowel resection with PR appears to be a safe alternative after destructive bowel injury and results in acceptable morbidity when performed in conjunction with open abdominal management.
Resonant activation over a fluctuating barrier.

We consider the problem of thermally activated potential barrier crossing in the presence of fluctuations of the barrier itself. For piecewise linear barrier switching between two values as a Markov process, exact and Monte Carlo results reveal a novel resonantlike phenomenon as a function of the barrier fluctuation rate. For very slow variations the average crossing time is the average of the times required to diffuse over each of the barriers separately; for very fast variations the mean crossing time is that required to cross the average barrier. At intermediate rates the crossing is strongly correlated with the potential variation and the escape rate exhibits a local maximum at a ``resonant'' fluctuation rate.
Movement Organizations, Synergistic Tactics and Environmental Public Policy

This study builds on political mediation and movement infrastructure models to highlight contingent and synergistic ways in which social movements may impinge upon the U.S. national policy-making process. Analyses employ a variety of datasets to examine the role of environmental movement organizational capacity, protest and institutional activity in garnering Congressional attention to, and action on, salient issues from 1961 through 1990. We find all types of movement activity, but especially the development of national organizational infrastructures, to be positively associated with the convening of Congressional hearings on the environment. Only when there are high levels of both protest and institutional activity is there any evidence that the environmental movement directly influences the passage of environmental laws.
The influence of bulk composition on the speciation of water in silicate glasses

Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the concentrations of molecular water and hydroxyl groups in hydrous rhyolitic, orthoclasic, jadeitic, and Ca−Al-silicate glasses synthesized by quenching of melts from elevated presure and temperature. The rhyolitic glasses and some of the Ca−Al-silicate glasses were quenched from water-vapor-saturated melts and used to determine the solubility of water in melts of these compositions. For all compositions studied, hydroxyl groups are the dominant hydrous species at low total water contents, whereas molecular water dominates at elevated water contents. Although the trends in species concentrations in all these compositions are similar, the proportions of the two hydrous species are influenced by silicate chemistry: increasing silica content and K relative to Na both favor molecular water over hydroxyl. Results on rhyolitic glass demonstrate that molecular water is also favored by decreasing temperature at T<850°C. For rhyolitic glasses quenched from vapor-saturated melts, the mole fraction of molecular water is proportional to water fugacity for P(H2O)≤1500 bars, demonstrating that the behavior of molecular water is approximately Henrian at total water contents up to at least several weight percent. Data on water solubility for albitic, orthoclasic, and Ca−Al-silicate melts to higher pressures can also be fit by assuming Henrian behavior for molecular water and can be used to set constraints on the partial molar volume of water in these melts. The demonstration of Henry's law for molecular water in these liquids provides a link between spectroscopic measurements of microscopic species concentrations and macroscopic thermodynamic properties.
The relationship between delayed infarcts and angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Delayed cerebral ischemia is common after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and is a major contributor to poor outcome. Yet, although generally attributed to arterial vasospasm, neurological deterioration may also occur in the absence of vasospasm. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between delayed infarction and angiographic vasospasm and compare the characteristics of infarcts related to vasospasm vs those unrelated. METHODS A retrospective review of patients with aSAH admitted from July 2007 through June 2011. Patients were included if they were admitted within 48 hours of SAH, had a computed tomography scan both 24 to 48 hours following aneurysm treatment and ≥7 days after SAH, and had a catheter angiogram to evaluate for vasospasm. Delayed infarcts seen on late computed tomography but not postprocedurally were attributed to vasospasm if there was moderate or severe vasospasm in the corresponding vascular territory on angiography. Infarct volume was measured by perimeter tracing. RESULTS Of 276 aSAH survivors, 134 had all imaging requisite for inclusion. Fifty-four (34%) had moderate or severe vasospasm, of whom 17 (31%) had delayed infarcts, compared with only 3 (4%) of 80 patients without vasospasm (P < .001). There were a total of 29 delayed infarcts in these 20 patients; 21 were in a territory with angiographic vasospasm, but 8 (28%) were not. Infarct volume did not differ between vasospasm-related (18 ± 25 mL) and vasospasm-unrelated (11 ± 12 mL) infarcts (P = .54), but infarcts in the absence of vasospasm were more likely watershed (50% vs. 10%, P = .03). CONCLUSION Delayed infarcts following aSAH can occur in territories without angiographic vasospasm and are more likely watershed in distribution.
Costimulation with interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 induces mast cell apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest: the role of p53 and the mitochondrion.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which interleukin (IL)-4+IL-10 costimulation regulates mast cell numbers to maintain immune homeostasis. Materials and methods We employed mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) to measure the effects of IL-4+IL-10 on survival and cell-cycle progression. p53-Deficient, bax-deficient, and bcl-2 transgenic BMMC were compared to wild-type cells to determine the role of these proteins in apoptosis. The molecular regulation of apoptosis and cell-cycle progression was investigated using flow cytometric analysis, RNase protection, and Western blotting. Results IL-4+IL-10 induced BMMC apoptosis and arrest. Apoptosis was p53-dependent. Cell death was accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the importance of which was demonstrated by resistance to IL-4+IL-10–mediated cell death when Bax was deleted or Bcl-2 was overexpressed. Those cells not killed by apoptosis demonstrated a p53-independent G1 cell-cycle arrest. Apoptosis and arrest may be explained by reduced IL-3 receptor signaling. Conclusion Costimulation with IL-4+IL-10 partly controls mast cell homeostasis through a delayed apoptosis and arrest program that is induced by a blockade of IL-3 receptor signaling. The delay in these negative effects would allow the protective effects of mast cell activation to occur for several days.
Brainstorming Groups: Ambiguity Tolerance, Communication Apprehension, Task Attraction, and Individual Productivity.

This study examines the performance of individuals in zero-history brainstorming groups and determines the relationships among communication apprehension, ambiguity tolerance, perceptions of task attraction, and individual ideational output. Results of a stepwise multiple-discriminant analysis reveal that individuals who were high producers of ideas perceived the brainstorming task as more attractive, were low in communication apprehension, and possessed higher ambiguity tolerance than those individuals low in ideational productivity Discussion focuses on the relative importance of the three variables in discriminating between effective and ineffective brainstormers
Spatio-temporal thermal-aware job scheduling to minimize energy consumption in virtualized heterogeneous data centers

Job scheduling in data centers can be considered from a cyber-physical point of view, as it affects the data center's computing performance (i.e. the cyber aspect) and energy efficiency (the physical aspect). Driven by the growing needs to green contemporary data centers, this paper uses recent technological advances in data center virtualization and proposes cyber-physical, spatio-temporal (i.e. start time and servers assigned), thermal-aware job scheduling algorithms that minimize the energy consumption of the data center under performance constraints (i.e. deadlines). Savings are possible by being able to temporally ''spread'' the workload, assign it to energy-efficient computing equipment, and further reduce the heat recirculation and therefore the load on the cooling systems. This paper provides three categories of thermal-aware energy-saving scheduling techniques: (a) FCFS-Backfill-XInt and FCFS-Backfill-LRH, thermal-aware job placement enhancements to the popular first-come first-serve with back-filling (FCFS-backfill) scheduling policy; (b) EDF-LRH, an online earliest deadline first scheduling algorithm with thermal-aware placement; and (c) an offline genetic algorithm for SCheduling to minimize thermal cross-INTerference (SCINT), which is suited for batch scheduling of backlogs. Simulation results, based on real job logs from the ASU Fulton HPC data center, show that the thermal-aware enhancements to FCFS-backfill achieve up to 25% savings compared to FCFS-backfill with first-fit placement, depending on the intensity of the incoming workload, while SCINT achieves up to 60% savings. The performance of EDF-LRH nears that of the offline SCINT for low loads, and it degrades to the performance of FCFS-backfill for high loads. However, EDF-LRH requires milliseconds of operation, which is significantly faster than SCINT, the latter requiring up to hours of runtime depending upon the number and size of submitted jobs. Similarly, FCFS-Backfill-LRH is much faster than FCFS-Backfill-XInt, but it achieves only part of FCFS-Backfill-XInt's savings.
Maternal depression, stress and feeding styles: towards a framework for theory and research in child obesity

Against the background of rising rates of obesity in children and adults in the USA, and modest effect sizes for obesity interventions, the aim of the present narrative review paper is to extend the UNICEF care model to focus on childhood obesity and its associated risks with an emphasis on the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship within the family. Specifically, we extended the UNICEF model by applying the systems approach to childhood obesity and by combining previously unintegrated sets of literature across multiple disciplines including developmental psychology, clinical psychology and nutrition. Specifically, we modified the extended care model by explicitly integrating new linkages (i.e. parental feeding styles, stress, depression and mother's own eating behaviour) that have been found to be associated with the development of children's eating behaviours and risk of childhood obesity. These new linkages are based on studies that were not incorporated into the original UNICEF model, but suggest important implications for childhood obesity. In all, this narrative review offers important advancements to the scientific understanding of familial influences on children's eating behaviours and childhood obesity.
A Joint Vehicle-Vehicle/Vehicle-Roadside Communication Protocol for Highway Traffic Safety

A joint vehicle-vehicle/vehicle-roadside communication protocol is proposed for cooperative collision avoiding in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In this protocol, emergency warning messages are simultaneously transmitted via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Roadside (V2R) communications in order to achieve multipath diversity routing. In addition, to further improve communication reliability and achieve low latency, a Multi-Channel (MC) technique based on two nonoverlapping channels for Vehicle-Vehicle (V2V) and V2R (or R2V) is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed joint V2V/V2R (R2V) communication protocol is capable of improving the message delivery ratio and obtaining low latency, which are very important merits for highway traffic safety.
Total Digital Department: Implementation Strategy

The radiology department of the future will be dramatically different in its operations because of the rapid development of digital radiography devices and image management technology. The introduction of new diagnostic devices such as MRI, CT, and SPECT has given powerful tools to diagnosticians, without changing the basic operational mode of radiology service. Recent advances in computed radiography (CR) and image management and communication systems (IMACS) have made it possible to move a significant portion of radiology service toward a filmless environment. It is increasingly clear that within the next several years a fully automated radiology service, with only a limited use of films, can be achieved. In such an environment the operations of a radiology service may be significantly different from those of a film-based service.
Increasing use of more potent treatments for psoriasis.

Background Psoriasis therapy has evolved during the past 25 years as newer and more effective medications become available. Furthermore, various combination regimens and approaches have been advocated. Objective We sought to describe patterns of psoriasis treatment from 1986 to 2005. Methods Visits to dermatologists for treatment of psoriasis were identified using National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data, a representative survey of visits to physician offices in the United States. We focused on medications listed at these visits during the 1986-to-2005 interval to determine how treatment for psoriasis has changed. Results There were an estimated 23.9 million visits for psoriasis during the 20-year study period. As a category, the most common medications used for psoriasis were topical steroids. Dermatologists are prescribing more potent topical steroids compared with nondermatologists. The use of these potent drugs has increased from 1986 to 2005. There has been growing use of systemic treatments, with biologic therapies introduced in the 2001-to-2005 time period. Limitations National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data represent national trends in psoriasis treatment and cannot be used to evaluate smaller subpopulations of patients with psoriasis. These data are used to speculate why certain trends in treatment are seen. Conclusion The primary treatment for psoriasis in the late 1980s and early 1990s was mid-potency corticosteroids. Since then, the primary therapies for psoriasis have evolved to include class I ultrapotent topical corticosteroids, vitamin-D analogs, and systemic medications such as methotrexate and biologic agents. These changes in psoriasis management are consistent with patient desire for better disease control.
Coordinate Free Tensorial Representation of the Orientation Distribution Function With Harmonic Polynomials

The crystallite orientation distribution function (CODF) is reviewed in terms of classical spherical function representation and more recent coordinate free tensorial representation (CFTR). A CFTR is a Fourier expansion wherein the coefficients are tensors in the three-dimensional space. The equivalence between homogeneous harmonic polynomials of degree k and symmetric and traceless tensors of rank k allows a realization of these tensors by the method of harmonic polynomials. Such a method provides for the rapid assembly of a tensorial representation from microstructural orientation measurement data. The coefficients are determined to twenty-first order and expanded in the form of a crystallite orientation distribution function, and compared with previous calculations.
A summary of Brunhes paleomagnetic field variability recorded in Ocean Drilling Program cores

The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) has recovered many long sediment sequences from around the World that contain medium to high-resolution paleomagnetic records of Brunhes age. These records have provided an important new global view of geomagnetic field variability during ‘stable’ magnetic (dipole) polarity that could not be recovered by conventional terrestrial or deep-sea piston coring. The ODP paleomagnetic records of directional variability can be routinely recovered and used regionally as a very highresolution relative chronostratigraphic tool (±200 yr resolution). ODP paleomagnetic records of Brunhes age relative paleointensity have dramatically improved our understanding of global geomagnetic field intensity. These records document the global-scale pattern of paleointensity and demonstrate its use as a high-resolution relative chronostratigraphic tool that under ideal conditions could have a precision of ±500 yr. ODP paleomagnetic records and associated oxygen isotope chronostratigraphies have also greatly improved our understanding of the number and ages of Brunhes geomagnetic field excursions, and their relationship to normal directional secular variation and paleointensity variability. Although significant progress has been made though ODP paleomagnetic studies of Brunhes-aged sediments, it is clear that more work is needed to further resolve and define the detailed global pattern of Brunhes PSV and its relationship to excursions and true polarity reversals.
The effect of aging on neurohypophyseal function

In healthy adults, secretion of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), is controlled largely by osmotic hemodynamic variables. Osmoregulation is mediated via neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus near but distinct from the neurosecretory cells. By some unknown mechanism, this osmostat is able to detect and respond to very small changes in the plasma concentration of sodium and certain other solutes. The sensitivity of this system varies considerably from person to person but is constant on repeat testing in a given subject. With advancing age, however, the sensitivity of the osmoregulatory system appears to increase progressively. Thus, by the sixth decade, the amount of AVP released per unit increment in plasma osmalality is about twice that secreted by subjects in the third decade. Whether this age related enhancement is due to increased sensitivity of the osmostat per se or to increased neurohypophyseal stores of AVP has not been determined. Aging also appears to affect the baroregulation of AVP but in the opposite direction. Whereas healthy young adults subjected to moderate hypovolemia and/or hypotension invariably exhibit pronounced increases in AVP secretion, the same or a greater hemodynamic stimulus evokes no AVP response in almost half of all subjects over 68 years of age. The lack of AVP response is not due to detects in the neurohypophysis or baroreceptor per se because osmotically mediated AVP release and orthostatically induced catecholamine release are normal to super normal in healthy elderly subjects. Thus, the age related defect in baroregulation probably is located in one or more pathways between the vasomotor center and neurohypophysis. Preliminary data suggests it is associated with abnormalities in the control of basal and orthostatic blood pressure and may also be linked to the age related change in osmoregulatory function. The predilection of elderly subjects to disorders of salt and water balance may be due in part to these age related alterations in neurohypophyseal regulation.
Inductive Reasoning in Psychometrics: A Philosophical Corrective.

Abstract A brief historical overview of inductive logic is presented, and the logic of enumerative induction is discussed in its two generalized forms: rule-derivative and event-predictive. The psychometric tradition and experimental studies in induction are briefly recapitulated to indicate that they have not included event-predictive induction, that probabilities have not been prevalently included in rule-generative induction, and that the linguistic medium might be utilized more fully in the inductive area. An experimental test model designed in order to address these considerations is discussed. This test model of event-predictive induction in the linguistic medium was administered to a large sample of college graduates. Statistical characteristics of the tests and items were very satisfactory when compared to operational subtests. The theoretical significance of the study for future psychometric and experimental investigations in induction is discussed.
VAGUE GROUPS AND Ω-VAGUE GROUPS

Given a group G, we show how one can define a vague group structure on G via a chain of subgroups of G. We discuss how a group homomorphism f from a vague group X onto a group Y induces a vague group structure on Y with f satisfying the vague homomorphism property. The notion of Ω-vague groups is introduced, where Ω is a fuzzy subset. The direct product G1 × G2 of two vague groups and the internal vague direct product of subgroups of a vague group is introduced.
Role of Ubiquitin-Like Protein FAT10 in Epithelial Apoptosis in Renal Disease

Dysregulated apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) is an important component of the pathogenesis of several renal diseases, including HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), the most common cause of chronic kidney failure in HIV-infected patients. In HIVAN, RTEC become infected by HIV-1 in a focal distribution, and HIV-1 infection has been shown to induce apoptosis in vitro. In microarray studies that used a novel renal tubular epithelial cell line from a patient with HIVAN, it was found that the ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 is one of the most upregulated genes in HIV-infected cells. Previously, FAT10 was shown to induce apoptosis in murine fibroblasts. The expression of FAT10 in HIVAN and the ability of FAT10 to induce apoptosis in human RTEC therefore were studied. This study revealed that FAT10 expression is induced after infection of RTEC by HIV-1 and that expression of FAT10 induces apoptosis in RTEC in vitro. Moreover, it was found that inhibition of endogenous FAT10 expression abrogated HIV-induced apoptosis of RTEC. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated increased FAT10 expression in a murine model of HIVAN, in HIVAN biopsy samples, and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, another renal disease that is characterized by cystic tubular enlargement and epithelial apoptosis. These results suggest a novel role for FAT10 in epithelial apoptosis, which is an important component of the pathogenesis of many renal diseases.
Twister: a space-warp operator for the two-handed editing of 3D shapes

A free-form deformation that warps a surface or solid may be specified in terms of one or several point-displacement constraints that must be interpolated by the deformation. The Twister approach introduced here, adds the capability to impose an orientation change, adding three rotational constraints, at each displaced point. Furthermore, it solves for a space warp that simultaneously interpolates two sets of such displacement and orientation constraints. With a 6 DoF magnetic tracker in each hand, the user may grab two points on or near the surface of an object and simultaneously drag them to new locations while rotating the trackers to tilt, bend, or twist the shape near the displaced points. Using a new formalism based on a weighted average of screw displacements, Twister computes in realtime a smooth deformation, whose effect decays with distance from the grabbed points, simultaneously interpolating the 12 constraints. It is continuously applied to the shape, providing realtime graphic feedback. The two-hand interface and the resulting deformation are intuitive and hence offer an effective direct manipulation tool for creating or modifying 3D shapes.
Towards a monitoring method and a number of multifaceted and hierarchical biodiversity indicators for urban and suburban parks

In this paper we develop a method for the general monitoring of the biodiversity in (sub)urban parks. The method works along two lines, that of habitat diversity and that of species diversity. On the habitat level we measure the diversity in so called ‘habitat units’. These units are divided in planar, linear and punctual elements. For each category we calculate a Shannon‐ Wiener diversity index and a saturation index. The latter is the ratio of the diversity index compared to the maximum diversity possible. On the species level we use the species number and diversity index of vascular plants, as measured in random sampling plots of 100 m 2 (for trees and shrubs) and 4 m 2 (for herbaceous vegetation). In addition, we also use the species number of butterflies, amphibians and breeding birds. These numbers are compared with the total species number in Flanders, resulting in a saturation index per park for butterflies, amphibians and breeding birds. In this way 20 biodiversity indicators are obtained. The proposed method was applied to the municipal park of Loppem (West-Flanders, Belgium), from which the necessary time budget has been calculated. Since it is the first application of a new method and no reference to other parks is available, the proposed bioindicators have been compared with criteria given in the literature on the selection of biodiversity indicators. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Ideological Mutation and Millennial Belief in the American Neo-Nazi Movement

This article examines the process of ideological change that accompanied the evolution of the American neo-Nazi movement. The movement's psychological worldview has historically been dominated by a catastrophic millennial outlook that looks forward to the destruction of an environing order perceived to be degraded and beyond hope for renewal. By the 1970s, however, certain organizational changes had taken place in the movement that led to its fracture along separate philosophical tracks. While the millennial underpinnings of the American neo-Nazi movement's belief structure remained largely intact, highly idiosyncratic versions of the neoNazi Aryan myth began to emerge at this time. The ideological mutations that occurred came as a result of neo-Nazi groups adopting a "cultic milieu" existence in society's fringe underground of deviant beliefs. British sociologist Colin Campbell's overlooked theoretical concept of the cultic milieu may provide new insights into the process of ideological transformation in...
Cue Competition Effects: Empirical Tests of Adaptive Network Learning Models

The ability to predict future consequences on the basis of previous experience with the current set of environmental cues is one of the most fundamental of all cognitive processes. This study investigated how the validity of one cue influences the effectiveness of another cue for predicting a criterion. The results demonstrate a cue competition effect—increasing the validity of one cue decreased the effectiveness of another cue in a linear prediction task, even though the two cues were statistically independent.
Modeling the effects of temperature and moisture on soil enzyme activity: Linking laboratory assays to continuous field data

Abstract Although potential enzyme activity measurements have a long history of use as an indicator of microbial activity, current methods do not provide accurate estimates of in situ activity. In the field, diffusion rates typically limit the rate at which enzymes can pair with substrates. However, the common laboratory practice of creating soil slurries removes all diffusion constraints. In addition, temperature strongly affects in situ enzyme activities, but is rarely considered in enzyme assays. To address these limitations, we developed a new protocol to measure the moisture and temperature sensitivity of enzyme activities. We incorporated sensitivity data obtained using this protocol into a model to estimate the effects of temperature and moisture on in situ β-glucosidase enzyme activity, recognizing that other factors such as substrate concentrations and diffusion constraints also affect in situ enzyme activities. Soil samples were collected from the Boston-Area Climate Experiment every two weeks over a 10-week period to track enzyme dynamics as field temperature and moisture changed. Precipitation inputs to an old-field were manipulated to produce drought (50% ambient precipitation), ambient, and wet (150% ambient precipitation) treatments. Temperature sensitivity of β-glucosidase was determined by assaying for the enzyme in soil slurries at three different temperatures (15, 25 and 35 °C). Moisture sensitivity was determined by exposing soils to different moisture levels in the lab and adding substrate to homogenized dry or moist soils instead of slurries. Temperature sensitivity was calculated as Q 10 and moisture sensitivity was calculated using a linear regression for each field treatment at each sample collection date. Moisture sensitivity varied significantly among the five sample dates and treatments, whereas temperature sensitivity remained stable. At almost every time point, β-glucosidase activity responded more strongly to increased moisture in soils of drought plots than in soils of ambient and wet plots. We estimated in situ β-glucosidase activity in the fall using the temperature and moisture sensitivities. Estimates that used only temperature or only moisture sensitivity suggested that ambient plots had the highest activity, followed by wet and then drought plots. Estimates based on both temperature and moisture suggested that β-glucosidase activity responded primarily to changes in temperature, except when soils were dry, with water potentials below −1 MPa. These results demonstrate that low soil moisture can strongly limit in situ enzyme activity in soils, negating any positive effect of warming. This study provides a template for parsing out the role of specific abiotic drivers on in situ enzyme activities, which could lead to the explicit incorporation of enzymes in biogeochemical models, improving upon the ability of current models to predict rates of biogeochemical processes in dynamic environments.
Multi-focal evaluation and establishment of primary care for recently incarcerated women.

Background Individuals recently released from incarceration face challenges while accessing primary medical care, mental health care, addiction treatment, and medication [1]. Furthermore, women are the fastest growing incarcerated population and have additional health risks, such as histories of trauma, high-risk sexual behaviors, and increased risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis C [2]. Re-entering individuals often resort to emergency rooms, where they will not obtain adequate long-term strategies for treatment. Primary care clinics have been established for patients with substance abuse [3], with recent recommendations to add mental health care [2]. We examined effects of a transitions primary care clinic for recently released women housed in a department of psychiatry at an academic medical center.
Incomplete EHR Adoption: Late Uptake of Patient Safety and Cost Control Functions

Many functions important to realizing the full potential from electronic health records (EHRs) may not be selected by all physicians using EHRs in the ambulatory setting. This article examines the extent to which EHR systems used by Florida physicians include functionalities that the Institute of Medicine has designated as being critical for optimal performance. Results indicate that EHR systems used by recent adopters, when compared with early adopters, appear to be missing key patient safety and cost control functions. Overall, many physicians are only partially adopting EHR technologies, suggesting that published adoption rates may be exaggerating the true rate of diffusion.
Incidental discovery of a rare single coronary artery anomaly by cardiac multidetector computed tomography.

b A 37-year-old woman presented to the emergency artment (ED) with atypical substernal chest tightne here were no associated symptoms, and the discomfort ot radiate nor was it related to exertion. Examina lectrocardiogram (ECG), and laboratory studies, includi ardiac enzymes and D-dimer, were within normal lim hile in the ED, the patient underwent cardiac CT as f a research study, using tube current modulation to min mize exposure. CT images showed the absence of therosclerotic plaque, cine images showed norm lobal and regional left ventricular function, and no ndocardial perfusion defects were present. Of inter o right coronary artery ostium was visualized in atient. It was instead discovered that the patient h ingle coronary artery originating from the left sinu alsalva (Fig. 1). After branching from the left main he left anterior descending artery, the left circum
Partitioning: The multi-model framework for estimation and control, I: Estimation

Partitioning, the multi-model framework for estimation, and control introduced by Lainiotis [1–26], constitutes the unifying and powerful framework for optimal estimation and control, for linear as well as nonlinear problems. Partitioning is the natural setting for estimation problems, since it decomposes the original estimation problem into a set of estimation problems of considerably reduced complexity, the optimal or suboptimal estimators of which are far easier to derive and, most importantly, they are far easier to implement. Using the partitioning approach, estimation problems are treated from a global viewpoint that readily yields and unifies previous, seemingly unrelated, results, and most” importantly, yields fundamentally new classes of optimal and suboptimal estimation formulas in a naturally decoupled, parallel-realization form. The partitioning estimation formulas are of considerable theoretical significance. They provide insight into the nature of estimation problems, and the structure of the resulting estimators. Most importantly, the partitioning estimation formulas yield realizations of optimal and suboptimal estimators, both filters and smoothers, that have significantly reduced complexity, that are computationally attractive, and numerically robust, and whose practical implementation may be done in a pipeline or parallel-processing mode. Indeed, the flexible structure of the partitioning estimation algorithms affords a wide variety of serial-parallel processing combinations that can meet the computational and storage constraints of a large class of practical applications, especially realtime ones.
Stem Cells as Vehicles for Youthful Regeneration of Aged Tissues

Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative therapies for a wide spectrum of diseases and disorders of aging by virtue of their ability to regenerate tissues and contribute to their homeostasis. Aging is associated with a marked decline in these functionalities of adult stem cells. As such, regeneration of aged tissues is both less efficient and less effective than that of young tissues. Recent studies have revealed the remarkably dynamic responses of stem cells to systemic signals, including the ability of “youthful” factors in the blood of young animals to enhance the functionality of aged stem cells. Thus, there is much hope that even aged stem cells retain a remarkable regenerative potential if provided with the correct cues and environment to engage in tissue repair. The overall focus of the presentations of this session is to address the determinants of changes in stem cell functionality with age, the key characteristics of stem cells in aged tissues, the extent to which those characteristics are capable of being rejuvenated and by what signals, and the potential for stem cell therapeutics for chronic diseases and acute injuries in aged individuals.
Development of Theory of Democratic Administration.

In recent years various theories of “democratic administration” have been developed. These theories differ in their origins, their motivation, their sophistication. Some have been crudely forged in the heat of administration; some are finely-machined products of scholarship. Some pertain especially to private administration, others have been developed for public administration, while still others cut across this conventional division.These theories of democratic administration constitute a significant development in political thought. However crude and limited some of them may be, they open new areas to be explored in the development of democratic ideology; whatever their limitations, they are constructive efforts to adapt an ethic in which we believe to the contemporary world. If administration is indeed “the core of modern government,” then a theory of democracy in the twentieth century must embrace administration. I wish to sketch the background of administrative thought and history against which theories of democratic administration are seen in perspective; to review briefly some of these theories; and to comment upon the prospects and problems of the further development of theory of democratic administration.
Cerebral revascularization using cadaveric vein grafts

Abstract Background Use of cadaveric cryopreserved saphenous vein grafts (CSVGs) has been described for peripheral vascular and coronary revascularization. The aim of this study is to recognize CSVGs as a potential alternative to autologous conduits for extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass in patients without available or suitable saphenous vein graft or radial artery. We report the short-term patency rate of CSVGs in EC-IC bypass. Methods We present our preliminary experience in 10 patients using CSVG for cerebral revascularization. Data regarding operative indications, patient demographics, and bypass patency were collected. Results The average age was 56 years old with equal sex distribution. The indications for the procedure were giant aneurysms in 7 patients, medically refractory vertebrobasilar ischemia in 2, and a skull base tumor in 1. ABO/Rh blood group compatible CSVG was used in each case. Postoperative angiography demonstrated patency in all cases. Quantitative magnetic resonance angiography was performed in 8 patients, demonstrating a mean bypass flow of 109 mL/min ± 19 mL/min (mean ± SE). Conclusions Use of CSVG for EC-IC bypass has not previously been reported. In our series, the short-term patency rate was 100%, better than that found in cardiac and peripheral vascular series, possibly because of the higher flow in EC-IC bypasses. Our preliminary experience suggests that CSVGs may be an option in patients without available autologous conduits, although longer follow-up is needed to assess long-term patency.
Dynamic sensor-based fault detection for robots

Fault detection and fault tolerance are increasingly important for robots in space or hazardous environments due to the dangerous and often inaccessible nature of these environs. We have previously developed algorithms to enable robots to autonomously cope with failures of critical sensors and motors. Typically, the detection thresholds used in such algorithms to mask out model and sensor errors are empirically determined and are based on a specific robot trajectory. We have noted, however, that the effect of model and sensor inaccuracy fluctuates dynamically as the robot moves and as failures occur. The thresholds, therefore, need to be more dynamic and respond to the changes in the robot system so as to maintain an optimal bound for sensing real failures in the system versus misalignment due to modeling errors. In this paper, we analyze the reachable measurement intervals method of computing dynamic thresholds and explore its applicability to robotic fault detection.
Aspects in the industry standard AADL

Aspect-Oriented Modeling is aimed at reducing the complexity of models by separating its different concerns. In model-based development of embedded systems this separation of concerns is more important given the multiple non-functional concerns addressed by embedded systems. These concerns can include timeliness, fault-tolerance, and security to name a few. The Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) is a standard architecture description language to design and evaluate software architectures for embedded systems already in use by a number of organizations around the world. In this paper we discuss our current effort to extend the language to include new features for separation of concerns. These features not only include constructs to describe design choices but also routines to verify the proper combination of constructs from different concerns. This verification includes techniques and tools from the formal methods arena integrated into the AADL development tool providing a seamless design flow. We believe that work in this direction is fundamental to tackle the potential combinatorial explosion problem of verifying the merging of multiple concerns into a final system.
SPA: A Comprehensive Framework for Hybrid Solution Provisioning

With the emerging technologies like cloud computing and internet scale data centers, radically simplified deployment approaches are critical for the success of the even more complicated solutions. Although there have been many traditional solution deployment approaches, each of them mainly focuses on particular software type or product. In this paper, we propose the next generation solution deployment paradigm as hybrid solution deployment, which enables fast solution deployment from bare metal mode to production mode based on today’s state-of-the-art provisioning tools. Solution Provisioning Automation (SPA) framework is our practice of such deployment paradigm. In SPA, we use solution template to capture the solution components and their dependencies, which exposes only the necessary parameters for users to customize. Provisioning Requests are placed through reservations and scheduled globally for execution. The SPA engine receives provisioning requests from scheduler, interprets the solution template, manages provisioning tasks and performs runtime logging. We also present a real world case to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child

Abstract The stress response systems of the human child are highly sensitive to social challenges. Because stress hormones can have negative developmental and health consequences, this presents an evolutionary paradox: Why would natural selection have favored mechanisms that elevate stress hormone levels in response to psychosocial stimuli? Two complementary hypotheses are considered: (a) maladaptation to the novelty of chronic stress in social environments, and (b) adaptive neural reorganization that facilitates the ontogeny of social competencies. Data on salivary cortisol, morbidity, and social environment from an 18 year study of child health in a rural community on the island of Dominica are examined from the perspective of these alternative hypotheses. Results indicate that difficult family environments and traumatic events are associated with elevated cortisol levels and higher morbidity. The long-term effects of traumatic early experiences on cortisol profiles are complex and indicate domain-specific effects, with normal recovery from physical stressors, but heightened response to negative-affect social challenges.