cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Well-Being in India: A Historical and Anthropological Report

This chapter summarizes various conceptions of well-being in South Asia from ancient to modern times, with an emphasis on India. The article is divided into three broad areas: (1) ancient, classical, and premodern India; (2) well-being in post-independence India according to the anthropological record; and (3) general conceptions of well-being in modern India. The first section draws from the prescriptive frames of the classical Sanskrit literature on behavior, governance, medicine, and ritual, as well as on descriptions found in classical literature, art, and poetry. Key texts cited include the Bhagavad Gītā and the Laws of Manu. In addition to brahmanical or Hindu texts and practices from all periods, we examine Islam and popular culture. Notions of well-being of all periods are clustered around comfort, a common good (which usually extends only to the edges of one’s own social or religious community), status, and wealth. However, religious ideals are also a part of well-being, often superseding wealth and modifying position. Well-being is also reflected in marriage practices, the dynamics of caste, recognition that the notion of the individual is constituted differently in India than in the West, and in public religious rituals to secure well-being. Finally, we trace the development of neoliberalism in India and its impact on the modern notions of well-being.
Linear-Phase Lattice FIR Digital Filter Architectures Using Stochastic Logic

This paper presents novel architectures for linear-phase FIR digital filters using stochastic computing. Stochastic computing systems require fewer logic gates and are inherently fault-tolerant. Thus, these structures are well suited for nanoscale CMOS technologies. Compared to direct-form linear-phase FIR filters, linear-phase lattice filters require twice the number of multipliers but the same number of adders. The hardware complexities of stochastic implementations of linear-phase FIR filters for direct-form and lattice structures are comparable. This is because multipliers do not require any more area than adders. Two stochastic implementations of lattice FIR filters are proposed in this paper. Using speech signals from ICA ’99 Synthetic Benchmarks, it is shown that, for linear-phase FIR filters, the signal-to-error ratios of stochastic direct-form and stochastic lattice filters are abou the same.
Quantitative Computed Tomography Ventriculography for Assessment and Monitoring of Hydrocephalus: A Pilot Study and Description of Method in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Abstract Background There is no facile quantitative method for monitoring hydrocephalus (HCP). Objective We propose quantitative CT ventriculography (qCTV) as a novel computer vision tool for empirically assessing HCP in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods Twenty patients with SAH who were evaluated for ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement were selected for inclusion. Ten patients with normal CT head (CTH) were analyzed as negative controls. CTH scans were segmented both manually and automatically (qCTV) to generate measures of ventricular volume. Results Median manually calculated ventricular volume was 36.1cm 3 (IQR 30-115cm 3 ), which was similar to a median qCTV measured volume of 37.5cm 3 (IQR 32-118cm 3 ) (p=0.796). Patients undergoing VPS placement demonstrated an increase in ventricular volume on qCTV from 21cm 3 to 40cm 3 on Day T-2, and 51cm 3 by Day 0, a change of 144%. This contrasts with patients who did not require shunting whose ventricular volumes decreased from 16cm 3 to 14cm 3 on Day T-2, and 13cm 3 by Day 0, with an average overall decrease in volume of 19% (p=0.001). Average change in ventricular volume predicted which patients would require VPS placement, successfully identifying 7/10 patients (p=0.004). Using an optimized cutoff of change in ventricular volume of 2.5cm 3 identified all patients who went on to require VPS placement (10/10, p=0.011). Conclusions qCTV is a reliable means of quantifying ventricular volume and hydrocephalus. This technique offers a new tool for monitoring neurosurgical patients for hydrocephalus, and may be beneficial for use in future research studies as well as the routine care of patients with hydrocephalus.
3.1 Certification and Compliance Considerations for Aircraft Products with Composite Materials

Certification of composite structures in civil aviation can be a challenging process. The applicant must first understand the certification process, recognizing that the Faa only certifies products and articles. Then the applicant must address technical challenges with the composite structures, which are generally a non-standard technology. Lastly, the applicant must understand the expectations in meeting the requirements for strength, fatigue and damage tolerance, flammability, crashworthiness, and other regulations, and the means of compliance that are unique to composite materials. The primary source of guidance for meeting these regulations is contained the FAA Advisory Circular AC 20-107B. This chapter further explains the expectations and provides some background information as to how and why the guidance was developed.
Association between Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia and Learning and Behavioral Outcomes in a Population-based Birth Cohort.

Background Exposure of young animals to general anesthesia (GA) causes neurodegeneration and lasting behavioral abnormalities; whether these findings translate to children remains unclear. This study used a population-based birth cohort to test the hypothesis that multiple, but not single, exposures to procedures requiring GA prior to age 3 years are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Notes on Documentation

Almost all programs in this book have been written in the guarded command notation, with the addition of multiple assignment, procedure call and procedure declaration. To execute the programs on a computer usually requires translation into Pascal, PL/I, FORTRAN or another implemented language. Nevertheless, it still makes sense to use the guarded command notation because the method of program development is so intertwined with it. Remember Principle 18.3.11: program into a programming language, not in it.
‘Austrian Thought and Fascism’: ‘The Victory of Fascism in a Number of Countries Is Only an Episode in the Long Series of Struggles Over the Problem of Property’

Two concepts of civilisation revolve around the extent of power—should it be separated or concentrated? Liberalism in the non-Austrian classical tradition remains fearful of power concentrated in the hands of government, labour unions or corporations; Red Terrorists sought to monopolise power to liquidate enemies and competitors as a prelude to utopia (the ‘withering away of the State’); and behind the ‘slogan of liberty,’ White Terror promoters (Mises and Hayek) sought to concentrate power in the hands of a ‘dictatorial democracy’ where henchmen would liquidate enemies and—‘guided’ by ‘utopia’ (the ‘spontaneous’ order)—follow orders from their social superiors. In his mendacious Memoirs (which he denied having written), Mises—from the safety of neutral Manhattan—described the motto which had underpinned his life: ‘Do not give in to evil, but proceed ever more boldly against it.’ A few months before, he had abandoned Europe to the ‘Fascists’ (including ‘Hitler’) who he claimed had ‘saved European civilization. The merit that Fascism has thereby won for itself will live on eternally in history.’ Contrary to the Mont Pelerin Society ‘consistent doctrine,’ the evidence reveals that both ‘Fascism’ and anti-Semitism were endemic within the Austrian School of Economics—which continues to maintain a ‘united front’ with ‘Neo-Nazis.’ This chapter examines both the utopian personality characteristics of the ‘worst inferior mediocrities’ that Hayek recruited so as to provide the ‘effective framework for a functioning spontaneous order’; and also his support of the Operation Condor dictatorships that were, he asserted, reconstructing that ‘spontaneous’ order.
Cloud Computing Algebraic Homomorphic Encryption Scheme

Although cloud computing is growing rapidly, a key challenge is to build confidence that the cloud can handle data securely. Data is migrated to the cloud after encryption. However, this data must be decrypted before carrying out any calculations; which can be considered as a security breach. Homomorphic encryption solved this problem by allowing different operations to be conducted on encrypted data and the result will come out encrypted as well. In this paper, we propose the application of Algebraic Homomorphic Encryption Scheme based on Fermat's Little Theorem on cloud computing for better security.
Adatom diffusion along and down island steps

During thin film deposition, an adatom diffuses on a flat island, down the island, or along edges of the island. Away from the flat region, the adatom generally experiences an extra migration energy – the Schwoebel-Ehrlich (ES) barrier as it has been referred as. Recently, we have proposed the concept of three-dimensional (3D) ES barrier – the facet-facet diffusion barrier. In this Letter, we propose another new concept – the step-facet barrier, with an emphasis on diffusion along the step edge. Based on these two new developments, we generalize the model of diffusion barriers near edges of islands, by classifying them as horizontal or vertical, and one to three dimensions.
Denoising PET Images Using Singular Value Thresholding and Stein’s Unbiased Risk Estimate

Image denoising is an important pre-processing step for accurately quantifying functional morphology and measuring activities of the tissues using PET images. Unlike structural imaging modalities, PET images have two difficulties: (1) the Gaussian noise model does not necessarily fit into PET imaging because the exact nature of noise propagation in PET imaging is not well known, and (2) PET images are low resolution; therefore, it is challenging to denoise them while preserving structural information. To address these two difficulties, we introduce a novel methodology for denoising PET images. The proposed method uses the singular value thresholding concept and Stein’s unbiased risk estimate to optimize a soft thresholding rule. Results, obtained from 40 MRI-PET images, demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to denoise PET images successfully, while still maintaining the quantitative information.
Implications of World Suffering for Human Progress

After reviewing definitions of suffering, this chapter offers a framework and typology of suffering that can accommodate the diversity of thought and research on suffering. Estimates of suffering prevalence follow. The remainder of the chapter summarizes the content of each of the first four parts of the volume: (I) suffering’s challenge to humanity, humanitarianism, and human rights; (II) caregivers and care receivers; (III) quality of life (QOL) and its measurement; (IV) QOL and community. The last part, Part V—on the future—is left for the last chapter.
Coping with Chronic Illness and Disability

More than 85% of older adults suffer from at least one chronic illness, and approximately 50% must cope with at least two chronic illnesses. Unfortunately, most health care providers fail to discuss the impact of those illnesses upon sexual functioning. A variety of ailments, such as arthritis, chronic pain, stroke, high blood pressure, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia can impinge upon an older adult’s sexual functioning directly. Sometimes treatment for the disorder can prove as detrimental to sexual functioning as the disorder itself. For example, medications commonly prescribed to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, depression, and schizophrenia can significantly alter the sexual response cycle and even cause ED. In other instances such as with incontinence or recovery after a heart attack, embarrassment and fear may prevent clients from expressing their sexuality. The experience of sexual trauma or disfiguring surgeries certainly has the potential to impact negatively on older adults’ sex lives. Clear recommendations are offered to help clients suffering from chronic illnesses to regain sexual function and enjoyment (e.g., clients suffering from arthritis can consider alternative positions such as lying side- by- side, and electric blankets and heating pads can help soothe muscles and minimize pain), and detailed information about the potential side -effects of various prescription medications is offered. In sum, open communication and psychoeducation about sexual functioning for middle-aged and older clients with chronic illness represent a key to more successful coping.
Development of Vitamin D Toxicity from Overcorrection of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Review of Case Reports

Over the past two decades, vitamin D level measurements have become some of the most frequently ordered tests in the laboratory. This increase is due to a growing awareness of widespread vitamin D deficiency and scientific data suggesting the beneficial effects of vitamin D in various diseases. A literature search was carried out in PubMed for cases reporting vitamin D intoxication and overdose. Thirteen articles were included in this review. Intoxication was severe in the reported cases. Patients presented with serum vitamin D concentrations ranging between 150 and 1220 ng/mL and serum calcium concentrations between 11.1 and 23.1 mg/dL. Most of the reported patients showed symptoms of vitamin D toxicity such as vomiting, dehydration, pain, and loss of appetite. The underlying causes included manufacturing errors, overdosing by patients or prescribers, and combinations of these factors. Our literature search highlights the fact that even though vitamin D intoxication is rare, it does occur and therefore patients and prescribers should be more cognizant of the potential dangers of vitamin D overdose.
Adolescent Use of Different E-cigarette Products.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the characteristics of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) used by adolescents. Understanding the product landscape of adolescent e-cigarette use may inform counseling and policy strategies. METHODS: Results are from 13 651 adolescents in wave 1 and 12 172 adolescents in wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative longitudinal study. Past 30-day regular e-cigarettes users were asked about the characteristics of the e-cigarette they used most of the time. RESULTS: In waves 1 and 2, 2.1% and 2.8% of adolescents were regular users in the past 30 days, respectively. These adolescents more often used rechargeable rather than disposable devices (wave 1: 76.0%; wave 2: 82.9%) and refillable rather than nonrefillable devices (wave 1: 66.6%; wave 2: 84.4%) and tended not to use cartridge systems (wave 1: 33.7%; wave 2: 30.5%). Most adolescent past 30-day users (wave 1: 87.5%; wave 2: 89.4%) reported using flavored e-cigarettes. An increased frequency of use was associated with the use of rechargeable (wave 1 adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.7; wave 2 aOR: 2.7) and refillable e-cigarettes (wave 1 aOR: 2.0; wave 2 aOR: 2.7; P CONCLUSIONS: Most adolescents use open-system e-cigarettes, and frequent users are even more likely to use open-system e-cigarettes. The majority of regular users use rechargeable devices that are refillable. A change in product preferences across waves suggests a starter product phenomenon, with a graduation to products that have weaker quality controls and may increase health risks.
Lipemia Retinalis, Macular Edema, and Vision Loss in a Diabetic Patient with a History of Type IV Hypertriglyceridemia and Pancreatitis.

Background Lipemia retinalis is a rare but known complication of elevated serum triglycerides. This case describes the clinical course of a diabetic patient who presented with lipemia retinalis and macular edema, which responded to systemic and local treatments. Case report A 40-year-old female with a history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and pancreatitis presented with decreased vision in the left eye. She had peripapillary and macular edema, intraretinal hemorrhages, and prominent exudates in the setting of lipemia retinalis due to type IV hypertriglyceridemia. She was treated with serial intravitreal bevacizumab injections for macular edema and systemic lipid lowering therapy, and her visual acuity improved back to baseline. Conclusions In the setting of lipemia retinalis and hypertriglyceridemia, the current patient developed macular edema and vision loss. The macular edema was treated with intravitreal injections of bevacizumab, and the patient experienced a rapid recovery of visual acuity.
The Social Desirability of Rallying ’Round the Flag

Identifying the sincerity of shifts in public opinion is difficult: survey settings involve social pressure to provide seemingly popular answers. Names for newborn children in the United States provide an alternative, behavioral measure that can indicate the presence of social-desirability bias. First names typically exceed middle names in visibility and hence sensitivity to social-desirability effects. First names should therefore be more likely to change when name-givers wish to conform to widespread sentiments they do not share. This hypothesis is explored during foreign-policy crises (rallies): French-derived first, but not middle, names declined as anti-French sentiment rose around the 2003 Iraq War, yet no analogous divergence emerged after the 11 September 2001 attacks. Treating all rallies as equally meaningful may then produce misleading analyses of public opinion; seeming waves in political views may reflect conformist dissimulation rather than actual attitudes.
Research within physical oceanography and submarine geology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during April 1941 to April 1942

Again emphasis will be placed on the activities in the fields of physical and chemical oceanography and submarine geology, although researches within the biological sciences play a prominent part at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The compilation and discussion of field-data and the studies in the laboratory were greatly facilitated until the end of December 1941 by assistance obtained from the Work Projects Administration Project No. 65-1-07-2317.
The value of serial newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism using thyroxine (T4) in the neonatal intensive care unit

To evaluate the role of serial newborn screening of congenital hypothyroidism using thyroxine (T4) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Newborn screen results were reviewed from a single academic NICU during 2007–2016 (n = 6100). Thyroid function levels were reviewed in patients treated for hypothyroidism during that period. Duration of treatment was followed after discharge. Overall incidence of treated hypothyroidism was 1:103 with increasing incidence inversely related to birth weight. Among treated infants (n = 59), initial newborn screen demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 74.1% and 84.9%, respectively; second screen demonstrated rates of 85.7% and 76.1%, respectively. Based on follow-up data, prevalence of permanent congenital hypothyroidism in our NICU population was 1:870 (n = 7); two patients would have been missed with a single screen. Abnormal T4 on newborn screening is common for preterm neonates. Higher rates of permanent congenital hypothyroidism highlight the need for screening beyond the newborn screen.
Phosphorylation of tyrosine 656 in topoisomerase IIβ is required for enzymatic activity and anti-tumor drug sensitivity

3144 The topoisomerase (topo) II α and β isozymes catalyze topological changes in DNA by creating transient double-stranded breaks. Although the topo IIα and topo IIβ isozymes are homologous they exhibit distinct patterns of expression and cellular distribution, suggesting that these enzymes are involved in different cellular functions. Several studies have implicated that the functional activity of topo II α and β is regulated by post-translational modification, in particular protein phosphorylation. While both isozymes are phosphorylated, most studies have focused on site-specific phosphorylation of topo IIα. To determine the role of site-specific phosphorylation of topo IIβ, in the present study we evaluated in vivo phosphorylation sites of topo IIβ in human leukemia HL-60 and colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells. Topo IIβ from these cells was immunoprecipitated and purified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phosphorylation sites were then identified by LC-MS/MS following tryptic digestion of the purified protein or cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragments. Using this procedure we were able to identify four phosphopeptides, tyrosine (Y) 656, serine (S) 1395, threonine (T) 1426 and S1545. With the exception of Y656, which was identified in tryptic digests of the CNBr fragment containing this residue, all other phosphopeptides were identified in tryptic digests of the full length protein. The functional significance of Y656, T1426 and S1545 was determined by mutating the tyrosine residue to phenylalanine (F) or the serine/threonine residue to alanine (A) and comparing the enzymatic activity of purified mutant recombinant β to purified wild type (WT) recombinant topo IIβ expressed in the S. cerevesiae strain BJ201. Our results demonstrated that mutant Y656F topo IIβ was >4-fold less active in decatenating kinetoplast (k) DNA compared to the WT protein. In contrast the decatenating activity of mutant T1426A, S1545A or double mutant T1426A plus S1545A topo IIβ did not significantly differ from that of WT topo IIβ. Comparison of Y656F mutant topo IIβ and WT topo IIβ for drug (amsacrine or etoposide) stabilized topo IIβ-DNA-cleavable complex formation in vitro revealed that Y656F topo IIβ was >3-fold less effective in forming a stable complex. Similarly, differences in in vivo drug sensitivity were observed when topo IIβ-deficient HL-60 cells, that are normally resistant to the topo IIβ-targeting drug mitoxantrone, were transfected with WT or mutant Y656F topo IIβ. Treatment of WT topo IIβ expressing cells with mitoxantrone led to >80 apoptosis, whereas treatment of mutant Y656F topo IIβ expressing cells resulted in
Effect of a cereal and milk meal with or without fruits and nuts on the postprandial glycemic response in Indian men

Background and Objectives: Some cereals, consumed at breakfast, have shown lower glycemic responses. Limited data exist in the Indian context, where the effect could be modified due to genetic or racial differences. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cereal and milk, with or without fruits/nuts, on the glycemic response in healthy Indian men. Methods and Study Design: A randomized cross-over study was carried out on 16 men (18 - 45 years), with 3 interventions providing equal amounts of glycemic carbohydrate: a glucose drink (Reference), cereal and milk (CM), and cereal, milk, fruits and nuts (CMO), on separate days. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, C-peptide, ghrelin, energy expenditure (EE), substrate oxidation and appetite/satiety were measured repeatedly over 3 hours post meal. Results: A significant time effect and time x meal interaction between the meals, higher for the Reference meal, was observed for plasma glucose (p＜0.001), insulin (p＜0.001), C-peptide (p＜0.001), and carbohydrate oxidation (p＜0.001); while lower for satiety (p＜0.001). The plasma glucose concentrations of CM and CMO meals returned to baseline 60 min postprandially, then remained there, unlike the Reference meal, where the plasma glucose values returned to baseline at 120 min and dipped significantly below baseline at 150 and 180 min. A significant effect of time (p＜0.001) was observed for EE between meals. Ghrelin levels did not differ significantly between the test meals. Conclusions: Cereal with milk, along with fruits and nuts at breakfast, has a lower and stable glycemic response, along with increased satiety among healthy male subjects.
Reproducibility and Experimental Design for Machine Learning on Audio and Multimedia Data

This tutorial provides an actionable perspective on the experimental design for machine learning experiments on multimedia data. The tutorial consists of lectures and hands-on exercises. The lectures provide an engineering introduction to machine learning design. By understanding the information flow and quantities in the scientific process, machine learners can be designed to be more efficient and their limits can be easier understood. The thought framework presented is derived from the traditional experimental sciences which require published results to be self-contained with regards to reproducibility. In the practical exercises, we will work on calculating and measuring quantities like Memory Equivalent Capacity or generalization ratio for different machine learners and data sets and discuss how these quantities relate to reproducible experimental design.
Introducing KASTER as a Vehicle for Communicating Your Professional Qualifications

With the advent of Behavioral Interviews, the interview process has become one of applicants telling a narrative or story of how they can meet the organization’s needs. In doing so, students often have difficulty explaining how their knowledge, abilities, skills, traits, experience and professional relationships (KASTERs) relate to an employment opportunity. This article presents the KASTER interview preparation method, which teaches inexperienced individuals how to create a narrative that gives meaning to their professional qualifications. This method can serve as an alternative or a complement to the traditional STAR technique. Illustrations, comments, and suggestions for instructors and employment counselors are discussed.
Evaluating the Utility of Toxicologic Analysis in Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Abstract Background The cause of a pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) may go unexplained in the emergency department setting but can be secondary to a toxicologic etiology. It is unclear how toxicologic screens are used in the postarrest period after a pediatric OHCA. Objectives The primary objectives are to describe 1) when the toxicology screen (urine and serum) is used, 2) patient characteristics, and 3) toxicology screen results. We hypothesized that toxicology screens are frequently used but that positive results are uncommon. Methods This was a retrospective study of pediatric OHCA patients admitted to the Penn State Health Children's Hospital pediatric intensive care unit as transfers from the emergency department between January 1, 2011 and May 31, 2018. We reviewed the electronic health record and evaluated for toxicology screen completion, patient characteristics, and toxicology screen results. Results One hundred forty-one patients had a pediatric OHCA. Sixty-three (44.7%) patients did not have a toxicology screen completed. A toxicology screen had a higher completion rate for children >11 years of age (n = 26 [78.8%]; p = 0.0024), and in unwitnessed arrests (n = 48 [66.7%]; p = 0.0052). Four cases (5.1%) revealed the presence of substances that were not administered by a medical provider or were illicit. Conclusion Our study found that in pediatric OHCA, toxicologic screens were completed but were not routinely sent in our institution. There may be factors such as clinician bias or the severity of a patient's illness that impact the approach to toxicologic screening in pediatric OHCA. In addition to the history and physical examination, emergency physician and pediatric intensivists should consider routinely sending toxicologic screens to assist in uncovering any accidental or malicious explanation for the event.
Social media as a professional development tool for academic librarians

Abstract Social media (SM) has evolved into more than just a way to stay in contact with friends and family. A plethora of information is available, from links to research reports to chats about trending topics. SM offers professionals an economical way to update skills. This chapter examines the results of a study designed to determine perceptions, which academic librarians have regarding SM as a tool for professional development. A total of 173 academic librarians participated in the study. Findings suggest that younger librarians are more likely to have online personal learning networks. Female participants were more likely to find SM compatible with their professional development needs.
Relationship Between Health-Related Fitness Knowledge, Physical Activity Intensity, and Activity Levels in High School Students

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between health-related fitness knowledge (HRFK) and various intensity and activity levels of physical activity in male and female high school students. At the end of a Fitness for Life course, high school students (N = 280) completed a HRFK questionnaire and the Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (Godin & Shephard, 1985). Pearson correlations were computed among physical activity levels (mild, moderate, and strenuous). A one-way MANOVA with appropriate follow-up univariate ANOVAs examined the effect of gender on physical activity intensity scores (total, healthy, and strenuous). A one-way ANOVA examined the difference in HRFK scores between the active group and the less active group. Results showed no significant correlation between HRFK and all physical activity scores. Females had higher HRFK scores and males had higher physical activity scores for all intensity levels. Ninety-two percent of all students were classified as active and males were more active than females. There was no significant difference in HRFK scores between the active group and the less active groups.Subscribe to TPE
Did Reform of Prudent Trust Investment Laws Change Trust Portfolio Allocation

This paper investigates the effect of changes in state prudent trust investment laws on asset allocation in noncommercial trusts. The old prudent-man rule favored "safe" investments and disfavored "speculation" in stock. The new prudent-investor rule directs trustees to craft an investment portfolio that fits the risk tolerance of the beneficiaries and the purpose of the trust. Using state- and institution-level panel data from 1986-97, we find that after adoption of the new prudent-investor rule, institutional trustees held about 1.5-4.5 percentage points more stock at the expense of "safe" investments. Our findings explain roughly 10-30 percent of the overall increase in stock holdings in the period studied. The rest of the increase appears to be attributable to stock market appreciation. We conclude that, even though trust fiduciary laws are nominally default rules, institutional trustees are nonetheless sensitive to changes in those rules.
Executive dismissal or retention? A study of performance, power, and survival for college basketball coaches:

This study applies upper echelons theory associated with executive dismissal and power to examine the relationships of performance and four types of executive power—structural, prestige, expert, an...
Introduction to Optical Waveguide Fibers

The greatest potential for fiber waveguides is long distance transmission of optical signals (10 to 10,000 meters). Therefore, this chapter will primarily treat their properties as transmission devices. The three practical factors for a signal link are its information carrying capacity (bits per second), its attenuation (how far the signal carries) and its ability to withstand the system environment. The information capacity will be emphasized with only a few remarks on attenuation since it has been covered in reviews.(1) Environmental factors are still in very early stages of investigation. However, it is not possible to cover thoroughly all the background theory that has been published on information carrying capacity of dielectric waveguides. Instead the main topics will be introduced in a way that hopefully provides a lasting foundation for more rigorous and technical development. New aspects are still being uncovered by research and it is not possible to foresee how important all these will become and which should be emphasized now.
DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from Acanthamoeba castellanii: Multiple forms of the class III enzyme and levels of activity of the polymerase classes during encystment

Abstract Multiple forms of class III DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been found in a number of higher eukaryotic cell types (Chambon, P. (1975) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44, 613–638). Similar multiple forms are reported here from a lower eukaryote, the soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. The levels of activity of all three RNA polymerase classes in whole cell extracts of Acanthamoeba during cellular differentiation were examined. In contrast to our previous observation (Detke, S. and Paule, M.R. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 383, 67–77) that the amount of the α-amanitin-sensitive polymerases (II + III) increase in the nucleus during encystment we find that the amount of polymerases II and III when solubilized from whole cells remains constant. The level of activity of polymerase I, however, remains constant both in nuclei and in whole cell extracts. Thus, the shutdown of ribosomal RNA synthesis occurring during encystment is not due to a decrease in the number of polymerase I molecules in the cell.
An industry view on service-oriented architecture and Web services

Web services are autonomous software systems identifiable by URIs that can be advertised, located, and accessed through standard based XML messages (e.g. SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI) and transmitted via Internet protocols. Web services encapsulate application functionalities and information resources, and make them available through programmatic interfaces, as opposed to the typical interfaces provided by traditional Web applications specifically for manual interactions like in "Web services computing: advancing software interoperability" by J. Chung et al. (2003). Web services integration enables a dynamic e-business model that fosters collaboration with heterogeneous business services and opens the doors for new business opportunities. A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an application framework that takes everyday business applications and breaks them down into individual business functions and processes, called services. With the widely acceptance and adoption of SOA that wraps software resources over the network as services and provides a standard based IT infrastructure, we anticipate and envision more opportunities for the software industry to adopt a service business model. We discuss dynamic Web services integration and show various patterns when implementing on demand integrations. We present guidelines for applying the SOA approach to several industrial business scenarios and for selecting Web services technologies. We conclude with our view about the trends and directions of Web services and SOA in the on demand world.
Decentralized monitoring and diagnosis of manufacturing processes

A decentralized control method that augments Boolean logic control to provide greatly enhanced diagnostics and monitoring of systems with discrete-valued sensors and actuators is described. Unlike conventional Boolean logic, where logic is associated with the actuators, a behavior and timing model is described for both sensors and actuators, called control elements (CEs). The behavior model is defined by a sequence of events called the event signature, in a CE's neighborhood. The event signature encodes a subset of the process state into each CE. A method for the continuous evaluation of this signature is described and used to compute a measure of the likelihood of a CE to change state. This likelihood measure, called an expectation function, is used to check and enforce the correct behavior of a CE. Also, each CE learns a statistical temporal model in real time. The temporal model predicts delays in the states of the CE as a function of the previous delays and the current delays in the evaluation of its event signature. The distributed behavior model and the online estimated timing model are applied to a simulated bottle filling station. >
Is Uppsala model valid to fashion retailers? An analysis from internationalisation patterns of fast fashion retailers

Purpose – Uppsala internationalisation theory is highly utilised due to its simplicity and applicability. However, there are contrasting results on its assumption that firms follow a gradual internationalisation process. Literature shows that firm strategies (e.g. targeting a niche market) and firm resources (e.g. brand image and asset specificity) may decrease barriers of entry. Global fashion retailers possess these characteristics and may not follow a gradual internationalisation pattern. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether fashion retailers that target a niche market, have a strong brand image and asset specificity will follow a gradual internationalisation pattern suggested by Uppsala. Design/methodology/approach – Two aspects of internationalisation (speed of internationalisation and market selection) were analysed. Market selection was measured by three aspects of distance (geographic distance, economic distance, and culture distance). Data were collected utilising secondary ...
Bending Toward Justice: John Doar and the Mississippi Burning Trial

All other civil rights groups in 1964 considered Mississippi - the most impenetrable state in the union - hopeless. The decision of Bob Moses of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to shake up the Magnolia State by sending six hundred young volunteers into every corner of the state to register new black voters brimmed with danger. Moses explained to a first gathering of student volunteers, When you're not in Mississippi, it's not real. And when you're there, the rest of the world isn't real. In the early morning hours of June 20, Mickey Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney boarded their blue CORE station wagon and left the rolling hills of southwestern Ohio, bound for Meridian. This article recounts the career of John Doar of the U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and his role in prosecuting the Mississippi Burning Trial in 1967. Looking back nearly more than thirty years later, Doar believed that the trial helped Mississippi get beyond the caste system. Up to that time, no white person in the state had ever been convicted for violence against a black. After the trial, the good people of Mississippi became more confident that they could move away from their past.
Indoor air quality in sustainable, energy efficient buildings

Building designers, contractors, owners, and managers have long been challenged with providing quality indoor environments at a reasonable energy cost. Current efforts to improve building energy efficiency, including goals of sustainability and net-zero energy use, are bringing more focus on how to simultaneously achieve energy efficiency and good indoor air quality (IAQ). While energy efficiency and IAQ are sometimes viewed as incompatible, there are many strategies than support both ends. This article discusses the relationship between IAQ and energy efficiency, with outdoor air ventilation being the primary connection. A number of strategies that are currently being used or proposed to provide both improved IAQ and energy efficiency are highlighted, including increased envelope airtightness, heat recovery ventilation, demand controlled ventilation, and improved system maintenance. In addition, the manner in which various green and sustainable building programs, standards, and guidance documents address...
Error-trapping Viterbi decoding in type-I hybrid-ARQ

The partial path metrics generated during Viterbi decoding provide side information necessary for the implementation of a type-I hybrid ARQ (automatic repeat request) protocol. Each path through the decoding trellis is equivalent to a path through a weighted directed graph. Error patterns in decoded information blocks thus correspond to cycles in the graph. A sliding window is used to trap these cycles. The change in partial path metric across the window determines the reliability of the maximum likelihood path. If the maximum likelihood path is deemed unreliable, a retransmission request is generated. Implementation of this error trapping ARQ scheme requires only a minor modification of the Viterbi decoder. It is shown that the reliability of the data can be greatly improved while incurring only a small reduction in the throughput. The modified decoder is much more suited for applications where high data reliability is needed. >
A novel design technique for weakly constrained codes

A general method of constructing (d, k) constrained codes from arbitrary sequences is introduced. This method is then used for constructing a class of weakly constrained codes. The proposed codes are analyzed for the case of d=0 and shown to give results which are better or comparable to those of the best available codes, however at the cost of failure with some very low probability.
Automated noninvasive classification of renal cancer on multiphase CT.

Purpose: To explore the added value of the shape of renal lesions for classifying renal neoplasms. To investigate the potential of computer-aided analysis of contrast-enhanced computed-tomography (CT) to quantify and classify renal lesions. Methods: A computer-aided clinical tool based on adaptive level sets was employed to analyze 125 renal lesions from contrast-enhanced abdominal CT studies of 43 patients. There were 47 cysts and 78 neoplasms: 22 Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), 16 Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD), 19 hereditary papillary renal carcinomas (HPRC), and 21 hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancers (HLRCC). The technique quantified the three-dimensional size and enhancement of lesions. Intrapatient and interphase registration facilitated the study of lesion serial enhancement. The histograms of curvature-related features were used to classify the lesion types. The areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated for receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: Tumors were robustly segmented with 0.80 overlap (0.98 correlation) between manual and semi-automated quantifications. The method further identified morphological discrepancies between the types of lesions. The classification based on lesion appearance, enhancement and morphology between cysts and cancers showed AUC = 0.98; for BHD + VHL (solid cancers) vs. HPRC + HLRCC AUC = 0.99; for VHL vs. BHD AUC = 0.82; and for HPRC vs.more » HLRCC AUC = 0.84. All semi-automated classifications were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and superior to the analyses based solely on serial enhancement. Conclusions: The computer-aided clinical tool allowed the accurate quantification of cystic, solid, and mixed renal tumors. Cancer types were classified into four categories using their shape and enhancement. Comprehensive imaging biomarkers of renal neoplasms on abdominal CT may facilitate their noninvasive classification, guide clinical management, and monitor responses to drugs or interventions.« less
Occult renal cell carcinoma in a patient with polymyositis

Polymyositis (PM) is associated with an increased risk of malignancy. We report a case in which a 45-year-old patient with PM underwent computed tomography to search for an occult malignant process. The evaluation revealed a left renal mass that was treated successfully by laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Pathologic evaluation revealed a clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The patient remained free of disease at 2 years postoperatively and required decreasing amounts of medication to manage his PM. This suggests that renal malignancies may contribute to the PM disease process in a paraneoplastic fashion and that screening for occult malignancy in the presence of PM is warranted.
The role of natural killer cells in host—parasite interactions

Natural killer cells contribute to resistance to infectious organisms, and may also influence the nature of the adaptive immune response associated with infection. During the past year, their role in these events has been more clearly defined. In addition, the results of several recent studies that have begun to define the mechanisms by which natural killer cells recognize their targets will be important in further elucidating their role in infectious disease.
Does simultaneity exaggerate empirical tests of the trade-growth relationship?

Simultaneity between the volume of trade and national output may have biased past empirical tests of the export-growth relationship. To judge the extent of such bias, this paper compares results of single- and simultaneous- equation regression models of trade and growth that closely resemble the specifications of previous studies. In order to enhance the analysis, a number of other alleged shortcomings of previous statistical studies of trade and growth are addressed: omitted variable bias and non-stationarity are dealt with by using modern time-series regression procedures, measurement error is reduced by using more accurate measures of capital and labour available for six Latin American countries over the period 1960–1990, and both imports and exports are used to proxy trade. The results shown that simultaneity bias causes single equation results to understate, not over state, the trade–growth relationship.
Selective insertion of Ni(II) into the outer porphyrin subunits of a trimeric porphyrin array

Abstract The selective insertion of Ni(II) into the outer porphyrin subunits of a phenyl-linked trimeric porphyrin array allows for the examination, by steady-state absorption, of the relative contributions of the transition dipoles to the overall electronic coupling between the porphyrin macrocycles.
Leak point pressure does not correlate with incontinence severity or bother in women undergoing surgery for urodynamic stress incontinence

The aim of this study was to correlate the lowest Valsalva or cough leak point pressure (LPP) with clinical measures of incontinence severity and quality of life in women with pure urodynamic stress incontinence (SUI). This is an analysis of the baseline data from a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial comparing the Monarc transobturator sling to the tension-free vaginal tape. One hundred fifty-five women with SUI underwent urodynamic evaluations including abdominal or vesical LPP determinations, and each completed the Sandvik Incontinence Severity Index, a 3-day voiding diary, and quality-of-life questionnaires. In patients with a LPP, there were no significant correlations between LPP and the above clinical measures of incontinence severity or condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaire scores. In this patient population with pure urodynamic SUI, LPP is not a useful urodynamic predictor of baseline SUI severity and its effects on quality of life.