cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High recovery reverse osmosis using a recycle loop

Abstract A single-pump configuration with feedback has been found useful in reaching high brine osmotic pressures in continuous-flow operation. Enhanced brine concentration, and enhanced product/feed water recovery fraction, can be obtained by recycle of a second-stage permeate of intermediate quality. For spaceflight recycling of hygiene water this permits lower pressure-vessel ratings, or higher water recovery, or both. With feed of 1,000 ppM concentration, recoveries of 95–97% are achieved at a pressure of 1.65 MPa. With feed of seawater concentration, recoveries of 50% to 70% have been achieved using a single pump at 5.5 MPa. Membrane performance parameters have been obtained for high water recovery operation in the pressure range up to 1.4 MPascals (200 psig) for system modeling. Simple equations can be fitted to these measurements, from which RO system performance can be predicted, or simulated as part of a model of system performance.
Minimizing the mean flow time in a two-machine group-scheduling problem with carryover sequence dependency

Abstract This paper addresses the two-machine group-scheduling problem for minimizing the mean flow time with carryover sequence dependency, typically encountered in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs) in electronics manufacturing. A procedure, namely Minsetup, is developed to determine a lower bound for the mean flow time, and an efficient solution algorithm based on tabu search is also developed to solve the problem. The algorithm is implemented on a tabu tree, and the steps associated with it are further demonstrated by solving a representative example from industry. The analysis is further directed at two different types of PCB manufacturers. The first type focuses on producing board types that are similar and in high volume during the production period, as in bulk orders for PCBs used in cellular phones and personal computers. The second type focuses on producing board types that are somewhat dissimilar and in low volume during the production period, as in PCBs used in medical equipment and the like. A carefully planned statistical experiment is performed on problem instances of both types to assess the effectiveness of the lower bounding mechanism and the solution algorithm. The results reveal that the proposed lower bounding technique is very effective in being able to justify that the best solution obtained with the proposed solution algorithm has an average measurable quality of approximately 13% and 8% or lower for problem types 1 and 2, respectively.
Feeding studies designed to determine whether competitive reactions between acids of the oleate and linoleate families for desaturation chain elongation or incorporation regulate the fatty acid composition of rat liver lipids.

Abstract 1. 1. Several groups of rats were raised on a fat-free diet and all fed a constant amount of octadeca-6,9,12-trienoate, but various amounts of octadeca-6,9-dienoate. Analysis of the total liver lipids that as the dietary level of octadeca-6, 9-dienoate increased, the level of arachidonate remained at a level between 80–99% of that found in those rats receiving only its precursor octadeca-6,9,12-trienoate. Conversely, when both acids were fed, the level of eicosa-5,8,11-trienoate was never greater than 62% of that found in the fat free controls. Thus, competitive reactions for the chain elongation of the two dietary acids do not represent a major in vivo metabolic control point. 2. 2. Similar competitive feeding experiments between eicosa-8,11-dienoate and eicosa-8,11,14-trienoate indicate that competitive reactions for desaturation of these two acids is not an important in vivo metabolic control mechanism. 3. 3. Competitive feeding experiments using eicosa-5,8,11-trienoate and arachidonate show that arachidonate is preferentially incorporated into liver lipids. If competitive reactions are operative, they are operative for the incorporation of these two acids into liver lipids rather than between desaturation or chain elongation reactions utilized for the production of these two acids. 4. 4. Competitive feeding experiments between linoleate and eicosa-8,11-dienoate support the hypothesis that different desaturases introduces double bonds at the 6- and 5-positions in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. No competitive effects were observed between these two fatty acids for desaturation.
Dietary cholesterol and the activity of stearoyl CoA desaturase in rats: evidence for an indirect regulatory effect

Abstract The effect of cholesterol on stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) was investigated. Previous work had shown that the addition of cholesterol to the diet of rats produced higher liver SCD activity compared to non-cholesterol-fed controls. We have confirmed this result and investigated the mechanism responsible for this cholesterol-induced higher SCD activity. Rats were fed either a 10% corn oil (CO) or a 10% corn oil/1% cholesterol (CO/CH) diet for 1, 3, or 7 days. SCD mRNA abundance was 3.3, 1.9, and 2.4 times greater in livers from CO/CH-fed animals after 1, 3, and 7 days, respectively. Northern hybridization of RNA from kidney, intestinal mucosa, heart, adipose, and liver demonstrated that cholesterol feeding specifically altered liver SCD mRNA. Liver esterified cholesterol content increased 27-fold with cholesterol feeding. This esterified cholesterol increase was accompanied by a proportionately greater increase in oleic acid compared to other fatty acids. These studies indicate that cholesterol does influence the expression of SCD specifically in the liver and suggest that the product, oleic acid, is preferentially esterified to cholesterol in the liver. Preliminary liver nuclear run-on assays from rats fed CO or CO/CH diets for 1 and 3 days indicate that transcription regulation is not a factor. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
ACQUAINTANCE CIRCLES AND COMMUNICATION: AN EXPLORATION OF HYPOTHESES RELATING TO INNOVATION ADOPTION∗

(1976). ACQUAINTANCE CIRCLES AND COMMUNICATION: AN EXPLORATION OF HYPOTHESES RELATING TO INNOVATION ADOPTION. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 267-276.
College Students’ Psychological Well-Being and Interaction Involvement in Class

Mental health issues are prevalent and increasing on college campuses. Prior research indicates that students’ depression, anxiety, and stress are all related negatively with academic achievement, but little research identifies reasons why students with psychological difficulties do not perform as well as their peers without these difficulties. This research proposed that students with poor psychological well-being (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) may be less inclined to communicate in class. Participants (N = 204) completed a survey and reported on their own depression, anxiety, stress, and interaction involvement in class. Results indicated that students who were more depressed, anxious, and stressed reported less interaction involvement in a college course.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty involving internal mammary artery bypass grafts: A femoral approach

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is an effective technique for the treatment of selected patients with ischemic heart disease due to coronary artery stenosis. Successful angioplasty in saphenous vein bypass grafts has been documented, but little experience has been reported using angioplasty in internal mammary artery to coronary artery bypass grafts. Nine of ten patients with stenosis in the internal mammary artery to coronary artery anastomosis or in the coronary vessel distal to the anastomosis site were successfully treated with angioplasty. One patient developed restenosis 1 month after the procedure, and a repeat angioplasty was successful. In one patient, the balloon catheter could not be advanced through the left internal mammary artery to the stenosis site. Technical features of internal mammary artery angioplasty are discussed, including the use of specially designed guiding wires, guiding catheters, and balloon catheters that facilitate angioplasty involving internal mammary arteries from the femoral approach.
Fine Scale Patterns in Microbial Extracellular Enzyme Activity during Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Stream and its Floodplain

Microorganisms mediate the decomposition of leaf-litter through the release of extracellular enzymes. The surfaces of decomposing leaves are both chemically and physically heterogeneous, and spatial patterns in microbial enzyme activity on the litter surface should provide insights into fine-scale patterns of leaf-litter decomposition. Platanus occidentalis leaves were collected from the floodplain of a third-order stream in northern Mississippi, enclosed in individual litter bags, and placed in the stream channel and in the floodplain. Replicate leaves were collected approximately monthly over a 9-month period and assayed for spatial variation in microbial extracellular enzyme activity and rates of organic matter (OM) decomposition. Spatial variation in enzyme activity was measured by sampling 96 small discs (5-mm diameter) cut from each leaf. Discs were assayed for the activity of enzymes involved in lignin (oxidative enzymes) and cellulose (β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase) degradation. Rates of OM loss were greater in the stream than the floodplain. Activities of all enzymes displayed high variability in both environments, with severalfold differences across individual leaves, and replicate leaves varied greatly in their distribution of activities. Geostatistical analysis revealed no clear patterns in spatial distribution of activity over time or among replicates, and replicate leaves were highly variable. These results show that fine-scale spatial heterogeneity occurs on decomposing leaves, but the level of spatial variability varies among individual leaves at the measured spatial scales. This study is the first to use geostatistical analyses to analyze landscape patterns of microbial activity on decomposing leaf litter and in conjunction with studies of the microbial community composition and/or substrate characteristics, should provide key insights into the function of these processes.
Dynamic code management: improving whole program code locality in managed runtimes

Poor code locality degrades application performance by increasing memory stalls due to instruction cache and TLB misses. This problem is particularly an issue for large server applications written in languages such as Java and C# that provide just-in-time (JIT) compilation, dynamic class loading, and dynamic recompilation. However, managed runtimes also offer an opportunity to dynamically profile applications and adapt them to improve their performance. This paper describes a Dynamic Code Management system (DCM) in a managed runtime that performs whole program code layout optimizations to improve instruction locality.We begin by implementing the widely used Pettis-Hansen algorithm for method layout to improve code locality. Unfortunately, this algorithm is too costly for a dynamic optimization system, O(n3) in time in the call graph. For example, Pettis-Hansen requires a prohibitively expensive 35 minutes to lay out MiniBean which has 15,586 methods. We propose three new code placement algorithms that target ITLB misses, which typically have the greatest impact on performance. The best of these algorithms, Code Tiling, groups methods into page sized tiles by performing a depth-first traversal of the call graph based on call frequency. Excluding overhead, experimental results show that DCM with Code Tiling improves performance by 6% on the large MiniBean benchmark over a baseline that orders methods based on invocation order, whereas Pettis-Hansen placement offers less improvement, 2%, over the same base. Furthermore, Code Tiling lays out MiniBean in just 0.35 seconds for 15,586 methods (6000 times faster than Pettis-Hansen) which makes it suitable for high-performance managed runtimes.
The origin of recently established red fox populations in the United States: translocations or natural range expansions?

Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are native to boreal and western montane portions of North America but their origins are unknown in many lowland areas of the United States. Red foxes were historically absent from much of the East Coast at the time of European settlement and did not become common until the mid-1800s. Some early naturalists described an apparent southward expansion of native foxes that coincided with anthropogenic habitat changes in the region. Alternatively, red foxes introduced from Europe during Colonial times may have become established in the east and subsequently expanded their range westward. The red fox also was absent historically from most lowland areas of the western United States. Extant populations of red foxes in those areas are considered to have arisen from intentional introductions from the east (and by extension are putatively European), escapes or releases from fur farms, or range expansions by native populations. To test these hypotheses we compared mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome b and D-loop) from 110 individuals from 6 recently established populations to 327 native (primarily historical) individuals from Eurasia, Alaska, Canada, the northeastern United States, and montane areas in the western contiguous United States, and to 38 individuals from fur farms. We found no Eurasian haplotypes in North America, but found native haplotypes in recently established populations in the southeastern United States and in parts of the western United States. Red foxes from the southeastern United States were closely related to native populations in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, suggesting that they originated from natural range expansions, not from translocation of European lineages, as was widely believed prior to this study. Similarly, recently established populations in the Great Basin and in western Oregon originated primarily from native populations in western montane regions, but also contained a few nonnative North American haplotypes. In contrast, populations in western Washington and southern California contained nonnative, highly admixed stock that clearly resulted from intracontinental translocations. Several common haplotypes in these populations originated in regions where fur-farm stocks originated. Although European red foxes translocated to the eastern United States during Colonial times may have contributed genetically to extant populations in that region, our findings suggest that most of the matrilineal ancestry of eastern red foxes originated in North America.
Chemical reactions and membranes; a macroscopic basis for active transport. II. Non-linear aspects.

Abstract The physical principles that material and charge are conserved provide a basis for the design of a membrane capable of performing active ion transport in which the connection between “metabolic energy” input and the ion transport process itself is electrical rather than material. Molecular interactions between components in this system are irrelevant to its function. A second model built on the same principles performs active ion transport in a statically symmetrical membrane. The basis of its operation is a weakly stable unsymmetrical concentration profile arising from an enzyme-catalyzed reaction occurring within the membrane. The function of this membrane is irreversibly terminated (“killed”) by interference either with intramembrane concentration gradients or with the reactions which maintain them. Hence, any attempt to study this system by breaking it apart destroys the basis of its function. The existence of these models reveals the logical insufficiency of the molecular biologist's approach to understanding the basis of active transport: Neither the experimental techniques for structure determination (disruption, purification, characterization, and reconstitution) nor the fundamental question of that discipline (What is the molecular connection between &*|… ?) of the molecular biologist are applicable to the study or interpretation of these model systems. While the model systems are artificial, they incorporate only widely applicable concepts of physical chemistry and biochemical kinetics. The is no reason for excluding such mechanisms in natural membrane transport systems. If they are present, then more effective strategies of investigation will be required.
Direct cutaneous hyperalgesia induced by adenosine.

Abstract The intradermal injection of adenosine produces a dose-dependent decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold in the hindpaw of the rat that is not attenuated by elimination of indirect pathways for the production of hyperalgesia. Adenosine-induced hyperalgesia is mimicked by the A 2 -agonists, 5′-(N-ethyl)-carboxamido-adenosine and 2-phenylaminoadenosine but not by the A 1 -agonist, N 6 -cyclo-pentyladenosine and antagonized by the adenosine A 2 -receptor antagonist, PD 081360-0002 but not by the A 1 -antagonist, 1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorphenyl)xanthine. The latency to onset of adenosine and 2-phenylaminoadenosine hyperalgesia is similar to that produced by prostaglandin E 2 , a directly acting hyperalgesic agent but shorter than that produced by leukotriene B 4 , which acts indirectly. 2-Phenylaminoadenosine hyperalgesia is prolonged by rolipram, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Both 2-phenylaminoadenosine and prostaglandin E 2 hyperalgesia are antagonized by the A 1 -agonist N 6 -cyclo-pentyladenosine and the mu-agonist, [ d -Ala 2 , NMe-Phe 4 , Gly-ol]enkephalin. However, 1-acetyl-2-(8-chloro-10,11-dihydrodibenz[b,f]oxazepine-10-carbonyl)hydrazine, a prostaglandin-receptor antagonist, inhibits prostaglandin E 2 (Taiwo and Levine, Brain Res. 458, 402–406, 1988) but not 2-phenylamino-adenosine hyperalgesia and PD 081360-0002, the adenosine receptor antagonist, inhibits 2-phenylamino-adenosine but not prostaglandin E 2 hyperalgesia. These data suggest that adenosine is a directly acting agent that produces hyperalgesia by an action at the A 2 -receptor and that this hyperalgesia is mediated by the cAMP second messenger.
Experimental Evidence of Quasiperiodicity and Its Breakdown in the Column-Pendulum Oscillator

A new vibration absorbing device is introduced for large flexible structures. The phase-space of the experimental system is reconstructed via delay-coordinate embedding technique. Experimental dynamics indicate that the motion is predominantly quasiperiodic, confirming the existence ofinvariant tori. Within the quasiperiodic region, there are windows containing intricate webs of phase-locked periodic responses. The quasiperiodic and the phase-locked responses are clearly visualized on the cover of the torus. Increase in the amplitude ofexcitation results in distortion of the invariant torus due to the resonance overlap. Due to the resonance overlap, the return map extracted from the experimental data becomes noninvertible. Furthermore, a burst of frequencies appears on the Fourier spectrum. This scenario is similar to many experimental observations of hydrodynamical instabilities; the breakup of the tori in these experiments is related to the onset of turbulence.
Flow generated by Cone rotating in a Liquid

D. B. Cox1 has raised the question of secondary circulation of Newtonian liquids in a standard small-angled cone-plate viscometer. On the basis of research which was under way at that time at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, there was presented to the U.S. Society of Rheology at the Johns Hopkins University in October 1963 a technical paper2 which disclosed considerable evidence about the nature of the flow induced by a rotating cone immersed in a liquid contained in a cylindrical container. It constituted a complete clarification of the speculation by Cox. The experiments included cones of different-sized angles between the generator of the cone and the flat bottom of the container. The angles were 1°, 10°, 35°, 45°, and 67°. The flow was steady-state and was characterized by a single stable vortex with a definite location of vortex centre that did not change with velocity of rotation of the cone. However, it was demonstrated that the co-ordinates of the centre were functions of the cone angle. The centre approached the cylindrical wall of the container as the angle approached zero and approached the axis of rotation as the angle approached 90°.
Local networking and internetworking in the V-system

Local networking can be treated as a subset of internetworking for remote terminal access and file transfer. However, a distributed operating system, such as the V-System uses a local network more as an extended backplane than a fast, minature long-haul network.This paper describes the use of server-based “intelligent gateways” to provide internetworking using standard protocols in conjunction with an efficient light-weight protocol for V IPC on a local network. Besides providing good local network performance, this design allows a gateway to act as an access control mechanism, addressing some reliability and security issues that arise with local networks.
Analysis of line-commutated converters during unbalanced operating conditions

In this paper, a method of analyzing the salient performance characteristics of line-commutated power converters during unbalanced operating conditions is presented. Simple analytical relationships are established which relate the negative-sequence component of AC current to the negative-sequence component of voltage. These results are verified using a detailed valve-by-valve simulation of a line-commutated inverter connected to a photovoltaic array. >
Parameterized description of NMR signal reception systems. Part II: S/N of NMR signal reception systems

The mathematical tools that were developed in Part I are used to show quantitatively how the signal-to-noise ratio and the ringing time depend on Q factors, and thus how overall performance can be improved. The noise factor of a model preamplifier also is considered, and the minimum noise factor is derived in terms of the impedances of the probe and of the preamplifier. The optimization of the noise factor in realistic signal reception systems is discussed.
Measurement of liquid-liquid interfacial shear viscosity: the unsteady state deformation of an interface in a cylindrical cell

The theoretical background of a new method for the measurement of liquid-liquid interfacial shear viscosities is presented. The method is simple in design and conducive to routine measurements. Liquid-liquid interfacial shear viscosities are measured by observation of the unsteady state deformation of the interface after a slowly rotating cylindrical cell containing the liquids is abruptly halted. The deformation is established with tracer particles located at the interface between two liquids. Presented here are correlations which relate the traversed angle of the panicles to the interfacial shear viscosity, the viscosities and densities of the bulk phases, and the cup dimensions. Correlations show that the method is sufficiently sensitive to allow measurements of interfacial shear viscosities ranging from 0.001 to 1.0 surface poise (sp). Preliminary data showing good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental observations for a system expected to show negligible interfacial shear viscosi...
Modeling symmetry models in square contingency tables with ordered categories

This paper provides alternative methods for fitting symmetry and diagonal-parameters symmetry models to square tables having ordered categories. We demonstrate here the implementation of the class of models discussed in Goodman (1979c) using GEN-MOD in SAS. We also provide procedures for testing hypotheses involving model parameters. The methodology provided here can readily be used to fit the class of models discussed in Lawal and Upton (1995). If desired, composite models can be fitted. Two data sets, the 4 × 4 unaided distance vision of 4746 Japanese students Tomizawa (1985) and the 5 × 5 British social mobility data Glass (1954) are employed to demonstrate the fitting of these models. Results obtained are consistent with those from Goodman (1972, 1979c, 1986) and Tomizawa (1985, 1987).
Cellular Morphogenesis In Silico

We describe a model that simulates spherical cells of different types that can migrate and interact either attractively or repulsively. We find that both expected morphologies and previously unreported patterns spontaneously self-assemble. Among the newly discovered patterns are a segmented state of alternating discs, and a "shish-kebab" state, in which one cell type forms a ring around a second type. We show that these unique states result from cellular attraction that increases with distance (e.g., as membranes stretch viscoelastically), and would not be seen in traditional, e.g., molecular, potentials that diminish with distance. Most of the states found computationally have been observed in vitro, and it remains to be established what role these self-assembled states may play in in vivo morphogenesis.
Temporal pattern identification in a self-organizing neural network with an application to data compression

Summary form only given. A neural network system is presented that seeks to find the optimal structure embedded in a temporal sequence. This structure is manifested by the existence of a finite number of subsequences that comprise the temporal sequence. The measure for optimality is the information rate and it is precisely defined and utilized in the network. The network consists of three levels of processing units: the first level grows a tree based on the inputs, the second selects groups of nodes in the tree to form sets of subsequences that completely cover the input, and the last calculates the information rate and indicates which set is the most optimal. Experimental simulations reveal various attributes of this system. An application has been made to data compression. >
PORCINE CONTAGIOUS PLEUROPNEUMONIA III. INTERRELATIONSHIP OF HEMOPHILUS PLEUROPNEUMONIAE TO OTHER SPECIES OF HEMOPHILUS: NUTRITIONAL, METABOLIC, TRANSFORMATION, AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES

Hemophilus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP) is an encapsulated organism that has the metabolic features of the parainfluenza group of Hemophilus in that it requires DPN but not hemin for growth. Its formation of nitrate reductase cytochrome a(1) and non-physiologically reducible cytochrome c(1) in the stationary phase, together with its requirement of electron transport through oxidases for growth are typical of non-hemin-requiring Hemophilus species. It has the closest genetic homology, judged from the capacity of its DNA to induce transformation to streptomycin resistance, with H. parasuis but can be differentiated from this organism on the basis of its growth in defined medium and its marked and characteristic pathogenicity for swine.
Validating drug repurposing signals using electronic health records: a case study of metformin associated with reduced cancer mortality

Objectives Drug repurposing, which finds new indications for existing drugs, has received great attention recently. The goal of our work is to assess the feasibility of using electronic health records (EHRs) and automated informatics methods to efficiently validate a recent drug repurposing association of metformin with reduced cancer mortality. Methods By linking two large EHRs from Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Mayo Clinic to their tumor registries, we constructed a cohort including 32 415 adults with a cancer diagnosis at Vanderbilt and 79 258 cancer patients at Mayo from 1995 to 2010. Using automated informatics methods, we further identified type 2 diabetes patients within the cancer cohort and determined their drug exposure information, as well as other covariates such as smoking status. We then estimated HRs for all-cause mortality and their associated 95% CIs using stratified Cox proportional hazard models. HRs were estimated according to metformin exposure, adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, race, body mass index, tobacco use, insulin use, cancer type, and non-cancer Charlson comorbidity index. Results Among all Vanderbilt cancer patients, metformin was associated with a 22% decrease in overall mortality compared to other oral hypoglycemic medications (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.88) and with a 39% decrease compared to type 2 diabetes patients on insulin only (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.73). Diabetic patients on metformin also had a 23% improved survival compared with non-diabetic patients (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.85). These associations were replicated using the Mayo Clinic EHR data. Many site-specific cancers including breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate demonstrated reduced mortality with metformin use in at least one EHR. Conclusions EHR data suggested that the use of metformin was associated with decreased mortality after a cancer diagnosis compared with diabetic and nondiabetic cancer patients not on metformin, indicating its potential as a chemotherapeutic regimen. This study serves as a model for robust and inexpensive validation studies for drug repurposing signals using EHR data.
Clustering analysis based on SUVR using 18F-AV-45 PET reveals distinct cortical and subcortical beta-amyloid deposition patterns

313 Objectives To extract beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition patterns based on standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) over 19 regions of interest (ROIs); To divide all subjects into two groups by automation based on cortical SUVR pattern in order to improve the clinical evaluation of early-stage cognitive impairment. Methods 110 subjects of the ARIC-PET imaging study without clinical diagnosis of dementia received PET scans with 18F-AV-45 and MR scans in three centers respectively. In preprocessing, we compared the spatial normalization methods in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) routine vs. Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL). Clustering analysis with average-linkage hierarchical agglomerative (HA) and K-Means methods (KM) were applied to the SUVR datasets. Results HA analysis of heterogeneous SUVR over 19 ROIs (F1, 18=152.4, p Conclusions Cortical and subcortical SUVR patterns of Aβ deposition were identified. Cortical SUVR cluster analysis partitioned the subjects into statistically different groups, with higher SUVR indicating more Aβ burden in subjects of cluster 2. However, given the absence of dementia diagnoses in all subjects, these findings may imply that the Aβ deposition precedes the clinical diagnosis of dementia. In addition, the identified subcortical SUVR pattern may be linked to subcortical vascular dementia.
Incorporating mental simulation for a more effective robotic teammate

How can we facilitate human-robot teamwork? The teamwork literature has identified the need to know the capabilities of teammates. How can we integrate the knowledge of another agent’s capabilities for a justifiably intelligent teammate? This paper describes extensions to the cognitive architecture, ACT-R, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive science approaches to produce a more cognitively-plausible, autonomous robotic system that “mentally” simulates the decision-making of its teammate. The extensions to ACT-R added capabilities to interact with the real world through the robot’s sensors and effectors and simulate the decision-making of its teammate. The AI applications provided visual sensor capabilities by methods clearly different than those used by humans. The integration of these approaches into intelligent team-based behavior is demonstrated on a mobile robot. Our “TeamBot” matches the descriptive work and theories on human teamwork. We illustrate our approach in a spatial, team-oriented task of a guard force responding appropriately to an alarm condition that requires the human and robot team to “man” two guard stations as soon as possible after the alarm.
Imaging Findings of Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaws

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bisphosphonates are drugs that decrease bone turnover by inhibiting osteoclast activity. An association between the use of bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the maxilla and mandible has recently been described. This study describes the imaging findings of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective series of 15 clinically diagnosed patients, identified at 3 centers. Eleven patients were women, of whom 6 had breast cancer, 3 had osteoporosis, and 2 had multiple myeloma. Of the 4 male patients, 2 had prostate cancer, 1 had multiple myeloma, and 1 had osteoporosis. The age range of the patients was 52–85 years (average, 68 years). The mandible was the clinical site of involvement in 11 patients, and the maxilla was involved in 4 patients. Imaging consisted of orthopantomograms in 14 patients, CT scans in 5 patients, and radionuclide bone scan in 1 patient. Nine patients had sequential imaging. Two radiologists reviewed the images. RESULTS: All of the patients had a degree of osseous sclerosis, most commonly involving the alveolar margin, but lamina dura thickening and full-thickness sclerosis were also observed. The sclerotic change encroached on the mandibular canal in 3 patients. Less commonly encountered findings included poorly healing or nonhealing extraction sockets, periapical lucencies, widening of the periodontal ligament space, osteolysis, sequestra, oroantral fistula, soft tissue thickening, and periosteal new bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: The most common finding in bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis was osseous sclerosis. This varied from subtle thickening of the lamina dura and alveolar crest to attenuated osteopetrosis-like sclerosis.
Digit memory in Chinese and English: Evidence for a temporally limited store

This paper describes 3 studies comparing short-term memory for digits between native speakers of Chinese and of English. The first study documents, with large samples of kindergarten, first-, and second-grade children, a Chinese advantage in memory for digits. The Chinese subjects, at all grade levels, remembered at least 2 more digits, on average, than did American or Japanese subjects. The second study compared digit memory of 6- and 7-year-old children, Chinese and American, under forward, backward and grouped conditions. The provision of a grouping strategy helped both Chinese and American subjects equally, which fails to support strategy use as the primary explanation of digit memory differences. Further, Chinese children performed more poorly than American children on the backward span. The final study, carried out on Chinese and American university students, investigated differences in pronunciation duration of Chinese and English number words as a possible explanation of span differences. Chinese number words were found to be of significantly shorter pronunciation duration than English number words; and total pronunciation duration for a subject’s maximum span did not differ between Chinese and Americans. These findings provide evidence for a temporally limited store.
Farm Characteristics and Business Risk in Production Agriculture

This article uses historical farm level data to investigate relationships between business risk and farm characteristics. Farm characteristics examined are the enterprise mix, farm size, location of the farm, age of the operator, financial obligation of the farm, machinery investment, government program payments and a measure of returns to the operation. Many of these variables are significantly related to business risk, which suggests several possibilities for future research.
Recovering the Sand Deficit from a Century of Dredging and Jetties along Florida's Atlantic Coast: A Reevaluation of Beach Nourishment as an Essential Tool for Ecological Conservation

Abstract A sand deficit on Florida's Atlantic coast affects sea turtle nesting, dune ecosystems, and storm protection. Ecological benefits of restoring very large deficits could exceed ecological costs. Dredging and beach nourishment databases revealed sand disposal dynamics and deficit size. Dredge-and-fill activities increased after 1950, peaked in the 1980s, then declined somewhat. Most sand disposal accompanied channel and harbor deepening; little was primarily for beach nourishment. Until the 1970s most dredged material was placed outside the coastal sand-sharing system (offshore and upland). After 1970, beach and nearshore disposal rapidly increased, but generally involved sand already within the system. Moreover, offshore and upland disposal did not immediately decline. To date, little sand has been returned. By 2003, net removal totaled ∼130 × 106 m3. Channels and harbors increased by ∼70 × 106 m3, leaving 60 × 106 m3 of standing sand deficit. Jetties could have redistributed another 70 × 106 m3 f...
Competitive Halide Binding by Halogen Versus Hydrogen Bonding: Bis‐triazole Pyridinium

The binding of F(-) , Cl(-) , Br(-) , and I(-) anions by bis-triazole-pyridine (BTP) was examined by quantum chemical calculations. There is one H atom on each of the two triazole rings that chelate the halide via H bonds. These H atoms were replaced by halogens Cl, Br, and I, thus substituting H bonds by halogen bonds. I substitution strongly enhances the binding; Br has a smaller effect, and Cl weakens the interaction. The strength of the interaction is sensitive to the overall charge on the BTP, rising as the binding agent becomes singly and then doubly positively charged. The strongest preference of a halide for halogenated as compared to unsubstituted BTP, as much as several orders of magnitude, is observed for I(-) . Both unsubstituted and I-substituted BTP could be used to selectively extract F(-) from a mixture of halides.
Active lakes in Antarctica survive on a sedimentary substrate - Part 1: Theory

Abstract. Over the past decade satellite observations have revealed that active subglacial lake systems are widespread under the Antarctic ice sheet, including the ice streams, yet we have insufficient understanding of the lake-drainage process to incorporate it into ice sheet models. Process models for drainage of ice-dammed lakes based on conventional "R-channels" incised into the base of the ice through melting are unable to reproduce the timing and magnitude of drainage from Antarctic subglacial lakes estimated from satellite altimetry given the low hydraulic gradients along which such lakes drain. We developed a process model in which channels are mechanically eroded into deformable subglacial sediment (till) instead ("T-channel"). When applied to the known lakes of the Whillans/Mercer system, the model successfully reproduced the key characteristics of estimated lake volume changes for the period 2003–2009. If our model is realistic, it implies that most active lakes are shallow and only exist in the presence of saturated sediment, explaining why they are difficult to detect with classical radar methods. It also implies that the lake-drainage process is sensitive to the composition and strength of the underlying till, suggesting that models could be improved with a realistic treatment of sediment – interfacial water exchange.
Modulation of galectin-1 content in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells by sodium butyrate.

Galectin-1 and galectin-3 are β-galactoside-binding proteins thought to be important for cellular interactions, growth regulation and differentiation. Alterations in cellular content of galectins have been associated with differentiation, transformation and malignant progression. We examined the modulation of galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines by treatment with sodium butyrate, a known differentiation-modulating agent, and identified potential mechanisms of butyrate regulation of galectin-1 levels in one of the cell lines. Sodium butyrate effected an increase in galectin-1 protein concentration in 5 of 8 cell lines. One cell line, MDA-886LN, showed a marked time- and dose-dependent increase from barely detectable amounts with butyrate treatment. Concurrently with increased galectin-1 expression, butyrate treatment promoted morphologic changes, induced growth inhibition and inhibited soft agar colony formation in MDA-886LN cells. Butyrate-treated MDA-886LN cells demonstrated increased galectin-1 mRNA content, suggesting a role for butyrate in transcriptional regulation of galectin-1 expression. Treatment with other inhibitors of histone deacetylase also induced an increase in galectin-1 expression. Together, our results indicate that butyrate treatment can modulate galectin-1 content in MDA-886LN HNSCC cells as well as induce morphologic changes and growth inhibition. This action may involve a combination of transcriptional regulation and inhibition of histone deacetylation. Int. J. Cancer 75:217–224, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cerebral Paragonimiasis: An Unusual Manifestation of a Rare Parasitic Infection

BACKGROUND: Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease that typically produces a subacute to chronic inflammatory disease of the lung. Although rare in the United States, paragonimiasis is sporadically observed in the immigrant population. Rarely, paragonimiasis can affect the nervous system. This infection is even more unusual in the pediatric population, and therefore can be challenging to diagnose. PATIENTS: Here we present a child with cerebral paragonimiasis.Shepresentedwithnewonsetseizuresinthesettingofafebrileillness.Magneticresonanceimaging of thebrainwithcontrastrevealedaring-enhancinglesionwithintherightfrontallobeandasecondlesionintheleft parietal lobe extending from the cortex to the centrum semiovale. Extensive evaluation including stool ova and parasite analysis confirmed the diagnosis of Paragonimus westermani. She was treated with praziquantel and prednisone andimprovedbothclinicallyandradiographically. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral paragonimiasis is diagnosable and treatable and therefore is important to consider in the differential of immigrants presenting with cavitary lung lesions and central nervous system findings.
Continence outcomes after treatment of recalcitrant postprostatectomy bladder neck contracture and review of the literature.

Objective To present our experience with 2-stage management for recalcitrant refractory bladder neck contracture (BNC) after radical prostatectomy. Methods A 15-year retrospective medical record review was performed for patients referred for BNC using current procedural terminology code or by International Classification of Diseases - Ninth Revision code for bladder neck incision (BNI). Treatment consisted of deep cold-knife BNI, followed by cystoscopy at 3-4 months. If stable and healed, an artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) or male sling was placed depending on continence level. Recurrent BNC at 3 months was treated with a second BNI. Results Sixty-three patients were referred with median (range) age of 66 (41-82) years, body mass index 30.1 (21.9-64.8) kg/m2, and follow-up of 11 (1-144) months. Seventeen (27%) underwent adjuvant radiation therapy. Of the 46 who had successful management of the BNC, 91.3% were satisfied with level of continence after BNI alone or with a single additional operation. Of the 33 who underwent AUS or sling, only 2 failures occurred: 1 ultimately required cystectomy after multiple urethral erosions, and 1 with mild incontinence was satisfied with a secondary sling procedure. Four patients progressed to permanent urinary diversion. Together, either BNI (n = 4) or the secondary incontinence procedure (n = 1) was not successful in a total of 5 patients and required permanent urinary diversion. Nine had concurrent severe membranous strictures with no coaptation of the external urethral sphincter and were treated with direct vision internal urethrotomy and AUS and were continent. Conclusion This represents the largest known experience with BNC after radical prostatectomy. Patients can be managed with cold-knife incision, followed by AUS or sling, with 66% achieving continence.
Competent Yet Out in the Cold: Shifting Criteria for Hiring Reflect Backlash Toward Agentic Women

We present evidence that shifting hiring criteria reflects backlash toward agentic (“masterful”) women (Rudman, 1998). Participants (N = 428) evaluated male or female agentic or communal managerial...
Increasing referral for renal transplant evaluation in recipients of nonrenal solid-organ transplants: a single-center experience.

The use of cyclosporine and tacrolimus therapy in nonrenal (heart, heart/lung, lung, and liver) transplantation has resulted in improved patient and graft survival. Nephrotoxicity is one of the major side effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine therapy and may lead to ESRD. The trend of referral of nonrenal solid-organ transplant recipients for kidney transplant evaluation at a large multiorgan transplant center was examined. Records of all patients who were referred for renal transplantation at the University of Alabama between January 1, 1993, and June 30, 2004, were reviewed. Eighty (0.96%) of 8318 individuals had previously undergone a nonrenal solid-organ transplant and were included in the study. The majority (72%) of patients had their nonrenal transplants performed at the University of Alabama. Twenty-two patients had their nonrenal transplant performed elsewhere and had fewer data available for analysis. From the period 1993–1996 to 2001–2004, an 11-fold increase in the absolute number of referrals of patients with nonrenal transplants was noted. Of patients who were referred for transplant evaluation, 25 became recipients of kidney transplants with a predominance of living-donor transplants. Referral for kidney transplant evaluation among nonrenal solid-organ transplant recipients is increasing and will exacerbate the existing shortage of deceased-donor kidneys that are available for transplantation. There was a trend for liver transplant recipients compared with other solid-organ recipients to develop ESRD at a greater rate.
Solution studies on heme proteins circular dichroism and optical rotation of Glycera dibranchiata hemoglobins

Abstract Circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra of several liganded derivatives of the monomer and polymer hemoglobin components of the marine annelid, Glycera dibranchiata were measured over the wavelength range 650–195 nm. The differences observed between the monomer and polymer components for the heme dichroic bands in the visible, Soret and ultraviolet wavelength regions seem to result from changes in the heme environment, geometry and coordination state of the central heme iron in these proteins. Within the Soret region, the liganded derivatives of the monomer hemoglobin exhibit predominantly negative circular dichroic bands. The heme band at 260 nm is also absent for the monomer hemoglobin. The ORD and CD spectra in the far-ultraviolet, peptide absorbing region suggest also differences in the α-helix content of the monomer and polymer hemoglobins. The values for the single-chain G. dibranchiata hemoglobin are in the expected range (about 70% α-helix) as predicted by the X-ray structure of this protein. The lower estimates of the α-helix content for the polymer hemoglobin (approx. 50%), may reflect the differences in amino acid composition, primary structure and polypeptide chain foldings. Changes in oxidation state and ligand binding appears to have no pronounced effect on the helicity of either the monomer or polymer hemoglobins. The removal of the heme moiety from the monomer hemoglobin did result in a major decrease in its helix content similar to the loss of heme from myoglobin.