cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Media, New Politics: The Internet and the 2008 Presidential Election

The dominant assumption is that the Obama campaign in the 2008 election was able to effectively utilize the Internet as a means of attracting supporters and potential voters. However, those individuals using the Internet as a source of political information were actually less likely to hold a favorable opinion of Obama than those opting to use more traditional news mediums. More generally, Internet usage seems to foster a lack of trust and support for political actors and institutions.
Creation of heterogeneous microstructures in copper using high-pressure torsion to enhance mechanical properties

Abstract This paper studies the effects of high-pressure torsion (HPT) at ambient temperature on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties enhancement in pure copper. The aim is to introduce gradient microstructure, with various statistical distributions of grain size and grain orientations to examine their effect on strength and ductility. To this end, extruded cylindrical pure copper subjected to HPT for 1, 2, and 3-turns resulted in grain refinement down to the grain size of 500 nm. Combination of microhardness test and EBSD scans through the radial direction confirm the creation of a heterogeneous structure through the thickness and radial directions. The results demonstrate that increasing the shear strain leads to (1) ultra-fine grain (UFG) generation at deformed coarse-grain boundaries, (2) an increase in the fraction of recrystallized grains and high angle grain boundaries, and (3) a homogenous structure in the last step. A unique mixture has been obtained due to the particular shape of the anvils. The mixture included a chain of UFGs and coarse grains contain dislocations and subgrains. The highest level of gradient structure through the thickness was observed after 1-turn, which leads to the best combination of strength and ductility.
Telomere dysfunction represses HNF4α leading to impaired hepatocyte development and function

ABSTRACT Telomere attrition is a risk factor for end-stage liver disease. Due to a lack of adequate models and intrinsic difficulties in studying telomerase in physiologically relevant cells, the molecular mechanisms responsible for liver disease in patients with telomere syndromes remain elusive. To circumvent that, we used genome editing to generate isogenic human embryonic stem cell lines (hESCs) harboring a clinically relevant mutation in telomerase (DKC1_A353V) and subjected them to an in vitro, stage-specific hepatocyte differentiation protocol, that resembles hepatocyte development in vivo. Our results show that while telomerase is highly expressed in hESCs, it is quickly silenced, due to TERT down-regulation, after endoderm differentiation, and completely absent in in vitro derived hepatocytes, similarly to what is observed in primary hepatocytes. While endoderm derivation is not impacted by telomere shortening, progressive telomere dysfunction impaired hepatic endoderm formation. Consequently, hepatocyte-derivation, as measured by expression of specific markers, as well by albumin expression and secretion, is severely compromised in telomerase mutant cells with short telomeres. Interestingly, this phenotype was not caused by cell death induction or senescence. Rather, telomere shortening induces down regulation of the human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), in a p53 dependent manner. Telomerase reactivation, as well as p53 silencing, rescued hepatocyte formation in telomerase mutants. Likewise, conditional expression of HNF4α, even in cells that retained short telomeres, accrued DNA damage, and p53 stabilization, successfully restored hepatocyte formation from hESCS. Conclusions Combined, our data shows that telomere dysfunction acts a major regulator of HNF4α during hepatocyte development and function, pointing to a potential novel target for the clinical management of liver disease in telomere-syndrome patients.
Synthesis of Benzotriazolo[1,2-a]benzotriazole Derivatives as New High Density, Insensitive Energetic Materials

The synthesis of the new high density energetic compound 4,8-dinitro-12H-[1,2,5]-oxadiazolo[3,4-e][1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3‘,4‘:4,5]benzotriazolo[1,2-a]benzotriazol-13-ium inner salt 1,11-dioxide (7) was achieved in three steps (37% yield) from 2,4,8,10-tetranitrobenzotriazolo[1,2-a]benzotriazolo-6-ium inner salt (4). The compound 7 was found to be thermally stable up to 274 °C and was insensitive to impact (hammer/anvil test).
Respiratory-Swallow Pattern Following Total Laryngectomy.

The goal of this study was to further characterize respiratory patterns in total laryngectomees with attention to respiratory-swallow pattern as it relates to presence/absence of tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) and bolus consistency. It was hypothesized that participants with TEP would exhibit respiratory-swallow patterns that were significantly different than those without TEP and that bolus consistency (thin or solid) would modulate respiratory-swallow pattern. Data were collected from 12 adults (8 male), aged 46–67 years (mean 57) status post total laryngectomy (1–30 years; average 6 years). Those actively receiving chemoradiation, with history of esophageal cancer, with neurologic disease, with history of lung cancer, with known or suspected recurrence of head and neck cancer (HNC), or with severe cognitive deficits were excluded. Laryngectomy participants were asked to swallow three sips of water and three bites of graham cracker. Submental surface EMG activity was used to detect swallows and a custom stoma mask in line with a pneumotachograph measured airflow during the swallows. Non-parametric Mann–Whitney test for differences was used to detect significance for our dependent variables, TEP or bolus consistency and independent variables, respiratory-swallow pattern. Laryngectomee’s showed preference for swallow during inspiration which is inconsistent with the expiratory pattern preference found in healthy adults with intact larynges by McFarland et al. (Respir Physiol Neurobiol 234:89–96, 2016) but consistent with the pattern preference for inspiration (or non-dominant respiratory-swallow phase pattern) found in the HNC population at-large by Brodsky et al. (J Appl Physiol 112(10):1698–1705, 2012). No significant difference was found in swallow pattern with regards to presence/absence of TEP or bolus consistency.
Psychological Aspects of Aesthetics

The notion of beauty is as varied as the individual patient. What one person perceives as attractive may be unsightly to another. Trust in the practitioner to provide an aesthetic outcome that corresponds to the patient’s perception is paramount to patient satisfaction. If the perception of beauty of the patient is similar to that of the practitioner, the patient would be satisfied and the practitioner would be proud of their work. However, awareness of realistic expectations and the perception of beauty are very subjective and open to wide interpretation.
Macromolecular design strategies toward tailoring free volume in glassy polymers for high performance gas separation membranes

The gas separation membrane field has seen exceptional growth since its inception, with extensive research being performed to find novel, high performance polymer membrane materials for application in industrial separations. In this review, we examine recent advances of polymer design strategies to overcome the permeability/selectivity tradeoff relationship and the diminished performance caused by physical aging. We explore fundamental structure–property relationships within current state-of-the-art polymer materials to discern promising routes for continued membrane materials research and development, highlighting promising macromolecular architectures and design strategies providing tailorable polymer free volume for high performance gas separation membranes. Finally, we provide our perspective on encouraging design routes moving forward.
Establishing Test-Retest Reliability and Reliable Change for the King-Devick Test in High School Athletes.

OBJECTIVE To establish test-retest reliability in nonconcussed high school athletes and compare absolute change, reliable change indices (RCIs), and minimal detectable change (MDC) methods for classifying impairment after sport-related concussion. DESIGN Prospective, repeated measures. SETTING High schools from the Midwest and Central regions of the United States. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 772 nonconcussed high school athletes (n = 546 men) completed preseason K-D testing. In addition, 69 athletes completed a second postseason K-D test, and 54 athletes sustained a concussion and completed postconcussion K-D tests. INTERVENTION K-D test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data for age, sex, and concussion history were determined using preseason K-D test outcomes. Test-retest reliability, RCIs, and MDCs were calculated using postseason K-D tests (M = 98.9, SD = 9.1 days). Postinjury K-D assessments within 5 days of injury (M = 1.5, SD = 1.5 days) were used to classify impairment on K-D using absolute change, RCI, and MDC methods. RESULTS Significant effects for age (P < 0.001) and history of concussion (P = 0.001) were supported on baseline K-D time, with no sex differences (P = 0.21). Preseason to postseason reliability for K-D times was 0.60 (intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% CI, 0.43-0.73), although 38% of athletes exhibited slower postseason K-D times compared with baseline. Impairment on K-D exhibited for 72% of the concussed sample using absolute change, 48% using MDC, and 44% using RCI methods. CONCLUSIONS K-D exhibited moderate test-retest reliability across 1 season. Absolute change yielded the highest sensitivity for preinjury to postinjury impairment on the K-D compared with RCI and MDC methods.
Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of State-Based Discrete-Event Simulation Models Through a Stacked Ensemble of Metamodels

Realistic state-based discrete-event simulation models are often quite complex. The complexity frequently manifests in models that (a) contain a large number of input variables whose values are difficult to determine precisely, and (b) take a relatively long time to solve.
Native and Non-Native Teachers in English Language Classrooms: Professional Challenges and Teacher Education: by Juan de Dios Martínez Agudo, Boston, Berlin, De Gruyter Mouton, 2017, 350 pp., $148.39 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-5015-1211-7

According to Worldometer (2020), the world population is 7.8 billion people and the British Council (2019) reports that 1.5 billion people are currently learning English as a second or as a foreign...
Student Ambassador Program to Increase HPV Vaccination Coverage Rates among Adolescents in an East Harlem High School

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) exposure during adolescence is a public health concern because exposure in adolescence can lead to several types of cancer in adulthood. In 2017, New York State health regulations were changed to allow health care providers to administer HPV vaccine to at-risk minors without the consent of parents or guardians. This measure allowed for adolescents to access HPV vaccines confidentially. Almost two years since this legislation, many adolescents are unaware they can consent for the HPV vaccine themselves and may not recognize the …
Further studies on the electrical potentials of the human uterus in labor.

Abstract During the investigation of the electrical phenomena associated with the human uterus in labor, it was found that changes in electrical potential, of low frequency and with an amplitude of several millivolts, could be recorded from the exterior of the abdomen. 1 This study was originally conducted with the purpose of determining the nature of action currents, their effect on the type of labor developed by the uterine musculature, and the diagnosis of any defects in pattern or voltages, if such patterns were found. Because of inherent difficulties in the amplifying and recording system employed, the uncertainties associated with skeletal muscular effects, and the failure to find a regularly reproducible pattern for these currents, extension of the methods was found necessary, with modification of the recording techniques. The present communication is concerned with the presentation of these findings.
The virtual firefly: a research tool for biologists

Fireflies communicate using a series for precisely timed pulses to identify potential mates. Each species has a unique pattern of communication. Biologists at our college are actively investigating various aspects of this communication pattern. Their research requires a device to proxy for an actual firefly in a meaningful way. Our project involved creating a "Virtual Firefly" to fill this need.
Heterogeneity in the Attachment and Uptake Mechanisms of the Legionnaires’ Disease Bacterium, Legionella pneumophila, by Protozoan Hosts

Invasion and intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila within protozoa in the environment plays a major role in the transmission of Legionnaires' disease. Intracellular replication of L. pneumophila within protozoa occurs in a rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-surrounded phagosome (Y. Abu Kwaik, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2022-2028, 1996). Since the subsequent fate of many intracellular pathogens is determined by the route of entry, we compared the mechanisms of attachment and subsequent uptake of L. pneumophila by the two protozoa Hartmannella vermiformis and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Our data provide biochemical and genetic evidence that the mechanisms of attachment and subsequent uptake of L. pneumophila by the two protozoan hosts are, in part, different. First, uptake of L. pneumophila by H. vermiformis is completely blocked by the monovalent sugars galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but these sugars partially blocked A. polyphaga. Second, attachment of L. pneumophila to H. vermiformis is associated with a time-dependent and reversible tyrosine dephosphorylation of multiple host proteins. In contrast, only a slight dephosphorylation of a 170-kDa protein of A. polyphaga is detected upon infection. Third, synthesis of H. vermiformis proteins but not of A. polyphaga proteins is required for uptake of L. pneumophila. Fourth, we have identified L. pneumophila mutants that are severely defective in attachment to A. polyphaga but which exhibit minor reductions in attachment to H. vermiformis and, thus, provide a genetic basis for the difference in mechanisms of attachment to both protozoa. The data indicate a remarkable adaptation of L. pneumophila to attach and invade different protozoan hosts by different mechanisms, yet invasion is followed by a remarkably similar intracellular replication within a RER-surrounded phagosome and subsequent killing of the host cell.
Social Interaction Technologies and the Future of Blogging

In an age of user-generated content, multimedia sharing sites, and customized news aggregators, an assortment of Internet-based social interaction technologies transforms the Web and its users. A quintessential embodiment of social interaction technologies, blogs are widely used by people across diverse geographies to locate information, create and share content, initiate conversations, and collaborate and interact with others in various settings. This chapter surveys the global blogosphere landscape for the latest trends and developments in order to evaluate the overall direction that blogging might take in the future. The author posits that network-based peer production and social media convergence are the driving forces behind the current transformation of blogs. The participatory and inclusive nature of social interaction technologies makes blogging a medium of choice for disseminating user-driven content and particularly suitable for bottom-up grassroots initiatives, creativity, and innovation.
NMDA and β1-Adrenergic Receptors Differentially Signal Phosphorylation of Glutamate Receptor Type 1 in Area CA1 of Hippocampus

Glutamatergic synaptic transmission is mediated primarily through the AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR); the regulation of this receptor underlies many forms of synaptic plasticity. In particular, phosphorylation of GluR1, an AMPAR subunit, by PKA at serine 845 (S845) increases peak open channel probability and is permissive for both the synaptic expression of the receptor and NMDA-receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). Robust NMDAR activation activates PKA as well as other signaling enzymes; however, we find that maximal NMDAR activation dephosphorylates GluR1 at the PKA site S845. Coincident inhibition of phosphatases blocks NMDAR-induced dephosphorylation of S845, but surprisingly does not promote PKA phosphorylation at this site. However, we find that phosphorylation of S845 is increased by the activation of a G s -coupled receptor, the β 1 -adrenergic receptor. Interestingly, this divergent signaling occurs despite a more robust coupling of the NMDAR to cAMP generation. In addition, NMDAR activation plays a dominant role in S845 regulation, because activation of β 1 AR after NMDAR activation has no detectable effect on S845 phosphorylation. These data (1) demonstrate highly specific coupling between these receptors and this substrate, (2) provide an example of a substrate critical in NMDAR-dependent LTP that is incompletely regulated by the NMDAR, and (3) highlight the importance of identifying the physiological signals that regulate these critical synaptic substrates.
Space propulsion via spherical torus fusion reactor

A conceptual vehicle design enabling fast outer solar system travel was produced predicated on a small aspect ratio spherical torus nuclear fusion reactor. Analysis revealed that the vehicle could deliver a 108 mt crew habitat payload to Saturn rendezvous in 204 days, with an initial mass in low Earth orbit of 1630 mt. Engineering conceptual design, analysis, and assessment were performed on all major systems including nuclear fusion reactor, magnetic nozzle, power conversion, fast wave plasma heating, fuel pellet injector, startup/re-start fission reactor and battery, and other systems. Detailed fusion reactor design included analysis of plasma characteristics, power balance and utilization, first wall, toroidal field coils, heat transfer, and neutron/X-ray radiation.
History of SAW devices

This paper gives a historical account of the development of Rayleigh-wave, or surface acoustic wave (SAW), devices for applications in electronics. The subject was spurred on initially by the requirements of pulse compression radar, and became a practical reality with the planar interdigital transducer, dating from 1965. The accessibility of the propagation path gave rise to substantial versatility, and a huge variety of devices were developed. Passive SAW devices are now ubiquitous, with applications ranging from professional radar and communications systems to consumer areas such as TV, pagers and mobile phones. The paper describes the extensive work, particularly in the 1970s, to investigate SAW propagation in crystalline media, including piezoelectric coupling diffraction and temperature effects. This led to identification of many suitable materials. Concurrently, many devices began development, including pulse compression filters, bandpass filters, resonators, oscillators, convolvers and matched filters for spread spectrum. In the 1970s, many of these became established in professional systems, and the SAW bandpass filter became a standard component for domestic TV. In the 1980s and 9Os, SAW responded to the new call for low-loss filters, particularly for mobile phones. With losses as low as 2 dB required (and subsequently achieved) at RF frequencies around 900 MHz, a raft of new technologies was developed. Additionally, for IF filters special techniques were evolved to reduce the physical size needed for narrow bandwidths. Such devices are now manufactured in very large quantities. In order to satisfy these needs, new types of surface wave, particularly transverse leaky waves, were investigated, and materials using such waves now have their place alongside more traditional materials.
Justification, choice and promise: three devices of the consent tradition in a diverse society

The twin ideas at the heart of the social contract tradition are that persons are naturally free and equal, and that genuine political obligations must in some way be based on the consent of those obligated. The Lockean tradition has held that consent must be in the form of explicit choice; Kantian contractualism has insisted on consent as rational endorsement. In this paper I seek to bring the Kantian and Lockean contract traditions together. Kantian rational justification and actual choice are complementary devices through which our freedom and equality can be reconciled with moral and political authority. We should not think that there is simply one way by which relations of moral and political authority can be reconciled with our status as free and equal. I defend three distinct devices through which freedom and authority may be reconciled: justification to others, social choice and promise. All three are aspects of the ‘consent tradition’ broadly construed.
The generation of a compositional lithosphere by mid-ocean ridge melting and its effect on subsequent off-axis hotspot upwelling and melting

The generation of a ∼50–500 times more viscous and 1–2% less dense depleted restite layer by melting and melt extraction beneath a mid-ocean ridge can be a significant barrier to subsequent off-axis upwelling and melting. This compositional lithosphere is formed by melting at a mid-ocean ridge which results in the “dewatering” and increase in Mg# of olivine crystals in the restite residue from melt-extraction; effects which can produce up to a 1000-fold increase in the viscosity of the restite relative to upwelling asthenosphere [1,2]. Compositional lithosphere may be the principle mechanical barrier to plume ascent and melting beneath young seafloor. The formation of compositional lithosphere at the ridge axis would also lead to uniform horizontal motion beneath the thickening thermal boundary layer — this may be the physical reason underlying the excellent bathymetric fits of age-plate cooling models which assume this simple pattern of flow. The presence of a ∼ 1021 Pa-s restite layer within and above the primary melting generation region of a mid-ocean ridge may also provide a mechanism for viscous pressure gradients to effectively focus migrating melt to a narrow region of axial volcanism and, simultaneously, to restrict ridge upwelling rates to the “passive” (plate separation) upwelling speeds implied by recent measurements of UTh disequilibria in MORB. These last two effects critically depend on whether or not the presence of migrating melt will locally weaken the restite layer beneath the ridge-axis to an “asthenosphere” as opposed to a “compositional lithosphere” viscosity. Finally, melting at off-axis plumes that ceases at the base of a relatively uniform thickness compositional/thermal lithosphere would modulate different temperature plume inputs into a uniform temperature asthenosphere that reflects the solidus temperature near the base of the lithosphere. This may be the origin of the relatively uniform asthenosphere temperature that is sampled by melting and crustal production at the global mid-ocean ridge system.
Single-Cell protein

We have tried to pinpoint some of the factors in SCP production which we believe are of significance if SCP is to become a useful protein source. While much remains to be learned about SCP, many groups in this country and abroad are working actively on various aspects of the problem, and it is likely that within five years, SCP production will have a significant impact on the nutrition of many people.
Accuracy and precision in photonic Doppler velocimetry

While photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV) is becoming a common diagnostic in dynamic compression research, its limiting accuracy and precision are not well understood. Velocity resolution is known to be inversely proportional to the time resolution, but resolution estimates differ by one to two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, resolution varies with the number of recorded signals and how these signals are analyzed. Numerical simulations reveal factors that affect accuracy and precision in PDV, and the results may be extended to a broad class of measurements. After systematic effects are eliminated, the limiting velocity uncertainty in a PDV measurement is governed by the sampling rate, the signal noise fraction, and the analysis time duration.
Primary Politics: Race, Gender, and Age in the 2008 Democratic Primary

Abstract Despite Barack Obama’s momentum in the early phase of the Democratic nomination, the process of selecting a nominee took longer than usual. Obama’s momentum, it seems, got stuck, and the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination was an unusually drawn out affair. Even when it appeared Barack Obama would win the nomination, many Clinton supporters said they would support John McCain in the general election. Why were some Democrats unwilling to join the Obama bandwagon once he emerged as a viable front‐runner – and ultimately the Democratic nominee? In this paper we bring a unique set of panel data from the 2008 Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project (CCAP) to bear on questions about primary vote choice, examining the evolution of preferences over the unusually long and intense 2008 Democratic presidential nomination campaign. Attitudes about race predict vote choice in partisan contests; here we show that (conditional on the presence of a black candidate) these attitudes help explain the dynamics of ...
Anion Binding: Self‐Assembly of Polypyrrolic Macrocycles

Anion complexation drives the self-assembly of appropriately designed macrocycles (sapphyrin and/or calix[4]pyrrole) containing pendant carboxylic arms (black in the schematic representation on the right). The self-assembly process can be disrupted by addition of F? ions (sapphyrin) or in the case of calix[4]pyrrole, polar solvents.
Long-term survivorship of single-needle pinyon (Pinus monophylla) in mixed-conifer ecosystems of the Great Basin, USA

We examined stand structure and development of mixed-conifer ecosystems in the south-central Great Basin where pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) are found together with other species, such as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), with particular emphasis on pre- and post-settlement conditions. Two study sites (Mt. Irish and the Clover Mountains) were selected based on their relative proximity but different topographic conditions and modern fire regime. Vegetation analysis was conducted on 12 0.1-ha plots per site, where all woody stems were mapped, measured, and cored for age determination, as well as on a systematic grid at 175-m intervals where tree measurements and increment cores were obtained. At Mt. Irish the total basal area was 14.5 m2 ha−1 and the tree density was 324 stems ha−1, while at the Clover Mountains they were 13.8 m2 ha−1 and 342 stems ha−1, respectively. Pre-settlement trees were found throughout each site, with maximum tree ages of 400 years or more, and older ...
Preserved access and processing of social knowledge in a patient with acquired sociopathy due to ventromedial frontal damage

Acquired damage to ventromedial frontal cortices produces abnormalities of decision-making that are especially marked in the realm of social conduct. The pathogenesis of this disorder remains unexplained. One possible mechanism posits that patients with lesions of ventromedial frontal cortices, while retaining the ability to recognize the entities and events that compose social situations, lose the ability to generate an appropriate array of response options to social stimuli, and to conceptualize the future consequences of choosing a particular option. To explore the validity of this mechanism, we tested a prototypical patient with bilateral ventromedial frontal injury and social conduct disorder, along with a group of matched controls, in a series of laboratory probes designed to examine the manipulation of response options and projected outcomes to social stimuli. The experimental subject (patient E.V.R.) exhibited normal or superior performance on tasks that measure the ability to (1) generate possible response options to social situations, (2) consider the future consequences of pursuing particular response options, (3) conceptualize effective measures to achieve given social objectives, (4) predict the likely outcome of a particular configuration of social stimuli, and (5) perform moral reasoning at an advanced developmental level. These findings suggest that: (1) the base of social knowledge that E.V.R. acquired during his normal development is still intact; and that (2) his capacity to access and process components of such knowledge is also intact, in the conditions specified in our experiment.
Accuracy of molecular dynamics obtained by T1ρ measurements on the microsecond time scale in solution

Measurements of T1ρ were performed for well characterized systems in which the number and population of exchange sites are known. These systems include the chair-to-chair isomerization of cyclohexane-d11, a two-site exchange model with equal population, and the cis-trans isomerization of methyl nitrite, a general two-site exchange model. The kinetic parameters obtained by T1ρ measurements were compared with other published results, and the predicted and observed chemical shift difference between the two sites at low temperature were more rigorously compared. These comparisons showed that measurements of T1ρ in solution provide a convenient probe of the molecular dynamics in solution on the microsecond time scale.
Evaluation of alternative algorithms for dynamic imaging microellipsometry.

An investigation of four alternative radiometric algorithms for dynamic imaging microellipsometry (a rapid full field imaging technique for thin films) is reported. Three exact solutions and a Fourier series approach are presented and compared in terms of random and systematic errors and processing requirements. Variations in performance based on assumed system specifications are of the order of 0.3 and 0.06° rms random error for Δ and ψ, respectively, with systematic error differences around 0.4° for Δ and 0.15° for ψ. Processing requirements are generally similar. The three-image algorithms are recommended for high speed applications and the Fourier series for high accuracy.
Phase Partitioning of Biomolecules: Solubilities of Amino Acids

The representation of phase equilibrium for amino acids, peptides, and proteins in solution is an important problem in the design and optimization of downstream processes for recovery of the biomolecules. This paper presents a molecular thermodynamic framework [1, 2] for the representation of the solubilities of amino acids and small peptides. With this framework, satisfactory results have been obtained in representing and predicting the solubilities of amino acids and small peptides in aqueous solution as functions of temperature, ionic strength, dipolar species concentrations, solvent compositions, and pH.
Some Historical Aspects of Marijuana

(1977). Some Historical Aspects of Marijuana. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 243-253.
Celestial polarized light patterns as a calibration reference for sun compass of homing pigeons

Homing pigeons ( Columba livia ) housed as short-term residents in “deflector lofts” which generate clockwise or counterclockwise rotations of both light cues and wind-borne odors exhibit a corresponding clockwise or counterclockwise bias in homeward orientation upon release from a distant site. Although the biased orientation of deflector loft birds has been cited as evidence that the deflector lofts are rotating an olfactory “map” derived from wind-borne odors, recent experiments using altered deflector panels have shown instead that light cues and not odors are responsible for the deflector loft effect. This paper examines the relationship between behavioral evidence obtained in deflector loft experiments and measurements of the effect that deflector panels have on the distribution of celestial polarization cues visible within these lofts. The measurements show that the deflector panels' influence on the distribution of near-u.v. polarized light patterns which are present at sunrise and sunset matches the orientation bias observed for short-term residents. Furthermore, seasonal changes in the deflector lofts' effect on these polarization patterns parallel seasonal changes in the orientation behavior of deflector loft birds. These results therefore provide support for a theoretical model in which the pigeon's sun compass is calibrated with respect to celestial polarization patterns, and furthermore implicate a near-u.v. sensitive visual receptor in the perception of polarized light by the homing pigeon. The hypothesized compass reference system derived from celestial polarization patterns is also discussed in the light of an alternative model for calibration of the avian sun compass using magnetic cues.
Splanchnic-cerebral oxygenation ratio (SCOR) values in healthy term infants as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Purpose The splanchnic-cerebral oxygenation ratio (SCOR) is a measurement comparing regional tissue oxygen saturation of splanchnic organs and brain tissue. SCOR has been previously proposed as a marker of clinical conditions associated with gut ischemia. Our goal was to determine SCOR values in healthy neonates in their first and second days of life.
Observations of the Transition Layer

Abstract The transition layer is the poorly understood interface between the stratified, weakly turbulent interior and the strongly turbulent surface mixed layer. The transition layer displays elevated thermohaline variance compared to the interior and maxima in current shear, vertical stratification, and potential vorticity. A database of 91 916 km or 25 426 vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from SeaSoar, a towed vehicle, is used to define the transition layer thickness. Acoustic Doppler current measurements are also used, when available. Statistics of the transition layer thickness are compared for 232 straight SeaSoar sections, which range in length from 65 to 1129 km with typical horizontal resolution of ∼4 km and vertical resolution of 8 m. Transition layer thicknesses are calculated in three groups from 1) vertical displacements of the mixed layer base and of interior isopycnals into the mixed layer; 2) the depths below the mixed layer depth of peaks in shear, stratification, and potenti...
Protein Assembly at the Air-Water Interface Studied by Fluorescence Microscopy

Protein assembly at the air–water interface (AWI) occurs naturally in many biological processes and provides a method for creating biomaterials. However, the factors that control protein self-assembly at the AWI and the dynamic processes that occur during adsorption are still underexplored. Using fluorescence microscopy, we investigated assembly at the AWI of a model protein, human serum albumin minimally labeled with Texas Red fluorophore. Static and dynamic information was obtained under low subphase concentrations. By varying the solution protein concentration, ionic strength, and redox state, we changed the microstructure of protein assembly at the AWI accordingly. The addition of pluronic surfactant caused phase segregation to occur at the AWI, with fluid surfactant domains and more rigid protein domains revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments. Protein domains were observed to coalesce during this competitive adsorption process.
Safety of the live, attenuated varicella vaccine in pediatric recipients of hematopoietic SCTs.

VZV is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients after hematopoietic SCT (HSCT). There is controversy surrounding the use of the live attenuated varicella vaccine (LAVV) in this population due to concerns that the immunization may cause VZ-related disease. The Blood and Marrow Transplant (BMT) group at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Children's Hospital has been recommending the LAVV for immunocompetent HSCT patients since 1995. We retrospectively examined the incidence of post-immunization complications attributable to the LAVV in pediatric patients after HSCT. We also reported seroconversion rates when possible. Among 68 recipients of the LAVV after HSCT, 3 (4.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.0–12.7%) experienced mild-to-moderate symptoms potentially attributable to vaccination, and there were no severe reactions. Among 28 patients analyzed for seroconversion, 18 (64.3%; 95% CI=45.8–79.4%) seroconverted, 3 (10.7%; 95% CI 2.9–28.0%) possibly seroconverted and 7 (25.0%; 95% CI=12.4–43.6%) failed to seroconvert. It appears safe to administer the LAVV to immunocompetent patients after HSCT. Prospective studies are needed to more accurately determine rates of vaccine complications, efficacy and immunologic responses to vaccination.
Congenital heart disease in mice deficient for the DiGeorge syndrome region

The heterozygous chromosome deletion within the band 22q11 (del22q11) is an important cause of congenital cardiovascular defects. It is the genetic basis of DiGeorge syndrome and causes the most common deletion syndrome in humans. Because the deleted region is largely conserved in the mouse, we were able to engineer a chromosome deletion (Df1) spanning a segment of the murine region homologous to the human deleted region. Here we describe heterozygously deleted (Df1/+) mice with cardiovascular abnormalities of the same type as those associated with del22q11; we have traced the embryological origin of these abnormalities to defective development of the fourth pharyngeal arch arteries. Genetic complementation of the deletion using a chromosome duplicated for the Df1 DNA segment corrects the heart defects, indicating that they are caused by reduced dosage of genes located within Df1. The Df1/+ mouse model reveals the pathogenic basis of the most clinically severe aspect of DiGeorge syndrome and uncovers a new mechanism leading to aortic arch abnormalities. These mutants represent a mouse model of a human deletion syndrome generated by chromosome engineering.
Psychosocial treatment in the 21st century

Abstract Over the past 50 years, psychosocial treatment has played an increasingly prominent role in helping persons with mental illness live in communities rather than in institutions. This paper briefly reviews evidence for and discusses three forms of treatment–assertive community treatment, supported employment, and cognitive behavior treatment–which have been studied extensively and are widely accepted as effective interventions. Forces are discussed that have shaped these and other psychosocial treatment over the past five decades. Despite the accumulated evidence, many questions remain about the cost-effectiveness and applicability of these treatments in specific populations and service environments. The development of these and other treatments has been, and continues to be, shaped by concerns about rising health care costs, a heightened emphasis on evidence-based treatment and by consumers taking a more active role in determining the services, and outcomes that are most helpful to them.
Insulin stimulates the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

Summary The activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase is subject to regulation by both allosteric modulation and changes in covalent enzyme phosphorylation. The present study was carried out to investigate changes in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation state following insulin or glucagon exposure in rat hepatocytes. Glucagon leads to an increase in enzyme phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, insulin also causes a small but significant increase in enzyme phosphorylation; the effects of insulin plus glucagon on phosphorylation are roughly additive. Thus, acetyl-CoA carboxylase joins a growing list of intercellular proteins whose phosphorylation is increased by insulin and is the first example of an enzyme substrate whose activity is known to be acutely modulated by insulin.
Clp protease complexes from photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastids and mitochondria of plants, their predicted three-dimensional structures, and functional implications

Tetradecameric Clp protease core complexes in non-photosynthetic plastids of roots, flower petals, and in chloroplasts of leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana were purified based on native mass and isoelectric point and identified by mass spectrometry. The stoichiometry between the subunits was determined. The protease complex consisted of one to three copies of five different serine-type protease Clp proteins (ClpP1,3-6) and four non-proteolytic ClpR proteins (ClpR1-4). Three-dimensional homology modeling showed that the ClpP/R proteins fit well together in a tetradecameric complex and also indicated unique contributions for each protein. Lateral exit gates for proteolysis products are proposed. In addition, ClpS1,2, unique to land plants, tightly interacted with this core complex, with one copy of each per complex. The three-dimensional modeling show that they do fit well on the axial sites of the ClpPR cores. In contrast to plastids, plant mitochondria contained a single ∼320-kDa homo-tetradecameric ClpP2 complex, without association of ClpR or ClpS proteins. It is surprising that the Clp core composition appears identical in all three plastid types, despite the remarkable differences in plastid proteome composition. This suggests that regulation of plastid proteolysis by the Clp machinery is not through differential regulation of ClpP/R/S gene expression, but rather through substrate recognition mechanisms and regulated interaction of chaperone-like molecules (ClpS1,2 and others) to the ClpP/R core.
Characterization of 2-amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) in vitro toxicity in renal cortical slices from male Fischer 344 rats

2-Amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) is a major, aromatic ring hydroxylated metabolite of the renal toxicant, 3,4-dichloroaniline. 3,4-Dichloroaniline is nephrotoxic with primary damage located to the proximal tubules. The purpose of this study was to first characterize the in vitro toxicity of 2A45CP in renal cortical slices. Second, the effect of antioxidants and sulfhydryl containing agents on the severity of 2A45CP toxicity was explored since part of the mechanism of toxicity for aminophenols may involve redox cycling. Renal tissue was isolated from male Fischer 344 rats (190--220 g). Renal slices were rinsed three times for 3 min each in 5-ml Krebs buffer. Tissues were then incubated for 90--120 min with varying concentrations of 2A45CP between 0 and 0.5 mM. In a separate series of experiments, the slices (50--100 mg) were preincubated for 30 min with 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 1 mM glutathione (GSH) or 2 mM ascorbic acid prior to exposure to 0, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.25 mM 2A45CP. 2A45CP produced a concentration and time dependent increase in LDH leakage from renal cortical slices. Total glutathione levels were diminished by 0.5 mM 2A45CP within 30 min. Renal slices incubated for 60 and 120 min with 0.05 and 0.1 mM 2A45CP had lower malondialdehyde levels than control. Pretreatment with DTT did not alter 2A45CP toxicity. Pretreatment of renal cortical slices with GSH or ascorbic acid reduced 2A45CP toxicity. These findings indicate that 2A45CP is directly toxic to renal cortical slices and that cytotoxicity is at least partially mediated by a reactive intermediate.
Theoretical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulations of drug delivery mediated by blood--brain barrier transporters.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic simulations were performed to assess the feasibility of central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery via endogenous transporters resident at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Pharmacokinetic models were derived for intravenous bolus dosing of a hypothetical drug in the absence or presence of an endogenous, competing transport inhibitor. These models were linked to CNS pharmacodynamic models where the effect sites were either cell surface receptors or intracellularly localized enzymes. The response of the dependent parameter, the duration of effect (t dur ), was examined in relationship to changes in the independent parameters, i.e. dose, elimination rate constant (k e1 ), BBB transport parameters (K m1 and V max1 ) and EC 50 (effective concentration that elicits a 50% response). As expected, t dur increased with (a) increases in drug doses, (b) decreases in k e1 or (c) decreases in EC 50 , irrespective of the effect site. Surprisingly, endogenous transport inhibition produced decreases in drug terminal half-life and corresponding decreases in t dur . Interestingly, t dur was independent of assigned transporter K m and V max when the dose EC 50 ratio (dose/EC 50 ) was > 1 (irrespective of endogenous transport inhibition), but highly dependent on K m1 and V max1 when dose/EC 50 was (a) < 1 (no endogenous transport inhibition) or (b) equal to 1 (with endogenous transport inhibition). Oral input of the endogenous transport inhibitor produced a decrease in t dur when the dose/EC 50 range was 0.1-10. These simulations highlight that (a) systemic pharmacokinetic and BBB transport parameters influence t dur , (b) drug terminal half-life is inversely related to circulating levels of endogenous inhibitors, and (c) oral ingestion of endogenous transport inhibitor(s) reduces t dur . Overall, these simulations provide insight for the feasibility of rational CNS drug design delivery via endogenous transporters.
On correcting for variance inflation in kernel density estimation

It is a simple matter to correct for the well-known variance inflation property of nonnegative kernel density estimates whereby the estimated distribution's variance exceeds that of the sample. But should we bother? Asymptotic mean integrated squared error considerations, developed here for the first time, suggest we may. However, we observe that the difference variance correction makes is, in most practical instances, negligible. Even when this is not so, exploratory conclusions would rarely be affected and, on occasions when this is not so either, variance correction can have a slight tendency to obscure potentially important features of the density. An exception to all this is estimation of the normal density for which correcting for variance inflation is certainty appropriate. This author retains a personal preference for continuing with uncorrected kernel density estimates, but the main message of the paper is the relative indifference to whether or not variance correction is employed.
Sharing digitized research‐related information on the World Wide Web

Five-hundred twenty-seven full bibliographic records containing URLs were downloaded from SCISEARCH as part of an exploration of the extent of Web publication of electronic research-related information (E-RRI) in the sciences and classified as to resource type, subject area, and degree of intellectual property protection. Four hundred eighty-five records represented nonduplicate descriptions of data compilations (194), software (153), Websites (73), electronic documents (49), and digitized images (17). The greatest concentration of E-RRI was found in molecular biology (QP=123), general natural history and biology (QH=84), and medicine (R=74). Roughly two-thirds of the 410 accessible Webpages (67%) permitted totally free and unrestricted public access and use of the information; 11% requested citation of a related journal article as acknowledgment of use; the remainder stated conditions for use or relied on a statement of copyright as an indication of ownership. The World Wide Web appears to have become a significant channel for scientists to distribute databases, software, and other information related to their published research.