cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidant-induced cytotoxicity: a challenge for metabolic modulation.

Oxidant injury to cells and tissues, induced by reactive oxygen metabolites such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, involves chemical alterations in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (1-3). Perturbations to the first three of these molecules may impair membrane and other cellular activities; however, such damage can usually be repaired by new synthesis, and damaged tissues can be replaced by cell replication. However, damage to nucleic acids in general, and DNA in particular, interferes with the cell's synthetic activity and more importantly with its ability to replicate and replace damaged cells. In addition to the replicative impairment that may result from oxidant injury, reactive oxygen metabolites can induce sufficient DNA damage to activate metabolic pathways that lead to rapid cell lysis and death (3). This more fulminant type of cell death is mediated by activation of the chromosomal enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and consequent alterations in NAD metabolism (3-7). Figure I shows the central regulatory role played by NAD and the potential for drastic alterations in cellular metabolism consequent to variations in NAD levels. Most cells . maintain a relatively steady state level of NAD. They can take up nicotinamide and combine it with phosphoribosylpyrophosphate to form nicotinamide mononucleotide which can then be condensed with ATP to form NAD (8). NAD serves as cofactor for glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle which provides most of the ATP for energy-dependent processes. NAD is the precursor for NADP, which serves as cofactor for several important pathways including the pentose shunt, bioreductive synthetio pathways, and maintenance of reduced glutathione pools. The bottom of Figure 1 indicates that oxidants can produce direct DNA strand breaks and that they can also produce DNA damage that is processed into DNA strand breaks by cellular repair enzymes. DNA strand breaks activate the chromosomal enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase to utilize NAD for the production of poly(ADP-ribose), which facilitates the DNA repair process. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase shows negligible levels of activity until DNA is
Modeling and simulation of hydraulic control system for vehicle continuously variable transmission

Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an advanced transmission device. The metal V-belt type CVT introduced in this paper is a mechano-hydraulic servo system, which can realize auto optimum power matching control continuously. In this paper, the structure and operating principle of the metal V-belt type CVT were introduced. The relations between the rotating speed of the engine and the running speed of the vehicle were analyzed. The mathematical model of the system was established in the style of state equation using bond graph method. The hydraulic control system of the metal V-belt type CVT was simulated. It was found that, the metal V-belt type CVT makes the vehicle's velocity respond to changes of external environment rapidly and excellently, and then changes the vehicle's speed ratio continuously. The study of this project provides academic bases for further studying on dynamic characteristics of continuously variable transmission and vehicle.
Genetic structure in human populations: implications for the personalized medicine value chain.

John A Fossella Weill Medical College of Cornell University, The Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA Tel.: +1 212 746 3781; E-mail: jaf2014@ med.cornell.edu; http://sacklerinstitute.org/~ fossella/ ‘As personalized medicines are designed with allele-specific biomarkers in mind, the basic question of how these alleles are distributed in human populations naturally arises.’
Developmental changes in epidermal laminae and tubules of equine hoof wall in the term fetus and young horse

Discussion Most previous work has examined the hoof wall in a steady physiological state. Investigation of keratinocyte development and maturation during growth may reveal clues to their adaptive responses during normal stress and disease, such as laminitis. Keratinocyte changes documented in this study reflect a moving maturation process along the dorsal hoof wall during keratinocyte migration and inner hoof wall development.
Fixpt: a C++ method for development of fixed point digital signal processing algorithms

This paper describes a C++ class, fixpt /spl minus/ a new data type used for development of fixed point algorithms. Fixpt is designed to reduce the development time incurred during the conversion of floating point algorithms into equivalent fixed point implementations on fixed point processors or custom designed ASIC hardware. Fixpt allows each variable in a C++ program to be declared with a user defined whole and fractional size. For example, the C++ statement "fixpt var1 (6,10);" creates a fixpt variable with 6 bits for the whole part and 10 bits for the fractional part. During program execution, the fixpt class handles detection and management of overflow and underflow conditions, thus allowing the programmer to quickly identify which variables are incorrectly sized. The fixpt class also provides extensive debugging aids and user definable overflow function. Basic functionality of the class, along with comparisons between floating point and fixpt algorithms, such as audio decompression, are presented. >
Memristor: Part I—The Underlying Physics and Conduction Mechanism

Memristor switching and observed I-V characteristics are explained using the underlying physics of the device in terms of the formation and rupture of filaments. Three different conduction mechanisms, namely-filament-assisted tunneling current, bulk tunneling current, and currents flowing through low and high conductivity filaments give rise to the total current in memristive systems. Heating of filaments during current conduction may reduce the ROFF/RON ratio of the device by increasing its ON resistance. In case of an organic layer, this issue can be circumvented by suitably increasing the organic layer thickness. Effects of different parameters on lifetime of memristors as resistance-switching random access memory have also been investigated.
Object technology for the integration of the infrastructure, data manager, and tracker for command and control applications

Mitre's evolvable real-time C3 (command, control and communications) initiative attempts to develop an approach that would enable current real-time systems to evolve into the systems of the future. Bensley et al. (1996) described the design and proof-of-concept object-oriented implementation of the infrastructure and data manager. In this paper, we describe the object technology-based integration of the real-time software infrastructure, data manager and tracking application.
Using a prism to reject or select harmonic reflections in an X-ray monochromator

The angle by which an X-ray deviates from its original direction when it passes through a refractive prism is proportional to the square of the X-ray wavelength. This effect was used to discriminate between different harmonic orders of a two-crystal non-dispersive monochromator. Two cases are discussed. In the first case, a refractive prism allows tuning of the silicon 333 reflection to the peak of its double-crystal rocking curve while the higher-order harmonics are suppressed, with much of the harmonic rejection being controllable by the angle of the prism. In the second case, it is demonstrated that slightly tuning the second crystal of the monochromator allows the selection of a specific harmonic order from among reflections 333, 444 and 555.
Standpoint: No more secrets: A retrospective essay on Joshua Meyrowitz's no sense of place

(1996). Standpoint: No more secrets: A retrospective essay on Joshua Meyrowitz's no sense of place. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 589-596.
Excess, Artifice, Sentimentality: Almodóvar's Camp Cinema as a Challenge for Theological Aesthetics

Camp is defined as a style that is characterised by excess, artificiality, theatricality, exaggeration, sentimentality. What could this possibly contribute to Christian theological aesthetics, the study of God and theological issues through the aesthetic, art, beauty? This paper proposes, through a discussion of camp in its “in carnation” in Pedro Almodovar’s cinema, that it has several aspects to offer . Camp uncovers and challenges the categories of truth and reality in theological aesthetics as well as the artforms in which this truth can be discovered. Its embrace of the super ficial and material can be seen, in theological terms, as an incarnational aesthetics that offers redemption through the affirmation of the material, not its disruption or negation. Camp underlines the subversive power of pleasure and laughter against tend encies that dismiss pleasure as escapism, and challenges theological aesthetics to acknowledge the wisdom that lies in emotions and affects. It criticizes by fostering solidarity and empathy, rather than antagonism. Thus camp represents a challenge to self-critically reflect on processes of exclusion on an aesthetic and a social level, and challenges us to imagine a different world, a world of beauty, love and passion.
Violence in Liberia : falling between peacebuilding and peacekeeping

The peacekeeping burden has grown substantially over the past decade. The budget for United Nations (UN) peacekeeping in 2010-2011 stood at US$7.83 billion. The expansion of peacekeeping has resulted from both an increase in the number of civil wars that have ended (and therefore the number of peacekeeping missions deployed), and the expanding nature of peacekeeping mandates. The shift from traditional peacekeeping, aimed at providing a buffer between warring factions, to multidimensional peacekeeping, which now encompasses many additional tasks, has stretched the capacity of peacekeepers to respond to the challenges of post-conflict environments.
Oral contraceptives in the puerperium

The issue whether a postpartum woman should take oral contraceptives can be expressed as 3 questions: has she any contraindications? would the pill affect her coagulation lactation or psychologic state? when should she start taking the pill? The same risks and contraindication apply to postpartum women as to any others: smoker >age 35 hypertension thrombophlebitis or thromboembolism arterial vascular disease heart disease liver disease estrogen-dependent tumors hypertriglyceridemia and previous non-compliance. While high-dose estrogens commonly given to block lactation do increase existing hypercoagulability in the immediate postpartum period there is no evidence that current low-dose pills further increase blood clotting. Combined pills decrease milk production and have been prescribed in the immediate postpartum to help inhibit lactation. Progestin-only pills and injectables do not compromise lactation. It is unknown whether oral contraceptives effect postpartum mood disorders. Low-dose oral contraceptives can be started immediately postpartum if the woman has no risk of thromboembolism. It is standard practice to start 3 weeks after delivery if she does not intend to breastfeed.
Vertical electrical sounding for the investigation of clay deposit in Orerokpe, Delta State

The location of clay was investigated in Orerokpe, Okpe Local Government Area of Delta State using vertical electrical sounding (VES). The research is aimed at fining the quantity of clay deposits in Orerokpe for local and industrial purposes. Applying the Schlumberger configuration, 10 VES were carried out in ten selected locations. Data were collected and interpreted firstly by curve matching and computer iterated techniques. The curve identified for the four locations is the H-type p1 > p2 > p P3 with the various resistivities and layer thicknesses. Spontaneous potential (SP) log and Driller's log methods were used to collect data from boreholes drilled around VES locations and the results compared with VES. The results show that the average clay thickness for Orerokpe is about 30.00m. This shows high correlation between the VES, SP logs and drillerâ??s log results
Response and control of structure to accelerated turbulent boundary layer and sound

Measurements are made of the response and acoustic radiation of a panel structure forced by a constantly accelerated subsonic turbulent boundary layer with superimposed pure-tone sound in a wind tunnel. Both panel forcing and response exhibit convective instability and highdimensional complex behaviors due to nonlinear coupling between the convective short scale instability wave in the boundary layer and the localized intense long scales of the pure-tone sound and its harmonics. In each run, the panel response exhibits unique dynamics, indicating a dependency on the initial conditions characteristic of a temporal chaotic system. Pure-tone and harmonic response over the broadband are stabilized and suppressed by a local external fixed temporal oscillator system. The controller almost suppresses the nonstationary multi-harmonics in the panel. The response reduces into the undisturbed state of an accelerated turbulent boundary layer loading. The experiments are motivated by considerations of aircraft interior noise and structural response during initial acceleration.
Understanding Patents: A Legal Overview and Research Bibliography

This article provides an overview of patents, with background information on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and includes what can be patented, the requirements of utility, novelty, and nonobviousness, who may apply for a patent, what the patent application must include, and prior art searches. A research bibliography is included at the end of the article.
Attaining and sustaining leadership for U.S. women in dentistry.

It wasn’t until the late 1960s that women could enroll in coeducational colleges at some of the most elite universities in the United States.[1][1] Similarly, until recently, dental schools did not have significant female enrollments. Just over 150 years ago, women were unable to attend a U.S.
Blue and Green Diode Lasers and LEDs in II–VI Quantum Structures

We review recent developments in ZnSe-based quantum wells and heterostructures with emphasis on physics and engineering towards light emitter applications at blue-green wavelengths. Examples to illustrate current progress are given of both diode laser and LED device research.
Origins of Life, History of

The history of the ‘origin of life’ question is rooted in ancient philosophy and continues in research today. It was a central aspect of a wide range of philosophies, belief systems, and scientific investigations, including in the modern period, as well as the experimental physical and life sciences. This article explores only several of the periods and approaches to this question. At its core, the search for the elusive answers to ‘the origin of life’ defines our understanding of our place on the Earth and in the cosmos.
Nonoperative management of late failure of a Glenn anastomosis. Transvenous wafer occlusion of patent superior vena cava--right atrial junction.

A case is presented illustrating delayed failure of a right Glenn anastomosis due to patency of the superior vena cava—right atrial (SVC-RA) junction. Clinical deterioration was rectified by a unique nonoperative approach. A transvenous catheter was designed, constructed, and used to accurately place an umbrella-like occlusive wafer at the SVC-RA junction. In this manner the integrity of the cavopulmonary shunt was re-established. A gratifying and uncomplicated palliation has thus far been achieved.
Race-based medical mistrust, medication beliefs and HIV treatment adherence: test of a mediation model in people living with HIV/AIDS

Race-based medical mistrust significantly predicts non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV. The current study builds on previous research that shows beliefs about medication necessity (i.e., "My medicines protect me from becoming worse") and concerns (i.e., "Having to take my medicines worries me") mediate the association between race-based medical mistrust and medication adherence. Racial and ethnic minority men and women living with HIV and receiving ART (N = 178) in a southern US city completed computerized measures of demographic and health characteristics, telephone interviews of race-based medical mistrust and medication beliefs, and unannounced phone-based pill counts for ART adherence. Multiple mediation modeling showed that medical mistrust is related to medication necessity and concerns beliefs and ART adherence. Furthermore, medication necessity beliefs predicted ART adherence. The indirect effect of medical mistrust on adherence through medication necessity beliefs was also significant. Results confirm that medication necessity beliefs, although not concerns beliefs, mediate the association between medical mistrust and ART adherence. Medication necessity beliefs offer a viable target for interventions to improve ART adherence in the context of mistrust that patients may have for medical providers and health care systems.
Oligoantigenic Diet for Epilepsy and Migraine

A diet low in antigenic items was used to treat 6 3 children with epilepsy refractory to medication at the Depts of Neurology, Immunology, and Dietetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, and the Institute of Child Health, London, England.
Strategische Planung bei IBM: Planungssystem und Planungsverfahren

Der folgende Beitrag setzt sich zwei Ziele, namlich zum einen die Beschreibung der wesentlichen Elemente des strategischen Planungsprozesses der IBM Deutschland und zum andern die Darstellung der Einsatzmoglichkeiten computergestutzter Informationssysteme im Rahmen des Planungsprozesses.
Summing Cubes by Counting Rectangles

But that’s not the end of the story. As we’ll see, we can apply this “checkerboard logic” to derive the famous formulas for summing squares and cubes. Recall that the sum of the first n cubes is ∑n k=1 k 3 = (n+1 2 )2. This formula can be proved by induction, telescoping sums, combinatorially [1], or geometrically [2]. Our four-line proof suggests that we should be able to directly count rectangles on an n × n checkerboard and arrive at the same conclusion. But which rectangles are being counted by the k3 term? We claim that these rectangles have upper right corner (x, y) with largest coordinate k (i.e., max{x, y} = k). Such a rectangle would lie inside a k × k rectangle but not inside a (k − 1)× (k − 1) rectangle. See Figure 2. From our four-line proof, there are ( k + 1 2 )2 − ( k
Conception Vessel 任脈經穴

The conception vessel controls six yin organs. It originates from the perineum and ascends along the midline to the lower lip.
Goethe and Günderrode: German Poetic Readings of Indian Fatalism

This essay examines Germany’s appropriation of Indian imagery and metaphysical concepts. It looks at how Sanskrit literature provided German authors with poetical inspiration as well as an alibi for despair. It investigates the positive and negative implications of this influence by focusing the discussion on the long relationship Goethe had with Indian poetry and the refuge Karoline von Gunderrode sought in her readings of Vedantic philosophy.
Chronic Gastrointestinal Dysmotility and Pain Following Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation for Chronic Pancreatitis.

Background The prevalence and impact of chronic gastrointestinal dysmotility following total pancreactectomy with islet autotransplantation (TP-IAT) for chronic pancreatitis is not known.
Abstract 183: Differences in Genetic Regulation of Carotid Stenosis and Thickening in Mice

Introduction Most clinical and experimental studies are focused on the artery wall using a carotid intima-media thickening (IMT) phenotype. In physiological remodeling increases in IMT are coupled with increased arterial dimensions that preserve arterial blood flow. In contrast, pathological remodeling results in arterial stenosis. The goal of this study was to investigate genetic mechanisms of the carotid stenosis in inbred mice. Methods and Results We ligated external and internal branches of the left carotid artery, leaving the occipital artery patent to induce carotid IMT in mice. We evaluated flow-induced carotid remodeling in 9-12 week old males of 30 inbred mouse strains (n=270). Relative reductions in the left carotid blood flow were very similar among the mouse strains (Mean+SD= -86+7%) after two weeks after ligation. All animals were perfusion fixed with formalin and carotid arteries were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. There was less than 2-fold variation in carotid traits in controls. However, ligation resulted in a greater variation of carotid IMT (~6-fold) compared to carotid stenosis (~3-fold). The highest carotid IMT values were in SEA/GnJ, while the lowest IMT was in C3H/HeJ mice. Carotid stenosis was >60% in SEA/GnJ and SJL/J strains. There was significant correlation (R 2 =0.40) between carotid stenosis and IMT across 30 strains. We performed genome-wide association by using Efficient Mixed Model Association method for carotid traits in 30 inbred mice. Comparable numbers of genetic loci were associated with carotid IMT and stenosis after ligation. However, none of these loci overlap between the carotid stenosis and carotid IMT. Conclusions We found that major genetic modifiers for carotid stenosis are different from those that control carotid IMT. Our data also suggest that identification of mechanisms that determine carotid stenosis is difficult through studies on the carotid IMT.
The Adult-Developmental Diagnosis

Developmental concepts alter the diagnostic process with adult patients because they influence the therapist’s attitude about the patient and his problems, the collection and recording of data, and the diagnosis and treatment formulations. Since our focus and aim are specific, we will not comment on many accepted aspects of standard diagnostic technique and suggest that the interested reader acquaint himself with such basic texts as The American Handbook of Psychiatry (Stevenson, 1965) or The Technique of Psychotherapy (Wolberg, 1967) for,such purposes. Furthermore, there is no single correct way to do a diagnosis evaluation and our method should be accepted as one approach that can be adapted by each therapist to his or her individual style.
Das Internet der Dinge erfordert neue Finanzdienstleistungen

Wenn Produkte und Dienstleistungen ihre eigene Nutzung messen konnen, warum sollte der Nutzer dann mehr als nur die tatsachliche Nutzung bezahlen? Bereits heute gibt es bekannte und etablierte Beispiele fur sog. „Pay-per-Use-Modelle“ wie die Abrechnung von Betriebsstunden fur Flugzeugtriebwerke anstelle des Kaufs der Triebwerke.
Network Optimization And The Continuity Of Physicians In Medicaid Managed Care

Health plans use selective physician networks to control costs while improving quality. However, narrow (limited) networks raise concerns about reduced access to and continuity of care. In the peri...
NF1 mutations are recurrent in adult acute myeloid leukemia and confer poor outcome

Targeted mutation assessment of 81 genes in 1021 adults with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) identified recurrent mutations in the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene in 52 (5.1%) patients, including 36 (5.2%) younger and 16 (4.8%) older patients, which suggests NF1 belongs to the 20 most frequently mutated genes in adult AML. NF1 mutations were found throughout the gene, and comprised missense, frameshift, and nonsense mutations. One mutation hotspot, at amino acid threonine 676 (Thr676), was found in 27% of AML patients with NF1 mutations. NF1-mutated patients belonged more often to the adverse European LeukemiaNet (ELN) risk category than NF1 wild-type patients. Among patients aged <60 years, the presence of NF1 Thr676 mutations was associated with lower complete remission (CR) rates (P = 0.04) and shorter overall survival (OS; P = 0.01), as was the presence of any NF1 mutation in patients in the adverse ELN risk category (CR, P = 0.05; OS, P < 0.001). CR rates were also lower in NF1-mutated patients aged ≥60 years compared with NF1 wild-type patients (P = 0.001). In summary, our findings provide novel insights into the frequency of NF1 mutations in AML, and are suggestive of an adverse prognostic impact in patients treated with standard chemotherapy.
Imaging with Phasor Fields for Non-Line-of Sight Applications

A mathematical construct ‘Phasor Fields’ (P-Fields) is used to develop a light transport mathematical model for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging applications. We show that NLOS imaging can be treated as conventional line-of-sight (LOS) imaging using P-Fields.
Estimation of coping time in pressurized water reactors for near term accident tolerant fuel claddings

Abstract The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) accident in Japan has motivated improving the safety of current light water reactors (LWRs). Accident tolerant fuels (ATF) are being developed to enhance the safety of LWRs by tolerating loss of active cooling in the core for a longer duration compared to standard UO2 and Zirconium-based cladding. In this work, the performances of the FeCrAl and Cr-coated ATF claddings under beyond design basis accidents (BDBAs) are modeled with thermal-hydraulics design basis code TRACE. Two models are used for high-temperature oxidation of FeCrAl: a model based on the experimental results of this work, and a model based on experimental results of ORNL’s work. A 3-loop Pressurized Water Reactor model is created and the following BDBAs are simulated for this study: large break loss of coolant accident without safety injection systems, short-term and long term station blackout (SBO) without any mitigation actions. In this work, we define coping time as the initiation time that assumed mitigation actions keep the clad temperature below its melting point. The results showed that ATF claddings increase the coping time and produce significantly less hydrogen compared to Zircaloy cladding under the considered BDBAs scenarios. However, the gains in coping times were found to be marginal.
Engagement tracing: using response times to model student disengagement

Time on task is an important predictor for how much students learn. However, students must be focused on their learning for the time invested to be productive. Unfortunately, students do not always try their hardest to solve problems presented by computer tutors. This paper explores student disengagement and proposes an approach, engagement tracing, for detecting whether a student is engaged in answering questions. This model is based on item response theory, and uses as input the difficulty of the question, how long the student took to respond, and whether the response was correct. From these data, the model determines the probability a student was actively engaged in trying to answer the question. The model has a reliability of 0.95, and its estimate of student engagement correlates at 0.25 with student gains on external tests. We demonstrate that simultaneously modeling student proficiency in the domain enables us to better model student engagement. Our model is sensitive enough to detect variations in student engagement within a single tutoring session. The novel aspect of this work is that it requires only data normally collected by a computer tutor, and the affective model is statistically validated against student performance on an external measure.
Prognostic Significance of P16 Expression and P53 Expression in Primary Vaginal Cancer

To evaluate the correlation between p16 expression and clinical outcomes in patients with primary vaginal cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy. P16 immunohistochemical was performed on 25 patient samples and recorded from pathology reports in 7 patients. P53 immunohistochemical was performed
Gabapentin for the treatment of persistent nasal pruritus refractory to other treatments

Abstract Persistent nasal pruritus (NP) represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A subgroup of nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) patients do not respond to intranasal corticosteroids and capsaicin, demanding evaluation of new therapeutic modalities in these non-responders. Agents for the treatment of neuropathic pain, like gabapentin, have been proposed as effective antipruritic agents. We report the case of a 52-year-old man with persistent NP refractory to treatment. Here, administration of gabapentin provided relief from NP and improved the quality of sleep. Gabapentin might be a therapeutic option for the treatment of NP in patients who are refractory to other treatments.
Quantifying the relationship between age at diagnosis and breast cancer-specific mortality

The relationship between age at diagnosis and breast cancer-specific mortality (BCSM) is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the nature of this relationship using rigorous statistical methodology. A historical cohort study of adult women with invasive breast cancer in the SEER database from 2000 to 2015 was conducted. Multivariable Cox’s cause-specific hazards model was used to evaluate the association of age at diagnosis with risk of BCSM. Functional relationship of age was assessed using cumulative sums of Martingale residuals and the Kolmogorov-type supremum test. A total of 206,332 women were eligible for study. Mean age at diagnosis was 59.7 ± 13.8 years. Median follow-up was 80 months. During the study period, 21,771 women (10.6%) died from breast cancer and 18,566 (9.0%) died from other causes. Cumulative incidence of BCSM at 120 months post-diagnosis was 14.4% (95% CI 14.2–14.6%). Age was found to be quadratically related to the risk of BCSM (p < 0.001), with a nadir at 45 years of age. The final Cox model suggests that a 30-year-old woman has approximately the same adjusted BCSM risk (HR 1.187, 95% CI 1.187–1.188) as a 60-year-old woman (HR 1.174, 95% CI 1.174–1.175). Women diagnosed with breast cancer at the extremes of age suffer disproportionate rates of cancer-specific mortality. The relationship between age at diagnosis and adjusted risk of BCSM is complex, consistent with a quadratic function. With the growing appreciation for breast cancer as a heterogeneous disease, it is essential to accurately address age as a prognostic risk factor in predictive models.
A new staging method versus TNM staging in children with posterior fossa primitive neuroectodermal tumor (medulloblastoma)

Prognostic factors were evaluated in 30 children with primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the posterior fossa (classical medulloblastoma or differentiated medulloblastoma). The preoperative TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) staging system has been applied to estimate prognosis of patients with central nervous system tumors, but this system was not applicable in assessing the post-operative status of the tumor. To fill this need, a post-operative staging system was developed known as MAPS (Metastasis, Age, Pathology, Surgery), and in this report its efficacy is compared with that of the TNM system. The predictive values of MAPS staging in these 30 children were better than those obtained using the TNM method (MAPS r2=−0.90; TNM r2=−0.73; P<0.05).
Medicine and Horsemanship: The Effects of Equine-assisted Activities and Therapies on Stress and Depression in Medical Students

This study examined the use of an equine-assisted brief course module on stress and depression among medical students (n = 28), a demographic known to experience high pressure. Evidence supports that animal-assisted therapies can lead to the improvement of health and quality of life, particularly in terms of cognitive, psychological, and physical benefits. This study used the seven-session Kane Medicine and Horsemanship program; students completed pre- and post-measures one week before and after the course. Participation in the course significantly reduced perceived stress (p: 0.001), depression (p: <0.001), stress severity (p: 0.014), and stress frequency (p: 0.001) among medical students. This approach should be further investigated as an option for improving well-being among medical students.
Teaching Death Disclosure: A Mixed-Method Comparison of Resident Self-Assessment and Standardized Patient Assessment

Abstract Objective To characterize how pediatric resident self-evaluation compares to standardized patient evaluations in simulated child death disclosure scenarios. Methods This was a prospective, observational, mixed-methods study in which 18 second-year pediatric residents delivered the news of a death of a child to a trained standardized patient (SP) couple. The SPs evaluated residents via a quantitative global rating (1–3 scale) and via qualitative comments. Following the training, the residents completed self-assessments consisting of a global rating, qualitative comments, and their confidence related to 5 death disclosure skills. Results Agreement between SPs and resident ratings was poor; resident scores were compared to each of their 2 SP evaluators yielding Kappa coefficients of −0.23 (95% confidence interval = −0.60 to −0.07) and −0.30 (95% confidence interval = −0.70 to −0.04). Residents uniformly rated themselves as less capable in their communication skills than SPs did. Residents reported significant increases in their confidence in discussing autopsy and organ donation. Major themes determined from the qualitative comments from SPs included nonverbal communication, verbal communication, attunement to parents, and management of next steps. Residents’ comments mirrored these themes with the exception of the absence of nonverbal communication. Conclusions Pediatric residents underestimated their abilities in a self-assessment of their performance in a SP death disclosure scenario, demonstrating the importance of external feedback, particularly from SPs themselves. Based on SP feedback, future death disclosure trainings should emphasize nonverbal communication skills and specific behaviors that convey effective attunement to families.
Ebola: A Hyperinflated Emergency.

As with the Ebola outbreak, global under-5 mortality and morbidity should be considered a public health emergency of international concern.
Pressure-Induced Collapse of Magnetic Order in Jarosite.

We report a pressure-induced phase transition in the frustrated kagom\'e material jarosite at $\ensuremath{\sim}45\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$, which leads to the disappearance of magnetic order. Using a suite of experimental techniques, we characterize the structural, electronic, and magnetic changes in jarosite through this phase transition. Synchrotron powder x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments, analyzed in aggregate with the results from density functional theory calculations, indicate that the material changes from a $R\overline{3}m$ structure to a structure with a $R\overline{3}c$ space group. The resulting phase features a rare twisted kagom\'e lattice in which the integrity of the equilateral ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ triangles persists. Based on symmetry arguments we hypothesize that the resulting structural changes alter the magnetic interactions to favor a possible quantum paramagnetic phase at high pressure.
Evaluation of traffic warning signs on truck safety considering endogeneity, a copula-based method

It is hypothesized that traffic warning signs are installed at crash prone locations. However, all past studies model the impact of traffic warning signs on crash count independently. Failure to ac...
Spatially aggressive peyssonnelid algal crusts (PAC) constrain coral recruitment to Diadema grazing halos on a shallow Caribbean reef

Abstract Peyssonnelid algal crusts (PAC) have rapidly spread on coral reefs throughout the Caribbean since 2010 and have become dominant space holders in multiple locations. In 2019, PAC covered 31–86% of the shallow reefs ( Porites spp., Siderastrea radians, and S. siderea. As Diadema halos remained in the same location for at least 6 months, they may function as refuges for coral recruitment in locations where PAC is becoming spatially dominant.
Ceramic Perspectives on Ancient Egyptian Society

This Element demonstrates how ceramics, a dataset that is more typically identified with chronology than social analysis, can forward the study of Egyptian society writ large. This Element argues that the sheer mass of ceramic material indicates the importance of pottery to Egyptian life. Ceramics form a crucial dataset with which Egyptology must critically engage, and which necessitate working with the Egyptian past using a more fluid theoretical toolkit. This Element will demonstrate how ceramics may be employed in social analyses through a focus on four broad areas of inquiry: regionalism; ties between province and state, elite and non-elite; domestic life; and the relationship of political change to social change. While the case studies largely come from the Old through Middle Kingdoms, the methods and questions may be applied to any period of Egyptian history.
Associations between geographic residence and US adolescent and young adult cancer stage and survival.

BACKGROUND Multiple studies have indicated that place of residence can influence cancer survival; however, few studies have specifically focused on geographic factors and outcomes in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate evidence for geographic disparities in cancer diagnosis stage and overall survival in AYAs and to examine whether stage mediated survival associations. METHODS National Cancer Database data on AYAs aged 15 to 39 years who were diagnosed with cancer from 2010 to 2014 were obtained. Residence in Metropolitan (metro), urban, or rural counties at the time of diagnosis was defined using Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. Distance between the patient's residence and the reporting hospital was classified as short (≤2.5 miles), intermediate (>12.5 to <50 miles), or long (≥50 miles). Logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for analyses. RESULTS The stage and survival analyses included 146,418 and 178,688 AYAs, respectively. The odds of a late versus early stage at diagnosis (stages III and IV vs I and II) were 1.16 (95% CI, 1.05-1.29) times greater for AYAs living in rural versus metro counties and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.16-1.25) times greater for AYAs living at long versus short distances to the reporting hospital. The hazard of death was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.05-1.31) and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.25-1.36) times greater for those living in rural versus metro counties, respectively, and for long versus short distances to the reporting hospital, respectively. Disease stage mediated 54% and 31% of the associations between metro, urban, or rural residence and residential distance categories and survival. CONCLUSIONS Rural residence and living long distances from the reporting hospital were associated with later stage diagnoses and lower survival in AYAs with cancer. Further research is needed to understand mechanisms. LAY SUMMARY Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer are a vulnerable population because cancer is of low suspicion in this population and may not be diagnosed in a timely manner. The authors evaluated evidence for geographic disparities in cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in the AYA population. The findings indicate that AYAs living in rural versus metropolitan US counties and those living farther from the diagnosis reporting hospital are more likely to be diagnosed at a later cancer stage, when it is generally less treatable, and have lower survival compared with AYAs living in metropolitan counties.
The Initial Development and Validation of the Perceptions of Disability Scale (PoDS): Results from Pilot Studies

The purpose of this study was to report the initial process of developing and validating the Perceptions of Disability Scale (PoDS), a scale designed to map a continuum of sympathy, empathy, and advocacy perspectives on people with disabilities. We first created a 30-item scale based on a thorough literature review and the findings of a previous qualitative study. Then we further refined and validated the scale through 3-phase approach as well as internal consistency reliability evidence and validity evidence based on content, response process, and internal structure. Results suggest that the final 21-item scale has excellent reliability and validity. Suggestions for how the scale can be used in recreational therapy practice and human-service related trainings, and for future research are provided.Subscribe to TRJ
Louis Kriesberg, Realizing Peace: A Constructive Conflict Approach

A review of Realizing Peace: A Constructive Conflict Approach by Louis Kriesberg is presented. Kriesberg provides a detailed and very enlightening history of U.S. involvement in foreign conflicts since the end of World War II. His book sets upon the auspicious task of changing the nature of international conflict, arguing that U.S. intervention should be implemented in a more constructive manner to produce more favorable outcomes in terms of mitigating conflict and promoting actual peace. The lessons of this book are extensive, but one of the key arguments Kriesberg presents is that more open dialogue, dialogue that includes the representatives of all the participants of conflicts, is necessary to provide a more in-depth, violence-reducing context for discussion.
Enhanced Luminescent Stability through Particle Interactions in Silicon Nanocrystal Aggregates.

Close-packed assemblies of ligand-passivated colloidal nanocrystals can exhibit enhanced photoluminescent stability, but the origin of this effect is unclear. Here, we use experiment, simulation, and ab initio computation to examine the influence of interparticle interactions on the photoluminescent stability of silicon nanocrystal aggregates. The time-dependent photoluminescence emitted by structures ranging in size from a single quantum dot to agglomerates of more than a thousand is compared with Monte Carlo simulations of noninteracting ensembles using measured single-particle blinking data as input. In contrast to the behavior typically exhibited by the metal chalcogenides, the measured photoluminescent stability shows an enhancement with respect to the noninteracting scenario with increasing aggregate size. We model this behavior using time-dependent density functional theory calculations of energy transfer between neighboring nanocrystals as a function of nanocrystal size, separation, and the presen...
Oral documents in concept and in situ, part I: Grounding an exploration of orality and information behavior

Purpose – Although research indicates the importance of oral information, our understanding of it remains limited. This paper accordingly aims to suggest that some utterances are oral documents and explore how to identify them.Design/methodology/approach – This study analyzes certain oral artifacts through: exploring how research in social constructionism, information behavior, document studies and allied literatures facilitate the articulation of the concept of an oral document; and reporting on an investigation that operationalizes the properties of documents to facilitate empirically observing an oral document.Findings – The results reveal an oral document observed in situ, which further validates the concept. Additionally, the results indicate that the method used, however systematic, prevents a full understanding of data gathered and that subsequent study of that data would generate further understanding of the oral document concept (presented in Part II).Research limitations/implications – The metho...
Recent Trends in Emerging Transportation Fuels and Energy Consumption

Several recent trends indicate current developments in energy and transportation fuels. World trade in biofuels is developing in ethanol, wood chips, and vegetable oil / biodiesel with some countries being exporters and some importers. New drilling techniques, including deep-ocean drilling, extended horizontal drilling, and hydraulic fracturing, are bringing new sources of natural gas and crude oil to market. Resulting increases in natural gas availability have also opened new opportunities in gas to liquids and combined gas, coal, and/or biomass to liquids. The energy landscape is currently undergoing unprecedented change, due to world economics and growth, energy prices, local preferences, and concern about regional air pollution and global warming. Most likely, all options will need to be developed to supply future energy needs, and the energy industry will remain in flux for the foreseeable future.
Reaching Consumers Through Effective Health Messages: A Public Health Imperative

With the launch of the Affordable Care Act, the continuing obesity crisis and economic ramifications, and advocates arguing for individuals to be proactive about their physical well-being, the topi...
Overlapping and Short-Cutting Techniques in Loosely Synchronous Irregular Problems

We introduce short-cutting and overlapping techniques that, separately and in combination show promise of speedup for parallel processing of problems with irregular or asymmetric computation. Methodology is developed and demonstrated on an example problem. Experiments on an IBM SP-2 and a workstation cluster are presented.
The Anatomy of Daily Stock Turnover

This paper uses a statistical model developed by Beran and Feng (2001) to analyze the daily turnover of the stocks that made up the Dow Jones industrial index from June 1962 to December 2002. Using this model, I find that the historical daily stock turnover can be decomposed into two parts: a nonlinear deterministic trend term and a random term. The long memory process of the random term dominates its dynamics while the short memory process is surprisingly insignificant. The innovation process of the random term has heavy tails which may be due to the temporal dependence of the conditional variance.
Pathologic findings in genital bleeding two or more years after spontaneous cessation of menstruation

Abstract 1. A brief review of the literature is presented. 2. A survey is made of 514 cases of genital bleeding two or more years after cessation of menstruation. 3. Criteria are reviewed with respect to: (a) pathologic findings according to location, (b) race, (c) age at menopause, (d) duration of amenorrhea before bleeding, (e) duration of bleeding, (f) type of bleeding. 4. Explanatory comments are made concerning some of the more interesting cases.
A FINE STRUCTURAL STUDY OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLION IN MOUSE TRISOMY 16, A MODEL OF DOWN'S SYNDROME

Mouse trisomy 16 (Ts16) appears to provide an animal model of Down's syndrome in that a portion of mouse chromosome 16 is syntenic with part of human chromosome 21. Trisomy 21 in human beings leads to the mental retardation of Down's syndrome and in middle age, to some presenile anatomic and clinical features of Alzheimer's disease. Neural tissue from aging Ts16 mice is unavailable, however, as Ts16 mouse embryos die late in utero. We studied these embryos looking at the ultrastructure of neurons from the hippocampus and dorsal root ganglion in normal control mice embryos (diploid) and in Ts16 late embryonic litter mates after day 15 of gestation. The organelles in the Ts16 neurons looked similar to those in control neurons, fixed and processed under similar conditions. No obvious neuropathological structures were observed. These results, when compared to reports on electrophysiological abnormalities of cultured fetal Ts16 neurons and on abnormalities in neurotransmitter markers in the Ts16 fetal brain, lead us to suggest that the mental retardation of Down's syndrome is likely to result from functional and chemical defects not directly related to abnormal neuronal ultrastructure. When related to fine structural studies of transplanted embryonic Ts16 hippocampus which have been maintained for long periods of time, these results indicate that the trisomic mouse brain would not be useful as a structural model for Down's syndrome and hence presenile Alzheimer's disease, as it is not associated with any detectable morphological abnormality.