cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new genome-mining tool redefines the lasso peptide biosynthetic landscape

RODEO, an algorithm developed for RiPP natural product discovery, was applied to map out the gene clusters that encode and tailor lasso peptides and led to the identification and characterization of several new lasso peptide topologies.
Inversion of soil electrical conductivity data to estimate layered soil properties

Bulk apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECₐ) sensors respond to multiple soil properties, including clay content, water content, and salt content (i.e. salinity). They provide a single sensor value for an entire soil profile down to a sensor-dependent measurement depth, weighted by a nonlinear response function. Because of this, it is generally difficult to elucidate strong relationships between ECₐ and the measured properties of individual soil layers. This research investigated inversion of the equations that govern the ECₐ-depth response relationship to reconstruct the soil conductivity in profile layers using data collected in multiple fields in the Midwest US. Layer conductivities obtained by inversion were first validated by comparison with true conductivities measured as a function of depth with an ECₐ-sensing penetrometer. Then, the validated layer conductivities were related to laboratory- measured soil properties. Inversion worked well but sometimes required iterative adjustment of initial conditions and other input parameters to obtain best results. Strong linear relationships (r²≥0.76) were obtained between inversion-estimated and measured layer conductivity data in all cases, sometimes with a truncated depth range. Layer conductivity data was successfully used to estimate soil texture fractions in the two alluvial fields examined. This was not the case for a claypan soil field, where there appeared to be parameters other than texture strongly affecting the EC response. Further examination of this approach is warranted to potentially provide improved ways to estimate depth-variable soil properties using ECₐ.
Promoting Healthy LGBT Interpersonal Relationships

Promoting healthy interpersonal relationships – those that, at minimum, are respectful, caring, and free from violence and coercion – is a large social undertaking in which health-care providers can play a critical role. Providers have the capacity to model respectful and caring communication, as well as to establish norms related to interpersonal relationships and help-seeking. By routinely assessing for intimate partner violence (IPV), providers communicate that IPV, physical and sexual violence, stalking, and psychological aggression, whether by a current or former intimate partner, are pervasive problems that merit attention. Once IPV has been identified, providers have an opportunity to provide trauma-informed care and discuss harm reduction strategies with patients who are ready and able to engage with services. The aim of this chapter is to provide guidance on IPV assessment and trauma-informed behavioral health care that considers the ways in which lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients may be similar to and differ from heterosexual and/or cisgender (nontransgender) patients.
RESONEUT: A detector system for spectroscopy with (d,n) reactions in inverse kinematics

Abstract The resoneut detector setup is described, which was developed for resonance spectroscopy using (d,n) reactions with radioactive beams in inverse kinematics and at energies around the Coulomb barrier. The goal of experiments with this setup is to determine the spectrum and proton-transfer strengths of the low-lying resonances, which have an impact on astrophysical reaction rates. The setup is optimized for l = 0 proton transfers in inverse kinematics, for which most neutrons are emitted at backward angles with energies in the 80–300 keV range. The detector system is comprised of 9 p-terphenyl scintillators as neutron detectors, two annular silicon-strip detectors for light charged particles, one position-resolving gas ionization chamber for heavy ion detection, and a barrel of NaI-detectors for the detection of γ -rays. The detector commissioning and performance characteristics are described with an emphasis on the neutron-detector components.
Autophagy and innate immunity: Insights from invertebrate model organisms

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental intracellular degradation process with multiple roles in immunity, including direct elimination of intracellular microorganisms via 'xenophagy.' In this review, we summarize studies from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that highlight the roles of autophagy in innate immune responses to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Research from these genetically tractable invertebrates has uncovered several conserved immunological paradigms, such as direct targeting of intracellular pathogens by xenophagy and regulation of autophagy by pattern recognition receptors in D. melanogaster. Although C. elegans has no known pattern recognition receptors, this organism has been particularly useful in understanding many aspects of innate immunity. Indeed, work in C. elegans was the first to show xenophagic targeting of microsporidia, a fungal pathogen that infects all animals, and to identify TFEB/HLH-30, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of autophagy gene expression and host tolerance. Studies in C. elegans have also highlighted the more recently appreciated relationship between autophagy and tolerance to extracellular pathogens. Studies of simple, short-lived invertebrates such as flies and worms will continue to provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms by which autophagy and immunity pathways intersect and their contribution to organismal survival. Abbreviations Atg autophagy related BECN1 Beclin 1 CALCOCO2 calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2 Cry5B crystal toxin 5B Daf abnormal dauer formation DKF-1 D kinase family-1 EPG-7 Ectopic P Granules-7 FuDR fluorodeoxyuridine GFP green fluorescent protein HLH-30 Helix Loop Helix-30 Imd immune deficiency ins-18 INSulin related-18; LET-363, LEThal-363 lgg-1 LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family-1 MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MATH the meprin and TRAF homology MTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin NBR1 neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 NFKB nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells NOD nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing OPTN optineurin PAMPs pathogen-associated molecular patterns Park2 Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin pdr-1 Parkinson disease related PFTs pore-forming toxins PGRP peptidoglycan-recognition proteins PIK3C3 phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase catalytic subunit type 3 pink-1 PINK (PTEN-I induced kinase) homolog PRKD protein kinase D; PLC, phospholipase C PRKN parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase PRRs pattern-recognition receptors PtdIns3P phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate rab-5 RAB family-5 RB1CC1 RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1 RNAi RNA interference sqst SeQueSTosome related SQSTM1 sequestosome 1 TBK1 TANK-binding kinase 1 TFEB transcription factor EB TGFB/TGF-β transforming growth factor beta TLRs toll-like receptors unc-51 UNCoordinated-51 VPS vacuolar protein sorting; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus VSV-G VSV surface glycoprotein G Wipi2 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
A new genus of anthophorine bees from Brunei (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A new genus of anthophorine bees (Apinae: Anthophorini) is described and figured from a remarkable female collected in eastern Brunei (northern Borneo). Varthemapistra edentata Engel, new genus and species, is most similar to species of Habrophorula Lieftinck, which occur in southeastern China, and Elaphropoda Lieftinck, found broadly across Southeast Asia. Habrophorula and the new genus both have the third submarginal cell broad anteriorly and posteriorly. Unique among anthophorines, V . edentata has a simple female mandible, while other Anthophorini have bidentate or tridentate mandibles. The genus is described and figured, and a revised key to the genera of Anthophorini provided.
Vascular Clearance of Microorganisms

Approximately 15 to 20 years ago there was a substantial outpouring of information regarding the nature and mechanisms of vascular clearance of microorganisms and inert particles from the circulation. The single most substantial influence which spurred these investigations seemed to be the studies by Biozzi et al. (1955) describing the use of carbon to study the kinetics of the clearance of microorganisms from the blood. There ensued numerous studies aimed at describing the nature of RES clearance by using a variety of microorganisms and inert colloids as tools (Benacerraf and Miescher, 1960; Benacerraf et al., 1957, 1959; Biozzi et al., 1955, 1957, 1960; Jenkin and Rowley, 1961; Rowley, 1962) and review articles are available which describe the early development of this research field with respect to microbial clearance (Rowley, 1962; Merigan, 1974) and inert particle clearance (Saba, 1970). More recently, the appearance of new information relating to the clearance of microorganisms has been rather sporadic. The objective of this chapter is to discuss some of the more recent contributions relating to clearance of a variety of microorganisms in vivo as well as in perfused organ models and to suggest some future directions for this research area.
Serologic and immunochromatographic detection of oxygenated polyenoic acids in Euglenagracilisvar.bacillaris

Abstract Acetone extracts of Euglena gracilis Klebs var. bacillaris Cori contain several lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products as measured by radioimmunoassay. Three times more of the serologically active products are found in cells grown in the dark than in cells grown in the light. Lack of coincidence of their retention times on high performance liquid chromatography with authentic oxygenation products of arachidonic acid suggest that most of the serologically active compounds are derivitives of polyenoic fatty acids other than arachidonic acid. Several fractions react with anti-12-hydroxyarachidonic acid (an antiserum that recognizes mono- and di-hydroxyarachidonic acids). Three of these fractions have UV absorption spectra characteristic of conjugated trienes.
Dealing with and Adapting to Change

In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. Complexity can be found in any type of organization or business. I always compare complexity to a living organism that grows and transforms through time. Organizations have to learn how to manage complexity in efficient ways, so as to ensure their portion in the market and to be competitive with other companies in the same industry. The only way that the companies can adapt to the constant shifting environment is to follow the growth of the living organism and grow with it. Leadership, on the other hand, is coping with change, and change just like complexity can be found in any type of organization or business. I think that change is the motivating power that makes complexity grow and transform through time. Organizations that know how to handle and deal with complex issues find different ways to develop techniques that can challenge this motivating power, and therefore create and facilitate change. This research paper will be focusing on how individuals and organizations cope with and adapt to organizational change. This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol12/iss1/9 Dealing with and Adapting to Change
Quine on naturalism and epistemology

(1) ... naturalism: the recognition that it is within science itself, and not in some prior philosophy, that reality is to be identified and described.1 (2) ... naturalism: abandonment of the goal of a first philoso? phy prior to natural science.2 (3) ... naturalism: abandonment of the goal of a first philoso? phy. It sees natural science as an inquiry into reality, fallible and corrigible but not answerable to any supra-scientific tribunal, and not in need of any justification beyond obser? vation and the hypothetico-deductive method.3 (4) ... naturalism,... [a] readiness to see philosophy as natural science trained upon itself and permitted free use of scientific findings.4 (5) ... my position is a naturalistic one; I see philosophy not as an a priori propaedeutic or groundwork for science, but as continuous with science. I see philosophy and science as in the same boat a boat which, to revert to Neurath's figure as I so often do, we can rebuild only at sea while staying afloat in it. There is no external vantage point, no first philosophy.5
From Auto-tuning One Size Fits All to Self-designed and Learned Data-intensive Systems

We survey new opportunities to design data systems, data structures and algorithms that can adapt to both data and query workloads. Data keeps growing, hardware keeps changing and new applications appear ever more frequently. One size does not fit all, but data-intensive applications would like to balance and control memory requirements, read costs, write costs, as well as monetary costs on the cloud. This calls for tailored data systems, storage, and computation solutions that match the exact requirements of the scenario at hand. Such systems should be "synthesized'' quickly and nearly automatically, removing the human system designers and administrators from the loop as much as possible to keep up with the quick evolution of applications and workloads. In addition, such systems should "learn'' from both past and current system performance and workload patterns to keep adapting their design. We survey new trends in 1) self-designed, and 2) learned data systems and how these technologies can apply to relational, NoSQL, and big data systems as well as to broad data science applications. We focus on both recent research advances and practical applications of this technology, as well as numerous open research opportunities that come from their fusion. We specifically highlight recent work on data structures, algorithms, and query optimization, and how machine learning inspired designs as well as a detailed mapping of the possible design space of solutions can drive innovation to create tailored systems. We also position and connect with past seminal system designs and research in auto-tuning, modular/extensible, and adaptive data systems to highlight the new challenges as well as the opportunities to combine past and new technologies.
1-[2-(2-Hydroxyalkyl)phenyl]ethanone: A New Photoremovable Protecting Group for Carboxylic Acids

A new photoremovable protecting group for carboxylic acids is introduced. The protecting group 1-[2-(2-hydroxyalkyl)phenyl]ethanone, HAPE, is used to protect various carboxylic acids. When photolyzed, the protected compound releases the acid in 70−85% isolated yields. The synthesis and the results of photorelease of the protected acids are presented here.
Item-level psychometrics of a brief self-reported memory problem screening measure in breast cancer survivors.

AbstractBackground: We previously developed and psychometrically validated a self-reported memory problem (SRMP) measure using principal component analysis. In the present study, we applied item re...
Contact surface area and its association with outcomes in robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND Renal tumor scoring systems, such as the contact surface area value, aim to assist in predicting outcomes following robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. The aim of this study is to identify associations between specific postoperative outcomes and the contact surface area of renal masses. METHODS We analyzed 332 consecutive robotic-assisted partial nephrectomies and calculated contact surface area for renal tumors with the contact surface area formula (CSA = 2πrd), where π ≈ 3.14, r = greatest tumor radius (cm), and d = greatest tumor depth (cm). RESULTS Higher contact surface area was associated with longer warm ischemia time (P < .001), higher estimated blood loss (P < .001), and longer length of hospital stay (LOS) (P < .001). Higher contact surface area was significantly associated with decreased renal function at 1 day, 1 month, and 6 months following robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS Contact surface area is associated with certain outcomes following robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy and may be a useful predictive tool.
Assessing the impact of cystic fibrosis on the antipyretic response of ibuprofen in children: Physiologically-based modeling as a candle in the dark

Aim The goal of this study is to present the utility of quantitative modelling for extrapolation of drug safety and efficacy to underrepresented populations in controlled clinical trials. To illustrate this, the stepwise development of an integrated disease/pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics model of antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is presented along with therapy optimization suggestions. Method Published clinical trials, in vitro data, and drug physiochemical properties were used to develop an ibuprofen-mediated antipyresis model for febrile children also having CF. Workflow included first developing a mechanistic absorption model using in vitro-in vivo extrapolation followed by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. The verified PBPK model was then scaled to paediatric patients with CF. Once verified, the PBPK model was linked to an indirect response model of antipyresis for simulation of the overall antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen in CF children. Results Model simulations showed therapeutic inequivalence between healthy children and paediatric patients with CF; Cmax and AUC decreased by 39% (32-46%) and 44% (36-52%), respectively, in patients. Further, and in agreement with literature reports, predicted pharmacodynamics time courses suggest a slower onset and faster offset of action in patients compared to healthy children, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. Exploratory simulations suggest an increase in dosing frequency for CF children as a better therapeutic strategy. Conclusion Model-informed approaches to leveraging knowledge obtained throughout the life cycle of drug development may play a key role in extrapolating drug efficacy and safety to underrepresented populations.
Effect of heat stress during the early and late dry period on mammary gland development of Holstein dairy cattle

ABSTRACT Dry period heat stress impairs subsequent milk yield. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of heat stress or cooling during the early and late dry period on mammary gland gene expression and microstructure. Cows were dried off ~45 d before expected parturition and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: heat stress (HT, n = 39) or cooling (CL, n = 39) during the first 21 d of the dry period. On d 22, cows were switched or remained on HT and CL and this yielded 4 treatments: heat stress during the entire dry period (HTHT, n = 18); cooling during the entire dry period (CLCL, n = 20); HT for the first 21 d dry, then CL until calving (HTCL, n = 21); or CL for the first 21 d dry, then HT until calving (CLHT, n = 19). Data were analyzed in 2 periods: first 21 d dry (early dry period) and from 22 d until calving (late dry period) and analyzed using PROC MIXED or GLM in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Mammary biopsies (5–8 cows/treatment) were collected at −3, 3, 7, 14, and 25 d relative to dry-off to evaluate mammary gland gene expression and histology [i.e., cellular apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) and proliferation (Ki67)]. Mammary alveoli number and connective tissue were visualized by hematoxylin and eosin and Mason's trichrome staining, respectively. During the early dry period, CL upregulated expression of CASP3, IGF1R, HSP90, HSF1, BECN1, ATG3, ATG5, and PRLR-LF relative to HT. However, in the late dry period, CLHT treatment upregulated expression of CASP3, CASP8, HSP70, HSP90, PRLR-LF, STAT5, β-casein, and ATG3 relative to CLCL. During the early dry period, cows exposed to HT had reduced mammary and stroma cell apoptosis and proliferation relative to CL. In addition to these findings, cows exposed to HT had lower connective tissue 3 d after dry-off relative to CL. However, in the late dry period, HTHT cows had higher connective tissue relative to CLCL. Also, in the early dry period, cows exposed to HT had greater alveoli number relative to CL, and HT decreased expression of genes related to autophagy and apoptosis in the early dry period, consistent with a delay in involution with HT. Thus, cows exposed to HT have extended involution with delayed apoptosis and autophagy signaling. Also, HT compromises mammary gland cell proliferation and leads to higher connective tissue later in the dry period. These results provide evidence that heat stress impairs overall mammary gland turnover during the dry period, which then affects secretory activity and productivity in the next lactation.
Applying an intersectionality lens to education policy and practice for emergent bilinguals

Each of us is a container of some kind. The label signals to the world what is presumed to be inside and what is to be done with it. The label tells you which shelf your container supposedly belong...
The Transparency Challenge in Environmental Organizations: Factors Influencing Whether Institutions Collect and Reveal Diversity Data:

In recent years, diversity advocates have organized a national campaign aimed to get environmental organizations to reveal data on the demographic characteristics of their institutions publicly. En...
Exploring Youth Perceptions About Cancer Prevention and Preferences for Education: a Qualitative Study.

This study aimed to characterize adolescents’ perspectives on cancer and cancer prevention and to explore their preferences for cancer education. A total of 188 middle and high school students participated in 25 focus groups. Focus groups were led by study team members and included five to ten participants each. Adolescents were asked to discuss their cancer and cancer prevention knowledge, sources of cancer education, and preferences for cancer prevention education. Focus groups were audio-recorded, and professionally transcribed. Transcripts were content and thematically analyzed by two study team members using NVivo qualitative data software. Six themes were identified in focus groups: knowledge about cancer, negative perceptions of cancer, awareness of cancer prevention, engagement in cancer prevention, facilitators and barriers for action, and preferences for cancer education. Adolescents described a wide range of cancer education sources, including friends, family, healthcare professionals, school, technology, and pamphlets. Participants associated cancer with negative emotions, such as sadness and fear. Participants expressed interest in learning about cancer and cancer prevention, but also identified barriers to engaging in preventative behaviors, such as discomfort, lack of knowledge, and lack of personal connection to cancer. Adolescents preferred learning through personal presentations, online videos, school, educational games, and social situations. Adolescence is a critical period for learning and developing healthy behaviors. Awareness of cancer and cancer prevention is crucial to lowering cancer risk in the future. To be effective, cancer education for adolescents should target specific areas of cancer prevention and address barriers to engagement in preventative behaviors.
On the Connection Between the Goldbach Conjecture and the Elliott-Halberstam Conjecture

In this paper we prove that the binary Goldbach conjecture for sufficiently large even integers would follow under the assumptions of both the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture and a variant of the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture twisted by the Mobius function, provided that the sum of their level of distributions exceeds 1. This continues the work of Pan [10]. An analogous result for the twin prime conjecture is obtained by Ram Murty and Vatwani [13].
Opioid use disorder and its association with self-reported difficulties participating in social activities.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Difficulties participating in social activities are associated with increased mortality and are underemphasized in addressing the opioid epidemic. This study assessed the association of difficulties participating in social activities and opioid use disorder (OUD) and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and difficulties participating in social activities among individuals with OUD. METHODS Data on OUD, difficulties participating in social activities, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and other characteristics were assessed in 398,962 respondents from the 2008-2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Logistic regressions examined the association of difficulties participating in social activities and OUD, and then among only respondents with OUD, difficulties participating in social activities and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. RESULTS Respondents with OUD reported higher levels of difficulties participating in social activities compared with respondents without OUD (severe difficulties: odds ratio [OR] = 4.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.40-4.93). Among those with OUD, difficulties participating in social activities were associated with suicidal ideation (severe difficulties: OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.77-3.38), but not attempts. CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The findings indicate that people with OUD experience difficulties participating in social activities and these difficulties are associated with suicidal ideation. It may be important to address difficulties participating in social activities within the context of OUD treatment, potentially as it relates to suicide prevention. This is the first study utilizing 10 years of nationally representative data to assess difficulties participating in social activities, OUD, and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Difficulties participating in social activities represent an under-addressed, potentially important therapeutic target to address OUD.
Experimental investigations of the response of a portable container to blast, fragmentation, and thermal effects of energetic materials detonation:

The detonation of an energetic material (EM) is manifested in the form of blast wave, fragmentation of casing material, and thermal effects. These effects are very destructive and cause injuries-be...
Personally important posttraumatic growth in adolescents: The effect on self-esteem beyond commonly defined posttraumatic growth.

Research on posttraumatic growth (PTG), positive psychological changes that may occur as a result of highly stressful life events, reveals adolescents are able to experience PTG. The current study tests individual differences among adolescents in relative importance of PTG and examines the relationships among personally important PTG, commonly defined PTG, and self-esteem. Adolescents (N = 145) with the mean age of 15.75 (SD = 1.13) completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and PTG Inventory, and then reported which items on the PTG Inventory were personally important to them. Results indicated within-scale differences in item importance on the PTG Inventory. Personally important PTG was a better predictor of adolescent self-esteem than commonly defined PTG, measured as total PTGI score or each of the five factors. These findings suggest future research should look at both short-term and long-term effects of personally important PTG as well as commonly defined PTG.
Generalized equations and their solutions, part II: Applications to nonlinear programming

We prove that if the second-order sufficient condition and constraint regularity hold at a local minimizer of a nonlinear programming problem, then for sufficiently smooth perturbations of the constraints and objective function the set of local stationary points is nonempty and continuous; further, if certain polyhedrality assumptions hold (as is usually the case in applications), then the local minimizers, the stationary points and the multipliers all obey a type of Lipschitz condition.
When Is a Dog’s Tail Not a Leg?: A Property-Based Methodology for Distinguishing Sales of Receivables from Security Interests That Secure an Obligation

There are two principal ways in which a firm that is owed money payable in the future but needs the money now may use its rights to payment (“receivables”) to obtain the needed financing. It might sell its receivables, or it might borrow and use the receivables as collateral to secure the loan. Different legal consequences follow depending on whether the transaction is a true sale or is a security interest that secures an obligation (a “SISO”).These legal consequences are particularly salient when the firm enters bankruptcy. If the transaction is a sale, then the buyer can collect the receivables as if no bankruptcy had ensued. If, however, the transaction is a SISO, then the receivables can be used by the firm during the bankruptcy and cannot be collected by the secured party unless the bankruptcy court orders otherwise. The bankruptcy consequences of the distinction between a true sale and a SISO form the cornerstone of securitization transactions.If the firm enters bankruptcy, creditors have an incentive to argue that a transaction that is structured and documented as a true sale creates a SISO in substance and so should be recharacterized as a SISO and treated as such in the bankruptcy. But unless the bankruptcy court treats a securitization transaction as a true sale of the receivables, the transaction will not accomplish its intended purpose and the value of the transaction will be diminished.Because a true sale and a SISO share many attributes, the distinction between them has proven difficult to draw in securitization and other complex transactions. The existing case law is confused and confusing, and none of the commentators has found an approach to characterization that has been wholly successful. This Article offers a property-based methodology for determining whether a transaction is a true sale or a SISO. One must first identify the specific allocation of rights between the purported buyer and seller and then determine whether the seller has retained any meaningful economic interest in the receivables. The property-based approach builds on the analysis of the true sale issue by others and borrows directly from the existing learning, literature, case law, and codification concerning an analogous determination: whether a true lease of goods should be recharacterized as a SISO. By focusing on the essential attributes of a sale and a SISO, the property-based methodology provides a workable way in which to give effect to the policy underlying recharacterization.
Consistency Algorithms for Multi-Source Warehouse View Maintenance

A warehouse is a data repository containing integrated information for efficient querying and analysis. Maintaining the consistency of warehouse data is challenging, especially if the data sources are autonomous and views of the data at the warehouse span multiple sources. Transactions containing multiple updates at one or more sources, e.g., batch updates, complicate the consistency problem. In this paper we identify and discuss three fundamental transaction processing scenarios for data warehousing. We define four levels of consistency for warehouse data and present a new family of algorithms, the Strobe family, that maintain consistency as the warehouse is updated, under the various warehousing scenarios. All of the algorithms are incremental and can handle a continuous and overlapping stream of updates from the sources. Our implementation shows that the algorithms are practical and realistic choices for a wide variety of update scenarios.
A Methodology for Developing a Traffic Surveillance Investment Program: An Application to Caltrans District 4

A method for determining how to develop the most effective traffic surveillance investment program given available resources is developed. The complicated decision structure for deciding where and when to install traffic surveillance and what type of surveillance to install is broken down into a series of steps: identifying information needs, determining which can be met by traffic surveillance, setting criteria for and evaluating the benefits of surveillance in various locations, identifying alternative surveillance methods and estimating their capabilities and costs, comparing the ratios of benefits to costs, and finally matching cost-effective investments with available funds.
Increasing atmospheric poleward energy transport with global warming

[1] Most state-of-the-art global climate models (GCMs) project an increase in atmospheric poleward energy transport with global warming; however, the amount of increase varies significantly from model to model. Using an energy balance model that diffuses moist static energy, it is shown that: (1) the increase in atmospheric moisture content causes most of the increase in transport, and (2) changes in the radiation budget due to clouds explain most of the spread among GCMs. This work also shows that biases in clouds, surface albedo, ocean heat uptake, and aerosols will not only affect climate locally but will also influence other latitudes through energy transport.
Flame-generated turbulence and mass fluxes: Effect of varying heat release

Density and velocity are simultaneously measured in three premixed turbulent flames of varying equivalence ratio using Rayleigh scattering and laser velocimetery. Results show “flame-generated turbulence” and “counter-gradient diffusion” to increase with heat release. The normalized mean time scales associated with reactants and products are not affected by heat release and tend to agree with the BML model and earlier data. Schlieren movies reveal the flame structure to consist of cusped laminar wrinkles that are convected along the flame at the mean tangential velocity of the flow. The average size of the wrinkles is 1 cm which is in good agreement with measurements reported earlier for rod-stabilized flames. The mean frequency of flamelet oscillations, determined from Rayleigh measurements, is found to equal the mean tangential velocity divided by the wrinkle wavelength. Some of the flame-generated turbulence is due to the presence of both high speed and low speed products; this is because some portions of the curved flamelets accelerate the products more than other portions of the flamelets. This two-dimensional mechanism that produces flame-generated turbulence is not included in current models.
Two-Year Follow-up of a Social-Cognitive Intervention to Prevent Substance Use

This study presents two-year follow-up results of the Adolescent Decision-Making Program initially implemented when students were in their sixth grade. The intervention was found to maintain a positive effect on mean tobacco use, but no differences were observed for mean alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug use. In a test of the differential effectiveness of the intervention, program students living with married parents reported lower mean tobacco use than control students living with married parents and program and control students living with single parents. Logistic regression analyses examining the proportion of users at follow-up revealed a negative program effect for alcohol and no differences for the other substances. Subsequent attrition analyses strongly suggested that the positive effect for tobacco use at follow-up was most likely even stronger, and that the negative effect for alcohol was spurious. The importance of examining both program and attrition effects when evaluating the impact of longitudinal preventive interventions was emphasized, and the need to consider alternative models to guide the conceptualization and evaluation of adolescent substance use prevention programs was discussed.
Peripheral cell wall lipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are inhibitory to surfactant function

Summary The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) requires extensive damage to the lungs to facilitate bacterial release into the airways, and it is therefore likely that the microorganism has evolved mechanisms to exacerbate its local pathology. This study examines the inhibitory effects of lipids extracted and purified chromatographically from TB on the surface-active function of lavaged bovine lung surfactant (LS) and a clinically relevant calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE). Total lipids from TB greatly inhibited the surface activity of LS and CLSE on the pulsating bubble surfactometer at physical conditions applicable for respiration in vivo (37°C, 20cycles/min, 50% area compression). Minimum surface tensions for LS (0.5mg/ml) and CLSE (1mg/ml) were raised from
Alkenyl complexes of iridium and their properties as cyclotrimerization catalysts

Abstract Reactions of activated, disubstituted acetylenes with IrH(CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 under various conditions give four-, five-, and six-coordinate alkenyliridium complexes. Some new, novel alkenyl metallocycles containing two different acetylenic units incorporated into the metallocyclopentadiene ring have also been prepared, and these are good catalysts for the cyclotrimerization of disubstituted acetylenes.
Comments on the growth of accretionary wedges

Uplift within accretionary foreland wedges has been explained by the development of duplexes, which provides a mechanism for “underplating” in submarine accretionary wedges with little deformation in the upper part of the wedge. We interpret duplex development beneath the Costa Rica forearc, a zone widely considered to be a prime example of nonaccretion because of the apparent absence of an imbricate fan of thrusts at the toe of the wedge. Large-scale structural geometry of accretionary wedges is compatible with low-angle, trenchward-dipping backstops in centrist to reverse-angle backstops used commonly in models of return flow within wedges, which have been invoked to explain the presence of high- P / T metamorphic rocks. We suggest that emplacement of high- P / T metamorphic rocks are better explained in a collisional setting where known uplift rates are high than by flow within noncollisional accretionary wedges.
Recognition and use of ascidian hosts, and mate acquisition by the symbiotic pea crab Tunicotheres moseri (Rathbun, 1918): the role of chemical, visual and tactile cues

Many crustaceans live in intimate association with larger host animals, mostly for shelter and food. Host recognition and location behaviors by these crustaceans, and other symbionts, are vital in the life history of most symbioses. The pinnotherid crab Tunicotheres moseri (Rathbun, 1918) is a common symbiont with various solitary ascidians throughout its reported range of Jamaica, Venezuela, and West Florida. Sensory cues affecting host recognition, host use, and mate acquisition in the West Florida crab population were the focus of this study. T. moseri responded to host generated and conspecific (males responded to non-gravid females) waterborne chemical cues. Although host generated waterborne chemical cues were recognized by T. moseri, access to direct contact (which could involve chemical, visual and tactile cues) with host ascidians triggered much stronger responses. Results of conditioning trials suggest that T. moseri is a generalist, but prefers Styela plicata even after conditioning with the novel host species Molgula occidentalis and Phallusia nigra. These results show that T. moseri employs the use of multiple senses in establishing symbioses with host tunicates, and the plasticity of the responses allow potentially novel tunicates to serve as hosts. Finally, this study shows that male T. moseri, which typically only enter tunicates for breeding purposes, use waterborne cues to find tunicates housing potential female mates.
QUADTREE LAYOUTS AND I/O BANDWIDTH

Quadtree data structure, popular in 2-D applications, has not been studied in the context of VLSI embedding. This paper proposes two generic layout strategies for quadtree layout. Layout attributes...
Factorial Modeling for Transient Solid Particle Velocity in a Fluidized Bed Combustor Cold Model

ABSTRACT Transient hydrodynamics phenomena in the fluidized bed combustor (FBC) freeboard have been critical in the past two decades. Within a 152 mm ID FBC cold model, solid particle transient velocities were measured and analyzed with the assistance of advanced laser-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) instrumentation. Two layers of swirling secondary air were injected into the cold model. The PIV system was applied to the FBC cold model to visualize transient solid particle velocity. A series of transient solid particle velocity profiles were generated for the factorial analysis. In each profile, the solid particle velocity vectors (Vx and Vy) for 10 × 10 grids were generated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant factors that affect transient solid particle velocities, time, and position coordinates. Then, the 1010 factorial design method was used to develop a specific empirical model of transient solid particle velocity in the FBC freeboard, which was in the shape of V...
The Miami Electron Beam Research Facility: a large scale wastewater treatment application

The Electron Beam Research Facility (EBRF) located in Miami, Florida houses a 1.5 MV, 50 mA electron accelerator. Extensive large scale (460 1 min−1) research on the use of electron beams for the treatment of water and wastewater has been conducted at this facility over the last several years. Initial research focused on determining the disinfection kinetics of bacteria in different wastewater streams at large scale. Our most recent experiments have focused on evaluating the effectiveness of electron beam irradiation in treating industrial wastes and contaminated groundwaters. The latter has been accomplished by dissolving toxic organic compounds of interest in large quantities of potable water (groundwater). The contaminated groundwater simulant is then treated with the electron beam. This paper provides a detailed description of the EBRF, including equipment and layout, experimental protocols used for the research, reliability and maintenance performance estimates based on our operational experience, and treatment cost estimates.
High-resolution resonant magnetic x-ray scattering on TbNi{sub 2}B{sub 2}C: Determination of the modulation wave vector in the orthorhombic phase

Resonant magnetic x-ray scattering measurements have been performed on a single crystal of ${\mathrm{TbNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}\mathrm{C}$ to uniquely determine the modulation wave vector in the low-temperature orthorhombic phase. Below the transition temperature of $14.4(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\mathrm{K},$ two magnetic satellite peaks develop, centered on ${(h00)}_{\mathrm{orth}}$ charge reflections. Our study shows that the longitudinal modulation of the magnetic moment is along the longer basal plane axes of the orthorhombic phase. Power law fits to the temperature dependence of the structural distortion, $a/b\ensuremath{-}1,$ and the magnetic scattering intensity result in the same exponent, $\ensuremath{\beta},$ and transition temperature evidencing explicitly that the structural phase transition is magneto-elastic in origin.
Distinguishing between memories for thoughts and deeds: The role of prospective processing in children's source monitoring

The source monitoring abilities of children and adults were compared by asking both age groups to distinguish between memories for performed and imagined actions. The identity of the person performing actions (self vs. other), as well as the identity of the person imagined (self vs. other) were varied to create four kinds of perform/imagine conditions. Results showed that 6-year-olds performed worse than adults in all four conditions, and they were more likely than adults to claim an imagined action was actually performed (Expt 1). This bias to claim an imagined action was performed was more pronounced for children who imagined themselves going through the motions of performing actions compared to those who imagined seeing themselves (Expt 2). Action similarity played a role in source monitoring, but only undet some conditions. The results point to the importance of prospective processing for children's source monitoring, and suggest that systematic investigation of the goal-directed nature of actions in source monitoring is needed.
Formation of Red Beds in Moist Tropical Climates: A Hypothesis

Studies of alluvial deposits of Holocene and Pleistocene age in Puerto Rico and in The Orinoco basin suggest that red beds can form diagenetically in moist tropical climates by intrastratal alteration processes that are similar to those producing red beds diagenetically in deserts. The studies show that modern sediments from these tropical regions contain ample iron, in the form of both detrital oxides and unstable iron-bearing silicates, to produce bright red sediments if the interstitial chemical environment is favorable for the formation and preservation of iron oxide. That such favorable environments exist in some tropical regions is indicated by the fact that yellow and brown iron oxides commonly occur in Quaternary alluvial deposits in Puerto Rico many tens of feet below the water table. In addition, chemical analyses of ground-water samples from Puerto Rico show that the interstitial environment in the alluvium commonly lies in the stability field of hematite. These data indicate that sediments which may be precursors of red beds are accumulating in Puerto Rico today. Where favorable interstitial chemical conditions persist long enough for the yellow and brown oxides (both detrital and authigenic) to be converted to red oxides, these deposits should produce red beds. Such deposits may be modern analogues of ancient red beds associated with fauna, flora, or other evidence of warm, moist conditions at the time of deposition. Chemical and mineralogic analyses of samples from Puerto Rico and the Orinoco basin, when compared with analogous data from the Sonoran Desert, do not reveal any criterion that can be confidently extrapolated to ancient sediments to differentiate red beds formed in moist climates from those formed in deserts. Other characteristics of ancient red beds, such as fauna, flora, and association with evaporite minerals or with aeolian sandstone, provide the most reliable evidence of the climate at the time of deposition.
Photopatterned thiol surfaces for biomolecule immobilization.

The ability to pattern small molecules and proteins on artificial surfaces is of importance for the development of new tools including tissue engineering, cell-based drug screening, and cell-based sensors. We describe here a novel “caged” thiol-mediated strategy for the fabrication of planar substrates patterned with biomolecules using photolithography. A thiol-bearing phosphoramidite (3-(2′-nitrobenzyl)thiopropyl (NBTP) phosphoramidite) was synthesized and coupled to a hydroxyl-terminated amorphous carbon substrate. A biocompatible oligo(ethylene glycol) spacer was used to resist nonspecific adsorption of protein and DNA and enhance flexibility of attached biomolecules. Thiol functionalities are revealed by UV irradiation of NBTP-modified surfaces. Both the surface coupling and photodeprotection were monitored by Polarization Modulation Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (PM-FTIRRAS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The newly exposed thiols are chemicall...