cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiling The Quality Of Care In Twelve Communities: Results From The CQI Study

Health care quality falls far short of its potential nationally. Because care is delivered locally, improvement strategies should be tailored to community needs. This analysis from the Community Quality Index (CQI) study reports on a comprehensive examination of how effectively care is delivered in twelve metropolitan areas. We find room for improvement in quality overall and in dimensions of preventive, acute, and chronic care in all of these communities; no community was consistently best or worst on the various dimensions. Having concrete estimates of the extent of the gap in performance should stimulate community-based quality improvement efforts.
Epidemiology of Acute Infections among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

The objectives of this review were (1) to review recent literature on the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of infections in patients who had chronic kidney disease (CKD) and did or did not require renal replacement therapy; (2) to review literature on the efficacy and use of selected vaccines for patients with CKD; and (3) to outline a research framework for examining key issues regarding infections in patients with CKD. Infection-related hospitalizations contribute substantially to excess morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD, and infection is the second leading cause of death in this population. Patients who have CKD and do not require renal replacement therapy seem to be at higher risk for infection compared with patients without CKD; however, data about patients who have CKD and do not require dialysis therapy are very limited. Numerous factors potentially predispose patients with CKD to infection: advanced age, presence of coexisting illnesses, vaccine hyporesponsiveness, immunosuppressive therapy, uremia, dialysis access, and the dialysis procedure. Targeted vaccination seems to have variable efficacy in the setting of CKD and is generally underused in this population. In conclusion, infection is a primary issue when caring for patients who receive maintenance dialysis. Very limited data exist about the rates, risk factors, and outcomes of infection in patients who have CKD and do not require dialysis. Future research is needed to delineate accurately the epidemiology of infections in these populations and to develop effective preventive strategies across the spectrum of CKD severity.
Enhancing Light-trapping and Efficiency of Solar Cells with Photonic Crystals

A major route to improving solar cell efficiencies is by improving light trapping in solar absorber layers. Traditional light trapping schemes involve a textured metallic back reflector that also introduces losses at optical wavelengths. Here we develop alternative light trapping schemes with a-Si:H thin film solar cells, that do not use metallic components, thereby avoiding losses. We utilize low loss one-dimensional photonic crystals as distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) at the backside of the solar cells. The DBR is constructed with alternating layers of crystalline Si and SiO 2 . Between the DBR and the absorber layer, there is a layer of 2D photonic crystal composed of amorphous silicon and SiO 2 . The 2D photonic crystal layer will diffract light at oblique angles, so that total internal reflection is formed inside the absorber layer. We have achieved enhanced light-trapping in both crystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells at near-infrared wavelengths where absorption lengths are very large. Very high absorption is achieved throughout optical wavelengths. The optical modeling is performed with a rigorous 3 dimensional scattering matrix approach where Maxwelli¯s equations are solved in Fourier space.
Acquired Pelger-Huet anomaly in erythroleukemia.

The Pelger-Huet anomaly was found in association with erythroleukemia in a 62-year-old female who was known to have had normal granulocyte morphology 9 months previously. This is the third reported case of the coexistence of Pelger-Huet anomaly with erythroleukemia and the first case in which normal morphology was known to have been present prior to the development of erythroleukemia. Although the pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly has been reported in association with numerous neoplastic and non-neoplastic hematologic diseases, its pathogenesis and the clinical significance of its presence remain to be elucidated.
Bayes inference in the Tobit censored regression model

We consider the Bayes estimation of the Tobit censored regression model with normally distributed errors. A simple condition for the existence of posterior moments is provided. Suitable versions of Monte Carlo procedures based on symmetric multivariate-t distributions, and Laplacian approximations in a certain parametrization, are developed and illustrated. Ideas involving data augmentation and Gibbs sampling [cf. Tanner and Wong (1987) and Gelfand and Smith (1990)] are also developed. The methods are compared in two examples with diffuse priors, and various combinations of sample sizes and degrees of censoring.
Prognostic Indicators for Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients with Pulmonary Metastases

Twenty to 30% of patients with soft tissue sarcomas metastatic to the lungs will achieve disease-free survival of three years or more following resection.(1–3) However, in all series, a significant number of patients have unresectable pulmonary metastases at the time of exploration or develop recurrence of their metastases rapidly following resection. Therefore, it would be useful to be able to predict a patient’s prognosis and resectability prior to surgical exploration of the chest.
Evolving Nature of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

This chapter discusses the historical and evolving terminology, constructs, and ideologies that inform the language used by those who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and same-gender loving, who may identify as queer, as well as those who are members of trans* communities from multiple and intersectional perspectives.
Gastric Secretion in Dogs Treated with Histamine Antagonist, Thymoxyethyldiethylamine

SummaryStudies on gastric secretion in dogs provided with Heidenhain pouches definitely indicated that 929F, given subcutaneously, did not induce gastric secretion. However, following an injection of histamine in animals thus treated, the gastric secretion was markedly increased in volume and acidity over that which was obtained during control periods when only the histamine stimulus was employed.These findings indicate that 929F, in the doses employed, neither destroys histamine nor antagonizes the action of histamine as a gastric secretory stimulant.
Lipid Variations Caused by Pteridine Deficiencies in Crithidia fasciculate

SummaryWe have shown by alteration in 14C-acetate incorporation into lipid fractions during pteridine deficiencies that both un-conjugated and conjugated pteridmes affect lipid metabolism in C. jasciculata. The most obvious change appears as an alteration in the chromatographic profile of acetate incorporation into the lipid fractions concomitant with these deficiencies, i.e., the disappearance of label from the cardiolipin fraction and appearance of label into new fractions whose nature depends upon whether the deficiency is of conjugated or unconjugated pteridines.
Effects of benadryl on anaphylactic and histamine shock in rabbits and guinea pigs.

Summary1. Benadryl offers effective protection against histamine shock in rabbits. 2. Benadryl did not protect against anaphylactic shock in rabbits sensitized to egg white. 3. Benadryl did not pro...
Analysis of peginterferon β-1a exposure and Gd-enhanced lesion or T2 lesion response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients

The effect of subcutaneous (SC) peginterferon β-1a exposure on reduction of gadolinium-enhanced (Gd+) lesion count over time was evaluated in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in a Phase 3 study (ADVANCE). Patients were randomized to receive SC injections of placebo (n = 500), 125 mcg every-2-weeks (n = 512), or 125 mcg every-4-weeks (n = 500) for 1 year, and then active treatment in the second year. Steady state 4-week AUC (AUCss) was derived for each individual based on sparse pharmacokinetic (PK) sample and a population PK model. Several longitudinal count models, including marginal, mixed effect, and mixture models, were compared to explore the relationship between AUCss and Gd+ lesion count (or T2 lesion count). A mixture model which divided subjects into two subpopulations by low and high baseline lesion activity was found to yield best goodness-of-fit for the data. In this model, the point estimate and 95 % CI for drug effect slope on log(λ) are -0.0256 (-0.0304, -0.0216) for Gd+ lesion and -0.0147 (-0.0170, -0.0124) for T2 lesion. This suggested that reduction of Gd+ lesion (or T2 lesion) count over time is significantly related to SC peginterferon β-1a exposure, and that the increased reduction lesion count with the every-2-week regimen versus the every-4-week regimen was driven by the higher exposure achieved in that treatment arm (mean Gd+ lesion count 0.2 and 0.7 at Year 2, respectively). The every-2-week regimen produced an exposure range that was close to the plateau range of the exposure-response curve, supporting its selection as the regulatory approved dosage.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children.

Lymphomas are malignancies of the lymphoreticular system ranking third in frequency in children 15 years of age or younger. Each year there are approximately 700 new cases of lymphoma of which 300 are Hodgkin’s disease and 400 are non-Hodgkin’s. Aspects considered include incidence, histology, primary sites, staging, central nervous system involvement, initial work-up, symptomatology, and treatment.
Intelligent use of Constraints for Activity Scheduling

The primary goal of this research effort was to develop a domain independent activity scheduling algorithm that would be able to handle ad-hoc constraints.
Reforming school discipline and reducing disproportionality in suspension and expulsion.

The use of suspension and expulsion in America’s school has increased over the past 30 years. Yet there is no evidence that exclusionary school discipline has a benefi cial eff ect on student behavior or school climate. The consistent overrepresentation of African American students in the use of school exclusion cannot be fully explained by either poverty or diff erential rates of disruptive behavior. Both school-wide positive behavior supports and social-emotional learning strategies show promise as system-wide reform eff orts for reducing the use of suspension and expulsion, while data on the eff ects of restorative justice are still emerging. Despite abundant documentation of racial and ethnic disparities in school suspension and expulsion, there is as yet little research that could meet the urgent needs of schools and school districts to improve equity in school discipline.
Identifying the Most Common CrossFit Injuries in a Variety of Athletes

Background:CrossFit is an increasingly popular, rapidly growing exercise regimen. Few studies have evaluated CrossFit-associated musculoskeletal injuries on a large scale. This study explores such ...
Hepatic deletion of X-box binding protein 1 impairs bile acid metabolism in mice.

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/X-box binding protein 1 (IRE1α/XBP1) pathway of the UPR is important in lipid metabolism. However, its role in bile acid metabolism remains unknown. We demonstrate that liver-specific Xbp1 knockout (LS-Xbp1−/−) mice had a 45% reduction in total bile acid pool. LS-Xbp1−/− mice had lower serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) levels compared with Xbp1fl/fl mice, indicating reduced cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) synthetic activity. This occurred without reductions of hepatic CYP7A1 protein expression. Feeding LS-Xbp1−/− mice cholestyramine increased hepatic CYP7A1 protein expression to levels 2-fold and 8-fold greater than cholestyramine-fed and chow-fed Xbp1fl/fl mice, respectively. However, serum C4 levels remained unchanged and were lower than both groups of Xbp1fl/fl mice. In contrast, although feeding LS-Xbp1−/− mice cholesterol did not increase CYP7A1 expression, serum C4 levels increased significantly up to levels similar to chow-fed Xbp1fl/fl mice and the total bile acid pool normalized. In conclusion, loss of hepatic XBP1 decreased the bile acid pool and CYP7A1 synthetic activity. Cholesterol feeding, but not induction of CYP7A1 with cholestyramine, increased CYP7A1 synthetic activity and corrected the genotype-specific total bile acid pools. These data demonstrate a novel role of IRE1α/XBP1 regulating bile acid metabolism.
Collective supervision of topic models for predicting surveys with social media

This paper considers survey prediction from social media. We use topic models to correlate social media messages with survey outcomes and to provide an interpretable representation of the data. Rather than rely on fully unsupervised topic models, we use existing aggregated survey data to inform the inferred topics, a class of topic model supervision referred to as collective supervision. We introduce and explore a variety of topic model variants and provide an empirical analysis, with conclusions of the most effective models for this task.
Bxb1 phage recombinase assists genome engineering in Drosophila melanogaster

Rapid and reliable genome modifications provide the basis for detailed in vivo functional analysis of any genomic entity (gene, regulatory DNA, non-coding RNA, etc). With the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, manipulation of a particular genomic locus has become a routine undertaking in variety of model organisms, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. To further diversify the available tools for genome engineering, we successfully harnessed the phage recombinase Bxb1 to perform recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) in D. melanogaster. We demonstrate that Bxb1 possesses highly efficient recombinase activity and could be used alone or in conjunction with other currently available recombinases for creating platforms for cassette exchange of targeted loci.
Breaking the Mold of Traditional Business: The Emergence and Diffusion of B- Organizational Forms

In this paper, we explore the ontology of B-Organizations: Benefit Corporations and Certified B Corporations. We examine whether B-Organizations comprise a new organizational form and we identify t...
Xist RNA repeat E is essential for ASH2L recruitment to the inactive X and regulates histone modifications and escape gene expression

Long non-coding RNA Xist plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) which is a paradigm of long non-coding RNA-mediated gene regulation. Xist has Xist-specific repeat elements A-F which are conserved among eutherian mammals, underscoring their functional importance. Here we report that Xist RNA repeat E, a conserved Xist repeat element in the Xist exon 7, interacts with ASH2L and contributes to maintenance of escape gene expression level on the inactive X-chromosome (Xi) during XCI. The Xist repeat E-deletion mutant female ES cells show the depletion of ASH2L from the Xi upon differentiation. Furthermore, a subset of escape genes exhibits unexpectedly higher expression in the repeat E mutant cells than the cells expressing wildtype Xist during X-inactivation, whereas the silencing of X-linked non-escape genes is not affected. We discuss the implications of these results to understand the role of ASH2L and Xist repeat E for histone modifications and escape gene regulation during random X-chromosome inactivation.
Community vulnerability and stratified risk: Hegemonic masculinity, socioeconomic status, and HIV/AIDS in a sex work community in Kampala, Uganda.

ABSTRACTThis article examines the social patterning of health, economic uncertainty, hegemonic masculinity, and vulnerability among men who live and work in a low-income sex work community in Kampala, Uganda. This problematises the notion that vulnerable communities are homogenous, in demographics, economic status, and risk. This article draws on ethnographic data collected in 2016, including semi-structured interviews and participant observation. This article uses a stratified risk framework to describe the central finding of this study, which is that men’s experience in Kataba is characterised by a struggle to fulfil the provider role that constitutes a core aspect of their socially ascribed gender role. In a context of economic scarcity, men’s lives are fraught with strain and this intersects with other forms of risk. Finally, by focusing on community vulnerability rather than individual risk, this work contributes to theories of gender and sex work, and informs HIV/AIDS praxis.
Gas-Phase Ion Photodissociation

Ion photodissociation is discussed from a number of points of view, including: (1) Ion spectroscopy; (2) Ion structures; (3) Dynamics and energetics of fragmentation; (4) Mechanisms of ion multiphoton chemistry; and (5) Collisional and radiative relaxation of excited ions. Some survey of older results is undertaken, along with consideration of recent developments mainly involving multiphoton dissociation and related chemistry involving excited ions.
Inhibition of the Synthesis of Glutathione, Glutamine, and Glutamate by Certain Methionine Derivatives

In the course of studies in our laboratory on the biochemistry of glutamate and two of its principal metabolites, glutathione and glutamine, we have found that certain methionine derivatives are highly effective inhibitors of the utilization of glutamate and its derivatives. These effects are evidently explicable in terms of the structural similarities between glutamate, methionine, and their derivatives, and the consequent ability of particular methionine analogs to interact with the active sites of enzymes that normally bind and utilize glutamate or glutamine. It is of interest that a number of enzymes that act on glutamine also exhibit a relatively high affinity for methionine, and that glutamine and methionine are apparently transported across cell membranes by similar - in some instances perhaps identical - systems. Some enzymes that interact with methionine and glutamate or with derivatives of these amino acids are listed in Table I.
Abstract MP030: Insufficient Sleep Increases Caloric Intake but not Energy Expenditure

Introduction: Identifying and mitigating factors that promote obesity will have a large public health impact. Sleep may be an important regulator of metabolism and energy expenditure. Voluntary sleep restriction is common, with 27% of US adults regularly getting ≤6 h of sleep per day. Epidemiologic evidence suggests a link between short sleep duration and obesity. Human experiments suggest that acute sleep deprivation reduces the anorexigenic hormone leptin, increases the orexigenic factor ghrelin, and promotes caloric intake. Meanwhile, increased energy expenditure during prolonged wakefulness may counterbalance any increased caloric intake associated with a lack of sleep. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that 8 days of modest sleep restriction would reduce leptin, increase ghrelin, promote caloric intake, and increase activity energy expenditure. Methods: We studied 17 healthy individuals age 18–40 y. Subjects completed a protocol consisting of one week of home actigraphy, a 3 night acclimation phase, followed by an 8 night experimental phase in which they were randomized to sleep ad lib or two-thirds of their normal sleep time. Blood was collected at the end of the two periods, food was freely available and caloric intake was calculated daily, and activity energy expenditure was assessed by a comprehensively validated system comprised of inclinometers and accelerometers. Sleep was confirmed using continuous electroencephalography. Mean change from the acclimation period ± standard deviation are presented, with statistical testing by two sample t tests on the changes between acclimation and experimental periods. Results: Subjects included 11 men and 6 women, of whom 8 were randomized to sleep deprivation and 9 served as controls. Sleep duration during the acclimation period averaged 6.5±0.9 h/day but fell to 5.2±0.1 h/d among those randomized to sleep deprivation. The sleep deprivation group consumed +549±583 kcal/d, whereas those randomized to ad lib sleep consumed −143±420 kcal/d (P Conclusions: Eight days of modest sleep restriction, similar to that encountered in everyday life, was associated with a striking increase in caloric intake with no change in activity energy expenditure. Contrary to expectations, we observed a trend towards increased circulating concentrations of leptin and reduced concentrations of ghrelin, more consistent with a consequence of a positive energy balance than a cause. Our data suggest that chronic sleep restriction may be an important and modifiable behavior promoting obesity.
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Opportunities for Targeted Prevention in Ohio.

Objective The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, one of the most lethal gastroenterological diseases, has been increasing since the 1960s. Prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma is important because no early detection screening programs have been shown to reduce mortality. Obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and tobacco smoking are risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Due to the high prevalence in Ohio of obesity (32.6%) and cigarette smoking (21.0%), this study sought to identify trends and patterns of these risk factors and esophageal adenocarcinoma in Ohio as compared with the United States. Methods Data from the Ohio Cancer Incidence Surveillance System, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER), and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used. Incidence rates overall, by demographics and by county, as well as trends in incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and the percent of esophageal adenocarcinoma among esophageal cancers were examined. Trends in obesity and cigarette smoking in Ohio, and the prevalence of each by county, were reported. Results There was an increasing trend in esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence in Ohio. Ohio's average annual esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rate was higher than the SEER rate overall and for each sex, race, and age group in 2009 to 2013. There was also an increasing prevalence of obesity in Ohio. Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking has been stable, it was high in Ohio compared with the United States. Conclusions Health care providers and researchers should be aware of the esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rates and risk factor patterns and tailor interventions for areas and populations at higher risk.
Mouse Model of Pressure Ulcers After Spinal Cord Injury

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are common debilitating complications of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and tend to occur in soft tissues around bony prominences. There is, however, little known about the impact of SCI on skin wound healing in the context of animal models in controlled experimental settings. In this study, a simple, non-invasive, reproducible and clinically relevant mouse model of PUs in the context of complete SCI is presented. Adult male mice (Balb/c, 10 weeks old) were shaved and depilated. Post-depilation (24 h), mice were subjected to laminectomy followed by complete spinal cord transection (T9-T10 vertebrae). Immediately after, a skin fold on the back of the mice was lifted and sandwiched between two magnetic discs held in place for next 12 h, thus creating an ischemic area that developed into a PU over the following days. The wounded areas demonstrated tissue edema and epidermal disappearance by day 3 post-magnet application. PUs spontaneously developed and healed. Healing was, however, slower in the SCI mice compared to control non-SCI mice when the wound was created below the level of SCI. Conversely, no difference in healing was seen between SCI and control non-SCI mice when the wound was created above the level of SCI. This model is a potentially useful tool to study the dynamics of skin PU development and healing after SCI, as well as to test therapeutic approaches that may help heal such wounds.
HIV cure research community engagement in North Carolina: a mixed-methods evaluation of a crowdsourcing contest.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a crowdsourcing contest to promote HIV cure research community engagement. Methods Crowdsourcing contests are open calls for community participation to achieve a task, in this case to engage local communities about HIV cure research. Our contest solicited images and videos of what HIV cure meant to people. Contestants submitted entries to IdeaScale, an encrypted online contest platform. We used a mixed-methods study design to evaluate the contest. Engagement was assessed through attendance at promotional events and social media user analytics. Google Analytics measured contest website user-engagement statistics. Text from contest video entries was transcribed, coded and analysed using MAXQDA. Results There were 144 attendees at three promotional events and 32 entries from 39 contestants. Most individuals who submitted entries were black (n=31), had some college education (n=18) and were aged 18–23 years (n=23). Social media analytics showed 684 unique page followers, 2233 unique page visits, 585 unique video views and an overall reach of 80,624 unique users. Contest submissions covered themes related to the community's role in shaping the future of HIV cure through education, social justice, creativity and stigma reduction. Conclusion Crowdsourcing contests are feasible for engaging community members in HIV cure research. Community contributions to crowdsourcing contests provide useful content for culturally relevant and locally responsive research engagement.
Educational Leadership Doctoral Students' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Instructional Strategies and Course Design in a Fully Online Graduate Statistics Course.

In the past several decades, higher education has witnessed exponential growth of online learning, as well as the need for it. New technology has dramatically transformed the way education is delivered compared to what takes place in the traditional classroom. It has enabled online delivery of course materials to students outside of face-to-face classroom in an asynchronous manner and provide students with self-paced flexibility at their convenience. Given the abstract nature of statistics content, effectiveness of the instructional strategies and course design in online statistics instruction has become particularly important to students’ learning success. In this qualitative study, the authors explored perceptions of the Educational Leadership doctoral students towards an online graduate level introductory statistic course in terms of whether the online course instructional strategies and course design helped them learn statistics. The authors assessed effectiveness of the instructional strategies and design of the online statistics course as well as students’ needs, so more effective instructional strategies could be used for online statistics teaching. Students identified the PowerPoint presentations with recorded lectures to be the most useful strategy. This strategy, along with live Q&A sessions, guided practice and activities, helped make the textbook information more real-world and connected the elements of statistics to application.
Predicting new superconductors and their critical temperatures using machine learning

Abstract We used the superconductors in the SuperCon database to construct element vectors and then perform machine learning of their critical temperatures (Tc). Only the chemical composition of superconductors was used in this procedure. No physical predictors (neither experimental nor computational) of any kind were used. We achieved the coefficient of determination R2 ≃ 0.93, which is comparable and in some cases higher than similar estimates using other artificial intelligence techniques. Based on this machine learning model, we predicted several new superconductors with high critical temperatures. We also discuss several factors that limit the learning process and suggest possible ways to overcome them.
A Biomechanical Examination of Prefabricated Total Contact Cast Kits: Relevance to Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy.

The traditional Total Contact Cast (TCC) is considered the gold standard for treating plantar diabetic ulcers. A number of prefabricated TCC kits have been introduced, which offer a user-friendly c...
Succinctness for Singleton Sets

Corollaries 11.7 through 11.16 exhibited progressions of programming systems that are uniformly limiting-recursively more succinct for characteristic functions of finite sets. We bragged that in these corollaries, not only was the difference in succinctness between levels extreme, but the programs witnessing this difference compute rather simple functions. One can reasonably counter that the characteristic functions of finite sets from these corollaries are far from simple since the finite sets involved are immense. For example, as noted in Corollary 11.19, there is no limiting-recursive bound (in a ϕ* -program for the h of the Corollaries) on the cardinality of these finite sets. The question thus arises as to what happens with relative succinctness if one restricts succinctness comparisons to characteristic functions of sets that have an a priori bound on their cardinality. We address this question in this chapter by studying relative succinctness for characteristic functions of singleton sets.
Structure and Function of the Contractile Protein Myosin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and function of the contractile protein myosin. There is variability in the appearance of the myosin monomers that might be attributed to fracturing of the elongate molecule on to mica. The molecules undergo extensive aggregation to salting-out during drying on mica. The aggregates include tail-to-tail dimers, linear aggregates, and ordered sheath-like structures. The electron microscopic structure indicates the likelihood of axial symmetry with the two heavy components that comprise of the rod-shaped tail; and the light components that comprise of part of the globular head. The number of light components might be estimated as two on the basis of the C-terminal studies. It is believed that the experimental findings provide evidence for the proposed model as a working hypothesis for the subunit structure of myosin. The exact relationship of the subunit interactions to the actin-binding and the enzymic activity of myosin are of critical importance to its biological function in muscular contraction
Abacus-histories and the combinatorics of creation operators

Abstract Creation operators act on symmetric functions to build Schur functions, Hall–Littlewood polynomials, and related symmetric functions one row at a time. Haglund, Morse, Zabrocki, and others have studied more general symmetric functions H α , C α , and B α obtained by applying any sequence of creation operators to 1. We develop new combinatorial models for the Schur expansions of these and related symmetric functions using objects called abacus-histories. These formulas arise by chaining together smaller abacus-histories that encode the effect of an individual creation operator on a given Schur function. We give a similar treatment for operators such as multiplication by h m , h m ⊥ , ω, etc., which serve as building blocks to construct the creation operators. We use involutions on abacus-histories to give bijective proofs of properties of the Bernstein creation operator and Hall–Littlewood polynomials indexed by three-row partitions.
Lifetime of Even-Parity States of A Bloch

Several experiments have shown the existence of coherent superposition of different charge states in Single Cooper Pair Tunneling (SPT) devices [1, 2]. This makes these devices potential candidates for quantum computing qubits. Existing theoretical proposals [3, 4] show in detail how to realize all necessary qubit operations including entanglement and readout using these so-called charge qubits. However, the practical implementation of charge qubits is hindered by two major road blocks: charge noise and quasiparticle poisoning. The first results from the movement of background charges in the substrate or in the oxide layer of device. The latter results from the entry of a single unpaired electron onto the island of the device. In this paper we investigate quasiparticle poisoning and present data for the timescale on which it occurs.
Leveraging molecular biomarkers to make the common diagnosis in the uncommon patient

Abstract Background and purpose The factors that predispose to relapse in patients recovering with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) are largely unknown, complicating efforts to distinguish patients with resurgent symptoms who may benefit from additional immune-modulating therapies from those with other causes of impairment. Methods We report a patient with AE with leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 autoantibodies with a typical presentation, but atypical course complicated by treatment-refractory psychoses and progressive cognitive decline. We leveraged emergent molecular biomarkers, including [18F]florbetapir (amyloid) and [18F]flortaucipir AV45 (tau) PET neuroimaging, to evaluate for common neurodegenerative causes of impairment. The patient was followed until death and a brain autopsy performed. Results No evidence of active inflammation was observed on neuroimaging or cerebrospinal fluid analyses in our patient with resurgent, treatment-refractory cognitive decline. [18F]Florbetapir and [18F]flortaucipir retention were increased in cerebral cortices in a pattern consistent with symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Immunomodulatory therapies were stopped, and appropriate counseling provided to the patient and family. The patient died 2.4 months following [18F]flortaucipir PET neuroimaging. Brain autopsy confirmed changes typical of Alzheimer's disease without evidence of active inflammation or sequelae of AE, establishing Alzheimer's disease as the likely cause of resurgent symptoms in this patient. Conclusions Symptoms of age-related neurodegenerative illnesses may emerge following AE, particularly in older patients in whom neurodegenerative dementing illnesses are more common. Molecular biomarkers may aid in the evaluation of treatment-refractory patients with resurgent symptoms and signs, influencing management.
Communicative predictors of social network resilience skills during the transition to college

Persisting in college requires resilience for emerging adults, who must adapt to a new culture with different norms. Many also struggle with financial pressure, mental health issues, and interperso...
A Review of Mathematics Determining Solute Uptake at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Normal and Pathological Conditions.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits movement of solutes from the lumen of the brain microvascular capillary system into the parenchyma. The unidirectional transfer constant, Kin, is the rate at which transport across the BBB occurs for individual molecules. Single and multiple uptake experiments are available for the determination of Kin for new drug candidates using both intravenous and in situ protocols. Additionally, the single uptake method can be used to determine Kin in heterogeneous pathophysiological conditions such as stroke, brain cancers, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we briefly cover the anatomy and physiology of the BBB, discuss the impact of efflux transporters on solute uptake, and provide an overview of the single-timepoint method for determination of Kin values. Lastly, we compare preclinical Kin experimental results with human parallels.
Making Sense of Student Source Selection: Using the WHY Method to Analyze Authority in Student Research Bibliographies

In a follow-up to a pilot study published in 2019, the authors collected student research papers from English Composition II courses at three public comprehensive universities from different regions in the United States to classify and compare the sources selected by students at each institution. Working with a representative sample of 712 bibliographic references, the authors used a research-tested taxonomy called The WHY Method to classify each source by three key attributes—Who wrote each source, How it was edited, and whY it was published. The results of this cross-institutional study indicate that student source selection is affected most powerfully by the variables of which institution a student attends, student age, and whether the student is a first-generation university student. Student GPA, gender, class ranking (freshman, sophomore, and so on), and ethnicity were not statistically predictive factors. This study establishes the importance of institutional context in how students construct authority and provides librarians with a tool that enables them to better understand and describe that context.
Hip Corticosteroid/Anesthetic Injections—Are the reported rates of osteoarthritis progression and femoral head collapse real?:

Objectives:In the absence of definitive Level I evidence regarding the safety of hip CSI, there have been an increasing number of retrospective case series studying outcomes after hip corticosteroi...
Magnitude and distribution of the untapped solar space-heating resource in U.S. climates

Abstract Space heating is the single greatest source of building-related greenhouse gas emissions in the industrialized world, giving urgency to the development of strategies for carbon-free heating. Recent advances have shown that the direct capture, storage, and deployment of solar energy, without conversion to electricity, has considerable potential to address space-heating needs even in cold and cloudy climates. However, the solar energy available for direct heating at climatic and metropolitan scales is both unquantified and widely assumed to be negligible, impeding further investigation, development, and policy responses. To estimate the magnitude and distribution of solar resources concurrent with space-heating needs, we spatially integrate datasets characterizing solar radiation, outdoor temperature, and heating energy use across U.S. climates. Results show that the median resource incident upon collectors of residential scale (10 m2) and distribution is much greater than previously realized, equaling 7 MWh per household annually; by comparison, the median household heating need is currently 10.3 MWh. Unexpectedly, cloud-diffused solar radiation accounts for over one-quarter of this resource in all but semi-arid climates. Metropolitan residential resources exceed 5 TWh in areas including Detroit and Boston (cold continental), Washington D.C. (humid subtropical), Seattle and San Francisco (Mediterranean), and Denver (semi-arid), and national resources exceed 750 TWh annually, compared to approximately 1200 TWh of annual heating need. Current technology is able to capture and retain over half of a direct solar heating resource, revealing that the untapped U.S. solar heating potential is comparable to one-third of the national residential space-heating need and implying that analogous resources exist in analogous climates worldwide.
Gender Differences in Physicians’ Financial Ties to Industry: A Study of National Disclosure Data

Background Academic literature extensively documents gender disparities in the medical profession with regard to salary, promotion, and government funded research. However, gender differences in the value of financial ties to industry have not been adequately studied despite industry’s increasing contribution to income and research funding to physicians in the U.S. Methods & Findings We analyzed publicly reported financial relationships among 747,603 physicians and 432 pharmaceutical, device and biomaterials companies. Demographic and payment information were analyzed using hierarchical regression models to determine if statistically significant gender differences exist in physician-industry interactions regarding financial ties, controlling for key covariates. In 2011, 432 biomedical companies made an excess of $17,991,000 in payments to 220,908 physicians. Of these physicians, 75.1% were male. Female physicians, on average, received fewer total dollars (-$3,598.63, p<0.001) per person than men. Additionally, female physicians received significantly lower amounts for meals (-$41.80, p<0.001), education (-$1,893.14, p<0.001), speaker fees (-$2,898.44, p<0.001), and sponsored research (-$15,049.62, p=0.05). For total dollars, an interaction between gender and institutional reputation was statistically significant, implying that the differences between women and men differed based on industry’s preference for an institution, with larger differences at higher reputation institutions. Conclusions Female physicians receive significantly lower compensation for similarly described activities than their male counterparts after controlling for key covariates. As regulations lead to increased transparency regarding these relationships, efforts to standardize compensation should be considered to promote equitable opportunities for all physicians.
Proposed Compact, Eye-Safe Lidar for Measuring Atmospheric Water Vapor

A thorough understanding of tropospheric water vapor is essential for forecasting weather and modeling radiative transfer. This project focuses on the development of an automated, ground-based, compact, eye-safe and inexpensive differential absorption lidar (DIAL) to profile tropospheric water vapor. Such a system could be widely deployed to supplement twice-daily radiosonde profiles or used in arrays to measure water vapor transport variability with a continuous datastream from a known location. Instrument features will include daytime measurement capabilities, a detection range of 3–6 km, a spatial resolution of 100 m, a temporal resolution of ~15 minutes, and an error of less than 1 g/kg. This paper discusses the results of a lidar simulation and solid-state laser options for use in a low-cost water vapor lidar.
A coenzyme A-independent transacylase is linked to the formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by generating the lyso-PAF intermediate in the remodeling pathway.

The remodeling pathway for the biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) consists of the following reaction sequence: alkylacylglycerophosphocholine—-lyso-PAF—-PAF. Results presented in this article describe a novel transacylase activity that generates the lyso-PAF intermediate, which can then be acetylated to form PAF. Ethanolamine-containing lysoplasmalogens, 1-acyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, alkyllysophosphoethanolamine, unlabeled lyso-PAF, 1-acyl-2-lyso-GPC, where GPC is sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and choline-containing lysoplasmalogens were all able to stimulate the formation of [3H]lyso-PAF from a [3H]alkylacyl-GPC precursor pool associated with HL-60 cell (granulocytic type) membranes. Other glycerolipids containing free hydroxyl groups (3-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine, lysophosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylinositol, diacylglycerols, alkylglycerols, and monoacylglycerols), cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine had no stimulatory effect on the release of [3H]lyso-PAF from the prelabeled membranes under identical incubation conditions. The observed transacylase reaction is directly coupled to PAF production, since the addition of a lysoethanolamine plasmalogen preparation to HL-60 membranes in the presence of [14C]acetyl-CoA stimulated PAF formation; under these conditions the lysoethanolamine plasmalogen was acylated. The transacylase responsible for the release of lyso-PAF from the membrane-associated alkylacyl-GPC was not affected by Ca2+, EGTA, or a known phospholipase A2 inhibitor, p-bromophenacyl bromide. The fact that the unnatural analog of lyso-PAF, lysophosphatidylserine, and lysophosphatidylinositol did not influence transacylase activity, whereas detergents such as deoxycholate and Triton X-100 inhibited the activity, demonstrated the observed stimulatory effects of the choline- and ethanolamine-containing lysophospholipids on the formation of [3H]lyso-PAF from [3H]alkylacyl-GPC were not due to any detergent property of these lysophospholipids. Thus, we conclude a CoA-independent transacylase (possessing phospholipase A2/acyltransferase activities) can be responsible for the formation of the lyso-PAF intermediate in the remodeling route of PAF biosynthesis.
The Graph Crossing Number and its Variants: A Survey

The crossing number is a popular tool in graph drawing and visualization, but there is not really just one crossing number; there is a large family of crossing number notions of which the crossing number is the best known. We survey the rich variety of crossing number variants that have been introduced in the literature for purposes that range from studying the theoretical underpinnings of the crossing number to crossing minimization for visualization problems.
Cyberlaw: The Major Areas, Development, and Provisions

When the storm of Internet technology first swept over the Net into the United States and the world, the World Wide Web practically and for all legal purposes was the “Wild Wild West.” This country and others have always been regulated by a fundamental system of laws that had evolved over the centuries, however, and with later statutory and court refinements, these basic legal concepts proved adaptable to the latest extensive technological advancement, just as they had during the then-startling “new” age of the telephone, telegraph, xerox, and television. Prime substantive legal areas such as torts, contracts (now e-commerce), and criminal law continued in importance in this new medium, and others gained in significance—intellectual property rights (i.e., copyrights and trademarks), domain name conflicts, linking, rights of privacy, conflicts of law, and alternative dispute resolution. This chapter analyzes these areas, their development, and their effect in the United States and elsewhere in the world. The legal system is meeting this challenge, but our world will never again be the same. Keywords: communications decency act; copyright law; criminal law; cyberpirates; defamation; jurisdiction; trademark law
Imaging spectroscopy- and lidar-derived estimates of canopy composition and structure to improve predictions of forest carbon fluxes and ecosystem dynamics

The composition and structure of vegetation are key attributes of ecosystems, affecting their current and future carbon, water, and energy fluxes. Information on these attributes has traditionally come from ground-based inventories of the plant canopy within small sample plots. Here we show how imaging spectrometry and waveform lidar can be used to provide spatially-comprehensive estimates of forest canopy composition and structure that can improve the accuracy of the carbon flux predictions of a size-structured terrestrial biosphere model, reducing its RMSEs from 85%-104% to 37%-57%. The improvements are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those obtained from simulations initialized with ground measurements, and approximately doubles the estimated rate of ecosystem carbon uptake as compared to a potential vegetation simulation. These results suggest that terrestrial biosphere model simulations can utilize modern-remote sensing data on vegetation composition and structure to improve their predictions of the current and near-term future functioning of the terrestrial biosphere.
Dealing with Asynchrony in Technology Transfer

The issue of Technology Transfer in our work is crucial, and absorbs much of our research resources, likely more than 50%. Given its importance it is useful to devote some rational discussion and analysis to this topic, since its metrics are today mainly guesses and hopes. If it were science, we would insist on hypotheses and proofs before devoting so many millions to its development and achievement. Let's at least bring the alternatives on a scientific table beyond committee meetings and coffee breaks.