cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persons, animals, and identity

The paper is concerned with how neo-Lockean accounts of personal identity should respond to the challenge of animalist accounts. Neo-Lockean accounts that hold that persons can change bodies via brain transplants or cerebrum transplants are committed to the prima facie counterintuitive denial that a person is an (biologically individuated) animal. This counterintuitiveness can be defused by holding that a person is biological animal (on neo-Lockean views) if the “is” is the “is” of constitution rather than the “is” of identity, and that a person is identical with an animal in a sense of “animal” different from that which requires the persistence conditions of animals to be biological. Another challenge is the “too many minds problem”: if persons and their coincident biological animals share the same physical properties, and mental properties supervene on physical properties, the biological animal will share the mental properties of the person, and so should itself be a person. The response to this invokes a distinction between “thin” properties, which are shared by coincident entities, and “thick” properties which are not so shared. Mental properties, and their physical realizers, are thick, not thin, so are not properties persons share with their bodies or biological animals. The paper rebuts the objection that neo-Lockean accounts cannot explain how persons can have physical properties. To meet a further problem it is argued that the biological properties of persons and those of biological animals are different because of differences in their causal profiles.
Instituting an institute: go for it!

The University of New Hampshire set out to inaugurate a Faculty Instructional Technology Summer Institute (FITSI) addressing the pedagogical principles that support the successful integration of instructional technology into teaching and learning. After a survey of existing programs at other institutions, we developed a model grounded in the widely acclaimed research of Chickering and Gamson detailing the "Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education" (1987) and Chickering and Erhmann's subsequent work, "Implementing the Seven Principles: Technology as Lever" (1996), which further developed Chickering's theory by applying the seven principles to the field of instructional technology. The primary purpose of the Institute was to provide faculty with the theory, research, and hands-on experience necessary to explore and implement innovative technology-based learning solutions in their classrooms.During the development and implementation of the Institute, we identified five best practices that can help other institutions plan similar faculty development initiatives. These can be summarized in the acronym GO FOR IT!:Gain support for the program, Organize your resources, First pedagogy, then technology, Offer an incentive, Review and evaluate your efforts, Instructional Technology!This paper will expand on the design and implementation of our Institute model and analyze the effectiveness of these five best practices in the light of initial evaluation data from Institute participants.
High-resolution imaging of microvasculature in human skin in-vivo with optical coherence tomography

In this paper, the features of the intensity-based Doppler variance (IBDV) method were analyzed systemically with a flow phantom. The effects of beam scanning density, flow rate and the time interval between neighboring A-lines on the performance of this method were investigated. The IBDV method can be used to quantify the flow rate and its sensitivity can be improved by increasing the time interval between the neighboring A-lines. A higher sensitivity IBDV method that applies the algorithm along the slower scan direction was proposed. In comparison to laser speckle imaging maps of blood flow, we demonstrated the ability of the method to identify vessels with altered blood flow. In clinical measurements, we demonstrated the ability of the method to image vascular networks with exquisite spatial resolution and at depths up to 1.2 mm in human skin. These results collectively demonstrated the potential of the method to monitor the microvasculature during disease progression and in response to therapeutic intervention.
Impression formation and construct system organization

Research into the changes in construing associated with impression formation has focused on the content of the cognitive dimensions used. Such an approach has ignored the structural organization of such cognitive dimensions. This study used the repertory grid to explore the structural correlates of the impression formation process. Forty nine first year university students completed repertory grids based upon well known and newly met acquaintances. Consistent with theoretical expectation, newly met acquaintances were construed with more construct independence, less construct integration, and less meaningfulness than persons who had been known for a longer period of time. Upon retesting 10 weeks later, newly met acquaintances were seen in a more meaningful and integrated manner. Additionally, it was found that subjects had difficulties in applying constructs elicited round well known persons to newly met acquaintances. The implications of these findings for the study of impression formation and repertory grid methodology are discussed.
Ethanol's effect on tissue polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase activity : a concise review

An extraordinarily diverse literature describes the cellular/tissue systems in which the molecular effects of both acute and chronic alcohol exposure seem to be mediated by changes in polyamine levels and/or ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. The single unifying factor that links most of these studies is that they all, in some way, involve tissues that are undergoing relatively rapid cell division. Non-dividing cells expressing the NMDA receptor are a notable exception in that ethanol and the polyamines seem to act via discrete regions of that receptor. Under most cellular conditions, ODC activity is a reflection of the relative tissue polyamine content, and an increase in ODC activity and polyamine content seems to be one of the early events in the progression of quiescent cells toward cell division. Thus, it is not surprising that ethanol, which has been widely reported to delay cell division, should be found to interact with the ODC/ polyamine pathway. Perhaps the most unique aspect of these studies is the fact that, with rare exception, both acute and chronic ethanol exposure have been found to slow growth and to lower tissue polyamine (putrescine) content. Furthermore, in most studies, the ethanol-induced suppression of cell division could be overcome by the administration of exogenous putrescine. These data suggest that the ethanol-induced suppression of cell division resulted from the loss of putrescine. In addition, because the cells were able to respond to the exogenous putrescine, the studies suggest that the signaling pathway remained intact beyond the polyamine synthesis step. Increased ODC activity (and polyamines?) has been reported during the perinatal and postnatal periods in fetal animals exposed to ethanol during early development. Although not examined in all models, the perinatal/postnatal increase in fetal ODC activity may be a compensatory response to an initial loss of ODC activity, as the organism attempted to overcome the alcohol-induced growth suppression.
Aridity and desertification: Exploring environmental hazards in Jáchal, Argentina

Abstract This paper explores environmental hazards, more specifically desertification processes, in an area of west central Argentina, addressing the combined influence of the physical framework and the long lasting human settlement and use of natural resources. It is based upon the analysis of remotely sensed using vegetation indices, image differentiation, change detection, and pattern metrics. The results indicate a net decreased in the amount of vegetation between 1973 and 2001, and increasing fragmentation of vegetation classes. This is interpreted as a sign of the presence of land degradation processes likely linked to human activities in the areas of irrigated farming, grazing, firewood gathering and population settlement.
Building gateways for life-science applications using the dynamic application runtime environment (DARE) framework

This work is predicated on three important trends: (i) that the importance, impact and percentage of TeraGrid/XD resources assigned to the life sciences is increasing at a rate that is probably greater than other disciplines, (ii) that gateways have proven to be a very effective access mechanism to distributed HPC resources provided by the TeraGrid/XD, and in particular a very successful model for shared/community access models, and (iii) that in spite of the previous two points there are missing capabilities and abstractions that enable the use of the collective capacity of distributed cyberinfrastructure such as TeraGrid/XD, especially those that can be used to develop gateways in an easy, extensible and scalable fashion for both compute and data-intensive applications. We introduce the SAGA-based, Dynamic Application Runtime Environment (DARE) framework from which extensible, versatile and effective gateways that seamlessly utilize scalable infrastructure can be built for a life-science applications. We discuss the architecture of DARE-based gateways, and four specific life-science gateways -- DARE-RFOLD, DARE-DOCK, DARE-HTHP and DARE-NGS, that use the DARE-framework to support a wide-range of life-science capabilities.
Groin recurrence in patients with vulvar cancer with negative nodes on superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the cause of groin recurrence in patients with vulvar cancer who had negative nodes in their superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy (SIL) specimens. Methods The records of patients with vulvar cancer treated at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1986 and 1997 were reviewed to identify patients with squamous histology, clinical and surgical stage I or II, depth of invasion greater than 1 mm, and primary treatment consisting of radical wide excision and SIL. One hundred four patients met these criteria. Among these, nine experienced recurrent disease that involved one or both of the groins. All of the original hematoxylin and eosin (HE no lymph nodes were identified. Among the other six patients, the median number of lymph nodes resected at the time of the recurrence was five (range 1 to 10). At last report, six patients had died and three were alive and free of disease. Median follow-up for survivors was 63 months (range 42 to 71). Conclusion These data strongly suggest that groin relapse in patients with negative nodes on SIL is caused by metastatic disease in unresected inguinal nodes. SIL as performed on the patients in this study did not eliminate all sites of nodal metastasis.
Abstract 4332: Conditional transgenic mice for the carboxyl-terminus of MUC16

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is encoded by the MUC16 gene, which is present in sera of women with ovarian cancer. Currently, CA125 is widely used to diagnose the epithelial ovarian cancer and monitor the effects of treatment. Despite the widespread use of CA125, the biochemical and molecular functions of this antigen is poorly understood. There is no phenotype for MUC16 knockout mice (Cheon et al., PLoS ONE, 2009). Our previous data have demonstrated that the carboxyl-terminus of MUC16 has at least the partial functions of MUC16 since CA125 protein is too big (up to 2.5 MDa). To better understanding of the biological functions and characterizations of MUC16, we made a construct to create a conditional transgenic mouse model for the carboxyl-terminus of MUC16 using the Cre-loxP system. This mouse model encodes for the specific portion of MUC16, we named as MUC16ΔC354 mouse, which includes 354 amino acids of carboxyl-terminus of MUC16 with a HA tag. The CMV early enhancer plus chicken β actin (CAG) promoter is used to drive hGFP between two loxPs and the carboxyl-terminus of MUC16 after removing hGFP. After mating with EIIa-Cre transgenic mice, we found two founders which highly express MUC16ΔC354 in many organs, for example, brain, colon, heart, kidney, liver, lung, ovary and spleen. Lung and heart have higher expression level of MUC16ΔC354, and ovary has a middle level. MUC16ΔC354 heterozygous animals appear to be viable, fertile, and develop normally through the first four months of life. However, MUC16ΔC354 transgenic mice regulate PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in some organs. Additional MUC16ΔC354 mice are being bred and selected for phenotypes. Cross breeding with N-Myc transgenic mice, or Rb-1 and p53 knockout mice is planned based on the preliminary results of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4332. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4332
Shall the Twain Meet? Metaphor, Dissociation, and Cooccurrence

Even when trauma can be remembered, the memory does not infuse the present with vitality or emotionality, as other memories do. To become a vital part of experience, trauma must be linked with other current experiences. Such links are metaphorical, in the sense meant by Lakoff and Johnson (1999). In metaphor, the meaning of a memory is carried over or transferred to a present experience. When such transfer takes place, trauma can be reflected on, because it can now be seen against the background of another experience. Transfer is made possible by cooccurrence, or the simultaneous presence in one's mind of a memory and a present experience. Such cooccurrences are potential metaphors; they can be actualized or refused. Modell (2003) tells us that this kind of refusal, common among trauma sufferers, prevents traumatic experience from becoming part of “emotional categories.” I refer to the unconscious refusal to tap the potential of cooccurrence—the unconscious refusal to create metaphor—as dissociation. This...
The impossibility of incommensurable values

Many recent attacks on consequentialism and several defenses of pluralism have relied on arguments for the incommensurability of value. Such arguments have, generally, turned on empirical appeals to aspects of our everyday experience of value conflict. My intention, largely, is to bypass these arguments and turn instead to a discussion of the conceptual apparatus needed to make the claim that values are incommensurable. After delineating what it would mean for values to be incommensurable, I give an a priori argument that such is impossible. It is widely accepted that value is conceptually tied to desire. I argue that, more specifically, it is proportional to merited desire strength. This connection gives one a metric of all value if there is any such thing. This metric entails that value is a complete ordering over all states of affairs, or, in other words, that value is commensurable.
Factors in Maintaining Indigenous Knowledge Among Ethnic Communities of Manus island

Despite the fact that Manus Province is the most geographically isolated province of Papua New Guinea, research shows that the acculturation process, common among minority indigenous groups around the globe, has had detrimental effects on maintaining knowledge and customs. Analysis of ethnobotanical knowledge among the indigenous population of Manus was undertaken in an attempt to compare, contrast, and draw conclusions regarding factors in maintaining indigenous knowledge of the local flora. Four levels of knowledge (plants recognized, identified, identified as useful, and identified as medicinally useful) were used to examine the relationships between knowledge of the local flora and physical, geographical, and social variables of informants. Results showed significant differences in ethnobotanical knowledge based on informant gender, age, cultural subclass, and habitation locality. Low levels of medicinal plant knowledge were found among the Manus due to acculturation, supporting the theory that medicinal plant knowledge is particularly vulnerable to loss.
Ruptured Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Part II

Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) carries a high morbidity and mortality despite vast improvements in the care of critically ill patients over the past two decades. Between 50% and 80% of all patients with ruptured AAA do not survive. Endovascular treatment of ruptured AAA has recently become popularized because of its purported advantages to open repair in terms of mortality and morbidity due to its minimally invasive approach. The tabular review herein presented is the second part of our series on endovascular therapy for AAA. Similar to part 1, which emphasized elective procedures, we summarize the results of the world's literature for ruptured endovascular AAA repair in table format to serve as a comprehensive and concise search tool to be utilized in the vascular surgeon's and endovascular specialist's practice.
Expression pattern of alkaline phosphatase in Dictyostelium.

We used two different methods to study the expression pattern of alkaline phosphatase (alp) in Dictyostelium. In situ staining of the endogenous enzyme activity at different stages of development showed that the enzyme was active early in the aggregation stage and localized to the area where the tip of the first finger was initiated. The activity was localized to the anterior region of developing slugs, then became restricted to the region between the prestalk and prespore cells at the culmination stage. In the complete fruiting body, the activity was confined to the lower and upper cup. A second method to study alp expression utilized a beta-galactosidase reporter gene under the control of the alp promoter. A low level of beta-galactosidase activity was observed in vegetative cells, then increased during development. Reporter gene activity was restricted to PstO cells at the slug stage. At the culmination stage, the expression was restricted to prestalk cells at the interface between the prestalk and prespore cells. In the completed fruiting body, the expression was observed in the upper and lower cup.
A Commentary: Urban Public School Teachers' Attitudes and Perceptions of the Effectiveness of CPR and Automated External Defibrillators

(2003). A Commentary: Urban Public School Teachers' Attitudes and Perceptions of the Effectiveness of CPR and Automated External Defibrillators. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 193-196.
Trans-targeting of the phage Mu repressor is promoted by conformational changes that expose its ClpX recognition determinant.

Dominant negative forms of the phage Mu repressor, including the mutant Vir repressors, are not only rapidly degraded by the ClpXP protease but also promote degradation of the unmodified, wild-type repressor. This trans-targeting of the wild-type repressor depends upon a determinant within its C-terminal domain, which is needed for recognition by ClpX. An environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe (2-(4′-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (MIANS)) attached to the C terminus of the full-length repressor indicated that Vir induces the movement of this domain into a more exposed configuration. Vir also promoted attachment of MIANS to the C terminus of the repressor at an accelerated rate, and it greatly increased the rate of phosphorylation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase motif attached to the repressor C terminus. While an excess of Vir was needed to promote repressor phosphorylation at maximal rates, the presence of ClpX could increase phosphorylation rates at lower Vir levels.trans-Targeting of the Mu repressor is therefore promoted by exposing its ClpX recognition determinant, and the action of ClpX can assist Vir in exposing these determinants.
Matrix isolation study of the infrared spectrum of thioformaldehyde

Abstract H 2 CS has been trapped in argon and nitrogen matrices at 14 K as a product of the pyrolysis of s -trithiane or (CH 3 S) 2 and of the ultraviolet or vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of CH 3 SH. A small concentration of H 2 CS has also been observed upon vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of a mixture of CH 4 and H 2 S in an argon matrix. The isotopic data support the assignment of absorptions at 993 and at 1063 cm −1 to the out-of-plane deformation and the CS stretching fundamentals of H 2 CS. Absorptions in the CH stretching region which were assigned to H 2 CS in an earlier gas-phase study were confirmed in the matrix experiments. Studies of the vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of CD 3 SH have provided information on the mechanism of the photolysis process.
2D feature tracking algorithm for motion analysis

Abstract In this paper, we describe a local-neighborhood pixel-based adaptive algorithm to track image features, both spatially and temporally, over a sequence of monocular images. The algorithm assumes no a priori knowledge about the image features to be tracked, or the relative motion between the camera and the three dimensional (3D) objects. The features to be tracked are selected by the algorithm and they correspond to the peaks of a ‘correlation surface’ constructed from a local neighborhood in the first image of the sequence to be analysed. Any kind of motion, i.e., 6 DOF (translation and rotation), can be tolerated keeping in mind the pixels-per-frame motion limitations. No subpixel computations being necessary. Taking into account constraints of temporal continuity, the algorithm uses simple and efficient predictive tracking over multiple frames. Trajectories of features on multiple objects can also be computed. The algorithm accepts a slow, continuous change of brightness D.C. level in the pixels of the feature. Another important aspect of the algorithm is the use of an adaptive feature matching threshold that accounts for change in relative brightness of neighboring pixels. As applications of the feature tracking algorithm, and to test the accuracy of the tracking, we show how the algorithm has been used to extract the Focus of Expansion (FOE) and to compute the time-to-contact using real image sequences of unstructured, unknown environments. In both applications information from multiple frames is used.
An investigation of bioreactor performance for the production of recombinant protein in immobilized and suspended Escherichia coli

The performance of packed bed (PBR) and modified bubble tank (MBTR) reactors was compared with respect to recombinant protein (β-galactosidase) production by suspended and immobilized E. coli. The MBTR was superior to the PBR due to easy operation and higher protein production. Gas-liquid mass transfer was not affected by the presence of gel beads, and there were no internal or external oxygen diffusion limitations in either reactor. High substrate concentration, small bead size, low cell densities, and similar values of effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in water and in alginate may have decreased the internal mass transfer limitations.
Roles of Two Activation Domains in Zap1 in the Response to Zinc Deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Previous studies suggested that the zinc-responsive Zap1 transcriptional activator directly regulates the expression of over 80 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many of these genes play key roles to enhance the ability of yeast cells to grow under zinc-limiting conditions. Zap1 is unusual among transcriptional activators in that it contains two activation domains, designated AD1 and AD2, which are regulated independently by zinc. These two domains are evolutionarily conserved among Zap1 orthologs suggesting that they are both important for Zap1 function. In this study, we have examined the roles of AD1 and AD2 in low zinc growth and the regulation of Zap1 target gene expression. Using alleles that are specifically disrupted for either AD1 or AD2 function, we found that these domains are not redundant, and both are important for normal growth in low zinc. AD1 plays the primary role in zinc-responsive gene regulation, whereas AD2 is required for maximal expression of only a few target promoters. AD1 alone is capable of driving full expression of most Zap1 target genes and dictates the kinetics of Zap1 gene induction in response to zinc withdrawal. Surprisingly, we found that AD1 is less active in zinc-limited cells under heat stress and AD2 plays a more important role under those conditions. These results suggest that AD2 may contribute more to Zap1 function when zinc deficiency is combined with other environmental stresses. In the course of these studies, we also found that the heat shock response is induced under conditions of severe zinc deficiency.
Radiative transfer equations with varying refractive index: a mathematical perspective

Established mathematical techniques to model the energy density of high-frequency waves in random media by radiative transfer equations and to model the small mean-free-path limit of radiative transfer solutions by diffusion equations are reviewed. These techniques are then applied to the derivation of radiative transfer and diffusion equations for the radiance, also known as specific intensity, of electromagnetic waves in situations where the refractive index of the underlying structure varies smoothly in space.
Timing reconfigurable microarchitectures for power efficiency

Summary form only given. Modern microprocessors are designed with a fixed set of microarchitected resources. On the other hand, program resource requirements are known to vary across programs and even within a program as it goes through different phases of execution. This mismatch between the design and program requirements often leads to suboptimal power and/or performance. We present an adaptive microarchitecture that tailors itself dynamically to match changing program requirements. The goal of adaptation in this work is to achieve power efficiency without suffering significant performance degradation. The microarchitecture employs four multiconfiguration units nstruction cache, data cache, unified L2 cache and branch predictor along with light weight profiling hardware and sophisticated tuning algorithms. The profiling hardware collects working set signatures using a simple hash function and sparse sampling in order to reduce profiling hardware complexity. The tuning algorithms use these signatures to accurately detect program phase changes and decouple the tuning of each unit using a novel technique. Detailed simulations show that the best performing algorithm achieves subthreshold leakage power reductions as high as 76% for instruction cache, 46% for data cache, 63% for L2 cache and 73% for the branch predictor in the benchmarks studied. On average, the algorithm leads to 1.1% performance degradation while achieving 44%, 17%, 19%, and 28% reduction in subthreshold leakage power for instruction cache, data cache, L2 cache and branch predictor, respectively.
Probabilistic Fracture of Functionally Graded Materials Using Multiscale Models

This paper presents three multiscale models, including sequential, invasive, and concurrent models, for fracture analysis of a crack in a two-phase, functionally graded composite. The models involve stochastic description of the particle volume fractions, particle locations, and constituent material properties; a two-scale algorithm including microscale and macroscale analyses for determining crack-driving forces; and two stochastic methods for fracture reliability analysis. Numerical results indicate that the sequential and invasive multiscale models are the most computationally inexpensive models available, but they may not produce acceptable probabilistic characteristics of stress-intensity factors or accurate probability of fracture initiation. The concurrent multiscale model is su‐ciently accurate, gives probabilistic solutions very close to those generated from the microscale model, and can reduce the computational efiort of the latter model by more than a factor of two. In addition, the concurrent multiscale model predicts crack trajectory as accurately as the microscale model.
Fast likelihood classification

A multistage classification that reduces the processing time substantially is proposed. This classification algorithm consists of several stages, and in each stage likelihood values of classes are calculated and compared. If a class has a likelihood value less than a threshold, the class is truncated at that stage as an unlikely class, thus reducing the number of classes for which likelihood values are to be calculated at the next stage. Thus a host of classes can be truncated by using a small portion of the total features at early stages, resulting in substantial reduction of computing time. Several truncation criteria are developed, and the relationship between thresholds and the error caused by the truncation is investigated. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm reduces the processing time by the factor of 3-7, depending on the number of classes and features, while maintaining essentially the same accuracies. >
Identification of a reductive tetrachloroethene dehalogenase in Shewanella sediminis

The genome sequence of psychrophilic Shewanella sediminis revealed the presence of five putative reductive dehalogenases (Rdhs). We found that cell extracts of pyruvate/fumarate-grown S. sediminis cells catalysed reduced methyl viologen-dependent reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to trichloroethene (TCE) at a specific activity of approximately 1 nmol TCE min(-1) (mg protein)(-1). Dechlorination of PCE followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km of 120 μM PCE. No PCE dechlorination was observed with heat-denatured extract or when cyanocobalamin was omitted from the growth medium; however, the presence of PCE in the growth medium increased PCE transformation rates. Analysis of mutants carrying in-frame deletions of all five Rdhs encoding genes showed that only deletion of Ssed_3769 resulted in the loss of PCE dechlorination activity suggesting that Ssed_3769 is a functional Rdh. This is the first study to show reductive dechlorination activity of PCE in a sediment-dwelling Shewanella species that may be important for linking the flux of organohalogens to organic carbon via reductive dehalogenation in marine sediments.
A technique for suppressing dark current generated by interface states in buried channel CCD imagers

A technique for operating buried channel CCD imagers to achieve very low dark current with no loss in optical sensitivity is described. Using this technique on a 4-phase CCD shift register operated in an imaging mode, the dark current is reduced from 7.0 nA/cm2to 0.60 nA/cm2at 295°K.
Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Atomic Fluorine and Oxygen

The technique of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) was first demonstrated in 1981 for the light atomic radicals of oxygen [1], nitrogen [1] and hydrogen [2]. Of the light radical atoms, only fluorine has yet to be studied using this technique. We report here the first observation of two-photon excitation of atomic F at 170 nm followed by the detection of near ir fluorescence and ionization. In addition, we report the first Doppler-free spectra of atomic 0 at 226 nm using a single-frequency laser.
Surface Modification of Metallic Glass Composites Through Severe Plastic Deformation

Refinement of crystalline dendrites in a metallic glass composite, Zr56.2Ti13.8Nb5.0Cu6.9Ni5.6Be12.5, was demonstrated by friction stir processing. The surface hardness of the amorphous matrix as well as the crystalline dendritic phase was found to increase by nearly a factor of two for the processed specimens. Higher hardness for the amorphous matrix was explained by the interaction of shear bands, while that for the crystalline dendrite was explained by grain refinement.
Using graph models to find transcription factor modules: the hitting set problem and an exact algorithm

Systematically perturbing a cellular system and monitoring the effects of the perturbations on gene expression provide a powerful approach to study signal transduction in gene expression systems. A critical step of revealing a signal transduction pathway regulating gene expression is to identify transcription factors transmitting signals in the system. In this paper, we address the task of identifying modules of cooperative transcription factors based on results derived from systems-biology experiments at two levels: First, a graph algorithm is developed to identify a minimum set of co-operative TFs that covers the differentially expressed genes under each systematic perturbation. Second, using a clique-finding approach, modules of TFs that tend to consistently cooperate together under various perturbations are further identified. Our results indicate that this approach is capable of identifying many known TF modules based on the individual experiment; thus we provide a novel graph-based method of identifying context-specific and highly reused TF-modules.
Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens

A core question of cognitive archaeology is the evolution of modern thinking. In this article, it is argued that a cluster of specific cognitive abilities, / executive functions', was one of the key evolutionary acquisitions that led to the development of modern thinking. A review of the history of executive functions is presented as well as current opinions as to their nature and genetic basis. Examples are also presented from the cognitive archaeologi­ cal record that may be representative of executive functions in the evolution of modern thought. One of the core questions of cognitive archaeology concerns the evolution of modem thought. When did modem thinking appear, and what were the circumstances of this evolutionary breakthrough? Some features of the human mind appear to be very old; spatial cognition, for example, appears to have been essentially modem prior to the end of the Acheulean several hundred thousand years ago (Wynn 1989). Yet culture was not modem, lacking many elements of complexity that characterize the modem world. There is a general consensus among palaeoanthropologists that humans possessed mod­ em cognitive abilities by the time of the European Upper Palaeolithic, largely because all of the famil­ iar elements of modem culture were in place, in­ duding ritual and art. Explaining this development has not been as easy. Richard Klein, for example, has recently suggested that the key was the 'neural ca­ pacity for language or for "symboling''', which re­ sulted from a rapid 'biological' change within the last 100,000 years (Klein 2000). This is congruent with Davidson & Noble's argument for the origins of language (Davidson & Noble 1989; Noble & Davidson 1996). Other scholars have invoked cogni­ tive abilities. Donald (1991) has suggested that exter­ nally stored symbols were the key, Mithen (1996) has emphasized the evolution of 'cognitive fluidity', and Shepard (1997) has posited evolution of abilities of internal representation that enable mental re­ hearsal. While all are reasonable hypotheses, based
Imipenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates : Risk factors for infection and impact of resistance on clinical and economic outcomes

OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors for infection with imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and determine the impact of imipenem resistance on clinical and economic outcomes among patients infected with P. aeruginosa. DESIGNS An ecologic study, a case-control study, and a retrospective cohort study. SETTING A 625-bed tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS All patients who had an inpatient clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2000. RESULTS From 1991 through 2000, the annual prevalence of imipenem resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates increased significantly (P<.001 by the chi (2) test for trend). Among 879 patients infected with P. aeruginosa during 1999-2000, a total of 142 had imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa infection (the case group), whereas 737 had imipenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa infection (the control group). The only independent risk factor for imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa infection was prior fluoroquinolone use (adjusted odds ratio, 2.52 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.61-3.92]; P<.001). Compared with patients infected with imipenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa, patients infected with imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa had longer subsequent hospitalization durations (15.5 days vs 9 days; P=.02) and greater hospital costs (81,330 dollars vs 48,381dollars ; P<.001). The mortality rate among patients infected with imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa was 31.1%, compared with 16.7% for patients infected with imipenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa (relative risk, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.38-2.51]; P<.001). In multivariable analyses, there remained an independent association between infection with imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and mortality. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of imipenem resistance among P. aeruginosa strains has increased markedly in recent years and has had a significant impact on both clinical and economic outcomes. Our results suggest that curtailing use of other antibiotics (particularly fluoroquinolones) may be important in attempts to curb further emergence of imipenem resistance.
Befriending (White) Women Faculty in Higher Education

In this essay Thayer-Bacon explores the issue of a chilly climate in higher education that is generated by some women, in particular White women, and the destructive behavior they bring to higher education that damages their programs, as well as their working relationships with colleagues and students. The author seeks to find ways to befriend women in higher education, her sisters of color as well as her White sisters. Thayer-Bacon’s focus here is on White women. Her approach is to use stories from the field to illustrate problems that are analyzed, using a narrative style of philosophical argument.
Heterotopic autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue in children undergoing total thyroidectomy

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of parathyroid autotransplantation in children undergoing total thyroidectomy. Methods: We have prospectively evaluated 32 cases of total thyroidectomy in children. The ages ranged from 1 year to 15.7 years, and the mean was 8.9 years. In 31 cases, the indication for surgery was a diagnosis of MEN2A or 2B based on direct DNA testing. One child had suspected sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. All of the patients underwent heterotopic autotransplantation of parathyroid gland tissue. In 26 cases, the parathyroid tissue was placed in the nondominant forearm, while in 6 children it was autotransplanted into the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Results: In 31 of 32 children (97%), the serum calcium level transiently decreased in the immediate postoperative peroid. All of the patients were placed on oral calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplementation, and the serum calcium levels became normal within several days. The supplemental medications were then weaned as tolerated. Within 3 months of their procedure, 30 patients (94%) had adequate parathyroid tissue engraftment, and the calcium and vitamin D medications were discontinued. One child required 9 months of calcium and vitamin D medications before she could be weaned from the medications. One child has been treated more recently, and is currently being weaned from supplemental calcium and vitamin D. Serum PTH levels in 22 patients who had placement of the tissue into their forearms were measured, and in each there was increased PTH in the grafted arm compared with the nongrafted arm. In five children who had parathyroid tissue grafted into the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the peripheral serum PTH levels were in the normal range. Conclusion: The heterotopic autotransplantation of resected parathyroid tissue is safe and effective in preventing permanent hypoparathyroidism.
TOTAL SUPPORT OF THE CIRCULATION OF A PATIENT WITH POST-CARDIOTOMY STONE-HEART SYNDROME BY A PARTIAL ARTIFICIAL HEART (ALVAD) FOR 5 DAYS FOLLOWED BY HEART AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION

A patient with acute bacterial endocarditis in whom ischaemic contracture of the left ventricle (stone-heart syndrome) developed during aortic and mitral valve replacement had an emergency implantation of an intracorporeal partial artificial heart (an abdominal left-ventricular assist device of ALVAD). This device functioned as a total artificial heart for nearly 6 days, while a donor heart for transplantation was sought. The ALVAD was then removed, and the patient received allografts of a heart and a kidney. The transplanted heart functioned well, but the patient died 15 days later from gram-negative sepsis. There was no evidence of cardiac or renal allograft rejection.
GPCA with denoising: A moments-based convex approach

This paper addresses the problem of segmenting a combination of linear subspaces and quadratic surfaces from sample data points corrupted by (not necessarily small) noise. Our main result shows that this problem can be reduced to minimizing the rank of a matrix whose entries are affine in the optimization variables, subject to a convex constraint imposing that these variables are the moments of an (unknown) probability distribution function with finite support. Exploiting the linear matrix inequality based characterization of the moments problem and appealing to well known convex relaxations of rank leads to an overall semi-definite optimization problem. We apply our method to problems such as simultaneous 2D motion segmentation and motion segmentation from two perspective views and illustrate that our formulation substantially reduces the noise sensitivity of existing approaches.
Neuronal Stress Pathway Mediating a Histone Methyl/Phospho Switch Is Required for Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation from latent neuronal infection requires stimulation of lytic gene expression from promoters associated with repressive heterochromatin. Various neuronal stresses trigger reactivation, but how these stimuli activate silenced promoters remains unknown. We show that a neuronal pathway involving activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), common to many stress responses, is essential for initial HSV gene expression during reactivation. This JNK activation in neurons is mediated by dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3), which direct JNK toward stress responses instead of other cellular functions. Surprisingly, JNK-mediated viral gene induction occurs independently of histone demethylases that remove repressive lysine modifications. Rather, JNK signaling results in a histone methyl/phospho switch on HSV lytic promoters, a mechanism permitting gene expression in the presence of repressive lysine methylation. JNK is present on viral promoters during reactivation, thereby linking a neuronal-specific stress pathway and HSV reactivation from latency.
Supporting the Political Practice of Social Studies Teaching Across the Teacher Education Continuum

Social studies teaching inevitably involves regular, multidirectional political activity, even though educators may attempt to keep politics out of their work to avoid conflict and accusations of bias. Rather than positing the political dimensions of teaching as a contextual backdrop, the authors of this chapter represent politics as pedagogical practice. They argue that social studies teacher educators ought to grant such practice, like mediating conflicting policy demands and brokering the place of public policy problems in the curriculum, the same status and attention they bestow upon planning, instruction, and assessment. To make this case, the authors draw from examples in pre-service teacher education and in-service professional development, concluding with a set of recommendations for rethinking social studies teacher education to accommodate political activity as an enabler and a mode of pedagogical practice.
Cranial Polymorphism and Systematics of Miocene and Living Alligator in North America

Abstract We examined the osteology of Neogene Alligator, with a focus on fossils from the late Miocene (~8–7 million years ago [Ma]) Moss Acres Racetrack locality in Marion County, Florida, USA. These fossils have been referred previously to Alligator cf. A. mefferdi (early late Miocene, ~12–10 Ma, Nebraska), an extinct species that we and others have found to be lacking autapomorphic characters. Furthermore, numerous cranial polymorphisms, previously regarded as diagnostic autapomorphies or synapomorphies, exist in several species of Alligator, particularly in Alligator prenasalis (late Eocene–early Oligocene, ~36–33 Ma, South Dakota and possibly Nebraska), Alligator olseni (early Miocene, ~18–17 Ma, Florida), and the extant American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis; southeastern United States). Except for minute differences in two scapular characters, the fossil Alligator from Moss Acres Racetrack is virtually indistinguishable from the A. mississippiensis morphotype, suggesting its referral to tha...
Risk of Otitis Externa Following Manual Cerumen Removal

Objectives:Based on an interpretation of a recent Joint Commission protocol to sterilize instruments coming into contact with mucous membranes, there has been institutional interest in sterile packaging of cerumen curettes used for manual cerumen removal. To date, there are no studies that have assessed the risk of otitis externa (OE) following cerumen removal and the utility of sterile packaging is questionable. The objective of this study is to assess the incidence of OE following cerumen disimpaction prior to the implementation of sterile packaging at our institution.Methods:This was a retrospective chart review. Over a 1-year period, 1457 episodes of manual cerumen removal took place in the otolaryngology clinic. Charts were assessed for signs or symptoms of OE within 2 weeks of the procedure through follow-up phone calls and clinic visits in the otolaryngology division.Results:There were no patients who followed up with symptoms or signs suggestive of OE in the 2-week postprocedure period.Conclusion:...
Evolution of coreceptor utilization to escape CCR5 antagonist therapy

The HIV-1 envelope interacts with coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in a dynamic, multi-step process, its molecular details not clearly delineated. Use of CCR5 antagonists results in tropism shift and therapeutic failure. Here we describe a novel approach using full-length patient-derived gp160 quasispecies libraries cloned into HIV-1 molecular clones, their separation based on phenotypic tropism in vitro, and deep sequencing of the resultant variants for structure-function analyses. Analysis of functionally validated envelope sequences from patients who failed CCR5 antagonist therapy revealed determinants strongly associated with coreceptor specificity, especially at the gp120-gp41 and gp41-gp41 interaction surfaces that invite future research on the roles of subunit interaction and envelope trimer stability in coreceptor usage. This study identifies important structure-function relationships in HIV-1 envelope, and demonstrates proof of concept for a new integrated analysis method that facilitates laboratory discovery of resistant mutants to aid in development of other therapeutic agents.
Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to transient immunosuppression followed by a quasi-homeostatic state with slow progression towards AIDS. Histoplasmosis has never been reported in early HIV. We present a case of disseminated histoplasmosis with documented recent seroconversion and review the literature regarding other opportunistic infections in early HIV.