cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beholding the Miracle: Xavante Indians and Economic "Development" Under Brazilian Military Rule

In 1978, the Brazilian military government launched a “community development project” for the Xavante Indians of Mato Grosso (“Projeto Xavante”) to promote mechanized rice production and livestock rearing, and to institute educational and health programs. As the project sought to foster indigenous self-sufficiency, the government Indian bureau, Fundacaao Nacional do Indio (FUNAI) would deploy a team of technicians, agronomists, educators, and health care officials to train Xavante as agriculturists, machine operators, health care attendants, and bilingual teaching monitors. Under the administration of General Ismarth Araujo de Oliveira, FUNAI initially earmarked CR$8,635,207 for the Xavante Project and established a special coordinating unit in Barra do Garcas, Mato Grosso, the Ajudância Autonoma de Barra do Garcas (AJABAG).
Basis and optimization of the indooxine method to determine oximes

Consideration is given to a spectrophotometric method for determining oximes that involves acid hydrolysis followed by reaction of liberated hydroxylamine with 8-quinolinol to form a dye, indooxine (5-[(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)imino]-8-(5H)-quinolone). The various steps of the method, applied to pyruvic oxime (2-oximinopropanoic acid) as representative of α-oximino acids, were investigated and optimized, leading to improvements in reproducibility and sensitivity over the existing procedure. Incomplete liberation of hydroxylamine from oximes is due largely to incomplete hydrolysis at equilibrium in acid solution. An additional cause with α-oximino acids, as opposed to simple oximes, is decarboxylative dehydration to form the corresponding nitrile. Hydrolysis is more complete and nitrile formation less favored the lower the pH, at least in the pH range 0 to 2.5. The importance of calibration curves and the control of pH, time of hydrolysis and temperature in quantitative application of the method is emphasized. The method can be used quantitatively for determination of a single oxime but only semiquantitatively or qualitatively for determination of total oximes in an unknown mixture of oximes.
A tunable photosensor.

A pyrene-modified β-cyclodextrin (pyrenecyclodextrin)-decorated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) field-effect transistor (FET) device was fabricated, which can serve as a tunable photosensor to sense a fluorescent adamantyl-modified Ru complex (ADA−Ru). When the light is on (I = 40 W m−2 and λ = 280 nm), the transfer curve of the pyrenecyclodextrin-SWNT/FET device shifts toward a negative gate voltage by about 1.6 V and its sheet resistance increases quickly, indicating a charge-transfer process from the pyrenecyclodextrins to the SWNTs. In contrast, the transfer curve of the pyrenecyclodextrin-SWNT/FET device in the presence of the ADA−Ru complex shifts toward a positive gate voltage by about 1.9 V and its sheet resistance decreases slowly when the light is on (I = 40 W m−2 and λ = 490 nm), showing a charge-transfer process from the pyrenecyclodextrin-SWNT hybrids to the ADA−Ru complex. Because these photoresponse processes are recoverable following the removal of the light, the present photosensor e...
Risk Factors for Occupational Illnesses Associated with the Use of Paraquat (1,1′-Dimethyl-4,4′-Bipyridylium Dichloride) in California

Abstract This study was conducted to identify risk factors for paraquat-related occupational illnesses. Pesticide-related illness is a reportable disease in California. A total of 231 skin (26.0%), eye (32.0%), local respiratory (3.5%), and systemic (38.5%) paraquat-related cases were reported to the Worker Health and Safety Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, during 1971 through 1985. Following paraquat exposure, we found no cases of pulmonary fibrosis. Annual numbers of cases ranged between 1 and 33 (median = 14 cases/y). Information on illnesses reported during 1981 through 1985 (n = 62) was merged with detailed information on paraquat use in agricultural settings (111 716 applications) for the same years. We found that crop treated, method of application, and season of application all contributed independently to the risk of reported illness. Hand application was associated with a higher risk of illness, compared with air application (RR = 99.1, 95% CI = 22.16–443.47); summer applic...
13C and 31P NMR Studies on the Effects of Increased Plasma Free Fatty Acids on Intramuscular Glucose Metabolism in the Awake Rat

The effects of increased plasma free fatty acids (FFA) on insulin-dependent whole body glucose disposal, skeletal muscle glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, pyruvate versus FFA/ketone oxidation, and glucose 6-phosphate (Glu-6-P) were investigated in the awake rat. A control group (glycerol-infused) and high plasma FFA group (Liposyn-infused) were clamped at euglycemia (approximately 6 mM)-hyperinsulinemia (10 milliunits/kg/min) throughout the experiment (180-240 min). In the initial experiment, 13C NMR was used to observe [1-13C]glucose incorporation into [1-13C]glycogen in the rat hindlimb for glycogen synthesis calculations and into [3-13C]lactate and [3-13C]alanine for glycolytic flux calculations. These experiments were followed by 31P NMR measurements of Glu-6-P changes under identical conditions of the initial experiment. Plasma FFA concentrations were 2.25 +/- 0.36 and 0.20 +/- 0.03 mM in the high plasma FFA and control groups respectively (p < 0.0005). Glucose infusion rates (Ginf) decreased significantly in the Liposyn-infused rats (29.5 +/- 0.7 and 27.2 +/- 1.2 mg/kg/min for control and high plasma FFA group, respectively, at 15 min to 30.7 +/- 2.3 and 17.7 +/- 1.3 mg/kg/min, respectively, at the end of the experiment, p < 0.002). Glycogen synthesis rates were 163 +/- 32 and 104 +/- 17 nmol/g/min, and glycolytic rates were 57.9 +/- 8.0 and 19. 5 +/- 3.6 nmol/g/min (p < 0.002) in the control and high plasma FFA groups, respectively. The relative flux of pyruvate versus free fatty acids and ketones entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle was greater in the control (57 +/- 9%) versus high plasma FFA group (25 +/- 4%) (p < 0.005) as assessed by [4-13C]glutamate/[3-13C]lactate steady state isotopic enrichment measurements. Finally, Glu-6-P concentrations increased by 29.8 +/- 7.0 and 52.8 +/- 12.3% (p < 0. 05) in the control and high plasma FFA groups, respectively, above their basal concentrations by 180 min. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the ability to use in vivo NMR to elucidate the metabolic fate of glucose within skeletal muscle of an awake rat during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and increased levels of plasma FFA. These data suggest that increased concentrations of plasma FFA inhibit insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism in the rat through inhibition of glycolysis.
Architecting cloud tools using software product line techniques: an exploratory study

Multitenant cloud computing tools are usually complex and have to manage variabilities to support customization. Software Product Line (SPL) techniques have been successfully applied in the industry to manage variability in complex systems. However, few works in the literature discuss the application of SPL techniques to architect industry cloud computing tools, resulting in a lack of support to cloud architects on how to apply such techniques. This work presents how software product line techniques can be applied for architecting cloud tools, and discusses the benefits, drawbacks, and some challenges of applying such techniques to develop a real industry cloud tool, named as Installation Service.
Singing for the dead, on and off line: Diversity, migration, and scale in Mexican Muertos music

Abstract This article examines the recent emergence of online debates about Day of the Dead music, one of countless sites worldwide where conversations about diversity take place in the shadow of state policies. There, people engage diversity not through the state-centric “managerial discourse” of “diversity talk” but through localized interpretations of sameness and difference. I discuss the social effects of semiotic processes through which people consider sameness and difference: the emergence of a regional venue for debating contentious issues and the consolidation of an implicit consensus of linguistic practice. Attending to local understandings of difference can reduce the risk of taking state-sponsored views of (linguistic) diversity as natural kinds while recovering diversity and surrounding ideologies as ethnographic objects.
Inexpensive high beam current gas cell for neutron production

Abstract A gas cell for the production of neutrons in nuclear reations has been constructed. Its advantages over previous gas cells are low mass, simple operation, inexpensive construction, ability to withstand high beam currents, and small energy loss of the beam through the entrance foil.
Phosphate ions mediate chondrocyte apoptosis through a plasma membrane transporter mechanism

In a previous investigation we showed that phosphate ions (Pi) induced apoptosis of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes. To explore the mechanism by which Pi induces cell death, we asked the following two questions. First, can we prevent Pi-induced apoptosis by inhibiting plasma membrane Na-Pi cotransport? Second, which specific Na-Pi transporters are expressed in chondrocytes and are they developmentally regulated? Terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes were isolated from chick tibial cartilage and cell death was measured in the presence of 3-7 mmol/L Pi. To ascertain whether apoptosis was linked to a rise in cellular Pi loading, we examined the effect of phosphonoformic acid (PFA), a competitive inhibitor of Na-Pi cotransport on Pi-induced apoptosis in chondrocytes. We found that 1 mmol/L PFA blocked anion-induced cell death and prevented an increase in the cell Pi content. In a parallel study, we determined that the bisphosphonate, alendronate, also protected chondrocytes from death, albeit at a lower concentration than PFA. Using a DNA end-labeling procedure, we showed that the Pi-treated cells were apoptotic and, as might be predicted, the presence of PFA blocked induction of the death sequence. Next, we examined the expression of two Pi transporters in relation to chondrocyte maturation and anion treatment. We noted that there was expression of the constitutive transporter, Glvr-1, and a type II cotransporter in chick growth plate cells. Although these transport systems are active in terminally differentiated cells, it is probable that the initiation of apoptosis may require the induction of other Pi-transport systems. It is concluded that, at the mineralization front, cell death is linked directly to the elevation in environmental anion concentration and the concomitant rise in intracellular Pi levels.
High-resolution crosswell imaging of a west Texas carbonate reservoir. Part 2: Wavefield modeling and analysis

We have collected low-noise crosswell data in a high-velocity carbonate environment with a spatial sampling interval of 2.5 ft (0.76 m). This sampling reveals a variety of coherent events not previously identified in coarsely sampled gathers. Nearly every event in our field record can be explained using simple approximations for the geology, source, and receivers without accounting for the presence of the boreholes. We have used synthetic records as a guide in a moveout-based analysis of the field data. Our analysis shows that much of the full wavefield energy, i.e., scattered waves, in our data are converted modes arising from the direct P- and S-waves. This observation suggests that for crosswell reflection imaging, the focus of acquisition and wavefield separation techniques should be on the suppression of once-converted modes.
Least Commitment, Viewpoint-Based, Multi-view Stereo

We address the problem of large-scale 3D reconstruction from calibrated images relying on a viewpoint-based approach. The representation is in the form of a collection of depth maps, which are fused to blend consistent depth estimates and minimize violations of visibility constraints. We adopt a least commitment strategy by allowing multiple candidate depth values per pixel in the fusion process and deferring hard decisions as much as possible. To address the inevitable noise in the depth maps, we explicitly model its sources, namely mismatches and inaccurate 3D coordinate estimation via triangulation, by measuring two types of uncertainty and using the uncertainty estimates to guide the fusion process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to model both geometric and correspondence uncertainty in the context of dense 3D reconstruction. We show quantitative results on datasets with ground truth that are competitive with the state of the art.
Toxicity of trinitrotoluene to sheepshead minnows in water exposures.

Abstract Lethal effects of trinitrotoluene (TNT) to juvenile sheepshead minnows (JSHM) (Cyprinodon variegatus) were assessed in ten-day water exposures. Ten-day median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were 2.3 and 2.5 mg L−1, the 10-d median lethal residue value (LR50) was 26.1 μmol kg−1 wet weight (ww), and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 L kg−1. The lethal effects of TNT and its transformation products 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 2,4-diaminonitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) and trinitrobenzene (TNB) to JSHM were compared in 5-d static-renewal exposures. Nitroreduction decreased the toxicity of TNT to SHM, as the 5-d LC50 for 2-ADNT was 8.6 mg L−1 and the lowest lethal concentration of 2,4-DANT was 50.3 mg L−1. TNB (5-d LC50=1.2 mg L−1) was more toxic than TNT to SHM. The 5-d LR50s were 4.3 mg kg−1 ww (20.4 μmol kg−1) for SumTNT (TNT exposure) and 54.2 mg kg−1 ww (275.3 μmol kg−1) for 2-ADNT and significant mortality occurred at 47.4 mg kg−1 ww (283.6 μmol kg−1). The range of BCF values was from 1.8 to 2.4, 5.6 to 8.0, and 0.6 to 0.9 L kg−1 for TNT, 2-ADNT, and 2,4-DANT, respectively.
Non-linear integer programming

Abstract An exact method for solving all-integer non-linear programming problems with a separable non-decreasing objective function is presented. Dynamic programming methodology is used to efficiently search candidate hypersurfaces for the optimal feasible integer solution. An efficient computational and storage scheme exists and initial calculations give very promising results.
On the bilinearity of cascaded bilinear systems

When two bilinear state space systems are interconnected in a cascade fashion, the resulting input-output map may not have a bilinear realization. In 1972, Brockett asked under what conditions bilinearity is preserved under composition. In 1979, Ferfera produced the least restrictive sufficient condition which is presently known using formal power series representations of the input-output maps. As this result is not widely known, the first goal of this paper is to present the idea in a broad context and to supply a concise, self- contained proof. The approach taken here follows largely from the original and is based on the theory of rational transductions. A second goal of the paper is to explore generalizations of Ferfera's sufficient condition.
Interfacial tension effects of polar modifiers in nonpolar—nonpolar liquid chromatography

Abstract The retention behavior of ten polar aromatic organic compounds containing alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, and carboxylic acid groups was studied in nonpolar—nonpolar liquid chromatography. A μBondapak C18 column was used as the stationary phase, and n-hexane was used as the mobile phase to which the aliphatic alcohols methanol, 2-propanol, or n-hexanol were intentionally added as polar modifiers. The retention times of the sample compounds were found to decrease as the concentration of modifier in the mobile phase was increased. A quantitative thermodynamic model was fitted to the results. According to the model, the decrease in retention time is attributed to a decrease in interfacial tension. Alternative interpretations of the data are also discussed.
Optimizing binary decision systems by manipulating transmission intervals

We study the optimization of a binary decision system where quantized (soft) decisions are transmitted across an additive white Gaussian noise channel. We adjust the bit transmission intervals to maximize the Chemoff distance at the output of the channel. At low channel signal-to-noise ratios (when the probability of a bit error is higher), we find unequal transmission intervals yield significant gains in terms of Chernoff distance and the information transfer ratio over the equal transmission case. This paper is a companion paper to [Johnson, D.H. and Rodriguez-Diaz, H., 2003] wherein the gains of unequal bit transmissions are studied in terms of minimum squared error.
The effects of season and acute sub-lethal exposure on survival times of brook trout at low pH

Abstract Edray strain brook trout were exposed to sub-lethal pH's of 5.0 and 5.8 (H 2 SO 4 ) for 24h or less and the effect on survival times at pH's 3.15 or 3.5 measured. Pronounced behavioral signs of distress occurred at these sub-lethal pH's, but usually disappeared within 1 h of the initial exposure. No change in resistance times due to the pre-treatment was observed. A marked seasonal decline in survival times was obtained between December and February. Heritable differences in acid tolerance of some inbred strains of brook trout were large.
Acute stress or corticosterone administration reduces responsiveness to nicotine: implications for a mechanism of conditioned tolerance.

We have shown that conditioned tolerance develops to some of the behavioral and endocrine effects of nicotine in rats. Other investigators have suggested that tolerance to multiple nicotine injections in mice may be due, in part, to elevated plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels, since repeated nicotine injections are associated with elevated CORT,chronically elevated CORT reduces nicotine responsiveness and adrenalectomy disrupts nicotine tolerance. Three experiments tested the feasibility of this hypothesis, as a mechanism for conditioned nicotine tolerance in rats, by determining whetheracute administration of CORT or manipulations that increase adrenocortical activity reduce nicotine responsiveness. In experiment 1, male rats were injected IP with CORT (1 mg/kg), vehicle (ETOH + distilled water) or no injection 10 min before nicotine (0.75 mg/kg, SC) and tested for nicotine-induced analgesia every other day for 10 days. A significant reduction in withdrawal latencies was obtained for CORT pretreated rats compared to animals given only nicotine. A similar reduction was produced by the vehicle pretreatment, which itself induced an elevation of endogenous CORT. Experiments 2 and 3 established that similar effects could be produced by doses of CORT as low as 0.125 mg/kg or by exposure to a novel environment which also elevated CORT levels. Results also suggest that a conditioned release of endogenous CORT was triggered by stimuli associated with nicotine delivery. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a conditioned release of CORT could contribute to the development of tolerance to some of nicotine's effects. The possibility that other neuroendocrine mediators might be involved in addition to or instead of CORT, is also discussed.
The effect of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide on lipolysis in adipose tissue in vitro

Es wird gezeigt, dass Nikotinamid Adenin Dinukleotid (NAD) eine starke Hemmung auf die Lipolyse der Fettgewebe in vitro ausubt. Untersuchung der antilipolytischen Wirkung verschiedener Bestandteile des NAD ergab, dass fur die Hemmungswirkung die Gegenwart des Adenosins, nicht aber die der Nikotinsaure notwendig ist.
Routine prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidy by FISH studies in high-risk pregnancies

This study is a prospective clinical trial with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) as a "routine" test for prenatal detection of the most common aneuploidies in high-risk pregnancies. Since April 1996, FISH studies with multicolor, commercially available, specific probes for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y have been routinely performed in our cytogenetic laboratory on uncultured chorionic villous samplings (CVS), amniotic fluid samples, or fetal blood obtained by cordocentesis from patients with major or minor fetal anomalies detected by ultrasonography. Among the 4,193 prenatal samples analyzed between April 1996 and June 1998, routine FISH studies were ordered by the referring physicians on 301 (7.2%) cases. Aneuploidies were detected in 32 (10.6%) samples. Fourteen trisomy-21, 10 trisomy-18, 3 trisomy-13, 4 monosomies of X, and 1 case of triploidy were diagnosed by FISH. All 1,505 hybridizations were informative, and all 301 results were available and reported to the referring physicians in 24-48 hr. All relevant FISH results were confirmed by subsequent cytogenetic analysis. In 10 (3.8%) cases with normal FISH results, the final cytogenetic analysis revealed abnormal chromosomal rearrangements that could not be detected by the routine FISH studies. We conclude that rapid FISH analysis of interphase, uncultured fetal cells is an accurate and very sensitive method for routine prenatal diagnosis of the most common aneuploidies in high-risk pregnancies.
Managing people who used to be your peers: how things change

When you become a boss to your former peers, many things change, because you have more influence, power, and authority than before. Some changes are obvious (new office, new phone number, secretary, different meetings, to name some) and others are more subtle. For instance, you have to “think bigger” than before and on behalf of more people. If you have never been a boss before, you will probably find yourself wondering about the role of the boss. Is the boss the ultimate facilitator? Does the boss work to improve the working lives of his or her staff so that work gets done effectively and efficiently? Is the boss the ultimate dictator? Does the boss wield power, doling it out in dribs and drabs to chosen staff members? Can a boss always stay at any place along the continuum between these two positions? You probably have some pretty solid opinions about the role of the boss, gained from dealing with previous bosses and noting their strengths and weaknesses. Now you have a chance to test your beliefs, to try to avoid the bad habits and unwholesome personality traits you have suffered from, to try to be a good boss to people who used to be your peers. In this presentation, I'd like to talk about some of the more subtle changes a person experiences when he or she stops being a peer and becomes a boss.
Stressors in the learned helplessness paradigm: Effects on body weight and conditioned taste aversion in rats

Abstract Changes in body weight and taste aversion in the learned helplessness paradigm were examined. In Experiment 1, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats drank saccharin or a control solution, followed by either 100 inescapable shocks or simple restraint. Rats were weighed daily and were tested for saccharin aversion two days after the stress session. Shocked rats gained less weight in the days after stress than restrained controls. Saccharin aversion was apparent only among rats that had consumed saccharin before the stress session. Experiment 2 examined whether control over shock affected body weight or taste aversion. Home-cage controls were included to assess the effects of restraint alone. In addition, the combined effects of shock and a toxin on aversion were studied. Rats drank saccharin solution, followed by escapable or inescapable shock, restraint, or no treatment. Then half of each group was injected with saline; the other half was injected with lithium chloride. As in Experiment 1, shock reduced body weight relative to restraint or no treatment, and shock produced a taste aversion among saline-treated rats. However, shock attenuated the aversion produced by lithium chloride, as did simple restraint. There were no differences in body weight or taste aversion between escapably and inescapably shocked rats. These results suggest a role for stress in the anorexia and weight loss associated with clinical depression and may have implications for theories of learning and learned helplessness.
Effects of media composition on substrate removal by pure and mixed bacterial cultures.

Continuous culture experiments with identical experimental designs were run with a mixed microbial community of activated sludge origin and an axenic bacterial culture derived from it. Each culture received 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) at a concentration of 160 mg/L as COD and L-lysine at a concentration of 65 mg/L as COD. A factorial experimental design was employed with dilution rate and media composition as the two controlled variables. Three dilution rates were studied: 0.015, 0.0325, and 0.05 h−1. Media composition was changed by adding four biogenic compounds (butyric acid, thymine, glutamic acid and lactose) in equal COD proportions at total concentrations of 0, 34, 225, and 1462 mg/L as COD. The measured variables were the effluent concentrations of 2-CP as measured by the 4-aminoantipyrene test and lysine as measured by the o-diacetylbenzene procedure. The results suggest that community structure and substrate composition play important roles in the response of a microbial community to mixed substrates. The addition of more biogenic substrates to the axenic culture had a deleterious effect on the removal of both lysine and 2-CP, although the effect was much larger on lysine removal. In contrast, additional substrates had a positive effect on the removal of 2-CP by the mixed community and much less of a negative effect on the removal of lysine. The dilution rate at which the cultures were growing had relatively little impact on the responses to the additional substrates.
Angular description for 3D scattering centers

The electromagnetic scattered field from an electrically large target can often be well modeled as if it is emanating from a discrete set of scattering centers (see Fig. 1). In the scattering center extraction tool we developed previously based on the shooting and bouncing ray technique, no correspondence is maintained amongst the 3D scattering center extracted at adjacent angles. In this paper we present a multi-dimensional clustering algorithm to track the angular and spatial behaviors of 3D scattering centers and group them into features. The extracted features for the Slicy and backhoe targets are presented. We also describe two metrics for measuring the angular persistence and spatial mobility of the 3D scattering centers that make up these features in order to gather insights into target physics and feature stability. We find that features that are most persistent are also the most mobile and discuss implications for optimal SAR imaging.
Proposed Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards in the United States for 2017 to 2025: Impacts on the Economy, Energy, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Increases in the U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for light-duty vehicles for the 2017 to 2025 model years are currently under consideration. This analysis used an economywide model with detail in the passenger vehicle fleet to evaluate the impacts of economic, energy use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with year-on-year increases in new targets for vehicle fuel economy of 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%, which corresponded to the initially proposed rates of increase for the 2017 to 2025 CAFE rulemaking. The results revealed that, across the range of targets proposed, the average welfare cost of a policy constraint increased nonlinearly with target stringency because the proposed policy targets would require increasingly costly changes to vehicles in the near term. Further, the results showed that the impacts on the economy and GHG emissions of combining a fuel tax with fuel economy standards could be positive or negative, as those impacts would depend on underlying technology costs....
An Economic Assessment of Traditional and Cellulosic Ethanol Technologies

Abstract Ethanol is a clean, renewable fuel that can be produced from biomass resources in nearly every region of the United States. Today in the U.S. the majority of ethanol is produced from corn, a practice that relies on subsidies to compete economically with gasoline and diverts food supplies. Significant growth of the ethanol industry will depend on the development of new processes that convert cellulosic biomass from non-food crops and waste materials into ethanol. The purpose of this research is to compare the private and total social cost of producing ethanol using conventional methods from corn to the production of ethanol from cellulosic biomass feedstocks, and to analyze the sensitivity of the technology to key variables such as capital costs, feedstock and energy prices, and estimates of social costs. Results indicate that existing ethanol technologies hold an economic advantage due primarily to the larger capital costs and greater complexity associated with the cellulosic ethanol conversion p...
Enhancing Web Service Registries with Semantics and Context Information

With the increasing demand for dynamic web service composition, traditional web service registries are no longer adequate in providing precise service selection. To address this problem, the paper proposes a fine-grain structural concept for traditional service registries, called web service community. Efficient semantic-level service enquiry and community management depend on context information. This paper investigates the issue of context modeling and proposes four categorizations of context information for service composition. Several design issues that relate to these context information are discussed, including community organization, context-aware management and semantic-level web service query.
Quantification of oxygen and carbon in high Tc superconducting films by (α,α) elastic resonance technique

The quantification of oxygen and carbon in high-temperature (Tc) superconducting oxide thin films was made by employing elastic resonance in He backscattering analysis. A method combining the oxygen resonance technique and channeling was presented for measuring the nature of the oxygen disorder near the surface and the interface in a YBCO superconducting film grown on an MgO substrate. The oxygen resonance technique was used to quantify the oxygen profiling in the metal/YBCO contacts, showing that Zr and Nb act as sinks to oxygen from YBCO films and are oxidized in the forms Zr/ZrO2/YBCO/MgO and Nb0.2/YBCO/MgO after annealing in a vacuum at 350°C. We combined the carbon and oxygen resonances to determine the carbon contamination and oxygen concentration changes on the YBCO surface after coating and baking the photoresist. Residual carbon on the surface and a thin layer of oxygen depletion near the YBCO surface have been observed. The residual carbon in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 films made by the decomposition of metallo-organic precursors was quantified using carbon resonance.
The kinetics of growth of the passive film on tungsten in acidic phosphate solutions

The growth of the passive film on tungsten in phosphate buffer solutions (pH range from 1.5 to 5.1) has been described in terms of the High Field Model (HFM) and the Point Defect Model (PDM). The steady-state current and passive film thickness have been measured as a function of voltage, with the film thickness being obtained from an analysis of capacitance and reflectance data. The observed data cannot be accounted for by the HFM in its classical form, but can be understood in terms of the PDM. A modified HFM, taking into account film dissolution at the film/solution interface, has also been developed, but it, too, fails to fully account for the experimental observations.
Investigation of hybrid spring-membrane system for fouling control

Abstract This paper presents numerical and experimental investigation of flux augmentation in hybrid spring-ultrafiltration membrane system. The numerical simulation is based on the Eulerian multiphase model. Momentum exchange coefficient was used to account for interaction between the liquid–solid phases. The helical spring insert was modeled as filaments with defined pitch. The experimental facility consists of a two-pass spring-membrane system subjected to iso-transmembrane pressure and inlet velocity. The wall velocity, shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) were greatly enhanced and varied intensely by the spring insert. These fluctuations and resulting scouring forces deterred particle deposition on the membrane surface, while the generation of eddy currents after each filament effectively increased local mixing and suppressed development of concentration polarization layer. The simulation results revealed that the volume fraction (VF) distribution was non-uniform between two filaments. Flux was improved by 25%; and the spring diameter can be up to 30% of membrane internal diameter without incurring penalty in pressure drop. Furthermore, observation from a membrane autopsy revealed non-uniformity in buildup of fouling; the fouling pattern mimicked the helical spring contour. Analysis of the membrane surface showed that approximately 60% of the surface was un-fouled. This experimental evidence is consistent with numerical results.
The cult of educability: Searching for the substance of things hoped for; the evidence of things not seen

Abstract The law requires that all handicapped children be educated. Logical absurdities represented in this position are discussed. Philosophical questions regarding the definition of education and the determination of educability are scrutinized. Counterproductive outcomes of social policy based on blind faith are examined. Moral and ethical dilemmas presented by the establishment of limits of educability are addressed. Suggestions are offered for dealing with some of these issues.
From dynamic programming to fast transforms

Abstract This paper will demonstrate some results which start with a simple smoothing problem and lead to an unexpected result, a fast transform which has been of great use in a number of applications Although none of the results presented here are new, the development will illuminate some of the outstanding characteristics found in the work of Richard Bellman. In particular, we will see how dynamic programming has been used to derive results in fields far from that of its original control theory setting.
Intimate Partner Violence in the Relationships of Men With Disabilities in the United States: Relative Prevalence and Health Correlates

Despite the growing literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization against people with disabilities, few studies have examined IPV against men with disabilities. This study uses population-based data to examine the prevalence of past-year and lifetime IPV against men with disabilities in the United States in comparison with men without disabilities and women with and without disabilities, compare the demographic characteristics of men with disabilities who reported IPV to those of other men, and examine associations of IPV and disability status with mental and physical health and other health risks among men. Results indicate that, adjusting for demographic characteristics, men with disabilities were more likely to report lifetime IPV than men without disabilities and, among those reporting any lifetime IPV, men with disabilities were more likely to report past-year IPV than both nondisabled men and women. With few exceptions, comparisons of health indicators revealed that men with disabiliti...
The nuclear envelope in guinea pig spermiogenesis.

In early stages of flagellar development the nuclear envelope on either side of the implantation fossa develops numerous pores. With condensation of the nucleus the envelope becomes excessive and these annulated portions of the envelope are reflected off the surface of the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the neck. The evaginated nuclear membranes enclose a residual mass of nucleoplasm which remains after the rest of the nucleus has polymerized, indicating either a storage of previously synthesized substances or a reserve of metabolically active nucleoplasm which may serve for the continued development of flagellar structures. A portion of the evaginated envelope is differentiated from the rest in lacking annuli and having a consistent 150 A–200AA cisternal space. This unannulated section differentiates in association with the adjunct of the proximal centriole and eventually surrounds the terminal end of the adjunct.
Chronic treatment of Ménétrier's disease with erbitux: Clinical efficacy and insight into pathophysiology

Background & Aims: Menetrier's disease is a rare premalignant hypertrophic gastropathy characterized by large rugal folds, foveolar hyperplasia with glandular atrophy, hypochlorhydria, and hypoalbuminemia. Patients with severe disease often exhibit refractory nausea and vomiting and require gastrectomy. Evidence from both mice and human beings suggests a critical role for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in the pathogenesis of this disease. We previously reported significant clinical and biochemical improvement of a single patient treated for 1 month with Erbitux, a monoclonal antibody that blocks ligand binding to EGFR. Methods/Results:We describe 2 patients who were given longer-term treatment with Erbitux as an alternative to gastrectomy. The first patient presented with nausea, hypoalbuminemia, and peripheral edema that required total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and infusions of albumin. On institution of Erbitux, there was rapid improvement in nausea and vomiting and stabilization of serum albumin with discontinuation of TPN and albumin infusions. Serum albumin remained stable during a 1-year course of Erbitux without supplemental protein. Application before and after Erbitux of the radiopaque dye ruthenium red to biopsies of the gastric oxyntic gland mucosa demonstrated prompt and persistent closure of tight junctions by electron microscopy. The second patient presented with chronic gastric bleeding that required bimonthly blood transfusions. During a 4-month course of Erbitux, his hematocrit stabilized, and transfusion requirements were eliminated. Conclusions:The present report demonstrates the efficacy of prolonged Erbitux therapy in patients with different presentations of severe Menetrier's disease and also provides insight into the pathophysiology of the protein-losing gastropathy.
Abstract 4922: A single-cell TGFbetaR-JUND dichotomy and its role in basal-like breast cancer

Basal-like carcinoma is a subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis that is characterized by pronounced cell-to-cell non-uniformities. Intratumor heterogeneity could involve sporadic single-cell activation of key pathways implicated in cancer progression, but it has not been possible to identify such pathways in an unbiased way. Our lab has developed a new approach for globally identifying coregulated, heterogeneously expressed genes among single cells (Nat Methods 7:311 [2010]). In a 3D in vitro culture model of a basal-like breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A), we stochastically profiled 4557 transcripts for heterogeneity and identified 547 that were predicted to be strongly dichotomous among extracellular matrix (ECM)-attached cells in the developing acinus. Hierarchical clustering of the heterogeneous transcripts revealed a group of ∼15 biosynthetic genes that contained the transcription factor, JUND, and the basal-cell cytokeratin, KRT5. In the same dataset, we identified a second group of genes-containing a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family ligand (GDF11), a TGF-beta receptor (TGFBR3), and a TGF-beta marker protein (TGFBI)-with strong sampling fluctuations that were opposite to those of JUND cluster. Here, we show that perturbation of JUND or TGFBR3 expression profoundly disrupts 3D morphogenesis. Constitutive JUND expression causes stable cribiform-like bridges across the acinar lumen, whereas TGFBR3 knockdown induces a ductal-branching phenotype. These perturbations further revealed that JUND and TGFBR3 are reciprocally coupled by interlinked positive and negative feedback loops that could give rise to asynchronous oscillations during morphogenesis. Live-cell imaging with a fluorescently tagged Smad2 revealed sporadic pulses of TGF-betaR signaling in matrix-attached cells during morphogenesis. Last, in clinical specimens of breast cancer with dichotomous basal cytokeratin expression, we find that junD and Krt5 proteins are correlated in ECM-attached cells. Interestingly, junD and Krt5 are anticorrelated in cells not directly in contact with stromal ECM, and this regulation is mimicked in 3D culture of MCF10A cells. Together, our results raise the possibility that heterogeneous basal-like breast cancers switch between two states that depend critically on the ECM context. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4922. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4922
Structural and optical characterization of Zn(OH)2 and its composites with graphite oxides

The optical properties of zinc (hydr)oxide and its porous composites with 2% and 5% graphite oxide (GO), thus forming ZnGO-2 and ZnGO-5, are investigated using reflectance spectroscopy and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging. The bandgap energies for the Zn(OH)(2), ZnGO-2, and ZnGO-5 samples are determined to be in the range between 2.88 and 3.60 eV. The size of light-emitting regions (~from 4.5 to 45 μm) and pore size (~from 20 to 255 μm) are measured using the TPF imaging technique.
Water treatment model for pollutant exposure assessment

Abstract A mathematical model of potable water treatment for toxic substance removal for use in exposure assessment modeling has been developed. The sedimentation, coagulation‐flocculation, filtration, aeration, chemical oxidation, and granular activated carbon adsorption treatment processes are modeled. The results of an example run of the model are presented.
Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Other Glomerular Disorders in the HIV-Infected Patient

Summary Various forms of kidney disease have been related directly to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral infection, including HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), immune complex diseases, and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). HIVAN and HIV immune complex glomerulonephritides are the most common HIV-specific nephropathies. HIV-associated TMA, although far less common, remains an important consideration. The diagnosis of TMA in HIV, which has a poorly understood pathogenesis, can be suggested by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure, but only definitively diagnosed by kidney biopsy. Not surprisingly, the incidence and prevalence of the HIV-specific entities have declined with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. With this decline, however, other glomerular diseases are of increasing importance in this high-risk population. The differential diagnosis of glomerular disease in an HIV-positive patient is therefore broad. Glomerular diseases seen in this population include classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, hepatitis B– and C–related glomerulonephritides, and membranous nephropathy. In addition, as the HIV-infected population ages, diabetic and hypertensive nephropathies are likely to become more prevalent. With overlapping presentations of these entities, definitive diagnosis often is difficult, necessitating kidney biopsy. As a consequence of establishing an accurate diagnosis, improved patient outcome can best be accomplished through disease-specific intervention.
Regulation of flagellar length in Chlamydomonas

The length of eukaryotic cilia and flagella depends on the cell cycle-regulated assembly and disassembly of at least 9 doublet and 2 central microtubules, their associated proteins, and the surrounding membrane. In light-synchronized Chlamydomonas cells, flagella assembled to 10-14 microm in length near the beginning of the light period and they disassembled prior to cell division, during the dark period. Flagella on light-synchronized pf18 Chlamydomonas mutants grew to 10-12 microm near the beginning of the light period but shortened by 50% or more by the end of the light period. Flagellar length was cell-cycle regulated: when flagella were amputated at various times during the light period, new flagella regenerated to the lengths of control cells at that time of the light cycle. The later in the cycle pf18 cells were deflagellated, the shorter were the regenerated flagella. Flagellar shortening was not affected, in either pf18 or wild-type (wt) cells, by inhibitors of protein synthesis or of microtubule assembly, so flagellar length cannot depend on protein turnover. Shortening in pf18 was attenuated by Li+, which stimulated flagellar growth in wt cells, by red light, by protein kinase inhibitors, and by the Ca2+ channel blockers La3+ and Cd2+. Shortening was increased by cAMP, Na+, K+, and EGTA. Ca2+-CAM blockers did not affect pf18 shortening but they increased shortening in wt and fa1 cells. We propose that flagellar length is regulated by a signal transduction pathway that is sensitive to Ca2+ levels and red light.
STUDIEN ZUR TOTALSYNTHESE VON HIMASTATIN: KORREKTUR DER STEREOCHEMISCHEN ZUORDNUNG

Nicht das ungewohnliche dimere Depsipeptid Himastatin wurde aus dem Pyrroloindolin anti-cis-1 erhalten, sondern ein Stereoisomer dieses Naturstoffes, der vielversprechende antibiotische und cytostatische Eigenschaften hat. Dies fuhrte zur Revision der bisher angenommenen Konfiguration von Himastatin. Die tatsachliche Konfiguration wurde durch die Totalsynthese bestatigt, die uber einen stereoselektiven Zugang zum Pyrroloindolin syn-cis-1 und zum 5-Hydroxypiperazin-1-carbonsaure-Baustein sowie eine modifizierte Stille-Kupplung fur die Bildung der zentralen C-C-Bindung verlauft.
Vitamin K 1 in Chloroplasts

THERE has been considerable speculation concerning the role of vitamin K in photosynthesis. Arnon1 has shown that several water-soluble naphthoquinones stimulate photosynthetic phosphorylation, although vitamin K1 is inactive as a stimulant in these reactions. Dam2 has shown that material which shows the biological activity of vitamin K is contained in chloroplasts and is localized in the green parts of plants. On the other hand, vitamin K1 has not been isolated from chloroplasts and has not been detected previously by chemical assay in extracts from chloroplasts3. In our laboratory we have not previously been able to observe vitamin K1 in extracts from chloroplasts even though we could find the vitamin in extracts from whole leaves. We have now found chemical evidence for vitamin K1 in extracts from spinach chloroplasts. The compound has been purified by silicic acid column chromatography and has shown absorption maxima at 269, 261, 249, 242 mµ in alcoholic solution. After treatment with potassium borohydride the absorption decreases in the 260–270 mµ region and increases to a new maximum at 244 mµ with an isosbestic point at 254 mµ. This material also gives a positive Irrevere–Sullivan test4 as well as a positive Dam–Karar test5 for vitamin K.