cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Stochastic Lagrangian Representation of the Three-Dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

In this paper we derive a probabilistic representation of the deterministic three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations based on stochastic Lagrangian paths. The particle trajectories obey SDEs driven by a uniform Wiener process; the inviscid Weber formula for the Euler equations of ideal fluids is used to recover the velocity field. This method admits a self-contained proof of local existence for the nonlinear stochastic system and can be extended to formulate stochastic representations of related hydrodynamic-type equations, including viscous Burgers equations and Lagrangian-averaged Navier-Stokes alpha models. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Masticatory muscle index for indicating skeletal muscle mass in patients with head and neck cancer.

Background A typical assessment for sarcopenia involves the use of abdominal computed tomography (CT) for calculating the skeletal muscle index (SMI) at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3). However, abdominal CT is not regularly performed on patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). We investigated whether masticatory SMI (M-SMI) measurements based on head and neck CT scans can be used to conduct sarcopenia assessments by evaluating whether M-SMI is correlated with L3-SMI. Methods Abdominal and head and neck CT images of patients with trauma (n = 50) and HNC (n = 52) were analyzed retrospectively. Both manual delineation and threshold selection methods were used to measure cross-sectional areas of masticatory muscles and those of muscles at the L3 level on CT images. Muscle cross-sectional areas were normalized to height squared to calculate SMI, and a multivariate linear regression model was established to evaluate the correlation between the M-SMI and L3-SMI. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the ability of the M-SMI to identify sarcopenia, and Cox logistic regression was used to identify predictors of sarcopenia. Results Patients with HNC had significantly lower M-SMI and L3-SMI than did patients with trauma (p = 0.011 and 0.03, respectively). M-SMI and L3-SMI were strongly correlated (r = 0.901, p < 0.001); in the multivariate model that included sex, the correlation was stronger (r = 0.913, p < 0.001). The associations of sarcopenia with a lower M-SMI (p < 0.001), male sex (p = 0.028), and advanced age (p = 0.011) were significant, and multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that an M-SMI of <5.5 was an independent predictor of sarcopenia (hazard ratio = 5.37, p < 0.001). Conclusions M-SMI assessment in routine head and neck CT scans is feasible and can be an alternative for detecting sarcopenia in patients with HNC.
De cautivos a doctores: La práctica médica como elemento cómico en las narrativas de cautiverio ibéricas

espanolLas obras Naufragios, Viaje de Turquia y Peregrinacao han generado una extensa y variada bibliografia, tanto en la representacion del sujeto Otro y del sujeto colonial, como del sujeto conquistador-cautivo europeo, como parte de una preocupacion por la identidad colonial y del sujeto moderno en general. Este trabajo analiza un aspecto determinado de estas narrativas de cautiverio: como los personajes protagonistas, expuestos a similares condiciones de desplazamiento geografico y cultural, son forzados a asumir la identidad del medico. El estudio se centra en el recurso al humor y la satira medica para justificar y expiar la asuncion de dicha identidad, alli donde se percibe que tiene implicaciones sociales negativas en la cultura del lector ideal iberico luso-hispano. EnglishCabeza de Vaca’s Shipwrecks, Cristobal de Villalon’s Travel to Turkey, and Mendes Pinto’s Pilgrimage have produced an extended and diverse bibliography about the representation of both the ‘Other’ and the colonial subject, and the European conqueror-captive, as part of a general interest in colonial identity and the modern subject. This work analyzes a particular aspect in the narrations of captivity: how main characters, exposed to similar conditions of geographical and cultural displacement, are forced to assume the identity of doctors. The analysis centers on the use of humor and medical satire to justify and expiate the impersonation, in relationship to the negative social implications this identity carries for an ideal Iberian and Luso-Hispanic reader.
Characteristic Foliations of Spheres Embedded in the Standard Overtwisted Structure (R3, ζ1)

The characteristic foliation of a sphere embedded in the standard tight contact structure (R3, ζ0) is unique up to isotopy. We show that any Morse-Smale foliation on the sphere with null Euler class, is, up to isotopy, the characteristic foliation of a sphere embedded in the standard overtwisted contact structure (R3, ζ1). We thus have a new way of looking at the two standard structures as ‘opposites’ in the world of contact structures.
Healthcare professionals’ stigmatization of men with anabolic androgenic steroid use and eating disorders

Abstract Building upon previous research on the stigmatization of individuals with eating disorders (EDs), the present study sought to evaluate healthcare providers’ attitudes toward male anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) users. Healthcare providers ( N = 148) were first randomly assigned to read one of four vignettes describing a male AAS user, ED patient, cocaine user, or healthy control. Each provider then rated, on a scale of −3 to +3, how strongly either word in one of 22 word-pairs described his or her feelings toward the person described in the vignette. Results indicated that providers perceived the ED and AAS use patients less favorably than the cocaine user or healthy adult, suggesting that the two groups may be stigmatized by health providers. Given the psychiatric and medical risks associated with AAS use and EDs, reducing bias may help reduce the personal suffering and public health burden related to these behaviors.
Postnatal evolution of a developmental venous anomaly

Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are the most frequently encountered brain parenchymal vascular malforma- tion. They are thought to arise during intrauterine development; however, the pathogenesis of these lesions remains unknown. A unique case documenting the postnatal evolution of a DVA in the left cerebellum of a young child is presented and the current literature on the pathogenesis and imaging characteristics of these anomalies is reviewed. Our case strongly suggests that the processes contributing to DVA maturation can extend into the postnatal period.
Risk factors associated with alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use among pregnant women: Evidence from the fragile family and child well-being survey

Abstract The use of illicit and licit drugs during pregnancy is a major public health concern that has garnered much medical, governmental, and media attention because of the increased health risks it poses for women and their newborns. To date, however, few studies have examined the antecedents contributing to substance use among pregnant women. In this paper, we examine the prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use among a recent sample of pregnant women and report on the factors that place these women at risk for engaging in the use of these substances. We conclude by making recommendations to improve existing policy and programming efforts that address the specific needs of pregnant substance-using women.
A Programmer's View of the Intel 432 System

The architecture study …begins in Chapter 4 where a number of topics related to object structures and object addressing are treated. Chapter 5 introduces the hardware and system software support for interprocess communication. Here the i432 Port Objects and port operations (SEND, RECEIVE, etc.) are introduced and illustrated. Chapter 6 revisits the architectural and Ada-language support for object structure, emphasizing type management and access control. Many features of the supporting operating system, known as iMAX, especially several of its important “user-interfaces,” are introduced beginning with Chapter 5. The importance of input/output peripheral subsystems and their relationship with the central object-based architecture of the i432 system is recognized by treating this topic separately in Chapter 7. This chapter introduces the reader to the architecture of the i432 Interface Processor and its use as a key component in the Peripheral Subsystem Interface for the Intel 432 System. A message-based model for input/output using this interface is also introduced, along with a discussion of abstractions for I/O device interfaces, both asynchronous and synchronous. The topics of process management, memory management, and object filing, which ma y be of primary interest to system developers and architects, are treated in Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Each chapter describes the iMAX implementations of these services and the user interfaces to these facilities. In the case of process management an iMAX provided “template” is described whose use enab les system programmers to implement their own process managers as needed. Chapter 9 describes the extensive memory management facilities of iMAX and the supporting hardware. These include facilities to support the stack and heap memory resources required, for example, by executing Ada programs. In addition, memory management supports an on-the-fly garbage collector, dynamic memory compaction, and, where configured, a virtual memory management subystem. Chapter 10, as already noted, provides a complete introduction to object filing as it is currently planned. —From the Author's Summary
Sources and Methods for Obtaining Stem and Progenitor Cells

Extrapolation of an understanding regarding hematopoiesis and, in particular, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from rodent models or in vitro human cell models to applications in humans has proven very difficult. This is not surprising, given the differences between rodent and human hematopoietic physiology and the lack of true in vitro assays for HSCs. Therefore, translational preclinical development of genetic and cellular therapies is dependent on the utilization of practical and well-defined large animal models. This chapter will introduce the most commonly used model species, including macaques, baboons, dogs, cats, and sheep, and explain the particular advantages and limitations of each. Specific protocols for the support of macaques through ablative cell and gene therapy procedures will be included to introduce investigators to the types of resources and support required to maintain a large animal facility dedicated to high-intensity experimentation, and also to introduce investigators to the types of procedures that are possible. Keywords: stem cells; canine; feline; nonhuman primate; hematopoiesis; gene transfer; xenograft
Neural feedback controllers

This study presents a methodology for specifying a neural controller for a system about which no a priori model information is available. >
Breast and colorectal cancer screening and sources of cancer information among older women in the United States: results from the 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey.

INTRODUCTION The number of people in the United States aged 65 years and older is increasing. Older people have a higher risk of dying from cancer; however, recent information about breast and colorectal cancer screening rates among women aged 65 years and older and about sources of health information consulted by these women is limited. METHODS We examined data from the Health Information National Trends Survey for women aged 65 years and older who had no personal history of breast or colorectal cancer. Women whose self-reported race and ethnicity was non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Hispanic were included in the analysis. The overall response rate for the 2003 survey was 34.5%. RESULTS Women aged 75 years and older had lower rates of recent mammography (mammogram in previous 2 years) than did women aged 65 to 74 years. In both age groups, rates were especially low for Hispanic women and women with a household income of less than $15,000 per year. Rates of recent colorectal cancer screening (fecal occult blood test in previous year or endoscopy in previous 5 years) were markedly lower for non-Hispanic black women aged 75 years and older than for other women in this age group, and for Hispanic women aged 65 to 74 years than for non-Hispanic women in this age group. Screening rates were lowest for women with an annual household income of less than $15,000, no family history of cancer, no usual health care provider, or 1 or no provider visits in the previous year. Differences were found in the groups' preferred channel for receiving health information. Women who had had a mammogram in the previous 2 years were more likely to pay attention to health information on the radio or in newspapers and magazines than were women who had not received a recent mammogram. Women who had had a recent colorectal cancer screening test were more likely to pay attention to health information in magazines or on the Internet than were those who had not. Personalized print and other publications were the most preferred channel for receiving health information. CONCLUSION The results from this analysis suggest that educational materials about routine breast and colorectal cancer screening appropriate for women aged 65 years and older (especially low-income women, Hispanic women, and those aged 65 to 74 years) may be helpful.
Learnability, representation, and language: a bayesian approach

Within the metaphor of the “mind as a computation device” that dominates cognitive science, understanding human cognition means understanding learnability—not only what (and how) the brain learns, but also what data is available to it from the world. Ideal learnability arguments seek to characterize what knowledge is in theory possible for an ideal reasoner to acquire, which illuminates the path towards understanding what human reasoners actually do acquire. The goal of this thesis is to exploit recent advances in machine learning to revisit three common learnability arguments in language acquisition. By formalizing them in Bayesian terms and evaluating them given realistic, real-world datasets, we achieve insight about what must be assumed about a child's representational capacity, learning mechanism, and cognitive biases. Exploring learnability in the context of an ideal learner but realistic (rather than ideal) datasets enables us to investigate what could be learned in practice rather than noting what is impossible in theory. Understanding how higher-order inductive constraints can themselves be learned permits us to reconsider inferences about innate inductive constraints in a new light. And realizing how a learner who evaluates theories based on a simplicity/goodness-of-fit tradeoff can handle sparse evidence may lead to a new perspective on how humans reason based on the noisy and impoverished data in the world. The learnability arguments I consider all ultimately stem from the impoverishment of the input—either because it lacks negative evidence, it lacks a certain essential kind of positive evidence, or it lacks sufficient quantity of evidence necessary for choosing from an infinite set of possible generalizations. I focus on these learnability arguments in the context of three major topics in language acquisition: the acquisition of abstract linguistic knowledge about hierarchical phrase structure, the acquisition of verb argument structures, and the acquisition of word learning biases. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Two-Way Finite Automata

Two-way finite automata are similar to the machines we have been studying, except that they can read the input string in either direction. We think of them as having a read head, which can move left or right over the input string. Like ordinary finite automata, they have a finite set Q of states and can be either deterministic (2DFA) or nondeterministic (2NFA).
Minimum Order State Reconstruction Filters for Constant Plants

O control laws and decoupling control laws usually require the complete plant state. However, in practice, usually only a limited number of measurements are available. Procedures are developed for obtaining the equations for a minimum order filter which can reconstruct the state from the given measurements when the rank of the augmented distribution matrix 5* is equal to the number of measurements, and certain matrix C which is constructed from the plant matrices, is nonsingular. If m is the number of measurements for an nth order plant, this filter requires a total of (n — m) integrations and differentiations for realization in general. For the case of practical interest, wherein no differentiations are required, the filter requires (n — m) integrations for realization. A certain partition of the augmented control application matrix Bl is required to be nonsingular for this special case. An application to a significant multiple control-point problem in aircraft flight control illustrates use of the theory.
Adenosine protects ischemic and reperfused myocardium by receptor-mediated mechanisms.

To evaluate the role of adenosine receptors in the mediation of adenosine-induced protection of the heart during ischemia and reperfusion, isolated rabbit hearts were perfused at constant flow with 1 microM adenosine started before low-flow ischemia followed by reperfusion. Adenosine delayed the time of onset of ischemic contracture [to 28 +/- 19 (SD) min compared with 10 +/- 10 min in control hearts] and decreased the amplitude of ischemic contracture (29 +/- 16 vs. 48 +/- 14 mmHg; P < 0.05 for each compared with controls). This protection was accompanied by an increase in tissue ATP content (1.72 +/- 0.78 vs. 0.96 +/- 0.23 mumol/g; P < 0.05) and stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis (lactate production of 0.78 +/- 0.28 mumol.g-1 x min-1 compared with 0.53 +/- 0.23 mumol.g-1 x min-1; P < 0.05). Functional recovery during reperfusion was enhanced by adenosine (developed pressure 88 +/- 16% compared with 57 +/- 23% of baseline; P < 0.05), and tissue necrosis, assessed by creatine kinase release, was decreased. The potent, nonselective adenosine receptor blocker 8-phenyltheophylline (10 microM) blocked all of the salutary effects of adenosine. Adenosine given only at reperfusion modestly attenuated reperfusion-induced contracture. The results suggest that exogenous adenosine attenuates ischemic injury by receptor-mediated stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis. During reperfusion its protective action is related to vasodilation.
Adaptive rastering algorithm for freeform extrusion fabrication processes

ABSTRACTAn adaptive rastering algorithm has been developed to reduce the ‘horizontal’ staircase error and/or fabrication time for freeform extrusion fabrication processes of 3D ‘solid’ parts. It analyses the geometry of each layer and changes the width of each line of the raster adaptively in order to reduce the staircase error and/or increase productivity. For each line, the maximum width that results in a staircase error smaller than a predefined threshold is determined for decreasing the fabrication time, increasing the dimensional accuracy, or both. To examine the efficacy of the proposed technique, examples are provided in which staircase errors and fabrication times are compared between uniform and adaptive rastering methods for each part. The results show a considerable improvement in accuracy and/or fabrication time for all parts studied when using the adaptive rastering algorithm.
Complement component C5 modulates the systemic tumor necrosis factor response in murine endotoxic shock.

Patients with disseminated Neisseria meningitidis infections (meningococcemia) suffer from a fulminant shock syndrome that is accompanied by extraordinarily high concentrations in serum of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). People with homozygous deficiencies of late complement components (C5, C6, C7, and C8) experience a high incidence of disseminated neisserial infections yet suffer from an attenuated form of the disease. The mechanisms that account for this disparity in host response are unclear, but they may in part be related to differences in the systemic TNF response that are modulated by terminal complement components (C5 to C9). The role of C5 in the modulation of the systemic endotoxin-induced TNF response was studied with matched strains of C5-deficient (B10 D2/Osn) and complement-sufficient (B10 D2/Nsn) mice. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, complement-sufficient mice exhibited more rapid increases in pulmonary and hepatic vascular permeabilities than did C5-deficient controls. Complement-sufficient mice developed acute passive hepatic congestion, they appeared more ill than C5-deficient mice, and they exhibited a twofold greater rise in serum TNF activity compared with that by C5-deficient mice. C5-deficient mice reconstituted with normal serum before an LPS injection exhibited pulmonary and hepatic vascular permeability increases and serum TNF levels approaching those observed in complement-sufficient mice. Alveolar and peritoneal macrophages isolated from complement-sufficient and C5-deficient mice and incubated in heat-inactivated serum did not exhibit differences in TNF mRNA expression or secreted TNF activity following stimulation with LPS. However, incubation of macrophages in complement-sufficient mouse serum (before LPS stimulation) resulted in increased TNF mRNA expression and TNF activity compared with those in cells incubated in C5-deficient serum. In vitro studies employing human complement components and peripheral blood monocytes revealed that recombinant C5a, in the presence or absence of LPS, can induce increased concentrations of TNF and that C5b to C9 had no additional modulatory effect on the TNF response. These data suggest that C5 modulates the endotoxin-triggered TNF response. The role of complement components distal to C5 (i.e., C5b to C9) in the endotoxin-triggered TNF response remains unclear.
Epithelial cell proliferation and islet neogenesis in IFN-g transgenic mice

We have identified a model system for the study of pancreatic islet development and regeneration in transgenic mice bearing the interferon-gamma (IFN-g) gene expressed in the pancreatic islets. Previous studies showed that the locally produced IFN-g causes lymphocyte infiltration and islet cell destruction. Here we demonstrate that new islet cells are formed continuously from duct cells as evidenced by (1) the dramatic proliferation of duct cells, (2) the appearance of primitive cells and (3) their subsequent differentiation to endocrine cells. The IFN-g induced islet neogenesis is similar to embryonic islet morphogenesis and offers a model system for studying factors modulating islet development. Additionally, the duct cells occasionally transdifferentiate to gastrointestinal-like cell types and hepatocytes. These results underscore the lymphokine9s ability to initiate a complex ‘transdifferentiation’ pathway, providing a window for understanding lineage interrelationships within a terminally differentiated structure.
An experimental and theoretical study of rare-earth-element partitioning between sulfides (FeS, CaS) and silicate and applications to enstatite achondrites

Abstract— Partition coefficients of the rare-earth-elements (REE) between sulfides (FeS or CaS) and silicate melt were determined experimentally at 1200–1300 °C. The REE sulfide/silicate partition coefficients (D) are ≤1 under the experimental O and S fugacities, which demonstrates that the REE are mainly located in the silicate phase. Rare-earth-element partition coefficients in the FeS/silicate system decrease from light to heavy REE, while the opposite behavior is found for the CaS/silicate system, where partition coefficients increase from light to heavy REE. In both sulfide systems, Eu is preferentially incorporated into the sulfide phases, as also expected from thermodynamic calculations. The Eu sulfide/silicate partition coefficient is about a factor of ten higher than that of neighboring Sm and Gd, in accordance with thermodynamic predictions of REE sulfide/silicate partition coefficients. The low sulfide/silicate partition coefficients indicate that CaS (oldhamite) in enstatite achondrites (aubrites) cannot have gained its high REE concentrations during igneous differentiation processes. The high REE concentrations and the REE patterns in aubritic oldhamite are more plausibly explained by REE condensation into refractory CaS. The refractory nature of CaS prevented major exchange reactions of the oldhamite with other aubritic minerals during the short differentiation and metamorphism period on the aubrite parent body. Thus, oldhamite in aubrites may be relict condensates altered to different degrees during short heating events, as originally suggested by Lodders and Palme (1990).
Proton therapy for seminoma: Case report describing the technique, efficacy, and advantages of proton-based therapy for seminoma

Radiation therapy plays a prominent role in the management of seminoma; however, concerns regarding long-term side effects have led to the use of surveillance and alternative therapies. Proton therapy offers dosimetric advantages over conventional photon therapy and may decrease shortand long-term morbidity. Herein, we describe, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of a patient treated with proton therapy for seminoma. This case illustrates the dosimetric advantages of proton therapy over conventional photon radiation.
Time factors in conscious processes: reply to Gilberto Gomes.

The critical reinterpretations of Libet's research by G. Gomes make speculative, unwarranted, and untested assumptions. These assumptions and arguments are analyzed and their status relative to Libet's findings is criticized.
Partial Laryngectomy in the Dog II. Immediate Increase in Glottic Area Obtained Compared With Other Laryngeal Procedures

Partial laryngectomy, arytenoid disarticulation/lateralization, and arytenoidopexy were performed on cadavers from normal dogs. The change in glottic cross-sectional area was calculated from photographs. Partial laryngectomy and unilateral lateralization resulted in a 70 to 80% increase in glottic area. Bilateral lateralization resulted in a significantly greater increase (180%).
Partitions, Durfee symbols, and the Atkin–Garvan moments of ranks

Atkin and Garvan introduced the moments of ranks of partitions in their work connecting ranks and cranks. Here we consider a combinatorial interpretation of these moments. This requires the introduction of a new representation for partitions, the Durfee symbol, and subsequent refinements. This in turn leads us to a variety of new congruences for our 'marked' Durfee symbols much in the spirit of Dyson's original conjectures on the ranks of partitions.
Modified NF Method for Quantitative Determination of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate

A modified NF method for the quantitative determination of pentaerythritol tetranitrate is reported. A solution of powder is made directly from the dosage form in glacial acetic acid and is then reacted with phenoldisulfonic acid TS. The proposed method saves approximately 75% of the time required with the NF method. The results on six different commercial dosage forms with four different colors and three other active ingredients are reported.
Membrane catalysts for partial hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene: catalytic properties of palladium nanoclusters synthesized within diblock copolymer films

Abstract Palladium nanoclusters were synthesized within microphase-separated diblock copolymer films of [MTD] 113 [Pd(Cp N )PA] 50 (MTD=methyltetracyclododecene, Cp N = endo -2-(cyclopentadienylmethyl)norborn-5-ene, PA=η 3 -1-phenylallyl). The organometallic repeat units were reduced by exposing the films to hydrogen at 100°C, leading to the formation of nearly monodisperse palladium nanoclusters. TEM was used to measure the cluster size. The nanocomposite films were active and selective catalysts for the gas phase hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. Selectivity for butenes was improved by lowering the hydrogen partial pressure, and lower temperature favored formation of 1-butene over 2-butenes.
HICSS minitrack session on self-organized criticality

Complex Systems with characteristics similar to SelfOrganized Criticality (SOC) or Highly-Optimized Tolerance (HOT) exhibit failure events of all sizes, typically with a frequency of occurrence described by a heavy-tailed distribution. Some large scale engineered or physical systems, such as the North American electric power grid, have failure statistics consistent with SOC and HOT systems. This suggests that the risks of large-scale failure of these systems should be analyzed using ideas from complex systems. The challenge is to work out which factors in the dyamics, topology and interactions in these systems contribute strongly to the complex behavior and then to construct models capturing these effects so that they can studied with a view to understanding and mitigating catastrophic failures. We pose some of the interesting issues as questions: • What are the salient system characteristics causing heavy tailed distributions of failure events? For example, what emphases should be placed on failure modes, engineering optimization, system loading, network topology, nonlinear dynamics, types of interactions between elements, and social and economic forces? What time scales are involved? • How does engineering of the system in response to societal requirements affect these systems? Is engineering itself part of the dynamics shaping these systems?
Impact of adopting minimum inhibitory concentration as the determinant of susceptibility to cephalosporins and carbapenems in multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute has recommended that Enterobacteriaceae susceptibility to most cephalosporins and carbapenems be reported according to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) alone. We analyzed our record of multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae to assess the impact of these changes. We compared susceptibilities of ceftriaxone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae when using the 2009 and new 2010 MIC standards. Vitek2® (BioMerieux), was used to assess the changes in susceptibility. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus sp., and Escherichia coli were the major species from urine, sputum, blood, and other sterile sites. The new breakpoint for cephalosporins increased resistance in E. coli and P. mirabilis. Many Proteus categorized as resistant by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection or inferred resistance have MICs to ceftriaxone ≤1 mcg/ml. New carbapenem breakpoints increased resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The increased ceftriaxone resistance from lowering breakpoints was almost balanced by the loss of resistance in ESBL isolates with MICs ≤1 mcg/ml. MIC-based susceptibility for multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae increases the number of resistant isolates. Inferring mechanisms of resistance has a disproportionate effect on the susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis to cephalosporins, and the MIC-based standard has an almost equivalent but opposite effect on Proteus mirabilis susceptibility to carbapenems.
Mullinamides A and B, new cyclopeptides produced by the Ruth Mullins coal mine fire isolate Streptomyces sp. RM-27-46

Two new cyclopeptides, mullinamides A [cyclo-(-L-Gly-L-Glu-L-Val-L-Ile-L-Pro-)] and B [cyclo-(-L-Glu-L-Met-L-Pro-)] were isolated from the crude extract of terrestrial Streptomyces sp. RM-27-46 along with the three known cyclopeptides surugamide A [cyclo-(-L-Ile-D-Ile-L-Lys-L-Ile-D-Phe-D-Leu-L-Ile-D-Ala-)], cyclo-(-L-Pro-L-Phe-) and cyclo-(-L-Pro-L-Leu-). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by the cumulative analyses of NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. Although mullinamides A and B displayed no appreciable antimicrobial/fungal activity or cytotoxicity, this study highlights the first reported antibacterial activity of surugamide A.
Fulminant Hepatic Failure from Primary Hepatic Lymphoma: Successful Treatment with Orthotopic Liver Transplantation and Chemotherapy

Systemic lymphomas may involve the liver but rarely cause fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Acute liver failure from primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is even less common with most patients succumbing to the sequelae of FHF before the correct diagnosis is made. We report a patient who underwent successful orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) and chemotherapy for FHF secondary to PHL. This previously-well male developed profound coagulopathy and encephalopathy 6 weeks after the onset of jaundice and fatigue. Workup failed to reveal the underlying cause of his liver failure and the patient soon required urgent OLT. Pathologic evaluation of his explanted liver revealed a malignant T-cell rich, large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with widespread hepatocellular necrosis. The patient made an excellent clinical recovery and is undergoing CHOP-Rituxan chemotherapy. This scenario demonstrates that lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of FHF without clear etiology because of the potential for intervention with transplant and chemotherapy.
Patient Attitudinal and Behavioral Factors Associated with Warfarin Non-adherence at Outpatient Anticoagulation Clinics

Background Warfarin is an anticoagulant effective in preventing stroke, but it has a narrow therapeutic range requiring optimal adherence to achieve the most favorable effects.
AIDS: Overview, immunology, virology, and informational needs

H UMAN immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l) infection and its related clinical conditions, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the AIDS-related complex (ARC), currently pose a major public health problem. Between 1981, when surveillance was initiated, and January 1989, 85,226 cases of AIDS have been reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).’ The outcome of AIDS is bleak, with an associated mortality of nearly 85% within 5 years of diagnosis.2 Although the etiologic agent for AIDS has been determined to be HIV,” and licensed tests are available to detect serum antibody to this virus,4 the complex biology of the virus has been an impediment to the development of effective antiviral therapy and vaccine.5
The relationship between heart rate variability and measures of body habitus

There is a well-recognized relationship between autonomic nervous system function and body habitus although few studies have addressed the role of the parasympathetic nervous system. A decrease in parasympathetic nervous-system-mediated heart rate variability in obesity may in part explain the mortality and morbidity that are associated with the obese state. We used multiple linear regression techniques to explore the relationship between measures of heart rate variability and anthropometric indices in 597 male participants in the Normative Aging Study. After adjustment for age and log10 heart rate, weight and body mass index were significant predictors of both the expiratory to inspiratory ratio (E/I ratio) and the difference between maximum and minimum heart rate (HRMax-Min). The abdomen-to-hip ratio and percentage body fat were not significant predictors of measures of heart rate variability. A one standard deviation change in the anthropometric index (weight, body mass index) resulted in a decrease in the E/I ratio of 0.010-0.014 and a decrease in the HRMax-Min of 0.486-0.715 beats/min. A change in the anthropometric index across the distribution (5-95 percentile) resulted in a decrease in the E/I ratio of 0.032-0.037 and a decrease in the HRMax-Min of 1.56-2.39 beats/min. These results indicate that heart rate variability and overall body size are correlated. This association could in part explain the mortality and morbidity that is associated with the obese state.
Atomistic simulations of bicelle mixtures.

Mixtures of long- and short-tail phosphatidylcholine lipids are known to self-assemble into a variety of aggregates combining flat bilayerlike and curved micellelike features, commonly called bicelles. Atomistic simulations of bilayer ribbons and perforated bilayers containing dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC, di-C14 tails) and dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC, di-C6 tails) have been carried out to investigate the partitioning of these components between flat and curved microenvironments and the stabilization of the bilayer edge by DHPC. To approach equilibrium partitioning of lipids on an achievable simulation timescale, configuration-bias Monte Carlo mutation moves were used to allow individual lipids to change tail length within a semigrand-canonical ensemble. Since acceptance probabilities for direct transitions between DMPC and DHPC were negligible, a third component with intermediate tail length (didecanoylphosphatidylcholine, di-C10 tails) was included at a low concentration to serve as an intermediate for transitions between DMPC and DHPC. Strong enrichment of DHPC is seen at ribbon and pore edges, with an excess linear density of ∼3 nm−1. The simulation model yields estimates for the onset of edge stability with increasing bilayer DHPC content between 5% and 15% DHPC at 300 K and between 7% and 17% DHPC at 323 K, higher than experimental estimates. Local structure and composition at points of close contact between pores suggest a possible mechanism for effective attractions between pores, providing a rationalization for the tendency of bicelle mixtures to aggregate into perforated vesicles and perforated sheets.
Intertemporal substitution and new car purchases

This article presents a dynamic demand model for motor vehicles. This approach accounts for the change in the mix of consumers over the model year and measures consumers' substitution patterns across products and time. I find intertemporal substitution is significant; consumers are more likely to change the timing of their purchase in reaction to a price increase rather than buy another vehicle in the same period. Further, I find automakers' use of large cash-back rebates at the end of the model year, although boosting overall sales, induces large numbers of consumers to delay their purchases and so pay lower prices.
Segmentation of SAR imagery using discrete frame theory

This paper presents a new paradigm for feature extraction and segmentation of SAR imagery. Most of the existing segmentation algorithms explore the features based on the variations in image intensity, contrast and texture, mimicking human SAR scene analysts. Like medical ultrasound imaging, CT imaging and magnetic resonance imaging, the imaging modality of SAR is not consistent with the natural ability of human vision. That is why we need trained experts to analyze those medical images as well as SAR images. In the ATR application, SAR imagery will be processed and segmented by automatic computer algorithms without human analysts in the loop. Therefore, in order to fully utilize the capability of SAR as an advanced surveillance instrument, we need to develop a feature space that is based on the physics of SAR imaging modality, not the human visual perception. After the definition of feature space, we can process the SAR sensor data in the image domain or even before image formation. In this research, we try to focus on establishing a new SAR image segmentation processing paradigm based on the discrete frame theory. We will show the framework of the paradigm on a limited feature space covering some SAR attributes like targets and shadows. After setting up the feature space, we will develop a discrete frame to transform SAR sensor data into a feature space representation. The feature space representation consists of transform coefficients that indicate the location and strength of the features. Those transform coefficients can be further manipulated by some classification algorithms for ATR exploitation.
A comparison of specimen stage surface temperature and the GA‐1 control unit reading in Balzer's Freeze fracture microtome cold stage

The cold stage specimen surface in our Balzer's 300 Freeze-etch instrument, averages 29–43°C warmer than the reading on the GA-1 stage temperature control unit. By introduction of Indium foil seals above and below the stainless steel plug in the stage tower, the specimen cold stage surface temperatures were still 9–10°C warmer than the GA-1 reading. After replacing the stainless steel plug with a copper plug and using Indium seals, the cold stage specimen surface was brought within 2.6°C of the GA-1 temperature reading. In addition, the copper plug, Indium seal modified stage cools about two times faster in going from –100°C to –150°C than the normal stainless steel stage modified with Indium seals.
The binding of copper(II) and zinc(II) to oxidized glutathione.

1H and 13C NMR studies of Zn(II) binding to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in aqueous solution over the pH range 4–11 show that it forms a complex with a 1:1 Zn:GSSG stoichiometry. At pH values between 6 and 11 the metal ligands are the COO− and NH2 groups of the glutamate residues. Below pH 5 the glycine end of the molecule also binds to the metal ions. EPR and visible absorption spectra of Cu(II) GSSG solutions suggest that similar complexes are formmed with Cu(II). The solid products obtained from these solutions are shown by analysis and EPR to be primarily binuclear with Cu2GSSG stoichiometry, although the structures depend on the pH and stoichiometry of the solution from which they were obtained.
Affine frame decompositions and shift-invariant spaces

Abstract In this paper, we show that the property of tight affine frame decomposition of functions in L 2 can be extended in a stable way to functions in Sobolev spaces when the generators of the tight affine frames satisfy certain mild regularity and vanishing moment conditions. Applying the affine frame operators Q j on jth levels to any function f in a Sobolev space reveals the detailed information Q j f of f in such tight affine decompositions. We also study certain basic properties of the range of the affine frame operators Q j such as the topological property of closedness and the notion of angles between the ranges for different levels, and thus establishing some interesting connection to (tight) frames of shift-invariant spaces.
Glutamine synthetase in kidneys of monkey and man

Abstract 1. 1. The synthesis of γ-glutamylhydroxamate from glutamate and hydroxylamine has been utilized as an approximation of glutamine synthetase activity in kidneys of rabbit, rat, dog, monkey and man. 2. 2. Kidneys of rabbit contain glutamine synthetase in high activity; those of rat, in intermediate activity; and those of dog, monkey and man, in negligible activity. 3. 3. No more enzyme is present in kidneys of the latter two species than in those of the dog, in which the enzyme is generally considered to be absent.
Electron spin–lattice relaxation of the triplet state in disordered solids exhibits dispersion

Abstract Global analysis of microwave-induced delayed phosphorescence (MIDP) of photoexcited triplet states at 1.2 K is employed to obtain their spin–lattice relaxation (SLR) rate constants, and other relevant parameters. The phosphorescence decay kinetics of quinoxaline in crystalline durene and n-pentane are predicted accurately, but not in disordered solids nor of tryptophan in aqueous glass. For the latter, the decay fits a bimodal SLR distribution; a subset decays with slow SLR and as predicted, while the remainder displays the expected decay properties of fast SLR. Although not following this bimodal pattern, SLR of quinoxaline in disordered solids also exhibits dispersion.
Substructure Synthesis: A Controls Approach

Substructure synthesis from a controls perspective is considered. An efficient and computationally robust method for synthesis of substructures is developed. The method considers the interface forces/moments as control inputs and redefines the synthesis problem in terms of obtaining a constant gain compensator which would ensure the connectivity requirements of the combined structure. Orthogonal similarity transformations are used to provide simplified synthesized dynamics of the combined system. The simplicity of form in transformed coordinates are exploited to effectively deal with modeling parametric and non-parametric uncertainties at substructure level. Uncertainty models of reasonable size and complexity are derived for the combined structure from those in the substructure models.
Spontaneous dissection of the common carotid artery. Case report and review of the literature

Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery is not a rare occurrence. However, spontaneous dissection of the common carotid artery has not been recognized and the first reported case and its management are described.
Rapid fabrication of silk films with controlled architectures via electrogelation

Current methods to produce silk films include casting and spin coating. Here we introduce a new method for the fabrication of silk films: electrogelation. Through use of a closed-loop anode, films with high surface smoothness and optical transparency are produced. Bending the electrode loop allows films with three-dimensional topologies to be formed, possessing thicknesses capable of descending into the submicron thin film regime.
Fundamental characteristics of a magnetoresistive sensor using Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ ceramic superconducting films

The fundamental characteristics of a magnetic sensor fabricated from a Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ ceramic superconducting film are investigated. The operation principle of the sensor is based on the magnetoresistive properties of the material. The Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ ceramic film was prepared by the spray pyrolysis method. An element of the magnetic sensor consists of the film patterned to a meander shape. the sensitivity is discussed in connection with the noise measurement of the element. A magnetic field resolution of 2*10/sup -6/ G/(Hz)/sup 1/2/ at 100 Hz was obtained in the 0.1-100 G range. The sensitivity is much higher than that of a conventional semiconductor magnetic sensor. With an AC modulation provided by a magnetic field, phase detection of the magnetic field can be performed using a lock-in amplifier. An improvement in the low-frequency ( >
Using computers to construct, evaluate, and apply actuarial systems of classification: A methodology and example

Abstract A primary function of field-based psychologists is the evaluation and eventual classification of clients. This article describes a set of computer programs which allow clinicians to evaluate large data sets in order to discover the underlying group (classification) structure and subsequently use those results to classify new clients into the group in which they have the highest membership probabilities. The computerized methodology is demonstrated by utilizing a data set of public school children who were referred for psychological evaluations. Methods of validating and implementing the computerized classification system are discussed along with information concerning current software programs capable of accomplishing each step in the process.