cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation

Tekippe, J. A., Hristov, A. N., Heyler, K. S., Zheljazkov, V. D., Ferreira, J. F. S., Cantrell, C. L. and Varga, G. A. 2012. Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 395–408. In this study, plants (14) and essential oils (EO; 88) from plants that are naturalized to, or can be successfully grown in North America were evaluated in a batch culture in vitro screening experiments with ruminal fluid as potential anti-methanogenic additives for ruminant diets. Essential oils were tested at four inclusion levels: 0 (blank), 10, 50, and 100 mg L−1 and plants were tested at 313, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg L−1 final incubation medium concentration. Compared with the blank, two of the EO increased acetate concentration (8 to 10%), 11 EO increased propionate concentration (9 to 23%), 10 EO increased butyrate concentration (24 to 29%), and three EO reduced methane production [20 to 30%; Anethum graveolens (dill weed oil), Lavandula l...
Maternal cardiovascular dynamics

Abstract A hemodynamic evaluation was performed in 12 patients undergoing repeat cesarean section at term under subarachnoid block anesthesia. It was found that posture exerted a profound influence on maternal cardiodynamics in late pregnancy. Following spinal anesthesia, a decline in blood pressure invariably occurred in the supine position. This hypotension could be completely reversed by turning the patient on her side. The degree of maternal hypotension could not be related to anesthetic dose or level of anesthesia. Delivery resulted in a 52 per cent increase in cardiac output. 11 per cent decrease in heart rate, and a 67 per cent increase in stroke volume. Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia seems contraindicated in the pregnant patient with heart disease because of the extensive cardiovascular changes encountered.
The Sámi and Their Land. The Sámi versus the Swedish Crown. A Study of the Legal Struggle for Improved Land Rights: The Taxed Mountains Case

The Sami and Their Land. The Sami versus the Swedish Crown. Study of the Legal Straggle for Improved Land Rights: The Taxed Mountains Case. Tom G. Svensson. Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture Series B, 96. Oslo: Novus forlag; Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, 1997. 213 pp.
Hepatic uptake and metabolism of oral galactose in adult fasted rats

Galactose is incorporated into glycogen by a different metabolic route than glucose and fructose, the other major dietary monosaccharides. Oral galactose (4 g/kg) was given to 24-h-fasted adult rat...
Crystallization of gadolinium- and lanthanum-containing phases from sodium alumino-borosilicate glasses

Abstract Lanthanide-containing glasses, commonly used for optical and laser applications, are also important in the vitrification of actinide-bearing radioactive wastes. In previous studies, we measured the glass forming regions of La2O3 and Gd2O3 in some sodium alumino-borosilicate glasses. Above their highest concentrations in these glasses, lanthanide silicate crystals with an apatite structure were found. In this paper, we characterize these crystals using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and selective area diffraction (SAD) to evaluate baseline glass composition effect and mixed La/Gd effect on the structure and chemistry of these crystals. When different lanthanide elements (lanthanum and gadolinium) co-exist in the glasses, complete lanthanide silicate solid solution is observed. Small amounts of boron can enter the gadolinium silicate structure if aluminum is present in the melt. The boron is probably substituting for the silicon in the crystal lattice. This substitution will cause a decrease in the unit cell parameters a0 and c0. A small amount of Na can also enter the crystal lattice, causing a decrease in the cell parameter a0, but an increase in c0. These results may help us to develop better understanding on the solution mechanism of lanthanide oxides in these glasses.
In vivo and in vitro 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat

Halogenated anilines and aminophenols are nephrotoxicants and hepatotoxicants in mammals. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol, a putative metabolite of 3,5-dichloroaniline. In the in vivo experiments, male Fischer 344 rats (four/group) were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol (0.25, 0.38 or 0.50 mmol/kg) or vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1.0 ml/kg) and renal and hepatic function monitored for 48 h. Only minor changes in function or morphology were observed in the 0.25 mmol/kg treatment group. However, in the 0.38 mmol/kg treatment group evidence of both nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity were evident. Nephrotoxicity was characterized by increased proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight, decreased p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation and proximal tubular necrosis in the corticomedullary region of the kidney. Hepatotoxicity was characterized by elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) activity and liver weight. Animals administered the 0.5 mmol/kg dose died within 24 h. In the in vitro experiments, the effect of 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol on organic ion accumulation, gluconeogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was quantitated in liver and/or renal cortical slices. Organic anion accumulation was inhibited in renal cortical slices by 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol bath concentrations of 5 x 10(-6) M or higher, while organic cation uptake was decreased at 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol bath concentrations of 1 x 10(-5) M or greater. Renal and hepatic pyruvate-stimulated gluconeogenesis were inhibited and renal LDH leakage increased at 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol bath concentrations of 5 x 10(-5) M or greater. Increased LDH leakage from liver slices was not observed. These results demonstrate that 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol is a nephrotoxicant and hepatotoxicant in vivo and in vitro and that the kidney is more susceptible to 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenol toxicity than the liver.
Chloroacryloyl amides and alpha-methylenelactones from naltrexone, oxymorphone and fentanyl.

Abstract A series of chloroacryloyl amides and alpha-methylenelactones were prepared from naltrexone and oxymorphone and some chloroacryloyl amides from fentanyl were prepared as potential Michael acceptors and irreversible ligands. The relative rates of Michael additions of p-methoxybenzenethiol to the double bonds were measured in an NMR spectrometer. The IC 50 's in rat brain homogenates and the irreversible binding to rat brain membranes were determined. In the methylenelactone series, it was found that both the alpha and beta isomers derived from naltrexone and oxymorphone were excellent Michael acceptors, but only the beta isomers were more active in the opioid binding assays. The beta isomer derived from naltrexone was an irreversible ligand whereas the oxymorphone analogue was active only in the presence of 100 mM NaCl. In the chloroacryloyl series, only the alpha-chloroacryloyl amide derived from beta naltrexamine proved to be an irreversible binding ligand in the absence of NaCl. It was an excellent Michael acceptor. Under the conditions of our experiments, beta-FNA was a poor Michael acceptor and did not behave as an irreversible ligand in rat membranes.
Apoptosis or senescence-like growth arrest: influence of cell-cycle position, p53, p21 and bax in H2O2 response of normal human fibroblasts

Early-passage human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) undergo senescence-like growth arrest in response to sublethal concentrations of H(2)O(2) [Chen and Ames (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 4130-4134]. We determine here whether H(2)O(2) can cause apoptosis in HDFs and the molecular changes that differ between apoptosis and senescence-like growth arrest. When exponentially growing early-passage IMR-90 cells were treated for 2 h with 50-200 microM (or 0.25-1 pmol/cell) H(2)O(2), a fraction of cells detached at 16-32 h after the treatment. The cells remaining attached were growth-arrested and developed features of senescence in 1 week. The detached cells showed caspase-3 activation and typical morphological changes associated with apoptosis. Caspase-3 activation was H(2)O(2) dose-dependent and preceded nuclear condensation or plasma membrane leakage. Apoptotic cells were mainly distributed in the S-phase of the cell cycle, while growth-arrested cells exhibited predominantly G1- and G2/M-phase distributions. H(2)O(2) pretreatment induced G1 arrest and prohibited induction of apoptosis by a subsequent H(2)O(2) challenge. The p53 protein showed an average 6.1-fold elevation in apoptotic cells and a 3.5-fold elevation in growth-arrested cells. Reduction of p53 levels with human papillomavirus E6 protein prohibited the activation of caspase-3 and decreased the proportion of apoptotic cells. Growth-arrested cells had elevated p21, while p21 was absent in apoptotic cells. Bcl-2 was elevated in both growth-arrested and apoptotic cells. Finally, although the overall level of bax did not change in growth-arrested or apoptotic cells, the solubility of bax protein increased in apoptotic cells. Our data suggest that in contrast with growth-arrested cells, apoptotic cells show an S-phase cell cycle distribution, a higher degree of p53 elevation, an absence of p21 protein and increased solubility of bax protein.
Reaction of LiH and BeH2

Lithium hydride (LiH) and beryllium hydride (BeH2) powder have been mixed and heated. The BeH2 is from a unique cache of the material made twenty years ago by an organometallic synthesis. In the hydride reaction, one atom of hydrogen comes off at 500 to 600 K and almost two atoms at 675 K. X-ray diffraction shows the formation of Li2BeH4 plus an unknown lithium-beryllium hydride at temperatures as low as 343 K. The yield of these compounds decreases with increasing temperature and is as high as 60 to 100% at 350 to 400 K. Identical behavior is seen with crystalline and noncrystalline BeH2. The LiH-BeH2 reaction is thought to create enough heat to temporarily melt the products. Released hydrogen gas or organic vapors then push the material into a foam at 440 to 470 K.
Detection of Malingered ADHD Using the MMPI-2-RF

This study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) validity scales for detecting feigning and exaggeration of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) among college students. Under a simulation study design, participants with and without ADHD were assigned to perform honestly or to feign or exaggerate deficits related to ADHD while completing self-report symptom inventories. Participants instructed to feign produced symptom profiles similar to honest clinical profiles and more severe than honest nonclinical profiles. Participants with ADHD instructed to exaggerate produced less severe profiles than those instructed to feign and more severe profiles than clinical controls. MMPI-2-RF scale Fp-r showed potential for use in malingered ADHD detection at a revised cut score, which was significantly lower than the cut score suggested in the test manual; use of the revised cut score will require further validation. Scales F-r, Fs, and FBS-r did not classify well, but should be assessed in future studies of malingered ADHD. Detection of exaggeration was consistently poorer than detection of feigning.
Natural selection on the plant-water relations of Cleome serrulata growing along natural moisture gradients.

I investigated the extent and adaptive importance of genetically-based variation in plant water relations in two populations of the annual plant Cleome serrulata found growing along relatively short (<30 m) and mild soil moisture gradients. Field measurements of predawn plant water potentials showed that plants at the dry end of the moisture gradients had consistently lower ψPlant in May and June of 1984; differences up to 0.9 MPa were seen along the gradients. Seeds were collected from maternal plants growing along the moisture gradients and then grown under well-watered conditions in the greenhouse. Pressure-volume curves were constructed for a total of 92 seedlings from 25 maternal plants when the seedlings were four weeks old.
Precipitation in star sapphire I. Identification of the precipitate

Abstract The asterism in star sapphire is due to precipitation of needle-like particles in the basal plane of sapphire. These particles have now been identified as rutile (TiO2) by both electron diffraction and microchemical analysis. The rutile needles have the following orientation relationship with the host sapphire: 〈011〉R‖〈1010〉S {011}R‖{1110}S where the first relation defines the needle axis. This orientation occurs because of the good lattice matching it provides.
A multimethod approach to community evaluation of police performance

Abstract The aim of the present study is to examine the ability of police peers and supervisors to predict police street performance, as measured by citizen evaluations of the service received on recent police service calls. One question to be answered was whether there was any correlation between what a police supervisor, a police peer patrol officer, and a citizen percieved as “good” police performance. It was hypothesized that peer patrol officers would more accurately predict the quality of police street performance than would police supervisors. Results supported the hypothesis. An additional finding of the present study related to the feasibility of the evaluation of police street performance by citizen consumers.
α2 mRNA of Na+K+ ATPase is increased in astrocytes of rat hippocampus after treatment with kainic acid

Abstract The Na + K + ATPase (Na + pump) plays a central role in regulating cation homeostasis and is thought to have an important role in cell proliferation. The multitude of subunit isoforms comprising the functional Na + K + ATPase has raised the possibility that specific subunit isoform combinations may be involved in different cellular processes. We have investigated the involvement of the specific isoforms in neurons and glia at the site of a CNS lesion. Intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid was used to induce neuronal cell loss and reactive gliosis in rat hippocampus and levels of Na + K + ATPase subunit isoform mRNA levels were determined in cells of rat hippocampus using in situ hybridization. α2 mRNA levels increased 35–40% in CA1 and CA3 astrocytes between 1–3 weeks after KA injection with no significant change in other subunit isoform mRNA levels. In addition α3 mRNA levels in CA1 pyramidal neurons were decreased by approx. 35%. Small neurons in the CA1 and CA3 region showed no changes in mRNA levels for any of the Na + K + ATPase subunit isoforms. These results may indicate a possible role for α2 subunit isoform in the conversion of glial cells from a normal phenotype to the reactive phenotype characteristic in this model of CNS injury.
Endothelial Cells Synthesize and Process Apolipoprotein B

Abstract We reported previously that a 116-kDa lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-binding protein from endothelial cells has sequence homology to the amino-terminal region of apolipoprotein (apo) B. We now tested whether endothelial cells synthesize apoB mRNA and protein. Primers were designed to the human apoB cDNA sequence and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed using total RNA isolated from bovine and human endothelial cells. With primers to the 5′ region of the apoB mRNA (amino-terminal region of apoB protein) expected size PCR products were generated from both bovine and human endothelial cells as well as from mouse liver RNA, which was used as a control. Primers designed to the 3′ region of apoB mRNA generated PCR products from human endothelial cells and HepG2 cells but not from bovine or mouse cells. These data suggest that endothelial cells contain full-length apoB mRNA and that the 5′ or the amino-terminal region of apoB is highly conserved from mouse to human. This was confirmed by direct sequencing of the mouse and bovine PCR products. To test whether apoB protein was produced, bovine endothelial cell proteins were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine or [3H]leucine and immunoprecipitated with anti-human apoB antibodies. Using extracts from cells labeled for 1 h, monoclonal antibody 47, directed to the low density lipoprotein receptor binding region of apoB, precipitated a protein of approximate molecular mass 550,000, the size of full-length apoB. Immunoprecipitation of the 550-kDa protein was abolished in the presence of added unlabeled low density lipoprotein. From cells labeled for 16 h, a 116-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated by polyclonal anti-apoB antibodies. This protein was partly released from cells by heparin treatment. Pulse-chase analysis showed that the 116-kDa fragment appeared at the same time as the full-length apoB began disappearing. The immunoprecipitated 116-kDa fragment also bound labeled LPL on ligand blot, further suggesting that it is an amino-terminal fragment of apoB. Incubation of endothelial cells with oleic acid (0.25 and 0.5 mM) did not significantly alter the production of either the full-length apoB or the 116-kDa fragment. These data show that endothelial cells synthesize apoB. The full-length apoB appears to be cleaved to form a 116-kDa fragment that can function as a LPL-binding protein.
Managing Input During Assistive Technology Product Design

Many different sources of input are available to assistive technology innovators during the course of designing products. However, there is little information on which ones may be most effective or how they may be efficiently utilized within the design process. The aim of this project was to compare how three types of input—from simulation tools, professional therapists, and end users—affect the final design when they are provided during the course of the design process. Eight design teams were recruited to independently design a working prototype of an assistive device while receiving a particular type of input. Twenty potential users were recruited to evaluate each of the devices with respect to effectiveness and satisfaction. The results indicate that in some cases each type of input can have a positive effect on end user evaluation. Issues related to how input may be affected by design concept selection, stakeholder recruitment, and timely delivery of input are discussed.
Patterns of locomotor and stereotypic behavior during continuous amphetamine administration in rats.

Abstract The present study examined the behavioral effects of continuous subcutaneous infusion of amphetamine (AMPH) to rats. Saline and 3 AMPH doses were infused for 96 hr (0.2 mg/kg/hr, 0.55 mg/kg/hr, n =12 ). Locomotor behavior, grooming, gnawing and licking, sniffing, and head-bobbing were recorded for each animal for 1 hr in the light cycle and 1 hr in the dark cycle. The low dose AMPH animals exhibited increased locomotor activity. The medium and high dose groups developed similar behavioral patterns consisting of increased grooming and sniffing and changes in circadian rhythms of activity. Although most behaviors exhibited were similar to those discussed in previous literature describing the effects of chronic amphetamine, the pattern of the behaviors was not. Furthermore, continuous administration of AMPH seems to reliably increase the frequency of behaviors which are rarely observed after acute or chronic amphetamine. This finding has important implications since administration of AMPH to rats has been suggested to be an animal model of schizophrenia.
CNPase Expression in Olfactory Ensheathing Cells

A large body of work supports the proposal that transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) into nerve or spinal cord injuries can promote axonal regeneration and remyelination. Yet, some investigators have questioned whether the transplanted OECs associate with axons and form peripheral myelin, or if they recruit endogenous Schwann cells that form myelin. Olfactory bulbs from transgenic mice expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the 2-3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) promoter were studied. CNPase is expressed in myelin-forming cells throughout their lineage. We examined CNPase expression in both in situ in the olfactory bulb and in vitro to determine if OECs express CNPase commensurate with their myelination potential. eGFP was observed in the outer nerve layer of the olfactory bulb. Dissociated OECs maintained in culture had both intense eGFP expression and CNPase immunostaining. Transplantation of OECs into transected peripheral nerve longitudinally associated with the regenerated axons. These data indicate that OECs in the outer nerve layer of the olfactory bulb of CNPase transgenic mice express CNPase. Thus, while OECs do not normally form myelin on olfactory nerve axons, their expression of CNPase is commensurate with their potential to form myelin when transplanted into injured peripheral nerve.
Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine reduced the incidence of typhoid fever in 2 to 5 year old children

(2001) N Engl J Med 344, 1263; Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, et al. . The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two- to-five-year-old children. . Apr 26; . : . –9 . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In Vietnamese children who are 2 to 5 years old, does vaccination with Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine reduce the incidence of typhoid fever? Randomised (allocation concealed*), blinded (participants and outcome assessors),* placebo controlled trial with 27 months of follow up. 16 communes in Dong Thap Province, Vietnam. 12 008 children who were 2 to 5 years of age (51% boys). Children with illness that required ongoing medical care were excluded. 92% of children received 2 correctly labelled injections and completed the study. 5991 children were allocated to S typhi Vi conjugate vaccine (2 doses of 22.5 μg of capsular polysaccharide and 22 μg of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in 0.5 ml of phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.01% thimerosal), and … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DLin%26rft.auinit1%253DF.%2BY.%2BC.%26rft.volume%253D344%26rft.issue%253D17%26rft.spage%253D1263%26rft.epage%253D1269%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BEfficacy%2Bof%2Ba%2BSalmonella%2Btyphi%2BVi%2BConjugate%2BVaccine%2Bin%2BTwo-to-Five-Year-Old%2BChildren%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJM200104263441701%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11320385%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJM200104263441701&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11320385&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F6%2F6%2F179.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000168252400001&link_type=ISI
Kant's Incorporation Requirement: Freedom and Character in the Empirical World

(2008). Kant's Incorporation Requirement: Freedom and Character in the Empirical World. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 425-451.
Program page: using SPSS-X to generate the L statistic for the page test of ordered alternatives

This paper describes a computer program which is a nonparametric test for ordered hypotheses with ranked or ordinal data. The RANK and FLIP commands of the SPSS-X package are used to generate the L statistic.
Fundamental studies of a novel, biodegradable PEG-b-PLA hydrogel

The degradation behavior of highly swollen, chemically cross-linked hydrogels was characterized by monitoring changes in their mass loss, degree of swelling and compressive modulus. The hydrogels were used as model systems to investigate the hydrolytic degradation process in cross-linked networks. The trends of the three measured properties differ substantially from those seen for linear degradable systems; however, they can still be predicted accurately using hydrolysis kinetics and network structure. Experimental results show that the modulus decreases exponentially with time while the volumetric swelling ratios for these gels increase exponentially. The characteristic exponential time constants for these two functions, as well as the overall degradation timescale, are influenced greatly by the network structure. Thermodynamic relationships are used to explain these trends as well as relating the observed tradeoff between the two desirable properties of mechanical strength and water content.
Recent improvements in the pyroelectric vidicon

The purpose of this work is to explore the feasibility of a low cost, uncooled, medium performance thermal imaging system for use in the 8–14µm electromagnetic spectral band. An imaging device having the potential of fullfilling the above requirements is the pyroelectric vidicon. The pyroelectric vidicon thermal imaging system has been described in the literature and therefore the principles of operation will be only briefly reviewed. This paper will present the results of work performed at NVL regarding the effect of key parameters on pyroelectric vidicon performance. Recent advances described will include the use of various thin dielectric films evaporated onto the pyroelectric retina to buffer against the electron and residual ionized gas bombardment which usually erodes the surface. The film will minimize or eliminate fixed pattern noise due to crystal imperfections. Improvements in processing to prolong cathode or vidicon life are discussed. Certain pyroelectric polymers are described which improve the thermal and spatial resolution relative to that which is achieved with triglycine sulphate as the retina material. In conclusion a short movie will be shown demonstrating state of the art pyroelectric vidicon performance.
Identification of genes for elongation factor Ts and ribosomal protein S2 in E. coli

Abstract The structural gene for elongation factor EF-TS ( tsf ) and that for ribosomal protein S2 ( rpsB ) have been identified in E. coli. Both genes are carried by λ transducing phages that have been isolated as dapD − polC + transducing phages. Synthesis of both S2 and EF-Ts was demonstrated in ultraviolet light-irradiated E. coli cells infected with these phages. Experiments were also done using other transducing phages that carry dapD + but not polC + . The data indicate that both the tsf and rpsB genes map near dapD at about 4 min on the E. coli genetic map. This location is different from the two chromosomal locations, the str-spc region and the rif region, where many ribosomal protein genes, the genes for RNA polymerase components, as well as other elongation factor genes ( fus, tufA, and tufB ) are located.
The CAPTAIN Liquid Argon Neutrino Experiment

The CAPTAIN liquid argon experiment is designed to make measurements of scientific importance to long-baseline neutrino physics and physics topics that will be explored by large underground detectors. The experiment employs two detectors – a primary detector with approximately 10-ton of liquid argon that will be deployed at different facilities for physics measurements and a prototype detector with 2-ton of liquid argon for configuration testing. The physics programs for CAPTAIN include measuring neutron interactions at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, measuring neutrino interactions in medium energy regime (1.5–5 GeV) at Fermilab's NuMI beam, and measuring neutrino interactions in low energy regime (< 50 MeV) at stopped pion sources for supernova neutrino studies.
Automatic target recognition using a multilayer convolution neural network

We present the design of an automatic target recognition (ATR) system that is part of a hybrid system incorporating some domain knowledge. This design obtains an adaptive trade-off between training performance and memorization capacity by decomposing the learning process with respect to a relevant hidden variable. The probability of correct classification over 10 target classes is 73.4%. The probability of correct classification between the target- class and the clutter-class (where clutters are the false alarms obtained from another ATR) is 95.1%. These performances can be improved by reducing the memorization capacity of this system because its estimation shows that it is too large.
Changes in serum and urine amino acids in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis treated with 6-azauridine triacetate.

Abstract Homocystine, β-alanine and significant elevations of methionine, threonine and histidine were found in the serum of seven patients with progressive systemic sclerosis as a result of 6-azauridine triacetate treatment. Substantial increases in urinary β-alanine, β-aminoisobutyrate and homocystine were also observed. Metabolic changes involving inhibition of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes are discussed and suggested as a possible mechanism of these metabolic alterations.
On risk assessment of high level radioactive waste disposal

Abstract Since the first controlled chain reaction, the use of nuclear fission to produce power has grown rapidly. One of the major concerns with the continued growth of the nuclear power industry is the production of the high level radioactive wastes which are by-products of the fission process. The risks associated with the disposal of high level wastes derive from the potential for release of radioactive materials into the environment. The assessment of these risks requires a methodology for risk analysis, an identification of the radioactive sources, and a method by which to express the relative hazard of the various radionuclides that comprise the high level waste. The development of a methodology for risk analysis is carried out after a review of previous work in the area of probabilistic risk assessment. The methodology suggested involves the probabilistic analysis of a general accident consequence distribution. In this analysis, the frequency aspect of the distribution is treated separately from the normalized probability function. In the final stage of the analysis, the frequency and probability characteristics of the distribution are recombined to provide an estimate of the risk. The characterization of the radioactive source term is accomplished using the ORIGEN computer code. Calculations are carried out for various reactor types and fuel cycles, and the overall waste hazard for a projected 35 year nuclear power program is determined. An index of relative nuclide hazard appropriate to problems involving the management of high level radioactive wastes is developed in this work. As an illustration of the methodology, risk analyses are made for two proposed methods for waste management: extraterrestrial disposal and interim surface storage. The results of these analyses indicate that, within the assumptions used, the risks of these management schemes are small compared with natural background radiation doses.
Application of particle-in-cell simulation in free-electron lasers

Particle-in-cell simulation of free-electon lasers has contributed significantly to understanding its physics, especially in the non-linear and multidimensional regimes where analytic theory is rather difficult to formulate. The basic techniques of plasma simulation and the one- and two-dimensional codes used in the simulation of free-electron lasers are discussed in detail. Important results obtained from simulation are presented: It has been found that waves propagating obliquely with respect to the electron beam are always unstable with appreciable growth rates and, therefore, the efficiency of generation of the on-axis high-frequency electromagnetic wave can be severely degraded. Furthermore, electromagnetic waves with group velocities opposite to the direction of electron beam propagation can be absolutely unstable. Complete disruption of the electron beam and laser oscillation due to the onset of the absolute instability have been observed in simulations. Moreover, computer simulation also shows that the absolute instability can be avoided if the parameters of the free-electron laser satisfy certain constraints. The dynamics of nonlinear saturation and the potential efficiency of energy extraction are presented in detail.
Long-term follow-up results of alpha-interferon-based regimens in patients with late chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

Long-term follow-up results of alpha-interferon-based regimens in patients with late chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia
Tradeoffs Between Trust and Survivability for Mission Effectiveness in Tactical Networks

In a military tactical network, maintaining trust among members in a mission group is critical to successful mission completion. However, maintaining high trust among group members in a resource-restricted tactical environment detrimentally reduces system lifetime, which may lead to mission failure or low mission effectiveness. In this paper, we aim to investigate the relationships between group trust and system lifetime [i.e., survivability measuring mean time to mission failure (MTTMF)] and to capture mission effectiveness achieved by the mission group based on the tradeoff between these two goals. We employ a composite trust capturing various angles of trust concept derived from communication, information, and social networks. We take a game theoretic approach using the so called Aoyagi’s game theory, enforcing nodes to exhibit desirable behavior based on reward or penalty given by the system. In designing reward/penalty mechanisms, we adopt the concept of aspiration level, defining success or failure based on a goal set by the system, and prove there exists an optimal trust threshold maximizing both MTTMF (i.e., system lifetime/survivability) and group trust. We devised a mission effectiveness metric based on both the metrics having conflicting goals. We developed an analytical model using Stochastic Petri Nets, and validated the analytical results with simulation results. We conducted comparative performance analyzes of the variations of the proposed scheme with respect to a node’s decision nature (i.e., rational versus altruistic) and trust threshold policy (static versus dynamic) in resource-constrained tactical environments.
Lasercom test and evaluation station for flight-terminal evaluation

Full-up pre-launch characterization of a lasercom terminal's communications and acquisition/tracking subsystems can provide quantitative characterization of the terminal and better realize the benefits of any demonstration. The lasercom test and evaluation station (LTES) being developed at NASA/JPL is a high quality optical system that will measure the key characteristics of lasercom terminals that operate over the visible and near-IR spectral region. The LTES's large receiving aperture will accommodate terminals up to 20 cm. in diameter. The unit has six optical channels and it measures far-field beam pattern, divergence, data rates up to 1.4 Gbps and bit-error rates as low as 10-9. It also measures the output power of the laser-terminal's beacon and communications channels. The 1 kHz frame rate camera in LTES's acquisition channel measures the point-ahead angle of the laser communications terminal to a resolution of 1 (mu) rad. When combined with the data channel detection, the acquisition channel measures acquisition and reacquisition times with a 1 ms resolution.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Constitutional Developments in Foreign Countries During 1910.

In the summary of foreign constitutional developments, published in this REVIEW for August, 1910, some attention was paid to the movements in Hungary and in Prussia for an extension of the suffrage. With respect to these movements it is sufficient now to say that nothing has yet been accomplished. In Prussia there seems to be no immediate prospect of reform; and the Prussian government, relying as it does for support in the Landtag upon the conservative parties which would suffer through an electoral reform, has declined to bring forward any further proposal for the liberalizing of the suffrage.2 In Hungary the Khuen-Hedervwry ministry won the election of June, 1910, largely upon the program of electoral reform, but no project has yet been presented, and the delay is explained on the ground that it is necessary to await the results of the new census which was begun early in 1911. Although no announcements have been made it now seems that Count Andrassy's plan of plural voting will be abandoned, and that the "Magyar character of the Hungarian state" will be preserved by a scheme of apportioning members of the house of representatives in such a way as to give the Magyars a greater power than their numbers would justify.3 The most important constitutional movement of the year in Germany has been that with respect to the proposed reforms in Alsace-Lorraine. The imperial govenment had several times
Anatomical studies of the organization of the spinal V nucleus: the deep bundles and the spinal V tract.

Abstract Many neurons of the spinal V nucleus send their axons into an extensive longitudinal axonal plexus made up of interconnected small bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons (the deep bundles). These bundles run through the entire spinal V nucleus and contain ascending and descending axons. The axons of the bundles emit widely spaced simple collaterals which effectively link up different levels of the spinal V nucleus. The bundles, tightly packed in nucleus oralis, spread out in a looser arrangement in nucleus interpolaris and in the magnocellular layer of nucleus caudalis. They form a distinct band beneath the spinal V tract in the substantia gelatinosa layer of nucleus caudalis. At the level of nucleus interpolaris individual 40 μm diameter bundles contain approximately 1000 axons with myelinated and unmyelinated axons present in an approximate 1:1 relationship. Of the myelinated axons 80–90% are between 0.3 and 1.5 μm in diameter. The bundles are an integral part of the spinal V tract. In nucleus oralis many bundles merge with the spinal V tract so that it is actually thicker than at more rostral levels. Throughout nuclei interpolaris and caudalis, the deep bundles stream out of the spinal V tract and are the major factor responsible for the thinning of the tract in its descent through the medulla. As the spinal V tract descends through nuclei oralis and interpolaris, it harbors an irregular mosaic-like network of gray matter which contains scattered small neurons. The neurons of this network comprise the interstitial nucleus of the spinal V tract originally described in Cajal's Golgi studies. The neuropil of the interstitial nucleus resembles the substantia gelatinosa layer of nucleus caudalis structurally.
Numerical analysis of terahertz plasmonic ring resonators

We report on sub-wavelength THz plasmonic split ring resonators on 2 dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at AlGaN/GaN hetero-interface and on oxide coated high mobility graphene. The investigated in this study guide THz electric field into deep sub-wavelength scale by plasmonic excitations. Propagation of a broadband pulse of EM waves was simulated by using a commercial FDTD simulation tool. The results show that split ring resonator structures can be used to guide THz into deep sub-wavelength down λ/200 and achieve relatively higher quality factors than grating gate devices by plasmonic confinement which can be used for THz detection, filtering and possibly for THz on-chip-spectrometer. Moreover, ring resonator modes supported by system can be tuned with an applied voltage to gratings.
Estimations of Consumer Demand for Local Beef

In this article, we explore the role of local production as an attribute in consumer preferences for beef and attempt to quantify consumers’ purchasing behavior with respect to changes in price. We develop and employ a survey instrument using a randomly selected sample of consumers in Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho. Using data from the survey, we use conjoint analysis to estimate own-price elasticities of demand for beef produced using different production technologies and at different distances from purchase site to place of origin. Results show that consumer demand for beef and beef products is highly elastic, and the implications of this for producers and marketers are explored.
Mulch and organicherbicide combinations for in-row orchard weed suppression

Trials were established at two locations to evaluate weed control provided by mulches and organic herbicides alone or in combination. Mulch treatments included barley straw, pine wood chips, paper, and no mulch (bare-ground control). Herbicide treatments included three organically certified herbicides: lemon grass oil (14% v/v), clove oil (8% v/v), and two rates of acetic acid (10 and 15% v/v). Other treatments included pelargonic acid (7% v/v), glyphosate (1.06 kg ai/ha), and no-herbicide (control). Individual herbicide treatments were applied according to weed pressure and were determined every 7 to 10 days. Herbicide applications were made two and three times in 2009 at Logan and Kaysville, respectively. Treatments were carried out for a second year at both locations with herbicide treatments applied a maximum of four times. A third trial was established in 2010 at Kaysville with four application times. Weed control evaluations were made once a month, and weed population densities were evaluated at the...
Risk and risk reduction involving arginine intake and meat consumption in colorectal tumorigenesis and survival.

Elevated polyamine and nitric oxide levels (both derived from arginine) promote tumorigenesis, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in experimental and epidemiologic studies. We investigated dietary arginine-induced intestinal tumorigenesis and NSAID-inhibitory effects in Apc(Min/+) mice differentially expressing nitric oxide synthase-2 (Nos2). We also studied effects of estimated arginine exposures through meat consumption on tumor characteristics and survival in human CRC cases. Dietary arginine increased high-grade colon adenoma incidence in Apc(Min/+) Nos2(+/+) mice, ut not in Nos2 knockout mice. Additionally, celecoxib suppressed intestinal steady state ornithine decarboxylase RNA levels (p < 0.001), induced steady state spermidine/spermine N-1-acetyltransferase RNA levels (p = 0.002), decreased putrescine levels (P = 0.04) and decreased tumor number in the small intestines of Apc(Min/+) Nos2(+/+) mice (p = 0.0003). Five hundred and eleven cases from our NCI-supported CRC gene-environment study were analyzed based on self-reported meat (as a surrogate for arginine) consumption. Familial CRC cases (n = 144) in the highest meat consumption quartile (Q4) had no statistically significant differences in tumor grade compared to cases in Q1-Q3 (p = 0.32); however, they were observed to have decreased overall survival (OS) (10-year OS = 42% vs. 65%; p = 0.017), and increased risk of death in an adjusted analysis (hazards ratio [HR] = 2.24; p = 0.007). No differences in tumor grade, OS or adjusted HR were observed for sporadic CRC cases (n = 367) based on meat consumption. Our results suggest important roles for arginine and meat consumption in CRC pathogenesis, and have implications for CRC prevention. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Racial disparities and neoclassical economics: The poverty of human capital explanations

Abstract The ascendency of capitalism and the market mechanism have elevated the individual and the assumption of individual responsibility to paramount consideration in policy discussions. Our view of racial disparities has moved more toward a philosophy of individual culpability and away from a social responsibility, at least in part, because of the dominance of neoclassical economics and its adherence to assumptions of individual choice and rationality. This article explored the explanatory power of neoclassical economics, in particular the human capital model.
Evaporation from Three Single‐Compound Phases in Equilibrium

The evaporation paths in a system of three single‐compound phases in equilibrium were calculated using a phase diagram approach assuming the evaporation rate proportional to the compound's vapor pressure and molecular weight. The variation with time of the weight of the individual phases was linear, while the weight fraction was not. The approach allowed a simple calculation of the fraction of remaining compounds after one of them was exhausted during the evaporation and a convenient graphical illustration of the importance of the relative vapor pressures.
Functions and outcomes of a clinical medical ethics committee: a review of 100 consults.

Context: Established in 1997, Summa Health System’s Medical Ethics Committee (EC) serves as an educational, supportive, and consultative resource to patients/families and providers, and serves to analyze, clarify, and ameliorate dilemmas in clinical care. In 2009 the EC conducted its 100th consult. In 2002 a Palliative Care Consult Service (PCCS) was established to provide supportive services for patients/families facing advanced illness; enhance clinical decision-making during crisis; and improve pain/symptom management. How these services affect one another has thus far been unclear. Objectives: This study describes EC consults: types, reasons, recommendations and utilization, and investigates the impact the PCCS may have on EC consult requests or recommendations. Methods: Retrospective reviews of 100 EC records explored trends and changes in types of consults, reasons for consults, and EC recommendations and utilization. Results: There were 50 EC consults each in the 6 years pre- and post-PCCS. Differences found include: (1) a decrease in number of reasons for consult requests (133–62); (2) changes in top two reasons for EC consult requests from ‘Family opposed to withdrawing life-sustaining treatment (LST)’ and ‘Patient capacity in question’ to ‘Futility’ and ‘Physician opposed to providing LST’; (3) changes in top two recommendations given by the EC from ‘Emotional Support for Patient/Family’ and ‘Initiate DNR Order’ to ‘Comfort Care’ and ‘Withdraw Treatment.’ Overall, 88% of recommendations were followed. Conclusion: PCCS availability and growth throughout the hospital may have influenced EC consult requests. EC consults regarding family opposition to withdrawing LST and EC recommendations for patient/family support declined.
Modeling the utility of binaural cues for underwater sound localization.

Abstract The binaural cues used by terrestrial animals for sound localization in azimuth may not always suffice for accurate sound localization underwater. The purpose of this research was to examine the theoretical limits of interaural timing and level differences available underwater using computational and physical models. A paired-hydrophone system was used to record sounds transmitted underwater and recordings were analyzed using neural networks calibrated to reflect the auditory capabilities of terrestrial mammals. Estimates of source direction based on temporal differences were most accurate for frequencies between 0.5 and 1.75 kHz, with greater resolution toward the midline (2°), and lower resolution toward the periphery (9°). Level cues also changed systematically with source azimuth, even at lower frequencies than expected from theoretical calculations, suggesting that binaural mechanical coupling (e.g., through bone conduction) might, in principle, facilitate underwater sound localization. Overall, the relatively limited ability of the model to estimate source position using temporal and level difference cues underwater suggests that animals such as whales may use additional cues to accurately localize conspecifics and predators at long distances.