cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of group performance measures in competitive youth soccer

The longitudinal research design consisted of a first-year (62 games) and a third-year (47 games) study of a male youth soccer team. During the second year (53 games) of the research, a team of players comparable in skill and age was examined to allow a cross-sectional comparison on the team performance measures. The clearest results were significantly different mean numbers of direct and indirect free kicks, and the numbers of goals scored were significantly more variable in the older age group. One higher-order factor and two second-order orthogonal factors were extracted from each data set. The most interpretable factor was termed game domination: high positive factor loadings were from game measures of shots, goals, corner kicks, and game outcome. High negative loadings were from goalkeeper touches of the ball, goalkeeper saves, and goal kicks.
Parametric Study of Operational Shock in Mobile Disk Drives With Disk–Ramp Contact

There has been a significant increase in the demand of hard disk drives (HDD) used in portable devices. High shock resistance is an important requirement for the reliable performance of mobile drives. In this paper we conduct a numerical study to understand the effect of shock parameters on the failure of the head-disk interface (HDI) using a spinning disk model. The results show that the HDD's components have a strong influence on the shock resistance. This study can be helpful in improving the design of HDD components and air bearing sliders for better shock performance.
Dynamic scaling based global output feedback for systems with input uncertainties via a singular perturbation redesign

A general class of uncertain nonlinear systems with time-varying and uncertain state and input delays is considered. The system structure includes a core nominal system of triangular structure along with uncertain appended dynamics driven by the entire state of the system. The control input is allowed to enter non-affinely into the system dynamics as well as to have uncertainties coupled with it. The control design is based on dual controller/observer dynamic high-gain scaling with an additional dynamic scaling based on a singular-perturbation-like redesign to address the non-affine and uncertain nature of the input appearance into the system dynamics. The proposed approach yields a delay-independent robust adaptive output-feedback control design. The only information about the time delays that is required in the control implementation is a bound on the rate of variation of time delays.
Biodiversity and Evolutionary History of †Lophionotus (Neopterygii: †Semionotiformes) from the Western United States

Two species of the neopterygian genus †Lophionotus Gibson, 2013, are described. Specimens of †Lophionotus chinleana, new species, were previously and recently collected from freshwater deposits in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Lisbon Valley, southeastern Utah. †Semionotus kanabensis Schaeffer and Dunkle, 1950, from lacustrine deposits in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation of southwestern Utah, is herein redescribed and attributed to the genus †Lophionotus, based on shared characters, including the infraorbital in the posteroventral corner of the orbit being expanded and contacting the anterior ramus of the preoperculum. Both new species of †Lophionotus are distinct from †L. sanjuanensis Gibson, 2013, in that they lack a postcranial hump, deep body, dense tuberculation, and ventrally expanded preoperculum. The addition of two new species lends to a revised generic description of the genus †Lophionotus. A phylogenetic analysis infers a monophyletic †Lophionotus sister to the genus †Semionotus, an...
The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous Movement: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North

The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous Movement: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North. Patty A. Gray. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 276 pp.
A Linkage Map and Gene Catalog for Escherichia coli

This contribution contains a diagram which illustrates the position of about 460 genes on the circular linkage map of this bacterium. In Figure 1 the inner circle, which bears the time scale from 0 through 90 minutes is based on the results of interrupted conjugation experiments. The map is graduated in 1-minute intervals beginning arbitrarily with zero at the thr locus. Certain parts of the map (e. g., the 9- to 10-minute segment) are displayed on arcs of the outer circle to provide an expanded time scale for crowded regions. The genetic symbols in this figure are defined in Table 1. Markers in parentheses are only approximately mapped at the positions shown. A gene identified by an asterisk has been mapped more precisely than the markers in parentheses, but its orientation relative to adjacent markers is not yet known. The arrows which are placed next to the phoA and argI genes and next to certain operons show the direction of messenger RNA transcription for these loci. The table provides an alphabetical listing of these genes and also shows the various specific enzyme activities and other phenotypic traits ascribed to the loci. In Table 1 the numbers refer to the time scale shown in Figure 1. Parentheses indicate approximate map locations. Citations to the scientific publications containing detailed descriptions of each locus under study are given in Taylor (1970) and Taylor and Trotter (1972). Figure 1 and Table 1 are reproduced with the permission of the American Society for Microbiology.
Two Dimensional Hidden Markov Model

For most block-based image classification algorithms, images are divided into blocks, and decisions are made independently for the class of each block. Choosing block sizes is consequently critical. We do not want to choose a block size too large since this obviously entails crude classification. On the other hand, if we choose a small block size, only very local properties belonging to the small block are examined in classification. The penalty then comes from losing information about surrounding regions. One solution to the conflict is forming a context-dependent classifier, an adaptive approach taken by a large variety of algorithms in signal processing, e.g., trellis coding [60]. How to incorporate “context” into classification is what is of interest to us. Previous work [55, 84] has looked into ways of taking advantage of context information to improve classification performance, such as selecting block sizes dynamically ac cording to context. The improvement achieved demonstrates the potential of context to help classification. In this chapter, a two dimensional hidden Markov model (2-D HMM) is introduced as a general framework for context dependent classifiers.
Novel Animal Models of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. It is now well established that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease preferentially occurring in curved or branched arterial regions, whereas straight parts of the arteries are protected, suggesting a close relationship between flow and atherosclerosis. Animal models of atherosclerosis are an important tool to understand the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and identify new therapies. Various animal models have been used throughout the years, each contributing to scientific progress in the field, including different species such as pigeon, mice, rabbit, pig and nonhuman primates. In many cases, one or a combination of multiple interventions, including genetic manipulation, hypercholesterolemia inducing diets, or surgical interventions are employed to induce atherosclerosis or to accelerate or vary the severity and complexity of the lesions. In recent years, new animal models have been developed to address specific needs in the field of atherosclerosis research. Some of these models use surgical interventions to create a disturbed flow profile, and a few models have used larger animals such as minipigs. While PCSK9 inhibition is being used as a new therapy for lowering cholesterol in hyperlipidemic patients, over-expression of PCSK9 has recently been exploited to induce atherosclerosis in animal models. No animal model can perfectly mimic the process in human disease, however each model may be successfully used to elucidate a particular aspect of the pathophysiology. It is essential to understand the strengths and weaknesses in each model in order to interpret the results as accurate as possible.
Neural coding of perceived odor intensity

Stimulus intensity is a fundamental perceptual feature in all sensory systems. In olfaction, perceived odor intensity depends on at least two variables: odor concentration; and duration of the odor exposure or adaptation. To examine how neural activity at early stages of the olfactory system represents features relevant to intensity perception, we studied the responses of mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) while manipulating odor concentration and exposure duration. Temporal profiles of MTC responses to odors changed both as a function of concentration and with adaptation. However, despite the complexity of these responses, adaptation and concentration dependencies behaved similarly. These similarities were visualized by principal component analysis of average population responses and were quantified by discriminant analysis in a trial-by-trial manner. The qualitative functional dependencies of neuronal responses paralleled psychophysics results in humans. We suggest that temporal patterns of MTC responses in the olfactory bulb contribute to an internal perceptual variable: odor intensity.
Excretion of ether-soluble acids by rats on necrogenic diet with and without supplements of antibiotics.

Summary1. Addition of aureomycin or penicillin to the necrogenic diet showed not effect on the quantity of nitrogen, urea, ammonia, creatinine, hippuric acid or para-aminobenzoic acid excreted in the urine by rate. 2 Most rats on necrogenic diet die of liver necrosis between 30 and 60 days; a few survive. In these rats a statistically significantly higher urinary excretion of either soluble acids was found than in rats treated with aureomycin or penicillin. Chromatograms of these ether-soluble acids indicated that addition of aureomycin or penicillin to the diet but not vitamin E altered the components of these acids in the urine. 3. The ether-soluble acids in the non-hydrolysed urine consists of para-aminobenzoic acid, hippuric acid, methyl malonic acid, α, α-dimethyl succinic acid and at least 2 unidentified acids. Methyl malonic acid forms a la0rge part of the total ether-soluble acids in the non-treated and vit. E-treated animal, and forms a smaller fraction of the acid excretion of the animals receiv...
Tufted Apple Budmoth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Simulation of Within-Season Phenology in North Carolina

In-orchard temperatures and pheromone trap catch data for 21 orchard–year (1976–80) combinations were used to compare the accuracy of physiological time models in simulating and predicting the time intervals between male flight peaks of bivoltine populations of the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), in North Carolina apple orchards. Linear models (degree days) were not accurate within ±1 wk for simulating the time intervals between flight peaks for more than 16 of the 21 orchard–year combinations. A nonlinear model simulates within ±1 wk the interval between flight peaks for 20 of the 21 orchard–year combinations provided that the time of the peak of the first flight is known, the model simulates two generations rather than one, and orchard temperatures are known. The nonlinear model predicts (±1 wk accuracy) second flight peaks several weeks in advance by using actual orchard temperatures during the first 80% of P. idaeusalis development and then using 5-yr (1976–80) average hourly orchard temperatures during the final 20% of development.
Abstract 4846: Genetic variants in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway as indicators of ovarian cancer risk and survival.

Ovarian cancer is the ninth most common cancer in women and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in 2012. Much is known about the correlation between BRCA mutations and ovarian cancer, but less is known about the impact of common, germline genetic variants on ovarian cancer risk and clinical outcomes. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway has major roles in regulation of stem cells and other cellular pathways and has been shown to be involved in the development of several different cancers. Therefore, we examined 434 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in 339 ovarian cancer cases and 349 controls. These variants were then assessed for association with risk and clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer. Sixteen polymorphisms had a statistically significant association with ovarian cancer risk with the most significant association being for rs11668593 in APC2 under the dominant model [odds ratio (OR)=0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.44-0.83]. Unfavorable analysis showed a highly significant cumulative effect of these 16 SNPs on risk (P for trend = 4.22x10−15). In the clinical outcomes analysis, there were eight SNPs that showed an association with ovarian cancer survival. The most significant association with survival was seen for rs11054760 in LRP6 [OR=2.16; 95% CI, 1.33-3.50] which resulted in a poorer survival in patients carrying the heterozygous or homozygous variant genotypes compared to those with the homozygous common genotype. Individuals with the common genotype for rs11054760 had a longer median survival time of 52.7 months compared to only 25.9 months for those with variant containing genotypes (Plog-rank = 3.54x10−4). A gene-dosage effect with a decrease in survival as the number of unfavorable genotypes increased was evident (P for trend = 4.57x10−9). These results implicate genetic variation in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway as having an impact on risk and clinical outcomes of ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Jeanne A. Pierzynski, Michelle AT Hildebrandt, Xifeng Wu, Karen H. Lu, Dong Liang. Genetic variants in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway as indicators of ovarian cancer risk and survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4846. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4846
Looking Backward to Plan for the Future: Collection Analysis for Manuscript Repositories

In recent years several archivists have challenged the profession's approach to collection development as being haphazard, uncoordinated, and random. Collection analysis, the evaluation of the characteristics of a repository's holdings, attempts to systematize and bring more planning to the collecting process. Between 1980 and 1986 three midwestern state historical repositories conducted collection analysis studies—the Minnesota Historical Society, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, and Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Staff members analyzed the manuscript holdings to determine what topics their collections documented, and in what number. The quantified data was reviewed in detail and eventually resulted in the development of new collecting priorities and strategies. The analysis was a useful managerial tool that brought greater consciousness to the collecting process. Its value, however, went beyond individual repositories to foster interinstitutional cooperation.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Risk for Sudden Unexpected Infant Death in Children of Adolescent Mothers: A Qualitative Study

Objective To investigate practices, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding infant sleep among adolescent mothers, a demographic at high risk for sudden unexpected infant death, and to identify novel public health interventions targeting the particular reasons of this population. Study design Seven targeted focus groups including 43 adolescent mothers were conducted at high school daycare centers throughout Colorado. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed, validated, and then analyzed in NVivo 10. Validation included coding consistency statistics and expert review. Results Most mothers knew many of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for infant sleep. However, almost all teens reported bedsharing regularly and used loose blankets or soft bedding despite being informed of risks. Reasons for nonadherence to recommendations included beliefs that babies are safest and sleep more/better in bed with them, that bedsharing is a bonding opportunity, and that bedsharing is easier than using a separate sleep space. The most common justifications for blankets were infant comfort and concern that babies were cold. Participants' decision making was often influenced by their own mothers, with whom they often resided. Participants felt that their instincts trumped professional advice, even when in direct contradiction to safe sleep recommendations. Conclusions Among focus group participants, adherence with safe sleep practices was poor despite awareness of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. Many mothers expressed beliefs and instincts that infants were safe in various unsafe sleep environments. Future study should investigate the efficacy of alternative educational strategies, including education of grandmothers, who have significant influence over adolescent mothers.
Effects of functional electrical stimulation on motor function of lower extremity of cerebral palsy children with spastic diplegia

Objective:To study the clinical effects of functional electrical stimulation(FES) for improving lower extremity functional performance in cerebral palsy(CP) children with spastic diplegia. Method:Thirty-nine CP patients(aged 24—60 months) with spastic diplegia were randomly divided into FES group(n=21) and control group(n=18) . The patients in FES group received combination treatment of 12-week rehabilitation training and FES during first 6 weeks,while those in control group were only treated with 12-week rehabilitation training. Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS) ,range of motion(ROM) of ankle and the gross motor function measure(GMFM) were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the 6th and 12th week of treatment course respectively. Result:MAS decreased and GMFM scores increased in both groups at the end of 6th and 12th week of treatment(P0.05 or 0.01) . In FES group ROM of ankle significantly increased at the end of the 6th and 12th week of treatment,while in control group increased only after 12 weeks of treatment(P0.01) . Compared with control group,MAS and ROM of ankle and GMFM scores in FES group patients significantly improved at the end of 6th and 12th week of treatment(P 0.01) . Conclusion:FES is an effective therapeutic method for improving lower extremity motor function in CP children with spastic diplegia.
Respiratory function score guided ventilator weaning in patients with respiratory failure

Objective To estimate the efficacy of respiratory function score(RFS) guided ventilator weaning in mechanical ventilated patients with respiratory failure. Methods By a prospective control study,85 patients with acute respiratory failure who had received endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation were randomly divided into two groups : RFSguided 3-4 as A group(n=44),and RFS-guided 5-6 as B group(n=41). 40 patients were selected as traditional control group(n=40). The RFS-guided groups underwent ventilator weaning by guidance of RFS 3-4 and 5-6. The traditional group underwent ventilator weaning by ordinary way. The total mechanical ventilation time,direct weaning success rate,re-intubation rate,and ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP) incidence rate were observed. Results The total mechanical ventilation time in the RFS-guided 5-6 B group and the RFS-guided 3-4 A group was(4.91±0.87)d and(5.11±1.10)d,respectively. Both of them were significantly lower than that of traditional group(P0.05).The direct weaning success rate in the RFS-guided 5-6 B group was significant lower than the RFS-guided 3-4 A group(95.45%) and traditional group(100%,P0.05). The re-intubation rates of A group,B group and control group were 0,4.88% and 0,respectively.VAP incidence rate in traditional group was 27.5%,significant higher than that of the RFS-guided 5-6 B group and the RFS-guided 3-4 A group(P0.05)..Conclusions Mechanical ventilator weaning of patients with respiratory failure under RFS guidance is safe and feasible.RFS 3-4 guided ventilator weaning can significantly improve the therapeutic effect. It is worth of clinical promotion.
Time- and order-dependent changes in functional and NO-mediated dilation during exercise training.

Lash, Julia M., and H. Glenn Bohlen. Time- and order-dependent changes in functional and NO-mediated dilation during exercise training. J. Appl. Physiol.82(2): 460–468, 1997.—Arterial vessel respon...
Pigmentation in African American skin decreases with skin aging

Background Tristimulus colorimetry, which uses the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* model to quantify color, has previously been used to analyze pigmentation and erythema in human skin; however, colorimetry of African American skin is not well characterized. Objective We sought to analyze skin color patterns in African Americans and compare them with those of Caucasians. Methods Colorimetry readings of the sun-protected buttock and sun-exposed back of forearm were taken from 40 Caucasian and 43 African American participants from March 2011 through August 2015. African American participants also completed a lifestyle questionnaire. Correlation coefficients, paired t tests, and multivariable linear regression analyses were used for statistical comparisons. Results Forearm skin was lighter in African Americans ages 65 years and older versus 18 to 30 years ( P = .02) but darker in Caucasians ages 65 years or older versus 18 to 30 years ( P = .03). In African Americans ages 18 to 30 years, the buttock was darker than the forearm ( P P Limitations Our study was limited by the sample size and focal geographic source. Conclusions Pigmentation patterns regarding sun-protected and sun-exposed areas in African Americans may differ from that of Caucasians, suggesting that other factors may contribute to skin pigmentation in African Americans.
“Fallen Fairies”: Sir W. S. Gilbert on the New Savoy Opera; Amusing Reminiscences

Conversing with the representative of the Daily Telegraph, while the chorus and orchestra were being taken by Mr German2 through some of the delightful and very characteristic numbers which he has written for Fallen Fairies, Sir W. S. Gilbert recalled the production of the original Haymarket version,3 and described some interesting reminiscences. When The Wicked World was produced there was a prologue, which had to be spoken by Buckstone in front of the curtain. Unfortunately the famous comedian suffered from a defective memory, besides being very deaf, and for the life of him he could not remember the words of the prologue. The prompter’s voice failed to reach him, and so the actor was hardly able to complete a single line of the verses without going up close to the wings and repeating the words after the prompter. ‘It was a hopeless fiasco’, said the author, recalling the incident, ‘but fortunately Buckstone remembered his lines right enough once the play was started.’
Authoritarian Regimes and Economic Sanction Effectiveness: The Case of North Korea

North Korea has been under several rounds of economic sanctions since the beginning of the Korean War in 1950. Economic coercion, however, has had no major effect on the Kim regime’s political stability and nuclear program. Drawing from the literature on the survival of authoritarian regimes and sanction effectiveness, this article focuses on key domestic policies the regime has employed to survive foreign pressure. I posit that Pyongyang has been able to remain defiant against foreign pressure through the use of two main domestic strategies: positive inducements and repression. I specifically argue that the North Korean regime has evaded the negative effects of sanctions by offering selective rewards to the small ruling coalition in exchange for loyalty and quelling opposition through the total surveillance of society and efficient institutions of repression. The analysis suggests that neither comprehensive economic sanctions targeting the entire economy nor selective sanctions aiming at the ruling elites have been fully successful in achieving the ambitious goals of regime change and denuclearization in North Korea. Extensive sanctions might have even done more harm than good by further worsening the dire living conditions of ordinary citizens. The U.S. and other major sanctioning countries should have instead sought alternative policies to empower average citizens to create a strong domestic opposition pushing for political liberalization and other reforms. Selective sanctions targeting the regime’s nuclear and military capabilities could still be useful to slow down the development of advanced nuclear weapons and contain aggressive state behavior.
Dynamic unified RANS-LES simulations of high Reynolds number separated flows

The development of hybrid RANS-LES methods is seen to be a very promising approach to enable efficient simulations of high Reynolds number turbulent flows involving flow separation. To contribute to further advances, we present a new, theoretically well based, dynamic hybrid RANS-LES method, referred to as DLUM. It is applied to a high Reynolds number flow involving both attached and separated flow regimes: a periodic hill flow is simulated at a Reynolds number of 37 000. Its performance is compared to pure LES, pure RANS, other hybrid RANS-LES (given by DLUM modifications), and experimental observations. It is shown that the use of this computational method offers huge cost reductions (which scale with Re/200, Re refers to the Reynolds number) of very high Reynolds number flow simulations compared to LES, it is much more accurate than RANS, and more accurate than LES, which is not fully resolved. In particular, this conclusion does also apply to the comparison of DLUM and pure LES simulations on rather c...
A review of Fast Policy: Experimental Statecraft at the Thresholds of Neoliberalism By Jamie Peck and Nik Theodore.

The idea of fast policy regimes, first appearing in Jamie Peck’s 2002 article published in no other than this journal, has been influential in shaping the agenda of the emergent research of policy ...
Arts infusion and literacy achievement within underserved communities: A matter of equity

AbstractThere is ample evidence that arts added to the K-12 curriculum can have many positive learning impacts. Nevertheless, many states do not promote such instruction as an integral part of classroom plans. For particular schools with underserved populations, arts-enhanced curricula can be a powerful learning tool. Beyond arts integration, arts infusion methodologies woven into teachers' classroom instruction use art to help students who may be struggling with learning access information in a more tangible way. This article provides a case study of how drama-based pedagogy was used in a school serving an underserved population. After exposure to the arts infusion technique, these elementary school students scored dramatically higher on standardized tests for language skills. The outcome provides a strong argument for arts infusion as a classroom tool.
Optimal stomatal behavior with competition for water and risk of hydraulic impairment.

For over 40 y the dominant theory of stomatal behavior has been that plants should open stomates until the carbon gained by an infinitesimal additional opening balances the additional water lost times a water price that is constant at least over short periods. This theory has persisted because of its remarkable success in explaining strongly supported simple empirical models of stomatal conductance, even though we have also known for over 40 y that the theory is not consistent with competition among plants for water. We develop an alternative theory in which plants maximize carbon gain without pricing water loss and also add two features to both this and the classical theory, which are strongly supported by empirical evidence: (i) water flow through xylem that is progressively impaired as xylem water potential drops and (ii) fitness or carbon costs associated with low water potentials caused by a variety of mechanisms, including xylem damage repair. We show that our alternative carbon-maximization optimization is consistent with plant competition because it yields an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)—species with the ESS stomatal behavior that will outcompete all others. We further show that, like the classical theory, the alternative theory also explains the functional forms of empirical stomatal models. We derive ways to test between the alternative optimization criteria by introducing a metric—the marginal xylem tension efficiency, which quantifies the amount of photosynthesis a plant will forego from opening stomatal an infinitesimal amount more to avoid a drop in water potential.
Destabilization of the PCNA trimer mediated by its interaction with the NEIL1 DNA glycosylase.

The base excision repair (BER) pathway repairs oxidized lesions in the DNA that result from reactive oxygen species generated in cells. If left unrepaired, these damaged DNA bases can disrupt cellular processes such as replication. NEIL1 is one of the 11 human DNA glycosylases that catalyze the first step of the BER pathway, i.e. recognition and excision of DNA lesions. NEIL1 interacts with essential replication proteins such as the ring-shaped homotrimeric proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA). We isolated a complex formed between NEIL1 and PCNA (±DNA) using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). This interaction was confirmed using native gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Stokes radii measured by SEC hinted that PCNA in complex with NEIL1 (±DNA) was no longer a trimer. Height measurements and images obtained by atomic force microscopy also demonstrated the dissociation of the PCNA homotrimer in the presence of NEIL1 and DNA, while small-angle X-ray scattering analysis confirmed the NEIL1 mediated PCNA trimer dissociation and formation of a 1:1:1 NEIL1-DNA-PCNA(monomer) complex. Furthermore, ab initio shape reconstruction provides insights into the solution structure of this previously unreported complex. Together, these data point to a potential mechanistic switch between replication and BER.
Security Beyond Secrecy

Cybersecurity is changing rapidly as strategies based on secrets are losing traction on the massively interconnected and distributed Internet. This article explores emerging roles for education of cybersecurity professionals and cyber citizens and other new approaches to enhancing security. The article suggests 13 sources of insecurity that prompt new security perspectives, and how each offers an invitation to improve cybersecurity education and operations.
Strategies for Crime Reduction in Public Housing

Many recent studies have revealed that not only are residents of public housing the most vulnerable segment of the American population in terms of criminal victimization, but that even in projects where the actual incidence of crime is not high, a great fear of crime prevails, especially among the elderly tenants. There is general consensus among crime prevention experts that crime reduction programs in public housing must utilize an integrated set of measures, including: (1) physical design, security hardware, and maintenance improvements by management; (2) increased organization of tenants around crime prevention issues; (3) employment of unemployed tenants--both youths and adults--on the rehabilitation of their projects; (4) establishment of on-site crisis intervention and other social service programs; (5) better cooperation between public housing security personnel and the local police; and (6) more public-private agency investment in the upgrading of public housing projects and their surrounding neighborhoods. The Department of Housing and Urban Development's two-year, $ho million Anti-Crime Demonstration in Public Housing launched in 1979 is the first attempt by the Federal government to wage such a comprehensive attack on crime and its attendant problems in our nation's most neglected residential areas. Crime and Fear of Crime in Public Housing Crime statistics, citizens' reported fear of crime, and the altered behavior that this fear engenders all point to crime as a social issue of great magnitude in the United States today. Since the early 1960's, the rate of all serious crimes (murder, rape, burglary, robbery, aggravated assault, grand larceny, and auto theft) has doubled, and that of violent crimes (murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery) has risen even faster. The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration in the Department of Justice, however, maintains that official police statistics reflect less than half the total number of crimes committed (McVeigh, 1978). Moreover, not all segments of the American population are equally vulnerable to criminal victimization; numerous studies sponsored by the Department of Housing and Urban Development have made the point that residents of lowand medium-income public housing developments are the hardest hit. A 1977 Law Enforcement Assistance Administration study, for example, revealed that while the incidence of robbery nationally was approximately 6.5 cases per 1,000 population, the number of robberies in selected public housing projects ranged from 21.8 cases per 1,000 population at Cincinnati's Millvale project to 114.1 cases per 1,000 population at Baltimore's Murphy Homes project. Similarly, while the incidence of assaults nationally was approximately
Adaptation Resources for Agriculture: Responding to Climate Variability and Change in the Midwest and Northeast

Changes in climate and extreme weather are already increasing challenges for agriculture nationally and globally, and many of these impacts will continue into the future. This technical bulletin contains information and resources designed to help agricultural producers, service providers, and educators in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the United States integrate climate change considerations and action-oriented decisions into existing farm and conservation plans. An Adaptation Workbook provides producers a flexible, structured process to identify and assess climate change impacts, challenges, opportunities, and farm-level adaptation tactics and continuously evaluate adaptation actions for improving responses to extreme and uncertain conditions. A synthesis of Adaptation Strategies and Approaches serves as a “menu” of potential responses organized to provide a clear rationale for making decisions by connecting planned actions to broad adaptation concepts. Responses address both short- and long-range timeframes and extend from incremental adjustments of existing practices to major alterations that transform the entire farm operation. Example adaptation tactics—prescriptive actions for agricultural production systems common in the region—for each approach guide producers, service providers, and educators to develop appropriate responses for their farms and location. Four Adaptation Examples demonstrate how these adaptation process resources are used.
Maternal intention to breast-feed and breast-feeding outcomes in term and preterm infants: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2000-2003.

Objective To determine the effect of intention to breastfeed on short-term breastfeeding outcomes in women delivering term and preterm infants
National Rates of Initiation and Intensification of Antidiabetic Therapy Among Patients With Commercial Insurance

OBJECTIVE Prompt initiation and intensification of antidiabetic therapy can delay or prevent complications from diabetes. We sought to understand the rates of and factors associated with the initiation and intensification of antidiabetic therapy among commercially insured patients in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using 2008–2015 commercial claims linked with laboratory and pharmacy data, we created an initiation cohort with no prior antidiabetic drug use and an HbA1c ≥8% (64 mmol/mol) and an intensification cohort of patients with an HbA1c ≥8% (64 mmol/mol) who were on a stable dose of one noninsulin diabetes drug. Using multivariable logistic regression, we determined the rates of and factors associated with initiation and intensification. In addition, we determined the percent of variation in treatment patterns explained by measurable patient factors. RESULTS In the initiation cohort (n = 9,799), 63% of patients received an antidiabetic drug within 6 months of the elevated HbA1c test. In the intensification cohort (n = 10,941), 82% had their existing antidiabetic therapy intensified within 6 months of the elevated HbA1c test. Higher HbA1c levels, lower generic drug copayments, and more frequent office visits were associated with higher rates of both initiation and intensification. Better patient adherence prior to the elevated HbA1c level, existing therapy with a second-generation antidiabetic drug, and lower doses of existing therapy were also associated with intensification. Patient factors explained 7.96% of the variation in initiation and 7.35% of the variation in intensification. CONCLUSIONS Approximately two-thirds of patients were newly initiated on antidiabetic therapy, and four-fifths of those already receiving antidiabetic therapy had it intensified within 6 months of an elevated HbA1c in a commercially insured population. Patient factors explain 7–8% of the variation in diabetes treatment patterns.
Ultrafine-Grain Ceramics from Melt Phase

An ultrafine dispersion of two or more oxide phases can be produced by controlled cooling of a melt. The mechanism by which this dispersion is formed can vary, depending upon whether glass formation is possible in the system. In the case where a glass does not form in the system, coupled growth of oxide eutectics is possible. Planar or rod-like eutectic microstructures result. Conditions for producing such microstructures in selected oxide systems will be discussed. In the case where a glass does form in the system, formation of a crystalline phase may be possible. The formation of crystalline phases may occur by one mechanism or a combination of several mechanisms; metastable liquid-liquid separation, unstable liquid-liquid separation, metastable formation of a crystalline phase, stable formation of a crystalline phase. The particle size and shape of the resulting crystalline phase is dependent upon the mechanism. The effect of the mechanism of formation on the microstructure will be discussed.
The Influence of Ultradian Autonomic Rhythms, as Indexed by the Nasal Cycle, on Unilateral Olfactory Thresholds

Cyclic side-to-side variations in the autonomic tone of the nasal mucosae produce corresponding changes in nasal patency. This 90 minute to 4 hour “nasal cycle” is correlated with a number of ultradian rhythms, including asymmetries in left:right cerebral EEG activity and differential performance on visual/spatial psychological tasks (Eccles, 1978; Klein et al., 1986; Werntz et al., 1984). Several authors have proposed that the nasal cycle is part of an overall physiological rhythm known as the Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC). Thus, relatively greater airflow through the left nasal chamber is associated with the ‘REST’ phase of the BRAG and relatively greater airflow through the right nasal chamber is associated with the ‘ACTIVITY’ phase of the BRAC. During the ‘REST’ phase of the BRAC there is a preponderance of right hemispheric EEG activity, a spatial cognitive mode, and a parasympathetic predominance in the stomach, intestines, and other unpaired body organs. During the ‘ACTIVITY’ phase of the BRAG, greater left EEG hemispheric activity, a verbal cognitive mode, and sympathetic predominance in unpaired organs occurs (Kennedy et al., 1986).
Current Perspectives on Linking School Bullying Research to Effective Prevention Strategies

In the prevention literature, the terms “primary,” “secondary,” and “tertiary” refer to specific prevention and intervention strategies designed to reduce problem behavior in youth. Perhaps the most widely recognized model that embraces this three-tiered model is Positive Behavior Supports (PBS; Sprague & Golly, 2004; Sprague & Walker, 2005). PBS is a systems-based, behaviorally focused prevention and intervention set of strategies designed to improve educational outcomes and social development for all students. PBS models illustrate that approximately 80% of students will need primary prevention strategies, 15% will need secondary prevention strategies, and 5% will need tertiary prevention strategies. Applied to the problem of bullying, the goal of primary prevention is to reduce the number of new cases of bullying. The idea is that through wholeschool and classroom-wide strategies, new incidents of bullying can be curtailed. Fifteen percent of students will need secondary prevention strategies designed to reduce engagement in bullying. These might be the students who are involved in bullying as a bystander or students who are involved in bullying less frequently or less severely. Finally, tertiary prevention strategies are designed for the 5% of students who are involved in frequent and intense bullying behaviors. These are the students who might have concomitant psychological problems (i.e., depression and anxiety) as a result of their involvement in bullying behaviors (Craig, 1998; Kaltiala-Heino et al., 2000; Kumpulainen et al., 2001; Swearer et al., 2001). The goal of tertiary prevention is to reduce complications, severity, and frequency of bullying behaviors. While not an exhaustive list, Figure 17.1 outlines three bullying prevention and intervention initiatives that illustrate the three PBS tiers. A description of these three initiatives will be provided in the next section of this chapter.
Photoemission Study of Chemisorption on Metals

Recent advances in the application of photoemission spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet wavelength range (UPS) have made significant contributions to the study of the interactions of gases and vapors with metal surfaces. Characterization of the surface electronic structure using UPS has proved to consist mainly of the following three general categories of information. (1) The chemical fingerprint of the electronic structure of the clean or chemisorbed surface, (2) Information on the nature of electron excitations and charge transfer, and (3) Information on the combination of molecular orbitals and metal electrons contributing to the formation of surface chemical bonds. In addition, interpretation of UPS measurements is greatly enhanced by combined measurements with other types of measurement of electron structure together with data on surface chemical composition and surface crystallography. Useful advances have also been made in the study of kinetics of chemical rearrangements and reactions on metal surfaces. In addition to the use of fixed-energy photon sources based on the excitation emission of inert gases such as helium, argon and neon, synchrotron radiation from electron storage rings has made it possible to study the important effects of photon frequency and polarization. Typical examples of these uses for the microscopic and atomistic study of metals are discussed.
The Role of Ethics in Legal Writing: The Forensic Embroiderer, the Minimalist Wizard, and Other Stories

This article analyzes courts' reactions to unprofessionalism in lawyers' writing. The lawyers' errors included poor research, misstatements about the law, misrepresentation of facts, poor analysis, plagiarism, and lack of civility. Consequences for the lawyers ranged from reproaches to fines and even disbarment. For an update to this article, see Pleasing the Court: Writing Ethical and Effective Briefs (Carolina Academic Press 2005).
Precarious craft: a feminist commodity chain analysis

It is common in do-it-yourself (DIY), craft and craftivism circles to uncritically celebrate female-gendered labours. An almost-essential component of DIY-craft narratives in developed countries po...
Parametric Decompositions of Monomial Ideals

This chapter deals with another case of monomial ideals with a reasonable algorithm for computing m-irreducible decompositions. These are the monomial ideals I with monomial radical \({\text {m-rad}}\left( I\right) \) equal to the ideal \(\mathfrak {X}\) generated by all the variables in R. See Section for properties of the monomial radical; the exercises of that section are particularly relevant.
Completion Rate and Reporting of Mandatory Pediatric Postmarketing Studies Under the US Pediatric Research Equity Act.

Importance Many medicines prescribed to children have not been studied or formally approved for pediatric use. The Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003 authorized the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to require pediatric clinical studies. Objective To evaluate the characteristics, completion rate, and transparency of study design and results for mandatory pediatric postmarketing studies required under the Pediatric Research Equity Act. Design and Setting A retrospective cohort study was conducted of pediatric postmarketing studies required for new drugs and new indications approved by the FDA between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2014, with follow-up through December 1, 2017. Information on the status, design, and results of pediatric studies was obtained from publicly available FDA databases and ClinicalTrials.gov, direct communication with the FDA, and searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed publications. Main Outcomes and Measures Characteristics and transparency of pediatric studies, results reporting (in ClinicalTrials.gov, peer-reviewed literature, or FDA documents), and availability of pediatric information in drug labels. Rates and times to study completion were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results Between 2007 and 2014, the FDA approved 114 new drugs and new indications for already approved drugs that were subject to Pediatric Research Equity Act requirements. These drugs were associated with 222 required pediatric postmarketing clinical studies. Overall, 75 pediatric studies (33.8%) were completed as of December 1, 2017. The rates of completion were significantly lower for efficacy studies (38 of 132 [28.8%]) compared with pharmacokinetic studies (19 of 34 [55.9%]; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.12-0.82). Information on randomization, blinding, comparator, end point, and study size could not be identified for 74 studies (33.3%), and no reason for discontinuation was provided for 29 of the 42 discontinued studies (69.0%). Among the completed studies, the results were reported for 57 (76.0%). At the time of approval, 18 of 114 drug approvals (15.8%) had any pediatric efficacy, safety, or dosing information in their labels. After a median duration of follow-up of 6.8 years (interquartile range, 4.7-9.1 years), 47 of 114 of drug labels (41.2%) had any pediatric information. Conclusions and Relevance Only 33.8% of mandatory pediatric postmarketing studies have been completed after a median follow-up of 6.8 years, and most drug labels do not include information important for pediatric use. To improve evidence-based prescribing of medicines to children, more timely completion of pediatric drug studies is needed.