cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gephyrocapsa protohuxleyi sp. n. a possible phyletic link and index fossil for the Pleistocene

Abstract Gephyrocapsa protohuxleyi McIntyre, a new coccolith species from the upper Pleistocene of the Atlantic may be a phyletic link between Coccolithus huxleyi and the Gephyrocapsa complex. Its startigraphic range from approximately 0.095 to 1.20 × 10 6 years B.P. and wide geographic distribution make it potentially useful as an indicator fossil since its last occurrence coincides with the onset of the youngest glacial stage.
Silicon in synthesis: use of the highly nucleophilic trimethylsilyallyl anion for the synthesis of steroidal 17-spiro-γ-lactones

Abstract Trimethylsilylallylzinc chloride 2 (M  ZnCl) reacts with 17-ketosteroids to give adducts 4 that can be converted into 17-spirolactones.
Hydrocephalus as a possible additional contributor to cognitive outcome in survivors of pediatric medulloblastoma.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between shunted hydrocephalus and intellectual, memory and academic functioning in a group of survivors of pediatric medulloblastoma. Methods: Data from measures of cognitive, memory, academic and visual–motor functioning were gathered retrospectively from 35 survivors. Of these survivors, 10 (28.6%) required ventriculoperitoneal-shunt placement for hydrocephalus posttumor resection. Results: Results revealed that participants with shunted hydrocephalus demonstrated significantly lower IQs, lower nonverbal intellectual functioning, lower academic skills in writing and math, and impairments in visual–motor abilities when compared with those without shunt. Conclusions: These results highlight the need to explore other variables—in addition to radiation and chemotherapy—as risk factors for neurocognitive impairments in survivors. Furthermore, identification of physiological substrates underlying these deficits is needed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Inappropriate distribution of medicines by professionals in developing countries.

This paper discusses the contribution of medical professionals to the inappropriate medication usage in developing countries. It reviews descriptive studies of medication use theoretical models on the interventions in pharmacies and evaluation of various interventions from Brazil Mexico Peru Ghana Pakistan India and Indonesia. These studies examined the medication use for diseases including childhood diarrhea respiratory infections malaria and arthritis major causes of child and adult morbidity in developing countries. Based on these studies a more complex and accurate rendition of the multiple influences on prescribing and question on the standard assumptions on the uniformity of determinants across different types of biomedical treatments were presented. They start to answer questions on the cross-cultural applicability of interventions designed in the US. Also these studies helped identify the difference in perception among medical professionals from developing countries and from the US on the concept of rational drug use . The paper includes recommendations to correct the inappropriate use of medicine in developing countries.
Level of Bonding to School and Perception of the School Environment by Bullies, Victims, and Bully Victims:

Commitment and attachment to school and perception of school norms were examined in a sample of sixth, seventh, and eighth graders to determine whether bullies, victims, bully victims, and students who reported no or low levels of bullying and victimization differed in their level of bonding to school and their perceptions of standards and expectations for behavior in the school environment (protective factors). Risk factors for bullying were also examined. Results of a discriminant analysis demonstrated differences among the groups on the measures of risk and protective factors and perception of school norms. The grouping of variables differentiated between the comparison group and the bully, victim, and bully victim groups on a dimension of healthy functioning indicated by low risk for bullying and an investment in prosocial behaviors and beliefs. The results have implications for schools in promoting prosocial bonding through the development of academic, emotional, and social competence.
On the Radiative Balance of the Stratosphere

The zonally averaged radiative balance of the stratosphere based on the measured temperature structure and gas concentrations available from the LIMS instrument is examined in detail. These data are extant for seven months (November 1978 to May 1979). The contribution to the net radiative balance due to the individual components of solar heating and longwave cooling is discussed. These components are further broken down by individual gas constituent to understand the role each gas plays in determining the total radiative heating/cooling. The deficiencies of employing a latitudinally and temporally independent Newtonian damping coefficient are also explored. In particular, the Newtonian damping time is shown to vary by a factor of two in both latitude and season. Net zonally averaged stratospheric radiative heating for the seven months of LIMS data are presented. These net heating rates are important in determining the role of advective transport of chemical constituents. An important feature that appears in the derived radiative heating is the existence of a region of net radiative cooling near the equatorial stratopause.
Influence Functions for the Coefficient of Variation, Its Inverse, and CV Comparisons

Expressions are found for the influence function of the coefficient of variation, CV, and its reciprocal, the signal to noise ratio. These functions are free of units, which permits the comparison of the values of the CVs of continuous positive distributions to a perturbation by a small amount of probability at x. For a CV ≤0.5, the influence function response will be negative, of modest size, for values of x near E(X). For such values of a CV and of x, the influence function for 1/CV will be positive and its values will be substantial. These results imply similar behavior by the sample coefficient of variation or its reciprocal, which is supported by simulation studies in the literature. Values of the CV ≥1 are associated with large negative responses of their influence functions. The distributions producing such responses often have densities that decrease from positive infinite to zero on the positive axis with a long tail to the right. An influence function for the difference of two coefficients of va...
Angiographic coronary morphology in survivors of cardiac arrest.

Abstract Autopsy studies in victims of sudden coronary death revealed intramyocardial platelet aggregates with microscopic myonecrosis downstream from ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Ruptured plaques usually manifest angiographically as irregularly bordered (type II) lesions. To investigate the possible pathogenic role of ruptured plaques in arrhythmic death, we analyzed clinical, angiographic, and electrophysiologic data from 49 survivors of cardiac arrest without acute myocardial infarction. All patients had ≥50% stenoses of ≥one coronary artery; 16 had type II morphology, and 33 did not. Type II morphology was more prevalent in patients without inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardla (11 of 22 or 50%) than in those with it (five of 27 or 19%), p p
A colorimetric reaction to quantify fluid mixing

We found the colorimetric reaction of Tiron (1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid) and molybdate suitable for optical quantification of chemical reaction during fluid–fluid mixing in laboratory chambers. This reaction consists of two colorless reagents that mix to rapidly form colored, stable, soluble products. These products can be digitally imaged and quantified using light absorbance to study fluid–fluid mixing. Here we provide a model and equilibrium constants for the relevant complexation reactions. We also provide methods for relating light absorbance to product concentrations. Practical implementation issues of this reaction are discussed and an example of imaged absorbances for fluid–fluid mixing in heterogeneous porous media is given.
Novel bladder augmentation in a bilateral single system vaginal ectopia

A 3-month-old girl presented with total urinary incontinence along with small bladder and bilateral single-system vaginal ectopic ureters [BSSVEU]. Bladder augmentation was done with dilated ureters (ureterocystoplasty) based on proximal blood supply of the ureters.
Kinetic properties of single sodium channels modified by fenvalerate in mouse neuroblastoma cells.

(1) The kinetic properties of single sodium channels modified by the pyrethroid fenvalerate have been analyzed by patch clamp techniques using the cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. (2) Fenvalerate drastically prolonged the open time of single sodium channels from the normal value of 5 ms to several hundred milliseconds during a depolarizing pulse. The channels remained open after termination of a depolarizing pulse for as long as several seconds. (3) The channel lifetime varied with the membrane potential, attained a maximum at −70 mV, and decreased with hyperpolarization and depolarization from −70 mV. (4) Prolonged openings of the modified channels allowed a current-voltage curve for a single channel to be plotted by sweeping a ramp pulse. The single channel conductance had a value of 11 pS and was linear over potentials ranging from 0 to −100 mV. (5) Power density spectral analysis of the open channel current noise indicated a single Lorentzian curve with a cut-off frequency at 90 Hz, indicating that the increase in noise during channel opening resulted from a relatively slow kinetic process. (6) The probability of the channel being modified by fenvalerate was independent of the length of time during which the channel was opened. This observation suggests that channel modification had taken place before the channel opened. This study of the prolonged opening at the single channel level provides a new insight into open channel properties and the kinetics of channel modification.
Eustatic Low Stand of Sea Level between 125,000 and 105,000 B.P.: Evidence from the Subsurface of Barbados, West Indies

Brown micritic crusts occur at an elevation of 32 m below sea level in a borehole on the central west coast of Barbados, West Indies. The crusts are developed throughout a 2- to 3-m-thick interval of fore-reef skeletal wackestone that formed as part of a reef complex 125,000 B.P. Overlying the crust-bearing section is quartz-bearing skeletal grainstone containing clasts of the crust. The crusts formed in a subaerial environment during a low stand of sea level after deposition of the 125,000-B.P. reef. The overlying quartz-bearing grainstone is an ancient beach deposit that formed during the initial stages of the rise in sea level that culminated in the known 105,000-B.P. high stand. We estimate that the elevation of the low-stand sea level between 125,000 and 105,000 B.P. was −71 ± 11 m relative to present sea level. A sea-level fluctuation of this magnitude must be associated with an intense glacial event.
Effect of intravenous β-sympathomimetic tocolysis on human fetal serum erythropoietin levels

Objective: The major stimulus for erythropoietin production is tissue hypoxia. We sought to investigate the relationship of β-sympathomimetic administration for tocolysis and fetal serum erythropoietin. Study Design: Umbilical cord blood was obtained from infants whose mothers received intravenous β-sympathomimetic tocolysis and who were delivered at ≤34 weeks' gestation. Serum erythropoietin was measured by radioimmunoassay. On the basis of the presumed 2- to 4-hour half-life of fetal erythropoietin, the infants were divided into two groups. In group 1 ( n = 16) β-sympathomimetic therapy was discontinued n = 11) it was discontinued ≥24 hours before delivery. Results: Group 1 fetuses had significantly higher erythropoietin levels than did group 2 fetuses (37.3 vs 13.9 mU/ml, p = 0.02). The duration of β-sympathomimetic tocolysis and the maximum infusion rate were not different. The two groups did not differ in gestational age, birth weight, route of delivery, presence of labor, or duration of first or second stage of labor. Conclusions: We speculate that intravenous R-sympathomimetic tocolytic therapy stimulates fetal erythropoietin production by decreasing fetal oxygenation as a result of the reversible fetal metabolic effects of the tocolysis. These data suggest that β-sympathomimetic tocolysis should be undertaken cautiously if fetal compromise is suspected, fetal well-being should be assessed carefully if tocolysis is undertaken, and treatment should be discontinued promptly if a clear benefit is not realized.
The Heisenberg inequality for the discrete Fourier transform

This is a very basic property of the Fourier transform on the real line proved by H. Weyl and W. Pauli by using the two most basic tools of analysis: integration by parts and Schwarz’s inequality. A nice account is given in [3]. The account in [2] stops short of using Fourier language and this step is taken in [3]. Sometimes a more complicated looking expression is given but it is easy to reduce the more general case to the one above. Interest in these topics runs in areas ranging from quantum mechanics, where Heisenberg formulated it first, to signal processing where D. Gabor, see [9], may have been the first one to state it. On the other hand, these considerations underlie a lot of the work of C. Shannon and the remarkable series of papers by different combinations of D. Slepian, H. Landau, and H. Pollak. For a nice survey of this work see [11]. There are even applications of this same idea in tomography, [1], where one sees that the conflict between spatial and contrast resolution is governed by the same mathematical limitations. The issue of picking good sampling schemes is discussed in [17]. Of a more recent vintage is a beautiful paper by D. Donoho and P. Stark [8]. Here one introduces two subsets P and Q in physical and frequency space, respectively, and then the main characters are the operator of “time limiting”, i.e., restricting a function in physical space to the set P and the operator of “band limiting” which cuts off all the frequencies outside the set Q. The crucial ingredient in [8] is the observation that the norm of the operator PQ is properly bounded.
Accelerated Tumor Proliferation Rates in Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy

AbstractPurpose: We compared the growth rates of primary cancer and prostatic fossa recurrence after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Tumor proliferative rates were studied in 26 patients with biopsy proved prostatic fossa recurrences after radical prostatectomy. Proliferation was calculated in the prostatectomy specimens and in recurrent cancer using Ki-67 antibody to detect dividing cells.Results: Mean and median labeling indexes for radical prostatectomy specimens were 2.96 and 2.51, respectively. Labeling indexes in locally recurrent tumors were significantly higher (mean 6.47, median 5.59, p <0.001). The increase in labeling index between parent and recurrent tumors was unrelated to pathological staging at prostatectomy or interval from radical prostatectomy.Conclusions: Tumors that recur locally after radical prostatectomy appear to have a higher proliferative rate compared to parent tumors.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of foregut duplication cysts: the value of demonstrating detached ciliary tufts in cyst fluid.

BACKGROUND The management of foregut duplication cysts is controversial, especially in asymptomatic patients. The safety and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS-fine-needle aspiration EUS-FNA) in confirming the nature of cysts by using electron microscopy (EM) has not been reported. In this study, the authors describe the utility of demonstrating detached ciliary tufts (DCTs) in the diagnosis of foregut duplication cysts with EUS-FNA. METHODS Consecutive patients with suspected mediastinal masses or mediastinal cysts on imaging studies were evaluated prospectively by EUS and EUS-FNA. Cyst fluid was examined by routine cytologic techniques. In two patients, EM was performed to confirm the nature of DCTs. RESULTS Ten consecutive patients were evaluated with EUS and EUS-FNA. Seventy percent of the cysts were characterized by computed tomography (CT) scans as solid masses. The mean greatest cyst dimension measured 34 mm × 48 mm by EUS. Microscopic examination of the cyst content revealed mucinous material, cellular debris, and DCTs. The latter were seen in routine cytologic preparations and by EM. Patients were followed up to a median of 321 days. Due to EUS-FNA confirmatory diagnoses of foregut duplication cysts, none of the patients except 1 underwent surgical resection after developing pneumonia 6 months later. Histologic sections of the resected specimen confirmed the presence of (foregut cyst, bronchogenic type). All other patients were asymptomatic. Cysts size and nature did not change on repeated imaging studies. CONCLUSIONS EUS was superior compared with CT scanning in characterizing foregut duplication cysts. EUS-FNA is safe and accurate in the diagnosis of foregut duplication cysts. The demonstration of DCTs in cyst fluid and the absence of malignant cells confirmed the benign nature of these lesions, allowing conservative and expectant management for these patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Spray-dried blood cells as a partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

.— The objective of this study was to evaluate growth of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (81.4 mm initial length and 6.4 g initial weight) fed a diet containing 47.5% herring meal (FM diet) and a test diet containing 34.5% herring meal and 8.75% spray-dried animal blood cells (SBC diet). Both diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (48.5 and 48.0% protein) and isocaloric (3,977 and 3,927 kcal DElkg). At the end of the 12-wk feeding trial, differences in growth rate and feed conversion ratios were not statistically significant between the two dietary treatments. Apparent crude protein digestibility was 89.7% for the SBC diet and 88.1% for the FM diet. Apparent net protein utilization and iron retention values were not different, but phosphorus retention was higher for fish fed the SBC diet. Whole body iron content of the fish decreased in both groups from 23.3 mg/ kg in an initial sample to 16.5 mg/kg in fish fed the FM diet and 18.4 mg/kg in fish fed the SBC diet at the end of 12 wk. The diet containing 8.75% SBC replaced 27.4% of the crude protein supplied by herring meal, and it had 22.7% less total phosphorus (P) than the fishmeal diet. The cost of gain for the FM diet was $0.508/kg gain compared to $0.512/kg gain for the SBC diet.
Effect of Extended Irrigation and Host Resistance on Deoxynivalenol Accumulation in Fusarium-Infected Wheat

Deoxynivalenol (DON) levels are not easily predicted from visual disease assessment, and it is thought likely that environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture influence DON accumulation. This field study examined the influence of environmental moisture on DON accumulation in Fusarium-infected wheat (Triticum aestivum). The effect of extended mist irrigation applied from inoculation (at anthesis) until harvest was compared with mist irrigation applied from inoculation until disease assessment (at early dough), as is generally applied in screening nurseries used for germplasm selection and cultivar improvement. DON concentrations were quantified in kernels at early dough, hard dough, kernel hard, and maturity. Kernels from plots with extended mist irrigation generally had lower DON concentrations than those from plots where mist irrigation was not applied following disease assessment. DON concentrations tended to decrease from disease assessment until harvest, regardless of the irrigation treatment. DON concentrations in the cultivars moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight were lower than those in the susceptible cultivar. Environmental moisture is an important factor determining the DON content of Fusarium-infected wheat.
Sport as Ritual: Interpretations from Durkheim to Goffman

The thesis is presented that sport is an important societal phenomenon because of its ritualistic overtones. The significance of sport as a ritual is based on the status of the athlete as exempla y role incumbent with power to mediate between the individuals zoho comprise the audience and the moral order of the community. Theoretical support is derived by a synthesis of Durkheim's social theoy of religion and Gofian's theo y of interaction ritual. Sporting incidents singled out and applauded by the media as examples of heroic action are used to support the idea that athletes are significant social figures because they are capable of representing important societal values, i.e., courage, gameness, integrity, and poise.
A flexible polymer tube lab-chip integrated with microsensors for smart microcatheter.

A flexible polymer tube lab-chip integrated with physical and biochemical sensor modules mounted on a flexible spiral structure for measuring physiological (temperature/flow rate) and metabolic data (glucose concentration) in a catheter application was designed, fabricated and characterized in this work. This new approach not only provides a unique way to assemble multiple sensors on both the inside and outside the flexible polymer tube using standard microfabrication methods while avoiding wiring and assembling problems associated with previous methods, but also maintains catheter inherent lumen potency for in situ drug delivery or insertion of medical tools. Three well-known sensors: temperature sensor (RTD), flow rate sensor (hot film anemometry) and glucose biosensor (amperometric sensor) have been successfully fabricated and fully integrated outside the spirally rolled polymer tube (ID = 500 μm, OD = 650 μm) of this demonstration device. The fabricated sensors showed good performances not only in a planar configuration but also in a spirally rolled configuration. This flexible micro tube lab-chip system provides a generic platform for developing patient-specific “smart” microcatheters that incorporate microsensors, microactuators, microfluidic devices and wireless signal communication modules that are tailored for the patients’ unique condition.
VAPOR PHASE TREATMENT OF PCE IN A SOIL COLUMN BY LAB-SCALE ANAEROBIC BIOVENTING

Abstract Microbial destruction of highly chlorinated organic compounds must be initiated by anaerobic followed by aerobic dechlorination. In-situ dechlorination of vadose zone soil contaminated with these compounds requires, among other factors, the establishment of highly reductive anaerobic conditions in the unsaturated subsurface. Such conditions may be established by delivering appropriate gas mixtures to the subsurface, i.e., “anaerobic bioventing”. The gas must include an electron donor. This study was conducted as a feasibility study for anaerobic bioventing, using tetrachloroethene (PCE) as a test contaminant and H2 as the electron donor. Using a soil column inoculated with anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria, to simulate the vadose zone, experimental results showed that by passing a gas composed of 1% H2 and >0.1% CO2 in N2, methanogenic conditions were established and that PCE (fed as a vapor in the gas stream) was rapidly converted with terminal products vinyl chloride (VC) and trans-dichloroethene (trans-DCE). PCE half life in the column was 7 min, while parameter estimation yielded a first order PCE degradation rate kPCE, of 0.098 min−1. Intermediate products detected but not accumulated in the column were trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE). The high dechlorination rates observed for PCE make anaerobic bioventing an attractive method that can potentially be integrated in an in-situ remediation process to treat contaminated soils in the unsaturated zone.
A Complement-Dependent Model of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Induced by Antibodies Reactive with Endothelial Cells

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an immunologically mediated disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and pathologic changes in various organs, including the kidney, which are secondary to widespread thromboses. Central to TTP is platelet activation, which may occur from a variety of mechanisms, including endothelial cell activation or injury. In this study, injection of K6/1, a monoclonal antibody with widespread reactivity toward endothelia, led to dose-dependent thrombocytopenia in rats. This was magnified if animals were preimmunized with mouse IgG, thereby resulting in an accelerated autologous phase of injury. In this setting, significant anemia also resulted. Rats injected with K6/1 developed renal injury, consisting of tubular damage and glomerular thrombi. Thrombocytopenia and renal morphological abnormalities were eliminated if animals were complement depleted with cobra venom factor prior to K6/1 injection and worsened when the activity of the ubiquitous complement regulator Crry was inhibited with function-neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, we have developed a complement-dependent model of TTP in rats by injecting monoclonal antibodies reactive with endothelial cells. Antibody-directed complement activation leads to stimulation of platelets, through direct interactions with complement fragments and/or indirectly through endothelial cell activation or injury, with the subsequent development of TTP.
A polymorphism in the regulatory region of the corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in relation to cortisol secretion, obesity, and gene-gene interaction.

In recent years, a considerable body of evidence has emerged regarding the pathogenic role of cortisol in abdominal obesity. The regulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene might play an essential role because it is the primary hypothalamic neuropeptide involved in the control of adrenal secretion of cortisol. Therefore, we examined the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function by repeated salivary samples for the assessment of cortisol as well as other endocrine, anthropometric, metabolic, and circulatory variables in middle-aged Swedish men (n = 284). With the restriction enzyme XmnI, a variant in the 5'-flanking region of the CRH gene was identified (T255G). The observed genotype frequencies were 89.9% and 9.7% for T/T and T/G, respectively. Only 1 subject was homozygous for the rare allele (0.4%; G/G). The results showed that the XmnI polymorphism of the CRH gene is not associated with an altered cortisol-secretory pattern or sensitivity to glucocorticoids or with obesity and its related metabolic and circulatory perturbations. However, when the interaction effect between a previously described TthlllI glucocorticoid-receptor gene polymorphism and the present XmnI CRH polymorphism was investigated, the cortisol levels before and during physiologic stress and the total diurnal cortisol secretion were significantly increased among subjects who were carriers for both variants. From these results, we conclude that an abnormal production rate of the CRH gene product in the presence of an inadequate glucocorticoid receptor density might lead to elevated cortisol levels.
Synthesis and properties of conjugated enyne polysulfones

High-molecular-weight polysulfones that contained 1,3-enyne linkages in the polymer backbone were prepared by the reaction of potassium salts of (E)-1,3-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-buten-3-yne and 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl with 4,4′-dihalodiphenylsulfones in DMSO-sulfolane solvent mixtures. The polymers were soluble in methylene chloride and exhibited intrinsic viscosities as high as 0.74 (in DMAC at 30°C) with glass transition temperatures ranging from 179 to 214°C. It was postulated that on heating the polymers would cure via a intramolecular cycloaddition reaction to from a 2-phenylnaphthalene fused ring system along the polymer backbone. Thermal analytical data studies on cured polymer films and investigations of the products obtained from the thermal reactions of model compounds indicated that the primary curing reaction was intermolecular rather than intramolecular in nature. Additional data from testing fabricated composites indicated that the enyne polysulfones have suitable properties for use as high-temperature thermoplastic composite materials.
CAD framework initiative—a user perspective

The author presents an overview of the CAD Framework Initiative (CFI) from a user's perspective. CFI is an industry consortium whose charter is to define interface standards that facilitate integration of design automation tools and design data for the benefit of end users and vendors worldwide. Integration problems faced by CAD users are introduced, followed by a discussion of the concept of a CAD framework. CFI's role in the evolution toward framework standardization is described. Specifically highlighted are key demonstrations of CFI's progress that have been conducted at the Design Automation Conference. End user benefits and expectations with respect to CFI are discussed. >
Control of terrestrial low frequency bursts by solar wind speed

Using WIND spacecraft data from the WAVES, SWE, and MFI experiments for the period from January through July, 1995, we show that the occurrence of the terrestrial low frequency (LF) radio bursts is controlled primarily by the solar wind speed. A possible secondary factor in determining the occurrence of the bursts is the direction of the IMF in the x-y plane, with the ‘toward’ direction (By< 0) favored. The correlation with bulk speed suggests, on a gross scale, a viscous-like coupling mechanism between the solar wind and the magnetosphere. In terms of the nature of the solar wind correlation, terrestrial LF bursts strongly resemble the Earth's AKR and Jovian quasi-periodic bursts.
Kinetic self-stabilization of a stepped interface: growth into a supercooled melt

Abstract We investigate the effect of anisotropic kinetics on the morphological stability of a pure material growing at constant velocity into a supercooled melt. The kinetic anisotropy is based on the motion of elementary steps and the stability of a planar interface with respect to the formation of macrosteps or step bunching is considered. Kinetic anisotropy and capillarity stabilize the interface, while the temperature gradient in the melt is destabilizing. Linear stability calculations for dislocation and nucleation controlled growth of salol indicate that anisotropic kinetics provides stabilization for sufficiently low growth velocities for crystals of practical dimensions. Although the critical crystal size depends on the growth velocity, for materials like salol, instability may occur for dimensions larger than tens of centimeters, while for materials like germanium the critical size is less than a centimeter.
What causes ψ suppression in Pb+Pb collisions?

Abstract A reexamination of hadronic comover scattering indicates that this mechanism cannot explain the observed ψ suppression in Pb+Pb interactions. The possibility of quark-gluon plasma formation is therefore considered. Implications for RHIC and LHC are also discussed.
Insertion of electrophilic phosphorus into cyclopropanes; a new synthesis of phosphatanes

Abstract Electrophilic phosphorus reagents such as [(Cl)(i-Pr2N)P]+ [AlCl4]− and PhPCl2/AlCl3 are found to insert into monocyclic cyclopropanes to yield phosphetanes. The utility of this new method is demonstrated by synthesizing the first phosphetanes bearing phenyl substituents at carbon.
Defining the Role of Surgery for Primary Gastrointestinal Tract Melanoma

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the outcomes for primary gastrointestinal melanomas (PGIM).
An automatic microcode generator for high level language machines

Abstract This paper discusses an automatic microcode generator for a microprogrammable system controller in a high level language processor. The architecture of a machine to directly controller in a high level language processor. The architecture of a machine to directly execute programs in a high level language is also discussed. The microcode generator takes the description of the language to be implemented and generate the microcode to directly execute programs in that language.
Where Do We Stand? Testing the Foundation of a Shared Site Intergenerational Program

Abstract Shared site intergenerational care programs provide ongoing services simultaneously to old and young community members at a single facility, thereby, meeting the care needs of multiple generations. However, they face the challenge of sustainability common to all community-based programs. We employed the results management model to identify program elements that may enhance or inhibit sustainability of intergenerational programming at a shared site facility involving a child development lab school and adult day services program. The 4-step results management approach is a strengths-based model that supports community capacity and achievement of community and program goals. The current paper describes the first step in the results management approach, mapping the terrain, which involves gathering evidence of community needs and strengths. Focus groups were conducted with eleven staff members from both programs after a 4-month intergenerational program. The focus groups targeted the needs and streng...
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability and ab initio calculations for chlorocarbonyl isocyanate

The Raman (2500—10 cm−1) and infrared (2600—50 cm−1) spectra of chlorocarbonyl isocyanate, CIC(O)NCO, were recorded for the gas and solid. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid was recorded and qualitative depolarization values were obtained. The observed bands were assigned in terms of the more stable trans conformer (isocyanate grouptrans to the carbonyl bond) and less stable cis conformer. A conformer pair observed at 788 and 636 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum of the gas (775 and 634 cm−1 for the liquid) and assigned to the cis and trans COCI rock, respectively, was used to determine experimentally a ΔH value of 254 ± 48 cm−1 (726 ± 137 cal mol−1) and 230 ± 28 cm−1 (658 ± 80 cal mol−1) for the gas and liquid, respectively. In the far-infrared spectrum of the gas, a series of three Q-branches beginning at 83 cm−1 was observed and assigned to the fundamental torsional transition and two excited states transitions for the trans conformer. Using these three transitions and the experimentally determined ΔH value, a potential function was obtained for the interconversion of the two conformers with the following coefficients (in cm−1): V1 = −330 ± 50, V2 = 1025 ± 70, and V3 = 67 ± 40 and a trans to cis barrier of 1230 ± 150 cm−1 (3.52 ± 0.43 kcal mol−1) and a torsional frequency for the cis conformer of 69 ± 2 cm−1. The barrier to internal rotation and fundamental vibrational frequencies which were determined experimentally were compared with those obtained from ab initio Hartree—Fock gradient calculations utilizing the 6-31G* basis set. These results are compared with some previous results on this molecule.
Scientist or humanist: Two views of the military surgeon in literature

Surgeons have often been portrayed in literature on one of two extremes: the cold, distant scientist or the benign, caring humanist. Two characters in American literature who illustrate those extremes, both surgeons in the military, are Herman Melville's Cadwallader Cuticle and Richard Hooker's Hawkeye Pierce. Cuticle is interested only in the science of his craft, while Pierce maintains the compassion so central to the art of healing, even in the midst of war.
Phytochemicals of apple peels: isolation, structure elucidation, and their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Red Delicious apple peels was used to determine the chemical identity of bioactive constituents, which showed potent antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. Twenty-nine compounds, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids and plant sterols, were isolated using gradient solvent fractionation, Diaion HP-20, silica gel, and ODS columns, and preparative HPLC. Their chemical structures were identified using HR-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. Antiproliferative activities of isolated pure compounds against HepG2 human liver cancer cells and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were evaluated. On the basis of the yields of isolated flavonoids (compounds 18- 23), the major flavonoids in apple peels are quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (compound 20, 82.6%), then quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside (compound 19, 17.1%), followed by trace amounts of quercetin (compound 18, 0.2%), (-)-catechin (compound 22), (-)-epicatechin (compound 23), and quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside (compound 21). Among the compounds isolated, quercetin (18) and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (20) showed potent antiproliferative activities against HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, with EC 50 values of 40.9 +/- 1.1 and 49.2 +/- 4.9 microM to HepG2 cells and 137.5 +/- 2.6 and 23.9 +/- 3.9 microM to MCF-7 cells, respectively. Six flavonoids (18-23) and three phenolic compounds (10, 11, and 14) showed potent antioxidant activities. Caffeic acid (10), quercetin (18), and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (21) showed higher antioxidant activity, with EC 50 values of <10 microM. Most tested flavonoids and phenolic compounds had high antioxidant activity when compared to ascorbic acid and might be responsible for the antioxidant activities of apples. These results showed apple peel phytochemicals have potent antioxidant and antiproliferative activities.
Influence of environmental factors on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation by Pseudomonas cepacia isolated from peat

A Pseudomonas cepacia, designated strain BRI6001, was isolated from peat by enrichment culture using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as the sole carbon source. BRI6001 grew at up to 13 mM 2,4-D, and degraded 1 mM 2,4-D at an average starting population density as low as 1.5 cells/ml. Degradation was optimal at acidic pH, but could also be inhibited at low pH, associated with chloride release from the substrate, and the limited buffering capacity of the growth medium. The only metabolite detected during growth on 2,4-D was 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and degradation of the aromatic nucleus was by intradiol cleavage. Growth lag times prior to the on-set of degradation, and the total time required for degradation, were linearly related to the starting population density and the initial 2,4-D concentration. BRI6001, grown on 2,4-D, oxidized a variety of structurally similar chlorinated aromatic compounds accompanied by stoichiometric chloride release.
Information Literacy Instruction for Community Members: An Academic Partnership with a Community Nonprofit Organization

Research is accelerating in fields such as autism, resulting in new information being published and made available on the web almost daily. Advocates and caregivers for persons with disabilities are typically too old to have been “born digital” and often do not have the skills necessary to efficiently locate and effectively evaluate information found on the web. By learning information literacy skills, advocates can locate and evaluate information in order to be effective caregivers. The focus of this column is the creation of an information literacy workshop aimed at helping health consumers find information about disability-related issues.
Is Growth Hormone Resistance/IGF-1 Reduction Good for You?

GH, IGF-1, and insulin are emerging as important and independent mediators of tumor development and aging. Two recent studies report that humans with GH-receptor deficiency are protected from developing cancer through alterations in GH, IGF-1, and insulin signaling, decreasing the susceptibility of cells to DNA damage and abnormal proliferation.
Computational studies of H5N1 hemagglutinin binding with SA-α-2, 3-Gal and SA-α-2, 6-Gal

For influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin, a switch from SA-α-2, 3-Gal to SA-α-2, 6-Gal receptor specificity is a critical step leading to the conversion from avian-to-human to human-to-human infection. Therefore, the understanding of the binding modes of SA-α-2, 3-Gal and SA-α-2, 6-Gal to H5N1 hemagglutinin will be very important for the examination of possible mutations needed for going from an avian to a human flu virus. Based on the available H5N1 hemagglutinin crystal structure, the binding profiles between H5N1 hemagglutinin and two saccharide ligands, SA-α-2, 3-Gal and SA-α-2, 6-Gal, were investigated by ab initio quantum mechanics, molecular docking, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that SA-α-2, 3-Gal has strong multiple hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions in its trans conformation with H5N1 hemagglutinin, whereas the SA-α-2, 6-Gal only shows weak interactions in a different conformation (cis type).
The Quality Assurance and Improvement Workforce in Social Services: An Exploratory Examination

Quality assurance and improvement (QA/I) professionals are in pivotal positions in their organizations, yet almost nothing is known about this workforce in the social services. This exploratory study examines a small sample of QA/I professionals at private, nonprofit social service agencies. Findings reveal that most QA/I professionals are well educated, seasoned clinicians and many are social workers. However, many lack research skills and formal QA/I training. Accreditation frequently led them to their QA/I role, and none started their career to become a QA/I professional. Social work programs should consider career paths in QA/I and develop training curricula for these professionals.
PRIORITIZING THE MANY MEASURES OF SUCCESS IN OUTSOURCED DESIGN

Companies that develop new products increasingly outsource design, a trend that has prompted much concern but little prescription on how best to manage such projects. One challenge is the lack of understanding of what constitutes success in outsourced design. To provide clarity, this paper identifies academic and practical perspectives on success from the literature as well as our own interviews with design consultants and consulting clients, organizes the perspectives into a typology featuring seven distinct dimensions of success, and then prioritizes the key success measures using a survey of 194 additional practitioners. The results suggest that past research has generally focused on the wrong success measures, overstating the impact of problems during development and the relative importance of return on investment, and omitting key measures such as working relationship quality, project value, and client satisfaction. Not all success measures are well correlated; a project may do very well on some but poorly on others. While each measure has it merits, client satisfaction appears to be a promising summary measure.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Wide temperature operation of a VCSEL pumped 355nm frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser

We have fabricated prototype frequency tripled Nd:YAG lasers using 808nm Vertical Cavity Surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays for end-pumping. The passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser generated 15mJ pulses with a duration of 2-4 ns. Used as a source for third harmonic generation, the laser produced in excess of 2mJ at 355nm. Of particular concern was the impact of temperature variation on conversion efficiency, which included effects for both the source laser and non-linear crystals. Various solutions to the temperature effects were explored to enable operation of the frequency tripled laser over a wide temperature range.
Transition of amorphous magnesium ammonium phosphate to a crystalline state in rat urinary calculi induced by L-forms ofProteus mirabilis

Rat urinary bladder stones produced by injections into the kidneys of L-forms ofProteus mirabilis deposit initially as amorphous magnesium ammonium phosphate. The stones formed three weeks after infection give either no X-ray diffraction rings or a few broad diffuse diffraction rings. Their composition was determined from infrared spectroscopy by comparing their complete IR spectra to standard spectra. Stones obtained six, seven and eleven weeks after infection by the same organism gave strong single-crystal X-ray diffraction patterns of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite). This represents the firstin vivo study showing the chronological development of crystallinity in urinary calculi from amorphous precursors.
Characterization of sizing layers and buried polymer/sizing/substrate interfacial regions using a localized fluorescent probe

A novel technique is described to investigate buried polymer/sizing/substrate interfacial regions, in situ, by localizing a fluorescent probe molecule in the sizing layer. Epoxy functional silane coupling agent multilayers were deposited on glass microscope cover slips and doped with small levels of a fluorescently labeled silane coupling agent (FLSCA). The emission of the grafted FLSCA was dependent on the silane layer thickness, showing blue-shifted emission with decreasing thickness. The fluorescent results suggest that thinner layers were more tightly bound to the glass surface. The layers were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). When the FLSCA-doped silane layers were immersed in epoxy resin, a blue shift in emission occurred during resin cure, indicating the potential to study interfacial chemistry, in situ. Thicker silane layers exhibited smaller fluorescence shifts during cure, suggesting incomplete resin penetration into the thickest silane layers.
Rigidity Constraints in Amorphization of Multiply-Polytopic Multiply-Connected Ceramic Structures

The ease with which ceramic structures amorphize under displacive radiation is considered from the point of view of connectivity and the consequent topological constraints which impose rigidity on the original atomic arrangement. These constraints define a measure of topological freedom to rearrange which has been shown previously to correlate with measured energy deposition density during ion-induced amorphization. That earlier assessment of topological freedoms is extended here to include more complex connectivities and is shown to be representable in an analytical form which reflects the progressive destruction of topological constraints.
Pediatric soft tissue sarcomas of nonmyogenic origin

Nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS) are relatively rare tumors, which nonetheless constitute 50% of the soft tissue sarcomas seen in the pediatric population. The prognosis for these tumors is good, with 92% of patients in our series alive and 61% free of their disease at 5 years follow-up. The most important prognostic factor among our 35 patients was the grade of the tumor. More than 70% of our patients with grade I or II lesions are disease-free at 5 years, compared to only 39% of patients with grade III lesions. The patients with the best outlook are those who can be treated with surgery alone as the definitive care for this disease. Resection remains the primary treatment modality in NRSTS, whereas, unlike the treatment of rhabdomyosarcomas, the value of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in treating NRSTS remains undefined. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.