cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smartphone-based Compression-Induced Scope with Temperature Sensor for Inflammatory Breast Cancer Screening

The Smartphone-based Compression-induced Scope (SCIS) is a mobile device designed to sense the mechanical properties of tumors. Here, an SCIS system with an infrared temperature (SCIS-T) sensor is developed. The color and texture information of target skin are extracted from the SCIST images using a color-based edge detection technique and a texture filter. This new system provides mechanical properties (size, elasticity) of the inclusion as well as the skin surface (color, temperature, texture) characteristics. The application of this system is in the identification of inflammatory breast cancer, which is characterized by color, texture, and temperature change. The device is tested using chicken breast phantoms with embedded silicone inclusion.
Influence of a Backward-Facing Step on Swept-Wing Boundary-Layer Transition

Experimental measurements were performed on a swept flat-plate model with an airfoil leading edge and imposed chordwise pressure gradient to determine the effects of a backward-facing step on transition in a low-speed stationary crossflow-dominated boundary layer. Detailed hot-wire measurements were performed for three step heights ranging from 36 to 49% of the boundary-layer thickness at the step and corresponding to subcritical, nearly critical, and critical cases. In general, the step had a small localized effect on the growth of the stationary crossflow vortex, whereas the unsteady disturbance amplitudes increased with increasing step height. Intermittent spikes in instantaneous velocity began to appear for the two larger step heights. A physical explanation was provided for the mechanism leading to transition and the sudden movement in the transition front due to the critical steps. The large localized velocity spikes, which ultimately led to an intermittent breakdown of the boundary layer, were the result of nonlinear interactions of the different types of unsteady instabilities with each other and with the stationary crossflow vortices. Thus, the unsteady disturbances played the most important role in transition, but the stationary crossflow vortices also had a significant role via the modulation and the increased amplitude of the unsteady disturbances.
Effects of infant transportation on lower extremity joint moments: Baby carrier versus carrying in-arms

Abstract Background The act of babywearing is recognizably a task of load carriage and has gained popularity among millennial caregivers. Research Question The implications of babywearing on lower extremity joint moments of the caregiver are still unknown during prolonged transport and a direct comparison of babywearing to carrying an infant in-arms has not been previously conducted. Methods Eighteen females participated in this study by performing 3 conditions: a) 3 min walking unloaded (UL), b) 15 min walking while carrying a mannequin infant in-arms (IA), and c) 15 min walking while wearing a mannequin infant in an anteriorly positioned baby carrier (BC). Two separate data analyses were conducted using a repeated measures ANOVA. First, UL compared to the initial minute of walking for IA and BC. Second, UL compared to the final minute of walking for IA and BC. Results During initial minute comparisons, both IA and BC conditions increased joint moments in the frontal and sagittal plane at the knee with no change at the ankle and hip. During final minute comparisons, IA maintained the increases in the knee frontal plane joint moments observed during initial minute comparisons but also increased at the hip; however, BC generally showed no statistical difference from UL. Carrying an infant in a baby carrier more closely resembles unloaded walking, while carrying an infant in-arms appears to increase the mechanical load placed on the knee and hip joints in the frontal plane through an increase in joint moments. Significance During prolonged transportation, caregivers might choose to employ a baby carrier as opposed to carrying an infant in-arms, as in-arm carriage increases the loading knee abduction moment by 8.7% and the loading knee extension moment by 16.7%.
Glucocorticoids Target Ependymal Glia and Inhibit Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord

Following injury, the mammalian spinal cord forms a glial scar and fails to regenerate. In contrast, vertebrate fish spinal cord tissue regenerates significantly to restore function. Cord transection in zebrafish (Danio rerio) initially causes paralysis and neural cell death. Subsequently, ependymal glia proliferate, bipolar glia extend across the lesion, and new neurons are born; axons from spared and nascent neurons extend along trans-lesional glial bridges to restore functional connectivity. Here we report that glucocorticoids, used in the clinical management of spinal cord injury, directly inhibit neural repair by targeting ependymal glia independently of hematogenous cells and microglia. After transecting injury, the glucocorticoid receptor in ependymal glia is regulated differentially in zebrafish (becoming inactive) vs. the rat (becoming active). Glucocorticoid blockade of neural regeneration via a direct effect on ependymal glia has important therapeutic implications for the putative benefit of corticosteroids in early management of spinal cord injury.
Perceptual theories that emphasize action are necessary but not sufficient

Theories that make action central to perception are plausible, though largely untried, for space perception. However, explaining object recognition, and high-level perception generally, will require reference to representations of the world in some form. Nonetheless, action is central to cognition, and explaining high-level perception will be aided by integrating an understanding of action with other aspects of perception.
An Analysis of Peer Presence Social Group Dynamics to Enhance Player Engagement in Multiplayer Games

In this paper, we seek to identify game design paradigms that enhance the player experience for multiplayer games in regards to engagement and immersion through social group dynamic emphasized level design based on peer presence. In order to identify these paradigms, we developed a 2D platform game consisting of several scenarios designed to invoke different sub-categories of peer presence social group dynamics such as group cohesion, peer pressure, leader-observer social identity role distribution and black sheep effects. We argue that risk and reward core game mechanics can be carried out or reinforced by the social group dynamics phenomena. A group of participants was monitored through gameplay, and administered surveys prior to, as well as following the game experience.Our study successfully found game design patterns which highlight specific behaviors within group dynamics, especially group cohesion and time-sensitive decision making with regards to peer pressure, which, compared to the single-player control group, increase players engagement and immersion during multiplayer gameplay. Our investigations into these player behavior patterns aim to help game designers enhance player experience in multiplayer games.
Criteria for the prevalence of grain boundary sliding as a deformation mechanism

Abstract Grain boundary sliding (GBS) is an important deformation mechanism that is known to activate at high temperatures, low strain rates, and for materials with small grain sizes. While crystalline slip has been extensively studied, investigations of GBS has been mostly restricted to nanocrystalline materials and loading in high-temperature environments. This study is aimed at improving our understanding of deformation mechanism relationships, specifically those between slip transmission and GBS, by examining interactions between mechanisms in high-purity aluminum with a through-the-specimen-thickness grain structure. Digital image correlation experiments are performed to measure 2D strains, which are used to resolve individual slip bands and the onset of grain boundary sliding. Onset of GBS is observed in the first loadstep (the first loadstep was collected just after macroscopic yield), which suggests that the mechanism is driven by high stress as opposed to only being active to accommodate large values of plastic strain. Further, GBS is observed in cases where slip impingement is present, as well as at boundaries that do not interact with obvious slip events. A temperature-dependent crystal plasticity model is used to study the constitutive response, which is then compared to full-field strain response experimentally obtained at the microscale-level. From this analysis, it is determined that a combination of the resolved shear stress at the grain boundary plane and boundary straightness form a set of criteria for predicting sliding propensity. These results improve the sophistication and accuracy of deformation modeling by establishing a set of criteria to describe the GBS mechanism.
Abstract 841: Loss of S-nitrosylation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Leads to Cardiovascular Dysfunction With Aging

Nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosothiol (SNO) have cardiovascular-protective properties and we have shown that one mechanism is through SNO-modification of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (...
Population Assessment and Habitat Use of Brown Trout Following Severe Overwinter Predation from Common Mergansers in a Western New York Stream

Heavy predation by Mergus merganser (Common Merganser) during severe winters of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 resulted in substantial reductions of wild Salmo trutta (Brown Trout) in open-water, groundwater-fed reaches of Oatka Creek in western New York State. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation considered the need for habitat manipulation to reduce the severity of future overwinter-predation by mergansers in Oatka Creek Park (OCP) but lacked data to make an informed decision. Thus, this study sought to estimate population abundance, density, and year-class distribution of Brown Trout; quantify the availability of cover and habitat; and identify habitat features used by Brown Trout in OCP. We recorded data for 100 Brown Trout (101–512 mm TL) during spring 2016, autumn 2016, winter 2017, and spring 2017. Despite the absence of mergansers in ensuing warmer winters, trout population indices decreased as the study continued, likely affected by high streamflow during sampling events. Year-class distributions typical of a small stream, however, suggest that the population is recovering. Velocity refuges and structural cover were the primary factors determining habitat selection. Large woody debris was the most favored cover type by all Brown Trout; however, boulders were also important, especially during low streamflow. Large trout (>300 mm) showed a strong preference for deepwater habitats with slow currents and high densities of woody debris and boulders, while small trout (<200 mm) preferred shallower complex habitats with slow currents, course substrates, and high cover densities. Quality trout habitat and instream cover is abundant throughout OCP, but the abundance of highly complex overwinter habitats capable of providing protection from mergansers may be limited. Adding complex structural cover to areas favored by smaller trout (<300 mm) could increase habitat complexity and likely reduce the severity of future overwinter predation.
The Impact of Seat Belt Use in Pregnancy on Injuries and Outcomes After Motor Vehicle Collisions.

Abstract Background Seat belt use during motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) has been shown to alter adults’ intra-abdominal injury patterns, although the effect of seat belt use in pregnant women is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of seat belt use in pregnancy on injuries and outcomes after MVCs. Methods Patients injured by MVCs were identified from the National Trauma Data Bank (2007-2014). The exclusion criteria were transfer from an outside hospital, male or unspecified sex, missing restraint data, and nonchildbearing age. Demographics, clinical/injury data, pregnancy status, seat belt use, and outcomes were collected. Study groups were dichotomized by pregnancy status with subgroup analysis by seat belt use. Univariate/multivariate analyses compared outcomes and determined predictors of seat belt use. Results After exclusions, 162,964 women were included, of which 680 ( 0.05). Unrestrained pregnant women were more injured (Injury Severity Score: 13 versus 7, P Conclusions Seat belt use in pregnancy does not alter abdominal injury patterns but is associated with lower injury severity, reduced need for emergent surgery, and shortened hospital stay. Public health interventions emphasizing the importance of seat belts could be focused on younger patients and vehicle passengers to reach the high-risk pregnant subset.
The Toxicity of Newer and Lesser-Known Anticonvulsant Drugs

This review describes newer and lesser-known anticonvulsant drugs. Due to increased diagnostic accuracy of seizure disorder subtypes, as well as escalating off-label and experimental usage, these agents are becoming more commonplace. Important mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, critical medication interactions, adverse reactions, toxicities, and treatment strategies are discussed. Cenobamate, clobazam, eslicarbazepine, ethosuximide, everolimus, felbamate, lacosamide, perampanel, methsuximide, levetiracetam (and the related compound brivaracetam), rufinamide, stiripentol, vigabatrin, and zonisamide are reviewed. As with much in medical toxicology, data and recommendations are derived mainly from physiology bench research, case studies, and expert opinion. Anticonvulsants are a heterogeneous group of drugs, with newer and lesser-known agents increasing in prominence. These drugs have varied and unique mechanisms of action and toxicities, with which clinicians should be familiar.
Evaluation of a Keratin 1 Targeting Peptide-Doxorubicin Conjugate in a Mouse Model of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Chemotherapy is the main treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer that is aggressive with a poor prognosis. While chemotherapeutics are potent, these agents lack specificity and are equally toxic to cancer and nonmalignant cells and tissues. Targeted therapies for TNBC treatment could lead to more safe and efficacious drugs. We previously engineered a breast cancer cell targeting peptide 18-4 that specifically binds cell surface receptor keratin 1 (K1) on breast cancer cells. A conjugate of peptide 18-4 and doxorubicin (Dox) containing an acid-sensitive hydrazone linker showed specific toxicity toward TNBC cells. Here, we report the in vivo evaluation of the K1 targeting peptide-Dox conjugate (PDC) in a TNBC cell-derived xenograft mouse model. Mice treated with the conjugate show significantly improved antitumor efficacy and reduced off-target toxicity compared to mice treated with Dox or saline. After six weekly treatments, on day 35, the mice treated with PDC (2.5 mg Dox equivalent/kg) showed significant reduction (1.5 times) in tumor volume compared to mice treated with Dox (2.5 mg/kg). The mice treated with the conjugate showed significantly higher (1.4 times) levels of Dox in tumors and lower (1.3–2.2 times) levels of Dox in other organs compared to mice treated with Dox. Blood collected at 15 min showed 3.6 times higher concentration of the drug (PDC and Dox) in mice injected with PDC compared to the drug (Dox) in mice injected with Dox. The study shows that the K1 targeting PDC is a promising novel modality for treatment of TNBC, with a favorable safety profile, and warrants further investigation of K1 targeting conjugates as TNBC therapeutics.
Experiences With Imposter Syndrome and Authenticity at Research-Intensive Schools of Social Work: A Case Study on Black Female Faculty

TThere is little known about the experiences of Black women in schools of social work, specifically those situated within research-intensive (R-1) Carnegie-designated institutions. Experiences of imposter syndrome and authenticity often result in negative experiences and poor professional outcomes for Black women in academia. This study explores Black women social work faculty members’ sense of self through the prisms of imposter syndrome and authenticity. Social work is of particular interest in that it espouses a code of ethics and core values of service that if applied to the cultures within these schools, Black women may have more equitable experiences. This article presents qualitative findings from nine in-depth interviews with Black women faculty members at R-1 universities. Findings revealed that Black women faculty member’s experiences of imposter syndrome impacted many facets of their professional experiences from moments of paralysis to potentially unhealthy over-productivity. Findings also highlight Black women faculty members’ concerns around their colleagues’ professional and personal perceptions of them and this often prevented these women from presenting their authentic selves in academic settings. Despite these barriers, some women chose to remain authentic regardless of possible backlash in refusing to assimilate into the dominant White culture. Black women scholars cannot survive and thrive in social work education unless institutions build trust with these women by respecting their diverse backgrounds, race-related research interests, and range of methodology.
A new strategy to land precisely on the northern plains of Mars

During the Phoenix mission landing site selection process, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images revealed widely spread and dense rock fields in the northern plains. Automatic rock mapping and subsequent statistical analyses showed 30-90% CFA (cumulative fractional area) covered by rocks larger than 1 meter in dense rock fields around craters. Less dense rock fields had 5-30% rock coverage in terrain away from craters. Detectable meter-scale boulders were found nearly everywhere. These rocks present a risk to spacecraft safety during landing. However, they are the most salient topographic features in this region, and can be good landmarks for spacecraft localization during landing. In this paper we present a novel strategy that uses abundance of rocks in northern plains for spacecraft localization. The paper discusses this approach in three sections: a rock-based landmark terrain relative navigation (TRN) algorithm; the TRN algorithm feasibility; and conclusions.
Partially mobile capital: A general approach to two-sector trade theory

Abstract This paper develops a general approach to factor mobility in two-sector, general equilibrium models. Capital is partially mobile if reallocation involves the movement of physical capital goods that are at a comparative disadvantage in supplying efficiency units to the expanding sector, relative to units previously installed there. The Hecksher-Ohlin-Samuelson model and the sector-specific-capital model are special cases of this more general model. The degree of capital mobility, which is measured by the percentage loss in efficiency that is incurred in transferring the marginal unit of capital, is shown to be an important determinant of the response of factor prices and industry outputs to changes in commodity prices and factor endowments.
Acute Drug Intoxications

The nephrologist is often called upon to aid in the treatment of poisoning in several ways: for guidance in the use of forced diuresis, for dialysis, and for expertise in sorbent hemoperfusion. Frequently consultation is sought for patients known to have ingested drugs with known rates of removal by dialysis and hemoperfusion. Advice may also be sought for substance removal where the exposure may be to a recently marketed drug or chemical for which there is scanty information on active drug removal with artificial organs. It is the purpose of this chapter to outline the factors governing active drug removal, to suggest areas in which drug removal may be invaluable or worthless, and to give guidelines for the employment of drug removal techniques.
A New Routing Scheme for Concatenating Two Omega Networks

A new routing scheme for concatenating two omega networks is presented. Routing the 2log2N-stage concatenated network has been an open problem for decades, and no clear solution has yet been proposed. It was shown in [5] that this asymmetric network can be converted into a symmetric network with butterfly connections between the two center stages. The proposed algorithm routes the network from center stages to outer stages at both the input and the output sides, simultaneously. The algorithm presented is simpler and more flexible than other algorithms known so far, in that it can be applied adaptively, according to the structure of the network.
Lipogenesis in Rat Hepatocytes

Abstract Hepatocytes, prepared by collagenase treatment of livers of ad libitum- and meal-fed rats, were incubated with glucose, fructose, lactate, and a number of other substrates, labeled uniformly with 14C and in the presence of 3HOH. The uptake of lactate and the incorporation of 14C into CO2 and glucose equals or exceeds rates reported in perfused liver. The 14C yield in glucose from labeled fructose, glycerol, and dihydroxyacetone exceeds considerably that in CO2 and greatly that in lipids. The 14C yield in CO2 from pyruvate, lactate, alanine, and acetate is equal to or exceeds that in glucose, and the fraction incorporated into lipids is greater than that from the neutral compounds. Fatty acid synthesis is greatly increased in meal-fed as compared to ad libitum-fed animals. Incorporation of glucose and of lactate carbon into fatty acids increases with concentration up to concentrations of 100 mm. Lactate carbon is a much better fatty acid precursor than glucose carbon. When both substrates are present at physiological concentrations (10 mm in glucose and 2 mm in lactate), the incorporation of lactate exceeds several times that of glucose carbon. At concentrations below 10 mm fructose is a better precursor of fatty acids than glucose, but the reverse is true at higher concentrations. Fructose and glycerol at concentrations above 5 mm inhibit the incorporation of 3H from 3HOH into fatty acids. In cells from meal-fed rats considerable incorporation of 3H from 3HOH into fatty acids occurs in the absence of added substrate. The ratio, microatoms of 14C from substrate to microatoms of 3H from water (14C:3H ratio), in the presence of low glucose concentrations is below 0.1 and increases at 100 mm glucose up to 0.5 to 0.7. Lactate stimulates 3H incorporation up to a concentration of 20 mm, but incorporation of lactate carbon continues to increase. The 14C:3H ratio attains values close to 1.0 at about 20 mm and increases to 1.5 to 2.0 at 100 mm lactate. The incorporation of tritium from water into fatty acids by hepatocytes of meal-fed rats in the presence of 10 to 20 mm lactate ranged in most experiments from 200 to 600 µatoms per g dry weight per hour, but in a number of experiments rates above 1000 µatoms per g per hour were obtained. This corresponds to an incorporation of over 120 acetyl equivalents per g wet weight of tissue per hour. Our results indicate that free glucose has a minor role as direct precursor of fatty acids in liver, and the major substrates are glycogen and lactate. Due to the presence of glycogen and the reversibility of glycogen and glucose synthesis and glycolysis in liver, the quantitative interpretation of 14C incorporation from labeled glucose is difficult.
Hydroclimatology of the 2008 Midwest floods

[1] The late spring/early summer flooding that occurred in the American Midwest between May and June 2008 resulted from a combination of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns that supported a steady influx of moisture into the area. A low pressure system centered over the central-western United States steered a strong jet and associated storms along its eastern edge from the west to southwest and an anomalously strong Great Plains Low Level Jet brought continuous warm and moist air into the area from the Gulf of Mexico into the area. We examine and quantify here the impact these circulation patterns had on the hydroclimatology of the Midwest highlighting the magnitude, frequency, geographic distribution, and temporal evolution of precipitation that ultimately magnified the flooding. Historical precipitation records were used to assess the regional rainfall characteristics at various geographic and time scales. Five distinct hydroclimatic characteristics contributed to the definition of the 2008 flood including persistent high surface soil moisture conditions prior to flooding exasperated by anomalously high rainfall, extreme rainfall totals covering extensive areas, increased frequency of shorter-term, smaller-magnitude events, persistent multiday heavy precipitation events, and extreme flood-producing rain storms. The major flooding lasted for approximately 24 days and most greatly impacted the state of Iowa, southern Wisconsin, and central Indiana. Its occurrence during the May–June period makes the event especially unusual for this region.
Long-term prognosis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The authors have traced the developmental course of ADHD from childhood to adulthood, showing that it is a bumpy road for many. In early and middle adolescence, relative deficits are seen in academic and social functioning, ADHD symptoms remain problematic in two thirds to three quarters of these children, and antisocial behaviors, in some cases amounting to CD, are common. Many of these same difficulties persist into the late teenage years. Deficits continue to be observed in academic and social domains (compared with controls, probands exhibit lower grades, more courses failed, worse performance on standardized tests, have fewer friends, and are rated less adequate in psychosocial adjustment). About two fifths continue to experience ADHD symptoms to a clinically significant degree. One quarter to one third have a diagnosed antisocial disorder, and two thirds of these individuals are arrested. Also, drug abuse is observed in a significant minority of these youths. Importantly, the greatest risk factor for the development of antisocial behavior and substance abuse by the late teenage years is the maintenance of ADD symptoms. When evaluated in their mid-twenties, dysfunctions are apparent in these same areas. Compared with controls, probands complete less schooling, hold lower-ranking occupations, and continue to suffer from poor self-esteem and social skills deficits. In addition, significantly more probands than controls exhibit an antisocial personality and, perhaps, a substance use disorder in adulthood. Furthermore, many do not outgrow all facets of their childhood syndrome. These relative deficits, however, do not tell the whole story of the ADHD child's adult fate. Indeed, nearly all probands were gainfully employed. Furthermore, some had achieved a higher-level education (e.g., completed Master's degree, enrolled in medical school) and occupation (e.g., accountant, stock broker). In addition, a full two thirds of these children showed no evidence of any mental disorder in adulthood. In conclusion, although ADHD children, as a group, fare poorly compared with their non-ADHD counterparts, the childhood syndrome does not preclude attaining high educational and vocational goals, and most children no longer exhibit clinically significant emotional or behavioral problems once they reach their mid-twenties.
Impact of Leadership Style on Channel Partner Motivation: An Empirical Test

Abstract While channel decision makers can expend considerable effort in designing efficient and effective distribution channel systems to serve their target markets, success in achieving the firm's distribution objectives may not be realized without implementing a systematic program for motivating distribution channel partners. This places a premium on the identification and use of effective channel strategies for motivating channel partners as well as the capacity of the channel captain to provide leadership as a means of attaining a differential advantage. Thus, channel leadership style has become a critical issue in the administration of distribution channels. Despite the importance of motivating channel partners, there is a paucity of research on this construct. To augment the existing knowledge on channel partner motivation-a fundamental area of interorganizational management-this study empirically examined the influence of participative, supportive, and directive leadership styles on channel partne...
The Maryland Environmental Policy Act: Resurrecting a Tool for Environmental Protection

In 1973 the Maryland General Assembly enacted the Maryland Environmental Policy Act (“MEPA”), one of the many state analogues of the National Environmental Policy Act. Unlike its federal cousin, however, MEPA as enacted requires a formal analysis of the environmental effects of a proposed action only when an agency makes a request for legislative action. As a consequence, MEPA has had virtually no effect in achieving the lofty goals that it purports to serve, and it has been entirely ignored since the early 1980’s. Nevertheless, the statutory language of MEPA contains several broad directives regarding the obligations of state agencies to take environmental considerations into account in decision-making and policy formulation. This Article re-examines the statute with a view to suggesting how it might be resurrected and put to use in service of protecting the environment in Maryland.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment provides neuroprotection in surgically induced brain injured mice.

Surgically induced brain injury (SBI) is a common concern after a neurosurgical procedure. Current treatments aimed at reducing the postoperative sequela are limited. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a hematopoietic growth factor involved in the inflammatory process, has been shown in various animal models to be neuroprotective. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the use of G-CSF as a treatment modality to reduce cell death and brain edema, while improving neurobehavioral deficits following an SBI in mice. Eleven-week-old C57 black mice (n = 76) were randomly placed into four groups: sham (n = 19), SBI (n = 21), SBI with G-CSF pre-treatment (n = 15) and SBI with G-CSF pre/post-treatment (n = 21). Treated groups received a single dose of G-CSF intraperitoneally at 24, 12 and 1 h pre-surgery and/or 6 and 12 h post-surgery. Postoperative assessment occurred at 24 h and included neurobehavioral testing and measurement for both cell death and brain edema. Results indicated that pre-treatment with G-CSF reduced both cell death and brain edema, while post-treatment reduced neurobehavioral deficits. This study implies that the morphological changes in the brain are effected by pre-treatment; however, in order to activate and/or amplify targets involved in the recovery process, more dosing regimens may be needed.
Genomics, genes, and environmental interaction: the role of exercise

Regular exercise has been shown to improve control of lipid abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, with the greatest benefits realized by sedentary individuals who begin to exercise. Responses to exercise interventions are often highly variable among individuals, however, and research has indicated that response to exercise may be mediated in large part by variation in genes. As we strive to unravel the complex etiology of diseases like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease through the use of molecular and genetic tools now available, understanding the interaction and influence of environmental factors, such as exercise, on gene expression and function has taken on increasing importance. This review briefly summarizes strategies presently being used to elucidate genes and genetic effects that may be mediated or influenced by exercise and serves to illustrate the importance of considering the effect of exercise when investigating genes related to health or other physiological outcomes.
Lack of chemically induced mutation in repair-deficient mutants of yeast.

ABSTRACT Two genes, rad6 and rad9 , that confer radiation sensitivity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae also greatly reduce the frequency of chemically-induced reversions of a tester mutant cyc1-131 , which is a chain initiation mutant in the structural gene determining iso-1-cytochrome c . Mutations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), diethyl sulfate (DES), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), dimethyl sulfate (DMS), nitroquinoline oxide (NQO), nitrosoguanidine (NTG), nitrogen mustard (HN2), β-propiolactone, and tritiated uridine, as well as mutations induced by ultraviolet light (UV) and ionizing radiation were greatly diminished in strains homozygous for either the rad6 or rad9 gene. Nitrous acid and nitrosoimidazolidone (NIL), on the other hand, were highly mutagenic in these repair-deficient mutants, and at low doses, these mutagens acted with about the same efficiency as in the normal RAD strain. At high doses of either nitrous acid or NIL, however, reversion frequencies were significantly reduced in the two rad mutants compared to normal strains. Although both rad mutants are immutable to about the same extent, the rad9 strains tend to be less sensitive to the lethal effect of chemical mutagens than rad6 strains. It is concluded that yeast requires a functional repair system for mutation induction by chemical agents.
Reserve characteristics and mining costs An empirical study of the phosphate industry

This paper deals with an estimation of phosphate mining cost function. Here, it is argued that other characteristics of reserves, besides their size, could be quite important in the cost function. The result of a cross-sectional analysis of phosphate mining in the world shows that reserve size and average total cost have a positive and modest statistically significant relationship in one of the two models. Among many qualitative characteristics and location factors tested in this paper, overburden, grade, ore/product ratio, water availability, and the price of capital are significant with expected signs. Finally, the results confirm the existence of economies of scale in phosphate mining which seem to be more related to mining technology than to reserve size.
CEO Characteristics: Does Industry Matter?

This study examined the relationships between a comprehensive set of industry conditions and CEO characteristics utilizing data from a broad range of U.S. manufacturing industries. Pooled cross-sectional time series analyses indicated that industry conditions played a limited role in explaining variations in CEO firm tenure, educational level, functional background, and functional heterogeneity. Results of subgroup regression analyses indicated that although high performers appeared to align the studied CEO characteristics more closely to industry conditions than low performers, differences between the industry coefficients in the two groups are generally small.
Habermas vs. Weber on democracy

Abstract Habermas endorses democracy as a way to rescue modern life from the economic and bureaucratic compulsion that Weber saw as an inescapable condition of modernity. This rescue mission requires that Habermas subordinate democracy to people's true interests, by liberating their political deliberations from incursions of money or power that could interfere with the formation of policy preferences that clearly reflect those interests. But Habermas overlooks the opaque nature of our interests under complex modern conditions, and the difficulty of even knowing what the modern state is doing—let alone judging whether what it is doing serves our interests well. These overlooked sources of public ignorance buttress Weber's more pessimistic understanding of democracy, and like the theatrics surrounding popular sovereignty, public ignorance both enables and masks the autonomy that allows state officials and non‐state opinion leaders to shape public policy undemocratically.
One-Phase Synthesis of Thiol-Functionalized Platinum Nanoparticles

A new one-phase synthesis of thiol-functionalized platinum nanoparticles is presented. Using tetrahydrofuran as the solvent and lithium triethylborohydride (“superhydride”) as the reducing agent, platinum nanoparticles functionalized by octadecanethiol were prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tunneling electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the nanoparticles. The results show that the nanoparticles are single crystals with fcc structure, that their average size is ∼3 nm, and that the octadecyl chains are close packed in a solid-like assembly.
Unusual electrical resistivity effects associated with fast-growing trees

A series of electrical resistivity profiles have been acquired in eucalyptus groves during archaeological surveys performed in Portugal. The combination of the sandy soils in the region plus the presence of high growth eucalyptus trees yielded anomalous resistivity values which were extremely high and showed large variability. Other moderate and low growth trees did not show similar unusual resistivities. We conclude that extreme caution must be exercised when interpreting data from archaeological surveys associated with unusual soils or vegetation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A kinetic scheme for catalytic coliquefaction of coal and waste tire

Catalytic liquefaction of two bituminous coals and one subbituminous coal was studied separately and with waste tire as solvent at different temperatures and tire/coal ratios. The tire sample represented a mixture of waste, recyclable tires. A ferric-sulfide-based catalyst impregnated in situ in the coal was used as catalyst. Runs were made in a batch tubing-bomb reactor at 350−450 °C. The results indicate that the primary products of coal liquefaction are the asphaltenes, but a significant fraction of the subbituminous coal is also converted directly to oil and gas. The primary products of tire liquefaction are in the oil range. For all the coals, the addition of tire shows a synergistic effect on coal conversion, the synergism being mainly manifested in an increase in the yield of asphaltenes. The extent of synergism depends on process conditions and the coal type. The conversions of all coal types increase dramatically using the catalyst, the catalytic effect being mainly on the coal-to-asphaltenes rea...
Understanding the impact of gate-level physical reliability effects on whole program execution

This paper introduces a novel end-to-end platform called PERSim that allows FPGA accelerated full-system simulation of complete programs on prototype hardware with detailed fault injection that can capture gate delays and digital logic behavior of arbitrary circuits and provides full coverage. We use PERSim and report on five case studies spanning a diverse spectrum of reliability techniques including wearout prediction/detection (FIRST, Wearmon, TRIX), transient faults, and permanent faults (Sampling-DMR). PERSim provides unprecedented capability to study these techniques quantitatively when applied to a full processor and when running complete programs. These case studies demonstrate PERSim's robustness and flexibility — such a diverse set of techniques can be studied uniformly with common metrics like area overhead, power overhead, and detection latency. PERSim provides many new insights, of which two important ones are: i) We discover an important modeling “hole” — when considering the true logic delay behavior, non-critical paths can directly transition into logic faults, rendering insufficient delay-based detection/prediction mechanisms targeted at critical paths alone. ii) When Sampling-DMR was evaluated in a real system running full applications, detection latency is orders of magnitude lower than previously reported model-based worst-case latency - 107 seconds vs. 0.84 seconds, thus dramatically strengthening Sampling-DMR's effectiveness. The framework is released open source and runs on the Zync platform.
Does the semi-continuous activated sludge (SCAS) test predict removal in secondary treatment?

Abstract The semi-continuous activated sludge (SCAS) test was formalized by the U.S. Soap and Detergent Association in 1965. The SCAS procedure has also been adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as a test for inherent biodegradability and by the U.S. EPA as a test guideline (40CFR 835.3120) under the Toxic Substances Control Act. To investigate whether the SCAS test may be used to predict removal in full-scale activated sludge treatment systems, we first collected all available SCAS data for organic chemicals, and then retrieved data from full-, pilot- or bench-scale continuous-feed activated sludge (CAS) studies for the chemicals that had SCAS data. The intersected file was subjected to statistical analysis. Conclusions were as follows: (i) SCAS data were strongly clustered at high (> 90 %) removal; (ii) for SCAS removal > 90 %, it is probable that removal in the field will be > 50 %; (iii) however, for SCAS removal
Jaber F. Gubrium and Andrea Sankar (eds.). Qualitative Methods in Aging Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994, pp; 294.

En plus d'une introduction, ce recueil comprend 16 articles de chercheurs en gerontologie qui etudient divers aspects du processus de recherche en se fondant sur leur experience personnelle en recherche qualitative. Le livre se divise en cinq parties, chacune se situant a une etape chronologique d'un projet de recherche qualitative, soit: la conception; la planification; la collecte de donnees; les formes d'analyse; la redaction et les recommandations. Les auteurs discutent des elements ayant contribue au succes de leur recherche ainsi que des obstacles qu'ils ont du surmonter. Ce livre est facile a lire et serait tres utile dans le cadre de cours sur les methodes de recherche gerontologiques.
Effects of Detail in Eyewitness Testimony on Decisions by Mock Jurors

ABSTRACT The effects of the presence and typicality of detail in a witness1 testimony on mock juror judgments were investigated. In Experiment I, 50 subjects generated or rated exemplars for use in Experiment II. In Experiment II, 283 participants read a summary of a crime and the subsequent trial that contained conflicting testimony from two eyewitnesses. The testimony of the eyewitnesses varied in use of detail (typical, atypical, or no detail). Participants were asked to answer a series of questions regarding the credibility, honesty and quality of the memory of both eyewitnesses and to make judgments of the defendant's guilt. Generally, the presence of detail affected the ratings of the witnesses. When atypical. or typical detail was provided by one witness, and no detail was provided by the opposing witness, assessments of the witness providing detail were enhanced.
Simulated effects of mandatory versus voluntary participation in private forest carbon offset markets in the United States

Abstract Assumptions regarding landowner participation, whether mandatory or voluntary, are an important determinant in evaluating the implications of a carbon offset sales program. We modify an existing intertemporal optimization model of the US forest and agriculture sectors to allow optional involvement of private forest land in a carbon offset market and compare these results to a case in which all private land is enrolled. Our analysis of these two cases and various CO 2 e price levels indicate different responses in carbon stock and flux, forest land area and management, forest product prices, and forest conditions. The results suggest that the cost of sequestering carbon in US forests, using either a voluntary or mandatory carbon offset sales program, may be substantially higher than suggested by earlier studies.
The common and distinct target genes of the p53 family transcription factors

p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. After activation by cellular stresses such as DNA damage or oncogene activation, p53, a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, induces the expression of target genes which mediate tumor suppression. Two recently identified p53 homologues, p63 and p73, appear to function similarly to p53, that is, they both activate target gene expression and suppress cell growth when overexpressed; however, the p63 and p73 genes are rarely mutated in human cancer and do not adhere to Knudson's classical model of a tumor suppressor gene. Recently, exciting observations suggest nonoverlapping functions for the family members. Herein, we outline the recent literatures identifying and characterizing both the common and distinct target genes of the p53 family transcription factors in relation to their signaling pathways.
Stress in Self-Consistent-Field Theory

We develop a perturbation theory to efficiently calculate derivatives of the free energy with respect to changes in the parameters of the unit cell in the self-consistent-field theory (SCFT) of block copolymer crystals, thus determining the state of mechanical stress in any nonequilibrium unit cell. By requiring that the stress thus calculated vanish, we are able to find the unit cell that minimizes the free energy simultaneously with the solution of the SCFT equations, at little added computational effort.
Differential non-linearity compensation in ADCs employing charge redistribution in an array of binary weighted capacitors

Abstract Differential non-linearity (DNL) compensation in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is discussed. The successive approximation ADC under study employs charge redistribution in an array of binary weighted capacitors. The method of DNL compensation is supposed to be implemented in the ADC destined for the tracker readout of the CMS detector at LHC. The parameters of the DNL compensation technique are treated with the constructed simulator built in the Mathematica programming environment.
Tumorigenesis in neurofibromatosis: new insights and potential therapies

The neurofibromatoses NF1 and NF2 are inherited cancer predisposition syndromes in which affected individuals are prone to development of mostly benign, but occasionally malignant, tumors. The NF1 and NF2 genes function as tumor suppressor genes (negative growth regulators), such that their loss of expression predisposes to tumor formation. Neurofibromin, the protein product of the NF1 gene, acts as a negative regulator of the ras proto-oncogene, to reduce cell growth. Merlin, the NF2 gene product, is involved in regulating cell proliferation and motility, and probably plays a role in integrating multiple cell-signaling pathways. By understanding the function of these tumor suppressors, we have a unique opportunity to develop targeted pharmacotherapeutic interventions for these disorders.