cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of immunosuppression following hemorrhage: Defective antigen presentation by macrophages

The mechanism by which simple hemorrhage profoundly impairs the proliferative response of T lymphocytes to mitogen and alloantigen, produces a defect in interleukin-2 generation, and increases the susceptibility to sepsis remains unknown. Since antigen presentation (AP) by the macrophage (Mφ) plays a critical role in the antigen-specific activation of T-helper cells and lymphokine production, we investigated whether the function of the Mφ as an AP cell is altered following hemorrhage. C3H/HEJ mice were bled to a mean BP of 35 mm Hg, maintained at that level for 1 hr, and then resuscitated. There was no mortality with this model. Control mice were not bled but otherwise treated identically. Immediately after resuscitation the mice were sacrificed and peritoneal Mφ (PMφ) as well as splenic adherent cells (SAC) were harvested. AP function was tested by coculturing different numbers of PMφ and SAC with D10.G4.1 cells (2 × 104 cells/well) in the presence of conalbumin (300 μg/ml). This T-helper cell clone proliferates upon recognition of conalbumin in the context of Iak (a Mφ surface membrane glycoprotein), thus directly reflecting Mφ AP capability. After 72 hr of incubation, the cultures were pulsed with [3H]thymidine and harvested. D10.G4.1 proliferations induced via AP by PMφ and SAC from hemorrhaged-resuscitated mice were 29 and 24% of control, respectively (P < 0.05). Thus, we conclude that AP by Mφ following hemorrhage is defective despite adequate resuscitation, a mechanism which could explain the state of immunosuppression and enhanced susceptibility to sepsis.
Responses of Returning Adult Coho Salmon to Home Water and Population‐Specific Odors

Abstract The olfactory stimulus guiding homing salmonids has been attributed both to environmental odors associated with the home stream and to pheromones from juveniles of the population. Evaluation of these two hypotheses was undertaken experimentally by giving adult coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch a choice between home water and nonhome water in which juvenile coho salmon of their population were held. Released in groups, the adult salmon preferred home water, lending support to the hypothesis that environmental odors are the primary stimulus attracting homing salmon. Received September 4, 1982 Accepted March 22, 1984
Corruption and local governance: the double identity of Chinese local governments in market reform

Abstract This paper examines China's corruption in the context of its changing central–local relations. It contends that it is not so much decentralization as the incompleteness of power devolution that has contributed to the spreading of corruption in China. The incompleteness can be seen in the development of the double identity of local government as both a state political agent and a local economic principal. As state agents, local governments obtain increased discretionary power to make and implement policies and, at the same time, they also assume the role of local economic principals to protect, promote and even directly manage local economies. The dual identity places both broad discretionary power and immediate economic benefits within easy reach of local officials. Focusing on two prevalent forms of corruption in China today, illegal land transfers and ‘little money lockers’, the paper shows how the deep involvement of local officials in economic affairs, coupled with unbridled discretionary pow...
A parallel preconditioned conjugate gradient package for solving sparse linear systems on a Cray Y-MP

Abstract In this paper we discuss current activities at Cray Research to develop general-purpose, production-quality software for the efficient solution of sparse linear systems. In particular, we discuss our development of a package of iterative methods that includes conjugate gradient and related methods (GMRES, ORTHOMIN and others) along with several preconditioners (incomplete Cholesky and LU factorization and polynomial). Vector and parallel performance issues are discussed as well as package design. Also, benchmarks on a wide variety of real-life problems are presented to assess the robustness and performance of methods implemented in our software. For symmetric positive-definite problems, we also compare the performance of the preconditioned conjugate gradient code with our parallel implementation of the multifrontal method for sparse Cholesky factorization.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of topical minoxidil in extensive alopecia areata

The safety and efficacy of 3% topical minoxidil were evaluated in the treatment of extensive patchy alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis. Patients with extensive patchy alopecia areata had greater than 50% scalp hair loss. In this double-blind study, thirty subjects applied minoxidil or placebo to half of the afflicted scalp area twice daily, with overnight petrolatum occlusion, for 1 year. Both male and female subjects, ranging in age from 9 to 65 years, were enrolled, fifteen subjects to each treatment group. Minoxidil applications were generally well tolerated except for three instances of scalp itching and dermatitis, two of which necessitated discontinuing the medication. Hair growth was seen in seven of eleven evaluable subjects (63.6%) in the minoxidil group and in five of fourteen evaluable subjects (35.7%) in the placebo group. Excellent, cosmetically acceptable hair growth was seen in three of eleven minoxidil-treated subjects (27.3%) and in one of fourteen placebo-treated subjects (7.1%). Examination of vital signs and laboratory measurements revealed no evidence of systemic effects of minoxidil. Seven of the twelve subjects assayed in the minoxidil group had detectable minoxidil serum levels, ranging from 0.4 to 7.5 ng/ml.
Can a robot be perceived as a developing creature? Effects of a robot's long-term cognitive developments on its social presence and people's social responses toward it

This study tests the effect of long-term artificial development of a robot on users' feelings of social presence and social responses toward the robot. The study is a 2 (developmental capability: developmental versus fully matured) × 2 (number of participants: individual versus group) between-subjects experiment (N= 40) in which participants interact with Sony's robot dog, AIBO, for a month. The results showed that the developmental capability factor had significant positive impacts on (a) perceptions of AIBO as a lifelike creature, (b) feelings of social presence, and (c) social responses toward AIBO. The number of participants factor, however, affected only the parasocial relationship and the buying intention variables. No interaction between the two factors was found. The results of a series of path analyses showed that feelings of social presence mediated participants' social responses toward AIBO. We discuss implications of the current study on human–robot interaction, the computers are social actors (CASA) paradigm, and the study of (tele)presence.
The Dead Zones of Protoplanetary Disks are Not Dead

We show that the "dead" zone of a protoplanetary disk fills with robust 3D vortices from a purely hydrodynamic instability. This new instability is not linear and requires a weak finite-amplitude initial perturbation. The instability was not seen pre- viously either due to a lack of numerical spatial resolution, or because many previous simulations either ignored vertical gravity or had initial flows with constant density. Our new finite-amplitude instability is due to a family of previously-unknown critical lay- ers that form in rotating, shearing, vertically stratified flows like those in protoplanetary disks. Initial perturbations of white noise (with Mach numbers much less than unity), waves, or vortices can trigger the instability. A small-volume, small-amplitude initial vortex confined to one part of the disk can fill the disk with vortices by exciting a nearby critical layer. The critical layer produces an intense vortex layer that rolls-up to form vortices with large-amplitudes and volumes. This 1 st generation of vortices then sheds waves that excite nearby critical layers, which in turn, create a 2 nd generation of vortices with large amplitudes and volumes. The mechanism of exciting nearby critical layers and turning them into large vortices self-similarly, self-replicates until large vortices fill the disk at all radii.
Roles of intrinsic disorder in protein–nucleic acid interactions

Interactions between proteins and nucleic acids typify the role of disordered segments, linkers, tails and other entities in the function of complexes that must form with high affinity and specificity but which must be capable of dissociating when no longer needed. While much of the emphasis in the literature has been on the interactions of disordered proteins with other proteins, disorder is also frequently observed in nucleic acids (particularly RNA) and in the proteins that interact with them. The interactions of disordered proteins with DNA most often manifest as molding of the protein onto the B-form DNA structure, although some well-known instances involve remodeling of the DNA structure that seems to require that the interacting proteins be disordered to various extents in the free state. By contrast, induced fit in RNA-protein interactions has been recognized for many years – the existence and prevalence of this phenomenon provides the clearest possible evidence that RNA and its interactions with proteins must be considered as highly dynamic, and the dynamic nature of RNA and its multiplicity of folded and unfolded states is an integral part of its nature and function.
Capacity analysis of complex manufacturing facilities

We describe a simple, linear programming based method for analyzing capacity of large and complex manufacturing lines that produce a wide variety of different products. The model we propose is appropriate for answering questions pertaining to the quantity of each product the manufacturing line can or should produce over periods of one month to several years. The model is intended for use by non-technical manufacturing planners and as such, it was designed with several requirements in mind: it should represent the manufacturing line in an easily understandable way; it should provide direct answers to a variety of different capacity related questions; it should take into consideration product cycle times and relevant manufacturing dynamics; and finally it should run quickly so that many "what-if" scenarios can be examined.
Narrative and the Cultural Psychology of Identity

This article presents a tripartite model of identity that integrates cognitive, social, and cultural levels of analysis in a multimethod framework. With a focus on content, structure, and process, identity is defined as ideology cognized through the individual engagement with discourse, made manifest in a personal narrative constructed and reconstructed across the life course, and scripted in and through social interaction and social practice. This approach to the study of identity challenges personality and social psychologists to consider a cultural psychology framework that focuses on the relationship between master narratives and personal narratives of identity, recognizes the value of a developmental perspective, and uses ethnographic and idiographic methods. Research in personality and social psychology that either explicitly or implicitly relies on the model is reviewed.
Gifted Students’ Conceptions of Academic Fun: An Examination of a Critical Construct for Gifted Education

Academic fun is hypothesized to consist largely of the degree of success an individual anticipates from an activity. In this context, "fun" relates to the levels of arousal and control perceived to be afforded by the task. Gifted elementary and middle school students' conceptions of academic fun were examined using repertory grid techniques (e.g., Kelly, 1955). Results indicate that students' conceptions of fun are highly similar across age and gender. However, differences in ratings of academic situations suggest that gifted boys view technology and computer activities as more fun than girls do. In addition, confirming many suspicions, age trends revealed that mathematics decreases in perceived fun as children progress through school.
Professionalization and Public Opinion of State Legislatures

Using a seven-state survey I examine how closely people follow the activities of the state legislature, how much contact they have with its members, and how they evaluate its performance. In particular, I investigate whether legislative professionalization level or district size influences how people see their legislature. Professionalization has a positive relationship with contact but has a negative relationship with attention level and performance rating. Constituency size exhibits little influence except on contacts.
The nonlinear knapsack problem – algorithms and applications

Abstract We present a survey of algorithms and applications for the nonlinear knapsack problem (or, the nonlinear resource allocation problem). In its most general form, the nonlinear knapsack problem will be defined as a nonlinear optimization problem with just one constraint, bounds on the variables, and, in some cases, a set of specially structured constraints such as generalized upper bounds (GUBs). This problem is encountered either directly, or as a subproblem, in a variety of applications, including production planning, financial modeling, stratified sampling, and capacity planning in manufacturing, health care, and computer networks. By taking advantage of the special structure of the problem, efficient solution methods can be developed. Problem classes addressed here include continuous and integer problems, convex and nonconvex problems, separable and nonseparable problems, and problems with additional specially structured constraints.
Sensors for brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) hold the promise to restore mobility and independence to persons with paralysis. In spinal cord injury, brainstem stroke, and a host of neuromuscular disorders, the intact brain is "disconnected" from its intact target (such as a limb or the facial musculature), preventing mobility and - in locked-in syndrome and severe amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - precluding even meaningful verbal communication. If it becomes possible to discern the movement intention of someone with paralysis - reliably, safely, and in real time - it would then be possible to provide not only a robust new method of communication but eventually the ability to gain control over a prosthetic limb or, by connecting to additional technologies, one's own limbs. In this review, we survey several methods for revealing neural activity in the human brain and their potential for re-enabling mobility in persons with severe paralysis
Optical limiting in GaAs

We have used two-photon absorption, self-defocusing, and optically-induced melting in GaAs to limit 1 μm picosecond pulsed radiation. The contribution to the limiting action from each of these mechanisms is discussed and demonstrated. Additionally, we measure a two-photon absorption coefficient of 26 cm/GW, which is in good agreement with the smallest values reported in the literature. A pulse-width study of the nonlinear absorption was conducted to isolate the effects of two-photon-generated free-carrier absorption. Results indicate that, even though the number of free-carriers is sufficient to severely defocus the incident beam, free-carrier absorption does not measurably contribute to the nonlinear absorption.
Mice generated by assisted reproductive techniques exhibit altered glucose metabolism.

Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer and assisted reproductive techniques (ART) have been associated with an increased occurrence of phenotypic abnormalities in rodents. We previously demonstrated that female mice cloned from adult somatic cells become obese in adulthood. Here, we sought to parse out the effects of cloning from those caused by in vitro culture and manipulation of embryos by comparing Stock controls, mice that were produced through natural matings, with offspring generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF, effect of in vitro culture) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI, effect of in vitro culture + mechanical injection). All pups were cross-fostered at birth. In contrast to clones, placental hypertrophy was not seen in ICSI and IVF births, although birth weights of ICSI and IVF pups were significantly higher than those of Stock mice. At 8 weeks of age, there was no difference in food intake although ICSI and IVF weighed slightly more than Stock mice. In a glucose tolerance test (20% glucose solution, 1.5 mg/g, i.p.), IVF, ICSI and Stock mice had a similar peak in blood glucose at 15 min, but glucose levels remained significantly elevated at 30, 45 and 60 min in ICSI and IVF mice, before returning to baseline levels at 120 min. These results suggest that in vitro culture and manipulation of embryos may account for some of the differences seen in ART and cloned mice, and that impaired glucose tolerance occurs prior to the onset of obesity. Support: DK068273 (R.R.S.) and NS007453 (K.A.S.).
A human cancer-predisposing polymorphism in Cdc25A is embryonic lethal in the mouse and promotes ASK-1 mediated apoptosis

Failure to regulate the levels of Cdc25A phosphatase during the cell cycle or during a checkpoint response causes bypass of DNA damage and replication checkpoints resulting in genomic instability and cancer. During G1 and S and in cellular response to DNA damage, Cdc25A is targeted for degradation through the Skp1-cullin-β-TrCP (SCFβ-TrCP) complex. This complex binds to the Cdc25A DSG motif which contains serine residues at positions 82 and 88. Phosphorylation of one or both residues is necessary for the binding and degradation to occur. We now show that mutation of serine 88 to phenylalanine, which is a cancer-predisposing polymorphic variant in humans, leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. The mutant protein retains its phosphatase activity both in vitro and in cultured cells. It fails to interact with the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), however, and therefore does not suppress ASK1-mediated apoptosis. These data suggest that the DSG motif, in addition to its function in Cdc25A-mediated degradation, plays a role in cell survival during early embyogenesis through suppression of ASK1-mediated apoptosis.
The Effects of Extended Time on Algebra Test Scores for College Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of extended time on the algebra test performance of community college students with and without learning disabilities. Forty-four students with learning disabilities and 44 students without learning disabilities attending five California community colleges participated in the study. The students each took an algebra test under timed conditions and a comparable test under extended-time conditions. The main results were that the students with learning disabilities scored significantly lower than the students without learning disabilities under timed conditions, the scores of the students with learning disabilities increased significantly with extended time, and the scores of the students with learning disabilities under extended-time conditions did not differ significantly from the timed or extended-time scores of the students without learning disabilities.
A non-line-of-sight equalization scheme for wireless cellular location

Among the challenging issues that affect the performance of wireless location techniques is the temporal and spatial variations of the channel, and the distribution of the scatterers, which introduce non-line-of sight errors at the base station. This paper develops a technique for addressing this problem by exploiting the topology of the cellular network.
Gluconeogenesis and the Cori cycle in 12-, 20-, and 40-h-fasted humans

Six subjects were infused with [U-13C]glucose (0.03–0.05 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) starting 8–9 h after a meal, and the production of glucose, the recycling of glucose (the Cori cycle), the dilution of gl...
A collaborative approach to developing an electronic health record phenotyping algorithm for drug-induced liver injury

Objective To describe a collaborative approach for developing an electronic health record (EHR) phenotyping algorithm for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Methods We analyzed types and causes of differences in DILI case definitions provided by two institutions—Columbia University and Mayo Clinic; harmonized two EHR phenotyping algorithms; and assessed the performance, measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, of the resulting algorithm at three institutions except that sensitivity was measured only at Columbia University. Results Although these sites had the same case definition, their phenotyping methods differed by selection of liver injury diagnoses, inclusion of drugs cited in DILI cases, laboratory tests assessed, laboratory thresholds for liver injury, exclusion criteria, and approaches to validating phenotypes. We reached consensus on a DILI phenotyping algorithm and implemented it at three institutions. The algorithm was adapted locally to account for differences in populations and data access. Implementations collectively yielded 117 algorithm-selected cases and 23 confirmed true positive cases. Discussion Phenotyping for rare conditions benefits significantly from pooling data across institutions. Despite the heterogeneity of EHRs and varied algorithm implementations, we demonstrated the portability of this algorithm across three institutions. The performance of this algorithm for identifying DILI was comparable with other computerized approaches to identify adverse drug events. Conclusions Phenotyping algorithms developed for rare and complex conditions are likely to require adaptive implementation at multiple institutions. Better approaches are also needed to share algorithms. Early agreement on goals, data sources, and validation methods may improve the portability of the algorithms.
Narrow-Band Transmission of the NTSC Color Signal

A description is given of a method which makes possible the transmission of a subcarrier-type color television signal over narrow-band coaxial cables. Luminance detail is limited to approximately 2 mc, while color detail is limited to 0.3 mc.
Region resolvability versus noise level characteristics for joint spatial and kinetic parameter estimation in inconsistent projection dynamic ECT

For emission computed tomography (ECT) studies of temporally static source distributions, well-known guidelines exist for the number of resolution elements which may be acceptably resolved in a reconstructed image, at a given noise level. Owing to the incomplete angular-temporal sampling in such ECT modalities as rotating camera dynamic single photon ECT (SPECT), the acquired sinogram is not a consistent representation of a Radon transform, and consequently, no analogous bounds on the performance of dynamic reconstruction algorithms may be derived from Radon transform theory. Applying what the authors believe to be the first spatiokinetic parameter estimation algorithm able to simultaneously estimate both the geometry and kinetics of multiple dynamic regions directly from inconsistent projections, the authors establish empirical estimates for the number of regions whose boundaries and time-activity curves (TAC's) may be simultaneously estimated to a specified degree of accuracy at a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), Surprisingly, we find that regional TAC recovery for a segmented annulus myocardial phantom is relatively insensitive to noise at realistic SNR's and to a twofold increase in the number of resolution elements. It is concluded that errors in the recovered regional TAC's are due primarily to the poorly conditioned nature of the spatiokinetic parameter estimation problem.
Spiffed-Up Channels: The Role of Spiffs in Hierarchical Selling Organizations

We study a channel relationship in which manufacturer(s) use independent sales representatives (rep firms), which employ salespeople to do the actual selling. We show that commission-only payments by manufacturers to rep firms lead to suboptimal outcomes for the manufacturer relative to those obtained under a vertically integrated channel. From the manufacturer's standpoint, these inefficiencies can be ameliorated through the use of sales incentives given to the rep firm's salespeople directly by the manufacturer (called “spiffs”). In a monopolistic environment, spiffs are shown to improve the manufacturer's profits in the face of contractual restrictions on the channel members' ability to set separate commission rates by product. For certain types of restrictions, spiffs may generate manufacturer outcomes close to the fully coordinated ones achieved under vertical integration even when compensating the rep firm through commission-only contracts. In a competitive environment, spiffs are shown to be used by a powerful manufacturer that shares a rep firm's sales efforts with the product of a weaker manufacturer (i.e., in the case of “common agency”). In this case, spiffs are used as a strategy to deter the weaker manufacturer from challenging the stronger manufacturer for the salesforce's valuable selling effort.
Assessing the accuracy of emergency department international classification of diseases coding.

Describing emergency department (ED) care has increasingly relied on multiple, large national data sources and, in particular, accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding. Although such data are contained in impressively large and longitudinal datasets, they were mostly intended
Tensile Behavior after Oxidative Aging of Gum and Black-Filled Vulcanizates of SBR and NR

Abstract Typical sulfur-cured vulcanizates of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) were prepared, and subjected to air-oven aging at 100 °C. Gum specimens exhibited an initial agi...
Time and Money: An Examination of Crime, Sentencing and Corrections Budgeting Issues

America continues to recover from its most recent recession, and the impact on social problems will reverberate for years. In one respect, though, it appears we can breathe easier: the crime wave that many thought to be inevitable did not occur. Crime has remained fairly stable and, in many states, has even declined since the start of the recession, a fact not entirely surprising among criminologists. While many people assume it is inevitable that crime rises when the economy is suffering, an examination of historical trends reveals this is not the case. While violent and property crime did increase during the Great Depression, throughout the remainder of the 20 th century and into the 21 st , the relationship between crime and the economy has been inconsistent. Deeper analysis reveals a complex relationship in which community-level variables may trump macro-level conditions, and different social policies may either push the crime rate up or help constrain it. Yet the criminal justice system suffered repercussions from the recession. The immediate future regarding how the current economic climate may affect correctional policy and practice is discussed in this article. These projections are discussed within the context of what history has revealed regarding crime rates, sentencing practices, and recidivism. Finally, some strategies for longterm investments to reduce crime are presented.
Evidence of Higher Ethynylestradiol Blood Levels in Human Hypertensive Oral Contraceptive Users

These studies were designed to investigate the differences in blood plasma levels of ethynylestradiol (EE 2 ) in women who developed hypertension while taking combined estrogen and progesterone oral contraceptives (OCs) and in normotensive OC users. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes 10hours after OC ingestion, the plasma was separated, and EE 2 was measured by radioimmunoassay. The results showed significantly higher plasma levels of EE 2 in the hypertensive OC users as compared with the levels in normotensive OC users (P 2 were measured. The results showed consistently higher EE 2 blood levels during this 3-day period in the hypertensive subjects (P 2 in hypertensive OC users result from either decreased metabolism or excretion of synthetic estrogens.
The Differential Action of Pressure on Fibers of Different Sizes in a Mixed Nerve.

The effect of pressure on a mixed nerve was studied to determine whether it would shed any light upon the nature of the complex constitution of nerve trunks. Nerve action potentials recorded at a distance from a stimulating electrode have been shown to have a form dependent on the structure of the nerve as revealed histologically. The velocity of conduction in the fibers varies as the diameter; therefore in the action potential wave, recorded as above, the first of the action wave is made up by potentials in large fibers, and the end by potentials in small fibers.A priori mechanical considerations lead one to suppose that an applied external pressure would block the large fibers before the small ones. This was indeed found to be the case. The nerve was blocked by a method similar to that of Meek and Leaper1 who first applied fluid pressure through a cuff. A brass T-tube was made 12 mm. long with a bore of 2.5 mm. Through this was threaded a rubber tube with a fairly thin wall, whose outside diameter fitte...
Chick edema factor: some tissue distribution data and toxicologic effects in the rat and chick.

SummaryUnsaponifiable matter isolated from a toxic fat and containing an estimated 10 ppm chick edema factor (CEF) was force-fed daily to adult rats at levels of 2.0 cc and 1.0 cc/kg body weight/day in 2 studies of 14 and 6 days, respectively. Feed consumption, body weight, and digestibility were depressed. Heart and spleen weights were unaffected, kidney weights seemed to be slightly increased, and adrenal and liver weights were significantly increased. In the chick, typical hydropericardium,. ascites, and subcutaneous edema were observed. There were no significant changes in heart or spleen weights. Liver weights were significantly increased. The rat was as sensitive as the chick to CEF according to increase in liver weight. Of the 8 or 9 CEF components shown to be in this unsap, 2 (Nos. 4 and 7) were found to be absorbed and located in the liver, while the other components were not detected. In place of Nos. 4 and 7, there were 2 new peaks in the feces with slightly increased retention times. This sugg...
Pharmacology Review: Pharmacotherapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

The common pharmacologic strategies used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) include suppression of gastric acid with histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and stimulation of gastrointestinal motility with dopamine receptor antagonists or motilin receptor agonists. These medications are primarily metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Although frequently used, none of these drugs has strong evidence for efficacy in decreasing the complications of reflux in preterm infants or term neonates. In addition, a few well-conducted, masked, randomized studies that have accounted for maturational changes in their design have raised concerns about the safety of these medications in infants.
Extension of a Parabolic Method without Pressure Approximations for Wind Turbines in ABL Flows

A Parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) approximation for the incompressible equations is developed to simulate flows through a wind turbine embedded in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The PNS formulation differs from commonly used parabolic formulations in that the pressure field is calculated as a dependent variable without any approximation for the streamwise pressure gradient. The turbine influence is modeled by incorporating timeaveraged aerodynamic forces predicted by an actuator-line model (FAST developed at NREL). Using this coupled time-averaged spatial-marching method, the calculation can begin well upstream of the turbine and continue through the turbine to predict the entire wake region. In this study, the original model is extended to simulate neutral atmospheric boundary layers (ABL) and study the wake development of a single wind turbine. The PNS model has been validated for laminar and turbulent flat-plate boundary-layer cases and verified for a wind turbine (uniform inflow conditions) by comparing the computed solutions with the blade-resolved Navier-Stokes solutions for the NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine.
Micromechanical properties of silicate glass films on sapphire substrates

The deformation of thin layers of glass on crystalline materials has been examined using newly developed experimental methods for nanomechanical testing. Continuous films of anorthite (CaAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8}), celsian (BaAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8}), and monticellite (CaMgSiO{sub 4}) were deposited onto Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surfaces by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). Mechanical properties such as Young`s modulus and hardness were probed with a high-resolution depth-sensing indentation instrument. Nanomechanical testing, combined with AFM in-situ imaging of the deformed regions, allowed force-displacement measurements and imaging of the same regions of the specimen before and immediately after indentation. Emphasis has been placed on examining how changes in the glass composition, residual stress introduced into the films, effect of film`s heat-treatment, and the effect of substrate crystallographic orientation will affect the mechanical properties of silicate-glass films.
The serotonin/noradrenaline-link in brain. I. The role of noradrenaline and serotonin in the regulation of density and function of beta adrenoceptors and its alteration by desipramine.

The present studies were undertaken to assess the role of noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5HT) in the regulation of the NA receptor coupled adenylate cyclase system and its alteration by desipramine (DMI) in brain structures with or without noradrenergic neuronal projections. In contrast to cortex and limbic forebrain, where chronic DMI administration caused subsensitivity of the NA sensitive adenylate cyclase linked to a down-regulation of beta adrenoceptors, the drug failed to alter the NA receptor coupled adenylate cyclase system in the striatum. Selective lesions of serotonergic axons with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine caused a significant increase in the density of beta adrenoceptors in cortex, limbic forebrain and striatum and prevented the down-regulation by DMI of beta adrenoceptors in cortex and limbic forebrain while the responsiveness of the NA sensitive adenylate cyclase was reduced to the same extent as in sham-lesioned control animals. The discrepancy between beta adrenoceptor number and NA responsiveness following lesions of 5HT axons was particularly profound in the striatum. The analysis of highand low-affinity components of agonist binding demonstrated that the increase in striatal beta adrenoceptors is due to a marked increase in receptors with low affinity while the number of receptors with high affinity is unchanged. The results lend further support to the view that the synaptic availability of NA is a prerequisite for the induction of subsensitivity of the NA sensitive adenylate cyclase and for the down-regulation of its beta adrenoceptor population by DMI and that 5HT plays a pivotal role in both the regulation of the number and the function of central beta adrenoceptors.
Supporting Social Justice Advocacy: A Paradigm Shift towards an Ecological Perspective

The entrenched intrapsychic perspective that currently dominates the counseling professions does not philosophically support social justice advocacy. Because an intrapsychic approach to counseling focuses almost exclusively on change at the individual level, interventions to change an oppressive environment are routinely ignored. Thus, this manuscript presents the argument that a paradigm shift towards an ecological perspective, one that recognizes human behavior as a function of person-environment interaction, is necessary to provide practitioners a clear rationale to engage in social justice advocacy in counseling.
Droplet Velocity in an Electrowetting on Dielectric Digital Microfluidic Device

In many electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) based microfluidics devices, droplet actuation speed is a crucial performance-controlling parameter. Our present study aims to characterize and study droplet speed in a typical EWOD device. First, a practical droplet speed measurement method has been methodically demonstrated and some related velocity terms have been introduced. Next, influence of electrode shape on droplet speed has been studied and a new design to enhance droplet speed has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Instead of using square shaped electrodes, rectangular electrodes with smaller widths are used to actuate droplets. Additionally, different schemes of activating electrodes are studied and compared for the same applied voltage. The experiments show that a particular scheme of activating the array of rectangular electrodes enhances the droplet speed up to 100% in comparison to the droplet speed in a conventional device with square shaped electrodes.
The Effects of Large Doses of Vitamin a on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in the Cow

SUMMARY Intramuscular injections of five million units of vitamin A were given to ten cows. A temporary fall in the concentrations of plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus occurred. The fall in phosphorus concentration was greater than that of calcium. Dietary calcium and phosphorus intake and faecal excretion measurements showed that faecal excretion was increased. Experiments with radio-isotopes indicated that this effect was due to a reduction in absorption.
Behavioral Medicine Strategies in Outpatient Psychiatric Settings

Psychological and behavioral factors play a critical role in the management of medical illness. Behavioral medicine is an interdisciplinary field that integrates these factors into treatment of medical illness. This chapter describes the impact of psychosocial factors on illness management, provides an overview of behavioral medicine, and illustrates applications in an outpatient general hospital setting. Special attention is given to discussing adherence to medical treatment, motivation to change, and specific behavioral medicine interventions with a focus on those following cognitive behavioral therapy principles. A case example illustrating several behavioral medicine techniques is also presented.
Health Status Survey of Some Public Places in Guangzhou City with Central Air Conditioning Ventilation System

Objective To investigate the health status of some public places in Guangzhou with central air conditioning ventilation system,and provide the basis for standardize the central air conditioning ventilation system health management in public places. Method The large central air conditioning systems in some public places in Guangzhou were randomly selected for the study. Fresh air, particulate matter (PM10), total number of bacteria, total number of fungi, β-hemolytic streptococcus, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and the Legionella bacteria were detected. Result The qualified rate of the fresh air was 99.01%, PM10 was 95.53%, total content of bacterium was 92.64%, total content of fungus was 90.70%, β-hemolytic streptococcus was 100%, TVOC was 81.05%, and Legionella bacteria was 89.58%. Conclusion Sanitary control should be strengthened to the central air conditioning ventilation system in some public places.
An Algebraic Question Related to the Function Theory for Real Submanifolds of ℠n

The purpose of the following discussion is to advertise a recent result of the author which has application the the problems of local holomorphic approximation and local holomorphic extension for C∞ real submanifolds of ℠n with CR singularity and to pose a geometric question motivated by this result.
LATEST: Local AdapTivE and Sequential Training for Tissue Segmentation of Isointense Infant Brain MR Images

Accurate segmentation of isointense infant (~6 months of age) brain MRIs is of great importance, however, a very challenging task, due to extremely low tissue contrast caused by ongoing myelination processes. In this work, we propose a novel learning method based on Local AdapTivE and Sequential Training (LATEST) for segmentation. Specifically, random forest technique is employed to train a local classifier (a single decision tree) for each voxel in the common space based on the neighboring training samples from atlases. Then, for each given voxel, all trained nearby individual classifiers (decision trees) are grouped together to form a forest. Moreover, the estimated probabilities are further used as additional source images to train the next set of local classifiers for refining tissue classification. By iteratively training the subsequent classifiers based on the updated tissue probability maps, a sequence of local classifiers can be built for accurate tissue segmentation.
Increased Glenoid Index is a Risk Factor for Pediatric Anterior Glenohumeral Dislocation: An MRI-Based Case-Control Study.

Objectives:In the adult population, anterior glenohumeral instability has been associated with a tall and narrow glenoid morphology, assessed using glenoid index (GI). This morphological associatio...
Panthera pardus (Leopard)

According to the San Juan nomenclature system, the autosomes of P. pardus are classified as follows: Group A, 4 pairs; Group B, 3 pairs; Group C, 2 pairs; Group D, 4 pairs; Group E, 3 pairs; Group F, 2 pairs. Pair El has a deep secondary constriction on its short arm.
Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry mediates nonlinear interactions between nutrient supply, temperature, and atmospheric CO 2

Abstract. Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry links nutrient supply to marine carbon export. Deviations of phytoplankton stoichiometry from Redfield proportions (106C : 1P) could therefore have a significant impact on carbon cycling, and understanding which environmental factors drive these deviations may reveal new mechanisms regulating the carbon cycle. To explore the links between environmental conditions, stoichiometry, and carbon cycling, we compared four different models of phytoplankton C : P: a fixed Redfield model, a model with C : P given as a function of surface phosphorus concentration (P), a model with C P given as a function of temperature, and a new multi-environmental model that predicts C : P as a function of light, temperature, and P. These stoichiometric models were embedded into a five-box ocean circulation model, which resolves the three major ocean biomes (high-latitude, subtropical gyres, and tropical upwelling regions). Contrary to the expectation of a monotonic relationship between surface nutrient drawdown and carbon export, we found that lateral nutrient transport from lower C : P tropical waters to high C : P subtropical waters could cause carbon export to decrease with increased tropical nutrient utilization. It has been hypothesized that a positive feedback between temperature and pCO2, atm will play an important role in anthropogenic climate change, with changes in the biological pump playing at most a secondary role. Here we show that environmentally driven shifts in stoichiometry make the biological pump more influential, and may reverse the expected positive relationship between temperature and pCO2, atm. In the temperature-only model, changes in tropical temperature have more impact on the Δ pCO2, atm (∼ 41 ppm) compared to subtropical temperature changes (∼ 4.5 ppm). Our multi-environmental model predicted a decline in pCO2, atm of ∼ 46 ppm when temperature spanned a change of 10 °C. Thus, we find that variation in marine phytoplankton stoichiometry and its environmental controlling factors can lead to nonlinear controls on pCO2, atm, suggesting the need for further studies of ocean C : P and the impact on ocean carbon cycling.
Rape Myth Acceptance Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Mostly Heterosexual College Students:

Although there is a wealth of existing research on various correlates and patterns of rape myth acceptance (RMA), including how RMA relates to homophobia (i.e., antigay and antilesbian perspectives) and negativity toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) men and women rape victims, no research to date has specifically focused on RMA among LGB and “mostly heterosexual” men and women. The current study examines how gender, sexual identity, personal experiences with rape (i.e., knowing/being a survivor), feminist identity, patriarchal gender norms, attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people, and the interactions among these relate to LGB college students’ (n = 389; 24% gay/lesbian, 19% bisexual, 57% mostly heterosexual) RMA using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale–Short Form. Findings show that being a woman, being LGB, identifying as a feminist, and knowing/being a survivor are all negatively related to RMA, whereas patriarchal gender norms are positively related to RMA. Atti...
Structurally embedded reflectors and mirrors for elastic wave focusing and energy harvesting

The harvesting of elastic waves propagating in structures can be enhanced dramatically via spatial focusing using mirror and lens concepts. Recent efforts on the mirror design have employed cylindrical stubs that form elliptical and parabolic geometries to focus structure-borne waves originating from a point source and incident plane waves, respectively. In those first-generation heuristic efforts, bulky cylindrical attachments served as effective reflectors while drastically altering thin host structures. Enabling structurally embedded mirror (SEM) configurations that avoid substantial modification of the host system requires a thorough understanding of the elastic mirror dynamics. This work presents a detailed investigation of SEM design, analysis, and experimental validation for enhanced elastic wave energy harvesting, among other applications that can benefit from spatially focused wave intensity. The SEM concept proposed in this effort uses metallic spheres (e.g., tungsten, lead, and steel) inserted ...
An automated configurable Trojan insertion framework for dynamic trust benchmarks

Malicious hardware modification, also known as hardware Trojan attack, has emerged as a serious security concern for electronic systems. Such attacks compromise the basic premise of hardware root of trust. Over the past decade, significant research efforts have been directed to carefully analyze the trust issues arising from hardware Trojans and to protect against them. This vast body of work often needs to rely on well-defined set of trust benchmarks that can reliably evaluate the effectiveness of the protection methods. In recent past, efforts have been made to develop a benchmark suite to analyze the effectiveness of pre-silicon Trojan detection and prevention methodologies. However, there are only a limited number of Trojan inserted benchmarks available. Moreover, there is an inherent bias as the researcher is aware of Trojan properties such as location and trigger condition since the current benchmarks are static. In order to create an unbiased and robust benchmark suite to evaluate the effectiveness of any protection technique, we have developed a comprehensive framework of automatic hardware Trojan insertion. Given a netlist, the framework will automatically generate a design with single or multiple Trojan instances based user-specified Trojan properties. It allows a wide variety of configurations, such as the type of Trojan, Trojan activation probability, number of triggers, and choice of payload. The tool ensures that the inserted Trojan is a valid one and allow for provisions to optimize the Trojan footprint (area and switching). Experiments demonstrate that a state-of-the-art Trojan detection technique provides poor efficacy when using benchmarks generated by our tool. This tool is available for download from http://www.trust-hub.org/.