cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Informant-Reports of Personality Disorder: Relation to Self-Reports and Future Research Directions

Most instruments that assess personality disorder rely principally on self-report. However, there are major limitations to using self-report for the diagnosis of personality pathology. First, the self provides only one opinion. Second, like everyone else, people with personality disorders are frequently unable to view themselves realistically and are unaware of the effect of their behavior on other people. Using informant data, therefore, may improve the reliability and validity of diagnostic assessment. A review of the literature reveals that agreement between informant- and self-reports of personality disorder is modest at best, even though informants tend to agree with each other. Self-informant concordance appears to be higher for older subjects and for Cluster B traits (excluding narcissism). Further research should focus on methods of resolving discrepancies between self- and informant-reports of personality disorder and determining when self or informant data are more valid.
Contesting Water Rights: Collective Ownership and Struggles against Privatization

The post-1980s have seen increasing struggles over rights to water. Water rights have involved intense protests and campaigns against privatization of water including bottling of water and advocacy for citizens control of water. We review scholarly work to focus on four main aspects: the complexities intertwining globalization processes, the state, and water rights; collective ownership of water resources; peoples’ participating in managing and using water; and the campaigns against privatization which have emerged in both the developing and developed world in different ways. The conclusion calls for adopting a social movement lens to examine the struggles for water rights by providing some lead research questions around the macro and micro level theoretical approaches.
Adoption of an Electronic Knowledge Repository: A Feature-Based Approach

Many organizations dedicate money and time to implement electronic knowledge repositories (EKRs). To better implement these systems and motivate users to contribute knowledge, we must better understand how different types of users actually employ an EKR. While a simplistic view might consider an individual's level of EKR usage as high, medium, or low, a richer, feature-based approach allows us a more developed understanding of EKR usage. To achieve this objective, this paper develops an empirical taxonomy of EKR adoption profiles when other knowledge sources are available through surveys of 108 system administrators at a Fortune 500 Company. The three EKR user profiles - enthusiastic knowledge seeker, thoughtful knowledge provider, and reluctant non-adopter - are distinct in terms of knowledge sourcing behaviors and context.
Adults' motivation for physical activity: differentiating motives for exercise, sport, and recreation.

Physical inactivity continues to be a significant problem that adversely impacts adult health. An important construct to consider in researching adult physical activity adherence is motivation. Factors motivating participation in two types of physical activity, exercise and sport, have been compared; however, factors motivating participation in another type of physical activity, recreation, have often been left out of the comparison. The current study compared motivation to partake in physical activity among adults whose primary type of physical activity was exercise, sport, or recreation. Results indicate that participation motivation significantly varied among physical activity types (exercise, sport, and recreation). It was found that the participants who engaged in recreation as their primary form of physical activity and the participants who took part in exercise as their primary form of physical activity had motivations that were more similar to one another’s than to those of the participants who us...
Enhancing Wireless Patient Monitoring by Integrating Stored and Live Patient Information

Patient monitoring using wireless technologies has been considered for improving the quality of healthcare to an increased number of patients, including those suffering from physical and cognitive disabilities. For such patients, comprehensive and reliable wireless patient monitoring system should be designed that can operate autonomously. In this paper, we propose that comprehensive patient monitoring should involve the use of stored healthcare information and transmission of live vital signs. In simple terms, the use of stored knowledge (such as nominal vital signs and patients individual thresholds) could compensate for the limited resources of underlying wireless networks, especially under times of significant traffic. This will allow the delivery of patient related information to one of more healthcare professionals in reasonable time as the traffic per monitoring event is reduced. To enhance the quality of patient monitoring, we present reliable wireless architecture and propose that context-awareness should be utilized in the healthcare delivery decision.
Identification and Sequence Determination of mRNAs Detected in Dormant (Diapausing) Aedes triseriatus Mosquito Embryos

Many insects survive adverse climatic conditions in a dormant state known as diapause. In this study, we identified and sequenced several mRNAs in diapausing Aedes triseriatus mosquito embryos. Using reverse-transcription PCR and 5' RACE, we identified a 995-nucleotide cDNA that encodes a 259-amino acid protein of unknown function. This putative protein displays strong sequence similarity to Drosophila melanogaster (95%), human (87%), Caenorhabditis elegans (86%) and yeast (81%) counterparts. The second identified full-length cDNA consists of 624 nucleotides and encodes a 174-amino acid protein of unknown function. This putative protein displays significant sequence similarity to D. melanogaster (68%), human (59%), plant (57%) and yeast (49%) counterparts. We also detected a number of cDNA fragments that exhibited significant sequence similarity to a mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit, human N33 protein (a potential human prostate tumor suppressor), 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs, protein disulfide-isomerase, and guanine nucleotide-binding protein.
Learning and Behaviorally Handicapped Students’ Perceptions of Instructional and Motivational Features of Computer Assisted Instruction

AbstractNational surveys indicate that students with learning and behavioral handicaps are some of the most frequent users of computer assisted instruction (CAI) in our nation’s schools. However, little is known about how students perceive different CAI features and how these features contribute to students’ judgments of a program’s instructional efficacy and motivational appeal. The purpose of this study was to examine learning and behaviorally handicapped students’ perceptions of three different mathematics CAI programs and to determine relationships between students’ opinions of each program and the amount of instruction and engagement it provided. Findings are generally supportive of previous research conducted with video and computer games. For the three CAI programs examined in this study. animation seemed to be a primary factor influencing students’ judgments of a program’s entertainment value and instructional efficacy. However, data also suggest that animation may detract from students’ opportuni...
The Classical Ruin Problem with Equal Initial Fortunes

(1975). The Classical Ruin Problem with Equal Initial Fortunes. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 286-288.
Complex Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Management of Valgus Knee

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the valgus knee is often considered to be more complex than in the varus knee, and multiple differing techniques have been proposed to achieve a good outcome in these patients. These include variations in surgical approach, differing methods for attaining appropriate component alignment, and numerous methods to address soft tissue balancing. In this chapter, a case is presented showing one combination of these variations in a single patient, and a brief literature review is undertaken to address the most debated topics in TKA of the valgus knee.
The Molecular Basis of Acute Gout

The mechanisms whereby the urate crystal initiates the acute attack of gout have been sought for more than a century; critical experiments are described through which it has been established that after the crystal's ingestion by the cell, hydrogen bonding occurs between crystal and lysosomal membrane. The result is membrane rupture, release of lysosomal enzymes, cell autolysis, and discharge of enzymes into joint fluid.
Correlation of serum estradiol levels and ultrasound monitoring to assess follicular maturation

Thirty-eight patients underwent 38 cycles of induction of ovulation using stepwise human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. Ultrasonography was performed on the day of hCG injection. The mean age +/- standard error of the mean (SEM) of the patients was 32.9 +/- 0.8 years, and the duration of infertility ranged from 1 to 14 years (median, 2.8). Ultrasonographic measurements were obtained of the largest diameter and the volume of the dominant follicles as well as all other follicles in both ovaries. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test, regression analysis, and analysis of variance. The mean +/- SEM diameter of dominant follicles was 1.8 +/- 0.1 cm, and the volume of dominant follicles was 3.5 +/- 0.8 cm. The mean +/- SEM serum estradiol (E2) level before hCG administration was 659 +/- 62 pg/ml. Significant correlations were found between preovulatory serum E2 levels and the total follicular volume of both ovaries (r = 0.41, P less than 0.05) and follicular volume of the ovary containing the dominant follicle (r = 0.42, P less than 0.01). No significant correlation was observed between the diameter of the dominant follicle and serum E2 levels. These results suggest that ultrasound findings reflect growth, whereas serum E2 levels primarily detect functional activity of follicles.
Total bladder replacement using detubularized sigmoid colon: technique and results.

AbstractWe performed total bladder replacement with a detubularized segment of sigmoid colon in patients after cystoprostatectomy. The surgical technique and long-term results in 27 patients are reported. This neobladder configuration compared favorably with other neobladder types regarding ease of construction. The surgical complications were acceptable. Initial reservoir function was good but improved further with time. After 1 year the capacity averaged 600 cc, pressures during filling and at capacity were low (average 12 and 16cm. water) and emptying was satisfactory (residual urine 4 to 80 cc). All patients were continent during the day and 67% were continent at night without excessive voiding habits. Nighttime incontinence was further resolved in 2 patients by using the AMS 800 artificial sphincter around the bulbous urethra. The detubularized sigmoid is an excellent neobladder configuration after cystoprostatectomy.
What Do Criminals Deserve

I attempt to specify the precise role played by desert in a justification of state punishment. To this end, I contrast the questions that must be resolved from those that need not be addressed at all or cannot be answered to anyone's satisfaction. I argue that much can be learned about the justification of state punishment by focusing on situations in which persons react appropriately to culpable wrongdoing perpetrated by non-state actors. I conclude that the greatest difficulty for desert theorists is to explain why the deprivations and stigma legitimately inflicted by victims should take the form of hard treatment and censure imposed by the state. I offer a few inconclusive suggestions about how this latter problem might be solved.
Biogeomorphic disturbance: A case study on associations and methods after fire within the alpine treeline ecotone

Abstract Biogeomorphology is an increasingly popular field of study, but the approaches to biogeomorphic research and methods are not yet well developed. This research evaluated ecologic and geomorphic interactions after fire within the alpine treeline ecotone of Glacier National Park, Montana. Associations between soil conditions and vegetation, the effect of vegetation edges on soil characteristics, and the influence of quadrat size on select vegetation and soil variables were evaluated with the use of fieldwork and statistics. Of the 11 ecologic/soil variables compared, three were significantly correlated – soil compaction and krummholz density, soil loss and percent vegetation, and soil loss and burn severity. The ecologic edge between burned and unburned krummholz had significant influence on soil compaction, clast size, and effective soil depth patterns. Quadrat size did not have much influence on average results for either soil or vegetation variables. These findings highlight both the potential biogeomorphic interactions as well as interesting results that were not significant, and will contribute to the advancement of biogeomorphology. The results also provide novel information on alpine treeline ecotone response after fire.
Facial recognition of happiness among older adults with active and remitted major depression

Biased emotion processing in depression might be a trait characteristic independent of mood improvement and a vulnerable factor to develop further depressive episodes. This phenomenon of among older adults with depression has not been adequately examined. In a 2-year cross-sectional study, 59 older patients with either active or remitted major depression, or never-depressed, completed a facial emotion recognition task (FERT) to probe perceptual bias of happiness. The results showed that depressed patients, compared with never depressed subjects, had a significant lower sensitivity to identify happiness particularly at moderate intensity of facial stimuli. Patients in remission from a previous major depressive episode but with none or minimal symptoms had similar sensitivity rate to identify happy facial expressions as compared to patients with an active depressive episode. Further studies would be necessary to confirm whether recognition of happy expression reflects a persistent perceptual bias of major depression in older adults.
Gene Expression Signature of Host Immune Response Is Predictive of Follicular Lymphoma Patient Survival in Independent Cohorts, and Correlates with Transformation to Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Abstract 2951 Poster Board II-927 Background: Expression signatures of infiltrating immune cells [1] have been shown to predict survival in follicular lymphoma (FL), but have not been cross-validated in independent patient cohorts [2,3]. These signatures may relate biologically to the frequency of infiltrating including T-cells and macrophages, or to specific transcription programs within tumor cells and/or the tumor microenvironment. We sought to evaluate the validity of this model in an independent cohort of patients with FL, assessing its relationship to outcomes including histological transformation and death. Methods: The immune response (IR) predictor score proposed by Dave et al. [1] was applied to gene expression data from an independent cohort of 88 FL patients [4] with known survival outcomes and history of transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Genes (n=66) corresponding to IR1 and IR2 signatures were mapped from Affymetrix microarrays [1] to a custom cDNA array [4] via Entrez Gene ID, and the composite IR score was calculated per the scheme proposed by Dave et al. Results: The IR score was predictive of patient outcome in the 88 patient test set as a continuous variable (p=0.001, HR=2.01, 95% CI 0.50-1.30). Partitioning of patients into high and low risk groups based on the median IR score across the cohort robustly separated survival curves ( Figure A ). The IR score was significantly higher in FL patients known to undergo transformation to DLBCL ( Figure B : mean IR score of -0.6 in non-transforming FL vs. -0.2 in transforming FL; p∼10-11, t-test). Conclusions: The IR score of Dave et al. was highly significant as a predictor of survival in the independent patient cohort [4]. Moreover, the score was significantly associated with propensity of FL to transform to DLBCL. To our knowledge, immune cell infiltration has not previously been implicated in transformation. 1. Dave SS et al. (2004) Prediction of survival in follicular lymphoma based on molecular features of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. N Engl J Med 351(21): 2159-2169. 2. Tibshirani R (2005) Immune signatures in follicular lymphoma. N Engl J Med 352: 1496-1497. 3. Chu G Hong WJ, Warnke R, Chu G (2005). Immune Signatures in Follicular Lymphoma (Corres). N Engl J Med. 352: 1496-1497. 4. Glas AM et al. (2005) Gene expression profiling in follicular lymphoma to assess clinical aggressiveness and to guide the choice of treatment. Blood 105(1): 301-307. Download : Download high-res image (83KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Minimum of Thermodynamics and of the Kinetic Theory of Gases

A gas is a collection of particles (molecules) that interact with one another solely through elastic collisions. If molecules were dimensionless, point-like objects, their thermal energy would be only that of linear motion in three dimensions—they would have only three degrees of freedom. At a given moment, some molecules have large kinetic energy, while others have little. However, over a sufficiently long period of time, each has the same average kinetic energy. This intuitive result is called the principle of equipartition of energy. According to this principle, the energy associated with any degree of freedom is the same. A simple relationship must exist between pressure and temperature. The pressure is proportional to both the gas concentration and to its temperature. This is the perfect-gas law applicable to ideal gases, in which particles neither attract nor repel one another. Practical gases may not follow this law exactly owing to weak Van der Waals' forces between molecules and to the finite size of molecules.
Regulation of FcRγ function by site-specific serine phosphorylation

The common FcRγ, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)- containing adaptor protein, associates with multiple leukocyte receptor complexes and mediates signal transduction through the ITAM in the cytoplasmic domain. The presence of multiple serine and threonine residues within this motif suggests the potential for serine/threonine phosphorylation in modulating signaling events. Single-site mutational analysis of these residues in RBL-2H3 cells indicates that each may contribute to net FcRγ-mediated signaling, and mass spectrometry of WT human FcRγ from receptor-stimulated cells shows consistent preferential phosphorylation of the serine residue at position 51. Immunoblot analysis, mass spectrometry, and mutational analyses showed that phosphorylation of serine 51 in the 7-residue spacer between the 2 YxxL sequences regulates FcRγ signaling by inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation at the membrane proximal Y47 position of the ITAM, but not phosphorylation at position Y58. This inhibition results in reduced Syk recruitment and activation. With in vitro kinase assays, PKC-δ and PKA show preferential phosphorylation of S51. Serine/threonine phosphorylation of the FcRγ ITAM, which functions as an integrator of multiple signaling elements, may explain in part the contribution of variants in PKC-δ and other PKC isoforms to some autoimmune phenotypes.
CHAPTER 53 – Cytokines and cancer

General properties of all cancers include uncontrolled cell growth and, in most instances, the ability to metastasize, or spread to other areas of the body. The chapter deals with cytokines that have been extensively investigated in the search for both a cause and cure for cancer. Depending upon the type of tumor, roles have been discovered for numerous cytokines in both the genesis and the treatment of cancer. Cytokines produced by tumor cells or tumor stroma can stimulate the survival, proliferation, and metastasis of cancer cells. While numerous cytokines have been evaluated in clinical trials, the greatest potential for cytokine therapy appears to be in combination with other biologic therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapies, and cancer vaccines. A careful consideration of the factors responsible for the development, and progression of cancers, and the cytokine milieu of the tumor environment is critical when considering cytokine or anticytokine therapy for this disease. The inflammatory process and in particular, proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the process of carcinogenesis and tumor progression.
Relating Ecological Technical Terms to Students' Reasoning between 1st and 4th Grades.

AbstractThis study investigates how lower elementary students used the technical terms in the context of ecology. We interviewed 44 students using several scenarios related to the ecosystem. We determined the general frequency of technical terms used from a preselected list commonly employed by scientists in their discourse about ecosystems. Then, we identified the contextualisation of the technical terms. The results showed three categories: naming – where the terms referred to an event or object without any appropriate scientific explanation, partial explanation – where the terms revealed a scientific idea mixed with other alternative conceptions, and complete scientific explanation – where the terms were used to completely convey the proper scientific idea. We discuss the practical implication of those results for teaching ecology.
The Case for Limited Shareholder Voting Rights

Recent years have seen a number of efforts to extend the shareholder franchise. These efforts implicate two fundamental issues for corporation law. First, why do shareholders - and only shareholders - have voting rights? Second, why are the voting rights of shareholders so limited? This essay proposes answers for those questions. As for efforts to expand the limited shareholder voting rights currently provided by corporation law, the essay argues that the director primacy-based system of U.S. corporate governance has served investors and society well. This record of success occurred not in spite of the separation of ownership and control, but because of that separation. Before changing making further changes to the system of corporate law that has worked well for generations, it would be appropriate to give those changes already made time to work their way through the system. To the extent additional change or reform is thought desirable at this point, surely it should be in the nature of minor modifications to the newly adopted rules designed to enhance their performance, or rather than radical and unprecedented shifts in the system of corporate governance that has existed for decades.
Response of House Finches Recovered from Mycoplasma gallisepticum to Reinfection with a Heterologous Strain.

SUMMARY After recovery, house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) reinfected with the same Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain remain partially resistant to reinfection for at least 14 mo in that they recover from reinfection much more rapidly than do Mycoplasma gallisepticum-naive birds. To test the response of birds to reinfection with a heterologous strain we performed two experiments. In a first experiment we exposed birds to one of three strains that differed in virulence. After they had recovered all were reinfected with the most virulent-strain available at the time of the experiment. In a second experiment we infected and later reinfected house finches with one of two Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains whereby we switched the order of the strain used. In both experiments, disease in birds reinfected with a more-virulent strain caused more-severe disease. Our data suggest that the observed increase in Mycoplasma gallisepticum virulence, once the disease has become endemic in free-ranging house finches is—in p...
Monetary Policy and its Implication for Balance of Payment Stability in Nigeria Between 1986-2015

An assessment of the impact of monetary policy on balance of payments in Nigeria from 1986-2015 was investigated. The data used for this study is mainly secondary data and was analyzed using ARDL co integration technique. The results showed the net trade (NT), money supply (M2) and bank credit to private sector (BCP) all have long run effect on the balance of payment while the differenced money supply (DM2), net trade and bank credit all showed the short run relationship with the balance of payment. From the overall analyses done on the variables, it was concluded that all variables exhibited relationships both in the long and short run respectively i.e are jointly significant. It?s therefore recommended that government through the monetary authority should ensure that the domestic money stock is consistent with macroeconomic objectives, put adequate policies in place that will stabilize money circulation in order to avoid excess liquidity in the economy which may lead to inflation. Export diversification and non-oil sector exports should be encouraged as this will enhance BOP position in Nigeria.
Systemic inflammation as a predictor of brain aging: Contributions of physical activity, metabolic risk, and genetic risk.

Abstract Inflammatory processes may contribute to risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related brain degeneration. Metabolic and genetic risk factors, and physical activity may, in turn, influence these inflammatory processes. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, and interact with each other. Understanding how these processes together relate to brain aging will help to inform future interventions to treat or prevent cognitive decline. We used brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to scan 335 older adult humans (mean age 77.3 ± 3.4 years) who remained non-demented for the duration of the 9-year longitudinal study. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) in a subset of 226 adults to evaluate whether measures of baseline peripheral inflammation (serum C-reactive protein levels; CRP), mediated the baseline contributions of genetic and metabolic risk, and physical activity, to regional cortical thickness in AD-relevant brain regions at study year 9. We found that both baseline metabolic risk and AD risk variant apolipoprotein E e4 (APOE4), modulated baseline serum CRP. Higher baseline CRP levels, in turn, predicted thinner regional cortex at year 9, and mediated an effect between higher metabolic risk and thinner cortex in those regions. A higher polygenic risk score composed of variants in immune-associated AD risk genes (other than APOE) was associated with thinner regional cortex. However, CRP levels did not mediate this effect, suggesting that other mechanisms may be responsible for the elevated AD risk. We found interactions between genetic and environmental factors and structural brain health. Our findings support the role of metabolic risk and peripheral inflammation in age-related brain decline.
SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF TRANSVENOUS LEAD EXTRACTION IN OCTOGENARIANS

As the population ages, the number of elderly patients with implantable cardiac devices referred for transvenous lead extraction will dramatically increase in Japan. We report the safety and effectiveness of transvenous lead extraction in octogenarians. Between 2005 and 2017, we collected data of
Frontal cortical control of posterior sensory and association cortices through the claustrum

The claustrum is a telencephalic gray matter nucleus that is richly interconnected with the neocortex. This structure subserves top-down executive functions that require frontal cortical control of posterior cortical regions. However, functional anatomical support for the claustrum allowing for long-range intercortical communication is lacking. To test this, we performed a channelrhodopsin-assisted long-circuit mapping strategy in mouse brain slices. We find that anterior cingulate cortex input to the claustrum is transiently amplified by claustrum neurons that, in turn, project to parietal association cortex or to primary and secondary visual cortices. Additionally, we observe that claustrum drive of cortical neurons in parietal association cortex is layer-specific, eliciting action potential generation briefly in layers II/III, IV, and VI but not V. These data are the first to provide a functional anatomical substrate through claustrum that may underlie top-down functions, such as executive attention or working memory, providing critical insight to this most interconnected and enigmatic nucleus.
New biological research and understanding of Papanicolaou's test

The development of the Papanicolaou smear test by Dr. George Nicholas Papanicolaou (1883-1962) is one of the most significant achievements in screening for disease and cancer prevention in history. The Papanicolaou smear has been used for screening of cervical cancer since the 1950s. The test is technically straightforward and practical and based on a simple scientific observation: malignant cells have an aberrant nuclear morphology that can be distinguished from benign cells. Here, we review the scientific understanding that has been achieved and continues to be made on the causes and consequences of abnormal nuclear morphology, the basis of Dr. Papanicolaou's invention. The deformed nuclear shape is caused by the loss of lamina and nuclear envelope structural proteins. The consequences of a nuclear envelope defect include chromosomal numerical instability, altered chromatin organization and gene expression, and increased cell mobility because of a malleable nuclear envelope. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infection is recognized as the key etiology in the development of cervical cancer. Persistent HPV infection causes disruption of the nuclear lamina, which presents as a change in nuclear morphology detectable by a Papanicolaou smear. Thus, the causes and consequences of nuclear deformation are now linked to the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis, and are still undergoing active investigation to reveal the details. Recently a statue was installed in front of the Papanicolaou's Cancer Research Building to honor the inventor. Remarkably, the invention nearly 60 years ago by Dr. Papanicolaou still exerts clinical impacts and inspires scientific inquiries.
Semiotic Mechanisms Underlying Niche Construction

The explanatory value of niche construction can be strengthened by firm footing in semiotic theory. Anthropologists have a unique perspective on the integration of such diverse approaches to human action and evolutionary processes. Here, we seek to open a dialogue between anthropology and biosemiotics. The overarching aim of this paper is to demonstrate that niche construction, including the underlying mechanism of reciprocal causation, is a semiotic process relating to biological development (sensu stricto) as well as cognitive development and cultural change. In making this argument we emphasize the semiotic mechanisms underlying the niche concept. We argue that the “niche” in ecology and evolutionary biology can be consistent with the Umwelt of Jakob von Uexkull. Following John Deely we therefore suggest that investigations into the organism—environment interface constituting niche construction should emphasize the semiotic basis of experience. Peircean signs are pervasive and allow for flexible interpretations of phenomena in relation to the perceptual and cognitive capacities of the behaving organism, which is particularly pertinent for understanding the relation of proximate/ultimate selective forces as co-productive (i.e., reciprocal). Additionally, theoretical work by Kinji Imanishi on the evolution of daily life and Gregory Bateson’s relational view of evolution both support the linkage between proximate and ultimate evolutionary processes of causation necessitated by the niche construction perspective. We will then apply this theoretical framework to two specific examples: 1) hominin evolution, including uniquely human cultural behaviors with niche constructive implications; and 2) the multispecies and anthropocentric niche of human-dog coevolution from which complex cognitive capacities and semiotic relationships emerged. The intended outcome of this paper is the establishment of concrete semiotic mechanisms and theory underlying niche constructive behavior which can then be applied to a broad spectrum of organisms to contextualize the reciprocal relation between proximate and ultimate drivers of behavior.
Therapist–client language matching: Initial promise as a measure of therapist–client relationship quality.

While research suggests that the therapeutic alliance is important in predicting outcomes of psychotherapy, relatively little is known about the development of the alliance or the moment-to-moment components of the relationship and how they combine to create an alliance, which may represent a serious limitation in existing methods of measurement. Language style matching (LSM), or the degree to which unconscious aspects of an interactional partner's language mimic that of the other partner, is a promising, unobtrusive measure of interaction quality that could provide novel insight into the therapist-client alliance. In this article, we present a theoretical argument regarding the trajectory of therapist-client LSM across therapy sessions, as well as potential precursors and consequences of LSM. We then report on a pilot test of our hypotheses that examined how LSM, clients' relational histories, and clients' symptoms were associated within a therapeutic context. Using a small sample of substance dependent mothers (N = 7, 100% Caucasian women) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of psychodynamic psychotherapy lasting 12 sessions, we examined client and therapist LSM across 4 of the 12 sessions. We found that, on average, LSM decreases over the course of treatment. Furthermore, greater client interpersonal problems prospectively predict lower early LSM in therapist-client dyads, which in turn predicts greater posttreatment psychiatric distress. Results generate questions for future research and support further investigations of LSM as one index of the quality of interactions between therapist and client.
Glucose transport and GLUT4 protein distribution in skeletal muscle of GLUT4 transgenic mice

The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether the subcellular distribution and insulin-stimulated translocation of the GLUT4 isoform of the glucose transporter are affected when GLUT4 is overexpressed in mouse skeletal muscle, and if the overexpression of GLUT4 alters maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport and metabolism. Rates of glucose transport and metabolism were assessed by hind-limb perfusion in GLUT4 transgenic (TG) mice and non-transgenic (NTG) controls. Glucose-transport activity was determined under basal (no insulin), submaximal (0.2 m-unit/ml) and maximal (10 m-units/ml) insulin conditions using a perfusate containing 8 mM 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. Glucose metabolism was quantified by perfusing the hind limbs for 25 min with a perfusate containing 8 mM glucose and 10 m-units/ml insulin. Under basal conditions, there was no difference in muscle glucose transport between TG (1.10 +/- 0.10 mumol/h per g; mean +/- S.E.M.) and NTG (0.93 +/- 0.16 mumol/h per g) mice. However, TG mice displayed significantly greater glucose-transport activity during submaximal (4.42 +/- 0.49 compared with 2.69 +/- 0.33 mumol/h per g) and maximal (11.68 +/- 1.13 compared with 7.53 +/- 0.80 mumol/h per g) insulin stimulation. Nevertheless, overexpression of the GLUT4 protein did not alter maximal rates of glucose metabolism. Membrane purification revealed that, under basal conditions, plasma-membrane (approximately 12-fold) and intracellular-membrane (approximately 4-fold) GLUT4 protein concentrations were greater in TG than NTG mice. Submaximal insulin stimulation did not increase plasma-membrane GLUT4 protein concentration whereas maximal insulin stimulation increased this protein in both NTG (4.1-fold) and TG (2.6-fold) mice. These results suggest that the increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport following overexpression of the GLUT4 protein is limited by factors other than the plasma-membrane GLUT4 protein concentration. Furthermore, GLUT4 overexpression is not coupled to glucose-metabolic capacity.
Indispensable Ethical Considerations for Ambitious Leaders

This study presents reflection of ethical considerations for aspiring leaders in the workplace to underscore the importance of ethics in management decisions. Views and perspectives are presented aligning to current literature and the current state of ethics in leadership. Vignettes are provided to gauge self- assessment of recognizing and reporting, correcting, and changing unethical errors without becoming fearful of consequences. The goal of the research is to inform ethical leaders to seek to be rooted in truth and transparency to achieve business success.
Production of Olfactory Receptors Using Commercial E. coli Cell-free Systems

The first bottleneck in olfactory receptor (OR) structural and functional studies is to produce sufficient quantities of soluble, functional, and stable receptors. Other production systems have been used and summarized in other chapters of this book. We here show that commercial cell-free in vitro translation systems can be used to produce milligrams of soluble and functional olfactory receptors within several hours directly from plasmid DNA with select optimal detergents. These olfactory receptors can be purified using immunoaffinity 1D4 monoclonal antibody rhodopsin-tag and gel filtration, and can be analyzed using gel electrophoresis and with other standard techniques. The olfactory receptors and other scent-related receptors produced by the cell-free method fold properly and are able to bind their odorants.
Integrability and measurability for abstract valued functions

In this chapter we shall discuss the integrability and measurability of functions with values in a Banach space. The definitions and results of sections 1, 2 and 3 are somewhat similar to those in chapter 1. The definitions and results of sections 4, 5, 6 are based on the notion of lifting and are essential for the applications in the next chapter.
Good doc, bad doc: teaching effective documentation in programming courses

Though considered important to most programming professionals, the teaching of effective documentation skills is frequently challenged by these common documentation "hurdles": 1. Textbooks (almost all of which use added comments to explain the coding constructs being taught, rather than as examples of real-world documentation) 2. Professors (trained in coding skills, who are pressed to cover lots of coding skills and topics, usually emphasize the correctness of program execution above all else, and can grade program output a lot easier, faster and more objectively than trying to grade the effectiveness of documentation) 3. Students (who usually appreciate program correctness will often balk at being graded on "English" skills, and on things that don't seem to matter -- and often treat added comments as "busy work" that they throw in at the last minute before the due date) 4. Academic Assignments (which have a short lifetime, and are usually too simple, too familiar, and too obvious to have a real "need" for effective documentation) 5. Business/Industry (which rush programming projects toward release and emphasize short-term value at the expense of longer-term value) It also seems quite rare to see research, academic papers, discussions, etc. related to this topic.
Anomalous and Constant Substructure Creep Transients in Pure Aluminum

ABSTRACT The strain transients which accompany reductions in the creep stress for aluminum tested at 673 K are described. It is observed that the creep rate is anomalously high immediately after intermediate stress reductions, then decreases to a minimum, and finally accelerates toward a new steady state. Particular attention is given to the anomalous transients and to the minimum or constant substructure creep rates. It is suggested that the anomalous creep behavior can be attributed to the effects of dynamic recovery. The anomalous creep rates are characterized by a 4.4 power dependence on stress, the same as that for steady state creep. The constant substructure data are described by an exponential dependence on the reduced stress. After large stress reductions the new steady state creep rate is the same as that in an uninterrupted test, while for small reductions the creep rate remains lower than the expected steady state rate over a large interval of strain.
Probing supraglacial debris on Mars 2: Crater morphology

Abstract Lobate debris aprons (LDA), lineated valley fill (LVF), and concentric crater fill (CCF) on Mars, interpreted to be debris-covered glaciers, possess craters with a suite of distinct interior landforms (called “ring-mold craters”) that have been attributed to the presence of glacial ice at depth or surface modification processes. We tested current hypotheses for the formation of ring-mold craters by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the size and morphology of 16,457 impact craters ≥125 m in diameter formed within glacial deposits in Deuteronilus Mensae. Two major groups, bowl-shaped craters and ring-mold craters, are found, with at least nine distinct crater types. While there is statistical difference in median diameters between these crater types, this difference is relatively small and is within the estimated uncertainty in diameter measurements and may be related to more enhanced erosion of the rims of ring-mold craters. Clear degradation sequences are observed, supporting a role for post-impact modification in producing at least some of the diversity in crater landforms. The spatial density of ring-mold craters is also directly correlated with the development of LDA, LVF, and CCF surface textures. Flow lineations cross-cut two ring-mold crater types but they maintain their circular planforms in some cases, suggesting that the craters initially formed completely within mantling layers deposited after glacial flow had ceased. We also find analogous craters in non-glacial units; glacial ice is therefore not required to form the observed morphologic diversity. Our observations are most consistent with formation of crater landforms by emplacement and modification of at least two depositional episodes of icy dust (i.e., “mantle”). This mantle was initially tens of meters in thickness to support crater formation, and has experienced much downwasting and erosion since emplacement. Derived crater retention ages of 460 Ma for LDA, LVF, and CCF features in the region therefore reflect deposition of mantle units and only give a very minimum age for the formation of LDA, LVF, and CCF.
An Efficient Class-G Stage for Switching RF Power Amplifier Applications

An efficient class-G stage based on a class-D power amplifier (PA) for switching RF PA applications is described. Class-G operation is achieved by introducing one additional transistor in a cascoded class-D PA, that can reduce area as well as enhance efficiency when compared to prior class-G designs. In addition, a multi-level switching operation is proposed which provides stacked class-G PA operation without using any additional switches. The stacked PA can avoid the requirement for an extra supply voltage for class-G operation. The efficiency and losses in the proposed design, as well as conventional designs, at various output power levels are analyzed by utilizing these in a 5-bit switched-capacitor PA (SCPA). A stacked class-G design with single supply voltage is also compared to an unstacked dual-supply class-G design. While the proposed approach has been explored in an SCPA, the approach can be applied to any switching RF PA architecture that employs a class-D PA.
The influence of roughness on stem cell differentiation using 3D printed polylactic acid scaffolds

With the increase in popularity of 3D printing, an important question arises as to the equivalence between devices manufactured by standard methods vs. those presenting with identical bulk specifications, but manufactured via fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. Using thermal imaging in conjunction with electron and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that large thermal gradients, whose distribution is difficult to predict, are associated with FDM printing and result in incomplete fusion and sharkskin of the printing filament. Even though these features are micro or submicron scale, and hence may not interfere with the intended function of the device, they can have a profound influence if the device comes in contact with living tissue. Dental pulp stem cells were cultured on substrates of identical dimensions, which were either printed or molded from the same PLA stock material. The cultures exhibited significant differences in plating efficiency, migration trajectory, and morphology at early times stemming from attempts by the cells to minimize cytoplasm deformation as they attempt to adhere on the printed surfaces. Even though biomineralization without dexamethasone induction was observed in all cultures at later times, different gene expression patterns were observed on the two surfaces. (Osteogenic markers were upregulated on molded substrates, while odontogenic markers were upregulated on the FDM printed surfaces.) Our results clearly indicate that the method of manufacturing is an important consideration in comparing devices, which come in contact with living tissues.
Validation of 2015 Lake Erie MODIS image spectral decomposition using visible derivative spectroscopy and field campaign data

Abstract Timely identification of color-producing agents (CPAs) in Lake Erie is a challenging, but vital aspect of monitoring harmful algal blooms (HABs). In particular, HABs that include large amounts of cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs) can be toxic to humans, posing a threat to drinking water, in addition to recreational and economic use of Lake Erie. The optical signal of Lake Erie is complex (Becker et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2017), typically comprised of phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), detritus, and terrigenous inorganic particles, varying in composition both spatially and temporally. The Kent State University (KSU) spectral decomposition method effectively partitions CPAs using a varimax-rotated, principal component analysis (VPCA) of visible reflectance spectra measured using lab, field or satellite instruments (Ali et al., 2013; Ortiz et al., 2017, 2013). We analyze 2015 imagery acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor and field samples collected during the early 2015 cyanoHAB season. We identified four primary CPA spectral signatures, and the spatial distribution of each identified CPA, in the reflectance spectra datasets of both the MODIS and lab-measured water samples. The KSU spectral decomposition method results in mixtures of specific pigments, pigment degradation products, and minerals that describe the optically complex water. We found very good agreement between the KSU VPCA spectral decomposition results and in situ measurements, indicating that this method may be a powerful tool for rapid CyanoHAB monitoring and assessment in large lakes using instruments that provide moderate resolution imagery (0.3 to 1 km2).