cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The topographic and gravitational expression of density anomalies due to melt extraction in the uppermost oceanic mantle

Abstract Evidence suggests that basaltic extrusion can decrease the density of the depleted source region by up to 2% for 20% partial melting. This hypothesis is tested by calculating the effect of the density anomaly between the depleted and undepleted mantle on the topography, gravity and geoid fields and comparing the anomalies to the observed topography, gravity and geoid anomalies over volcanic features in the oceans. If the source region lies at the base of the lithosphere, we find that the gravity and geoid anomalies are proportionally more sensitive to the density contrast than the topography anomaly. This effect is most pronounced for wavelengths less than 1000 km. Since mid-ocean ridge volcanism, the largest source of volcanism in the oceanic plates, is fairly uniform along the ridge, the depleted material in the oceanic plates, and the corresponding topography and gravity anomalies, should also be somewhat uniform in extent. Any long wavelength anomalies will be obscured in the topography and geoid fields by other anomalies at similar wavelengths such as slab and deep mantle anomalies. However at mid-plate swells and seamounts, if the density contrast is greater than 0.4%, the topography, gravity and geoid anomalies are measurable. To be consistent with the wavelengths represented in the geoid and topography data at Hawaii, the depleted material must be spread into a thin layer by convective flow at mid-plate swells. Even in the thin layer model, the topography and geoid anomalies due to the depleted material would still be as large as 200 m and 2 m, respectively. After the convective flow producing the bulk of the swell is removed, the anomaly due to the depleted material would remain and would be apparent in the geoid and topography fields. At seamounts, if the source region is near the base of the plate, then the presence of depleted material should be distinguishable in the geoid field but be somewhat obscured by flexural effects. Therefore, although a topographic or geoid anomaly due to depletion has not been observed, the density anomaly cannot be discounted because only careful scrutiny and modelling of mid-plate swells and seamounts would distinguish its effect.
Spatial, temporal, and environmental limits on xanthotoxin induction in wild parsnip foliage

Although present constitutively in large amounts, furanocoumarins in leaves of wild parsnip,Pastinaca sativa, are inducible to even higher concentrations by mechanical and insect damage. We conducted several experiments in order to characterize the nature and extent of xanthotoxin inducibility inP. sativa foliage. In order to determine the extent to which induction is localized, we mechanically damaged a single leaflet of a compound leaf on seven plants. Xanthotoxin concentrations increased significantly only in the damaged leaflet and in the half of the terminal leaflet closest to the damaged leaflet; thus, xanthotoxin induction is localized to the immediate vicinity of damage. To determine whether xanthotoxin induction results fromin situ biosynthesis or translocation from other plant parts, we detached individual leaflets from ten plants, damaged half of these detached leaflets, and compared xanthotoxin concentrations after 6 h in damaged and intact leaflets. We found that xanthotoxin concentrations increased 41% in damaged leaflets compared to detached leaflets that were not damaged. We also determined the rapidity and duration of the induction response. In leaflets that were damaged and then harvested after 0, 3, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, xanthotoxin concentrations increased rapidly compared to undamaged leaflets on the opposite side of the leaf, reaching maximum levels within 24 h. This response was of comparatively short duration; concentrations declined to preinduction levels after seven days. To determine whether availability of resources influences the induced response, we performed two experiments, one in which soil nutrients were manipulated and one in which light level was manipulated. The low nutrient treatment was sufficiently extreme to cause cessation of aboveground growth, and the low light treatment caused etiolation. Extremes of resource limitation notwithstanding, leaflets significantly increased xanthotoxin production (2 to 3-fold increase under nutrient limitation and 3-fold increase under light limitation) in response to damage in both experiments.
Lower and upper bounds in the perturbation of general linear algebraic equations

A perturbation result concerning the upper and lower bounds on relative errors of solutions to linear algebraic equations is given under any norm for consistent systems and under the Euclidean norm for general systems.
Simultaneous determination of drug surface concentration and polymer degradation kinetics in biodegradable polymer/drug membranes: a model drug delivery system

Abstract This paper reports new simultaneous ToF-SIMS analysis to determine both the earliest stage of polymer degradation and the surface concentration of a drug additive. The static SIMS spectra of a model Ph 3 N/poly( l -lactic acid) (PLLA) (20:80 wt.%) blend matrix ( t ∼0.4 μm on 1.0 cm 2 ) hydrolyzed in buffered conditions are simultaneously and independently analyzed in the low mass range for the surface accumulation profile of Ph 3 N and in the high mass for the hydrolytic degradation kinetics of PLLA, respectively. The rate of PLLA degradation at pH 10.0 is ∼2 times faster than that at pH 7.4, but the corresponding rate of Ph 3 N accumulation at the surface is accelerated by a factor of ∼10.5 times faster. The results provide new insight in evaluating the surface concentration of Ph 3 N (p K b =0) from the blends, indicating that the initial rapid increase in surface concentration of Ph 3 N is related to but not singularly dependent on the rate of PLLA degradation.
Genome stability is ensured by temporal control of kinetochore–microtubule dynamics

Most solid tumours are aneuploid and many frequently mis-segregate chromosomes. This chromosomal instability is commonly caused by persistent mal-oriented attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules. Chromosome segregation requires stable microtubule attachment at kinetochores, yet those attachments must be sufficiently dynamic to permit correction of mal-orientations. How this balance is achieved is unknown, and the permissible boundaries of attachment stability versus dynamics essential for genome stability remain poorly understood. Here we show that two microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins, Kif2b and MCAK, stimulate kinetochore-microtubule dynamics during distinct phases of mitosis to correct mal-orientations. Few-fold reductions in kinetochore-microtubule turnover, particularly in early mitosis, induce severe chromosome segregation defects. In addition, we show that stimulation of microtubule dynamics at kinetochores restores stability to chromosomally unstable tumour cell lines, establishing a causal relationship between deregulation of kinetochore-microtubule dynamics and chromosomal instability. Thus, temporal control of microtubule attachment to chromosomes during mitosis is central to genome stability in human cells.
Static Critical Exponents at Structural Phase Transitions

The temperature dependence of the rotational displacement parameters below the second-order phase transitions in SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and LaAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at ${T}_{a}=105.5 \mathrm{and} 797$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is described by an exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ down to $t=\frac{T}{{T}_{a}}=0.95$. For smaller $t$'s there occurs a change to Landau behavior approximately followed between $t=0.9 \mathrm{and} 0.7$. The observation of static critical exponents near displacive phase transitions confirms now the notion of universality in this field.
Temporal and perceptual characteristics of tracheoesophageal voice

This study compared the temporal and perceptual characteristics of tracheoesophageal voice produced in four different prosthetic/occlusion conditions: 1. using the Blom-Singer duckbill prosthesis and digital occlusion of the tracheostoma; 2. using the Blom-Singer duckbill prosthesis and valve occlusion of the tracheostoma; 3. using the Blom-Singer low-pressure prosthesis and digital occlusion of the tracheostoma; and 4. using the Blom-Singer low-pressure prosthesis and valve occlusion of the tracheostoma. Characteristics of speech produced in each condition were also compared to those of normal speech. Results revealed significant differences between normal speech and tracheoesophageal speech (in all prosthetic/occlusion conditions) for several temporal and perceptual parameters. In addition, important trends were noted among tracheoesophageal prosthetic/occlusion conditions.
Paper Bioassay Based on Ceria Nanoparticles as Colorimetric Probes

We report the first use of redox nanoparticles of cerium oxide as colorimetric probes in bioanalysis. The method is based on changes in the physicochemical properties of ceria nanoparticles, used here as chromogenic indicators, in response to the analyte. We show that these particles can be fully integrated in a paper-based bioassay. To construct the sensor, ceria nanoparticles and glucose oxidase were coimmobilized onto filter paper using a silanization procedure. In the presence of glucose, the enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide induces a visual color change of the ceria nanoparticles immobilized onto the bioactive sensing paper, from white-yellowish to dark orange, in a concentration-dependent manner. A detection limit of 0.5 mM glucose with a linear range up to 100 mM and a reproducibility of 4.3% for n = 11 ceria paper strips were obtained. The assay is fully reversible and can be reused for at least 10 consecutive measurement cycles, without significant loss of activity. Another unique featur...
Shear-driven diffusion in suspensions, studied via 1-d dynamic NMR projection*

Abstract We have extended our earlier study of Couette flow using a dynamic 1-d NMR projection technique to suspensions of 50% polydisperse SiO2 powder in a polybutadiene melt. The relatively narrow Couette gap and slow shaft rotation rate make the development of a concentration gradient from the migration of the solids to low-shear regions unobservable in static projections during and immediately following the experiment. Using dynamic projection during shaft rotation we detect pronounced departures from uniform tangential flow of the host liquid over spatial scales well below the positional resolution of the experiment. Using numerical and Monte Carlo simulations of the NMR interferograms based on a superposition of smooth flow and pseudo-Brownian motion, we successfully interpret host molecular motion in terms of an effective “dynamic” diffusion coefficient which is found to be proportional to the shaft rotation rate. This description of the motion of the host fluid complements recent observation of dynamic diffusion of the suspended particles in similar experiments.
Variations in damp heat-induced degradation behavior of sputtered ZnO window layer for CIGS solar cells

This paper presents our recent observations on variations in properties and damp heat (DH)-induced degradation behavior for single-layer 2%Al-doped ZnO (AZO) and bilayer ZnO (BZO), which comprises 0.1-μm intrinsic ZnO (i-ZnO) and AZO, deposited on glass substrates using the same sputtering system and essentially identical deposition conditions. BZO films with 0.12-μm AZO have been used on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) high-efficiency CuInGaSe 2 (CIGS) solar cells for years. For the as-deposited BZO films, the most apparent variations appeared in notable peak shift in transmittance and reflectance spectra and ZnO (002) peak intensity and peak position in X-ray diffraction. Location of substrates placed on the substrate holder platform contributed partly to the variations. For the DH-degraded AZO and BZO, earlier films became highly resistive, porous, and 10~20 X thicker and showed flattened transmittance spectra caused by a loss of free-carrier absorption. However, recent DH-exposed AZO and BZO films also became highly resistive but exhibited only small changes in transmittance spectra, while the columnar grain structure and film thickness remained nearly unchanged without porous features, but with granular particles formed on the surfaces that increased in size with lengthening DH exposure time.
The Primitive Topology of a Scheme

Abstract We define a Grothendieck topology on the category of schemes whose associated sheaf theory coincides in many cases with that of the Zariski topology. We also give some indications of possible advantages this new topology has over the Zariski topology.
Backend dielectric chip reliability simulator for complex interconnect geometries

Backend dielectric breakdown degrades the reliability of circuits. We present test data and a methodology to estimate chip lifetime due to backend dielectric breakdown. Our methodology incorporates failures due to parallel tracks, the width effect, and field enhancement due to line ends. The impact of line ends has been found to be very significant experimentally, and it is demonstrated that this component can dominate the failure rate of the chip due to dielectric breakdown.
Indigenous politics: Community formation and indigenous peoples' struggle for self‐determination in northeast India

This paper deals with a number of questions relating to politics based on “ethnicity” or community belonging among “tribal” or indigenous peoples in India's northeastern region. In particular, I probe the complex question of indigenous peoples’ right to self‐determination, a right that most indigenous organizations in the world regard as crucial and that is central to the UN draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Autonomy or self‐determination, in one form or another, is on the agenda of more or less all mobilized communities in Northeast India. In multi‐ethnic contexts, however, it is not easy to translate such demands into viable political solutions. By discussing several different cases, the contemporary Bodoland movement, the Naga struggle for sovereignty, and the mobilization of the Rabha people, the paper brings the issue of indigenous politics in India into focus.
A comparative efficiency study of silicon-based solid state transformers

Solid state transformers (SSTs) have lower physical profiles than traditional 60 Hz transformers and provide active control of power flow. However, they are not as efficient as traditional 60 Hz transformers because of the presence of power electronic converters. This work presents an analytical loss calculation model of an SST. It evaluates conduction loss, switching loss and transformer loss in four candidate SST topologies. Loss breakdown under both rated-load and light-load conditions are compared for all four configurations.
Symplectic integration for the collisional gravitational N-body problem

We present a new symplectic integrator designed for collisional gravitational $N$-body problems which makes use of Kepler solvers. The integrator is also reversible and conserves 9 integrals of motion of the $N$-body problem to machine precision. The integrator is second order, but the order can easily be increased by the method of \citeauthor{yos90}. We use fixed time step in all tests studied in this paper to ensure preservation of symplecticity. We study small $N$ collisional problems and perform comparisons with typically used integrators. In particular, we find comparable or better performance when compared to the 4th order Hermite method and much better performance than adaptive time step symplectic integrators introduced previously. We find better performance compared to SAKURA, a non-symplectic, non-time-reversible integrator based on a different two-body decomposition of the $N$-body problem. The integrator is a promising tool in collisional gravitational dynamics.
AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN LASER HEATED GASES

High flux infrared lasers can be used to rapidly heat selectively absorbing gases for the purpose of studying gas phase reactions under strictly homogeneous conditions. In the present study we consider the temperature and velocity distributions produced in a laser heated reactor consisting of a closed cell containing Ar and the selective absorber SF5, and irradiated with cw C02 laser light at 10.6 ym. A model of the transport processes in the cell is developed by solving the appropriate energy and momentum equations using a numerical finite difference procedure subject to the Boussinesq approximation. The absorption of infrared laser radiation is modeled as nonuniform internal heat generation which varies according to the local absorptivity in the sample cell. It is found that the temperature and velocity distributions in the cell are largely determined by the buoyant flow generated by the nonuniform internal heating. This flow sustains large radial temperature and velocity gradients. Fine wire thermocouples are used to measure gas temperatures in a practical cell and good agreement is found between model predictions and experimental results except where higher laser fluxes or high SF6
Scouting and girl scout curriculum as interventions : Effects on adolescents' self-esteem

This study examined participation in Girl Scouts and use of scouting curriculum as interventions for increasing the self-esteem of female adolescents. There were no significant pre/post differences among comparison groups. However, Girl Scouts had higher self-esteem than did girls without scouting experience and there were statistically significant differences in self-esteem by age group. Self-esteem decreased with age as measured by both the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Index of Self-Esteem.
Snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl) effects on nitrogen availability in soils and solutions from a Sierran ecosystem

The presence of nitrogen (N) fixing vegetation can have significant deleterious effects on water quality and also soil leaching. This study investigates the effects of snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.), a common post-disturbance N fixer in the western United States, on water quality and soil leaching. We compared mineral N concentrations in soil solution, runoff, O horizon leachates and resin lysimeters in adjacent snowbrush and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyii Grev. & Balf) stands in one site in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains in Nevada. Soil solutions from snowbrush had slightly but not significantly greater NO3− concentrations than those from Jeffrey pine. Leaching rates of NO3− and NH4+ measured by resin lysimeters were lower in snowbrush than in Jeffrey pine, and leaching rates in mineral soil (15 cm) were not significantly different. Nitrate and NH4+ concentrations in runoff were greater in the snowbrush than Jeffrey pine, and ancillary field column studies confirmed that snowbrush litter was the primary source of this elevated mineral N. Cutting, followed by mastication and herbicide treatments had no effect on mineral N leaching in a snowbrush stand growing on a recently burned (1994) site in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. We conclude from this and previous studies that snowbrush, unlike some other post-disturbance N-fixing species, has minimal and inconsistent effects on water quality in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Adolescents: Maternal Depression and Parental Sense of Competence

We investigated the relationship between depression and parental sense of competence to child cognitive outcomes for a sample of 49 adolescent mothers and their young children (Mean age = 9 1/2 months) enrolled in a student parenting program. Cognitive development of the infants and toddlers was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Maternal depression was as- sessed with the CES-D and parental competence measured with the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. Results indicated that maternal depression and parental sense of competence alone did not predict children's cognitive scores; the interaction of the variables signifi cantly predicted children's outcomes. Mothers reporting high levels of depression, who self-reported high levels of parental competence, had children who scored higher on the Bayley. Children of mothers with high levels of depression, and low reported levels of competence scored lower on the Bayley. The relationship was not signifi cant for mothers reporting low levels of depression. Our fi ndings suggest additional research needs to focus on the buffering effect of parental sense of competence for adolescent moth- ers experiencing depression.
Motivation et maintien de la paix : élaboration d’un lien entre agir et structure

Le maintien de la paix multilateral est, de plus en plus frequemment, le moyen par lequel la communaute internationale repond aux conflits violents, qu’ils soient internes ou entre Etats. L’etude du maintien de la paix requiert des investigations transnationales et multi-sites dont l’importance est croissante en anthropologie. En depit de ce fait, peu d’etudes anthropologiques du maintien de la paix ont ete realisees. Cet article prolonge un programme ininterrompu de recherche anthropologique sur le maintien de la paix. Il utilise la theorie de l’inversion psychologique pour interpreter des donnees ethnographiques recueillies par l’Organisme des Nations Unies charge de la surveillance de la treve (ONUST). Dans le maintien de la paix, les actions individuelles sont liees, dans un processus d’implications mutuelles, a des schemas a grande echelle de legitimite et d’efficacite du maintien de la paix. L’analyse presentee ici cree un echafaudage theorique permettant de connecter l’analyse des motivations au niveau individuel a un expose de l’inversion culturelle dans le maintien de la paix a de plus hauts niveaux d’organisation sociale.
Soil organic matter dynamics during 80 years of reforestation of tropical pastures

Our research takes advantage of a historical trend in natural reforestation of abandoned tropical pastures to examine changes in soil carbon (C) during 80 years of secondary forest regrowth. We combined a chronosequence approach with differences in the natural abundance of 13 C between C3 (forest) and C4 (pasture) plants to estimate turnover times of C in the bulk soil and in density fractions. Overall, gains in secondary forest C were compensated for by the loss of residual pasture-derived soil C, resulting in no net change in bulk soil C stocks down to 1m depth over the chronosequence. The free light fraction (LF), representing physically unprotected particulate organic matter, was most sensitive to land-use change. Reforestation replenished C in the free LF that had been depleted during conversion to pastures. Turnover times varied with model choice, but in general, soil C cycling rates were rapid for the 0–10cm depth, with even the heavy fraction (HF) containing C cycling in decadal time scales. Turnover times of C in the free LF from the 0–10cm depth were shorter than for the occluded and HFs, highlighting the importance of physical location in the soil matrix for residence time in the soil. The majority of the soil C pool (82 � 21%) was recovered in the mineral-associated density fraction. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratios and differences in natural abundance 15 N of soil organic matter (SOM) showed an increasing degree of decomposition across density fractions with increasing mineral association. Our data show that the physical distribution of C in the soil has a large impact on soil C turnover and the ability of soils to maintain SOM stocks during land-use and land-cover change.
Investigation of Rotational Skin Stretch for Proprioceptive Feedback With Application to Myoelectric Systems

We present a new wearable haptic device that provides a sense of position and motion by inducing rotational skin stretch on the user's skin. In the experiments described in this paper, the device was used to provide proprioceptive feedback from a virtual prosthetic arm controlled with myoelectric sensors on the bicep and tricep muscles in 15 able-bodied participants. Targeting errors in blind movements with the haptic device were compared to cases where no feedback and contralateral proprioception were provided. Average errors were lower with the device than with no feedback but larger than with contralateral proprioceptive feedback. Participants also had lower visual demand with the device than with no feedback while tracking a 30° moving range. The results indicate that the rotational skin stretch may ultimately be effective for proprioceptive feedback in myoelectric prostheses, particularly when vision is otherwise occupied.
Superficial Fungal Infections

Tinea capitis, tinea corporis, and pityriasis versicolor are common superficial fungal infections in the pediatric population. • Tinea capitis is the most common dermatophyte infection worldwide. In North America, the cause is almost exclusively T tonsurans. Diagnosis of tinea capitis usually can be made by clinical features alone, especially when occipital or postauricular lymphadenopathy is present. Skin scrapings prepared with potassium hydroxide for microscopic examination, or a cotton swab for fungal culture, usually are diagnostic. • Treatment of tinea capitis requires systemic antifungal therapy. Terbinafine and griseofulvin are both effective against T tonsurans and are FDA-approved for this indication in children. • Adjunctive topical therapy for the patient and household contacts decreases transmission of this infection. • Topical antifungal therapy usually is effective for tinea corporis and pityriasis versicolor. However, recurrences of pityriasis versicolor are common.
Reliable peer-to-peer information monitoring through replication

A key challenge in peer-to-peer computing systems is to provide a decentralized and yet reliable service on top of a network of loosely coupled, weakly connected and possibly unreliable peers. This paper presents an effective dynamic passive replication scheme designed to provide reliable service in PeerCQ, a decentralized and self-configurable peer-to-peer Internet information monitoring system. We first describe the design of a distributed replication scheme, which enables reliable processing of long-running information monitoring requests in an environment of inherently unreliable peers. Then we present an analytical model to discuss its fault tolerance properties. A set of initial experiments is reported, showing the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Dynamic Scaling of Web Applications in a Virtualized Cloud Computing Environment

Scalability is critical to the success of many enterprises currently involved in doing business on the web and in providing information that may vary drastically from one time to another. Maintaining sufficient resources just to meet peak requirements can be costly. Cloud computing provides a powerful computing model that allows users to access resources on-demand. In this paper, we will describe a novel architecture for the dynamic scaling of web applications based on thresholds in a virtualized Cloud Computing environment. We will illustrate our scaling approach with a front-end load-balancer for routing and balancing user requests to web applications deployed on web servers installed in virtual machine instances. A dynamic scaling algorithm for automated provisioning of virtual machine resources based on threshold number of active sessions will be introduced. The on-demand capability of the Cloud to rapidly provision and dynamically allocate resources to users will be discussed. Our work has demonstrated the compelling benefits of the Cloud which is capable of handling sudden load surges, delivering IT resources on-demands to users, and maintaining higher resource utilization, thus reducing infrastructure and management costs.
Agency and first-person reference

En la parte I de Self-Knowing Agents, Lucy O�Brien expone una teoria de la referencia de primera persona. En lo que sigue describo su teoria y luego planteo dudas en torno a sus logros. Como no estoy seguro de haberla entendido correctamente, tal vez este yo erigiendo y atacando un muneco de paja; en todo caso, lo unico que espero es que lo que se dice aqui sobre la primera persona sea de interes por si mismo.
Fourier-transform infrared anisotropy in cross and parallel sections of tendon and articular cartilage

Background Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging (FTIRI) is used to investigate the amide anisotropies at different surfaces of a three-dimensional cartilage or tendon block. With the change in the polarization state of the incident infrared light, the resulting anisotropic behavior of the tissue structure is described here.
Theophylline QID, TID, BID and Now QD?

Dosing intervals for slow-release theophylline preparations depend on the rate of formulation absorption, the rate of patient elimination, and clinically acceptable fluctuations in serum concentration. Three products, two new to the United States market, have received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for 24-hour dosing claims. Data submitted to the FDA for Theo-24 (Searle) suggest slow but incomplete absorption in single-dose studies, and multiple-dose studies confirm incomplete absorption relative to plain theophylline tablets. Fluctuations in serum concentration expressed as a percentage of the trough value at steady state with Theo-24 given once daily in the morning ranged from 48 to 1371% among 18 subjects; 13 of the 18 had greater than 100% fluctuation, which is the upper limit for fluctuations that can stay within the 10- to 20-micrograms/ml therapeutic range. Among another 18 subjects with somewhat slower and less variable rates of elimination, fluctuations ranged from 40-168% at steady state, with 4 of 18 greater than 100% during daily dosing with Theo-24; all subjects had fluctuations less than 100% (39-92%) when they were given Theo-dur tablets every 12 hours. Theo-dur tablets have also received FDA approval for once daily administrations, but only 1 of 14 subjects in a submitted study had fluctuations less than 100% and thus was able to stay within the therapeutic range. No data were available on the absorption of Uniphyl, also approved for once-daily dosing, but large fluctuations in serum concentration are apparent from advertisements for the European product Uniphyllin, and are also suggested by presentations on Uniphyl at a recent scientific meeting. Current standards for receiving FDA approval for 24-hour dosing appear to be inconsistent with the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of theophylline and fail to consider the greater risks from variability in absorption when a single, large daily dose is taken.
Focusing a radio signal and simultaneously nulling it at another location using time-reversal: Experimental results

The time-reversal beam-forming technique utilizes the multipath in a cluttered environment to focus beyond the Rayleigh limit. This method makes use of the reciprocity of wireless propagation channels. Time-reversal can also be used to null signals, either to reduce unintentional interference or to prevent eavesdropping. Previous analytical work has also shown the ability to focus a signal at a location while simultaneously nulling it at a different location. We now present experimental results showing time-reversal focus and nulling in a cluttered environment.
Accurate numerical evaluation of modified Struve functions occurring in unsteady aerodynamics

A method is developed for computing the modified Struve functions that occur in unsteady aerodynamics. The method uses a rational approximation supplemented by an asymptotic series for large argument. Simple recursive formulas for generating the coefficients are derived. The method is capable of generating results of arbitrary accuracy. It can also be used for complex argument and order. For greater computing speed, a method is presented that uses the rational and asymptotic approximations to generate Chebyshev coefficients.
Emergence of the persistent spin helix in semiconductor quantum wells

According to Noether's theorem, for every symmetry in nature there is a corresponding conservation law. For example, invariance with respect to spatial translation corresponds to conservation of momentum. In another well-known example, invariance with respect to rotation of the electron's spin, or SU(2) symmetry, leads to conservation of spin polarization. For electrons in a solid, this symmetry is ordinarily broken by spin-orbit coupling, allowing spin angular momentum to flow to orbital angular momentum. However, it has recently been predicted that SU(2) can be achieved in a two-dimensional electron gas, despite the presence of spin-orbit coupling. The corresponding conserved quantities include the amplitude and phase of a helical spin density wave termed the 'persistent spin helix'. SU(2) is realized, in principle, when the strengths of two dominant spin-orbit interactions, the Rashba (strength parameterized by alpha) and linear Dresselhaus (beta(1)) interactions, are equal. This symmetry is predicted to be robust against all forms of spin-independent scattering, including electron-electron interactions, but is broken by the cubic Dresselhaus term (beta(3)) and spin-dependent scattering. When these terms are negligible, the distance over which spin information can propagate is predicted to diverge as alpha approaches beta(1). Here we report experimental observation of the emergence of the persistent spin helix in GaAs quantum wells by independently tuning alpha and beta(1). Using transient spin-grating spectroscopy, we find a spin-lifetime enhancement of two orders of magnitude near the symmetry point. Excellent quantitative agreement with theory across a wide range of sample parameters allows us to obtain an absolute measure of all relevant spin-orbit terms, identifying beta(3) as the main SU(2)-violating term in our samples. The tunable suppression of spin relaxation demonstrated in this work is well suited for application to spintronics.
Risk and Resilience

The high rates of impairment and dysfunction in the children in families of the present study are sobering. Various chapters, each detailing a specific form of adverse condition, have attempted to relate such risk factors to children’s diagnoses and dysfunction in general. In the present chapter the focus is on individual differences in outcomes.
TAXONOMY OF PHYLLOSTICTA VACCINII (COELOMYCETES) AND A NEW NAME FOR THE TRUE ANAMORPH OF BOTRYOSPHAERIA VACCINII (DOTHIDEALES, DOTHIORACEAE)

A new species, Phyllosticta elongata, is described, replacing Phyllosticta vaccinii as the anamorph of Botryosphaeria (=Guignardia) vaccinii on cranberry. These Phyllosticta species differ in morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity. Phyllosticta vaccinii causes a fruit rot and leaf spot of cranberry in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Phyllosticta elongata is associated with latent infections of cranberry leaves and fruit, berry speckle, and is widely distributed.
Estimating gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) egg mass density using male moths captured in pheromone-baited, milk-carton traps

We attempted to develop an accurate and efficient means to estimate gypsy moth egg mass density or, alternatively, develop techniques to aid in prioritizing areas that might require egg mass sampling. Results indicate that it is possible to determine the probability of finding some level of egg mass density in the vicinity of a pheromone trap depending on the number of moths captured in that trap. A linear relationship was found between number of moths captured and gypsy moth egg mass density, but this relationship has little predictive value. Wing length of male moths collected in pheromone traps was used to estimate defoliation and male moth dispersal. Wing length of moths captured in pheromone traps was found not to be a reliable indicator of whether or not defoliation occurred. However, capture of small moths, which develop in defoliated areas, in traps located in nondefoliated areas indicated that these moths probably dispersed from other, defoliated areas. Capture of small moths may be useful to determine whether or not to initiate egg mass sampling at the trap location. An algorithm to interpret data from pheromone traps is presented. Trap data interpretation involves use of male wing length, number of moths captured, and defoliation maps. The information obtained from the algorithm will be most useful to evaluate an area for the need to conduct egg mass sampling. Forest managers can evaluate the risk of failing to detect high egg mass density with the need to allocate sampling resources optimally.
Effect of Different Fertilizer Treatments on Matter Production,Crown Characteristics and Yield of Rice 'Shennong 9741'

This study involved utilizing Shennong 9741 as research materials to investigate the effect of several fertilizer treatments on rice(Oryza sativa L.) matter production,crown characteristics,and yield components.The result showed that super high yields can be achieved under the treatments of N2P2K3 and N2P2K2.It was also indicated that the fertilizer application rates of N,P and K exhibited significant or vary significant correlation with rice spike number.N,P,and K fertilizer application rates significant or vary significant positively correlated with total amount of substance accumulation in maturing stage.During milking stage,the fertilizer application rates of N,P and K displayed significant and vary significant correlation with net photosynthetic rate of rice leaves.Additionally,N,P and K fertilizer application rates significant or vary significant correlated with intercellular CO2 concentration was observed.LAI was measured during yield and spikelet primordial differentiation periods,heading stage,and maturing stage,respectively.It was showed that LAI significant or vary significant positively correlated with dry matter accumulation and negative correlated with light permeation rates.
Smoking patterns and chronic kidney disease in US Hispanics: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

BACKGROUND Intermittent smoking is prevalent among Hispanics, but little is known about whether this smoking pattern associates with increased chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in this population. The objective of the present study is to identify patterns of exposure associated with CKD in US Hispanics. METHODS We used cross-sectional data on 15 410 participants of the Hispanics Community Health Study/the Study of Latinos, a population-based study of individuals aged 18-74 years, recruited in 2008 to 2011 from four US field centers (Bronx, NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; San Diego, CA). Smoking exposure was obtained through a questionnaire. CKD was defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g. RESULTS Approximately 14% of individuals were daily and 7% were intermittent smokers, and 16% were past smokers. There was a significant interaction between smoking status and pack-years of exposure (P = 0.0003). In adjusted models, there was an increased odds of CKD among daily, intermittent and past smokers by pack-years compared with never smokers. The association of intermittent smokers was significant at 10 pack-years [odds ratio (OR) = 1.38, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.06, 1.81], whereas for daily smokers this association was observed at 40 pack-years (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.09, 1.89). CONCLUSIONS Our findings of increased risk of CKD among Hispanics who are intermittent smokers support screening and smoking cessation interventions targeted to this population for the prevention of CKD. It also suggests novel mechanistic pathways for kidney toxicity that should be further explored in future studies.
408 Determining the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of 6.8 to 15.9 kg pigs.

Citation: Vier, C. M., De Souza, I. B., De Jong, J. A., Goncalves, M. A. D., Jones, A. M., Goodband, R. D., . . . Dritz, S. S. (2016). Determining the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of 6.8 to 15.9 kg pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 191-191. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-408
Strategic Retirements of Elected and Appointed Justices: A Hazard Model Approach

Strategic accounts of judges usually consider various aspects of dispensation of cases. We look beyond these traditional areas of study in judicial politics to examine whether state supreme court justices render strategic retirement decisions. More specifically, we posit a dual theory of strategic retirements conditioned upon the institutional arrangements in which elected and appointed justices make retirement decisions. Employing an event history framework that analyzes the duration of state supreme court justices’ tenure and reason for departing the bench in the several selection and retention systems from 1980 to 2005, we show that elected and appointed justices engage in strategic retirement behavior but do so as a function of the diverse environments in which they operate. Our study implicates a number of theoretical, empirical, and normative issues regarding the selection and retention of state supreme court justices.
Immune Regulation in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Immune regulation is critically important in health and disease. These immune effects have direct relevance in the setting of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), principally for the control of aberrant immune reactions, such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Murine models have been critically important to evaluate the potential of two of the most potent immune regulatory cells CD4+CD25+FoxP+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). These cells have been shown to be remarkably effective in murine models to control GVHD and allow for the maintenance of graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects. Interestingly, there are critical interactions between these different cell populations. Future studies are aimed at exploring the biology of these important regulatory cells and to translate these concepts to the clinic that holds promise for controlling some of the major challenges of allogeneic HCT.
THE SEVENTH SPECIAL SESSION

This chapter presents the proceedings of the Seventh Special Session of United Nationa Genrela Assembly. The Seventh Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly met at two levels. At the upper level, in the gold-domed grandeur of the Assembly Hall, delegates listened to the slow unfolding of the formal debate. Before the opening of the general debate, there were two keynote speeches of major significance by the president of the assembly and by the secretary-general of the United Nations. In a speech immediately after that of the Assembly president, Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim focused on the role of the United Nations in the long process of global development. The general debate that followed these speeches lasted for 10 days and 22 meetings of the plenary. The negotiations in the basement conference rooms of the assembly were between contact groups. Negotiations between the contact groups of the developing and the western European and other countries (WEO) countries were entirely in closed sessions.
A 20-year retrospective analysis of CT-based pre-operative identification of pulmonary metastases in patients with osteosarcoma: A single-center review

Abstract Purpose Cooperative studies support complete metastasectomy in osteosarcoma (OS). Pre-operative CT is used to identify and quantify metastases and can facilitate minimally invasive techniques. Here we assess the accuracy of pre-operative CT compared to findings at thoracotomy and its change over time. Methods We reviewed OS thoracotomies performed at our institution from 1996 to 2015. The number of metastases identified on pre-operative chest CT was compared to the number of metastases seen on pathology (both metastases with viable cells and non-viable, osteoid-only metastases). Results Eighty-eight patients underwent 161 thoracotomies with a median of 14days (range, 1–85) between CT and surgery, a median of 2 CT-identified lesions (range, 0–15), and a median of 4 resected lesions (range, 1–25). In 56 (34.8%) cases, more metastases were found surgically than were seen on CT, and among these, 34 (21.1%) had a greater number of viable metastases. There was poor overall correlation between CT and pathology findings (Kendall Tau-b=0.506), regardless of CT slice thickness, decade of thoracotomy, or total number of CT-identified lesions. Conclusions CT accuracy in pre-operatively quantifying OS pulmonary metastases has not improved in recent decades. Consequently, we recommend an open technique with direct lung palpation for complete identification and resection of OS pulmonary metastases. Level of evidence Level IV, retrospective study with no comparison group.
Sodium Benzoate in the Control of Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus.

Sodium benzoate, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 or 0.4%, was added to a glucose-yeast-salts medium which was inoculated with 1 ml of a spore suspension containing 108 conidia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and then was incubated at 28°C. Cultures were analyzed after 3, 7 and 10 d for mycelial dry weight, pH and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 and G1. Amounts of aflatoxin produced were determined using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The percentage of inhibition or stimulation by the additive was used to make comparisons between treatments and control. Generally, increasing the concentration of sodium benzoate increased the percentage of inhibition at the end of incubation (10 d). However, the average accumulation of mycelial dry weight was greater in the presence of benzoate than in its absence, with the greatest increase occurring when the medium contained 0.3% sodium benzoate.
Human Factors in the Design of Longitudinal Smartphone-based Wellness Surveys

Phone-based surveys are increasingly being used in healthcare settings to collect data from potentially large numbers of subjects, e.g., to evaluate their levels of satisfaction with medical providers, to study behaviors and trends of specific populations, and to track their health and wellness. Often subjects respond to such surveys once, but it has become increasingly important to capture their responses multiple times over an extended period to accurately and quickly detect and track changes. With the help of smartphones, it is now possible to automate such longitudinal data collections, e.g., push notifications can be used to alert a subject whenever a new survey is available. This paper investigates various human factors in the design of a longitudinal smartphone-based data collection that contribute to user compliance and quality of collected data. This work presents the design recommendations based on analysis of data collected from 17 subjects over a one month period.
Primary iris stromal cysts: A report of 17 cases

Abstract Objective To describe clinical characteristics, management, and complications of primary iris stromal cysts. Design A retrospective review. Results Seventeen consecutive patients with primary iris stromal cysts were found. Nine (52%) patients were diagnosed under age 10 years (range, 1 day-7 years), and eight (47%) patients were diagnosed after age 10 years (range, 14–71 years). Overall, the cyst appeared unilaterally as a solitary clear translucent mass dissecting the iris stroma in all cases. The children with a primary iris stromal cyst demonstrated a more aggressive course than teenagers or adults. In children, the cyst obstructed the visual axis in eight cases (88%), requiring treatment such as aspiration, cryotherapy, and resection. In seven children, multiple treatments were necessary. Ultimate control of the cyst was achieved in all cases using techniques of needle aspiration (with or without cryotherapy) in three cases and using resection in five cases. Primary iris stromal cysts in teenagers and adults necessitated intervention in only two cases (25%). Conclusion Primary iris stromal cysts can occur in children, teenagers, and adults. In children, primary stromal iris cysts appear to have a more aggressive clinical course, often requiring several treatments for globe and vision preservation.