cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
User-Steered Energy Generation and Consumption Multimodel Simulation for Pricing and Policy Development

Understanding energy use is critical. Although simulation is valuable, such models are simplified abstractions of actual energy systems. The authors present an energy system multimodel implemented with the Language and Platform Independent Steering (LAPIS) computational steering API. They present an adaptable framework for the integration and development of multimodel simulations. This framework enables independent development of component simulations, limits coordination overhead between developers, and allows modularity and flexibility in the overall multimodel simulation. Use case studies demonstrate the capabilities of the multimodel energy system simulation and LAPIS.
Effect of ablation of area postrema on frequency and latency of motion sickness-induced emesis in the squirrel monkey

Twelve young adult squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian subspecies were subjected to continuous counter-clockwise horizontal rotary motion at 25 rpm, together with a sinusoidal vertical excursion of 6 in. every 2 sec (0.5 Hz). Each animal was exposed to this motion regimen for a period of 60 min once each week for three consecutive weeks. Following the third weekly motion test bilateral ablation of the Area Postrema (AP) was performed in eight of the animals by thermal cautery. Two control animals were sham-operated after the third motion test while two additional controls were given the motion tests as noted above but were not operated. The four controls were considered as a single group for statistical analyses of results of the motion tests. After a recovery period of 30 to 40 days, and at a comparable interval in the non-operated controls, each animal was again tested for motion sensitivity for three consecutive weeks. The brains of all of the animals were then fixed by left ventriculal cardiac perfusion with Bouin's fluid and processed for histological evaluation of the bilateral AP ablation in comparison with the control brains. Five of the AP-ablated animals postoperatively were completely refractory to the motion stimuli, two exhibited a decreased number of emetic responses, and one exhibited the same number of responses before and after the AP lesions. The controls exhibited no significant difference in emetic sensitivity on the second series of three weekly tests than on the first series. The results of this investigation appear to be in agreement with the observations of Wang and Chinn in the dog indicating that the integrity of the AP (CTZ) is essential to the emetic response to motion.
Algebra and calculus for Tsallis thermo-statistics

Abstract We construct generalized additions and multiplications, forming fields and division algebras inspired by the Tsallis thermo-statistics. We also construct derivations and integrations in this spirit. These operations do not reduce to the naively expected ones, when the deformation parameter approaches zero.
On the Witt ring and some arithmetical invariants of quadratic forms

Abstract The Witt ring of a field serves as an effective medium to study certain arithmetical invariants of quadratic forms, such as: s = the Stufe (the least number of summands to represent −1 as a sum of squares), q = the number of square classes, u = the maximal anisotropic dimension of a quadratic form over the given field, and h = the height (the minimal 2-power that kills the torsion subgroup of the Witt group). These invariants may also be defined over commutative rings. This paper discusses these invariants and extend the investigations to some commutative rings, e.g. valuation rings, connected semilocal rings, Prufer rings.
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy After Acute Group A Streptococcal Infection

Purpose We studied a case of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy in a 40-year-old man who had had an acute febrile illness. Method The medical record was reviewed for clinical manifestations, course of disease, and laboratory findings, including results of fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography. Results The patient had the typical clinical course of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy with spontaneous resolution of posterior pole lesions and improvement in visual acuity from 20/60 to 20/20. The laboratory evaluation was remarkable for a rise in the anti-DNAse B antibody titer between initial and convalescentphase serum samples, providing evidence of recent group A streptococcal infection. Conclusion Although acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy is often attributed to a postviral condition, this syndrome may also develop after an acute group A streptococcal infection.
Electromagnetic Surface Resistance of a Superconducting Aluminum Alloy

A definitive test of the theory of high-frequency electromagnetic absorption in bulk superconductors is made possible by the recent publication of data for an aluminum alloy. The theoretical values have been calculated. The agreement between theory and experiment is good.
On the Evolution of Convex Hypersurfaces by the Q k Flow

We prove the existence and uniqueness of a C 1, 1 solution of the Q k flow in the viscosity sense for compact convex hypersurfaces Σ t embedded in R n+1 (n ≥ 2). The solution exists up to the time T < ∞ at which the enclosed volume becomes zero. In particular, for compact convex hypersurfaces with flat sides we show that, under a certain non-degeneracy initial condition, the interface separating the flat from the strictly convex side, becomes smooth, and it moves by the Q k−1 flow at least for a short time.
Between heaven and earth: Dual accountability in Han China

Scholars have noticed that centrally-appointed officials in imperial China were not only beholden to their superiors but also acted as brokers of local interests. We characterize such a structural position as ‘dual accountability’. Although accountability to superiors is readily understandable within the Weberian framework of bureaucratic hierarchy, the reasons behind local responsiveness bear explanation. This paper attempts to explain such responsiveness by investigating the larger ideological, structural, and institutional contexts of the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). We explore two existing explanations – practical necessity and ‘Confucian’ or classical paternalism – and add a new explanation of our own: the emphasis on virtuous reputations in the system of bureaucratic recruitment and promotion. Our argument is supported by empirical evidence from a range of sources, including administrative records and inscriptions on ancient stelae. More generally, we question Weber’s hypothesis that the Chinese im...
Insulin and glucagon's reciprocal mediation of a dual regulation mechanism for pyruvate kinase

Abstract The addition of glucagon to hepatocytes in primary culture produced a rapid and sustained increase in the Km ( 1.27 m M phosphoenol pyruvate) of pyruvate kinase. The low Km ( 0.4 m M ) form of the enzyme was seen when cells were retreated with insulin, demonstrating a short-term regulation mechanism. Injections of insulin, glucagon or glucagon followed by insulin demonstrated that a similar mechanism occurs in vivo . Results from longer times after injection indicated that another mechanism occurs when altered activity was the result of changes in Vmax and not Km. Thus, a dual mechanism for regulation of pyruvate kinase occurs. A rapid responding system functions by modification of the enzyme, while a long-term system functions by altering the rate of synthesis, thus changing the amount of enzyme present.
A Statistical Dissolved Oxygen Model for a Free-Flowing River System

Abstract A model is developed that simulates dissolved oxygen values at biweekly intervals for 38 sampling locations in a river system. The model is subsequently used to test and, in turn, to seriously question current water quality planning approaches.
Adsorption of random copolymers on disordered surfaces

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations are used to study adsorption of random heteropolymers on disordered substrates. The adsorbent surface is modelled as an impenetrable wall with the random distribution of sites characterised by short-ranged segment-specific interactions with the polymer. Spatial fluctuations in the interaction strength are described as a Gaussian process with zero mean and variance σ1 which is proportional to the site/segment potential, and to the loading of sites on the surface. In all cases, a moderate depletion in the polymer density is observed at small surface loading. Upon increasing σ1 the polymer begins to adsorb on the surface. At a certain threshold loading, we observe a sharp second adsorption transition followed by gradual saturation. The transition is interpreted in terms of pattern matching; i.e. the heteropolymers accomodate themselves at surface domains with site distributions that match the configuration and the sequence of the chain when the sequence and surface site distributions are related in a special way. Distinct peaks in heat capacity and compressibility observed at the adsorption transition point to a first order process envisaged in earlier replica/mean-field analysis. These results suggest that random heteropolymers with designed sequence statistics can ‘recognise’ multifunctional disordered surfaces due to statistical pattern-matching.
Methodology and technology for learning programming

This paper discusses methodology and technology to aid students learning programming. We have identified and integrated the problem solving and program development skills and knowledge students need to apply when programming with the cognitive activities required to accomplish these tasks. We then developed a composite methodological/software environment that supports the overall process of programming in a manner that gives appropriate weight to both language issues and problem solving. The results of a classroom evaluation of the method and the tool are then presented.
Energy-dependent Ps-He momentum-transfer cross section at low energies

Positronium (Ps)-He scattering presents one of the few opportunities for both theory and experiment to tackle the fundamental interactions of Ps with ordinary matter. Below the dissociation energy of $6.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, experimental and theoretical work has struggled to find agreement on the strength of this interaction as measured by the momentum-transfer cross section $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{m})$. Here, we present work utilizing the Doppler broadening technique with an age-momentum correlation apparatus. This work demonstrates a strong energy dependence for this cross section at energies below $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and is consistent with previous experimental results.
Modulus recovery kinetics and other insights into the payne effect for filled elastomers

The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of filled elastomers is examined in detail using a variety of samples including carbon-black filled natural rubbers and fumed silica filled silicone elastomers. New insights into the Payne effect are provided by examining the generic results of sinusoidal dynamic and constant strain rate tests conducted in true simple shear both with and without static strain offsets. The effect of deformation history is explored by probing the low amplitude modulus recovery kinetics resulting from a perturbation by a large strain deformation such as a sinusoidal pulse or the application or removal of a static strain. It is found that a static strain has no effect on either the fully equilibrated dynamic (storage and loss) moduli or the incremental stress-strain curves taken at constant strain rate. The reduction in low amplitude dynamic modulus and subsequent recovery kinetics due to a perturbation is found to be independent of the type of perturbation. Modulus recovery is complete but requires thousands of seconds, and is independent of the static strain. The results suggest that deformation sequence is as critical as strain amplitude in determining the properties, and that currently available theories are inadequate to describe these phenomena. The distinction between fully equilibrated dynamic response and transitory response is critical and must be considered in the formulation of any constitutive equation to be used for design purposes with filled elastomers.
Azide inhibition of chloroplast ATPase is prevented by a high protonmotive force

Abstract Azide has no effect on photophosphorylation at normal light intensities, inhibits acid-base ATP synthesis in the dark weakly, and is a moderately strong inhibitor of the ATP-Pi exchange reaction occurring in the dark after activation of spinach thylakoids by light. However, azide is a potent inhibitor of the methanol-activated ATPase of thylakoids (which is not associated with proton pumping). When ATPase has been activated by light plus dithiothreitol it pumps protons during ATP hydrolysis, so the thylakoid high-energy state is maintained in darkness. Azide has no effect on this reaction. When the light + dithiothreitol-activated ATPase is maximally stimulated by the uncoupler, NH4Cl, azide becomes a strong inhibitor. We suggest that inhibition of ATPase by azide occurs only when the net thylakoid protonmotive force differential is less than maximal.
The history of sections in the American College Health Association.

Abstract The founders of the American College Health Association (ACHA) recognized the importance of regional groups (affiliates) and worked actively to foster their formation and continued existence. In 1932, D. F. Smiley, MD, described the concept of establishing ACHA regions and suggested combining institutional membership in both the national and regional organizations. Significant affiliate representation in the association's governance structure finally became a reality in 1987, when regional representatives became permanent members of the board of directors. Standing committees of the association were transformed into the present ACHA sections in 1957, and a new category for individual membership established for college health professionals interested in participating in educational activities of the new sections. In many ways, the changes in the association's governance that occurred in 1987 are reminiscent of the original structure of the 1920–1970 era, when the organization was much smaller and ...
Optimal control of a stochastic system with an exponential-of-integral performance criterion

Abstract An approach based on the theory of positive semigroups is introduced for the analysis of the infinite-horizon, exponential-of-integral optimal control problem for a stochastic system of the Ito form. Existence conditions for state-feedback admissible controllers are formulated and optimality conditions are derived. Connections between the exponential-of-integral optimal control problem and stochastic differential games are discussed.
Murine hepatitis virus-4 (strain JHM)-induced neurologic disease is modulated in Vivo by monoclonal antibody

Monoclonal hybridoma antibodies directed against the polypeptides of murine hepatitis virus-4 (JHM strain) were tested for their ability to alter the course of a normally lethal intracerebral virus challenge. Three monoclonal antibodies directed against two distinct epitopes on the E2 glycoprotein of MHV-4 protected mice against lethal virus challenge and converted the infection from fatal encephalomyelitis to demyelination. A single neutralizing antibody directed against a third epitope on E2 as well as seven nonneutralizing antibodies to E2, E1, and N polypeptides did not protect against challenge. In mice which received protective antibody, MHV-4 infection was not blocked, however, virus grew to lower titers in liver and brain, and virus replication in the CNS was more restricted than in unprotected mice. Decreased involvement of neurons in the brains of protected mice was observed, and no evidence of neuronal infection in the spinal cords was found. In contrast, oligodendrocytes were infected in the presence of protective antibody, and evidence of demylination associated with mononuclear cell infiltration was found. These studies demonstrate that antibody to a single epitope on a viral glycoprotein can substantially alter the course and phenotype of disease.
Malformation artério-veineuse survenant sur vaisseaux sciatiques persistants

Rationnelle L’artere sciatique persistante est une anomalie congenitale rare et la survenue d’une malformation arterio-veineuse sur vaisseaux sciatiques persistants est extremement rare. Methodes Cet article presente le cas d’une patiente de 30 ans ayant des vaisseaux sciatiques persistants compliques d’une malformation arterio-veineuse de la fesse droite. Elle etait chirurgicalement inaccessible et une embolisation en trois etapes utilisant un melange de 20% N- butyl-cyanoacrylate/80% lipiodol a ete effectuee. Resultats L’angioscanner multi barrettes a montre la disparition de la malformation arterio-veineuse. Conclusions Cet article presente le premier cas de malformation arterio-veineuse localisee sur des vaisseaux sciatiques persistants et traitee par embolisation percutanee.
Benefits of continued cyclosporine through an indigent drug program

Financial circumstances force some stable renal transplant recipients to discontinue cyclosporine (CsA). Previous results from our center document a subgroup of these patients at increased risk for acute rejection and allograft loss, namely, those of African ancestry. After 1988, such disadvantaged recipients have been able to receive CsA at no charge through the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). At the University of Alabama at Birmingham, 54 patients were enrolled in the NORD program between 1988 and 1994. Acute rejection, allograft survival, and patient survival in these patients were compared with those in 42 patients who, prior to 1988, were withdrawn from CsA for financial reasons. Both groups were similar socioeconomically. The mean follow-up was 69 +/- 33 months (+/-SD) in the withdrawal group and 45 +/- 14 months in those entering the NORD program. Acute rejections occurred with similar frequency in both groups before CsA withdrawal (45%) or NORD enrollment (48%). In contrast, acute rejections were more common in patients after the onset of CsA withdrawal (38%) than after NORD enrollment (11%) (P < 0.01). Black patients withdrawn from CsA experienced more acute rejections than their counterparts in the NORD program (57% v 15%) (P < 0.01). White NORD recipients also experienced fewer acute rejections, although the difference was not statistically significant (withdrawal group 16% v NORD group 4%; P = 0.29). Rejection episodes were accompanied by reduced graft survival in black patients withdrawn from CsA, while significant improvement was seen in those remaining on CsA-based therapy (P < 0.05). No difference in allograft survival was seen among white patients in either group (withdrawal group 74% v NORD group 82%; P = 0.33). Thus, long-term access to CsA through the NORD program reduced acute rejections and improved allograft survival in an economically disadvantaged subgroup of renal transplant recipients. These findings emphasize the importance of continued access to CsA in black renal transplant recipients and its influence on long-term allograft survival.
In situ TEM observation of magnetic materials

Magnetic nanostructures and thin films display novel magnetization reversal behavior as a function of size and shape, which makes them appropriate for a range of technological applications. The spatial resolution of in situ transmission electron microscopy techniques such as Lorentz TEM (LTEM) and off-axis electron holography are well suited to analysis of the magnetic domain structure and magnetization behavior of these magnetic nanostructures and thin films. In this article the various techniques that are applicable are described, including the qualitative LTEM imaging modes and the differential phase contrast technique. In addition, quantitative methods for mapping the magnetic induction via phase reconstruction are discussed. In each case the advantages and limitations are presented. Application of the techniques to various types of magnetic structures is then presented, and the article ends with a short summary and a discussion of future developments in this field.
The Epidermis as a Bioreactor: Topically Regulated Cutaneous Delivery into the Circulation

Previous studies have documented that the skin can be used as a bioreactor to produce proteins for systemic release to treat diseases. A gene-switch system has been developed that allows regulated expression of therapeutic genes. To determine whether this system could be used in the skin, we developed a transgenic mouse model in which expression of a therapeutic gene could be topically induced in epidermal keratinocytes. After a single induction, high levels of the therapeutic protein, human growth hormone (hGH), were released from keratinocytes into the circulation. The serum levels of hGH were dependent on the amount of inducer applied, and repeated induction resulted in increased weight gain by transgenic versus control mice. Furthermore, physiological levels of hGH were detected in the serum of nude mice after topical induction of small transgenic skin grafts. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using the gene-switch system to regulate the delivery of therapeutic proteins into the circulation via genetically modified keratinocytes.
The global theme park industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dimensions and practices that have shaped the present global theme park industry. The reader is first introduced to the characteristics of the global theme park industry. Following a historical review of the evolution of theme parks, the paper reports on the scope of the global theme park industry, according to major geographical regions. The overview continues with an explanation of how themes are created and communicated to guests and finally, addresses the impact of theme parks on the economic sustainability of destinations.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides an overview and historical examination of key concepts and phenomena. The paper is more descriptive than analytical.Findings – The paper concludes that continuous growth of the global theme park industry will be influenced by the quality and amount of marketing and advertising campaigns, development of new products and guest experiences, as well as external variables that the parks...
Learning to Teach in Urban Settings

(2004). Learning to Teach in Urban Settings. Childhood Education: Vol. 80, The Culture of Teaching, pp. 245-250.
Biomolecule kinetics measurements in flow cell integrated porous silicon waveguides

A grating-coupled porous silicon (PSi) waveguide with an integrated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flow cell is demonstrated as a platform for near real-time detection of chemical and biological molecules. This sensor platform not only allows for quantification of molecular binding events, but also provides a means to improve understanding of diffusion and binding mechanisms in constricted nanoscale geometries. Molecular binding events in the waveguide are monitored by angle-resolved reflectance measurements. Diffusion coefficients and adsorption and desorption rate constants of different sized chemical linkers and nucleic acid molecules are determined based on the rate of change of the measured resonance angle. Experimental results show that the diffusion coefficient in PSi is smaller than that in free solutions, and the PSi morphology slows the molecular adsorption rate constant by a factor of 102–104 compared to that of flat surface interactions. Calculations based on simplified mass balance equations and COMSOL simulations give good agreement with experimental data.
Reordering/resolvation of silica immobilized hydrogen bonding ligands used as stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The thermally induced reordering/resolvation of ω-haloalkyl modified surfaces are studied as a function of increasing temperature. The thermal on-set, To, determined from plots of ln k′ (capacity factor) vs. 1/T varies with chain length and functionality of the immobilized groups. A direct correlation between To and boiling point of corresponding non-immobilized compound is observed. These data are explained by a three term model that accounts for energy differences which occur with reordering/resolvation in terms of: (1) cohesive interaction between the bonded chains; (2) hydrophobic interaction between the bonded chains and the contact solvent, water; and (3) specific interaction resulting from hydrogen bonding between aqueous mobile phase and unreacted surface silanols.
The earliest record of the genus Cola (Malvaceae sensu lato: Sterculioideae) from the Late Oligocene (28-27 Ma) of Ethiopia and leaf characteristics within the genus.

A fossil leaf compression from the Late Oligocene (28–27 Ma) of northwestern Ethiopia is the earliest record of the African endemic moist tropical forest genus Cola (Malvaceae sensu lato: Sterculioideae). Based on leaf and epidermal morphology, the fossil is considered to be very similar to two extant Guineo-Congolian species but differences warrant designation of a new species. This study also includes a review of the fossil record of Cola, a comprehensive summary of leaf characteristics within several extant species of Cola, Octolobus, and Pterygota, and a brief discussion of the paleogeographic implications of the fossil species affinity and occurrence in Ethiopia.
A three-dimensional approach to the calculation of foot clearance during locomotion

Planar analysis has traditionally been used for the measurement of foot clearance during locomotor activities. In this paper, an improved three-dimensional approach to clearance detection based on surface contour measurement and virtual point creation is described and validated. A reflective stylus, used as a contact digitizer, provided an accurate description of the outsole of the shoe with respect to shoe-mounted markers, and the position of the shoe relative to the global reference frame was determined by conventional three-dimensional kinematic techniques as the subject walked. The geometry of the environment was described in the same global reference frame, and the clearance distance between the shoe outsole and the ground was determined throughout the swing phase. Accuracy to within ±1 mm was obtained with a surrogate shoe which had a flat outsole surface, while analysis of an actual shoe resulted in accuracy to within ±2 mm due to uncertainty during digitization and deformation of the shoe under loading.
Modified-truncation finite difference schemes

A method is presented for modifying the truncation error of a given finite difference scheme approximating a nonlinear evolution equation. The new scheme has several advantages over the original. It is higher order, in the absence of time derivatives, has the same time-step requirements, it removes nonphysical oscillations, and it is not less accurate than the original scheme. The idea applied to a finite difference scheme approximating a geophysical flow produces a scheme consistent with the accuracy of the original scheme, but on a mesh three times more refined.
Below-ground interactions between a seedling soybean and preestablished soybean plant with and without mycorrhizal fungi. 1. Plant biomass, root growth, and mycorrhizal colonization

Abstract Nurse-seedling relationships mediated below-ground are not well-known. Seedlings of a non-nodulating isoline of soybean were planted alone or with a 19 day old pre-established nodulating soybean as partner, with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi Glomus mosseae or control inoculum, and with one of four levels of below-ground barrier in the middle of the pot (no barrier, a 20 μm screen, 1 μ screen, or a solid barrier). This study asked how a stressed soybean seedling interacts below-ground with an older non-stressed soybean with and without VAM fungi, in terms of plant biomass, root growth and VAM colonization. Plants were grown for 53 days in a greenhouse with the seedlings on the north side of each pot, shaded by above-ground barriers in the middle of each pot. Non-nodulating soybeans grew best when growing alone with no below-ground barrier in the pot, least with a nodulated pre-established soybean as partner and intermediate when the pot was split in half by a solid barrier. Screen barrier treatments produced intermediate biomass values between the values for no barrier and solid barrier treatments. Biomass results were consistent with a model of resource competition with the larger established nodulated soybean being the superior competitor. Percent VAM colonization was highest in the seedlings when the plants were grown together. In spite of this result, VAM fungi did not change the competitive relations between the two plants.
Consequences, Characteristics, and Causes of Mathematical Learning Disabilities and Persistent Low Achievement in Mathematics

The goals of the review are threefold: (a) to highlight the educational and employment consequences of poorly developed mathematical competencies; (b) overview the characteristics of children with mathematical learning disability (MLD) and with persistently low achievement (LA) in mathematics; and (c) provide a primer on cognitive science research that is aimed at identifying the cognitive mechanisms underlying these learning disabilities and associated cognitive interventions. Literatures on the educational and economic consequences of poor mathematics achievement were reviewed and integrated with reviews of epidemiological, behavioral genetic, and cognitive science studies of poor mathematics achievement. Poor mathematical competencies are common among adults and result in employment difficulties and difficulties in many common day-to-day activities. Among students, ∼ 7% of children and adolescents have MLD and another 10% show persistent LA in mathematics, despite average abilities in most other areas. Children with MLD and their LA peers have deficits in understanding and representing numerical magnitude, difficulties retrieving basic arithmetic facts from long-term memory, and delays in learning mathematical procedures. These deficits and delays cannot be attributed to intelligence but are related to working memory deficits for children with MLD, but not LA children. These individuals have identifiable number and memory delays and deficits that seem to be specific to mathematics learning. Interventions that target these cognitive deficits are in development and preliminary results are promising.
8.35 mm radio emission from Jupiter

Abstract Observations of the 8.35 mm radio emission from Jupiter are reported. A disc temperature of 144 ± 23° is found. It is shown that the 8 mm brightness temperature of Jupiter should correspond closely to the temperature at the level of the visible cloud cover.
A new ferrosilite and Fe-pigeonite occurrence in the Reading Prong, New Jersey, USA

Abstract Ferrosilite and Fe-rich pigeonite have been discovered as discrete grains and as lamellae intergrown with hedenbergite in a fayalite-bearing hedenbergite-quartz-syenite in the Reading Prong province near Berkshire Valley, New Jersey. Pyroxene thermometry suggests that these extremely Fe-rich pyroxenes probably began crystallizing above 910°C. Blocking temperatures indicated by the compositions of lamellae in exsolved pyroxenes were around 550 to 600°C. Load pressure during crystallization may have been around 6 to 6.5 kbar. Oxygen fugacity varied from 10 −12 to 10 −17 bars and was no lower than one log unit below QFM. These data suggest that the part of the northwestern Reading Prong that contains the quartz-syenite may have been approximately 22 km deep 1000 m.y. ago.
Preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the anti-hepatitis virus agent 2'-fluoro-5-ethyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil in mice and rats.

Abstract The preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of 2'-fluoro-5-ethyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (FEAU), a selective inhibitor of herpesvirus and hepatitis virus replication, were investigated in the mouse and rat. Following intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration, FEAU was cleared from the plasma primarily unchanged, with a terminal half-life of 58 to 80 min in the mouse and 63 to 78 min in the rat. The steady-state volumes of distribution times bioavailabilities of FEAU were approximately 2.1 and 3.4 times the total body water volumes after p.o. administration of 10 mg of drug per kg of body weight in mice and rats, respectively. A comparison of the area under the concentration-time curve after i.v. and p.o. FEAU administration indicated that the p.o. dose was completely absorbed in both species. When tritiated FEAU was used in mice, 35.0% of the i.v. dose and 33.5% of the p.o. dose were excreted in urine as unchanged FEAU, 8.1% (i.v. dose) and 9.2% (p.o. dose) were excreted as tritiated water, and 15.6% (i.v. dose) and 18.1% (p.o. dose) were excreted as unknown metabolite(s) in urine within 24 h of dosing. Only 1.24% (i.v. dose) and 2.6% (p.o. dose) of the total doses were found in urine as 3H2O when the FEAU dose was increased to 50 mg/kg. However, a higher percentage of the total dose (59.6% for the i.v. dose and 61.3% for the p.o. dose) was recovered within 24 h as intact FEAU in rat urine, less than 1.4% (i.v. dose) and 2.7% (p.o. dose) of the total dose were found to be 3H2O, and 5.6% (i.v. dose) and 6.7% (p.o. dose) of the total dose were excreted as known metabolite(s). The distribution ratios for total radioactivity in tissue relative to those in plasma were 0.5 to 1.3 in spleen, testes, muscle, and liver during the first hour after a 10-mg/kg dose in rats. Of the total FEAU radioactivity administered, only 1.38% was excreted in bile as unchanged FEAU. No FEAU glucuronide metabolite was detected. Tissue concentrations of 0.15 to 0.6 microM at 6 h after dosing are in the range of the effective antiviral concentration for FEAU. In conclusion, FEAU administered p.o. to mice and rats was well absorbed; FEAU was rapidly distributed into tissues and remained above in vitro antiviral concentrations for more than 6 h; in mice, [3H]FEAU showed metabolism-mediated tritium exchange with water; and in rats, FEAU was less extensively metabolized than in mice and clearance was primarily via renal processes, mainly in the form of unchanged FEAU.
Exploring image registration techniques for layered sensing

In this paper we evaluate several methods to register and stabilize a motion imagery video sequence under the layered sensing construction. Layered sensing is a new construct in the repertoire of the US Air Force. Under the layered sensing paradigm, an area is surveyed by a multitude of sensors at many different altitudes and operating across many modalities. This combination of sensors provides better insight into a situation than could ever be achieved with a single sensor. A fundamental requirement to utilize this technology is to first register and stabilize the data from each of the individual sensors. The contribution of this paper is to explore and provide a preliminary evaluation of techniques for image registration of Electro-Optical (EO) video sequences taken from Wide Area Persistent Surveillance (WAPS) platforms whose views are centered on a city. Additionally, evaluation metrics for such techniques are described and explored.
Symptoms, supportive care needs, and function in cancer patients: how are they related?

Aims To explore the associations among symptoms, supportive care needs, and function. Methods One hundred and seventeen cancer patients completed the Supportive Care Needs Survey and EORTC-QLQ-C30 in a cross-sectional study. Associations among function (physical, role, emotional, cognitive, social), symptoms (fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea), and supportive care needs (physical and daily living, psychological, patient care and support, health system and information, sexual) were tested using multivariate item regression (MIR). We tested (1) function as the dependent variable with symptoms and supportive care needs as independent variables and (2) supportive care needs as the dependent variable with symptoms and function as independent variables. Results Worse fatigue, pain, and appetite loss were associated with worse function. Greater unmet physical and daily living needs were associated with worse physical, role, and cognitive function. Greater unmet psychological needs were associated with worse emotional and cognitive function. Worse sleep problems were associated with greater unmet needs. Better physical function was associated with fewer unmet physical and daily living needs, and better emotional function was associated with fewer unmet psychological, patient care and support, and health system and information needs. Conclusions The results obtained with these models suggest several consistent relationships among symptoms, supportive care needs, and function.
Seasonal Variation in Frequency of Isolation of Ophiosphaerella korrae from Bermudagrass Roots in Mississippi and Pathogenicity and Optimal Growth of Selected Isolates

Isolation frequency of Ophiosphaerella korrae (spring dead spot pathogen) from Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass) roots at a golf course near West Point, Mississippi, was monitored over a 3-year investigation. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine optimal temperatures for the growth of selected O. korrae isolates collected from the field study and to evaluate those isolates for pathogenicity potential. Isolation frequencies of the pathogen from naturally infested root samples were significantly higher in the winter and spring and lowest in the fall regardless of cultural, nutrient, and chemical treatments. Annual soil temperatures ranged between 8 and 29°C, and no correlation was observed between temperature and percent isolation of O. korrae. Optimal in vitro growth of selected O. korrae isolates ranged from 21 to 25°C. Root discoloration was significantly greater in the presence of O. korrae compared to non-inoculated roots in greenhouse studies. Results of this study confirm and are the first to document that O. korrae naturally infests roots throughout the bermudagrass growth cycle, but factors other than temperature and management practices may influence O. korrae in situ.
The Coase Theorem and international economic relations

Abstract Coase emphasized the importance of well-established property rights and of low transactions costs in achieving economically efficient negotiations among unitary decision-makers. More recent discussion has underlined the additional importance of full information. Negotiations among states over trade policies or the use of the as yet unallocated global resources (antarctica, the oceans and atmosphere, space) suffer from a combination of lack of well-defined property rights, second-level but simultaneous negotiations among domestic constituencies, hence asymmetric information and unpredictable outcomes. All these factors greatly raise transaction costs and inhibit efficient negotiations at the international level.
Effects of growth factors on dental stem/progenitor cells

The goal of regenerative endodontics is to regain the vitality and functions of dental pulp-dentin complex. Dental pulp is the only vascularized tissue in mature, functional teeth in humans, and maintains homeostasis of the dentin. Current root canal therapy ends up with a de-vitalized tooth, therefore predisposing endodontically treated teeth to re-infections and fractures. Recent work showing regeneration of dental pulp-dentin-like tissues by cell homing that is orchestrated by growth factor delivery, without cell transplantation, provides one of the tangible pathways towards clinical translation. Growth factors regulate either transplanted cells or endogenously homed cells in dental pulp-dentin regeneration. Further understanding of the actions of growth factors is pivotal for dental pulp-dentin regeneration.
Economic Freedom and Macroeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth: Cross‐Country Evidence

This study examines the cross‐sectional relationship between economic growth and variables suggested by the economic literature as affecting economic growth. The results show that economic freedom, in addition to known macroeconomic variables, is significantly related to economic growth.
Newborn screening: rationale for a comprehensive, fully integrated public health system.

Abstract Newborn screening has existed for approximately four decades [1]. During that period of time, newborn screening has evolved conceptually from a laboratory test for a single disorder, phenylketonuria (PKU), to a multi-part public health system involving education, screening, diagnostic follow-up, treatment/management, and system evaluation [2–5]. At a time when newborn screening is recognized as a model for predictive medicine [6,7], it also faces critical challenges that will determine its future credibility and viability. In order to understand these challenges, it is helpful to review briefly the history of newborn screening.
Dynamics in Groups: Are We There Yet?

We know that groups are dynamic entities, and yet we rarely study them as such. Previously hamstrung by limited theory, a decade of advances in understanding the fundamental nature of groups and change promised a revolution in group research. Our goal here is to review those theoretical developments and then examine their impact on our empirical understanding of group dynamics. Examining work done and not done, we will take stock of this work, identify the obstacles that seem to keep us focused more on group statics than dynamics, and then close by offering suggestions about not only what approaches to take when studying group dynamics, but also how the field can help develop these approaches. We hope that a review of the group dynamic literature in 2021 will celebrate our coming empirical accomplishments rather than lament a lack of them.
Pleasurable Surprises: A Cross-Cultural Study of Consumer Responses to Unexpected Incentives

Consumer reactions to a surprising event are generally stronger than those to an identical but unexpected event. But the experience of surprise differs across cultures. In this article, we examine differences between East Asian and Western emotional reactions to unexpected incentives. When given an unexpected gift, East Asians report less surprise and less pleasure than Westerners. East Asians’ dampened pleasure is explained by their motivation to maintain balance and emotional control, which leads to a reappraisal of perceived likelihood. However, if the unexpected gift is attributed to good luck, which is a desirable form of the unexpected, East Asians experience even greater pleasure than Westerners.
Late Quaternary slip rates along the Sierra Nevada frontal fault zone, California: Slip partitioning across the western margin of the Eastern California Shear Zone–Basin and Range Province

New geologic mapping, tectonic geomorphologic, and cosmogenic radionuclide geochronologic data provide the fi rst numerical constraints on late Quaternary vertical slip and horizontal extension rates across the southern Sierra Nevada frontal fault zone, California. This fault zone exposes numerous NNW-striking, east-facing normal fault scarps that offset seven distinct Quaternary alluvial surfaces and a rockslide deposit. Beryllium-10 cosmogenic radionuclide surface-exposure dating of these surfaces provides surface abandonment model ages of 123.7 ± 16.6 ka, 60.9 ± 6.6 ka, 25.8 ± 7.5 ka, 4.4 ± 1.1 ka, and 4.1 ± 1.0 ka on alluvial fan surfaces, and 18.7 ± 3.9 ka on the rockslide deposit. These age constraints, combined with measurements of vertical surface offset across fault scarps, yield preferred late Pleistocene to Holocene vertical and horizontal extensional slip rates of 0.2‐0.3 mm/yr and 0.1‐0.2 mm/yr. Vertical slip-rate estimates in this study are comparable to late Pleistocene vertical slip-rate estimates across other prominent range-front normal faults within the Basin and Range Province. These geologic and geochronologic results indicate that the eastern escarpment of the southern Sierra Nevada has remained tectonically active throughout the late Quaternary. Combining our data with slip data from the Owens Valley and Lone Pine faults implies that slip along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada block is partitioned into three components: dominantly dextral slip along the Owens Valley fault, intermediate oblique slip along the Lone Pine fault, and subordinate normal slip along the Sierra Nevada frontal fault zone. These observations are consistent with global positioning system (GPS) data, which indicate that dextral shear-strain accumulation dominates today along the western boundary of the Eastern California Shear Zone and Basin and Range Province.
A social network analysis of interlocked directorates in electronic commerce firms

Abstract Using social network analysis, this research examines whether a pattern of interlocked directorates exists among the top 50 e-commerce firms and how this network differs from the network of other leading firms. Further, it looks at whether a firm’s measure of centrality is associated with its visibility. The results suggest that the location of e-commerce firms in these networks is more important than simply the number of ties. The findings point to the role of e-commerce firms in establishing links between both firms and industries. These findings also suggest that e-commerce firms are most interesting to study when looked at in terms of a larger network of firms, and that it is in the ties between the e-commerce and the traditional and well-established firms where many potential research opportunities lie.
A knowledge-based DSS for supporting ill-structured multiple criteria decisions

Focusing on qualitative reasoning processes as a key area of A1 (artificial intelligence) application for decision support, the authors propose an architecture for designing an intelligent DSS (decision-support system) that is intended to aid in MCDM (multiple-criteria decision making) in ill-structured situations. An MCDM DSS, for its maximum contribution to organizational problem-solving, must be capable of lending effective support to high-level as well as low-level management decisions. A commercial loan approval judgement case is described to illustrate the real-world situation where decisions usually require a high degree of intuition and subjective judgement. Development of a prototype intended to partially represent application of the architecture is described. The authors conclude with suggestions for research extensions. >
Feedback on a ball balancer

The open loop transfer function of a ball balancer shows it to be unstable. Application of a feedback loop is required to stabilize it. This paper provides a practical touch to the undergraduate linear control systems course, where compensation is commonly and theoretically applied in various control systems to achieve stability and in which no practical insight is provided as to what constitutes a feedback, nor how it can be physically realized. This paper shows the design of a feedback system. We hope that the paper will enlighten undergraduate linear control students.