cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The need for perforator treatment after VenaSeal and ClosureFast endovenous saphenous vein closure in CEAP 6 patients.

Abstract Objective The authors have previously demonstrated that VenaSeal (Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, Minn) adhesive, compared with radiofrequency ablation (RFA, ClosureFast; Medtronic, Inc), in treatment of refluxing saphenous veins in CEAP 6 limbs, results in shorter healing times of venous ulcers. The authors hypothesize that the longer treated length possible with VenaSeal's nonthermal modality may affect the number of critical refluxing perforators contributing to the nonhealing wound. This follow-up study compares the need for follow-up treatment of perforator veins after saphenous vein treatment with either radiofrequency ablation (ClosureFast RFA) or adhesive closure (VenaSeal). Methods A multi-institutional retrospective review of CEAP 6 patients who had closure of their saphenous veins from 2015 to 2020 was conducted. Patients who underwent follow-up treatment of perforator veins were grouped according to their method of initial management of their saphenous veins. The primary end point was incidence of a perforator procedure after ClosureFast or VenaSeal ablation. Secondary end points included sclerotherapy to facilitate wound healing. Bivariate analysis used the χ2 test, Fisher exact test, t-test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. A P value of Results There were 119 CEAP 6 patients with saphenous closure: 51 limbs treated with VenaSeal and 68 with RFA. Median follow-up was 105 days (interquartile range: 44, 208). All limbs achieved wound healing during the study period. Mean time to wound healing post index procedure was shorter for VenaSeal than RFA (72 vs 293.8 days, P > .0009), as was median time (43 vs 104 days, P = .001). More limbs treated with RFA had previous known deep vein thrombosis (29% vs 10%, P = .009), deep venous insufficiency (82% vs 51%, P = .0003), and perforator reflux (57% vs 29%, P = .002). Limbs with identified follow-up perforator reflux treated with RFA had a higher prevalence of initially treated saphenous veins with RFA compared with those treated with VenaSeal (49% vs 27%, P = .003). There was no difference between the methods of vein closure and use of concurrent sclerotherapy. Conclusions ClosureFast and VenaSeal are both effective and safe modalities of saphenous ablation, but VenaSeal treatment was associated with less perforator RFA intervention.
The experience of using a hospital bed alternative at home among individuals with spinal cord injury: A case series.

To inform clinicians’ equipment recommendations by characterizing the experiences, skin integrity, and interface pressures in a series of recently discharged individuals with spinal cord injury (SC...
Single cell profiling of T and B cell repertoires following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine

ABSTRACT mRNA based vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have shown exceptional clinical efficacy providing robust protection against severe disease. However, our understanding of transcriptional and repertoire changes following full vaccination remains incomplete. We used single-cell RNA sequencing and functional assays to compare humoral and cellular responses to two doses of mRNA vaccine with responses observed in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic disease. Our analyses revealed enrichment of spike-specific B cells, activated CD4 T cells, and robust antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4 T cell responses in all vaccinees. On the other hand, CD8 T cell responses were both weak and variable. Interestingly, clonally expanded CD8 T cells were observed in every vaccinee, as observed following natural infection. TCR gene usage, however, was variable, reflecting the diversity of repertoires and MHC polymorphism in the human population. Natural infection induced expansion of larger CD8 T cell clones occupied distinct clusters, likely due to the recognition of a broader set of viral epitopes presented by the virus not seen in the mRNA vaccine. Our study highlights a coordinated adaptive immune response where early CD4 T cell responses facilitate the development of the B cell response and substantial expansion of effector CD8 T cells, together capable of contributing to future recall responses.
Predictors of vaping marijuana initiation among US adolescents: Results from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study Wave 3 (2015-2016) and Wave 4 (2016-2018).

Abstract Introduction Marijuana vaping among adolescents is a growing public health concern. Marijuana vaping exposes youth to greater levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and may be related to e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). This study examined the risk factors for initiating marijuana vaping among US adolescents. Methods We analyzed Waves 3 (2015–2016) and 4 (2016–2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. We estimate a multivariable logistic regression to model marijuana vaping initiation at Wave 4 among those who never vaped marijuana at Wave 3 (N = 7,821) as a function of key risk factors associated with youth substance use. Results Marijuana vaping initiation is associated with current use of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) (aOR = 2.16, 95 % CI = 1.20, 3.89), cigarettes (aOR = 2.65, 95 % CI = 1.10, 6.35), other marijuana products (aOR = 7.78, 95 % CI = 3.74, 6.15), and alcohol (aOR = 1.98, 95 % CI = 1.35, 2.91). Other factors contributing to marijuana vaping initiation include being 15−17 years old (aOR = 1.51, 95 % CI = 1.19, 1.90) and Hispanic (aOR = 1.37, 95 % CI = 1.08, 1.76), as well as having less than college-level parental education (aOR = 1.35, 95 % CI = 1.07, 1.70), vaping peers (aOR = 2.31; 95 % CI = 1.81, 2.96), and a high internalizing (aOR = 1.49, 95 % CI = 1.10, 2.02) and externalizing tendency (aOR = 1.66, 95 % CI = 1.14, 2.41). Conclusions Multi-level efforts are needed to target the varying risk factors leading to marijuana vaping initiation in adolescents. Knowledge of these risk factors can help policymakers and health program administrators to identify at-risk individuals and design interventions that can prevent marijuana vaping initiation at the individual, household, school, clinical and public health levels.
Perspectives on Remote Glucose Monitoring in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has become increasingly popular among youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Used with CGM, remote monitoring (RM) gives caregivers real-time access to patients' glucose values. Whereas RM may safeguard against hypo- and hyperglycemic events, little is known about how older children and adolescents, who are striving for independence, and their parents view the RM aspect of CGM. The goal of this study was to describe and explore parent and youth perceptions of RM. Methods Youth with T1D and their parents participated separately in semi-structured interviews 2 months after starting CGM. Questions focused on decisions to use and experiences with RM. Results Analysis of 43 parents and 41 youth (13.79 years ± 2.82) interviews revealed four themes, with 10 subthemes. Seven subthemes emerged in parent and youth interviews, and three emerged exclusively in parent interviews. The overarching themes included the impact of RM on (1) peace-of-mind, (2) parental anxiety, (3) communication; and addressed (4) technological limitations that prevented some from using RM. Regardless of youth age, youth and parents found comfort in parental knowledge of glucose values and parental abilities to assist youth (e.g., giving reminders to eat). Whereas RM could lead to conflicts due to excessive communication (e.g., texting), conflicts could be resolved through iterative parent-youth conversations. Conclusion RM may facilitate youth independence by providing a way for them to stay connected to their support system while acquiring developmentally appropriate skills. However, families should have iterative discussions about boundaries to mitigate parental over-involvement.
Consumer Perceptions of Advertising Appeals: Hard-Sell and Soft-Sell Revisited

Consumer perceptions of advertising appeals are ever changing. This research study addresses the following questions: • Why should advertising appeals differ across global cultures to be effective? • How do males and females react to different hard-sell and soft-sell (warmth humor and eroticism) advertising appeals?
An Analysis of U. S.-South African Relations in the 1980's: Has Engagement Been Constructive

We cannot and will not permit our hand to be forced to align ourselves with one side or an other .... Our task ... is to maintain communication with all parties ... and to pursue our growing interest throughout the region. Only if we engage constructively in southern Africa as a whole can we play our proper role in the search for negotiated solutions, peaceful change and expanding economic progress. The Reagan Administration has no intention of destabilizing South Africa in order to curry favor elsewhere. Neither will we align ourselves with apartheid policies that are abhorrent to our own multiracial democracy [2].
Molecular Diagnostic Evaluation of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Individuals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular diagnostic evaluation of deaf and hard-of-hearing (HOH) individuals. The deafness syndromes in this chapter are presented in their order of published frequency of observation in clinical settings that provide care for deaf/HOH individuals. These conditions also reflect those for which genetic testing is currently available. Strategies for genetic testing are also presented further. Deafness is genetically heterogeneous. From the standpoint of the molecular diagnostician, choosing genes to place in the laboratory menu for testing hearing-related genes could be based on a number of factors. With the rise of molecular diagnostic testing for deafness, the number of hearing and deaf individuals seeking genetic counseling and testing for deafness for diagnostic, carrier, and prenatal purposes is anticipated to increase. However, deaf and hearing individuals’ attitudes toward, and use of genetic information related to, deafness can vary considerably because there are different perspectives on deafness. In light of differences in parental preferences for genetic testing for a trait with scientific and social complexities, it would be difficult to justify a mandatory program of genetic testing for deafness, or a program without appropriate pre- and post-test genetic counseling. Furthermore, because there are different perspectives on deafness, different perspectives on genetic technology, and different uses of genetic information, it is important to be cognizant that molecular diagnostics present a double-edged sword for deaf/HOH individuals and the Deaf community.
Antisense and Ribozyme Therapy

The fundamental advances in molecular genetics in the lasttwo decades have introduced a number of new tools in ourarmamentarium for the manipulation of gene expression.Chief among these are the use of antisense moleculesinitially, and ribozymes subsequently, for the manipulationof mammalian gene expression. Not surprisingly, some ofthe most important demonstrations of the utility of antisenseand ribozyme targeting have occurred in the realm of cancer.Moreover, recent advances in understanding the molecularbasis of cancer have deﬁned a plethora of new targets forantisense and ribozyme-based inhibition. More recently, thematuration of this technology to the clinical oncologicalarena is being achieved with the completion of a numberof clinical trials using a broad array of targets in cancer. Inshort, the biological and therapeutic potential of antisenseand ribozyme technology is being explored. We thereforetake the opportunity in this chapter to review the scientiﬁcbasis for this technology and discuss its broad utility incancer-related applications, including the progress made andproblems encountered in this ﬁeld in its march toward theclinical arena.
Molecular evidence for hybridization in Colias (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): Are Colias hybrids really hybrids?

Gene flow and hybridization among species dramatically affect our understanding of the species as a biological unit, species relationships, and species adaptations. In North American Colias eurytheme and Colias eriphyle, there has been historical debate over the extent of hybridization occurring and the identity of phenotypically intermediate individuals as genetic hybrids. This study assesses the population structure of these two species to measure the extent of hybridization and the genetic identity of phenotypic intermediates as hybrids. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker analysis was performed on 378 specimens collected from northern California and Nevada. Population structure was inferred using a Bayesian/Markov chain Monte Carlo method, which probabilistically assigns individuals to genetic clusters. Three genetic clusters provided the best fit for the data. C. eurytheme individuals were primarily assigned to two closely related clusters, and C. eriphyle individuals were mostly assigned to a third, more distantly related cluster. There appeared to be significant hybridization between the two species. Individuals of intermediate phenotype (putative hybrids) were found to be genetically indistinguishable from C. eriphyle, indicating that previous work based on the assumption that these intermediate forms are hybrids may warrant reconsideration.
The comparative physiology of placental transfer

Abstract The transfer of sodium across the placentas of six different animals at progressive stages of the gestation period has been studied. The rate of transfer of sodium per gram of placenta increases in each animal as gestation proceeds until just before term, at which time there is a sharp decrease. The variation in rate of transfer across the placentas has been correlated with morphologic changes in the placenta. The animals have been chosen to give at least one representative of each of Grosser's morphologic types of placentas. The rates of transfer of sodium across unit weights of these four types of placentas have been found to depend upon the morphologic structure of the placenta: the smaller the number of tissue layers placed between maternal and fetal circulations, the greater the rate of transfer across a unit weight of the placenta. A correlation was found to exist between the supply of sodium transferred to a unit weight of fetus and the rate at which that unit weight of fetus was growing. This constant observation in all of the animals studied leads us to propose the hypothesis that the underlying principle of placental function is that the rate at which a physiologic substance is transferred to the fetus shall parallel the relative growth rate of the fetus.
Computer supported cooperative work environment for multiple spatially distributed groups: a case study

An integrated environment for computer supported cooperative work environment (CSCWE) has been developed to assist in the process of consensus building across multiple spatially distributed groups. The processes supported by this environment include elicitation of user/stakeholder inputs, collection of this information for analysis through clustering these statements, ranking of the small group outputs, and the presentation of this integrated, multiple group output. The authors describe the four aspects of the process related to collection, clustering, ranking, and presentation of small group outputs, with emphasis on analysis through use of clustering techniques. A case study in which the CSCWE was used to elicit requirements information that was subjected to analysis by clustering the outputs from multiple spatially distributed groups is presented. Evidence that consensus building across multiple spatially distributed groups can be significantly assisted by the analysis through clustering support provided by the CSCWE with minimal human intervention is given. >
Learning as you Teach

Researchers and practitioners have become interested in strategies teacher preparation programs implement to assist novice teachers with analyzing their teaching.Â While many new educators have not been afforded ample opportunities to analyze student work, they acquire expertise in this area. However, new teachers often lack the knowledge to incorporate the constructivist model of teaching.Â The constructivist model benefits the teacher and the student; the teacher is better able to analyze their practice and the student is afforded deeper learning opportunities. A case study was conducted using the ESTEEM instrument to determine the ideal practices of science teachers from a constructivist perspective.Â There were 31 teachers in the study, and seven of the participants averaged 3.9 or higher on all three instruments, placing them in the proficient range.Â Teachers, including novices engage in some kind of informal and intuitive reflection, intentional and systematic attention to the cause and effect relationship should be taught and emphasized in teacher preparation programs.
Efficacy of formalin and povidone–iodine disinfection techniques on the eggs of three marine finfish species

Surface disinfection trials were performed on eggs from three marine finfish species: California yellowtail (CYT; Seriola lalandi), white seabass (WSB; Atractoscion nobilis) and California halibut (HA; Paralichthys californicus). All three species were spawned from captive populations maintained at the Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI). Five disinfection treatments were used for each species; Treatment 1 included 100 mg L−1 of formalin (F100) for 60 min (current HSWRI treatment), Treatment 2 included 1000 mg L−1 of formalin for 15 min (F1000), Treatment 3 included povidone–iodine of 50 mg L−1 for 15 min (PI50), Treatment 4 included povidone-iodine of 100 mg L−1 for 10 min (PI100) and Treatment 5 involved a control with no chemical treatment (CONT). For each treatment, the per cent egg hatching rate, per cent survival to first feeding and notochord length at the time of hatching to the nearest 0.1 mm were recorded. Bacteria were also cultured from eggs after treatment to determine the effectiveness of each treatment in reducing the bacterial counts (CFU mL−1). Treatments F100, F1000 and CONT yielded the highest hatch rates for each species (70–80%), whereas treatments PI50 and PI100 yielded the lowest hatch rates (0–2%). There were no significant differences in survival to first feeding or notochord length, which suggests that the disinfection treatments did not have a negative effect on the yolk sac larvae. The PI50 and PI100 treatments had the lowest bacterial colony counts, showing almost zero bacterial growth. The highest bacterial growth occurred in the F100, F1000 and CONT treatments. Based on the results from this study, the F100 treatment provided the best balance of disinfection and larval health for CYT, WSB and HA.
Les musées de sciences, la « présence » des objets et les défis pédagogiques de l’habitus

L’objectif de ce texte est de jeter les bases theoriques et pratiques pour la creation d’une approche complementaire a la visite conventionnelle des musees de sciences et de techniques. Le point de vue propose cherche a (re)centrer, a (re)focaliser encore plus la pedagogie et la didactique museale sur l’objet. Comment, en effet, redonner a ces objets froids et inertes, generalement places derriere d’austeres vitrines, leur « presence » originelle, qui eveillera en nous non seulement le sens de la vue (la « beaute » esthetique et pratique de l’objet), mais tous les autres, sans lesquels les objets de notre quotidien perdent toute leur signification – leur sens. La cle d’analyse se trouve dans trois concepts : profondeur, procede et participation. Et au coeur de ces concepts se cache l’habitus, l’apprentissage structure et structurant de toute connaissance.
Undermining of nutrition and exercise decisions: experiencing negative social influence.

Objective: The objective of this research was to assess social undermining (negative interpersonal influence) on health behaviors in a large sample of Internet users. Design and Sample: This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design with an online survey that yielded quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 6,923 individuals received invitations and 1,270 participants completed the survey (18.3% response rate). Respondents completing at least 1 qualitative question were retained for analysis (n=1,158). The sample had more females (75.9%) than males (24.1%) and an average age of 42.9 years (SD±12.4). Measures: Participants described experiences and perceptions of undermining. Content analysis was used to identify themes, and responses were coded after establishing intercoder reliability (κ=.92). Coded responses were correlated with gender, body mass index, and satisfaction with weight. Results: Many respondents reported that they were affected by undermining. The most common sources of undermining were family and significant others. Individuals satisfied with their current weight were more likely to resist undermining. Many suggested undermining might result from jealousy or others' guilt over their own decisions. Conclusions: Undermining of healthy behaviors is an important issue for public health researchers and practitioners as it pertains to patient counseling and the development of strategies for resisting undermining.
Parallelizing the Self-Organizing Feature Map on multiprocessor systems

The Self-Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) proposed by Kohonen is a widely used vector quantization algorithm. A drawback of SOFM is the increase of computation time with an increase in the number of neurons. However, the inherent parallelism of SOFM allows parallel processing to speed up the computation. Parallel algorithms for implementing the Kohonen SOFM are presented in this paper. We have implemented the algorithms on a linear chain and a two-dimensional mesh of transputers. Significant speedup has been achieved. In addition, models to describe the performance of the algorithms are also presented. The performance of massively parallel systems is predicted from the models.
Microscopic foundations of Dirac phenomenology.

Recently we have seen a series of highly successful fits to data for nucleon-nucleus scattering which are based upon the use of the Dirac equation. In the phenomenological analysis the potential in the Dirac equation is usually limited to two terms, a (Lorentz) scalar and vector potential. In a recent work we have shown that there are eight scalar invariants that are needed to fully specify the relativistic interaction of an off-shell nucleon with an on-shell, spin zero nucleus. It appears that the phenomenological potentials are effective potentials in the sense that their values need to be adjusted to compensate for the use of a highly simplified phenomenological form. In this work we present calculations of the complete potential, including estimates of the eight terms noted above. Our preliminary results indicate that the values of the phenomenological potentials can be reproduced in a microscopic calculation and bear out our ideas concerning the significance of the phenomenological potentials. It is found that if one wishes to obtain the correct value for the spin-orbit potential strength, for example, in a microscopic calculation, one must consider the optical potential in its most general form. At projectile energies greater than 300 or 400 MeV we expect that only two of the eight terms noted above will be important and therefore the relativistic impulse approximation will provide a satisfactory basis for calculating the optical potential.
Aleksandr Abramovich Grinberg (1898–1966), Russian Coordination Chemist: A Centennial Retrospect

This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Yurii Nikolaevich Kukushkin (1931–1998), who died suddenly of a stroke on November 30, 1998, during its composition.
Religious schism or synthesis

This article is a response to the article by Maloney et al., which adapts an economic model of Christian schism to Islam. We evaluate the basic assumptions, concepts, and approach of the article and then turn to factual questions to be considered. Their main contribution is to explain ex post the divisions observed in religions in general and Islam in particular as sects or schismatic breaks. The differentiation and application of concepts such as schism and sect across religious traditions is very problematic for the research design and analysis of the article. Despite the justification of generalizations for comparisons among religions in long time periods, the elimination of caveats and particularities undermines the argument.
Market size and the demand for talent in major league baseball

In this article, we look at how revenues affect the personnel decisions of Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. It is well established that teams with the strongest demands end up with the top stars and deepest benches, thus the best chance of winning. Since a team's demand for talent is its Marginal Revenue Product, the critical test is whether large-market teams have a greater Marginal Revenue (MR). Controlling for the impact of re-distributional efforts by MLB, we find that the MR of a large-market team is about 50% larger than that of a small-market team. Furthermore, we find that re-distributive efforts have a more severe effect on small-market teams. “Are the New York Yankees a dynasty because they outsmarted everyone? No, they just outspent everyone.” Sam Smith, Chicago Tribune
Extensive goniometric spectral measurements at desert sites for military engineering

Remote-sensing technology designed to exploit disturbed earth signatures has become extremely useful in the detection of disturbed soil in military areas of operation. Soil reflectance can be exploited for this purpose and is dependent on atmospheric conditions. An understanding of the in situ soil background is vital to any type of change detection. Researchers from the Engineering Research and Development Center (ERDC) conducted OCONUS soil spectral measurements at ten sites in Afghanistan from July to November, 2011. Sampling sites were chosen on the basis of geomorphic setting, surface-soil characteristics, and field-expedient conditions. Goniometric spectral measurements at these sites have provided high quality bi-directional reflectance data, and their analyses are presented in the context of threat recognition and discrimination. These data can also provide the basis for BDRF model validation. Most spectral data were acquired under ambient solar lighting, but other data were collected at night and under artificial illumination conditions. Bidirectional measurements of soil reflectance in the VIS/NIR and SWIR were taken using the University of Lethbridge Goniometer System (ULGS) at dawn, mid-day, dusk and after sunset with a light. Soil surface roughness and reflectance varied, depending on the presence of desert varnish and desert pavement at some sites. Sun angle and dust and smoke in the atmosphere impacted soil reflectance and noise in the SWIR part of the light spectrum, in particular. The presence of minerals such as calcium carbonate, gypsum, and oxidized iron in the subsurface directly impacted reflectance measurements in disturbed soil.
Science tourism in Costa Rica

Abstract Natural history is an important special interest sector of Costa Rica's small tourism industry. International visitors who travel to Costa Rica for natural history include a substantial number of tropical biologists from the USA. Many are students, researchers, and professors who undertake training and research in Costa Rica under the auspices of the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS). A survey of OTS participants and associates determined a high incidence of return visitation to Costa Rica, mainly for professional reasons. Return visitation appears related to some measure of professional seniority combined with freedom to travel. Individuals in OTS claim to influence many other persons to visit Costa Rica. The results suggest that science tourism, regarded as a subcomponent of nature tourism, merits serious attention in certain small countries like Costa Rica.
Kinetics of quantum states in quantum cascade lasers : device design principles and fabrication

Abstract Quantum cascade lasers are based on radiative transition between quasi-bound states formed by superlattices in the presence of high electric field. In order to understand the device principle so that we can explain and predict which structures perform better, it is necessary to develop a microscopic model for carrier and current distribution among these quasi-bound states. A mathematical model and simulation results for the kinetics of these quantum states in quantum cascade lasers are presented in comparison with our experimental results. The role of the ratio between inter- and intrasubband scattering rates, and the presence of non-equilibrium phonons are identified with explicit calculation. Our preliminary experimental results and calculation show that the lasers can have very high T 0 up to 210 K and very low threshold current density of J th =3.4 kA/cm 2 at 300 K with the current design. However, it is emphasized that in order to further improve the device performance at high temperature, it is very important to devise a structure that can dissipate the generated phonons much more efficiently.
Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity Containing Trifluoromethyl and Phenylsulfone Groups as Materials for Membrane Gas Separation

A series of ladder copolymers and a homopolymer were synthesized via aromatic nucleophilic substitution polycondensation of 5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydroxy-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylspirobisindane with tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile and a new monomer heptafluoro-p-tolylphenylsulfone as potential materials for membrane gas separation. Ladder polymers of this type comprising rigid and contorted chain structure have been commonly referred to as polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) on account of their extraordinarily high fractional free volumes (FFV) and high gas permeability (P). The PIM polymer series of the present study was prepared in high molecular weight and low molecular weight distribution, using new experimental conditions of short reaction times and a high temperature of 160 °C. Polymer chain d-spacing was investigated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Polymer free volume was calculated from the polymer density and specific van der Waals volume. Gas permeabilities for oxygen and carbon dioxide decreased w...
Stochastic Binary Sensor Networks for Noisy Environments

This paper proposes a stochastic framework for detecting anomalies or gathering interesting events in a noisy environment using a sensor network consisting of binary sensors. A binary sensor is an extremely coarse sensor, capable of measuring data to only 1-bit accuracy. Our proposed stochastic framework employs a large number of cheap binary sensors operating in a noisy environment, yet collaboratively they are able to obtain accurate measurements. The main contributions of this paper are: (a) The theoretical accuracy analysis of the proposed stochastic binary sensor network, (b) an adaptive data collection framework based on the current measurements in order to reduce the energy consumption, and (c) a novel coding scheme for energy-efficient routing. To quantify the performance of our proposed stochastic approach, we present the simulation results of two stochastic binary sensor networks for anomaly detection using our proposed coding scheme and adaptive data gathering framework. For many scenarios, our proposed framework can reduce the energy consumption over the traditional approach by an order of magnitude.
Sixth annual Jonathan E. Rhoads lecture. Enteral Nutrition: Tube Feeding in Acute and Chronic Illness

Alimentation par sonde gastrique, intestinale, par enterostomie; nutriments: solution nutritive elementaire. Aminoacides plasmatiques sous alimentation enterale. Produits sans lactose
Purification and characterization of dog mast cell protease-3, an oligomeric relative of tryptases.

The existence of a protein∼48% identical with mast cell tryptases was predicted previously from a dog mastocytoma cDNA. Antibodies raised against a peptide based on the deduced sequence suggested that the protein (dog mast cell protease-3, dMCP-3) is expressed in mast cells. In this report, characterization of the protein purified from mastocytomas reveals an N-glycosylated, high molecular weight, tryptic serine protease, which appears to be a tetramer of catalytic subunits, approximately half of which are linked by disulfide bonds. The oligomeric complex yields a single NH2-terminal sequence, which is identical with that predicted by dMCP-3 cDNA. This finding, and the lack of closely related genes on blots of genomic DNA, predict that each subunit is the product of one gene. Although dMCP-3 binds to heparin, it is active and stable at low ionic strength in heparin's absence. It resists inactivation by inhibitors in plasma but is sensitive to small inhibitors, e.g. leupeptin and bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane (BABIM). dMCP-3 hydrolyzes extended peptidyl p-nitroanilides ending in basic residues, with P1 arginine preferred to lysine; it hydrolyzes the Arg18-Ser19 bond of calcitonin gene-related peptide but cleaves neither vasoactive intestinal peptide nor casein. These data suggest that dMCP-3 is a unique serine protease whose stability, formation of intersubunit disulfide bonds, inhibitor susceptibilities and substrate preferences differ from those of its closest relatives, the mast cell tryptases.
Influence of Cropping Systems on Stem Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), Meloidogyne arenaria, and the Nematode Antagonist Pasteuria penetrans in Peanut.

The effect of crop rotation (main plots) and pesticide treatment (subplots) on stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), Meloidogyne arenaria, and the nematode antagonist Pasteuria penetrans was determined in a field experiment. The field site was naturally infested with all three organisms. Peanut (P) was rotated with 2 years of either cotton (Ct), corn (C), or bahiagrass (B). The pesticide treatments for the peanut crop were aldicarb (31 g a.i. per 100-m row), flutolanil (1.7 kg a.i./ha), aldicarb + flutolanil, and a control without either pesticide. Populations of M. arenaria were lower in peanut in the Ct-Ct-P than in P-P-P, C-C-P, or B-B-P plots and tended to be lower in plots treated with aldicarb. Abundance of P. penetrans endospores was highest in the P-P-P plots, intermediate in the B-B-P rotations, lowest in all other rotations, and was unaffected by aldicarb. The high endospore densities in the P-P-P plots may have contributed to the uncharacteristically low nematode populations in the monoculture. Incidence of stem rot in peanut was lowest in treatments with flutolanil, intermediate in the control, and highest in treatments with aldicarb alone. The greater canopy cover in aldicarb-treated plots may have created a conducive environment for S. rolfsii infection.
Effect of a missing cylinder on heat transfer and fluid flow in an array of cylinders in cross-flow

Abstract Experiments encompassing both heat transfer measurements and flow visualization were performed for cross-flow arrays of cylinders in which there is a missing cylinder. Both staggered and in-line arrays were investigated. The visualization work, carried out with the oil-lampblack technique, yielded highly revealing photographs of the patterns of fluid flow, both for fully populated arrays and for arrays which have a missing cylinder. With regard to heat transfer, it was found that a staggered array is more responsive to a missing cylinder than is an in-line array.
Uniform improvement of empirical likelihood for missing response problem

An empirical likelihood (EL) estimator was proposed by Qin and Zhang (2007) for improving the inverse probability weighting estimation in a missing response problem. The authors showed by simulation studies that the finite sample performance of EL estimator is better than certain existing estimators and they also showed large sample results for the estimator. However, the empirical likelihood estimator does not have a uniformly smaller asymptotic variance than other existing estimators in general. We consider several modifications to the empirical likelihood estimator and show that the proposed estimator dominates the empirical likelihood estimator and several other existing estimators in terms of asymptotic efficiencies under missing at random. The proposed estimator also attains the minimum asymptotic variance among estimators having influence functions in a certain class and enjoys certain double robustness properties.
An architecture for a mobile OSI mail access system

An architecture and implementation which support an interface to the X.400 mail environment using the full open-systems communications protocols for a portable computer are described. The implementation is designed to be used over a cellular radio telephone network. The portable computer is used to implement the user agent interface of the CCITT X.413 (1988) message store. A full set of security facilities, designed for use with interpersonal messaging (IPM), is included in the architecture. A number of important issues are discussed regarding the placement and management of keys for the IPM security, as well as authentication between the user and the portable computer and between the user agent and the message store. To support the use of the CCITT message-store model, it was necessary to implement a full protocol stack for open systems interconnection on the portable computer. The design and the author's experiences are described. >
Facial nerve and medially invasive petrous bone cholesteatomas

Eight patients with extensive petrous bone cholesteatomas that invaded the labyrinth and fallopian canal are presented. The eight cases are added to a tabulation of prior literature reports to elucidate concepts of routes of extension of medially invasive temporal bone cholesteatoma. Medially invasive petrous bone cholesteatoma develops insidiously, often without symptoms other than facial palsy and/or unilateral deafness. Typically, a history of chronic ear disease can be obtained. While hearing is unlikely to be preserved in this group of patients, facial nerve function can usually be preserved, and a facial nerve graft was not necessary in our series. Acute facial nerve palsy or facial nerve paresis progressing to palsy in patients with a history of chronic ear disease should be studied radiographically for petrous bone cholesteatoma, even if there is no physical evidence of cholesteatoma.
How did teachers teach, 1890–1980

Finally, in the last decade that I have served in two districts, another question I have had to deal with as a decision maker puzzled me: In institutions so apparently vulnerable to change as the schools are, why do so few instructional reforms get past the classroom door? These questions, I believe, are linked together; that is, the apparent uniformity in instruction regardless of time and place is related to the apparent invulnerability of classrooms to change. In a paper commissioned by the National Institute of Education (NIE), I sought answers to these questions through a study of curriculum change and stability since 1870 (Cuban, 1979). In examining how various forces shaped the curriculum and their consequences for classrooms over the last century, I used the metaphor of a hurricane to distinguish between curriculum theory, courses of study, materials, and classroom instruction. Hurricane winds sweep across the sea tossing up 20-foot waves; a fathom below the surface turbulent waters swirl; and on the ocean floor there is unruffled calm.
Symmetry tests in hadronic systems

Abstract A parallel session of the conference was devoted to papers and discussions of symmetries in hadronic systems.
Television viewing: moderator or mediator of an adolescent physical activity intervention?

Abstract Purpose. To determine whether the amount of television (TV) watched by participants enrolled in a physical activity intervention mediates or moderates program effectiveness. Design. Nine-month, controlled, school-based physical activity intervention. Setting. Public high school. Participants. One hundred twenty-two sedentary adolescent females (mean ± standard deviation age = 15.04 ± 0.79 years). Intervention. Supervised in-class exercise, health education, and internet-based self-monitoring. Measures. Physical activity by 3-day physical activity recall; TV viewing by self-reports; cardiovascular fitness by cycle ergometer. Analysis. T-tests were conducted to examine between-group differences. Linear regression equations tested the mediating or moderating role of TV watching relative to the intervention. Results. TV viewing moderated the intervention's effect on vigorous activity; the intervention significantly predicted change in physical activity among high (β = −.45; p < .001), but not amo...
Formation of disc galaxies in preheated media: a preventative feedback model

We introduce a semi-analytic galaxy formation model implementing a self-consistent treatment for the hot halo gas configuration and the assembly of central disks. Using the model, we explore a preventative feedback model, in which the circum-halo medium is assumed to be preheated up to a certain entropy level by early starbursts or other processes, and compare it with an ejective feedback model, in which baryons are first accreted into dark matter halos and subsequently ejected out by feedback. The model demonstrates that when the medium is preheated to an entropy comparable to the halo virial entropy the baryon accretion can be largely reduced and delayed. In addition, the preheated medium can establish an extended low density gaseous halo when it accretes into the dark matter halos, and result in a specific angular momentum of the cooling gas large enough to form central disks as extended as those observed. Combined with simulated halo assembly histories, the preventative feedback model can reproduce remarkably well a number of observational scaling relations. These include the cold baryon (stellar plus cold gas) mass fraction-halo mass relations, star formation histories, disk size-stellar mass relation and its evolution, and the number density of low-mass galaxies as a function of redshift. In contrast, the conventional ejective feedback model fails to reproduce these observational trends. Using the model, we demonstrate that the properties of disk galaxies are closely tied to the thermal state of hot halo gas and even possibly the circum-halo medium, which suggests that observational data for the disk properties and circum-galactic hot/warm medium may jointly provide interesting constraints for galaxy formation models.
Preferred orientation and its effect on the (hk) reflections in X-ray patterns of pyrolytic graphites

Abstract An expression is developed which describes the effect of the preferred orientation on the shape of ( hk ) reflections in bulk-specimen patterns of pyrolytic graphites. This expression suggests a readily applicable correction by which the observed ( hk ) reflections are converted to random-powder reflections, i.e. to a form suitable for rigorous analysis based on Warren's theory for random powders. Measurements of the (10) reflection, made with both bulk and random-powder specimens of a pyrolytic graphite, are presented as illustration and test of the ( hk )-shape conversion. The experimental results substantiate the theoretically derived conversion formula.
A new point mutation (C446R) in the thyroid hormone receptor-beta gene of a family with resistance to thyroid hormone.

Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a condition of impaired end-organ responsiveness to thyroid hormone characterized by goiter and elevated thyroid hormone levels with an inappropriately normal TSH. RTH has been associated with mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor-beta (TR beta) gene. We report studies carried out in 21 members of a family (F119), 12 of whom exhibited the RTH phenotype. A point mutation was detected in the T3-binding domain of the TR beta gene. It resulted in replacement of the normal cysteine-446 with an arginine (C446R) that has not been previously reported. The clinical characteristics of this family are similar to those reported in other families with RTH, namely goiter, tachycardia, and learning disabilities. Thyroid function tests are also typical of other subjects with RTH. The mean values (+/- SD) in untreated affected subjects compared to those in unaffected family members were: free T4 index, 250 +/- 21 vs. 108 +/- 13; total T3, 4.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.4 nmol/L; and T...
The relationship between DNA strand-scission and DNA synthesis inhibition in HeLa cells treated with neocarzinostatin

Neocarzinostatin inhibits DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells and induces the rapid limited breakage of cellular DNA. The fragmentation of cellular DNA appears to precede the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Cells treated with drug at 37 degrees C for 10 min and then washed free of drug show similar levels of inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell growth, or of strand-scission of DNA as when cells were not washed. If cells are preincubated with neocarzinostatin at 0 degrees C before washing, the subsequent incubation of 37 degrees C results in no inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell growth, or cutting of DNA. Isolated nuclei or cell lysates derived from neocarzinostatin-treated HeLa S3 cells are inhibited in DNA synthesis but this can be overcome in cell lysates by adding activated DNA. A cytoplasmic fraction from drug-treated cells can stimulate DNA synthesis by nuclei isolated from untreated cells, whereas nuclei from drug-treated cells are not stimulated by the cytoplasmic fraction from untreated cells. By contrast, neocarzinostatin does not inhibit DNA synthesis when incubated with isolated nuclei, but it can be shown that under these conditions the DNA is already degraded and is not further fragmented by the drug. These data suggest that the drug's ability to induce breakage of cellular DNA in HeLa S3 cells is an essential aspect of its inhibition of DNA replication and may be responsible for the cytotoxic and growth-inhibiting actions of neocarzinostatin.
CONDITIONS FOR THE UNIQUE SOLVABILITY OF THE INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEM FOR LINEAR SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH ARGUMENT DEVIATIONS

We establish new conditions under which the initial-value problem for a system of linear second-order differential equations with argument deviations has a unique solution, which depends monotonically on additive perturbations of the problem.
Trimethoprim Analysis by LC

Abstract A method is described for measurement of the antimicrobial agent trimethoprim in biologic fluids by reverse phase LC. Preliminary isolation uses a simple rapid sorbent extraction. The assay is linear from 0.2–100 ug/mL (r = 0.99), sensitive (0.05 ug/mL), reproducible (p less than 0.96), and relatively free of interferences from metabolites and commonly administered drugs. Only atenolol, procainamide, and oxazepam interfered. The assay is suitable for therapeutic monitoring and for pharmacokinetic assays.
Potential applications of relational frame theory to natural language systems

The task of achieving competent artificial natural language systems is enormous. Advances in hardware and the structural analysis of verbalizations have outpaced theories of language and cognition. Functional contextualism, a behavioral approach in psychology, has seen the rise of relational frame theory, which offers an alternative conceptualization of language and cognition. This theory is based upon the notion of arbitrarily-applicable relational responding - defined by the properties of mutual entailment, combinatorial entailment and transformation of stimulus function. Empirical demonstrations of linguistic phenomena are described with practical examples. It is suggested that consideration of functional contextualism and relational frame theory may offer advantages to those working in the area of natural language processing.