cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticipating evaluative social interactions involving persons with disabilities.

PURPOSE Similar to other types of social interactions, the expected outcomes of interactions between persons with and without disabilities likely are influenced by global self-esteem such that individuals with high self-esteem should fare better than those with low self-esteem. The present set of laboratory studies examined whether simple and complex evaluative situations affect the role of self-esteem when anticipating interactions with individuals who have a physical disability. DESIGN In Study 1, participants completed a measure of global self-esteem and then were randomly assigned to expect either a brief (5 minutes) or extended (45 minutes) interaction with a confederate in a wheelchair. Participants then completed measures of state affect and meta-evaluations (expected evaluations from the partner). Study 2 replicated the design of Study 1 and additionally randomly assigned participants to be outcome-dependent on the partner or not. RESULTS Study 1 found that individuals reported affective experiences and expected meta-evaluations that were consistent with global self-esteem when expecting a brief interaction but not an extended interaction with the partner. Study 2 replicated and extended the results from Study 1, demonstrating that self-esteem resumed a priority when participants expected an extended interaction that also placed the participant in an outcome-dependent role. IMPLICATIONS Taken together, the results seem to support a dilution of the role of self-esteem in simple evaluative situations but not in situations that are nonevaluative or situations with combined evaluative factors.
The Xanthomonas oryzae pv.◊oryzae raxP and raxQ genes encode an ATP sulphurylase and adenosine-5′-phosphosulphate kinase that are required for AvrXa21 avirulence activity

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) Philippine race 6 (PR6) is unable to cause bacterial blight disease on rice lines containing the rice resistance gene Xa21 but is virulent on non-Xa21 rice lines, indicating that PR6 carries avirulence (avrXa21) determinants required for recognition by XA21. Here we show that two Xoo genes, raxP and raxQ, are required for AvrXa21 activity. raxP and raxQ, which reside in a genomic cluster of sulphur assimilation genes, encode an ATP sulphurylase and APS (adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate) kinase. These enzymes function together to produce activated forms of sulphate, APS and PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate). Xoo PR6 strains carrying disruptions in either gene, PR6DeltaraxP or PR6DeltaraxQ, are unable to produce APS and PAPS and are virulent on Xa21-containing rice lines. RaxP and RaxQ are similar to the bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti host specificity proteins, NodP and NodQ and the Escherichia coli cysteine synthesis proteins CysD, CysN and CysC. The APS and PAPS produced by RaxP and RaxQ are used for both cysteine synthesis and sulphation of other molecules. Mutation in Xoo xcysI, a homologue of Escherichia coli cysI that is required for cysteine synthesis, blocked APS- or PAPS-dependent cysteine synthesis but did not affect AvrXa21 activity, suggesting that AvrXa21 activity is related to sulphation rather than cysteine synthesis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that APS and PAPS production plays a critical role in determining avirulence of a phytopathogen and reveal a commonality between symbiotic and phytopathogenic bacteria.
On the Optimality of Generalized s, S Policies

A standard inventory model is examined with a concave increasing ordering cost function rather than simply a linear one with a setup cost. A generalized s, S policy is shown to be optimal in the n-period problem. A generalization of k-convex and quasi-convex functions to quasi-k-convex functions is required in the process. The probability densities of demand must be one-sided Polya densities.
Robust Design Optimization of Steel Moment Resisting Frame Under Ground Motion Uncertainty

In the design of a steel moment resisting frame, uncertainties may arise from a variety of sources, such as ground motion, mass, and damping ratio, etc., that may cause variation in seismic demand and capacity. These uncertainties need to be taken into account to ensure the desired margin of safety for required performance objectives. FEMA 350, a reliability based design guideline, can be employed to mitigate safety concerns by satisfying minimum confidence level requirements for performance objectives. However, in these existing design codes, variation in seismic demand is not explicitly considered in the design process. According to the FEMA 350 procedure, seismic demand is calculated with a suite of seismic records, considering ground motion variability, while only median demand is used in the subsequent calculation of demand to the capacity ratio and confidence level. In this paper, variation of seismic demand due to ground motion variability is considered explicitly as a robustness measure, and the mean value of seismic demand is treated as a safety measure. A Robust Design Optimization of steel moment resisting frame methodology is proposed, which is featured as a multi-objective optimization problem with the variation of seismic demand, mean value of seismic demand and cost as three objectives. In the optimization problem, optimal steel section sizes are sought to minimize these three conflicting objectives. The proposed methodology is then demonstrated through a multi-story multi-bay steel moment resisting frame design and solved with a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II. With three competing objectives, the proposed methodology provides a set of designs in the form of a Pareto Front, which is robust, safe and economical. Furthermore a uniformity drift ratio requirement is proposed to ensure efficient designs.
Distinguishing Gains from Nonlosses and Losses from Nongains: A Regulatory Focus Perspective on Hedonic Intensity

Abstract We find that the pleasure of a gain is generally greater than the pleasure of a nonloss and that the pain of a loss is generally greater than the pain of a nongain. These patterns were found when participants reported both how they would feel if these outcomes were to happen (Studies 1 and 2) and how they actually felt when they happened (Study 3). Our results also suggest that it is stronger cheerfulness (rather than quiescence) that underlies the greater pleasure of a gain and stronger agitation (rather than dejection) that underlies the greater aversiveness of a loss. This set of findings is predicted by our regulatory focus conceptualization of how gain (promotion success) and nongain (promotion failure) versus nonloss (prevention success) and loss (prevention failure) differ in whether they are experienced in relation to a maximal goal or a minimal goal, respectively. Implications for models of emotional experiences and prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) are discussed.
BIOETHNIC CONSCRIPTION: Genes, Race, and Mexicana/o Ethnicity in Diabetes Research

This article is an examination of academic, corporate, and state-funded alliance of molecular, biological, computer, and clinical scientists who are conducting research into the genetic epidemiology of type 2 diabetes. Because type 2 diabetes affects human groups differently, researchers use ethnic and racial taxonomies to parse populations and social history to rationalize their categorical choices. In a process termed “bioethnic conscription,” the social identities and life conditions of DNA donors are grafted into the biological explanations of human difference and disease causality in both objectionable and constructive ways. Bioethnic conscription is presented as an ethnographically sound alternative to the either–or proposition of the (R)ace–no race debate within biomedicine and anthropology.
Multimode multiband power amplifier optimization for mobile applications

Multimode multiband (MMMB) power amplifiers (PA) have been developed for next generation mobile handsets and tablets to increase band coverage while reducing the per band cost and size. Designers face challenges in maintaining power added efficiency while increasing PA bandwidth and linearity. This paper will discuss the motivations that drive MMMB PA development and some of the challenges and considerations that the design engineers face.
Unsmearing Visual Motion: Development of Long-Range Horizontal Intrinsic Connections

Human vision systems integrate information nonlocally, across long spatial ranges. For example, a moving stimulus appears smeared when viewed briefly (30 ms), yet sharp when viewed for a longer exposure (100 ms) (Burr, 1980). This suggests that visual systems combine information along a trajectory that matches the motion of the stimulus. Our self-organizing neural network model shows how developmental exposure to moving stimuli can direct the formation of horizontal trajectory-specific motion integration pathways that unsmear representations of moving stimuli. These results account for Burr's data and can potentially also model other phenomena, such as visual inertia.
Feedback and Remediation: Reinforcing Strengths and Improving Weaknesses

Remediation imparts information that can change the trajectory of a learner’s academic progress. Feedback is both the valuable information and the complex process that can help trainees and practicing professionals improve their performance. Effective feedback is nonjudgmental and requires skill development in many different domains, including characterizing the learner’s problem, overcoming resistance, and coaching for success. The authors draw on current literature about feedback to construct a model designed to help mentors bridge gaps in their knowledge base and build confidence in giving feedback to learners who fail to meet educational standards. This chapter provides a four-phase primer with step-by-step guidance for mentors who are remediators.
Sequential Sampling Plans for Nabis spp. and Geocoris spp. on Soybeans

Sequential sampling plans for Nabis spp. and Geocoris spp. on soybeans were developed from data obtained by use of the ground-cloth beat method from 1970–72. The sampling models were developed to classify populations of predators into low, medium and high categories. The spatial distribution of both genera fitted the Poisson series most frequently. Average sample number and operating characteristic curves were also calculated.
Effect of Retting Enzymes on the Structure and Composition of Flax Cell Walls

Commercial enzyme mixtures are tested for their possibly selective degradation of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stem components in relation to the retting process in producing linen. Structural and...
Isolated Dislocation of the Middle Cuneiform in a Farmer: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Isolated dislocations of the middle cuneiform are uncommon. There have been four reported previously. Significant force is required to produce these injuries, and they can have serious neurovascular consequences. In this case report and review of the literature, we present an isolated middle cuneiform dislocation in a 69-year-old farmer with impending skin and soft tissue loss over the dislocated bone.
Salvage of Tibial Pilon Fractures Using Fusion of the Ankle with a 90° Cannulated Blade-Plate: A Preliminary Report

Six patients with ankle joint destruction and delayed metaphyseal union after tibial plafond fracture were surgically treated with tibiotalar arthrodesis and metaphyseal reconstruction, using a fixed-angle cannulated blade-plate. The procedure was performed through a posterior approach in five cases and a lateral approach in one case. The subtalar joint was preserved in all cases. Metaphyseal union and a stable arthrodesis were obtained in all cases without loss of fixation and with no mechanical failure of the blade-plate. Union was obtained in an average of 26 weeks. No secondary procedures were required to obtain union. All six patients were ambulatory at last follow-up. Stable internal fixation for simultaneous tibiotalar fusion and metaphyseal reconstruction can be achieved with a cannulated blade-plate while preserving the subtalar joint in complex plafond fractures.
The Symbolic Dynamics of Visual Attention During Learning: Exploring the Application of Orbital Decomposition

Despite an upswing of interest in learning dynamics, and theoretical models that endorse particular sequences of learning behaviors, learning scientists lack the analytical tools necessary for investigating attention-related manifestations of learning processes as they unfold over time. One candidate technique is orbital decomposition (OD). OD is an example of symbolic dynamics, a class of analyses that quantify patterns in strings of nominal data. Originating in chaos theory, OD provides an index of the systematicity of recurring sequences in a time series. Products include entropy values which reveal the degree to which sequences are random or comprised of recurring patterns. As an illustration of its potential utility, this chapter includes a study in which OD is used in conjunction with symbol sequence figures and statistical tests to investigate how variations in visual attention sequences manifest within episodes ofself-regulated learning (SRL). Incorporating OD into the analysis of individuals’ learning episodes reveals significant, nonlinear relationships between entropy and the proportions of time spent viewing particular learning materials, and significant variations that are contingent on global task strategies such as note-taking. After considering findings in terms of the questions they raise about the dynamics involved in SRL processes, this chapter concludes with a summary of steps that can be followed to support the conceptualization of learning related phemonena as exemplars of complex dynamic systems.
The role of iron in injury of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo.

Injury of cells and organs resulting from the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals is now a well-accepted observation (reviewed 1). Both the in vitro as well as the in vivo generation of oxygen radicals from activated phagocytic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages) via activation of NADPH oxidase results in injury of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (reviewed 1). All our studies have focused on acute injury of the rat lung and in vitro destruction of endothelial cells in an attempt to define the mechanisms of cell injury. What will be reviewed in this communication is the evidence for the critical role of iron in oxygen-radical-mediated cell injury and a linkage between these reactions and the appearance of products of lipid peroxidation.
1993 Donald Munro Memorial Lecture of the American Paraplegia Society. Spinal cord injury: knowns and unknowns.

(1994). 1993 Donald Munro Memorial Lecture of the American Paraplegia Society. The Journal of The American Paraplegia Society: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Circulating adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles are novel markers of metabolic stress

We recently reported that stressed adipocytes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that act as "find-me" signals to promote macrophage migration and activation. In this study, we performed a comprehensive characterization of stressed adipocyte-derived EVs, assessing their antigenic composition, lipidomics, and RNA profiles. Perilipin A was identified as one of the adipose-specific proteins and studied as a potential novel biomarker to detect adipocyte-derived EVs in circulation. Circulating EVs were significantly increased in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and in obese humans with metabolic syndrome compared to lean controls. This increase was associated with decreased glucose tolerance in the DIO mice and metabolic dysfunction, elevated insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the obese humans. EVs from both DIO mice and obese humans were enriched in perilipin A, a central gatekeeper of the adipocyte lipid storehouse and a marker of adipocyte differentiation. In obese humans, circulating levels of EVs enriched in perilipin A were dynamic, decreasing 35 % (p Key message • Extensive characterization of 3T3L1 EVs identified perilipin A in their composition. • Circulating EVs are elevated in obese mice and associated with glucose intolerance. • Circulating EVs are elevated in obese human and correlated with metabolic factors. • Perilipin A and EV levels are increased in the circulation of obese mice and human. • Circulating EV and perilipin A levels decrease with low calorie intervention.
Dorsal Plate Fixation for Distal Radius Fractures

Dorsal plate fixation is an important and useful treatment strategy for certain types of distal radius fractures. The use of dorsal plating has largely fallen out of favor due to the high rates of extensor tendon complications associated with first generation dorsal plates. Newer low-profile dorsal plates are associated with substantially fewer complications compared to their predecessors. Current clinical literature suggests that low-profile dorsal plates have excellent functional outcomes with low rates of tendon complications not only compared to traditional high-profile dorsal plates, but also when compared to volar plates. Dorsal plating provides certain advantages over volar plating, especially when dealing with depressed, highly comminuted fractures in osteoporotic bone or fractures with a dorsal shear component. Dorsal plating has excellent clinical outcomes in a wide variety of distal radius fractures, including those which can have high degrees of intra-articular and metaphyseal comminution.
Abstract 2013: The PAX3-FOXO1 oncogene drives aneuploidy and overrides aneuploidy-associated proliferative defects in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is primarily defined by the t(2;13)(q35;q14) translocation, which generates the PAX3-FOXO1 oncogene. Despite the fact that ARMS are frequently aneuploid, like a majority of other solid tumors, it is unknown whether PAX3-FOXO1 contributes to the development and/or persistence of aneuploidy. In this study we show that PAX3-FOXO1 serves as the driver mutation to promote aneuploidy by globally altering gene regulatory networks essential for maintaining proper chromosome number and structure. Further, we demonstrate that PAX3-FOXO1 overrides aneuploid-dependent growth arrest by altering the expression of growth factor related regulatory networks. Finally, we present evidence that phosphorylation of PAX3-FOXO1 contributes to these gene regulatory network changes. This is the one of the first studies describing how an oncogene and post-translational modifications of the corresponding oncoprotein drive the acquisition of aneuploidy and override proliferation defects in malignant transformation. The mechanism for PAX3-FOXO1 described in this work has implications for other solid tumors where large-scale genomics studies may elucidate how global alterations contribute to tumor phenotypes allowing the development of much needed multi-faceted tumor-specific therapeutic regimens. Citation Format: Andrew D. Hollenbach, Jacob M. Loupe, Patrick J. Miller, Benjamin P. Bonner, Elaine C. Maggi, Jyothi Vijayaraghavan, Jovanny Zabaleta, Christopher M. Taylor, Fern Miller, Judy S. Crabtree. The PAX3-FOXO1 oncogene drives aneuploidy and overrides aneuploidy-associated proliferative defects in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2013.
Asymptotic behavior of theS-matrix in the left half λ-plane

Within the framework of potential theory, it is shown that the partial waveS-matrix is bounded by exp [2πiλ] asymptotically for Re λ<0, for a fairly general class of energy-dependent superpositions of Yukawa potentials, and consequently recent representations of the scattering amplitude, which were proved for a more restricted class of potentials, are therefore true under these more general conditions.
Fabrication methods by which the intrinsic noise is reduced in Si and CZT nuclear radiation detectors

Silicon PIN-type diodes with active areas of 1 cm2 have been fabricated on n-type, high-resistivity (>10kΩ-cm), 550 µm thick 4″ Float-Zone (FZ) silicon substrates. In order to reduce the leakage-current density, optimized metal field-plate and multiple guard-ring structures were included in the electrode design. In addition, both phosphorus-doped polysilicon and amorphous silicon gettering resulted in n-type PIN diodes with room-temperaure leakage currents lower than 10 nA at −100V reverse bias voltage. Several gamma-ray spectra, from isotopic sources 133Ba and 57Co, were acquired when the PIN-type detector was connected to various preamplifiers from Ortec, Amptek and Endicott Interconnect Technologies, Inc. (EITI). The eV-5093 produced the best noise performance, yielding a full width at half maximum (FWHM) energy resolution of 4.7% at 122 keV and 1.88 % at 356 keV. Gettering methods by which the resolution is improved further are demonstrated.
Vitamin D Deficiency In Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Correlates with Reticulocytosis but Not with Clinical Disease Severity

Abstract 4820 Vitamin D deficiency is an established phenomenon in both adult and pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. Between 33% and 78% of children and between 60% and 100% of adults with sickle cell disease (HbSS, HbSC, and HbSβ-thalassemia) have been found to have low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the form most clinically useful for measuring total body levels of vitamin D. Proposed factors contributing to low vitamin D levels in these patients include decreased exposure to sunlight secondary to chronic illness and frequent hospitalizations, malnutrition or malabsorption of vitamin D, higher requirements for vitamin D in sickle cell disease, and impaired metabolism of vitamin D. However, very little data has been published demonstrating a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and burden of disease in patients with sickle cell disease. In addition, there is no published data regarding the effect of vitamin D supplementation on patient-oriented outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of pediatric patients with sickle cell disease (ages 0–18 years) to evaluate their serum vitamin D levels as a function of red blood cell turnover, patient's age, and factors relating to burden of disease such as number of emergency room visits and hospital admissions related to vaso-occlusive crises. As expected, we found that essentially all of our patients have insufficient levels of vitamin D at baseline. Although no correlation was seen between vitamin D levels and either age or number of hospital visits related to pain crises, reticulocytosis was significantly correlated (p=0.017) with degree of vitamin D deficiency in our patient population in multiple regression analysis. Based on these preliminary data, vitamin D deficiency in patients with sickle cell disease is more likely the result of the disease process as measured by red blood cell turnover as opposed to the previously hypothesized environmental constraints associated with pain crises and frequent hospitalization. Future analysis will be directed at confirming these findings in adult patients and at evaluating the effects of vitamin D supplementation in both adult and pediatric sickle cell patients. Additional studies should also evaluate the pathogenesis of vitamin D deficiency in states of high red blood cell turnover. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Quantifying Decreased Radiation Exposure From Modern CT Scan Technology and Surveillance Programs of Germ Cell Tumors.

INTRODUCTION Upgrading computerized tomography (CT) scanners to iterative reconstruction techniques (IRT) decreases radiation dose. This reduction, combined with changes in surveillance protocols in clinical stage I testicular cancer (CS1TC) measurably decrease the lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of dying of radiation-associated cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This IRB-approved study enrolled 24 CS1TC patients who had CT scans on the same Toshiba Aquilion 64 CT before and after IRT software installation. Dose-length product and CT dose index volume were recorded. A physicist calculated effective doses. Radiation doses were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Median effective dose per scan was multiplied by scan number based on 16 versus 7 scans in 5-year AS protocols to calculate estimated cumulative dose (ECD). LAR of dying of radiation-associated solid tumor was estimated using ECD for a single exposure at age 35 with the excess absolute risk transport model from the BEIR VII analysis of long-term atomic bomb survivors. RESULTS Median preupgrade and postupgrade effective doses were 12.5 and 7.7 mSv, respectively (P<0.0001). A linear regression model with a constrained zero intercept fit to the data found that IRT dose was estimated as 61% of filtered back projection dose (95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.66). The IRT upgrade reduced the LAR of the 16-scan protocol 35%. Combination of IRT upgrade and 7-scan protocol reduced surveillance LAR 72%. CONCLUSIONS Modern CT technology combined with reduced scanning strategies can markedly decrease lifetime radiation exposure, further lowering the already small potential mortality of imaging-associated cancers.
Efficacy of injectable praziquantel for elimination of trematode metacercariae in bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and quantification of parasite death by propidium iodide staining

Digenean trematodes have complex life cycles and control of these flatworms can be accomplished by eliminating immature parasite stages from intermediate hosts. In aquaculture systems, presence of trematode metacercariae can negatively impact fish health and lead to economic losses. Posthodiplostomum minimum is a parasite of birds that uses bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) as the intermediate host and is commonly found in fish used to stock waterways for recreational purposes. In this study, we evaluated killing of P. minimum metacercariae by injectable praziquantel in naturally infected bluegills. Using propidium iodide staining and motility assessment, we found that 5 mg/kg administered intramuscularly was effective for parasite killing. However, metacercarial death was not apparent until day 7 post-treatment. Our results demonstrated that propidium iodide staining is an effective method for detecting death in metacercariae recovered from treated fish. This method was at least as sensitive as objective motility scoring and provided quantitative assessment of parasite death. Future studies involving treatment of metacercariae in fish with praziquantel may need to be carried out over a period of weeks in order to accurately assess parasite killing and would benefit from using the propidium iodide method.
Early Childbearing, School Attainment, and Cognitive Skills: Evidence From Madagascar

Female secondary school attendance has recently increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and so has the risk of becoming pregnant while attending school. We analyze the impact of teenage pregnancy on young women’s human capital using longitudinal data in Madagascar that capture the transition from adolescence to adulthood for a cohort aged 21–24 in 2012, first interviewed in 2004. We find that early childbearing increases the likelihood of dropping out of school and decreases the chances of completing secondary school. This pregnancy-related school dropout also has a detrimental impact on standardized test scores in math and French. We instrument early pregnancy with the young woman’s community-level access and her exposure to condoms since age 15 after controlling for pre-fertility socioeconomic conditions. Our results are robust to different specifications that address potential endogeneity of program placement and instrument validity.
Short Term Development and Fate of MGE-Like Neural Progenitor Cells in Jaundiced and Non-Jaundiced Rat Brain:

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia targets specific brain regions and can lead to kernicterus. One of the most debilitating symptoms of kernicterus is dystonia, which results from bilirubin toxicity to the globus pallidus (GP). Stem cell transplantation into the GP to replace lost neurons and restore basal ganglia circuits function is a potential therapeutic strategy to treat dystonia in kernicterus. In this study we transplanted human medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-like neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that we differentiated into a primarily gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic phenotype, into the GP of non-immunosuppressed jaundiced (jj) and non-jaundiced (Nj) rats. We assessed the survival and development of graft cells at three time-points post-transplantation. While grafted MGE-like NPCs survived and generated abundant fibers in both jj and Nj brains, NPC survival was greater in the jj brain. These results were consistent with our previous finding that excitatory spinal interneuron-like NPCs exhibited a higher survival rate in the jj brain than in the Nj brain. Our findings further support our hypothesis that slightly elevated bilirubin levels in the jj brain served as an antioxidant and immunosuppressant to protect the transplanted cells. We also identified graft fibers growing toward brain regions that receive projections from the GP, as well as host fibers extending toward the graft. These promising findings suggest that MGE-like NPCs may have the capacity to restore the circuits connecting GP and other nuclei.
Use of Multicolor Displays for Sonar Detection

High resolution digital color monitors are now available for use in sonar systems. Shadow mask color tubes provide nearly unlimited variation in color presentations that are shown to improve operator performance and demonstrate that the use of color should not be confined to symbols and alphanumeric readouts. This paper presents an illustrated color utilization strategy for detection displays using luminance (1) and hue of saturated colors only that provides for an added degree of freedom to the conveyed information. This strategy requires workstation display consoles capable of up to 64 concurrent colors.
Validity and Reliability from a Phenomenological Perspective

This paper takes up the issue of whether or not the terms ‘validity and reliability’ can be used in the same sense in logical-empiricism and in phenomenology. Two aspects of phenomenological theory are discussed as they apply to the problems of validity and reliability: (1) the use of the reduction and the effort after essences, and (2) the part of Husserl’s theory of meaning wherein he distinguishes among signifying, fulfilling and identifying acts. Both of these strategies lead to a sense of validity and reliability, but a sense that is different from logical-empiricism. Both viewpoints have in common the goal of proper evidence for knowledge claims, but they proceed differently because the meanings of the terms differ.
Running Control Engineering Experiments Over the Internet

Abstract An important, issue in engineering education is the availability of laboratory resources for student use. Using a computer network to link geographically distant students with laboratory teaching resources makes expensive and innovative equipment available to more students. A working environment is now available where remotely-located students can develop and run controllers on experiments in the Oregon State University (OSU) control engineering laboratory. Remote users can watch the experiment in real time from a remote workstation, hear the sounds in the laboratory, and interact with other laboratory users. Remote power control, network reliability, and safety features are integrated into the experimental hardware and software design.
Genome‐wide association analyses of lesion counts in group‐housed pigs

Aggression in group-housed pigs is a welfare concern and can negatively affect production. Skin lesions are reliable indicators of aggression and are moderately heritable, suggesting that selective breeding may reduce aggression. To further understand the genetic control of behavioral traits, such as the aggressive response to regrouping, associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be identified within the genome, and the region in which these SNPs are located can be related to known genes. To investigate SNPs associated with aggression, 1093 purebred Yorkshire pigs were strategically remixed into new groups of familiar and unfamiliar animals at three life stages and lesion counts were recorded. Genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) models were fitted for each trait. The genetic additive effect was obtained from a genetic relationship matrix constructed from the 50 924 SNPs. SNP effects and their variances were estimated from the GBLUP objects. SNPs that were associated with a significant portion of the trait variance were identified for lesions to the anterior (three SNPs, FDR <5%) and central (one SNP, FDR <5%) portions of the body in grow-finish pigs. These SNPs were located on chromosome 11, suggesting that chromosome 11 contains a region explaining variation in lesion counts that should be further explored to identify genes underlying biological control of aggression.
Increased circulating microparticles in streptozotocin-induced diabetes propagate inflammation contributing to microvascular dysfunction

KEY POINTS Circulating microparticles (MPs) are elevated in many cardiovascular diseases and have been considered as biomarkers of disease prognosis; however, current knowledge of MP functions has been mainly derived from in vitro studies and their precise impact on vascular inflammation and disease progression remains obscure. Using a diabetic rat model, we identified a >130-fold increase in MPs in plasma of diabetic rats compared to normal rats, the majority of which circulated as aggregates, expressing multiple cell markers and largely externalized phosphatidylserine; vascular images illustrate MP biogenesis and their manifestations in microvessels of diabetic rats. Using combined single microvessel perfusion and systemic cross-transfusion approaches, we delineated how diabetic MPs propagate inflammation in the vasculature and transform normal microvessels into an inflammatory phenotype observed in the microvessels of diabetic rats. Our observations derived from animal studies resembling conditions in diabetic patients, providing a mechanistic insight into MP-mediated pathogenesis of diabetes-associated multi-organ microvascular dysfunction. ABSTRACT In various cardiovascular diseases, microparticles (MPs), the membrane-derived vesicles released during cell activation, are markedly increased in the circulation. These MPs have been recognized to play diverse roles in the regulation of cellular functions. However, current knowledge of MP function has been largely derived from in vitro studies. The precise impact of disease-induced MPs on vascular inflammation and disease progression remains obscure. In this study we investigated the biogenesis, profile and functional roles of circulating MPs using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model with well-characterized microvascular functions. Our study revealed a >130-fold increase in MPs in the plasma of diabetic rats compared to normal rats. The majority of these MPs originate from platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs), and circulate as aggregates. Diabetic MPs show greater externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) than normal MPs. When diabetic plasma or isolated diabetic MPs were perfused into normal microvessels or systemically transfused into normal rats, MPs immediately adhered to endothelium and subsequently mediated leukocyte adhesion. These microvessels then exhibited augmented permeability responses to inflammatory mediators, replicating the microvascular manifestations observed in diabetic rats. These effects were abrogated when MPs were removed from diabetic plasma or when diabetic MPs were pre-coated with a lipid-binding protein, annexin V, suggesting externalized PS to be key in mediating MP interactions with endothelium and leukocytes. Our study demonstrated that the elevated MPs in diabetic plasma are actively involved in the propagation of vascular inflammation through their adhesive surfaces, providing mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of multi-organ vascular dysfunction that commonly occurs in diabetic patients.
Individual difference in acts of self-sacrifice

Whitehouse's model explains when people engage in self-sacrifice, but not who is most likely to do so. We propose incorporating individual differences, such as cognitive style (one's inclination toward intuition versus deliberation), and argue that individuals who rely on intuition may be more likely to (1) develop group identity fusion after an emotional experience and (2) engage in pro-social self-sacrifice.
Abstract A151: Immunotherapy against cancer using iNKT ligands in combination with an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes in humanized mouse models

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a gram-positive bacterium associated with gastrointestinal infections. Initially, infects epithelial cells in the small intestine, then migrates to other organs where it is taken up mainly by phagocytic cells. Once phagocytized, Lm may then be processed in the phagosome to generate peptides presented on MHC Class II for activation of Lm-specific CD4+ T-cell responses. Lm can also escape the phagosome, leading to secretion of protein antigens into the cytosol. These are processed and presented by MHC Class I molecules to CD8+ T-cells, generating strong protective immunity that can clear the infection and prevent subsequent reinfection. Lm has been exploited for its use as a vaccine vector, particularly for the delivery of tumor-associated antigens. Our previous work showed that the efficacy of Lm as an anti-umor therapeutic vaccine could be significantly improved by incorporation of synthetic glycolipid activators of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT-cells) into the bacteria. Using an attenuated Lm strain expressing the tumor-associated antigen Mage-B, this approach gave improvements in prevention of metastasis in the 4T1 breast carcinoma model in BALB/c mice, and also gave modest reductions in the size of primary tumors. Currently, our efforts are directed at further improving this approach to more effectively target primary tumors, and also at validating the effects in a more humanized experimental models. To this end, we are using two models: 1. human CD1d knock-in (hCD1dKI) mouse line in which the mouse CD1d protein has been replaced by human CD1d, and 2. VaKI mouse, which is a new model made by our lab that is a hCD1dKI mouse that has as a transgene the α-chain of the human iNKT TCR (Vα24Jα18) and is deficient of endogenous murine iNKT-cells due to a murine Jα18 KO. These mice models have diminished percentages of iNKT-cells closely resembling what is seen in most humans, and thus mount iNKT-cell responses that are comparable to those seen in humans. We found that incorporation of iNKT-cell activating glycolipids into Lm leads to improved iNKT-cell-dependent immune responses in our models, and induces synergistic antitumor immune mechanisms against implanted primary syngeneic tumors (B16 F10 and MC38). Besides, administration of iNKT-cell activating glycolipids in association with Lm did not induce anergy or exhaustion of the responding cells, thus enabling repeated treatment to boost antitumor immune responses. Citation Format: Noemi Alejandra Saavedra-Avila, Shalu Sharma, Christopher T. Johndrow, Tony Ng, Claudia Gravekamp, Steven A. Porcelli. Immunotherapy against cancer using iNKT ligands in combination with an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes in humanized mouse models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A151.
Forced Flow Reattachment Process and the Effect of Pressure Gradient

Stereo particle image velocimetry experiments were conducted to explore the flowfield resulting from the interaction of finite-span synthetic jet actuators and a turbulent boundary layer over an S8...
Family History: An Opportunity to Disrupt Transmission of Behavioral Health Problems.

Family history is a traditional clinical approach to identify potential genetic-related disorders within families. Research on brain development and life course health has raised awareness of the impact of childhood social experiences related to parenting behavior leading to subsequent health and mental health problems of children.1 The high and rising rates of mental health disorders, half of which have an onset by age 14 years,2 are now known to be due to genetic and social factors. Family history provides a special opportunity to identify risk and develop strategies to mitigate adverse social factors and experiences associated with parental mental health problems and promote resilience in children. Because some adverse parenting behaviors are related to adverse childhood experience, family history can be a clinical approach to identify such experiences because screening for them lacks reliability and validity.3 The family history is conventionally used to identify risk for genetically loaded physical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. Yet, too often, behavioral and mental health problems that frequently run in families4–6 are not given comparable attention. Beyond genetic vulnerabilities for mental health problems, parents and grandparents convey multigenerational risk through role modeling and dysfunctional parenting behaviors, including harsh discipline, stress, abuse, and … Address correspondence to Barry Zuckerman, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Room 324L, Boston, MA 02118. E-mail: barry.zuckerman{at}bmc.org
Inquiry-Based Instruction in Science and Mathematics in Middle School Classrooms: Examining Its Association With Students’ Attitudes by Gender and Race/Ethnicity:

Utilizing a nationally representative sample of middle school students, this article focuses on whether students who report experiencing more inquiry-based instruction in science and mathematics cl...
Excellent Outcome 15 Years After Hypothermic Cardiac Standstill for Clipping of a Ruptured, Previously Coiled, Giant Basilar Tip Aneurysm.

Background Giant, previously coiled basilar tip aneurysms are difficult to cure. Case Description A 38-year-old woman with ruptured, giant, previously coiled basilar tip aneurysm was treated with clipping under hypothermic cardiac standstill and is doing excellently 15 years after surgery. Angiography did not show any recurrence. Conclusions Until endovascular treatment is proven on a long-term basis to cure similar aneurysms, surgery should remain an option.
The early history of F

This paper describes the genesis and early history of the F# programming language. I start with the origins of strongly-typed functional programming (FP) in the 1970s, 80s and 90s. During the same period, Microsoft was founded and grew to dominate the software industry. In 1997, as a response to Java, Microsoft initiated internal projects which eventually became the .NET programming framework and the C# language. From 1997 the worlds of academic functional programming and industry combined at Microsoft Research, Cambridge. The researchers engaged with the company through Project 7, the initial effort to bring multiple languages to .NET, leading to the initiation of .NET Generics in 1998 and F# in 2002. F# was one of several responses by advocates of strongly-typed functional programming to the "object-oriented tidal wave" of the mid-1990s. The development of the core features of F# 1.0 happened from 2004-2007, and I describe the decision-making process that led to the "productization" of F# by Microsoft in 2007-10 and the release of F# 2.0. The origins of F#'s characteristic features are covered: object programming, quotations, statically resolved type parameters, active patterns, computation expressions, async, units-of-measure and type providers. I describe key developments in F# since 2010, including F# 3.0-4.5, and its evolution as an open source, cross-platform language with multiple delivery channels. I conclude by examining some uses of F# and the influence F# has had on other languages so far.
Putin's Uneasy Return and Hybrid Regime Stability

Despite the tumult associated with the national elections of 2011 and 2012, Putin's regime retains broad and deep connections with the electorate, but ominous signs of erosion portend bigger problems despite the coercive force and other resources at the authorities' disposal.
A best-worst scaling experiment to identify patient-centered claims-based outcomes for evaluation of pediatric antipsychotic monitoring programs.

Objective This article employs a best-worst scaling (BWS) experiment to identify the claims-based outcomes that matter most to patients and other relevant parties when evaluating pediatric antipsychotic monitoring programs in the United States. Data sources Patients and relevant parties, with pediatric antipsychotic oversight and treatment experience, completed a BWS experiment, including policymakers (n = 31), foster care alumni (n = 28), caseworkers (n = 23), prescribing clinicians (n = 32), and caregivers (n = 18). Study design Respondents received surveys with a scenario on antipsychotic monitoring programs and ranked 11 candidate claims-based outcomes as most and least important for program evaluation. Data analysis Stratified by respondent group, best-worst scores were calculated to identify the relative importance of the claims-based outcomes. A conditional logit examined whether candidate outcomes for safety, quality, and unintended consequences were preferred over reduction in antipsychotic treatment, the outcome used most often to evaluate antipsychotic monitoring programs. Principal findings Safety indicators (eg, antipsychotic co-pharmacy, cross-class polypharmacy, higher than recommended doses) ranked among the top three candidate outcomes across respondent groups and were an important complement to antipsychotic treatment reduction. Foster care alumni prioritized "antipsychotic treatment reduction" and "increased psychosocial treatment." Caseworkers, prescribers, and caregivers prioritized "increased follow-up after treatment initiation." Potential unintended consequences of an antipsychotic monitoring program ranked lowest, including increased use of other psychotropic medication classes (as a substitute), increased psychiatric hospital stays, and increased emergency room utilization. Results of the conditional logit model found only caregivers significantly preferred other indicators over antipsychotic treatment reduction, preferring improvements in follow-up care (5.78) and psychosocial treatment (4.53) and reduction in prescriptions of higher than recommended doses (3.64). Conclusions The BWS experiment supported rank ordering of candidate claims-based outcomes demonstrating the opportunity for future studies to align outcomes used in antipsychotic monitoring program evaluations with community preferences, specifically by diversifying metrics to include safety and quality indicators.
From Ideas to Items: A Primer on the Development of Ordered Multiple-Choice Items for Investigating the Progression of Learning in Higher Education STEM

Identifying effective methods of assessment and developing robust assessments are key areas of research in chemistry education. This research is needed to evaluate instructional innovations and cur...