cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological factors behind incidental information acquisition

Abstract This paper discusses incidental information acquisition in the light of psychological aspects. A theoretical introduction is followed by an account of three research projects where incidental information acquisition was related to personality traits, approaches to studying, and emotions. The respondents were grades 6–12, master's thesis, and mature library and information science (LIS) students representing an age range of 12–53 years. An energetic personality, high motivation, and positive emotionality were shown to enhance likelihood for incidental acquisition, while low motivation, stress, and insecurity reduced receptivity.
367 EFFECTS OF A LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONIST, FPL57231, ON THROMBOXANE B2 (TxB2) AND 6-KETO PGF1α LEVELS IN HYPOXIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (HPH) IN PIGLETS

The effects of FPL57231 on plasma levels of 6-keto PGF1∝(6-keto) and TxB2, metabolites of PGI2 and thromboxane_A2, were examined during ventilation with 12% 02 in 5 piglets (x±SD; wt, 3194±1311g; age, 15±5d) treated with FPL57231 (2mg/kg × 10 min), and in 5 control piglets (C) (wt, 2958±1103g; age, 14±5d). Cardiac index, pulmonary artery (Ppa), systemic arterial, pulmonary wedge and right atrial pressures were measured; systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR) calculated. Levels of 6-keto and TxB2 were measured during normoxia (Norm BL), and after 20 (Hypoxic BL), 30, 35 and 55 min (') of hypoxia. FPL57231 was infused after hypoxic baseline measurements were made until 30'. Ppa and PVR were lower (p<.05) in treatment animals during the study period. There was no significant difference between normoxic BL and 55' TxB2 or 6-keto levels in (C) animals. FPL-57231 was associated with an increase in TxB2 and 6-keto, suggesting that at this dose, FPL57231 may have lipoxygenase blocking activity. The decrease in PVR and Ppa in the presence of increased cyclcoxygenase products further supports the role of leukotrienes as possible mediators of HPH in piglets.
Parallel Real-Time Task Scheduling on Multicore Platforms

We propose a scheduling method for real-time systems implemented on multicore platforms that encourages individual threads of multithreaded real-time tasks to be scheduled together. When such threads are cooperative and share a common working set, this method enables more effective use of on-chip shared caches.
Integrated Model Predictive Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Coupled With Aftertreatment Systems

For hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the well-studied fuel economy optimization approaches will usually implement frequent engine starts/stops, which can significantly impact the catalyst temperatures and performances of the aftertreatment systems. This paper aims to simultaneously optimize fuel economy and reduce tailpipe emissions for HEVs coupled with aftertreatment systems. First, a control-oriented model is developed by systematically incorporating HEV models with aftertreatment thermal dynamic models, both of which have been experimentally validated. The integrated model is capable of predicting engine-out gas temperature and NOx emissions and simulating the temperature dynamics of the aftertreatment systems. Additionally, post injections' characteristics are investigated and modeled. An aftertreatment warm-up approach is developed by strategically enabling double post injections. Eventually, a supervisory controller is designed to optimize the post-injection ratio and the torque split ratio of HEV powertrains. The controller designed is rooted in a model predictive control (MPC) scheme, and it has an intuitive interpretation in terms of operating costs. The validation results show that the controller can significantly reduce the warm-up time and can successfully regulate the catalyst temperature to the desired range with a reasonable sacrifice of fuel economy for HEVs.
A Wet-Lab Approach to Stereochemistry Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy

Understanding stereochemistry is an important and difficult task for students to master in organic chemistry. In both introductory and advanced courses, students are encouraged to explore the spatial relationships between molecules, but this exploration is often limited either to the lecture hall or the confines of the library. As such, we sought to develop an experiment-based approach that would facilitate investigation of stereochemical principles in an organic chemistry laboratory. Herein is reported a 31P NMR-based experiment that allows students to explore the different stereochemical outcomes when enantiopure or racemic alcohols are coupled to an achiral phosphorous center.
Optofluidic Microscopy: Chip-scale imaging cell cytometry

We will discuss our recent work on chip-scale microscopy, including fluorescence and laser-scanning imaging techniques.
PTC/PROP tasting: Anatomy, psychophysics, and sex effects

Taste worlds of humans vary because of taste blindness to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and its chemical relative, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). We review early PTC studies and apply modern statistical analyses to show that a higher frequency of women tasted PTC crystals, and were tasters (threshold classification). In our laboratory, scaling of PROP bitterness led to the identification of a subset of tasters (supertasters) who rate PROP as intensely bitter. Supertasters also perceive stronger tastes from a variety of bitter and sweet substances, and perceive more burn from oral irritants (alcohol and capsaicin). The density of taste receptors on the anterior tongue (fungiform papillae, taste buds) correlate significantly with perceived bitterness of PROP and support the supertaster concept. Psychophysical data from studies in our laboratory also show a sex effect; women are supertasters more frequently. The anatomical data also support the sex difference; women have more fungiform papillae and more taste buds. Future investigations of PTC/PROP tasting and food behaviors should include scaling to identify supertasters and separate sex effects.
Synthesis of end-labeled multivalent ligands for exploring cell-surface-receptor-ligand interactions.

Abstract Background: Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a powerful synthetic method for generating unique materials. The functional group tolerance of ruthenium ROMP initiators allows the synthesis of a wide range of biologically active polymers. We generated multivalent ligands that inhibit cell surface L-selectin, a protein that mediates lymphocyte homing and leukocyte recruitment in inflammation. We hypothesized that these ligands function through specific, multivalent binding to L-selectin. To examine this and to develop a general method for synthesizing multivalent materials with end-labels, we investigated functionalized enol ethers as capping agents in ruthenium-initiated ROMP. Results: We synthesized a bifunctional molecule that introduces a unique end group by terminating ruthenium-initiated ROMP reactions. This agent contains an enol ether at one end and a masked carboxylic acid at the other. We conjugated a fluorescein derivative to an end-capped neoglycopolymer that had previously been shown to inhibit L-selectin function. We used fluorescence microscopy to visualize neoglycopolymer binding to cells displaying L-selectin. Our results suggest that the neoglycopolymers bind specifically to cell surface L-selectin through multivalent interactions. Conclusions: Ruthenium-initiated ROMP can be used to generate biologically active, multivalent ligands terminated with a latent functional group. The functionalized polymers can be labeled with a variety of molecular tags, including fluorescent molecules, biotin, lipids or antibodies. The ability to conjugate reporter groups to ROMP polymers using this strategy has broad applications in the material and biological sciences.
DISPERSAL, GENE FLOW, AND POPULATION STRUCTURE

The accuracy of gene flow estimates is unknown in most natural populations because direct estimates of dispersal are often not possible. These estimates can be highly imprecise or even biased because population genetic structure reflects more than a simple balance between genetic drift and gene flow. Most of the models used to estimate gene flow also assume very simple patterns of movement. As a result, multiple interpretations of population structure involving contemporary gene flow, departures from equilibrium, and other factors are almost always possible. One way to isolate the relative contribution of gene flow to population genetic differentiation is to utilize comparative methods. Population genetic statistics such as FST, heterozygosity and Nei's D can be compared between species with differing dispersal abilities if these species are otherwise phylogenetically, geographically and demographically comparable. Accordingly, the available literature was searched for all groups that meet these criteria ...
Social function, polysemy and narrative‐dramatic form: A case study of do the right thing

Spike Lee's film, Do the Right Thing, has been interpreted in radically different, even inconsistent ways. This essay argues that Lee used a form similar to classical Greek drama in order to embed inconsistent themes into the film. This analysis in turn suggests implications in relation to the functions served by narrative rhetoric and a polysemic critical practice.
Nasal absorption of mixtures of fast-acting and long-acting insulins

Mixtures of fast-acting and long-acting insulins were administered nasally to anesthetized, hyperglycemic rats in the presence and absence of tetradecyl-beta-d-maltoside (TDM). The fast-acting analogs, aspart insulin, lispro insulin and glulisine insulin, were all rapidly absorbed from the nose when applied individually with 0.125% TDM (T(max)=15min). One long-acting insulin analog, glargine insulin, was also absorbed from the nose when applied individually in the presence of 0.125% TDM (T(max)=60min). The other long-acting insulin analog, detemir insulin, was not soluble when formulated with 0.125% TDM. A series of mixtures (1:1) of the three rapid-acting insulins and long-acting glargine insulin were formulated with 0.125% TDM and applied nasally. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the insulin mixtures reflected the additive contributions of both the rapid-acting and the long-acting insulins. These results support the possibility of formulating certain insulin mixtures in tandem to provide nasal insulin products that match the needs of patients with diabetes mellitus better than those currently available.
Observations of pulsating X-ray binaries 4U0900-40 and 4U1223-62

A rocket observation of two pulsating X-ray binaries, 4U0900-40 and 4U1223-62, found no evidence for periodic or quasiperiodic behavior on time scales down to 2 ms. Evidence for complex high-energy spectral features and intrapulse variability is presented for 4U0900-40.
Purification and Partial Carbohydrate Analysis of Phytochrome from Avena sativa

Highly purified samples of phytochrome from etiolated oat (Arena satira L.) seedlings were analyzed for sugar content. Phytochrome was found to be a glycoprotein, with about 4% of its weight as carbohydrate. In addition, modifications in the procedure for purifying phytochrome are proposed here and certain details about the protocol are discussed that improve the yield and reproducibility of previously published methods.
p27/Kip1 mediates retinoic acid-induced suppression of ovarian carcinoma cell growth.

We have investigated the mechanisms by which all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) causes growth inhibition of ovarian carcinoma cells. As a model, we have studied the CAOV3 cell line, which is sensitive to ATRA, and the SKOV3 cell line, which is resistant. We have found that treatment of CAOV3 cells with ATRA causes a 5–10 fold increase in the protein level of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27/Kip1. p27/Kip1 protein upregulation is important in ovarian carcinoma as primary tumors are frequently found lacking this protein. The increase in p27/Kip1 is detected by day 3 of ATRA treatment of CAOV3 cells, and is maximal by day 5. Messenger RNA levels of p27/Kip1 do not change in CAOV3 cells following ATRA treatment, however, we have shown that p27/Kip1 mRNA is more stable in ATRA treated CAOV3 cells. Conversely, the ATRA resistant cell line SKOV3 fails to show p27/Kip1 accumulation. Interestingly, the SCF component protein SKP2 appears to be decreased in CAOV3 cells treated with ATRA. We have also shown that the ATRA dependent increase in p27/kip1 protein in CAOV3 cells leads to a decrease in the kinase activity of cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) following ATRA treatment. Finally, we found that CAOV3 cells stably transfected with a p27/kip1antisense construct, which express lower levels of p27/kip1 following ATRA treatment, and have a higher CDK4 kinase activity are less sensitive to ATRA induced growth suppression. Taken together our data suggest ATRA-induced growth inhibition in CAOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells involves modulation of the CDK inhibitor p27/kip1. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 237–243, 2004© 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Personal Freedom and Responsibility: The Ethical Foundations of a Market-Based Health Care Reform

The current health care system is not operating with a properly functioning market. Health care costs are hidden and often shifted, consumers and providers are insulated from the economic consequences of their decisions, and costs therefore go up dramatically. Instead of attacking both the structural deficiencies and the consequent inequities of the current employer based insurance system, the Clinton Plan simply expands them, and adds a heavier level of government regulation. The ultimate choice for the public is between a health care system based on consumer choice or a government controlled system. In pursuing a market based health care reform that enhances personal freedom and responsibility, two ethical principles are served. First, American consumers will be made aware of the true costs of health care services, and market forces will thus introduce incentives on the part of providers to control costs. Second, justice will be served; for not only will providers of medial services receive their due, but public policy makers can target relief more effectively to those who need it most.
Defects in the rhodopsin kinase gene in the Oguchi form of stationary night blindness.

Oguchi disease is a recessively inherited form of stationary night blindness due to malfunction of the rod photoreceptor mechanism. Patients with this disease show a distinctive golden-brown colour of the fundus that occurs as the retina adapts to light, called the Mizuo phenomenon. Recently a defect in arrestin, a member of the rod phototransduction pathway, was found to cause this disease in some Japanese patients1. As rhodopsin kinase works with arrestin in shutting off rhodopsin after it has been activated by a photon of light, it is reasonable to propose that some cases of Oguchi disease might be caused by defects in rhodopsin kinase. This report describes an analysis of the arrestin and rhodopsin kinase genes in three unrelated cases of Oguchi disease. No defects in arrestin were detected, but all three cases had mutations in the rhodopsin kinase gene. Two cases were found to be homozygous for a deletion encompassing exon 5, predicted to lead to a nonfunctional protein. The third case was a compound heterozygote with two allelic mutations, a missense mutation (Va1380Asp) affecting a residue in the catalytic domain, and a frameshift mutation (Ser536(4-bp del)) resulting in truncation of the carboxy terminus. Our results indicate that null mutations in the rhodopsin kinase gene are a cause of Oguchi disease and extend the known genetic heterogeneity in congenital stationary night blindness.
Stochastic modeling based on deterministic formulation: An example

In the context of seismology, an example of stochastic modeling on the basis of an established deterministic formulation is presented. The advantages of this approach to modeling over those based solely on statistical fit are discussed. It is demonstrated that the result of applying this procedure is a model whose main parameter has a physical interpretation, and therefore a validation based on criteria other than statistical goodness of fit is also possible. Statistical inference together with some demonstrating examples are also included.
A fine structural study of adhesive cell junctions in heterotypic cell aggregates.

Mixed suspensions of cells obtained by dissociation of 7 day chicken embryo heart and pigmented retina were allowed to reaggregate in tissue culture. The reaggregates which resulted contained both kinds of cells. Establishment of homogeneous tissues by cell sorting out in these reaggregates was advanced by 20 hr in culture and was complete within 2 days. When sorting out was advanced, heterotypic aggregates were fixed, sectioned, and examined in the electron microscope. Particular attention was paid to the morphology of regions of contact between cells. No qualitative differences were observed in the contact junctions between like cells (heart-heart or pigmented retina-pigment retina junctions) and unlike cells (heart-pigmented retina junctions). Broad areas of undifferentiated cell contact with cell membranes separated by a 100–200 A gap were formed regardless of cell type. Specialized junctions of the fascia and macula adherens type were also present, not only between like cells but also between unlike cells.
Restructuring School Counselor Education: Work in Progress.

Responding to the cry for school reform and to the growing demand for school counselors, this article offers a rationale for the pursuit of a new approach to educating school counselors. Based on a set of related assumptions, the proposed model relies on a group-oriented, democratic strategic planning process of empowerment that involves participants in the collaborative development of a school counselor education program.
Development of an in vitro wound healing model for periodontal cells.

Background: Periodontal wound healing and regeneration are influenced by a multitude of factors. While many in vitro investigations have compared the proliferation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and gingival fibroblasts (GF), there are no reports directly comparing the abilities of these 2 cell types to fill a wound site. As such, the goals of this research were: 1) to develop an in vitro model of wound healing which would allow for the investigation of the biologic basis of periodontal wound healing and regeneration and 2) to compare the rates of PDL cells and GF to fill an in vitro wound site. Methods: Using both human PDL cells and GF confluent cultures, in vitro wounds were mechanically created, removing a 3 mm wide band of the cell layer. Wounded cultures were then incubated for time periods up to 12 days in media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 20%) as appropriate for each experiment. Slides were fixed, stained, and cells quantified within the wound bou...
Hsp70 mRNA expression in heat-stressed chickens☆☆☆

Abstract Broiler chicken exposed to 41°C and 50% relative humidity for 60 min induced hsp70 mRNA in blood leukocytes, testes, and bursa of Fabricius. Daily heat conditioning for 3 weeks maximized expressed of testicular hsp70 mRNA. Greater amounts of hsp70 mRNA transcripts were observed in testes and bursa of Fabricius of large-comb cockerels than in small-comb cockerels. Expression of hsp70 mRNA appeared to be associated with acquired thermoresistance in chickens.
ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY FOR SYMMETRY-BREAKING PROBLEMS

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to three open-shell molecules (NO3, O4+, and O2+) for which the unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) wavefunction breaks spatial symmetry. In contrast to Hartree–Fock, all of the standard DFT methods we employed yielded symmetric densities for each of the molecules considered. Symmetry-broken solutions were obtained with DFT only when we used hybrid functionals including unusually large fractions of Hartree–Fock exchange. The exchange functional seems more important than the correlation functional in determining whether symmetry is preserved or broken.
Modulation instability in silicon photonic nanowires

We demonstrate that strong modulation instability (MI) of copropagating optical waves can be observed in Si photonic nanowires with a length of only a few millimeters. We consider two distinct cases, namely one in which one wave propagates in the normal group-velocity dispersion (GVD) region and the other one experiences anomalous GVD, and a second case in which both waves propagate in the anomalous GVD region. In both cases we show that, for comparable optical powers, the peak value of the MI gain spectrum is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude larger than that achieved in optical fibers.
Is the long-term survival of patients with intracranial glioblastoma multiforme overstated?

BACKGROUND The 5-year survival rate for intracranial glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has remained at 4–5% for the last 30 years, in spite of multiple randomized prospective trials. The authors hypothesized, based on the literature, that even this remarkably poor survival rate is an overstatement. They investigated this hypothesis using the the Duke University Medical Center Tumor Registry. METHODS The authors reviewed all patients with the diagnosis of intracranial GBM recorded in the Duke University Medical Center Tumor Registry from the registry's inception in 1976 through 1996. This search identified a population of patients with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up. Each of the long-term survivors was assigned a code number for clinical information. The pathology slides were provided to a neuropathologist in a coded fashion so that the patients could not be identified. The neuropathologist reviewed the slides to analyze the presence or absence of nine histologic factors. A match technique was used to identify a control population of patients with GBM who were not 5-year survivors and were all deceased. The control population was compared with the study population to ascertain if there are histologic correlates associated with long-term survivorship. RESULTS The authors identified 766 patients recorded by the tumor registry as having an intracranial GBM with a minimum of 5 years of follow up. Of the total population, 32 patients initially appeared to be 5-year survivors (4%). Upon review of the medical records for these 32 patients, however, the authors found only 17 patients who were truly 5-year survivors. The most common reason for miscoding was the presence of a low-grade astrocytoma that subsequently dedifferentiated into GBM. The 17 long-term survivors included 11 males and 6 females. Their mean age at diagnosis was 40.2 years. Therapy consisted of a macroscopic total resection in 4 patients (22%), a biopsy in 1 patient (6%), a subtotal resection in 10 patients (56%), and unknown extent of resection in 2 patients (11%). All patients received partial brain irradiation (mean dose, 62.6 Gy) and chemotherapy. Thirteen different single-agent or combination chemotherapy programs were used. Two patients also received I-131 monoclonal antibody therapy. Analysis of the nine histopathologic factors studied showed that intermediate fibrillary elements were more common and small anaplastic elements were less common in the long-term survivors than in the control population. CONCLUSIONS Survival data on intracranial GBM, based on tumor registry data, should be interpreted cautiously. Reliable conclusions can only be drawn when such data are supplemented with clinical information and the histopathology is reviewed carefully. The group of long-term survivors in the current study were younger than the typical GBM population. Conventionally treated patients with GBM, chosen from an unselected population from a tumor registry, have a smaller chance of long-term survival than is generally believed. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11666
Characterization of a nonstructural phosphoprotein of two orbiviruses

A phosphorylated nonstructural protein, NS2, was detected in bluetongue and African horsesickness virus (BTV and AHSV) infected-radiolabeled-cell lysates by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE). The NS2 proteins of both viruses have similar migration on one-dimensional (1D) 10% SDS-PAGE. Examination of infected cell lysates on two-dimensional (2D) gels (isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE) separated two phosphorylated isoelectric forms of BTV NS2 and four phosphorylated forms of AHSV NS2. The isoelectric points of both species of BTV NS2 were acidic relative to all forms of AHSV NS2. Nonphosphorylated NS2 polypeptides were not detected by 2D gels. A nonphosphorylated host protein, which comigrated with NS2 on 1D gels, could be distinguished from viral proteins by isoelectric focusing on 2D gels. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elution profiles of NS2 tryptic peptides from the two orbiviruses were compared. Three 32P-labeled tryptic peptides were generated from both AHSV and BTV NS2 proteins, which had been isolated and eluted from SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The elution profile from reverse phase HPLC was very similar for the tryptic phosphopeptides; in contrast, 35S-labeled tryptic peptides displayed considerable differences in elution profiles for the two NS2 proteins. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed only phosphoserine in hydrolysates of BTV and AHSV NS2.
Commitment Variation in the Phases of the Relationship Development Process

Business relationships develop over time as buyers and sellers move through the phases of awareness, exploration, expansion, commitment, and dissolution (F. Dwyer, P. Schurr, & S. Oh, 1987). Although prior research has identified several dimensions of commitment, it is not known whether one or more of these dimensions of commitment is more prominent than others in the various phases of the relationship development process. This article takes a managerial perspective and argues that specific dimensions of commitment are expressed by the seller in distinct phases of the relationship development process. It asserts that because the forms and levels of commitment vary during the relationship development process, sellers should alter their strategies accordingly when developing potential long-term relationships with customers.
Rabbit liver aldolase: determination of the primary structure at the active site.

Abstract A tryptic peptide has been isolated from the active site of fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase and its amino acid sequence has been determined. Crystalline enzyme preparations were labeled by reduction of the Schiff base intermediate with dihydroxyacetone phosphate-14C, resulting in the formation of approximately three equivalents of N6-β-glyceryllysine per mole of enzyme. The protein was S-carboxymethylated and digested with trypsin, and the 14C-labeled peptides were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis. The sequence of the major peptide was: Ala-Leu-AsN-AsN-His-His-Val-Tyr-Leu-Ser-GlN-Gly-Thr-Leu-Leu-βGLys-AsN-Pro-Met-Val-Thr-Ala-Gly-His-Ala-CMCys-Thr-Lys. This peptide is very similar in structure to the corresponding peptide from rabbit muscle aldolase. There is a striking conservation of amino acids adjacent to the reactive lysine residue, which may indicate a structure necessary for the specific function of the enzyme.
Progress on a topological B trigger for hadron colliders

Abstract A topology-based trigger is a prerequisite for any high-rate collider Beauty experiment. The approach of the P238 Collaboration to this triggering problem is reviewed and some results of the 1990 SPS Collider test of a novel microvertex detector which would provide input to such a trigger are presented.
P‐205: Compact and High Efficiency LED Projection Display

In recent years, we have known that LED becomes a reliable source of a projection system due to its flux enhancement, high pure color and the compact size. In this paper, we will discuss a new simple single micro-display projection system with a high efficiency collimator in it. Due to the LED is emitting to the semi-sphere space, the collimator is specially designed for its emitting properties. With the novel collimator, a prototype of LED projection display is finished and has over 50% optical system efficiency in it.
Fifties Television: The Industry and Its Critics

Just a few years in the mid-1950s separated the "golden age" of television's live anthology drama from Newton Minow's famous "vast wasteland" pronouncement. Fifties Television shows how the significant programming changes of the period cannot be attributed simply to shifting public tastes or the exhaustion of particular program genres, but underscore fundamental changes in the way prime-time entertainment programs were produced, sponsored, and scheduled. These changes helped shape television as we know it today. William Boddy provides a wide-ranging and rigorous analysis of the fledgling American television industry during the period of its greatest economic growth, programming changes, and critical controversy. He carefully traces the development of the medium from the experimental era of the 1920s and 1930s through the regulatory battles of the 1940s and the network programming wars of the 1950s.
Occurrence of metal hydrides in slow field evaporation

Abstract The high resolution magnetic sector atom-probe has been employed in a survey of slow field evaporation of most of the transition metals in the presence of hydrogen. No stable hydride ions were seen with W, Pt, Re and Ir whereas either monohydrides or dihydrides or both have been found with Rh, Nb, Mo, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pd, Zr, Ta, Ti and Au. Multiple hydrides of Cu and Ti are also seen. The appearance of H3+ ions besides the common H+ and H2+ species, was observed at the surfaces of W, Mo, Pd, Ir, Pt-20%Rh alloy and Ta. The H3+ ions were most abundant on tantalum and molybdenum surfaces.
INITIAL POSTMORTEM PORCINE MUSCLE PH EFFECT ON HEAT‐INDUCED GELATION PROPERTIES

Heat-induced gelation properties of the semimembranous muscle from induced DFD (dark, firm and dry) and normal pigs were characterized to evaluate the effect of muscle pH on strength and cooking loss of gels induced by a heating at 0.7C/min. The pH of muscle slurries (10% protein with 2% Nacl) were adjusted to 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, or 7.0 with 1 M 2-[N-Morpholino] ethanesulfonic acid buffer. Muscle with a high initial pH (DFD) had lower cooking losses at all adjusted pHs. Force required to penetrate the gel (Pf), force required to move plunger through the gel (Fp), and viscosity index of the gel were consistently higher for DFD muscle at each adjusted pH except pH 5.5. These results indicate that ultimate pH influences the thermal gelation properties of a meat product if the pH is ≥ 6.0. DFD muscle had desirable protein functionality and cooking yield.
Simulation of turning operations

Abstract One of the most important factors affecting the quality and productivity of turning operations is the dynamics of the system. In this study a computer program is developed to simulate turning operations. The program represents turning operations with a tool geometry simulation module, and the discrete transfer functions of machining process and machine tool structure. The discrete transfer functions of the turning operation are determined by dynamic experiments. The developed program is run at different depth of cuts to study the development and finite amplitude vibrations of chatter. The characteristics of the simulated data agree with the results of previous experimental studies. The simulation program is very convenient to study the chatter susceptibility of machine tool, workpiece and tool geometries.
High-sensitivity electron capture dissociation tandem FTICR mass spectrometry of microelectrosprayed peptides.

Electron capture dissociation (ECD) has previously been shown by other research groups to result in greater peptide sequence coverage than other ion dissociation techniques and to localize labile posttranslational modifications. Here, ECD has been achieved for 10−13-mer peptides microelectrosprayed from 10 nM (10 fmol/μL) solutions and for tryptic peptides from a 50 nM unfractionated digest of a 28-kDa protein. Tandem Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectra contain fragment ions corresponding to cleavages at all possible peptide backbone amine bonds, except on the N-terminal side of proline, for substance P and neurotensin. For luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, all but two expected backbone amine bond cleavages are observed. The tandem FTICR mass spectra of the tryptic peptides contain fragment ions corresponding to cleavages at 6 of 12 (1545.7-Da peptide) and 8 of 21 (2944.5-Da peptide) expected backbone amine bonds. The present sensitivity is 200−2000 times higher than previo...
Retrospective Reports of Family Structure: A Methodological Assessment

We investigate response inconsistencies in a national panel of young women who were asked the following widely used retrospective survey question once in 1968 and once in 1972: "With whom were you living when you were 14 years old? We find a substantial amount of response inconsistency between the two administrations of the question, and this inconsistency is shown to be related to whether or not the respondent said in 1968 that at age 14 she was living with both parents. We suggest that some young people live in households with a frequently changing composition, so that there may be no single, true answer to the question for them. Others, we hypothesize, change their responses to a more socially desirable category as time passes. After reviewing evrdence for these hypotheses, we show that, despite the inconsistency, the 1968 and 1972 questions lead to similar conclusions in multivariate research when the responses are collapsed into a few categories. We conclude that the question is still useful as a cru...
Human T lymphocyte clones reactive in primed lymphocyte typing and cytotoxicity

The human HLA-D region, the presumed evolutionary homologue of the H–2 I region in mouse and similar genetic regions in other species1, codes for multiple antigenic determinants, a finding consistent with the existence of multiple loci2,3. One method developed to define D region encoded determinants is primed LD typing (PLT) wherein cells of one individual are primed in vitro in a mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) to allogeneic HLA-D encoded determinants associated with one haplotype4,5. The PLT cells give a rapid proliferative response when restimulated in secondary culture with either the priming cells or third party cells that carry the priming antigen(s). However, as in many cases a PLT cell is probably primed to several determinants, different restimulating cells from unrelated individuals will engender a range of responses varying from very high to very low, presumably depending on the number of determinants shared (or cross-reactive) between the priming and restimulating cells. Such results are difficult to interpret in terms of defining antigenic determinants on the cells of various individuals. Fathman and Hengartner6 have circumvented this problem in mouse by cloning murine T lymphocytes from multiply restimulated PLT cells; the progeny of any one clone give highly specific proliferative responses. We report here the use of the supernatant of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated mixtures of human allogeneic cells7,8 (designated T-cell growth factor or TCGF) to grow ‘clones’ of human T lymphocytes following alloactivation in MLC. Clones that give PLT-type responses do so in a highly antigen-specific manner. Following cloning, cells in many cases have undergone 25 or more divisions, thus yielding in excess of 1×108 progeny.
CAUSES OF OIL SPILLS FROM SHIPS IN PORT

ABSTRACT This is a summary of causes of oil spills from ships in the ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach during the period 1962–1969. The data presented are a matter of record, and believed to be statistically sound. These data should be helpful to the Naval and Maritime communities as well as those concerned with oil spill contingency plans.
Pseudo gap and superconducting gap in an organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF)2[Cu(SCN)2]

Abstract The low energy electronic structure of κ-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu(SCN) 2 has been investagated by means of polarized reflectance over 20–5000 cm −1 (2.5–620 meV). The Kramers-Kronig-derived conductivity clearly demonstrates a pseudo gap of ∼20 meV developed at 50 K for both the E || b and E || c polarizations. The sum rule on σ 1 ( ω ) shows that the number of charge carriers is 33% larger at low temperatures ( T
Induction of granulosa cell differentiation by forskolin: stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production, progesterone synthesis, and luteinizing hormone receptor expression.

The effects of forskolin on the acquisition of differentiated functions in cultured ovarian granulosa cells were compared with the actions of FSH and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In 48-h granulosa cell cultures from immature diethylstilbestroltreated rats, 100μm forskolin caused a 45-fold increase in cAMP accumulation and stimulated progesterone production from undetectable levels (<0.2 ng/ml) to 80 ng/ml. The forskolin-induced increase in cAMP was similar to the maximum response to FSH, and progesterone production was about 50% of that elicited by FSH. PGE2 also enhanced cAMP and progesterone production in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximum 8-fold increase in cAMP accumulation and an increase in progesterone to 5.6 ng/ml when the PGE2 concentration was 10 μg/ml. The time course of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production was notable for its rapid rise to the maximum level during the first 24 h of culture, followed by a plateau for up to 72 h. This contrasted with FSH-stimulated cAMP production, whi...
The effects of mindfulness-based treatments for aggression: A critical review

Recently, there has been significant growth in the empirical literature on mindfulness and mindfulness-based treatments (MBTs). The purpose of the current review was to critically examine and critique eleven studies evaluating MBTs for reducing aggressive behaviors. Articles were divided based on design (i.e., group design vs. single subject). This review highlighted evidence supporting the efficacy of the use of mindfulness-based treatments in individuals with aggressive behavior problems. Many of the group studies had weak designs, limiting the validity of the stated results. Results from the single-subject studies were more promising, providing strong support for the use of MBTs in reducing aggression. However, despite recent advances in the use of MBTs with individuals with aggression problems, questions remain unanswered. Finally, suggestions for future research are made to improve and identify means of evaluating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based treatments in an aggressive population.
Line scan imaging of brain metabolites with CPMG sequences at 1.5 Tesla

A line scan Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) spectroscopic imaging sequence has been implemented on a standard 1.5 T clinical scanner to map metabolite signals at multiple echo times from voxels along selected tissue columns through the brain. The CPMG multiecho spectroscopic image data sets are used to estimate brain metabolite T2 decay parameters in a group of healthy volunteers and in one tumor patient. Inherent trade-offs between T2 decay, spectral resolution, and echo spacing prove to be important limiting factors. In particular, separate quantitation of choline and creatine resonances at 1.5 T was not achieved in the present implementation. However, the ability to collect data sets suitable for T2 decay analyses of combined choline and creatine resonances and N-acetyl aspartate resonances in under 10 minutes may prove of clinical utility in the study of brain pathology.
Treponematosis and Lyme borreliosis connections: Explanation for Tchefuncte disease syndromes?

A convergence of evidence from macroscopic, radiographic and histologic examination indicates that treponemal infection was present in the 16ST1 Tchefuncte Indian burial population, dated 500 B.C. to 300 A.D. Pattern and nature of lesions suggests that chronic infection induced by variants of the spirochete Treponema pallidum, causing endemic syphilis and/or yaws, resulted in third-stage osseous response. It is suggested that Tchefuncte Indians acquired partial immunity to treponemal infection by exposure to a variant of the related spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Partial immunity would help explain the relatively mild expression of the treponemal disease process in the 16ST1 skeletal population and the apparent absence of venereal syphilis. Presence of the Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete might be linked to a single incidence of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
A Mechanism for Oblique Wave Resornance in the Far Wake

There has been some debate recently as to whether the far wake structure downstream of a cylinder is dependant on, or “connected” with the precise details of the near wake structure. Indeed, it has previously been suggested that the far wake scale and frequency are unconnected with those of the near wake. In the present paper, we demonstrate that not only the far wake scale but also the frequency are dependant on the near wake. Surprisingly, the characteristic which actually forges a “connection” between the near and far wake is the sensitivity to free stream disturbances. It is these disturbances which are also responsible for the regular 3-D patterns that may be visualised.
Knowledge constrained evolutionary algorithms: a case study for financial investing

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of domain knowledge in guiding evolution. The hypothesis examined in this paper is that the use of knowledge represented as a semantic network will bias mutation so that changes in structure measured by the semantic net correspond to changes in function. This hypothesis is tested utilising information and data from the finance domain. In this paper relevant literature is reviewed and an experimental framework is proposed which incorporates knowledge in evolution. An empirical investigation is presented to demonstrate the role of knowledge and gradualness in evolution. Future work will involve investigating methods to identify or construct a semantic network which is 'meaningful' to humans as well as machines.
Science Signaling Podcast: 14 August 2012

This Podcast features an interview with Douglas Emlen, author of a paper that was released in Science Express on 26 July 2012 and will appear in the 17 August 2012 issue of Science . Emlen discusses his group’s discovery that insulin signaling is involved in regulating the growth of the male rhinoceros beetle’s horn. Male rhinoceros beetles use their horns to fight for access to females, and males with larger horns generally win more fights and produce more offspring. In this study, Emlen and colleagues found that insulin signaling, which couples nutrition to growth and metabolism in many contexts, is important for determining the size of the horn. They found that the horn is more sensitive to insulin signaling than are other body parts, and they hypothesize that similarly heightened sensitivity to insulin signaling might also be important for regulating the growth of sexually selected male ornaments and weapons in other species.
Hunting income patterns among the Hadza: big game, common goods, foraging goals and the evolution of the human diet.

The assumption that large mamm al hunting and scavenging are economically advantageous to hominid foragers is examined in the light of data collected among the Hadza of northern Tanzania. Hadza hunters disregard small prey in favour of larger forms (mean adult mass ≥ 40 kg). Here we report experimental data showing that hunters would reduce their mean rates if they included small animals in the array they target. Still, daily variance in large animal hunting returns is high, and the risk of failure correspondingly great, significantly greater than that associated with small game hunting and trapping. Sharing large kills reduces the risk of meatless days for big game hunters, and obviates the problem of storing large amounts of meat. It may be unavoidable if large carcasses cannot be defended economically against the demands of other consumers. If so, then large prey are common goods. A hunter may gain no consumption advantage from his own big game acquisition efforts. We use Hadza data to model this ‘collective action9 problem, and find that an exclusive focus on large game with extensive sharing is not the optimal strategy for hunters concerned with maximizing their own chances of eating meat. Other explanations for the emergence and persistence of this practice must be considered
A bayesian approach to a reliability problem: Theory, analysis and interesting numerics

We consider approximate Bayesian inference about the quantity R = P[Y2> Y1] when both the random variables Y1, Y2 have expectations that depend on certain explanatory variables. Our interest centers on certain characteristics of the posterior of R under Jeffreys's prior, such as its mean, variance and percentiles. Since the posterior of R is not available in closed form, several approximation procedures are introduced, and their relative performance is assessed using two real datasets. Nous considerons l'inference Bayesienne approximative pour la quantite R = P[Y2 > Y1], lorsque les deux variables aleatoires Y1, Y2 ont des esperances qui dependent de certaines variables explicatives. Notre interět se centre sur certaines caracteristiques de la loi a posteriori de R correspondant a une loi a priori de Jeffrey, telle que sa moyenne, sa variance et ses percentiles. Etant donne que la loi a posteriori de R n'est pas disponible sous forme explicite, nous proposons plusieurs procedures d'approximation et nous evaluons leur performance relative en utilisant deux ensembles de donnees reelles.
Selective Mutism: Are Primary Care Physicians Missing the Silence?

To survey parents of children with selective mutism (SM) in regard to (1) the role of the primary care physician in the diagnosis of SM; (2) the social and school consequences of SM; and (3) their opinion of the effectiveness of different treatment modalities, a 39-item written survey was mailed to 27 parents with at least one child diagnosed with SM on the basis of diagnostic and statistical manual IV-text revision (DSM IV-TR) criteria. Twenty-seven parents (100%), with a total of 33 children with SM, completed the survey. There were 24 girls and 9 boys. The mean age when parents had strong concerns about symptoms of SM was 3.8 years, but diagnosis did not occur until nearly a year later. Twenty-three (69.7%) of the children with SM were never diagnosed accurately or referred by their primary care physicians. SM caused important school/social problems for 17 (51.5%) of the children. Speech therapy was provided for 36.4% of children and was thought to have been helpful for 30% of them. Behavior modification was the treatment for 45.5% of children and perceived to be helpful for 66.7% of them. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor pharmacotherapy was prescribed for 17 (51.5%) of the children and believed to be effective for 11 (65%) of them. Primary care physicians in this study rarely diagnosed accurately or referred children with SM in a timely fashion, even though symptoms of the condition were generally very apparent and parents had expressed concern. Behavioral modification, pharmacotherapy with SSRIs, and early intervention are viable treatment options. Early diagnosis is key to preventing long-term effects of this condition.
The case for psychological computing

This paper envisions a new research direction that we call psychological computing. The key observation is that, even though computing systems are missioned to satisfy human needs, there has been little attempt to bring understandings of human need/psychology into core system design. This paper makes the case that percolating psychological insights deeper into the computing layers is valuable, even essential. Through examples from content caching, vehicular systems, and network scheduling, we argue that psychological awareness can not only offer performance gains to known technological problems, but also spawn new kinds of systems that are difficult to conceive otherwise.