cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexural and tensile moduli of polypropylene nanocomposites and comparison of experimental data to Halpin-Tsai and Tandon-Weng models

This research focuses on the reinforcing efficiency of nanomateterials and the role of the reinforcement’s dispersion and orientation on the nanocomposite’s flexural and tensile moduli. Polypropylene-based composites reinforced with (i) exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets, xGnP TM , (ii) vapor grown carbon fibers, (iii) PANbased carbon fibers, (iv) highly structured carbon black and (v) montmorillonite clay were fabricated by extrusion and injection molding. It was found that graphite platelets are the best reinforcement in terms of flexural modulus whereas PAN-based carbon fibers cause the largest improvement in the tensile modulus. The difference in the reinforcing efficiency during the flexural and tensile testing is attributed to (i) the degree of fiber alignment along the flow direction during injection molding, which is higher in the thinner tensile specimens than in the flex specimens; and (ii) the different deformation modes of the two tests. The importance of good dispersion of the reinforcements within the polymer matrix and of perfect contact between the two phases is emphasized comparing the experimental modulus data to theoretical predictions made using the Halpin-Tsai and the Tandon-Weng models. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1796‐1803, 2007. a 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ionic Currents in Larval Muscles of Drosophila

Publisher Summary The larval muscle preparation provides an excellent in situ assay system for the studies of ion channels in Drosophila . Larval body wall muscles of Drosophila provide a very useful system for studying K + and Ca 2+ currents. This chapter demonstrates that the function of the native K + and Ca 2+ channels can be analyzed with the advanced biophysical and pharmacological techniques that have been applied to other systems. The physiological and biophysical properties of ion channels can be analyzed from the single channel to the whole cell level, and the functional roles of different classes of ion channels can be directly elucidated in Drosophila muscles because of the available mutants. The chapter discusses the subunit composition of the channels, the genes encoding the subunits, the kinetic properties, and voltage dependency of the currents, pharmacological blockers and activators, and the signal transduction pathways regulating or modulating the channel properties. The physiological aspects of the currents are presented. Muscle currents in adults are briefly summarized for comparison with currents in the larval muscles. The role of different ionic currents in the physiology of muscle fibers is discussed in experiments involving current clamping and membrane potential measurements.
The spatial focus of US interstate migration flows

Despite the widespread interest in the changing geographies of national migration regimes, it is somewhat remarkable that no widely accepted measure of the spatial concentration or focus exhibited by such geographies has emerged. We examine four of the most popular indices of inequality in this paper and contrast their performance as measures of spatial focus. Adopting the coefficient of variation as our preferred alternative, we go on to examine the spatial focus of aggregate interstate migration streams in the US over time. Then we consider disaggregations of the migration streams by age, race and nativity, and examine the role of states as national redistributors of these same subpopulations. We find that the migration patterns of the elderly, blacks, and the foreign-borns in general have exhibited levels of spatial focus that exceed those of their young adult, white, and native-born counterparts. With respect to the principal redistributor states, our findings for all subpopulations point to a very few states that persistently reappear in the group-specific classifications. In particular, California is a unique redistributor of the US population, always appearing as an extensive outward or inward redistributor of migrants.
“Open-Box” Approach to Measuring Fluorescence Quenching Using an iPad Screen and Digital SLR Camera

Fluorescence quenching is an analytical technique and a common undergraduate laboratory exercise. Unfortunately, a typical quenching experiment requires the use of an expensive fluorometer that measures the relative fluorescence intensity of a single sample in a closed compartment unseen by the experimenter. To overcome these shortcomings, we designed an “open-box” fluorescence quenching method that uses an iPad screen as the excitation source and a digital single-lens reflex (SLR) camera as the detector. This setup enables a complete fluorescence quenching experiment to be performed and an accurate Stern–Volmer plot to be generated by analyzing a single image of six fluorescein samples and applying correction factors. The Stern–Volmer quenching constant (KSV) calculated using this method was 9.62 ± 0.27 L mol–1; fluorometer value, 9.52 ± 0.40 L mol–1; literature values, 9.0 ± 0.2 L mol–1 and 9.608 L mol–1. These results demonstrate that, in addition to allowing direct visualization of the chemical processes and simultaneous measurement of multiple samples, this simple method yields quantitative results comparable in accuracy to the more expensive fluorometer.
Rho GTPase activity modulates Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling☆

Wnt proteins constitute a family of secreted signaling molecules that regulate highly conserved pathways essential for development and, when aberrantly activated, drive oncogenesis in a number of human cancers. A key feature of the most widely studied Wnt signaling cascade is the stabilization of cytosolic beta-catenin, resulting in beta-catenin nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of multiple target genes. In addition to this canonical, beta-catenin-dependent pathway, Wnt3A has also been shown to stimulate RhoA GTPase. While the importance of activated Rho to non-canonical Wnt signaling is well appreciated, the potential contribution of Wnt3A-stimulated RhoA to canonical beta-catenin-dependent transcription has not been examined and is the focus of this study. We find that activated Rho is required for Wnt3A-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells, a biological phenomenon mediated by stabilized beta-catenin. Using expression microarrays and real-time RT-PCR analysis, we show that Wnt3A-stimulated transcription of a subset of target genes is Rho-dependent, indicating that full induction of these Wnt targets requires both beta-catenin and Rho activation. Significantly, neither beta-catenin stabilization nor nuclear translocation stimulated by Wnt3A is affected by inhibition or activation of RhoA. These findings identify Rho activation as a critical element of the canonical Wnt3A-stimulated, beta-catenin-dependent transcriptional program.
Toward a Cultural Theory of Gaming: Digital Games and the Co-Evolution of Media, Mind, and Culture

Digital games are an expanding popular cultural form and the focus of a new field of scholarship that has been concerned with defining games and establishing boundaries between games and other phenomena. Studies of the coevolution of human cognition and culture can throw light on this discussion by putting gaming into a longer human perspective. Although 2 chief theorists of this field, Michael Tomasello and Merlin Donald, have not explicitly focused on games, their work has suggested that games could have played an important role in shaping the human mind and human culture, by expanding and preserving adaptive cultural patterns, furthering symbolic thinking, and expanding and preserving the expressiveness of symbolic media. Digital games can be understood as carrying on the same functions, using the new affordances of the computer.
Prevalence of RhD variants, confirmed by molecular genotyping, in a multiethnic prenatal population.

RhD determination in pregnant women is critical to facilitate Rh immune globulin prophylaxis for RhD-negative women. A single amino acid change in the RhD antigen can cause epitope loss, giving rise to “partial D” variants. Women with some partial D variants may develop anti-D against the missing epitope after pregnancy. RBCs with partial D may type as D-positive or D-negative depending on the reagent used. We screened routine blood bank samples from 501 prenatal patients for RhD variants by 3 commercially available serologic methods. Discordant serologic results were found in 11 cases. Weak D (n = 5) and partial D (n = 5) variants were confirmed by molecular genotyping in all but 1 case. RhD variants, confirmed molecularly, occur in 2.2% of our multiethnic population. Consideration of patients’ ethnic background and close cooperation between pathologists and obstetric providers facilitate optimal prenatal care in these cases.
Three-dimensional folding and necking of a power-law layer: are folds cylindrical, and, if so, do we understand why?

Abstract The rate of amplification of a general component, A cos(lx) cos(my), in the folding or necking of a single layer of power-law fluid embedded in a viscous medium depends on the dimensionless separation constant (λH) 2 = (l 2 + m 2 )H 2 = 2π[( 1 L x ) 2 + ( 1 L y ) 2 ]H 2 , where Lx and Ly are the wavelengths in the horizontal directions x and y, the aspect ratio /vbv/vb = /vb m l /vb = L x L y , the ratio of the in-plane principal rates of deformation of the basic-state flow, ζ = D yy D xx , the stress exponent, n, and a ratio, R, between the strengths, or effective viscosities of the medium and layer. The present treatment excludes basic-state layer-parallel shear: D xz = D yz = 0 . For a cylindrical perturbation with axis parallel to y (m = 0), the non-kinematic contribution to the growth rate is the same as that for the plane-flow case (ζ = 0), but with the intrinsic stress-exponent replaced by an apparent value n∗ = 4n[4 + 3(n − 1)ζ 2 (1 + ζ + ζ 2 ) −1 ] . A value of ‘n’ estimated from the conventional interpretation of data from a set of single-layer folds is better interpreted as an estimate of the apparent value, n∗ . The simultaneous development of folds and pinch-and-swell structures at right angles to each other is difficult, discounting possible effects of strain-softening. In a basic state of plane flow (ζ = 0), simulated three-dimensional fold arrays show markedly greater fold aspect ratios for a plastic layer (n = 104) than for a viscous layer (n = 1), at the same amplification.
Effect of mannitol treatment on soman‐induced brain and heart lesions in the rat

The effect of intravenous mannitol on soman-induced neuropathology and cardio-myopathy was studied in rats. Soman, an organophosphorus agent, irreversibly inhibits total body acetylcholinesterase and induces a cholinototoxic syndrome in rats which results in the development of sezures, brain damage, and degenerative cardiomyopathy. The severity of the cardiomyopathy parallels the severity of the neuropathology. When mannitol at a dose of 1.5 g/kg was administered at the onset of sezures and followed by a second dose 5 h later, there was a significant increase in 24 h survival. Moreover, the severity of brain lesions was reduced in the piriform cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and the caudate putamen. The same treatment schedule also provided almost complete protection against the concomitant development of degenerative cardiomyopathy. The finding that the mannitol treatments reduced both the severity of the neuropathology and the degenerative cardiomyopathy reinforces the concept of a possible central neurogenic mechanism for the development of the cardiomyopathy. These results suggest that mannitol may be useful to reduce the severity of sezure-related neuropathology and to provide additional protection to other vital organs which may be secondarily susceptible to neurogenically mediatd pathologic change, such as the heart in rats which develop cardiomyopathy following soman-induced seizures. © 1993 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lecithin Improves Texture of Reduced Fat Cheeses

Cheddar-type cheeses with 33% fat reduction were made with 0.2 or 0.5% (w/w) lecithin. Reduced fat cheeses with no lecithin and full fat cheeses were prepared as controls. Cheeses were aged 3 mo prior to instrumental and sensory evaluation. Reduced fat cheese with lecithin received higher overall texture scores from dairy judges than reduced fat control cheeses (P ≤ 0.05). Texture scores from dairy judges for cheeses with lecithin were not different from full fat cheeses. Reduced fat cheeses with lecithin were softer than reduced fat control cheeses as measured instrumentally and according to specific attribute panelists (P ≤ 0.05). Cheese wet weight yields were greater with addition of lecithin (P ≤ 0.05) which resulted in a softer more desirable texture in reduced fat cheeses.
MRI Information for Commonly Used Otologic Implants Review and Update

ObjectiveTo review information on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) issues for commonly used otologic implants.Data SourcesManufacturing companies, National Library of Medicine’s online database, and an additional online database (www.MRIsafety.com).Review MethodsA literature review of the National Library of Medicine’s online database with focus on MRI issues for otologic implants was performed. The MRI information on implants provided by manufacturers was reviewed.ResultsBaha and Ponto Pro osseointegrated implants’ abutment and fixture and the implanted magnet of the Sophono Alpha 1 and 2 abutment-free systems are approved for 3-Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) systems. The external processors of these devices are MR Unsafe. Of the implants tested, middle ear ossicular prostheses, including stapes prostheses, except for the 1987 McGee prosthesis, are MR Conditional for 1.5-Tesla (and many are approved for 3-Tesla) MR systems. Cochlear implants with removable magnets are approved for patients undergoing MRI ...
Facts and Feelings Response Diaries: Connecting Efferently and Aesthetically with Informational Text

"Readers come to the texts imbued with their own personalities and character traits, their individual experiences and memories, their personal situations and concerns, their cultural background and perspective, and their backlog of language." (Karolides, 1997, p. 9) "Reading instruction needs to continue as students enter middle schools because reading is not a skill that is learned once and for all." (Lenski, Wham, & Johns, 1999, p. 4)
Substituent effects in the quenching of acetophenone and benzophenone triplets by oxygen and the di-tert-butylnitroxy radical, and the efficiency of singlet oxygen photogeneration

Abstract The behavior of the triplets of a number of p-substituted acetophenones and benzophenones with respect to quenching by oxygen and the di-tert-butylnitroxy radical (DTBN) has been examined in benzene and acetonitrile using 337.1 nm laser flash photolysis. In several cases the efficiency φΔ of singlet oxygen (1O2*) generation in the course of triplet quenching by oxygen has been determined using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran as the trapping agent for 1O2*. The variation of the rate constants for triplet quenching with respect to the substituent nature suggests that the aromatic carbonyl triplets act as donors and acceptors in the quenching interaction with oxygen and DTBN respectively. Relative to the rate constant for quenching by oxygen, the substituent effect on φΔ is less pronounced, particularly in the case of benzophenones; the φΔ are limited to the range 0.3 − 0.7 in the two solvents. Fast equilibration among the various spin configurations of the encounter complex responsible for the nearly substituent-independent φΔ for benzophenones and back electron transfer in charge-transfer-derived ion pairs leading to 1O2* formation are suggested.
Attrition of Older Mexican American Survey Respondents

Objective The purpose of this study is to compare sample attrition between foreign born and US born older Mexican Americans. Methods Prospective cohort data over five waves (Hispanic established population for the epidemiological study of the elderly) of 3,050 older Mexican Americans were used to estimate the number and proportion of drop outs. Multivariate logistic regression of predictors of attrition included nativity, age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, financial strain, employment status, education, chronic conditions, cognitive function, disability, and depressive symptoms. Results Over 11 years of follow-up, 62% of the respondents dropped out of the study, but the difference between respondents born in the US and Mexico differed by only 2% points. Multivariate analyses of correlates for attrition related to death, refusal, and lost to follow-up revealed that older respondents in poor health were more likely to die and be lost to follow up. Conclusion Over 11 years of follow-up, immigrants were no more likely to drop out than US born respondents.
Endorectal pull-through abates gastrointestinal hemorrhage from colorectal venous malformations.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Lower intestinal venous malformations are rare anomalies resulting from errors in vascular morphogenesis. These lesions may cause significant chronic and acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Venous malformations are unresponsive to angiogenesis inhibitors. Although these anomalies generally are incompletely resectable because of diffuse pelvic and mesenteric involvement, the authors sought to abate bleeding by excluding the lesion from the gastrointestinal lumen. Methods: Three patients with circumferential transmural venous malformations of the colorectum, pelvis, and mesentery were identified. Imaging findings were similar among the patients and included circumferential septated bright signal on T 2 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement, and multiple phleboliths, seen best on computed tomography (CT). The lesion extended from the anus to the splenic flexure in 2 patients and throughout the entire colorectum in the other. Each had daily hematochezia for many years and required transfusions and chronic iron therapy. Although bleeding began in childhood in each patient, no therapy was successful until ages 7, 24, and 45. Colectomy, anorectal mucosectomy (through the pelvic venous malformation), and endorectal pull-through and anastomosis was performed (coloanal in 2 and ileoanal in 1). Results: Bleeding essentially has been eradicated in all 3 patients with 10- to 57-month follow-up. One patient received a 3-unit transfusion intraoperatively, and the other 2 received none. The most recent patient to undergo surgery, who has residual venous malformation in the remaining 1 cm of anal mucosa, has some mild difficulty with fecal control if her diet results in loose stool. Conclusion: Colectomy with mucosectomy and endorectal pull-through should be considered for diffuse venous malformations of the colorectum before the development of large transfusion requirements. J Pediatr Surg 35:982-984. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Activation of human motion processing areas during event perception

Observers are able to segment continuous everyday activity into meaningful parts. This ability may be related to processing low-level visual cues, such as changes in motion. To address this issue, the present study combined measurement of evoked responses to event boundaries with functional identification of the extrastriate motion complex (MT+) and the frontal eye field (FEF), two regions related to motion perception and eye movements. The results provided strong evidence that MT+ is activated by event boundaries: Individuals’ MT+ regions showed strong responses to event boundaries, and MT+ was collocated with a lateral posterior region that responded at event boundaries. The evidence regarding the FEF was less conclusive: The FEF showed reliable but relatively reduced responses to event boundaries, but the FEF was medial and superior to a frontal area that responded at event boundaries. These results suggest that motion cues, and possibly eye movements, may play key roles in event structure perception.
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin infusions for treatment of a child with severe protein-losing enteropathy

Abstract Rationale Protein-losing enteropathy has been associated with severe immunodeficiency due to loss of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes through the gastrointestinal tract. We examined the effectiveness of weekly subcutaneous immunoglobulin infusions in a six-year-old male with primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, a rare disease characterized by edema, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, and hypogammaglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were as low as 93 mg/dL, and there was also a selective loss of CD4+ cells, dropping to 10% with an absolute cell count of 63/cmm. Methods Weekly infusions of subcutaneous immunoglobulin were given to the patient at 2.5 gm a week over 4 weeks and serum IgG levels were checked prior to each infusion. Results Over four weeks, the patient's IgG went from 185 mg/dL to 205 mg/dL, 215 mg/dL, and 214 mg/dL. He tolerated the procedures well with no complications. He did not develop any new infections during this time period. Conclusions These results suggest that subcutaneous infusions of immunoglobulin resulted in more stable levels of IgG. Weekly administration of subcutaneous immunoglobulin may allow for a more steady state of serum IgG than monthly intravenous bolus doses of immunoglobulin. There is also the potential for self-administration of subcutaneous immunoglobulin, which may be a preferable and effective alternative for patients with protein-losing enteropathy. Further studies and longer treatment periods are needed to establish its usefulness.
Effect of Certificate of Need Law on Emergency Department Length of Stay

Abstract Background The impact of the Certificate of Need (CON) law on Emergency Department (ED) care remains elusive in the academic literature. Objectives We study the impact of CON law on ED Length of Stay (LOS). Methods We examine ED LOS to detect any statistically significant difference between CON and non-CON states. We then estimate the effects of CON law on ED LOS by treating CON as an exogenous (endogenous) variable. Results We find that the CON legislation positively impacts ED care by reducing ED LOS (95% confidence interval [CI] −61.3 to −10.3), and we can't reject the hypothesis that the CON legislation can be treated as an exogenous variable in our model. An increase in the stringency of the CON law (measured by the threshold on equipment expenditure that is subject to a CON review) tends to diminish this positive impact on ED LOS (95% CI 9.9–68.0). The party affiliation of the Governor (95% CI 10.3–37.5), the political environment as a function of the agreement on voting between state senators (95% CI−64.8 to −12.9), proportion of young population (0–17 years) when compared with the elderly (>65 years) (95% CI−2299.7 to −184.1), proportion of population covered by privately purchased insurance (95% CI−819.3 to −59.9), etc., are found to significantly impact ED LOS in a state. Conclusion This study provides a better understanding of the impact of CON law on ED care, which extends the previous literature that has mainly focused on CON effects on inpatient care.
Response inhibition and academic abilities in typically developing children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder-combined subtype

Research in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) generally utilizes clinical samples or children with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Findings indicated that children with ADHD experience academic underachievement and poor performance on measures of response inhibition (RI). Less is known, about the neuropsychological profile of typically developing children with ADHD. The aim of the current study was twofold: (1) determine if academic skills and RI were impaired in typically developing children with ADHD-combined subtype (ADHD-C) and (2) determine to what extent RI may predict academic abilities. Children with ADHD-C did not differ on any academic domain from controls. Children with ADHD-C performed more poorly than controls on RI measures. Regression analyses suggest that Written Expression ability was significantly influenced by RI. No other academic domain was related to RI. Results suggest that children with ADHD-C may experience impairments in RI despite adequate academic functioning. Impaired RI is not solely responsible for difficulties found in academic skills in ADHD-C.
Species of Eimeria and Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Shrews (Insectivora: Soricidae) in Northwestern Wyoming, U.S.A.

During the summers of 1997 and 1998, shrews (Sorex spp.) from northwestern Wyoming were examined for coccidia by necropsy. Because specimens collected in 1997 were frozen, coccidian oocysts did not sporulate, but the morphology of unsporulated oocysts collected from 3 of 19 (16%) masked shrews (Sorex cinereus) and 7 of 29 montane shrews (Sorex monticolus) suggests that Eimeria longirostris might be present. In 1998, sporulated oocysts of E. longirostris were recovered from 7 of 32 (22%) masked shrews and 5 of 14 (36%) montane shrews. In addition, an unidentified eimerian was recovered from 1 of 32 (3%) masked shrews and Isospora brevicauda from 2 of 14 (14%) montane shrews. The identification of E. longirostris in masked and montane shrews in northwestern Wyoming constitutes a new geographic record for this parasite. The recovery of I. brevicauda from montane shrews in northwestern Wyoming establishes new host and geographic records.
The reaction Be9(He3, n)C11 from 1.3 to 5.4 MeV

Abstract Excitation functions of Be 9 (He 3 , n 0 )C 11 and Be 9 (He 3 , n 1 )C 11∗ at θ lab = 0°, 90° and 160° were measured in the energy range of 1.30 MeV to 4.90 MeV He 3 bombarding energy. The excitation functions for the two groups are similar in shape and show only very broad structure. Angular distributions were measured for both neutron groups at 1.59, 1.77, 1.97, 2.19, 2.48, 2.80, 3.11, 3.46, 3.81, 4.12, 4.52, 4.90 and 5.35 MeV He 3 bombarding energies. Analysis of the angular distributions in terms of Legendre polynomials, together with other evidence, indicates that a level is formed in the C 12 compound nucleus with a width of several hundred kilovolts at an excitation energy of 27.8 MeV. These angular distributions show strong changes in shape with increasing energy. For the ground state group, the angular distribution changes from near symmetry about 90° to strong peaking at 0° as the energy increases. The first excited state group changes from a weak to a strong backward peak, then to forward and backward peaking and, finally, to dominant forward peaking as the energy increases. An interpretation in terms of double stripping is given for the higher energy ground state angular distributions.
Trade policy with several goods and ‘market linkages’

Abstract In this paper we demonstrate a substantial role for trade policy in a competitive model, finding that: (a) an export subsidy may benefit the exporting country; (b) a ‘voluntary’ export restraint may benefit the importing country; and (c) a countervailing duty may benefit the importing country even if it has no effect on the foreign price of that good. These results are in sharp contrast to the conventional wisdom from two-good or partial equilibrium models, and are derived in a framework of several goods. The pattern of substitution and complementarity across goods - or ‘market linkages’ - determines the role for trade policy.
Isolation of a diketone species that is allylically bound to tungsten, and its relationship to a tungsten η2-ketone complex

Abstract The diketone complex [W(CO)2(η-C5H4Me){η3- C(O)C(Ph)C(H)C(Ph)C (H)C(O)C5Me5}] (3) was isolated from the reaction of PhC2H with a mixture of [Ni(CO)I(η-C5Me5)] and [W(CO)3(η-C5H4Me)]−. Complex 3 contains an organic diketone fragment that is bound in a π-allyl fashion to a tungsten atom. It was fully characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques and by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The relationship of complex 3 to a structurally characterized cyclopentadienyl tungsten η2-ketone species 1, and the likelihood that 3 and the methylcyclopentadienyl analog of 1 share common intermediates, are discussed.
Theory of magnetars

The discovery of long periods and high period derivatives in soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) over the past year has raised the possibility that magnetars, neutron stars having magnetic fields above 1014 G, may be real astrophysical objects. Magnetars are possibly the first astrophysical sources to derive their primary radiation power from magnetic energy, which substantially exceeds their rotational energy. In addition, the physics of supercritical magnetic fields operates in a more exotic realm than even that of normal pulsars. I will discuss acceleration and radiation models for the SGR bursts and quiescent emission from SGRs and anomalous X-ray pulsars.
Surgical treatment of non-small cell lung cancer 1 cm or less in diameter.

Abstract Background . Routine lung cancer screening does not currently exist in the United States. Computed tomography can detect small cancers and may well be the screening choice in the future. Controversy exists, however, regarding the surgical management of these small lung cancers. Methods . The records of all patients were reviewed who underwent resection of solitary non–small cell lung cancers 1 cm or less in diameter from 1980 through 1999. Results . The study included 100 patients (56 men and 44 women) with a median age of 67 years (range 43 to 84 years). Lobectomy was performed in 71 patients, bilobectomy in 4, segmentectomy in 12, and wedge excision in 13. Ninety-four patients had complete mediastinal lymph node dissection. The cancer was an adenocarcinoma in 48 patients, squamous cell carcinoma in 26, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in 19, large cell carcinoma in 4, adenosquamous cell carcinoma in 2, and undifferentiated in 1. Tumor diameter ranged from 3 to 10 mm. Seven patients had lymph node metastases (N 1 , 5 patients; N 2 , 2 patients). Postsurgical stage was IA in 92 patients, IB in 1, IIA in 5, and IIIA in 2. There were four operative deaths. Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged from 4 to 214 months (median 43 months). Eighteen patients (18.0%) developed recurrent lung cancer. Overall and lung cancer-specific 5-year survivals were 64.1% and 85.4%, respectively. Patients who underwent lobectomy had significantly better survival and fewer recurrences than patients who had wedge excision or segmentectomy ( p = 0.04). Conclusions . Because recurrent cancer and lymph node metastasis can occur in patients with non–small cell lung cancers 1 cm or less in size, lobectomy with lymph node dissection is warranted when medically possible.
Racial Group Comparisons of Conceptualizations of Rap Music Constructs: A Cross-racial Validity Study of the Rap Music Attitude and Perception Scale

Interpretations and perceptions of the effects and content of rap music lyrics have been given considerable attention in the literature in recent years, yet few assessment tools have been developed that can produce reliable and valid inferences about these views. One exception is the Rap-music Attitude and Perception (RAP) Scale. This study examined the cross-racial effects on attitudes toward and perceptions of rap music using a sample of 1,254 college students. A cross-sectional survey design was used to gather these data. Three specific hypotheses were tested and were supported or partially supported. Alpha reliabilities for the full scale and for each of the three sub-scales were good for black and white students separately. Criterion validity for these groups was also good. Finally, tests of factorial equivalence suggested that the factor structure of the RAP was equivalent across racial groups. The RAP is a tool with strong psychometric properties and can be used by practitioners and researchers working with black and white subgroups. Directions for future research on the utility of the RAP are forwarded.
Case report 570

L'article rapporte le cas d'un patient de 30 ans victime d'un accident de la voie publique qui presente un traumatisme de la colonne vertebrale lombosacree avec luxation fracture L S S 1 unilaterale. L'auteur insiste sur l'aspect radiologique typique devant permettre un diagnostic precis en vue d'une prise en charge therapeutique correcte
Asymmetric aldol reactions using catalytic d(+)-proline: a new, economic and practical approach to a commonly employed C1–C6 keto-acid synthon of the epothilones

Abstract A new approach to ketoacid 4 , a common C1–C6 fragment used in the total synthesis of epothilones was initiated by direct aldol reaction of acetone with a pivaldehyde-like substance 5 , catalyzed with d -proline, leading to a 2,6-diketoalcohol with better than 99% ee. Further intramolecular closure of the diketone 8 followed by oxidation of the silyl protected hydroxycyclohexenone 14 led to the desired product 4 . None of the steps have been optimized, yet the overall yield for the four-step process is 31%. The use of commercially available d -proline to construct the chiral center of 4 under very mild reaction conditions provided an economical and practical method for its construction.
Complications of Hand Fractures and Their Prevention

Regardless of the clinician's technical skill, the results of hand fracture treatment may not be optimal. Tissue planes are damaged by the initial trauma, and surgical approaches to restore bony anatomy or develop tendon gliding further violate them with scarring producing adhesions and motion deficits. Close communication with therapists may help reduce complications. Identification and prompt treatment of these complications may allow improved function. However, repeat surgery may be necessary to improve the results. It is critical to work with the patient to match expectations and to minimize frustration of both the patient and the surgeon.
Ray-Based Acoustic Localization of Discreet Sound Sources in a Highly Reverberant Environment

An acoustic localization method is applied in a reverberant environment to locate the sources of discrete sounds having unknown timing and waveform. In particular, the localization method is applied to study low event rate cavitation in a vortical flow in a water-tunnel test-section with characteristic cross section dimension of 0.3 m. The primary frequency and bandwidth of the acoustic pulses from the small isolated cavitation bubbles are 10 kHz and 200 kHz respectively, and the measured pulse duration is ∼15–20 micro-seconds. The localization method involves using an array of receiving hydrophones to record the cavitation sound pulses. These hydrophone recordings, which include direct-path signal, reflected path signal, and noise, are time windowed and cross-correlated to obtain direct-path arrival-time differences. These arrival time differences are used in conjunction with a simple ray-based acoustic model to estimate the source location in three dimensions via a robust Monte-Carlo routine. The ratio of the primary-frequency wavelength to the water-tunnel cross-section dimension is ∼1/2. Consequently the time-windowing is tight; only 1 to 1.5 center-frequency cycles at the beginning of a signal pulse are readily useful for localization purposes. The remainder of the signal is contaminated by reflections and is not used in the present effort. To check and validate the results of the acoustic method, two-camera high-speed video data was taken synchronously with the acoustic data for 53 cavitation events. The acoustic localization scheme provided an unambiguous location estimate for all 53 cavitation bubbles. The average distance between the optical and acoustic measurement of the bubble location was 18.4 mm, or ∼1/8 of the wavelength of the primary signal frequency.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Examination of flexibility acquisition policies in dual resource constrained job shops with simultaneous worker learning and forgetting effects

This study investigates worker training related issues in dual resource constrained (DRC)job shop environments with the simultaneous presence of learning, forgetting (which causes relearning) and worker attrition effects. Learning and forgetting occurs as workers are trained in different departments on the shop floor. A recent survey of job shops based in the US indicates that firms are concerned about the relearning losses that accompany worker transfers, and are using a variety of strategies to reduce the effects of relearning. This study uses the learn-forget-learn (LFL) model to capture different learning and forgetting environments in order to understand whether up-front training can be used to reduce relearning and realize the benefits of worker flexibility. Results show that the existing forgetting rate has a significant impact on inventory and customer service performance. Extensive up-front training helps reduce relearning, however, it does not always help improve performance.
Functional Properties of the Great Northern Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Proteins: Sorption, Buffer, Ultraviolet, Dielectric, and Adhesive Properties

Several functional properties of the Great Northern bean (Phuseolus vulguris L.) proteins were investigated. Sorption isotherms of the bean flour, albumins, globulins, protein concentrates, and protein isolates had similar patterns at corresponding temperatures. The bean flour registered higher equilibrium moisture content than albumins, globulins, protein concentrates, and protein isolates at corresponding temperature and equilibrium relative humidity. Buffer capacity of the bean proteins in the pH range 4–8 was modest. Modification (succinylation and oxidation) improved oil absorption capacity of the bean proteins. Water absorption capacity of the bean flour and protein isolates increased on modification. Modification of the bean proteins decreased the yellowness and increased the redness. About 1–2 KV/mm thickness potential difference was necessary for the passage of electrical current through these proteins. Globulins registered the highest stickiness (92N) among the samples investigated.
Soluble Receptors and Cytokine Antagonists in Human Milk

To determine whether human milk contained soluble receptors and cytokine antagonists that might contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties, ELISA and enzyme-amplified sensitivity immunoassay methods were used to quantitate soluble intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules, soluble E-selectin, soluble IL-6 receptor, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptors I and II in human milk and colostrum. Soluble adhesion receptors (soluble intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules and soluble E-selectin) were present in colostrum at levels approximately equal to serum, whereas milk levels were significantly lower. Both colostrum and milk contained soluble IL-6 receptor, but the levels present were significantly lower than that reported for serum. The colostrum contents of IL-1 receptor antagonist (672 ± 202 pg/mL), TNF-α receptor I (>3703 ± 305 pg/mL), and TNF-α receptor II(>4507 ± 770 pg/mL) were significantly elevated over serum/plasma levels. Milk levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist and TNF-α receptor I were also greater than serum/plasma levels, but lower than colostrum levels. Examination of sequential milk specimens collected from seven women over a period of 2-6 mo showed that IL-1 receptor antagonist and TNF-α receptors I and II persisted throughout lactation. Column chromatographic fractionation of colostrum and milk demonstrated that soluble TNF-α receptors I and II had molecular sizes up to 60 kD, suggesting that they might be associated with other molecules. Antigen assays for TNF-α in colostrum and milk, as well as chromatographic fractionation experiments, showed that, although present, most TNF-α was not “free” in colostrum or milk, consistent with the observed content of soluble TNF-α receptors I and II. These studies demonstrate that human milk and colostrum contain soluble receptors and cytokine antagonists, materials which could contribute to their anti-inflammatory properties.
Transformation of Al2O3 to LiAlO2 in Pb–17Li at 800 °C

A FeCrAl substrate was pre-oxidized for 2 h at 1000 C to thermally grow an external Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} scale and then isothermally exposed to Pb-17 at.% Li for 1000 h at 800 C to determine if this layer would protect the underlying alloy from dissolution. After exposure, a small mass gain was measured, indicating that the layer did inhibit dissolution. However, characterization of the external layer determined that it had transformed to LiAlO{sub 2} with an increased thickness and a much larger grain size than the original layer. This observation has implications for the use of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} as a permeation barrier in Pb-Li cooled fusion blanket systems.
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL RESPONSES OF TYPE II CELLS DURING SURFACTANT SECRETION

We studied membrane potentials of the plasma (Ep) and mitochondrial (Em) membranes of isolated type II alveolar epithelial cells under basal conditions and during surfactant secretion. Ep and Em of freshly isolated rabbit type II cells was measured by determining the distribution ratios of the labeled ionic probes triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP+) and Rb+, under conditions which eliminate potential-independent accumulation of probes. Under basal conditions Ep was found to be -63±4mV, similar to values obtained in other secretory epithelial cells. Stimulation of secretion by β-adrenergic agonists caused a 20% hyperpolarization of the cells measurable from 5 to 60 minutes after stimulation. The dose response relationship for the potential change was identical to that observed for secretion with a maximum at 10−5 terbutaline. Both secretion and potential changes were completely inhibited by use of the β-blocker propanolol. Through the use of potential selective poisons the change in potential could be attributed to a change in Ep occurring via the activation of an electrogenic membrane bound Na-K ATPase. These results suggest that ionic movements across the plasma membrane play a role in the secretion of surfactant from type II cells.
Bacterial Transport from Agricultural Lands Fertilized with Animal Manure

A plot scale study was conducted to determine bacterial transport in runoff from cropland treated with poultry litter and dairy manure applied at phosphorus (P) agronomic rates. Treatments included surface application of dairy manure, surface application of poultry litter, incorporation of dairy manure and control. A rainfall simulator was used to induce runoff 1 and 2 days after manure application. Runoff was analyzed to determine the concentration of indicator bacteria-fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus. Observed edge-of-field bacterial concentrations were 102 to 105 times higher than Virginia’s in-stream bacteria criteria for primary contact recreation waters. No significant treatment effects were observed on edge-of-field bacteria concentration or yield. Results suggest that the manure application based on agronomic P rates may yield significant bacterial loading to downstream waterbodies if rainfall occurs soon after manure application. This research underscores the need for BMPs that reduce runoff volumes and filter pollutants associated with animal manures.
PREPARATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS OF PROTEINS IN ACRYLAMIDE GELS.

SUMMARY (1) A simple apparatus is described for adaption of the “disc” electrophoresis techniques to a preparative procedure that permits analytic and radioactive monitoring of the effluent fractions automatically. (2) The efficiency of the procedure for separating a model system consisting of ribonuclease, trypsin, and chymotrypsin has been demonstrated. In addition, preliminary results concerning the separation of the unexpected multiple proteins of poliovirus are presented.
Surface precipitation of inorganics and surfactants and its role in adsorption and flotation

Abstract Adsorption of surfactants and inorganics on minerals is influenced by the properties of the solid as well as various chemical equilibria involving such reactions as complexation, precipitation, and micellization. Analysis of the adsorption process from an overall chemical equilibrium point of view shows that in a number of mineral—reagent systems, the so-called chemisorption can, in fact, be viewed as a surface-precipitation process. The marked pH dependence of adsorption of metallic species on oxides, often speculated to be due to the chemisorption of hydrolyzed metal ions, can also be explained in terms of surface-precipitation processes. This precipitation in the interfacial region is essentially controlled by the solubility product for precipitation in the bulk solution and the activities of the species in the interfacial region. In this paper, the adsorption behavior of cobalt and calcium species on silica, and ferric species on alumina is examined in terms of surface precipitation. Also, the electrokinetic behavior of iron-oxide—octylhydroxamate and apatite—oleate systems, and the flotation characteristics of tenorite (CuO)—salicyl-aldoxime and calcite/apatite/dolomite—fatty-acid/sulfonate systems have been analyzed. Changes in electrokinetic and flotation behavior of these systems have been correlated with precipitation conditions.
Structure-property relationships of donor/acceptor-functionalized tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzenes and bis(dehydrobenzoannuleno)benzenes.

A series of tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzenes and bis(dehydrobenzoannuleno)benzenes have been synthesized containing tetra-substitutions of neutral, donor, and mixed donor/acceptor groups. To ascertain the importance of substitutional and structural differences of the phenylacetylenes, the optical absorption and emission properties of each series were examined. Conjugation effectiveness, electron density, planarity, and geometry of charge-transfer pathways were found to have a pronounced effect on the overall optical and material properties. Considerable self-association behavior due to face-to-face stacking in solution was observed for donor/acceptor-functionalized macrocycles and was quantified by concentration-dependent 1H NMR measurements. A solvent-dependent polymerization of one macrocycle regioisomer was observed and characterized. To provide further insight into the energy levels and electronic transitions present, computational studies of each system were performed.
Solitons versus Parametric Instabilities during Ionospheric Heating

Various effects associated with ionospheric heating are investigated by numerically solving the modified Zakharov (1972) equations. It is shown that, for typical ionospheric parameters, the modulational instability is more important than the parametric decay instability in the spatial region of strongest heater electric field. It is concluded that the modulational instability leads to the formation of solitons, as originally predicted by Petviashvili (1976).
HIGGS PROPAGATOR IN THE PRESENCE OF STRONG DYNAMICS IN THE ELECTROWEAK SECTOR

The Higgs propagator, in the presence of strong top-Yukawa coupling, is expressed in the form of dispersion integrals so that unitarity in top–antitop scattering amplitude is maintained. It is found that a large top-Yukawa coupling lowers the Higgs mass from the condensate-model value of twice the top mass (≈350 GeV) to 100–200 GeV consistent with the Z0 width precision measurements. The coupling is found to be ≈3.7 at the top-mass, much larger than the Standard Model value ≈1. It corresponds to a compositeness scale ≈1.4 TeV, which is consistent with top-color models. A second scalar state around 1 TeV also emerges as a solution in combination with the low mass Higgs.