cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Killing of Schistosoma Mansoni Sporocysts by Hemocytes From Resistant Biomphalaria Glabrata

In strains of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda) that are resistant to the parasite Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda), hemocytes in the hemolymph are responsible for elimination of S. mansoni sporocysts. The defensive role of reactive nitrogen species was investigated in in vitro interactions between hemocytes derived from the resistant 13-16-R1 strain of B. glabrata and the parasite. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methylester (l-NAME) and the nitric oxide (NO·) scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide reduced cell-mediated killing of S. mansoni sporocysts. To determine if peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is involved in killing, assays were run in the presence of the ONOO− scavengers uric acid and deferoxamine. These did not influence the rate of parasite killing, indicating that NO· is directly responsible for mediating cytotoxicity, but ONOO− is not. The combination of the NOS inhibitor l-NAME and catalase, an enzyme that detoxifies hydrogen...
A fear of flying: diagnosing traumatic neurosis among British aviators of the Great War

In the last two decades, historical scholarship has challenged the argument that British soldiers fighting the First World War found Victorian principles of masculine heroism wanting in modern warfare. However, these researchers have neglected to examine military aviation in their studies. Recruitment patterns, training guidelines and media coverage of the earliest British airplane pilots idealized a normative model of aviators as courageous and physically strong, a hegemonic masculine identity linked to a recent revival of chivalry and elite athleticism in British culture. Yet, numerous British aviators who flew during the Great War faced bodily harm and psychological strains, resulting in disillusionment with wartime leadership and with media portrayals of ideal manhood. Despite such scepticism, the masculine archetype endured because the British War Office, prominent medical officers and the administrators of the air forces claimed that symptoms of traumatic stress fundamentally originated in a failure...
Force fluctuations while pressing and moving against high- and low-friction touch screen surfaces.

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of a high- and low-friction surface on the ability to maintain a steady downward force during an index finger pressing and moving task. Fifteen right-handed subjects (24-48 years) performed a static force pressing task and a hybrid pressing and moving task on the surface of an iPad mini while holding a steady 2-N force on high- and low-friction surfaces. Variability of force was quantified as the standard deviation (SD) of normal force (F z) and shear force (F xy) across friction conditions and tasks. The SD of F z was 227 % greater during the hybrid task as compared to the static task (p < .001) and was 19 % greater for the high- versus low-friction condition (p = .033). There were positive correlations between SD of F z and F xy during the hybrid force/motion tasks on the high- and low-friction conditions (r (2) = 0.5 and 0.86, respectively), suggesting significant associations between normal and shear forces for this hybrid task. The correlation between the SD of F z for static and hybrid tasks was r (2) = 0.44, indicating that the common practice of examining the control of static tasks may not sufficiently explain performance during hybrid tasks, at least for the young subjects tested in the current study. As activities of daily living frequently require hybrid force/motion tasks (e.g., writing, doing the dishes, and cleaning counters), the results of this study emphasize the need to study motor performance during hybrid tasks in addition to static force tasks.
Clinical and Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Centro-Midtemporal Spike Foci in Children

(1984). Clinical and Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Centro-Midtemporal Spike Foci in Children. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 73-80.
Factor V Quebec revisited

Factor V Quebec has been described as a bleeding disorder that exhibits an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and presents severe bleeding after trauma. Two members of a fourth-generation (IV.13 and IV.15) Canadian family have been studied in detail and are the subject of this report. Their clinical presentations and histories have been described previously (Tracy et al: J Clin Invest 74:1221, 1984). Persistent abnormalities include mild thrombocytopenia and defective platelet factor V. Plasma factor V is present at near normal concentration and is fully functional. Thus, the bleeding diathesis appears to reflect the absence of platelet factor V activity. The recent report (Hayward et al: Blood 84:110a, 1994 [suppl, abstr]) of multimerin deficiency in these individuals led us to reevaluate these patients. Western blot analyses of platelet lysates developed with a variety of monoclonal antibodies show that the alpha-granule proteins, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, factor V and osteonectin are decreased in concentration and significantly degraded in the platelets of these patients. Thrombospondin, while not degraded, is substantially decreased. In contrast, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin do not appear to be affected. These observations suggest that the alpha-granules are correctly assembled but the contents are subsequently subjected to proteolytic degradation. The results indicate that factor V Quebec disorder is probably associated with a generalized defect that leads to degradation of most proteins of the alpha-granules.
PLAQUE DISRUPTION BY CORONARY CTA, NOT APPARENT BY INVASIVE CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

By invasive coronary angiography (ICA), unstable lesions are designated “complex” by features of haziness, ulceration and dye-staining (‘Ambrose’ criteria). Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) can delineate concordant unstable features, including ulceration and intra-plaque dye
Tissue specificity and alternative splicing of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoforms NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3 in rat

The gene coding for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX1 is characterized by a cluster of six exons (A, B, C, D, E, and F) coding for a variable region in the COOH terminus of the large intracellular loop of the protein. Alternative splicing of these exons generates multiple tissue-specific variants of NCX1. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed eight previously described and four new splicing isoforms of NCX1 in a wide variety of tissues and cells. Exons A and B are mutually exclusive, as shown in earlier studies, and splicing isoforms containing exon A are preferentially expressed in heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, whereas splicing variants with exon B are found in all rat tissues except heart. The second and third isoforms of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCX2 and NCX3, show a deletion of 37 amino acids in the intracellular loop corresponding to parts of the variable region of NCX1. We identified three splicing isoforms of NCX3 in brain and skeletal muscle by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. These splice variants are generated by including either of two alternative exons equivalent to the NCX1 exon A or B and by including or excluding a sequence equivalent to the NCX1 exon C. We did not detect any alternative splicing of NCX2. We examined selected tissues from neonatal and adult rats and found developmental regulation for NCX1 and NCX3 splicing isoforms in skeletal muscle. Specific isoform patterns were also detected for NCX1 and NCX3 in cultured cortical neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. We suggest a new terminology to distinguish the different splice variants of individual NCX isoforms.
Multiuser detection of blind self-adaptation based on the Kalman filter

This paper uses the Kalman filter for multiuser detection.The result of theory and imitation show that this algorithm is a liner least square multiuser detection.On condition of no training sequences,this algorithm realizes effective restraint of the multiple access interface,and has the good astringency and trace ability.
The Gibbs–Helmholtz Equation in Chemical Process Technology

The family of Gibbs–Helmholtz equations connect phase and chemical equilibrium with enthalpy and volume. This family of equations is one of the most useful—yet unappreciated and poorly understood—mathematical relations in chemical thermodynamics. This paper rigorously derives several variants of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation that are applicable to chemical process technology, and evaluates their use for educational and industrial purposes. The focus of the contribution is the manner in which fundamental chemical thermodynamics contributes to the industrial practice of process technology. Some rigorous thermodynamic equations are more useful than others in particular applications of chemical process technology. The paper also studies the early historical development of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation.
Role of Angiography

The multifaceted role and timing of coronary angiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction are reviewed. Angiography is potentially a critically important part of the overall evaluation of infarction patients. Until recently, angiography was usually coupled with coronary angioplasty for lesions that were approachable. The emphasis has shifted to the informational features of angiography and its use for patient triage to either medical therapies, angioplasty, or coronary bypass surgery. Presently angiography is the only methodology that can document the patency status of the infarct-related artery early after infarction onset. Data from many large-scale clinical trials are reviewed, as well as data from smaller trials.
Resisting Misogyny and Caste: The Writings of Meena Kandasamy

This article examines the political writing of Meena Kandasamy, online and in print, as it provokes vicious personal attacks which, in themselves, speak to the cultural critique Kandasamy puts forth.
An Optical Technique to Measure Micro Displacements

An optical microscope together with a CCD camera and an imaging system is utilized to measure displacements in the microscopic range. Although the strains may be large, the local displacements are very small. The displacement sensitivity is limited by the optical technique used to measure displacements and the larger are the magnifications, the more sensitive must be the technique to determine displacements. To increase the displacement sensitivity a new method has been developed. Two examples of application are given, one to the field of composites and the other to the area of fracture mechanics.
Self as Content

The creators of some alternative performances are themselves the primary focus of their work. Some aspect of self becomes the principal content of their productions as well as the chief material from which the productions are made. In some instances the content is the artists’ own cognitive and perceptual processes, in others it is autobiographical incidents from their lives, in still others they present themselves on stage as themselves but sometimes in such a way that it is not clear what is actual and what is illusion.
Patient Engagement in the Medical Facility Waiting Room Using Gamified Healthcare Information Delivery

This study explores the proposition that medical facility waiting rooms are an opportune setting to engage with and educate patients while they are waiting for care. In collaboration with emergency department (ED) personnel, we developed ER Hero, a tablet-based application for waiting rooms that introduces patients to ED professionals and operations through mini-games and story-like interaction. We evaluated this prototype with human participants to determine how well it performed when compared to paper-based information disclosure presenting the same information. Participants using the application exhibited increased ED knowledge, decreased nervousness, and increased interest. The gamified application outperformed a paper-based approach on some of these aspects. Quantitative and qualitative results of this study have helped identify key design factors necessary for effective engagement with patients in the medical facility waiting room, improved communication between patients and hospital personnel, and enhanced patient experience in the waiting room.
Space, Time, and (How They) Matter

This paper is a brief (and hopelessly incomplete) non-standard introduction to the philosophy of space and time. It is an introduction because I plan to give an overview of what I consider some of the main questions about space and time: Is space a substance over and above matter? How many dimensions does it have? Is space-time fundamental or emergent? Does time have a direction? Does time even exist? Nonetheless, this introduction is not standard because I conclude the discussion by presenting the material with an original spin, guided by a particular understanding of fundamental physical theories, the so-called primitive ontology approach.
Understanding the Conformational Diversity of Proton-Coupled Oligopeptide Transporter (POT) Family

Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) are members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) proteins involved in uptake of nutrients across of the cell membrane. These proteins undergo intrinsic conformational changes between outward-facing (OF), occluded (OC) and inward-facing (IF) states to transport substrate molecules. AtNRT1.1 is a plant nitrate (NO3-) transporter identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, belonging to the POT family. It shares close structural and functional homology to the bacterial di/tri-peptide transporter PepTSo. In our study, we investigated the functional mechanism of AtNRT1.1 and PepTSo. Both transporter protein crystal structures are obtained in the IF state and dynamics between functionally important intermediate states remains elusive. We performed all atom molecular dynamics simulations over microsecond timescales to explore the conformational landscape of AtNRT1.1 and PepTSo. Since the conformational changes of these proteins occur at large timescales, an adaptive sampling approach has been employed to efficiently sample the free energy landscapes. MD results reveal key gating residues that act as transition switches for intracellular and extracellular opening of the transporter. In AtNRT1.1, the residues Lys164-Tyr480 of helices 4 and 10 stabilize the OC state and helices 1 and 7 move ∼15A to reach the OF state. In PepTSo, Ser131-Tyr431 of helices 4 and 10 act as gating residues to stabilize the OC state while the OF state is obtained by breaking the interaction between Arg32-Asp316 of helices 1 and 7. Our finding sheds light on the conformational dynamics and functional mechanisms of AtNRT1.1 and PepTSo leading to better understanding of the role of hidden intermediate states in membrane transporters.
Self-Assembly of Protruding Islands on Spherical Substrates by Surface Instability

Through strain-induced morphological instability, protruding patterns of roughly commensurate nanostructures are self-assembled on the surface of spherical core/shell systems. A three-dimensional (3D) phase field model is established for closed substrate. We investigate both numerically and analytically the kinetics of the morphological evolution, from grooves to separated islands, which is sensitive to substrate curvature, misfit strain and modulus ratio between core and shell. The faster growth rate of surface undulation is associated with the core/shell system of harder substrate, larger radius or misfit strain. Based on a Ag core/SiO2 shell system, the self-assemblies of protruding SiO2 nano-islands are explored experimentally. The numerical and experimental studies herein could guide the fabrication of ordered quantum structures via surface instability on closed and curved substrates.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Abstract 275: Tissue Transglutaminase Stabilizes Placental AT1 Receptor and Contributes to Pathophysiology in Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious hypertensive disease of pregnancy associated with the presence of the major angiotensin receptor AT1-agnostic autoantibodies (AT1-AAs) that cause the defining PE features when introduced into pregnant mice. To understand AT1-AA-mediated receptor activation in PE, we explored the role of tissue transglutaminases (TG2), the most ubiquitous member of a group of enzymes modifying proteins by catalyzing the formation of e-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine isopeptide bonds. TG2, a versatile protein that can also function as a G protein, is enriched in the syncytiotrophoblasts of placenta, the key organ in PE pathogenesis. Western blot analysis and IHC-IF double staining initially revealed that TG2 and transglutaminase (TG)-mediated isopeptide modification levels are increased approximately 2X in PE vs normotensive (NT) placental tissue (n=4 or 5, p 2 >0.5, p in vivo experiments in which TG inhibitor cystamine, or siRNA-mediated TG2 knockdown, significantly attenuated AT1-AA-induced PE features in pregnant mice including hypertension (PE=160±6 vs PE+cystamine=133±3mmHg, p TG2 siRNA=137±7mmHg, p TG2 siRNA=26±6ng albumin/mg creatine, p
Noncatalytic, N-terminal Domains of DNA Polymerase Lambda Affect Its Cellular Localization and DNA Damage Response

Specialized DNA polymerases, such as DNA polymerase lambda (Polλ), are important players in DNA damage tolerance and repair pathways. Knowing how DNA polymerases are regulated and recruited to sites of DNA damage is imperative to understanding these pathways. Recent work has suggested that Polλ plays a role in several distinct DNA damage tolerance and repair pathways. In this paper, we report previously unknown roles of the N-terminal domains of human Polλ for modulating its involvement in DNA damage tolerance and repair. By using Western blot analysis, fluorescence microscopy, and cell survival assays, we found that the BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) and proline/serine-rich (PSR) domains of Polλ affect its cellular localization and DNA damage responses. The nuclear localization signal (NLS) of Polλ was necessary to overcome the impediment of its nuclear localization caused by its BRCT and PSR domains. Induction of DNA damage resulted in recruitment of Polλ to chromatin, which was controlled by its BRCT and PSR ...
Repair of Retinal Detachment via Pars Plana Vitrectomy (C3F8/SF6/Oil)

A confirmation of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment should be made including identification of the causative breaks if possible. The patient should then undergo a thorough informed consent process including the need for an expedient repair and the risks involved with vitrectomy-based surgery.
A randomized phase II study of standard-dose versus high-dose rituximab with BEAM in autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed aggressive B-cell non-hodgkin lymphomas: long term results

Summary High-dose rituximab (HD-R) combined with carmustine, cytarabine, etoposide and melphalan (BEAM) and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) was effective and tolerable in a single-arm prospective study of relapsed aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (R-NHL). We performed a randomized phase 2 study comparing HD-R versus standard-dose rituximab (SD-R) in R-NHL. Ninety-three patients were randomized to HD-R (1000 mg/m2) (n = 42) or SD-R (375 mg/m2) (n = 51) administered on post-transplant days +1 and +8, using a Bayesian adaptive algorithm. The 2 treatment arms were balanced in regards to patient demographic and clinical characteristics. At a median follow-up of 7·92 years, the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 40% and 48%, respectively. We found no statistically significant differences between HD-R and SD-R in 5-year DFS (36% vs. 43%; P = 0·205) and OS (43% vs. 52%; P = 0·392). In multivariate analyses, only disease status before ASCT [residual disease versus complete remission (CR)] (hazard ratio [HR] 1·79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·08–2·95) and number of prior treatments received (>2 vs. ≤2 lines of treatment) (HR 1·89, 95% CI: 1·13–3·18) were associated with worse DFS and OS. Patients who had SCT while in CR or who received ≤2 lines of treatment prior to SCT had better 5-year OS (57% vs. 35%; P = 0·02 and 54% vs. 30%, P = 0·001, respectively) in both arms. No differences in engraftments or adverse events were noted in the 2 arms. When combined with BEAM and ASCT in relapsed aggressive B-cell NHL, HD-R provided no DFS or OS advantage over SD-R. In patients who have been exposed to rituximab in the frontline or salvage setting, the addition of rituximab in the peri-transplant setting remains controversial.
Epoxidized sucrose soyate—A novel green resin for crop straw based low density fiberboards

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of low density fiberboard produced with combinations of two fibers soybean straw ( Glycine max ), and wheat straw ( Triticum aestivum ) and two resins methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and epoxidized sucrose soyate (ESS) resin as binders. ESS is a high performance, soybean oil based epoxy that has shown promise as a highly biobased adhesive. Six formulations of panels were produced using various combinations of straw and resin binder. Mechanical testing of sample boards was conducted using ASTM standard D1037-12. Test results showed that type of resin did not influence soy straw or wheat straw board’s stiffness and strength properties but had a major impact on water resistance, screw withdrawal strength and internal bond strength. The study demonstrated the potential of ESS as a novel binder for fiberboard system if a suitable crosslinker and catalyst is utilized. It also showed that increasing ESS content over 50% in a MDI blend lowered the performance characteristics of boards. However, analytical testing of the resin systems showed limited reactivity between ESS soyate and MDI, indicating other compatible resin chemistries should be explored for achieving superior board properties. Overall, a resin blend with 25–50% ESS in MDI appears favorable for low density fiberboards. ESS can be a promising bio-based resin as it has the potential to meet California Air and Resources Board (CARB) standards while providing acceptable properties as an adhesive.
A genetically encoded tool for manipulation of NADP + /NADPH in living cells

The redox coenzymes NADH and NADPH are broadly required for energy metabolism, biosynthesis and detoxification. Despite detailed knowledge of specific enzymes and pathways that utilize these coenzymes, a holistic understanding of the regulation and compartmentalization of NADH- and NADPH-dependent pathways is lacking, partly because of a lack of tools with which to investigate these processes in living cells. We have previously reported the use of the naturally occurring Lactobacillus brevis H2O-forming NADH oxidase (LbNOX) as a genetic tool for manipulation of the NAD+/NADH ratio in human cells. Here, we present triphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase (TPNOX), a rationally designed and engineered mutant of LbNOX that is strictly specific to NADPH. We characterized the effects of TPNOX expression on cellular metabolism and used it in combination with LbNOX to show how the redox states of mitochondrial NADPH and NADH pools are connected.
Oral strength comparisons across age and sex in healthy volunteers

Background: Devices designed to objectively measure strength have allowed us to better understand oral musculature. More data are needed to determine the variability of normal oral strength. The study aimed at determining the differences in the strength of the tongue, lips, and cheeks across adult age groups and between the sexes.Methods: One-hundred-thirty-two participants were equally distributed amongst younger, middle and older age groups, half of which were comprised of each sex. Strength measurements using the IOPI were made for the lips, cheeks, and tongue in different directions.Results: All dependent measurements were positively correlated. A significant difference between the younger and older groups was observed for anterior tongue strength exerted superiorly and tongue protrusion. Males were significantly stronger than females for anterior tongue strength exerted superiorly and laterally and cheek strength. Conclusions: This study served to improve our understanding of normal oral strength by increasing the data available for normal healthy individuals of different ages and sexes. Results supported some previous findings and conflicted with others. Additional study is required to establish a better idea of the range of normal versus abnormal strength measurements and their impact on swallowing physiology. This study represents a necessary step to that end.
Performance analysis for using non-volatile memory DIMMs: opportunities and challenges

DRAM scalability is becoming more challenging, pushing the focus of the research community towards alternative memory technologies. Many emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) devices are proving themselves to be good candidates to replace DRAM in the coming years. For example, the recently announced 3D-XPoint memory by Intel/Micron promises latencies that are comparable to DRAM, while being non-volatile and much more dense. While emerging NVMs can be fabricated in different form factors, the most promising (from a performance perspective) are NVM-based DIMMs. Unfortunately, there is a shortage of studies that explore the design options for NVM-based DIMMs. Because of the read and write asymmetries in both power consumption and latency, as well as limited write endurance, which often requires wear-leveling techniques, NVMs require a specialized controller. The fact that future on-die memory controllers are expected to handle different memory technologies pushes future hardware towards on-DIMM controllers. In this paper, we propose an architectural model for NVM-based DIMMs with internal controllers, explore their design space, evaluate different optimizations and reach out to several architectural suggestions. Finally, we make our model publicly available and integrate it with a widely used architectural simulator.
The Linac Coherent Light Source: Current Status and Future Direction

In the period since LCLS was commissioned in 2009, we have prioritized the development and delivery of a continual flow of new capabilities that have enabled many groundbreaking results over a broa...
The Influence of Target and Masker Characteristics on Infants' and Adults' Detection of Speech.

Purpose Several investigators have compared infants' detection of speech in speech and nonspeech maskers to evaluate developmental differences in masking. Such comparisons have produced contradicto...
Evaluation of Three Air Dispersion Models: ISCST2, ISCLT2, and Screen2 for Mercury Emissions in an Urban Area

The goal of this paper is to compare and evaluate the performance of three air quality regulatory models for mercury releases. The models include Industrial Source Complex Short Term model (ISCST2), Industrial Source Complex Long Term model (ISCLT2), and SCREEN2. The evaluation is conducted in multiple point source urban environment using meteorological data, emission inventory and monitoring data for eight stations for the year 1990 to 1992. The performance of the models is evaluated using eight statistical parameters. The comparison of models results for both quarterly and annual averaging periods shows that ISCST2 predictions qualitatively match the observed concentrations; whereas SCREEN2 predicts highest concentrations and ISCLT2 the lowest concentrations. The summary of statistical analysis obtained by using three different methods of observed concentration (Co) and predicted concentrations (Cp) comparison show that the ISCST2 has a better overall performance than ISCLT2 and SCREEN2 models. However, none of the models met the criteria for a reasonable model. Summaries of 95% confidence limits on normalize mean square error (NMSE), geometric mean variance (VG) and geometric mean bias (MG) for each and among model indicate that of the three models, ISCST2 has the best overall performance indicators. Improved model performance may be achieved by incorporating different types of mercury forms into emission rate and air dispersion calculations.
Change in the Tropical Hadley Cell Since 1950

The change in the tropical Hadley cell since 1950 is examined within the context of the long-term warming in global surface temperatures. The study involves analyses of observations, including various metrics of the Hadley cell, and ensemble 50-year simulations by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with the observed evolution of global sea surface temperature since 1950. Consistent evidence is found for an intensification of the Northern Hemisphere winter Hadley cell since 1950. This is shown to be an atmospheric response to the observed tropical ocean warming trend, together with an intensification in El Nino’s interannual fluctuations, including larger amplitude and increased frequency after 1976. The intensification of the winter Hadley cell is shown to be associated with an intensified hydrological cycle consisting of increased equatorial oceanic rainfall, and a general drying of tropical/subtropical landmasses. This Hadley cell change is consistent with previously documented dynamic changes in the extratropics, including a strengthening of westerly atmospheric flow and an intensification of mid-latitude cyclones.
Psychopharmacology of Human Aggression: Laboratory Studies

Human aggressive behaviour occurring in the natural environment has frequently been related to prior drug ingestion (e.g. Cherek and Steinberg 1986; Tinklenberg and Stillman 1970). The association between alcohol consumption and subsequent human aggressive behaviour has been frequently reported and is generally accepted as a causative relationship. Such naturalistic observations obviously focus upon the administration of drugs which precede increased probabilities of aggressive behaviour. One can expect, however, that the probability of human aggressive behaviour can be reduced following administration of other drugs or the same drugs in different environmental situations. A more precise delineation of the effects of particular drugs on human aggressive behaviour can be advanced only by studies conducted in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
To scan or not to scan

Physicians should understand the relationship between clinical expertise and cost consciousness in making their diagnoses. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
A WRITING ASSIGNMENT IN ABSTRACT ALGEBRA

ABSTRACT Requiring abstract algebra students to do a major writing assignment can provide significant positive returns, if the instructor organizes the assignment well and provides the students with continuous feedback. The students are more excited about learning the subject matter and they stretch to find applications and connections to the outside world.
Lower total cerebral arterial flow contributes to cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis patients.

Background:The cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients declines with aging, longer disease duration, and possibly cardiovascular comorbidities.Objectives:We investigated whether l...
FIND: Identifying Functionally and Structurally Important Features in Protein Sequences with Deep Neural Networks

Abstract The ability to correctly predict the functional role of proteins from their amino acid sequences would significantly advance biological studies at the molecular level by improving our ability to understand the biochemical capability of biological organisms from their genomic sequence. Existing methods that are geared towards protein function prediction or annotation mostly use alignment-based approaches and probabilistic models such as Hidden-Markov Models. In this work we introduce a deep learning architecture (Function Identification with Neural Descriptions or FIND) which performs protein annotation from primary sequence. The accuracy of our methods matches state of the art techniques, such as protein classifiers based on Hidden Markov Models. Further, our approach allows for model introspection via a neural attention mechanism, which weights parts of the amino acid sequence proportionally to their relevance for functional assignment. In this way, the attention weights automatically uncover structurally and functionally relevant features of the classified protein and find novel functional motifs in previously uncharacterized proteins. While this model is applicable to any database of proteins, we chose to apply this model to superfamilies of homologous proteins, with the aim of extracting features inherent to divergent protein families within a larger superfamily. This provided insight into the functional diversification of an enzyme superfamily and its adaptation to different physiological contexts. We tested our approach on three families (nitrogenases, cytochrome bd-type oxygen reductases and heme-copper oxygen reductases) and present a detailed analysis of the sequence characteristics identified in previously characterized proteins in the heme-copper oxygen reductase (HCO) superfamily. These are correlated with their catalytic relevance and evolutionary history. FIND was then applied to discover features in previously uncharacterized members of the HCO superfamily, providing insight into their unique sequence features. This modeling approach demonstrates the power of neural networks to recognize patterns in large datasets and can be utilized to discover biochemically and structurally important features in proteins from their amino acid sequences. Author summary
The Effect of Axillary Lymph Node Sampling during Mastectomy on Immediate Alloplastic Breast Reconstruction Complications.

Background Tissue expander-based immediate breast reconstruction is currently the most common technique used for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. During mastectomy, axillary lymph nodes are biopsied to stage patients. The purpose of this study is to investigate postoperative complications with respect to extent of lymph node dissection. Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing tissue expander-based immediate breast reconstruction at our institution from 2010 to 2012 was conducted. Charts were analyzed to determine the association between the absolute number of axillary lymph nodes removed and postreconstructive incidence of skin necrosis, cellulitis, seroma, and expander removal. Independent sample t test and linear regression were used to analyze data. Results In total, 282 patients with 467 reconstructions were included. Overall incidence of all postoperative complications per breast was 23.8%. Breasts in which a complication occurred had a mean of 6 nodes removed versus 4 nodes in uncomplicated breasts (P = 0.018). Complications were noted at a significantly higher rate in patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection compared with sentinel lymph node biopsy (P = 0.008). Expander removal and seroma occurred more frequently in breasts that had a greater number of nodes removed (P = 0.006 and P = 0.015, respectively). Preoperative radiation resulted in higher incidence of cellulitis and skin necrosis. Postoperative radiation and chemotherapy did not adversely affect reconstruction. Conclusions Axillary lymph node removal of >4 nodes confers a greater risk of postreconstructive seroma formation and tissue expander loss in patients undergoing immediate reconstruction following mastectomy. Axillary lymph node dissection has a higher incidence of breast reconstruction complications compared with sentinel lymph node biopsy. Therefore, we encourage plastic surgeons to consider degree of lymphadenectomy when discussing reconstructive options with patients, as this may significantly impact their reconstructive outcome.
Electric Resistivity Testing of Green-State Powdered Metallurgy Components

The powder metallurgy (PM) industry is a high volume, low cost margin market. Therefore, it is essential that flaws are detected as early as possible in the manufacturing process. Previous NDE research has been directed towards finished products and has employed traditional methods such as ultrasound and eddy-current based testing techniques. However, the goal of this work is to develop a NDE method for green-state PM parts, the state prior to sintering. The material in these parts consist of large loosely packed grains of compressed powder, which are often ferrous, making most traditional methods unsatisfactory.
A VLSI design and implementation for a real-time approximate reasoning

The role of inferencing with uncertainty is becoming more important in rule-based expert systems (ES), since knowledge given by a human expert is often uncertain or imprecise. We have succeeded in designing a VLSI chip which can perform an entire inference process based on fuzzy logic. The design of the VLSI fuzzy inference engine emphasizes simplicity, extensibility, and efficiency (operational speed and layout area). It is fabricated in 2.5 μm CMOS technology. The inference engine consists of three major components; a rule set memory, an inference processor, and a controller. In this implementation, a rule set memory is realized by a read only memory (ROM). The controller consists of two counters. In the inference processor, one data path is laid out for each rule. The number of the inference rule can be increased adding more data paths to the inference processor. All rules are executed in parallel, but each rule is processed serially. The logical structure of fuzzy inference proposed in the current paper maps nicely onto the VLSI structure. A two-phase nonoverlapping clocking scheme is used. Timing tests indicate that the inference engine can operate at approximately 20.8 MHz. This translates to an execution speed of approximately 80,000 Fuzzy Logical Inferences Per Second (FLIPS), and indicates that the inference engine is suitable for a demanding real-time application. The potential applications include decision-making in the area of command and control for intelligent robot systems, process control, missile and aircraft guidance, and other high performance machines.
The cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis adjusts its behaviour towards predatory versus non-predatory clients

In cleaning mutualisms, small cleaner organisms remove ectoparasites and dead skin from larger clients. Because cheating by predatory clients can result in cleaner death, cleaners should assess the potential risk of interacting with a given client and adjust their behaviour accordingly. Cleaner shrimp are small marine crustaceans that interact with numerous client fish species, many of which are potential predators. We use in situ observations of cleaner-client interactions to show that the cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis adjusts several behaviours when interacting with predatory versus non-predatory clients. Predatory clients were cleaned in a significantly lower proportion of interactions than non-predatory clients, and cleaners also exhibited a leg rocking behaviour-potentially signalling their identity or intent to clean-almost exclusively toward predatory clients. Incidence of leg rocking was positively correlated with client size, and laboratory experiments showed that it can be elicited by dark visual stimuli and decreases in illumination level. Thus, cleaners clean less frequently when predation risk is higher, and may use leg rocking as a signal advertising cleaning services and directed specifically at predators.
Exogenous octopamine increases antipredator aggression in scorpions (Centruroides vittatus)

In many invertebrates, the monoamine octopamine (OA) acts as a hormone and neurotransmitter, regulating “fight-or-flight” behavior and aggression. Though well-studied in some taxa (e.g., insects and crustaceans), the role of OA in arachnids is little understood, and information on any hormones within scorpions is lacking. Given its effects in most arthropods, we expected elevated levels of octopamine to increase aggressive antipredator behaviors in scorpions. We experimentally raised octopamine levels in striped bark scorpions (Centruroides vittatus (Say, 1821)) and measured changes in their behavioral responses to simulated predator attack. Elevated octopamine levels increased aggressive behaviors in C. vittatus scorpions, whereas an octopamine antagonist (phentolamine) had no effect on behavior. Overall, this study begins to extend our understanding of behavioral endocrinology to scorpions, finding general similarities with spiders. Future work promises to better elucidate the role of monoamines and other hormones in regulating scorpion behavior and their interactions with predators.
Strategies for the Inclusion of Human Members within Human-Robot Teams

Team member inclusion is vital in collaborative teams. In this work, we explore two strategies to increase the inclusion of human team members in a human-robot team: 1) giving a person in the group a specialized role (the ‘robot liaison’) and 2) having the robot verbally support human team members. In a human subjects experiment $( _{N}\,_{=}\,26$ teams, 78 participants), groups of three participants completed two rounds of a collaborative task. In round one, two participants (ingroup) completed a task with a robot in one room, and one participant (outgroup) completed the same task with a robot in a different room. In round two, all three participants and one robot completed a second task in the same room, where one participant was designated as the robot liaison. During round two, the robot verbally supported each participant 6 times on average. Results show that participants with the robot liaison role had a lower perceived group inclusion than the other group members. Additionally, when outgroup members were the robot liaison, the group was less likely to incorporate their ideas into the group’s final decision. In response to the robot’s supportive utterances, outgroup members, and not ingroup members, showed an increase in the proportion of time they spent talking to the group. Our results suggest that specialized roles may hinder human team member inclusion, whereas supportive robot utterances show promise in encouraging contributions from individuals who feel excluded. CCS CONCEPTS •Human-centeredcomputing → Userstudies; Empiricalstudies in collaborative and social computing. ACM Reference Format: Sarah Strohkorb Sebo, Ling Liang Dong, Nicholas Chang, and Brian Scassellati. 2020. Strategies for the Inclusion of Human Members within Human-Robot Teams. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge,United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374808
Visual Diagnosis: An Infant with Ulcerative Lesions of the Posterior Oropharynx.

1. Sandy S. Johng, MD* 2. Valerie Gribben, MD, FAAP* 3. Ellen Laves, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA A 7-week-old girl who was born at 35 weeks’ gestation presents to urgent care for evaluation of gradually worsening fussiness with feeding during the past 3 days. The infant was born after premature rupture of membranes via cesarean delivery for breech presentation, had done well in the nursery, and was discharged home without complications. Since then she has continued to gain weight with breastfeeding and bottle-feeding of expressed human milk and formula. However, during the past 3 days her mother has noticed that she is taking half of her normal feeding volume and has been crying with feeds. On examination the patient is well-appearing with normal vital signs. Her examination is unremarkable other than an area of mild erythema in the posterior end of the hard palate. When her mother brings the patient back the next day for persistent symptoms, the patient is noted to have developed a right-sided 3-mm ulcerative lesion in the hard palate. Two days later on follow-up, the lesion is noted to be 5 mm, and 2 days after that, the lesion has increased …
Preemptive Therapy vs Antiviral Prophylaxis in Cytomegalovirus-Seronegative Liver Transplant Recipients With Seropositive Donors—Reply

In Reply The observed rate of breakthrough disease (2%) during prophylaxis in our study1 is consistent with the rate in other clinical studies (1%-4%).2,3 Both CMV disease cases in the prophylaxis group were receiving intermittent hemodialysis and kidney-adjusted parenteral ganciclovir per manufacturer’s instructions. Inadequate dosing is unlikely given data showing that in solid organ transplant recipients with advanced kidney dysfunction, manufacturer’s recommended dosing results in relative drug overexposure, not underexposure.4 Excluding these 2 cases, the odds of CMV disease by 12 months (0.46 [95% CI, 0.191-1.05]; P = .08) and delayed-onset CMV disease (0.30 [95% CI, 0.11-0.82]; P = .01) still favored preemptive therapy vs prophylaxis.
Government Subsidization and the Reduction of Enteric Emissions in the United States: Is implementing a policy of national enteric emissions standards a feasible national policy option to reduce methane emissions in the United States?

This paper explores policy options aimed at the mitigation of methane emissions produced as a byproduct of enteric fermentation in ruminant animals. Through a comparative analysis of government policies utilized in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, this paper explores options for implementation within the United States. After focusing on the extensive subsidies received by the agriculture sector in the United States, this paper concludes that requiring farms and corporations to meet mitigation standards in exchange for subsidies is plausible and has worked in other, comparable foreign industries.
Flows in horizontal thermohaline convection with differential diffusion

Oceanographers use the term “differential diffusion” to express a greater value of bulk turbulent diffusivity of temperature within the ocean than the value of bulk diffusivity of salinity, the rat...
Objectification and vision: how images shape our early visual processes

Objectification involves treating someone (a subject) as a thing (an object). The role of images in perpetuating objectification has been discussed by feminist philosophers. However, the precise effect that images have on an individual's visual system is seldom explored. Kathleen Stock’s work is an exception—she describes certain images of women as causing viewers to develop an objectifying ‘gestalt’ which is then projected onto real-life women. However, she doesn’t specify the level of visual processing at which objectification occurs. In this paper, I propose that images can affect a viewer's early visual system. I will argue that if a viewer is exposed to a lot of images that depict women as sexual objects, this will bias their early visual selection mechanisms in a way that can result in an objectifying way of seeing. This is an important contribution to work on objectification as it incorporates empirical studies on vision and findings from philosophy of mind. It also examines some of the epistemic and moral consequences of objectification occurring at this early visual stage.
Measuring Intra-Assay Agreement for the Ames Salmonella Assay

To assess the effects of exposure to toxic stimuli, the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducts bioassays in various organisms, each with a different biological endpoint. Mutagenic damage, as indicated by the Salmonella assay (Ames et al., 1975), is a major concern. The Salmonella assay occupies a central role in the genotoxicity testing program undertaken by the NTP. This program has involved numerous chemicals, tested under code, and under strictly controlled protocols at a number of laboratories.
A note on the temperature range of applicability of the third law of thermodynamics

The low temperature of applicability of the third law of thermodynamics is shown, for the Debye insulator, to be less than the incremental-energy level spacings divided by Boltzmann’s constant—a temperature of applicability lower than previously assumed.