cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alps: A Framework for Implementing Parallel Tree Search Algorithms

ALPS is a framework for implementing and parallelizing tree search algorithms. It employs a number of features to improve scalability and is designed specifically to support the implementation of data intensive algorithms, in which large amounts of knowledge are generated and must be maintained and shared during the search. Implementing such algorithms in a scalable manner is challenging both because of storage requirements and because of communications overhead incurred in the sharing of data. In this abstract, we describe the design of ALPS and how the design addresses these challenges. We present two sample applications built with ALPS and preliminary computational results.
Life-Course Events and Experiences: Association with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in 3 Ethnic Groups

Abstract Objective To examine how life-course experiences and events are associated with current fruit and vegetable consumption in 3 ethnic groups. Design A theoretic model developed from previous qualitative research guided the development of a telephone survey. Data were collected on fruit and vegetable consumption, sociodemographic characteristics, ethnic identity, and life-course events and experiences, including food upbringing, social roles, food skills, dietary changes for health, and practice of food traditions. Subjects/setting Low- to moderate-income adults living in a northeastern US city were selected randomly from 3 ethnic groups: black (n=201), Hispanic (n=191), and white (n=200). Statistical analyses Bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis of associations between life-course variables and fruit and vegetable consumption. Results Black, Hispanic, and white respondents differed significantly in life-course experiences, family roles, sociodemographic characteristics, and place of birth. Explanatory models for fruit and vegetable consumption differed among ethnic groups and between fruits and vegetables. Among black respondents, a college education was positively associated with fruit consumption; education and family roles contributed most to differences in fruit ( R 2 =.16) and vegetable ( R 2 =.09) consumption. Among Hispanic respondents, life-course experiences such as .liking fruits and vegetables in youth, making dietary changes for health, and food skills were positively associated with fruit ( R 2 =.25) and vegetable ( R 2 =.35) consumption. Among white respondents, sociodemographic characteristics, such as being married with a young child or single with no child arid having a garden as an adult, were positively associated with fruit ( R 2 =.20) and vegetable ( R 2 =.22) consumption. Applications/conclusions An understanding of the determinants of food choice in different subcultural groups can be used to design effective nutrition interventions to increase fruit, and vegetable consumption. Experiences such as eating fresh-picked fruits and vegetables while growing up or vegetable gardening as an adult may enhance fruit and vegetable consumption among members of some ethnic groups. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:309–314 .
MODIFICATION OF THE “ON-OFF” EFFECT WITH BROMOCRIPTINE AND LERGOTRILE

ABSTRACT Twenty patients with advanced Parkinson disease and “on-off” phenomena were treated at different times with bromocriptine and lergotrile in addition to levodopa. When either bromocriptine or lergotrile was added to levodopa there was a significant decrease in total score and an increase in time spent in “on” periods. Thirteen of 20 patients improved by at least one-stage. Comparable improvement was not seen in “off” periods. Bromocriptine and lergotrile are useful in the treatment of advanced Parkinson disease, particularly in patients with “on-off” phenomena.
Políticas para reducir el daño que causa el tabaco

SUMMARY Even though health authorities in Spain recognize the relevance of smoking as a health problem in prin ciple, this does not translate into effective policies to change the dimensions of the problem nor in resources needed to inform or help those involved. This manuscript provides the frame for a strategic analysis of smoking prevention in Spain, from a comprehensive perspective in international context. After reviewing the current situation and its causes, the main issues are defined, as well as strategies and key actions for the future, going beyond health care services to deal with the determinants of smoking. Fiscal policy, pro duct regulation, advertisement ban and expanding smoke free areas are highlighted.
Gender Detection from Spine X-Ray Images Using Deep Learning

The algorithm described in this paper aims to classify the spine x-ray images according to image characteristics that exhibit gender. We developed a customized sequential CNN model which is trained from scratch using the spine images first and tested it on the NHANES II dataset hosted by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). Aiming to improve the performance, we then developed a method for extracting the region-of-interest (ROI) in the cervical spine images using a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) method and compared the results of using the original images vs. the ROI images. Later, we applied/tested the method of fine-tuning a DenseNet model that was pre-trained with the ImageNet dataset with the spine images, and this approach gets the best result, achieving classification accuracy of 99% for cervical spine image set and 98% for the lumbar spine image set.
Genetic Association Studies

To the Editor: I am delighted to see that Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology has taken the lead in initiating an open discussion about genetic association studies in such a prominent manner. As correctly pointed out in the editorial by Dr Hegele,1 the number of publications has exponentially increased in the last decade. Despite the intrinsic problems with this approach, this exponential growth also demonstrates the popularity of this type of study. Anyone who follows the literature in genetic association studies will recognize, as Dr Hegele does, …
Community detection with edge augmentation in criminal networks

We study community detection in criminal networks and address the problem caused by intentionally hidden edges which hinder the performance of community detection. We make use of link prediction to demonstrate how the community structure of a network can be better identified by augmenting it with edges. We demonstrate the value of this method by showing this method delivers us better quality communities for real life drug trafficking networks. We discuss also the limitations of the approach, and importance of community detection for investigating of criminal networks.
Silicon Dendritic Trees

In the vertebrate nervous system, communication between distant neurons is done using encoded pulse streams. Closely packed neurons may not produce impulses at all, relying instead on electrotonic spread of membrane potential differences to communicate (e.g. McCormick, 1990). Impulses are also used within the dendritic trees of some, or perhaps all, spatially extensive neurons (e.g. Llinas and Sugimori, 1980). However, their role is not well understood, partly because experimemeasurements are extremely difficult to obtain within thin dendritic branches.
Demystify Nonlinear RF Magnetic Devices with Circuit Models Coupling Electromagnetic Waves to Spin Waves

Nonlinear RF magnetic devices such as frequency selective limiters (FSL) can offer tremendous amount of benefit to the robustness of a RF front-end as it sets a power limit only to the frequencies where strong signal presents while allowing weak signals at different frequencies to pass. Its behavior involves coupling of electromagnetic waves to spin waves oscillations in ferrite material on which no traditional model is available to provide quantitive prediction of its performance. In this talk, we will present a nonlinear circuit model for FSL device design. The dominant magnetic-behaviors of FSL devices are translated into equivalent circuits with parameters rigorously determined from fundamental physics. The spin motions as well as the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) are modeled by RLC parallel circuits with parameters derived from Polder’s tensor and Kittel’s equations. The exchange coupling between spins is modeled by an inductor added between adjacent RLC circuits based on quantum spin theory. The nonlinear cross-frequency coupling from signal at ω to spin waves at ω/2 is represented by a pendulum model that predicts the parametric oscillations of spins. The circuit units are cascaded to describe the spin wave propagation inside the magnetic material, and transmission line parameters are added finally to describe the RF signal propagation. The simulation results match the measurement results published, and the model successfully predicts the threshold power level, nonlinear insertion loss, time delay, and frequency selectivity of the device. The modeling approach opens a new paradigm in simulating strong, nonlinear wave-matter coupling in certain RF devices, in which the macroscopic behavior of the device is linked to quantum physics that is happening in nanometer dimensions.
Seismic Deformation Analysis of Embankment Dams Using Simplified Total-Stress Approach

AbstractIn earthquake-prone areas, risk analyses of seismic potential failure modes for embankment dams are often required. In order to evaluate these potential failure modes, seismically induced d...
Incidence and risk factors for peritoneal carcinomatosis following open radical cystectomy.

Abstract Objective To characterize the frequency and risk factors of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in patients undergoing open radical cystectomy (RC). Methods We identified 3,285 patients with urothelial carcinoma treated with RC for curative intent between 1980 and 2016. At last follow-up, 72.1% (2,370/3,285) of patients had died, with a median follow-up of 8.6 years (Interquartile Range, (IQR) 3.7, 14.1). PC was defined as any recurrence involving the omentum, small bowel, and mesentery. Overall-specific survival (OSS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methodology and log-rank test. Risk factors for mortality and recurrence were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results One hundred and twenty nine (3.9%) patients were diagnosed with PC, while a total of 1,148 (34.9%) patients experienced recurrence at other sites. Median time to PC vs. other-site recurrence was 1.3 (IQR 1.3, 2.3) and 0.9 (IQR 0.5, 2.1) years, respectively (P= 0.04). Only increasing pathologic stage on multivariable analysis was associated with developing PC (pT1 HR 2.51, 95CI 1.14–5.55, P= 0.02; pT2 OR 2.82, 95CI 1.47–5.43, P= 0.002; pT3+ 2.40, 95CI 1.31–4.42, P= 0.005) over other recurrence patterns. Nodal status and tumor margin status were not associated. Patients with PC experienced worse OSS and CSS than other types of recurrence (P Conclusion PC was identified in almost 4% of patients undergoing open RC. PC is a rare occurrence after RC and primarily impacts patients with locally advanced disease.
A real-world evaluation of a tertiary care childhood obesity intervention to reduce metabolic risk in a hard-to-reach urban population.

Research on outcomes associated with lifestyle interventions serving pediatric populations in urban settings, where a majority have severe obesity, is scarce. This study assessed whether participation in a lifestyle intervention improved body mass index (BMI) percentile, BMI z-score, blood pressure, and lipid levels for children and adolescents. The Live Light Live Right program is a lifestyle intervention that uses medical assessment, nutritional education, access to physical fitness classes, and behavioral modification to improve health outcomes. Data was analyzed for 144 subjects aged 2–19 who participated for a minimum of 12 consecutive months between 2002 and 2016. McNemar tests were used to determine differences in the proportion of participants who moved from abnormal values at baseline to normal at follow-up for a given clinical measure. Paired sample t-tests assessed differences in blood pressure and lipid levels. Multiple linear regression assessed the change in blood pressure or lipid levels associated with improvement in BMI%95 and BMI z-score. The majority were female (62.5%), mean age was 9.6, and 71% were Black. At baseline, 70.1% had severe obesity, systolic hypertension was present in 44, and 13.9% had diastolic hypertension. One-third had abnormally low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at baseline, 35% had elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and 47% had abnormal total cholesterol (TC). The average difference in percentage points of BMI%95 at follow-up compared was − 3.0 (95% CI: − 5.0, − 1.1; p < 0.003). The mean difference in BMI z-score units at follow-up was − 0.15 (95% CI: − 0.2, − 0.1; p < 0.0001). Participants with systolic or diastolic hypertension had an average improvement in blood pressure of − 15.3 mmHg (p < 0.0001) and − 9.6 mmHg (p < 0.0001), respectively. There was a mean improvement of 4.4 mg/dL for participants with abnormal HDL (p < 0.001) and − 7.8 mg/dL for those with abnormal LDL at baseline (p = 0.036). For those with abnormal baseline TC, a one-unit improvement in BMI%95 was associated with a 0.61 mg/dL improvement in TC while holding constant age, contact hours, and months since enrollment (p = 0.043). Participation in the program resulted in significant improvements in BMI percentile, BMI z-score, blood pressure, and lipid levels.
Left Ventricular Assist Device as Destination Therapy: a State of the Science and Art of Long-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support

The purpose of this review is to synthesize and summarize recent developments in the care of patients with end-stage heart failure being managed with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as destination therapy. Although the survival of patients treated with LVAD continues to improve, the rates of LVAD-associated complication, such as right ventricular failure, bleeding complications, and major infection, remain high, and management of these patients remains challenging. The durability and hemocompatibility of LVAD support have greatly increased in recent years as a result of new technologies and novel management strategies. Challenges remain in the comprehensive care of patients with destination therapy LVADs, including management of comorbidities and optimizing patient function and quality of life.
The Development of Rational Strategies for Selective Immunotherapy against Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the strong parallels that exist between T cell receptor (TCR) usage in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), and TCR usage in myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of MS patients and in T cells in demyelinative plaques in the MS brain. Based on these similarities, selective immunotherapy that targets either class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or TCR-variable (TCR–V) regions is described in EAE, with consideration given to application of these principles in MS. These new therapeutic approaches involve monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed to either HLA class II molecules or TCR-V region molecules, or peptides that compete with HLA class II molecules or vaccination against TCR–V regions. Chronic EAE with relapses and remissions and with pathologic evidence of demyelination can be induced in mice with peptide fragments of MBP. Other peptide fragments of MBP are also immunogenic, but instead of inducing disease these fragments can protect mice from the induction of EAE caused by a pathogenic fragment. Highly selective therapies with antibodies or peptide directed against TCR or HLA class II molecules thus appear feasible for treatment of MS, especially because the elucidation of target TCR and HLA molecules is proceeding rapidly. It is worth noting that Teitelbaum and co-workers have treated EAE with a random copolymer (termed COPI) of tyrosine, alanine, lysine, and glutamate.
Modeling the Impact of Recommendations for Primary Care-Based Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in California.

ObjectiveTargeted testing and treatment of persons with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a critical component of the US tuberculosis (TB) elimination strategy. In January 2016, the Californi...
The ecotoxicological contaminant tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH) impacts embryonic development in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH) is a water contaminant with unknown etiology, but is believed to be a byproduct of DDT manufacturing. It is highly persistent in the environment, and bioaccumulates in marine species. TCPMOH has also been measured in human breast milk, which poses a risk for developing infants. However, almost no toxicity data is currently available. In this study, we investigate the hazard posed by developmental TCPMOH exposures using the zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 5 µM TCPMOH beginning at 24 h post fertilization (hpf). Embryonic mortality and incidence of morphological deformities increased in a concentration-dependent manner with TCPMOH exposure. RNA sequencing assessed changes in gene expression associated with acute (4 hour) exposures to 50 nM TCPMOH. Developmental exposure to TCPMOH decreased expression of ahr2, as well as metabolic enzymes cyp1a1, cyp1b1, cyp1c1, cyp1c2, and cyp2y3 (p
Multidimensional Clutter Filtering of Aperture Domain Data for Improved Blood Flow Sensitivity

Singular value decomposition (SVD) is a valuable factorization technique used in clutter rejection filtering for power Doppler imaging. Conventionally, SVD is applied to a Casorati matrix of radio frequency data, which enables filtering based on spatial or temporal characteristics. In this article, we propose a clutter filtering method that uses a higher order SVD (HOSVD) applied to a tensor of aperture data, e.g., delayed channel data. We discuss temporal, spatial, and aperture domain features that can be leveraged in filtering and demonstrate that this multidimensional approach improves sensitivity toward blood flow. Further, we show that HOSVD remains more robust to short ensemble lengths than conventional SVD filtering. Validation of this technique is shown using Field II simulations and in vivo data.
Detection of Choking Moments in College Tennis Based Upon Sport Specific Performance Patterns

Choking under pressure, broadly accepted and established as suboptimal performance in a particular task under pressure, is a phenomenon heavily addressed in research. Psychology domain brought up different hypotheses and theories for the existence of the phenomenon, yet engineering research rarely addresses it. This paper introduces a model and data collection framework for choking under pressure detection in college tennis based upon sport specific parameters. Hypothesis of choking under pressure existence in tennis supported by completed questionnaires collected from 55 tennis coaches served as a foundation for the creation of the choking detection model and the development of the data collection framework. There are 19 sport specific parameters selected to be measured and observed in the study using three wearable sensors and a video camera. Data were collected with four participants completing a total of nine tennis sessions. Data analysis and visualization of forehand and backhand topspin stroke swing speed measurements indicate that certain choking moments in college tennis matches can be detected solely based on the swing speed performance of the players. Results and collected data support the practicality of the presented model and demonstrate feasibility of the proposed study. The future plan for the research is to collect data for a total of 60 tennis sessions with a total of 15 participants, and to apply machine learning methods to all the gathered data of all the proposed sport specific variables in order to expand the data investigation for a potential discovery of additional choking under pressure patterns in college tennis.
Unnatural Selection? An Analysis of the Factors Associated with Unpublished Prospective Clinical Research in Radiation Oncology.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Factors associated with successful publication of clinical trials in radiation oncology have not yet been identified. We investigated whether publication bias was associated with factors such as funding source, size, phase of trial, study length, randomized design, and trial origin. MATERIALS/METHODS Clinical trials between 2000-2005 were extracted by filtering for "radiation oncology" using the National Institutes of Health database, clinicaltrials.gov. The dates were chosen to select for studies that had adequate time to accrue. Studies were excluded if they were incomplete, observational, Phase 4, or lacked sufficient descriptions of their methods. Included studies underwent independent samples t-tests and bivariate analyses to evaluate for publication status using the Pearson Chi-Square test through JMP. RESULTS 538 studies were candidates for analysis. Multi-center trial sites, government funding, Phase III status, and randomized allocation were factors independently associated with increased likelihood of publication. The average number of study arms, lengths of the study in years, and number of participants were all significantly greater in trials that achieved publication. CONCLUSION The results of the review demonstrate publication bias. Less than half of the completed clinical trials in radiation oncology from 2000-2005 were published; Phase III status, multi-center sites, non-industry funding, randomized allocation larger participant pools, and a longer study duration all contributed to successful publication of those trials. Ascertaining facilitative and inhibitory factors to publication may facilitate transparency in medical literature and thereby improve clinical advancements and the scientific discovery process.
Child restraint use in motor vehicles in Shanghai, China: a multiround cross-sectional observational study.

OBJECTIVES While appropriate child restraint use in motor vehicles can reduce the risk of injuries or deaths, few previous studies have assessed child restraint practice in China. We aim to describe the prevalence of child restraint use and investigate risk factors affecting child restraint practice in Shanghai, China. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional observational study was conducted near children's hospitals, kindergartens, entertainment places and shopping malls in Shanghai, China. PARTICIPANTS Eight rounds of data were collected between October 2015 and April 2019 with a total sample size of 12 061 children. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES At each site, trained field workers observed and recorded child restraint use in all passing motor vehicles with at least one child passenger. RESULTS The overall child safety restraint use rate was 6.42%. Child restraint use rate rose over time, from 5.12% in round 1% to 8.55% in round 8 (p<0.001). Results from the adjusted logistic regression model showed that children occupants with the following risk factors had a higher likelihood of child restraint use: children younger than 5 years compared with those aged 5-12 years (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.78 to 2.53; p<0.001), sitting in rear seat compared with those in front seat (OR 31.80; 95% CI 4.45 to 227.14; p=0.001), children occupants observed near entertainment places (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.67 to 3.28; p<0.001) or near shopping malls (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.55; p<0.001) compared with those near children's hospitals and transportation in the morning compared with afternoon (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.62; p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS The overall child safety restraint use rate was low in Shanghai. Our findings may shed light on monitoring child restraint practice and have implications for intervention programmes for children occupants with the identified risk factors, which may help to promote child restraint use in motor vehicles and prevent road traffic injuries or deaths.
The multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model : formulation and applications

Abstract Many consumer choice situations are characterized by the simultaneous demand for multiple alternatives that are imperfect substitutes for one another. A simple and parsimonious multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) econometric approach to handle such multiple discreteness was formulated by Bhat (2005) within the broader Kuhn–Tucker (KT) multiple discrete-continuous economic consumer demand model of Wales and Woodland (1983). In this chapter, the focus is on presenting the basic MDCEV model structure, discussing its estimation and use in prediction, formulating extensions of the basic MDCEV structure, and presenting applications of the model. The paper examines several issues associated with the MDCEV model and other extant KT multiple discrete-continuous models. Specifically, the paper discusses the utility function form that enables clarity in the role of each parameter in the utility specification, presents identification considerations associated with both the utility functional form as well as the stochastic nature of the utility specification, extends the MDCEV model to the case of price variation across goods and to general error covariance structures, discusses the relationship between earlier KT-based multiple discrete-continuous models, and illustrates the many technical nuances and identification considerations of the multiple discrete-continuous model structure. Finally, we discuss the many applications of MDCEV model and its extensions in various fields.
The Clash of Brothers

How does shared identity affect interstate war-proneness and hostility? This paper argues that shared identity in the form of cultural similarity is a source of wars, but only in the presence of differences in domestic political institutions. When shared identity is based on visible cultural markers, identity ties facilitate the spread of democratization. Elites in repressive regimes are threatened by a culturally-similar country where citizens are empowered. Thus a dictator uses force against the culturally-similar democracy to ensure that his or her citizens see their empowered brothers as an enemy rather than a model. Using a new dataset on cultural similarity, coupled with the Correlates of War Militarized Interstate Dispute (1816-2008) dataset, I show that the most war-prone and the most hostile country pairs share culture, but differ in their political institutions. The cultural similarity variables are based on race, religion, and civilization, all of which are positively correlated with questions about political culture in the World Values Survey. Through the analysis of articles written by the North Korean Central News Agency, I also show that Pyongyang began to describe life in South Korea in more negative terms after South Korea democratized in 1987.
Complex electronic states in double-layered ruthenates (Sr1-xCax)3RU2O7

The magnetic ground state of (Sr$_{1-x}$Ca$_x$)$_3$Ru$_2$O$_7$ (0 $\leq x \leq$ 1) is complex, ranging from an itinerant metamagnetic state (0 $\leq x $ 2) for $0.08 < x < 0.25$. The system eventually transforms into a Fermi liquid ground state when the magnetic ground state enters the itinerant metamagnetic state for $x < 0.08$. When $x$ approaches the critical composition ($x \sim$ 0.08), the Fermi liquid temperature is suppressed to zero Kelvin, and non-Fermi liquid behavior is observed. These results demonstrate the strong interplay between charge and spin degrees of freedom in the double layered ruthenates.
Accelerating protein structure recovery using graphics processing units

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have evolved to become powerful, programmable vector processing units. Furthermore, the maximum processing power of current generation GPUs is technically superior to that of current generation CPUs (central processing units), and that power is doubling approximately every nine months, about twice the rate of Moore's law. This research represents the first successful application of GPU vector processing to an existing scientific computing software package, specifically an application for computing the tertiary (3D) geometric structures of protein molecules from x-ray crystallography data. A framework for applying GPU parallel processing to other computational tasks is developed and discussed, and an example of the benefits of taking advantage of the visualization potential of newer GPUs in scientific computing is presented.
Abstract 1500: The difference of serum RNA profile: RNA detection method

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Serum miRNA profiles are widely reported by many research groups, but they do not always coincide well. The reason of this difference is suggested to be, at least in some cases, due to a difference in the RNAdetection method. In this report, we compare the miRNA expression data obtained by different detection tools.. In these days, the whole miRNA expression profiling can be done by multiple qRT-PCR, microarrays, and Next Generation Sequencing. However, the feature of each method will reflect to the obtained data and it is no surprise that data obtained by different tools do not match perfectly. We will compare the serum miRNA expression profiles detected by (1) “TaqMan” Array MicroRNA Card (2) QIAGEN miScript miRNA PCR Array (3) “3D-Gene” Human miRNA oligo chip, (4)”HiSeq” Next Generation Sequencer (5) Nanostring “nCounter” Analysis system and discuss the base of method for serum miRNA profiling. Citation Format: Satoshi Kondo, Satoko Takizawa, Hideo Akiyama. The difference of serum RNA profile: RNA detection method. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1500. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1500
Threats and Opportunities

How does the organizational climate of today's research library affect collection development? How is the climate of the library affected by the larger institutional climate? What is the impact on collection development and the role of the bibliographer? The article looks at general management theory on change and applies that theory to the role of the bibliographer in a changing environment. The bibliographer is viewed as an important contributor in defining organizational goals. The bibliographer, as any library manager, has the skills and perception to navigate the "permanent white water" in coping with change.
Direct studies of dikaryotization in Schizophyllum commune. I. Live inter-cellular nuclear migration patterns.

The growth, duplication and fate of multikaryotic hyphae bearing true clamp connections, as derived from compatible matings of Schizophyllum commune, were studied by phase contrast microscopy. The nuclei (N) of multikaryotic apices maintained a near central position during hyphal growth. True clamp connection formation occurred with near synchronous mitosis followed by septal synthesis across the clamp neck and main hyphal axis. Nuclear progeny after mitosis in a hexakaryon included 6 N in the apex, 1 N in the clamp and 5 N in the penultimate cell; the solitary nucleus in the clamp later entered the penultimate cell. Similar events occurred for clamp connection formation and mitosis in the trikaryon, quadrikaryon or pentakaryon, whether in the apex or primary branches. Nuclear content of the multikaryotic apex (2 N through 10 N) had no apparent effect on the rate of individual hyphal growth. Reduction of the nuclear number in a trikaryon occurred by long-term entrappment of a solitary nucleus in the clamp and subsequent outgrowth of the dikaryotic penultimate cell. Occasionally, more than one nucleus became entrapped in the clamp cell. The ephemeral nature of the multikaryon was indicated by the fact that older cultures appeared to be exclusively dikaryotic hyphae at the colony periphery.
Community Responses to Chronic Technological Disaster

SUMMARY A case study method was used to examine factors that contribute to community response to chronic technological disaster and to consider the dynamics that evolve within these communities. The Social Process Model (Edelstein, 1988) provided a theoretical framework for the study. Findings provided evidence of multiplicity of impacts regarding the pollution of water resources. Factors influencing community response include history, environmental awareness, economics, and community participation. Considering the longevity of disaster, communities may be forced to try different strategies to minimize its impacts. Community activism represents the most significant strategy in responding to the disaster.
Ileal resection/dysfunction in childhood predisposes to lithogenic bile only after puberty.

Abstract Children with ileal resection/dysfunction since infancy have bile that is not supersaturated with cholesterol. Five sexually mature subjects (age 16–19 years) who had been previously investigated in childhood (age 4–9 years) were studied. Gallstones were found in one. Bile rich duodenal aspirates were analyzed for lipid content (molar fraction) and the cholesterol saturation index was calculated. In the postpubertal subjects, a significantly higher proportion of biliary cholesterol (22.0% ± 4.8% vs. 3.2% ± 0.6% and 5.7% ± 0.5%, P P P
58 The Hydroisomerization of Ethylcyclohexane-α-C14

Publisher Summary Hydroisomerization reactions are not only of industrial importance but also of theoretical interest. The catalysts reported for these reactions include a hydrogenation component—such as nickel and platinum—deposited on acidic supports—such as silica-alumina or platinum—on alumina-containing halogen. A detailed study of the hydroisomerization reaction as a function of catalyst composition and experimental conditions is described in this chapter. Ethylcyclohexane is chosen as a model compound for the study of cycloalkanes as it may form a variety of isomers, of which the alkylcyclohexanes can be readily investigated. To determine the path through which such reactions may proceed, ethylcyclohexane having a labeled carbon atom in the α position of the side chain is hydroisomerized. The composition of alkylcyclohexanes in a hydroisomerate and the distribution of the radioactivity between a ring and side chain are described in the chapter.
Cyclosporine arteriolopathy: Effects of drug withdrawal

Renal arteriolopathy in chronic cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity is characterized by an eosinophilic granular transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells of afferent glomerular arterioles that is thought to eventually progress to necrosis of individual muscle cells and hyalinization of the vessel wall. Although the lesion is highly specific for cyclosporine-induced injury in humans, it has been difficult to reproduce in normotensive animals. To study the natural history of the cyclosporine arteriolopathy, we conducted sequential studies in salt-depleted Sprague-Dawley rats using cyclosporin A (15 mg/kg subcutaneously) treatment for 35 days, 49 days, 35 days plus 14 or 56 days of drug washout, or placebo (olive oil). Cyclosporin A produced a progressive decrease in renal function that significantly improved after discontinuation of the drug. The arteriolopathy, scored semiquantitatively, was present by day 35 and did not improve with cyclosporine withdrawal within 2 weeks but did dramatically regress after 56 days. However, tubulointerstitial changes did not regress with drug discontinuation and were present despite improvement in renal function. We conclude that cyclosporine-induced arteriolopathy may be reversible and associated with improving renal function. Thus, the morphological evidence of arteriolopathy is dissociable from the progressive tubulointerstitial scarring.
Aortic ornithine decarboxylase activity in deoxycorticosterone/salt hypertensive rats

Previous studies from our own and other laboratories have shown that hypertension induces changes in the growth of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC). The purpose of this study was to examine the role of ornithine decarboxylase (OrnDCase) in this process. OrnDCase, the rate limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, increases in activity early in the cell cycle, and has been used as a marker of cell growth or proliferation. Deoxycorticosterone (DOC)/salt hypertension was induced in male Wistar rats. At 1-3 day intervals of DOC/salt treatment, the aortas were removed and OrnDCase activity and DNA content were determined. The results indicated that OrnDCase activity increased as early as day 2 of DOC/salt administration, reached a peak at day 10, and fell to a baseline by day 16. DNA content increased after day 10 to levels approximately 25% greater than in controls. Significant increases in blood pressure were not observed until after day 8. The findings indicate that OrnDCase activity is stimulated by DOC/salt even before the rise in blood pressure and that factors other than blood pressure per se may be important in stimulating aortic smooth muscle cell growth in the development of hypertension.
Knocking out answers to diabetes: role of SSTR5.

Diabetes affects more than 15 million Americans with enormous economic impact on our healthcare system [1]. The biological basis for diabetes, therefore, is an area of intense basic science and translational research. Critical to making progress in diabetes research and developing new treatments is understanding the complexities of regulated insulin secretion and pancreatic islet health. Somatostatin, a potent inhibitory neuropeptide, has long been known to inhibit insulin secretion, but its exact role in islet physiology and diabetes is not completely understood [2]. Somatostatin (SST) hormone activity is mediated through SST-14 and SST-28 isoforms that differentially bind to the five different SST receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5) [3]. Human islet -cells express SSTR1 and SSTR5. Consequently, SST binding to either of these receptors could affect insulin secretion. On the other hand, islet -cells express SSTR2 and -cells express SSTR5—thus illustrating the specific molecular signature each islet cell type has for a unique response to SST. Since islets have a mixed cell population ( , , , and others) arranged in an organized configuration (mantle and core) with an intraislet portal circulation, SST could regulate insulin secretion either by a direct -cell secreted SST paracrine effect or by a systemic SST effect, or perhaps a complex interplay of both routes. Although it is known that SST inhibits insulin secretion, it is unknown to what extent each of the SSTR receptor subtype contributes to the regulation of insulin secretion and the complex interplay of islet cell types and the systemic response. For more than a decade Brunicardi et al. have studied the role of somatostatin and SSTRs in regulation of insulin secretion to further our understanding of islet physiology and diabetes. Initial studies used SST analogues and transfected SSTR gene expression constructs
Metabolism of Bile Salts in Mice Influences Spore Germination in Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile, a spore-forming bacterium, causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In order to produce toxins and cause disease, C. difficile spores must germinate and grow out as vegetative cells in the host. Although a few compounds capable of germinating C. difficile spores in vitro have been identified, the in vivo signal(s) to which the spores respond were not previously known. Examination of intestinal and cecal extracts from untreated and antibiotic-treated mice revealed that extracts from the antibiotic-treated mice can stimulate colony formation from spores to greater levels. Treatment of these extracts with cholestyramine, a bile salt binding resin, severely decreased the ability of the extracts to stimulate colony formation from spores. This result, along with the facts that the germination factor is small, heat-stable, and water-soluble, support the idea that bile salts stimulate germination of C. difficile spores in vivo. All extracts able to stimulate high level of colony formation from spores had a higher proportion of primary to secondary bile salts than extracts that could not. In addition, cecal flora from antibiotic-treated mice was less able to modify the germinant taurocholate relative to flora from untreated mice, indicating that the population of bile salt modifying bacteria differed between the two groups. Taken together, these data suggest that an in vivo-produced compound, likely bile salts, stimulates colony formation from C. difficile spores and that levels of this compound are influenced by the commensal gastrointestinal flora.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related pulmonary non-Hodgkin lymphoma regressing after zidovudine therapy

Background. Zidovudine is a thymidine analogue that has been reported to have antiviral and antineoplastic activity in vitro. Methods. The case of a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and a pulmonary non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with zidovudine and no other treatment is presented. Results. The patient achieved a prolonged partial remission of a pulmonary non-Hodgkin lymphoma while receiving zidovudine alone. Conclusions. Zidovudine may have antitumor effects in AIDS-related lymphomas and should be evaluated for its antitumor potential.
CYCLOGENESIS IN THE ATLANTIC COASTAL REGION OF THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Cyclones originating in the Atlantic coastal region of the United States are classified into two types, and the characteristics of each type as determined from a study of 208 cyclones over a period of ten years are discussed. Methods of detecting cyclogenesis in its early stages are described and illustrated with an example.
Ontogenetic microhabitat shifts in Sacramento pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus grandis: reducing intraspecific predation

The Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) is a piscivore that will prey on its own young in streams. Microhabitat use by two size classes of juvenile pikeminnow in stream pools with and without adults present was examined in the South Yuba River, California. Juvenile pikeminnow were generally found in shallower and slower conditions than adult pikeminnow, but shifted to even slower and shallower conditions with more cover in the presence of large adults. Microhabitats selected were related to fish size, suggesting that intraspecific predation was the dominant factor affecting local distribution. Patterns of microhabitat use were consistent with ecological segregation of species and size classes observed in other California streams with more diverse fish faunas.
Adaptive dynamic programming-based state quantized networked control system without value and/or policy iterations

In this paper, the Bellman equation is used to solve the stochastic optimal control of unknown linear discrete-time system with communication imperfections including random delays, packet losses and quantization. A dynamic quantizer for the sensor measurements is proposed which essentially provides system states to the controller. To eliminate the effect of the quantization error, the dynamics of the quantization error bound and an update law for tuning its range are derived. Subsequently, by using adaptive dynamic programming technique, the infinite horizon optimal regulation of the uncertain NCS is solved in a forward-in-time manner without using value and/or policy iterations by using Q-function and reinforcement learning. The asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is verified by standard Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation results.
Comparing the means of two groups – the t‐test

This column continues a series on topics in research methodology, statistics and data analysis techniques for the library and information sciences. It discusses the t‐test for the differences in means between two independent groups.
Diffusion through a membrane: approach to equilibrium.

The transfer of solute through a membrane separating two aqueous solutions is studied with the time-dependent diffusion equation for composite media. By introducing new independent and dependent variables it is shown that the differential equations and boundary conditions can be transformed into a dimensionless form which does not explicitly depend on the diffusivities of the media. Laplace transforms are used to derive explicit solutions for the solute concentration as a function of position and time. It is shown that at large time the concentration approaches the equilibrium distribution exponentially. Explicit results are given for the decay time as a function of the parameters of the system. In addition, an accurate and simplified expression is derived for the decay time for the case of small membrane permeability. The accuracy of the analytic solutions for the concentration profiles is tested by comparing them with numerical results obtained by solving the diffusion equations by the method of finite differences. Excellent agreement is found.
Optimization of natural gas production by waterflooding

This paper discusses optimization of natural gas production using waterflooding of a gas reservoir. The functions governing the rate of gas withdrawal and the rate of water injection control the operation of the reservoir. These, together with volume and mass balance and the ideal gas law, give a simple system of ordinary differential equations modelling the reservoir. We use several physical and economic definitions of an optimal production rate. Under each definition, we establish the optimal controls. The relation between prices of water and natural gas and the optimal controls is discussed.
Determination of Major, Minor, and Trace Elements in Human Serum by Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

An evaluation of two methods of sample preparation for human serum and two methods of calibration for inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy is made statistically for 10 elements. Digestion of 1 mL of serum in nitric-perchloric acids was found to be more reliable than a 10-fold dilution of the sample. With acid digestion, aqueous calibration standards are sufficient and standard addition is unnecessary. Only Ca, Na, Mg, P, and Sr can be determined reliably with the dilution approach. The relative standard deviations ranged between 0.7 and 6% for ICP-AES analysis with 0.75 mL sample injections.
Radiation Fields in Spacecraft

The radiation environment to be found inside spacecraft, either in free space or earth-orbiting, is reviewed. The three main components of natural space radiation - galactic, solar, and trapped - are presented with a brief description of the important physical characteristics of each. The greatest known hazard to space travellers will come from rare large solar-particle events.
Quantitative genetic analysis of glucose transporter 4 mRNA levels in baboon adipose.

Objective: Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is an insulin-responsive glucose transporter expressed in adipose tissue. A decrease of the mRNA abundance of GLUT4 in adipose tissue has been observed in conditions of insulin resistance. The objective was to conduct quantitative genetic analyses using GLUT4 mRNA levels in omental adipose tissue of baboons as a novel phenotype. Research Methods and Procedures: A blood sample and a biopsy of omental adipose tissue were collected from 418 adult, pedigreed baboons. Total RNA was isolated from adipose tissue biopsies, and GLUT4 mRNA abundance was assayed by quantitative, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Insulin and glucose were determined in fasting plasma by standard methods. Quantitative genetic analyses were conducted using GLUT4 mRNA, insulin, and glucose as quantitative traits. Results: GLUT4 mRNA expression in omental adipose tissue was heritable (h2 = 0.23, p = 0.001). Bivariate genetic analyses revealed a significant genetic correlation (ρG) between GLUT4 mRNA abundance and both body weight (ρG = 0.63, p = 0.007), BMI (ρG = 0.59, p = 0.02) and insulin (ρG = 0.72, p = 0.04). A genome scan was conducted, and a quantitative trait locus was detected on chromosome 10p12 with a logarithm of the odds ratio score of 1.1. Discussion: GLUT4 mRNA abundance in omental adipose tissue has a significant genetic component. These findings suggest that expression of GLUT4 mRNA, plasma insulin levels, and body weight may be regulated by common genes.