cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenal Cells in Tissue Culture. VII. Effect of Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis on Steroidogenesis and Glycolysis1

We report our experience with 2 inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide and puromycin, and their effects on the metabolism of ACTH-responsive monolayer cultures of mouse adrenal tumor cells. At high concentrations, these agents promptly inhibit both protein and steroid synthesis. Protein synthesis can be inhibited 60% before any lowering of steroidogenesis occurs. When precautions are taken to remove preformed steroids, increasing concentrations of either inhibitor progressively inhibit not only ACTH-responsive but also resting steroid output. Steroid synthesis can be virtually obliterated with 1.0 mM puromycin, but with cycloheximide at concentrations of 10 5g/ml or higher, there is still a small but measurable steroidogenic response to ACTH. Cultures can be incubated with cycloheximide for as long as 5 hr, with complete and immediate reversal of its inhibitory effects on steroidogenesis upon its removal. Removal of ACTH from ACTHstimulated cells results in a rapid decline in steroidogenic activit...
Testing the exogeneity of economic time series: an application of innovation accounting

This paper proposes and presents an testable sufficient condition for testing the exogeneity of economic time series using Sims' (1980a) innovation accounting within an unconstrained vector autoregressive model. It is demonstrated that if each explanatory variable of a model is sequentially placed in the last position of the ordering of variables during orthogonalization, then strict exogeneity of the dependent variable with respect to each explanatory variable can be tested without any a priorirestrictions. The test is not biased by conditional correlations of other variables included in the model. The empirical demonstration within the VAR framework is based on a set of variables obtained by solving a macroeconomic model.
Loitering, Lingering, Hashtagging: Women Reclaiming Public Space Via #BoardtheBus, #StopStreetHarassment, and the #EverydaySexism Project

Over the past year, activists in Delhi, India, have protested violence against women in the streets, on the buses, and on social media with hashtag awareness campaigns including #BoardtheBus. These...
Does the National Labor Board Work for Labor

William B. Gould IV was appointed by President Clinton as chairman of the National Labor Relations Board and served from 1994 to 1998. Although Gould has long had a reputation in academia as a moderate, Republicans who opposed his nomination considered him an African-American radical who would revitalize the statutory obligations of the board to protect workers' rights. In this interview, Gould examines his stormy term as board chairman and the threat that right-wing Republicans in Washington continue to pose to the rights of workers and the prospects for improving labor rights.
Modified Methodology for Tracing Power Flow

Due to continuing trend towards deregulation and unbundling of transmission services, usage allocation has become critical. It is important to determine load being supplied from a particular generator. We need to know in a transmission line, the proportion of power going to a given load and the loads contribution to overall system losses. Thus, tracing method is used to trace the flow of electricity in a meshed electrical network. In this paper a modified methodology is proposed for tracing reactive power flow without adding fictitious nodes on system lines. Also, in this paper a modified methodology is proposed to break down the total real and reactive power loss in a transmission line into components to be allocated to individual loads.
Progress report: ethylene signaling and responses.

Ethylene regulates many cellular and developmental processes in plants through a signaling pathway con served in monocots and dicots (reviewed in Chen et al. 2005). The current model for the ethylene-signaling pathway, based on genetic analysis in Arabidopsis tha liana, is shown in Fig. la. Ethylene is perceived by a family of receptors related to bacterial histidine kinases (O'Malley et al. 2005) that modulate the activity of the Raf-like kinase CTR1, a negative regulator of the pathway. Functioning downstream of CTR1 is EIN2, a protein with similarities to Nramp metal-ion transport ers, followed by members of the EIN3/EIN3-like (EIL) family of transcription factors, which regulate the tran scription of primary ethylene-response genes. Additional components of the signal transduction pathway have been proposed, but their contribution to signaling is not yet resolved. Due to the similarity of CTR1 to Raf, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAP-kinase (MAPK) cascade has been proposed to act downstream of CTR1. In 2003, a putative MAPK module was implicated in ethylene signal transduction (Ouaked et al. 2003), but additional research indicates that the primary role of the MAPK in question (MPK6 in A. thaliana) is in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, not signaling (Ecker 2004; Liu and Zhang 2004). Because the ethylene receptors are related to histidine kinases, researchers have also wondered if
Work Capacity and Efficiency of the Autotransplanted Heart

Total extrinsic denervation of the heart was accomplished in six animals by cardiac autotransplantation. The work capacity and efficiency were studied in the postoperative period, when there was depletion of catecholamine stores. The left ventricular oxygen consumption (VO2) of these six cardiac autotransplants (average body weight, 13.6±0.6 kg) and six normal dogs (average body weight, 14.0±0.4 kg) were compared with a right-heart bypass at similar heart rates, mean arterial blood pressures, and systemic flows. The two groups of animals achieved comparable levels of stroke work (17.3 g-m) over the same range of filling pressures. Average maximum rates of left ventricular pressure development were also similar (autotransplants 2455±278 mm Hg/sec, versus 2267±209 mm Hg/sec for normal dogs). At VO2/100 g left ventricle, autotransplants averaged 9.54±0.97 cc/min and normal dogs 9.62±0.76 cc/min. However, left ventricular weights in the autotransplant group were significantly greater (110.9±6.2 g) than in the...
Electronic band gap of SrSe at high pressure

The electronic band gap of SrSe, in the CsCl-stuctured phase, was measured to 42 GPa via optical absorption studies. The indirect electronic band gap was found to close monotonically with pressure for the range of pressures studied. The change in band gap with respect to pressure, dE{sub gap}/dP, was determined to be -6.1(5)x10{sup -3} eV/GPa. By extrapolation of our line fit, we estimate band gap closure to occur at 180(20) GPa.
Quantum Black Holes and Thermalization in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

A new thermalization scenario for heavy ion collisions is discussed. It is based on the Hawking–Unruh effect: an observer moving with an acceleration a experiences the influence of a thermal bath with an effective temperature T = a / 2 π , similar to the one present in the vicinity of a black hole horizon. In the case of heavy ion collisions, the acceleration is caused by a pulse of chromo–electric field E ∼ Q s 2 / g ( Q s is the saturation scale, and g is the strong coupling), the typical acceleration is a ∼ Q s , and the heat bath temperature is T ≃ Q s / 2 π ∼ 200 MeV . In nuclear collisions at sufficiently high energies the effect can induce a rapid thermalization over the time period of τ ∼ π / Q s accompanied by phase transitions. A specific example of chiral symmetry restoration induced by the chromo–electric field is considered; it is mathematically analogous to the phase transition occurring in the vicinity of a black hole.
Assisted imitation: first steps in the seed model of language development

Abstract In this article, I present the theoretical and empirical grounding for the SEED (situated, culturally embodied, emergent, distributed) model of early language development. A fundamental prerequisite to the emergence of language behavior/communication is a hands-on, active understanding of everyday events ( Lock and Zukow-Goldring, 2010 , Rizzolatti and Arbib, 1998 , Zukow, 1989 ). At the heart of this understanding is the discovery that the self and others are alike. Interaction with caregivers, especially during assisted imitation, underlies these accomplishments ( Arbib, 2007 , Zukow-Goldring, 2006 ). In these communicative settings, caregivers educate infants’ attention ( Gibson, 1979 ) by directing them to notice the dynamically-coupled relation between affordances (opportunities for action) in the environment and their own bodily abilities (effectivities) as they achieve some goal. The situated, culturally embodied, emergent, and distributed nature of language behavior germinates and takes root during social interaction, unfolding and regenerating throughout the lifetime as the dynamically-coupled perceiving-and-acting of one person continuously informs that of the other ( Zukow-Goldring, 2006 ).
The Nature of Phonological Awareness: Converging Evidence From Four Studies of Preschool and Early Grade School Children.

Significant controversy exists about the nature of phonological awareness, a causal variable in reading acquisition. In 4 studies that included 202 5- to 6-year-old children studied longitudinally for 3 years, 123 2- to 5-year-old children, 38 4-year-old children studied longitudinally for 2 years, and 826 4- to 7-year-old children, the authors examined the relation of sensitivity to rhyme with other forms of phonological awareness. Rhyme sensitivity was indistinguishable from phonemic awareness, segmental awareness, and global phonological sensitivity in younger children. Rhyme sensitivity was distinguishable, although highly correlated, with these phonological skills in older children. Rhyme sensitivity was highly predictive of these other phonological skills. Children’s sensitivity to different linguistic units seems best conceptualized as a single underlying ability.
Comparative Mortality for Various Surgical Operations in Older versus Younger Age Groups

: The mortality rates associated with various surgical operations are compared in patients of the following four age groups: younger than 60, 60–69, 70–79, and 80 or older. The reasons for higher mortality in association with specific operations in aged patients are discussed.
A new technique for computing the weight spectrum of turbo-codes

We obtain an accurate and simple analytical approximation to the bit error probability of maximum-likelihood decoding of parallel concatenated convolutional codes (turbo-codes) by extending a result from the paper by Fossorier et al. (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.45, no.5, p.1646-8, 1999), which investigates the weight enumerating function of terminated convolutional codes, to compute their conditional weight enumerating function.
Anticipated Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol Vary with Dosage and Limb of the Blood Alcohol Curve

Anticipations of alcohol's effects reportedly covary with the amount consumed. Alcohol's stimulant and sedative properties also may contribute to alcohol consumption. Anticipations of stimulant and sedative effects have not been investigated extensively. The present study examined the stimulant and sedative effects subjects anticipated experiencing if they were on the ascending or descending limb of the blood alcohol curve after consuming two or four standard drinks. One hundred sixty-six undergraduates reported anticipating greater stimulant effects than sedative effects on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve, and greater sedative effects than stimulant effects on the descending limb. Subjects also reported anticipating larger effects with larger doses. Men tended to anticipate smaller effects than women. These results support the notion that specific anticipated effects vary with dosage and the limb of blood alcohol curve, suggesting that the study of anticipated effects of alcohol should employ these variables.
Scattering and Propagation of Polarimetric Radar Signals in Storms and Clouds

The introduction of differential reflectivity (Zdr) and propagation differential phase (Phidp) was originally intended for improving radar estimates of rainfall rate. These parameters together with the effective reflectivity factor (Zh) proved to be very useful for other applications as well. They have been shown to produce significant improvements over conventional single polarization radars in discriminating liquid and ice phase hydrometeors and, with the aid of several other polarimetric parameters (linear depolarization ratio and co-polar correlation coefficient), for classifying different hydrometeor types. Radar techniques developed for these purposes are being used in research applications and will soon become operational tools. The classification of ice phase hydrometeors and the quantitative estimation of their bulk parameters (e.g., median size, ice mass content, etc.) are necessary for better understanding storms and clouds. As methodologies are developed for extracting more information about hydrometeors using polarimetric radars, it becomes increasingly important to model the hydrometeors more accurately. Their shape, size, fall behavior, and composition must be represented with sufficient detail, capturing the dominant features that influence the measured radar parameters. This paper reviews developments in hydrometeor modeling for dual-polarization radar remote sensing applications. The use of these modeling results in various applications such as rainfall rate estimation and hydrometeor classification are illustrated with the aid of experimental measurements. The first application of the "self-consistency" principle is discussed using dual-frequency polarimetric radar parameters (S-band Zh and Zdr with X-band Zh and specific attenuation Ah).
Small nucleolar RNAs.

Many small RNA species associate with the nucleolar structure. Some of these small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are required for cleavage processing of ribosomal RNA precursors. There are many pseudouridine residues and methylated riboses in mature ribosomal RNA. For most, if not all, of these modifications, each site is selected by base pairing with a specific snoRNA species. Some snoRNAs are needed for the 2′-O-ribose methylation of at least one spliceosomal small nuclear RNA. Many snoRNAs, particularly in yeast, are generated from independent transcription units. Most vertebrate snoRNAs are produced by processing of introns from protein-coding transcripts. Some snoRNAs are made by processing of introns from non-protein-coding transcripts.
Retrospective Analysis of Esophageal Food Impaction: Differences in Etiology by Age and Gender

Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EE) is an emerging cause of esophageal food impaction (EFI) not accounted for in previous studies. We sought to determine the causes of EFI in a recent cohort with recognition of EE. A retrospective chart review of all patients with EFI during the past 5 years was performed. Etiology was determined by endoscopy report, pathology results, and follow-up studies. A total of 85 EFIs occurred, in 79 patients (55 men, 30 women, age 18–100). The most common etiologies of EFI were Schatzki's ring (n=18), peptic stricture (n=18), EE (n=9), esophagitis (n=9), and no underlying diagnosis (n=20). EE was significantly more frequent in men (P < .025) and those <50 years old (P < .025). There was a significant difference in the age at which men (median age=44) and women (median age=71) present with EFI (P < .001). The etiology of EFI differs significantly by age and gender. This information may be useful in evaluation and management of EFI.
Photoproduction of very light gluinos.

Current experiments allow the possibility of gluino masses below about 600 MeV if the lifetime of the gluino is longer than 100 psec. If the mass and lifetime are in this window, then photoproduction of pairs of gluino-gluon bound states can provide a means to observe them. The cross section is large enough that the window can be fully explored, up to lifetimes exceeding a microsecond, at high luminosity electron accelerators.
EPR and Bell's theorem: A critical review

The argument of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen is reviewed with attention to logical structure and character of assumptions. Bohr's reply is discussed. Bell's contribution is formulated without use of hidden variables, and efforts to equate hidden variables to realism are critically examined. An alternative derivation of nonlocality that makes no use of hidden variables, microrealism, counterfactual definiteness, or any other assumption alien to orthodox quantum thinking is described in detail, with particular attention to the quartet or broken-square question.
Magnetic field effects on the catalyzed nondissociative parahydrogen conversion rate

Abstract Explanations based on simple classical induction and diamagnetic shielding are given for some of the changes in parahydrogen conversion rates found for catalysts in a magnetic field at the 10-kOe range. Effects found on the rare earths as catalysts in extrinsic fields not much larger than terrestial magnetism are shown to have no direct relation to the 4f electrons. A proposed explanation for the field effects in this range is based on the very low energy differences between 4f, 5d, and 6s electrons in these elements and on possible selection rules.
Capacity estimation for Li-ion batteries

This paper presents onboard capacity estimation algorithms for Li-ion batteries deployed in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Capacity estimation algorithms are developed based on an equivalent circuit model. The onboard estimation of battery capacity is treated separately for the driving mode and plug-in charge mode. Evaluation results on laboratory collected data and vehicle data show the effectiveness of the developed algorithms.
Information horizons of college students: source preferences and source referrals in academic contexts

An information horizon (IH) is a mental map where individuals position various sources according to their preferences in specific contexts. IH not only highlights the roles of contexts, situations, and social networks in individuals' information behavior, but also emphasizes the importance of examining the relationships among sources used by individuals. This study investigates undergraduate students' source use preferences in academic contexts---course-related, program-related, and coursework-related moral-support situations. The study also investigates the referral networks among sources used by students. Interviews were conducted with twenty undergraduate students. Each participant was also asked to draw their IH maps. Based on existent IH literature, the study used innovative methods to analyze and present the data. Results show that students had different source preferences in different situations in academic contexts. While peers were consulted across all situations, most of the other sources were typically consulted only in certain situations. As to source referrals, interpersonal sources (e.g., peers) were more likely to direct students to other sources than to receive referrals from other sources, and experts tended to direct students to a wide range of sources, especially to official sources. The findings suggest that universities should facilitate students' use of both official sources and experts as academic sources.
Changes in serum immunity during pregnancy

Pregnancy requires a host of localized immune factors that allow the mother to tolerate the fetus. Changes in the mother's serum immunity during pregnancy are less well-known. To clarify these changes, 1,351 women from the NHANES 1999-2000 were analyzed with complex survey regression to test the effect of pregnancy on adaptive and innate immune markers. Adjusting for age and BMI, pregnant women had higher C-reactive protein levels and white blood cell counts and lower measles antibody titer and lymphocyte counts than nonpregnant women. This dual pattern of immunological changes supports the hypothesis that mothers will reduce the ability of the adaptive immune system to respond to infection while increasing the activity of innate immunity during pregnancy, maintaining immune function homeostasis. The function of these homeostatic immune responses is unknown.
Metformin improves glucose effectiveness, not insulin sensitivity: predicting treatment response in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in an open-label, interventional study.

Context: Although metformin is widely used to improve insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), its mechanism of action is complex, with inconsistent effects on insulin sensitivity and variability in treatment response. Objective: The aim of the study was to delineate the effect of metformin on glucose and insulin parameters, determine additional treatment outcomes, and predict patients with PCOS who will respond to treatment. Design and Setting: We conducted an open-label, interventional study at an academic medical center. Subjects: Women with PCOS (n = 36) diagnosed by the National Institutes of Health criteria participated in the study. Interventions: Subjects underwent fasting blood sampling, an IV glucose tolerance test, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, transvaginal ultrasound, and measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated androgen levels before and after 12 weeks of treatment with metformin extended release 1500 mg/d. Interval visits were performed to mon...
Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the prevention of atrial fibrillation.

i v h e m a c v m d t i a e i m i trial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent sustained arrhythmia found in clinical practice.1,2 ccording to the Framingham Heart Study, AF has a revalence of 4% in the adult population and as the atient population continues to age, the prevalence of his arrhythmia will increase from 0.05% in patients 5 to 35 years of age, to 5% in patients aged 69 ears.1 AF can be classified as paroxysmal, persistent, r chronic. Experimental studies suggest that the onger the episode of paroxysmal AF, the more likely t will become chronic. It is unique in that its existence eads to a perpetuation of duration and recurrence after reatment. Put another way, “AF begets AF.”3 It has een postulated that this phenomenon may be secondry to electrical remodeling of atrial myocardium in atients with AF.3,4 Electrical remodeling of the trium is accomplished through a reduction in the efractory period of atrial tissue. The management of F includes antiarrhythmic drugs, pacing, and radio requency ablation. Some recent experimental and linical studies suggest a role for angiotensin-convertng enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the management of F. This is the subject of this editorial. ACE inhibitors are not antiarrhythmic in the tradiional sense. It has been proposed that they decrease he rates of arrhythmias in patients with decreased left entricular function.5 For the most part, however, the ecrease in arrhythmias reported was secondary to a ecrease in the rate of ventricular arrhythmias.6 Sevral studies have suggested that treatment with ACE nhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers also may ecrease the rate of AF. Pedersen et al7 first described hat treatment with ACE inhibitors decreases the inidence of AF in patients after myocardial infarction. owever, these investigators did not elaborate on a echanism for this effect. Animal studies have shown F induced by rapid atrial pacing produces decreased trial effective refractory periods (ERPs) and a reverse hysiologic rate adaptation of refractoriness.3,8 This henomenon of electrical remodeling leads to inreased inducibilty and stability of AF. Over the past ew years, there have been several trials attempting to erify and elucidate the mechanism of the effect of CE inhibitors (and angiotensin receptor blockers) on F.
A discrete-time multivariable state feedback MRAC design with application to linearized aircraft models with damage

This paper studies the discrete-time multivariable model reference adaptive control (MRAC) design for discrete-time linearized aircraft systems under damage conditions. A discrete-time sequential linear system with uncertain parameters and an unknown dynamics offset is used to model the large uncertain system parametric and structural changes caused by damage. The invariance properties of the two important design conditions, the interactor matrix and the signs of the high frequency gain matrix, of the discrete-time systems are studied. A discrete-time state feedback MRAC scheme is developed to ensure closed-loop signal boundedness and asymptotic output tracking in the presence of damage. Simulation study of the linearized NASA Generic Transport Model (GTM) shows the desired system performance under uncertain damage.
Effect of Temperature on Biofiltration of Nitric Oxide

In 1997, a record level of 3.13 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity was generated in the United States. Coal-fired power generation accounted for 57% of this production, generating an estimated 7.2 million t of nitrogen oxide (NOx) compounds. Generally, >95% of the NOx compounds in combustion gas streams will be in the form of NO. Titles I and IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments list an overall goal of reducing total NOx emissions to 697–775 kg/million kWh ([1).
Competencies for Student Leadership Development in Doctor of Pharmacy Curricula to Assist Curriculum Committees and Leadership Instructors

Objective. To assist curriculum committees and leadership instructors by gathering expert opinion to define student leadership development competencies for pharmacy curricula.Methods. Twenty-six le...
Myristic acid increases dense lipoprotein secretion by inhibiting apoB degradation and triglyceride recruitment.

Fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation dif- ferentially affect plasma apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) levels. To identify mechanisms at the level of production, rat hepatoma cells, McA-RH7777, were incubated with ( 35 S)methionine and either fatty acid-BSA complexes or BSA alone. There were increases in labeled apoB-100 secre- tion with saturated fatty acids palmitic and myristic (MA) (153 � 20% and 165 � 11%, respectively, relative to BSA). Incubation with polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decreased secretion to 26 � 2.0%, while monounsat- urated oleic acid (OA) did not change it. In pulse-chase studies, MA treatment resulted in reduced apoB-100 degra- dation, in agreement with its promotion of secretion. In triglyceride (TG) studies, synthesis was stimulated equally by OA, MA, and DHA, but TG secretion was relatively de- creased with MA and DHA. With OA, the majority of newly secreted apoB100-lipoproteins was d � 1.006, but with MA, they were much denser (1.063 � d). Furthermore, the rela- tive recruitment of newly synthesized TG to lipoproteins was impaired with MA. We conclude that mechanisms for effects of specific dietary fatty acids on plasma lipoprotein levels may include changes in hepatic production. In turn, hepatic production may be regulated by specific fatty acids at the steps of apoB-100 degradation and the recruitment of nascent TG to lipoprotein particles. —Kummrow, E., M. M. Hussain, M. Pan, J. B. Marsh, and E. A. Fisher. Myristic acid increases dense lipoprotein secretion by inhibiting apoB degradation and triglyceride recruitment. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 2155-2163.
Telomeres in a Life-Span Perspective A New “Psychobiomarker”?

In order to more fully understand associations between psychological stress and health, it is helpful for researchers to identify “psychobiomarkers,” or biological measures that are regulated in part by psychological function and that predict longevity. Telomere length appears to be such a measure. Telomeres, the protective caps at the tips of chromosomes, shorten with age, and this shortening predicts disease and longevity. Leukocyte telomere length may be best viewed through a life-span approach, as it reflects in part the cumulative number of cell divisions that have occurred and the long-term biochemical environment. Recently, a critical mass of studies demonstrated that telomeres appear to shorten with chronic stress, although the mechanisms are unknown. This paper reviews what appear to be malleable determinants of rate of telomere attrition, focusing on early life chronic stressors and metabolic adversity (poor nutrition during development, and obesity). The next generation of research will benefit...
Psychology of the Scientist: XXXVII. Scientific Creativity: A Relationship with Information Channels:

Using peer nominations, 65 physical scientists were classified as either creative and productive, productive but not creative, or non-creative and non-productive. Each scientist was then interviewed to determine his information-receiving behaviors and attitudes. Results indicate that creative scientists are distinguished from other scientists in their use of people as sources of information and that they receive information from a wider field' of disciplinary areas.
Synthesis of 6-alkyl-6-methoxycarbonyl-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-ones and cyclohexadienone ketals

Abstract The title compounds are readily available by reductive-alkylation of o -methoxybenzoic acid esters followed by a bromination-dehydrobromination sequence.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Effect of Carrier Oil and Emulsifier Type on Phase Behavior and Physical Stability

The impact of surfactant type and carrier oil type on the phase behavior and physical stability of emulsified tripalmitin was investigated. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared by homogenizing lipid and aqueous phases at a temperature (≈80 °C) above the melting point of tripalmitin, and then cooling the resulting oil-in-water emulsion to induce lipid droplet crystallization. When stored at 37 °C, tripalmitin particles had good long-term stability (d < 150 nm) when coated with Tween 20, but were prone to aggregation and gelation when coated with modified starch (MS). Conversely, when stored at ≤20 °C tripalmitin particles coated by MS were more stable to aggregation/gelation than those coated by Tween 20. Blending tripalmitin with low melting point lipids (either medium chain triglycerides or orange oil) prior to homogenization led to a considerable alteration in the SLN phase behavior and stability. DSC measurements indicated that the presence of the carrier oils reduced the crystallization temperature, melting temperature, and melting enthalpy of tripalmitin. In addition, the carrier oils improved the stability of SLNs to particle aggregation and gelation, although some particle coalescence still occurred. These results have important implications for formulating colloidal delivery systems for utilization within the food and other industries.
A wavelet-based recurrent fuzzy neural network trained with stochastic optimization algorithm

This paper presents a Wavelet-based Recurrent Fuzzy Neural Networks (WRFNN) trained with a stochastic search-based adaptation algorithm. A WRFNN represents a recurrent network of neurons employing wavelet functions whose outputs are combined using fuzzy rules. In this paper an earlier WRFNN model proposed by Lin, and Chin, [1], is modified by application of Simultaneously Perturbed Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) method for training the network. The model includes TSK-type fuzzy implication to compute output of each layer. The SPSA algorithm was shown to be a stable global optimization technique that is applicable to WRFNN models with demonstrated computational advantages over other optimization algorithms.
Outcomes and satisfaction rates for the redesigned 2-piece penile prosthesis.

Purpose: We evaluated long-term viability, quality of life and satisfaction with the redesigned 2 piece Ambicor® inflatable penile prosthesis. This device underwent revision of the rear tip extender and reinforcement of the pump tubing connection to decrease fluid leak failure in 1998.Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analysis we evaluated 146 men with erectile dysfunction at 2 centers who underwent device implantation between June 1999 and October 2004 with the redesigned prosthesis. Patient information forms were completed, including patient history, surgical information and revision data. Patients were mailed a modified Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction questionnaire, a modified Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction Partner survey and a questionnaire regarding pertinent inflatable penile prosthesis questions.Results: A total of 146 men with a mean age of 58.7 years (range 25 to 78) were evaluated after inflatable penile prosthesis placement. Time fro...
Chiral doublet structures in odd-odd n = 75 isotones: chiral vibrations.

New sideband partners of the yrast bands built on the $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}$ configuration were identified in ${}_{55}\mathrm{Cs}$, ${}_{57}\mathrm{La}$, and ${}_{61}\mathrm{Pm}$ $N\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}75$ isotones of ${}^{134}\mathrm{Pr}$. These bands form with ${}^{134}\mathrm{Pr}$ unique doublet-band systematics suggesting a common basis. Aplanar solutions of 3D tilted axis cranking calculations for triaxial shapes define left- and right-handed chiral systems out of the three angular momenta provided by the valence particles and the core rotation, which leads to spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and the doublet bands. Small energy differences between the doublet bands suggest collective chiral vibrations.
Review: Geothermal heat as a tracer of large-scale groundwater flow and as a means to determine permeability fields

A review of coupled groundwater and heat transfer theory is followed by an introduction to geothermal measurement techniques. Thereafter, temperature-depth profiles (geotherms) and heat discharge at springs to infer hydraulic parameters and processes are discussed. Several studies included in this review state that minimum permeabilities of approximately 5 × 10−17 < k min <10−15 m2 are required to observe advective heat transfer and resultant geotherm perturbations. Permeabilities below k min tend to cause heat-conduction-dominated systems, precluding inversion of temperature fields for groundwater flow patterns and constraint of permeabilities other than being <k min. Values of k min depend on the flow-domain aspect-ratio, faults and other heterogeneities, anisotropy of hydraulic and thermal parameters, heat-flow rates, and the water-table shape. However, the k min range is narrow and located toward the lower third of geologic materials, which exhibit permeabilities of 10−21 < k < 10−7 m2. Therefore, a wide range of permeabilities can be investigated by analyzing subsurface temperatures or heat discharge at springs. Furthermore, temperature is easy and economical to measure and because thermal material properties vary far less than hydraulic properties, temperature measurements tend to provide better-constrained groundwater flow and permeability estimates. Aside from hydrogeologic insights, constraint of advective/conductive heat transfer can also provide information on magmatic intrusions, metamorphism, ore deposits, climate variability, and geothermal energy.
Analysis of the expansion of the panama canal using simulation modeling and artificial intelligence

This paper presents preliminary analysis of the Panama Canal Expansion from the viewpoint of salinity in the Gatun Lake and the utilization of neural networks. This analysis utilized simulation modeling and artificial intelligence. We have built several discrete and system dynamics simulation models of the current Panama Canal operations and the future expansion which have been validated with historical and projected data and Turing/expert validation by engineers of the Panama Canal Authority. The simulation models have been exercised in order to generate enough information about the future expansion. This information has been used to develop neural networks that have the capability to indicate the volume of the Gatun Lake and its respective salinity taking into consideration lockages, spillovers, hydropower generation, fresh water supply volumes, and environmental factors such as precipitation, tides, and evaporation. Support vector machines were used to build time series regression models of the evaporation of Gatun Lake.
Multiplex Fabry–Perot interferometer

The Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) traditionally has been used to examine either small spectral ranges or relatively imple spectra. Recently, however, studies have shown that the FPI can be competitive with the Michelson interferometer ver extended spectral ranges. This paper describes a relatively new FPI technique in which one of the etalon plates is moved over a large optical distance while the other remains fixed, thus exploiting the multiplex advantage of the instrument. we have chosen to call this instrument the multiplex Fabry-Perot interferometer (MFPI). It is shown that this technique could be useful for the remote sensing of minor atmospheric species because the MFPI, like a Michelson interferometer, has the ability to examine large spectral regions at high resolution but retains the small size of the FPI.
Stage 1 hybrid palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome-assessment of contemporary patterns of use: An analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database

Since the first report by Gibbs and colleagues in 1993, hybrid palliation for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) has emerged as an alternative to an early modified stage 1 Norwood procedure for initial palliation. Different centers have advocated a variety of indications for hybrid palliation, including the first stage palliation in all patients, selective use in some patients, initial palliation in high-risk patients, or as a stabilization maneuver among children presenting in shock followed by an early stage 1 Norwood procedure. The hybrid procedure, therefore, may consist of branch pulmonary artery banding alone or in combination with ductal stenting, and subsequent management may include a return to the standard 3-stage palliation, or initial treatment with a comprehensive first and second stage. The variability in patient selection, procedural details, and subsequent management makes it difficult to identify the optimal use of hybrid palliation. The current analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (STS-CHSD) by Karamlou and colleagues confirms this variability. Their descriptive article provides a snapshot of patterns of use between 2010 and 2012. The most important finding is confirmation of the variability in the use of the procedure. The use ranged from 0% to 100% of patients with HLHS; subsequent procedures vary. Notably, the use of the hybrid procedure was higher at centers with overall lower volume, lower HLHS volume, and higher mortality after the stage 1 Norwood procedure. Unfortunately, limitations of the STS-CHSD prevent a more revealing analysis. Although mortality rates for both the hybrid and the Norwood procedures vary widely
The Use of Self-Pleasure: Masturbation and Body Image Among African American and European American Women

The current investigation examined the relationship between masturbation and body image among 96 women seeking services at a local family planning clinic in a mid-southern U.S. city. Participants completed a questionnaire that assessed body image and masturbatory practices. Ethnic differences were found with European American women reporting greater masturbation frequencies and higher rates of body dissatisfaction than African American women. Among European American women, there was a positive relationship between women's sexual self-pleasuring and positive body image. For African American participants, body image was not related to masturbation practice or frequency.
Work in Progress &#8211; Integrating Student&#8217;s Research Project into the Digital Logic Design Course to Enhance Learning

Traditional methods such as exams, projects and labs can assess student's understanding of concepts in a digital logic design course. However, there is still a need for innovative instructional pedagogy, so that the material presented is more coherent and learning outcomes are improved. The goal of this work is to implement a student research project that contributes to rapid feedback and a well constructed body of knowledge, thus improving learning outcomes. The project requires students to work in teams and prepare a 10-page research paper and an oral presentation on a topic on digital logic design. We also discuss some of the results that we have gathered in the last 3 years of teaching the digital logic design course
Walvisteuthis jeremiahi n. sp. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), an onychoteuthid squid from the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract We describe an additional species in the oegopsid squid family Onychoteuthidae from the Gulf of Mexico. Although similar to Onykia rancureli Okutani (=Callimachus rancureli sensu Bolstad), the species described here differs by having fewer hooks and carpal suckers on the tentacle clubs and a wider head. In considering the generic relationships of this species, we briefly review the genera Walvisteuthis, Callimachus, and Onykia and conclude that the proper genus for this species is Walvisteuthis and that this genus is indeed an onychoteuthid rather than comprising a monogeneric family Walvisteuthidae.
Price Discovery: The Economic Function of a Stock Exchange

This article defines an exchange according to its primary function: establishing shares’ trading prices. After establishing the public goods property of an exchange-produced price, the article stresses that price discovery is a complex process that depends on market structure. Recognizing that the quality of price discovery can be inferred from the magnitude of intraday price volatility, the authors display intraday volatility for a sample of DOW stocks, show how volatility decreased for NASDAQ stocks following the institution of NASDAQ’s calls in 2004, and trace the broader evolution of intraday volatility from 1993 to 2011.
Prevalence of and factors associated with current and lifetime depression in older adult primary care patients.

BACKGROUND: Depression in late life is a significant health problem in the United States. This study examined the relationship between depression and alcohol, cigarette use, family history, and sociodemographic factors in older adult primary care patients. METHODS: As part of a larger clinical trial, 2,732 patients in 24 primary care offices were recruited to complete a self-administered health screening survey. Depression was assessed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R) criteria for lifetime and current depression. RESULTS: A total of 17.8% of females and 9.4% of males age 60 and over met DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime depression; 10.6% of the females and 5.7% of the males met current depression criteria. Depression was significantly and positively correlated with female gender and family history of mental health problems and negatively correlated with social contact. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults, especially women, should be considered at elevated risk for depression when a family history of mental health problems and self-report of inadequate social connection can be established. Language: en
Defense Lawyer Tunnel Vision: The Oft-Ignored Role Defense Counsel Plays in Wrongful Convictions

This article discusses the sometimes forgotten role that defense lawyers play in wrongful convictions. Often, strong cases of actual innocence are thwarted by defense lawyers' failure to preserve a defendant's procedural avenues for relief. The article reminds lawyers that procedural errors have long-lasting consequences for the innocent who have been wrongly convicted.
Management of the contralateral hip in patients with unilateral slipped upper femoral epiphysis: To fix or not to fix – consequences of two strategies

In the majority of patients with slipped upper femoral epiphysis only one hip is involved at primary diagnosis. However, the contralateral hip often becomes involved over time. There are no reliable factors predicting a contralateral slip. Whether or not the contralateral hip should undergo prophylactic fixation is a matter of controversy. We present a number of essential points that have to be considered both when choosing to fix the contralateral hip prophylactically as well as when refraining from surgery and instead following the patients with repeat radiographs.
Atomic-scale analysis of strain relaxation mechanisms in ultra-thin metallic films

A comprehensive computational analysis is presented of the atomistic mechanisms of strain relaxation over a wide range of applied biaxial tensile strain in free-standing Cu thin films. The analysis is based on large-scale isothermal-isostrain MD simulations using slab supercells with cylindrical voids normal to the film plane and extending throughout the film thickness. Our analysis has revealed various regimes in the film’s mechanical response as the applied strain level increases. Following an elastic response at low strain (≶ 2%), plastic deformation occurs accompanied by emission of screw dislocations from the void surface and threading dislocations from the film surfaces, in parallel with generation of vacancies due to slip of jogged dislocations. At the lower strain range following the elastic-to-plastic deformation transition (⋚ 6%), void growth is the major strain relaxation mechanism, while at higher levels of applied strain (≥ 8%), a subsequent transition leads to a new plastic deformation regime where void growth plays a negligible role in the film strain relaxation.
A Review of “Congress in Black and White: Race and Representation in Washington and at Home”

Grose's book is a study of the dynamics of racial politics in Congress. The author addresses a complicated array of research areas and questions, and successfully integrates discussion of the theor...
Homogenization of Piecewise Straight Corrugated Plates

By using the variational asymptotic method (VAM), we derived an analytical solution for the homogenization of piecewise straight corrugated plates. The VAM is used to carry out an asymptotic analysis of the shell energy for solving the fluctuating functions. The corrugation’s gradient discontinuity in corrugated plate plays an additional condition in solving fluctuating functions, thus a different case from continuous scenario needs to be studied. After solving fluctuating functions, the equivalent plate stiffnesses can be obtained analytically. Different from other methods which lack of ability to recover the local fields, such as displacement, strain and stress fields, of original corrugated plates, VAM keeps the connection between the original corrugated plate and the equivalent plate through fluctuating functions. The homogenized equivalent plate stiffnesses are compared with the literature and commercial FEM software ANSYS as validations of the present theory.
87Sr/86Sr, Ca/Sr, and Ge/Si ratios as tracers of solute sources and biogeochemical cycling at a temperate forested shale catchment, central Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract Plant uptake and biological cycling processes are commonly the largest flux of nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. Hydrologic and other losses are offset by inputs from atmospheric deposition and weathering. This multi-tracer study investigates these effects using 87Sr/86Sr, Ca/Sr, and Ge/Si ratios from solid (soil profiles and bedrock), biological (leaves and sap waters), and water (pore-, ground-, stream-waters) samples to study Ca, Sr, Ge, and Si sources and cycling in a forest catchment underlying gray shale in the temperate climate of central Pennsylvania. Leaves and sap waters were found to have similar Ge/Si ratios
Vasopressin and protein kinase A activate G protein-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels.

To determine the molecular steps involved in the vasopressin-induced renal Na+ reabsorption, the patch-clamp technique was utilized to study the role of this hormone in the regulation of apical Na+...