cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of a human liver ligandin cDNA clone and demonstration of seouence homology at ligandin loci in rats and humans

Abstract Using a monospecific antibody to the major cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase of human liver, we have isolated a cDNA clone from a human liver cDNA expression vector library in λ gtll. The clone cross-hybridizes with a rat liver ligandin (glutathione-S-transferase 1–2) cDNA probe. The clone has an insert of 1.25 kb, a size sufficient to code for the 23 kilodalton subunit of human GST. Digestion of the insert with Hinf I produced three fragments (0.8 kb, 0.4 kb and 0.1 kb). A similar pattern of multiple bands was observed when rat liver GST1-2 cDNA probe was used for Southern blot analysis of Pst digests of rat and human genomic DNAs. These data suggest that these two functionally similar proteins exhibit sequence homology between their respective cDNAs and at ligandin loci, in spite of the lack of immuno-crossreactivity between them.
A New Method For Determining Fluid Flow Paths During Hydraulic Fracturing

Although hydraulic fracturing is a popular method for increasing the productivity of oil and gas wells, there is no direct way other than drilling additional boreholes to determine where the injected fluid has gone and thus what direction a fracture has propagated. Information about fluid flow paths is important for designing subsequent fracturing operations for nearby wells. Determining the locations and orientations of permeable fractures is also important in studies of potential toxic waste repositories where it is critical to understand fluid flow paths. We have developed a method for determining the orientations and locations of fractures along which fluid flows during hydraulic fracturing. The method is based on accurate determination of the locations of microseismic events, or microearthquakes, that accompany the hydraulic injection. By applying a pattern recognition technique to the locations of events from one hydraulic fracturing operation we find planes in the data along which we presume that the fluid has traveled. The planes determined using our method intersect the injection borehole and a second, nearby borehole, in regions where other data indicate that fractures are present.
Race and Information Processing in Criminal Trials: Does the Defendant’s Race Affect How the Facts Are Evaluated?:

Two studies examined whether a criminal defendant’s race influences Whites’ sensitivity to legally relevant information. In Study 1, prosecution case strength ratings and guilt likelihood ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the defendant’s alibi when he was Black than when he was White, if the experimental task was designed to elicit low processing motivation. Under high motivation, participants were equally sensitive to alibi strength, regardless of defendant race. In Study 2, the alibi strength manipulation was replaced with a manipulation of the effectiveness of the district attorney’s cross-examination. As predicted, defense case strength ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the prosecutor’s cross-examination with a Black defendant than with a White defendant—under low motivation. Under high motivation, sensitivity did not depend on defendant race. These results suggest that a Black defendant can elicit greater sensitivity to legally relevant information than will a White defendant.
A Evolução do IASC para o IASB e os Desafios Enfrentados

Este artigo apresenta uma revisao dos principais desenvolvimentos e marcos na evolucao do International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), seguida pela evolucao do International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Na conclusao, sao sugeridos cinco desafios enfrentados pelo IASB.
Growth factors induce neurogenesis in the ciliary body.

The ciliary body of the eye is a nonneural tissue that is derived from the anterior rim of the optic cup, an extension of the neural tube. This tissue normally does not contain neurons and functions to produce components of the aqueous humor. We found that intraocular injections of insulin, EGF, or FGF2 stimulate NPE cells to proliferate and differentiate into neurons. These growth factors had region-specific effects along the radial axis of the ciliary body, with insulin and EGF stimulating proliferation of NPE cells close to the retina, while FGF2 stimulated the proliferation of NPE cells further toward the lens. Similar region-specific effects were observed for accumulations of neurons in the NPE in response to injections of different growth factors. The neurons derived from NPE cells express neurofilament, β3 tubulin, RA4, calretinin, Islet1, or Hu, and a few produced long axonal projections, several millimeters in length that extend across the ciliary body. Our results suggest that the ciliary body has the capacity to generate retinal neurons, but normally neurogenesis is actively inhibited.
Solutions to higher-order boundary-layer equations for flow over a semi-infinite plate

L.K. Chi* U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. and Shih-liang Went Ohio University, Athens, Ohio where x and u are made dimensionless by referring to an arbitrary length L and the velocity (7, respectively, y and v are measured against \Tf/L and V77£7, respectively. The fluid density is constant throughout the entire flowfield. The dimensionless temperature T is also constant. The Reynolds number R is given by R = UL/y where y is the kinematic viscosity. We assume that R is large. First, we can eliminate P in Eqs. (2) and (3) by cross differentiation. Then, we let u = y and v= -^rx so that Eq. (1) is automatically satisfied and Eqs. (2) and (3) can be combined into a single equation in ¥. Furthermore, we assume that ^ can be expanded in a power series of R ~:
Market induced curtailment of wind power

Wind power is an inherently variable source of energy. In this paper, we explore how a wind power producer - offering its power in a two-settlement market for energy - might leverage power curtailment capability to mitigate financial risk in the face of uncertain production and imbalance prices. In particular, we identify conditions on imbalance prices that would induce voluntary curtailment of output and analytically quantify the economic benefit derived from said curtailment as an explicit function of the expected imbalance prices. Finally, we compute empirical estimates of this improvement in expected profit using price data from the NYISO and MISO.
Use of intravenous conivaptan in neurosurgical patients with hyponatremia from syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

BACKGROUND Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is the most common cause of hyponatremia in hospitalized patients and is frequently associated with neurologic disorders and neurosurgical procedures. Traditional therapies such as fluid restriction, sodium repletion, and diuretics can help correct hyponatremia but do not address the underlying pathophysiology of excess arginine vasopressin secretion. Conivaptan is an arginine vasopressin receptor antagonist that has been shown to be both safe and effective in the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. OBJECTIVE To analyze the use of conivaptan to treat SIADH in a mixed neurosurgical population. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 13 patients with neurosurgical disorders with SIADH that were treated with intravenous conivaptan at our institution between 2007 and 2009. RESULTS The mean pretreatment serum sodium concentration was 125.8 ± 3.5 mEq/L. Conivaptan administration resulted in a rise in serum sodium to 132.5 ± 5.6 mEq/L at 12 hours (P < .01) and 134.1 ± 4.7 mEq/L at 24 hours posttreatment (P < .01). The mean time to an increase in serum sodium ≥ 6 mEq/L was 17.8 hours. There were no instances of rapid overcorrection. There were 3 cases of asymptomatic hyperkalemia, 3 cases of asymptomatic hypotension, and 1 case of elevated creatinine associated with conivaptan administration. CONCLUSION These data provide further support that conivaptan can be safely used for the treatment of SIADH-induced hyponatremia in the neurosurgical arena.
The mass of the T2+ glueball in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in intermediate volumes from an analytic calculation

Abstract Koller and van Baal carried out an intermediate volume calculation for pure SU(2) gauge theory. I re-analyze the boundary conditions they imposed on wave functions, and obtain a mass for the T2+ glueball which is in agreement with recent Monte Carlo results.
Atypical Hepatic Hemangioma

Hepatic hemangioma is a common incidental finding discovered with abdominal sonography. These lesions consist of collections of atypical blood vessels; structurally, the irregular vessels create blood-filled cystic spaces separated by fibrous connective tissue and endothelial cells. Although these benign lesions typically appear sonographically as small, hyperechoic, and well-circumscribed hepatic masses, atypical hemangiomas make up around one third of hemangiomas diagnosed with sonography. Giant hemangiomas, in particular, are of special significance to the sonographer because their atypical size may create symptoms that mimic other abdominal pathology, such as gallstones or pancreatitis; they may also lead to potentially deadly complications such as rupture, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. If these large vascular lesions become symptomatic, surgical excision may be necessary. A case of hepatic hemangioma is presented that demonstrates the sonographic features of atypical hemangioma ...
Predicting and Downscaling ENSO Impacts on Intraseasonal Precipitation Statistics in California: The 1997/98 Event

Three long-range forecasting methods have been evaluated for prediction and downscaling of seasonal and intraseasonal precipitation statistics in California. Full-statistical, hybrid-dynamical-statistical and full-dynamical approaches have been used to forecast El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related total precipitation, daily precipitation frequency, and average intensity anomalies during the January-March season. For El Nino winters, the hybrid approach emerges as the best performer, while La Nina forecasting skill is poor. The full-statistical forecasting method features reasonable forecasting skill for both La Nina and El Nino winters. The performance of the full-dynamical approach could not be evaluated as rigorously as that of the other two forecasting schemes. Although the full-dynamical forecasting approach is expected to outperform simpler forecasting schemes in the long run, evidence is presented to conclude that, at present, the full-dynamical forecasting approach is the least viable of the three, at least in California. The authors suggest that operational forecasting of any intraseasonal temperature, precipitation, or streamflow statistic derivable from the available records is possible now for ENSO- extreme years.
The Turing Test as Interactive Proof

In 1950, Alan Turing proposed his eponymous test based on indistinguisha-bility of verbal behavior as a replacement for the question "Can machines think?" Since then, two mutually contradictory but well-founded attitudes towards the Turing Test have arisen in the philosophical literature. On the one hand is the attitude that has become philosophical conventional wisdom, viz., that the Turing Test is hopelessly flawed as a sufficient condition for intelligence, while on the other hand is the overwhelming sense that were a machine to pass a real live full-fledged Turing Test, it would be a sign of nothing but our orneriness to deny it the attribution of intelligence. The arguments against the sufficiency of the Turing Test for determining intelligence rely on showing that some extra conditions are logically necessary for intelligence beyond the behavioral properties exhibited by an agent under a Turing Test. Therefore, it cannot follow logically from passing a Turing Test that the agent is intelligent. I argue that these extra conditions can be revealed by the Turing Test, so long as we allow a very slight weakening of the criterion from one of logical proof to one of statistical proof under weak realizability assumptions. The argument depends on the notion of interactive proof developed in theoretical computer science, along with some simple physical facts that constrain the information capacity of agents. Crucially, the weakening is so slight as to make no conceivable difference from a practical standpoint. Thus, the Gordian knot between the two opposing views of the sufficiency of the Turing Test can be cut.
Failure to Register as a Predictor of Sex Offense Recidivism: The Big Bad Wolf or a Red Herring?

This quasi-experimental study analyzed the recidivism outcomes of 1,125 sexual offenders in two groups. The first group comprised 644 registered sex offenders who were convicted of a sex crime and ...
Accidental torsion in buildings due to base rotational excitation

This investigation is concerned with accidental torsion in buildings resulting from rotational excitation (about a vertical axis) of the building foundations as a result of spatially non-uniform ground motions. Because of this accidental torsion, the displacements and deformations in the structural elements of the building are likely to increase. This increase in response is evaluated using actual base rotational excitations derived from ground motions recorded at the base of 30 buildings during recent California earthquakes. Accidental torsion has the effect of increasing the building displacements, in the mean, by less than 5 per cent for systems that are torsionally stiff or have lateral vibration periods longer than half a second. On the other hand, short period (less than half a second) and torsionally flexible systems may experience significant increases in response due to accidental torsion. Since the dependence between this increase in response and the system parameters is complex, two simplified methods are developed for conveniently estimating this effect of accidental torsion. They are the ‘accidental eccentricity’ and the ‘response spectrum’ method. The computed accidental eccentricities are much smaller than the typical code values, 0.05bb or 0.1b, except for buildings with very long plan dimensions (b ≥ 50 m). Alternatively, by using the response spectrum method the increase in response can be estimated by computing the peak response to each base motion independently and combining the peak values using the SRSS rule.
Modeling Damage Evolution in Friction Stir Welding Process

The evolution of voids (damage) in friction stir welding processes was simulated using a void growth model that incorporates viscoplastic flow and strain hardening of incompressible materials during plastic deformation. The void growth rate is expressed as a function of the void volume fraction, the effective deformation rate, and the ratio of the mean stress to the strength of the material. A steady-state Eulerian finite element formulation was employed to calculate the flow and thermal fields in three dimensions, and the evolution of the strength and damage was evaluated by integrating the evolution equations along the streamlines obtained in the Eulerian configuration. The distribution of internal voids within the material was qualitatively compared with experimental results, and a good agreement was observed in terms of the spatial location of voids. The effects of pin geometry and operational parameters such as tool rotational and travel speeds on the evolution of damage were also examined.
2‐D native‐PAGE/SDS‐PAGE visualization of an oligomer's subunits: Application to the analysis of IgG

A 2-D native-PAGE/SDS-PAGE method for detecting the subunit components of protein oligomers at low picomole sensitivity is presented. IgG was electrophoresed in a native acidic polyacrylamide gel in amounts ranging from 51 pmol to 60 fmol. Silver-staining (native fast silver stain, ammoniacal silver stain, permanganate silver stain), Coomassie-staining (R-250, G-250), metal ion-reverse-staining (zinc, copper), and fluorescent chromophore-staining (SYPRO Ruby) methods were used to visualize the IgG oligomers. The protein zones were then excised, separated by SDS-PAGE, and subunits visualized with a permanganate silver stain. The Coomassie R-250/permanganate silver-staining combination detected IgG subunits using 2 pmol of sample. Coomassie G-250 and native fast silver staining in the first-dimensional gel produced detectable subunits in the second-dimensional separation at 3 and 13 pmol, respectively. Staining with silver (ammoniacal, permanganate), copper, zinc, or SYPRO Ruby in the first-dimensional gel did not produce discernible subunits in the second-dimensional gels due to protein streaking or protein immobilization in the native gel. When using a 2-D native-PAGE/SDS-PAGE system, Coomassie staining of the first-dimensional native gel combined with permanganate silver staining of the second-dimensional denaturing gel provides the most sensitive method (2-3 pmol) for visualizing constituent subunits from their oligomeric assemblies.
Coping and Quality of Life after Total Laryngectomy

Objective. To investigate how ways of coping and traditional factors (age, sex, time postlaryngectomy, stage of disease, radiation, alaryngeal speech method) predict global quality of life, head and neck cancer–specific quality of life, and voice-related quality-of-life outcomes after total laryngectomy.Study Design. Cross-sectional survey.Setting. University-based laboratory and speech clinic.Subjects and Methods. Sixty-seven individuals who underwent total laryngectomy secondary to cancer were recruited from support groups and professional contacts. Individuals were at minimum 9 months postlaryngectomy. All outcomes were patient reported and included demographic data as well as a number of validated questionnaires: the Ways of Coping–Cancer Version (WOC-CV) scale, the Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) scale, and the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) composite and global QOL scores.Results. Fifty-three individuals identified a stressful aspect of their laryngectomy. As a set, traditi...
Signal Compensation and Compressed Sensing for Magnetization-Prepared MR Angiography

Magnetization-prepared acquisitions offer a trade-off between image contrast and scan efficiency for magnetic resonance imaging. Because the prepared signals gradually decay, the contrast can be improved by frequently repeating the preparation, which in turn significantly increases the scan time. A common solution is to perform the data collection progressing from low- to high-spatial-frequency samples following each preparation. Unfortunately, this leads to loss of spatial resolution, and thereby image blurring. In this work, a new technique is proposed that first corrects the signal decay in high-frequency data to mitigate the resolution loss and improve the image contrast without reducing the scan efficiency. The proposed technique then employs a sparsity-based nonlinear reconstruction to further improve the image quality. In addition to reducing the amplified high-frequency noise, this reconstruction extrapolates missing k-space samples in the case of undersampled compressed-sensing acquisitions. The technique is successfully demonstrated for noncontrast-enhanced flow-independent angiography of the lower extremities, an application that substantially benefits from both the signal compensation and the nonlinear reconstruction.
Membrane Topology of Human Presenilin-1 in SK-N-SH Cells Determined by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Fluorescent Energy Transfer

Presenilin-1 (PS1) protein acts as passive ER Ca 2? leak channels that facilitate passive Ca 2? leak across ER membrane. Mutations in the gene encoding PS1 protein cause neurodegeneration in the brains of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). FADPS1 mutations abrogate the function of ER Ca 2? leak channel activity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells in vitro (Das et al., J Neurochem 122(3):487-500, 2012) and in mouse embry- onic fibroblasts. Consequently, genetic deletion or muta- tions of the PS1 gene cause calcium (Ca 2? ) signaling abnormalities leading to neurodegeneration in FAD patients. By analogy with other known ion channels it has been proposed that the functional PS1 channels in ER may be multimers of several PS1 subunits. To test this hypothesis, we conjugated the human PS1 protein with an NH2-terminal YFP-tag and a COOH-terminal CFP-tag. As expected YFP-PS1, and PS1-CFP were found to be expressed on the plasma membranes by TIRF microscopy, and both these fusion proteins increased ER Ca 2? leak channel activity similar to PS1 (WT) in SK-N-SH cells, as determined by functional calcium imaging. PS1-CFP was either expressed alone or together with YFP-PS1 into SK- N-SH cell line and the interaction between YFP-PS1 and PS1-CFP was determined by Forster resonance energy transfer analysis. Our results suggest interaction between YFP-PS1 and PS1-CFP confirming the presence of a dimeric or multimeric form of PS1 in SK-N-SH cells. Lateral diffusion of PS1-CFP and YFP-PS1 in the plasma membrane of SK-N-SH cells was measured in the absence or in the presence of glycerol by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to show that both COOH-terminal and NH2- terminal of human PS1 are located on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Therefore, we conclude that both COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal of human PS1 may also be oriented on the cytosolic side of ER membrane.
NONCLASSICAL ANTIMETABOLITES. XV. BRIDGE PRINCIPLE OF SPECIFICITY WITH ACTIVE-SITE-DIRECTED IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITORS. VI. HIGHLY SELECTIVE IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE.

Eleven compounds, all of which were reversible inhibitors of both heart and skeletal muscle lactic dehydrogenase, were investigated as irreversible inhibitors of the two enzymes. 4- and 5-(Iodoacetylglycylamido)salicylic acids (V and VI) irreversibly inhibited both enzymes. However, specificity was shown with 4- and 5-(iodoacetamido)salicylic acids (I and II), which irreversibly inhibited skeletal muscle lactic dehydrogenase, but not heart lactic dehydrogenase. A crossover specificity was noted with 5-(carbophenoxyamino)salicylic acid (IV); this compound irreversibly inhibited heart lactic dehydrogenase, but not skeletal muscle lactic dehydrogenase. It is proposed that these specific irreversible inhibitions are due to exploitable differences in the secondary-tertiary structure of these two substrate-identical enzymes from different tissues.
Coherent phase equilibria in systems possessing a consolute critical point

The influence of coherency strains on phase equilibria in a two-phase microstructure is examined for a binary or pseudobinary alloy system possessing a consolute critical point (chemical miscibility gap). The qualitative features of phase equilibria, including the limits of metastability (chemical spinodal), are shown to depend critically on the mechanical loading conditions and the geometric arrangement of the phases in the microstructure. If the elastic state of a phase in a two-phase coherent system is independent of the presence of the other phase, then the equilibrium characteristics usually associated with fluid systems should be observed, even though the system is nonhydrostatically stressed. If the elastic state of a phase depends upon the presence of the other phase, then the equilibrium characteristics that have come to be associated with coherent systems should be observed; tie lines and field lines do not coincide, the common tangent construction is invalid, and Gibbs phase rule is not applicable.
Population Regulation Theory and Implications for Biological Control

The concepts of population equilibria and population regulation lie at the heart of biological control. Characteristics of successful biological control programs through introduction are, for example, the reduction of pest populations and their maintenance, in a stable interaction with their natural enemies, about some low, nonpest level. Such outcomes have frequently been recorded (DeBach 1964a; Clausen 1978; Bellows 1993 (see also; Chapter 8)), but evidence documenting the mechanisms of population interactions which are responsible for these dynamical changes is less common (Beddington et al. 1978; Gould et al., 1992a,b). Examples tracking the decline of a population following the introduction of natural enemies are shown in Fig. 18.1, 18.2, and Fig. 8.7. Biological control programs seek to enhance such natural control of populations, and an understanding of the principles involved requires a fundamental understanding of many aspects of population ecology.
Epidural spinal involvement of Erdheim–Chester disease causing myelopathy

We present a 25-year-old woman with Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) presenting with progressive myelopathy from multiple compressive spinal epidural lesions who required cervicothoracic decompression and fusion, and summarize the literature on epidural spinal involvement of ECD. ECD is a rare non-Langerhans histiocytosis affecting multiple organ systems through infiltration and characteristically causing multifocal osteosclerosis. Central nervous system involvement, particularly of the spine, is rare.
Inhibition of the NT-3 Receptor TrkC, Early in Chick Embryogenesis, Results in Severe Reductions in Multiple Neuronal Subpopulations in the Dorsal Root Ganglia

To assess functions of neurotrophins at defined times in development, we have prepared antibodies to the extracellular domains of each of the trk receptors. Here, antibodies to trkC, the major receptor for NT-3, are used to examine trkC expression and function during the formation and maturation of the chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Our results show that in the immature DRG, the majority of cells express trkC, and inhibition of trkC activation results in reductions in neuronal numbers before the period of target-mediated cell death, the time when neurotrophins previously have been shown to regulate survival. Furthermore, blockade of trkC in ovo induced reductions in subpopulations of DRG neurons known to be dependent on NGF, in addition to those dependent on NT-3 during the target-regulated cell death period. An early function for NT-3 on immature DRG neurons is supported further by data presented here that demonstrate that whereas BDNF and NGF can support a subset of immature DRG neurons in vitro , activation of the trkC receptor either by NT-3 binding or via antibody-mediated cross-linking induces the most robust survival response. When all three neurotrophins are combined, the number of surviving neurons does not exceed that supported by NT-3 alone. Together, these data are consistent with coexpression of more than one trk receptor family member on immature sensory neurons, and they demonstrate that inhibition of trkC activation has surprisingly early and pleiotrophic effects on the development of spinal sensory ganglia.
The effects of MFA quota elimination on Indian fibre markets

This article examines the effects of multi-fibre arrangement (MFA) quota elimination on Indian fibre market. The partial equilibrium Indian fibre model was developed using a theoretically consistent framework and incorporated regional supply response, substitutability between cotton and man-made fibres, and appropriate linkage between cotton and textile sectors. Baseline projections were developed for supply, demand and prices of cotton, man-made fibres and textiles under a set of exogenous assumptions. The effects of MFA textile quota eliminations were introduced into the model by conducting three scenarios, i.e. increasing textile exports by 10, 20 and 30% from the baseline level. The results suggest that on an average, cotton imports rise by 4–8% annually, while the man-made fibre exports from India decline with the opening of textile markets in the developed countries. The higher domestic cotton prices encourage acreage expansion in cotton in all the three regions in India, but not enough to meet risi...
A Real-World Analysis of Pharmaceutical Settlements: The Missing Dimension of Product-Hopping

The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in improving human health. But it also provides the setting for some of the most concerning issues in the patent-antitrust intersection today. Two activities are particularly worrisome. First, brand-name pharmaceutical firms and generic companies have settled patent litigation. As part of these agreements, brand firms have paid generics to drop their patent challenges and delay entering the market. Second, brand firms, frequently at the end of a patent term, have engaged in “product hopping,” often switching from one means of administering a drug (e.g., tablet) to another (e.g., capsule). In the past decade, courts and commentators have separately explored these activities. But no one has yet explored the intersection of these two forms of conduct. This Article tackles this project. In doing so, it uncovers a vital strategy that has, until now, fallen through the cracks of antitrust law. This Article will show that the combination of settlements and product hopping results in unrecognized anticompetitive harm. Such a conclusion is particularly important given arguments offered by settling parties today, which on the surface appear reasonable. These parties have contended that settlement that allows entry before the end of the patent term is, by definition, procompetitive. After all, such entry would appear to introduce competition before patent expiration. This would seem to be a significant justification for the settlement. But the closer analysis presented here reveals the anticompetitive effects arising from the combination of settlement and product hopping. For a settlement that prevents patent challenges for a period of time - even if less than the duration of the patent - gives the brand firm the space in which it can comfortably switch the market to the new product. So by the time, years later, when the generic enters, the market will have already been switched to the new product. The generic will no longer be able to take advantage of state drug product substitution laws that allow pharmacists to automatically substitute generic drugs in place of brand-name drugs. The lethal combination of the two, in short, erects a significant roadblock to pharmaceutical competition.
Computationally efficient optimal power allocation algorithm for multicarrier communication systems

We present an optimal, efficient power allocation algorithm for discrete multitone modulation (DMT). Using efficient lookup table searches and a Lagrange multiplier bisection search, our algorithm converges much faster to the optimal solution than existing techniques and can replace the use of suboptimal methods because of its low computational complexity. A fast algorithm is developed and a pseudocode is provided.
The Effects of a Passively Actuated Trailing Edge on the Aerodynamics of an Oscillating Wing

This study examines the use of a passively actuated trailing edge of a thin wing during oscillation motion. The integration of a flexible trailing edge with an oscillating wing has the ability to alter the transient lift and drag characteristics, as well as the time averaged values. The results are obtained for a chord-length based Reynolds number of 0 and 40,000, and at oscillation frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz. The non-dimensional heaving amplitude is fixed at 0.25 and the pitching is 20°. The flexibility of the trailing edge is controlled by a torsion rod between the main wing and the trailing edge. Three conditions are evaluated: a very stiff rod (essentially non-flexible trailing edge), a moderately flexible rod and a very flexible rod. Results obtained indicate that lift and drag have a shift in the time averaged values, where the drag and lift both decrease as the trailing edge flexibility increases. These findings have application to both enhanced propulsion and energy harvesting.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Partner-specific adaptation in dialog.

No one denies that people adapt what they say and how they interpret what is said to them, depending on their interactive partners. What is controversial is when and how they do so. Several psycholinguistics research programs have found what appear to be failures to adapt to partners in the early moments of processing and have used this evidence to argue for modularity in the language processing architecture, claiming that the system cannot take into account a partner’s distinct needs or knowledge early in processing. We review the evidence for both early and delayed partner-specific adaptations, and we identify some challenges and difficulties with interpreting this evidence. We then discuss new analyses from a previously published referential communication experiment (Metzing & Brennan, 2003) demonstrating that partner-specific effects need not occur late in processing. In contrast to Pickering and Garrod (2004) and Keysar, Barr, and Horton (1998b), we conclude that there is no good evidence that early processing has to be be ‘‘egocentric,’’ ‘‘dumb,’’ or encapsulated from social knowledge or common ground, but that under some circumstances, such as when one partner has made an attribution about another’s knowledge or needs, processing can be nimble enough to adapt quite early to a perspective different from one’s own.
Genetic (Co)Variances for Milk, Fat, and Protein Yield in Holsteins Using an Animal Model

Abstract First lactation milk, fat, and protein yields for first lactations of 8044 Holstein cows in New York from 24 herds were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic covariances with an animal model by restricted maximum likelihood. Numerator relationships within herd, including those from sires, were utilized, although relationships across herds were ignored. Each analysis was terminated after 300 rounds of iteration. Average milk production (twice daily milking, 305-d lactation, mature equivalent) was 8630 kg. Estimates were obtained for each individual herd and groups of 3, 6, and 12 herds. Average estimates from separate analyses of the 24 herds were nearly identical to those from combined analysis. Heritability estimates from combined analysis were .36, .35, and .33 for milk, fat, and protein yield with standard errors of approximately .03. Genetic correlations were .72 for milk and fat, .88 for milk and protein, and .77 for fat and protein. Phenotypic correlations were .81, .91, and .82. Heritability estimates for individual herds were quite variable with standard errors of about .15. The largest environmental standard deviation for a herd was about twice the smallest. Estimates from only one analysis failed to converge—a group of three herds. All single herd analyses reached convergence as did the other 7 trios of herds and all sets of 6 and 12 herds.
Annexin II is the membrane receptor that mediates the rapid actions of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3†

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been shown to exert its effects by both genomic (minutes to hours) and rapid (seconds to minutes) mechanisms. The genomic effects are mediated by interaction with the nuclear vitamin D receptor. We show that the vitamin D analog, [14C]-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 bromoacetate, is specifically bound to a protein (molecular weight 36 kDa) in the plasma membrane of rat osteoblastlike cells (ROS 24/1). The plasma membrane protein labeled with the bromoacetate analog was identified as annexin II by sequence determination and Western blot. Partially purified plasma membrane proteins (PI 6.9–7.4) and purified annexin II exhibited specific and saturable binding for [3H]-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Antibodies to annexin II inhibited [14C]-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 bromoacetate binding to ROS 24/1 plasma membranes, immunoprecipitated the ligand–protein complex, and inhibited 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3–induced increases in intracellular calcium in ROS 24/1 cells. The results indicate that annexin II may serve as a receptor for rapid actions of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J. Cell. Biochem. 78:34–46, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Challenge Of Negation In Searches And Queries

Negation poses certain challenges for queries and searches. This paper deals with exclusionary queries implemented using the ISO database language SQL and a dialog-based interface and with retrieval searches involving negation. This research arose because instructors in database courses noticed a large proportion of students making mistakes on certain queries. The paper explores underlying comprehension issues and makes practical recommendations on identifying potential sources of error and avoiding incorrect or misleading results. Proposed actions include changes in general education and database training and encouraging implementation of the new SQL:1999 standard.
Statins - the Holy Grail for cancer?

Statins or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have been used for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and currently are the most commonly prescribed drug class in the world. Besides cholesterol reduction, pre-clinical studies have shown that statins may exert antineoplastic effects, through both HMG-CoA reductase-dependent and HMG-CoA reductase-independent pathways. By competitive inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, statins prevent post-translational prenylation of the Ras/Rho superfamily, which are important mediators of cell growth, differentiation and survival (1).
Complex Litigation: Settlement Class at Issue in Ortiz Appeal

Commentary and analysis of the scheduled oral argument in Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., in the wake of the Supreme Court’s decision in Amchem Prods. Inc. v. Windsor (1997). The Ortiz appeal is the second global asbestos deal known as Ahearn, after a member of the class in which the Supreme Court will determine the extent and limits of settlement classes. The major difference between the Amchem and Ahearn settlements is that Amchem was consummated as a Rule 23(b)(3) opt-out class, while the Ahearn deal was structured as a Rule 23(b)(1)(B) mandatory class. And many of the same lawyers who litigated the Amchem case will return to the Supreme Court to argue Ortiz. The Court’s ultimate resolution of Ortiz is tremendously important for the resolution of mass tort litigation, as well as for settlement classes generally. When defendants and insurers seek the complete resolution of class -- frequently called “global peace” – the mandatory class is the preferred means to accomplish this goal. Mandatory classes, however, implicate due process rights that are otherwise protected only by Rule 23(b)(3) opt-out classes. This article explores the factual and procedural background leading up to the Fifth Circuit’s approval of the limited fund settlement of all asbestos claims, and the issues before the Supreme Court on appeal concerning whether and to what extent the principles the Court articulated in Amchem apply to Rule 23(b)(1)(B) mandatory classes.
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (Thaad): Five Failures and Counting (B)

THAAD was a kinetic-energy weapon designed to protect the United States against enemy missile attack. But after $3.2 billion had been spent, the program was deemed a failure as all five of the initial tests had missed the targets. This case series is about how a strategic-sourcing project ran into trouble and what options could be pursued to rescue the project, given the multiple stakeholders involved. The B case presents what actually happened. The A case (UVA-OM-1185) provides the background.
Compact propositional encoding of first-order theories

In this paper we present polynomial-time algorithms that translate First-Order Logic (FOL) theories to smaller propositional encodings than achievable before in polynomial time. For example, we can sometimes reduce the number of propositions to O(|P| + |C|), or O(|P|k ċ log |P|), for |P| predicates of arity k and |C| constant symbols. The guarantee depends on availability of some graphical structure in the FOL representation. Our algorithms accept all FOL theories, and preserve soundness and completeness (sometimes requiring the Domain Closure Assumption). Our experiments show significant speedup in inference with a SAT solver on real-world problems. Our results address a common approach that translates inference and decision problems that originate in FOL into propositional logic, later applying efficient SAT solvers. Standard translation techniques result in very large propositional encodings (O(|P||C|k) for predicates of arity k) that are often infeasible to solve. Our approach scales up inference for many objects, and has potential applications in planning, probabilistic reasoning, and formal verification.
Ice shelf structure derived from dispersion curve analysis of ambient seismic noise, Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2016. This article is posted here by permission of The Royal Astronomical Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Journal International 205 (2016): 785-795, doi:10.1093/gji/ggw036.
SP0129 Immunoregulatory Properties of Galectins

The immune system faces the difficult challenge of discerning between “self” and “non-self” and simultaneously defending against microbial pathogens. Although self-reactive T cells can be deleted in the thymus, the elimination process is often incomplete, and therefore activation of regulatory mechanisms in peripheral tissues is required in order to dampen potentially harmful responses. Homeostatic signals delivered in the form of immunosuppressive cytokines or inhibitory receptors are integrated into tolerogenic circuits that sustain peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Numerous regulatory programs have been identified that contribute to the restoration of homeostasis at the conclusion of immune responses and to safeguarding against the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathology. In this lecture we will review the role of endogenous galectins and specific N- and O-glycans interaction that together promote regulatory signals that control immune cell homeostasis. We will also discuss the mechanisms by which glycan-dependent regulatory programs integrate into canonical circuits that amplify or silence immune responses related to autoimmunity. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
The Influence of Natural Sounds on Attention Restoration

Parks and protected areas offer refuge from the fatigue of daily life. An existing body of literature provides evidence that experiences in nature can promote restoration and improve overall health and well-being. Previous research on sounds in national parks has determined that manmade sounds negatively impact visitors’ enjoyment, as well as, their assessment of the landscape. Additionally, previous studies have indicated that experiencing the restorative sounds of nature is important to visitors in national parks, and despite the growing body of protected area soundscape-focused research, very little attention has been placed on the relationship between natural sounds and cognitive health. As anthropogenic sounds and human-caused noise continues to increase in national parks, it is imperative to understand how these sounds influence visitor experience. This laboratory simulation aimed to increase understanding regarding the positive effects of natural sound on attention restoration. Using an experimental design, the researchers tested the effects of natural and anthropogenic sound, on attention restoration by having participants complete cognitive tasks after exposure to various sound clips or with no sound present. Based on previous studies, the researchers hypothesized that participants exposed to a natural sound condition would score higher on a cognitive task than those exposed to anthropogenic sound conditions. The relationship in mean cognitive performance scores between participants in the natural, anthropogenic, and control sound conditions were found to be approaching statistical significance. Findings suggested that participants who received the natural sound condition outperformed those in the no sound or control condition. Results from the study indicate that natural sounds can potentially facilitate attention restoration. Outcomes of this study provide a better understanding of how parks can serve holistically as places for human, environmental, and ecological health, as specifically measured through the role of natural sounds on recovery from mental fatigue. In addition, gaining a better understanding of the benefits natural sounds can have on restoration from mental fatigue will further validate the protection of park soundscapes. Finally, this research will help park and protected area managers, specific programs and initiatives, such as the Healthy Parks Healthy People and the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, develop plans and policies that aim to provide visitors with a beneficial, cognitively restorative soundscape experience.
Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass composition in swine: I. Fat deposition traits.

One of the major determining factors in the price of market hogs today is backfat depth. Therefore, identification of regions of the genome affecting this trait could be very useful to the swine industry. A large resource population (n = 540) was developed by backcrossing F 1 Meishan-White composite females to either Meishan or White composite boars. A genomic scan was conducted by genotyping all animals with microsatellite markers spaced at ∼20-cM intervals across the entire porcine genome. Breed of origin for all chromosomal segments was determined using multipoint linkage procedures, and a least squares regression analysis was conducted. Nominal P-values were converted to a genome-wide level of significance to adjust for the numerous tests conducted. Traits analyzed were backfat depths at the first rib (FRIB); 10th rib (10th); last rib (LRIB); last lumbar (LLUM) vertebra; the average of FRIB, LRIB, and LLUM (AVBF); and weight of leaf fat (LEAF). Significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected on chromosomes 1, 7, and X. Suggestive evidence for QTL was present on chromosomes 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14. Genotypic means for the loci detected indicated a predominantly additive mode of inheritance. Meishan alleles produced fatter pigs for all loci except those on chromosomes 7 and 10. Additional research should be conducted to refine the estimated position of each QTL and its effect and determine epistatic interactions. These loci should be evaluated in other germplasms to determine whether allelic variation at the QTL exists in other breeds.