cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE BITTER TRUTH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BLACK MALE AND BLACK FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS

The paper examines variables stated to be central to entrepreneurial success and reports differences between black male and black female entrepreneurs. Variables studied include task-specific efficacy, firm performance and opportunity recognition. Using a sample of 85 males and 58 females, results indicated that although black male and female entrepreneurs are somewhat similar in terms of business environment and demographics (e.g., education levels, years of business industry experience, likelihood of having a business mentor, etc.), black females trailed black male entrepreneurs in firm performance, task-specific efficacy and opportunity recognition. Overall, findings suggest an expressed need to enact specific-policies to increase success rates among this group of understudied entrepreneurs, black females.
Snol, a novel alternatively spliced isoform of the ski protooncogene homolog, sno

We have cloned and sequenced a novel human isoform of sno, snoI for insertion. SnoI contains 1330 nucleotides inserted in place of 7 nucleotides of the snoN mRNA. Sno is a member of the ski protooncogene family, which has been implicated in muscle development. The two previously known sno alternatively spliced isoforms are snoN (684 amino acids), and snoA (415 amino acids); snoI encodes a truncated isoform of 399 amino acids (44,298 MW). Southern blot experiments show that snoI contains a third alternative exon from the sno gene; a single sno gene can express all three isoforms of sno by alternative splicing. All three isoforms contain the region that is most similar to the ski proto-oncogene. The relationship between snoI and snoN is analogous to that between delta fosB and fosB, where a truncated form of the fosB transcription factor is produced by alternative splicing. We find conservation of human snoI-specific sequences in several mammalian species, in monkey, dog, cow, rabbit and pig, but not in rodents, whereas the common portion of the sno gene is conserved in all vertebrate species tested. SnoN, snoA, and ski mRNAs accumulate in many human tissues including skeletal muscle; the snoI alternative mRNA accumulates more specifically in skeletal muscle. SnoI is also expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma tumor, a tumor that contains differentiated skeletal muscle. The tissue-specific alternative splicing of human snoI, an mRNA in the ski/sno gene family, and the presence of sno mRNAs in muscle are consistent with a proposed role for the sno oncogene in muscle gene regulation.
Impact of critical bed status on emergency department patient flow and overcrowding.

Objective: To compare measurements of emergency department (ED) patient flow during periods of acute ED overcrowding and times of normal patient volume (NPV). Methods: Retrospective ED chart review comparing ED flow for patients treated in a tertiary care teaching hospital during periods of ED overcrowding, defined as critical bed status (CBS), and NPV. All periods of CBS during July 2001 were identified. CBS time intervals were matched with NPV times by month, day of the week, time of day, and number of care providers. All patients registered during these matched time intervals were reviewed. Times were collected for each of the following activities: check-in, bed placement, physician assessment, first intervention, and disposition. Corresponding intervals were calculated in minutes. Triage category was used as a marker of illness severity (1 = most severe, 5 = least severe). Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: One hundred eighteen patient charts were reviewed: 61 CBS and 57 NPV. There was no statistical difference in illness severity between the two groups. In the cumulative analysis, patients waited significantly longer for an ED bed (30.4 min, p = 0.01) but did not experience significant delays in other intervals. Triage category analysis revealed no significant difference in triage 2 patients. Intermediate-severity patients (triage 3) waited longer in every interval and significantly longer for physician assessment (30.8 min longer, p < 0.05). Low-severity patients (triage 4) waited longer for an ED bed (40 min, p = 0.02) but did not experience other significant delays. Conclusions: During times of acute overcrowding, the most significant delay occurs awaiting placement in the ED bed.
Symbolic Interactionism and Expectation States Theory: Similarities and Differences

Abstract Theories in the expectation states theoretical research program are often seen as based on the orienting strategy of symbolic interactionism. Certainly there are similarities. For example, both consider the actor's definition of the situation central to accounting for behavior. Both emphasize the situational specificity of behavior. While there are similarities, there are also several differences, including conflicts in assumptions about continuity in the definition processes and about the awareness of the actor of the operation of these processes. This paper spells out each of the similarities and differences between the state activating approach of expectation states theory and symbolic interactionism. It does not draw any conclusion about whether expectation states theories are “really” based on symbolic interactionism or not. However, it does indicate that these theories are probably more closely related to Simmel's form of interactionism than to Blumer's version.
Modeling racks and servers heat capacity in a physics based dynamic CFD model of data centers

This work presents the effect of servers and racks heat capacity on common dynamic scenarios in data centers. Room level Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate airflow rate and servers power fluctuations in a representative data center. It is found that the servers heat capacity has a significant effect on the dynamics of data centers. An order of magnitude increase is observed in the time constant associated with change in temperatures compared with models that neglects the effect of servers heat capacity. It is also found that the rack chassis heat capacity has a slight influence on temperatures rate of change, thus it can be neglected without affecting the accuracy of the results and also reducing the computational time.
Colony Fission Increases Particle Capture Rates of a Soft Coral: Advantages of Being a Small Colony

Abstract The rate at which a passive suspension feeder captures food particles depends on the rate at which ambient currents bring particles into contact with its feeding apparatus. This flux of particles is controlled in part by the turbulence and velocity of water as it moves over a surface of a given topography, and is thus strongly influenced by the size and shape of an organism, and by the size and spatial distribution of neighboring individuals. The effects of (1) colony size and (2) the presence of conspecific neighbors on particle capture rates were quantified in laboratory experiments conducted with colonies of an undescribed species of alcyonacean soft coral. Soft coral colonies were observed feeding in a recirculating flow tank at freestream flow speeds ranging from 0.04-0.51 m/s. At all experimental flow speeds, per polyp particle capture rates decreased as colony size increased. At low flow speeds, colonies had lower particle capture rates when surrounded by neighboring colonies than when neighbors were absent; however, at high flow speeds, particle capture rates were enhanced slightly in the presence of neighboring colonies. These alcyonacean colonies, as well as other colonial organisms in diverse taxa, undergo continual asexual fission as they grow, thereby forming aggregations of small, physiologically discrete daughter colonies. The results obtained here suggest that this growth strategy may be an effective means of maximizing nutrient intake (hence growth rate and sexual reproductive potential) per unit biomass of the genotype. The experimental results can be used to predict the size at which a colony should undergo fission in a given flow environment in the absence of other selective forces acting on colony size.
Information systems: Records, relations, sets, entities, and things

Abstract This article reviews progress in the creation of a scientific discipline for information systems. It discusses contributions from four sources of fundamental knowledge: 1. (1) Information Systems Technology; 2. (2) Scientific Computation Technology; 3. (3) Linguistics; and 4. (4) Mathematics. It then selectively reviews progress on an information systems science in the most active areas of study: name-based representations, stored representations, access languages, and information systems performance. This discussion relys on the definition of a series of abstract, structured levels for the description, design, and implementation of generalized data base management systems.
Once daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with cefadroxil.

To determine if a single daily dose of cefadroxil would be effective in the treatment of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis, 196 patients with GABHS pharyngitis were randomly assigned to receive either penicillin V 250 mg three times daily or cefadroxil 30 mg/kg once daily, for 10 days. Outcome was measured by the ability to isolate GABHS from the upper respiratory tract 18 to 24 hours after the onset of therapy, the impact on the clinical course, and the bacteriologic treatment failure rate. There was no significant difference in the number of patients in the cetadroxil and penicillin V treatment groups with throat cultures positive for GABHS at the 18 to 24-hour follow-up visit (0% and 2%, respectively), and the clinical responses of the patients in the two treatment groups were similar. Of the 99 patients in the three times daily penicillin V group, six (6%) had strains of GABHS isolated on one of the follow-up cultures that were identical to the strains isolated from their initial throat cultures and were considered to have bacteriologic treatment failures. Of the 96 patients in the once daily cetadroxil group, two (2%) were considered to have bacteriologic treatment failures. A single daily dose of cefadroxil appears to be as effective in the treatment of GABHS pharyngitis in this population as penicillin V given three times daily.
Abstract 1930: Inhibition of glioblastoma cell growth with the isoprenoids perillyl alcohol, farnesol, and geraniol

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The naturally occurring isoprenoid perillyl alcohol has chemotherapeutic activity toward many solid tumor types. Early phase human clinical trials have shown low toxicity but only limited efficacy. In glioblastoma, perillyl alcohol has antitumor activity toward cultured cells and has shown some survival benefit in a Phase I/II clinical trial. More potent compounds are needed in order to make more significant impacts on patient survival from glioblastoma and other chemoresistant cancers. Isoprenoids may be especially useful in glioblastoma given their lipophilic nature and potential to cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, we compared the chemotherapeutic effects of perillyl alcohol with the related isoprenoids farnesol and geraniol on cell survival in cultured U87 human glioblastoma cells. Cells were treated for 72 h with isoprenoids, and cell survival was measured by the MTT assay. In U87 cells, each of the isoprenoids exhibited a dose-dependent effect on cell survival in the range of 0-2 mM. The relative potency was farnesol>perillyl alcohol>geraniol, with 52%, 38% and 23% inhibition at 1500 uM, respectively. We then tested the effects of isoprenoids on mitogenic signaling via ERK, phosphoERK, AKT and phosphAKT Western blots in U87 cells. Farnesol decreased phosphoERK at doses as low as 50 uM, whereas perillyl alcohol and geraniol had no effect. None of the isoprenoids affected phosphoAKT, total AKT, or total ERK. Together, these data suggest that farnesol may be a more effective agent than perillyl alcohol in the chemotherapy of glioblastoma, and its effects may be due in part to inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1930. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1930
Determination of S(IV) at low parts per billion levels with anthranillic acid

Abstract Measurement of sulfur(IV) in formaldehyde stabilized samples in the 1–50 ppb range is carried out using anthranillic acid as a fluorescent amine substrate. Results are presented for optimization of pH, reagent concentration and conditions for attaining the best limits of detection, and comparative data for real samples against the pararosaniline method.
The vascular endothelial cell as a vehicle for gene therapy.

Abstract Increasing knowledge that has accumulated during the past decade reveals that the endothelial cell plays a far larger role than that traditionally assigned to it, namely maintenance of the fluid state of the blood. Unraveling the complex interreactions of the endothelial cell with the other cellular and molecular components of the arterial wall, as well as with the blood and its cellular and particulate components, is leading to better understanding of anastomotic hyperplasia and recurrent stenosis after endarterectomy and balloon angioplasty. More recently with the newly acquired techniques of inserting genetic material into the vascular endothelial cell many new therapeutic possibilities may be developed. Important to the technique of seeding vascular grafts, and the possible use of the genetically modified endothelial cell for gene therapy systems, are the needs to identify the origin of the cell originally seeded and ways to increase their number. Retroviral vectors and genetically conferred antibiotic resistance provide these means. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:793-8.)
The Design of High-Performance Dynamic Asynchronous Pipelines: High-Capacity Style

This paper introduces a high-throughput asynchronous pipeline style, called high-capacity (HC) pipelines, targeted to datapaths that use dynamic logic. This approach includes a novel highly-concurrent handshake protocol, with fewer synchronization points between neighboring pipeline stages than almost all existing asynchronous dynamic pipelining approaches. Furthermore, the dynamic pipelines provide 100% buffering capacity, without explicit latches, by means of separate pullup and pulldown control for each pipeline stage: neighboring stages can store distinct data items, unlike almost all existing latchless dynamic asynchronous pipelines. As a result, very high throughput is obtained. Fabricated first-input-first-output (FIFO) designs, in 0.18-m technology, were fully functional over a wide range of supply voltages (1.2 to over 2.5 V), exhibiting a corresponding range of throughputs from 1.0-2.4 giga items/s. In addition, an experimental finite-impulse response (FIR) filter chip was designed and fabricated with IBM Research, whose speed-critical core used an HC pipeline. The HC pipeline exhibited throughputs up to 1.8 giga items/s, and the overall filter achieved 1.32 giga items/s, thus obtaining 15% higher throughput and 50% lower latency than the fastest previously-reported synchronous FIR filter, also designed at IBM Research.
Sexual coercion reported by women in three midwestern prisons.

The study was an anonymous self‐report survey of coercive sexual experiences of women incarcerated in three Midwestern prisons. Inmate populations were 295 (Facility 1), 113 (Facility 2) and 60 (Facility 3). Return rates were over 50%. Some prison staff were also surveyed. The 150 inmates in Facility 1 reported relatively high rates of sexual coercion: 27% had been coerced in the state system and 19% in their present facility. The 80 inmates in Facility 1 and 36 inmates in Facility 3 reported lower rates: 8% to 9% for prisons statewide and 6% to 8% for their present facility. One half of the perpetrators were female inmates. Most incidents involved genital touching. About one fifth of the incidents were classifiable as rape. We concluded that the prison environment potentially fosters female sexual aggression among inmates and sexual exploitation by staff.
Early Unplanned Transfers from Inpatient Rehabilitation

ABSTRACTCarney ML, Ullrich P, Esselman P: Early unplanned transfers from inpatient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85:453–460.Objective:To identify characteristics of patients who transfer off inpatient rehabilitation to a surgical or medical unit before completion of their rehabilitation
Mental health and child developmental problems: the "not-so-new morbidity".

A series of articles in this issue of Academic Pediatrics deal with child and family mental health concerns and childhood developmental problems, raising questions about their burden for children and families, the role of the primary care pediatrician in screening, diagnosing, and managing these issues, and the inadequacies of the health care system to properly address these morbidities. These ‘‘not-so-new morbidities’’ are as problematic today as they were when first described as ‘‘the new morbidity’’ by Robert Haggerty and his colleagues in 1975. By the end of the millennium, the increasing complexity of the physical and social environment brought to the attention of the pediatrician ‘‘the newer morbidities’’: continued mental health and educational concerns; social disarray leading to increasing violence, homelessness, and substance abuse; and the challenges associated with increased survivorship of low birth weight infants and children with HIV and other previously fatal diseases. In 2005, Palfrey and colleagues described the ‘‘millennial morbidity’’: increasing mental health concerns; the continued effect of socioeconomic, racial, and other factors leading to health disparities; the powerful effect of technology; and the emergence of the epidemic of obesity. The persistence of developmental, educational, and mental health concerns from the ‘‘new’’ to the ‘‘newer’’—and now the millennial morbidities—makes the findings of these articles particularly worthy of our attention.
Power estimation of induction generators fed from wind turbines

Wind energy has good potential for reducing the environmental impact and cost of electricity generation in diesel based stand-alone systems (mini-grids). However, due to the stochastic nature of wind and the highly variable loads typical of remote communities, the diesel power plants can be subject to significant variation in the power demand. This can create large variations in the grid frequency and also make the diesel gensets operate at low load what can lead to carbon build up in the engines and increased maintenance costs. Some power electronic based wind turbines can provide frequency support to mitigate these problems but might be too costly for operation in small mini-grids. Conversely, there is the fixed-pitch fixed-speed induction generator based (type 1) wind turbine which does not allow any active control but presents low capital and maintenance costs. In this paper, an approach for obtaining the power vs. grid frequency characteristics of a type 1 wind turbine is described and validated experimentally. It shows that the power injected into the grid by a type 1 wind turbine reduces as the grid frequency increases. Therefore, it can help with frequency regulation in a passive way.
Changes in alpha2 adrenoreceptors in various areas of the rat brain after long-term administration of “mu” and “kappa” opiate agonists

Abstract Clonidine, an alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonist, is used to treat opiate dependent individuals who are experiencing the signs and symptoms of withdrawal. Changes in the apparent number of alpha 2 adrenoreceptors in specific areas of the rat brain have been observed after chronic morphine administration. In the present study, the effects of chronically administered morphine sulfate upon alpha 2 adrenoreceptors were compared to those of UM-1072, (±)-5,9-alpha-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-2-tetrahydro-furfuryl-6,7-benzomorphan HCl, a “kappa” agonist which does not produce typical morphine-like dependence. The maximum number of specific binding sites (B max ) and dissociation constants (K D 's) for 3 H-clonidine were measured with neural membranes isolated from saline or drug-treated rats. Rats were injected with saline, morphine or UM-1072, i.p., every 8 hr for 14 days. Doses of morphine ranged from 10 mg/kg, t.i.d., on the first three days to 100 mg/kg, t.i.d., on the last two days. Doses of UM-1072 covered a similar range. In control experiments, the B max 's for specific binding of 3 H-clonidine were (in fmoles/mg protein): hypothalamus, 142 ± 7; amygdala, 141 ± 3; brainstem, 70 ± 2; parietal cortex, 130 ± 4; hippocampus, 94 ± 2; and caudate nucleus, 62 ± 3. After chronic morphine treatment, the B max 's were decreased significantly in all areas except the hippocampus. After chronic UM-1072 treatment, the B max 's were decreased significantly in all areas studied. Neither treatment altered appreciably the K D 's for 3 H- clonidine. This study suggests that “mu” and “kappa” agonists might have similar actions upon noradrenergic systems in the brain.
Computer Simulation of the Lattice Dynamics of Solids

Neutron-diffraction data on dispersion curves for the rare-gas solids has emphasized the need for an anharmonic treatment of lattice dynamics. The molecular-dynamic technique is a powerful way of examining the temperature and volume dependence of phonon properties, since anharmonicity is treated without approximation. Using a Lennard-Jones potential, classical calculations have been made, at different temperatures and volumes, of average phonon properties such as pressure and energy, correlations in velocity and position, frequency distribution of normal modes, and phonon-dispersion curves. The volume dependence of the frequency was used to test the Gruneisen approximation. The magnitude of fluctuations in temperature and in the various correlations were compared with theory. These calculations predict relatively large shifts in frequency at constant volume as the temperature is raised in the regime where the classical approximation is valid.
Severe Attenuation of the B Cell Immune Response in Msh2-deficient Mice

Recently, results obtained from mice with targeted inactivations of postreplication DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes have been interpreted to demonstrate a direct role for MMR in antibody variable (V) gene hypermutation. Here we show that mice that do not express the MMR factor Msh2 have wide-ranging defects in antigen-driven B cell responses. These include lack of progression of the germinal center (GC) reaction associated with increased intra-GC apoptosis, severely diminished antigen-specific immunoglobulin G responses, and near absence of anamnestic responses. Mice heterozygous for the Msh2 deficiency display an “intermediate” phenotype in these regards, suggesting that normal levels of Msh2 expression are critical for the B cell response. Interpretation of the impact of an MMR deficiency on the mechanism of V gene somatic hypermutation could be easily confounded by these perturbations.
Pressure Gage Measurements in a Dry to Wet Environment

Pressure gages are used in many fluid measurements applications. One such application is the measurement of wave impact pressures on structures. This application poses a unique problem of measuring pressures in a “wet to dry” environment. Often there is a thermal drift component in the pressure readings that makes it difficult to extract the actual pressure rise due to wave loading. These types of measurements also require high response rates to measure the detail of the short duration impacts, usually on the order of one to twenty kilohertz. Several bench tests were carried out in at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, in 2008 to investigate various types of gages to find a robust gage that could withstand this type of application. Three different gages were used in this investigation. The first sensor (gage 1) is a dynamics general purpose ICP (integrated circuit piezoelectric) pressure sensor, capable of making very high frequency dynamic pressure measurements, rated to 200 psi. The second sensor (gage 2) is a voltage compensated, media isolated piezoresistive sensor, rated to 15 psi. This gage had a pressure port which was filled with water during testing to eliminate air compression effects. The third sensor (gage 3) is a semiconductor pressure gage rated to 25 psi (172.4 kPa). A water “drop” test setup was constructed of 2 inch (5.1 cm) PVC pipe. The pressure gages were mounted to the bottom of the setup facing up, and the pipe was filled from the top, with a quick acting gate valve located 2 feet (0.61 m) from the pressure sensors. Once the pipe was filled with the desired amount of water, the gate valve was opened as quickly as possible, and the impact force was measured. Vent pipes were mounted to a “cross” fitting in the vertical pipe which allowed for the air to escape. Several water “drop” tests were performed with this setup. From these tests, the thermal drift of gage 1 is evident. Gage 3 exhibits similar behavior. Gage 2 captures the water pressure impact, and then returns to a small positive static pressure as a result of the water that is sitting above it. Of the three sensors, gage 2 appears to be the most temperature stable.© 2009 ASME
Technical modifications to laparoscopic Boari flap.

INTRODUCTION To describe technical modifications to the laparoscopic Boari flap ureteroneocystostomy procedure. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS Removal of ureteral stents with conversion to percutaneous nephrostomy drainage before surgery allowed for optimization of tissue quality and visualization during operative repair. Adherence to specific dimensional ratios during flap excision consistently provided for adequate tissue for successful Boari flap construction. A mucosal modification to the Boari flap allowed for an increase in the circumference of the anastomosis and provided an additional means to fortify the suture line and promote healing. Raised mucosal flaps on the Boari flap facilitated construction of a nonrefluxing anastomosis. Finally, a 2-mm needlescopic port placed at the level of the anastomosis facilitated simplified intracorporeal double-J ureteral placement. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic Boari flap ureteroneocystostomy is an effective treatment of distal ureteral stricture disease. The technical modifications describe in this report aim to contribute to increased success rates in patients who undergo this procedure.
Inference in canonical correlation analysis

The asymptotic behavior, for large sample size, is given for the distribution of the canonical correlation coefficients. The result is used to examine the Bartlett-Lawley test that the residual population canonical correlation coefficients are zero. A marginal likelihood function for the population coefficients is obtained and the maximum marginal likelihood estimates are shown to provide a bias correction.
The relationship between the degree of blood glucose regulation and psychological factors in diabetic adolescents

52 white, middle class, insulin dependent diabetic adolescents (13 years to 19 years), who had diabetes at least 5 years, and their mothers completed questionnaires designed to assess anxiety, locus of control, personality traits, self concept and adjustment to diabetes. The hemoglobin Alc (HbA1c) value was used to measure the degree of blood glucose regulation. The HbA1c value of 9.5% was used to arbitrarily divide the subjects into a high and low HbA1c group. There was a disproportionately greater percent of females having high HbA1c values (70%) compared to males with high values (38%). Two way ANOVA (with sex and the level of blood glucose regulation as independent variables) found no significant differences attributed to the level of blood glucose regulation and some significant differences attributed to sex. Females had significantly higher scores for anxiety, feeling unhappy and feeling less confident because of their diabetes, greater independence in managing their diabetes but females were more likely not to follow their meal plan if upset. Since our results indicate that psychological factors as measured in this study may not be of major importance in blood glucose regulation, greater emphasis should be directed to the effects of metabolic and genetic factors on blood glucose regulation.
Treatment challenges with profound behaviour disturbance after traumatic brain injury: a case report

AbstractBackground: Severe behavioural disturbances exhibited during the earliest stages of recovery from severe traumatic brain injury often limit the ability to provide standard care. Studies that focus on treatment options for inpatients with such behaviours are scarce. There is limited guidance on how to approach therapy that will maximize the patient’s tolerance and participation and how to measure meaningful progress.Case report: This case study describes how the use of an innovative treatment approach to improve attention was beneficial in rehabilitation of a patient with severe traumatic brain injury whose profound behaviour disturbances substantially precluded participation in traditional therapies. The study shows how rehabilitation utilizing an interactive virtual reality-robotics environment that minimized distractions was associated with improved engagement in therapy, decreased disruptive behaviour during treatment and more sensitive measurement of progress.Conclusion: These results may be i...
Subsidence and volcanism of the Haleakala Ridge, Hawaii

Abstract Side-looking sonar (GLORIA) mapping has revealed a series of four arcuate bands of high sonic backscatter on the crest of the Haleakala Ridge, a major rift-zone ridge extending 135 km east of the island of Maui. Dredge recovery indicates that the shallowest of these bands is a drowned coral reef, and the deeper bands are also inferred to be coral reefs. The reefs occur above a prominent submarine bench 1500–2500 m deep on the ridge (H-terrace) that marks the shoreline at the end of vigorous shield building of Haleakala volcano when lava flows ceased crossing and reworking the shoreline. Since their growth these reefs have subsided as much as 2200 m and have tilted systematically about 20 m/km southward as a result of post-reef volcanic loading on the island of Hawaii, whose center of mass is about directly south of the Haleakala Ridge. The 234U/238U age of the dredged coral is 750 ± 13 ka , in reasonable agreement with an age of 850 ka for the underlying H terrace previously estimated from its relationship to other dated reefs to the southwest. Basalt glass fragments dredged from the Haleakala Ridge below the H terrace are tholeiitic and contain high sulfur indicative of eruption in water deeper than 200 m. Basalt glass fragments associated with the reefs above the H terrace are dominantly tholeiitic and contain intermediate sulfur contents, indicative of subaqueous eruption in shallow, near-shore conditions. One alkalic glass fragment was recovered above the H terrace. These relations indicate that the morphologic end of shield building as recorded by construction of the H terrace was not accompanyed by a change from tholeiitic to alkalic basalt; instead tholeiite eruptions continued for some time before the erupted lava became alkalic.
Prefrontal connections of the parabelt auditory cortex in macaque monkeys

In the present study, we determined connections of three newly defined regions of auditory cortex with regions of the frontal lobe, and how two of these regions in the frontal lobe interconnect and connect to other portions of frontal cortex and the temporal lobe in macaque monkeys. We conceptualize auditory cortex as including a core of primary areas, a surrounding belt of auditory areas, a lateral parabelt of two divisions, and adjoining regions of temporal cortex with parabelt connections. Injections of several different fluorescent tracers and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were placed in caudal (CPB) and rostral (RPB) divisions of the parabelt, and in cortex of the superior temporal gyrus rostral to the parabelt with parabelt connections (STGr). Injections were also placed in two regions of the frontal lobe that were labeled by a parabelt injection in the same case. The results lead to several major conclusions. First, CPB injections label many neurons in dorsal prearcuate cortex in the region of the frontal eye field and neurons in dorsal prefrontal cortex of the principal sulcus, but few or no neurons in orbitofrontal cortex. Fine-grain label in these same regions as a result of a WGA-HRP injection suggests that the connections are reciprocal. Second, RPB injections label overlapping prearcuate and principal sulcus locations, as well as more rostral cortex of the principal sulcus, and several locations in orbitofrontal cortex. Third, STGr injections label locations in orbitofrontal cortex, some of which overlap those of RPB injections, but not prearcuate or principal sulcus locations. Fourth, injections in prearcuate and principal sulcus locations labeled by a CPB injection labeled neurons in CPB and RPB, with little involvement of the auditory belt and no involvement of the core. In addition, the results indicated that the two frontal lobe regions are densely interconnected. They also connect with largely separate regions of the frontal pole and more medial premotor and dorsal prefrontal cortex, but not with the extensive orbitofrontal region which has RPB and STGr connections. The results suggest that both RPB and CPB provide the major auditory connections with the region related to directing eye movements towards stimuli of interest, and the dorsal prefrontal cortex for working memory. Other auditory connections to these regions of the frontal lobe appear to be minor. RPB has connections with orbitofrontal cortex, important in psychosocial and emotional functions, while STGr primarily connects with orbital and polar prefrontal cortex.
Thermal decomposition kinetics of wheat straw treated by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Abstract Combining biological pretreatment with thermal processing may offer an alternative strategy for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals. The thermal decomposition kinetics of biologically pretreated wheat straw by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated in this study using thermogravimetry (TG) – deconvoluted thermogravimetry (DTG) techniques and the Friedman method. This study revealed that biological pretreatment reduced the thermal degradation temperature of the biomass significantly. Relying on the thermal behavior of the biologically pretreated wheat straw, we proposed two biomass degradation phases during the biological degradation of wheat straw. The first phase of biodegradation (within 10 days of biological pretreatment) improved the efficiency of pyrolysis by reducing the temperature demand. In the second phase (after 10 days), although the efficiency of pyrolysis displayed the similar trend as the first phase, it showed a significant increase in activation energy demand. This process is greatly influenced by the residual lignin and cellulose ratios in the biomass. These experimental results will be useful in developing a biological pretreatment based thermochemical conversion process for lignocellulosic biomass.
Community partnership primary care : a new paradigm for primary care

Primary care has become the focal point of health care reform. For too long primary care has been narrowly conceptualized as office-based care for common problems of individuals. In this article, a nurse practitioner describes a new model for primary care, community partnership primary care (CPPC), which moves beyond typical primary care practice to create what may be a new paradigm for primary care. This proposed new paradigm moves beyond older models of primary care into new dimensions of practice. The CPPC model emphasizes new roles for clinicians and a unique goal to foster the empowerment of individuals, families, and community. Innovative features of the CPPC model include blending a clinical role with a new area of practice called community practice. CPPC emphasizes new, innovative roles for nurse practitioners and nurses in community development and community empowerment activities. A 4-year funded project permitted the development and implementation of the CPPC model in an urban Hispanic community. This article provides an overview of the CPPC model and the initial steps of model implementation.
Univariate analysis of multivariate outcomes in educational psychology

Abstract Multiple operational definitions in educational psychology research reflect the complexity inherent in both theoretical and empircal inquiry into teaching-learning activities and their interactions. The application of univariate techniques, however, to analyze multiply operationalized constructs results in profligate Type I error rates. The present purpose was to examine the prevalence of multiple operational definitions of outcome constructs and to estimate the incidence of Type I error rates when univariate procedures are applied to multiple variables in educational psychology.
Ordered alloy formation for Pt3Fe/C, PtFe/C and Pt5.75Fe5.75Cuy/CO2-reduction electro-catalysts

Abstract Carbon supported Pt 3 Fe, PtFe and Pt 5.75 Fe 5.75 Cu catalysts are prepared via the impregnation of Fe and/or Cu-nitrate precursor salts onto a preformed nano-sized Pt/C catalyst. They are referred to as Pt 3 Fe/C, PtFe/C and Pt 5.75 Fe 5.75 Cu/C catalysts and the subscripts refer to the nominal Pt, Fe and Cu atomic ratios. The final catalysts are obtained by annealing the impregnated samples in a H 2 enriched atmosphere. Pt 5.75 Fe 6.75 /C, Pt 5.75 Cu 6.75 /C and Pt 5.75 Fe 5.75 Cu 2 /C catalysts were also made. The as-prepared catalysts are characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, standard electrochemical methods and probed for the electrochemical O 2 reduction reaction (orr). Rietveld analyses reveal that [Fm-3m] Pt, cubic [Pm-3m] Pt 3 Fe and tetragonal [P4/mmm] PtFe structure types are made. In case of the Pt 5.75 Fe 5.75 Cu/C catalyst, a nano-sized carbon-supported single-phase catalyst of [P4/mmm] structure is found to be made at 800 °C, with Pt and Fe ordered on separate lattice planes, while Cu is distributed randomly onto both Pt and Fe atomic planes. The PtFe/C equivalent catalyst contains in addition a separate Fe phase as well as a slightly disordered [P4/mmm] phase. Pt 5.75 Cu 6.75 /C forms a disordered cubic [Fm-3m] alloy structure. The activity toward the orr was measured after 70 potential cycling, which can cause beneficial changes to the catalysts. In case of the specific orr activity, a dependence on the catalyst series is observed as follows: Pt 5.75 Fe 5.75 Cu/C [P4/mmm] > PtFe/C [P4/mmm] > Pt 3 Fe/C [Pm-3 m] ≈ Pt 5.75 Cu 6.75 /C [Fm-3m] > Pt/C [Fm-3m]. The highest orr mass activities are also found for the Pt 5.75 Fe 5.75 Cu/C and subsequently for the PtFe/C catalysts. Estimated orr activities are well within the range reported in the literature. In fact the specific orr activities compare to results reported for so called de-alloyed catalyst that are among the highest orr mass activities reported in the recent literature.
Operation of Argonne National Laboratory's RF Particle Separator in the Travelling Wave Mode

Argonne's two RF deflector separated beam line has been operated in the travelling wave mode. It has produced a good yield 50% pure p? beam at 4.08 GeV/c. The operating frequency is lowered to make the phase velocity of the RF separator synchronous with the wanted particle. Results for p? beams at 2.57, 4.08 and 5.77 GeV/c are presented. In addition, the operation of the travelling wave separator in the "nonconventional" manner, i.e., phase velocity synchronous with unwanted particle, is described.
Perception of solid shape from shading

Observers judged the slants and tilts of numerous regions within shaded images of ellipsoid surfaces that varied in shape, orientation, surface reflectance, and direction of illumination. The perceived three-dimensional structure of each surface was calculated from these judgments. Much of the error in observers' responses resulted from a tendency to perceive surfaces whose axes were aligned with the display screen. The presence of specular highlights or cast shadows, in contrast, had no effect on performance. The results of the experiment indicate that several assumption of certain formal models for perception of shape from shading are not psychologically valid. The most notable of these assumptions are that the visual system initially assumes that all surfaces have Lambertian reflectance and that illuminant direction must be known before shape detection can proceed. These assumptions are often accompanied by a third assumption that surface orientation is detected locally, and global shape determined by smoothing over local surface orientation estimates. The present experiment indicates that an alternative approach offered by Koenderink and van Doorn may be more psychologically accurate, as it avoids all three assumptions.
Neutron Incoherent Scattering Measurements on Hydrogen-Charged Zircaloy-4

Neutron incoherent scattering measurements were conducted on Zircaloy-4 round bars. The specimens were charged in a tube furnace at 430 °C, using a 12.5 vol. % hydrogen in an argon mixture for 30, 60, and 90 minutes at 13.8 kPa pressure. The volume-average neutron diffraction measurements showed the presence of the face-centered-cubic delta zirconium hydride (δ-ZrH2) phase in the hydrogenated specimens. The assessment of the background in the diffraction profiles due to the incoherent scattering from the hydrogen atoms was carried out by performing inelastic scans around zero energy transfer and at a fixed two-theta value for which there was only flat background and no coherent scattering. To estimate the relative amount of hydrogen in the Zircaloy-4 samples, the increase in incoherent scattering intensities with hydrogen content was calibrated using samples for which the hydrogen content was known. Measurement of the background scattering from locations within the round bar was also performed to map the distribution of hydrogen content.
A Late Phase of Cerebellar Long-Term Depression Requires Activation of CaMKIV and CREB

Recently, it has been shown that cerebellar LTD has a late phase that may be blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors. To understand the mechanisms underlying the late phase, we interfered with the activation of transcription factors that might couple synaptic activation to protein synthesis. Particle-mediated transfection of cultured Purkinje neurons with an expression vector encoding a dominant inhibitory form of CREB resulted in a nearly complete blockade of the late phase. Kinases that activate CREB were inhibited, and LTD was assessed. Inhibition of PKA or the MAPK/RSK cascades were without effect on the late phase, while constructs designed to interfere with CaMKIV function attenuated the late phase. These results indicate that the activation of CaMKIV and CREB are necessary to establish a late phase of cerebellar LTD.
Chemosurgical Reports: Super Widefield Microscopy in Mohs Surgery

The super widefield microscope can increase the efficiency of the Mohs surgeon in evaluating frozen tissue sections. The increased microscopic viewing area allows more of the operator's visual fields to be used. The super widefield microscope is especially useful when multiple and/or large frozen sections are to be examined.
Asymptotically Optimum Distributed Estimation in the Presence of Attacks

Distributed estimation of a deterministic mean-shift parameter in additive zero-mean noise is studied when using quantized data in the presence of Byzantine attacks. Several subsets of sensors are assumed to be tampered with by adversaries using different attacks such that the compromised sensors transmit fictitious data. First, we consider the task of identifying and categorizing the attacked sensors into different groups according to distinct types of attacks. It is shown that increasing the number $K$ of time samples at each sensor and enlarging the size $N$ of the sensor network can both ameliorate the identification and categorization, but to different extents. As $K\rightarrow\infty$ , the attacked sensors can be perfectly identified and categorized, while with finite but sufficiently large $K$ , as $N\rightarrow\infty$ , it can be shown that the fusion center can also ascertain the number of attacks and obtain an approximate categorization with a sufficiently small percentage of sensors that are misclassified. Next, in order to improve the estimation performance by utilizing the attacked observations, we consider joint estimation of the statistical description of the attacks and the parameter to be estimated after the sensors have been well categorized. When using the same quantization approach successfully employed without attacks, it can be shown that the corresponding Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) is singular. To overcome this, a time-variant quantization approach is proposed, which will provide a nonsingular FIM, provided that $K\geq 2$ . Furthermore, the FIM is employed to provide necessary and sufficient conditions under which utilizing the compromised sensors in the proposed fashion will lead to better estimation performance when compared to approaches where the compromised sensors are ignored.
Predictors of Weight and Adiposity During Early Infancy A Prospective Study

The problem of overweight/ obesity among children has led some experts to suggest that the current Institute of Medicine recommenda- tion for pregnancy weight gain may play a role in early childhood over- weight. The study examined the pre- dictors of early infancy weight and body composition as a prospec- tive study that followed mothers and their newborns from birth through 12 weeks postpartum. Participants were 40 mother-infant pairs either exclu- sively breastfeeding or mixed feed- ing. The main outcomes were weight changes, weight-for-height z score, height-for-age z score, weight-for-age z score, BMI-for-age z score, and percent body fat measured by the PEA POD body composition system and adjusted for infant feeding practice and ges- tational age. Female infants accu- mulated higher percent body fat than male infants through the 12 weeks of follow-up. Maternal pregnancy weight gain positively correlated with infant length at the different time points and not infant weight. Maternal prepreg- nancy body mass index (P = .030) and pregnancy weight gain (P = .040) significantly correlated with infant birth weight and not weights at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postpartum. Maternal pregnancy weight gain had an inverse association with infant percent body fat after adjusting for other covariates. In conclusion, maternal pregnancy weight gain predicted infant birth weight but not infant adiposity and subsequent weight through the first 12 weeks after delivery. Higher pregnancy weight gain predicts slower early post- natal growth.
Genetic Susceptibility, Colony Size, and Water Temperature Drive White-Pox Disease on the Coral Acropora palmata

Outbreaks of coral diseases are one of the greatest threats to reef corals in the Caribbean, yet the mechanisms that lead to coral diseases are still largely unknown. Here we examined the spatial-temporal dynamics of white-pox disease on Acropora palmata coral colonies of known genotypes. We took a Bayesian approach, using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation algorithms, to examine which covariates influenced the presence of white-pox disease over seven years. We showed that colony size, genetic susceptibility of the coral host, and high-water temperatures were the primary tested variables that were positively associated with the presence of white-pox disease on A. palmata colonies. Our study also showed that neither distance from previously diseased individuals, nor colony location, influenced the dynamics of white-pox disease. These results suggest that white-pox disease was most likely a consequence of anomalously high water temperatures that selectively compromised the oldest colonies and the most susceptible coral genotypes.