cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High‐Pressure NMR Spectroscopy of the Dynamic Processes in Complex Liquids

This lecture reviews recent applications of the high resolution, high-pressure NMR spectroscopy to the study of the dynamics in complex liquids. After a brief introduction which points out the essential role of pressure as an experimental variable in the studies of the dynamic structure of liquids, three main topics are covered. — First, selected results of the high-resolution, natural abundance 13C NMR relaxation experiments on complex liquids of 2-ethylhexyl cyclohexanecarboxylate and 2-ethylhexyl benzoate are presented. Second, the experimental studies of the dynamical solvent effects on reaction rates in several systems including 1,1-difluorocyclohexane, N,N-dimethyltrichloro-acetamide, and rhodium complexes are briefly discussed. Third, the promising future of the high-resolution, high-pressure NMR techniques to investigate the dynamics in biochemical systems is illustrated on several studies currently in progress in our laboratory.
Effects of excitatory and tranquilizing drugs on visual perception. Spatial distortion thresholds.

Die gerade noch wahrnehmbare, optisch induzierte Krummung einer horizontalen Geraden wurde unter dem Einfluss von Psilocybin untersucht. Die Droge bewirkt einen deutlichen, jedoch vorubergehenden Kompensationsverlust gegenuber der optisch induzierten Krummung.
Bounds for eigenfrequencies of a plate with an elastically attached reinforcing rib

Abstract We give rigorous upper and lower bounds to frequencies of vibration of a thin rectangular elastic plate with a variable length reinforcing rib bonded to it along a portion of a center line of the plate. The intent of this study is to demonstrate by a relatively simple but realistic example how the lower bound method can be used effectively for composite structures and to show that the method can be applied much more widely.
Microvascular free flap reconstruction of anterior skull base defects

Improvements in skull base surgery techniques have allowed surgeons to expand the indications for resection and reconstruction of aggressive tumors. The increasingly complex defects following surgical extirpation are often reconstructed with microvascular free flaps. Techniques for free flap reconstruction of the anterior skull base are elaborated.
The EndoglinPositive Sca-1Positive RhodamineLow Phenotype Defines a Near-Homogeneous Population of Long-Term Repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Abstract Endoglin, an ancillary TGF-β receptor, is differentially expressed in long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LTR-HSC). Here, we describe simple and highly efficient purification schemes for mouse bone marrow LTR-HSCs using Endoglin as a marker. The Endoglin positive and Sca-1 positive (Endo Pos Sca-1 Pos ) population, which contains about 36% of "Side Population" (SP) cells, is highly enriched for LTR-HSCs. In long-term competitive reconstitution assays, 100 such cells reconstituted all lethally irradiated recipients. Interestingly, the Endo Pos Sca-1 Pos population contains comparable LTR-HSC activity in both SP and non-SP fractions, indicating that many HSCs are not captured by the SP phenotype. Furthermore, LTR-HSCs are exclusively found in the Endo Pos Sca-1 Pos Lin Neg/Low (lineage negative/low), but not in the Endo Neg Sca-1 Pos Lin Neg/Low population, suggesting that the Endo Pos population may contain all LTR-HSCs in mouse bone marrow. Finally, we demonstrated that the Endo Pos Sca-1 Pos Rh Low (Rhodamine-123 low) phenotype, without using CD34, c-Kit, or Lineage markers, defines a nearly homogenous population of LTR-HSCs.
The value of specialty oncology drugs.

The high cost of specialty medications has been intensely scrutinized by lawmakers, patient activists, and the popular press (Kolata and Pollack 2008; Lee and Emanuel 2008; Willey et al. 2008;). Both supply- and demand-side factors push up the cost of these drugs (Goldman et al. 2006). Most are biologics, which are more costly to produce than traditional medications and are administered via infusion or direct injection, both of which involve substantial costs. On the demand side, many of these drugs provide treatments for disabling (e.g., arthritis, multiple sclerosis) or life-threatening diseases (e.g., cancer) that respond to few therapeutic substitutes. As a result, the willingness to pay for these drugs may be high. Among physicians, there is widespread belief that the benefits of specialty medications are low relative to their costs, with only 25 percent of oncologists believing that bevacizumab (Avastin), a recently developed therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, offers a “good value” (Nadler, Eckert, and Neumann 2006). This skepticism is also shared by many public payers. For example, the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) recently declined to cover bevacizumab after concluding that the documented improvement in median survival—about four and a half months, according to one major study (Hurwitz et al. 2004)—did not justify the drug's high cost, reportedly as much as U.S.$100,000/year (Kolata and Pollack 2008). We quantify the overall price and income responsiveness by estimating demand and income elasticities. We also use the estimated relationship between out-of-pocket costs, income, and utilization to determine how much (in dollar terms) individuals value the drugs in question, not simply how responsive they are to changes in out-of-pocket costs and income. Comparing patients' willingness to pay to the cost of the treatments allows us to estimate consumer surplus: the benefit to patients net of the amount paid. As Jena and Philipson (2007) observe, a drug's cost-effectiveness and consumer surplus are closely linked: the greater the consumer surplus, the higher the cost-effectiveness. We report three main findings. First, the decision to initiate therapy with these drugs is somewhat, but not highly, responsive to patient out-of-pocket costs. Second, among those who initiate therapy, the amount of use is fairly unresponsive to patient out-of-pocket costs. Third, the value of the drugs to users is on average equal to four times their total cost to payers and patients, although there is some evidence to suggest lower benefit ratios for oral drugs. Inference for the latter group of drugs, however, is complicated by much lower mean and maximum rates of cost sharing, which decrease the precision and generalizability of our findings. This suggests one limitation of the revealed preference approach in this context.
A simple method for combining HRP-TMB histochemistry with tritiated thymidine autoradiography on the same tissue section

In order to determine the sequence of development of various types of spinal neurons defined by their projection, we have developed a method for combining tritiated thymidine autoradiography for birthdate determination, with the demonstration of retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the chromogen. Because of its greater sensitivity, TMB is the chromogen of choice for the demonstration of HRP. However, the HRP-TMB reaction product is unstable and completely destroyed when the tissue is processed for autoradiography. The present study describes the use of osmium tetroxide as a postreaction stabilizing agent which preserves the HRP-TMB reaction product in the form of a dark brown precipitate which is not destroyed when the tissue is subsequently processed for autoradiography. Background levels of autoradiographs stabilized with the osmium procedure are extremely low.
Neuroendocrine responsiveness to oestradiol and male urine in neonatally androgenized prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).

Abstract The influence of neonatal androgenization on behavioural receptivity was tested by treating female voles on the 3rd day of life with testosterone propionate or with the oil vehicle. After treatment in adulthood with urine or with oestradiol benzoate, androgenized voles were less likely than normal females to display behavioural oestrus and were more likely to engage in agonistic behaviour in tests with stud males. Uteri of androgenized and control females treated with oestradiol benzoate in adulthood manifested similar increases in weight; however, only normal females treated with male urine showed increased uterine weights. Males castrated in adulthood did not display lordosis after treatment with oestradiol benzoate. Sexual differentiation induced by neonatal testicular secretions appears to limit responsiveness of the adult neuroendocrine axis to chemosensory stimuli in male urine.
What is terrorism and can psychology do anything to prevent it

Terrorism has a long history, which continues to unfold, and takes many forms. Notwithstanding these facts, there is no generally accepted definition of terrorism. I set forth the definitional issues that underlie the current debate about terrorism. By comparing terrorism with various forms of violence, I argue that it is plausible to construe terrorism as crime and, in support of this, I demonstrate why terrorism cannot be morally justified. Next, I cluster various immediate and long-term approaches intended to prevent terrorism, highlighting psychologically based strategies, such as behavioral profiling, teaching tolerance and citizenship, modifying media images of terrorism, and building peace. In order to understand and respond more effectively to 21st-century terrorism, I advocate adoption of a multidisciplinary, contextually sensitive approach.
The coupling and attenuation of nearly resonant multiplets in the Earth's free oscillation spectrum

Summary. The effect of attenuation on the coupling of nearly resonant multiplets in the Earth's free oscillation spectrum is investigated and numerical results are presented for several of the most strongly coupled low frequency multiplet pairs. The coupling influences considered are those of the Coriolis forces due to rotation and of the Earth's hydrostatic ellipticity of figure. It is found that the effects of attenuation (in particular the difference in Q-' for the two multiplets) can significantly change the splitting diagrams and the degree to which coupling takes place. The Q values for the coupled singlets are, in general, all different and lie between the two Q values of the uncoupled multiplet pair. In addition it is shown that the diagonal sum rule may be readily extended to sets of coupled multiplets.
Empirical support for a Type A belief system

Much of the research on Type A behavior has focused on overt manifestations of the pattern; consequently, the underlying psychological dimensions are poorly understood (Matthews, 1982). Price (1982) has proposed an elaborate, but empirically unvalidated, model suggesting that a specific set of beliefs underlies the Type A behavior pattern. A series of experiments was conducted to test the validity of Price's model and to develop a device for assessing these beliefs. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of this measure were .94 and .84, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found with traditional measures of Type A behavior as well as various facets of anger and anxiety. Finally, subjects who endorsed a high degree of Type A beliefs set significantly higher performance standards and were less likely to achieve these standards than their low-scoring counterparts. Results are discussed with regard to the theoretical construct of Type A as well as their implications for future research and treatment.
Energy Spectrum of Electrons Emitted from Gases Bombarded by Positive Ions

The energy spectrum of electrons ejected during ionization of neon, argon, and krypton by bombardment with potassium ions has been experimentally determined. Energy selection was effected by the focusing property at 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} of a uniform magnetic field.The observed spectra consist of a structure of maxima and minima characteristic of the bombarded gas. The relative heights but not the positions of the maxima are functions of the incident ion energy.
From the page to the clinic: Implementing new National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines

The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program's (NAEPP) revised guidelines, the Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3), published in 2007, represents a shift in the approach to asthma: the EPR-3 recommends that clinicians think of asthma as a chronic disease with an inflammatory basis. EPR-3 guidelines also represent a shift in the treatment paradigm for asthma in line with the shift in approach: although symptomatic relief is still necessary, the primary goal of asthma treatment is now long-term control, with the aim of minimizing exacerbation frequency and severity and limiting possible permanent airway damage that can result from frequent asthma exacerbations. To help clinicians implement the new EPR-3 guidelines into daily practice, the NAEPP's Guidelines Implementation Panel has identified 6 key action-focused recommendations. This article describes those recommendations and the evidence supporting them.
Graft outcomes in pediatric kidney transplantation: Focus on the role of race

While significant racial disparities in graft outcome persist among adult and pediatric kidney transplant recipients in the US, some international studies do not show these diffe­rences. The aim of this study is to examine predictors of graft outcomes and the impact of race in our pediatric kidney transplant cohort. Records of 109 pediatric kidney transplant recipients performed at our institution between 7/99 and 4/07 were studied. Patients were grouped based on race: African-American (AA) vs. non-AA. Fifty-five AA (12 ± 5 years) and 54 non-AA patients (11 ± 6 years) were studied. There were more females, pre-emptive transplants and living donors in the non-AAs. Survival analysis showed significantly higher rejection rates in AAs, P = 0.02, and lower unadjusted graft survival (P = 0.09). Cox Proportional Hazards Survival Regression Analysis revealed biopsy-proven acute rejection and delayed graft function contributed to worse graft survival, while pre-emptive transplantation had a favorable effect. Race was not an independent risk factor for decreased graft survival in the final model. In conclusion, our cohort showed several modifiable risk factors that can partially account for poorer graft survival in pediatric AA kidney transplant recipients.
Single unit and evoked potential responses in cat optic tract to paired light flashes.

Single unit responses and gross evoked potentials were recorded in the optic tract of cats under barbiturate anesthesia in response to single and paired flashes of light. Parallels were drawn between the evoked potentials recorded in this study and those recorded in previous work in alert, behaving cats during perceptual discrimination of paired from single flashes. Comparability of the evoked potentials under the two conditions served as justification for correlating patterns of single unit responses and perceptual responses to pairs of flashes. Under light adaptation, unit recovery to paired flashes at various interflash intervals was comparable to evoked potential recovery and, hence, to the perceptual responses in only about one-half of the units tested. In contrast, under dark adapted conditions, only one-third of the units paralleled the evoked potentials. Thus, a large number of retinal units apparently fail to play a significant role in temporal discrimination of paired from single flashes. The discussion focuses upon the relationship between unit and perceptual responses and considers alternative ways in which information necessary for discrimination of paired from single flashes may be coded.
Acquisition of a new color name in amnesics and normal controls

Abstract Six Korsakoffs amnesics, three mixed amnesics, eight normal controls were taught the meaning of “bice”, the word for a particular shade of blue-green. The conceptual interpretation that the Korsakoffs developed for “bice” differed in three respects from the one that the controls developed. (1) Although both Korsakoffs and controls applied the term more liberally to pens than to other objects, two of the Korsakoffs showed an extreme form of this tendency. (2) The Korsakoffs tended to generalize more broadly along the spectral dimension in using the term. (3) Whereas there was a positive relationship, in the data for the controls, between measures of syntactic and semantic awareness concerning “bice”, there was no such relationship in the Korsakoffs data. It was concluded that the Korsakoffs had difficulty mastering the new word, difficulty specifically in integrating their representation for the word with the rest of their lexical knowledge.
Online video delivery: Past, present, and future

Video streaming is the core technology for online video delivery systems. Initial research on this technology faced many challenges. In this article, lessons learned from beginning trials are discussed; some pioneering works that provided early solutions and inspired subsequent research are presented; and new techniques required for emerging applications are examined.
Degradation of RXRs Influences Sensitivity of Rat Osteosarcoma Cells to the Antiproliferative Effects of Calcitriol

Several cell lines, including ROS17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma (ROS) cells, contain functional VDRs and RXRs but are resistant to the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol and retinoids. We explored the role of receptor degradation in this hormone resistance. Results of transactivation assays indicated that ROS cells contain insufficient amounts of RXR to activate a DR-1 reporter, and Western blot analyses of cell extracts showed that the degradation of RXR is accelerated and produces an aberrant 45-kDa RXR. We stably expressed functional fluorescent chimeras of VDR and RXR [green fluorescent protein (GFP)-VDR; yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-RXR] to evaluate degradation mechanisms and the impact of excess receptor expression on antiproliferative effects. Microscopy showed a diminished expression of YFP-RXR in ROS cells compared with the expression in CV-1 cells. Treatment with inhibitors of proteasomal degradation (lactacystin and MG132) selectively enhanced GFP-VDR and YFP-RXR expression and also increased the endogenous levels of VDR and RXR. Expression of GFP-VDR had no effect on the sensitivity of ROS cells to calcitriol. Increases of RXR levels by YFP-RXR expression, drug treatments, or the combination of the two, however, restored the growth-inhibitory effects of calcitriol and 9-cis-RA and restored p21 induction by calcitriol. These studies revealed that an accelerated and aberrant RXR degradation could cause resistance to the antiproliferative effects of calcitriol and retinoids in ROS cells.
Long-term cryopreservation of human oocytes does not increase embryonic aneuploidy.

Objective To determine if long-term cryopreservation of human oocytes affects oocyte developmental competence, blastocyst euploidy, or live-birth rates. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-based fertility center. Patient(s) A total of 33 patients with cryopreserved oocytes underwent oocyte thaw, blastocyst culture, trophectoderm biopsy, and 24-chromosome preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) with array comparative genomic hybridization between December 2011 and July 2014; subjects were compared with 2:1 age-matched controls with fresh oocytes whose embryos underwent trophectoderm biopsy and PGS during the same period. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Rates of fertilization, blastulation, euploidy, implantation, and live birth. Result(s) Thirty-three patients (mean age 36.2 ± 3.8 y) thawed 475 oocytes that had been cryopreserved for a median of 3.5 years. Compared with 66 age-matched controls who underwent in vitro fertilization and PGS with fresh oocytes, embryos derived from cryopreserved oocytes demonstrated compromised blastocyst formation (54.5% vs. 66.2%) despite no impairment in fertilization (72.8% vs. 73.2%). Results showed no difference in the number of euploid blastocysts (1.7 ± 1.9 vs. 2 ± 2.5), percentage of euploid blastocysts (44.5% vs. 47.6%), rate of implantation (65% vs. 65%), or rate of live birth and ongoing pregnancy (62.5% vs. 55%) after 24-chromosome PGS with cryopreserved or fresh oocytes. Conclusion(s) Embryos derived from cryopreserved oocytes demonstrate impaired blastulation but equivalent rates of euploidy, implantation, and live birth compared with blastocysts derived from fresh oocytes, supporting the safety and efficacy of oocyte cryopreservation.
Land reform and farm restructuring in East Central Europe and CIS in the 1990s: Expectations and achievements after the first five years

The countries of East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union have achieved considerable progress with land reform and farm restructuring since 1991. Yet the achievements fall short of original expectations, both it scope and in character. So far, agricultural transformation has not produced a quick increase in production; most land remains in collective ownership; most peasants prefer to remain in the safety of large cooperatives, which still dominate agriculture. The accomplishments of agrarian reform have been modest due to political and legal uncertainty, lack of a supportive environment, high risk, and inadequate mechanisms for farm restructuring and individual exit. The future agriculture in the region will be characterized by the coexistence of private farms, restructured cooperatives, commercial farms of various sizes, and part-time subsistence farms. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
THEORY IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

The purpose of this paper is to examine the state of the art of theory and theorizing in educational administration. The author investigates in what ways and why theory and practice have been disconnected and how they could be better conjoined. Although progress in the development of theory has been slow, it has been tangible. More recent work has displayed a greater degree of scientism in approach; more people have been involved; the extent of conceptual orientation has broadened; and the number of empirical studies has also increased. Whilst acknowledging the full‐fledged field study as the preferred mode, the author suggests a number of other strategies that may profitably be utilized to provide field data with theoretical utility. An experience audit, log or diary, instruments to function as operational definitions for certain kinds of behavior or attitudes, and devices to measure concepts central to explanation in a given area are examples.
Theory of magnetic excitations in ferromagnetic semiconductors

The scheme of Baym and Kadanoff is applied to a system of conduction electrons in a semiconductor or a semimetal interacting via an exchange interaction $J$ with a periodic array of local spins. The time-dependent spin Green functions are calculated rigorously up to second order in $J$. The prominent feature of the derived equations is that the poles of the transverse Green function for the localized spins (or the magnetic susceptibility) lead to two branches of excitations rather than a single dressed spin wave. The damping of these two modes is shown to be small in the limit of low temperatures where the system is bottlenecked. The expression of the relaxation times of the disturbed magnetizations to the instantaneous local equilibrium magnetization entering Hasegawa's equation are derived for both the electron and the local spin system. In the limit of high temperatures, the expressions are shown to match the former results of the theory of spin resonance in dilute magnetic alloys.
The measurement of nucleic acid turnover in rat liver.

Abstract The incorporation of C 14 O 2 into the nucleic acids of rat liver has been studied hy using the technique of continuous administration of isotope. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. 1. Metabolic CO 2 enters the C-6 position of the purines without dilution. Glycine enters the C-4, C-5, and N-7 positions, also without dilution. 2. 2. In the young growing rat the percentage of new liver DNA synthesized per day is similar to the percentage increase in liver weight. Thus the synthesis of only one cell complement of DNA is associated with each mitosis, and the existing DNA is retained. 3. 3. In young, rapidly growing rats, the rate of RNA renewal is rapid and all of the RNA is renewed at the same rate. 4. 4. In the adult rat liver, the average life span of the DNA molecule is estimated to be at least 150 days.
Tcf3 and Tcf4 are essential for long-term homeostasis of skin epithelia

Single-layered embryonic skin either stratifies to form epidermis or responds to Wnt signaling (stabilized beta-catenin) to form hair follicles. Postnatally, stem cells continue to differentially use Wnt signaling in long-term tissue homeostasis. We have discovered that embryonic progenitor cells and postnatal hair follicle stem cells coexpress Tcf3 and Tcf4, which can act as transcriptional activators or repressors. Using loss-of-function studies and transcriptional analyses, we uncovered consequences to the absence of Tcf3 and Tcf4 in skin that only partially overlap with those caused by beta-catenin deficiency. We established roles for Tcf3 and Tcf4 in long-term maintenance and wound repair of both epidermis and hair follicles, suggesting that Tcf proteins have both Wnt-dependent and Wnt-independent roles in lineage determination.
Analysis of 2-aminoacetophenone by direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and its sensory impact in Chardonnay and Pinot gris wines

Abstract A rapid immersion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS) method was developed to quantify 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AAP) in white wines. Thirteen white wines, including Pinot blanc, Pinot gris and Chardonnay were analyzed, and the concentrations of 2-AAP in these wines were ranging from
QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE DOG, RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, RAT, CHICKEN, AND TURTLE

The distribution of manganese dioxide particles 1 hour following intravenous injection in cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, chickens, and turtles is described. This distribution is remarkably constant for all the animals tested, except the cat, in which the injected material is practically equally divided between the lungs and liver. In the other animals the liver performs the main share of the work, and in the cat it has been shown that the liver after 12 hours accumulates the manganese which was formerly deposited in the lungs. The results are in harmony with experiments in which bacterial suspensions are employed for injection and confirm the suggestion previously made (2) that in the first handling of foreign particulate material the animal behaves similarly whether protein or inorganic injections are used.
Intergenerational Social Mobility in Romania: Changes in the Patterns of Flows and Relationships in the Postcommunist Era

This article examines flows (movements between origin and destination positions in the social structure) and relationships (dependencies of the destination positions on positions of origin) in terms of two conceptualizations of indi-viduals' locations in the social structure: social classe (SC) and socioeconomic index (SEI). Using Romanian data for1970 (full-fledged communism), 1988 (late communism), and 2000 (early capitalism) demonstrates that: (1) social mobility increased from 1970 to 2000, mainly in the form of circulation mobility--while structural mobility actually decreased; (2) dependencies between SC of origin and SC of destination appeared to be much stronger in 1970 than in 2000; (3) in terms of the difference between respondents' SEI and that of their fathers, there is very little change between 1988 and 2000; (4) for the same period, 1988-2000, the relationship between respondents' SEI and that of their fathers strengthened considerably, even when controlling for respondents' education. Thus...
I.I.1 Myopathologic classification of acquired immune and inflammatory myopathies

It is now difficult to classify acquired immune and inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) into traditional groups: dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis (IBM). Myopathologic classification of IIM provides more specific and inclusive diagnostic information. Pathologic features used to define IIM subtypes include: Muscle fiber changes; Immune abnormalities (cellular, humoral); and Tissue types involved (connective tissue, vessels, muscle fibers). Some features, like B-cell foci and alkaline phosphatase positive vessels or perimysium, occur more generally with treatable IIM. Myopathologic subtypes of IIM include: (1) Immune myopathies with perimysial pathology (IMPP) have perimysial connective tissue with fragmentation and histiocytic cellularity. Jo-1 antibody associated IIM often have IMPP pathology; (2) Myovasculopathies have damaged perimysial or endomysial vessels. Muscle damage may be due to ischemia rather than direct immune attack. Childhood dermatomyositis syndromes are often myovasculopathies. (3). Immune polymyopathies are active myopathies with necrosis but little inflammation. Serum CK is very high. Myopathies with signal recognition particle antibodies are an example. (4) Immune myopathies with endomysial pathology (IM-EP) often have C5b-9 complement deposition on endomysial connective tissue, and mononuclear cell foci. Brachio-cervical inflammatory myopathies illustrate IM-EP. (5) Histiocytic inflammatory myopathies have granulomas and focal invasion of muscle fibers by mononuclear cells. They include sarcoid myopathy. (6) Inflammatory myopathies with vacuoles, aggregates and mitochondrial pathology (IM-VAMP) in myofibers can also have diffusely upregulated myofiber MHC I, CD4 and CD8 cell foci and NT5C1A antibodies. IBM is a subgroup. IM-VAMP are poorly treatable. Myopathologic classification of IIM adds diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, and focuses testing, treatment, and pathogenic investigations.
Fragments of Empire: Capital, Slavery, and Indian Indentured Labor in the British Caribbean

Fragments of Empire: Capital, Slavery, and Indian Indentured Labor in the British Caribbean. Madhavi Kale. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. 235 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
The effect of whole body vibration on lower extremity skin blood flow in normal subjects

Summary Background: Circulation plays a vital role in tissue healing. Increases in muscle fl exibility and strength, secretion of hormones important in the regeneration and repair process, blood fl ow, and strength of bone tissues has been attributed to whole body vibration (WBV) combined with exercise. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of short-duration, high-intensity, isometric weight bearing exercise (vibration exercise [VE]) and vibration only on skin blood fl ow (SBF). Material/Methods: Forty-fi ve subjects 18–43 years of age were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 – VE, Group 2 – exercise only, and Group 3 – vibration only. SBF was measured using a laser Doppler imager at three time intervals: 1) initial base line, 2) immediately following intervention, and 3) 10-minutes following intervention. Results: There was no signifi cant difference between the three groups’ SBF prior to intervention. Immediately following the intervention a difference among groups was found. Post hoc testing revealed that Group 3 subjects’ mean SBF was signifi cantly increased at both post-intervention time intervals. Conclusions: The study fi ndings suggest that short duration vibration alone signifi cantly increases SBF; doubling mean SBF for a minimum of 10 minutes following intervention. The emerging therapeutic modality of WBV as a passive intervention appears to increase SBF in individuals with healthy microcirculation.
Grouped distributed queues: distributed queue, proportional share multiprocessor scheduling

We present Grouped Distributed Queues (GDQ), the first proportional share scheduler for multiprocessor systems that scales well with a large number of processors and processes. GDQ uses a distributed queue architecture, and achieves accurate proportional fairness scheduling with only O(1) scheduling overhead. GDQ takes a novel approach to distributed queuing: instead of creating per-processor queues that need to be constantly balanced to achieve any measure of proportional sharing fairness, GDQ uses a simple grouping strategy to organize processes into groups based on similar processor time allocation rights, and then assigns processors to groups based on aggregate group shares. Group membership of processes is static, and fairness is achieved by dynamically migrating processors among groups. The set of processors working on a group use simple, low-overhead round-robin queues, while processor reallocation among groups is achieved using a new multiprocessor adaptation of Weighted Fair Queuing. By commoditizing processors and decoupling their allocation from process scheduling, GDQ provides, with only constant scheduling overhead, fairness within a constant of the ideal generalized processor sharing model for process weights with a fixed upper bound. We have implemented GDQ in Linux and measured its performance. Our experimental results show that GDQ has low overhead and scales well with the number of processors and processes.
Dining with Anna Karenina: Opening the Invitation to Burke’s Parlor

Kenneth Burke uses the metaphor of a parlor conversation to explain the dynamics of an academic discourse community. This metaphor demonstrates how one, after learning the conventions and the tenor of the parlor, can enter into a scholarly conversation. However, Burke’s parlor metaphor fails to recognize that the conventions of the parlor may prevent certain people from speaking or being heard. Within the discourse community of composition studies, undergraduates are often excluded from academic conversations despite their relative familiarity with discourse conventions. This essay examines a dinner party scene from Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina as an example of Burke’s parlor and proposes a shift in convention to make the discourse community more welcoming to undergraduates.
Thin film synthesis of novel electrode materials for solid-oxide fuel cells

Electrode materials for solid-oxide fuel cells are developed using sputter deposition. A thin film anode is formed by co-deposition of nickel and yttria-stabilized zirconia. This approach is suitable for composition grading and the provision of a mixed-conducting interfacial layer to the electrolyte layer. Similarly, synthesis of a thin film cathode proceeds by co-deposition of silver and yttria-stabilized zirconia. The sputter deposition of a thin film solid-oxide fuel cell is next demonstrated. The thin film fuel cell microstructure is examined using scanning electron microscopy whereas the cell perfomance is characterized through current-voltage measurement and corresponding impedance spectroscopy.
CMC: a pragmatic approach to model checking real code

Many system errors do not emerge unless some intricate sequence of events occurs. In practice, this means that most systems have errors that only trigger after days or weeks of execution. Model checking [4] is an effective way to find such subtle errors. It takes a simplified description of the code and exhaustively tests it on all inputs, using techniques to explore vast state spaces efficiently. Unfortunately, while model checking systems code would be wonderful, it is almost never done in practice: building models is just too hard. It can take significantly more time to write a model than it did to write the code. Furthermore, by checking an abstraction of the code rather than the code itself, it is easy to miss errors.The paper's first contribution is a new model checker, CMC, which checks C and C++ implementations directly, eliminating the need for a separate abstract description of the system behavior. This has two major advantages: it reduces the effort to use model checking, and it reduces missed errors as well as time-wasting false error reports resulting from inconsistencies between the abstract description and the actual implementation. In addition, changes in the implementation can be checked immediately without updating a high-level description.The paper's second contribution is demonstrating that CMC works well on real code by applying it to three implementations of the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) networking protocol [7]. We found 34 distinct errors (roughly one bug per 328 lines of code), including a bug in the AODV specification itself. Given our experience building systems, it appears that the approach will work well in other contexts, and especially well for other networking protocols.
Definitions of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: The 1st World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome

This is the second of two articles covering the 1st World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, which was held in Los Angeles, 21–22 November 2003. Richard Pasternak (Boston, MA) discussed the deliberations that led the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III to propose a new definition of the metabolic syndrome (1) and the impact of this proposal in heightening awareness of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main cause of death in the developed world, and Pasternak noted that contrary to general perceptions, malignancy is only approximately half as frequent a cause of mortality as CHD among women. The concept of metabolic syndrome extends in a precise way an important subset of patients at high risk for CHD. The definition was created to be clinically practical, evidence based, and applicable to existing datasets. The ATP did not find adequate evidence to recommend routine measurement of insulin sensitivity or of inflammatory markers. The 2-h glucose was not included because it was similarly felt not to add sufficient numbers of persons to justify the additional effort involved. The panel has been criticized for not calling the metabolic syndrome a CHD equivalent, but Pasternak pointed out that at that time there was no evidence that this was the case. Rather, the presence of the metabolic syndrome was felt to accentuate the risk accompanying elevated LDL cholesterol, mediated through existing and emerging risk factors. Clinical trials show evidence for modification of atherogenic dyslipidemia, blood pressure, and the prothrombotic state (with aspirin, which the panel recommended only for persons with CHD but which Pasternak suggested is appropriate for all persons with the syndrome) in persons undergoing LDL-lowering therapy. The primary management strategy should be to reverse its root causes of obesity and physical inactivity, with an …
Evidence supporting the paraphyly of Hucho (Salmonidae) based on ribosomal DNA restriction maps

Relationships among the less derived genera in the subfamily Salmoninae were investigated by phylogenetic analysis of data from restriction maps of the ribosomal DNA using Osmerus mordax (rainbow smelt), Coregonus hoyi (bloater), and Thymattus arcticus (Arctic grayling) as outgroups. Analysis of the results suggests that Hucho h. taimen is more closely related to Brachymystax lenok (lenok) than to Hucho perryi (Sakhalin taimen) and that B. lenok and Hucho h. taimen (Eurasian taimen) form the most ancestral clade of the Salmoninae.
Y-band phenomenology of indoor environment

Nowadays radars are commonly used in many civilian and military applications where standoff sensing and detection is needed. With the advent of technology and shortage of available spectrum at lower bands the operating frequency of the radars are being pushed higher. There are of course certain advantages associated with higher frequencies; most importantly is the reduction in size and mass of the radar for certain angular resolution as the frequency goes higher. In recent years, millimeter-wave radars have been widely used in applications ranging from automotive collision avoidance [1] to guidance systems for aircraft landing [2] and target detection and tracking [3]. Ability to penetrate poor weather, dust, smoke, cloth and other low loss but optically opaque material makes millimeter-wave radars suitable for navigation and surveillance [4]. To examine the utilization of radars for any application a thorough understanding of interaction of electromagnetic wave with the intended target and its environment is needed. In the past 20 years significant effort has been directed towards development of models based on theory and experiments at Ka-band and W-band [5]. However, such studies are rare at higher MMW frequencies. Our research group is engaged in developing an ultra lightweight short range MMW radar system operating at Y-band frequencies for collision avoidance and navigation of micro autonomous robotic platforms. Enclosed spaces and indoor environments are intended domain of operations for such system. In this paper, phenomenology of indoor environment at 215 GHz is investigated. A stepped frequency 215 GHz instrumentation radar system capable of vertical and horizontal polarization transmission and reception is utilized to collect backscatter data in indoor environment as the radar is moved within the building. As will be shown, horizontal polarization measurements give a much more accurate mapping of the environment compared to the vertical polarization. Measurement results are then processed to eliminate noise and shadow images, in order to create a clear mapping of the building.
Modelling and Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation for a Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Copyright © 2007 by D. Jung and P. Tsiotras. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
Case 63: hepatopulmonary syndrome.

A 38-year-old man presented to the emergency room with a 3-week history of dyspnea. His shortness of breath occurred on exertion or standing and was improved by lying flat. Past medical history included alcohol and drug abuse. The results of a physical examination were unremarkable, except for decreased breath sounds at the base of the right lung. An arterial blood gas analysis was performed while the patient breathed room air, and the results of this test indicated a pH of 7.46, partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 28 mm Hg, and partial pressure of oxygen of 46 mm Hg. Additional laboratory tests were performed and revealed elevated levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin and a prolonged prothrombin time. Bedside radiography of the chest (Fig 1) and a lung perfusion study (Fig 2) were performed.
Dosimetric Effect of Translational and Rotational Errors for Patients Undergoing Image-Guided Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastases

Purpose To investigate the dosimetric effects of translational and rotational patient positioning errors on the treatment of spinal and paraspinal metastases using computed tomography image-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy. The results of this study provide guidance for the treatment planning process and recognition of the dosimetric consequences of daily patient treatment setup errors. Methods and Materials The data from 20 patients treated for metastatic spinal cancer using image-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy were investigated in this study. To simulate the dosimetric effects of residual setup uncertainties, 36 additional plans (total, 756 plans) were generated for each isocenter (total, 21 isocenters) on the planning computed tomography images, which included isocenter lateral, anteroposterior, superoinferior shifts, and patient roll, yaw, and pitch rotations. Tumor volume coverage and the maximal dose to the organs at risk were compared with those of the original plan. Six daily treatments were also investigated to determine the dosimetric effect with or without the translational and rotational corrections. Results A 2-mm error in translational patient positioning error in any direction can result in >5% tumor coverage loss and >25% maximal dose increase to the organs at risk. Rotational correction is very important for patients with multiple targets and for the setup of paraspinal patients when the isocenter is away from bony structures. Compared with the original plans, the daily treatment data indicated that translational adjustments could correct most of the setup errors to mean divergences of −1.4% for tumor volume coverage and −0.3% for the maximal dose to the organs at risk. Conclusion For the best dosimetric results, spinal stereotactic treatments should have setup translational errors of ≤1 mm and rotational errors of ≤2°.
Detection of Δ9-Tetrahydr0Cannabin0L in Human Breath Following Marijuana Smoking

Abstract Two techniques were used for enriching human breath samples for δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (I). One method utilized a polyethylene foam wafer which was positioned in front of the expired air stream using a modified face mask. The second technique was a cryogenic trap containing ethanol. Analysis of the enriched breath samples following smoking of a marijuana cigarette was accomplished using a previously described hplc-ms procedure. Results demonstrated that (I) was detectable with either enrichment method following marijuana smoking.
Infectious complications in pediatric cochlear implants

Objectives: Infectious complications may cause significant delay in cochlear implant device initiation and programming and be a source of additional morbidity. We reviewed our experience with infectious complications in the pediatric age group to determine specific sources that may not be seen in adults. Study Design: A retrospective analysis from a single implant center. Methods: Cases of pediatric cochlear implants were reviewed for data on infectious complications. Complications were identified as “major” or “minor,” “early” or “delayed.” Information was gathered regarding any comorbid, chronic health condition. Data related to the causative organism(s) were collected. Results: Two hundred sixty-eight cases of pediatric implants were reviewed. Twenty-two cases were identified (an infection rate of 8.2%), all classified as “major.” The majority, 12, were classified as “delayed” complications. Twenty-one cases required explantation with 14 successfully reimplanted. Five cases (in 4 patients) or 23% were associated with a specific chronic pediatric condition including two children with tracheostomies. Among implanted children who had chronic health conditions, 42% developed implant-related infections. Among otherwise healthy implanted children, only 6.6% developed implant-related infections. Resistant bacterial infections were not identified. Conclusions: Health conditions in the pediatric age group were associated with 23% of our complications, a risk factor not previously identified in the literature. These children, demonstrating seven times the infection rate of healthy children, should be carefully observed postoperatively. Overall, cochlear implantation in children continues to be associated with a low risk of infectious complications.