cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Markovnikov Hydroboration of Perfluoroalkylethylenes.

A Markovnikov regioselectivity of 92 % or higher is achieved in the hydroboration of a series of perfluoroalkylethylenes and 2',3',4',5',6'-pentafluorostyrene with dichloro- and dibromoborane to provide the corresponding (fluoroalkyl)dihaloboranes (see reaction).
Modular catalysts for diene cycloisomerization: Rapid and enantioselective variants for bicyclopropane synthesis

Deconstructing the tridentate (triphos)Pt(II) first-generation catalysts into mixed diphosphine/monophosphine combinations (P2P) has led to new, more active catalysts for the cycloisomerization of 1,6-, and 1,7-dienes into bicyclo-[3.1.0] and -[4.1.0] products. When the diphosphine was the small bite angle dppm, reaction rates were ∼20-fold faster than with triphos, although reaction rates and diastereoselectivities were also sensitive to the monophosphine (PMe3 being optimal for rate, PPh3 being optimal for selectivity). When the diphosphine was xyl-BINAP or SEGPHOS, the catalysts were enantioselective, and enantio-ratios up to 98:2 were observed. Both sets of catalysts showed enhanced functional group tolerance in comparison to the original (triphos)Pt2+ catalyst. X-ray structures for both precatalysts are also reported.
Quantum dynamics of cold trapped ions with application to quantum computation

The theory of interactions between lasers and cold trapped ions as it pertains to the design of Cirac-Zoller quantum computers is discussed. The mean positions of the trapped ions, the eigenvalues and eigenmodes of the ions' oscillations, the magnitude of the Rabi frequencies for both allowed and forbidden internal transitions of the ions, and the validity criterion for the required Hamiltonian are calculated. Energy level data for a variety of ion species are also present- ed.
Bargaining Outcomes with Double-Offer Arbitration

Increasingly, arbitration is becoming used to resolve bargaining disputes in a variety of settings. Reducing dispute rates is often listed as a main goal in designing arbitration mechanisms. Conventional arbitration and final-offer arbitration are two commonly used procedures, but theoretical examinations of these arbitration procedures show that disputants’ final bargaining positions do not converge and disagreement is likely. This article contains results from a set of experiments designed to compare bargaining outcomes under the two commonly used arbitration procedures with outcomes under an innovative procedure called “double-offer” arbitration (Zeng et al. 1996). This procedure requires that disputants make two final offers at impasse: a primary and a secondary offer. The arbitrator evaluates the pairs of offers using a linear criterion function, and theory suggests the secondary offers converge to the median of the arbitrator’s preferred settlement distribution. Because the procedure’s rules are that convergence of offers generates a settlement at those offers, this theoretical convergence result implies that arbitration is not needed in the end. Experimental results indicate that dispute rates in double-offer arbitration are, on average, about the same as dispute rates in conventional arbitration. However, other results show reason to favor double-offer arbitration. Specifically, in repeated bargaining, there is concern over whether use of an arbitration procedure becomes addictive and makes bargainers more likely to use the procedure in the future—a “narcotic effect.” The data show that double-offer arbitration is non-addictive, whereas both conventional and final-offer arbitration are.
An Asymptotic Theory of Growth Under Uncertainty

The neoclassical theory of capital accumulation and growth under certainty for both positive and optimal savings functions has received extensive study in the literature for almost two decades. However, the study of capital accumulation under uncertainty began much later and these analyses for the most part confined themselves to linear technologies. In his pioneering work, Phelps [19] and, later, Levhari and Srinivisan [10] ,Hahn [5] and Leland [23], examine the optimal consumption-saving decision under uncertainty with a given linear production technology. Hakansson [6], Leland [9] and Samuelson [21] in discrete time and Merton [12, 13] in continuous time, along with a host of other authors, have studied the combined consumption-saving-portfolio problem where the production functions are linear, but where there is a choice among alternative technologies. There have been a few notable exceptions to this concentration on linear technologies. In a seminal paper, Mirrlees [17] tackled the stochastic Ramsey problem in a continuoustime neoclassical one-sector model subject to uncertainty about technical progress. Later, in [18], he expanded his analysis to other types of technologies. Mirman [16] for positive savings functions and Brock and Mirman [1] for optimal savings functions, using a discrete-time, neoclassical one-sector model, proved the existence, uniqueness and stability of a steady-state (or asymptotic) distribution for the capital-labour ratio. These steadystate distributions are the natural generalizations under uncertainty to the golden-age/ golden-rule levels of the capital-labour ratio as deduced in the certainty case. While these papers are important contributions with respect to existence and uniqueness, they have little to say about the specific structure of these asymptotic distributions or about the biases (in an expected-value sense) induced by assuming a certainty model when, in fact, outcomes are uncertain. The basic model used in this paper is a one-sector neoclassical growth model of the Solow-type where the dynamics of the capital-labour ratio can be described by a diffusiontype stochastic process. The particular source of uncertainty chosen is the population size although the analysis would be equally applicable to technological or other sources of uncertainties. The first part of the paper analyses the stochastic processes and asymptotic distributions for various economic variables, for an exogeneously given savings function, and deduces a number of first-moment relationships which will obtain in the steady-state. In addition, the special case of a Cobb-Douglas production function with a constant savings function is examined in detail and the steady-state distributions for
Approaching Gaussian relay network capacity in the high SNR regime: End-to-end lattice codes

We present a natural and low-complexity technique for achieving the capacity of the Gaussian relay network in the high SNR regime. Specifically, we propose the use of end-to-end structured lattice codes with the amplify-and-forward strategy, where the source uses a nested lattice code to encode the messages and the destination decodes the messages by lattice decoding. All intermediate relays simply amplify and forward the received signals over the network to the destination. We show that the end-to-end lattice-coded amplify-and-forward scheme approaches the capacity of the layered Gaussian relay network in the high SNR regime. Next, we extend our scheme to non-layered Gaussian relay networks under the amplify-and-forward scheme, which can be viewed as a Gaussian intersymbol interference (ISI) channel. Compared with other schemes, our approach is significantly simpler and requires only the end-to-end design of the lattice precoding and decoding. It requires little knowledge of the network topology or the individual channel gains.
MCSCF potential energy surface for photodissociation of formaldehyde

The ground state potential energy surface for the dissociation of formaldehyde (H2CO to H2 and CO) is calculated with the ab initio MCSCF method with an extended (4-31G) basis set. The location, barrier height, and force constants of the transition state are determined, and the normal coordinate analysis is carried out. The calculated barrier height is 4.5 eV. Based on the calculated quantities, the detailed mechanism of the photochemical dissociation is discussed.
What does tax aggressiveness signal? Evidence from stock price reactions to news about tax shelter involvement

Abstract We study the stock price reaction to news about corporate tax aggressiveness. We find that, on average, a company's stock price declines when there is news about its involvement in tax shelters. We find some limited evidence for cross-sectional variation in the reaction. For example, the reaction is more negative for firms in the retail sector, suggesting that part of the reaction may be a consumer/taxpayer backlash. In addition, the reaction is less negative for firms that are viewed to be generally less tax aggressive, as proxied by the firm's cash effective tax rate. We interpret this as being consistent with the market reacting positively to evidence that a firm is trying to reduce taxes when their financial reports would lead one to believe the firm is not tax aggressive.
Transient and steady state scattering of acoustic waves from elastic objects in fluids and of elastic waves from inclusions in solid media: direct and inverse scattering aspects☆

Abstract This paper considers scattering problems associated with (a) the simpler case of acoustic wave scattering by an elastic body in a fluid, and (b) the more complex situation of elastic waves scattered by a spherical (fluid or elastic) inhomogeneity in a solid host medium. The analysis is first presented in the frequency domain, in general, for all frequencies. Later, particular emphasis is given to the mid-frequency range 5 ⪅ ka ⪅ 25, which coincides with the “resonance region” of impenetrable scatterers. It is in this region that a number of simplifying approximations valid at low or high frequencies do not hold and the analysis is hardest. The above two cases were the ones originally treated by the RST. Since there are also resonances in the high-frequency region and in the Rayleigh region ( ka ⪅ 5), the concept of “resonance region” has to be broadened for penetrable scatterers. However, resonances in the Rayleigh region have relatively simple (viz. either multipole or curvature) origins that will be reviewed here. The analysis is then extended (still direct scattering) to the time domain. The target's transient responses to selected types of incident pulses are computed, measured, and interpreted. Finally, selected aspects of the inverse scattering problem are considered. Also examined (in various cases) is how certain features in the target's time or frequency “signature” are related to specific physical target characteristics (viz. shape, composition, …) that permit its remote and unambiguous classification.
Borane Complexes of the H3PO2 P(III) Tautomer: Useful Phosphinate Equivalents

The preparation and reactivity of novel (R(1)O)(R(2)O)P(BH(3))H [R(1), R(2) = Et, TIPS] synthons is investigated. The direct alkylation of these compounds with lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and various electrophiles, provided new series of phosphonite-borane complexes, which can be converted into H-phosphinates and boranophosphonates.
Evolution of Close White Dwarf Binaries

We describe the evolution of double degenerate binary systems, consisting of components obeying the zero-temperature mass-radius relationship for white dwarf stars, from the onset of mass transfer to one of several possible outcomes, including merger, tidal disruption of the donor, or survival as a semidetached AM CVn system. We use a combination of analytic solutions and numerical integrations of the standard orbit-averaged first-order evolution equations, including direct-impact accretion and the evolution of the components due to mass exchange. We include also the effects of mass loss during supercritical (super-Eddington) mass transfer and the tidal and advective exchanges of angular momentum between the binary components. With the caveat that our formalism does not include an explicit treatment of common-envelope phases, our results suggest that a larger fraction of detached double white dwarfs survive the onset of mass transfer than has been hitherto assumed, even if this mass transfer is initially unstable and rises to super-Eddington levels. In addition, as a consequence of the tidal coupling, systems that come into contact near the mass transfer instability boundary undergo a phase of oscillation cycles in their orbital period (and other system parameters). Unless the donor star has a finite entropy such that the effective mass-radius relationship deviates significantly from that of a zero-temperature white dwarf, we expect our results to be valid. Much of the formalism developed here would also apply to other mass-transferring binaries, and in particular to cataclysmic variables and Algol systems.
Direct implementation with minimally honest individuals

Abstract I consider a standard implementation problem under complete information when agents have a minimal degree of honesty. In particular, I assume that agents are white lie averse: they strictly prefer to tell the truth whenever lying has no effect on their material payoff. I show that if there are at least five agents who are all white lie averse and if I impose either of two refinements of Nash equilibrium, then a simple direct mechanism fully implements any social choice function.
Canonical Higher-Order Kernels for Density Derivative Estimation

Abstract In this note we present ν th -order kernel density derivative estimators using canonical higher-order kernels. These canonical rescalings uncouple the choice of kernel and scale factor. This approach is useful for selection of the order of the kernel in a data-driven procedure as well as for visual comparison of kernel estimates.
Meet and merge: Approximation algorithms for confluent flows

In this paper, we investigate the problem of determining confluent flows with minimum congestion. A flow of a given commodity is said to be confluent if at any node all the flow of the commodity departs along a single edge. Confluent flows appear in a variety of application areas ranging from wireless communications to evacuations; in fact, most flows in the Internet are confluent since Internet routing is destination based. We consider the single-commodity confluent flow problem, in which we are given an n-node directed network G, a sink t and supplies at each node, and the goal is to find a confluent flow that routes all the supplies to the sink while minimizing the maximum edge congestion. Our main result is an approximation algorithm, based on randomized rounding, for the special case when all the supplies are uniform; the algorithm finds a confluent flow with edge (and node) congestion O(C^2log^3n), where C is the node congestion of a splittable flow with minimum node congestion; here the node congestion of a flow is the maximum, over all nodes other than t, of the congestion at a node. This implies an [email protected]?(n) approximation algorithm for the problem with uniform supplies. Our result relies on the analysis of a natural probabilistic process defined on directed acyclic graphs, that may be of independent interest. For tree networks, we present an optimal polynomial-time algorithm for a multi-sink generalization of the above confluent flow problem. We show that it is NP-hard to approximate the congestion of the optimal confluent flow for general networks to within a factor of 32. We also establish a lower bound on the gap between confluent and splittable flows, and consider multi-commodity and fractional versions of confluent flow problems.
Prediction of Active Control of Subsonic Centrifugal Compressor Rotating Stall

A mathematical model is developed to predict the suppression of rotating stall in a centrifugal compressor with a vaned diffuser. This model is based on the employment of a control vortical waveform generated upstream of the impeller inlet to damp weak potential disturbances that are the early stages of rotating stall. The control system is analyzed by matching the perturbation pressure in the compressor inlet and exit e owe elds with a model for the unsteady behavior of the compressor. The model was effective at predicting the stalling behavior of the Purdue Low-Speed Centrifugal Compressor for two distinctly different stall patterns. Predictions made for the effect of a controlled inlet vorticity wave on thestability of the compressorshowthat, for minimum controlwave magnitudes, on the order of the total inlet disturbance magnitude, signie cant damping of the instability can be achieved. For control wave amplitudes of sufe cient amplitude, the control phase angle appears to be the most important factor in maintaining a stable condition in the compressor.
Assessment of factors that contribute to decreased quality of life in Gynecologic Oncology Group ovarian cancer trials.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess which quality-of-life (QOL) line items on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Ovarian (FACT-O) were associated with low QOL in women who were receiving chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. METHODS: Patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer on Gynecologic Oncology Group Protocols 152 and 172 who underwent primary surgery followed by intravenous paclitaxel and cisplatin completed the FACT-O. The FACT scale includes the 4 domains of physical, functional, social, and emotional well being (PWB, FWB, SWB, EWB, respectively). Women who had overall FACT-O scores in the lowest quartile (Q1) were compared with women in the upper 3 quartiles (Q2-Q4). The proportions of women in each group that selected the 2 worst categories for each item were compared. The level of significance was set at P < .005. RESULTS: Before Cycle 4, 361 patients (86.4%) provided valid QOL assessments. For PWB, a significantly greater proportion of women in Q1 versus Q2 through Q4 selected the 2 worst categories of several physical symptoms (nausea, pain, feeling ill, and being bothered by the side effects of treatment). For FWB, significant differences included being able to work, being content with the quality of their life, and sleeping well. For EWB, there were significant differences in feeling nervous and worrying about dying. There were virtually no differences between groups in SWB. Low interest in sex was reported by 56% to 88% of all patients (Q1-Q4). CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of women with FACT-O scores in the lowest quartile reported problems that potentially were amenable to clinical interventions, such as symptom management and psychosocial support. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Epsilon constants and orthogonal representations

In this paper we suppose G is a finite group acting tamely on a regular projective curve X over Z and V is an orthogonal representation of G of dimension 0 and trivial determinant. Our main result determines the sign of the � -constant � (X /G, V )i n terms of data associated to the archimedean place and to the crossing points of irreducible components of finite fibers of X , subject to certain standard hypotheses about these fibers.
Precursor active galaxies and the cosmic X-ray background

It is argued that the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) is not dominated by sources that are usual active galaxies or quasars. A comparable number of objects, young galaxies at z approximately 4 containing massive black holes surrounded by hot optically thin accretion disks, constitute the precursor active galaxies (PAG) postulated here for producing the thermal type spectrum required for the CXB. An evolutionary track for such PAG objects is described which would lead to the active galaxies observed as individual nonthermal sources. Unresolved emission from active galaxies at z 1 could then readily account for most of the nonthermal background observed in the gamma ray band.
Rhodium complexes of trisubstituted olefins: Syn selective directed hydrocarboxylation

Abstract Use of [di-μ-chloro(diethylene)(dicarbonyl)dirhodium(I)] allows for the formation of bidentate trisubstituted olefinic amine complexes which could not be prepared from the analogous tetracarbonyl complex. These trisubstituted olefin complexes allow for the verification of the syn selectivity in the directed hydrocarboxylation reaction.
Ortho lithiation of 2-, 3-, and 4-methoxypyridines

Abstract The ortho lithiation of 2-,3-, and 4-methoxypyridine was effected using mesityllithium as the metalating base.
Evolution of the Ionizing Radiation Background and Star Formation in the Aftermath of Cosmological Reionization

The temporal evolution of the ionizing UV background radiation field at high redshift provides a probe of the evolution of the early star formation rate. By comparing the observed levels of absorption in the highest redshift quasar spectra to the predictions of a hydrodynamic simulation, we determine the evolution of the photoionization rate (Γ) for neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium over the redshift range 4.9 z 6.1. After accounting for sampling variance, we infer a sharp increase in Γ from z 6.1 to z 5.8, probably implying reionization at this redshift. We find a decrease in Γ from z 5.6 to 5.2 at 3 σ significance. This feature is a generic signature in the aftermath of reionization, entirely consistent with the cosmological reionization process being completed at z ~ 6.1. This generic feature is a result of a significant change in the star formation rate subsequent to the cosmological reionization. There is an abrupt rise of the temperature of the intergalactic medium due to photoheating when it is reionized. This translates to a correspondingly sudden jump in the Jeans mass and a dramatic suppression of gas accretion onto the most abundant (subgalactic) halos at the epochs of interest. The star formation rate suffers a temporary setback in the aftermath of reionization, resulting in a temporary decrease in the amplitude of the ionizing radiation field.
Long‐time asymptotics for solutions of the NLS equation with initial data in a weighted Sobolev space

The authors compute the long-time asymptotics for solutions of the NLS equation just under the assumption that the initial data lies in a weighted Sobolev space. In earlier work (see e.g. [DZ1],[DIZ]) high orders of decay and smoothness are required for the initial data. The method here is a further development of the steepest descent method of [DZ1], and replaces certain absolute type estimates in [DZ1] with cancellation from oscillations.
A simple interpretation of the Fe2 - photoelectron spectrum

The photoelectron spectrum of Fe2(-) can be simply interpreted in terms of electron detachment from the mildly bonding 4s sigma sup * sub u orbital of a (4s sigma sub s)(sup 2) (4s sigma sup * sub u)(sup 2) (3d)(sup 13) anion. This interpretation implies a (4s sigma sub g)(sup 2) (4s sigma sup * sub u)(sup1) (3d)(sup13) configuration for the ground state of Fe2, correlating with one ground state (4s2 3d6) and one excited state (4s1 3d7) Fe atom. A comparison of the bond length and vibrational frequency of Fe2 to values for transition metal dimers containing single 4s-4s bonds is suggestive of 3d-3d bonding in this molecule. The results of preliminary full-valence configuration interaction calculations provide stron support for the proposed Fe2 and Fe2(-) configurations.
Constraints on majoron models, neutrino masses and baryogenesis

Abstract We derive strong constraints on the Yukawa couplings and the vacuum expectation value in the singlet majoron model. The presence of a small gravitationally induced mass for the majoron can be used to set a constraint on its vacuum expectation value. If the singlet symmetry breaking scale is larger than the electroweak symmetry breaking scale, lepton number violating interactions in equilibrium with electroweak sphaleron interactions would destroy any prior baryon asymmetry. If the baryon asymmetry is not generated at the electroweak scale or later, strong bounds on the Yukawa couplings h ≲ 10 −7 and VEVs v s v EW are derived. We also carefully rederive baryogenesis bounds on neutrino masses, finding that in general they apply not to the masses themselves, but only to related parameters, and they are numerically somewhat less stringent than has previously been claimed.
Curve Complexes and Finite Index Subgroups of Mapping Class Groups

Let Mod(S) be the extended mapping class group of a surface S. For S the twice-punctured torus, we show that there exists an isomorphism of finite index subgroups of Mod(S) which is not the restriction of any inner automorphism. For S a torus with at least three punctures, we show that every injection of a finite index subgroup of Mod(S) into Mod(S) is the restriction of an inner automorphism of Mod(S); this completes a program begun by Irmak. We also establish the co-Hopf property for finite index subgroups of Mod(S).
A Passivity-Based Approach to Stability of Spatially Distributed Systems With a Cyclic Interconnection Structure

A class of distributed systems with a cyclic interconnection structure is considered. These systems arise in several biochemical applications and they can undergo diffusion-driven instability which leads to a formation of spatially heterogeneous patterns. In this paper, a class of cyclic systems in which addition of diffusion does not have a destabilizing effect is identified. For these systems global stability results hold if the ldquosecantrdquo criterion is satisfied. In the linear case, it is shown that the secant condition is necessary and sufficient for the existence of a decoupled quadratic Lyapunov function, which extends a recent diagonal stability result to partial differential equations. For reaction-diffusion equations with nondecreasing coupling nonlinearities global asymptotic stability of the origin is established. All of the derived results remain true for both linear and nonlinear positive diffusion terms. Similar results are shown for compartmental systems.
Fiscal impact of privatization revisited: The role of tax revenues in transition economies

Abstract In contrast to earlier literature, this paper finds empirical evidence that privatization has deteriorated fiscal balances in transition economies. The investigation focuses on the role of tax revenues in explaining the fiscal impact of privatization, as it appears that tax revenue in many transition countries remained lackluster even after the adoption of several tax reforms in the last two decades, and no formal econometric assessment has been conducted of the extent to which privatization has affected tax revenues. Using panel data for 29 Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries, the analysis finds robust signs of a strong negative impact of privatization on different tax revenue sources. The paper also provides some empirical evidence favoring the early adoption of value-added taxes that appear to have contributed to government revenue recovery.
European monetary unification: a tour d'horizon

This article takes stock of the literature and debate over European monetary unification. In contrast to other papers, where it is argued that the issues and prospects remain shrouded in uncertainty, I argue that in a number of important areas, a reasonable degree of consensus now exists, as the result of a decade of scholarship. The subsequent stock-taking concentrates on areas where significant questions remain, starting with the implications of surrendering the exchange rate and an independent national monetary policy as instruments of adjustment; the conduct of fiscal policy under the Excessive Deficit Procedure and the Stability Pact; and how quickly the European union is likely to develop an EU-wide system of fiscal federalism to accompany its monetary union. Turning from fiscal to monetary issues, I ask whether the European Central Bank (ECB) will be as inflation averse as the Bundesbank, what exchange-rate policy the ECB will pursue, and whether the euro will be a leading reserve currency. I conclude with what may be the most contentious issue of all, namely whether Europe's monetary union could collapse after it begins.
Is parity good? Externalities in professional sports

Abstract In professional sports there are externalities. If one team acquires too much talent then that may impact the quality of the competition negatively. This means that the league can improve social welfare by distorting the competitive equilibrium allocation. This idea has been used to explain that there should be parity among teams to improve social welfare. We develop a theoretical model based on Biner's (2009) empirical results to capture the effect of this externality on the revenue levels and wages when local fans care about winning only. Social Planner's Problem for stadium revenues implies that it is possible to increase the total revenue made in the league compared to competitive equilibrium levels by increasing big market teams' talent level, therefore less parity. In other words due to externalities competitive market allocation is too equal compared to SPP allocation. We show when local audience is mainly interested in seeing their local team dominating the visiting team and national audience only interested in watching a close game on TV, the only way in the model for it ever to be efficient to enforce parity is if we introduce a national TV market into the analysis. For the national TV market, parity is going to lead to a wider TV audience. The greater the weight on this revenue stream, the more likely it is a parity policy can increase league revenues.
Orientation of the Earth by numerical integration

A fundamental problem is the determination of the orientation of the earth in the celestial coordinate system. Classical reductions for precession and nutation can be expected to be consistent with the present-day observations, however, corrections to the classical theory are difficult to model because of the large number of coefficients involved. Consequently, a portion of the research has been devoted to numerically integrating the Eulerian equations of motion for a rigid earth and considering the six initial conditions of the integration as unknowns. Comparison of the three adjusted Eulerian angles from the numerical integration over 1000 days indicates agreement with classical theory to within 0.003 seconds of arc.
Quantum Hall Effect, Bosonization and Chiral Actions in Higher Dimensions

We give a brief review of the Quantum Hall effect in higher dimensions and its relation to fuzzy spaces. For a quantum Hall system, the lowest Landau level dynamics is given by a one-dimensional matrix action. This can be used to write down a bosonized noncommutative field theory describing the interactions of higher dimensional nonrelativistic fermions with abelian or nonabelian gauge fields in the lowest Landau level. This general approach is applied explicitly to the case of QHE on CPk. It is shown that in the semiclassical limit the effective action contains a bulk Chern-Simons type term whose anomaly is exactly canceled by a boundary term given in terms of a chiral, gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten action suitably generalized to higher dimensions.
AT&T's Antigovernment Lesson-Drawing in the Political Economy of Networks, 1905-20

Many Progressive Era reformers, lawmakers, and economists believed that free market competition failed to maximize the public benefits of telecommunication networks. When proposals to place the nation's telecommunication system under the post office gained currency, AT&T responded with its Brief of Arguments against Public Ownership (1913–17). Resembling a loose-leaf service for lawyers, the Brief furnished opinion leaders with more than three hundred items of evidence, some drawn from economists, about the failings of government-run enterprises. To impart lessons about the consequences of nationalizing telecommunication, AT&T assembled evidence from three domains, most notably foreign nations' experience with government ventures. Analyzing the Brief reveals how AT&T structured and popularized arguments that justified the anomalous place of telecommunication networks in American political economy.
RATIONALITY AND ITS ROLES IN REASONING

The economic theory of rationality promises to equal mathematical logic in its importance for the mechanization of reasoning. We survey the growing literature on how the basic notions of probability, utility, and rational choice, coupled with practical limitations on information and resources, influence the design and analysis of reasoning and representation systems.
Force Versus Current and Air Gap Calibration of a Double Acting Magnetic Thrust Bearing

Force versus current and air gap measurements were obtained for the actuator component of a double acting magnetic thrust bearing constructed from a powdered metal. Static force measurements were made for various air gap settings and bearing current combinations. The resulting data were reduced and an optimized expression representing the force versus current and air gap relationship of the actuator was found. In addition, a theoretical force model was developed using simple magnetic circuit theory and constant material magnetic properties. The theoretical model predicted force magnitudes approximately 20 percent greater than the experimentally measured values. Hysteresis tests were conducted with the thrust disk in the centered position for various current perturbation amplitudes about the design bias current. Hysteresis effects were shown to cause a difference between the measured force as the current was increasing as compared to when the current was decreasing. This difference varied from 10 to 7 percent of the peak force from each respective hysteresis loop. A second-order polynomial expression was developed to express the coercive force as a function of the perturbation current amplitude. The bearing frequency response was examined by injecting sinusoidal currents of varying frequencies into the bearing. An actuator bandwidth of at least 700 Hz was determined. Above 700 Hz the bearing frequency response could not be distinguished from the test fixture frequency response.
Forecasting the Equity Premium: Where We Stand Today

The Review of Financial Studies has among its missions the facilitation and promotion of a vigorous academic debate across unsettled questions in finance. This issue represents a cross section of views regarding one such debate: Can ourempirical models accurately forecast the equity premium any better than the historical mean? Or, is the forecast our empirical models give us any more accurate than what we would get by simply using the historical mean?
Glauber Dynamics On The Cycle Is Monotone

We study heat-bath Glauber dynamics for the ferromagnetic Ising model on a finite cycle (a graph where every vertex has degree two). We prove that the relaxation time τ2 is an increasing function of any of the couplings Jxy. We also prove some further inequalities, and obtain exact asymptotics for τ2 at low temperatures.
An equational approach to theorem proving in first-order predicate calculus

A new approach for proving theorems in first-order predicate calculus is developed based on term rewriting and polynomial simplification methods. A formula is translated into an equivalent set of formulae expressed in terms of 'true', 'false', 'exclusive-or', and 'and' by analyzing the semantics of its top-level operator. In this representation, formulae are polynomials over atomic formulae with 'and' as multiplication and 'exclusive-or' as addition, and they can be manipulated just like polynomials using familiar rules of multiplication and addition. Polynomials representing a formula are converted into rewrite rules which are used to simplify polynomials. New rules are generated by overlapping polynomials using a critical-pair completion procedure closely related to the Knuth- Bendix procedure. This process is repeated until a contradiction is reached or it is no longer possible to generate new rules. It is shown that resolution is subsumed by this method.
Dissipation in Intercluster Plasma

We discuss dissipative processes in strongly gyrotropic, nearly collisionless plasma in clusters of galaxies (the ICM). First, we point out that Braginskii's theory, which assumes that collisions are more frequent that the system's dynamical timescale, is inapplicable to fast, subviscous ICM motion. Most importantly, the electron contribution to collisional magnetoviscosity dominates over that of ions for short-scale Alfvenic motions with wavelength satisfying l ≤ (λ/)(me/mp)1/4 ~ 1 kpc (where λ is the particle's mean free path, β is the plasma pressure parameter, and me and mp are electron and proton masses). Thus, if a turbulent cascade develops in the ICM and propagates down to scales ≤1 kpc, it is damped collisionally not on ions, but on electrons. Second, in high-β plasma of the ICM, small variations of the magnetic field strength, of relative value ~1/β, lead to the development of anisotropic pressure instabilities (firehose, mirror, and cyclotron). Unstable wave modes may provide additional resonant scattering of particles, effectively keeping the plasma in a state of marginal stability. We show that in this case the dissipation rate of a laminar, subsonic, incompressible flows scales as the inverse of the plasma β parameter. We discuss application to the problem of ICM heating.
Euler, Jacobi, and missions to comets and asteroids

Abstract Whenever a freely spinning body is found in a complex rotational state, this means that either the body experienced some interaction within its relaxation-time span, or that it was recently “prepared” in a non-principal state. Both options are encountered in astronomy where a wobbling rotator is either a recent victim of an impact or a tidal interaction, or is a fragment of a disrupted progenitor. Another factor (relevant for comets) is outgassing. By now, the optical and radar observational programmes have disclosed that complex rotation is hardly a rare phenomenon among the small bodies. Due to impacts, tidal forces and outgassing, the asteroidal and cometary precession must be a generic phenomenon: while some rotators are in the state of visible tumbling, a much larger amount of objects must be performing narrow-cone precession not so easily observable from the Earth. The internal dissipation in a freely precessing top leads to relaxation (gradual damping of the precession) and sometimes to spontaneous changes in the rotation axis. Recently developed theory of dissipative precession of a rigid body reveals that this is a highly nonlinear process: while the body is precessing at an angular rate ω, the precession-caused stresses and strains in the body contain components oscillating at other frequencies. Dependent upon the spin state, those frequencies may be higher or, most remarkably, lower than the precession rate. In many states dissipation at the harmonics is comparable to or even exceeds that at the principal frequency. For this and other reasons, in many spin states the damping of asteroidal and cometary wobble happens faster, by several orders, than believed previously. This makes it possible to measure the precession-damping rate. The narrowing of the precession cone through the period of about a year can be registered by the currently available spacecraft-based observational means. We propose an appropriate observational scheme that could be accomplished by comet and asteroid-aimed missions. Improved understanding of damping of excited rotation will directly enhance understanding of the current distribution of small-body spin states. It also will constrain the structure and composition of excited rotators. However, in the near-separatrix spin states a precessing rotator can considerably slow down its relaxation. This lingering effect is similar to the one discovered in 1968 by Russian spacecraft engineers who studied free wobble of a tank with viscous fuel.
Towards a precision cosmology from starburst galaxies at z > 2

This work investigates the use of a well-known empirical correlation between the velocity dispersion, metallicity and luminosity in Hβ of nearby H II galaxies to measure the distances to H II-like starburst galaxies at high redshifts. This correlation is applied to a sample of 15 starburst galaxies with redshifts between z = 2.17 and z = 3.39 to constrain Ω m , using data available from the literature. A best-fitting value of Ω m = 0.21 +0.30 -0.12 in a A-dominated universe and of Ω m = 0.11 +0.37 -0.19 in an open universe is obtained. A detailed analysis of systematic errors, their causes and their effects on the values derived for the distance moduli and Ω m is carried out. A discussion of how future work will improve constraints on Ω m by reducing the errors is also presented.
The Relaxation effect in dissipative relativistic fluid theories

Abstract The dynamics of the fluid fields in a large class of causal dissipative fluid theories is studied. It is shown that the physical fluid states in these theories must relax (on a time scale that is characteristic of the microscopic particle interactions) to ones that are essentially indistinguishable from the simple relativistic Navier–Stokes descriptions of these states. Thus, for example, in the relaxed form of a physical fluid state the stress energy tensor is in effect indistinguishable from a perfect fluid stress tensor plus small dissipative corrections proportional to the shear of the fluid velocity, the gradient of the temperature, etc.
Dissecting cancer heterogeneity with a probabilistic genotype-phenotype model

One of the obstacles hindering a better understanding of cancer is its heterogeneity. However, computational approaches to model cancer heterogeneity have lagged behind. To bridge this gap, we have developed a new probabilistic approach that models individual cancer cases as mixtures of subtypes. Our approach can be seen as a meta-model that summarizes the results of a large number of alternative models. It does not assume predefined subtypes nor does it assume that such subtypes have to be sharply defined. Instead given a measure of phenotypic similarity between patients and a list of potential explanatory features, such as mutations, copy number variation, microRNA levels, etc., it explains phenotypic similarities with the help of these features. We applied our approach to Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). The resulting model Prob_GBM, not only correctly inferred known relationships but also identified new properties underlining phenotypic similarities. The proposed probabilistic framework can be applied to model relations between similarity of gene expression and a broad spectrum of potential genetic causes.
The storage and retrieval of physiological and medical data in a modern hospital

As an introduction this paper considers some of the problems in data handling in a modern hospital. Next, the needs of the users of the data are considered. The principle area of interest is indicated as that hospital function dealing with the storage and retrieval of the clinical record after the patient's hospitalization. The types of terms used in medicine are examined and two currently used schemes for the indexing of diseases are described. Next a storage and retrieval system that permits the medical researcher to examine or browse through clinical records or abstracts of the records is described. The paper concludes with observations on the need for applied research and system development to acquire pilot systems for the storage and retrieval of physiological data.
Word length in surface groups with characteristic generating sets

A subset of a group is characteristic if it is invariant under every automorphism of the group. We study word length in fundamental groups of closed hyperbolic surfaces with respect to characteristic generating sets consisting of a finite union of orbits of the automorphism group, and show that the translation length of any element with a nonzero crossing number is positive, and bounded below by a constant depending only (and explicitly) on a bound on the crossing numbers of generating elements. This answers a question of Benson Farb.
Causal holographic information

We propose a measure of holographic information based on a causal wedge construction. The motivation behind this comes from an attempt to understand how boundary field theories can holographically reconstruct spacetime. We argue that given the knowledge of the reduced density matrix in a spatial region of the boundary, one should be able to reconstruct at least the corresponding bulk causal wedge. In attempt to quantify the ‘amount of information’ contained in a given spatial region in field theory, we consider a particular bulk surface (specifically a co-dimension two surface in the bulk spacetime which is an extremal surface on the boundary of the bulk causal wedge), and propose that the area of this surface, measured in Planck units, naturally quantifies the information content. We therefore call this area the causal holographic information. We also contrast our ideas with earlier studies of holographic entanglement entropy. In particular, we establish that the causal holographic information, whilst not being a von Neumann entropy, curiously enough agrees with the entanglement entropy in all cases where one has a microscopic understanding of entanglement entropy.
Effective theories of gamma-ray lines from dark matter annihilation

Abstract We explore theories of dark matter in which dark matter annihilations produce mono-energetic gamma rays (“lines”) in the context of effective field theory, which captures the physics for cases in which the particles mediating the interaction are somewhat heavier than the dark matter particle itself. Building on earlier work, we explore the generic signature resulting from SU (2) × U (1) gauge invariance that two (or more) lines are generically expected, and determine the expected relative intensities, including the possibility of interference between operators.
Response of uninsured depositors to impending S&L failures: Evidence of depositor discipline

Abstract This paper examines the behavior of uninsured deposits at savings and loan associations from 1986 to 1989 to discover whether depositors adjust their holdings of uninsured deposits in response to indications of impending institutional failure. The study finds that failing S&Ls exhibit declining levels of uninsured deposits and attract fewer uninsured deposits prior to failure than do non-failing S&Ls. Measures of financial strength and aggressiveness generally affect the level of uninsured deposits in the expected directions.
Electron scattering and the distances to cluster cooling flows

Cluster cooling flows have electron-scattering optical depths which are estimated to be about 0.01. Many of the cluster-dominant galaxies centered in cluster cooling flows have active nuclei, and about 1 percent of the luminosity from the active nuclei should appear as diffuse, scattered radiation. It is shown here that detection of this scattered radiation at radio wavelengths can provide a measure of the distance to the cluster that is independent of the Hubble constant. Observations of the scattered surface brightness profile can also be used to test for clumpiness in the gas, for variations in the central radio source on time scales less than 100,000 yr, and for the degree of beaming of radiation from the central source. 16 refs.
Inhibitory and bactericidal activities of gemifloxacin and other antimicrobials against Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Abstract The MIC of gemifloxacin was compared with that of sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin using 97 clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae . MBCs of fluoroquinolones were determined for a subgroup of 12 isolates. Macrolides were the most potent agents with MIC 90 s for all drugs ⩽0.001 mg/l. The doxycycline MIC 90 was 0.5 mg/l. Gemifloxacin MICs ranged from ⩽0.001 to 0.25 mg/l. The gemifloxacin MIC 90 (0.125 mg/l) was equivalent to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, was 2-fold lower than sparfloxacin, 8-fold lower than levofloxacin and 32-fold lower than ciprofloxacin. MBCs for gemifloxacin were predominantly within 2–4 times the corresponding MIC values, indicating a bactericidal effect.