cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intramural mechanics of the human tongue in association with physiological deformations.

Abstract Contraction of the tongue musculature during speech and swallowing is associated with characteristic patterns of tissue deformation. In order to quantify local deformation (strain) in the human tongue, we used a non-invasive NMR tagging technique that represents tissue as discrete deforming elements. Subjects were studied with a fast gradient echo pulse sequence (TR/TE 2.3/0.8 ms, slice thickness 10 mm, and effective spatial resolution 1.3×1.3 mm). Individual elements were defined by selectively supersaturating bands of magnetic spins in resting tongue tissue along the antero–posterior and superior–inferior directions of the mid-sagittal plane, resulting in a rectilinear square grid. Axial and shear strains relative to the rest condition were determined for each element and represented by two-dimensional surface strain maps. During forward protrusion, the anterior tongue underwent positive antero–posterior strain (elongation) (maximum 200%) and symmetrical negative medial–lateral and superior–inferior strain (contraction). During sagittal curl directed to the hard palate, the tongue exhibited positive asymmetrical antero–posterior strain (maximum 160%) that increased radially as a function of distance from the center of curvature ( r=0.9216 , p ), and commensurate negative strain in the medial–lateral direction. Similarly, the magnitude of anterior–posterior strain during left-directed tongue curl was proportional to the distance from the curved inner surface ( r=0.8978 , p ). We conclude that the regulation of tongue position for the motions studied was related to regional activation of the intrinsic lingual musculature.
Quantization error and design of digital control systems

The evolution of the error caused by the amplitude quantization in digital control systems can be studied by introducing bounded disturbances at the points of the quantization. Such a formulation provides an upper bound for the actual quantization error. This paper introduces the problem of the quantization error in the light of the discrete-time optimum control theory. The determination of the worst possible effect of the error due to quantization is reduced to solving a common optimum control problem; the "worst effect" is defined as the maximum of a chosen performance criterion. For a design, a method is proposed for the minimization of the worst effect of the quantization error. Computational solutions illustrate the presentation.
To “Correlate Psychology and Social Ethics”: Gordon Allport and the First Course in American Personality Psychology

ABSTRACT This article explores the historical origins of what is widely regarded as the “first course in American personality psychology”: Gordon Allport's 1925 course entitled “Personality: Its Psychological and Social Aspects.” It argues that the professional focus and disciplinary context of Allport's course were much more complicated than is generally believed. Far from being a completely novel and distinctively psychological venture, Allport's course drew upon the moral concerns and the pedagogical and discursive practices of Harvard's Department of Social Ethics. Allport's course on “Personality” represented a subtle attempt to bring Victorian concerns with character development together with the newly emerging ideal of objectivity.
Rationale and design of the Duke Electrophysiology Genetic and Genomic Studies (EPGEN) biorepository.

Background Disturbances in cardiac rhythm can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Many arrhythmias are known to have a heritable component, but the degree to which genetic variation contributes to disease risk and morbidity is poorly understood. Methods and Results The EPGEN is a prospective single-center repository that archives DNA, RNA, and protein samples obtained at the time of an electrophysiologic evaluation or intervention. To identify genes and molecular variants that are associated with risk for arrhythmic phenotypes, EPGEN uses unbiased genomic screening; candidate gene analysis; and both unbiased and targeted transcript, protein, and metabolite profiling. To date, EPGEN has successfully enrolled >1,500 subjects. The median age of the study population is 62.9 years; 35% of the subjects are female and 21% are black. To this point, the study population has been composed of patients who had undergone defibrillator (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator) implantation (45%), electrophysiology studies or ablation procedures (35%), and pacemaker implantation or other procedures (20%). The cohort has a high prevalence of comorbidities, including diabetes (33%), hypertension (73%), chronic kidney disease (26%), and peripheral vascular disease (13%). Conclusions We have established a biorepository and clinical database composed of patients with electrophysiologic diseases. EPGEN will seek to (1) improve risk stratification, (2) elucidate mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis, and (3) identify novel pharmacologic targets for the treatment of heart rhythm disorders.
DOMINO: databases fOr MovINg Objects tracking

Consider a database that represents information about moving objects and their location. For example, for a database representing the location of taxi-cabs a typical query may be: retrieve the free cabs that are currently within 1 mile of 33 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago (to pick-up a customer); or for a trucking company database a typical query may be: retrieve the trucks that are currently within 1 mile of truck ABT312 (which needs assistance); or for a database representing the current location of objects in a battlefield a typical query may be: retrieve the friendly helicopters that are in a given region, or, retrieve the friendly helicopters that are expected to enter the region within the next 10 minutes. The queries may originate from the moving objects, or from stationary users. We will refer to applications with the above characteristics as moving-objects-database (MOD) applications, and to queries as the ones mentioned above as MOD queries.In the military MOD applications arise in the context of the digital battlefield (see [1]), and in the civilian industry they arise in transportation systems. For example, Omnitracs developed by Qualcomm (see[2]) is a commercial system used by the transportation industry, which enables MOD functionality. It provides location management by connecting vehicles (e.g. trucks), via satellites, to company databases. The vehicles are equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS), and they automatically and periodically report their location.
Distinguishing Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia From Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Mucosal Biopsy Specimens From the Head and Neck

Abstract Context.—The differentiation of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia from invasive squamous cell carcinoma is a difficult and frequently encountered distinction, especially in biopsy specimens from head and neck mucosa. The problem is compounded by inflamed and often poorly oriented tissue sections. Objective.—To distinguish pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia from invasive squamous cell carcinoma, utilizing a panel of antibodies to various epithelial and stromal elements (p53, matrix metalloproteinase 1, E-cadherin, and collagen IV) that has been shown to be useful in differentiating intestinal adenomas with invasive adenocarcinoma from displaced adenomatous epithelium. Design.—Thirty-three archival specimens (16 squamous cell carcinoma [12 with invasion and 4 with microinvasion] and 17 pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia) from head and neck mucosal locations were immunostained and examined by the authors. Results.—We found increased nuclear staining of the invasive tumor cells with p53. There was decr...
Same old, same old: the same-order representation theory of consciousness and the division of phenomenal labor

The same-order representation theory of consciousness holds that conscious mental states represent both the world and themselves. This complex representational structure is posited in part to avoid a powerful objection to the more traditional higher-order representation theory of consciousness. The objection contends that the higher-order theory fails to account for the intimate relationship that holds between conscious states and our awareness of them–the theory ‘divides the phenomenal labor’ in an illicit fashion. This ‘failure of intimacy’ is exposed by the possibility of misrepresentation by higher-order states. In this paper, I argue that despite appearances, the same-order theory fails to avoid the objection, and thus also has troubles with intimacy.
OUTCOME EXPECTANCIES OF PEOPLE WHO CONDUCT PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS

Outcome expectancies of people who conduct performance appraisals were identified in two disparate industries, newsprint and banking, using two methodologies: interviewing and administering a questionnaire. The alternate hypothesis was that appraisers perceive the consequences to them of conducting a thorough appraisal (i.e., giving negative as well as positive feedback) as aversive. This hypothesis was rejected. Appraisers did not perceive any consequences to them for conducting appraisals. Moderate support for the alternate hypothesis was obtained in the second study.
Targeted Increases in Endothelial Cell Superoxide Anion Production Stimulate eNOS-Dependent Nitric Oxide Production, Not Uncoupled eNOS Activity

Every once in a while a paper comes along that makes us question our understanding of cell biology. Current theory holds that oxidative stress increases oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which in turn uncouples endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Numerous publications, using a variety of experimental approaches, provide strong support for the BH4 oxidation hypothesis. Indeed, nearly 10 years ago it was shown, using purified recombinant eNOS, that loss of this critical cofactor promoted eNOS generation of superoxide anion (O2·−) rather than nitric oxide (·NO) on activation.1 See accompanying article on page 1627 The report by Zhang et al,2 however, demonstrates that when vascular endothelial cells in vivo are transduced with NOX5 they responded by increasing …
Comparison of Three Treatment Procedures for Minimizing Ankle Sprain Swelling

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cold, heat, and contrast bath treatments on the amount of edema in first- and second-degree sprained ankles during the postacute phase of rehabilitation. Thirty subjects with postacute sprained ankles were assigned to a cold (n = 10), heat (n = 10), or contrast bath (n = 10) treatment group. A specially constructed tank was used to take pretreatment and posttreatment volumetric measurements of subjects' sprained ankles. Descriptive statistics, a 3 x 3 two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures, and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference post hoc test revealed that cold therapy produced the least edema in subjects with sprained ankles (p less than .05). All three treatments (cold, heat, and contrast bath) produced an increase in the amount of edema in the postacute sprained ankles of the subjects. Heat and contrast bath therapy produced almost identical increases in the amount of ankle edema on each of the three days of the study. We concluded that cold therapy is the most appropriate of the three treatments if the therapeutic objective is to minimize edema before rehabilitative exercise during the third, fourth, and fifth days postinjury for first- and second-degree ankle sprains.
Adopting a Pluricentric Approach

This article argues for a “D-A-CH” approach, which stands for Germany (D), Austria (A), and Switzerland (CH), in language classes from the introductory level on. I begin by tracing the emergence and development of distinct Standard Swiss and Austrian German varieties. I then discuss marketing efforts for Swiss and Austrian German, and finally address the need for an approach that is not limited to Germany, but one that includes Swiss and Austrian German language and culture. In order to deepen instructors’ understanding of Swiss and Austrian varieties of German, I close with some suggestions for further reading and for designing instruction.
Subunits of the Plastid ClpPR Protease Complex Have Differential Contributions to Embryogenesis, Plastid Biogenesis, and Plant Development in Arabidopsis

The plastid ClpPR protease complex in Arabidopsis thaliana consists of five catalytic ClpP and four noncatalytic ClpR subunits. An extensive analysis of the CLPR family and CLPP5 is presented to address this complexity. Null alleles for CLPR2 and CLPR4 showed delayed embryogenesis and albino embryos, with seedling development blocked in the cotyledon stage; this developmental block was overcome under heterotrophic conditions, and seedlings developed into small albino to virescent seedlings. By contrast, null alleles for CLPP5 were embryo lethal. Thus, the ClpPR proteins make different functional contributions. To further test for redundancies and functional differences between the ClpR proteins, we overexpressed full-length cDNAs for ClpR1, R2, R3, R4 in clpr1, clpr2 and clpr4 mutants. This showed that overexpression of ClpR3 can complement for the loss of ClpR1, but not for the loss of ClpR2 or ClpR4, indicating that ClpR3 can functionally substitute ClpR1. By contrast, ClpR1, R2 and R4 could not substitute each other. Double mutants of weak CLPR1 and 2 alleles were seedling lethal, showing that a minimum concentration of different ClpR proteins is essential for Clp function. Microscopy and large-scale comparative leaf proteome analyses of a CLPR4 null allele demonstrate a central role of Clp protease in chloroplast biogenesis and protein homeostasis; substrates are discussed. Lack of transcriptional and translational feedback regulation within the CLPPR gene family indicates that regulation of Clp activity occurs through Clp complex assembly and substrate delivery.
Comparative Effectiveness Analysis and Evidence-Based Decisions

Health care in the twenty-first century has undergone a fundamental shift: not anymore is the model of care focused on the sets of symptoms that characterize a pathology, but rather the contemporary model places the patient at the center of the health-care process and endeavor. With this shift in focus comes a fundamental change in directed concern on the part of the health-care provider and the clinician. What is now important is to maximize the cost- and benefit-effectiveness of an intervention with optimal efficacy. In order to achieve this ambitious goal, the chapter explains, it is imperative that we follow a stringent and systematic process in pursuance of the best available research evidence in support of health interventions and protocols under consideration. Furthermore, once established, the best available must be efficiently disseminated and utilized in evidence-based clinical decision-making. The chapter highlights the fundamental distinction between decisions that are evidence based and decisions that are based on the evidence. The chapter concludes by outlining the patient-centered medical/dental home/neighborhood (PCM/DH/N) and the framework dedicated to Promoting Action Research Implementation in Health Science (PARiSH), which by their own structure optimizes efficacy/effectiveness-focused, patient-centered, evidence-based health-care delivery.
The pitfalls and merits of using commonly accepted orthodontic cephalometric analyses

With these thoughts in mind, a realistic, systematic approach can be designed to better develop and interpret cephalometric tracings. After all landmarks are traced and located, connect Sella to Nasion to D point. The triangle formed by connecting these landmarks without other planar values interfering will facilitate evaluation of these three landmarks to each other. With the apex of the triangle formed at D point, the angle formed by Sella-D point and D Axis should be anterior to an iscosoles triangle position. If not, the patient is likely to evidence a vertical growth and mandibular retrognathism, or the Sella-Nasion pattern plane has a severely flat cant. In cases where this same apex (SDN) is severely anterior to an "iscosoles angle," this patient is likely to have either mandibular prognathism or a steep cant of the Sella-Nasion Plane (see Figs. 11 and 12). To determine the relative cant of Sella-Nasion, locate and trace the desired planar position of Frankfurt Horizontal using one of the three choices listed previously. If the Sella-Nasion Plane is 10 degrees or more greater than the cant of Frankfurt Horizontal, the Sella-Nasion plane will be inaccurate as a reference plane for A point, B point and D point gnathic relations, as well as Occlusal Plane to Sella-Nasion. Once it has been established which horizontal reference plan is to be used, the relative positions of the remaining planar values can be traced and compared. In so doing, more accurate interpretation of cephalometric data can be achieved without the puzzling conflicts with other analysis values that might otherwise occur.
The Reception of Heinrich Hertz’s Principles of Mechanics by His Contemporaries

For present-day physicists Heinrich Hertz’s Principles of Mechanics is a neglected, almost forgotten, book. For example, few recent textbooks on mechanics make even passing reference to Hertz’s fundamental law [Grundgesetz] of the straightest path, which is the foundation of his Principles of Mechanics.1 Since Hertz’s Electric Waves had received an enthusiastic reception from physicists when it first appeared in 1892, and is still important today, it is difficult at first to understand this lack of interest in his book on mechanics, which appeared just two years later. This paper suggests that a major factor in the neglect of Hertz’s Mechanics was the unenthusiastic and often quite negative response to his book by some of the most important physicists of his time.
Veterans’ perceptions of the impact of PTSD on their parenting and children.

Although considerable research has examined the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on couples and partners, relatively little is known about how it can affect parenting, children, and the parent-child relationship. Although adverse effects of parental PTSD on child functioning have been documented, the processes by which these outcomes occur are unknown. Further, parents' perspectives of how their PTSD affects parenting and children have yet to be studied. This 3-site, mixed methods exploratory study included 19 veteran parents who had a diagnosis of PTSD. Participants were recruited from Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers. Veterans participated in focus groups or individual interviews and completed questionnaires, responding to questions about the impact of PTSD on their functioning as parents. Two sets of themes emerged from the qualitative inquiry. First, veterans reported parenting difficulties that were associated with three PTSD symptom clusters, including avoidance, alterations in arousal and reactivity, and negative alterations of cognitions and mood. Second, veterans described both emotional (e.g., hurt, confusion, frustration, fear) and behavioral (e.g., withdrawal, mimicking parents' behavior) reactions in their children. Veterans also shared numerous ways in which their children provided practical and emotional support. Implications of these findings for future research, program development, and clinical care are offered, including a free online parenting resource for veterans with PTSD based on this research. (PsycINFO Database Record
Redantruare: cuerpo y cinestesia en la ceremonia saliar

Taking into account the critical approaches that characterize movement and dance studies as well as an exhaustive reading of the evidence, this paper examines various aspects of the Salian ceremony and its relation to the complex concept of ‘Romanness’. For the past century, scholars have questioned the functions and contexts of these rites, but the importance of choreography as a channel for religious participation has been largely overlooked, especially in what concerns to the relationship between performance, territory and visibility. For this phenomenological approach to the rite, I will consider a series of somatic and kinesthetic processes that explain the spectators’ involvement in the dance. We will also emphasize the potential of this choreography to reflect and (re)create the identity of the Roman elite in the construction of the citizen body.
Evaluation of maternal and perinatal characteristics on childhood lymphoma risk: A population-based case-control study.

Background Lymphoma is one of the most common pediatric malignancies; however, there are few well-established risk factors. Therefore, we investigated if maternal and perinatal characteristics influenced the risk of childhood lymphoma. Procedure Information on cases (n = 374) diagnosed with lymphoma and born in Texas for the period 1995-2011 was obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry. Birth certificate controls were randomly selected at a ratio of 10 controls per 1 case for the same period of 1995-2011. Unconditional logistic regression was used to generate unadjusted (OR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the following histologic subtypes: Hodgkin (HL), Burkitt (BL), and non-BL non-HLs (non-BL NHLs). Results Overall, our findings indicate specific maternal and perinatal characteristics influence childhood lymphoma risk. Mexico-born mothers were more likely to have offspring who developed BL compared to mothers born in the United States (U.S.; aOR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.06-4.36). Further, mothers who resided at time of delivery in a county on the U.S.-Mexico border were more likely to give birth to offspring who developed non-BL NHL (aOR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.11-2.67) compared to mothers not living on the U.S.-Mexico border at time of infant birth. Last, infants born large-for-gestational-age experienced a twofold increase in BL risk (aOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.10-3.65). Conclusions In this population-based assessment, we confirmed previously reported risk predictors of childhood lymphoma, including sex of infant, while highlighting novel risk factors that warrant assessment in future studies.
Informing Prevention and Intervention Policy Using Genetic Studies of Resistance.

The common paradigm for conceptualizing the influence of genetic and environmental factors on a particular disease relies on the concept of risk. Consequently, the bulk of etiologic, including genetic, work focuses on “risk” factors. These factors are aggregated at the high end of the distribution of liability to disease, the latent variable underlying the distribution of probability and severity of a disorder. However, liability has a symmetric but distinct aspect to risk, resistance to disorder. Resistance factors, aggregated at the low end of the liability distribution and supporting health and recovery, appear to be more promising for effective prevention and intervention. Herein, we discuss existing work on resistance factors, highlighting those with known genetic influences. We examine the utility of incorporating resistance genetics in prevention and intervention trials and compare the statistical power of a series of ascertainment schemes to develop a general framework for examining resistance outcomes in genetically informative designs. We find that an approach that samples individuals discordant on measured liability, a low-risk design, is the most feasible design and yields power equivalent to or higher than commonly used designs for detecting resistance genetic and environmental effects.
On the formation of potassium bubbles in tungsten rod

The microstructure of tungsten wire that is manufactured for use as lamp filaments has been studied by a number of researchers. The author demonstrates that one of the most important features of the microstructure is the potassium bubbles, approximately 500 A in diameter, that are aligned in rows in the direction of wire drawing. These bubbles pin the grain boundaries as they migrate down the length of the wire, giving rise to an interlocking grain structure in the recrystallized wire. If these bubbles were not present, a bamboo structure would form which would then rapidly fail during operation of the lamp as a result of grain boundary sliding. The potassium which forms these bubbles is incorporated into the tungsten during sintering of the powder metallurgy ingot.
Rocky Shore Golf Links: Douglas Peterson (Abridged)

This abridged version of "Rocky Shore Golf Links: Douglas Peterson" (UVA-QA-0687) retains the essential elements of the full case but reduces the detail of the golf course and the usage of golf jargon. It is a negotiation case and is meant to be paired with "Rocky Shore Golf Links: Donald Andrews (Abridged)" (UVA-QA-0790). For Douglas Peterson and his two 10-year-old golf partners, it had been a memorable round at a world-class course with a caddie who contributed greatly to their enjoyment. For caddie Donald Andrews, the round was among the most challenging, physically and mentally, in which he had participated. As the group walked up the 18th fairway, Peterson reflected on the size of an appropriate tip for the caddie while Andrews wondered how he might influence the size of the tip. Excerpt UVA-QA-0791 May 18, 2012 Rocky Shore Golf Links: Douglas Peterson (Abridged) The phone call from Douglas Peterson's son, Charlie, was both pleasant and unsettling—pleasant because Charlie had been away for 10 days at golf camp and it was good to hear that he was having a “fabulous” time; unsettling because Charlie had assured a new friend at camp that his dad could arrange a round of golf at Rocky Shore Golf Links. Rocky Shore was an internationally acclaimed course for which tee times had to be set up months in advance. Realizing that such complications would never occur to a 10-year-old and curious about how Charlie's game had improved as a result of camp, Peterson called Trevor Grande, a good friend and the co-owner of Rocky Shore, to see what he could arrange. Douglas Peterson Douglas Peterson had been a personal financial adviser for over 20 years. As his client list had become laden with high-wealth clients, his personal income had soared. His career had begun on Wall Street and after making a name for himself, he had decided to move to San Francisco, California, to raise a family in a slightly less frenetic setting than New York City. Peterson had ultimately taken a senior partner position with a well-known international brokerage house. As Peterson took greater control of his personal schedule, he had the time to work on his golf game—playing as much as possible within the constraints of both profession and family. . . .
"This Is What Family Does": The Family Experience of Caring for Serious Illness

Background:As the demographics of caregiving in United States evolve toward multigenerational, distributed family structures, the ways in which individuals and their families experience serious illness are changing. As part of a project to create an innovative model of supportive care for serious illness, a series of user interviews were conducted, forming the basis for this article.Objective:To understand the experience of caregiving for individuals with serious illness from an intergenerational family perspective.Methods:Twelve semistructured group interviews were conducted with patients, families, and professionals. Transcript data were analyzed with descriptive coding, looking for major themes and subthemes related to family experiences.Results:Seventy-three individuals participated in group interview sessions. While both families and individuals encountered caregiving challenges, the family unit experienced care in several unique ways. It accommodated differences in temperament and readiness, managed...
Influence of Organic Acid Solution Chemistry on Subsurface Transport Properties. 2. Capillary Pressure−Saturation

Two-phase flow models of subsurface transport often require the constitutive relationship of capillary pressure as a function of saturation as part of the data input. This part of the study correlates the solution chemistry findings from the previous paper with observed changes in the primary drainage capillary pressure−saturation relationship for a fine- to medium-grained quartz porous medium. The results showed that the solution chemistry was directly reflected in the capillary pressure−saturation relationship. The major factor determining the degree of reduction in capillary pressure was the concentration and speciation of octanoic acid dissolved in the aqueous phase, the same variables reported in part 1 as critical in determining the surface and interfacial tension. Because measurements of the contact angle showed that the system stayed strongly hydrophilic under all conditions, the capillary pressure relationships could be scaled adequately using the appropriate values of surface or interfacial tens...
Closed Manipulation and Tenotomy for Clubfoot

First cast: Start as soon after birth as possible. The child is brought to the procedure room. No anesthetic needed. Allow the infant to feed during the casting process.
The effect of acid mucopolysaccharides and acid mucopolysaccharide–proteins on fibril formation from collagen solutions

1. The effects of acid mucopolysaccharides and acid mucopolysaccharide-proteins on the size and rate of formation of fibril aggregates from collagen solutions in pH7.6 buffers were studied by turbidimetric and light-scattering methods. 2. Serum albumin, orosomucoid, methylated cellulose, chondroitin sulphate A and chondroitin sulphate C of molecular weight less than 20000, and hyaluronate of molecular weight less than 40000 did not influence rates of fibril formation. Chondroitin sulphate A, chondroitin sulphate C and hyaluronate of high molecular weight retarded the rate of fibril formation. This effect of high-molecular-weight chondroitin sulphate C decreased with increasing ionic strength. Heparin, though of low molecular weight (13000), was highly effective, as was also heparitin sulphate. The chondroitin sulphate-proteins of very high molecular weight were highly effective, despite the fact that for some preparations the component chondroitin sulphate chains had molecular weights much less than 20000. 3. Agents that had delayed fibril formation were also effective in producing an increase in degree of aggregation of fibrillar collagen, as indicated by dissymmetry changes observed in light-scattering experiments at low collagen concentrations. Methylated cellulose and heparin at 2.5mug./ml. were unusual in decreasing aggregation, but heparin at 0.25mug./ml. increased aggregation. Electron microscopy of gels showed fibrils and fibril aggregates with ;normal' collagen spacing and dimensions consistent with the light-scattering results. 4. The rates of electrical transport of agents and of solvent (electro-osmosis) through collagen gels indicated a contribution of molecular entanglement that increased with increase in molecular size of the agents. Electrostatic binding of heparin to collagen was noted. Binding to collagen during fibril formation was also found for heparitin sulphate and a chondroitin sulphate with extra sulphate groups. 5. Electrostatic binding of acid mucopolysaccharide-proteins to collagen may be an important factor in the organization and functioning of connective tissues at all stages of growth and development. Excluded-volume (molecular-entanglement) effects may also be important. These factors operate simultaneously and interact mutually so that precise assessment of their relative importance is difficult.
Food web complexity I: theoretical results

For centuries, biologists have been leaving their north-temperate, cold and species-poor homes to marvel at the extraordinary richness of species in the tropics. Nor has the contrast between the often capricious temperate climates and the warm and seemingly constant tropical ones escaped their notice. Not surprisingly, some of the earliest attempts to relate food web attributes to ecosystem function are embodied in the idea of some relationship between stability and complexity. But species richness as a measure of complexity and a benign, aseasonal climate as a measure of stability is only one of the many possible pairs of definitions. The hypothesis that complexity is related to stability causes contention, in part, because the definitions of stability and complexity are sufficiently vague to permit a plethora of intepretations. Elton (1958, pp. 145–153) gives six lines of evidence for his assertion that more complex ecosystems are more stable. His examples seem highly heterogeneous in the light of twenty years of hindsight. They contain, for example, comments on the cyclical behaviour of single-species population models, a statement that tropical systems are free from pest outbreaks and a discussion of how species-poor island faunas are susceptible to man’s attempts at introducing new species. But most contention stems from recent theoretical studies because these lead to the opposite hypothesis, namely, that complex systems will be less stable than simple ones.
Health impact assessment: necessary but not sufficient for healthy public policy.

mated that health-care access and quality are responsible for only 10%-50% of avoidable morbidity and premature mortality.5"9 Although much is still unknown about the mechanisms explaining the associations between societal (including social, physical, and economic) determinants and health, factors such as lower levels of education and income have, with few exceptions, been linked repeatedly and strongly to poorer health, with dose-response relationships that support causal links.10,11 While an appreciation for the social, physical, and economic determinants of health, disease, and injury is not new,12 momentum for addressing these determinants has been increasing. One contributing factor has been a rising awareness of the economic consequences of avoidable illness and premature death in the form of both increased health-care costs and decreased productivity11,13 and the cost-effectiveness of many prevention-oriented population-level interventions.14 A second critical factor has been a push by the World Health Organization (WHO) for more attention to a range of underlying health determinants beyond health care. This increased emphasis began visibly in the late 1970s with WHO's Primary Health Care initiative calling for joint action across multiple sectors (e.g., education, agriculture, housing, labor, urban planning, transportation, and health care) to improve health, both directly and indirectly.15,16 WHO has subsequently developed and promoted more detailed, concrete recommendations for how governments and nongovernmental organizations can help create healthy communities by addressing societal factors.3,17"20 One aspect of the WHO recommendations has generated substantial interest in the United States. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a systematic process
Influence of cell heterogeneity on skeletal muscle lactate kinetics.

Lactate and [14C]lactate kinetics were studied in three rabbit skeletal muscle preparations with distinct fiber type profiles, glycolytic (99.1 +/- 0.2% type IIb fibers), oxidative (97.5 +/- 0.6% type I fibers), and mixed (type I, IIa, and IIb fibers). Single-pass perfusions were carried out for 2 h in the presence of lactate (1 mM), glucose (5 mM), [6-3H]glucose, and [U-14C]lactate. All preparations displayed net lactate release, [14C]lactate removal, and 14CO2 release. Net lactate release was greatest in the glycolytic preparation, 9.7 +/- 0.5 mumol.100 g-1.min-1, and least in the oxidative preparation, 3.7 +/- 0.2 mumol.100 g-1.min-1. [14C]lactate arteriovenous difference was greatest in the mixed preparation, 1,688 +/- 58 (disintegrations/min)/ml (dpm/ml), and least in the glycolytic preparation, 505 +/- 10.3 dpm/ml. Steady-state incorporation of [14C]lactate was observed in CO2, amino acids, and pyruvate. Tissue lactate specific activity (LSA) in all preparations was significantly lower than arterial LSA, but not significantly different from venous LSA. Estimates of lactate removal based on venous LSA were not significantly different from net glycolytic flux. In conclusion, 1) under basal, resting conditions net lactate release and [14C]lactate removal are properties of all fiber types, and 2) tracer estimates of lactate turnover in skeletal muscle reflect net glycolytic flux through pyruvate.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CATECHOLAMINERGIC PRESYNAPTIC DENDRITES

Recent neuroanatomical, biochemical and neurophysiological evidence discloses that catecholaminergic neurons possess “presynaptic” dendrites. Accumulations of presynaptic vesicles in dendrites of catecholaminergic neurons have been identified and neurophysiological evidence shows that such sites are significant in the regulation of catecholaminergic neuronal activity.
Fungal Infections in the Compromised Host — An Overview

For those interested in medical mycology, the 1960s and 70s represented a period dedicated to raising the awareness of others to the clinical importance of opportunistic mycoses. The medical literature of that period is replete with examples dedicated to this goal, as clinicians who dealt regularly with immunocompromised patients became increasingly aware of the scope of the problem. For example, Hart et al emphasized that most mycoses observed in normal hosts were caused by a characteristic group of fungi, including coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, mycetoma, blastomycosis and sporotrichosis; in contrast, compromised patients tended to develop candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis, as well as disseminated forms of cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis1. Thus, it became clear that as prolonging the survival of immuno- compromised patients became more feasible, increasing numbers of these patients were developing infections, such as disseminated candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis, rarely seen in normal hosts. Moreover, when infected with fungi which usually cause self-limited disease in normal hosts, those with abnormal host defenses more often developed progressive, disseminated mycoses.
The role of golimumab in inflammatory arthritis. A review of the evidence.

Background:Golimumab (GOL) is a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor that is used for various types of inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing...
Is it Safe to Call Something Safe? The Law of Puffing in Advertising:

American law has for a long time condoned the use of exaggerated claims in advertising. Though the rules of law governing these types of claims have not been explicitly reversed, according to some ...
Understanding the nexus of rising CO2, climate change, and evolution in weed biology.

Rapid increases in herbicide resistance have highlighted the ability of weeds to undergo genetic change within a short period of time. That change, in turn, has resulted in an increasing emphasis in weed science on the evolutionary ecology and potential adaptation of weeds to herbicide selection. Here we argue that a similar emphasis would also be invaluable for understanding another challenge that will profoundly alter weed biology: the rapid rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and the associated changes in climate. Our review of the literature suggests that elevated CO2 and climate change will impose strong selection pressures on weeds and that weeds will often have the capacity to respond with rapid adaptive evolution. Based on current data, climate change and rising CO2 levels are likely to alter the evolution of agronomic and invasive weeds, with consequences for distribution, community composition, and herbicide efficacy. In addition, we identify four key areas that represent clear knowledge gaps in weed evolution: (1) differential herbicide resistance in response to a rapidly changing CO2/climate confluence; (2) shifts in the efficacy of biological constraints (e.g., pathogens) and resultant selection shifts in affected weed species; (3) climate-induced phenological shifts in weed distribution, demography, and fitness relative to crop systems; and (4) understanding and characterization of epigenetics and the differential expression of phenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary adaptation. These consequences, in turn, should be of fundamental interest to the weed science community.
Next Generation Sequencing for Outbreak Investigation in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

With the advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genomic investigations of pathogen outbreaks are now possible at unprecedented resolution. Prior methods, requiring highly pathogen-specific protocols, can now be replaced with a single universal protocol for whole genome sequencing. Clinical applications have shown improvement in our understanding of pathogen transmission dynamics from the hospital to global level. However, there are several barriers to routine implementation in clinical microbiology laboratories. These include financial support for a non-billable test, workforce training needs, particularly for highly complex data analysis methods, and lack of FDA approved methods requiring extensive laboratory validation.
The Familiar and the Foreign

It is in this chapter that the researcher discusses at length what she found familiar about dance in HBCUs, coming from only predominantly white institutions (PWIs) before the time of the study, and those histories, techniques, and practices which she discovered, much like uncovering hidden treasures—those things which were foreign to her, but highly valued in this new HBCU environment. Some of these treasures fall into a few categories, including references to places of the African diaspora, and historical traces of traditional African practices, such as the relevance of processionals in events, and the use of call and response in building a sense of community. The chapter also shows how practices and events HBCUs share with PWIs can be familiar, but also provide HBCU students with a sense of self, both in the context of the African diaspora and in that of all American higher education.
Examination of Gender Stereotypes and Norms in Health-Related Content Posted to Snapchat Discover Channels: Qualitative Content Analysis.

Background: Snapchat has seen one of the most rapid, and unprecedented, growths in the history of social networking sites and social media with 3 billion Snapchats sent daily. In 2015, Snapchat introduced a new feature, Snapchat Discover, providing a unique way for publishers, such as magazines, to connect their content to Snapchat users. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate qualitatively the health-related content distributed among male-focused and female-focused Discover channels and to determine whether differences exist between the content posted to these channels. Methods: Magazine Discover channels with male and female target audiences were identified based on the magazine’s claimed audience and a search of Snapchat Discover’s magazine publishers, resulting in the selection of two male-focused and two female-focused channels. Stories were collected daily from each of the selected channels during a 4-week period. Using the constant comparative method, 406 Discover stories were collected and analyzed. Results: Differences in health content coverage existed between male- and female-focused channels. General health stories from male channels comprised 7.5% (10/134) of total stories compared with 22.8% (62/272) for female channels. Sexual health stories from male channels comprised 3.0% (4/134) of total stories compared with 18.8% (51/272) for female channels. Moreover, female-focused channels’ content was more comprehensive. Female audiences were portrayed as being health information seekers, concerned with sexual health and male satisfaction, primarily responsible for contraception and pregnancy prevention, and less informed about sex. Male audiences were portrayed as being less likely to seek health information, obsessed with and driven by sex, and less concerned with sexual health. Conclusions: Understanding the content shared to social media is important, especially when considering the implications content may have for behavior. In terms of content, these findings suggest Discover channels appear to promote gender stereotypes and norms for health and sexual health through the information posted.
Developing and Evaluating a Graduate Student Teaching Assistant Training Course in the Chemistry Department of a Large American University.

Graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) play an essential role in the teaching of introductory chemistry courses at many higher education institutions. On the basis of best practices suggested by the l...
Dual clathrin and adhesion signaling systems regulate growth factor receptor activation

ABSTRACT The crosstalk between growth factor and adhesion receptors is key for cell growth and migration. In pathological settings, these receptors are drivers of cancer. Yet, how growth and adhesion signals are spatially organized and integrated is poorly understood. Here we use quantitative fluorescence and electron microscopy to reveal a mechanism where flat clathrin lattices partition and activate growth factor signals via a coordinated response that involves crosstalk between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the adhesion receptor β5-integrin. We show that ligand-activated EGFR, Grb2, Src, and β5-integrin are captured by clathrin coated-structures at the plasma membrane. Clathrin structures dramatically grow in response to ligand activation into large flat plaques and provide a signaling platform that link EGFR and β5-integrin through Src-mediated phosphorylation. Disrupting this EGFR/Src/β5-integrin axis prevents both clathrin plaque growth and receptor signaling. Our study reveals a reciprocal regulation of clathrin lattices and two different receptor systems to enhance cell growth factor signaling. These findings have broad implications for the control of growth factor receptors, mechanotransduction, and endocytosis.
Impact of an audit reporting expert system on learning performance: A teaching note

Abstract Audit reporting is a complex process, requiring knowledge of various reporting issues and corresponding report formats. To address the difficulty of presenting audit reporting concepts to students, the authors constructed and used an audit reporting system, named AUDPORT, in their first-level auditing classes at two major state universities. This paper reports the use of AUDPORT as a teaching aid and its impact on students' performance.
Access to Firearms and Youth Suicide in the US: Implications for Clinical Interventions

Suicide is among the leading causes of death of 5–24-year-olds in the US, and rates of suicide in this age group have increased over the past 10 years. Almost half of suicides among youth involve a firearm. Substantial evidence indicates that a firearm in the home increases the risk of dying by suicide by making it more likely that suicidal acts will involve firearms. Evidence also suggests that suicide risk among youth living in households with firearms depends on how household firearms are stored (locked is safer than unlocked; unloaded safer than loaded; stored separately from ammunition safer than together with ammunition). Despite the elevated risk that household firearms impose on youth, and the ability to reduce risk by storing guns in ways that make them less accessible, millions of youth live in homes with readily accessible firearms. Approaches to preventing youth suicide by reducing access to firearms have relied largely on efforts to inform personal decision-making by adults in gun-owning homes through interventions at the community level, in primary care practices, and, more recently, in acute care settings. Despite endorsement of counseling parents to reduce access to potentially lethal suicide methods by several US medical societies and parents’ willingness to discuss firearm safety with their child’s pediatrician, few clinicians routinely counsel parents to reduce access to firearms, even for youth acutely at risk for suicide. The limited number of evaluations of clinical interventions to date suggests, though not uniformly, that clinician counseling supplemented with provision of firearm storage devices encourages some parents to store their firearms more safely.