cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trepidation among the “keepers”: Gendered Perceptions of Fear and Risk of Victimization among Corrections Officers

Determining the attitudes of correctional officers relative to their level of fear and risk of victimization is important to investigate due to the relationship of the conditions of confinement and the care and custody of offenders. Furthermore, consideration of such attitudes by gender may uncover differences because of the unique obstacles female corrections officers face. This study examines the level of fear and risk of both inmate and staff related victimization by gender through administering a survey to all corrections officers employed in the adult prisons within one-state. The overall analysis indicated some level of apprehension among officers regarding their fear and risk of victimization for inmate-precipitated victimization more than staff-to-staff victimization. Female officers were also more likely to demonstrate a higher level of perceived fear and risk of inmate-precipitated and staff-precipitated victimization. In addition, race and security level were shown to be significant as predictors of both fear and perceived risk of victimization among officers.
Autoregulation of neurogenesis by GDF11.

In the olfactory epithelium (OE), generation of new neurons by neuronal progenitors is inhibited by a signal from neurons themselves. Here we provide evidence that this feedback inhibitory signal is growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). Both GDF11 and its receptors are expressed by OE neurons and progenitors, and GDF11 inhibits OE neurogenesis in vitro by inducing p27Kip1 and reversible cell cycle arrest in progenitors. Mice lacking functional GDF11 have more progenitors and neurons in the OE, whereas mice lacking follistatin, a GDF11 antagonist, show dramatically decreased neurogenesis. This negative autoregulatory action of GDF11 is strikingly like that of its homolog, GDF8/myostatin, in skeletal muscle, suggesting that similar strategies establish and maintain proper cell number during neural and muscular development.
A SIMPLIFIED, RAPID METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING MATING TYPE IN ALGAE: RESULTS WITH THE PANDORINA MORUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE) SPECIES COMPLEX1

As a collection expands, increasing numbers of test crosses are required to identify new isolates in algal species containing numerous pairs of mating types. A short-cut is described that utilizes a reduced number of preliminary test crosses. The method was used successfully with the colonial green flagellate, Pandorina morum Bory de St. Vincent, to identify a new pair of milling types (syngen) from Japan and five new isolates from China of a previously known syngen. When tested on the 20 previously described syngens, it revealed one unexpected multi-clone effect on mating. The method should be valuable for identifying newly collected clones, examining potential, interactions among incompatible mating types, and for screening other highly specific inter-organism interactions such as host-parasite infections.
Intertemporal and interspatial productivity differentials in U.S. manufacturing

This study analyzes the role productivity plays in explaining the variation in regional manufacturing growth rates. Using the neoclassical growth accounting procedure, we measure productivity from an intertemporal and interspatial perspective. Previous regional studies of U.S. manufacturing look only at the contribution of intertemporal productivity growth in explaning regional growth. These studies ignore the level of productivity and its effect on regional growth. For each year of our study, we rank regions by their interspatial productivity index. We find little difference between the productivity growth rates among the regions of the north and south. Differences among the regions emerge only when we consider interspatial productivity differentials. The North's level of factor productivity is 25 to 30% higher than the South's. The absolute productivity disadvantage of the South, however, is offset by its low input prices. Thus, it is the cost advantage of the South and not its productivity advantage that explains the region's relatively high growth rate.
Phosphorylation of the outer surface of platelets enhances the effects of collagen on aggregation, ATP release, calcium translocation and phosphoinositide hydrolysis

Abstract Phosphorylation of the outer surface of human platelets increases their functional responsiveness to subthreshold amounts of collagen. Collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation, release of ATP and changes in cytoplasmic ionized calcium levels were all enhanced by pretreatment with ATP plus a kinase purified from human plasma. [ 3 h]- myo-inositol-labeled human platelets were used to investigate the possible role of phosphoinositide metabolism in mediating this enhanced responsiveness. Formation of inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphate in response to collagen was more pronounced in phosphorylated platelets than in control platelets. Collagenstimulated inositol phosphate production in both control and phosphorylated platelets was completely inhibited by the addition of 20 μM indomethacin. Of a range of agents that stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, only the response to collagen was enhanced by phosphorylation. The plasma protein kinase was shown to catalyse phosphorylation of the collagen receptor. These data indicate that the enhanced phosphoinositide hydrolysis resulting from phosphorylation of the collagen receptor might be linked to the increased functional responses to collagen.
Case comment: statistical tests for the analysis of data on peremptory challenges: clarifying the standard of proof needed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination in Johnson v. California

In a recent opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court considered statistical data and discussed the statistical disparity between the proportions of Black and White potential jurors who were challenged by the prosecution. The Court did not report the results of any formal statistical inference, e.g. a test of the hypothesis that these two proportions were equal. This comment shows that the ultimate finding of discrimination in the case would have been strengthened had the data been analysed by an appropriate test. It is noted that there is more information in the sequential nature of the jury selection process than is currently reported. Thus, further research incorporating this additional data could lead to more powerful statistical tests and more accurate decisions in similar cases.
The role of distress intolerance for panic and nicotine withdrawal symptoms during a biological challenge.

Background:Distress intolerance is linked to the maintenance of panic disorder and cigarette smoking, and may underlie both problems.Method:Smokers (n = 54; 40.7% panic disorder) were recruited for an experimental study; half were randomly assigned to 12-hour nicotine deprivation and half smoked as usual. The current investigation consisted of secondary, exploratory analyses from this larger experimental study. Four distress intolerance indices were examined as predictors of anxious responding to an emotional elicitation task (10% carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched air challenge); anxious responding was in turn examined as a predictor of post-challenge panic and nicotine withdrawal symptoms.Results:The Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) was significantly negatively associated with anxious responding to the challenge (β = −0.41, p = 0.017). The DTS was negatively associated with post-challenge increases nicotine withdrawal symptoms indirectly through the effect of anxious responding to the challenge (b = −0.485, CI...
Commentary: Focusing on program design issues in future research on court‐connected mediation

Court-connected mediation often works very well. That is a fair conclusion based on evidence summarized in Roselle Wissler’s meticulous review of court-connected mediation. Analyzing studies of small claims, general civil, and appellate mediation programs, her review suggests that mediation is usually evaluated very favorably and is rated as highly as or better than the alternatives on virtually all outcome indicators. 1 In other words, almost all of these studies find that the results are either better in mediation or that there are no significant differences. This suggests that mediation has the potential to be quite effective in producing various desired results and that whether a mediation program actually generates such results depends on how well it is designed and fits with the local practice culture. Mediation is a highly variable process that program designers and users can readily adapt. As McEwen (1988) suggests, instead of “asking whether mediation works or not, we need to examine how and why parties and lawyers ‘work’ mediation in varying ways” (p. 3). 2 McEwen’s suggestion can be extended to analyze how mediators and program designers “work” mediation processes. Thus, this article analyzes prior research to determine why some mediation programs did not outperform traditional litigation while others did. 3 It illustrates how researchers and program designers might analyze past research findings, design programs to produce desired results, and then empirically test the effectiveness of such design efforts. 4 This article also suggests that researchers increase the use of outcome measures in addition to traditional measures of efficiency, satisfaction, and perceived fairness. These include substantive justice, empowerment and recognition, and interest-based problem solving. Given intense concerns about mediator evaluation and party self-determination, researchers should also examine these issues further.
Analysis of Particle Motion in the Near-Wall Shear Layer Vortices— Application to the Turbulent Deposition Process

Abstract The motions of aerosol particles in the near-wall coherent vortices of turbulent boundary layer flows are studied. These shear layer vortices are modeled based on the results of stability analyses of channel flows. The Stokes drag, the gravitational force, and the lift force are included in the equation of motion. The trajectories and the rebounds of particles in the modeled vortical flow field are analyzed, and the limiting trajectories for particle deposition are carefully identified. Based on the details of limiting trajectories and the rebound patterns, turbulent depositions of aerosol particles under various conditions are analyzed. The predicted deposition velocities including particle rebound effects are compared with the available experimental data for different surface conditions, and favorable agreements are observed.
Tunable polymer multi-shape memory effect

Shape memory polymers are materials that can memorize temporary shapes and revert to their permanent shape upon exposure to an external stimulus such as heat, light, moisture or magnetic field. Such properties have enabled a variety of applications including deployable space structures, biomedical devices, adaptive optical devices, smart dry adhesives and fasteners. The ultimate potential for a shape memory polymer, however, is limited by the number of temporary shapes it can memorize in each shape memory cycle and the ability to tune the shape memory transition temperature(s) for the targeted applications. Currently known shape memory polymers are capable of memorizing one or two temporary shapes, corresponding to dual- and triple-shape memory effects (also counting the permanent shape), respectively. At the molecular level, the maximum number of temporary shapes a shape memory polymer can memorize correlates directly to the number of discrete reversible phase transitions (shape memory transitions) in the polymer. Intuitively, one might deduce that multi-shape memory effects are achievable simply by introducing additional reversible phase transitions. The task of synthesizing a polymer with more than two distinctive and strongly bonded reversible phases, however, is extremely challenging. Tuning shape memory effects, on the other hand, is often achieved through tailoring the shape memory transition temperatures, which requires alteration in the material composition. Here I show that the perfluorosulphonic acid ionomer (PFSA), which has only one broad reversible phase transition, exhibits dual-, triple-, and at least quadruple-shape memory effects, all highly tunable without any change to the material composition.
Response to letter regarding article, "Prosthesis-patient mismatch in bovine pericardial aortic valves: evaluation using 3 different modalities and associated medium-term outcomes".

We thank House et al1 for a thoughtful critical review of our study.2 To keep the study cohort homogenous, we preselected only patients with normal systolic function who underwent an aortic valve replacement with a pericardial tissue valve. We agree that there is a small likelihood of underestimation of the prevalence of prosthesis–patient mismatch (PPM) in our cohort because of low gradient aortic stenosis and normal systolic function, a group of patients who are challenging to evaluate and manage.3 However, among patients from our cohort undergoing aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis (79% of the cohort), the average preoperative mean gradient was 43.5 mm Hg, suggesting that the likelihood …
The Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: We identified and examined risk factors for renal cell cancer, some of which may explain in part the trends of steadily increasing incidence rates, particularly in black Americans. Materials and Methods: Epidemiological studies were identified through a MEDLINE® search of the literature through February 2006. A qualitative summary of the results of individual studies is presented. Results: Cigarette smoking and obesity are the most consistently established causal risk factors, accounting for about 20% and 30% of renal cell cancers, respectively. Hypertension appears to independently influence renal cell cancer risk. Neither acetaminophen nor other analgesics have been convincingly linked with renal cell cancer. With respect to diet a general protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption is the only consistently reported finding. For occupational factors the weight of the evidence provides no consistent support for the hypotheses that renal cell cancer may be caused by asbestos, gasoline or trichloroethylene exposure. Self-reported family history is associated with 2 to 3-fold increases in risk and the major inherited forms of renal cell cancer together account for about 2% of this malignancy. Conclusions: A further reduction in cigarette smoking, and a decrease in the rates of obesity and hypertension would likely moderate the increasing incidence of renal cell cancer. Epidemiological studies, including evaluation of gene-environment interactions, are needed to specifically identify reasons for the increasing incidence, particularly for assessing the roles of obesity and hypertension. Special attention should be focused on black Americans since their incidence rate recently increased to significantly surpass that in white Americans.
Ontogenetic allometry and body composition of harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena , L.) from the western North Atlantic

North Atlantic harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena (L.) face considerable energetic challenges, as they are relatively small marine mammals with an intense reproductive schedule and a cold-water habitat. Postnatal growth of these porpoises was described using ontogenetic allometry and body composition techniques. The cross-sectional sample contained robust calves, immature, and mature porpoises (n = 122) incidentally killed in commercial fishing operations between 1992 and 1998. Total mass and the mass of 26 body components were measured using a standard dissection protocol. Most body components grew similarly in female and male porpoises. Blubber, brain and skull were negatively allometric, while muscle and reproductive tissues exhibited positive allometry. Female heart, liver, intestine and mesenteric lymph node grew at significantly higher rates than in males. Male locomotor muscle and pelvic bones grew significantly faster than in females. High growth rates for visceral and reproductive organs in porpoises, relative to other mammals, may underlie their early maturation and support their intensive, annual reproductive schedule. Relative to other cetaceans, porpoises seem to allocate a larger percentage of their total body mass to blubber. This allocation to blubber, which is greatest in calves (37% of body mass), may provide harbour porpoises with the thermal insulation required to live in cold water. The factors influencing growth rates and differential investments in body composition seem to change at various stages of a porpoise’s life. Energy allocation in porpoises seems to shift from an emphasis on developing an insulative blubber layer in young animals to preparing the body for annual reproduction at sexual maturity.
How to freak a Black & Mild: a multi-study analysis of YouTube videos illustrating cigar product modification

Cigar smoking is increasingly common among adolescents who perceive cigars as less harmful than cigarettes. This perception of reduced harm is especially true for cigars that are user-modified by removing the tobacco binder through a process called 'freaking'. Little is known about 'freaking' and this multi-study, mixed-methods analysis sought to understand better the rationale and prevailing beliefs about this smoking practice using YouTube videos. In Study 1, we conducted a descriptive content analysis on the characteristics of 26 randomly sampled cigar product modification (CPM) videos posted during 2006-10. In Study 2, a thematic analysis was performed on the transcripts of commentary associated with each video to characterize viewers' comments about video content. Study 1 results revealed that 90% of videos illustrated a four-step CPM technique: 'Loosening the tobacco'; 'Dumping the tobacco'; 'Removing the cigar binder' and 'Repacking the tobacco'. Four themes related to the purpose of CPM were also derived from video content: 'Easier to smoke' (54%), 'Beliefs in reduction of health risks' (31%), 'Changing the burn rate' (15%) and 'Taste enhancement' (12%). Study 2 results concerning the content characteristics of video comments were categorized into three themes: 'Disseminating information/answering questions' (81%), 'Seeking advice/asking questions' (69%) and 'Learning cigar modification techniques' (35%). Favorable comments were more common (81%) compared to unfavorable (58%) and comment content suggested low-risk perceptions and poor understanding of smoking harms. These findings highlight a novel means for youth to access information concerning CPM that may have important implications for tobacco control policy and prevention.
The Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS): Development, Design, and Dissemination

Little is known about access, sources, and trust of cancer-related information, or factors that facilitate or hinder communication on a populationwide basis. Through a careful developmental process involving extensive input from many individuals and organizations, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) developed the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) to help fill this gap. This nationally representative telephone survey of 6,369 persons aged � 18 years among the general population was first conducted in 2002‐2003, and will be repeated biennially depending on availability of funding. The purpose of creating a population survey to be repeated on a cyclical basis is to track trends in the public’s rapidly changing use of new
COMMUNICATION, COLLABORATION, AND COMPLEXITY: PERSONAL THEORY BUILDING IN CONTEXT

(2000). COMMUNICATION, COLLABORATION, AND COMPLEXITY: PERSONAL THEORY BUILDING IN CONTEXT. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 273-280.
A discrete-time observer for flexible-joint manipulators

A robust observer-based control scheme is proposed for flexible joint robots. A robust observer, estimating the link acceleration and jerk from position and velocity measurements, is combined with a state feedback control law to achieve robust tracking. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to illustrate the techniques. >
PURIFICATION AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF GUINEA PIG TESTICULAR PROTEINASE INHIBITORS

Three guinea pig testicular, low-molecular-weight, acid-stable inhibitors specific for typsin-like proteinases were isolated, purified, and characterized. The procedure comprised acid extraction of testicular acetone powder, pH precipitation of the extract, gel filtration of the supernatant on Sephadex G-100 and G-50, ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex, followed by QAE-Sephadex. Final purification was by rechromatography on Sephadex G-50 superfine gel. The three proteinase inhibitors were labeled A, B, and Cnb, the latter to denote nonbinding of Cnb to the QAE-Sephadex. Components A and Cnb showed competitive, whereas B showed noncompetitive, inhibition against trypsin. All three inhibitors were active against trypsin but were ineffective against chymotrypsin. The inhibition constants, Ki, were obtained using trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of the N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-arginyl amide of 7-amino-4-trifluoro-methylcoumarin (CBZ-Arg-AFC) at pH 8.0. The values were calculated to be, for A, 1.5 × 10−8 M; for B, 1.5 × 10−8 M; and, for Cnb, 2.2 × 10−7 M. The Ki values calculated from inhibition of trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of the active site titrant 4-methylumbelliferyl-p-guanidinobenzoate (MUGB) using Easson-Stedman plots were, for A, 7.7 × 10−9 M; for B, 6.7 × 10−9 M; and, for Cnb, 1.4 × 10−7 M. The MrS as determined by active site titration with MUGB were A, 11.2 kDa; B, 10.5 kDa; Cnb, 17.0 kDa. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave Mr values for A of 11 kDa, for B of 4 kDa, and for Cnb of 19 kDa. The discrepancy in Mr values for A and 11 kDa, for B of 4 kDa, and for Cnb of 19 kDa. The discrepancy in Mr values for B indicates that it may function as a dimer or trimer in the active state.
An Efficient Broadcast Authentication Scheme for Ad Hoc Routing Protocols

We introduce a novel broadcast authentication (BA) scheme especially well suited for nodes forming multihop ad hoc networks (MH-AHN). The proposed BA scheme is based on a recently proposed probabilistic key pre-distribution scheme (KPS), HARPS. Apart from a substantial performance improvements over existing BA schemes, the proposed technique offers many possible trade-offs (bandwidth-computation, and bandwidth-storage) for improving security.
Statistics of populations of images and its embedded objects: driving applications in neuroimaging

Work in progress towards modeling shape statistics of multi-object complexes is presented. Constraints defined by the set of objects such as a compact representation of object shape relationships and correlation of shape changes might have advantages for automatic segmentation and group discrimination. We present a concept for statistical multi-object modeling and discuss the major challenges which are a reduction to a small set of descriptive features, calculation of mean and variability via curved statistics, the choice of aligning sets of multiple objects, and the problem of describing the statistics of object pose and object shape and their interrelationship. Shape modeling and analysis is demonstrated with an application to a longitudinal autism study, with shape modeling of sets of 10 subcortical structures in a population of 20 subjects.
Renyi entropy with respect to Choquet capacities

Entropy terms are analyzed for use in a heterogeneous network involving ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators and feed-forward neural networks, referred to as FOWA networks. The OWA operators are used to aggregate feature information and were previously used successfully in a landmine application. Weight vectors of OWA operators are special cases of Choquet capacities for which the Shannon entropy has been defined. One can also consider the quadratic Renyi entropy for OWA weight vectors. A term is added to the objective function of the FOWA network involving these entropy terms. An analysis of the derivatives used in gradient descent is conducted.
Extensional rheology of shear-thickening nanoparticle suspensions

A filament-stretching rheometer is used to measure the extensional properties of shear-thickening nanoparticle suspensions as a function of concentration and extension rate. The experiments are performed using a series of colloidal suspensions consisting of concentrations of 17.5 wt%, 25 wt% and 30 wt% of fumed silica nanoparticles in polypropylene glycol. The shear rheology of these suspensions was found to demonstrate dynamic shear-thickening behavior owing to the formation of large hydrodynamic clusters. The critical value of angular frequency for the onset of shear-thickening was found to increase monotonically with decreased strain amplitude. The extensional rheology of all the tested suspensions demonstrated modest strain-hardening at low strain rates. At a critical extension rate, a dramatic increase in both the speed and magnitude of the strain-hardening is observed for both the 25 wt% and 30 wt% suspensions with increasing extensional rate. The steady state extensional viscosity as a function of extension rate shows sharp extensional thickening transition very similar to shear flows. The increase in strain-hardening is likely due to the formation of strings and clusters ordered in the flow direction. This hypothesis is confirmed by small-angle light scattering measurements of the flow of the nanoparticle suspension through a microfluidic hyperbolic contraction. The degree of alignment of nanoparticles is quantified from the analysis of the scattering patterns and found to increase significantly with increasing extension rate.
Regulation of Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus by Dendritic Cells, Toll-Like Receptors, and Notch

The activation and maintenance of pulmonary viral disease is regulated at multiple levels and determined by the early innate response to the pathogenic stimuli. Subsequent activation events that rely directly and indirectly on the virus itself can alter the development and severity of the ensuing immunopathologic responses. In the present review we outline several interconnected mechanisms that rely on the early recognition of viral nucleic acid for the most appropriate anti-viral immune responses, including TLRs and Notch activation in DCs and T cells. Deviation or persistence of the immune response to respiratory viruses may impact significantly on the severity of the responses. While these mechanisms are likely similar in most respiratory viral infections, this review will focus on findings with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.
Identification and preliminary characterization of two cDNAs encoding unique carbonic anhydrases from the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi.

Marine coccolithophorid algae are thought to play a significant role in carbon cycling due to their ability to incorporate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into both calcite and photosynthetic products. Among coccolithophorids, Emiliania huxleyi is the most prolific, forming massive blooms that affect the global environment. In addition to its ecological importance, the elaborate calcite structures (coccoliths) are being investigated for the design of potential materials for science and biotechnological devices. To date, most of the research focus in this organism has involved the partitioning of DIC between calcification and photosynthesis, primarily using measurements of an external versus internal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity under defined conditions. The actual genes, proteins, and pathways employed in these processes have not been identified and characterized (see the work of Quinn et al. in this issue [P. Quinn, R. M. Bowers, X. Zhang, T. M. Wahlund, M. A. Fanelli, D. Olszova, and B. A. Read, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5512-5526, 2006]). In this study, the cloning and preliminary characterization of two genetically distinct carbonic anhydrase cDNAs are described. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these two genes belonged to the gamma (γ-EhCA2) and delta (δ-EhCA1) classes of carbonic anhydrases. The deduced amino acid sequence of δ-EhCA1 revealed that it encodes a protein of 702 amino acids (aa) (ca. 77.3 kDa), with a transmembrane N-terminal region of 373 aa and an in-frame C-terminal open reading frame of 329 aa that defines the CA region. The γ-EhCA2 protein was 235 aa in length (ca. 24.9 kDa) and was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified as an active recombinant CA. The expression levels of each transcript from quantitative reverse transcription-PCR experiments under bicarbonate limitation and over a 24-h time course suggest that these isozymes perform different functions in E. huxleyi.
Curricula in Information Science: Four Year Progress Report.

This is our second study of curricula in information science. It provides a basis for comparison of the 1968 curricula with those of 1972, observing trends in the educational system in information science. Since this study solicited information on all three educational levels, the statistics describing all programs are given; comparisons are made at the MS level only, using the 1968 data. These indicate a curriculum shift from traditional librarianship to an emphasis on computerization and automation. This trend appears to encompass theory as well as technology. The most frequently offered course “Introduction to Information Science,” exposes students to a new way of looking at library and information problems. Programming, theories of information content identification, library automation and some basic mathematics has increased. If the trend continues, libraries may be turning into Community Information Centers utilizing telecommunication for their information needs. Deans, faculty, professional society and industry representatives reviewed the questionnaire analysis results in Workshop III and made recommendations for educational goals and curricula on three levels, i.e., the bacculaureate, masters and doctorate.
Impacts and cratering on Titan: a pre-Cassini view

Abstract Titan is an outstanding object in terms of its usefulness for comparative planetology. While essentially an icy giant satellite like Ganymede and Callisto, its thick atmosphere makes it a very different place. Also, while Titan's thermal history may have similarities with Ganymede and Callisto, Titan's much larger distance from its primary and from the sun profoundly affects impactor speed distributions and gravitational focusing. The likely characteristics of the impact crater population on Titan are reviewed under two board categories: number and spatial distribution, and morphology, with particular emphasis on impact-atmosphere interactions. Additionally, measurement prospects for Cassini are considered.
Effect of signal contamination in matched-filter detection of the signal on a cluttered background

To derive a matched filter for detecting a weak target signal in a hyperspectral image, an estimate of the band-to-band covariance of the target-free background scene is required. We investigate the effects of including some of the target signal in the background scene. Although the covariance is contaminated by the presence of a target signal (there is increased variance in the direction of the target signature), we find that the matched filter is not necessarily affected. In fact, if the variation in plume strength is strictly uncorrelated with the variation in background spectra, the matched filter and its signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) performance will not be impaired. While there is little a priori reason to expect significant correlation between the plume and the background, there usually is some residual correlation, and this correlation leads to a suppressing effect that limits the SCR obtainable even for strong plumes. These effects are described and quantified analytically, and the crucial role of this correlation is illustrated with some numerical examples using simulated plumes superimposed on real hyperspectral imagery. In one example, we observe an order-of-magnitude loss in SCR for a matched filter based on the contaminated covariance.
Necrology: Hugh Carson Cutler

Hugh Carson Cutler, forner curator of Economic Botany at the Missouri Botanical Gardens, was one of the first generation paleoethnobotanists in this country. A pioneer in the field, and instrumental in getting American archaeologists to begin to employ flotation techniques for recovery of botanical remains. Cutler, the son of Manuel and Mary Cutler. was born September 8. 1912 in Milwaukee. Wisconsin. and died September 22, 1998 in Topeka, Kansas.
Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum Oxide Aerogel Backlighter Targets

Aluminum oxide aerogel can be used as a backlighter target to provide a radiation source for diagnostics during ICF experiments. To demonstrate the feasibility of this type of target, it was necessary to cast thin pieces of aerogel for plasma emission studies of aluminum oxide. We were able to demonstrate density control over a range of 50-400 mg/cc, and, furthermore, cast the aerogel as a thin (0.6-0.7 mm), smooth monolith that did not require additional machining. The fabrication of these targets begins with a solution of aluminum chloride, ethanol, and water and is then catalyzed with propylene oxide to gel within molds to form the shape. Supercritical drying with carbon dioxide provides the dry aerogel. Various target densities were made by adjusting the relative amounts of starting materials and post treatment condition. The finished materials were characterized for density, pore size, and water content. Initial freestanding targets of 98 mg/cc have been fabricated and shot, and other similar targets of densities from 50-400 mg/cc have been fabricated for future experiments.
Collinearity and Alternative Estimates

Collinearity or multicollinearity refers to the problem in regression analysis of the columns of the model matrix being nearly linear dependent. Ideally, this is no problem at all. There are numerical difficulties associated with the actual computations, but there are no theoretical difficulties. If, however, one has any doubts about the accuracy of the model matrix, the analysis could be in deep trouble.
Evaluation of Phagocytic Activity by Ingestion of Labeled Bacteria

Immunologists have used the phagocytic index to evaluate the efficiency of the phagocytic engulfment of foreign particles. Traditionally, stained exudates on slides from in-vitro or in-vivo suspensions of leukocytes and bacteria were analyzed for either the average number of bacteria engulfed per leukocyte in 50-100 phagocytes, or the percentage of leukocytes that have engulfed particles in a given period of time. Due to lack of better methods, several errors inherent in this technique have been tolerated in the past. Thus, some phagocytes engulf many bacteria; i.e., some macrophages may engulf 20-30 cells. This results in an analysis based not on percentage of bacteria engulfed, but rather on the number of phagocytic cells capable of engulfing cells [1, 2]. Evenness of the stain and selection of the counting area on stained slides are other sources of error.
A Galerkin Model of the Pressure Field in Incompressible Flows

Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has been used to develop a reduced-order model of the hydrodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have been performed using a parallel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to simulate the flow past a circular cylinder. Snapshots of the velocity and pressure fields are used to calculate the divergencefree velocity and pressure modes, respectively. We use the dominant of these velocity POD modes (a small number of eigenfunctions or modes) in a Galerkin procedure to project the Navier-Stokes equations onto a low-dimensional space, thereby reducing the distributed-parameter problem into a finite-dimensional nonlinear dynamical system in time. We investigate the stability of the reduced-order model by using long-time integration and propose to use a shooting technique to home on the system limit cycle. We obtain the pressure-Poisson equation by taking the divergence of the Navier-Stokes equation and then projecting it onto the pressure POD modes. The pressure is then decomposed into lift and drag components and compared with the CFD results.
Differentiation of Eggs with Dominant Lethal Mutations from Parthenogenic, Unfertilized, and Viable Eggs in Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fertilized eggs of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), can be differentiated from those that are unfertilized by dechorionating them with 3% NaOCl because the unfertilized eggs dissolve, and the fertilized eggs at 1-hr postoviposition (and a few developing parthenogenetically) remain intact. The resistance of fertilized eggs to NaOCl is attributed to changes in the vitelline membrane, which requires oxygen, and is correlated with the onset of telophase II of meiosis. Also, after fertilization, a protective layer forms on the surface of the vitelline membrane that prevents staining of this membrane after dechorionation by Nile blue, Sudan black B, and osmic acid. This protective layer can be extracted with either xylol or chloroform. Equations were derived to calculate the percents of fertilized eggs, of eggs fertilized with sperm bearing dominant lethal mutations, of unfertilized eggs, and of eggs developing parthenogenetically from females mated to sterilant treated males.
An Examination of Maternal Stress and Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Perinatal Smoking Status

OF DISSERTATION AN EXAMINATION OF MATERNAL STRESS AND SECONDHAND SMOKE EXPOSURE ON PERINATAL SMOKING STATUS The median prevalence of smoking among women of childbearing age in the United States is 22.4%. Of women who identify themselves as smokers in the three months prior to conception, 55% quit during pregnancy; however, 40% of those who quit relapse and return to smoking within six months after delivery. Smoking has been identified as an important means of stress management among smokers in general, and though limited to the perinatal period, pregnancy-specific stress adds to a woman’s typical day-to-day stress burden. Little data exists as to the effect of SHS exposure on smoking status during pregnancy and the impact of SHS exposure on the maternal perception of stress is unknown. Due to limited evidence, a critical need exists to examine the relationships of perceived maternal stress, SHS exposure, and perinatal smoking status in order to better understand perinatal smoking behaviors. The purposes of this dissertation were to: 1) evaluate the literature examining the relationship between the variables of maternal stress, SHS exposure, and perinatal smoking status; 2) determine the reliability and validity of the Everyday Stressors Index (ESI) use in pregnant women; and 3) to investigate the impacts of maternal perception of everyday stress, and SHS exposure on perinatal smoking status. Evidence obtained from the critical review of the literature supported an association between psychosocial stress and smoking during pregnancy or postpartum. Little information regarding the role of SHS exposure on perinatal smoking status was discovered. Psychometric testing of the ESI demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability, and factor analysis yielded three factors capturing three important domains of everyday stress. SHS exposure emerged as the most significant predictor of smoking status. Persistent smokers/relapsers had the highest ESI scores, followed by quitters, and then nonsmokers. While ESI means decreased in all smoking status groups from the first to the third trimester, the magnitude of decrease was not predictive. A significant interaction effect of SHS exposure in the home and decrease in ESI score occurred in the quit group only with quitters 1.14 times more likely to experience a decrease in ESI score compared to smokers/relapsers.
Perioperative visual loss following prone spinal surgery: A review.

Background: Postoperative visual loss (POVL) following prone spine surgery occurs in from 0.013% to 1% of cases and is variously attributed to ischemic optic neuropathy (ION: anterior ION or posterior ION [reported in 1.9/10,000 cases: constitutes 89% of all POVL cases], central retinal artery occlusion [CRAO], central retinal vein occlusion [CRVO], cortical blindness [CB], direct compression [horseshoe, prone pillows, and eye protectors Dupaco Opti-Gard]), and acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG).
JIT-assisted fast-forward embedding and instrumentation to enable fast, accurate, and agile simulation

Computer architects need fast and accurate simulation to research new computing systems, but architects are also increasingly demanding agile simulation to give them flexibility to productively explore the interaction between software and hardware. In this paper, we propose JIT-assisted fast-forward embedding (JIT-FFE) and JIT-assisted fast-forward instrumentation (JIT-FFI) for fast, accurate, and agile simulation. JIT-FFE enables zero-copy architectural state transfer between a state-of-the-art dynamic-binary-translation-based instruction-set simulator and a detailed microarchitectural simulator. JIT-FFI enables productive implementation of fast functional profiling and warmup. We have implemented these two techniques in a new tool, called PydginFF, which can be integrated with any C/C++ detailed simulator. We evaluate PydginFF within the context of the gem5 detailed simulator for both periodic sampling (SMARTS) and targeted sampling (SimPoint) and demonstrate that PydginFF reduces simulation time of fast-forward-based sampling by over 10×.
The Benefits of Evaluation of the Patient with Recurrent or Multiple Calcium Stones

AbstractMetabolic evaluation of patients with multiple or recurrent calcium stones has been fruitful. The great majority of cases has demonstrated abnormalities contributing to stone formation. Hypercalciuria on the basis of increased intestinal absorption of calcium was a common finding. The evaluation led to improved guide lines for therapy.
Vitamin C and Bone Health

Dietary and lifestyle factors have important contributions to skeletal health. Fruit- and vegetable-specific antioxidants, such as vitamin C, might help in preventing osteoporosis because vitamin C may decrease oxidative stress and subsequent bone-resorption. Vitamin C is an essential cofactor for collagen formation (an important component of bone matrix) and potentiates vitamin E activity in cells by regenerating α-tocopherol from its oxidized derivative.
An enhanced users' similarity computation utilising one-class collaborative filtering

The growth of social networking generates a huge amount of user data. The interested cooperation or businesses search through this data to make real-time business decisions or generate meaningful business patterns from users' behaviour. They also build new recommender systems to predict intelligently future social trends. These tools are becoming the basis for efficient operations of e-commerce and improvement of companies' productions. For example, the recommendation systems used by many commercial companies utilise collaborative filtering techniques such as k-nearest neighbour to enhance their service delivery and determine what their users most like. Using k-nearest neighbour allows the system to compare a primary user with all others and determines how similar their interests are to primary user. This creates a neighbourhood list, consisting of every user's similarity to the primary user. From this list, it is easy to select the primary user's most similar, or nearest neighbour. This nearest neighbour will then provide the basis for the primary user's recommendations. In this paper, we present a realistic method to process large volumes of data in various formats collected from different sources for recommending bookmarks by utilising one-class collaborative filtering approach.
Multimodality Monitoring Correlates of Seizures

Continuous EEG (cEEG) in critically ill patients has shown a high incidence of electrographic seizures, but the underlying pathophysiology is unclear and the aggressiveness of management controversial. Increasing use of invasive multimodality monitoring (MMM) provides a window into the brain physiology in real time. Insights into the pathophysiologic underpinnings of seizures may provide valuable information to better characterize these post-injury phenomena. In this chapter, following a brief review of different components, methods, and devices of MMM, we summarize the existing knowledge of MMM measures during seizures and other epileptiform patterns. We discuss these findings in the context of surface EEG (sEEG) and intracortical/depth EEG (dEEG) recordings. Lastly we highlight potential questions for future investigations.
Limitations on Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in the Quarter Century since Its Judgment in Kokkinakis v. Greece

The manifestation of religious beliefs under Article 9 the European Convention on Human Rights is not absolute but may be subject to prescribed limitations. This article discusses the nature and extent of those limitations, as interpreted in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights from its decision in Kokkinakis v. Greece up to the present. It contrasts the prescriptive text of the Article with its lose and inconsistent interpretation by the Court in Strasbourg. Particular attention is given to the criteria of “prescribed by law”, “necessary in a democratic society”, “public safety”, “public order, health or morals” and “the rights and freedoms of others”. It seeks to divine principles from the varied jurisprudence, particularly at its intersection with the Court’s illusory doctrine of margin of appreciation.
Synthetic Textile Fibers: Regenerated Cellulose Fibers

Abstract This chapter introduces two major regenerated cellulose fibers, viscose rayon and lyocell rayon, as well as cellulose-derived acetate fiber. A brief history of technology development for these fibers is reviewed. Fiber manufacturing principle, physical and mechanical properties, and apparel end uses are discussed. As an example for apparel application, a case study in wedding gown design using viscose rayon fiber is presented. The chapter is concluded with a future trend of developing new regenerated cellulose fibers as green fibers featuring eco-friendly manufacture, functionalities, and energy efficiency.
Endotheliopathies: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and Preeclampsia

Microvascular endothelial cell injury plays a central role in the pathogenesis of a set of diseases known as endotheliopathies. Typically, such diseases demonstrate prominent renal manifestations since the kidneys are richly vascularized. Morphologically, endotheliopathies classically demonstrate features of thrombotic microangiopathy on renal biopsy and include diseases such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and preeclampsia. Recent advances have elucidated several mechanisms by which endothelial injury may occur leading to the development of endotheliopathies. More specifically, direct cytotoxic endothelial injury is caused by exposure to Shiga or Shiga-like toxins following gastroenteritis in classic HUS, while atypical HUS has been traced to endothelial perturbation due to overactivation of the alternative complement pathway. In TTP, abrogated ADAMTS13 activity leads to the accumulation of uncleaved large multimers of von Willebrand factor, which in turn causes inappropriate platelet aggregation and endothelial damage. In preeclampsia, soluble circulating factors likely derived from the placenta act as antagonists to the glomerular endothelial cell microenvironment, inciting endothelial cell injury. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which these diseases develop and progress will greatly aid in the design and implementation of effective treatments specific to each endotheliopathy.