cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased polyamine levels and maintenance of γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) homeostasis in the gills is indicative of osmotic plasticity in killifish.

Abstract The Fundulus genus of killifish includes species that inhabit marshes along the U.S. Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico, but differ in their ability to adjust rapidly to fluctuations in salinity. Previous work suggests that euryhaline killifish stimulate polyamine biosynthesis and accumulate putrescine in the gills during acute hypoosmotic challenge. Despite evidence that polyamines have an osmoregulatory role in euryhaline killifish species, their function in marine species is unknown. Furthermore, the consequences of hypoosmotic-induced changes in polyamine synthesis on downstream pathways, such as ƴ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) production, have yet to be explored. Here, we examined the effects of acute hypoosmotic exposure on polyamine, glutamate, and Gaba levels in the gills of a marine (F. majalis) and two euryhaline killifish species (F. heteroclitus and F. grandis). Fish acclimated to 32 ppt or 12 ppt water were transferred to fresh water, and concentrations of glutamate (Glu), Gaba, and the polyamines putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) were measured in the gills using high-performance liquid chromatography. F. heteroclitus and F. grandis exhibited an increase in gill Put concentration, but showed no change in Glu or Gaba levels following freshwater transfer. F. heteroclitus also accumulated Spd in the gills, whereas F. grandis showed transient increases in Spd and Spm levels. In contrast, gill Put, Spm, Glu, and Gaba levels decreased in F. majalis following freshwater transfer. Together, these findings suggest that increasing polyamine levels and maintaining Glu and Gaba levels in the gills may enable euryhaline teleosts to acclimate to shifts in environmental salinity.
Direct-to-consumer dermatology-related advertising differs in magazines targeted to women of color: A cross-sectional analysis of top-circulating consumer magazines

Abstract Background Advertisements for dermatology-related products in consumer magazines serve as a potential source of health literacy which varies by demographic group. Objectives This study sought to examine differences in advertisements for dermatology-related products in the top consumer United States magazines targeted at women of color compared to three other demographic groups: teenagers, adult women, and adult men. Methods Dermatology advertisements in the most circulated United States consumer magazines targeting these four demographic groups were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were obtained. Simple logistic regressions were utilized to compare the product indications, language used, and the gender, age, ethnicity, and skin type of models between magazine categories. Limitations to this study included that certain magazines could not be included due to lack of accessibility and subjective assessments were made when necessary as not all data collected was explicitly stated. Results Significant differences exist in print media advertising for women of color in comparison to other demographic groups. These include SOC magazines having an increased number of darker skin models, more advertisements related to products that target pigmentation as well as differences in advertisement word choices. Conclusions The differences in print media advertising for women of color in comparison to other demographic groups may influence the dermatologic concerns of this population including their dermatology-related knowledge base, grooming practices, beauty perceptions, and utilization of dermatology as a specialty.
Reversible Self-Association in Lactate Dehydrogenase during Freeze-Thaw in Buffered Solutions Using Neutron Scattering.

The aims of this work were to evaluate the effect of freezing and thawing stresses on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) stability under three conditions. (i) In a solution buffered with sodium phosphate (NaP; 10 and 100 mM). The selective crystallization of disodium hydrogen phosphate during freezing caused a pronounced pH shift. (ii) In a solution buffered with histidine, where there was no pH shift due to buffer salt crystallization. (iii) At different concentrations of LDH so as to determine the self-stabilizing ability of LDH. The change in LDH tetrameric conformation was measured by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The pH of the phosphate buffer solutions was monitored as a function of temperature to quantify the pH shift. The conditions of buffer component crystallization from solution were identified using low-temperature X-ray diffractometry. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) enabled us to determine the effect of freeze-thawing on the protein aggregation behavior. LDH, at a high concentration (1000 µg/mL; buffer concentration 10 mM), has a pronounced self-stabilizing effect and did not aggregate after five freeze-thaw cycles. At lower LDH concentrations (10 and 100 µg/mL), only with the selection of an appropriate buffer, irreversible aggregation could be avoided. While SANS provided qualitative information with respect to protein conformation, the insights from DLS were quantitative with respect to the particle size of the aggregates. SANS is the only technique which can characterize the protein both in the frozen and thawed states.
Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles contain tRNA Fragments (tRFs) that Inhibit Bacteriophage P22 infection

Salmonella Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) were recently shown to inhibit P22 bacteriophage infection. Furthermore, despite there being several published reports now independently describing (1) the marked prevalence of tRFs within secreted vesicle transcriptomes and (2) roles for specific tRFs in facilitating/inhibiting viral replication, there have been no examinations of the effects of vesicle-secreted tRFs on viral infection reported to date. Notably, while specific tRFs have been reported in a number of bacteria, the tRFs expressed by salmonellae have not been previously characterized. As such, we recently screened small RNA-seq datasets for the presence of recurrent, specifically excised tRFs and identified 31 recurrent, relatively abundant tRFs expressed by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (SL1344). Furthermore, we find S. Typhimurium OMVs contain significant levels of tRFs highly complementary to known Salmonella enterica-infecting bacteriophage with 17 of 31 tRFs bearing marked complementarity to at least one known Salmonella enterica-infecting phage (averaging 97.4% complementarity over 22.9 nt). Most notably, tRNA-Thr-CGT-1-1, 44-73, bears 100% sequence complementary over its entire 30 nt length to 29 distinct, annotated Salmonella enterica-infecting bacteriophage including P22. Importantly, we find inhibiting this tRF in secreted OMVs improves P22 infectivity in a dose dependent manner whereas raising OMV tRF levels conversely inhibits P22 infectivity. Furthermore, we find P22 phage pre-incubation with OMVs isolated from naive, control SL1344 S. Typhimurium, successfully rescues the ability of S. Typhimurium transformed with a specific tRNA-Thr-CGT-1-1, 44-73 tRF inhibitor to defend against P22. Collectively, these experiments confirm tRFs secreted in S. Typhimurium OMVs are directly involved with and required for the ability of OMVs to defend against bacteriophage predation. As we find the majority of OMV tRFs are highly complementary to an array of known Salmonella enterica-infecting bacteriophage, we suggest OMV tRFs may primarily function as a broadly acting, previously uncharacterized innate antiviral defense.
The Cross-Euler Equation Approach to testing for the Liquidity Constraint: Evidence from Macro and Micro Data

In this paper, we propose a new empirical method in testing for the existence of liquidity constraint utilizing the concept of Cross-Euler equation. The Cross-Euler equation represents the optimal consumption pattern of a good in the current period to another good at a future period. It can be interpreted as the composite optimal condition that embeds both intertemporal and intratemporal optimal consumption relationships into one equation. The Cross-Euler equation has an advantage over the standard Euler equation, in the sense that the cointegrating relationship is maintained even when the liquidity constraint is present in the agent's decision problem. Thus, by comparing the preference parameter estimates from the Cross-Euler equation to those from the standard Euler equation, it is possible to detect the existence of a liquidity constraint. We adopt standard two goods version of Life-Cycle model to study the consumption behavior of necessity goods and luxury goods. First, based on the aggregate data, the test rejects the null of no liquidity constraints for necessity goods, while accpeting the null for luxury goods. Since, by construction, large share of necessity goods are consumed by poor households, it is possible to interpret the results as evidence that poorer households are likely to be liquidity constrainted. Next, we construct synthetic panel data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey where households have been classified to cohorts by their ages and educational attainments. Again, taking the Cross-Euler equation approach in testing for the liquidity constraints, the test rejected the null of no liquidity constraint for low-education cohorts, while accepting the null for high-education cohorts. Taking an education level as a proxy for permanent income, the test results were consistent with the view that poorer agents are more likely to be liquidity constrained.
Critical nodes for distance-based connectivity and related problems in graphs

This study considers a class of critical node detection problems that involves minimization of a distance-based connectivity measure of a given unweighted graph via the removal of a subset of nodes referred to as critical nodes subject to a budgetary constraint. The distance-based connectivity measure of a graph is assumed to be a function of the actual pairwise distances between nodes in the remaining graph e.g., graph efficiency, Harary index, characteristic path length, residual closeness rather than simply whether nodes are connected or not, a typical assumption in the literature. We derive linear integer programming IP formulations, along with additional enhancements, aimed at improving the performance of standard solvers. For handling larger instances, we develop an effective exact algorithm that iteratively solves a series of simpler IPs to obtain an optimal solution for the original problem. The edge-weighted generalization is also considered, which results in some interesting implications for distance-based clique relaxations, namely, s-clubs. Finally, we conduct extensive computational experiments with real-world and randomly generated network instances under various settings that reveal interesting insights and demonstrate the advantages and limitations of the proposed approach. In particular, one important conclusion of our work is that vulnerability of real-world networks to targeted attacks can be significantly more pronounced than what can be estimated by centrality-based heuristic methods commonly used in the literature. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 663, 170-195 2015
The Battle Belongs to the LORD: Healthcare Amid Conflict in Kashmir

Despite years of surrounding civil unrest and militant opposition, a maternity hospital in Anantnag, Kashmir, India has persevered in both faithful service and in living faith amid cultural, religious, and civil conflict. The author recalls her own spiritual journey and calling, as well as a series of dramatic conflicts which challenged and emboldened the staff to remain faithful to the call to service and bold in the face of opposition.
Phenotypic Suppression in Escherichia coli by Chloramphenicol and Other Reversible Inhibitors of the Ribosome

Antibiotics that interfere reversibly with various aspects of ribosomal function (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin) are shown to antagonize, at barely inhibitory concentrations, the inhibitory effect of low concentrations of streptomycin (SM) on the growth of Escherichia coli. Paradoxically, these compounds can also replace SM in supporting the growth of conditionally SM-dependent mutants. Chloramphenicol produced about as much phenotypic suppression as SM in SM-sensitive strains, but less than that attainable with high concentrations of SM in resistant strains. The antagonism to SM inhibition and the phenotypic suppression appear to be specific for those growth inhibitors that act on the ribosome. Since inhibitors of the 50S subunit of the ribosome (chloramphenicol, erythromycin) are as active as inhibitors of the 30S subunit, it is suggested that phenotypic suppression by borderline concentrations of ribosome inhibitors does not necessarily depend on an alteration of the recognition region of the ribosome. Alternatively, partial inhibition of the ribosomes might change the environment in a way that would influence the frequency of misreading. Phenotypic suppression by a low concentration of SM as well as by chloramphenicol was found to depend on the presence of a trace of the required growth factor.
Parallel Image Processing

This chapter reviews basic work on parallel image processing and analysis, with emphasis on work done at the Computer Vision Laboratory at the University of Maryland. It describes parallel computers suitable for image processing tasks, including meshes, pyramids, and hypercubes, and discusses parallel algorithms for pixel-level and region-level processing.
Epinephrine binding and the selective restoration of adenylate cyclase activity in fat-fed rats

Fat feeding results in a progressive loss of epinephrine- and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in adipocyte plasma membrane sacs (ghosts). Basal and NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities in fat-fed animals are not significantly different from those in preparations obtained from chow-fed rats. The high fat diet increases the mean adipocyte diameter rapidly, but increased cell size, at least in the case of epinephrine stimulation, is not responsible for the decreased hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Diet shifts to high carbohydrate or high protein regimens result in the restoration of the epinephrine-stimulated, but not the glucagonstimulated, activity without a significant reduction in mean cell diameter. Both hormone-resistant adipocyte ghosts from fat-fed animals and ghosts obtained from hormone-sensitive adipocytes bind the same amount of [3H]epinephrine per milligram of membrane protein. These data indicate that the fat diet inhibits epinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity at a point between the hormone receptor and the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase.
Business Model Innovation Performance: When does Adding a New Business Model Benefit an Incumbent?

Many incumbent firms respond to the emergence of a disruptive business model by adding the business model into their existing ones. But, not all incumbents perform better after adding new business models to their existing ones; that raises the question about the conditions under which adding a new business model improves incumbent performance. We develop a theoretical framework to address that question. After identifying two types of incumbent assets, complementary and conflicting, we highlight the influence of two managerial choices—timing and organizational mode of the new business model addition—that create opportunities to translate the potential provided by incumbent assets into higher performance. The proposed discriminating alignment thesis states that incumbent performance after new business model addition improves when the incumbent firm aligns complementary assets with earlier addition of the new business model and conflicting assets with an autonomous business unit for the new business model. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed the performance change of those physical store-based retailers that added online retailing as a new business model. The test results supported all hypotheses, and key theoretical and managerial implications are presented. Copyright © 2015 Strategic Management Society.
Analysts' Cash Flow Forecasts and the Predictive Ability and Pricing of Operating Cash Flows

I examine the association between analysts' cash flow forecasts and the predictive ability and pricing of operating cash flows. I argue that when analysts issue cash flow forecasts, they serve a monitoring role over the firm's reported cash flow information. Consistent with this idea, I find the ability of current cash flows to predict future cash flows is greater for firms whose analysts issue cash flow forecasts, and improves when analysts begin forecasting cash flows, suggesting analysts' cash flow forecasts discipline managers to report cash flow information that is more informative about future firm prospects. Furthermore, I find the incremental weight investors assign to operating cash flows is greater for firms with a cash flow forecast than for firms without a cash flow forecast, and increases in the years immediately after analysts begin issuing cash flow forecasts. As a result, the anomalous underpricing of operating cash flows is eliminated for firms whose analysts issue cash flow forecasts. These results suggest analysts' cash flow forecasts have implications for both the reporting and pricing of cash flow information.
Correlations among Gamma-Ray Burst Properties

Gamma-ray bursts are mysterious flashes of gamma radiation the properties of which have shown virtually no significant, nondefinitional correlations or bimodalities. The physical processes which relate burst properties to one another could be revealed by finding significant relations. In the past, searches for correlations and bimodalities in the data have been made for a relatively small set of properties. We present the results of a systematic search for statistically significant correlations and bimodalities from a set of 49 burst properties, with particular attention paid to the establishment and inclusion of light-curve characteristics. We have used the database of the 260 bursts in the 1B catalog of BATSE. No unpublished, significant, nondefinitional correlations correlations were found, nor were any original, nonsystematic bimodalities observed. Our method recovered the known correlation between the log of duration and spectral hardness with a probability that the result is a random fluctuation of 9.3 × 10-5. The previously reported bimodality in the logarithm of duration was recovered.
Automated fault analysis using an intelligent monitoring system

Distribution feeders are complex systems comprised of numerous components, which are expected to function properly for decades. Electrical, mechanical and weather-related stresses combine to degrade components. Degradation accumulates over time, gradually impairing components' ability to perform properly and ultimately leading to failures, faults and outages. Work at Texas A&M has documented electrical parametric changes that occur as apparatus degrade. Taking advantage of these changes holds promise for helping utilities improve service quality and reliability, but intelligent algorithms and systems are required to acquire, analyze and otherwise manage the significant volume of data necessary to realize such benefits.
High Performance Materials Development in the 21st Century: Trends and Directions

Product performance including the cost of ownership is becoming increasingly dependent on the availability of high quality, high performance, affordable materials of construction. Today, the requirements placed on a new material for a high performance structural application extend well beyond the improvement of one or more material properties. This makes the introduction of a new material a multi-faceted activity. Modern structural materials derive their performance from a combination of composition and processing, the results of which are inextricably intertwined. This statement pertains to both metallic alloys and to fiber reinforced composite materials. In addition, material cost and the reproducibility of material properties are becoming more central as acceptance criteria for incorporating new materials into new products. This paper will use examples of recent developments in materials for aircraft gas turbines to depict the materials introduction process. Some of these developments have been successful and others have not. These examples illustrate the changing picture that represents the successful introduction of a new structural material, even in a high performance, high value product such as a gas turbine. Specific examples will include metal matrix composites, Ni-base alloys and improved reliability Ti alloys. The basis for successful introduction, or lack thereof will be discussed. While the examples are specific to gas turbines, they are generally instructive and depict the growing complexity of the process of developing and introducing new materials into a high value product. An additional issue for all new materials introduction is the time required to achieve product readiness. As the time required for product design decreases, there has been little commensurate reduction in materials development cycle time. This matter also will be discussed and some possible reasons and potential solutions will be described.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE EXCITED STATE DYNAMICS OF BETAINE-30 IN ACETONITRILE

Time-dependent studies of the excited state dynamics of betaine-30 in acetonitrile at room temperature have been carried out using a mixed classical/quantum molecular dynamics simulation methodology. The π-electron system of the solute molecule is treated quantum mechanically using the semiempirical Pariser−Parr−Pople Hamiltonian, including the solvent influence on electronic structure. The remaining interactions are treated via empirical potentials. Transition probabilities between adiabatic electronic states are evaluated using surface hopping methods, including all nuclear degrees of freedom in the coupling. The dynamics treats the (rigid) solvent and the dihedral angles for relative rotation of rings of an otherwise rigid solute classically. The contribution of all remaining solute intramolecular vibrations is included in the nonadiabatic coupling via an approximate, but purely quantum mechanical, treatment. Analysis of the dynamics reveals that, after excitation to the first excited state, the energy...
Differential hormonal regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in rabbit and mouse uterus.

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been shown to be essential for the implantation of mouse blastocysts. The present study was designed to determine how LIF protein was hormonally regulated in rabbit and mouse uterus using immunohistochemistry. In unmated rabbits, LIF protein was at a low level in the uterine epithelium and glands, and up-regulated by progesterone alone or estradiol-17β and progesterone combined. Estradiol-17β alone had no apparent effect. In ovariectomized mice, the level of LIF protein was very low in the uterine epithelium and glands, and was up-regulated by estradiol-17β alone or estradiol-17β and progesterone combined. Progesterone alone had no apparent effect. These results suggest that LIF protein is differentially regulated in rabbit and mouse uterus by progesterone and estrogen, respectively. This would explain the high level of LIF protein observed in uterine epithelium and glands prior to blastocyst implantation in the two species with different hormonal requirements for implantation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cellular DNA Ligase I Is Recruited to Cytoplasmic Vaccinia Virus Factories and Masks the Role of the Vaccinia Ligase in Viral DNA Replication

Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes DNA polymerase and additional proteins that enable cytoplasmic replication. We confirmed the ability of VACV DNA ligase mutants to replicate and tested the hypothesis that cellular ligases compensate for loss of viral gene expression. RNA silencing of human DNA ligase I expression and a small molecule inhibitor of human DNA ligase I [corrected] severely reduced replication of viral DNA in cells infected with VACV ligase-deficient mutants, indicating that the cellular enzyme plays a complementary role. Replication of ligase-deficient VACV was greatly reduced and delayed in resting primary cells, correlating with initial low levels of ligase I and subsequent viral induction and localization of ligase I in virus factories. These studies indicate that DNA ligation is essential for poxvirus replication and explain the ability of ligase deletion mutants to replicate in dividing cells but exhibit decreased pathogenicity in mice. Encoding its own ligase might allow VACV to "jump-start" DNA synthesis.
Payment Limitations: The Economic and Political Feasibility

N an extreme sense, payment limitations are of course feasible. We can have them if we are willing to pay the political, administrative, and economic price. The U.S. economy and the federal budget would be affected less than one percent. The votes needed on congressional committees and on the floor of the House and Senate could, I believe, be obtained one of these years for some form and level of payment limitation if a coalition of administration and bipartisan congressional leaders are willing to give its passage sufficient priority. The U.S. Department of Agriculture could administer effectively and achieve the intent of any one of several forms of payment limitations. The question is not absolute feasibility, but relative desirability: Would the consequences of specific payment limitations be judged by our policy makers as improvements relative to what we have now?
The Emergence of a Community of Practice in Engineering Education.

This chapter describes how engineering faculty and learning scientists developed a collective wisdom—shared language, capabilities, and world view—in order to work together to achieve a common goal of developing course materials in the domain of biomedical engineering.
ABO-incompatible transplantation: Accommodation by upregulation of protective genes — A hypothesis

Abstract ABO-incompatible kidney and liver transplants can be performed successfully by depleting anti-A or anti-B isoagglutinins pretransplant and by suppressing their development posttransplant. With these protocols, humoral rejection can be avoided. Recovery of isohemagglutinin antibody levels without humoral rejection suggests accommodation, the ability of an organ allograft to survive in the presence of anti-graft antibodies and complement, may be the protective mechanism preventing late antibody-mediated rejection. This may be related to the ability of endothelial cells, the target of antibody-mediated rejection, to upregulate protective genes, including those encoding heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) that then block the proinflammatory response of the endothelial cells and thereby rejection. Induced expression of HO-1 in the endothelial cells of the graft before transplantation may prevent apoptosis of those cells after transplantation, and prevent the generation of endothelial cell-based inflammation that leads to rejection. Experimental and clinical studies in ABO-incompatible models will be required to examine this hypothesis, and determine whether carbon monoxide (CO) might be able to modulate antibody-mediated rejection after ABO-incompatible transplantation.
VAN DER WAALS ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN CLAY PARTICLES IN WATER AND CONTAMINANTS

A rational method of calculating the van der Waals attractive force between two clay particles is presented. The classical London, Hamaker and De Boer theories, and the more recent Lifshitz theory are combined to obtain closed form solutions for the force between clay particles. Special attention is given to nonparallel nature of particles, and the influence of the interstitial pore fluid. With the aid of equations developed, the influence of geometrical parameters such as the particle length, thickness, orientation and spacing, and the influence of pore fluid properties are illustrated. The study presented herein, along with the study presented recently on repulsive forces, should provide a more quantitative means of evaluating the physico-chemical interparticle forces in cohesive soils. In addition, the results in the present paper should make possible the consideration of van der Waals attractive force in micromechanical numerical studies such as the discrete element method of analysis.
Impact of professional fees on performance of firms undergoing reorganisation in Chapter 11

There has been wide spread belief in finance and legal literature and popular press that costs related to reorganisation under bankruptcy mechanism are excessive. Using a sample of 76 firms that filed for bankruptcies under Chapter 11 between January 1999 and December 2003, this paper examines the impact of direct costs on firm performance over the Chapter 11 period. Our sample firms have median direct costs equal to 2.83% of the firms’ pre-filing sales, similar to the direct costs reported in other studies. Consistent with our hypothesis that professionals employed by bankrupt firms help to make these firms better operational decisions, we find professional fees to be positively related to improvement in firm performance. We also observe negative relationships between changes in firm performance and time spent in Chapter 11 as well as utilisation of pre-pack mode of bankruptcy.
Emotional state affects gait initiation in individuals with Parkinson’s disease

The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of manipulating emotional state on gait initiation in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy older adults. Following the presentation of pictures that are known to elicit specific emotional responses, participants initiated gait and continued to walk for several steps at their normal pace. Reaction time, the displacement and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) trajectory during the preparatory postural adjustments, and length and velocity of the first two steps were measured. Analysis of the gait initiation measures revealed that exposure to (1) threatening pictures, relative to all other pictures, speeded the initiation of gait for PD patients and healthy older adults; (2) approach-oriented emotional pictures (erotic and happy people), relative to withdrawal-oriented pictures, facilitated the anticipatory postural adjustments of gait initiation for PD patients and healthy older adults, as evidenced by greater displacement and velocity of the COP movement; and (3) emotional pictures modulated gait initiation parameters in PD patients to the same degree as in healthy older adults. Collectively, these findings hold significant implications for understanding the circuitry underlying the manner by which emotions modulate movement and for the development of emotion-based interventions designed to maximize improvements in gait initiation for individuals with PD.
The stereochemistry of norbornene polymerization by titanametallacyclobutanes

Titanacyclobutanes are polymerization catalysts for norbornene and its derivatives. It has been demonstrated that these catalysts provide living polymers and the intermediates can be well characterized. To determine the stereochemical features of these catalysts, the Ivin-Rooney monomers, 7-methyl and 1-methyl norbornene, were polymerized. Simple models are used to explain why trans geometry results in r dyads while cis attack gives all m dyads.
Aroma perception of individual volatile compounds in fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) as affected by the medium of evaluation.

Abstract Odor thresholds of volatile compounds in fresh tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were estimated and odor units calculated to determine whether the medium of evaluation affects aroma perception. The ‘ascending method of limits’ was used to determine odor thresholds of cis -3-hexenal, hexanal, trans -2-hexenal, hexanol, cis -3-hexenol, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranylacetone, 2-pentenal, β-ionone, 1-penten-3-one, 3-methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanal, acetone and 2-phenylethanol in deionized water, an ethanol (100 ppm)/methanol (500 ppm)/water mixture and a deodorized tomato homogenate. Cis -3-hexenal exhibited the highest level of odor units in all three media. Odor thresholds were lower in deionized water for all compounds than in the ethanol/methanol/water mixture (simulating levels found in homogenized tomato) and the thresholds were even higher in the deodorized tomato homogenate for most compounds. Distinct differences were noted in aroma descriptors for the compounds in different media. The results suggest that both qualitative and quantitative changes are occurring in the perception of volatile compounds in the different media and that ethanol and methanol alter perception of tomato aroma.
A study of the effect of SO2 on pacing and intrapulmonary chemoreceptor discharge in the domestic fowl.

Abstract Kunz and Miller (1974) described a phenomenon called pacing in which FCO2 oscillations forced in the lungs of unanesthetized unidirectionally ventilated chickens cause one ventilatory movement per ECO2 oscillation. In the present study SO2 (0.08–0.32 vol%) added to the ventilating gas stream caused a loss of pacing in 11 of 12 birds. In 7 of the 11 birds in which SO2 was effective, pacing returned 3.2–7.0 min after removal of SO2. Intravenous infusion of a similar quantity of SO2 (dissolved in saline) did not block pacing. In a second series of experiments chickens were again unidirectionally ventilated and single nerve fiber recording was used to investigate the effect of SO2 on individual intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC). Of necessity, this work was done on birds which were anesthetized and paralyzed. Discharge was abolished in 10 of 12 IPC by doses of SO2 similar to those which blocked pacing. In 6 of the 10 fibers in which SO2 was effective, discharge resumed after a mean period of quiescence lasting 7 min. It is concluded that pacing is mediated by intrapulmonary rather than systemic chemoreceptors.
Voiding Cystourethrography After Uncomplicated Ureteral Reimplantation in Children: Is It Necessary?

AbstractPurpose: Our aim was to assess whether a voiding cystourethrogram after uncomplicated ureteral reimplantation is necessary or cost-efficient.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent uncomplicated reimplantation at our institution from 1988 to 1994. We also reviewed the literature to tabulate the reflux resolution rate from all published series of more than 100 ureters reimplanted.Results: At our institution 119 patients (207 ureters) underwent uncomplicated reimplantation and a postoperative voiding cystourethrogram, which documented a 98.6% initial reflux resolution rate. All persistent postoperative reflux resolved spontaneously without treatment for a final resolution rate of 100%. We reviewed 1,494 abstracts using vesicoureteral reflux as a key word and found 19 series of more than 100 ureters reimplanted. The combined results of our series and those 19 from the literature revealed 3,346 patients (5,008 ureters reimplanted). The final reflux reso...
Lowering the Risk of Secondary HIV Transmission: Insights From HIV-Positive Youth and Health Care Providers

Improvements in the medical management of HIV have reduced the rate of perinatal transmission from mothers to their children, and 91% of U.S. children with perinatally acquired HIV survive into adolescence and young adulthood.1 Nevertheless, youth continue to acquire HIV through risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and injection-drug use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that at least half of all new HIV infections in the United States are among people younger than 25 and are largely due to these two risk behaviors.1 The extended survival of perinatally infected youth, combined with rising numbers of behaviorally infected youth, presents health care providers with the critical challenge of providing HIV-positive youth with information and methods to prevent secondary HIV transmission. Successes in HIV medical management have not been matched by successes in behavioral interventions to curtail risky behaviors among HIV-positive youth. Despite researchers’ advanced understanding of the pathophysiology and transmission of HIV, as well as the use of clinic-based education relating to risk reduction, the translation of relevant health messages into behavioral practice remains flawed, as HIV-positive youth continue to engage in risky behaviors.2–6 In one study, 43% of HIV-positive youth reported not using a condom at last intercourse.2 A small number of behavioral interventions for HIV-positive youth have been rigorously evaluated, but the assessment of their effectiveness has been hampered by poor attendance.5,7,8 To fully understand the challenges of preventing secondary HIV transmission among youth, the experiences of both HIV-positive youth and health care providers need to be explored. Although quantitative studies9–11 have examined the attitudes and perceptions of such youth toward sexual risk reduction and disclosure of their HIV status, qualitative data to inform the development of interventions have been limited.12,13 Furthermore, little is known about providers’ attitudes toward risk reduction and disclosure among HIV-positive youth.14 The present study explores the views of health care providers and HIV-positive youth about disclosure and sexual risk reduction, and suggests how prevention efforts and clinical behavioral interventions might be strengthened.
Lookup Tables: Fine-Grained Partitioning for Distributed Databases

The standard way to get linear scaling in a distributed OLTP DBMS is to horizontally partition data across several nodes. Ideally, this partitioning will result in each query being executed at just one node, to avoid the overheads of distributed transactions and allow nodes to be added without increasing the amount of required coordination. For some applications, simple strategies, such as hashing on primary key, provide this property. Unfortunately, for many applications, including social networking and order-fulfillment, many-to-many relationships cause simple strategies to result in a large fraction of distributed queries. Instead, what is needed is a fine-grained partitioning, where related individual tuples (e.g., cliques of friends) are co-located together in the same partition. Maintaining such a fine-grained partitioning requires the database to store a large amount of metadata about which partition each tuple resides in. We call such metadata a lookup table, and present the design of a data distribution layer that efficiently stores these tables and maintains them in the presence of inserts, deletes, and updates. We show that such tables can provide scalability for several difficult to partition database workloads, including Wikipedia, Twitter, and TPC-E. Our implementation provides 40% to 300% better performance on these workloads than either simple range or hash partitioning and shows greater potential for further scale-out.
Non-pharmacological treatments in the management of rapid cycling bipolar disorder

Background: Rapid cycling (RC) bipolar disorder is often treatment-resistant to pharmacotherapy. Non-pharmacological methods, however, are reasonable considerations in treatment refractory cases of bipolar patients. Thus, such methods may be useful in the management of RC, especially when drugs are not shown to be effective. Method: This review is based on studies of all major non-pharmacological methods which are used in the management of bipolar disorder, by focusing on data regarding patients with a RC pattern of the illness. Results: Regarding biological treatments, for electroconvulsive therapy and sleep deprivation, there exists some evidence that they might be efficacious in RC patients for acute treatment as well as for prophylaxis from recurrences. Light therapy has not been shown to be efficacious in RC, while no published data exist for transcranial magnetic stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation. The non-biological treatments include psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions; these have not been tried particularly on RC patients, but their use should be expected to contribute to the overall management of the RC pattern as it does to that of mood disorder in general. Limitations: Many data on which this review is based are drawn from case reports or non-randomised trials. Conclusions: Non-pharmacological methods, either biological or non-biological (psychotherapies and psychoeducation), may be applied in the management of RC patients. These methods might be used in combination with the administration of drug treatment, based on the clinical experience of the physician and the individual characteristics of the patient.
Adiponectin and its receptors are expressed in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes and upregulated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

Adiponectin is a protein hormone involved in maintaining energy homeostasis in metabolically active tissues. It enhances glucose and lipid metabolism via activation of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle and liver. Energy homeostasis is vital for the heart to work as a pump. In this study, we investigated whether adiponectin and its receptors are expressed in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. We observed adiponectin transcript and protein in cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from adult rat, by quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA assays, Western blots, and immunofluorescent staining. In addition, we detected adiponectin receptor (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) expression in the heart. AdipoR1 was expressed in rat myocardium at a level of ∼50% of that in skeletal muscle; whereas adipoR2 was expressed at a similar level to that in liver. Rosiglitazone, a Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activator, substantially elevated expression of adiponectin in cultured cardiomyocytes and its secretion into cultured media. Rosiglitazone also increased adipoR1 and adipoR2 expression in cardiomyocytes. Treatment of recombinant globular adiponectin in cultured cardiomyocytes increased fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake via activation of AMPK, suggesting a role for adiponectin in cardiac energy metabolism. Together, these data establish the existence of a local cardiac-specific adiponectin system that is regulated by PPARγ. Moreover, these findings indicate a role for adiponectin on normal myocardial energy homeostasis, in part, through the activation of AMPK.
Spray deposition patterns during simulated work activities by lawn care specialists.

Abstract This simulated field study investigated patterns of spray deposition on the clothing of lawn care applicators using a tank truck and handheld spray gun. The purpose was to provide a basis for designing a protective garment for lawn care specialists. The influence of flow rate and experience level of applicators on spray deposition was studied. FD&C Blue #1 dye was sprayed simultaneously by novice and experienced applicators in timed walks. There were four replications at full and at reduced flow rates. Spray garments were cut into 2 3 pieces representing body parts. Dye was recovered using four rinses of distilled water and analyzed by standard spectrophotometric techniques. Significantly more dye was deposited on the lower portion of the body, both front and back legs, than on other body parts. The amount on the lower legs accounted for 59% of the total, while hands accounted for 28%. There was a tendency for experienced applicators to have more dye on their clothing than the novice applicators....
Ionic effects of glycerol removal in cardiac muscle

Abstract Isolated stimulated guinea left atria were subjected to exposure to glycerol, 600 m m in Tyrode solution, followed after 1 h by glycerol removal. Measurement of transmembrane potential and contractility indicated that loss of contractility was accompanied by marked loss of resting potential and disappearance of the action potential. Measurement of tissue H 2 O, K, and Ca just before glycerol removal and immediately after loss of contractility showed that twitch failure and the concomitant contracture was associated with a significant decrease in extracellular (inulin) space, increase in cell water, decrease in cell K, and increase in cell Ca. Epinephrine did not protect against the contractile failure induced by glycerol removal.
Sex differences in the use of hostile verbs.

(1970). Sex Differences in the Use of Hostile Verbs. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 33-37.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip affinity capillary gel electrophoresis of aptamer–protein complexes for the analysis of thrombin in plasma

Thrombin generation in blood serves as an important marker for various hemostasis-related diseases and conditions. Analytical techniques currently utilized for determining the thrombin potential of patients rely primarily on the enzymatic activity of thrombin. Microfluidic-based ACE using fluorescently labeled aptamers as affinity probes could provide a simple and efficient technique for the real-time analysis of thrombin levels in plasma. In this study, aptamers were used for the analysis of thrombin by affinity microchip CGE. The CGE used a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic device for the sorting of the affinity complexes with a linear polyacrylamide (LPA) serving as the sieving matrix. Due to the fact that the assay was run under nonequilibrium electrophoresis conditions, the presence of the sieving gel was found to stabilize the affinity complex, providing improved electrophoretic performance compared to free-solution electrophoresis. Two fluorescently labeled aptamer affinity probes, HD1 and HD22, which bind to exosites I and II, respectively, of thrombin were investigated. With an electric field strength of 300 V/cm, two well-resolved peaks corresponding to free aptamer and the thrombin–aptamer complex were obtained in less than 1 min of separation time with a run-to-run and chip-to-chip reproducibility (RSD) of migration times <10% using both aptamers. HD22 affinity assays of thrombin produced baseline-resolved peaks with favorable efficiency due to its higher binding affinity, whereas HD1 assays showed poorer resolution of the free aptamer and complex peaks. HD22 was used in determining the level of thrombin in human plasma. Assays were performed directly on plasma that was diluted to 10% v/v. Thrombin was successfully analyzed by microchip CGE at a concentration level of 543.5 nM for the human plasma sample.