cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Science for and of the People: Promoting Civil Society through the Application of Developmental Science

Applied developmental science (ADS) is scholarship that seeks to advance the integration of developmental research with actions-policies and programs-that promote positive development and/or enhance the life chances of vulnerable children and families. Through this integration ADS may become a major means to foster a science for and of the people. It may serve as an exemplar of the means through which scholarship, with community collaboration, may contribute directly to social justice. In so doing, ADS helps shift the model of amelioration, prevention, or optimization research from one demonstrating efficacy to one promoting outreach. When this contribution occurs in the context of university-community partnerships, ADS may serve also as a model of how higher education may engage policy makers, contribute to community capacity to sustain valued programs, and maintain and perpetuate civil society through knowledge-based, interinstitutional systems change.
Directional dependence of crack growth along the interface of a bicrystal with symmetric tilt boundary in the presence of gradient effects

Abstract The directional dependence of crack growth along the interface of a bicrystal with symmetric tilt boundary is investigated. The crystal orientations studied here are the same as those in a copper bicrystal with Σ 9 [ 110 ] / ( 2 2 ¯ 1 ) boundary (Σ denotes the reciprocal of the fraction of grain boundary atoms associated with a coincidence site lattice point, which for this crystal, is equal to 9). Plane-strain mode-I cracks are studied under conditions of small scale yielding. A traction–separation relation is specified on the crack plane ahead of the crack tip to characterize the fracture process. Both crack tip fields and resistance curves are studied to rationalize the mechanisms of directional dependence on the basis of a crystal plasticity theory. Gradient effects are incorporated in the incompatibility-enhanced Voce-law hardening model. It is found that conventional crystal plasticity theories fail to predict the experimentally observed directional dependence as represented by the computed resistance curves for cases considered here, regardless of the larger plastic zone corresponding to the ductile cracking direction for a stationary crack. The inclusion of gradient effects enables such prediction to be in better agreement with experimental observations.
Ion structural studies by ion kinetic energy spectrometry: [C7H7]+, [C7H8]+˙, [C7H7OCH3]+˙

The use of kinetic energy release measurements in the structural characterization of ions formed in the mass spectrometer and in the determination of fragmentation mechanisms is demonstrated. In combination with information on the mode of energy partitioning in some of these reactions this allows the following conclusions: (i) The metastable [C7H8]8˙ ions formed from toluene, cyclohepatatriene, n-butylbenzene, the three methyl anisoles, methyl tropyl ether and benzyl methyl ether all undergo loss of H˙ from a common structure. (ii) The metastable [C7H7]+ ions generated from the same sources and from benzyl bromide, benzyl alcohol, p-xylene and ethylbenzene appear to undergo loss of acetylene from both the benzylic and the tropylium structures. (iii) The metastable [C7H7OCH3]+˙ ether molecular ions undergo loss of CH3˙ by two types of mechanism, simple cleavage to give the aryloxy cation (not observed for benzyl methyl ether) and a rearrangement process which appears to lead to protonated tropone as the product. (iv) Loss of formaldehyde from the metastable [C7H7OCH3]+˙ molecular ions involves hydrogen transfer via competitive 4- and 5-membered cyclic transition states in the case of the anisoles and in the case of methyl tropyl ether, while for benzyl methyl ether, hydrogen transfer in the nonisomerized molecular ion occurs via a 4-membered cyclic transition state to yield the cycloheptatriene molecular ion.
Integration of the NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase/AP-1 pathways at the collagenase-1 promoter: divergence of IL-1 and TNF-dependent signal transduction in rabbit primary synovial fibroblasts.

Abstract Collagenase-1 (MMP-1) is a protease that is expressed by stromal cells and that is involved in remodeling of the extracellular matrix. IL-1 and TNF-α enhance collagenase secretion by stromal cells, and chronic exposure of cells to these cytokines can contribute to connective tissue disease. In this study, we show that the NF-κB pathway is required for activation of collagenase-1 transcription in rabbit primary synovial fibroblasts (RSF). Although both IL-1 and TNF activate NF-κB in these cells, only IL-1 induces collagenase-1 transcription. We have reported previously that NF-κB and AP-1 cooperate to mediate IL-1-induced MMP-1 transcription. Here, we show that IL-1 is superior to TNF at inducing c-Jun synthesis, phosphorylation and binding activity in RSF. Similarly, IL-1 is more effective at activating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), including the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), which are required for IL-1-induced MMP-1 transcription. Thus stimulation of the ERK and AP-1 pathways is an essential component of MMP-1 transcriptional activation, which is deficient in TNF-treated cells. These studies demonstrate cooperation between the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways for IL-1-dependent collagenase-1 transcription, and they define a dichotomy of IL-1- and TNF-elicited signaling that is relevant to cytokine-mediated connective tissue disease.
Quality of life after primary treatment for localized prostate cancer: long-term considerations.

Patients with localized prostate cancer have a multitude of options to weigh in considering treatment of their disease, including surgery with radical prostatectomy (RP) via open or robotic techniques, radiation therapy (RT) with either external-beam RT (EBRT) or brachytherapy (BT), and active surveillance (AS). With the oncologic efficacy of these approaches being reasonably similar, the majority of patients focus on the side-effect profiles of these treatment options. A great body of work has elucidated the healthrelated quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes of different treatments over the past decade, with most conclusions drawn at 2 yr after therapy; however, an information gap remains regarding longer term outcomes (5–10 yr after treatment) [1,2]. In addition, with the increased prevalence of AS, more studies are describing the HRQOL outcomes associated with this approach. In this issue of European Urology, Punnen et al [3] present the long-term HRQOL outcomes from the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) registry, which includes patients treated by all previously mentioned approaches with follow-up of up to 10 yr. Punnen et al found that at 5 and 10 yr after treatment, there was no difference in sexual HRQOL outcome among RP, BT, and EBRT, whereas patients undergoing AS had better sexual HRQOL than treated patients [3]. These findings are consistent with the notion that radiation leads to neurovascular injury that accumulates over time, whereas surgery is associated with variable functional recovery and improvements over time following the initial postsurgical decline. Sexual HRQOL outcome after prostatectomy was previously found to be similar to that after RT combined with hormonal therapy and worse than that
The Role of Islam in Chechen National Identity

Uncovering the importance of Islam in Chechen national identity is not necessarily difficult. Alexei Malashenko has noted that Chechen identity today cannot be considered outside the context of Isl...
Acute Postoperative Shingles After Thoracic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis

Shingles secondary to reactivation of a previous varicella-zoster virus infection has been reported to develop within surgical wounds and after trauma. We report the case of a 17-year-old girl with history of chicken pox in childhood who had acute postoperative shingles develop along the T3-T4 dermatomes after thoracic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. The possible causes and precipitating factors are discussed.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Comparative Properties of [PPN](2)[Re(6)C(CO)(18)Mo(CO)(4)] and [PPN](2)[Re(6)C(CO)(18)Ru(CO)(3)].

The reaction of [PPN]2[Re6C(CO)19] with Mo(CO)6 and Ru3(CO)12 under sunlamp irradiation provided the new mixed-metal clusters [PPN]2[Re6C(CO)18Mo(CO)4] and [PPN]2[Re6C(CO)18Ru(CO)3], which were isolated in yields of 85% and 61%, respectively. The compound [PPN]2[Re6C(CO)18Mo(CO)4] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 20.190 (7) A, b = 16.489 (7) A, c = 27.778 (7) A, β = 101.48 (2)°, and Z = 4 (at T = −75 °C). The cluster anion is composed of a Re6C octahedral core with a face capped by a Mo(CO)4 fragment. There are three terminal carbonyl ligands coordinated to each rhenium atom. The four carbonyl ligands on the molybdenum center are essentially terminal, with one pair of carbonyl ligands (C72−O72 and C74−O74) subtending a relatively large angle at molybdenum (C72−Mo−C74 = 147.2(9)°), whereas the remaining pair of carbonyl ligands (C71−O71 and C73−O73) subtend a much smaller angle (C71−Mo−C73 = 100.5(9)°). The 13C NMR spectrum of 13CO-enriched [PPN]2[Re6C(CO)18Mo(CO)4] shows signals f...
Increased Framingham 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in middle-aged and older patients with psychotic symptoms

Objective The Framingham 10-risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been a widely studied estimate of cardiovascular risk in the general population. However, few studies have compared the relative risk of developing CHD in antipsychotic-treated patients with different psychiatric disorders, especially in older patients with psychotic symptoms. In this study, we compared the 10-year risk of developing CHD among middle-aged and older patients with psychotic symptoms to that in the general population.
Extraversion and sleep: A psychophysiological study of the arousal hypothesis

Abstract In order to examine Eysenck's (1967) hypothesis concerning the relationship between extraversion and arousal, autonomic measures were taken from introverts and extraverts immediately before sleep and during 6 hr of sleep. Introverts and extraverts did not differ in heart rate (HR) or skin-potential response rate (SPR) during the pre-sleep period. A variety of sleep-related measures of arousal provided no strong support for the hypothesis that introverts are more aroused than extraverts. The only consistent autonomic difference between introverts and extraverts during sleep was a tendency for introverts to have higher SPRs in the second 3 hr of the night. The results are discussed in terms of the level of environmental stimulation present in the experimental conditions, and suggestions are made for future sleep studies of the relationship between extraversion and arousal.
Efficient Chemoselective Carboxylation of Aromatics to Arylcarboxylic Acids with a Superelectrophilically Activated Carbon Dioxide−Al2Cl6/Al System

Aromatic carboxylic acids are obtained in good to excellent yield essentially free of diaryl ketones by carboxylation of aromatics with a carbon dioxide-Al(2)Cl(6)/Al system at moderate temperatures (20-80 degrees C). To optimize reaction conditions and study the reaction mechanism, experimental variables including temperature, amount of Al(2)Cl(6)/Al, various Lewis acids, role of metal additive, carbon dioxide pressure, etc. were studied. The carboxylation reaction was found to be stoichiometric rather than catalytic, with aluminum chloride forming a dichloroaluminate of carboxylic acids. Although the carboxylation takes place using AlCl(3) itself, the presence of metal additives, especially Al, increased the yield and selectivity of carboxylic acids. Because it was not possible to distinguish between two possible mechanistic pathways of the reaction on the basis of the experimental results, theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were also carried out. One possible pathway involves an initial complex between benzene and Al(2)Cl(6), with subsequent formation of organoaluminum intermediates (PhAlCl(2) and PhAl(2)Cl(5)). The other proceeds through the formation of various complexes of CO(2) with aluminum chloride (AlCl(3))(n), n = 1-4. The calculations have shown that the organometallic pathway, leading eventually through the formation of phenylaluminum dichloride, is endothermic by 33 kcal/mol. In contrast, the preferred CO(2)-AlCl(3) complex forms in an exothermic reaction (-6.0 kcal/mol) as does CO(2)AlCl(2)(+). On the basis of both experimental and calculational findings, the most feasible reaction mechanism proposed involves superelectrophilic aluminum chloride activated carbon dioxide reacting with the aromatics in a typical electrophilic substitution.
Reverse logistics programs: gauging their effects on CRM and online behavior

Purpose – To provide practitioners of knowledge management with a sense of the importance of reverse logistics as an important part of today's company policies, especially throughout the product life cycle, with the accompanying technology that supports it and the effects on customer relation management (CRM) and satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach – A review of the applied literature of reverse logistics and its effects on CRM resulted in a basic model and empirical verification of such effects.Findings – As shown from the empirical section of the present study (n=102), the ease of locating returns procedures and the rating given by respondents to the overall returns process were found to be statistically very significant regarding whether the ease of returning items had an influence on purchasing decisions for most respondents. As demonstrated in the results of stepwise regression analysis of the two independent variables, the largest share of explained variance was explained by the variable, Retur...
Cultural strategies in Shanghai: regenerating cosmopolitanism in an era of globalization

Modern industrial development commenced in Shanghai in the late 19th century, with the incursion of Western settlements. Soon afterwards cultural activities associated with a modern industrial society made their appearance. While determined by economic forces, the formation of Shanghai’s urban culture at the time involved the growth of both socioeconomic institutions and new forms of cultural activities in modern literature, print media, cinema, and theater. The city also obtained a kind of sophistication with a strong merchant character and commerce served as the primary motor of society. In effect, Shanghai was regarded as the epicenter of modern China’s commercialism and gained the name of Haipai culture (the Shanghai school). Architecture and urban space that differ distinctly from traditional Chinese ones became an important part of this culture. With a contrast of old and new, elite and ordinary, and Chinese and Western, urban culture in Shanghai was decisively cosmopolitan. To a large extent this stemmed from a local tradition of easy acceptance to outsiders, which formed as the city opened its door to foreigners and a great variety of migrants from other parts of China. During its golden age in the 1920s, with a population over 2 million, Shanghai was ‘a meeting ground for people from all countries, a great and a unique city, one of the most remarkable in the world’ (Pott, 1928: 1). Scholars have argued that it was precisely because of this heterodoxy that Shanghai rose above a country of vast conservatism and became a great, modern city (Lee, 1999; Lu, 1999a). Some even feel that modern China was made in Shanghai (Murphy, 1953). After 1949, however, the city experienced more than 30 years of neglect and disinvestment. Tightly controlled by the central government, Shanghai was the single largest contributor of the country’s revenue and served as a major pillar of the planned economy (Wu, 1999). Despite of its growing population, Shanghai was not able to upgrade its infrastructure and the city remained largely the same as in the 1940s. It was only after
Multiplying Glimpses, Gleaning Genres: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Change among Navajo Peoples

Disciplinary specialties and boundaries may impede as well as facilitate understanding. Standard scholarly orientations to the study of Navajos and other ethnic populations manifest many biases of ethnocentrism and a general tendency to stereotype. Specific observer-related tendencies to distort are noted, among them tendencies to understate social dynamics and the degree to which Navajos are functioning parts of wider social systems. The literature on Navajos is a product of changing tools in the hands of changing observers applied to changing communities in the context of ongoing change in the wider societies of both observer and observed. It is argued that "multiplying glimpses," or increasing the number and types of observers and the variety of disciplines and paradigms represented, may reduce observer and position biases that distort existing views of Navajo society. An overview of the massive literature on the Navajo leads to the identification of 21 distinct genres. These genres and other Navajo te...
Genetic variation in reproductive traits in a population of Heterandria formosa (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

Keywords: Heritability; natural population; reproductive traits; genetic correlations; maternal effects; half-sib design
CHARMM Drude Polarizable MD Simulations Reproduce Solution X-Ray Diffraction Patterns for B-DNA Sequences and Predict Differential Impact of the Li+, Na+, K+ and Rb+ Ions on DNA Conformational Properties

Recently we have presented the first generation CHARMM Drude polarizable force field for DNA, which is capable of reproducing the main conformational features of DNA in solution, such as A-to-B equilibrium and transitions between BI and BII substates. Our current efforts are directed towards further model improvement, by achieving a proper balance of the interactions among surrounding mobile ions, water and DNA. Compared to the additive (non-polarizable) models, explicit treatment of the electronic polarizability in the Drude model leads to a markedly improved description of the interplay between the ionic atmosphere and DNA conformational behavior. In particular, the Drude model is shown to more accurately reproduce counterion condensation theory predictions of DNA charge neutralization by condensed ions, as well as the experimental data on the competitive binding of Li+, Na+, K+ and Rb+ ions to DNA. The most intriguing results is that the model predicts a differential impact of these seemingly similar monovalent cations on DNA conformational properties - a phenomenon not observed in the state-of-the-art CHARMM36 and AMBER atomistic additive models. In addition, the Drude model reproduces the solution X-ray diffraction patterns for a number of B form DNA sequences at a level of accuracy similar to, or exceeding that of the above mentioned additive models. The obtained results indicate that CHARMM Drude polarizable MD simulations provide a more realistic model of the physical forces involved in the interactions of DNA with its ionic environment, offering the potential to yield new insights into salt-mediated biological processes involving DNA, such as protein-DNA recognition and chromatin folding.
Three-dimensional imaging of x-ray and gamma-ray objects in real time

A simple device is described that is capable of providing real-time 3-D viewing of extended x-ray and gamma-ray objects. The visible-light images produced by the device are not merely stereoscopic, i.e., one perspective, but possess both horizontal and vertical parallax with a reasonably large field of view.
Antigenic relatedness of simian C-type viruses.

The two simian C-type viruses, gibbon lymphoma (GLV) and simian sarcoma (SSV-1), are compared for their antigenic relatedness by serum-neutralization techniques appropriate for the respective virus. While GLV was neutralized completely by its homologous antiserum, its replication was merely delayed by anti-SSV-1 serum. Both anti-SSV-1 and anti-GLV antisera neutralized SSV-1 and its associated virus (SSAV-1). It is concluded that the simian viruses are antigenically related but distinct from each other and unrelated to feline leukemia virus. The results also suggest that SSV-1 and SSAV-1 possess identical envelope antigens. Relation Antigenique des Virus Simiens de Type C L'auteur a compare les deux virus simiens de type C, le virus du lymphome de gibbon (GLV) et le virus du sarcome simien (SSV-1), et etudie leurs liens antigeniques par des techniques de neutralisation serique appropriees. Le GLV a ete completement neutralise par l'antiserum homologue, mais sa replication n'a ete que retardee par le serum anti-SSV-1. Les antiserums anti-SSV-1 et anti-GLV ont neutralise le SSV-1 et son virus associe (SSAV-1). L'auteur en conclut que les virus simiens ont des relations antigeniques, mais sont differents l'un de l'autre et n'ont aucun lien avec le virus de la leucemie feline. Les resultats donnent egalement a penser que le SSV-1 et le SSAV-1 possedent des antigenes des enveloppes qui sont identiques.
Environmentalism, Development, and Participation on Palawan Island, Philippines

On Palawan Island, Philippines, known for its high biodiversity and dynamic environmental movement, development, participation, and conservation have been enveloped by the twin discourses of environmentalism and sustainable development. This essay considers environmental policy on Palawan and several case studies of sustainable development projects that emphasize community-based resource management (CBRM). Recent critiques suggest that CBRM has not been successful because communities lack self-sufficiency and claims of “local participation” are merely rhetorical. We argue that analyses of CBRM should consider three aspects of Philippine environmentalism: whether rhetoric regarding resource management matches reality in the eyes of local residents; the overlapping roles of government and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and multiplex relationships of NGOs with local communities. Our findings suggest that despite some difficulties, stronger NGO roles in CBRM have generally resulted in better environmen...
High-Achieving Women at Midlife: An Exploratory Study

The first generation of women to launch professional careers in significant numbers is now entering senior management. They invented new paths amid traditional obstacles and unprecedented opportunities. In-depth interviews with 10 senior financial executives, combined with follow-up group data from a conference, were used to explore the key developmental tasks that high-achieving women have faced in these evolving circumstances. Findings broadly support Levinson’s model of development but suggest that the external conditions and internal experiences of this pioneering cohort have special characteristics. The authors outline participants’ developmental work, and the resulting rewards, of finding a life role (in their 20s), managing career-family trade-offs (in their 30s), and coming into their own (at 50 and beyond). Implications for theory, executive development practice, and further research are identified.
Does a regional greenhouse gas policy make sense? A case study of carbon leakage and emissions spillover

article i nfo The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a state-level effort by ten northeast states in the U.S. to control CO2 emissions from the electric sector. The approach adopted by RGGI is a regional cap-and-trade program, which sets a maximal annual amount of regional CO2 emissions that can be emitted from the electric sector. However, incoherence of the geographic scope of the regional electricity market is expected to produce two undesirable consequences: CO2 leakage and NOx and SO2 emissions spillover. This paper addresses these two issues using transmission-constrained electricity market models. The results show that although larger CO2 leakage is associated with higher allowance prices, it is negatively related to CO2 prices if measured in percentage terms. On the other hand, SO2 and NOx emissions spillover increase in commensurate with CO2 allowance prices. Demand elasticity attenuates the effect of emissions trading on leakage and emissions spillover. This highlights the difficulties of designing a regional or local climate policy. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Semiquantized Hamiltonians in generalized coordinates

A consistent prescription is given for constructing semiquantized Hamiltonians in generalized coordinates. The method extends the classical path approximation and deals directly with a generalized form of the quantized kinetic-energy operator to derive simplified quantum-mechanical wave equations for multidimensional dynamical systems exhibiting both quantal and classical features.
Antifactor Xa Levels in Four Patients with Burn Injuries Who Received Enoxaparin to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism

Four patients with severe burn injuries received enoxaparin 40 mg twice/day subcutaneously for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Peak antifactor Xa levels were measured 4 hours after administration of a dose, and trough antifactor Xa levels were measured 30 minutes before the next scheduled dose. Ultrasonography was performed once/week to assess the presence of VTE. Any occurrence of major bleeding was documented in the patients' charts. All patients had trough antifactor Xa levels below 0.1 U/ml. Enoxaparin dosages were subsequently adjusted to achieve trough antifactor Xa levels of 0.1-0.2 U/ml. This required dosages higher than those typically recommended for VTE prophylaxis (40 mg every 24 hrs or 30 mg every 12 hrs). One patient needed more than 60 mg every 12 hours. No patient had a venous thromboembolic event or major bleeding. The low antifactor Xa levels that were observed suggest that a reduced dose-response relationship may exist between subcutaneously administered enoxaparin and antifactor Xa activity in patients with severe burn injuries. Prospective studies should be performed to further investigate this relationship.
Income distribution and the occupational choices of entrepreneurs

This article presents a model that analyzes the effects of redistribution on the occupational choices of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs can either engage in costly search for projects and produce or become rent-seekers who collect rents for reversing redistribution. The model illustrates that redistribution of aggregate output is possible until a tipping point is reached. Higher levels of redistribution decrease entrepreneurship, employment, and aggregate income. Which level of redistribution is too much depends on the degree of inequality inherent in the firm quality distribution and on the power of rent-seekers to alter redistributive outcomes. An exogenous increase in the ratio of average realized output to output produced at the lowest-productivity firm reduces the gains from entrepreneurship relative to rent-seeking. This happens because entrepreneurs expend search costs to find those high-quality projects that drive up the average production value, but only a few entrepreneurs can realize these big hits. Wages and rent-seeker pay-offs, on the other hand, depend on average realized production. An increase in the power of rent-seekers further reduces the government’s options. The model implies that the government’s ability to redistribute might be declining when inequality rises.
A system dynamics model for information security management

We present a system dynamics model for information security management.We examine the effect of investment in deterrence and security tools.Increased investment in security tools reduces overall security cost substantially.Deterrence investment has a less pronounced effect on overall security cost.Uniform security investments are not the most effective. Managing security for information assets is a critically important and challenging task. As organizations provide clients with ubiquitous access to information systems and the frequency and sophistication of security threats grows, the need to provide security assumes greater importance. Effective information security management requires security resources be deployed on multiple fronts, including attack prevention, vulnerability reduction, and threat deterrence. Using a system dynamics model, this study evaluates alternative security management strategies through an investment and security cost lens, to provide managers guidance for security decisions. The results suggest that investing in security detection tools has a higher payoff than does deterrence investment.
Phytolith shape frequencies in North Dakota grasses: a comparison to general patterns

Abstract Correlation of phytoliths from sediments to grass taxa is a complex process, even at the subfamily level. Grass phytolith taxonomies are reviewed and compared to the phytolith content of native North Dakota grass species. Phytolith production in the species examined generally follows reported patterns; however, significant deviations do occur, particularly in inflorescence material. Rondels (a “Festucoid” or trapezoid type) occur abundantly in all subfamilies. Dumb-bells are not restricted to the Panicoideae, although different morphological types may correlate to specific taxa. Saddles are not restricted to the Chloridoideae. Extensive examination of modern references (both plants and natural sediments) is required for accurate interpretation of fossil phytoliths. Refinements to reported patterns of phytolith shape frequencies in grass taxa are proposed in order to increase accuracy of identification of phytoliths from archaeological and natural sediments.
Interactive algorithms for rapid enumeration of hybridization signals in individual whole-cell nuclei inside intact-tissue specimens

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is useful for analyzing specific nucleic acid sequences in individual cells. Its application to tissue sections has been limited however because of the difficulties of performing the hybridization and analysis in sections that are thick enough to contain intact nuclei. Recent improvements in FISH permit hybridization with chromosome-specific, centromeric probes throughout 20 micrometers formalin fixed, paraffin- embedded sections, which do contain many intact nuclei. This paper describes software to facilitate analysis of these 3D hybridizations. We have developed two algorithms for analyzing 3D, confocal images of thick sections. One displays 2D, maximum-intensity, projection images through the original 3D image at different angles. When projections are viewed sequentially, the 3D image appears semi-transparent and rotates. The second algorithm allows interactive enumeration of FISH signals. Each signal is marked by the analyst. Then, for each pair of marked signals, a 2D slice image along the line connecting both marked signals and parallel to the z (depth) axis is displayed. From this slice, the analyst decides if the signals are in the same or different nuclei, or if the signals should be rejected because they are in a nucleus truncated by the upper or lower surface of the section. After consideration of all pairs of signals, the algorithm produces a map of the tissue section showing the numbers of signals in each of the intact nucleus. The algorithms enable analysis of small, premalignant and early malignant lesions and infiltrative lesions that cannot be analyzed by other molecular techniques and permit the direct correlation of FISH information with histology/cytology.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influences On Counselor Race Preferences: Distinguishing Black Racial Attitudes From Black Racial Identity

The authors examined differential contributions of Black racial identity and racial attitudes toward Whites in determining counselor preferences. Results indicated that racial attitudes accounted for a significant portion of the variance in same-race counselor preference. In addition, Black racial attitudes were distinguished from racial identity as independent contributors to counselor preferences. Los autores examinaron contribuciones diferenciales de indentidad racial y actitudes raciales de individuos Negros hacia Blancos para determinar las preferencias por un consejero u otro. Los resultados indicaron que las actitudes raciales se hallaban detras de una porcion significativa de la varianza en la preferencia por un consejero de la misma raza. Ademas, las actitudes raciales de individuos Negros se distinguieron de la identidad racial como factores independientes de influencia en las preferencias por ciertos consejeros.
B lymphocytes and lupus nephritis : New insights into pathogenesis and targeted therapies

Lupus nephritis (LN) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains a major cause of morbidity and end-stage renal disease. While therapies such as corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil have improved outcomes, a significant proportion of patients have refractory disease or are unable to tolerate these agents. Limitations in existing therapies, along with advances in our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of SLE, have resulted in the development of new immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory treatments for SLE/LN. Dysfunction of the B lymphocyte-an important component of adaptive immunity-is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of SLE/LN. The goal of this study is to review our current understanding of the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of SLE, and to discuss new and emerging therapies that selectively target B cells in patients with SLE/LN. Novel strategies discussed include B-cell depletion by the monoclonal antibodies to B-cell markers, rituximab and epratuzumab; 'pharmapheresis' of pathogenic antibodies to dsDNA, by abetimus; blockade of T-cell costimulation of B cells by abatacept, belatacept, BG9588, and IDEC-131; and blockade of B-cell stimulation by belimumab. Preliminary results are promising, but in the absence of large controlled trials, caution must be exercised prior to the widespread use and acceptance of these treatments.
Isolation and characterization of large-area GaSb membranes grown on GaAs substrates

We investigate substrate removal techniques for GaSb epilayers grown on GaAs substrates. The GaSb epilayers are grown metamorphically on the GaAs substrate by inducing large areas of 90° interfacial misfit dislocation arrays at the GaSb/GaAs interface. Three structures have been investigated, each with a different etch stop process such that the GaAs substrate is removed without affecting the GaSb epi-layer. The GaSb membranes upon isolation are characterized for crystal quality using x-ray diffraction and for surface quality using atomic force microscopy.
A Brief Review of Recent Superconductivity Research at Nist

A brief overview of recent superconductivity research at NIST is presented. Emphasis is placed on the new high-temperature oxide superconductors, though mention is made of important work on low-temperature superconductors, and a few historical notes are included. NIST research covers a wide range of interests. For the new high-temperature superconductors, research activities include determination of physical properties such as elastic constants and electronic structure, development of new techniques such as magnetic-field modulated microwave-absorption and determination of phase diagrams and crystal structure. For the low-temperature superconductors, research spans studying the effect of stress on current density to the fabrication of a new Josephson junction voltage standard.
Hepatic lipid droplet biology: getting to the root of fatty liver

Hepatic steatosis is defined by the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs). Once thought to be only inert energy storage depots, LDs are increasingly recognized as organelles that have important functions in hepatocytes beyond lipid storage. The lipid and protein composition of LDs is highly dynamic and influences their intrinsic metabolism and signaling properties, which ultimately links them to the changes in hepatic function. This concise review highlights recent discoveries in LD biology and unique aspects of hepatic LDs and their role in liver disease.
Intraperitoneal Injection of Ethanol Results in Drastic Changes in Bone Metabolism Not Observed when Ethanol Is Administered by Oral Gavage

Background Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis while light-to-moderate alcohol intake correlates with reduced osteoporosis risk. Addition of alcohol to a liquid diet is often used to model chronic alcohol abuse. Methods to model intermittent drinking (including binge drinking and light-to-moderate consumption) include (i) intragastric administration of alcohol by oral gavage or (ii) intraperitoneal (ip) administration of alcohol by injection. However, it is unclear whether the latter 2 methods produce comparable results. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the skeletal response to alcohol delivered daily by oral gavage or ip injection. Methods Ethanol (EtOH) or vehicle was administered to 4-month-old female Sprague–Dawley rats once daily at 1.2 g/kg body weight for 7 days. Following necropsy, bone formation and bone architecture were evaluated in tibial diaphysis (cortical bone) and proximal tibial metaphysis (cancellous bone) by histomorphometry. mRNA was measured for bone matrix proteins in distal femur metaphysis. Results Administration of alcohol by gavage had no significant effect on body weight gain or bone measurements. In contrast, administration of the same dose of alcohol by ip injection resulted in reduced body weight, total suppression of periosteal bone formation in tibial diaphysis, decreased cancellous bone formation in proximal tibial metaphysis, and decreased mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins in distal femur. Conclusions Our findings raise concerns regarding the use of ip injection of EtOH in rodents as a method for modeling the skeletal effects of intermittent exposure to alcohol in humans. This concern is based on a failure of the ip route to replicate the oral route of alcohol administration.
A protocol and calibration method for accurate multi-camera field videography

Stereo videography is a powerful technique for quantifying the kinematics and behavior of animals, but it can be challenging to use in an outdoor field setting. We here present a workflow and associated software for performing calibration of cameras placed in a field setting and estimating the accuracy of the resulting stereoscopic reconstructions. We demonstrate the workflow through example stereoscopic reconstructions of bat and bird flight. We provide software tools for planning experiments and processing the resulting calibrations that other researchers may use to calibrate their own cameras. Our field protocol can be deployed in a single afternoon, requiring only short video clips of light, portable calibration objects.
Changing regulations for cross-border M&As

Regulators worldwide are eager to “harmonize” regulations in the wake of the current financial crisis. They want to reduce the differences between different countries' regulations. But what important changes will this trend produce? And how will that affect cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As)? © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Power, competitiveness, and advice taking: Why the powerful don’t listen

Four experiments test the prediction that feelings of power lead individuals to discount advice received from both experts and novices. Experiment 1 documents a negative relationship between subjective feelings of power and use of advice. Experiments 2 and 3 further show that individuals experiencing neutral and low levels of power weigh advice from experts and experienced advisors more heavily than advice from novices, but individuals experiencing high levels of power discount both novice and expert advice. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrate that this tendency of individuals experiencing high levels of power to discount advice from experts and novices equally is mediated by feelings of competitiveness (Experiment 3) and confidence (Experiments 3 and 4). Finally, Experiment 4 shows that inducing high power individuals to feel cooperative with their advisors can mitigate this tendency, leading them to weigh expert advice more heavily than advice from novices. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.
Rural-Urban Migration and Socioeconomic Mobility in Victorian Britain

Victorian Britain experienced the most rapid and thorough urbanization the world had yet seen. People left the countryside for the cities to such an extent that, by mid-century, Great Britain had become the first predominantly urban society in history. This study addresses two related questions: Who were the rural-urban migrants, and what were the returns to rural-urban migration? Specifically, I examine the nature of the selection mechanism by which some moved to urban areas and other remained rural, and I assess the treatment effect of migration in terms of attaining higher socioeconomic status. I answer these questions with the aid of a new dataset of 28,000 individuals matched between the 1851 and 1881 Censuses of the Population of England and Wales. I build a structural econometric model to assess the effect of migration and the nature of migrant selection, controlling for the endogeneity of the migration decision. I find that those who left the countryside for the cities did not come from the bottom of the economic and social ladder; rather, they were better off initially than those who remained in rural areas. Urban migrants were positively selected: their prospects in the urban labor market were superior to those who did not move. Moreover, their prospects in the rural labor market were also superior. Finally, the decision to move was, by and large, a fruitful one. The treatment effect of urban migration was large and positive across all socioeconomic strata. On average, people who moved to the city were substantially more successful in improving their socioeconomic status than they would have been had they remained in rural areas, and they were more likely to experience upward intergenerational occupational mobility. Unlike the early 20 th century, which saw the rise of national social welfare programs, virtually no adverse institutional incentives existed at the time to inhibit the movement of Britain’s people. And move they did; high rates of internal migration, and rural-urban migration in particular, represented one of the most prevalent demographic features of 19 th century Britain. This mobility also had important efficiency implications for Britain’s growing economy, as labor reallocated itself from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity. It is understandable that the topic of
COMPETITION AND PERFORMANCE IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY

The paper examines the airline industry ten years after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. A brief review of the historical background of regulation and the changes leading to the Airline Deregulation Act is presented. A number of studies are cited that conclude that airline perfor- mance has improved since the Civil Aeronautics Board days. The author agrees with these conclusions but goes on to suggest that it is time to begin comparing the airline industry today with the standards of performance associated with perfect competition instead of the previous regulatory period. A standard of competitive performance is suggested. The traditional p=mc=ac performance is complicated because mc and ac decline for any airline flight until the plane is full or has a 100% load factor. The author suggests p=acat load factors are not yet reaching loo%, it is suggested that some policy modifications might help improve performance further. An- titrust is examined and some other institutional policy changes are sug- gested.
Radial and circular slit maps of unbounded multiply connected circle domains

Infinite product formulae for conformally mapping an unbounded multiply connected circle domain to an unbounded canonical radial or circular slit domain, or to domains with both radial and circular...
Characterization of the iron-sulfur clusters in ferredoxin from acetate-grown Methanosarcina thermophila

Ferredoxin from Methanosarcina thermophila is an electron acceptor for the CO dehydrogenase complex which decarbonylates acetyl-coenzyme A and oxidizes the carbonyl group to carbon dioxide in the pathway for conversion of the methyl group of acetate to methane (K. C. Terlesky and J. G. Ferry, J. Biol. Chem. 263:4080-4082, 1988). Resonance Raman spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemistry indicated that the ferredoxin contained two [4Fe-4S] clusters per monomer of 6,790 Da, each with a midpoint potential of -407 mV. A [3Fe-4S] species, with a midpoint potential of +103 mV, was also detected in the protein at high redox potentials. Quantitation of the [3Fe-4S] and [4Fe-4S] centers revealed 0.4 and 2.1 spins per monomer, respectively. The iron-sulfur clusters were unstable in the presence of air, and the rate of cluster loss increased with increasing temperature. A ferredoxin preparation, with a low spin quantitation of [4Fe-4S] centers, was treated with Fe2+ and S2-, which resulted in an increase in [4Fe-4S] and a decrease in [3Fe-4S] clusters. The results of these studies suggest the [3Fe-4S] species may be an artifact formed from degradation of [4Fe-4S] clusters.
Multi-robot persistent surveillance planning as a Vehicle Routing Problem

We consider a persistent surveillance problem as one of finding sequences of visits to discrete sites in a periodic fashion, cast it as a Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows, and solve it using exact methods developed in the operations research community. The work is a successful application of recent advances in combinatorial optimization for logistics problems but in the context of a robotics application taking place in continuous time. We apply these methods to the task of surveying a building using multiple UAVs and perform a long-term simulation developed to mimic a hardware testbed currently under development.
Superconducting Properties of Pb/Bi Films Quench-Condensed on a Porous Alumina Substrate Filled with Co Nanowires

Superconducting properties of a new ferro-magnet–superconductor hybrid structure have been investigated. Organized arrays of Co nanowires are first electroplated into the columnar pores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. Superconducting Pb/Bi (18 at.%) films are then quench-condensed onto the surface of the AAO membranes filled with Co nanowires. The Co nanowire array produces a magnetic field with a strong spatial variation in the superconducting film. Hysteretic superconducting properties and enhanced critical currents have been observed in applied external magnetic fields, which we explain based on the magnetic domain structure of the Co nanowire arrays.
Gotham City 14 miles: 14 essays on why the 1960s Batman TV series matters, edited by Jim Beard

Originally launched at a special panel of contributors held at the New York Comic Con in October 2010, this much anticipated collection is the first scholarly book devoted entirely to a considerati...
The Social Impact of a Robot Co-Worker in Industrial Settings

Across history and cultures, robots have been envisioned as assistants working alongside people. Following this vision, an emerging family of products-collaborative manufacturing robots-is enabling human and robot workers to work side by side as collaborators in manufacturing tasks. Their introduction presents an opportunity to better understand people's interactions with and perceptions of a robot "co-worker" in a real-world setting to guide the design of these products. In this paper, we present findings from an ethnographic field study at three manufacturing sites and a Grounded Theory analysis of observations and interviews. Our results show that, even in this safety-critical manufacturing setting, workers relate to the robot as a social entity and rely on cues to understand the robot's actions, which we observed to be critical for workers to feel safe when near the robot. These findings contribute to our understanding of interactions with robotic products in real-world settings and offer important design implications.