cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site of sex pheromone production in three species of Trichoptera

Field tests with chemical extracts of various body sections of adult caddisflies indicate that the female fifth abdominal sternite in the sericostomatids Gumaga nigricula (McL.) and Gumaga griseola (McL.) and the limnephilid Dicosmoecus gihipes (Hagen) contains a substance that attracts conspecific males. This sex pheromone is most likely produced by the paired exocrine glands located on the fifth sternite. Chemical extracts of female G. nigricula also attracted G. griseola males.
THE WUSTITE ENIGMA

High-pressure energy dispersive X-ray diffraction of wustite has been obtained with three types of diamond cells; each one is designed to optimize a type of in situ study, namely single-crystal X-ray diffraction, deviatoric strain measurement, or simultaneous high-P-T experimentation. The results demonstrate that above 17 GPa at 300 K wustite undergoes a displacive transition from B1 to a rhombohedral structure, and above 90 GPa at 600 K, a second transition to the NiAs structure. Many of the earlier inconsistencies concerning the structure and properties of wustite at high pressures can be attributed to the extreme softening of the C44 elastic modulus at pressures above 10 GPa.
RORα in genetic control of cerebellum development: 50 staggering years

The staggerer mutation was first identified at the Jackson Laboratory in 1955. In the ensuing half-century, studies of staggerer mice have provided new insights into developmental neurobiology, gene regulatory networks, and circadian behavior. Recent work has expanded the role of RORalpha, the transcription factor mutated in staggerer, to peripheral tissues, including cholesterol and lipid metabolism, immune function, and bone development. This review focuses on the role of RORalpha in neural development and behavior revealed by the staggerer mutation and subsequent molecular studies.
Architectural design and reliability analysis of a fail-operational brake-by-wire system from ISO 26262 perspectives

Abstract Next generation drive-by-wire automotive systems enabling autonomous driving will build on the fail-operational capabilities of electronics, control and software (ECS) architectural solutions. Developing such architectural designs that would meet dependability requirements and satisfy other system constraints is a challenging task and will possibly lead to a paradigm shift in automotive ECS architecture design and development activities. This aspect is becoming quite relevant while designing battery-driven electric vehicles with integrated in-wheel drive-train and chassis subsystems. In such highly integrated dependable systems, many of the primary features and functions are attributed to the highest safety critical ratings. Brake-by-wire is one such system that interfaces with active safety features built into an automobile, and which in turn is expected to provide fail-operational capabilities. In this paper, building up on the basic concepts of fail-silent and fail-operational systems design we propose a system-architecture for a brake-by-wire system with fail-operational capabilities. The design choices are supported with proper rationale and design trade-offs. Safety and reliability analysis of the proposed system architecture is performed as per the ISO 26262 standard for functional safety of electrical/electronic systems in road vehicles.
A SCF-MO calculation on nickel hexafluoride in a gaussian basis

Abstract A SCF-MO calculation has been performed on nickel hexafluoride in a basis of contracted Gaussian functions. All electrons have been included and all multicenter integrals accurately calculated. The crystal field splitting and hyperfine interaction parameters have been investigated.
Mapping of CO2 at high spatiotemporal resolution using satellite observations: Global distributions from OCO-2

[1] Satellite observations of CO2 offer new opportunities to improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Using such observations to infer global maps of atmospheric CO2 and their associated uncertainties can provide key information about the distribution and dynamic behavior of CO2, through comparison to atmospheric CO2 distributions predicted from biospheric, oceanic, or fossil fuel flux emissions estimates coupled with atmospheric transport models. Ideally, these maps should be at temporal resolutions that are short enough to represent and capture the synoptic dynamics of atmospheric CO2. This study presents a geostatistical method that accomplishes this goal. The method can extract information about the spatial covariance structure of the CO2 field from the available CO2 retrievals, yields full coverage (Level 3) maps at high spatial resolutions, and provides estimates of the uncertainties associated with these maps. The method does not require information about CO2 fluxes or atmospheric transport, such that the Level 3 maps are informed entirely by available retrievals. The approach is assessed by investigating its performance using synthetic OCO-2 data generated from the PCTM/ GEOS-4/CASA-GFED model, for time periods ranging from 1 to 16 days and a target spatial resolution of 1 � latitude � 1.25 � longitude. Results show that global CO2 fields from OCO-2 observations can be predicted well at surprisingly high temporal resolutions. Even one-day Level 3 maps reproduce the large-scale features of the atmospheric CO2 distribution, and yield realistic uncertainty bounds. Temporal resolutions of two to four days result in the best performance for a wide range of investigated scenarios, providing maps at an order of magnitude higher temporal resolution relative to the monthly or seasonal Level 3 maps typically reported in the literature.
On the use of different basis functions for different regions of space

Abstract A new approach to the use of different basis functions for different regions of space in quantum-chemical calculations is presented and illustrated with a simple example.
Structure and activity of a soybean Adh promoter in transgenic hairy roots

The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene in plants is transcriptionally induced by anoxia and hypoxia. The Adh gene family consists of one to four members, depending on the plant species. The developmental expression and tissue-specific responses of each gene member to hypoxic stress have been well documented. In addition to hypoxia, the Adh gene is also induced by heat, dehydration, cold, and treatment with the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Extensive studies of the structure and function of the maize (Zeamays L.) Adh promoters have identified several common motifs that are essential for the proper responses to environmental stimuli. The structure and expression of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Adh promoter have not been as well documented as in maize and Arabidopsis. In this study, we isolated a 976-bp fragment upstream of the soybean Adh2 gene start codon. The putative promoter contains motifs homologous to the anaerobiosis responsive element and the G-box-1 palindromic element characteristic of known Adh promoters. The putative promoter was fused with the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the pBI-Adh:GUS plasmid was introduced into soybean hairy roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of cotyledons. GUS activity assay and histochemical staining of the five transgenic Adh:GUS hairy root lines indicated that the promoter was inducible by anoxia but did not respond to cold temperature, wounding or ABA treatment. GUS expression in transgenic 35S:GUS hairy root lines was not affected by anoxia, cold, wounding, or ABA. The Adh promoter may be useful in transformation experiments where the hypoxically induced expression of the transgenes is needed to improve the plant's tolerance to flooding or hypoxia stress.
Infrared Studies of the Mechanism of Methanol Decomposition on Cu/SiO2

Abstract The mechanism of methanol decomposition on silica-supported Cu has been investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption spectroscopy. Infrared spectra taken during both isothermal and temperature-programmed experiments reveal the following species: methanol, methoxy groups, formaldehyde, methylenebis(oxy) groups, and formate groups. The only products observed during temperature-programmed decomposition are formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and water. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide is 0.5 indicating that both products are formed by the decomposition of formate groups on the surface of copper. A mechanism for methanol decomposition is proposed, based on the sequence of species observed during temperature-programmed infrared (TPD-LR) experiments. Simulations of the TPD-IR experiments based on the proposed scheme provide an accurate representation of the observed variations in the concentrations of adsorbed species.
Effects of Pallidal Stimulation on Speech in Three Men With Severe Parkinson’s Disease

This project examined the effects of pallidal stimulation and medication on speech in three men with severe Parkinson’s disease. Two participants had bilateral pallidal stimulation and one had unil...
Mitochondrial Tyrosyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid in Soybean Seedlings

Soybean seedlings were examined for the presence of mitochondrial tRNA. Tyrosyl transfer tRNAs from whole cells, from a well characterized mitochondrial preparation, and from a snake venom phosphodiesterase-treated mitochondrial preparation, were compared by reverse phase chromatography. It was concluded that none of the three previously reported tRNA(Tyr) species were mitochondrial. Rather, a fourth tRNA(Tyr) species, eluting somewhat later, was of mitochondrial origin. Mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) was chromatographically similar to Escherichia coli tRNA(Tyr).
Failure of a Dog to discriminate between Strontium-90 and Calcium given Orally

THE ability of a mammal to discriminate against strontium-90 has been the subject of intensive study in recent years. A recent summary of the results of several experiments using a variety of species and experimental approaches indicated that bone discrimination against strontium-90 in favour of calcium can vary from 2 to 4 (ref. 1). This means that the ratio of strontium-90 to calcium in bone as compared with the diet, referred to as the observed ratio, ranges from about 0.25 to 0.50 (ref. 2). These observations have led to the general belief that the mammal always discriminates against strontium-90 deposition to some significant extent.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome caused by solitary gastrinoma blocking the pancreatic duct: enucleation and pancreatic duct repair.

A 25-YEAR-OLD WOMAN presented in 1987 with persistent diarrhea (up to 30 bowel movements per day). She had a 5-year history of dyspepsia, 1 episode of hematemesis secondary to duodenitis, and a prior emergent cecectomy for a perforated cecal ulcer of questionable etiology. Fasting serum gastrin was 383 pg/mL (normal, <90 pg/mL), secretin-stimulated serum gastrin was 1200 pg/mL (normal rise, <200 pg/mL), basal acid output was 32 mEq/h (normal, 2-3 mEq/h), and peak acid output was 69 mEq/h (normal, 10-15 mEq/h), all establishing the diagnosis of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. Computed tomography revealed a dilated pancreatic duct without evidence of a gastrinoma in the pancreas or liver. Directed ultrasound, however, identified a nodule in the head of the pancreas obstructing the pancreatic duct. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography confirmed partial blockage of the main pancreatic duct (Fig 1). Further history and biochemical evaluation ruled out multiple endocrine neoplasia I. At operation, a solitary, 2.8-cm encapsulated gastrinoma was found in the head of the pancreas (Fig 2). During enucleation of the tumor, a tongue extended into the anterior wall of the pancreatic duct and required excision. The pancreatic duct was repaired over a silicone tube that was threaded into the duodenum. The tube functioned as a stent, maintaining a low pancreatic duct pressure by ren-
Seasonal changes in caloric composition of gonad and whole animal of the sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske)

Abstract 1. 1. Monthly caloric values for whole animal and gonad tissue were obtained by summing caloric equivalents of biochemical components and by bomb calorimetry. 2. 2. Yearly average calories/g dry gonad were 5243 (biochemical) and 4549 (calorimetry). 3. 3. Yearly average calories/g dry whole animal were 494 for biochemical 434 for calorimetry.
Specific Binding of Growth Hormone by Rat Adipocytes

Human GH (hGH) binding by isolated epididymal fat cells was studied in nonhypophysectomized Wistar rats. Total binding of [125I]hGH was temperature and time dependent; nonspecific binding was maximal within 30 min of incubation at both 24 and 37 C. Equilibrium binding of [125I]hGH by small adipocytes (mean volume, 40–70 pl) from young lean rats (150– 220 g BW) at 24 C was reached at 90 min and remained stable for at least 3 h. At 2 h, nonspecific binding was 30% of the total radioactivity bound. Specific binding was demonstrable and directly related (r = 0.998; P < 0.001) to the number of cells present in the flasks from 0.2 to 2.4 × 106 fat cells/ml. The amounts of hGH specifically bound to small fat cells increased as the hGH concentration in the medium increased from 10 to 100 ng/ml, and remained at a constant level with further increments in medium hGH concentration. Several nonprimate GH preparations suppressed [125I]hGH binding to adipocytes, but did so to a lesser extent than biologically equivalen...
Phase Instability and Amplitude Instability of Quantum-Cascade Lasers With Fabry–Perot Cavity

In this paper, we study the phase and amplitude instability mechanisms of midinfrared quantum-cascade lasers with Fabry-Perot cavity. The phase instability exhibits the single-mode nature and the amplitude instability is the multimode Risken-Nummedal-Graham-Haken kind of instability. The stability analysis is performed based on the nonlinear Maxwell-Bloch formulism. The phase instability and amplitude instability are decoupled based on the symmetry and antisymmetry of propagating modes in the cavity. We also discuss the influences of Kerr nonlinearity from optical transitions on these instability mechanisms. The Kerr nonlinearity exhibits as the combination of saturable absorber effect in the transverse direction and the self-phase modulation (SPM) in the longitudinal direction. The saturable absorber could lower the threshold of both instability mechanisms. The SPM has an impact on the instability spectra of quantum-cascade lasers. It could not only broaden the unstable frequency domain, but also transform it from the single-mode to the multimode domain.
Increased anterior cingulate cortical activity in response to fearful faces: a neurophysiological biomarker that predicts rapid antidepressant response to ketamine.

Background Most patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience a period of lengthy trial and error when trying to find optimal antidepressant treatment; identifying biomarkers that could predict response to antidepressant treatment would be of enormous benefit. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activity could be a putative biomarker of rapid antidepressant response to ketamine, in line with previous findings that investigated the effects of conventional antidepressants. We also investigated patterns of ACC activity to rapid presentation of fearful faces compared with the normal habituation observed in healthy subjects. Methods We elicited ACC activity in drug-free patients with MDD ( n = 11) and healthy control subjects ( n = 11) by rapidly presenting fearful faces, a paradigm known to activate rostral regions of the ACC. Spatial-filtering analyses were performed on magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings, which offer the temporal precision necessary to estimate ACC activity elicited by the rapid presentation of stimuli. Magnetoencephalographic recordings were obtained only once for both patients and control subjects. Patients were subsequently administered a single ketamine infusion followed by assessment of depressive symptoms 4 hours later. Results Although healthy subjects had decreased neuromagnetic activity in the rostral ACC across repeated exposures, patients with MDD showed robust increases in pretreatment ACC activity. Notably, this increase was positively correlated with subsequent rapid antidepressant response to ketamine. Exploratory analyses showed that pretreatment amygdala activity was negatively correlated with change in depressive symptoms. Conclusions Pretreatment rostral ACC activation may be a useful biomarker that identifies a subgroup of patients who will respond favorably to ketamine's antidepressant effects.
A Mechanistic Analysis of Nitric Oxide-Induced Cellular Toxicity

Nitric oxide (NO.)-induced toxicity was investigated in two different cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-AA8) and human lymphoblastoid (TK6), over a range of NO. doses (0-9 mM) delivered for an exposure of 2 h. To determine both short-term and delayed effects leading to death, a range of assays was employed to decipher the major mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Examples of damage parameters measured in this study include inhibition of DNA synthesis, damage to mitochondria, loss of cell membrane integrity, apoptosis, changes in cell cycle distribution, and the occurrence of DNA strand breaks. Our results indicate that NO.-induced toxicity is an extremely complex process involving multiple pathways generally leading to apoptotic cell death. Results consistently demonstrate that TK6 cells are much more susceptible to NO.-induced toxicity than CHO-AA8 cells. This difference in sensitivity could be seen for all types of cellular damage examined. The earliest observable effect of NO. exposure is inhibition of DNA synthesis which is not the result of inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase but may be the result of DNA damage leading ultimately to cell cycle arrest.
Mucosal graft-vs-host disease

Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Indications for HSCT have greatly expanded, and more patients are undergoing HSCT today than ever before. In addition, the options for immunosuppressive therapy for both prevention and treatment of GVHD have also expanded. These changes have in turn altered the landscape of this disease. We have reviewed the current literature on this subject and presented an update on this disease with a particular emphasis on mucosal manifestations.
Effect of short-term cocaine administration on the immune system of young and old C57BL/6 female mice.

AbstractIt has been shown that either cocaine or aging alone can alter the immune system. Our objective was to study if the immune system of aging mice was more susceptible to the effect of cocaine than the immune system of young mice. We used a short term (20 days) cocaine daily administration protocol. Cocaine only decreased the absolute number of Thy 1±, CD4±, CD8±, IL-2R±, Mac 1± and B cells, in the spleen of old mice. Old untreated mice had a lower number of Thy 1± cells in the thymus, and a higher number of cells expressing IL-2R. Cocaine decreased the number of Thy 1± cells in the thymus of both age groups. Old mice showed a lower number of IgA± plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria (ILP) than young mice. Short term cocaine administration provoked a decrease in the number of CD4± cells in young mice ILP and of CD8± cells in old mice ILP. Our data suggest that cocaine can potentiate the effect of aging on the thymus and on the mucosal immune system. Taken together, our findings indicate that...
Musculoskeletal deformities secondary to neurotomy of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus in neonatal mice

The developmental course of musculoskeletal deformities in neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) has not been studied extensively. The goals of this study were to: (1) evaluate a new animal model of NBPP, (2) characterize the development of musculoskeletal abnormalities in paralyzed shoulders, and (3) investigate the expression of myogenic and adipogenic genes in paralyzed rotator cuff muscles. Neonatal mice were divided into neurotomy and sham groups. The neurotomy group underwent surgical transection of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus within 24 h of birth. The sham group underwent the same surgical exposure, but the brachial plexus was left intact. Musculoskeletal deformities were evaluated with radiological and histological assays at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 30 weeks after birth. The supraspinatus muscles of a separate group of mice were used to examine expression of myogenic and adipogenic genes at 8 weeks. The neurotomized forelimbs developed deformities similar to those seen in human NBPP. The deformities progressed with age. The denervated supraspinatus muscles showed intramuscular fat accumulation and upregulation of both myogenic and adipogenic genes compared to the normal. The current study presents a useful animal model for future research examining musculoskeletal changes secondary to neonatal nerve injury.
A priori calculation of the optical absorption spectrum of the hydrated electron.

The optical-absorption spectrum of an excess electron solvated in a molecular sample of liquid water at 300 K has been calculated with use of solvent configurations generated via path-integral simulation and subsequent solution of the excess-electronic eigenvalue problem. Electronic transitions from an s-like ground state to three bound-localized, p-like excited states dominate the broad asymmetric spectrum with excitations into an apparent continuum following at higher energy. Asymmetric distortions and radial fluctuations of the solvent cavities contribute comparably to the spectral broadening.
The Role of Desires, Self‐Predictions, and Perceived Control in the Prediction of Training Session Attendance1

Employee attendance at a training session was examined using the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). In addition, based on Audi (1973a, b) and Warshaw and Davis (1985), a distinction was made between desires (I want) and behavioral self-predictions (I will), and as in Ajzen (1985, 1987), the role of perceived control as a determinant of these desires, self-predictions, and attendance behavior, per se, was investigated. The results indicated that the best predictors of attendance at the training session were one's desire or motivation to attend the training session and the extent to which one perceived pressure from his or her supervisor to do so. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, the motivation to attend training was predicted accurately from attitudes and subjective norms (R=.76, p < .001). Moreover, these attitudes and subjective norms were themselves predicted from a consideration of behavioral and normative beliefs, and key beliefs underlying one's desire to attend were identified. However, a consideration of perceived control did not improve the prediction of one's desire to attend training, and neither perceived control nor behavioral self-predictions improved prediction of actual attendance. The discussion focused on the roles of perceived control and different measures of intention in behavioral prediction.
Cue-specific retroactive inhibition

First-list response recall was obtained in a modified version of the A-B, A-C paradigm in which each response in the first list was paired, on separate trials, with two different stimulus terms. During second-list learning a new response was paired with only one of the stimulus terms associated with each first-list response. Written recall of first-list responses was reliably poorer in the A-B, A-C paradigm relative to that in an A-B, D-C control paradigm only when the recall cue was the stimulus paired with a new response during second-list learning. No difference in recall was obtained in the two paradigms when the recall cue was the stimulus term presented only during first-list learning.
Development of a post-intensive care unit storytelling intervention for surrogates involved in decisions to limit life-sustaining treatment.

Objective: Surrogates involved in decisions to limit life-sustaining treatment for a loved one in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at increased risk for adverse psychological outcomes that can last for months to years after the ICU experience. Post-ICU interventions to reduce surrogate distress have not yet been developed. We sought to (1) describe a conceptual framework underlying the beneficial mental health effects of storytelling, and (2) present formative work developing a storytelling intervention to reduce distress for recently bereaved surrogates. Method: An interdisciplinary team conceived the idea for a storytelling intervention based on evidence from narrative theory that storytelling reduces distress from traumatic events through emotional disclosure, cognitive processing, and social connection. We developed an initial storytelling guide based on this theory and the clinical perspectives of team members. We then conducted a case series with recently bereaved surrogates to iteratively test and modify the guide. Results: The storytelling guide covered three key domains of the surrogate's experience of the patient's illness and death: antecedents, ICU experience, and aftermath. The facilitator focused on the parts of a story that appeared to generate strong emotions and used nonjudgmental statements to attend to these emotions. Between September 2012 and May 2013, we identified 28 eligible surrogates from a medical ICU and consented 20 for medical record review and recontact; 10 became eligible, of whom 6 consented and completed the storytelling intervention. The single-session storytelling intervention lasted from 40 to 92 minutes. All storytelling participants endorsed the intervention as acceptable, and five of six reported it as helpful. Significance of Results: Surrogate storytelling is an innovative and acceptable post-ICU intervention for recently bereaved surrogates and should be evaluated further.
Editorials: Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma

(1991). Editorials: Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 239-240.
Role of nucleotidyl transferase motif V in strand joining by chlorella virus DNA ligase

ATP-dependent DNA ligases, NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligases, and GTP-dependent RNA capping enzymes are members of a covalent nucleotidyl transferase superfamily defined by a common fold and a set of conserved peptide motifs. Here we examined the role of nucleotidyl transferase motif V ((184)LLKMKQFKDAEAT(196)) in the nick joining reaction of Chlorella virus DNA ligase, an exemplary ATP-dependent enzyme. We found that alanine substitutions at Lys(186), Lys(188), Asp(192), and Glu(194) reduced ligase specific activity by at least an order of magnitude, whereas substitutions at Lys(191) and Thr(196) were benign. The K186A, D192A, and E194A changes had no effect on the rate of single-turnover nick joining by preformed ligase-adenylate but affected subsequent rounds of nick joining at the ligase adenylation step. Conservative substitutions K186R, D192E, and E194D partially restored activity, whereas K186Q, D192N, and E194Q substitutions did not. Alanine mutation of Lys(188) elicited distinctive catalytic defects, whereby single-turnover nick joining by K188A-adenylate was slowed by an order of magnitude, and high levels of the DNA-adenylate intermediate accumulated. The rate of phosphodiester bond formation at a pre-adenylated nick (step 3 of the ligation pathway) was slowed by the K188A change. Replacement of Lys(188) by arginine reversed the step 3 arrest, whereas glutamine substitution was ineffective. Gel-shift analysis showed that the Lys(188) mutants bound stably to DNA-adenylate. We infer that Lys(188) is involved in the chemical step of phosphodiester bond formation.
The capture of a DNA double helix by an ATP-dependent protein clamp: A key step in DNA transport by type II DNA topoisomerases

The binding of linear and circular forms of DNA to yeast DNA topoisomerase II or its complex with AMPPNP, the nonhydrolyzable beta,gamma-imido analog of ATP, was carried out to probe the ATP analog-induced conformational change of the enzyme. Binding of the ATP analog is shown to convert the enzyme to a circular clamp with an annulet, through which only a linear DNA can pass; subsequent circularization of the bound linear DNA forms a salt-stable catenane between the protein circular clamp and the DNA ring. Analysis of catenane formation between a small DNA ring originally bound to the topoisomerase and a large DNA ring subsequently added, under conditions such that the two do not exchange, supports a model in which a second DNA double-helix can enter the open jaws of a DNA-bound protein clamp, and the closure of the jaws upon ATP-binding traps the second duplex and transports it through an enzyme-operated gate in the first DNA duplex.
Fabrication and characteristics of tin-doped n-layers into gallium arsenide by an open-tube diffusion process

Abstract n+-Type diffusions have been made into gallium arsenide, using a chemical vapor deposited source of tin oxide in silicon dioxide as the dopant. The use of a phosphosilicate glass cap allowed open-tube diffusions to be carried out, and resulted in mirror-like surfaces. Shallow junctions, up to 0.4 μm in depth, have been obtained with ±10% reproducibility by this method. Evidence is presented for the formation of a “dead layer” by this process. Techniques were developed for its satisfactory removal. Resulting films had a carrier concentration of 1018/cm3 and an electron mobility of 2500 cm2/V-s, upon removal of this deal layer.
Integrated-circuit digital IߞRequirements and features of a logic family; RTL, DTL, and HTL devices logic families

The purpose of this article is to categorize the needs and desired features that a logic or system designer should consider when selecting a family of digital integrated circuits. The various major digital IC families are evaluated and compared with these needs in view. The intended results are that the reader will gain facility in IC technology, terminology, and usage in various areas of application. Part II of this article will cover transistor-transistor logic (TTL) devices. Part III is devoted to emitter-coupled logic (ECL) and metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices.
Treatment of co-occurring alcohol dependence and perpetration of intimate partner violence: The role of anger expression

The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of high self-reported anger on violence and substance use across treatment. Seventy-three, alcohol-dependent males, with a domestic violence arrest within the past year, completed baseline anger measures and engaged in a 12 week cognitive behavioral therapy or 12 step facilitation group. Monthly assessments of substance use and violence were completed. At baseline, participants high on anger expression reported more physical violence in the prior month and more violent arrests. Participants high on anger expression had a greater proportion of positive breathalyzers across treatment, higher frequency of reported drug use across treatment, and higher reported frequency of verbal violence at discharge. These findings suggests that participants who are high on anger expression may need longer-term or more intensive treatments to maintain gains made during treatment because of the increased risk of relapse to both substance use and violence.
Considerations for Use of Square-Paddle Resonators for Arrays of Micro- and Nanoscale Devices

Mechanically coupling microscale or nanoscale resonators in more than one dimension requires a departure from classic beam resonator designs. A square paddle resonator is a simple geometry that allows easy coupling into two-dimensional arrays. These resonators can have high quality factors in the fundamental vibration mode if operated in vacuum. In this paper we summarize the behavior of such a resonator and describe several design considerations. We develop an expression for the inter-resonator coupling in terms of coupling beam geometry, estimate energy dissipation due to a variety of physical mechanisms, and empirically determine the vibration amplitude at which geometric nonlinearity becomes significant. Future experimental studies can exploit the expressions presented here, which facilitate design of two-dimensional arrays of square-paddle resonators that will be useful for a variety of potential applications.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Measuring preferences with hybrid conjoint analysis: The impact of a different number of attributes in the master design

Abstract Experiments, using approximately 300 college seniors, were run to compare the cross-validations of a traditional conjoint model, two self-explicated models, and several hybrid conjoint models. This experiment varied both the number of respondents across which the hybrid task was aggregated and the number of attributes used to describe each concept. The hybrid conjoint model displayed strong cross-validation evidence. Furthermore, the sample sizes, across which the hybrid models were aggregated, had little impact on the predictive power of the hybrid models. Contrary to expectations, increasing the complexity of the design, i.e., the number of attributes in the profiles, did not lead to higher cross-validations for the hybrid models relative to the traditional conjoint model. Consistent with previous studies, segment-level hybrid models did not lead to higher cross-validations than corresponding aggregate models.
On the continuous operation of the vibrating orifice aerosol generator

Abstract Clogging of small orifices used in the Berglund-Liu vibrating orifice aerosol generator is often encountered. A pressure feed system using a 0.2 μm capsule filter with an initial flushing procedure has been developed to prevent particulate contamination and clogging of the orifice. The viability of the system developed is demonstrated for orifice sizes of 8.7 and 10μm using solutions of several compounds where the measured feed rates remained constant for several hours of operation.
Spherical Supramolecular Minidendrimers Self-Organized in an “Inverse Micellar”-like Thermotropic Body-Centered Cubic Liquid Crystalline Phase

An “inverse micellar”- or “water-in-oil”-like (similar to the lyotropic type III) thermotropic body-centered cubic (BCC) liquid crystal (LC) phase was discovered in a poly(ethyleneimine) with a degree of polymerization (DP) = 20 containing 3,4,5-tri(dodecyloxy)benzoyl minidendritic side groups. Fiber X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments show that the extinction symbol of this phase is I- - - and, alongside other evidence, suggested that the space group is Im3m (Q229). These results point to a supramolecular inverse micellar-like structure with the polymer backbone and the benzoyl groups aggregated into globules located at the corners and the center of the unit cell. The n-alkyl groups radiate out of the aromatic part of the globule and make up the continuos matrix of the lattice. The cubic unit cell parameter is a = 42.6 A. Upon shearing, the BCC phase aligns along the [111] direction. The BCC lyotropic Im3m inverse micellar phase of III type has not yet been observed and the experiments reported here wi...
Expression of ligands for Siglec-8 and Siglec-9 in human airways and airway cells

Background Balanced activation and inhibition of the immune system ensures pathogen clearance while avoiding hyperinflammation. Siglecs, sialic acid–binding proteins found on subsets of immune cells, often inhibit inflammation: Siglec-8 on eosinophils and Siglec-9 on neutrophils engage sialoglycan ligands on airways to diminish ongoing inflammation. The identities of human siglec ligands and their expression during inflammation are largely unknown. Objective The histologic distribution, expression, and molecular characteristics of siglec ligands were explored in healthy and inflamed human upper airways and in a cellular model of airway inflammation. Methods Normal and chronically inflamed upper airway tissues were stained for siglec ligands. The ligands were extracted from normal and inflamed tissues and from human Calu-3 cells for quantitative analysis by means of siglec blotting and isolation by means of siglec capture. Results Siglec-8 ligands were expressed on a subpopulation of submucosal gland cells of human inferior turbinate, whereas Siglec-9 ligands were expressed more broadly (submucosal glands, epithelium, and connective tissue); both were significantly upregulated in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Human airway (Calu-3) cells expressed Siglec-9 ligands on mucin 5B (MUC5B) under inflammatory control through the nuclear factor κB pathway, and MUC5B carried sialoglycan ligands of Siglec-9 on human upper airway tissue. Conclusion Inflammation results in upregulation of immune-inhibitory Siglec-8 and Siglec-9 sialoglycan ligands on human airways. Siglec-9 ligands are upregulated through the nuclear factor κB pathway, resulting in their enhanced expression on MUC5B. Siglec sialoglycan ligand expression in inflamed cells and tissues may contribute to the control of airway inflammation.
Refinement of Pu parent–daughter isotopic and concentration analysis for forensic (dating) purposes

Plutonium (Pu) metal samples from an interlaboratory exchange exercise and simulated swipe samples were dated using plutonium–uranium (Pu–U) and plutonium–americium (Pu–Am). Metal data were evaluated for consistency and the swipe data against its source material. Metal ages based on 239Pu versus 235U and 240Pu versus 236U agreed to within a few percent, while the 238Pu–234U and 241Pu–241Am measurements had larger uncertainties. Swipe ages compared favorably with the material’s known history. Neptunium (237Np) analyses were examined in the context of the 241Pu–241Am–237Np system to estimate whether Np can provide insights on material from which Am, Np, and U were removed.
On the static equilibria of branched elastic rods

Abstract Structures featuring rod-like bodies connected in a branched ensemble are ubiquitous. They appear in antennae, replicating DNA strands, and, most visibly, in the plant kingdom. In spite of this, modeling these branched structures using rod theories have received little attention in the literature. With the help of a general rod theory, which was originally developed by Green and Naghdi, balance laws for these structures are discussed. The governing equations established are then shown to be equivalent to variational principles for tree-like structures. These principles are adopted from works by Ivanov and Tuzhilin and may lead to the development of nonlinear stability criteria for these structures. It is also shown how the conditions at a branching point in these structures can be understood using recent interpretations of Eshelby’s work on material (configurational) forces in adhesion problems. The static configurations are illuminated for several structures using Euler’s theory of the elastica. Instances of multiple possible configurations and novel extensions to the classical problem of the tallest column are also discussed.
Human embryonic poly(A)-binding protein (EPAB) alternative splicing is differentially regulated in human oocytes and embryos

Oocyte maturation is associated with suppression of transcriptional activity. Consequently, gene expression during oocyte maturation, fertilization and early embryo development, until zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is primarily regulated by translational activation of maternally derived mRNAs. Embryonic poly(A)-binding protein (EPAB) is the predominant poly(A)-binding protein in Xenopus, mouse and human oocytes and early embryos prior to ZGA. EPAB plays a key role in polyadenylation-dependent translational activation of mRNAs by stabilizing polyadenylated mRNAs and by stimulating their translation. Epab-knockout female mice are sterile, fail to generate mature oocytes and display impaired cumulus expansion and ovulation. Consistent with its role during gametogenesis and early embryo development, Xenopus and mouse Epab mRNA is expressed exclusively in oocytes and early embryos, and is undetectable following ZGA or in somatic tissues. Herein, we demonstrate that although EPAB is expressed in human somatic tissues, its transcripts largely consist of an alternatively spliced form lacking the first 58 bp of exon 8, which leads to the formation of a premature stop codon 6 amino acids downstream on exon 8, and omission of the functionally critical poly(A)-binding domain. Moreover, 8-cell and blastocyst stage human embryos also express only the alternatively spliced form of EPAB. On the other hand, the full-length form of EPAB mRNA is exclusively expressed in oocytes. In conclusion, in contrast with the transcriptional regulation in Xenopus and mouse, oocyte- and early embryo-specific expression of EPAB in human is regulated by a post-transcriptional mechanism.
Discriminant analysis of physiological differences between good and elite distance runners.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate and quantify physiological differences among groups of distance runners. The subjects included 20 elite distance runners (8 marathon, 12 middle-long distance) and 8 good runners. Working capacity and cardiorespiratory function were determined by submaximal and maximal treadmill tests, and body composition by hydrostatic weighing. The variables studied were maximum oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2 max), [Vdot]O2 submax, lactic acid submax, lean body weight, and fat weight. MANOVA showed that the good runners differed from the elite runners (p < 0.01) and the elite marathon runners differed from the elite middle-long distance runners (p < 0.05). Discriminant analysis showed that both functions were significant. The first was a general physiological efficiency factor that separated the good and elite runners. The second separated the elite marathon and middle-long distance groups. The second function showed that the marathon runners had lower lactic acid subm...
Perspectives on sociolinguistic variation (Review article)

This chapter [of Sociolinguistic patterns – RWF] will deal with the study of language structure and evolution within the social context of the speech community. The linguistic topics to be considered here cover the area usually named “general linguistics,” dealing with phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics (Labov 1972:184). Surely, this is too narrow a conception of the role of sociolinguistic research (Romaine 1982:6).
Estimation of adaptive encoding in the visual pathway

A recursive estimation approach is presented in which functional relationships between stimulus and neuronal response can be continuously tracked in the visual pathway. In the natural setting, visual neurons are under constant control from adaptation mechanisms that are striving to maintain sensitivity in response to drastic changes in the luminance distribution as the eyes saccade across complex scenes. This continual control affects not only the sensitivity, but also the basic strategy by which information about the outside world is being encoded, which is clearly reflected in the spatiotemporal receptive field properties. The recursive approach presented demonstrates that the effects or these adaptation mechanisms on the underlying encoding process can be continually tracked in experimentally obtained neuronal responses. Characterizing the constantly evolving dynamics of the encoding mechanisms might be the key to understanding visual processing of natural scenes.
Challenges and opportunities in search and retrieval for media databases

It is obvious that technological advances continue their rapid progress and are making media databases (databases containing not only text and numbers but maps, graphs, images, audio and video) quite feasible. We outline requirements for search and retrieval in media databases and address research challenges needed to solve this challenging problem.
An efficient method for the retrieval of objects by topological relations in spatial database systems

In this paper, we present a new method to improve the performance of query processing in a spatial database. The previous approach can process the retrieval of spatial objects by topological relations using R-tree structures based on minimum bounding rectangles. In our approach, we add internal rectangle to the leaf nodes of the R-tree as additional information for helping objects retrieval. As a result, the number of false hits can be reduced and part of the true hits can be identified at the early stage of searching. The experiments demonstrated that the performance of database systems can be improved because both the number of objects accessed and the number of objects requiring detailed inspection are much less than those in the previous approach.
Are meningeal hemangiopericytoma and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma the same?: a study of HEY1-NCOA2 fusion.

Objectives Meningeal hemangiopericytoma (HPC) and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma are aggressive neoplasms with a propensity to involve the meninges and dura. In addition to similar clinical presentations, both meningeal HPC and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma share overlapping morphologic features, including ovoid cells, variable collagen deposition, and a branching vascular pattern. Recently, a novel HEY1-NCOA2 fusion was reported as a recurrent event in mesenchymal chondrosarcomas. Methods Thirteen mesenchymal chondrosarcomas and 18 meningeal HPCs were identified from surgical pathology archives, and the tumors were evaluated for HEY1-NCOA2 fusion with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results HEY1-NCOA2 fusion transcript was detected in all six cases of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma but in none of the meningeal HPC cases (0/11) that were evaluable with RT-PCR. Conclusions These results show that (1) meningeal HPC and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma are distinct at the molecular level, and (2) the identification of HEY1-NCOA2 can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool to differentiate these entities.
An Experimental and Theoretical Conformational Study of a Series of Substituted 3-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones

A series of novel 3-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives with substituents on the 2-phenyl ring were synthesized, and a study of their solid state and solution conformations was effected. In solution the thiazolidin-4-one ring preferred the C2 phenyl in a pseudo-equatorial orientation and the solid state indicated a preference for the C2 phenyl being in a pseudo-axial orientation. Less robust substituent chemical shift (SCS) correlations utilizing 13C NMR were observed in this instance than in prior studies. Molecular modeling studies using Moller-Plessett second-order perturbation theory (MP2) indicate that the thiazolidinone ring and cyclohexyl ring conformations exhibit a global minimum consistent with the solution studies.
Cause of tropical Pacific warming trend

Combining observations and model simulations, the equatorial upper ocean heat budget is closed to diagnose the cause of the 1945-93 sea surface temperature (SST) trend. The equatorial Pacific SST exhibits a clear warming trend, in spite of a cooling trend in the net downward surface heat flux. This warming is caused primarily by the reduction of wind-driven cold ocean current.