cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontological Arguments for God's Existence

One of the most fascinating arguments for the existence of an all-perfect God is the ontological argument. Unlike the design arguments for God's existence, which are empirical in character, the ontological argument is a conceptual argument, purporting to soundly deduce the existence of an all-perfect God from the very concept of God. While there are several different versions of the argument, all purport to show that it is self-contradictory to deny that there exists a greatest possible being; indeed, the character of the ontological argument is such that it is as much a contradiction to deny that God exists as it is to assert that there are married bachelors or square circles. Thus, on this general line of argument, it is a necessary truth that such a being exists – and this being is, of course, the God of traditional theism. This entry explains and evaluates classic and contemporary versions of the ontological argument.
The effect of flow data resolution on sediment yield estimation and channel design

Summary The decision to use either daily-averaged or sub-daily streamflow records has the potential to impact the calculation of sediment transport metrics and stream channel design. Using bedload and suspended load sediment transport measurements collected at 138 sites across the United States, we calculated the effective discharge, sediment yield, and half-load discharge using sediment rating curves over long time periods (median record length = 24 years) with both daily-averaged and sub-daily streamflow records. A comparison of sediment transport metrics calculated with both daily-average and sub-daily stream flow data at each site showed that daily-averaged flow data do not adequately represent the magnitude of high stream flows at hydrologically flashy sites. Daily-average stream flow data cause an underestimation of sediment transport and sediment yield (including the half-load discharge) at flashy sites. The degree of underestimation was correlated with the level of flashiness and the exponent of the sediment rating curve. No consistent relationship between the use of either daily-average or sub-daily streamflow data and the resultant effective discharge was found. When used in channel design, computed sediment transport metrics may have errors due to flow data resolution, which can propagate into design slope calculations which, if implemented, could lead to unwanted aggradation or degradation in the design channel. This analysis illustrates the importance of using sub-daily flow data in the calculation of sediment yield in urbanizing or otherwise flashy watersheds. Furthermore, this analysis provides practical charts for estimating and correcting these types of underestimation errors commonly incurred in sediment yield calculations.
Optimized Repopulation of Tendon Hydrogel: Synergistic Effects of Growth Factor Combinations and Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Background: Tendon-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel has been shown to augment tendon healing in vivo. We hypothesized that reseeding of the gel with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) cou...
Related issues in phase 0 clinical trials in research and development of investigational new drugs

In this paper,phase 0 clinical trials were systemically described and analyzed based on the background,research thinking and methods in research and development of investigational new drugs.The new skills of international pharmaceutical companies could improve research and development of new drugs more rapidly and steadily.
Condensate energy saving control technology based on pressure self-adaptive

Based on pressure self-adaptive,a condensate energy saving control technology was proposed.By improving condensate pump and deaerator level control strategy,the fluctuation of condensate pump outlet pressure and deaerator level became small.By decreasing the outlet pressure set point of condensate pump around the constrained condition of operators,the current of condensate pump was also decreased.The application of a 1000 MW unit shows that the strategy can achieve good energy saving results.The comprehensive energy saving efficiency can be increased 10%～30%.
Hans Zinsser: a tale of two cultures.

Abstract Hans Zinsser, president of the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1926, was known as much for his literary and textbook writing as for his scientific contributions. He was a widely known scientist and person of letters. His early interests in poetry and other forms of literature were maintained and developed during his career as a microbiologist, and his most enduring legacy is based on his writing about microbiology for a general readership as well as his reflective and philosophical autobiography.
Groupwise Segmentation with Multi-atlas Joint Label Fusion

Groupwise segmentation that simultaneously segments a set of images and ensures that the segmentations for the same structure of interest from different images are consistent usually can achieve better performance than segmenting each image independently. Our main contribution is that we adopt the groupwise segmentation framework to improve the performance of multi-atlas label fusion. We develop a novel statistical model to allow this extension. Comparing to previous atlas propagation and groupwise segmentation work, one key novelty of our method is that the error produced during label propagation is explicitly addressed in the joint label fusion framework. Experiments on hippocampus segmentation in magnetic resonance images show the effectiveness of the new groupwise segmentation technique.
MICROELECTRONICS PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS, ASSEMBLY RELIABILITY, AND PROGNOSTICS

This paper reviews the industry roadmaps on commercial-off-the shelf (COTS) microelectronics packaging technologies covering the current trends toward further reducing size and increasing functionality. Due to the breadth of work being performed in this field, this paper presents only a number of key packaging technologies. The topics for each category were down-selected by reviewing reports of industry roadmaps including the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS) and by surveying publications of the International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) and the roadmap of association connecting electronics industry (IPC). The paper also summarizes the findings of numerous articles and websites that allotted to the emerging and trends in microelectronics packaging technologies. A brief discussion was presented on packaging hierarchy from die to package and to system levels. Key elements of reliability for packaging assemblies were presented followed by reliabilty definition from a probablistic failure perspective. An example was present for showing conventional reliability approach using Monte Carlo simulation results for a number of plastic ball grid array (PBGA). The simulation results were compared to experimental thermal cycle test data. Prognostic health monitoring (PHM) methods, a growing field for microelectronics packaging technologies, were briefly discussed. The artificial neural network (ANN), a data-driven PHM, was discussed in details. Finally, it presented inter- and extra-polations using ANN simulation for thermal cycle test data of PBGA and ceramic BGA (CBGA) assemblies.
Organizational Data Mining (ODM): An Introduction

An increasing number of organizations are struggling to overcome “information paralysis” — there is so much data available that it is difficult to understand what is and is not relevant. In addition, managerial intuition and instinct are more prevalent than hard facts in driving organizational decisions. Organizational Data Mining (ODM) is defined as leveraging data mining tools and technologies to enhance the decision-making process by transforming data into valuable and actionable knowledge to gain a competitive advantage (Nemati & Barko, 2001). The fundamentals of ODM can be categorized into three fields: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Information Technology (IT), and Organizational Theory (OT), with OT being the core differentiator between ODM and data mining. We take a brief look at the current status of ODM research and how a sample of organizations is benefiting. Next we examine the evolution of ODM and conclude our chapter by contemplating its challenging yet opportunistic future. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Organizational Data Mining: Leveraging Enterprise Data Resources for Optimal Performance, edited by Hamid R. Nemati and Christopher D. Barko. Copyright © 2004, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Exciton Induced Phase Coherent Photorefraction in ZnSeSingle Quantum Wells

We investigate an exciton resonant phase coherent photorefractive effect in ZnSe single quantum wells using ultrashort light pulses. The microscopic origin of the observed effect is attributed to the formation of an electron grating that is induced by the interference of coherent excitons. The coherent nature of this effect can be used to preserve phase and polarization of incident light fields that do not overlap in time.
American Autobiography: The Changing Critical Canon

(1994). American Autobiography: The Changing Critical Canon. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 9, Canons and Traditions, pp. 167-180.
From constitutional listening to constitutional learning

In this article, I point out some limitations of Michael Dowdle’s “listening” model, particularly its basis in the “principle of charity.” I try to show that listening, as well as the principle of charity, are inadvertently passive and one-sided exercises that seem to have little similarity to the deeply self-transformative “learning” Dowdle urges us to undertake. I go on to suggest other ways of accomplishing the goals Dowdle sets for this project. Specifically, I develop the “self-reflexive approach” to think about how we might change ourselves—our conversations, our terms, our concerns—in addition to, and in the process of, learning from others. I argue that we must go beyond an expansion of the term constitutionalis m, to consider its replacement: the Chinese conversation is not a case study that exhibits features predictable by already-existing (and largely Western-centric) models of legal understanding, but stands as itself an important source of socio-political theory that can contribute to solving larger puzzles within political- and social-scientific analysis more generally, including democratic theory and Chinese politics.
“Leveling the playing field” in the contested Territory of the South African past: A “public” versus a “people’s” form of historical archaeology outreach

In South Africa, the legacy of colonialism and apartheid includes a history of partisan concepts of ethnic and social identity. The long charged, sociopolitical context has also affected research questions, as well as public interpretations, about the past. Today, there are calls for a new past for the new South Africa. Historical archaeology can provide both a methodology and raw materials which South Africans can use to form their own interpretations of their past helping, in turn, to engender pride through a historical consciousness emancipated from colonial and apartheid ideology. This article presents an overview of this complex and changing research context and its implications for a historical archaeology study of South African frontier identity. Research and “public” archaeology efforts concerning material and mythical perspectives of ethnicity are discussed. Employed in a cross-context comparison with African-American research, this study highlights the need for decolonized historical archaeology outreach.
Revised Guidelines Increase Specificity of Diagnostic Criteria for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Updated guidelines for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) refine diagnostic criteria that were previously issued in 2005. Neurobehavioral impairment, the main disability in FASD, is now required for diagnosis of three of the four FASD subtypes proposed by the Institute of Medicine. Also, domains of neurobehavioral impairment to be assessed are specified. Other improvements include a more detailed definition of prenatal alcohol exposure, a description of resources for reference data on prenatal and postnatal growth and guidance for evaluating craniofacial and other physical abnormalities characteristic of FASD. The validity of the updated diagnostic approach needs to be assessed to determine its accuracy and reliability for diagnosing FASD.
Sustainable Building Attributes that Contribute to Employees' Productivity — From the Tenant Perspective

In this study, I ask office building tenants whether a building's environments would impact their productivity at the workplace. Multilevel logistic regression analysis is employed to identify whic...
H-2 effects on cell-cell interactions in the response to single non-h-2 alloantigens. Iii. Evidence for a second ir-gene system mapping in the h-2k and h-2d regions.

Mice expressing mutant H-2Kb alleles were tested for their ability to generate cytotoxic effector T-cells specific for the non-H-2 histocompatibility alloantigen H-4.2. Cytotoxic effectors specific for H-4.2 are preferentially restricted by the Kb allele. Mutant Kb alleles were observed to differentially regulate the magnitude of the H-4.2-specific cytotoxic effector response. Mice expressing the Kbm5, Kbm6, Kbm7, and Kbm9 alleles generated cytotoxic T-cells to the same level as mice expressing the wild-type Kb allele. Kbm8 and Kbm11 responders generated intermediate levels of effectors, whereas Kbm1, Kbm3, and Kbm10 responders did not generate detectable levels of cytotoxic effectors. Kbm4 responders produced high levels of H-4.2-specific cytotoxic effectors that were variably reactive with wild-type Kb antigens with no H-4.2. The ability to generate H-4.2-specific effectors generally correlated with (1) the ability of mutant Kb molecules to present H-4.2 to wild-type Kb-restricted effectors, and (2) the position of the respective amino acid interchanges on the Kb molecule. Mutations that altered the amino acid sequence in the vicinity of the disulfide bond in the C1 domain had the greatest deleterious effects on Kb-controlled responsiveness to H-4.2. The only exception was the Kbm11 intermediate responder, which differs from Kbm3 in both responsiveness and in a single amino acid interchange. Therefore, the amino acid sequence in the vicinity of the disulfide bond in the C1 domain plays a prominent role in determining the H-4.2-specific immune response potential. These observations are the first to clearly demonstrate association between particular MHC gene product, amino acid sequences and immune responsiveness.
New pro-resolving n-3 mediators bridge resolution of infectious inflammation to tissue regeneration.

While protective, the acute inflammatory response when uncontrolled can lead to further tissue damage and chronic inflammation that is now widely recognized to play important roles in many commonly occurring diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and many other diseases of significant public health concern. The ideal response to initial challenges of the host is complete resolution of the acute inflammatory response, which is now recognized to be a biosynthetically active process governed by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). These chemically distinct families include lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins that are biosynthesized from essential fatty acids. The biosynthesis and complete stereochemical assignments of the major SPM are established, and new profiling procedures have recently been introduced to document the activation of these pathways in vivo with isolated cells and in human tissues. The active resolution phase leads to tissue regeneration, where we've recently identified new molecules that communicate during resolution of inflammation to activate tissue regeneration in model organisms. This review presents an update on the documentation of the roles of SPMs and the biosynthesis and structural elucidation of novel mediators that stimulate tissue regeneration, coined conjugates in tissue regeneration. The identification and actions of the three families, maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTR), protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration (PCTR), and resolvin conjugates in tissue regeneration (RCTR), are reviewed here. The identification, structural elucidation and the pathways and biosynthesis of these new mediators in tissue regeneration demonstrate the host capacity to protect from collateral tissue damage, stimulate clearance of bacteria and debris, and promote tissue regeneration via endogenous pathways and molecules in the resolution metabolome.
Study of a fifth order synthesized combline filter for a self-structuring filter prototype

This work presents the study of a 5 GHz synthesized Chebyshev combline filter and its potential use in a self-structuring filter prototype. The self-structuring filter prototype will be a system where the center frequency and bandwidth can be controlled by an algorithm to produce the desired bandpass filter response. The impact of tuning capacitances on the insertion loss, 3 dB bandwidth and percent bandwidth of a combline topology with tapped input/output resonators was determined using linear and electromagnetic (EM) simulations. Linear simulations show that the center frequency can be tuned from 3.7 to 6.4 GHz using the static capacitance values of 1.24 to 0.31 pF for the SMV1430-079LF varactor.
AARBAC: Attribute-Based Administration of Role-Based Access Control

Administrative Role-Based Access Control (ARBAC) models deal with how to manage user-role assignments (URA), permission-role assignments (PRA), and role- role assignments (RRA). A wide-variety of approaches have been proposed in the literature for URA, PRA, and RRA. In this paper, we propose attribute-based administrative models that unify many prior approaches for URA and PRA. The motivating factor is that attributes of various RBAC entities such as admin users, regular users and permissions can be used to administer URA and PRA in a highly-flexible manner. We develop an attribute-based URA model called AURA and an attribute-based PRA model called ARPA. We demonstrate that AURA and ARPA can express and unify many prior URA and PRA models.
Patterns of depressive symptom remission during the treatment of seasonal affective disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy or light therapy.

Background To elucidate mechanisms related to remission in winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD), we explored the course of individual depressive symptom offset across two distinct treatment modalities that show comparable outcomes at treatment endpoint: cognitive-behavioral therapy for SAD (CBT-SAD) and light therapy (LT). Method One hundred seventy-seven adults with SAD in a depressive episode were randomized to 6-weeks of CBT-SAD (n = 88) or LT (n = 89). Symptoms were assessed via the 29-item Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-SAD Version (SIGH-SAD) at pretreatment and weekly during treatment. Survival analyses were conducted for the 17 SIGH-SAD items endorsed by more than 40 participants at pretreatment. Within each of the included symptoms, data from participants who endorsed the symptom at pretreatment and who had 3 or fewer weeks missing were included. Results For most (13/17; 76%) symptoms, CBT-SAD and LT did not differ in time to remission. However, for four symptoms (early insomnia, psychic anxiety, hypersomnia, and social withdrawal), LT led to symptom remission more quickly than CBT-SAD. Conclusions Symptom remission progressed comparably across CBT-SAD and LT for most symptoms. Despite the fact that the two treatments led to similar remission rates and improvements at treatment endpoint, for early insomnia, psychic anxiety, hypersomnia, and social withdrawal, LT led to symptom remission faster than CBT-SAD. These results suggest different mechanisms and pathways to the same therapeutic end. Speedier remission of early insomnia and hypersomnia is consistent with the theory that SAD is related to a pathological circadian phase-shift that can be corrected with LT.
Generating better decision trees

A new decision tree learning algorithm called IDX is described. More general than existing algorithms, IDX addresses issues of decision tree quality largely overlooked in the artificial intelligence and machine learning literature. Decision tree size, error rate, and expected classification cost are just a few of the quality measures it can exploit. Furthermore, decision trees of varying quality can be induced simply by adjusting the complexity of the algorithm. Quality should be addressed during decision tree construction since retrospective pruning of the tree, or of a derived rule set, may be unable to compensate for inferior splitting decisions. The complexity of the algorithm, the basis for the heuristic it embodies, and the results of three different sets of experiments are described.
Radiation Safety Knowledge and Perceptions among Residents: A Potential Improvement Opportunity for Graduate Medical Education in the United States

Rationale and Objectives To investigate residents' knowledge of adverse effects of ionizing radiation, frequency of their education on radiation safety, and their use of radioprotective equipment. Materials and Methods Residents from 15/16 residency programs at Emory University were asked to complete a resident radiation safety survey through SurveyMonkey®. The associations between the residents' knowledge and use of radioprotective equipment with residents' specialty and year of training were investigated. Results Response rate was 32.5% (173/532 residents). Thirty-nine percent residents reported radiation safety is discussed in their residency curriculum at least every 6 months. Ninety-five percent believed in a link between radiation exposure and development of cancer. Overall and Radiology residents' knowledge about specific estimated dose effects (correct responses) was limited: radiation dose associated with fetus brain malformation in pregnancy (10% vs. 26%), risk of developing cataract in interventional personnel (27% vs. 47%), lifetime risk of cancer mortality from a single abdominal computed tomography (CT) in children (22% vs. 29%), greater radiosensitivity of children compared to adults (35% vs. 50%), and relative radiation dose from an abdominal CT compared to a chest x-ray (51% vs. 48%). Radiology residents had modestly higher knowledge. There was no significant difference in residents' knowledge across their postgraduate training years. Use of lead thyroid shields was reported by 86% (97% radiology vs. 80% nonradiology; P = .03) and radiation-monitoring badges in 39% (68% radiology vs. 15% nonradiology; P Conclusions Although radiology residents scored higher, knowledge of radiation safety for patients and healthcare workers is limited among residents regardless of medical specialty. These findings emphasize the need for educational initiatives.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) abolishes chronic high salt-induced renal injury and inflammation.

Aim Chronic high salt intake exaggerates renal injury and inflammation, especially with the loss of functional ETB receptors. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is a chemical chaperone and bile salt that is approved for the treatment of hepatic diseases. Our aim was to determine whether TUDCA is reno-protective in a model of ETB receptor deficiency with chronic high salt-induced renal injury and inflammation. Methods ETB -deficient and transgenic control rats were placed on normal (0.8% NaCl) or high salt (8% NaCl) diet for 3 weeks, receiving TUDCA (400 mg/kg/d; ip) or vehicle. Histological and biochemical markers of kidney injury, renal cell death and renal inflammation were assessed. Results In ETB -deficient rats, high salt diet significantly increased glomerular and proximal tubular histological injury, proteinuria, albuminuria, excretion of tubular injury markers KIM-1 and NGAL, renal cortical cell death and renal CD4+ T cell numbers. TUDCA treatment increased proximal tubule megalin expression as well as prevented high salt diet-induced glomerular and tubular damage in ETB -deficient rats, as indicated by reduced kidney injury markers, decreased glomerular permeability and proximal tubule brush border restoration, as well as reduced renal inflammation. However, TUDCA had no significant effect on blood pressure. Conclusions TUDCA protects against the development of glomerular and proximal tubular damage, decreases renal cell death and inflammation in the renal cortex in rats with ETB receptor dysfunction on a chronic high salt diet. These results highlight the potential use of TUDCA as a preventive tool against chronic high salt induced renal damage.
Was Tulsa’s Brady Street really renamed? Racial (in)justice, memory-work and the neoliberal politics of practicality

In 2013, the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma ‘renamed’ Brady Street in its downtown arts district to M.B. Brady Street and designated the road as Reconciliation Way to rid itself of ties to Wyatt ‘Tate’ Br...
Identification of a novel missense mutation in Friedreich's ataxia -FXNW168R.

Friedreich's ataxia, characterized by decreased expression of frataxin protein, is caused by GAA trinucleotide repeats within intron 1 in 98% of patients. Two percent of patients carry GAA repeats in conjunction with a point mutation. In this work, we find that frataxinW168R, a novel disease-causing missense mutation, is expressed predominantly as the intermediate frataxin42-210 form, with very little expression of mature frataxin81-210 form. Its localization to mitochondria is not impaired. Additionally, increasing frataxinW168R precursor levels do not lead to an increase in mature frataxin levels, suggesting these patients will require alternative approaches to repair frataxin processing in order to treat the disorder in a disease-modifying manner.
THE ROLE OF ACCELEROMETER AND GYROSCOPE SENSORS IN IDENTIFICATION OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional state between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Early and reliable detection of MCI is important for early treatment. In this study, we propose a novel application of machine learning to improve the diagnosis of MCI. We investigated the role of accelerometer and gyroscope sensor data during a 60-meter total walk-turn-walk activity for enhancing diagnosis. We also demonstrated a feature selection algorithm for a better classification of MCI from cognitively healthy (CH) aging using the sensor-derived features. Our classification accuracy is 0.88 ± 0.12 with the dataset from 53 older participants (71.58 ± 11.36 years; 27 MCI and 26 CH), which is a higher classification accuracy than only using the administered neuropsychological measures. A smartwatch-based assessment system serves the criteria of mobility, reliability, and easy assessment. This study indicates that sensor-derived parameters have the potential to support early identification of cognitive impairment.
Federico Finchelstein, Del fascismo al populismo en la historia, Buenos Aires, Taurus, 2018, 352pp.

Revista de Historia, N° 19, Diciembre 2018, pp. 247-252 Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. ISSN-e 2591-3190 http://revele.uncoma.edu.ar/htdoc/revele/index.php/historia/index RESENAS Federico Finchelstein, Del fascismo al populismo en la historia, Buenos Aires, Taurus, 2018, 352pp. Maria del Consuelo Carmen Perez.
Molecular and mechanical signals determine morphogenesis of the cerebral hemispheres in the chicken embryo.

ABSTRACT During embryonic development, the telecephalon undergoes extensive growth and cleaves into right and left cerebral hemispheres. Although molecular signals have been implicated in this process and linked to congenital abnormalities, few studies have examined the role of mechanical forces. In this study, we quantified morphology, cell proliferation and tissue growth in the forebrain of chicken embryos during Hamburger-Hamilton stages 17-21. By altering embryonic cerebrospinal fluid pressure during development, we found that neuroepithelial growth depends on not only chemical morphogen gradients but also mechanical feedback. Using these data, as well as published information on morphogen activity, we developed a chemomechanical growth law to mathematically describe growth of the neuroepithelium. Finally, we constructed a three-dimensional computational model based on these laws, with all parameters based on experimental data. The resulting model predicts forebrain shapes consistent with observations in normal embryos, as well as observations under chemical or mechanical perturbation. These results suggest that molecular and mechanical signals play important roles in early forebrain morphogenesis and may contribute to the development of congenital malformations.
Integration of a Multichannel Pulsed-Valve Inlet System to a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer for the Rapid Consecutive Introduction of Nine Reagents for Diagnostic Ion/Molecule Reactions

Gas-phase ion/molecule reactions have been used extensively for the structural elucidation of organic compounds in tandem mass spectrometry. Reagents for ion/molecule reactions can be introduced into a mass spectrometer via a continuous flow apparatus or through a pulsed inlet system. However, most of these approaches enable the use of only a single reagent at a time. In this work, a multichannel pulsed-valve inlet system was developed for the rapid consecutive introduction of up to nine different reagents or reagent systems into a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for diagnostic gas-phase ion/molecule reactions. Automated triggering of the pulsed valves enabled these experiments to be performed on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) time scale. This enables high-throughput screening of several functionalities in analytes as they elute from an HPLC column.
We Can Do It: A Community Takes on the Challenge of School Desegregation. By Michael T. Gengler. (New York, NY: RosettaBooks, 2018. Pp. xvi, 558. $24.99.)

In this highly informative book, Mr. Gengler tells a gripping story concerning Alachua County, Florida, in which he grew up against the backdrop of school desegregation—both before and after the Br...
High-efficiency ultra trace detection of 85Kr

We have implemented a new laser-based detection scheme for the rare krypton isotopes. Extensions of this technique to suitably chosen isotopes of other elements produced far off stability at the new radioactive beam facilities are possible.
Impact of Using Uniform Attenuation Coefficients for Heterogeneously Dense Breasts in a Dedicated Breast PET/X-Ray Scanner

We investigated PET image quantification when using a uniform attenuation coefficient ( $\mu $ ) for attenuation correction (AC) of anthropomorphic density phantoms derived from high-resolution breast CT scans. A breast PET system was modeled with perfect data corrections except for AC. Using uniform $\mu $ for AC resulted in quantitative errors roughly proportional to the difference between $\mu $ used in AC ( $\mu _{\mathrm{ AC}}$ ) and local $\mu $ , yielding approximately ± 5% bias, corresponding to the variation of $\mu $ for 511-keV photons in breast tissue. Global bias was lowest when uniform $\mu _{\mathrm{ AC}}$ was equal to the phantom mean $\mu $ ( $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ ). Local bias in 10-mm spheres increased as the sphere $\mu $ deviated from $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ , but remained only 2%–3% when the $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ was 6.5% higher than $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ . Bias varied linearly with and was roughly proportional to local $\mu $ mismatch. Minimizing local bias, e.g., in a small sphere, required the use of a uniform $\mu $ value between the local $\mu $ and the $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ . Thus, biases from using uniform- $\mu $ AC are low when local $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ is close to $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ . As the $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ increasingly differs from the phantom $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ , bias increases, and the optimal uniform $\mu $ is less predictable, having a value between $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ and the phantom $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ .
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Measured by Point-of-Care Ultrasound and MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ultrasound (US) measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and optic nerve diameter (OND) is a method frequently used to screen for an increased intracranial pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of US measurements of ONSD and OND, when compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements as the criterion standard. METHODS In this prospective, single-institution study, orbital US was performed for those patients requiring an emergent brain MRI. ONSD and OND of both eyes were measured in the axial and coronal planes in straight gaze by US. ONSD and OND from brain and orbital MRI were measured by two neuroradiologists. Correlation and agreement between readings were assessed using Pearson's correlations. RESULTS Eighty-two patients met inclusion criteria. The mean axial and coronal ONSD in the MRI examinations was 5.6 and 5.7 mm at 3-5.9 mm behind the globe, respectively. The mean ONSD from the US measurements was 6.22 and 5.52 mm in the axial and coronal planes, respectively. The mean OND in US examinations was 4.31 mm (axial) and 3.68 mm (coronal). Axial versus coronal measurements of ONSD had a modest correlation in US assessment with an r2 of .385 (P < .001) but there were no correlations between any of the US and MRI measurements. CONCLUSIONS In measuring ONSD and OND, US measurements showed a modest correlation between axial and coronal measurements, but no concordance was found between US and MRI in our setting.
Benefit of Routine Cystoscopy at Time Uncomplicated Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Study Objective To demonstrate the value of routine cystoscopy for evaluation of bladder injury at time of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Design Video abstract. Setting Minimally invasive gynecologic surgery department at an academic community hospital. Patients or Participants Patients who underwent an uncomplicated total laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding and fibroids. Interventions Routine cystoscopy following a seemingly uncomplicated total laparoscopic hysterectomy with primary repair of bladder after unanticipated thermal bladder injury noted. Measurements and Main Results Following total laparoscopic hysterectomy, visual inspection of the pelvis did not reveal any injuries to the bladder or ureters. At time of routine cystoscopy, a Conclusion Recommendation for routine cystoscopy following laparoscopic hysterectomies to adequately assess for possible thermal bladder injury that otherwise would be undetected with visual inspection.
Multiple-dynamic-scaling output-feedback control for uncertain strict-feedback-like systems with input unmodeled dynamics

A general class of uncertain strict-feedback-like nonlinear systems with dynamic input nonlinearities is considered. The addressed nonlinear system structure can be viewed as a nominal system of strict-feedback-like form with its input signal given by an uncertain nonlinear function coupled with an uncertain nonlinear time-varying input unmodeled dynamics. The proposed controller is based on a scaling-based redesign of the dual dynamic high-gain scaling based output-feedback control design for strict-feedback-like systems. The scaling-based redesign introduces a dynamic state extension and an additional dynamic scaling based on a singular-perturbation-like structure to address the nonlinear uncertain dynamic input perturbation. The proposed approach provides a globally stabilizing output-feedback control design that is robust to the uncertain input unmodeled dynamics and functional and parameteric uncertainties allowed in the system structure.
Isolating blocks near the collinear relative equilibria of the three-body problem

The collinear relative equilibrium solutions are among the few explicitly known periodic solutions of the Newtonian three-body problem. When the energy and angular momentum constants are varied slightly, these unstable periodic orbits become normally hyperbolic invariant spheres whose stable and unstable manifolds form separatrices in the integral manifolds. The goal of this paper is to construct simple isolating blocks for these invariant spheres analogous to those introduced by Conley in the restricted three-body problem. This allows continuation of the invariant set and the separatrices to energies and angular momenta far from those of the relative equilibrium.
Incidence and clinical consequence of the purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin

Objective: To determine the incidence, risk factors, and long-term sequelae of the purple glove syndrome (PGS) in hospital patients receiving IV phenytoin. Background: PGS is a poorly understood, potentially serious local complication of IV phenytoin administration characterized by progressive distal limb edema, discoloration, and pain. Methods: The pharmacologic records of the Mayo Foundation hospitals were reviewed to identify 179 consecutive patients who had IV phenytoin ordered during a 3-month period. Their hospital records were then reviewed to confirm IV phenytoin treatment, the frequency of PGS (defined as the progressive development of edema, discoloration, and pain in the limb after administration of IV phenytoin), and the outcome of PGS. Results: A total of 152 patients received IV phenytoin, and nine (5.9%) developed PGS. PGS patients received a greater median initial dose of phenytoin, total 24-hour dose, and total number of doses (all p p Conclusions: PGS is not rare and elderly patients and individuals receiving large, multiple doses are particularly at risk. This iatrogenic complication may be preventable by substituting fosphenytoin for IV phenytoin.
Production and Profitability Responses to Alternative Protein Sources and Levels in Broiler Rations

Profitability of using alternative protein sources in broiler feed is investigated through the development of a two-stage mathematical program that optimizes broiler production. A case study of peanut meal vs. soybean meal is examined. Value of marginal product concepts incorporated in this model permit analysis of demand adjustments before decisions on the production process occur. Given reported input and output prices, results indicate that soybean meal is generally more profitable than peanut meal. Peanut meal can be more profitable at higher dietary protein levels fed to broilers processed into whole carcass or at relatively higher prices for soybean meal.
Geach, Aristotle and Predicate Logics

Geach's account of the Aristotelian logic of categorical sentences supplemented the views shared by Frege, Russell, Quine and others. I argue that this particular predicate logic approach and Geach's points apply to only one variety of natural language categorical sentences. For example, it takes the universal categorical as a universal conditional “If anything is a man, then it is mortal”. A different natural language form can and should be invoked: “Every man is a mortal.” Employing special restricted quantifiers in a version of predicate logic, we justify a full square of opposition and the rules of quality and quantity that Geach rejected.1
Constraints to the Embrace of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) by Beneficiary African States

The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) aims at liberalising trade between Africa and the United States of America (US). Since 1 October 2000 when the Act became effective, the US has annually chronicled the performance of AGOA in a way that gives it a success rating. The assessment is based on an increased volume of trade between the US and Africa. A scrutiny of the so-called success story shows that this has been premised on transactions that were not strictly on AGOA trade items. Because African states have been severely constrained by AGOA conditionalities, they are unable to fully embrace AGOA to make transactions to be judged by trades in core AGOA commodities. This being so, AGOA cannot be said to be doing well. This article evaluates these constraints. AFRICA INSIGHT Vol 42 (1) – June 2012
Redefining the Viral Reservoirs that Prevent HIV-1 Eradication

This Perspective proposes definitions for key terms in the field of HIV-1 latency and eradication. In the context of eradication, a reservoir is a cell type that allows persistence of replication-competent HIV-1 on a timescale of years in patients on optimal antiretroviral therapy. Reservoirs act as a barrier to eradication in the patient population in which cure attempts will likely be made. Halting viral replication is essential to eradication, and definitions and criteria for assessing whether this goal has been achieved are proposed. The cell types that may serve as reservoirs for HIV-1 are discussed. Currently, only latently infected resting CD4 + T cells fit the proposed definition of a reservoir, and more evidence is necessary to demonstrate that other cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and macrophages, fit this definition. Further research is urgently required on potential reservoirs in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and the central nervous system.
Stimulating memory consolidation

A study in this issue of Nature Neuroscience reports that administering caffeine to humans immediately after memory encoding enhances consolidation, as reflected by improved performance in a memory test a day later.
Self-tuning control of the electrode position system for electric arc furnaces

In the paper a new self-tuning controller for the electrode position system of electric arc furnaces is proposed. The presented algorithm realizes the idea of temperature-weighting adaptive control without continuous measurement of the furnace temperature and rejects various disturbances quite well. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been demonstrated by the control experiment on a five-ton electric arc furnace.
Laparoscopic management of celiac artery compression syndrome.

Background Celiac artery compression syndrome (CACS) remains a controversial diagnosis, despite several reported series documenting therapeutic efficacy of CA decompression. Traditional therapy consists of open surgical decompression, but since 2000, five isolated case reports have been published in which CACS has been successfully treated with laparoscopic techniques. This approach was adopted as the sole initial therapy for CACS at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 2002. This article reports the results of a unique surgical series that triples the reported worldwide experience with this therapy. Methods Fifteen patients (median age, 40.6 years) diagnosed with CACS underwent laparoscopic decompression by a single vascular surgeon. CACS was diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography in 14 patients and computed tomography (CT) angiography in one patient, with images acquired in both expiratory and inspiratory phases of respiration. CA decompression was offered after the results of a thorough workup for other pathology were negative, including upper and lower endoscopy, CT scanning, gastric and gallbladder emptying studies, upper gastrointestinal series, and small-bowel follow-through studies. Indications in all patients were abdominal pain and weight loss (average, 9 lbs). The procedure consisted of laparoscopic division of the median arcuate ligament and complete lysis of the CA from its origin on the aorta to its trifurcation. Results Between November 2002 and September 2007, 15 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic CA decompression. Median length of follow-up was 44.2 months. There were no operative deaths. Four patients were converted intraoperatively to an open decompression, all for intraoperative bleeding; only one required a blood transfusion. Average operating time was 189 minutes, and the average length of stay was 3.5 days. CA intervention was required in six patients, including three intraoperative procedures (1 patch angioplasty, 1 celiac bypass, 1 percutaneous angioplasty) and six late procedures (2 percutaneous angioplasties, 3 percutaneous stents, 1 celiac bypass). One complication occurred, a severe case of pancreatitis that developed 1 week after discharge. On follow-up, 14 of 15 patients subjectively reported significant improvement, and one patient remains symptomatic with no diagnosis. Conclusion Laparoscopic decompression of the CA may be a useful therapy for CACS, but there is potential for vascular injury, and adjunctive CA intervention is often required. Surgeons should consider laparoscopic CA decompression as a therapeutic alternative for CACS and should participate in the care of patients with this diagnosis.
Voltammetric studies of lithium salt-acetonitrile solutions containing traces of water

Cathodic scans of purged lithium salt-acetonitrile solutions containing trace amounts of water were carried out at platinum electrode. A single peak was observed at −1.6 V vs the sce when a slow scan rate (< 10 mV/s) was employed. This peak was attributed to the electrochemical reduction of water at the platinum electrode to hydroxide and hydrogen followed by the subsequent precipitation of a passivating LiOH coat onto the platinum surface. The presence of oxygen in the lithium salt-acetonitrile solutions inhibited the reduction of water. Evidently, oxygen was reduced to superoxide, O−2, and the superoxide subsequently reacted with lithium ions to form a passive LiO2 coating on the platinum surface. It was found that with fast sweep voltammograms of 0.1 M LiClO4-distilled CH3CN solutions at platinum, a plot of peak current, ip (−1.6 V), vs water concentration over the 150–1300 μg/ml range yielded a fairly straight line with a slope equal to about 0.5.
Comprehensive evaluation of ARMA–GARCH(-M) approaches for modeling the mean and volatility of wind speed

Abstract Accurately modeling the mean and volatility of wind speed can be beneficial to effective wind energy utilization. For this purpose, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of autoregressive moving average–generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARMA–GARCH) approaches for modeling the mean and volatility of wind speed. Five different GARCH approaches are included, and each consists of an original form and a modified form, GARCH-in-mean (GARCH-M). As a result, 10 different model structures are evaluated, based on the 7-year hourly wind speed data collected at four different heights from an observation site in Colorado, USA. Multiple evaluation methods of modeling sufficiency are used. The results show that the ARMA–GARCH(-M) approaches can effectively catch the trend change of the mean and volatility of wind speed. Also, the volatility of wind speed has the nonlinear and asymmetric time-varying feature, and the ARMA–GARCH-M structures can consistently improve the modeling sufficiency of mean wind speed. As the height increases, the explanatory power of all ARMA–GARCH(-M) models slightly deteriorates. On the other hand, no single model structure outperforms the others at all heights, and this confirms that for any wind speed dataset, the potential models should be evaluated to find the most appropriate one for the highest modeling sufficiency.