cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrophage MMP10 Regulates TLR7-Mediated Tolerance.

Using an in vivo model of tolerance to TLR7-induced skin inflammation, we found a critical role for macrophage-derived MMP10 in mediating immune hypo-responsiveness. Cutaneous exposure to Imiquimod (IMQ), a TLR7 agonist, induced acute expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL1β, IL6, CXCL1) and neutrophil influx equally in both wildtype and Mmp10–/– mice. However, whereas subsequent exposure (11 and 12 days later) to IMQ led to marked abrogation of pro-inflammatory factor expression in wildtype mice, Mmp10–/– mice responded similarly as they did to the first application. In addition, the second exposure led to increased expression of negative regulators of TLR signaling (TNFAIP3, IRAK3) and immunosuppressive cytokines (IL10, TGFβ1) in wildtype mice but not in Mmp10–/– mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that prior exposure of IMQ to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) made wildtype cells refractory to subsequent stimulation but did not for Mmp10–/– macrophages. These findings expand the critical roles MMP10 plays in controlling macrophage activation to indicate that the development of immune tolerance to TLR7 ligand is dependent on this macrophage-derived proteinase.
Introduction and Historical Context to The Archaeology of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Almshouses

This introduction discusses both the western cultural context of, and research issues behind, the following three articles on institutions founded to house the poor in Holland, England, and their American colonies. It also discusses the connections between this volume on colonial-era institutions for the poor and the previous volume on nineteenth century asylums and prisons.
John W. Arthur. Brilliant Lives: The Clerk Maxwells and the Scottish.

John W. Arthur. Brilliant Lives: The Clerk Maxwells and the Scottish. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd., 2016. Pp. 357. ISBN 978-1- 906566-97-5. £25.00.
Molecular Level Analysis Reveals Changes in Chemical Composition of Dissolved Organic Matter From South Texas Rivers After High Flow Events

Riverine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a major source of reduced carbon exported from land to marine environments, and the inflow of riverine organic matter greatly affects biogeochemical cycling in estuaries and bays. Thus, any change in DOM composition, such as changes caused by flood waters as a result of storms and hurricanes, can subsequently affect estuarine environments. To investigate the impact of high flow events on riverine DOM, multidimensional molecular level information of DOM from four south Texas Rivers (Aransas, Lavaca, Mission, and Nueces Rivers) was acquired using high-resolution Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time of Flight Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (IM Q-TOF LCMS). Base-flow samples were collected in May, July and October of 2016, June of 2017, and March of 2018, while high-flow samples were collected in September of 2017, and June and September of 2018. Based on the molecular formula assigned from IM Q-TOF LCMS, H/C ratio decreased during high-flow event (1.52 to 1.51 in ESI+; 1.19 to 1.07 in ESI-), while O/C ratio increased (0.31 to 0.33 in ESI-). Furthermore, DOM shifted from a protein-like and lipid-like dominated community at base flow condition, to a lignin, tannin and condensed aromatic structure dominated one during high flow event based on MS and tandem MS data. These changes in high-flow riverine DOM indicate an increase of terrestrial signal, which likely is a result of mobilization of terrestrial organic matter from the watersheds by flooding. These mobilized DOM, though refractory at high-flow condition in rivers, could be reactive in coastal regions when condition changes, and thus potentially fuel microbial activities downstream. In addition, about 3.76 – 21.8% of DOM molecules contain structural isomers among different flow conditions. This low number of isomer percentages suggests that as the products of various enzymatic biochemical reactions, the number of isomers in DOM is constrained. Taken together, our study provides insights into structural changes of riverine DOM in response to extreme climate events in subtropical regions and have implications in understanding biogeochemical changes in estuaries under a changing climate.
Clinical outcomes and prognosis of patients with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection.

Dear Editor, I read with interest the review, "Living with HIV in the time of COVID-19: a glimpse of hope" by Adadi et al. published in the Journal of Medical Virology. However, I believe that the conclusions made within this article should be taken with caution as the outcomes of patients co-infected with HIV and SARS-CoV-2 are not definitive and evidence regarding this matter is constantly evolving. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Functional-Consistent CycleGAN for CT to Iodine Perfusion Map Translation

Image-to-image translation from a source to a target domain by means of generative adversarial neural network (GAN) has gained a lot of attention in the medical imaging field due to their capability to learn the mapping characteristics between different modalities. CycleGAN has been proposed for image-to-image translation with unpaired images by means of a cycle-consistency loss function, which is optimized to reduce the difference between the image reconstructed from the synthetically-generated domain and the original input. However, CycleGAN inherently implies that the mapping between both domains is invertible, i.e., given a mapping G (forward cycle) from domain A to B, there is a mapping F (backward cycle) that is the inverse of G. This is assumption is not always true. For example, when we want to learn functional activity from structural modalities. Although it is well-recognized the relation between structure and function in different physiological processes, the problem is not invertible as the original modality cannot be recovered from a given functional response.
The Stellar Population of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies at z ~ 5.7

We present a study of three Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies (LAEs), selected via a narrow-band survey in the GOODS northern field, and spectroscopically confirmed to have redshifts of z ~ 5.65. Using HST ACS and Spitzer IRAC data, we constrain the rest-frame UV-to-optical spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the galaxies. Fitting stellar population synthesis models to the observed SEDs, we find best-fit stellar populations with masses between ~ 10^9 - 10^10 M_sun and ages between ~ 5 - 100 Myr, assuming a simple starburst star formation history. However, stellar populations as old as 700 Myr are admissible if a constant star formation rate model is considered. Very deep near-IR observations may help to narrow the range of allowed models by providing extra constraints on the rest-frame UV spectral slope. Our narrow-band selected objects and other IRAC-detected z ~ 6 i'-dropout galaxies have similar 3.6 um magnitudes and z' - [3.6] colors, suggesting that they posses stellar populations of similar masses and ages. This similarity may be the result of a selection bias, since the IRAC-detected LAEs and i'-dropouts probably only sample the bright end of the luminosity function. On the other hand, our LAEs have blue i' - z' colors compared to the i'-dropouts, and would have been missed by the i'-dropout selection criterion. A better understanding of the overlap between the LAE and the i'-dropout populations is necessary in order to constrain the properties of the overall high-redshift galaxy population, such as the total stellar mass density at z ~ 6.
Safety of emergency, elective and day case operating during the winter period at East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust: lessons from the outcomes of 4,254 surgical patients from the first COVID-19 wave.

Background There is limited evidence on perioperative outcomes of surgical patients during the COVID-19 pandemic to inform continued operating into the winter period. Methods We retrospectively ana...
"Rhythm of the Night": Medical student reflections on overnight trauma call.

Abstract Introduction On their surgical clerkship, students reflected on their experience on a traditional overnight call. We explored whether perceived learning experiences differ between students who identify surgical specialties as their career compared to those who do not. Methods Medical students participated in traditional call at a Level 1 Trauma Center and submitted guided reflections. Reflections were coded using thematic analysis. We used Epistemic Network Analysis to compare codes based on matched specialty. Results 418 students submitted reflections between 2016 and 2019.95% learned something on call they could not have during daily services. Students who matched in surgical specialties connected more call learning experiences to formation of student agency through individualized teaching experiences and awareness of stamina. Conclusions Most students found participation in overnight call valuable, and professed increased awareness of their skills and future residency duties. Results indicate students who matched in surgical specialties had more formative experiences on call.
Negative Temperatures in Type-II Superconductors

The possibility of attaining negative temperatures demonstrated by Onsager for ensembles of vortices in a two-dimensional fluid, is investigated for current vortices in a two-dimensional Type-II superconductor. As in the fluid, their phase space is finite, corresponding to classical equations of motion which are of first order in the time. Clustering of vortices of the same sign, which might be indicative of negative temperature has been reported for various materials but explained differently. No observation is known of the characteristic precession of nearby pairs. It is not yet clear how a negative-temperature instability, if one exists, could be exploited as a negative resistance.
The Availability and Use of Internal Reference Prices in Evaluating Advertised Deals: A Conceptual Foundation

Abstract The marketing literature has provided considerable evidence concerning consumers' use of external reference prices in the context of advertising deal evaluations, with little emphasis placed on internal reference prices. This study focuses on the internal reference price construct and presents a multidimensional conceptualization with historical/market-based and aspirational dimensions. Furthermore, recognizing the practical need to consider consumer antecedent variables, the authors advance a 2×2 Price-Information Matrix designed to profile consumers' utilization of market-based or aspirational internal reference prices in evaluating advertised deals under varying levels of product knowledge and price consciousness. Theoretical and practical implications of the matrix for retail advertisers are discussed.
Human resources: the Cinderella of health sector reform in Latin America.

Human resources are the most important assets of any health system, and health workforce problems have for decades limited the efficiency and quality of Latin America health systems. World Bank-led reforms aimed at increasing equity, efficiency, quality of care and user satisfaction did not attempt to resolve the human resources problems that had been identified in multiple health sector assessments. However, the two most important reform policies – decentralization and privatization – have had a negative impact on the conditions of employment and prompted opposition from organized professionals and unions. In several countries of the region, the workforce became the most important obstacle to successful reform.
PTZ camera modeling and panoramic view generation via focal plane mapping

We present a novel technique to accurately map the complete field-of-coverage of a camera to its pan-tilt space in an efficient manner. This camera model enables mapping the coordinates of any (x, y) point in the camera's current image to that point's corresponding orientation in the camera's pan-tilt space. The model is based on the elliptical locus of the projections of a fixed point on the original focal plane of a moving camera. The parametric location of this point along the ellipse defines the change in camera orientation. The efficiency of the model lies in the fast and automatic mapping technique. We employ the proposed model to generate panoramas and evaluate the mapping procedure with multiple PTZ surveillance cameras.
An investigation of the variation of leakage resistance of electrical insulating materials used on spacecraft power systems

Spacecraft power systems are subjected to extremely hostile environments, due to the action of space plasma, temperature cycling and atomic oxygen. Literature indicates that the resistivity is sensitive to ambient temperature and pressure. The resistivity is an index which can indicate the performance of space based electrical systems. Hence, there is a need for experiments to determine the variation of leakage resistance with temperature and pressure. The surface leakage resistance, and volume resistance of Kapton H and V and Mylar films of 2 mils and 5 mils thickness were determined. The leakage resistance measurements were made according to ASTM D257. The experiments were conducted in a vacuum chamber with electrode temperatures ranging from 27/spl deg/ Centigrade to 140/spl deg/ Centigrade, and pressures varying from atmospheric to 10 millitorr at a voltage of 500 V. >
Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: A biased hypothesis-testing model

Publisher Summary The chapter proposes a model to integrate the cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference. The model specifies (1) the conditions under which affective and motivational factors do and do not influence inferential processes and (2) the mechanisms through which affective and motivational processes influence inferential processes to produce biased conclusions. The chapter focuses on the role of a self-esteem motive in producing the self-serving attribution bias. This particular motive is chosen because a wide variety of theorists throughout the history of psychology have suggested that the need for self-esteem exerts a powerful influence on people's cognitions and behavior. It should be pointed out; however, the model is quite general and applicable to the mechanisms through which other motives influence inferences as well. Influenced by recent developments in cognitive psychology and information processing, the theorists focus on the way people encode and organize—the retrieve information and on the knowledge structures—transformation rules and heuristics that are used to make inferences of various kinds. The chapter briefly discusses some of the major influences on various steps in the sequence when the only goal of the process is to arrive at an accurate attribution for the observed event.
Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids

Bipedality is the defining characteristic of Hominidae and, as such, an understanding of the adaptive significance and functional implications of bipedality is imperative to any study of human evolution. Hominid bipedality is, presumably, a solution to some problem for the early hominids, one that has much to do with energy expenditure. Until recently, however, little attention could be focused on the quantifiable energetic aspects of bipedality as a unique locomotor form within Primates because of the inability to measure empirically the energy expenditure of non-modern hominids. A recently published method provides a way of circumventing the empirical measurement dilemma by calculating energy expenditure directly from anatomical variables and movement profiles. Although the origins of bipedality remain clouded, two discernible forms of locomotor anatomy are present in the hominid fossil record: the australopithecine and modern configurations. The australopithecine form is best represented by AL 288-1, a partial skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis, and is characterized as having short legs and a wide pelvis. The modern form is represented by modern humans and has long legs and a narrow pelvis. Human walking is optimized to take advantage of the changing levels of potential and kinetic energy that occur as the body and limbs move through the stride cycle. Although this optimization minimizes energy expenditure, some energy is required to maintain motion. I quantify this energy by developing a dynamic model that uses kinematic equations to determine energy expenditure. By representing both configurations with such a model, I can compare their rates of energy expenditure. I find that the australopithecine configuration uses less energy than that of a modern human. Despite arguments presented in the anthropological literature, the shortness of the legs of AL 288-1 provides no evidence that she was burdened with a compromised or transitional locomotor anatomy. Instead, she may well have been an effective biped at walking speeds, not despite her short legs, but rather because of them.
Continuous quantum phase transitions

A quantum system can undergo a continuous phase transition at the absolute zero of temperature as some parameter entering its Hamiltonian is varied. These transitions are particularly interesting for, in contrast to their classical finite-temperature counterparts, their dynamic and static critical behaviors are intimately intertwined. Considerable insight is gained by considering the path-integral description of the quantum statistical mechanics of such systems, which takes the form of the classical statistical mechanics of a system in which time appears as an extra dimension. In particular, this allows the deduction of scaling forms for the finite-temperature behavior, which turns out to be described by the theory of finite-size scaling. It also leads naturally to the notion of a temperature-dependent dephasing length that governs the crossover between quantum and classical fluctuations. Using these ideas, a scaling analysis of experiments on Josephson-junction arrays and quantum-Hall-effect systems is presented.
Development and assessment of cognitive structures

Approaches to the study of cognitive development and its assessment at the University of Minnesota are presented in this paper by Charlesworth. Using Piaget's theory of cognitive development as a base, some intriguing experimentation with the “surprise response” as an indicator of cognitive developmental level are reported. Charlesworth also speculates about teachers' use of this approach to facilitate cognitive development.
A Preliminary Cyber Ontology for Insider Threats in the Financial Sector

Insider attack has become a major threat in financial sector and is a very serious and pervasive security problem. Currently, there is no insider threat ontology in this domain and such an ontology is critical to developing countermeasures against insider attacks. In this paper, we create an ontology focusing on insider attacks in the banking domain targeting database systems. We define the taxonomy used in this ontology and identify the relationships between the ontology classes. The resulting structure is a domain ontology mapped onto the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO), Friend of a Friend(FOAF) and Finance ontologies to make our work integrable to the systems that use these ontologies and to create a broad knowledge base. The attack types we formulate in the ontology are masquerade, privilege elevation, privilege abuse and collusion attacks. Our model could be used to systematically evaluate any insider threat detection schemes in a realistic way and discover attacks that share similarities with previously identified attacks.
Roles of RNA:DNA hybrid stability, RNA structure, and active site conformation in pausing by human RNA polymerase II.

Human RNA polymerase II recognizes a strong transcriptional pause signal in the initially transcribed region of HIV-1. We report the use of a limited-step transcription assay to dissect the mechanism underlying recognition of and escape from this HIV-1 pause. Our results suggest that the primary determinant of transcriptional pausing is a relatively weak RNA:DNA hybrid that triggers backtracking of RNA polymerase II along the RNA and DNA chains and displaces the RNA 3' OH from the active site. In contrast, two alternative RNA secondary structures, TAR and anti-TAR, are not required for pausing and affect it only indirectly, rather than through direct interaction with RNA polymerase II. TAR accelerates escape from the pause, but anti-TAR inhibits formation of TAR prior to pause escape. The behavior of RNA polymerase II at a mutant pause signal supports a two-step, non-equilibrium mechanism in which the rate-determining step is a conformational change in the enzyme, rather than the changes in nucleic-acid base-pairing that accompany backtracking.
Beyond faces and modularity: the power of an expertise framework

Studies of perceptual expertise typically ask whether the mechanisms underlying face recognition are domain specific or domain general. This debate has so dominated the literature that it has masked the more general usefulness of the expertise framework for studying the phenomenon of category specialization. Here we argue that the value of an expertise framework is not solely dependent on its relevance to face recognition. Beyond offering an alternative to domain-specific accounts of face specialization in terms of interactions between experience, task demands, and neural biases, expertise studies reveal principles of perceptual learning that apply to many different domains and forms of expertise. As such the expertise framework provides a unique window onto the functional plasticity of the mind and brain.
LOCALLY (SOLUBLE-BY-FINITE) GROUPS WITH VARIOUS RESTRICTIONS ON SUBGROUPS OF INFINITE RANK

We present some results on locally (soluble-by-finite) groups with various restrictions on subgroups of infinite rank.
Indefinite survival of rat islet allografts following infusion of donor bone marrow without cytoablation.

We have tested the effect of donor bone marrow cell (DBMC) infusion on the survival of pancreatic islet allografts in the rat, without the use of cytoablative recipient conditioning. Lewis and diabetic Brown Norway rats were used as donors and recipients, respectively. Donor islets were placed beneath the left renal capsule. Infusion of DBMC and temporary immunosuppression followed by delayed islet transplantation resulted in indefinite survival of all islet grafts (MST >180 days). Control animals demonstrated recurrent hyperglycemia (islet allografts rejection). Donor bone marrow derived cells were detected in the spleen and cervical lymph nodes of BN recipients of LEW bone marrow but not in the recipients of islet transplants alone. Second set full thickness skin grafts were performed in normal BN and in recipients of a previously successful ITX. Donor specific skin grafts were accepted in the animals that had received DBMC 40 days before the islet allograft, while animals receiving DBMC at the time of the islet allograft rejected the donor specific skin graft similarly to the controls. However, these animals did not reject a second set donor-specific islet transplant. The results indicate that radiation conditioning of the recipients was not necessary to induce microchimerism and graft acceptance in this rodent model of islet allotransplantation.
On the relationship between distance information derived from cross-linking and from resonance energy transfer, with specific reference to sites located on myosin heads

The techniques of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and cross-linking can provide complementary information concerning the relative separation of a pair of sites. Cross-linking experiments provide an assessment of the distance of closest approach between a pair of sites. FRET measurements, by contrast, yield information about the average distance between the pair of sites. We have taken advantage of hybrid myosins to understand the relationship between distances obtained for a pair of equivalent sites, one on each myosin head, using both FRET (steady-state and time-decay) and cross-linking techniques. The rigid cross-linker, 4–4'-dimaleimidyl-stilbene-2–2'-disulfonic acid (DMSDS), can efficiently cross-link the two myosin regulatory light-chains, each at residue Cys50 of the Mercenaria regulatory light chain (Chantler, P.D., and S. M. Bower. 1988. J. Biol. Chem. 263:938–944), indicating that these sites can come within 18 +/- 2 A of each other. In a complementary set of experiments, steady-state and time-decay measurements using fluorescence donor/acceptor pairs located at these same sites indicate transfer efficiencies of somewhat less than 20%, suggesting an average separation of greater than 50 A between sites (Chantler, P. D., and T. Tao. 1986. J. Mol. Biol. 192:87–99). Here, we present theoretical calculations which show that efficient cross-linking can be achieved readily in dynamic systems such as the heads of myosin, even though the necessary subpopulation of proximate molecules at any instant may be below the detection limits of time-decay-FRET.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lattice vibrations of the icosahedral solid alpha -boron.

Crystalline \ensuremath{\alpha}-boron consists of ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ icosahedra in a rhombohedral lattice of R3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}m space-group symmetry. We here carry out a classical force-field analysis of the lattice vibrations. The q=0 Brillouin-zone vibrations are treated as those of a ${\mathit{D}}_{3\mathit{d}}$-point-group-symmetry ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ cluster perturbed by intericosahedral crystalline forces; valence-force constants are fitted to account for Raman and ir spectral data. Two-centered intericosahedral bonds are found to be twice as strong as intraicosahedral bonds, while three-centered crystalline bonds are almost as strong as those within a ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ unit. The highest-frequency Raman line arises from the breathing mode, strongly perturbed by the two-centered interactions. The lowest-observed-frequency Raman line is attributed to ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ libration. As crystal-force-field strengths are turned up, noncrossing of frequencies is encountered; we, therefore, correlate \ensuremath{\alpha}-crystal modes with ${\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{h}}$ regular-icosahedral and ${\mathit{D}}_{3\mathit{d}}$ ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$-cluster modes through eigenvector expansions. Useful classical predictions are made of ir intensities for wave vector q=0 modes by considering adjacent bond stretching; a prediction of Raman intensities in terms of bond polarizabilities appears to be of very limited value. The phonon analysis is extended from the Brillouin-zone center to the edges by introducing phase-angle differences along two distinct (one ${\mathit{C}}_{3}$ and one ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$) rotational-symmetry axes. The acoustical-branch wave speeds are predicted to be 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ and 0.38\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ cm/sec for the c-direction longitudinal and transverse components, respectively. Finally, we consider possible origins of the 525-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ Raman line with anomalous polarization and width; most likely this is a Raman electronic line associated with vacancies and ${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$ units.
The State of Public Opinion Research on Attitudes and Understanding of Science and Technology

This article provides a critical and global overview of current research into public opinion about science and technology (S&T). Although several sets of high-quality data exist, there remains a lack of international coordination and irregular release of new data in forms that can be widely used. The article highlights a range of key challenges that those involved in collecting and reporting public opinion data about S&T can address to provide society with a more comprehensive and more integrated picture of attitudes and understanding about S&T around the world.
Inequalities for low-energy symmetric nuclear matter

Using effective field theory we prove inequalities for the correlations of two-nucleon operators in low-energy symmetric nuclear matter. For physical values of operator coefficients in the effective Lagrangian, the $S=1,I=0$ channel correlations must have the lowest energy and longest correlation length in the two-nucleon sector. This result is valid at nonzero density and temperature.
Factor Analyses of Normal and Depressed Patients' Memories of Parental Behavior

An abbreviated 90-item version of the Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory was administered to two samples of 371 and 177 hospitalized depressed patients and a third sample of 254 normal adults. In each sample there were roughly twice as many females as males. Ss rated mothers and fathers on separate but identical forms. The three major factors which emerged from these six factor analyses closely resembled Schaefer's three conceptual dimensions—Acceptance vs Rejection, Psychological Autonomy vs Psychological Control and Firm Control vs Lax Control. Essentially the same items had significant loadings on comparable mother and father factors. Finally, patients rated both parents more negatively on these factors than the normal adults.
Frequency Effects on the Fatigue Life and Damage of Graphite/Epoxy Composites

Frequency effects in graphite/epoxy composites are examined in performing fatigue tests at different frequencies and different stress levels. The life data is correlated well by a damage model proposed with only strain as the governing variable. Further, the use of dynamic modulus and creep strain as measures of damage is investigated.
Penile erections induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide and sodium nitroprusside

The use of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and the reference combination of papaverine, prostaglandin E1, and phentolamine was studied in 22 adult cats. The maximal erectile response (intracavernous pressure, penile length, and rigidity) was produced by intracavernous injection of a combination of 1.65 mg papaverine, 0.5μg PGE1, and 25μg phentolamine. This combination was considered as “control” in order to compare the effect of other agents. VIP and SNP increased the intracavernous pressure and caused erection in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal response obtained with 5μg VIP or 10μg SNP. The duration of peak erection and the total duration of drug effect were significantly shorter with VIP and SNP than with the reference combination (P<0.01). Epinephrine (30μg) reversed the effects of SNP and significantly shortened the duration of peak action and total effect (P<0.05). This study supports the use of an in vivo feline model for the evaluation of vasoactive agents and demonstrates that the intracavernous injection of either VIP or SNP can induce penile erection in the adult cat.
Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

(1997). Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? The Explicator: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 102-103.
A Response to Tony Richie’s ‘Azusa Era Optimism: Bishop J.H. King’s Pentecostal Theology of Religions as a Possible Paradigm for Today’

In this appreciative response to Tony Richie’s paper, Richie is urged to relate the Pentecostal theology of religions of Bishop King to a wider theology of religions discourse and to be more specific about what he means by King’s alleged ‘optimism’ about religions.
Aquifer Storage of Heated Water: Part II — Numerical Simulation of Field Results

Numerical simulation models of the simultaneous transport of water and heat in porous media offer a useful technical tool for the evaluation of aquifers for the storage of heat energy. During the past several years, such models have been developed in the U.S. Geological Survey and in other institutions and have been tested by comparing computed results with analytical solutions. To more completely assess the performance of these simulation models, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Agency co-funded Auburn University to conduct a field experiment of heat storage in an aquifer near Mobile, Alabama. The data collected during the experiment were analyzed, and a simulation model of the aquifer system was constructed. Simulation of the experiment history indicates that the model can satisfactorily reproduce the observed behavior of the system. Heat capacity of the aquifer matrix and anisotropy of the aquifer permeability were found to be significant system parameters. An extensive evaluation of parameter sensitivity was not possible because experimental problems resulted in some unreliable data, but the utility of numerical models for simulating thermal energy storage in aquifers was clearly demonstrated.
Complementary and alternative medical approaches to treating adult neurogenic communication disorders: a review.

Purpose: This paper reviews studies investigating the effectiveness of treating adult neurogenic communication disorders with complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). CAM is gradually experiencing recognition as a viable treatment approach for a variety of disorders by practitioners and patients. Some patients are using CAM as an adjunct to traditional rehabilitation. Additionally, speech-language pathologists are increasingly using CAM in treating communication disorders.Method: This review provides a description of various CAM techniques including acupuncture, hypnosis, relaxation training, dreamwork, biofeedback and homeopathy/herbal medicine. Investigations exploring the effectiveness of each of these approaches as they have been applied to aphasia, motor speech disorders, and cognitive impairments are discussed.Results and Conclusions: Little scientific inquiry into the effectiveness of CAM in the treatment of aphasia, motor speech disorders, and cognitive impairments has occurred. Many of the ...
A numerical nonmetric approach for analyzing time series data

A numerical nonmetric approach to data analysis of periodic series with polytone trend is suggested. Estimation is made of thesmallest number of tone (monotone segments) possible for the trend. The seasonal component is estimated without need for first removing the (estimated) polytone trend. A computer program has been developed which enables analysis of arbitrary series, either by a prespecified length of period or by estimating the period length if not known in advance. Robustness of the proposed approach enables analysis of very short series, series with missing values, and other series with limitations that cannot be easily handled otherwise. In a separate appendix some empirical results obtained by this approach are compared with those from the X-ll program; this appendix will be sent upon request.
Piezoelectric Pb ( Zr 0.5 Ti 0.5 ) O 3 : Interplay of atomic ordering, ferroelectric soft modes, and pressure

Three ordered structures of piezoelectric $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.5}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (PZT) under hydrostatic pressure are studied using a first-principles pseudopotential approach. These three structures (namely, a tetragonal phase with Ti/Zr ordered along the pseudocubic [001] direction, a tetragonal phase and a rhombohedral phase, both with Ti/Zr ordered along the [111] direction) differ in atomic ordering and spontaneous polarization. The volume dependences of energy, polarization, and strain are calculated for each structure. We found: (1) The energy difference caused by atomic ordering is $\ensuremath{\sim}58\mathrm{meV},$ much larger than the energy difference $(\ensuremath{\sim}1\mathrm{meV})$ due to different spontaneous polarizations. Atomic ordering thus dominates the structural energetics of PZT. (2) For the PZT's with Ti/Zr ordered along the [111] direction, the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases are very close in energy (less than $1\mathrm{meV}),$ indicating a possible large piezoelectric response from rotating polarization. (3) Whereas pressure can dramatically suppress ferroelectricity, it will change but very little the relative stability of two ferroelectric phases. (4) The bulk moduli of three PZT phases are found to be close $(\ensuremath{\sim}154\mathrm{GPa}).$ (5) The tetragonal PZT with Ti/Zr ordered along the [001] direction will maintain a substantial polarization and strain at $\ensuremath{\sim}15\mathrm{GPa};$ it could be useful in making high-pressure ferroelectric devices. (6) The tetragonal and rhombohedral PZT phases ordered along the [111] direction have very different energy surfaces when strains are driven along their polarization directions. These two phases will thus have rather different normal piezoelectric responses.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-sulfonyl substituted cyclopropenes with alkyl lithium reagents

Abstract Sulfonyl substituted cyclopropenes react with a variety of alkyl lithium reagents to give disubstituted cyclopropenes in good yield.
Membrane transporter/receptor-targeted prodrug design: strategies for human and veterinary drug development

The bioavailability of drugs is often severely limited due to the presence of biological barriers in the form of epithelial tight junctions, efflux proteins and enzymatic degradation. Physicochemical properties, such as lipophilicity, molecular weight, charge, etc., also play key roles in determining the permeation properties of drug candidates. As a result, many potential drug candidates may be dropped from the initial screening portfolio. Prodrug derivatization targeting transporters and receptors expressed on mammalian cells holds tremendous potential. Enhanced cellular delivery can significantly improve drug absorption. Such approaches of drug targeting and delivery have been the subject of intense research. Various prodrugs have been designed that demonstrate enhanced bioavailability and tissue specificity. This approach is equally applicable to human and veterinary pharmaceuticals since most of the transporters and receptors expressed by human tissues are also expressed in animals. This review highlights studies conducted on the use of transporters and receptors in an effort to improve drug bioavailability and to develop targeted drug delivery systems.
Investigation of the Role of Androstenedione-19-oic Acid in the Presence of 19-Norandrostenedione in Intact Male Horse Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to confirm the presence of androstenedione-19-oic acid in intact male equine plasma and to show the source of 19-norandrostenedione in equine plasma. Androstenedione-19-oic acid was recovered from acidified plasma by liquid–liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether and separated on an Ace 5 C8 column. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to detect the analytes in negative electrospray ionization mode. Limits of detection, quantification, and confirmation of the method were 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The linear dynamic range of quantification was 0.5–50 ng/mL. The presence of androstenedione-19-oic acid was confirmed in all plasma samples obtained from intact male horses but not those from gelded and female horses; the average concentration was 3.1 ± 1.6 ng/mL, suggesting androstenedione-19-oic acid is an endogenous compound only in intact male horse plasma samples. The conversion of androstenedione-19-oic acid to 19-norandrostenedione in equine plasma was demonstrated by spiking androstenedione-19-oic acid into blank plasma and monitoring the generation of 19-norandrostenedione and its increase in concentration during storage. Results indicated that androstenedione-19-oic acid was readily converted into 19-norandrostenedione; the higher the storage temperature, the faster the conversion. The conversion was not affected by the types of plasma samples collected from gelded and female horses or by anticoagulants used in blood collection to harvest plasma. Compared with other matrices such as water, methanol, and phosphate-buffered saline, the conversion of androstenedione-19-oic to 19-norandrostenedione in equine plasma was faster, suggesting that there is an unknown factor(s) in equine plasma that enhances the conversion.
Myosin I and actin dynamics : The frogs weigh in

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Sokac et al. (2006) describe an intriguing new role for an actin-based motor protein in restraining actin polymerization during endocytosis in Xenopus oocytes.
Gαi2 Enhances in VivoActivation of and Insulin Signaling to GLUT4

Heterotrimeric G-proteins, including Galpha(i2), have been implicated in modulating glucose disposal and insulin signaling. This cross-talk between G-protein-coupled and tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling pathways is a focal point for the study of integration of cell signaling. Herein we study the role of Galpha(i2) in modulating glucose transport, focusing upon linkages to insulin signaling. Utilizing mice harboring a transgene that directs the expression of a constitutively activated, GTPase-deficient mutant of Galpha(i2) (Q205L) in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, we demonstrate that Galpha(i2) regulates the translocation of the insulin-sensitive GLUT4 glucose transporter in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The expression of Q205L Galpha(i2) increased glucose transport and translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in vivo in the absence of insulin stimulation. Adipocytes from the Q205L Galpha(i2) mice displayed enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane to levels nearly twice that of those from littermate controls. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt activities were constitutively activated in tissues expressing the Q205L Galpha(i2). Studies of adipocytes from wild-type mice displayed short term activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and GLUT4 translocation in response to activation of Galpha(i2) by lysophosphatidic acid, a response sensitive to pertussis toxin. These data provide an explanation for the marked glucose tolerance of the Q205L Galpha(i2) mice and demonstrate a linkage between Galpha(i2) and GLUT4 translocation.
Exploration of room temperature synthesis of palladium containing cubic MCM-48 mesoporous materials

Abstract Pd-MCM-48 mesoporous materials were synthesized by a modified Stober synthesis method in 4 h at room temperature. Pd nanoparticles were prepared by using Na2[PdCl4] and Pd(acac)2 as Pd precursors, and their influence in the preparation of the cubic MCM-48 mesoporous phase was investigated. In addition, Pd(0) nanoparticles was prepared separately and added to the synthesis gel. The influence of varying the Pd precursor, solvent media, the time of addition of Pd precursor, and the concentration of NaBH4 reducing agent used for preparation of Pd(0) and its effect for the formation of the cubic phase were investigated. These resultant materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–Visible spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption, and CO-Pulse titration. Reusability studies assessing a material prepared using Pd(0)-DMAP encapsulated nanoparticles that were reduced with 0.1 N NaBH4 i.e. 3%Pd-MCM-48-D-N01 indicate that the yields for the hydrogenation of trans-cinnamic acid are greater than 95% even after 8 catalytic cycles, and at which the cubic phase was maintained under our experimental conditions.
Ultrasonic velocity measurements in liquid nitrogen

Abstract We present new measurements of the velocity of sound in liquid nitrogen from 0.8 to 138 bar along five isotherms between 65 and 75 K. These ultrasonic velocities should be useful in formulating a reliable equation of state.
The Politics of Accountability: Assessing Teacher Education in the United States

Abstract Currently there are multiple teacher education reform policies being proposed, piloted, and debated at a variety of levels and by various interest groups, stakeholders, and policy-makers. Along with an unprecedented sense of urgency about these important goals, what most U.S. reforms have in common is increased accountability. Using a discourse approach to policy analysis, which we label “the politics of policy,” this article analyzes three complicated and evolving contemporary accountability initiatives in the United States: (1) “Our Future, Our Teachers,” which is the Obama administration's proposed blueprint for the reform of teacher education programs, in particular its call for the assessment of preparation programs based on the impact of program graduates on their eventual K–12 students’ test scores; (2) the “Teacher Performance Assessment,” which is a nationally accessible instrument for assessing beginning teaching performance currently being piloted in 25 states through a partnership of ...
Influencing the Instructional Design Strategies of New Teachers: Foreign Language and Technology Teacher Education

: Fulfilling the national technology expectations for educators has become an important issue for many U.S. teacher-training institutions. This article presents the foreign language education program at Wake Forest University as an example of how a content-focused curriculum can be enhanced by a supportive technology program. An emphasis on content, research, and practice supported by integrated, state-of-the-art technology prepares graduates of the foreign language education program to lead twenty-first century classrooms.
Comparison of precipitation observed over the Continental United States to that simulated by a climate model

Abstract This study compares monthly average frequency, intensity, and amount of hourly precipitation simulated by National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 2/Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme to the smoothed estimates of these observed locally over the continental United States. The observed monthly intensifies vary from less than 1 to 5 mm h−1, with lowest values in the winter in northern midcontinent and highest around the Gulf Coast in summer. Model intensifies are on the average 3-4 times less when drizzle is excluded and an order of magnitude less when drizzle is included. As might be anticipated, relative frequencies are much too high and intensifies much too low in the model fields, compared to those observed. The spatial pattern of these quantities and the total precipitation are more realistic. The study also compares extreme events and diurnal and seasonal variations and finds that, in general, the simulated precipitation has larger spatial variability, larger ...
Risk of tuberculosis in correctional healthcare workers.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for occupational infection with tuberculosis among healthcare workers employed in correctional facilities. Methods: The authors conducted a self-administered survey, clinical interview, and tuberculin skin testing. Results: The overall tuberculin skin test point prevalence rate was 17.7%, the reactivity rate was 2.2%, and the annual incidence was 1.3%. At the multivariate level, after controlling for bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination, only origin of birth remained significantly associated with prevalence of tuberculosis infection. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of tuberculin reactivity was high in this population, the risk factors were predominantly demographic rather than occupational. Nevertheless, continued vigilance to control occupational exposure to this and other respiratory pathogens is warranted, given the potential for future outbreaks of tuberculosis, as well as other known and emerging airborne pathogens.