cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical equilibrium between Cores, Mantles, and Atmospheres of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes, and Implications for their Compositions, Interiors and Evolution

We investigate equilibrium chemistry between a metal-core, a silicate-mantle, and a hydrogen-rich atmosphere (reactive core model) using 18 independent reactions among 25 phase components for sub-Neptune-like exoplanets. We find hydrogen and oxygen typically comprise 1-2% and ~10% by weight of the metal-core, respectively, leading to under-dense cores and thereby offering a possible alternative explanation for the densities of the Trappist-1 planets. In addition, hydrogen occurs at about 0.1% by mass in the silicate mantle, setting a maximum limit to the hydrogen-budget for out-gassing by future super-Earths. The total hydrogen-budget of most sub-Neptunes can be, to first order, well estimated from their atmospheres alone, as more than ~93% of all H resides in their atmospheres. However, reactions with the magma ocean produce significant amounts of SiO and H_2O in the atmospheres which increase the mean molecular weight averaged over the whole atmosphere, by about a factor of two, to ~4 amu. We also investigated the case where metal is excluded from the equilibrium chemistry (unreactive core model). In this case, we find most noticeably that, as the hydrogen mass fraction is reduced from 2% to 1%, the atmosphere becomes water dominated and large fractions of H are absorbed by the magma. As water dominated atmospheres appear inconsistent with observations, we conclude that either the unreactive core model does not apply to sub-Neptunes and that their evolution is better described by a reactive core, or that in-gassing of hydrogen into the mantle is much less efficient than permitted by equilibrium chemistry.
The Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the university of washington ophthalmology residency training experience

Purpose : The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted surgical resident education. We sought to assess the impact of COVID-19 on ophthalmology resident training and wellness at the University of Washington through observing changes in volume of overnight on-call consults, resident clinics, and resident surgical cases, in addition to studying changes in sleep, activity, and resident wellness survey results. Methods : A retrospective cohort study of ophthalmology residents at the University of Washington comparing clinical volumes, sleep and activity data recorded by a wrist actigrapher, and wellness surveys during a pre-COVID period from February 1 , 2020 to March 15 to the period of initial COVID response (COVID period) from March 16 to May 1 , 2020. Results : The initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a 64% decrease in resident clinic volume, 64% decrease in resident-surgical cases, and 50% decrease in oncall consult volume, see figure 1. The fraction of consults involving an open globe injury increased more than four-fold. Resident depersonalization as measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory decreased during the pandemic (p=0.038), see figure 2. Most residents experienced decrease emotional exhaustion and increased anxiety during the pandemic. There was no statistically significant change in recorded sleep or activity among residents before and during the pandemic. Conclusions : The initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic at the University of Washington resulted in a large decrease in clinical, surgical, and on call volumes with mixed effect on ophthalmology resident well-being.
An in vivo selection-derived d-peptide for engineering erythrocyte-binding antigens that promote immune tolerance

When displayed on erythrocytes, peptides and proteins can drive antigen-specific immune tolerance. Here, we investigated a straightforward approach based on erythrocyte binding to promote antigen-specific tolerance to both peptides and proteins. We first identified a robust erythrocyte-binding ligand. A pool of one million fully d-chiral peptides was injected into mice, blood cells were isolated, and ligands enriched on these cells were identified using nano-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. One round of selection yielded a murine erythrocyte-binding ligand with an 80 nM apparent dissociation constant, Kd. We modified an 83-kDa bacterial protein and a peptide antigen derived from ovalbumin (OVA) with the identified erythrocyte-binding ligand. An administration of the engineered bacterial protein led to decreased protein-specific antibodies in mice. Similarly, mice given the engineered OVA-derived peptide had decreased inflammatory anti-OVA CD8+ T cell responses. These findings suggest that our tolerance-induction strategy is applicable to both peptide and protein antigens and that our in vivo selection strategy can be used for de novo discovery of robust erythrocyte-binding ligands.
Producción de hidrógeno y su perspectiva en Colombia: una revisión

There is a great opportunity for alternative and specific energies for hydrogen technologies to prosper in Colombia. Hydrogen is a promising material that can be obtained from different sources. Fossil fuels, water, biomass, nuclear energy and renewable energies are the specific sources of production in this study. However, some technological challenges must be overcome to promote the advancement and viable application of technologies related to hydrogen production. Colombia stands out in the world for its potential with the production of coal and its availability of water resources, biomass and renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectric and photovoltaic. The present work aims to present a review of research in the field of hydrogen production, its use as an energy resource and raw material for industry, and the prospect of its implementation in Colombia, specific aspects such as economic, environmental impact, social, technological and the reliability of production methods.
Electron microscopic observations of the developing mouse eye. I. Basement membranes during early development and lens formation.

Abstract A study was carried out on certain ultrastructural features of the development of the optic and lenticular primordia of the mouse embryo with relation to certain features of adult eye. It was observed that a basement membrane completely encloses both the optic and lenticular primordia from their beginnings and that this bounding feature persists in the adult. Two basement membranes, those of the ectoderm and optic cup, separate the opposing tissues at the site of possible lens induction. These basement membranes may be continuous with one another at the anterior neuropore. Basement membranes are well defined on neuroectodermal structures before being observable on nearby blood vessels. The ectodermal basement membrane exists prior to lens formation. The first of the lens capsule laminae may be identical with this basement membrane. Lens capsule lamination is already multiple at 12 days of gestation. The separation of the lens from the ectoderm has the appearance of a constriction process in which a clear zone of cytolysis defines the separation plane. Both cell and basement membranes at the periphery of this zone seem to infold. The location of terminal bars in the adult eye likewise parallels the embryonic situation. Some preliminary observations of embryonic cells and their inclusions are also reported. Small particles were occasional features of the optic cup and ectoderm along their zone of approximation.
Studies on the composition and structure of plasma lipoproteins: Distribution of lipoprotein families in major density classes of normal human plasma lipoproteins

Abstract To account for the protein heterogeneity of lipoprotein preparations isolated by ultracentrifugal or precipitation techniques, we have proposed a classification system [P. Alaupovic et al., Circulation, 30, Suppl. III (1964) 1; P. Alaupovic, Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol., 4 (1968) 91; P. Alaupovic et al., Expo. Annu. Biochim. Med., 31 (1972)] of plasma lipoproteins based on apolipoproteins as the only distinct chemical components for the differentiation of lipoprotein families. At the present time this concept recognizes the existence of three lipoprotein families, each of which is characterized by the exclusive presence of a single apolipoprotein: lipoprotein family A (LP-A) is characterized by the presence of apolipoprotein A (ApoA), lipoprotein family B (LP-B) by apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and lipoprotein family C (LP-C) by apoliprotein C (ApoC). The qualitative distribution of lipoprotein families in normal human plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, d The LP-A and LP-C families were detected in all lipoprotein density classes; the LP-B family was also present in all classes except the HDL3. Results of the immunological and electrophoretic experiments supported the existence of lipoprotein families as the basic components of plasma lipoprotein system and indicated that lipoprotein families exist above a density range of approximately 1.006-1.019 g/ml as individual separable entities, while at densities less than this range lipoprotein families are present primarily as associations.
Empirical models of the low-energy plasma in the inner magnetosphere

[1] Particle flux measurements by the Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion Composition Experiment/Magnetospheric Ion Composition Spectrometer (CAMMICE/MICS) and Hydra instruments on the NASA Polar satellite have been used to build empirical models of the plasma environment at low energies in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. These models may be used to develop design and to test specifications for spacecraft surface materials, which are susceptible to damage by the ions. The combination of the CAMMICE/MICS and Hydra models provides the ion flux at energies in the range 20 eV to 200 keV as a function of position in the magnetosphere. For the 1–200 keV energy range, the H+ and O+ ion flux is estimated separately using the CAMMICE/MICS data. Average environments have been calculated for several sample orbital trajectories: a geosynchronous orbit and the orbits of several satellites in the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation. At high energies (∼100 keV), the flux estimates agree with corresponding estimates from the NASA AP-8 model, but the fluxes at low energies are larger than those extrapolated simply from AP-8. The CAMMICE/MICS model shows that H+ dominates the >2 keV ion populations, but the O+ flux becomes comparable to the H+ flux at ∼1 keV. The standard deviation of both the ion and electron flux was found to be 100–200% of the average value over the entire considered energy range. The average 1–200 keV O+ flux estimates for GEO appear similar to the averages for GPS orbit, so material damage due to O+ in this energy range should be similar for the two orbits.
Development and initial validation of public domain Basic Interest Markers

Abstract Goldberg (Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In: I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7–28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press) has argued that the commercialization of personality measures limits the range of questions investigated in empirical research. We propose that the commercialization of interest measures has had a similar effect on research in vocational psychology. Following Goldberg’s example of developing public-domain personality markers, we also propose that the development of public-domain interest markers would facilitate new directions in career-related research. The present study outlines the development and validation of a set of public-domain Basic Interest Markers (BIMs) that are freely available on a website. Using Day and Rounds’ (Day, Susan. X, & Rounds, J. (1997). A little more than kin, and less than kind: Basic interests in vocational research and career counseling. Career Development Quarterly, 45, 207–220) basic interest taxonomy, 343 items and 31 BIM scales were generated. Validity evidence is presented from correlations with the General Occupational Themes and Basic Interest Scales of the Strong Interest Inventory (Harmon, L. W., Hansen, J. C., Borgen, F. H., & Hammer, A. L. (1994). Strong Interest Inventory applications and technical guide. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press). Discriminant validity is demonstrated by the capacity for the BIMs to differentiate major field of education or training. Implications for research and use in applied settings are discussed.
Fullerene–biomolecule conjugates and their biomedicinal applications

Fullerenes are among the strongest antioxidants and are characterized as “radical sponges.” The research on biomedicinal applications of fullerenes has achieved significant progress since the landmark publication by Friedman et al in 1993. Fullerene–biomolecule conjugates have become an important area of research during the past 2 decades. By a thorough literature search, we attempt to update the information about the synthesis of different types of fullerene–biomolecule conjugates, including fullerene-containing amino acids and peptides, oligonucleotides, sugars, and esters. Moreover, we also discuss in this review recently reported data on the biological and pharmaceutical utilities of these compounds and some other fullerene derivatives of biomedical importance. While within the fullerene–biomolecule conjugates, in which fullerene may act as both an antioxidant and a carrier, specific targeting biomolecules conjugated to fullerene will undoubtedly strengthen the delivery of functional fullerenes to sites of clinical interest.
Subseafloor Ocean Crust Microbial Observatories: Development of FLOCS (FLow-through Osmo Colonization System) and Evaluation of Borehole Construction Materials

Although oceanic crust is the largest contiguous, hydrologically active environment on Earth, very little is empirically known about crustal habitability due to obstacles faced in scientific sampling, especially in basaltic crust. Geologically young, chemically reduced basaltic crust is not in thermodynamic equilibrium with seawater or hydrothermal fluids; exploitation of the inherent thermodynamic disequilibrium may fuel microbial ecosystems in subsurface environments. One avenue to explore the basaltic deep biosphere is through the deployment of microbial observatories at seafloor exposures and inside boreholes drilled into the crust. We report the design and field-testing of flow-through microbial observatories for use in deep biosphere studies conducted in boreholes within oceanic crust. We also evaluate the suitability of borehole construction materials in order to inform the development of the next generation of observatories for microbial studies, with attention towards minimizing in situ leaching ...
Isotope Effect in Superconducting Cadmium

The superconducting transitions of $^{110}\mathrm{Cd}$, naturally occurring Cd, $^{114}\mathrm{Cd}$, and $^{116}\mathrm{Cd}$ have been measured. The transition temperatures ${T}_{c}$ were found to be 0.5218, 0.5173, 0.5148, and 0.5115 K, respectively, giving $z=0.385\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$ and $\ensuremath{\zeta}=0.23$ as parameters in ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\propto}{M}^{\ensuremath{-}z}={M}^{\ensuremath{-}0.5(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\zeta})}$. These results are compared with various theoretical predictions.
Modulation of promoter occupancy by cooperative DNA binding and activation-domain function is a major determinant of transcriptional regulation by activators in vivo

Binding of transcriptional activators to a promoter is a prerequisite process in transcriptional activation. It is well established that the efficiency of activator binding to a promoter is determined by the affinity of direct interactions between the DNA-binding domain of an activator and its specific target sequences. However, I describe here that activator binding to a promoter is augmented in vivo by the effects of two other determinants that have not been generally appreciated: (i) the number of activator binding sites present in a promoter and (ii) the potency of activation domains of activators. Multiple sites within a promoter can cooperatively recruit cognate factors regardless of whether they contain an effective activation domain. This cooperativity can result in the synergistic activation of transcription. The second effect is the enhancement of activator binding to a promoter by the presence of activation domains. In this case, activation domains are not simply tethered to the promoter by the DNA-binding domain but instead assist the DNA-binding domain being tethered onto the promoter. This effect of activation domains on DNA binding is instrumental in determining how potent activators can induce steep transcriptional increases at low concentrations.
Role of a redox-based methylation switch in mRNA life cycle (pre- and post-transcriptional maturation) and protein turnover: implications in neurological disorders.

Homeostatic synaptic scaling in response to neuronal stimulus or activation, as well as due to changes in cellular niche, is an important phenomenon for memory consolidation, retrieval, and other similar cognitive functions. Neurological disorders and cognitive disabilities in autism, Rett syndrome, schizophrenia, dementia etc., are strongly correlated to alterations in protein expression (both synaptic and cytoplasmic). This correlation suggests that efficient temporal regulation of synaptic protein expression is important for synaptic plasticity. In addition, equilibrium between mRNA processing, protein translation and protein turnover is a critical sensor/trigger for recording synaptic information, normal cognition and behavior. Thus a regulatory switch, controlling the lifespan, maturation and processing of mRNA, might influence cognition and adaptive behavior. Here, we propose a two part novel hypothesis that methylation might act as this suggested coordinating switch to critically regulate mRNA maturation at 1.The pre-transcription level, by regulating precursor-RNA (pre-RNA) processing into mRNA, via other non-coding RNAs and their influence on splicing phenomenon, and 2. the post-transcription level by modulating the regulatory functions of ribonucleoproteins (RNP) and RNA binding proteins (RNABP) in mRNA translation, dendritic translocation as well as protein synthesis and synaptic turnover. DNA methylation changes are well recognized and highly correlated to gene expression levels as well as, learning and memory; however, RNA methylation changes are recently characterized and yet their functional implications are not established. This review article provides some insight on the intriguing consequences of changes in methylation levels on mRNA life-cycle. We also suggest that, since methylation is under the control of glutathione antioxidant levels, the redox status of neurons might be the central regulatory switch for methylation-based changes in mRNA cycle
Quantum and classical spin clusters: disappearance of quantum numbers and Hamiltonian chaos

We present a direct link between manifestations of classical Hamiltonian chaos and quantum nonintegrability effects as they occur in quantum invariants. In integrable classical Hamiltonian systems, analytic invariants (integrals of the motion) can be constructed numerically by means of time averages of dynamical variables over phase-space trajectories, whereas in near-integrable models such time averages yield nonanalytic invariants with qualitatively different properties. Translated into quantum mechanics, the invariants obtained from time averages of dynamical variables in energy eigenstates provide a topographical map of the plane of quantized actions (quantum numbers) with properties which again depend sensitively on whether or not the classical integrability condition is satisfied. The most conspicuous indicator of quantum chaos is the disappearance of quantum numbers, a phenomenon directly related to the breakdown of invariant tori in the classical phase flow. All results are for a system consisting of two exchange-coupled spins with biaxial exchange and single-site anisotropy, a system with a nontrivial integrability condition.
Patching Ideal Families and Enforcing Reflection

For several years much research has been directed at ideals associated with large cardinals. In this paper we discuss ideal families and use this tool to investigate the saturation properties of various large cardinal ideals. Much of the work in this paper is a direct outgrowth of material presented in my doctoral dissertation written at the University of Michigan under the patient guidance of Andreas Blass. I would also like to thank the referee for several helpful questions and comments on the original version of this paper.
Studies on the adsorption of RuN3 dye on sheet-like nanostructured porous ZnO films

Abstract The interface between the ZnO and dye directly impacts the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance. Nanostructured porous ZnO film was developed by a simple chemical solution process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrated the uniform ZnO films with sheet-like nanostructure. Adsorption studies indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of RuN 3 dye on the surface of ZnO films was approximately 0.016 mmol RuN 3 /g ZnO films. Adsorption studies were conducted at 25 and 40 °C. The results showed that the dye adsorption was significantly influenced by temperatures. Moreover, the problem of the dye aggregation on the ZnO surface was reduced at higher adsorption temperatures. The adsorption chemistry was studied with Raman spectroscopy.
Sulfur Allocation and Vanadium−Sulfate Interactions in Whole Blood Cells from the Tunicate Ascidia ceratodes, Investigated Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to investigate the distribution of sulfur types in two whole blood cell samples, in selected subcellular blood fractions, and in cell-free plasma from the tunicate Ascidia ceratodes. Whole blood cells are rich in sulfate, aliphatic sulfonate, and low-valent sulfur. The sulfur K-edge XAS spectrum of washed blood cell membranes revealed traces of sulfate and low-valent sulfur, but no sulfate ester or sulfonate. Sulfonate is thus exclusively cytosolic. Cell-free blood plasma contains primarily sulfate sulfur. Gaussian fitting and sulfate quantitation for two whole blood cell samples, each representing dozens of individuals from separate collections taken per annum, yielded average sulfur type concentrations for the two populations: (first year, second year): [sulfate], 110 mM, 150 mM; [sulfonate], 99 mM, 70 mM, and; [low-valent sulfur], 41 mM, 220 mM. On titration of sulfate with acid or V(III) in aqueous solution, the strong 2482.4 eV 1s → (v...
Introduction to the special issue, emerging issues in mycotoxin research–Part II

Historically, toxicological problems associated with the consumption of fungus-infected cereal grains, cereal products, and other foodstuffs have plagued humans and their domestic animals. Detailed studies of these toxicological problems have led to the identification of a large number of fungi and the mycotoxins they produce. These fungi include species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and others that can produce aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, citrinin, and other mycotoxins. These mycotoxins have been shown to be the likely causative agents of many toxic outbreaks. The symptoms reported dur ing these toxic outbreaks coincide with the symptoms induced by administration of a pure mycotoxin in a controlled experimental setting. All major cereal crops are susceptible to infection by at least one species of these fungi. This is in part due to the widespread dispersal of these fungi, which can live as both saprophytes and parasites. In some parts of the developing world, economic conditions occasionally force people to consume foodstuffs infected by a toxigenic fungus, and with it they consume the mycotoxins the fungus produced. Exposure of domestic animals to mycotoxins is a more common problem due to the feeding of contaminated agricultural commodities. Whether grains, vegetables, or fruits, exposure to wet weather during maturation and harvest can result in unwholesome products, and full understanding of the multiple mycotoxins that may be present is still lacking. Mycotoxin research has traditionally focused
Changes in input strength and number are driven by distinct mechanisms at the retinogeniculate synapse

Recent studies have demonstrated that vision influences the functional remodeling of the mouse retinogeniculate synapse, the connection between retinal ganglion cells and thalamic relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Initially, each relay neuron receives a large number of weak retinal inputs. Over a 2- to 3-wk developmental window, the majority of these inputs are eliminated, and the remaining inputs are strengthened. This period of refinement is followed by a critical period when visual experience changes the strength and connectivity of the retinogeniculate synapse. Visual deprivation of mice by dark rearing from postnatal day (P)20 results in a dramatic weakening of synaptic strength and recruitment of additional inputs. In the present study we asked whether experience-dependent plasticity at the retinogeniculate synapse represents a homeostatic response to changing visual environment. We found that visual experience starting at P20 following visual deprivation from birth results in weakening of existing retinal inputs onto relay neurons without significant changes in input number, consistent with homeostatic synaptic scaling of retinal inputs. On the other hand, the recruitment of new inputs to the retinogeniculate synapse requires previous visual experience prior to the critical period. Taken together, these findings suggest that diverse forms of homeostatic plasticity drive experience-dependent remodeling at the retinogeniculate synapse.
The Impact of Technology on Reference Services in a Small Academic Health Sciences Library

The impact of technology on library services is an important issue for librariarnship. Numerous articles in the library literature speak to this phenomenon but most deal with the experience of larger libraries. In a small library the magnitude of the impact is proportionatcly greater than in a larger library. Experience in one small academic health sciences library suggests that technology empowers both end users and support staff in ways that allow significant changes in library information services. In particular, developments in user-oriented knowledge allow end users and support staff to receive directly information and services for which the librarian previously served as gatekreper.
Classification of DNA polymerase activities from ovaries of the frog, Xenopus laevis.

Four distinct DNA polymerase activities were isolated from ovaries of the frog Xenopus laevis. Specific assays for each activity were established. The isolated activities were characterized by molecular weight, template-primer preferences, and sensitivity to specific inhibitors as Xenopus laevis ovarian DNA polymerases-α1, -α2, -β, and -γ. All previously described Xenopus laevis DNA polymerases were classified using these properties.
Transmucosal Administration of Midazolam for Premedication of Pediatric Patients: Comparison of the Nasal and Sublingual Routes

Background:Nasal transmucosal midazolam is effective for premedication of pediatric patients; however, 61-74% of these patients cry at nasal drug administration. Sublingual benzodiazepines, including midazolam, are effective in adults. The current blinded randomized study compared acceptance of and
Challenges and Benefits of Open-Ended Sustainable Design in First-Year Engineering

AbstractThe process of designing buildings requires both creative and analytical skills to devise innovative building solutions that cannot be generated from analytical skills alone, but traditional teaching and assessment tends to focus on analytical skills. This research begins to address the challenge of encouraging innovation and creativity in the engineering classroom through an open-ended design problem given to students in a first-year engineering course. With only a basic level of prior experience, students created designs for a new exterior wall for an existing building space to make the building perform more sustainably. Students submitted rough sketches of their design ideas along with written documentation illustrating the process that they used to create a design solution to the problem. The responses from the students were analyzed to determine the positive and negative aspects of this open-ended design problem on their education. Students were successful at addressing one or more of the Lea...
Network science and social media.

Humans are social beings. This fact has long been recognized by social scientists and clinicians. From associations with acquaintances, to friendships, to parent–child connections, we rely on social relationships to manage a range of individual and collective needs. Only in recent years have we developed the tools to map these relationships as networks on larger scales and across different social spaces. The advent of social media and mobile technologies has increased the need to understand these networks and their implications in the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents, particularly for those in vulnerable or high-risk subpopulations. As researchers, we are studying the lives of homeless adolescents using these methods and therefore draw on examples from that domain. Nevertheless, we feel there are important principles that can be used with adolescents more generally. In this brief article, we want to outline some of the exciting science emerging about social networks, provide some context for its relevance to new social media, and give the clinician a tool for tracing these networks.
The role of company image as brand equity

Proposes that benefits would accrue as a result of the development of a halo marketing campaign for firms forced to serve unprofitable markets, and the pharmaceutical industry is used as an example. Halo marketing should allow firms to garner increased positive firm image and/or increased brand equity from serving these markets, as opposed to the unavailable traditional benefit of profit. Utilizes the international tourism literature to illustrate how firms may effectively use halo marketing since this literature has a history of applying halo marketing to increase travel to tourist destinations. Also integrates the corporate reputation literature base. Presents five research propositions regarding how these concepts could be applied to firms serving unprofitable markets.
Relaxation Phenomena in Vitrifying Polymers and Molecular Liquids

Recent experimental results on the dynamics of glass-forming materials, particularly polymers, are surveyed. The focus is on aspects of the behavior that are connected to or correlated with structural relaxation. These results include the invariance to thermodynamic conditions (temperature, pressure, volume) of a number of properties—breadth of the relaxation dispersion, number of dynamically correlating molecules, Johari−Goldstein secondary relaxation time, onset of the dynamic crossover, and the product of temperature and specific volume with the latter raised to a material constant—provided the structural relaxation time is maintained constant. Additional salient experimental findings include the correlation of various high-frequency processes, usually measured in the glassy state, with properties of the equilibrium material above Tg. These correlations indicate that the glass transition, although conventionally defined by the relaxation time becoming larger than experimental time scales (>100 s), has ...
Integrated Optic (BRAGG) Spectrum Analyzer

This paper describes the integrated optic implementation of a Bragg spectrum analyzer which utilizes a surface-guided coherent optical wave and a surface acoustic wave. The Integrated Optic Spectrum Analyzer (IOSA) employs surface geodesic lenses for beam focusing, a surface acoustic wave input transducer, an optical surface waveguide, a solid state laser and a detector array coupled to the waveguide. Design principles are given to selecting component parameters such as optical beam diameter, detector cell size, lens apertures and focal lengths, acoustic transducer design and input power level so as to obtain specific RF resolution, spurious level and signal to noise ratio. Design parameters are.presented for a 400 to 800 MHz spectrum analyzer with a projected resolution of 4 MHz, and a 40 dB dynamic range.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finite element analysis of tire critical speeds

Abstract This paper introduces a semi-analytic finite element technique for predicting standing wave motions (critical speed phenomena) in pneumatic tires. A general formulation is presented which encompasses inflation and rotation of the tire as well as vibratory motions superimposed upon the inflated and rotating state. The use of sinusoidal basis functions for the circumferential variation of each displacement component reduces the finite element model to two dimensions, and improves solution accuracy for higher-frequency modes. Under suitable assumptions the harmonic components uncouple, and the three-dimensional problem may be solved as a sequence of smaller two-dimensional analyses. The proposed technique provides improved accuracy over three-dimensional analysis at a small fraction of the cost and modeling effort.
Plutonium Detection in Humans Using Octagonal Computer-Generated Color Patterns

Routine analysis of humans for plutonium lung burdens is accomplished with two phoswich low-energy gamma detectors. The analysis of data from each detector provides the spectroscopist with a total of eight parameters. These parameters are normalized and displayed as an octagonal histogram overlayed against the historical analyses of uncontaminated humans similar in body geometry, i.e., weight, height, and chest thickness. Subjects containing lung burdens of plutonium within ±1 ? (one standard deviation) of the historical average yield data which are displayed on a color graphics terminal as a green octagon. Analyses which yield values greater than 1 ? above the historical average produce a distorted yellow, orange, or red display. Thus, through color and pattern recognition, the analyst may see at a glance if the current data statistically indicate human contamination.
Electrical funnel: A broadband signal combining method

A non-uniform 2D propagation medium is compatible with modern IC processes and is used to produce a 4-to-1 broadband power combiner called an electrical funnel. The combiner is used in a wideband power amplifier in a 0.13mum SiGe BiCMOS process and yields 125mW peak output power at 85GHz with a 24GHz 3dB bandwidth
Oxygen regulation and limitation to cellular respiration in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo.

In skeletal muscle, intracellular Po2 can fall to as low as 2–3 mmHg. This study tested whether oxygen regulates cellular respiration in this range of oxygen tensions through direct coupling betwee...
The Egocentricity Index and Self-Esteem in Court Ordered Psychiatric Evaluations

An attempt was made to test the hypothesis that the Egocentricity Index (Exner, 1974), a ratio which incorporates pair and reflection responses, is related to self-esteem. Sixty criminal defendants referred for psychiatric evaluation were routinely administered the Rorschach. After all other testing was Completed the subjects were asked to complete the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Results found no significant relationships between the Egocentricity Index and self-esteem as measured by the Coopersmith. It was recommended that the Egocentricity Index not be used as a measure of self-esteem, until research evidence to support its use in this manner is provided.
Radar Sensor Network Using a Set of New Ternary Codes: Theory and Application

In the radar sensor network (RSN), the interferences among different radar sensors can be effectively reduced when waveforms are properly designed. In this paper, we perform some theoretical studies on coexistence of phase coded waveforms in the RSN. We propose a new ternary codes-optimized punctured zero correlation zone sequence-pair set (ZCZPS)-and analyze their properties. Applying the new ternary codes and equal-gain combination technique to the RSN, we study the detection performance versus different numbers of radar sensors under the different conditions. The simulation results show that the RSN using our optimized punctured ZCZPS performs better than the RSN using the same number of common codes such as the Gold codes and much better than the single radar system no matter whether or not the Doppler shift is considered.
Ultrapure water quality monitoring by a silicon-based potentiometric sensor

A solid state silicon-based potentiometric sensor and a resistivity sensor were employed to monitor the water quality from an ultra-pure water production unit. A minute ionic impurity increase (at the low ppt level), which was not detectable by the conventional water resistivity sensor, can be sensitively detected by the silicon-based sensor. This slight degradation of water purity, independently confirmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy, was attributed to early boil-off from the saturated water purification cartridge. The silicon-based sensor can potentially function as an ultra-sensitive monitoring sensor in conjunction with the conventional resistivity sensor to ensure water purity at parts per trillion level.
The Euler—Catalan identity

The enumeration of permutations by descents, major index, inversion number, and certain three letter patterns leads to a multivariable recurrence relationship which simultaneously contains generalizations of both the Catalan and Eulerian numbers.
Jitter spectral extraction for multi-gigahertz signal

In this paper, we propose a method for extracting the spectral information of a multi-gigahertz jittery signal. This method may utilize existing on-chip single-shot period measurement techniques to measure the multi-gigahertz signal periods for spectral analysis. This method does not require an external sampling clock, nor any additional measurement beyond existing techniques. Experimental results show that this analysis method can accurately estimate the amount and frequencies of periodic and random jitter of a multi-gigahertz signal.
Effect of immunotherapy on appearance of antibodies to ragweed in external secretions.

Abstract Studies on 50 nasal washings, 16 parotid salivas from ragweed-allergic patients, and 10 secretions from normal subjects showed considerable variation in protein and immunoglobulin concentrations. Only 2 immunoglobulins, A and G, were found in nasal washings. Of 26 parotid salivas studied (allergic and controls), IgA was found in 26, IgG in 4, and IgM in 3 specimens. Anti-ragweed antibodies in the serum and exocrine secretions of allergic patients were examined by means of Prausnitz-Kustner (PK) test, radioimmunoelectrophoresis, radioimmunodiffusion, and tanned cell hemagglutination (TH) tests. The incidence of IgE, IgA, and IgG antibodies to ragweed in the sera and nasal washings in a group of 22 patients with previous immunotherapy was compared to that of 28 patients without immunotherapy. The immunotherapy seemed to affect the incidence of serum IgE and IgG antibodies but has no influence on the incidence of anti-ragweed antibodies in the nasal washings. PK activity of nasal washings could be removed by absorption with anti-IgE but not anti-IgA or anti-IgG immunosorbents. Anti-ragweed antibodies could be detected in parotid salivas only by the TH test.
Another free app: Does it have the right intentions?

Security and privacy holds a great importance in mobile devices due to the escalated use of smart phone applications (app). This has made the user even more vulnerable to malicious attacks than ever before. We aim to address this problem by proposing a novel framework to identify potential Android malware apps by extracting the intention and their permission requests. First, we constructed a dataset consisting of 1,730 benign apps along with 273 malware samples. Then, both datasets were subjected to source code extraction. From there on, we followed a two phase approach to identify potential malware samples. In phase 1, we constructed a machine learning model to group benign apps into different clusters based on their operations known as the task-intention. Once we trained the model, it was used to identify the task-intention of an Android app. Further, in this phase, we only used the benign apps to construct the task-intentions and none of the malware signatures were involved. Therefore, our approach does not use machine learning models to identify malware apps. Then, for each task-intention group, we extracted the permission-requests of the apps and constructed the probability mass functions (PMF). We named the shape of this PMF as Intention-Shape or I-Shape. In phase 2, we used the permission-requests, task-intentions and I-Shapes to identify potential malware apps. We compared the permission-requests of an unknown app with its corresponding I-Shape to identify the potential malware apps. Using this approach, we obtained an accuracy of 89% in detecting potential malware samples. The novelty of our work is to perform potential malware identification without training any models with malware signatures, and utilization of I-Shapes to identify such potential malware samples. Our approach can be utilized to identify the safety of an app before it is installed as it performs static code analysis. Further, it can be utilized in pre-screening or multi-layer security systems. It is also highly useful in screening malware apps when launching in Android markets.
Comparative economics of shrimp farming in Asia

Abstract This paper reviews the trends and economics of hatchery and grow-out phases of shrimp farming in Asia. The economics of small, medium and large-scale hatcheries are evaluated based on a recent Philippine study. Costs and returns of shrimp grow-outs in major Asian producing countries are analyzed based on a recent farm performance survey conducted by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia–Pacific (NACA). The costs and returns of extensive, semi-intensive and intensive farming systems are compared within the producing country, and the economic efficiency of each system is compared among the major producing countries. Comparative advantage of producing and marketing of shrimp among major producing countries in Asia is also evaluated. Limitations for future development and factors affecting the sustainable growth of the shrimp industry are also discussed.
Sorting of calcium signals at the junctions of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Calcium signal transmission between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria is supported by a local [Ca(2+)] control that operates between IP(3)receptor Ca(2+)release channels (IP(3)R) and mitochondrial Ca(2+)uptake sites, and displays functional similarities to synaptic transmission. Activation of IP(3)R by IP(3)is known to evoke quantal Ca(2+)mobilization that is associated with incremental elevations of mitochondrial matrix [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](m)). Here we report that activation of IP(3)R by adenophostin-A (AP) yields non-quantal Ca(2+)mobilization in mast cells. We also show that the AP-induced continuous Ca(2+)release causes relatively small [Ca(2+)](m)responses, in particular, the sustained phase of Ca(2+)release is not sensed by the mitochondria. Inhibition of ER Ca(2+)pumps by thapsigargin slightly increases IP(3)-induced [Ca(2+)](m)responses, but augments AP-induced [Ca(2+)](m)responses in a large extent. In adherent permeabilized cells exposed to elevated [Ca(2+)], ER Ca(2+)uptake fails to affect global cytosolic [Ca(2+)], but attenuates [Ca(2+)](m)responses. Moreover, almost every mitochondrion exhibits a region very close to ER Ca(2+)pumps visualized by BODIPY-FL-thapsigargin or SERCA antibody. Thus, at the ER-mitochondrial junctions, localized ER Ca(2+)uptake provides a mechanism to attenuate the mitochondrial response during continuous Ca(2+)release through the IP(3)R or during gradual Ca(2+)influx to the junction between ER and mitochondria.
Atomic collisions in surface chemistry and film deposition

Abstract Low-energy, mass-selected ion beams provide access to an interesting, important, and poorly understood regime of ion-surface interactions. Ions in the range of 1 to 100 eV span the range from chemical bond energies to lattice penetration energies. Such hyperthermal reactants can be used to induce chemical reactions with significant activation barriers, select reaction mechanism pathways, and deposit unique thin films. This review provides a brief overview of the surface chemistry and film deposition that is achievable through the use of hyperthermal beams. Detailed examples are provided for the reactions of C+, O+, and CO+ ions with Ni(111) and for deposition of diamondlike films using C+ beams.
A Case of Prosopagnosia Following Moderate Closed Head Injury with Left Hemisphere Focal Lesion

Abstract This study describes a left handed woman with prosopagnosia following traumatic brain injury with a focal lesion confined to the left-posterior hemisphere. Few cases of prosopagnosia following unilateral left hemisphere lesions have previously been reported in the literature. Corrected visual acuity was 20/70 (binocular), color vision was intact on screening, and shape detection was borderline. Impairments in higher order visual perception were evident to varying degrees on nonfacial tasks. Matching of unfamiliar faces was very slow but accurate. A marked impairment in the ability to recognize familiar faces and learn new face-name associations was evident on experimental tasks relative to the performance of healthy control subjects. In contrast, identification of characteristics of faces (gender, age) and identification and matching of facial expressions were relatively preserved. We discuss the cognitive processing stages that appear to be disrupted using Bruce and Young's (1986) model of facial recognition and perception as a framework.
Recent Developments in the Global Telecommunication Network

This paper reviews current knowledge about the structure of the international telecommunications network and how it has changed over time as a result of globalization, historical events, and changes in technology. It has a center-periphery structure with North America and Western Europe at the center, and less economically developed countries at the periphery. The peripheral nations are clustered into regional groups -- Latin America, Asia, Islam, and the former Soviet Republics. Over time, the integration of the global community, the breakup of the Eastern Bloc, the reintegration of Hong Kong into China and the dotcom bubble have resulted in changes in the pattern of global telephone flows. Since 2000, there has been a decline in the rate of change in the network. This decrease is most likely due changes in telecommunications technology, the adoption of the Internet and VoIP.