cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observer Design for State Estimation of UV Curing Processes

This article discusses the challenges of non-intrusive state measurement for the purposes of online monitoring and control of Ultraviolet (UV) curing processes. It then proposes a two-step observer design scheme involving the estimation of distributed temperature from boundary sensing cascaded with nonlinear cure state observers. For the temperature observer, backstepping techniques are applied to derive the observer partial differential equations along with the gain kernels. For subsequent cure state estimation, a nonlinear observer is derived along with analysis of its convergence characteristics. While illustrative simulation results are included for a composite laminate curing application, it is apparent that the approach can also be adopted for other UV processing applications in advanced manufacturing.© 2014 ASME
Topological analysis and visualization of cyclical behavior in memory reference traces

We demonstrate the application of topological analysis techniques to the rather unexpected domain of software visualization. We collect a memory reference trace from a running program, recasting the linear flow of trace records as a high-dimensional point cloud in a metric space. We use topological persistence to automatically detect significant circular structures in the point cloud, which represent recurrent or cyclical runtime program behaviors. We visualize such recurrences using radial plots to display their time evolution, offering multi-scale visual insights, and detecting potential candidates for memory performance optimization. We then present several case studies to demonstrate some key insights obtained using our techniques.
Sub-threshold leakage currents in weakly inverted short channel IGFETS

Abstract This paper attempts to develop a comprehensive device model suitable for computer aided design, in the sub-threshold mode of operation, for short-channel insulated-gate field-effect transistors (IGFETs). It is shown that, for state-of-the art MOS LSI, employing 4–6 μ channel length devices, the sub-threshold conduction current is influenced by the longitudinal electric field to a significant degree. The device model is found to be in close agreement with experimental data. The limitations of this model for very short channel IGFETs is briefly discussed.
Development of large linear silicon drift detectors for the STAR experiment at RHIC

Abstract Large area linear Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) are being developed for high energy and relativistic heavy ion collider experiments. SDDs have been proposed for the inner tracking detector in the STAR experiment at the BNL relativistic heavy ion collider to become operational in 1999. The Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) will consist of a three layer barrel structure composed of 216 individual detectors, each 6.3 × 6.3 cm 2 . Prototypes, including one-way drift detectors (4.5 × 4.5 cm 2 ) and bi-directional drift detectors (6 × 6 cm 2 ) have been manufactured,and their properties have been studied. Design considerations, as well as test results, are presented in this article. Recent work has focused on minimizing the inactive guard structure area in order to optimize tracking efficiency. Particular attention is given to discussion of parameters that are sensitive to the reduced guard structure area, such as leakage current, maximum voltage and drift non-linearities.
Some Physical Characteristics of Agar Impression Materials

The newly revised American Dental Association Specification No. 11 for Dental Hydrocolloidal Impression Material-Agar Type did not exclude the agar impression materials on the current List of Certified Dental Materials as established by the American Dental Association. Therefore, these materials comply with both the old and the revised specifications which define materials having a wide range of flexibility. The authors recommend that serious consideration be given to the use of agar impression materials, especially in indirect methods.
Nutrition of apple and pear trees with foliar sprays, trunk injections or soil applications of iron compounds

Abstract Bearing apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees were treated with various iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) compounds in an attempt to correct or reduce severe Fe chlorosis. Fall plus spring trunk injections of ferrous sulfate solution (1.0% w: w) were the most effective and long lasting (3 or 4 years) method for reducing Fe chlorosis. Certain foliar sprays, especially Fe‐lignosulfonates, resulted in improved greening of the leaves and fruit, but the effect was of short duration (only lasting for the season of application). Soil applications of Fe and S to either the poorly drained or calcareous soils had limited and variable effectiveness on reducing Fe chlorosis. Limiting irrigation water in the poorly drained pear orchards or irrigating less but at more frequent intervals in the high pH soils of the apple orchards reduced iron chlorosis.
EFFECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS FOR LEVERAGING LANGUAGE CONTENT IN MULTIMEDIA EVENT DETECTION

Language content in videos from speech and overlaid or inscene video text can provide high precision signals for video event detection and retrieval. However, sporadic occurrence, content that is unrelated to the events of interest, and high error rates of current speech and text recognition systems on consumer domain video make it difficult to exploit these channels. In this paper, we study different representations of language content to address these challenges. First, we utilize likelihood weighted word lattices obtained from a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based decoding engine to encode many alternate hypotheses, rather than relying on noisy single best hypotheses. Second, we utilize an event-independent modified term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting scheme to obtain the final feature vector. We present detailed experimental results on the TRECVID MED 2013 dataset containing ~150000 videos, and show that our representation significantly outperforms alternate representations for both speech and video text.
Correlation between time-domain measures of heart rate variability and scatterplots in patients with healed myocardial infarcts and the influence of metoprolol

Scatterplots (displays of each RR interval as a function of the preceding RR interval) provide a visual assessment of nonrandom variations in heart rate. In a recent study, scatterplot length, width, and area correlated with time-domain measures of heart rate variability (HRV) in survivors of recent myocardial infarction (MI) receiving a beta blocker. We performed this study to (1) assess the relation between time-domain measures of HRV and scatterplot indexes in survivors of remote MI not receiving metoprolol and (2) to determine if metoprolol influenced scatterplot indexes. In 28 survivors of remote MI, HRV time-domain variables and scatterplot indexes were measured after 2 weeks off and 2 weeks on metoprolol. Off metoprolol, scatterplot length correlated with long-term HRV variables (SD of the difference of all RR intervals [r = 0.98], SD of the average of all 5-minute intervals [r = 0.97]), and scatterplot width correlated with short-term HRV variables (root-mean-square successive differences between RR intrevals [rMSSD] [r = 0.88]). Metoprolol increased time-domain HRV variables (mean RR interval, rMSSD, and proportion of adjacent RR intervals differing by > 50 ms [pNN50 (%)]) but did not alter scatterplot indexes. Thus, scatterplot indexes correlate with time-domain measures of HRV in survivors of remote MI not receiving metoprolol. In contrast to HRV time-domain variables, scatterplot indexes are not influenced by metoprolol.
Corrosive microenvironments at lead solder surfaces arising from galvanic corrosion with copper pipe.

As stagnant water contacts copper pipe and lead solder (simulated soldered joints), a corrosion cell is formed between the metals in solder (Pb, Sn) and the copper. If the resulting galvanic current exceeds about 2 μA/cm2, a highly corrosive microenvironment can form at the solder surface, with pH < 2.5 and chloride concentrations at least 11 times higher than bulk water levels. Waters with relatively high chloride tend to sustain high galvanic currents, preventing passivation of the solder surface, and contributing to lead contamination of potable water supplies. The total mass of lead corroded was consistent with predictions based on the galvanic current, and lead leaching to water was correlated with galvanic current. If the concentration of sulfate in the water increased relative to chloride, galvanic currents and associated lead contamination could be greatly reduced, and solder surfaces were readily passivated.
Five-year study of two lightcured posterior composite resins

Abstract Two visible light-cured composite resins, Ful-Fil and X-55, were used to restore 136 Class I and Class II cavity preparations in adult teeth. After 5 years the ratings for color matching, interfacial staining, secondary caries, and marginal adaptation remained good, using USPHS criteria (ranging from 75% to 100% Alfa). The average surface loss due to occlusal wear was 158 and 169 micrometers for Ful-Fil and X-55, respectively. Significant differences in occlusal wear were noted depending on tooth and restoration type. These results indicate that both composite resins meet the current ADA Council on Dental Materials specifications for full acceptance in adult posterior teeth.
Pregnancy Rates After Timed AI of Heifers Following Removal of Intravaginal Progesterone Inserts

Abstract Reproductive performance of dairy heifers was compared for each of 2 synchronization protocols: The first group of 54 heifers was synchronized using intravaginal progesterone inserts (CIDR) plus estradiol cypionate (ECP) on d 0, PGF 2α on d 7, and ECP again on d 8 (CIDR-ECP); a second group of 56 heifers was synchronized using CIDR and ECP on d 0, PGF 2α on d 7, and GnRH on d 9 (CIDR-GnRH). All heifers received timed artificial insemination (TAI) at 48, 56, or 72h after CIDR removal on d 7. Pregnancy diagnosis was conducted by ultrasonography 32±1 d post AI to confirm pregnancy and at 60±1 d post AI to determine embryo survival. Ovaries were monitored by ultrasonography daily from d 0 to 7 and twice daily from d 8 to ovulation to examine emergence of a new wave of follicles, size of the ovulatory follicle, and timing of ovulation on 15 heifers per protocol. New follicular development was detected 3.7±0.2 d after CIDR insertion. Heifers receiving CIDR-ECP had a shorter interval from CIDR removal to ovulation than heifers receiving CIDR-GnRH (63.8±3.0 vs. 71.6±2.3h, respectively); however, ovulation occurred 39.8±3.0h after ECP or 23.6±2.3h after GnRH. Diameters of ovulatory follicles did not differ between treatments. Overall pregnancy rate for synchronized heifers was 60.1%, and embryo survival was 98%. Pregnancy rate for heifers synchronized with CIDR-ECP was 63.0% and similar to that in heifers synchronized with CIDR-GnRH (57.1%). Pregnancy rate was affected by time of AI for heifers synchronized using CIDR-ECP but not for those synchronized with CIDR-GnRH. Heifers in the CIDR-ECP group that were inseminated 56h after CIDR removal had a higher pregnancy rate (81.0%) compared with heifers inseminated 48 (66.7%) or 72h (50.0%) after CIDR removal. Either ECP or GnRH used in a CIDR-based TAI program in dairy heifers can achieve acceptable reproductive performance.
Social-emotional screening status in early childhood predicts elementary school outcomes.

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to examine whether children who screen positive for social-emotional/behavioral problems at 12 to 36 months of age are at elevated risk for social-emotional/behavioral problems in early elementary school. METHODS. The sample studied (N = 1004) comprised an ethnically (33.3% minority) and socioeconomically (17.8% living in poverty and 11.3% living in borderline poverty) diverse, healthy, birth cohort from a metropolitan region of the northeastern United States. When children were 12 to 36 months of age (mean age: 23.8 months; SD: 7.1 months), parents completed the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment and questions concerning their level of worry about their child9s behavior, emotions, and social development. When children were in early elementary school (mean age: 6.0 years; SD: 0.4 years), parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist and teachers completed the Teacher Report Form regarding behavioral problems. In a subsample (n = 389), parents reported child psychiatric status. RESULTS. Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment screen status and parental worry were associated significantly with school-age symptoms and psychiatric disorders. In multivariate analyses that included Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment status and parental worry, Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment scores significantly predicted all school-age problems, whereas worry predicted only parent reports with the Child Behavior Checklist. Children with of-concern scores on the problem scale of the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment were at increased risk for parent-reported subclinical/clinical levels of problems and for psychiatric disorders. Low competence scores predicted later teacher-reported subclinical/clinical problems and parent-reported disorders. Worry predicted parent-reported subclinical/clinical problems. Moreover, the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment identified 49.0% of children who exhibited subclinical/clinical symptoms according to teachers and 67.9% of children who later met the criteria for a psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS. Screening with a standardized tool in early childhood has the potential to identify the majority of children who exhibit significant emotional/behavioral problems in early elementary school.
Adaptive remote sensing with HF skywave radar

Methods of radar resource management, parameter optimisation, data-dependent processing and real-time implementation of remote sensing capabilities have not been fully reported. The paper sets out to examine these issues, and to describe how they have been addressed in one operational skywave radar system (the Australian JINDALEE radar). Finally, the author considers the way ahead, including the exploitation of artificial intelligence in the form of knowledge-based systems.
A Constructive-Associative Model of the Contextual Dependence of Unidimensional Similarity

Conditions under which pairwise dissimilarity ratings should reflect manipulations of the stimulus distribution were outlined by a model that proposed these effects. These conditions arise from either a context dependent process for constructing implicit scale values or a process that uses previously established stimulus-response associates. Consistent with the model, results from 3 experiments using unidimensional psychophysical stimuli demonstrated disordinal context effects on pairwise dissimilarity ratings when (a) there was a 3-s delay between presentation of pair members or (b) a unidimensional rating task preceded the pairwise dissimilarity ratings. Global effects of density were fit well by a model that extended A. Parducci's (1983) range-frequency theory to dissimilarity ratings. Local density effects were generally consistent with predictions from C.L.Krumhansl's (1978) distance-density theory.
Role of Gluconeogenesis and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in the Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in BALB/c Mice

In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the Cra protein (catabolite repressor/activator) regulates utilization of gluconeogenic carbon sources by activating transcription of genes in the gluconeogenic pathway, the glyoxylate bypass, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and electron transport and repressing genes encoding glycolytic enzymes. A serovar Typhimurium SR-11 Deltacra mutant was recently reported to be avirulent in BALB/c mice via the peroral route, suggesting that gluconeogenesis may be required for virulence. In the present study, specific SR-11 genes in the gluconeogenic pathway were deleted (fbp, glpX, ppsA, and pckA), and the mutants were tested for virulence in BALB/c mice. The data show that SR-11 does not require gluconeogenesis to retain full virulence and suggest that as yet unidentified sugars are utilized by SR-11 for growth during infection of BALB/c mice. The data also suggest that the TCA cycle operates as a full cycle, i.e., a sucCD mutant, which prevents the conversion of succinyl coenzyme A to succinate, and an DeltasdhCDA mutant, which blocks the conversion of succinate to fumarate, were both attenuated, whereas both an SR-11 DeltaaspA mutant and an SR-11 DeltafrdABC mutant, deficient in the ability to run the reductive branch of the TCA cycle, were fully virulent. Moreover, although it appears that SR-11 replenishes TCA cycle intermediates from substrates present in mouse tissues, fatty acid degradation and the glyoxylate bypass are not required, since an SR-11 DeltafadD mutant and an SR-11 DeltaaceA mutant were both fully virulent.
Ranking ligand binding affinities with avidin: a molecular dynamics-based interaction energy study

The binding of 14 biotin analogues to avidin is examined to evaluate the viability of calculating binding free energy based on molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories. Two approaches were investigated in this work. The first one uses the linear interaction energy approximation, while the other approach utilizes the interaction free energy. The results obtained from these two methods were found to correlate well with the experimental binding free energy data for 10 out of 14 ligands. For the other four ligands, both methods overestimate their binding strength by more than 7 kcal/mol. Free energy calculations using the thermodynamic integration method are employed to understand this overestimation. The effect of protein flexibility on binding free energy calculation and the effect of charged or neutral ligands on the calculated results are discussed. MD simulations are shown to be able to provide insight into the interactions occurring in the active site and the origins of variations in binding free energy.
Research at the End of Life A Sacred Undertaking

Conducting research at the end of life is currently a priority for the National Institute of Nursing Research, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Institute of Health. However, attempting to do research with those who are dying is fraught with numerous challenges. In this column, the author discusses some of the issues and presents viable solutions, so that we as the research community can inform clinicians about care at the end of life and improve quality.
Simple and accurate methods for quantifying deformation, disruption, and development in biological tissues

When mechanical factors underlie growth, development, disease or healing, they often function through local regions of tissue where deformation is highly concentrated. Current optical techniques to estimate deformation can lack precision and accuracy in such regions due to challenges in distinguishing a region of concentrated deformation from an error in displacement tracking. Here, we present a simple and general technique for improving the accuracy and precision of strain estimation and an associated technique for distinguishing a concentrated deformation from a tracking error. The strain estimation technique improves accuracy relative to other state-of-the-art algorithms by directly estimating strain fields without first estimating displacements, resulting in a very simple method and low computational cost. The technique for identifying local elevation of strain enables for the first time the successful identification of the onset and consequences of local strain concentrating features such as cracks and tears in a highly strained tissue. We apply these new techniques to demonstrate a novel hypothesis in prenatal wound healing. More generally, the analytical methods we have developed provide a simple tool for quantifying the appearance and magnitude of localized deformation from a series of digital images across a broad range of disciplines.
Toward a Fuller Understanding of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry.

Although inductively coupled plasma emission and mass spectrometry have been in widespread use for a long time, there is still a gap in our knowledge concerning how atoms are formed in the ICP, by which mechanisms they are excited, how ionization occurs, and how these factors are influenced by operating parameters of the ICP such as gas flow rates, radiofrequency power, and viewing or sampling position. Furthermore it is still not clear how or whether the sampling cone of the mass-spectrometer interface affects the ICP itself. Although many measurements have been made downstream from the sampling orifice, less is clear about the influence of the interface upstream of the sampling process. In our laboratory is available a suite of measurement tools and techniques that are being exploited to address these questions. These techniques permit us to map, on a spatially resolved basis, such critical features as electron-energy distributions, gas-kinetic temperatures, ground-state analyte atom and ion number densities, electron concentrations, and densities of excited-state argon species. In turn, these parameters can be measured in the presence and absence of suspected interferents and in the presence and absence of an ICP-MS sampling cone. Here, the basis of these measurements will be described. Also, based on recent results, mechanisms of excitation of analyte atoms and ions will be proposed and the influence of the ICP-MS sampling cone will be examined.
On a Completely Integrable Numerical Scheme for a Nonlinear Shallow-Water Wave Equation

An algorithm for an asymptotic model of wave propagation in shallow-water is proposed and analyzed. The algorithm is based on the Hamiltonian structure of the equation, and corresponds to a completely integrable particle lattice. Each “particle” in this method travels along a characteristic curve of the shallow water equation. The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations can have solutions that blow up in finite time. Conditions for global existence are isolated and convergence of the method is proved in the limit of zero spatial step size and infinite number of particles. A fast summation algorithm is introduced to evaluate integrals in the particle method so as to reduce computational cost from O(N 2 ) to O(N), where N is the number of particles. Accuracy tests based on exact solutions and invariants of motion assess the global properties of the method. Finally, results on the study of the nonlinear equation posed in the quarter (space-time) plane are presented. The minimum number of boundary conditions required for solution uniqueness and the complete integrability are discussed in this case, while a modified particle scheme illustrates the evolution of solutions with numerical examples.
Malaria and Mortality

Abstract Controversy has arisen concerning the extent near eradication of malaria affects mortality in tropical countries. Guesses of malaria's contribution to the classic fall in mortality in post-war Sri Lanka have varied from zero to 100 percent, while more serious estimates range from 21 percent (Gray 1974) to 48 percent (Newman 1965, 1970). In this article a general model is devised in which the previous estimating equations may be embedded. The Box-Cox approach to nonlinear regression analysis is then used to estimate close approximations to this model. The method yields a “best” estimate of 44 percent but also yields fairly wide margins of error.
Structural and thermodynamic effects of ANS binding to human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

Although 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS) is frequently used in protein folding studies, the structural and thermodynamic effects of its binding to proteins are not well understood. Using high-resolution two-dimensional NMR and human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) as a model protein, we obtained detailed information on ANS–protein interactions in the absence and presence of urea. The effects of ambient to elevated temperatures on the affinity and specificity of ANS binding were assessed from experiments performed at 25°C and 37°C. Overall, the affinity of ANS was lower at 37°C compared to 25°C, but no significant change in the site specificity of binding was observed from the chemical shift perturbation data. The same site-specific binding was evident in the presence of 5.2 M urea, well within the unfolding transition region, and resulted in selective stabilization of the folded state. Based on the two-state denaturation mechanism, ANS-dependent changes in the protein stability were estimated from relative intensities of two amide resonances specific to the folded and unfolded states of IL-1ra. No evidence was found for any ANS-induced partially denatured or aggregated forms of IL-1ra throughout the experimental conditions, consistent with a cooperative and reversible denaturation process. The NMR results support earlier observations on the tendency of ANS to interact with solvent-exposed positively charged sites on proteins. Under denaturing conditions, ANS binding appears to be selective to structured states rather than unfolded conformations. Interestingly, the binding occurs within a previously identified aggregation-critical region in IL-1ra, thus providing an insight into ligand-dependent protein aggregation.
The adenylate energy charge in marine phytoplantkon: The effect of temperature on the physiological state of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve

The adenylate energy charge ([ATP] + 12[ADP])[0ATP+ADP+AMP] was measured in axenic batch cultures of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve at 2°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 24° and 30°C. The results suggest that this eurythermal diatom is physiologically capable of adapting to the 28 °C range of temperature with little apparent difference in the potential energy available to the cell. In N-limited continuous cultures at 15 °C, the energy charge values were lower than those observed in batch culture by 0.2, implying nutrient stress may result in decreased intracellular chemical energy. The utilization of the adenylate energy charge as an indicator of physiological state is suggested.
Latent defect screening for high-reliability glass-ceramic multichip module copper interconnects

Nonlinear electrical conduction effects arising from local heating provide a means for detecting the presence of latent defects that are at risk of becoming open electronic circuits under stress. A special choice of ac drive current results in a dc intermodulation signal produced by nonlinear conduction, and offers several practical advantages over previous techniques involving ac harmonics. A key feature is the use of digital signal processing to provide speed, accuracy, and flexibility of measurement. A manufacturing screening system involving an automated prober integrated with the defect-detection tool is used to test high-performance glass-ceramic substrate interconnects used in advanced microelectronic packaging.
Rheumatoid and pyrophosphate arthritis synovial fibroblasts induce osteoclastogenesis independently of RANKL, TNF and IL-6.

Bone destruction is a common feature of inflammatory arthritis and is mediated by osteoclasts, the only specialized cells to carry out bone resorption. Aberrant expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β ligand (RANKL), an inducer of osteoclast differentiation has been linked with bone pathology and the synovial fibroblast in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this manuscript, we challenge the current concept that an increase in RANKL expression governs osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction in autoimmune arthritis. We isolated human fibroblasts from RA, pyrophosphate arthropathy (PPA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and analyzed their RANKL/OPG expression profile and the capacity of their secreted factors to induce osteoclastogenesis. We determined a 10-fold increase of RANKL mRNA and protein in fibroblasts isolated from RA relative to PPA and OA patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy volunteers were cultured in the presence of RA, PPA and OA synovial fibroblast conditioned medium. Osteoclast differentiation was assessed by expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), vitronectin receptor (VNR), F-actin ring formation and bone resorption assays. The formation of TRAP+, VNR+ multinucleated cells, capable of F-actin ring formation and lacunar resorption in synovial fibroblast conditioned medium cultures occured in the presence of osteoprotegerin (OPG) a RANKL antagonist. Osteoclasts did not form in these cultures in the absence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). Our data suggest that the conditioned medium of pure synovial fibroblast cultures contain inflammatory mediators that can induce osteoclast formation in human PBMC independently of RANKL. Moreover inhibition of the TNF or IL-6 pathway was not sufficient to abolish osteoclastogenic signals derived from arthritic synovial fibroblasts. Collectively, our data clearly show that alternate osteoclastogenic pathways exist in inflammatory arthritis and place the synovial fibroblast as a key regulatory cell in bone and joint destruction, which is a hallmark of autoimmune arthritis.
Clinicopathologic Significance of Cathepsin B and Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Immunostaining in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma:

Acetone-fixed cryostat sections of 52 colorectal adenocarcinomas (26 stage B, 26 stage C) were immunostained with antibodies for two "invasion-associated" proteolytic enzymes—cathepsin B and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Cathepsin B immu nostaining of neoplastic cells was observed in 21 tumors (40%). It was generally accompanied by staining among peritumoral host cells. There was no correlation be tween neoplastic cell cathepsin B staining and tumor stage (stage B, 42% positive vs stage C, 38% positive) however staining was more frequent in tumors that recurred (cathepsin B negative, 23% recurred vs cathepsin B positive, 48% recurred, P = .05-.06,25 months follow-up). Significant neoplastic cell urokinase-type plasminogen activator staining was present in only six cases (12%); however, peritumoral spindle and inflammatory cells exhibited positivity in 35% of tumors. There was no correlation between host cell derived urokinase-type plasminogen activator staining and either node metastasis or patien...
A Framework Exploring the Effects of the Machiavellian Disposition on the Relationship between Motivation and Influence Tactics

The relationship between sources of motivation and influence tactics and the moderating effect of the Machiavellian disposition are explored in this review of the literature in the areas of influen...
How to make enemies and influence people: anatomy of the anti-pluralist, totalitarian mindset

Abstract This essay outlines the characteristics of what I call the ‘totalitarian mindset’. Under certain circumstances, human beings engage in patterns of thinking and behavior that are extremely closed and intolerant of difference and pluralism. These patterns of thinking and behaving lead us towards totalitarian, anti-pluralistic futures. An awareness of how these patterns arise, how individuals and groups can be manipulated through the use of fear, and how totalitarianism plays into the desire in human beings for ‘absolute’ answers and solutions, can be helpful in preventing attempts at manipulation and from the dangers of actively wanting to succumb to totalitarian, simplistic, black-and-white solutions in times of stress and anxiety. I present a broad outline of an agenda for education for a pluralistic future. The lived experience of pluralism is still largely unfamiliar and anxiety inducing, and that the phenomenon is generally not understood, with many myths of purity and racial or cultural superiority still prevalent. Finally, as part of that agenda for education, I stress the importance of creativity as an adaptive capacity, an attitude that allows us to see pluralism as an opportunity for growth and positive change rather than simply conflict.
The non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia

The non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia (naPPA) is a young-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterised by poor grammatical comprehension and expression and a disorder of speech sound production. In an era of disease-modifying treatments, the identification of naPPA might be an important step in establishing a specific cause of neurodegenerative disease. However, difficulties in defining the characteristic language deficits and heterogeneity in the anatomical distribution of disease in naPPA have led to controversy. Findings from imaging studies have linked an impairment of this uniquely human language capacity with disruption of large-scale neural networks centred in left inferior frontal and anterior superior temporal regions. Accordingly, the pathological burden of disease in naPPA is anatomically focused in these regions. Most cases of naPPA are associated with the spectrum of pathological changes found in frontotemporal lobar degeneration involving the microtubule-associated protein tau. Knowledge of these unique clinical-pathological associations should advance care for patients with this important class of neurodegenerative diseases while supplementing our knowledge of human cognitive neuroscience.
Hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature

Let M be a complete two-dimensional surface immersed into the three-dimensional Euclidean space. Then a classical theorem of Hilbert says that when the curvature of M is a non-zero constant, M must be the sphere. On the other hand, when the curvature of M is zero, a theorem of Har tman-Nirenberg [4] says that M must be a plane or a cylinder. These two theorems complete the classification of complete surfaces with constant curvature in R 3.
Evidence for cleavage of lignin by a brown rot basidiomycete

Summary Biodegradation by brown-rot fungi is quantitatively one of the most important fates of lignocellulose in nature. It has long been thought that these basidi­ omycetes do not degrade lignin significantly, and that their activities on this abundant aromatic biopolymer are limited to minor oxidative modifications. Here we have applied a new technique for the complete solu­ bilization of lignocellulose to show, by one-bond 1 H- 13 C correlation nuclear magnetic resonance spec­ troscopy, that brown rot of spruce wood by Gloeo­ phyllum trabeum resulted in a marked, non-selective depletion of all intermonomer side-chain linkages in the lignin. The resulting polymer retained most of its original aromatic residues and was probably inter­ connected by new linkages that lack hydrogens and are consequently invisible in one-bond 1 H- 13 C corre­
Treatment with dimethylthiourea prevents impaired dilatation of the basilar artery during diabetes mellitus

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the synthesis/release of hydroxyl radical accounts for impaired nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilatation of the basilar artery during diabet...
Pediatric experience with intradialytic parenteral nutrition and supplemental tube feeding

Abstract Good nutrition is necessary to maximize the potential for growth and development in the pediatric age-group, but children, like adults with chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease, may be anorectic and eat poorly. Infants and adolescents are at special risk because of the intense demands of growth during the first 2 years of life and again during puberty. Neurodevelopment is also adversely affected by poor nutrition, especially in infants. Approximately two-thirds of pediatric dialysis patients are treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis, which results in significant protein losses in the dialysis effluent that can contribute to protein-calorie malnutrition. Meeting the nutritional needs of pediatric patients usually requires supplemental sources, such as intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) or tube feeding. Little is known about the effectiveness or desirability of IDPN in pediatric patients. More studies, especially of amino acid–based dialysis fluids for chronic peritoneal dialysis, need to be done before making IDPN a standard for pediatrics. Supplemental nasogastric or gastrostomy tube feedings have been very successful in maintaining and improving growth in infants, but no studies are available to evaluate their success in older children and adolescents. Recombinant growth hormone therapy, in addition to good nutrition and control of other growth factors such as acidosis, renal osteodystrophy, and chronic volume depletion, may be necessary for most growth-retarded children with chronic renal failure to achieve normal adult height.
Temporal Fluctuations of Fatty Acids in Pachygrapsus crassipes from Southern California

Abstract The biochemistry of fatty acids (FA) can be affected by a number of factors, including environmental temperature, which may affect the way FAs are physiologically metabolized. In this study, we investigated FAs in Pachygrapsus crassipes, in relation to environmental temperatures in southern California. Although there was a trend toward differences in FA abundances in the hepatopancreas of females compared with those found in the hepatopancreas of males, these differences were not significant through most of the year. The sampling month influenced changes in the abundances of both individual FAs (identities) and FA saturation categories (saturated = SAFA, monounsaturated = MUFA, polyunsaturated = PUFA). The abundances of palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were found to fluctuate significantly over time, although this fluctuation did not appear to be directly influenced by temperature since an increase in FA abundance between February and April preceded an increase in t...
Utilizing optical light filters and biofilm based cultivating to enhance microalgal growth

The main objective in this research is to explore two separate approaches for improving the growth of microalgae that can be potentially used for producing fuels and chemicals. One approach was to use optical light filters, which selectivity filter natural light allowing certain wavelengths into the culture systems. The other study is to use an algal growth system with different bio-renewable materials being used as attachment materials. Both studies demonstrated increased biomass productivity and the ability to scale-up. In the first part of the study, the research involving the use of optical light filters for microalgal growth in different cultivation systems included flask culture systems, flat panel photobioreactors, and rotating algal biofilm (RAB) systems. The optical light filters allow a specific range of wavelengths to pass through, while reflecting harmful wavelengths such as UV and IR. Two thin film light filters were fabricated for this research. One light filter allows both red and blue wavelengths to penetrate through (termed as blue filter) while the other allows the penetration of wavelengths in the red spectrum (termed as red-filter). Both filters resulted in increased biomass productivities when microalgae were grown in the flat panel photobioreactors and the RAB systems. When the blue filter was used for the culture, the biomass productivity increased 31.9% in flat panel photobioreactors and 99.8% in RAB systems; while the red filter resulted in an increase of 34.1% in the continuous operation of the flat panel photobioreactor. These results provide evidence that the use of these filters have the ability to enhance algal yield. The second part of this study used different bio-renewable materials as an attachment substrate for algal growth. An initial test was performed to screen the material that can result in the highest amount of attached biomass. It was found that the soy protein based sheet showed the greatest amount of algal attachment. Compared to the suspended cell growth of the control,
Spectroscopic investigations into the binding of hydrogen sulfide to synthetic picket-fence porphyrins.

The reversible binding of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to hemeprotein sites has been attributed to several factors, likely working in concert, including the protected binding pocket environment, proximal hydrogen bond interactions, and iron ligation environment. To investigate the importance of a sterically-constrained, protected environment on sulfide reactivity with heme centers, we report here the reactivity of H2S and HS− with the picket-fence porphyrin system. Our results indicate that the picket-fence porphyrin does not bind H2S in the ferric or ferrous state. By contrast, reaction of the ferric scaffold with HS− results in reduction to the ferrous species, followed by ligation of one equivalent of HS−, as evidenced by UV-vis, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry studies. Measurement of the HS− binding affinities in the picket-fence or tetraphenyl porphyrin systems revealed identical binding. Taken together, these results suggest that the protected, sterically-constrained binding pocket alone is not the primary contributor for stabilization of ferric H2S/HS− species in model systems, but that other interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, must play a critical role in facilitation of reversible interactions in ferric hemes.
On Lips and Tongues in Ancient Hebrew

This article traces the semantic development of the words śāpah ‘lip’ and lāson ‘tongue’ through Biblical, Late Biblical, Qumran, and Mishnaic Hebrew. Two semantic changes occupy the focus of this analysis: First, by the time of Mishnaic Hebrew, śāpah had lost its meanings related to the lip’s association with talking, so that it should not be translated ‘speech’ in ambiguous contexts. Second, the semantic widening of lāson to include the meaning ‘speech’ began to take place in Biblical Hebrew in the context of words from the realm of deceit.
DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM FROM WASTEWATER AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS.

Cryptosporidium is a coccidian protozoan and has recently been recognized as a cause of human gastroenteritis. The illness may be severe in immunocom-promised individuals and can result in death. The organism is monoxenous, and infective oocysts are shed in the feces, which are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Therefore, Cryptosporidium may be a possible candidate as an etiological agent of waterborne or foodborne disease. Previously, the lack of methods for detection of this organism in diarrheal samples as well as environmental samples, has made it difficult to substantiate this premise. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water has now been accomplished using a filtration-elution procedure. A fluorescently-labelled monoclonal antibody which has been used for the detection of Cryptospori di urn in feces was also used to detect the oocysts in environmental samples. The method developed for detection of Cryptosporidium in water including: 1) filtration with polypropylene cartridge filters, 2) elution with Tween 80/detergent, 3) concentration with Sheather9s flotation, and 4) detection on membrane filters, was evaluated and used to examine wastewater and fresh water for Cryptosporidiurn oocyst concentrations. Recovery from the sucrose gradient step averaged 72 – 82%. Overall recovery efficiencies ranged from 25 – 82% (average 50%), but were diminished with low seeds. Concentrations were found in ranges from 60 to 52,000 oocysts/gal in treated and raw sewage. In fresh water, oocysts numbered 8 to 22,000/gal and were concentrated in rapid sand filters averaging 59,000/gal in the backflush. Cryptosporidium may now be considered a potential waterborne parasite.
Structural Design of with Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV)/Human Airlock (HAL) Concept Mission

HE future of human space exploration is being pursued by NASA through developing vehicle concepts that will enable short term missions from cislunar space. Possible missions include supporting a Near-Earth Asteroid capture, returning to the lunar surface and sending humans to Mars. A major focus was to keep the missions affordable by using existing spacecraft components. Another concern was to provide design flexibility that could accommodate various mission scenarios without developing new vehicles for each mission. A vital component of the mission architecture was the human habitat and life support system for a 75-day crew occupancy. One of the considerations for this habitat was to take the existing design of the Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV) and develop multiple components around its core. Flexibility to operate various cislunar missions was added through a MMSEV derived Habitable Airlock (HAL) that provided crew accommodations and airlocks for the Orion MPCV (Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle). To accomplish this, the HAL was developed into three and four node versions that could be combined and launched together in a single stack. Structural analysis was performed on various stack arrangements to investigate the structural and mass requirements to launch on the NASA’s new Space Launch System.
Preference Formation: An Analysis of Attribute Proximity

Proximity of an attribute is a construct of interest when investigating preference formation. An attribute is the parameter used to assess the stimulus object and the proximity of an attribute refers to the similarity (or dissimilarity) of the paramecer over a stimulus set (e.g., car brands). Researchers using various models for formation of preferences are concerned with identifying attributes of determinants. Such attributes may be defined in terms of importance and proximity.? A chain of effeas paradigm exists wherein stimulus features influence perceptions which, in turn, produce preference. The first link in the chain represents psychophysical relationships between stimulus features and perceptions whereas the second Link involves attitude formation in that perceptions are aggregated in some form to yield a value of preference. Perceptions play an intervening role in mediating the over-all effects of stimulus object features on preferences. The theoretical underpinning for the above integrative paradigm is Brunswik's lens model ( 3). Basically, the lens model was involved with matching inferential responses (i.e., perceptions) to some distal variable (i.e., characteristic of the subject) through the interpretation of intervening proximal cues (i.e., features of stimulus objects). Even though the lens model differs somewhat from the linkage suggested in this paper, the relationship between proximal cues and inferential beliefs is germane. Subjects were 136 students from six sections of an undergraduate course in business. The stimulus object was a clock radio. One section was randomly selected from the six to determine and verify the salient features and perceptions. Salient characteristics were determined using the free-response format suggested by Ahtola (1975) and Fishbein and Ajzen (1975, p. 99) and discussed by Ryan and Etzel ( 1976). Seven features-snooze button, AM/FM channels, price range $20-$40, music wake-up, small/compact, lighted digital readout and contemporary/modern cabinet-and three perceptions-quality, reliability, and style--were selected in accordance with 50% rule advanced by Ryan and