cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Polarization Variability of Bright O Stars

Several bright O stars were monitored by broadband optical linear polarimetry at the University of Texas McDonald Observatory in conjunction with ultraviolet and optical spectroscopy during a series of international multiwavelength campaigns from 1986 through 1992. With a typical instrumental uncertainty of about 0.03% for a single observation, no polarization variability was detected at the 3σ level for any of the program stars. However, two of the stars observed during the 1991 October campaign have small-amplitude periodicities in polarization that are significant because they match those found by Kaper et al. (1997) in the simultaneous optical and ultraviolet spectra.
Determination and monitoring of land use changes by using quickbird satellite data and aerial photographs in a selected area of the Northern Adana in Turkey

In this study, high-resolution QuickBird satellite images of year October 2006, visual interpretation of aerial photographs of year 1989 and the land cover and changes in land use of North Adana in Turkey between 1989-2006 were monitored and analyzed. In each Picture that imported into GIS, residental areas, agricultural areas, forests, water surfaces and the other categories have been determined. The study area in North Adana in Turkey was determined first as 41.932 hectares, while in 1989 the city center residential areas were 1.351,86 hectaresin 2006 they turned into 2.956,25 hectares, and showed 118,68 % increase, indistrial areas expanded from 115 hectaresto 148,7 and showed 29,36 % increase. Dry agricultural lands turned from 12.442 hectaresinto10.728 hectares and decreased by % 13,8. The statistical data obtained from results showed the dynamics of land use and also consisted a base for future planning.
Influence of Prerigor, Rigor and Postrigor Freezing on Drip Losses and Protein Changes in Chicken Meat

SUMMARY Tests made with chickens frozen before rigor, during rigor, and after rigor showed that the amount of drip exuded on thawing was greatest in poultry frozen during rigor. The loss of nitrogenous constituents and ribose increased proportionally with the amount of drip. Protein solubility was minimum, and cooking losses maximum, in poultry frozen during rigor. The factors responsible for drip loss in poultry appear to be similar, regardless of the stage of rigor mortis at which the meat was frozen. It is probable that more water froze out of muscle during the state of rigor, causing higher solute concentrations in the tissue. The higher solute concentration in the muscle tissue frozen during rigor may affect the solubility of proteins and their ability to reabsorb water on thawing, and thus affect tenderness and loss of drip.
Toxicological applications of cryogenic laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry (CLA-ICP-TOF-MS)

The analysis of acid digested bulk tissue samples by ICP-MS is a primary method for toxicologists when trying to characterize the uptake and storage of a trace metal by an organism. This approach is sensitive, reliable and reproducible but requires the homogenization of the tissue for analysis. This procedure does not provide any information on the distribution of the analyte of interest within the tissue sample. Sub-sampling is a possible alternative method for preserving distribution data but in many cases sub-sampling on the scale necessary for useful information is not an option due to sample size limitations. By coupling a laser ablation system equipped with a cryogenic cell to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (CLA-ICP-MS), it is possible to achieve high-resolution trace metal distribution data on toxicological tissue samples. A cryo-cell is critical for proper ablation of soft tissue samples by LA-ICP-MS. The system used for the work presented is a commercially available cryo cell from GeoMed Analytical capable of temperatures as low as −30 °C, coupled to a GBC Scientific ICP-Time of Flight-MS (ICP-TOF-MS). The speed of the TOF system is an ideal platform for the analysis of the transient signal produced by laser ablation and has detection limits that are comparable to traditional ICP-MS (i.e. low ppb range). This system is suitable for the ablation of a range of tissues with a spatial resolution of 25 microns for most elements. Results will be presented that identify the optimal ablation settings for obtaining accurate and precise Zn and Cu isotope ratios in tissue samples. A demonstration of the potential toxicological application of the CLA-ICP-TOF-MS system using a Zn stable isotope tracer in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris will also be presented.
Does the interval from imaging to operation affect the rate of unanticipated metastasis encountered during operation for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a propensity for early metastasis that is often encountered unexpectedly at operation. Our objective was to examine the effect of the time interval between preoperative imaging and attempted resection and the venue in which imaging was performed on the frequency of unanticipated metastasis (UM) encountered at operation. We hypothesize that imaging obtained locally at our hospital and within 4 weeks of operation will result in a lesser frequency of UM encountered at operation. Methods Between January 2004 and December 2009, records of patients undergoing planned pancreatic resection for PDAC at a high volume pancreatic surgery center were compiled. Exclusion criteria included neoadjuvant therapy, prior pancreatic resection, or evidence of metastasis on imaging. Review and analysis of clinical, radiographic, operative, and pathologic data were undertaken. Frequency of UM and outcome of resection was compared with the interval between most recent cross-sectional imaging (dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT or MRI) and operation defined as imaging-to-operation interval (IOI). Results Four-hundred eighty-seven patients met eligibility requirements for the study: 431 (88%) proximal and 56 (12%) distal PDAC. 202 (41%) patients had their most recent imaging performed at an outside institution, and no difference in the rates of UM was observed whether imaging was conducted at our institution or at an outside institution (P > .05). Of 329 with complete imaging information for analysis, UM were discovered in 60 (18%): 52 (18%) of 293 proximal PDAC and 8 (22%) of 36 distal PDAC. In proximal PDAC, there was a linear relationship in the frequency of UM as a function of the weekly IOI (R2 = .99; P = .006). For distal PDAC, no significant difference in the frequency of UM as a function of IOI was observed. Conclusion For proximally located PDAC, the frequency of UM increases with greater imaging-to-operation interval. Performing imaging at a high volume, pancreatic surgery center compared with elsewhere was not associated with a decrease in the rate of UM. Obtaining timely diagnostic imaging for proximal PDAC may improve the accuracy of preoperative staging, and thereby reduce the number of operations not producing oncologic benefit.
Commentary and Rejoinder on Johnson, Cheung, and Donnellan (2014a)

Johnson, Cheung, and Donnellan (2014a) reported a failure to replicate Schnall, Benton, and Harvey (2008)’s effect of cleanliness on moral judgment. However, inspection of the replication data shows that participants provided high numbers of severe moral judgments – a ceiling effect. In the original data percentage of extreme responses per moral dilemma correlated negatively with the effect of the manipulation. In contrast, this correlation was absent in the replications, due to almost all items showing a high percentage of extreme responses. Therefore the parametric statistics reported by Johnson et al. (2014a) are inconclusive regarding the reproducibility of the original effect. Direct replications are prone to error when reviewers only judge similarity of methods, but not resulting data and conclusions. It is my conclusion that preventable problems can arise if publication decisions are made without independent post-data peer evaluation.
Cognitive Changes in Chlldren from Frequent Use of Cell Phones [Telecommunications Health & Safety]

Cell phone use was shown to be associated with faster but less accurate response in cognitive-function tasks in children. With the exception of the complex word-naming tasks, results were similar for children reporting more cell phone calls or greater total number of SMS (short message service) or text messages per week. This suggested that these cognitive changes were not due to radio-frequency radiation exposure, if confirmed by subsequent experiments. Instead, the behavior may have resulted from more frequent use of cell phones.
A harmonic balance approach for large-scale problems in nonlinear structural dynamics

Harmonic balance (HB) methods allow for rapid computation of time-periodic solutions for nonlinear dynamical systems. We present a filtered high dimensional harmonic balance (HDHB) approach, which operates in the time domain, and provide a framework for implementation into an existing finite element solver. To demonstrate its capabilities, the method is used to solve a set of nonlinear structural dynamics problems related to the field of flapping flight. For each example, the HDHB approach produces accurate steady-state solutions orders of magnitude faster than a traditional time-marching scheme.
Effects of Adhesion and Transfer Film Formation on the Tribology of Self-Mated DLC Contacts†

Diamond and diamondlike carbon (DLC) films exhibit a wide range of sometimes contradictory tribological behavior. Experimentally, isolating the influences of factors such as film structure, testing...
Parametric study of zirconia nanoparticle synthesis in low pressure flames

Center for Nanomaterials Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA(Received August 21, 2000)(Accepted in revised form December 18, 2000)Keywords: Cubic zirconia; Thermophoresis; Experimental synthesis; Computer modelingIntroductionOver the last decades a number of studies have been dedicated to understanding and controlling particleformation and growth in flames. Most of these studies used counterflow diffusion flames (1–3) andatmospheric pressure reactors. Few studies treated low pressure flames synthesis of particles (4,5) althoughthe degree of agglomeration of nanoparticles in this type of flames is greatly reduced. The properties of boththe primary particles and agglomerates highly depend on the time/temperature history. This information isessential for modeling the particle growth, especially in non-isothermal environments such as flames. A lowpressure hydrogen/oxygen/helium/zirconium n-butoxide flat flame reactor in a Hiemenz flow geometry isused in this study for zirconia nanoparticles synthesis. In this simple axisymmetric velocity flowfield, inwhich thermal and chemical profiles are one-dimensional, the computational modeling is greatly simplified.Different temperature-time profiles are obtained by varying the total pressure, the axial dimension (burner-substrate distance), the total volumetric flow, dilution and stoichiometry of the flame. Results from thesynthesis experiments are compared with the computer model predictions for each case.ExperimentalThe experimental setup is described in greater detail in a study on silica nanopowder synthesis (5). For thisstudy on the zirconia system, the liquid precursor (zirconium n-butoxide 80% by volume in n-butanol) isplaced inside an evaporator and heated. After ignition is induced, the precursor vapor temperature and reactorpressure are brought to operating conditions (e.g. 325°C and 20 torr, respectively). The precursor vapor isentrained in the premixed gases flow and carried towards the flat flame, where it pyrolizes. Table 1 showsthe flame conditions used in this study. The concentration (partial pressure) of the precursor vapor iscontrolled by changing its temperature. The substrate is water cooled and maintained at constant temperature,which is monitored using a K-type thermocouple. The nanopowder deposited on the substrate is analyzedusing X-Ray Diffraction, BET and TEM to yield particle size and morphology measurements. X-raydiffraction measurements were performed on a Siemens Diffraktometer machine. BET specific surface areameasurements were performed on a Micromeritics DeSorb 2300A. A TOPCON 002B TransmissionElectron Microscope is used to examine the morphology and size of the nanopowders.
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 invasion of the rabbit and mouse nervous systems revealed by in situ hybridization.

Using a3H-labelled virion DNA probe applied to tissue sections, we have previously identified the precise microscopic anatomical localtion of herpes simplex virus (HSV) during the acute and latent stages of infection of the mouse trigeminal ganglia and central nervous system (CNS). In the present investigation, we compared the mouse and the rabbit with respect to their ability to support acute and latent infections of trigeminal ganglionic and central nervous system neurons. We found that HSV-1, strain F, produced acute and latent infection of trigeminal ganglion cells in both mice and rabbits; however, lower levels of HSV-1 RNA were expressed in rabbit neurons as compared to mouse neurons, and many fewer neurons of the rabbit supported an acute infection than in the mouse. Studies of the trigeminal system within the CNS revealed that HSV-1 established latency more readily in the mouse than in the rabbit. The histopathology observed in acutely infected rabbit brain was less intense and less widespread than in mouse brain.
Profiles in Science for Science Librarians: Barbara McClintock: Seeing What is Different

Barbara McClintock was a pioneer in cytogenetics, winning the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Studying corn (Zea mays or maize) as a model organism, with a penetrating intellect, outstanding powers of observation, and excruciating attention to detail, she mapped the entire set of corn chromosomes, observed meiosis, and matched heritable traits to specific chromosomes. Crucially, she documented rare but important instances of the transposition of genes along the length of newly replicating chromosomes. She foresaw that while the cell's chromosomal copying mechanisms generally created identical copies, these seemingly random “jumping genes” would ultimately result in mutations. This finding formed part of the foundation of modern genetics.
A retunable surface coil for high field 31P and 1H magnetic resonance evaluations of the living mouse leg.

This study presents a retunable surface coil that can be adjusted to at least two Larmor frequencies sequentially without the need to remove the coil from the magnet and while avoiding interference between channels. A prototype 1H/31P surface coil for the analysis of the in vivo mouse leg under electrical stimulation was designed for operation at 11.75 T. The coil has a high-quality factor of over 100 for both operational frequencies. To demonstrate the capabilities of this simple design, in vivo experiments were conducted to acquire high-resolution 1H images and 31P spectra of the C57BL/6 mouse leg, both with high temporal resolution. Proton diffusion tensor imaging was also performed to evaluate rodent skeletal muscle architecture. This design makes the acquisition of physiological data about both muscle structure and energetics (PCr, ATP and Pi) possible in a single experimental session.
Aerosol optical depth images derived from MODIS sensor near Hawaii: volcano plumes, Asian plumes, and clear sky

The University of Hawaii routinely collects direct broadcast MODIS images over Hawaii. Using this data set we process real time satellite images of aerosol optical depths around Hawaii using our custom algorithm. MODIS channels 1 and 2 (~ 645 and ~ 858 nm) are used to derive aerosol optical depth spatial and temporal properties. The use of MODIS channels 1 and 2 provides images with 250 m resolution resulting in improved cloud detection. Due to this improvement, background aerosol optical depths values remain low even in regions of many small clouds. Although cloud rejection is not expected to be perfect, using 250 m resolution data provides a significant improvement over 1 km resolution data. In order to correct for surface reflection, meso-scale wind fields from the Regional Spectral Model (from the National Center for Environmental Prediction) and synoptic scale winds (from National Center for Environmental Prediction) are interpolated to the satellite pixel size. The use of meso-scale wind fields is required for the complex wind fields in and around the Hawaiian Islands. Here we will discuss the aerosols encountered in Hawaii, and provide examples of interesting aerosol optical depth images around Hawaii.
Neonicotinoid insecticides: Reduction and cleavage of imidacloprid nitroimine substituent by liver microsomal and cytosolic enzymes

The major insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) is known to be metabolized by human cytochrome P450 3A4 with NADPH by imidazolidine hydroxylation and dehydrogenation to give 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid and the olefin, respectively, and by nitroimine reduction and cleavage to yield the nitrosoimine, guanidine, and urea derivatives. More extensive metabolism by human or rabbit liver microsomes with NADPH or rabbit liver cytosol without added cofactor reduces the IMI N-nitro group to an N-amino substituent, i.e., the corresponding hydrazone. A major metabolite on incubation of IMI in the human microsome-NADPH system is tentatively assigned by LC/MS as a 1,2,4-triazol-3-one derived from the hydrazone; the same product is obtained on reaction of the hydrazone with ethyl chloroformate. The hydrazone and proposed triazolone are considered here together (referred to as the hydrazone) for quantitation. Only a portion of the microsomal reduction and cleavage of the nitroimine substituent is attributable to a CYP450 enzyme. The...
International Grant Making by U.S. Foundations: Issues and Directions in the 1990s

This article summarizes findings from the Foundation Center's 1997 benchmark study International Grantmaking, A Report on U.S. Foundation Trends. The study's purpose study was to foster better understanding among funders and the international community about the role foundations play in the international field and the ways they practice international grant making and to identify changes in giving patterns and practice in the post-cold war era. Over the past 15 years, the share of funding for international programs has doubled. Such growth suggests a dynamic area whose directions need to be understood. Those involved with international grant making and the international community-in the United States and overseas-need to understand changes in funding patterns within the context of domestic funding policies and in response to external factors. Deeper understanding of recent trends can also encourage dialogue about the evolving purpose of international grant making in the era of globalization.
Moral psychology for the twenty-first century

Lawrence Kohlberg slayed the two dragons of twentieth-century psychology—behaviorism and psychoanalysis. His victory was a part of the larger cognitive revolution that shaped the world in which all of us study psychology and education today. But the cognitive revolution itself was modified by later waves of change, particularly an ‘affective revolution’ that began in the 1980s and an ‘automaticity revolution’ in the 1990s. In this essay I trace the history of moral psychology within the broader intellectual trends of psychology and I explain why I came to believe that moral psychology had to change with the times. I explain the origins of my own social intuitionist model and of moral foundations theory. I offer three principles that I think should characterize moral psychology in the twenty-first century: (1) Intuitions come first, strategic reasoning second, (2) There’s more to morality than harm and fairness and (3) Morality binds and blinds.
Survival at Extreme Altitude: Protective Effect of Increased Hemoglobin-Oxygen Affinity

Decreased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity is thought to be of adaptive value to humans and nonindigenous animals at high altitude. To test this, hemoglobin-oxygen affinity was modified by carbamoylation of hemoglobin in rats. Exposure of control (low oxygen affinity) and experimental (high oxygen affinity) animals to a pressure equivalent to high altitude revealed that increased, rather than decreased, hemoglobin-oxygen affinity will permit survival at greatly reduced environmental oxygen pressures.
New Reconstruction of Antarctic Near-Surface Temperatures: Multidecadal Trends and Reliability of Global Reanalyses

A reconstruction of Antarctic monthly mean near-surface temperatures spanning 1958‐2012 is presented. ItsprimarygoalistotakeadvantageofarecentlyrevisedkeytemperaturerecordfromWestAntarctica(Byrd) to shed further light on multidecadal temperature changes in this region. The spatial interpolation relies on a kriging technique aided by spatiotemporal temperature covariances derived from three global reanalyses [the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERAInterim), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR)]. For 1958‐2012, the reconstruction yields statistically significant annual warming in the Antarctic Peninsula and virtually all of West Antarctica, but no significant temperature change in East Antarctica. Importantly, the warming is of comparable magnitude both in central West Antarctica and in most of the peninsula, rather than concentrated either in one or the other region as previousreconstructions have suggested. The Transantarctic Mountains act for the temperature trends, as a clear dividing line between East and West Antarctica, reflecting the topographic constraint on warm air advection from the Amundsen Sea basin. The reconstruction also serves to highlight spurious changes in the 1979‐2009 time series of the three reanalyses that reduces the reliability of their trends, illustrating a longstanding issue in high southern latitudes. The study concludes with an examination of the influence of the southern annular mode (SAM) on Antarctic temperature trends. The results herein suggest that the trend of the SAM toward its positive phase in austral summer and fall since the 1950s has had a statistically significant cooling effect not only in East Antarctica (as already well documented) and but also (only in fall) in West Antarctica.
Differences in Disadvantage: Variation in the Motherhood Penalty across White Women’s Earnings Distribution

Earnings inequality has grown in recent decades in the United States, yet research investigating the motherhood wage penalty has not fully considered how the penalty itself, and the mechanisms prod...
SIZE EFFECTS AND ENHANCED TRANSITION TEMPERATURES IN SUPERCONDUCTORS.

Abstract For small particles or films, the existence of a low-frequency phonon cutoff leads to a reduction in the pair-breaking rate and to enhanced transition temperatures.
North Carolina orthodontists' Medicaid provider status is associated with perception of major problems with Medicaid.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information The North Carolina Medicaid program: participation and perceptions among practicing orthodontists. Im JL, Phillips C, Lee J, Beane R. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;132: 144.e15-148.e21. Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence. Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable. Purpose/Question To determine North Carolina orthodontists’ level of participation in Medicaid, their perceptions of Medicaid and its beneficiaries, and whether there are any differences between practitioners who do and do not accept new Medicaid patients. Source of Funding Supported in part by the US government, NIH grant R01 DE005215 “Influences on Stability Following Orthognathic Surgery”. No information was provided by the authors regarding the other support. Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study.
Towards a Computational Phenomenology [1]

The past twenty years has witnessed a revolution in psychology, one that may come to be regarded as comparable in scope to the one accomplished by Freud at the turn of the century. This revolution consists of the reemergence of the concept of mind, understood as a functional system responsible for the construction of the behavioral environment within which an organism’s behavior takes place, within the explanatory framework of psychology. In contrast to behaviorism, with its insistence that psychological explanations of behavior be based upon laws connecting behavioral responses to specific variables in the stimulus array, psychologists are once again permitted to “look beneath the skin,” to posit functions responsible for the transformation of the stimulus array into a behavioral environment, the environment experienced by the organism, in order to explain behavior. Mind, thus, is viewed as an information processor, a functional system that operates on physical stimuli and transforms them into objects that are meaningful for the organism.
Commentary: Opera in the Age of Revolution

Despite the apparent political subject matter of nineteenth-century opera, the aesthetic elements remained in the forefront. Practitioners, no less than audiences, placed more of a premium on factors relating to the operatic medium (style, vocal character, dramaturgical effect, and spectacle) than on political or social messages. Alternatively, such messages may have been embedded in issues of national style, apart from the implications of the drama enacted.
Allosteric energy at the hemoglobin beta chain C terminus studied by hydrogen exchange

Abstract When hemoglobin switches from the deoxy (T) to the liganded (R) form, several of its peptide group NH experience a great increase in their rate of exchange with water. Selective labeling and fragment isolation experiments identify some of the sensitive protons as three to four near-neighbor H-bonded peptide NH placed between Ala140β and the C-terminal His146β residue. These NH have differing solvent accessibilities, yet all exchange at about the same rate, and they maintain a common rate in the face of modifications that change their exchange rate over a 1000-fold range. This suggests that their exchange is mediated by a concerted transient unfolding reaction. The removal of allosterically important salt links at the distant alpha subunit N termini (des-Arg141α hemoglobin) has little if any effect on the indicator NH at the beta C terminus. This demonstrates the restricted reach of the separate allosteric interactions in the T form as well as the localized nature of the H-exchange probe. Breakage of a salt link at the beta chain C terminus (His146β to Asp94β) by chemical modification (NES-Cys93β hemoglobin) speeds exchange of the indicator peptide NH in T-state hemoglobin by sixfold, which corresponds to an allosteric destabilization at the C-terminal segment of 1 kcal (pH 7.4, 0 °C), according to local unfolding theory. This is in quantitative agreement with energy values obtainable from other measurements. These NH exchange with an average halftime of five hours in deoxy hemoglobin and 15 seconds in oxy hemoglobin. According to the unfolding model for protein H-exchange, the 1200-fold increase in rate indicates a loss of 3.8 kcal in structural stabilization free energy at or near the C terminus of each beta chain in the T to R transition (pH 7.4, 0 °C, with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate). This result together with other available data places about 70% of hemoglobin's total allosterically significant structural energy change at the beta chain C termini.
True polar wander since 32 Ma B.P.: A paleomagnetic investigation of the skewness of magnetic anomaly 12r on the Pacific plate

[1] We test the fixed hot spot and fixed spin axis hypotheses through a paleomagnetic investigation of the skewness of crossings of magnetic anomaly 12r (32 Ma B.P.) between the Galapagos and Clarion fracture zones on the Pacific plate. We focus on this region for three reasons. First, numerical experiments show that these crossings, of all those available from the Pacific plate, should contain the most information about the location of the 32 Ma B.P. paleomagnetic pole for the Pacific plate. Second, many of the available crossings are from vector aeromagnetic profiles, which have superior signal-to-noise ratios. Third, the rate of seafloor spreading recorded in these crossings exceeds the threshold (half rate of 50 mm a−1) above which anomalous skewness is negligible. The new pole (83.5°N, 44.6°E) has compact 95% confidence limits (ellipse with major semiaxis length of 3.1° toward 84° clockwise from north and minor semiaxis length of 1.2°) and is not subject to the biases inherent in other methods for estimating Pacific plate paleomagnetic poles. The pole differs significantly by ≈5° from the pole predicted if the Pacific hot spots have been fixed with respect to the spin axis, thus demonstrating, for the first time from paleomagnetic data, that Pacific hot spots have moved relative to the spin axis since the formation of the elbow in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain. The pole is consistent, however, with previously published paleomagnetic poles in a reference frame fixed relative to Indo-Atlantic hot spots. Thus, the new results require no motion between Pacific and Indo-Atlantic hot spots since 32 Ma B.P. Instead, superimposed on whatever motion occurs between hot spots, as expected for true polar wander.
Inspecting the Unexpected: Language Status and Corpus Shifts as Aspects of Quichua Language Revitalization.

RESUMENExaminando lo inesperado: Cambios en el corpus y en el estatus del idioma como parte del proceso de la revitalizacion linguistica.Tomando los esfuerzos del estudio para revitalizar el quichua en el su r del Ecuador, este trabajo busca describir las transformaciones tanto del estatus como del cuerpo idiomatico de aquellos idiomas que estan en peligro de extincion o en proceso de revitalizacion. Mas precisamente, este trabajo examina los frecuentes cambios inesperados del cuerpo y del estatus que han acompanado a la iniciativa de revitalizar el idioma quichua de los Saraguros, un grupo indigena de los Andes. Ademas el estudio considera los contrastes y las continuidades en los procesos de revitalizacion y extincion de los idiomas. Por ultimo el estudio toma la implicacion que tienen para los que planifican y defienden la revitalizacion de los idiomas los hallazgos de esta investigacion.RESUMOEkzamenante la neatendatan: sangoj en lingvaj statuso kaj korpuso kiel aspektoj de la revivigo de la kicea lingvoStudante provojn por revivigi la kicean lingvon en la suda Ekvadorio, ci tiu artikolo priskribas la pristatusajn kaj korpusajn transformigojn kiujn subiras endangerigitaj lingvoj dum lingva revivigado. Pli precize, ci tiu artikolo ekzamenas la ofte neatendatajn korpusajn kaj pristatusajn sangojn kiuj akompanis iniciativojn pri revivigo de la kicea inter la saguroj, indigena grupo en la Andeso. Post tio, la verko komparas tiujn procesojn kun tiuj de lingva morto kaj, fine, pridiskutas la konsekvencoj de ci tiuj eltrovaĵoj por lingvoplanantoj kaj defendantoj de lingva revivigo.
Area-wide distribution of lead, copper, and cadmium in air particulates from Chicago and northwest Indiana☆

Abstract Published air pollution emissions inventories for the urbanized and industrialized area along the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan include few chemical analyses of particulates, and estimates of the elemental composition of airborne solids may be made only indirectly and compared with NASN analyses from a few locations. As a first attempt to examine the area-wide distribution of specific chemical elements in this region, lead, copper, cadmium, and bismuth were determined in 24-h average samples collected on glass fiber filters at 50 stations throughout the region. Samples from most of the 50 stations were obtained from local air pollution control organizations for 6 different days from May to August 1968 and were analyzed electrochemically by highly sensitive anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Throughout the area the small variation of lead, generally a few micrograms per cubic meter of air, did not exceed that expected from the distribution of automobiles, the major source. Cadmium was generally 200 times lower without marked local variations and was close to the expected concentration if coal combustion is the major source. Copper was generally 20 times lower than lead throughout Chicago as expected if coal combustion is the major source of copper. However, certain stations in the northwest Indiana area showed reproducible anomalies where copper was 100 times greater than in Chicago and several times greater than lead at the same stations. The source of this anomalous copper has not been determined.
Effects of variance in mini amplitude on stimulus-evoked release: a comparison of two models

The strength of synaptic connections between two neurons is characterized by the number of release sites (N) on the presynaptic cell, the probability (p) of transmitter release at those sites in response to a stimulus, and the average size (A) of the postsynaptic response from each site. Quantal analysis can determine N, p, and A, but the large variance in the amplitudes of minis at central synapses is predicted to obscure quantal peaks and render quantal analysis unusable. Recently it has been suggested that the variance in mini amplitude is generated by differences between release sites, rather than by quantum-to-quantum fluctuations at identical sites, and that this form of variance in mini amplitude reduces the amount of variance expected in quantal peaks. Using simulations, we examine the possibility of resolving quantal peaks assuming either form of variance in mini amplitude. We find that individual quantal peaks are resolvable in neither case, provided that the uniquantal distribution is similar to the mini distribution. Because this lack of resolution compromises the utility of quantal analysis, we develop a general description that can solve N and p, given the statistical parameters of the mini distribution and the evoked distribution. We find that this description is relatively insensitive to the source of variance in mini amplitude.
Involuntary autobiographical memories are highly dependent on abstract cuing: the Proustian view is incorrect

This study investigated whether involuntary autobiographical memories are more likely to be elicited by fundamental sensory/perceptual cues (the popular Proustian interpretation) or abstract type of cues (thought and language based cues). Participants recorded their involuntary memories and the cues that elicited them outside of the laboratory for a period of two weeks. The results showed that involuntary memories were more likely to be elicited by abstract types of cues than sensory/perceptual cues, thus indicating that the popular Proustian view is incorrect. The higher rate of abstract cuing suggests that involuntary memory retrieval shares some common features with voluntary memory retrieval. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Office-based esophagoscopy: a preliminary report.

Abstract Objective: Preliminary study that describes unsedated, transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) in an office setting. Study Design and Setting: TNE was prospectively performed on 14 consecutive out-patients with dysphagia whose initial oropharyngeal dysphagia evaluation was insufficient to reveal the cause of their swallowing problem. TNE was carried out without conscious sedation while the patients were sitting in an examining chair. Ease of endoscope insertion, optical quality of images, and examination findings were assessed. Heart rate before and after the procedure and incidence of epistaxis and airway compromise was also determined. Patients were asked to rate the level of discomfort of TNE on a validated 10-point scale (1 representing none/well tolerated and 10 severe/poorly tolerated). Results: All patients completed TNE with the esophagus readily intubated and esophageal mucosa clearly visualized. Findings included esophageal stricture, patulous upper esophageal sphincter, and Zenker's diverticulum. There were no incidences of epistaxis or airway compromise and no significant changes in heart rate. Overall tolerance of TNE was rated by the patients as 2.0 (SD, 1.2). Conclusions: TNE is well tolerated and can be safely performed in patients with dysphagia in an office setting. TNE may have a role in the comprehensive evaluation of the dysphagic patient in the office. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:170-5.)
Superconducting state of an electron gas in a homogeneous magnetic field

Abstract The superconducting instability of an electron gas in a homogeneous magnetic field is here investigated taking full account of quantization effects using a variational method. A Ginsburg-Landau type equation with anisotropic field dependent effective masses is derived for the gap near the transition.
An exploratory inquiry into the impact of budget deficits on the nominal interest rate yield on Moody's Aaa-rated corporate bonds, 1973–2012

This exploratory empirical article provides recent evidence on the impact of the US federal budget deficit on the nominal interest rate yield on Moody's Aaa-rated long-term corporate bonds. The study is couched within a loanable funds model that includes an ex ante real short-term real interest rate yield, the monetary base, expected inflation and the change in per capita real GDP. Using data for the period 1973–2012, which time frame includes ‘quantitative easing’ monetary policies in the US, autoregressive two-stage least squares estimation reveals the preliminary finding that the federal budget deficit, expressed as a per cent of GDP, has exercised a positive and statistically significant impact on the nominal interest rate yield on Moody's Aaa-rated long-term corporate bonds, even after allowing for ‘quantifying easing’ and other factors.
Ion irradiation effects in diamond

Abstract Diamond has long been regarded as relatively resistant to radiation, although it does undergo structural damage when bombarded by neutrons or ions. Diamond powders have been irradiated by various noble gas ions at 1–3 MeV energy and X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the lattice expansion of ion-irradiated diamond saturates with increasing ion fluence and ion mass consistent with an equilibrium between the rates of production and annealing of defects in the diamond crystal structure. Electron microscope studies show the diamond particles to undergo swelling with volume increase up to about 50%, although sharp edges and features on the particles remain. Raman spectroscopy demonstrates the presence of non-diamond carbon in ion-irradiated diamond. The microstructure of ion-irradiated diamond can be considered to be a mixture of two major components: one of strained diamond, containing very large numbers of vacancies and vacancy clusters, of overall low macroscopic density because of pores and voids, and the other of scattered non-diamond carbon, either amorphous or graphitic.
Effect of Sugars on the Water Diffusivity in Hydrated Granular Starches

The effective diffusivity of water (D) in hydrated mixtures of two granular starches and three sugars (glucose, sucrose and dextrin) was investigated in the temperature range 40-100°C. Spherical samples (2-cm diameter) of the hydrated mixtures were air-dried at controlled conditions and the D values at various moistures were estimated from the slopes of the drying curves. The sugars reduced significantly the D values in proportion to their molecular size. The changes in water diffusivity were related to the porosity of the samples. Temperature had an Arrhenius-type effect, and the estimated energies of activation for diffusion of water increased significantly by the addition of sugars.
Embedded way prediction for last-level caches

This paper investigates Embedded Way Prediction for large last-level caches (LLCs): an architecture and circuit design to provide the latency of parallel tag-data access at substantial energy savings. Existing way prediction approaches for L1 caches are compromised by the high associativity and filtered temporal locality of LLCs. We demonstrate: (1) the need for wide partial tag comparison, which we implement with a dynamic CAM alongside the data sub-array wordline decode, and (2) the inhibit bit, an architectural innovation to provide accurate predictions when the partial tag comparison is inconclusive. We present circuit critical-path and architectural power/performance studies demonstrating speedups of up to 15.4% (6.6% average) for scientific and server applications, matching the performance of parallel tag-data access while reducing energy overhead by 40%.
Better Disaster Statistics: The Lisbon Earthquake

Inaccurate published statistics are often due to faulty information about a disaster, to the different accounting methods used by organizations, and to the lack of consensus among researchers and agencies about how to define key terms. Until recently, damage estimates for the 1755 Lisbon earthquake steadily increased due to the influence of ideological and emotional factors, as well as to the geographical/temporal distance from the event. New calculations, based in part on the death rate of Catholic Church personnel in Lisbon, suggests that falling debris killed between 5,000 to 8,700 people, a range that is close to initial claims. Roughly the same number of people died as a result of the subsequent tsunamis, fires, and civil unrest.
Fetal Secretion of Glucocorticoids

This report comprises a study of the quantitative secretion of cortisol and corticosterone by the dog fetus in utero. Fetal adrenal cannulation was performed without amniotic fluid loss using intrauterine surgical techniques. After cannulation, an adrenal sample was collected. ACTH was administered intravenously to the fetus and 3 min thereafter a second adrenal sample was collected. Fetal peripheral arterial blood was drawn as soon as possible after the second adrenal sample. Fetal body and adrenal weights were determined. Plasma samples were analyzed for cortisol and corticosterone by a modification of the double isotope derivative method of Kliman and Peterson. Calculated results for both steroids included adrenal and peripheral arterial concentrations and simple secretory rates and secretory rates relative to adrenal and fetal body weights corrected for systemic steroid concentrations. The concentration of cortisol and corticosterone was higher in theadrenal effluent than in the peripheral blood, whic...
Memory Errors Reveal a Bias to Spontaneously Generalize to Categories

Much evidence suggests that, from a young age, humans are able to generalize information learned about a subset of a category to the category itself. Here, we propose that—beyond simply being able to perform such generalizations—people are biased to generalize to categories, such that they routinely make spontaneous, implicit category generalizations from information that licenses such generalizations. To demonstrate the existence of this bias, we asked participants to perform a task in which category generalizations would distract from the main goal of the task, leading to a characteristic pattern of errors. Specifically, participants were asked to memorize two types of novel facts: quantified facts about sets of kind members (e.g., facts about all or many stups) and generic facts about entire kinds (e.g., facts about zorbs as a kind). Moreover, half of the facts concerned properties that are typically generalizable to an animal kind (e.g., eating fruits and vegetables), and half concerned properties that are typically more idiosyncratic (e.g., getting mud in their hair). We predicted that—because of the hypothesized bias—participants would spontaneously generalize the quantified facts to the corresponding kinds, and would do so more frequently for the facts about generalizable (rather than idiosyncratic) properties. In turn, these generalizations would lead to a higher rate of quantified-to-generic memory errors for the generalizable properties. The results of four experiments (N = 449) supported this prediction. Moreover, the same generalizable-versus-idiosyncratic difference in memory errors occurred even under cognitive load, which suggests that the hypothesized bias operates unnoticed in the background, requiring few cognitive resources. In sum, this evidence suggests the presence of a powerful bias to draw generalizations about kinds.
On ( t , r ) broadcast domination numbers of grids

The domination number of a graph G = ( V , E ) is the minimum cardinality of any subset S ? V such that every vertex in V is in S or adjacent to an element of S . Finding the domination numbers of m by n grids was an open problem for nearly 30?years and was finally solved in 2011 by Goncalves, Pinlou, Rao, and Thomasse. Many variants of domination number on graphs have been defined and studied, but exact values have not yet been obtained for grids. We will define a family of domination theories parameterized by pairs of positive integers ( t , r ) where 1 ? r ? t which generalize domination and distance domination theories for graphs. We call these domination numbers the ( t , r ) broadcast domination numbers. We give the exact values of ( t , r ) broadcast domination numbers for small grids, and we identify upper bounds for the ( t , r ) broadcast domination numbers for large grids and conjecture that these bounds are tight for sufficiently large grids.
Relative dominance of epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses in an F1 hybrid mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Abstract CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are key effectors of adaptive immunity for the control of virus infections. Epitope-specific responses are hierarchical and the rules for dominance are not well defined. Here we show that the H2-K d -restricted RSV M2 82–90 (K d M2 82–90 ) epitope dominates the H2-D b -restricted RSV M 187–195 (D b M 187–195 ) epitope and influences epitope-specific effector function in the acute and memory phases of the immune response to primary RSV infection in H-2 b/d hybrid mice. The hybrid mouse model provides a system to define rules of epitope hierarchy and better understand how antigen presentation and epitope competition affect the phenotype of effector and memory T cells.
Why Clouds Give Me a Case of the Vapors

Recently, Apple admitted that revealing photos of celebrities had been released on the Internet due to security breaches associated with its iCloud and Find My iPhone systems.
Simple methods for the qualitative identification and quantitative determination of macrolide antibiotics.

Abstract Pyrolysis—gas chromatography is shown to be a rapid straightforward method for the qualitative differentiation of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, oleandomycin, troleandomycin, spiramycin and tylosin. Organic salts do not interfere and identification of erythromycin and troleandomycin in commercial products is viable. Spectrophotometric quantitation of these same five antibiotics after reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid is studied at about 470 nm. Reaction conditions such as acid concentration, time and temperature are provided. The sugar moieties of the antibiotics are proposed as the reactive sites. Detection limits are about 0.2–1.0 ng ml −1 and analysis of pharmaceutical products should be possible.
Public financial institutions and economic concentration in india

Abstract This paper analyzes the pattern of financial assistance by the public financial institutions in India to private industrial enterprises during the period 1969–1982 to study the impact on economic concentration. The enterprises were classified into the same size and house categories as used in an earlier and similar study by the Dutt Committee for the period 1956–1966. There were differences among financial institutions in assistance to various categories of enterprises, but on the whole, we find that a clear preference continues to be accorded to large houses during the period 1969–1982. The findings are contrary to the Indian economic policy objective of discouraging economic concentration.