cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of type I 4:6 to 3:5 beta-turn types in human acidic fibroblast growth factor: Effects upon structure, stability, folding, and mitogenic function.

Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) is a member of the -trefoil superfold, a protein architecture that exhibits a characteristic threefold axis of structural symmetry. FGF-1 con- tains 11 -turns, the majority being type I 3:5; how- ever, a type I 4:6 turn is also found at three symmetry- related locations. The relative uniqueness of the type I 4:6 turn in the FGF-1 structure suggests it may play a key role in the stability, folding, or function of the protein. To test this hypothesis a series of dele- tion mutations were constructed, the aim of which was to convert existing type I 4:6 turns at two locations into type I 3:5 turns. The results show it is possible to successfully substitute the type I 4:6 turn by a type I 3:5 turn with minimal impact upon protein stability or folding. Thus, these different turn structures, even though they differ in length, exhibit similar energetic properties. Additional se- quence swapping mutations within the introduced type I 3:5 turns suggests that the turn sequence primarily affects stability but not turn structure (which appears dictated primarily by the local envi- ronment). Although the results suggest that a stable, foldable -trefoil protein may be designed utilizing a single turn type (type I 3:5), a type I 4:6 turn at turn 1 of FGF-1 appears essential for efficient mitogenic function. Proteins 2006;62:686 - 697.
XOR realization using KH-map

Logic design using XOR gates is becoming more popular due to testability and cost effectiveness. For the design of logic circuits, the K-map is still an unparallel tool to a logic designer. Due to the geometric constraints of the K-map, the derivation of the XOR relation is not as simple as those incorporating the AND-OR relation. However, for large problems one must rely on a mechanical approach such as computer simulation where intuition is less effective. The KH-map is a newly proposed technique for mapping large logic functions in a limited physical system and offers a better way of realizing minimized logic functions. This paper gives some rules that can be effectively used in realizing XOR-relations from an KH-map.
Homeostatic role of the renal-adrenal axis in bacteremic shock. Its therapeutic implications.

Abstract The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, glucocorticoid production, and the effects of high doses of adrenal corticoids on the circulatory and metabolic alterations of bacteremic shock were studied in a total of 65 dogs given endotoxin. It was found that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is highly activated in endotoxin shock wherein the output of these three hormones rises despite a reduction in flows. This system, renin-angiotensin in particular, was found to be responsible for a large part of the recovery phase of shock in these animals. The aldosterone secretion was found to be renal dependent in contrast to cortisol and corticosterone secretion. In measuring the effects of high doses of methylprednisolone and aldosterone on the altered physiology of bacteremic shock, it was found that methylprednisolone therapy resulted in significant improvement in superior mesenteric flow. In contrast, aldosterone did not have such an effect and was accompanined by a hyperkalemia not seen in the prednisolone-treated animals.
Glacial Time and Lonely Crowds: The Social Effects of Climate Change as Internet Spectacle

This paper is part of my larger project to underscore the significance of critical theories of mass society for the environmental humanities. I offer a reading of James Balog's Extreme Ice Survey (EIS), in particular the time-lapse films of glaciers receding, which I argue present a unique example of what Guy Debord calls the "tautological" nature of spectacle, its capacity to serve as its own evidence at the same time as it becomes a mode of relation among people. My questions concern the political potential of the EIS. As the effect of the real created by time-lapse technology locates itself in the optimistic promise of Internet community, what kind of collective relation is produced? My key interlocutors are Timothy Morton, who claims that ecological thinking effects a loss of authentic world, and Jonathan Crary, who argues that late capitalism robs us of shared time, thus precluding the possibility of organized resistance. I argue that, despite the unprecedented challenges faced by the "we" that Balog's project calls to action, the form of sociality produced by the technologies on which the EIS relies has its own political potential.
The World Under Siege and the Railroad to Freedom

The African Diaspora began in 1441 and extended into the mid-1800s (Thompson, 1991). Prior to this, the Arabs had made their entry into Africa and established a slave trading post at Zanzibar off the coast of Tanzania in East Africa (UNESCO, 2006). Back in Europe, Prince Henry of Portugal, also called Prince Henry the Navigator, began to sponsor a number of expeditions to Africa (Prince Henry the Navigator, 1894).
Study of a highly accurate and fast protein–ligand docking method based on molecular dynamics: Research Articles

Few methods use molecular dynamics simulations in concert with atomically detailed force fields to perform protein–ligand docking calculations because they are considered too time demanding, despite their accuracy. In this paper we present a docking algorithm based on molecular dynamics which has a highly flexible computational granularity. We compare the accuracy and the time required with well-known, commonly used docking methods such as AutoDock, DOCK, FlexX, ICM, and GOLD. We show that our algorithm is accurate, fast and, because of its flexibility, applicable even to loosely coupled distributed systems such as desktop Grids for docking. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abundance in Finitude: An Exploratory Study of Children’s Accounts of Hope in Chronic Illness

(2009). Abundance in Finitude: An Exploratory Study of Children’s Accounts of Hope in Chronic Illness. Journal of Pastoral Theology: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 38-59.
Balancing Immune Protection and Immune Pathology by CD8(+) T-Cell Responses to Influenza Infection.

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant human pathogen causing annual epidemics and periodic pandemics. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity contributes to clearance of virus-infected cells; CTL immunity targeting the conserved internal proteins of IAVs is a key protection mechanism when neutralizing antibodies are absent during heterosubtypic IAV infection. However, CTL infiltration into the airways, their cytotoxicity, and the effects of produced pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause severe lung tissue injury, thereby contributing to immunopathology. Studies have discovered complicated and exquisite stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms that regulate CTL magnitude and effector activities during IAV infection. Here, we review the state of knowledge on the roles of IAV-specific CTLs in immune protection and immunopathology during IAV infection in animal models, highlighting the key findings of various requirements and constraints regulating the balance of immune protection and pathology involved in CTL immunity. We also discuss the evidence of cross-reactive CTL immunity as a positive correlate of cross-subtype protection during secondary IAV infection in both animal and human studies. We argue that the effects of CTL immunity on protection and immunopathology depend on multiple layers of host and viral factors, including complex host mechanisms to regulate CTL magnitude and effector activity, the pathogenic nature of the IAV, the innate response milieu, and the host historical immune context of influenza infection. Future efforts are needed to further understand these key host and viral factors, especially to differentiate those that constrain optimally effective CTL anti-viral immunity from those necessary to restrain CTL-mediated nonspecific immunopathology in the various contexts of IAV infection, in order to develop better vaccination and therapeutic strategies for modifying protective CTL immunity.
The Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Substance Use and Risky Sex Behaviors in Hispanic Adolescents

The purpose of our study was to investigate the potential relationships in Hispanic adolescents (n = 575) between substance use and/or risky sexual behaviors and (a) physical activity (PA) and (b) sedentary time and (c) the moderating effect of gender. PA levels and sedentary behaviors were assessed using the PA Questionnaire for Adolescents, while risky behaviors were assessed using items similar to those used in the national epidemiological study, Monitoring the Future. We found significant, positive associations between PA and smoking, drug use, and risky sex measures. Similar positive associations existed between sedentary time and risky behaviors. However, after stratifying by gender, most of the relationships remained significant only for males. Our study is among the first to examine these relationships in Hispanic adolescents. Given the emphasis on increasing PA and decreasing sedentary behavior in adolescents, more efforts should be dedicated to understanding the effect of these lifestyle habits ...
Anemia: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Laboratory Evaluation

Anemia is a common and frequently overlooked clinical problem. This article discusses the physiology of RBC production and destruction and the pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of anemias. The classification system used presents anemia in the context of more than hemoglobin level alone. In some cases the combination of clinical signs and specific laboratory test results may warrant a diagnosis of anemia even when the hemoglobin level is in the reference range.
Applications of neutron imaging and future possibilities

Neutron imaging applications exploit the power of neutrons to penetrate through metals and measure small concentrations of hydrogen and lithium with high sensitivity. Recent advances in digital ima...
Decompression for Bell's palsy: why I don't do it

All decompression surgery is based on the lack of understanding that Bell's palsy is a viral demyelinating disease that is longitudinal--not perpendicular--to the facial canal and that surgery cannot possibly help a viral disease. These findings exclude the etiologic possibility of an "ischemic paralysis" and are in accord with our logically derived belief that treatment directed to relieve neural entrapment is a wasted effort.
Theorizing Translation in a Woman’s Voice

AbstractIn the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England, increasing numbers of educated women began to translate literary and philosophical works into English. In the course of their work, they also began to comment on translation: in prefaces, letters, and essays. This article explores the rhetorical strategies that these women used in coming to public voice: specifically, the ways in which they subverted various rhetorics that had long been in use among men for addressing patrons and beloveds and for inculcating moral lessons. Particular attention is paid to the remarks of Margaret Tyler in 1578, Suzanne du Vegerre in 1639, Katherine Philips in 1662–63, and Aphra Behn in 1688.
Maximal Biodegradation Rates of Chloroform and Trichloroethylene in Anaerobic Treatment

Computer controlled reactors were used to determine the maximal rate of anaerobic biodegradation of chloroform and trichloroethylene using three important anaerobic intermediates (propionate, hydrogen, and acetate) as primary substrates. Maximal biodegradation rate was defined as that loading rate of chloroform and trichloroethylene which can be achieved while reducing process efficiency of the primary substrate to 50 %. The systems were controlled by a computer in response to the pH of the reactor in order to establish the unlimited equilibrium utilization levels of the three primary substrates and the chlorinated aliphatic compounds. From 89 to 99 % of chloroform and trichloroethylene was biodegraded at maximal loading rate of 15-109 mg/l of reactor-day in the primary substrate enrichment cultures. Biodegradation potentials, the affected class of microorganisms, and the fate and metabolic intermediates of chloroform and trichloroethylene also were examined.
PRESSURE FLUCTUATION IN A MULTISOLID PNEUMATIC TRANSPORT BED

ABSTRACT The multisolid pneumatic transport bed is a fluidized bed in which a circulating bed of fine particles is superimposed on a slugging or turbulent fluidized bed of dense particles. Pessure fluctuations were measured in the dense particle bed of a 0.102 m I.D. multisolid pneumatic transport bed using two differential pressure transducers. The pressure fluctuation data was used to determine the slugging characteristics of the dense particle bed and the transition from the slugging regime to the turbulent regime. The addition of circulating fine particles to the slugging dense bed resulted in a significant increase in slug velocity and caused the transition to the turbulent regime to begin at a lower velocity.
St. Bernard’s: Terrors of the Light in the Gothic Hospital

When readers imagine medical experimentation in nineteenth-century Gothic fiction, they are likely to think of the scientist working in an isolated lab––a Dr. Frankenstein, a Jekyll, or a Moreau. One might expect the same in Edward Berdoe’s novel St. Bernard’s: The Romance of a Medical Student (1887), which Keir Waddington has recently called a “hybrid Gothic novel” (258). In fact, the narrative does depict familiar images of the sequestered medical man: scientists vivisecting dogs in the institution’s vaults; a physiologist working in his domestic lab to find poisonous mushrooms that will kill his invalid wife without a trace. However, it primarily depicts terror within the very public space of teaching hospital wards. Exciting horror via the Gothic tropes of secret villainy and startling revelations arguably poses a challenge for the author when the outrages in question occur in plain view; and, indeed, the multiple generic strands in the novel suggest a writer grasping for a form of representation that trades in the mystery of the Gothic yet employs the detailed, documentary perspective of a social problem novel. I suggest that the text seeks to resolve this difficulty via a reconfiguration of Gothic spaces. That is, it progressively redefines the dungeon from physical location to residing in the psyche of the hospital clinician. Governed by professional incentives that only a fellow doctor knows, Berdoe’s medical researcher becomes trapped by his inability to feel as he ignores the suffering of his current patients in order to make the great discovery that will assure his and the hospital’s reputation. This interiorization of the dungeon is but one of the ways in which the novel invokes yet reconfigures classic Gothic spatiality and landscapes. Ultimately, St. Bernard’s suggests that readers must rethink how Gothic medicine works if they are to reform hospital care.
CHAPTER 3 – Expansion of Nonlinear Terms: The An Polynomials

This chapter discusses the expansion of nonlinear terms. Nonlinear behavior is an inherent feature of real systems. The significance of nonlinear systems is well recognized; however, the prevalent methods are inadequate to the general problem. There are cases in which by clever transformations of dependent and independent variables, an exact linearization can be accomplished. This is not generally possible and even when it is, it is difficult to determine the necessary transformations. The chapter focuses on the systematic computation of A n polynomials. It presents the calculation of the A n polynomials for simple nonlinear operators. The coefficients can be calculated in a number of ways. The first calculations were done by developing a recurrence relation. The chapter describes A n polynomials for differential nonlinear operators. It is possible to find simple symmetry rules for writing the A n polynomials to high orders. Using the A n , there is no need for mathematically inadequate and physically unrealistic approximations or linearizations.
Water, Roads, and Mapping Diaspora Through Biomythography

Reading Paule Marshall’s 2009 memoir Triangular Road as a biomythography illumines the ways in which the African diaspora is imagined in and through personal and collective narrative. African diaspora studies has sought to map the historical moments, cultural practices, political considerations, and geographical and conceptual spaces that constitute the African diaspora. This article explores how biomythography can possibly map African diaspora discourse beyond the temporal and the spatial. Triangular Road connects diasporic movement and misunderstanding. It uses the concept of bodies of water to map Marshall’s life path. It crosses the lines of official nation-state representations, social gatherings, and international cultural exchange. As biomythography it uses the memoir form to both refute the singularity of an autobiography, rooting Marshall’s story in the communities she has moved through and existed within, and meld the realities of what she can know of those communities with the fantasies she produces in place of absent histories. Marshall’s text crosses generations of literary artistry, nation-building, and diasporic longing. In conversation with other Caribbean women’s biomythographies such as Audre Lorde’s Zami, Triangular Road helps us to navigate the intentionally fuzzy lines between fiction and history, between the personal and the communal, between the rootedness of lands we know and the fluid possibilities of the waters that both separate and join them.
Downregulation of LGR5 Expression Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Differentiation and Potentiates Endothelial Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Understanding molecules involved in differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells is important in advancing hPSCs for cell therapy and drug testing. Here, we report that LGR5, a leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor, plays a critical role in hPSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. LGR5 expression was transiently upregulated during the early stage of cardiomyocyte differentiation, and knockdown of LGR5 resulted in reduced expression of cardiomyocyte-associated markers and poor cardiac differentiation. In contrast, knockdown of LGR5 promoted differentiation of endothelial-like cells with increased expression of endothelial cell markers and appropriate functional characteristics, including the ability to form tube-like structures and to take up acetylated low-density lipoproteins. Furthermore, knockdown of LGR5 significantly reduced the proliferation of differentiated cells and increased the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and expression of Wnt signaling-related genes. Therefore, regulation of LGR5 may facilitate efficient generation of cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells from hPSCs.
Brain Trauma: Intensive Care Unit Management

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year and is a major cause of death and neurological disability among young adults worldwide. Patients with severe TBI are complex with multisystem needs. They are ideally cared for in an intensive care unit and require a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach for optimal management. The focus of neurocritical care is to minimize the risks of secondary brain injury by maintaining appropriate physiological and metabolic parameters, treating intracranial hypertension, and ensuring adequate cerebral perfusion. Anticipating and managing neurological and systemic complications are also important goals. The complexities of this care are discussed and areas for additional research are addressed.
Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Control Systems

This chapter is intended to provide an overview of various approaches of FLC implementation. There are different hardware/software tradeoffs that must be considered in the design of a fuzzy controller. The different techniques provide different degrees of flexibility as well as supporting different ranges of applications in terms of speed and complexity. While there is a never-ending debate regarding the merits of hardware vs software, every design has to look into its own constraints for a suitable solution. In one extreme, for low speed applications with only one or two low-resolution inputs and a few outputs, a lookup table scheme could meet the need. In the other extreme, for a very high speed application with relative large number of inputs and output, a fuzzy ASIC solution could be the only choice. A system designer has to make a proper choice according to the applications and the cost/performance requirements.
Effects of oral and parenteral selenium supplements on residues in meat, milk and eggs.

Selenium (Se) is ubiquitous in the environment but its distribution is extremely variable. Because Se is required for adequate livestock and poultry health, it is often necessary to supplement animal diets to prevent disease states associated with inadequate Se intake. On the other hand, the effects of such supplementation on the human consumer is an important consideration. The primary focus of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the effects of Se supplementation on Se residues in meat, milk, and eggs.
Major biological consequences of aflatoxicosis in animal production

Aflatoxins, a family of closely related, biologically active mycotoxins, have been known as a prominent cause of animal disease for 30 yr. The toxins occur naturally on several key animal feeds, including corn, cottonseed, and peanuts. Occurrence of aflatoxin on some field crops tends to spike in years when drought and insect damage facilitate invasion by the causative organisms, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which abound in the crop's environment. Acute aflatoxicosis causes a distinct overt clinical disease marked by hepatitis, icterus, hemorrhage, and death. More chronic aflatoxin poisoning produces very protean signs that may not be clinically obvious; reduced rate of gain in young animals is a sensitive clinical register of chronic aflatoxicosis. The immune system is also sensitive to aflatoxin, and suppression of cell-mediated immune responsiveness, reduced phagocytosis, and depressed complement and interferon production are produced. Acquired immunity from vaccination programs may be substantially suppressed in some disease models. In such cases the signs of disease observed are those of the infectious process rather than those of the aflatoxin that predisposed the animal to infection. Mixtures of aflatoxin with other mycotoxins can result in greatly augmented biological responses in terms of rate of gain, lethality, and immune reactivity. Because of its great biological activity, its wide-spread potential presence in areas where critical feed crops are grown, and its propensity to spike in problem years, aflatoxin promises to be a continuing problem in animal production.
Slip flow in a microchannel driven by rhythmic wall contractions

We adopt a recent minimal mathematical model of a pumping mechanism in entomological respiratory systems and consider the model’s behavior in the slip flow regime, which occurs naturally in the distalmost portions of insect respiratory systems. In the model, a phase lag in the timing of two neighboring wall contractions in a rectangular microchannel produces a unidirectional flow. The current study investigates the results of incorporating slip effects into the model by introducing first-order accurate slip boundary conditions to investigate the method’s performance for slip flows at the microscale in the slip flow regime. The two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved with microscale and lubrication theory assumptions, and the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient is assumed to be one, so that the slip flow parameter $$\beta $$ is identically equivalent to the Knudsen number, Kn. The variations of the axial velocity, pressure gradient, and total pressure along the channel are determined for three representative Knudsen numbers that span the continuum and slip flow regimes. It was observed that for the shear-driven flow investigated here, the overall effect of increasing the amount of slip is to decrease the volumetric flow rate and that the phase lag for producing maximum flow is in the range of $$63^\circ $$ – $$67^\circ $$ , while in the no-slip case the optimum phase lag is approximately $$63^\circ $$ . The results suggest that shear-driven flows at the microscale in the slip flow regime may see a reduction in flow rate in contrast to pressure-driven microscale gas flows in the slip flow regime.
Retailer Categorization: How Store-Format Price Image Influences Expected Prices and Consumer Choices

Abstract Prior research indicates that consumers may base their retail decisions (e.g., store choice, purchase quantity) on price image, which has been defined as consumer perceptions “of the aggregate price level of a retailer” (Hamilton and Chernev 2013, p. 2). The present research shows that consumers associate different price images not only with specific retailers, but more broadly with various store formats — such as grocery stores, convenience stores, and specialty stores. Six studies provide evidence that store-format price image exerts influence on consumer price expectations and store choice decisions, and that these retailer categorization effects are distinct from the effects of retailer price image.
Preoperative Laboratory Testing

Obtaining routine preoperative laboratory tests increases health care costs and has been listed, by the Choosing Wisely Campaign, as one of the top 5 practices anesthesiologists should avoid. Routine testing without clinical indication is not cost-effective and could cause harm and unnecessary delays. Abnormal findings are more likely to be false positive and costly to pursue, introduce new risks, and increase anxiety for the patient. Preoperative testing need to be performed only following a targeted history and physical examination, factoring severity of surgery, and comorbidities such that the benefit of the test outweighs risk.
Glutathione Utilization in Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716

Glutathione, a tripeptide antioxidant, has recently been shown to be either utilized or synthesized by Gram-positive bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria. Glutathione plays an important role in countering environmental stress, such as oxidative stress. In this study, cellular activity regarding glutathione in Lactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716 is characterized. We demonstrate that L. fermentum CECT 5716 has a better survival rate in the presence of glutathione under both oxidative and metal stress. As L. fermentum CECT 5716 does not possess the ability to synthesize glutathione under the conditions tested, it shows the ability to uptake both reduced and oxidized glutathione from the environment, regenerate reduced glutathione from oxidized glutathione, and perform secretion of glutathione to the environment.
Organic databases

Databases today are carefully engineered: there is an expensive and deliberate design process, after which a database schema is defined; during this design process, various possible instance examples and use cases are hypothesized and carefully analyzed; finally, the schema is ready and then can be populated with data. All of this effort is a major barrier to database adoption. In this paper, we explore the possibility of organic database creation instead of the traditional engineered approach. The idea is to let the user start storing data in a database with a schema that is just enough to cove the instances at hand. We then support efficient schema evolution as new data instances arrive. By designing the database to evolve, we can sidestep the expensive front-end cost of carefully engineering the design of the database. The same set of issues also apply to database querying. Today, databases expect queries to be carefully specified, and to be valid with respect to the database schema. In contrast, the organic query specification model would allow users to construct queries incrementally, with little knowledge of the database. We also examine this problem in this paper.
Abstract WP463: Baseline Leukoaraiosis Does Not Modify Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Prior studies have suggested that baseline leukoaraiosis before ICH may be associated with high mortality, initial large hematoma volume, and may be an independent risk factor for worse...
Draft Genome Sequences of Three Clinical Strains of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Human Patients in Japan

Bacillus cereus is a common etiological agent of hospital-acquired infections. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of three clinical isolates of B. cereus (GTC2903, GTC2926, and ach14) isolated from three human patients in different hospitals and in different years in Japan.
Influence of virgin queens on kin recognition in the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Camponotus spp. workers reared in queenless groups recognize non-nestmate kin, apparently by shared heritable chemical cues or “discriminators”, while workers reared in the presence of mated queens acquire labels which superoede such recognition. Whether queen-derived labels are themselves discriminators has not been examined previously. Groups of sister or unrelated workers ofC. floridanus were adopted to sister or unrelated virgin queens, and recognition among non-nestmate adoptees was assayed in neutral arena encounters. Interactions were significantly less aggressive among workers whose queens were sisters than among those whose queens were not, indicating that their acquired recognition cues are queen discriminators.
The inference-making of elementary emergent multilinguals: Access and opportunities for learning:

Inference-making is integral to reading comprehension, defined as information ‘retrieved or generated during reading to fill in information left implicit in a text’. However, there are few studies ...
Mini-Hepcidins Prevent Iron Overload In A Mouse Model of Hereditary Hemochromatosis

Abstract Abstract 689 Mini-hepcidins are synthetic peptide analogues of the hepcidin N-terminus which is crucial for hepcidin interaction with ferroportin. Due to their small size and relative ease of synthesis, mini-hepcidins are better candidates than native hepcidin as therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of iron overload. In our previous studies, the first 9 amino acids of hepcidin (DTHFPICIF) were sufficient for in vitro activity (measured as ferroportin-GFP degradation). We modified the amino acid sequence of hepcidin-9 to improve resistance to proteolysis and to enhance the biophysical interactions with ferroportin. From >70 modified mini-hepcidins, we selected several that were more potent than native hepcidin in vitro, and tested them in mouse models. Bioactivity was assessed by measuring the hypoferremic effect of minihepcidins in C57BL/6 mice 4h after administration. Several minihepcidins administered by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection were more potent than the native hepcidin in reducing serum iron. Remarkably, retroinverted mini-hepcidins modified by palmitoylation or bile acid conjugation were active also by gavage. None of the tested mini-hepcidins altered endogenous hepcidin production. We also examined the ability of parenteral minihepcidins to prevent tissue iron loading in hepcidin knockout mice. Daily injections for 12 days completely prevented iron loading of the liver, decreased serum iron and increased splenic iron content. At high doses, minihepcidins were sufficiently potent that they caused iron-restricted microcytic anemia in hepcidin knockout mice. Minihepcidins may be useful for the treatment of human iron overload conditions caused by hepcidin deficiency. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
P1 finite element methods for an elliptic state-constrained distributed optimal control problem with Neumann boundary conditions

Abstract We investigate two P 1 finite element methods for an elliptic state-constrained distributed optimal control problem with Neumann boundary conditions on general polygonal domains.
A data analysis of immiscible carbon dioxide injection applications for enhanced oil recovery based on an updated database

Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection is an enhanced oil recovery technique used worldwide to increase oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Immiscible CO2 injection involves injecting the CO2 into the reservoir at a pressure below which it will become miscible in the oil. Even though immiscible CO2 injection has been applied extensively, very little research has been conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism and the applications of immiscible CO2 injection. This research performs an in-depth data analysis is performed based on more than 200 experiments and 20 field tests from more than 40 researches to show the conditions at which immiscible CO2 injection has been applied and the most frequent application conditions. Histograms and boxplots have been generated for temperature, CO2 injection pressure, oil viscosity, molecular weight, and API gravity, CO2 solubility, and finally oil swelling to show the ranges and frequency of application for all these parameters. Finally, crossplots have been generated from the data to show the relation of pressure and temperature to CO2 solubility and oil swelling. The crossplots function to illustrate a relation between the variables and draws a conclusion as to what effect each parameter will have on the other.
Enhanced Electrosynthetic Hydrogen Evolution by Hydrogenases Embedded in a Redox-Active Hydrogel.

Molecular hydrogen is a major high-energy carrier for future energy technologies, if produced from renewable electrical energy. Hydrogenase enzymes offer a pathway for bioelectrochemically producing hydrogen that is advantageous over traditional platforms for hydrogen production because of low overpotentials and ambient operating temperature and pressure. However, electron delivery from the electrode surface to the enzyme's active site is often rate-limiting. Here, it is shown that three different hydrogenases from Clostridium pasteurianum and Methanococcus maripaludis, when immobilized at a cathode in a cobaltocene-functionalized polyallylamine (Cc-PAA) redox polymer, mediate rapid and efficient hydrogen evolution. Furthermore, it is shown that Cc-PAA-mediated hydrogenases can operate at high faradaic efficiency (80-100 %) and low apparent overpotential (-0.578 to -0.593 V vs. SHE). Specific activities of these hydrogenases in the electrosynthetic Cc-PAA assay were comparable to their respective activities in traditional methyl viologen assays, indicating that Cc-PAA mediates electron transfer at high rates, to most of the embedded enzymes.
Considerations for Acute Care of TGD Youth

Transgender and gender-diverse youth may experience significant mental health symptoms, which may require treatment in acute settings. It is critical that inpatient, partial hospital, and intensive outpatient treatment settings are affirming and supportive, rather than sources of ongoing trauma. This chapter details key principles for a safe and affirming hospital environment and describes concrete strategies for training clinical teams and providing developmentally appropriate care for gender-diverse youth.
322 – Alanine carboxypeptidase

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of alanine carboxypeptidase. The chapter discusses that characterization of enzymes hydrolyzing folate analogs led Levy & Goldman (1969) to synthesize other such compounds for screening soil cultures. The folate analog 4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl alanine and subsequently 4-aminobenzoyl alanine were synthesized. Later, Miyagawa (1986) sought to isolate enzymes related to hippuryl hydrolase (N-benzoylglycine hydrolase). N-Benzoyl-l-alanine was used to isolate an enzyme from the soil microorganism Corynebacterium equi H-7. The name alanine carboxypeptidase was adopted by the Enzyme Commission to describe these enzymes isolated from soil bacteria. The enzyme from Corynebacterium equi H-7 was referred to as N-benzoyl-l-alanine amidohydrolase. Levy & Goldman purified their enzyme more than 100-fold to near homogeneity by classical techniques. Miyagawa purified the enzyme 323-fold to apparent homogeneity by classical techniques, that is, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex A50 and hydroxyapatite. The enzyme described by Miyagawa behaves as an atypical hippuryl hydrolase, preferring Bz-Ala over Bz-Gly.
Abstract 1542: Roles of extracellular ATP in inducing EMT and CSC-like changes to promote early steps of metastasis in non-small lung cancer cell lines

Cancer is a major death-causing disease worldwide, and metastasis, a hallmark of cancer, is associated with up to 90% of all cancer-related deaths. Metastasis requires ATP, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) has much higher concentrations of intratumoral and extracellular ATP (eATP) than healthy tissue, implying that eATP may have potential roles in tumor development and progression. Our previous ATP studies, cited by a Nature Review Cancer paper in 20181 showed that eATP is internalized by cancer cell through macropinocytosis, and it promotes cancer cell growth, survival, and drug resistance. However, how intratumoral eATP plays roles in metastasis remains largely unclear. Our 2019 published results show that eATP promotes cancer migration and invasion, initiates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), alters expression level of EMT related protein markers such as ZEB1, SNAIL, SLUG in human non-small lung cancer cell (NSCLC) lines2. It has been reported that the EMT and cancer stem cells (CSCs) share some molecular links, but the detailed mechanisms involved are still unknown. Recently, we have found the eATP significantly induces the gene expression level of CSC transcription factors (TFs): SOX2, NANOG and OCT4 in A549 cells in a time-dependent manner. We have also found that, after A549 cells were pretreated with 0.5mM for 6 hrs, the ATP-pretreated A549 cells were able to show significantly increased migration and invasion even in the absence of ATP addition. Based on all these results, we hypothesize that extracellular ATP functions as a messenger, a signal facilitator, an energy molecule, and a transcription cofactor to induce EMT and CSC-like features to promote metastasis in NSCLC. RNAseq and metabolomics studies are being used to determine the transcriptional and metabolic changes associated with the ATP induced EMT and CSC process in NSCLC. The completion of the project will not only unravel eATP9s roles in EMT and CSC induction and early steps of tumor metastasis, but also potentially provide novel promising therapeutic targets for inhibiting tumor metastasis. Citation Format: Jingwen Song, Maria Evers, Xiaozhuo Chen. Roles of extracellular ATP in inducing EMT and CSC-like changes to promote early steps of metastasis in non-small lung cancer cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1542.
Cording in Disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient

Cording is a phenomenon in which acid fast bacilli grow in parallel and was previously used as a means of presumptive microscopic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). However, this process has been shown in multiple other nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species. Here we present the case of an immunocompromised adult who presented with wrist pain, weight loss, and cough. A positron emission tomography scan showed uptake in the right ulna, multiple soft tissue sites, and the left lung. Biopsies and cultures were obtained from multiple sites, and the patient was ultimately diagnosed with disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae infection. The organism showed cording in culture. As seen in this patient, cording may occur in multiple NTM species and is not reliable as the sole indicator of the presence of TB.
True hero of the trade: On the critical contributions of Art Gossard to modern device technology

Professor Arthur Gossard’s seminal contributions to fundamental physics often overshadow the immense impact he has had on advancing the performance and functionality of electronic and photonic devices. This paper attempts to, at least in part, capture this important aspect of Gossard’s continuing research contributions by reviewing three disparate examples, along with their device applications: epitaxial regrowth, digital alloy growth, and metal:semiconductor nanocomposites.
Increasing colorectal cancer in the young population and tailoring of the colorectal cancer screening recommendations in subpopulation: a retrospective single-center study

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) newly drafted recommendations for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening age in average-risk individuals decreased to 45 years from 50 years. This study evaluates the change in the incidence of CRC, compares the demographic characteristics, characteristics of CRC, survival, and factors affecting the survival of younger ( 50 years) CRC-diagnosed population of Boston Medical Center (BMC). Also tailors the screening recommendations of CRC based on subpopulations. A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2004 to 2019 at BMC who underwent colonoscopy, to see newly diagnosed CRC. The analysis was done in R studio version 1.2.5033. The incidence rate of CRC is increasing in the younger population. The CRC in younger population was 350 and older was 2019. The most prevalent site among the younger population was rectum (33.33%), and most of the CRC were diagnosed at an advanced stage. Hispanics were less likely to be diagnosed with CRC in older age group (OR= 0.468, 95% CI 0.285, 0.796). Lower BMI was associated with a higher risk of mortality (p= 0.012). There was no difference in survival in younger and older populations. CRC is increasing in the younger population, and Hispanics are diagnosed with CRC usually at a younger age. Early screening in young populations with average risk and even earlier screening in high-risk populations like Hispanics is warranted for timely recognition for prevention, early management, and reduction of mortality.
Rising Together: Clarifying the International Environmental Marketing Claim Regulatory Landscape so that Developing Country Exporters May More Effectively Market Their Environmentally Responsible Products

This Article considers the impact of state and non-state actor environmental marketing claim regulatory schemes on developing countries and suggests two clarifications to the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) that will improve market access for developing country exporters of environmentally responsible products, without endangering member states’ environmental protection schemes.The Article focuses attention on national and international state and non-state actor environmental marketing claim criteria setting bodies to assess whether and to what extent the actors consider developing country interests in their schemes. Finding that many firm-specific and industry-specific non-state actors fail to offer any consideration of developing country interests in their standardization and certification schemes, likely because they lack any legal obligation to do, the Article suggests two clarifications to the TBT that will incentivize non-state actors to integrate developing country interests into their schemes. First, the Article suggests an explanatory note to the TBT definition of non-governmental body, which clarifies that non-governmental bodies include non-state actor standardizing bodies. Second, the Article recommends an explanatory note to TBT Article 4.1, which clarifies the scope of members’ duties to take reasonable measures to ensure that non-governmental bodies are complying with the TBT. These clarifications will result in improved market access for developing country exporters that wish to export environmentally responsible products to developed countries and lead to a rise in environmental benefits to developing and developed countries.
The Dark and Bright Side of News Consumption for Employees: A Conservation of Resources Perspective

Although news consumption is a daily habit for many, little is known about its effects on employee outcomes. We draw from conservation of resources theory to develop an integrative model that simul...
Simultaneous Perception-Action Design via Invariant Finite Belief Sets.

Although perception is an increasingly dominant portion of the overall computational cost for autonomous systems, only a fraction of the information perceived is likely to be relevant to the current task. To alleviate these perception costs, we develop a novel simultaneous perception-action design framework wherein an agent senses only the task-relevant information. This formulation differs from that of a partially observable Markov decision process, since the agent is free to synthesize not only its policy for action selection but also its belief-dependent observation function. The method enables the agent to balance its perception costs with those incurred by operating in its environment. To obtain a computationally tractable solution, we approximate the value function using a novel method of invariant finite belief sets, wherein the agent acts exclusively on a finite subset of the continuous belief space. We solve the approximate problem through value iteration in which a linear program is solved individually for each belief state in the set, in each iteration. Finally, we prove that the value functions, under an assumption on their structure, converge to their continuous state-space values as the sample density increases.
A multi-fidelity polynomial chaos-greedy Kaczmarz approach for resource-efficient uncertainty quantification on limited budget

Abstract Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) has been widely used to facilitate uncertainty quantification and stochastic computations for complex systems. Multi-fidelity approaches expedite the construction of the PCE surrogate by blending the efficiency of low-fidelity models and accuracy of high-fidelity models. In this work, we propose a novel non-intrusive multi-fidelity sampling approach that exploits the low computational cost of the low-fidelity model to select a set of high-yield sampling locations for the high-fidelity model. Particularly, the proposed approach draws upon the unique features of the Kaczmarz updating scheme to design a greedy search that explores a large pool of low-fidelity samples and iteratively removes the least contributive ones. Facilitated via a subset updating strategy, the search lands on a small subset of the initial pool which is then used to construct the PCE surrogate for the high-fidelity model. The proposed approach offers a remarkable computational performance, practically delivering accurate results with a high-fidelity sample size about the cardinality of the basis, and as such is amenable to efficient uncertainty quantification on fixed and limited budget. We provide several numerical examples that demonstrate the promise of the proposed approach in substantially reducing the number of high-fidelity samples required for accurate construction of the PCE surrogate.