cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data for better health—and to help end poverty

The World Bank Group welcomes the publication of the new Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). The Bank commissioned the fi rst GBD in 1990, and continues to make extensive use of this signal contribution to global health. Like its predecessors, the new, methodologically updated GBD 2010 marks a milestone in global health knowledge and our capacity for evidence-based action. It will once again set the terms of health policy, planning, and funding discussions for years to come. The GBD gives us a data-rich framework for comparing the importance of diff erent diseases, injuries, and risk factors in causing premature death and disability within and across populations. Its value lies not only in the data but the critical discussions it makes possible. Specifi cally, the GBD has sharpened thinking on issues as diverse as the measurement of comorbidities; the role of culture in mediating the experience of disease; the meaning of dis ability; and the impact of poverty on health. The GBD challenges us to be rigorous and clear in our arguments about the criteria that should guide programming and investment decisions at country, regional, and global levels. GBD 2010 shows the remarkable health achieve ments of the past two decades, as well as the continuing, and emerging, challenges that require action. Life expectancy is rising, and the prevalence of many communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, is dropping. Yet in some parts of the world, preventable illnesses, such as diarrhoea, remain stubborn causes of death in childhood. We must confront the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, and the fundamental shift from premature death towards increasing years lived with chronic illnesses and debilitating conditions. To respond eff ectively to these challenges, national and local health systems must be strengthened, even transformed, and policy and funding decisions across the development spectrum must be reassessed—from safety nets to urban planning. GBD 2010 is an indispensable resource for public health and development leaders to ensure that their investments yield the greatest possible health benefi ts, and to help end poverty and boost prosperity. The remarkable body of evidence and analysis in GBD 2010 will help us foster the conversations that are needed across the whole of government, not just in ministries of health, to fulfi l this responsibility.
Melanoma in immunosuppressed patients

Malignant melanoma (MM) is an immunologic tumor [1–6], with hypotheses of MM behaving worse in the setting of immunosuppression. However, outcomes data are limited. This area of research is challen...
Gene delivery to neurons: Is herpes simplex virus the right tool for the job?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-derived vectors are currently being developed for the introduction of foreign DNA into neurons. HSV vectors can facilitate a range of molecular studies on postmitotic neurons and may ultimately be used for somatic cell gene therapy for certain neurologic diseases. In this article, the salient features of the pathologenesis and molecular biology of HSV relevant to its use as a vector are described, along with an overview of the methods used to derive these vectors. The accomplishments which have been made to date using the HSV vector system are discussed, with emphasis on the issues of this technology which remain to be addressed. HSV has the potential to be a most useful tool for neuronal cell transgenesis and it is likely that important neurobiological questions will be answered using this vector system.
Correlates of suicide attempt history in bipolar disorder: a stress-diathesis perspective.

Objectives: Distinguishing clinical characteristics of bipolar patients who have made a suicide attempt may help to identify at-risk individuals. We sought to identify such factors and to consider them within a stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior. Methods: Patients with bipolar disorder (N = 96) were compared with respect to the presence or absence at baseline evaluation of a history of suicide attempt. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the unique associations of independent variables to history of a past suicide attempt. Results: The regression analysis showed that a history of suicide attempt in bipolar disorder was associated with greater recent suicidal ideation, more psychiatric hospitalizations, lifetime aggressive traits and an earlier age at onset of a first mood episode. Conclusions: Aggressive traits and early treatment of mood disorders, especially major depressive episodes, are potential targets for suicide prevention in bipolar disorder.
Planar Schlegel Diagram's Illustrations of Fullerene's Structural Changes and Fullerene's Cage Interactions with Metals and Hydrogens

Two-dimensional planar Schlegel diagrams are used to displace fullerenes and to exhibit cage cluster's vertices, faces and edges as well as cluster's extensions and changes such as isomerization, addition, elimination etc. The Schlegel diagrams also show the possible π bondings and free π radicals to determine symmetry group structures as well as to interact with the corresponding number of electrons in metals. The diagrams also show the possible addition of outside hydrogens and their movements.
Benzyloxyamines as Possible Inhibitors of Histamine Biosynthesis

The synthesis of some 26 O-substituted hydroxylamine derivatives is described.Potent anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema test is shown by m-nitrobenzyl-oxyamine hydrochloride and by p-nitrobenzyloxyamine hydrochloride.Moreover, p-nitrobenzyloxyamine hydrochloride also possesses potent inhibitory activity when tested in vitroagainst the histamine-forming enzyme, specific histidine decarboxylase, thus lending additional support to the theory linking histamine to the inflammatory process.Further evidence is given for the bioisosterism of the nitrobenzene and pyridine moieties.The necessity of a free aminooxy group for anti-inflammatory activity is demonstrated.
Indirect serotonergic agonists attenuate neuronal opiate withdrawal

Abstract Withdrawal from opiates in dependent subjects produces strongly aversive psychological and autonomic responses which contribute to the chronic ingestion of opiates and the high incidence of relapse after withdrawal. 19,26 A variety of evidence indicates that hyperactivity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is an important brain substrate of opiate withdrawal. 17–20 In particular, only a few agents have been found to be clinically useful in alleviating these symptoms and treating opiate dependence, all of which potently attenuate the activation of noradrenergic neurons in the LC evoked by opiate withdrawal. 17–20 However, current pharmacotherapies, especially methadone and clonidine, have serious side effects, including hypotension, sedation and their own withdrawal reactions. 17–20,28 Our goal was to find an alternative pharmacological treatment to reduce the magnitude of LC hyperactivity during opiate withdrawal. Previous studies indicated that brain serotonin (5-HT) systems may be involved in opiate withdrawal. 9,12,23,26,30,3134,37 Two results from our laboratory led us to study the effect of enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission on withdrawal-induced LC hyperactivity: (i) a substantial part of such LC hyperactivity is mediated by an excitatory amino acid input to the locus coeruleus, 2 (ii) 5-HT selectively attenuates excitation of LC neurons mediated by excitatory amino acids. 4 Here, we report that agents which increase serotonergic neurotransmission attenuate the hyperactivity of LC neurons induced by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from chronic morphine exposure in rats. The 5-HT releaser/uptake blocker, d-fenfluramine, as well as the 5-HT reuptake blockers fluoxetine or sertraline, significantly attenuated the withdrawal-induced hyperactivity of LC neurons. Additional results suggest that enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission with such drugs diminishes an augmented excitatory amino acid input to LC neurons that is responsible for most of their hyperactivity during opiate withdrawal. These findings point to the possibility that indirectly acting serotonergic agonists, many of which are already widely available for human use, may be beneficial in the treatment of opiate abuse.
Targeted training of the decision rule benefits rule-guided behavior in Parkinson’s disease

The impact of Parkinson’s disease (PD) on rule-guided behavior has received considerable attention in cognitive neuroscience. The majority of research has used PD as a model of dysfunction in frontostriatal networks, but very few attempts have been made to investigate the possibility of adapting common experimental techniques in an effort to identify the conditions that are most likely to facilitate successful performance. The present study investigated a targeted training paradigm designed to facilitate rule learning and application using rule-based categorization as a model task. Participants received targeted training in which there was no selective-attention demand (i.e., stimuli varied along a single, relevant dimension) or nontargeted training in which there was selective-attention demand (i.e., stimuli varied along a relevant dimension as well as an irrelevant dimension). Following training, all participants were tested on a rule-based task with selective-attention demand. During the test phase, PD patients who received targeted training performed similarly to control participants and outperformed patients who did not receive targeted training. As a preliminary test of the generalizability of the benefit of targeted training, a subset of the PD patients were tested on the Wisconsin card sorting task (WCST). PD patients who received targeted training outperformed PD patients who did not receive targeted training on several WCST performance measures. These data further characterize the contribution of frontostriatal circuitry to rule-guided behavior. Importantly, these data also suggest that PD patient impairment, on selective-attention-demanding tasks of rule-guided behavior, is not inevitable and highlight the potential benefit of targeted training.
Polycations. IX. Polyammonium derivatives of cyclodextrins: syntheses and binding to organic oxyanions

A series of polycationic derivatives of α- and β-cyclodextrin have been synthesized. Their interactions for inclusive binding of series of organic phosphorus oxyanions and anions of biological α-amino acids have been investigated using NMR techniques. Determinations of association constants and orientation of guest anion binding to the host polycationic cyclodextrin derivatives have been performed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 11:546–555, 2000
Preparing Undercut Model of Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis in Rodents

Partially isolated cortex ("undercut") is an animal model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. The surgical procedure involves cutting through the sensorimotor cortex and the underneath white matter (undercut) so that a specific region of the cerebral cortex is largely isolated from the neighboring cortex and subcortical regions1-3. After a latency of two or more weeks following the surgery, epileptiform discharges can be recorded in brain slices from rodents1; and electrical or behavior seizures can be observed in vivo from other species such as cat and monkey4-6. This well established animal model is efficient to generate and mimics several important characteristics of traumatic brain injury. However, it is technically challenging attempting to make precise cortical lesions in the small rodent brain with a free hand. Based on the procedure initially established in Dr. David Prince's lab at the Stanford University1, here we present an improved technique to perform a surgery for the preparation of this model in mice and rats. We demonstrate how to make a simple surgical device and use it to gain a better control of cutting depth and angle to generate more precise and consistent results. The device is easy to make, and the procedure is quick to learn. The generation of this animal model provides an efficient system for study on the mechanisms of posttraumatic epileptogenesis.
Absence of Detectable P450 2E1 in Bone Marrow of B6C3F1 Mice: Relevance to Butadiene-Induced Bone Marrow Toxicity

Abstract Absence of Detectable P450 2E1 in Bone Marrow of B6C3F1 Mice: Relevance to Butadiene-Induced Bone Marrow Toxicity. Genter, M. B., and Recio, L. (1994). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 22, 469-473. The observation that the concentration of butadiene monoepoxide (BMO) is greater in bone marrow than in the blood following inhalation of 1,3-butadiene (BD) by B6C3F1 mice prompted the present investigation into whether cytochrome P450 2E1, the isozyme believed to be involved in the epoxidation of BD, is present in the bone marrow of B6C3F1 mice. The bone marrow of male and female B6C3F1 mice was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry to determine whether cytochrome P450 2E1 is present, and, if present, in which cell types. Both Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the apparent absence of P450 2E1 in B6C3F1 mouse bone marrow. This observation suggests that BD is converted to BMO outside of bone marrow and is subsequently concentrated in the bone marrow, or that the conversion of BD to BMO occurs by an alternate enzymatic pathway within the bone marrow.
Label-free cancer cell detection with impedimetric transducers

While cancer is still an implacable disease, many cancers can be cured if they are diagnosed in an early stage. Recently, it was reported that the transformation from normal cells to cancer cells can change their mechano-elastic properties to become softer and more deformable. If some cancer cells are more deformable, then a progressive increase of the volume of softer cancer cells should be induced as an abrupt change in osmolarity is applied. On the basis of this hypothesis, we developed a sensor that can electronically monitor the volume increase of cancer cells under hyposmotic pressure. By this methodology, K:Molv NIH 3T3 cells, 786-O human kidney carcinoma cells, and MPSC-1 ovarian cancer cells were successfully detected within 30 min using on the order of 10 cells. These cancer cells could be detected with the same sensitivity even in the presence of a vast excess of the respective noncancerous cells [NIH 3T3 cells, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells]. Since the proposed impedimetric sensor could be useful for detecting cancer cells fast and reliably, it could be further implemented in the screening of large populations of tissue samples and the detection of circulating tumor cells for point-of-care applications.
Epidemiology and clinical features of osteoporosis in young individuals.

Abstract Due to the lack of epidemiologic data on osteoporosis in the young, we identified all 22 Olmsted County, MN, residents aged 20–44 years when first diagnosed with established osteoporosis in 1976–1990. The overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 4.1 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 2.4–5.9) with a female to male ratio of age-adjusted rates of 1.2:1. The majority represented secondary osteoporosis (12 steroid-induced, 3 postmenopausal, 2 delayed puberty, 2 anticonvulsant-induced, 2 gastrointestinal disease, 2 alcoholism, 1 anorexia nervosa, and 7 other etiologies; some individuals had more than one factor present) but two had idiopathic osteoporosis (incidence 0.4 per 100,000 person-years, 95% CI 0–0.9). To further characterize the patients with idiopathic osteoporosis, we also reviewed the entire Mayo + Clinic experience with such patients from 1976 to 1990, regardless of residency. A total of 56 patients (30 female/26 male) were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 34 years. Only 8% were hypercalciuric at presentation. There was a preponderance of cancellous bone fractures (vertebral 81%, rib 37%, wrist 13%), although 13% did have hip fractures. Transiliac bone biopsies were available in 18 patients. As compared to age- and sex-matched controls, the osteoporotic subjects had a significant reduction in trabecular bone volume, cortical thickness, and mean wall thickness, the latter suggesting an abnormality in osteoblast function in these individuals. These studies, therefore, define for the first time the incidence and etiology of osteoporosis in young individuals and provide further clinical and histomorphometric definition of patients with idiopathic osteoporosis. Our data suggest that impaired osteoblast function may be a common finding in these patients, although the etiology of this abnormality remains to be determined.
Voluntary attention modulates the brightness of overlapping transparent surfaces

A new class of brightness illusions is introduced that cannot be entirely accounted for by bottom-up models of neuronal processing. In these new illusions, brightness can be modulated by the location of voluntary attention in the absence of eye movements. These effects may arise from top-down or mid-level mechanisms that determine how 3D surfaces and transparent layers are constructed, which in turn influence perceived brightness. Attention is not the only factor that influences perceived brightness in overlapping transparent surfaces. For example, grouping procedures may favor the minimal number of transparent layers necessary to account for the geometry of the stimulus, causing surfaces on a common layer to change brightness together. Attentional modulation of brightness places constraints on possible future models of filling-in, transparent surface formation, brightness perception, and attentional processing.
Label-Free Absolute Quantitation of Oligosaccharides Using Multiple Reaction Monitoring

An absolute quantitation method for measuring free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in milk samples was developed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). To obtain the best sensitivity, the instrument conditions were optimized to reduce the source and postsource fragmentation prior to the quadrupole transmission. Fragmentation spectra of HMOs using collision-induced dissociation were studied to obtain the best characteristic fragments. At least two MRM transitions were used to quantify and identify each structure in the same run. The fragment ions corresponded to the production of singly charged mono-, di-, and trisaccharide fragments. The sensitivity and accuracy of the quantitation using MRM were determined, with the detection limit in the femtomole level and the calibration range spanning over 5 orders of magnitude. Seven commercial HMO standards were used to create calibration curves and were used to determine a universal response for all HMOs. The universal response factor was used to estimate absolute amounts of other structures and the total oligosaccharide content in milk. The quantitation method was applied to 20 human milk samples to determine the variations in HMO concentrations from women classified as secretors and nonsecretors, a phenotype that can be identified by the concentration of 2'-fucosylation in their milk.
Echo character of the western equatorial Atlantic floor and its relationship to the dispersal and distribution of terrigenous sediments

Abstract The floor of the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean can be divided into several distinct provinces based on detailed characteristics of the bottom echos recorded with short-ping ( Indistinct echos can be further sub-divided into (A) continuous prolonged echos; and (B) hyperbolic echos. Each class of echos contains two or more unique echo types. The regional distributions of the various echo types recorded from the continental rise, Amazon Cone, and abyssal plains reveal much information about sedimentary processes. In the western equatorial Atlantic, hyperbolic echos are recorded only from small, isolated portions of the continental rise. This contrasts with the continental rise of the western North Atlantic where previous investigators have shown that hyperbolic echos parallel bathymetric contours along the entire rise and thus reflect shaping of the rise by geostrophic contour currents (Heezen et al., 1966; Hollister, 1967). The fact that regions of hyperbolic echos show little or no relationship to bathymetric contours of the continental rise of the western equatorial Atlantic suggests that contour currents have been unimportant in shaping the rise in this region. The three most widespread echo types recorded from the continental rise, Amazon Cone, and abyssal plains reveal much information about terrigenous sediment dispersal and deposition in the western equatorial Atlantic. Comparison of the thicknesses and frequencies of coarse (silt- to gravel-size), bedded, terrigenous sediment in piston cores with the echo type recorded at each coring site shows a correlation between echo type and the relative amount of coarse, bedded sediment within the upper few meters of the sea floor. The regional distributions of these three echo types indicate that dispersal of coarse terrigenous sediment has been downslope across the continental rise and Amazon Cone to the abyssal plains via gravity-controlled sediment flows. The Amazon River is the major sediment source and most coarse sediment is deposited on the lower Amazon Cone and proximal portions of the Demerara abyssal plain.
Design of high‐capacity, reversible polymeric adsorbents for acidic gases

Polyethyleneimine (PEIM) samples crosslinked by a commercial epoxy resin (Epon 828) were prepared, and their adsorption capacity for acidic gases was studied. The swelling and deswelling characteristics of the crosslinked samples were also examined as part of this program. Reactivation of these adsorbents could be carried out by heat, or by a combination of heat and treatment in dilute alkalies.
User perceptions of a federated search system

To examine how users make sense of a federated search system we collected data from professional and novice searchers, using a survey instrument that contained simulated searches. A main task of participants was to provide a narrative and a drawing of their understanding of how MetaLib works. The poster presents the methodology and findings, identifies design issues related to federated search systems, and discusses strategies for increasing information literacy in federated search.
On-line subspace system identification☆

Abstract Although state space identification techniques offer some unique advantages over traditional system identification methods based on input/output transfer functions, the computational burden of state space subspace identification has prevented its real-time application. The major costs result from the need for the singular value (or sometimes QR) decomposition of the data matrix. It turns out that proper exploitation, using results from the theory of displacement structure, of the Toeplitz-like nature of several matrices arising in the procedure reduces the computational effort considerably. Results of the study of an actual semiconductor manufacturing system (rapid thermal processor) are described.
Construction of a 2- by 2-foot transonic adaptive-wall test section at the NASA Ames Research Center

The development of a new production-size, two-dimensional, adaptive-wall test section with ventilated walls at the NASA Ames Research Center is described. The new facility incorporates rapid closed-loop operation, computer/sensor integration, and on-line interference assessment and wall corrections. Air flow through the test section is controlled by a series of plenum compartments and three-way slide vales. A fast-scan laser velocimeter was built to measure velocity boundary conditions for the interference assessment scheme. A 15.2-cm- (6.0-in.-) chord NACA 0012 airfoil model will be used in the first experiments during calibration of the facility.
Bispectral analysis of rat EEG during maturation

Bispectra were computed for EEGs obtained from frontal cortex and hippocampal formation in normally developed rats. Although the bispectrum serves many purposes, it is utilized here to detect the presence of and quantify (by computing the biocoherence function) the degree of quadratic phase coupling and provide a measure of the deviation from normality in the amplitude distribution of EEGs recorded from two different types of brain tissue during maturation. Preliminary findings indicate that significant quadratic phase coupling exists in the hippocampal EEG during REM sleep, when the hippocampal theta rhythm dominates the frequency distribution of the hippocampal EEG, and that the relative increase in the values of the frequencies involved in the phase coupling follow the maturation of the theta rhythm. >
Objective passive-smoking indicators and respiratory morbidity in young children.

Abstract Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is associated with increased respiratory morbidity in young children, but few studies have assessed such exposure objectively by urinary cotinine measurements. 501 children aged 1-5 years, a random 5% sample of children attending an outpatient clinic, were classified as exposed or non-exposed to environmental tobacco smoke with a cut-off of 10 ng cotinine per mg creatinine in urine. Exposed children were 3·5 times (95% Cl 1·56-7·90, p
A regional climate model study of how biomass burning aerosol impacts land-atmosphere interactions over the Amazon

[1] Ensemble simulations of a regional climate model assuming smoke aerosol in the Amazon suggest that dynamic changes of cloud cover contributes to the radiative effect of the smoke on the diurnal cycles of surface fluxes and the depth and structure of planetary boundary layer (PBL). In addition to their local effects, the aerosol radiative forcing also appears to weaken or delay the circulation transition from dry to wet season, leading to a weaker moisture transport into the smoke area where the aerosols optical depth, AOD, exceeds 0.3 and a stronger moisture transport and increase of cloudiness in the region upwind to the smoke area. The land surface scheme is modified to improve the regional climate model simulation of the daily mean and diurnal cycle of the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes over the Amazon rain forest. The aerosol radiative forcing is applied to the model during a dry to wet transition season (August–October) in that region. Cloudiness decreases in early afternoon due to the absorption of solar radiation by smoke aerosols partially compensate for the reduction of surface solar flux by aerosol scattering, shifting the strongest changes of surface flux and the PBL to late morning. The reduction of net solar radiation at the surface by smoke is locally largely compensated by reduction of surface sensible flux, with reduction of latent flux only about 30% as large. The strong aerosol absorption in the top 1 km of the aerosol layer stabilizes the 2 to 3 km layer immediately above the daytime PBL and consequently cloudiness decreases. This reduced surface solar flux and more stable lapse rate at the top of the PBL stabilize the lower troposphere. These changes lead to anomalous wind divergence in the southern Amazon and anomalous wind convergence over the equatorial western Amazon in the upwind direction of the smoke area.
Quantum projection noise: Population fluctuations in two-level systems

Measurements of internal energy states of atomic ions confined in traps can be used to illustrate fundamental properties of quantum systems, because long relaxation times and observation times are available. In the experiments described here, a single ion or a few identical ions were prepared in well-defined superpositions of two internal energy eigenstates. The populations of the energy levels were then measured. For an individual ion, the outcome of the measurement is uncertain, unless the amplitude for one of the two eigenstates is zero, and is completely uncertain when the magnitudes of the two amplitudes are equal. In one experiment, a single $^{199}\mathrm{Hg}^{+}$ ion, confined in a linear rf trap, was prepared in various superpositions of two hyperfine states. In another experiment, groups of $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ ions, ranging in size from about 5 to about 400 ions, were confined in a Penning trap and prepared in various superposition states. The measured population fluctuations were greater when the state amplitudes were equal than when one of the amplitudes was nearly zero, in agreement with the predictions of quantum mechanics. These fluctuations, which we call quantum projection noise, are the fundamental source of noise for population measurements with a fixed number of atoms. These fluctuations are of practical importance, since they contribute to the errors of atomic frequency standards.
Drugs, Crime, and Crime Prevention

This chapter focuses on the extent of drug use in society and among the offending population, the connection between drug use and crime, and the treatment and prevention programs aimed at curbing drug use. The relationship between drug use and criminal activity is a complex one. There is certainly a strong correlation between the two activities. Drug use is a means of predicting or identifying potential problems in society. Targeting those involved in drug use may serve to alleviate the problems that stem from drug use. Interventions aimed at limiting drug use and related crime takes a variety of forms, and fall under three general areas—law enforcement efforts, treatment of drug users, and prevention programs. The treatment and prevention proposals and programs discussed are maintenance programs, therapeutic communities, outpatient drug-free programs, detoxification, education/information/knowledge programs, and resistance skills training. Other programs that stress self-esteem, self-awareness, and interpersonal growth in the absence of specific strategies for dealing with drugs also demonstrate minimal influence on drug use.
Proof of concept effort for demonstrating an all-digital satellite communications earth terminal

The Space and Terrestrial Communications Directorate of the U.S. Army's Communications- Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Center is executing a proof of concept program to develop and demonstrate an AllDigital Satellite Communications Earth Terminal. The Future Advanced Satellite Terminal (FAST) program initially focuses on the satellite terminal's receive component of the satellite link. The two main efforts under FAST are a multi-carrier wideband digital downconverter and a wideband multi-carrier advanced signal processor. The downconverter is designed to simultaneously capture at L-band Intermediate Frequency (IF) all of the signals in a selectable 125 MHz-wide transponder bandwidth of the Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) satellite and convert them into a digital in-phase and quadrature signal. This digitized signal is then passed over an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) VMEBUS International Trade Association (VITA) 49 interface to the wideband multi-carrier advanced signal processor, which will simultaneously process at least eight communications signals. Future plans for a complete transmit and receive terminal capability and a potential migration path from fixed frequency division multiple access (FDMA) carriers to a more dynamic process for allocating bandwidth, decentralized power monitoring and control, and remote terminal control are also discussed.
Negotiating Dominant Masculinity Ideology: Strategies Used by Gay, Bisexual and Questioning Male Adolescents

In the context of a U.S. dominant masculinity ideology, which devalues men who are not heterosexually identified, many gay, bisexual and questioning (GBQ) adolescent males must develop their own affirming and health-promoting sense of masculinity. In order to promote the well-being of GBQ young men, exploration of their reactions and responses to dominant images of masculinity is needed. We qualitatively analyzed interviews with 39 GBQ African American, Latino, and European American male adolescents (15–23 years old). Participants reported a range of responses to traditional masculinity ideologies, most of which centered on balancing presentations of masculine and feminine characteristics. Negotiation strategies served a variety of functions, including avoiding anti-gay violence, living up to expected images of masculinity, and creating unique images of personhood free of gender role expectations. These data suggest a complex picture of GBQ male adolescents’ management of masculinity expectations and serve as a basis for culturally and developmentally specific HIV prevention programs.
Measuring the Complex Permittivity Tensor of Uniaxial Biological Materials With Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Line

A simple and accurate technique is described for measuring the uniaxial permittivity tensor of biological materials with a coplanar waveguide transmission-line configuration. Permittivity tensor results are presented for several chicken and beef fresh meat samples at 2.45 GHz.
Reduction of Turbine Runner Vibration and Noise

A resume of hydraulic turbine vibration experience in the U. S. Army Engineer Division, Southwestern, Corps of Engineers, hydroelectric stations and methods used in reducing the vibration and noise to a more satisfactory level. These hydroelectric stations are scattered over a rather large area extending from Southern Missouri to Central Texas. All of the hydroelectric installations are part of multiple purpose projects primarily designed for flood control. This provides an operating head variation of nearly 50 per cent of the turbine design head at some projects. There are 18 units presently in operation, all of the Francis type, with design heads varying from 59 to 190 ft.
Formylation of Secondary Amines with Dimethylformamide Dimethylacetal

Abstract Secondary amines are formylated by dimethylformamide dimethylacetal, contradicting recent reports on the ethylation of secondary amines by this reagent. This explains why a single derivative is obtained regardless of the alkyl acetal that is used. These formyl derivatives, also formed by reaction with formic acid, are eluted later than the starting material or the corresponding ethyl derivative. Deuterated imipramine and related antidepressants can be prepared by reducing the formyl derivative of the appropriate desalkyl compound with lithium aluminum deuteride.
The rewards of non-commercial production: Distinctions and status in the anime music video scene

Anime music videos (AMVs) are remix videos made by overseas fans of Japanese animation. This paper describes the organization of the AMV scene in order to illuminate some of the key characteristics of a robust networked subculture centered on the production of transformative works. Fan production that appropriates commercial culture occupies a unique niche within our creative cultural landscape. Unlike professional production and many other forms of amateur media production, transformative fan production is non-commercial, and centered on appropriating, commenting on, and celebrating commercial popular culture. Participants in robust fan production scenes are motivated to create high-quality work that can rival the quality of professional media, but do this within an entirely non-commercial context. Rewards are not financial, but rather center on recognition and social participation. I describe how AMV creators, supporters, and viewers engage in processes of social inclusion as well as processes for marking status and reputation that delineate different modes of participating, contributing, and being recognized. This paper starts by outlining the conceptual framework and methodology behind this study. Then the paper provides historical background on the AMV scene before turning to descriptions of three complementary dimensions of the AMV scene drawn from ethnographic fieldwork: the properties of open access and sharing that support an amateur ethos, processes of connoisseurship and distinction making, and how status and reputation are established and negotiated among the elite editors that comprise the core of the scene. Together, these characteristics of the AMV scene provide incentives for both new and aspiring creators to participate, as well as for more experienced creators to improve their craft.
The word superiority effect in brief visual displays: Elimination by vocalization

A variation on the experiments of Reicher (1968) and Wheeler (1970) was performed to expose the difference between the perceptual processing of words and that of single letters that leads to the word superiority effect in brief visual displays. The innovation m the present experiment is the use of a 1.5-sec interval between stimulus offset and choice onset during which Ss were required to vocalize the stimulus. A visual noise mask was presented during this interval. A control group was run with the conditions of choice delay and vocalization requirement absent, i.e., they were tested under the conditions used by Reicher and Wheeler. For the control group, recognition accuracy for words was 6.1% greater than for letters, while for the experimental group, recognition accuracy for letters was 5.6% greater than for words.
The role of phospholipase A in gallstone formation.

Abstract Gallbladder bile of patients with gallstones having acute or chronic cholecystitis were examined for phospholipase A activity. None of the specimens tested showed any sign of this enzyme. It is unlikely that the mechanism of gallstone formation in patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis involves phospholipase A.
Studies of Desmin and α‐Actinin Degradation in Bovine Semitendinosus Muscle

The degradation of desmin and α-actinin was studied in post-mortem bovine semitendinosus muscle. Using a desmin-specific monoclonal antibody, SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotting we show that desmin is easily degraded at 4°C during the aging process. Within 96 hr, fragments of degraded desmin are detected with our antibody probe. Further storage at 4°C results in an increase of proteolytic fragments and concomitant loss of intact desmin. By 3 wk post-mortem, little un-degraded desmin remains in the muscle. In contrast, α-actinin was degraded slowly at 4°C. Proteolytic fragments of α-actinin were not detectable with anti-α-actinin polyclonal antisera until the second week of incubation at 4°C. However, the degradation of α-actinin was accelerated when meat was incubated at 25°C or at 37°C.
Shifts in morphological traits, seed production, and early establishment of Desmodium nudiflorum following prescribed fire, alone or in combination with forest canopy thinning

Reintroduction of periodic dormant-season fire and overstory thinning are currently being employed for forest ecosystem management in deciduous forests of eastern North America. These manipulations usually alter the flux of light and the availability of soil nutrients to the perennial herbaceous plants that dominate the understory. We utilized Bayesian statistical methods to examine the effects of prescribed burning (B) and the combination of burning and overstory thinning (T+B) on the morphology, seed production, and early establishment of Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. (Fabaceae) in mixed-oak (Quercus spp.) forests in southern Ohio. During the fourth growing season after the first fire, plants from thinned and burned (T+B) plots were 62% larger than plants from control plots (C). Both burning alone (B) and T+B treatments decreased specific leaf area (SLA). T+B also resulted in significantly decreased root mass ratio (RMR), and increased leaf mass ratio (LMR), and specific root length (SRL). During the fi...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes in Children

Abstract Bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes include a broad group of diseases of varying etiologies, in which hematopoeisis is abnormal or completely arrested in one or more cell lines. BMF can be an acquired aplastic anemia (AA) or can be congenital, as part of such syndromes as Fanconi anemia (FA), Diamond Blackfan anemia, and Schwachman Diamond syndrome (SDS). In this review, we first address the evolution and current status of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in the pediatric population in the most common form of BMF, acquired AA. We then discuss pediatric BMT in some of the more common inherited BMF syndromes, with emphasis on FA, in which experience is greatest. It is important to consider the possibility of a congenital etiology in every child (and adult) with marrow failure, because identification of an associated syndrome provides insight into the likely natural history of the disease, as well as prognosis, treatment options for the patient and family, and long-term sequelae both of the disease itself and its treatment.
EVIDENCE FOR GLUCAN COMPONENTS IN THE PRIMARY ZYGOTE WALL OF CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA

The primary zygote wall of C. monoica is transient and is released from mature zygospores. The fluorochromes aniline blue and primulin, used in other systems to detect β-1,3 glucans, stain the primary wall intensely. Two β-1,3 glucan synthases have been identified in higher plants: a calcium-dependent synthase produced in response to wounding and induced by chitosan, and a magnesium-dependent enzyme, associated with pollen development and unresponsive to chitosan. Chitosan has no effect on C. monoica primary wall synthesis or staining properties. We are presently testing for the effect of magnesium and/or calcium depletion on primary wall synthesis. Aniline blue and primulin do not stain purified cellulose fibers, while the fluorochrome Calcofluor does. Calcofluor also stains the primary wall intensely. For all fluorochormes tested, fluorescence is first detected in motile quadriflagellate zygotes. Aniline blue staining maximizes quickly, while Calcofluor staining continues to intensify until primary wall release. Dinitrobenzonitrile, a specific inhibitor of cellulose synthesis in plants, has no effect on primary wall synthesis in C. monoica. Addition of glucanase or cellulase to partially purified primary walls results in wall thinning and loss of staining. Using electron microscopy, we are evaluating the effects of these enzymes on primary wall ultrastructure. Further studies are needed to determine whether all three fluorochromes are recognizing the same polysaccharide component (a β-1,3 glucan or a β-1,3; β-1,4 mixed glucan), or whether Calcofluor staining indicates the presence of a distinct component containing β-1,4 linkages, such as cellulose or a xyloglucan.
Eyelid closure at death

Aim: To observe the incidence of full or partial eyelid closure at death. Materials and Methods: The presence of ptosis was recorded in 100 consecutive hospice patient deaths. Results: Majority (63%) of the patients died with their eyes fully closed, however, 37% had bilateral ptosis at death, with incomplete eye closure. In this study, central nervous system tumor involvement and/or acute hepatic encephalopathy appeared to be pre-mortem risk factors of bilateral ptosis at death. Conclusion: Organicity and not psychogenicity is, therefore, the likely etiology of failure of full eyelid closure at death.
Repression of Gurken translation by a meiotic checkpoint in Drosophila oogenesis is suppressed by a reduction in the dose of eIF1A

In Drosophila melanogaster, the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes of the oocyte and future embryo are established through the localization and translational regulation of gurken (grk) mRNA. This process involves binding of specific factors to the RNA during transport and a dynamic remodeling of the grk-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes once they have reached their destination within the oocyte. In ovaries of spindle-class females, an activated DNA damage checkpoint causes inefficient Grk translation and ventralization of the oocyte. In a screen for modifiers of the oocyte DV patterning defects, we identified a mutation in the eIF1A gene as a dominant suppressor. We show that reducing the function of eIF1A in spnB ovaries suppresses the ventralized eggshell phenotype by restoring Grk expression. This suppression is not the result of more efficient DNA damage repair or of disrupted checkpoint activation, but is coupled to an increase in the amount of grk mRNA associated with polysomes. In spnB ovaries, the activated meiotic checkpoint blocks Grk translation by disrupting the accumulation of grk mRNA in a translationally competent RNP complex that contains the translational activator Oo18 RNA-binding protein (Orb); this regulation involves the translational repressor Squid (Sqd). We further propose that reduction of eIF1A allows more efficient Grk translation possibly because of the presence of specific structural features in the grk 5′UTR.
The development of a new measure for work-family research: Community resource fit

resource fit; i.e., satisfaction with the extent to which community resources meet the needs of working families of school-aged children. The measure has good psychometric properties, and preliminary results suggest that the measure warrants further study. The measure is composed of six moderately intercorrelated subscales assessing resource fit in the areas of work, public transportation, school, school transportation, after-school programs and after-school transportation resources. We found interesting patterns of results linking community resource fit, especially in the areas of work and school resource fit, to a variety of quality-of-life and well-being outcomes among employed parents of school-aged children. These outcomes include work-to-family and family-to- work conflict and enhancement, psychological distress, jobrole quality, likelihood of losing or leaving one's job and likelihood of leaving one's line of work.
Necessary conditions for good error detection

The problem of determining the error detection capabilities of linear codes where the channel is a binary symmetric channel is addressed. Necessary conditions are given on the number of codewords in an (n,k) linear code and its dual for the probability of an undetected error to be upper bounded by 2/sup -(n-k)/. >
A networked multimedia retrieval management system for distributed kiosk applications

Over the last years we have observed two trends in information technology applications: (1) Kiosk systems have become very popular in their roles as point of information and point of sale systems. (2) Multimedia products have become mature enough to allow for user-friendly user interfaces and for digital storage and retrieval in networked environments. Hence, multimedia kiosk applications range from single-user stand-alone, CD-based systems to multi-user networked approaches that provide cost-effective solutions in larger set-ups and allow in-time content provision to a huge set of users. This paper discusses the notion of kiosk systems, classifies different types of kiosks, and describes a general-purpose architecture for distributed multimedia kiosk systems using similar building blocks as other already available distributed multimedia applications. >
A Task Duplication Based Optimal Scheduling Algorithm for Variable Execution Time Tasks

Efficient scheduling algorithm is one of the key factors in determining the performance of distributed memory machines. This paper presents an enhanced Search and Du plication Based Scheduling (SDBS) algorithm which car schedule Directed Acyclic Graphs (DA Gs) with variable execution time tasks. Since the DAGs are based on data dependencies of the tasks, the control dependencies are clustered within each node. If the node encapsulates a loop or an if-then-else kind of statement, then assuming the execution times to be fixed would not be appropriate. It is assumed in this paper that the execution time varies between two time estimates. The complexity of this scheduling algorithm is in 0(V 4- E), where V is the number of node,- and E is the number of edges in the task graph. This algo rithm is based on some realistic assumptions and generates an optimal time schedule. If the assumptions cannot be completely satisfied then the algorithm provides a schedule which is close to optimal. The performance in these cases has been obtained using extensive simulation work which indicate the closeness of the results.