cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidative metabolism of C14-labeled Baygon by living house flies and by house fly enzyme preparations.

Oxidative processes are primarily responsible for metabolism of Baygon® ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) in 2 resistant and 2-4 susceptible strains of living Musca domeslica L. and in the abdomen microsome-reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH2.) enzyme system prepared from these strains. Hydrolysis of the carbamate ester group is not an important metabolic reaction either in vivo or in vitro and, in each case, the major metabolites, which are primary hydroxylation products or result from degradation of these products, are the following (in the order of their decreasing amounts): 2-isopropoxy-5-hydroxyphenyl methyl-carbamate (5-hydroxy Baygon), 2-hydroxyphenyl methyl-carbamate and acetone, 2-isopropoxyphenyl N -hydroxy-methylcarbamate, and 2-isopropoxyphenyl carbamate. In addition, 6 or more unidentified, organosoluble ester metabolites are formed in living flies. Acetone, formed in the presence of the microsome-NADPH2. enzyme system, volatilizes directly from the flies, and the carbamate metabolites having aliphatic and aromatic hydroxyl groups are conjugated and excreted. On incubation of the fly- or feces extracts with β -glucosidase, β -glucuronidase, aryl sulfatase, and acid phosphatase, the conjugates are hydrolyzed, liberating each of the hydroxylated carbamates with 5-hydroxy Baygon predominating. Each of the initially formed metabolites is of lower toxicity than Baygon to flies, so the metabolic reactions are detoxification mechanisms. The penetration rate of Baygon does not play a major limiting role in synergism or resistance mechanisms in house flies. Resistant house fly strains metabolize Baygon at higher rates than susceptible strains, and a higher proportion of metabolites is excreted as conjugates by the resistant strains. However, acetone, I of the metabolites, volatilizes at a similar rate from resistant and susceptible flies. There is a remarkable effect of strain on activity of the microsome-NADPH2. enzyme system, the activity increasing as the resistance increases. Baygon metabolism is inhibited by pretreatment of the flies with synergist and, based on studies involving different doses of various synergists, the reduction in metabolism rate is related to the !n. crease in Baygon toxicity in the presence of a synergist. However, at the dosage used the synergist does not entirely overcome the more rapid Baygon metabolism and the ability of resistant flies to survive large Baygon doses. These results, along with those found by other workers, suggest that detoxification by hydroxylation mechanisms is one of the major limiting factors involved in the susceptibility of house flies to substituted-aryl methy1carbamate toxicants, in the toxicity-enhancing effect of synergists on such toxicants, and in the development of resistance to them.
Review: Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is mildly effective for reducing symptoms in nonulcer dyspepsia.

Source Citation Moayyedi P, Deeks J, Talley NJ, Delaney B, Forman D. An update of the Cochrane systematic review of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in nonulcer dyspepsia: resolving the disc...
Motivations to Politics

The communal impulse was widespread in mid-19th century America. Besides the Oneida Community, dozens of other utopian communities were established during the early and mid-1800s. Charles Nordhoff (1875), a newspaperman, visited the 10 “communistic societies” that existed in America in 1874: the Amana Society, the Harmonists at Economy, the Separatists of Zoar, the Shakers, the Oneida and Wallingford Perfectionists, the Aurora and Bethel Communes, the Icarians, the Bishop Hill Colony, the Cedar Vale Commune, and the Social Freedom Community. His book also described three noncommunistic communities: Anaheim, in California; Vineland, in New Jersey; and the Silkville Prairie Home, in Kansas. In actuality, there were 77 separate communes, as 3 of the sects had multiple individual colonies: the Shakers had 58, the Amana Society 7 and the Perfectionists had 2 colonies, at Oneida, New York and Wallingford, Connecticut. Besides these, Nordhoff lists 47 other communities that had failed by that time.
Methylation of glucagon, characterization of the sulfonium derivative, and regeneration of the native covalent structure

The methylation of the single methionine residue of glucagon is accomplished at a pH of 3.5 in 8 M urea with methyl iodide. The reaction product is a soluble sulfonium derivative, S-methylglucagon, which can be isolated in a highly purified form. This derivative is characterized by amino acid analysis and its effect on the adenylyl cyclase system of rat liver plasma membranes. S-Methylglucagon does stimulate the adenylyl cyclase system; however, its activity is approximately 500 times less than that observed with the native hormone. The solubility of this derivative is great enough to allow for further modifications of the molecule which can be followed at a later stage by demethylation. Demethylation of S-methylglucagon regenerates the original covalent structure and is accomplished by treatment with Cleland's reagents at a pH of 10.5. The regenerated hormone is indistinguishable from native glucagon by its amino acid composition and its ability to stimulate the adenylyl cyclase system. The entire methylation-demethylation reaction sequence has been carried out with yields that approach 75%. The technique is suitable for the isotopic enrichment of native glucagon and may well be applicable to selected other methionine-containing peptides.
Treated Lead-frame for Leaded Plastic Molded Package

Interfacial adhesion thru surface roughening technique has become the focus subject in this new packaging era. Though it is a widely used technology in leadless packages, there are no works conducted on leaded packages. Our first attempt on chemical lead-frame treatment is on SOT package. To perform surface treatment on leaded packages by a simple chemical dip would not be possible because the protruding leads will be treated as well. To exacerbate this issue further, SOT package do not have any dambar that prevents the molded flash from running along its entire external lead length. This imposes difficulty in solderability of the end product. Improvisation was done on HPWJ and deflashing method to remove the mold flash/bleed prior to plating. However, control at surface treatment stage is most crucial in order to ease flash/bleed removal at HPWJ. The treated surface narrowed to be within the package internal only. This helps to ensure the bleed adhesion to the leads is prevented. Triple belt with burr up found to be effective in controlling the chemical bleed to the leads sides.
Algorithms with attitude

A new methodology has been developed for creating detection algorithms for the class of composite hypothesis testing problems. Rather than estimating unknown parameter values for each variate test value, as in the generalized likelihood ratio test, continuum fusion methods integrate an infinite number of optimal detectors, one for each parameter value. The final form of the algorithm depends on the type of threshold constraint enforced during the fusing procedure, and this choice defines an attitude in a design process. The attitude can be tailored to suppress outliers not well described by statistical models and yet common to realistic remote sensing problems.
The Power of Adaptivity in Identifying Statistical Alternatives

This paper studies the trade-off between two different kinds of pure exploration: breadth versus depth. We focus on the most biased coin problem, asking how many total coin flips are required to identify a ``heavy'' coin from an infinite bag containing both ``heavy'' coins with mean $\theta_1 \in (0,1)$, and ``light" coins with mean $\theta_0 \in (0,\theta_1)$, where heavy coins are drawn from the bag with proportion $\alpha \in (0,1/2)$. When $\alpha,\theta_0,\theta_1$ are unknown, the key difficulty of this problem lies in distinguishing whether the two kinds of coins have very similar means, or whether heavy coins are just extremely rare. While existing solutions to this problem require some prior knowledge of the parameters $\theta_0,\theta_1,\alpha$, we propose an adaptive algorithm that requires no such knowledge yet still obtains near-optimal sample complexity guarantees. In contrast, we provide a lower bound showing that non-adaptive strategies require at least quadratically more samples. In characterizing this gap between adaptive and nonadaptive strategies, we make connections to anomaly detection and prove lower bounds on the sample complexity of differentiating between a single parametric distribution and a mixture of two such distributions.
Video Games and Anti-intellectualism: Higher Education in Modern Video Games

As video games expanded their audience and the scope of their content, higher education became a more frequent feature in those games. This chapter examines portrayals of higher education in 69 video games released between 2004 and 2015. Although exceptions do exist, the chapter’s author argues that anti-intellectual themes commonly seen in American culture (e.g., isolated faculty conducting research that does not benefit society) are visible consistently in video games as well.
Utilizing patient geographic information system data to plan telemedicine service locations.

Objective To understand potential utilization of clinical services at a rural integrated health care system by generating optimal groups of telemedicine locations from electronic health record (EHR) data using geographic information systems (GISs). Methods This retrospective study extracted nonidentifiable grouped data of patients over a 2-year period from the EHR, including geomasked locations. Spatially optimal groupings were created using available telemedicine sites by calculating patients' average travel distance (ATD) to the closest clinic site. Results A total of 4027 visits by 2049 unique patients were analyzed. The best travel distances for site groupings of 3, 4, 5, or 6 site locations were ranked based on increasing ATD. Each one-site increase in the number of available telemedicine sites decreased minimum ATD by about 8%. For a given group size, the best groupings were very similar in minimum travel distance. There were significant differences in predicted patient load imbalance between otherwise similar groupings. A majority of the best site groupings used the same small number of sites, and urban sites were heavily used. Discussion With EHR geospatial data at an individual patient level, we can model potential telemedicine sites for specialty access in a rural geographic area. Relatively few sites could serve most of the population. Direct access to patient GIS data from an EHR provides direct knowledge of the client base compared to methods that allocate aggregated data. Conclusion Geospatial data and methods can assist health care location planning, generating data about load, load balance, and spatial accessibility.
The Future of the Fence Around the EU Labour Market

The paper investigates the welfare aspects of the European Union's restrictions on labour immigration, especially the restrictions on the free movement of medium- and low-skilled labour from outside the EU. The welfare implications of restrictive labour immigration are found to be considerable, both within and outside the EU. The paper subsequently discusses the future pressure on the 'fence around the EU labour market', given inside factors (population aging, pressure from employers seeking cheap labour) and outside factors (decreasing fixed costs of illegal immigration, more economic and political refugees). Towards 2030, the forseeable pressures on the 'fence' could become too much, causing a chaotic collapse. The paper suggests ways for an orderly transition in which selective immigration licenses for low- and medium skilled labour could have an important role.
iNKT Cells in Allergic Disease

Recent studies indicate that invariant TCR+ CD1d-restricted natural killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in regulating the development of asthma and allergy. iNKT cells can function to skew adaptive immunity toward Th2 responses, or can act directly as effector cells at mucosal surfaces in diseases such as ulcerative colitis and bronchial asthma. In mouse models of asthma, NKT cell-deficient strains fail to develop allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma, and NKT cells are found in the lungs of patients with chronic asthma, suggesting a critical role for NKT cells in the development of AHR. However, much work remains in characterizing iNKT cells and their function in asthma, and in understanding the relationship between the iNKT cells and conventional CD4+ T cells.
OP158: The perforator-based rectus abdominis transplant: New reconstructive advantages from an old friend

Purpose To describe three advantages of the perforator-based rectus abdominis transplant: a long pedicle that reduces the need for vein grafts, moldable fat ideal for custom-designed flaps, and volume for constrained spaces. Material and methods Eleven patients underwent reconstruction with the perforator-based rectus abdominis transplant from May 2011 to July 2012. Indications for reconstruction were tumor ablation in nine patients and osteoradionecrosis in two patients. There were seven oral cavity defects, two maxilla defects, one anterior cranial base defect, and one orbital defect. Six patients had prior neck dissection and one had prior chemoradiation. Results The success rate of transplantation was 91%; one patient had a flap failure. Mean pedicle length was 14.5 cm. No vein grafts were utilized, and in four patients (36%) with defects distant from the neck and/or vessel-poor necks the pedicle length directly avoided the need for vein grafting. In all 11 patients, at least one reconstructive advantage was achieved. In six patients (55%), at least two advantages were achieved. In three patients (27%), all three advantages were accomplished. Conclusions The perforator-based rectus abdominis transplant provides at least three major reconstructive advantages for patients who require complex head and neck reconstruction.
The promise of telemedicine for chronic neurological disorders: the example of Parkinson's disease

Summary Disparities in access to health care, particularly specialist care, exist worldwide. As the prevalence of chronic neurological disorders increases with ageing populations, access to neurologist care is likely to worsen in many regions if there are no changes to models of care. Telemedicine—defined here as the use of real-time, synchronous videoconferencing to deliver medical care—could be used to improve access to neurologist care for patients with a range of chronic neurological disorders. In Parkinson's disease, several studies have shown the feasibility and potential benefits of telemedicine-delivered care. Further research is needed to establish whether telemedicine can deliver on the promise of improved access to neurologist care and whether telemedicine-delivered care is comparable to in-person care in terms of clinical outcomes. Many barriers to widespread implementation of telemedicine services remain to be addressed, including reimbursement, legal considerations, and technological issues.
Antithrombotic therapy for the CardioWest temporary total artificial heart.

The CardioWest™ temporary total artificial heart serves as a viable bridge to orthotopic heart transplantation in patients who are experiencing end-stage refractory biventricular heart failure. This device is associated with a low, albeit still substantial, risk of thrombosis. Platelet interactions with artificial surfaces are complex and result in continuous activation of contact proteins despite therapeutic anticoagulation. We searched the medical literature (publication dates, January 1962–October 2009) in order to evaluate means of mitigating adverse events that have occurred after implantation of the CardioWest temporary total artificial heart. We conclude that the use of a multitargeted antithrombotic approach, involving anticoagulation (bivalirudin and warfarin) and antiplatelet therapy (dipyridamole and aspirin), can mitigate the procoagulative effects of mechanical circulatory assist devices, particularly those that are associated with the CardioWest temporary total artificial heart. Careful monitoring with use of a variant multisystem approach, involving efficacy tests (thrombelastography and light transmittance aggregometry), safety tests (laboratory analyses), and warfarin genomics, may maximize the therapeutic actions and minimize the bleeding risks that are associated with the multitargeted antithrombotic approach. The development and monitoring of individualized antithrombotic regimens require that informed health professionals appreciate the complexities and grasp the hazards that are associated with these therapies.
Modular Structures in Geometric Quantization

The purpose of this lecture is to show how certain modular structures, borrowed from the theory of von Neumann algebras, can be exploited to extract primary representations (prequantization) and irreducible representations (quantization) from the regular representation of the symmetry group of the physical systems to be considered. The emphasis is on presenting specific examples for which the solution is exhibited explicitly.
Nutrient–Gene Interactions: Health Implications

Gene expression can be modified by environmental factors of which nutrition is a part. Many chronic diseases have both nutritional and genetic origins. Genetic variation explains disease susceptibility as well as individual differences in nutrient need and tolerance. This article discusses some of the health implications of nutrient – gene interactions.
Evaluating the impact of EHR on clinical reasoning performance: A TTF perspective

The proliferation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) as a backbone for healthcare delivery necessitates adequate tools for evaluating and improving the efficacy of such investments particularly as it relates to clinical reasoning performance. However, a thorough review of the literature indicates lack of a tested, validated instrument for evaluating and predicting the impact of EHR use on clinical reasoning performance. Despite successful application to a variety of other industries, TTF has not been adequately adapted to healthcare, EHR technology or the clinical reasoning task. Accordingly, the objectives of this research are to: 1) produce a valid instrument with diagnostic and predictive capabilities for evaluation of clinical reasoning performance with electronic health records, and 2) extend and validate the TTF model to the clinical domain with an emphasis on specification of the clinical reasoning task and EHR technology characteristics.
The Invisible Revolution in Economics: Emergence of a Mathematical Science

Gerhard Tintner was born in 1907 and received his Doctor’s degree at the University of Vienna in 1929. The length of his career to date has encompassed the organizational life of the Econometric Society (founded in 1930) and his interests and contributions have been virtually coextensive with its breadth.
Itô’s Formula

When we compute the familiar integrals of Newton and Leibniz, we almost invariably call on the fundamental theorem of calculus — only a few integrals can be done comfortably by direct appeal to the definition. The situation with the Ito integral is parallel, and the Ito calculus would be stopped dead in its tracks if we could not find an appropriate analog to the traditional fundamental theorem of calculus. One of the great charms of Ito integration is that the required analog comes with an unexpected twist — and several probabilistic interpretations.
Energy Targets: An Innovative Approach to Building Energy Standards

A number of building energy standards have been developed over the past 15 years. These standards have taken a variety of forms - ranging from statements of specific prescriptive criteria for building elements to general statements of expected annual building energy performance. Each approach has had its supporters and each has had its detractors. None of the standards has yet managed to satisfy all elements of the building design community. In addition the success of a building design has always been defined first and foremost by economic and aesthetic considerations wholly unrelated to energy. Therefore there is continuing resistance to any energy standard which will significantly increase the time and cost associated with the design of buildings. Considering the varying needs of the individuals involved in the design process perhaps no one approach will ever be satisfactory. However there is a persistent feeling in the design community, and in society in general, that energy is an important longterm concern and efforts to develop a more effective approach to setting building standards should continue. The objective of these continuing efforts should be to develop an energy standard that contributes to the design process in a positive way, not a simply a standard which imposes additions requirements at the conclusion of the design.
Decalcification of Bone Tissue

Bone is among the hardest, most dense tissue encountered at the bench by histotechnologists. In order to achieve acceptable 3–6-μm sections of bone, the technologist surrounds and infiltrates the material with a media of relatively similar density to form a more homogenous construct. For studies involoving mineralization, the technologist may choose one of several polymer resins, which produce a block close to the hardness of the bone itself. For studies of intracellular detail in which extremely thin sections of marrow are preferred, the technologist may choose a “softer” polymer that can readily produce sections of bone marrow at 1.5–2 μm. Frozen sections of some samples can also be achieved using very cold temperatures and harder tungsten carbide blades. These are usually specialized procedures, which are not available to most histopathology laboratories. Because paraffin processing of tissue is the most widely used methodology in histologic slide preparation, procedures have been developed to allow specimens to conform to this routine histologic preparation. In order to accomplish this, bone specimens must be made compatible with the embedding media and sectioning apparatus associated with this process. Because the paraffin used in this process is significantly softer than most bone, the bone sample must be treated to take on this softer characteristic in order to be sectioned. This treatment known as decalcification.
Number of Neurons and Synapses in Primary Visual Cortex

Of all cortical areas, primary visual cortex has been the one to attract the overwhelming attention of neurophysiologists, largely because the stimuli necessary to activate it can be readily offered to an animal in a reproducible fashion to evoke well-defined responses from the constituent neurons. This activity on the part of neurophysiologists has induced neuroanatomists, and more recently neurophysiologists themselves, to examine the neurons present in visual cortex in attempts to ascertain how the various neuronal types are synaptically related to each other and to the extrinsic inputs that impinge upon them. In addition, visual cortex, and in particular area 17 of the rat, has been a favorite object for those interested in the neurotransmitters used by various neuronal types, while in cat visual cortex others have tried to determine how different transmitters affect the response properties of neurons. Much of these data have been presented in Volume 2 of this series.
Reconfigurable metasurfaces for dynamic tuning of thermal sources

Metasurfaces have emerged as elegant engineered interfaces capable of controlling optical phases and amplitudes within ultra-flat form factors. Recently, there has been an increasing effort to achieve reconfigurable metasurfaces incorporating various tuning mechanisms, including electrical, optical, mechanical or thermal driving forces. In particular, electronic tuning has previously been shown to provide potential control over virtually a full range of optical phases. However, practical implementation is limited by the maximum doping that can be achieved by applying bias, and by the inherent losses of the constituent materials. In this work, we apply electrically-tuned reconfigurable metasurfaces to achieve dynamically-controlled thermal sources. Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation suggests possible active control of spectral and angular properties of radiated heat in carefully designed metasurfaces. This goal can be achieved by coupling optical resonances that imply spectral and angular selectivity, to 2D plasmonic resonances in active structured 2D surfaces. We discuss the potential of different 2D materials, such as graphene, black phosphorus and transition metals dichalcogenides, with respect to their respective optical properties, bandgaps and inherent losses. The ultimate goal is to achieve maximal absorption in a dynamically selected direction at a given wavelength, by exciting surface-confined modes. Enabling active beam steering of coherent thermal sources may provide low-cost alternatives to existing infrared sources for applications such as sensing and thermal management.
Newest Antithrombotic Agents: Uses, Challenges, and Reversal Strategies for Surgical Procedures

Management of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents in patients requiring surgical intervention presents a unique challenge. Relative risks of bleeding and thromboembolism must be carefully assessed and readdressed at regular intervals. In the event of major bleeding complications, targeted transfusions and reversal may be required. This review offers an updated understanding regarding currently available agents, optimal timing and duration of therapy, perioperative management, and reversal strategies.
Pediatric Organ Donation and Transplantation

Organ donation and transplantation is an important component of pediatric critical care. In the United States, over 100 children die annually while listed for organ transplantation, while others are too sick to be listed. The pediatric intensivist strives to ensure one of her patients is not among those, through both excellent clinical care and through advocating for organ donation. However, the intensivist must be aware of some of the ethical concerns that are present with organ donation. With donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD) there continues to be question of when death has actually occurred, with many arguing that Uniform Declaration of Death Act’s definition of death may not have been achieved at the time of organ harvest. This would violate the Dead Donor Rule, that only organs may be harvested from dead patients. Additionally, there are practices within organ donation that are viewed as treating the patient as a means to an end, other than their own well-being. While many argue this is an altruistic goal we should all share, others argue that it should not be imposed upon a pediatric patient. Organ allocation also has ethical concerns, about selection criteria for appropriate recipients to ensure we are being the best steward of a valuable and limited resource. These allocation decisions may impact our patients awaiting transplantation. Organ donation and transplantation serves the greater good of patients and society, but we must recognize some the ethical concerns to ensure each patient is being treated with respect.
Abstract 1844: xCT promotes tumor formation in airway epithelial cells by activation MYC and WNT pathways

INTRODUCTION: Many tumors increase uptake and dependence on nutrients such as glucose, cysteine or glutamine. These basic observations on cancer cell metabolism have opened multiple new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in cancer. Recent studies demonstrated that smoking can induce the expression of xCT (SLC7A11) in normal epithelial cells and cancer cells, suggesting that overexpression of xCT may support lung tumor progression. These basic observations on cancer cell metabolism have opened multiple new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in cancer. Here, we investigated the function of SLC7A11 (xCT), a cystine/glutamate anti-porter, in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Recently, we found xCT to be strongly overexpressed at the cell surface of lung cancers and began to investigate the mechanisms by which xCT may contribute to lung cancer progression. METHODS: We overexpressed the xCT in mutiple non-tumorgenic cell lines. These cell lines included 16HBE, BEAS2B, HBEC_KTR_P53_C7, and HEK293. We further investigated the role of xCT in cell proliferation, conly formation, and tumor formation in nude mice. Finally, we used RNAseq analysis to indentify the molecular mechanims associated with xCT expression in HEK293 cells. RESULTS: Our results shows that xCT overexpression transformed the normal airway epithelium cell lines (HBEC3_KTR_P53_C7). The overexpression of xCT in HBEC_KTR_P53C7 induced colony formation in soft agar and promoted cell proliferation. In addition, we found overexpression of xCT reprogrammed multiple metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, we found overexpression of xCT could transform non-tumorigenic cell line HBEC_KTR_P53_C7 to tumor-formation cell line. Our RNAseq data indicated that this transformation is enriched in MYC and WNT pathway. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that xCT is highly expressed in a subset of NSCLCs. The induction of xCT in transformed aiway epithelial cells causes tumor formation in nude mice. The mechanism of malignant transformation involves the Warburg effect. Further investigation into the mechanisms of transformation may help in answering fundamental questions pertaining to how glutamate/cystine exchange contributes to lung cancer development and progression and also in establishing xCT as a potential novel therapeutic target in lung cancer. Key words: Non-small cell lung cancer, amino acid transporters, metabolic reprogramming Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Xiangming Ji. xCT promotes tumor formation in airway epithelial cells by activation MYC and WNT pathways [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1844.
Effect of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid Expansions on Food Security, 2010–2016

Objectives. To examine whether the expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) decreased the prevalence of severe food insecurity.Methods. With data on adult respondents to the Food Security Supplement to the Current Population Survey in US states for the years 2010 to 2013 and 2015 to 2016, I used a difference-in-difference design to compare trends in very low food security (VLFS) among low-income childless adults in states that did and did not expand Medicaid in 2014 under the ACA.Results. Among low-income, nonelderly childless adults, VLFS rose from 17.4% before ACA to 17.5% after ACA in nonexpansion states, and fell from 17.6% to 15.9% in expansion states. In difference-in-difference analysis, Medicaid expansion was associated with a significant adjusted 2.2-percentage-point decline in rates of VLFS, equivalent to a 12.5% relative reduction.Conclusions. The improvement in food security after the ACA's health insurance expansion suggests that health insurance provision has spillover effects that reduce other dimensions of poverty.Public Health Implications. Providing free or low-cost health insurance coverage may free up household funds, reducing food insecurity and improving this important social determinant of health.
Lessons for Precision Medicine from Lung Cancer

Precision medicine targets prevention and treatments based on phenotypic, biochemical, genetic, and psychosocial characteristics that determine individual variability. Personalized treatment has been a long-standing paradigm for lung cancer. Advances in our understanding of lung cancer biology over the past two decades have dramatically changed our approaches to evaluation and management. This chapter highlights three “lessons” that inform an increasingly precise approach to lung cancer and are applicable to other diseases. The lessons discuss how advances in disease understanding facilitate individualized treatment tools, use of these tools in personalized assessments, and the importance of a holistic approach to the individual patient.
Helicobacter pylori infection impairs chaperone-assisted maturation of Na-K-ATPase in gastric epithelium.

This work provides evidence that Helicobacter pylori decreases levels of Na-K-ATPase, a vital transport enzyme, in gastric epithelia, both in acutely infected cultured cells and in chronically infe...
Infective Endocarditis Among Persons Aged 18-64 Years Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C Infection, or Opioid Use Disorder, United States, 2007-2017.

BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening bacterial infection of the heart valves, most often diagnosed in older persons and persons with prior cardiac surgery. It is also associated with injection drug use, a behavior that has increased in recent years along with the US opioid crisis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of commercial and Medicaid health insurance databases to estimate incident cases of IE in the United States in 2017, stratified by persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and opioid use disorder (OUD). We also estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in IE from 2007-2017 among persons with commercial insurance. RESULTS The weighted incidence rate of IE was 13.8 cases per 100 000 persons among persons with commercial insurance, and 78.7 among those with Medicaid. The incidence rate of IE among commercially insured persons increased slightly from 2007-2017 (EAPC, 1.0%). It decreased among commercially insured persons living with HIV, from 148.0 in 2007 to 112.1 in 2017 (EAPC, -4.3%), and increased among those with HCV infection, from 172.4 in 2007 to 238.6 in 2017 (EAPC, 3.2%). Among persons aged 18-29 years with HCV infection, IE increased from 322.3 in 2007 to 1007.1 in 2017 (EAPC, 16.3%), and among those with OUD it increased from 156.4 in 2007 to 642.9 in 2017 (EAPC, 14.8%). CONCLUSIONS The incidence rate of IE increased markedly among young persons with HCV infections or OUD. This increase appears to parallel the ongoing national opioid crisis. Harm reduction with syringe services programs, medications for opioid use disorder, and safe injection practices can prevent the spread of HIV, HCV, and IE.
Space-Efficient Reed-Solomon Encoding to Detect and Correct Pointer Corruption.

Concern about memory errors has been widespread in high-performance computing (HPC) for decades. These concerns have led to significant research on detecting and correcting memory errors to improve performance and provide strong guarantees about the correctness of the memory contents of scientific simulations. However, power concerns and changes in memory architectures threaten the viability of current approaches to protecting memory (e.g., Chipkill). Returning to less protective error-correcting codes (ECC), e.g., single-error correction, double-error detection (SECDED), may increase the frequency of memory errors, including silent data corruption (SDC). SDC has the potential to silently cause applications to produce incorrect results and mislead domain scientists. We propose an approach for exploiting unnecessary bits in pointer values to support encoding the pointer with a Reed-Solomon code. Encoding the pointer allows us to provides strong capabilities for correcting and detecting corruption of pointer values.
The effects of ketamine on typical and atypical depressive symptoms.

Objective Ketamine's effects on different dimensions of depressive symptomatology, including typical/melancholic and atypical depression, remain largely unknown. This study examined the effects of a single intravenous dose of ketamine on general depressive symptoms (measured using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), typical/melancholic symptoms (measured using the MADRS5), and atypical symptoms (measured using the Scale for Atypical Symptoms (SAS)). Methods Data from 68 participants with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar depression were pooled from three separate, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies investigating ketamine's efficacy in depression. MDD participants were unmedicated; bipolar participants received therapeutic-dose lithium or valproate. Clinical symptoms were collected preinfusion and up to 14 days postinfusion. Effect sizes were calculated for days 1 and 3 postinfusion. The primary measures of interest for this exploratory analysis were total MADRS, MADRS5, and SAS scores. Individual symptoms were also analyzed in an exploratory manner. Results Scores improved significantly at Day 1 postinfusion (MADRS: Cohen's d = 0.64; MADRS5: Cohen's d = 0.61; SAS: Cohen's d = 0.41) and continued to be significantly improved over placebo at Day 3 (MADRS: Cohen's d = 0.49; MADRS5: Cohen's d = 0.43; SAS: Cohen's d = 0.39). Effect sizes were greater for typical/melancholic than atypical symptoms at Day 1 postinfusion. Conclusion Ketamine appears to effectively treat both the typical/melancholic and atypical symptoms of depression, but may have early preferential effects for the former.
Nietzsche’s Abyss: This Veteran’s Dilemma

I have discovered a disconnect in my narrative. I recognize that I had compartmentalized my life: there were my growing up years, my service years in the United States Navy, my college years, and the years of my professional life. I occasionally share anecdotes from those eras but as a cohesive whole there is sparse overlap even in my memory of how one timeframe blends into the next. Close reflection was inspired by a dear friend who challenged me to not be one of the disengaged men that Thoreau describes in Walden and yet I find it quite fulfilling to “live life simply” or as unpretentiously as possible. Gandhi’s comment on a passage in Ruskin’s Unto this Last, “the good of the individual is contained in the good of all” has shifted my perspective to stop seeing myself as well as my veteran brothers and sisters who have served as damaged goods. To focus on wounds does not allow us the space and time to move past the events that we carry around which weigh heavily on the soul. We deserve to be accepted as wholly human.
Evaluation of an Instrument to Assess Students' Personal and Professional Development During the Faculty Advising Process.

Objective. To evaluate a tool designed to assess Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students’ personal and professional development prior to beginning advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). Methods. A five-item instrument, entitled the Faculty Advisor’s Assessment of the Advisee (FAAA) tool, was developed to assess and monitor pharmacy students’ progress over the three-year didactic curriculum. Question anchors were created to describe characteristics exhibited by the student that matched categories of not engaged, beginning, emerging, or engaged. Possible FAAA composite scores ranged from 7 to 20. Using the FAAA tool, faculty advisors assessed their advisees’ values, engagement, self-awareness, professionalism, and leadership in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Individual and aggregate cohort reports were run and data for each of the three years were matched with students. To determine if the FAAA showed progression in assessed dimensions in the students during the first, second, and third professional (P1, P2, and P3) years, a Friedman test was performed. Cronbach alpha was used to assess the reliability of the instrument. Results. The data of 93 students were matched for the P1 through the P3 years. Median (IQR) for the FAAA composite score levels for the P1, P2, and P3 were 13 (12-16), 17 (15-19) and 18 (16-20), respectively. Significant differences existed at all timepoints compared, including from the P1 to P2, P2 to P3, and P1 to P3 years. The reliability of the FAAA scale was strong across all three years (winter 2017, α=0.87; winter 2018, α=0.89; and winter 2019, α=0.87). All items appeared worthy of retention as removal did not significantly increase their reliability. Conclusion. A five-item tool which assesses pharmacy students’ personal and professional development during the first three years of a PharmD program could be used by faculty advisors to assess student’s progress across the didactic curriculum.
Issues-360TM: an analysis of transformational learning in a controversial issues engagement initiative

Unprecedented global challenges of the twenty-first century have highlighted the need for novel programs to train students in the skills necessary to address increasingly complex controversial scie...
Tobacco Industrial Policy and Tobacco Control Policy in Japan (日本におけるたばこ産業政策とたばこ規制政策)

Tobacco policy initiatives in Japan run in opposing directions. One stronger line is represented by industrial policy promoted established by law and overseen by the nation’s Ministry of Finance. A weaker line, lacking vigorous statutory underpinnings, emerges through administrative tobacco control policy promoted primarily by the nation’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (formerly its Ministry of Health and Welfare). This article first provides an historical overview of this unbalanced tug-of-war through 2003. The article then considers the future of tobacco policy in Japan in the context of Japan’s binding obligations under the international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). In conclusion, the article hypothesizes that circumstances in Japan are primed for significant improvement domestically but there is reason for concern that Japan will follow the United States in unkindly exporting the enormous public health burden of its tobacco industry to economically weaker nations.
Mergers and Dynamic Oligopoly

Static oligopoly theories disagree on whether mergers are prof- itable. The Cournot model says that many potential mergers would be unprofitable whereas the Bertrand model says that all mergers are profitable. We show that, for economically sensible parameter values, mergers are profitable for merging firms when firms choose both price and output, using inventories to absorb differences between output and sales. Furthermore, substantial cost advantages are necessary for a merger to benefit consumers. The merger predictions of our dynamic model are most similar to predictions of static Bertrand analyses of differentiated products even though our model often behaves like the Cournot model in the long run.
Kant and the Discipline of Reason

Kant's notion of ‘discipline’ has received considerable attention from scholars of his philosophy of education, but its role in his theoretical philosophy has been largely ignored. This omission is surprising since his discussion of discipline in the first Critique is not only more extensive and expansive in scope than his other discussions but also predates them. The goal of this essay is to provide a comprehensive reading of the Discipline that emphasizes its systematic importance in the first Critique. I argue that its goal is to establish a set of rules for the use of pure reason that, if followed, will mitigate and perhaps even eliminate our tendency to make judgments about supersensible objects. Since Kant's justification for these rules relies crucially on claims he has defended in the Doctrine of Elements, I argue further that, far from being a dispensable part of the Critique as commentators have tended to claim, the Discipline is, in fact, the culmination of Kant's critique of metaphysics.
Long-term concentrations of ambient air pollutants and incident lung cancer in California adults: results from the AHSMOG study.Adventist Health Study on Smog.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of long-term concentrations of ambient air pollutants and risk of incident lung cancer in nonsmoking California adults. A cohort study of 6,338 nonsmoking, non-Hispanic, white Californian adults, ages 27-95, was followed from 1977 to 1992 for newly diagnosed cancers. Monthly ambient air pollution data were interpolated to zip code centroids according to home and work location histories, cumulated, and then averaged over time. The increased relative risk (RR) of incident lung cancer in males associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in 100 ppb ozone (O3) was 3.56 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.35-9.42]. Incident lung cancer in males was also positively associated with IQR increases for mean concentrations of particulate matter <10 microm (PM10; RR = 5.21; CI, 1.94-13.99) and SO2 (RR = 2.66; CI, 1.62-4.39). For females, incident lung cancer was positively associated with IQR increases for SO2 (RR = 2.14; CI, 1.36-3.37) and IQR increases for PM10 exceedance frequencies of 50 microg/m3 (RR = 1.21; CI, 0.55-2.66) and 60 microg/m3 (RR = 1.25; CI, 0.57-2.71). Increased risks of incident lung cancer were associated with elevated long-term ambient concentrations of PM10 and SO2 in both genders and with O3 in males. The gender differences for the O3 and PM10 results appeared to be partially due to gender differences in exposure.
Excluding Expert Valuation Testimony

In Boltar, a case in which the Tax Court addressed the valuation of a conservation easement, the court ruled on the admissibility of expert testimony.
The early Martian atmosphere: Investigating the role of the dust cycle in the possible maintenance of two stable climate states

[1] C. Leovy (personal communication, 2007) speculated that two stable climate states on early Mars could have resulted from interactions between the dust and CO2 cycles. In one state, a highly active dust cycle would prevent atmospheric collapse, and in the second, the collapsed atmosphere would not maintain an active dust cycle. An initial assessment of this idea is presented based on a Mars general circulation model parameter study. A range of global dust loadings, CO2 ice albedos, and obliquities are investigated to explore conditions in which increasing the atmospheric dust content stabilizes an otherwise unstable atmosphere. We find that dust only stabilizes the atmosphere at high obliquity and when the CO2 ice albedo is high. Although results suggest that two stable states could have existed on early Mars under limited conditions, further work is needed to know if the conditions necessary are physically plausible.