cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ab initio calculations of Ba Ti O 3 and Pb Ti O 3 (001) and (011) surface structures

We present and discuss the results of calculations of surface relaxations and rumplings for the (001) and (011) surfaces of $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ using a hybrid B3PW description of exchange and correlation. On the (001) surfaces, we consider both $A\mathrm{O}$ ($A=\mathrm{Ba}$ or Pb) and $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ terminations. In the former case, the surface $A\mathrm{O}$ layer is found to relax inward for both materials, while outward relaxations of all atoms in the second layer are found at both kinds of (001) terminations and for both materials. The surface relaxation energies of BaO and $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ terminations on $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (001) are found to be comparable, as are those of PbO and $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ on $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (001), although in both cases the relaxation energy is slightly larger for the $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ termination. As for the (011) surfaces, we consider three types of surfaces, terminating on a TiO layer, a Ba or Pb layer, or an O layer. Here, the relaxation energies are much larger for the TiO-terminated surface than for the Ba- or Pb-terminated surfaces. The relaxed surface energy for the O-terminated surface is about the same as the corresponding average of the TiO- and Pb-terminated surfaces on $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, but much less than the average of the TiO- and Ba-terminated surfaces on $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. We predict a considerable increase of the Ti-O chemical bond covalency near the $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (011) surfaces as compared to both the bulk and the (001) surface.
Numerical irreducible decomposition of multiprojective varieties

In the field of numerical algebraic geometry, positive-dimensional solution sets of systems of polynomial equations are described by witness sets. In this paper, we define multiprojective witness sets which will encode the multidegree information of an irreducible multiprojective variety. Furthermore, we generalize the regeneration solving procedure, a trace test, and numerical irreducible decomposition to the multiprojective case. Examples are included to demonstrate this new approach.
Testing the dynamic coupling of the core-mantle and inner core boundaries

The proposal that the seismically observed hemispherical asymmetry of Earth's inner core is controlled by the heat flux structure imposed on the outer core by the lower mantle is tested with numerical dynamo models driven by mixed thermochemical convection. We find that models driven by a single core-mantle boundary (CMB) spherical harmonic of degree and mode 2, the dominant mode in lower mantle seismic shear velocity tomography, produce a similar structure at the inner core boundary (ICB) shifted 30∘ westward. The sensitivity of the ICB to the CMB is further tested by increasing the CMB heterogeneity amplitude. In addition, two seismic tomographic models are tested: first with CMB resolution up to degree and order 4, and second with resolution up to degree and order 8. We find time-averaged ICB heat flux in these cases to be similar at large scale, with small-scale differences due to higher CMB harmonics (above degree 4). The tomographic models produce “Earth-like” magnetic fields, while similar models with twice the CMB heat flow amplitudes produce less Earth-like fields, implying that increasing CMB heterogeneity forces the model out of an Earth-like regime. The dynamic ICB heat fluxes are compared to the proposed translation mode of the inner core to test whether the CMB controls inner core growth and structure. This test indicates that, although CMB tomography is unlikely to be driving inner core translation, the ICB heat flux response is weak enough to not interfere with the most unstable translation mode, if it is occurring.
Micafungin for candidiasis

Summary Invasive candidiasis and mucosal candidiasis are among the most important health care associated infections; in its invasive form, candidiasis is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Among the currently available antifungal agents, the echinocandins are the among the most potent agents against Candida species. As a class, these agents are well tolerated and rapidly fungicidal. Among the echinocandins, micafungin has been studied most extensively. This paper reviews the results from the largest studies of micafungin among patients with invasive and esophageal candidiasis, and supports the use of echinocandins in this increasingly common disorder.
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) signaling pathway plays a role in cortisol secretion in the long-term hypoxic ovine fetal adrenal near term

This study assessed the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway on the previously observed enhanced cortisol secretion in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment in fetal adrenocortical cells (FACs) from long-term hypoxic (LTH) ovine fetuses. Ewes were maintained at high altitude (3,820 m) from ∼40 to 138–141 days gestation when FACs were collected and challenged with either ACTH (10 nM) or 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cAMP, 10 mM) in the presence or absence of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK)/ERK inhibitor UO126 (10 μM). FACs from age-matched normoxic fetuses served as controls. Media and FACs were collected at selected time intervals after ACTH or 8-bromo-cAMP stimulation for cortisol measurement and Western analysis of ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK1 and -2 (pERK1/2). After ACTH or 8-bromo-cAMP treatment, cortisol production was greater in the LTH group compared with control ( P < 0.05). UO126 reduced ACTH and 8-bromo-cAMP-mediated cortisol output in both groups ( P < 0.01 vs. ACTH or 8-bromo-cAMP alone). Under basal conditions, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 were not different between LTH and normoxic fetuses. In response to ACTH or 8-bromo-cAMP treatment, ERK1/2 were not different between groups; however, pERK1/2 were elevated in the LTH FACs compared with normoxic control FACs. ERK1/2 phosphorylation declined following ACTH treatment in the control group, but UO126 had no effect on ERK1/2 compared with untreated levels. Both ACTH and 8-bromo-cAMP treatment resulted in a decline of protein levels. UO126 pretreatment virtually eliminated pERK1/2 expression. We conclude that basal ERK signaling in FACs is necessary for normal cortisol production and sustained pERK in LTH adrenals enhances cortisol production.
Marketing Silence, Public Health Stigma and the Discourse of Risky Gay Viagra Use in the US

This article analyzes the rise and fall of a public health ‘fact’ in the US: the assertion that gay men’s Viagra use is inherently recreational and increases STD risk. Extending the science studies argument that drug development and marketing entail the construction of new publics, this article shows how strategic drug marketing silences can also constitute new populations of users. It shows how Viagra marketing’s silence about gay users, which facilitated legitimization of the drug as an aid for companionate heterosexuality, created a cultural space for the development of health discourse about gay men as illegitimate, recreational and risky Viagra users. Using Susan Leigh Star’s concepts of ‘simplification’ and ‘complexification’, this article traces the construction and deployment of this public health fact, as well as its subsequent contestation. Using an arena analysis approach, this article demonstrates how marketing discourse and public health fact-making came together in the case of gay Viagra use...
Training in Minimally Invasive Lobectomy: Thoracoscopic Versus Robotic Approaches

Background Skills required for thoracoscopic and robotic operations likely differ. The needs and abilities of trainees learning these approaches require assessment. Methods Trainees performed initial components of minimally invasive lobectomies using thoracoscopic or robotic approaches. Component difficulty was scored by trainees using the NASA task load index (NASATLX). Performance of each component was graded by trainees and attending surgeons on a 5-point ordinal scale (naive, beginning learner, advanced learner, competent, master). Results Eleven surgical trainees performed 87 replications among three lobectomy components (divide pulmonary ligament; dissect level 7/8/9 nodes; dissect level 4/5 nodes). Before performance NASATLX scores did not differ among components or between surgical approaches. Trainees' after performance NASATLX scores appropriately calibrated task load for the components. After performance NASATLX scores were significantly lower for thoracoscopy than before performance estimates; robotic scores were similar before surgery and after performance. Task load was higher for robotic than for thoracoscopic approaches. Trainees rated their performance higher than did attending surgeons in domains of knowledge and thinking, but ratings for other domains were similarly low. Ratings for performance improved significantly as component performance repetitions increased. Conclusions Trainees did not differentiate task load among components or surgical approaches before attempting them. Task load scores differentiated difficulty among initial components of lobectomy, and were greater for robotic than for thoracoscopic approaches. Trainees overestimated their level of cognitive performance compared with attending physician evaluation of trainee performance. The study provides insights into how to customize training for thoracoscopic and robotic lobectomy and identifies tools to assess training effectiveness.
Composite WO3/TiO2 Nanostructures for High Electrochromic Activity

A composite material consisting of TiO2 nanotubes (NT) with WO3 electrodeposited on its surface has been fabricated, detached from its Ti substrate, and attached to a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) film on glass for application to electrochromic (EC) reactions. Several adhesion layers were tested, finding that a paste of TiO2 made from commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles creates an interface for the TiO2 NT film to attach to the FTO glass, which is conductive and does not cause solution-phase ions in an electrolyte to bind irreversibly with the material. The effect of NT length and WO3 concentration on the EC performance were studied. The composite WO3/TiO2 nanostructures showed higher ion storage capacity, better stability, enhanced EC contrast, and longer memory time compared with the pure WO3 and TiO2 materials.
A hazard analysis system for robotic work cells

Robotic work cells have proliferated in recent years, but safety guidance in the area of safety sensing devices has not kept pace. This article presents a hazard analysis technique to be used as a tool to evaluate and improve the safety of existing or new robot workstations. It is based upon a study of robot safety practices in industry. The hazard analysis was developed by first identifying robot-related hazard factors: person–machine communication, the work environment, and decision making. Next, operational modes were specified to isolate types of worker intrusion into the work space. In addition, the study defined four robot sensor zones on the perimeter, inside the work zone, on the robot, and on the worker. Finally, a complete description of expected robot safety responses was created by combining operational modes and sensor zones into a matrix. Using these tools, the hazard analysis was compiled to address infractions of sound safety practices, intrusion into robot work zones, inadvertent operation while in an unsafe mode, and unplanned robot movement. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluid inclusion chemistry in the exploration for Mississippi Valley-type deposits: an example from East Tennessee, U.S.A.

Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of fluid inclusion decrepitates in sparry dolomite cements associated with sphalerite mineralization in the Mascot-Jefferson City Missis- sippi Valley-type district of East Tennessee show a markedly lower NaJCa ratio than those in dolomites unassociated with ore. The exploration potential of this variation in fluid inclusion chemistry has been evaluated by analyzing inclusion decrepitates from white sparry dolomite along a 150 m traverse in the New Market West mine area. The traverse extends from the central portion of a large domal collapse- breccia orebody with greater than 3% Zn, into the dolomite-veined, but unmineralized Knox Group limestones. Ratios of Na/Ca as low as 0.8--1.2 were common in dolomite-hosted decrepitates from the high-grade collapse ores. This anomalous decrepitate chemistry was not observed in sparry dolomites less than 12 m from the margins of the breccia bodies where Na/Ca ratios ranged from 1.8 to 3.6. Dolomite cements in IDly grade (<1.0% Zn) parts of the collapse bodies showed the greatest variation in Na/Ca ratio, with values ranging from 0.9 to 3.5. No systematic trends were observed in K/Na and S/C1 ratios from the same samples.
Strolling Down State Street: The International Law of Business Method Patents

(2003). Strolling Down State Street: The International Law of Business Method Patents. Information & Communications Technology Law: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 57-82.
Liquid crystal polymers. XVIII: Comparison of the properties of aromatic polyesters with different mesogenic units and a common flexible spacer

Four closely related polyesters, with aromatic ester triads and decamethylene spacers, were prepared and characterized for their thermotropic liquid crystalline properties. Two of the polymers, which were based on linear biphenols, formed stable nematic phases, whereas one of the two based on nonlinear biphenols formed a poorly defined nematic phase; the other was not liquid crystalline. Several polymerization reactions and methods were evaluated and structure-property relationships of the polymers are discussed. The concept of “degree of liquid crystallinity” for polymers with poorly defined thermotropic behavior is considered.
Disaggregated perceptions and preferences in transportation planning

Abstract This paper uses preferences and similarity judgments with respect to system characteristics of an integrated innovative urban transport system to better understand the demand for public transportation. This transport system concept embraces dual mode transit, personal rapid transit, and people mover vehicles. A major goal of this study is to identify if insights could be uncovered by segmenting a sample of respondents into homogenous perceptual groups. Three psychometric models are applied to a set of judgements from a set of respondents. The results from these models are used to cluster individuals into homogeneous population segments on the basis of common pattern of preferences. The patterns of preferences for the various groups are then linked to their socio-economic characteristics. The analysis provides some useful insights as to the socio-economic profiles of groups preferring automatic vehicle control, basic transport service and personal luxury service. These results make it possible to better understand the benefits derived by these user groups from different system alternatives.
The Clinical Nurse Leader: A Comparative Study of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Vision to Role Implementation

The clinical nurse leader (CNL) is a new nursing role developed from a series of discussions held by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) about revisions in nursing education that would prepare nurses with the competencies needed to work in the current and future health care system. The CNL is supposed to have a direct impact on clinical, functional, satisfaction, and cost outcomes. A number of health care organizations have adapted the role and integrated it into their unique clinical environment, but it remains unclear if the implementation is in line with the AACN's vision. This study investigated this question using the first cohort of graduates at a major university in the Southern United States. Of the 11 graduates, 8 responded to a questionnaire. Results support the idea that these new CNLs function largely in accord with the nine components of the CNL role outlined by the AACN. However, these results also show that different CNL role components are emphasized in different clinical settings. The results suggest that the CNL role as an advanced generalist role is a genuine innovation, rebutting some critiques. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Cocaine and alcohol interactions in the rat: Contribution of cocaine metabolites to the pharmacological effects

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cocaine and its three metabolites, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, and coca-ethylene, were investigated in awake, freely moving rats. This work was performed to examine the effect of alcohol coadministration on the metabolic profile of cocaine and to determine the contribution of cocaine metabolites to the pharmacological responses observed after cocaine administration. The plasma and brain extracellular fluid concentration–time profiles were characterized after intravenous (iv) administration of cocaine and the three metabolites in a crossover experimental design. The neurochemical response, measured as the change in dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens, and the cardiovascular responses, measured as the change in the mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and QRS interval, were monitored simultaneously. Cocaethylene had the highest brain-to-plasma distribution ratio, followed by cocaine, norcocaine, and benzoylecgonine. The estimated total body clearances for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, nor-cocaine, and cocaethylene were 140 ± 19, 14.7 ± 1.2, 130 ± 19, and 111 ± 16 mL/min/kg, respectively. Alcohol coadministration increased the formation of norcocaine, decreased the formation of benzoylecgonine, and resulted in the formation of the pharmacologically active metabolite cocaethylene. When cocaine was administered with alcohol, 12.9 ± 3.1% to 15.3 ± 2.9% of the cocaine dose was converted to cocaethylene. Benzoylecgonine did not have any central nervous system or cardiovascular activities after iv administration. Compared with cocaine, norcocaine and cocaethylene had more potent and prolonged effects on the neurochemical, heart rate, and QRS interval responses, and were equipotent in increasing the mean arterial blood pressure. These results indicate that changes in the cocaine metabolic profile and the formation of the pharmacologically active metabolite cocaethylene are, at least partially, responsible for the more intense and longer lasting effects reported after using this drug in combination with alcohol.
Russia Resurgent, Russophobia in Decline? Polish Perceptions of Relations with the Russian Federation 2004–2012

How accurate is it to speak of a Polish russophobia today? The historic view of Poland as the easternmost bulwark of Western Christianity has involved an ‘othering’ of Russia that may be less salient following Poland's membership in the European Union. Elite and citizen attitudes towards Russia since 2004 are analysed and, in particular, the impact of the nationalistic policies of the Kaczynskis promoted between 2005 and 2007 is assessed. Data indicate that Poles' attitudes have shifted from a fear of foreigners, including Russians, in part because of an increased sense of collective security, in part because of newfound economic confidence. The 2010 Smolensk air disaster that resulted in the deaths of many Polish leaders has been a valence issue in Polish domestic politics, but has generally advantaged politicians opposed to fanning fears of Russia. Since 2007, the two Tusk-led governments have registered Poles' mixed attitudes towards Russia more faithfully than the Kaczynskis' leadership did. This has ...
The Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad3 Pathway Coming of Age as a Key Participant in Cardiac Remodeling

Myocardial infarction (MI) is followed by a well-described sequence of events known as postinfarction ventricular remodeling, a process that involves both the infarct scar itself and the residual surviving myocardium.1 The net results of infarct remodeling are changes in chamber size, function, and geometry. Furthermore, the remodeled ventricle becomes a substrate for both heart failure and sudden cardiac death. The elements of post-MI remodeling include infarct expansion, neurohormonal activation, myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and cellular apoptosis. Article p 2127 These are linked physiological responses that attempt to compensate for the sudden decrease in contractility resulting from acute myocardial cell death.2 Infarct expansion is the thinning of the infarcted segment from slippage and stretching of myocytes and cell rupture. It is highly influenced by hemodynamic loading conditions.3 The prototypic pathways that participate in post-MI remodeling include the autonomic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which may be an attempt to maintain blood pressure and cardiac output.4 Over time, however, elevated adrenergic activity may lead to further myocardial cell loss from apoptosis,5 and both adrenergic and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system upregulation have an adverse impact on cardiac hemodynamics. Myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis are primarily seen in the noninfarcted regions of the heart, particularly within the peri-infarct zones.2,6–8 Hypertrophy occurs in response to the increased workload for the surviving myocardiocytes, especially under suboptimal hemodynamic conditions. Myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis in the noninfarcted regions are believed to result, in part, from the neurohormonal activation of the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and cytokine cascades. The effect of these processes is to further compound the myocardial damage sustained during the initial acute injury. The end result of these remodeling responses is global ventricular dilatation, which is a significant predictor of dysfunction and future mortality.9 Understanding the components of remodeling …
HMC-1 human mast cells synthesize neurotensin (NT) precursor, secrete bioactive NT-like peptide(s) and express NT receptor NTS1.

To determine if mast cells synthesize the inflammatory peptide, neurotensin (NT), secrete immunoreactive and bioactive NT, and express the NT receptor NTS1. HMC-1 cells, pleural mast cells from Sprague–Dawley rats, LAD2 mast cells, and human cord blood mast cells were used. HMC-1 cells were stimulated with NT, C48/80, mastoparan, or PGE2. For changes in cutaneous vascular permeability, anesthetized rats were injected intravenously with Evans Blue dye and intradermally with saline, NT, histamine, diphenhydramine, and C48/80. RT-PCR was used to identify RNA transcripts. Histamine was measured by fluorometric assay. In vivo cutaneous vascular permeability assays, radio-immunoassays for NT, Western blotting for the NT precursor protein and NTS1 protein from HMC-1 cells and tissues from rats were used. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify NT precursor-like proteins in HMC-1 mast cells. HMC-1 cells express mRNAs for NT precursor, PC5A processing enzyme and NTS1 receptor. Human cord blood mast cells and LAD2 mast cells express mRNA transcripts for NT precursor and NTS1. Western blotting showed NT precursor and NTS1 receptor in HMC1. Rat tissues with high numbers of mast cells contained NT precursor proteins. NT-like peptides from HMC-1 displayed NT-like bioactivity. HMC-1 mast cells synthesize and secrete immunoreactive and bioactive NT-like peptide(s) and express the NT receptor, suggesting that NT from mast cells might serve autocrine and paracrine roles.
Hypertonic saline and PEP: is it worth a try?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease that requires aggressive therapies to slow the disease progression. CF is a complex disorder that primarily affects the digestive system and the lungs. A major characteristic of CF is lung disease, which is responsible for the majority of CF-
Observations of an ionization ridge containing an embedded O-B cluster in the G10.2-0.3 H II region of W31

VLA radio maps at 5-GHz of the G10.2-0.3 H II region in the W31 complex reveal an extended ionization ridge of dimensions 5.7 x 2.9 sq pc at an assumed distance of 7 kpc. In the ridge, 21 dense clumps have been found with characteristic emission measures of about a million pc/cm to the 6th and electron densities greater than 1000/cu cm, suggesting embedded stars. From estimates of the number of Lyman continuum photos required to support the radio structure, spectral types in the ridge are found which range from B0.5 to O6. The observed radio structure cannot be explained by excitation from a single embedded source, or by expansion of shock-heated gas into the interstellar medium.
Yohimbine does not impair performance on an olfactory discrimination

The anxiogenic compound yohimbine inhibits intermale attack and increases conspecific sniffing; however, it decreases preference for male odors. This experiment explored the generality of yohimbine’s olfactory effects by assessing drug effects on searching for buried food items. Drug treatment had no effect on the location of buried or unburied rewards. This finding suggests that yohimbine’s olfactory effects may be restricted to conspecific odors. These findings underscore the need for further study of olfactory function among drugs having antiaggressive effects in common.
On a New MILP Model for the Planning of Heat-Exchanger Network Cleaning. Part II: Throughput Loss Considerations

This paper is a follow-up to a paper on the scheduling of heat-exchanger network cleaning. In the first part (Lavaja, J. H.; Bagajewicz, M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 3924-3938), a new mixed-integer linear model for the planning of heat-exchanger cleaning in chemical plants was presented. This model minimizes the net present value of the combined costs of cleaning and energy; it takes into account changes in production rates and even changes in the properties and flows of the different streams throughout time. The model is extended here to allow the consideration of throughput reduction throughout the time horizon in cases where the maximum capacity of the furnace is reached. Results show that throughput reduction may be advisable at times. Multipurpose/multiperiod operation of the network under critical conditions is also addressed.
Matrix isolation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of slow pyrolysis processes for four coals

Abstract Slow pyrolysis processes for four coals (Illinois No. 6, Pittsburgh bituminous, Rawhide sub-bituminous and Texas lignite) were studied using matrix isolation-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The temperature-dependent evolution of products during slow pyrolysis was used to correlate product species to the existence of various functional groups initially present in the respective coals. As other investigators have found, the amount of a specific product is correlated to the initial amount of a specific functional group. The yields of pyrolysis products such as CO, CO2, H2O, H2S, CS2, HCN and CH4 were derived from peak area calculations and their corresponding extinction coefficients. Correlations were established between the yields of low-temperature CO and the amount of ether functional groups in coal, between CO2 and carboxyl functional groups in coal, between H2O and hydroxyl functional groups, between HCN and organic nitrogen and between CS2 and H2S to sulfur. The extent of methane evolution correlates with existing methyl groups initially present in the respective coals. Pyrolysis and reduction of kaolinite in coal were observed at high temperatures (∼ 1150–1500° C) to form the high-temperature species SiO, Al2O and aluminum atoms. Aluminum atoms were detected in the presence of CO, by the formation of Al-CO complexes to give Alx(CO)2 and AlxCO. The intensities of these aluminum complexes give a qualitative measurement of the amount of kaolinite in coal. Results obtained from the slow pyrolyses of these four coals have demonstrated the potential of matrix isolation-FTIR spectroscopy as an useful analytical tool for the study of fossil fuels.
Percolation concepts in modelling of gas-solid reactions—II. Application to char gasification in the diffusion regime

Abstract The application of percolation theory to modelling of char gasification in the diffusional regime is presented. The Bethe network description of the pore space developed in Part I is used to evaluate effective diffusivities and permeabilities during char gasification. This approach fundamentally accounts for the influence of narrow necks, tortuous paths and dead ends. The gasification model also incorporates the effects of pore enlargement, pore coalescence and closed pores on the evolution of accessible porosity and surface area. In addition, the role of pore topology on perimeter fragmentation of the gasifying particle is included. These phenomena could have implications in the operation of gasifiers. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental data.
Correlates of weight loss and its maintenance over two years of follow-up among middle-aged men

This paper analyzes demographic, social, psychological, and behavioral correlates of weight loss and maintenance in a group of 89 middle-aged men. Measures were collected before and after a 15-week intervention program and at 3-month and 1-year follow-up evaluations. Associations were examined through 2 years of follow-up observation. Principal findings were (a) a strong inverse relationship between prior participation in an organized weight control program and both short- and long-term weight loss; (b) a positive association between efficacy expectations and weight loss; (c) a positive association between attendance at treatment sessions and weight loss; (d) an inverse relationship between spouse attendance and weight loss; and (e) positive associations between weight loss and perceived social support, reported improvement in eating behavior, reported improvement in exercise behavior, and affirmative response to relapse episodes following treatment.
Epinephrine enhances the sensitivity of rat vagal chemosensitive neurons: role of β3-adrenoceptor

This study was carried out to determine whether epinephrine alters the sensitivity of rat vagal sensory neurons. In anesthetized rats, inhalation of epinephrine aerosol (1 and 5 mg/ml, 3 min) induc...
Conscious sedation in the emergency department: the value of capnography and pulse oximetry.

Study objective: The purpose of this observational study was to describe the use of nasal capnography and pulse oximetry in monitoring heavily sedated emergency department patients. Design: Prospective, nonblinded, nonrandomized, noncontrolled clinical trial. Setting: The study was conducted in a tertiary-care hospital with 36,000 annual ED visits. Type of participants: Twenty-seven patients requiring sedation with benzodiazepines and/or narcotics for painful procedures. Interventions: The ventilatory status of each patient was monitored with a capnometer by nasal cannula as well as a pulse oximeter before, during, and after administration of the sedative agents. Measurements: Vital signs, nasal end-tidal CO 2 (PETCO 2 ) measurements, and oxygen saturation were measured at baseline, during the procedure, and for a two-hour observation period after the procedure. Main results: The average Petco 2 increased from 35.9 to 42.1 mm Hg during the procedure while the oxygen saturation dropped from an average of 98% to 94.3%. One patient developed clinically significant apnea after the procedure that was picked up by the apnea alarm, and eight additional patients developed clinically silent hypoxemia and increased Petco 2 during the procedure. Conclusion: The use of pulse oximetry is recommended for the detection of unrecognized hypoxemia during conscious sedation. Capnography by nasal cannula appears to be a useful modality in monitoring during conscious sedation, but further research and clinical experience are required before routine use can be recommended.
A new trapped ion atomic clock based on 201 Hg

High-resolution spectroscopy has been performed on the ground-state hyperfine transitions in trapped 201Hg+ ions as part of a program to investigate the viability of 201Hg+ for clock applications. Part of the spectroscopy work was directed at magnetic-field-sensitive hyperfine lines with ?mF =0, which allow accurate Doppler-free measurement of the magnetic field experienced by the trapped ions. Although it is possible to measure Doppler-free magnetic-field-sensitive transitions in the commonly used clock isotope, 199Hg+, it is more difficult. In this paper, we discuss how this 201Hg+ feature may be exploited to produce a more stable clock or one requiring less magnetic shielding in environments with magnetic field fluctuations far in excess of what is normally found in the laboratory. We have also determined that in discharge-lamp-based trapped mercury ion clocks, the optical pumping time for 201Hg+ is about 3 times shorter than that of 199Hg+ This can be used to reduce dead time in the interrogation cycle for these types of clocks, thereby reducing the impact of local oscillator noise aliasing effects.
Comparison of Medium-Voltage cascaded H-bridge inverter and Hexagram inverter for motor drive applications

This paper describes the design of 1MVA 4.16kV Medium-Voltage motor drive using Hexagram inverter, and is compared to Cascaded H-bridge inverter motor drive system. System design and component selection is elaborated for motor drive system using both topologies. Power loss and reliability is also estimated for comparison purpose. Fault tolerant control is a feature for both motor drive system and is discussed and compared in detail. From the comparison, hexagram inverter appears more advantageous because of less DC bus storage requirement, higher reliability, higher efficiency and simple control.
Compensation Schemes and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: Beyond the Obvious

Because compensation and dispute resolution lie at the core of most resettlement proposals, this panel had two main objectives: to get an accurate grasp of the current Israeli approach to these challenges and to glean insights from relevant experiences in other settings. Before reading our panelists’ presentations, one might be forgiven for reasonably thinking that “compensation equals cash” and “dispute resolution equals court.” As our panelists discussed, however, such a straightforward view is simply inadequate to the needs of the resettlement problem — a much richer view of compensation and dispute resolution is required.
Obtaining Chemistry Equipment through Curriculum Development Grants

Tips for writing more competitive curriculum development proposals to secure instructional equipment are provided. The article focuses on writing proposals to the National Science Foundation Transforming Undergraduate Education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (TUES) Program.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF A NON-NEWTONIAN OSCILLATING FLOW IN A HIGH-FREQUENCY LIMIT

The Lattice Boltzmann simulation of a flow generated by an oscillating plate is conducted in a wide range of frequency variation 0 < ωτ < ∞. The theoretically predicted transition from the viscoelastic (ωτ ≪ 1) Newtonian behavior to purely elastic non-Newtonian regime (ωτ ≫ 1) has been demonstrated. The relation of the derived solutions to microfluidics (high-frequency micro-resonators) is shown on an example of a "plane oscillator".
Electroanatomic characterization of conduction barriers in sinus/atrially paced rhythm and association with intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia circuits following congenital heart disease surgery.

Conduction Barriers in Sinus Rhythm and IART.Introduction: The electrophysiologic mechanism of intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia (IART) is generally thought to be a macroreentrant circuit revolving around a nonconductive or highly anisotropic barrier. However, the electrical and anatomic substrate that supports these circuits has been incompletely defined. Our objectives were to characterize the atria of patients with IART using electroanatomic mapping in sinus or atrially paced rhythm and to determine whether electrical barriers identified in sinus/atrially paced rhythm are associated with IART circuits. Methods and Results: Eighteen patients with IART and a remote history of repaired or palliated congenital heart disease were studied [8 biventricular repair, 8 single ventricle palliation (7 Fontan), and 2 Mustard repair]. Thirteen patients had a right AV valve. In sinus/atrially paced rhythm, electrical evidence of a crista terminalis was identified in 11 patients, an atriotomy in 12, and ≥ 1 right atrial free-wall scar in 11. In 26 IART circuits characterized, 12 used the right AV valve as a central obstacle, 6 used a right atrial free-wall scar, 3 used an atriotomy, 3 used the crista terminalis, and 2 circuits used an atrial septal scar. All central obstacles used by IART circuits were identified in sinus/atrially paced rhythm. Conclusion: The crista terminalis, atriotomy, and right atrial scars can be identified in patients with repaired congenital heart disease by electroanatomic mapping in sinus/atrially paced rhythm. These conduction barriers frequently function as the central obstacle for IART. Demonstration of such features may help focus investigational mapping without reliance on spontaneous initiation of the tachycardia.
Detecting Changes through Time in the Variance of a Long-Term Hemispheric Temperature Record: An Application of Robust Locally Weighted Regression

Abstract Historic records of global or hemispheric temperature are an important source of information about climate change. In order to analyze such records statistically, it is necessary to have some knowledge about the behavior of their variances through time. A modified version of robust locally weighted regression, a nonparametric regression procedure, is used to study the behavior of the variance for a record of Southern Hemisphere temperature deviations. Sampling considerations suggest that the variance should decrease through time, as new recording stations are added to the sampling network. Surprisingly, the variance is found to remain virtually constant through time.
Computation of output electron distributions in avalanche photodiodes

The cumulative probability distribution of the number of electrons counted during an interval (0, T) at the output of an avalanche photodiode is calculated from Personick's and McIntyre's model by numerical contour integration in the complex plane, a method that yields accurate results with a number of operations roughly independent of the numbers of electrons involved. The incident light is assumed for the sake of illustration to produce primary electrons with a Poisson distribution.
Bistability of a CO2 laser with SF6 intracavity as an absorber: Transient effects

We investigated time-dependent effects related to the bistable operation of a CO2 laser with an intracavity nonlinear absorber (SF6). The response of the system to small perturbations was sensitively dependent on the operating laser line [P(12)→P(30)] of the 10.6 μm band. The narrow bistable region forP(12), due to a very narrow hysteresis loop, can be effectively utilized for optical switching, because of its pronounced sensitivity to variations in operational parameters. The maximum admissable beam blocking time (intracavity) for spontaneous return to lasing was measured forP(16), for a range of absorber pressures. This τm is related to the relaxation time of the upper level in the absorber.
Theory of dissipative drift instabilities in sheared magnetic fields

Several different techniques are used to study the stability of electrostatic drift wave eigenmodes in a resistive plasma with finite magnetic shear. It is found that in the slab approximation, where usual shear damping is operative, resistivity contributes to an enhancement of this damping and the enhancement factor increases with the electron-ion collision frequency νei. Thus no unstable eigenmodes result. If the shear damping is nullified, either by introducing a strong spatial variation of the density gradient or by working in toroidal geometry with strong toroidal coupling effects, then unstable eigenmodes with growth rates increasing with νei are recovered. A perturbation calculation shows that retention of electron temperature fluctuations associated with the mode and inclusion of temperature gradients do not alter these conclusions. Extensive numerical calculations are also presented.
Nitrogen production in the northern Arabian Sea during the Spring Intermonsoon and Southwest Monsoon seasons

Abstract Planktonic nitrogen productivity and regeneration were measured with 15NO3, 15NH4 and 15N-urea tracers during the Spring Intermonsoon (SI) and Southwest Monsoon (SWM) seasons in the northern Arabian Sea from the Omani coast southeast to 10°N. On an areal basis, new (nitrate) productivity and the nitrogen f-ratio varied from 0.1 to 13 mmol m−2 d−1 and 0.03 to 0.4, respectively. Including urea in total nitrogen uptake lowered the f-ratio by 29% on average for individual samples, and during the SI was most important in offshore regions. The lowest nitrate productivity rates also were measured in offshore regions during the SI, where low, but detectable, nitrate levels limited uptake. The onset of the SWM was associated with an order of magnitude increase in nitrate uptake seaward of the Findlater Jet as compared to the SI. Apparently, the positive effect of the increased availability of nitrate and the Ekman transport of established phytoplankton populations to the region more than offset the degraded light conditions caused by the deep (>80 m) mixed layers. Despite the increases in offshore nitrate uptake, both a budget of surface particulate material and 234Th POC flux estimates indicated that the mid- SWM reduced the efficiency of material export from surface waters and disrupted the linkage between new production and export that was evident in the SI. In the mid-SWM, new production mainly accumulated in deeply mixed surface waters offshore, and may be responsible for the well documented lag between the onset of the SWM and export. In the coastal upwelling region, new production rates were significantly greater during the SWM only near filaments of coastal water advected offshore. Ammonium regeneration rates and concentrations increased significantly in coastal regions during the SWM, and nitrification likely was a significant sink for some of the ammonium produced there. The transport of some of the remainder of this reduced nitrogen offshore would fuel nitrogen production without having an impact on local respiration. This is one of several factors that may confound the comparison of new and net production in coastal regions during the early SWM.
ESE-ENDOR and ESEEM Characterization of Water and Methanol Ligation to a Dinuclear Mn(III)Mn(IV) Complex†

Interactions of water and methanol with a mixed valence Mn(III)Mn(IV) complex are explored with 1H electron spin echo (ESE)-electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and 1H and 2H ESE envelope modulation (ESEEM). Derivatives of the (2-OH-3,5-Cl2-SALPN)2 Mn(III)Mn(IV) complex are ideal for structural and spectroscopic modeling of water binding to multinuclear Mn complexes in metalloproteins, specifically photosystem II (PSII) and manganese catalase (MnCat). Using ESE-ENDOR and ESEEM techniques, 1H hyperfine parameters are determined for both water and methanol ligated to the Mn(III) ion of the complex. The protons of water directly bound to Mn(III) are inequivalent and exhibit roughly axial dipolar hyperfine interactions (Tdip = 8.4 MHz and Tdip = 7.4 MHz), permitting orientations and radial distances to be determined using a model where the proton experiences a point dipole interaction with each Mn ion. General equations are given for the components of the rhombic dipolar hyperfine interaction between a p...
Depletion of secondary lysosomes in mouse macrophages infected withLeishmania mexicana amazonensis: A cytochemical study

Leishmania amastigotes lodge and multiply within parasitophorous vacuoles, which can fuse with secondary lysosomes of the host macrophages. This study examines the effect of infection with amastigotes ofL. mexicana amazonensis on the secondary lysosomes of mouse macrophage cultures. The cultures were stained for the activities of two lysosomal enzyme markers, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase, and the light microscopic observations were supplemented by electron microscopy. Nearly all noninfected macrophages contained numerous stained secondary lysosomes. The number of such lysosomes was markedly reduced 24 h postinfection, and the reduction persisted for at least 10 days. Stained secondary lysosomes reppeared after the amastigotes were destroyed by exposure of the cultures to phenazine methosulfate or by placing them at 37.5° C. The depletion of lysosomes shown by cytochemical methods may reflect a high rate of fusion of the lysosomes with the parasitophorous vacuoles, exceeding the rate of formation of new secondary lysosomes. Alternatively, the parasites may inhibit the synthesis of lysosomal hydrolases, or the assembly or formation of primary or secondary lysosomes.
Basal conductance of frog olfactory cilia

The conductance of isolated frog olfactory cilia in the absence of odorants and second messengers has been measured. Current flowing through the pipette-membrane seal rather than the ciliary membrane was subtracted. In normal physiological solutions, each cilium has a conductance averaging 92 pS at the neuronal resting potential. This basal conductance allows current to be carried by K+ or Na+ but not by Cl−. In some cases, single channels with a unit conductance of 153 pS were observed. The conductance of the ciliary membrane implies a length constant for electrotonic conduction of about 160 μm. Since the reversal potential of the basal conductance is near the neuronal resting potential, it should help to stabilize the ciliary potential at some cost to stimulus transduction efficiency.
The use of ECT within the veterans administration hospital system

Abstract Survey data describing present patterns of ECT use within the VA hospital system is presented, with particular focus on ECT technique. Seventy-four percent of the VA psychiatric services possessing an ECT capability responded. The results show that during 1977, most VA hospitals with inpatient psychiatric services (56%) still utilized ECT, with an estimated 3.1% of depressed psychiatric inpatients treated with this modality, versus 0.21% for schizophrenics. As of the summer of 1978, one-third of ECT treatment series were being given with unilateral electrode placement, and there is growing acceptance of ECT equipment that utilizes low-energy brief pulse stimuli and other technical refinements. All respondents reported the use of muscle relaxation and general anesthesia.
ELASTIC SCATTERING OF PROTONS BY NUCLEI

Exact calculations are carried out for the optical model in the 20-Mev region. A complex potential of spherical well shape is assumed in addition to the Coulomb potential. Results for the elastic scattering of protons by Al, Cu, and Ag are compared with experiments. Though all relevant parameters are varied over large domains, no satisfactory agreement is obtained. Various possible alternatives are discussed. It is also shown that the "boundary condition model" offers a good approximation to the optical model within its range of validity.
Changing Kinship in North Malaya

Data from Sik, a hill region of Kedah, a state in the northwestern corner of the Malay Peninsula, suggest that the increase in rural impoverishment due to demographic pressure on limited land resources has presented Malays with important challenges to “traditional” ideologies of social relationships. This paper suggests that rural Malay society is moving, under the influence of such pressures, toward a modern kinship ideology, but not without ambiguity, frequent conflict, and sentimental longings for the hypothetical golden social harmony of past periods.