cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A web-based training program for direct care workers in long-term care communities: Providing knowledge and skills to implement a music and memory intervention.

As dementia increases and the availability of at-home caregivers decreases, the need grows for effective training for direct care workers. Direct care workers have demanding schedules with restrictive availability and lack professional incentives to pursue specialized training. This study explored the impact of the Mason Music & Memory Initiative (M3I), a web-based, micro-learning training for direct care workers, combined with the implementation of the Music & Memory intervention. The training provided a foundational understanding of dementia and the person-centered music intervention. Twenty-five direct care workers, across two long-term care communities, completed the training modules over four weeks. All participants completed a pre- and posttest, determining their knowledge and understanding of dementia and the Music & Memory intervention adopted by their facilities. Many workers found the training to be informative and inspiring, noting improved behaviors in residents during the implementation of the M3I.
Quantitative assessment of uncertainties in modeled crater retention ages on Mars

Abstract With increasing high-resolution coverage of Mars' surface, crater count analysis is being used to estimate the formative ages of small depositional features ( 3 Ga) than nearby fans (~1–3 Ga). This analysis provides a simple quantitative framework for assigning probable surface age ranges for small features on Mars.
Microenvironmental Alterations in Carbon Nanotube-Induced Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis.

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis have been intensively observed and characterized in numerous animal studies in the past decade. Remarkably, CNT-induced fibrotic lesions highly resemble some human fibrotic lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and pneumoconiosis, regarding disease development and pathological features. This notion leads to a serious concern over the health impact of CNTs in exposed human populations, considering the rapidly expanding production of CNT materials for diverse industrial and commercial applications, and meanwhile provides the rationale for exploring CNT-induced pathologic effects in the lung. Accumulating mechanistic understanding of CNT lung pathology at the systemic, cellular, and molecular levels has demonstrated the potential of using CNT-exposed animals as a new disease model for the studies on inflammation, fibrosis, and the interactions between these two disease states. Tissue microenvironment plays critical roles in maintaining homeostasis and physiological functions of organ systems. When aberrant microenvironment forms under intrinsic or extrinsic stimulation, tissue abnormality, organ dysfunction, and pathological outcomes are induced, resulting in disease development. In this article, the cellular and molecular alterations that are induced in tissue microenvironment and implicated in the initiation and progression of inflammation and fibrosis in CNT-exposed lungs, including effector cells, soluble mediators, and functional events exemplified by cell differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) modification, are summarized and discussed. This analysis would provide new insights into the mechanistic understanding of lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by CNTs, as well as the development of CNT-exposed animals as a new model for human lung diseases.
Many-to-Many Recruitment and Scheduling in Spatial Mobile Crowdsourcing

Spatial mobile crowdsourcing (SMCS) enables a task requester to commission workers to physically travel to specific locations to perform a set of spatial assignments (i.e., tasks are related to a specific geographical location besides time). To efficiently perform such tasks and guarantee the best possible quality of returned results, optimizing the worker recruitment and task assignment processes must be conducted. Because both workers and task requesters impose certain criteria, this procedure is not obvious. To tackle this issue, we propose a novel formulation of the SMCS recruitment where task matching and worker scheduling are jointly optimized. A Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) is first developed to optimally maximize the quality of matching measured as a weighted score function of different recruitment metrics while determining the trajectory of each selected worker executing tasks. To cope with NP-hardness, we propose a heuristic SMCS recruitment approach allowing the achievement of sub-optimal matching and recruitment solution by iteratively solving a weighted bipartite graph problem. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the SMCS framework for selected scenarios and show that our proposed SMCS recruitment algorithm outperforms an existing greedy recruitment approach. Moreover, compared to the optimal MILP solution, the proposed SMCS recruitment approach achieves close results with significant computational time saving.
Survey of radiologists and emergency department providers after implementation of a global radiology report categorization system.

Breakdown in communication of important imaging results threatens patient safety and risks malpractice claims. To facilitate closed-loop communication, our institution developed a unique radiology report categorization (RADCAT) system employing automated alert notification systems. This study aimed to understand users’ initial experiences with the RADCAT system and obtain feedback. Web-based surveys were distributed to radiologists and emergency department (ED) providers at our hospital system within 1 year of institution-wide RADCAT implementation. Survey designs differed based on clinical setting. Most prompts utilized declarative statements with 5-point agreement Likert scales. Closed-response data was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Response rates among radiologists and ED providers were 59.4% (63/106) and 38.4% (69/211), respectively. 78.0% (46/59) of radiologists and 60.9% (42/69) of ED providers agreed that RADCAT improves patient care. Of radiologists, 84.1% (53/63) agreed that RADCAT design is intuitive, and 57.6% (34/59) agreed that RADCAT improves efficiency. Of ED providers, 69.6% (48/69) agreed that RADCAT appropriately differentiates urgent and non-urgent findings, and 65.2% (45/69) agreed that auto-population of discharge documents with imaging results containing follow-up recommendations protects them from liability. Only 35.6% (21/59) of radiologists and 21.7% (15/69) of ED providers agreed that RADCAT implementation decreased reading room visits by ordering providers. Open-response feedback showed that some ED providers find RADCAT too complex while some radiologists desire improved transparency regarding imaging study communication status. Since its implementation, RADCAT has been well received among radiologists and ED providers with agreement that it improves patient care and effectively distinguishes and communicates important imaging findings.
Isolated Encephalopathy Without Severe Disease in a COVID-19 Patient: Case Presentation and Workup Strategies

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has been shown to cause not only respiratory disease but has manifestation in multiple organ systems. Encephalopathy has been shown to be associated with COVID-19; typically, it presents with other findings of the disease including headache, respiratory dysfunction, and fevers. We report a case of a 60-year-old man with hypertension who presented with confusion and cognitive decline concerning for encephalopathy and was found to have COVID-19. On neurologic examination, he had impaired episodic memory, attention, and comprehension with intact motor and sensory examination. Other than fatigue, the patient had no other common COVID-19 symptoms.
Food fraud criminology

Abstract The goal of food fraud prevention is not to catch food fraud but to prevent incidents from occurring. Since the root cause is a human adversary, criminology is a critical discipline for food fraud prevention. Without starting with a criminology focus, the countermeasures or control systems are reactive detection actions rather that proactive efforts to reduce the vulnerabilities. Beyond enforcement and prosecution, there are long researched crime prevention theories that focus on reducing the fraud opportunity by increasing the risk of getting caught and the cost of conducting the crime. This chapter provides an introduction to criminology and prevention (with a focus on application to food fraud), a review of the types of counterfeiting and counterfeiters, and discussion of intelligence analysis and target hardening insights that apply to a food fraud management system. The value of the food fraud countermeasures and control systems should be judged by their contribution to prevention and reducing the fraud opportunity. These assessments are most effective when applying these criminology concepts.
Immune-checkpoint inhibitor toxicity during a pandemic: Overcoming patient fears to provide care. A case report.

BackgroundPembrolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is used to treat a variety of cancers. It exerts its mechanism of action by blocking the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1). Toxicity...
Using Social Norms to Promote Actions Beyond the Course

Educators and researchers in online education have grappled with not only how to increase course completion but also how to make a broader impact that goes beyond online courses, such as course participants' real-world applications of the learned knowledge and skills. Research in social psychology and behavioral science suggests that social norms interventions, which convey norms shared in the community that people belong in to promote desirable behaviors, can offer a low-cost and scalable approach to encourage actions beyond the courses (ABCs). We tested three social norm interventions that presented a weekly normative message (descriptive, dynamic, or injunctive norm) with aggregate information about course participants' ABCs in the prior week. Randomized experiments in three online courses found effects on ABCs to be weak and moderated by norm message type and the complexity of the target behavior. Although the interventions did not improve course completion, the dynamic norm message was more effective at promoting ABCs for complex behaviors, such as developing environmental education activities.
Diffusion Solidification

The current art of casting and joining by diffusion solidification is described. Much of the economic and process parameters, especially the attainable heating rates and cycle times, are just now being worked out, and a great deal of processing/structure/properties research remains to be done. Diffusion solidification is shown to be applicable to a long and growing list of ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The process requires no new or exotic materials or technologies in order to be practiced; its success in the marketplace will probably depend on finding specific applications with improved properties and ease of achieving those properties.
Expression of cannabinoid receptor mRNA in murine and human leukocytes.

△9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the major psychoactive cannabinoid of marijuana, modulates immune cells in vivo and in vitro. It is possible that the drug exerts it’s effect either by inserting into and disrupting the cell membrane (nonreceptor mechanism) or by binding to a cannabinoid receptor moiety and thus altering cell function through some form of signal transduction. In the present study, we confirm and extend the findings that mouse and human immune cells express specific cannabinoid binding sites and cannabinoid receptor mRNA. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed the presence of receptor mRNA not only in the neuroblastoma cell line (N18TG-2), but also in mouse splenocytes and in cell lines such as NKB61A2 (a mouse natural killer-like), CTLL2 (a mouse IL2-dependent T cell), THP-1 (a human monocytic cell) and Raji (a human B cell) but not in Jurkat (a human T cell). Furthermore, the receptor mRNA was expressed in purified populations of resting splenic T and B lymphocytes but not in resting populations of enriched splenic macrophages. Finally, LPS-stimulated Raji and PMA-stimulated THP-1 human cell lines showed increased levels of the cannabinoid receptor mRNA. These results suggest cannabinoid receptors have biological relevance in lymphoid cells because: receptor mRNA is detected in some resting immune cells but not others and the mRNA increases during cell activation.
Three New Species of Ascocystis (Apicomplexa, Lecudinidae) From Mosquitoes

The following gregarines are described from mosquitoes in Taiwan: Ascocystis culicis (Ross) from Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Ascocystis taiwanensis sp. n. from Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Ascocystis lanyuensis sp. n. from Aedes alcasidi Huang, and Ascocystis armtgerei sp. n. from Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett). the gamonts of all species are in the lumen of the midgut of the larvae, and the gametocysts and oocysts in the lumen of the Malpighian tubules of the pupae and adults. Ascocystis culicis matured only in Aedes aegypti and Aedes desmotes (Giles); Ascocystis taiwanensis only in Aedes albopictus and Aedes alcasidi; Ascocystis lanyuensis only in Aedes alcasidi; and Ascocystis armigerei only in Armigeres subalbatus and Aedes alcasidi.
A Design Theory Approach to Community Informatics: Community-Centered Development and Action Research Testing of Online Social Networking Prototype

Over the last two decades, there has been increasing attention to the array of information and technology (ICT) applications that can be used for creating community information systems. This paper adopts takes a design theory approach to the community-centered development and testing of an online social networking prototype. The action research project was conducted in a college setting, where an online software system as designed and eventually used by 273 students over a six week period. A follow-on survey and interviews suggested the system was promising in terms of its influence of several dimensions of social capital, though a more extensive field testing would be needed to fully explore these statistical relationships. The paper concludes with a discussion of refinements that may be useful in using a community-centered design approach aimed at creating community information systems.
The amino acid sequence of a lambda type Bence-Jones protein. 3. The complete amino acid sequence and the location of the disulfide bridges.

The amino acid sequence of the human κ Bence-Jones protein Ag containing 214 residues has been determined by a combination of four procedures: sequence analysis of the tryptic and of the chymotryptic peptides of the carboxymethylated protein described earlier and partial sequence analysis of the tryptic peptides of the aminoethylated protein and of the peptic peptides of the oxidized protein described herein. The tryptic peptides from the aminoethylated protein account for the total amino acid content and provide some necessary overlaps. Analysis of two of these peptides and of one of the peptic cysteic acid peptides has yielded the previously missing sequence for positions 19 through 32. There are two analogous disulfide bridges: one connecting Cys-23 and Cys-88 and one connecting Cys-134 and Cys-194. Comparison to the provisional sequences of other human κ Bence-Jones proteins has verified the concept that the NH2-terminal half of κ light chains is prone to variation in sequence whereas the COOH-terminal half has a fixed sequence except for one hereditary variation. Many of the differences in sequence in the NH2-terminal portion of κ-chains are not attributable to single point mutations. The various genetic mechanisms proposed to explain the variability in sequence of immunoglobulin light chains are discussed.
Dynamics of an Anthropogenic Fire Regime

Human interaction with fire and vegetation occurs at many levels of human population density and cultural development, from subsistence cultures to highly technological societies. The dynamics of these interactions with respect to wildland fire are often difficult to understand and identify at short temporal scales. Dendrochronological fire histories from the Missouri Ozarks, coupled with human population data, offer a quantitative means of examining historic (1680-1990) changes in the anthropogenic fire regime. A temporal analysis of fire scar dates over the last 3 centuriqs indicates that the percent of sites burned and fire intervals of anthropogenic fires are conditioned by the following four limiting factors: (a) anthropogenic ignition, (b) surface fuel production, (c) fuel fragmentation, and (d) cultural behavior. During an ignition-dependent stage (fewer than 0.64 humans/km2), the percent of sites burned is logarithmically related to human population (r2 = 0.67). During a fuel-limited stage, where population density exceeds a threshold of 0.64 humans/km2, the percent of sites burned is independent of population increases and is limited by fuel production. During a fuel-fragmentation stage, regional trade allows population densities to increase above 3.4 humans/km2, and the percent of sites burned becomes inversely related to population (r2 = 0.18) as decreases in fuel continuity limit the propagation of surface fires. During a culture-dependent stage, increases in the value of timber over forage greatly reduce the mean fire interval and the percent of sites burned. Examples of the dynamics of these four stages are presented from the Current River watershed of the Missouri Ozarks.
Optimal Prosecution of Defendants Whose Guilt Is Uncertain

When a crime has been committed and a suspect (or suspects) apprehended, it is the purpose of the criminal justice system to dispose of the case in the socially optimal manner. Of course, how one should define optimal in this context is subject to debate; in this paper I consider three goals: (1) minimization of the social cost of legal errors; (2) punishment of the truly guilty; and (3) efficient use of the resources needed to operate the system. Considering the first of these, legal errors necessarily result from imperfect information on the part of courts and are generally of two types: incorrect conviction of innocent defendants (type I errors), and incorrect acquittal of guilty defendants (type II errors). Both are assumed to impose some cost on society. On the other hand, society presumably gains from correctly punishing the truly guilty. One reason, of course, is deterrence, although I abstract from this motive here. Additionally, however, I assume that society benefits by matching the punishment of criminals to the crime they have committed (one might call this "retribution").2 By the appropriate choice of the variables of the legal process-namely, prosecutorial effort in collecting evi-
Climate-driven variability in lake and wetland distribution across the Prairie Pothole Region: From modern observations to long-term reconstructions with space-for-time substitution

[1] This study was designed (1) to explore the links between climate variability and the population dynamics of closed-basin surface water bodies of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) in North America, and (2) to test the validity of space-for-time (SFT) substitution approach for the analysis of hydrologic systems. Observational results from 1981 to 2000 show that the climate with respect to annual residual moisture (e, i.e., precipitation minus potential evaporation or evapotranspiration) of the PPR changed across space (over 0.6 m) and time (over 0.3 m in central North Dakota), causing spatiotemporal variability in water areas and water body numbers. Spatial analysis of a suite of surface water complexes along a spatial e gradient in the Missouri Coteau shows that a four parameter Boltzmann function quantitatively describes how the number of water bodies (N) varied as a function of 5-year average annuale (R2 = 0.76). Temporal analysis of monthly N data (1931–2005) reconstructed by a hydrologic model also demonstrates that values of temporally varying N were highly correlated with eand yielded a nearly identical Boltzmann function. This result confirms the validity of SFT substitution and suggests that detailed modern spatial data can be used to interpret hydrologic system behaviors under past or future climate conditions. This study also has important regional-scale implications for water resources management by providing a complete picture of the spatiotemporal water body distribution across the entire PPR and the potential for rapidly converting climate predictions into surface water assessments.
Weissella confusa: an unexpected cause of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteremia in immunocompromised hosts

We report the first case of Weissella confusa bacteremia in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient. After engraftment and discharge, the patient returned with fever and graft failure and was started on an empiric regimen of aztreonam and vancomycin. A blood culture grew an alpha-hemolytic, gram-positive coccus forming pairs and chains, originally thought to be a viridans Streptococcus and a skin contaminant. The isolation of the organism from multiple blood cultures, and the presence of vancomycin resistance prompted identification and additional susceptibility testing. The RapID(™) Str panel, which has W. confusa in its database, provided multiple incorrect identifications. The MicroScan WalkAway 96 SI, using PC-20 or -29 panels, also did not identify this bacterium, because it is not in their database. The organism was identified as W. confusa by 16S rDNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility determination by Etest revealed vancomycin resistance and daptomycin susceptibility. Therapy was changed to daptomycin, and the infection resolved. Additionally, W. confusa sepsis, with multiple positive blood cultures, developed in a patient in the burn unit at our medical center. The patient's blood cultures remained positive until vancomycin was discontinued and daptomycin therapy initiated. Infections with vancomycin-resistant, gram-positive cocci are emerging among immuno compromised hosts. Under appropriate circumstances, clinicians need to request that the laboratory perform susceptibility testing and accurate identification, by nucleic acid sequencing if necessary. Sequencing of 16S rDNA is an important tool in the accurate identification of unusual pathogens.
Stem cell collection in patients with multiple myeloma: impact of induction therapy and mobilization regimen

Lenalidomide is an active treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) and is increasingly used as part of the initial treatment of this disease. Recent reports have suggested decreases in the number of CD34+ cells collected and increases in the failure rate among patients whose initial therapy contained lenalidomide when mobilized with G-CSF alone. A retrospective data analysis of 364 patients with MM who underwent stem cell mobilization and attempted harvest at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between January 2002 and December 2007 was performed. Forty-three of the patients received lenalidomide in their induction regimen, and were mobilized with either CY and G-CSF or G-CSF alone. The number of apheresis cycles and the failure rate were lower, whereas the mean number of collected stem cells was higher in patients who were mobilized with CY and G-CSF in comparison with G-CSF alone. This suggests that lenalidomide does not prevent the harvest of adequate numbers of CD34 cells for autologous stem cell transplant, but mobilization with G-CSF and CY may be required to obtain adequate numbers of stem cells. Finally, in our study, the number of lenalidomide cycles did not correlate with stem cell yield.
Developing the new Columbia core curriculum: a case study in managing radical curriculum change.

Curricular change is essential for maintaining vibrant, timely, and relevant educational programming. However, major renewal of a long-standing curriculum at an established university presents many challenges for leaders, faculty, staff, and students.We present a case study of a dramatic curriculum renewal of one of the nation’s largest Master of Public Health degree programs: Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health.We discuss context, motivation for change, the administrative structure established to support the process, data sources to inform our steps, the project timeline, methods for engaging the school community, and the extensive planning that was devoted to evaluation and communication efforts. We highlight key features that we believe are essential for successful curricular change.
All-Optical Modulation In Gallium Arsenide Integrated Optical Waveguides

We have investigated all-optical modulators in gallium arsenide integrated optical waveguides; these modulators use electron-hole pair generation to alter the propagation characteristics of a guided light beam.
MMPI profiles of obese men and women.

MMPI profiles of 20 male and 20 female patients were chosen at random from the entire patient population (250) of a weight reduction program. Mean scores of both groups were computed for the 10 clinical scales. On the masculinity-femininity scale, female patients scored significantly lower than a normal population, while the male patients had a marginally significant higher mean score. Scores in the respective directions for men and women indicated passivity and non-assertiveness in both groups. Assertiveness training is suggested as an integral part of the behavior modification program in the treatment of obesity
Hydrolytic enzyme histochemistry of the rat molar pulp

Abstract The activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and adenosine triphosphatase was studied in fully developed, functional rat molar pulps using a method of demineralization that conserves substantial enzyme activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity was greatest in the sub-odontoblastic cell-rich zone about the lateral and occlusal walls of the pulp chamber while acid phosphatase activity was greatest in odontoblasts. Nonspecific esterase was moderately active in odontoblasts and less in the sub-odontoblastic zone. Adenosine triphosphatase activity was principally limited to blood vessels, especially endothelial cells.
A novel indium-111-labeled gonadotropin-releasing hormone peptide for human prostate cancer imaging.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tumor targeting and imaging properties of a novel 111 In-labeled gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) peptide {1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-Ahx-( d -Lys 6 -GnRH1)} for human prostate cancer. The biodistribution and tumor imaging properties of 111 In-DOTA-Ahx-( d -Lys 6 -GnRH1) were determined in DU145 human prostate cancer-xenografted nude mice. 111 In-DOTA-Ahx-( d -Lys 6 -GnRH1) exhibited rapid tumor uptake (1.27 ± 0.40% ID/g at 0.5 h post-injection) coupled with fast whole-body clearance through the urinary system. The DU145 human prostate cancer-xenografted tumor lesions were clearly visualized by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT at 0.5 h post-injection of 111 In-DOTA-Ahx-( d -Lys 6 -GnRH1). The successful imaging of DU145 human prostate cancer-xenografted tumor lesions using 111 In-DOTA-Ahx-( d -Lys 6 -GnRH1) highlighted its potential as a novel imaging probe for human prostate cancer imaging.
Le rapport du sujet au langage : vers une approche des « phénomènes de style » dans la clinique des névroses☆

Ce texte interroge un paradoxe propre a la demarche clinique : comment concilier l’interet pour l’identification des indicateurs structuraux permettant de construire un diagnostic, et tirer en meme temps les consequences des limites de l’hypothese structuraliste afin de viser l’indetermine ? Explorer le lien entre langage, structure clinique et position subjective permet de mettre en lumiere la fonction structurante du langage en tant qu’il separe le corps de sa jouissance, faisant emerger du meme coup le sujet. Mais, ce lien fait apparaitre egalement l’antinomie entre l’universel et le singulier, dont la notion de « style » constitue une issue a situer au coeur meme de la constitution du sujet et du lien social. Dans sa prolongation meme, la notion de « phenomene de style » se degage a l’horizon comme une possible specificite du rapport du sujet nevrose au langage. En effet, J. Lacan nous a indique une tension a l’origine du style : il est a la fois l’effet des determinations structurales, et l’effet d’un choix subjectif d’ordre ethique. J. Lacan a explore d’abord la question du style afin d’eclairer les phenomenes de la psychose, mais elle concerne egalement, si ce n’est plus directement, la nevrose. Nous aspirons, par ce parcours, a ce qu’il vise l’enigme constitutive du sujet dans l’invention de sa propre nevrose, en meme temps que les traces du mouvement qui pousse un sujet a inventer les mots pour dire l’indicible.
Raman-scattering study of the high-pressure phase transition in Zn1-xMnxSe.

Optical phonons of the mixed crystal ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Se (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.33) in the zinc-blende phase are investigated by Raman scattering. The optical phonons of ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Se exhibit behavior intermediate between the two-mode and one-mode situations. The LO phonon of ZnSe continuously evolves into that of the ``hypothetical'' zinc-blende MnSe whereas the TO phonon and one component of the impurity mode merge into the gap mode of MnSe. The other component of the impurity mode transforms into the TO phonon of MnSe. Under hydrostatic pressure, in contrast to pure ZnSe, the mixed crystals undergo a high-pressure phase transition between 28 and 52 kbar depending on the composition. A new Raman peak appears in the high-pressure phase, which shows marked softening. When the pressure is reduced, the reverse transition occurs at a significantly lower pressure. At pressures below the reverse transition, the mixed crystal appears to be a mixture of the zinc-blende and another phase whose structure is closely related to that of the high-pressure phase. The energy of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ internal transition shows a negative pressure coefficient.
Chemical Structure of Resin-Treated Cellulose: Part II: Trimethylolmelamine Bonding with Cotton

The chemical covalent bonding of trimethylolmelamine (TMM) with cotton cellu lose produced under wet and dry curing conditions has been further investigated. The extent of chemical reaction with cellulose and the location of substituents on the anhydroglucose units were determined by an analytical scheme embodying chemical modification, complete hydrolysis, and gas chromatography of the analysis products. High temperature (160°C) curing gave rise to much greater extents of reaction with cellulose than curing under wet conditions. In the case of TMM, reaction at the primary. hydroxyl (C6) predominated at DS 0.16, whereas the major reaction of a methylated TMM having DS 0.30 occurred at C2.
Re-examining a modern classic: does Putnam's Making Democracy Work suffer from spuriousness?

What makes democratic institutions work efficiently? Robert Putnam argued in Making Democracy Work that a mixture of political participation and immersion in associative and social networks in the community, conceptualised as ‘civic community’ or ‘social capital’, is the explanation. Ever since its publication, many questions have arisen about the validity of Putnam's theory. Among the most relevant concerns stands the influence of the Italian Communist Party on Putnam's empirical tests. This paper aims to fill the gap left in the literature by testing Putnam's hypothesis against the political party in the regional government and the PCI's electoral support. Supporting Putnam, this paper finds that variations in the quality of democratic governments in Italy's regions are a function of civic community even after adjusting for the presence of the Italian Communist Party.
Lowering Upender Design and Synthesis

A rigorous mechanism design approach was used to optimize a six-bar linkage fulfilling the task of lowering a 5-ton roll of paper from one elevation to another while changing its orientation by 90 degrees. This problem was motivated by a need in paper mills to improve upon the poor space and efficiency attributes of the current mechanism. The design approach used the problem statement to develop explicit design specifications. A formal type synthesis process was used to determine the optimal class of mechanism to meet the defined design specifications. This process yielded two classes of advantageous mechanisms, the Watt I and Stephenson III, which were further developed by dimensional synthesis. Using different approaches to the dimensional synthesis technique allowed three different mechanisms to be created that all moved the paper roll through the design positions. Distinguishing the best suited mechanism required a performance evaluation of static and dynamic states in addition to geometric evaluation. This work resulted in the optimization of a Stephenson III six-bar mechanism, generated by creating a path with prescribed timing base four-bar and an auxiliary motion control dyad, that met all of the design specifications.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Preparation of macrocyclic and ‘C-clamp’ dicarboxylate compounds

Abstract Reductive amination of bis-1,3-(aminomethyl)-4,6-diisopropylbenzene with the 4,4″-dicarboxaldehyde of 1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl-2′-carboxylic acid, sodium salt, afforded a novel macrocyclic dicarboxylate compound in 71% isolated yield. Purification was effected by filtration in a single step. The synthesis and characterization of two new ‘C-clamp’ compounds, which also contain two m-terphenyl carboxylates but exhibit much greater degree of flexibility, are also described. These compounds are of interest as potential ligands or for host–guest chemistry.
A Multilevel Approach to the Relationship Between Birth Order and Intelligence

Many studies show relationships between birth order and intelligence but use cross-sectional designs or manifest other threats to internal validity. Multilevel analyses with a control variable show that when these threats are removed, two major results emerge: (a) birth order has no significant influence on children's intelligence and (b) earlier reported birth order effects on intelligence are attributable to factors that vary between, not within, families. Analyses on 7- to 8 - and 13- to 14-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth support these conclusions. When hierarchical data structures, age variance of children, and within-family versus between-family variance sources are taken into account, previous research is seen in a new light.
Effect of microstructure on via extrusion profile and reliability implication for copper through-silicon vias (TSVs) structures

In this work, the effect of grain structure on TSV extrusion and its reliability implication are investigated through experimental measurements and modeling analysis. The grain orientation, elastic anisotropy and local plasticity are found to be important in controlling the extrusion profile which can directly impact the back-end-of-line (BEOL) reliability. Results from this study suggest that the Cu microstructure should be optimized from both global and local aspects in order to minimize the extrusion damage to the 3D structure.
Serologic grouping and sexual compatibility of airbornecryptococcus neoformans

Through the use of Anderson air samplers, 214 isolates ofCryptococcus neoformans were cultured from the air in a vacant tower in a large complex of buildings in Oklahoma City. The tower contained hundreds of pigeons, a massive amount of droppings, nests with eggs and young, dying and dead pigeons. All isolates were serotype A-D and self-sterile for the production of basidiospores. Among these, 193 were of the ‘alpha’ mating type, producing basidiospores when paired with ‘a’ mating type. No isolates of ‘α’ mating type were found. The remaining 21 isolates were untypable for their mating type. These findings imply that the infectious particles ofC. neoformans in nature are relatively small, nonencapsulated yeast cells andnot basidiospores.
Physical growth of St. Lawrence Island Eskimos: body size, proportion, and composition.

Growth patterns of body size, proportion, and composition were analyzed in 57 male and 56 female Eskimos from St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, ranging in age from 1.23 through 19.82 years. Age-groups means for whites and blacks of the U.S. Health Examination Survey served as reference data. Relative to HES data, the Eskimo sample were shorter with lower values for leg length, while there were no differences from the reference values for sitting height. The Eskimos also had higher values of Quetelet's Index, the sitting height/height ratio, and the upper arm muscle circumference, while there were no differences in body weight or triceps skinfold thickness. Differences from the reference data were more pronounced in males than in females. The growth patterns for size and body proportion are in conformity with known relationships between morphology and climate.
Theory and method in studies of vigilance and aggregation.

Predation is considered one of the most important selective pressures on free-ranging animals. Our understanding of it derives mainly from studies of individual vigilance (visual scanning of the surroundings beyond the immediate vicinity) and aggregation in prey. Vigilance bears a direct relationship to aggregation, because animals in groups may rely on associates for early warning of danger. This review addresses the relationship between vigilance and aggregation with particular attention to the prediction that individual vigilance declines with increasing group size. Contrary to most other animals studied, primates do not support the prediction. Exploring this, I examined the assumptions underlying vigilance theory in the light of primate behaviour. First I tested whether manual harvesting and upright processing of food as seen among primates might permit them to feed and scan simultaneously. I found no support for this idea. Next I examined the targets of primate vigilance and found that one component (within-group vigilance) might explain the differences between primates and other animals. Finally, I evaluated whether individual primates in large groups face a lower risk of predation than those in small groups. A conclusion was impossible, but by separating group-level from individual-level risk, I was able to identify several common circumstances in which group size would not predict individual risk or vigilance. These circumstances arose for primates and nonprimates alike. I concluded that the relationship of vigilance to aggregation is not straightforward. The absence of a group-size effect on vigilance among primates is probably due to functional differences in vigilance behaviour or safety in groups, not to methodological differences. Furthermore, future work on animal vigilance and aggregation must fully consider both the targets of glances, and the assumption that larger groups are safer from predators. I predict that animals will not relax vigilance in larger groups if conspecific threat increases with group size. Group size will not predict individual risk of predation nor individual vigilance rates when predators do not rely on surprise, or when predators select a small subset of highly vulnerable group members.
Structural Analysis of Amorphous Phosphates Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The technique of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides unique detailed information regarding the structure of partially disordered or amorphous phosphate solids. Applications of the experimental technique of HPLC to phosphate solids are reviewed, and examples of the type of information that can be obtained with HPLC are presented.
Delivery of Information to the Patient Bedside Utilizing Skylight In-Room Television Service

This article describes the innovative use of the in-room television system, Skylight, to facilitate delivery of health information to patients in their hospital rooms. Skylight alerts, initiated by patients, result in librarians conducting reference interviews. Delivery of information to nursing stations allows clinical staff to verify and document patient comprehension of the information in the electronic medical record. Results from the initial year are discussed, including topics requested, which are indexed using Medical Subject Headings. This patient-initiated, library-facilitated method of meeting health information needs of patients delivers trustworthy and authoritative disease and treatment information to patients in their hospital rooms.
Physical parameterization and sensitivity of urban hydrological models: Application to green roof systems

Rapid urbanization has emerged as the source of many adverse environmental effects and brings cities to a vulnerable situation under future climate challenges. Green roofs are proven to be an effective solution to alleviate these effects by field observations under a wide range of climate conditions. Recent advances in modeling urban land-atmosphere interactions provide a useful tool in capturing the dynamics of coupled transport of water and energy in urban conies, thus bridge the gap of modeling at city to regional scales. The performance of urban hydrological models depends heavily on the accurate determination of the input parameter space, where uncertainty is ubiquitous. In this paper, we use an advanced Monte Carlo approach, viz. the Subset Simulation, to quantify the sensitivity of urban hydrological modeling to parameter uncertainties. Results of the sensitivity analysis reveal that green roofs exhibit markedly different thermal and hydrological behavior as compared to conventional roofs, due to the modification of the surface energy portioning by well-irrigated vegetation. In addition, statistical predictions of critical responses of green roofs (extreme surface temperature, heat fluxes, etc.) have relatively weak dependence on climatic conditions. The statistical quantification of sensitivity provides guidance for future development of urban hydrological models with practical applications such as urban heat island mitigation.
An electrical monitor of deep trench depth

A novel, non-destructive measurement technique has been used to electrically monitor the depth of a deep trench in a submicron smart power process. The ratio of the injected emitter current to the captured collector current in a parasitic bipolar transistor has demonstrated the ability to resolve variations in trench depth of <0.2 /spl mu/m and was used to qualify a new etch process.
Comparative carbohydrate metabolism of marine molluscs. I. The intermediary metabolism of Mytilus californianus and Haliotus rufescens.

Abstract 1. 1. The extent of carbohydrate oxidation by intact tissues of two species of marine molluscs, Mytilus californianus and Haliotus rufescens, has been studied. 2. 2. The conversion of C14-labeled sugars, glucose, fructose and galactose to C14O2 and glycogen by M. californianus and H. rufescens suggests the presence of enzyme systems capable of utilizing these compounds at a slow but easily demonstrable rate to give classically expected results. 3. 3. Positionally labeled glucose produced results that suggest the operation of the pentose phosphate pathway. 4. 4. The presence of all of the enzymes leading from glucose to glycero-phosphate and lactic acid have been demonstrated, including key enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway. 5. 5. Notable differences when compared to mammalian tissues lie in the metabolism of trioses. The implications of these results are discussed.
The Classic: Articular Replacement for the Humeral Head

This Classic Article is a reprint of the original work by C.S. Neer, Articular Replacement for the Humeral Head. An accompanying biographical sketch of C.S. Neer is available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-011-1943-6. The Classic Article is ©1955 and is reprinted with permission from The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery from Neer CS. Articular Replacement for the Humeral Head. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1955;37-A:215–228.
A Regression-Type Estimator Based on Preliminary Test of Significance

Abstract If data on an auxiliary variable X correlated with the variable Y under study are available, regression-type estimators are often used to estimate the population mean μ y . An estimator based on a preliminary test of significance that chooses between the difference estimator and the regression estimator has been proposed. This article investigates the efficiency of the proposed regression-type estimator with respect to other regression-type estimators.
An immunoreactive peptide in milk contains bombesin-like bioactivity

Parallel in vitro biassays using rat uterus and guinea pig large intestine tissues specific for the bombesin family of peptides, demonstrated that the bombesin-like peptides present in bovine milk can produce a dose-related response similar to bombesin and litorin. The bioactivity of this type of milk peptide appeared to be approximately 20–50% as active as the amphibian peptides. These data support the proposal that a bombesin immunoreactive peptide in milk contains bombesin bioactivity.
The Escalation of Terror: Hate and the Demise of Terrorist Organizations

Our goal in this article is to examine the strategic interaction between terror groups, hosts, and the United States in order to better understand the parameters of the interaction and the elements of a winning strategy. We adopt a game theoretic approach assuming that each player has a well defined goal and accounts for the anticipated behavior of the others to develop strategy. The game that we develop is a repeated game in which the host and the US must decide whether to fight a terrorist organization whose membership and resources will grow indefinitely if left unchecked. Our model predicts circumstances in which a host will begin to push back against the terrorists in anticipation of a future involvement of the US. It also predicts circumstances in which the terrorist organization’s hatred of the US prompts attacks that seal its fate and early demise.
Effects of Cr3+ on COD Changes of SBR Activated Sludge System with Different Chromium Loads and Different Initial SVIs

Aiming at the toxic effect of Cr3+ on the activated sludge in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process system, the article researched the toxic effect of Cr3+ on activated sludge and sewage processing in SBR process system through detecting the COD changes of SBR activated sludge with different chromium loads and different initial SVIs. The results show that when chromium load level is lower than 12.5mgCr3+/g mlvss, Cr3+ can promote activated sludge to adsorb organic substance COD. The effect is affected by the initial SVI which exerts impact on the toxic effect of chromium load on activated sludge within the tolerance range. When it is within the non-tolerance range, the final effluent COD of the system increase apparently. In the process, COD change curve is rather gentle; and the time of arriving at a rather low COD is relatively delayed. The system tolerance of chrome toxicity with a low initial SVI is comparatively strong.
Design and characterization of strained InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II ‘W’ quantum wells on InP substrates for mid-IR emission

InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II 'W' quantum wells (QWs) grown on InP substrates by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy were investigated for potential emission wavelengths in the mid-infrared spectral region. Design studies using an 8-band k p Hamiltonian model indicate that emission wavelengths near 3 µm should be achievable without strain relaxation. Improved electron confinement can be achieved by adding higher-energy band gap alloys such as AlAsSb or GaInP around the type-II 'W' active region. Comparisons of the simulations with experiment indicate that photoluminescence (PL) spectra are consistent with a type-II band alignment. 4-period type-II 'W' In0.8Ga0.2As (~4.0 nm)/GaAs0.35Sb0.65 (~1.5 nm) QWs separated by InP (5 nm) or AlAs0.767Sb0.233 (1.5 nm) barrier layers, demonstrate room-temperature PL emission at ~2.1 µm