cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telehealth as a Means of Health Care Delivery for Physical Therapist Practice

Telehealth is defined as the delivery of health-related services and information via telecommunications technologies. According to the American Telemedicine Association (ATA), “telehealth” is a broad term used to describe the use of electronic communications to deliver clinical services as well as other types of health information.1 In rehabilitation, telehealth is defined by the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) as the use of electronic communications to provide and deliver a host of health-related information and health care services, including, but not limited to, physical therapy–related information and services, over large and small distances.2 Telehealth may be used to provide health education and advice, communicate patient reminders, monitor clinical status, or deliver interventions. Other rehabilitation disciplines, such as occupational therapy and speech therapy, utilize the terms “telerehabilitation”3 and “telepractice”4 as terms to define telehealth in their respective disciplines. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111–148) (PPACA),5 signed into law on March 23, 2010, addresses the use of telehealth as a means of delivering efficient and effective health care in the United States. The national health care reform6 presents a unique opportunity for physical therapists to become identified as clinicians eligible to provide telehealth physical therapy services. However, there are several barriers to overcome if telehealth as a means of health care delivery for physical therapist practice is to become a reality. The objectives of this health policy perspective article are: (1) to describe the development of the telehealth field from a rehabilitation perspective, thereby highlighting some of the potential applications by physical therapists; (2) to discuss current barriers to adoption of telehealth technology by physical therapists; and (3) to identify an overall strategy to achieve long-term adoption of telehealth practices for physical therapists. The earliest applications of telehealth used technology to monitor cardiac …
Electrokinetic Transport Phenomena in Micro-Fluidics

In this chapter, we review three common electrokinetic transport phenomena: electroosmosis, electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis. These can be utilized for flow, species and particle transport control applications in micro-fluidic systems. Hence, these transport mechanisms can be used for processing of biological and chemical species, new materials and nano-scale particles for nanotechnology applications. For each effect, we introduce the governing equations and present a review of recent experimental results and numerical modeling efforts.
The effect of solvent and ions on the structure and rheological properties of guar solutions.

We study the effect of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and various salts (sodium chloride, sodium thiocyanate, sodium carbonate, and urea) on the rheological behavior and the conformation of aqueous guar solutions. Ultralow angle light scattering, conventional light scattering, and neutron scattering are used to probe the structure of guar over length scales spanning 5 decades, from a few angstroms to several tens of microns. Although both IPA and salts worsen solvent conditions, their effect is very different. Isopropyl alcohol promotes the formation of a network of large-scale structures via intermolecular associations, thus increasing dramatically the elastic response of guar solutions. Salts, on the contrary, affects guar on a local scale, leading to a more collapsed chain configuration, thus to a lower effective volume fraction and to reduced viscosity.
Multi-numeric display systems

Circuitry is described for representing a binary coded decimal (BCD) number using a 16-segment display in any one of the following forms: English, Arabic, Chinese, or Hindi. The choice of number system is user-selectable. In addition to the selector switch and the display, the system uses two PROMs (programmable read-only memories) and an encode. All the components used in the display system, including the 16-segment display, are readily available commercially. It is noted that not all of the 16 segments are used for the display of the various numerals; and some are always blank. Therefore, the power requirements of the 16-segment display device are comparable to the power requirements of display devices previously reported in the literature. In addition, two other simple systems for the display of Hindi numerics are also proposed. One of these systems uses the conventional 7-segment display device and the other uses a 10-segment display device. >
Host cyclophilin A mediates HIV-1 attachment to target cells via heparans

The present study proposes a novel mode of action for cyclophilin A (CypA) in the HIV-1 life cycle. We demonstrate that CypA-deficient viruses do not replicate because they fail to attach to target cells. We show that CypA is exposed at the viral membrane and mediates HIV-1 attachment. We identify heparan as the exclusive cellular binding partner for CypA. Furthermore, CypA binds directly to heparan via a domain rich in basic residues similar to known heparin-binding motifs. This interaction between exposed CypA and cell surface heparans represents the initial step of HIV-1 attachment and is a necessary precursor to gp120-binding to CD4. In conclusion, HIV-1 attachment to target cells is a multi-step process that requires an initial CypA-heparan interaction followed by the gp120-CD4 interaction.
Diagnosis and Treatment for the Professional Singer

Experts use the term “professional voice users” to denote the segment of the population for whom the voice is used as a primary tool of their occupation. In the United States, this term applies to ...
INTERNAL VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF KOLB'S LEARNING STYLE INVENTORY VERSION 3 (1999)

This study explores the internal validity and reliability of Kolb's revised Learning Style Inventory (LSI-2A and LSI-3) in a sample of 221 graduate and undergraduate business students. Research on the LSI is also reviewed and the implications of conducting factor analysis using ipsative data are explored. Experiential Learning Theory is presented and the concept of learning styles explained. This study largely supports prior research supporting the internal reliability of scales. Principle Component Analysis provides evidence for a 2 factor structure as hypothesized by Kolb.
Oversampling architecture for analog harmonic modulation

We propose a technique for sinusoidal modulation of analog signals, which requires neither multiplication nor analog sine wave generation. The modulating signal is an oversampled representation of a sine in the form of a periodic binary sequence, optimized to minimize intermodulation distortion. A 2-to-1 multiplexer performs the modulation multiplication. With third-order low-pass filtering of the input signal, the technique achieves 60 dB of linear dynamic range for a sequence of length 256, conveniently generated with an 11-address decoder and an 8-b counter.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: The Decision to Use Acidic Coal-Mine Drainage for Hydraulic Fracturing of Unconventional Shale-Gas Wells

Coal-mining activities in the Appalachian Basin have left behind an environmental legacy of acid mine drainage (AMD), which collectively discharges more than 1.2 billion liters of low-pH contaminat...
3D analysis of myocardial perfusion from vasodilator stress computed tomography: Can accuracy be improved by iterative reconstruction?

Computed tomography (CT) is an emerging tool to detect stress-induced myocardial perfusion abnormalities. We hypothesized that iterative reconstruction (IR) could improve the accuracy of the detection of significant coronary artery disease using quantitative 3D analysis of myocardial perfusion during vasodilator stress. We studied 39 patients referred for CT coronary angiography (CTCA) who agreed to undergo additional imaging with regadenoson (Astelias). Images were acquired using 256-channel scanner (Philips) and reconstructed using 2 different algorithms: filtered backprojection (FEP) and IR (iDose 7, Philips). Custom software was used to analyze both FEP and IR images. An index of severity and extent of perfusion abnormality was calculated for each 3D myocardial segment and compared to perfusion defects predicted by coronary stenosis > 50% on CTCA. Five patients with image artifacts were excluded. Ten patients with normal coronaries were used to obtain reference values, which were used to correct for x-ray attenuation differences among normal myocardial segments. Compared to the conventional FEP images, IR images had considerably lower noise levels, resulting in tighter histograms of x-ray attenuation. In the remaining 24 patients, IR improved the detection of perfusion abnormalities. Quantitative 3D analysis of MDCT images allows objective detection of stress-induced perfusion abnormalities, the accuracy of which is improved by IR.
Crack Response to Long-Term Environmental and Blast Vibration Effects

This paper synthesizes seven case histories of micrometer changes in the width of cosmetic cracks in a wide range of wall materials and structure types produced by long term (environmental) and transient (blast vibration) effects. Long term crack response over periods of days to weeks is compared to changes in temperature and humidity. Transient crack response is compared to peak velocity ground motions and structural response. It was found that long term, weather-induced crack response can be more than 1 order of magnitude larger than that induced by noticeable ground motions of 2.5 mm/s (0.1 in./s) and that crack response correlates best with wall shear strains.
Highly sensitive optically heterodyned, Raman-induced Kerr-effect spectrometer using pulsed lasers

A highly sensitive, optically heterodyned Raman-induced Kerr-effect (OHD-RIKE) spectrometer designed for the spectroscopy of radicals and molecular ions in discharges is presented. A linearly polarized, pulsed dye laser beam (probe) is crossed in the sample with the circularly polarized second harmonic of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam (pump). The nonlinear interaction between these beams and the sample induces a birefringence that creates a polarization component of the probe laser orthogonal to its original polarization. The magnitude of the birefringence peaks at Raman resonances as the probe laser is tuned. The combination of detection of the birefringence by the use of polarizers that have an extinction coefficient of the order of 108 with a pulsed probe laser with sufficient power to maximize the signal relative to the shot noise in the heterodyne field provides the basis for the high sensitivity. By careful adjustment of the polarization of the pump laser, we can decrease nonresonant contributions to the birefringence and further increase the signal-to-noise ratio. By subtracting a fraction of the magnitude of a reference signal from the OHD-RIKE signal, we further enhance the sensitivity by reducing pulse-to-pulse fluctuations of the pulsed probe laser to near (10 times) the shot-noise limit of the local oscillator intensity. The spectrometer is tested on the CO2 molecule in the Fermi-resonance region. Using a high-power (750-mJ) single-mode YAG laser as both the Raman pump laser and the pump for the dye laser that is used as the probe laser allows us to operate near Raman gain saturation, as observed in other coherent Raman spectroscopies. Preliminary studies of saturation for the OHD-RIKE in CO2 are presented. We present both broadband and narrow-band spectra of CO2. For broadband (∼10- GHz) studies we achieve sensitivities of 6×1013 molecules cm-3 for a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼1. In narrow-band spectra (∼400 MHz) we observe increased backgrounds owing to problems that arise because of the high intensities and the extremely high polarization extinction coefficients. These higher backgrounds prevent attainment of the improved signal-to-noise ratio expected from the larger Raman gains that are presumed to result from narrow-band operation. Possible solutions to the background problems are discussed.
The Assessment of Peer Selection and Peer Environmental Influences on Behavior Using Pairs of Siblings or Twins

Many studies have found strong peer correlations for a variety of problem behaviors that begin in adolescence (e.g. substance use). Such correlations are commonly attributed to peer influences, but could also be explained by selective ('assortative') friendship: the tendency for those with similar patterns of behavior to become friends. Here we show how, under certain assumptions, cross-sectional data from pairs of siblings or twins and their peers may be used to resolve the contributions of peer selection and reciprocal peer environmental influences to peer resemblance. We performed power calculations to determine necessary sample sizes for rejecting with 80% power, at the 5% significance level, the hypothesis of only peer selection effects, or only reciprocal peer environmental effects. A false hypothesis of only selective friendship effects was always easier to reject than a false hypothesis of only reciprocal peer environmental influences. Limitations of these simulations, including uncertainty about the most appropriate way to model peer selection, are discussed. Language: en
Life Planning / Strategic Planning / Financial Planning

This Paper examines a technique for doing ‘Life Planning’. The technique is one that has been tested by the author in a number of sections of a business school’s capstone course. The study is empirical in nature, applying concepts found, mainly, in strategic planning but, also in psychology, career planning and financial planning.
THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT AND ERADICATION OF FOCI OF INFECTION IN CHRONIC ARTHRITIS (FOCAL INFECTION)

Great emphasis has been placed upon the eradication of foci of infection in the treatment of this series of chronic arthritis cases. The results are at least twenty-five per cent. better than in a similar group in which foci attention was not stressed. The eradication of foci of infection is of primary importance in children particularly. The results here are most convincing, probably because anaphylaxis is more marked in them. In adults suffering from the atrophic type of chronic arthritis, the beneficial results from foci attention will depend upon the age of the patient and the duration of the disease. The interrelation of foci of infection and chronic atrophic arthritis is almost self evident in many instances. It has been observed, in this clinic, that the focus eradication—for instance, where a focus had caused pain in an apparently quiescent contracted arthritic knee that was undergoing correction by the turnbuckle-cast method—resulted in the cessation of pain and the completion of the correction that would otherwise have been indefinitely postponed or even prohibited. Foci attention in the hypertrophic types did not materially influence the end results. Certain foci situations have been emphasized. Rationalization in the treatment of chronic arthritis demands that the entire field of medical and associated sciences be enlisted. The orthopaedic aspects of the treatment of chronic arthritis remain as yet of primary importance, but the value of foci attention as one of the associated therapeutic measures should be recognized.
Perspectives on Moist Baroclinic Instability: Implications for the Growth of Monsoon Depressions

AbstractLittle is known about the genesis and growth mechanisms of monsoon depressions, despite the great importance of these storms for the hydrological cycle of the Asian–Australian monsoon region. Of the few theoretical studies that have examined this issue, most have attributed the amplification of monsoon depressions to some form of baroclinic instability or stable baroclinic growth, highly modified by the diabatic effects of moist convection. Here, a simple criterion—namely, the upshear tilt of potential vorticity anomalies—is argued be necessary for dry or moist baroclinic growth. Reanalysis data are then used to assess whether a large ensemble of South Asian monsoon depressions has vertical structures consistent with this criterion. The evolution of these monsoon depressions is compared with that of ensembles of hurricanes and diabatic Rossby waves, the latter being prototypical examples of moist baroclinic instability. During their amplification phase, monsoon depressions do not exhibit an upshea...
Blank Correction in Isotope Dilution.

A novel method for compensation of the procedural blank in isotope dilution is presented. This method, entitled “blank-matching”, copes with the blank through experimental design. Both sample and calibration solutions are exposed to the same amount of isotopic standard and same procedural blank. The identical treatment of sample and calibrators eliminates the need for subtracting the procedural blank from the result obtained by isotope dilution. A further advantage of the method is that quantitation of the analyte in the procedural blank is not required. Blank-matching is simple and fast to implement, and it permits direct determination of results without further corrections. This aspect has an important metrological outcome: blank-matching isotope dilution can be considered a primary method of analysis that does not involve the procedural blank as a potential source of bias.
Chronische ondervoeding bij ouderen

Ondervoeding bij ouderen uit zich in functieverlies, ongewenst gewichtsverlies en/of chronische disbalans tussen inname en verbruik. Er is sprake van ondervoeding bij een Body Mass Index van minder dan 20, bij onbedoeld gewichtsverlies van meer dan 10% in de laatste 6 maanden of meer dan 5% in de laatste maand.
Improved Workflow, Environmental Effects Analysis and User Control for Tactical Weather Forecasting

A project called Environmental Visualization (EVIS) conducted and completed testing of a capability to improve the air strike forecasting workflow. The capability was tested in a yoked experimental paradigm that had pairs of fleet forecasters generating an air strike forecast, one forecaster using the EMES capability and one using the current web-based tools. Three pairs of forecasters were tested, and within each pair, the EMES capability supported substantially faster (∼ 40%) forecast completion time. Feedback from the fleet users and personnel was positive about the approach we are taking and the capability that was tested. The team received substantial constructive feedback on the initial capability and will incorporate this into the next development phase.
Violence at the Urban Margins, edited by Javier Auyero, Phillipe Bourgois and Nancy Scheper-Hughes

Violence at the Urban Margins is a state of the art anthropological treatment of the problem of urban violence in North and Latin America, the latter being the most dangerous region in the world. T...
Host community composition and defensive symbionts determine trematode parasite abundance in host communities

Host species vary in their propensity to become infected by and transmit parasites, and this variation in host competency can influence parasite transmission within host communities. Host competency is often attributed to morphological, physiological, and behavioral defenses of hosts, but hosts commonly have an additional, lesser studied form of protection: defensive symbionts. For instance, snails are facultatively defended by ectosymbiotic oligochaete worms (Chaetogaster limnaei) that consume free-living trematode parasites, bacteria protect amphibians from the fungus that causes chytridiomycosis, and ants protect plants from herbivores. In addition to reducing infection on their hosts, defensive symbionts may influence parasite transmission to other hosts by redirecting parasites toward other hosts and/or removing parasites from the system. We explored these possibilities by examining the relative roles of community composition and the presence of defensive symbionts (C. limnaei) in determining trematode infection intensity among second intermediate host communities composed of snails (Helisoma trivolvis) and tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana). Parasites were dramatically more successful at infecting snails than tadpoles, which led to more total parasites in host communities where snails were present. In addition, defensive symbionts substantially reduced snail infection intensity and thus reduced the total number of parasites in communities containing symbiont-defended snail hosts. Neither host community composition nor the presence of defensive symbionts on snails influenced individual tadpole infection in our experiments. Therefore, in our experiments, second intermediate host community structure did not influence individual host tadpole infection risk, but did influence total parasite transmission.
Impact-Based Modeling of Backlash in Gear Driven Systems

Backlash in gears creates nonlinear dynamics in mechanical systems and has been analyzed using a variety of methods and models. In this paper, we present a nonlinear, piecewise model for backlash dynamics that incorporates a coefficient of restitution to account for impact behavior during limit cycling. We analyze the energy absorbed by the collisions and derive a constraint for feedback controllers. We conclude with simulation results using this modeling approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A COEVOLUTIONARY ISOMORPHISM APPLIED TO LABORATORY STUDIES OF COMPETITION.

Some empirical consequences of an isomorphism between the Lotka-Volterra competitive model and a coevolutionary competitive model are developed. In both the Lotka-Volterra and coevolutionary models, four competitive outcomes are possible: 1) species one wins, 2) species two wins, 3) indeterminate outcome, and 4) stable coexistence. These two models are isomorphic in the sense that the inequalities associated with a particular competitive outcome of the Lotka-Volterra model correspond in a one-to-one manner with similar inequalities associated with the same competitive outcome of the coevolutionary model. The inequalities of the Lotka-Volterra model involve the competition coefficients themselves, while the inequalities of the coevolutionary model involve the genetic variances and covariances of the competition coefficients. The isomorphism suggests some alternative interpretations of the results of classical laboratory studies of competition. The Lotka-Volterra (or ecological) hypotheses postulate that the competition coefficients are constant and that genetic considerations play no role in determining the competitive outcome. By contrast, the evolutionary hypotheses derived from the coevolutionary model postulate that the competition coefficients are variables and that the genetic variances and covariances of the competition coefficients determine the competitive outcome. The isomorphism is applied to competitive exclusion and coexistence, and to competitive indeterminacy in Tribolium. In particular, the evolutionary hypotheses isomorphic to the two classical explanations of competitive indeterminacy, the demographic stochasticity and genetic founder effect hypotheses, are constructed. The theory developed here and in a previous paper (Pease, 1984) provides one perspective on the relation among the Lotka-Volterra competition theory, quantitative genetics, competitive exclusion, the reversal of competitive dominance, coexistence, competitive indeterminacy in Tribolium, and experiments investigating the relation between genetic variability and the rate of evolution of fitness.
Habitat heterogeneity drives the host‐diversity‐begets‐parasite‐diversity relationship: evidence from experimental and field studies

Despite a century of research into the factors that generate and maintain biodiversity, we know remarkably little about the drivers of parasite diversity. To identify the mechanisms governing parasite diversity, we combined surveys of 8100 amphibian hosts with an outdoor experiment that tested theory developed for free-living species. Our analyses revealed that parasite diversity increased consistently with host diversity due to habitat (i.e. host) heterogeneity, with secondary contributions from parasite colonisation and host abundance. Results of the experiment, in which host diversity was manipulated while parasite colonisation and host abundance were fixed, further reinforced this conclusion. Finally, the coefficient of host diversity on parasite diversity increased with spatial grain, which was driven by differences in their species-area curves: while host richness quickly saturated, parasite richness continued to increase with neighbourhood size. These results offer mechanistic insights into drivers of parasite diversity and provide a hierarchical framework for multi-scale disease research.
Valved and nonvalved right ventricular--pulmonary arterial extracardiac conduits. An experimental comparison

Extracardiac conduits are essential in operations for congenital discontinuity between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The disturbing degree of obstruction reported in clinical series of extracardiac conduits containing porcine valves has been attributed in part to early valve deterioration and the development of a thick neonintimal lining within the Dacron graft. This study compares the hemodynamic differences and the thickness of the neointimal lining in right ventricular extracardiac conduits with and without a porcine valve. Woven Dacron conduits (16 mm) were implanted in 15 adult mongrel dogs, and then the proximal pulmonary artery was occluded with Dacron tape. In six dogs, the extracardiac conduit contained a porcine valve, whereas in the other nine it did not. Cardiac output, transconduit gradient, and resistance were measured at operation and 6 and 12 months postoperatively in both groups. No hemodynamic differences were noted. After 1 year, the thickness of the neointimal lining was threefold greater in valved conduits (1,370 +/- 313.1 mu versus 367 +/- 28.07 mu, p less than 0.005). The neointima along the Dacron graft was thickest proximal and distal to the porcine valve. The luminal peel in valved conduits contained fenestrations and intimal flaps, similar to those observed clinically. In our model, a porcine valve in a right ventricular extracardiac conduit is associated with intimal hyperplasia not seen in nonvalved conduits. If the pulmonary vascular resistance is normal, then the absence of a valve within the conduit does not significantly change hemodynamics and may warrant clinical application to prevent late conduit obstruction.
Neurovascular Protective Function of Endothelial Nitric Oxide – Recent Advances –

In the central nervous system endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is an essential molecule responsible for the preservation of the functional integrity of the neurovascular unit. NO causes vasodilatation and is an important inhibitor of platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and white blood cell adhesion. In addition, endothelium-derived NO exerts anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects. More recently, it has been recognized that endothelial NO modulates the expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein in cerebrovascular endothelium and neuronal tissue. Studies in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) knockout mice indicate that endothelial NO functions as a neurovascular protective molecule during aging. Indeed, genetic inactivation of eNOS exacerbates the detrimental effects of aging on cerebrovascular, microglial, and neuronal functions as well as on cognition. These findings suggest that the preservation of healthy endothelium and normal function of eNOS might be important therapeutic targets. Because the beneficial effects of NO are mostly mediated by the activation of guanylate cyclase/cyclic GMP signaling, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase isoforms, or activation of this signaling with exercise, may offer therapeutic opportunities in the prevention and treatment of aging-induced cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Most recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms linking loss of endothelial NO with cognitive decline will be discussed in this review. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1499-1503).
Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Binding α1-Antichymotrypsin: Influence of Cancer Volume, Location and Therapeutic Selection of Resistant Clones

AbstractWe examined by gel filtration chromatography (Sephacryl 200) sera from 73 untreated patients with peripheral zone prostatic cancer volumes of 1 to 17 cc as well as patients with clinical stages C and D2 cancer. We also examined the sera from 40 patients who had failed radiation or hormonal therapy to determine if clonal cell selection by these 2 therapies altered the binding of prostate specific antigen (PSA) to α1-antichymotrypsin. Finally, we compared sera from 10 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 14 with large transition zone-BPH cancer.Without exception, of the total serum PSA recognized by the Hybritech Tandem-R, Yang Pros-Check, Abbott IMx and Ciba Corning ACS assays, 88 to 98% were complexed with α1-antichymotrypsin in all cancer patients. The 10 patients with BPH showed less complexation (73 to 84%). These studies suggest that much of the quantitative differences among assays is determined more by relative differences in recognition of the free and complex forms of PSA t...
Copyright Under Siege: The First Amendment Front

Over the past decade, the law of copyright - traditionally an arcane and obscure specialty - has evolved into an extraordinarily controversial legal arena. To a significant extent, though not exclusively, this has been caused by the emerging clashes between copyright on the one hand and digital technology and the internet on the other. Some see copyright as the aggressor in the copyright wars, guilty of threatening the digital revolution, the internet, information policy, privacy, freedom of speech and the public domain. Much of this assault on copyright is culturally driven by the Internet's champions. Inevitably, this cultural challenge is now duly reflected in legal argument as well. As copyright law has generated more and more controversy, several legal scholars have come forth to challenge the traditional reconciliation of copyright and freedom of speech.Among the aforementioned scholars, whom the author will collectively refer to as the "free speech critics", virtually all of them reject the traditional reconciliation of copyright and freedom of speech - though some do believe that the two fields can be harmonized on other grounds. While the author regards this genre of scholarship as quite thought-provoking, to the extent that it rejects the traditional reconciliation of copyright and freedom of speech, he ultimately finds it unpersuasive. Fortunately, he is not alone; so does the United States Supreme Court, as well as nearly every other federal court that has had occasion to consider the issue.In a nutshell, this article argues that the Court's recent opinion in Eldred v. Ashcroft should properly be read as the resounding rejection of practically all of the modem first amendment-based copyright challenges. The time has come for the free speech critics to return to the drawing board and, if anything, re-examine free speech doctrine rather than copyright. Moreover, and contrary to recent criticism, the Court's re-endorsement of the traditional reconciliation of copyright and free speech is correct, sensible, and persuasive.
Incorporating E-learning into the didactic portion of the dental student curriculum

D technology is continually changing as it is being incorporated into the educational arena. In order for higher education institutions to continue to be successful, they must be able to market themselves to Generation X by offering online courses. Many faculty members presume they are addressing digital learning by posting a PowerPoint lecture in a learning management system but offering no form of active engagement to the learner. There are many didactic courses offered to first and second year dental students, where online learning could be used to facilitate development of an active learner. The increased use of online courses will promote the expansion of the dental profession, by enabling students in more remote areas to have access to educational programs, which may not have been available to them previously. Learner support is needed for students and faculty to facilitate online learning for dental educational programs. Online educators need to have an understanding and knowledge of the following concepts: empathy, self-directed learners, and fluency with technology, instructional design and learner support for the student and the educator. Dental educators will need specialized training to develop retentive and productive programs. This will enable them to achieve a major goal of their profession by increasing Access to care, increased savings to students and institutions, and contribute to the growth of dental professionals.
Computer modeling of MLS signal strength in the presence of runway hump shadowing

A complete, automated approach for predicting absolute MLS signal strength for sites involving irregular terrain profiles is presented. The approach involves two computer models: one to convert raw terrain elevation data into a linear profile, and the other to estimate path loss using the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Because the entire process is automated, little expertise on the part of the user is required. Validation of the approach is given by comparisons of measured and modeled signal strength data for a representative MLS site.
Two-Mode Classification in Advertising Research

In the past years two-mode clustering methods were applied to marketing subjects in order to represent relevant marketing information. The clustering methods just mentioned can be roughly divided into methods using grand matrices and other methods, such as the centroid-effect-method or the GENNCLUS-algorithm. This paper focusses another way of constructing a grand matrix from recall and recognition data. Using the grand matrix the well-known one-dimensional clustering methods can be applied to gain more detailed information about cognitive communication effects in advertising research.
Co-Expression of MYC, BCL2 and PD-L1 in Primary Central Nervous System Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas ( PCNSL)

Background Increased protein expression and gene translocations of MYC and BCL2/BCL6promote increased cell growth and inhibit apoptosis. They are associated with inferior prognosis in systemic diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). Their role in primary PCNSLs however is less clear. The immune checkpoint molecules, programmed death 1 (PD1) and its ligand PD-L1 are involved in inhibitory pathways to maintain immune tolerance and it is now clear that tumor cells interfere with these pathways to promote escape from immune surveillance. Antibody blockade of these immune checkpoints has been shown to enhance antitumor immunity and is emerging as an important target for cancer immunotherapy. We examined the co expression of these proteins on tumor samples from patients with PCNSL . Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MYC, BCL2 and PDL-1 and florescence in situ hybridization ( FISH) for MYC (8q24), BCL2 ( 18q21) and BCL6 (3q27) were performed on tumor samples from 14 patients with PCNSL. Results Eleven patients were positive for PDL-1 (79%) by IHC. Of these eleven patients, six (55%) were also positive for both MYC and BCL2 by IHC and negative by FISH. Eight patients (57%) were positive for MYC and BCL2 by IHC but negative for PD-L1. One patient was positive by FISH for MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 but negative for PDL-1. Conclusions Our results, although in a small number of patients, demonstrate that a large percentage of patients with PCNSL who express MYC and BCL2 also express PD-L1.It has been suggested that the frequent over expression of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 noted in PCNSL may underlie the inferior prognosis as compared to systemic DLBCL. We suggest that the co-expression of MYC/ BCL2 with PD-L1 may contribute to this poor prognosis by engaging the complimentary mechanisms of increasing cell growth, inhibiting apoptosis and evading immune surveillance. The use of PD-L1 inhibitors in hematologic malignancies is limited but has demonstrated clinical responses in relapsed/refractory disease following multiple lines of therapy and warrants further investigation in PCNSLs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Analysis of Discrete Choice Models: A Welfare-Based Approach

Based on the observation that many existing discrete choice models admit a welfare function of utilities whose gradient gives the choice probability vector, we propose a new perspective to view choice models by treating the welfare function as the primitive. We call the resulting choice model the welfare-based choice model. The welfare-based choice model is meaningful on its own by providing an alternative way of constructing choice models. Moreover, it provides great analysis convenience for establishing connections among existing choice models. We prove by using convex analysis theory, that the welfare-based choice model is equivalent to the representative agent choice model and the semi-parametric choice model, establishing the equivalence of the latter two. We show that these three models are all strictly more general than the random utility model, while when there are only two alternatives, those four models are equivalent. Moreover, the welfare-based choice model subsumes the nested logit model with positive dissimilarity parameters. We then define a new concept in choice models: substitutability/complementarity between alternatives. We show that the random utility model only allows substitutability between different alternatives; while the welfare-based choice model allows more flexible substitutability/complementarity patterns. We argue that such flexibility could be desirable in capturing certain practical choice patterns, such as the halo effects. We also present ways of constructing new choice models using our approach.
Household behaviour crowds out support for climate change policy when sufficient progress is perceived

Household actions and government policies are both necessary to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, household behaviour may crowd out public support for government action by creating the perception of sufficient progress. Here we demonstrate this crowding-out effect in public opinion using survey experiments with more than 14,000 participants in Japan. Subjects who were randomly assigned to report their energy-saving actions following the shutdown of the Fukushima power plant were less likely to support a tax increase on carbon emissions. Treatment effects were larger for subjects who had completed more actions. Further evidence suggests that the crowding-out effect may have been driven by an increase in the perceived importance of individual actions relative to government regulation and a decrease in the perceived issue importance of energy and environmental sustainability. Climate change mitigation will require both household and government action. This study shows that engaging in energy-saving behaviour at home leads to the perception that sufficient progress is being made through individual action, which reduces support for government policies.
Gene–Environment Interactions (G×E) in Behavioral Genetics

This chapter focuses on gene–environment interactions, often abbreviated “G × E” and pronounced “G-by-E.” G × Es are interaction effects, distinct from genetic main effects. The presence of a G × E implies that the effect of an environmental variable (on phenotype) depends on genotype and vice versa and that the effect of genotype (on phenotype) depends on the environment. G × E effects have been studied in psychiatry and psychology for decades using a variety of methodological techniques, reviewed here. The first of four sections in this chapter is the “Introduction,” which provides a description of what G × Es are (and are not) and how they have historically been studied. It also covers conceptual issues related to G × E including gene–environment correlation (rGE), the form of G × Es, biological plausibility of various types of G × Es, and epigenetics as it pertains to G × E. Section “Current Issues” is focused primarily on the most common G × E method currently employed: the candidate G × E (cG × E) approach, also known as the measured G × E approach. A brief review of findings from the first decade of cG × E research in psychiatry and psychology is provided. Evidence that raises questions about the validity of cG × E findings is presented via discussion of statistical power, publication bias, and the estimated field-wise false discovery rate (FDR). Section “Conclusion” discusses the parallel course that G × E research has taken with genetic (main effects) research. The final section “Future Directions” briefly explains genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) and suggests the most promising avenues for future G × E research.
Industrial Subsidies: Surveying Macroeconomic Policy Approaches

Subsidies are a notoriously difficult concept to grasp. Policymakers normally do not want to define them in specific terms because they then become identifiable budget items which could prove politically embarrassing. In addition, unlike other items, there is no agency responsible for identifying, monitoring, or allocating subsidies. Different agencies call subsidies different things and insert them under different names at different times and places in the annual government budget. For this reason there is no widely accepted definition.
Current strategies for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia at St Jude children's research hospital

We examined the feasibility of maintaining specific plasma concentrations of ara-C and VP-16 in children with AML. Sixty-one children were treated with 6 sequential cycles of intensive chemotherapy consisting of: (1) cytarabine (ara-C)/VP-16, (2) ara-C/daunorubicin (Dauno), (3) VP-16/amsacrine (m-AMSA), (4) VP-16/5-azacytidine (5-Az), (5) ara-C/Dauno, and (6) ara-C/VP-16. Fifty-nine children had de novo AML, and 2 had a previous myelodysplastic syndrome. The number of patients with each specific FAB subtype was: M0-1; M1-7; M2-24; M3-7; M4-5; M5-11; and M7-6. Simultaneous continuous infusions of ara-C and VP-16 (cycle 1) given at individualized doses to achieve drug plasma concentrations of 1 microM and 30 microM, respectively, produced complete remission (CR) in 26 of 61 patients (43%); an additional 17 patients entered CR after Dauno/ara-C (cycle 2), and one patient required 4 cycles of chemotherapy to achieve CR (total CR rate = 72%). The preliminary 2-year event-free survival (EFS) for patients with FAB-M1 and -M2 AML was only 15% versus 40% for those with FAB-M4 and -M5 AML. Overall, 21 of the 61 patients remain in CR (2-yr EFS = 29%). We conclude that intense treatment with ara-C and VP-16 at doses individualized to achieve target plasma concentrations is feasible although severely myelosuppressive. It results in an acceptable CR rate, but does not improve EFS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kinetics of Force Generation and Pi Release in Rabbit Soleus Muscle Fibers

Recent studies have shown that the release of Pi from the AM.ADP.Pi cross-bridge occurs in two steps: an initial force-generating isomerization which is followed by the release per se of Pi. These two steps have been shown to be little affected by the presence or absence of Ca2+ but both steps are significantly altered by temperature. In this study, the kinetics of the force generating and Pi release steps of the actomyosin ATPase cycle have been compared in Ca2+-activated skinned fibers of rabbit soleus (slow twitch) and psoas (fast twitch) muscle. Pi was rapidly photogene rated within the fiber lattice by laser flash photolysis of caged Pi (l-(2-nitro)phenylethyl phosphate). Pi reduces isometric tension in the steady state, but is less effective in slow muscle than in fast (eg. 14 mM Pi reduces tension by 29 ± 4.6% in slow muscle and by 47 ± 5.3% in fast). As in fast muscle, the tension response to a sudden increase in [Pi] in slow muscle has four phases. As in fast muscle, only phase II (an exponential decline in force) appears to be caused by Pi binding to cross-bridges, while the other three phases are probably indirect effects caused by caged Pi photolysis. The amplitude of phase II is consistent with the steady state reduction in force by Pi. The rate of phase II (kpi is 3.9 ± 0.33 S-1 at 20°C and 0.28 ± 0.02 s-1 at 10°C (1 mM Pi). kpi is ca. 33 times slower in slow muscle than in fast at 20°C and 84 times slower at 10°C. In contrast to fast muscle, kpi in slow muscle is so slow that it may partially limit the ATPase turnover rate.
The Utility of Image Guidance in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Narrative Review.

Importance More than a quarter-million cases of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) are performed annually in the United States. Most surgeons use image-guided systems as an adjunct during surgery in certain situations. Understanding the association of image-guided surgery (IGS) with surgical outcomes, complications, and surgeon factors is paramount. Observations Three systematic or evidenced-based review articles demonstrated no clear evidence that IGS improves surgical outcomes for chronic rhinosinusitis, including completeness of surgical dissection, patient-reported outcomes, or rates of revision surgery. Results from 2 systematic reviews suggest that major and total surgical complications may be decreased with use of IGS in certain cases, although bias may confound these findings. When complications were analyzed individually, there was no definitive evidence that IGS is associated with decreased rates of orbital, intracranial, or hemorrhagic complications. The rarity of complications in ESS, developing surgical experience, evolving training strategies, and selective use of IGS in more complex cases make future study on the association of IGS with complications challenging. Limited data on the influence of IGS on surgeon satisfaction and stress level suggests that more experienced surgeons might glean benefits in these realms, whereas junior surgeons may feel additional stress when using the technology. Conclusions and Relevance Level 2A evidence from systematic reviews suggests that in certain cases IGS may be associated with decreased major and total surgical complications, though the potential for bias and confounding exists in these conclusions. It is possible that, among more experienced surgeons, the use of IGS is associated with improvements in stress and satisfaction, although evidence in this realm is limited and there may be additional stresses associated with IGS for surgeons early in their career. The choice to use IGS in any endoscopic procedure remains best determined by the operating surgeon based on factors including case complexity and surgeon comfort.
14 – Spectroscopic properties

Several standard spectroscopic techniques that are widely used for the study of superconductors are discussed. In particular, we focus on vibrational spectroscopies, in particular infrared and Raman modes. Extremely useful Kramers–Kronig analysis of the conductivity is described. Optical spectroscopies and photoemission occupy a large part of the chapter. We proceed discussing the x-ray absorption followed by neutron scattering and positron annihilation. A separate subchapter is devoted to the magnetic resonance, which in turn is split onto discussions of nuclear magnetic resonance, quadrupole resonance, and electron spin resonance. Nonresonant microwave absorption, muon spin rotation, and Mossbauer spectroscopy are other advanced resonance techniques discussed.
Incoming Interns Recognize Inadequate Physical Examination as a Cause of Patient Harm

Introduction:As providers of a large portion of the care delivered at academic health centers, medical trainees have a unique perspective on medical error. Despite data suggesting that errors in ph...