cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship among Redox Potentials, Proton Dissociation Constants of Pyrrolic Nitrogens, and in Vivo and in Vitro Superoxide Dismutating Activities of Manganese(III) and Iron(III) Water-Soluble Porphyrins

The log kcat values for the dismutation of O2•- by a series of monohydroxoiron(III) and aquamanganese(III) porphyrins, including ortho, meta, and para isomers of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-alkylpyridiniumyl)porphyrins, were found to vary linearly with the metal-centered redox potentials (E1/2) for the M(III)/M(II) couple. Each 120 mV increase in E1/2 imparted a 10-fold increase in kcat. The observed behavior is in accord with the Marcus equation for outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions, suggesting that the same mechanism is operative for iron and manganese porphyrins. The Marcus plot enabled us to estimate the self-exchange rate constants of monohydroxoiron porphyrins to be ∼1 order of magnitude higher than those of aquamanganese porphyrins. Furthermore, E1/2 values for all of the metalloporhyrins investigated were linearly related to the acid dissociation constants (pKa3) of the pyrrolic nitrogen of the metal-free porphyrins, indicating that either E1/2, or the more readily measured pKa3, may be useful in...
Identifying Conservation Areas on the Basis of Alternative Distribution Data Sets

Distribution data on biodiversity features is a major component of conservation planning that are often inaccurate; thus, the true distribution of each feature is commonly over- or underrepresented. The selection of distribution data sets may therefore lead to variability in the spatial configuration and size of proposed reserve networks and uncertainty regarding the extent to which these networks actually contain the biodiversity features they were identified to protect. Our goals were to investigate the impact on reserve selection of choosing different distribution data sets and to propose novel methods to minimize uncertainty about target attainment within reserves. To do so, we used common prioritization methods (richness mapping, systematic reserve design, and a novel approach that integrates multiple types of distribution data) and three types of data on the distribution of mammals (predicted distribution models, occurrence records, and a novel combination of the two) to simulate the establishment of regional biodiversity reserves for the state of Arizona (U.S.A.). Using the results of these simulations, we explored variability in reserve placement and size as a function of the distribution data set. Spatial overlap of reserve networks identified with only predicted distribution data or only occurrence distribution data never exceeded 16%. In pairwise comparisons between reserves created with all three types of distribution data, overlap never achieved 50%. The reserve size required to meet conservation targets also varied with the type of distribution data used and the conservation goal; the largest reserve system was 10 times the smallest. Our results highlight the impact of employing different types of distribution data and identify novel tools for application to existing distribution data sets that can minimize uncertainty about target attainment.
SV40 lymphomagenesis in Syrian golden hamsters

Simian virus 40 (SV40) isolates differ in oncogenic potential in Syrian golden hamsters following intraperitoneal inoculation. Here we describe the effect of intravenous exposure on tumor induction by SV40. Strains SVCPC (simple regulatory region) and VA45-54(2E) (complex regulatory region) were highly oncogenic following intravenous inoculation, producing a spectrum of tumor types. Three lymphoma cell lines were established; all expressed SV40 T-antigen, were immortalized for growth in culture, and were tumorigenic following transplantation in vivo. New monoclonal antibodies directed against hamster lymphocyte surface antigens are described. The cell lines expressed MHC class II and macrophage markers and were highly phagocytic, indicating a histiocytic origin. Many hamsters that remained tumor-free developed SV40 T-antigen antibodies, suggesting that viral replication occurred. This study shows that route of exposure influences the pathogenesis of SV40-mediated carcinogenesis, that SV40 strain VA45-54(2E) is lymphomagenic in hamsters, that hamster lymphoid cells of histiocytic origin can be transformed in vivo and established in culture, and that reagents to hamster leukocyte differentiation molecules are now available.
A model for continuous fermentations with amylolytic yeasts

A two-stage, associative fermentation process is more effective for continuous yeast biomass production from starch than a single-stage mixed culture fermentation process. By operating two stages, competition for the same growth limiting substrate is reduced leading to efficient starch utilization. In this article, a mathematical model has been proposed for continuous, two-stage fermentation with a pure culture, amylolytic yeast in the first stage and a mixed culture second stage with a faster growing, nonamylolytic yeast. The model parameters were determined for Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Candida utilis in continuous, single-stage, pure cultures. In the two-stage model, the effects of changes in dilution rate on biomass, amylase, reducing sugar, and starch concentration, and ratio of stage volumes on microbial composition are discussed and compared with experimental data.
Overview of the Fatigue Design Discussions in the United States From These Past 10 Years

The topic of fatigue is probably the topic that has been discussed the most in the U.S. these past ten to fifteen years during the ASME-Code Meetings. It seems now that the rules dictated by the U.S. NRC will be final in the U.S. sometime during the year 2014. These final rules could possibly have an influence on the other countries, although some of these other countries have already noticed that these Fatigue Rules are very severe, especially when penalizing the ASME-Code usage factors by the environmental F(en) factors proposed by the U.S. NRC and the associated procedures.The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the past and on-going discussions taking place in both the United States and Europe, and to present the most important comparison Figures, as far as those new Rules are concerned. These comparison Figures are for both in-air fatigue design and fatigue design with the consideration of the environmental effects. Comparisons need to be performed, for example, between past component fatigue tests and the new fatigue Rules provided by the U.S. authorities.In addition, suggestions for future simplified rules are presented in this paper. These simplified Rules are for the fatigue design when using the ASME-Code from the U.S. or a modification of the current ASME-Code fatigue methodology in case the severe F(en) factors need to be applied.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis following bariatric surgery.

Background The contribution of obesity to the thromboembolic risks of surgery suggests that patients undergoing bariatric surgery would have a particularly high risk of postoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) and/or deep venous thrombosis (DVT). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of in-hospital PE, DVT, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) following bariatric surgery in the USA from 2007 to 2009.
The effect of dental artifacts, contrast media, and experience on interobserver contouring variations in head and neck anatomy

Objectives:To investigate interobserver variability in the delineation of head-and-neck (H&N) anatomic structures on CT images, including the effects of image artifacts and observer experience.Methods:Nine observers (7 radiation oncologists, 1 surgeon, and 1 physician assistant) with varying levels
Imaging Heterogeneous Absorption Distribution of Advanced Breast Cancers using Optical Tomography Guided by Ultrasound

The distribution of tumor vasculature in advanced cancers is complex. In this paper, we characterize the heterogeneous absorption distribution of large targets. A clinical example is given to demonstrate the complexity of tumor vasculature.
Congenital muscular torticollis: long-term follow-up of thirty-eight partial resections of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Thirty-eight patients with muscular torticollis were treated by a partial resection of the sternocleidomastoid muscle between 1970 and 1981. Clinical evaluations were performed on 35 of these patients who were followed up for 10 years (average of 11.3 years). Of 31 patients under 5 years of age at operation, good results according to Canale's criteria were obtained in 28 (90%). In four patients aged 6 years or more at operation, three showed good results. Postoperatively, massive cotton bandaging was applied with the neck in the neutral position for 3 weeks. A plaster cast, brace, or physiotherapy involving active motion training was not necessary.
Cluster headache after head injury.

SYNOPSIS Four patients developed cluster headaches after minor head injuries that caused no permanent neurologic or CT abnormalities. None had had headaches previously. The headaches of the three whose histories were known in detail either corresponded to the injury site or evolved from an earlier headache that did. Nerve injury is suggested as the mechanism by which trauma could initiate cluster headache.
Agonistic behavior between pregnant mice and male intruders

Female mice in three reproductive states (pregnant, pseudopregnant, or natural estrous cycling) encountered a male intruder in the female's home cage. Although females and males exhibited both aggressive and submissive behaviors, females exhibited significantly more aggressive and less submissive behaviors than males. In addition, late gestational females displayed greatest frequency and duration of aggressive behaviors. The possible influences of the hormones of pregnancy and the home cage advantage of the female are discussed.
Sticking Together Classroom Diversity and Civic Education

How does classroom racial diversity affect the civic dimension of American adolescents’ education? Does a high level of diversity correlate with more or less discussion of political issues, a key c...
The impact of myelography on the treatment results for medulloblastoma

Abstract Two series of newly diagnosed patients with medulloblastoma are compared in terms ofsurvival, relapse-free survival, and sites of relapse. Patients in series I were all diagnosed and treated prior to 1974 and did not have the benefit of myelography and CSF cytology for staging. All patients treated after 1974 had myelography and most had CSF cytology studies prior to radiotherapy. In addition, patients in the fatter series were all followed with CT scanning. Improved survival and relapse-free survival rates were seen in the series II patients. Approximately 30% of the staged patients have had abnormal myelograms. It is suggested that involved portions of the cord be treated with higher doses than the usual prophylactic doses. The better results seen in the series II patients are probably due in part to a combination of adequate staging with radiation doses to the neuraxis based on the staging, close followup with CT scanning, and aggressive re-treatment of relapses.
Phenotypic Variability: Its Components, Measurement and Underlying Developmental Processes

Variability contrasts with variation in that variability describes the potential for variation, not simply the expressed variation. The power of studying variability lies in creating a conceptual framework around which the relationship between the genotype and phenotype can be understood. Here, we attempt to demonstrate the importance of phenotypic variability, how it structures variation, and how fundamental developmental processes structure variability. Given the broad scope of this topic, we focus on three widely studied properties of variability: canalization, developmental stability and morphological integration. We have organized the paper to emphasize the importance of differentiating between the theory surrounding these components of phenotypic variability, their measurement and the biological factors surrounding their expression. First, we define these properties of variability, how they relate to each other and to variability as a whole. Second, we summarize the common methods of measurement for canalization, developmental stability and morphological integration and the reasoning behind these methods. Finally, we focus on jaw development as an example of how the basic processes of development affect variability and the resultant variation, with emphasis on how processes at all levels of the organismal hierarchy interact with one another and contribute to phenotypic variability.
Production of Spherical UO2‐UC2 for Nuclear Fuel Applications Using Thermochemical Principles

A process for the fabrication of uranium dioxide-uranium dicarbide microspheres for use as an advanced nuclear fuel is described. The uranium-carbon-oxygen phase diagram was used extensively in applying thermochemical principles to the combined process of uranium carbide synthesis and kernel sintering. Variation of the partial pressure of carbon monoxide during the carbothermic reduction of urania plus carbon allowed the kernel composition and density to be controlled. X-ray diffraction, microstructural examination, and detailed chemical analyses were used to identify the kernel composition. A procedure was developed to convert urania plus carbon microspheres produced by a wet-chemical gelation process to a highly dense UO/sub 2/-UC/sub 2/ product at 1550/sup 0/C.
The dynamics of imploding liners in magnetic flux compression experiments

A simple explosive-driven flux compression device is described which generates magnetic fields up to 4 MG. Results from experiments with these devices as well as from other laboratories are analysed from the point of view of energy transfer. It is possible to arrive at realistic estimates of the peak field that can be achieved in any given flux compression experiment in which radiative energy transfer may be neglected. This involves the efficiency of energy transfer from the explosive to the liner, the diffusion of magnetic flux, and the rapid final deceleration of the inner liner surface due to the formation of a shock wave. Also discussed are the plastic deformation energy, the influence of the initial field, and the effects of convergence thickening and gradual extraction of energy from the liner; these are found to have little influence on the peak field. In particular, the last two effects have a tendency to cancel each other out.
HLA class I antigen expression as a measure of response to antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B

HLA class I antigen expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated by flow cytometry in 21 HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Measurements were made before, during or after treatment with recombinant interferon-α-2b, either given alone or after a 6 wk course of prednisone. Immunohistochemical staining for human leukocyte class I antigen was also evaluated in 28 percutaneous liver biopsy specimens either obtained before or after therapy (N = 27) and during therapy in one instance. The amount of HLA class I antigen on peripheral blood mononuclear cells varied markedly among individual patients, but the overall results indicated that the level of inducible antigen did not correlate with increments of ALT during therapy or with a virological response to therapy. Hepatocyte staining for HLA class I antigen was observed in a minority of biopsy specimens (29%) and also did not appear to predict a response or correlate with the severity of histological disease. These data do not support current theories concerning pathogenetic mechanisms in chronic hepatitis B nor do they suggest that spontaneous display of HLA class I antigen on hepatocytes or interferon-induced expression of these antigens on peripheral blood mononuclear cells is a critical determinant for a response to therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:820–825.)
Spiritual performance from an organizational perspective: the Starbucks way

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate spiritual performance from the perspective of a globally operating corporation.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses spirituality at work as its subject‐matter and takes the form of a literature review. The paper approaches the topic by: giving a general overview of the shift in global corporate behavior; a short historical review of American business culture; defining workplace spirituality; examining Starbucks Corporation's performance from three angles: suppliers and societies, employees, and customers; and a conclusion and postscript.Findings – The paper finds that: spiritual behavior at the organizational level does lead to enhanced corporate performance; workplace spirituality, when encouraged by top management, is oftentimes instigated by personal life experiences; and spiritual behavior, at the organizational level, leads to advantages for multiple stakeholders.Research limitations/implications – Limitations to the research are that the r...
Autologous blood collection: The hospital perspective

Autologous transfusion is recognized as the safest form of transfusion available. By using autologous components many of the potential untoward effects of allogeneic transfusion are avoided, including the risk of disease transmission, alloimmunization, transfusion reaction, and modulation of immune function. Furthermore, in times of shortage there is a guarantee that appropriate blood will be available for the specific donor’s anticipated needs. Although autologous transfusion has theoretically been available for as long as blood transfusion has been possible, it was little used until the recent epidemic of ADS provided the medical and sociological impetus for this theory to become a standard of care. Autclogous donor services can be provided in one of four ways: (1) through hospital-based programs, (2) through community blood centers, (3) through independent for-profit programs, and (4) through a combination of these various facilities. The intent of this article is to focus on hospital-based aspects of the evolving autologous blood procurement system. It appears likely that hospitals un-
Effect of Estrogen on Lysosomal Enzyme Activities in Rat Heart

The activities per microgram DNA of five lysosomal enzymes [cathepsin D, cathepsin B, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-NAG), beta-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase] were measured in homogenates of female and male rat (Sprague-Dawley) hearts. Female rats were studied during stages of the estrous cycle and at 3 weeks after ovariectomy. Three-week-postovariectomized female rats and intact male rats were injected subcutaneously with 17 beta-estradiol-3-benzoate. Lysosomal enzyme activities in the male rat heart were more responsive to exogenous estradiol than were activities in the female rat heart. Cathepsin B, beta-NAG, and beta-glucuronidase were increased dramatically in the male rat heart upon short-term administration of estrogen (4 days). In both female and male rat hearts, activities of two lysosomal proteinases, cathepsins B and D, were reduced significantly (approximately 50%) by extended administration of estrogen for 10 days.
Transforming growth factor-β1 in plasma and liver of children with liver disease

Although several liver diseases of childhood, particularly biliary atresia(BA) and cystic fibrosis (CF) liver disease (CFLD) are characterized by hepatic fibrosis, the pathogenesis of this process is incompletely understood. The cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been implicated in hepatic fibrosis in experimental animals, in which both the hepatic expression and plasma concentration of this cytokine are increased. The objective of our study was to determine whether there are similar alterations of TGF-β1 in patients with hepatic fibrosis secondary to either BA and/or CFLD. The study design was as follows. In study 1, plasma TGF-β1 was assessed by ELISA in 9 children with BA undergoing liver transplantation, 11 patients with CFLD, and appropriate control subjects. In study 2, hepatic expression of TGF-β1 protein (assessed immunohistochemically) and hepatic fibrosis were scored semiquantitatively, on a 1-3 scale, by blinded investigators, in archival liver biopsy specimens from 10 children with BA, 10 with CFLD, and from 10 older children with normal hepatic histology, as well as in 4 patients with liver diseases of various etiologies. Simultaneous plasma and liver TGF-β1 studies were performed in 8 patients with liver disease. Results were as follows. Plasma TGF-β1 values were inversely correlated with age in healthy subjects(r = -0.54, p < 0.0001). The plasma TGF-β1 protein of children with BA was decreased (13 ± 2 ng/mL) compared with values for healthy children (42 ± 6 ng/mL, n = 10,p < 0.005). Similarly, the plasma TGF-β1 concentration in patients with CFLD was also decreased compared with values for children with CF and normal serum liver profiles (n = 14) (2 ± 1 ng/mL versus 12 ± 1, p < 0.05). However, the plasma TGF-β1 concentration was increased in two patients with other types of liver disease. The hepatic expression of TGF-β1 was increased in the presence of hepatic fibrosis in all types of liver diseases studied. Forty-six percent of patients had both marked hepatic fibrosis and marked TGF-β1 labeling; 86% of samples without fibrosis showed no TGF-β1 labeling, p = 0.007. In conclusion, these studies have established the association of hepatic TGF-β1 protein and hepatic fibrosis in several common liver diseases of childhood. Our data also suggest that, in children, plasma TGF-β1 does not appear to be a useful marker of hepatic expression of this cytokine.
Variation tolerant 9T SRAM cell design

Nanoscale SRAM memory design has become increasingly challenging due to the reducing noise margins and increased sensitivity to threshold voltage variations. These issues oppose our ability to achieve stable bitcells and acceptable performance while maintaining density using the standard six-transistor(6T) circuit. To overcome these challenges, researchers have proposed different topologies for SRAMs with single-ended 8T, 9T, 10T bitcell designs. These designs improve the cell stability in the subthreshold regime but suffer from bit-line leakage noise, placing constraints on the number of cells shared by each bitline. In this paper, we propose a novel 9T SRAM cell topology which achieves both cell stability as well as prevents bit-line leakage. With the proposed 9T SRAM circuit, the read static noise margin is nearly twice that of conventional 6T SRAM circuit. Furthermore, the bitline leakage power consumption of the proposed 9T SRAM cell is reduced by up to 79\%, 76\% and 39\% when compared to the previously published 8T, 10T and 9T SRAM cells, respectively.
AN APPROXIMATE THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF SHELLS

Abstract An approximate theoretical procedure is presented which may be used to estimate the dynamic plastic response of arbitrarily shaped shells. The influence of finite-deflections is retained in the analysis, but material elasticity, strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity are disregarded. The two particular cases of a complete spherical shell which is subjected to a spherically symmetric pressure pulse and a fully clamped cylindrical shell loaded impulsively are considered in some detail. It is observed that the predictions for these two cases agree favourably with the results of more exact rigid-plastic theories.
Theory of 3-phase bridge magnetic amplifier: I ¿ Steady state

The primary object of this paper is to develop a theory for the 3-phase bridge magnetic amplifier. A further object is to describe the utilization of this theory to arrive at design and performance equations which are sufficiently simple and accurate for engineering purposes. Part I deals with the steady-state operation, and Part II (which is planned for future publication) with the transient performance. Because of space limitations, the full description of the circuit components has been relegated to Part II.
A straightforward radiometric technique for measuring IMP dehydrogenase.

Abstract [2- 3 H]Inosinic acid ([2- 3 H]IMP) has been biosynthesized in good yield from [2- 3 H]hypoxanthine and PRPP via the action of a partially purified preparation of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyl transferase from mouse brain. The product was purified in one step by ascending paper chromatography, and used to assess the activity of IMP dehydrogenase. To conduct the assay, tritiated substrate is admixed with enzyme in a final volume of 10 μl; NAD is present to serve as cofactor for the reaction, and allopurinol to inhibit the oxidation of any hypoxanthine generated as a consequence of side reactions. After an appropriate period of incubation, the 3 H 2 O arising from the oxidation of tritiated IMP via [ 3 H]NAD is isolated by quantitative microdistillation. Performed as described, the assay is facile, sensitive, and accurate, with the capability of detecting the dehydrogenation of as little as 1 pmol of [ 3 H]IMP. Using it, measurements have been made of IMP dehydrogenase in a comprehensive array of mouse organs. Of these, pancreas contained the enzyme at the highest specific activity.
Towards optimal priority assignments for the transactional event handlers of P-FRP

Priority-based Functional Reactive Programming (P-FRP) is a new functional programming formalism for real-time systems. P-FRP allows static priority assignment and guarantees real-time response by preempting lower priority tasks. Due to the state-less nature, preempted tasks are aborted and restarted after higher priority tasks have completed execution. Therefore, the rate-monotonic (RM) priority assignment is not optimal in P-FRP, and it has been unknown whether an optimal fixed priority assignment can even exist for such an execution model. In this paper, we first present the priority assignment characteristics of P-FRP. We then discuss the priority assignment in a task set with two tasks. We derive the conditions when the RM priority assignment is optimal and show that at least one of RM or utilization-monotonic (UM) is the optimal for the task set with two tasks. We prove the optimal priority assignment for a general P-FRP system having more than two tasks exists when the period of the task is a multiple of others. Experimental results using task sets of different sizes are also presented.
Evaluation of methyl iodide as a soil fumigant in container and small field plot studies

Methyl iodide was evaluated as a soil fumigant as a potential replacement for the widely used soil fumigant methyl bromide. In container trials, methyl iodide was significantly more effective than methyl bromide against the plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, Heterodera schachtii and Tylenchulus semipenetrans and the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. In small field plots, soil populations of root-knot nematodes were no longer detected after methyl iodide fumigation at an application rate of 112 kg ha-1. However, after growing a susceptible lima bean host for two months, substantial root-knot galling occurred, while Rhizobium nodulation was absent. At 168 kg ha-1 of methyl iodide, root-knot galling was reduced to less than 1%, and no Pythium propagules were recovered on selective detection media. These efficacy data support the conclusion that methyl iodide is a likely candidate for replacing methyl bromide as a soil fumigant. © 1998 SCI.
Nondestructive characterization of Salisbury screen and Jaumann absorbers using a clamped rectangular waveguide geometry

Abstract A nondestructive technique to characterize Salisbury screen and Jaumann absorbers is presented. The proposed method utilizes two flanged rectangular waveguides to unambiguously determine the permittivities of two-layer dielectric absorbers. The derivation of the theoretical reflection and transmission coefficients, necessary to determine material under test permittivities, is presented. The derivation makes use of Love’s equivalence principle and the continuity of transverse magnetic fields to formulate a system of coupled magnetic field integral equations. These integral equations are solved using the Method of Methods to yield theoretical scattering parameters. The unknown permittivities are then found using nonlinear least squares. To validate the proposed nondestructive technique, measurement results of three two-layer dielectric absorbers are presented and analyzed. In addition, an extensive error analysis is performed on the extracted permittivity values. The results of the proposed method are found to be in good agreement with the results returned by traditional, destructive waveguide transmission/reflection approaches.
Technical And Historical Overview Of The Study At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Of Porous Antireflection Coatings

The testing program leading to selection of antireflection coatings for the NOVA laser is reviewed. Limiting problems that prevented use of some coating technologies are described, and estimates are made of the current value of pursuing solutions to those problems.
Use of Drawings to Explore U.S. Women's Perspectives on Why People Might Decline HIV Testing

The purpose of this research is to explore through drawings and verbal descriptions women's perspectives about reasons why persons might decline human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing. We asked 30 participants to draw a person that would NOT get tested for HIV and then explain drawings. Using qualitative content analysis, we extracted seven themes. We found apprehension about knowing the result of an HIV test to be the most commonly identified theme in women's explanations of those who would not get tested. This technique was well received and its use is extended to HIV issues.
The Fruitfly Neuromuscular Junction Flexes Its Muscle

Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of many species have often paved the way to important discoveries because of their large size and accessibility for experimental manipulation. During the past decade, the popularity of fruitfly NMJs has sharply risen because elegant electrophysiological techniques have been combined with very sophisticated genetic and molecular tools to provide key insights into the development and function of the NMJ. The recent release of the entire sequence of the fly genome will greatly accelerate research in this field and probably attract more biologists to study these synapses.
The modulating effect of an inhibitor of cholesterolgenesis present in bovine milk upon the synthesis of cholesterol, dolichol and ubiquinone

Abstract Bovine milk contains two inhibitors of hepatic cholesterolgenesis. One of these, identified as orotic acid, influences the early segment of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and suppresses the conversion of acetate to mevalonate. In this study the other inhibitor was shown to curtail the formation of compounds past farnesyl pyrophosphate on the squalene-cholesterol branch of the pathway. Thus cholesterol synthesis may be suppressed while the production of two other products of the branched pathway, dolichol and ubiquinone, is allowed to continue. The possible role of these ingested regulators in the metabolism of the young until they achieve sufficient development is discussed.
Gallium, germanium, indium and iridium variations in a suite of L-group chondrites

Abstract Replicate neutron-activation determinations of Ga, Ge, In and Ir have been carried out in 26 members of the L-group chondrites, including at least 6 members of each of the known petrologic types. Indium varies by a factor of 1000 within the suite, from a high of 55 ppb in Hallingeberg to a low of 0·048 ppb in Peace River. The indium concentrations are strongly correlated with those of primordial Ar 36 and Xe 132 , total C, and with the degree of inhomogeneity of the ferromagnesium silicates. These data cannot be explained by any of the current theories for the fractionation of volatile elements, though the addition of a third component to the Anders two-component model seems to provide a means for explaining the variations. Even so, the remarkable anti-correlation of In and the rare gases with evidence of metamorphism remains enigmatic. Concentrations of the siderophilic elements, Ga, Ge and Ir, are not correlated with petrologic type, nor with In or rare gas concentration. These elements are positively correlated with the Ni and metallic Fe contents of the meteorites, and negative correlations are found between the concentrations of Ga, Ir, Ni, and metallic Fe and the Fe/Fe + Mg ratios of the olivine. If data from 6 chondrites which may be members of the LL group are discarded, the strength of the correlations is greatly reduced, but the true situation is believed to be closer to that represented by the data as a whole. A model is proposed which accounts for the observations; according to this model a metal-silicate fractionation occurred in such a way that the final oxidation state of the silicate inversely correlated with the metal-silicate ratio, but Prior's rules do not hold in the quantitative sense. The metal-silicate fractionation is thought to have occurred during the accretion of the parent body, in which case a portion of the metal along with some reducing material may have represented an additional component of the primative solar nebula.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF FREIGHTER AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS IN THE PACIFIC BASIN

Abstract The expansion of scheduled freighter aircraft operations is a prominent feature of the contemporary international airline industry. By 2000, more than 1600 freighter aircraft were in use worldwide, with much of that capacity deployed on routes in the Pacific Basin. This paper evaluates the factors that shape the geography of scheduled freighter aircraft operations with particular attention given to the place of individual Asian cities within that geography. The paper also examines the separate spatial strategies exhibited by the scheduled freighter operations of two important categories of cargo airlines: the express carriers like FedEx and the combination carriers like Lufthansa.
To cool or not to cool during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest improves neurologic outcome following adult ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest and perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Evaluation of therapeutic hypothermia in the pediatric cardiac arrest population has been limited thus far to retrospective evaluations and to date there have been no published prospective efficacy trials. Two retrospective pediatric cohort studies showed no benefit from hypothermia compared to usual care. The timing (intra-arrest or post-arrest) and duration of hypothermia may impact patient outcome. While overshoot hypothermia <32°C, hypokalemia, and bradycardia are commonly associated with induced hypothermia, the risks of severe arrhythmia and bleeding are no worse than in normothermic controls. Despite this, rewarming has been identified as a vulnerable time for hypotension and seizure activity and may attribute to worse outcome. The American Heart Association’s current recommendation is “therapeutic hypothermia (32-34...
New quadrature formulas based on the zeros of Jacobi polynomials

Abstract The main object of this paper is to construct a new quadrature formula based on the zeros of the polynomial (1 − x 2 ) P ( α , β ) n ( x ) P ( α , β )′ n ( x ), where P ( α , β ) n ( x ) is the Jacobi polynomial of degree n . It is interesting to mention that this quadrature formula is closely related to the well-known Gaussian Quadrature formula, and above all the coefficients are also nonnegative. Thus, the quadrature formula stated in Theorem 1 converges to ∫ 1 −1 f ( x )(1 − x ) α (1 + x ) β dx .
Van Hove singularity induced competition between superconductivity and structural instability in high-Tc superconductors

Abstract The van Hove singularity can enhance structural and magnetic instabilities, which can compete with superconductivity. Evidence for such instabilities, including dynamical fluctuations and pseudogaps, is presented.
The effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for personality disorders when comparing treatment-as-usual and bona fide treatments.

Abstract Objective The purpose of Study 1 was to examine the relative efficacy of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) when compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU) for adults diagnosed with a personality disorder (PD). The purpose of Study 2 was to investigate the strength of the differences between bona fide psychotherapeutic treatments for PDs. Method Two separate computerized searches were conducted of: (a) studies that directly compared an EBT with a TAU for treatment of PDs, or (b) studies that compared at least two bona fide treatments for PDs. Meta-analytic methods were used to estimate the effectiveness of the treatments when compared to one another and to model how various confounding variables impacted the results of this comparative research. Results A total of 30 studies (Study 1; N = 1662) were included in the meta-analysis comparing EBTs to TAU. A total of 12 studies (Study 2; N = 723) were included in the meta-analysis comparing bona fide treatments. Study 1 found that EBTs were superior to TAU, although the TAU conditions were not comparable in many respects (e.g., not psychotherapy, lacking supervision, lacking training, etc.) to the EBT and there was significant heterogeneity in the effects. Study 2 found that some bona fide treatments were superior to others.
Raman analysis of phonon lifetimes in AlN and GaN of wurtzite structure

Raman analyses of the lifetimes of phonons in GaN and AlN crystallites of wurtzite structure are presented. In order to ensure the accuracy of the measurement of the phonon lifetimes, an experimental procedure to eliminate the broadening due to the finite slit width was performed. The lifetime analyses indicate that the phonon lifetimes in AlN as well as in GaN fall into two main time regimes: a relatively long time of the ${E}_{2}^{1}$ mode and much shorter times of the ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{TO})$ modes. The lifetimes of the ${E}_{2}^{1},$ ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ $A1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ modes of an high-quality AlN crystallite are 4.4, 0.83, 0.91, 0.76, and 0.45 ps, respectively. Moreover, the lifetime of the $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ mode found in this study is consistent with the current phonon-decay model of that mode in wurtzite structure materials. The lifetimes of ${E}_{2}^{1},$ ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{TO})$ of a GaN crystallite were found to be 10.1, 1.4, 0.95, and 0.46 ps, respectively. The $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ mode in the GaN was not observed and its absence is attributed to plasmon damping. The lifetime shortening due to impurities was also studied: the lifetimes of the Raman modes of an AlN crystallite, which contains about two orders of magnitude more Si and C impurities relative to the concentration of the high-quality crystallite were found to be 50% shorter.
Efficiency in Breast Imaging

Breast imaging is the core of all comprehensive breast centers whether the breast centers are academic- or community-based and whether they are hospital- or physician-owned. Breast imaging is typically the only procedural activity in the breast center and is usually the sole source of financial support for the breast center components. As such, breast imaging must be implemented carefully with special attention to efficiency, productivity, and costs.
SKELETAL CHARACTERS AND THE GENERA OF BLACKBIRDS (ICTERIDAE)

Abstract Comparison of the skeletons of 92 of the 99 species of Icteridae resulted in some revision of the generic classification. The most useful characters were length of the retroarticular process of the mandible, presence or absence of a free lacrimal bone, shape of the tarsometatarsus, nature of the bony casque, and nature of the pneumotricipital fossa. On the basis of skeletal features I recommend these changes in the classification of Blake (1968) as modified by Short (1968, 1975): Amblycercus should be recognized; Oreopsar should be submerged in Gnorimopsar; no subfamilies should be recognized; a different sequence of genera should be adopted. Caracteres del Esqueleto y los Generos de la Familia Icteridae Resumen. La comparacion de los esqueletos de 92 de las 99 especies de icteridos resulto en algunas revisiones de la clasificacion generica. Los caracteres mas utiles fueron la longitud del proceso retroarticular de la mandibula, la presencia o ausencia de un hueso lacrimal libre, la forma del tar...
Computed Tomography of Neuroblastic Tumors in Children

Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 16 children with neuroblastic tumors. CT aided significantly in the accurate preoperative delineation of tumor extent and in the demonstration of tumor features not visualized by conventional radiography. CT provided excellent postoperative follow-up, particularly in assessing the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The results of CT, ultrasound, radionuclide imaging, and conventional radiography have been compared.
Estimation of vibrational frequencies and vibrational densities of states in isotopically substituted nonlinear triatomic molecules

For use in unimolecular reactions, a simple method is introduced for obtaining the unknown vibration frequencies of the many asymmetric isotopomers of a molecule from those of the symmetric ones. The method is illustrated for a triatomic molecule XYZ, ozone. It is based on the neglect of a single G matrix element in the GF expression for XYZ, yielding for it a block-factored expression of the XYX type for the frequencies of all the isotopomers XYZ. It agrees with available data to the accuracy needed, a few cm^(-1). The first-order perturbation vanishes. (The zeroth-order case is not a symmetric molecule since it contains all three masses.) A simple second-order perturbation result for the GF matrix using data for one asymmetric isotopomer then provides agreement to about 1 cm^(-1). The virtues of the method are its simplicity, transparency, and novelty, though normally one would use much more general methods such as ASYM 20 or 40. The method itself is not restricted to triatomic molecules.
Transitional arc discharges-reactor design & applications

Summary form only given. This present work reports new reactor designs to achieve the transient GA discharge in cylindrical 'tornado' geometry with a high degree of non-equilibrium and simultaneously high energy density. Reverse Vortex Flow (RVF) or 'Tornado' provided the high velocity necessary to move GA discharge over the electrodes with long residence time inside reactor, recirculation of active species, a long discharge column, high power and cylindrical reactor geometry suitable for industrial systems. Different reactors were designed and tested for applications including syn-gas generation, combustion ignition and support, etc. Gas temperature in the case of transitional discharges in gliding arc was in the order of 2,000-4,000 K, which was much less than the electron temperature (>10,000 K). The frequency of the present GAT cycle involving the elongation, extinction and reignition varied according to the gas rate. As the flow rate of air varied from 0.5 L/s to 2.5 L/s, the gliding arc frequency varied from 100 Hz to 500 Hz. The electric field in transitional plasmas was relatively strong, and both translational and electron temperatures were strongly coupled. Since the decrease of the temperature in the translational plasma resulted in the increase of the electric field and electron temperature, we conclude that the plasma became more non-equilibrium.
Frequency of attendance at religious services, overweight, and obesity in American women and men: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Purpose Few data have been published on the association of overweight and obesity and indices of religiousness, a putative protective factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, in representative samples of multiethnic total populations. Methods To test the hypothesis that frequency of attendance at religious services is unrelated to the prevalence of overweight and obesity, the following data from American men and women aged 20 years and older (N = 16,657) in a cross-sectional survey of a large national sample, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, were analyzed: self-reported frequency of attendance at religious services, cigarette smoking, health status, sociodemographic variables, and measured body mass index (BMI). Results In persons 20 years and older, 58% of frequent attenders (≥52 times/y) and 53% of others were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ). After stratifying to eliminate interactions in a logistic regression model and controlling for sociodemographics, smoking, and health status, no significant association was seen in European-American women overall. In all others, the significant positive associations of frequency of attendance and overweight could be explained by these other variables (fully adjusted odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–1.36; p = 0.08). The same was true for obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ). Conclusion In a national sample of the US population, the prevalence of overweight or obesity is greater in self-reported frequent attenders of religious services than in others, but the association was explained by controlling for multiple sociodemographic and health variables.
Rebuilding and new housing development after wildfire

The number of wildland-urban interface communities affected by wildfire is increasing, and both wildfire suppressionandlossesare costly.However, littleisknownaboutpost-wildfireresponsebyhomeowners andcommunities after buildings are lost. Our goal was to characterise rebuilding and new development after wildfires across the conterminous United States. We analysed all wildfires in the conterminous USA from 2000 to 2005. We mapped 42724 buildings, of which 34836 were present before the fire and survived, 3604 were burned, 2403 were post-fire new development, and 1881 were burned and rebuilt. Before the fires, 38440 buildings were present within fire perimeters (surviving plus burned). Within 5 years post-fire, there were 39120 buildings (surviving, rebuilt and new development). Nationally, only 25% of burned homes were rebuilt within 5 years, though rates were higher in the west, the south and Kansas.Newdevelopmentratesinsideversusoutsidefireperimetersweresimilar.Thatthenumberofbuildingsinsidefire perimeters within 5 years post-fire was greater than pre-fire indicated that homeowners are either willing to face wildfire risks or are unaware of them; or that economic incentives to rebuild in the same place outweigh perceived risks. Additional keywords: building digitalisation, fire perimeters, fire-adapted communities, post-wildfire community response, rebuilding patterns, wildland-urban interface.
Digraph-based models for automated HAZOP analysis

Hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis is a systematic hazard identification procedure for predicting the various adverse consequences that might arise in a chemical plant due to abnormal causes. HAZOP analysis is typically performed by a group of experts by systematically considering all possible deviations from normal behavior of a process plant. This is a labor- and knowledge-intensive problem that can benefit from automation. Towards that goal, a framework using digraph-based models is described in this paper. The HAZOP-digraph models of the process units are developed in a process independent manner so that they can be used in a wide variety of process flowsheets. Based on this framework, an expert system for performing HAZOP analysis has been implemented in an object-oriented architecture using the expert system shell G2. A graphical HAZOP-Digraph model building tool is provided to let the user develop new models or add more knowledge to the existing models of the process units. The performance of this system was evaluated on an industrial HAZOP case study of a sour water stripping plant. The salient features of the expert system and its performance for this case study are described.