cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Governmental environment and nongovernmental behavior: Corporate responsiveness to formal integration of the European community☆

Abstract Although it has been argued that the governmental environment has an important influence on corporate activities, limited systematic and empirical research has been undertaken to study this relationship. This is especially true for regional integration efforts where it is widely assumed that enterprises (and particularly transnational ones) quickly take advantage of new regional opportunities created by government policies. This article examines therefore the question of whether or not integration (more specifically, the European community) affects the behavior of corporate elite members in the Federal Republic of Germany and their enterprises-important nongovernmental actors within the integrating area. First, a theoretical framework is introduced that analytically and phenomenally distinguishes formal governmental and behavioral aspects of integration. Subsequent analysis suggests, among other things, that the strategies of enterprises do not necessarily follow (respond to) governmental integration. The impact of governmental integration on the attitudes and behavior of nongovernmental actors appears to be limited, selective, and uneven in character.
MABWISER: Parallelizable Contextual Multi-armed Bandits

Contextual multi-armed bandit algorithms are an effective approach for online sequential decision-making problems. However, there are limited tools available to support their adoption in the commun...
The significance of ASC-H and LSIL dual interpretation with risk stratification: one institution experience.

Introduction The 2014 Bethesda System categorizes squamous lesions as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). It also includes intermediate morphologic terminology, such as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and atypical squamous cells, cannot rule out a high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H). Consensus is lacking if when ASC-H is present in an unequivocal LSIL (LSIL + ASC-H) versus ASC-H alone predicts a neoplasm with a different biologic behavior and which is its association with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Materials and methods We reviewed the Columbia University Medical Center Pathology department patient’s database from October 2012 through December 2014 and found 2498 cytology samples of LSIL, ASC-H, HSIL, and LSIL + ASC-H with both follow-up histologic samples and HPV tests by Roche cobas. Our objective was to identify, if any, differences in biologic behavior and HPV status present in LSIL + ASC-H compared with ASC-H and other lesions. Results CIN2+ was documented in tissue examination in 102 from 311 LSIL + ASC-H (32.8%), 101 from 219 ASC-H (46.1%), 252 from 326 HSIL+ (77.3%), and 150 from 1642 LSIL (9.08%). HPV distribution shows significant differences between all diagnostic categories. Conclusions LSIL + ASC-H appears to have a distinctive HPV distribution pattern that clearly differs from ASC-H and LSIL and approaches HSIL; however, the predictive value for CIN2+ appears higher for ASC-H than LSIL + ASC-H. Our literature review identified conflicting findings, probably suggesting a lack of reproducibility in cytologic criteria and the need for consistent inclusion of ASC-H and LSIL when both are present.
Reclaiming to Brackish Wetlands in the Alberta Oil Sands: Comparison of Responses to Sodium Concentrations by Carex atherodes and Carex aquatilis.

The variation in sodium concentrations in waters of natural fens and marshes on the western Canadian landscape provides a background for choosing the appropriate plants for wetland reclamation. Broad tolerances to salinity are especially important for reclamation trials on saline-rich ‘in-pits’ that were left from open-pit oil sands mining. One such species, Carex aquatilis, has been identified as a key species in early reclamation attempts; however, at the Sandhill Wetland on the Syncrude Canada oil sands lease, this species has aggressively colonized, dominating parts of the wetland and limiting species diversity. A second species, also widespread on natural lake shores and marshes, is Carex atherodes, with field observations suggesting a broad tolerance to salinity. Here, we examine the responses of this species to a series of sodium concentrations and compare these to those of C. aquatilis. In particular, we addressed three questions: (1) How do structural attributes of C. atherodes respond to a series of Na+ concentration treatments? (2) Are different structural responses related to the functional attributes of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and/or transpiration rate? (3) How do these responses compare to those of C. aquatilis? We implemented a phytotron experiment to test the responses of these two species to either five or six concentrations of sodium, ranging from 20 to 3000 mg Na+ L−1. In general, structural responses of C. atherodes did not differ between 50 and 789 mg Na+ L−1, while performances of all attributes were reduced at 1407 mg L−1. Physiological attributes had high variation, but also had reduced performances at similar treatment levels. In comparison, a clear threshold was present for structural attributes in Carex aquatilis between 1650 and 2148 mg Na+ L−1, while physiological attributes were reduced between 1035 to 1650 mg Na+ L−1. These responses from C. aquatilis were similar to those previously reported. Na+ concentrations in porewater at the Sandhill Wetland in 2019 reached as high as 1200 mg Na+ L−1, with natural subsaline and sodic sites ranging much higher. Although all of the plants in the treatments remained viable at the end of the experiment, these results indicate that Na+ concentrations above 1500–2000 mg Na+ L−1 may inhibit the growth of these two species and decrease their competitive abilities.
Sunk cost sensitivity in mice, rats, and humans on the Restaurant Row and WebSurf tasks cannot be explained by attrition biases alone

Abstract In a recent bioRxiv preprint, Ott et al. argue that sensitivities to sunk costs that have been reported in two serial foraging tasks (the Restaurant Row task in mice and rats, and the Web-Surf task in humans) may be due to simple consequences of the way that subjects perform these tasks and not due to an actual sensitivity to sunk costs. However, several variants of these tasks have been studied, in which the sensitivity to sunk costs changes. In order to test the Ott et al. model against these experimental observations, we simulated the model under these additional experimental conditions. We find that it is incompatible with the actual data. While we applaud the simplicity of the Ott et al. model, we must reject it as an explanation for the observed sensitivity to sunk costs seen in these tasks. We thus conclude that the alternative explanation - that mice, rats, and humans are sensitive to actual sunk costs in these tasks - is a better explanation for the data.
Reconstructive Transplantation: From Scientific Dream to Clinical Reality

Many breakthroughs in medicine, surgery, and basic and translational research enabled the development of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) from a scientific dream into a critically important reconstructive modality and clinical realty for patients not amenable to conventional treatment options. This chapter reviews the history of these developments and how they have facilitated and contributed to the advent of a new era in transplantation.
Loop Pipelining and Optimization for Run Time Reconfiguration

Lack of automatic mapping techniques is a significant hurdle in obtaining high performance for general purpose computing on reconfigurable hardware. In this paper, we develop techniques for mapping loop computations from applications onto high performance pipelined configurations. Loop statements with generalized directed acyclic graph dependencies are mapped onto multiple pipeline segments. Each pipeline segment is executed for a fixed number of iterations before the hardware is reconfigured at runtime to execute the next segment. The reconfiguration cost is amortized over the multiple iterations of the execution of the loop statements. This alleviates the bottleneck of high reconfiguration overheads in current architectures. The paper describes heuristic techniques to construct pipeline configurations which have reduced total execution time including the runtime reconfiguration overheads. The performance benefits which can be achieved using our approach are illustrated by mapping example application loop onto Virtex series FPGA from Xilinx.
School Health and Nutrition: Policy and Programs

This paper argues that there is now reliable evidence that ill health and malnutrition affect education access, participation, completion, and achievement, and that school-based health and nutrition programs can provide a cost-effective and low-cost solution. International coordination around this issue has been helped by a consensus framework to “Focus Resources on Effective School Health (FRESH),” developed jointly by UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, Education International, and the World Bank, and launched at the World Education Forum in Dakar in April 2000 as part of the global effort to achieve the goal of Education for All (EFA). The need for school health and nutrition programs as part of EFA actions is now recognized by both countries and development partners, and examples of successful practical sector programs that have gone to scale are presented for both low- and middle-income countries. This paper argues that, despite this progress, there are two key unresolved issues related to the targeting of nutritio...
Motivation to read: comparing teachers' perceptions of students' motivation with students' self-reported motivation: a pilot study

This study investigated: a) the extent that teachers' perception of students' reading motivation differ from students' self-reported motivation; b) the extent that teacher perceptions of students' reading motivation vary across student reading achievement levels; and c) the relationship between students' self-reported measures of reading motivation and their reading achievement. Participants of this study included 22 Spanish speaking elementary students and 6 teachers from a low-income area in downtown Los Angeles. Results agree with previous findings in that teachers' perceptions and students' perceptions of motivation do differ; that teachers' perceptions of students' motivation are related to students' achievement level; and finally, higher achievers and lower achievers do have different motivation orientations.
ICEbox: toward easy-to-use home networking

Home networking is becoming an essential part of everyday life. However, empirical studies and consumer reports indicate that the complexities of configuring and maintaining the home network impose a high barrier for most householders. In this paper, we explore the sources of the complexity of the home network, and describe a solution we have built to address this complexity. We have developed a prototype network appliance that acts as a centralized point of control for the home network, providing device provisioning and reprovisioning, security, discovery, and monitoring. Our solution provides a simple physical UI for network control, using pointing to introduce new devices onto the network, and a physical lock to secure network access. Results of our user studies indicate that users found this appliance both useful and usable as a network configuration and management tool.
Large Scale Damage Testing in a Production Environment

We are using laser damage test systems on a production scale to scan large castings of laser glass for the presence of damage-causing platinum inclusions. These systems support glass melting production lines at two plants; one is in the US (Schott Glass Technologies, Inc.) and the other is in Japan (Hoya Corporation). The damage test systems are designed to scan an entire glass casting using the pulsed output from a commercial Nd:YAG laser. The system is fully automated and operates unattended. Following testing, the glass casting is removed from the system and visually inspected for the presence of Pt-damage sites. We routinely test polygonally-shaped castings that are about 0.5 meter in size, weigh approximately 30 kg and contain about 7 liters of glass. It takes roughly 6 to 8 hours to test a piece of this size. To date the systems have been in use about 12 hours-per-day, up to 5 days-a-week for a period of about 15 months. Of the approximately 300 disks that have passed the damage test so far, sixty-two percent of the disks have no platinum inclusions at all and ninety-two percent have an inclusion density or less than 0.2 per liter.
LiveInfo: Adapting Web Experience by Customization and Annotation

Intermediaries are perfectly suited to customizing and annotating web pages, as they can stand in the flow of data between web browser and web server, monitoring user behavior and modifying page markup. In this paper, we present LiveInfo, an intermediary-based framework for customizing and annotating web pages. LiveInfo breaks customization and annotation into four steps: (a) splitting streaming data into useful chunks, (b) identifying meaningful patterns of chunks, (c) merging together overlapping patterns, and (d) adding markup to customize and annotate. Each of these steps is easily replaced or configured, making it simple to adapt web experience by customization and annotation.
Cell Biology of the Podocyte

Background: The terminally differentiated and highly specialized glomerular epithelial cells called podocytes function as a major barrier to protein passaging fro
Hierarchy-based access control in distributed environments

Access control is a fundamental concern in any system that manages resources, e.g., operating systems, file systems, databases and communications systems. The problem we address is how to specify, enforce, and implement access control in distributed environments. This problem occurs in many applications such as management of distributed project resources, e-newspaper and pay TV subscription services. Starting from an access relation between users and resources, we derive a user hierarchy, a resource hierarchy, and a unified hierarchy. The unified hierarchy is then used to specify the access relation in a way that is compact and that allows efficient queries. It is also used in cryptographic schemes that enforce the access relation. We introduce three specific cryptography based hierarchical schemes, which can effectively enforce and implement access control and are designed for distributed environments because they do not need the presence of a central authority (except perhaps for setup).
Ellipticity and Faraday rotation due to a two-dimensional electron gas in a metal-oxide-semiconductor system

We calculate the ellipticity and Faraday rotation due to the two-dimensional electron gas at the oxide-semiconductor interface of a metal-oxide-semiconductor system. The results obtained are radically different from those we previously obtained using the single-pass three-dimensional Drude model. To track down the difference, we extended the latter model to include boundary effects at the inversion-layer interfaces as well as multiple-reflection effects within the inversion layer, and we find that, as the inversion-layer thickness goes to zero (compared to the wave-length of the radiation), we reproduce the two-dimensional-model results.
Update in the management of head and neck cancer

Abstract Patients with head and neck cancer present numerous challenges to treating physicians. The optimum management requires a co-ordinated, multispeciality team, comprising experienced head and neck surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, pathologists, diagnostic radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians. The improved survival observed with CRT using high-dose cisplatin over RT alone warrants its use as standard care for fit patients with high risk SCCHN following surgery or as definitive therapy for patients with unresectable disease. Patients with unresectable disease also have better survival with induction CT and RT compared to RT alone. However, when the goal of therapy is preservation of the larynx, CRT is superior to both induction CT followed by RT, and RT alone. Drugs that inhibit the EGFR pathway, alone or in combination with radiation, appear promising in the treatment of patients with unresectable disease and with recurrent or metastatic disease. Local control rates may improve with wider utilization of altered fractionation schedules in CRT regimens. Intensity modulation and PET-CT fusion are improved means to target and accurately deliver radiation therapy to the head and neck. Endoscopic laser surgery and supracricoid partial laryngectomy can improve organ preservation in suitable patients.
Antiidiotypic antibodies against anti-DNA antibodies in sera of families of lupus patients.

We searched for antiidiotypes directed against anti-DNA in sera of healthy family members of lupus patients. Controls were healthy individuals without a personal or family history of lupus. No significant differences were noted between the family members' and the control group's sera with respect to binding to DNA or to non-anti-DNA F(ab′)2 fragments. Family members' sera had higher binding to anti-DNA F(ab′)2 and to normal IgG F(ab′)2 fragments (P<0.01). Sera of the family members had significantly higher binding to anti-DNA F(ab′)2 than to normal IgG F(ab′)2 fragments (P<0.0036). Inhibition experiments have shown that the antiidiotype is directed against the framework determinants and not against the antigen binding sites of the idiotype. The anti-idiotypic antibodies were directed against cross-reactive anti-DNA idiotypes and were not restricted to the idiotypes of the lupus proband. Age, sex, and blood relationship to the lupus patient did not influence the presence of antiidiotypes in the family members. The possible role of environmental factors in the induction of antiidiotypes and the role of the latter in regulating anti-DNA antibodies are discussed.
Simulating Direct and Indirect Damages to Commercial Fisheries from Marine Sand Mining: A Case Study in Korea

Rapid growth in marine sand mining for construction and other uses poses environmental challenges to coastal nations virtually worldwide. Yet the development of management policies, such as a system of fees imposed on operators for damage caused by mining, has been frustrated by a lack of studies to support such measures. Adapting a Beverton-Holt bioeconomic model, this paper attempts to contribute to the estimation of external costs to commercial fisheries due to marine mining. Using the major mining area of Ongjin in Korea as a case study, we estimate economic losses in use value of commercial fisheries through the time to recovery of the injured resource stocks. Present value of lost catch over a 1-year period from mining to resource recovery is estimated at $38,851 for a single “prototype” mining site. Estimated cumulative damages due to recurring mining for 5 and 10 years are $1.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively, at 20 mining sites. Sensitivity analyses are used to examine the effects of alternative assumptions to assess the many sources of uncertainty. Using a form of meta-analysis, dose-response information is used to assess the excess mortality the mining sediment plume has on eggs and larvae and, ultimately, on the value of lost catch ($841). Also addressed is the importance of specifying the appropriate “premining” conditions against which to assess environmental losses at the mining site. Damages estimated with premining fish populations are $23,066 higher than is the case using postmining conditions. Overall, the illustrative results suggest the variety of complex conditions which influence damage to fisheries from mining and which can benefit from further study to improve management guidelines.
Reactivity feedback mechanisms in aqueous fissile solutions

Solutions of fissile materials are often encountered during spent-fuel reprocessing. To estimate the hazards from accidental criticalities in these solutions, models have been developed to understand better the dynamics involved. Accurate representation of reactivity feedback mechanisms is a crucial part of such models. Reactivity feedback from uniform volumetric solution expansion is studied. For faster transients, density redistribution may also occur because of a variation of nuclear energy as a function of position in the assembly. Neutronic spectral temperature reactivity effects are studied by creating temperature-dependent cross sections from ENDF/B-VI data. The volumetric and temperature reactivity feedback coefficients are determined for the CRAC, KEWB-5, SILENE, and SHEBA solution assemblies. Spectral temperature coefficients are also calculated for poisoned, unpoisoned, and reflected plutonium solutions. Feedback coefficients are seen to be functions of geometry and isotopic contents of the assemblies. Results for plutonium solutions agree with other calculations, which confirms the possibility of autocatalytic excursions in large, dilute solutions.
A Vaccinia virus isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone resistance mutation maps in the viral gene encoding the 132-kDa subunit of RNA polymerase

Abstract The mutation in a vaccinia virus mutant resistant to inhibition by isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone was mapped by marker rescue. DNA from the resistant mutant was cloned into cosmid and plasmid vectors and tested for its ability to convert wild-type vaccinia virus to IBT resistant virus in a helper-mediated marker rescue protocol. Resistance was mapped in this way to a 0.9-kb DNA fragment derived from the Hin dIII A fragment of vaccinia genome. Southern blot hybridization using this DNA as a probe demonstrated that the 0.9-kb fragment is contained within the DNA sequence encoding the second largest subunit of vaccinia RNA polymerase, rpol32. Thus, mutation of rpo132 can cause resistance to IBT in vaccinia virus.
The Use of Humor, Jesting, and Playfulness With Traumatized Elderly

Current statistics indicate that there are a fair proportion of American elderly who have been traumatized in a variety of ways during their lifetime. Social workers and health care workers are likely to encounter this population in a myriad of contexts. This article presents the benefits of humorous interventions in trauma work, guidelines for its use, and case examples when working with the elderly.
Determination of 1‐nitropyrene by thin‐layer chromatography in a diesel exhaust particulate extract

A method is described for the determination of 1-nitropyrene in a diesel exhaust particulate extract by thin-layer chromatography. 1-Nitropyrene is determined as 1-aminopyrene after prechromatographic reduction and isolation by solvent partition. The fluorescence response of 1-aminopyrene is approximately 1000-fold greater than that of 1-nitropyrene. The poor fluorescence stability of 1-aminopyrene on silica gel plates prevents in situ detection by scanning densitometry unless the plates are impregnated with a mixture of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and Fomblin H-Vac. A linear response from 1 to 150 ng of 1-aminopyrene and a detection limit of 1.0 ng were obtained using the impregnated plates. For fourteen samples of a diesel exhaust particulate extract the concentration of 1-nitropyrene was determined to be 165 μg/g with an RSD = 9.0%. No significant interferences were observed from other nitro- or aminopolycyclic aromatic compounds present in the extract.
The Future of Quality Technology: From a Manufacturing to a Knowledge Economy & From Defects to Innovations

This paper was presented at the 49th Annual Fall Technical Conference in St. Louis, MO, October 2005.
Characteristics of smokeless tobacco users seeking treatment

Previous studies have described smokeless tobacco (ST) treatment seekers with minimal detail. In the present study, ST users (N = 402), who enrolled in a ST cessation treatment study, were asked to complete an extensive questionnaire that inquired about their ST use patterns, use of other tobacco products, extent of dependence, previous attempts to quit, situations associated with use and support for quitting. The results showed that this population experiences a high level of nicotine exposure and physical dependence on ST. ST use frequently is associated with negative affect situations and times of hunger. A high frequency of users have smoked cigarettes as well as cigars. A supportive social environment for ST cessation exists for these individuals. These results have implications for ST treatment content.
Party Leadership in the U.S. House of Representatives: Making Theoretical Sense of Ambition and Context

This article focuses on the policy-making activities of House Republicans in their early transition to power (104th Congress) as well as in their settling in (105th Congress). Key components of House governance, as practiced by the Democrats in the 103rd Congress, serve as a benchmark for comparison. The analysis reveals substantial differences between the size, scope, and thrust of the leaders' issue agendas. Over time, decision-making apparatus and strategies for building floor coalitions and publicizing party views vary as well. Using data from interviews with the principals and a host of sources from the government and the media, I find evidence that draws attention to the power of personal ambitions and political contexts.
Some Factors Affecting the Action of Benzoyl Peroxide in the Bleaching of Milk and Cream for Blue Cheese Manufacture

Summary Milk for Blue cheese manufacture may be bleached with benzoyl peroxide under conditions that will prevent the development of highly undesirable flavors. Using 50% carotenoid loss as an end point, cream treated at 125° and 145° F. with 0.0009% benzoyl peroxide for 90 to 120 minutes was sufficiently bleached, without the formation of objectionable oxidized and tallowy flavors. More efficient carotenoid decolorization could be effected by using cream with a higher fat content. Regardless of the original carotenoid level of raw cream, similar proportions of carotenoids were destroyed when a given concentration of benzoyl peroxide was used.
Density Variation and Isopycnic Layers

Abstract A pole-to-pole study of density deviations near the 80th meridian west is presented from the surface to 31 km altitude. Density deviations are greatest at the surface, and under extreme conditions may range from 1.0 to 2.0 kg m−2. Density decreases almost exponentially with altitude and occasionally falls below 0.01 kg m−3 at 31 km. Density deviations decrease from the surface to an isopycnic layer, which varies in height from 6 km in polar regions to 12 km at the equator. Above this isopycnic layer, density variations increase with altitude to a maximum density deviation layer. This maximum density deviation layer occurs along the base of the summer tropopause and is approximately the center of the tropospheric wind maximum. The maximum density deviation layer is parallel to, and 50 per cent higher in altitude than the lower isopycnic layer. A weaker, second isopycnic layer is shown above and parallel to the maximum density deviation layer; this second isopycnic layer is found in tropical region...
A note on the roundoff error in the Numerov algorithm

Abstract Roundoff error is investigated in solutions of the partial wave Schroedinger's equation by Numerov's method. The uncommon summed form of the algorithm is shown to be superior in this regard and is recommended. Various details and analytic solutions are discussed.
A bounded distributed connectivity preserving aggregation strategy with collision avoidance property

Abstract This paper presents a bounded connectivity preserving control strategy for the aggregation of multi-agent systems. The problem is investigated for two cases of single-integrator agents and unicycles. Under the proposed control strategy, if two agents are in the connectivity range at some point in time, they will stay connected thereafter. The agents finally aggregate while avoiding collision in such a way that the average of the distances between every pair of neighboring agents is bounded by a pre-specified positive real number, which can be chosen arbitrarily small. The results are developed based on some important characteristics of the positive limit set of the closed-loop system under the proposed control strategy and a fundamental property of convex real functions. The theoretical results are verified by simulation.
Polytetramethylglykolid. I. Synthese und Eigenschaften von Polytetramethylglykolid

Durch azeotrope Dehydratisierung wurde α-Hydroxyisobuttersaure in einer Ausbeute von 70% zu Tetramethylglykolid (TMG) dimerisiert. Die Polymerisation von TMG bei 120 bis 140°C in Substanz mit Lithium-tert-butylat als Initiator ergibt in Ausbeuten uber 90% Polytetramethylglykolid (PTMG) mit Molekulargewichten bis 250 000. Der Mechanismus der Polymerisation wird diskutiert. PTMG last sich thermoplastisch zu einem hart-sproden Glas mit relativ hoher Zugfestigkeit, Biegefestigkeit und Kugeldruckharte, aber geringer Schlagzahigkeit verarbeiten. Aus Losung konnen Filme hergestellt werden. α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid was dimerised by azeotropic dehydration to give tetramethyl glycolide (TMG) in a yield of 70 percent. Polymerization of TMG in bulk at 120 to 140°C with lithium tert-butylate as initiator gives polytetramethyl glycolide (PTMG) of molecular weights up to 250,000 in a yield of more than 90 percent. The mechanism of polymerization is discussed. PTMG can be processed thermoplastically into a hard, brittle glass of relatively high tensile strength, flexural strength and ball indentation hardness, though of low impact strength. Solutions of the polymer can be processed to films.
Theoretical and Empirical Considerations of Resourcefulness

Resourcefulness is important in preventing depression and promoting mental health. Three theoretical dimensions of resourcefulness are identified: self-control, self-direction, and self-efficacy. This small study evaluates Rosenbaum's (1980) Self-Control Schedule (SCS) as a measure of resourcefulness and provides initial reliability and validity estimates. Nursing clinicians were able to classify 83% of the SCS items into the three theoretical dimensions of resourcefulness. Subscales resulting from this classification were internally consistent. Factor analysis conducted in samples of depressed and nondepressed adults supported the classification of the SCS items. Future research is recommended to establish usefulness of the SCS instrument as an outcome measure of nursing interventions designed to promote resourcefulness.
Determination of Critical Parameters in Platelet Margination

An investigation of margination dependence on hematocrit, platelet shape, and viscosity ratio of plasma to cytoplasm is presented. Whole blood is modeled as a suspension of deformable red blood cells (RBCs) and rigid platelets in a viscous liquid. The fluid phase is simulated using the lattice-Boltzmann method, the RBC membranes are modeled with a coarse-grained spectrin-link method, and the dynamics of rigid particles are updated using Newton’s equations of motion for axisymmetric shapes. The results emphasize that an increase in hematocrit increases the rate of margination. The viscosity ratio between the interior cytoplasm and suspending fluid can considerably alter the rate of margination. The aspect ratio of surrogate platelet particles influences the rate of margination as well. Spherical particles tend to migrate more quickly than disks. Highly viscous or rigid RBCs slow down margination.
Optimization and validation of a flow cytometric method for immunophenotyping peripheral blood lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Background: Guidelines published by the Food and Drug Administration and Center for Human Medicinal Products describe the need to assess immunotoxic effects in nonclinical studies that evaluate drug toxicity, including the use of immunophenotyping to measure immunotoxicity. We are not aware of previous studies, however, that have validated methods for immunophenotyping peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in whole blood samples from cynomolgus monkeys. Objective: The purpose of this study was to optimize and validate a flow cytometric assay for immunophenotyping lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of cynomolgus monkeys. Methods: A series of prevalidation experiments were done to determine optimal reagents, volumes, timing, and other procedural details of the flow cytometric assay. Using the optimized method, we then determined precision, interindividual variation, laboratory-to-laboratory variability, and sample stability. Stabilized human blood was used as a positive control for staining, processing, and analysis. The percentage and number of pan-T cells (CD3+), T-helper cells (CD3+4+), T cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD3+8+), natural killer cells (CD3−16+), and B-cells (CD3−20+) were determined in 146 male and 140 female, clinically healthy monkeys and reference intervals were calculated. Results: By doing 4-color staining with a lyse-wash method, intra- and interassay precision were <5% for all lymphocyte subsets. Variability between technicians and laboratories was minimal (CVs<3%). Samples were stable for up to 24 hours after staining and fixing. Conclusions: The validated method is extremely robust and can be performed under good laboratory practice conditions to support nonclinical studies. Reference intervals for lymphocyte subsets were similar to those previously reported.
Dopamine depletion in either the dorsomedial or dorsolateral striatum impairs egocentric Cincinnati water maze performance while sparing allocentric Morris water maze learning

Both egocentric route-based learning and spatial learning, as assessed by the Cincinnati water maze (CWM) and Morris water maze (MWM), respectively, are impaired following an 80% dopamine (DA) loss in the neostriatum after 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administration in rats. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) are implicated in different navigational learning types, namely the DLS is implicated in egocentric learning while the DMS is implicated in spatial learning. This experiment tested whether selective DA loss through 6-OHDA lesions in the DMS or DLS would impair one or both types of navigation. Both DLS and DMS DA loss significantly impaired route-based CWM learning, without affecting spatial or cued MWM performance. DLS 6-OHDA lesions produced a 75% DA loss in this region, with no changes in other monoamine levels in the DLS or DMS. DMS 6-OHDA lesions produced a 62% DA loss in this region, without affecting other monoamine levels in the DMS or DLS. The results indicate a role for DA in DLS and DMS regions in route-based egocentric but not spatial learning and memory. Spatial learning deficits may require more pervasive monoamine reductions within each region before deficits are exhibited. This is the first study to implicate DLS and DMS DA in route-based egocentric navigation.
Effect of particle characteristics on particle pickup velocity

Abstract Particle entrainment is investigated by measuring the velocity required to pick up particles from rest, also known as pickup velocity. Pickup velocity is a function of individual particle characteristics and interparticle forces. Although 5–200 μm particles are investigated, the work presented here focuses on the pickup of particles in a pile in the size range of 5–35 μm. These smaller particle sizes are more typical for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, such as dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Pickup velocities varied from 3.9 to 16.9 m/s for the range of particle sizes investigated. There is a strong correlation between particle size and the dominating forces that determine the magnitude of the pickup velocity. Preliminary data investigating pickup velocity as a function of particle size indicate the existence of a minimum pickup velocity. For larger particle sizes, the mass of the particle demands a greater fluid velocity for entrainment, and for smaller particle sizes, greater fluid velocities are required to overcome particle–particle interactions. Pickup velocity remains relatively constant at very small particle diameters, specifically, less than 10 μm for glass spheres and 20 μm for nonspherical alumina powder. This can be attributed to the negligible changes in London–van der Waals forces due to a hypothesized decrease in interparticle spacing. At intermediate particle diameters, electrostatic forces are dominant.
Five Species of Arenopontia (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) From a North Carolina Beach, U.S.A

[Cinq especes d'Arenopontia, A. subterranea, A. acantha, A. arenarida, A. stygia et A. riedli n. sp., sont signalees des sables de la zone intertidale de Bogue Bank, Caroline du Nord. La repartition de chaque espece sur cette plage est decrite., Cinq especes d'Arenopontia, A. subterranea, A. acantha, A. arenarida, A. stygia et A. riedli n. sp., sont signalees des sables de la zone intertidale de Bogue Bank, Caroline du Nord. La repartition de chaque espece sur cette plage est decrite.]
Effect of the selenization process on structural and device properties of nanoparticle-derived CZTSSe thin films

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin films and solar cells were fabricated using binary and ternary nanoparticle precursor films selenized using three different processes. Cross-sectional SEM images of the resulting CZTSSe solar cells do not show significant difference in microstructure. Detail analyses of the CZTSSe solar cells using current-voltage (J-V), external quantum efficiency (EQE), temperature-dependent J-V, and admittance spectroscopy (AS) were conducted to investigate the effect of the selenization process on the optical and electrical properties of the absorber.
A second-order 3D electromagnetics algorithm for curved interfaces between anisotropic dielectrics on a Yee mesh

A new frequency-domain electromagnetics algorithm is developed for simulating curved interfaces between anisotropic dielectrics embedded in a Yee mesh with second-order error in resonant frequencies. The algorithm is systematically derived using the finite integration formulation of Maxwell's equations on the Yee mesh. Second-order convergence of the error in resonant frequencies is achieved by guaranteeing first-order error on dielectric boundaries and second-order error in bulk (possibly anisotropic) regions. Convergence studies, conducted for an analytically solvable problem and for a photonic crystal of ellipsoids with anisotropic dielectric constant, both show second-order convergence of frequency error; the convergence is sufficiently smooth that Richardson extrapolation yields roughly third-order convergence. The convergence of electric fields near the dielectric interface for the analytic problem is also presented.
Surface termination, composition and reconstruction of Fe3O4(001) and γ-Fe2O3(001)

Abstract We address a current controversy concerning the nature of the surfaces of Fe3O4(001) and γ-Fe2O3(001) grown on MgO(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. Despite recent claims to the contrary, we show that γ-Fe2O3(001) unambiguously exhibits a (1×1) surface net, in contrast to Fe3O4(001), which assumes a ( 2 × 2 ) R45 reconstruction. In addition, we present high-energy-resolution Fe 2p and O 1s core-level photoelectron spectra obtained at both normal and grazing emission for γ-Fe2O3(001) and Fe3O4(001). These spectra show that the Fe3O4(001) surface has a higher Fe(III)/Fe(II) ratio than the bulk, and that the asymmetry in the O 1s line shape for Fe3O4(001) is due to final state effects rather than the presence of a surface oxygen or hydroxyl species.
Hypersexualization and the dark body: Race and inequality among Black and Latina women in the exotic dance industry.

During the 1980s in the USA, two sides of the pornography debate emerged: (a) sex work is oppressive to women based on sexism and women’s low economic positioning and (b) sex work is empowering to female sexuality and agency. However, a void remains in theoretical analyses of racial and sexual hierarchies within sex industries that create challenges for women of color that go beyond the pornography debates. Using a case study analysis of three exotic dance clubs, the author examines how hypersexualization structures stratification. The author explores the hypersexualization of Black and Latina women within the clubs regarding racial passing among dancers of color, pay differences, and club safety to examine how these factors produce inequalities between Black and Latina women in the exotic dance industry. Avenues for further social policy research focused on improving the sex industry work environment for Black and Latina exotic dancers are discussed.
Trends in Clinical Trials Reports in Common Cancers Between 1989 and 2000

Purpose: Cancer clinical trials can be dichotomized into pilot (phase I and phase II) and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The best data source for evidence-based medicine is from RCTs. However, many patients prefer to enroll onto pilot trials, and many investigators prefer to conduct or refer their patients to pilot trials. This exploratory study sought to describe the epidemiologic patterns of clinical trial reports in common cancers. Methods: A structured review was conducted of MEDLINE citations of all English clinical trials reports published between 1989 and 2000 in breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and female genital cancers, plus leukemias and lymphomas. Each report was classified by design (RCT, pilot, or other) and country. The abstracts of RCTs were reviewed for sample size. Reports addressing screening or prevention were excluded. Results: A total of 12,035 reports, of which 3,560 were from RCTs, were found. The annual growth in RCT reports in breast, colorectal, and prostate ca...
Evaluation of Amperometric and Potentiometric Titrations of Phenobarbital Elixir with Mercury (II)

The determination of phenobarbital in elixir dosage forms was accomplished by direct titration of the elixir with mercury (II). Optimum conditions for the potentiometric detection of the end point were established, the limiting factor being the magnitude of the potential change at the equivalence point. A procedure for amperometric titrations was developed which enabled one to titrate aliquots of phenobarbital elixir with a precision of 0.8 per cent.
Specific binding of [3H]heparin to bovine granulosa cell membranes.

Abstract Bovine granulosa cell membranes from small (SFM) and large (LFM) antral follicles were incubated with [ 3 H]heparin, a commercial radioactively labeled glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Binding was specific, reversible, saturable, and dependent on time, pH, ionic strength and divalent cations. SFM exhibited different [ 3 H]heparin binding characteristics compared to LFM. The addition of a physiological concentration of calcium (2 mM) yielded significant differences ( P 3 H]heparin binding for SFM (87590 ± 4206 dpm/10 6 cells) compared to LFM (55230 ± 2816 dpm/10 6 cells). SFM and LFM showed maximum [ 3 H]heparin binding at pH 6.5 and pH 5.5, respectively. Increasing the ionic strength by addition of 0.07-2.0 M NaCl interfered with binding. Addition of unlabeled heparin (0.1–100 μg/ml) displaced [ 3 H]heparin bound to SFM and LFM in a dose-dependent manner, as did dextran sulfate, a non-GAG sulfated branched polysaccharide. Commercial chondroitin sulfate ABC displaced the bound [ 3 H]heparin only at doses between 50 and 500 mg/ml. GAGs purified from FF suppressed binding 39% at a concentration of 5.9 mg/ml. Photomicrographs of fluorescein-labeled heparin bound to granulosa cells showed localized areas of heparin binding to the cell surface. These experiments demonstrated that the GAG heparin specifically bound to bovine granulosa cell membranes, and that significant differences existed between the binding characteristics of SFM and LFM.
Iconic recognition of musical symbols in the lateral visual fields.

Summary Subjects with formal musical training were tested tachistoscopically in order to obtain thresholds for recognizing single notes a staff, presented successively to the lateral visual fields. They were also tested on backward visual masking of the same stimuli to determine the interstimulus interval needed to escape the masking effect (critical ISI). Response requirements in threshold and ISI conditions were nonverbal (depressing an organ key), or verbal (indicating the stimulus by name). Recognition threshold for notes were lower in the right visual field than in the left, and verbal responses were easier than manual responses in the threshold condition. However, critical ISIs were lower in the left field than in the right, and ISIs from the left visual field were lower with manual responses than with verbal responses. These findings support the ideas that (a) threshold and ISI represent separate levels of perceptual processing, and (b) in trained subjects, the ability to recognize musical symbols may be governed by the left hemisphere, while the information-processing stage of iconic storage may occur in the right hemisphere.
A new exchange procedure for the quantitation of prostatic androgen receptor complexes formed in vivo.

Abstract A procedure is described for the measurement of rat prostatic androgen receptor saturated in vivo with non-radioactive androgen. While NaSCN alone induces irreversible dissociation (denaturation) of androgen from the receptor, the combination of this chaotropic salt (0.15 M) with sucrose (15%) and sodium molybdate (10mM) allows the exchange of R DHT with [3H]DHT at 0°C with only minimal receptor denaturation. The validity of the present exchange assay is based on the following: a similar quantity of androgen receptor was detected when binding was measured directly after in vivo treatment with radioactive androgen or indirectly by [3H]DHT exchange after treatment with non-radioactive androgen. Steroid specificity, sedimentation analysis and equilibrium association constants indicated that this exchange assay labels the androgen receptor without interference from other prostatic steroid binding proteins. With this method it is now possible to quantitate not only prostatic androgen receptors bound to androgens in vitro but also hormone-receptor complexes formed in intact animals under the influence of endogenous androgen.
Children's patterns of disclosures and recantations of sexual and ritualistic abuse allegations in psychotherapy.

Patterns of disclosures and recantations of abuse made in psychotherapy were examined in a sample of 63 children who reported sexual and ritualistic abuse in a preschool setting. Therapists completed a measure that instructed them to identify the time since the child began therapy when any disclosures or recantations were made, to specify the type of abuse disclosed or recanted, and to identify any events that might be related to the timing of a disclosure or recantation. The findings revealed that the majority of subjects (76.2%) disclosed abuse within the first month of therapy. Recantation occurred in 17 cases (27%) and all but two children who recanted redisclosed abuse after the initial recantation. There was some evidence that children's experiences within the legal system may have been associated with recantations. Subjects tended to make vague disclosures before revealing more specific acts, reveal less intrusive sexual abuse (e.g., kissing) before more intrusive types (e.g., intercourse), and to disclose ritualistic abuse after other types.
An Eocene ectoparasite of bees: The oldest definitive record of phoretic meloid triungulins [Coleoptera: Meloidae; Hymenoptera: Megachilidae]

The first definitve fossils of phoretic meloid triungulins are reported in middle Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber. Nine minute specimens of a meloid triungulin (perhaps Nemognathinae) were preserved with their host bee, a female of Protolithurgus ditomeus ENGEL (Anthophila: Megachilidae: Lithurginae: Protolithurgini). Although a single, pu- tative triungulin was previously reported in Baltic amber, that specimen was found in iso- lation of a host and its identity was questionable. These Eocene meloid triungulins are the oldest, definitive direct observation of the specialized host-parasite relationship between meloids and bees.