cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased Interannual Precipitation Extremes over California under Climate Change

AbstractChanges to mean and extreme wet season precipitation over California on interannual time scales are analyzed using twenty-first-century precipitation data from 34 global climate models. Models disagree on the sign of projected changes in mean precipitation, although in most models the change is very small compared to historical and simulated levels of interannual variability. For the 2020/21–2059/60 period, there is no projected increase in the frequency of extremely dry wet seasons in the ensemble mean. Wet extremes are found to increase to around 2 times the historical frequency, which is statistically significant at the 95% level. Stronger signals emerge in the 2060/61–2099/2100 period. Across all models, extremely dry wet seasons are roughly 1.5 to 2 times more common, and wet extremes generally triple in their historical frequency (statistically significant). Large increases in precipitation variability in most models account for the modest increases to dry extremes. Increases in the frequenc...
Modal abstraction view of requirements for medical devices used in healthcare processes

Medical device requirements often depend on the healthcare processes in which the device is to be used. Since such processes may be complex, critical requirements may be specified inaccurately, or even missed altogether. We are investigating an automated requirement derivation approach that takes as input a model of the healthcare process along with a model of the device and tries to derive the requirements for that device. Our initial experience with this approach has shown that when the process and device involve complex behaviors, the derived requirements are also often complex and difficult to understand. In this paper, we describe an approach for creating a modal abstraction view of the derived requirements that decomposes each requirement based on its modes, and thus appears to improve understandability.
Functions on universal algebras

In the classifying topos for any variety V of algebras, all functions into the universal V-algebra U from its finite powers Un are given by polynomials.
Vibrational echo correlation spectroscopy probes of hydrogen bond dynamics in water and methanol

Multidimensional vibrational echo correlation spectroscopy with full phase resolution is used to measure hydrogen bond dynamics in water and methanol. The OD hydroxyl stretches of methanol-OD oligomers in CCl(4) and HOD in H(2)O are studied using the shortest mid-IR pulses ( 400 cm(-1)) spectrum of the 0-1 and 1-2 transitions. Hydrogen bond population dynamics are extricated with exceptional detail in MeOD oligomers because the different hydrogen bonded species are spectrally distinct. The experimental results along with detailed calculations indicate the strongest hydrogen bonds are selectively broken through a non-equilibrium relaxation pathway following vibrational relaxation of the hydroxyl stretch. The correlation spectra are also a sensitive probe of the fluctuations in water and provide a stringent test of water models that are widely used in simulations of aqueous systems. The analysis of the 2D band shapes demonstrates that different hydrogen bonded species are subject to distinct (wavelength dependent) ultrafast (~100 fs) local fluctuations and essentially identical slow (0.4 and ~2 ps) structural rearrangements. Observation of wavelength dependent dynamics demonstrates that standard theoretical approaches assuming Gaussian fluctuations cannot adequately describe water dynamics.
A GIS‐Based Traffic Signal Coordination and Information Management System

: This paper discusses research conducted at the Georgia Institute of Technology that investigated the use of geographic information system (GIS) technology as a tool in traffic signal information management and signalized intersection coordination. TRANSYT-7F is the most widely used and respected computer model for optimizing the coordination of traffic signals. Unfortunately, creating an optimal TRANSYT-7F model is very costly. The hypothesis of this research was that using a specialized GIS in conjunction with TRANSYT-7F could enhance the process of coordinating a traffic signal system. The research resulted in the development of a GIS-based traffic signal coordination and information system that operates on a microcomputer. This system is an improvement over existing TRANSYT-7F models because relationships between intersections do not have to be encoded manually. Instead, the system takes advantage of the GIS's topologic data structure, which provides these relationships. The process of analyzing different network optimization scenarios is simplified with this system because the user need only to select intersections to be coordinated from the GIS graphic display rather than cutting and pasting from existing input files. Alternatively, the system can serve as a multipurpose signal information system and play a vital role in decision support. It can provide improved access to signal data and allows for swift identification of intersections that experience excessive delays or unacceptable levels of service.
Highly-Autonomous Event-Driven Spacecraft Control

Future JPL missions will continue to be scientifically and technically more ambitious, and will demand more autonomy to accomplish complex tasks in uncertain environments and in close proximity to extraterrestrial surfaces. A prime example is small body rendezvous and sample return.
Synthesis of high vinyl elastomers via mixed organolithium and sodium alkoxide in the presence of polar modifier

Abstract The effect of incorporating a small amount of alkali metal alkoxides into a diene polymerization catalyzed by n-butyllithium in the presence of a polar modifier was investigated. It was found that the addition of sodium alkoxide significantly enhanced the polymerization rate of the monomers (1,3-butadiene, isoprene and styrene) and increased the vinyl content of the resulting polymers. It was also found that almost any sodium salt of an alcohol (cyclic or acyclic alcohols) or alkylphenol provided the similar ‘synergistic’ effects of improving polymerization rate and the vinyl content of polymer product. The rate enhancement was attributed to the super basicity from a superbase generated with sodium alkoxide and organolithium. Since other heavier alkali metal alkoxides, such as potassium or cesium alkoxide did not exhibit the similar synergistic effects, it suggested that only sodium is small enough to form a complex with lithium which can coordinate effectively with the polar modifier to yield high vinyl structures. The polymers prepared using the current catalyst system are branched which may have resulted from the backbone metallation by sodium metal or the superbase involved in the catalyst system. Since the current catalyst system is not monomer-specific, a variety of high vinyl elastomers containing diene(s) with or without vinyl aromatic monomers can be prepared at very fast rates.
The Effect of Female Strategic Managers on Organizational Performance

Little empirical work explores the impact of female managers on organizational performance. This paper uses Miles and Snow’s management strategies to empirically determine if female and male managers use different strategies and what influence these strategies have on organizational performance. Using data and superintendent survey responses from Texas school districts from the years 2000 through 2005, differences between male and female managers are discovered. Female managers and the strategies they use have a positive influence on performance. These results are discussed in the context of the gender and management literature and in the general field of public management.
Visitor response to outdoor recreation conflict: A conceptual approach

Abstract Outdoor recreation conflict involves both a visitor's perception of and response to conflict. While existing recreation conflict research has been insightful on factors leading to recreation conflict, it deals little with visitor response to conflict. To address the visitor‐response dimension in conflict, a conceptual framework based upon response to stressful situations is presented. The model, adapted from Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress‐response model, suggests personal and situational factors influence a series of appraisal processes that lead to a response to conflict. The conflict‐response framework is of particular interest since recreation research is deficient in this area.
ClCN: vibrational anharmonicity and the treatment of Fermi resonance

Abstract The i.r. spectra of the ν 2 , 2ν 3 , 2ν 1 ,ν 1 + 2ν 2 0 and 4 ν 2 0 bands of 35 Cl 12 C 14 N have been measured at high resolution and the spectra have been analyzed to obtain rotational constants and vibrational band origins. Combining these data with those in the literature, we are able to determine a set of ω s , and x ss' corrected for the effects of the Fermi resonance between the states ¦ν 1 , ν 2 , l 2 , ν 3 , > and ¦ν 1 −1, ν + 2, l 2 , ν 3 >. The dependence of the matrix element of the Fermi-resonance operator on the rotational quantum number J and on the vibrational quantum numbers ν 2 and ν 3 has also been determined experimentally.
Deer ticks, Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae), and Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi, in Maine.

Northern deer ticks, Ixodes dammini, infected with Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi, were collected by flagging from three sites in Acadia National Park on the coast of Maine. The presence of free-living nymphs at separate sites suggests that I. dammini is established, and the isolation of B. burgdorferi demonstrates the potential for human Lyme disease in this heavily visited area. Health professionals should be aware of the possibility of Lyme disease in Maine.
Self-reflecting: reclaiming our nursing roots.

Looking in the mirror and self-reflecting is an exercise that rarely offers as much amusement or validation as we would like. As I reflect on being a psychiatric nurse for almost 30 years, and on the nursing profession, I must ask honestly if my colleagues and I are culpable of renouncing our nursing roots and the profession to which we owe our loyalties and commitments. Almost daily, we are confronted with the national nursing shortage and ways to address it--nursing educational funding programs have been created, incentives and benefits for nurses have been increased, our near-retiring nursing faculty have been convinced to stay on, and campaigns to improve nursing's image have been launched. The productive discussions and actions, as well as the nonproductive rhetoric, prevail. Yet the self-reflecting that leads nurses, and especially nursing leaders, to accept some of the responsibility has been woefully lacking. On one occasion or another, most of us in nursing leadership or advanced practice positions have been accused of no longer being a "real nurse." Should we admit that this is repeatedly how we project ourselves? We come together to discuss the life, the image, and the direction of the nursing profession, yet frequently our titles identify us as everything except nurses--we are educators, administrators, directors, vice presidents, researchers, evaluators, editors, deans, professors, midwives, practitioners, prescribers, clinical specialists, and therapists. When our family, friends, and colleagues comment that we are "not really nurses anymore," we feign surprise; we act shocked and insulted. Yet closer and more honest self-reflection might reveal that we agree. When introduced as a nurse, some of us have been known to flap our wings and crow inwardly that we are now "more" than a nurse. Others have had a client call them "Dr." and failed to clarify that they are a "nurse" first. Does honest reflection lead to the recognition that nursing leaders and advanced practice nurses often remove themselves from nursing? Do we hold any of the responsibility for our nursing profession becoming an extinct species? Why do any titles please us more than "nurse"? We proudly have used the nursing profession as our springboard to higher education and leadership positions, yet the more advanced we become in our practice and education, the more often we identify with a title other than nursing. Who, where, when, and why did the words "more than a nurse" get linked together? I hope that honest reflection illuminates that our identity as someone other than a nurse is a shortcoming, not an intention. Perhaps we think other titles say better what we do. Is our failure to use the title "nurse" the result of our negligence to continuously define our profession of nursing? More than 10 years ago, our nursing colleague stated, "By expanding into medicine, APNs will need, more than ever before, to increase their consciousness of what nursing is all about. …
Effect of weather on the number and the nature of visits to a pediatric ED

To determine whether unfavorable weather conditions affect the number and acuity of visits to a pediatric emergency department (ED), a retrospective analysis was conducted of children's hospital ED visits and weather conditions utilizing an ED log book and local climatological data during the year 1993. Visits, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, non-ICU admissions, time periods with favorable weather (TPF), and time periods with unfavorable weather (TPUF) were measured. Each day of the year was divided into two time periods. The time periods were labeled TPF or TPUF based on certain weather conditions. There were 632 (86%) TPF and 98 (14%) TPUF. The number of visits, non-ICU admissions, and ICU admissions during TPF were 13,008 (88%), 1,031 (87%) and 121 (86%), respectively. The number of visits, non-ICU admissions, and ICU admissions during TPUF were 1,720 (12%), 148 (13%), and 19 (14%), respectively. No significant differences in visits and admissions during TPF and TPUF were identified. Also, there was no difference identified when the distribution of visits and admissions was examined during TPUF due to different weather factors, eg, low temperature, precipitation, etc. The results show that unfavorable weather due to the types of weather factors discussed does not affect the number or the nature of visits to a pediatric ED.
Biomimetic Regeneration of Elastin Matrices Using Hyaluronan and Copper Ion Cues

Current efforts to tissue engineer elastin-rich vascular constructs and grafts are limited because of the poor elastogenesis of adult vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the unavailability of appropriate cues to upregulate and enhance cross-linking of elastin precursors (tropoelastin) into organized, mature elastin fibers. We earlier showed that hyaluronan (HA) fragments greatly enhance tropo- and matrix-elastin synthesis by SMCs, although the yield of matrix elastin is low. To improve matrix yields, here we investigate the benefits of adding copper (Cu2+) ions (0.01 M and 0.1 M), concurrent with HA (756–2000 kDa), to enhance lysyl oxidase (LOX)-mediated elastin cross-linking machinery. Although absolute elastin amounts in test groups were not different from those in controls, on a per-cell basis, 0.1 M of Cu2+ ions slowed cell proliferation (5.6 ± 2.3–fold increase over 21 days vs 22.9 ± 4.2–fold for non-additive controls), stimulated synthesis of collagen (4.1 ± 0.4–fold), tropoelastin (4.1 ± 0.05–f...
Compositional differences of lipid in transformed hamster fibroblasts

Abstract Spontaneously tranformed hamster fibroblasts resembled hamster fibroblasts in size and in phospholipid and chemical composition. In solid tumors grown from these fibroblasts, choline glycerophosphatide, sphingomyelin, and serine glycerophosphatide were reduced to less than half, while cholesterol remained normal. In the culture of these solid tumors, choline glycerophosphatide returned to the level in the spontaneously transformed fibroblasts but cholesterol content was greatly reduced. Polyoma virus-transformed hamster fibroblasts were about twice the size of normal hamster fibroblasts and contained, per cell, the same amount of DNA but somewhat more lipid, about twice as much protein, and thrice as much RNA. In the solid tumors, the three phosphatides were also reduced to less than half. In the culture of these solid tumors, none of the phosphatides regained the level found in the virus-transformed fibroblasts, the cholesterol content was greatly reduced, and the DNA content per cell was doubled. Apparently more alteration occurred in the fibroblasts after viral transformation than after spontaneous transformation.
Comparison of some CNS effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and progesterone

Abstract Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) has been reported to facilitate lordotic behavior in estrogen-primed ovariectomized (OVX) female rats in a manner similar to progesterone (P). This study compared P and LHRH with respect to their behavioral effects and site of action within the brain. The hormones were compared using two different components of sexual behavior, receptivity and proceptivity. To test for receptivity, OVX females were given behaviorally ineffective estradiol benzoate (EB) injections sc 48 hr before testing. They were then treated with either P, LHRH, or vehicle by various routes. Two and/or four hours later, receptivity (LQ) was measured. Treatments for the proceptivity test were similar except that a larger EP-priming dose, which facilitates preceptive behavior, was used. Four hours later, LQ and hopping, darting, and earwiggling were scored. In the receptivity test, sc administration of 1 mg P or 1 μg LHRH (but not 0.5 or 5.0 μg) significantly elevated LQ with respect to vehicle injection 4 hr after treatment. In the proceptivity test, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 μg of LHRH given sc failed to alter significantly either LQ or soliciting behavior. Progesterone facilitated both parameters. Implantation of crystalline P into the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) has been shown to elicit both the receptive and preceptive effects of the steroid. Microinjection of as much as 100 ng of LHRH in 1.0 μl saline into the same region failed to enhance lordotic behavior compared to saline injection alone, while a 200-ng intracerebroventricular dose significantly facilitated lordosis at 4 hr. The data indicate that LHRH does not induce proceptive behavior. The effects of peripherally administered LHRH on receptive behavior are similar but less pronounced than those of P. The two hormones elicit this effect from different sites in the brain.
Studies of the Biology of the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris

Because of the importance of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), as a pest of the seed of birdsfoot, trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L., studies were initiated on certain aspects of the bug’s biology. The seasonal history was observed in the field form weekly bug collections and by dissecting the females to study egg development. All of the information suggests that there are at least two and probably three generations each year of the tarnished plant bug associated with birdsfoot trefoil in New York. An experiment designed to determine the height of flight of the tarnished plant bug indicated that about 90% of these insects fly within 5 feet of the ground and few, if any, fly higher than 18 feet. Preliminary investigations of the sex ratio revealed that, averaged over the growing season, the males of the tarnished plant bug outnumbered the females. However, females significantly outnumbered males in groups of tarnished plant bugs collected from tanglefoot traps in the spring prior to the appearance of the first new adults of the season.
The Shopping Momentum Effect

Abstract Shopping momentum occurs when an initial purchase provides a psychological impulse that enhances the purchase of a second, unrelated product. The authors propose that the most promising theoretical mechanism for shopping momentum comes from Gollwitzer's (1990) theory of implementation and deliberation mind-sets. Under this theory, shopping momentum occurs because the initial purchase moves the consumer from a deliberative to an implemental mind-set, thus driving subsequent purchases. After demonstrating the main shopping momentum effect, the authors support the mind-set theory by (1) demonstrating how an initial purchase induces implemental orientation and (2) by illustrating that an implementation mind-set leads to greater purchase. The authors then explore the boundaries of this effect by demonstrating how shopping momentum can be interrupted. Finally, they discuss alternative theoretical accounts for the results and explore consequences for marketing managers.
Silver bioaccumulation dynamics in a freshwater invertebrate after aqueous and dietary exposures to nanosized and ionic Ag

We compared silver (Ag) bioavailability and toxicity to a freshwater gastropod after exposure to ionic silver (Ag+) and to Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) capped with citrate or with humic acid. Silver form, exposure route, and capping agent influence Ag bioaccumulation dynamics in Lymnaea stagnalis. Snails efficiently accumulated Ag from all forms after either aqueous or dietary exposure. For both exposure routes, uptake rates were faster for Ag+ than for Ag NPs. Snails efficiently assimilated Ag from Ag NPs mixed with diatoms (assimilation efficiency (AE) ranged from 49 to 58%) and from diatoms pre-exposed to Ag+ (AE of 73%). In the diet, Ag NPs damaged digestion. Snails ate less and inefficiently processed the ingested food, which adversely impacted their growth. Loss rates of Ag were faster after waterborne exposure to Ag NPs than after exposure to dissolved Ag+. Once Ag was taken up from diet, whether from Ag+ or Ag NPs, Ag was lost extremely slowly. Large Ag body concentrations are thus expected in L. sta...
The primacy of the ethical aim in clinical social work: Its relationship to social justice and mental health

Abstract There is a growing emphasis in the social work literature that social work's overall mission should be that of social justice and that mental health be relegated as outside of social work's realm. This paper draws upon a constructionist and narrative perspective in developing a general formulation of clinical social work to bridge the gap between social justice and mental health.
SU‐CC‐J‐6C‐07: Helical Cone‐Beam CT for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To develop the helical cone‐beam scanning capability on a simulator CTsystem and apply a recently developed backprojection‐filtration (BPF) algorithm to reconstruct exact 3D images from data obtained in this system.Method and Materials: Helical cone‐beam CT is an emerging technology with many advantages over conventional CT scans, such as fast volume coverage speed, efficient use of x‐ray power, and sufficient data for exact 3D image reconstruction. We developed the helical cone‐beam capability on a simulator CT device (Acuity, Varian Medical Systems), which includes a kV x‐ray source, a patient couch, and an amorphous silicon flat‐panel detector (Varian PaxScan 4030CB). We fabricated a small motorized leadscrew mechanism on the couch of the Acuity, which allows for longitudinal translation of the patient couch at a constant speed as the gantry rotates. We applied the BPF algorithm to reconstruct exact 3D images from data obtained in this system.Results: A CatPhan phantom was used for data acquisition. 683 projection data were collected during a one‐turn gantry rotation while the couch was translated longitudinally with a helical pitch of 187.2 mm. The x‐ray source was operated at 125 kVp and 560 mAs. Before projection data were used for reconstruction, a number of corrections were performed, such as bad pixel, dark field, flood field, detector sag. We also applied simple corrections for beam hardening and scattering. 3D images were reconstructed from the corrected data by use of the BPF algorithm. Conclusion: We have developed for the first time the helical scanning capability on a simulator cone‐beam CTsystem and performed a preliminary phantom study. The BPF algorithm was used to reconstruct exact 3D images from the helical cone‐beam data. Such approach can readily be extended to cone‐beam CT components on a LINAC to provide more accurate image representations of the patient.
210Pb balance and implications for particle transport on the continental shelf, U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight

Supply of 210Pb to the continental shelf off the northeastern United States is dominated by the deposition from the atmosphere, the rate of which is reliably known from previously published work. Excess 210Pb inventories in the shelf sediments show accumulations that are nearly in balance with the supply, even in areas of relict sands where it is believed that no net accumulation of sediment presently occurs. The 210Pb distributions in shelf and slope water indicate that the two-way fluid exchange at the shelf-slope front and the net transport in the alongshore flow make comparatively small contributions to the shelf 210Pb budget. The near balance between supply and decay of 210Pb on the shelf implies a limit to the particle export flux. It is concluded that the export of particulate organic carbon does not exceed 60 g m−2 y−1 (∼25% of primary production) and is probably lower. The hypothesis is advanced that fine particulate matter introduced to the continental shelf is detained in its transit of the shelf because of bioturbational trapping in the sediment due to benthic animals. Distributions of 210Pb in suspended particulate matter and in the fine fraction of shelf sediments suggest that the average fine particle must undergo several cycles of deposition-bioturbation-resuspension-redeposition and requires a number of decades for its transit and ultimate export from the shelf. Thus, only the most refractory organic matter is likely to be exported.
Estimation of scattering error in spectrophotometric measurements of light absorption by aquatic particles from three-dimensional radiative transfer simulations

We present an approach based on three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations for estimating scattering error in measurements of light absorption by aquatic particles with a typical laboratory double-beam spectrophotometer. The scattering error is calculated by combining the weighting function describing the angular distribution of photon losses that are due to scattering on suspended particles with the volume scattering function of particles. We applied this method to absorption measurements made on marine phytoplankton, a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and a cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Assuming that the scattering phase function is described by the Henyey-Greenstein formula, we determined the backscatter probability of phytoplankton, which yields the best correction for scattering error at a light wavelength of 750 nm, where true absorption is null. The backscattering ratio estimated for both phytoplankton species is significantly higher than previously reported data based on Mie-scattering calculations for homogeneous spheres. Depending on the type of particles, the corrected absorption spectra obtained with our method may be similar or significantly different from spectra obtained with the null-point correction based on wavelength-independent scattering error.
Galvanic Corrosion and Localized Degradation of Aluminum-Matrix Composites Reinforced with Silicon Particulates

Galvanic corrosion of an Al-based metal-matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with 40 wt % Si particulates was examined by considering the semiconductor/electrolyte junction properties of the Si reinforcements. Scanning capacitance microscopy and photoelectrochemical experiments indicated that the Si reinforcements were slightly p-doped. At the open-circuit condition, a wide depletion layer was expected to be present at the slightly p-doped Si surface. The blocking characteristics of the depletion layer for electrochemical reactions would thus limit the galvanic interactions between the Si reinforcements and the Al matrix. The photoelectrochemical experiments also suggested that solar irradiation may promote galvanic corrosion because of the enhanced cathodic activity of the Si reinforcements under illuminated conditions. Corrosion was found to initiate from Fe-containing intermetallics, which served as effective cathodes. A chemical decoration method indicated that, while the bulk region of the Si reinforcements was not effective for cathodic reactions, the exposed Si surfaces at the Al/Si interfaces were effective cathodic sites. It was hypothesized that (i) during the processing of the Al/Si MMC, interdiffusion caused the Si surfaces at the Al/Si interfaces to be highly p-doped with Al, and (ii) upon propagation of localized corrosion from the sites adjacent to the Fe-containing intermetallics, the highly p-doped Si surfaces were exposed to solution and served as effective cathodic sites to induce galvanic corrosion. A scanning vibrating electrode technique revealed a net cathodic current over the localized corrosion regions, which were many times larger than the intermetallic particle or the Si reinforcement particle. Accordingly, the solution near the localized corrosion regions was alkalinized, as was revealed by the scanning ion-selective electrode technique.
Sculpting Metal‐binding Environments in De Novo Designed Three‐helix Bundles

De novo protein design is a biologically relevant approach used to study the active centers of native metalloproteins. In this review, we will first discuss the design process in achieving α3D, a de novo designed three-helix bundle peptide with a well-defined fold. We will then cover our recent work in functionalizing the α3D framework by incorporating a tris(cysteine) and tris(histidine) motif. Our first design contains the thiol-rich sites found in metalloregulatory proteins that control the levels of toxic metal ions (Hg, Cd, and Pb). The latter design recapitulates the catalytic site and activity of a natural metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase. The review will conclude with future design goals aimed at introducing an asymmetric metal-binding site in the α3D framework.
Two-Dimensional Thermal Boundary Layer Corrections for Convective Heat Flux Gauges

This work presents a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) study of two-dimensional thermal boundary layer correction factors for convective heat flux gauges mounted in flat plate subjected to a surface temperature discontinuity with variable properties taken into account. A two-equation k - omega turbulence model is considered. Results are obtained for a wide range of Mach numbers (1 to 5), gauge radius ratio, and wall temperature discontinuity. Comparisons are made for correction factors with constant properties and variable properties. It is shown that the variable-property effects on the heat flux correction factors become significant
6-Mercaptopurine hepatotoxicity during acute lymphocytic leukemia maintenance therapy

Purpose. To describe a case of 6-mercaptopurine acute fulminate hepatotoxicity.Case Summary. A 65-year-old male with adult acute lymphocytic leukemia was receiving mainte nance therapy with 6-mercaptopurine and methotrex ate when he presented with jaundice, nausea, diar rhea, dysuria, right upper quadrant pain, and dark urine. He presented with elevated bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. The work-up was negative for other causes of liver dam age. His hospital course included antibiotic therapy, vitamin K, and filgrastim. He was discharged without long-term morbidity from the event and had a normal ization of liver enzymes as an outpatient. Methotrex ate maintenance therapy was continued successfully as an outpatient for > 1 year.Conclusion. 6-Mercaptopurine is not commonly considered as an agent causing acute hepatotoxicity, but should not be ruled out as a causative agent in the setting of concurrent methotrexate therapy. An epi sode of acute hepatotoxicity did not precl...
Review: Lower rather than higher tidal volume benefits ventilated patients without ARDS

Source Citation Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO, Manetta JA, et al. Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respi...
Tracking down the “head blob”: Comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described "head blob". These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.
Studies on health effects of automotive exhaust emissions how dangerous are diesel emissions

The following paper indicates that current results of research conducted on the effects of intentionally increased concentrations of diesel engine exhaust emissions, particularly the results of animal experiments, do not lead scientifically to final conclusions. According to the current level of knowledge, we must continue to assume that the risk of cancer, possibly due to diesel particles, is negligible, particularly under real environmental conditions. The preventive measures taken by governments are of course supported by the automotive industry, an additional research outlay, however, is necessary not only to clear up contradictions and answer new questions arising from current test results, but also to take positive, and not merely precautionary, action in the future. Due to its links to other influences on humans and plants, research conducted on the effects of motor vehicle emissions is a task that lies very much in the public interest. At the same time, the overview of concluded and ongoing research objectives presented in this paper indicates that the automotive industry is greatly committed to this issue and will meet well-justified expectations.
The Effect of Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity on Sentence Comprehension: An fMRI Study

This study explores the interaction between working memory systems and language processing by examining how differences in working memory capacity (WMC) modulates neural activation levels and functional connectivity during sentence comprehension. The results indicate that two working memory systems may be involved in sentence comprehension, the verbal working memory system and the episodic buffer, but during different phases of the task. A sub-region of the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45) was correlated with WMC during the probe and not during sentence reading while the only region to reveal a correlation with WMC during sentence reading was the posterior cingulate/precuneus area, a region linked to event representation. In addition, functional connectivity analysis suggests that there were two distinct networks affected by WMC. The first was a semantic network that included the middle temporal cortex, an anterior region of the inferior frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal region. The second included the posterior cingulate and BA 45 of the inferior frontal gyrus. We propose here that high capacity readers may generate an event representation of the sentence during reading that aids in comprehension and that this event representation involves the processing of the posterior cingulate cortex.
The effect of ultraviolet light on mitochondria. I. Inactivation and protection of oxidative phosphorylation during far-ultraviolet irradiation

Abstract 1. 1. Far-ultraviolet irradiation of mitochondria progressively inactivates the oxidative phosphorylation system of these particles. 2. 2. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent glutamate oxidation and phosphorylation appear to be more resistant than the succinate-linked system to the irradiation effect. 3. 3. The phosphorylative system is more sensitive to irradiation than is the electron-transport system. 4. 4. No protection is available from the presence of the known disulfide protectors cysteine and glutathione. 5. 5. Both crystalline bovine serum albumin and adenosine triphosphate protect the oxidative phosphorylation system, adenosine triphosphate apparently acting in a specific manner. 6. 6. Ethylenediamine tetraacetate is not a protector of the succinate-linked oxidative phosphorylation during irradiation under these experimental conditions.
Influence of patellar thickness on patellar tracking and patellofemoral contact characteristics after total knee arthroplasty

The influence of lateral release of retinaculum on patellofemoral kinematics and contact characteristics after total knee arthroplasty was investigated in vitro. Lateral release altered the patellar tracking in patellar flexion, rotation, tilting, and translation. The contact force was decreased at high flexion angles. The contact area was slightly decreased and the contact region shifted laterally on the patellar button and medially on the femoral component at most of the flexion angles. The results suggest that the lateral release in total knee arthroplasty can change some patellar tracking and patellofemoral joint contact characteristics.
Foot Soldiers for Democracy: The Men, Women, and Children of The Birmingham Civil Rights Movement

In December of 1994, the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute initiated an oral history project to document the Birmingham Civil Rights Movement. The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Oral History Pro...
Heart block of thirty-two years' duration.

Abstract A case of heart block is presented which showed a high degree of block for approximately twelve years, followed by first-degree block for the next twenty years. The patient remained in fairly good health up to the time of the report. The onset of the heart block apparently followed an acute episode of influenza.
Eastern medi(t)ations: Exoticism and the mobility of difference

(1996). Eastern medi(t)ations: Exoticism and the mobility of difference. History and Anthropology: Vol. 9, No. 2-3, pp. 293-307.
Effect of artificial voice feedback delay in typing and its implications for the blind user

We examined the effect of voice-feedback delay on learning to type nonsense strings on a reduced computer terminal keyboard. The results suggest that long delays (1,642 msec) affect learning of the keyboard before mastery, whereas shorter delays (841 msec) do not. With mastery, subjects learn to ignore the disruptive effects of long feedback delays. Feedback delay may nevertheless be an important human-factors issue for blind consumers who are learning to type with a voice-based system, and for hardware and software designers of systems for the blind and visually impaired.
Arithmetic codes in a module: A majority decoding approach

It has been shown how arithmetic codes can be embedded in the structure of a module and how generator and check matrices may be defined. The motivation is to parallel the analogy with communication codes with the purpose of showing majority decoding. The technical difficulties in the derivations are pointed out while some partial results are given.
UNSETTLING THE GEOGRAPHY OF OAKLAND'S WAR ON POVERTY

Historical studies of the War on Poverty have overwhelmingly focused on its consequences in African American communities. Many studies have grappled with how War on Poverty innovations co-opted a thriving African American social movement. This paper explores the impact of War on Poverty programs on the development of a political cadre of Mexican American grassroots leaders in Oakland, California. It investigates how coordinated 1960s protests by Mexican American organizations reveal Oakland's changing racial/ethnic conditions and shifting trends in the state's relationship to the urban poor. It demonstrates how a national shift to place-based solutions to poverty devolved the “problem of poverty” from the national to the local level and empowered a new set of actors—community-based organizations—in the fight against poverty. This essay argues that the devolution of federal responsibility for welfare provided the political and institutional opening for the rise of powerful Mexican American organizations whose goal was the recognition of a “Mexican American community” meriting government intervention. This essay also demonstrates how Mexican American organizations mobilized in relation to African American social movements and to geographies of poverty that were deemed exclusively Black.
Seroincidence of Coccidioidomycosis during Military Desert Training Exercises

Coccidioidomycosis is a common fungal infection acquired in the southwestern United States. This is the first study in over 2 decades to determine the seroincidence of Coccidioides immitis infections among U.S. military members performing training exercises in an area of endemicity. Only 8% of participants were aware of coccidioidomycosis, despite the majority having visited or lived previously in an area of endemicity. One (0.6%) of the 178 participants developed "definite" serologic evidence of infection over a 5-week training period; four (2.3%) additional patients developed "possible" coccidioidomycosis infections. None had complicated disease. The calculated annual incidence ranged from 6 to 32%. This study suggests that the risk of serious coccidioidomycosis is low among military personnel during desert training exercises; however, disease incidence may vary depending on specific activities and geographic factors. Due to the potential morbidity and mortality of this infection, preventative strategies, including vaccine development, are advocated.
The relationship between relative deprivation and adult nutritional status in rural Zambia.

Objectives: To explore statistically the relationship between adult short-run nutritional status [body mass index (BMI)] and a measure of relative deprivation [subjective socioeconomic status (SES)] using panel data collected in a developing country where there is a high degree of poverty and a very uneven distribution of income. Methods: Study participants included men and women from a random sample of households located in a rural setting in Zambia. The data were collected during two waves of survey interviews in 2009. A multilevel model was used to estimate the relationship between subjective SES and adult BMI and controlled for individual absolute income as well as other correlates of adult health. The sample size included 254 observations. Results: A positive relationship was established between individual absolute income and adult BMI at the 1% level. A negative and statistically significant association was found at the 1% level between lower subjective SES and adult BMI. Lower perception of place within the socioeconomic hierarchy was on average associated with a 0.44 decrease in adult BMI. Conclusions: This study found that, independent of individual absolute income, lower subjective SES was negatively related with adult BMI in rural Zambia. The result provides evidence that lower perception of place within the local socioeconomic hierarchy matters to health. Future studies should continue exploring the relationship between subjective and objective measures of relative deprivation and health in developing countries, where the bulk of the research focuses on material not relative deprivation as a key determinant of individual health. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alpha asymmetry as a function of cognitive mode: The role of lateral eye movements

When monitored concurrently, the spontaneous lateral eye movements and alpha asymmetry associated with mental activity were themselves interrelated. Left eye movements were associated with a decrease in the ratio of right to left hemisphere alpha, while right eye movements resulted in an increase in this ratio, independent of cognitive task. The results were interpreted as evidence for a direct effect of oculomotor activity on alpha asymmetry.
Estimating model parameters for an impact-produced shock-wave simulation: Optimal use of partial data with the extended Kalman filter

This paper builds upon our recent data assimilation work with the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method [J. Kao, D. Flicker, R. Henninger, S. Frey, M. Ghil, K. Ide, Data assimilation with an extended Kalman filter for an impact-produced shock-wave study, J. Comp. Phys. 196 (2004) 705-723.]. The purpose is to test the capability of EKF in optimizing a model's physical parameters. The problem is to simulate the evolution of a shock produced through a high-speed flyer plate. In the earlier work, we have showed that the EKF allows one to estimate the evolving state of the shock wave from a single pressure measurement, assuming that all model parameters are known. In the present paper, we show that imperfectly known model parameters can also be estimated accordingly, along with the evolving model state, from the same single measurement. The model parameter optimization using the EKF can be achieved through a simple modification of the original EKF formalism by including the model parameters into an augmented state variable vector. While the regular state variables are governed by both deterministic and stochastic forcing mechanisms, the parameters are only subject to the latter. The optimally estimated model parameters are thus obtained through a unified assimilation operation. We show that improving the accuracy of the model parameters also improves the state estimate. The time variation of the optimized model parameters results from blending the data and the corresponding values generated from the model and lies within a small range, of less than 2%, from the parameter values of the original model. The solution computed with the optimized parameters performs considerably better and has a smaller total variance than its counterpart using the original time-constant parameters. These results indicate that the model parameters play a dominant role in the performance of the shock-wave hydrodynamic code at hand.
“Put It Out There That You Are Willing To Talk About Anything”: The Role of School Counselors in Providing Support to gay and Bisexual Youth:

This study examines how gay and bisexual adolescents identify and access support from their school counselor using a phenomenological inquiry approach. Gay and bisexual adolescents were interviewed regarding their experiences with their school counselors and reported that they believed school counselors should be supportive by virtue of their title. Participants used various methods to determine if their school counselor was supportive including ascertaining political beliefs, relying on the past history of the school counselor-student relationship, observing supportive symbols in school counseling offices, and relying on knowledge gained from other students. Students reported that school counselors are most helpful when they simply listen to students’ concerns and state directly that they are willing to discuss LGBT issues. Barriers to accessing support from school counselors included student concerns regarding confidentiality and fears of being judged or treated differently by their school counselor. Th...