cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Subspecialty Choice of Orthopedic Residents: Effect of Gender, Year in Residency, and Presumptive Subspecialty

Background Subspecialty training is a common part of orthopedic surgical training. The factors which influence resident subspecialty choice have important residency design and workforce implications. Our objective was to present survey data gathered from orthopedic residents regarding their fellowship plans and relative importance of factors which influence those plans. Methods An anonymous online survey tool was developed and distributed to orthopedic residents through their program directors at academic institutions across the country with orthopedic surgery residency programs. Results 227 residents completed the survey. 97% planned to pursue fellowship training after residency. The most common presumptive subspecialties were sports (29.7%), joints (17.3%) and shoulder/ elbow (12.8%). The majority of senior residents (57%) reported that their subspecialty choice had changed during residency. When making their choice of subspecialty, residents were most influenced by their experiences working on the subspecialty service in question, their experiences working with a mentor, and intellectual interest. The factors influencing their choice were affected by gender, residency year and presumptive subspecialty. Conclusions The most critical factors influencing subspecialty choice of orthopedic residents included experiences in rotations as a resident, intellectual interest and mentors in certain subspecialties. Factors influencing subspecialty choice changes over the course of residency and differ between male and female residents. This information may be useful for residency design, mentorship structuring, career counseling and for addressing subspecialty surpluses or shortages which arise in the future.Level of Evidence: IV.
Effects of Adventitious Acute Vocal Trauma: Relative Fundamental Frequency and Listener Perception.

Summary Objective High voice users (individuals who demonstrate excessive or loud vocal use) are at risk for developing voice disorders. The objective of this study was to examine, both acoustically and perceptually, vocal changes in healthy speakers after an acute period of high voice use. Methods Members of a university women's volleyball team (n = 12) were recorded a week before (pre) and week after (post) the 10-week spring season; n = 6 control speakers were recorded over the same time period for comparison. Speakers read four sentences, which were analyzed for relative fundamental frequency (RFF). Eight naive listeners participated in an auditory-perceptual visual sort and rate (VSR) task, in which they rated each voice sample's overall severity and strain. Results No significant differences were found as a function of time point in the VSR ratings for the volleyball group. Onset cycle 1 RFF values were significantly lower ( P = 0.04) in the postrecordings of the volleyball participants compared with prerecordings, but there was no significant difference ( P = 0.20) in offset cycle 10 RFF values. Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicated moderate sensitivity and specificity of onset cycle 1 RFF for discrimination between the volleyball and control participants. Changes were not apparent in the control group as a function of time for either, onset cycle 1 RFF, offset cycle 10 RFF, or either vocal attribute. Conclusions Onset cycle 1 RFF may be an effective marker for detecting vocal changes over an acute high voice use period of time before perceptual changes are noted.
Recommendations for Neuroradiology Training during Radiology Residency by the American Society of Neuroradiology Section Chiefs Leadership Group

The American Society of Neuroradiology [ASNR] Section Chiefs Leadership Group strongly feels that residency education in neuroradiology should become more standardized and wishes to make recommendations and facilitate the ability of residency programs to educate and train their residents in
14-3-3η Protein as a Potential Biomarker in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

The 14-3-3η (eta) protein was evaluated as a biomarker in a cohort of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), as well as disease- and healthy-controls, to determine its potential clinical utility. In this case-control study, levels of 14-3-3η protein were evaluated in archival specimens from patients with JIA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as healthy pediatric controls. Just over 200 patients were evaluated, using specimens banked between 1990 and 2011. Comparisons were made to complete blood cell count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) positivity. 14-3-3η at levels 0.2 ng/mL or higher was considered positive. Fisher’s exact tests, odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values were reported. 14-3-3η positivity was seen in all included JIA subtypes. The rate of positivity was the highest in RF-positive (pos) polyarticular JIA. In the disease and healthy controls, lower rates of positivity were observed. The frequency of 14-3-3η positivity among RF-positive and RF-negative (neg) polyarticular JIA patients, especially at values ≥0.5 ng/mL (associated with poor outcomes in adults), was also highest. Several JIA patients with 14-3-3η positivity developed RF and anti-CCP positivity later in their disease. Significant levels of 14-3-3η can be found in approximately 30% of RF-pos and RF-neg patients with polyarticular JIA. This protein may represent a new biomarker for polyarticular JIA, particularly RF-neg polyarticular JIA.
IMPACT OF RELIGIOSITY ON LGBTQ INCLUSIVENESS AND CORPORATE VALUE

Previous research finds that diversity and inclusion efforts improve corporate value. Likewise, previous research finds a positive correlation between some desired accounting measures and the religiosity of the population in an area. This study examines the relationship between Corporate Equality Index (CEI) ratings of support for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, queer or questioning (LGBTQ) community, the religiosity of populations in the county in which corporate headquarters are located, and corporate value. A common notion is that religious people are less likely to support policies desired by LGBTQ people, and by extension, less LGBTQ support exists in more highly-religious communities. We find little indication that the religiosity of the people in the county where a corporate headquarters is located affects corporate CEI ratings or shareholder value as measured by Tobin’s q in general. This study offers a primary contribution because examination of the relationship between religiosity and LGBTQ policies is relevant and rare in the literature.
Green’s Function Formulation in Two Dimensions

The previous chapter outlined some of the major issues in the direct application of the BIE to modeling crack problems. The fact that the BIE ceases to be meaningful for problems with two coplanar crack surfaces forces the use of multiregion or symmetric crack plane models. Both of these procedures require modeling of some surface connecting the crack tip surface(s) with other surfaces. In addition, special interpolation methods are required to achieve good engineering accuracy at reasonable cost.
Software Service Selection by Multi-level Matching and Reinforcement Learning

The software realization of distributed systems is typically achieved as loose coalitions of independently created services. The selection of such services, to act as building blocks of a distributed system, is a critical task that requires discovery and matching activities. This selection task is generally based on simple matching techniques and without any notion of customization. This paper presents a method to achieve the service discovery process using the principles of multilevel matching based on multi-level specifications and customization based on reinforcement learning techniques. In this method, services are selected dynamically using an on-line performance-based reinforcement feedback. In contrast to methods which require the services to actually carry out a task before being selected, in the method proposed in this paper, service selection is carried out using only specification matching, thereby eliminating a large amount of redundant computation. Experimental results are presented in the context of a information classification system. These experiments demonstrate that a high degree of performance can be achieved at a much reduced computational cost using only multi-level specification-matching based reinforcement feedback signals.
Identification of a lytic-phase origin of DNA replication in human herpesvirus 6B strain Z29.

Abstract DNA sequences which have structural features suggestive of their functioning as an origin of lytic-phase DNA replication were previously identified in both human herpesvirus 6B strain Z29 [HHV-6B (Z29)] and in HHV-6A (U1102). Plasmid constructs containing the putative HHV-6B (Z29) oriLyt element were replicated after transfection into permissive T cells, when trans-acting factors were provided by HHV-6B (R-1) infection. By using this assay, the HHV-6B (Z29) oriLyt was mapped to a minimal region of approximately 400 bp which lies upstream of the gene that is homologous to herpes simplex virus UL29, a region that carries an origin in other betaherpesviruses and in some alphaherpesviruses.
Alteration in the Proportion of CD4 T Lymphocytes in a Subgroup of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed-Uninfected Children

OBJECTIVE: The age-related changes in the proportion of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative children born to HIV-infected mothers (seroreverters) were compared with the changes in these lymphocyte subsets in children born to seronegative women to assess a possible effect of exposure to HIV without infection. DESIGN: There were 146 seroreverter and 72 seronegative children. The median CD4 and CD8 percentages for each of these two groups of children were compared retrospectively at 3-month intervals from birth through 27 months and at a tenth interval for the time beyond 27 months. The weighted average of the within-subject rate of change of CD4 and CD8 percentages were also compared between the two groups. Finally, for each subject, the proportion of the subject's CD4 percentage assays which were 90th percentile (26%) were also computed for each subject, and the distributions of the proportions were compared similarly. . RESULTS: The median CD4 percentage of seroreverter children was lower than that for the seronegative children at every interval from birth through 27 months and for the last interval for values obtained at greater than 27 months, although the comparison was statistically significant only at the 4- to 6-month period. The weighted average of the within-subject rate of change of CD4 percentage was -0.09 and -3.0 per year (P = .04), and of CD8 percentage was 1.3 and 1.0 (P = .67), for the seroreverter and seronegative children, respectively. There were significantly more children in the seroreverter group than in the seronegative group who had repeated assays in which the CD4 percentage was 50% of their assays, as compared with only one (1.4%) seronegative child. The proportion of CD8 assays 90th percentile were not significantly different between the two groups of children. CONCLUSIONS: The CD4 proportions were persistently lower in the seroreverter than in the seronegative population, although only reaching statistical significance in 1 of 10 3-month intervals. This finding may be due to a subgroup of seroreverter children who have persistently low CD4 lymphocyte percentages.
Shining Light on the Rapidly Evolving Structure of Water

Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy is shedding light on the dynamics of hydrogen bonding in liquid water.
Marine Polysaccharides—Food Applications. Vazhiyil Venugopal

The author presents a down-to-earth comprehensive review of current and potential food and medical research and commercial applications for marine polysaccharides including analyses of economic via...
Direct measurements of resonance peaks of DNA's and proteins using widely-tunable monochromatic THz source

This paper presents results of direct measurements of resonance peaks of DNA's and proteins by using a widely-tunable THz source. Direct measurements of transmission and absorption spectra may eventually become a valuable tool for identifying DNA's and proteins based on their unique resonance peaks in the range of 1-3 THz. Probing resonance peaks for DNA's and proteins can be used to monitor changes in DNA-encoded chain in patient's blood for early diagnostic of diseases or gene therapy, and to search for specific signatures of viruses and bacteria or messenger RNA for analysis of metabolic processes.
Validity of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the Prediction of Driving Test Outcome

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of two cognitive screening measures, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in predicting driving test outcome for individuals with and without cognitive impairment. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A clinical driving evaluation program at a teaching hospital in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Adult drivers who underwent assessment with the MMSE and MoCA as part of a comprehensive driving evaluation between 2010 and 2014 (N = 92). MEASUREMENTS: MMSE and MoCA total scores were independent variables. The outcome measure was performance on a standardized road test. RESULTS: A preestablished diagnosis of cognitive impairment enhanced the validity of cognitive screening measures in the identification of at-risk drivers. In individuals with cognitive impairment there was a significant relationship between MoCA score and on-road outcome. Specifically, an individual was 1.36 times as likely to fail the road test with each 1-point decrease in MoCA score. No such relationship was detected in those without a diagnosis of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: For individuals who have not been diagnosed with cognitive impairment, neither the MMSE nor the MoCA can be reliably used as an indicator of driving risk, but for individuals with a preestablished diagnosis of cognitive impairment, the MoCA is a useful tool in this regard. A score on the MoCA of 18 or less should raise concerns about driving safety. Language: en
ReQueSS: relational querying of semi-structured data

We present a prototype of a Web querying interface which is capable of searching and querying unified Web sources of data that have sufficient hidden relational structure. The system converts query-related parts of Web pages into relational data and provides for SQL-like or QBE-like querying capability. The relational query is parsed for relevant information such as selection conditions and table names. This information is then used in conjunction with a knowledge base containing the network locations of HTML documents at the unified Web source to retrieve only the relevant documents for conversion to relational form. The system is being developed using Oracle 8.0 and Oracle Application Server 4.0 (JWeb Cartridge).
Modeling Count Data in Risk Analysis and Reliability Engineering

This chapter presents classical (non-Bayesian) regression models for count data. This includes traditional multivariate linear regression, generalized regression models, and more recent semi-parametric and non-parametric regression models used in data mining. Then, the Bayesian approach for handling count data is also presented. The focus here is on formulating priors. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of computational issues involved in using these models.
Skin reflectance pulse oximetry: in vivo measurements from the forearm and calf.

This study describes the results from a series of human experiments demonstrating the ability to measure arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) from the forearm and calf using a reflectance pulse oximeter sensor. A special optical reflectance sensor that includes a heating element was interfaced to a temperature controller and a commercial Data-scope ACCUSAT pulse oximeter that was adapted for this study to perform as a reflectance pulse oximeter. The reflectance pulse oximeter sensor was evaluated in a group of 10 healthy adult volunteers during steady-state hypoxia. Hypoxia was induced by gradually lowering the inspired fraction of oxygen in the breathing gas mixture from 100 to 12%. Simultaneous SaO2 measurements obtained from the forearm and calf with two identical reflectance pulse oximeters were compared with SaO2 values measured by a finger sensor that was interfaced to a standard Datascope ACCUSAT transmittance pulse oximeter. The equations for the best-fitted linear regression lines between the percent reflectance, SpO2(r), and transmittance, SpO2(t), values in the range between 73 and 100% were SpO2(r)=−7.06+1.09 SpO2(t) for the forearm (n=91,r=0.95) and SpO2(r)=7.78+0.93 SpO2(t) for the calf (n=93,r=0.88). The regression analysis of the forearm data revealed a mean ± SD error of 2.47±1.66% (SaO2=90−100%), 2.35±2.45% (SaO2=80–89%), and 2.42±1.20% (SaO2=70–79%). The corresponding regression analysis of the calf data revealed a mean ± SD error of 3.36±3.06% (SaO2=90–100%), 3.45±4.12% (SaO2=80–89%), and 2.97±2.75% (SaO2=70–79%). This preliminary study demonstrated the feasibility of measuring SaO2 from the forearm and calf in healthy subjects with a heated skin reflectance sensor and a pulse oximeter.
Activity versus peroxisomal targeting of PerCR.

Peroxisomal carbonyl reductase (PerCR), a tetrameric enzyme, enters peroxisomes when expressed in human cells, but not when PerCR tetramers are introduced into these cells. The PerCR crystal structure (Tanaka et al., 2008) yields insights that explain these data.
Relative sparing of primary auditory cortex in Williams Syndrome

Williams Syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopment disorder associated with a hemizygous deletion on chromosome 7. WS is characterized with mental retardation, severe visual-spatial deficits, relative language preservation, and excellent facial recognition. Distinctive auditory features include musical ability, heightened sound sensitivity, and specific patterns of auditory evoked potentials. These features have led to the hypothesis that the dorsal forebrain is more affected than the ventral. Previously, we reported primary visual area 17 abnormalities in rostral striate cortex, a region contributing to the dorsal visual pathway. Based on the dorsal-ventral hypothesis, and language and auditory findings, we predicted a more normal histometric picture in auditory area 41. We used an optical dissector method to measure neurons in layers II-VI of area 41 in right and left hemispheres of the same 3 WS and 3 control brains used in the area 17 study. There was a hemisphere by diagnosis interaction in cell packing density (CPD) in layer IV and in cell size in layer III between WS and control brains. Post hoc analysis disclosed in control brains, but not WS, a layer IV left > right asymmetry in CPD, and a layer III left < right asymmetry in cell size. WS brains showed more large neurons bilaterally in layer II and in left layer VI. Histometric alterations in area 41 were less widespread than rostral visual cortex. Also, there was less asymmetry in the WS brain. We interpret layers II and VI differences as reflecting increased limbic connectivity in primary auditory cortex of WS.
Optimal determination of nudging coefficients using the adjoint equations

The adjoint equations of a numerical model can be used for model-parameter estimation. In this study, a general computational procedure is developed to determine the size and distribution of any internal model parameter. The procedure is then applied to a one-dimensional shallow-water model in the context of analysis-nudging four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA): the weighting coefficients used by the Newtonian nudging technique are determined such that the model error during the assimilation period is optimally reduced subject to some constraints. The sensitivity of these nudging coefficients to the optimal objectives and constraints is investigated using this simple grid-point model in an Observing Systems Simulation Experiments (OSSE) mode. The results show that in principle, it is feasible to determine a set of nudging weights which minimize the model error over the period covered by the observations. It is demonstrated, however, that the magnitude and distribution of these “optimal” nudging weights are sensitive to the prescribed estimate of the nudging weights and the corresponding coefficient matrix which define a penalty term in the cost function. The penalty term is a weak constraint on the size and distribution of the optimal nudging weights while the model is the strong constraint. The fit of the model to the data is greater when this constraint on the nudging weights is weaker, but then the nudging weights may be too large or even negative. Thus the “optimal” solution for this model parameter is not unique because specification of this penalty term in the cost function introduces a new uncertainty into the nudging FDDA framework. Nevertheless, this optimal-nudging approach does show promise, but the sensitivity of the technique to the penalty term requires further investigation under more realistic conditions. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1993.t01-4-00003.x
Cutaneous lymphomas in companion animals

Abstract In humans, cutaneous lymphomas can be divided into three major groups: epidermotropic cutaneous lymphomas (ECLs), in which the neoplastic lymphocytes have a tendency to invade the epidermis; nonepidermotropic cutaneous lymphomas (NECLs); and related diseases, which include histiocytic proliferative disorders. 1 Diseases in the last category are not true lymphomas.
Early history and reactivation of the rand thrust, southern California

Abstract The Rand thrust of the Rand Mountains in the northwestern Mojave Desert separates an upper plate of quartz monzonite and quartzofeldspathic to amphibolitic gneiss from a lower plate of metagraywacke and mafic schist (Rand Schist). The Rand thrust is considered part of the regionally extensive Vincent/Chocolate Mountain thrust system, which is commonly believed to represent a Late Cretaceous subduction zone. The initial direction of dip and sense of movement along the Vincent/Chocolate Mountain thrust are controversial. Microfabrics of mylonites and quartzites from the Rand Mountains were analyzed in an attempt to determine transport direction for this region, but the results are ambiguous. In addition, the southwestern portion of the Rand thrust was found to have been reactivated as a low-angle normal fault after subduction. Reactivation might have occurred shortly after subduction, in which case it could account for the preservation of high-pressure mineral assemblages in the Rand Schist, or it could be related to mid-Tertiary extension in the western United States. In either event, the reactivation might be responsible for the complicated nature of the microfabrics. The Rand Schist exhibits an inverted metamorphic zonation. Isograds in the schist are not significantly truncated by the reactivated segment of the Rand thrust. This indicates that other segments of the Vincent/Chocolate Mountain thrust should be re-evaluated for the possibility of late movement, even if they show an apparently undisturbed inverted metamorphic zonation.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LARGE MILKWEED BUG AFTER LASER IRRADIATION.

Abstract 1. 1. Laser beam irradiation caused a significant decrease in the oxygen uptake on the first 2 days of the fifth stadium. 2. 2. A decrease in the hemolymph protein concentration was found in lased insects on the fourth day of the stadium. 3. 3. The laser irradiation apparently had no effect on the uric acid content of the excrement. 4. 4. There was a decrease in whole-body ATP content on the first day of the stadium and an increase over the control values on days 2, 5 and 9.
Technological Integration of a Plato Simulation and Related Variables into Preservice Teacher Education

This study was designed to investigate the influence of a PLATO Simulation and related variables upon the performance of preservice early childhood education majors. Subjects in the study were seventy third- and fourth-quarter seniors. Results showed that students receiving a repeated measure of the simulation performed much better after teaching in K-5 classrooms. Responses to a survey on the use of computers in teacher education using ANOVA revealed a significant difference between experimental and control groups on three subscales and the overall scale values (p < 0.0001). Experimental also showed more improved performance on unit portfolio products (p < 0.0013) and cumulative learning tests (p < 0.0001) than their counterparts. Important implications of this study are that computerized simulation can improve the performance of undergraduate early childhood majors and their response to a survey on the importance and knowledge of computers and attitude toward using them.
Reproductive Decisions among HIV‐infected, Drug‐Using Women: The Importance of Mother‐Child Coresidence

In this article we examine the influence of personal, social, and cultural factors, in particular continuity of mother-child coresidence, on the reproductive decisions of HIV-positive, women drug users. Among these women, decisions to terminate a pregnancy were found to be most significantly associated with continuity of mother-child coresidence. We explore the policy implications of this finding.
Simulation of deformation and failure process in bimodal al alloys

Recent scientific interest in nanostructured materials stems from reports of attractive physical and mechanical properties. It has been proposed that the presence of multiple-length scales in a “nanostructured” matrix can alleviate the problem of low ductility by facilitating dislocation activity. One example of the concept of multiple-length scales is illustrated by a “bimodal” microstructure, e.g., containing a mixture of nanostructured and submicron grains. The present work reports on a numerical study of the tensile deformation and fracture of a nanostructured Al alloy with a bimodal microstructure. In the theoretical framework used in the present study, the elastic-plastic behavior, deformation, and fracture processes are approximated by the Ramberg-Osgood formula and finite-element method, respectively. The numerical results are found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental behavior.
Aging and individual differences in rapid two-choice decisions.

The effects of aging on performance were examined in signal detection, letter discrimination, brightness discrimination, and recognition memory, with each subject tested on all four tasks. Ratcliff’s (1978) diffusion model was fit to the data for each subject for each task, and it provided a good account of accuracy and the distributions of correct and error response times. The model’s analysis of the components of processing showed that aging had three main effects: The nondecision components of processing were slower and the decision criteria were more conservative for 60- to 74-year-old and 75- to 85-year-old subjects than for college students, but the quality of the evidence on which decisions were based was as good for the older subjects as for college students on some of the tasks. Individual differences among subjects in components of processing tended to be preserved across the tasks, as was shown by strong correlations across the tasks in the parameters of the model that represent the components of processing. For example, if the evidence on which a subject’s decisions were based was good in one task, it tended to be good in all four tasks.
Evaluation of the Lower Spine after Blunt Trauma Using Abdominal Computed Tomographic Scanning Supplemented with Lateral Scanograms

Background: Patients at risk for thoracolumbar junction (TLJ) and lumbar spine (LS) injury after blunt trauma are classically evaluated using conventional radiographs. Frequently, these patients also undergo abdominal and pelvic computed tomographic (CT) scanning to exclude the presence of associated intra-abdominal injuries. Standard abdominal and pelvic CT scan usually includes an anteroposterior (AP) scout film (scanogram) obtained before the cross-sectional imaging. The objective of this study was to determine whether a lateral CT scanogram and axial CT views would provide adequate imaging to allow for evaluation of the TLJ and LS and therefore eliminate the need for conventional screening computed lumbar spine radiographs (CLSRs). Methods: Patients who sustained blunt injury and required both CLSRs as well as abdominal and pelvic CT scans were prospectively identified. The study protocol (CT + S) added lateral CT scanograms to all helical abdominal and pelvic CT scan studies. The AP and lateral CT scanograms were included with the axial images, and these views were reviewed together during final radiographic interpretation and diagnosis. The results of CT + S were compared with readings of the CLSRs (AP and lateral) in a blinded fashion by a trauma radiologist. Results: Lateral scanograms were generated for 71 patients. All scanograms were technically adequate, with image quality equal or superior to computed plain radiographs. Ten patients were found to have 20 fractures, 19 acute and 1 chronic. All abnormalities identified by plain radiographs were seen using CT + S (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 100%). Eight transverse process and two spinous process fractures not seen on CLSRs were identified using CT + S. Conclusion: Our CT + S protocol (axial CT images plus AP and lateral scanograms) outperformed screening CLSRs in the detection of fractures of the lower spine (TLJ + LS) after blunt trauma. In addition, scanogram imaging is less dependent on body habitus and adds no additional cost or time to abdominal and pelvic CT scanning. Further study is required to determine whether CT + S can routinely replace conventional radiographs of the lower spine after blunt trauma.
An approach to consensus and certainty with increasing evidence

Abstract We investigate conditions under which conditional probability distributions approach each other and approach certainty as available data increase. Our purpose is to enhance Savage's (1954) results, in defense of ‘personalism’, about the degree to which consensus and certainty follow from shared evidence. For problems of consensus, we apply a theorem of Blackwell and Dubins (1962), regarding pairs of distributions, to compact sets of distributions and to cases of static coherence without dynamic coherence. We indicate how the topology under which the set of distributions is compact plays an important part in determining the extent to which consensus can be achieved. In our discussion of the approach to certainty, we give an elementary proof of the Lebesgue density theorem using a result of Halmos (1950).
Activity and molecular weight of protein tyrosine phosphatases in cell lysates determined by renaturation after gel electrophoresis.

Abstract A procedure for renaturing and detecting the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) after sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–gel electrophoresis with greatly improved sensitivity and resolution is described. Epidermal growth factor receptor–kinase, c-src kinase, and focal adhesion kinase were phosphorylated on tyrosine with 32 PO 4 and incorporated into gels prior to electrophoresis. These proteins are dephosphorylated when cellular proteins are electrophoresed and the separated PTPases are renatured in the gel by removing SDS with extensive washing. With whole cell lysates, at least eight separate bands of decreased radioactivity corresponding to PTPase activity with molecular weights between 110 and 34 kDa are seen in autoradiographs of the dried gels. PTPases detected are similar with different cell types and with the three 32 P-labeled protein substrates, although they are different in cytosolic and membrane-associated fractions. A PTPase detected above 200 kDa in wheat germ agglutinin eluates from solubilized cells suggests that some receptor PTPases can be renatured. While microgram levels of recombinant PTP-1C are required for detection, nanogram levels of recombinant PTP-1B are easily detected. Assaying the activity of renatured PTPases after they have been separated by molecular weight in SDS gel electrophoresis provides a simple and rapid means of determining the activity of individual PTPases in cell fractions.
Maintaining constant enzyme activity in a continuous flow reactor

Abstract The feed rate of make-up enzyme into a continuous flow enzyme reactor is theoretically determined to offset exactly the loss of activity through enzyme
Isoelectric characteristics and surface radioiodination of normal and thrombasthenic platelet membrane glycoproteins

Abstract Membrane glycoproteins of platelets from normal and Glanzmann's thrombasthenic subjects were characterized as to isoelectric properties and surface radioiodination. Washed platelets were iodinated using lactoperoxidase and 125 I, membranes were isolated, and whole platelets and membranes were each subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. At least six distinct radiolabeled proteins were routinely observed on the two-dimensional maps. The radiolabeled regions coincided closely with PAS-stained regions indicating that glycoproteins were radiolabeled. The isoelectric focusing positions of the radiolabeled glycoproteins from platelets of four thrombasthenics did not differ from normal as determined by pH measurements of the focused gels and also by the use of internal isoelectric point protein standards. All four patients were severely deficient (
Evaluation of commercial PC-based DICOM image viewer

While each software product incorporated some excellent features, none included the full repertoire of needed functions. Depending on the specific clinical practice setting, absence of a function could constitute an inconvenience or preclude use of the software. For a referring physician inside the hospital, another software application affords access to the radiologist report, but remote access may not be available. When the primary practice involves plain radiography, the lack of sophisticated tools for managing complex cross-sectional images is a minor inconvenience, but for a neuroradiologist it is a major inconvenience. Comparisons with prior exams and measurement tools are often used to assess changes in patient status, but these tools are primitive stage of development. Although we concluded that our staff could use these products to evaluate patient exams, we will continue to search for a product that provides full support for clinical operations.There is apparently no technological limitation precluding inclusion of these tools of PC viewer software, rather it seems to be the result of incomplete requirement definition, inadequate software development, or deliberate decisions to limit product development. Development activity seems to have shifted from PC-based viewers to Web-based products.
Photon-sieve lithography

We present the first lithography results that use high-numerical-aperture photon sieves as focusing elements in a scanning-optical-beam-lithography system [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B21, 2810 (2003)]. Photon sieves are novel optical elements that offer the advantages of higher resolution and improved image contrast compared with traditional diffractive optics such as zone plates [Nature414, 184 (2001)]. We fabricated the highest-numerical-aperture photon sieves reported to date and experimentally verified their focusing characteristics. We propose two new designs of the photon sieve that have the potential to significantly increase focusing efficiency.
Stability Analysis of Direct Integration Algorithms Applied to MDOF Nonlinear Structural Dynamics

Direct integration algorithms are typically used to solve temporally discretized equations of motion to evaluate the performance of structures under dynamic loading. The stability of these direct integration algorithms are usually investigated for linear elastic structures. However integration algorithms are often applied to structures with nonlinear behavior. This paper presents a procedure based on discrete control theory to investigate the stability of direct integration algorithms applied to multidegree-of-freedom (MDOF) nonlinear structures. The discrete root locus approach is used to investigate properties of the poles of the discrete transfer function matrix representing the nonlinear structural dynamics and to assess the stability of the integration algorithm. The procedure is illustrated using a nonlinear shear building MDOF system to investigate the stability of popular direct integration algorithms, including the Newmark family of integration algorithms, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor α -method, and ...
Identification of a nuclear protein matrix.

Abstract The structural framework of the rat liver nucleus has been identified and consists of a nuclear protein matrix. This matrix is 98.4% protein, 0.1% DNA, 1.2% RNA, and 0.5% phospholipid. The nuclear protein matrix is composed primarily of three acidic polypeptide fractions in the molecular weight range of 60–70,000 daltons.
Solvent Extraction of Alkali Metal Cations from Aqueous Solutions by Crown Ether Carboxylic Acids

Abstract Competitive solvent extractions of alkali metal cations from aqueous solutions by the crown ether carboxylic acids sym-dibenzo-13-crown-4-oxyacetic acid, 2; sym-dibenzo-19-crown-6-oxyacetic acid, 3, and sym-dibenzo-14-crown-4-oxyacetic acid, 4, in chloroform have been conducted. Influences of aqueous phase pH and metal ion concentrations upon the concentrations of metals and complexing agent in the organic phase are assessed and compared with those reported for sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxyacetic acid, 1. Extraction selectivity orders of K > Rb > Na ≍ Cs > Li, K > Rb ≥ Na ≍ Cs > Li, and K > Na > Rb > Cs ≍ Li were found for extractions using 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In terms of selectivity and metal extractability, 3 surpasses 1, 2, and 4.
Polaronic signatures in mid-infrared spectra: Prediction for LaMnO3 and CaMno3

Hole-doped ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ and electron-doped ${\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3}$ form self-trapped electronic states. The spectra of these states have been calculated using a two orbital (Mn ${e}_{\mathrm{g}}$ Jahn-Teller) model, from which the nonadiabatic optical conductivity spectra are obtained. In both cases the optical spectrum contains weight in the gap region, whose observation will indicate the self-trapped nature of the carrier states. The predicted spectra are proportional to the concentration of the doped carriers in the dilute regime, with coefficients calculated with no further model parameters.
The Rural Economy in a New Century

This article discusses the economic status of rural America. It focuses on the current status of rural areas and the incipient forces that will change life in rural areas through the early twentyfirst century. During the twentieth century, technology eroded the employment base of most rural communities, depressed incomes, and made out-migration the only recourse for millions. The fortunes of rural communities are diverging. Some are continuing to face economic decline. Others are trying to cope with rapid growth in population, land use conflicts, and growing demand for public services. The twenty-first century could instead favor rural communities. Economic and demographic trends are reducing the cost of distance and increasing the value of space. Technology is reducing the need for proximate labor. Demand for rural community lifestyle is growing. With effective rural policy, rural communities could contribute much more to the national economy. What is meant by rural and urban? Throughout this article, I will refer to comparisons between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties and their equivalents. Metro (or urban) places have a core city with at least 50,000 residents and an area population of at least 100,000 residents in the most recent census. Nonmetro (rural) counties are all other counties. It is important to point out that this census-based definition of nonmetro includes some distinctly rural areas that happen to fall in the shadow of cities. It also means that many nonmetro residents live in small cities. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, rural America faces unprecedented change. But for at least the last half-century, many rural communities have been on a demographic and economic roller coaster. Since at least 1950, the status and role of rural America within the larger economy were somewhat clearer (at least in retrospect) than they have been in the last quarter-century. In general, urban areas produced products in the early stages of the product cycle, while rural areas generated raw materials, food, and energy and, in some regions, provided low-cost labor for the production of goods in the mature stage of their product cycle. Rural communities depended on the income and employment generated by farms, farm policy, and farm families. Average farm size was increasing while farm numbers were declining. Excess labor from farm families joined the local or urban labor markets. Manufacturing firms located in least-cost locations
ON THE MEANINGS OF CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE

This paper explores the multiple meanings of constructed response. The term is conceptualized as a superordinate category subsuming a variety of item formats ranging from minor adaptations of multiple choice to “authentic” assessment tasks. The meaning of these formats is explored through four validity facets: construct validity, relevance/utility, value implications, and social consequences. This exploration leads to a multi-dimensional structure for conceptualizing constructed-response formats. From this conception, it is argued that appreciating the term's multiple meanings broadens the intellectual and political debate, identifies gaps in our knowledge base, and suggests a balanced approach to educational assessment.
Mediator release from basophil granulocytes in chronic myelogenous leukemia: Demonstration of the eosinophil chemotactic activity of histamine

Abstract Mediator release from the leukocytes of two patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and basophilia was studied using rabbit antihuman IgE antibody. The release of histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), platelet activating factor (PAF), chemotactic activity for neutrophils and eosinophils, and an inhibitor of eosinophil migration was observed. However, the release of SRS-A from the basophils of one patient and the release of chemotactic activity from both patients displayed unusual properties. During acceleration of the disease process, the basophils of one patient released maximal SRS-A activity at progressively lower concentrations of anti-IgE. Both patients released a high molecular weight factor (M.W. >20,000) which enhanced the migration of neutrophils and eosinophils and a low molecular weight chemotactic factor (M.W.
Energy Efficient Cascade Predictive Vehicle Stability Control

This paper presents a predictive vehicle directional stability control structure that has integrated energy-loss reduction benefits during transient handling maneuvers. The method is based on the idea of balancing longitudinal and lateral tire force saturation levels using a cascade model predictive structure for the optimal distribution of tractive or braking torques. Balancing saturation levels also has the added benefit of reducing and evening-out tire wear. To demonstrate the energy-loss reduction benefits, we consider nonlinear simulations of a nominally unstable truck featuring an independent drive system. Comparisons against a commonly cited brake-based yaw stability control strategy with similar directional control performance shows that the proposed predictive saturation management approach provides energy-loss reductions of more than 60%. This energy efficiency benefits are retained whether or not the drive system has regenerative/energy recovery capabilities.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Health-related quality of life of patients with acute erosive reflux esophagitis

One thousand one hundred forty-five patients with acute erosive reflux esophagitis participating in an eight-week double-blind, multicenter study of lansoprazole 15 mg daily, lansoprazole 30 mg daily, omeprazole 20 mg daily, and placebo responded to a health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire at baseline and at two, four, and eight weeks. At baseline, there were no HRQoL differences among the four study groups. However, all three active treatment groups improved statistically significantly more than placebo on most HRQoL scales at each follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences among the three active treatment groups at week 2, although in most instances lansoprazole 30 mg showed slightly more improvement. After week 2, benefits in all the study groups leveled off and remained constant. Greater acid suppression appeared to result in greater improvement in terms of HRQoL.
Multidomain analysis and wavefield separation of cross-well seismic data

While cross-well traveltime tomography can be used to image the subsurface between well pairs, the use of cross-well reflections is necessary to image at or below the base of wells, where the reservoir unit is often located. One approach to imaging cross-well reflections is to treat each cross-well gather as an offset VSP and perform wavefield separation of direct and reflected arrivals prior to stacking or migration. Wavefield separation of direct and reflected arrivals in VSP is accomplished by separating the total wavefield into up and downgoing components. Since reflectors can exist both above and below the borehole wavefield, separation of cross-well data into up- and downgoing components does not achieve separation of direct and reflected arrivals. In our technique, we use moveout filters applied in the domain of common vertical source/receiver offset to extract reflected arrivals from the complex total wavefield of a cross-well seismic data set. The multiple domains available for filtering and analysis make cross-well data more akin to multifold surface seismic data, which can also be filtered in multiple domains, rather than typical VSP data, where there is only one domain (common source) in which to filter. Wavefield separation of cross-well data is shown to be particularly effective against multiples when moveout filters are applied in common-offset space.
On the projection method for protocol verification

S.S. Lam and A.U. Shankar (1982) have proposed a projection method for protocol verification. They claim that the method guarantees the faithfulness of the safety and liveness properties of a protocol system. Although not clearly defined, `faithfulness' appears to mean that `the image protocol system is live (respectively, safe) if and only if the original protocol system is live (respectively, safe). It is shown that the `only if' part is not true for certain liveness properties, and a remedy is suggested.
Barriers to Change in Teacher Education.

(1993). Barriers to Change in Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 14-21.