cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Some of the Most Severe Misrepresentations of J.M. Keynes's Theory of the Rate of Interest in the General Theory in the Late 1930's

Keynes’s theory of the rate of interest combines the incomplete and partial neoclassical view that the Amount of Savings and Investment determine the interest rate with his own unique contribution based on liquidity preference. Liquidity preference was theoretically based by Keynes on his “weight of the evidence” criterion from the A Treatise on Probability.The demand and supply of money had to be taken into account along with the demand for investment and the supply of savings. Keynes never stated at any time in his life that his theory of the rate of interest was determined by liquidity preference ALONE. Unfortunately, M.Millikan and J. Viner in the late 1930’s failed to cover chapters 15 and 21 of the General Theory. They then published academic papers that would mislead other researchers into believing that Keynes was arguing that the demand and supply of money ALONE determined the rate of interest. The work of Millikan and Viner has probably mislead tens of thousands of economists over the last 80 odd years.Keynes’s very clear and lucid presentation of his four equation, simultaneous, formal, mathematical, determinate model, incorporating uncertainty as a shift paramenter in the GT in Section IV of Chapter 21, was completely overlooked by all reviewers of the GT. Champernowne indirectly made the best evaluation of Keynes’s model in 1936. Hicks’s “interpretation” is an inferior version of Keynes’s original system of equations presented as a system by Keynes in chapters 15 and 21 of the GT. Nonetheless, an economist such as Krugman, working with Hicks’s version can ,in fact, do macroeconomics satisfactorily as long as he has also understood Samuelson’s (and Keynes’s) dissertation position, reiterated in his 1970 Nobel address conclusion, that optimization based, microeconomic models of individual maximizing behavior (Max U and Max π) can’t possibly be used to model macroeconomic behavior incorporating positive feedback effects, such as the multiplier and accelerator, because the macro whole then becomes far greater than the micro parts. It is simply mathematically impossible to represent the multiplier and accelerator impacts as a micro optimization problem based on negative feedback alone. Unfortunately, it is precisely due to a gross ignorance of Samuelson’s position that the IS-LM version of Hicks was pushed aside in the mid 1970’s by Muth, Lucas, Sargeant, etc.over a bogus claim the IS-LM did not have a optimization based foundation in microeconomic optimization theory of the consumer and producer.
Malnutrition Identification in Geriatric Patients Using Data Mining

It is a big challenge to assess and monitor the well-being of geriatric people due to the rise in the average population and keep track of their health status on a daily basis. Nutrition screening is a method used to find the nutrition risk in patients that can be improved by nutritional therapy. Nutrition screening strategy helps to evaluate the nutrition risk of patients which can be improved by nutritional therapy. There are different types of screening forms identified based on age group and hospital settings. The primary objective of the paper is to study the screening forms MUST, NRS-2002, and MNA to identify the correlation between the form parameters using statistical methods. The purpose of this study is to design a system to understand the nutritional status of the patient and identify patients that will be benefited from nutrition therapy. A classification algorithm of data mining is proposed to identify patients with comorbidities and hence suffering from malnutrition. It will help physicians to take the daily decision-making activities to prevent the events before occurring. The patients’ health care can be monitored by the use of devices like mobile applications by observing patients’ nutrition intake. The developed system helps to keep track of the geriatric patient’s health and improve the method of how dietician or practitioner delivers care when the patient is monitored remotely.
Deep diving with Clio.

An autonomous underwater vehicle, named Clio, can sample ocean basin–scale biogeochemistry at depths up to 6000 meters.
“I’m Not a Doctor, But I Can Sew a Mask”: An Evaluation of Social Media Messages Regarding Home Sewing PPE for the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020.

Amidst the beginning of the COVID10 pandemic emerged a widespread shortage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) specifically N95 face masks. Home sewer responded quickly to request from medical professionals to fill help fill the PPE shortage. In order to share their participation and recruit more individuals to sew masks as the United States entered a national quarantine period, many home sewers turned to social media to communicate. The aim of this research was to understand the messages shared among home sewers regarding their mask sewing participation. Due to its popularity among home sewers, Instagram was used to search social media hashtags to identify messages related to home sewing face masks for the pandemic. THis netnographic (Kozinets, 2010) approach to qualitative research revealed five overarching themes: This is helping me, Call to action, Do it right, Rising to the occasion, and I'm ready for this.
Avoiding COVID-19 Related Foreclosures by Implementing Cost-Effective Mortgage Modifications for Federally-Backed Loans

Millions of homeowners are having difficulty paying their mortgage because of the COVID-19 emergency, and those suffering from a sustained income loss will be unable to afford their original monthly payments. Research based on post-Great Recession defaults provide compelling evidence that a mortgage modification that delivers substantial payment reduction is the right tool to keep borrowers in their home and avoid foreclosures. Based on this research, I establish the steps of an “optimized” mortgage modification waterfall that offers substantial payment reduction to the borrower while minimizing the financial impact on the lender. I then compare the optimized waterfall to the GSE, FHA, and VA mortgage modification options and provide specific recommendations that, if implemented, would allow the Federal agencies to offer deeper payment reductions and broaden the availability to modifications to help more homeowners in need while minimizing the cost to lenders.
Rational design of bifunctional conjugated microporous polymers

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are an emerging class of porous organic polymers that combine π-conjugated skeletons with permanent micropores. Since their first report in 2007, the enormous exploration of linkage types, building units, and synthetic methods for CMPs have facilitated their potential applications in various areas, from gas separations to energy storage. Owning to their unique construction, CMPs offer the opportunity for the precise design of conjugated skeletons and pore environment engineering, which allow the construction of functional porous materials at the molecular level. The capability to chemically alter CMPs to targeted applications allows for the fine adaptation of functionalities for the ever-changing environments and necessities. Bifunctional CMPs are a branch of functionalized CMPs that have caught the interest of researchers because of their inherent synergistic systems that can expand their applications and optimize their performance. This review discusses the rational design and synthesis of bifunctional CMPs and summarizes their advanced applications. To conclude, our own perspective on the research prospects of these types of materials is outlined.
Leukotrienes in Asthma

One of the major reasons for pursuing the chemical structure of the biological material known as slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) was that this material was known to be a potent bronchoconstrictor substance in guinea pigs [1] and in isolated human airways [2]. Thirty years ago, the simple concept was that SRS-A was released from sensitized cells following antigen sensitization and challenge, and that the released material transduced a signal at an as yet to be identified receptor leading to smooth muscle constriction and therefore the manifestations of human asthmA. It has been almost 25 years since the elucidation of the structure of SRS-A as a mixture of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) [3] and just over 5 years since agents that act on leukotriene pathway have been available as asthma treatments [4,5]. What have we learned about asthma from the use of these agents and what is the role of these agents in the treatment of asthma?
Teachers' Salaries in Latin America: How Much Are They (Under or Over) Paid? *

This paper documents the extent to which teachers are underpaid vis-a-vis workers in other professional and technical occupations in Latin America circa 2007. These labor earnings differences, attributed to observable socio-demographic and job characteristics, are assessed using a matching methodology (Nopo, 2008). Teachers’ underpayment is found to be stronger than what has been previously reported in the literature, especially among preschool and primary teachers. Nonetheless, behind the region averages there is an important cross-country heterogeneity. Teachers’ underpayment is more pronounced among males, older workers, household heads, part-timers, formal workers, those who work in the private sector, and (mostly) among those with complete tertiary education. Two amenities of the teaching profession, namely the longer job tenure and the flexible job schedules within the year, are also explored. Even after accounting for the possible compensating differentials of these two amenities, teachers’ underpayment vis-a-vis that of other professional and technicians prevail.
Amyloid Accumulation and Pathogensis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Significance of Monomeric, Oligomeric and Fibrillar Aβ

This chapter reviews recent findings that indicate that soluble amyloid oligomers may represent the primary pathological species in Alzheimer’s and other degenerative diseases. Various amyloids share a number of common properties, including their structures and pathways for fibril formation and accumulation in disease. Recent findings suggest that toxic amyloid oligomers share a common structure, suggesting that they also share a common mechanism of pathogenesis
A note on combined job selection and sequencing problems

We investigate the solvability of two single-machine scheduling problems when the objective is to identify among all job subsets with cardinality k,1≤k≤n, the one that has the minimum objective function value. For the single-machine minimum maximum lateness problem, we conclude that the problem is solvable in O(n2) time using the proposed REMOVE algorithm. This algorithm can also be used as an alternative to Moore's algorithm to solve the minimum number of tardy jobs problem by actually solving the hierarchical problem in which the objective is to minimize the maximum lateness subject to the minimum number of tardy jobs. We then show that the REMOVE algorithm cannot be used to solve the general case of the single-machine total-weighted completion time problem; we derive sufficient conditions among the job parameters so that the total weighted completion time problem becomes solvable in O(n2) time. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 60: 449–453, 2013
Membrane properties and adrenergic responses in locus coeruleus neurons of young rats.

Intracellular recordings were made from locus coeruleus neurons in slices taken from rats 8–26 d of age. Neurons from these animals exhibited spontaneous action potentials, which were superimposed on slow (0.3–3 Hz) rhythmic depolarizations. The frequency of these potentials was closely related to the age of the animals from which the slice was taken, the slowest frequencies being observed in tissues from the youngest animals. In adult animals, such rhythmic activity was only rarely observed under normal recording conditions. The rhythmic depolarizations had a slow rate of rise and fall, were 3–15 mV in amplitude, were not affected by tetrodotoxin, and were abolished in solutions that contained elevated magnesium content. When the membrane potential was hyperpolarized by passing current through the recording electrode, the depolarizing rhythmic activity persisted even at very negative potentials (-120 mV). These depolarizations appear to be generated by the inward movement of calcium ions, probably in dendritic regions of the neuron. Superfusion of phenylephrine caused membrane depolarizations, increased the frequency of action potentials and of the slow, rhythmic depolarizations in about 80% of the cells from young rats, whereas it had no effect or a depressant action on cells from adults. Noradrenaline hyperpolarized the cells through an alpha 2- adrenoceptor and abolished the slow depolarizations. In cells from young rats, the hyperpolarization produced by noradrenaline reached a maximum and then declined, such that there was a “sag” in the membrane potential toward the resting potential following the peak of the hyperpolarization. Following the washout of noradrenaline, the membrane potential repolarized before moving toward the resting level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Proposed ‘Grant-And-Access’ Program With Price Caps Could Stimulate Development Of Drugs For Very Rare Diseases

The 1983 Orphan Drug Act created incentives for the development of orphan drugs. Despite its successes, including a substantial increase in new drugs, approved orphan drugs still treat fewer than 5...
Dissemination of Radiological Information using Enhanced Podcasts

Rationale and Objectives Podcasts and vodcasts (video podcasts) have become popular means of sharing educational information via the Internet. Materials and Methods In this article, we introduce another method, an enhanced podcast, which allows images to be displayed with the audio. Bookmarks and URLs may also be imbedded within the presentation. This article describes a step-by-step tutorial for recording and distributing an enhanced podcast using the Macintosh operating system. Enhanced podcasts can also be created on the Windows platform using other software. An example of an enhanced podcast and a demonstration video of all the steps described in this article are available online at web.mac.com/mthapa. Results An enhanced podcast is an effective method of delivering radiological information via the Internet. Viewing images while simultaneously listening to audio content allows the user to have a richer experience than with a simple podcast. Incorporation of bookmarks and URLs within the presentation will make learning more efficient and interactive. Conclusion The use of still images rather than video clips equates to a much smaller file size for an enhanced podcast compared to a vodcast, allowing quicker upload and download times.
Record-keepers in the Court of Chancery and their ‘Record’ of Accomplishment in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

This article describes the conflict over authority and fees which came to a head in 1791 between two groups of officials within the court of chancery, the Sworn Clerks and the Six Clerks, and considers how far the recurrent conflict adversely affected the preservation of the court’s records. It gives an account of record-keeping in the context of these clashes and explores the surviving records of chancery equity proceedings in the Public Record Office. Users of these records are alerted that, although voluminous, they are far from complete.
Educating Social Work Students to Practice in the Latino Immigrant Community

Immigration from Latin America to the United States will be a political issue for many years. Because Latinos are the largest minority group in the U.S., they will continue to be a concern of social work education. Language differences, cultural distinctions, and unique political ramifications require specialized programs within social work curricula in order to enable social workers to be culturally relevant in their practice. This paper describes a curriculum designed to educate social work students to practice in Latino immigrant communities. The logic and complexity of the curriculum is discussed as well as the rationale for adding Spanish language courses to the curriculum. Finally, the educational objectives of the program are discussed as well as the results of a four-year follow-up survey of graduates of the program.
The impact of U.S. tax reform on foreign direct investment in the United States

Abstract This study empirically examines how taxes shape foreign direct investment, and finds that increased taxes spur inward foreign investment. This finding conforms with theories that recognize that foreign investor response is critically shaped by the tax provisions faced by the foreign investor in his home country, and by the effects of tax reform on pre-tax asset returns. We demonstrate that average tax rates may better proxy tax effects than do effective tax rates. Our findings are more robust than previous results since we utilize the entire 1980s tax history, consider a fuller set of industry distinctions, and estimate the tax responsiveness in the context of exchange-rate fluctuations.
Sensitivity of output performance measures to input distribution shape in modeling queues—3: real data scenario

This paper follows-on papers presented at the two previous WSC conferences on sensitivity of output measures to input distribution selection in queueing modeling. Here, a real situation is studied, where data on input distributions are utilized and distributions selected by two fitting packages, Arena Input Analyzer and ExpertFit. Empirical distributions made from histograms of the raw data itself, as well as the first two choices from Arena and ExpertFit are compared for this small bank queueing network model, showing that an output measure such as mean wait in queue is quite sensitive to input distribution choice.
Experimentally determined compositions of diopside-jadeite pyroxene in equilibrium with albite and quartz at 1200–1350°C and 15–34 kbar

Abstract Equilibrium compositions of diopside-jadeite pyroxene coexisting with albite and quartz were experimentally determined at 25 different P-T conditions, using an electron microprobe for analysis. The new data and the 600°C data of Holland (1983) provided the following mixing properties of the diopside (Di)-jadeite (Jd) solid solution (J, K): G xs = X Jd X Di [12600 − 9.45 T + (12600 − 7.6 T )( X Jd − X Di ) − (21400 − 16.2 T )( X Jd − X Di ) 2 ]. The Di-Jd solution is close to ideal above 1000°C but immiscible below 565°C. The Di-Jd solvus is slightly asymmetric with the crest at composition Di 42.4 Jd 57.6 . Excess enthalpy is positive but smaller than indicated by the enthalpy of solution measurements of Wood et al. (1980). Disorder in the Di-Jd solution is significantly smaller than complete disorder implied by the ionic two-site model.
12Be levels studied with the 14C(14C, 12Be)16O reaction

Abstract The 14 C( 14 C, 12 Be) 16 O reaction has been measured at 60 MeV incident energy to study the 12 Be nucleus. The previously reported 0 + ground state and 2 + , 2.09 MeV first excited state are confirmed, and a third state at 2.68 MeV is unambiguously assigned to 12 Be. Angular distributions for the three states are presented, and the ground state excitation function is reported between 50 and 63 MeV.
Surgical implications of early failed endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery

Background It is generally accepted that failed infrainguinal bypass with prosthetic material significantly compromises arterial run off, which may limit future revascularization. It is well known that the negative consequences of early vein graft thrombosis are limited, but the effect of failed peripheral angioplasty on the distal vasculature is poorly studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether early failure after superficial femoral artery intervention influences subsequent revascularization options. Methods Between July 1, 1998, and June 30, 2006, 276 patients underwent endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery. A prospective analysis of angiograms done before the intervention and after early failure (≤200 days) was performed in a blinded fashion by three attending vascular surgeons to determine the optimal distal bypass site if an operation were to be performed. Inter-rater reliability of the angiogram scores was assessed using the Fleiss generalized κ for multiple raters. Potential distal anastomotic sites were classified as above knee popliteal, below knee popliteal, tibial, or no adequate site. A consensus classification was determined for each patient (2 of 3 raters). Results Of the 276 patients who underwent endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery, early failure was noted in 24 limbs in 23 patients. Angiographic records were available for 21 limbs in 20 patients (60% men; mean age, 65.3 ± 11.3 years), of which 60% had critical limb ischemia, 40% had claudication, and 65% had diabetes. The distal bypass site was altered in six limbs (28.6%); four from popliteal to tibial and two from above knee to below knee popliteal. Inter-rater reliability was 0.54 (moderate/good). The procedures performed on these early failures were percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ± stent (n = 14), infrainguinal bypass (n = 5), and no treatment (n = 1). Only 0.4% (1 of 276) of patients required major limb amputation due to early failure of a superficial femoral artery intervention. Conclusions Early failure after isolated endovascular intervention of the superficial femoral artery is infrequent and alters the distal target in 30% of early-failure patients if open bypass is planned. Salvage with repeat angioplasty, if necessary, can be accomplished in most patients, and the need for limb amputation is exceedingly rare. The early failure results in this study support a more liberal application of endovascular intervention to the superficial femoral artery in patients with lower extremity ischemia, especially claudication. The repercussions of late endovascular failure as well as the effects of disease progression need further study.
Specific heat of4He confined between two silicon wafers

We report new specific heat data for4He confined between two silicon wafers at sub-μm separation. The measurement technique is discussed, as well as the results which are relevant to theories of finite-size scaling. We compare our data to calculations of the scaling function and to earlier experimental results.
No Longer Silent: On Becoming an Active Patient

As a primary care internist, I know the benefits that my patients achieve when they actively communicate during the medical interview. As an educator and communication researcher, I have devoted an...
Mouse Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter EAAT2: Isolation, Characterization, and Proximity to Neuroexcitability Loci on Mouse Chromosome 2

Glutamate and aspartate are excitatory neurotransmitters that have been implicated in a number of pathological states of the nervous system. Accumulation of extracellular excitatory amino acids can be cytotoxic and may also lower the seizure threshold in epilepsy. An important function of the Na(+)-dependent high-affinity excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) is the reuptake of secreted amino acid neurotransmitter, possibly maintaining extracellular amino acid concentrations at nontoxic and nonepileptogenic levels. We have isolated the mouse cDNA for EAAT2, a neurotransmitter transporter that shares extensive amino acid sequence homology with one of several previously cloned high-affinity glutamate transporters. The mouse EAAT2 amino acid sequence shares 99 and 97% identity with its rat and human homologues, respectively. It is expressed predominantly in the brain, where it may function as a glia-specific transporter. In an interspecific backcross analysis Eaat2 maps to the central region of mouse chromosome 2, where it is located near quantitative trait loci that modulate neuroexcitability and seizure frequency in mouse models of alcohol withdrawal and epilepsy.
The action of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate on lipolysis in rat adipose tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. Stimulation of lipolysis in fat cells or intact adipose tissue by cyclic 3',5'-AMP, 1 mM, was readily demonstrated in simple phosphate-saline (all Na+) medium. Adenine, 1 mM, also to a lesser extent stimulated lipolysis in this medium but unlike cyclic 3',5'-AMP its effect was not diminished by the presence of K+ in the incubation medium. Adenosine, 5'-AMP, ADP, or ATP did not enhance lipolysis. 2. 2. In phosphate-saline medium with K+ (7 mequiv/1) cyclic 3',5'-AMP stimulated lipolysis when the basal rate was low (tissue from fasted-refed rats, tissues preincubated with glucose and insulin) and inhibited lipolysis when the basal rate was high (tissues from fasted rats, tissues incubated with epinephrine). 3. 3. In Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium cyclic 3',5'-AMP alone had no effect on production of glycerol by fat cells and decreased the elevated rate of glycerol production associated with the presence of theophylline. In Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium without Ca2+ and Mg2+, cyclic 3',5'-AMP alone stimulated glycerol production and did not decrease glycerol production when theophylline was present. 4. 4. EDTA (5 mM) increased glycerol production in medium without Ca2+ and Mg2+. Alone, it had no effect in medium with Ca2+ and Mg2+ but inhibited the effect of epinephrine. Stimulation of lipolysis by EDTA (no Ca2+ or Mg2+) was much greater in all Na+ medium than it was in the presence of K+. The composition of free fatty acids released into the medium was similar whether lipolysis was stimulated by epinephrine, cyclic 3',5'-AMP or EDTA. 5. 5. Stimulation of lipolysis by cyclic 3',5'-AMP (all Na+ medium) was not observed in the absence of phosphate which itself in high concentration (>20 mM) increased release of free fatty acids.
Rare earth element complexation by fluoride ions in aqueous solution

Rare earth fluoride stability constants for Ce, Eu, Gd, Tb and Yb at 25°C have been determined by examining the influence of fluoride ions on the distribution of rare earths between tributyl phosphate (TBP) and 0.68M NaClO4. Our results indicate that rare earth mono and difluoro complexation constants show a steady increase as a function of atomic number from La to Tb but remain relatively constant after Dy. This behavior is similar to that which has been observed for dicarboxylic acids. Stepwise stability constant ratios, K2/K1, obtained in our work (where K1=[MF2+][M3+]−1[F−]−1 and K2=[MF2+]−1[MF2+]−1[F−]−1) indicated that, for all rare earths, K2/K1=0.09±0.03.
Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) device in end-stage dialysis access: a decision analysis model.

Abstract Background The Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) dialysis access device is a permanent tunneled dialysis graft connected to a central venous catheter and is used in patients with end-stage dialysis access (ESDA) issues secondary to central venous stenosis. The safety and effectiveness of the HeRO device has previously been proven, but no study thus far has compared the cost of its use with tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) and thigh grafts in patients with ESDA. Materials and methods A decision analytic model was developed to simulate outcomes for patients with ESDA undergoing placement of a HeRO dialysis access device, TDC, or thigh graft. Outcomes of interest were infection, thrombosis, and ischemic events. Baseline values, ranges, and costs were determined from a systematic review of the literature. Total costs were based on 1 year of post-procedure outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to test model strength. Results The HeRO dialysis access device is the least costly dialysis access with an average 1-year cost of $6521. The 1-year cost for a TDC was $8477. A thigh graft accounted for $9567 in a 1-year time period. Conclusions The HeRO dialysis access device is the least costly method of ESDA. The primary determinants of cost in this model are infection in TDCs and leg ischemia necessitating amputation in thigh grafts. Further study is necessary to incorporate patient preference and quality of life into the model.
A Settling Time Constrained Optimization of a Velocity Inertial Navigation System

In this paper, a description of a technique for improving transient performance in the velocity inertial system while minimizing the standard deviation of the system error, (i.e., standard deviation of the system velocity measurement error ?v2) is given. To accomplish this objective, a prescribed settling time constraint is formulated for the system response. The constraint equation is then imposed on the minimization process. The result shows that considerable settling time improvement can be derived without sacrificing system accuracy.
Repression of cell-cell fusion by components of the C. elegans vacuolar ATPase complex.

Summary Cell-cell fusion initiates fertilization, sculpts tissues during animal development, reprograms stem cells to new differentiated states, and may be a key step in cancer progression. While cell fusion is tightly regulated, the mechanisms that limit fusion to appropriate partners are unknown. Here, we report that the fus-1 gene is essential to repress fusion of epidermal cells in C. elegans : in severe fus-1 mutants, all epidermal cells, except the lateral seam cells, inappropriately fuse into a single large syncytium. This hyperfusion requires EFF-1, an integral membrane protein essential for fusion of epidermal cells into discrete syncytia. FUS-1 is localized to the apical plasma membrane in all epidermal cells potentiated to undergo fusion, whereas it is virtually undetectable in nonfusing seam cells. fus-1 encodes the e subunit of the vacuolar H + -ATPase (V-ATPase), and loss of other V-ATPase subunits also causes widespread hyperfusion. These findings raise the possibility of manipulating cell fusion by altering V-ATPase activity.
Decentralized event detection using distributed interrupts in Cyber Physical Systems

This paper proposes a novel event detection algorithm in Cyber-Physical Systems that uses the concept of interrupts in embedded systems. An event is produced when a new entity emerges in an area. We use the term distributed interrupt due to the distributed nature of an emergent event. Our algorithm generates distributed interrupts using decentralized inter-node collaborations, computes interrupt latency accurately with unsynchronized nodes, produces a distributed stack that saves the current state of the distributed system, and determines the criticality of processing a distributed interrupt to compute interrupt priorities and application-specific timing constraints.
Measurement of steady currents around the frog lens.

Abstract Steady electrical currents were measured and mapped around the frog lens using a vibrating probe. Ion substitutions and ouabain were used to help identify the ionic basis of the observed currents. In physiological frog Ringer solution, current densities at the equator averaged 26 μA cm −2 and were directed outward. At both optical poles, inward currents were measured, with those at the posterior pole about 30% greater than those at the anterior pole. Currents at all loci decreased when external potassium concentration was increased at the expense of sodium, and when Na and K concentrations approached those of lens cytosol, all currents approached zero. Current direction reversed in a solution containing 105 m m K and 2·5 m m Na. In an Na-free medium, where sodium was replaced with choline, currents were reduced significantly at the poles and equator, but they changed direction only at the anterior pole. This effect was fully reversible on return to solution containing sodium. Ouabain (0·1 m m ) caused a significant decrease in currents only at the equator, and this effect had two components. A rapid 10% decline in current was complete in 2 min, followed by a steady, slower decrease which stabilized 8–12 min later at a new level approximately 30% lower than the initial current.
24-hour provoked urine excretion test for heavy metals in children with autism and typically developing controls, a pilot study.

Introduction. The complementary and alternative medicine practice of prescribing chelators to children with autism is based on the premise that the chronic symptoms of autism can be ameliorated by reducing heavy metal body burden. However, there has not been definitive evidence, published to date, to support the assertion that children with autism are at increased risk of an excess chelatable body burden of heavy metals. The oral chelator meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) can be used diagnostically to mobilize heavy metals from extravascular pools, enhancing the identification of individuals who have a chelatable body burden. Methods. Seventeen children with autism and five typically developing children were enrolled in a pilot study to test for chelatable body burden of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), and Mercury (Hg). Evaluation included a questionnaire regarding potential exposure to heavy metals, diet restrictions, a baseline 24-hour urine collection, and a DMSA-provoked urine collection....
Negating freedom's freedom

This issue brings to close another significant year for Social Identities. This has been a year of much uncertainty and unfinished business. The precariousness of the world economy in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was felt in rather uneven terms. Most significantly, whilst the United States and Western Europe seemed to be the worst affected, significant parts of the post-colonial world, especially China and India emerged robust, led by a seemingly unrestrained appetite for consumption. From the continuing ‘war on terror’ in Iraq and Afghanistan, the machinations of settler politics in Israel and Palestine, the Naxalites in India and Nepal, to the Tibetan problem in China, uncertainty and unfinished business seem to plague the world. Nowhere is this more evident than the phenomenon of diasporic ‘home-grown’ terrorism, such as the UK-born Muslim terrorists who seem to instill the greatest fear nine years after the 9/11 attacks. This phenomenon has led to social division arising out of a fear of the enemy within Western societies and poses unique challenges for social cohesion in multicultural societies...
Consequences of Guage Invariance for Radiative Transitions

Consideration is given to any system of particles whose behavior under the influence of an external electromagnetic field can be described by a guage invariant Schroedinger equation. Detailed restrictions on the form of the hamiltonian which are imposed by the condition of guage invariance are derived. These provide a simple means to the solution of many problems of the interaction of a system with the electromagnetic field. In particular the following consequences are established: (1) In multipole expansions for single photon processes the electric multipole operators have the usual form but the form of the magnetic multipole operators may depend in a detailed way on the interactions between particles and electromagnetic field. (2) The $f$-sum rule can be expressed in closed form in terms of the interactions. (3) A generalization of the $f$-sum rule to all electric multipole orders is given. (4) The cross section for scattering of a low energy photon can be expressed in terms of the electrostatic polarizability quite independently of the interactions. Applications of these methods to problems in nuclear physics are given in an accompanying paper.
USE OF APPAREL AS CUES TO PERCEPTION OF PERSONALITY

Clothing as a cue in perception of personality was examined in a pilot study using 25 sweaters of varying design features. 60 female volunteers selected the sweaters thought to be worn by five personality types. Actual garments were used, presenting physical features absent in studies employing pictorial stimuli. These features were statistically significant as cues in perception of five personality types.
The Circadian Clock Controls Sunburn Apoptosis and Erythema in Mouse Skin

Epidemiological studies of humans and experimental studies with mouse models suggest that sunburn resulting from exposure to excessive UV light and damage to DNA confers an increased risk for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Previous reports have shown that both nucleotide excision repair, which is the sole pathway in humans for removing UV photoproducts, and DNA replication are regulated by the circadian clock in mouse skin. Furthermore, the timing of UV exposure during the circadian cycle has been shown to affect skin carcinogenesis in mice. Because sunburn and skin cancer are causally related, we investigated UV-induced sunburn apoptosis and erythema in mouse skin as a function of circadian time. Interestingly, we observed that sunburn apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine induction, and erythema were maximal following an acute early-morning exposure to UV and minimal following an afternoon exposure. Early-morning exposure to UV also produced maximal activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (Atr)-mediated DNA damage checkpoint signaling, including activation of the tumor suppressor p53, which is known to control the process of sunburn apoptosis. These data provide early evidence that the circadian clock has an important role in the erythemal response in UV-irradiated skin. The early morning is when DNA repair is at a minimum, and thus the acute responses likely are associated with unrepaired DNA damage. The prior report that mice are more susceptible to skin cancer induction following chronic irradiation in the AM, when p53 levels are maximally induced, is discussed in terms of the mutational inactivation of p53 during chronic irradiation.
Accuracy of the Satz‐Mogel procedure in estimating WAIS‐R IQs that are in the normal range

WAIS-R protocols from 81 normal adults were rescored using the Satz-Mogel short form procedure. Although correlations were high between short form and actual WAIS-R scores for Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ (over .90), short form estimated FSIQs exceeded +/- 5 points from obtained scores in 55% of cases. At the subtest level, correlations were especially low between the short form and complete subtests for Similarities, Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion and Object Assembly. In those cases, estimated scaled scores exceeded the range of +/- 2 scaled score points from obtained subtest scores in over 25% of cases. Users of the Satz-Mogel procedure with normal range IQ groups are cautioned against employing it for other than a very gross screening device. Interpretations of individual subtests should be avoided.
The role of syntactic context in word recognition

This study examines the role of syntactic information in word recognition. Subjects made a word-nonword decision regarding a target string that was preceded by a syntactically appropriate word, a semantically related word, or an unrelated word. In Experiment 1, with syntactic and semantic trials assigned to separate blocks, syntactically and semantically appropriate context significantly reduced lexical decision for subsequent target words, compared with unrelated contexts. In Experiment 2, the syntactically and semantically primed trials were either blocked separately or mixed within the same block. Significant syntactic and semantic effects were both observed in the blocked condition, but only the semantic effect was obtained in the mixed condition
Ankylosing spondylitis complicated by pseudoarthrosis and secondary spinal stenosis

When a patient with longstanding ankylosis spondylitis presents with acute back pain, one should always consider the possibility of a pseudoarthrosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is important in the evaluation of this complication because of the association of spinal stenosis.
Blood conservation in the critically ill patient.

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion began to come under scrutiny in the early 1980s when concerns about transfusion-related infections, particularly those caused by hepatitis C and HIV. Although advances in transfusion medicine have greatly decreased the risk of viral transmission during RBC transfusion, other concerns now drive the debate over transfusion practice and have led to a reexamination of the approach to RBC transfusion. This debate and the reexamination of transfusion approach have been particularly intense in relation to the care of the critically ill. This review focuses on transfusion practice in the critically ill.
Theory of amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy with and without Q-Control

Abstract The present text reviews the fundamentals of amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM), which is frequently also referred to as dynamic force microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, or “tapping mode” AFM. It is intended to address two different kinds of readerships. First, due to a thorough coverage of the theory necessary to explain the basic features observed in AM-AFM, it serves theoreticians that would like to gain overview on how nanoscale cantilevers interacting with the surrounding environment can be used to characterize nanoscale features and properties of suitable sample surfaces. On the other hand, it is designed to introduce experimentalists to the physics underlying AM-AFM measurements to a degree that is not too specialized, but sufficient to allow them measuring the quantities they need with optimized imaging parameters. More specifically, this article first covers the basics of the various driving mechanisms that are used in AFM imaging modes relying on oscillating cantilevers. From this starting point, an analytical theory of AM-AFM is developed, which also includes the effects of external resonance enhancement (“Q-Control”). This theory is then applied in conjunction with numerical simulations to various situations occurring while imaging in air or liquids. In particular, benefits and drawbacks of driving exactly at resonance frequency are examined as opposed to detuned driving. Finally, a new method for the continuous measurement of the tip–sample interaction force is discussed.
Structural Reform at the FDA: Can FDA Become a High Performance Organization?:

This paper shares some of the management challenges we face at the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and how we are addressing them. The FDA is undergoing more substantive change than at any time in its recent history. I would like to provide an overview of some of those changes. I come to the FDA with a private sector background. Within the private sector, the emerging management model of the 1990s is one of high performance organizations. Within the public sector there exists an equally important imperative to create such high performance organizations. I would like to share with you steps we are taking at the FDA to improve our internal management and operations.
Sibling Conflict within Early Modern German Noble Families

In late medieval and early modern Germany, it was legal and acceptable for heads of noble households to imprison female family members as a method of punishment or coercion. Although few fathers took advantage of this strategy, brothers who succeeded their fathers as heads of households proved far less reluctant to incarcerate their sisters when the women challenged their authority. This practice of gendered coercion often led to politically destructive, divisive, and emotionally charged conflicts among siblings. This article examines the conflicts between noble brothers and their sisters, and explores why women refused to obey their brothers and what the consequences of their rebellion were. As Shakespeare has reminded us, the emotional discord between aristocratic brothers often altered a family's political fortunes. This article suggests that the same was true for the relationship between noblewomen and the brothers who tried to control them.
Increased normoxic-to-ischemic tissue borderzone as the cause for reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias

Abstract Reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT) are potential sequelae of ischemic myocardial damage. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias induced by programmed stimulation correlate well with spontaneously occurring clinical arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of provoking VT in homogeneous and heterogeneous (mottled) models of canine myocardial infarction. Twenty-two mongrel dogs were evaluated with programmed stimulation open chest under barbiturate anesthesia. Dogs were divided into four groups: (A) Seven dogs were studied acutely (nonoperated controls); (B) five dogs were studied 7–14 days after the pericardium had been opened and a pursestring suture placed in the left atrium (sham-operated controls); (C) five dogs were studied 7–14 days after the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was infused with vinyl latex (homogeneous infarcts); and (D) five dogs were studied 7–14 days after the LAD was two-stage occluded and then reperfused after 2 hr (heterogeneous infarcts). Using unipolar cathodal ventricular pacing with two premature ventricular extrastimuli, initiation of a VT was attempted in each dog at 10 sites. Three (43%) of the acute dogs (Group A) and three (60%) of the sham-operated dogs (Group B) exhibited VT, but at only one site in each dog, 6 100 or 6.0% of the sites attempted in these 10 dogs. Similarly, in the dogs with homogeneous latex infarctions, VT was reproducibly induced from one site in each of four (80%) dogs, but at only 4 50 , or 8.0% of sites. In comparison, VT was initiated in all five dogs with chronic heterogeneous infarctions (Group D) at 46 50 or 92% (P
Does free-access to scholarly articles increase readership and citation impact? A randomized controlled, multi-publisher, multi-journal study

Open Access is a lightening rod for controversy in scholarly communication, attracting more opinions and rhetoric than hard data. The limited numbers of empirical studies to date have used methodologies that do not adequately control for potential biases and competing explanations. We propose the first randomized controlled study of Open Access publishing to ascertain whether providing free access to scholarly articles leads to greater readership and increased citation impact. This experiment will involve seven publishers and 36 research journals (plus an additional twelve control journals), allowing greater generalizability over subject disciplines in the sciences, social sciences and humanities.
Size Dependent Raman Spectra of Bismuth Telluride Nanocrystals Synthesized via a One-Step Wet Chemistry Method

High-crystallinity 0D, 1D and 2D Bi2Te3 nanocrystals have been synthesized using the pyrolysis of organometallic compound method. The growth process of Bi2Te3 nanocrystals was revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Samples synthesized at the temperature of 35°C show a dominant morphology of 0D nanoparticle or 1D nanorod, while samples synthesized at the temperature above 75°C show a dominant morphology of 2D nanoplate. Phonon vibrational behavior was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. 2D nanoplates show similar Raman features to few-quintuple thick Bi2Te3 layers, while 0D and 1D nanostructures show a blueshifted A1g2 mode and a much stronger A1u mode. This is the report about Raman spectra obtained on small Bi2Te3 nanoparticle and nanorod whose size is within the strong quantum confinement region.© 2012 ASME