cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of mica crystals as reflectors for an ultracold neutron doppler converter

Abstract Natural mica crystals have been characterized for use as reflectors for an ultracold neutron source using Bragg scattering of cold (400 m/s) neutrons from a moving mica reflector, recently installed at the Los Alamos neutron science center (LANSCE). In particular, the triotahedral Mg-rich mica phlogopite has been obtained in large sheets. The structure factor for the first-order Bragg reflection is a factor of four larger than for muscovite, the first variety of mica examined. The observed peak reflectivity for a phlogopite of 0.25 mm thickness is about 8.2% at 1.9 A, with a mosaic spread of about 0.3° FWHM, in good agreement with the ideally imperfect crystal model. This can be extrapolated to a reflectivity of about 63% at the 17.4 A operating wavelength of the ultracold neutron source. Improvements are possible by obtaining Fe-rich mica, which should be almost as effective as the alternative approach of using synthetic perfluorinated mica.
Differential Expression of TGF-β, IL-2, and Other Cytokines in the CNS of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Infected Susceptible and Resistant Strains of Mice

Abstract Intracranial inoculation of susceptible SJL mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in biphasic disease consisting of early acute disease, followed by late chronic demyelinating disease, associated with mononuclear infiltrates and demyelinating lesions. In contrast, resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice develop only early acute disease. We employed cytokine-specific RT-PCR to determine the expression of cytokine transcripts in the CNS of TMEV-infected SJL and B6 mice. During early acute disease, we have found a strong proinflammatory (Th1) cytokine response in the CNS of both TMEV-infected SJL and B6 mice, demonstrated by the expression of transcripts for IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α. At 8 days postinfection (p.i.), TGF-β1 and TNF-α transcripts were present at significantly higher levels (P
Security constrained economic dispatch with participation factors based on worst case bus load variations

An efficient method is presented for finding the economic and steady-state secure base point generation levels to supply the present load. From the specified range of possible load variation anticipated for each bus during the interval before the next base point optimization, the generator participation factors are calculated to guarantee a secure supply to the worst case combination of bus load excursions. The base points are calculated using a linear but lossy system model coupled with an efficient gradient computation technique. The worst case bus load condition is found as an extension of the base point calculation.
Theory development for HIV behavioral health: empirical validation of behavior health models specific to HIV risk

In the presence of numerous health behavior theories, it is difficult to determine which of the many theories is most precise in explaining health-related behavior. New models continue to be introduced to the field, despite already existing disparity, overlap, and lack of unification among health promotion theories. This paper will provide an overview of current arguments and frameworks for testing and developing a comprehensive set of health behavior theories. In addition, the authors make a unique contribution to the HIV health behavior theory literature by moving beyond current health behavior theory critiques to argue that one of the field's preexisting, but less popular theories, Social Action Theory (SAT), offers a pragmatic and broad framework to address many of the accuracy issues within HIV health behavior theory. The authors conclude this article by offering a comprehensive plan for validating model accuracy, variable influence, and behavioral applicability of SAT.
Evaluating Methods for Forecasting Earnings Per Share

In this study, the relative accuracy of four well known methods for forecasting are compared The methods are applied to the time series of earnings per share for a random sample of United States corporations over a lengthy period of time. All the time series exhibit both period‐to‐period movements and seasonal fluctuation. The four models are, (1) Holt‐Winters multiplicative exponential smoothing model, (2) univariate Box‐Jenkins model, (3) linear autoregression of data seasonally adjusted by the Census II–XII method, and (4) linear autoregression of the data seasonally adjusted by the X11‐ARIMA method. The study of financial data of this type is important because (1) these data exhibit time series properties of trend, seasonality, and cycle, (2) earnings per share forecasts are important for purposes of financial planning and investment; and (3) previous studies of this nature were not as exhaustive in terms of the statistical analysis of the results
Dietary modulation of mu and kappa opioid receptor-mediated analgesia.

Abstract Research has demonstrated that intake of palatable carbohydrates and fats enhanced morphine-induced analgesia (MIA) in Sprague–Dawley rats. To determine if the effects of palatable foods on nociceptive responses would generalize to other strains of animals and other opioid agonists, the present experiments investigated whether intake of palatable foods would: a) alter MIA in Long–Evans rats, and b) alter analgesia produced by drugs acting at kappa opioid receptors. In experiment 1, adult male Long–Evans rats were fed Purina chow alone or chow and either a 32% sucrose solution, a 0.15% saccharin solution, or hydrogenated vegetable fat. Using a tail-flick apparatus, nociceptive responses, measured as percent maximal possible effect (%MPE), were examined after morphine administration [0.0, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC)]. %MPEs varied directly as a function of dose and were significantly greater for rats fed chow and either sucrose or fat than for rats fed chow alone or chow and saccharin. Experiment 2 compared the analgesic effect of the kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488H (0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg/kg SC) in rats fed chow alone or chow and a 32% sucrose solution. Administration of U50,488H led to analgesia. However, %MPEs did not vary directly as a function of dose. %MPEs of rats fed chow and sucrose were significantly greater than those of rats fed chow alone after injections of 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg U50,488H. Experiment 3 compared the analgesic effect of U50,488H (5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/kg SC) in rats fed chow alone or chow and either a 0.15% saccharin solution or hydrogenated vegetable fat. Administration of U50,488H led to analgesia. However, %MPEs did not vary directly as a function of dose or as a function of diet. %MPEs of rats fed chow and fat were significantly greater than those of rats fed chow alone after injection of 5.0 mg/kg U50,488H.
A NUMERICAL INTRODUCTION TO EIGENVALUES USING MATHEMATICA

ABSTRACT We offer an introduction to eigenvalues using a form of the power method is presented.
Health Care Reform and the Behavioral Health Workforce

Health care reform will increase the number of individuals who have access to substance abuse services. This impending influx of consumers has the potential of overwhelming the service capacity of providers within the field. Provisions included in the reform legislation might fall short of their intended goal to expand the number of service providers needed to deliver services. This article discusses unmet treatment need in the United States, the current numbers of service providers, and provisions within the reform legislation to increase the labor force. Recommendations are set forth that could help expand the number of providers in the field.
Fault classification with Gauss-Newton optimization and real-time simulation

Anomaly diagnostics and fault classification with prognostics is an active research topic, and real-time detection of anomalies and their classification has remained a critical challenge to be overcome. We developed an innovative, model-driven anomaly diagnostic and fault characterization system for electromechanical actuator (EMA) systems to mitigate catastrophic failures. The efficacy of the Model-based Avionic Prognostic Reasoner (MAPR) approach has been proven in real time using test data acquired from a MIL-STD-1553 testbed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are generated as a result of this study to show the tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity. Results of model optimization and fault classification are also presented. This real-time processing will enable enhancements in flight safety and condition-based maintenance (CBM). Once this system is completely mature, flight safety will be improved by allowing the on-board flight computers to read from the MAPR and update their control envelope based on its evaluations of the hardware health, reducing damage propagation, decreasing maintenance time, and increasing operational safety.
Psychotherapy and catholic confession

The problem of easing human anguish and guilt most often falls upon two categories of individuals?psychotherapists and the clergy. As the problems present themselves in increasing proportion and complexity, both psycho therapists and clergymen are forced to examine their calling a little more closely. How does the role of the psychotherapist differ, for example, from that of the priest hearing confession in terms of guiding the individual who comes to him with a pressing problem that has instilled much guirt? Carl Jung was perhaps among the first to examine critically the suppositions of Catholic confession and psychotherapy. His article, "Psychotherapy and the Clergy,"1 represented a composite of positive values of both disciplines. He concludes that: 1) The Catholic Church possesses a rich instrument (in the form of confession) that can be utilized as a ready-made pastoral technique. 2) The Catholic form of penance serves as a source for immediate release of tension, however temporary. 3) The Catholic Church is rich in symbolism that appeals to the uncon scious mind and thereby makes it more accessible. 4) Psychotherapy involves no direct condemnation for any "bad be havior." 5) Psychotherapy is more objective and easier to handle because of its comparative simplicity and lack of ritualism. 6) Psychotherapy can speak to almost every person on some level or other (in contrast to confession, which, as an activity, actually speaks to a few willing people). There remains, however, the problem as to how the two disciplines are truly comparable in terms of contributing to one another. Psychotherapists struggle under the light of recent research that reveals that many of their clients could have progressed effectively without their therapists. In a similar light, the priests struggle under the laymen's constant demands for the church to help them find meaning in life. Bringing together the potentialities of psychotherapy and confession to
Analyses of deoxycytidylate deaminase molecular forms in human-mouse and monkey-mouse somatic cell hybrids

Disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (disc PAGE) analyses have revealed that mouse, human, and monkey cytosol deoxycytidylate (dCMP) deaminases differ in electrophoretic mobility, so that mixtures of mouse and human, mouse and monkey, and human and monkey enzymes can be separated. To learn whether the genes for dCMP deaminase and thymidine (dT) kinase are genetically linked, disc PAGE analyses of cytosol fractions from human-mouse and monkey-mouse somatic cell hybrids were carried out. The interspecific somatic cell hybrids were derived from the fusion of cytosol dT kinase deficient mouse cells with cytosol dT kinase-positive human and monkey cells: they contained mostly mouse chromosomes and a few primate chromosomes, including the determinant for primate cytosol dT kinase. The disc PAGE analyses demonstrated that the human-mouse and monkey-mouse somatic cell hybrids contained a dCMP deaminase activity with an electrophoretic mobility characteristic of mouse dCMP deaminase. Enzymes with electrophoretic mobilities characteristic of human and monkey dCMP deaminases were not demonstrable. These findings suggest that primate cytosol dT kinase and dCMP deaminase are coded on different chromosomes, or that the formation in hybrid cells of an active primate dCMP deaminase is suppressed. Chick-mouse somatic cell hybrids containing chick but not mouse cytosol dT kinase were also analyzed. The chick-mouse hybrid cells contained cytosol dCMP deaminase activity, but it was not possible to establish whether the enzyme was of murine or avian origin because of the similarity in electrophoretic mobility between the chick and mouse enzymes. Human and mouse cells contained low levels of mitochondrial dCMP deaminase activity. In contrast to dT kinase isozymes, however, mitochondrial and cytosol dCMP deaminases were electrophoretically indistinguishable.
Impact of Obesity on Radiology

Obesity is impacting radiology departments throughout the country. Increasingly, the ability to acquire and interpret images is compromised by a patient's body habitus. This article provides radiologists with background information about obesity including the definition of obesity, the prevalence of obesity, and the health and economic implications; describes current problems and provides specific solutions related to imaging obese patients using various modalities; and discusses the future of medical imaging and obesity.
Single antenna full duplex communications using a common carrier

Recently there has been much interest in systems capable of full duplex communications operating with a common RF carrier frequency in both the transmit and receive channels. All the reported systems require transceivers with multiple transmit and receive antennas in order to achieve sufficient isolation between the transmit and receive channels. The technique detailed in this paper is the first reported system to achieve full duplex communication using a common carrier operating with a single antenna resulting in high transmit to receive isolation and low insertion loss. The technique provides over 40 dB isolation between the transmitter and receiver channels and 0.75dB insertion loss for the transmitter-to-antenna and antenna-to-receiver paths.
Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, the use of tPA is limited by its narrow therapeutic window and by increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation. There is an urgent need to develop suitable stroke models to study new thrombolytic agents and strategies for treatment of ischemic stroke. At present, two major types of ischemic stroke models have been developed in rats and mice: intraluminal suture MCAO and embolic MCAO. Although MCAO models via the intraluminal suture technique have been widely used in mechanism-driven stroke research, these suture models do not mimic the clinical situation and are not suitable for thrombolytic studies. Among these models, the embolic MCAO model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical investigation of thrombolytic therapy. This embolic model was first developed in rats by Overgaard et al.1 in 1992 and further characterized by Zhang et al. in 19972. Although embolic MCAO has gained increasing attention, there are technical problems faced by many laboratories. To meet increasing needs for thrombolytic research, we present a highly reproducible model of embolic MCAO in the rat, which can develop a predictable infarct volume within the MCA territory. In brief, a modified PE-50 tube is gently advanced from the external carotid artery (ECA) into the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip of the catheter reaches the origin of the MCA. Through the catheter, a single homologous blood clot is placed at the origin of the MCA. To identify the success of MCA occlusion, regional cerebral blood flow was monitored, neurological deficits and infarct volumes were measured. The techniques presented in this paper should help investigators to overcome technical problems for establishing this model for stroke research.
On a theorem of Deift and Hempel

We provide an alternative proof of the main result of Deift and Hempel [1] on the existence of eigenvalues ofv-dimensional Schrodinger operatorsHλ=H0+λW in spectral gaps ofH0.
The role of color cues in facilitating accurate and rapid location of aided symbols by children with and without down syndrome.

Purpose This research examined how the color distribution of symbols within a visual aided augmentative and alternative communication array influenced the speed and accuracy with which participants...
Simulated Convective Invigoration Processes at Trade Wind Cumulus Cold Pool Boundaries

Observations of precipitating trade wind cumuli show convective invigoration on the downwind side of their cold pools. The authors study convection and cold pools using a nested‐Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulation of 19 January 2005—a day from the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean experiment. The temperature and water vapor mixing ratio drops in simulated cold pools fall within the envelope of observed cases, and the wind enhancement matches observations more closely. Subcloud updrafts downwind and near the cold pool boundary are statistically compared to updrafts further from cold pools. Updrafts near cold pool outflows are moister than the other updrafts and are more likely to originate from overall moister regions. Cold pool‐influenced updrafts tend to exceed the other updrafts in vertical velocity and are associated with more cloud liquid water. The strength of circulation within the cold pool boundary is unable to match that because of the low-level environmental wind shear, and the lifted updrafts advect faster than the environmental wind, thereby accessing the ambient environmental moisture converged by cold pool expansion.Caseswithhigherrainratescorrespondtolargercloudcoverthroughtheshearingoffoftheupperlevel cloud, consistent with observations. This study suggests that it is the ability of cold pools to lift thermodynamically favorable air that is critical for secondary convection of trade wind cumuli.
Relationship between parasternal and external intercostal muscle length and load compensatory responses in dogs.

1. The effects of tracheal occlusion on peak parasternal (PA) and external intercostal (EI) (3rd interspace) EMG activities were examined at different end-expiratory lung volumes both above and below functional reserve capacity (FCR) in anaesthetized, vagotomized and spontaneously breathing dogs. 2. Parasternal (PA) and external intercostal (EI) muscle lengths were monitored in situ. The difference in peak EMG activity between free and occluded breaths (test breaths) was related to the coincident peak change in intercostal muscle length (delta L) for each muscle, respectively. 3. At FRC, tracheal occlusion resulted in compensatory augmentation of peak EI, but little change in peak PA EMG activities. At lung volumes below FRC, airway occlusion resulted in augmentation of both PA and EI activities. Responses to airway occlusion at lung volumes above FRC were variable. The magnitude and duration of these changes in EMG, however, could be linearly related to the value of delta L. With delta L = 0, there was no change in peak EI or PA EMG; for values of delta L less than 0, there was attenuation of EI and PA EMG; for delta L greater than 0, there was enhancement of EI and PA EMG activation. 4. The magnitude of the changes in EMG activity in response to tracheal occlusion was more prominent for the EI muscle compared to the PA, the latter of which are known to have much fewer muscle spindles than EI muscle. 5. Our results suggest that a difference in end-inspiratory muscle length between the control and occluded breaths is a stimulus for the intercostal response to applied loads implicating muscle spindles as the predominant receptor moderating these responses. We hypothesize that when delta L = 0, no change in EMG occurs since the spindles sense no change in muscle length. When delta L less than 0 (i.e. peak muscle length during the occluded breath is shorter than control) muscle spindles would be disengaged, resulting in a disfacilitation of EMG activity. Where delta L greater than 0 (i.e. peak muscle length during the occluded breath is longer than control), muscle spindles are stimulated, resulting in enhancement of EMG activity. 6. Additional doses of Nembutal (20 mg), which produced significant changes in breathing pattern, did not affect the magnitude of the load compensatory responses.
Relationships between Job Stressors, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intent in the Assisted Living Sector of Long Term Care

Fundamental differences between assisted living facilities and nursing homes may prohibit the models of satisfaction and turnover developed in nursing home research from generalizing to assisted living facilities. The assisted living industry is growing rapidly, and many groups have voiced concerns about the staff turnover rate. As part of a training and education program, the Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute collected data from the employees of assisted living facilities via self-administered questionnaires. Chi-square analyses were performed to determine if factors previously identified by nursing home literature had a significant relationship to job satisfaction. All of the factors examined showed a relationship to the job satisfaction item. In addition, employees who were not satisfied with their jobs were over 14 times more likely to report intentions to leave. These findings are used to suggest intervention strategies to reduce turnover.
Period-1 Motions in a Time-Delayed Duffing Oscillitor With Periodic Excitation

In this paper, analytical solutions of period-1 motions in a time-delayed Duffing oscillator with a periodic excitation are investigated through the Fourier series, and the stability and bifurcation of such periodic motions are discussed by eigenvalue analysis. The symmetric and asymmetric period-1 motions in such time-delayed Duffing oscillator are obtained analytically, and the frequency-amplitude characteristics of period-1 motions in such a time-delayed Duffing oscillator are investigated. Numerical illustrations of period-1 motions are given by numerical and analytical solutions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Use of polymer-bound metals as fire retardants in polyethylene–silicon blends

Lead compounds and silicone gum when blended into polyethylene act as synergistic fire retardant. The incorporation of lead into the polymer network via lead carboxylate formation through polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride has been studied as a means of improving the metal dispersion and flammability behavior. Lead was also incorporated directly into a polymer backbone via the formation of lead polyesters. The use of other metal compounds as fire retardant additives has also been studied. No special behavior was seen for polymer-bound lead relative to non-polymer bound lead, and other metals were not found to be effective replacements for lead in polyethylene graft maleic anhydride.
Photon Number-Resolved Detection With Sequentially Connected Nanowires

Sequentially connected superconducting nanowires, such as nanopatterned meanders, are very promising candidates for single-photon detectors capable to resolve a number of photons in the pulse. In such devices, the photon number-resolved (PNR) mode is possible due to independent detection of electromagnetic quanta by different regions of the meander. Every photon creates a resistive region in the superconductive meander and the total resistance is expected to be proportional to the number of photons absorbed. While the PNR mode can be realized with available single-photon detectors based on NbN nanowires, up to now it has not been observed experimentally. Here we show that the PNR mode in NbN requires the proper impedance matching between readout circuitry and nanowire-based detector. We discuss possible design of the readout circuitry for PNR detection. Results of modeling show that a high impedance amplifier placed in close proximity to the superconducting nanostructure can provide effective readout for the NbN nanowire-based detector operating in PNR mode.
Numerical investigation of the effect of cathode catalyst layer structure and composition on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance

Abstract The effect of the cathode catalyst layer's structure and composition on the overall performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is investigated numerically. The starting point of the sub-grid scale catalyst layer model is the well-known flooded agglomerate concept. The proposed model addresses the effects of ionomer (Nafion) loading, catalyst (platinum) loading, platinum/carbon ratio, agglomerate size and cathode layer thickness. The sub-grid scale model is first validated against experimental data and previously published results, and then embedded within a two-dimensional validated computational fluid dynamics code that can predict the overall performance of the fuel cell. The integrated model is then used to explore a wide range of the compositional and structural parameter space, mentioned earlier. In each case, the model is able to correctly predict the trends observed by past experimental studies. It is found that the performance trends are often different at intermediate versus high current densities—the former being governed by agglomerate-scale (or local) losses, while the latter is governed by catalyst layer thickness-scale (or global) losses. The presence of an optimal performance with varying Nafion content in the cathode is more due to the local agglomerate-scale mass transport and conductivity losses in the polymer coating around the agglomerates than due to the amount of Nafion within the agglomerate. It is also found that platinum mass loading needs to be at a moderate level in order to optimize fuel cell performance, even if cost is to be disregarded.
Temperature Matters! And Why It Should Matter to Tumor Immunologists

A major goal of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the generation of long-lasting, tumor antigen–specific immune responses that recognize and destroy tumor cells. This article discusses advances in thermal medicine with the potential to improve cancer immunotherapy. Longstanding evidence indicates that survival benefits are accorded to individuals who achieve an increase in body temperature (i.e., fever) following infection. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that physiologic responses to hyperthermia affect the tumor microenvironment through temperature-sensitive checkpoints that regulate tumor vascular perfusion, lymphocyte trafficking, inflammatory cytokine expression, tumor metabolism, and innate and adaptive immune function. Nevertheless, the influence of thermal stimuli on the immune system, particularly the antitumor immune response, remains incompletely understood. In fact, temperature is still rarely considered as a critical variable in experimental immunology. We suggest that more attention should be directed to the role of temperature in the regulation of the immune response and that thermal therapy should be tested in conjunction with immunotherapy as a multi-functional adjuvant that modulates the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(4); 210–6. ©2013 AACR .
Inhibition of Early Atherogenesis by Losartan in Monkeys With Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia

Background—Angiotensin II may contribute to atherogenesis by facilitating the proliferative and inflammatory response to hypercholesterolemia. This study determined, in a primate model of diet-induced atherosclerosis, the effect of AT1 blockade on fatty-streak formation, plasma lipids, and surrogate markers of vascular injury. Methods and Results—Male cynomolgus monkeys fed a diet containing 0.067 mg cholesterol/kJ for 20 weeks were given losartan (180 mg/d, n=6) or vehicle (n=8) for 6 weeks starting at week 12 of the dietary regimen. Arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, and lipoprotein particle sizes and subclass distributions were unaffected by treatment. Losartan caused significant (P<0.05) increases in plasma angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1–7). Compared with vehicle-treated controls, losartan reduced the extent of fatty streak in the aorta, the coronary arteries, and the carotid arteries by ≈50% (P<0.05). A significant (P<0.05) reduction in the susc...
A match made in the laboratory: Persuasion and matches to primed traits and stereotypes

This paper examines a novel means of increasing elaboration of persuasive messages. Whereas much previous research has focused on ways to promote actual self-relevance of the message (e.g., by changing the message to match the recipient), the present research uses priming manipulations to change the recipient to match the message. Across two studies, participants were primed with traits (e.g., extraversion) and stereotypes (e.g., African-American) before reading strong or weak advertisements that matched or mismatched the primed constructs. Participants were more influenced by the quality of arguments in messages that matched (rather than mismatched) the primed constructs. In Experiment 2, these results were observed only among individuals low in the other-directedness subscale of self-monitoring (i.e., people whose behavior is driven by their internal states). Results are interpreted within the Active-Self account, which suggests that primed constructs can become integrated into the working self-concept and influence behavior as though they were self-descriptive.
Telomerase Activation in Mouse Mammary Tumors: Lack of Detectable Telomere Shortening and Evidence for Regulation of Telomerase RNA with Cell Proliferation

Activation of telomerase in human cancers is thought to be necessary to overcome the progressive loss of telomeric DNA that accompanies proliferation of normal somatic cells. According to this model, telomerase provides a growth advantage to cells in which extensive terminal sequence loss threatens viability. To test these ideas, we have examined telomere dynamics and telomerase activation during mammary tumorigenesis in mice carrying a mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat-driven Wnt-1 transgene. We also analyzed Wnt-1-induced mammary tumors in mice lacking p53 function. Normal mammary glands, hyperplastic mammary glands, and mammary carcinomas all had the long telomeres (20 to 50 kb) typical of Mus musculus and did not show telomere shortening during tumor development. Nevertheless, telomerase activity and the RNA component of the enzyme were consistently upregulated in Wnt-1-induced mammary tumors compared with normal and hyperplastic tissues. The upregulation of telomerase activity and RNA also occurred during tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. The expression of telomerase RNA correlated strongly with histone H4 mRNA in all normal tissues and tumors, indicating that the RNA component of telomerase is regulated with cell proliferation. Telomerase activity in the tumors was elevated to a greater extent than telomerase RNA, implying that the enzymatic activity of telomerase is regulated at additional levels. Our data suggest that the mechanism of telomerase activation in mouse mammary tumors is not linked to global loss of telomere function but involves multiple regulatory events including upregulation of telomerase RNA in proliferating cells.
Some Properties of Transmission Systems with Minimum Mean-Square Error

Three properties of a linear transmission system optimized with respect to the mean-square error of the signal received are discussed. These are the attenuation of the main peak of a transmitted pulses the ratio of the components of the mean-square error (signal distortion and noise), and the increase of the error caused by imperfect implementation of the phases of the optimal transfer functions.
Matters of Scale

In 1687, Newton reported that the same laws could describe Galileo's data on balls rolling down ramps and Brahe's data on planets moving around the Sun ( 1 ). This observation implied that a finite list of principles could explain our infinite universe. And it inspired a leap across scales: The rules at human scales are not unique. Newton's laws of motion are still the dominant explanatory tool across scales ranging from a few atoms to solar systems. However, over the past 25 years, ecologists have come to realize that, unlike physics, ecology is scale-dependent ( 2 – 4 ). In a recent paper, Gotelli, Graves, and Rahbek ( 5 ) highlight the importance of this scale dependence: They show that a process that occurs at small spatial scales, namely competition between individuals, plays an important role even at the large scale of an entire country.
the horns of the Mediterraneanist dilemma

Recent studies of moral and symbolic systems have taken for granted the concept of a “Mediterranean culture area.” Consequently, readings of the ethnographic and ethnohistorical record have increasingly demonstrated a disturbing tendency to circularity, particularly in studies of the symbolism associated with sexuality and envy. This circularity has extended to the uses of archaeological evidence: similarities between ancient and modern symbols have virtually been created in support of the Mediterraneanist thesis. These generalizations, moreover, often rely selectively on materials from only a restricted part of the circum-Mediterranean region. As a result, Mediterranean and other stereotypes are reinforced, whereas they should instead be critically examined as part of the symbolic universe inhabited by informants and anthropologists alike.
Exploratory Analyses of the Effects of Managerial Support and Feedback Consequences on Behavioral Safety Maintenance

Abstract Reviews indicate management commitment is vital to maintain behavioral safety processes. Similarly, the impact of observation frequency on safety behaviors is thought to be important. An employee-driven process which encompassed behavioral observations, goal-setting, and feedback was implemented in a paper mill with 55 workgroups using a within-group, time-series design. Data collected over 70 weeks show safety improved by 45% points with a corresponding 45% reduction of injuries. Management's demonstrable support was significantly associated with behavioral safety performance. Observation frequency appeared to be unrelated to the observed percent safe scores.
Long-term child centered play therapy and academic achievement of children: A follow-up study.

This follow-up study measured the impact of long-term Child Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) with 18 academically at-risk elementary school students. Through the use of a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, researchers examined the use of CCPT from preintervention to midintervention (16 sessions) to postintervention (26 sessions). Results indicated that children who participated in 26 sessions of CCPT demonstrated statistically significant improvement on the Early Achievement Composite as measured on the Young Child’s Achievement Test, along with increases in the Spoken Language, General Information, Writing subscales. Participants showed statistically consistent improvement in academic achievement scores over the full duration of the study.
MOSIS: IC prototyping and low volume production service

MOSIS is a low-cost prototyping and small volume production service for VLSI circuit development with a worldwide customer base. Since 1981, the service has fabricated more than 42,000 integrated circuit designs for use by commercial firms, government agencies and universities, a number unmatched by any other service and has served as the model for prototyping services throughout the world. The current status of the MOSIS Service, its technology offerings and the MOSIS VLSI Educational Program will be discussed.
Surmounting City Silences: Knowledge Creation and the Design of Urban Democracy in the Everyday Economy.

This essay presents segregation as a fundamental, longstanding and widespread problem that impedes democratic urban life and is intelligible from a critical geographic perspective. Ignorance is spatially produced by segregation at multiple scales so as to legitimize and perpetuate silence about problems among marginalized groups. This spatialized understanding explains inequality, problematizes and difference prompts an agenda that forefronts the creation of new social knowledges. The focus here is on the everyday economy as a crucial but commonly overlooked context for developing such knowledges. I re-present a theory of knowledge creation developed for the pursuit of commercial competitiveness and reconfigure it to mesh socio-political and economic goals. A central challenge is to change prevailing discourses by cultivating new practices that entail meaningful interaction among people otherwise segregated. Efficiency becomes a means to social as well as economic ends, as respect and trust grow from collaborative experience among people who might otherwise not interact.
"Seeking Shelter": Empirically Modeling Tax Shelters and Examining Their Link to the Contingent Tax Liability Reserve*

* Confidential tax return data are obtained from the Internal Revenue Service, Large and Mid-Size Business Division (LMSB), Research & Workload Identification Office (RWI) (formerly the Strategy, Research & Program Planning Office), and Office of Tax Shelter Analysis (OTSA), and are not publicly available. Because tax data are confidential and protected by data non-disclosure agreements under the Internal Revenue Code, all statistics are presented in the aggregate. Any opinions are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Internal Revenue Service.
The Enterprise of Informed Consent

Our aim has been to develop a sense of informed consent as a useful tool for medical management, an intervention that would change outcomes at the bedside for the better. We initially found that the law offered no such implement, focused as it was, for all its rhetoric, on the ways that tort law might identify actionable departures from minimally adequate informed consents. Whatever minimal goals the law legitimately chose to pursue, it was simply not adequate to the ethical and clinical goods and values that were at stake. Moreover, the law proceeded in terms of a presumption regarding competence, and a primary focus on a “bits and pieces” sense of understanding, that did not reflect the actual capacities or needs of patients in the situation of illness, nor did it reflect the ways in which such factors varied from situation to situation, and patient to patient. Finally, even if one accepted the narrower focus of the law’s approach, it failed to provide sufficient operational guidance to determine how to satisfy its agendas, e.g. in its standards for disclosure or for the assessment of competence.
Health Promoting Community Design: A New Paradigm to Promote Healthy and Active Communities

Richard Killingsworth explains that we have engineered routine forms of physical activity out of our daily lives, and that this is an important contributor to the obesity epidemic which claims at least 200,000 lives each year in the United States alone. A new field of study is emerging to address this problem, and the American Journal of Health Promotion has launched a new editorial section called "Health Promoting Community Design" to provide a forum to disseminate research in this new area.
Neutrinoless double-β decay in SU(2)×U(1) theories

It is shown that gauge theories give contributions to neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay [${(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta})}_{0\ensuremath{\nu}}$] which are not covered by the standard parametrizations. While probably small, their existence raises the question of whether the observation of ${(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta})}_{0\ensuremath{\nu}}$ implies the existence of a Majorana mass term for the neutrino. For a "natural" gauge theory we argue that this is indeed the case.
The Paradox of Autonomy: Navigating the Control of Genetic Information

Genetic information is shared in families. This means that family members have the ability to reveal each others genetic information to a varying degree depending on the nature and closeness of the genetic relationship. Consequently, individuals cannot retain both the right to keep their genetic information private and the right to use their own genetic information as they wish. Our constitutional law is largely focused on individuals; this paradox thus sits uneasily in our legal system. Commentary on genetics and law has centered around particular areas where problems arise, or on the general impossibility of complete genetic privacy, without recognizing the overarching paradox posed on the level of individual rights by the shared nature of genetic information. Three particular contexts illustrate the paradox and its usefulness as a tool for evaluating solutions: general privacy claims (including dignitary harms and economic harms stemming from genetic discrimination in insurance and employment); scientific research and clinical settings; and forensic use of genetic information, including familial searching of DNA databases. Though it would be impossible to fully resolve the paradox in any legal regime, greater attention must be paid to the competing values implicated in any rule about genetic information. Recognizing the paradox is a key step in shaping policy to best balance the interests of the individual with the inherently non-individual nature of genetics.
Thermoanalytical Studies of Carbohydrate Pyrolysis

Reactions of carbohydrates form practically a separate branch of organic chemistry, but the study of the pyrolysis of carbohydrates was neglected for a long time and only a few research groups have been pursuing this research area. Increasing oil prices, however, have created more interest in alternative energy resources. Carbohydrate based biomasses have the best potential to supplement our energy and chemical feedstuff need which is presently derived from fossil fuel. During the past few years, considerable efforts were made on the thermal reactions of various biomasses. Unfortunately, most of the attempts were directed toward developing reactors for special biomasses and not for the basic reactions of those carbohydrates which are the main components of biomasses. For this reason, our knowledge is quite limited on the various simultaneous and consecutive reactions involved in carbohydrate pyrolysis even for such simple compounds as hexoses and pentoses. This paper reports the first step of a mathematical approach to develop more information about these reactions.
Bringing the Fundamentals of Gender Studies Into Safer-Sex Education

The effectiveness of mass media advertisements promoting condom use is being compromised by a failure to acknowledge the impact of gender power relations on sexual negotiation. Most such advertisements are directed toward women; implicit is an assumption that females are responsible for safe sex and in a position to overcome male resistance to condom use. However men in all-male peer-led focus groups (where they are presumably more honest and open) express the belief that they should control all aspects of sexual encounters and a resentment of women who suggest condom use. Similarly participants in all-female groups acknowledge their discomfort with raising the issue of condom use and being assertive about their own protection. A shift toward targeting men in condom advertisements would be more consistent with current gender relations and sexual practices. Even better would be messages that promote shared responsibility for safe sex.
Can systems extend to polymer? SoP architecture design and challenges

Mechanically flexible and conformal shaped electronics is gaining momentum in today's electronics ecosystem. Rapid progress at device and circuit levels are already underway, but researchers are yet to envision the system design in a flexible form. This paper introduces hybrid flexible systems, and coins the term System-on-Polymer (SoP) to combine the advantages of flexible electronics and traditional silicon technology. First, we formally define flexibility as a new design metric in addition to existing power, performance, and area metrics. Then, we present a novel optimization approach to place rigid components on to a flexible substrate while minimizing the loss in flexibility. We show that intuitive placement leads to as much as 5.7x loss in flexibility compared to the optimal placement. Finally, we discuss major challenges in the architecture and design of SoPs.
Juror perceptions of the interpersonal-affective traits of psychopathy predict sentence severity in a white-collar criminal case

ABSTRACTRecent research has demonstrated jurors’ perceptions of a defendant’s psychopathic traits may impact their sentencing recommendations in death penalty and sexually violent predator civil commitment trials. Given the increasing media attention on white-collar crimes, the huge economic impact of such crimes on society, and the theoretical relationship between psychopathy and this type of crime, this research sought to investigate how juror perceptions of a white-collar defendant’s psychopathic traits may influence sentencing recommendations. Jury-eligible community members were given a brief description of a white-collar crime and asked to provide the judge with sentencing recommendations. Results largely supported previous findings in that perceiving a defendant to be highly psychopathic, particularly in terms of affective traits, predicted more punitive sentencing recommendations. Specifically, perceptions of the defendant’s remorselessness, lack of empathy, and failure to accept responsibility in...
Minimally invasive direct lateral approach to the thoracolumbar junction: cadaveric analysis and case illustrations.

Background Multiple surgical exposures to the thoracolumbar junction have been described. The minimally invasive direct lateral approach to the lumbar spine captures the advantages of anterolateral approaches while minimizing soft tissue destruction and perioperative morbidity. Utilizing this approach at the thoracolumbar junction presents unique anatomical challenges posed by the ribs, diaphragm, pleura, and lung. Methods We examine the use of a minimally invasive direct lateral approach to the thoracolumbar junction (T10–L2) through six cadaveric approaches and provide case examples of three patients. Results In six approaches with normal spinal alignment we were able to access all disc spaces in the thoracolumbar region. The L2–L3 disc was accessed below the 12th rib in 100% of spines; L1–L2 accessed through the T11–T12 intercostal space in 83% of spines; T12–L1 was accessed through the T11–T12 intercostal space in 67% of spines and through the T10–T11 intercostal space in 33% of spines; T11–T12 was accessed through the T10–T11 intercostal space in 83% of spines; finally, T10–T11 was accessed through the T10–T11 intercostal space in 67% of spines and through the T9–T10 intercostal space in 33% of spines. Discussion The minimally invasive direct lateral approach offers access to ventral pathology at the thoracolumbar junction. Familiarity with common anatomical structures encountered during this approach in the thoracolumbar junction enhances surgical planning and facilitates surgical exposure.