cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Transmission Electron Microscope

A typical commercial transmission electron microscope (TEM) costs about $5 for each electron volt (eV) of energy in the beam and, if you add on all available options, it can easily cost up to $10 per eV. As you’ll see, we use beam energies in the range from 100,000 to 400,000 eV, so a TEMis an extremely expensive piece of equipment. Consequently, there have to be very sound scientific reasons for investing such a large amount of money in onemicroscope. In this chapter (which is just a brief overview of many of the concepts that we’ll talk about in detail throughout the book) we start by introducing you to some of the historical development of the TEM because the history is intertwined with some of the reasons why you need to use a TEM to characterize materials. Other reasons for using a TEM have appeared as the instrument continues to develop, to the point where it can seriously be claimed that no other scientific instrument exists which can offer such a broad range of characterization techniques with such high spatial and analytical resolution, coupled with a completely quantitative understanding of the various techniques.
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS USING THE ELECTROCARDIOCORDER-AVSEP CONTINUOUS ELECTRODIOGRAPHIC SYSTEM. TENTATIVE STANDARDS AND TYPICAL PATTERNS.

Abstract We have described characteristic patterns observed using the Electrocardiocorder-AVSEP system for recording continuous electrocardiograms on both active and inactive subjects. We have extended previously well recognized observations made in conventional electrocardiography to the effect that the S-T segment in the normal varies somewhat from time to time, and T wave varies much more. We have shown examples in normal subjects of unusually flat ST-T segments with unusual variation in contour. We have also developed some appreciation of how often and how much the total AVSEP pattern can change during dynamic situations, especially the magnitude of normal T wave changes. The appearance of common arrhythmias as seen in this system, as well as some of the artifacts associated with it, has also been demonstrated. Examples of how this system develops patterns which differ in some respects from those seen in conventional electrocardiograms have been described and illustrated, especially those differences which arise from the nature of this new electrocardiographic recording and presentation system. (Examples are the features we have termed for convenience the pre-T notch and the post-T dip.) The reliability of the Electrocardiocorder-AVSEP system as originated at the Holter Foundation Laboratory has been demonstrated under a wide variety of circumstances during an extended series of trials. We emphasize the need for familiarity with the idiosyncrasies of this system and its patterns before drawing clinical conclusions from the observations. This partial review of our experiences with the Electrocardiocorder-AVSEP system as used in 230 subjects establishes these new devices as practical tools for observing electrocardiographic phenomena continuously during a wide range of dynamic situations.
Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution

The violence of Mao's China is well known, but its extreme form is not. In 1967 and 1968, during the Cultural Revolution, collective killings were widespread in rural China in the form of public execution. Victims included women, children, and the elderly. This book is the first to systematically document and analyze these atrocities, drawing data from local archives, government documents, and interviews with survivors in two southern provinces. This book extracts from the Chinese case lessons that challenge the prevailing models of genocide and mass killings and contributes to the historiography of the Cultural Revolution, in which scholarship has mainly focused on events in urban areas.
Cloning, Overview of Animal Cloning

Introduction Animal Cloning: Scientific Questions Animal Cloning: Ethical and Philosophical Questions The “It's Unnatural” and “Playing God” Objections Animal Welfare and Animal Rights The Distinction as Popularly Conceived Animal Welfare, Philosophically Conceived Animal Rights, Philosophically Conceived Assessing Somacloning: Health Risks to Somaclones Assessing Somacloning: The Question of Potentiality Keywords: cloning
Nuclear continuum scattering of hadrons at xB>1

Abstract A large body of data for intermediate energy inclusive hadron scattering from complex nuclei is organized by way of the Bjorken scaling variable for values of x B greater than one. Beam energies considered range from 392 MeV to 24 GeV. Remarkably, all of these data for nuclei with saturated densities are found to lie along a common response curve, over at least some kinematic range. Deviations from this common response can be understood in most cases. Examples of very light nuclei show differences from the responses of the heavier samples in the same manner as noted for electron scattering.
Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Call to Action: Preface

As guest editor for this Diabetes Spectrum From Research to Practice section, I am pleased to introduce a tour de force on the theme topic of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). My journey in diabetes began as an observer. In youth, during the early 1970s, I watched my tennis partner, Cindy, struggle with the complexities of her blood glucose control, while still striving to play competitively. Her episodes of hypoglycemia were scary, and urine glucose testing just did not cut it. The era of self-monitoring of blood glucose was still years away, but eventually we got there. Fast forward to medical school days in the late 1970s. I remember what a breakthrough it was to have “chemsticks” to check blood glucose at the bedside of hospitalized patients. Diabetes educators appeared on the wards and taught the patients (and us) just how to do it. A new age in diabetes care had surely arrived. Throughout medical school, and then a residency in internal medicine, I was captivated by the physiology of metabolic disorders and the application of science to medicine. During this formative time, Dr. Mark E. Molitch was one of my inspirational mentors. I admired his commitment to advancing care for people with diabetes that has endured over the many years that followed our time together in the early 1980s. With his great wisdom and perception, he has penned a compelling editorial for the current issue titled, “Diabetic Kidney Disease: Much Progress, but Still More to Do” (p. 154). After residency, my next stop was fellowship training in endocrinology and metabolism. I was thrust into a world of insulin-glucose clamp studies with concurrent physiological assessments related to glucose counterregulation. And, we did these studies in real people with diabetes. I was amazed that they actually volunteered for such intensive, time-consuming, and …
Gas- and liquid-phase mass transfer resistances of organic compounds during mechanical surface aeration

Abstract The mass transfer behavior of a suite of six volatile halogenated organic compounds and oxygen was investigated in a laboratory scale reactor representative of mechanical surface aeration during activated sludge treatment. The rate of mass transfer of the organics was related to that of oxygen by a proportionality factor Ψ. Significant deviations were observed for the least volatile solute from the expected constant value of Ψ under the assumption of liquid phase controlled mass transfer. Data analysis and interpretation according to two-resistance mass transfer models with appropriate correction for the slight variation in molecular diffusivities indicates that the gas phase resistance to mass transfer is more important than previously assumed. Based on this work and on the data analysis of two other studies it is recommended that a value of kG/kL ≈ 40 be used to estimate the relative importance of gas and liquid phase mass transfer resistances in mechanical surface aeration under conditions of high specific power input. Consequently, only compounds with a dimensionless Henry's constant ⩾0.55 can be considered to exhibit complete (⩾95%) liquid phase controlled mass transfer behavior. It appears that the liquid phase mass transfer rate constant, kLa is proportional to the square root of the diffusivity in accordance with the penetration and surface renewal theories. The dissolved constituents present in treated wastewater reduce the rate of mass transfer of organic solutes and oxygen in a proportional fashion. Since the conditions of operation and the observed rates of oxygen mass transfer in this work are similar to those encountered in the field, there is reason to believe that these findings are also valid under conditions typical of water and wastewater treatment.
Knowledge and Theme Discovery across Very Large Biological Data Sets Using Distributed Queries: A Prototype Combining Unstructured and Structured Data

As the discipline of biomedical science continues to apply new technologies capable of producing unprecedented volumes of noisy and complex biological data, it has become evident that available methods for deriving meaningful information from such data are simply not keeping pace. In order to achieve useful results, researchers require methods that consolidate, store and query combinations of structured and unstructured data sets efficiently and effectively. As we move towards personalized medicine, the need to combine unstructured data, such as medical literature, with large amounts of highly structured and high-throughput data such as human variation or expression data from very large cohorts, is especially urgent. For our study, we investigated a likely biomedical query using the Hadoop framework. We ran queries using native MapReduce tools we developed as well as other open source and proprietary tools. Our results suggest that the available technologies within the Big Data domain can reduce the time and effort needed to utilize and apply distributed queries over large datasets in practical clinical applications in the life sciences domain. The methodologies and technologies discussed in this paper set the stage for a more detailed evaluation that investigates how various data structures and data models are best mapped to the proper computational framework.
The Politics of Economic Policy and Performance in Latin America

This study explores variations in macroeconomic policy and performance in contemporary Latin America on the basis of a theoretical model that emphasizes the complex interplay of partisan control of the government, labor strength, and electoral competition. The plausibility of the model is assessed on the basis of a cross-national time series analysis of economic policy choice and performance in nineteen nations. Contrary to the view that internationalization of the world economy leaves limited room for domestic actors and institutions to influence public policy, the findings suggest that macroeconomic performance in contemporary Latin America reflects eminently political processes of policy formation shaped by partisanship, electoral competition, and union strength. The study thereby points to the broader relevance of the literature on the political economy of the advanced industrial democracies, which has emphasized the impact of domestic political institutions, particularly political parties and trade unions, on policy choice and performance.
Particle Codeposition in Nanocomposite Films

Nanocomposite films can be deposited by electrochemical deposition of a material from a solution containing a suspension of nanometer size particles. We show that the kinetics of nanometer size particle incorporation into a growing film can be described by a model that takes into account the convective diffusion of particles to the surface and treats particle incorporation in terms of the residence time at the surface. Experimentally, particle transport can be controlled using a rotating disk electrode. We show that incorporation of 300 nm particles into nickel films can be described by this model. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Cytoplasmic annulate lamellae and intranuclear membranes in human spermatids and sperm.

Abstract In human spermatids cytoplasmic annulate lamellae and intranuclear lamellae were found. In the cytoplasm, the annulate lamellae may vary from 3 to 11 layers of cisternal structures. There is evidence that the annulate lamellae are formed from the outer nuclear envelope. The intranuclear membranes are often seen directly connected to the inner nuclear membrane. These morphologic findings suggest that annulate lamellae may be involved in the transfer of genetic material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Addressing the Relationships Among Moral Judgment Development, Authenticity, Nonprejudice, and Volunteerism

This study addresses how moral judgment development, authenticity, and nonprejudice account for variance in scores pertaining to various motivational functions underlying volunteerism in order to clarify certain problems associated with previous research that has considered such relationships. In the study, 127 participants completed measurements that pertain to these constructs. Correlations revealed that moral judgment had a negligible relationship with both authenticity and nonprejudice, thereby affirming that the former construct is distinct from the latter two. Linear regression analyses supported that moral judgment development and nonprejudice provided the strongest contributions to the variance of the considered indices of volunteer motivation. The motivational function underlying volunteerism was also recognized as an important factor that pertains to the observed contributions of variance. Findings are discussed in concert with and compared to prior considerations of relationships between moral ...
Female preference for male sword length in the green swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

Swordtail fish exhibit a striking sexual dimorphism in the structure of the caudal fin; males have a colourful, elongated caudal appendage, termed a sword, that is absent in females. In laboratory tests of female preference for male sword length in the green swordtai, Xiphophorus helleri, females were given the choice between a pair of males differing naturally or experimentally in sword length to test the hypothesis that the elaboration of this trait is partially a consequence of female choice. Five tests with different pairs of males were conducted in which sword differences between paired males varied from 6 to 24 mm. Female preferences were measured by scoring the amount of time a female spent in association with each male. In all five tests, females preferred males with longer swords. Female preference was shown to be an increasing function of difference in sword length: as the difference in sword length increased, the strength of the preference increased. Characters correlated with sword length were eliminated as sources of preference by experimentally altering sword lengths; preferences were reversed when the relative sword lengths were reversed. These results suggest that sexual selection by female choice may have played a role in the evolution of the sword and that female preference is based on sword length itself, and not on a character correlated with sword length.
Constrained "Modern" Floorplanning

This paper presents algorithms for a constrained version of the "modern" floorplanning problem proposed by Kahng in "Classical Floorplanning Harmful?" [1]. Specically, the constrained modern floorplanning problem (CMFP) is suitable when die-size is fixed, modules are permitted to have rectilinear shapes, and, in addition, the approximate relative positions of the modules are known. This formulation is particularly useful in two scenarios: (1) assisting an expert floorplan architect in a semi-automated floorplan methodology and (2) in incremental floorplanning. CMFP is shown to be NP hard. An algorithm based on a max-flow network formulation quickly identifies input constraints that are impossible to meet, thus permitting the floorplan architect to modify these constraints. Three algorithms (BFS, IBFS, CBFS) based on using BFS numbers to assign costs in a min-cost max-flow network formulation are presented. Experiments on standard benchmarks demonstrate that BFS and IBFS are fast and obtain zero whitespace floorplans.
The annual pattern of the diatoms in the epiphyton of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) at Roscoff, France

Abstract The epiphytic diatom flora living on eelgrass, Zostera marina L., at Roscoff (France) has been observed during a whole year, from March 1976 to March 1977. The structure of this epiphyton has been analysed by investigating the species richness and the relative abundance of the taxa concerned. The study recorded 199 diatom taxa, representing 48 genera. The epiphytic diatom association is characterized by Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenb., C. scutellum var. parva Grun. in Cleve and Synedra investiens W.Sm., of which C. scutellum and its variety are dominant throughout the year. Differences in community structure between the diatom assemblages in the spring, summer, autumn and winter were most distinct as a consequence of the ephemeral character of the substrate. It appears that chlorine content and temperature have no direct effect on the species richness of the diatom association on eelgrass leaves. The seasonal variation in the epiphyton seems to be more closely related to insolation patterns and characteristics of the substrate and this relationship is discussed.
Comments on "Digital Step Edges from Zero Crossings of Second Directional Derivatives

In a recent paper,1 Haralick published an edge detection scheme that was supported, in part, by an evaluation against the Prewitt and the Marr-Hildreth (?2G) operators. This evaluation led to the conclusion that Haralick's method performed the best, and the ?2G operator performed the worst. The implementation of the ?2G operator, on which this evaluation was based, differed significantly from that used by Marr and Hildreth. Evaluation of the performance of the Marr-Hildreth implementation of the ?2G operator on similar images shows that this edge detection method in fact performs comparably to the Prewitt and Haralick operators.
Endogenous rhythm in activity of an estuarine amphipod, Talorchestia longicornis

The biological rhythm in activity of the supratidal amphipod Talorchestia longicornis Say was determined under constant conditions. Surface activity was monitored with a time-lapse video system under red light and assessed as the number of animals emerging from their burrows and active on a sand substrate at 0.5 h intervals. The amphipods had a circadian rhythm in which they were active at the time of night at the collection site. The rhythm could be entrained by a light : dark cycle and had an average free-running period of 23.7 h. Activity also appeared to be related to tidal times at the collection site because, under constant conditions, surface activity was suppressed at the time of nocturnal high tide and increased at the time of nocturnal low tide. The rhythm is functionally significant for foraging at night to avoid visual predators, desiccation and high temperatures.
A fully-automated image processing technique to improve measurement of suspended particles and flocs by removing out-of-focus objects

A fully-automated image processing script was developed to analyze large datasets of imaged flocs in dilute turbulent suspensions of mud. In the procedure, out-of-focus flocs are automatically removed from the dataset to attain a more precise floc size distribution. This automated technique was tested against visual inspection of images to ensure that the procedure was only selecting in-focus flocs for inclusion in the size measurements, and the resulting measured sizes were compared to floc measured through manual image processing of the same data. The results show that the automated method is able to accurately measure the floc size distribution by correctly sizing in-focus flocs and removing out-of-focus flocs. The processing procedures were developed with sizing of suspended mud flocs in mind, but the process is general and can be applied for other applications. We show the ability of the method to handle large numbers of images (over 15,000 at a time) by tracking the change in floc size population with time at 1-min intervals over the course of a 160min floc growth experiment.
A solution procedure for general knapsack problems with a few constraints

Abstract A solution procedure has been developed for the general knapsack problems with a few constraints. The procedure uses a forward state generation scheme of the dynamic programming along with a facility to eliminate the nonpromising states by calculating an upper bound on the best return that can be achieved with the remaining variables. In addition, the state generation is started anew with the remaining activities when the size of the state set generated at a stage exceeds a threshold value. This results in partitioning of the problem into the subproblems for which the state sets are constructed separately. When the state generation is completed, the state subsets of the subproblems are combined in a multidimensional multiple choice zero-one integer model to yield the overall optimal solution. The solution procedure has been applied to a set of randomly generated problems up to 1000 variables.
Drug-eluting or bare-metal stenting in patients with diabetes mellitus: results from the Massachusetts Data Analysis Center Registry.

Background— Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk for restenosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac mortality after coronary stenting, and the long-term safety of drug-eluting stents (DES) relative to bare-metal stents (BMS) in DM is uncertain. We report on a large consecutive series of patients with DM followed up for 3 years after DES and BMS from a regional contemporary US practice with mandatory reporting. Methods and Results— All adults with DM undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting between April 1, 2003, and September 30, 2004, at all acute care nonfederal hospitals in Massachusetts were identified from a mandatory state database. According to index admission stent type, patients were classified as DES treated if all stents were drug eluting and as BMS treated if all stents were bare metal; patients treated with both types of stents were excluded from the primary analysis. Mortality rates were obtained from vital statistics records, and myocardial infarction and...
The study of quadrupole hyperfine interactions in pionic atoms of 181 Ta and 165 Ho

In Table 3 we have listed the Q values of165Ho and181Ta obtained by the pionic methods from this experiment and the one from Ebersoldet. al. and also the results by the muonic methods.4, 5 They are all in good agreements within the experimental uncertainties around 1%. The large discrepency between the Q values of181Ta from Ref. 5 and Ref. 7 was discussed and explained in detail in Ref. 5. The eo obtained in165Ho is comparable to the eo calculated by using the Kisslinger's potential. However, the experimental eo for181Ta from this experiment is 28% larger than the theoretical value by Scheck3 by using the perturbation method. As it was mentioned at the beginning of this paper that the strong interaction quadrupole effect introduces characteristic level broadening to each components of the multiplet. The excellent fit between the calculated composite curve with the observed experimental h.f.s. spectra could be obtained only by varying all three independent parameters Qeff, eo and Γo. Without Γo, or Γ2, no satisfactory fitting could be obtained. That this illustrates the intrigue strong quadrupole effects on each components of a multiplet do behave as predicted by Scheck.3
Donor information for living donor liver transplantation: where can comprehensive information be found?

Recently published data show that a large number of candidates for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) actively look for additional information on the Internet because today it represents the main source of information for many of them. However, little is known about the quality of the information on LDLT available on the Internet. Our aim was, therefore, to comprehensively evaluate the online information available for LDLT candidates with the expanded Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP) tool (0-36 items). One hundred Web sites on LDLT were initially found with the Google, Bing, and Yahoo search engines, and we identified 32 Web sites that provided specific information for such candidates in English. Only 9 Web sites addressed >20 items and the scores tended to be higher for educational (P = 0.13) and scientific sites (P = 0.07) compared to hospital sites. The median number of items from the EQIP tool was only 16 (interquartile range = 13-20), and quantitative postoperative morbidity and mortality risk estimates were available on only 19% and 44% of the Web sites, respectively, despite the idea of major complications being mentioned on most Web sites. This analysis demonstrated several significant shortcomings in the quality of the information provided to potential donors for LDLT according to the EQIP instrument. We conclude that there is an urgent need to produce a Web site compliant with international standards for the quality of donor information. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease

The retina has long been regarded as 'an approachable part of the brain' for investigating neurosensory processes. Cell biologists are now capitalizing on the accessibility of the retina to investigate important aspects of developmental angiogenesis, including how it relates to neuronal and glial development, morphogenesis, oxygen sensing and progenitor cells. Pathological angiogenesis also occurs in the retina and is a major feature of leading blinding diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy. The retina and its clinical disorders have a pivotal role in angiogenesis research and provide model systems in which to investigate neurovascular relationships and angiogenic diseases.
Assimilation of exogenous 2′-14C-indole-3-acetic acid and 3′-14C-tryptophan exposed to the roots of three wheat varieties

This study was conducted to determine if plants can assimilate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from rooting media and if exogenous L-tryptophan (L-TRP) can be assimilated and converted by plants into auxins. The addition of 2′-14C-IAA (3.7 kBq plant-1) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings of three varieties grown in nutrient solution resulted in the uptake (avg.=7.6%) of labelled IAA. Most of the label IAA was recovered in the shoot (avg.=7.2%) with little accumulation in the root (avg.=0.43%). A portion of the assimilated IAA-label in the plant was identified by co-chromatography and UV spectral confirmation as IAA-glycine and IAA-aspartic acid conjugates. Little of the assimilated IAA label was found as free IAA in the wheat plants. These same assimilation patterns were observed when 2′-14C-IAA was added to wheat plants grown in sterile and nonsterile soil. In contrast, the wheat varieties assimilated considerably less (avg.=1.3%) of the added microbial IAA precursor, 3′-14C-L-TRP (3.7 kBq plant-1) and thus much lower amounts of IAA conjugates were detected. Glasshouse soil experiments revealed that 2 out of 3 wheat varieties had increased growth rates and increased yields when L-TRP (10-5 and 10-7 M) was added to the root zone. It is surmised that this positive response is a result of microbial auxin production within the rhizosphere upon the addition of the precursor, L-TRP. The amino acid composition of the root exudates plays a critical role in microbial production of auxins in the rhizosphere. This study showed that wheat roots can assimilate IAA from their rooting media, which will supplement the endogenous IAA levels in the shoot tissue and may positively influence plant growth and subsequent yield.
Reasons and Requirements

In this essay I defend the claim that all reasons can ground final requirements. I begin by establishing a prima facie case for the thesis by noting that on a common-sense understanding of what finality is, it must be the case that all reasons can ground such requirements. I spend the rest of the paper defending the thesis against two recent challenges. The first challenge is found in Joshua Gert’s recent book, Brute Rationality. In it he argues that reasons play two logically distinct roles – requiring action and justifying action. He argues, further, that some reasons – ‘purely justificatory’ reasons – play only the latter role. Jonathan Dancy offers the second challenge in his Ethics Without Principles, where he distinguishes between the ‘favoring’ and ‘ought-making’ roles of reasons. While all reasons play the former role, some do not play the latter, and are therefore irrelevant to what one ought to do. My contention is that both Gert and Dancy are going to have trouble accounting for our intuitions in a number of cases.
Similar Amino Acid Sequences: Chance or Common Ancestry?

The systemic comparison of every newly determined amino acid sequence with all other known sequences may allow a complete reconstruction of the evolutionary events leading to contemporary proteins. But sometimes the surviving similarities are so vague that even computer-based sequence comparisons procedures are unable to validate relationships. In other cases similar sequences may appear in totally alien proteins as a result of mere chance or, occasionally, by the convergent evolution of sequences with special properties.
Miscibility and melting in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ poly(bisphenol-A-carbonate) blends

In the absence of significant tranesterification, blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) were found to be almost completely immiscible over the range of compositions studied. Although the observed behavior was sometimes erratic, poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) appears to exert a significant influence on PET melting behavior and normalized heat of fusion.
The Perceptual Movement Image Produced Without Actual Target Displacement

The paper concerns the perceptual movement image produced without actual target displacement. The perceptual movement image is variously named the beta movement, phiphenomena, or apparent movement. The production of the movement images depends upon such physical factors as the proper distance between targets, the proper time interval between presentation of the targets, and the target intensities. The influence of these physical conditions on the perceptual movement images and their application are discussed in the paper; specifically, the emphasis is placed on the measurement methods. Psychological research in this area may provide some clues for designing optical instruments.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Advanced hashing schemes for packet forwarding using set associative memory architectures

Building a high performance IP packet forwarding (PF) engine remains a challenge due to increasingly stringent throughput requirements and the growing size of IP forwarding tables. The router has to match the incoming packet's IP address against all entries in the forwarding table. The matching process has to be done at increasingly higher wire speed; hence, scalability and low power consumption are critical for PF engines. Various hash table based schemes have been considered for use in PF engines. Set associative memory can be used for hardware implementations of hash tables with the property that each bucket of a hash table can be searched in a single memory cycle. However, the classic hashing downsides, such as collisions and worst case memory access time have to be dealt with. While open addressing hash tables, in general, provide good average case search performance, their memory utilization and worst case performance can degrade quickly due to collisions (that lead to bucket overflows). The two standard solutions to the overflow problem are either to use predefined probing (e.g., linear or quadratic probing) or to use multiple hash functions. This work presents two new simple hash schemes that extend both aforementioned solutions to tackle the overflow problem efficiently. The first scheme is a hash probing scheme that is called Content-based HAsh Probing (CHAP). As the name suggests, CHAP, based on the content of the hash table, avoids the classical side effects of predefined hash probing methods (i.e., primary and secondary clustering phenomena) and at the same time reduces the overflow. The second scheme, called Progressive Hashing (PH), is a general multiple hash scheme that reduces the overflow as well. The basic idea of PH is to split the prefixes into groups where each group is assigned one hash function, then reuse some hash functions in a progressive fashion to reduce the overflow. Both schemes are amenable to high-performance hardware implementations with low overflow and constant worst-case memory access time. We show by experimenting with real IP lookup tables and synthetic traces that both schemes outperform other existing hashing schemes.
Relational Expectancy Fulfillment as an Explanatory Variable for Distinguishing Couple Types

Previous research demonstrates that Traditional and Separate-Traditional (Mixed) couples report highest levels of marital satisfaction, followed by Independents and Separates (Fitzpatrick, 1988). This research project used an expectancy fulfillment framework to understand these differences in marital satisfaction across couple type. Focusing on relational expectations (Kelley & Burgoon, 1991) as critical variables to relational functioning, behavior-expectation discrepancy scores across 7 relational dimensions (intimacy, dominance, equality-trust, receptivity, distance, noncomposure-arousal, and informality) were examined by couple type. As predicted, Traditional couples generally reported more expectancy fulfillment and relational satisfaction than did other couple types, and Separates less. Only informality failed to distinguish between any 2 couple types. Interestingly, Traditionals experienced primarily positive expectancy violations, whereas Separates experienced more negative violations than did other couple types. Couples also differed as to what they considered a positive or negative violation. Both couple type and relational discrepancy scores were found to be important predictors of relational satisfaction.
Model composition in a distributed environment

Organizations that operate from multiple locations have data and model resources that are distributed at various sites of the organization. Decision making is facilitated when these resources are leveraged to support model composition and execution, i.e., composing and executing a sequence of models in response to a particular decision making situation. In this paper, we address the problem of model composition when data sources (models and data) are distributed across multiple sites and have different scopes.
Modeling amplification effects of marine sedimentary layers via horizontal/vertical spectral ratios

Summary We studied the amplification effects of the shallow sediment layer at a site in the Gulf of Mexico during a test of an autonomous ocean bottom seismograph that incorporated a three component broad band seismometer (0.033-50 Hz). We characterized the site response in terms of horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios (Nakamura, 1989) and performed 1-D wave propagation modeling using a modified Thomson (1950) and Haskell (1951) propagation matrix method. This method, known as the ‘stiffness matrix method’ was developed by Kausel and Roesset (1981) to estimate soil properties and the theoretical amplification factor of shallow soil layers. Relative to the vertical spectral amplitudes, we observed that in the range of 0.35-2.5 Hz the horizontal spectral amplitudes increased by an order of magnitude at 0.35 Hz and by at least two orders of magnitude at 1.9 Hz, which was an indication of the local site effect. The theoretical H/V spectral ratio modeled with a 1-D 50 m soil system is largely consistent with the experimental H/V spectral ratio that exhibits a clear peak at 1.9 Hz. The site effect appears to be less significant at frequencies below 1 Hz.
IRE1α controls cyclin A1 expression and promotes cell proliferation through XBP-1

IRE1 is a conserved dual endoribonuclease/protein kinase that is indispensable for directing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in yeast, flies, and worms. In mammalian systems, however, the precise biological activities carried out by IRE1α are unclear. Here, molecular and chemical genetic approaches were used to control IRE1 activity in a number of prostate cancer cell lines and the resulting impact on gene transcription, cell survival, and proliferation was examined. Modulating IRE1α activity had no transcriptional effect on the induction of genes classically associated with the ER stress response (Grp78 and CHOP) or cell survival when confronted with ER stress agents. Rather, IRE1α activity was positively correlated to proliferation. Since Xbp-1 mRNA is the sole known substrate for IRE1 endoribonuclease activity, the role of this transcription factor in mediating proliferation was examined. Repressing total Xbp-1 levels by siRNA techniques effectively slowed proliferation. In an effort to identify IRE1/XBP-1 targets responsible for the cell cycle response, genome-wide differential mRNA expression analysis was performed. Consistent with its ability to sense ER stress, IRE1α induction led to an enrichment of ER-Golgi, plasma membrane, and secretory gene products. An increase in cyclin A1 expression was the only differentially expressed cell cycle regulatory gene found. Greater cyclin A protein levels were consistently observed in cells with active IRE1α and were dependent on XBP-1. We conclude that IRE1α activity controls a subset of the ER stress response and mediates proliferation through tight control of Xbp-1 splicing.
Subdiffusive motion of a polymer composed of subdiffusive monomers

We use Brownian dynamics simulations and analytical theory to investigate the physical principles underlying subdiffusive motion of a polymer. Specifically, we examine the consequences of confinement, self-interaction, viscoelasticity, and random waiting on monomer motion, as these physical phenomena may be relevant to the behavior of biological macromolecules in vivo. We find that neither confinement nor self-interaction alter the fundamental Rouse mode relaxations of a polymer. However, viscoelasticity, modeled by fractional Langevin motion, and random waiting, modeled with a continuous time random walk, lead to significant and distinct deviations from the classic polymer-dynamics model. Our results provide diagnostic tools---the monomer mean square displacement scaling and the velocity autocorrelation function---that can be applied to experimental data to determine the underlying mechanism for subdiffusive motion of a polymer.
Gelation of liquid bridges in spherical agglomeration

Abstract A method is introduced to increase agglomerate strength in an agitated system during spherical agglomeration. Spherical agglomeration is a process wherein the particles of dispersion are held together in aggregates by liquid bridges. The use of surfactants to improve wetting of the particulates by the bridging liquid often leads to lower interfacial tension, and liquid bridges too weak to withstand the levels of agitation required to bring the particles together. The approach suggested herein involves the addition of crosslinkable polymers to the agglomerating agent and effecting gelation as liquid bridge form. The added mechanical strength thus compensates for the reduction in agglomerate strength caused by the wetting agent. The approach is tested in a proof-of-principle practical application, viz., deinking of toner-printed paper. For the cases examined, the gelation of the liquid bridges significantly improves the agglomerate strength, as inferred from measurements of the agglomerate size distributions as functions of time for shear rates commonly encountered in a separation unit. Times required for gelation and for attainment of a steady-state aggregate size distribution are reasonable for this application.
Viewing personal quality management through a systems thinking lens

Abstract This paper examines personal quality management projects through a systems thinking lens. This is accomplished by the processes used and issues faced by students who were asked to undertake term-long projects as a part of their assessment activities in a quality management course. Because the feedback from their own actions is rapid while working within the framework of personal quality management, it becomes possible to learn about the important systemic issues in a relatively short duration. Visual representation using systems thinking tools preserves the lessons learned.
Structure-activity and immunochemical data provide evidence of developmental- and tissue-specific myosuppressin signaling.

Abstract Myosuppressin peptides dramatically diminish contractions of the gut and heart. Thus, delineating mechanisms involved in myosuppressin signaling may provide insight into peptidergic control of muscle contractility. Drosophila myosuppressin (DMS, TDVDHVFLRFamide) structure–activity relationship (SAR) was investigated to identify an antagonist and explore signaling. Alanyl-substituted, N-terminal truncated, and modified amino acid analogs identified residues and peptide length required for activity. Immunochemistry independently provided insight into myosuppressin mechanisms. DMS decreased gut motility and cardiac contractility dose dependently; the different effective concentrations at half maximal-response were indicative of tissue-specific mechanisms. Replacement of aspartic acid 2 (D2) generated an analog with different developmental- and tissue-specific effects; [A2] DMS mimicked DMS in adult gut (100% inhibition), yet decreased larval gut contractions by only 32% with increased potency in pupal heart (126% inhibition). The DMS active core differed across development and in tissues; adult (DHVFLRFamide) and larval gut (TDVDHVFLRFamide), and adult (VFLRFamide) and pupal heart (VFLRFamide). Substitution of D2 and D4 with a modified amino acid, p-benzoyl-phenylalanine, produced developmental- and tissue-specific antagonists. In the presence of protease inhibitors, DMS and VFLRFamide were more effective in adult gut, but lower or unchanged in pupal heart compared to peptide or analog alone, respectively. DMS-specific antisera stained neurons that innervated the gut or heart. This study describes novel antagonists and data to identify developmental- and tissue-specific mechanisms underlying the pleotropic effects of myosuppressin in muscle physiology.
Self-focused attention and reactions to conflicting standards

Abstract A fundamental postulate of self-awareness theory that has received considerable empirical support is that self-focused attention increases behavioral consistency with “standards of correctness.” This appears to be true whether the standards are internal (such as attitudes or values) or external (e.g., norms). There is some question, however, as to what happens in situations in which an important personal standard conflicts with a salient external standard. Research by E. Diener and T. K. Srull ( Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1979 , 37 , 413–423) has suggested that under such circumstances the social standard is likely to predominate. However, there is reason to believe that the standards employed in their study may not have been very salient nor very important to the subjects. In the present experiment, subjects with either conservative or liberal sexual attitudes were exposed to information suggesting a prevailing norm of sexual liberalism. They were then asked to respond to a number of sexual and nonsexual attitude measures while their attention was or was not self-directed by means of a mirror. Primary results indicated that self-awareness enhanced conformity to the social standard (as in Diener & Srull, 1979 ) for the conservative subjects; however, correlational analyses within the self-focused and non-self-focused conditions indicated that self-aware subjects did not “abandon” their personal standards when responding to the conformity pressure. Instead, their responses tended to be more in line with their previously expressed attitudes than did the responses of the non-self-focused group. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of self-awareness on reactions to potent, but conflicting behavioral standards.
Federal Theology and the ‘National Covenant’: An Elizabethan Presbyterian Case Study

Inquiry into puritan “federal” doctrine established decades ago the now standard distinction between the covenant of grace and the national covenant. Perry Miller provided the first extensive analysis of the gracious covenant, and apparently it was he, too, who first found—or emphasized—in puritan sources the idea that “a nation as well as an individual can be in covenant with God.” His basic proposal, that ”the ‘covenant of grace’ … refer[red] to individuals and personal salvation in the life to come, [whereas the national covenant] applied to nations and governed their temporal success in this world,” has become a virtual article of faith in puritanist scholarship, although few recent historians have shared his profound interest in the latter covenant. Indeed, relegation of communal and this-worldly themes to a separate and inevitably secondary category has narrowed dramatically the focus of inquiry. It suffices to note that the three most recent monographs on the subject in English virtually equate “federal theology” with a gracious individualized contract exclusive to the elect (and its antithesis, the “covenant of works”).
Spin Density Waves in a Semiconductor Superlattice in a Tilted Magnetic Field

The ground state of a semiconductor superlattice (SL) placed in a tilted magnetic field is shown to exhibit a spin-density wave structure when the energy spectrum favors crossings between opposite-spin Landau minibands. The SL is modeled as an array of infinitely attractive quantum wells, whose single energy level is broadened into a miniband of width $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ when weak interwell tunneling is considered. In the presence of the Coulomb interaction, by tailoring the relationship between $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and the cyclotron and Zeeman energies, the system transitions between paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, spin-density wave (SDW), and ferromagnetic-paramagnetic stripe ordering. These results are obtained by solving numerically a spin-density-wave gap equation derived at $T=0$ K in a self-consistent formalism. We find that for a given value of the difference between the Landau energy and the Zeeman splitting, the initial paramagnetic or ferromagnetic order becomes unstable with respect to the formation of a SDW for $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ within a certain range. At larger $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, the system exhibits alternate ferromagnetic-paramagnetic stripes. In the SDW regime, the fractional polarization is up to the order of several tens of percent.