cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instability of current sheets with a localized accumulation of magnetic flux

The longstanding problem of whether a current sheet with curved magnetic field lines associated with a small “normal” Bz component is stable is investigated using two-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations, employing closed boundary conditions analogous to those normally assumed in energy principle calculations. Energy principle arguments [Sitnov and Schindler, Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L08102 (2010)] have suggested that an accumulation of magnetic flux at the tailward end of a thin current sheet could produce a tearing instability. Two classes of such current sheet configurations are probed: one with a monotonically increasing Bz profile and the other with a localized Bz “hump.” The former is found to be stable (in 2D) over any reasonable time scale, while the latter is prone to an ideal-like instability that shifts the hump peak in the direction of the curvature normal and erodes the field on the opposite side. The growth rate of this instability is smaller by an order of magnitude than previous suggestions of an instability in an open system. An example is given that suggests that such an unstable hump configuration is unlikely to be produced by external driving of a current sheet with no Bz accumulation even in the presence of open boundary conditions.
On a Domain in with generic piecewise smooth levi-flat boundary and non-compact automorphism group

In this paper, we study the problem of classification of piecewise smooth domains in with non-compact automorphism groups. We prove that a simply-connected domain in with generic piecewise smooth Levi-flat boundary and non-compact automorphism group is biholomorphic to a bidisc.
THE NOTION OF MASCULINITY IN MALE COLLEGIATE ROAD CYCLISTS

The aim of this study was to look at notions of masculinity in male collegiate road cyclists and assess the masculinity scores of cyclist in one of the ten collegiate cycling conferences in the U.S. This study utilizes the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI. long form) to evaluate the masculinity scores of male collegiate road cyclists in order to open the discussion of masculinity as it pertains to cycling. Thirty-two male subjects, in the conference, participated in the study. Results show a BSRI t-ratio score of -10.41. Statistically different from that of the established norms of -6.33 (p<0.05). Conclusions are that male collegiate cyclists although androgynous, are generally more masculine than the established normal population.
Insider Trading Madness: Rule 10b5-1 and the Death of Scienter

This article explores Rule 10b5-a and insider trading’s scienter requirement, concluding that the SEC made a fundamental misstep when it promulgated this new definition. Beginning with a brief overview of the relevant regulatory regime, Part II explores deceptive intent as a centerpiece of Rule 10(b), the renowned catchall provision for securities fraud. The analysis then moves into the strange world of insider trading, beginning with an overview assessment of this odd offense and its confusing and controversial policy implications, especially given today’s volatile business and legal climate. To provide meaningful contrasts, the article then surveys the strict liability insider trading prohibitions outside Rule 10b-5. Finally, the background analysis probes the important use-possession dichotomy as federal circuits clashed in the late 1990s over whether Rule 10b-5 liability should attach when the trader merely possesses inside information or whether that trader must actually make use of the information. Given that backdrop, the article then presents Rule 10b5-1 itself, the SEC’s mechanism for resolving the use-possession debate, including the agency’s rationale for selecting the awareness standard and the reaction of business law commentators to its contours. On balance, this article concludes that Rule 10b5-1 oversteps the natural limits of Rule 10(b) by imposing liability for corporate misconduct that does not equate to fraud.
Managing personal computer use: the role of corporate management information systems

Abstract:Managing the influx of personal computers (pc) presents a significant dilemma for most management information systems (mis) executives. On the one hand, too tight control will limit the creative use of pcs and may in fact force users “underground” (where formal standards, methodologies, and controls have little effect). A laissez-faire approach, on the other hand, can often lead to inappropriate, ineffective applications being developed by users on their pcs.This article presents the results of a field study of how eight firms are striking this balance, and it suggests two frameworks for understanding how firms must change their pc management practices in different circumstances.
The Focal Mechanism of Earthquakes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of Byerly's method of fault-plane determination. The essential features of the methods of focal mechanism study are established and their efficacy as a means of investigating the origins of earthquakes has been demonstrated. The focal mechanism studies of earthquakes intend two things. First, there is the determination of the character of the motion at the source of an individual earthquake as deduced from the data of seismograms. This is of importance in understanding a particular earthquake and in relating the source of the disturbance to other geological effects or to the knowledge about the Earth's structure drawn from a study of the Earth as a medium of propagation of elastic waves. Second, given the determination of the focal mechanism of a large number of earthquakes in a given region, the forces acting in the individual foci can be compared. Moreover, it is believed that statistical analysis can reveal broad regional forces or deep-seated stresses deforming the region or even an interrelation of regional deforming forces on a worldwide scale.
Cloning and characterization of the Escherichia coli Heptosyltransferase III: Exploring substrate specificity in lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis.

Abstract Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules are an important cell surface component that enables adhesion to surfaces and cell motility, amongst other functions. In Escherichia coli, there are multiple Heptosyltransferase enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the core region of LPS. Here we describe the first ever cloning, expression, purification and characterization of Heptosyltransferase III (HepIII) from E. coli, which catalyzes the addition of an l -glycero- d -manno-heptose (Hep) residue to the growing LPS core via an α(1 → 7) bond. Inspired by results from our lab on the E. coli HepI, we assessed the catalytic efficiency with phospho-Hep2-Kdo2-Lipid A (PH2K2LA) and two deacylated analogues.
Choosing Objective Lenses: The Importance of Numerical Aperture and Magnification in Digital Optical Microscopy

Microscopic images are characterized by a number of microscope-specific parameters--numerical aperture (NA), magnification (M), and resolution (R)--and by parameters that also depend on the specimen--for example, contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, and integration time. In this article, issues associated with the microscope-specific parameters NA, M, and R are discussed with respect to both widefield and laser scanning confocal microscopies. Although most of the discussion points apply to optical microscopy in general, the main application considered is fluorescence microscopy.
Salomón Hakim and the discovery of normal-pressure hydrocephalus.

Introduction Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by enlarged ventricles and a triad of clinical symptoms affecting gait, cognition, and urinary continence. Salomon Hakim first identified the syndrome in 1957 at the Hospital San Juan de Dios in Bogota, Colombia. Even after decades of international focus and thousands of publications on his disorder, Hakim's story remains largely untold. Methods In this historical review, we explore the discovery of NPH through a series of personal interviews with Professor Hakim and his family, discussions with former colleagues, and review of the relevant medical literature. Results Professor Hakim first published his thesis in 1964 and 6 case reports of NPH in The New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of the Neurological Sciences in 1965. Hakim rose to the forefront of academic medicine as he described a newfound ability to reverse symptoms of "neurodegeneration" that had long been considered irreversible. Conclusions As we learn more about NPH, the fascinating story of Professor Hakim, the father of NPH, is of both historical relevance and current interest.
A tripartite model of idiographic research: Progressing past the concept of idiographic research as a singular entity

This paper is an attempt to bring clarity to idiographic theory and research in psychology by delineating 3 different types of idiographic research: research not assuming general laws, unique manifestation research, and intraindividual research. These 3 research types use different methods, make different assumptions, and have different relationships to the nomothetic mainstream. The relatively harmonious relationships between unique manifestation research, intraindividual research, and the nomothetic mainstream suggest that these research lines will form an essential part of 21st century psychology, whereas the original conception of idiographic research as research that does not assume general laws will continue slowly to die out. These conceptual advances imply that the single debate over nomothetic-idiographic research should be closed.
Multi-Platform Institutional Repository

This paper introduces an alternative approach of how to build the institutional repository, the multi-platform IR, for research institutes whose internal research units have existing IRs. Firstly, it describes the strategy of IR that harvests data from existing various-platform local repositories, allows researchers to manually input their publication data, provides administrative tool to manipulate the IR database, and includes output interface and search tool for end user. Then the program based on Drupal framework using real data from libraries of Khon Kaen University is provided to demonstrate the investigated strategy. The program perfectly performs all required tasks and could potentially be an example for future IRs of research institutes who would like to consolidate and aggregate existing local IRs.
Module for rapid normal and inverse normal pulse polarography: Application to study of adsorption

Abstract Construction and utilization of a module for interfacing with a rapid response potentiostat are described, which permits use of normal pulse polarography (NPP) and inverse normal pulse polarography (INPP). In trace analysis by NPP, the module permits micromolar detection. INPP is shown to be very useful for adsorption studies, e.g., the relative surface excess (Γ)-potential profile can be rapidly obtained. The influence of time between pulse application and current sampling (discharge time, t d ) on signal level and response profile is discussed. A t d as short as 0.57 ms was tested for both techniques; shorter t d intervals may be possible. The electronic operation is described in sufficient detail to allow ready alteration of the circuitry shown for interfacing to most potentiostats. Applicability of the module is illustrated by examination of the adsorption of adenine at the mercury electrode/aqueous solution interface.
Effects of the uncI gene on expression of uncB, the gene coding for the a subunit of the F1F0 ATPase of Escherichia coli

The eight genes coding for the subunits of the E. coli F1F0 ATPase are preceded by a gene, designated uncI. A homologous gene, or a gene coding for an analagous protein, is found preceding the ATPase genes of several microorganisms. No function for the 1 gene has been described. Using lac fusions to measure gene expression in vivo, we tested the effects of deleting uncI on the expression of the adjacent gene uncB, which codes for the a subunit of the F0 sector of the ATPase. Deleting uncI reduced the expression of three uncB'-'lacZ fusion genes in vivo, but had no effect on the expression of two uncB'-'lacZ fusion genes containing a relatively smaller amount of the uncB coding region. The uncI deletion also reduced the relative synthesis of the a subunit in vitro. The I gene therefore appears to specifically affect the expression of uncB or the synthesis of the a subunit at some step after translational initiation of uncB.
Continental volcanics derived from enriched and depleted source regions: Nd- and Sr-isotope evidence

Abstract 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratios have been determined on Recent basic volcanics from two areas of continental volcanism, Roccamonfina in the Roman Province of Italy and Mt. Etna in Sicily. The 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratios of Mt. Etna volcanics range from0.51292 ± 3to0.51298 ± 2 and are similar to Icelandic and other oceanic volcanics. In contrast the 143 Nd/ 144 Nd ratios of Roccamonfina volcanics range from0.51208 ± 2to0.51240 ± 2 and are the lowest yet recorded in Recent volcanics. These data together with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios extend the range of covariation of Nd- and Sr-isotope compositions in basaltic rocks. Relative to average chondrite REE abundances, the Mt. Etna volcanics have been derived from sources with a time-integrated light-REE depletion, whereas the source regions of the Roccamonfina volcanics have a time-integrated light-REE enrichment. The light-REE-depleted character implied by the Nd-isotope data for the sources of the Mt. Etna tholeiites is in direct contrast with the light-REE enrichment in the tholeiites themselves. This discrepancy is most simply resolved by postulating an enrichment event in the source regions of the Mt. Etna tholeiites ca. 2−5 × 10 8 years ago. This event occurred sufficiently close in time to the present that the current light-REE-enriched character of the sources is not reflected in its Nd-isotope composition.
Pathogenic and Protective Relations in Alcoholic Families (I): Development of the Ritual Invasion Scale

ABSTRACT Family of origin daily routines and celebratory rituals may serve to protect offspring from the harmful effects of parental drinking. However, parental alcoholism may disrupt these positive rituals, and this “invasion” has been proposed as a mechanism for transmitting risk to offspring. This paper describes the development of a “Ritual Invasion Scale” which may facilitate research and treatment applications with these families.
Computer generated holographic optical elements for optical interconnection of very large scale integrated circuits

The use of computer generated holographic elements for implementation of free-space optical interconnection of very large scale integrated circuits is presented. The design of the holographic optical elements is based on laser source divergence, source to hologram spacing, signal fanout, and resolution of the hologram recorder. The results of a computer simulation of diffraction from the hologram are compared with the analytically predicted results, particularly to confirm the effect of spatial sampling on the performance of an on-axis interferogram hologram. Measurements taken using transmission absorption and transmission phase holograms in photographic emulsion, as well as reflective surface relief holograms on silicon, are compared to predicted results. Performance benefits expected from extension of the design process to holograms fabricated using electron-beam lithography are discussed.
New techniques in fetal surgery

Abstract Optimal fetal management during and after fetal surgery has been limited by an inability to reliably monitor the fetal heart rate and temperature, and by a lack of access to the fetal circulation. In order to solve these problems, we used early third trimester fetal sheep to develop: (1) an implantable radiotelemetry device that transmits the fetal electrocardiogram and temperature, and (2) an intraosseous access technique. A miniaturized radiotelemeter was implanted subcutaneously in the axilla of four fetal sheep. Safe implantation of the radiotelemeter was technically feasible and the device reliably recorded the fetal electrocardiogram and temperature both intraoperatively and postoperatively. Although many possible routes for access to the fetal circulation have been tried experimentally and clinically for both resuscitation and blood sampling, none have proven satisfactory. We assessed the use of intraosseous access in fetal sheep (n = 6) for both infusion and blood sampling. Access with an intraosseous needle was obtained in both sheep fetuses and human fetal cadavers. Blood gas values (pH, PCO 2 , and PO 2 ) obtained from the medullary cavity of fetal sheep accurately reflected peripheral venous values. Resuscitation drugs reached the fetal circulation via the intraosseous route: sodium bicarbonate elevated venous bicarbonate levels from 28.4 ± 1.7 to 31.8 ± 2.1 mEq/dL ( P P P P ≤ .01). Application of the implantable radiotelemeter and intraosseous access techniques may enhance fetal surgery safety by improving fetal monitoring and permitting reliable access to the fetal circulation.
Floridi's Philosophy of Information and Information Ethics: Current Perspectives, Future Directions

In order to evaluate Floridi's philosophy of information (PI) and correlative information ethics (IE) as potential frameworks for a global information and computing ethics (ICE), I review a range of important criticisms, defenses, and extensions of PI and IE, along with Floridi's responses to these, as gathered together in a recent special issue of Ethics and Information Technology. A revised and expanded version of PI and IE emerges here, one that brings to the foreground PI's status as a philosophical naturalism—one with both current application and important potential in the specific domains of privacy and information law. Further, the pluralism already articulated by Floridi in his PI is now more explicitly coupled with an ethical pluralism in IE that will be enhanced through IE's further incorporation of discourse ethics. In this form, PI and IE emerge as still more robust frameworks for a global ICE; in this form, however, they also profoundly challenge modern Western assumptions regarding reality, the self, and our ethical obligations.
Lithium insertion into Fe2(SO4)3 frameworks

The two polymorphs of Fe2(SO4)3 consist of framework structures built up of tetrahedra sharing corners with octahedra and vice versa. One is rhombohedral, the other is monoclinic. Two moles of lithium insert rapidly into both structures at room temperature. However, lithium insertion into the rhombohedral phase is topotactic without any change of symmetry of the framework, whereas the monoclinic modification is converted to an orthorombic Li2Fe2(SO4)3 phase via a displacement transition; the existence of a two-phase region between Fe2(SO4)3 and Li2Fe2(SO4)3 results in a flat OCV of 3.6 V versus lithium, which is 600 mV higher than is found for LixFFe2(WO4)3 or LixFe2(MoO4)3. This difference is discussed in terms of the influence of the counter cation on the solid-state Fe3+2+ redox couple.
The de Haas-van Alphen Effect in Lutetium

de Haas-van Alphen oscillations have been observed in lutetium single crystals using high impulsive magnetic fields. A single-frequency branch is reported which has a minimum value of 3.75 MG along the $c$ axis and extends \ensuremath{\sim} 22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in both the (1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}210) and (\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1100) planes. Comparison of the experimental results with the relativistic-augmented-plane-wave Fermi surface of Loucks suggests that the electron columns are pinched off at the symmetry point $H$.
Development of Mo/Si multilayers deposited by low-pressure rotary magnet cathode sputtering for EUV lithography

Mo (molybdenum)/Si (silicon) multilayers were deposited by low-pressure RMC (rotary magnet cathode) sputtering, which can operate at a gas pressure (about 0.1Pa) lower than that conventional magnetron sputtering. We obtained a high EUV (extreme ultraviolet) reflectivity in the Mo/Si multilayers sputtered with low-pressure Xe gas. The measured maximum EUV reflectivity was about 71%. We confirmed that the multilayers sputtered at a low pressure exhibited high EUV reflectivity. From the TEM (transmission electron microscopy) images of the multilayers we observed thinner interdiffusion layers between Mo and Si layers in the multilayers deposited by RMC sputtering than in those deposited by ion-beam sputtering. The Mo single layer deposited by RMC sputtering has tensile stress and the Si single layer has compressive stress. By changing the Γ ratio (the fractional thickness ratio of a Mo layer to the total thickness of a Mo layer and a Si layer) of multilayer coatings, film stress can be converted from tensile to compressive. However, for larger Γ ratio, interface roughness increases and EUV reflectivity decreases. We have developed a doubly stacked multilayer structure that has low stress and high reflectivity. Using this technique, the stress of multilayer coatings can be reduced to -6 MPa.
"Un sicario" en un sanatorio de tuberculosis

n el ano 2006 cuando trabajaba en el Sanatorio de Tuberculosis de Penablanca, un dia ingreso acom-panado por Carabineros un paciente de 17 anos de edad, con tuberculosis pulmonar, quien habia abandonado en tres ocasiones el tratamiento y habia contagiado a toda su familia ademas de varias personas del vecindario en una poblacion vinamarina. Su conducta en el recinto fue muy provocativa y grosera, no se tomaba los medicamentos, se comia los alimentos de los otros pacientes, le robo la bata, pantu ﬂ as y hasta el cepillo de dientes a un abuelito con tuberculosis multi-resistente. En varias ocasiones escupio el esquema de antes tratado e insulto a las paramedicos, enfermeras y amenazo con golpear a quien escribe estas letras. Lo converse con las autoridades del servicio de salud y con las fuerzas de orden sin obtener la mas minima ayuda. Asi fue como tuve que recurrir a Ravanal, un paciente con TBC pulmonar en fase bisemanal y BK (-), ex con-victo conocido en el hampa por multiples delitos, entre otros, la muerte por arma blanca de dos personas en una rina pasional en el centro de Villa Alemana. Le hable de lo dificil que era manejar a este paciente y el me dijo que lo habia observado todo, que lo sentia y que podria ayudar. “?Me podrias ayudar?” - le pregunte- “Si, ?quiere que lo mate?”- me respondio- “iComo se te ocurre eso!” -le dije –“Entonces, quiere que le pegue?” -me respondio-“iTampoco! no es la idea”- “Entonces, digame ?que quiere que le haga?”- me pregunto nuevamente –“Solo una amenaza y nada mas” le indique. Al dia siguiente de la conversacion, Ravanal presencio la conducta ya repetitiva del muchacho, ingreso a la sala de los pacientes aislados en la cohorte (+), lo tomo del cuello y lo elevo en el aire, saco su cuchillo de 35 cm y aﬁ rmandola en el cuello le advirtio que desde ese momento debia portarse bien, tomarse sus medicinas y colaborar con el personal de salud. Desde ese dia aquel muchacho se convirtio en un ciu-dadano ejemplar, completo su tratamiento, los controles, colaboro con los otros pacientes, con los funcionarios, devolvio cada elemento obtenido indebidamente, barrio diariamente los pasillos y hasta hermoseo el deslucido jardin de aquel viejo sanatorio de tuberculosis.
The First Printed Rutgers Library Catalogue: A Sesquicentennial Reprint

TH E Covenant of 1825—for such was the term for reorganization at that time—between the Board of Trustees of Queen's College and the General Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church, began a new chapter in Rutgers history. Undergraduate instruction, in abeyance since 1816, was restarted, the Rev. Dr . Philip M i l ledoler was elected President, and the College was renamed in honor of Colonel Henry Rutgers. Professor John De Witt of the Theological Seminary received from the College the resounding title of Professor of Belles Lettres, Elements of Criticism and Logic, a hopeful augury for the future, and the congregations were again asked for contributions for the support of the library, which since 1810, when the Rev. D r . John H . Livingston assumed the presidency of the College and inaugurated theological instruction in New Brunswick, had served both the Seminary and the College. From the very earliest days of the College the Acts and Proceedings of the General Synod refer constantly to the need for books. Even so, according to a June 1814 report, the library could only muster "upwards of 200 volumes" at that time. A donation by Mrs . Margaret Chinn in 1821, at the instance of the Rev. John De Witt, 1
Clinical predictors of worsening heart failure during withdrawal from digoxin therapy

Previous work provides limited information concerning predictors of clinical deterioration after digoxin withdrawal. We investigated the association between selected baseline clinical characteristics and symptomatic deterioration in two similarly designed trials: Prospective Randomized Study of Ventricular Function and Efficacy of Digoxin (PROVED) and Randomized Assessment of Digoxin and Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (RADIANCE). Cox proportional-hazards analysis found the following independent predictors of worsening during follow-up in the combined PROVED and RADIANCE patients: heart failure score, left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiothoracic ratio, use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, use of digoxin, and age. When these factors, except for digoxin use, were tested in the subgroup of patients withdrawn from digoxin, they all were significant independent predictors of worsening heart failure. In contrast, only use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor predicted deterioration in patients who continued digoxin. Patients with more congestive symptoms, worse ventricular function, greater cardiac enlargement, or who were not taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor were significantly more likely to worsen early after digoxin discontinuation than patients without these characteristics.
Self-Defeating Personality and Problems with Dating, Assertion, and Relationships:

68 women but not 51 men who scored higher on a measure of self-defeating personality had greater difficulty with dating and situations calling for assertion, reported having experienced more self-defeating relationships, and staying in them for a longer period of time. The results were seen as partial support for the measure of self-defeating personality since two common characteristics of this personality style are passivity or lack of assertiveness and a strong tendency to be drawn to relationships in which the person will suffer.
Restoration of p53 Expression in Human Cancer Cell Lines Upregulates the Expression of Notch1: Implications for Cancer Cell Fate Determination after Genotoxic Stress

Following genotoxic stress, transcriptional activation of target genes by p53 tumor suppressor is critical in cell fate determination. Here we report that the restoration of p53 function in human cancer cell lines that are deficient in p53 function upregulated the expression of Notch1. Interestingly, the expression of wild-type p53 in human prostate and breast cancer cell lines correlated well with increased expression of Notch1. Furthermore, knockdown of p53 expression in cancer cells that express wild-type p53 resulted in reduced expression of Notch1. Importantly, genotoxic stress to cancer cells that resulted in activation of p53 also upregulated the expression of Notch1. Moreover, p53-mediated induction of Notch1 expression was associated with stimulation of the activity of Notch-responsive reporters. Notably, p53 differentially regulated the expression of Notch family members: expression of Notch2 and Notch4 was not induced by p53. Significantly, treatment of cells with gamma secretase inhibitor, an inhibitor of Notch signaling, increased susceptibility to apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. Together, our observations suggest that p53-mediated upregulation of Notch1 expression in human cancer cell lines contributes to cell fate determination after genotoxic stress.
A Microscopic, Coupled-Channel Theory of Pion Scattering

Abstract We develop a new and comprehensive coordinate-space theory of pion-nucleus scattering to facilitate disentangling the conventional aspects of pion scattering from the non-conventional ones relevant to issues of hadron dynamics. We work in coordinate space in order to both unify and extend the relatively extensive and successful analyses of exclusive pion-nucleus reactions previously made within a similar framework. We construct the optical potential microscopically in a shell-model framework by summing particle-hole pair configurations, leading naturally to a coupled-channel formulation. The theory includes a complete treatment of all spin-isospin components of the pion-nucleon scattering amplitude, and Fermi averaging is done explicitly. We present numerical results showing the significance of Fermi motion and spin dependence on charge-exchange angular distributions: Single and double spin flip are shown to play dominant and generally unappreciated roles in charge-exchange reactions, and corrections for Fermi motion are shown to be needed in order to quantitatively separate medium effects from conventional multiple scattering.
The application of Legendre-tau approximation to parameter identification for delay and partial differential equations

Approximation schemes based on Legendretau approximation are developed for the estimation problems of delay and partial differential equations. A number of numerical examples are given to demonstrate the feasibility of our numerical schemes.
Screening for sorghum genotypic differences to iron deficiency

Abstract Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] generally is susceptible to iron (Fe) deficiency. Rapid, economical screening methods are essential to screen germplasm in a relatively short time so that genotypes with greater ability to grow on soils with low Fe availability can be developed. Different nutrient solutions were tested to determine which treatments were best suited for screening sorghum genotype tolerance to Fe deficiency conditions. Iron deficiencies were induced by growing seedlings in nutrient solutions with higher than normal levels of phosphorus (P); added calcium carbonate (CaCO3); nitrate (NO‐ 3 ammonium (NH+ 4), and (NO‐+ 3 NH+ 4,) as sources of nitrogen (N); and in Fe deficient, calcareous soils in controlled environmental chambers. Regardless of the screening method, sorghum genotypes differed in their response to Fe deficiency conditions. Larger differences in Fe deficiency were noted among genotypes when NO‐ 3 or high P were used. Differences in dry matter yields were greater when...
Infectious lung complications in patients with HIV/AIDS.

Purpose of review The aim of this article is to review recent observations in the area of infectious lung complications in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since the immunodeficiency was first characterized, it has been associated with enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infection, and life-threatening infections of the lung in particular. In the past few years there have been a large number of reports documenting the changes to this disease profile in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Furthermore, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of the immunology and vaccinology of many of the pathogens implicated in pulmonary infections in this context, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pneumocystis pneumonia. Recent findings In considering the time-course and spectrum of HIV-associated respiratory infections, the field must now be divided into studies undertaken in parts of the world where HAART is accessible and those where it is not. Despite the enormous impact of HAART, it has brought with it a new set of concerns, including the effects of immune restoration disease (IRD), and the complex interplay between HAART and tuberculosis therapy. Summary The overriding conclusion from recent experience is that HAART, in those parts of the world where it is readily available, has changed the clinical picture of infections associated with HIV, and needs to be available to patients across the developing world as well. Furthermore there have been important developments in vaccination programs against pathogens involved in HIV-associated pneumonia.
Approaching the Minimum Thermal Conductivity in Rhenium-Substituted Higher Manganese Silicides

Higher manganese silicides (HMS) made of earth-abundant and non-toxic elements are regarded as promising p-type thermoelectric materials because their complex crystal structure results in low lattice thermal conductivity. It is shown here that the already low thermal conductivity of HMS can be reduced further to approach the minimum thermal conductivity via partial substitution of Mn with heavier rhenium (Re) to increase point defect scattering. The solubility limit of Re in the obtained RexMn1-xSi1.8 is determined to be about x = 0.18. Elemental inhomogeneity and the formation of ReSi1.75 inclusions with 50−200 nm size are found within the HMS matrix. It is found that the power factor does not change markedly at low Re content of x ≤ 0.04 before it drops considerably at higher Re contents. Compared to pure HMS, the reduced lattice thermal conductivity in RexMn1-xSi1.8 results in a 25% increase of the peak figure of merit ZT to reach 0.57 ± 0.08 at 800 K for x = 0.04. The suppressed thermal conductivity in the pure RexMn1-xSi1.8 can enable further investigations of the ZT limit of this system by exploring different impurity doping strategies to optimize the carrier concentration and power factor.
Cycles of shame: menstrual shame, body shame, and sexual decision-making.

Although numerous factors have been implicated in women's sexual decision‐making, less attention has been focused on how their feelings about their bodies and reproductive functions affect these processes. Recent findings link menstrual shame to lower levels of sexual activity and higher levels of sexual risk; however, the mechanisms behind these relations remain unexplored. Accordingly, this study investigates the contributions of menstrual shame and global body shame to sexual decision‐making among 199 undergraduate women. Using structural equation modeling, we evaluated a mediated model, whereby menstrual shame is indirectly associated with sexual decision‐making via body shame. As expected, women who reported feeling more comfort about menstruation also reported more body comfort and, in turn, more sexual assertiveness, more sexual experience, and less sexual risk.
A rapid method for the determination of sulphur dioxide in sulfited potato flakes

A simple and rapid method is presented for the determination of sulfite in dehydrated potato flakes. Special extraction and filtration techniques are used to prevent potato cell rupture and subsequent release of the starch. Presence of cooked starch would interfere greatly with filtration of the extract. An iodimetric titration and simple calculation yield reproducible results with little effort or time.
Astrocytes synthesize angiotensinogen in brain

Cell types associated with angiotensinogen mRNA in rat brain were identified in individual brain sections by in situ hybridization with tritiated RNA probes or with a sulfur-35--labeled oligonucleotide combined with immunocytochemical detection of either glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes or microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) for neurons. Autoradiography revealed silver grains clustered primarily over GFAP-reactive soma and processes; most grain clusters were not associated with MAP-2--reactive cells. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to other known neuropeptide precursors, angiotensinogen is synthesized by glia.
Nanosensors and nanomaterials for monitoring glucose in diabetes

Worldwide, diabetes is a rapidly growing problem that is managed at the individual level by monitoring and controlling blood glucose levels to minimize the negative effects of the disease. Because of limitations in diagnostic methods, significant research efforts are focused on developing improved methods to measure glucose. Nanotechnology has impacted these efforts by increasing the surface area of sensors, improving the catalytic properties of electrodes and providing nanoscale sensors. Here, we discuss developments in the past several years on both nanosensors that directly measure glucose and nanomaterials that improve glucose sensor function. Finally, we discuss challenges that must be overcome to apply these developments in the clinic.
Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering and the Meson Resonances

The approximation of nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitudes with mesonic resonances is discussed. Singlet amplitudes only are considered in the dispersion relations obtained from the Cauchy theorem's application to Mandelstam- represented scattering amplitudes. An indirect procedure is used to compare the solution of the dispersion relation to experiment. (R.E.U.)
Iron in silicon: Interactions with radiation defects, carbon, and oxygen

First-principles theory is used to calculate the interactions between interstitial iron or the iron-boron pair and a vacancy, between interstitial iron and a divacancy, oxygen-vacancy pair, self-interstitial, and interstitial carbon, as well as substitutional carbon, interstitial oxygen, and the oxygen dimer in silicon. The structures, charge and spin states, binding energies, and, in some cases, vibrational spectra are predicted. The gap levels are estimated using the marker method. The strongest interactions involve vacancies, result in the formation of pairs of metastable defects, and profoundly change the electrical activity of the component species. Iron also traps at self-interstitial-type defects, but not at interstitial oxygen or substitutional carbon. Several observed but incompletely characterized defects are identified and trends in the behavior of Fe in Si are discussed.
Real-time compression of streaming X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy area-detector data

Abstract We present a data acquisition system to perform on-the-fly background subtraction and lower-level discrimination compression of streaming X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) data from a fast charge-coupled device area detector. The system is built using a commercial frame grabber with an on-board field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The system is capable of continuously processing 60 CCD frames per second each consisting of 1024×1024 pixels with up to 64 512 photon hits per frame.
Optical Absorption and Luminescence of Irradiated Mg F 2

A study of the temperature and polarization dependence of the absorption and luminescence from electron and neutron-irradiated Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ crystals has been made. The absorption band at 260 nm is accepted as due to an $F$ center, and excitation, when other centers are absent, produces an emission at about 430 nm. Two other absorption bands at 370 and 400 nm arise from different types of $M$ centers, and our data suggest that these centers give rise to emission bands at 420 and 600 nm, respectively. Several narrow absorption lines are observed in both electron-and neutron-irradiated samples. From polarization studies and optical bleaching treatment, the lines at 387.2, 385.7, 384.5, 382.3, and 380.8 nm are identified as zero-phonon and phonon-assisted transitions of the defect responsible for the 370-nm band. A comparison is made between the vibrational energies associated with the phonon-assisted lines and the dispersion relationships calculated for Mg${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$.
The prepped vaginal canal may be a sterile conduit for ventral hernia mesh insertion: a prospective comparative study.

Although still experimental, natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) aims to use the natural orifices for intraabdominal surgery. Pure transvaginal umbilical hernia repair has been reported. However, mesh protection devices were used to minimize mesh contamination during mesh insertion. The authors believe that before widespread implementation of this technique, more foundational research is indicated to establish the sterility of hernia mesh insertion through this route. This prospective study aimed to compare transvaginal ventral hernia mesh insertion sterility with laparoscopic trocar-site insertion sterility to establish baseline data to help promote the safety of NOTES tranvaginal hernia repair. This was a prospective descriptive study (Canadian Task Force classification 2A). With institutional review board approval, 10 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for benign gynecologic disease were enrolled in the study. Atrium Prolite mesh (polypropylene monofilament) was inserted into the vagina before and after standard surgical preparation with 10 % povidone–iodine. As a control, mesh also was inserted through a prepped laparoscopic port site. The mesh was cultured for bacterial, fungal, and viral contamination. All patients received standard infection prophylaxis that included preoperative intravenous cefazolin and metronidazole. The unprepped vaginal canal was cultured and demonstrated normal multiorganism vaginal flora in all 10 cases. Of the 10 skin incision mesh samples, 3 (30 %) grew bacteria, including Staphylococcus lugdunensis, a potentially pathogenic organism. In contrast, none of the prepped vaginal mesh specimens yielded any growth of microorganisms or potential pathogens. This study showed that a surgically prepped vaginal canal can be a sterile conduit for insertion of polypropylene mesh for transvaginal ventral hernia repair without the use of additional mesh protection. Surprisingly, the prepped vaginal conduit in our patients was more sterile than a prepped skin incision.
Simulation of a simple reacting gas flow with an upwind scheme

Abstract Good results have been obtained using the Random Choice Method (RCM) in the computation of reacting gas flow problems. The RCM is an unfamiliar method and difficult to program. The question arises as to whether a simpler difference approximation can obtain as effective results with less computational difficulty. Among all difference schemes upwind methods have been proven to have excellent properties. Thus, such methods serve as models for the effectiveness of all difference schemes. A standard upwind scheme modified to include a fractional heat conduction step is used to compute solutions of one dimensional compressible fluid flow equations with a finite heat conduction coefficient. The gas is assumed to be chemically reacting and thus to deposit energy in the field. Comparison is made to the known qualitative behavior of the solutions for different ratios of the reaction rate and the heat conduction coefficient. This difference scheme is seen to compare unfavorably with the RCM.
ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION OF LONGITUDINAL AND SHEAR WAVES IN THE NORMAL AND SUPERCONDUCTING STATES OF NIOBIUM.

Ultrasonic attenuation measurements of both longitudinal and shear waves in the normal and superconducting states were made on niobium single crystals. Frequencies between 50 and 450 M H z were employed. Independent of the mode, frequency, and crystal studied, a deviation of the attenuation ratio αs/αn from BCS behavior was observed. The dependence of αs/αn on frequency and crystal purity are interpreted in terms of a model which assumes a difference in electron mean-free path due to phonon scattering in the normal and superconducting states.
Determining Fusion Rules byA(V)-Modules and Bimodules☆

Abstract We prove a theorem by which fusion rules for a vertex operator algebraVare determined in terms ofA(V)-modules and bimodules.
Rhotacization and the ‘Beijing Smooth Operator’: The social meaning of a linguistic variable

Recent sociolinguistic studies on style have focused much attention on the construction of social meaning in situated discursive practices. Despite a general recognition that the linguistic resources used are often already imbued with social meanings, little research has been done on what these meanings may be. Focusing on rhotacization, a sociolinguistic variable in Beijing Mandarin, this article explores its imbued social meanings and sociocultural associations. I demonstrate that rhotacization takes on semiotic saliency through co-occurrence with key Beijing cultural terms and frequent use in written representations of authentic Beijing-ness. Furthermore, this feature is associated with the ‘Beijing Smooth Operator,’ a salient male local character type, and is ideologically construed as reflecting its characterological attributes. The findings of this study shed light on the meaning potential of a linguistic variable, rhotacization in this case, which can enhance understanding of the possibilities and constraints for its use and meaning in new contexts.
Selective weighing of individual microparticles using a hybrid micromanipulator-nanomechanical resonator system

We report a system for selecting, placing, and weighing individual micro-scale particles that is based on combination of a micromanipulator and a cantilever-based differential resonator. Instead of relying on probabilistic attachment of particles on sensor surfaces, the system can specifically select and weigh individual micro-entities. The micromanipulator is able to move particles from a native media to the surface of a resonator which can weigh particles with a 2 pg resolution. The system allows individual manipulating and weighing a wide variety of entities that can be visualized under a microscope, ranging from cell spheres to spore clusters to microparticles.
Symmetrized Relativistic Augmented-Plane-Wave Method: Gray Tin and the Warped Muffin-Tin Potential

A symmetrized form of the relativistic augmented-plane wave (RAPW) method is described. This symmetrized relativistic APW technique (SRAPW) uses the double-space-group projection operators to greatly reduce the size of the Hamiltonian matrix that must be dealt with on symmetry points and lines. This enables one to obtain better convergence than can be obtained with the unsymmetrized RAPW technique and identifies the symmetry properties of the states found. The technique has also been generalized to include the effects of a nonconstant potential outside the muffin-tin spheres. The SRAPW method is then applied to gray tin to test a number of potential approximations, including non-self-consistency and the treatment of exchange as well as the various features of the muffin-tin approximation to the model potential. The results show that, of the terms left out of the muffin-tin approximation to the model potential, the additional warping of the potential outside the muffin-tin spheres has the most significant effect.