cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource Centric Security to protect customer energy information in the smart grid

From the customer domain perspective, interoperation implies that external systems are able to control customer's energy resources as well as to read energy-related information. These two types of accesses to an energy resource affect the operation of the customer domain differently. However, most existing security mechanisms were designed at individual resource level and cannot efficiently handle such fine-grained access. To resolve the issue of fine granularity, this paper proposes a new security mechanism, Resource Centric Security, that leverages the concept of a filesystem Access Control List. Three privileges of read, write, and execute are defined on each energy resource, and a set of attributes is assigned to each privilege. Each external user also maintains his own set of attributes. He can access the privilege only if his attribute set matches the privilege's set. In this way, the user may receive permission to read data of a resource but not to invoke operations. We have implemented the proposed scheme on a real testbed and have run experiments. The results and following analysis discover that our scheme can provide a proper level of data protection with reasonable overhead.
Shadow prices in intertemporal plans under constant returns to scale

Abstract It has been shown, in connection with Tobin's ‘q’ theory of investment, that, under constant returns to scale and for interior solutions, the market value of a firm is its capital valued at the shadow price of capital. This result is here generalized to cover many fixed (and variable) factors and non-interior solutions.
Hypertension, social rank, and aortic arteriosclerosis in CBA/J mice

Abstract A significant rise in systolic blood pressure and increased aortic arteriosclerosis was observed over a period of four months in dominant male mice as compared to subordinate and control animals. Subordinate animals assuming the dominant position also developed a significant rise in blood pressure and dominant animals removed from social interaction showed a significant decrease in blood pressure. Males that were castrated failed to develop a social hierarchy and exhibited normotensive blood pressure. Also dominant animals exhibited higher plasma testosterone levels and more aortic arteriosclerosis than subordinates.
Monoterpene emissions from a Pacific Northwest Old-Growth Forest and impact on regional biogenic VOC emission estimates

Abstract Measurements of natural hydrocarbon emission rates are reported for an old-growth Pacific Northwest coniferous forest. The emission data were collected for the two dominant species Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) during the growing season in 1997 and 1998 using branch enclosure techniques. Samples were collected at different heights from 13 to 51 m within the canopy using the Wind River Canopy Crane facility. The standard emission factor at a temperature of 30°C and the temperature coefficient for Douglas-fir is Es=0.39±0.14 μg C g−1 h−1 and β=0.14±0.05°C−1 and for western hemlock Es=0.95±0.17 μg C g−1 h−1 and β=0.06±0.02°C−1. There was considerable variability among all the emission factors due to seasonal and branch-to-branch variations. Within season emission factors appear to decline from May to September for the Douglas-fir, although there was no corresponding decrease for the western hemlock. There was no significant difference in standard emission factors (Es) or temperature coefficients as a function of sunlit versus shady growth environment (different heights) for Douglas-fir, but western hemlock emission samples collected low in the canopy showed no exponential correlation with temperature. Applying the standard emission factors from this study to a Pacific Northwest domain and comparing the modified emission inventory to the current regulatory-based emission inventory yielded a net decrease of 19% in the domain wide monoterpene emissions. The relatively small difference in biogenic emissions is slightly misleading, as the difference in standard emission rates between this study and current regulatory rates is quite significant, and they offset each other when combined in this domain. When this inventory was input into a regional photochemical air quality simulation using the MM5/CMAQ system, the reduction in biogenic emissions resulted in an insignificant decrease of O3 and a significant decrease in the secondary organic aerosol (domain wide −20%). The emission measurements reported here represent one of the first extensive data sets for an old-growth forest, where sampling conditions are limited to in situ enclosure techniques within the tall, elevated canopy.
Association of the Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase (SHIP) to releasability in human basophils.

Abstract During the study of the biology of the Human recombinant Histamine Releasing Factor (HrHRF), we uncovered a hyperreleasable phenotype of basophils from HrHRF-responder donors. Basophils from these donors released histamne to HrHRF, IL-3 and D 2 O. While there has been a significant amount of work elucidating signal transduction events in human basophils, the reason for this hyperreleasable phenotype remained illusive. A clue to the releasability of these highly allergic, asthmatic HrHRF-responder donor basophils was demonstrated in studies using SHIP knockout mice. Bone marrow-derived mast cells from the SHIP knockout mice demonstrated hyperreleasability to stimuli through the IgE receptor and alteration of subsequent signal transduction events. We have demonstrated a highly significant negative correlation between the amount of SHIP protein per cell equivalent and maximum histamine release to HrHRF. These results provide a clue to the hyperreleasable phenotype and implicate SHIP as an additional regulator of secretion in human basophils.
Comparison of Tropomyosins from Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

No differences were found between the sedimentation coefficients, intrinsic viscosities, amino acid contents, and peptide patterns resulting from tryptic digestion of rabbit cardiac and skeletal tropomyosins. From sedimentation and viscosity data, the molecular weights of cardiac and skeletal tropomyosins were estimated to be 54,800 for both. This value is similar to previous estimates of the molecular weight of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin. No evidence was obtained for the existence in heart muscle of tropomyosin A. Of the three more abundant contractile proteins of the heart, myosin, actin, and tropomyosin, only myosin appears to differ from its skeletal counterpart.
In situ analysis of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling pathways in human glioblastomas suggests overlapping relationships with focal adhesion kinase activation

Deregulated integrin signaling is common in cancers, including glioblastoma. Integrin binding and growth factor receptor signaling activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and subsequently up-regulate extracellular regulated kinases (ERK-1/2), leading to cell-cycle progression and cell migration. Most studies of this pathway have used in vitro systems or tumor lysate-based approaches. We examined these pathways primarily in situ using a panel of 30 glioblastomas and gene expression arrays, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, emphasizing the histological distribution of molecular changes. Within individual tumors, increased expression of FAK, p-FAK, paxillin, ERK-1/2, and p-ERK-1/2 occurred in regions of elevated EGFR and/or PDGFRA expression. Moreover, FAK activation levels correlated with EGFR and PDGFRA expression, and p-FAK and EGFR expression co-localized at the single-cell level. In addition, integrin expression was enriched in EGFR/PDGFRA-overexpressing areas but was more regionally confined than FAK, p-FAK, and paxillin. Integrins β8 and α5β1 were most commonly expressed, often in a perinecrotic or perivascular pattern. Taken together, our data suggest that growth factor receptor overexpression facilitates alterations in the integrin signaling pathway. Thus, FAK may act in glioblastoma as a downstream target of growth factor signaling, with integrins enhancing the impact of such signaling in the tumor microenvironment.
Gadolinium-Containing MRI Contrast Agents: Important Variations on a Theme for NSF

Millions of doses of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are administered annually to improve the clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging. All the approved agents incorporate one atom of the rare earth metal gadolinium into a chelate to improve the safety of the ordinarily toxic free gadolinium. The undeniable epidemiologic link between GBCAs and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) has prompted renewed investigation into the different chemical properties of the GBCAs despite their clinical interchangeability. Gadolinium-based contrast agents can be divided into different categories: linear versus macrocyclic structure, ionic versus nonionic, and non-protein-binding versus protein-binding agents. The GBCAs differ significantly with respect to transmetallation and kinetic and thermodynamic stability and therefore their propensity to release free gadolinium, which is hypothesized to induce NSF. That gadodiamide, with its susceptibility to transmetallation and relatively low thermodynamic and kinetic stability, is associated with the most cases of NSF supports this hypothesis. On the other hand, the greater stability of a macrocyclic agent hypothetically would confer a greater safety margin with regard to NSF. Because few published data on an experimental model of NSF exist, continuing vigilance is necessary to report new cases of NSF, especially with regard to the agents with small market share.
Polymers with nano‐dimensional surface features enhance bladder smooth muscle cell adhesion

Previous studies investigating the design of synthetic bladder wall substitutes have involved polymers with micro dimensional structures. Since the body is made up of nano-structured components (e.g., extracellular matrix proteins), the focus of the present in vitro study was to design nano-structured polymers for use as synthetic bladder constructs that mimic the topography of natural bladder tissue. In order to complete this task, novel nano-structured biodegradable polymeric films of poly-lactic-co-glycolic-acid (PLGA), poly-ether-urethane (PU), and poly-caprolactone (PCL) were fabricated and separately treated with various concentrations of NaOH (for PLGA and PCL) and HNO(3) (for PU) for select time periods. These treatments reduced the polymer surface feature dimensions from conventional micron dimensions to biologically inspired nanometer dimensions. Select cytocompatibility properties of these biomaterials were tested in vitro. Results provide the first evidence that adhesion of bladder smooth muscle cells is enhanced as polymer surface feature dimensions are reduced into the nanometer range. In addition, surface analysis results reveal that the polymer nanometer surface roughness is the primary design parameter that increases bladder smooth muscle cell adhesion. For this reason, the "next generation" of tissue-engineered bladder constructs with increased efficacy should contain surfaces with nanometer (as opposed to micron) surface features.
Versatile Online−Offline Engine for Automated Acquisition of High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectra

For automated production of tandem mass spectrometric data for proteins and peptides >3 kDa at >50 000 resolution, a dual online−offline approach is presented here that improves upon standard liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) strategies. An integrated hardware and software infrastructure analyzes online LC−MS data and intelligently determines which targets to interrogate offline using a posteriori knowledge such as prior observation, identification, and degree of characterization. This platform represents a way to implement accurate mass inclusion and exclusion lists in the context of a proteome project, automating collection of high-resolution MS/MS data that cannot currently be acquired on a chromatographic time scale at equivalent spectral quality. For intact proteins from an acid extract of human nuclei fractionated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), the automated offline system generated 57 successful identifications of protein forms arising from 30 distinct genes...
The relationship between depression and self-concept discrepancy among different generations of Japanese-American women.

Investigated the relationship between real-ideal self-concept discrepancy and depression among different generations and age groups of Japanese-American women in Hawaii. In contrast to the numerous results with Caucasian Ss, the present findings revealed that self-concept discrepancy and depression are related positively for certain generations (i. e., Nisei, young Sansei), but not others (i. e., old Sansei, Yonsei). It was speculated that the differences were due to acculturative and historical experiences that mediated personality pattern development. The findings also point out the ethnocentricity of one of the most supported notions in Western psychology (i. e., the relationship between self-concept discrepancy and maladjustment).
Imaging complex three dimensional Alfve/spl acute/n wave currents

Alfve/spl acute/n waves exist in plasmas in which the ions are magnetized. They are found in the solar wind, the earth's magnetosphere, the solar corona, and possibly in intergalactic space. They play a role in Tokamak edge turbulence. Toroidal Alfve/spl acute/n eigenmodes could effect the confinement of future fusion devices. With the advent of quiescent plasma sources, these waves are now studied in great detail in controlled laboratory experiments. We present measurements of three-dimensional current systems associated with these waves, and illustrate a visualization technique necessary to quickly picture them.
MicroRNAs Are Mediators of Androgen Action in Prostate and Muscle

Androgen receptor (AR) function is critical for the development of male reproductive organs, muscle, bone and other tissues. Functionally impaired AR results in androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). The interaction between AR and microRNA (miR) signaling pathways was examined to understand the role of miRs in AR function. Reduction of androgen levels in Sprague-Dawley rats by castration inhibited the expression of a large set of miRs in prostate and muscle, which was reversed by treatment of castrated rats with 3 mg/day dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or selective androgen receptor modulators. Knockout of the miR processing enzyme, DICER, in LNCaP prostate cancer cells or tissue specifically in mice inhibited AR function leading to AIS. Since the only function of miRs is to bind to 3′ UTR and inhibit translation of target genes, androgens might induce miRs to inhibit repressors of AR function. In concordance, knock-down of DICER in LNCaP cells and in tissues in mice induced the expression of corepressors, NCoR and SMRT. These studies demonstrate a feedback loop between miRs, corepressors and AR and the imperative role of miRs in AR function in non-cancerous androgen-responsive tissues.
Anterior cingulate activation in high trait anxious subjects is related to altered error processing during decision making

Abstract Background Individuals with high trait anxiety (HTA) can be studied to examine the effect of elevated levels of anxiety on the processing of stimuli and the selection of actions. The anterior cingulate cortex has been implicated in the detection and processing of errors. This investigation examined the hypothesis that HTA subjects are more sensitive to errors than nonanxious comparison subjects during a simple decision-making task and show increased activation in the anterior cingulate, particularly at low error rates. Methods Thirteen HTA subjects were compared with 13 normal trait anxiety (NTA: 40th–60th percentile) subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a two-choice prediction task at three different error rates. Results Both HTA and NTA subjects performed similarly during a simple two-choice prediction task; however, during the low-error-rate condition, activation in the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex was significantly higher in HTA subjects and was correlated with trait but not state anxiety. Conclusions These results support the idea that HTA subjects devote more processing resources to decision making than do NTA subjects during times in which there is little chance of incorrect responding (i.e., the low-error-rate condition). The extent to which this altered activation within the anterior cingulate contributes to anxiety-proneness remains to be determined.
Electromagnetic propagation in birefringent layered media

The propagation of electromagnetic radiation in birefringent layered media is considered. A general formulation of the plane-wave propagation in an arbitrarily birefringent layered medium is presented. The concepts of dynamical matrix and propagation matrix are introduced. A 4 × 4 transfer matrix method is used to relate the field amplitudes in different layers. Our general theory is then applied to the special case of periodic birefringent layered media, especially the Solc birefringent layered media [ I. Solc , Cesk. Casopis Fẏs.3, 366 ( 1953);Cesk. Casopis Fẏs.10, 16 ( 1960)]. The unit cell translation operator is derived. The band structures as well as the Bloch waves are obtained by diagonalizing the translation operator. Coupled mode theory is extended to the case of birefringent periodic perturbation to explain the exchange Bragg scattering. A general mode dispersion relation for guided waves is also obtained in terms of the transfer matrix elements.
Simultaneous determination of multiproduct batch and full truckload shipment schedules

Abstract A fundamental premise of the well-known economic lot-scheduling problem (ELSP) is that the finished products are consumed at continuous rates, i.e. their respective cycle inventories are depleted on the basis of unit transactions. In today's supply chains, however, employing complex distribution networks, finished goods inventories from manufacturing plants are usually shipped in bulk to succeeding stages along the distribution process. Moreover, existing transport economies often tend to favor full truckload (TL), rather that partial or less than truckload (LTL) shipments, for economical movement of such goods. The scenario examined here, however, involves a set of products, for which individual TL shipments are uneconomical. As a remedy, we construct a model for taking advantage of TL rates by combining LTL quantities of the items into a full load. We adopt the common cycle approach for the ELSP, in conjunction with a common replenishment cycle, as a coordination mechanism that is simple to analyze and implement. This is integrated with a periodic full truckload shipping schedule. Such effective coordination of production and shipment schedules is likely to result in a more streamlined supply chain. The concepts developed are illustrated through a simple numerical example.
34.1: Invited Paper: Reduction of Halo in Transparent Electroluminescent (EL) Display

Recently, a variety of information is displayed in automobiles. One of the elements which is expected to be used for display of information is the transparent EL display. However, this display generates a phenomenon called “halo”, which causes the area around the emitter to blur and gleam, resulting in decrease of visibility. In this research, we elucidated the mechanism of how this phenomenon occurs, and reduced the relative halo luminance ratio (i.e. halo luminance of adjacent pixels / luminance of illuminating pixels) from 3.6% to 1.7%. This has made possible the materialization of a dual vision optitron meter, which is a device combining analog meters with digital meters having a transparent EL panel (dual vision optitron meter is a registered trademark).
Aggregate price indexes, cointegration, and tests of the purchasing power parity hypothesis

Abstract In this paper I show that cointegration tests of PPP using aggregate price indexes are not always robust to changes in relative prices. I offer a method of gauging the importance of these effects and find them to be unimportant in recent rejections of PPP.
CPEB and two poly(A) polymerases control miR-122 stability and p53 mRNA translation

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation-induced translation controls germ cell development, neuronal synaptic plasticity and cellular senescence, a tumour-suppressor mechanism that limits the replicative lifespan of cells. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) promotes polyadenylation by nucleating a group of factors including defective in germline development 2 (Gld2), a non-canonical poly(A) polymerase, on specific messenger RNA (mRNA) 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Because CPEB regulation of p53 mRNA polyadenylation/translation is necessary for cellular senescence in primary human diploid fibroblasts, we surmised that Gld2 would be the enzyme responsible for poly(A) addition. Here we show that depletion of Gld2 surprisingly promotes rather than inhibits p53 mRNA polyadenylation/translation, induces premature senescence and enhances the stability of CPEB mRNA. The CPEB 3' UTR contains two miR-122 binding sites, which when deleted, elevate mRNA translation, as does an antagomir of miR-122. Although miR-122 is thought to be liver specific, it is present in primary fibroblasts and destabilized by Gld2 depletion. Gld4, a second non-canonical poly(A) polymerase, was found to regulate p53 mRNA polyadenylation/translation in a CPEB-dependent manner. Thus, translational regulation of p53 mRNA and cellular senescence is coordinated by Gld2/miR-122/CPEB/Gld4.
Measuring firewall security

In the recent years, more attention is given to firewalls as they are considered the corner stone in Cyber defense perimeters. The ability to measure the quality of protection of a firewall policy is a key step to assess the defense level for any network. To accomplish this task, it is important to define objective metrics that are formally provable and practically useful. In this work, we propose a set of metrics that can objectively evaluate and compare the hardness and similarities of access policies of single firewalls based on rules tightness, the distribution of the allowed traffic, and security requirements. In order to analyze firewall polices based on the policy semantic, we used a canonical representation of firewall rules using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) regardless of the rules format and representation. The contribution of this work comes in measuring and comparing firewall security deterministically in term of security compliance and weakness in order to optimize security policy and engineering.
Fluctuations in a System with Internal Degrees of Freedom

The generalized Langevin approach of Mori is used to derive the relaxation matrix for a simple model system with internal degrees of freedom. The relationship between the damping matrix with a projected time dependence, and one with the usual time development is employed to compare the results obtained with those of Weinberg and Oppenheim. Furthermore, the conditions necessary to make a Markovian approximation are presented and discussed. Finally, a brief comparison is made with other works.
Nucleotide polymorphism in microcin V plasmids.

DNA sequence polymorphism was determined for the microcin V gene cluster encoded on the microcin V plasmids of 12 natural isolates of Escherichia coli. These microcin V gene clusters are similar in DNA sequence, with only 10 of the 683 bp polymorphic. Further, the levels and patterns of microcin V gene cluster polymorphism differ from those of a chromosomal region, trpORF2, sequenced from each of the host isolates. These contrasting levels and patterns of polymorphism suggest that the microcin V gene cluster has experienced an evolutionary history different from that of the host.
Foraging behaviour and invasiveness: do invasive Gambusia exhibit higher feeding rates and broader diets than their noninvasive relatives?

– Serious impacts by nonindigenous species often occur via predation. The magnitude of impact is expected to be closely tied to the invading species niche breadth. For predatory impacts, diet breadth should be particularly important. We examined the relationship between a species foraging behaviour and its invasiveness and impact by comparing the feeding behaviour of four Gambusia species, two invasive and of high impact and two noninvasive. Individual feeding rates, feeding preferences, and diet breadths were tested across three prey items in a sequence of four laboratory feeding trials. Invasive Gambusia consistently fed at higher rates, but no species differences were found in feeding preferences or diet breadth. All Gambusia preferred Daphnia, avoided Lirceus, and consumed Drosophila in proportion to their availability. Female size affected most feeding variables. Larger fish consumed more prey per unit time and were able to incorporate larger prey items into their diets, thus increasing diet breadth. Resumen 1. Los efectos negativos causados por especies introducidas e invasoras generalmente ocurren a traves de la predacion. Para estas especies, la magnitud de sus efectos esta intimamente relacionada con caracteristicas de su comportamiento de forrajeo y dieta. En esta investigacion, comparamos el comportamiento de forrajeo de dos especies de peces invasoras y de gran impacto en comunidades acuaticas invadidas, Gambusia affinis y Gambusia holbrooki, a dos especies muy relacionadas pero no invasoras, G. geiseri y G. hispaniolae. Comparar especies muy relacionadas es un metodo util para detectar su habilidad para invadir nuevas comunidades. 2. En tres experimentos, cuantificamos tasas de alimentacion maximas en tres presas diferentes, Daphnia pulex, Drosophila melanogaster y Lirceus fontinalis, ofrecidas individualmente a hembras de cada especie de Gambusia. En un cuarto experimento, las tres presas fueron ofrecidas a la vez, sobre las que calculamos las tasas de alimentacion totales, preferencias dieteticas y amplitud de dietas de las especies de Gambusia. 3. Las especies invasoras G. affinis y G. holbrooki consumieron las tres presas (ofrecidas individualmente o juntas) en tasas consistemente mas altas que G. geiseri y G. hispaniolae. En contra de nuestra expectativa, no encontramos diferencias ni en los indices de preferencia ni en la amplitud de dieta entre las especies invasoras y no invasoras. Las cuatro especies de Gambusia demostraron preferencia por las presas mas pequenas i.e., Daphnia, consumieron Drosophila en proporcion a su existencia y evitaron consumir las presas mas grandes i.e. Lirceus. El tamano de las hembras afecto a la mayoria de las variables medidas en nuestro estudio. Los individuos mayores de Gambusia demostraron tasas de alimentacion mas altas y consumieron presas mas grandes, incrementando asi la amplitud de sus dietas.
Acute and Chronic Effects of Kepone and Mirex on the Fathead Minnow

Abstract Acute and chronic toxicity studies were conducted with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and the organochlorine insecticides Kepone and mirex. Kepone was highly toxic to fathead minnows under acute conditions; 96-hour LC50's (median lethal concentrations; 95% confidence limits in parentheses) were as low as 340 (289–400) μg/liter and 96-hour EC50's (median effective concentrations; 95% confidence limits in parentheses) were as low as 18 (15–22) μg/liter. The observed effect, upon which the EC50 calculations were based, was an extensive hemorrhage associated with an apparent fracture or dislocation of the vertebral column in the region of the dorsal fin. Mirex was not acutely toxic to fathead minnows, even at concentrations that exceeded its maximum water solubility. Chronic toxicity testing indicated that the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for fathead minnows exposed to Kepone was between 1.2 and 3.1 μg/liter. Adverse chronic effects of mirex were limited to a possible impairment o...
computation, among other things, is beneath us

What's computation? The received answer is that computation is a computer at work, and a computer at work is that which can be modelled as a Turing machine at work. Unfortunately, as John Searle has recently argued, and as others have agreed, the received answer appears to imply that AI and Cog Sci are a royal waste of time. The argument here is alarmingly simple: AI and Cog Sci (of the “Strong” sort, anyway) are committed to the view that cognition is computation (or brains are computers); butall processes are computations (orall physical things are computers); so AI and Cog Sci are positively silly.
Narrative of Justice, Told Through Stories of Torture Victims

Something is rotten in the “democratic socialist” state of Sri Lanka. Since 1971, tens of thousands of people have disappeared. Daily abuse of civilians by police and military personnel is now rout...
The parameters to establish a new corneal dystrophy.

s d R p w d c B ECAUSE OF THE NEED FOR A WORLDWIDE STANdardized nomenclature for the corneal dystrophies, an international committee brought together the iverse literature on these disorders and recommended referred names for each entity. Each corneal dystrophy eeds a specific name because all of these entities do not ffect the same parts of the cornea or have the same ethod of inheritance, pathogenesis, prognosis, or treatent. Like many other genetically determined diseases, nowledge about each corneal dystrophy passes through a ontinuum from clinical discovery, to a clinicopathologic haracterization, to chromosomal mapping, to gene idenification, and to the detection of mutations. As this nowledge advances over time, some designations gradully fall by the wayside and better terms are proposed based n clinical or clinicopathologic observations or an imroved understanding of their cause, pathogenesis, and athobiologic features. However, attempts to provide ore accurate appropriate appellations often are unsucessful. After an extended period of use, the names of some iseases become so ingrained in the literature that they are ifficult to replace. For example, retinitis pigmentosa is a rime example of a misnomer, because inflammation of the etina (retinitis) is not a feature of this retinopathy. evertheless, despite attempts to replace this designation ith the more precise name of pigmentary retinopathy, the ld name lives on. Even corneal dystrophy is a misnomer ecause entities embraced under this umbrella do not arise rom defective or faulty nutrition, as implied by the word ystrophy derived from the Latin term dystrophia. Particuarly for the lay public, this is probably good because hanges in nomenclature are not always easy to compreend. To rename diseases frequently as knowledge adances may provide precision, as hematopathologists have one with the lymphomas, but for those who are not xperts in particular diseases, the changes in nomenclature an create an aura of chaos. At anyone point in time, all diseases are not known and ew ones come to light, as occurred with the sudden mergence of retinopathy of prematurity, AIDS, and seere acute respiratory syndrome. If a new corneal disease is uspected, it is essential to determine that it has not been escribed previously. It is also necessary to make sure that he condition is not a variant of a known entity. The age f the patient, the duration of signs and symptoms, as well
Medical Malpractice in the People's Republic of China: The 2002 Regulation on the Handling of Medical Accidents

In China, there have been numerous reports that doctors or other health care workers have been attacked by patients or members of patient’s families. From 2000 to 2003, there were 502 reports of violence against health care workers in the city of Beijing, in which 90 health care workers were wounded or disabled. From January 1991 to July 2001, in Hubei Province, 568 attacks on health care facilities and workers were reported, and some health care workers were even killed. In Jiangsu Province, from 2000 to 2002, violent events against health care facilities and workers increased by 35% every year, with an average of 177 such events occurring each year. Those acts of violence have been attributed, in part, to the inadequacy of the legal system for handling medical disputes that was in effect prior to 2002.
C4 acid fixation in photosynthesis of the submerged aquatic Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S.

Abstract Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. is a widely distributed submerged aquatic macrophyte. In southern California, it codominates shallow seasonal pools with the aquatic CAM plant Isoetes howellii Engelm. Like the latter species, E. acicularis is apparently restricted to uptake of free-CO2; bicarbonate uptake is negligible, as indicated by poor carbon fixation at pH 7 and higher oxygen evolution at pH 5 than at pH 8 across a range of free-CO2 concentrations. Unlike Isoetes, Eleocharis does not have CAM photosynthesis, however it does have the capacity for a low level of carbon fixation in the dark. 14C tracer studies in the light reveal C4 acids constitute 40–50% of the initial labeled products, however the leaves lack Kranz anatomy. It is suggested that in seasonal pools, photosynthesis by E. acicularis is highest in the early morning when ambient free-CO2 levels are maximal. Such sites are typically overcast in the early morning and like I. howellii, E. acicularis is light saturated at relatively low irradiance levels. Throughout much of the day, free-CO2 concentrations are limited and oxygen concentrations are high. PEP carboxylase mediated carbon fixation may be of selective value under such daytime conditions.
The Stress Driven Rearrangement Instabilities in Electronic Materials and in Helium Crystals

At present, there is a consensus that various Stress Driven Rearrangement Instabilities (SDRI) are the implications of the mathematically rigorous theoretical Gibbs thermodynamics. Many applied researchers and practitioners believe that SDRI are also universal physical phenomena occurring over a large range of length scales and applied topics. There is a multitude of publications claiming experimental observation of the SDRI based phenomena. This opinion is challenged by other highly respected scholars claiming theoretical inconsistencies and multiple experimental counterexamples. Such an uncertainty is too costly for further progress on the SDRI topic. The ultimate goal of our project is to resolve this controversy. The project includes experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies. Among various plausible manifestations of SDRI, the authors focused only on two most promising for which the validity of the SDRI has already been claimed by other researchers: a) stress driven corrugations of the solid-melt phase interface in macroscopic quantum 4 He and b) the dislocation-free Stranski-Krastanov pattern of growth of semiconductor quantum dots. We devised a program and experimental set-ups for testing applicability of the SDRI mechanisms using the same physical systems as before but using implications of the SDRI theory for 2D patterning which have never been tested in the past.
ARMA Covariance realization from noisy data

Stochastic realization algorithms are based on the premise that the sequence to be realized is in actuality a covariance sequence. In practice such a sequence is often arrived at by estimation, and it may therefore not be an actual covariance sequence. Failure of common stochastic realization algorithms occurs, so that a more robust approach must be followed, guaranteeing that the final result is the best approximation to the given sequence while being a member of the class of specified stability ARMA covariance sequences. A non-linear optimization problem is formulated such that for the chosen covariance sequence parametrization the gradient and Hessian of the ARMA covariance parametrization require the computation of ARMA cross-covariances, which can be executed efficiently.
The bandwidth of helical antennas

The propagation along a finite helix is examined by using a propagation constant which was determined by Sensiper for the infinite helix. By utilizing the Hansen and Woodyard condition, the bandwidth variation with the dimensions of the helix is obtained. It is shown that for a pitch angle \psi equal to 13\deg , the normally accepted bandwidth of 0.77 , where C_{\lambda} is the circumference in terms of free-space wavelengths, is applicable only to antennas up to about two wavelengths long. A curve showing the bandwidth as a function of length has been computed, and the shape of this curve has been confirmed experimentally. Good patterns and axial ratio with sidelobe levels no greater than -10 db were obtained for helices as long as 10 wavelengths. Good patterns and axial ratio may also be obtained for \psi as small as 2\deg provided that the helix is sufficiently long to establish the surface wave.
Inhibition of the Vasodilator Effect of Hypercapnic Acidosis by Hypercalcemia in Dogs and Rats

The vasodilator effect of local hypercapnic acidosis, produced by intra-arterial infusion of an acid buffer solution consisting of a mixture of glycine and hydrochloric acid, in the perfused hind limb and in the perfused gastrocnemius muscle of anesthetized dogs was examined at normal plasma calcium concentration and during elevation of the plasma calcium concentration produced by intra-arterial infusion of calcium chloride. Hypercalcemia inhibited the vasodilator action of hypercapnic acidosis so that the effect was not apparent until venous blood pH decreased below 7. The dilator effect of local application of acidified Ringer's solution on arterioles of the cremaster muscle of the rat was also inhibited by elevation of the plasma calcium concentration induced by intravenous administration of calcium chloride. The available evidence suggests that this inhibition of the dilator effect of hypercapnic acidosis by calcium ions is related to competition between calcium and hydrogen ions for binding at one or...
States, NGOs, and International Environmental Institutions

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are increasingly important participants in international environmental institutions. NGOs have been formally—but not fully—incorporated into what were previously “states-only” activities. This article surveys these new participatory roles and offers an analytical framework for understanding the pattern, terms, and significance, for international theory, of NGO inclusion. NGOs are distinctive entities with important skills and resources to deploy in the process of international environmental cooperation. Rather than undermining state sovereignty, active NGO participation enhances the abilities of states to regulate globally. The empirical pattern of NGO participation has been structured across time and functional areas to reap these gains. Recent evidence from the restructuring of the World Bank's Environment Facility is used to test these claims. That NGOs are now more pervasive in international environmental institutions illustrates the expansion, not the retreat, of the state in addressing global environmental problems.
Thiol adducts of ethacrynic acid increase outflow facility in enucleated calf eyes

Ethacrynic acid (ECA), a sulfhydryl (SH)-reac-tive diuretic drug, has been shown to increase outflow facility (C) both in living monkey eyes and in the calf eye, in vitro (Epstein et al. 1987). In an attempt to increase the therapeutic index of this drug for potential clinical use in glaucoma, we explored the effect of various thiol adducts of ECA on C in the calf eye in vitro. These adducts might be expected to liberate ECA by a reversible retro-Michael type reaction.Enucleated calf eyes were perfused at 25°C at 15 mm Hg for 5 hours with various ECA-thiol adducts. ECA-cysteine at 0.25 mM (for each) increased outflow facility 104% compared to 38% in sham manipulated eyes (n-10; p<.005). A dose response effect was demonstrated from 0.01 mM to 0.25 mM. A relative potency table (for increasing C) was established for several ECA-thiol adducts:Cysteine = cysteamine < glutathione < N-Acetyl cysteine < thiosalicylic acid < N-Acetyl cysteamine.This study identifies the potential of utilizing various derivatives o...
College Students’ Beliefs Regarding Help Seeking for Male and Female Sexual Assault Survivors: Even Less Support for Male Survivors

This study explored college students’ perceptions regarding barriers to disclosure of sexual assault and helpfulness of campus resources for survivors of sexual assault. To better understand barriers and social reactions to disclosure of sexual assault, it is important to examine peer perceptions of barriers and resources for assault survivors. A total of 475 undergraduate students estimated the frequency with which various barriers prevent sexual assault disclosure and rated the helpfulness of several campus resources for both male and female survivors. Students perceived that barriers to disclosure were more likely to prevent men than women from telling someone they were assaulted and seeking help. Students also believed that campus resources are more helpful for female than male survivors. Students’ negative perceptions of disclosure and help seeking for male survivors indicate that more education regarding the sexual assault of males and inclusive outreach is needed.
A General Framework for Process Scheduling

Existing methods for process scheduling can be broadly classified as network-based or sequential. The former are used to address problems where different batches of the same or different tasks are freely mixed or split, whereas the latter are used to address problems where batch mixing/splitting is not allowed. A framework is proposed that allows us to: (1) express scheduling problems in facilities that consist of network and sequential, as well as continuous subsystems, (2) formulate mixed-integer programming (MIP) scheduling models for such problems, and (3) solve the resulting MIP formulations effectively. The proposed framework bridges the gap between network and sequential approaches, thereby addressing the major formulation challenge in the area of process scheduling, namely, the development of a framework that can be used to address a wide spectrum of problems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57: 695–710, 2011
Starter-adder methods in the construction of Howell designs

The powerful starter-adder theorems for constructing Howell Designs are improved and consequently many types of Howell Designs that previously could only be constructed by multiplicative techniques are shown amenable to a modified starter-adder method. The existence question for Howell Designs of many new types H(s, 2n) is settled affirmatively. For prime powers pn, p ≧ 7, we reduce the entire existence question for designs of type H*(pn, 2r), pn + 1 ≦ 2r ≦ 2pn to the corresponding question for designs of type H*(p, 2m), p + 1 ≦ 2m≦2p. If these designs exist, s has no prime divisors ≤ 7 and t odd is “close” to 1, a design H * (s, s + t) is shown to exist.
Organizational Justice: The Search for Fairness in the Workplace

The article reviews the book “Organizational Justice: The Search for Fairness in the Workplace,” by Blair H. Sheppard, Roy J. Lewicki, and John W. Minton.
Swept Source Based Fourier Domain Functional Optical Coherence Tomography

Swept source based Fourier domain functional optical coherence tomography, which allows simultaneous imaging of tissue structure and physiology with high speed and high sensitivity, is described and demonstrated
Anxiety modulates the effects of emotion and attention on early vision

At attended locations emotion and attention interact to benefit contrast sensitivity, a basic visual dimension. Whether there are associated costs at unattended locations is unknown. Furthermore, emotion and attention affect response time, and anxiety modulates these effects. We investigated how trait-anxiety influences the interaction of emotion and attention on contrast sensitivity. On each trial, non-predictive pre-cues (neutral or fearful faces) directed exogenous attention to four contrast-varying, tilted stimuli (Gabor patches). Attention was cued toward the target (valid), a distracter (invalid), or distributed over all locations. Observers discriminated target orientation, and completed self-report measures of anxiety. Effects of fearful expressions were mediated by trait anxiety. Only high-trait-anxious individuals showed decreased target contrast sensitivity after attention was diverted to a distracter by a fearful cue, and anxiety score correlated with degree of impairment across participants. This indicates that increasing anxiety exacerbates threat-related attentional costs to visual perception, hampering processing at non-threat-related locations.
Relativistic Calculation of the Deuteron Electromagnetic Form Factor. II

Abstract : The deuteron form factor is calculated in a one-pionexchange (OPE) approximation using single-variable unsubtracted dispersion relations in the squared-momentum-transfer variable. As a first step, the imaginary parts of the form factors are presented in terms of the four invariants of the deuteron-nucleon (d-N) vertex. The resulting equations are compared in detail with similar expressions obtained from the Jankus potential theory, and a clear understanding of the precise way in which the d-N invariants play the role of the deuteron wave function emerges, enabling us to obtain relativistic wave functions. This comparison also shows the presence of new relativistic terms not included in the Jankus results (in particular, a new term appears in the magnetic moment). Then, the imaginary parts of the d-N vertex invariants are calculated numerically. In this calculation the OPE contribution in its anamalous region is calculated exactly, while the contributions above the normal threshold are obtained by an educated guess based on sum rules which the invariants are assumed to satisfy. Finally, using these results, the form factors are calculated numerically. With the assumption of unsubtracted dispersion relations, it is necessary to assume only the charge and mass of the deuteron, and the pion-nucleon coupling constant, in order to completely determine the form factors. The numerical results for the magnetic and quadrupole moments agree with experiment to within 2%; the D-state probability if 5.5% but is not very reliably determined, and the other results, while less good, are still quite reasonable. (Author)
Reply to R. L. Horner

I thank Dr. Horner for his careful reading of my article ([1][1]) and pointing out the error in Fig. 4, which could have been drawn better. I was not familiar with the article by Thompson et al. ([3][2]), although I should have been, considering that it was published in Advances in Physiological