cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Si3N4‐SiO2‐Ce2O3 Compositions Sintered in High‐pressure Nitrogen

Full-density Si3N4-SiO2-Ce2O3 compositions were prepared by sintering with 2.5 MPa nitrogen pressure at temperatures of 1900 and 2090 C. Room-temperature flexural strengths near 700 MPa for sintered material compared favorably with the strength of hot-pressed material. At 1370 C, where flexural strengths as high as 363 MPa were obtained, it was observed that the coarsest structure was the strongest and the finest structure was the weakest. One of the compositions tested, Si3N4-8.7 wt pct SiO2-8.3 wt pct-Ce2O3, was found to have excellent 200-h oxidation resistance at 700, 1000, and 1370 C, without incidence of 700 to 1000 C phase instability and cracking.
Automated seeded lesion segmentation on digital mammograms

Segmenting lesions is a vital step in many computerized mass-detection schemes for digital (or digitized) mammograms. The authors have developed two novel lesion segmentation techniques-one based on a single feature called the radial gradient index (RGI) and one based on simple probabilistic models to segment mass lesions, or other similar nodular structures, from surrounding background. In both methods a series of image partitions is created using gray-level information as well as prior knowledge of the shape of typical mass lesions. With the former method the partition that maximizes the RGI is selected. In the latter method, probability distributions for gray-levels inside and outside the partitions are estimated, and subsequently used to determine the probability that the image occurred for each given partition. The partition that maximizes this probability is selected as the final lesion partition (contour). The authors tested these methods against a conventional region growing algorithm using a database of biopsy-proven, malignant lesions and found that the new lesion segmentation algorithms more closely match radiologists' outlines of these lesions. At an overlap threshold of 0.30, gray level region growing correctly delineates 62% of the lesions in the authors' database while the RGI and probabilistic segmentation algorithms correctly segment 92% and 96% of the lesions, respectively.
Translating the Common Elements Approach: Social Work's Experiences in Education, Practice, and Research

The expansion of the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in mental health services is well under way and social work seeks to further its appropriate implementation in both specialty and nonspecialty mental health settings. The common elements approach is now recognized as demonstrating promise for use in a range of settings. This article discusses the attractiveness of the common elements approach and describes several efforts to integrate its content into social work education and to disseminate this approach into the field. Then the article presents research initiatives regarding two areas of nonspecialty mental health practice with children and families: (a) engaging clients in mental health services and (b) preventing the need for out-of-home placement for youth. Finally, we consider the challenges of the common elements framework for social work education and practice and future directions for research.
Warming trends in the Arctic from clear sky satellite observations

Abstract Satellite thermal infrared data on surface temperatures provide pan-Arctic coverage from 1981 to 2001 during cloud-free conditions and reveal large warming anomalies in the 1990s compared to the 1980s and regional variability in the trend. The rms error of the derived surface temperatures when compared with in situ data ranges from 1.5 to 3 K over the 20-yr period. Average temperature trends are generally positive at 0.33 ± 0.16°C decade−1 over sea ice, 0.50 ± 0.22°C decade−1 over Eurasia, and 1.06 ± 0.22°C decade−1 over North America. The trend is slightly negative and insignificant at −0.09 ± 0.25°C decade−1 in Greenland with the negatives mainly at high elevations. The trends are also predominantly positive in spring, summer, and autumn causing the lengthening of the melt season by 10–17 days per decade while they are generally negative in winter. The longer-term in situ surface temperature data shows that the 20-yr trend is 8 times larger than the 100-yr trend suggesting a rapid acceleration ...
Three‐dimensional fetal echocardiography: gated versus nongated techniques.

The purpose of this study was to compare gated with nongated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography in terms of the ability to demonstrate fetal cardiac anatomy. We examined nine fetuses in utero using conventional two-dimensional sonographic imaging equipment, an electromagnetic position sensor, and a computer-graphics workstation. Free-hand sweeps were performed through the fetal heart and great vessels in either transverse or sagittal orientations with respect to the fetal heart. Seven transverse and five sagittal sweeps were selected for reconstruction and analysis. Cardiac gating was performed by using a temporal Fourier transform to determine the fundamental frequency of cardiac motion. Two-dimensional data from each sweep were reprojected to a series of volume data sets. Each series was then condensed to a single volume, so that each two-dimensional sweep could be compared with its respective gated and nongated volume data sets. The two-dimensional data were reviewed utilizing a display with forward and backward cineloop capability. The gated and nongated volume data sets were displayed interactively as a series of three orthogonal planes, with the ability of the observer to control the location of each image plane within the volume. The gated data were animated with variable display frame rates. Conventional two-dimensional imaging provided a fairly complete evaluation of the fetal heart when scanning included the four-chamber view with a sweep across the outflow tracts. Nongated threedimensional fetal echocardiography allowed visualization of some structures and views not demonstrated with two-dimensional ultrasonography. Gated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography provided significantly better visualization and comprehension of cardiac anatomy than nongated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography. The superiority of gated over nongated three-dimensional fetal echocardiography appears to come from both improved image quality and the anatomic clues that derive from the ability to view cardiac motion. KEY WORDS: Fetus, echocardiography; Three-dimensional echocardiography; Echocardiography.
Response of a Finite Tube to Moving Pressure

Determination of the transient axisymmetric vibration of a thin-walled elastic tube of finite length based on the Herrmann-Mirsky equation is examined. The orthogonality of the natural modes of vibration which are generated from the shell equation and the general homogeneous boundary conditions is shown. An analytic solution for a tube with simply supported boundary conditions and general initial conditions contains an infinite trigonometric series that can be obtained by superposition of natural modes. The analysis is applied to a solution of the deflection response at the midspan of a tube to a step pressure moving with various velocities. The solution is compared to those from more approximate theories. The range of validity of the more approximate theories to a finite tube under a moving step pressure is established.
Overview of Designing Genetically Engineered Mouse (GEM) Models

It is very important to spend time and effort on vector design considerations when planning to make a GEM. The vector designer will ask what information is desired from the genetically modified animal, and an engineering scheme will be devised. It is strongly recommended that the investigator consult experienced GEM vector producers with all the information that is desired from the GEM. The investigator will be apprised of the feasibility of each design consideration, and usually learns of additional design elements that may expand the information that can be obtained from the GEM and that can in turn expand the overall research yield. Our experience is that the extra time, effort, and care that is put into the coordination of GEM design with research objectives saves much time and effort in the long run. In addition, we have found that careful GEM design consideration will greatly improve the success of GEM production. In this chapter, we discuss gene targeting design considerations that should be made before initiating production of the engineered mouse strain.
Objects and Logic

Abstract objects The language of mathematics speaks of objects. This is a rather trivial statement; it is not certain that we can conceive any developed language that does not. What is of interest is that, taken at face value, mathematical language speaks of objects distinctively mathematical in character: numbers, functions, sets, geometric figures, and the like. To begin with, they are distinctive in being abstract. Roughly speaking, an object is abstract if it is not located in space and time and does not stand in causal relations. This criterion gives rise to some uncertain cases and would not be accepted by all philosophers. It is not essential for our purposes that there should be a principled and exhaustive classification of all objects into abstract and concrete. Physical bodies and biological organisms, such as we encounter in everyday life, are concrete. If we assume that sense-perception necessarily involves a causal relation between the object perceived and the organism (the event or state of its perceiving), and that perception locates its objects at least in some rough way, then it follows that the objects of sense-perception are concrete. Thus it is generally assumed in discussions of abstract objects that abstract objects cannot be perceived by the senses. In this they are not alone. It is not merely for this reason that abstract objects are thought to pose a general philosophical problem.
Semiconductor quantum dot qubits

A quantum information processor must perform accurate manipulations of many quantum degrees of freedom without introducing strong interactions with the environment that lead to the loss of quantum coherence. Spins in semiconductors have been shown to have long coherence times, so semiconducting quantum processors are feasible if the necessary manipulations can be performed without introducing excessive spin decoherence. To perform the necessary manipulations of single spins and to control the couplings between different spins, fine control of electronic energy levels and wave function overlaps is required. Electrically gated quantum dots have the promise of enabling such control, because the same gates that are used to define the quantum dot can be used to perform the necessary manipulations. This article describes recent progress toward the development of high-fidelity qubits using top-gate defined semiconductor quantum dots.
Canonical Analysis: An Exposition and Illustrative Application

Specific multivariate statistical techniques, such as factor analysis and discriminatory analysis, are finding increasing application in marketing research investigations. Canonical analysis, a les...
Bacteremia after spinal cord injury in initial versus subsequent hospitalizations.

BACKGROUND Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have a high lifelong risk for systemic infection. For optimal therapy, it is important to characterize the organisms involved in bacteremic episodes and the sites of primary infection. The increase in drug-resistant bacteria in recent years underscores the importance of gathering accurate microbiological information. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of hospitalized people with SCI using a computerized Microbiology Laboratory Database. We compared the microbiology of bacteremic episodes during initial versus unplanned subsequent hospitalizations. Data were collected on 55 bacteremic episodes in 30 people during initial hospitalization for SCI and 50 episodes in 29 people who were rehospitalized. RESULTS Among cases in which a site of origin could be identified, the respiratory tract was the origin of the majority of bacteremias during initial hospitalizations, and the urinary tract was the primary origin during rehospitalizations. Polymicrobial bacteremia occurred in 14 of 55 (25%) initial versus 14 of 50 (28%) subsequent hospitalization episodes. The most common pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteremia was more common in people with tetraplegia and complete neurologic lesions than in those with paraplegia and incomplete lesions. One person in the rehospitalization group died from complications of bacteremia. All others were successfully treated. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the frequency and characteristics of bacteremia during initial and subsequent hospitalizations following SCI and examines differences in original sites of infection. This information should be considered when planning infection control measures and empiric antibiotic regimens for patients with SCI.
Screening tests for sickle cell disease. 1.

Routine tests for sickle cell hemoglobin are being implemented in many areas as a result of an increased awareness of the incidence and serious nature of sickle cell disease. Detection of the disease is important to both patients and physicians so that unnecessary surgery can be avoided and proper management instituted.
Development Strategies in a Post-Debt World

Much of the writing about the Third World state in the 1980s and 1990s was about the inability of governments to do their job due to the immense problems associated with international debt. Debt changes the repertoire of what types of policies are available to states who wish to be effective. The debt crisis of the mid-1980s smashed the paradigm of state-led heavy industrialization by wrecking the viability of import substitution, closed border modernization schemes and the state bankrolling of long-term capital intensive heavy industry. Fifty years of thinking on the state and economic development had to be thrown out — and new models had to be developed.
The Non-Business Doctorate Teaching Marketing: Paper Tiger or Worth Tenure

Due to a severe shortage of qualified business doctorates, the AACSB recently liberalized its definition of terminally degreed scholars to include outside doctorates who have developed research capabilities in business. This decision opens up entirely new ways for faculty members to meet the AACSB criteria as terminally qualifed.
Concomitant Thoracic Aortobifemoral Bypass With Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Improved quality of life for patients after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation can be greatly limited by peripheral vascular disease even if heart failure symptoms are resolved by LVAD support. We present a case of concomitant thoracic aortobifemoral bypass and LVAD implantation in a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy, severe peripheral vascular disease, and multiple previous failed revascularization attempts. In this patient, we used the LVAD outflow to provide the inflow to the femoral artery bypass graft. This graft has remained patent at a 2-year follow-up, without claudication symptoms. Performing concomitant major vascular operations safely and successfully is feasible in patients with LVADs. Quality of life after ventricular assist device placement can be limited by vascular disease, but it can be markedly improved after vascular surgical intervention.
Centrifugal or Centripetal? Surface-level and Deep-level Dissimilarities and Founder Departure

In this study, we examine how founder’s relational dissimilarities, defined as the difference of the focal founder in a new venture team compared with the rest of the founding team members, could affect individual founder departure in new venture founding teams. Drawing on the diversity literature and research on group dynamics and turnover, we propose that surface-level relational dissimilarities, such as diversity in gender, race, and age, decrease founder’s organizational identification and increase the likelihood of founder’s departure differently. Deep-level relational dissimilarities, represented by founders’ industry and entrepreneurial experiences, may create more team conflicts that increase the likelihood of departure. Furthermore, we also propose that venture characteristics can moderate the effect of different types of diversity in such that the impact of diversity is more salient for homogenous founding teams and for firms with external equity investment. Using the Kauffman survey data on 1,8...
Visible-Light-Promoted Remote C–H Functionalization of o-Diazoniaphenyl Alkyl Sulfones

Visible-light irradiation of ortho-diazoniaphenyl alkyl sulfones in the presence of Ru(bpy)32+ results in remote Csp3–H functionalization. Key mechanistic steps in these processes involve intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer from Csp3–H bonds to aryl radicals to generate alkyl/benzyl radicals. Subsequent polar crossover occurs by single-electron oxidation of the alkyl/benzyl radicals to carbenium ions that then intercept nucleophiles. We have developed remote hydroxylations, etherifications, an amidation, and C–C bond formation processes using this strategy.
Optimization of a country's trade policies

The "commodity-market" matrix framework together with a new "flip-side" algorithm of an integer programming technique are the two basic ingredients.
Evaluating Political Social Work Efforts

Is victory at the polls or successful passage of a law the only way to evaluate a campaign? This chapter considers other ways that a political strategy may be viewed be successful, such as building candidate name recognition, facilitating the election of other candidates on a ticket, gaining credibility, and developing relationships. This chapter builds evaluation skills for advocacy and electoral campaigns through selecting appropriate metrics and methods to evaluate political social work efforts. Evaluation plans should be developed alongside your other strategic planning efforts, with benchmarks in pace before your efforts start. This helps to ensure that your evaluation efforts can inform and increase the effectiveness of your work while also ensuring that you collect the relevant data to assess the outcomes of your effort. We emphasize the ways in which evaluation can be used throughout a campaign, through both formative and summative evaluation, to assess progress and refine your strategy for success. Finally, the need for attention to monitoring implementation after a political success is discussed.
Is Transcellular Potassium Shifting With Insulin, Albuterol, or Sodium Bicarbonate in Emergency Department Patients With Hyperkalemia Associated With Recurrent Hyperkalemia After Dialysis?

Abstract Background Emergency department (ED) treatment of hyperkalemia often involves shifting potassium into the intracellular space. There is uncertainty whether transcellular shifting causes insufficient potassium removal during hemodialysis, resulting in a subsequent need for further medical therapy or multiple sessions of hemodialysis. Objective We sought to determine whether transcellular potassium shifting in ED patients with hyperkalemia who undergo hemodialysis is associated with recurrent hyperkalemia with or without repeat hemodialysis within 24 h. Methods This was a retrospective observational study of ED patients with a potassium value > 5.3 mmol/L and ≥1 hemodialysis run. Transcellular shifting medications were defined as albuterol, insulin, and sodium bicarbonate. Primary outcomes were recurrent hyperkalemia with and without repeat hemodialysis within 24 h of the initial dialysis run. Generalized estimating equation models were created for the outcomes using administration of a shifting medication as the primary predictor. Results Four hundred seventy-nine encounters were identified. In 238 (50%) encounters, a shifting medication was administered. There were 85 outcomes of recurrent hyperkalemia and 36 outcomes of recurrent hyperkalemia with repeat hemodialysis. After adjustment, administration of shifting medications was not associated with recurrent hyperkalemia (adjusted odds ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 0.71–2.23) or recurrent hyperkalemia with repeat dialysis (adjusted odds ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval 0.80–4.48). Conclusions Administration of transcellular shifting medications for hyperkalemia in the ED was not associated with either recurrent hyperkalemia after hemodialysis or the need for a second dialysis session within 24 h. Our findings address the uncertainty regarding transcellular potassium shifting before emergent dialysis and support safe ED administration of medications that shift potassium to the intracellular space.
Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole Plasmons

This paper reports a robust and stretchable nanolaser platform that can preserve its high mode quality by exploiting hybrid quadrupole plasmons as an optical feedback mechanism. Increasing the size of metal nanoparticles in an array can introduce ultrasharp lattice plasmon resonances with out-of-plane charge oscillations that are tolerant to lateral strain. By patterning these nanoparticles onto an elastomeric slab surrounded by liquid gain, we realized reversible, tunable nanolasing with high strain sensitivity and no hysteresis. Our semiquantum modeling demonstrates that lasing build-up occurs at the hybrid quadrupole electromagnetic hot spots, which provides a route toward mechanical modulation of light-matter interactions on the nanoscale.
Assessment of excessive sleepiness and insomnia as they relate to circadian rhythm sleep disorders

Sleep disturbances are associated with a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders, and many psychiatric patients report symptoms such as insomnia, tiredness, fatigue, and excessive sleepiness. Despite their known negative impact on daytime functioning and quality of life, less than 10% of individuals with these symptoms visit physicians specifically for their sleeping problems. Although there are many explanations for this lack of reporting, one possibility is that individuals are often unaware of the impact of sleepiness on their daytime functioning. Therefore, the burden of identifying sleepiness and its consequences often resides with physicians and other health care professionals. This process of detection is assisted by rating scales and subjective and objective tests. Although prior discussions on these topics have focused on the understanding and identification of either excessive sleepiness or insomnia, these symptoms often coexist, introducing a clinical challenge in that it becomes unclear which of these two should become the initial focus of clinical attention. When both excessive sleepiness and insomnia coexist, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder may be present, such as jet lag type, delayed and advanced sleep phase types, and shift work type.
Talent Management and Development in the United Arab Emirates

The ProblemAlthough there is a surge in research on Talent management and talent development (hence forward TMD) practices across different regions, most of what we know about these topics in the U...
The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading

After the collapse of the second Venezuelan Republic project and various other military failures elsewhere, Simon Bolivar managed to seize the region of Guayana in 1817, and set in Angostura as his base for guerilla operations against the Spanish. Despite the fact that he did not control the whole of Venezuela, he assembled a Congress in Angostura and delivered there his inaugural speech on February 15th, 1819. This speech, now known as the Angostura Address, is a prime document in the Bolivarian canon. Unfortunately, the Bolivar-hero cult rampant in Venezuela and Colombia (and to a lesser extent in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia), has promoted an extremely uncritical reading of this very important document. In occasion of its 200th Anniversary, this article offers a critical -yet ultimately sympathetic- reading of the Angostura Address. In this speech, Bolivar laid out his Enlightenment vision of freedom, yet he also displayed an authoritarian tendency.
Equilibrium configurations of drops or bubbles in an eccentric annulus

The purpose of this paper is to find the zero-gravity equilibrium configurations of liquid drops or bubbles that have sufficient volume to form large-aspect-ratio bridging segments or occluding slugs in the eccentric annulus between two cylinders. In zero gravity, the static problem depends on the contact angle of the fluid segment on the solid support, and two geometric parameters: the radius ratio and the dimensionless distance between the cylinder centres. For both non-wetting and wetting liquids, we find regions of geometric parameter space where only occluding configurations occur, a bistable region where either configuration can occur, and a region where only the non-occluding bridging configuration can occur. For the non-occluding cases, we applied a large-aspect-ratio free-energy minimization approach to predict the cross-sectional shape of the liquid, and a finite element method was used to compute the interface shape of the occluding cases. A Surface Evolver model was used to simulate the three-dimensional shape of both occluding and non-occluding configurations. The simulation results support the theoretical predictions well. The fractional open area of the conduit was determined for both highly wetting and highly non-wetting minority phases. Optimization of the geometric parameters for a given wetting condition could facilitate the segregation and transport of two fluid phases in applications involving large aspect ratios and small pressure driving forces.
MomsTalkShots: An individually tailored educational application for maternal and infant vaccines.

Abstract Introduction The development and initial assessment in a clinical setting of a theory-driven, individually tailored educational application (app), MomsTalkShots, focused on increasing uptake of maternal and infant vaccines is described. Methods MomsTalkShots algorithmically tailored videos based on parent needs to deliver an intervention that was specifically responsive to individual vaccine attitudes, beliefs and intentions, demographics, and source credibility. MomsTalkShots was evaluated among 1103 pregnant women recruited from 23 geographically and socio-demographically diverse obstetrician-gynecologist offices in Georgia and Colorado in 2017. Self-reported information needs were assessed pre-and post-videos and participants self-reported factors related to usability and analyzed in 2018. Results The vast majority of women reported MomsTalkShots was helpful (95%), trustworthy (94%), interesting (97%) and clear to understand (99%), none of which varied by demographics or parity. Reported usability was slightly lower among vaccine hesitant women, yet the majority reported MomsTalkShots was helpful (91%), trustworthy (85%), interesting (97%) and clear (99%). The majority of women (72%) who did not have enough vaccine information pre-videos reported enough information post-videos. Conclusions MomsTalkShots was designed to provide individually tailored vaccine information to pregnant women from a population with varied vaccine intentions, confidence and vaccine concerns. MomsTalkShots was extremely well-received among pregnant women, even among women who were initially vaccine hesitant and did not intend to vaccinate themselves and their infants according to the recommended immunization schedule. Next steps include evaluation to assess impact on vaccine uptake and expansion to adolescent and adult vaccines.
On the Search for Last Frontiers Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Techniques (Abstract)

Every child can tell when two pieces of solid material get in touch with each other - it is one of the most elementary experiences in human life. Popular criteria are that there is no gap left, they can’t be moved further towards each other and, for conductors, you can run a current from one to the other. For the physicist/chemist at the end of the 20th century, the question is more difficult to answer. Having got used to atomic size dimensions, he perceives the border of a body not as a mathematical plane but rather as a transition zone, and therefore he is not even able to tell exactly “where” the surface is let alone when it touches that of a second body.
HIFα Regulates Developmental Myelination Independent of Autocrine Wnt Signaling.

The developing CNS is exposed to physiological hypoxia, under which hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIFα) is stabilized and plays a crucial role in regulating neural development. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of HIFα in developmental myelination remain incompletely understood. A previous concept proposes that HIFα regulates CNS developmental myelination by activating the autocrine Wnt/β-catenin signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Here, by analyzing a battery of genetic mice of both sexes, we presented in vivo evidence supporting an alternative understanding of oligodendroglial HIFα-regulated developmental myelination. At the cellular level, we found that HIFα was required for developmental myelination by transiently controlling upstream OPC differentiation but not downstream oligodendrocyte maturation and that HIFα dysregulation in OPCs but not oligodendrocytes disturbed normal developmental myelination. We demonstrated that HIFα played a minor, if any, role in regulating canonical Wnt signaling in the oligodendroglial lineage or in the CNS. At the molecular level, blocking autocrine Wnt signaling did not affect HIFα-regulated OPC differentiation and myelination. We further identified HIFα–Sox9 regulatory axis as an underlying molecular mechanism in HIFα-regulated OPC differentiation. Our findings support a concept shift in our mechanistic understanding of HIFα-regulated CNS myelination from the previous Wnt-dependent view to a Wnt-independent one and unveil a previously unappreciated HIFα–Sox9 pathway in regulating OPC differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Promoting disturbed developmental myelination is a promising option in treating diffuse white matter injury, previously called periventricular leukomalacia, a major form of brain injury affecting premature infants. In the developing CNS, hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIFα) is a key regulator that adapts neural cells to physiological and pathologic hypoxic cues. The role and mechanism of HIFα in oligodendroglial myelination, which is severely disturbed in preterm infants affected with diffuse white matter injury, is incompletely understood. Our findings presented here represent a concept shift in our mechanistic understanding of HIFα-regulated developmental myelination and suggest the potential of intervening with an oligodendroglial HIFα-mediated signaling pathway to mitigate disturbed myelination in premature white matter injury.
Identification of customary international law and other topics: the sixty-seventh session of the international law commission

The International Law Commission held its sixty-seventh session in Geneva from May 4 to June 5, and from July 6 to August 7, 2015, under the chairmanship of Narinder Singh (India). Notably, the Commission’s drafting committee completed a full set of sixteen draft conclusions on the topic of identification of customary international law, paving the way for those conclusions with commentaries to be approved by the Commission on first reading in 2016.
Neural and Mental Capacities

The failure to demonstrate our knowledge through our actions may be one of the most important defects of human nature. Indeed, it may be a rate-limiting condition for our species. In many circumstances, we know much more than we demonstrate. Recognition of this fact is the basis of the common complaint of the student who did not do as well as expected on an examination. “I knew the answer but couldn’t get it out.” The student is often correct. The complaint may not be merely rationalization of a failure to study or learn. The conditions of the test, events of the past few days, a heightened emotional state, or other factors may conspire to prevent what is known from being made concrete through expression. Another time, another day, another place, the test may have been passed.
What is Public Safety

For literally hundreds of years, political leaders and thinkers have deemed public safety the first duty of government. But they have defined public safety largely in terms of the “protection” function – protecting individuals from violent harm to person or property, from third parties, but also from natural elements. As the first duty, the protection function is privileged. Witness today how we valorize police and other first responders, defer to their decisions without sufficient scrutiny, and even immunize their mistakes. Yet, is protection really all there is to public safety? For most people, being safe depends on much more: food, clean water and air, housing, a basic income and the means to obtain it, meaning education and a job. It might include health care, health insurance to obtain it, or the freedom from discrimination. This Article argues that if individual safety includes some or all of these additional elements, then public safety—the government’s obligation to ensure people are safe—should be understood far more capaciously than the protection function. At its analytic core, it shows that there is nothing particularly different about the protection function that justifies treating it as government’s first job, while the other vital functions of government are relegated to second-class status. And it explores the many reasons that despite the fact that protection is not special, we nonetheless neglect all the other elements of individual safety. Today, many argue that funding needs to be reallocated from policing to the other needs that challenged communities face. This Article provides a theoretical basis for those claims, establishing that we over-privilege the protection function, and under-support much else government should be doing. It demonstrates the very tangible harms people face because we definite public safety narrowly. On the one hand, people starve, go without shelter, die from air and water that is not clean, from the travails of living in poverty, and from the lack of health care. On the other hand, people are harmed at the hands of the police, because we do not scrutinize the protection function sufficiently to change this, we need to think more broadly about what safety—and public safety—means.
Effects of Active Vitamin D or FGF23 Antibody on Hyp Mice Dentoalveolar Tissues.

Mutations in the PHEX gene lead to X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), a form of inherited rickets featuring elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), reduced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), and ...
The preparation of superhydrophobic photocatalytic fluorosilicone/SiO2–TiO2 coating and its self-cleaning performance

In this study, superhydrophobic photocatalytic fluorosilicone/SiO2–TiO2 (FSi/SiO2–TiO2) coatings were prepared. Evolutions of wettability and photocatalytic activities were explored by exposing a series of samples to UV irradiation and the outdoor environment. Their practical self-cleaning performances were also compared. The UV-irradiation test was carried out in an ultraviolet aging test chamber. Wetting properties, including water contact angles and sliding angles, were measured using a contact angle meter. A UV spectrophotometer was employed to detect and evaluate the coatings’ photocatalytic properties. Moreover, morphologies and surface roughness values were tested through field emission scanning electron microscope and optical profilometer, respectively. It is shown from experimental results that the coating series with more TiO2 addition amounts transform from superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic in a shorter time. The coating with a more durable superhydrophobicity can maintain its initial wettability, while its photocatalytic property is superior to that of a hydrophobic coating. Mechanisms were put forward through analyzing the coating microstructures. It is considered that the superhydrophobic coating with a Cassie–Baxter surface structure shows a better photocatalysis. Besides, it has been confirmed that the practical self-cleaning performance of the prepared superhydrophobic photocatalytic FSi/5TiO2–32SiO2 coating is better in comparison with superhydrophobic FSi/SiO2 and photoinduced superhydrophilic FSi/5TiO2–28SiO2 coatings.
Effects of a cannabis use disorder text message-delivered treatment on young adult alcohol misuse: Differential effects by gender.

Abstract Alcohol misuse is more prevalent, frequent, and severe among young adults who use cannabis. Treatment of dual alcohol and cannabis users may have mixed results, with some studies reporting that alcohol misuse increases when cannabis use decreases (substance substitution), while others report that alcohol misuse decreases along with decreasing cannabis use (treatment spillover), and others report no association. Additionally, little research tests whether gender differences are found in treatment of dual alcohol and cannabis users, which may be expected given previous alcohol-focused treatments showing larger effects for females. In the current study, we present a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial testing a text message-delivered cannabis use disorder (CUD) treatment (peer network counseling text or “PNC-txt”). The trial included 101 young adults ages 18–25 who met criteria for CUD. We tested whether alcohol use and binge drinking frequency (4+/5+ drinks for women/men) decreased in response to the PNC-txt treatment, which has previously shown effectiveness in reducing cannabis use days. Latent growth models tested PNC-txt effects on the monthly rate of change in alcohol use and binge drinking across three months. In the full sample, we found no evidence of significant treatment effects on alcohol use (d = −0.07) or binge drinking (d = −0.10). Moderation analyses, however, indicated the PNC-txt effect on both alcohol use and binge drinking differed significantly by gender. PNC-txt led to significantly larger decreases in alcohol use (d = −0.53) and binge drinking days (d = −0.43) across the three months for females, whereas the study saw opposite (but nonsignificant) effects for males (d = 0.30 and 0.16 for alcohol use and binge drinking, respectively). We found no evidence that reductions in alcohol use and binge drinking were associated with cannabis use decreases, arguing against direct substitution or spillover effects. These results provide evidence that treatments focused on cannabis use may have secondary beneficial effects for young-adult alcohol misuse, although such effects may be limited to women.
Problematizing the healing metaphor of restorative justice

Beginning with the premise that our linguistic and cognitive systems are fundamentally metaphorical in nature, this study seeks to explore the predominant metaphor of restorative justice (RJ), the metaphor of healing. Metaphor choice is important, particularly in conflict situations, as they encourage and discourage particular behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions. The conceptualization of RJ as a healing process (where participants heal the wounds caused by offending behaviors) is pervasive and integrated into the academic literature. Perhaps either due to its banality or its seeming beneficiality, we assert that the healing metaphor has not received sufficiently critical reflection. We examined primary metaphor use among RJ facilitators using 319 single-spaced pages of interview data gathered from 20 RJ facilitators. Our results suggest that the healing metaphor is potentially problematic for victims, offenders, and facilitators. We suggest an alternative, garden metaphor, for consideration as an altern...
Natural Resources Conflicts

Abstract Managers' emotions play a significant role in natural resource decision-making processes relative to conflict. Although conflict and emotion are present in many aspects of most resource managers' careers, the role of the primary decision maker's emotions in natural resources decision-making processes is neither well understood, nor well documented. The ideas presented in this article derive from a literature review and an independent four-year qualitative study of the USDA Forest Service. The major finding of the study was that natural resources managers' emotions do indeed have an influence on their decision-making processes and in conflict situations. Furthermore, communication is a component of decision making; conflict is a component of decision making; and communication is a component of conflict. The authors review the literature in neuroscience and psychology on emotion and conflict. We explain how this information is important to any decision-making process, and then relate emotions and d...
Social Choice Theory

Voting is a group decision making method in a democratic society, an expression of the will of the majority.
Improving cross-cultural communication through collaborative technologies

The paper discusses an original research project in the area of education and cross-cultural rhetoric on the use of persuasive digital technologies to enable intercultural competencies among students and teachers across globally-distributed teams. The paper outlines the methodology for the research, including the use of video conferences, collaborative blogs, a project wiki, webforums, and Google documents, and presents the findings on how such information and communication technologies can influence people to approach cross-cultural communication with greater political understanding, ethical awareness, and intercultural competencies in order to bring about improved international and social relations. The paper presents statistical data pertaining to qualitative and quantitative assessment of project outcomes; it situates the project within current debates in intercultural communication and digital pedagogy; and it concludes with a projection on the scalability and sustainability of using computers to change human attitudes and behaviors in positive ways in an international context.
EXHAUST GAS HYDROCARBONS-GENESIS AND EXODUS

New evidence is presented that wall quenching is the principal cause of the failure of all the fuel to burn in the combustion chamber. Moreover, it is shown that a significant portion of the quenched hydrocarbons are not exhausted from the engine cylinder. The hydrocarbon concentration of the gases which are exhausted from the chamber varies with time during the exhaust stroke. In addition, some of the quenched hydrocarbons may burn in the exhaust pipe. These findings provided a basis for enumerating several factors which ultimately determine the amount of hydrocarbons which reach the atmosphere.
SMT-aided combinatorial materials discovery

In combinatorial materials discovery, one searches for new materials with desirable properties by obtaining measurements on hundreds of samples in a single high-throughput batch experiment. As manual data analysis is becoming more and more impractical, there is a growing need to develop new techniques to automatically analyze and interpret such data. We describe a novel approach to the phase map identification problem where we integrate domain-specific scientific background knowledge about the physical and chemical properties of the materials into an SMT reasoning framework. We evaluate the performance of our method on realistic synthetic measurements, and we show that it provides accurate and physically meaningful interpretations of the data, even in the presence of artificially added noise.
Wagner-Steagall and the D.C. Alley Dwelling Authority

Problem, research strategy, and findings: How was it that the Housing Act of 1937 (the Wagner-Steagall Act) goal of decent housing for all took a back seat in subsequent legislation to economic dev...
Proton-Proton Analyzing Power Measurements at 16 Mev.

Proton-proton elastic scattering analyzing powers are very small at low energies because of the nature of the P-wave forces. Only recently has this observable been measured with significant precision: by Hutton, Haeberli and Knutson at Wisconsin1) at 10 MeV; and by our group at 16 McV2’3). Both groups attained accuracies of ±0.0002.
Meeting George Gray

I first encountered George Gray in the stacks of the chemistry department library at Princeton. That fall of 1965, I had just come from interviews with prospective Ph.D. dissertation advisers. My g...
Free-breathing steady-state free precession cine cardiac magnetic resonance with respiratory navigator gating.

Purpose To develop and validate a respiratory motion compensation method for free-breathing cardiac cine imaging. Methods A free-breathing navigator-gated cine steady-state free precession acquisition (Cine-Nav) was developed which preserves the equilibrium state of the net magnetization vector, maintains the high spatial and temporal resolutions of standard breath-hold (BH) acquisition, and images entire cardiac cycle. Cine image data is accepted only from cardiac cycles occurring entirely during end-expiration. Prospective validation was performed in 10 patients by obtaining in each three complete ventricular image stacks with different respiratory motion compensation approaches: (1) BH, (2) free-breathing with 3 signal averages (3AVG), and (3) free-breathing with Cine-Nav. Results The subjective image quality score (1 = worst, 4 = best) for Cine-Nav (3.8 ± 0.4) was significantly better than for 3AVG (2.2 ± 0.5, P = 0.002), and similar to BH (4.0 ± 0.0, P = 0.13). The blood-to-myocardium contrast ratio for Cine-Nav (6.3 ± 1.5) was similar to BH (5.9 ± 1.6, P = 0.52) and to 3AVG (5.6 ± 2.5, P = 0.43). There were no significant differences between Cine-Nav and BH for the ventricular volumes and mass. In contrast, there were significant differences between 3AVG and BH in all of these measurements but right ventricular mass. Conclusion Free-breathing cine imaging with Cine-Nav yielded comparable image quality and ventricular measurements to BH, and was superior to 3AVG. Magn Reson Med 73:1555–1561, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrous oxide induces an anxiolytic-like effect in the conditioned defensive burying paradigm, which can be reversed with a benzodiazepine receptor blocker.

To investigate the anxiolytic effects of nitrous oxide (N2O), male hooded rats were tested in the conditioned defensive burying (CDB) test, a paradigm that exploits a propensity of rats to bury objects associated with aversive stimulation. A single, brief electrical shock was delivered to rats upon contact with an electrified prod, before exposure to one of four mixtures of N2O and oxygen (O2) (10–40% N2O) or room air (RA). Compared to RA-exposed animals, rats exposed to N2O exhibited a concentration-related reduction in duration and height of prod-directed “defensive” burying with floor bedding material; these measures reached statistical significance at 30% N2O. Pretreatment with 20 mg/kg of the benzodiazepine receptor blocker flumazenil, which alone had no effect, effectively antagonized a 30% N2O-induced decrease in burying. Horizontal locomotion and rearing were not significantly affected at concentrations of N2O that attenuated prod-directed burying. Treatment with the benzodiazepine anxiolytic standard, chlordiazepoxide (2.5–10.0 mg/kg) also resulted in dose-related attenuation of burying behavior. These findings show that N2O can induce effects similar to those of known anxiolytics in this paradigm and suggest a benzodiazepine mechanism in its mediation.