cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing Knowledge: Private Gains and Public Gains from University Research Partnerships

In this monograph I ask: Does university involvement in the research of private firms enhance the firm's private gains as well as society's public gains? To address this question I analyzed, in an exploratory manner, data relevant to firm-based research projects funded by the U.S. Small Business Innovation (SBIR) program. The data suggest that when a university is involved in a Phase II SBIR project it does realize private gains in the form of greater patenting activity and greater employment growth. However, university involvement is not related to such public gains descriptors as the likelihood that the technology from the SBIR project will be commercialized, the likelihood that the developed technology will be licensed to other U.S. entities, or the likelihood that the firm will enter into a research and development agreement with other U.S. entities. I conclude from my study that firms that receive SBIR research awards are very strategic about involving a university as a research partner. Perhaps such firms only involve universities in activities through which they can appropriate most, if not all, of the related benefits.
Contrasting Roles of Islet Resident Immunoregulatory Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes

The innate immune system critically shapes diabetogenic adaptive immunity during type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. While the role of tissue-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages in T1D is well established, the role of their tissue-resident counterparts remains undefined. We now demonstrate that islet resident macrophages (IRMs) from non-autoimmune mice have an immunoregulatory phenotype and powerfully induce FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro. The immunoregulatory phenotype and function of IRMs is compromised by TLR4 activation in vitro. Moreover, as T1D approaches in NOD mice, the immunoregulatory phenotype of IRMs is diminished as is their relative abundance compared to immunostimulatory DCs. Our findings suggest that maintenance of IRM abundance and their immunoregulatory phenotype may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent and/or cure T1D.
Single session conditioning of the nictitating membrane in the rabbit: Effect of intertriai interval

102 Ss were assigned to 3 groups and classically conditioned with a 45 sec., a 111 sec., or a 5 min. ITI. The CS was an 88 db buzzer, and the US was shock. For any given subject all conditioning trials took place within a single session. It was found that a U-shaped function described the relationship between trials to an acquisition criterion and ITI, with the 111 sec group performing better than either of the other groups.
Development of a Strategic Business Decision-Making Environment for Commercial Jet Engine Selection

Presented at the 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences, Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 6-10, 2003.
Surface ablation of transparent materials using temporally shaped ultrashort laser pulses

We report our recent experiments to determine the influence of pulse shape on surface ablation of materials. A 50 fs ultrashort laser pulse is shaped in a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator, amplified to several μJ, then focused onto various transparent substrates. The resulting ablation spots are analyzed with a SEM.
Building a Surface Atlas of Hippocampal Subfields from MRI Scans using FreeSurfer, FIRST and SPHARM.

The hippocampus is widely studied with neuroimaging techniques given its importance in learning and memory and its potential as a biomarker for brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. However, its complex folding anatomy often presents analytical challenges. In particular, the critical hippocampal subfield information is usually ignored by hippocampal registration in detailed morphometric studies. Such an approach is thus inadequate to accurately characterize hippocampal morphometry and effectively identify hippocampal structural changes related to different conditions. To bridge this gap, we present our initial effort towards building a computational framework for subfield-guided hippocampal morphometry. This initial effort is focused on surface-based morphometry and aims to build a surface atlas of hippocampal subfields. Using the FreeSurfer software package, we obtain valuable hippocampal subfield information. Using the FIRST software package, we extract reliable hippocampal surface information. Using SPHARM, we develop an approach to create an atlas by mapping interpolated subfield information onto an average surface. The empirical result using ADNI data demonstrates the promise and good reproducibility of the proposed method.
Uterine contractions in nonpregnant and early pregnant mares and jennies as determined by ultrasonography.

Uterine contractions in 8 nonpregnant and 13 pregnant mares were studied using ultrasonography. A 1-min video tape recording was made of longitudinal real-time images of the uterine body. An overall uterine contractile activity score (0 = no or minimal activity to 4 = maximal activity) was assigned to each video tape segment. There was a day effect (P less than .01) and an interaction (P less than .01) of reproductive status X day. Uterine activity scores were highest on d 14 to d 18 (d 0 = day of ovulation) for nonpregnant mares and on d 10 to d 14 for pregnant mares. Uterine activity scores on d 10, d 12, and d 14 were greater (P less than .02) for pregnant mares (2.5 +/- .3, 3.1 +/- .3, and 3.2 +/- .1, respectively) than for nonpregnant mares (1.2 +/- .3, 1.5 +/- .3, and 2.6 +/- .3). Uterine activity scores for six pregnant and five nonbred jennies were assigned daily from d 0 to d 24. There were main effects of reproductive status and day (P less than .01) and an interaction of status X day (P less than .01). Uterine activity scores for pregnant jennies were highest on d 13 and d 14 and then declined. In the nonbred jennies, scores were highest on d 14 to d 20. The mean score on d 13 was greater (P = .05) in pregnant jennies (2.8 +/- .2) than in nonbred jennies (1.9 +/- .5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vasography: Effect of Various Agents on Vas Deferens Patency

Vasography is a common diagnostic procedure utilized in evaluating the male genital tract for causes of azoospermia, for evaluation of persistent perineal pain and seminal vesiculitis, and recently used in the staging of prostate cancer. In order to evaluate the effects of injectable agents on the healthy vas deferens, 7 groups of 10 rats had the left vas deferens injected by vasopuncture with saline, 4 contrast agents, doxycycline and absolute alcohol. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks later, and were examined for patency of the vas and inflammatory response. Results revealed that vasopuncture did not produce obstruction. Vasography with water-soluble contrast media does entail a low risk of inflammation in the rat, but produces no obstruction. Intra-vas injection of doxycycline, injected by some for treatment of chronic seminal vesiculitis and perineal pain, is not deleterious in the rat model.
Oxygen Electrode With Pyrolyzed CoTMPP Catalyst: Application in Glucose Biosensor

ABSTRACT Amperometric oxygen sensors employing non-platinum electrocatalyst made from pyrolyzed cobalt-tetramethoxy-phenylporphyrin (CoTMPP) are described. A technique for the preparation of an oxygen working electrode with catalyst from a pressed matrix (tablet) is presented. This technique allows manufacturing numerous electrodes from the same pressed tablet, all of which demonstrate good reproducibility of their parameters. Glucose biosensors are constructed using this oxygen electrode as a basic transducer for amperometric detection of oxygen consumption. The enzyme (glucose oxidase) is held in a micro-bioreactor (face side closed by a Silastic coated polycarbonate membrane) in which the oxygen sensor is immersed. Linearity of the sensor response to glucose concentrations up to 16 mM is reported. Sensors demonstrated a stable signal (varying within ±5% of its average value) during 15 days of continuous in vitro glucose monitoring at 37°C.
Real Time Hybrid Simulation with Online Model Updating on Highly Nonlinear Device

Hybrid Simulation (HS) and Real Time Hybrid Simulation (RTHS) are recognized as powerful techniques for civil infrastructure assessment. Typically in HS/RTHS, a critical component is isolated as the physical component in the simulation, while the remainder of the structure is modeled numerically. This approach enables response evaluation on both local and global level. Broadening the applications that would like to use HS and RTHS requires that we examine more complex structural systems. When multiple components in the structural system have the same design and contribute roughly equally to the response, it may be difficult to select the most appropriate physical component. However, modeling errors in those structural components that reside in the numerical component can influence the accuracy of the global responses. Model updating based on the responses of the physical component for determining the model parameters will reduce the influence of the modeling errors. Advances in online system identification techniques and their application to more complex structural models, enables the option of incorporating online model updating into HS/RTHS. Through a simplified case study, we explore the feasibility of HS/RTHS with model updating (HSMU/RTHSMU). A two story steel frame equipped with two identical magnetic-rheological (MR) dampers. In RTHS, the first story MR damper is loaded as the physical component and the remainder of the structure, including the frame and the second MR damper, is numerically modeled. Simulation and conventional RTHS response are considered. In each case the second story MR damper model uses one initial parameter set, which is then updated online using identified parameters based on the physical component (RTHSMU). Online model updating is then investigated using a validation signal, and the fidelity and advantages of RTHSMU are discussed.
Online Social Influence: Past, Present, and Future

Social influence research has flourished for more than five decades. This chapter presents a comprehensive yet selective review of social influence research, demarcated by three points in time—pre-...
Clandestine British Operations in Romania, 1942–1943

Until 3 August 1941, when the Romanian army began crossing the River Dniester into the pre-1940 Soviet Union as a partner in Nazi Germany’s Operation Barbarossa, launched on 22 June, Romania had been re-conquering its own territory annexed by Stalin under threat of war. Indeed, the British government had not protested when Romanian forces crossed the River Prut into Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina at the end of June 1941. However, after August, Romania started to conduct hostilities on pre-1940 Soviet soil. Following the fall of Odessa in mid-October, Moscow began to apply increasing pressure on Britain to declare war on Romania — Stalin urged Churchill to act because Romania, alongside Finland and Hungary, was effectively at war with the Soviet Union. Churchill was reluctant to do this and set out his reasons in a letter to Stalin dated 4 November: These countries [Finland, Hungary and Romania] are full of our friends: they have been overpowered by Hitler and used as a cat’s paw. But if fortune turns against that ruffian they might easily come back to our side.1
SOX2 in the Development and Maintenance of the Trachea, Lung, and Esophagus

Abstract Although the trachea, lung, and esophagus are all generated from the anterior foregut, each of them develops differently and becomes tissues with distinct histological characteristics and functions. Intriguingly, SOX2 has critical roles in the morphogenesis of these different tissues and is required for specification of the epithelial cells at different developmental stages. Specifically, SOX2 orchestrates separation of the trachea and esophagus and regulates subsequent epithelial morphogenesis. Meanwhile, SOX2 interacts with other transcription factors and signaling pathways to modulate proliferation and differentiation of the lung epithelium. Moreover, SOX2 continues to have important roles in the adult tissues. Deregulation of SOX2-mediated transcriptional programs underlies diseases including squamous metaplasia and cancer.
Smiling, cooing, and "the game."

Two separate lines of my research with infants have recently merged in their implications for the meaning of smiling and cooing in early infancy. One line began as a study of the development of the perception of object orientation, and the other began as a study of early instrumental learning. Recently, data from these two research directions have suggested what might be called an ethological-social cognitive hypothesis concerning the onset of vigorous smiling and cooing in early infancy. This hypothesis is less simple than one might desire, but those who would focus on the limited parsimony rather than the presumed heuristic and explanatory breadth of this hypothesis will at least be pleased that it has been given a short name, "The Game."
Hydrophobic bond. Activity and conformation of trypsin in dimethylsulfoxide-water systems

The behavior of trypsin was studied in dimethylsulfoxide-water binary systems of varying concentrations. Proteolytic activity was demonstrated over the whole range of solvents with casein and over a limited range with Thiogel. Minimal enzyme activity was found at 1 : 2 dimethylsulfoxide : water molar ratio. A compound formation in the solvent at this concentration was demonstrated by heat of mixing, viscosity and dielectric constant measurements. Solubility and light scattering measurements indicate a conformational change in the trypsin molecule with a maximum unfolding at the 1 : 2 molar ratio. The more active, folded state is partly due to hydrophobic bonds existing between non-polar side chains. Spectroscopic investigation as well as thermodynamic data from amino acid solubilities indicate that the aromatic side chains such as tyrosyl, tryptophanyl and phenylalanyl residues play the most important part in hydrophobic bonding.
Direct Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Alkyl Ketones

An efficient and mild method for acyl–Csp3 bond formation based on the direct conversion of carboxylic acids has been established. This protocol is enabled by the synergistic, Ir-photoredox/nickel catalytic cross-coupling of in situ activated carboxylic acids and alkyltrifluoroborates. This versatile method is amenable to the cross-coupling of structurally diverse carboxylic acids with various potassium alkyltrifluoroborates, affording the corresponding ketones with high yields. In this operationally simple cross-coupling protocol, aliphatic ketones are obtained in one step from bench stable, readily available carboxylic acids.
Post-communist mafia state: the case of Hungary

Post-Communist Mafia State conveys the shocking story of how the country that once served as a model of successful democratic transitions in Central and Eastern Europe swiftly transformed into an i...
Butyltin compounds alter secretion of interleukin 6 from human immune cells.

Butyltins (BTs), tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) are organotin compounds that have been used in a variety of industrial applications; as a result, these compounds have been found in human blood. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a proinflammatory mediator that is produced by T lymphocytes and monocytes. It is responsible for immune response regulation as well as tissue repair and cellular growth. Both BTs decrease the ability of human natural killer cells to destroy tumor cells and alter the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and IL-1 beta (β) from human lymphocytes ex vivo. Here, we show that BTs alter the secretion of IL-6 from increasingly reconstituted preparations of human immune cells. IL-6 secretion was examined after 24 hour, 48 hour or 6 day exposures to TBT and DBT in highly enriched human natural killer cells, monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), PBMCs, granulocytes and a preparation combining both PBMCs and granulocytes (PBMCs + granulocytes). The results indicated that both BTs altered IL-6 secretion from all cell preparations. Significant decreases of IL-6 secretion were seen at the highest concentration of TBT (200 nm) and DBT (5-2.5 μm) while the lower concentrations of DBT (0.05 and 0.1 μm) caused elevation of IL-6 secretion. The data indicate that BT-induced alterations of IL-6 secretion from immune cells may be a significant consequence of BT exposures that may potentially affect immune competence.
Differential gene expression analysis in single-cell RNA sequencing data

Differential gene expression analysis is one of the significant efforts in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) analysis to discover the specific changes in expression levels of individual cell types. Since scRNAseq exhibits multimodality, large amounts of zero counts, and sparsity, it is different from the traditional bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data. The new challenges of scRNAseq data promote the development of new methods for identifying differentially expressed (DE) genes. In this study, we proposed a new method, SigEMD, that combines a logistic regression model and a nonparametric method based on Earth Mover's Distance, to precisely and efficiently identify DE genes in scRNAseq data. The regression model is used to reduce the impact of large amounts of zero counts, and the nonparametric method is used to improve the sensitivity of detecting DE genes from multimodal scRNAseq data. By additionally employing gene interaction network information to adjust the final states of DE genes, we further reduce the false positives of calling DE genes. We used simulated data and real data to evaluate the detection accuracy of the proposed method and to compare its performance with those of other differential expression analysis methods. Results indicate that the proposed method has an overall powerful performance in terms of precision in detection, sensitivity, and specificity.
Store-Operated Calcium Channels

Store-operated calcium (SOC) channels mediate calcium (Ca 2+ ) influx from the extracellular environment into the cell cytosol upon depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+ stores. The molecular components responsible for SOC entry (SOCE) remained a mystery until two recent discoveries. RNA-interference (RNAi) screening of candidate genes led first to the discovery of dStim/STIM1, an ER-resident transmembrane protein responsible for mediating the signal that activates SOCE. Genome-wide RNAi screening then led to identification of the ORAI proteins that form the Ca 2+ -selective pore of the SOC channel known as the calcium release-activated calcium channel. STIM dimers sense ER Ca 2+ store depletion through Ca 2+ unbinding from STIM's low-affinity, N-terminal EF-hand in the lumen of the ER. This induces STIM dimers to oligomerize and to translocate toward the plasma membrane (PM). STIM then forms dense clusters at ER–PM junctions, organizes ORAI dimers into tetramers in mirror-image PM clusters, and finally activates ORAI tetramers to conduct Ca 2+ selectively across the PM. STIM proteins also organize canonical transient receptor potential channels into clusters and open them to bring about SOCE through Ca 2+ -permeable but relatively nonselective pores. STIM proteins serve multiple signaling functions that have important biomedical implications, particularly in the immune system.
Elevated expression of activated TH2 cells and milk-specific TH2 cells in milk-induced eosinophilic esophagitis.

Abstract Background Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory disease that is triggered by food allergens and characterized by progressive esophageal dysfunction. Esophageal biopsy specimens are characterized by eosinophilia and expression of T H 2 cytokines. Objective To ascertain whether T H 2 cells can exist in the peripheral blood in patients with milk-induced EoE. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 children with milk-induced EoE were collected during active EoE (EoE-A) while consuming milk and inactive EoE (EoE-I) while not consuming milk, and 8 healthy patients without EoE were used as controls. The samples were analyzed for T-cell phenotype, including intracellular cytokines before and after incubation with milk antigens and assessed by flow cytometry. Results We found a significant increase in CD4 + T H 2 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with EoE-A compared with the controls. Furthermore, we observed a significant mean (SD) increase in the activation marker of CD154 + T cells (0.17% [0.047 %] ) in patients with EoE-A compared with control patients (0.034% [0.007%]) and EoE-I (0.025% [0.008]). These CD4 + T cells expressed significantly increase levels of T H 2 cytokines (interleukins 4, 5, and 13) compared with the EoE-I and control groups. CD3 + CD4 + CD154 + IL-5 + cells were significantly increased by milk antigens in both milk-induced EoE-A (0.050% [0.008%] to 0.079% [0.017%]) and EoE-I (0.0045% [0.002%] to 0.014% [0.008%]) compared with the controls (0.008% [0.003%] to 0.003% [0.001%]). Conclusion Our findings indicate that in EoE peripheral T cells have specific activation to milk allergens.
Abstract 18620: Who Performs Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair?

Introduction: Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) technology has realized significant advances, making it more readily available to a wider array of practitioners. We analyzed a statewide ad...
δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase III. SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF CHELATED IRON ON INDUCTION

Abstract Orally administered ferric citrate exerts a pronounced synergistic effect on the induction of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase produced by two compounds. The effect appears to be specific for iron citrate, as opposed to other metals in complex with citrate, and specific also in affecting the level of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase as compared with another induced enzyme, tyrosine transaminase. Inorganic iron salts did not produce augmentation of the induction of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. The data suggest that iron augments the rate of synthesis of the enzyme during induction rather than activating or stabilizing the enzyme.
SR Ca loading in cardiac muscle preparations based on rapid-cooling contractures.

The influence of rest periods on twitches and rapid-cooling contractures (RCCs) was examined in trabeculae from rabbit, rat, guinea pig, and frog ventricle and rabbit atrium. RCCs were used as a relative index of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca content. After increasing rest duration, rabbit and guinea pig ventricles exhibit a decline of both twitch force and RCC force (rest decay). When stimulation is resumed, both twitches and RCCs recover to steady-state levels. The SR (and cells) in these tissues may lose Ca during quiescence and become reloaded with progressive stimulation. Rat ventricle and rabbit atrium exhibited an increase in both twitch and RCC tension as a function of rest duration (rest potentiation). Resumption of stimulation resulted in parallel declines of both twitch and RCC tension approaching steady state. Thus stimulation in rat ventricle and rabbit atrium may lead to a net Ca loss from the SR (and the cell) and quiescence may lead to replenishment of cellular Ca. This major difference in Ca metabolism in mammalian cardiac muscles might be due to a fundamental difference in SR properties or, alternatively, different sarcolemmal transport properties (e.g., action potential configuration, Na-pump). After long rest intervals in rabbit and guinea pig ventricle, RCCs return toward their steady-state value in considerably fewer beats than does twitch tension. This implies that something other than SR refilling is responsible for the slow phase of twitch recovery after rest. In rabbit ventricle increasing frequency or extracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]o) generally increases both twitch and RCC tension. However, decreasing [Ca]o (to 0.2 mM) does not decrease RCCs much despite a dramatic decline in twitch tension (suggesting low twitch tension despite a loaded SR). Rapid rewarming during an RCC usually results in a transient rise in tension (or rewarming "spike"), which is due to a warming-induced increase in myofilament Ca sensitivity. Differences in rewarming spikes among the tissues studied suggest differences in temperature effects on myofilament Ca sensitivity.
Higher-Carbon Monosaccharides

Higher-carbon sugars are defined as sugars having more than six carbon atoms in their carbon chain. Thus monosaccharides containing seven or more consecutive carbon atoms belong to this class of monosaccharides, e.g., heptoses, octoses, nonoses, decoses. There are many reviews written on this topic.
Break-even-Analyse (Vollkostendeckungsanalyse)

Zu den Informationen fur die Festlegung der Geschaftspolitik gehort eine Untersuchung des „Break-even-point“ oder des Punkts der Vollkostendeckung1), deren Resultate meist in graphischen Darstellungen nachgewiesen werden. Der Break-even-point, der „Nutzschwellenpunkt“ oder der „Tote Punkt“ bezeichnet den Punkt, an dem der Erlos der Produkte gerade die Gesamtkosten deckt, an dem also weder ein Gewinn noch ein Verlust entsteht. Der „break-even“Umsatz deckt gerade die vollen Kosten.
Uncertainty Analysis and Model Validation for a Retrospective Assessment of Thyroid Dose Resulting from Atomic Weapons’ Test Fallout

Modeling internal dose resulting from environmental transport of atomic weapons’ test fallout from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) USA, during the period 1951–1962, requires estimates of many important parameters for which little data exists. A retrospective dose assessment study for which model reliability is of great importance is now nearing completion. The study’s objectives are to estimate thyroid dose from ingestion of radioiodine in milk and vegetables to a cohort of over 3000 persons. The cohort that had potentially been exposed to NTS fallout were examined for thyroid abnormalities during 1965 and 1985. Model sensitivity analysis and parameter uncertainties were used to help establish priorities for research and uncertainty analysis. Numerous parameters were shown to substantially affect radioiodine concentrations in milk and uncertainty estimates, the most significant being the fraction of fallout intercepted by vegetation and the relative timing of dairy management practices and deposition events. Both parameters were subsequently researched and the results are discussed. Verification of model reliability was attempted by comparing predictions with limited literature data.
The Word Association Implications Test:: do poor judges of implications read too little or too much between the lines?

Abstract The Word Association Implications Test (WAIT) is an experimental analogue for studying the processes by which novice clinicians learn to read between the lines of psychological data. This research explored the illogic used by poor judges on the WAIT. In a qualitative pilot study, 37 college students used a think-aloud methodology to generate 36 statements as they reasoned about the WAIT judgments. In the main study, 71 new participants rated their agreement with these logical and illogical arguments to assess which were endorsed by good and poor judges. Results suggested that poor judges on the WAIT overgeneralize, make arbitrary inferences and overinterpret diagnostic signs in a pseudo-psychological manner. Thus, poor judges do indeed seem to read too much between the lines.
Microstructure evolution and thermal properties of an additively manufactured, solution treatable AlSi10Mg part

Because of rapid solidification involved in the laser or e-beam based additive manufacturing (AM) process, solution treatable metallic parts made by these methods usually possess a unique nonequilibrium microstructure which changes significantly during subsequent thermal treatment. Such evolution alters the size, morphology, length scale, and distribution of microstructural features and has a substantial impact on thermal properties and possibly on electrical properties as well. This study focuses on effects of microstructural evolution on thermal properties of an additively manufactured AlSi10Mg part. The changes of thermal properties such as thermal expansion, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity as a function of thermal treatment are reported. The results show that the formation of supersaturated primary α aluminum and unique cellular structure imparted by fast solidification in the AM process are the major cause for the low thermal diffusivity and low thermal conductivity observed in this solution treatable, as-built part. A correlation between microstructural evolution and changes in thermal properties is established. Advantages and tailoring of the thermal properties of additively built parts are discussed. Implications of these results are important for other additively manufactured components based on popular solution treatable alloys.
Methods for Controlling Wind Erosion

Wind erosion is a serious problem in portions of the USA and becomes more widespread and severe during droughts. Wind erosion can become a major problem whenever the soil is loose, dry, finely divided, bare or nearly bare, and the wind velocity exceeds the threshold velocity for the soil. Although wind erosion may occur in humid and subhumid climates, it is more prevalent in semiarid to arid areas and is extensive in the Great Plains. In this report, we identify various practices used to reduce wind erosion and we describe their advantages and limits. Because of the tremendous variation in soils, climate, and crops across the USA, no single erosion control technique will be applicable to all areas. By combining two or more control techniques, however, wind erosion can be reduced to tolerable levels in most areas.
Analysis of critical parameters of satellite stereo image for 3D reconstruction and mapping.

Although nowadays advanced dense image matching (DIM) algorithms are able to produce LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) comparable dense point clouds from satellite stereo images, the accuracy and completeness of such point clouds heavily depend on the geometric parameters of the satellite stereo images. The intersection angle between two images are normally seen as the most important one in stereo data acquisition, as the state-of-the-art DIM algorithms work best on narrow baseline (smaller intersection angle) stereos (E.g. Semi-Global Matching regards 15-25 degrees as good intersection angle). This factor is in line with the traditional aerial photogrammetry configuration, as the intersection angle directly relates to the base-high ratio and texture distortion in the parallax direction, thus both affecting the horizontal and vertical accuracy. However, our experiments found that even with very similar (and good) intersection angles, the same DIM algorithm applied on different stereo pairs (of the same area) produced point clouds with dramatically different accuracy as compared to the ground truth LiDAR data. This raises a very practical question that is often asked by practitioners: what factors constitute a good satellite stereo pair, such that it produces accurate and optimal results for mapping purpose? In this work, we provide a comprehensive analysis on this matter by performing stereo matching over 1,000 satellite stereo pairs with different acquisition parameters including their intersection angles, off-nadir angles, sun elevation & azimuth angles, as well as time differences, thus to offer a thorough answer to this question. This work will potentially provide a valuable reference to researchers working on multi-view satellite image reconstruction, as well as industrial practitioners minimizing costs for high-quality large-scale mapping.
Synaptonemal Complex Karyotyping in Spreads of Mammalian Spermatocytes

The synaptonemal complex is a concomitant of meiotic chromosome synapsis and crossing-over in eukaryotes (Moses, 1969), and as such could serve as the basis for bivalent karyotype analysis at a higher level of resolution than hitherto possible. For example, Gillies (1972), on Neurospora, Moens (1974), on Locusta spermatocytes, and Carpenter (this volume), on Drosophila oocytes, are already realizing this potential from three-dimensional reconstructions of electron micrographs and serial sections. Moens and Perkins (1969) have used the method to establish the chromosome number of a protist. We have recently begun to apply karyotype analysis of these complexes to mammalian meiosis, using a new and somewhat less tedious technique.
"We can learn. Why not?": Designing Technologies to Engender Equity for Home Health Aides

HCI researchers have increasingly studied how technology might improve the lives of marginalized workers. We explored this question through a qualitative study with home health aides in New York City, a vulnerable group of frontline caregivers whose work with patients is poorly paid and highly stressful, often involving life-or-death situations. To elicit the perspectives of aides and their supervisors on how technology interventions might contribute to moving aides towards a better future, we created a design provocation that centers aides' needs and suggests more equitable roles for them within the home care ecosystem. Findings from design sessions with 16 aides, nurses, and aide coordinators illuminate the ethical and pragmatic dilemmas inherent in this complex ecosystem, and show that designing technology for equity requires attention to structural problems in addition to workers' stated needs. We analyze our findings through the lens of social justice-oriented interaction design, and discuss how our work extends key strategies within this framework.
RE-Halobenzoic Acid-Terpyridine Complexes, Part V: Synthesis and Supramolecular Assembly of Rare-Earth-3,5-Dihalobenzoic Acid-Terpyridine Materials and Subsequent Comparison of Non-covalent Interactions

The synthesis and crystal structures of 48 new rare-earth (RE = La3+—Y3+)-3,5-dihalogenated benzoic acid (3,5-dibromobenzoic acid [3,5-dBrBA] and 3-bromo-5-iodobenzoic acid [3,5-BrIBA])-terpyridine [TPY] complexes are reported. Ligand based supramolecular assembly drives the formation of five distinct structure types across the lanthanide series. Featured in these structures are multiple significant halogen bonding interactions occurring at the terminal halide substituents in the form of halogen–halogen, halogen–oxygen, and halogen–π interactions. This series complements previous efforts to synthesize and evaluate a catalogue of Ln-halobenzoic acid-TPY materials. With these data, a comparison of the influence of halogen interactions on supramolecular assembly is provided. As one might expect, the frequency with which halogen bonding occurs and the displacement of other assembly mechanisms, depends on the number and polarizability of the halogen species. Structures across these series fall into multiple distinct structure types, as defined by tecton geometry. Since these tectons are isostructural across each respective series, trends in halogen bond propensity can be derived. In this comparison, the likelihood of halogen bonding and disruption of π–π stacking is shown to increase as halogen size increases. Two new series of rare-earth (RE = La3+–Y3+)-3,5-dihalogenated benzoic acid (3,5-dibromobenzoic acid and 3-bromo-5-iodobenzoic acid)-terpyridine complexes are synthesized and compared, with respect to supramolecular assembly, to each other and previously reported RE-halogenated benzoic acid-terpyridine series in order to study the role of halogen bonding in this system.
Développement et adaptations du tissu adipeux pendant la prise de poids chez l’homme

L’obesite se caracterise par un exces de tissu adipeux (TA) qui se constitue progressivement, parallelement a la prise de poids. Cette expansion du TA, menant a l’obesite, a longtemps ete consideree comme un phenomene passif de remplissage des adipocytes permettant ainsi le stockage des exces energetiques sous forme de triglycerides. Actuellement le TA est considere comme un organe complexe, heterogene, endocrine dont le role ne peut se limiter au simple stockage. Les etudes recentes sur le developpement du TA au cours de la prise de poids levent peu a peu le voile sur des mecanismes multiples et complexes sur le plan cellulaire, fonctionnel et architectural qui accompagnent l’expansion de ce tissu [1]. L’ensemble de ces mecanismes correspond a l’adaptation de cet organe au stress nutritionnel que represente une balance energetique positive.
Going to Mars

This chapter explores the next focus of NASA, a manned mission to Mars. In order to accomplish this feat, intermediate technological steps need to be accomplished, including the Asteroid Redirect Mission and advanced rocket and spaceship development built to deliver large payloads over long distances. Reasons for traveling to Mars are outlined along with the technological challenges and need for strong financial support to accomplish the goal by the 2030s. Elon Musk’s vision and plans to colonize Mars is featured along with the controversial one-way Mars One mission.
Three-Dimensional Printing in Cleft Care: A Systematic Review

Objective To determine the current applications of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in the care of patients with cleft lip and palate. We also reviewed 3D printing limitations, financial analysis, and future implications. Design Retrospective systematic review. Methods Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were used by 3 independent reviewers. Articles were identified from Cochrane library, Ovid Medline, and Embase. Search terms included 3D printing, 3 dimensional printing, additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, cleft lip, and cleft palate. Exclusion criteria included articles not in English, animal studies, reviews without original data, oral presentations, abstracts, opinion pieces, and articles without relevance to 3D printing or cleft lip and palate. Main outcome measures Primary outcome measure was the purpose of 3D printing in the care of patients with cleft lip and palate. Secondary outcome measures were cost analysis and clinical outcomes. Results Eight-four articles were identified, and 39 met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eleven studies used 3D printing models for nasoalveolar molding. Patient-specific implants were developed via 3D printing in 6 articles. Surgical planning was conducted via 3D printing in 8 studies. Eight articles utilized 3D printing for anatomic models/educational purposes. 3-Dimensional printed models were used for surgical simulation/training in 6 articles. Bioprinting was utilized in 4 studies. Secondary outcome of cost was addressed in 8 articles. Conclusion 3-Dimensional printing for the care of patients with cleft lip and palate has several applications. Potential advantages of utilizing this technology are demonstrated; however, literature is largely descriptive in nature with few clinical outcome measures. Future direction should be aimed at standardized reporting to include clinical outcomes, cost, material, printing method, and results.
All things are possible: an epilogue

The author reflects on the ingenuity and improvisation of black women as research methodology. She summarizes the contributions of the special issue to discuss the role and importance of creativity...
Our better angels and the invention of hope.

Abstract This 2020 Presidential Address was given at the American Pediatric Surgical Association 2021 Virtual Annual Meeting, May 20–22, 2021.
Honey bee viruses are highly prevalent but at low intensities in wild pollinators of cucurbit agroecosystems.

Managed and wild bee populations are in decline around the globe due to several biotic and abiotic stressors. Pathogenic viruses associated with the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) have been identified as key contributors to reductions in the number of managed honey bee colonies, and are known to be transmitted to wild bee populations through shared floral resources. However, little is known about the prevalence and intensity of these viruses in wild bee populations, or how bee visitation to flowers impacts viral transmission in agroecosystems. This study surveyed honey bee, bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) and wild squash bee (Eucera (Peponapis) pruinosa) populations in Cucurbita agroecosystems across Pennsylvania (USA) for the prevalence and intensity of five honey bee viruses: acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV). We investigated the potential role of bee visitation rate to flowers on DWV intensity among species in the pollinator community, with the expectation that increased bee visitation to flowers would increase the opportunity for transmission events between host species. We found that honey bee viruses are highly prevalent but in lower titers in E. pruinosa and B. impatiens than in A. mellifera populations throughout Pennsylvania (USA). DWV was detected in 88% of B. impatiens, 48% of E. pruinosa, and 95% of A. mellifera. IAPV was detected in 5% of B. impatiens and 4% of E. pruinosa, compared to 9% in A. mellifera. KBV was detected in 1% of B. impatiens and 5% of E. pruinosa, compared to 32% in A. mellifera. Our results indicate that DWV titers were not correlated with bee visitation in Cucurbita fields. The potential fitness impacts of these low viral titers detected in E. pruinosa remain to be investigated.
Christmas Island (Pacific Ocean) Seabirds and the EL Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): 1984 Perspectives

Most seabirds breed on oceanic islands, foraging at the uppermost levels of the marine food chain. Thus their evolution is intricately tied to atmospheric and oceanic conditions influencing the fish and squid populations upon which the birds feed (Ashmole, 1971) but we can primarily only study them on nesting islands. Christmas Island (2 N, 157 W), the largest coral atoll in the world, supports 18 species of breeding sea-birds (Schreiber and Ashmole, 1980; Schreiber and Schreiber, 1984).
Exchange Rate Reform and Structural Disturbances in a Dual Exchange Rate Economy

This paper analyzes the implications of devaluation and a variety of structural disturbances in a dual exchange rate economy. A key feature of the model developed is its explicit recognition of both private (fraudulent) and officially-sanctioned cross transactions between the two exchange markets. The principal lesson to be learned from the analysis is that popular notions as to the effects of devaluation or of other disturbances are to be viewed with considerable caution when the dual rate regime involves inter-market transactions.
Modeling Electricity Markets: A Brief Introduction

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Basic Structure of a Market for Electricity Modeling Strategic Behavior The Locational Marginal Pricing System of PJM LMP Calculation Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming Conclusions Bibliography
A MEMS based optical fiber scanning probe

A MEMS based optical scanning probe actuated utilizing bulk micromachined, electrostatic comb-drives has been realized. With a 12/spl mu/m fiber attached the probe is capable of scanning an angle of 5/spl deg/ at a frequency of 8kHz.
Fighting fish (Betta splendens) bubble nests do not inhibit microbial growth.

Some organisms produce antimicrobial substances in nesting foam to favorably manipulate the environment to which their developing offspring are exposed. We tested if fighting fish Betta splendens foamy nest material, which is comprised of bubbles produced in the oral cavity of nesting males, has antimicrobial properties against a pathogenic bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda), a nonpathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli), or a pathogenic oomycete (Saprolegnia parasitica). We also tested if exposure to nest material increases larval survival by performing in vitro fertilizations and individually incubating eggs in bubble nest extract or tank water (control). Our results show no evidence of antimicrobial properties of bubble nests. On the contrary, bubble nests provided favorable microenvironments for the growth of Saprolegnia parasitica. Our results confirm earlier work citing the importance of male nest attendance, and suggest that the mechanism responsible for decreased survival in the absence of attending males is pathogenic microbes. J. Exp. Zool. 317A:481-487, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic Disease and Depression Among Hispanic Americans Reconceptualizing the Masculine Self

Hispanic Americans are the fastest growing minority group in the United States. They face a distinct set of health challenges, resulting in persistent health disparities. Chronic disease self-management programs hold promise in addressing individual-level, behavioral risks factors, such as dietary habits and physical activity patterns. In light of the unique barriers Hispanic men face, including low participation in evidence-based health intervention research, this article argues for a gendered perspective when approaching Hispanic men's physical and mental health needs. Through the analysis of data collected from male-only focus groups (N = 3, n = 15) with Hispanic Americans in west central Florida, this study identified that masculine identity is influenced by chronic disease and comorbid depression status. Diagnosis with a chronic disease and/or depression is accompanied by lifestyle adaptations, activity restrictions, and changes in income and health care demands that can undermine traditional notions of Hispanic masculinity. Consequently, masculine identity is associated with self-management strategies in complex ways. Public health interventions aimed at addressing comorbid chronic disease and depression among Hispanic men must take into consideration the role of gender identity and relevant conceptualizations of masculinity in order to better serve this underserved and understudied population.
The Morse spectrum of linear flows on vector bundles

For a linear flow Φ on a vector bundle π : E → S a spectrum can be defined in the following way: For a chain recurrent component M on the projective bundle PE consider the exponential growth rates associated with (finite time) (e, T )-chains in M, and define the Morse spectrum ΣMo(M,Φ) over M as the limits of these growth rates as e → 0 and T → ∞. The Morse spectrum ΣMo(Φ) of Φ is then the union over all componentsM⊂ PE. This spectrum is a synthesis of the topological approach of Selgrade and Salamon/Zehnder with the spectral concepts based on exponential growth rates, such as the Oseledec spectrum or the dichotomy spectrum of Sacker/Sell. It turns out that ΣMo(Φ) contains all Lyapunov exponents of Φ for arbitrary initial values, and the ΣMo(M,Φ) are closed intervals, whose boundary points are actually Lyapunov exponents. Using the fact that Φ is cohomologous to a subflow of a smooth linear flow on a trivial bundle, one can prove integral representations of all Morse and all Lyapunov exponents via smooth ergodic theory. A comparison with other spectral concepts shows that, in general, the Morse spectrum is contained in the topological spectrum and the dichotomy spectrum, but the spectral sets agree if the induced flow on the base space is chain recurrent. However, even in this case, the associated subbundle decompositions of E may be finer for the Morse spectrum than for the dynamical spectrum. If one can show that the (closure of the) Floquet spectrum (i.e. the Lyapunov spectrum based on periodic trajectories in PE) agrees with the Morse spectrum, then one obtains equality for the Floquet, the entire Oseledec, the Lyapunov, and the Morse spectrum. We present an example (flows induced by C∞ vector fields with hyperbolic chain recurrent components on the projective bundle) where this fact can be shown using a version of Bowen’s Shadowing Lemma.