cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receptor mechanisms of PAF mediated lymphatic constriction in the canine forelimb

Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory lipid. In this study we assessed the ability of PAF to impact lymphatic vessel function by altering prenodal lymphatic resistance. Intralymphatic PAF (7.47 × 10−6, 7.47 × 10−5 and 7.47 × 10−4 M) increased lymphatic perfusion pressure at the two highest infusion rates. PAF mediated lymphatic constriction was not altered by the intra-arterial infusion of phentolamine but was blocked by the intra-arterial infusion of the PAF receptor antagonist WEB 2170. These data indicate that in addition to PAF's effects on microvascular permeability, this agent may also impact the ability of the lymphatics to transport fluid through alterations in lymphatic smooth muscle tone. PAF mediated lymphatic constriction is not mediated by α-receptors but rather through PAF receptor mediated mechanism.
Regulating for the future: Securities regulation in an automated environment

Over the past two decades, technology has revolutionised the way securities are traded. The high‐speed communications, automated execution and borderless trading made possible by technological advances pose unique challenges for securities regulators. Regulators should look carefully at how their own regulator structure can address these challenges.
Smuggling, non-fundamental uncertainty, and parallel market exchange rate volatility

We explore a model where smuggling and a parallel currency market arise, owing to government restrictions that prevent agents from legally holding foreign exchange. Despite such restrictions, agents are able to diversify their savings, holding both domestic and parallel foreign cash, basing their portfolio allocation on current and prospective parallel exchange rates. We attribute movements in parallel rates to non- fundamental uncertainty. The model generates equilibria with both positive and nega- tive parallel premia and correlations between illegal trade and the premium. The model has the novel implication that currency speculation drives smuggling, affecting real activities in all sectors of the economy. JEL classification: F31
EFFECT OF DICAMBA ON OXYGEN UPTAKE AND CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN LEAF TISSUE OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L.

Summary. The effect of the herbicidal compound dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) on the rate of oxygen uptake and on cell membrane permeability of leaf tissues of purple nutsedge (Cyprus rotundus L.) was studied. Dicamba induced noticeable alterations in both the pattern of oxygen consumption and in permeability of the cells following spraying of the foliar parts of the plants. A pronounced decrease in respiratory rate was observed 5 days after treatment with 10−3 M dicamba, but the rate of oxygen uptake rose to approximately the level of the control 10 days after application of the herbicide. Permeability of the cell membranes decreased 5 days after treatment of the leaves with 10−2 M or 10−3 M dicamba. The results indicate that the early disruption of the cell membranes might be related to the mode of action of the herbicide. Resume. Les auteurs ont eetudiee l'effet du dicamba (acide 2-meethoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoique) sur le taux d'absorption de I'oxygene et sur la permeeabilitee des membranes cellulaires dans les tissus foliaires du Cyperus (Cyperus rotundus L.). Le dicamba provoqua des alteerations notables, aa la fois du processus de consommation de I'oxygeene et de la permeability cellulaire, aa la suite d'un traitement sur les parties foliaires de la plante. Cinq jours apreesle traitement une baisse importante du taux respiratoire fut observeee apres un traitement avec du dicambaa 10−3 M, mais le taux d'absorption de I'oxygeene se releva approximativement juusqu'au niveau du teemoin dix jours aprees l'application de l'herbicide. La permeeabilitee des membres cellulaires diminua cinq jours aprees le traitement des feuilles avec du dicamba aa 10−2 M OU 10−3 M. Les reesultats montrent qu'il pourrait y avoir une relation entre la perturbation initiale des membranes cellulaires et le mode d'action de I'herbicide. Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung des herbiziden Wirkstoffes Dicamba (2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlorbenzoesaure) auf die Sauerstoffaufnahme und die Zellmembranpermeabilitat von Pflanzengeweben von Cyperus rotundus L. wurde untersucht. Dicamba verursachte merkbare Veranderungen im Sauerstoffverbrauch und in der Permeabilitat der Zellen nach Behandlung von Blattpartien. Eine ausgepragte Abnahme der Respirationsrate woirde 5 Tage nach der Behandlung mit 10−3 M Dicamba festgestellt, doch erhohte sich die Sauerstoffaufnahme bis 10. Tage nach der Behandlung wiederum auf die Hohe der Kontrollpflanzen. Die Permeabilitat der Zellmembran nahm 5 Tage nach der Behandlung der Blatter mit 10−2 M und 10−3 M Dicamba ab. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die fruhe Veranderung der Zellmembran mit der Wirkungsweise des Herbizides in Zusammenhang steht.
Evidence for the participation of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle in photoreduction and the oxyhydrogen reaction.

The assimilation of 14C-sodium bicarbonate has been measured in Scenedesmus obliquus as 1) photosynthesis, 2) photoreduction (light dependent incorporation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen adapted cells under conditions where photosynthesis is inoperative), and 3) the oxyhydrogen reaction (dark assimilation of carbon dioxide by hydrogen adapted cells in an atmosphere of hydrogen and 1% oxygen). Degradation of the glucose formed in each of these reactions using the Leuconostoc technique establishes the participation of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle.
Internal configurations of span-constrained random walks

The spans of a random walk on a simple cubic lattice are the sides of the smallest rectangular box with sides parallel to the coordinate axes that entirely contain the random walk. We consider the position, at dimension-less time τ, of a random walker constrained by a set of spansS. We show in one dimension that ifS 2 ≫ 4τ, the random walker tends to be located at the extremities of the span, while in the contrary case the random walker is most likely to be found halfway between the extremities. This is true whether the single-step transition probabilities have a finite or an infinite variance, as is shown by example. In higher dimensions the position of the random walker in the direction of the largest span tends to lie at the span extremities, while the position in the direction of the smallest span tends to be in the middle.
Stripping voltammetry of aluminum based on adsorptive accumulation of its solochrome violet RS complex at the static mercury drop electrode

Abstract A very sensitive electrochemical stripping procedure for aluminum is reported. Accumulation is achieved by controlled adsorption of the aluminum/solochrome violet RS complex on the static mercury drop electrode. Optimal experimental parameters include an accumulation potential of −0.45 V, solochrome violet RS concentration of 1 × 10 −6 M, and a linear-scan stripping mode. The detection limit is 0.15 μg l −1 , the response is linear over the 0–30 μg l −1 concentration range, and the relative standard deviation (at the 10 μg l −1 level) is 2%. Most cations do not interfere in the determination of aluminum. The interference of iron(III) is eliminated by addition of ascorbic acid. Results are reported for snow samples.
Are there indicators of remyelination in blood or CSF of multiple sclerosis patients

Knowing the mechanisms and the times of remyelination is not only an intriguing scientific challenge but it has also important consequences on the therapeutic approach to multiple sclerosis (MS). The neural-cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) shows tempting suggestions about its possible involvement in reparative mechanisms, and, finally, in remyelination. In fact, its levels progressively increase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of acute MS patients, paralleling the progressive clinical improvement after the attack. Some information is also given about the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), whose CSF levels were found to be increased in MS patients who were recovering from an acute exacerbation.
The Preliminary Reference Process: National Court Implementation, Changing Opportunity Structures and Litigant Desistment

Litigant desistment, i.e. voluntary litigant implementation of an ECJ ruling in a preliminary reference case that preempts the necessity for a national court decision, is a common - yet often overl...
DBLA: Distributed block learning algorithm for channel selection in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we study the distributed channel selection problem in a cognitive network. We consider a time varying channel environment where secondary users do not have any prior knowledge of primary transmission and independently learn about existing channels without any explicit communication with other users. To solve this problem, we address the impact of switching between channels during the learning process that is mostly ignored in literature. We propose a scalable distributed block learning algorithm that minimizes the switching cost, adapts to time varying channel conditions, and achieves logarithmic regret. Simulation results show that our algorithm performs significantly better than the existing ones.
Adaptive optical biocompact disk for molecular recognition

We report the use of adaptive interferometry to detect a monolayer of protein immobilized in a periodic pattern on a spinning glass disk. A photorefractive quantum-well device acting as an adaptive beam mixer in a two-wave mixing geometry stabilizes the interferometric quadrature in the far field. Phase modulation generated by the spinning biolayer pattern in the probe beam is detected as a homodyne signal free of amplitude modulation. Binding between antibodies and immobilized antigens in a two-analyte immunoassay was tested with high specificity and without observable cross reactivity.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): A New Hallucinogenic Drug

We have assessed the effects in normal control volunteers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, the chemical present in the hallucinogenic drug STP, in two independent trials. In low doses, this compound produces a mild euphoria. Doses greater than 3 milligrams may cause pronounced hallucinogenic effects lasting about 8 hours and similar to those produced by hallucinogenic doses of lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, and psilocybin. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, which is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine, is about 100 times more potent as a hallucinogen than mescaline and only one-thirtieth as potent as lysergic acid diethylamide. Its psychological effects are not accentuated by chlorpromazine.
Adjuncts to preparing wounds for closure Hyperbaric oxygen, growth factors, skin substitutes, negative pressure wound therapy (vacuum-assisted closure)

Achieving closure in a chronic wound requires provision of adequate oxygen delivery to the tissue, adequate protein and other nutritional factors, a moist environment, an appropriate inflammatory milieu, debridement, and correction of contributing medical diagnoses. In some patients, these conditions are achieved easily, whereas in others, greater effort is required. Adjunctive treatments, including HBO2, growth factors, skin substitutes, and negative-pressure wound therapy (e.g., V.A.C.) can provide the proper conditions for healing in appropriately selected patients.
Depression in male geropsychiatric inpatients with and without dementia: a naturalistic study

The authors compared the presentation and course of major depression in male geriatric inpatients with and without a diagnosis of dementia. Of 326 consecutive admissions to an inpatient geropsychiatry unit, 22 (7%) had a diagnosis of major depression without dementia, 35 (11%) had major depression with dementia. Both groups presented with similar types and severity of depressive symptoms, which improved substantially with treatment in both groups, as measured by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. In addition, agitation, psychiatric, and side-effects symptoms decreased significantly in both groups. Our naturalistic results suggest the clinical value of intensive treatment of depressive symptoms in elderly demented patients, whether or not they meet the criteria for major depressive episode.
Collective Action across Borders: Opportunity Structures, Network Capacities, and Communicative Praxis in the Age of Advanced Globalization

This paper analyzes the dynamics of the Zapatista uprising with research tools inspired by recent social movement theory. It finds that the insurgent indigenous peasants of Chiapas rose up in arms ...
Controlling parental feeding practices and child body composition in ethnically and economically diverse preschool children

Controlling parental feeding practices may be associated with childhood overweight, because coercive or intrusive feeding practices may negatively impact children's development of self-regulation of eating. This study examined pressuring or forcing a child (healthy or unhealthy foods) and restricting child from unhealthy or snack foods as two types of controlling feeding practices that explain unique variances in measures of child body composition (BMI, percent body fat, and parental perception of child weight). In an ethnically and economically diverse sample of 243 children aged 4-6years old and their biological parents (89% biological mothers, 8% biological fathers, and 3% step or grand-parent), descriptive statistics indicate ethnic and family income differences in measures of feeding practices and child body composition. Additionally, the two "objective" indices of body composition (BMI and percent body fat) were related to low pressure to eat, whereas the "subjective" index (perceived child weight) was related to restriction. Regression analyses accounting for ethnic and family income influences indicate that pressure to eat and restriction both explained unique variances in the two "objective" indices of body composition, whereas only restriction explained variance in perceived child weight. Findings have implications for helping parents learn about feeding practices that promote children's self-regulation of eating that simultaneously serves as an obesity prevention strategy.
Dynamics of Trust Revision: Using Health Infomediaries

This study explores the process by which trust evolves over time. There have been a number of studies underscoring the importance of trust in the online environment. However, most trust studies have concentrated on the initial trust, and there is little known about how trust beliefs evolve over time. The dynamics of trust are of particular importance in the use of infomediaries (online information providers), among which health infomediaries are the most important for Web consumers in dealing with their wellness and health issues. We investigate the evolution of trust using the case of health infomediaries. The examination of the temporal changes in trust was carried out through two approaches-comparative statics and dynamic analyses. The research method was laboratory experiment and the data were collected for two episodes of encounters. Two comparative statics models and one dynamic model were estimated in order to examine the parameter changes from one episode of encounter to the next as well as the dynamics of belief changes. The results of analysis show that the structure of trust changes over time and information quality becomes the single most important antecedent in infomediary trust building in the later stages of use. Furthermore, our study also indicates that satisfaction plays an important role in changing Web customers' trust beliefs. Contributions as well as research and managerial implications are discussed.
Rapid and efficient method for analyzing phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein in 32Pi-labeled, tissue culture cells.

We describe a method for studying the phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein in intact cells. The procedure has the advantage of using few cells, little 32Pi, and by using an air-driven centrifuge, many samples can be processed in a short time. Metabolically labeling the ribosomes with [3H]uridine before the experiment provides a measure of ribosome yield. The amount of 32Pi incorporated into proteins other than S6, which cosediment with the ribosomes, increases by the same amount as the specific activity of [32P]ATP increases, when the cells are stimulated by prostaglandin F2α, insulin, epidermal, or fibroblast growth factor, or serum; whereas the 32Pi incorporated into S6 increases by a factor greater than the increase in the specific activity of [32P]ATP. We show that the phosphate on S6 turns over at least as rapidly as does the phosphate on ATP. This last observation allows us to use a procedure, which we have outlined for determining the absolute amount of phosphate added to S6 due to a stimulus.
A measure of rotatability for response-surface designs

A measure that quantifies the amount of rotatability in a given response-surface design is introduced in this article. The measure, which is expressible as a percentage, takes the value 100 if and only if the design is rotatable. One of the main advantages of this measure is that it can be used to “repair” a nonrotatable design by the addition of experimental runs that maximize the percent rotatability over a spherical region of interest. Four numerical examples are given to illustrate the applications of this measure.
What do teacher–child interactions in early childhood classrooms in India look like? Teachers' and parents' perspectives

The study assessed the nature of teacher–child interactions in early childhood classrooms in India, from the teachers' and parents' perspectives. Specifically, the impact of teacher training, satisfaction with training and job, years of experience, and class size on the teacher–child interactions were examined. Sixty‐five preschool teachers and 173 parents from an urban city in India comprised the total sample. Results using teacher reports indicated that the findings were not significant. According to parent reports, 25% of variance was accounted. Amount of experience showed a trend towards significance. Satisfaction with training of teachers inversely impacted the nature of teacher–child interactions. These findings suggested the interplay of specific factors such as limited space, finances and cultural notions of teaching/education, and adult–child relations on the perceptions of early childhood teachers and parents on teacher–child interactions in an Indian Context.
Barí Swidden gardens: Crop Segregation patterns

The proposition that tropical forest swidden gardens mimic the extraordinary species diversity of the forest by the use of extensive intercropping is examined in the light of the field architecture of the Bari, a people of the Maracaibo basin. Bari fields manifest annular zonation rather than intercropping. It is concluded that Bari horticulture is an inversion of the jungle rather than an imitation of it.
Intercloud Structure in a Turbulent Fractal Interstellar Medium

Pervasive turbulence and fractal structure in the interstellar gas imply the existence of large holes and gaps, filling ≥80% of the volume, which may be identified with the intercloud medium (ICM). Such an ICM needs no supernovae or other localized sources for clearing; extensive supernova clearing seems unlikely anyway on both observational and theoretical grounds. Fractal clouds produce fractal ionization zones (FIZ) in which O-star radiation can travel at least twice as far as in a standard Stromgren sphere, and they contain extensive holes covering ~50% of the sky through which this radiation can reach the Galactic halo. Clouds in a fractal medium are not randomly distributed like standard clouds in the conventional model; they are highly clumped and clustered. If most of the interstellar gas is in such fractal cloud complexes, then there are on average three clusters per kiloparsec on a line of sight. These three alone produce the observed eight "standard-cloud" absorption lines per kiloparsec by placing about five absorption features on each occupied line of sight through a cloud and none on the unoccupied lines of sight. The mean length of an unoccupied line of sight is ~600 pc.
Bonjour, stagnation: Russia's next years

THE MOOD IN A SOCIETY, whether it is in general optimistic or depressive, varies from one nation to another, and from one time to another. It is obvious that the character of the population's disposition is a significant factor in a society's social, economic and political life. The question about the 'American malaise' and the American spirit was an important issue in the debates between Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan during the presidential election campaign of 1980. However, it is a moot question whether it is better for the survival and progress of a society to be generally discontent with the current state of affairs, or to be satisfied with life despite some negative developments. The famous 'fin du siecle' pessimism which was rampant throughout the Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires at the end of the 19th century was to some extent responsible for the collapse of these empires. On the other hand, was not the famous American optimism one of the greatest causes of American progress over the past two centuries? The national mood is of special importance when a society is in a state of turmoil. What can better help a nation to cope with the problems which it faces-a critical spirit and a negative assessment of current life, or making every effort to adjust to the current situation and trying to rationalise developments as being 'normal'? In this article I will try to discuss this issue, analysing developments in post-communist Russia at the time of the last presidential election in summer 1996. By this period most Russians had clearly gravitated toward acceptance of their society's state of affairs as 'normal', despite all the 'objective indicators' of many pathological developments. Russians chose a different strategy than, for instance, the French, who now consider their society, with a huge permanent unemployment rate and curtailment of social benefits, as being chronically ill. Just as with sick individuals, who can chose from two strategies-ignoring their illness and considering their state of health 'normal', or being alert every minute, carefully studying each signal, each symptom stemming from their body, it is not easy to say which strategy is better for a society or an individual. It depends on a myriad of factors.
Rapid modulation of rat adipocyte lipoprotein lipase: effect of calcium, A23187 ionophore, and thrombin

The effect of calcium ions on the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in rat adipocytes has been investigated. Incubation of the cells in the absence of extracellular calcium produced a rapid decline of LPL activity in the cells. The enzyme, however, could be immediately reactivated in less than 3 min by the addition of calcium. The degree of reactivation was proportional to the concentration of extracellular calcium. α1 agonists phenylephrine and methoxamine affected LPL activity only slightly, as did vasopressin and angiotensin II. In contrast, calcium ionophore A23187 elicited a quick and transient enzyme activation which reached its peak 4 min after the addition of the drug. Thrombin (0.1 U/ml) produced the most rapid and intense response. The effect of thrombin was already evident 10 s after its addition, and the enzyme activity almost doubled above the basal level. Extracellular calcium was necessary to achieve thrombin activation. Contrary to previous thought [1], these data support the conclusion that LPL may undergo rapid activation, and that calcium ions are critically involved in this activation process. Thrombin rapidly raises LPL activity and may be one of its physiological activators in vivo.
Generic aspects of convexification with applications to thermodynamic equilibrium

This work presents a mathematical analysis of the process of convexification of a smooth function based on singularity theory. The theory developed is applied to the problem of thermodynamic phase equilibrium. The central notion introduced here is that of phase simplex, which we use to discuss phase equilibrium and phase transition in an abstract framework. One of the by-products of the results of this paper is a rigorous proof of Gibbs' Phase Rule for multicomponent systems, in which a well-accepted mathematical notion of genericity is used to account for ostensible exceptions to the rule. Also, many other features known from theoretical or experimental thermodynamics can be rediscovered through purely mathematical arguments from the notions introduced here. Such features include, among other things, the existence of saturation pressures, the existence of multiple or critical points, and the existence of spontaneous or continuous changes in the composition of the phases at phase transitions.
Getting it straight before we eat ourselves to death: From food system to foodshed in the 21st century

(1996). Getting it straight before we eat ourselves to death: From food system to foodshed in the 21st century. Society & Natural Resources: Vol. 9, Culture Diversity in Natural Resource Use, pp. 93-96.
Why the Closest Ambulance Cannot be Dispatched in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System

INTRODUCTION: Response time performance is related to increased survival for a relatively small group of patients with critical emergencies. Effectively utilizing current resources is a challenge for all emergency medical services (EMS) systems for reasons of cost-effectiveness and safety. PROBLEM: The objective of this study was to identify opportunities for improving ambulance response-time performance in an urban EMS system using fixed deployment. METHODS: This was a qualitative and quantitative case study which consisted of structured interviews with policy makers, managers, and workers in a fire department EMS division, as well as analysis of dispatch data and observation of dispatch operations. RESULTS: The current computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system does not identify the closest ambulance to the emergency, and therefore, dispatchers must guess which unit is closer when units are not within their stations or "first due" areas. There is no means to track how often dispatchers guess correctly or how often the closest ambulance actually is dispatched to the emergency. Temporal and geographic patterns were identified. Opportunities also were identified to improve response time performance through the use of dynamic deployment and peak-load staffing. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that there were opportunities for improving ambulance response times by implementing strategies such as peak-load staffing and dynamic deployment. However, the most important improvement would be the implementation of a policy to send the closest ambulance to the emergency. More research is needed to identify how prevalent the failure to send the closest ambulance is within EMS systems that use fixed-deployment response strategies and computer-aided dispatch systems that are incapable of tracking unit locations outside of their stations. Language: en
Asteroid rotation rates: II. A theory for the collisional evolution of rotation rates

Abstract A model for the evolution of the mean rotation rate of asteroids arising from mutual collisions yields reasonable agreement with observed rotation rates. The mean rotation rate of large asteroids for which gravitational binding energy exceeds material strength should be constant with respect to size. Since collisional erosion of small asteroids is more rapid than collisional spin-up, the onset of increased mean rotation rate occurs at a considerably smaller radius than the size at which material strength begins to dominate gravitational binding energy. For strong igneous rock, increased rotation rates are not expected among bodies larger than a few kilometers. If there is a real trend toward more rapid rotation among asteroids of ≈1−km radius (Degewij and Gehrels, (1976). Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 8 , 459), then a substantial population of strong asteroids in that size range is implied by this model. The slower mean rotation rate of C -type asteroids than other types (paper I) implies a ratio of densities of ≈2:3 between those types, in the context of this model.
Voltage Surges in Audio-Frequency Apparatus

Transient voltages of over 2000 are shown to occur across the secondary when the normal plate current of a high inductance audio transformer is opened. The oscillograph and inverted vacuum tube are used to bring out further that these transients are oscillations of definite frequency and magnitude, depending on the primary current, inductance, and secondary distributed capacity. The manner of breaking the circuit has a minor influence, for in most cases no appreciable discharge takes place at the contacts. The effect of amplifier circuits on the transients is considered, and suggestions are made as to possible means of protection.
Analysis of a Multi-Trajectory Conflict Detection Algorithm for Climbing Flights

Climb prediction uncertainty is a major source of error in trajectory-based automation for air traffic management. An algorithm to detect conflicts in the volume of airspace between fast-climb-rate and slow-climb-rate trajectories for climbing flights in the strategic detection time frame of 3-8 minutes was developed and evaluated using 12 hours of actual Fort Worth Center Host traffic data. Results indicate that conflict detections involving at least one climbing flight were made 2 minutes earlier on average using this multi-trajectory conflict detection algorithm than using a single-trajectory algorithm. Furthermore, although there were 55% more conflict detections using the multi-trajectory algorithm, only 15% of these additional detections were false alerts.
Urine-marking and ground-scratching by free-ranging Arctic Wolves, Canis lupus arctos, in summer

Urine-marking and ground-scratching were observed in an Arctic Wolf ( Canis lupus ) pack on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, during 16 summers between 1986 and 2005. All previously known urination postures and ground-scratching by breeding males and females were seen, and incidence of marking and scratching was greatest when non-pack wolves were present. Observations of urine-marking of food remains supported the conclusion from a captive Wolf study that such marking signals lack of edible food.
Reasons given for disclosure of maternal HIV status to children.

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the reasons given by mothers diagnosed with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) for disclosing or not disclosing their HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) status to their children, a dilemma faced by most HIV-infected parents and those who counsel them. We interviewed 29 mothers residing in one of two New York City facilities that provide housing and medical treatment for adults with AIDS. The majority of these mothers do not live with their children, but all had recent face-to-face contact with them. The two reasons most frequently considered important for disclosing to children were that disclosure was the “right thing to do” and the need to make arrangements for children's future in case of maternal death or incapacity. The reason most frequently considered important for not disclosing was maternal concern about discussing death and dying with children. These findings have significant implications for counseling of HIV-positive parents.
Advances in paediatric neuropsychopharmacology: an overview.

This Special Section of the International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology highlights current progress in paediatric neuropsychopharmacology. Combining critical reviews and, in some cases, new data, specific topics include: biological findings in major depression, sleep dysregulation in depressed youth, cardiovascular and ventilatory dysregulation in panic disorder, paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with strep (PANDAS), age of onset as a subtype marker in tic and obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD), functional and pharmaconeuroanatomy of OCD and the behavioural pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate. In this introductory section, these articles are placed in the context of the state-of-the field and, more specifically, within the framework of recent NIMH initiatives in paediatric neuropsychopharmacology.
By force of demand: Explaining international comovements

Abstract This paper explores the possibility that economic fluctuations may be largely demand-driven. It is shown that the stylized open-economy business cycle regularities documented by Feldstein and Horioka [1980. The Economic Journal 90 (June), 314–329] and Backus et al., [1992. Journal of Political Economy 100 (4), 745–775] can be explained by demand shocks alone even in a standard general equilibrium model. Frictions such as market incompleteness, increasing returns to scale, and sticky prices do not appear to be the preconditions for resolving these long-standing puzzles.
Parallel Firewall Designs for High-Speed Networks

In a high-speed environment (e.g. Gigabit Ethernet), a single network firewall is a potential bottleneck and increasingly susceptible to denial of service (DoS) attacks. Although creating a faster single firewall is possible, the performance benefits are only temporary as network speeds continue to increase. Therefore new firewall architectures are needed to meet the demands of high-speed networks. This paper reviews different parallel firewall architectures that have the ability to process packets at high speeds. Each design uses an array of firewalls to enforce a security policy, but will differ on how the array is used. Data-parallel distributes arriving packets across the array allowing greater throughput, while function-parallel distributes the rules which reduces processing delay. In general, the parallel designs are more scalable and significantly faster than a traditional single firewall. Simulation will demonstrate the performance benefits of the parallel designs under realistic conditions.
Across-frequency comparison of temporal speech information by listeners with normal and impaired hearing.

Listeners with normal hearing (NH) and with sensorineural hearing impairment (HI) were tested on a speech-recognition task requiring across-frequency integration of temporal speech information. Lis...
An Investigation of Electric Motor Drive Characteristics for EV and HEV Propulsion Systems

The recent growing interest in electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) demands for an efficient, reliable and economical motor drive for electric propulsion. However, searching for a suitable traction motor becomes quite involved when vehicle dynamics and system architecture are considered. This paper makes an in-depth investigation on two highly important traction motor characteristics, extended speed rangeability and energy efficiency, from vehicular system perspective. The influences of these two motor drive features on a pure EV, a post-transmission, and two pretransmission parallel HEV with 20% and 50% hybridization are studied in this paper. Two EV-HEV software packages ‘V-ELPH’ developed by Texas A&M University and ‘ADVISOR’ from NREL are used for simulation purposes. Based on the results in this paper, a systematic method is developed regarding the selection of traction drives for EV and HEV propulsion systems.
Hybrid meson decay phenomenology

The phenomenology of a newly formulated model of hybrid meson decay is developed. The decay mechanism is based on the heavy quark expansion of QCD and the strong coupling flux tube picture of nonperturbative glue. A comprehensive list of partial decay widths of a wide variety of light, s{bar s}, c{bar c}, and b{bar b} hybrid mesons is presented. Results which appear approximately universal are highlighted along with those which distinguish different hybrid decay models. Finally, we examine several interesting hybrid candidates in detail. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A STUDY OF THE CIRCULATION OF THE KIDNEYS FOLLOWING LIGATION OF ONE URETER

During the first four or five days after ligation of the ureter, the changes in the kidney are mainly degenerative in type. One week after ligation of the ureter connective tissue cells begin to appear infiltrating the kidney tissues. There is also an increase in the vascular cells of the glomeruli. These changes are well marked at the end of twenty days from the time of ligation. At the end of twenty days from the time of ligation there is also a marked hypertrophy of the control kidney, the glomeruli showing an average increase in size of twenty-five microns.
Computer science teacher professional development in the United States: a review of studies published between 2004 and 2014

While there has been a remarkable interest to make computer science a core K-12 academic subject in the United States, there is a shortage of K-12 computer science teachers to successfully implement computer sciences courses in schools. In order to enhance computer science teacher capacity, training programs have been offered through teacher professional development. In this study, the main goal was to systematically review the studies regarding computer science professional development to understand the scope, context, and effectiveness of these programs in the past decade (2004–2014). Based on 21 journal articles and conference proceedings, this study explored: (1) Type of professional development organization and source of funding, (2) professional development structure and participants, (3) goal of professional development and type of evaluation used, (4) specific computer science concepts and training tools used, (5) and their effectiveness to improve teacher practice and student learning.
“We’re Still Here . . . We’re Not Giving Up” Black and Latino Men’s Narratives of Transition to Community College

Objective: This study examines masculinity in a manner commensurate with established feminist frameworks to deconstruct a patriarchal system that ill-serves both men and women. Method: We utilized standpoint theory and narrative analysis to examine longitudinal, qualitative data from first-year Black and Latino males as they transition into community college through their second semester. Findings: Positionality is critical to understanding the success of Black and Latino males and their response to institutional structures. In many instances, men leveraged normative constructions of masculinity as aids to their success, and their resilience and confidence were filtered through their perceived development into adults. Conclusion: Implications for practice include the creation of spaces for men to talk about what it means to be a man in college and ways to influence men to make the most of resources when proffered, even if they tend to avoid seeking them out on their own. Further research should seek to un...
Recruitment and Loss in an Unhunted Subtropical White-Tailed Deer Population

Reproduction and mortality of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus seminolus) in eastern Everglades National Park, Florida, have been studied by live-capture and radiotelemetry since March 1987. As of 1 September 1989, 106 captures of 68 individuals have been made, and 58 deer have been radio-monitored for 81 deer-years. Estimated minimum pregnancy rates of adults and yearlings have averaged 82 and 33%, respectively. There is no evidence of breeding among female fawns. Only singleton fawns have been observed. Most (57%, n = 49) experienced 3-year-old mothers have recruited young (raised fawns to yearlings) compared with 1 of 9 (11%) inexperienced 2-year-old mothers. Estimates of annual fawn mortality have varied from 18% to 58% (x = 34%). Estimated annual mortality of yearlings (37%) approximates that of fawns. Radio-tagged deer 2 years old have been lost at an annual rate of 17%; there is some indication that the mortality rate of 2-year-olds is higher than that of older adults. Predation by Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi) has accounted for most (67%, n = 15) deaths of deer 1 year old. Assuming a field-observed sex ratio of 1:2 for yearlings and adults and given preliminary estimates of age-specific rates of natality and mortality, annual net recruitment to the population is estimated at 7%. This may be offset by the loss of dispersing young males. The Everglades deer population appears to be highly k-selected and relatively stable, indicative of a system with consistently low primary productivity.
Teaching Comparative Civil Procedure

Despite recent developments, American scholars are among the most parochial in the world. In this article, I share my experience and innovative techniques on teaching comparative civil procedure seminars to US and foreign students.In this seminar, each session addresses a different topic assigned to pairs of students on the first day of class. If possible, each pair consists of one American (usually a JD student) and one foreign student (usually an LLM student.) The American student presents the topic from the point of view of the foreign system and the foreign student presents the topic from the point of view of the American system. In addition to requiring that each student understand a different procedural system, this provides for more engaging discourse because each student will analyze his or her assigned system with a different perspective from that of a lawyer trained in that tradition.This paper was presented at an AALS Annual Meeting, held in San Francisco. La version francaise de ce document se trouvent a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1016412 The Greek version of this document can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1757707La version en espanol de este articulo puede encontrarse en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2063017
Marriage Equality on the Arc of Civil Rights History: A Broad Historical Narrative

This essay summarizes the thesis of a much longer article, Advocacy for Marriage Equality: The Power of a Broad Historical Narrative During a Transitional Period in Civil Rights, 2015 Mich. St. L. Rev 1249 (2015). Previous civil rights movements in the United States define broad historical patterns that form a narrative helpful to a proper understanding of new controversies. As a society we often could benefit from a reminder that our actions today will form the history for future generations, who will judge us with benefit of hindsight and a broader perspective. With each new civil rights controversy, we owe it to ourselves and to the victims of discrimination to ask whether we are once again in a period of transition, where conventional mores will soon sound as jarring as Justice Bradley’s concurrence in Bradwell v. Illinois sounds to us now.
The Divided Self: The Double Consciousness of Faculty of Color in Community Colleges

Through qualitative field methods research addressing faculty of color in four California community colleges, this investigation examines and explains faculty experiences and professional sense mak...
Preference of First-Instar Fall Armyworm Larvae for Corn Compared with Tripsacum dactyloides

Corn appeared highly preferred over Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) by 1st-inslar larvae of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Measurements of apparent preference were recorded by degree of damage to seedlings after 3 and 5 days, number of plants with pinhole injury after 3 days, and length of larvae after 5 days. Preference of larvae also was studied by using excised leaves of corn and T. dactyloides , with corn highly preferred. Antigua 2D-160-87 was the least damaged of the com lines studied. This subrace of com was shown to be less damaged in earlier tests, and it is the most resistant of some 1120 lines of corn tested at the seedling stage in the greenhouse.
Analysis of Eye-Tracking Data with Regards to the Complexity of Flight Deck Information Automation and Management - Inattentional Blindness, System State Awareness, and EFB Usage

In the constant drive to further the safety and efficiency of air travel, the complexity of avionics-related systems, and the procedures for interacting with these systems, appear to be on an ever-increasing trend. While this growing complexity often yields productive results with respect to system capabilities and flight efficiency, it can place a larger burden on pilots to manage increasing amounts of information and to understand intricate system designs. Evidence supporting this observation is becoming widespread, yet has been largely anecdotal or the result of subjective analysis. One way to gain more insight into this issue is through experimentation using more objective measures or indicators. This study utilizes and analyzes eye-tracking data obtained during a high-fidelity flight simulation study wherein many of the complexities of current flight decks, as well as those planned for the next generation air transportation system (NextGen), were emulated. The following paper presents the findings of this study with a focus on electronic flight bag (EFB) usage, system state awareness (SSA) and events involving suspected inattentional blindness (IB).
Cross Hedging Strategies for Solar Energy Production using Weather Derivatives

Weather elements such as temperature and solar radiation play a crucial role in renewable power production as well as in power consumption. Consequently, these weather factors impact the profitability of such renewable energy producers. In this research, we identify the core risk exposures of a solar energy producer at different times of the year owing to variability in weather elements and energy consumption patterns. We investigate the extent of natural hedge embedded in the dependence of power production using solar energy and power consumption on risk of variations in weather elements. We further develop a framework to construct explicit cross hedging strategies for mitigation of the identified weather risk using temperature-based weather derivatives. In this framework, we analyze the extent of risk reduction possible at different times of the year through a variety of temperature derivative contracts. We find that there is significant benefit of natural hedge in certain months of the year, while in others explicit hedges put in place can effectively modify risk exposure. Our study finds that temperature derivatives based hedges are more effective for summer versus winter months.
Electrical and Ca2+ signaling in dendritic spines of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons

Little is known about the density and function of dendritic spines on midbrain dopamine neurons, or the relative contribution of spine and shaft synapses to excitability. Using Ca(2+) imaging, glutamate uncaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and transgenic mice expressing labeled PSD-95, we comparatively analyzed electrical and Ca(2+) signaling in spines and shaft synapses of dopamine neurons. Dendritic spines were present on dopaminergic neurons at low densities in live and fixed tissue. Uncaging-evoked potential amplitudes correlated inversely with spine length but positively with the presence of PSD-95. Spine Ca(2+) signals were less sensitive to hyperpolarization than shaft synapses, suggesting amplification of spine head voltages. Lastly, activating spines during pacemaking, we observed an unexpected enhancement of spine Ca(2+) midway throughout the spike cycle, likely involving recruitment of NMDA receptors and voltage-gated conductances. These results demonstrate functionality of spines in dopamine neurons and reveal a novel modulation of spine Ca(2+) signaling during pacemaking.
INFORMATION INTEGRATION IN RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT GIS

Many different types of information hierarchical involved in reservoir exploitation have typical 3 D distributing features and various data types. Traditional database techniques organize information into tabular form. Hardly represent distributing of spatial objects. Although GIS can effectively describe the problem in 2 dimensional space, lack of abilities for describing and analyzing 3 D reservoirs. The data of reservoir management GIS and relations among these data was analysed in this paper, a method based on hypermap model and its implementation in reservoir management GIS was presented. A GIS system involved with hypermap can flexibly manage and retrieve dynamic or static data of filed exploitation, it provided a comprehensive data support for reservoir exploitation decision.