cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent vs. post-task usability test ratings

This test of rating scale use showed that there were significant differences between questionnaire ratings when users were asked to rate task ease and enjoyment during task execution (Concurrent) vs. after task completion (Post-Task). Results suggest that users' Post-Task ratings may not accurately reflect their actual task experience. Results also suggested that there are qualitative differences between user verbal protocols between the Concurrent and Post-Task groups. Implications for use of test ratings scales are discussed.
Bound to be 'normal' assistive technology, fair opportunity, and athletic excellence

Objections to the use of assistive technologies (such as prosthesis) in elite sports are generally raised when the technology in question is perceived to afford the user a potentially "unfair advantage," when it is perceived as a threat to the purity of the sport, and/or when it is perceived as a precursor to a slippery slope toward undesirable changes in the sport. These objections rely on being able to quantify standards of "normal" within a sport so that changes attributed to the use of assistive technology can be judged as causing a significant deviation from our understanding of "fair" advantage, purity, and status quo. These three objections hold athletes using assistive technologies accountable to standards that restrict their opportunities to achieve greatness, while athletes who do not use assistive technologies are able to push beyond the boundaries of these standards without moral scrutiny. This paper explores how constructions of fairness and "normality" impact elite athletes who use assistive technology to compete in a sporting venue traditionally populated with "able-bodied" competitors.
Model based user interface design for predicting lung cancer treatment outcomes

We have developed a web-based tool to predict lung cancer patient's survival probability using previously developed survivability prediction software architecture. Four statistical models are included in this version, three for non-small cell lung cancer and one for limited-stage small cell lung cancer. To make the software tool more accessible and convenient for doctors and patients in a clinical setting, user interfaces are developed using a model based approach. Inputs common to prediction models are placed in interface which appears first, model specific inputs later. This design approach reduced both number of entries per interface and average number of interfaces a user needs to navigate.
Ford Madox Brown, Carlyle, Macaulay and Bakhtin: The Pratfalls and Penultimates of History

Ford Madox Brown’s Manchester Town Hall mural series was the site of late Victorian contentions about both history and history painting. A long-standing discourse of history, represented in Manchester’s many local histories and guidebooks, debated the ‘facts’ and significance of Manchester’s history and contributions to British history. Brown’s murals participated in this debate at the very moment of the city’s new emergence as an independent municipality with its own self-government and new rebuilding projects. Brown’s murals commented on this discourse through imagery and the accompanying narratives he wrote. Unlike his earlier narratives for paintings, these narratives were not about Brown’s ideas and intentions. Instead, they incorporated the new historical language of satire, displacement and factual ambiguity. Brown was an avid reader of Carlyle and Macaulay who, despite their differences, shared innovative methods; a criticism of cause and effect; and a focus on quotidian, collective, and anonymous actors and motives. Brown employed their methods, including passages from Carlyle’s French Revolution, to satirize official history. His selection of ‘minor’ details and figures foregrounded the selection process itself and problematized historical content, as did Carlyle’s and Macaulay’s methods. Brown’s relationship to history painting, however, was not satirical. He admired Dyce, Maclise and the German Nazarenes without imitating their idealism. Brown eschewed high seriousness, diluted important events with banal incidents, put crucial events in the street rather than the court, and juxtaposed ‘heroes’ with anonymous passers-by to interrogate notions of idealism and heroism. Respectfully quoting Maclise’s works through visual reversals, Brown conveyed his own `reversal’ away from idealism toward the revisionism of Carlyle and Macaulay. The murals authored and authorized Manchester history. Bakhtin’s themes of the carnival, novelization, surprise and the ‘word with a loophole’ illuminate how the murals forged a new civic history built on collectivity, working-class contributions, and corporate capital. Radical in his support for the working class, Brown was also nationalistic in his expression of Manchester’s English pedigree and mercantile hegemony. His murals express innovations and contradictions in their melding of Manchester history into broader Victorian discourses of history, history painting, British hegemony and the Empire, while offering criticism of cherished Victorian ideals and revealing the depths of Brown’s own intellectual comprehension of changing Victorian notions of history.
Dye-sensitized photooxygenation of the C=N bond. 5. substituent effects on the cleavage of the C=N bond of C-aryl-N-aryl-N-methylhydrazones.

The title compounds are cleaved cleanly at the CN bond by singlet oxygen (1O2, 1Δg) yielding arylaldehydes and N-aryl-N-methylnitrosamines. These reactions take place more rapidly at −78 °C than at...
Dendrimeric Liquid Crystals: Isotropic−Nematic Pretransitional Behavior

Kerr measurements, ellipsometry, and quasielastic light scattering have been used to probe nematic fluctuations and nematic wetting at an isotropic liquid crystal−substrate interface in four generations of liquid crystalline monodendrons and dendrimers. We find that the pretransitional behavior is qualitatively similar to that of low molecular weight liquid crystals, exhibiting a Landau-like divergence of the relaxation time and a logarithmic divergence of the optical retardation on approaching the nematic−isotropic phase transition from above. Quantitatively, we find that the transition temperatures of the monodendrons are typically about 0.5 K above the supercooling limit of the isotropic phase and that the orientational viscosities may be fit to a power law in molecular weight Mn, where the exponent ≤ 1.0.
Cluster headache from the patient’s point of view

The medical literature provides few opportunities for physicians to read and reflect on detailed, first-hand narratives of individual patient experiences. The author invited patients with cluster headache to respond in writing to a series of open-ended questions about their experience with the illness. The patient responses provide important information for physicians and others who seek a more complete understanding of cluster headache.
Free Subproducts and Free Scaled Products of II1-Factors

Abstract The constructions of free subproducts of von Neumann algebras and free scaled products are introduced, and results about them are proved, including rescaling results and results about free trade in free scaled products.
Primary HIV infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to outcome.

Abstract It is now apparent that early identification of primary HIV infection is important, because events occurring in early disease may predict how fast a patient progresses to AIDS. However, as Dr Schacker points out, diagnosis is not easy at this stage. This article describes clinical features and laboratory tests to help primary care physicians make a timely diagnosis and discusses current recommendations for therapy.
Review of Experimental Data: KamLAND

Recent results from KamLAND are presented. The following contains material excerpted from [K. Eguchi et al., KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 021802].
Trypanosoma brucei S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase N terminus is essential for allosteric activation by the regulatory subunit prozyme

Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Polyamine biosynthesis is a clinically validated target for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Metabolic differences between the parasite and the human polyamine pathway are thought to contribute to species selectivity of pathway inhibitors. S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) catalyzes a key step in the production of the polyamine spermidine. We previously showed that trypanosomatid AdoMetDC differs from other eukaryotic enzymes in that it is regulated by heterodimer formation with a catalytically dead paralog, designated prozyme, which binds with high affinity to the enzyme and increases its activity by up to 103-fold. Herein, we examine the role of specific residues involved in AdoMetDC activation by prozyme through deletion and site-directed mutagenesis. Results indicate that 12 key amino acids at the N terminus of AdoMetDC are essential for prozyme-mediated activation with Leu-8, Leu-10, Met-11, and Met-13 identified as the key residues. These N-terminal residues are fully conserved in the trypanosomatids but are absent from other eukaryotic homologs lacking the prozyme mechanism, suggesting co-evolution of these residues with the prozyme mechanism. Heterodimer formation between AdoMetDC and prozyme was not impaired by mutation of Leu-8 and Leu-10 to Ala, suggesting that these residues are involved in a conformational change that is essential for activation. Our findings provide the first insight into the mechanisms that influence catalytic regulation of AdoMetDC and may have potential implications for the development of new inhibitors against this enzyme. Background: Trypanosoma brucei S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) is activated by heterodimerization with a catalytically dead paralog, prozyme. Results: Trypanosomatid-specific residues in the AdoMetDC N terminus are essential for prozyme-mediated activation but not for heterodimerization. Conclusion: AdoMetDC activation likely involves a conformational change of the N-terminal peptide. Significance: Development of conformationally sensitive AdoMetDC inhibitors may provide a species-selective mechanism to inhibit trypanosomatid AdoMetDCs.
Binary image registration using cellular simultaneous recurrent networks

Cellular simultaneous recurrent networks (CSRN)s have been traditionally exploited to solve digital control and conventional maze traversing problems. In a previous work [1], we investigate the use of CSRNs for image registration under affine transformations for binary images. In Ref. [1], we attempt to register simulated binary images with in-plane rotations between ±20° using two different CSRN implementations such as with 1) a general multi-layered perceptron (GMLP) architecture; and (2) a modified MLP architecture with multi-layered feedback. Our results in Ref. 1 show that both architectures achieve moderate local registration, with our modified MLP architecture producing a best result of around 64% for cost function accuracy and 98% for image registration accuracy. In this current work, for the first time in literature, we investigate gray scale image registration using CSRNs. We exploit both types of CSRNs for registration of realistic images and perform complete evaluation of both binary and gray-scale image registration. Simulation results with both CSRN architectures show an average cost function accuracy of 40.5% and an average image accuracy of 33.2%, with a best result of 46.2% and 40.3%, respectively. Image results clearly show that the CSRN shows promise for use in registration of gray-scale images.
Tropes of Indolence and the Cultural Politics of Development in Lhasa, Tibet

Abstract Tibetans in Lhasa negotiate development, as a hegemonic project, through idioms animated by situated practices and historically sedimented memories. Two related idioms through which development is experienced are a pervasive trope of Tibetan indolence and one that describes Tibetans as being spoiled. A Gramscian analysis of contradictory consciousness is critical to understanding the trope of indolence, which is both a performative speech act and a reference to patterns of labor and time allocation. The trope is informed by contemporary state development discourse and national value-codings of “quality” under economic reform, as well as culturally, historically, and religiously constituted notions of proper work. These idioms tie together ambivalence about multiple aspects of life as transformed by development, including underemployment, urbanization, and chemically intensive agriculture. Though culturally specific, these idioms of development are not “merely cultural.” Instead, they are shaped b...
pH-Operated Mechanized Porous Silicon Nanoparticles

Porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs) were synthesized by a silver-assisted electroless chemical etching of silicon nanowires generated on a silicon wafer. The rod-shaped particles (200-400 nm long and 100-200 nm in diameter) were derivatized with a cyclodextrin based nanovalve that is closed at physiological pH 7.4 but open at pH<6. Release profiles in water and tissue culture media show that no cargo leaks when the valves are closed and that release occurs immediately after acidification. In vitro studies using human pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells proved that these PSiNPs are endocytosed and carry cargo molecules into the cells and release them in response to lysosomal acidity. These studies show that PSiNPs can serve as an autonomously functioning delivery platform in biological systems and open new possibilities for drug delivery.
Swaziland's Language Policy for Schools

Abstract Language policy is a matter of great importance to developing countries, particularly those that were under colonial rule prior to independence. A prominent issue is the choice of an official and national language in situations where the language of the colonial power was essential for economic development and international communication, and the national language was not equipped for this purpose. Such was the case in Swaziland, and this article gives a description of Swaziland's language policy for schools. First, a general discussion of language policy is provided in order to put Swaziland's language situation into the Anglophone perspective. Second, Swaziland's language policy is discussed, based on language ‘policy’ documents prepared by the Ministry of Education. Finally, even though both English and siSwati are considered official languages, English will however continue to be employed as the major vehicle for economic development and international trade and communication.
The Role of Ambipolar Potential in the Propulsive Performance of the GDM Thruster

Many of the studies assessing the capability of the Gasdynamic Mirror (GDM) fusion propulsion system used analyses that ignored the ambipolar potential. The electrostatic potential arises as a result of the fast escape of the electrons due to their small mass. As they escape they leave behind an excess of positive charge which manifests itself as a positive electric potential that slows down the electron escape while speeding up the ions until their respective axial diffusions are equalized. The indirect effect on the ions is that their confinement time is reduced, and to compensate for that, the length must increase, relative to that of zero potential, in order to allow for recovery of an equal amount of fusion power. But as they emerge from the thruster mirror, the ions acquire an added energy equal to the potential, and that manifests itself in increased specific impulse and thrust. We examine in this paper the underlying theory of this effect and evaluate its impact on the GDM propulsion capability. Nomenclature Ac = area of plasma core A0 = mirror area D = axial diffusion coefficient E = electric field Ee = electron energy EL = escape energy e = electron charge k = density scale length L = length of plasma
Machiavelli's Intention: The Prince*

Many writers have attempted to describe the intention of The Prince by using the term “scientific.” This description is defensible, and even helpful, provided it is properly understood. The present article is meant to prepare such an understanding.I. The Prince combines the characteristics of a treatise and a tract for the times.Let us begin at the beginning. In the Epistle Dedicatory Machiavelli gives three indications of the subject-matter of the book: he has incorporated into it his knowledge of the actions of great men both modern and ancient; he dares to discuss princely government and to give rules for it; he possesses knowledge of the nature of princes. As appears from the Epistle Dedicatory, from the book itself, and from what the author says elsewhere, knowledge of the actions of great men, i.e., historical knowledge, supplies only materials for knowledge of what princely government is, of the characteristics of the various kinds of principalities, of the rules with which one has to comply in order to acquire and preserve princely power, and of the nature of princes.
Postpartum depression: an update

Postpartum depression occurs in at least one in seven new mothers, usually within the first 6 months after delivery. By the time of onset of postpartum depression, the mother has usually long since been discharged from the maternity hospital. Early identification and treatment of these mothers reduces both maternal and infant suffering. Careful risk–benefit decision-making regarding various treatment options in the postpartum should be discussed with the mother. Risks of untreated depression include poor bonding with the infant, lack of self care, infant neglect and infanticide.
Screening and Detection of Pancreatic Cancer

Screening and early detection of pancreatic cancer has the potential to substantially impact outcomes in this deadly disease. Over the last ten years several cohort studies have been conducted and report on the yield of screening in high risk populations. With better understanding of the cellular compartments and the genetic and epigenetic changes that occur, biomarkers have also emerged as promising means of early detection. In this paper we summarize the results of the latest screening cohort and highlight a novel proteomic approach that may be used in future biomarker studies. Image: Factors responsible for the activation of pancreatic stellate cells.
Pythagorean primes and palindromic continued fractions.

In this note, we prove that every prime of the form 4m + 1 is the sum of the squares of two positive integers in a unique way. Our proof is based on elementary combinatorial properties of continued fractions. It uses an idea by Henry J. S. Smith ([3], [5], and [6]) most recently described in [4] (which provides a new proof of uniqueness and reprints Smith’s paper in the original Latin). Smith’s proof makes heavy use of nontrivial properties of determinants. Our purely combinatorial proof is self-contained and elementary.
Multiple Submarine-Cemented Grainstone Sequences Along Leeward Carbonate Margins: Examples from Late Quaternary of Little and Great Bahama Banks: ABSTRACT

Coarse-grained, leeward-margin sand shoals, developed during the late Quaternary along the western edges of Little and Great Bahama Bank, have been deposited and preserved in response to regional sediment-transport processes and local physicochemical conditions. These sand bodies are fundamental depositional sequences, chronostratigraphically bounded by subaerial exposure crusts, and thus are of major importance in determining rates of bank-margin growth and in understanding the dynamics of carbonate margin buildup. In the Holocene sediments, these sand bodies are 1-2 km wide, up to 35 m thick, and are present along 400 End_Page 316------------------------------ km of the western Bahamas. Surficial sediment is composed of coarse sand and granules dominated by composite-ooid grains. Submarine cementation is active and has led to the development of coarser grain sizes during the depositional interval. Fine to medium-sized grains are cemented with fibrous aragonite and surficially coated at the tidally active margin. The resultant composite-ooid sediment is more hydrodynamically stable and is rapidly cemented into hardgrounds characterized by a smooth (tidally abraded) upper surface. Lithification is gradational through a thickness of 50-100 mm to an irregular lower boundary transitional with uncemented material. These hardgrounds are submarine discontinuity surfaces developed during inter-storm conditions of winnowing and bypass sedimentation a ong a depositional profile of equilibrium. Rock cores into the Pleistocene section have recovered sediments and submarine discontinuity surfaces identical to those in the Holocene. These are present in the two latest Pleistocene sequences representing the last major interglacial intervals. Both the Holocene and Pleistocene sequences have one or two cemented zones per meter in the upper section. The presence of these deposits throughout the preserved stratigraphic package indicates the persistence of characteristic leeward depositional processes during the late Quaternary and their importance in bank-margin growth. A combination of characteristics including typical microfacies, cements, and discontinuity surfaces (if seen in the ancient) should be good indicators of leeward-margin setting . End_of_Article - Last_Page 317------------
Hypertension Is Associated With Preamyloid Oligomers in Human Atrium: A Missing Link in Atrial Pathophysiology?

Background Increasing evidence indicates that proteotoxicity plays a pathophysiologic role in experimental and human cardiomyopathy. In organ‐specific amyloidoses, soluble protein oligomers are the primary cytotoxic species in the process of protein aggregation. While isolated atrial amyloidosis can develop with aging, the presence of preamyloid oligomers (PAOs) in atrial tissue has not been previously investigated. Methods and Results Atrial samples were collected during elective cardiac surgery in patients without a history of atrial arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, or amyloidosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed for PAOs using a conformation‐specific antibody, as well as for candidate proteins identified previously in isolated atrial amyloidosis. Using a myocardium‐specific marker, the fraction of myocardium colocalizing with PAOs (PAO burden) was quantified (green/red ratio). Atrial samples were obtained from 92 patients, with a mean age of 61.7±13.8 years. Most patients (62%) were male, 23% had diabetes, 72% had hypertension, and 42% had coronary artery disease. A majority (n=62) underwent aortic valve replacement, with fewer undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (n=34) or mitral valve replacement/repair (n=24). Immunostaining detected intracellular PAOs in a majority of atrial samples, with a heterogeneous distribution throughout the myocardium. Mean green/red ratio value for the samples was 0.11±0.1 (range 0.03 to 0.77), with a value ≥0.05 in 74 patients. Atrial natriuretic peptide colocalized with PAOs in myocardium, whereas transthyretin was located in the interstitium. Adjusting for multiple covariates, PAO burden was independently associated with the presence of hypertension. Conclusion PAOs are frequently detected in human atrium, where their presence is associated with clinical hypertension.
Ettringite Formation in Lime-Treated Soils: Establishing Thermodynamic Foundations for Engineering Practice

The use of calcium-based stabilizers such as calcium oxide (lime) in sulfate-bearing clay soils has historically led to structural distress because of the formation of a mineral called ettringite and possibly thau masite. In trying to control the damage associated with such formations, engineers have attempted to determine a threshold level of soluble sulfates—a quantity that is relatively easy and quick to measure at which significant ettringite growth and, therefore, structural distress occurs. This is indeed a complex problem related to not only soil composition but also construction methods, availability of water, ion migration, and the ability of the void structure to accommodate the expansive mineral growth. Unfortunately, experience alone and rules-of-thumb based on experience are not sufficient to deal with this complex issue. Thermody namic geochemical models of the lime-treated soil can be used as a first step toward establishing thresholds for problematic levels of soluble sulfates for a specif...
Characterization of de novo transcriptome for waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) using GS-FLX 454 pyrosequencing and its application for studies of herbicide target-site genes.

BACKGROUND: Waterhemp is a model for weed genomics research in part because it possesses many interesting biological characteristics,rapidlyevolvesresistancetoherbicidesandhasasolidfoundationofpreviousgeneticswork.Todevelopfurther thegenomicsresourcesforwaterhemp,thetranscriptomewassequencedusingRocheGS-FLX454pyrosequencingtechnology. RESULTS: Pyrosequencing produced 483225 raw reads, which, after quality control and assembly, yielded 44469 unigenes (contigs +singletons).Atotalof49%oftheseunigenesdisplayedhighlysignificantsimilaritiestoArabidopsisproteinsandwere subsequentlygroupedintogeneontologycategories.Blastsearchesagainstpublicandcustomdatabaseshelpedinidentifying andobtainingpreliminarysequencedataforallofthemajortarget-sitegenesforwhichwaterhemphasdocumentedresistance. Moreover, sequence data for two other herbicide targets [4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and glutamine synthetase], where resistance has not yet been reported in any plant, were also investigated in waterhemp and six related weedy Amaranthus species. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the enormous value of 454 sequencing for gene discovery and polymorphism detection in a major weed species and its relatives. Furthermore, the merging of the 454 transcriptome data with results from a previous whole genome 454 sequencing experiment has made it possible to establish a valuable genomic resource for weed science research. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry Supportinginformationmaybefoundintheonlineversionofthisarticle.
A note on the symmetry constraints imposed by dominance in multiple locus genetic models

A method is introduced that allows the simplification of the calculation of equilibrium solutions in multiple locus genetic models of a single infinite population. The method can be applied when the number of different fitnesses is equal to or less than one more than the number of independent allelic frequencies. The results are in terms of relationships – the symmetry constraints – between the gametic frequencies that must be satisfied at any boundary or internal equilibrium. The symmetry constraints are independent of the fitness values and of the recombination fractions. This can lead to some understanding of the equilibrium structure of a model when the full equilibrium solution is not obtained and reduces the number of independent variables in the calculations of the full equilibrium solutions. Examples of two locus models with two alleles at each locus and with two alleles at one locus and three at the other are discussed.
Characteristics of the 1998 Summer Monsoon Onset over the Northern South China Sea

Observations from the May–June 1998 South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) have been used to determine the characteristics of the onset of the summer monsoon over the northern South China Sea (SCS). The onset occurred in mid-May with a rapid increase in deep convection over a weekto-ten-day period, followed by a ~ten-day break, and then a resumption of deep convection for a week-toten-day period in early June. The temporal and spatial variabilities of rainfall rates from the atmospheric moisture budget, satellite, and model estimates generally agree well, although the mean rainfall rate from the models for the 47-day Intensive Observing Period (IOP) is about 25% greater than the other estimates. The SST gradually increased over the northern SCS during the IOP, interrupted by slight cooling following monsoon onset until early June when the warming resumed. Surface sensible and latent heat fluxes increased after onset, but then decreased in June as a result of warm, moist air advecting over cooler water near the south China coast. The mean apparent heat source Q1 during convective periods resembled that determined for other tropical oceanic regions with a peak near 400 hPa. The apparent moisture sink Q2 also resembled profiles for other tropical regions, except for larger values below 900 hPa. The heating and moistening rates and vertical eddy flux of total heat during the early-June active period were greater than those observed during the May monsoon onset active period, indicating more vigorous deep convection as the monsoon ensued, a finding supported by Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar data.
Potassium hydrogen diphthalate dihydrate: a new structure and correction to the literature.

The title compound, K + [(C8H5O4)2H] ˇ 2H2 Oo r K + C16H11O8 ˇ 2H2O, was prepared by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate. The molecular complex consists of a potassium cation coordinated to a proton-bound hydrogen phthalate dimer and two water molecules. The potassium cation resides on a twofold axis in a distorted square-antiprism coordination geometry. The compound is isomorphous with the ammonium analogue, previously misidentified. As potassium hydrogen phthalate is frequently used in the manufacture of buffers, organic carbon standards, acidimetric standards and various other products, the crystallization of a compound with a different stoichiometery from a solution containing the acidimetric standard has important practical implications.
Prolonged acute kidney injury exacerbates lung inflammation at 7 days post‐acute kidney injury

Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) have increased mortality; data suggest that the duration, not just severity, of AKI predicts increased mortality. Animal models suggest that AKI is a multisystem disease that deleteriously affects the lungs, heart, brain, intestine, and liver; notably, these effects have only been examined within 48 h, and longer term effects are unknown. In this study, we examined the longer term systemic effects of AKI, with a focus on lung injury. Mice were studied 7 days after an episode of ischemic AKI (22 min of renal pedicle clamping and then reperfusion) and numerous derangements were present including (1) lung inflammation; (2) increased serum proinflammatory cytokines; (3) liver injury; and (4) increased muscle catabolism. Since fluid overload may cause respiratory complications post-AKI and fluid management is a critical component of post-AKI care, we investigated various fluid administration strategies in the development of lung inflammation post-AKI. Four different fluid strategies were tested – 100, 500, 1000, or 2000 lL of saline administered subcutaneously daily for 7 days. Interestingly, at 7 days post-AKI, the 1000 and 2000 lL fluid groups had less severe AKI and less severe lung inflammation versus the 100 and 500 lL groups. In summary, our data demonstrate that appropriate fluid management after an episode of ischemic AKI led to both (1) faster recovery of kidney function and (2) significantly reduced lung inflammation, consistent with the notion that interventions to shorten AKI duration have the potential to reduce complications and improve patient outcomes.
The Female Athlete Triad

The Female Athlete Triad poses serious health risks, both short and long term, to the overall well-being of affected individuals. Sustained low energy availability can impair health, causing many medical complications within the skeletal, endocrine, cardiovascular, reproductive, and central nervous systems. With the surge of females participating in athletics within the past 10 to 15 years, it is both conceivable and likely that the prevalence of this syndrome will continue to grow. Therefore, it is imperative that appropriate screening and diagnostic measures are enacted by a multidisciplinary team of health care providers, counselors, teachers, and dieticians in order to provide the proper care to affected athletes. Initial awareness should take place within the educational confines of elementary and high schools. Screening for female athletes exhibiting risk factors for the triad should also take place at the time of sports physicals. If one component of the triad is identified, the clinician should take the time to effectively workup the other 2. Treatment for each component of the triad includes both pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures, with emphasis placed upon increased energy availability and overall improved nutritional health. Using this all-encompassing type of approach, sports medicine practitioners should feel empowered to continue to promote the lifelong well-being of female athletes in the years to come.
Underwater measurements using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

New data is presented related to high-pressure underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements. LIBS calibration curves in high-pressure water are shown for elements that are relevant to hydrothermal vent fluid chemistry. The use of internal standards in high-pressure solutions is shown, and the use of hydrogen and oxygen, produced from decomposition of water by the LIBS plasma, as an internal standard for underwater LIBS measurements is demonstrated. The use of double-pulse LIBS for high pressure underwater measurements provides improved sensitivity but it is shown that the technique is limited by reduction in the size of the laser-induced vapor bubble with increased solution pressure.
Does hyperthermia increase skeletal muscle damage from eccentric exercise

Rhabdomyolysis is often associated with novel physical exercise and exertional heat illness in warm temperatures. It is possible that accentuated hyperthermia might partially be responsible for these observations, but direct evidence is lacking. Previous research has not manipulated skeletal muscle temperature and evaluated its impact on muscle damage induced by a standardized eccentric exercise (ECCEX) challenge. It was hypothesized that local muscle heating (HEAT) applied just before ECCEX will cause greater skeletal muscle functional loss and damage compared to ECCEX performed without muscle heating (CON).
Plasma contact activation: A revised hypothesis

A new hypothesis for activation of the contact system of plasma proteolysis (i.e., the plasma kallikrein/kinin system) is presented. Kininogens have a multiprotein receptor on endothelial cells which consists of at least cytokeratin 1, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and gC1qR. When contact proteins (high molecular weight kininogen followed by prekallikrein) assemble on the kininogen receptor on endothelial cells, an endothelial cell membrane cysteine protease is expressed to activate prekallikrein to kallikrein. On endothelial cells, prekallikrein activation is independent of factor XIIa activation. Activation of prekallikrein on endothelial cells results in kallikrein cleaving its receptor high molecular weight kininogen to liberate bradykinin. Bradykinin liberation stimulates release of tissue-type plasminogen activator from endothelial cells. Kallikrein formation also results in kinetically favorable pro-urokinase activation on endothelial cells with subsequent plasminogen activation. In addition to stimulating cellular fibrinolysis, kininogens contribute to the constitutive anticoagulant nature of the intravascular compartment. Kininogens block calpain's participation in forming the heterodimeric complex of platelet integrin alpha IIb beta 3. Kininogens also block thrombin from binding to the thrombin receptor(s) on platelets. Last, kininogens prevent thrombin from cleaving protease activated receptor 1 after arginine41. These combined data indicate a biologic system for activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system and physiologic consequences as result of this activation.
Young Children's Deliberate Reminding

Summary Preschool children have been shown to engage in deliberate memory procedures, but can toddlers? Mothers were instructed to present deliberate reminding tasks (e.g., “Remind me to get milk at the store”) to their 2-, 3-and 4-year-olds (10 each), in the course of their everyday activities. Unprompted deliberate reminding of high-interest tasks was frequent, both for short (five minute) and long (four- to eight-hour) delays. Even two-year-olds remembered such tasks 80% of the time. The results indicate an early development of a deliberate set to remember in toddlers.
Some Effects of Chemical Carcinogens on Cell Organelles

There is no single ultrastructural feature that distinguishes the malignant cell from its normal counterpart, and, with some exceptions, the premalignant state, although conceptually useful, has not been identifiable morphologically. Nevertheless, ultrastructural studies of tissues and cells from animals given chemical carcinogens have disclosed many early, intermediate, and late alterations in cell structure that have helped to clarify the biological interaction between a carcinogen or its metabolite and specific organelles. In addition, such studies have made possible comparisons between the cellular responses to carcinogenic injury and other forms of cell damage, thereby placing the problem of carcinogenesis in an appropriately larger biological perspective. Although morphological description of the responses of cells to carcinogens cannot substitute for biochemical analysis of the significance of such responses, nonetheless descriptive morphology serves as a useful step preliminary to other forms of investigation.
CSOWC: A unified classification framework for standardizing optical wireless communications

Free space optics (FSO) or optical wireless communication (OWC) technology has regained a great interest over the last decade as an attractive alternative or complementary technology for existing technologies, such as radio frequency (RF), that have been pushed to their limits in order to serve the needs of emerging applications. Accordingly, FSO technology is being widely deployed in various indoor, terrestrial, space, and underwater systems. As the application portfolio of FSO/OWC technology grows, so does the need for a clear classification for FSO/OWC link configurations. An efficient classification can serve as a unified language to link different entities involved in the standardization process. This is particularly important during the early stages of standard development which require discussions and exchange of ideas between different standardization entities, including: academic, industry, and regulatory. Most existing classifications, however, focus on indoor OWC systems. Less attention has been paid to terrestrial, space, and underwater OWC systems. Moreover, most classifications for the indoor OWC are not inclusive enough to accommodate recent and emerging developments of indoor link configurations. In this paper, we present a most-inclusive scenario-oriented (or function-based) classification, CSOWC, that can be used to classify existing and future indoor, terrestrial, space, and underwater OWC links using common and simple unified notation. We believe that, CSOWC can serve as a unified framework for standardization bodies to identify potential needed standards and to deliver efficient standards that meets the emerging market needs. Moreover, we use the proposed classification to briefly review existing standards and recommendations related to OWC.
Accountable Care Organizations — The Fork in the Road

Despite the uncertainty and controversy it has generated, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has sown the seeds for a major reorganization of the U.S. health care delivery system. In almost every region of the country, hospitals and physicians are forming (or talking about forming) accountable care organizations (ACOs) and entering into other arrangements designed to integrate care, manage chronic conditions, and enable evidence-based practices. Critical to the achievement of these ends are the regulations and guidance soon to be issued by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). One of the . . .
POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND NUMERICAL TAXONOMY OF TAPHRINA CAERULESCENS AND TAPHRINA DEFORMANS

Thirteen isolates of Taphrina caerulescens and six isolates of T. deformans were subjected to electrophoretic separation of buffer-soluble proteins. Zymograms of the protein fractions revealed that...
Jalysus spinosus: Effect of Age, Starvation, Host Plant, and Photoperiod on Flight Activity

The effect of age, starvation, host plant, and photoperiod on flight activity of female spined stilt bugs, Jalysus spinosus (Say), an important predator of tobacco pests, was studied using tethered and free flight techniques. Stilt bugs reared at a photoperiod ⋝ 14 h and confined with prey and tobacco (standard females) showed no consistent agerelated variation in flight activity other than a postmolt teneral period of 3–5 days. Rearing and holding females at a photoperiod < 13 h resulted in a greater proportion flying and longer flights. Also, females held with no prey or no host plant showed significantly more flight activity than standard females. The results are discussed in the context of the observed seasonal migrations of spined stilt bugs and the control of flight activity during mass release experiments.
Prospects for implantable sensors powered by near infrared rechargeable batteries

is charged and is able to automatically power the device when the photodiode array is not illuminated. The current flow backward from the battery to the photodiode array is shut off by inserting a diode between them. Of course, sunlight is not always available. One light source easily able to recharge the battery in the absence of sunlight is a NIR laser diode (e.g., a Coherent S-81–1000C-100-H at 810 nm). The photodiode array to convert light into electricity comprises eight Si PIN photodiodes (Hamamatsu, S6775) connected in series to obtain sufficient voltage to the charge the battery. The detection area for every photodiode is 5.5 × 4.8 mm. The dimensions of the complete photodiode array prototype, including the packages, are 28 × 20 × 3 mm. The battery is a composite dimensional manganese oxide (CDMO) lithium secondary battery (Sanyo, ML-2430, 100 mAh). The power conversion efficiency of the photodiode array varies with the voltage across it. The photodiode array sustains the best power conversion efficiency throughout the battery charge because the voltage across the photodiode array is regulated by the battery. Enhanced power conversion efficiency can be used to provide shorter charge time or reduced radiant power, or both. Animal studies have been conducted with the photodiode array completely implanted under the shaved abdominal skin of an anesthetised rat at 10 weeks of age. The pathlength of the rat skin over the photodiode array was 0.8 mm
On-line Structural Health Monitoring and Prognosis of a Biaxial Cruciform Specimen

The current research of on-line damage state estimation techniques offers adaptive damage state prediction and residual useful life assessment. The real-time damage state information from an on-line state estimation model can be regularly fed to a predictive model to update the residual useful life estimation in the event of a changing situation. The present paper discusses the use of an integrated prognosis model, which combines an on-line state estimation model with an off-line predictive model to adaptively estimate the residual useful life of an Al-6061 cruciform specimen under biaxial loading. The overall fatigue loading history is assumed to be a slow time scale process compared to the time scale at which, the sensor signals are acquired for on-line state estimation. The fast scale on-line model is based on a non-parametric system identification approach such as correlation analysis. A new damage index equivalent to quantitative damage state information at any particular fatigue cycle, is proposed. The on-line model regularly estimates the current damage state of the structure based on passive strain gauge signals. These damage states information is regularly fed to the slow scale off-line predictive model as it becomes available. The off-line predictive model is a probabilistic nonlinear regression model, which is based on Bayesian statistics based Gaussian process approach. The off-line module adaptively updates the model parameters and recursively predicts the future states to provide residual useful life estimate.
VirtMonE: Efficient detection of elephant flows in virtualized data centers

A modern virtualized data center is highly multifarious environment shared among hundreds of co-located tenants hosting heterogeneous applications. The tenants' virtual machines generate a subset of elephants or mice flows (different in terms of rate, size, duration, and burstiness) based on the type of application they are running. Virtual traffic generated from the tenant's virtual machines traverses the underlay physical fabric in aggregate because of different encapsulation techniques (VXLAN, NVGRE, and STT for example) employed in data center networks thus obfuscating the virtual traffic characteristics. Existing approaches to monitor and/or identify elephant flows either have limited or no visibility into virtual traffic or are associated with high monitoring overhead making it hard to precisely detect and properly engineer elephant flows on the underlay fabric. In this paper, we present VirtMonE, a lightweight detection mechanism aimed at precisely detecting egress elephant flows at Open vSwitch while providing visibility into virtual traffic with least measurement and monitoring overhead at the edge. We conduct simulations on a small GENI testbed to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution for a software-defined multi-tenant virtual network. Our proposed solution is demonstrated to precisely detect the elephant flows from different tenants at the edge, provide visibility into virtual traffic and mitigate the network overhead associated with detection, thus improving the overall performance of the data centre.
Management of Symptomatic Portal Hypertension: TIPS vs. Medical Management

Portal hypertension is a common manifestation of decompensated cirrhosis and can have a profound impact on patient survival and quality of life. Portal hypertension can be managed with medical therapy through use of diuretics or portal pressure lowering agents, however in some cases more invasive procedures such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) may be more effective. In this systematic review of the literature, clinical outcomes following medical management and TIPS are compared across various manifestations of portal hypertension. Overall, we found that data favors use of TIPS to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding and recurrent ascites however risk of hepatic encephalopathy is higher than medical management. In addition, in selected patients, TIPS may also improve mortality in those with variceal hemorrhage and refractory ascites. Compared to esophageal varices and ascites, there is limited data supporting use of TIPS vs medical management for conditions such as hepatic hydrothorax, nonesophageal varices and hepatorenal syndrome.
Surgery for Obstruction

Obstruction of the colon is secondary to cancer in about 80% of cases, to diverticulitis in 15%, and to other causes in the remaining patients. There are some clinical variations in each type. For example, cancer of the right colon may mimic small bowel obstruction. Furthermore, in the presence of a competent ileocecal valve a cancer of the right colon may produce a closed loop obstruction that leads to early gangrene or perforation. Diverticulitis may lead to pure colonic obstruction, pure small bowel obstruction because of adhesive bands to the inflamed colon, or combined large and small bowel obstruction. Volvulus produces a closed loop obstruction in which the hazard of strangulation is high.