cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overextension in Early Language Development

This research explored overextension in the early vocabularies of six children, followed in a language diary study from 1; 0 to 1; 8. Results indicated that only one-third of the first 75 words acquired by each child were ever overextended. A small set of high-frequency, early acquired words accounted for a disproportionate number of overextensions. Overextensions were classified into three types: categorical overinclusions, analogical overextensions and predicate statements. Four types of information served as the bases for word applications: perceptual, action-functional, affective and contextual. The use of words to denote associative complexes of a well-organized, systematic character was discussed as a characteristic form of early word usage.
Risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly ambulatory women

Purpose: To evaluate risk factors for newly acquired asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly ambulatory women.
Cortisol, arousal, and personality in two groups of normal men

Abstract The relationship of the adrenal hormone cortisol to arousal and personality was examined among 102 male college students and 4462 male military veterans. Students high in cortisol had high heart rates, and NEO-PI scores showed them to be anxious and depressed, solitary, and appreciative of fantasy, aesthetics, ideas, and values. Veterans high in cortisol had high heart rates and high systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and MMPI scores showed them to be anxious, depressed, introverted, masculine, and not manic. Results were consistent with the notion that high levels of cortisol are associated with high arousal, which is debilitating and leads subjects to avoid the further arousal that would come from encounters with novel persons and events. However, the sizes of the effects were small, especially among MMPI scores for the veterans.
Research in infantile autism: a methodological problem in using language comprehension as the basis for selecting matched controls.

This study examines the interrelationship between two commonly used tests of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Test for Auditory Comprehension of Language (TACL), administered to 35 autistic and 23 nonautistic patients. The results show that these two tests cannot be used interchangeably and suggest that autism studies relying on one test to select language-matched controls may yield inappropriate controls. It is suggested that, until a single valid and reliable comprehensive measure of language comprehension becomes available, an average of the age-related scores obtained from several tests of language comprehension should be used as a basis for selecting language matched controls.
A survey of nested designs

Abstract A nest with parameters (r,k,λ)→(r′,k′,λ′) is a BIBD on (b,v,r,k,λ) where each block has a distinguished sublock of cardinality k, the sublocks forming a (b,v,r,k,λ)-design. These designs are ‘nested’ in the sense of W.T. Federer (1972), who recommended the use of these designs for the sequential addition of periods in marketing experiments in order to retain Youden design properties as rows are added. Note that for a Youden design, the b columns and v treatments are in an SBIBD arrangement with parameters v=b, k=r, and λ.
Death education and death-related attitudes

Abstract This investigation attempted to assess the impact of a death and dying course and to examine unique death-related attitudes of students choosing to enroll in suck a course. Results showed no significant pretest-posttest differences on a variety of dependent measures for either the experimental or the control group. Results did indicate, however, initial differences between the two groups, suggesting that students enrolling in a death and dying course have more favorable attitudes toward both suicide and abortion. The assumption that death education serves a therapeutic function was also examined.
Population survival in a variable environment

Abstract The non-breeding reserve of mature individuals in a population subject to a variable environment serves to increase the relative growth rate in population size and also to guard against extinction. The proportion of non-breeders in the population defining the maximum relative growth rate is not necessarily the same as the proportion defining the minimum probability of extinction. The optimum proportion for survival is a resultant of the two effects.
The application of high frequency seismic monitoring methods for the mapping of grout injections

This paper describes experimental work using seismic methods for monitoring the path of fluid injections. The most obvious application is the high pressure fluid injections for the purpose of hydrofracturing. Other applications are the injection of grout into shallow subsurface structures and the disposal of fluids in the geothermal and toxic waste industries. In this paper hydrofracture monitoring and grout injections will be discussed.
Penetration of the atrialventricular septum by spread of infection from aortic valve endocarditis: Early diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography and implications for surgical management

1. Schager JB. The Vineberg procedure: the immediate forerunner of coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:1354-64. 2. Hayward RH, Korompai FL, Knight WL. Long-term follow-up of the Vineberg internal mammary artery implant procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:1002-3. 3. Topaz O, Pavlos S, Mackall JA, Nair R, Hsu J. The Vineberg procedure revisted: angiographic evaluation and coronary artery bypass surgery in the patient 21 years following bilateral internal mammary artery implantation. Catb Cardiovasc Diag 1992;25:218-22. 4. de Meester A, Leonard J, Chenu P, Marchandise B. Revascularization myocardiaque par operation de Vineberg: un snivi de 23 ans. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1994;87:1247-8.
Determinants of female labor force participation: A study of Seoul, South Korea, 1970–1980

This paper investigates the determinants of labor force participation of women living in male-headed households in Seoul, South Korea, at two points in time, 1970 and 1980. Analysis of data from the 1970 and 1980 Korean Population Censuses suggests that both women's educational level and the family economic status determine women's labor force participation in Seoul. Women with middle school education or above are more economically active than those with no education. Women from lower economic backgrounds are almost two to three times more likely to be employed than those in high-status families, controlling for age, number of children under 6, and marital status. However, this pattern is not found among women from the blue-collar wage-working families.
Characterization of an ultra-conserved putative cis-regulatory module at the mammalian telomerase reverse transcriptase gene.

Telomeres are regions of repeated DNA sequence that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They act as disposable safeguards to prevent the loss of important genetic information during DNA replication due to the inability of DNA polymerase to replicate DNA to the ends of linear chromosomes. The synthesis of new telomeric repeats using an RNA molecule as a template is catalyzed by the enzyme telomerase. In embryonic stem cells, the gene encoding the catalytic protein subunit of the telomerase complex (telomere reverse transcriptase [TERT]) is transcriptionally active and critical for telomere elongation, allowing for continued cellular differentiation during development. The TERT gene is down-regulated as embryogenesis progresses to limit the proliferative capacity of cells. As a result, in normal human adult somatic cells the TERT gene is silenced. However, in over 90% of cancers, the TERT gene is reactivated, allowing cells to bypass senescence and become immortalized. In this study, we explore the mole...
The effects of food deprivation on agonistic behavior in an opisthobranch mollusc, Hermissenda crassicornis.

Behavioral observations of the encounters occurring among Hermissenda which had been deprived of food for 1–3 days demonstrated the following: 1. Although deprivation resulted in an increase of locomotor activity, there was not a corresponding increase in the number of encounters occurring. 2. Deprivation greatly increased the proportion of agonistic encounters. 3. As the deprivation period increased from 1 to 3 days, the proportion of agonistic encounters involving biting increased while the proportion of agonistic encounters without biting decreased. The overall proportion of agonistic encounters of both types appeared unchanged by the length of the deprivation.
Evidence for an antagonistic action of diazoxide at alpha-adrenergic receptors in rabbit aorta☆

Diazoxide has been shown to produce a greater shift in the dose-response curve to phenylephrine than to BaCl2 in rabbit aortic strips. The degree of antagonism of phenylephrine by a combination of phentolamine and diazoxide is comparable to what should be expected if diazoxide antagonizes phenylephrine both at the alpha receptors and beyond this level. The ability of diazoxide to protect alpha receptors against inactivation by phenoxybenzamine gives further evidence for an action of diazoxide at alpha receptors.
Growing our Own A Three-Way Partnership

This article focuses on the scope of work of a three-way collaborative effort, titled COP 2000, that has been in existence for more than 6 years. The study explores the process that was used in establishing the COP 2000 program, including students' graduation and retention rates. A review of the existing literature is provided, followed by a discussion on the data collection procedure. A summary of findings is presented that highlights the program's partners, the process, students, and the program's evaluation. Implications for future program development are drawn.
Efficacy of associative versus dissociative strategies in producing extreme affective ratings of a stimulus person

In a test of a hypothesis that conveying information about a stimulus person via associative linkage would produce more extreme affective ratings of the stimulus person than conveying information via dissociative linkage, 124 Ss were assigned randomly to one of four treatment conditions: (1) positive information conveyed via an associative link; (2) positive information conveyed via a dissociative link; (3) negative information conveyed via an associative link; and (4) negative information conveyed via a dissociative link. In support of the hypothesis, results indicate that conveying information via associative linkage produces more extreme affective ratings of the stimulus person.
Structural and functional predictors of regional peak pressures under the foot during walking

The objective of this study was to identify structural and functional factors which are predictors of peak pressure underneath the human foot during walking. Peak plantar pressure during walking and eight data sets of structural and functional measures were collected on 55 asymptomatic subjects between 20 and 70 yr. A best subset regression approach was used to establish models which predicted peak regional pressure under the foot. Potential predictor variables were chosen from physical characteristics, anthropometric data, passive range of motion (PROM), measurements from standardized weight bearing foot radiographs, mechanical properties of the plantar soft tissue, stride parameters, foot motion in 3D, and EMG during walking. Peak pressure values under the rearfoot, midfoot, MTH1, and hallux were measured. Heel pressure was a function of linear kinematics, longitudinal arch structure, thickness of plantar soft tissue, and age. Midfoot pressure prediction was dominated by arch structure, while MTH1 pressure was a function of radiographic measurements, talo-crural joint motion, and gastrocnemius activity. Hallux pressure was a function of structural measures and MTP1 joint motion. Foot structure and function predicted only approximately 50% of the variance in peak pressure, although the relative contributions in different anatomical regions varied dramatically. Structure was dominant in predicting peak pressure under the midfoot and MTH1, while both structure and function were important at the heel and hallux. The predictive models developed in this study give insight into potential etiological factors associated with elevated plantar pressure. They also provide direction for future studies designed to reduce elevated pressure in "at-risk" patients.
Cognitive correlates of gray matter abnormalities in adolescent siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia

Patients with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) display widespread gray matter (GM) structural brain abnormalities. Healthy siblings of COS patients share some of these structural abnormalities, suggesting that GM abnormalities are endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Another possible endophenotype for schizophrenia that has been relatively unexplored is corticostriatal dysfunction. The corticostriatal system plays an important role in skill learning. Our previous studies have demonstrated corticostriatal dysfunction in COS siblings with a profound skill learning deficit and abnormal pattern of brain activation during skill learning. This study investigated whether structural abnormalities measured using volumetric brain morphometry (VBM) were present in siblings of COS patients and whether these were related to deficits in cognitive skill learning. Results revealed smaller GM volume in COS siblings relative to controls in a number of regions, including occipital, parietal, and subcortical regions including the striatum, and greater GM volume relative to controls in several subcortical regions. Volume in the right superior frontal gyrus and cerebellum were related to performance differences between groups on the weather prediction task, a measure of cognitive skill learning. Our results support the idea that corticostriatal and cerebellar impairment in unaffected siblings of COS patients are behaviorally relevant and may reflect genetic risk for schizophrenia.
Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in vivo in mice by the mycotoxins sterigmatocystin and griseofulvin

Two naturally occurring fungal mycotoxins, sterigmatocystin and griseofulvin, were tested for induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in bone marrow cells of female Swiss albino mice. Sterigmatocystin gave elevated SCE frequencies at all doses tested (0.06-6.0 mg/kg). In contrast, griseofulvin, tested from 0.4 to 200 mg/kg, elevated the SCE frequency only in those mice which received doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight. These results indicate that both fungal mycotoxins induce SCE in vivo and are potentially mutagenic.
Numerical Prediction Of Collection Efficiency Of A Personal Sampler Based On Cyclone Principle

A personal bio-aerosol sampler is a self-contained, operation flexible, high-efficient device for indoor air quality (IAQ) and health risk exposure monitoring and measurement. Bio-aerosols such germ-laden viruses, microbial species, airborne microorganisms and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are sucked into the sampler and are deposited on the inner wall surface based on cyclone principal. The major concern with bio-aerosol samplers is the collection efficiency. In this study, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools to evaluate key design parameters, specifically the inlet tube angle and collection tube inner wall roughness. 3D incompressible turbulent flow is simulated using commercial software ANSYS FLUENT. Reynolds stress model (RSM) is used to investigate the turbulence effect with the following boundary conditions (velocity-inlet boundary condition at inlet, outflow boundary condition at outlet and no slip at walls). The numerical approach for air-aerosol interaction is based on an Eulerian-Lagrangian fluid dynamics framework, where the particles or droplets trajectories are computed in a Lagrangian method (discrete phase element) and then conjugate these particles to the continuous phase in the Eulerian frame. The variation of inlet angle affects the collection efficiency of the cyclone separator. In addition, the flow characterizations with different velocity fluctuation profiles validate the continuous phase model. The development and evolution of the vortex core region for the axial velocity are obtained and evaluated in the simulation of the cyclonic flow.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Evolution of Tropical Plumes in VAS Water Vapor Imagery

Synoptic scale tropical plumes are analyzed using satellite data and outgoing longwave radiation data. The evolution of plumes is described and their precursor signals are examined. The horizontal moisture patterns of the plumes are compared with nonplume climatology, and the predictability of plumes based solely on satellite imagery is assessed. The results show that a plume evolves as a stationary, tropical, dry or moist dipole, separated by an exceptionally strong cloud or moisture gradient. Tropical plume evolution is accompanied by a systematic drying of the tropical eastern Pacific atmosphere before development, and moistening and increased cloudiness with development.
Home Alone: Unmet Need for Formal Support Services Among Home Health Clients

ABSTRACT In order to remain in the home without family or other informal support, home health clients must have access to essential formal services such as nutritional support and homemaking chores to supplement medical and nursing care. In this study, we looked at client-related factors associated with the need for formal support services, and factors associated with whether those needs are adequately met. Data were collected from 2,013 home health clients in Massachusetts. According to the assessment of the skilled nurses treating them, 85 percent of the clients needed one or more support services; some or all needs were not adequately met in nearly half. Significant factors contributing to unmet need included: being non-white, having Medicaid as payer, being in a health maintenance organization, having AIDS, receiving maternal/child health services, and having an acute condition. This research suggests that even clients receiving skilled nursing care may not have many or most of their supportive needs ...
A decade of differential display.

It has been 10 years since the inventio n of differential display (DD), a conceptuall y simple methodology that allows the dete c tion and identification of differentially e x pressed genes. In the past decade, the num ber of publications describing successfu l applications of DD has outnumbered thos e using any other competing methodologies , including subtractive hybridization, repr e sentational difference analysis, seria l analysis of gene expression, and DNA m i croarrays. This review will provide a glimpse of the current progress made in DD technological development, refinement, an d automation. Excellent examples of DD a p plications in studying a variety of biologica l problems, in such diverse biological sy s tems as bacteria, yeast, flies, plants, an d higher mammals, are presented to provide a roadmap for those who would like to pursu e a fruitful gene “fishing” expedition. Som e of the fundamental differences between DD and DNA microarrays are also discussed .
Buckling of an elastic rod embedded on an elastomeric matrix: planar vs. non-planar configurations

We investigate the buckling of a slender rod embedded in a soft elastomeric matrix through a combination of experiments, numerics and theory. Depending on the control parameters, both planar wavy (2D) or non-planar coiled (3D) configurations are observed in the post-buckling regime. Our analytical and numerical results indicate that the rod buckles into 2D configurations when the compression forces associated to the two lowest critical modes are well separated. In contrast, 3D coiled configurations occur when the two buckling modes are triggered at onset, nearly simultaneously. We show that the separation between these two lowest critical forces can be controlled by tuning the ratio between the stiffness of the matrix and the bending stiffness of the rod, thereby allowing for specific buckling configurations to be target by design.
Sleep problems, posttraumatic stress, and mood disorders among active-duty service members.

Context Sleep problems among active-duty service members are pervasive and complicate the recovery from comorbid posttraumatic stress and mood disorders. Objective To better understand chronic sleep problems among active-duty service members. Methods Medical records for active-duty service members who completed enhanced sleep assessments during an 18-month period beginning in October 2010 at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Centers' Psychiatry Continuity Service were retrospectively reviewed. Sleep assessment measures included the Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Military Version, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale, and a home sleep study. Results A total of 76 records met the study criteria. Twenty-two participants (29%) had an apnea/hypopnea index that suggested mild to moderate sleep apnea. Service members with higher self-reported posttraumatic stress scores also reported a higher degree of both somatic and cognitive factors interfering with sleep initiation. Compared with those who had low self-reported posttraumatic stress scores, service members with high posttraumatic stress scores also had less total sleep time (mean difference, 38 minutes) and higher scores on the apnea/hypopnea index, the respiratory disturbance index, and the oxygen saturation index. Conclusion Enhanced sleep assessments that include traditional self-report tests and a home sleep study can help identify previously undiscovered behavioral and respiratory problems among service members, particularly those with higher posttraumatic stress scores.
E-Beam Fabrication Of Computer-Generated Holograms (CGH)

We report here the development of an integrated capability for writing computer-generated holograms (CGHs) using either of two commercially available electron-beam lithography systems. These binary, chrome-on-glass holograms have been used extensively for aspheric optical testing and also have applications to the interferometric recording of holograms. Algorithms are described for encoding CGHs for e-beam writing. Limitations of e-beam CGH fabrication are discussed. A self-contact lithography and ion milling process is described for converting chrome-on-glass holograms into 40-percent efficient, environmentally durable, all-glass holograms.
Stress-induced oxide leakage

Voltage-stress-induced leakage in 5-nm thermal oxides was studied. A correlation between the leakage current and the charge-pumping current was evident in a series of voltage stress, annealing, and restress tests. The close correlation suggests that the leakage may be a result of the oxide-trap assisted tunneling. Data supporting a model involving trap states are presented. >
Post-transcriptional homeostasis and regulation of MCM2–7 in mammalian cells

The MiniChromosome Maintenance 2-7 (MCM2-7) complex provides essential replicative helicase function. Insufficient MCMs impair the cell cycle and cause genomic instability (GIN), leading to cancer and developmental defects in mice. Remarkably, depletion or mutation of one Mcm can decrease all Mcm levels. Here, we use mice and cells bearing a GIN-causing hypomophic allele of Mcm4 (Chaos3), in conjunction with disruption alleles of other Mcms, to reveal two new mechanisms that regulate MCM protein levels and pre-RC formation. First, the Mcm4 Chaos3 allele, which disrupts MCM4:MCM6 interaction, triggers a Dicer1 and Drosha-dependent � 40% reduction in Mcm2–7 mRNAs. The decreases in Mcm mRNAs coincide with up-regulation of the miR-34 family of microRNAs, which is known to be Trp53-regulated and target Mcms. Second, MCM3 acts as a negative regulator of the MCM2–7 helicase in vivo by complexing with MCM5 in a manner dependent upon a nuclear-export signal-like domain, blocking the recruitment of MCMs onto chromatin. Therefore, the stoichiometry of MCM components and their localization is controlled post-transcriptionally at both the mRNA and protein levels. Alterations to these pathways cause significant defects in cell growth reflected by disease phenotypes in mice.
A Nonminimal SO(10) x U(1)-F SUSY GUT model obtained from a bottom up approach

Many of the ingredients are explored which are needed to develop a supersymmetric $SO(10) \times U(1)_F$ grand unified model based on the Yukawa structure of a model previously constructed in collaboration with S. Nandi to explain the quark and lepton masses and mixings in a particular neutrino scenario. The $U(1)_F$ family symmetry can be made anomaly-free with the introduction of one conjugate pair of $SO(10)$ -singlet neutrinos with the same $U(1)_F$ charge. Due to a plethora of conjugate pairs of supermultiplets, the model develops a Landau singularity within a factor of 1.5 above the GUT scale. With the imposition of a $Z_2$ discrete symmetry and under certain conditions, all higgsino triplets can be made superheavy while just one pair of higgsino doublets remains light and results in mass matrix textures previously obtained from the bottom-up approach. Diametrically opposite splitting of the first and third family scalar quark and lepton masses away from the second family ones results from the nonuniversal D-term contributions.
Is Mathias an Ontologist

I am glad to see that Adrian Mathias has taken me to task. Yes, I once gave a lecture with the flamboyant title, “Set theory is obsolete.” In this and in a principles of mathematical activity: Mathematicians do not make pronouncements; they prove theorems. My apologies.
The Characterization of Clay Minerals and Adsorption Mechanism onto Clays

The characterization of the solid provides the most valuable information to understand the behavior of the process. Various modern analytical instruments are available for the characterization of clay minerals. Chapter 6 describes several methods which widely used for the characterization of clay minerals for environmental purpose. The methods include nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analyzing of nitrogen sorption isotherms is used to characterize porous materials, allowing for the determination of specific surface area, pore size distribution as well as the pore volume. The lack of BET method based on nitrogen sorption isotherms is presented in this chapter. The X-ray diffraction provides fingerprint characterization of crystalline materials and the determination of their structure. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis provides surface topography of the clay minerals. The functional groups of the modified clay minerals can be determined by FTIR method.
Feedback control of HVOF thermal spray process accounting for powder size distribution

This work presents a novel formulation of the control problem and a feedback control system for the high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process, which explicitly accounts for the effect of powder size distribution. Initially, based on model predictions and available experimental data, the control problem is formulated as one of regulating appropriate averages (with respect to the particle volume distribution) of the temperature and velocity of the particles at the point of impact on substrate (these are the variables that directly influence coating microstructure and porosity, which, in turn, determine coating mechanical and thermal properties) by manipulating the oxygen/fuel ratio and the combustion chamber pressure, respectively. Then, a feedback control system is developed and applied to a detailed mathematical model of the process. Closed-loop simulations show that the average particle velocity and temperature at the point of impact on substrate reach the desired values in a short time, which validates the feasibility of real-time implementation of feedback control on HVOF thermal spray systems. It is also shown that the proposed formulation of the control problem (which accounts for the effect of powder size distribution) leads to a solution of the control problem that is superior (with respect to the achievement of the desired control objectives) to a solution that assumes a monodisperse powder size distribution. Finally, the proposed control problem formulation and the feedback control system are shown to be robust with respect to disturbances in spray distance and particle injection velocity, and variations in powder size distribution.
The Vibrio cholerae virulence regulatory cascade controls glucose uptake through activation of TarA, a small regulatory RNA.

Summary Vibrio cholerae causes the severe diarrhoeal disease cholera. A cascade of regulators controls expression of virulence determinants in V. cholerae at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. ToxT is the direct transcription activator of the major virulence genes in V. cholerae. Here we describe TarA, a highly conserved, small regulatory RNA, whose transcription is activated by ToxT from toxboxes present upstream of the ToxT-activated gene tcpI. TarA regulates ptsG, encoding a major glucose transporter in V. cholerae. Cells overexpressing TarA exhibit decreased steady-state levels of ptsG mRNA and grow poorly in glucose-minimal media. A mutant lacking the ubiquitous regulatory protein Hfq expresses diminished TarA levels, indicating that TarA likely interacts with Hfq to regulate gene expression. RNAhybrid analysis of TarA and the putative ptsG mRNA leader suggests potential productive base-pairing between these two RNA molecules. A V. cholerae mutant lacking TarA is compromised for infant mouse colonization in competition with wild type, suggesting a role in the in vivo fitness of V. cholerae. Although somewhat functionally analogous to SgrS of Escherichia coli, TarA does not encode a regulatory peptide, and its expression is activated by the virulence gene pathway in V. cholerae and not by glycolytic intermediates.
Facile synthesis of bimetallic Ag/Ni core/sheath nanowires and their magnetic and electrical properties.

T his paper describes a facile method for coating Ag nanowires with uniform, ferromagnetic sheaths made of polycrystalline Ni. A typical sample of these core/sheath nanowires had a saturation magnetization around 33 emu g − 1 . We also demonstrated the use of this magnetic property to align the nanowires by simply placing a suspension of the nanowires on a substrate in a magnetic fi eld and allowing the solvent to evaporate. The electrical conductivity of these core/sheath nanowires (2 × 10 3 S cm − 1 ) was two orders of magnitude lower than that of bulk Ag (6.3 × 10 5 S cm − 1 ) and Ni (1.4 × 10 5 S cm − 1 ). This is likely caused by the transfer of electrons from the Ag core to the Ni sheath due to the difference in work function between the two metals. The electrons are expected to experience an increased resistance due to spin-dependent scattering caused by the randomized magnetic domains in the polycrystalline, ferromagnetic Ni sheath. Studies on the structural changes to the Ni coating over time under different storage conditions show that storage of the nanowires on a substrate under ambient conditions leads to very little Ni oxidation after 6 months. These Ag/Ni core/sheath nanowires show promise in areas such as electronics, spintronics, and displays.
The use of demographic sensitivity analysis in marine species conservation planning

We explore the idea that a sensitivity analysis conducted on stage-specific demographic rates can be used to improve our ability to determine the efficacy of conservation plans that are designed to enhance the recovery of individual marine species. Because a given reserve may not be able to protect all life stages and habitats for wide-ranging marine organisms, reserves should target life history stages for which protection will foster the highest population growth rates. Likewise, it should be recognized that reserves designed to reduce mortality of a particular life stage, such as adults that are the focus of a fishery, will benefit some life history types more than others. For a representative range of marine life histories, we found that the change in λ resulting from a decrease in adult mortality varied for each species considered, with the largest positive impact on population growth in marine invertebrates and fish and lowest in species with very low adult mortality rates. Results from analyses of both mortality elasticity and absolute change in λ resulting from a decrease in adult mortality were highly correlated with adult survival rate and maximum fecundity, and also showed a significant relationship with age at sexual maturity, longevity and juvenile survival. Standardized demographic analysis may be a useful first step to compare disparate conservation goals for marine reserve design for species with distinct life histories.
VEHICLE INTERIOR ACOUSTIC DESIGN USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

This paper reviews the application of the finite element method to acoustic design of the automobile passenger compartment. Low–frequency noise in the passenger compartment is of primary interest, and particularly that noise which is generated by the structural vibration of the wall panels of the compartment. The paper describes the finite element methodology for analyzing the passenger compartment acoustics to diagnose and reduce this noise. The computation of the acoustic modes and resonant frequencies of the compartment is considered, as well as the effects of flexible and absorptive wall panels on the cavity acoustics. The paper describes the coupling of finite element models of the strucutral and acoustic vehicle systems to predict the interior noise and to identify the noise sources. Finally, the application of this methodology in the vehicle design stage is discussed.
Examining Punishment and Discipline: Defending the Use of Punishment by Coaches.

Confusion, uncertainty, and debate often surround the terms discipline and punishment because scholars fail to publicize that they possess distinctive meanings. This article differentiates punishment from discipline and attempts to present some rationale supporting its use, especially corporal punishment, in a sport setting from a coaching perspective. Punishment and discipline appear appropriate to study in the sporting environment because coaches must work with their players and actions affecting one player often impact the others. Thus, a wrongful behavior committed by one frequently extends consequences on teammates. Overall, this work proposes that punishment serves as an effective treatment when a coach intends to instruct, train, drill, and cultivate behavior and learning from those mentally capable of appreciating its objective. Punishment arguably appears most appropriate when a coach believes there is no other alternative for censuring and deterring behaviors and restoring the balance between vi...
Estimation of the Heat and Water Budgets of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf Using a Regional Climate Model

AbstractBecause of the scarcity of observational data, existing estimates of the heat and water budgets of the Persian Gulf are rather uncertain. This uncertainty leaves open the fundamental question of whether this water body is a net heat source or a net heat sink to the atmosphere. Previous regional modeling studies either used specified surface fluxes to simulate the hydrodynamics of the Gulf or prescribed SST in simulating the regional atmospheric climate; neither of these two approaches is suitable for addressing the above question or for projecting the future climate in this region. For the first time, a high-resolution, two-way, coupled Gulf–atmosphere regional model (GARM) is developed, forced by solar radiation and constrained by observed lateral boundary conditions, suited for the study of current and future climates of the Persian Gulf. Here, this study demonstrates the unique capability of this model in consistently predicting surface heat and water fluxes and lateral heat and water exchanges...
MELTING RATE OF SODA‐LIME GLASSES AS INFLUENCED BY GRAIN SIZES OF RAW MATERIALS AND ADDITIONS OF CULLET

Using the complete solution of silica grains as a criterion of melting, a comparison of the melting rate of a typical soda-lime glass as affected by the grain size of the constituent materials has been made. This study indicates that if the grain sizes of raw materials are mismatched, separation or demixing of the batch during melting is likely to occur. The tendency of additions of cullet to minimize such separation is indicated. Further tests have been made on five commercial container-glass compositions, which have raw materials of the same grain-size distribution as those in commercial use. These experiments indicate a varying effect of the addition of cullet in decreasing melting time. This variation cannot be explained by differences in the degree to which the various raw-material grain sizes are matched.
Ka-Band MEMS switches on CMOS grade silicon with a polyimide interface layer

For the first time, RF MEMS switches on CMOS grade Si with a polyimide interface layer are fabricated and characterized. At Ka-Band (36.6 GHz), an insertion loss of 0.52 dB and an isolation of 20 dB is obtained.
Efficient Filter Based Replication for LDAP Directories

In this paper, we consider issues arising in partial replication of directories and motivate the need for filter based techniques which replicate query results rather than subtrees. A filter based replication model and a lightweight filter synchronization protocol are proposed. An efficient means of implementing the protocol based on the concepts of `change state' is described. A real enterprise directory and a real workload have been used for performance evaluation.
MRI evaluation of the knee in children with infantile Blount disease: tibial and extra-tibial findings

Background Infantile Blount disease is a developmental condition characterized by disorganized endochondral ossification in the medial aspect of the proximal tibial physis.
Environmental survey design: A time series approach

Abstract In general, the goal of an environmental sampling program is to estimate some parameter of the population being studied. However, in most natural systems, that parameter is changing over time. A survey design must allocate sampling effort between sampling at a single time point and sampling over time. We have used results from sampling theory for stochastic processes to describe an efficient sampling program for estimating the mean of a time-varying parameter of the population. These theoretical results are applied to a 3-year ichthyoplankton sampling program in Mount Hope Bay, Rhode Island.
Empathy and Performative Vision in Oxford Corpus Christi College MS 410

An extensively illustrated manuscript copy of the Meditationes Vitae Christi, MS 410, made c. 1350 in Rome, prescribes a performative experience of the life of Christ deeply connected to Franciscan ideas about the redemptive power of the devotional imagination. Several motifs that are unique to MS 410 or very rare include the depiction of a nude Christ Child in the manger reaching towards the ox at the manger of the Nativity, an image of women performing his Circumcision, and an emphasis on the clothing and disrobing of Christ during the Passion. Women are also prominent actors in the scenes of Christ’s ministry. These iconographic eccentricities can be linked to Franciscan devotion and to female Franciscan spirituality in particular.
Pigmentocracies: ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America

In the inaugural issue of Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2015) in laying out what he saw as the most necessary theoretical developments in the sociology of race and ethnici...
Nonlinear atom optics: bosons vs fermions

Nonlinear atom optics, the matter-wave analog of nonlinear optics, has recently been demonstrated in several experiments in quantum degenerate bosonic systems. Atomic four-wave mixing, as well as the nonlinear mixing between optical and matter waves, have been realized. In a parallel development, quantum degenerate atomic Fermi systems have become available. This leads one to ask whether nonlinear atom optical effects can occur in such systems, or whether they result from “Bose enhancement”, and hence are inherent to bosonic fields. To answer this question we compare atomic four-wave mixing in quantum degenerate gases of bosonic and fermionic atoms. We find that in principle, matter-wave gratings formed from either bosonic or fermionic atoms can exhibit nearly identical Bragg scattering and four-wave mixing properties. This effect is due to constructive many-particle quantum interferences, which in the boson case are interpreted as “Bose enhancement.” This implies that effects such as coherent matter-wave amplification and superradiance can occur in degenerate Fermi gases.
15N NMR Study of the Adsorption of NO and NH3on Titania-Supported Vanadia Catalysts

Abstract The adsorption of nitric oxide (NO) by ammonia over a series of V 2 O 5 /TiO 2 catalysts used for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has been investigated by solid-state 15 N NMR. The chemistry and the surface acidity are found to vary dramatically as the weight loading of vanadia is increased from 0 to 10%. NO reacts over evacuated TiO 2 and V 2 O 5 /TiO 2 at room temperature to form nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Over the V 2 O 5 /TiO 2 catalysts N 2 is also produced upon room temperature adsorption. The chemical shift of the terminal nitrogen of N 2 O adsorbed on the catalyst is an indicator of the Lewis acid character of the surface. The Lewis acidity of the surface is found to decrease with the loading of V 2 O 5 on the titania support. Ammonia adsorbs in two forms on evacuated TiO 2 and V 2 O 5 /TiO 2 . These two forms differ in their surface mobility. The reaction of NO with NH 3 over the catalysts proceeds to a measurable degree at room temperature. N 2 is the predominant product; however, N 2 O is also produced by the partial reduction of NO. Following preadsorption of ammonia, the chemical shift of the terminal nitrogen of N 2 O is similar to that of samples with a high V 2 O 5 loading regardless of the actual vanadia loading. This indicates that ammonia is adsorbed predominately on the Lewis acid sites of the catalyst, blocking the access of N 2 O to these sites.
What accounts for developmental shifts in optic flow sensitivity

Human infants undergo significant changes in body size, posture, and locomotor capability over the first several years of life. As a result, the statistics of visual motion infant observers experience differs from adults in some situations [1,2]. We ask whether these differences apply more generally, and if so, what factors account for them. In one analysis, we simulate the effects of changes in body posture, speed of locomotion, and surface geometry on motion statistics. In a second analysis, we empirically measure the statistics of visual motion experienced by observers across the first year of life using infant-perspective videos captured during episodes when infants were moving through space or were stationary. We include samples of infants in from North America and those from India to assess how variations in cultural practices influence infants' visual experiences. We find that fast laminar motion patterns dominate the visual input young infants experience and that cultural differences play a role in shaping visual motion experiences.
Multi-stage decision method to generate rules for student retention

The retention of college students is an important problem that may be helped by computing techniques, such as data mining, to identify students who may be at risk for dropping out. The importance of the problem has grown due to institutions who must meet legislative retention mandates, face budget shortfalls due to decreased tuition or state-based revenue, and fall short of producing enough graduates in fields of need, such as computing. While data mining techniques are applied with some success, this paper proposes a multiple stage decision methodology (MSDM) using data mining techniques for extracting rules from an institution's student data set to enable administrators to identify at risk students. The data mining techniques include decisions trees, clustering, and association mining. MSDM is able to identify students with up to 89% accuracy on student datasets where the number of at risk students is fewer than the retained students which makes the at risk model difficult to build.
Time Optimal Control of Linear Systems with Bounded Controls

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the performance requirements of many vehicles and dynamic systems that require optimization of the overall response to commands to insure successful missions. One of the more important optimization criteria is minimum error time. A time optimal system strives to reduce the error and its derivatives to zero in the least possible time. The chapter provides an overview of many industrial processes that can realize substantial gains in performance by following time optimal programs for startup, shut down, and changing operating set-point. In addition, many problems in dynamic performance of aircraft and other high speed vehicles should be formulated as time optimal problems. Thus, the equations governing the motion of the vehicles are nonlinear. A variational approach has been used by several investigators in connection with the general problem of optimal control as well as the more specific problems of optimal control of vehicles. It is possible to obtain solutions to the two point boundary problem associated with the optimal control problem by an iterative method based on the modification of the method of steepest descent.
Induced oligomerization targets Golgi proteins for degradation in lysosomes

Manganese protects cells against forms of Shiga toxin by down-regulating the cycling Golgi protein GPP130. Down-regulation occurs when Mn binding causes GPP130 to oligomerize and traffic to lysosomes. To determine how GPP130 is redirected to lysosomes, we tested the role of GGA1 and clathrin, which mediate sorting in the canonical Golgi-to-lysosome pathway. GPP130 oligomerization was induced using either Mn or a self-interacting version of the FKBP domain. Inhibition of GGA1 or clathrin specifically blocked GPP130 redistribution, suggesting recognition of the aggregated GPP130 by the GGA1/clathrin-sorting complex. Unexpectedly, however, GPP130's cytoplasmic domain was not required, and redistribution also occurred after removal of GPP130 sequences needed for its normal cycling. Therefore, to test whether aggregate recognition might be a general phenomenon rather than one involving a specific GPP130 determinant, we induced homo-oligomerization of two unrelated Golgi-targeted constructs using the FKBP strategy. These were targeted to the cis- and trans-Golgi, respectively, using domains from mannosidase-1 and galactosyltransferase. Significantly, upon oligomerization, each redistributed to peripheral punctae and was degraded. This occurred in the absence of detectable UPR activation. These findings suggest the unexpected presence of quality control in the Golgi that recognizes aggregated Golgi proteins and targets them for degradation in lysosomes.