cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 + Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathode for cermet supported thin Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 electrolyte SOFC operating below 600 °C

Abstract The cathode is a key component in low temperature solid oxide fuel cells. In this study, composite cathode, 75 wt.% Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (SSC) + 25 wt.% Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC), was applied on the cermet supported thin SDC electrolyte cell which was fabricated by tape casting, screen-printing, and co-firing. Single cells with the composite cathodes sintered at different temperatures were tested from 400 to 650 °C. The best cell performance, 0.75 W cm−2 peak power operating at 600 °C, was obtained from the 1050 °C sintered cathode. The measured thin SDC electrolyte resistance Rs was 0.128 Ω cm2 and total electrode polarization Rp(a + c) was only 0.102 Ω cm2 at 600 °C.
Deep-Hole Excitations in Solids. I. Fast-Electron-Plasmon Effects

The theory of plasmon satellites in experiments where ion cores are excited is developed in a manner which complements the work of one of the authors, which showed how the interaction of slow electrons with plasmons could be treated to all orders in perturbation theory in a certain approximation. Here the fast-electron-plasmon coupling is treated by perturbation theory. The details of the calculation of the fast-electron admittance function mentioned earlier are given, and, in addition, the interference terms or vertex corrections between fast and slow electrons are treated by lowest-order perturbation theory. As prototypes, the theories of appearance-potential spectroscopy and electron energy loss with core excitation are considered. For the latter, because of "slow-charge" conservation, all plasmon effects, including these interference terms, associated with the core excitation are negligible. However, appearance-potential spectroscopy, because of nonconservation of "slow charge," has plasmon satellites associated with the core excitation which are reduced in strength by a fractional amount of the order of $\frac{{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}v}$, owing to these fast-slow interference terms.
Density-functional theory of three-body interactions in liquids and glasses

Abstract The integral equation for the correlation functions of liquids and glasses is derived in the presence of a weak three-body potential. The inclusion of three-body forces is essential to describe the covalent interactions. The formulation is based on a generalization of the density-functional theory in which the free energy is regarded as a functional not only of the density but also of the two-body distribution function. In the first-order calculation, the structure of the two-body theory is not modified by virtue of the variational property; the three-body effects are fully taken into account through renormalization of the pair potential. An approximate expression for the three-body correction which is amenable to the numerical computations is obtained.
Direct inhibition of testosterone synthesis in rat testis interstitial cells by ethanol: Possible sites of action

Abstract The present in vitro studies using interstitial cells of adult rat testes demonstrated that ethanol inhibits LH- and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-stimulated testosterone synthesis, pregnenolone- and progesterone-stimulated testosterone synthesis, and basal testosterone synthesis. However, the patterns of inhibition following exposure to 0.22 to 880 or 1100 mM ethanol were different. In general, the inhibition curves for LH-, 8-bromo-cycllc AMP-, pregnenolone- and progesterone-stimulated testosterone synthesis were biphasic, with a gradual slope from 0.22 to 220 mM ethanol, and a sharper slope with concentrations of ethanol greater than 220 mM. Basal testosterone synthesis was reduced only to 74% of control with ethanol concentrations up to 44 mM, and higher concentrations of ethanol reduced testosterone synthesis no further. The effect of ethanol on LH-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation showed an even different pattern: some of the lower concentrations of ethanol inhibited cyclic AMP accumulation, while higher levels of ethanol progressively increased cyclic AMP accumulation. These studies demonstrate that isolated interstitial cells are highly sensitive to the direct effects of ethanol; they also suggest that the principle site of ethanol inhibition may be at the level of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where progesterone is converted to testosterone.
The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on acute platelet accumulation and hemodynamic depression in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke.

The relative importance of hemodynamic factors in the pathogenesis of thrombotic or embolic stroke is unclear. Of particular therapeutic interest are those substances that facilitate vasodilation and the clearance of platelet aggregates in the compromised microvasculature. A likely contributor to these functions is nitric oxide because it is known to inhibit platelet aggregability and promote vascular relaxation. To investigate the involvement of nitric oxide in the hemodynamic changes after experimental ischemia, photochemically induced nonocclusive common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT) was studied. CCAT is a rat model of unilateral carotid artery stenosis and platelet embolization to the brain. This study characterized the acute hemodynamic consequences of CCAT and the resultant pattern of platelet deposits with and without nitric oxide synthase inhibition by nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). In addition, the subacute local cerebral blood flow changes were studied at 24 hours. Right CCAT was produced in 30 male Wistar rats injected with 111In-labeled platelets. Between 5 and 15 minutes after thrombosis, rats were treated with either 15 mg/kg of L-NAME (intravenously) or saline vehicle. Hemodynamic changes were studied 30 to 45 minutes after thrombosis using [14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography. Eight coronal levels were analyzed, and cortical and subcortical regions of interest were defined. Significant increases were observed in total platelets in the ipsilateral hemisphere after L-NAME treatment, and in the distribution of platelets in the anterior frontal and occipital cortices with nitric oxide synthase inhibition, encompassing the anterior and posterior border zone areas of the ipsilateral cortex. Otherwise, foci of labeled platelets were detected throughout the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. Mean local cerebral blood flow images (n = 5) revealed a moderate bilateral global reduction in flow acutely, which normalized in the untreated thrombosed group by 24 hours. In contrast, the L-NAME-treated groups (sham and experimental) had lasting, widespread reductions in flow of approximately 25%. Pairwise comparisons between groups showed that CCAT/L-NAME was significantly different from shams in the corpus callosum and different from L-NAME shams in the internal capsule (P < 0.05) These hemodynamic and platelet accumulation changes may partially account for the aggravation of cognitive and sensorimotor deficits previously reported in this model of thromboembolic stroke.
Relevance of the Concept of Somatization to Chronic Pain

I am pleased to have the opportunity to comment on the excellent focus article by Sullivan and Katon. The authors have provided a real service to the readers of the APS Journal. They offer clearly written and concisely stated perspectives on the nature of somatization, its common manifestations and, especially relevant, the relationship of somatization phenomenology to pain phenomenology. There is, in fact, little for me to disagree with since I would lend my strong support to the views and conclusions the authors offer. The comments that follow are provided in the interest of clarification and to further support the relevance of the concept of somatization to chronic pain. An important perspective of the focus article is its reliance on population-based studies, rather than studies limited to pain patient groups such as those attending specialized pain clinics. From the population perspective we learn that the behavioral concomitants of somatization, namely, the presentation of nonspecific physical symptoms, is a common occurrence in primary health care. From my perspective, somatization is a neglected consideration in both primary health care and in specialized pain clinics. A critical distinction seems to be not so much the particular clinical setting, but the saliency given to biopsychosocial versus biomedical models of disease and illness. In those settings where a biomedical model of disease prevails, lack of awareness concerning somatization processes may lead to reification of pain symptoms. Intensive diagnostic procedures as well as medical, surgical, and pharmacologic interventions may ensue in pursuit of a
Ethical Consciousness in the Classroom: How Buddhist Practices Can Help Develop Empathy and Compassion

Some members of the academic community have turned their attention to the use of contemplative pedagogy and find it is a powerful approach that benefits students not only in their education but als...
Protein and DNA residue orientations in the filamentous virus Pf1 determined by polarized Raman and polarized FTIR spectroscopy.

The Pseudomonas bacteriophage Pf1 is a long (∼2000 nm) and thin (∼6.5 nm) filament consisting of a covalently closed, single-stranded DNA genome of 7349 nucleotides coated by 7350 copies of a 46-residue α-helical subunit. The coat subunits are arranged as a superhelix of C1S5.4 symmetry (class II). Polarized Raman and polarized FTIR spectroscopy of oriented Pf1 fibers show that the packaged single-stranded DNA genome is ordered specifically with respect to the capsid superhelix. Bases are nonrandomly arranged along the capsid interior, deoxynucleosides are uniformly in the C2‘-endo/anti conformation, and the average DNA phosphodioxy group (PO2-) is oriented so that the line connecting the oxygen atoms (O···O) forms an angle of 71° ± 5° with the virion axis. Raman and infrared amide band polarizations show that the subunit α-helix axis is inclined at an average angle of 16° ± 4° with respect to the virion axis. The α-helical symmetry of the capsid subunit is remarkably rigorous, resulting in splitting of R...
Alfred E. Kahn: Regulator and Language Maven

Alfred Kahn’s enduring legacy will be his influence on how economists think about the regulation of natural monopoly. But although the substance of his ideas mattered far more than their style, his influence would not have been nearly as great had it not been for his almost slavish devotion to clear language. His career supports the proposition that most of the heavy lifting in economics relies on just a few basic principles that can be stated in plain English. In this essay, I describe how Kahn’s mastery of those principles made him such an effective regulator, but I also note that events since the 1978 deregulation of the airline industry suggest that he and others at the Civil Aeronautics Board failed to appreciate the extent of unexploited economies of scale in the industry.
Professional socialization in a surgical specialty: Acquiring medical judgment.

Abstract Because the actual practice of medicine is more complex than the routine application of abstract, therapeutic principles to specific cases, the ability to exercise sound judgment is a highly valued component of the physician's professional skill system. Medical judgment, requiring broad understanding and experience in both the clinical and theoretical aspects of medicine is developed through a continual process of decision-making and evaluation in regard to the treatment of specific cases. Judgment is the ability to reach successful decisions in the face of ambiguous circumstances. In order to investigate this component of professional socialization we studied the 20 residents in a 4-yr state university training program in orthopedic surgery. Data were collected over a 9-month time span through field observation and intensive interviewing. Residents entered the program already aware of the importance of judgement in the practice of medicine. This initial orientation was further strengthened during the course of the residency as the trainees came to define their chosen specialty, orthopedics, as one of the most ambiguous fields of medicine. During the course of our field work we learned that residents cultivated their orthopedic judgment through a continual process of reaching a decision regarding the treatment of a specific case and subsequently evaluating the outcome of that treatment. From the outset of this phase of training, new residents encounter situations in which they must begin to learn to integrate the prime ingredients of orthopedic decision-making: clinical experience, the orthopedic literature, and unique characteristics of the patient. The majority of these decisions are made through a group process involving junior and senior residents as well as attending physicians. These occasions provide ample opportunity for the newer residents both to learn new kinds of relevant information and to see how this information is actually integrated and applied when making a decision. Interestingly, often a variety of treatments are seen as acceptable possibilities. The final choice among a number of equally plausible alternatives may be made on the basis of clusters of values or “treatment philosophies”. In orthopedics such philosophies center around whether or not one, in general, favors surgical or non-surgical interventions, such philosophies provide a general orientation which guides decision-making by limiting the number of treatment options seriously considered. It is during the residency phase of training that one begins to take on a particular philosophy as one's own. Evaluating the consequences of a particular treatment is a second mechanism for learning judgment. With the exception of singularly difficult cases evaluation, unlike decision-making, is usually a spontaneous, individual occurrence. Thus, although individual residents may emphasize the importance of treatment evaluation in developing judgment, this component of the process is not collectively emphasized in the residency program.
Exercise and weight gain in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Purpose: Weight gain is a common side effect for women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and may have negative long-term implications for survival. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on weight gain in women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. description of Study: Seventy-eight women who had recently received a diagnosis of breast cancer and who were beginning adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in a home-based exercise study during the first four cycles of chemotherapy. Weight change, body mass index, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, caloric expenditure during exercise, and functional ability were recorded. Results: Women who adhered to the exercise program maintained their body weight, while nonexercisers steadily gained weight (P < .05). There were no differences in incidence or intensity of nausea or anorexia between the exercisers and nonexercisers. Women who exercised over the four cycles of chemotherapy improved their functional ability (mean 23%) compared to the nonexercisers who showed significant declines in functional ability (mean −15%). clinical Implications: Exercise may be an effective intervention to minimize weight gain in women with breast cancer who are receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Preventing weight gain in these patients may be important in preventing recurrent disease and other comorbidities associated with excess weight.
A Michelson-Type Interferometer for Microwave Measurements

The optical Michelson interferometer is modified by replacing one of its branches by a directional coupler and a waveguide. The instrument serves many purposes, among which are: precision wavelength determination, the measurement of dielectric constants of materials available in sheet form, the determination of reflection from laminated sheets at normal incidence, the study of metal-loaded dielectrics and of parallel-plate metal lens media. An instrument operating at 3.2 cm is described.
The role of ion bridging in controlling competitive electrodeposition processes

Abstract It was shown by the following three different types of measurements that the effect of thiocyanate on electrodeposition processes involving cobalt, nickel and lead could be predicted by regarding the thiocyanate as a bridging anion for deposition the transition elements and merely as a blocking agent for the deposition of the non-transition elements. 1. (1) Voltammetric methods showed that the thiocyanate increased the rate of deposition of the transition elements, cobalt and nickel, but only inhibited the deposition of the non-transition elements lead and hydrogen. 2. (2) Current efficiency measurements showed that addition of thiocyanate ions increased the current efficiency for the deposition of the transition elements cobalt and nickel, but decreased the current efficiency for deposition of the non-transition element lead. 3. (3) Alloy deposition studies showed that addition of thiocyanate ions increased the percentage of cobalt and nickel in cobalt-lead and Ni-Pb alloys.
Nutrient Recycling by Caddisflies Alleviates Phosphorus Limitation in Case Periphyton

AbstractSelective feeding and differential nutrient excretion by aquatic invertebrates plays a substantial role in nutrient recycling. Grazing larvae of the caddisfly Glossosoma intermedium construct a portable case for protection that also serves as a good substrate for periphyton colonization because it is constantly fertilized by larval excreta. We tested whether case periphyton was nutrient enriched compared to streambed periphyton and whether selective feeding by caddisfly larvae on case periphyton facilitates P remineralization. We measured total N, total P, and N∶P in stream water and streambed cobble periphyton in 3 western Wisconsin streams. We collected larvae and measured N and P content and N∶P of case periphyton, G. intermedium body, and G. intermedium excretion products. Cobble periphyton N∶P at 2 streams suggested P limitation (368 ± 109 and 50 ± 10), but case periphyton N∶P at those streams did not (11 ± 3 and 11 ± 0.8, respectively). Neither cobble nor case periphyton N∶Ps suggested P lim...
Triiodothyronine production by the perfused rat kidney is reduced by diabetes mellitus but not by fasting.

The effects of fasting and streptozotocin-induced diabetes on renal T3 production were studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Kidneys were perfused for 1 h at 37 C and pH 7.4 with two perfusion media, containing different oncotic agents (BSA and a modified collagen product, Haemaccel) and with widely varying free T4 concentrations [15.6 ng/dl (200 pm) in BSA, 132 ng/dl (1703 pM) in Haemaccel]. Basal kidney T3 concentrations fell by 65.3 ± (se) 5.2 and 56.4 ± 3.4% of control in fasted and diabetic rats, respectively, in parallel with similar decreases in serum T3 concentrations. Fasting did not alter T3 production, T4 uptake, or the conversion of T4 to T3 in the perfused kidney. In contrast, diabetes decreased renal T3 production by 43.7 ± 5.4% (P < 0.001) and 31.2 ± 3.5% (P < 0.005) from control when perfused with BSA and Haemacciil, respectively. This decline in T3 production was the result of an insulin-reversible decrease in the conversion of T4 to T3, where is T4 uptake was unchanged. Kidneys fr...
Enhancement of O2 dissociation on Au(111) by adsorbed oxygen: Implications for oxidation catalysis

We show that the dissociation probability of O2 on the reconstructed, Au(111)-herringbone surface is dramatically increased by the presence of some atomic oxygen on the surface. Specifically, at 400 K the dissociation probability of O2 on oxygen precovered Au(111) is on the order of 10-3, whereas there is no measurable dissociation on clean Au(111), establishing an upper bound for the dissociation probability of 10-6. Atomic oxygen was deposited on the clean reconstructed Au(111)-herringbone surface using electron bombardment of condensed NO2 at 100 K. The dissociation probability for dioxygen was measured by exposing the surface to 18O2. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was used to quantify the amount of oxygen dissociation and to study the stability of the oxygen in all cases. Oxygen desorbs as O2 in a peak centered at 550 K with pseudo-first-order kinetics; i.e., the desorption peak does not shift with coverage. Our interpretation is that the coverage dependence of the activation energy for diss...
Towards a Predictive Computational Complexity Theory

Over the last three decades, language recognition models of computation and associated resource bounded reductions have played a central role in characterizing the computational complexity of combinatorial problems. However, due to their generality, these concepts have inherent limitations - they typically ignore the underlying structure and semantics of the problem instances. Thus they are generally not “robust” in terms of simultaneously classifying variants of the original problem.
Practice effects in the prediction of long-term cognitive outcome in three patient samples: A novel prognostic index

Practice effects, defined as improvements in cognitive test performance due to repeated exposure to the test materials, have traditionally been viewed as sources of error. However, they might provide useful information for predicting cognitive outcome. The current study used three separate patient samples (older adults with mild cognitive impairments, individuals who were HIV+, individuals with Huntington's disease) to examine the relationship between practice effects and cognitive functioning at a later point. Across all three samples, practice effects accounted for as much as 31-83% of the variance in the follow-up cognitive scores, after controlling for baseline cognitive functioning. If these findings can be replicated in other patients with neurodegenerative disorders, clinicians and researchers may be able to develop predictive models to identify the individuals who are most likely to demonstrate continued cognitive decline across time. The ability to utilize practice effects data would add a simple, convenient, and non-invasive marker for monitoring an individual patient's cognitive status. Additionally, this prognostic index could be used to offer interventions to patients who are in the earliest stages of progressive neurodegenerative disorders.
Substance P in the synovial membrane and fluid of the equine middle carpal joint

This preliminary study was designed to determine whether the neurotransmitter substance P was present in the middle carpal synovial membrane of the normal horse and whether the neuropeptide could be identified in the synovial fluid of normal horses and those with joint diseases. Immunocytochemistry on middle carpal synovial membrane biopsies from fresh cadavers was used to demonstrate substance P-containing neural elements. Substance P was most abundant in the subintimal portion of the membrane, with occasional filaments coursing via synovial fronds to the intimal portion. Radioimmunoassay techniques were used on acidified acetonitrile-preserved synovial fluid samples to measure substance P concentrations. Fluid from 9 joints of 5 normal horses and 6 joints of 4 horses with joint diseases were analysed. Disease conditions included acute and chronic osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis. Synovia from normal horses contained a mean concentration of substance P significantly less than that of horses with joint diseases (P less than 0.05). Elevated concentrations of neurotransmitters in diseased joints suggests a potential contribution to the pathophysiology of joint disorders in horses.
Characterization of EssB, a protein required for secretion of ESAT-6 like proteins in Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus secretes EsxA and EsxB, two small polypeptides of the WXG100 family of proteins. Genetic analyses have shown that production and secretion of EsxA and EsxB require an intact ESAT-6 Secretion System (ESS), a cluster of genes that is conserved in many Firmicutes and encompasses esxA and esxB . Here, we characterize EssB, one of the proteins encoded by the ESS cluster. EssB is highly conserved in Gram-positive bacteria and belongs to the Cluster of Orthologous Groups of protein COG4499 with no known function. By generating an internal deletion in essB , we demonstrate that EssB is required for secretion of EsxA. We use a polyclonal antibody to identify EssB and show that the protein fractionates with the plasma membrane of S. aureus . Yet, when produced in Escherichia coli, EssB remains mostly soluble and the purified protein assembles into a highly organized oligomer that can be visualized by electron microscopy. Production of truncated EssB variants in wild-type S. aureus confers a dominant negative phenotype on EsxA secretion. The data presented here support the notion that EssB may oligomerize and interact with other membrane components to form the WXG100-specific translocon in S. aureus .
Computer counting of lithium-treated metaphase chromosomes. A population survey technique.

Abstract Automatic counting of chromosomes by computer is a feasible technique for screening human populations for aneuploidy. This paper presents a system which has been developed around a new lithium-treated chromosome preparation. 35 mm negatives of metaphase chromosome spreads are scanned fully automatically; chromosomes are distinguished from nonchromosomes to get the count for a given spread and then thirty spread counts per patient are pooled in a histogram to find the true chromosome complement. Presumptive sex diagnosis is also made by comparing A – C and D – G group counts. Results are presented from a normal male, a normal female and XO-XYY mosaic.
Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an uncommon neutrophilic dermatosis characterized classically by the development of rapidly expanding painful ulcerations often on the lower extremities. Although most commonly associated with inflammatory bowel disease, acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, or monoclonal gammopathy, PG has been reported in association with systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hepatitis, relapsing polychondritis, and sarcoidosis.1
Incentive Schemes for Semiconductor Capacity Allocation: A Game Theoretic Analysis

We study incentive issues that arise in semiconductor capacity planning and allocation. Motivated by our experience at a major U. S. semiconductor manufacturer, we model the capacity-allocation problem in a game-theoretic setting as follows: each product manager (PM) is responsible for a certain product line, while privately owning demand information through regular interaction with the customers. Capacity-allocation is carried out by the corporate headquarters (HQ), which allocates manufacturing capacity to product lines based on demand information reported by the PMs. We show that PMs have an incentive to manipulate demand information to increase their expected allocation, and that a carefully designed coordination mechanism is essential for HQ to implement the optimal allocation. To this end, we design an incentive scheme through bonus payments and participation charges that elicits private demand information from the PMs. We show that the mechanism achieves budget-balance and voluntary-participation requirements simultaneously. The results provide important insights into the treatment of misaligned incentives in the context of semiconductor capacity-allocation.
Brand frequency and product involvement: The application of a pc‐based perceptual learning routine to psychology and marketing

This article describes a set of procedures that were developed for implementing perceptual learning studies on IBM PCs. The routines permit the display of pictorial and alphanumeric graphic images in 320 × 200 graphics mode, using 4 colors from a 16-color palette. One of the perceptual learning routines—a dot clarification routine—is applied in a study of brand frequency and product involvement as a demonstration of the usefulness of the procedure to issues in psychology and marketing. Perceptual identification was significantly faster for studied items than for nonstudied ones, for high-frequency brands than for low-frequency ones, and for high-involvement products than for low-involvement ones. None of the interactions were significant. We also discuss other potential applications of the perceptual learning procedures to issues in psychology and marketing.
Development of Ceramic Components for Ceramic Gas Turbine Engine (CGT302)

The 300kW Industrial Ceramic Gas Turbine (CGT) Research and Development Project is going on as a part of New Sunshine project under the contract of Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). The objective of this project is to achieve higher efficiency and lower pollutant emissions for small sized gas turbine engines used in co-generation systems.Under this project, Kyocera has been developing various ceramic components for the CGT302 engine designed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI). This engine has set a thermal efficiency of over 42% at a turbine inlet temperature (TIT) of 1350°C as a final target. For such operations, we have developed the new silicon nitride materials, SN281 and SN282, which have excellent stress rupture strength and superior oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures up to 1500°C.We have also developed improved fabrication technologies for the use of SN281 and SN282 as engine components. In 1997 fiscal year, all ceramic components for the CGT302 were successfully fabricated by using these new materials. Especially, the large sized monolithic power turbine (PT) rotor, which has a 192mm outer diameter, was manufactured by SN282, and exhibited fracture rotating speeds greater than 120% of the design rotating speed in cold spin tests.This paper discusses the mechanical properties of these new materials and the results of ceramic components evaluated under engine test conditions.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
A cis-oxypalladium adduct of cyclooctadiene: Direct synthesis and isolation from a photolytic reaction

A cis-oxypalladium adduct of an olefin, di-μ-acetatobis(cis-2-acetoxycyclooct-5-enyl)dipalladium(II), I, was prepared from cis, trans-cycloocta-1,5-diene, and was isolated from photolysis of cis,cis-cyclooctadiene in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 or from photolysis of the trans- adduct.
Inflammatory bowel disease: Prevalence and level of activation of circulating T-lymphocyte subpopulations mediating suppressor/cytotoxic and helper function as defined by monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Evidence suggests that chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune hypersensitivity disorder characterized by humoral and cell-mediated responses directed against host intestinal epithelial cell antigens. Therefore, circulating immunoregulatory T lymphocytes which normally govern these immune responses were evaluated in 17 patients with IBD as well as in age-matched controls, using monoclonal antibodies with an established specificity for functional T-lymphocyte subsets (Thelper, Tcytotoxic/suppressor, T3AI cells). The level of Thelper and Tcytotoxic/suppressor cells covered a broad range within each patient group, with the median and mean for each lymphocyte subset, however, being similar for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and controls. Values for 3AI-positive cells exhibited the least variation and were normal in all patient groups. Further, the ratio of Thelper to Tcytotoxic/suppressor cells was ⋍ 1.3 among both patients and controls, and the number of “activated” T lymphocytes, as determined by the presence of cell surface Ia antigen, was not increased in patients with IBD. None of these immunological parameters correlated with a carefully quantitated index of disease activity. It was concluded that a quantitative defect in circulating immunoregulatory cells is not present in patients with IBD which might account for the high incidence of autoimmune reactions occurring in them.
Current systems implementation languages: One user's view

One user's experience with five current systems implementation languages is outlined stressing virtues and vices of each; the five are: FORTRAN, PASS, GOGOL, XPL, and PL360. Some criteria for future systems implementation languages are suggested; the most crucial features of a systems implementation language are (1) access to the “real” machine, (2) compatibility with existing software, (3) linguistic structure, and (4) predictability of code generator and storage management.
Photochemical Vapor Deposition Of Gallium Arsenide

Photochemical vapor deposition (PCVD) of GaAs on fused silica, silicon and GaAs substrates is reported here. A 1000 watt Hg-Xe arc lamp is utilized as the light source with arsine and triethylgallium serving as the reactants. Epitaxial film growth is shown to occur for deposition on both GaAs and silicon substrates. These thin films are characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness in utilizing both photolysis and pyrolysis to achieve deposition.
Spontaneous arteriosclerosis in male and female gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Abstract Adult, male and female virgin and breeder gerbils, fed a low fat diet, were autopsied and a gross and microscopic survey was made of their cardiovascular system as well as of other pertinent organs. Blood from each animal was taken for biochemical analyses. None of the virgin control animals exhibited any abnormalities in either their blood chemistry, vascular system or other organs. The female breeder gerbils displayed minimal to severe grossly-visible arteriosclerosis either within the abdominal aorta or extending throughout the aorta. The majority of male and female breeders had some kind of arterial connective tissue derangement when examined histologically, e.g. , ground substance alterations, elastolytic degeneration or calcification. The serum CPK, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, glucose, BUN and cortisol levels were all greatly elevated in the breeder gerbils. It is believed that the spontaneous arteriosclerosis and other metabolic derangements which develop in breeder gerbils is highly reminiscent of a similar "syndrome" found in breeder rats and that the observed hormonal metabolic alterations and attendant vascular degeneration are manifestations of over-activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal axis in connection with the reproductive effort.
Smoking cessation in primary care: a clinical effectiveness trial of two simple interventions.

Abstract Background. Many primary care practices do not have systematic protocols to identify patients who smoke or to encourage clinicians to provide smoking cessation advice. We designed a study to assess the relative effectiveness of two brief interventions on screening for smoking, physician cessation advice and patient smoking cessation rates. Methods. We performed a nonrandomized comparison of alternative strategies for smoking cessation at a hospital-based adult primary care practice. Each intervention was implemented on a separate practice team. The “minimal” intervention consisted of a smoking status “vital sign” stamp which documented patient smoking status. The “enhanced” intervention consisted of a five-question form that assessed patient level of cessation readiness and provided cessation-counseling prompts for clinicians. Medical record documentation of screening for smoking and cessation advice and self-reported patient smoking cessation rates were collected 8–10 months after implementation. Results. Smoking status was documented at 86%, 91%, and 49%, and cessation advice at 38%, 47%, and 30% of visits on the minimal, enhanced, and control teams, respectively (P Conclusions. A short questionnaire that assesses readiness-to-quit and provides documentation of cessation advice improves rates of clinician cessation advice and patient smoking cessation compared with no intervention.
Medication reconciliation in the emergency department.

Medication reconciliation by pharmacists in the emergency department (ED), a role discussed by various authors,[1][1],[2][2] is a tangible means to justify a pharmacy position. A major concern, however, is how a pharmacist can balance medication reconciliation with his or her other responsibilities
Metamorphic Structures in Part of the Eastern Otago Schists

Abstract Structures in part of the eastern Otago schists have been separated into several descriptive types and mapped accordingly. Structures have also been identified as products of four deformational phases and mapped on this basis. Phase II and III structures predominate. Mesoscopic folds, lineations, and s-surfaces developed during the phase II deformation in conjunction with formation of macroscopic folds. Phase III structures, not represented by macroscopic folds, include most of the mesoscopic types of the preceding deformation, but are considerably more variable in style and orientation. The only first-phase structure recognised is a schistosity; the only fourth-phase structure is a fine crenulation of micas. The orientation of large stratigraphic units has been determined in numerous localities by tracing contacts between units of contrasting lithology and by measuring the orientation of tabular bodies defined by schist tor ridges. These data along with observations of mesoscopic structures are ...
Reconciling local and global agendas in sustainable development: Participatory research with indigenous Andean communities

This paper discusses participatory research in the Andes and presents a case study in Cotacachi, Ecuador, where sustainability scientists and indigenous people seek common ground in their respective but drastically different research and social agendas. Participatory research based on Andean experiences pre-dated and inspired much of the later international movement in agriculture, health, and conservation. Andean communities have a long history in demanding that outsiders address the needs of the community as a condition for carrying out scientific or applied activities. What an Andean community, however, sees as relevant may or may not be within the rubric of ‘participatory research’ as it is practiced throughout much of the world. In fact, overzealous participatory researchers are just as bothersome as their predecessors bearing long questionnaires. More important to Andean people is an equitable relationship with researchers and developers in which exchanges of value are made. A distinction between ‘enriching’ and ‘extractive’ research is drawn. In the case of the SANREM project in Cotacachi, Ecuador, scientists carried out enriching research activities of interest to local people as a way to generate social capital for conducting basic research which does not have an obvious, immediate local benefit. The requested research did not have a conventional participatory methodology but provided valuable products (educational opportunity, germplasm, community visualization tools, and information) to the indigenous community in exchange for time and resources to conduct research on more basic natural resource questions. We argue that in the Andean context the key to reconciling the needs of scientists and of local needs is seeking new forms of equitable collaboration which reach beyond the present and now somewhat tired discourse of ‘participation’.
Characterization and deactivation of NiOThO2 catalysts

Abstract The effect of calcination condition on the activity and selectivity of coprecipitated Ni ThO2 catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch reactions has been examined. Catalysts containing 50–60 wt.-% nickel were prepared and calcined by conventional oven heating. At 773 K and 24 h treatment, activities were hardly changed from the uncalcined value. At 573 K, 18 h were required to increase activity by a factor of 3.5. However, calcination by hot plate gave almost twice as much improvement in activity and selectivity in less than 30 min. The uncalcined and hot plate treated catalysts were characterized by chemical analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, temperature-programmed reduction, magnetization, and X-ray photon spectroscopy measurements. These studies demonstrated that the coprecipitated mixed xerogels are physical mixtures of Ni(OH)2 and Th(OH)4. A model is proposed in which rapid calcination on the hot plate produces crystallites of nickel oxide in close proximity to thoria. Upon reduction of the NiO, crystallites of nickel are formed, with the surface covered by ThO2, either in the form of patches or molecular groupings. The active sites are believed to contain Ni Th bridges that facilitate dehydroxylation of the growing chains. The presence of thoria on the nickel surface increases resistance to hydrogen sulfide poisoning by a factor of over 25. This may be due to a “gettering” action of the dispersed ThO2 or to a decrease in the number of three-atom ensembles needed for hydrogen sulfide adsorption.
Does Eating out Inhibit Nutrition Behavior? A Sociological Perspective

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Identify differences between eating behaviors at home and when eating away from home The purposes of this study were to determine if: 1) eating out presents barriers to eating nutritionally, and 2) are nutritional food choices of greater or lesser concern when eating away from home. A social survey of Midwest restaurant customers was conducted to ascertain if their eating behaviors at home differ from their eating behaviors in fast-food and sit-down restaurants. Reasons why they do not make nutrition-related requests were queried. Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of 500 households in the Midwest, with a return rate of 55%. Total mean scores for all eating behaviors (indexes) at home and in each restaurant category were calculated using a scale of +3 = always to − 3=never. Mean scores were .42 for at home, −1.01 for fast-food, and −.91 for sit-down restaurants. Mean scores were significantly different between each paired index. Each of the indexes had reliabilities ≥ .77. Four barriers, concern about nutrition, feeling comfortable making nutritional requests, following others who make requests, and gender, did not explain differences between eating at home and eating away from home. These findings may imply that concern for nutrition is significantly less important when eating out. Dietitians must focus on educating clients/restaurant customers to make nutritional choices when eating away from home. When a sufficient number of customers make these requests, restaurants will respond to meet the demand
Coupling efficiency of starlight to low-order-mode optical fibers using adaptive optics: rationale and experiments using the Wavefront Control Experiment

Planetary detection using doppler shifts requires very high resolution spectrographs which are stable over periods of years. Single or low order mode optical fibers have advantages in this application since they produce spatially scrambled Gaussian input illumination and diffraction limited size input image for spectrograph slit. Very high resolution spectroscopy is thus possible with modest dimensions of the spectrograph. This results in greatly lowering the cost of spectrograph and increasing the stability. However, adaptive optics system is needed to improve the light coupling efficiency. This paper reviews the potential of this technique and presents some preliminary laboratory experiments with the Wavefront Control Experiment (WCE). Plans of future experiment after installing the WCE in a Coude room of a 40 degree(s) reflector telescope at Yerkes Observatory are also presented.
The Relationship Between Physical Performance Measures and Independence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

OBJECTIVES: Understanding the relationship between physical capacity and functional status is required to design exercise interventions to maintain independent living. This study assessed the importance of physical performance in maintaining independence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). DESIGN: A pre-planned meta-analysis of cross-sectional data from six sites of the Frailty and Injury: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Trials (FICSIT). Linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between physical performance and IADL. PARTICIPANTS: 2190 community-dwelling older subjects. MEASUREMENTS: IADL was the dependent variable; gait velocity, balance function, grip strength and chair rise time were the predictor variables. Age, gender, education, falls self-efficacy, and cognitive status were covariates. RESULTS: Gait velocity, balance function, and grip strength were independently related to IADL deficits, after correcting for covariates. The linear slopes were relatively steep. For gait, a decrease of 0.1 m s−1 was associated with 0.10 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.04) increase in IADL deficits, which is equivalent to 1 ADL deficit in 10 subjects. The linear slopes for hand grip and balance were similar or steeper. In the sites where chair stand time was measured, an increase of 1 second in the time to rise was associated with a 0.14 (0.04, 0.24) increase in IADL deficits. The relationships found in the meta-analytic analysis were consistent across sites which enrolled subjects with widely varying levels of physical performance. CONCLUSION: Simple measures of physical performance were strongly associated with IADL independence after correcting for many previously identified predictors of functional status. The data from this meta-analysis support testing interventions designed to improve physical performance to determine whether improved performance can maintain or improve independence in IADLs. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:1332–1341, 1996.
Differential transcription of nonrepeated DNA during development of Neurospora crassa

Abstract The transcription of non-repeated DNA sequences of four developmental cell types of the eukaryotic fungus Neurospora crassa was measured quantitatively by DNA:RNA hybridization using hydroxyapatite chromatography. DNA transcription was 34% (68% of the genome) at midlog phase of mycelial growth and 15% at conidial phase. Conidial sprouts and unbranched mycelial cells showed markedly increased transcription, 25% and 27% respectively. DNAs from mycelia and conidia did not show any difference in nucleotide base composition and sequence homologies. It was concluded that approximately 30% of N. crassa genome consist of sequences which are involved either in cell differentiation and development.
Instruction cache fetch policies for speculative execution

Current trends in processor design are pointing to deeper and wider pipelines and superscalar architectures. The efficient use of these resources requires speculative execution, a technique whereby the processor continues executing the predicted path of a branch before the branch condition is resolved.In this paper, we investigate the implications of speculative execution on instruction cache performance. We explore policies for managing instruction cache misses ranging from aggressive policies (always fetch on the speculative path) to conservative ones (wait until branches are resolved). We test these policies and their interaction with next-line prefetching by simulating the effects on instruction caches with varying architectural parameters. Our results suggest that an aggressive policy combined with next-line prefetching is best for small latencies while more conservative policies are preferable for large latencies.