cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green Legislative Politics

There is no place on the whole surface of the earth where human reconstruction of the environment has been more thorough than in the Netherlands. This is not said in any spirit of criticism. I don’t want to put the Netherlands back on the sea bottom. As far as I am concerned, benefitting human beings should be our objective. Benefitting other things - trees, man-eating tigers, wolves, and so on - is important only in so far as human beings will be benefitted by their continued existence. I realize that there are people who disagree about this and who feel that these other animals, and so on, have rights. Indeed, the management of Yellowstone National Park in the United States faces a minor but continuing crises because some people object to the shooting of grizzly bears. They apparently feel that the grizzly bears should be permitted to peacefully continue eating tourists rather than being murdered.
Particulate Matter in the Lower Atmosphere

Many scientific disciplines have contributed to our knowledge of the nature and concentration of fine particles in the atmosphere. These disciplines include theoretical and experimental physics, meteorology, astronomy, and chemistry. This chapter describes results obtained by such disciplines, discusses in detail many of the aspects of more than average interest, and suggests several problems that remain to be solved.
Inflammatory response and minimized cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract: Approaches are described for dealing with the massive systemic inflammatory response induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which, if unchecked, inflicts end-organ damage culminating in significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. Clinical trials of pharmacological antioxidants, e.g. N - a cetylcysteine, are described and the use of cardioplegia enriched with pyruvate, a physiological energy substrate and antioxidant, which exerts a host of anti-inflammatory effects in a swine CPB model, is shown to afford robust post-CPB recovery in patients undergoing coronary revascularization on-pump. The advantages of miniaturized extracorporeal CPB systems, which minimize blood contact with the extracorporeal circuit and limit priming volume, and thus hemodilution, are examined. The benefits include reductions in circulating proinflammatory cytokines and activated neutrophils, incidence of atrial fibrillation, and duration of postoperative hospitalization.
Reversing nitrogen fixation

The nitrogen cycle is one of the most important biogeochemical cycles on Earth because nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all life forms. To supplement natural nitrogen fixation, farmers add large amounts of nitrogen-containing fertilizer to their soils such that nitrogen never becomes a limiting nutrient for plant growth. However, of the nitrogen added to fields — most of which is in the form of NH3 and NO3− — only 30–50% is taken up by plants, while the remainder is metabolized by soil microorganisms in processes with detrimental environmental impacts. The first of these processes, that is, nitrification, refers to the biological oxidation of NH3 to NO2− and NO3−, which have low retention in soil and pollute waterways, leading to downstream eutrophication and ultimately ‘dead zones’ (low oxygen zones) in coastal waters, for example, the Gulf of Mexico. In a second process, namely, denitrification, NO3− and NO2− undergo stepwise reduction to N2O and N2. Substantial amounts of the N2O produced in this process escape into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and ozone destruction. Recent results suggest that nitrification also affords N2O. This Review describes the enzymes involved in NH3 oxidation and N2O production and degradation in the nitrogen cycle. We pay particular attention to the active site structures, the associated coordination chemistry that enables the chemical transformations and the reaction mechanisms. Nitrification and denitrification are responsible for the processing of ammonia fertilizer, ultimately leading to the generation of environmental pollutants that accumulate in waterways and the atmosphere. This Review describes the enzymes involved in these processes, which fascinate with their unusual active sites and the surprising reactions that they catalyse.
Use of instrumental variables for endogenous treatment at the provider level

Health economists are often interested in the effects of provider-level attributes (e.g., nonprofit status or quality rating) on patient outcomes, but estimation is subject to selection bias due to correlation with other omitted provider-level attributes that also affect patient outcomes. Recently, researchers have attempted to use patient-level instrumental variables, such as differential distance, to solve this problem of a provider-level endogenous treatment variable in settings where patients are nested within providers. However, to satisfy validity assumptions, an instrumental variable for a provider attribute must be at the provider level or a larger unit of aggregation, not at the patient level. A patient-level instrument cannot predict variation in a provider attribute separately from other, potentially unmeasured, provider attributes. In this paper, we explain this misapplication, review the extent of this problem in recent literature, and offer alternative approaches to avoid this misapplication of patient-level instrumental variables.
Defining reprogramming checkpoints from single-cell analysis of induced pluripotency

Elucidating the mechanism of reprogramming is confounded by heterogeneity due to the low efficiency and differential kinetics of obtaining induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells. Therefore, we increased the efficiency with a novel combination of epigenetic and signaling molecules and profiled the transcriptomes of individual reprogramming cells. Contrary to the established temporal order, somatic gene inactivation and upregulation of cell cycle, epithelial, and early pluripotency genes can be triggered independently such that any combination of these events can occur in single cells. Sustained co-expression of Epcam, Nanog, and Sox2 with other genes is required to progress towards iPSCs. Ehf, Phlda2, and translation initiation factor Eif4a1 play novel functional roles in robust iPSC generation. Using regulatory network analysis, we identify a critical role for signaling inhibition by 2i in repressing somatic expression and synergy between the epigenetic modifiers ascorbic acid and a Dot1L inhibitor for pluripotency gene activation.
Reactions of Glutathione with Carcinogenic Esters of N-Arylhydroxamic Acids

The nitrenium ions 7a and 7b derived from hydrolysis of N-(sulfonatooxy)-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (1a) and N-(sulfonatooxy)-N-acetyl-4-aminobiphenyl (1b) are trapped by glutathione anion (GS-) with selectivity ratios, kgs−/ks, of 8200 ± 600 M-1 and 300 ± 15 M-1, respectively. Since ks is known for both of these ions under our reaction conditions, kgs− can be calculated. For 7a, kgs− is 6.3 × 108 M-1 s-1, and for 7b, kgs− is 1.8 × 109 M-1 s-1. Under physiological conditions (50−100 μM GS-) neither ion would be efficiently trapped by GS-. Some of the GSH adducts isolated in this study (4 from 1a, 11 and 12 from 1b) are not derived from nitrenium ion trapping. They arise from GS- trapping of the quinol imines 8a and 8b, which are the initial products of trapping of 7a and 7b by H2O. This reaction is very efficient at physiological GS- concentrations and could lead to significant GSH depletion in vivo. Although it has been known for some time that quinol imines such as 8a and 8b are major hydrolysis products ...
IEC 61850 Standards and Configuration Technology

Abstract IEC 61850 aims to solve the interoperation between substation devices, which is accepted as an international unified communication standard. In this chapter, relative technologies of IEC 61850 are introduced, such as substation configuration description language (SCL), manufacturing message specification (MMS), abstract communication service interface (ACSI), generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE), and sampled value (SV) service. Additionally, this chapter highlights the configuration of GOOSE, SV, and IEC 61850 models in practical projects.
On the fusion of multiple multi-criteria aggregation functions with focus on the fusion of OWA aggregations

Abstract We discuss the concepts of a fuzzy measure and the Choquet integral with respect to a fuzzy measure. We introduce aggregation functions and discus their role in fusing fuzzy measures. We describe the formulation of multi-criteria decision-making using fuzzy measures and explain how the measure is used to capture the relationship between the criteria. We look at some examples of multi-criteria decision-making using a measure-based approach. Two notable examples are the OWA aggregation of the criteria and a propositional logic expression of the relationship between criteria. We next look at the fusion of multiple multi-criteria decision functions. The major objective of this paper is to focus on the problem of the fusion of multiple OWA aggregation functions. A significant benefit of the methodology developed here is that it is based solely on the use of fuzzy measures, this allows us to represent in a unified fashion many different aggregation imperatives.
Subcutaneous sumatriptan: association with decreases in postoperative pain and opioid use after elective cranial surgery

OBJECTIVE Sumatriptan, a serotonin receptor agonist, has been used in the management of primary headache disorders and has been shown to affect trigeminal dural afferents. There is limited literature on the safety and efficacy of sumatriptan for postcraniotomy pain management. This study aimed to identify whether subcutaneous sumatriptan is a safe and efficacious pain management strategy after elective craniotomy. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent supratentorial or suboccipital craniotomy between 2016 and 2019 that was performed by a single provider at a single institution to identify patients given subcutaneous sumatriptan in the postoperative period. Pain scores and intravenous and oral opioid use were compared in patients with (n = 15) and without (n = 45) sumatriptan administration. RESULTS Patients with and without sumatriptan administration had no significant differences in baseline characteristics or surgery type. There were no sumatriptan-related complications. The average pain score decreased from 3.9 to 1.3 within 1 hour after sumatriptan administration (p = 0.014). In both adult and pediatric patients there was decreased postoperative pain (adults: pain score of 1.1 vs 7.1, p < 0.001; pediatric: 1.1 vs 3.9, p = 0.007) within the first 48 hours. There were decreases in intravenous opioid use, length of intravenous opioid use, maximum dose of intravenous opioid used, oral opioid use, length of oral opioid use, and maximum dose of oral opioid used in both adult and pediatric patients. CONCLUSIONS The authors identified subcutaneous sumatriptan as a safe and efficacious tool for postoperative pain management after craniotomy. Large multicenter randomized controlled studies are needed to further evaluate the specific role of sumatriptan in postoperative pain management after craniotomy.
Ethics in Science

Students should be exposed to both kinds of ethics in the science classroom. First, students should be made aware of the way in which scientists should engage in scientific work as they investigate the natural world. Resnik (2005) identified twelve such principles including: honesty, carefulness, openness, freedom, credit, education, social responsibility, legality, opportunity, mutual respect, efficiency, and respect for others.
The Feasibility of Coexistence between IMT-2020 and Inter-Satellite Service in 26GHz band

Spectrum resource is a key point for future development of International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT). According to WRC-19 conclusions, 24.25-27.5GHz frequency band is identified to IMT. However, spectrum 25.25-27.5GHz has been allocated to inter-satellite service (ISS). It is essential to ensure the coexistence between IMT and ISS. This paper provides an analysis of the sharing between IMT-2020 (5G) system and geostationary satellite networks in the inter-satellite service (ISS) in the frequency band 25.25-27.5GHz. Moreover, A Monte Carlo simulation methodology is used for assessing the aggregate interference from multiple IMT base stations (BSs) and user equipments (UEs) to a data relay satellite (DRS) in ISS system. The results show that the coexistence between IMT BSs plus UEs and inter-satellite service space station is feasible in this frequency band.
Sex Differences in Academic Rank, Scholarly Productivity, National Institutes of Health Funding, and Industry Ties Among Academic Cornea Specialists in the United States

Purpose This study analyzed sex differences among cornea specialists with regards to academic rank, scholarly productivity, National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, and industry partnerships. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods This was a study of faculty at 113 US academic programs. Sex, residency graduation year, and academic rank were collected from institutional websites between January and March 2019. H-indices and m-quotients were collected from the Scopus database. The NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services databases were queried for data on NIH funding and industry partnerships. Results Of the 440 cornea specialists identified, 131 (29.8%) were female. The proportions of females and males at each academic rank (assistant 69.5% vs 41.8%; associate 17.6% vs 21.0%; full professor 13.0% vs 37.2%) were not significant after adjusting for career duration (P = .083, .459, and .113, respectively). Females had significantly lower median h-indices (4.0 [interquartile range {IQR} 7.0] vs 11.0 [IQR 17.0], P Conclusion Sex differences within academic ranks and h-indices are likely due to a smaller proportion of females with advanced career duration.
Eyelid metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Purpose To report an unusual case of lung metastasis presenting as an eyelid lesion. Observations An 82-year-old man presented with a right upper lid lesion of 2 weeks’ duration proven to be adenocarcinoma of the lung. Conclusions and importance Metastasis to the eyelid is a rare occurrence. We present a review of the literature emphasizing factors contributing to its low incidence.
Palliative Care Intervention Trials for Adults Living With Progressive Central Nervous System Diseases and Their Caregivers: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Context Interest in implementing palliative care for adults living with progressive central nervous system diseases (PCNSD) and their caregivers is increasing. Objectives To inform evidence-based practice and future research by critically evaluating randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating palliative care interventions (PCIs) for adults living with PCNSD and their caregivers using self-reported outcomes and the patient- and caregiver-reported outcome measures employed. Methods A systematic search using PRISMA methods of EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases using index and keyword methods for articles published from inception through February 28, 2021 was performed. RCTs investigating PCI as their primary aim using patient- and/or caregiver-reported outcomes to assess PCI effectiveness in adults living with PCNSD and their caregivers were included for qualitative synthesis. Results Five RCTs met criteria and used 21 unique outcome measures. Pooled patient diagnoses included multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease and movement disorders, primarily Parkinson's Disease. All five RCTs assessed PCI effectiveness on patient symptom burden and caregiver burden, and three RCTs used patient QOL as a primary outcome. Overall risk of bias was low. Pooled positive findings were limited to very modest changes in patient QOL, specific physical symptoms and caregiver burden. Most outcome measures lacked clinimetric responsiveness to detect change whether caused by disease or an intervention to the patient or caregiver. Conclusion Sparse, low-certainty evidence for PCI impact on patient QOL, symptom burden and caregiver burden indicate future research should consider refining study populations, interventions, outcomes assessed and outcome measures to detect any change due to PCI.
Assessing the population-level conservation effects of marine protected areas

Marine protected areas (MPAs) cover 3-7% of the world's ocean, and international organizations call for 30% coverage by 2030. Although numerous studies show that MPAs produce conservation benefits inside their borders, many MPAs are also justified on the grounds that they confer conservation benefits to the connected populations that span beyond their borders. A network of MPAs covering roughly 20% of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2003, with a goal of providing regional conservation and fishery benefits. We used a spatially explicit bioeconomic simulation model and a Bayesian difference-in-difference regression to examine the conditions under which MPAs can provide population-level conservation benefits inside and outside their borders and to assess evidence of those benefits in the Channel Islands. As of 2017, we estimated that biomass densities of targeted fin-fish had a median value 81% higher (90% credible interval: 23-148) inside the Channel Island MPAs than outside. However, we found no clear effect of these MPAs on mean total biomass densities at the population level: estimated median effect was -7% (90% credible interval: -31 to 23) from 2015 to 2017. Our simulation model showed that effect sizes of MPAs of <30% were likely to be difficult to detect (even when they were present); smaller effect sizes (which are likely to be common) were even harder to detect. Clearly, communicating expectations and uncertainties around MPAs is critical to ensuring that MPAs are effective. We provide a novel assessment of the population-level effects of a large MPA network across many different species of targeted fin-fish, and our results offer guidance for communities charged with monitoring and adapting MPAs.
Evolution of the folding landscape of effector caspases

Caspases are a family of cysteinyl proteases that control programmed cell death and maintain homeostasis in multicellular organisms. The caspase family is an excellent model to study protein evolution because all caspases are produced as zymogens (procaspases) that must be activated to gain full activity; the protein structures are conserved through hundreds of millions of years of evolution; and some allosteric features arose with the early ancestor while others are more recent evolutionary events. The apoptotic caspases evolved from a common ancestor into two distinct subfamilies: monomers (initiator caspases) or dimers (effector caspases). Differences in activation mechanisms of the two subfamilies, and their oligomeric forms, play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis. Here, we examine changes in the folding landscape by characterizing human effector caspases and their common ancestor. The results show that the effector caspases unfold by a minimum three-state equilibrium model at pH 7.5, where the native dimer is in equilibrium with a partially folded monomeric (procaspase-7, common ancestor) or dimeric (procaspase-6) intermediate. In comparison, the unfolding pathway of procaspase-3 contains both oligomeric forms of the intermediate. Overall, the data show that the folding landscape was first established with the common ancestor and was then retained for >650 million years. Partially folded monomeric or dimeric intermediates in the ancestral ensemble provide mechanisms for evolutionary changes that affect stability of extant caspases. The conserved folding landscape allows for the fine-tuning of enzyme stability in a species-dependent manner while retaining the overall caspase-hemoglobinase fold.
DNA methylation of HOX genes in leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders

235 The HOX gene family consists of 39 genes organized in 4 clusters A-D on 4 chromosomes in 13 paralogous groups. These genes regulate developmental processes and tissue differentiation. HOX gene translocations are frequently found in leukemia. DNA methylation of CpG islands surrounding transcriptional start sites (TSS) of genes results in transcriptional silencing. Epigenetic methylation marks are permanent and functionally equivalent to loss-of-function mutations. Most HOX genes have CpG islands at their TSS. Silencing of HOX genes by DNA methylation may disrupt normal development of blood cells and thus be involved in leukemic transformation. We performed comprehensive DNA methylation analyses of 31 HOX genes with CpG islands in TSS regions (HOXA1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10a, 10b, 11 and 13; HOXB1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 13; HOXC4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 13; HOXD1, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 13). We analyzed DNA in blood cells from 20 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 6 polycythemia vera (PV), 24 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 20 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients, comparing the results with 25 normal controls. We used bisulfite pyrosequencing to quantitate levels of cytosine methylation in CpG islands at TSS. Statistical analyses were performed with nonparametric tests. Asterisks (*) denote statistically significant methylation differences from normal controls (p
Interaction of androgens with the adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome system: The influence of androgen treatment on the levels of cytochrome in rat adrenal cortical mitochondria and on substrate-induced spectral changes

Abstract The treatment of female rats with high doses of the synthetic androgens, 17α-methylandrostenediol (MAD) and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), leads to inhibition of corticosterone formation from progesterone in adrenal homogenates. Mitochondria were isolated from the adrenals of control and treated animals and several changes were noted. 11β-Hydroxylation rates were about 40 and 70% of control rates in adrenal mitochondria from MT- and MAD-treated rats, respectively. Associated with the androgen treatment there was a doubling in the levels of cytochromes a and a 3 in the adrenal mitochondria with no change in the levels of cytochromes b or c and c 1 . The cytochrome P-450 levels were about 60% of control levels in adrenal mitochondria isolated from MT- and MAD-treated rats. In addition to these alterations in adrenal mitochondria cytochrome levels, there was evidence that the MT was bound to the adrenal mitochondria. This binding resulted in lower DOC-induced spectral changes in adrenal mitochondria isolated from MT-treated rats. Such binding of androgen and the lower levels of cytochrome P-450 would appear to explain the decreased 11β-hydroxylation rates.
Prenatal Detection of Upper Limb Differences With Obstetric Ultrasound

Purpose To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of prenatal ultrasound detection of fetal upper extremity anomalies at a single tertiary care center in a large patient cohort. Our secondary purpose was to assess factors affecting prenatal detection including the presence of associated anomalies. Methods We performed a retrospective review of prenatal ultrasound and postnatal clinical records from each pregnancy evaluated with a prenatal ultrasound at the Washington University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology over a 20-year period. We searched for upper extremity anomaly diagnosis codes pre- and postnatally and correlated with clinical postnatal follow-up to determine prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and associated conditions. Results A total of 100,856 pregnancies were evaluated by prenatal ultrasound, which included 843 fetuses diagnosed with a musculoskeletal anomaly (prevalence, 1 of 120) and 642 with an upper extremity anomaly (prevalence, 1 of 157). The postnatally confirmed sensitivity for prenatal ultrasound detection of an upper extremity anomaly was 42%. Sensitivity was lower in cases isolated to the upper extremity (25% vs 55%). Sensitivity was highest for conditions affecting the entire upper extremity (70%–100%) and lowest for those affecting the digits alone (4%–19%). Fetuses with limb reduction defects, radial longitudinal deficiency, phocomelia, arthrogryposis, abnormal hand positioning, and cleft hand had a higher likelihood of having an associated anomaly. Conclusions At our tertiary referral center, there was a notable prevalence of upper extremity anomalies; however, the overall sensitivity for detecting them with prenatal ultrasound was low. This was disappointing given the value of prenatal identification of anomalies for parental counseling. Prenatal diagnosis of anomalies affecting the entire upper limb was more reliable than diagnosis of more distal anomalies. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
No evidence for the ‘expensive-tissue hypothesis’ from an intraspecific study in a highly variable species

The 'expensive-tissue hypothesis' states that investment in one metabolically costly tissue necessitates decreased investment in other tissues and has been one of the keystone concepts used in studying the evolution of metabolically expensive tissues. The trade-offs expected under this hypothesis have been investigated in comparative studies in a number of clades, yet support for the hypothesis is mixed. Nevertheless, the expensive-tissue hypothesis has been used to explain everything from the evolution of the human brain to patterns of reproductive investment in bats. The ambiguous support for the hypothesis may be due to interspecific differences in selection, which could lead to spurious results both positive and negative. To control for this, we conduct a study of trade-offs within a single species, Thalassoma bifasciatum, a coral reef fish that exhibits more intraspecific variation in a single tissue (testes) than is seen across many of the clades previously analysed in studies of tissue investment. This constitutes a robust test of the constraints posited under the expensive-tissue hypothesis that is not affected by many of the factors that may confound interspecific studies. However, we find no evidence of trade-offs between investment in testes and investment in liver or brain, which are typically considered to be metabolically expensive. Our results demonstrate that the frequent rejection of the expensive-tissue hypothesis may not be an artefact of interspecific differences in selection and suggests that organisms may be capable of compensating for substantial changes in tissue investment without sacrificing mass in other expensive tissues.
The Impact of Social Institutions on Social Consensus and Polarization

Representing social institutions in terms of a well-known model of information transmission and social learning, the paper shows the ability of institutions to facilitate or prevent social consensus. It also shown that the insularity of societal institutions has a profound impact on the time required to achieve consensus.
Mechanism of membrane fusion by viral envelope proteins.

Publisher Summary Enveloped viruses enter cells by fusing their lipid bilayer membrane with a cellular membrane. Most viral fusion proteins require priming by proteolytic processing, either of the fusion protein itself or of an accompanying protein. The priming step, which often occurs during transport of the fusion protein to the cell surface but may also occur extracellularly, then prepares the fusion protein for triggering by events that accompany attachment and uptake. Two classes of viral fusion proteins have been identified so far by structural studies. The fusion of two bilayers that these proteins catalyze is likely to proceed by the same pathway in both cases. That is, these proteins are like enzymes that have different structures but that still catalyze the same chemical reaction. It is found that bilayer fusion reaction is common to all the enveloped viral entry pathways. It is believed to pass through an intermediate known as a “hemifusion stalk.”
UMTS UTRAN Signaling Procedures

This chapter contains sections titled: Iub — Node B Setup Iub — IMSI/GPRS Attach Procedure Iub CS — Mobile Originated Call Iub CS — Mobile Terminated Call Iub PS — PDP Context Activation/Deactivation Iub — IMSI/GPRS Detach Procedure RRC Measurement Procedures Iub — Physical Channel Reconfiguration (PDPC) Channel Type Switching Iub — Mobile‐Originated Call with Soft Handover (Inter‐Node B, Intra‐RNC) Iub — Softer Handover Iub Interfrequency Hard Handover FDD RRC Measurements in Compressed Mode and Typical Call Drop High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) NBAP Measurements
Near-optimal heuristics for schedulings on task-dependent machines

The paper considers task assignments in a parallel processing environment. Processors in this environment are considered to be task-dependent in that a task's processing time depends not only on the nature of the task but also on the processor to which it is assigned. The problem is a generalization of several related problems of scheduling independent tasks. The authors show that the problem is NP-complete. They design good heuristics which satisfy two criteria: efficiency and performance. The algorithms presented are all polynomial-time and very efficient. To measure the relative performance of the algorithms. They use a low estimate of the optimal finishing time as a comparison. The simulation shows that the algorithms perform consistently well and some of them are near-optimal in terms of average relative performance. >
The Romance of the Ising Model

The essence of romance is mystery. In this talk, given in honor of the 60th birthday of Michio Jimbo, I will explore the meaning of this for the Ising model beginning in 1946 with Bruria Kaufman and Willis Lamb, continuing with the wedding by Jimbo and Miwa in 1980 of the Ising model with the Painleve VI equation which had been first discovered by Picard in 1889. I will conclude with the current fascination of the magnetic susceptibility and explore some of the mysteries still outstanding.
Defining child maltreatment: ratings of parental behaviors.

This study investigated adolescents' assessment of various forms of child abuse and neglect. Participants (N = 204) rated the seriousness of vignettes describing a variety of parental actions relative to the degree of harm each was perceived to have on a child's welfare. Adolescents' responses were compared to those of community members and professionals as reported by Giovannoni and Becerra (1979). Results indicated that adolescents were somewhat similar to community members in their ratings; however, they were more severe in their judgments of parenting behaviors on 52 of the 65 items. As a group, adolescents were very critical of the parents' actions, suggesting that they are highly idealistic regarding parental treatment of children and may maintain inappropriate expectations for those responsible for raising children. Language: en
Cytochemical and quantitative study of protein-bound sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in eggs of Arbacia during the first cleavage

Abstract 1. 1. By a new method with colored sulfhydryl reagent, 1,4-(chloromercuri-phenylazo)-naphthol-2, protein-bound SH and SS groups in the eggs of Arbacia punctulata during the first cleavage were studied cytochemically and quantitatively. 2. 2. The amount of SH groups decreased after the syngamy stage and then increased up to the original level at the cleavage stage. 3. 3. Changes in the amount of SS groups were the reverse of SH groups, that is, the amount increased at the streak stage and decreased at the cleavage stage. 4. 4. Cytochemical observation showed that before the mitotic stage SH groups localized in the cytoplasm uniformly but not in the nucleus. At the mitotic stage the spindle and astral fibers were rich in SH groups. SS groups were present in eggs except for the nucleus at all stages and for the centrosphere at the mitotic stage. 5. 5. The results suggest that the spindle and astral fibers are composed of proteins rich in SH groups which arise from SS protein in the region of the centrosphere.
The Rate of Convergence of Fourier Coefficients for Entire Functions of Infinite Order with Application to the Weideman-Cloot Sinh-Mapping for Pseudospectral Computations on an Infinite Interval

We analytically compute the asymptotic Fourier coefficients for several classes of functions to answer two questions. The numerical question is to explain the success of the Weideman-Cloot algorithm for solving differential equations on an infinite interval. Their method combines Fourier expansion with a change-of-coordinate using the hyperbolic sine function. The sinh-mapping transforms a simple function like exp(-z2) into an entire function of infinite order. This raises the second, analytical question: What is the Fourier rate of convergence for entire functions of an infinite order? The answer is: Sometimes even slower than a geometric series. In this case, the Fourier series converge only on the real axis even when the function u (z) being expanded is free of singularities except at infinity. Earlier analysis ignored stationary point contributions to the asymptotic Fourier coefficients when u(z) had singularities off the real z-axis, but we show that sometimes these stationary point terms are more important than residues at the poles of u(z).
Effects of habitat complexity and group size on perceived predation risk in goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Habitat structural complexity can be an important factor in animal decisions such as habitat choice, patch use, and even mate choice. We investigate how the structural complexity of cover and group size affect perceived predation risk in goldfish (Carassius auratus) by measuring behaviors indicative of vigilance. Goldfish were videotaped in an aquarium while foraging on a saturated food patch near structurally complex protective cover (artificial plants) or structurally simple obstructive cover (solid blocks) in varying group sizes (three, six, or nine individuals). We measured the amount of time individuals spent foraging and their body position within the patch and their orientation (toward or away from cover). When foraging in the presence of obstructive cover, individuals from all group sizes spent more time on the side of the patch farthest from cover than close to it and oriented toward the cover. The presence of protective cover had no effect on the position or orientation of fish on the food patch...
The structuring of health information system options: summary and assessment of methodology

Abstract On the basis of a voluntary cooperative arrangement, The MITRE Corporation provided technical support to the Joint Center for Urban Studies (JCUS) in its Health Information System Project (see the Appendix). The major part of this effort involved, first, developing a structured approach for the characterization and analysis of System Options and, second, assisting in its application. Best described as “semi-systematic”, the approach was designed to stimulate relevant dialogue and aid decision processes in the technically-diverse, politically-sensitive, and multi-organizational Project environment. The approach contained an iterative sequence of several analytical steps, beginning with the clarification of system objectives, embodying consideration of both “operating” and “computer support” characteristics and their synthesis, and ending with the selection and planning of a preferred System Option. While its usefulness is difficult to assess fully, the approach assisted in the conception, clarification and more systematic characterization and evaluation of alternative options, and aided Project leadership in guiding debate and converging on policy decisions. Such semisystematic analytical aids are useful in attacking a variety of problems in the urban and social areas, but the degree of formal rigor and the timing must be carefully tailored to each particular situation.
Treatment algorithm for Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum

Abstract The articles in this issue reveal the complexity of the PAIVS spectrum and the methods of treatment that are currently being used. Despite the complexity, the articles provide greater understanding of the developmental events leading to these lesions and the methods that could be used to reverse them. Taken together, the evidence certainly favors embarking on a 2VR track whenever possible. The number of completed biventricular repairs will be increased and also the adverse later consequences of a hypertensive RV and persisting significant RV to coronary artery connections will be eliminated when they are not. The algorithm, therefore, is heavily weighted to 2VRs.
Vibrational spectra, conformational stability and ab initio calculations of fluorosulfonyl isocyanate

Abstract The infrared (2500 to 30 cm−1 and Raman (2500 to 10 cm−1) spectra of gaseous and solid fluorosulfonyl isocyanate, FSO2NCO, have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been obtained with qualitative depolarization ratios and the infrared spectrum of xenon solutions at low temperatures (−60 to −100°C) have been recorded. All of these data have been interpreted on the basis of a single gauche conformer ( FSNC ≊ 108° ) present in all three physical states. A complete vibrational assignment is provided based on infrared band contours, infrared and Raman relative intensities, and depolarization values which is supported by normal coordinate calculations. Ab initio calculations have been carried out at the RHF/3-21G, RHF/6-31G∗ and MP2/6-31G∗ levels from which structural parameters, conformational stabilities and vibrational data have been obtained. The theoretical predictions are compared to the experimental results where appropriate, as well as to the corresponding results for the CISO2NCO molecule.
Human Lysosomal Alpha-Mannosidase: Isolation and Nucleotide Sequence of the Full-Length cDNA

The amino acid sequence of the human lysosomal alpha-mannosidase precursor has been deduced by PCR mediated cloning and sequencing of the cDNA. The protein has 961 amino acids and a molecular weight of 107,644 Daltons. The amino acid sequence shows 38% identity to the Dictyostelium discoideum lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. The cDNA maps proximal to the centromere on chromosome 19q, the same locus as the MANB gene. Our results provide valuable information for the study of the lysosomal storage disease alpha-mannosidosis, an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the MANB gene which encodes the human lysosomal alpha-mannosidase.
Effects of Fumigants on Non-Target Organisms in Soils

Abstract Soil fumigants are extensively used to control plant-parasitic nematodes, weeds, fungi, and insects for planting of high value cash crops. The ideal pesticide should be toxic only to the target organisms; however, fumigants are a class of pesticide with broad biocidal activity and affect many non-target soil organisms. Soil microorganisms play one of the most critical roles in sustaining the health of natural and agricultural soil systems. The ability of soil microorganisms to recover after treatment with pesticide is critical for the development of healthy soils. In the southwestern United States, fumigation is used to control pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae , Pythium , Rhizoctonia , or Cylindrocarpon spp. In addition to pathogen control, fumigation can also result in enhanced growth response of the plant by reducing weed pressure. The continued use of fumigants in agriculture will require more investigations of the different types of fumigants, soils, environmental conditions, and biological/microbial communities to establish both the effectiveness on target organisms and safety to the general public.
Hoping in Hard Times: The Transformative Power of Hope in College Student Development

Today’s college students are confronting one of the most difficult economic periods in decades. Declining job opportunities, increasing college costs and competition, and a future full of uncertainties make many of today’s college students fearful and some even despairing. At the same time, the recent national election of Barack Obama has sparked considerable optimism and hope among young people about new possibilities and opportunities for the future. Consequently, hope and fear are driving the emotions and expectations of college students unexpectedly today and will no doubt shape many of their choices and behaviors in the coming months. This article explores the central role of hope in the lives of college students today and considers what higher education can do to enhance the development of transformative hope, a sustaining and renewing form of hope in college student learning and development.
Ethical dilemmas in dermatologic surgery

Dermatologic surgery presents a unique set of ethical dilemmas not frequently discussed within the medical literature. This contribution presents a few cases commonly encountered by dermatologic surgeons. The case-based discussion follows a principles-based framework for analysis and seeks to identify the central moral conflict and exemplify the development of sound reasoning for subsequent decision making through the consideration of multiple viewpoints and the weighing of potential consequences. Additional cases are provided in concise format to encourage further analysis and discourse on the distinct ethical dilemmas encountered within dermatologic surgery.
Loss of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A extends lifespan in mice.

Summary Genetic deletion in mice of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), a recently identified metalloproteinase in the insulin-like growth factor system, extends by 30–40% both mean and maximum lifespan with no reduction in food intake or secondary endocrine abnormalities. Furthermore, these mice have markedly reduced incidence of spontaneous tumors. The findings implicate PAPP-A as a critical regulator of lifespan and age-related diseases, and suggest PAPP-A as a possible target to promote longevity.
Recent clinical trials summary.

Recent trials in the treatment of anal cancer are based on the multimodality approach introduced by Norman Nigro in 1974, which has become the standard of care in the treatment of these rare neoplasms. Combinedmodality therapy (CMT) using chemotherapy and radiation results in an improved survival rate and a much decreased treatment-related morbidity and mortality rate as compared with abdominoperineal resection (APR). Standard treatment now includes radiation in doses of 45 to 50 Gy and chemotherapy consisting of an antimetabolite, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and an antitumor antibiotic, mitomycin C. This article reviews the recently completed and ongoing clinical trials and introduces conceptual approaches for future trials that may serve to improve on the therapeutic model originally introduced by Nigro more than a quarter century ago. Nigro [1] published the first report of the successful use of CMT in a series of three patients with anal cancer. Before this era, the standard of care for the treatment of these malignancies consisted of radical surgery in the form of APR [2]. This approach resulted in predictably high procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates but also poor survival rates of 38% to 71% [2]. This rate of survival for APR is similar to a rate of 78% reported by Nigro in 1983 using his protocol of a radiation dose of 3000 cGy, combined with 5-FU and mitomycin C [3].
Pathophysiology of oligodendroglial excitotoxicity.

Oligodendrocyte-like cells (OLD) derived from the rat oligodendroglial precursor line, CG-4, express Ca2+-permeable non-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor channels (GluR). Exposure to kainate, an L-glutamate analogue, markedly elevates OLC Ca2+ influx and cytosolic [Ca2+], and results in damage to both OLC plasma membrane and OLC nuclear DNA. Two observations indicate that kainate-induced OLC internucleosomal DNA nicking is not simply a delayed consequence of cell necrosis: 1) there is no temporal lag between onset of plasma membrane injury and of DNA nicking; and 2) aurintricarboxylic acid, an endonuclease inhibitor, blocks kainate-induced damage to the plasma membrane. N-acetyl-L-cysteine also inhibits OLC kainate injury, suggesting that reactive oxygen species participate in OLC excitotoxicity. Kainate-induced OLC Ca2+ influx and excitotoxicity are blocked by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), indicating that these kainate effects are mediated by AMPA-GluR. AMPA and L-glutamate fail to elicit OLC damage unless cyclothiazide, an AMPA-GluR desensitization blocker, is present. OLC express both the “flip” and “flop” forms of GluR2, GluR3, and GluR4 mRNAs, but neither flip nor flop GluR1 mRNA. These data, together with the restriction of the desensitization-blocking activity of cyclothiazide to GluR containing flip-encoded GluR subunits, and the sharply diminished Ca2+ permeability of GluR containing edited GluR2, suggest OLC excitotoxicity is mediated by AMPA-GluR that contain flip GluR3 and/or flip GluR4 protein subunits, but neither flip nor flop GluR2 protein subunits. Rapid desensitization of these GluR is likely to be important in protecting cells of the oligodendroglial lineage from excitotoxicity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Temporal Dynamics of L5 Dendrites in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Regulate Integration Versus Coincidence Detection of Afferent Inputs

Distinct brain regions are highly interconnected via long-range projections. How this inter-regional communication occurs depends not only upon which subsets of postsynaptic neurons receive input, but also, and equally importantly, upon what cellular subcompartments the projections target. Neocortical pyramidal neurons receive input onto their apical dendrites. However, physiological characterization of these inputs thus far has been exclusively somatocentric, leaving how the dendrites respond to spatial and temporal patterns of input unexplored. Here we used a combination of optogenetics with multisite electrode recordings to simultaneously measure dendritic and somatic responses to afferent fiber activation in two different populations of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We found that commissural inputs evoked monosynaptic responses in both intratelencephalic (IT) and pyramidal tract (PT) dendrites, whereas monosynaptic hippocampal input primarily targeted IT, but not PT, dendrites. To understand the role of dendritic integration in the processing of long-range inputs, we used dynamic clamp to simulate synaptic currents in the dendrites. IT dendrites functioned as temporal integrators that were particularly responsive to dendritic inputs within the gamma frequency range (40–140 Hz). In contrast, PT dendrites acted as coincidence detectors by responding to spatially distributed signals within a narrow time window. Thus, the PFC extracts information from different brain regions through the combination of selective dendritic targeting and the distinct dendritic physiological properties of L5 pyramidal dendrites.