cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport of cytoskeletal elements from parent axons into regenerating daughter axons

The kinetics of slow axonal transport in newly regenerating axonal sprouts were compared with those in nonelongating axons. The slowly transported cytoskeletal proteins of ventral motor axons were prelabeled by microinjection of 35S-methionine into the spinal cord. Pulse-labeled slow transport “waves” were observed as they progressed from the surviving “parent” axon stumps (located proximal to a crush lesion) into regenerating “daughter” axon sprouts (located distal to the lesion). Prelabeled cytoskeletal elements of the parent axons were transported into daughter axons, to become distributed into 2 transport waves, “a” and “b.” The rate and composition of these waves corresponded to the slow transport subcomponents, SCa and SCb. The shapes of the “a” and “b” waves suggested that the cytoskeletal elements had been reorganized at the junction between the parent and daughter axons. This hypothesis was supported by quantitative analyses of the transport distribution for individual radiolabeled cytoskeletal proteins (actin, spectrin, a 58–67 kDa group that includes microtubule- associated proteins, calmodulin, and tubulin). Specifically, during the first week of outgrowth, the amounts of radiolabeled calmodulin and 58– 67 kDa proteins were greater in daughter axons than in nonregenerating control axons. These results support Paul Weiss9s “conservative” model of axonal regeneration, which holds that the preexisting transported cytoskeletal elements that continually maintain axonal structure can also provide the cytoskeletal elements required for axonal regeneration. In addition, the results elucidate some of the reorganizational changes in cytoskeletal elements that occur when these are recruited from the parent axon to form daughter axons.
Short-form RON overexpression augments benzyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells

Chemoprevention of breast cancer is feasible with the use of non-toxic phytochemicals from edible and medicinal plants. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is one such plant compound that prevents mammary cancer development in a transgenic mouse model in association with tumor cell apoptosis. Prior studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent Bax activation through the intermediary of c-Jun N-terminal kinases in BITC-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. The present study demonstrates that truncated Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (sfRON) is a novel regulator of BITC-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Overexpression of sfRON in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-361 cells resulted in augmentation of BITC-induced apoptosis when the apoptotic fraction was normalized against vehicle control for each cell type (untransfected and sfRON overexpressing cells). ROS generation and G2 /M phase cell cycle arrest resulting from BITC treatment were significantly attenuated in sfRON overexpressing cells after normalization with vehicle control for each cell type. Increased BITC-induced apoptosis by sfRON overexpression was independent of c-Jun N-terminal kinase or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase hyperphosphorylation. On the other hand, activation of Bax and Bak following BITC exposure was markedly more pronounced in sfRON overexpressing cells than in controls. sfRON overexpression also augmented apoptosis induction by structurally diverse cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals including withaferin A, phenethyl isothiocyanate, and D,L-sulforaphane. In conclusion, the present study provides novel mechanistic insights into the role of sfRON in apoptosis regulation by BITC and other electrophilic phytochemicals.
Those Who Work, Those Who Don't: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America – By Jennifer Sherman

A review of the book "Those Who Work, Those Who Don't: Poverty, Morality, and Family in Rural America," by Jennifer Sherman is presented.
Hedge Fund Performance: 1990–1999

Using a large database, I studied hedge fund performance and risk during an almost 10-year period from 1990 to mid-1999. The empirical results show that hedge funds had an annual return of 14.2 percent in this period, compared with 18.8 percent for the SP poor performers lowered their incentive fees.
Regulation of eIF2α Phosphorylation by Different Functions That Act during Discrete Phases in the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Life Cycle

Multiple herpes simplex virus type 1 functions control translation by regulating phosphorylation of the initiation factor eIF2 on its alpha subunit. Both of the two known regulators, the gamma(1)34.5 and Us11 gene products, are produced late in the viral life cycle, although the gamma(1)34.5 gene is expressed prior to the gamma(2) Us11 gene, as gamma(2) genes require viral DNA replication for their expression while gamma(1) genes do not. The gamma(1)34.5 protein, through a GADD34-related domain, binds a cellular phosphatase (PP1alpha), maintaining pools of active, unphosphorylated eIF2. Infection of a variety of cultured cells with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant virus results in the accumulation of phosphorylated eIF2alpha and the inhibition of translation prior to the completion of the viral lytic program. Ectopic, immediate-early Us11 expression prevents eIF2alpha phosphorylation and the inhibition of translation observed in cells infected with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant by inhibiting activation of the cellular kinase PKR and the subsequent phosphorylation of eIF2alpha; however, a requirement for the Us11 protein, produced in its natural context as a gamma(2) polypeptide, remains to be demonstrated. To determine if Us11 regulates late translation, we generated two Us11 null viruses. In cells infected with a Us11 mutant, elevated levels of activated PKR and phosphorylated eIF2alpha were detected, viral translation rates were reduced 6- to 7-fold, and viral replication was reduced 13-fold compared to replication in cells infected with either wild-type virus or a virus in which the Us11 mutation was repaired. This establishes that the Us11 protein is critical for proper late translation rates. Moreover, it demonstrates that the shutoff of protein synthesis observed in cells infected with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant virus, previously ascribed solely to the gamma(1)34.5 mutation, actually results from the combined loss of gamma(1)34.5 and Us11 functions, as the gamma(2) Us11 mRNA is not translated in cells infected with a gamma(1)34.5 mutant.
The comovement in inventories and in sales: Higher and higher

Abstract We re-examine changes in the cross-section correlation pattern of sales and inventories using Ng's [Ng, S., 2006, Testing cross-section correlation in panel data using spacings, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 24 (1), 12–23] “uniform spacing” method, which permits the estimation of the number of correlated pairs and focuses on the conditional correlations. In contrast to the literature, we find that the correlation of shocks across industries increased after the ‘Great Moderation’.
Stomatogenic Events Accompanying Binary Fission in Blepharisma

SYNOPSIS. Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e. partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 21/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate. In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4–5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shortly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation-redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.
Workers, communities, and industrial property: An emerging language of rights

Out of recent national debates and local struggles over plant closings, an alternative language of industrial property rights has emerged. This language places the rights of workers and communities above, or on a par with, those of owners and managers. While this new language of rights coexists with more traditional conceptions of owner/manager prerogatives, its emergence suggests that rights of property ownership, which are often seen as relatively immutable structural constraints upon the capitalist labor process, may themselves be contested and subject to change.
Electron microscopic pyroantimonate studies of matrix vesicles and mitochondria in the rachitic growth plate

Abstract Potassium pyroantimonate is employed as a histochemical stain for calcium at the ultrastructural level in a phosphate-vitamin D deficiency rachitic rat model. In control animals there is a shift of calcium in the growth plate from mitochondria and cell membranes in the top part of the hypertrophic zone to matrix vesicles in the bottom part of the hypertrophic zone. In rickets mitochondria and cell membranes throughout the hypertrophic zone are loaded with calcium. Even in the last hypertrophic cell at the bottom of each cell column the mitochondria are laden with calcium. In addition, the matrix vesicles in rickets in the middle and bottom portions of the hypertrophic zone are heavily stained with the antimonate-calcium complex. However, actual crystal formation in these regions is rare. The source of matrix vesicle calcium in control rats appears to be mitochondrial, since these structures lose calcium at the same level at which matrix vesicles accumulate calcium. The source of matrix vesicle calcium in rickets may be the serum, derived by diffusion from capillaries at the bone-cartilage junction.
Environmental design considerations for thermochemical biomass energy

Abstract This paper discusses design considerations to be employed for control technologies which can minimize environmental damage and maximize operability in thermochemical conversion of biomass. Particulate and tar concentrations from both gasification and combustion technologies are examined. Applicable cleaning technologies and practical implementation of these technologies are discussed.
Analysis of compound nucleus contributions from (α, p) reactions in Ni and Sn regions

Compound nucleus contributions to ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, p$) reactions on nuclei in the Ni and Sn regions are obtained and compared with Hauser-Feshbach calculations. The noncompound nucleus contributions are found to change mainly the spectral magnitude of the cross section without substantially affecting the spectral shape. Both Gilbert-Cameron and back-shifted parameters deduced from level counting data give cross sections in reasonable agreement with experiment.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, An ($\ensuremath{\alpha},p$), $E=15, 18$ MeV. Measured compound nucleus contributions.
What is one-trial learning?

This study was directed at assessing whether repetition produces partial learning. Accordingly, a group of Ss learned a list of paired associates in which all incorrectly anticipated responses were removed and replaced by new ones. The same stimuli were retained, however. It was reasoned that on the basis of partial learning, the old deleted responses should proactively interfere with the recall of the newly inserted ones, thereby retarding the learning process. This group was shown to be significantly inferior to one which learned a list repetitiously. Therefore, the noncontinuity position was rejected.
Electrical and thermal properties of neutron-transmutation-doped Ge at 20 mK.

We report on hot-electron effects in neutron-transmutation-doped Ge (NTD Ge) near 20 mK. Both static and dynamic electrical properties were measured and compared with a model including both variable-range-hopping conduction and hot-electron effects.
Retinoic acid-induced changes in epidermal growth factor binding and in biological responses mediated by phorbol ester tumor promoter.

Abstract We investigated the ability of retinoic acid (RA) to alter the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to Rat-1 and Swiss mouse 3T3 cells, the EGF-related induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and DNA synthesis. Pretreatment of 3T3 cells with 10 −10 –10 −5 M RA produced a dose-dependent increase in EGF binding. The increased EGF binding appeared to result from an increased number of EGF receptors and did not occur in Rat-1 cells which, unlike 3T3 cells, possessed measureable amounts of cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP). Both cell lines responded to RA pretreatment with an increase in EGF- and TPA-induced ODC activity, without a concomitant increase in DNA synthesis in either cell line. We suggest that the increase in EGF binding induced by RA in 3T3 cells is apparently unrelated to alterations in EGF-induced biological responses and to the presence of CRABP.
Purification of rat Schwann cells from cultures of peripheral nerve: an immunoselective method using surfaces coated with anti-immunoglobulin antibodies

We report a method for deriving purified rat Schwann cells by immunoselective removal of fibroblasts. Contaminating fibroblasts labeled with antibody against specific surface marker Thy 1.1 are bound on plastic surfaces coated with a second antibody. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by flow cytometry and by specific Schwann cell Ran-1 immunofluorescence.
Free tissue transfer in the hypercoagulable patient: a review of 58 flaps.

Background Hypercoagulability or thrombophilia is a group of inherited or acquired conditions associated with a predisposition to thrombosis. Most hypercoagulable states alter the blood itself or affect the vasculature, directly creating a detrimental environment for microsurgery. The authors present their series of hypercoagulable patients who underwent free flap reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all free flaps performed between January 1, 2005, and October 1, 2010, at the University of Pennsylvania. A total of 2032 flaps were performed. Forty-one patients or 58 free flaps (2.9 percent) were identified as having a diagnosed thrombophilia or previous thromboembolic event. Results Of the 41 patients, 36 were women and five were men. Diagnosis included factor V Leiden mutation, protein C deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, prothrombin gene mutation, factor VIII elevation, anticardiolipin antibody syndrome, and essential thrombocytosis. The group of patients with prior thrombotic events (many with concomitant events and diagnoses) included deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, myocardial infarction before the age of 50, and embolic stroke. Twelve patients (29.3 percent) were actively followed by a hematologist. The rate of thrombosis was 20.7 percent (12 flaps), including those occurring intraoperatively. The salvage rate for a postoperative thrombosed flap in this group was 0 percent. The flap loss rate was 15.5 percent. Conclusions Although hypercoagulability produces an unfavorable condition for microvascular reconstruction, free tissue transfer is feasible. In this series, the authors had an 80 percent success rate. Collaboration with a hematologist may be helpful. In this group, flap thrombosis seems to occur in the delayed period. Even with operative reexploration, salvage rates have not been promising. Clinical question/level of evidence Risk, IV.
A note on the magnetic mass squared in temporal gauge finite temperature QCD

Abstract We reexamine a recent calculation of the magnetic mass m mag in the temporal gauge and show that there is not necessarily a g 3 T 2 term in m mag 2 .
Leptonic Decay of Vector Mesons in an Algebraic Model for Hadrons

The decay rates for $V\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\overline{e}$ are calculated using an octet of transition operators that has been introduced previously in the framework of an algebraic model. The results are compared with experimental data, and restrictions on the symmetry-breaking relations for these transition operators are obtained which are shown to be the analog of other well-known symmetry-breaking relations.
Response to Michael Creswell and Marc Trachtenberg

Three scholars offer separate responses to the article by Michael Creswell and Marc Trachtenberg. The responses include some common points, but they diverge sharply in other respects. The first two respondents generally agree with the conclusions reached by Creswell and Trachtenberg, but one of them believes that the article goes too far (in its contention that France's anxiety about the Soviet Union eclipsed its concerns about Germany), whereas the other argues that the article does not go far enough in showing how the United States adapted its policy to accommodate French leaders. The second respondent also questions whether Creswell and Trachtenberg have added anything new to the latest “revisionist” works on French-German relations in the first decade of Cold War. The third respondent, unlike the first two, rejects the main thrust of the article by Creswell and Trachtenberg and seeks to defend the traditional view that France was very reluctant to go along with U.S. and British policies on the German ...
A Multicomponent Intervention to Increase Peer-Directed Communication in Head Start Children:

The effects of a multicomponent intervention strategy to increase peer-directed social communication in eight Head Start children at risk for poor language and social skill development were examine...
Continuously variable, wavelength-independent polarization rotator

Summary form only given. Different optical devices such as polarizers and retarders have been developed to induce light polarization changes. Polarizers and retardation plates are frequently used in combination to control laser intensity or polarization states for many different applications. For example, rotation of linear polarization can be achieved with a half-wave retardation plate. However, retardation plates are strongly dependent on radiation wavelength and have small acceptance angle. Here, we report the development of a continuously variable, wavelength-independent polarization rotator (CVWI-PR). We demonstrate that this new device can rotate the polarization of linearly polarized light by any desired angle, independent of the radiation wavelength and pulse width. Furthermore,this new optical device also has a very wide field of view. For a prototype device, the measured linear transmittance is 95% without antireflection coatings and the maximum extinction ratio with the device placed between two polarizers is 3/spl middot/10/sup -3/.
Problems with Personnel Preparation in Autism Spectrum Disorders.

This article examines problems With the preparation of school personnel Who serve children With autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Several areas of concern are discussed, including the current teacher shortage and attrition among special education teachers, noncategorical versus categorical teacher training and the impact of each on teacher preparedness, lack of scope and depth of most autism training models, clashes in theoretical orientation that may negatively affect teacher training, and issues that may arise When undertrained teachers interact With parents. Recommendations are made for the improvement of personnel preparation for teachers of children With ASD, including specialized skills training, multiple approaches training, training personnel from various disciplines, training paraprofessionals and in-home trainers, training parents, providing technical assistance and support to teachers, and providing leadership and funding to promote and enhance personnel preparation in ASD.
A Mars Photographic System

This paper discusses the Engineering and Scientific aspects of a spacecraft television system designed to perform preliminary topographic reconnaissance of portions of the surface of Mars. It consists of a single camera shuttered system utilizing a specially developed slow scan vidicon. Engineering mechanization will be discussed in terms of the mission con straints and desired scientific results. Test and calibration techniques will be discussed and typical system performance capabilities illustrated.
SU‐FF‐T‐355: Performance Evaluations of a Preemptive Approach in IMRT Planning

Purpose: Preemptive Goal Programming (PGP) facilitates the use of soft‐constraints in a hierarchical manner for solving complex inverse planning problems. It is a highly effective multicriteria strategy for IMRT planning. However, in order to ensure good numerical performance, a robust constrained optimization algorithm with a practical strategy for handling degeneracy is required. This study identifies cases when PGP introduces challenging problems that do not hold a conventional constraint qualification. Numerical performance for such problems is evaluated using nonlinear planning metrics (DVH, EUD, and NTCP). Method and Materials: PGP, as implemented in our in‐house planning system, solves a series of nonlinear least‐squares problems by a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm provided with precise Jacobians by an automatic differentiation algorithm. In the presence of constraint degeneracy, an elastic mode (feasibility bound relaxation) is used to ensure a positive step taken at all iterations. Dosimetric as well as numerical performance is evaluated for dose (or EUD) escalation cases with critical organ dose constraints. Reformulation of constraints is also studied as a potential way of reducing degeneracy in these problems. Results: Optimization levels involving strongly active constraints showed degeneracy near optimality, thus requiring use of the elastic mode for convergence. This mode exhibited robust convergence (typically <∼100 iterations) for all IMRT cases studied. Highly nonlinear models (NTCP or EUD with high +/−powers) were handled well by SQP. A strategy of constraint reformulation showed a monotonic decrease in merit function value and its dosimetric performances were comparable to those without reformulation. Conclusion: The optimization task of escalating target dose is limited by binding dose constraints of OARs, which can also create degeneracy in PGP. This study shows SQP with an elastic mode exhibits a stable convergence using the dose‐volume, EUD and NTCP metrics. Numerical performances can be further stabilized by reformulating degenerate constraints.
A comparative study on permeation and mechanical properties of random and oriented MFI-type zeolite membranes

Abstract Changes to microstructure of a zeolite membrane can affect defect formation, degree of intergrowth, stability, and performance of the membrane. In this work, random, c - and h ,0, h -oriented membranes are synthesized under similar conditions (i.e. same structure directing agent, seed layer solution, calcination procedure) and characterized with performance based methods. Moderate ideal selectivities for H 2 /SF 6 around 20 were observed for those membranes most effected by defects induced during the template removal step including both the random and h ,0, h -oriented membranes. In contrast, the c -oriented membrane was less susceptible to crack formation and showed H 2 /SF 6 selectivity around 46. Single component pervaporation studies yielded no ideal selectivity for p -xylene over o -xylene for random membranes while a selectivity of 2–3 was observed for the oriented membranes. Furthermore, membrane degradation was observed in all microstructures of MFI membranes that were subjected to pervaporation experiments and subsequent heat treatment to remove the adsorbed xylenes. It is believed that this effect is due structural deformations induced by high loadings of adsorbed xylene which upon burn out cause permanent damage to the membrane.
Laser-Induced Damage of Polycrystalline Silicon Optically Powered MEMS Actuators

Optical MEMS devices are commonly interfaced with lasers for communication, switching, or imaging applications. Dissipation of the absorbed energy in such devices is often limited by dimensional constraints which may lead to overheating and damage of the component. Surface micromachined, optically powered thermal actuators fabricated from two 2.25 μm thick polycrystalline silicon layers were irradiated with 808 nm continuous wave laser light with a 100 μm diameter spot under increasing power levels to assess their resistance to laser-induced damage. Damage occurred immediately after laser irradiation at laser powers above 275 mW and 295 mW for 150 μm diameter circular and 194 μm by 150 μm oval targets, respectively. At laser powers below these thresholds, the exposure time required to damage the actuators increased linearly and steeply as the incident laser power decreased. Increasing the area of the connections between the two polycrystalline silicon layers of the actuator target decreases the extent of the laser damage. Additionally, an optical thermal actuator target with 15 μm × 15 μm posts withstood 326 mW for over 16 minutes without exhibiting damage to the surface.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Progress in interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes for space inertial reference units

The paper discusses the range of applications for interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes IFOGs in space inertial reference units (IRUs) with an emphasis on satellite usage. The requirements for space IRUs are discussed along with the corresponding features that give IFOGs a singular advantage for many space IRU applications. Development of Honeywell's high performance closed-loop IFOG IRU product is described. Radiation tolerance is a key challenge in many space applications. Accordingly, another possibility for achieving high radiation tolerance using a depolarized IFOG (D-IFOG) is given. Test results for the high performance IFOG for space IRUs is presented as well as open-loop D-IFOG test results.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three dimensional visualization and animation of travelling waves in power systems

This paper is concerned about the animation of power system transients for educational purposes. The electromagnetic transients programs simulate voltage signals at the line terminals only. These may not be sufficient to observe and understand the travelling wave phenomenon, which is of primary interest in most relaying and fault location studies. One way to capture the travelling waves is by animating the voltage profile along the studied line. This is accomplished by a new animation software, which is described in detail in this paper. Various visualization and animation methods are employed in order to bring out different features of voltage transients. Examples involving single-phase and three-phase power systems are given to illustrate the use of the developed tool.
Seasonal Populations of the Strawberry Aphid and Transmission of Strawberry Viruses in the Field in Relation to Virus Control in Western Washington

Apterous strawberry aphids, Pentatrichopus fragaefolii (Cockerell), reach peak numbers in June or July in western Washington. The winged form is most numerous May through July and the number is not related to total population. Both forms may be found at any time of the year and may increase slightly in the fall. The population could not be related entirely to temperature, rainfall, or plant condition, but each factor probably has a role. Transmission of mottle (MV), mild yellow edge (MYE), and crinkle (CV) viruses in the field reached a peak in June but was detected even in late December. The rate of dissemination was apparently related more to aphid activity than to aphid number. When Alpine Fragaria vesca L. indicator plants were placed in the field, MV and CV symptoms appeared in the indicator plants in almost equal numbers although CV is extremely difficult to transmit with aphids in the laboratory. The incidence of MYE was much lower even though virtually all the commercial strawberry plants were infected. MYE was detected in combination with MV or MV+CV much more than alone and never with only CV. Aphids collected from virus-infected plants in the field were caged on Alpine indicator plants. Of 114 plants, 53.4% became infected with MV, 25.0% with CV, 3.4% With MYE, and 2.3% with veinbanding virus. The figures are low considering that virtually all the field plants were infected with the first 3 viruses. Alpine indicator plants were set among virus-infected strawberries in the field for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days. The percentage of plants becoming infected with 1 or more viruses was 7, 9, 35, and 82, respectively. Alpine indicator plants were placed 12, 36, 200, 400, or 1275 ft from an infected strawberry field. Nearly threefourths of those at 12 ft and about 6% at 36 ft became infected. None of the others became infected, perhaps because they were scattered across a pear orchard. When indicator plants were set in a virtually aphid-free strawberry field 350 to 400 ft from an infested field, 23% became infected.
Damage evolution in particulate composite materials

Damage evolution in heterogeneous solids is modeled using transformation field analysis and imperfect interface model. Stress changes caused by local debonding are simulated by residual stresses generated by equivalent transformation strains or eigenstrains. Decohesion and both overall and local stress and strain rates are derived from thermodynamics of irreversible processes, which provide an excellent framework for the development of constitutive equations. Both tangent and unloading secant stiffness tensors are found along any prescribed mechanical loading path. Numerical simulation of debonding evolution in glass/elastomer composites is compared with experimental data and provides good agreement between the model and experiments.
Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Individual Variation in Bumblebee Wings

The morphological features of an organism are an important source ofinformation for many areas of biological study. Insect wing architectural designis believed to be an excellent system for studying morphological variation becauseof their firm or solidly cleared structures. It has been the center of geometricmorphometric investigation in the past since insect’s wing pattern can providedetails on their evolutionary history and flight performance. Wing shape andsize disparity of fifty-nine individuals of bumblebee was explored to explain andfigure out biological structure variation within similar species. Examination inboth left and right forewings and hind wings was also considered to find out ifphenotypic sexual dimorphism exists. The outline-based geometric morphometrictechnique was employed in this study to measure and evaluate wing shape andsize variation among bumblebees. Results from mean shapes and scatter plotdiagrams analysis revealed that individuals of bumblebee differ less with respect to shape. Overlapping of individuals is visible on both wings in both sexes, which shows absence of dimorphism. Male individuals have larger forewings comparedto females. Slight variation was observed for both sexes in terms of hind wings,which indicates that both individuals exhibit common size characteristic andabsence of dimorphism. The study concludes that size may be considered as abasis for sex determination and that wing size is somewhat a sexual dimorphictrait among bumblebee species. Keywords - Biology, wing morphometry, outline-based geometric morphometric analysis,Philippines
Shellfish, Gender, and Status on the Northwest Coast: Reconciling Archeological, Ethnographic, and Ethnohistorical Records of the Tlingit

Archeological, ethnographic, and ethnohistorical data provide ambiguous evidence of the dietary and economic importance of shellfish in Northwest Coast cultures. In the case of the Tlingit, I find that understanding shellfish from an emic perspective is critical to reconciling these equivocal data on economic importance. The Tlingit associated shellfish with poverty, laziness, and ritual impurity, and those who sought to be “ideal” persons avoided shellfish. An individual's rank and gender determined the degree to which such dietary guidelines were actually followed. The social and symbolic meaning of shellfish in Tlingit culture is partly explained by ecological factors, including the danger of paralytic shellfish poisoning. The analysis also reveals a number of biases inherent in the ethnographic and archeological data.
Dairy Ration Formulation and Evaluation Program for Microcomputers

Abstract An interactive ration evaluation and formulation computer program for lactating and nonlactating dairy cows was developed using electronic spreadsheet software (Lotus 123). The program has five subunits: 1) a nutrient requirement section; 2) a feed bank section that stores nutrient composition of available feeds; 3) a computational section where rations are evaluated or formulated; 4) a feeding recipe section, which displays or prints grain mix, mineral mix, total mixed ration, or stanchion barn feeding recommendations; and 5) a comparative economic evaluator, which ranks feeds by a nutritional cost and benefit algorithm. Up to 12 fixed feed ingredients are able to be selected by the operator from a bank of up to 100 feeds on the basis of evaluation, farm availability, and nutrient constraints. Selected variable ingredients are used to balance the ration for dry matter, net energy, crude protein, bypass protein, and acid detergent fiber. Calcium and phosphorus are balanced using a combination of mineral sources. Trace mineral mixes may be either custom formulated or selected from a bank of proprietary supplements on the basis of limiting trace elements in the ration. Individualized farm data storage and retrieval capability facilitates regular nutritional monitoring and reformulation procedures.
Chiral fermions on the lattice

Abstract I show that a lattice theory of massive interacting fermions in 2n + 1 dimensions coupled to a domain wall may be used to simulate the behaviour of massless chiral fermions in 2n dimensions. The massless states arise as zeromodes bound to the mass defect, and all doublers can be given large gauge invariant masses. The manner in which the anomalies are realized is transparent: chiral anomalies in the 2n dimensional subspace correspond to charge flow into the extra dimension. I also suggest a method for incorporating dynamical gauge fields.
Expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein in the olfactory mucosa: Physiologic and pathophysiologic implications

Objectives: Define the presence and distribution of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) within the olfactory mucosa in order to assess potential physiologic and pathophysiologic effects of these hormones on olfaction. Study Design: The olfactory mucosa was harvested from adult male rats and guinea pigs. Kidney tissue was utilized as a known positive control. Methods : The techniques of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry were utilized to examine the expression of GR mRNA and protein. To assure the presence of olfactory mucosa in the nasal tissue samples, RT-PCR was utilized to identify the olfactory marker protein (OMP). Results: The presence of GR mRNA was confirmed in both the olfactory mucosa and kidney. GR-like immunoreactivity associated with the olfactory epithelium was greatest at the apical surface, a position corresponding to the dendrites, knobs, and cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, as well as the supranuclear region of sustentacular cells. Weaker GR-like immunoreactivity was associated with the region of the cell bodies of the olfactory receptor neurons. Within the lamina propria, acinar cells of the Bowman's glands and olfactory nerve bundles were intensely immunoreactive. Conclusions: The presence of GR mRNA and protein within the olfactory mucosa is consistent with a functional role for glucocorticoid hormones in the systemic regulation of olfaction. Furthermore, these studies suggest that corticosteroid medications may have direct effects on the cells of the olfactory mucosa in the pathologic state. The potential mechanisms whereby these hormones may act are discussed.
The superconductivity of pseudo-binary compounds between Th7Fe3, Th7Co3 and Th7Ni3☆

Abstract The superconductivity of Th 7.1 (Fe, Co) 3 , Th 7.1 (Co, Ni) 3 and Th 7.1 (Fe, Ni) 3 pseudo-binary compounds is reported. An unusual peak-and-valley structure is observed in the compositional variations of the superconducting transition temperatures. The same features in the data for the combined Th 7.1 (Fe, Co) 3 and Th 7.1 (Co, Ni) 3 systems are reproduced, although attenuated, in those for the Th 7.1 (Fe, Ni) 3 system. It is argued that in the Th 7 X 3 compounds with D10 2 structure the superconductivity is due to Th 6dbands.
Effect of transfer ribonucleic acid on the rate law and mechanism of the adenosine triphosphate--pyrophosphate isotope exchange reaction of an aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase.

Abstract The effect of tRNA on the kinetics of amino acid activation was investigated at pH 6, 17 °C, with the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli B. The terminal adenosine of the tRNA was removed in order to prevent its acceptance of amino acid. The amino acid activation reaction was monitored by the standard ATP-PPi isotope exchange assay. It was found that the modified tRNA partially inhibits the exchange reaction, as previously noted by others. By studying the reaction over a permutational variation in substrate concentrations, the rate law was obtained both in the presence and in the absence of saturating quantities of tRNA. In both cases, the same general rate law is obtained which suggests that the tRNA does not alter the mechanism of the amino acid activation reaction. An analysis of the parameters obtained from the rate laws shows that the binding of ATP to the naked enzyme and the equilibrium constant of the overall amino acid activation reaction are not altered by the tRNA. On the other hand, tRNA simultaneously weakens the binding of isoleucine and reduces the magnitude of a kinetic rate parameter. In addition to its role as a substrate, ATP was found to be a potent inhibitor of the reaction, regardless of the presence or absence of tRNA.
Reproductive investment in two species of scorpion, Vaejovis waueri (Vaejovidae) and Diplocentrus linda (Diplocentridae), from West Texas

Scorpions have many life history traits, such as a long juvenile period, viviparity, long gestation times, iteroparity, and parental care, which are uncommon in terrestrial invertebrates. Despite this, life history information is lacking for most species. We present data on reproductive investment in Diplocentrus linda Stockwell and Vaejovis waueri Gertsch & Soleglad from a site on the northeastern edge of the Chihuahuan desert in west Texas. Both species have slightly smaller litters and shorter 1st-instar durations than are average for the respective families, and they undergo parturition at times similar to confamiliars from North America. For both D. linda and V. waueri , as reproductive investment (as estimated by total litter mass) increased, females produced more offspring. Additionally, V. waueri females producing larger offspring produced offspring more uniform in size.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review of its causes and its diagnosis in skeletal material

Smoky fires in small, poorly ventilated structures have been cited as a risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) since the 1920s (Dobson, 1924). Furthermore, based on five cited cases of ancient NPC, it has been proposed that NPC was a common condition with a wide geographical distribution in ancient populations (Wells, 1964a,b). Both interpretations have continued to appear in the literature (Ortner, 2003), but recently, Aufderheide & Rodriguez-Martin (1998) have argued that the number of cases of NPC is inflated due to ‘diagnostic imprecision’. This paper reviews medical advances that in the last few decades have shed considerable light on risk factors for NPC, and also reviews criteria for diagnosing NPC. Based on these data, a reexamination of the five cited cases of ancient NPC suggests that only one case may be NPC, and the prevalence and distribution of this disease may have been more variable than originally thought. Furthermore, a better understanding of the aetiology of NPC and criteria for diagnosis may allow for more precise research designs for studying ancient populations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volta Resettlement and Anthropological Research

What are the prospects of a "sociology of resettlement?" Are there common processes of resistance and acceptance of hydro-electric projects when they displace people in various parts of the world? What is the proper role of the anthropologist in the management of relocation of people from old to new sites?
Updated estimates of glacier volume changes in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska, and a comparison of regional extrapolation methods

and 2001/2004. Average net balance rates ranged between � 3.1 to 0.16 m yr � 1 for the tidewater and � 1.5 to � 0.02 m yr � 1 for the nontidewater glaciers. We tested several methods for extrapolating these measurements to all the glaciers of the western Chugach Mountains using a process similar to cross validation. Predictions of individual glacier changes appear to be difficult, probably because of the effects of glacier dynamics, which on long (multidecadal) timescales, complicates the response of glaciers to climate. In contrast, estimates of regional contributions to rising sea level were similar for different methods, mainly because the large glaciers, whose changes dominated the regional total, were among those measured. For instance, the above sea level net balance rate of Columbia glacier (� 3.1 ± 0.08 km 3 yr � 1 water equivalent (weq) or an equivalent rise in sea level (SLE) of 0.0090 ± 0.0002 mm yr � 1 ) was nearly half of the total regional net balance rate of the western Chugach Mountain glaciers (� 7.4 ± 1.1 km 3 yr � 1 weq or 0.020 ± 0.003 mm yr � 1 SLE between 1950/1957 and 2001/2004). Columbia glacier is a rapidly retreating tidewater glacier that has lost mass through processes largely independent of climate. Tidewater glaciers should therefore be treated separately when performing regional extrapolations.
Pyrethroid Resistance in Populations of Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) From Southern New England Golf Courses

Topical application bioassays of bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin were conducted on field-collected populations of Listronotus maculicollis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from eight southern New England golf courses, six in Connecticut, one in Massachusetts, and one in Rhode Island. Concentrations versus mortality regression lines were estimated to compare the LD50 values and resistance ratios for each insecticide and each population. The LD50 ranges for bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin were 1.80–244.67 ng per insect and 0.52–159.53 ng per insect, respectively. The field-collected strains showed low to high levels of resistance to bifenthrin (6.1–135.9-fold) and λ-cyhalothrin (28.7–306.8-fold). This is the first report of insecticide resistance in this species. The loss of pyrethroid efficacy is making control of Listronotus maculicollis more challenging.
Immobilization Of Unicellular Marine Organisms For Optical Characterization: A New Method

A new method has been developed to study the light scattering properties of single, immobilized unicellular marine organisms. Cells of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans were fixed1 and immobilized by mixing them into a solution that formed a transparent gel. The residual Rayleigh scattering caused by the gel was effectively eliminated by substituting a second liquid into the gel to match the index of refraction of the gel network, thereby producing a transparent support medium. Scattering measurements of the elements of the Mueller matrix were performed on a single Prorocentrum micans cell using a polarization-modulation scanning nephelometer.2 The angular dependence of Su, and normalized S12, S22, S33, S34, S13, and S14 are presented. The structure in all elements is very rich, cell orientation dependent, and completely reproducible. The measurements also revealed significantly non-zero values for all 16 elements of the scattering matrix and the non-equivalence of cross-diagonal elements. A striking feature of the measurements is the large peak values of S14 for a single immobilized cell. In recent years S14 has generally been reported to be zero for sea water and very small for laboratory systems. Measurements averaged over an ensemble of cells showed lower, but distinctly non-zero values in accord with earlier predictions.3
Call me e-mail: arranging the keyboard with a permutation-coded genetic algorithm

Keyboard design is a combinatorial problem of perennial interest to those who work with computers. An evolutionary algorithm can search a space of key arrangements for one that is easy to use. Its genotypes represent candidate keyboards, and its fitness function measures the difficulty of typing a specified body of text. Here, a genetic algorithm seeks to arrange the twenty-six letter and six punctuation marks (four of the latter in two pairs) on three rows of ten keys each. It encodes keyboards as permutations of key positions. Its evaluation function considers the relative loads on the hands, consecutive keystrokes by one hand or finger, and the relative difficulties of using individual fingers as it simulates typing a block of text. In tests using a concatenated body of text and its three components (a collection of message logs, Moby Dick, and the King James Bible), the GA consistently evolved keyboards with markedly better evaluations than either the QWERTY or Dvorak keyboards, though the GA's keyboards differed depending on the text it used in its evaluation function.
Transonic thermal blooming due to an intense laser beam

According to the linearized solutions for thermal blooming, the density perturbations become infinite (i.e., "castastrophic" defocusing) as the Mach number approaches unity. However, the nonlinearities in the transonic equations terminate the trend to infinity. The nonlinear equations, which are formulated in natural coordinates, with heat addition are transformed into simple linear algebraic equations through the specification of the streamline geometry in the heat release region. At a Mach number of unity, streamtube area variation was found to be directly proportional to the change in total temperature. A steady, two-dimensional, mixed flow solution has been obtained for the transonic thermal blooming problem. The solution for the density perturbations within a laser beam at a Mach number of precisely unity is given. For a Gaussian beam with an intensity of 3.333x 10 W/m and an atmospheric absorption of 8.Ox 10 ~cm the maximum fractional density perturbation is 1 .028xlO~ 4 . The transonic thermal blooming problem does not pose as serious a problem as previously anticipated.
Common variable immune deficiency: reviews, continued puzzles, and a new registry

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is a clinically and immunologically heterogenous primary immune deficiency first described more than 50 years ago. The main features are hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, and other complications. While CVID is considered as a genetic immune defect, and several genes have been reported as leading to the CVID phenotype, one of the most puzzling features of CVID is the sporadic inheritance pattern and the relatively late onset. In most cases, no other family members have any immune defect. The mean age at diagnosis is between 25 and 45 years of age. These features suggest the interplay between either several or numerous genes with or without potential environmental factors.