cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silencing the patient: Freud, sexual abuse, and “the etiology of hysteria”

In “The Etiology of Hysteria, “ the young Sigmund Freud defended the “seduction theory,” which asserted that the sexual abuse of children was the single cause of hysteria in adults and especially adult women. This essay argues that one can attribute Freud's failure to persuade his original audience not only to their denial of sexual abuse, but also to Freud's failure to make clear how the young science of psychoanalysis could comport with traditional models of medical authority.
Plane autonomous state classifiers as measuring devices

Abstract Object systems are studied on which plane autonomous state classifiers act as measuring devices. Several conclusions are drawn regarding the structure of the object system. The problem of coupling a PASC with an object system is considered in detail.
Oxidative stress sensitizes bladder cancer cells to TRAIL mediated apoptosis by down-regulating anti-apoptotic proteins

Purpose: TRAIL, an endogenous protein involved in immunosurveillance and a novel drug in clinical trials, is of particular interest as cancer therapy because it can induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. Since some cancers develop resistance to TRAIL, safe and effective methods of TRAIL sensitization are of clinical interest. We explored how chemotherapy and oxidative stress affect TRAIL sensitivity and expression of proteins in the apoptotic pathway.Materials and Methods: Sensitivity to TRAIL was assessed in viability assays. Apoptosis was measured by caspase-3/7 activity and/or nuclear condensation using Hoechst staining. Western blotting was used to determine cleavage, phosphorylation or alterations in protein expression.Results: TRAIL decreased the viability of 5637 but not of J82 or T24 bladder carcinoma cells (ATCC®). Chemotherapy with doxorubicin or cisplatin (Ben Venue Laboratories, Bedford, Ohio) decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein cFLIPS and increased caspas...
Improving operational discipline to prevent loss of containment incidents

Process safety and risk management systems are implemented to reduce injuries and process incidents. The effectiveness of these systems is dependent on the company's implementation and support for operational discipline (OD)-related programs to ensure that the process safety management system requirements are followed day-to-day at all levels of the organization. However, OD-program-related problems continue to contribute to process incidents, including loss of containment (LOC) incidents, especially since they may not be formally addressed during incident investigations. This article provides a brief historical overview of major LOC incidents, describes how poor OD increases process safety risk and can contribute to LOC incidents, and provides an incident investigation tool to help monitor and improve OD characteristics. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Down-regulation of VLDL receptor expression in chronic experimental renal failure

Down-regulation of VLDL receptor expression in chronic experimental renal failure. VLDL receptor (VLDL-R) is a novel member of the LDL receptor gene family with distinct tissue distribution and function. It binds and internalizes VLDL particles and is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, brain and adipose tissue, which use fatty acids for energy production or storage. CRF is associated with elevated serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations and depressed VLDL and chylomicron clearance. We have recently shown marked down-regulation of lipoprotein lipase expression in CRF. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that VLDL-R expression may be similarly depressed in CRF. To this end, VLDL-R mRNA (Northern blot) and protein mass (Western blot) of skeletal muscle (soleus) and heart were measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats six weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy (CRF group) or sham operation (NL group). A group of erythropoietin (EPO)-treated (150 U/kg twice weekly) CRF animals was included to determine the possible effect of EPO-deficiency anemia (EPO-CRF group). Subgroups of animals were studied at weeks 1, 3 and 6. The CRF group showed a fivefold increase in plasma triglyceride concentration. This was associated with an impressive fourfold reduction in heart and skeletal muscle VLDL-R mRNA and protein mass. VLDL-R mRNA levels in the heart and skeletal muscle were directly related to creatinine clearance and inversely related to serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations. EPO therapy led to a mild improvement in CRF hypertriglyceridemia but failed to improve VLDL-R expression. Thus, the rise in plasma triglyceride and VLDL concentrations in CRF animals was associated with marked down-regulation of VLDL-R expression. Down-regulation of VLDL-R expression, shown here for the first time, reveals another facet of disturbed lipid metabolism in CRF.
Brain aryl acylamidase.

Abstract 1. 1. The serotonin (5-HT) sensitive brain aryl acylamidase (AAA) has received considerable attention due to its potential involvement in 5-HT action mechanism in CNS. 2. 2. Multiple forms, AAA-1 and 2, have been separated by ammonium sulfate precipitation of brain extract and subsequent gel filtration. 3. 3. Their chemical properties have been characterized and differentiated by effects of several classes of drugs including d -LSD, 5-HT, 5-HT related compounds and tetrahydro-β-carbolines on their enzyme activities. 4. 4. In the rat brain, AAA-1 shows highest specific activity in corpus striatum and lowest activity in cerebellum whereas AAA-2 shows highest specific activity in cerebellum and lowest activity in corpus striatum. 5. 5. Subcellularly, AAA-1 exhibits highest specific activity in synaptosomal fraction of rat corpus striatum, lowest activity in mitochondrial fraction and no activity in nuclear fraction while AAA-2 exhibits highest specific activity in microsomal fraction and lowest activity in nuclear fraction. 6. 6. Triton X-100 treatment altered the subcellular distribution pattern of both AAA-1 and AAA-2. 7. 7. AAA-2 is possibly associated with true acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain based on its inhibition by neostigmine but its identity with AChE needs further elucidation. 8. 8. To determine the physiological role(s) for brain AAA, naturally occurring aromatic alkylamines other than melatonin need to be tested as possible substrate(s) for the enzyme activity.
TRANSPORTATION NOISE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE: THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE IN PERSPECTIVE

Noise is an important externality of transportation systems in most countries in the modern world. Yet, there is a dearth of studies questioning the institutional structure and prevailing regulatory approach to transportation noise. An analysis of the Israeli situation identifies encroachment of residential areas on transportation facilities as a major source of noise-related conflicts. A noise rights approach is suggested to address this problem, and applied to the Israeli case, based on the existing institutional structure there. The applicability of the noise rights approach to other contexts and to air and rail transportation is also discussed.
Pharmacokinetics of ibutilide in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Study Objective. To assess whether the increased risk of ibutilide-induced torsade de pointes in patients with heart failure may be due to increased ibutilide exposure, we sought to determine if the pharmacokinetics of ibutilide are altered in patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Design. Multicenter, prospective pharmacokinetic study. Setting. Four academic medical centers in the United States. Patients. Sixteen adult patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter requiring conversion to normal sinus rhythm: six patients who had New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction (mean ± SD left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 30 ± 9%); 10 patients who did not have left ventricular dysfunction (mean ± SD LVEF 54 ± 5% in six of these 10 patients) served as controls. Intervention. All patients received a single dose of ibutilide 1.0 mg administered intravenously over 10 minutes. Blood samples were obtained through an indwelling catheter in the contralateral arm before ibutilide administration, at the end of the infusion, and at 5, 15, 30, 45 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 48 hours after the infusion. Measurements and Main Results. Serum ibutilide concentrations were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. No significant differences were noted between the heart failure and normal left ventricular function groups in the following parameters: maximum serum ibutilide concentration (median [interquartile range] 3.8 [2.3–5.7] vs 5.8 [3.1–14.4] μg/L, p=0.31), area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity (mean ± SD 11.0 ± 9.4 vs 13.2 ± 10.6 μg * hr/L, p=0.88), steady-state volume of distribution (1380 ± 334 vs 1390 ± 964 L, p=0.99), systemic clearance (129 ± 60 vs 125 ± 81 L/hr, p=0.92), or half-life (12.5 ± 10.7 vs 12.4 ± 8.6 hrs, p=0.99). Conclusion. The pharmacokinetics of ibutilide do not appear to be altered in patients with NYHA class II or III heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Therefore, the increased risk of ibutilide-induced torsade de pointes in patients with heart failure does not appear to be due to increased ibutilide exposure.
A GALERKIN FINITE‐ELEMENT PROGRAM FOR SIMULATING UNSATURATED FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

Abstract. A fully documented Galerkin finite-element FORTRAN program is presented for solving the one-dimensional, transient flow equation in unsaturated porous media. Material balance error summaries are presented to demonstrate accuracy of the numerical scheme. Comparison of our simulated results with other existing numerical solutions using the Galerkin scheme provided excellent agreement.
Spectroscopic factors for proton unbound levels in 26Al and their influence on stellar reaction rates

Abstract The reaction 25 Mg( 3 He, d) 26 Al at a bombarding energy of 15 MeV was used to populate proton unbound states in 26 Al. Angular distributions were measured and spectroscopic factors extracted for nine levels from 6343 to 6680 keV excitation in 26 Al. This excitation energy range corresponds to resonance energies for the 25 Mg(p, γ) 26 Al reaction from 37 to 374 keV in the center-of-mass. Direct measurements of the resonance strengths, ωγ, had been reported for states in 26 Al with E x ⩾ 6496 keV. To obtain resonance strengths for states between 6343 and 6469 keV we combined the spectroscopic factors from the present experiment with values of ωγ and Γ γ /Γ for the directly-measured resonances. We used these resonance strengths to calculate the stellar reaction rate for 25 Mg(p, γ) 26 Al. These results show that the p-wave resonance at 92 keV ( E x = 6399 keV) dominates the reaction rate in the temperature range 0.06 T 9
ATP-sensitive potassium channel and bursting in the pancreatic beta cell. A theoretical study

Based on the existence of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the plasma membrane of pancreatic beta cells, we develop a quantitative explanation of the electrical activity observed in pancreatic islets. The proposed mechanism involves the voltage-dependent inward calcium and outward potassium currents described by Rorsman and Trube (1986), which are voltage-activated when an increase in the cytoplasmic ATP/ADP ratio decreases the conductance of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels. It is proposed that modulation of the ATP/ADP ratio occurs through calcium inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. In this picture the mitochondria serve as a transducer of metabolic activity whose sensitivity is modulated by cytosolic calcium. Solution of the differential equations that describe this mechanism gives rise to both bursting and continuous spiking electrical activity similar to that observed experimentally. While the mechanism for bursting in this model involves the ATP/ADP ratio, the feedback is still provided by calcium, as originally proposed by Chay and Keizer (1983) using a Ca2+-activated potassium conductance. A mixed-model, which includes both ATP-sensitive and Ca2+-activated potassium conductances, also reproduces the experimentally observed electrical activity and may correspond more closely to the actual situation in vivo.
Differences in pregnancy planning between women aged 18–44, with and without diabetes: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system analysis

Abstract Aim Assess differences in pregnancy planning and behavioral risk factors among women of reproductive age, by diabetes status. Methods A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2002 and 2004) was conducted. Subjects were 18–44-year-old, non-pregnant, fertile women, grouped into two categories: non-diabetes (n = 57,436), and diabetes (n = 2929). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted prevalence odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Approximately 93% of women of reproductive age with or without diabetes are not intending a pregnancy, and yet among them, women with diabetes are 22% more likely not to use any birth control at all. Women with diabetes are 3.4 times more likely to be obese, 1.4 times more likely to be overweight, 35% less likely to drink any alcohol, and 27% less likely to binge drink alcohol, than women without diabetes. There were no differences in risk factors between women with diabetes that were and were not intending a pregnancy. Conclusions Birth control nonuse for women with diabetes not intending a pregnancy and lack of behavioral change for women with diabetes intending a pregnancy, combined with an increasing prevalence in diabetes, will likely result in significant economic and social tolls on society.
Retention of Corporate E-Documents under Sarbanes—Oxley

Abstract In recent years, the press has reported many high-profile corporate frauds, leading in turn to major bankruptcies. Congressional committees have investigated widespread financial misstatements in some of America's most trusted organizations. Employees saw their pension funds and life savings evaporate after unscrupulous executives pocketed the last remaining assets. The fall of Arthur Andersen, Enron, Tyco, Healthsouth, Global Crossing, World- Com, and others have cost investors and taxpayers billions.
Purchasing Power Guarantees for Deferred Payments

A MEASURE INTRODUCED in Finland in May 1955 appears to be one of the first steps taken by a banking system to introduce, in its pure form, a device that has long been advocated by theoretical economists. Most savings banks in Finland introduced at that time a new form of time deposit for their customers. In future, money could be deposited for one year, and at the end of the year the bank would undertake to credit the account with the amount that the cost of living index indicated was necessary to restore the account's original purchasing power.' The account would bear 434 per cent interest, 13/2 per cent below the prevailing rate on deposits without the purchasing power guarantee. Since this step was taken at a time when there was, in other countries, a rising practical interest in the device, it seems useful to re-examine closely the advantages claimed for such an arrangement and to study the practical problems and fears that have made such experiments rare. The theoretical support among economists for a purchasing power guarantee for deferred payments is most impressive. Marshall in 18862 strongly advocated the use of a standard unit of purchasing power in contracts for deferred payments, and reaffirmed this view in 1911.3 Jevons4 even earlier thought so much of the proposal that he suggested that it be made compulsory, after a short transition period, for "every money debt of, say, more than three months' standing [to] be varied according to the tabular standard"5 of purchasing power. Keynes6
Performance evaluation and review meeting characteristics in public accounting firms

Abstract This study examines two essential processes of performance appraisal systems in international CPA firms. The first concerns the determination of overall evaluations while the second pertains to the interpersonal characteristics of the feedback meeting. Evaluation strategies of managers and seniors were modeled and weighting schemes compared, the extent of intersubject agreement analyzed, and the impact of leadership style on weighting strategies investigated. In addition, the association between five performance feedback characteristics and three measures of effective feedback meetings were examined. The results revealed similar weighting schemes between managers and seniors in the aggregate, but differences among individual rater strategies. Leadership style affected decision strategies utilized. While perceived feedback characteristics such as supportive appraisal behavior and invitation to participate were significantly related to satisfaction with the review meetings and satisfaction with the managers, they were viewed to have less or no relation with improved job performance by seniors. Specific job criticism was found to be correlated with the seniors' views that feedback meetings affect performance.
Selection on Plant Male Function Genes Identifies Candidates for Reproductive Isolation of Yellow Monkeyflowers

Understanding the genetic basis of reproductive isolation promises insight into speciation and the origins of biological diversity. While progress has been made in identifying genes underlying barriers to reproduction that function after fertilization (post-zygotic isolation), we know much less about earlier acting pre-zygotic barriers. Of particular interest are barriers involved in mating and fertilization that can evolve extremely rapidly under sexual selection, suggesting they may play a prominent role in the initial stages of reproductive isolation. A significant challenge to the field of speciation genetics is developing new approaches for identification of candidate genes underlying these barriers, particularly among non-traditional model systems. We employ powerful proteomic and genomic strategies to study the genetic basis of conspecific pollen precedence, an important component of pre-zygotic reproductive isolation among yellow monkeyflowers (Mimulus spp.) resulting from male pollen competition. We use isotopic labeling in combination with shotgun proteomics to identify more than 2,000 male function (pollen tube) proteins within maternal reproductive structures (styles) of M. guttatus flowers where pollen competition occurs. We then sequence array-captured pollen tube exomes from a large outcrossing population of M. guttatus, and identify those genes with evidence of selective sweeps or balancing selection consistent with their role in pollen competition. We also test for evidence of positive selection on these genes more broadly across yellow monkeyflowers, because a signal of adaptive divergence is a common feature of genes causing reproductive isolation. Together the molecular evolution studies identify 159 pollen tube proteins that are candidate genes for conspecific pollen precedence. Our work demonstrates how powerful proteomic and genomic tools can be readily adapted to non-traditional model systems, allowing for genome-wide screens towards the goal of identifying the molecular basis of genetically complex traits.
Response to elevated CO2 in the temperate C3 grass Festuca arundinaceae across a wide range of soils

Soils vary widely in mineral nutrient availability and physical characteristics, but the influence of this variability on plant responses to elevated CO2 remains poorly understood. As a first approximation of the effect of global soil variability on plant growth response to CO2, we evaluated the effect of CO2 on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) grown in soils representing 10 of the 12 global soil orders plus a high-fertility control. Plants were grown in small pots in continuously stirred reactor tanks in a greenhouse. Elevated CO2 (800 ppm) increased plant biomass in the high-fertility control and in two of the more fertile soils. Elevated CO2 had variable effects on foliar mineral concentration - nitrogen was not altered by elevated CO2, and phosphorus and potassium were only affected by CO2 in a small number of soils. While leaf photosynthesis was stimulated by elevated CO2 in six soils, canopy photosynthesis was not stimulated. Four principle components were identified; the first was associated with foliar minerals and soil clay, and the second with soil acidity and foliar manganese concentration. The third principle component was associated with gas exchange, and the fourth with plant biomass and soil minerals. Soils in which tall fescue did not respond to elevated CO2 account for 83% of global land area. These results show that variation in soil physical and chemical properties have important implications for plant responses to global change, and highlight the need to consider soil variability in models of vegetation response to global change.
Electron Beam Irradiation Stiffens Zinc Tin Oxide Nanowires

We report a remarkable phenomenon that electron beam irradiation (EBI) significantly enhances the Young's modulus of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) nanowires (NWs), up to a 40% increase compared with the pristine NWs. In situ uniaxial buckling tests on individual NWs were conducted using a nanomanipulator inside a scanning electron microscope. We propose that EBI results in substantial atomic bond contraction in ZTO NWs, accounting for the observed mechanically stiffening. This argument is supported by our experimental results that EBI also reduces the electrical conductivity of ZTO NWs.
Mass spectrometry differentiation of isomeric alkyl porphyrins. Fragmentation analysis of meso-tetraoxoporphyrinogens

The mass spectra of lead dioxide oxidation products of three etiotype porphyrins and one meso-substituted etiotype porphyrin have been analyzed. The meso-tetraoxo products formed, fragment upon electron-impact to give mono-, di-, and tri-pyrrole fragments with the pyrrole substituents still intact. From this fragment information it is possible to differentiate many isomeric alkyl porphyrins. Due to the inability to assign exact positions to the substituents on each pyrrole unit, however, definite isomeric identification is impossible without further information. High resolution gas chromatography retension data of volatile (trimethylsiloxy) SiIV derivatives may eventually provide the necessary additional information to make absolute structural assignment possible. The described method has been designed to prove detailed structural information about geoporphyrin materials. Geochemical conclusions from such data should help provide information about the origin of organic materials and thus help establish possible connections with early life processes.
The expected frequency of doublet craters

The problem of the expected number of doublets is investigated both by a probabilistic calculation analogous to that employed by Oberbeck and Aoyagi (1972) and by a Monte Carlo simulation procedure. On the basis of a comparison of the models and the Mars data for craters in the diameter range from 4 to 250 km it is found that at most a few percent of the craters may be nonrandomly located as doublets. It is pointed out that previous conclusions regarding a possible excess of doublets on both the moon and Mercury should also be reevaluated. Random clustering of three or more craters is not as rare as might have been expected, with at least 25% of all of the craters, for the Mars data, expected to participate in such clusters.
The influence of athletic status and gender on experimental pain responses

Abstract Abstract: To examine the role of athletic status and gender on experimental pain responses, 24 athletes (12 male, 12 female) and 24 nonathletes (12 male, 12 female) participated in 3 experimental pain tasks. After a series of psychologic inventories and demographic questionnaires, pressure pain thresholds (4 sites: pectoralis, trapezius, biceps, quadriceps), ischemic pain threshold and tolerance (lower arm), and cold pressor pain threshold and tolerance (lower arm) were assessed. No significant overall effects of athletic status or gender were identified for measures of pressure pain threshold. No group differences emerged for ischemic pain threshold. Athletes demonstrated significantly higher tolerance for ischemic pain, and cold pressor pain threshold and tolerance were higher among athletes than nonathletes. Overall analyses indicated higher pain thresholds and tolerance for cold pain among men than among women. A final interview found that many participants who approached the upper limits of these pain tasks reported using a competitive coping strategy. [copy ] 2002 by the American Pain Society
Improved Capacity Retention for LiVO2 by Cr Substitution

We present a layered Li-intercalation oxide that operates on the V3+/V4+ redox couple. The stabilization effect of adding a +3 element into the layered LiVO2 has been studied by first principles calculations. We identified Cr substitution into LiVO2 to be promising for stabilizing a layered material based on the V redox couple. Layered LiCrxV1-xO2 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5) has been synthesized and tested electrochemically. The improved capacity retention confirms that the structural stability of delithiated LiVO2 is improved by Cr doping.
Nickel- and Ruthenium-Doped Lanthanum Chromite Anodes: Effects of Nanoscale Metal Precipitation on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance

This paper compares the effects of Ni and Ru dopants in lanthanum chromite anodes by correlating structural characterization and electrochemical measurements in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Transmission electron microscope observations showed that nanoclusters of Ni or Ru metal precipitated onto lanthanum chromite (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Cr 1-y X y O 3-δ , X = Ni,Ru) surfaces, respectively, after exposure to hydrogen at 750-800°C. Ni nanoclusters were typically ∼10 nm in diameter immediately after reduction and coarsened to ~50 nm over ~300 h at 800°C. In contrast, Ru cluster size was stable at ≤5 nm, and the cluster density was > 10 times larger. SOFC tests were done with the doped lanthanum chromite anodes on La 0.9 Sr 0.1 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 3-δ electrolyte-supported cells. Ni nanocluster nucleation improved cell performance and reduced anode polarization resistance compared to cells with undoped (La 0.8 Sr 0.2 CrO 3-δ ) anodes, but the improvement was much less than that for Ru. This comparison suggests that the smaller size of the Ru nanoclusters played an important role in enhancing anode electrochemical kinetics.
Amsterdam: planning and policy for the ideal city?

Is Amsterdam the “ideal city?” Many of the social, economic, and environmental problems facing Amsterdam are considerably less than those in cities in the USA, and in most cases, Western Europe. Amsterdam, at this moment in history, might be the world's greatest city because of its ability to ensure basic necessities, freedom, and creativity. Tolerance of drugs, sexual freedom, along with the integration of different races helps reduce many of the “social problems” faced by most cities. We have compared, on a per capita basis, differences between Amsterdam/Holland and the USA. The Netherlands is a tiny country, and comparisons are made on a city and per capita numbers at the national level. Our data show that Amsterdam has lower crime, murder, rape, drug usage (cocaine, marijuana), teenage pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, suicide, abortion rates, infant mortality, dependence on fossil fuels, and homelessness, and racial segregation is considerably less. People live longer because of Amsterdam's walkability a...
The Mismeasure of Diversity: Reflections on the Study of Cross-Cultural Differences.

Examination of the local manifestations of diversity within cultures furthers the study of cross-cultural differences.
Activation of the phasic pontine-wave generator enhances improvement of learning performance: a mechanism for sleep-dependent plasticity

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that supplementary activation of the phasic pontine wave (P-wave) generator during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep enhances consolidation and integration of memories, resulting in improved learning. To test this hypothesis, two groups of rats were trained on a two-way active avoidance learning task in the morning. Immediately after training, one group of rats received a carbachol microinjection into the P-wave generator and the other group was microinjected with control saline into the same target area. After training trials and microinjections, rats were allowed a 6-h period of undisturbed sleep in the polygraphic recording chamber. At the end of 6 h of undisturbed sleep-wake recordings, rats were retested in a session of avoidance learning trials. After learning trials, the total percentage of time spent in REM sleep was significantly increased in both saline (15.36%)- and carbachol (17.70%)-microinjected rats. After learning trials, REM sleep P-wave density was significantly greater throughout the 6-h period of recordings in carbachol treated rats than in the saline treated rats. In the retrial session, the improvement in learning task performance was 22.75% higher in the carbachol-microinjected rats than in the saline-microinjected rats. These findings show that the consolidation and integration of memories create a homeostatic demand for P-waves. In addition, these findings provide experimental evidence, for the first time, that activation of the P-wave generator may enhance consolidation and integration of memories, resulting in improved performance on a recently learned task.
Vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection

Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) accounts for greater than 90 percent of the more than 8,000 children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who have been reported to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmission can occur in utero, intrapartum, and via breast milk. Zidovudine administered to the pregnant HIV-infected woman and her newborn infant substantially reduces the risk of vertical transmission of HIV. The clinical manifestations of HIV infection in infancy and childhood are varied and nonspecific. Diagnosis of infection in an infant usually is confirmed by presence of two positive HIV polymerase chain reaction tests. Antiretroviral therapy, usually combining two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with one HIV protease inhibitor, is indicated for all HIV-infected infants, regardless of clinical or immunologic status.
Hippocratic ideal, Faustian bargain and Damocles' sword: erosion of patient autonomy in obstetrics

Respect for patient autonomy remains a foundational principle guiding the ethical practice of medicine—a mission first articulated by Hippocrates. Damocles, another figure from ancient Greece, provides a useful parable for describing performance under distress: Damocles loses his desire for opulence and power when he notices a sword dangling precariously above his head. Contemporary obstetricians deciding whether to forestall or impose major abdominal surgery on parturients entrusted to their care struggle valiantly in the chasm dividing Hippocratic idealism from the economic realism driven by the medicolegal sword of Damocles. Given the inherent risk of unforeseeable and unsalvageable fetal catastrophe during labor and vaginal delivery, and the often unsubstantiated, yet automatic, allegation of negligence that follows a labor-associated adversity, obstetricians—and their liability insurance carriers—have recalibrated obstetric practice in alignment with the increasingly risk-averse preferences of most patients. Indeed, less intrapartum risk for patients and less corresponding medicolegal exposure for obstetricians help explain the rising cesarean delivery rate and, more importantly, the steady disappearance of higher-risk interventions such as vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Is this increasing reluctance to offer VBAC supervision ethically defensible? This paper argues that it is. Fiduciary professionalism mandates physician self-sacrifice, not self-destruction; a VBAC gone awry without negligence or substandard care may, nevertheless, render future affordable liability coverage unattainable. Yet, the unavailability of VBAC infringes on the autonomy of women who want to assume the intrapartum risks of a VBAC in lieu of a repeat cesarean delivery. The proposed solution is the regionalization of VBAC care provision in designated medical centers and/or the implementation of binding arbitration in an ethical trade-off to enhance patient autonomy regarding the preferred mode of delivery despite parallel constraint on legal options.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF MITOCHONDRIAL FINE STRUCTURE IN CULTURED GONYAULAX POLYEDRA (PYRRHOPHYTA)1

Mitochondria in Gonyaulax polyedra Stein have a highly variable morphology which depends on their location within the cell. The morphology ranges from mitochondria, 1 μm in cross section, with highly dense cristae which are located within the central sphere of golgi bodies to giant pleomorphic mitochondria, 5–8 μm in cross section containing condensed “chromosome” structures and located in the more peripheral regions of the cell. Elongated mitochondria containing microtubule-like elements ware also observed.
Thermal analysis of the photosensitizer 2,6-bis(p-azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone

Abstract Azides are often used as sensitizers in photographic processes. One frequently used azide sensitizer which has not been studied extensively is 2,6-bis-(p-azidobenzylidene)-4-methylcyclohexanone (ABC). This study was undertaken to determine the effects of u.v. irradiation and solvent on the thermal behaviour of ABC. The results demonstrate the value of thermal analysis in detecting structural changes caused by solvents and chromophoric changes caused by u.v. irradiation of the azide.
Landscape-Scale Simulation of Heterogeneous Fire Effects on Pyrogenic Carbon Emissions, Tree Mortality, and Net Ecosystem Production

Fire influences carbon dynamics from local to global scales, but many uncertainties remain regarding the remote detection and simulation of heterogeneous fire effects. This study integrates Landsat-based remote sensing and Biome-BGC process modeling to simulate the effects of high-, moderate-, and low-severity fire on pyrogenic emissions, tree mortality, and net ecosystem production. The simulation area (244,600 ha) encompasses four fires that burned approximately 50,000 ha in 2002–2003 across the Metolius Watershed, Oregon, USA, as well as in situ measurements of postfire carbon pools and fluxes that we use for model evaluation. Simulated total pyrogenic emissions were 0.732 Tg C (2.4% of equivalent statewide anthropogenic carbon emissions over the same 2-year period). The simulated total carbon transfer due to tree mortality was fourfold higher than pyrogenic carbon emissions, but dead wood decomposition will occur over decades. Immediately postfire, burned areas were a simulated carbon source (net C exchange: −0.076 Tg C y−1; mean ± SD: −142 ± 121 g C m−2 y−1). As expected, high-severity, stand-replacement fire had disproportionate carbon impacts. The per-unit area effects of moderate-severity fire were substantial, however, and the extent of low-severity fire merits its inclusion in landscape-scale analyses. These results demonstrate the potential to reduce uncertainties in landscape to regional carbon budgets by leveraging Landsat-based fire products that account for both stand-replacement and partial disturbance.
Synthesis of application-specific highly efficient multi-mode cores for embedded systems

In this paper, we present a novel design methodology for synthesizing multiple configurations (or modes) into a single programmable core that can be used in embedded systems. Recent portable applications require reconfigurability of a system along with efficiency in terms of power, performance, and area. The field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) provide a reconfigurable platform; however, they are slower in speed with significantly higher power and area than achievable by a customized application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). Implementation of a system in either FPGA or ASIC represents a trade-off between programmability and design efficiency. In this work, we have developed techniques to realize efficient reconfigurable cores for a set of user-specified applications. The resultant system, named as multimode system, can easily switch configurations throughout the set of configurations it is designed for. A data flow graph transformation method coupled with efficient scheduling and allocation is used to automatically synthesize a Multi-Mode system from its behavior-level specifications. Experimental results on several applications demonstrate that our implementations can achieve about 60X power reduction on average and run 3.5X faster over corresponding FPGA implementations.
Mixing with First-Order Decay in Variable-Velocity Porous Media Flow

The transport and mixing of solutes undergoing first-order decay is central to many problems in groundwater hydrology. Mixing in porous media flow occurs due to advective dilution, hydrodynamic dispersion, and molecular diffusion. Mixing is stronger in regions of higher velocity, and weaker in slower-moving regions. Two-dimensional numerical experiments show that concentration profiles normal to the flow direction are displaced toward regions of slower flow in a flow field with a velocity gradient. Variable-velocity flow fields occur in subsurface flow around permeability heterogeneities, between recirculation cells, and in flow driven by natural convection. We examine two-dimensional solute concentration fields rather than breakthrough curves since for many complicated flow patterns, the breakthrough curve cannot discern important details of the concentration field. For the case of a species undergoing first-order decay, the effect of parent accumulation in regions of low velocity is enhanced for the daughter species because (i) the rate of daughter production is proportional to the local concentration of parent, and (ii) mixing is proportional to the local velocity. The resulting displacement of concentration profiles toward low-velocity regions may have important consequences for subsurface radionuclide transport and also for flows in chemically reactive systems and strongly coupled systems.
Effect of hypoxia on hemolymph lactate and behavior of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus rathbun in the laboratory and field

1. 1. Hemolymph lactate concentrations were monitored in blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun) during hypoxic exposures and subsequent normoxic recoveries. 2. 2. High hemolymph lactate levels resulting from hypoxia were associated with marked behavioral abnormalities which were predicatable indicators of eventual mortality. 3. 3. Elevated lactate levels returned to pre-hypoxic levels after 7–8 hr of normoxic recovery.
ECS effects following continuous and partial reinforcement training

Thirty-two naive male albino rats were trained to leverpress for sucrose using a free-operant procedure. Half of the Ss were trained on a continuous-reinforcement schedule (CRF), and the other half were trained on a variable-ratio schedule (VR 2). Following acquisition, for half of Ss in each group, a leverpress produced footshock followed by ECS. For the remaining Ss, a leverpress produced footshock only. Results showed that suppression of the leverpress response due to footshock was reduced by the ECS, regardless of the acquisition reinforcement schedule. Results also showed that the VR-trained Ss that received ECS failed to show the partial reinforcement effect in extinction.
A measure from line‐of‐sight magnetograms for prediction of coronal mass ejections

From a sample of 17 vector magnetograms of 12 bipolar active regions we have recently found (1) that a measure of the overall nonpotentiality (the overall twist and shear in the magnetic field) of an active region is given by the strong shear length Lss, the length of the portion of the main neutral line on which the observed transverse fields is strong (greater than 150 Guass (G)) and strongly sheared (shear angle greater than 45 degrees), and (2) that L(sub ss) is well correlated with the coronal mass ejection (CME) productivity of the active regions during the plus or minus 2-day time window centered on the day of the magnetogram. In the present paper, from the same sample of 17 vector magnetograms, we show that there is a viable proxy for L(sub ss) that can be measured from a line-of-sight magnetogram. This proxy is the strong gradient length L(sub SG), the length of the portion of the main neutral line on which the potential transverse field is strong (greater than 150 G), and the gradient of the line-of-sight field is sufficiently steep (greater than approximately 50 G/Mm). In our sample of active regions, L(sub SG) is statistically significantly correlated with Lss (correlation confidence level greater than 95%), and L(sub SG) is as strongly correlated with active region CME productivity as is L(sub SS) (correlation confidence level approximately 99.7%). Because L(sub SG) can be measured from line-of-sight magnetograms obtained from conventional magnetographs, such as the magnetograph mode of the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, it is a dependable substitute for L(sub SS) for use in operational CME forecasting. In addition, via measurement of L(sub SG), the years-long, nearly continuous sequence of 1.5-hour cadence full disk line-of-sight magnetograms from MDI can be used to track the growth and decay of the large-scale nonpotentiality in active regions and to examine the role of this evolution in active region CME productivity.
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in an infant with cystic fibrosis and bronchiolitis

Infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) may develop severe respiratory compromise related to viral lower respiratory tract infections due to impaired mucous clearance and plugging of small airways. Consequently air trapping may lead to lung hyperinflation, impaired gas exchange, and respiratory failure. We describe the case of an infant with newly diagnosed CF who developed severe hypercarbic respiratory failure in the setting of viral bronchiolitis successfully treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV).
The effect of composition on surface morphology, formation mechanism and pinhole generation of cosputtered ytterbium silicide

The surface morphology including pinhole and silicide formation mechanism of codeposited ytterbium silicide films are investigated with various compositions of Yb and Si. Film properties depend on the growth mode of the deposited films. At Si compositions more than half of the stable phase of ytterbium silicide, films have a rough surface with islands of ytterbium silicide formed by the Stranski–Krastanov and Volmer–Weber growth mode. At Si composition below half of the stoichiometic value, films grow in a layer by layer, Frank–van der Merwe mode, with a smooth surface. The transition of the formation mode is due to a trade-off in the dominance of the reaction between the internal atoms in the deposited films or between the deposited films and the substrates. A Si composition of 0.59 provides the smoothest surface with roughness of 1.13 nm in root mean square value and no observed pinholes. Ytterbium silicide films are deposited with a 5% composition tolerance by cosputtering and forming at 450 °C in a conventional furnace.
Robustness Analysis and Reliable Flight Regime Estimation of an Integrated Resilent Control System for A Transport Aircraft

Formal robustness analysis of aircraft control upset prevention and recovery systems could play an important role in their validation and ultimate certification. As a part of the validation process, this paper describes an analysis method for determining a reliable flight regime in the flight envelope within which an integrated resilent control system can achieve the desired performance of tracking command signals and detecting additive faults in the presence of parameter uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics. To calculate a reliable flight regime, a structured singular value analysis method is applied to analyze the closed-loop system over the entire flight envelope. To use the structured singular value analysis method, a linear fractional transform (LFT) model of a transport aircraft longitudinal dynamics is developed over the flight envelope by using a preliminary LFT modeling software tool developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, which utilizes a matrix-based computational approach. The developed LFT model can capture original nonlinear dynamics over the flight envelope with the ! block which contains key varying parameters: angle of attack and velocity, and real parameter uncertainty: aerodynamic coefficient uncertainty and moment of inertia uncertainty. Using the developed LFT model and a formal robustness analysis method, a reliable flight regime is calculated for a transport aircraft closed-loop system.
Pressure dependence of the static dielectric properties of K(H1-xDx)2PO4 and RbH2PO4

The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the static dielectric constant, ec, Curie-Weiss constant, C, saturation polarization, Ps, and transition temperature, Ts, of the ferroelectrics K(H1-xDx)2PO4, and RbH2PO4 were investigated. The pressure dependence of Tc is known from earlier work and the present work extends the results to other deuterium concentrations, x; however, the results on C and Ps are largely new. An important feature of the results is the strong dependence of the pressure derivatives of these quantities on deuteration. The results are analyzed in terms of the order-disorder and the coupled proton-phonon models. The order-disorder model provides a good account of the results for the heavily deuterated (x ≃ 1) crystals but not for the lightly deuterated ones. For the latter crystals the coupled proton-phonon model appears satisfactory. In fact the use of known microscopic parameters and their pressure derivatives in this model provides an essentially quantitative account of the pressure depen...
Probability-Based Shotgun Cross-Linking Sites Analysis

We recently developed a shotgun tool for cross-linking sites analysis, X!Link, for the sensitive and high-throughput analysis of chemically cross-linked proteins or multiprotein complexes (J. Proteome Res. 2007,6, 3908–3917). Here, we report a further development of the tool using a probability-based scoring system. It calculates explicit E-values, with which sensitive detection of the cross-links is possible with very low false positives, and now can be applied to moderate numbers of protein sequences. Most of the false positives in large scale analysis originate from partial matching where one side of the peptides is correctly matched while the other side is incorrectly matched. Additional E-values were calculated for each peptide and effectively minimized false positives from such partial matching. The usefulness of the new scoring system was demonstrated for a previously published dataset from a cross-linked cytochrome c protein, searching against a large database of equine protein sequences.
Parallel reduced-order controllers for stochastic linear singularly perturbed discrete systems

An approach to the decomposition and approximation of linear quadratic Gaussian control problems for singularly perturbed discrete systems at steady state is presented. The global Kalman filter is decomposed into separate reduced-order local filters through the use of a decoupling transformation. A near-optimal control law is derived by approximating coefficients of the optimal control law. The proposed method allows parallel processing of information and reduces offline and online computational requirements. A real-world example demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method. >