cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formal Synthesis of (−)-Kendomycin Featuring a Prins-Cyclization to Construct the Macrocycle

The kendomycin skeleton was prepared by a highly convergent strategy in which the benzofuran fragment and the acyclic iodide fragment were prepared by standard methods and joined using a Suzuki coupling. The distinctive reaction in our approach was an intramolecular Prins cyclization that assembles the macrocyclic ring in good yield. Modeling studies demonstrate that the acyclic chain is predisposed for macrocycle formation. Ultimately, the product was correlated with one of Lee’s advanced intermediates for a formal total synthesis of kendomycin.
Psychological and Health Outcomes of Perceived Information Overload

The rapid growth and transmission of information in the digital age poses new challenges for individuals coping with the onslaught of communications from multiple sources. This research (a) concept...
The aging of metallic thin films: Delamination, strain relaxation, and diffusion

The reliability of thin film systems is important to the continued development of microelectronics, micro-electromechanical systems, and conventional industries. Most often, the reliability of devices in these systems is tied to the ability of the films to remain adhered to substrates during the component lifetime. This research summary looks at the aging of gold thin films and their subsequent fracture from silicon substrates. The mechanical integrity of these films, controlled by the adhesion energy of the interface, is shown to be influenced by strain relaxation and diffusion.
Decrease in Fluorescence Intensity of a Solution of Fresh Cigarette Smoke Products on Exposure to Light

ATTENTION has been directed by Schmahl and Schneider1 and Druckrey and Schmahl2 to the decrease in intensity of fluorescence which occurs when a benzene solution of fresh cigarette smoke products is exposed to light. This decrease in fluorescence indicates one obvious difference between the smoke, which will contain unchanged products when inhaled by the smoker, and any solution of the smoke products which has been exposed to light and which is then used for chemical or biological tests.
A buckled plate test to measure interfacial toughness in composites

A new, buckled plate (BP) test has been used to measure transverse toughness as the parameter characterizing interfacial adhesion in unidirectional, continuous-fibre composites. The test is simple, with advantages over other interfacial methods. The theory and experimental details are presented. The results of BP tests are discussed for polycarbonate/carbon fibre composites. Evaluations have been made with regard to specimen dimensions, testing speed, crack length, modulus, fibre volume fraction, and processing conditions. Transverse toughness is a sensitive measure of the interfacial adhesion, giving results similar to transverse tensile strength. The test has also been used to measure longitudinal toughness. This test should be widely applicable to many composite systems.
A soft x-ray beam-splitting multilayer optic for the NASA GEMS Bragg Reflection Polarimeter

A soft X-ray, beam-splitting, multilayer optic has been developed for the Bragg Reflection Polarimeter on the NASA Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer Mission (GEMS). The optic is designed to reflect 0.5 keV X-rays through a 90 degree angle to the BRP detector, and transmit 2-10 keV X-rays to the primary polarimeter. A transmission requirement prevents the use of a thick substrate, so a 2 µm thick polyimide membrane was used. Atomic force microscopy has shown the membrane to possess high spatial frequency roughness less than 0.2 nm rms, permitting adequate X-ray reflectance. A multilayer thin film was especially developed with reflectance and transmission properties that satisfy the BRP requirements and with near-zero stress. Multilayer depositions for prototype reflectors have been performed via magnetron sputtering. Reflectivity and transmission measurements closely match theoretical predictions, both before and after rigorous environmental testing.
Characteristics of Education Production Functions: An Application of Canonical Regression Analysis

Abstract This paper uses data from the State of Michigan and canonical regression analysis to investigate the effects of socioeconomic characteristics (SEC) of communities in the production of high school education. We find that SEC have positive and significant impacts — impacts that are independent of school resources — on the output of education. However, these independent effects are very hard to ascertain because of the high degree of correlation between SEC and school resources. We also find that education of parents is the only variable that can be used as a proxy for all SEC without misspecifying the education production function.
Insight and Applications in Energy Harvesting from Bullets to Birds

Power requirements for microelectronics continue a downward trend and power production from vibrational power harvesting is ever increasing. The result is a convergence of technology that will allow for previously unattainable systems, such as infinite life wireless sensor nodes, health monitoring systems, and environmental monitoring tags, among others. The Laboratory of Intelligent Machine Systems at Cornell University has made many significant contributions to this field, pioneering new applications of piezoelectric energy harvesting, as well as contributing to harvesting circuitry and mechanical design theory. In this work, we present a variety of new applications for energy harvesting technology, including infinite life avian based bio-loggers, flutter induced vibrational wind power, and in-flight energy harvesting in munitions. We also present theoretical contributions to the field including an energy harvester beam design guide and multisource energy harvesting circuitry.
Left ventricular aneurysm and prognosis after first anterior wall acute myocardial infarction

Abstract We report on the clinical significance of left ventricular (LV) aneurysm detected before hospital discharge by gated blood pool studies in 40 patients with a first anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who were followed for 2 years.
GROWTH WITHOUT GROWTH HORMONE: THE "INVISIBLE" GH SYNDROME

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency, diagnosed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) measurements of GH in blood after provocation or in continuous 24 h samples of venous blood, is usually associated with growth failure. 4 non-obese boys have been identified who had normal linear growth despite apparent GH deficiency by standard RIA. All 4 patients had normal GH concentrations as measured with an IM-9 cell radio-receptor assay (RRA). The RRA/RIA ratio of the 4 patients significantly exceeded that of controls. Thus, these patients secrete a molecule with normal GH receptor binding and bioactivity which is "invisible" to the standard GH RIA. This variant GH is possibly expressed from the human GH-V gene or a mutant allele.
Rapid detection of worms using ICMP-T3 analysis

Identification of an active Internet worm is a manual process where security analysts must observe and analyze unusual activity on multiple firewalls, intrusion-detection systems or hosts. A worm might not be positively identified until it already has spread to most of the Internet, eliminating many defensive options. In previous work, we developed an automated system that can identify active worms seconds or minutes after they first begin to spread, a necessary precursor to halting the spread of the worm rather than simply cleaning up afterward. The system collects ICMP Destination Unreachable messages from instrumented network routers, identifies those patterns of unreachable messages that indicate malicious scanning activity, and then searches for patterns of scanning activity that indicate a propagating worm. In this paper, we compare the performance of two different detection strategies, our previous threshold approach and a new line-fit approach, for different worm-propagation techniques, noise environments, and system parameters. These techniques work for worms that generate at least some of their target addresses through a random process, a feature of most recent worms. Although both being powerful methods for fast worm identification, the new line-fit approach proves to be significantly more noise resistant.
The Role of Umwelt in Husserl’s Aufbau and Abbau of the Natur/Geist Distinction

In this essay I argue that Husserl’s development of the nineteenth century Natur/Geist distinction is grounded in the intentional correlate between the pre-theoretical natural attitude and environing world (Umwelt). By reconsidering the Natur/Geist distinction through its historical context in the nineteenth century debate between Wilhelm Dilthey and the Neo-Kantians from the Baden or Southwest school, it is possible to understand more clearly Husserl’s appropriations and novel contributions. One of Husserl’s contributions lies in his rigorous thematization and clarification of the constitutive features proper to the natural and human sciences as they arise from the pre-theoretical experience of an environing world. This ordinary lived experience between the lived body and environing world is presupposed by and forms a unity with both Natur and Geist, thereby acting as the unified ground that is inclusive of naturalized Geist and a geistig nature. This unbuilding (Abbau) of the Natur/Geist distinction is necessary, according to Husserl, for the radical clarification of the respective methodologies of the natural and human sciences.
Lagrangian measurements of incipient motion in oscillatory flows

Incipient motion of coarse gravel-sized sediment was investigated under a range of oscillatory flows. This article examines the relative significance of shear stresses and pressure gradients in triggering motion, which was directly measured with electronic Smart Sediment Grains (SSGs). The data suggest that incipient motion was induced by the pressure gradients in flows with large accelerations, by the shear stresses in flows with low accelerations and greater shear, and by the combined effects in intermediate flows. A modified incipient motion criterion was evaluated accounting for the combined effects of the shear stresses and pressure gradients, which may be more widely applicable in the marine environment.
Percutaneous Ablation of Peribiliary Tumors with Irreversible Electroporation

Abstract Purpose To assess biliary complications after irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation of hepatic tumors located Materials and Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all percutaneous IRE ablations of hepatic tumors within 1 cm of the common, left, or right hepatic ducts at a single institution from January 2011 to September 2012. Computed tomography imaging performed before and after treatment was examined for evidence of bile duct dilatation, stricture, or leakage. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels were analyzed for evidence of biliary injury. Results There were 22 hepatic metastases in 11 patients with at least one tumor within 1 cm of the common, left, or right hepatic duct that were treated with IRE ablations in 15 sessions. Median tumor size treated was 3.0 cm (mean, 2.8 cm ± 1.2, range, 1.0–4.7 cm). Laboratory values obtained after IRE were considered abnormal after four treatment sessions in three patients (bilirubin, 2.6–17.6 mg/dL; alkaline phosphatase, 130–1,035 U/L); these abnormal values were transient in two sessions. Two patients had prolonged elevation of values, and one required stent placement; both of these conditions appeared to be secondary to tumor progression rather than bile duct injury. Conclusions This clinical experience suggests that IRE may be a treatment option for centrally located liver tumors with margins adjacent to major bile ducts where thermal ablation techniques are contraindicated. Further studies with extended follow-up periods are necessary to establish the safety profile of IRE in this setting.
Syndromes of locoweed poisoning in livestock.

(1972). Syndromes of Locoweed Poisoning in Livestock. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 567-573.
Increased hurricane intensities with CO2-induced warming as simulated using the GFDL hurricane prediction system

The impact of CO2-induced global warming on the intensities of strong hurricanes is investigated using the GFDL regional high-resolution hurricane prediction system. The large-scale initial conditions and boundary conditions for the regional model experiments, including SSTs, are derived from control and transient CO2 increase experiments with the GFDL R30-resolution global coupled climate model. In a case study approach, 51 northwest Pacific storm cases derived from the global model under present-day climate conditions are simulated with the regional model, along with 51 storm cases for high CO2 conditions. For each case, the regional model is integrated forward for five days without ocean coupling. The high CO2 storms, with SSTs warmer by about 2.2 °C on average and higher environmental convective available potential energy (CAPE), are more intense than the control storms by about 3–7 m/s (5%–11%) for surface wind speed and 7 to 24 hPa for central surface pressure. The simulated intensity increases are statistically significant according to most of the statistical tests conducted and are robust to changes in storm initialization methods. Near-storm precipitation is 28% greater in the high CO2 sample. In terms of storm tracks, the high CO2 sample is quite similar to the control. The mean radius of hurricane force winds is 2 to 3% greater for the composite high CO2 storm than for the control, and the high CO2 storms penetrate slightly higher into the upper troposphere. More idealized experiments were also performed in which an initial storm disturbance was embedded in highly simplified flow fields using time mean temperature and moisture conditions from the global climate model. These idealized experiments support the case study results and suggest that, in terms of thermodynamic influences, the results for the NW Pacific basin are qualitatively applicable to other tropical storm basins.
Business process re‐engineering: lessons from the past

Examines problems that have arisen over the past four years in the application of business process re‐engineering (BPR) to “real world” companies. Major problem areas include lack of sufficient preparation, problems associated with implementation, organizational weaknesses, weaknesses inherent in BPR and problems that develop in the aftermath of BPR. Then provides guidelines to minimize the emergence of these problems and improve the potential for success of future re‐engineering efforts.
Repair of Products of Oxidative DNA Base Damage in Human Cells

Oxidative DNA damage is the most frequent type of damage encountered by aerobic cells and may play an important role in biological processes such as mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging in humans. Oxidative damage generates a myriad of modifications in DNA. We investigated the cellular repair of DNA base damage products in DNA of cultured human lymphoblast cells, which were exposed to oxidative stress by H2O2. This DNA-damaging agent is known to cause base modifications in genomic DNA of mammalian cells [Dizdaroglu, M., Nackerdien, Z., Chao, B.-C., Gajewski, E. and Rao, G. (1991) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 285, 388-390]. Following treatment with H2O2, the culture medium was freed from H2O2 and cells were incubated for time periods ranging from 10 min to 6 h. DNA was isolated from control cells, hydrogen peroxide-treated cells and cells incubated after H2O2 exposure. DNA samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Eleven modified bases were identified and quantified. The results showed a significant formation of these DNA base products upon H2O2-treatment of cells. Subsequent incubation of cells caused a time-dependent excision of these products from cellular DNA. The cell viability did not change significantly by various treatments. There were distinct differences between the kinetics of excision of individual products. The observed excisions were attributed to DNA repair in cells. The rate of repair of purine lesions was slower than that of pyrimidine lesions. Most of the identified products are known to possess various premutagenic properties. The results of this work may contribute to the understanding of the cellular repair of oxidative DNA damage in human and other mammalian cells.
Super resolution for common probes and common microscopes

A sophisticated analysis approach based on the concept of fluorophore localization provides dynamic super-resolution data of GFP-labeled live cells using a common, arc lamp–based wide-field fluorescence microscope.
Urea cycle defects and hyperammonemia: effects on functional imaging

The urea-cycle disorders (UCDs) are a group of congenital enzyme and carrier deficiencies predisposing to hyperammonemia (HA). HA causes changes in the central nervous system (CNS) including alterations of neurotransmitter function, cell volume, and energy deprivation ultimately leading to cerebral edema. Neuropathological findings of UCDs primarily reflect changes in astrocyte morphology. Neurological features accompanying acute HA include changes in behavior and consciousness in the short term, and potential for impairments in memory and executive function as long-term effects. Plasma measures of ammonia and glutamine, although useful for clinical monitoring, prove poor markers of CNS function. Multimodal neuroimaging has potential to investigate impact on cognitive function by interrogating neural networks, connectivity and biochemistry. As neuroimaging methods become increasingly sophisticated, they will play a critical role in clinical monitoring and treatment of metabolic disease. We describe our findings in UCDs; with focus on Ornithine Transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) the only X linked UCD.
Current Management of the Wolff‐Parkinson‐White Syndrome

In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and describe medical, surgical, and catheter based principles. WPW syndrome results from the congenital presence of impulse-conducting fascicles, known as accessory pathways (APs) or bypass tracts, which connect atria and ventricles across the annulus fibrosis and are capable of preexciting portions of the ventricular myocardium. Once triggered, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardias (AVRTs) generally result from depolarization wavefronts moving anterograde through the AV node to the ventricles and returning retrograde to the atria along the AP. Rapid AVRT decreases ventricular filling time and cardiac output, resulting in symptoms. Medications that prolong AP refractory periods (flecainide, propafenone, and amiodarone) prevent rapid AP anterograde conduction (from atria to ventricles) in atrial tachycardias such as atrial fibrillation or flutter. In emergencies, adenosine can be used to terminate the AVRT of WPW syndrome. Otherwise, Class IA or IC antiarrhythmic agents are used to slow AP conduction either with or without AV nodal blocking agents. Open chest surgical ablation of a bypass tract in a symptomatic patient was first reported in 1968. The original endocardial surgical techniques for localizing and dividing APs were refined and an alternative epicardial approach has been developed. Reported mortality rates in experienced hands were 0% to 1.5% in large series for patients without additional cardiac abnormalities. Catheter delivered radiofrequency (RF) energy is now applied intravascularly to ablate APs. Since the first large series of patients undergoing RF ablation was reported in 1989, the procedure had proved safe, cost effective, and well tolerated. RF ablation has become the initial nonpharmacological treatment of choice for WPW syndrome; surgical ablation has become relegated to those cases where symptoms are intolerable and RF ablation is not feasible.
Reproducible fixation with a tapered, fluted, modular, titanium stem in revision hip arthroplasty at 8-15 years follow-up.

Abstract The use of tapered, fluted, modular, distally fixing stems has increased in femoral revision surgery. The goal of this retrospective study was to assess mid-term to long-term outcomes of this implant. Seventy-one hips in 70 patients with a mean age of 69 years were followed for an average of 10 years. Preoperative HHS averaged 50 and improved to 87 postoperatively. Seventy-nine percent hips had Paprosky type 3A or more bone-loss. All stems osseointegrated distally (100%). Two hips subsided > 5 mm but achieved secondary stability. Sixty-eight percent hips had evidence of bony reconstitution and 21% demonstrated diaphyseal stress-shielding. One stem fractured near its modular junction and was revised with a mechanical failure rate of 1.4%. Distal fixation and clinical improvement were reproducibly achieved with this stem design.
Leveraging student engagement for student and institutional success

We all know the importance of student engagement to student learning. Gavin W. Henning argues that the upside doesn't end there … the institution as a whole also benefits.
Generalizing edge detection to contour detection for image segmentation

One approach to image segmentation defines a function of image partitions whose maxima correspond to perceptually salient segments. We extend previous approaches following this framework by requiring that our image model sharply decreases in its power to organize the image as a segment's boundary is perturbed from its true position. Instead of making segment boundaries prefer image edges, we add a term to the objective function that seeks a sharp change in fitness with respect to the entire contour's position, generalizing from edge detection's search for sharp changes in local image brightness. We also introduce a prior on the shape of a salient contour that expresses the observed multi-scale distribution of contour curvature for physical contours. We show that our new term correlates strongly with salient structure. We apply our method to real images and verify that the new term improves performance. Comparisons with other state-of-the-art approaches validate our method's advantages.
An analysis of membrane phase transition theories based on kink and jog defects

Abstract We derive the geometric properties of isomeric defects referred to as kinks and jogs. With the aid of these geometric properties we are able to list in tabular form according to energy and area all possible kink and jog configurations. This information is the kink and jog single chain density of states in discrete form. We relate the properties of the single chain density of states to the thermodynamic bilayer system. Based on the single chain information, we calculate an upper bound on the entropy change of the membrane phase transition and show that it is less than one half the experimental entropy change of the transition. Finally we show that the discrepancy in the macroscopic value of the entropy results from the fact that the total number of single chain kink and jog defects is orders of magnitude too small.
Ignorance is bliss: the Listerian revolution and education of American surgeons.

Purpose: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867. American surgeons, entrenched in the old ways of 19th century medicine, failed to adopt Lister’s methods.Materials and Methods: Examples of the hubris and arrogant thinking displayed by early American surgeons are best shown by Thomas Eakins’ masterpiece, The Gross Clinic, and by the death of President James Garfield.Results: Samuel Gross, preeminent American surgeon in 1875 boldly revealed in The Gross Clinic, and the team of distinguished surgeons using outdated methods caring for Garfield in 1881, illustrate American surgeons’ woeful disdain and disregard of sterile surgical methods.Conclusions: Public outcry over the failure of some of America’s best surgeons led to widespread adoption of antiseptic surgery by the late 1880s and introduction of basic science into the medical education by the dawn of the new century.
Frequency modulated X-ray diffraction I. Determination of partial structure factors

Abstract It is shown that when the frequency of incident X-rays is tuned just below an absorption edge of a particular element in a multi-element sample, the derivative of the scattered intensity with respect to the frequency of the X-rays is dominated by the interference of X-rays about this element. Frequency modulated X-ray diffraction should permit certain partial structure factors to be determined simply with a sensitivity orders of magnitude greater than techniques used previously. This technique should yield at least the same information that X-ray absorption (EXAFS) techniques are supposed to provide, but with fewer complications.
Sleep state periodicity in prematures and young infants.

An autocorrelation technique was used to determine the periodicity underlying successive recurrences of specific sleep states (Quiet Sleep and Active Sleep). Groups of short (2–3 hr) polygraphic records and individual all-night recordings were analyzed. Active Sleep and Quiet Sleep periodicities at 32 weeks conceptional age were 12 min. At 36 weeks, 40 weeks (term), and 1, 3, and 8 months, the periodicity of both Active and Quiet Sleep was consistently in the 40–60 min range. At all ages, the cycle time of one state was consistently longer than the other. The appearance of clear periodicities underlying both states and the similarity of the periodicities found in 36 week records to those found in much older infants' records indicate that this biological rhythm is basic to human CNS functioning. The Index of Rhythmicity values in these records and other investigators' data suggest that this rhythm reaches a mature form by 36 weeks postconception.
Multiplexed generalized telerobotic system

A multiplexed system with one master controlling several robot slaves of different geometries is proposed. This new concept is appealing because of 'force multiplication', by using a highly skilled operator more efficiently. A user interface allows the operator to load the particular robot model he wishes to teleoperate at a given time. Communication protocols handle priority interrupts from the other robots 'operating' in the background. The simulation environment utilizes a Dimension 6 graphics ball as master, and an Ardent workstation for robot control. >
The effect of a bovine hypothalamic factor on mouse brain neurotransmitters

Abstract A substance isolated from the bovine hypothalamus was found to protect against the toxicity of amphetamine in the crowded mice situation. We measured the levels of brain catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) and γ-aminobutyric acid during crowding following the administration of amphetamine, hypothalamic factor, and amphetamine + hypothalamic factor simultaneously. Amphetamine at high dosage (20mg/kg) decreased brain norepinephrine (25%), had no effect on dopamine and increased γ-aminobutyric acid levels (78%). Hypothalamic factor (1.0 ml) increased both norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations (51% and 37%, respectively) but had little effect on γ-aminobutyric acid levels. Simultaneous administration of both agents resulted in a decrease in norepinephrine (similar to that seen with amphetamine alone), an increase in dopamine (the same as seen with hypothalamic factor alone), and caused a marked decrease in brain γ-aminobutyric acid levels. The reversal of amphetamine toxicity suggests that the hypothalamic factor may act centrally at the neuronal level. The lethality of amphetamine in the crowded mice situation may be due, in part, to the high level of γ-aminobutyric acid in the brain and which was reversed in the presence of the hypothalamic factor.
Portfolio Analysis and Vertical Equity: a New York Application:

This study makes two contributions to the literature on portfolio models and the analysis of state finances. First, the study applies recent developments in time series analysis—unit root tests for stationarity—to develop more efficient estimates of tax growth and tax instability than heretofore. Second, the study extends the conventional tax portfolio model, which balances the portfolio mix to maximize stability for selected growth targets, to encompass a third tax policy goal: vertical equity. The model is applied to New York State to demonstrate its practical usefulness as a fiscal tool for state policy analysts.
Scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry (SARIS) study of chlorine chemisorption on Ni(1 1 0)

Abstract The clean and chlorine chemisorbed Ni(1 1 0) surface has been investigated by scattering and recoiling imaging spectrometry (SARIS). Rare gas ion beams at 4 keV were scattered at different incident (α) and exit (β) angles along different azimuthal directions of the surface. The LEED pattern changed from a sharp (1 × 1) to a weak (3 × 1) after exposure to Cl2. The He+ images from the Cl/Ni surface exhibited very little differences compared to those of the clean surface. This is due to the high penetration depth of the He+ ions, which results in low surface sensitivity. The images obtained from the Cl/Ni surface with the heavier ions exhibited obvious changes due to their low penetration depths, which facilitates high surface sensitivity. Scattering and Recoiling Imaging Code (SARIC) simulations were carried out in order to interpret the perturbations induced by the chlorine adatoms. Different chemisorption sites for chlorine were tested. The results of the experiments and simulations agree that Cl atoms are chemisorbed in the short-bridge sites above the [1 1 0] rows.
On the divergence of members of a transposable element family

Statistical properties of the amount of divergence of members of a transposable element family are studied. The analysis is based on the model proposed by Langley et al. [5], describing the evolution of a family of selectively neutral transposable elements in a finite haploid population of size 2N. By considering the time back to the most recent common ancestor of two copies, both the probability of identity and the moments of the number of sites that differ between two sampled copies are obtained. Our analytic results are consistent with the numerical results of Ohta [8] for a similar model. The effects of gene conversion are also examined. In agreement with Slatkin [9], we find that gene conversion has a minimal effect on the probability of identity providing that the rate of deletion is sufficiently large.
PHYL Acts to Down-Regulate TTK88, a Transcriptional Repressor of Neuronal Cell Fates, by a SINA-Dependent Mechanism

We show that Tramtrack (TTK88) expression represses neuronal fate determination in the developing Drosophila eye. Phyllopod (PHYL) acts to antagonize this repression by a mechanism that requires Seven In Absentia (SINA) and is associated with decreased TTK88 protein levels, but not reduced ttk88 gene transcription or mRNA stability. We present evidence that SINA, PHYL, and TTK88 physically interact and that SINA interacts genetically and physically with UBCD1, a component of the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway. Our results suggest a model in which activation of the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase induces PHYL expression, which then acts with SINA to target the transcriptional repressor TTK88 for degradation, thereby promoting R7 cell fate specification.
The role of the zeolite in the hydrogenolysis of C2 and C3 hydrocarbons on RuNaY catalysts

Abstract The catalytic properties for the hydrogenolysis of ethane, propane and cyclopropane of a series of highly dispersed RuNaY catalysts have been investigated. These catalysts have activities and selectivities for ethane and propane hydrogenolysis similar to other supported ruthenium catalysts. However, the activity of the RuNaY for cyclopropane hydrogenolysis is much higher than that of Ru on conventional oxide supports, while the selectivities remain in a range expected for well-dispersed ruthenium. The increase in activity for the RuNaY catalysts is due mainly to the presence of highly dispersed Ru particles made possible by the zeolite support. A destabilization of the cyclopropane ring by the electrostatic field of the zeolite, however, does not seem to contribute significantly to the observed rate increase. It appears that the ring opening of cyclopropane and the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane to ethane and methane have a common intermediate, the formation of which is rate determining for both reactions. The discovery that on Ru the ring opening of cyclopropane is structure sensitive is surprising since this reaction is generally considered as a classic example for structure insensitivity.
Dielectric properties and charge storage characteristics of the metal-TiO2-SiO2-Si structure

Semiconductor memory elements have been fabricated on silicon utilizing electron-beam evaporated TiO2 as the charge storage insulator medium. The dielectric and charge storage properties of TiO2 films have been characterized as a function of TiO2 deposition conditions and post-deposition annealing. Our results show that both dielectric constant and charge storage properties are enhanced by evaporation of the TiO2 in an oxygen ambient and substrate heating during evaporation. Post-deposition annealing in an oxygen ambient is also shown to increase the dielectric constant. M-TiO2-SiO2-Si structures with a 1000 A layer of TiO2 typically exhibit 5 V memory windows for a ±15 V write/erase pulse.
Isolation of Microorganisms Using Sub-Micrometer Constrictions

We present an automated method for isolating pure bacterial cultures from samples containing multiple species that exploits the cell's own physiology to perform the separation. Cells compete to reach a chamber containing nutrients via a constriction whose cross-sectional area only permits a single cell to enter, thereby blocking the opening and preventing other cells from entering. The winning cell divides across the constriction and its progeny populate the chamber. The devices are passive and require no user interaction to perform their function. Device fabrication begins with the creation of a master mold that contains the desired constriction and chamber features. Replica molding is used to create patterned polymer chips from the master, which are bonded to glass microscope cover slips to create the constrictions. We tested constriction geometries ranging from 500 nanometers to 5 micrometers in width, 600 to 950 nanometers in height, and 10 to 40 micrometers in length. The devices were used to successfully isolate a pure Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture from a mixture that also contained Escherichia coli. We demonstrated that individual strains of the same species can be separated out from mixtures using red and green fluorescently-labeled E. coli. We also used the devices to isolate individual environmental species. Roseobacter sp. was separated from another marine species, Psychroserpens sp.
Sex, Work and Motherhood: The Impossible Triangle

This essay explores how current representations of sex, work and motherhood, in select recent films and women's science fiction, manifest and give meaning to contradictory discourses about women. Discourse analysis shows that what at first appear to be polarized discourses may be part of a larger societal need to control female sexuality, and reposition the nuclear family with woman safely within it. Ideological textual analysis may help feminists gauge how far their own discourses about abortion, female sexual adventurousness, mothering, reproductive technologies collude with, or challenge, dominant ones in relation to sex, work and motherhood.
Precision ocean salinity measurements using the Passive Active L/S-band aircraft instrument

Ocean salinity measurements using the Passive Active L/S-band instrument flying on the NCAR C-130 aircraft were made in July 2002 near Monterey, CA. When the radiometer data were corrected for the SST using the Klein and Swift salinity model and surface roughness effects using the L-band scatterometer, the retrieved salinity measurements had an RMS difference of 0.2-0.3 psu when compared with the R/V Point Sur ship measured salinity data.
Surface characterization and direct electrochemistry of redox copper centers of bilirubin oxidase from fungi Myrothecium verrucaria.

ARTICLE I NFO The key characteristics of multicopper oxidases are redox potentials of Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 copper centers of enzymes. However, there is still a challenge to obtain a value of the redox "signature" of the enzymes. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of T1 and T2/T3 redox copper centers of bilirubin oxidase (BOD) from the fungi Myrothecium verrucaria was studied based on direct bioelectrocatalysis. Two distinct redox peaks corresponding to reduction and oxidation of T1 and T2/T3 redox centers of enzymes have been clearly detected in anaerobic conditions. The bioelectrocatalytic activity of the enzyme was studied in the presence of oxygen and redox mediators. The electron-transfer rate constant for BOD immobilized on carbon electrode (CE) is 1.5 s −1 . The mechanism of enzyme inactivation by ABTS has been proposed. The physical architecture of BOD layers immobilized on the electrode surface, including elemental and chemical composition, relative thickness and assembly of layers was investigated by Angle Resolved X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Unique peaks of BOD at 288.5 eV and of CE at 284.6 eV were used in a substrate over layer model for estimation of the thickness of the of BOD film on the carbon electrode surface. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Formal and functional assessment of the pyramid method for summary content evaluation

Pyramid annotation makes it possible to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the content of machine-generated (or human) summaries. Evaluation methods must prove themselves against the same measuring stick – evaluation – as other research methods. First, a formal assessment of pyramid data from the 2003 Document Understanding Conference (DUC) is presented; this addresses whether the form of annotation is reliable and whether score results are consistent across annotators. A combination of interannotator reliability measures of the two manual annotation phases (pyramid creation and annotation of system peer summaries against pyramid models), and significance tests of the similarity of system scores from distinct annotations, produces highly reliable results. The most rigorous test consists of a comparison of peer system rankings produced from two independent sets of pyramid and peer annotations, which produce essentially the same rankings. Three years of DUC data (2003, 2005, 2006) are used to assess the reliability of the method across distinct evaluation settings: distinct systems, document sets, summary lengths, and numbers of model summaries. This functional assessment addresses the method's ability to discriminate systems across years. Results indicate that the statistical power of the method is more than sufficient to identify statistically significant differences among systems, and that the statistical power varies little across the 3 years.
Graded modality-specific specialisation in semantics: A computational account of optic aphasia.

A long-standing debate regarding the representation of semantic knowledge is whether such knowledge is represented in a single, amodal system or whether it is organised into multiple subsystems based on modality of input or type of information. The current paper presents a distributed connectionist model of semantics that constitutes a middle ground between these unitary- versus multiple-semantics accounts. In the model, semantic representations develop under the pressure of learning to mediate between multiple input and output modalities in performing various tasks. The system has a topographic bias on learning that favours short connections, leading to a graded degree of modality-specific functional specialisation within semantics. The model is applied to the specific empirical phenomena of optic aphasia—a neuropsychological disorder in which patients exhibit a selective deficit in naming visually presented objects that is not attributable to more generalised impairments in object recognition (visual agnosia) or naming (anomia). As a result of the topographic bias in the model, as well as the relative degrees of systematicity among tasks, damage to connections from vision to regions of semantics near phonology impairs visual object naming far more than visual gesturing or tactile naming, as observed in optic aphasia. Moreover, as in optic aphasia, the system is better at generating the name of an action associated with an object than at generating the name of the object itself, because action naming receives interactive support from the activation of action representations. The ability of the model to account for the pattern of performance observed in optic aphasia across the full range of severity of impairment provides support for the claim that semantic representations exhibit graded functional specialisation rather than being entirely amodal or modality-specific.
Domains of nursing intervention after sudden cardiac arrest and automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore individual and family experiences after sudden cardiac arrest and automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation during the first year of recovery. This report specifically addresses the domains of concern expressed and helpful strategies used by participants that are relevant to the development of future intervention programs. Design: A grounded theory approach was used to gain an understanding of areas of concern of sudden cardiac arrest survivors and families that could be used when designing future nursing interventions. Semistructured interviews were conducted with both sudden cardiac arrest survivors and 1 family member each at 5 points during the first year of recovery (hospitalization; 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after hospitalization). Participants were asked to identify those specific areas that most concerned them and that they would like assistance with during the first year. A total of 150 interviews were conducted with 176 hours of data generated. Setting: The study focused on 10 northwest urban community medical centers and participants’ homes within a 50-mile driving distance from the medical centers. Sample: The sample included 15 first-time sudden cardiac arrest survivors (13 men and 2 women) and 1 family member each between the ages of 31 and 72 years. Results: Domains of concern identified by participants that can be used to design future nursing intervention programs included preventive care, dealing with automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator shocks, emotional challenges, physical changes, activities of daily living, partner relationships, and dealing with health care providers. Suggestions of helpful strategies used by participants during the first year are outlined. Implications: Domains of concern and helpful strategies identified by participants provide a framework for the development and testing of nursing intervention programs to enhance recovery following sudden cardiac arrest for survivors and their families. (Heart Lung® 2000;29:79-86.)
Morality as Social Structure

We are ready to talk about social ethics, but first, a few definitions are in order. I define society as that social organization within a culture whose boundaries are recognized. I define culture as the works of man and their effects (including of course their effects on man). Thus “France” is a society within the culture of European, or “western” civilization. The elements of culture are loosely agglomerated elements swimming in a medium of less agglomerated similar elements. Societies are more organized; they may be equal in extent with a culture or contained within it as one member of a set. But a society is at best a partially-ordered system in which a definite structure has been put together from indefinite components.
Inhibitory and facilitatory presynaptic effects of endothelin on sympathetic cotransmission in the rat isolated tail artery

The present study was undertaken to determine the modulatory effects of the endothelin peptides on the neurogenically-induced release of endogenous noradrenaline (NA) and the cotransmitter adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) from the sympathetic nerves of endothelium-free segments of the rat isolated tail artery. The electrical field stimulation (EFS, 8 Hz, 0.5 ms, 3 min) evoked overflow of NA and ATP, in the absence of endothelins, was 0.035±0.002 pmol mg−1 tissue and 0.026±0.002 pmol mg−1 tissue, respectively. Endothelin-1 (ET-1; 1–30 nM) significantly reduced the EFS evoked overflow of both NA and ATP. The maximum inhibitory effect was produced by a peptide concentration of 10 nM, the amount of NA overflow being 0.020±0.002 pmol mg−1 and that of ATP overflow 0.015±0.001 pmol mg−1. Higher peptide concentrations (100 and 300 nM) reversed the EFS-evoked overflow of NA to control levels and that of ATP to above control levels. The inhibitory effect of ET-1 (10 nM) was resistant to the selective ETA receptor antagonist cyclo-D-Trp-D-Asp(ONa)-Pro-D-Val-Leu (BQ-123) but was prevented by ETB receptor desensitization with sarafotoxin S6c (StxS6c) or by ETB receptor blockade with N, cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidinocarbonyl-L-gmethylleucyl-D-1-methoxycarbonyltryptophanyl-D-norleucine (BQ-788). StxS6c, upon acute application, exerted a dual effect on transmitter release. At concentrations of 0.001–0.3 nM the peptide significantly reduced the EFS-evoked NA overflow, whereas at concentrations of 1–10 nM it caused a significant increase in the evoked overflow of both ATP and NA. Both the maximum inhibitory effect of StxS6c at a concentration of 0.003 nM (approximately 85% reduction of NA overflow and 40% of ATP overflow) and the maximum facilitatory effect of the peptide at a concentration of 3 nM (approximately 400% increase of ATP overflow and 200% of NA overflow) were completely antagonized by either BQ-788 or by StxS6c-induced ETB receptor desensitization. ET-3 (10–100 nM) did not affect the EFS evoked overflow of either ATP or NA, but at a concentration of 300 nM significantly potentiated the release of both transmitters (0.118± 0.02 pmol mg−1 tissue ATP overflow and 0.077±0.004 pmol mg−1 NA overflow). This effect was prevented either by BQ-123 or by BQ-788. In summary, the endothelin peptides exerted both facilitatory and inhibitory effects on the neurogenically-induced release of the sympathetic cotransmitters ATP and NA in the rat tail artery. Both transmitters were modulated in parallel indicating that the endothelins do not differentially modulate the release of NA and ATP in this tissue. British Journal of Pharmacology (1998) 123, 136–142; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701579
Vocal Distinctiveness and Information Coding in a Suboscine with Multiple Song Types: Eastern Wood-Pewee

Abstract We tested individual distinctiveness, a prerequisite for individual recognition, in the songs of the suboscine Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens). Male Eastern Wood-Pewees produce two main song types: ‘pee-ah-wee’ and ‘wee-ooo’ songs. All song variables for both song types, including temporal and frequency variables, showed greater between than within individual variation. Thus, both song types contained the potential to code information on individual identity and quality. Pee-ah-wee songs were more variable than wee-ooo songs, and pee-ah-wee frequency variable measures were the most variable. We correctly assigned 97.5% of pee-ah-wee songs and 95.0% of wee-ooo songs to the bird of origin–demonstrating individual distinctiveness in both main song types.