cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lateral Phase Separation of Lipids in Plasma Membranes: Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Membrane Antigens

Cooling populations of newly formed mouse human heterokaryons has effects on the intermixing of mouse and human surface antigens which indicate the occurrence of phase separations in membrane lipids. Antigen mixing, previously shown to be due to diffusion in the plane of the membrane, is retarded when cells are cooled from 37° to 21°C, but is then speeded by further cooling to 15°C. This result is in accord with observations on phase separations of lipids in artificial and bacterial membranes.
Isolation and charaterization of surface glycoproteins from L-1210, P-388 and HeLa cells

Abstract A method is described that permits the rapid extration of the cell surface glycoproteins of two murine leukemic cells, the P-388 and the L-1210 cells as well as those of the human adenocarcinoma cells, the HeLa cells. Proof of the surface location of these glycoproteins is provided by labeling the intact cells; (a) with 125 I by the lactoperoxidase iodination technique; (b) with 3 H by the galactose oxidase-reductive tritiation method. Most of these glycoproteins were also shown to incorporate radioactive glucosamine and fucose. By these criteria as well as by the distribution of molecular weights, the surface glycoproteins of the two murine cells are indistinguishable; however, they differ markedly from the surface glycoproteins of HeLa cells. The extracts of the murine cells wee shown to contain lectin receptor activity as determined by their ability to inhibit the lectin-induced agglutination of the intact cells.
Consumer Responses to Sexual Magazine Covers on a Men's Magazine

SUMMARY Competing men's magazines often use sexually attractive cover models to enhance circulation. This investigation tested the efficacy of sexual cover models on consumer outcome variables including magazine interest and purchase intention, as well as on psychological variables such as sexual arousal and social comparison. Overall, magazine interest-value and purchase intention were significantly higher in the sexual condition, as were sexual arousal and tendency for upward social comparison. Discussions on sexual information processing and implications for management and future research are offered.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SEX HORMONES TO INFECTION II. THE EFFECT OF PSEUDOPREGNANCY ON THE SPREAD OF INDIA INK IN THE SKIN OF RABBITS

SEVERAL YEARS ago one of us (i) reported that pregnancy in rabbits altered the reactivity of the tissues to the virus of infectious myxomatosis. In the first paper of this series (2) we showed that the injection of estrone into castrated male rabbits decreased the spread of India ink in the skin and also increased the rabbits'resistance to infection with vaccinia. These papers together with the literature indicate that variations in the sex hormones can cause modification in the susceptibility of the rabbit to infection. This fact seemed of sufficient importance to warrant further study. In the present experiment we have thought it desirable to learn more concerning the spread of materials in the normal animal before continuing the study of changes produced by the injection of the various hormones. Pseudopregnancy in the rabbit offered an excellent opportunity for this study, since it is not complicated by the presence of a fetus and a placenta
Towards the Perfect Operating List: 5 Steps to Safer Surgery

Of course we all want safer surgery for our patients, to run more efficient lists and to have less hassle before, during and after operating – who wouldn't? So what have we actually done to ensure that happens? Reflecting on your own experiences, how close do you come to achieving an ideal operating day and, if not, how about trying some small steps that have been shown to assist?
Prepregnancy obesity prevalence in the United States, 2004-2005.

Objective To provide a current estimate of the prevalence of prepregnancy obesity in the United States. Methods We analyzed 2004–2005 data from 26 states and New York City (n = 75,403 women) participating in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, an ongoing, population-based surveillance system that collects information on maternal behaviors associated with pregnancy. Information was obtained from questionnaires self-administered after delivery or from linked birth certificates; prepregnancy body mass index was based on self-reported weight and height. Data were weighted to provide representative estimates of all women delivering a live birth in each particular state. Results In this study, about one in five women who delivered were obese; in some state, race/ethnicity, and Medicaid status subgroups, the prevalence was as high as one-third. State-specific prevalence varied widely and ranged from 13.9 to 25.1%. Black women had an obesity prevalence about 70% higher than white and Hispanic women (black: 29.1%; white: 17.4%; Hispanic: 17.4%); however, these race-specific rates varied notably by location. Obesity prevalence was 50% higher among women whose delivery was paid for by Medicaid than by other means (e.g., private insurance, cash, HMO). Conclusion This prevalence makes maternal obesity and its resulting maternal morbidities (e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus) a common risk factor for a complicated pregnancy.
Measuring verbal recall. II: The ITR score expressed as a ratio

The sequential consistency from one free recall sequence to another may be expressed as the ratio of observed bigram repetitions to the maximum possible minus the ratio of the expected number of bigram repetitions to the maximum possible.
Psychological adjustment to systemic sclerosis.

Objective. To examine the role of demographic, disability, appraisal, and coping variables in predicting psychological adjustment in individuals with systemic sclerosis. Methods. Two hundred forty-two individuals with systemic sclerosis (SSc; diffuse and limited) were surveyed by mail. Demographics, functional disability, pain, control appraisals, 8 types of coping, and individual psychosocial adjustment were assessed by selfreport questionnaires with established reliability and validity. Results. In regression analysis, 3 coping strategies emerged as significant predictors of adjustment: Wishful Thinking, Blaming Self, and Problem-Focused Coping. Self-reports of disability and control appraisals were also significant predictors. Collectively, 46% of the variance in adjustment was explained by these 5 predictor variables. The strongest predictor of overall adjustment was wishful thinking, explaining 22% of the variance in adjustment. Conclusions. Potentially modifiable appraisal and coping variables, along with disease-related disability, appear to play an important role in predicting adjustment to SSc, while demographic variables explained little of the variability in patient adjustment.
An Investigation of External Latchup

Circuits are more susceptible to external latchup at elevated temperatures not only because the PNPN trigger current is lowered, but also because the minority carrier collection efficiency is increased. Collection efficiency does not scale linearly with the dimensions of the N-well. PNPN structures that are oriented perpendicular to a substrate current injector are more susceptible to latchup than are those oriented parallel
Robust detection of people in thermal imagery

We present a new contour analysis technique to detect people in thermal imagery. Background-subtraction is first used to identify local regions-of-interest. Gradient information within each region is then combined into a contour saliency map. To extract contour fragments, a watershed-based selection algorithm is used. A path-constrained A* search is employed to complete any broken contours, from which silhouettes are formed. Results using thermal video sequences demonstrate the capability of the approach to robustly detect people across a wider range of environmental conditions than is possible with standard approaches.
Synthesis of arbitrary frequency domain transmitting pulses applicable to pulsed NMR instruments

Abstract The synthesis of specialized excitation waveforms for pulsed NMR spin systems is an integral part of many present-day NMR experiments. Methods in use include various types of constant amplitude rectangular rf pulse trains with controlled interpulse delay times, modulating amplitudes of the envelopes of a chain of rectangular pulses, special long pulse rectangular pulses, and recently, single sideband spectral selections for NMR imaging. This paper describes, in quantitative fashion with experimental results, analysis and implementation of a method to generate pulsed NMR excitation waveforms using AM and FM techniques which yield individual pulses with controllable frequency spectral distributions. Examples given are of simplified cases, but the extension to complex frequency distribution requirements is clear.
Spatial perspectives in event processing

The processing of geo-spatial events plays an increasingly important role in constructing enterprise applications that can immediately react to business critical events. In this short paper we introduce spatial and spatio-temporal extensions to the event processing model, we will motivate spatio-temporal partitioning using notion of contexts and spatio-temporal patterns. This is an early report of a comprehensive work to formally define the notion of multidimensional context in general and particularly spatio-temporal context, using event processing language.
Structural and thermodynamic properties of selective ion binding in a K+ channel.

Thermodynamic measurements of ion binding to the Streptomyces lividans K+ channel were carried out using isothermal titration calorimetry, whereas atomic structures of ion-bound and ion-free conformations of the channel were characterized by x-ray crystallography. Here we use these assays to show that the ion radius dependence of selectivity stems from the channel's recognition of ion size (i.e., volume) rather than charge density. Ion size recognition is a function of the channel's ability to adopt a very specific conductive structure with larger ions (K+, Rb+, Cs+, and Ba2+) bound and not with smaller ions (Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). The formation of the conductive structure involves selectivity filter atoms that are in direct contact with bound ions as well as protein atoms surrounding the selectivity filter up to a distance of 15 A from the ions. We conclude that ion selectivity in a K+ channel is a property of size-matched ion binding sites created by the protein structure.
Utility of removable esophageal covered self-expanding metal stents for leak and fistula management

Background Esophageal or gastric leakage from anastomotic wound dehiscence, perforation, staple line dehiscence, or trauma can be a devastating event. Traditional therapy has often consisted of either surgical repair for rapidly diagnosed leaks or diversion for more complicated cases, commonly associated with a delayed diagnosis. This study summarizes our experience treating leaks or fistulas with novel, covered self-expanding metal stents (cSEMS). The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of covered self-expanding metal stents when used to treat complicated leaks and fistulas. Methods Over 15 months, 25 patients with esophageal or gastric leaks were evaluated for stenting as primary treatment. A prospective database was used to collect data. Stents were placed endoscopically, with contrast evaluation used for leak evaluation. Patients who did not improve clinically after stenting or whose leak could not be sealed underwent operative management. Results During a mean follow-up of 15 months, 23 of the 25 patients with esophageal or gastric leaks during a 15-month period were managed with endoscopic stenting as primary treatment. Healing occurred in patients who were stented for anastomotic leakage after gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy (n = 10). One patient with three esophageal iatrogenic perforations healed with stenting. Eight patients successfully avoided esophageal diversion and healed with stenting and adjunctive therapy. Two of the 4 patients with tracheoesophageal fistulas sealed with the assistance of a new pexy technique to prevent stent migration; 1 additional patient had this same technique used to successfully heal an upper esophageal perforation. Conclusions Esophageal leaks and fistulas can be effectively managed with cSEMS as a primary modality. The potential benefits of esophageal stenting are healing without diversion or reconstruction and early return to an oral diet.
Monitoring aerobic sludge digestion by online scanning fluorometry.

Abstract With sludge samples from two wastewater treatment plants, batch experiments of aerobic sludge digestion were conducted under different dissolved oxygen (DO) and solids concentrations. A fluorometer capable of online excitation and emission scanning was used to monitor the digestion process. Three major fluorescence peaks were observed. The peak at excitation/emission maxima of 290/350 nm was attributed to the fluorescence of proteinaceous materials in the sludge, with tryptophan residues being the primary contributor. The sources for the other two peaks (at 370/430 nm and 430/510 nm) remain unknown. The well-known biological fluorescence from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH and NADPH), at excitation/emission maxima of 340/460 nm, was found very weak in the aerobic digestion systems studied. It was buried under the broad peak at 370/430 nm and was detectable only in the early stage of the experiment that had the highest solids loading (at 4.8%) and was operated under low DO (0.2–1.0 mg/L) conditions. On the other hand, the profile of the protein fluorescence (PF) correlated well with that of the volatile solids (VS) reduction in all the experiments. A semi-empirical exponential decay function was developed, which described well the profiles of both normalized VS and normalized PF. The feasibility of following the real-time performance of aerobic sludge digestion by monitoring PF was clearly demonstrated.
Transition from Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel States on microline-formed PDMS surfaces induced by evaporation or pressing of water droplets

In this work, we directly observed the evolution of air/water interfaces suspended between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microlines when water droplets reduced their sizes due to evaporation. The inclined angles of the microline sidewalls were slightly larger than 90°. Two important phenomena were observed regarding the transition from Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel States. First, when a water droplet gradually shrank, an air/water interface between two neighboring microlines increased its deflection but decreased its angle with the vertical direction. In the meanwhile, the two edges of this interface were still at the top corners of the two microlines. Second, once water passed the top corners of these two microlines, it kept moving down and filled the gap. Based on these two phenomena, the equilibrium of a triple line and the uniformity of pressure inside a small water droplet, critical values of droplet sizes and Laplace pressure were derived to predict when the transition would occur on microlines. The derived theoretical relationships indicate that air/water interfaces may be stationary on both top corners and sidewalls of microlines if the inclined angles of the microline sidewalls are less than 90°. Otherwise, the interfaces can only be stationary at the top corners of the microlines. The predicted values of droplet sizes for the case that the inclined angles of these sidewalls are larger than 90° were validated by experimental results on three arrays of PDMS microlines. In addition, we also directly observed the evolution of air/water interfaces on PDMS microlines when a water droplet was slowly pressed using a glass slide. The critical values of the droplet sizes derived in the case of evaporation applied to this pressing case as well, and had a good match with experimental results on the three arrays of PDMS microlines. In addition to the cases of evaporation and pressing, the theoretical relationships derived in this work may also apply to other cases, in which Laplace pressure is gradually increased inside a liquid droplet and half sizes of the droplet are less than the capillary length of the liquid. Finally, based on developed transition criteria, a set of criteria were also proposed to design microlines for reducing the critical droplet size that triggers the transitions from Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel States.
Interaction between gramicidin-A and bacteriorhodopsin in reconstituted purple membrane.

Abstract The addition of gramicidin-A to reconstituted purple membrane, significantly inhibits light-induced proton movement. Kinetic analyses indicate that the treatment decreases the initial proton pumping rate (Ro), alters the interdependence (m) between the pumping process and its associated H+ leak path (kL-kD), but has no detectable effect on the proton permeability associated with phospholipid bilayers in the dark (kD). These results suggest that gramicidin-A, under the experimental conditions, interacts directly with bacteriorhodopsin in the membrane. This suggestion is supported by the findings that both the resonance Raman and circular dichroism spectra of bacteriorhodopsin are affected by the antibiotic.
Activation of bovine factor X by the venom coagulant protein of Vipera russelli: complex formation of the activation fragments.

Abstract The interaction of the fragments of Factor X which are formed during the activation of Factor X by the coagulant protein of Russell's viper venom has been examined. Factor X and activated Factor X yielded single protein peaks with identical elution volumes by gel filtration on columns of Sephadex G-75 or BioGel P-100 equilibrated in 0.02 M Tris-HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, pH 7.4, or 8 M urea. However, an activation peptide with a molecular weight of 11 000 could be separated from a higher molecular weight activation fragment by gel filtration on columns of BioGel P-100 equilibrated in 1% sodium dodecylsulfate and 8 M urea. This activation peptide was also observed by gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate and urea using highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. The molecular weight and composition of the activated Factor X complex, prepared by gel filtration in 8 M urea, were compared to those of Factor X. Molecular weights, determined by equilibrium centrifugation in 6 M guanidine·HCl, are 56 000 and 55 000 for Factor X and the activated Factor X complex, respectively. The amino acid compositions were indistinguishable; slight differences in carbohydrate content were observed. It appears that Factor X undergoes proteolytic cleavage of its heavy subunit during activation by the coagulant protein and a complex of the two activation fragments of Factor X are formed. The binding of these activation fragments in the presence of Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 8 M urea, or 6 M guanidine·HCl to form an activated Factor X complex suggests the high degree of complementarity and mutual affinity of these polypeptide chains.
Power constrained sensor sample selection for improved form factor and lifetime in localized BANs

Wearable sensing systems are paving the way for significant advances in diagnosis, preventative healthcare and tele-healthcare, by facilitating a variety of wireless health applications for medical signal and diagnostic monitoring and assessment. However, the considerable spatial and temporal sampling for multiple sensed modalities that enable these applications, also makes them power hungry, requiring large, heavy power supplies, and leading to a tradeoff between usability and lifetime. We propose a sampling algorithm to overcome this trade-off by capitalizing on the spatio-temporal redundancy inherent to Body Area Networks owing to their localized nature, as well as, assessing sample relevance based on its contribution to the predicted diagnostic(s). Our approach improves energy-efficiency and raises contextual sample quality, by tackling sample selection simultaneously in the spatial and temporal domains, yielding improved diagnostic accuracy under power-constraints. We present our algorithm in the context of diagnostics gleaned from a foot plantar pressure measurement platform and illustrate its efficacy based on real datasets collected by the platform.
New models, new questions: historiographical approaches to the Romanian Holocaust

This essay surveys the historiography on the Romanian Holocaust, focusing in particular on four monographs published by Western historians within the past five years. Earlier research was limited both empirically and theoretically, and these works suggest new research paradigms and raise new questions about the genocide in Romania during the Second World War. Dennis Deletant assesses the rule of General Ion Antonescu in light of his responsibility for the Holocaust and attempts to explain why the General began and ended the Holocaust when he did. Vladimir Solonari argues that the Holocaust should be read in the context of plans for ethnic homogenisation which were implemented when the opportunity presented itself in 1941. Jean Ancel examines the expropriation of Jewish property and shows that, among other things, the Romanian perpetrators were motivated by a desire to enrich themselves at the expense of the Jews. Finally, Armin Heinen reads the Holocaust by looking at how different groups of perpetrators ...
Kinetics of Reactions Involved in Penicillin Allergy I: Mechanism of Reaction of Penicillins and 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid with Glycine in Alkaline Solution

The principal antigenic determinant of penicillin allergy, penicilloyl-protein, may be formed either by direct reaction of penicillin with protein, or through penicillenic acid, a rearrangement product of penicillin. As part of a study of the mechanism of the direct reaction, the kinetics of reaction of glycine with a series of penicillins and 6-aminopenicillanic acid has been investigated. The aminolysis of penicillins by glycine is general base catalyzed, while the reaction with 6-APA is uncatalyzed. The latter is probably due to intramolecular general-base catalysis. The rates of reaction with glycine of all the penicillins studied are of the same order of magnitude. This is in contrast to the rates of penicillenic acid formation which are highly dependent upon the nature of the penicillin side chain. The pertinence of these results to the mechanism of formation of penicillin antigen is discussed.
Craving predicts time to cocaine relapse: further validation of the Now and Brief versions of the cocaine craving questionnaire.

Abstract Background The 10-item version of the cocaine craving questionnaire (CCQ-Brief) has not been validated in a mixed-gender sample, and predictive validity of the CCQ-Now and CCQ-Brief in terms of their relationship with cocaine relapse has not been demonstrated. Objective To further validate the CCQ-Brief in a mixed gender sample and to determine the predictive validity of the CCQ-Now and CCQ-Brief. Method Seventy-two men and 51 women (Total N = 123) seeking inpatient cocaine dependence treatment were administered assessments upon admission, and a prospective design was employed to assess cocaine relapse outcomes during a 90-day follow-up period after discharge from inpatient treatment. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, Cox proportional hazards regression, and multiple regression. Findings The CCQ-Brief demonstrated good internal consistency and construct and concurrent validity. Both the CCQ-Now and the CCQ-Brief summary scores predicted time to cocaine relapse. In addition, the anticipation of a positive outcome from cocaine use, and intent and planning to use cocaine subscales of the CCQ-Now also predicted time to cocaine relapse. Conclusions The CCQ-Brief was found to be a reliable and valid measure in a mixed gender sample, and both the CCQ-Now and CCQ-Brief were predictive of cocaine relapse risk. Craving assessments that go beyond desire and take into account intent and planning to use cocaine and the patient's anticipation of a positive outcome from using cocaine are likely to provide a sensitive index of cocaine relapse susceptibility. However, fear of social and clinical consequences could impact accurate reporting of cocaine craving and intent to use cocaine.
On Dunn's Review of “The Ghost Dance”

is about. As to not having read the book, Dunn taxes me with "failure to make any distinction between magic and religion"when in fact, over hundreds of pages, there are literally dozens of times (thirty-seven index entries, some many-paged, under "Magic") that I have painstakingly made the distinction-and then he goes on orotundly to cite as being his the same psychological distinctions I had repeatedly made! Is this from not having read these pages, disingenuousness, or total incomprehension? Again, after my having shown repeatedly the relation of what he calls (I do not) "primitive" movements with others, including Christianity, throughout historic time and over ethnographic space, Dunn avers that these cults have "only an accidental connection with religion"! It is total misrepresentation to say I call religion "a product of mental aberration" (his terms) when I have devoted hundreds of pages to showing it to be a cross-cultural norm in defined situations. Dunn has missed
In memory of Daniel - reviving research to prevent gun violence

At the moment that Daniel was shot, I had just fallen asleep after a night on call in the cardiac intensive care unit. My attending during that rotation was Robert Gerszten, who offered us insights from the burgeoning field of metabolomics and cardiovascular disease: that alterations in levels of blood metabolites may precede chronic illnesses by decades — knowledge that might someday enable us to identify people at risk for diseases years before the first clinical manifestation. Contemplating the possibilities of this concept, caring for critically sick patents, and studying the vast cardiology literature, I found my mind filled with . . .
Prophecy, Power and Propriety: The Encounter of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba

The encounter of Solomon with the Queen of Sheba stands out as one of the more noteworthy stories related in the Qur'an. Among the distinguishing characteristics of the majority of Qur'anic pericopes of pre-Islamic prophetic figures are the apparent disjointedness of the references, the absence of sustained narrative, and allusions to characters and events that do not appear in the Qur'anic text itself. The story of the Queen of Sheba is elliptical and terse to the point that often one is not clear which of the principal characters in the story – God, Solomon, the Queen of Sheba, or some fourth party – is speaking. I argue that these Qur'anic references are fully comprehensible only if one is familiar with the narrative from some other source, which strongly suggests that it is intended for an audience that already knew the story of the encounter between Solomon and the queen. Through a study of the Qur'anic account as it has been explained and embellished by key historians and exegetes, I will attempt to...
Spatial selective MUSIC for direction of arrival estimation with uniform circular array

This paper proposes a novel DOA method based on spatial selectivity that uses the robustness of the cophasal algorithm and the accuracy of MUSIC while greatly reducing the complexity and the speed of the system. This novel algorithm was used for uniform circular array (UCA). The method consists of two computation steps, namely, rough and smooth search. In the rough search step standard switched beam is used for spatial selective beamforming. In the smooth search, optimal element reduction is applied for DOA estimation of the target by modifying the classical MUSIC algorithm.
A new look at stress: abscisic acid patterns and dynamics at high-resolution.

'Summary' 38 I. 'Introduction' 38 II. 'ABA in the coordination of whole plant responses to water stress' 39 III. 'Mapping developmental and stress-induced ABA biosynthesis' 39 IV. 'ABA on the move' 41 V. 'ABA inactivation' 41 VI. 'Direct biosensing for improved quantitation of ABA' 41 VII. 'Conclusions' 42 'Acknowledgements' 42 References 42 Summary Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key phytohormone promoting abiotic stress tolerance as well as developmental processes such as seed dormancy. A spatiotemporal map of ABA concentrations would greatly advance our understanding of the cell type and timing of ABA action. Organ and tissue-level ABA measurements, as well as indirect in vivo measurements such as cell-specific transcriptional analysis of ABA metabolic enzymes and ABA-responsive promoters, have all contributed to current views of the localization and timing of ABA accumulations. Recently developed Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors for ABA that sense ABA levels directly promise to add unprecedented resolution to in vivo ABA spatiotemporal mapping and expand our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling ABA levels in space and time.
Bias Corrected PSD Estimation for an Adaptive Array With Moving Interference

We address the issue of computing power spectral density (PSD) estimates at the output of a beamforming sensor array in the presence of strong moving interference. It is shown that the time-varying spatial response of an adaptive beamformer (ldquopattern rumblerdquo) causes estimation bias in the PSD of both the signal of interest (SOI) and noise. In applications such as radio astronomy with stringent sensitivity requirements, even small pattern variations can be problematic because the resulting higher variance noise spectrum estimates make it impossible to detect signals of interest which are many decibels below the noise floor. Distortion in beam mainlobe shape also introduces errors in SOI direction estimates. To overcome this problem, an extension of the method described in Leshem , 2000, is developed which eliminates pattern-distortion-induced PSD bias and spatial response errors over the long-term PSD averaging window. Both simulated and real data experiments demonstrate algorithm effectiveness in realizing an undistorted effective (average) beam spatial response while maintaining a low noise floor level. This algorithm will enable PSD estimation using multi-antenna sensors and adaptive interference cancellation for radio astronomy, remote sensing, and other sensitive radiometry applications where cancellation has not been feasible.
Outlier-resistant algorithms for detecting a change in a stochastic process

Outlier-resistant algorithms that detect a change from a given nominal stationary process to another such process are given. The nominal processes are assumed to be mutually independent and to satisfy some general regularity conditions. The outlier sequences are assumed to be independently and identically distributed and independent of the nominal processes. The proposed algorithms are sequential and consist of uniformly bounded steps. The asymptotic performance of the algorithms is analyzed, both in the absence and the presence of outliers. Breakdown points and influence functions are defined and analyzed. The algorithms are studied in more detail for Gaussian autoregressive nominal processes. >
A FETI‐based multi‐time‐step coupling method for Newmark schemes in structural dynamics

We present an efficient and accurate multi-time-step coupling method using FETI domain decomposition for structural dynamics. Using this method one can divide a large structural mesh into a number of smaller subdomains, solve the individual subdomains separately and couple the solutions together to obtain the solution to the original problem. The various subdomains can be integrated in time using different time steps and/or different Newmark schemes. This approach will be most effective for very large-scale simulations on complex geometries. Our coupling method builds upon a method previously proposed by Gravouil and Combescure (GC method). We show that for the simplest case when the same time step is used in all subdomains of the mesh our method reduces to the GC method and is unconditionally stable and energy preserving. In addition, we show that our method possesses these desirable properties for general multi-time-step cases too unlike the GC method which is dissipative. Greater computational efficiency is also achieved through our method by limiting the computation of interface forces to the largest time step as opposed to the smallest time step in the GC method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circulatory Responses to Graded Stimulation of the Carotid Chemoreceptors in the Dog

The vascular effects of graded stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors were studied in 13 anesthetized and artificially ventilated dogs, and stimulus-response curves were defined. The carotid bifurcations were isolated and perfused at constant pressure, and the vagi were cut. Autologous blood collected in a reservoir was equilibrated at Po2 varying from 104 to 34 mm Hg, Pco2 from 39 to 81 mm Hg, and pH from 7.46 to 6.87 and was used to stimulate the carotid chemoreceptors. Systemic arterial Po2, Pco2, and pH were kept normal. Reflex increases in aortic blood pressure and in hind-limb perfusion pressure (constant-flow perfusion) were first seen with Po2 of 70 mm Hg or Pco2 > 39 mm Hg. The vascular responses increased linearly with lower Po2 or higher Pco2, until tensions of 34 and 71 mm Hg, respectively, were reached. These stimuli caused a reflex dilatation of the perfused saphenous vein that was also proportional to the degree of stimulation. Increasing the pH of the blood perfusing the chemoreceptors ...
Unsupervised Learning of Dependency Structure for Language Modeling

This paper presents a dependency language model (DLM) that captures linguistic constraints via a dependency structure, i.e., a set of probabilistic dependencies that express the relations between headwords of each phrase in a sentence by an acyclic, planar, undirected graph. Our contributions are three-fold. First, we incorporate the dependency structure into an n-gram language model to capture long distance word dependency. Second, we present an unsupervised learning method that discovers the dependency structure of a sentence using a bootstrapping procedure. Finally, we evaluate the proposed models on a realistic application (Japanese Kana-Kanji conversion). Experiments show that the best DLM achieves an 11.3% error rate reduction over the word trigram model.
Enhancement-Mode AlN/GaN/AlGaN DHFET With 700-mS/mm $g_{m}$ and 112-GHz $f_{T}$

An enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlN/GaN/AlGaN double-heterojunction field-effect transistor (DHFET) with record high-frequency performance is reported. E-mode operation was achieved through vertical scaling of the AlN barrier layer. Parasitic resistances were reduced through ohmic contact recess etching followed by regrowth of n+ GaN by molecular-beam epitaxy and SiN deposition to increase the sheet charge density in the access regions of the device, resulting in an extremely low on-resistance of 1.06 Ω · mm. A DHFET with an 80-nm gate length had a threshold voltage of 0.21 V, an extrinsic transconductance (gm) of 0.70 S/mm, a current-gain cutoff frequency (fT) of 112 GHz, and a maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 215 GHz. To our knowledge, these are the highest gm , fT, and fmax values reported to date for an E-mode GaN HFET.
Equipoise Lost: Ethics, Costs, and the Regulation of Cancer Clinical Research

Cancer is the leading cause of death in Americans younger than 85 years of age and kills one American every 56 seconds. Advances in understanding of cancer biology have given us the potential to develop new, effective targeted therapies. However, progress is slowed by suboptimal/outdated clinical trial design paradigms and by regulatory complexity and rigidity. For instance, simulations suggest that restricting randomized trials to patients expressing drug target, instead of using unselected patient populations, could substantially reduce patient numbers required to demonstrate efficacy. High response rates that are achievable when patients and drugs are matched on the basis of molecular profiles may also make some randomized trials unnecessary or unjustifiable. Moreover, increasing the regulatory rigidity of clinical trials (regulatory fundamentalism) augments trial complexity and costs while slowing progress without demonstrating meaningful safety benefits. Time from drug discovery to marketing increased from 8 years in 1960 to 12 to 15 years currently. Toxic death rates on phase I trials have decreased from 0.8% in 1979 to 0.5% by 2002, but the estimated cost per life-year gained by tighter regulations is $2,700,000 (far higher than costs of other health measures), and simulations suggest that regulatory delays in development of effective therapies result in tens to hundreds of thousands of life-years lost, whereas stringent regulations save extremely few. Dysregulation is also a major disincentive to patient and clinician participation in clinical research. In summary, current approaches squander research resources and discourage research participation, and the marked imbalance between potential life-years lost versus saved renders the regulatory burden potentially unethical. We outline suggested solutions.
Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol

Abstract. Little is known about the population status of many marsh-dependent birds in North America but recent efforts have focused on collecting more reliable information and estimates of population trends. As part of that effort, a standardized survey protocol was developed in 1999 that provided guidance for conducting marsh bird surveys throughout North America such that data would be consistent among locations. The original survey protocol has been revised to provide greater clarification on many issues as the number of individuals using the protocol has grown. The Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol instructs surveyors to conduct an initial 5-minute passive point-count survey followed by a series of 1-minute segments during which marsh bird calls are broadcast into the marsh following a standardized approach. Surveyors are instructed to record each individual bird from the suite of 26 focal species that are present in their local area on separate lines of a datasheet and estim...
A rapid topographic mapping and eye alignment method using optical imaging in Macaque visual cortex.

Abstract In optical imaging experiments, it is often advantageous to map the field of view and to converge the eyes without electrophysiological recording. This occurs when limited space precludes placement of an electrode or in chronic optical chambers in which one may not want to introduce an electrode each session or for determining eye position in studies of ocular disparity response in visual cortex of anesthetized animals. For these purposes, we have developed a spot imaging method that can be conducted rapidly and repeatedly throughout an experiment. Using small 0.2°–0.5° spots, the extent of the imaged field of view is mapped by imaging cortical response to single spots, placed at different positions (0.2° steps) in either the horizontal or vertical axes. By shifting the relative positions of two spots, one presented to each eye, eye convergence can be assessed to within 0.1° resolution. Once appropriate eye alignment is determined, stimuli for further optical imaging procedures (e.g. imaging random dot stimuli for study of disparity responses) can then be confidently placed. This procedure can be quickly repeated throughout the experiment to ensure maintained eye alignment.
Russell and the Universalist Conception of Logic

Russell is often said to have shared with Frege a distinctively “universalist” conception of logic.1 This supposed feature of his view is commonly taken to mark a deep contrast with contemporary conceptions of logic, and to be something from which important consequences flow. But although the universalist interpretation has been widely endorsed, its precise content remains elusive, and its accuracy, consequently, open to question.2 One sign of this elusiveness is the proliferation of glosses on the claim that for Russell “logic is universal.” Some commentators have meant by this that for Russell logic is a “universally applicable theory,”3 others, that it constitutes a “universal language,”4 still others, that its laws are “maximally general truths,”5 or that its principles are “all-encompassing.”6 Given such a wide variety of glosses, one has to wonder whether there can really be a single, unitary conception at which they all aim. If not, one wonders which of these characterizations, if any, latches on to something important and interestingly distinctive in Russell’s way of thinking about logic. The present essay is an attempt to investigate these questions. Its method will be to try to tease out the various ideas touched on in these glosses and to compare the results with Russell’s actual statements and commitments. Although the investigation is primarily historical, a number of substantive issues will be at stake: What are the prospects for using a conception of logic as “the body of maximally general truths” as a way of demarcating this science? Is it true, as some commentators have claimed, that universalism about logic carries with it a commitment to the unintelligibility or impossibility of metalogical theorizing?7 In what sense, if any, ought logic to be conceived of as “the most general of the sciences”? My immediate goal in addressing these questions will be to arrive at a clearer view of Russell’s conception of
Treatment of AIDS with combinations of antiretroviral agents: a summary.

Although zidovudine (AZT) has dramatically improved the survival of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), several problems have been associated with its use. Toxicities, particularly myelosuppression, can be severe, and many patients are unable to tolerate full-dose treatment. Even those who respond to treatment often stop responding after the first year, suggesting that they may become resistant to the drug. The discovery in 1989 of zidovudine-resistant strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has heightened concern that zidovudine may become less useful the longer it is administered. Finally, although zidovudine confers significant benefit, it does not provide a cure. Thus, new strategies for combining antiretroviral agents, as well as the development of new drugs, are urgently needed to fight this devastating disease.
Effect of Iron on the Color of Barley and Other Cereal Porridges

Iron added as ferrous sulfate at 500 mg.kg -1 to rice, oats, whole grain wheat, or proanthocyanidin-free larley porridge caused significant changes in the Hunter L, a, and b values but the visual appearance of these porridges remained satisfactory. Porridge made with normal barley flour fortified with 500 mg.kg -1 of iron developed an unappealing gray color with ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or electrolytic iron, 3 salts differing in solubility. At 100 and 250 mg.kg -1 of iron, the discoloration of normal barley porridge was less pronounced, but still objectionable. When fortified with 50 mg.kg -1 of iron, normal barley porridge had a slight color change but was not noticeably gray. Thus barley-containing foods can be fortified with a solable iron compound at the level of iron used in enriched flour and similar cereal-grain foods for the general population without developing an unattractive color. Cette etude quantifie l'effet d'un enrichissement en fer sur la couleur de cereales variees en etudiant des porridges produits a partir de farines cerealieres afin d'identifier les varietes de cereales et les composes ferreux utiles pour ameliorer les produits cerealiers commerciaux pour les enfants. Les porridges produits a partir de farine d'orge enrichie a 500, 250 et 50 mg/kg de fer, par du sulfate ferreux, du fumarate ferreux ou du fer electrolytique, developpent une coloration grise dont l'intensite augmente avec la concentration en fer.
The use of spherical coordinates in the interpretation of seismograms

SUMMARY In this paper we describe the use of spherical coordinates and lower hemisphere, equal-area projection to display and interpret seismograms. Information from three-component seismometers displayed in spherical coordinates and on an equal-area projection shows particle motion more clearly than do displays in Cartesian rectangular coordinates. In the spherical coordinate system characteristic patterns such as square waves and triangular waves simplify the identification of wave types on seismic records. The use of spherical coordinates is a simple method for increased comprehension of the particle motion, wave polarizations and phase onsets in a seismic record.
Individual foraging behaviors and population distributions of a planktonic predator aggregating to phytoplankton thin layers

Resource distributions in the ocean are heterogeneous in time and space. Theory predicts planktonic predators may exploit these resource patches by modifying their movements in response to mechanical or chemical stimuli. In the laboratory, we used the protistan predator Oxyrrhis marina to simultaneously quantify changes in predator population distributions on scales of centimeters and hours and predators' individual three-dimensional swimming behaviors on scales of micrometers and seconds. Movements of O. marina in a 0.3-m column were monitored for several hours before and after introducing a 5-mm layer of either Isochrysis galbana prey cells or cell-free I. galbana filtrate. Within both types of layers, significant increases in turning rates and decreases in vertical velocities were observed. O. marina swimming speed increased significantly in response to intact I. galbana cells, but not in response to I. galbana exudates. Changes in predators' microscopic movements were concurrent with rapid (minutes) and sustained (hours) increases in relative predator abundance within layers. After 4 h, predator abundance inside the thin layers was up to 20 times higher than before introduction of prey. Estimates of realized growth rates for predator populations with aggregate behaviors were an order of magnitude faster than estimates for hypothetical, nonaggregating predators. The observed foraging behaviors of O. marina, and by implication other planktonic predators, increase effective prey availability to the predators. Modulation of individual-level behaviors can result in significant changes in community-level characteristics, including population distributions, growth, and ingestion rates.