cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-decision inference editing of supportive and counterindicative signals among external auditors in a going concern judgment

Abstract There is evidence that the extent of common judgment biases – e.g., hindsight, anchoring and adjustment, representativeness, and confirmatory strategies – often is reduced when experts perform job-related tasks as compared to students performing generic tasks or professional tasks for which they lack experience; that specialized judgment heuristics may be used for tasks within an expert's domain, whereas general cognitive heuristics may be used in situations where the individual lacks information and/or expertise. Our focus here is on post-decision inference restructuring/editing; the unconscious revision of what one saw and thought in the pre-decision stage as a result of outcome feedback/lack of feedback. We found that professional auditors, in retrospect, were likely to edit crucial decision making signals, but that the extent of the post-decision editing is a function of the task and the presence/absence of feedback. Professional auditors were provided with relevant financial and non-financial information (based on an actual company), and asked to isolate the most prominent signals (positive and negative) concerning the company's viability. The participants were then asked to give the company either an unmodified (supporting the company's viability) or a going concern (raising questions about the company's survival) audit report, and to rate the importance of key aspects with respect to the chosen alternative. After an intermission, the participants in the experiment group were given information about the actual outcome, whereas the participants in the control group received no feedback. The participants were then asked to replicate their aspect ratings, and to assess the probability that the company actually received a going concern modification/an unmodified audit report. The results indicate that outcome feedback/lack of feedback had an effect on post-decision restructuring of signals. Lack of feedback among professional participants seems to invite greater post-decision adjustments than access to feedback, in particular among participants who chose a going concern report. This relatively less common, more consequential choice, invited drastic post-decision editing of the second and third most supportive aspects, as well as of the three counterindicative aspects. We believe that this kind of post-decision inference editing has less to do with traditional hindsight than with a strengthening predisposition with roots in the pre-decision phase.
Bending and fracture toughness of woven self-reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate)

Loosening remains an impediment to the long-term success of total hip replacements despite numerous improvements in the materials used. In cemented prostheses, fatigue and fracture of bone cement have been implicated in the failure of these devices. A new material, self-reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate). (SRC-PMMA), has been developed. SRC-PMMA is formed by a novel processing method that will be described. The composite consists of high strength, highly oriented PMMA fibers embedded in a matrix of PMMA. Using a woven form of SRC-PMMA, an in vitro physical and mechanical evaluation was performed to assess the feasibility of its use in an orthopedic prosthesis. Three different weaves of SRC-PMMA were evaluated in bending and fracture toughness in air, after immersion for 30 days in 37 degrees C saline, and after gamma irradiation followed by immersion. Bending modulus and strength were decreased by gamma irradiation followed by saline immersion. The effect of saline immersion alone on bending strength and modulus was negligible. Saline immersion and gamma irradiation followed by saline immersion was shown to have little or no effect on the fracture toughness of woven SRC-PMMA. Differences in the fracture processes of the different weaves were found and can be related to the differing orientation of fibers to the fracture toughness pre-crack. Optimally incorporated SRC-PMMA absorbs the same amount of water as bone cement. Comparison to previous and current work with bone cement controls shows that SRC-PMMA is a material equal to or better than bone cement in all tests performed. It deserves further consideration as a candidate biomaterial.
The effect of thin and muscular images on women's body satisfaction

A substantial body of research documents that exposure to images depicting a "thin ideal" body figure effects women's state-oriented body satisfaction. However, there is evidence that the societal ideal body figure of females is evolving to be not just thin, but also muscular or toned. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to test the effect of exposure to ideal body figures that are both thin and muscular on female state body satisfaction. Researchers recruited female participants (N=366) from an online community (Amazon's Mechanical Turk) and randomly assigned them to view images in one of four conditions: thin, thin and muscular, thin and hypermuscular, and control (images of cars). Results indicated that state-oriented body satisfaction decreased in the thin condition and thin and muscular condition, but not the hypermuscular or control conditions. These findings have implications for clinical initiatives as well as future research.
An Analysis of Knowledge Structure, Diversity and Diagnostic Abilities Among Pre-Service Science Teachers Within the Domain of Oxidation and Reduction Chemistry

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of preservice science teachers’ knowledge structures in the domain of oxidation and reduction chemistry. Knowledge structures were elicited through video-recorded semi-structured interviews before and after the unit of instruction, and analyzed using a visual flow map representation. Paralleling these interviews, the preservice teachers were tasked with diagnosing middle school students’ scientific understandings. Data analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively showed large variation in knowledge structure complexity across the preservice teachers, strong correlations between measures of knowledge structure and diversity (as defined by the Shannon Wiener diversity index), and the development of more balanced knowledge structure representations. For most preservice teachers, their diagnostic scores of the middle school students showed a small increase.
Wake synergies enhance performance in aeroelastic vibration energy harvesting

This study experimentally demonstrates that a closely spaced array of aeroelastic flutter energy harvesters can exploit synergistic wake interactions to outperform the same number of harvesters operating in isolation. The fluttering motion of each energy harvester imparts an oscillating vortex wake into the flow downstream of the device. Wind tunnel experiments with arrays of two and four flutter energy harvesters show that this wake structure has significant effects on the vibration amplitude, frequency, and power output of the trailing devices. These wake interaction effects are shown to vary with the stream-wise and cross-stream separation distance between the harvesters. Over a defined range of separations, an advantageous frequency lock-in between the devices arises. When this occurs, the trailing harvesters can extract additional energy from the wake of upstream harvesters, causing larger oscillation amplitudes and higher power output in the trailing devices. Experiments to characterize this variati...
Producing Technological Innovations

Innovation in Technology and Organization, P. Clark and N. Staunton, Routledge, London (1989), 242 pp. Corporate Vision and Rapid Technological Change: The Evolution of Market Structure, P. Swann and J. Gill, Routledge, London (1993), 244 pp. New Technologies and The Firm: Innovation and Competition, Edited by P. Swann, Routledge, London (1993), 383 pp. High Technology and the Competition State: An Analysis of the Eureka Initiative, J. Peterson, Routledge, London (1993), 287 pp.
Yamada Yōji, and the kinder, gentler samurai: The Twilight Samurai, The Hidden Blade, and Love and Honor

AbstractSince the death of Atsumi Kiyoshi, main actor in the long-running It's Tough to be a Man series/Otoko wa tsurai yo (1969–1995), Yamada Yōji has turned his attention to the creation of jidaigeki (or period films). The trilogy Twilight Samurai/Tasogare Seibei (2002), The Hidden Blade/Kakushi ken oni no tsume (2004) and Love and Honor/Bushi no ichibun (2006) has been well received. In them, Yamada presents a novel view of the samurai, showing them as family men struggling with limited stipends and unrewarding jobs. Like their forbears, they too are men of violence who continue to be torn between obligation (giri) and personal desire (ninjō). But in these films giri and ninjō are reversed. Where social obligation was once the grounding virtue against which ninjō appeared as a weakness or vice, now ninjō is laudable, and social obligation is the cause of unhappiness.
ACTH neuromodulation of the developing motor system and neonatal learning in the rat

Abstract ACTH peptides influence the developing nervous system during the first three weeks of life in the rat. ACTH 4–10 and Org 2766 (10.0 μg/kg) accelerate the expression of motor hyperactivity usually exhibited in 15-day old normal animals, with ACTH 4–10 increasing the force of extensor digitorum longus muscle contraction amplitude. Following cold stress and peptide treatment, rate changes in motor activity from one age to the next are dramatically enhanced, with vertical activity being exhibited at an earlier age than controls. Grasping ability is similarly enhanced in 13-day old ACTH 4–10-treated animals. The retention of a T-maze learning paradigm is significantly enhanced in 16-day old ACTH 4–10 (10.0 μg/kg)-treated and Org 2766 (0.01 μg/kg)-treated animals, with these animals running the maze significantly faster than controls. Peptide treatment appears to reverse the apparent turning preference in the maze during extinction. It is suggested that ACTH peptides modulate the organization of the nervous system and facilitate neurotransmission, and may act on dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems. Motor behavior seems to reflect underlying neural substrates that are integrated to produce the overt behavior of the organism.
The Development of a Mind–Body–Spirit Certification Program in Nursing

Stress and anxiety experienced by patients particularly during hospitalization can be positively affected by an approach to care that emphasizes the uniqueness of the patient, the patient–provider relationship, and mind–body–spirit interventions. Although patients seek care that addresses stress and promotes relaxation within the hospital environment, there is evidence that there are lost opportunities aimed at addressing these concerns within the current health care environment. Nursing leadership at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions recognized a need to address this gap in knowledge that exists in the practice setting. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss the development and implementation of a program in mind–body–spirit nursing that was developed collaboratively between the Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions and the Benson-Henry Institute of Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hosp...
Determination of methane compton profiles by high energy electron impact spectroscopy

Abstract The Compton profile of methane is measured at 4.28 and 10 degrees using high energy electron impact spectroscopy with the 25 keV electrons. The 10 degree profile is found to agree with theoretical calculations through q = 5 au. Both experimental Compton profiles and the best available theoretical profile were fitted by least squares to a polynomial of form Σ M n =1 a n [1 + ( q /ξ n ) 2 ] − n −2 from which the electron momentum density and its integer powered moments were calculated. Agreement was found between the lower order moments, but not for the higher moments. The 4.28 degree experiments were used to define a valence shell Compton profile. Excellent agreement was found with the best theoretical results. Electron momentum density moments were also calculated for this data.
Cyclic changes in the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in the medial basal hypothalamus: effects of aging

Abstract Push-pull perfusion and HPLC were used to measure the release of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the medial basal hypothalamus of young (4–5 months old), middle-aged (8–10 months old), and old (22–24 months old) rats. In the young animals, the afternoon of proestrus was characterized by a gradual increase in NE release and a simultaneous gradual decrease in DA release. The peak in NE release and the nadir in DA release occurred at about the time when the proestrous surges in serum LH and PRL are known to occur. No changes in NE and DA releases occurred in the afternoon of diestrus when serum LH and PRL are known to remain stable. In the middle-aged proestrous animals, the patterns of NE and DA releases were similar to those in the young proestrous animals, but the peak in NE release was attenuated and did not reach statistical significance. This corresponded with the reported attenuation in the LH surge in middle age. In the old persistently diestrous animals, NE and DA were released at constant rates, which correlated with the well-documented constant levels of serum LH and PRL in old age. These data provide an explanation for the simultaneous proestrous surges of LH and PRL and lead us to conclude that NE plays a facilitatory role in the LH surge, while DA, through its inhibitory action, regulates the PRL surge. These studies, by monitoring NE and DA releases from adulthood through middle-age to old age, indicated that cyclicity in catecholamine (CA) activities begins to be dampened in middle-age and eventually completely disappears in the acyclic period of old age which is also characterized by a marked deficiency in CA activities.
A New Family of Ruthenium (II) Polypyridine Complexes Bearing 5-Aryltetrazolate Ligands as Systems for Electrochemiluminescent Devices

A new family of mono- and dinuclear ruthenium polypyridyl complexes containing 5-aryltetrazolate ligands such as the deprotonated form of 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzonitrile (4-TBNH) and bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (BTBH2) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. The reactivity of the mononuclear species toward different electrophiles such as H+ and CH3+ has been investigated, and the effects of the resulting regioselective electrophilic attacks on the electronic and structural properties of the tetrazolate ligand have been studied by NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structures. Absorption and emission spectroscopy, together with an electrochemical and UV−vis−NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation of the uncoordinated ligand and complexes, has been performed, highlighting a rather good luminescence efficiency and a poor bridge-mediated electronic communication between the metal centers of the dinuclear complexes. The electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of the dinuclear species ...
Prevalence of peripheral blood cytopenias (hypersplenism) in patients with nonalcoholic chronic liver disease

Prevalence of peripheral blood cytopenias (hypersplenism) in patients with nonalcoholic chronic liver disease
Unconformity at the Cardenas-Nankoweap contact (Precambrian), Grand Canyon Supergroup, northern Arizona

Red-bed strata of the Nankoweap Formation unconformably overlie the ∼l,100-m.y.-old Cardenas Lavas of the Unkar Group in the eastern Grand Canyon. An unconformity and an apparent disconformity are present. At most places the upper member of the Nankoweap overlies the Cardenas, and locally an angular discordance can be recognized that reflects the truncation of 60 m of Cardenas. This unconformity also underlies a newly recognized ferruginous sandstone of probable local extent that underlies the upper member and that herein is called the ferruginous member of the Nankoweap. Truncation of the Cardenas beneath the ferruginous and upper members locally may have been as much as 300 m. Basal conglomeratic sandstone of the upper member locally overlies the ferruginous member with apparent disconformity, reflecting a probable hiatus in deposition. Stratigraphic and structural relationships indicate that a ferruginous weathered zone was developed on an erosionally truncated section of the Cardenas before, and perhaps during, the time of deposition of the ferruginous member. Erosion of the ferruginous weathered zone provided material for the ferruginous member of the Nankoweap. The ferruginous weathered zone locally was faulted against unweathered Cardenas before deposition of the upper member of the Nankoweap. The Nankoweap Formation is disconformably overlain by marine strata of the Chuar Group. Three distinct units separated by unconformities (the Unkar Group, Nankoweap Formation, and Chuar Group) thus are recognized in the Grand Canyon Series of Walcott. Following current Stratigraphic practice, the Grand Canyon Series is herein redesignated the Grand Canyon Supergroup.
Life history and bionomics of Arctopsyche grandis (Trichoptera) in a Central Idaho stream

Arctopsyche grandis was studied for two years In a cold stream in central Idaho. Larvae have a one year life cycle consisting of five instars. Three to four instars are present in most months. Growth is rapid in summer with instar I and II passing to IV and V in 30 d or less. Little or no growth occurs during winter. Maximum larval densities were 547 (1977) and 2060 m−2 (1978) of planar rock surface area. Populations fitted a negative exponential survivorship curve with similar exponents (−0.0078, −0.0103) in both years. Larval growth was generally isometric with head capsule width (403–2197 μm) and weight (0.05–16.23 mg AFDW) increasing by a factor of 1.5 between instars. Net dimensions correlated with head capsule width and nets were made by all instars and maintained throughout the year. Larvae fed preferentially on animals and diatoms avoiding vascular plant detritus. No differences were detected in diet among the instars.
Tumor Necrosis Factor ä-Induced E-selectin Expression Is Activated by the Nuclear Factor-κB and c-JUN N-terminal Kinase/p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathways *

E-selectin expression by endothelium is crucial for leukocyte recruitment during inflammatory responses. Transcriptional regulation of the E-selectin promoter by tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) requires multiple nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) binding sites and a cAMP-responsive element/activating transcription factor-like binding site designated positive domain II (PDII). Here we characterize the role of the stress-activated family of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in induced expression of this adhesion molecule. By UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that a heterodimer of transcription factors ATF-2 and c-JUN is constitutively bound to the PDII site. TNFa stimulation of endothelial cells induces transient phosphorylation of both ATF-2 and c-JUN and induces marked activation of the c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK1) and p38 but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1). JNK and p38 are constitutively present in the nucleus, and DNA-bound c-JUN and ATF-2 are stably contacted by JNK and p38, respectively. MAP/ERK kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1), an upstream activator of MAP kinases, increases E-selectin promoter transcription and requires an intact PDII site for maximal induction. MEKK1 can also activate NF-κB -dependent gene expression. The effects of dominant interfering forms of the JNK/p38 signaling pathway demonstrate that activation of these kinases is critical for cytokine-induced E-selectin gene expression. Thus, TNFa activates two signaling pathways, NF-κB and JNK/p38, which are both required for maximal expression of E-selectin.
Vision: from photon to perception.

A National Academy of Sciences colloquium entitled "Vision: From Photon to Perception" was held at the Beckman Center of the Academy in Irvine, California, on May 20-22,1995. The meeting was organized by John Dowling, Lubert Stryer (chair), and Torsten Wiesel. The aim of the colloquium was to bring together leading scientists and students from different disciplines of vision research ranging from physics to psychology to define and explore the most challenging questions in the field. One hundred forty scientists participated in the colloquium. We are indebted to Silicon Graphics, Inc., and the Ruth and Milton Steinbach Fund, Inc., for generous grants that helped bring graduate students to the meeting. The major topics discussed were as follows. (i) How is light converted into a nerve signal? (ii) How are the outputs of rod and cone cells processed by the retina? (iii) How does the visual system develop and how did it evolve? (iv) How do we perceive color, depth, and motion? The colloquium began with a spirited opening lecture by David Hubel on the process of discovery in vision research. The first session, "From Photon to Nerve Signal" (chaired by Lubert Stryer), focused on transduction processes in vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptor cells. The second session, "Development and Circuitry" (chaired by John Dowling), dealt with the development of the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus and with signal processing. Higher-order processes occurring in the visual cortex were considered in the third session, "Representation and Perception" (chaired by Francis Crick). Torsten Wiesel gave a reflective closing lecture on the pursuit of knowledge and the future of research in neurobiology. Denis Baylor (1) began the first session by providing an account of how the absorption of a photon by a retinal rod or cone cell leads to the generation of an amplified neural signal. Photoexcited rhodopsin triggers the activation of transducin, a G protein, which in turn stimulates a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. The consequent hydrolysis of cyclic GMP directly closes cation-specific channels in the plasma membrane. The resulting hyperpolarization is sensed at the synapse, where it decreases the rate of transmitter release. This light-triggered cyclic GMP cascade is one of the best understood signal transduction processes in nature. The challenge now is to elucidate the molecular events mediating recovery of the dark state and adaptation to background light. The remarkable reproducibility of the single-photon response also needs to be understood in molecular terms. Investigators are now focusing on the negative feedback actions of the light-induced fall in the cytosolic calcium level. Baylor presented several incisive recent experiments comparing phototransduction in normal and transgenic mouse rods harboring mutant genes in the deacti-
Causal Equations without Ceteris Paribus Clauses

Some writers have urged that evolutionary theory produces generalizations that hold only ceteris paribus, that is, provided “everything else is equal.” Others have claimed that all laws in the special sciences, or even all laws in science generally, hold only ceteris paribus. However, if we lack a way to determine when everything else really is equal, hedging generalizations with the phrase “ceteris paribus” renders those generalizations vacuous. In what follows, I propose a solution to this problem for the case of causal equations from classical population genetics. My proviso is generated on the basis of a couple of conceptual maneuvers, “tricks,” which should be usable elsewhere too.
142 EFFECT OF HIGH AND LOW ANTRAL FOLLICLE COUNT IN PUBERTAL BEEF HEIFERS ON IVF

Pubertal heifers can be classified between those with high (n = 25) or low (n = 15) antral follicle counts (AFC). The objective of this study was to determine oocyte development and maturation (e.g. fertility) in an IVF system for high- and low-AFC heifers. From a pool of 120 heifers, 10 high- and 10 low-AFC heifers were determined by transrectal ultrasonography; all heifers with evidence of oestrous cyclicity (i.e. pubertal) were synchronized with two 5-mL injections of prostaglandin F2α 11 days apart. Heifers were euthanized over 4 days on Days 15 to 16 of the synchronized oestrous cycle. A total of 15 heifers (n = 7 high and n = 8 low AFC) were at the appropriate stage of the oestrous cycle. Ovaries were collected and transported to the laboratory. Follicles less than 8 mm in diameter were aspirated. The IVF procedures and media were as previously described (Miles et al. 2004. Biol. Reprod. 71, 1919–1926). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were identified and washed in oocyte collection medium and then in maturation medium and were cultured (5% CO2; 38.5°C) for 24 h. Following maturation, COC were transferred and washed in fertilization medium. Thawed frozen semen from a crossbred bull was subjected to the swim-up procedure. Motile spermatozoa were collected and added to COC to yield a final concentration of spermatozoa per milliliter of fertilization medium. About 24 h later, presumptive zygotes were washed in development medium, placed in microdrops of development medium, and cultured for 8 days. On Days 3 and 8 after fertilization, cleavage and blastocyst development, respectively, were assessed. Data were analysed using the Proc Mixed procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and the model included the effects of day of collection (n = 4), group (n = 7 high- or n = 8 low-AFC heifers), and the interaction. The interaction did not differ (P = 0.10). Day of collection influenced (P 0.10) in the percentage of COC that cleaved (65.3 ± 5.58 v. 66.2 ± 5.50%, high v. low, respectively) or that developed to blastocysts (46.7 ± 6.75 v. 42.2 ± 6.65%). In conclusion, AFC did not appear to affect oocyte maturation and development through the blastocyst stage.
Parents, Friends, and Romantic Partners: Enmeshment in Deviant Networks and Adolescent Delinquency Involvement

Adolescent networks include parents, friends, and romantic partners, but research on the social learning mechanisms related to delinquency has not typically examined the characteristics of all three domains simultaneously. Analyses draw on data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 957), and our analytic sample contains 51% male and 49% female as well as 69% white, 24% African-American, and 7% Latino respondents. Parents,’ peers,’ and partners’ deviance are each related to respondents’ delinquency, and affiliation with a greater number of deviant networks is associated with higher self-reported involvement. Analyses that consider enmeshment type indicate that those with both above average romantic partner and friend delinquency report especially high levels of self-reported involvement. In all comparisons, adolescents with deviant romantic partners are more delinquent than those youths with more prosocial partners, regardless of friends’ and parents’ behavior. Findings highlight the importance of capturing the adolescent’s entire network of affiliations, rather than viewing these in isolation, and suggest the need for additional research on romantic partner influences on delinquent behavior and other adolescent outcomes.
Will elevated levels of lead exposure precipitate clinical symptoms of porphyria in individuals with the latent condition

Individuals with excessive activity of the enzyme ALA-S due to either inherited disorder (i.e. porphyrias) or endogenous (i.e. steroids) or exogenous (e.g. barbituates) chemical agents and who are exposed to elevated levels of lead are predicted to have a significantly enhanced likelihood of experiencing either enhanced or precipitated clinical symptoms (e.g. photosensitivity) associated with elevated levels of porphyrins or their precursors in body tissues. In light of the widespread societal use of ALA-S inducing agents and the ubiquitous nature of lead in the environment, a more precise assessment of the health risks associated with their interaction is warranted.
Prognosis of myocardial infarctions involving more than 40% of the left ventricle after acute reperfusion therapy.

BACKGROUND Prior studies based on autopsy data suggest that infarction of more than 40% of the left ventricle necessitates cardiogenic shock and death. METHODS AND RESULTS Technetium-99m Sestamibi tomography was used prospectively to measure infarct size at discharge in 166 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with previous myocardial infarction or revascularization were excluded from the trial. Sixteen patients were identified with final infarct sizes > 40% of the left ventricle despite acute reperfusion therapy. These 16 patients (13 men) had a mean age of 63 +/- 10 years; 44% had a previous history of angina. Ten patients had emergent coronary angioplasty only (mean time to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [PTCA], 6.0 +/- 3.0 hours); 6 had thrombolysis (mean time to tissue plasminogen activator, 4.0 +/- 1.5 hours), of which 2 had rescue PTCA (5 and 3 hours from onset of pain). Of 15 patients who had angiograms after therapy, 15 had open infarct-related arteries. The left anterior descending artery was the infarct-related artery in 14 (9 proximal and 5 distal lesions). Half the patients had only single-vessel disease. Infarct size measured 50 +/- 7% of the left ventricle (range, 42% to 68%). Ejection fraction by radionuclide angiogram was 0.33 +/- 0.09 and 0.38 +/- 0.07 at discharge and 6 weeks, respectively. Hospital complications included shock (1 patient), pulmonary edema (2), angina (3), symptomatic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (1), transient complete heart block (2), and transient bifascicular block (1). At follow-up (13 +/- 9 months), the patient with shock had died, but the remaining 15 patients were asymptomatic (1 had late PTCA for angina). CONCLUSIONS In the interventional and thrombolytic era, patients with large residual myocardial infarctions can survive without heart failure.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the rat eye: effects of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents.

Over the past few years the rat has gained prominence as an animal model for the study of glaucoma. However, no systematic study of the angle structures and the effects of medications on angle anatomy in the rat has been reported to date. We investigated the normal rat anterior segment anatomy in vivo using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and determined the effect of both cholinergic and anticholinergic medications on angle structures. Fourteen eyes of seven 2-month-old female Wistar rats were imaged using an ultrasound biomicroscope and a modified eyecup. Baseline measurements of the anterior chamber depth (ACD), trabecular-iris angle (TIA), iris thickness at the thickest point near the pupillary margin (IT), angle-opening distance (AOD) (distance between the posterior corneal surface and anterior iris surface measured at 200 μm from the scleral spur), corneal thickness (CT) and irido-zonular distance (IZD) were obtained. Imaging was repeated 30 min after instillation of one drop of cyclopentolate 1% and 48 h later 30 min after pilocarpine 1% instillation. The same measurements were obtained and compared to baseline values. Baseline values for all parameters recorded were not significantly different among contralateral eyes. After instillation of either pilocarpine or cyclopentolate, ACD was the only parameter that did not change significantly from baseline. In contrast, TIA, AOD, IZD, and IT were significantly different among the three groups. Post-hoc analysis (Bonferroni test) revealed differences among all three groups of eyes for TIA and AOD. A difference was also found between the pilocarpine-treated group and the other two groups for IZD and IT. A very small difference detected between the pilocarpine-treated group and the baseline measurements for CT was caused by the zero variance of measurements in the former group. Although both pilocarpine and cyclopentolate induced angle narrowing, inspection of the ultrasonic images revealed a differential effect. Pilocarpine caused a “pupillary block-like” picture, while cyclopentolate caused crowding of the iris base in the angle. Baseline characteristics of the normal rat anterior chamber anatomy were established. Both cyclopentolate and pilocarpine cause angle narrowing in the rat eye, by different mechanisms.
Recent Advances in Noninvasive Systemic Delivery of Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals

AbstractMany systemically-active Pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are reportedly subjected to extensive pre-systemic elimination when taken orally.To circumvent this dilemma in systemic delivery, extensive research efforts have recently been devoted to explore various nonparenteral (noninvasive) routes of administration for enhancing systemic bioavailability of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, which have been reportedly subjected to extensive pre-systemic elimination, via the bypassing of hepatogastrointestinal “first-pass” metabolism. Using nicotine, a pharmaceutical, and enkephalin, a biopharmaceutical, the systemic delivery of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals through the skin and the various absorptive mucosae has been illustrated. The mechanisms and kinetic processes involved for their systemic delivery are explored and various technical issues encountered are discussed in this article.
Space-charge effects in high brightness electron beam emittance measurements

The measurement of emittance in space-charge dominated, high brightness beam systems is investigated from conceptual, computational, and experimental viewpoints. As the self-field-induced collective motion in the low energy, high brightness beams emitted from photoinjector rf guns are more important in determining the macroscopic beam evolution than thermal spreads in transverse velocity; traditional methods for phase space diagnosis fail in these systems. We discuss the role of space charge forces in a traditional measurement of transverse emittance, the quadrupole scan. The mitigation of these effects by use of multislit- or pepper-pot-based techniques is explained. The results of a direct experimental comparison between quadrupole scanning and slit-based determination of the emittance of a 5 MeV high brightness electron beam are presented. These data are interpreted with the aid of both envelope and multiparticle simulation codes. It is shown that the ratio of the beam's $\ensuremath{\beta}$ function to its transverse plasma wavelength plays a central role in the quadrupole scan results. Methods of determining the presence of systematic errors in quadrupole scan data are discussed.
Accurate electron densities from the Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg identity applied to constrained wavefunctions

When applied to electronic wavefunctions calculated with Gaussian-type basis functions, the Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg (HSF) identity improves the accuracy of the electron density at non-hydrogen nucle...
Calcium-dependent release of accumulated glutamate from synaptic vesicles within permeabilized nerve terminals

and to require a heat-labile cytosolic macromolecule factor for maximum activity. Maximal release occurred at 5/zM free Ca 2+ and within 5 min. Of the other divalent cations tested, only barium stimulated release of vesicular glutamate. The release was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. results are characteristic of exocytotic release of monoamines and peptides observed in endocrine systems, and constitute direct evidence for the notion that calcium-dependent release of glutamate originates from the vesicular pool. Amassed evidence indicates that glutamate serves as a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system (for review, see ref. 4). Despite the increased recognition of the neurotransmitter role of glutamate, the mechanism by which glutamate is released from the nerve terminal remains in large part to be elucidated. Substantial evidence now has been accumulated that glutamate is specifically taken up into highly purified isolated synaptic vesicles in an ATP-dependent manner [6, 8, 12, 15-18, 22], suggesting that glutamate could be accumulated and stored in synaptic vesicles in vivo. This is in accord with immunocytochemical evidence provided by Storm-Mathisen et al. [21] suggesting that glutamate is concentrated in certain synaptic vesicles distinct from ~,-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing vesicles. Recent evidence has indicated that glutamate released in a calcium-dependent manner originates from a non-cytoplasmic pool [20]. These lines of evidence argue for the involvement of synaptic vesicles in synaptic release of glutamate. In this study, we have investigated the calcium-dependent release of glutamate from the synaptic vesicles in a more direct manner, using a permeabilized synaptosome preparation. Evidence is presented that glutamate is indeed released directly from the synaptic vesicle in a calcium-dependent manner, in the presence of a cytosolic factor.
Scripting in Radiation Therapy: An Automatic 3D Beam-Naming System

Scripts can be executed within the radiation treatment planning software framework to reduce human error, increase treatment planning efficiency, reduce confusion, and promote consistency within an institution or even among institutions. Scripting is versatile, and one application is an automatic 3D beam-naming system that describes the position of the beam relative to the patient in 3D space. The naming system meets the need for nomenclature that is conducive for clear and accurate communication of beam entry relative to patient anatomy. In radiation oncology in particular, where miscommunication can cause significant harm to patients, a system that minimizes error is essential. Frequent sharing of radiation treatment information occurs not only among members within a department but also between different treatment centers. Descriptions of treatment beams are perhaps the most commonly shared information about a patient's course of treatment in radiation oncology. Automating the naming system by the use of a script reduces the potential for human error, improves efficiency, enforces consistency, and would allow an institution to convert to a new naming system with greater ease. This script has been implemented in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Washington Medical Center since December 2009. It is currently part of the dosimetry protocol and is accessible by medical dosimetrists, radiation oncologists, and medical physicists. This paper highlights the advantages of using an automatic 3D beam-naming script to flawlessly and quickly identify treatment beams with unique names. Scripting in radiation treatment planning software has many uses and great potential for improving clinical care.
Memory and consciousness: an appreciation of Claparède and recognition et moiïtè.

Claparede's report of a case of amnesic syndrome is an early example of the cognitive neuropsychology paradigm, by which studies of brain-damaged patients are used to shed light on the nature of normal mental processes. The case illustrates the selective impairment of episodic memory, with procedural and semantic memory remaining intact. Moreover, the several demonstrations of preserved learning during amnesia comprise an early illustration of the dissociation between explicit and implicit memory. However, its greatest contemporary relevance is for theories of conscious recollection. Claparede underscored the role of the self, viewed as a knowledge structure, in conscious mental life, and he drew attention to three different modes of recognition: remembering, inferring, and knowing.
Valproylcarnitine: a novel drug metabolite identified by fast atom bombardment and thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Urine samples from three children at different stages of chronic valproate therapy were partially purified using a cation exchange column. A signal consistent with either valproylcarnitine or octanoylcamitine was observed in one of these extracts by direct fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry analysis. These isomeric acylcarnitines were synthesized, separated and characterized by thermospray high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This new technique was then employed to positively identify intact valproyl-camitine in the patients' urine samples. The implications of this finding with regard to a mechanism to account for carnitine deficiency in patients receiving valproate are discussed.
The Effect of Acute Infectious Illnesses on Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Load and the Expression of Serologic Markers of Immune Activation among HIV-Infected Adults

The effect of acute coinfections on plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load and immune activation markers was evaluated. Thirty-two HIV-infected persons were prospectively enrolled; 18 had pre-illness, acute, and follow-up specimens. Plasma HIV RNA levels were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and serum levels of activation markers, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, soluble (s) TNF receptors (R)-I and -II, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, sIL-2R, sCD4, and sCD8, were assessed by commercial ELISAs. Median plasma HIV load increased 7. 8-fold during illness (P=.001) and decreased 1.5-fold (P=.01) during convalescence (median, 15 days). Significant virus load reductions were limited to subjects with clinical recovery. By regression analysis, changes in plasma HIV RNA were significantly associated with changes in sTNFR-I, sTNFR-II, and sIL-2R. Increased HIV replication during acute coinfections is associated with in vivo immune activation, which underscores the need to prevent and promptly treat intercurrent illnesses.
Vigilance performance as related to task instructions, coaction, and knowledge of results

The vigilance of college students (32 men, 32 women) as related to three variables was assessed. Observers given evaluative-test instructions and knowledge of results or tested with the experimenter present detected more signals than their respective counterparts given standard-task instructions and no knowledge of results or tested with the experimenter absent. Overall, a vigilance decrement occurred across the 48-min watch. Of the three independent variables, only evaluative instructions was effective in preventing a decrement.
Some considerations of bridging stresses for fiber-reinforced ceramics

Abstract Bridging stresses behind the crack tip are analyzed for fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. First, the bridging stress versus the crack-opening displacement relationship for elastic bridging with a bonded fiber/matrix interface is derived. The conditions for subsequent interfacial debonding and fiber fracture associated with elastic bridging fibers are discussed. Then, the elastic bridging relationship is compared with the previously-derived bridging relationships for unbonded interfaces with frictional bridging (for frictional stretching of intact fibers) and fiber pullout (for fractured or short fibers). Finally, probable bridging mechanisms are deduced by the consideration of the calculated bridging stresses and comparison of the evaluated fracture toughness increment with the measured R -curve behavior.
Cuban and Afro-Caribbean immigrants: an analysis of educational attainment and assimilation in the USA

Using the children of immigrants longitudinal study, this research focuses on the extent to which race, class and gender are related to the educational attainment and upward mobility of second-generation Caribbean immigrants within the USA. I employ the classical and contemporary assimilation models as the theoretical framework to explain the degree to which Caribbean immigrants are attaining college degrees or higher within the dominant culture. Research findings indicate that though there is no difference between males and females in educational attainment among the second-generation Caribbean immigrant population, racial and ethnic self-identity and parents’ socio-economic status are significantly related to the academic achievement of these immigrants during young adulthood. This research further illustrates that discrimination is not significantly related to the educational attainment and the subsequent upward mobility of second-generation Caribbean immigrants; even though the respondents indicate th...
Food of Paralichthys dentatus and P. lethostigma (Pisces: Bothidae) in North Carolina estuaries

The diets of the spatially segregated summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and southern flounder, P. lethostigma, in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, were composed of crustaceans and fishes. Young flounders fed mainly on mysids and fishes throughout the year, but the ratios of these items differed between species. Feeding was minimal during winter, but summer flounder from near-inlet stations had a high frequency of stomachs with food. Older summer flounder fed equally on shrimp and fishes, while southern flounder fed almost solely on fishes. This difference was probably related to food availability.
Numerical Investigation of Temperature Field During Sintering of Bioceramic Nanoparticles by Pulse Lasers

Traditional numerical study of the temperature field of laser thermal processing is based on two assumptions: 1. heat source is a surface heat flux, and 2. uniform material properties. This method is not accurate when it comes to the laser sintering of nanoparticle integrated bioceramics coating with certain porosity. In this paper, Heat transfer (HT) model and electromagnetic (EM) model is coupled to investigate the temperature field of bioceramics nanoparticles. The heat source calculated from EM field is simultaneously input into the HT model to calculate the temperature field of the nanoparticle assembly. The interaction between the nanoparticles in the EM field is analyzed and its influence to the optical penetration depth of laser is discussed. The effects of laser parameter, including wavelength, pulse energy, pulse width, and mixing ratio of nanoparticles are also investigated.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Methodology in digit memory testing of college students.

A total of 565 university freshmen were tested on an augmented forward and backward digit span test. Examiner training, directions, rate of presentation (1/sec), seating positions, subjects' age, a...
DNA replication sites in HeLa cells

Abstract We previously reported experiments which led us to conclude that DNA synthesis in HeLa cells occurs in association with the nuclear membrane. Subsequent experiments which are reported here provide evidence that DNA synthesis occurs both in proximity to and at sites removed from the nuclear membrane.
Age-related sperm DNA methylation changes are transmitted to offspring and associated with abnormal behavior and dysregulated gene expression

Advanced paternal age (APA) has been shown to be a significant risk factor in the offspring for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. During aging, de novo mutations accumulate in the male germline and are frequently transmitted to the offspring with deleterious effects. In addition, DNA methylation during spermatogenesis is an active process, which is susceptible to errors that can be propagated to subsequent generations. Here we test the hypothesis that the integrity of germline DNA methylation is compromised during the aging process. A genome-wide DNA methylation screen comparing sperm from young and old mice revealed a significant loss of methylation in the older mice in regions associated with transcriptional regulation. The offspring of older fathers had reduced exploratory and startle behaviors and exhibited similar brain DNA methylation abnormalities as observed in the paternal sperm. Offspring from old fathers also had transcriptional dysregulation of developmental genes implicated in autism and schizophrenia. Our findings demonstrate that DNA methylation abnormalities arising in the sperm of old fathers are a plausible mechanism to explain some of the risks that APA poses to resulting offspring.