cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Blood Flow Dynamics in Response to Insulin and IGF-1 in Diabetic Animals

Vascular changes in diabetes characterized by increased contractile or decreased dilator responses have been demonstrated in isolated blood vessels as well as in vivosystems. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that insulin and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increase blood flow in vascular beds. In this study we evaluated the regional hemodynamic responses to insulin and IGF-1 in normal and diabetic rats. Normal male rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) i.v. and maintained 60 to 70 days. On the day of the study the rats were anesthetized with urethane/chloralose, the femoral artery and vein cannulated for blood pressure monitoring and blood sampling or infusion, respectively. Pulsed-Doppler flow probes were placed around the iliac artery, renal artery and superior mesenteric artery to monitor blood flow. Insulin (16 nmol/kg) was infused as a bolus via the femoral vein and it decreased the MAP approximately 17% in both n...
Atomistic insights into the nanohelix of hydrogenated graphene: formation, characterization and application

Hydrogenated graphene has been emerging as the cynosure of the subject for numerous studies due to its conductivity, ferromagnetism, and potential for energy storage as well as drug delivery. However, how to find a decent way to overcome the graphene bending barrier and modify graphene from planar structures to 3D structures remains to be further explored. By virtue of molecular mechanics/dynamics simulations, here we present the formation of a carbon nanohelix from a pristine graphene nanoribbon by doping it with hydrogen atoms in a specific pattern. Meanwhile, we quantitatively investigate the effect of the interatomic potential on the process of helical structure formation, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the carbon nanohelix as well as its potential application in molecule packing. The carbon nanohelix portrays an intriguing zigzag strain–stress curve and amazing extensibility under tension as well as relatively limited deformability under compression, which represents its unique signature of mechanical properties to differentiate the carbon nanohelix from the behavior of the carbon nanotube and graphene. These findings lend compelling credence to envision that the carbon nanohelix opens up a viable avenue for nanofabrication and is perceived as a novel nanomaterial for a variety of applications such as electronics, sensors, energy storage, drug delivery and nanocomposites.
Recognition of unusual presentation of natural killer cell leukemia

Expansion of the natural killer (NK) subset of lymphocytes represents a rare leukemia phenotype with variations in clinical presentation, morphology, surface phenotype, and effector function. This paper reports on a 5-year-old male patient who had an unusual presentation of an NK cell leukemia that was initially diagnosed as neuroblastoma. A bone marrow (BM) aspirate showed clumps of undifferentiated cells with the following phenotype: CD56bright+, CD33dim+, CD45-, CD2-, CD19-, CD16-, and CD57-. Cytochemistry was noncontributory. The patient, having failed to respond to conventional neuroblastoma chemotherapy, was subsequently diagnosed as having NK cell leukemia based on functional in vitro assays. The patient responded to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) chemotherapy but relapsed 4 weeks into treatment and eventually died 25 weeks after initial presentation. The cell surface phenotype observed is consistent with a rare NK cell subset, the biology of which has not been well defined. Freshly isolated BM cells killed K562 cells in a conventional 51Cr-release assay. Both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) induced LAK activity against the Daudi cell line. IL-2 induced proliferation of the leukemic cells. TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-1ra, and TGF-beta levels were assessed and found to be concentrated in BM, in contrast to plasma samples. TNF-alpha was present at a high concentration in BM (150.9 pg/ml), probably a reflection of the associated disease pathology of severe bone pain and pyrexia. In summary, this paper details clinical and laboratory investigations of a leukemia of a rare NK cell subset.
Mature follow-up for high-risk stage I non-small-cell lung carcinoma treated with sublobar resection and intraoperative iodine-125 brachytherapy

Purpose To update the Allegheny General Hospital experience of high-risk Stage I non–small-cell lung cancer patients treated with sublobar resection and intraoperative 125 I Vicryl mesh brachytherapy. Methods and Materials Between January 5, 1996 and February 19, 2008, 145 patients with Stage I non–small-cell lung cancer who were not lobectomy candidates because of cardiopulmonary compromise underwent sublobar resection and placement of 125 I seeds along the resection line. The 125 I seeds embedded in Vicryl suture were attached with surgical clips to a sheet of Vicryl mesh, inserted over the target area, and prescribed to a 0.5-cm planar margin. Results The mean target area, total activity, number of seeds implanted, and prescribed total dose was 33.3 cm 2 (range, 18.0–100.8), 20.2 mCi (range, 11.1–29.7), 46 (range, 30–100), and 117 Gy (range, 80–180), respectively. The median length of the surgical stay was 6 days (range, 1–111), with a perioperative mortality rate of 3.4%. At a median follow-up of 38.3 months (range, 1–133), 6 patients had developed local recurrence (4.1%), 9 had developed regional failure (6.2%), and 25 had distant failure (17.2%). On multivariate analysis, no patient- or tumor-specific factors or surgical or dosimetric factors were predictive of local recurrence. The overall median survival was 30.5 months with a 3- and 5-year overall survival rate of 65% and 35%, respectively. Conclusion 125 I brachytherapy for high-risk, Stage I non–small-cell lung cancer after sublobar resection is well tolerated and associated with a low local failure rate.
Silicon Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Constricted Mode Capacitive Silane Plasma

Crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles are of interest for a variety of electronic and opto-electronic applications. We report experimental studies of the synthesis and characterization of crystalline silicon nanoparticles using a constricted-mode capacitive RF plasma in continua- tion of results reported earlier from an RF inductively coupled plasma [1]. The constricted-mode discharge is based on a thermal plasma instability yielding a high-density plasma filament, which rotates at a high frequency. Silane is dissociated, leading to particle nucleation and growth. Particles are extracted by passing the particle-laden gas through an orifice to form a beam and col- lected by inertial impaction. We are able to reproducibly synthesize highly oriented freestanding single-crystal silicon nanoparticles. Monodisperse particle size distributions centered at a 35nm particle diameter with a geometric standard deviation of 1.3 are obtained. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies show uniformly shaped cubic particles. Selected-area electron diffraction patterns indi- cate the particles have the diamond-cubic silicon structure. To study the electrical properties of these particles, metal-semiconductor-metal structures were fabricated and analyzed.
Document representations and clues to document relevance

Research into the role of document representations in the relevance judgment process has focused on the ability of users to predict the relevance of documents based on various document representations. Conclusions have been stated as to the comparative effectiveness of various document representations, but there has been little exploration into why certain document representations seem to enable users to better predict the relevance of documents. This examination is an attempt to identify the extent to which various document representations contain clues that allow users to determine the presence or absence of traits and/or qualities that determine the relevance of the document to the user's situation. Motivated users discussed their reasons for pursuing or not pursuing documents based on information contained within representations of those documents (i.e., titles, abstracts, indexing terms, etc.). The results are presented as the co-occurrence of respondents' mentions of various traits and/or qualities, and the document representations that led to such responses. It is concluded that document representations may differ in their effectiveness as indicators of potential relevance because different types of document representations vary in their ability to present clues for specific traits and/or qualities. Suggestions for further research are provided.
Optical properties of lanthanide-containing halide-modified zinc tellurite glasses

As part of an ongoing investigation to characterize the properties and structure of zinc halide-tellurium oxide glasses, we report preliminary measurements of the optical properties of several Nd- and Er-doped tellurites. Measurements include florescence lifetimes and estimates of the theoretical radiative lifetimes (as obtained by traditional Judd-Ofelt analysis of optical absorption spectra) as well as phonon sideband studies sensitive to vibrational characteristics near the rare earth ion. The response of these optical features to the substitution of alternative halides is examined.
Nonlinear system stabilization via hierarchical switching control

A nonlinear control system design framework predicated on a hierarchical switching controller architecture parameterized over a set of moving system equilibria is developed. Specifically, using equilibria-dependent Lyapunov functions, a hierarchical nonlinear control strategy is developed that stabilizes a given nonlinear system by stabilizing a collection of nonlinear controlled subsystems. The switching nonlinear controller architecture is designed based on a generalized lower semicontinuous Lyapunov function obtained by minimizing a potential function over a given switching set induced by the parameterized system equilibria. The proposed framework provides a rigorous alternative to designing gain-scheduled feedback controllers and guarantees local and global closed-loop system stability for general nonlinear systems.
Brooklyn Kings County Hospital child psychiatric study, 1957-1977: a longitudinal comparison of court-remanded and psychiatrically admitted children.

Abstract This study examines shifts in the relationship between the Brooklyn Family Court and Kings County Hospital, a child-adolescent municipal psychiatric hospital. It focuses on the 4,532 psychiatric admissions during three periods (1960–1962, 1972–1974, and 1975–1977), which represent periods of historical change in the relationship between the Family Courts and municipal psychiatric hospitals. A comparison of the admissions during these periods indicates that the addition of a large mental health screening staff in the courts (1972–1974) and increased mental health facilities in Brooklyn (1975–1977) led to a significant decrease in the hospitalization of social rather than psychiatric emergencies that resulted in a major improvement in the care that could be given to the psychiatric emergencies.
Fashioning a Constitutional Voter-Identification Requirement

In recent years, some states have responded to concerns about voter fraud by enacting requirements that voters present identification before voting. Opponents have aggressively challenged the constitutionality of these requirements in court with varying degrees of success. This Note examines the results of these legal challenges and suggests the parameters in which a state legislature can fashion a constitutional voter-identification requirement.
Are baby boomer women unique? The moderating effect of birth cohort on age in substance use patterns during midlife

This study examined the relationships of age to use of alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drugs, and misuse of prescription drugs, among midlife women and whether these relationships are modified by birth cohort. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze National Survey on Drug Use and Health data, which included 2,035 baby boomer and silent generation cohort women, ages 30 to 55. Midlife women across cohorts reduced alcohol and marijuana use, but not illicit and prescription drug misuse, as they aged. A modifying effect of birth cohort was not supported, but findings did support differential aging effects across substances. Implications are discussed.
Perpetuu: A Tiered Solar-powered GIS Microserver

The aftermath of a natural disaster is characterized by lack of a reliable medium for dissemination of information to survivors. The state-of-the-art emergency response systems rely on satellite radio-enabled devices, but survivors, unlike first responders, do not have access to such devices. To mitigate this problem, we present perpetuu, a solar-powered portable GIS microserver. The microserver node can be deployed in a disaster scene and can serve maps to survivors viewable on browsers of off-the-shelf mobile systems. The perpetuu nodes can form a wireless mesh to cover a large geographic region. A key innovation in the design of the perpetuu node is a tiered software and hardware architecture—the system combines a low-power micro-controller with a high-power micro-processor to provide a large spectrum of power states. perpetuu stays in its lowest power state most of the time, and it can in-vitro detect survivors using Wi-Fi sensing, and consequently wake up the higher-power tier to disseminate high-resolution maps on standard web browsers that provide directions to safe locations. The tiered design leverages hardware-assisted energy measurements and a wakeup controller to balance energy harvested from solar panels with energy consumed by the system. We evaluate perpetuu using measurements from our prototype and trace-based simulations, and show that it can function near-perpetually while serving maps to a large number of survivors.
Conditioned context aversion learning in the laboratory mouse

It is well known that pairing of large contextual changes with illness can cause conditioned context aversion in laboratory rats. The aim of present study was to develop a paradigm to study this phenomenon in laboratory mice, a species widely employed in neurobehavioral studies. Genetically heterogeneous mice, drinking from plastic bottles in the colony room, learned to avoid glass bottles after a single conditioning trial when drinking from these was paired with injections of lithium chloride. The aversion was independent of any difference in the taste of water in plastic vs. glass bottles. When the variation in the visual stimulus was less distinct, development of a strong aversion required two conditioning trials and was not retained as well. The results also showed that conditioned context aversion, just like conditioned taste aversion, could also be developed across a 30-minute CS-UCS delay. The fact that taste was not a factor in distinguishing drinking from glass and plastic water bottles raises the possibility that, contextual stimuli, not taste, may have been the CS when rats (in Garcia's original experiments) avoided drinking from plastic bottles that had been paired with radiation. The development of contextual aversion conditioning protocols for mice will enable the molecular resources available for this species to be exploited. Furthermore, representation of the CS by discrete rather than the multimodal CSs typically used in most studies on contextual conditioning offers more focus when considering its neuroanatomical basis.
Survival of Pink Bollworms in Roller-Ginned Cotton Line

When infested long- and short-staple cotton was ginned in conventional and high-capacity roller gins, whole cotton seeds and dead larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) were found in the lint. The seeds were apparently the primary source of moths emerging from the roller-ginned lint. These results indicated that there is some chance of spreading pink bollworms to uninfested areas inshipments of roller-ginned lint from areas with heavy infestations of the insect.
Human affection exchange: IV. Vocalic predictors of perceived affection in initial interactions

This investigation examines the relationship between speakers' vocal characteristics and receivers' and observers' perceptions of speakers' affectionate intentions toward receivers in initial interactions. Hypotheses drawn from affection exchange theory were tested in an experimental procedure involving 48 triads of previously unacquainted young adults. Results revealed that (1) speakers' fundamental frequency was linearly related to observers' perceptions of speakers' affection level; (2) speakers' variation in fundamental frequency was linearly related to receivers’ and observers' perceptions of speakers' affection level; (3) speakers' vocal intensity was unrelated to perceptions of their affection level; and, (4) speakers' fundamental frequency interacted with speakers' sex to influence receivers' perceptions of speakers' affection level.
Serous Tumors of Low Malignant Potential and Low-Grade Serous Carcinomas of the Ovary or Peritoneum

Serous tumors of low malignant potential (LMP) and invasive low-grade serous carcinoma exist on a continuum. Pathological criteria for diagnosis for both entities are well described. For both, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway appears to play a prominent role in their pathogenesis. Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment. Fertility-sparing surgery is commonly performed for serous LMP tumors. While stage I serous LMP tumors have an excellent prognosis, at least 20 % of serous LMP tumors associated with peritoneal implants relapse, most as low-grade serous carcinoma. Low-grade serous carcinoma is characterized by young age at diagnosis, relative chemoresistance, and prolonged survival compared with high-grade serous carcinoma. Standard postoperative treatment for low-grade serous carcinoma consists of platinum/taxane chemotherapy. Treatment of recurrence includes options for chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted agents such as bevacizumab. MEK inhibitor therapy has had promising activity in a phase II trial, and multiple phase III trials of MEK inhibitor therapy for recurrent low-grade serous carcinoma are ongoing.
Abstract 1943: Integrin α6β4 promotes autocrine EGFR signaling to stimulate migration and invasion toward HGF

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Integrin α6β4 is upregulated in pancreatic adenocarcinomas where it contributes to carcinoma cell invasion, in part, through its coordinated modulation of the transcriptome. Here, we find that integrin α6β4 signaling dramatically upregulates the expression of several genes involved in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, including amphiregulin (Areg), epiregulin (Ereg), and ectodomain cleavage protease MMP1. Notably, these genes correlate well with integrin α6β4 expression in publicly available pancreatic cancer databases. We previously reported that integrin α6β4 promotes HGF-stimulated migration and invasion; therefore, we tested the role of autocrine EGFR signaling in these processes. We discovered that blocking EGFR signaling with EGFR-specific blocking antibodies or an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor hindered HGF-stimulated pancreatic carcinoma cell chemotaxis and invasive growth in three-dimensional culture. Furthermore, we found that both Areg and Ereg are required for these autocrine effects, as knocking down either ligand prevented migration and invasion. Notably, AsPC1 cells, isolated from abdominal metastases, are not dependent on EGFR signaling for migration or invasion; thus suggesting a mechanism exists for circumventing EGFR dependency. We also demonstrated that HGF stimulates the secretion of Areg, which is dependent on integrin signaling pathways including MAPK, PI3K and PKC and that Areg was transported to the leading edge of cells treated with HGF. Moreover, MMP activity and integrin α6β4 signaling are required for Areg secretion. Finally, we found that EGFR is phosphorylated in response to HGF stimulation which was dependent on EGFR protein kinase activity; however, Met phosphorylation in response to HGF was unaffected by EGFR signaling. Taken together, we show that integrin α6β4 stimulates invasion by promoting autocrine EGFR signaling through the upregulation of key genes and facilitating HGF-stimulated EGFR ligand secretion. Citation Format: Brittany L. Carpenter, Min Chen, Teresa Knifley, Kelley A. Davis, Susan M. Harrison, Rachel L. Stewart, Kathleen L. O'Connor. Integrin α6β4 promotes autocrine EGFR signaling to stimulate migration and invasion toward HGF. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1943. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1943
The Brain as Muse: Bridging Art and Neuroscience

This article describes a partnership between an artist and neuroscientist who share common interests. The authors discuss bridging the fine arts and neurosciences through the development of transdisciplinary courses and public engagement through an art and science exhibition. Their NeuroArt partnership promotes dialogue and creates community among students and faculty by sharing access, tools and probing questions common to both disciplines.
Expect the Unexpected: Incidental and Unexpected Findings in Nuclear Medicine Studies.

1274 Objectives 1. To emphasize the importance of evaluating all components of the nuclear medicine exam including areas outside the area of clinical concern. 2. To review examples of cases with clinically significant incidental findings encountered in daily practice, as well as accompanying correlative CT and MR imaging. 3. To highlight how to further work and manage these incidental, but clinically significant findings. Methods A collections of cases including RBC scans, Bone scans, Hepatobiliary scans, Parathyroid scans, Octreoscans, Myocardial Perfusion scans, PET/CT, and I-131 scans, with incidental and unexpected findings will be displayed along with correlative CT and MR imaging. Guidelines for the further work up and management of clinically significant incidental findings will be discussed. Review of the literature will be performed based on clinically significant incidental and unexpected findings in nuclear medicine studies. Results NA Conclusions With greater emphasis on and increased utilization of medical imaging it is essential that all components of the nuclear medicine exam be reviewed, including regions outside the area of clinical concern. With representative cases of clinically significant incidental findings encountered in day to day practice, we highlight the importance of evaluating all components of the study and discuss how to plan for the further workup and management of these findings. RESEARCH SUPPORT: Bridgeport Hospital Yale New Haven Health System
Resource savings and outcomes associated with outpatient laparoscopic appendectomy for nonperforated appendicitis

Abstract Background Postoperative admission for acute appendicitis utilizes health care system resources. We evaluated outcomes and hospital charges for children with nonperforated appendicitis who underwent outpatient laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for patients ≤18years old who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis in 2015. Patients were categorized into discharge from postanesthesia care unit (PACU) (outpatient), admission for 24-h. Continuous variables were compared using analysis of variance and categorical variables were compared using chi-square test, with p Results Of the 171 patients identified, 63 (37%) were discharged from the PACU, 94 (55%) were admitted 24-h. There were no differences in postoperative emergency department/clinic visits, complications, or readmissions. Hospital charges for admission 24-h were $1007 and $2237 more per patient than the PACU-discharge group, respectively. Outpatient laparoscopic appendectomies became more common over time, occurring in only 20% of patients with acute appendicitis in the first quarter of the year versus 49% of patients in the last quarter. Conclusion Outpatient laparoscopic appendectomy for nonperforated appendicitis in children is a safe practice that decreases length of stay and hospital charges. Adoption of an outpatient strategy allows for better standardization of care and can lead to savings in health care resources. Level of evidence III (Treatment: retrospective comparative study).
i-Vector/PLDA speaker recognition using support vectors with discriminant analysis

i-Vector feature representation with probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) scoring in speaker recognition system has recently achieved effective permanence even on channel mismatch conditions. In general, experiments carried out using this combined strategy employ linear discriminant analysis (LDA) after the i-Vector extraction phase to suppress irrelevant directions, such as those introduced by noise or channel distortions. However, speaker-related and -non-related variability present in the data may prevent LDA from finding the best projection matrix. In this study, we exclusively use support vectors of each class to find the optimum linear transformation. Post-processing of the i-Vectors by discriminant analysis via support vectors (SVDA) and traditional LDA is evaluated on NIST2010 speaker recognition evaluation (SRE) core and extended core (coreext) conditions. In addition, truncated coreext test data is used to examine the performance of the system for both long and short duration test segments. Computed equal error rate (EER) and minimum detection cost function (minDCF) criteria confirm consistent improvement of SVDA over traditional LDA. The relative improvement in terms of EER and minDCF with SVDA are about 32% and 9%, respectively.
Methylation of the PTEN promoter defines low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastoma multiform.

256 Mutations in PTEN are frequent in patients with glioblastome multiforme (GBM), which results in activation of the signal transduction pathways initiated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). However, mutations of PTEN in lower grade gliomas are very infrequent. Here we show that grade II astrocytomas and oligoastrocytomas show a high frequency of methylation of the PTEN promoter, which is absent in sections from normal brain, and rare in GBM samples. The small number of GBMs showing methylation of the PTEN promoter is mutually exclusive with GBMs showing mutations in the PTEN coding sequence. Although changes in PTEN protein expression were not correlated with methylation of its promoter, there was a correlation between PKB phosphorylation and methylation in the grade II gliomas. Therefore, methylation of the PTEN promoter may represent an additional mechanism to increase PI3-kinase signaling in low-grade tumors, and suggests potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention in these patients.
Newborn haemorrhagic disorders: about 30 cases

The haemorrhagic disorders are particularly frequent in neonatal period. Their causes are varied and their knowledge is capital for their good management. Our purpose was to describe the epidemiological, diagnostic, and common causes of new-bornhaemorrhagic syndrome in paediatric emergency medical department of the Rabat Children's Hospital. We conducted a descriptive study from December 2015 to April 2016, about newborns admitted to medical emergencies for haemorrhagic syndrome defined by bleeding, exteriorized or not, whatever its importance, severity, causes and the associated clinical and biological disorders. Between December 2015 and April 2016, we identified 30 cases of newborn haemorrhagic syndromes on 594 hospitalizations (5.05%). The sex-ratio (M/F) was 1.5. None of them received vitamin K after birth and all were breastfed. Preterm infants accounted for 10%. The presentation of haemorrhage encountered was dominated by visceral bleeding especially digestive (80%), followed by epistaxis (10%), Haematuria (7%), and skin haemorrhage (3%). Physical examination was normal in most of cases with exception (nine babies had pallor with hypotonia, three babies suffered from hypovolemic shock, respiratory distress(10%), drowsiness, poor sucking and fever. The most common cause of bleeding disorder was haemorrhagic disease of the new-born (80%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (10%), esophagitis (6.67%) and isolated thrombocytopenia (3.33%). At the end of our study, given the high frequency of vitamin k deficiency bleeding disease despite the prophylaxis received, a strengthening of the prevention system is necessary.
Religious and Scientific Virtues: Maxwell, Eddington, and Persistence

A critical but often overlooked epistemic virtue is persistence: when scientists come up against an obstacle, why should they proceed? An investigator needs to have some reassurance that further investigation will be fruitful despite setbacks, uncertainty, or confusing results. Two important physical scientists, James C. Maxwell and Arthur S. Eddington, drew on their religious beliefs and practices to help resolve this issue. They had very different religious identities, assumptions about the nature of scientific knowledge, and ways of experiencing the divine. Despite these divergences, Maxwell and Eddington constructed very similar epistemic virtues and related scientific practices.
Theory in the Ironic Mode: A Review of Hauser's Vernacular Voices

(2001). Theory in the Ironic Mode: A Review of Hauser's Vernacular Voices. Argumentation and Advocacy: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 214-217.
Respecting and Promoting Free Expression: Case Studies

Case studies, both real and fictional, help to clarify the significance and implications of the ecological theory of free expression for both state and non-state actors. These concern “intellectual property” rights, putative rights against defamation, state maintenance of controversial monuments, attempted suppression by the legal system of the cinematic documentation of rights-violating conduct, a journalist’s tweets critical of the President, a fictional sports agent’s distribution to his co-workers of a memo critical of their firm and their industry, and professional athletes’ decisions to publicly, if silently, protest during the playing of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
Avian Vaccination: Current Options and Strategies

Researchers have generated an array of potential avian antiviral vaccines. However, vaccine and viral complexity, small profit margins, the cost of development and manufacturing, and the small population at risk relegate most avian vaccine use to commercial species. Some vaccines designed for use in nonavian species are used to prevent or ameliorate disease in exotic and companion birds. This article highlights newly developed vaccines that may be used in exotic and pet birds. Information pertinent to vaccine choice and strategy is provided, including disease lethality, species affected, and previous knowledge regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. Other avian species of concern are also included.
The Nucleic Acids of Normal Tissues and Tumors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nucleic acids of normal tissues and tumors. Neoplastic tissues are frequently abnormal in regard to enzyme content and metabolism and with respect to the number and structure of the chromosomes. The chapter describes the structure, molar purine and pyrimidine composition, metabolism, and chromatographic heterogeneity of DNA and RNA of normal tissues and tumors. There are no significant differences between the DNA of normal tissues or tumors with respect to molar base composition or chromatographic elution profiles. There are no significant differences among the molar base ratios of the total RNA of various adult tissues, tissues of newborn mice, and lymphomas, carcinomas, or melanomas. The cytoplasmic or nuclear particulate RNA are similar in base composition in normal spleen, spontaneous lymphoma, and transplanted lymphoma. RNA is a single stranded polynucleotide chain in contrast to the double stranded DNA of animal tissues and tumors. A quantitative relationship exists among chromosome number, the DNA content, the enzyme content, RNA content, and the metabolism of diploid and tetraploid ascites tumors.
Taking Up Social Benefits: A Cautionary Tale from an Unemployment Insurance Survey Experiment

What role can information play in changing the take-up of social benefits? Using evidence from an online, large-scale survey experiment of American workers, the authors answer this question in the context of unemployment insurance (UI). Three treatments provided accurate, concise, and customized information about UI eligibility requirements, benefit generosity, and application procedures to respondents. The experimental results unambiguously show a statistically and substantively significant decline in workers’ self-reported willingness to apply for UI benefits after receiving information about program details. These declines were largest for workers who received information about the program’s eligibility requirements and application procedures. The analysis suggests that the information treatments countered pre-existing beliefs that unemployment benefits would be generous and easy to receive, thus lowering workers’ likelihood of applying once they had learned about the program’s actual rules. These results provide a cautionary lesson for policymakers seeking to broaden social benefit take-up through information interventions.
Detection of Sequential Trojans in Embedded System Designs Without Scan Chains

Small, low-cost embedded systems implemented as sequential circuits often do not contain scan chains. Malicious trojan circuits, which themselves may be state machines, inserted into such systems are hard to detect. We present an effective methodology to detect sequential trojan circuits inserted into sequential hardware designs without scan chains. The methodology consists of three steps: We use sequential testability metrics, model checking and signal tracing to progressively separate the trojan gates from legitimate circuit gates. We show experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the methodology using several test cases.
Translating In Vitro T Cell Metabolic Findings to In Vivo Tumor Models of Nutrient Competition.

Reductionist in vitro T cell assays have identified metabolic pathways critical for T cell function within the tumor microenvironment. We discuss the challenges of testing these concepts using in vivo tumor models.
Radiosonde Modulator Using a Hypsometer

Two radiosonde modulators, developed by the U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory for use with a hypsometer, are briefly described.
Accounting for Intrinsic Values in the Federal Student Loan System

There is a growing sentiment that federal student loans should be allocated according to students’ expected earning potential. If federal student loans were given so that the government could make a profit, then such a system would make sense. But this is not so. Instead, the US government issues student loans with the goal of benefiting society—and, in particular, of benefitting the loan recipients themselves. Although some of this benefit is expressed in higher earning potential, much of it is not. In this chapter, we argue that the federal student loan system should be structured to account for the intrinsic values that accrue to individuals both from increased education and from certain occupational choices.
Exploring Linear Algebra : Labs and Projects with MATLAB®

Preface ix 1 Limits and Continuity 1 2 Derivatives and Their Applications 3 Areas, Integrals, and Accumulation 4 Applications of AntiderivativesMathematica Demonstrations and References Index
Laser-treated glass platform for rapid wicking-driven transport and particle separation in bio microfluidics

In this work, we present a laser-based fabrication technique for direct patterning of micro-channels consisting of interconnected micro-cracks on soda-lime glass. Using a CO2 laser to deposit energy at a linear rate of 18.75 to 93.75 mJ mm−1, we were able to manipulate the micro-crack formation, while enabling rapid manufacturing and scalable production of cracked-glass microfluidic patterns on glass. At the higher end of the energy deposition rate (93.75 mJ mm−1), the laser fabricated microfluidic channels (1 mm wide and 20 mm long) had extremely fast wicking speeds (24.2 mm s−1, ×10 faster than filter paper) as a result of significant capillary action and laser-induced surface hydrophilization. At the lower end (18.75 mJ mm−1), 3–4 μm wide micro-cracked crevices resulted in an increased mesh/sieve density, hence, more efficiently filtering particle-laden liquid samples. The reproducibility tests revealed an averaged wicking speed of 10.6 ± 1.5 mm s−1 measured over 21 samples fabricated under similar conditions, similar to that of filter paper (∼85%). The micro-cracked channels exhibited a stable shelf life of at least 82 days with a wicking speed within 10–13 mm s−1.
Loyalität, Legitimität, Legalität: Zerfalls-, Separations- und Souveränisierungsprozesse in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa, 1914-1921

This book is a collection of papers that were given at a conference organized in 2008 by the Institute for the Culture and History of the Germans in Northeastern Europe and linked to a larger resea...
Porous Polymers with Switchable Optical Transmittance for Optical and Thermal Regulation

Summary Adaptive control of broadband light is essential for diverse applications including building energy management and light modulation. Here, we present porous polymer coatings (PPCs), whose optical transmittance changes upon reversible wetting with common liquids, as a platform for optical management from solar to thermal wavelengths. In the solar wavelengths, reduction in optical scattering upon wetting changes PPCs from reflective to transparent. For poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) PPCs, this corresponds to solar and visible transmittance changes of up to 0.74 and 0.80, respectively. For infrared (IR) transparent polyethylene PPCs, wetting causes an “icehouse-to-greenhouse” transition where solar transparency rises but thermal IR transparency falls. These performances are either unprecedented or rival or surpass those of notable optical switching (e.g., electrochromic and thermochromic) paradigms, making PPCs promising for large-scale optical and thermal management. Specifically, switchable sub-ambient radiative cooling (by 3.2°C) and above-ambient solar heating (by 21.4°C), color-neutral daylighting, and thermal camouflage are demonstrated.
History and Physical Examination

A careful history and physical examination are of primary importance in the evaluation of a patient with spine pain and related symptoms. It can be the difference between sending a patient home with a conservative treatment plan and admitting the patient for an immediate evaluation and possible surgery. The history and physical examination can determine if an expensive evaluation is necessary immediately or whether conservative treatment is appropriate first.
Lines, triangles, and nets: A framework for designing input technologies and interaction techniques for computer-aided design:

This article serves to the larger quest for increasing our capacities as designers, researchers, and scholars in understanding and developing human-computer interaction in computer-aided design. Th...
TOTAL NEUTRON YIELD FROM THE REACTION $sup 14$C($alpha$,n)$sup 17$O

The total neutron yield of the reaction $^{14}\mathrm{C}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)^{17}\mathrm{O}$ has been measured in the alpha-particle bombarding-energy range of 2.5 to 5.1 MeV. Six new anomalies were observed in the yield curve at alpha-particle energies of 4.030\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015, 4.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 4.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 4.434\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010, 4.70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, and 5.004\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 MeV. These would correspond to excitation energies in the $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ compound nucleus of 9.361, 9.39, 9.47, 9.675, 9.88, and 10.119 MeV. The experimental widths vary from 21 to 200 keV. An approximate value of the average alpha-particle strength function was obtained.
Surveillance status and epidemic characteristics of pertussis in China

China is facing the " pertussis resurgence" . At the same time, the epidemic feature is very different from the traditional pertussis.There is a lack of unified pertussis surveillance program in China.The backwardness of previous standard of diagnosis leads to the huge difference of morbidity and epidemic features among different areas which use different surveillance program.To face the big challenge of the " pertussis resurgence" , purposeful control and prevention measures need to be conducted immediately.First of all, it is necessary to establish an unified definition of pertussis surveillance, laboratory testing standards, and regulate the principle of epidemic disposal.Secondly, medical staffs′ awareness of new epidemic features of pertussis should be raised and their ability of reporting and diagnosis of pertussis should be improved.Finally, according to the actual incidence and epidemic characteristics, current pertussis immunization strategy needs to be adjusted to meet the new requirements in the new situation of pertussis prevention and control. Key words: Pertussis resurgence; Surveillance status; Epidemic characteristics; Control strategy
From Presentation to Paper: Assessment of Successful Abstract Publications in Emergency Medicine Over a Five-year Period.

presentations are a mechanism to present and discuss up-to-date research with attendees. However, dissemination of research findings is limited when relying upon conference presentations in isolation. While some conference proceedings may be published or available online, they are not as easily found as peer-reviewed publications and many are not indexed in major search databases.1 Additionally, abstracts often provide limited details about study methodology, which can make it challenging to adequately assess the study limitations. This can impact the understanding of current research in our field and lead to publication bias in systematic reviews if abstracts are missed or excluded.
Designing Human-Autonomy Teaming Experiments Through Reinforcement Learning:

This paper creates and defines a framework for building and implementing human-autonomy teaming experiments that enable the utilization of modern reinforcement learning models. These models are use...
Perinatal Inflammation Disturbs Secondary Germinal Zone Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis Producing Deficits in Sociability

Abstract Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that infections during pregnancy increase the risk of offspring developing Schizophrenia, Autism, Depression and Bipolar Disorder and have implicated interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a causal agent. However, other cytokines have been associated with psychiatric disorders; therefore, it remains to be established whether elevating IL-6 is sufficient to alter the trajectory of neural development. Furthermore, most rodent studies have manipulated the maternal immune system at mid-gestation, which affects the stem cells and progenitors in both the primary and secondary germinal matrices. Therefore, a question that remains to be addressed is whether elevating IL-6 when the secondary germinal matrices are most active will affect brain development. Here, we have increased IL-6 from postnatal days 3-6, when the secondary germinal matrices are rapidly expanding. Using Nestin-CreERT2 fate mapping we show that this transient increase in IL-6 decreased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus, reduced astrogliogenesis in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala and decreased oligodendrogenesis in the body and splenium of the corpus callosum all by ∼50%. Moreover, the IL-6 treatment elicited behavioral changes classically associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. As adults, IL-6 injected male mice lost social preference in the social approach test, spent ∼30% less time socially engaging with sexually receptive females and produced ∼50% fewer ultrasonic vocalizations during mating. They also engaged ∼50% more time in self-grooming behavior and had an increase in inhibitory avoidance. Altogether, these data provide new insights into the biological mechanisms linking perinatal immune activation to complex neurodevelopmental brain disorders. Significance statement In these studies, we doubled circulating IL-6 levels in mice from postnatal days 3-6 to test the hypothesis that this would be sufficient to disturb neural development. More specifically, we hypothesized that IL-6 would affect postnatal neural stem cell and progenitor expansion and specification. We show that this transient increase in IL-6 decreases the numbers of granule neurons in the dorsal hippocampus, astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala and oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Importantly, this transient increase in IL-6 changes the sociability, communication and repetitive behaviors of the treated mice as adults, which are core symptoms pertinent to several neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders.
Predictive Modeling for Adverse Events and Risk Stratification Programs for People Receiving Cancer Treatment.

Emergency department visits and hospitalizations are common among people receiving cancer treatment, accounting for a large proportion of spending in oncology care and negatively affecting quality ...
The Tension Between Pragmatism and Rigor in Choosing Wisely.

The Choosing Wisely campaign launched in 2012, aiming to “promote conversations between clinicians and patients by helping patients choose care that is supported by evidence, not duplicative of other tests or procedures already received, free from harm, and truly necessary.”1 Since 2012, Choosing Wisely has grown into a powerful, globally recognized brand in medicine. The campaign’s process for creating top 5 lists of practices that “physicians and patients should question” is distributed and pragmatic: individual medical specialty societies identify members to create a list for their specialty, and members generate the list using methods that range from minimally structured (discussion among members2) to highly structured and rigorous (task force formation and systematic review3). This flexible approach has enabled rapid and widespread creation and dissemination of Choosing Wisely lists, with >700 active recommendations from 78 specialty societies.4,5 However, the variation in methodologies used for list generation across specialties has recently been criticized,6 and some experts have questioned the quality of the evidence supporting previous Choosing Wisely recommendations for adult and pediatric hospital medicine.7 The first pediatric hospital medicine (PHM)–focused list of Choosing Wisely recommendations was published in 2013, generated through a Delphi process convened by the Quality and Safety Committee of the Society of Hospital Medicine.8 In this issue, Tchou et al9 provide a timely and much-needed update to the 2013 Choosing Wisely list for PHM. To produce the 2021 list, the team took a more multidisciplinary and structured approach, compared with that of the 2013 list. Leaders of 3 national PHM professional groups (Society of Hospital Medicine Pediatrics Special Interest Group, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Hospital Medicine, and the Academic Pediatric Association Hospital Medicine Special Interest Group) nominated members with expertise in high value care, research, and …