cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor enhances glucose uptake by peripheral tissues

Anesthetized dogs received a constant intravenous infusion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or saline over 6 h. Glucose kinetics were studied by determining the rate of glucose turnover and hindlimb substrate flux. Cardiovascular responses were monitored and concentrations of counterregulatory hormones were also measured. TNF infusion caused a fall in blood glucose concentration from 4.6 +/- 0.1 to 3.9 +/- 0.2 mmol/l by 6 h (P less than 0.05). This mild hypoglycemia was associated with increased circulating levels of cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine. The rate of glucose production increased from 26.5 +/- 2.1 to 32.5 +/- 0.7 mumol.min-1.kg body wt-1 (P less than 0.05) over the 6-h infusion period; this response was associated with increased glucose disappearance (26.4 +/- 2.2 to 32.7 +/- 0.9 mumol.min-1.kg body wt-1, P less than 0.05) and enhanced clearance (5.7 +/- 0.5 to 9.0 +/- 0.6 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1, P less than 0.05). As blood glucose levels fell, hindlimb glucose uptake and glucose clearance increased markedly in TNF-infused animals as compared with controls despite a 50% fall in mean serum insulin concentration. The exchange of lactate, pyruvate, and total amino acid nitrogen across the hindlimbs was similar in both groups of animals. However, arterial concentrations of lactate and pyruvate rose to two to three times their initial values. The hypoglycemia associated with the infusion of TNF results from a disparity between the rate of glucose appearance and disappearance. There is an increased uptake of glucose across the hindlimb; this response appears to be independent of insulin concentrations and may be related to direct effects of TNF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates of 63Cu in dilute CuFe; T < TK

Abstract Nuclear relaxation rates of 63 Cu nuclei in dilute Cu Fe below T K have been found to increase with decrease field and temperature and to increase linearly with Fe concentration up to 400 ppm.
Gamma-Ray Spectra of the Los Alamos Reactors

The gamma-rays emitted from a ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ slug at the center of the Los Alamos water boiler and from the core of the "fast reactor" were analyzed with a magnetic Compton spectrometer during the period that each reactor operated at a constant power level (30 kilowatts for the water boiler and 25 kilowatts for the fast reactor). An absolute gamma-ray spectrum (neglecting line structure) was determined for each reactor in an energy range from about 0.5 Mev to 12 Mev. In both cases, the number of photons emitted per unit energy interval decreased exponentially with photon energies so that the value at 8 Mev was less by a factor of ${10}^{4}$ than the value at 0.5 Mev. The average quantum energy for this type of spectrum was approximately 1 Mev. The total energy release of gamma-radiation from the ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ slug (diameter 2.22 cm, length 0.426 cm, weight 28.5 g, 95 percent purity) occured at a rate of about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ Mev/sec.
Challenges to reestablishment of free-ranging populations of black-footed ferrets

Le furet a pieds noirs (Mustela nigripes) d'Amerique du Nord est une espece extremement vulnerable en partie a cause de son extreme specialisation envers les populations auparavant stables et abondantes en chiens de prairie (Cynomys). Une espece proche, le putois siberien (M. eversmannii), semble avoir ete soumise a des environnements varies qui n'ont pas conduit a une telle specialisation. La peste (causee par Yersina pestis) a ete une source de variation environnementale dans les steppes asiatiques. Cette maladie etant absente d'Amerique du Nord, son introduction represente une menace pour la restauration des populations de furet. Des solutions partielles aux problemes biologiques et politiques ont ete trouvees en ameliorant la production en captivite, en augmentant la survie post-lâcher, et en developpant des populations indemnes de la peste dans le Sud Dakota.
Contributions of Early Language and Maternal Facilitation Variables to Later Language and Reading Abilities.

This study investigated the contributions of four variables (children's expressive language scores at 30 months of age, mother's facilitation of child language, mother's education, and group assignment) to the prediction of IQ at age 3, verbal IQ at ages 5 and 8, and reading at age 8 for 571 children of low-birthweight. Four separate multiple regression analyses found children's expressive language scores at 30 months of age accounted for the major portion of the variation in each of the models. Maternal facilitation of children's language and maternal education added significantly to the variation in each of the four models. Results suggest children's early language and mother's facilitation of children's language are important intervention considerations to enhance children's readiness for school.
Unusual case of metastatic neuroendocrine tumor.

ABSTRACT Objective To report a rare case of metastatic growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary carcinoma causing acromegaly. Methods We present a case report and review the available literature on this topic. Results A 68-year-old woman presented with persistent acromegaly after treatment for a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Evaluation of long-standing cervical adenopathy revealed findings consistent with a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. Further work-up revealed additional thyroid, parathyroid, and cervical masses. After operative treatment including total thyroidectomy, subtotal parathyroidectomy, partial thymectomy, and right modified radical neck dissection, the patient’s symptoms diminished, and her GH levels approached the normal range. Surgical pathology findings were consistent with a GH-secreting pituitary carcinoma metastatic to the cervical lymph nodes, multinodular thyroid hyperplasia with a focus of papillary microcarcinoma, and parathyroid hyperplasia. Conclusion Overall, pituitary carcinomas are extremely rare. To date, about 100 cases have been reported in the world’s literature, and of these, only 19 cases originated from GH-secreting cells. Our examination of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and treatment of our patient, in comparison with the previously reported cases, should enhance awareness of this unusual disease process. (Endocr Pract. 2007;13:72-76)
Sampling the Number of Neutrons Emitted per Fission

I define in detail the model used to sample the number of prompt neutrons emitted in fission; this description is based on publications defining the model [1] as well as publications comparing the model to experimental measurements [2]. The model described in these publications is exactly what the TART [3] Monte Carlo transport code uses. Based on comparisons between TART [3] and MCNPX [4], it is obvious that at the time this report was published these two computer codes are not using the same model, and the results significantly differ. It is my hope that this report will contribute toward better understanding of this model, and hopefully eventually to agreement between TART and MCNPX results. Partial success has already been achieved in the sense that based upon reading a preliminary version of this report, John Hendrichs [5], one author of MCNPX, acknowledged that the sources of differences as described in this report demonstrate an error in MCNPX (John even offered me the traditional $20 reward for reporting an error in MCNPX; I declined to accept). John is presently updating MCNPX to eliminate these sources of differences; hopefully in the not too distant future this correction will be available in MCNPX,more » and we will obtain agreement between TART and MCNPX, which is the ultimate objective of this report.« less
Use of Lumped Parameter Modeling for Geothermal Engineering

Theory and algorithm are presented for the implementation of a lumped parameter approach for geothermal reservoir simulation in the early stages of the development of a geothermal field. The model can be applied to all types of geothermal systems: all-liquid, all-steam, or two-phase. This paper focuses on examples of utilization of a simple lumped parameter model in three cases. The model is used to verify the validity of experimental results obtained from a bench-scale model and to calculate the heat transfer parameters of the experimental apparatus. A brief comparison was made on the East Mesa reservoir between lumped parameter results and the results obtained by Morris and Campbell using a three-dimensional finite differences simulator. Production and pressure histories of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field were assembled from field data. The model was then used to perform sensitivity studies on reservoir size, porosity, aquifer recharge rate and temperature of the recharge fluid for the Unit 1 and 2 production area. The problems encountered during the application of the lumped parameter technique to each of these examples are discussed; also, limitations of this approach are mentioned.
Hyperkalemia in very low birth weight infants

Purpose: To assess the frequency and pathogenesis of hyperkalemia in the very low birth weight infant. Methods: Infants who weighed less than 1000 gm at birth were prospectively entered into the study within 12 hours of birth. Potential risk factors for hyperkalemia were assessed. Body weight, fluid and electrolyte balance, serum levels of sodium and potassium, creatinine clearance, fractional sodium excretion, and urine sodium/potassium ratio were measured every 8 hours for 72 hours. Measurements of plasma renin, serum aldosterone, and plasma atrial natriuretic factor were made at study entry and repeated when hyperkalemia (serum potassium >6.5 mmol/L) occurred or at 72 hours. Infants in whom hyperkalemia developed were compared with those in whom it did not. Results: Thirty-one infants completed the study; hyperkalemia developed in 16 (51.6%). The only difference in the occurrence of perinatal complications was the more frequent occurrence of pH Conclusions: Hyperkalemia is a frequent complication in very low birth weight infants. Infants with low urinary flow rates during the first few hours after birth are at greatest risk for the development of hyperkalemia.
Rapid multivariate curve resolution applied to near real-time process monitoring with HPLC/Raman data

Abstract This paper describes a novel approach to multivariate curve resolution (MCR) for rapid resolution of low-resolution chromatographic data from complex mixtures collected using a liquid-core Raman waveguide detector. Pure spectra with individual chromatographic profiles are extracted from HPLC–Raman chromatograms. In order to accurately and quickly extract the pure components, the data must be resolved by a series of smaller analyses and then recombined to form whole chromatograms. Discrete segments of individual resolved chemical and spectral features are combined based on correlation coefficients calculated across segments of the chromatogram. The method described here differs from traditional MCR by applying a series of small local models where the rank of each limited data segment can be more readily determined. The piecewise method also is much faster than a traditional MCR analysis of the full data set by requiring fewer iterations in an alternating least-squares optimization. The resulting estimated spectral profiles are highly correlated to pure analyte spectra making this an excellent method for rapid qualitative analysis for the identification of chemical species separated via low-resolution chromatography.
Bolivia: Land Of Struggle

Diversity of land, people and culture early history the pre-Columbian, colonial and republican eras contemporary history the Chaco War to the Revolution (1930-1952) the Bolivian National Revolution and the political system post-revolutionary society post-revolutionary economy Bolivia's external relations.
Algorithm and average-value bounds for assignment problems

A new suboptimal intermediate-speed algorithm which use n2 In n steps is developed for the assignment problem. Upper and lower bounds are derived, using this algorithm and other methods, for the average values of three classes of n × n assignment problems: 1. When the elements of the matrix are random numbers uniformly distributed over the range 0 to 1, the average optimal value is smaller than 2.37 and larger than 1 for problems with large n. Experimentally the value is about 1.6. 2. When the elements of the matrix are random numbers such that the probability of being less than x is xk+1 (k ≠ 0), asymptotic expressions for the upper and lower bounds of the average optimal value are Cknk/(k+1) and Ck[(k+1)/k]nk/(k+1) respectively. 3. When each column of the matrix is a random permutation of the integers 1 to n, asymptotic upper and lower bounds are 2.37n and 1.54n, respectively. Experimentally the value is about 1.8n.
Plasma total cholesterol in psychiatric patients after a suicide attempt and in follow-up.

Abstract Background Low plasma total cholesterol (TC) levels have been found in subjects after a suicide attempt in most studies. Other studies question these results because of possible influences on TC of somatic effects due to the attempt (drugs, somatic trauma, hospitalization), or nutritional habits and physical activity before attempt, especially in patients with depression. Methods To address this issue, TC levels were estimated in 51 subjects on admission to psychiatric clinic after a suicide attempt, as well as later in follow-up when patients were back in their normal activities. Patients were evaluated for suicide intent (SIS), aggression, and severity of depression (BDI). Results A small (7% in the mean) but statistically significant increase in plasma cholesterol levels was observed in samples taken in follow-up compared to samples after attempt. However, TC levels of patients were significantly lower than controls in both assessments. There were no differences in TC between violent and non-violent attempters, either after attempt or in follow-up. In the subgroup of patients with major affective disorder, TC levels were lower compared to age-matched controls in both assessments, although patients showed significant reductions in BDI score in follow-up. In this subgroup, TC levels after attempt correlated negatively to SIS score. Conclusions TC levels in psychiatric patients after a suicide attempt are lower than healthy controls and remain low in follow-up, independently from the severity of psychopathology. The results support the role of plasma total cholesterol as a biological risk factor in suicidal behavior, especially in affective patients.
A controlled longitudinal 5-year follow-up study of children at high and low risk for panic disorder and major depression.

Background. To evaluate the longitudinal course of psychiatric disorders in children of parents with panic disorder (PD) and major depression (MD) as they transition through the period of risk from childhood into adolescence.Method. Over a 5-year follow-up, we compared psychiatric disorders in four groups of children: (1) offspring of parents with PD plus MD (n=136); (2) offspring of parents with PD without MD (n=27); (3) offspring of parents with MD but without PD (n=53); and (4) offspring of non-PD non-MD parents (n=103).Results. Parental PD was significantly associated with increased risk for anxiety disorders, irrespective of parental MD. Parental MD was associated with increased risk for MD, disruptive behavior disorders, and deficits in psychosocial functioning, irrespective of parental PD.Conclusions. These longitudinal findings confirm and extend previous cross-sectional results documenting significant associations between PD and MD in parents and patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in their offspring.
Ciliate evolution: the ribosomal phylogenies of the tetrahymenine ciliates.

We have assembled and analyzed nucleotide sequences for several different rRNA components from tetrahymenine ciliates. These include previously published and some new 5S and 5.8S rRNAs for a total of 18 species. We also report sequences for some 30 species obtained by primer extension analysis of a region near the 5′ end of the 23S rRNAs (region 580). Phylogenetic trees have been constructed for these species, utilizing heuristics (shifting ditypic site analysis) described in a companion paper. The trees based on these sequences are consistent with each other and with those based on longer sequences of the 17S rRNA. They show the tetrahymenines to consist of a number of distinctive clusters of species. The clusters (ribosets) are homogeneous with respect to certain life history characteristics, especially the mode of mating type determination, but are inhomogeneous with respect to some morphological and life history features, such as cyst formation and adaptations to parasitism or carnivory. Using the same molecular data, we also begin to explore the relationships of the tetrahymenines to some other ciliate taxa and to some other protists.
Modulation of the hypothermic and hyperglycaemic effects of 8-OH-DPAT by α2-adrenoceptor antagonists

1. The effects of pretreatment with two novel and relatively specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists on the hypothermic and hyperglycaemic responses induced by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were investigated in mice. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists used were, atipamezole, which occupies both central and peripheral receptors, and L 659,066, which poorly penetrates the blood brain barrier. 2. Atipamezole (1 and 3 mg kg-1) alone had no effect on body temperature but significantly attenuated the 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermic response. The hyperglycaemic effect of 8-OH-DPAT was also attenuated by pretreatment with atipamezole; however, 3 mg kg-1 atipamezole did cause some hypoglycaemia when administered alone. 3. Pretreatment with L 659,066 (3-30 mg kg-1) failed to alter the hypothermic effects of 8-OH-DPAT. All doses of L 659,066 tested attenuated 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperglycaemia, but the highest dose (30 mg kg-1) produced hypoglycaemia when administered alone. 4. The results suggest that the attenuation of 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia by alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist may be centrally mediated whereas the blockade of 8-OH-DPAT-induced hyperglycaemia may involve peripheral mechanisms.
SONOGRAPHIC STAGING OF ANTERIOR URETHRAL STRICTURES

Purpose:: Although radiographic retrograde urethrography has traditionally been the gold standard for imaging the anterior urethra, sonourethrography has proved to be precise and effective for evaluating urethral strictures. We review the evolution of sonourethrography and demonstrate its practical contemporary applications.Materials and Methods:: We performed literature reviews on MEDLINE and chart reviews of our patient records from 1988 to 1998.Results:: Sonourethrography measures stricture length in the bulbar urethra more accurately than conventional retrograde urethrography. Spongiofibrosis is manifested sonographically by a lack of urethral distensibility during retrograde instillation of saline solution. Posterior shadowing is noted in severe posttraumatic cases. Sonographic staging before treatment of complex or reoperative anterior strictures elucidates complicating features, such as calculi, urethral hair, false passage and stent encrustation.Conclusions:: Sonographic staging of anterior urethr...
Inhibition of solid tumor formation by prior immunization with formalized neoplastic spleen extracts.

SummaryOffspring of mice inoculated during pregnancy with a Rauscher virus vaccine prepared from neoplastic spleen cell extracts were resistant to challenge with cells rendered myxonbrosarcomatous by transformation in vitro with the Rauscher virus. Offspring of mice similarly inoculated with normal spleen cell extracts showed no such resistance. The results suggest that cells transformed to a myxonbrosarcomatous pattern of growth by infection with the Rauscher leukemia virus in vitro share a specific antigen with spleen cell extracts rendered neoplastic by the same virus in vivo. The possible significance of the relationship between leukemia induction by the Rauscher virus in vivo and myxofibrosarcomatous transformation of cells by the same virus in vitro is discussed.
Academic Performance among At-Risk Children: The Role of Developmentally Appropriate Practices.

Abstract This research examined the effect of developmentally appropriate teaching practices on the academic achievement of kindergarten and first grade children attending urban schools. One hundred-thirteen mostly African American and Hispanic children participating in the Head Start/Public School Transition Project were tested with three subscales from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (Woodcock & Johnson, 1990) . Developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) were assessed in 28 classrooms by using the Assessment Profile for Early Childhood Programs: Research Version (Abbott-Shim & Sibley, 1992) . Based on scores from the Assessment Profile, classrooms were divided into two levels (lower DAP and moderate DAP). A 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 repeated measures MANOVA indicated significant main effects for grade and semester and significant two-way interactions for grade × semester and DAP level × semester. Sex was not a significant variable. The results indicate that achievement was significantly higher in the more developmentally appropriate classrooms for letter/word identification and applied problems over time and suggests that developmentally appropriate practices can improve children’s achievement in urban settings.
Brain resection for exposure of deep extracerebral and paraventricular lesions

In exposing deep extracerebral or paraventricular lesions, it sometimes may be preferable to resect a small amount of noneloquent brain tissue rather than retract the brain. This may be the case in carefully selected instances when, in the surgeon's estimate, brain retraction may result in significant parenchymal damage, in aneurysmal rupture, or in damage to important bridging veins. Some surgical approaches involving brain resection have been well described. This technical note discusses the following approaches that, though undoubtedly used by many surgeons sporadically, have received less formal attention: (1) anterior-inferior temporal resection for basilar aneurysms, (2) posterior-inferior temporal resection to approach the posterior incisura and avoid damage to the vein of Labbe, (3) parahippocampal resection to expose the posterior cerebral artery in the ambient cistern, (4) paramedial posterior parietal incision to approach the trigone of the lateral ventricle, (5) parasagittal resection to expose the interhemispheric fissure and avoid damage to bridging veins, (6) cingulate resection for pericallosal aneurysms, and (7) tonsillar resection for aneurysms of the peripheral portion of the posterior-inferior cerebellar arteries.
Dental considerations for the paediatric AIDS/HIV patient

HIV infection and AIDS are spreading rapidly among the world's children, especially among African-American and Hispanic children in the USA, and those in developing countries. Although recent research has identified several ways of preventing perinatal transmission of HIV, most of these methods are too expensive for widespread use in developing countries, where the epidemic is most severe. Oral manifestations are early and common clinical indicators of HIV infection and progression in children, as in adults, although the specific manifestations differ between adults and children. Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common sign of HIV infection in children and is significantly associated with markers of HIV disease progression. Other common oral manifestations in children include herpes simplex, linear gingival erythema, parotid enlargement and recurrent aphthous ulceration. Further research is needed on the ways in which oral manifestations can be used as predictors of disease progression; on the impact of the limited availability of health care for impoverished families who are disproportionately affected by HIV infection; and on supportive care and its impact on infected children's quality of life.
The development of nuchal atonia associated with active (REM) sleep in fetal sheep: presence of recurrent fractal organization.

The behavioral state of active or rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is dominant during fetal life and may play an important role in brain development. One marker of this state in fetal sheep is neck nuchal muscle atonia (NA). We observed burst within burst NA patterns suggestive of recurrent fractal organization in continuous 13 day in utero recordings of NA during the third trimester. Consistent with fractal renewal processes, the cumulative mean and standard deviation (SD) diverged over this time and the tail of NA distributions fit a stable Levy law with exponents that remained invariant over the periods of development examined. The Hurst exponent, a measure of self-affine fractals, indicated that long-range correlations among NA intervals were present throughout development. A conserved complex fractal structure is apparent in NA which may help elucidate ambiguities in defining fetal states as well as some unique properties of fetal REMS.
Immature rabbit hippocampus is damaged by systemic but not intraventricular kainic acid

Abstract Intraventricular injection of kainic acid produced a characteristic necrosis in the hippocampal CA3 region of adult rabbits. Neurons in immature rabbit hippocampus were relatively insensitive to the intraventricular neurotoxin, even though these injections caused seizures. In contrast, the immature hippocampus was highly sensitive to kainate delivered systemically. Systemic kainate preferentially killed neurons in the CA1 region, not the CA3 region, of immature animals. Kainate injections also caused cellular damage in brain regions other than hippocampus. In immature rabbits, the pattern of extra-hippocampal damage was similar regardless of the route of kainate delivery. This pattern of extra-hippocampal damage was distinctly different than that seen in adults following intraventricular kainate. These data suggest that kainate-induced damage in the CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus are mediated by different mechanisms. Furthermore, the dissimilar patterns of extra-hippocampal damage in immature and adult rabbits suggest that mature and immature animals have differential sensitivity to kainate, different types of kainate binding sites, and/or different distributions of kainate receptors.
Heat transfer across turbulent, incompressible boundary layers

Abstract The paper contains a survey of the present status of knowledge concerning the transfer of heat by forced convection across incompressible turbulent boundary layers. The foundations of the semi-empirical theory are examined from first principles and the limitations of the theory are carefully noted. Elementary theories are described and an outline of D.B. Spalding's mathematically exact theory is given. The limiting cases of very high and very low Prandtl numbers are discussed. Finally, an outline of W. V. R. Malkus' theory of turbulent processes is sketched. A conscientious attempt has been made to clarify all physical assumptions, to identify the major fundamental problems which require attention and to indicate directions in which the semi-empirical theory can be extended.
A Novel Mode of Polymerization of α1-Proteinase Inhibitor

Patients homozygous for the Z mutant form of α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) have an increased risk for the development of liver disease because of the accumulation in hepatocytes of inclusion bodies containing linear polymers of mutant α1-PI. The most widely accepted model of polymerization proposes that a linear, head-to-tail polymer forms by sequential insertion of the reactive center loop (RCL) of one α1-PI monomer between the central strands of the A β-sheet of an adjacent monomer. This model derives primarily from two observations: peptides that are homologous with the RCL insert into the A β-sheet of α1-PI monomer and this insertion prevents α1-PI polymerization. Normal α1-PI monomer does not spontaneously polymerize; however, here we show that the disulfide-linked dimer of normal α1-PI spontaneously forms linear polymers in buffer. The monomers within this dimer are joined head-to-head. Thus, the arrangement of monomers in these polymers must be different from that predicted by the loop-A sheet model. Therefore, we propose a new model for α1-PI polymer. In addition, polymerization of disulfide-linked dimer is not inhibited by the presence of the peptide even though dimer appears to interact with the peptide. Thus, RCL insertion into A β-sheets may not occur during polymerization of this dimer.
Thermal transport properties in a 3He4He mixture near and below the superfluid transition

Abstract Measurements of the thermal conductivity and of ∇ X /∇ T are reported for a 3 He 4 He mixture with a 3 He mole fraction X = 0.622. At T λ , ∇ X /∇ T passes through a sharp peak. A comparison with the theory of Khalatnikov is presented. The relaxation times τ( T ) to reach steady state conditions show qualitatively the same behaviors as ∇ X /∇ T .
Changing the Internal Medicine Residency

Excerpt To the editor:Annalshas been generous in contributing educational and scientific data on nutrition and internal medicine. I write to express concern that the proposed changes in internal me...
A Comparison of the Phonic Decoding Ability of Normal and Learning Disabled Children

Twenty pairs of children from normal class placements (mean age = 8.0 years) and a learning disability program (mean age = 10.3 years) were matched on reading level, as measured by a test of basal word recognition, and on IQ. All children were tested on phonetically regular real and nonsense words to determine if the learning disabled children would have relative difficulty on tasks that measure the use of letter sounds in decoding. The normal readers were able to read significantly more regular real words and nonsense words than were the LD children. It is concluded that reading disabled children experience specific difficulty in learning to use the phonetic code to unlock unknown words. It is suggested that this deficiency interferes with the normal development of a child's reading vocabulary and is, therefore, an important causal factor in reading disorders. Implications of the results for corrective intervention are discussed briefly.
Rapid Accumulation of Endogenous Tau Oligomers in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury: POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND SPORADIC TAUOPATHIES *

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious problem that affects millions of people in the United States alone. Multiple concussions or even a single moderate to severe TBI can also predispose individuals to develop a pathologically distinct form of tauopathy-related dementia at an early age. No effective treatments are currently available for TBI or TBI-related dementia; moreover, only recently has insight been gained regarding the mechanisms behind their connection. Here, we used antibodies to detect oligomeric and phosphorylated Tau proteins in a non-transgenic rodent model of parasagittal fluid percussion injury. Oligomeric and phosphorylated Tau proteins were detected 4 and 24 h and 2 weeks post-TBI in injured, but not sham control rats. These findings suggest that diagnostic tools and therapeutics that target only toxic forms of Tau may provide earlier detection and safe, more effective treatments for tauopathies associated with repetitive neurotrauma. Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to the development tauopathy-related dementia. Results: Rapid formation of oligomeric and phosphorylated Tau proteins in a rodent model for TBI. Conclusion: TBI triggers the formation of Tau oligomers, which may represent a link between TBI and sporadic tauopathies. Significance: The results suggest that targeting Tau oligomers may be useful for the prevention of dementia following TBI.
Use of Carbon Monoxide Packaging for Improving the Shelf Life of Pork

: Effects of carbon monoxide in modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP-CO) for pork were investigated. Eighty pork loins (40 injected, 40 uninjected) were used to evaluate color, microbial growth, rancidity, purge, and sensory quality of pork chops in 4 packaging environments (aerobic-overwrap, vacuum, MAP without CO, and MAP-CO). Treatments were evaluated during 36 d of refrigerated storage. Overall Hunter a values were significantly (P < 0.001) greater in MAP-CO (11.25) than aerobic (6.93) packages. Sensory color values (100 point scale) were also greater for chops in MAP-CO (85.91) than aerobic (62.47) packages. However, MAP-CO did not reduce purge loss. Results showed that CO significantly improved color stability and sensory panel scores for both injected and noninjected pork chops.
Managing mental illness at home

Abstract In the next two issues we will be exploring practice issues associated with psychiatric home nursing services. Part I presents issues associated with implementation of psychiatric nursing service. Part II, in the July/August issue, will provide clinical practice guidelines.
Management of the Neurogenic Bladder in the Female Patient

Management of the female patient with neurogenic bladder requires special considerations that are not seen with many male neurogenic bladder patients. Because of the unique challenges that certain women present, a disproportionate number of women end up with an indwelling catheter or continuously leak urine into a diaper. Other options for bladder management include anticholinergics, intravesical botulinum toxin A, intermittent catheterization and reconstruction, which, when used appropriately, can lead to significant improvements in urinary continence, quality of life, and patient independence. This article reviews the various options available today as well as several potential therapies that may be available in the future.
Security and privacy in emerging wireless networks [Invited Paper]

Wireless communication is continuing to make inroads into many facets of society and is gradually becoming more and more ubiquitous. While in the past wireless communication (as well as mobility) was largely limited to the first and last transmission hops, today's wireless networks are starting to offer purely wireless, often mobile, and even opportunistically connected operation. The purpose of this article is to examine security and privacy issues in some new and emerging types of wireless networks, and attempt to identify directions for future research.
Charge Symmetry Violations in the GIM Model

2 1iw~0.4. The implied charge-symmetry viola­ tion is examined. The strange and charmed quark content of the nucleon is estimated. Contributions o£ charmed particle production to the neutrino and antineutrino cross sections are estimated. allo·w the calculation of the Weinberg angle above the threshold for production of charmed particles. The calculation of the Weinberg angle below this threshold is not possible directly. We must make certain simplifying assumptions, discussed in § 3 below, before solving. The detailed expressions for the structure functions allow us to examine whether or not charge symmetry holds for the various struc­ ture functions. Of course, we expect violations of order 5% below threshold from
The pathophysiology of penicillamine‐induced myasthenia gravis

The temporal course and pathophysiology of penicillamine-induced myasthenia gravis were studied in detail in a typical case. Our results suggest that this disorder and idiopathic autoimmune myasthenia gravis share the same essential pathophysiological features, including the presence of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody, serum-induced blockade of AChRs, antibody-mediated accelerated degradation of AChRs, and a resultant quantitative reduction in available junctional AChRs. An initial severe reduction in junctional AChRs was reversed and the patient recovered, both within 8 months of stopping penicillamine. Our data suggest that penicillamine probably produced myasthenia gravis by initiating a new autoimmune response rather than by enhancing ongoing autoimmunity.
I Can Already Guess Your Answer: Predicting Respondent Reactions during Dyadic Negotiation

Negotiation is a component deeply ingrained in our daily lives, and it can be challenging for a person to predict the respondent's reaction (acceptance or rejection) to a negotiation offer. In this work, we focus on finding acoustic and visual behavioral cues that are predictive of the respondent's immediate reactions using a face-to-face negotiation dataset, which consists of 42 dyadic interactions in a simulated negotiation setting. We show our results of exploring four different sources of information, namely nonverbal behavior of the proposer, that of the respondent, mutual behavior between the interactants related to behavioral symmetry and asymmetry, and past negotiation history between the interactants. Firstly, we show that considering other sources of information (other than the nonverbal behavior of the respondent) can also have comparable performance in predicting respondent reactions. Secondly, we show that automatically extracted mutual behavioral cues of symmetry and asymmetry are predictive partially due to their capturing information of the nature of the interaction itself, whether it is cooperative or competitive. Lastly, we identify audio-visual behavioral cues that are most predictive of the respondent's immediate reactions.
Percutaneous penetration of the magnesium sulfate adduct of dipyrithione in man

A single dose of the 14C-labeled magnesium sulfate adduct of 2,2′-dithio-bis-pyridine-1-oxide, using 4, 12 or 40 μg/cm2 per site, was applied (8-hr contact time) to the forearm, fore-head, and scalp of human volunteers. The urinary excretion of 14C was quantitated over the 5-day study period. Skin penetration data was corrected for incomplete urinary recovery using data obtained from iv studies. The results obtained in this study indicated that as the concentration (μg/cm2) increased, more was absorbed and that skin permeability for equivalent doses (μg/cm2) on different anatomic sites assumed the following order: forehead = scalp > forearm.
A benzodiazepine derivative and praziquantel: effects on musculature of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum

The benzodiazepine derivative (Ro 11-3128) which has central nervous effects similar to other benzodiazepines, and praziquantel (PZ), are two new antischistosomal drugs. At low concentrations these drugs will produce a marked spastic paralysis of male Schistosoma mansoni musculature. An analysis of the action of these drugs on the parasite's musculature shows that Ro 11-3128 and PZ produced a rapid rise in the tension of the musculature of male schistomomes. Various compounds known to interact with the schistosome's neuroreceptive sites did not block or potentiate the action of these drugs. Removal of Ca2+ or addition of Mg2+ to the incubation medium blocked the action of these drugs on the schistosome's musculature. Uptake studies of inorganic cations by male schistosome's indicate that Ro 11-3128 and PZ decrease the influx of K+ but stimulate the influx of Ca2+ and Na+ into the male schistosome. It is suggested that this interference with inorganic ion transport mechanisms causes the contraction of the schistosome musculature.
The Genetic Architecture of Alopecia Areata

A major impetus to initiating the Human Genome Project was the belief that information encoded in the human genome would "accelerate progress in understanding disease pathogenesis and in developing new approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in many areas of medicine". Alopecia areata (AA) is a notable example of how understanding the genetic basis of a disease can have an impact on the care of patients in a relatively short time. Our first genome-wide association study in AA identified an initial set of common variants that increase risk of AA, some of which are shared with other autoimmune diseases. Thus, there has already been rapid progress in the translation of this information into new therapeutic strategies for patients, as drugs are already on the market for some of these disorders that can now be tested in AA. Informed by the progress achieved with genetic studies for mechanistically aligned autoimmune diseases, we are poised to carry this work forward and interrogate the underlying disease mechanisms in AA. Importantly, future genetic studies aimed at identifying additional susceptibility genes will further establish the foundation for the application of precision medicine in the care of AA patients.
Insight into the Nonlinear Absorbance of Two Related Series of Two-Photon Absorbing Chromophores

A comprehensive photophysical study of the linear and nonlinear absorption properties has been carried out on two series of two-photon absorbing dyes to gain insight into how structure-property relationships influence observed nonlinear absorption. The materials studied consist of an electron accepting benzothiazole group connected to an electron donating diphenylamine via a fluorene bridging group. Two series differ from each other by the addition of one phenyl group and for each series one-arm (dipolar, AF240 and AF270), two-arm (quadrupolar, AF287 and AF295), and three-arm (octupolar, AF350 and AF380) versions were studied. Overall the AF240 series exhibits higher intrinsic two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections than the AF270 series as well as enhanced nanosecond nonlinear absorption, with an increase with number of branches. The enhanced nanosecond nonlinearity is understood by taking into account the contribution from the singlet and triplet excited states and was verified by a two-photon assisted excited-state absorption model that satisfactorily predicts the nonlinear absorption of the chromophores.
Lipid reorganization in biological membranes. A study by fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy

The first application of infrared difference spectroscopy to the study of a natural biological membrane is described. Perdeuterated palmitic acid was incorporated biosynthetically into the lipids of the plasma membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii and the temperature-induced structural rearrangement of the endogenous lipids monitored via their C2H vibrational modes. Changes in infrared parameters were studied between 0 and 50°C and contrasted with those occurring in the model membrane system of 1,2-diperdeuteropalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The phase transition of the biomembrane occurs over a 20°C range with the temperature of the maximum rate of change of absorbance coinciding with that of the sharp phase transition of the model membrane.
The uses of family treatment in the understanding of narcissistic personality disorders

traumas. We are concerned with patients whose defects in ego functioning result from disturbed relations between the self and the external object world in that period of life when ego boundaries are being defined and refined. Various authors have discussed the developmental sequences of "normal narcissism." Mahler, (1968) has defined in exquisite detail the process of separation and individuation that results in the definition of the self, the establishment of ego boundaries, and the final recognition of the significant "other" as a stable external object image. When the stable but differentiated "other" is established as separate from the self, it allows for the development of reality testing and leads to a continuing refinement of ego boundaries. Jacobson has described the blurring of ego boundaries and the loss of reality testing that may occur when the relationship with the significant early object is one of severe deprivation or marked frustration.
Relationship of somatic cell counts in goat milk to mastitis and productivity

Abstract This review covers research since the Symposium at Bella, Italy, in 1994, and as published in three major dairy research journals. It examines in particular non-pathological influences on somatic cell counts (SCCs) levels as they are unique for goat milk and different from cow milk in order to aid towards progress for establishing equitable quality standards for goat and sheep milk. Different testing equipment and procedures are of variable reliability and applicability to goat milk, unless appropriate correction factors and calibration with goat milk are used. The only reliable method for arbitration seems to be the pyronin Y-methyl green stain. Culturing goat milk samples indicated that in commercial goat herds the variation in SCC can be as much as 90% due to non-infectious factors, and a correlation with standard plate counts of bacteria may be only at r=0.44. Among pathogens found in goat udders, Staphylococcus aureus seems to cause higher levels of SCC than coagulase negative staphylococci. Prevalence of pathogenic species in different herds varies between S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and coagulase negative staphylococci. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils predominate in goat milk and at higher levels than in cow milk under non-infectious conditions. Histopathological sections of goat udders with high SCC showed absence of mastitic conditions and that healthy goat udders can have high SCC levels normally. Stage of lactation always influences SCC. In contrast to cow milk tests, a single SCC test in goat milk has little value unless stage of lactation and parity is incorporated. Curvilinear and linear regressions have been calculated for the prediction of SCC versus stage of lactation. Estrus may also elevate SCC, but definitive studies in goats are lacking. Goat milk samples before, during and after milking differ significantly in SCC. Hand milking may cause higher SCC than machine milking, but studies have been inconclusive. The few studies of effects of SCC on productivity of goat milk, cheese and yoghurt have been inconclusive so far, partly because the incidence of subclinical and clinical infections in goat udders is less than in cow udders, and any risk of antibiotic contamination is also less. Different threshold levels have been proposed for SCC, but their predictive value of udder infections has been very variable.
Spectroscopic standard for tetrahedrally coordinated ferric iron: γ LiAlO 2 :Fe 3+

γ LiAlO2 doped with Fe3+ in the tetrahedral site has been examined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis, and Mossbauer and optical spectroscopy. The isomer shift (IS) is −0.026 mm/s (Fe-Pd); the quadrupole splitting (QS) is 0.62 mm/s. Anisotropic optical absorption is prominent at ∼391, 452, and 463 nm. The K-edge absorption spectrum shows a prominent absorption near 7,113 ev typical of tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+.
Cloning and functional expression of rKCNQ2 K+ channel from rat brain

Abstract By homologue cloning, we have isolated a cDNA encoding a voltage-gated K+ channel, rKCNQ2, from a rat brain cDNA library using RACE. The open reading frame of the translated protein comprises 852 amino acids with 6 transmembrane segments and a pore motif between S5 and S6. rKCNQ2 shares 96% amino acid identity with human KCNQ2 in which mutations cause a form of epilepsy known as benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC). Northern blotting with a rKCNQ2-specific probe revealed a robust single band of 8.6-kb transcript expressed in brain not in other tissues. Functional expression of rKCNQ2 in an HEK 293 cell line by whole-cell current recording and in Xenopus oocytes by two-electrode voltage clamp showed outward K+ selective currents that displayed delayed rectifier-type kinetics. The G–V curve, fitted with a Boltzmann function, showed voltage dependence of activation with a threshold of activation approximately −60 mV. The rKCNQ2 currents were sensitive to TEA block with a Ki of 0.1 mM. In addition, rKCNQ2 currents were down-regulated upon exposure of cells to either a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein or a Src-like tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A. Our findings add a rodent member to the KCNQ channel subfamily, providing new information of the channel modulation, and will facilitate generation of rodent models of epilepsy.