cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Area and International Studies: Archaeology

Archaeology straddles the realms of the humantities and the social sciences and includes in its toolkit a large array of methods borrowed from the hard sciences. Becausse of the latter, it is sometimes considered a scientific discipline that is capable of objectively elucidating long-term historical developments and relationships of human communities and their cultures. Yet the interpretation of archarological evidence relies heavily on conceptual frameworks and assumptions formed within particular social and political contexts. Since perceptions of the past are universally invoked as explanations of the present and as justification for contemporary social and political behavior, archaeological research and interpretation become an important arena for political contest. This is evidenced in colonial archaeological studies, the interpretations of archaeologists working under the influence of major social and political philosophies such as Nazism or communism, the use of archaeology in promoting nationalist agendas, and the important role archaeology plays in defining national identity in postcolonial states. Within the field of areas studies, archaeology assumes, therefore, a dual role: as a venue for understanding long-term cultural continuities and discontinuities within a region, and as a subject for reflexive study in the exploration of contemporary cultural, social, and political dynamics.
Mononuclear Fe(I) and Fe(II) Acetylene Adducts and their Reductive Protonation to Terminal Fe(IV) and Fe(V) Carbynes

The activity of nitrogenase enzymes, which catalyze the conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen to bioavailable ammonia, is most commonly assayed by the reduction of acetylene gas to ethylene. Despite the practical importance of acetylene as a substrate, little is known concerning its binding or activation in the iron-rich active site. "Fischer-Tropsch" type coupling of non-native C1 substrates to higher-order C≥2 products is also known for nitrogenase, though potential metal-carbon multiply bonded intermediates remain underexplored. Here we report the activation of acetylene gas at a mononuclear tris(phosphino)silyl-iron center, (SiP3)Fe, to give Fe(I) and Fe(II) side-on adducts, including S = 1/2 FeI(η2-HCCH); the latter is characterized by pulse EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Reductive protonation reactions with these compounds converge at stable examples of unusual, formally iron(IV) and iron(V) carbyne complexes, as in diamagnetic (SiP3)Fe≡CCH3 and the paramagnetic cation S = 1/2 [(SiP3)Fe≡CCH3]+. Both alkylcarbyne compounds possess short Fe-C triple bonds (approximately 1.7 A) trans to the anchoring silane. Pulse EPR experiments, X-band ENDOR and HYSCORE, reveal delocalization of the iron-based spin onto the α-carbyne nucleus in carbon p-orbitals. Furthermore, isotropic coupling of the distal β-CH3 protons with iron indicates hyperconjugation with the spin/hole character on the Fe≡CCH3 unit. The electronic structures of (SiP3)Fe≡CCH3 and [(SiP3)Fe≡CCH3]+ are discussed in comparison to previously characterized, but heterosubstituted, iron carbynes, as well as a hypothetical nitride species, (SiP3)Fe≡N. Such comparisons are germane to the consideration of formally high-valent, multiply bonded Fe≡C and/or Fe≡N intermediates in synthetic or biological catalysis by iron.
Radiology Case 5

A buckle fracture, also known as a torus fracture, is an incomplete fracture seen in skeletally immature patients. It usually involves the metaphysis. The most common locations include the distal radius and ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, and tibia. Buckle fractures are caused by focal compression of the cortex by an axial load. Pediatric bones have higher water content than adult bones, which allows them to buckle instead of break (Manaster et al. Musculoskeletal imaging: the requisites. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2013).
Work systems analysis of sterile processing: decontamination

Background Few studies have explored the work of sterile processing departments (SPD) from a systems perspective. Effective decontamination is critical for removing organic matter and reducing microbial levels from used surgical instruments prior to disinfection or sterilisation and is delivered through a combination of human work and supporting technologies and processes. Objective In this paper we report the results of a work systems analysis that sought to identify the complex multilevel interdependencies that create performance variation in decontamination and identify potential improvement interventions. Methods The research was conducted at a 700-bed academic hospital with two reprocessing facilities decontaminating approximately 23 000 units each month. Mixed methods, including 56 hours of observations of work as done, formal and informal interviews with relevant stakeholders and analysis of data collected about the system, were used to iteratively develop a process map, task analysis, abstraction hierarchy and a variance matrix. Results We identified 21 different performance shaping factors, 30 potential failures, 16 types of process variance, and 10 outcome variances in decontamination. Approximately 2% of trays were returned to decontamination from assembly, while decontamination problems were found in about 1% of surgical cases. Staff knowledge, production pressures, instrument design, tray composition and workstation design contributed to outcomes such as reduced throughput, tray defects, staff injuries, increased inventory and equipment costs, and patient injuries. Conclusions Ensuring patients and technicians’ safety and efficient SPD operation requires improved design of instruments and the decontamination area, skilled staff, proper equipment maintenance and effective coordination of reprocessing tasks.
Small Business Internet Use and Strategic Flexibility

Research on SME Internet use has focused almost exclusively on factors leading to the adoption of Internet technologies. In this study, we focus on the potentially valuable connection between Internet use and strategic flexibility. Specifically, we propose that Internet use for communications will promote greater strategic flexibility for the small firm, but only in a dynamic environment. The results, based on a sample of 160 small Midwest companies, largely support this hypothesis. Environmental dynamism was found to moderate the relationship between Internet use for communications and strategic flexibility. Use of the Internet for communications was found to be positively and significantly related to strategic flexibility in a dynamic environment. As expected, dynamism did not moderate the relationship between Internet use for transactions and strategic flexibility. These findings hold implications for future research and for managers of small firms attempting to effectively leverage the Internet for competitive advantage.
Chapter 38 – Satellite Encryption

According to industry analysts, more than 4,500 satellites will be in orbit by the year 2016. The implications of the continuing boom in satellites are revolutionary for those who did not have access to secure encrypted data in remote locations around the world. This chapter discusses how encryption algorithms will play a key role in the next stage of development for advanced virtual satellite systems that promise to replace monolithic satellites with clusters of wirelessly-interconnectd satellite modules. In addition to satellite encryption use by commercial organizations and governments, this chapter presents the implementation of a secure encrypted wireless environment encompassing direct satellite communications and land-based communications links. An information assurance/cybersecurity architecture that supports the sharing of common resources across multiple payloads/users at multiple encryption levels is also covered. In addition, the following are also coverered: The role of satellite encryption technology trends with regards to the pace that the national cryptography policy must keep up with; the political environment; and, the significant changes in the post-Cold War environment that call attention to the need for and the impact a cryptography policy would have domestically and internationally. Furthermore, the book describes the instruments and goals of the current U.S. satellite encryption policy and some of the issues raised by current policy. In general, the chapter covers the development, implementation and management of advanced satellite encryption options and strategies that will forever change how organizations do business now and in the foreseeable future. Also, the chapter discusses the misuse of satellite encryption technology by the government; the international community; international and domestic terrorist organizations; and, domestic and international criminal organizations. The chapter further evaluates enlarging the space of possible satellite encryption policy options, and offers findings and recommendations. This chapter will leave little doubt that a new world infrastructure in the area of encrypted satellite communications is about to be constructed. The text will benefit organizations and governments, as well as their advanced citizens. For the disadvantaged regions of the world, however, advanced satellite encryption communications could be one of those rare technological events that enable traditional societies to leap ahead and long-dormant economies to flourish in security.
Anticoagulation Strategies in the Management of Lemierre Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature:

ObjectiveTo determine the optimal anticoagulation strategy in patients diagnosed with Lemierre Syndrome (LS).Data SourcesA systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines was conducted using...
The Temple of Athena and the Return of the Salmon: Orientations toward Nature and Meaning in Salishan/Sahaptin/Wakashan (Northwest American Indigenous) and Heideggerian Philosophy.

In Origin of the Work of Art, Heidegger presents an evocative claim about the way the Temple to Athena on the Acropolis, opens a world rich with meaning and resonant with significance that orients the Athenian people within reality thus allowing their relations to others and to nature to appear as meaningful and ultimately nourishing. In other words, the Temple, like all great works of art, opens a world that is also a home. This article reviews the import of Heidegger’s reflection on monumental art, but we quickly turn to the principle objection to Heidegger’s thought, which is that the entire venture by which an artistic, religious, or poetic event organizes a world for “a people” is fundamentally illegitimate because of the way it binds individuals to an identity that outgroups the “foreigners” that do not belong to this identity and thus marginalizes them.This objection is a central motivating force for liberalism, and since World War II, and particularly since the fall of the Soviet Union, has been almost hegemonic in many strands of philosophical thought and the globalized culture more widely. Thus, we see that the objection against Heidegger is primarily ethical and political and concerns not only his philosophy but the central and inter-related phenomenological ideas of the horizon, Lebenswelt, and the world—and thus the very relation of phenomenology itself—to contemporary ethical-political thinking. But because the objections are so strongly rooted in motivations, our phenomenological inquiry into the ‘world’ will have to be supplemented by recourse to hermeneutics.
Sphingobacterium phlebotomi sp. nov., a new member of family Sphingobacteriaceae isolated from sand fly rearing substrate.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic bacterium, designated type strain SSI9T, was isolated from sand fly (Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli; Diptera: Psychodidae) rearing substrate and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Strain SSI9T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as a major polar lipid, MK-7 as the predominant quinone, and C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that SSI9T represents a member of the genus Sphingobacterium , of the family Sphingobacteriaceae sharing 96.5–88.0 % sequence similarity with other species of the genus Sphingobacterium . The results of multilocus sequence analysis using the concatenated sequences of the housekeeping genes recA, rplC and groL indicated that SSI9T formed a separate branch in the genus Sphingobacterium . The genome of SSI9T is 5 197 142 bp with a DNA G+C content of 41.8 mol% and encodes 4395 predicted coding sequences, 49 tRNAs, and three complete rRNAs and two partial rRNAs. SSI9T could be distinguished from other species of the genus Sphingobacterium with validly published names by several phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics. On the basis of the results of this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, the bacterial isolate represents a novel species within the genus Sphingobacterium , for which the name Sphingobacterium phlebotomi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSI9T (=ATCC TSD-210T=LMG 31664T=NRRL B-65603T).
Enhanced Aryltetralin Lignans Production in Linum Adventi-Tious Root Cultures

Lignans are the main secondary metabolites synthetized by Linum species as plant defense molecules. They are also valuable for human health, in particular, for their potent antiviral and antineoplastic properties. In this study, the adventitious root cultures of three Linum species (L. flavum, L. mucronatum and L. dolomiticum) were developed to produce aryltetralin lignans. The effect of two elicitors, methyl jasmonate and coronatine, on aryltetralin lignans production was also evaluated. The adventitious root cultures from L. dolomiticum were obtained and analyzed for the first time and resulted as the best producer for all the aryltetralins highlighted in this system: Podophyllotoxin, 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin-7-O-β-glucoside, the last showing a productivity of 92.6 mg/g DW. The two elicitors differently affected the production of the 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin-7-O-β-glucoside.
Development and validation of a prediction model for opioid use disorder among youth.

Abstract Background Youth are vulnerable to opioid use initiation and its complications. With growing rates of opioid overdose, strategies to identify youth at risk of opioid use disorder (OUD) to efficiently focus prevention interventions are needed. This study developed and validated a prediction model of OUD in youth aged 14−18 years. Methods The model was developed in a Colorado healthcare system (derivation site) using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Model predictors and outcomes were identified using electronic health record data. The model was externally validated in a separate Denver safety net health system (validation site). Youth were followed for up to 3.5 years. We evaluated internal and external validity using discrimination and calibration. Results The derivation cohort included 76,603 youth, of whom 108 developed an OUD diagnosis. The model contained 3 predictors (smoking status, mental health diagnosis, and non-opioid substance use or disorder) and demonstrated good calibration (p = 0.90) and discrimination (bootstrap-corrected C-statistic = 0.76: 95 % CI = 0.70, 0.82). Sensitivity and specificity were 57 % and 84 % respectively with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.49 %. The validation cohort included 45,790 youth of whom, 74 developed an OUD diagnoses. The model demonstrated poorer calibration (p Conclusions In two Colorado healthcare systems, the prediction model identified 57–88 % of subsequent OUD diagnoses in youth. However, PPV
Maximum Parsimony Inference of Phylogenetic Networks in the Presence of Polyploid Complexes.

Phylogenetic networks provide a powerful framework for modeling and analyzing reticulate evolutionary histories. While polyploidy has been shown to be prevalent not only in plants but also in other groups of eukaryotic species, most work done thus far on phylogenetic network inference assumes diploid hybridization. These inference methods have been applied, with varying degrees of success, to data sets with polyploid species, even though polyploidy violates the mathematical assumptions underlying these methods. Statistical methods were developed recently for handling specific types of polyploids and so were parsimony methods that could handle polyploidy more generally yet while excluding processes such as incomplete lineage sorting. In this paper, we introduce a new method for inferring most parsimonious phylogenetic networks on data that include polyploid species. Taking gene tree topologies as input, the method seeks a phylogenetic network that minimizes deep coalescences while accounting for polyploidy. We demonstrate the performance of the method on both simulated and biological data. The inference method as well as a method for evaluating evolutionary hypotheses in the form of phylogenetic networks are implemented and publicly available in the PhyloNet software package.
Next-Generation Policing Research: Three Propositions

The Black Lives Matter movement has operated alongside a growing recognition among social scientists that policing research has been limited in its scope and outmoded in its assumptions about the nature of public safety. This essay argues that social science research on policing should reorient its conception of the field of policing, along with how the study of crime rates and police departments fit into this field. New public safety research should broaden its outcomes of interest, its objects of inquiry, and its engagement with structural racism. In this way, next-generation research on policing and public safety can respond to the deficiencies of the past and remain relevant as debates over transforming American policing continue.
A Market Basket Assessment: Prices and Availability of Healthy Foods Across SNAP-Authorized Food Outlets in Counties With High Obesity Rates in Mississippi.

INTRODUCTION The Mississippi Delta is predominantly rural and ranks among the US regions with the highest obesity rates. Throughout the US, rural and low-income communities have limited access to healthy foods. Given the interrelation between the quality of the food environment and the healthfulness of diets and obesity rates, the food environment is an important public health concern in these communities. METHODS We conducted a retail assessment in July 2019 in the Delta region of Mississippi and evaluated prices and availability of healthy foods at Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-accepting retail establishments using the validated Market Basket Assessment Tool. We used regression analysis to identify differences in prices and availability of healthy foods across food retail formats. RESULTS The healthy foods availability and quality score for convenience stores, which comprise the highest proportion of store formats in the region, was 70% lower than for supermarkets. Compared with the prices at supermarkets, the prices at convenience stores were 48% higher for grains, 35% higher for fruit and vegetables, 73% higher for meats, and 95% higher for beans, seeds, and nuts. The healthfulness of foods available at dollar stores was also lower than the healthfulness at supermarkets, but prices were generally similar. CONCLUSION The availability of supermarkets and grocery stores was limited in the study area, but the concentration of convenience stores was high. Overall, access and affordability of healthy foods were restricted in the counties studied; these findings are useful for intervention development.
Hip Flexibility of Elementary School Boys as Related to Body Segments

Abstract One hundred and fifty-eight male pupils in elementary school were measured on two hip flexibility tests and several anthropometric measures. The primary purpose was to determine the relationship among the flexibility tests in the anteroposterior plane and the selected anthropometric measures. Results indicate that: (a) no significant relationship exists between flexibility of the hip joint and length of body segments; (b) satisfactory objectivity coefficients were obtained for the flexibility tests and measures of body length; (c) examination of the extremes of the distribution of lower limb length seems to support the fact that flexibility is independent of lower limb length; (d) 46.8 percent of the subjects failed the Wells Sit and Reach Test, while 54.4 percent could not pass the Adapted Kraus-Weber Floor Touch Test.
Experimental evaluation of the CAMERA vision model

The subject of this chapter is a series of experimental tests that were designed to evaluate the CAMERA vision model. Specifically, the evaluation was intended to determine the extent to which an artificial vision system based on the model met the design objectives stated at the beginning of section 9.4. To briefly review the objectives, they stated that the vision system should be capable of being implemented for a reasonable cost, that it should be capable of recognizing relatively complex objects under a variety of conditions, and that it should recognize individual objects in under 5 seconds. The tests were also intended to test the ability of the HAVNET neural network, which is an integral part of the model, to learn and organize object representations. The series of tests, which are described in the following sections, involved the recognition of numerical digits printed black-on-white, puzzle pieces which represent states taken from a wooden puzzle of the United States, and three common three-dimensional objects, a cup, a flashlight and a wrench.
Process for the isolation of preparative quantities of [2-O-(trans-feruloyl)- α-l-arabinofuranosyl]-(1 → 5)-l-arabinofuranose from sugarbeet

Abstract Specific enzymes were used to hydrolyse sugarbeet pulp to facilitate the isolation of [2-O-(trans- feruloyl)-α- l -arabinofuranosyl]-(1 → 5)- l -arabinofuranose in preparative amounts. The feruloylated arabinose disaccharide was purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and Bio-Gel P-2 and the structure confirmed by NMR and UV spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography.
Effect of He+ and D+ Ion Beam Flux on Blister Formation in Niobium and Vanadium

The effect of incident ion beam flux on the blister formation in annealed polycrystalline niobium and vanadium has been investigated for 0.5-MeV He+ and 0.25-MeV D+ projectiles. For the He+ ions the flux was varied from 1 × 1013 ions/(cm2-sec) to 1 × 1015 ions/(cm2-sec), the targets were held at 900°C, and the total dose was varied from 0.1 to 1.0 C/cm2. For the D+ ion irradiation the flux was varied from 1 × 1014 to 1 × 1015 ions/(cm2-sec), the niobium targets were held at 700°C, and the total dose was 2.0 C/cm2. For both the helium implanted vanadium and niobium the blister density shows a stronger flux dependence than the average blister diameter. For deuteron implanted niobium the blister size increased as the flux was increased from 1 × 1014 to 1 × 1015 ions/(cm2-sec).
Pediatric overactive bladder syndrome: pathophysiology and management.

Detrusor overactivity, also known as the overactive bladder syndrome (OAB), urge syndrome, hyperactive bladder syndrome, persistent infantile bladder, and detrusor hypertonia, is the most common voiding dysfunction in children. Until recently, the concepts that had been used to dictate the management of this problem in children were based on the foundation that this was a primary bladder problem and or a delay in maturation in the nervous system of children. The expectation that children would outgrow their problems led many pediatric urologists and other practitioners to tell the parents of these children ‘that they would not be wetting themselves on their wedding day.’ However, it has become apparent from recent studies in adult patients with voiding dysfunctions that they had symptoms present as children. Recent findings of associations between lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction and between voiding dysfunctions and neuropsychiatric problems have opened up a new frontier into the possible mechanisms of OAB in children that would explain these problems, link them together, and explain the continued problems that adult patients face. These findings point to OAB as a symptom of a more centrally located dysfunction that affects multiple systems.
Defective T cell activation and autoimmune disorder in Stra13-deficient mice

Stra13, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is up-regulated upon activation of CD4+ T cells. Here we show that Stra13-deficient mice exhibit defects in several phases of CD4+ T cell activation. In vivo, Stra13 deficiency results in ineffective elimination of activated T and B cells, which accumulate progressively, leading to lymphoid organ hyperplasia. Consequently, aging Stra13-/- mice develop autoimmune disease characterized by accumulation of spontaneously activated T and B cells, circulating autoantibodies, infiltration of T and B lymphocytes in several organs and immune complex deposition in glomeruli. Our studies identify Stra13 as a key regulator of lymphocyte activation that is vital for maintenance of self-tolerance and for constraint of autoimmunity.
Neural network-longitudinal assessment of the Electronic Anti-Retroviral THerapy (EARTH) cohort to follow response to HIV-treatment.

HIV infection is for the most part a chronic and asymptomatic disease. To properly monitor the health status of infected individuals it is important to use host and viral surrogate markers as well as pharmacokinetic parameters. Disease progression, assessment of the antiviral potency of the drugs and response to therapy can only be monitored by repetitive measures of viral and host parameters. To prevent the emergence of antiviral drug-resistance, long term side effects and to decide on the appropriate treatment choices, a comprehensive assessment of all contributing factors, medical and non-medical, is necessary. However, the relationship between treatment outcomes with disease markers and other contributing factors is not simple. To date, a model that accurately predicts the likelihood of disease progression or treatment failure in HIV infected patients does not exist. Extending our previous work in this area, we developed temporal Artificial Intelligence models based on Jordan-Elman networks to longitudinally follow viral surrogate markers together with demographics, biochemical and laboratory data to describe the drug-virus-host interactions in over 4000 HIV adult patients. In an international (multi-continent) study of HIV clinical and laboratory data, the profiles of drug-naive as well as treated patients were evaluated during a 20 year follow-up. Validation of models on a subset of this cohort (n=595) estimated the sensitivity and specificity of treatment success/failure, under different management modalities for individual patients. ROC-curves predicted: virologic success from baseline (ROC=0.871) in drug-naive previously non-treated patients, switch from virologic success/ failure to failure/success if ever and when (ROC=0.625), switch to virologic success/failure from failure/success within 6 months (ROC=0.722) following a previous switch. This tool may be helpful in the design of longitudinal clinical trials.
On infrasound generated by wind farms and its propagation in low‐altitude tropospheric waveguides

Infrasound from a 60-turbine wind farm was found to propagate to distances up to 90 km under nighttime atmospheric conditions. Four infrasound sensor arrays were deployed in central New Mexico in February 2014; three of these arrays captured infrasound from a large wind farm. The arrays were in a linear configuration oriented southeast with 13, 54, 90, and 126 km radial distance and azimuths of 166°, 119°, 113°, and 111° from the 60 1.6-MW turbine Red Mesa Wind Farm (RMWF), Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico, USA. Peaks at a fundamental frequency slightly below 0.9 Hz and its harmonics characterize the spectrum of the detected infrasound. The generation of this signal is linked to the interaction of the blades, flow gradients, and the supporting tower. The production of wind-farm sound, its propagation, and detection at long distances can be related to the characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer. First, under stable conditions, mostly occurring at night, winds are highly stratified, which enhances the production of thickness sound (TS) and the modulation of other higher-frequency wind turbine sounds. Second, nocturnal atmospheric conditions can create low-altitude waveguides (with altitudes on the order of 100s of meters) allowing long distance propagation. Third, night and early morning hours are characterized by reduced background atmospheric noise that enhances signal detectability. This work describes the characteristics of the infrasound from a quasi-continuous source with the potential for long-range propagation that could be used to monitor the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides

The naturally occurring nucleoside and nucleotide antibiotics exist as either the C- or N-glycosides. They include ezomycin A1 (C26H38N8O15S), ezomycin B1 (C26H39N7O17S), ezomycin C1 (C26H37N7O16S), ezomycin A2 (C19H26N6O12), ezomycin B2 (C19H25N5O13), ezomycin C2 (C19H25N5O13), showdomycin (C9H11NO6), isoshowdomycin (C9H11NO6), maleimycin (C7H7NO3), oxazinomycin (C9H11NO7), pyrazomycin (pyrazofurin) (C9H13N3O6), formycin (C10H13N5O4), formycin B (C10H12N4O5), oxoformycin B (C10H12N4O6). These antibiotics contain a variety of purine and pyrimidine rings. The naturally occurring nucleoside/nucleotide antibiotics, which have been isolated from bacteria, fungi, blue-green algae, and marine sponges, have proven to be useful biochemical probes in eucaryotic, procaryotic, viral, fungal, and plant systems. The purine nucleosides inhibit protein synthesis, RNA and DNA synthesis, and methyltransferases; they have antimycoplasmal, antiviral, hypotensive, antifungal, antimycobacterial, and antitumor activities and induce sporulation. The pyrimidine nucleosides inhibit protein synthesis, virus replication, RNA and DNA synthesis, and cAMP phosphodiesterase. The imidazole nucleosides inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. The diazepin nucleosides inhibit adenosine deaminase (ADA). The indole nucleosides inhibit bacteria, yeast, fungi, and viruses. The N-nucleotide antibiotics include agrocin 84 (C21H34N6O16P2), thuringiensin (C22H30N5O19P), phosmidosine (C16H24N7O8P), fosfadecin (C13H19N5O10P2), and fosfocytocin (C12H20N4O13P2). Thuringiensin, produced by B. thuringiensis, is a β-exotoxin that exerts its toxic action on insects and mammals through the inhibition of RNA polymerases. Phosmidosine inhibits pore formation of Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus niger. Fosfadecin and fosfocytocin inhibit gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Assessment of Adolescents

Assessment is the first active phase of treatment. Accordingly, this chapter reviews various methods of evidence-based assessment with adolescents, such as interviews and the use of standardized instruments. A case study is integrated throughout the chapter to illustrate key concepts. A strengths- and skills-based approach is promoted in face-to-face interviewing, and more structured interview protocols are also presented. Rapid assessment instruments are examined, including factors to consider when choosing an RAI and a brief review of selected standardized tools that may be useful in assessing co-morbid disorders in adolescents. Limitations of evidence-based assessment are explored, as is the importance of using information gathered through assessment to inform the development of treatment goals. Social workers have an ethical obligation to utilize empirical assessment protocols and standardized tools when possible to guide treatment planning, to monitor client functioning during treatment, and to evaluate the effectiveness of their interventions with adolescents. Keywords: adolescent; evidence-based assessment; interviewing; rapid assessment instruments; treatment goals
Recursive total least squares algorithm for image reconstruction from noisy, undersampled frames

It is shown how the efficient recursive total least squares algorithm recently developed by C.E. Davila [3] for real data can be applied to image reconstruction from noisy, undersampled multiframes when the displacement of each frame relative to a reference frame is not accurately known. To do this, the complex-valued image data in the wavenumber domain is transformed into an equivalent real data problem to which Davila's algorithm is successfully applied. Two detailed illustrative examples are provided in support of the procedure. Similar reconstruction in the presence of blur as well as noise is currently under investigation.
GRETINA status and recent progress: The effect of neutron damage on energy and position resolution of the GRETINA detector

Abstract GRETINA is a high precision gamma-ray detector for nuclear spectroscopy experiments, which is currently being developed. It consists of a number of highly segmented coaxial germanium detectors arranged in a close-packed configuration. GRETINA uses digital signal processing electronics and pulse shape analysis to determine the energy and position of each individual interaction resulting from the gamma-ray absorption. Gamma-ray tracking is then used to reconstruct the gamma-ray scattering sequence. This results in high efficiency, peak-to-total ratio and position resolution. Particularly, the capability of reconstructing the position of the interaction with resolution at the level of a few millimeters is a fundamental requirement and is important to understand and quantify limiting factors of position resolution. This paper reports on the effects of neutron damage on pulse shape and on its impact on position resolution. Simulation results show that even a relatively heavily damaged detector maintains high position resolution. Only for neutron flux >6 × 109 neutron/cm2, the position resolution becomes worse than 1 mm, which is the achievable limit.
Single Microelectrode Analysis of Electrically Coupled Networks

The mathematical analysis of a simple, two-compartment model of an electrically coupled system of cells shows that each of the electrical parameters of the system can be estimated from intracellularly recorded potentials following the injection of steps of current. This model provides a useful basis to monitor changes in coupling and membrane properties in electrical syncytia. The model has been shown to accurately describe coupling 1) between identified pairs of electrically coupled neurons and 2) in an electrical syncytium of secretory cells in the freshwater snail Helisoma trivolvis. Using standard electrophysiological techniques, each of the electrical parameters of the coupled system can be determined from dynamic responses using a single microelectrode, suggesting a variety of applications in numerous tissues containing electrotonic junctions.
A discrete diencephalic pretectal area critical for retention of visual habits in the rat.

Abstract The pretectal region of the rat has previously been shown to be involved in the mediation of learned responses based upon vision. The present study sought to determine whether each part of the pretectal region is equipotential in the maintenance of a brightness discrimination habit. Forty-four adult rats previously trained to respond positively to a white card and negatively to an adjacent dark card were subjected to bilateral lesions in various parts of the diencephalic pretectal area. The retention scores indicated that dorsomedial lesions interfered with postoperative performance, while dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and ventromedial lesions had little effect. Analysis of the dorsomedial group revealed that the region of the nucleus posterior is particularly concerned with the mediation of the brightness habit.
Radical environmentalism in an age of antiterrorism

This paper examines how antiterrorist laws and rhetoric have targeted the radical environmentalist tactic of ecotage, directing the increased law enforcement powers of the US ‘war on terror’ against this form of resistance and conflating in the public mind a tactic that inflicts only property damage with one that aims its violence against innocent persons. Despite significant differences between ‘eco-terrorism’ and genuine terrorism, this association threatens to undermine the public case for environmental protection upon which direct action tactics rely, creating a strategic dilemma for radical environmentalists. Should they continue to endorse ecotage as a viable tactic in defence of nature? Might they face a backlash if attacks upon property engender violence against persons? Can radical environmentalism dissociate itself from terrorism without diminishing the movement's appeal or compromising its radicalism? On the other hand, is ecotage publicly defensible, can the principled distinction between harm...
Spontaneous deletion formation in several classes of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in recombination ability.

Abstract The frequency of spontaneous chromosomal deletions in 2 separate regions of the Escherichia coli chromosome has been measured in rec + . recA , recC , and rep strains. When spontaneous T7 r mutants were selected from cultures of these strains, 5–50% of the T7 r mutants were found to have become proline auxotrophs as well. Although the proportion of T7 r -Pro − deletions among T7 r mutants and the rate of T7 r formation varied according to the strain line, the state of the rec or rep alleles did not affect either of these properties within a given strain line. The rate of colB r -colV r deletion formation was also found to be independent of the state of the rec alleles and dependent upon the strain line. Thus, the products of the recA, recB , and recC loci, which are necessary for efficient recombination, and the product of the rep locus, whose function is unknown, are not required for the production of chromosomal deletions.
Remote sensing image information mining with HPC cluster and DryadLINQ

Our capabilities for collecting remote sensing images have greatly outpaced our abilities to analyze and retrieve information from the image databases. This paper presents a distributed framework for information mining from multi-dimensional remotely sensed images using Windows High Performance Computing (HPC) Servers and Dryad distributed computing engine. Land cover and land use types are classified by Support Vector Machines (SVM) and stored in an object-oriented database with region quad-tree indices. DryadLINQ queries, an extended version of the LINQ programming model, are developed for retrieving land cover distribution information and detect the changes of each land cover type at multi levels. A HPC cluster with sixteen computing nodes is implemented and the experiments are conducted on a time series Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images. The results show the effectiveness of the framework and its potentials in other remote sensing applications.
Bottlenecks in dendroids

Abstract A subcontinuum C of a dendroid X is a bottleneck if it intersects every arc connecting two nonempty open subsets of X . We prove that every dendroid has a point p contained in arbitrarily small bottlenecks. Moreover, every plane dendroid contains a single point bottleneck. This implies, for instance, that each map from an indecomposable continuum into a plane dendroid must have an uncountable point-inverse. We also construct a map from the simplest indecomposable continuum into a (nonplanar) dendroid with all point-inverses consisting of at most three points.
Pharmacological analysis of receptors for bombesin-related peptides on guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the receptor(s) for bombesin (BN) and its homologues (gastrin releasing peptide, GRP; neuromedin B, NMB; neuromedin C, NMC) in guinea pig gallbladder muscle strips. Dose-dependent contractions were induced by all peptides tested (potency: BN = GRP > NMC > NMB, but with similar efficacy: BN = GRP = NMC = NMB). The contractions were resistant to tetrodotoxin, atropine, phentolamine, and propranolol. BN tachyphylaxis (1 μM) abolished subsequent contractile responses to BN, GRP and NMC; and partially antagonized the response to NMB (66 ± 7% inhibition). NMB tachyphylaxis (10 μM) markedly inhibited subsequent contractile responses to NMB (78 ± 5%); and partially antagonized the contractile response to BN (36 ± 4%), GRP (31 ± 12%) and NMC (22 ± 2%). At 1 μM, both [ d -Phe 6 , Des-Met 14 ]-BN(6–14) ethylamide and ICI 216,140, two BN receptor antagonists, reduced the contractile actions of BN (82 ± 4% and 59 ± 8% inhibition, respectively), GRP (75 ± 11% and 45 ± 5%), and NMC (73 ± 9% and 51 ± 6%) while having no marked effect on NMB contractions. Our pharmacological approaches (receptor tachyphylaxis and differential antagonism) provide support for two types of receptors for BN-like peptides on guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle: a GRP-preferring receptor and a NMB-preferring receptor.
A Genome-Wide High-Resolution Array-CGH Analysis of Cutaneous Melanoma and Comparison of Array-CGH to FISH in Diagnostic Evaluation

Benign melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanomas can be difficult to differentiate by means of routine microscopic analysis. Recent evidence has suggested that cytogenomic analysis may be a useful diagnostic method for evaluation of melanocytic proliferations. We investigated the array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) platform for DNA copy number analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in melanocytic tumors and compared aCGH analysis with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays in diagnosis of melanoma. aCGH findings and FISH results were interpreted independently in a blinded fashion. Positive findings were not noted in any benign nevi at aCGH analysis, whereas substantial unbalanced genomic aberrations were revealed in 92% of melanomas. Positive results were obtained in 72% of melanomas via the four-probe FISH assay (RREB1/MYB/CEP6/CCND1). A few additional FISH studies were performed to verify some aCGH findings of focal amplification of oncogenes and homozygous deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The overall concordance in aberrations detected using the two methods was 90%. Most discrepancies were due to a minor abnormal clone identified via FISH that was below analytical sensitivity of the FFPE aCGH test. Our study demonstrated that copy number analysis of FFPE tumor samples via aCGH is a robust and reliable method in diagnosis of melanoma and that aCGH and FISH tests should be used as complementary methods to improve the accuracy of genetic evaluation of melanocytic tumors.
Population-based incidence of macular holes.

Purpose To determine the incidence of full-thickness macular holes in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Design Population-based retrospective chart review (cross-sectional study). Participants Ninety-four eyes of 85 patients who were residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Methods A population-based retrospective chart review was performed for all diagnoses of macular hole between 1992 and 2002 among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Yearly incidence rates for each given age and sex group were determined by dividing the number of cases within that group by the estimated total Olmsted County resident population of the group for that given year. Main Outcome Measures Documented clinical diagnosis of a macular hole. Results Idiopathic macular holes occur at an age- and sex-adjusted incidence in 7.8 persons and 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year in Olmsted County, Minnesota. The female-to-male ratio was determined to be 3.3 to 1, and bilateral idiopathic macular holes occurred in 11.7% of patients and accounted for 20.9% of the affected eyes. Conclusions This study uniquely determined the incidence of macular holes in a predominantly Caucasian population. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Facilitating faculty incorporation of information literacy skills into the curriculum through the use of online instruction

This paper describes California State University efforts to help its students become information literate. Towards that end, California State University Long Beach partnered with K‐12 and media entities to provide pre‐ and in‐service teachers with an interactive online instructional resource to help them become information literate and develop ways to incorporate information literacy into their professional practice. The method is a series of workshops delivered online via Blackboard, and a reference Web site. The core of the workshops is a seven‐part videotape series that illustrates the information literacy research process. Each online workshop uses the videotape as a case study, and provides instruction on ways to incorporate information literacy into teaching (as a productivity tool and instructional tool) and relevant Web sites to support information literacy efforts. The use of such material depends on format, access and collaboration with instructors.
The effects of different levels of linguistic proficiency on the development of L2 Chinese request production during study abroad

Abstract This study examined the effects of different levels of linguistic proficiency on the development of pragmatically appropriate requests in L2 Chinese in a study abroad context. The participants were 31 American learners of Chinese studying in China. Fifteen learners came from intermediate level classes (Intermediate group) and the remaining 16 from advanced level classes (Advanced group). The participants completed a Computerized Oral Discourse Completion Test (CODCT) at the beginning and toward the end of their sojourn. The participants' oral request production was analyzed in terms of appropriateness rating, planning time, and speech rate. The results showed that the Intermediate and Advanced groups made comparable gains in appropriateness rating, that neither group reduced planning time, and that only the Advanced group gained in speech rate. The Intermediate and Advanced groups showed similar patterns of change in their production of alerters, head act forms (i.e., request strategies), internal modification, and external modification.
EVALUATION OF AGE AT IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS IN LOW RISK TERM NEWBORNS - IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY DISCHARGE. † 616

A basic premise of early hospital discharge of newborns at 12 hr and ≤24 hr, 13.6% at >24 hr and ≤36 hr, and 16.4% at >36 hr. Of newborns with predefined problems, 29.7% were transferred to a higher level of care including 3.8% admitted to the NNICU. 45% of all infants with predefined problems received one or more therapies (O2, antibiotics, phototherapy, etc), while the remainder warranted only observation. Babies with predefined problems had an EGA of 39.5±1.1 wk and a BW of 3.4±0.5 kg. In this large cohort of near-term and term newborns without obstetric risk factors and other qualifying criteria, the time of recognition of neonatal problems is greatest proximate to birth, but 30% of predefined problems occur after times used for early discharge (i.e., 24 hr of age).