cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the 'Shackles' of Individual Ethics Prevents Structural Reform in the American Criminal Justice System

The core critique of the modern American Criminal Justice System is that the legislative and judicial expansion of the criminal law in the 1960's and 1970's has led to prosecutorial overcharging which has resulted in mass incarceration. Given the current state of affairs, prosecutors are able to extract guilty pleas in virtually all criminal cases: roughly 95% of all criminal defendants plead guilty. This essay posits that the focus on individual ethics, i.e., the criminal defense lawyer’s obligation to obtain the best result for each individual client, robs the defense bar of the most powerful tool available to them: the ability to collectively refuse to plead guilty. Due to the criminal justice’s systems’ inability to provide jury trials to even a significant percentage of criminal defendants, mass refusal of defense lawyers to negotiate guilty please would result in a much needed paradigm shift in criminal sentencing. The essay will then discuss obstacles to this type of collection action, as well as why, given the realities of representation of criminal defendants, it should be a tool available to criminal defense lawyers.
Deep regularization and direct training of the inner layers of Neural Networks with Kernel Flows

Abstract We introduce a new regularization method for Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) based on the Kernel Flow (KF) algorithm. The algorithm was introduced in Owhadi and Yoo (2019) as a method for kernel selection in regression/kriging based on the minimization of the loss of accuracy incurred by halving the number of interpolation points in random batches of the dataset. Writing f θ ( x ) = ( f θ n ( n ) ∘ f θ n − 1 ( n − 1 ) ∘ ⋯ ∘ f θ 1 ( 1 ) ) ( x ) for the functional representation of compositional structure of the ANN (where θ i are the weights and biases of the layer i ), the inner layers outputs h ( i ) ( x ) = ( f θ i ( i ) ∘ f θ i − 1 ( i − 1 ) ∘ … ∘ f θ 1 ( 1 ) ) ( x ) define a hierarchy of feature maps and a hierarchy of kernels k ( i ) ( x , x ′ ) = exp ( − γ i ‖ h ( i ) ( x ) − h ( i ) ( x ′ ) ‖ 2 2 ) . When combined with a batch of the dataset, these kernels produce KF losses e 2 ( i ) (defined as the L 2 regression error incurred by using a random half of the batch to predict the other half) depending on the parameters of the inner layers θ 1 , … , θ i (and γ i ). The proposed method simply consists of aggregating (as a weighted sum) a subset of these KF losses with a classical output loss (e.g., cross-entropy). We test the proposed method on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Wide Residual Networks (WRNs) without alteration of their structure nor their output classifier and report reduced test errors, decreased generalization gaps, and increased robustness to distribution shift without a significant increase in computational complexity relative to standard CNN and WRN training (with Drop Out and Batch Normalization). We suspect that these results might be explained by the fact that while conventional training only employs a linear functional (a generalized moment) of the empirical distribution defined by the dataset and can be prone to trapping in the Neural Tangent Kernel regime (under over-parameterizations), the proposed loss function (defined as a nonlinear functional of the empirical distribution) effectively trains the underlying kernel defined by the CNN beyond regressing the data with that kernel.
Auditing with Data and Analytics: External Reviewers' Judgments of Audit Quality and Effort

Audit firms increasingly rely on audit approaches using data and analytics (D&A) tools but express concern that external reviewers will excessively scrutinize such approaches. We conduct two experiments in which experienced external reviewers participate in an engagement review. We manipulate whether the audit team employed D&A or traditional audit procedures, while holding constant the procedures’ level of assurance. Our first experiment provides evidence that external reviewers judge D&A audit procedures as lower in quality than traditional audit procedures. Further analyses suggest external reviewers rely on the effort heuristic, judging D&A procedures as lower in quality because they entail less effort. Our second experiment evaluates a theory-based intervention that reduces reviewers’ reliance on the effort heuristic, causing them to judge audit quality similarly across D&A and traditional audit procedures. Overall, our evidence substantiates auditors’ concerns, identifies a specific cause for the concern, and introduces a theory-based intervention that addresses the concern.
PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmdx demonstrates precision and reproducibility in detecting PD-L1 expression in triple negative breast cancer.

e13104Background: PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx is an FDA-approved, companion diagnostic assay intended for use in the detection of PD-L1 protein in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) non-small cell ...
(Book Review) Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer by Tim Jeal

This is a review of Tom Jeal’s Stanley: the Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer. Although perhaps the most carefully researched of the many books of Stanley, the book suffers from its zealous attempt to absolve Stanley of his inhumanity in spite of the most extensive historical evidence of the abominations that he committed against Africans. Instead, Jeal sets out to humanize a historical monster who paved the way for many pogroms committed by the colonial hegemons in Africa. Even deep flaws of character, including self-denial, that were so evident in Stanley are either explained away or excused. The book is a truly incredible attempt to valorize a person many Africans would rather forget.
Is a State Conviction for Possession with Intent to Distribute Marijuana an Aggravated Felony for Which an Alien May Be Deported Under the Immigration and Nationality Act

Case at a Glance: Moncrieffe v. Holder Adrian Moncrieffe, who was convicted under a Georgia statute prohibiting the possession of marijuana with the intent to distribute it, asserts that his conviction does not amount to an “aggravated felony” for which he may be deported under the Immigration and Nationality Act. Moncrieffe argues that the state statute under which he was convicted punishes behavior that is treated as a misdemeanor under federal law and therefore does not satisfy the requirement that his conviction be “punishable as a felony” under federal law.
Sex differences in Brain Structure in individuals with knee osteoarthritis pain.

There is evidence of sex differences in the prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal pain as well as in experimental pain sensitivity. However, the neurobiological mechanisms contributing to these sex differences are poorly understood, especially with respect to brain structure. The aim of the present study is to examine sex differences in brain structure in persons with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) pain. Participants (mean age=58 years) with KOA pain (n=146, 65% female) completed demographic, self-reported and experimental pain assessments including temporal summation and conditioned pain modulation along with a 3T high-resolution, T1-weighted anatomical scan at 2 study sites in the US. FreeSurfer software (v.7.1.0, http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu ) was used to examine sex differences in gray matter volume and cortical thickness as well as associations with experimental variables. Maps were set at a vertex-wise threshold of P 0.05). The results suggest that brain morphological differences between females and men with KOA pain are associated with distinct pain modulatory measures in men, but not in women. Future studies are needed to characterize potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying endogenous pain modulatory capacity across the sexes to further understand the individualized pain experience. R01AG059809, R01AG067757.
Working Together on Diverse Tasks: A Longitudinal Study on Individual Workload, Presence and Emotional Recognition in Collaborative Virtual Environments

Numerous studies have shown the potential benefits of collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) for distributed teams. However, there are few longitudinal studies on collaboration in immersive virtual environments, and existing studies mostly examine how pairs or groups adapt over time. In a longitudinal study, we examined what does and does not change over time as individual users adapt to collaboration in virtual environments. In our mixed-methods, exploratory study, we matched 20 participants in random pairs over five sessions. We assigned each participant to complete a different collaborative task, with a different partner, in each session. Our quantitative data analysis and qualitative interview data show that adaptation to VR increased significantly over time. Presence ratings did not show change over time, but participants reported developing new ways to communicate in VR. We also identified patterns indicating a relationship between a person's emotional state and their partner's ability to recognize their emotion. We conclude with a discussion of our findings and provide design implications and future directions for designers and researchers in the field.
The 2020 Joseph W. St Geme, Jr. Leadership Award Address: On Leadership and the Joy of Pediatrics

* Abbreviation: USC — : University of Southern California The following is an address given by the author in receipt of the Joseph W. St Geme, Jr Leadership Award, presented by the Federation of Pediatric Organizations at the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting on April 30, 2021. It is difficult to describe the feeling of receiving the Joseph W. St Geme, Jr Leadership Award, established in honor of my dad. The award has enormous meaning to me, as is likely obvious. My dad died on October 11, 1986, nearly 35 years ago, at the age of 55. If he were still alive today, he would be 90 years old, born in April 1931. Accordingly, some members of the pediatric community knew my dad as a colleague, some knew him as a teacher or mentor, and some may have known him as an examiner for the American Board of Pediatrics, but most never had the good fortune to know him. So I want to tell people about him and what I learned from him. My dad was born in Los Angeles, the first of 2 sons to my grandfather Joseph William Sr and my grandmother Malvina Pozzo. By the time I knew him, he was a big man, 6 ft 2 in tall, with broad shoulders and an athletic physique. He filled a room in every sense possible. Although he made no effort to dominate conversation or assume center stage, he naturally captured the attention of others, and when he spoke, people listened. He was gregarious, filled with interesting stories and pithy messages and a knack for word choice that made people smile. He took an interest in others, and he had a special gift for making people feel important. Consistent with his physique, he was an athlete, and he often used examples from sports to express his points. I learned … Address correspondence to Joseph W. St Geme, III, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: stgemeiiij{at}email.chop.edu
Mining Graph Data

Graphs are ubiquitous in a wide variety of application domains such as bioinformatics, chemical, semi-structured, and biological data. Many important properties of graphs can be related to their structure in these domains. Graph mining algorithms can, therefore, be leveraged for analyzing various domain-specific properties of graphs.
Glprof: A Gprof inspired, Callgraph-oriented Per-Object Disseminating Memory Access Multi-Cache Profiler

Application analysis is facilitated through a number of program profiling tools. The tools vary in their complexity, ease of deployment, design, and profiling detail. Specifically, understand- ing, analyzing, and optimizing is of particular importance for scientific applications where minor changes in code paths and data-structure layout can have profound effects. Understanding how intricate data-structures are accessed and how a given memory system responds is a complex task. In this paper we describe a trace profiling tool, Glprof, specifically aimed to lessen the burden of the programmer to pin-point heavily involved data-structures during an application's run-time, and understand data-structure run-time usage. Moreover, we showcase the tool's modularity using additional cache simulation components. We elaborate on the tool's design, and features. Finally we demonstrate the application of our tool in the context of Spec bench- marks using the Glprof profiler and two concurrently running cache simulators, PPC440 and AMD Interlagos.
The technical potential for wind energy in Illinois

Abstract The demand for harnessing clean, renewable energy sources like wind energy has increased greatly over the past decade due to a confluence of political and environmental concerns. Although wind energy is recognized as a promising source of clean energy, some decision-makers are asking how much wind energy should ultimately be installed. As the level of installed wind energy capacity increases, it is possible that at some point the aggregated generation mix could produce electrical power exceeding electrical demand. This situation could require excessive generator curtailment. In this investigation several different criteria are explored to develop an optimum level of in-state wind energy penetration into the existing generation infrastructure. In this way, the benefit to society may be maximized. Three scenarios are studied: 1) a scenario in which the wind carve-out remains at 75% of the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard, 2) a scenario in which all of the wind energy that is generated must be fully utilized, and 3) a scenario in which wind energy is allowed to be curtailed at a rate equal to the rate that energy is used internally at thermal generation plants.
Has there been a recent increase in adolescent narcissism? Evidence from a sample of at-risk adolescents (2005–2014)

Abstract The present study examined the level of overall self-reported narcissism in cohorts of 16–19 year olds (N = 2696; 2272 males) attending the same 22-week residential program from 2005 to 2014. Fourteen cohorts completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory for Children (NPIC; Barry, Frick, & Killian, 2003), and 10 of these cohorts completed the Narcissism Scale of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Frick & Hare, 2001). Two approaches to analyze scores in relation to year of data collection were employed. There were no significant changes in narcissism from either measure across the study time period. The implications of these findings for considering current generational trends in narcissism and the need for further research on developmental influences of narcissism are discussed.
The Role of ICTs in Native American Owned Micro-Enterprises-A Framing Analysis

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are seen to be drivers for the development of emerging regions. Many small businesses in the United States, including Native American owned microenterprises, are facing unique challenges in the adoption of ICTs to improve business performance. This research follows an inductive qualitative approach to find out which of the factors could potentially lead to the adoption of technologies by Native American micro-enterprises owners. Based on interviews from four Native American owned micro-enterprises, Characteristics of ICTs, Personal Inequality, and Community Engagement are identified as key factors that lead to the adoption of ICTs. The contribution of this study is the identification of these factors, and in the ways in which they relate to each other. This research also offers a cyclical view of relationships between factors that influence Native American microentrepreneurs’ adoption of technology.
Tort Reform in Utah: Disclosure and Apology

Because of the incentives reflected in the new rule, it is hoped only parties who were involved in the claimed malpractice will be party to the litigation.
Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders

This volume summarizes the treatment modalities and approaches that have proven effective for personality disorders, emphasizing that a combination of formats is the preferred treatment for most patients, and focusing on integrating individual, group, and family modalities and behavioral, cognitive
The role of 3-hydroxyethyldeoxyuridine in mutagenesis by ethylene oxide.

Ethylene oxide, a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen, produces 3-hydroxyethyldeoxyuridine (3-HE-dU) after initial alkylation at N3 of dC, followed by rapid hydrolytic deamination. The significance of formation of 3-HE-dU in DNA was investigated by in vitro DNA replication of 3-HE-dU. A 55-nucleotide DNA template, containing 3-HE-dU at a single site, was constructed. DNA products, synthesized on the site-modified template, were analyzed and mutagenic bypass at 3-HE-dU estimated. The 3-HE-dU lesion blocked DNA replication by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli polymerase I (Kf Pol I) and bacteriophage T7 polymerase (T7 Pol) 3' to 3-HE-dU and after incorporating a nucleotide opposite 3-HE-dU. DNA synthesis past 3-HE-dU was negligible ( 5' exonuclease proofreading activity, for Kf Pol I and T7 Pol, respectively, facilitated DNA synthesis past 3-HE-dU. The bypass synthesis by Kf Pol I (exo-) was 60% and 90% by T7 Pol (exo-). These results suggest that the 3-HE-dU lesion could be bypassed, but that the extension at 3-HE-dU is rate-limiting. In the absence of proofreading, the nucleotide incorporated opposite 3-HE-dU is not excised and remains in position long enough for extension to occur. During post-lesion synthesis, both dA and dT were incorporated opposite 3-HE-dU. Since 3-HE-dU is derived from dC alkylation by ethylene oxide, incorporation of dA and dT opposite 3-HE-dU implicates this lesion in G.C-->A.T and G.C-->T.A mutagenesis.
Immunocytological and biochemical localization and biological activity of the newly sequenced cerebral peptide 2 in Aplysia.

Cerebral peptide 2 (CP2), a 41 amino acid neuropeptide, was identified because it was transported from the cerebral ganglia of Aplysia to other central ganglia. Immunocytology indicates that CP2 is distributed widely in the CNS and peripheral tissues of Aplysia . Most CP2-immunoreactive neurons were found in the cerebral ganglia and extensively overlap with the distribution of cerebral peptide 1 (CP1). HPLC analyses confirm that individual cerebral neurons synthesize both CP1 and CP2. In other ganglia, CP1 and CP2 are localized predominantly to different neurons. CP2-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities are present in the neuropil of all ganglia but were found surrounding cell bodies and axon hillocks most often in the buccal and abdominal ganglia. Thus, the effects of CP2 on neurons in these ganglia were determined using intracellular recording. In the buccal ganglia, CP2 evokes rhythmic activity in many motor neurons that seems similar to that observed during ingestion; however, only one identified neuron was found to be depolarized directly. By contrast, in the abdominal ganglion, many neurons are depolarized directly by CP2. A number of these have been shown to be part of the circuit that regulates respiratory pumping. Injection of CP2 into freely behaving Aplysia increases the rate of respiratory pumping and causes other changes in behavior. CP2 is stable in hemolymph, which raises the possibility that it may act as a hormone. Thus, CP2 is a bioactive neuropeptide that is present in many neurons and likely functions as a transmitter or a hormone.
Array-based detection of persistent organic pollutants via cyclodextrin promoted energy transfer

We report herein the selective array-based detection of 30 persistent organic pollutants via cyclodextrin-promoted energy transfer. The use of three fluorophores enabled the development of an array that classified 30 analytes with 100% accuracy and identified unknown analytes with 96% accuracy, as well as identifying 92% of analytes in urine.
Quantitative Analysis of Various Sail Luffing Sensing Methods

Prior research has shown piezoelectric vibration sensors can detect sail luffing, the acceleration of a flexible sail out of its normal wing state caused by a momentary reversal of the air pressure gradient over the sail. Luffing decreases boat performance by reducing the lift generated by the sail. Yet detecting sail luffing in flexible sails for robotic sailboats is still challenging. This paper presents three methods of sensing characteristics of a luff—air pressure differential which causes the luff, the acceleration of the sail as the luff occurs, and the influence of motion and acceleration of a luffing sail on members placed on the sail. We assess three different sensor types based on cost, ease of use, complexity of electrical interface, power consumption, accuracy of the sensor and amount of noise in sensor readings. To classify the most effective sensor for a given set of constraints, a multifaceted analysis has been performed with a piezoelectric vibration sensor, an acceleration sensor, and a gas pressure sensor. The accuracy and precision of each sensor at sensing sail luffing is evaluated by comparing the sensor output with a plot of the position of a single point on the sail through time generated with computer vision.
Sustainable Urban Transport Policy in India: Focus on Autorickshaw Sector

Autorickshaws are ubiquitous in Indian cities. They play an important role in urban mobility by serving as an intermediate public transport mode and providing taxi-like services. Despite their role in urban transport, autorickshaws have received limited policy attention at the national level, which has resulted in problems with quality of service and in environmental and safety issues. Given the critical need to promote sustainable transport in a rapidly urbanizing India, this paper presents key policy focus areas for the autorickshaw sector. These policy areas are based on a structured assessment of the importance of autorickshaws in cities, their role in sustainable transport, the sustainability challenges facing the sector and opportunities to address them, and gaps in the current policy framework. Available literature, government and industry websites, and surveys of stakeholders (regulatory authorities and autorickshaw drivers) were used in this research. The key findings include the following: autorickshaw services play an important role in sustainable transport strategies for managing private motorization and encouraging the use of sustainable modes (public transport); however, as an unorganized sector, autorickshaw services face environmental and safety challenges caused by engine and vehicle design issues that need to be addressed to ensure the role of autorickshaws in sustainable transport. A policy vision is presented to promote organizational reforms and develop sustainable solutions for fuel and engine and vehicle design, and recommendations are provided on the next steps for the central government in taking the policy vision forward.
Neurologic Complications of Diabetes

Neuropathy as a complication of diabetes is common and presents in a wide variety of clinical scenarios. Often the work-up is one of exclusion tempered with monitoring the response of symptoms to treatment options. The collaboration of a neurologist is often crucial to determining the best course of action for the patient. This review will address proposed pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic.
Probing protein binding spectra with fourier microfluidics

New developments in microfluidic chip technology enable the construction of chemical spectrum analyzers that can probe the binding interactions between chemical entities. In this paper we report the implementation of a microfluidic chip suitable for Fourier transform measurements of biochemical interactions. The chip consists of a chemical signal generator, a flow cell and a binding sensor surface. The microfluidic signal generator produces a periodic stream of protein plugs in solution flowing at constant velocity through the cell. This flow produces periodic association and dissociation cycles of the protein to a functionalized gold sensing surface placed inside the cell. The sensor activity corresponding to the phasor response of the chemical interaction at the excitation frequency is measured optically using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. We demonstrated the feasibility of the technique using a model system of carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II) and immobilized 4-(2-Aminoethyl) benzenesulfonamide (ABS) ligand. The observed transfer function showed a dominant pole at 10.2 mHz corresponding to association and dissociation constants of 4.8 × 103 M−1·s−1, and 3.5 × 10−2 s−1 respectively.
Infrared-Mediated Thermocycling for Ultrafast Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of DNA

Interest in improving the speed of DNA analysis via capillary electrophoresis has led to efforts to integrate DNA amplification into microfabricated devices. This has been difficult to achieve since the thermocycling required for effective polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is dependent on an effective contact between the heating source and the PCR mixture vessel. We describe a noncontact method for rapid and effective thermocycling of PCR mixtures in electrophoretic chip-like glass chambers. The thermocycling is mediated through the use of a tungsten lamp as an inexpensive infrared radiation source, with cooling effected with a solenoid-gated compressed air source. With temperature ramping between 94 and 55 degrees C executed in glass microchambers as rapidly as 10 degrees C/s (heating) and 20 degrees C/s (cooling), cycle times as fast as 17 s could be achieved. Successful genomic DNA amplification was carried out with primers specific for the beta-chain of the T-cell receptor, and detectable product could be generated in a fraction of the time required with commercial PCR instrumentation. The noncontact-mediated thermocycling format was not found to be restricted to single DNA fragment amplification. Application of the thermocycling approach to both quantitative competitive PCR (simultaneous amplification of target and competitor DNA) and cycle sequencing reactions (simultaneous amplification of dideoxy terminated fragments) was successful. This sets the stage for implementing DNA thermocycling into a variety of microfabricated formats for rapid PCR fragment identification and DNA sequencing.
A proposed computer-science curriculum for computer professionals

This article describes a proposed computer-science curriculum tailored for computer professionals. It consists of 17 college-level courses that together provide extensive coverage for increased skills and knowledge. Its goal is to help the students acquire a high level of competence by giving them the opportunity to add to their formal education and expand the opportunities provided by their job assignments.
Performance Measurement: A Conceptual Framework for Supply Chain Practices☆

Abstract Me--asurement of Supply Chain (SC) performance with regards to key practices of SC paradigms is the area which is under research. Presently there are no guidance or set rules under which we can measure SC performance. The lack of clarity and comparability concerns in this area creates misunderstanding and makes it more difficult to formulate a clear strategy. The aim of this research is to identify antecedents of existing SC paradigm's practices, as well as antecedents for SC performance measurement to formulate a conceptual framework. Based on this research, new sustainable SC performance measurement conceptual framework is proposed for existing SC paradigms. The detailed analysis presented in this research paper offers a set of characteristics and structure that industry as well as academia could use it as a guidance framework to measure SC performance.
A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of controlled-release paroxetine on depression and quality of life in chronic heart failure

Background Depression is frequently observed in patients with heart failure and is associated with poor quality of life and adverse prognosis. However, the prevalence of depression in heart failure could be overestimated because symptoms of depression overlap with those of heart failure. Similarly, the importance of depression may be overestimated if depression merely reflects worse heart failure. Because the response to depression treatment has not been evaluated in this patient population, we evaluated the efficacy of controlled-release paroxetine (paroxetine CR), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on depression and quality of life in chronic heart failure. Methods A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design was used to evaluate reductions in depression following 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine CR (n = 14, age 62.1 ± 12.3 years) or placebo (n = 14, age=61.9 ± 9.0 years). Patients with symptomatic congestive heart failure and a score of at least 10 on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were eligible. Beck Depression Inventory was obtained at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks of follow-up. Quality of life was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Results Controlled-release paroxetine resulted in significantly more recovery from depression (BDI P = .018) and resulted in lower continuous BDI scores throughout the intervention ( P = .024). Controlled-release paroxetine was associated with higher general health levels compared with placebo on the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form survey (38 ± 10 vs 30 ± 6, P = .016) at 12 weeks of follow-up. Reductions in depression were correlated with improvements in psychological aspects of quality of life ( P P > .10). Conclusion Antidepressant therapy with paroxetine CR results in significant reductions in depression among patients with heart failure. The reductions in depression with paroxetine CR are accompanied by improvements in psychological aspects of quality of life. Larger controlled trials are needed to further document the effectiveness of paroxetine CR and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients with heart failure and to determine patient subgroups that are most likely to benefit from antidepressive interventions.
On the fast track to EU accession : macroeconomic effects and policy challenges for Estonia

This paper assesses the macroeconomic impact and policy challenges related to Estonia`s prospective accession to the EU and its potential adoption of the euro. Our analysis of the trade, financial, and fiscal channels includes a model-based illustrative scenario using MULTIMOD. We conclude that the welfare enhancing effects for Estonia of further EU integration are likely to outweigh the drawbacks of more pronounced macroeconomic imbalances that could accompany this process. To smooth Estonia`s accession-related adjustment, its fiscal and structural policies should be geared toward mitigating domestic demand pressures, promoting saving, and ensuring efficient public investment.
Purification and characterization of penicillinases from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.

Abstract A penicillinase (penicillin β-lactamase) has been purified from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium in which synthesis of the enzyme is mediated by a resistance-transfer factor. The enzyme is located at the surface of the cell and completely released by the cold osmotic shock technique. The penicillinase is not subject to induction by alteration of growth conditions nor is it induced by nonhydrolyzable penicillins. The enzyme can be prepared by DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. The pH optimum is 7.0. The molecular weight is 30,000 with an S20,w of 2.9. Cysteine is not present in the molecule. The penicillinase has a Km of 2 × 10−5 with benzylpenicillin. Semisynthetic substituted penicillins such as methicillin-6-(2,6-dimethyl benzamido) penicillanic acid act as competitive inhibitors of the hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin. Penicillinase resistance has been transferred from Salmonella typhimurium to Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Serralia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis. The pcnicillinases of all of these except Proteus mirabilis can be released from the cells by osmotic shock. Penicillinases purified from Escherichia coli, Serratia, and Shigella into which the resistance-transfer factor from Salmonella typhimurium had been introduced were similar in molecular weight (30,000), pH optimum (7), Km, and electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide. Antiserum prepared against the S. typhimurium penicillinase cross reacts with the penicillinases of these other organisms. Penicillinase purified from an E. coli strain and a S. typhimurium strain which lack a resistance-transfer factor but release penicillinase when subjected to osmotic shock show similar properties, amino acid composition, and antigenicity with the penicillinases from resistance transfer-factor strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
Effects of length of frozen storage, cooking and holding temperatures upon component phospholipids and the fatty acid composition of meat triglycerides and phospholipids

Abstract Fatty acid profiles of triglycerides and phospholipids, and the levels of component phospholipids, were determined in beef and dark and light chicken meat at 0, 8 and 13 months of frozen storage at −18°C and again after cooking and holding at either 4°C or −18°C for 48h. There was a significant decline in the amount of PE (phosphatidyl ethanolamine) and PC (phosphatidyl choline) during frozen storage, but the decline was much greater upon cooking. PE and PC were also more stable following cooking upon holding at −18°C than at 4°C. Only minor changes occurred in the fatty acid profiles of the triglycerides during either freezer storage of the raw meat or subsequent storage after cooking. The drippings collected upon cooking contained largely triglycerides whereas PE was essentially absent, indicating that it was bound to the membranes. The increased proportion of PE in cooked meat, coupled with its susceptibility to oxidation, indicated that it may play a key role in the autoxidation of cooked meat.
Linear tempering annealing of reactor irradiated crystalline chemical compounds

Abstract Linear tempering annealing of crystalline compounds irradiated with neutrons has been examined for different temperature gradients. A family of curves was found containing maxima and minima which were compared with the family of annealing isotherms. A significant experiment showed that the surface formed by linear tempering annealing curves does not coincide with the surface of the isothermal curves. The data is compatible with the recombination kinetics of recoil atoms with their parent radicals being determined by consecutive recombination and decomposition reactions.
Postoperative Toxic Shock Syndrome After Excision of a Ganglion Cyst From the Ankle

Postoperative toxic shock syndrome (PTSS) after orthopedic surgery is rare, but early recognition and prompt intervention are essential to minimize morbidity and potential mortality. The diagnosis should be considered in all postoperative patients presenting with fever, hypotension, and systemic illness. The treating surgeon must have not only knowledge of the clinical entity, but also an extremely high index of suspicion, because the diagnosis can be elusive with surgical wounds appearing deceptively benign. Treatment consists of antibiotics, surgical wound debridement, and, more importantly, aggressive supportive care with intravenous fluids and intensive care surveillance. To date, the literature contains relatively few case reports of PTSS after orthopedic procedures, with even fewer cases encountered after foot and ankle surgery. This report describes a patient who developed the rare complication of PTSS after an elective ganglion cyst excision from the ankle.
Effects of particulate peat on the behavior and physiology of the Jamaican reef-building coral Montastrea annularis

Corals in an in situ respirometer exposed to suspended peat during the day greatly decreased net oxygen production, probably due to a reduction of intensity and spectral quality of light reaching the symbiotic zooxanthellae. Net production returned to pre-exposure levels after the chambers were cleared; the corals showed no behavioral effects. In contrast, after exposure during the night, corals displayed clearing behavior (such as extreme distension of the coenosarc and trapping of peat particles in thick clumps of mucus) and an increase in respiration rate comparable to the decrease in net production observed during the daytime exposure. The following morning, net production values were significantly lower than pre-exposure production values although ambient light intensity was slightly higher. This decrease in production as well as a 22% reduction of chlorophyll content in the coral tissue indicated loss of zooxanthellae from the stressed corals. Long-term exposure to such a stress could reduce coral growth rates and substantially alter coral reef communities.
Regional heterogeneity on myocardial contrast echocardiography without severe obstructive coronary artery disease

Abstract Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has been used successfully during cardiac catheterization to assess regional perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), although heterogeneity on MCE has been observed without underlying CAD. This study was undertaken to assess regional perfusion patterns on visual assessment of MCE when interpreted without knowledge of coronary anatomy, and to define potential sources of contrast heterogeneity not related to underlying CAD. Forty patients underwent intracoronary or aortic root MCE, or both, with use of 5% sonicated human serum albumin (Albunex) at the time of left heart catheterization. A single observer without knowledge of angiographic coronary anatomy reviewed all contrast echocardiographic studies for evidence of heterogeneous or collateral-dependent perfusion that was believed to be predictive of CAD. Of 110 vessels with paired echocardiographic and quantitative coronary angiographic data, 10 had lesions with >70% luminal diameter stenosis and 6 of these were occluded. Of 100 vessels without significant stenosis, blinded analysis of MCE identified 36 regions with abnormal contrast considered predictive of CAD (false-positive results). False-positive studies occurred most often (incidence 46%) in the distribution of the left circumflex artery. Myocardial contrast in a coronary perfusion territory was completely absent after ≥1 injection in 56 of 100 vessels without significant disease, although contrast was visualized on a subsequent injection in 51 of 56 vessels (91%). The low prevalence of disease among the population studied precluded meaningful estimation or test sensitivity for the detection of CAD. However, regional contrast heterogeneity was frequently observed on MCE in the absence of CAD. Regional heterogeneity of contrast may be due to technical factors related to dose, concentration, and imaging constraints.
Eye Location Based on Adaboost and Region Features

In this paper, we proposed a novel eye location method based on Adaboost and region features. Firstly, Haar features and Adaboost algorithm are used to extract the eye regions from a face image. Then, we highlight the characteristics of eyes to eye location. The method proposed have been tested in the CAS-PEAL-R1 database and CASIA NIR database separately, and the accuracy rate is 98.86% and 97.68%, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the method
The role of videotape in group psychotherapy with psychotic patient populations

A project was designed to introduce videotape into outpatient groups composed of recently discharged seriously ill patients. The goal was to counter high dropout rates and to see how videotape could be employed in a way which would facilitate engagement in therapy, foster group cohesion and counter patient and staff demoralization. The literature regarding videotape reveals conflicting opinions concerning its efficacy as a therapeutic tool. Most videotape studies have been conducted with considerably healthier patient populations. This paper concentrates on the use of a simple videotape system and the necessary changes in videotape technique when working with psychotic patients. Three parameters are emphasized: Videotape effect on (a) paranoid delusions, (b) illness severity, (c) group cohesion. Comparisons are drawn between videotape feedback and live feedback. In the last twenty years, the advent of neuroleptics and the subsequent dramatic decrease in the average length of stay for hospitalized psychiatric patients has confronted the mental health profession with the need to provide outpatient aftercare services to a large proportion of patients formerly "housed" in chronic care institutions. One attempt to meet this challenge has been the increasing use of group psychotherapy, clearly the most efficient way to treat the maximum
Roles of protease-activated receptors in a mouse model of endotoxemia

Endotoxemia is often associated with extreme inflammatory responses and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) mediate cellular responses to coagulation proteases, including platelet activation and endothelial cell reactions predicted to promote inflammation. These observations suggested that PAR activation by coagulation proteases generated in the setting of endotoxemia might promote platelet activation, leukocyte-mediated endothelial injury, tissue damage, and death. Toward testing these hypotheses, we examined the effect of PAR deficiencies that ablate platelet and endothelial activation by coagulation proteases in a mouse endotoxemia model. Although coagulation was activated as measured by thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) production and antithrombin III (ATIII) depletion, Par1–/–, Par2–/–, Par4–/–, Par2–/–:Par4–/–, and Par1–/–:Par2–/– mice all failed to show improved survival or decreased cytokine responses after endotoxin challenge compared with wild type. Thus, our results fail to support a necessary role for PARs in linking coagulation to inflammation or death in this model. Interestingly, endotoxin-induced thrombocytopenia was not diminished in Par4–/– mice. Thus, a mechanism independent of platelet activation by thrombin was sufficient to cause thrombocytopenia in our model. These results raise the possibility that decreases in platelet count in the setting of sepsis may not be caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation but instead report on a sometimes parallel but independent process.
New developments in experimental instrumentation in the VUV and soft X-ray range

Abstract The present situation of synchrotron radiation beamlines is reviewed giving special attention to the interaction between experiments and ring operators, new monochromator development and testing, as well as recent developments of photoelectron spectrometers and gas phase experiments.
Decomposition of Two-Dimensional Shapes by Graph-Theoretic Clustering

This paper describes a technique for transforming a twodimensional shape into a binary relation whose clusters represent the intuitively pleasing simple parts of the shape. The binary relation can be defined on the set of boundary points of the shape or on the set of line segments of a piecewise linear approximation to the boundary. The relation includes all pairs of vertices (or segments) such that the line segment joining the pair lies entirely interior to the boundary of the shape. The graph-theoretic clustering method first determines dense regions, which are local regions of high compactness, and then forms clusters by merging together those dense regions having high enough overlap. Using this procedure on handdrawn colon shapes copied from an X-ray and on handprinted characters, the parts determined by the clustering often correspond well to decompositions that a human might make.
Physically Abused Preschoolers' Responses to Peers' Distress.

Response to peers' distress for which they were (target-caused) or were not (bystander) the cause were coded for 11 abused and nonabused preschoolers between the ages of 35 and 67 months. Each child was observed on a playground for an average of 1 IS min. Consistent with results of research with toddlers, abused preschoolers exhibited more inappropriate responses (aggression and withdrawal) toward distressed peers (bystander incidents) than did nonabused preschoolers. Also, abused children were more likely to cause distress of peers. These findings suggest that even among abused children who have had opportunities to interact with nonabusive caregivers and peers (i.e., regularly attended day care), differences in responses to peers' distress are obtained. Although the physical injuries of abused children continue to be a grave concern to the public, the focus of attention has expanded to include the implications that abuse may have for children's social-emotional development. Research on characteristics of abused children indicate that many adopt behavior patterns similar to those of abusive parents: aggression, prosocial skills deficits, social isolation, and, of particular interest in the context of this article, deviant responses to distress (George & Main, 1979; Haskett, 1988; Hofrman-Plotkin & Twentyman, 1985; Howes & Eldredge, 1985; Main & George 1985; Reidy, 1977). It has been suggested that deviant responses to others' distress may contribute to both immediate (e.g., rejection by peers) and long-term (e.g., future abuse of offspring) problems for abuse victims (Main & George, 1985). In light of these potentially negative outcomes, further investigation of abused children's responses to others' distress is warranted. To date, abused children's responses to peers' distress have been studied only with toddlers (Howes & Eldredge, 1985; Main & George, 1985). Both studies found that relative to a nonabused group, abused toddlers expressed less concern and offered less help to distressed peers. Furthermore, abused toddlers were more likely to withdraw or react negatively (e.g., aggressively) to a distressed peer than were nonabused toddlers. In the present study, we were interested in whether deviant responses to distressed peers are characteristic of a slightly older group of abused children (i.e., preschoolers) who had opportunities to socially interact with nonabusive adults and children (i.e., regularly attended day care). Comparison of abused and
Energy spectra of certain randomly-stirred fluids

The velocity correlations of an incompressible fluid governed by the Navier-Stokes equations are studied in steady states maintained by random-white-noise stirring forces with varying spatial correlations. The asymptotic properties of the long-wavelength fluctuations are deduced by field-renormalization-group techniques. The results of Forster, Nelson, and Stephen are recovered for the random-force spectra these authors discuss, and a Kolmogorov spectrum is obtained when the force correlations have equal strength at all wave numbers, that is, when the force correlations behave as ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}d}$ in $d$ dimensions and $dg2$. Although the derivation is valid to all orders in the anomalous dimension, it implicitly assumes that there is no crossover in operator dimensionality.