cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presumption as a Modal Qualifier: Presumption, Inference, and Managing Epistemic Risk

Standards and norms for reasoning function, in part, to manage epistemic risk. Properly used, modal qualifiers like presumably have a role in systematically managing epistemic risk by flagging and tracking type-specific epistemic merits and risks of the claims they modify. Yet, argumentation-theoretic accounts of presumption often define it in terms of modalities of other kinds, thereby failing to recognize the unique risk profile of each. This paper offers a stipulative account of presumption, inspired by Ullmann-Margalit (J Philos 80:143–163, 1983), as an inferentially generated modal qualifier, “presumably, p,” distinguishing it from other, particularly epistemic modalities, e.g., standing commitments, assumptions, assertions, suppositions, hypotheses, and defeasible claims. By avoiding the tranching of inferential instruments of qualitatively different bona fides and risk profiles, this account provides a more accurate risk-rating system that better manages epistemic risk in inference, as well as contributing to the normative theory of the operation of presumption in reasoning and argument.
Market Information and the Elite law Firm

As a subcategory of contract negotiations, corporate transactions present information problems that have not been fully analyzed. In particular, the literature does not address the possibility that parties may simply be unaware of value-increasing transaction terms or their outside option. Such unawareness can arise even for transactions that attract many competing parties, if the bargaining process is such that (1) the price terms are negotiated and fixed prior to the non-price terms, contrary to the standard assumption; and (2) some of the non-price terms remain private for some period of time. A simple bargaining model shows that, when such unawareness is reasonably probable, each transaction party will maximize its expected payoff by acquiring current market information about non-price transaction terms. Because they have unique access to it, law firms with a significant share of transactional advisory work play an important role in aggregating and selling such market information. The implication is that, absent shocks to transactional practice, the volume advantage of high-market-share law firms should be self-perpetuating. This result is consistent with the observation that the legal advisory market for major corporate transactions is highly concentrated, and that the top firms earn substantial and persistent rents.
Conversations in Environmental Justice: An Interview with Julie Sze

Naomi and David: In your first book, Noxious New York (Sze 2006), you argued that communities engaged in environmental justice struggles “used environmental justice as their new language and approa...
Correlates of resistance and relapse during blinatumomab therapy for relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We retrospectively analyzed 65 patients with refractory/relapsed (r/r) ALL who were treated with blinatumomab for predictors of leukemia response as well as clinical patterns of relapse and resistance with particular focus on downregulation of CD19 expression and extramedullary disease (EM-ALL). The complete remission (CR) rate was 51%, and 15 (45%) responders underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in CR. High leukemia burden (bone marrow blasts >50%) (P = .02), history of prior EM-ALL (P = .005), and active EM-ALL at the time of initiating blinatumomab (P = .05) predicted lower CR rate. Among refractory cases, 13 (41%) had evidence of EM-ALL progression, and CD19 expression was negative or dim in 18% and 23%, respectively. Among responders, 20 (61%) subsequently relapsed among whom EM-ALL relapse occurred in 8 (40%) patients, and CD19 expression was negative or dim in 35 and 6% of evaluable cases, respectively. Pretreatment moderate/strong CD19 expression (P = .01) and history of prior EM-ALL during ALL course (P = .04) were risk factors for developing EM-ALL at progression/relapse. However, no pretreatment factors predicted progression/relapse with CD19-negative ALL. Overall-survival (OS) and even-free survival were improved for patients underwent allogeneic HCT compared to responders who did not. Furthermore, OS was superior for patients responded to blinatumomab compared to those who did not. Extramedullary and CD19-negative disease are common during blinatumomab failure in r/r ALL. In addition to high leukemia burden, concurrent or prior history EM-ALL were associated with lower response to blinatumomab. Higher CD19 expression as well as prior history of EM-ALL were associated with EM-ALL at the time of blinatumomab failure.
Ragnar Nurkse and the international financial architecture

This lecture discusses the work by the Estonian economist Ragnar Nurkse (1907–1959). It focuses on the early Nurkse, who was concerned with exchange rates, capital flows and what today we call the ...
Greek fragments in postmodern frames: rewriting tragedy 1970-2005

Productions, adaptations, and rewritings of Greek drama have proliferated across the globe since the 1960s. Eleftheria Ioannidou’s stimulating study follows in the wake of the path-breaking Dionysu...
Animal Ethics and the Culling of Badgers: A Reply to McCulloch and Reiss

One of the major values of animal ethical theory can be found in the light it sheds on practical ethical problems involving animals. McCulloch and Reiss’ paper does precisely this regarding the culling of badgers in England to limit the spread of tuberculosis. Perspicaciously realizing that societal ethics represents a combination of utilitarian and rights-based theorizing, the authors apply both of these perspectives to the issue, noting that both theoretical approaches generate a rejection of culling in the presence of other viable alternatives. In addition, the authors suggest and defend the use of an Animal Welfare Impact Assessment (AWIA) tool to assess the impact of various management approaches on the animals, and demonstrate its congruence with both the ethical theories considered, and with societal moral attitudes. In this way, they show that their conclusion is directly compatible with the societal ethic, in my view a major prerequisite for effecting social change.
Evaluation of the Volatile Organic Compounds Released from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and THP1 Cells Under Normal and Proinflammatory Conditions

Leukemia is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal and dysfunctional white blood cells. Many studies were carried out to investigate metabolism of these cells. Metabolome analysis has been successfully applied to leukemia disease and emerged as a powerful tool for obtaining information about the biological processes that occur in organisms, and as a useful platform for discovering new clinical biomarkers and make diagnosis of disease using different biofluids. Whatever has not been investigated in leukemic cells is volatile metabolic signature that in recent literature is called “volatilome”. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the headspace of cultured THP1 cells and normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), thus defining a volatile metabolomics signature. Styrene, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, 1-hexanol-2-ethyl, cyclohexane, 1,1’-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-, benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- were present in higher amount in cultured THP1 cell than in PBMC, while 2-butanone has an opposite trend. Cell stimulation with lipopolysaccharide affected normal cells, but not leukemic cells. The establishment of the volatile fingerprint of THP1 cell lines presents a powerful approach to find endogenous VOCs that could be used to improve the diagnostic tools and explore the associated metabolomic pathways.
Pulsed coherent population trapping with repeated queries for producing single-peaked high contrast Ramsey interference

A repeated query technique has been demonstrated as a new interrogation method in pulsed coherent population trapping for producing single-peaked Ramsey interference with high contrast. This technique enhances the contrast of the central Ramsey fringe by nearly 1.5 times and significantly suppresses the side fringes by using more query pulses ( >10) in the pulse cycle. Theoretical models have been developed to simulate Ramsey interference and analyze the characteristics of the Ramsey spectrum produced by the repeated query technique. Experiments have also been carried out employing a repeated query technique in a prototype rubidium clock to study its frequency stability performance.
Determining the Henry’s volatility coefficient of nitrosamines in CO2 capture solvents

Abstract Fundamental properties of nitrosamines, such as their Henry’s law constants, are needed to accurately predict the gas-phase partitioning and mitigate emissions of these volatile compounds from operating CO2 capture systems. In this work, the Henry’s volatility coefficient of several environmentally relevant nitrosamines were experimentally obtained from water, from a concentrated amine solution and from a CO2 loaded amine solution using a static headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry method. The dimensionless Henry’s volatility coefficients of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine were found to be range of 0.001–0.1 at CO2 absorber exit temperatures from 25 to 55 °C. A linear temperature dependency of the Henry’s volatility coefficient for these nitrosamines was observed. CO2 loading in the amine solvent increases the Henry’s volatility coefficient of the more non-polar nitrosamine while it decreased the Henry’s volatility coefficient of the more polar nitrosamine. Similar to parent amines, the polarity of the individual nitrosamines plays a key role in its Henry’s volatility coefficients and gas phase partitioning from concentrated amine solutions.
A randomized trial of contingency management reinforcing attendance at treatment: Do duration and timing of reinforcement matter?

Objective Contingency management (CM) interventions that reinforce attendance have rarely been evaluated in terms of reducing drug use. Using a sequential randomized design, this study examined the efficacy of three attendance CM conditions compared to usual care (UC) on drug use outcomes. It evaluated whether the duration (6 vs. 12 weeks) and timing (early vs. later treatment) of CM delivery impact treatment response. Method Upon initiating outpatient treatment, patients with cocaine use disorders (N = 360) were randomized to UC or CM for attending treatment for 6 weeks. At week 6, patients (n = 308) were rerandomized to UC or CM for another 6 weeks, with assignment stratified on current functioning. Samples were screened for illicit drugs twice weekly for 12 weeks. Results Patients randomized to CM at both time-points attended more sessions and achieved more abstinence than those never randomized to CM. Relative to UC, receiving attendance CM in weeks 1-6 only was not efficacious, but those receiving attendance CM in weeks 7-12 only evidenced some benefits compared to those who never received CM. Twelve weeks of attendance CM was more efficacious than 6 weeks. No between-groups differences in drug use were noted at follow-ups, but days attended treatment and proportion negative samples during treatment were associated with long-term cocaine abstinence. Conclusions Attendance-based CM increases treatment participation and reduces drug use, with beneficial effects noted when CM is delivered over longer durations and during later phases of outpatient care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Response surface data for sensitivity study of industrial spray injected fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract An industrial fluidized bed reactor was designed to convert an aqueous solid laden stream into a consistent granular product. CFD simulations were run using the MFiX two-fluid model for a fluidizing bed operating at 650 °C. A set of simulations were run over a Latin-hypercube sample of five model parameters – bed particle size, bed particle density, coal particle size, spray feed flow rate, and fluidizing gas flow rate. Data from the simulations were collected on three quantities of interest – bed differential temperature, low solids velocity, and bed void fraction. The data presented here is the full set of response surfaces generated using the process Gaussian response surface model in the Dakota toolkit, as well as the table of data for coefficients of the fitted model. The fits to the five-dimensional Gaussian Process models were 0.7797, 0.8664, and 0.9440 for the temperature, velocity, and solids packing, respectively.
Liminality of women’s leisure in Mumbai, India:

This paper theorizes the transformative potential of women’s night-time leisure in Mumbai’s urban areas. To this end, I draw on instances from qualitative field-based research focused on Mumbai’s c...
Latinx Ciné in the twenty-first century: edited by Frederick Luis Aldama, Tucson, The University of Arizona Press, 2019, xi + 506 pp., US$35.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8165-3790-7

Latinx Cine In The Twenty-First Century is an incredible fusion of exemplary and pertinent pedagogic articles featuring critical and penetrating analysis of Brown films seeking to upend stereotypic...
Fertility Trends in the Formerly Socialist Countries of Europe

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by A. Avdeev, volume 8, pp. 5602–5605, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Revealing the high propensity of RNAs to non-specifically bind drug-like small molecules

Identifying small molecules that selectively bind a single RNA target while discriminating against all other cellular RNAs is an important challenge in RNA-targeted drug discovery. Much effort has been directed toward identifying drug-like small molecules that minimize electrostatic and stacking interactions that lead to non-specific binding of aminoglycosides and intercalators to a variety of RNAs. Many such compounds have been reported to bind RNAs and inhibit their cellular activities, however the ability of such compounds to discriminate against RNA stem-loops commonly found in the transcriptome has not been thoroughly assessed in all cases. Here, we examined the propensities of three drug-like compounds, previously shown to bind and inhibit the cellular activity of three distinct RNAs, to non-specifically bind two HIV-1 stem-loop RNAs: the transactivation response element (TAR) and stem IIB in the rev response element (RREIIB). All three compounds bound to TAR and RREIIB in vitro, and two inhibited TAR-dependent transactivation and RRE-dependent viral export in cell-based assays while also exhibiting substantial off-target interactions consistent with non-specific cellular activity. A survey of X-ray and NMR structures of RNA-small molecule complexes revealed that drug-like molecules form hydrogen bonds with functional groups commonly accessible in canonical stem-loop RNA motifs, much like aminoglycosides, and in contrast to ligands that specifically bind riboswitches. Our results support extending the group of non-selective RNA-binders beyond aminoglycosides and intercalators to encompass drug-like compounds with capacity for non-specific hydrogen-bonding and reinforce the importance of assaying for off-target interactions and RNA selectivity in vitro and in cells when assessing novel RNA-binders.
Using an item-specific predictor to test the dimensionality of the orthographic choice task.

The orthographic choice (OC) task—requiring individuals to choose the correct spelling between a word and a pseudohomophone foil (e.g., goat vs. gote)—has been used as an outcome measure of orthographic learning and as a predictor of individual differences in word reading development. Some consider the OC task a measure of orthographic knowledge (e.g., Conrad, Harris, & Williams (Reading and Writing, 26(8), 1223–1239, 2013)), whereas others have suggested that the task measures a reader’s familiarity with the word’s orthographic representation and thus measures word reading skill (e.g., Castles & Nation, 2006). We examined this assertion by testing OC task performance of individuals ages 8 to 18 (J = 296) and their ability to read the OC target words (I = 80) in isolation using crossed random effects item-response models. Results reveal that response on the OC task is not fully determined by the ability of an individual to read the target word in isolation. Specifically, the probability of choosing the correct orthographic form when the word was pronounced incorrectly was .79; whereas it was .90 when the word was pronounced correctly. Measures of receptive spelling and phonemic awareness (person-characteristics) and word frequency and orthographic neighborhood size (item-characteristics) accounted for significant variance in orthographic choice after controlling for target item reading and other reading-related abilities. We interpret the results to suggest that the OC task taps both item-specific orthographic knowledge and more general orthographic knowledge.
Cognitive function in patients prior to undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Cognitive impairment is common and consequential in patients with cancer who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, there is no standard of care for evaluating cognition in patients prior to or after receiving HSCT, and it is not known which patients are at highest risk for cognitive impairment. The objectives of this study were to describe cognitive function in patients prior to allogeneic HSCT and identify demographic, disease-related, and psychosocial factors associated with cognitive function. Prior to HSCT, participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). We assessed bivariable associations between continuous MoCA scores and demographic, disease-related, and psychosocial variables using linear regression. Variables significant at the p < 0.2 level were adjusted for age, sex, and years of education in multiple linear regression analyses. Over 50% of participants demonstrated evidence of cognitive impairment (MoCA < 26) prior to transplantation. When adjusted for demographic variables, two characteristics were significantly associated with worse cognitive function: the hematopoietic cell transplantation-comorbidity index score (p = 0.01) and history of alcohol or substance abuse (p = 0.02). Pre-HSCT cancer and cancer treatment–specific variables were not associated with cognitive function. Cognitive impairment is common in patients scheduled to receive HSCT. Pre-transplantation evaluation of medical comorbidities and history of substance abuse may be important in identifying patients at risk for cognitive impairment. Further research characterizing the trajectory and impact of cognitive impairment on patient symptom burden and function may help improve outcomes.
Hearing Loss in Children: A Review

Importance Hearing loss in children is common and by age 18 years, affects nearly 1 of every 5 children. Without hearing rehabilitation, hearing loss can cause detrimental effects on speech, language, developmental, educational, and cognitive outcomes in children. Observations Consequences of hearing loss in children include worse outcomes in speech, language, education, social functioning, cognitive abilities, and quality of life. Hearing loss can be congenital, delayed onset, or acquired with possible etiologies including congenital infections, genetic causes including syndromic and nonsyndromic etiologies, and trauma, among others. Evaluation of hearing loss must be based on suspected diagnosis, type, laterality and degree of hearing loss, age of onset, and additional variables such as exposure to cranial irradiation. Hearing rehabilitation for children with hearing loss may include use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, bone anchored devices, or use of assistive devices such as frequency modulating systems. Conclusions and Relevance Hearing loss in children is common, and there has been substantial progress in diagnosis and management of these cases. Early identification of hearing loss and understanding its etiology can assist with prognosis and counseling of families. In addition, awareness of treatment strategies including the many hearing device options, cochlear implant, and assistive devices can help direct management of the patient to optimize outcomes.
Perceptual ability tests correlate to performance on a rudimentary dental anatomy laboratory exercise.

PURPOSE Objective of this study was to determine if perceptual abilities test (PAT), quantitative reasoning (QR), and academic average (AA) scores predict performance in a rudimentary dental anatomy laboratory exercise. METHODS First-year dental students (n = 88) completed two identical wax carving exercises during the first and last weeks of the dental anatomy course. After being given detailed instructions and a wax block, students carved a cube and a semilunar shape using the wax subtraction technique. Using a rubric, students self-assessed their work as unsatisfactory, satisfactory, or ideal in the following areas: finish, sharpness, symmetry, and accuracy. Two calibrated and blinded faculty graded the exercise using the same rubric as the students. Cohen's kappa coefficient assessed faculty interrater reliability and student-faculty reliability. Changes in scores between the two exercises were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed rank and paired t-tests. Spearman's correlation coefficient and repeated measures analysis assessed the association between shape carving scores and DAT, QR, and AA scores. RESULTS Faculty interrater reliability ranged from 0.2554 to 0.4186 for the assessed criteria over the two exercises. Student-faculty rater reliability ranged from 0.1299 to 0.4461. Only PAT scores correlated significantly to higher scores for the four grading criteria for both exercises. Student self-assessment improved with the second exercise. CONCLUSIONS This rudimentary exercise was useful to identify students early in their dental education who may require more guidance in other manual dexterity courses. Faculties require additional training and calibration. Self-assessment is a life-long process of critical thinking that students are just beginning to learn.
Role of Parents in Improving Children's Fine Motor Skills at Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study discusses the role of parents in improving children's fine motor skills at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. fine motor is a motor activity that involves the activity of small or smooth muscles. This movement requires eye and hand coordination and good motion control that enables it to perform accuracy and precision in motion. The purpose of this study is the role of parents in stimulating fine motor skills during the COVID-19 pandemic, and what are fine motor activities that can be done with children while at home. This research uses a literature study method. The results of this study explain what role parents do in improving children's fine motor skills at home and describe the fine motor activities that can be carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author hopes that the results of this study can provide benefits and inspiration, especially for parents of toddlers and for readers in general.
Automotive Network Security

Today automobiles are no longer mere isolated mechanical devices, but are increasingly connected to the outside environment, e.g. V2I(Vehicle-to-Infrastructure), V2V(Vehicle-to-Vehicle), V2C(Vehicle-to-Cloud) and V2X(Vehicle-to-Everything)[1]. The high degree of connectivity makes vehicles exposed to a range of security and privacy threats. The increasingly interconnected demand of a vehicle’s control modules means there is no safety without security.In this paper we describe the vulnerability of CAN and Ethernet automotive buses. We present the multiple domain CAN buses connected to a high speed Gigabit automotive Ethernet. We describe backend computers and central computing gateways provide layered security. We explain that Hardware Security Modules and Message Authentication Code (MAC) in CAN frame will increase security. We suggest ways to protect automotive Ethernet bus.
A unifying perspective on linear continuum equations prevalent in physics. Part VII: Boundary value and scattering problems

We consider simply connected bodies or regions of finite extent in space or space-time and write conservation laws associated with the equations in Parts I-IV. We review earlier work where, for elliptic equations,the boundary value problem is reformulated as a problem in the abstract theory of composites and the associated effective operator is equated with the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map that governs the response of the body. The dielectric polarizability problem and acoustic and electromagnetic scattering by an inclusion are formulated as problems in the extended abstract theory of composites. The scattering response can be determined from appropriate integrals over the inclusion.
Developing Risk-based Quality Control Plans: An Overview of CLSI EP23-A

What constitutes quality control (QC) in the clinical laboratory has expanded from being focused on the testing of QC samples to managing the risks of reporting incorrect patient results. To effectively implement this expanded vision of QC, the techniques of risk management are important tools. In 2011, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute published EP23-A, Laboratory Quality Control Based on Risk Management, providing an introduction to risk management techniques and guidance on developing a risk-based QC plan. This article outlines the steps in developing and using a risk based QC plan based on the EP23 model.
Frictionless contact of aircraft tires

A computational procedure for the solution of frictionless contact problems of spacecraft tires was developed using a two-dimensional laminated anisotropic shell theory incorporating the effects of variations in material and geometric parameters, transverse shear deformation, and geometric nonlinearities to model the nose-gear tire of a space shuttle. Numerical results are presented for the case when the nose-gear tire is subjected to inflation pressure and pressed against a rigid pavement. The results are compared with experimental results obtained at NASA Langley, demonstrating a high accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of the computational procedure.
Abstract T P211: Continued Participation in a Telestroke Program Improves Time to Intravenous Thrombolysis

Background: Improved clinical outcomes after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) are time dependent. Participation in a telestroke program allows the spoke hospitals 24/7 access to a vascular fellowship trained neurologist for a telestroke consult, as well as educational partnership with the hub site, shared protocols, and access to quality improvement feedback. We sought to assess the effects of continued participation in a telestroke program on times to administration of IV tPA. Methods: Our institutional telestroke program began in March 2011 and consists of an academic hub (comprehensive stroke center) that serves 8 community spoke hospitals. We retrospectively reviewed acute ischemic stroke patients treated with IV tPA via the telestroke program. We compared 2 cohorts of patients: Period 1 (July 2011 to June 2013) and Period 2 (July 2013 to July 2014). We collected data on demographics, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and times from initiation of telestroke consult to IV tPA administration. Results: Among 259 consecutive stroke patients (mean: 69.6 years, 56% female) treated with IV tPA via telestroke, the median NIHSS score was 11.8, and 41.7% of patients were transferred to the hub. The mean time from initiation of telestroke consult to IV tPA administration was 42.2 minutes. Period 1 included 129 patients and Period 2 included 130 patients, and the two groups did not differ by age (p=0.2), gender (p=0.3), or NIHSS score (p=0.3). Time from initiation of telestroke consult to IV tPA administration improved from Period 1 to Period 2 (35 vs. 49.9 minutes, p<0.0001). This improvement was due to faster mean time from initiation of telestroke consult to IV tPA advised (12.5 vs. 17.4 minutes, p<0.0001) and faster mean time from IV tPA advised to administration (22.5 vs. 33.1 minutes, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Maturation of a telestroke program is associated with improvement in the timeliness of IV tPA delivery, possibly due to a learning effect that continues the longer the sites participate in the program. This improvement is due to faster responses in both the hub site (recommending IV tPA earlier) and spoke site (administering IV tPA quicker). Further studies aimed at improving delivery of IV tPA in telestroke program are warranted.
Unconditionally secure information authentication in presence of erasures

The traditional authentication model assumes that the data loss on the communication channel between the sender and the receiver is handled by mechanisms that should be studied separately. In this paper, we consider a more general setting where both unconditionally secure information authentication and loss-resilience are achieved at the same time via erasure-tolerant authentication codes (or η-codes), and we address some fundamental questions concerning erasure-tolerant authentication codes. Namely, we adapt several lower bounds on the probability of successful deception derived for the traditional authentication model to the setting that we consider here. We also analyze the distance properties of the η-codes and the security properties of the η-codes constructed by means of concatenation and composition. One interesting class of η-codes is the class of η-codes with minimal probabilities of successful impersonation and substitution. We show that all members of this class can be represented as a composition of an authentication code with minimal impersonation and substitution probabilities and an erasure-resilient code. Finally, we present some examples of η-code constructions.
A rewrite based approach for enforcing access constraints for XML

Access control for semi-structured data is nontrivial, as witnessed by the number of access control approaches in literature. Recently, a case has been made for expressing access constraints at finer levels of granularity on data nodes and extending constraints to structural relationships. In this paper, we introduce a rewrite-based approach for access constraint enforcement, based on the ACXESS framework we developed at Indiana University. The ACXESS framework utilizes virtual security views and introduces a set of rewrite rules that takes advantage of the Security Annotated Schema (SAS) - an internal representation for virtual views. It is capable of rewriting user queries against security views into queries against the source data, while honoring the access constraints.
Control of pulmonary and systemic vasomotor tone in the fetus and neonate.

Abstract The factors that control the pulmonary and systemic vasomotor tones of the fetus and neonate have been reviewed. In addition, data on the effects of mechanical expansion of the alveoli as well as on those of acid and base infusions on polmonary and systemic hemodynamics in the fetal and neonatal lamb have been presented. The following conclusions can be drawn from these studies: (1) The rise in systemic arterial pressure that follows cord clamping and lung expansion is due to elimination of the low vascular resistance of the placenta. (2) The fall in pulmonary vascular pressure and resistance that follows the first breath is related to both the mechanical action of expanding the alveoli and the effects of oxygen on the vessel walls. (3) The pH and the Pco 2 of the blood do not seem to have any specific action on the pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic changes at birth as long as the Po 2 remains within normal ranges.
Factors affecting energy deposition and core expansion in low current single wire experiments

Summary form only given. Single wire experiments have been performed on Cornell's new Low Current Pulser 3 (LCP3) which consisted of a 220 nF capacitor charged to 20 kV. The capacitor and wire holder were connected in series through a switch and external, variable inductor used to control the current rise-time. This external series inductance was adjustable in five steps from 0.2 /spl mu/H to 2 /spl mu/H allowing the current rise time to be varied from 5 A/nsec to 50 A/nsec. Each wire was heated through melting and vaporizing phases by the current pulse and began expanding. Energy deposition, reproducibility and expansion rates were measured as functions of the current rise rate. These results indicate better energy deposition and higher expansion rates with faster current rise rates. The connection method and sign of the radial electric field at the surface of the wire were also varied. Preliminary experiments with copper indicate that energy deposition becomes independent of current rise rate with better wire-electrode connections.
Laparoscopic Surgery for Urodynamic Stress Incontinence

Laparoscopy is a means of surgical access, not a unique procedure, and its use is expanding rapidly in all surgical specialties because of a trend toward minimally invasive procedures. More prospective clinical trials with identical technique of laparoscopic and open colposuspension and follow-up of 3 or more years are warranted.
On Two Types of LM Fuzzy Lattices

The features of fuzzy lattices valued by lattices can be observed in the light of more general results from fuzzy algebraic and fuzzy relational structures. By approaching directly the problem of defining the notion of a fuzzy lattice, several directions can be taken. In this paper we present an idea and two of its variations to define what is referred to as LM fuzzy lattices. The idea is to fuzzify the membership functions of elements of the carrier of an ordinary, crisp, lattice. L1M fuzzy lattices require for the cuts of the structure to be sublattices of the lattice whose carrier's membership function has been the subject of fuzzification. More generally, L2M fuzzy lattices require that the cuts are lattices themselves, not insisting on being substructures of the crisp lattice. The structure of the families of cuts in both cases are presented, as well as an algorithm to construct LM fuzzy lattice with a given set of cuts. Alternative approaches to defining fuzzy lattices are discussed at the end of the paper.
ErbB3 downregulation enhances luminal breast tumor response to antiestrogens

Aberrant regulation of the erythroblastosis oncogene B (ErbB) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their ligands is common in human cancers. ErbB3 is required in luminal mammary epithelial cells (MECs) for growth and survival. Since breast cancer phenotypes may reflect biological traits of the MECs from which they originate, we tested the hypothesis that ErbB3 drives luminal breast cancer growth. We found higher ERBB3 expression and more frequent ERBB3 gene copy gains in luminal A/B breast cancers compared with other breast cancer subtypes. In cell culture, ErbB3 increased growth of luminal breast cancer cells. Targeted depletion of ErbB3 with an anti-ErbB3 antibody decreased 3D colony growth, increased apoptosis, and decreased tumor growth in vivo. Treatment of clinical breast tumors with the antiendocrine drug fulvestrant resulted in increased ErbB3 expression and PI3K/mTOR signaling. Depletion of ErbB3 in fulvestrant-treated tumor cells reduced PI3K/mTOR signaling, thus decreasing tumor cell survival and tumor growth. Fulvestrant treatment increased phosphorylation of all ErbB family RTKs; however, phospho-RTK upregulation was not seen in tumors treated with both fulvestrant and anti-ErbB3. These data indicate that upregulation of ErbB3 in luminal breast cancer cells promotes growth, survival, and resistance to fulvestrant, thus suggesting ErbB3 as a target for breast cancer treatment.
Load Adaptive MAC: A Hybrid MAC Protocol for MIMO SDR MANETs

The performance of prevalent wireless MAC protocols is a function of network contention level and the capabilities of the underlying network nodes. While contention-based MAC protocols such as CSMA experience significant performance degradation under high contention levels, slot-based MAC protocols such as TDMA perform in the opposite way. In this paper, we propose a hybrid MAC protocol to which we refer as Load-Adaptive MAC (LA-MAC) protocol for MANETs formed by a collection of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) equipped nodes. By adaptively switching its mode of operation between CSMA and TDMA, LA-MAC achieves a high channel utilization and a reasonable delay profile under both high and low contention levels identified by the measured collision rate of the MAC frames. As a cross-layer protocol, LA-MAC relies on the information received from the physical layer in order to distinguish between corrupted frames due to actual collisions as opposed to those corrupted by wireless link effects such as fading. We describe the design of LA-MAC protocol and report on its implementation in a MANET testbed formed by a collection of MIMO Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) Software Defined Radio (SDR) nodes. Through analytical and experimental studies, we compare the performance of LA-MAC with that of CSMA and TDMA under different traffic conditions. The results show the improvements achieved by LA-MAC in comparison with other alternatives.
Thermal mismatch dislocations produced by large particles in a strain-hardening matrix

Silver chloride containing particles of irregular form of the order of 1-mu-m in diameter is used as a model material for particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). Matrix dislocations due to the mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion of the two phases are made visible to transmission optical microscopy through bulk decoration performed at room temperature. The plastic zone around the particles takes two forms, similar to what is observed around the glass microspheres: (a) rows of coaxial prismatic dislocation loops punched into the matrix and (b) a plastic zone of irregular form containing partially resolved tangled dislocations. A relationship between the inclusion volume and the volume of the plastic zone around the inclusion-developed for the geometrically tractable problem of a sphere embedded in a strain-hardening matrix deforming by slip-is found to be valid for particles of irregular form as well, which are more representative of the reinforcement used in MMCs than spheres are.
Joint GWAS Analysis: Comparing similar GWAS at different genomic resolutions identifies novel pathway associations with six complex diseases

We show here that combining two existing genome wide association studies (GWAS) yields additional biologically relevant information, beyond that obtained by either GWAS separately. We propose Joint GWAS Analysis, a method that compares a pair of GWAS for similarity among the top SNP associations, top genes identified, gene functional clusters, and top biological pathways. We show that Joint GWAS Analysis identifies additional enriched biological pathways that would be missed by traditional Single-GWAS analysis. Furthermore, we examine the similarities of six complex genetic disorders at the SNP-level, gene-level, gene-cluster-level, and pathway-level. We make concrete hypotheses regarding novel pathway associations for several complex disorders considered, based on the results of Joint GWAS Analysis. Together, these results demonstrate that common complex disorders share substantially more genomic architecture than has been previously realized and that the meta-analysis of GWAS needs not be limited to GWAS of the same phenotype to be informative.
Popularizing the Toothbrush

TOOTH DECAY IN EUROPE and America is believed to have increased dramatically during the 19th century as a result of the growing general availability of refined flour and sugar in industrially processed foods. By the end of the century, surveys showed that between 90% and 95% of all children had untreated decaying teeth.1 Most children saw a dentist—if at all—only for emergency extractions. In 1910, local dentists examined 447 schoolchildren in Elmira, NY, and reported that only 22 of the children had teeth “in perfect condition.”2 The other children collectively had 2063 cavities and 617 “teeth and roots needing extraction.” Similar results were being reported from other towns and cities. Between 1910 and 1916, philanthropists built and endowed the first free and reduced-fee clinics for children and established the first schools for dental hygienists in Rochester, NY, Bridgeport, Conn, and Boston, Mass. By the 1920s, almost all American cities had free or reduced-fee clinics, and by 1950, such clinics were providing almost half of all oral health services delivered to children. Members of local dental associations staffed some clinics on a volunteer basis together with young dental school graduates seeking clinical experience. During the Great Depression, federal funds helped local and state governments to hire unemployed dentists. The first dental hygienists entered the schools to clean children’s teeth and teach them how to use toothbrushes.3 Some cities provided each child with a free toothbrush and tooth powder, while others sold them at 2 or 3 cents each. As in England, where toothbrushes were provided to all servicemen during World War I, this helped establish and extend the use of the toothbrush in working-class families.4 American schools also adopted the “toothbrush clubs” and “toothbrush drills” begun in England.5 This image, from a New York school, shows children demonstrating their newly acquired skills of toothbrushing.
Using the ISA 84/HAZOP/LOPA procedure to design a safety instrumented system for a fumed silica burner

A Cabot team used the ISA 84-2004 (IEC61511-1) standard to evaluate the safety instrumented system (SIS) for an existing fumed silica burner and made practical design changes to reduce the control-related process safety risks. Prior subjective layers of protection reviews and poor definitions for “tolerable risk” had resulted in assigning unreasonably high and impractical safety integrity levels (SIL) on safety critical interlocks. The Team turned to the ISA 84-approved layers of protection analysis (LOPA) procedure and found it to be a more realistic and a less subjective risk evaluation that resulted in a practical, defensible process safety system design. The Team's procedure focused on the following steps within the SIS life cycle: 1Perform a hazard and operability (HAZOP) process hazards analysis (PHA), 2Use PHA/HAZOP software to generate LOPA spreadsheets, 3Populate the LOPA spreadsheets for each risk scenario and compare the risk levels to the corporate risk matrix, 4Design an SIS/SIL to bridge the risk gaps identified using the LOPA, and 5Implement and document the changes. After completing the PHA/LOPA/tolerable risk matrix analysis (Steps 1–3), two scenarios were identified where the process safety risk was marginal and required design improvements. However, the Team struggled with Step 4, the SIS/SIL design, and progress essentially stopped. The Team's key learning, overcoming this roadblock, focused on locating a Certified Functional Safety Expert to complete and verify the SIS/SIL design integrity. Once Step 4 was completed, the Team implemented both identified SIS design improvements (Step 5), reducing the inherent control-related process safety risks with a practical solution. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Penalty formulation for zero-one nonlinear programming

Abstract Raghavachari has shown the equivalence of zero-one integer programming and a concave quadratic penalty function for a sufficiently large value of the penalty. A lower bound for this penalty was found by Kalantari and Rosen. It was also shown that this penalty could not be reduced in specific cases. We show that the results generalize to the case where the objective function is any concave function. Equivalent penalty formulation for non-concave functions is also considered.
Multiple-Target Tracking and Identity Management with Application to Aircraft Tracking

The problem of tracking and managing the identities of multiple targets is discussed and applied to the passive radar tracking of aircraft. The targets are assumed to be commercial aircraft switching modes during flight, and are thus well modeled by hybrid systems. We propose a computationally efficient algorithm based on joint probabilistic data association for target-measurement correlation. We use the results of this algorithm to simultaneously implement an identity management algorithm based on identity-mass flow, and a multiple-target tracking algorithm based on the residual-mean interacting multiple model algorithm. Together, they constitute the multiple-target tracking and identity management algorithm. The multiple-target tracking and identity management algorithm incorporates suitable local information about target identity, when available, in a manner that decreases the uncertainty in the system as measured by its statistical entropy. For situations in which local information is not explicitly available, a technique based on multiple hypothesis testing is proposed to infer such information. This algorithm allows us to track multiple targets, each capable of multiple modes of operation, in the presence of continuous process noise and of spurious measurements. The multiple-target tracking and identity management algorithm is demonstrated through various scenarios that are motivated by air traffic surveillance applications.
Key Theological Positions Underlying the Bishops' Pastoral Letter on Catholic Social Teaching and the US Economy

When the Catholic bishops of the United States prepared the first draft of their pastoral letter on the US economy, they deliberately kept its contents confidential until after the presidential election of that year. They did not want it to intrude upon the campaign then under way. It was not made public until 11 November, 1984. The Lay Commission, chaired by William E. Simon, issued its document, Toward the Future: Catholic Social Thought and the US Economy, before the bishops' first draft but also after the presidential election. It was not a response to the bishops' then unseen document but an advisory counter‐proposal from a different perspective. The Lay Commission presumed that the two documents would be different certainly in the area of policy recommendations and in the evaluation of the performance of the American economy; they probably anticipated differences also in the understanding of Christian and Catholic tradition and principles. They were not wrong.
Archaeological Evidence of Storage on the Snake River Plain

This article reviews the archaeological evidence for storage on the Snake River Plain. A review of the literature indicates the presence of four types of facilities that include small shallow oval-basin shaped pits with rounded bottoms, larger but shallow oval-shaped pits, sagebrush platforms in ice caves, and stone and grass platform beds. The evidence of storage features is, however, quite limited in the Middle and Late Archaic periods. Though preservation and sampling may well account for distribution, a number of other explanations are provided.