cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power and the Politics of Global Governance

Power in Global Governance. Edited by Michael Barnett, Raymond Duvall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 390 pp., $75.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-521-84024-4), $29.99 paper (ISBN: 0-521-54952-3). The end of the Cold War elicited a variety of responses within the field of international relations. Whereas some scholars suggested that we would soon be nostalgic for the stability of the Cold War (Mearsheimer 1990), others (Hewson and Sinclair 1999) pointed to the importance of global governance (that is, the management of global political and economic space in the absence of a global state) as an increasingly important object of inquiry. What the latter scholars in particular have largely avoided, according to Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, is an explicit theorization of power. The failure to adequately conceptualize power, moreover, has had important consequences for our understanding of global governance. It is precisely this gap that Barnett and Duvall's Power in Global Governance seeks to fill. In the introductory chapter to Power in Global Governance , Barnett and Duvall assert that the lack of attention to power is principally the result of the field's reliance on realism's conceptualization of power. Arguing that Robert Dahl's (1957) idea of “power over” (in which A compels B to do what B would not otherwise have done) is only one form of power, Barnett and Duvall offer a taxonomy that opens up what has to date been an impoverished analytics of power. They suggest that, in addition to Dahl's familiar “compulsory power,” three other types of power warrant the attention of scholars: institutional, structural, and productive power. Institutional power is demonstrated when states design institutions of global governance to their benefit. Structural power can be identified in structural relationships such as capital and labor (think Marx). Productive power is concerned with the production of subjectivities (think Foucault). Even though Barnett and Duvall's sophisticated and quite complex taxonomy of power makes it clear why …
An Experimental Study of Transitional Behavior in Physiological Flow Regimes

An experimental study is made of flow through models simulating the human abdominal aorta and human coronary arteries. Compliant silicone models are used to investigate fluid-wall interactions of geometries simulating arteries in healthy and diseased states, with the difference between the two being a localized wall thickening on the diseased model to simulate plaque deposition. Physiological flow waveforms and constant pressure external to the model wall are used as input conditions. Using flow visualization and particle image velocimetry, flow stability and transitional behaviors are studied and compared with velocity profiles for resting and exercise states deduced from clinical flow rate data. In these Reynolds and Sexl-Womersley matched experiments, the flow phantom representing the diseased slate demonstrates recirculation zones both upstream and downstream of the stenosis, while the healthy artery demonstrates a more unidirectional flow pattern. The contrast between the high-Reynolds, high-Sexl-Womersley number flow regime of the abdominal aorta and the lower-Reynolds, lower-Sexl-Womersley number behavior of the coronary arteries illustrates the importance of transitional behaviors in the human body and specifically in the progression of atherosclerosis.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Biologically-inspired navigation strategies for swarm intelligence using spatial Gaussian processes

Abstract This paper presents a novel class of self-organizing sensing agents that forma swarm and learn the static spatial process of interest through noisy measurements from neighbors for various global goals. The spatial phenomenon of interest is modeled by a Gaussian process. Each sensing agent maintains its own prediction of the Gaussian process based on measurements from neighbors. A set of biologically inspired navigation strategies are derived by exploiting the predictive posterior statistics. A unified way to prescribe a global goal for the group of agents so that a high-level behavior builds on a set of low-level simple behavior modules. As a result, collective mobility of agents emerges from a specified global goal. The proposed cooperatively learning control consists of motion coordination based on the recursive estimation of an unknown field of interest with measurement noise. The convergence properties of the proposed coordination algorithm for different situations and global goals are investigated by a simulation study.
Electrical stimulation of the rat diencephalon: Differential effects of interrupted stimulation on on- and off-responding

Abstract Rats were trained to turn on and to turn off electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Breaking trains of stimulation into bursts of pulses separated by intervals of no-stimulation attenuated off-responding more than on-responding. Current intensity was raised in an attempt to maintain a constant level of performance when either burst duration was decreased or interburst interval was increased. Current increases necessary to maintain on-responding were consistently smaller than the increments required to maintain off-responding. At shorter burst durations, off-responding usually ceased while on-responding continued. Four interpretations of the results are discussed: (1) temporal integration characteristics of the underlying neural systems, (2) reward adaptation, (3) electrode location, and (4) procedural artifacts. Only the first explanation which holds that the buildup of activity in the rewarding system is more rapid than in the aversive system is consistent with all the results. If correct, this conclusion indicates that multiple effects of electrical stimulation at a single brain site can be differentiated by manipulating the temporal pattern of the stimulation.
An integer programming framework for critical elements detection in graphs

This study presents an integer programming framework for minimizing the connectivity and cohesiveness properties of a given graph by removing nodes and edges subject to a joint budgetary constraint. The connectivity and cohesiveness metrics are assumed to be general functions of sizes of the remaining connected components and node degrees, respectively. We demonstrate that our approach encompasses, as special cases (possibly, under some mild conditions), several other models existing in the literature, including minimization of the total number of connected node pairs, minimization of the largest connected component size, and maximization of the number of connected components. We discuss computational complexity issues, derive linear mixed integer programming (MIP) formulations, and describe additional modeling enhancements aimed at improving the performance of MIP solvers. We also conduct extensive computational experiments with real-life and randomly generated network instances under various settings that reveal interesting insights and demonstrate advantages and limitations of the proposed framework.
Advances in the clinical development of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors in cancers.

Abstract Hsp90 is an ATP dependent molecular chaperone protein which integrates multiple oncogenic pathways. As such, Hsp90 inhibition is a promising anti-cancer strategy. Several inhibitors that act on Hsp90 by binding to its N-terminal ATP pocket have entered clinical evaluation. Robust pre-clinical data suggested anti-tumor activity in multiple cancer types. Clinically, encouraging results have been demonstrated in melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, castrate refractory prostate cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma and multiple myeloma. In breast cancer, proof-of-concept was demonstrated by first generation Hsp90 inhibitors in combination with trastuzumab mainly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) + metastatic breast cancer. There are a multitude of second generation Hsp90 inhibitors currently under investigation. To date, however, there is no FDA approved Hsp90 inhibitor nor standardized assay to ascertain Hsp90 inhibition. This review summarizes the current status of both first and second generation Hsp90 inhibitors based on their chemical classification and stage of clinical development. It also discusses the pharmacodynamic assays currently implemented in clinic as well as other novel strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of Hsp90 inhibitors. Ultimately, these efforts will aid in maximizing the full potential of this class of agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
Infant Affective Reactions to the Resumption of Maternal Interaction after the Still-Face.

To investigate infants' reactions to the Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm and in particular the reunion episode, 50 6-month-olds' affective, behavioral, and physiologic reactions were recorded and analyzed. Infants reacted to the still-face with negative affect, a drop in vagal tone, and an increase in heart rate. By contrast, they reacted to the reunion episode with a mixed pattern of positive and negative affect. There was a carryover of negative affect from the still-face, an increase in fussiness and crying, and a rebound of positive affect. During this episode, the infants' heart rate and vagal tone returned to initial levels. The data indicate that infant affective displays are specifically related to different interactive events, but that their physiologic reactions do not show the same level of specificity. The findings also highlight the complexity of the affective and reparatory processes that take place in mother-infant interactions.
The effect of oleic acid on the growth of monkey kidney cells (LLC-MK2).

Abstract 1. 1. Waymouth medium containing 1 % calf serum yields a greater population of monkey kidney cells (LLC-MK 2 ) than Neuman-Tytell. NCTC 135 or Eagle's MEM with the same supplement. 2. 2. Cells do not adhere to glass or multiply unless calf serum is present in any of the defined media. 3. 3. When cells are maintained in Waymouth medium containing 1 % calf serum for 24 h and replaced with the defined medium without supplementation, the cells adhere to glass and slowly multiply throughout the 168 h observation period. 4. 4. Ten to 20 μg/ml of oleic acid can replace calf serum as a growth supplement for MK 2 cells. Concentrations of oleic acid above 20 μg/ml are increasingly inhibitory for cell growth.
SELF-ENERGY OF DIRAC PARTICLES

Weisskopf's analysis of the electron self-energy in 1939 showed that the part of the self-energy that is due to the spin of the particle is negative. An extension of this analysis with the addition of a Pauli term to the Hamiltonian shows that the additional self-energy that arises is also negative and only adds to the original spin self-energy. The physical significance of this negative spin energy is discussed in detail.With the choice of an appropriate cutoff, the total self-energy of a Dirac particle with a Pauli anomalous magnetic moment can be made negative. A possible explanation of the neutron-proton mass difference in terms of their difference in electromagnetic self-energy, as first pointed by Feynman and Speisman, is considered in the light of such an analysis of the self-energy.
Manipulating the energy levels of semiconductor quantum dots

Artificial atoms with up to five well-defined electronic shells are fabricated using self-assembled quantum dots (QD's) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. State-filling spectroscopy of the zero-dimensional transitions between confined electrons and holes demonstrates that the energy levels are readily tunable. One to five confined levels, with an interlevel energy spacing between 25 and 90 meV, are obtained by adjusting the growth temperature or with post growth annealings. The uniformity and reproducibility of InAs/GaAs QD's are optimized by adjusting growth parameters affecting the evolution and the equilibrium shape of the QD's: the amount of strained material deposited, and the annealing time following the InAs deposition. Well-defined excited states are also obtained with stacked layers of vertically self-assembled QD's.
The vascular theory of migraine--a great story wrecked by the facts.

For much of the later part of the 20th century, a rather straightforward concept dominated thinking about migraine; first proposed in some part by Willis (1664) and best articulated by Wolff (1948), the theory explained the pain of migraine to be due to dilation of cranial vessels. By the latter part of the 19th century, neuronal theories had also been well articulated (Liveing, 1873) and, indeed, Gowers (1888) seemed happy with that concept. It is remarkable that three key approaches revived the vascular theory in the mid- to late-20th century; and the same three key areas—human experimental studies, observations on vascular change and therapeutics—have, some 120 years later, put migraine back into the brain, and thus firmly into the domain of neurology. This issue of Brain describes a study with exactly the type of result that lead Wolff to think of migraine as vascular; yet, taken in context, it provides evidence that leads to precisely the opposite conclusion. Henrik and colleagues (2008) from the Copenhagen group demonstrate in their new study pituitary adenylate cyclase activating …
Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory

Review of Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory, Second Edition edited by Eric Delson, Ian Tattersall, John A. Van Couvering, and Alison S. Brooks. New York, Garland Publishing, 2000, xiv + 753 pp, maps, charts, tables, drawings, photos, $175.
Comparison of Methodologies for the Determination of Excitation Temperatures of Plasma Support Gases

Methodologies for the determination of excitation temperatures for the argon support gas in six inductively coupled plasma systems are compared. These methods include a Boltzmann plot, partial Boltzmann plots, a polynomial fit, and a Fermi-Dirac model. The temperature(s) and fitting statistics are reported for each method. Additionally, the theoretical basis for each method is briefly reviewed. All these methods, with the exception of the first and last, yield multiple excitation temperatures; however, the Fermi-Dirac model more closely models the observed population distribution of excited electronic states in the argon atom.
Sixth, seventh and eighth virial coefficients of the Lennard-Jones model

We report values of the virial coefficients B n of the Lennard-Jones (LJ) model, as computed by the Mayer Sampling Monte Carlo method. For n = 4 and 5, values are reported for 103 temperatures T = 0.62 to 40.0 (in LJ units); for n = 6, 31 values are reported for T = 0.625 to 20.0; for n = 7, 15 values are reported from T = 0.625 to 10; and for n = 8, four values are reported from T = 0.75 to 10. Data are used to estimate the location of the LJ critical point, and the critical temperature estimated this way is given to within 0.8% of the established value, while the critical density is too low by 10%. Data derived from the virial equation of state (VEOS) are compared to pressures and internal energies calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. Simulations of systems ranging from 125 to 30,000 particles are extrapolated to infinite system size, and it is shown that the VEOS–when applied at densities where the series has reached convergence–provides results closer to the infinite-system values than obtained by an...
E2a is necessary for Smad2/3 dependent transcription and the direct repression of lefty during gastrulation

Summary Transcription factor complexes have varied effects on cell fate and behavior, but how this diversification of function occurs is largely unknown. The Nodal signaling pathway has many biological functions that all converge on the transcription factors Smad2/3. Smad2/3 has many cofactors, and alternative usage of these may provide a mechanism for modulating Smad2/3 function. Here, we investigate how perturbation of the cofactor E2a affects global patterns of Smad2/3 binding and gene expression during gastrulation. We find that E2a regulates early development in two ways. E2a changes the position of Smad2/3 binding at the Nodal inhibitor lefty , resulting in direct repression of lefty that is critical for mesendoderm specification. Separately, E2a is necessary to drive transcription of Smad2/3 target genes, including critical regulators of dorsal cell fate and morphogenesis. Overall, we find that E2a functions as both a transcriptional repressor and activator to precisely regulate Nodal signaling.
Quantitative changes in tRNA during ethylene induced ripening (ageing) of tomato fruits

Abstract Iso-accepting forms of t RNA met , t RNA leu , t RNA lys , and t RNA tyr were isolated from combined walls and septa of tomato fruits at 5 consecutive stages of ethylene induced ripening. Changes in the relative amount of some t RNA leu and t RNA lys were discerned 10hr after exposure to ethylene. Individual patterns of change for each of several iso-acceptor t RNAs were evident throughout the ripening sequence. Maximal changes were: t RNA lys , −66.3%; t RNA leu , −24.8%; and t RNA met , +26.7%.
Income tax policy: is a single rate tax optimum for long-term economic growth?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show an optimum income tax policy, given that the government must raise sufficient tax revenue to fund public goods and services as well as income transfer programmes. The paper examines the different types of taxes and then suggests a policy that is efficient, equitable, easy to administer and leads to a higher level of economic growth. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review has been done to find all scholarly work that relates to income tax policy and its effect on economic growth. Results from endogenous growth models have been utilised to determine both the significance and the magnitude of income tax policy's effect on the growth rate of real GDP. Findings – After examining the benefits of each type of taxation and reviewing the principles of capitalism, a proportionate (single rate) tax of 12 per cent on all income would be approximately revenue neutral in the USA, and would add to the growth of real GDP, thereby improving the standard of living. ...
Effectiveness of a community health worker-led diabetes self-management education program and implications for CHW involvement in care coordination strategies.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Community Health Worker (CHW)–led diabetes self-management education (DSME) program and to understand how CHWs and primary ca...
Hypothalamic portal blood immunoreactive TRH in the rat: lack of effect of hypothyroidism and thyroid hormone treatment

Possible thyroid hormone regulation of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secretion was studied by measurement of hypophyseal portal blood TRH concentrations in normal, hypothyroid and thyroid hormone treated rats. TRH was measured by radioimmunoassay of methanol extracts of blood. Extraction recovery was good. Endogenous TRH immunoreactivity (IR-TRH) was destroyed by incubation with normal human serum and it co-migrated with synthetic TRH in a thin layer electrophoresis and chromatography system. Mean portal blood IR-TRH concentrations ranged from 1041 to 2834 pg/ml in the various groups of rats studied. No consistent differences were found in portal blood IR-TRH concentrations in normal, hypothyroid or thyroid hormone treated rats. Peripheral blood IR-TRH concentrations were similar in normal rats and rats subjected to forebrain and hypothalamic removal. These results indicate that TRH secretion into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system is not regulated by thyroid hormone and that forebrain and hypothalamic secretion do not contribute importantly to peripheral blood TRH.
Microbial fuel cells: novel microbial physiologies and engineering approaches

The possibility of generating electricity with microbial fuel cells has been recognized for some time, but practical applications have been slow to develop. The recent development of a microbial fuel cell that can harvest electricity from the organic matter stored in marine sediments has demonstrated the feasibility of producing useful amounts of electricity in remote environments. Further study of these systems has led to the discovery of microorganisms that conserve energy to support their growth by completely oxidizing organic compounds to carbon dioxide with direct electron transfer to electrodes. This suggests that self-sustaining microbial fuel cells that can effectively convert a diverse range of waste organic matter or renewable biomass to electricity are feasible. Significant progress has recently been made to increase the power output of systems designed to convert organic wastes to electricity, but substantial additional optimization will be required for large-scale electricity production.
The embryonated egg: a practical target for genetic based advances to improve poultry production

The embryonated avian egg is an attractive target for applying technology-based advances to improve poultry production. There are a number of reasons for this. First, the egg is immobile and can be easily accessed by high-speed automated equipment such as the commercial egg injection system used for vaccination of broilers worldwide. Second, due to successful breeding techniques, the embryonic period now composes 30 to 40% of a broiler's total lifespan, underscoring the importance of this window in the bird production life cycle. Third, the period of incubation involves rapid development from a ball of 40,000 to 60,000 undifferentiated blastodermal cells to a fully formed chick and associated extra-embryonic compartments in 21 d, allowing development of novel approaches for improving poultry production. Some of these novel approaches will be discussed in this paper and include gender discrimination of embryos and the possibility of changing the breeding paradigm through introduction of undifferentiated cells such as avian blastodermal or embryonic stem cells.
Some estimates for harmonic measures. III

A simple determination is given for continua in the closed unit disc having minimal harmonic measure at the centre.
The Literature of Scientific Management

Introduction, 506. — 1. Development and Theory of Scientific Management, 509. — Earlier discussion, 510. — The successive publications of F. W. Taylor, 511; — of Gantt, 514. — Essentials of Taylor's system, 518. — Various other publications, 521. — Emerson's books, 527. — 2. Scientific Management in Operation, 530. — 3. The Railroads, 533. — 4. Methods; general articles and books, 538. — Time study, 540. — Motion study, 541. — Other questions, 543. — 5. The Personal Factor, 547. — Bearing on larger social problems, 551. — 6. Relation to Organized Labor, 553.
Generation of nitric oxide by lapine meniscal cells and its effect on matrix metabolism : stimulation of collagen production by arginine

Slices of lapine meniscus produced large amounts of nitric oxide after stimulation with interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or a mixture of lapine synovial cytokines known as chondrocyte-activating factors. Monolayer cultures of meniscal cells produced from the proteolysis of meniscal tissue contained a mixed population of chondrocytic and fibroblastic cells. These cultures also produced large amounts of nitric oxide in response to cytokines. Monolayer cultures of meniscal cells produced by the explant method, in contrast, were uniformly fibroblastic and did not produce nitric oxide in response to cytokines. We conclude that menisci contain two populations of cells, one fibroblastic and the other chondrocytic. The chondrocytic cells are responsible for generating most of the nitric oxide in response to cytokines. Endogenously generated nitric oxide suppressed the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycan by menisci but protected proteoglycan from the catabolic effects of interleukin-1. The inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on collagen synthesis occurred without greatly altering the abundance of mRNAs encoding the various collagen alpha chains. During further investigation, arginine was unexpectedly found to stimulate the synthesis of collagen and, to a lesser degree, of noncollagenous proteins but not of proteoglycans. Fragments of meniscus, but not meniscal cells in monolayer culture, increased their production of matrix metalloproteinases, lactate, and, especially, prostaglandin E2 in response to interleukin-1. Inhibition of nitric oxide production with NG-monomethyl-L-arginine enhanced production of matrix metalloproteinases but had little effect on the synthesis of lactate or prostaglandin E2.
Trident: Scientific Workflow Workbench for Oceanography

We introduce Trident, a scientific workflow workbench that is built on top of a commercial workflow system to leverage existing functionality. Trident is being developed in collaboration with the scientific community for oceanography, but the workbench itself can be used for any science project for scientific workflow.
Piezoelectric Polymers Actuators for Precise Shape Control of Large Scale Space Antennas

Extremely large, lightweight, in-space deployable active and passive microwave antennas are demanded by future space missions. This paper investigates the development of PVDF based piezopolymer actuators for controlling the surface accuracy of a membrane reflector. Uniaxially stretched PVDF films were poled using an electrodeless method which yielded high quality poled piezofilms required for this application. To further improve the piezoperformance of piezopolymers, several PVDF based copolymers were examined. It was found that one of them exhibits nearly three times improvement in the in-plane piezoresponse compared with PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) piezopolymers. Preliminary experimental results indicate that these flexible actuators are very promising in controlling precisely the shape of the space reflectors.
Systematic Study of the Single Instanton Approximation in QCD

The single-instanton approximation (SIA) is often used to evaluate analytically instanton contributions to the Euclidean correlation function in QCD at small distances. We discuss how this approximation can be consistently derived from the theory of instanton ensemble and give precise definitions to a number of different ``quark effective masses,'' generalizing the parameter ${m}^{*},$ which was introduced long ago to account for the collective contribution of the whole ensemble. We test numerically the range of applicability of the SIA for different quantities. Furthermore, we determine all the effective masses (for random and interacting instanton liquid models) as well as from phenomenology, and discuss to what extent those are universal.
Food selection, dietary adequacy, and related dental problems of patients with dental prostheses

lh e course of periodontal disease and dental caries is partially influenced by thch nutritional status and dietary intake of the patient. Nutrition also plays a central role in the state of readiness of the oral tissue for the placement of a prosthesis.‘-i It seems equally plausible that the dental status of an individual may influence thr nutritional adequacy of the diet. Since a dental restoration alters the dental status. an analysis of the diet and related dental problems of such patients may clarify this relationship. Studies have been reported which ( 1 ) test the chewing efficiency and masticator) forces required when dental prostheses arc used.“-” (2) evaluate the effects of decreased checving efficiency on the ability of denture patients to consume certain foodstuffs,g, I” l3 and (3) evaluate the acceptability of specific foods for and food preferences of denture wearers.l’-” However, few studies have been conducted \vhich analyze the normal eating patterns of the subjects and relate the forms of food avoided and substituted to the types of prosthetic restorations. If such a relationship exists, nutritionists and dentists can benefit by supplying appropriately altered edtlcational information to their patients. This study was undertaken to determine if a relationship exists among dental status, food selection, and nutritional adequacy of the diet. Some related issues. such as variations in taste sensitivity, comfort of dental restorations, and the influence of time as a factor in adjustment, \vere also considered.
An Apparatus for Testing Light and Color Sense

This apparatus worked out for use in the Laboratory of Psychology in Bryn Mawr College has been further developed into a form fitted for practical clinical work. Previous description will be found page 335.
Patterns of disease and treatment of cold sores.

Background: Cold sores are a common condition that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Antivirals are the typical treatment for cold sores, but the ways in which these medications are used to treat cold sores are not well studied. Purpose: To determine the main treatments prescribed for cold sores and trends in their management over time. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey database was used to analyze outpatient visits for cold sores from 1993 to 2009. Patients were included in the data analysis if they had one of the following three diagnoses reported for their reason-for-visit codes: cold sores (CS), herpes simplex (HS) or herpes simplex with cold sores (HS/CS). Results: There was a decreasing trend in the number of annual patient visits for cold sores. The majority of patients were mainly young to middle adulthood, white women. The top two most commonly prescribed medications were acyclovir followed by valacyclovir. Valacyclovir use increased in ...
CALCULATION OF THE PENETRATION DEPTH AND ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORPTION EDGE FOR STRONG-COUPLING SUPERCONDUCTORS.

Abstract We have calculated the electromagnetic response function for various cases for a model of lead, both for the pure metal and a dilute nonmagnetic alloy, and both for the weak-coupling and strong-coupling theories using Nam's theory. With these results, we have calculated the low-frequency penetration depth and the high-frequency surface resistance in the neighbourhood of the gap edge for these various cases. We find a penetration depth for strong-coupling pure lead of 406 A in better agreement with the experimental result of 390 A than previous calculations. The calculated absorption edge is steeper for the strong-coupling theory than for the weak-coupling theory and also is in good agreement with the experimental results of Leslie and Ginsberg and of Norman. The alloy calculation has a slightly steeper absorption edge than the calculation for the pure metal.
rf PROPERTIES OF THE PLASMA SHEATH

An experiment to determine the existence of selfoscillating r-f fields in the sheath of a plasma and to investigate how an externally applied r-f field penetrates through the sheath and into the plasma was reported. Both the r-f and d-c fields in the sheath were measured. The r-f results were in good agreement with self-consistent small-signal calculations of r-f field penetration into the sheath. The theoretical method used was to integrate the one-dimensional form of the collisionless Boltzmann equations by the orbital integration technique. (C.E.S.)
Promoters and barriers to mammography screening in multiethnic inner city patients.

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to understand promoters and barriers to annual mammography screening among multiethnic inner city women aged 40 years and above. METHODS: Women at 4 community health centers were asked to fill out a self-administered survey and divided into 2 groups. Group A consisted of women who had a mammogram in the last 2 years and group B of women who had never had a mammogram or for whom it had been over 2 years since their last mammogram. RESULTS: One hundred forty-four of 172 (84%) women approached agreed to fill out the survey: 80% self-reported as group A and 20% as group B. Group A women were more likely to have someone recommend they get a mammogram, have a primary care provider (PCP), and have a female PCP. Group B women reported they were "too busy" and would prefer a walk-in mammogram clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Mammography screening remains a public health challenge.
Measurement of sulfur isotope compositions by tunable laser spectroscopy of SO2.

Sulfur isotope measurements offer comprehensive information on the origin and history of natural materials. Tunable laser spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for isotope analysis that has proven itself readily adaptable for in situ terrestrial and planetary measurements. Measurements of δ34S in SO2 were made using tunable laser spectroscopy of combusted gas samples from six sulfur-bearing solids with δ34S ranging from −34 to +22‰ (also measured with mass spectrometry). Standard deviation between laser and mass spectrometer measurements was 3.7‰ for sample sizes of 200 ± 75 nmol SO2. Although SO2(g) decreased 9% over 15 min upon entrainment in the analysis cell from wall uptake, observed fractionation was insignificant (+0.2 ± 0.6‰). We also describe a strong, distinct 33SO2 rovibrational transition in the same spectral region, which may enable simultaneous δ34S and Δ33S measurements.
Financial Capacity and Output Fluctuations in an Economy with Multi-Period Financial Relationships

This paper motivates a financial propagation mechanism in the context of an intertemporal production economy with asymmetric information, and with borrowers and lenders who enter multi-period financial relationships. A key feature is that aggregate output and borrowers' "financial capacity"-the maximum overhang of past debt they may feasibly carry-are determined jointly, much in the spirit of Gurley and Shaw (1955). Expectations of future economic conditions govern financial capacity which in turn may constrain current production, especially in bad times. A small but persistent shift in aggregate conditions may have a large impact on financial capacity, making the framework capable of motivating large endogenous fluctuations in financial constraints. Understanding how small disturbances can induce large output fluctuations is an on-going quest in macroeconomics. This paper develops a simple framework in which shifts in aggregate economic fundamentals are amplified through their impact on financial conditions. A distinguishing feature is that output and borrowers' "financial capacity"-the maximum overhang of past debt they may feasibly carry-are determined jointly, much in the spirit of Gurley and Shaw (1955). Expectations of future economic conditions govern financial capacity, and financial capacity may constrain current production, especially in bad times. A number of recent papers have resurrected the view that financial factors may play a part in propagating business fluctuations.' The underlying theories exploit the idea that, with asymmetric information between borrowers and lenders, agency costs may drive the price of uncollateralized external funds above the price of internal funds. In this kind of setting, a borrower's financial position is a key determinant of the terms of credit she faces. In the aggregate, swings in borrower balance sheets over the cycle amplify fluctuations in investment and output, essentially by inducing counter-cyclical movements in the required premium for external finance. This simple mechanism is broadly consistent with informal descriptions of how financial and real variables interacted in the Great Depression (Bernanke (1983)) and in the postwar business cycles (Eckstein and Sinai (1986)). In addition, numerous recent panel data studies, beginning with Fazzari, Hubbard and Peterson (1988), support the notion of a financial investment accelerator mechanism.
Lipid-mediated membrane binding properties of Disabled-2.

Abstract Disabled-2 (Dab2) is an adaptor protein involved in several biological processes ranging from endocytosis to platelet aggregation. During endocytosis, the Dab2 phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain mediates protein binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. As a result of platelet activation, Dab2 is released from α-granules and associates with both the αIIbβ3 integrin receptor and sulfatide lipids on the platelet surface through its N-terminal region including the PTB domain (N-PTB), thus, modulating platelet aggregation. Thrombin, a strong platelet agonist, prevents Dab2 function by cleaving N-PTB within the two basic motifs required for sulfatide association, a reaction that is prevented when Dab2 is bound to these sphingolipids. We have characterized the membrane binding properties of Dab2 N-PTB using micelles enriched with Dab2 lipid ligands, sulfatides and PtdIns(4,5)P2. Remarkably, NMR spectroscopy studies suggested differences in lipid-binding mechanisms. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated that sulfatide- and PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding sites overlap in Dab2 N-PTB and that both lipids stabilize the protein against temperature-induced unfolding. We found that whereas sulfatides induced conformational changes and facilitated Dab2 N-PTB penetration into micelles, Dab2 N-PTB bound to PtdIns(4,5)P2 lacked these properties. These results further support our model that platelet membrane sulfatides, but not PtdIns(4,5)P2, protect Dab2 N-PTB from thrombin cleavage.
Absolute configuration and conformational stability of (+)-2,5-dimethylthiolane and (-)-2,5-dimethylsulfolane

Enantiopure (+)-2,5-dimethylthiolane and (-)-2,5-dimethylsulfolane were prepared using literature procedures and investigated using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD). Experimental absorption and VCD spectra of (+)-2,5-dimethylthiolane and (-)-2,5-dimethylsulfolane in CCl(4) solution in the 2000-900 cm(-)(1) region were compared with the ab initio predictions of absorption and VCD spectra obtained with density functional theory using the B3LYP/6-311G(2d, 2p) basis set for different conformers of (2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylthiolane and (2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylsulfolane. This comparison indicates that (+)-2,5-dimethylthiolane is of the (2R,5R)-configuration and has two predominant conformations in CCl(4) solution. In addition, (-)-2,5-dimethylsulfolane is of (2R,5R)-configuration and has only one predominant conformation. The stereochemical assignment is in agreement with literature.
Effective Design of Clinical Studies

The various types of multi-center clinical trials are discussed as well as the objectives of such trials.Various methods of analyzing “sub sets” of such multi-center clinicals and the reasons, good and bad for such analyses are examined.
Optimal commercial policy for an open economy with domestic distortions

Abstract This paper formulates the optimal commercial policies with domestic distortions when the unconstrained first-best policy options are unavailable. Explicit formulae for the values of the interventionist variables are presented. The results synthesize and clarify previous formulations, and provide some exact conclusions beyond the usual ‘indefinite’ second-best outcomes.
Securing Political Returns to Social Capital: Women's Associations in the United States, 1880s–1920s

Securing Political Returns to Social Capital: Women’s Associations in the United States, 1880s–1920s Social capital has proven exceptionally fruitful as a metaphor. By invoking anancial imagery, this phrase points to the generative power of social ties, their capacity to produce social goods such as economic growth or effective governance. But metaphors are also dangerous, not least because they assert multiple dimensions of similarity, some of which may be inappropriate or positively misleading. Prominent among these potential false parallels is the presumption that social capital is marked by the same portability or fungibility that makes anancial capital such a powerful motor of economic growth and transformation. In its purest form, economic capital is not tied to particular persons, places, or objects, but “presents itself as an independent substance, endowed with a motion of its own, passing through a life-process of its own, in which money and commodities are mere forms which it assumes and casts off in turn.” Social capital, by comparison, is fundamentally embedded, rooted in “norms of reciprocity and networks of civic engagement.” The very term “social capital” embodies a seeming paradox—a deeply embedded capacity for social action that is transposable from one setting to another, from one domain to other diverse projects.
Chronological decomposition heuristic for scheduling: Divide and conquer method

This article presents a simple and effective way to divide the temporal dimension of certain production scheduling optimization problems into smaller, more manageable time chunks which can be solved and brought together to form overall or globally integer-feasible solutions using a depth-first search.
Cometary ephemerides for spacecraft flyby missions

The determination of cometary ephemerides is considered with reference to proposed missions to Comet Halley. It is noted that the ability of spacecraft without onboard navigation capability to fly close to target comets is limited chiefly by the comet's ephemeris uncertainty. The situation is complicated by nongravitational forces acting on a comet's nucleus and the paucity of observers currently making astrometric observations of comets. The nongravitational forces affecting Comet Halley are consistent with the rocket effect of an outgassing water ice nucleus; the nucleus is apparently rotating in a direct sense about a stable spin axis. It is emphasized that accurate Comet Halley ephemerides for close spacecraft flybys will require continued efforts to refine the existing nongravitational force model. In addition, the flyby mission to Comet Halley will require a well-organized network of astrometric observers. For this purpose, an Astrometry Network is being set up within NASA's International Halley Watch program.
A comparison of recognition and savings as retrieval measures: A reexamination

The present study was designed to extend the findings of Nelson (1978) in determining the relative sensitivities of recognition and savings for detecting small amounts of information in memory. Subjects learned a list of 20 number-noun paired associates to a recognition criterion. After a retention interval of 2, 3, or 4 weeks, subjects returned for tests of recall and recognition. Then, at relearning, some of the nonretrieved items remained the same as at original learning, and some new items were created by a re-pairing of numbers and nouns. After one relearning study trial, retention tests were again given. Statistical tests showed significant savings effects on all dependent measures. It was concluded that savings is a more sensitive retrieval measure than recognition and that subthreshold memory traces can exist and can be incremented by the process of concatenation. It was suggested that a reinstitution of old mediators may also play a role in the savings effect.
Spatial Reasoning With Multiple Intrinsic Frames of Reference

Establishing and updating spatial relationships between objects in the environment is vital to maintaining situation awareness and supporting many socio-spatial tasks. In a complex environment, people often need to utilize multiple reference systems that are intrinsic to different objects (intrinsic frame of reference, IFOR), but these IFORs may conflict with each other in one or more ways. Current spatial cognition theories do not adequately address how people handle multi-IFOR reasoning problems. Two experiments manipulated relative orientations of two task-relevant objects with intrinsic axes of orientation as well as their relative task salience. Response times (RTs) decreased with increasing salience of the targeted IFOR. In addition, RTs increased as a consequence of intrinsic orientation conflict, but not by amount of orientation difference. The results suggest that people encounter difficulties when they have to process two conflicting IFOR representations, and that they seem to prioritize processing of each IFOR by salience.
Crystallization of amorphous Ni60Nb40

The crystallization of Ni60Nb40 metallic glass during continuous heating and isothermal annealing at temperatures from 845 to 904 K, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrical resistance measurements, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Crystallization occurred in four clearly defined stages. In the initial stage a metastable phase, with structure similar to the M-phase in the Ni-Nb-Al ternary system, forms in the amorphous matrix. In the two subsequent stages the remaining glass crystallizes to the Ni3Nb- andΜ-phases found in the equilibrium Ni-Nb phase diagram. The M-phase transforms into the equilibrium Ni3Nb- andΜ-phases only at high temperature. The crystallization of the M-phase could be described by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami kinetics with the time exponentn=1.3 and activation energyE1=628 kJ mol−1. M-phase crystal growth was apparently diffusion controlled and the diffusion coefficient was estimated to be 4.2×10−20 m2 sec−1. Activation energies for the second and third stages of crystallization were found to beE2=446 kJ mol−1 andE3 = 430 kJ mol−1.
Breast feeding and serum bilirubin values during the first 4 days of life

One hundred ninety-nine breast-fed and bottle-fed infants were studied for the first 4 days of life to determine if breast feeding and hyperbilirubinemia were related, and to see if altering the standard hospital breast-feeding regimen would affect bilirubin levels. Breast feeding did not results in increased serum bilirubin concentrations. Regardless of feeding regimen, breast- and bottle-fed groups had similar mean bilirubin values, and a similar low incidence of hyperbilirubinemia. Incidental findings included an 8 per cent mean weight loss in infants who were breast fed without supplements, compared to a 4 per cent weight loss in all other infants. Hyperbilirubinemia was not related to weight loss.
Stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator production from epithelial cell lines

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing the yield of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) from two epithelial cell lines of normal (non-malignant) derivation grown in tissue culture. The three agents used in this investigation were chosen because of their proven enhancing effect on analogous cells or products. The anabolic hormone stanozolol was found to have no significant stimulatory effect on these cell lines. A phorbol acetate (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) caused a twofold enhancement in tPA yield but the most significant results were obtained with 5-azacytidine. This agent increased the yield by up to fourfold in small stationary cultures and threefold in large-scale microcarrier cultures. A combination of azacytidine and phorbol acetate did not have an additive effect on total yield but did alter the kinetics of tPA expression with time. Indications were that the maximum yield with these types of potentiating agents was achieved as it could not be increased by using a combination of two different agents.
Use of experimental tetraploids in potato breeding

High yielding experimental tetraploids from 4x × 2x crosses were found to be excellent parents, giving rise to many high yielding families and clones. Several of the progeny were found to yield over 900 cwt/acre at the Hancock Experimental Station. Both general and specific combining ability were significant for yield, while general combining ability was predominant for tuber appearance traits. Breeding methods to take both immediate advantage of the existing experimental tetraploids and to generate further experimental tetraploids that are of more desirable tuber appearance and possibly even higher yield are presented.
A Decade of Helping: Community Service Among Recent High School Graduates Attending College

Community service has been a topic of public discourse and policy. Yet the literature has fallen short in providing reliable estimates of such service generally, and specifically, regarding its con...
Challenges facing structural biology beamlines

Recent advances in structural biology have generated both opportunities and challenges for synchrotron radiation facilities — issues that must be faced by the staffs of modern structural biology beamlines.