cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Everyone Hates DRM

Ten years ago, the rights and responsibilities associated with copyright protection were largely defined by federal law. Today, while those explicit rules are obviously still important, a meaningful discussion of copyright protection can’t help but also include technological protections - like the encryption technologies that serve to discourage consumers from making unauthorized copies of their DVDs, or the watermarks that to some degree allow copyright holders to detect when their audio or video content shows up without permission on a site like YouTube. These so-called “digital rights management” or DRM technologies are impacting every aspect of the copyright equation. In this podcast, we therefore set out to take a comprehensive tour of the technology, law, and strategy of DRM. Guests include Ed Felten from Princeton University and Randy Picker from the University of Chicago. UCLA’s Doug Lichtman hosts. (Podcast available for free in the archives at ipcolloquium.com.)
The Great Depression in a Modern Mirror

In this paper I ask not how scholarship on the Great Depression informed the policy response to the Great Recession, but rather how the experience of the Great Recession will inform scholarship on the Great Depression. “Every generation writes its own history of the past,” the historian H.M. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley observed in his presidential address to the American Historical Association in 1916. In this spirit, I will ask how the current generation is likely to rewrite the history of the 1920s and 1930s given the crisis through which we just lived.
Urgent and Emergent Management of Acute Urinary Retention

Acute urinary retention is a urologic emergency that requires prompt attention for the relief of pain and the prevention of complications, such as infection and renal failure. It is commonly seen in certain populations, including older men and postoperative patients. Etiological factors are related to bladder outlet obstruction, insufficient bladder contractility, or both. The diagnosis is typically straightforward. Immediate treatment entails establishing urinary drainage, either by urethral catheterization or suprapubic cystotomy, and monitoring for post-drainage sequelae, such as post-obstructive diuresis and hematuria.
Rightsizing Government: The Literature and the Detroit Experience

Public service providers everywhere are hearing the calls for government transformation, and a new wave of rightsizing initiatives has emerged under related concepts such as reengineering, restruct...
Determination of Chlorobenzenes in Drinking Water by Headspace Gas Chromatography with Capillary Column

[Objective]To establish the determination method of chlorobenzenes in drinking water by headspace gas chromatography. [Methods]Agilent headspace gas chromatography,medium polarity capillary column(DB225,30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm) and temperature programming were adopted. [Results]Eleven chlorobenzenes were separated well.The method detection limits were 0.005~1.3 μg/L.The linear range was 0.996~0.999.The relative standard deviation was 2%~13%,recovery ranged 70%~130%. [Conclusion]This method is simple,sensitive and accurate.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF CO2 AND H2O IN THE UPPER MANTLE

Abstract The system CaO-MgO-SiO2 includes the minerals olivine (Fo), orthopyroxene (Opx), and clinopyroxene (Cpx). In the presence of excess CO2 with increasing pressure peridotite undergoes a series of carbonation reactions. At 1100°C, model mantle assemblage Fo + Opx + Cpx + CO2 is progressively transformed into Fo + Opx + Cd (calcic dolomite) + CO2, and then Opx + Cd + Cm (magnesite solid solution) + CO2 near 20 kbar; and into Cm + Cd + Qz + CO2 just above 30 kbar. For realistic mantle conditions, with only trace amounts of CO2, the starting assemblage at 1100°C is changed to Fo + Opx + Cpx + Cd near 20 kbar, and this changes to Fo + Opx + Cpx + Cm near 45 kbar. Each of the univariant carbonation reaction boundaries between these assemblages terminates at an invariant point at which carbonate and silicates melt together with CO2 (1250°-1450°C with pressures increasing from about 25 kbar to 55 kbar), producing a carbonate-rich liquid. In the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2-H2O, the carbonation reactions and melting reactions occur at lower temperatures as H2O content increases. In the presence of CO2-H2O fluids, the carbonate-bearing peridotite acts as a buffer, controlling the CO2/H2O ratio as a function of pressure and temperature. This in turn controls the composition of the liquid at temperatures just above the solidus as a function of depth. Along normal geotherms in the mantle, CO2 is distributed between calcic dolomite and CO2-H2O fluid, with carbonate, CO2 and H2O dissolving in liquid at the top of the seismic low-velocity zone. Amphibole and phlogopite may become stable in peridotite containing H2O, Al2O3, and K2O. The compositions of near-solidus mantle magmas at various depths are strongly influenced by the presence or absence of carbonate, amphibole, and phlogopite in the peridotite. There is now enough experimental data from various laboratories to permit an estimate of the maximum areas of stability of carbonate, amphibole and phlogopite on the peridotite-CO2-H2O solidus. For high CO2/H2O ratios the interstitial liquid at the top of the low-velocity zone is carbonatitic, becoming more silicic (but SiO2-undersaturated) with increasing depth. Upward migration of this liquid could conceivably lead to the local generation of carbonate-rich peridotites within the lower lithosphere.
Before It Was a Giant: The Early History of Symantec, 1982-1999

Before Symantec became a major supplier of security software, it offered a variety of natural language microcomputer software products. Its growth into a security firm was the result of acquisitions of software enterprises and expanding market conditions in the 1980s and 1990s. This story tells not only about nimbleness in the early software industry, but also about the importance of venture capitalists in the success and failure of early software firms.
A High-Gain mm-Wave Amplifier Design: An Analytical Approach to Power Gain Boosting

In this paper, a general embedding is proposed to boost the power gain of any device to the maximum achievable gain ( $G_{\max }$ ), which is defined as the maximum theoretical gain of the device. Using a gain-plane based analysis, two linear-lossless-reciprocal embeddings are used to perform a movement from the coordinate of the transistor to the coordinate that corresponds to $G_{\max }$ . The proposed embedding is applied to a 10 $\mu \text{m}$ common-source NMOS transistor, and the theoretical and simulation results are presented and compared. The properties of the embedded transistor are inspected, and the few issues in implementation are investigated and addressed. Finally, using the proposed general embedding, an amplifier is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process with a measured power gain of 9.2 dB at 260 GHz, which is the highest frequency reported in any silicon-based amplifier.
What Doesn't Kill You Doesn't Make You Stronger: The Long-Term Consequences of Nonfatal Injury for Older Adults.

Purposey The majority of research efforts centering on injury among older adults focus on fall-related injuries and short-term consequences of injury. Little is known about the long-term consequences of all-cause nonfatal injuries, including minor injuries. Using a recent, large, and nationally representative sample of the U.S. non-institutionalized civilian population, the current study examines whether older adults who sustained a nonfatal injury (serious and minor) have higher risk of long-term morbidity and mortality outcomes compared with noninjured seniors. Methods Linked National Health Interview Survey-Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (NHIS-MEPS) data were used to fit logistic and 2-part models to estimate associations between injury incidence and later injury, hospitalization incidence, and length of hospital stay during the 2.5 years following the NHIS interview among 16,109 older adults. Data from the linked National Health Interview Survey-National Death Index (NHIS-NDI) files were used to estimate a Cox proportional hazards model to examine the association between injury incidence and mortality for up to 11 years after the initial interview among 79,504 older adults. Results Relative to no injury, serious nonfatal injury was significantly associated with increased risk of another injury, hospitalization, and mortality. Minor injuries were significantly related to higher risk of later injury and mortality. Implications Because even minor injuries are strongly associated with increased risks of later injury and mortality, preventing injury among seniors may be an effective way to improve quality of life and reduce declines in functional capacity.
BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS AND PATERNALISM

Contemporary behavioural economics has documented common failures of reasoning that apparently make possible policies that benefit individuals by contravening or correcting their judgements. These policies appear to be paternalistic, even though a traditional view would deny that they are paternalistic on the grounds that policies such as nudges do not restrict individual liberty. It appears to many that a new definition of paternalism that takes its cue from behavioural economics is needed. Furthermore, if one revises the definition of paternalism, one must revisit traditional views concerning whether paternalist policies are wise. In Government Paternalism, Julian Le Grand and Bill New make a valuable start, although some corrections are needed. This essay provides a general setting for revising the definition of paternalism and suggests a revised definition of paternalism.
The Equine Fundus

Fundus is an anatomic term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening, and the fundus of the eye is the back portion of the posterior segment of the globe, including the optic nerve, retina, and choroid. Clinically, the fundus can be visualized by direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy. Understanding the normal anatomy and appearance of the equine fundus is crucial for differentiating normal variations from abnormalities. This article reviews the normal anatomy and appearance of the equine fundus and discusses basic and advanced examination techniques. It also discusses common findings in the equine fundus and their interpretation.
Steroid hormones in environmental matrices: extraction method comparison

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed methods for the analysis of steroid hormones in water, soil, sediment, and municipal biosolids by HRGC/HRMS (EPA Method 1698). Following the guidelines provided in US-EPA Method 1698, the extraction methods were validated with reagent water and applied to municipal wastewater, surface water, and municipal biosolids using GC/MS/MS for the analysis of nine most commonly detected steroid hormones. This is the first reported comparison of the separatory funnel extraction (SFE), continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE), and Soxhlet extraction methods developed by the U.S. EPA. Furthermore, a solid phase extraction (SPE) method was also developed in-house for the extraction of steroid hormones from aquatic environmental samples. This study provides valuable information regarding the robustness of the different extraction methods. Statistical analysis of the data showed that SPE-based methods provided better recovery efficiencies and lower variability of the steroid hormones followed by SFE. The analytical methods developed in-house for extraction of biosolids showed a wide recovery range; however, the variability was low (≤ 7% RSD). Soxhlet extraction and CLLE are lengthy procedures and have been shown to provide highly variably recovery efficiencies. The results of this study are guidance for better sample preparation strategies in analytical methods for steroid hormone analysis, and SPE adds to the choice in environmental sample analysis.
Lotteries, the american states and the federal government: a formula for perpetual success or inevitable destruction in education policy?

Lotteries have gained immense popularity for enhancing fiscal resources for social intervention programs such as education. However, the fiscal significance of lotteries for accomplishing educational equity across the American states has been empirically challenged. Much of the literature on lotteries suggests that financial reliance on state operated lotteries for educational embellishment may actually hinder the process of educational egalitarianism. Through pooled time series regression analysis, this project intends to demonstrate that states earmarking lottery dollars for education are receiving fewer fiscal allocations for education from the federal government than states opting to by-pass adoption of a lottery for education. The data for this project will include fourteen variables over a twentyyear period covering all fifty states.
Expanded Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Skull Base

Although endoscopic sinus surgery started in the early 1900s with the work of Hirschmann [1] in 1903 and Escat in 1911 [2], it only progressed after a better understanding of sinonasal physiology was provided by Messerklinger [3], and the development of rod lens systems by Hopkins in the 1960s [1].
Obesity-Activated Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Promote Breast Cancer Growth and Invasion

Obese women diagnosed with breast cancer have an increased risk for metastasis, and the underlying mechanisms are not well established. Within the mammary gland, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are heterogeneous cells with the capacity to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages. To study the effects of obesity on ASCs, mice were fed a control diet (CD) or high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity, and ASCs were isolated from the mammary glands of lean and obese mice. We observed that obesity increased ASCs proliferation, decreased differentiation potential, and upregulated expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of activated fibroblasts, compared to ASCs from lean mice. To determine how ASCs from obese mice impacted tumor growth, we mixed ASCs isolated from CD- or HFD-fed mice with mammary tumor cells and injected them into the mammary glands of lean mice. Tumor cells mixed with ASCs from obese mice grew significantly larger tumors and had increased invasion into surrounding adipose tissue than tumor cells mixed with control ASCs. ASCs from obese mice demonstrated enhanced tumor cell invasion in culture, a phenotype associated with increased expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and abrogated by IGF-1 neutralizing antibodies. Weight loss induced in obese mice significantly decreased expression of IGF-1 from ASCs and reduced the ability of the ASCs to induce an invasive phenotype. Together, these results suggest that obesity enhances local invasion of breast cancer cells through increased expression of IGF-1 by mammary ASCs, and weight loss may reverse this tumor-promoting phenotype.
A Study on Adaptive Nulling Using Evolutionary Algorithms

Most adaptive antennas require digital beamforming to create the covariance matrix necessary to form nulls in the directions of interference. We present a study on power minimization adaptive nulling using evolutionary search algorithms. The numerical results show that these techniques can achieve desirable signal to interference ratios with the added advantage of low cost implementation.
Paths to Fast Barrier Synchronization on the Node

Synchronization primitives like barriers heavily impact the performance of parallel programs. As core counts increase and granularity decreases, the value of enabling fast barriers increases. Through the evaluation of the performance of a variety of software implementations of barriers, we found the cost of software barriers to be on the order of tens of thousands of cycles on various incarnations of x64 hardware. We argue that reducing the latency of a barrier via hardware support will dramatically improve the performance of existing applications and runtimes, and would enable new execution models, including those which currently do not perform well on multicore machines. To support our argument, we first present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a barrier on the Intel HARP, a prototype that integrates an x64 processor and FPGA in the same package. This effort gives insight into the potential speed and compactness of hardware barriers, and suggests useful improvements to the HARP platform. Next, we turn to the processor itself and describe an x64 ISA extension for barriers, and how it could be implemented in the microarchitecture with minimal collateral changes. This design allows for barriers to be securely managed jointly between the OS and the application. Finally, we speculate on how barrier synchronization might be implemented on future photonics-based hardware.
Optimizing a UAV-based Emergency Medical Service Network for Trauma Injury Patients*

Emergency medical service must be time sensitive. However, in many cases, satisfactory service cannot be ensured due to inconvenient logistics. For its easily deployable and widely accessible nature, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to improve the service, especially in areas that are traditionally under-served. In this paper, we develop a service network optimization problem for locating UAV bases, staffing a UAV fleet at each constructed base, and zoning demand nodes. We formulate a location-allocation optimization model with numerically simulated waiting times for the service zones as the objective. We adapt a genetic algorithm to solve the optimization model. We test our network optimization approach on instances of traumatic injury cases. By comparing our approach to a two-phase method in Boutilier et al. [1], we suggest an up to 60% reduction in mean waiting time.
Adolescent Fluid Intelligence Prediction from Regional Brain Volumes and Cortical Curvatures Using BlockPC-XGBoost.

From the ABCD dataset, we discover that besides the gray matter volume of cortical regions, other measures such as the mean cortical curvature, white matter volume and subcortical volume exhibit additional capabilities in the prediction of the pre-residulized fluid intelligence scores for adolescents. The MSE and R-square on validation dataset are improved from 70.65 and 0.0175 to 69.39 and 0.0350, respectively, comparing with using mostly the grey matter volume provided by the challenge organizer. Specifically, by employing a BlockPC-XGBoost framework we discover the following predictors in reducing the MSE on validation set: the gray matter volume of right posterior cingulate gyrus and left caudate nucleus, the entorhinal white matter volume of the left hemisphere, the number of detected surface holes, the globus pallidus volume, the mean curvatures of precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus and Banks of Superior Temporal Sulcus.
Effects of Personalized Music on Caregivers of Older Adults With Dementia in the Community.

INTRODUCTION Music is a relatively low-cost and low-risk approach to managing the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. OBJECTIVE This exploratory study provided personalized music for 3 months to 25 older adults with dementia living in their homes with a caregiver and measured how the intervention affected the caregivers, including their perception of distress. METHODS Caregivers completed the Caregiving Distress Scale (CDS) at pre- and postintervention and also participated in semistructured, in-depth, qualitative interviews. RESULTS Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS; qualitative data were analyzed using NVivo. Paired t-tests revealed a decrease in total CDS scores (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Overall, caregivers believed that personalized music supported them and reduced stress.
Bronchoscopic Treatment of Airway Obstructions With a Novel Electrosurgical Device.

Objectives Airway obstructions (AOs) in the central airway or lobar bronchi develop due to malignant or benign disease. Because of the morbidity and mortality associated with AO, it is important to develop additional therapeutic ablative techniques. CoreCath2.7S is a novel monopolar radiofrequency electrosurgical device approved to treat obstructions of the upper airway and tracheobronchial tree by both cutting soft tissue and providing electrosurgical hemostasis. We present a large case series describing its use. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with AO undergoing airway recanalization with CoreCath2.7S at 2 interventional pulmonology practices from October 2017 to May 2019. Demographic information, AO etiology, location, and degree, and therapeutic modalities used were recorded. Results Fifty-three patients underwent 64 procedures for AO due to malignant (n=30, 57%) or benign (n=23, 43%) disease. AOs were treated in the trachea (n=28), mainstem bronchi (n=23), and lobar bronchi (n=17). All AO occluded the airway at least 50%. Adjunctive therapeutic modalities were commonly used (n=60, 94%), including flexible cryoprobe (n=33), balloon dilation (n=23), rigid bronchoscopy (n=19), spray cryotherapy (n=19), argon plasma coagulation (n=14), and stenting (n=5). Restoration of airway patency was achieved in all cases without any periprocedural or immediate postprocedural complications. Conclusion CoreCath2.7S was successfully used to treat patients with AO due to malignant or benign disease. Airway patency was restored with no periprocedural or immediate postprocedural complications. It should be considered as another therapeutic modality in the growing field of ablative techniques for the treatment of AO.
Changes for the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management

I am very excited to assume the role of Editor of the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM)! I remember reading JOBM as a graduate student, pondering the conceptual issues discussed ...
On the Thermal Stability of Dislocation Cellular Structures in Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steels: Roles of Heavy Element Segregation and Stacking Fault Energy

The thermal stability of dislocation cellular structures in three additively manufactured (AM) austenitic stainless steels (SSs), 316L SS, 304L SS, and Al modified 316L SS (316L(Al)), were studied. Minor alloying elements, Mo and Al, were found affecting the stability of the cellular structures in AM austenitic SS, resulting in a stability ranking of AM 316L SS > AM 304L SS > AM 316L(Al) SS. As a result, their abilities towards recrystallization also differed. Owing to the high stacking fault energy (SFE) due to Al addition, AM 316L(Al) SS had the least stable subgrain cellular structure and exhibited the lowest recovery temperature. Although 316L SS possessed slightly higher SFE than 304L SS, the pinning effect due to Mo segregation at the cellular walls in AM 316L SS significantly enhanced its thermal stability. While the low-SFE AM 316L SS and AM 304L SS recovered their cellular structures via the equiaxed cell growth, the dislocation cellular walls in high-SFE AM 316L(Al) SS continuously vanished along a preferred direction. The fast recovery of cellular structures led to recrystallization retardation. The Hall–Petch model was found incapable of correlating cell size to strength because of the continuous weakening of cellular walls during heat treatment.
New Biologicals to Assist Clotting

Severe hemorrhage causes significant metabolic and cellular dysfunction secondary to deficient tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. If bleeding continues destabilization, hypoxia, multiple organ failure, and death will occur. Techniques employed to promote hemostasis include surgical suture ligatures, cautery, chemical agents, self-assembling nanoparticles, and physical methods like mechanical pressure. Improved understanding of the natural clotting cascade has allowed newly designed agents to become more targeted for clinical and military use. This chapter discusses current and developing hemostatic techniques, including topical matrix agents, biologically inspired agents, intravenous synthetic and cell-derived agents developed with nanotechnology, and external hemostatic dressings.
Traffic Analysis Through Spatial and Temporal Correlation: Threat and Countermeasure

The base station (BS) in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays the role of a data sink, a point of contact with the upper hierarchy, and an in-situ command and control unit. Such an essential role makes the BS a target for attacks in a hostile environment. Even if its presence is camouflaged, an adversary may locate the BS by applying traffic analysis. Basically, the adversary can intercept radio transmissions and correlate them using techniques like Evidence theory (ET). The ET attack model only uses spatial aspects of intercepted transmissions in order to deduce knowledge about data routes. In this paper, we propose an enhanced version of ET (EET) which utilizes temporal correlation of transmissions to draw further valuable insight about the network topology. Analyzing ET and extending its capability are very fundamental for the network in order to avoid the illusive sense of security by guarding against a weaker attack model than what could be potentially launched. Moreover, we develop a novel and effective countermeasure, called Assisted Deception (AD) that needs no involvement of BS and is resilient to both ET and EET. By implementing AD, nodes coordinate and inject timed deceptive packets to target temporal correlation of consecutive transmissions that EET relies on. The attack and countermeasure are validated through extensive simulation experiments.
Wormicloud: a new text summarization tool based on word clouds to explore the C. elegans literature.

Finding relevant information from newly published scientific papers is becoming increasingly difficult due to the pace at which articles are published every year as well as the increasing amount of information per paper. Biocuration and model organism databases provide a map for researchers to navigate through the complex structure of the biomedical literature by distilling knowledge into curated and standardized information. In addition, scientific search engines such as PubMed and text-mining tools such as Textpresso allow researchers to easily search for specific biological aspects from newly published papers, facilitating knowledge transfer. However, digesting the information returned by these systems-often a large number of documents-still requires considerable effort. In this paper, we present Wormicloud, a new tool that summarizes scientific articles in a graphical way through word clouds. This tool is aimed at facilitating the discovery of new experimental results not yet curated by model organism databases and is designed for both researchers and biocurators. Wormicloud is customized for the Caenorhabditis elegans literature and provides several advantages over existing solutions, including being able to perform full-text searches through Textpresso, which provides more accurate results than other existing literature search engines. Wormicloud is integrated through direct links from gene interaction pages in WormBase. Additionally, it allows analysis on the gene sets obtained from literature searches with other WormBase tools such as SimpleMine and Gene Set Enrichment. Database URL: https://wormicloud.textpressolab.com.
Deployable Entry Vehicles for Future Science and Exploration Missions

Deployable Entry Vehicle (DEV) technology has made significant advances over the last decade with ground test development campaigns and flight test demonstrations. DEVs offer benefits over traditional rigid entry vehicles including lower volume and mass, while enabling larger payload delivery and greater landing access. A crucial mission benefit is the DEV capability to transform from a compactly stowed configuration within the launch vehicle to a high drag area entry system for delivery of landers, rovers, aerial platforms, and orbiters (via aerocapture). These benefits span the range of mission classes from Small Satellite (smallsat) to human-class exploration systems. This paper will describe DEV technology development status, highlight mission concepts, and recommend future investments.
Does The Complex SoS Have Negative Emergent Behavior? Looking For Violations Formally

A complex system is characterized by emergence of global properties. These emergent properties are very difficult to anticipate just from complete knowledge of component behaviors. Characteristics of complex systems discussed in literature include emergence, hierarchical organization and numerosity. Recently, there has been an increase on the adoption of various neural network-based machine learning models to govern the functionality and behavior of systems. With this increasing system complexity, there is increasing challenge in attaining confidence in systems. The ease with which systems are getting interconnected is permeating numerous system-of-systems (SoS), wherein multiple independent systems are expected to interact and collaborate to achieve unparalleled levels of functionality. Traditional verification and validation approaches are often inadequate to bring in the nuances of potential emergent behavior in a system-of-system, which may be positive or negative. In this paper, we look for violations formally in the emergent behavior of a complex SoS. The case study pertains to a swarm of autonomous UAVs flying in a formation, and dynamically changing the shape of the formation, to support varying mission scenarios. We use a tool called CBMC which is a bounded model checker that looks at properties in a small defined region and bound and argues on its correctness. The effectiveness and performance of the approach are quantified.
Prenatal perception of breastfeeding recommendation predicts early breastfeeding outcomes of participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).

Background Prenatal psychosocial factors predict breastfeeding practices but are not assessed in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Objective This study examined how prenatal perceptions of WIC's breastfeeding recommendations were associated with early breastfeeding outcomes. Methods This study used longitudinal data from a national sample of 2,053 pregnant participants in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (WIC ITFPS-2) in 2013, the only national data assessing prenatal perceptions of WIC's breastfeeding recommendations. Early breastfeeding outcomes included breastfeeding initiation, breastmilk first fed after birth, breastfeeding in the first hour, breastmilk first fed after leaving the hospital, and breastfeeding status at the first and third month. The primary predictor was the participant's prenatal perception of whether WIC recommended breastfeeding only or not. Log binomial regression was used with adjustment for socio-demographics, previous breastfeeding, WIC participation, breastfeeding support, and infant feeding intentions (IFI). Results Without controlling for IFI, the perception of WIC recommending breastfeeding only predicted breastfeeding outcomes positively. The risk ratio (RR) associated with prenatal perceptions varied from 1.14 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.03, 1.25; P = 0.008) for breastfeeding in the first hour, 1.27 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.43; P Conclusions Prenatal perception of WIC's breastfeeding recommendations can be a new psychosocial predictor of breastfeeding and a possible target for future intervention.
Impact of admission code status on outcomes of gynecologic oncology patients who died in the hospital

Objectives: We evaluated the impact of admission code status on time to death, invasive interventions, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and place of death in the hospital in gynecologic oncology patients. Methods: This retrospective chart review included all gynecologic oncology patients who died during an admission to the hospital at a single academic institution between 8/2017 and 4/2020. Code status on admission was documented as either full code or do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR). We defined a terminal diagnosis as a patient who had progression of disease despite two lines of therapy. We evaluated each patient's hospital course including time to death, ICU admission, place of death (oncology floor, palliative care unit, or ICU), and frequency of interventions including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and intubation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics v.25. Results: A total of 37 patients died as inpatient on the gynecologic oncology service. The most common diagnoses were ovarian (43.2%) and uterine cancer (29.7%). A total of 31 patients were full code and 6 were DNAR on admission. 22 patients were admitted to the ICU, 21 were intubated, and 8 had CPR. The average time of death was 3.5 days in the DNAR group compared to 7.7 days in the full code group. The average time to change the code status from full code to DNAR was 4.9 days. 22 patients had recurrent disease and 20 of these patients had terminal disease. Of the 20 terminal patients, 6 were DNAR and the average time to death was 3.6 days (range, 1-8); 14 were full code and the average time to death was 7.0 days (range, 2-21). Of the 14 terminal patients who were full code, 6 were intubated, and 4 underwent CPR. A total of nine terminal patients died on the oncology floor, 8 died in the ICU, and 3 in the palliative care unit. Conclusions: Terminal gynecologic oncology patients who are full code and die in an inpatient setting have a longer time to death than patients who are DNAR on admission. These patients frequently have invasive interventions such as ICU admission, CPR, and intubation. Appropriate counseling on goals of care prior to admission or at admission may prevent futile interventions in terminal gynecologic oncology patients.
Control exercised by U.S. multinationals over their overseas affiliates: Does location make a difference?

Abstract Using data collected through personal interviews with senior managers at U.S. multinational headquarters and their U.K., Thai, Malaysian, and Singaporean affiliates, this study examines whether U.S. multinationals adjust the amount of control they use over their culturally different overseas affiliates. Results showed no overall difference in the amount of control that U.S. multinationals exercise over their U.K. and Southeast Asian affiliates. However, differences emerged between these two cultural groups when industry and affiliate top manager type were taken into account. In particular, U.K. locally run affiliates were given significantly more autonomy than their Southeast Asian counterparts. Locally run affiliates in both countries were also given significantly greater autonomy than were expatriate-run ones. Consumer goods affiliates in Southeast Asia enjoyed more autonomy than the industrial affiliates did.
The Whiplash Shaken Infant Syndrome: Manual Shaking by the Extremities With Whiplash-Induced Intracranial and Intraocular Bleedings, Linked With Residual Permanent Brain Damage and Mental Retardation

Our evidence, both direct and circumstantial, indicates that manual whiplash shaking of infants is a common primary type of trauma in the socalled battered infant syndrome. It appears to be the major cause in these infants who suffer from subdural hematomas and intraocular bleedings. The label "battered infant" is a misnomer in many cases which may interfere with early diagnosis and proper preventive treatment. The essential elements in the infantile whiplash shaking syndrome present an extraordinary diagnostic contradiction. They include intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages, in the absence of signs of external trauma to the head or fractures of the calvaria, and are associated with traction lesions of the periosteums of the long bones in the absence of fractures and traumatic changes in the overlying skin of the extremities. Usually there is no history of trauma of any kind. Habitual, prolonged, casual whiplash shakings may produce an insidious progressive clinical picture, the latent whiplash shaken infant syndrome, which is often inapparent to both parents and physicians. It usually first becomes evident at school age when minor idiopathic cerebral motor defects are first detected along with mild idiopathic mental retardation. Permanent impairments of vision and hearing may also be identified at this time for the first time when the children are 5 to 6 years of age. The actual number of such cases is incalculable from current evidence but it appears to be substantial. This concept of the whiplash shaken infant syndrome warrants careful diagnostic consideration in all infants with unexplained convulsions, hyperirritability, bulging fontanel, paralyses, and forceful vomiting singly or in combination. The routine careful examination of the ocular fundi of all infants should provide a superior screening method for early and massive detection of pathogenic whiplash shakings along with radiographic examination of the long bones for confirmation in appropriate cases. Current evidence, though manifestly incomplete and largely circumstantial, warrants a nationwide educational campaign on the potential pathogenicity of habitual, manual, casual whiplash shaking of infants, and on all other habits, practices and procedures in which the heads of infants are habitually jerked and jolted (whiplashed). The proposed nationwide educational campaign against the shaking, slapping, jerking, and jolting of infants9 heads is summarized in the following stanza: Guard well your baby9s precious head, Shake, jerk and slap it never, Lest you bruise his brain and twist his mind, Or whiplash him dead, forever.
The quest for the thinking computer

The first large-scale implementation of the Turing Test was set in motion in 1985, with the first contest taking place in 1991. US100,000 in prize money was offered to the developers of a computer program that could fool people into thinking it was a person. The initial contest, which allowed programs to focus on a specific topic, was planned and designed by a committee of distinguished philosophers and computer scientists and drew worldwide attention. The results of the contest showed that although conversational computer programs are still quite primitive, distinguishing a person from a computer when only brief conversations are permitted can be challenging. When the contest judges ranked the eight computer terminals in the event from most to least human, no computer program was ranked as human as any of the humans in the contest; however, the highest-ranked computer program was misclassified as a human by five of the ten judges, and two other programs were also sometimes misclassified. Also of note, one human was mistakenly identified as a computer by three of the ten judges.
Ideological Change in Competitive Labor Parties A Test of Downsian Theory

This research tests the Downsian explanation of ideological change in competitive political parties on a sample of twelve labor parties examined at various points over their lifetimes. Ideological change is defined in terms of changes on three economic issue dimensions. The analysis first tests a series of hypotheses of bivariate association, hypotheses drawn from Anthony Downs's work, before utilizing multiple regression analysis to determine the best predictors of ideological change. The results tend to confirm Downsian theory, showing a party's competitive trend and party system size to be the major determinants of labor party ideological change. A party's competitive trend is found to be the primary determinant of ideological change, with growing parties tending toward leftism or rigidity, and stagnating parties tending toward centrism. Changes in the number of minor parties in a party system is the second most important factor, with increases in the number of minor parties encouraging leftist tendenc...
Chemical dissection of the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2.

The regulation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) SHP-2 by tyrosine phosphorylation has been difficult to elucidate because of the intrinsic instability of the phosphoprotein. In the past, expressed protein ligation has been used to site-specifically incorporate the phosphotyrosine mimic Pmp (phosphonomethylene phenylalanine) into the two tyrosine phosphorylation sites (542, 580) of SHP-2 one at a time to analyze the effects on catalytic behavior. In this study, we have incorporated two Pmps into the phosphorylation sites simultaneously and examined the effects of double SHP-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. We have found that the Pmp groups show close to additive effects on PTPase stimulation, suggesting dual SH2 domain occupancy. The relative effects of the phosphotyrosine analogue difluoromethylene phosphonophenylalanine (F 2 Pmp) compared to those of Pmp were also examined. It was found that the F 2 Pmp analogue showed slightly enhanced PTPase stimulation compared with the Pmp analogue, consistent with its higher affinity for SH2 domains. Taken together with the bis-Pmp studies, these data suggest that double phosphorylation of the SHP-2 C-terminus could give rise to a 9-fold overall PTPase activation, 30-50% of the value associated with deletion of the SH2 domains. Catalytically inactive forms of phosphorylated SHP-2 proteins were also produced by expressed protein ligation. This allowed for a systematic analysis of intermolecular autodephosphorylation of SHP-2, which revealed how conformational plasticity can modulate phosphotyrosine stability.
Do drug users in China who frequently receive detoxification treatment change their risky drug use practices and sexual behavior

Abstract Background Relapse rates among treated drug users in China are high. We examined the associations between frequency of drug detoxification treatment and HIV-related risky drug practices and sexual behavior. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among drug users in two Anhui province detoxification centers in 2003. Results A total of 312 drug users were recruited. Seventy-seven percent of the subjects had ever received two or more detoxification treatments. The median number of detoxification treatments received was three, with an interquartile range of two to five treatments. More than 7 in 10 (72%) ever injected drugs; 19% shared needles and syringes in the past 30 days; 40% of drug users reported having both regular and commercial sex partners in the past year and 48% reported having only regular sex partners. Multiple Poisson regression analysis documented that the frequency of detoxification treatment was not associated with a decrease in drug practice (injection or sharing needles) and in unprotected sex. Conclusion Drug users who frequently received detoxification treatment did not change their risky drug use practices and sexual behavior. Effective behavioral interventions and substitution maintenance treatment should become an integral part of detoxification programs in China.
Determination of copper complexing capacity of natural river water, well water and artificially reconstituted water

Abstract A cupric ion electrode and computerized chemical equilibrium model were used to determine the copper complexing capacity of several natural river waters, well water and two artificially reconstituted waters. After adding a series of copper spikes to each water, the cupric ion concentration was measured and a comparison was made with cupric ion concentrations predicted by a chemical equilibrium model. Plots of cupric ion concentration vs total copper concentration (complexing capacity curves) were nonlinear at the lower total copper concentrations for several of the natural river waters. The slope of the linear portion of the complexing capacity curves was a function of pH and total alkalinity. For the natural river waters investigated, measured cupric ion concentrations were nearly always less than the theoretically computed cupric ion concentrations, while for two different artificially reconstituted waters and well water, reasonably quantitative agreement resulted.
Effect of various dairy packaging materials on the shelf life and flavor of ultrapasteurized milk.

Abstract Raw milk from three different dairies (each a separate trial: 1, 2, and 3) was standardized to 2% fat and processed at 140.6, 129.4, 118.3, and 107.2°C (temperatures 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) for 2s and packaged into six different packaging boards, [standard (A) milk boards with standard seam, juice boards with standard (B) and J-bottom (D) seams, barrier boards with standard (C) and J-bottom (E) seams and foil (F) boards with J-bottom seam], resulting in 24 different treatments. Standard plate count (SPC) was used to test for microbial quality, and taste panels were employed for flavor acceptability and difference in the milk stored at 6.7°C at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wk. Lipolysis was measured by standard procedures for acid degree value (ADV) of milk. Statistical analysis of taste panel data showed that the flavor of 14 milk samples deteriorated over time. The flavor of UP milk packaged in standard (A) and juice (B and D) boards deteriorated at a faster rate than UP milk packaged in barrier (C and E) and foil (F) boards. At wk 6, a slightly hammy or cardboardy flavor was detected for milk packaged in boards with standard seams (A, B, and C) and a slightly cooked flavor was detected for milk packaged in barrier and foil boards with J-bottom (E and F) seams. The hammy or cardboardy flavor intensified with storage time, and all of the cooked flavor dissipated at wk 10. Milk processed at 118.3 and 129.4°C maintained the lowest bacterial growth rates, and milk processed at 107.2°C had the highest bacterial growth rates during 15 storage wk. More than 87% of milk processed at 118.3, 129.4, and 140.6°C maintained acceptable level of bacterial counts at wk 15. The extent of lipolysis showed that ADV of milk increased with storage time. The ranges of ADV for trials 1, 2, and 3 were 0.76 to 0.85 (from 12 to 22 wk), 0.39 to 0.51 (from 6 to 16 wk), and 0.53 to 0.60 (from 6 to 16 wk), respectively.
Infrared and Raman spectra of cyclopropane-1,1-d2 and cyclopropane-1,1,2,2-d4

Abstract Vapor phase infrared and liquid Raman spectra of cyclopropane- 1,1- d 2 and cyclopropane- 1, 1,2,2- d 4 with vibrational assignments are presented. Close agreement is found between observed fundamental frequencies and those calculated from the cyclopropane force field of B lom and A ltona . Observed and calculated vapor phase infrared band contours for these cyclopropane isotopic molecules at 0.5 cm − resolution are compared. Infrared and Raman spectra for pure polycrystailine cyclopropane-1,1- d 2 and cyclopropane- 1,1,2,2- d 4 , as well as for dilute solid solutions of each of these molecules, are presented.
Stopping light in its tracks

Using lasers and ultracold atoms, physicists have found a way to stop and start a pulse of light. This magic trick may one day be used to store data in a quantum computer.
USE OF POTASSIUM IODIDE AS A CHEMICAL ACTINOMETER

Abstract Aqueous solutions of KI were examined for use as chemical actinometers to measure 254 nm (germicidal) radiation. Irradiation results in electron ejection from iodide such that aqueous electrons and iodine atoms are formed. In the presence of N20, an electron scavenger, recombination of these two reactive species is eliminated and stoi-chiometric formation of triiodide occurs. The absorbance increase due to triiodide was followed and the quantum yield determined using either a radiometer or ferrioxalate actinometry to estimate the amount of energy absorbed by the KI solution. The quantum yield (o) at 25°C was determined to be 0.26 using radiometry, and 0.224–0.233 using actinometry, depending on the radiation conditions. The following expression was used to measure the incident Huence rate for 254 radiation at a given temperature T for irradiation over a time interval Δt (s) fluence rate (W/m2) = 4. 96 × 106ΔOD(λ)/ e(λ) [0.23+0.004(T-25)] δ t cm−1 At temperatures other than 25°C, the temperature dependence of the quantum yield (0.004/°C) is taken into account by the term shown in the denominator. Because KI remains relatively blind to longer wavelengths such as those found in normal room light, measurements can be made in the presence of room light without having to work in a darkened room.