cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive preclinical assessment of late-term imaging markers of radiation-induced brain injury.

Background Cranial radiotherapy (CRT) is an important part of brain tumor treatment, and although highly effective, survivors suffer from long-term cognitive side effects. In this study we aim to establish late-term imaging markers of CRT-induced brain injury and identify functional markers indicative of cognitive performance. Specifically, we aim to identify changes in executive function, brain metabolism, and neuronal organization. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were fractionally irradiated at 28 days of age to a total dose of 30 Gy to establish a radiation-induced brain injury model. Animals were trained at 3 months after CRT using the 5-choice serial reaction time task. At 12 months after CRT, animals were evaluated for cognitive and imaging changes, which included positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Cognitive deficit with signs of neuroinflammation were found at 12 months after CRT in irradiated animals. CRT resulted in significant volumetric changes in 38% of brain regions as well as overall decrease in brain volume and reduced gray matter volume. PET imaging showed higher brain glucose uptake in CRT animals. Using MRI, irradiated brains had an overall decrease in fractional anisotropy, lower global efficiency, increased transitivity, and altered regional connectivity. Cognitive measurements were found to be significantly correlated with six image features that included myelin integrity and local organization of the neural network. Conclusions These results demonstrate that CRT leads to late-term morphological changes, reorganization of neural connections, and metabolic dysfunction. The correlation between imaging markers and cognitive deficits can be used to assess late-term side effects of brain tumor treatment and evaluate efficacy of new interventions.
The Tail of Kinesin-14a in Giardia Is a Dual Regulator of Motility

Kinesin-14s are microtubule-based motor proteins that play important roles in mitotic spindle assembly [1]. Ncd-type kinesin-14s are a subset of kinesin-14 motors that exist as homodimers with an N-terminal microtubule-binding tail, a coiled-coil central stalk (central stalk), a neck, and two identical C-terminal motor domains. To date, no Ncd-type kinesin-14 has been found to naturally exhibit long-distance minus-end-directed processive motility on single microtubules as individual homodimers. Here, we show that GiKIN14a from Giardia intestinalis [2] is an unconventional Ncd-type kinesin-14 that uses its N-terminal microtubule-binding tail to achieve minus-end-directed processivity on single microtubules over micrometer distances as a homodimer. We further find that although truncation of the N-terminal tail greatly reduces GiKIN14a processivity, the resulting tailless construct GiKIN14a-Δtail is still a minimally processive motor and moves its center of mass via discrete 8-nm steps on the microtubule. In addition, full-length GiKIN14a has significantly higher stepping and ATP hydrolysis rates than does GiKIN14a-Δtail. Inserting a flexible polypeptide linker into the central stalk of full-length GiKIN14a nearly reduces its ATP hydrolysis rate to that of GiKIN14a-Δtail. Collectively, our results reveal that the N-terminal tail of GiKIN14a is a de facto dual regulator of motility and reinforce the notion of the central stalk as a key mechanical determinant of kinesin-14 motility [3].
An investigation on the photocatalytic activity of sub-stoichiometric TiO2-x coatings produced by suspension plasma spray

Abstract To enhance the photocatalytic activity, sub-stoichiometric TiO2-x films were coated on stainless steel substrates by Suspension Plasma Spraying. Because the TiO2 particles are exposed to high temperature during deposition by plasma spray, TiO2-x coating are typically produced. To achieve different levels of oxygen vacancies, as-sprayed TiO2-x coatings were annealed at four different temperatures for 48 h in air. In this work, the degradation of methylene blue was performed to evaluate the photocatalytic activity under visible light. The results indicated that oxygen vacancy positively affects the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-x by introducing some energy levels into the bandgap of titania. Moreover, these energy levels could act as traps for photo-excited holes and electrons, reducing the recombination rate of charges, thus improving the photocatalytic activity under the visible lamp. Additionally, coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, confocal laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy.
A different way home: Resettlement patterns in Northern Uganda

Abstract After decades of civil conflict leading to massive internal displacement of people, Northern Uganda is peaceful again and hundreds of thousands of displaced people have returned to the area. Using data from maps and satellite imagery, we examine the placement of homes before, during and after the conflict. Examining two study sites, one that experienced a great deal of violence over an extended period of time and one where the experience of violence was more limited, we observe the clustering of home placement in the post-conflict period. As resettlement occurs, there is also evidence of increased location of homes in close proximity to roads at the site with high levels of violence. This research informs what we presently know about the choices of returnees and has implications for service provision and the reclamation of property rights after conflict.
Hyperlactataemia as a predictor of adverse outcomes post-cardiac surgery in neonates with congenital heart disease.

Objective: To evaluate the discriminative ability of hyperlactataemia for early morbidity and mortality in neonates with CHD following cardiac surgery. Methods: Retrospective, observational study of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass at a tertiary care children’s hospital from June 2015 to June 2019. The primary predictor was lactate. The primary composite outcome was defined as ≥1 of the following: cardiac arrest or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation within 72 hours or 30-day mortality post-operatively. The secondary outcome was the presence of major residual lesions, according to the Technical Performance Score. Results: Of 432 neonates, 28 (6.5%) sustained the composite outcome. On univariate analysis, peak lactate within 48 hours, increase in lactate from ICU admission through 12 hours, and single ventricle physiology were significantly associated with the composite outcome. The peak lactate occurred at a median of 2.9 hours (interquartile range: 1, 35) before the event. Through multi-variable analysis, a multi-variable risk algorithm was created. Predicted probabilities demonstrated an increasing risk based on single ventricle status and delta lactate, ranging from 1.8% (95% CI: 0.9, 3.9) to 52.4% (95% CI: 32.4, 71.7). The model had good discriminative ability for the composite outcome on receiver operating characteristic analysis (area under the curve = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.89). Moreover, a peak lactate of 7.3 mmol/l or greater was significantly associated with the presence of a major residual lesion (odds ratios: 5.16, 95% CI: 3.01, 8.87). Conclusions: We present a simple, two-variable model, including delta lactate in the immediate post-operative period and single ventricle status, to prognosticate the risk of early morbidity and mortality in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery for potential intervention.
First-Order Circuits

If you have a first-order circuit, you do not need to solve the associated first-order differential equation. You can write down solution after you find out three values: the initial, the final value, and the time constant.
The International Legal Dynamics of Encryption

“To date, there has been little coordinated action internationally to address encryption, though interest is growing. If international discussions occur, what will they look like, in what forums might they take place, and on what aspects of encryption will they focus? This paper looks at encryption through five different international lenses: human rights, law enforcement, intelligence, economics, and export controls. It evaluates the current views of U.S. and foreign actors in each framework, describes international discussions (if any) that have transpired, and identifies factors that may drive outcomes. The paper concludes that procedurally the United States has several opportunities to shape international discussions about encryption. Substantively, the current U.S. intelligence advantage in obtaining access to encrypted information and the significant value to the United States of end-to-end encryption in the economic and rights frameworks mean the United States should be content to either affirmatively advance or passively allow end-to-end encryption as the preferred posture in the international arena.”
Design and dispatch optimization of packaged ice storage systems within a connected community

Abstract The traditional implementation of cool thermal energy storage (CTES) must be reimagined within the context of a dynamic grid and smart buildings operating as connected communities. As most buildings do not operate central chillers or connect to district cooling loops, this necessitates a broader use of packaged CTES. Our objective is to begin answering the question of how such packaged CTES should be implemented within a connected community. We do so by presenting a simulation–optimization workflow employing building energy modeling software and a mixed-integer linear program to design and dispatch a packaged CTES technology to achieve minimum total annual cost. We demonstrate this methodology on a seven-building case study using current utility rates and find that total annual cooling energy costs can be reduced by 17.8% compared to baseline, after accounting for the cost of storage. We perform three parametric sensitivity studies to evaluate modeling assumptions and obtain the prioritization of storage procurement as a function of annualized life-cycle cost of storage. We find that a community optimization approach provides significantly different results than individual building optimizations and provides greater savings compared to baseline.
Peptide-mediated Targeting of Nanoparticles with Chemical Cargoes to Chloroplasts in Arabidopsis Plants

Plant nanobiotechnology is a flourishing field that uses nanomaterials to study and engineer plant function. Applications of nanotechnology in plants have great potential as tools for improving crop yield, tolerance to disease and environmental stress, agrochemical delivery of pesticides and fertilizers, and genetic modification and transformation of crop plants. Previous studies have used nanomaterials functionalized with chemicals, including biocompatible polymers with charged, neutral, or hydrophobic functional groups, to improve nanomaterial uptake and localization in plant cells. Recently, the use of biorecognition motifs such as peptides has been demonstrated to enable the targeted delivery of nanoparticles in plants ( Santana et al., 2020 ). Herein, we describe a bio-protocol to target nanoparticles with chemical cargoes to chloroplasts in plant leaves and assess targeting efficiency using advanced analytical tools, including confocal microscopy and elemental analysis. We also describe the use of isothermal titration calorimetry to determine the affinity of nanomaterials for their chemical cargoes. Nanotechnology-based methods for targeted delivery guided by conserved plant molecular recognition mechanisms will provide more robust plant bioengineering tools across diverse plant species. Graphic abstract: Targeted delivery of nanomaterials with chemical cargoes to chloroplasts enabled by plant biorecognition.
rAAV production and titration at the microscale for High-Throughput screening

In the literature, there are few high-throughput screens or even methods for high-throughput screens of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) production despite potential benefits to research a...
Editorial: 1995 in Review: Part I

In Volume 34 (1995) we published 3427 technical pages, a downturn from Volume 33. Figure 1 shows the number of technical pages published per year since 1977. I did state in my editorial of March 1995 that ‘‘we do not project this [1993–94] rate of increase to continue for 1995, but rather expect a flattening of the curve.
Advocate or Adversary? When Attorneys Act as Whistleblowers

In today’s era of relying on whistleblower tips as critical sources of fraud disclosure, the role of attorneys as whistleblowers has become increasingly muddled. The Securities and Exchange Commission has adopted rules under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank”) allowing whistleblowers to collect bounties, or rewards, in exchange for information. Although Dodd-Frank generally excludes attorneys from eligibility for bounties, the statute provides exceptions making it possible for lawyers to blow the whistle and cash in on confidential client communications in certain circumstances. This Article will examine the SEC’s rules under Dodd-Frank, which incorporate by reference provisions from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”) requiring attorneys to reveal client confidences in certain instances. This incorporation by reference results in a glaring inconsistency between the two statutes, as SOX was enacted at a time when whistleblower bounties were not yet available. This Article will suggest that lawyers who collect bounties have an obvious conflict of interest offending state ethical rules governing professional responsibility. This Article will highlight recent litigation supporting this argument, specifically the Second Circuit’s decision in Fair Laboratory Practices Associates v. Quest Diagnostics, which held that lawyers violate their ethical duties when using confidential client information to bring lawsuits under a related whistleblower statute, the False Claims Act, which also allows bounties. In light of these concerns, this Article will supplement existing whistleblower research by suggesting that attorneys are an improper fit for the bounty model. Rather, this Article proposes that attorneys are better suited to reinforce the goals of the “structural model,” a defining feature of SOX that was first explored by Professor Richard Moberly as a method of encouraging internal whistleblowing to challenge corporate cultures of silence in the face of fraud.
Chapter 1 - Quantitative and Conceptual Contributions of Mathematical Modeling to Current Views on Vitamin a Metabolism, Biochemistry, and Nutrition

This chapter aims to demonstrate that the application of a variety of modeling techniques to the vitamin A system that resulted in different levels of insight in the metabolism, biochemistry, and nutrition of this essential nutrient. The chapter integrates the ideas generated by the application of mathematical modeling to vitamin A kinetic data to illustrate how the approach has advanced and complicated the understanding of retinol metabolism. An empirical compartmental analysis is used to develop a general three-compartment model for vitamin A kinetics in rats. To develop a whole-body model for vitamin A metabolism that incorporates dynamics in many tissues, a large number of data points from plasma, urine, feces, and individual organs must be modeled simultaneously. Triglyceride-depleted, vitamin A-containing chylomicron remnants were thought to be quantitatively cleared by the liver; there the vitamin was processed and secreted into plasma bound to its specific plasma transport protein, retinol-binding protein (RBP). Plasma retinol is the major determinant of vitamin A disposal rate and hypothesize that degradation may be driven by an intracellular pool of vitamin A in equilibrium with plasma retinol.
Multichannel Backscatter Communication and Ranging for Distributed Sensing With an FMCW Radar

This paper considers the adaptation of frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars for sensor data exfiltration in addition to their primary use in area surveillance. In particular, the application of wideband RF backscatter from semi-passive RF sensor nodes for simultaneous ranging and wireless telemetry uplink to an FMCW radar is examined. We present an upper bound on data communication rates for baseband-coded binary backscatter modulation given a particular sensor node density and radar parameters, as well as a method for line coding to mitigate stationary clutter. Proof-of-principle measurements using a brass-board S-band radar with center frequency of 2.45 GHz and 40-MHz bandwidth show the simultaneous ranging and demodulation of two sensor nodes at ranges of 15 and 33 m in a cluttered indoor environment. In this demonstration, a signaling rate of 10 kbit/s per sensor with a bit error rate below the measurable threshold of ${\hbox{4}}\times {\hbox{10}}^{-3}$ is achieved.
User-Interest-Based document filtering via semi-supervised clustering

This paper studies the task of user-interest-based document filtering, where users target to find some documents of a specific topic among a large document collection. This is usually done by a text categorization process, which divides all the documents into two categorizes: one containing all the desired documents (called positive documents) and the other containing all the other documents (called negative documents). However, in many cases, some documents among the negative documents are close enough to the positive documents, prompting a re-consideration (called deviating negative documents). Simply treating them as negative documents would deteriorate the categorization accuracy. We modify and extend a semi-supervised clustering method to conduct the categorization. Compared to the original method, our approach incorporates more informative initialization and constraints and in a result leads to better clustering results. The experiments show that our approach retrieves better (sometimes significantly improved) categorization accuracy than the original method in the presence of the deviating negative documents.
Comparing gamma knife and cyberknife in patients with brain metastases.

The authors compared the relative dosimetric merits of Gamma Knife (GK) and CyberKnife (CK) in 15 patients with 26 brain metastases. All patients were initially treated with the Leksell GK 4C. The same patients were used to generate comparative CK treatment plans. The tissue volume receiving more than 12 Gy (V12), the difference between V12 and tumor volume (V12net), homogeneity index (HI), and gradient indices (GI25, GI50) were calculated. Peripheral dose falloff and three conformity indices were compared. The median tumor volume was 2.50 cm3 (range, 0.044–19.9). A median dose of 18 Gy (range, 15–22) was prescribed. In GK and CK plans, doses were prescribed to the 40–50% and 77–92% isodose lines, respectively. Comparing GK to CK, the respective parametric values (median ± standard deviation) were: minimum dose (18.2 ± 3.4 vs. 17.6 ± 2.4 Gy, p = 0.395); mean dose (29.6 ± 5.1 vs. 20.6 ± 2.8 Gy, p < 0.00001); maximum dose (40.3 ± 6.5 vs. 22.7 ± 3.3 Gy, p < 0.00001); and HI (2.22 ± 0.19 vs. 1.18 ± 0.06, p < 0.00001). The median dosimetric indices (GK vs. CK, with range) were: RTOG_CI, 1.76 (1.12–4.14) vs. 1.53 (1.16–2.12), p = 0.0220; CI, 1.76 (1.15–4.14) vs. 1.55 (1.18–2.21), p = 0.050; nCI, 1.76 (1.59–4.14) vs. 1.57 (1.20–2.30), p = 0.082; GI50, 2.91 (2.48–3.67) vs. 4.90 (3.42–11.68), p < 0.00001; GI25, 6.58 (4.18–10.20) vs. 14.85 (8.80–48.37), p < 0.00001. Average volume ratio (AVR) differences favored GK at multiple normalized isodose levels ( p < 0.00001). We concluded that in patients with brain metastases, CK and GK resulted in dosimetrically comparable plans that were nearly equivalent in several metrics, including target coverage and minimum dose within the target. Compared to GK, CK produced more homogenous plans with significantly lower mean and maximum doses, and achieved more conformal plans by RTOG_CI criteria. By GI and AVR analyses, GK plans had sharper peripheral dose falloff in most cases.
Bis(μ-dimesitylborinato-κO:O)bis-[(2-methyl-pyridine-κN)lithium].

The title compound, [Li2(C18H22BO)2(C6H7N)2], is a lithium dimesitylboroxide dimer in which the lithium cation is also coordinated by one mol­ecule of 2-methyl­pyridine. At the core of the structure is an Li2O2 four-membered ring. The structure is centrosymmetric with an inversion centre midway between two Li atoms. Inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions and π–π inter­actions between the 2-methyl­pyridine rings exist [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6312 (16) A].
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis in non-cirrhotic liver: a clinical and pathological study.

Background and Aim Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major complication of cirrhosis and has been increasing in incidence in recent years. Fatty liver disease is an increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease, and there have been several case reports of HCC in patients with non-cirrhotic fatty liver disease. However, there is limited data from systematic studies with histological confirmation of the presence of both the HCC and the non-cirrhotic fatty liver disease. Methods We studied the occurrence of fatty liver disease and the associated demographic, clinical, and pathological characteristics of a large cohort of patients with HCC in non-cirrhotic livers. Patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CC) occurring in non-cirrhotic livers and diagnosed during the same time period were used as the comparison group. Results Significant steatosis in the nontumor liver had a statistically significant association with HCC, being present in 54% (85/157) of HCC compared with 27% (32/120) of CC (P < 0.0001). Steatohepatitis was present in 15% (24/157) of HCC and 1% (2/120) of CC (P = 0.0014). Furthermore, HCC was more prevalent in cases with higher grades of steatosis. In addition, the recently described intratumoral steatohepatitic morphology of HCC (SH-HCC) was also associated with significant steatosis in nontumor liver, with significant steatosis being present in 89% with SH-HCC compared with 50% without SH-HCC (P = 0.0162). Finally, SH-HCC was increasingly more prevalent in patients with higher grades of nontumor steatosis. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest a strong association between fatty liver disease and HCC in non-cirrhotic livers.
Bladder or rectal injury following radiation therapy for cervical cancer

Abstract From July, 1962, to January, 1972, 271 patients with cervical cancer were evaluated, staged, and treated with radiation therapy at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. Six of these patients developed large bowel or bladder fistulas in the absence of recurrent tumor. Radiation-related bowel or bladder injury was found to occur more commonly in patients with pre-existing hypertension or diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of vascular disease as an etiologic factor in radiation complications is discussed.
Data Processing and Analysis

A key to proper performance of the various experimental techniques for remote analysis is the proper accumulation, transmission, and analysis of spectral data. Of necessity, measurements are made in a field environment where it is very difficult to exert as much control over the experimental procedures as is usual in a laboratory environment. Thus one must develop data acquisition, transmission, and analysis methods in which the maximum amount of information can be obtained.
God and Marriage: The Impact of Religious Identity Priming on Attitudes Toward Same‐Sex Marriage*

Objective We hypothesize that priming a shared in-group identity can lead to openness to attitudinal change, even on highly polarized issues. Specifically, we test whether priming a shared identity as a religious person can generate willingness to voice support for same-sex marriage. Methods We conduct a randomized survey experiment using the SocialSci platform, exposing religious and secular respondents to religious and anonymous primes about same-sex marriage. Results Individuals who are religious and who are exposed to the treatment prime are more likely to say that they support marriage equality and would vote for a ballot initiative in their state that would allow same-sex marriage. Conclusion Despite widespread opposition to marriage equality among people of faith, having that religious identity primed through an elite religious cue has a significant and often dramatic effect on attitudes toward marriage equality.
Sustained and significant negative water pressure in xylem

DESPITE two centuries of research, the mechanism of water transport in plants is still debated1–8.The prevailing cohesion–tension theory2,3, which states that water is pulled upwards by capillarity in cell-wall pores, remains vulnerable to challenge because its corollary is difficult to prove: that large negative pressures exist in xylem conduits4–7. Recent xylem pressure-probe and z-tube experiments suggest that cavitation limits xylem pressures to above −0.5 MPa, despite the much more negative pressures predicted by the cohesion–tension theory and measured with the standard pressure-chamber method4,5,9,10. Here we show, using centrifugal force to induce negative pressure between −0.5 and −3.5 MPa in intact stems, that xylem conduits remained water-filled and conductive to species-specific pressures ranging from −1.2 to below −3.5 MPa. Results were consistent when stems were air-dried or injected with air. Agreement among these techniques demonstrates that xylem can support large negative pressures, that the pressure chamber reliably measures these pressures, and that cavitation is nucleated by air entry through conduit wall pores.
Decisions, decisions: β-catenin chooses between adhesion and transcription

β-catenin functions in both cell adhesion and transcription. Properly choosing between these functions is crucial for normal development, and the wrong choice can lead to cancer. Recent studies have revealed molecular switches that help dictate whether β-catenin interacts with adhesive or transcriptional complexes. Cara Gottardi and Barry Gumbiner identify Wnt-induced β-catenin conformational changes that favor assembly into transcription complexes, whereas α-catenin-associated β-catenin appears to favor adhesion. Furthermore, Felix Brembeck and colleagues reveal that phosphorylation dissociates β-catenin from adhesion complexes while enhancing BCL9-2 binding to promote transcription.
Phase I evaluation of chlorozotocin: single dose every six weeks.

A phase I trial of chlorozotocin was completed for the single dose every six week schedule. At 250 mg/m2 i.v. push, excessive thrombocytopenia, nausea, and anorexia occurred. Two cases of cholestatic jaundice were seen, and one patient had worsening of his diabetes mellitus after one course. Partial response or prolonged disease stabilization with increased survival was documented in four of seven patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. A starting dose of 225 mg/m2 is recommended for good risk patients with little or no prior bone marrow toxicity from chemotherapy or irradiation. A dose of 200 mg/m2 is recommended for patients with limited previous treatment and good bone marrow reserve.
Efficiency, sustainability and global warming

Abstract Economic analyses of global warming have typically been grounded in the theory of economic efficiency. Such analyses may be inappropriate because many of the underlying concerns about climate change are rooted not in efficiency, but in the intergenerational allocation of economic endowments. A simple economic model is developed which demonstrates that an efficient economy is not necessarily a sustainable economy. This result leads directly to questions about the policy relevance of several economic studies of the issue. We then consider policy alternatives to address global warming in the context of economies with the dual objectives of efficiency and sustainability, with particular attention to carbon-based taxes.
Mitochondrial Hsp70 Ssc1: role in protein folding.

Ssc1, the major Hsp70 of the mitochondrial matrix, is involved in the translocation of proteins from the cytosol into the matrix and their subsequent folding. To better understand the physiological mechanism of action of this Hsp70, we have undertaken a biochemical analysis of Ssc1 and two mutant proteins, Ssc1–2 and Ssc1–201. ssc1–2 is a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in both translocation and folding; ssc1–201contains a second mutation in this ssc1 gene that suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth defect ofssc1–2, correcting the translocation but not the folding defect. We found that although Ssc1 was competent to facilitate the refolding of denatured luciferase in vitro, both Ssc1–2 and Ssc1–201 showed significant defects, consistent with the data obtained with isolated mitochondria. Purified Ssc1–2 had a lowered affinity for a peptide substrate compared with wild-type Ssc1 but only in the ADP-bound state. This peptide binding defect was reversed in the suppressor protein Ssc1–201. However, a defect in the ability of Hsp40 to stimulate the ATPase activity of Ssc1–2 was not corrected in Ssc1–201. Thus, the inability of these two mutant proteins to efficiently facilitate luciferase refolding correlates with their defect in stimulation of ATPase activity by Hsp40s, indicating that this interaction is critical for protein folding in mitochondria.
Cerebrospinal Fluid pH and PCO2 Rapidly Follow Arterial Blood pH and PCO2 with Changes in Ventilation

Changes in ventilatory rate affect arterial blood pH and PCO2 within seconds to minutes, but the corresponding acute changes for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH and PCO2 have been as well documented. Using our previously-described swine model of brain retraction ischemia, we examined changes in arterial and CSF pH and PCO2 with acute changes in ventilation in four animals. Newly developed fluorescent dye technology permitted near-instantaneous recording of CSF pH and PCO2 during acute hyperventilation (end-tidal PCO2 of 20 mm Hg) and acute hypoventilation (end-tidal PCO2 of 50 mm Hg). The Puritan-Bennett 3300 Intra-Arterial Blood Gas Monitor (PB3300) was used with the sensor placed in the CSF in the interhemispheric fissure posterior to the corpus callosum. The following data were gathered at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the ventilatory change: arterial pH and PCO2, end-tidal CO2, laser-Doppler cerebral blood flow, and CSF pH and PCO2. The baseline (normoventilation) values for arterial and CSF pH and PCO2 in swine were comparable to those in humans: arterial pH 7.44 and PCO2 43 mm Hg; CSF pH 7.31 and PCO2 55 mm Hg. Changes in pH and PCO2 with hyperventilation and hypoventilation occurred rapidly in both arterial blood and CSF. Steady-state values were reached within 15 minutes for hypoventilation, and 30 minutes for hyperventilation. The correlation between arterial and CSF values for both pH and PCO2 at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes were all very highly significant (P < 0.001) except for arterial and CSF PCO2 at 5 minutes (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
NAVSEC: a recommender system for 3D network security visualizations

As network attacks increase in complexity, the ability to quickly analyze security data and mitigate the effect of these attacks becomes a difficult problem. To alleviate these challenges, researchers are looking into various two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) visualization tools to detect, identify, and analyze malicious attacks. These visualization tools often require advanced knowledge in networking, visualization, and information security to operate, navigate, and successfully examine malicious attacks. Novice users, deficient in the required advanced knowledge, may find navigation within these visualization tools difficult. Furthermore, expert users may be limited and costly. We discuss the use of a modern recommender system to aid in navigating within a complex 3D visualization for network security applications. We developed a visualization module called NAVSEC, a recommender system prototype for navigating in 3D network security visualization tools. NAVSEC recommends visualizations and interactions to novice users. Given visualization interaction input from a novice user and expert communities, NAVSEC is instrumental in reducing confusion for a novice user while navigating in a 3D visualization. We illustrate NAVSEC with a use-case from an emulated stealthy scanning attack disguised as a file transfer with multiple concurrent connections. We show that using NAVSEC, a novice user's visualization converges towards a visualization used to identify or detect a suspected attack by an expert user. As a result, NAVSEC can successfully guide the novice user in differentiating between complex network attacks and benign legitimate traffic with step-by-step created visualizations and suggested user interactions.
The federal government and public management: the Druckerian approach

Examines Peter Drucker’s views on government and public management, with special reference to the domestic sphere in the USA. Both Professor Drucker’s diagnosis of the problems government face, including excessive size, power, and poor performance, and his prescriptions, including a major program of privatization, are examined. In analysing his views, several concerns are expressed, including a lack of empirical support for many of his claims and an over‐reliance on the private sector. The article concludes that the Druckerian approach is more that of political theorist than management consultant, and that as a political theorist he has made a major contribution by developing themes that everyone needs to consider ‐ the power and performance of government, the nature and role of private power, the determination and protection of the common good in a pluralist world, and the preservation of the freedom and dignity of the individual in a world of multiple, impersonal power centers.
Staffing for Electronic Resource Management

AbstractThe authors offer the results of an informal survey of library staffing trends related to the acquisition and maintenance of electronic resources. They test their hypothesis that the problem of staffing for e-resources has reached a critical level. Serials Review 2002; 28:316–320.
Tales of the Tail: Hardware, OS, and Application-level Sources of Tail Latency

Interactive services often have large-scale parallel implementations. To deliver fast responses, the median and tail latencies of a service's components must be low. In this paper, we explore the hardware, OS, and application-level sources of poor tail latency in high throughput servers executing on multi-core machines.We model these network services as a queuing system in order to establish the best-achievable latency distribution. Using fine-grained measurements of three different servers (a null RPC service, Memcached, and Nginx) on Linux, we then explore why these servers exhibit significantly worse tail latencies than queuing models alone predict. The underlying causes include interference from background processes, request re-ordering caused by poor scheduling or constrained concurrency models, suboptimal interrupt routing, CPU power saving mechanisms, and NUMA effects.We systematically eliminate these factors and show that Memcached can achieve a median latency of 11 μs and a 99.9th percentile latency of 32 μs at 80% utilization on a four-core system. In comparison, a naive deployment of Memcached at the same utilization on a single-core system has a median latency of 100 μs and a 99.9th percentile latency of 5 ms. Finally, we demonstrate that tradeoffs exist between throughput, energy, and tail latency.
Xenogeneic transplantation of equine testicular cells into seminiferous tubules of immunocompetent rats

The objectives were to develop a transplantation assay for equine testicular cells using busulfan-treated prepubertal immunocompetent rats as recipients, and to determine if putative equine spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) could be enriched by flow cytometric cell sorting (based on light scattering properties), thereby improving engraftment efficiency. Four weeks after transplantation of frozen/thawed PKH26-labeled equine testicular cells, 0.029 ± 0.045% (mean ± SD) of viable donor cells transplanted had engrafted. Donor cells were present in seminiferous tubules of all recipient rats forming chains, pairs, mesh structures, or clusters (with two to >30 cells/structure). Cells were localized to the basal compartment by the basement membrane. Although equine cells proliferated within rat seminiferous tubules, no donor-derived spermatogenesis was evident. Furthermore, there was no histologic evidence of acute cellular rejection. No fluorescent cells were present in control testes. When equine testicular cells were sorted based on light scattering properties, the percentage of transplanted donor cells that engrafted was higher after injection of cells from the small, low complexity fraction (II; 0.169 ± 0.099%) than from either the large, high complexity fraction (I; 0.046 ± 0.051%) or unsorted cells (0.009 ± 0.007%; P < 0.05). Seminiferous tubules of busulfan-treated prepubertal immunocompetent rats provided a suitable niche for engraftment and proliferation, but not differentiation, of equine testicular cells. Sorting equine testicular cells based on light scattering properties resulted in a 19-fold improvement in colonization efficiency by cells with high forward scatter and low side scatter, which may represent putative equine SSCs.
A rapid method to determine the maximum dose from parallel opposed fields.

A dose calculating method has been developed for rapid calculation of maximum dose for various energies and patient diameters as a result of parallel opposed field arrangements. A calculating wheel has been designed for practical use. By turning the wheel to the appropriate setting one will read in the window the ratio which when multiplied by the midplane dose results in the maximum dose.
Survival and growth of post-set oysters and clams on diets of cadmium-contaminated microalgal cultures

Abstract Young post-set oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, were reared in groups of 50 on diets consisting of one or more of the following species of microalgae: Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Dunaliella tertiolecta. Strains of these species that had been induced to tolerate high Cd concentrations were cultured axenically in artificial seawater media with 15, 60, and 60 mg liter−1 Cd, respectively. Algal diets consisting of strains of these species cultured in Cd free medium and containing no measurable Cd served as controls. Algal cells were harvested in a nitrogen deficient stationary phase from semi-continuous cultures and analyzed for Cd uptake. Daily feeding rations of the three algal species listed above contained known quantities of Cd: 41·0, 20·2, and 15·2 μg bivalve−1 day−1, respectively. Daily algal rations were also analyzed for nutritional components (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid), and significant effects of Cd on algal composition were found. Oysters fed cadmium-contaminated P. tricornutum, D. tertiolecta, or a 50/50 mix of these two species exhibited varied responses. Diets including Cd-contaminated D. tertiolecta caused mortality and weight losses of oysters whereas, oysters fed P. tricornutum cultured in Cd showed no significant effect. Clams fed unialgal diets of Cd-contaminated I. galbana, D. tertiolecta, or P. tricornutum did not grow, but mortality was observed only in clams fed Cd-contaminated P. tricornutum. Differences in bivalve responses to the various algal diets may reflect interactions between Cd toxicity and nutritional factors, especially for oysters in which the toxic effects of Cd were more severe when more digestible diets were fed. These results demonstrate detrimental effects of pollutant-contaminated algae upon consumer species' survival and growth, parameters of fundamental importance to population structure.
Personality assessment: Tapping the social-cognitive architecture of personality

This article conceptualizes goals and strategies of personality assessment, and the relevance of personality assessment to the behavior therapist, in light of recent advances in personality science. Two assessment principles are presented: that personality assessment procedures should include in their purview those psychological systems that are unique to persons, and that assessments should tap psychological systems that are possessed by the individuals being assessed and that causally contribute to their overt experiences and actions. The limitations of traditional assessment strategies based on between-person factor-analytic constructs are discussed in light of these principles. The article then outlines an alternative strategy in which social-cognitive personality systems are tapped in a manner that is sensitive to the potentially idiosyncratic qualities of the individual. Illustrative research is summarized and implications for the practice of behavior therapy are considered.
U.S. Energy Policy: Crisis and Complacency

The authors undertook this book with the record of inadequacy in energy policy analysis uppermost in their minds. Their purpose is to analyze the nation's recent energy history and specifically the actions taken to formulate a national energy policy in response to the energy crisis. Their starting assumption was that the United States policy process had failed to respond effectively to that crisis. In the course of doing the research for this book, they found that their initial perception of policy failure was incorrect. Although the process of evolving an energy policy was fragmented, chaotic, and incremental, by the end of 1980 the United States had a workable energy policy. They found that between 1973 and 1980 the United States policy system had been developing a new national consensus on energy. That consensus existed, at least in rudimentary form, when the Reagan administration came into office. This book thus represents a revision of the conventional wisdom held by most laymen and most energy specialists about what had occurred with regard to energy policy by 1980. The failure to understand both how the national policymaking process works and what it had accomplished before the advent of the Reagan administration has andmore » will have costly consequences for our society.« less
Coherent optical processing methods for transillumination imaging of biological tissue

We report on a variety of methods for imaging into highly scattering biological tissue, using electronic holography, in combination with a variety of other methods. We present the basic principles of each method and give experimental results. The experiments are carried out with a cooled CCD scientific camera and extensive digital processing.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using Geared Cardanic Motion to Generate Metamorphic Linkages

Cardanic motion profiles are a special case of the general epicycloids, hypocycloids, epitrochoids, and hypotrochoids. Under certain geometric constraints, circles, ellipses, and straight lines can be generated. In this paper we explore the use of the geared Cardan mechanism as a component generating metamorphic effects, or equivalent topology changes, in planar linkages by capitalizing on this change from linear to circular motion. The concept of instantaneous Grashof criterion in these mechanisms is also explored. The theory is detailed and example applications are described.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and Reading: Implications for Hearing Impaired and Learning Disabled Students

The most effective vocabulary instruction approaches are those that involve semantic elaboration and semantic fit; some examples are included in this article.
Heterogeneity in the performance of outbred sprague-dawley rats in an elevated-plus maze test: A possible animal model for anxiety disorder

A wide variation in the performance of inbred rats measured in the elevated plus maze test suggests a possible genetic basis for anxiety response (AR). To gain further insight into the role of genetics in AR, we have characterized AR in male outbred S-D rats. Rats were placed in the black compartment (BC) facing the wall opposite the aperture and time needed for the animal to exit BC was noted. All rats underwent 3 successive trials 1–1.5 hrs apart. Naive rats showed a wide variation in their AR in trial 1(mean = 89 ± 19 sec, range = 5–360 sec). Sixty-eight % of the rats exhibiting low AR exited BC in <30sec, whereas 16% stayed in for the entire 360 sec (high AR). On successive testing, there was a progressive increase in AR which reached to max on second trial (Trial 1: 89±19, Trial 2: 171± 23, Trial 3: 210± 22 sec, p<0.0001). The time spent in BC on successive trials increased for most rats (3344), decreased for some (244), showed min to no change (544) or erratic response (444) for others. In conclusion wide variation in the AR in outbred rats could be exploited to study genetic and neurochemical mechanisms of anxiety.
The Books-in-a-Bag Project: Developing a Literacy Initiative for Children With Disabilities in Tanzania

This column describes a long-term service-learning project by faculty from an American university who travelled to Tanzania to consult with educators who work with and care for children with a wide...
TSV technology and challenges for 3D stacked DRAM

A successful integration of Via-middle TSV process in DRAM technology with major process issues is introduced. Fast TSV open/short detection and how to trade-off in choice repair scheme is discussed. Process development for TSV volume shrink required to reduce dynamic power for driving TSV. Fast Cu leak monitor method is essential to sustaining good quality and Fab process control.
The cooperative survey of Lake Erie

This report (published in full under the title “Preliminary report of the cooperative survey of Lake Erie—season of 1928, in Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., v. 14, No. 3, 7–220, 1929) gave a preliminary statement of the results of a three-month survey of eastern Lake Erie in 1928 to determine the cause or causes for the decline in the fish-supply. The work was carried on under the joint auspices of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, the New York State Conservation Department, the Ontario Department of Game and Fisheries, the Health Department of the City of Buffalo, and the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. These five organizations pooled their resources, personnel, and equipment to function as a single unit, thus avoiding duplication of effort and offering maximum opportunities for cooperative work.
Electron microscopic studies of hyaluronic acid-protein gels.

Abstract Electron micrographs were taken of the hyaluronic acid gel and its complexes with proteins occurring in connective tissues. The hyaluronic acid formed anisotropic aggregates which were sandwiched between protein layers. The forces directing aggregate formations were discussed. Complexes of hyaluronic acid with blood albumin were produced at different pH's and different hyaluronic acid/protein ratios. The effect of the hyaluronic acid aggregates upon the structure formation of the complexes was discussed.