cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermodal perception and physical reasoning in young infants

The present research investigated 5.5-month-olds’ ability to (a) coordinate information from the tactile and visual modalities and (b) use their intermodal object representations to interpret physical events. Infants were tactilely presented with a ball that was either rigid or compressible. Following the tactile exploration trials, infants viewed a test event in which the ball moved back and forth through a tunnel. (Infants were given no information about the balls’ substance in the test event.) The circumference of the ball was either larger or smaller than the tunnel opening. The main results were that (a) when the ball was much larger than the tunnel opening, the infants correctly judged that the compressible, but not the rigid, ball could pass through the tunnel and (b) when the ball was much smaller than the tunnel opening, the infants correctly judged that both the compressible and the rigid ball could fit through the tunnel. Together, these results suggest that young infants are capable of using information about object substance encoded tactilely to interpret a passing-through event presented visually and were discussed, more generally, within the context of how intermodal object representations are formed and used to interpret physical events.
Comparative Studies of Grafting and Direct Syntheses of Inorganic−Organic Hybrid Mesoporous Materials

Vinyl-functionalized MCM-41 samples were prepared by either a postsynthesis grafting (PSG) process or a direct co-condensation synthesis. The structures, stabilities, and reactivities of products from both methods were compared. The mesoscopic order of the hexagonal pore structure of vinyl-grafted MCM-41 (v-gr-MCM-41) resembled that of the MCM-41 host. On the basis of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and bromination kinetics data, the vinyl groups appeared to be nonuniformly distributed in v-gr-MCM-41 prepared by the present PSG process, with a large proportion of vinyl groups on the external surface of the crystallites or inside channels but near the channel openings. The mesoscopic order of products from the direct synthesis (v-MCM-41) depended on the type of alkoxysilane precursor used and on the ratio of vinylsiloxane to alkoxysilane in the reaction mixture. The vinyl groups appeared to be more uniformly distributed in v-MCM-41. Vinyl-grafted MCM-41 exhibited gr...
Phase equilibria of imidazolium ionic liquids and the refrigerant gas, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a)

Abstract A number of applications with ionic liquids (ILs) and hydrofluorocarbon gases have recently been proposed. Detailed phase equilibria and modeling are needed for their further development. In this work, vapor–liquid equilibrium, vapor–liquid–liquid equilibrium, and mixture critical points of imidazolium ionic liquids with the hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant gas, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) was measured at temperatures of 25 °C, 50 °C, 75 °C and pressure up to 143 bar. The ionic liquids include 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([HMIm][Tf2N]), 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([HMIm][PF6]), and 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([HMIm][BF4]). The effects of the anion and cation on the solubility were investigated with the anion having greatest impact. [HMIm][Tf2N] demonstrated the highest solubility of R-134a. The volume expansion and molar volume were also measured for the ILs and R-134a. The Peng–Robinson Equation of State with van der Waals 2-parameter mixing rule with estimated IL critical points were employed to model and correlate the experimental data. The models predict the vapor–liquid equilibrium and vapor–liquid–liquid equilibrium pressure very well. However, the mixture critical points predictions are consistently lower than experimental values.
High energy resolution measurement of the 238U neutron capture yield from 1 to 100 keV

The purpose of this work is the precise determination of the /sup 238/U neutron capture yield (i.e., the probability of neutron absorption) as a function of neutron energy with the highest available neutron energy resolution. The motivation for this undertaking arises from the central role played by the /sup 238/U neutron capture process in the calculation of the neutron balance of both thermal reactors and fast breeder reactors. The present measurement was performed using the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) facility. The pulsed beam of neutrons from the ORELA facility is collimated on a sample of /sup 238/U. The neutron capture rate in the sample is measured, as a function of neutron time-of-flight (TOF), by detecting the gamma rays from the /sup 238/U(n,..gamma..)/sup 239/U reaction with a large gamma-ray detector surrounding the /sup 238/U sample. At each energy, the capture yield is proportional to the observed capture rate divided by the measured intensity of the neutron beam. The constant of proportionality (the normalization constant) is obtained as the ratio of theoretical to experimentally measured areas under small /sup 238/U resonances where the resonance parameters have been determined from high resolution /sup 238/U transmission measurements. The cross section for themore » reaction /sup 238/U(n,..gamma..)/sup 239/U can be derived from the measured capture yield if one applies appropriate corrections for multiple scattering and resonance self-shielding. The present work will allow the extension of the resolved resonance region in /sup 238/U from its current limit of 4 keV up to 20 keV. In addition, some 200 /sup 238/U neutron resonances in the energy range from 250 eV to 10 keV have been observed which had not been detected in previous measurements. These results are relevant for both reactor design and for the understanding of the structure of the (/sup 238/U + n) compound nucleus. 33 refs., 20 figs., 9 tabs.« less
The Vocation of Teaching: Themes and Models from the Presbyterian Tradition

Historically, the Presbyterian/Reformed tradition has placed a heavy emphasis on education and has honored teaching as an important vocation. This paper begins to explore insights and models that tradition offers to help teachers clarify their calling. The article discusses five themes in Reformed theology and how these themes play out in an educational context, providing examples from one Presbyterian college. The paper concludes by suggesting four ways to think about pedagogy in Presbyterian institutions that are both consistent with Reformed principles and practical in their relevance to teaching and learning.
A mathematical representation of a modified stagnation flow reactor for MOCVD applications

Abstract Computed results are presented describing the behavior of a modified stagnation point reactor for an MOCVD system, employing a showerhead type gas distributor. The principal findings of the work are the following: (a) By this arrangement, it is possible to obtain a very high spatial uniformity in the deposition rate, in cases better than 0.35% for a five inch diameter wafer. (b) Both the absolute values of the gas velocity and the standoff distance were found to play a critical role in affecting the uniformity of the deposition rate. Indeed a small standoff distance was found to be an essential ingredient in obtaining a good spatial uniformity of the deposit. (c) “An upside down” orientation was found to be helpful in minimizing thermal natural convection and a further refinement was found to be possible by imposing a desired radial distribution on the gas inlet velocity profile.
Sentinels of Empire: The United States and Latin American Militarism

This hard-hitting critique of US policy toward Latin America includes a historical sketch of US relations with individual countries. Black argues persuasively that the US has been the major oppponent of needed reforms in Latin American countries and the major proponent of predatory military establishments. The unwavering US goal, she believes, has been preservation of the established US empire in Latin America, but she cites differing strategies to attain this goal used by conservatives (President Reagan) and liberals (President Carter). She sees a weakening of US hegemony, however, as pressures for reform become irresistable...This book should be read by all who view US policy toward Latin America as benevolent. Choice
Components of Intercultural Identity: Towards an Effective Integration Policy.

This research focuses on a group of religious students who integrated into a nonreligious school in order to understand the characteristics of their intercultural identity. I suggest a new perspective in which intercultural identity is analyzed by itself rather than analyzing acculturation strategies taken by the individual. Using an in-depth analysis of the presented case study, I argue that intercultural identity is characterized by three types of components: core, reinterpreted, and transient. Thus, while the existing bidimensional model defines integration as the simultaneous acceptance of different cultures as they are, the present study stresses the importance of reinterpreting components from both cultures as a basis for integration. Accordingly, this paper suggests that an effective integration policy encourages in the individual the ability to develop the reinterpreted components. This type of approach might promote a positive correlation, defined by prior research as ambivalent, between integrat...
The pore-lining regions in cytochrome c oxidases: A computational analysis of caveolin, cholesterol and transmembrane helix contributions to proton movement.

Abstract Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is the terminal enzyme in the electron transfer chain. CcO catalyzes a four electron reduction of O2 to water at a catalytic site formed by high-spin heme (a3) and copper atoms (CuB). While it is recognized that proton movement is coupled to oxygen reduction, the proton channel(s) have not been well defined. Using computational methods developed to study protein topology, membrane channels and 3D packing arrangements within transmembrane (TM) helix arrays, we find that subunit-1 (COX-1), subunit-2 (COX-2) and subunit-3 (COX-3) contribute 139, 46 and 25 residues, respectively, to channel formation between the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space. Nine of 12 TM helices in COX-1, both helices in COX-2 and 5 of the 6 TM helices in COX-3 are pore-lining regions (possible channel formers). Heme a3 and the CuB sites (as well as the CuA center of COX-2) are located within the channel that includes TM-6, TM-7, TM-10 and TM-11 of COX-1 and are associated with multiple cholesterol and caveolin-binding (CB) motifs. Sequence analysis identifies five CB motifs within COX-1, two within COX-2 and four within COX-3; each caveolin containing a pore-lining helix C-terminal to a TM helix–turn–helix. Channel formation involves interaction between multiple pore-lining regions within protein subunits and/or dimers. PoreWalker analysis lends support to the D-channel model of proton translocation. Under physiological conditions, caveolins may introduce channel formers juxtaposed to those in COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3, which together with cholesterol may form channel(s) essential for proton translocation through the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Role of monocyte-lineage cells in prostate cancer cell invasion and tissue factor expression

BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF) is a cell surface glycoprotein intricately related to blood coagulation and inflammation. This study was performed to investigate the role of monocyte-lineage cells in prostate cancer cell TF expression and cell invasion. METHODS Prostate cancer cell invasion was tested with and without added peripheral blood monocytes or human monocyte-lineage cell lines. TF neutralizing antibodies were used to determine the TF requirement for prostate cancer cell invasion activity. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prostate tissue CD68 positive monocyte-derived cells and prostate epithelial TF expression. RESULTS Co-culture of PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP cells with isolated human monocytes significantly stimulated prostate cancer cell invasion activity. TF expression was greater in highly invasive prostate cancer cells and was induced in PC-3, DU145, and LNCaP cells by co-culture with U-937 cells, but not with THP-1 cells. TF neutralizing antibodies inhibited PC-3 cell invasion in co-cultures with monocyte-lineage U-937 or THP-1 cells. Prostate cancer tissues contained more CD68 positive cells in the stroma and epithelium (145 ± 53/mm2) than benign prostate (108 ± 31/mm2). Samples from advanced stage prostate cancer tended to contain more CD68 positive cells when compared with lower stage lesions. Prostatic adenocarcinoma demonstrated significantly increased TF expression compared with benign prostatic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that co-culture with monocyte-lineage cells induced prostate cancer cell invasion activity. PC-3 invasion and TF expression was induced in co-culture with U-937 cells and partially inhibited with TF neutralizing antibodies. Prostate 70: 1672–1682, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biological pathway inference using manifold embedding

Disease occurs due to aberrant modulation of biological pathways. Identification of activated gene pathways from gene expression data is an important problem. In this work, we develop a framework identifying activated pathways that incorporates cellular location of the gene, using gene ontology databases, in addition to gene expression data. This information is combined using Laplacian Eigenmaps to co-embed these data into a low dimensional manifold. Model-based clustering is then performed to identify biologically relevant activated pathways in the gene expression data. We illustrate the effectiveness of our manifold embedding approach for the problem of extracting immune system pathways from a macrophage gene expression dataset [11].
A "Scandinavian Consensus" Solution for Efficient Income Distribution Among Nonmalevolent Consumers

If Persons A and B are both benevolent to C, then a gift from A to C also benefits B. Thus C's income is like a public good to A and B. What happens with lots of people whose affections are entangled? This paper shows that a distributional Lindahl equilibrium exists and leads to an efficient income redistribution.
Clopidogrel pharmacogenetics: metabolism and drug interactions

The thienopyridine, clopidogrel bisulfate (clopidogrel), is the most widely prescribed antiplatelet therapy in the world. Clopidogrel, alone or in conjunction with aspirin as part of a dual antiplatelet therapy regimen, is the standard of care for reducing ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome, recent myocardial infarction, recent stroke, or established peripheral artery disease. Initially approved for use in 1997, the label was updated by both the USA Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency in 2009 to include information regarding cytochrome P450 (CYP) genotype status and concomitant proton pump inhibitor use. Labeling warns of reduced effectiveness in those with impaired CYP2C19 function and to avoid concomitant clopidogrel use with drugs that are strong or moderate CYP2C19 inhibitors, such as omeprazole. The interpretation of this warning and the implementation in clinical practice is not without controversy. The following review provides a summary of the published evidence regarding CYP2C19 function, both genotype status and drug inhibition from concomitant proton pump inhibitors use, and response to clopidogrel.
Parallel in Vivo and in Vitro Selection Using Phage Display Identifies Protease-dependent Tumor-targeting Peptides

We recently developed activatable cell-penetrating peptides (ACPPs) that target contrast agents to in vivo sites of matrix metalloproteinase activity, such as tumors. Here we use parallel in vivo and in vitro selection with phage display to identify novel tumor-homing ACPPs with no bias for primary sequence or target protease. Specifically, phage displaying a library of ACPPs were either injected into tumor-bearing mice, followed by isolation of cleaved phage from dissected tumor, or isolated based on selective cleavage by extracts of tumor versus normal tissue. Selected sequences were synthesized as fluorescently labeled peptides, and tumor-specific cleavage was confirmed by digestion with tissue extracts. The most efficiently cleaved peptide contained the substrate sequence RLQLKL and labeled tumors and metastases from several cancer models with up to 5-fold contrast. This uniquely identified ACPP was not cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases or various coagulation factors but was efficiently cleaved by plasmin and elastases, both of which have been shown to be aberrantly overexpressed in tumors. The identification of an ACPP that targets tumor expressed proteases without rational design highlights the value of unbiased selection schemes for the development of potential therapeutic agents.
Role of Supplementary Eye Field in Saccade Initiation: Executive, Not Direct, Control

The goal of this study was to determine whether the activity of neurons in the supplementary eye field (SEF) is sufficient to control saccade initiation in macaque monkeys performing a saccade countermanding (stop signal) task. As previously observed, many neurons in the SEF increase the discharge rate before saccade initiation. However, when saccades are canceled in response to a stop signal, effectively no neurons with presaccadic activity display discharge rate modulation early enough to contribute to saccade cancellation. Moreover, SEF neurons do not exhibit a specific threshold discharge rate that could trigger saccade initiation. Yet, we observed more subtle relations between SEF activation and saccade production. The activity of numerous SEF neurons was correlated with response time and varied with sequential adjustments in response latency. Trials in which monkeys canceled or produced a saccade in a stop signal trial were distinguished by a modest difference in discharge rate of these SEF neurons before stop signal or target presentation. These findings indicate that neurons in the SEF, in contrast to counterparts in the frontal eye field and superior colliculus, do not contribute directly and immediately to the initiation of visually guided saccades. However the SEF may proactively regulate saccade production by biasing the balance between gaze-holding and gaze-shifting based on prior performance and anticipated task requirements.
Identification of Perceived Interviewee Behaviors that Influence Auditors' Assessment of Deception

US and international policy setters recently called for auditors to be alert for anomalous interviewee behaviors that may indicate deception. In this call, they included verbal behaviors, such as implausibility and inconsistency, as suggested indicators. This study empirically identifies the perceived verbal and physical interviewee behaviors that influence auditors' deception detection judgments. Perceptions of informativeness and body movement were found to increase auditors' suspicion of interviewees. The literature provides support for using deception indicators relating to informativeness for deception detection. However, the literature suggests that more body movement is a false deception indicator; that deceivers typically manifest less body movement when lying. The study's results also suggest that entry-level accountants use anxiety-related behaviors for deception detection, whereas experienced auditors do not. The deception detection literature suggests that anxiety-related behaviors do not predict deception.
Abortion and infant mortality before and after the 1973 US Supreme Court decision on abortion

The fifty states of the US were compared in 1971–72 and 1974–75 with respect to percentage apparent conceptions aborted and infant mortality rates attributed to various causes. Only non-vehicle accidental deaths were consistently related to abortion. The correlation is non-linear; non-vehicle accidental deaths were especially high in states with little or no abortion. A decline in non-vehicle accidental deaths from before to after the Supreme Court decision was most pronounced in states where there were fewest abortions before the decision and where increases in abortion occurred following the decision.
Digital waveform analysis techniques for pixelated semiconductor detectors

A digital signal processing system for pixelated mercuric iodide and cadmium zinc telluride gamma detectors has been developed to explore the benefits of pulse analysis based on digital waveform acquisition. The system is capable of collecting 15 digital waveforms per radiation interaction event simultaneously. The precision of these measurements is enhanced through the use of digital filters optimized for unique signal features. Detailed analysis of waveforms from a set of adjacent pixels reveals energy, timing, and interaction position information. Current efforts focus on software-based techniques to characterize single and multiple pixel events including charge sharing, X-ray escape, and Compton scatter. The ability to distinguish between these events is a critical component of event reconstruction algorithms used in many radiation imaging applications.
Harmonic currents generated by personal computers and their effects on the distribution system neutral current

The switching mode power supplies used in personal computers are major sources of harmonic currents. Measured and calculated waveforms and harmonic levels of input currents of various types of personal computers are presented. Harmonics of odd order are present in the input currents of personal computers. The magnitudes of the harmonic currents up to the eleventh harmonic are significant. The harmonic currents of two or more simultaneous PC loads of the same type add in phase. The third, the fifth, and the seventh order harmonics in different types of personal computers strongly reinforce one another. Large third-harmonic currents (up to 87% of the fundamental) are present in all kinds of computers. These currents generate neutral currents that are as high as 1.7 times the life current. Recommendations are made on preventing potential problems. >
Sprung mass estimation for off-road vehicles via base-excitation suspension dynamics and recursive least squares

This paper presents a novel method for identifying in real time the mass of an off-road vehicle using measurements of sprung and unsprung mass acceleration. The online estimate can be used for vehicle control strategies such as active safety control, traction control, and powertrain control. The online estimate is needed for vehicles whose mass varies significantly from one loading condition to another. Existing off-road mass estimation strategies that use suspension measurements typically require either known suspension force actuation or a priori knowledge of terrain characteristics. Our unique method for estimating online the mass of an off-road vehicle addresses existing limitations by applying base-excitation concepts to make the measured unsprung mass acceleration become a known input to the recursive least-squares estimator. We present computer simulations to demonstrate the method, and conclude that the method provides a practical solution for real-time, off-road vehicle mass estimation.
Defining surgical indications for type I gastric carcinoid tumor.

Most gastric carcinoid tumors (GC) (type I) occur in association with achlorhydria, hypergastrinemia, atrophic gastritis and exhibit low-grade histopathology. The management of this indolent disease is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate endoscopic surveillance (ES) compare with surgical resection (SR) for type I GC. Between 1985 and 2007, 65 patients with type I GC were identified. Data analysis included: demographics, biochemical and endoscopic assessment, type of operation performed, and pathologic evaluation. The primary endpoints were disease-specific survival (DSS) in both groups and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in SR patients. Median follow-up was 30 months (range 1–176 months); most patients were female (83%) with median age of 58 years (range 29–91 years). Type I GC was diagnosed by evidence of hypergastrinemia and/or positive autoimmune antibodies with histopathologic confirmation. Patients underwent ES with polypectomy (n = 46) or gastric resection (n = 19). SR was performed with larger tumor size, increased depth of invasion, and solitary tumors. Although the 5-year RFS in SR patients was 75%, the DSS in both groups was 100%. However, concomitant adenocarcinoma was identified in 4/19 resected cases; 2/4 were detected on preoperative biopsies. All cases with coexisting gastric adenocarcinoma had larger carcinoid tumors and more advanced carcinoid disease. The DSS is excellent for type I GC patients treated with either ES or SR. SR should be considered with more advanced carcinoid disease given its association with an increased risk of adenocarcinoma. ES is appropriate to assess both the status of carcinoid disease and dysplasia or adenocarcinoma that can develop in association with type I GC.
Association between pre-transplant natural kill and graft-versus-host disease after stem-cell transplantation.

Abstract Natural killer activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 infected fibroblasts NK(HSV-1) was studied prospectively in patients undergoing allogeneic bone-marrow or fetal-tissue stem-cell transplantation. Thirteen patients showed evidence of engraftment and survived long enough to develop graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Of this group, all of the seven having normal NK(HSV-1) activity before transplantation acquired GvHD and the six having low NK(HSV-1) had no evidence of GvHD. These results were independent of mode of preparation of patients for transplantation, source of stem cells used, or cytomegalovirus infections, and they suggest that this assay reflects a host-determined function capable of stimulating GvHD.
Extinction risk and eco-evolutionary dynamics in a variable environment with increasing frequency of extreme events

One of the most dramatic consequences of climate change will be the intensification and increased frequency of extreme events. I used numerical simulations to understand and predict the consequences of directional trend (i.e. mean state) and increased variability of a climate variable (e.g. temperature), increased probability of occurrence of point extreme events (e.g. floods), selection pressure and effect size of mutations on a quantitative trait determining individual fitness, as well as the their effects on the population and genetic dynamics of a population of moderate size. The interaction among climate trend, variability and probability of point extremes had a minor effect on risk of extinction, time to extinction and distribution of the trait after accounting for their independent effects. The survival chances of a population strongly and linearly decreased with increasing strength of selection, as well as with increasing climate trend and variability. Mutation amplitude had no effects on extinction risk, time to extinction or genetic adaptation to the new climate. Climate trend and strength of selection largely determined the shift of the mean phenotype in the population. The extinction or persistence of the populations in an ‘extinction window’ of 10 years was well predicted by a simple model including mean population size and mean genetic variance over a 10-year time frame preceding the ‘extinction window’, although genetic variance had a smaller role than population size in predicting contemporary risk of extinction.
A model for optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis of ionic liquid-pretreated lignocellulose.

Abstract Miscanthus x giganteus was pretreated with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate at ten different pretreatment temperatures and times. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated Miscanthus to glucose and xylose was measured as a function of time to provide rate and final conversion data. A series of two irreversible, first-order reactions with Arrhenius temperature dependencies was used to model both the cellulose and hemicellulose pretreatment. This kinetic model was used to predict the enzymatic hydrolysis conversion of IL pretreated Miscanthus over a range of pretreatment temperatures (70–140 °C) and times (1–48 h), and indicated a wide range of optimal pretreatment conditions, from high temperatures/short times to lower temperatures/long times. Pre-exponential constants and activation energies obtained from the kinetic model are within reported ranges of experimentally obtained values for other pretreatments, indicating that the model may be broadly applicable to a variety of lignocellulosic pretreatment processes.
Medical Adherence in Young Adolescents with Spina Bifida: Longitudinal Associations with Family Functioning

Objective The purpose of this study was 2-fold: (1) to explore the transfer of responsibility of medical tasks from parent to child during the transition to adolescence, and (2) to examine the associations between family functioning and medical adherence in youth with spina bifida. Methods Seventy families of children with spina bifida participated in this study. Data were collected during family interaction sessions by using questionnaires completed by mothers, fathers, youth, teachers and health professionals. Results Findings suggest that responsibility for medical regimens transfers gradually from parent to child over time. Additionally, family conflict and cohesion were correlated with medical adherence. Finally, family conflict over medical issues was related to a decrease in medical adherence over time. Conclusions Results suggest that as youth take more responsibility over their medical regimens, family conflict regarding medical issues becomes a contributor to their adherence behaviors. Interventions that target family conflict may facilitate adherence behaviors.
Rim-finite, arc-free subsets of the plane

Abstract We investigate properties of rim-finite subsets of the plane (those which have topological bases whose elements have finite boundaries), which are also arc-free. Recently (see [K. Bouhjar, J.J. Dijkstra, Preprint], [K. Bouhjar, J.J. Dijkstra, J. van Mill, Topology Appl., to appear], [M.N. Charatonik, W.J. Charatonik, Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin., to appear], [D.L. Fearnley, J.W. Lamoreaux, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., to appear] and [L.D. Loveland, S.M. Loveland, Houston J. Math. 23 (1997) 485–497]) there has been considerable research regarding n-point sets (sets which intersect each line in exactly n-points). These spaces are rim-finite (since the interior of a triangle has its boundary contained in a union of three lines, each of which has n points of the space), and our investigation provides a direction to generalize them. One of our main theorems seems to generalize all known results regarding the dimension of n-point sets (see, for example, [K. Bouhjar, J.J. Dijkstra, J. van Mill, Topology Appl., to appear], [D.L. Fearnley, J.W. Lamoreaux, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., to appear] and [J. Kulesza, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 116 (1992) 551–553]), and beyond that has, as corollaries, the solutions to problems of Bouhjar and Dijkstra [Preprint], and L.D. Loveland and S.M. Loveland [Houston J. Math. 23 (1997) 485–497]. In Bouhjar and Dijkstra [Preprint] it is asked if all n-point sets which are arc-free must be zero-dimensional, and our result gives a positive answer. In [L.D. Loveland, S.M. Loveland, Houston J. Math. 23 (1997) 485–497] it is asked whether a connected 2-GM set must contain an arc, and again we give a positive answer. Another main theorem states that if X is a subset of R 2 such that there is a nonnegative integer n so that every straight interval of length 1 has a local basis of open sets with boundaries which intersect X in a set of cardinality less than or equal to n, then either X is zero-dimensional or X contains an arc. We produce an example which demonstrates that, essentially, our theorem cannot be improved. The “straight interval of length 1” cannot be replaced by “point”, because our example has a base of open sets whose boundaries have cardinality less than or equal to 72 and contains no arcs, yet has dimension 1. This example seems to be the first of a positive dimensional, rim-finite and arc-free separable metric space.
Hepatitis C Virus p7 and NS2 Proteins Are Essential for Production of Infectious Virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health concern affecting an estimated 3% of the world's population. Recently, cell culture systems have been established, allowing recapitulation of the complete virus life cycle for the first time. Since the HCV proteins p7 and NS2 are not predicted to be major components of the virion, nor are they required for RNA replication, we investigated whether they might have other roles in the viral life cycle. Here we utilize the recently described infectious J6/JFH chimera to establish that the p7 and NS2 proteins are essential for HCV infectivity. Furthermore, unprocessed forms of p7 and NS2 were not required for this activity. Mutation of two conserved basic residues, previously shown to be important for the ion channel activity of p7 in vitro, drastically impaired infectious virus production. The protease domain of NS2 was required for infectivity, whereas its catalytic active site was dispensable. We conclude that p7 and NS2 function at an early stage of virion morphogenesis, prior to the assembly of infectious virus.
Synchronic Versus Diachronic Explanation and the Nature of the Language Faculty

The nineteenth-century conception that linguistic structure was to be explained by recourse to the histories of languages was largely abandoned with the rise of synchronic theories in the twentieth century, but has recently returned to prominence. Whereas traditional generative theories of language have tended to attribute crosslinguistic regularities to constraints imposed on the class of possible grammars by the human Language Faculty, some scholars have argued that this is often a mistake: that there are no (or at least very few) real substantive universals of language, and that the regularities in question arise from common paths of diachronic change having their basis in factors outside of the defining properties of the set of cognitively accessible grammars. This review surveys evidence for that position, primarily in phonology but also in morphology and syntax. I argue that in phonology, there are at present no convincingly demonstrated substantive universals governing the set of possible regularit...
CT‐GUIDED STEREOTACTIC BRAIN BIOPSY USING THE KOPF STEREOTACTIC SYSTEM

This report describes computed tomography (CT)-guided stereotactic brain biopsy using the Kopf stereotactic system, a commercially available patient restraint system which does not require additional modification for use in small animals. The accuracy of biopsy needle placement was determined by injecting dilute iohexol into cadaver brains and comparing the three-dimensional coordinates of the desired target location to the actual needle tract observed on postcontrast CT images. Overall mean error in needle placement in a dorsoventral trajectory was 0.9 +/- 0.9 mm (n = 80 injections) for dogs and 1.0 +/- 1.1 mm (n = 30 injections) for cats. The overall mean error in needle placement via an oblique trajectory in five dogs was 1.7 +/- 1.6 mm (n = 12 injections). These results suggest that this system can be used to successfully place a biopsy needle into the brain to obtain biopsies from small lesions.
Epistemic responsibility and narrative theory: The literary journalism of Ryszard Kapuscinski

The combination of epistemic responsibility from moral philosophy and narrative theory provides a foundation for establishing literature-based standards for judging the quality of literary journalism. The application of these theories to the work of Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuscinski provides an elaboration of standards to which other literary journalists can be held. These literary standards can accommodate the demands of journalistic integrity, yet allow a broader range of creativity essential to good literature.
Cardiac resynchronization: a cornerstone in the foundation of device therapy for heart failure.

Accepted goals of heart failure treatment include: 1) improvement in symptom status, 2) prevention of disease progression, and 3) reduction in morbidity and mortality [(1)][1]. Complex pharmacologic therapies achieve these goals for many, but not all, patients with heart failure. For patients who
Overview of the Halsted-Reitan Battery

In 1987 the Halstead Tests will be 40 years old. What has happened over the nearly four decades of their use? Certainly there is little doubt that the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery, now in the form of the Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB), is the most widely used neuropsychological test battery in the United States and Canada. It has earned the respect of not only most psychologists but many representatives of the allied disciplines, such as neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, pediatricians, rehabilitation workers, and the like. To a great extent the rise of clinical neuropsychology as an identifiable specialty has been concomitant with the increased establishment of neuropsychological laboratories in which the HRB has played an integral role (Parsons, 1984).
Effects of an Individual Development Account Program on Retirement Saving: Follow-Up Evidence From a Randomized Experiment

We examine the 10-year follow-up effects on retirement saving of an individual development account (IDA) program using data from a randomized experiment that ran from 1998 to 2003 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The IDA program included financial education, encouragement to save, and matching funds for several qualified uses of the saving, including contributions to retirement accounts. The results indicate that as of 2009, 6 years after the program ended, the IDA program had no impact on the propensity to hold a retirement account, the account balance, or the sufficiency of retirement balances to meet retirement expenses.
Reconstitution of the Cytb5–CytP450 Complex in Nanodiscs for Structural Studies using NMR Spectroscopy

Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are a superfamily of enzymes responsible for the catalysis of a wide range of substrates. Dynamic interactions between full-length membrane-bound P450 and its redox partner cytochrome b5 (cytb5 ) have been found to be important for the enzymatic activity of P450. However, the stability of the circa 70 kDa membrane-bound complex in model membranes renders high-resolution structural NMR studies particularly difficult. To overcome these challenges, reconstitution of the P450-cytb5 complex in peptide-based nanodiscs, containing no detergents, has been demonstrated, which are characterized by size exclusion chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, NMR experiments are used to identify the binding interface of the P450-cytb5 complex in the nanodisc. This is the first successful demonstration of a protein-protein complex in a nanodisc using NMR structural studies and should be useful to obtain valuable structural information on membrane-bound protein complexes.
Diagnostic Evaluation of Children with Known or Suspected ARVC/D

Abstract The issue of ARVC/D in children and use of diagnostic modalities (such as CMR) in the pediatric population remain controversial. In this chapter, we are discussing some of the most recently published research providing an evidence and understanding of the most beneficial follow-up protocol in childhood. The majority of longitudinal studies in ARSVC/D indicate that electrical abnormalities on ECG or Holter monitoring are more prevalent than structural changes defined by either echocardiography or CMR. Based on published data, we believe it is reasonable to suggest that ECGs and Holter monitoring be performed at yearly intervals after the age of 8 or 10 years, supplemented by CMR studies if electrical abnormalities are present. We also provide our clinical algorithm of the ECG, Holter and CMR utilization in the population with positive genotype, and/or positive family history of ARVC/D, allowing to screen for phenotypic presentations in case of potentially fatal disorder. In addition to a close clinical follow-up, we recommend considering an evidence suggesting that frequent, prolonged, and vigorous athletic activity may represent a risk factor for sudden cardiac death and can exacerbate the rate of progression of the ARVC/D. Therefore, these types of activity should be avoided by probands or by family members who are prone to develop the disease.
A comparison of the effects on neuronal Golgi morphology, assessed with electron microscopy, of cardiopulmonary bypass, low-flow bypass, and circulatory arrest during profound hypothermia.

Adult swine (n = 18) were studied to compare the effects on neuronal morphology of hypothermic circulatory arrest with hypothermic very-low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Animals were anesthetized with halothane and prepared in a standard manner for nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. Monitored variables included mean arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, the processed electroencephalogram, and subdural brain temperature. Bypass was initiated with pump flows of 100 ml · kg-1 · min-1, and mean arterial pressure was kept above 50 mm Hg at all times. Animals were cooled to 18° C, using a heat exchanger, and were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 animals were control animals who underwent 1 hour of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Group 2 animals underwent 1 hour of circulatory arrest. Group 3 animals underwent 1 hour of very-low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (10 % of normal). At the end of the 1 hour of hypothermic bypass, very-low-flow bypass, or arrest period, animals were rewarmed to 37° C with normal bypass flows, and normothermic perfusion continued for 1 additional hour. Animals were then perfusion fixed with formalin and the brains were removed for electron microscopic analysis. Electron microscopic analysis was used to determine the effects of treatment and was limited to 20 neurons of the CA1 sector of the hippocampus in each animal. Golgi bodies were identified and classified as normal, mildly affected, or severely affected. Animals subjected to either very-low-flow bypass or circulatory arrest had significantly more severely affected and significantly fewer normal Golgi bodies than control animals (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:1396-1404)
Between Disciplinary Power and Care of the Self: A Dialogue on Foucault and the Psychological Sciences

Cressida Heyes is Professor of Philosophy and Canada Research Chair in Philosophy of Gender and Sexuality at the University of Alberta. She is the author of Line Drawings: Defining Women through Feminist Practice (Cornell University Press, 2000), and of Self-Transformations: Foucault, Ethics, and Normalized Bodies (Oxford University Press, 2007). Her latest work addresses how sex and gender norms are rewritten as normal and abnormal states of mental health, and the body as a site and expression of freedom. Chloe Taylor is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Alberta. She is the author of The Culture of Confession from Augustine to Foucault (Routledge, 2009). Her two current projects explore sexual crime and prohibitions, and dietary normalization, from feminist and Foucauldian perspectives. This dialogue emerges from a shared curiosity about Foucault’s hostile relationship to the psy disciplines, and how the content and method of his critique might be mutually informed by feminist theory.
Aortic Blood Velocity Determination by Transcutaneous Doppler

A transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler Technique for measurement of aortic blood flow velocities has been developed. It appears possible by this method to assess blood flow velocity in both the ascending aorta and the aortic arch with ease and reliability. The basic premises underlying this technique have been validated by X-ray data which demonstrates a shallow angle of incidence between the sound beam and the aortic axis and by comparison with results obtained using the pulsed Doppler method. The tests have demonstrated that the highest Doppler signal frequencies are associated with blood velocities in a known section of the aorta. Thus, following the development of new electronic signal processing techniques, it has been possible to develop an instrument to measure these velocities which is relatively simple, inexpensive, and easy to use. Ultrasonic access to the aorta from the suprasternal notch has proved adequate in more than 90 per cent of the normal subjects examined. Currently undergoing clinical trials and comparison to more established techniques, this technique may be of significant value for a patient monitoring and cardiac diagnosis.
Sheehan’s Pituitary Infarction

Sheehan’s syndrome is the eponymous name for pituitary insufficiency caused by ischemia. It is classically associated with hypovolemia and hypotension following severe postpartum hemorrhage.
Distal Protection for Carotid Artery Stenting: Where Is the Evidence?

Embolic protection devices are routinely used during carotid artery stenting procedures to theoretically reduce the risk of distal embolization. Although this is a standard procedural recommendation, no large randomized studies have shown superiority of these devices over unprotected stenting procedures.
Clinical pharmacist prescribing activities in the Veterans Health Administration

Purpose A comprehensive overview of clinical pharmacist prescribing authority and collaborative drug therapy management activities within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is presented. Summary In VHA terminology, “scope of practice” (SOP) denotes authorization to perform as an advanced practice provider, autonomously or collaboratively managing all facets of a patient’s disease or condition; VHA clinical pharmacists with an SOP have prescribing authority. National policies outline the broad requirements for conferral of an SOP to VHA clinical pharmacists and processes for SOP development and oversight, as well as the responsibilities of facility and clinical pharmacy leaders to support the role of the clinical pharmacist within the VHA healthcare system. The limits of each pharmacist’s SOP are determined at the facility level, with prescribing and other patient care authorities granted according to demonstrated competence. There are approximately 7700 VHA clinical pharmacists, of whom about 3200 (41%) have an active SOP. During fiscal year 2015, VHA clinical pharmacists accounted for more than 5 million patient encounters and 1.9 million prescriptions for chronic disease–targeted medications, generating at least 20% of prescriptions for hepatitis C therapies, hypoglycemic agents, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and 69% of prescriptions for anticoagulants systemwide. Conclusion Clinical pharmacists with an SOP constitute a rapidly expanding workforce within the VHA system, as illustrated by tremendous growth in their numbers since 2010. These individuals play a key role as advanced practice providers, helping to improve access to high-quality chronic disease and medication management for the nation’s veterans.