cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The motivational basis of organizational behavior

How, and to what extent, do people become involved in an organization and committed to its goals? If an organization is to survive and to function effectively, it must require not one, but several different types of behavior from most of its members, and the motivations for these different types of behavior may also differ. How does a business organization attract the kind of people it needs? How does it hold them? How does it induce both reliable performance and spontaneous innovation an the part of its members? This paper proposes an analytic framework for understanding the complexities of motivational problems in an organization.
Effect of Long-Term Treatment with Norethynodrel on A/J and C3H/HeJ Mice

The effect of long-term treatment with norethynodrel on female mice of the A/J and C3H/HeJ strains was investigated. Fifty animals of each strain were injected twice weekly with 125 μg of norethynodrel/20 g body weight and 50 control animals of each strain were given comparable volumes of vehicle. The A/J mice were followed for periods of time up to 106 weeks, while C3H/HeJ animals were studied for a maximum of 88 weeks. Whole mounts and histologic sections of the mammary glands of both strains revealed mild lobulo-alveolar development and the presence of hyperplastic alveolar nodules following norethynodrel treatment. These changes were absent in controls. In the A/J strain, 8 norethynodrel-treated mice developed type B mammary adenocarcinomas, while none were found in the control group. Twenty-eight mammary adenocarcinomas appeared in the norethynodrel-treated C3H/HeJ mice, while only 12 were found in the controls. Ovarian weight was increased by norethynodrel because of the development of ceroid and li...
#ifdef confirmed harmful: Promoting understandable software variation

Maintaining variation in software is a difficult problem that poses serious challenges for the understanding and editing of software artifacts. Although the C preprocessor (CPP) is often the default tool used to introduce variability to software, because of its simplicity and flexibility, it is infamous for its obtrusive syntax and has been blamed for reducing the comprehensibility and maintainability of software. In this paper, we address this problem by developing a prototype for managing software variation at the source code level. We evaluate the difference between our prototype and CPP with a user study, which indicates that the prototype helps users reason about variational code faster and more accurately than CPP. Our results also support the research of others, providing evidence for the effectiveness of related tools, such as CIDE and FeatureCommander.
Multi-stage continuous culture fermentation of glucose–xylose mixtures to fuel ethanol using genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A

Multi-stage continuous (chemostat) culture fermentation (MCCF) with variable fermentor volumes was carried out to study the utilization of glucose and xylose for ethanol production via mixed sugar fermentation (MSF). Variable fermentor volumes were used to enable enhanced sugar utilization, accounting for differences in glucose and xylose utilization rates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A-LNH-ST was used for fermentation of glucose-xylose mixtures. The dilution rates employed for continuous fermentation were based on earlier batch kinetic studies of ethanol production and sugar utilization. With a feed containing approximately 30 g L(-1) glucose and 15 g L(-1) xylose, cell washout was observed at a dilution rate of 0.8 h(-1). At dilution rates below 0.5 h(-1), complete glucose utilization was observed. Xylose consumption in the first-stage 1 L reactor was only 37% at the lowest dilution rate studied, 0.0 5h(-1). At this same flow rate, xylose consumption rose to 69% after subsequently passing through 3 and 1 L reactors in series, primarily due to the longer residence time in the 3 L reactor (0.0167 h(-1) dilution rate).
InP-Based Ridge Waveguide Lasers for Wavelength Division Multiplexing Applications

Wavelength division multiplexed systems place stringent requirements on the absolute wavelength and wavelength spacing of the elements in laser arrays. Ridge waveguides (RW) show excellent potential for practical implementation due to their simple fabrication with relaxed fabrication tolerances, high reliability and good performance. An analysis of the fabrication tolerances for RW and buried heterostructure (BH) devices is performed, showing the advantages offered by the ridge design. The performance limitations that are common to both BH and RW devices will be discussed. Experimental results for four element distributed feedback ridge laser arrays at 1.55 micrometers will be presented as well.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Invest in Yourself: Cultivating Personal Power

The seeds of power may need to be cultivated by nurses who seek to be more personally effective. This article explores the reasons for powerlessness and offers strategies to achieve a self-concept of power.
A comparsion of binary paging codes

A comparison of two of the major coding formats for binary paging is presented. Performance of the codes is investigated for both Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading. An analytical analysis of the stationary pager in a fading field is also presented. For the Gaussian and Rayleigh fading cases, the testing uses a common radio and bit detector as the receiver with either frontend noise or a Rayleigh Fading simulator to simulate the rf channel. A minicomputer is interfaced to both the rf generator and the data output of the bit detector and serves as the source, sink and statistics tabulator for the testing. In addition to alert-only paging, this study investigates the performance of both numeric and alphanumeric paging. A discussion of the implications of the various sensitivity differences is included.
The level and composition of tax revenue in developing countries: Evidence from unbalanced panel data

Abstract Tax reforms in developing countries must necessarily include changing the level of tax revenue and/or its composition. In this connection, we specify models for total tax revenue and its components and estimate them using an unbalanced panel of developing countries over the period 1973–2002. A general finding is that some variables affect both the level and composition of total tax revenue while other affect its components in opposite directions rendering their net effects on the revenue level statistically insignificant. This distinction underscores the need for selecting policy instruments with an eye on the way they might affect individual tax types.
Intervening effectively with drug abusers infected with HIV: taking into account the potential for cognitive impairment

HIV-positive drug users play a significant role in the transmission of HIV infection. Substance abuse treatment programs can potentially reduce transmission by providing HIV preventive interventions to these individuals. However, there is growing evidence suggesting that, due to a variety of factors, a substantial proportion of HIV-positive drug users may enter addiction treatment with some degree of cognitive impairment in domains that could impede their ability to learn, retain, and execute HIV preventive behaviors. Hence, in order to optimize the effectiveness of these interventions, the client's level of cognitive functioning may need to be considered. In this article an Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model of HIV preventive behavior is used to illustrate ways in which impairment in cognitive functioning could impede HIV preventive efforts, and present several practical strategies that front-line substance abuse counseling staff and other treatment providers can incorporate into interventions delivered to HIV-positive clients.
Mortality and Industrial Hygiene Study of Workers Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Because of the demonstrated toxic effects on animals resulting from exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of 2,567 workers in two plants where PCBs were used in the manufacture of electrical capacitors. All workers included in the study were employed for at least 3 months in areas of the plants where PCBs were used. The vital status of 98% of the two cohorts was determined, and 39,018 person-years were accumulated. All-cause mortality was lower than expected (163 obs. vs 182.4 exp.) as well as all cancer mortality (39 obs. vs 43.8 exp.). Excess mortality was noted for rectal cancer (4 obs. vs 1.19 exp.) and liver cancer (3 obs. vs 1.07 exp.), although neither excess was statistically significant. In one of the plants the observed mortality due to cirrhosis of the liver was also elevated. The results of detailed industrial hygiene surveys conducted in each plant are also presented.
Treatment of cervical oesophageal rupture in horses

Summary Oesophageal rupture in horses has only been previously described in detail in isolated case reports. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical findings, specific treatment and outcome of oesophageal rupture in horses. Medical records of horses diagnosed with oesophageal rupture between 1994–2008 were reviewed. Clinical findings, treatment and outcome were recorded. Seven horses with cervical oesophageal perforations were included in the study. Two horses were subjected to euthanasia without treatment and 5 were treated surgically. Treatment involved a fasciotomy of the cervical musculature and oesophageal tube placement. Three of 5 horses survived long-term (>one year). Our study showed that surgical treatment of cervical oesophageal rupture involving fasciotomy and oesophagostomy tube placement can be successful with 3/5 of treated horses surviving more than one year.
Representing and reasoning about signal networks: an illustration using NF/spl kappa/B dependent signaling pathways

We propose a formal language to represent and reason about signal transduction networks. The existing approaches such as ones based on Petri nets, and /spl pi/-calculus fall short in many ways and our work suggests that an artificial intelligence (AI) based approach may be well suited for many aspects. We apply a form of action language to represent and reason about NF/spl kappa/B dependent signaling pathways. Our language supports several essential features of reasoning with signal transduction knowledge, such as: reasoning with partial (or incomplete) knowledge, and reasoning about triggered evolutions of the world and elaboration tolerance. Because of its growing important role in cellular functions, we select NF/spl kappa/B dependent signaling to be our test bed. NF/spl kappa/B is a central mediator of the immune response, and it can regulate stress responses, as well as cell death/survival in several cell types. While many extracellular signals may lead to the activation of NF/spl kappa/B, few related pathways are elucidated. We study the tasks of representation of pathways, reasoning with pathways, explaining observations, and planning to alter the outcomes; and show that all of them can be well formulated in our framework. Thus our work shows that our AI based approach is a good candidate for feasible and practical representation of and reasoning about signal networks.
A Heuristic Search Procedure for Estimating a Global Solution of Nonconvex Programming Problems

This paper develops a penalty function and several techniques for searching nonconvex areas for a global optimum and presents numerical results for several small though very difficult nonconvex programming problems. No proofs of convergence have been obtained, nor has it been possible to categorize the types of problems for which these techniques are successful.
Methods and Management of the Healthy Brain Study: A Large Multisite Qualitative Research Project

Purpose of the study: To describe processes used in the Healthy Brain project to manage data collection, coding, and data distribution in a large qualitative project, conducted by researchers at 9 universities in 9 states. Design and Methods: Project management protocols included: (a) managing audiotapes and surveys to ensure data confidentiality, data tracking and distribution; (b) managing qualitative data to ensure the accuracy and confidentiality of transcription; (c) training in qualitative methods and use of qualitative software; and (d) managing participant survey data and analysis. Results: The project team coded and managed qualitative and survey data for 69 focus groups with more than 500 participants. Multiple interactive training sessions in qualitative data analysis and use of qualitative software (ATLAS.ti) were conducted. To develop a codebook, 2 teams used an open-coding process to identify codes and develop definitions; 2 team members integrated and conceptually organized these results into an initial codebook. For the audio-recordings from each research site, 2 or 3 team members hand coded 1 transcript and calculated interrater agreement (.80 or higher). Implications: Using clear protocols, participatory training sessions, team-based coding, and frequent communication among team members via e-mail and regular in-person meetings promotes effective management of large-scale qualitative research projects.
Mouth Color Signals Thermal State of Nestling Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis)

In many species of birds, nestlings have brightly colored mouths. Some studies have found that mouth color is related to hunger, and may serve to solicit feedings from parents. We devised two experiments to test the hypothesis that mouth color is an indicator of hunger in nestling dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), andneither experiment producedresults to support the hypothesis. We did find, however, that mouth redness saturation increased for the duration of our experiments (60 min). We deviseda thirdexperiment to investigate the effect of a different stressor, temperature. In the third experiment, mouth redness decreased in saturation when microenvironment temperature increasedfollowing a periodof cooling. These findings suggest that mouth color indicates thermal state of nestling dark-eyed juncos and may function as a signal to the female to brood them.
Hypothenar hammer syndrome: Proposed etiology

Abstract Purpose: Finger ischemia caused by embolic occlusion of digital arteries originating from the palmar ulnar artery in a person repetitively striking objects with the heel of the hand has been termed hypothenar hammer syndrome (HHS). Previous reports have attributed the arterial pathology to traumatic injury to normal vessels. A large experience leads us to hypothesize that HHS results from trauma to intrinsically abnormal arteries. Methods: We reviewed the arteriography, histology, and clinical outcome of all patients treated for HHS in a university clinical research center study of hand ischemia, which prospectively enrolled more than 1300 subjects from 1971 to 1998. Results: Twenty-one men had HHS. All had occupational (mechanic, carpenter, etc) or avocational (woodworker) exposure to repetitive palmar trauma. All patients underwent upper-extremity and hand arteriography, unilateral in eight patients (38%) and bilateral in 13 patients (62%). By means of arteriogram, multiple digital artery occlusions were shown in the symptomatic hand, with either segmental ulnar artery occlusion in the palm or characteristic "corkscrew" elongation, with alternating stenoses and ectasia. Similar changes in the contralateral asymptomatic (and less traumatized) hand were shown by means of 12 of 13 bilateral arteriograms (92%). Twenty-one operations, consisting of segmental ulnar artery excision in the palm and vein grafting, were performed on 19 patients. Histology was compatible with fibromuscular dysplasia with superimposed trauma. Patency of arterial repairs at 2 years was 84%. One patient (5%) required amputative debridement of necrotic finger tips. No other tissue loss occurred. There have been no recurrences of ischemia in patients with patent bypass grafts. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the largest reported group of HHS patients. The characteristic angiographic appearance, histologic findings, and striking incidence of bilateral abnormalities in patients with unilateral symptoms lead us to conclude that HHS occurs when persons with preexisting palmar ulnar artery fibrodysplasia experience repetitive palmar trauma. This revised theory for the etiology of HHS explains why HHS does not develop in most patients with repetitive palmar trauma. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:104-13.)
Mechanism for normal splenic T lymphocyte functions in proestrus females after trauma: enhanced local synthesis of 17β-estradiol

Trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation (TH) produces profound immunodepression and enhances susceptibility to sepsis in males but not in proestrus females, suggesting gender dimorphism in the immune r...
Performance comparison of the MOI, the COA, and the MOM methods in the application of JPEG

In this work, the performance of the MOI (mean-of inversion) method with respect to accuracy and convergence speed is compared with that of the COA (center-of-area) and the MOM (mean-of-maximum) methods in the application of JPEG (joint photographic experts group). The feature of the MOI method is that it defuzzifies each fired rule individually instead of superimposing fired rules before defuzzification. As a result, the MOI method is less sensitive to the contents of decision tables. The simulation results based on 15 USC pictures indicate that the MOI method has the best performance on accuracy and ties the COA method in the aspect of convergence speed. The MOM method has the worst performance on both aspects of accuracy and convergence speed.
Using Consistent Education Strategies to Implement a Process Change for Clinically Significant Cardiopulmonary Events

Abstract Education of a quality and process improvement project to a large level III neonatal intensive care unit staff can be an overwhelming task. The following article addresses this issue by presenting the steps of an education plan in a clear, concise manner. The notion of using key trainers to expedite the training time, individualized education packets for consistency, and a digital versatile disc for independent learning is discussed for the implementation of the ideal process change for clinically significant cardiopulmonary events in our neonatal intensive care unit.
Multistatic SAR image reconstruction based on an elliptical-geometry radon transform

We propose a geometry and inversion methods for a multistatic, downlooking SAR mode using simple antennas. The resulting generalized Radon transform takes line integrals over ellipses of changing aspect ratio. We apply the method of approximate inverse to the inversion of this transform and show the results of the numerical inversion.
A maximum algorithm for thinning digital patterns

An approach to thinning is presented that deletes pixels without using iterative transformations. It consists of four steps: computing an addition matrix, which assigns maximal values to the pixels on the medial axis; computing a comparative matrix; deleting the nonmaximum pixels; and deleting the endpoints. Experimental results show that this algorithm makes the skeleton closer to the medial axis and makes it more convenient to reconstruct the original pattern. >
Past horrors, present struggles: the role of stigma in the association between war experiences and psychosocial adjustment among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone.

Upon returning to their communities, children formerly associated with armed forces and armed groups–commonly referred to as child soldiers–often confront significant community stigma. Much research on the reintegration and rehabilitation of child soldiers has focused on exposure to past war-related violence and mental health outcomes, yet no empirical work has yet examined the role that post-conflict stigma plays in shaping long-term psychosocial adjustment. Two waves of data are used in this paper from the first prospective study of male and female former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. We examined the role of stigma (manifest in discrimination as well as lower levels of community and family acceptance) in the relationship between war-related experiences and psychosocial adjustment (depression, anxiety, hostility and adaptive behaviors). Former child soldiers differ from one another with regard to their post-war experiences, and these differences profoundly shape their psychosocial adjustment over time. Consistent with social stress theory, we observed that post-conflict factors such as stigma can play an important role in shaping psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers. We found that discrimination was inversely associated with family and community acceptance. Additionally, higher levels of family acceptance were associated with decreased hostility, while improvements in community acceptance were associated with adaptive attitudes and behaviors. We found that post-conflict experiences of discrimination largely explained the relationship between past involvement in wounding/killing others and subsequent increases in hostility. Stigma similarly mediated the relationship between surviving rape and depression. However, surviving rape continued to demonstrate independent effects on increases in anxiety, hostility and adaptive/prosocial behaviors after adjusting for other variables. These findings point to the complexity of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration in these youth and have a number of programmatic and policy implications.
Lexicalized reordering in multiple-graph based statistical machine translation

Reordering is one of the key problems in statistical machine translation (SMT). This paper first presents how lexicalized reordering is embedded into a phrase-based SMT framework modeled by multiple-graph that was formulated in our previous work. Specifically, we show how lazy reordering graph is computed and combined with our previously proposed multiple layer search (MLS) to achieve an efficient reordering decoding that is also flexible to take various reordering models. Secondly, we introduce a variety of lexicalized reordering models employed in our system that significantly improved system performance.
Constructing the Runaway Youth Problem: Boy Adventurers to Girl Prostitutes, 1960–1978

In this longitudinal qualitative case study, the author examined the social construction of “runaway youth” in print media during 1960‐1978. The study found running away was an unconstructed problem (or simmering social condition) in the early 1960s and featured harmless adventures. In 1967, moral panic associated with the “hippie” discourse resulted in rewriting the basic runaway narrative. Afterwards, “runaway youth” emerged as a socially constructed problem featuring teenage girl prostitutes. This study contributes to the “runaway” discourse in general; situates discourse about runaways as predecessor to that of “missing children” documented by other researchers; provides insight into the rhetorical processes—within the print media domain—at work in public problem construction; and allows insights into the mechanics of how moral panic alters basic scripts in public problem narratives.
Ethnic Differences in Tipping: A Matter of Familiarity with Tipping Norms

Studies of tipping behavior indicate that black customers tend to leave lower tips than do white customers. Rather than unnecessarily demean a customer group, however, the industry should try to understand and address the underlying cause of this ethnic difference in tipping. The results of the study reported here suggest that differences in tipping between African American and Caucasian customers may reflect differences in the groups’ familiarity with the 15 to 20 percent restaurant-tipping norm. This explanation suggests that one solution to the problems posed by differences in the groups’ tipping is to publicize the 15 to 20 percent tipping norm in minority communities.
Phonon band structure and thermal transport correlation in a layered diatomic crystal

To elucidate the three-way relationship among a crystal’s structure, its phonon dispersion characteristics, and its thermal conductivity, an analysis is conducted on layered diatomic Lennard-Jones crystals with various mass ratios. Lattice dynamics theory and molecular dynamics simulations are used to predict the phonon dispersion curves and the thermal conductivity. The layered structure generates directionally dependent thermal conductivities lower than those predicted by density trends alone. The dispersion characteristics are quantified using a set of band diagram metrics, which are used to assess the contributions of acoustic phonons and optical phonons to the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity increases as the extent of the acoustic modes increases, and it decreases as the extent of the stop bands increases. The sensitivity of the thermal conductivity to the band diagram metrics is highest at low temperatures, where there is less anharmonic scattering, indicating that dispersion plays a more prominent role in thermal transport in that regime. We propose that the dispersion metrics i provide an indirect measure of the relative contributions of dispersion and anharmonic scattering to the thermal transport, and ii uncouple the standard thermal conductivity structure-property relation to that of structure-dispersion and dispersion-property relations, providing opportunities for better understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms and a potential tool for material design.
Floral Evolution: Dramatic Size Change was Recent and Rapid in the World's Largest Flowers

Summary Recent studies clarifying the closest relatives of the world's largest flowers, Rafflesiaceae, whose floral diameters range from ∼11 to ∼100 cm, indicated that they evolved from tiny-flowered ancestors in a burst of floral gigantism. New data now suggest that floral size evolution within Rafflesiaceae may be more dynamic than expected, with both recent and rapid changes in flower size.
Quantum ghost imaging experiments

Quantum ghost imaging was explored by use of a chaotic laser light source, a photon effcient charged coupled device (CCD) camera, a stencil mask, a photon bucket detector, and computer processing. We investigated and successfully achieved quantum ghost imaging of the stencil letters ARL from macroscopic time integration scales of 1ms to 10ms. Importantly, quantum ghost images were obtained from photons which did not interact with the letter object. In addition to the timescale effect on ghost imaging we investigated the role of speckle spatial size in resolving images. Results are presented from our investigations of these components of the time and space correlations of photons emanating from chaotic laser light and ending in both the photon bucket detector arm and the CCD arm. Important applications for quantum imaging and quantum ghost imaging are also discussed.
Surgical anatomy of the preperitoneal fasciae and posterior transversalis fasciae in the inguinal region

Until the relatively recent interest in laparoscopic preperitoneal hernia repairs, most Surgeons in the United States and in many other countries performed open anterior repairs. There was little reason to study the preperitoneal anatomy. Surgeons involved with laparoscopic and open preperitoneal hernia repairs work in the preperitoneal fascial planes and transversalis fascia that has not been well described in the current English literature. We have carefuly studied the preperitoneal fasciae and posterior rectus sheath using the excellent perspective, lighting and magnification afforded by the laparoscopic approach. The preperitoneal fascias are distinct from the transversalis fascia with a separate blood supply. The transversalis fascia in the inguinal space is likely related to the posterior rectus fascia. We attempt to clarify the anatomy of the fasciae in this area with laparoscopic photographs and validate our observations with review of the literature and selected illustrations taken from anatomical texts.
A Gradient Wind Correction for Surface Pressure Fields Retrieved from Scatterometer Winds

Given a field of geostrophic winds and at least one pressure observation, a pressure field can be computed. If the winds are in reality gradient winds, then a correction must be applied to calculate the actual geostrophic winds. Here a method is proposed for including a gradient wind correction in the retrieval of geostrophic winds from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) surface measurements with a planetary boundary layer model. This correction translates into a better estimate of the corresponding surface pressure fields. The scheme is assessed by comparing these pressure fields to buoy measurements in the Gulf of Alaska and to radiosonde measurements in Hurricane Floyd. The gradient wind correction has a curvature component and a time-dependent component. Their relative magnitude is evaluated.
A History of Thinking and Doing - the Regulation of Workers' Human Capital in the United States

Today, the ownership of human capital has become a highly contested issue in employment law. Covenants not to compete are widely used in the American workplace and the source of an enormous volume of litigation. Trade secret disputes are also widespread. The issues raised by these cases are not new, but they are being posed in a new way. In the past, the regulation and ownership of human capital were matters of custom and institutional practice. There were disputes, but the disputes were fought in the marketplace either collectively, as industrial warfare, or individually, as part of the contention within the individual employment relationship. Today these disputes are fought in the courts. This paper presents a survey of the history of disputes about ownership of human capital in order to clarify what is new in today's disputes and to provide guidance about how courts should approach them.
Activity of medial vestibulospinal tract cells during rotation and ocular movement in the alert squirrel monkey

1. Chronic unit and eye movement recording and microstimulation techniques were used to study the discharge properties of identified medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST) cells in the alert squirrel ...
Heavier than Air? Knowledge Transmission within the Multinational Firm

To what extent do barriers to knowledge transmission influence a firm?s decision to expand? Using a worldwide dataset on foreign subsidiaries, I show that multinational corporations are, on average, about 12% less likely to horizontally expand a sector that is one standard deviation above the mean in the knowledge intensity scale. Evidence shows that when firms do expand their knowledge-intensive activities they tend to do so at shorter geographic distances. Locating a foreign subsidiary in the same time zone as its headquarters tends to reduce barriers to knowledge transmission by easing communication and effectively reducing the distance between them by, on average, 3500 Km. The empirical results can be explained through an expansion of the theoretical framework developed by Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (2004). The new model incorporates the cost of knowledge transmission for firms engaged in foreign direct investment, which affects the mechanisms of the proximity-concentration hypothesis.
Synthesis of a Water Dispersible Inter-Polymer Complex of Polyaniline

The conductive polymer, polyaniline, has been proposed as a material for applications such as flexible batteries, anti-static coatings and anti-corrosion paints. Polyaniline (PAN), however, is an intractable solid. Its rigid backbone and high cohesive energy lead to insoluble polymers. Dispersing polyaniline in solution has been a problem for industrial scale applications.
Mustard Oil Glucosides: Feeding Stimulants for Adult Cabbage Flea Beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Mustard oil glucosides, principal constituents of the host plants of adult flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, stimulated a feeding response on bean leaves, normally unacceptable hosts. Distinct glucoside preferences were found when bean leaves were cultured in 5 different glucosides (0.5% aqueous solutions) and offered in laboratory feeding experiments. When bean leaves were cultured in different sinigrin concentrations, the minimum concentration required to stimulate feeding was 0.01% (153 ppm) sinigrin. The amount of feeding increased with sinigrin concentration up to 3.0% (45,900 ppm) sinigrin but dropped off drastically at 4.0% (61,200 ppm) sinigrin. These findings suggest that mustard oil glucosides play a significant role in host-plant selection by P. cruciferae adults.
Abstract CN07-02: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tetraols: Potential phenotypic indicators of lung cancer susceptibility in smokers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are believed to be among the major causative agents for lung cancer in smokers. PAH require metabolic activation to exert their carcinogenic effects, and one important pathway proceeds through a three-step metabolic sequence resulting in the formation of diol epoxides which react with DNA producing adducts that can cause mutations and initiate the carcinogenic process. Many studies demonstrate wide interindividual differences in PAH metabolism. Our working hypothesis is that individuals who metabolically activate PAH by the diol epoxide pathway more extensively will be at higher risk for lung cancer than those who are less proficient. We have used a phenotyping approach to investigate this hypothesis. In this approach, we use gas chromatographytandem mass spectrometry to quantify PAH tetraols, the major end products of the diol epoxide metabolic activation pathway, in plasma or urine. In one recent nested case-control study of 475 lung cancer cases and 475 controls, all smokers, in the Shanghai Cohort Study of over 18,000 men, we demonstrated a significant relationship to lung cancer of urinary levels of r,1-t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT), the major end product of the diol epoxide pathway of phenanthrene, the simplest PAH with a bay region, a feature closely associated with carcinogenicity. With advances in mass spectrometry, we are now able to directly assess levels of tetraols resulting from diol epoxide formation from the prototypic carcinogenic PAH, benzo[a]pyrene. These studies demonstrated higher levels of this tetraol in the urine of smokers than non-smokers. Our approach to individual phenotyping of smokers uses a stable isotope labeled PAH, [D 10 ]phenanthrene. Smokers either use cigarettes to which [D 10 ]phenanthrene has been added, or take the substance orally. Plasma and urine are analyzed for the tetraol, [D 10 ]PheT, the major end product of the diol epoxide metabolism pathway of phenanthrene. The results of these ongoing studies show a large interindividual variation in [D 10 ]PheT production and demonstrate that this approach is feasible for identifying those individuals who extensively metabolize phenanthrene. These studies also showed for the first time that the three-step pathway resulting in formation of diol epoxides, as monitored by [D 10 ]PheT, occurred with remarkable rapidity in all subjects. Levels of [D 10 ]PheT in plasma of all subjects were maximal 15-30 min after smoking a cigarette containing [D 10 ]phenanthrene, and decreased thereafter. These results demonstrate that the formation of a PAH diol epoxide occurs rapidly in smokers. Since PAH diol epoxides are mutagenic and carcinogenic, the results clearly demonstrate immediate negative health consequences of smoking which should serve as a major warning to anyone contemplating initiating tobacco use. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):CN07-02.
Absence of major peripheral neuropathy in a phase II trial of ifosfamide with vinorelbine in patients with ovarian cancer previously treated with platinum and paclitaxel.

Both ifosfamide and vinorelbine have been shown to produce responses in women with previously treated ovarian cancer. However, vinorelbine has been reported to cause severe neuropathy in patients previously treated with paclitaxel. We assessed a regimen consisting of ifosfamide 1.6 g/m 2 /d and vinorelbine 30 mg/m 2 /d for 3 days consecutively every 21 days. Because these doses resulted in severe neutropenia despite the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, doses were reduced to a final level of ifosfamide 960 mg/m 2 /d and vinorelbine 20 mg/m 2 /d. Peripheral sensory neuropathy was evaluated by questionnaire. A total of 30 women were treated. All had previously been treated with both a platinum compound and paclitaxel. One partial response was observed among 23 patients with measurable disease, and two CA-125 responses were noted among seven patients without measurable disease. Severe progressive neurotoxicity was not observed. Despite the fact that almost half the patients had not been exposed to cyclophosphamide, this regimen produced few responses. Superior response rates have been reported with single-agent vinorelbine at doses that do not require growth factor support. With this dose and schedule, vinorelbine is reasonably safe therapy for patients who have received prior paclitaxel and who have have mild baseline sensory neuropathy.
Iron supply constrains producer communities in stream ecosystems.

The current paradigm that stream producers are under exclusive macronutrient control was recently challenged by continental studies, demonstrating that iron supply constrained diatom biodiversity and energy flows. Using algal abundance and water chemistry data from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, we determined for the first time community thresholds along iron gradients in non-acidic running waters, i.e. 30–79.5 μg L−1 and 70–120 μg L−1 in oligotrophic and eutrophic streams, respectively. Given that Fe concentrations fell below both thresholds in 50% of US streams, and below the eutrophic threshold in 75% of US streams, we suggest that Fe limitation is potentially widespread and attribute it to the restricted distribution of wetlands. We also report results from the first laboratory experiments on algal-iron interactions in streams, revealing that iron supplementation leads to significant biovolume and biodiversity increase in both nitrogen fixing and non-nitrogen fixing algae. Therefore, the progressive brownification of freshwaters due to rising dissolved organic carbon and iron levels can have a stimulating influence on microbial producers with cascading effects along the trophic hierarchy. Future research in running waters should focus on the role of iron in algal physiology and biofilm functions, including accumulation of biomass, fixing atmospheric nitrogen and improving water quality.
The lomatium dasycarpum—mohavense—foeniculaceum complex (Umbelliferae)

Species delimitation in Lomatium, the largest genus of Umbelliferae in North America, has been the subject of considerable study since the initial recognition of the genus in 1819. The present study constitutes an investigation of a group of taxa which are more closely related to one another than to other members of the genus. Many of these taxa, which include Lomatium dasycarpum, L. tomentosum, L. mohavense, L. macdougalii, L. inyoense, L. foeniculaceum, and L. daucifolium, intergrade at the margins of their ranges. It is hoped that this study will provide a basis for future investigations of the genus and eventually will make possible a reappraisal of generic and specific limits. Bentham (1849) was the first to note the similarity between Lomatium dasycarpum and L. tomentosum. Subsequent authors, including Coulter and Rose (1888), were confused as to the proper delimitation of these taxa. Toward the western margins of its distribution L. mohavense was believed by Coulter and Rose to become similar to L. tomentosum, while Mathias (pers. comm.) noted that it approached L. dasycarpum. Lomatium foeniculaceum, L. daucifolium, and L. macdougalii were also all recognized by Coulter and Rose (1900) as closely related. They noted the affinities of the latter species to L. mohavense, which approaches it geographically and morphologically. A new taxon, L. inyoense, recently recognized by Mathias and Constance (1955), most closely approaches L. macdougalii. Mathias and Constance (1959) noted the similarity of a second taxon that they described, L. ravenii, to both L. macdougalii and L. nevadense. On the basis of this study it has been found to be rather distinctive and it is believed to be more closely allied to the latter species than to the group under considerationhere. Lomatium nevadense, itself a highly variable taxon, does not appear to be a part of this complex. Other superficially similar taxa, such as L. macrocarpum, were excluded from the complex after a critical examination of morphology, habitat, and distribution patterns.
Selection of spreading sequences for direct-sequence spread-spectrum communications over a frequency-selective fading channel

The focus of this work is on the effect of the spreading sequence on the performance of differentially coherent detection of binary DPSK direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals using a correlator receiver. It is shown that significant performance differences result from different choices of spreading sequence. It is also shown that, given a moderate range of delay spreads, sequences can be found which perform well over the entire range. These are found to be robust with respect to a variety of shapes for the delay spectrum and a range of signal-to-noise ratios. >
Extra-articular Hip Conditions and Sports Injuries

The hip is a dynamic joint that has been implicated in sports injury. While the hip joint, and more specifically the interplay between the acetabulum and the femoral head/neck junction, has been implicated in the injury of the joint, there are also significant injuries that occur outside of the joint. In this chapter, we review some of the more common extra-articular injuries of the hip in the athlete. Hip pathology can be viewed in a layered approach, with the layers involving osteochondral, inert, dynamic (muscular), and neural pathology. We subdivide the muscular pathology into anterior, lateral, posterior, and medial regions.
Invasive Fungal Infections in the Intensive Care Unit

Patients in the intensive care unit are exposed to multiple stressors that predispose them to invasive fungal infections (IFIs), which carry high morbidity and mortality. Getting acquainted with the diagnostic methods and therapies is imperative for patient safety and for providing high-quality health care. This article focuses on the most frequent IFIs: invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis.
Numerical simulation of high inertial liquid-in-gas droplet in a T-junction microchannel

Aqueous microdroplet generation involving high inertial air flow inside a T-junction microchannel was studied numerically. The volume of fluid method was employed to track the interface between two immiscible fluids: water and air. The effects of high inertial air flow on the water droplet generation were investigated. At various Re and Ca numbers, unique flow regime mapping including squeezing, dripping, jetting, unstable dripping, and unstable jetting and their transitions were determined. Unstable dripping and unstable jetting flow regimes are new regimes which have not been previously reported in the liquid–liquid system. The flow structure in these two flow regimes is affected by the high inertial nature of the continuous phase which is negligible in the conventional liquid–liquid system. It was found that the stable aqueous droplets are generated in the squeezing and dripping flow regimes. On the other hand, the unstable dripping flow regime is unable to sustain spherical droplets as they travel downstream. In the unstable jetting flow regime, a stream of water is fragmented into multi-satellite droplets and threads of different sizes as it moves downstream. The behavior of the unstable jetting flow regime cannot be characterized due to the effect of high inertial air flow on the water stream. The results show that droplet size increases as Ca and Re numbers increase and decrease, respectively. As both Ca and Re numbers increase, droplet generation frequency increases, reaching its maximum at 223 Hz. Finally, the effect of different contact angles at 120–180° on droplet size, detachment time, and droplet generation frequency was investigated. The results of this research provide valuable insight into the understanding of high throughput oil-free aqueous droplet generation within a gas flow.
FlashR: parallelize and scale R for machine learning using SSDs

R is one of the most popular programming languages for statistics and machine learning, but it is slow and unable to scale to large datasets. The general approach for having an efficient algorithm in R is to implement it in C or FORTRAN and provide an R wrapper. FlashR accelerates and scales existing R code by parallelizing a large number of matrix functions in the R base package and scaling them beyond memory capacity with solid-state drives (SSDs). FlashR performs memory hierarchy aware execution to speed up parallelized R code by (i) evaluating matrix operations lazily, (ii) performing all operations in a DAG in a single execution and with only one pass over data to increase the ratio of computation to I/O, (iii) performing two levels of matrix partitioning and reordering computation on matrix partitions to reduce data movement in the memory hierarchy. We evaluate FlashR on various machine learning and statistics algorithms on inputs of up to four billion data points. Despite the huge performance gap between SSDs and RAM, FlashR on SSDs closely tracks the performance of FlashR in memory for many algorithms. The R implementations in FlashR outperforms H2O and Spark MLlib by a factor of 3 -- 20.
Cartilage-Sparing Aesthetic Otoplasty

The author reports on the evolution and application of a cartilage-sparing otoplasty technique that addresses all the components of the typical prominent ear deformity. This technique has given good, reproducible results in 180 patients treated over a 20-year period. An 8 % revision rate and minimal complications were encountered. The technique is discussed.
Examining the psychometric properties of the autism stigma and knowledge questionnaire (ASK-Q) in multiple contexts

Abstract Background The Autism Stigma & Knowledge Questionnaire (ASK-Q) is a new tool, developed to overcome many of the measurement issues associated with previously used ASD knowledge tools (Harrison, Slane, et al., 2017). The ASK-Q was developed to have cross-cultural utility and initial data reveals strong psychometric properties for the measure (Harrison, Bradshaw, et al., 2017). The current study aims to confirm several important measurement aspects of the ASK-Q. Methods To assess the cross-cultural internal consistency of the ASK-Q, data was collected from parents of children with ASD in Mongolia (n = 40). Test-retest reliability analyses among a group of college students (n = 110) examined the stability of responses on the ASK-Q. To examine the sensitivity of the ASK-Q to detect change, we examined differences in ASD knowledge from the beginning to the end of the semester for college students (n = 27) enrolled in a brief weekly ASD seminar. Results Analyses revealed adequate ASK-Q internal consistency in the Mongolian context with an alpha of 0.721. Test-retest data revealed good reliability for the ASK-Q overall (ICC = 0.86) over a two-week period, and the measure served as a useful tool for detecting change pre- and post-intervention. Discussion The adequate internal consistency result from the Mongolian context supports the ASK-Q development goal of creating a measure with cross-cultural utility. The additional psychometric data collected in this study reinforce the assertion that the ASK-Q would serve as a reliable tool and a sensitive tool for examining the efficacy of ASD knowledge interventions.