cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PROSTACYCLIN ANALOG CARBACYCLIE, INCREASES TRANSFER IN PLACENTAE FROM PATHOLOGICAL PREGNANCIES

THE PROSTACYCLIN ANALOG CARBACYCLIE, INCREASES TRANSFER IN PLACENTAE FROM PATHOLOGICAL PREGNANCIES
32.3: Advanced Materials for Printed OLED Displays

This paper outlines the device and materials analyses which have led to DuPont's Gen3 solution-based OLED material set. A combination of architectural optimization and chemical design based on electronic analyses and calculations for these materials leads to dramatic performance gains for printable devices. High- efficiency deep red (0.68,0.32) devices deliver >200,000hr (1000nits) at >14cd/A while green materials demonstrate record lifetime >1,000,000hr, or high efficiency (>68cd/A) in solution- processed test-coupons. Deep blue, orange, and yellow emissive systems (the latter pair being useful for lighting applications) likewise exhibit world-class performance. Furthermore, use of these materials in nozzle-printed test coupons has verified that the outstanding performance can be maintained under actual print conditions. These proprietary materials now match or exceed the device performance of today's vapor-deposited equivalents, while enabling lower-cost printed displays and solution coated lighting applications.
Quasi-linear pH gradients for chromatofocusing using simple buffer mixtures: local equilibrium theory and experimental verification.

Chromatofocusing utilizes internally generated, retained pH gradients to focus proteins into narrow chromatographic bands. One of the characteristics of current chromatofocusing methods is that they use expensive polyampholyte buffers containing large numbers of ill-defined components in order to generate linear or quasi-linear pH gradients. In addition to being costly to use, polyampholyte buffers also tend to associate with proteins and often yield irreproducible gradient shapes. In order to avoid the various difficulties associated with the use of polyampholyte buffers, this study investigates the use of mixtures of simple buffering species to generate quasi-linear pH gradients on a weak-base ion-exchange column packing. The ability of these gradients to separate protein mixtures was also investigated. To optimize the conditions used, a computer simulation method using a local equilibrium model was developed that predicts the shape of the pH gradient. Several experiments were performed that demonstrate the usefulness of the method and the accuracy of the model.
Intercellular junctions in FANFT-induced carcinomas of rat urinary bladder in tissue culture: in situ thin-section, freeze-fracture, and scanning electron microscopy studies.

SUMMARY This paper describes a set of simple methods for comparative light and electron microscopy studies on tissue cultured tumour cells derived from both noninvasive and invasive carcinogen-induced rat urinary bladder carcinomas. Cells are grown on Thermanox plastic coverslips and fixed in situ. Each plastic coverslip is then divided with scissors into four parts: the first is processed for light microscopy, the second for thin-section electron microscopy, the third for freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and the fourth for scanning electron microscopy. In some experiments, portions of the culture which have first been examined by light microscopy are subsequently prepared for electron microscopy. In this way, the culture conditions are kept constant and a comparison of structural features (i.e. intercellular junctions) by several preparative techniques is possible. Noninvasive and invasive rat bladder tumour cells, characterized by numerous pleomorphic microvilli, have normal zonulae occludentes at the apices of lateral surfaces of tumour cells in all cultures. In some areas of invasive tumour cells, occludens junctions are focally attenuated, consisting of only one or two strands, and occasionally the strands are discontinuous. Gap junctions, type PF-1, as well as numerous desmosomes are present in all cell lines. Thus, intercellular junctions in noninvasive and invasive rate bladder epithelial cell lines bear a striking resemblance to those previously described in the comparable solid primary tumours. These culture systems may be useful for studying factors which influence the formation of intercellular junctions during malignant transformation.
One Hidden Object, Two Spatial Codes: Young Children's Use of Relational and Vector Coding

An important characteristic of mature spatial cognition is the ability to encode spatial locations in terms of relations among landmarks as well as in terms of vectors that include distance and direction. In this study, we examined children’s use of the relation middle to code the location of a hidden toy, using a procedure adapted from prior work on spatial cognition in gerbils (Collett, Cartwright, & Smith, 1986). Children of 4 and 5 years searched for a hidden toy in a large-scale environment. They were trained to find the toy with either 2 or 1 landmark present. On subsequent trials we altered the number and locations of the landmarks to determine how children represented the location of the toy. With 2 landmarks present during the initial training trial, the children coded both the middle location and the distance and direction from the toy to the landmarks. With 1 landmark present during the training trial, the children coded the location in terms of distance and direction to the single landmark. Our results shed light on seemingly inconsistent prior findings in both human and nonhuman species and indicate that both relational and vector coding are present in young children. Organisms keep track of spatial locations in many ways, based on characteristics as disparate as the polarizing properties of moonlight (Dacke, Nilsson, Scholtz, Byrne, & Warrant, 2003) and deviations in the earth’s magnetic field (Lohmann,
Gate contact materials in Si channel devices

Research on contact materials in silicon semiconductor devices has recently gained significant momentum due to the increasing performance demands as the complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology advances. Applications include transistor materials such as gate electrodes and contacts to highly doped semiconductors substrates. This review will discuss the key issues in the development of metal gate electrodes with high-κ dielectrics to replace the conventional polycrystalline silicon electrode. Challenges in establishing a work function measurement technique, the role of the metal/high-κ interface in modulating the effective work function, and a review of leading industry solutions will be discussed.
Molecular Heterogeneity in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: Conceptual and Practical Implications

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), the most common salivary gland malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract and tracheobronchial tree, is also known for its considerable cellular heterogeneity including epidermoid, intermediate and mucin producing cells. Despite this structural and cellular heterogeneity, MEC is uniquely characterized by a specific translocation t(11; 19) (q12; p13), resulting in a fusion between the MECT1 and the MAML2 genes. Although the incidence of this fusion in MEC varies, it is generally accepted that more than 50 % of this entity manifest the MECT1-MAML2. Fusion-positive cases showed significantly better survival than fusion-negative cases, suggesting that MECT1-MAML2 represents a specific prognostic molecular marker in MEC. We contend that fusion in MEC represents a distinct mechanism in the development of this entity. In that context, fusion positive MEC, regardless of grade, manifest a more stable genome and better clinical behaviour, while fusion negative MEC represent a distinctly different pathway characterized by marked genomic instability and relatively aggressive tumors.
African American Consumers: What Should We Know to Meet their Mental Health Needs?

Abstract National health care organizations have placed greater emphasis on meeting the mental care needs of minority clients in the United States. Disparities in mental health care use among various populations have been clearly demonstrated. This article discusses what is known about mental health care use among African Americans and the need for new knowledge to address current and future needs. Strategies for examining and addressing mental health disparities in this population are addressed, and implications for nurse clinicians and researchers are presented. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2002], 8, 188-93.)
Developing Automated Deceptions and the Impact on Trust

As software developers design artificial agents (AAs), they often have to wrestle with complex issues, issues that have philosophical and ethical importance. This paper addresses two key questions at the intersection of philosophy and technology: What is deception? And when is it permissible for the developer of a computer artifact to be deceptive in the artifact’s development? While exploring these questions from the perspective of a software developer, we examine the relationship of deception and trust. Are developers using deception to gain our trust? Is trust generated through technological “enchantment” warranted? Next, we investigate more complex questions of how deception that involves AAs differs from deception that only involves humans. Finally, we analyze the role and responsibility of developers in trust situations that involve both humans and AAs.
Cholera holotoxin assembly requires a hydrophobic domain at the A-B5 interface: Mutational analysis and development of an in vitro assembly system

Cholera toxin (CT) and related Escherichia coli enterotoxins LTI and LTIIb have a conserved hydrophobic region at the AB5 interface postulated to be important for toxin assembly. Hydrophobic residue F223 in the A subunit of CT (CTA) as well as residues 174, L77, and T78 in the B subunit of CT (CTB) were replaced individually with aspartic acid, and the resulting CTA and CTB variants were analyzed for their ability to assemble into holotoxin in vivo. CTA-F223D holotoxin exhibited decreased stability and toxicity and increased susceptibility to proteolysis by trypsin. CTB-L77D was unable to form functional pentamers. CTB-I74D and CTB-T78D formed pentamers that bound to GM1 and d-galactose but failed to assemble with CTA to form holotoxin. In contrast, CTB-T78D and CTA-F223H interacted with each other to form a significant amount of holotoxin in vivo. Our findings support the importance of hydrophobic interactions between CTA and CTB in holotoxin assembly. We also developed an efficient method for assembly of CT in vitro, and we showed that CT assembled in vitro was comparable to wild-type CT in toxicity and antigenicity. CTB-I74D and CTB-T78D did not form pentamers or holotoxin in vitro, and CTA-F223D did not form holotoxin in vitro. The efficient system for in vitro assembly of CT described here should be useful for future studies on the development of drugs to inhibit CT assembly as well as the development of chimeric CT-like molecules as potential vaccine candidates.
A high input impedance low-noise instrumentaion amplifier with JFET input

This paper presents a high input impedance instrumentation amplifier with low-noise low-power operation. JFET input-pair is employed instead of CMOS to significantly reduce the flicker noise. This amplifier features high input impedance (15.3 GΩ∥1.39 pF) by using current feedback technique and JFET input. This amplifier has a mid-band gain of 39.9 dB, and draws 3.65 μA from a 2.8-V supply and exhibits an input-referred noise of 3.81 μVrms integrated from 10 mHz to 100 kHz, corresponding to a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 3.23.
Some reinforcing characteristics of iron-based fillers

Thermolysis of iron carbonyl dissolved in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) networks was found to greatly increase the modulus and toughness of the elastomers. Similarly good reinforcement was obtained in other PDMS networks filled with a ferrite, when it was coated with a silane, for example one of the coupling agents commonly used to improve adhesion in composites.
Did the defeat of saddam hussein reduce suicide bombing casualties and attacks in Israel? A statistical analysis

It was hypothesized that one of the reasons for the U.S. invasion of Iraq was to stop the payments being made by Saddam Hussein to the families of suicide (homicide) bombers in Israel. The consequences of suicide (homicide) bombing attacks against Israel between March 2001 and August 2004 were evaluated as related to the time of the U.S. invasion of Iraq. On average per month during this period, there were fewer overall casualties after the invasion than before it. As many as nearly 1,100 casualties may have been prevented in Israel as a consequence of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, suggesting that at least one possible goal of the U.S. invasion may have been achieved, at least as averaged over the first 17 months after the invasion.
Ichthyosis with confetti: a rare diagnosis and treatment plan

Congenital ichthyosis includes a group of rare skin disorders known for tiles of hyperkeratotic skin resembling fish scales. With age, the hyperkeratosis generally becomes more concentrated around joints which increases impairment. Ichthyosis with confetti, also known as ichthyosis variegata or congenital reticular ichthyosiform erythroderma, is an extremely rare form of ichthyosis. It usually begins as non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma with the expected scaling. However, with time patients develop widespread ‘confetti-like’ patches of healthy skin. The healthy skin reflects clonal expansion of ‘normal’ or reverted cells. Cell reversion has potential for future therapies using revertant stem cells. Controlling symptoms with emollients is the goal of treatment for ichthyosis since it has no cure.
Greater Night-to-Night Variability in Sleep Discrepancy Among Older Adults with a Sleep Complaint Compared to Noncomplaining Older Adults

Research in younger adults suggests sleep discrepancy (objective/subjective measurement difference) is a consistent pattern that primarily occurs within individuals with insomnia. To examine whether older adults exhibit a similar pattern, this study compared night-to-night inconsistency in sleep discrepancy between older adults with and without sleep complaints. Older adults (N = 103; mean age = 72.81, SD = 7.12) wore an Actiwatch-L® (24 hr per day) and concurrently completed sleep diaries for 14 days. Sleep discrepancy = diary (sleep onset latency [SOL] or wake [time] after sleep onset [WASO]) - actigraphy (SOL or WASO). Both groups exhibited sleep discrepancy, but complainers exhibited significantly more night-to-night variability. Sleep discrepancy was a variable behavior that was not limited to insomnia, but instead manifested by degree throughout our older sample. Greater attention to variability in sleep research and clinical practice is warranted.
Planktic foraminiferal porosity: a water mass proxy for latest Cenomanian paleoceanography, Greenhorn Sea, Western Interior USA and Canada

Abstract Planktic foraminiferal porosity analyses can be used as a water mass proxy and were conducted on samples from above the latest Cenomanian Neocardioceras or B bentonite from the Western Interior Seaway of North America. This time slice provides a snapshot of water mass characteristics in this vast epicontinental sea during the early phase of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Mean sample porosity decreases northward and is interpreted as northward decrease in water temperature at the depth Hedbergella delrioensis (Carsey) calcified. Four water masses are defined by porosity, their boundaries are extremely similar to water mass boundaries previously identified by others using the distributions of macrofossils, microfossils and lithology. The boundary between the Subtropical–Tropical Water Mass and Central Subtropical Water Mass was located in southern Colorado. The boundary between the Central Subtropical Water Mass and the Northern Temperate Water Mass lay at approximately 48°N latitude. This boundary is displaced northward approximately 8° latitude as compared to the Holocene planktic foraminiferal temperate ocean province. Within-sample porosity variation suggests all water masses except the Temperate Water Mass were thermally stratified. Samples from the south indicate that the Subtropical–Tropical Water Mass was the most stratified. The porosity data support a previously published data-based paleoceanographic circulation of the southwestern seaway.
The Third Therapeutic System Faith Healing Strategies in the Context of a Generalized AIDS Epidemic

Faith healing in sub-Saharan Africa has primarily been studied qualitatively among Pentecostal-Charismatic groups, and considered as its own phenomenon with little attention to its relationship to other modes of healing. Using data from Malawi, a religiously diverse African country with high HIV prevalence, we find that faith healing is pervasive across multiple religious traditions. For individuals, attending a faith healing congregation is associated with lower levels of generalized worry about AIDS, and this association is driven by those who switched churches before AIDS became widespread in rural areas. Use of condoms and traditional medicine are, on the other hand, positively associated with worry about AIDS. We argue that faith healing can be understood as a third therapeutic system that coexists with the well-documented biomedical and traditional systems. The success of faith healing approaches lies in their unique ability to combine individual-pragmatic and communal-ritualized aspects of healing to inform interpretations of the AIDS epidemic and its consequences.
Presence of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus in Breeding Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea: Parulidae): Temporal and Spatial Trends in Infection Prevalence

Prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea) has shown a long-term decline in abundance in the United States. As a long-range migrant, these warblers are exposed to parasites in both tropical and temperate regions. The focus of this study was to use molecular techniques to examine the temporal prevalence patterns of heamosopridian parasites Plasmodium and Haemoproteus in breeding prothonotary warblers. The prevalence (presence or absence) of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus species was assayed using primer sets for the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondrial DNA. Blood samples were obtained from 187 adult prothonotary warblers collected at 3 central Virginia, U.S.A., breeding sites. The relationship between haemosporidian parasite infections and reproductive success also was examined. We found that 71% of captured prothonotary warblers were infected with haemosporidian parasites, specifically, with 36% prevalence for Haemoproteus spp. and 44% prevalence for Plasmodium spp., during the 2008 breeding season; for both parasites, prevalence increased throughout the season. We found significant variation in haemosporidian parasite prevalence across the breeding season that was strongly site specific. Conversely, we found no significant effects of haemosporidian parasite infections on the reproductive success of prothonotary warblers. This is in sharp contrast to recent reports suggesting considerable effects of these parasites on the reproductive success of wild birds.
On the number of steady states of the nonadiabatic tubular reactor

Alexander (1990) showed using the method of averaging that the nonadiabatic tubular reactor may have an arbitrarily large number of steady states, provided the activation energy is sufficiently large. We show that this restriction is not necessary. For any activation energy that lies above the boundary for uniqueness of a steady state, an arbitrarily large number of steady states can exist. We analyse the limiting Neumann model (Balakotaiah, 1989) using bifurcation theory. The results for the limiting model are compared with those of the complete model by numerical calculations.
PYELONEPHRITIS. IV. ROLE OF SERUM BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIBODY IN CHRONIC ENTEROCOCCAL PYELONEPHRITIS IN THE RAT.

SummaryPyelonephritis produced in rats by intravenous inoculation of Str. faecalis becomes established in the presence of normal serum bactericidal activity against the infecting organism. The infection persists throughout the life of the rat despite the eventual appearance of circulating antibacterial antibodies. This finding may be partially explained by the fact that these antibodies do not enhance normal serum bactericidal activity as tested.
Oxygen binding of water-soluble cobalt porphyrins in aqueous solution.

Water-soluble cobalt porphyrin 1Co and imidazole ligand 2 were synthesized. 1Co binds dioxygen in the presence of imidazole ligand 2 in aqueous solution. The formation of the oxygen adduct 2-1Co(O2) was studied using UV−vis and EPR spectroscopy. The impact of pH on the kinetic stability of the oxygen adduct was examined.
In Defense of System Dynamics: A Response to Professor Hayden

In a 2006 paper, Professor Gregory Hayden argued that system dynamics is an inadequate tool for explaining the institutional systems principles of hierarchy, feedback and openness. The purpose of this paper is to show that many of Professor Hayden's claims are either misguided or incorrect. The paper also reinforces the argument that system dynamics modeling can add significant value to traditional institutional economic analysis.
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PULMONARY HYPERTERNSION

Pulmonary hypertension is a prevalent disease of multiple etiologies. Over the years, different attempts at nomenclature and classification, largely based on morphologic findings at autopsy, have met with limited success. Recent advances in medical and surgical treatment, and the promise of effective approaches to prevention, have prompted the development of a clinical classification designed to take advantage of the new promising interventions. This article traces the growth of understanding of the pulmonary hypertensive diseases that has enabled the development of a clinical classification oriented towards prevention and treatment.
Design and implementation of RF subsystems with multiple embedded passives in multi-layer organic substrates

Recent development in the design of high-Q passives embedded in low cost IC packages has made single-package integration of RF front-ends feasible. This paper analyses the effects of ground return in the performance of active circuits, while using multiple embedded devices in the package. The return-current path layout has been modeled using both electromagnetic field solvers as well as a circuit-based modeling methodology based on coupled line theory. Low noise amplifiers (LNAs) using discrete and embedded components have been designed and fabricated as test vehicles, and the modeled results have been verified with measurements.
Prediction of abstinence from ethanol in alcoholic recipients following liver transplantation

The prediction of abstinence from ethanol may be crucial to the optimal selection of liver transplantation candidates with alcoholism. Of 84 consecutive end-stage alcoholic patients who underwent transplantation (1986-1994) at our institution, we analyzed 63 long-surviving recipients for pretransplantation variables to predict posttransplantation abstinence (follow-up: 49.3 +/- 21 mo). Thirty-three pretransplantation variables were reviewed from our transplantation data base and supplemented and confirmed with interviews with recipients. The psycho-social inclusion criteria included the following: patient recognition of alcoholism, a domicile, an occupation, and at least one close personal relationship. The incidence of abstinence from ethanol was (50/63) 79%. A logistic regression of the 33 variables in conjunction with our above inclusion criteria accurately predicted abstinence (90% accuracy, chi2 model, P < .00001) based on the absence of previous history of any illicit drug use (Drug Use: yes = 1/no = 0), the presence of an active, personal life insurance policy (Life Ins: yes = 1/no = 0), number of alcoholic sisters (ETOH-SIS), and the length of pretransplantation abstinence (PRE-TRANS-ABS, mos): Prob. of abstinence = 1/1 + e(-F), F = -0.33 +/- 0.89 (DRUG USE) -1.02 (LIFE INS) -1.68 (ETOH-SIS) +0.24 (PRE-TRANS-ABS). In contrast, receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis found that 7 and 9 months of pretransplantation abstinence were the best cut-off points in predicting subsequent abstinence, but poor utility was noted at these points with this specific value alone (sensitivity 61-84%, specificity 64-68%). A separate analysis of high-risk patients with poly-drug use (n = 15, alcohol recidivism 8/15, 53%) and the remaining low-risk group of purely alcohol dependent patients (n = 48, alcohol recidivism 5/48, 10%) found no combination of variables was predictive of abstinence in either group. The length of pretransplantation abstinence is a relatively poor predictor of posttransplantation abstinence. Variables of comorbid substance use, social function, and possibly family history are more predictive in conjunction with our standard criteria and might be useful as tools in evaluating liver transplantation candidates whose primary diagnosis is alcohol-induced cirrhosis.
Mites associated with Southern Pine Bark Beetles in Allen Parish, Louisiana

Ninety-six species of mites were associated with the southern pine beetle and allied scolytids in an outbreak area in Allen Parish, La. The complex was evaluated to ascertain which species may be of value as biological control agents.
Possible explanation of the disparity between the in vitro and in vivo measurements of Rubisco activity: a study in loblolly pine grown in elevated pCO2.

Rubisco activity can be measured using gas exchange (in vivo) or using in vitro methods. Commonly in vitro methods yield activities that are less than those obtained in vivo. Rubisco activity was measured both in vivo and in vitro using a spectrophotometric technique in mature Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) trees grown using free-air CO 2 enrichment in elevated (56 Pa) and current (36 Pa) pCO 2 . In addition, for studies where both in vivo and in vitro values of Rubisco activity were reported net CO 2 uptake rate (A) was modelled based on the in vivo and in vitro values of Rubisco activity reported in the literature. Both the modelling exercise and the experimental data showed that the in vitro values of Rubisco activity were insufficient to account for the observed values of A. A trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation of the protein from samples taken in parallel with those used for activity analysis was co-electrophoresed with the extract used for determining in vitro Rubisco activity. There was significantly more Rubisco present in the TCA precipitated samples, suggesting that the underestimation of Rubisco activity in vitro was attributable to an insufficient extraction of Rubisco protein prior to activity analysis. Correction of in vitro values to account for the under-represented Rubisco yielded mechanistically valid values for Rubisco activity. However, despite the low absolute values for Rubisco activity determined in vitro, the trends reported with CO 2 treatment concurred with, and were of equal magnitude to, those observed in Rubisco activity measured in vivo.
Pulmonary Reserve in Patients after Pneumonectomy

Pulmonary insufficiency following pulmonary resection is a tragic outcome. The same is true of failure to resect a carcinoma of the lung in a patient with adequate pulmonary reserve. To avoid these tragedies, clinicians seek a function test that is discriminatory. Keagy and colleagues (this issue, p. 253) correlated morbidity and mortality with the results of three spirometric tests (forced vital capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume [FEV1], and the ratio between these two) in 90 patients undergoing pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung. They concluded that the “three widely used tests of pulmonary function . . . showed no correlation with postoperative morbidity and mortality” in this group of patients. Spirometry, however, is predictive of the severity of chronic obstructive lung disease, the major form of lung dysfunction in patients with cancer of the lung who undergo pneumonectomy. Keagy and associates used thirty-day mortality, frequency of respiratory complications, the need for prolonged ventilation, and the incidence of arrhythmias for their comparisons and found that there is a lack of statistical correlation between these variables and the degree of dysfunction as measured by spirometry. They are justified in concluding that spirometry alone is not a good predictor of mortality or their definition of morbidity. It is nonsense to think that pulmonary functional reserve is not an important factor for consideration in patients who need pulmonary resection. However, the issue is not the preoperative function but what function will be left postoperatively. Spirometry must be correlated at least with the chest roentgenogram and a projection made as to whether further definition of regional function with radionuclide scanning is needed. Were the failures of Keagy and associates in the group with good function due, in part, to the fact that the resected lung was functional preop-
Extended workdays: Effects of 8-hour and 12-hour rotating shift schedules on performance, subjective alertness, sleep patterns, and psychosocial variables

Abstract A newly instituted 3-4 day/12-h rotating shift schedule was compared to the previous 5-7 day/8-h schedule using standard laboratory-type measures of performance and alertness, and a questionnaire on sleep patterns and other personal habits. After seven months adaptation to the new schedule, there were decrements in the laboratory-type tests of performance/alertness which could be attributed to the extra 4 h of work per day. There were also reductions in sleep, and disruptions of other personal activities during 12-h workdays. However, increases in self-reported stress were attenuated by the shortened workweek. These results are discussed in terms of trade-offs between longer workdays and shorter workweeks.
Elevated Concentrations of Plasma Lipids and Apolipoproteins B, C-III, and E Are Associated With the Progression of Coronary Artery Disease in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine

We reported earlier that a complex familial hypercholesterolemia (c-FHC) phenotype characterized by elevated levels of total plasma cholesterol (TC) and apoB and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoA-I is associated with the development of spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions in swine. In this study, we investigated concentrations of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins B, C-III, and E in six parental animals of two cholesterol concentration phenotypes and their 32 offspring, which segregated into high, intermediate, and normal cholesterol phenotypes. Subsequently, we compared the extent of atherosclerotic lesion development in coronary arteries to the concentrations of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in the parents and two offspring per family. Mean concentrations for the high (n = 23), intermediate (n = 13), and normal (n = 2) cholesterol level phenotypes at 4 months of age were TC, 316 +/- 62.2, 159 +/- 17.1, and 105 +/- 12 mg/dL; LDL cholesterol, 275 +/- 63.1, 113 +/- 16.4, and 67 +/- 18.4 mg/dL; HDL-C, 35 +/- 6.1, 41 +/- 5.7, and 33 +/- 6.4 mg/dL; triglycerides, 48 +/- 10.8, 39 +/- 8.0, and 29 +/- 5.7 mg/dL; apoB, 152 +/- 32.5, 80 +/- 7.2, and 48 +/- 5.7 mg/dL; apoC-III, 10 +/- 4.2, 8 +/- 1.7, and 3 +/- 0.1 mg/dL; and apoE, 17 +/- 3.4, 7 +/- 1.7, and 5 +/- 0.7 mg/dL, respectively. Histological analysis of the major coronary arteries from members of the three families showed considerable variation in the severity of lesions, ranging from foci of adaptive intimal thickening consisting of two to six layers of smooth muscle cells to advanced lesions containing necrotic cores, cholesterol clefts, calcification, and hemorrhage (type V). The most extensive lesions occurred only in animals of the high cholesterol phenotype (ie, c-FHC), in which the concentration of TC and apoB progressively increased after 4 months of age, apoC-III, apoE, and triglycerides increased or remained elevated, and HDL-C decreased, except for one animal. Data presented here show that the plasma cholesterol phenotypes in FHC animals are associated with levels of apolipoproteins B, C-III, and E and indicate that the increases in the studied parameters after 4 months of age correlate with the progression of coronary artery disease.
The Physiological Basis for the Leboyer Approach to Childbirth

Away from the limelight of the publicity and debates about the “Leboyer delivery” a slowly growing number of American physicians, nurses, childbirth educators, and other professionals are taking an active interest in the concepts espoused by the French physician, Frederick Leboyer, in his book Birth Without Violence and the film of the same name. Consumers are also taking an interest, and, due largely to their demands, more and more of them are finding that the kind of childbirth experience Dr. Leboyer describes is available if they “shop around.” Leboyer's intrest in providing for the newborn a more gentle introduction into the world outside the womb sprang from his recall, through psychoanalysis, of the emotional trauma he experienced during his own birth. The authors of the following article explore the psychological and, especially, the physiological foundations implied in Leboyer s approach to delivery. They identify four facets of Leboyer's approach for their consideration: 1) a gentle, controlled delivery, 2) not stressing the craniosacral axis, 3) not overstimulating the newborn's sensorium or breathing, and 4) the importance of the maternal‐infant bond.
Concluding remarks: historical perspective and the future of island biogeography theory

MacArthur and Wilson’s equilibrium theory revolutionized the field of island biogeography and, to a large degree, ecology as well. The theory, which quickly became the ruling paradigm of island biogeography, has changed little over the past three decades. It has not kept pace with relevant theory and our growing appreciation for the complexity of nature, especially with empirical findings that species diversity on many islands: 1) is not in equilibrium; 2) is influenced by differences in speciation, colonization, and extinction among taxa; and 3) is influenced by differences among islands in characteristics other than area and isolation. The discipline of biogeography, itself, is in a state of disequilibrium. We may again be about to witness another paradigm shift, which will see the replacement of MacArthur and Wilson’s theory. Wherever this shift may take us, we are confident that the next generation of biogeographers will still look to islands for insights into the forces that shape biological diversity.
Submesoscale Coastal Ocean Flows Detected by Very High Frequency Radar and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Over a 29-day time series in July 1999, an ocean surface current radar (OSCR) in very high frequency (VHF) mode mapped the surface velocity field at 250-m resolution at 700 cells off Fort Lauderdale, Florida. During the experiment, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), equipped with upward- and downward-looking 1.2MHz acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), measured subsurface current structure over four to six radar cells during two mixed layer patterns on 9 and 27 July 1999. As these AUV sampling patterns were conducted over 500 m 3 500 m and 500 m 3 750 m areas, these missions required about 80‐90 min (four radar sample intervals) to form four and seven synoptic snapshots, respectively. Based on autocorrelation analyses of the profiler data, along-AUV-track subsurface profiles were averaged at 10-s intervals, mapped to a surface from 1.5‐6.5 m, and compared to surface currents at more than 500 points for each snapshot. Comparisons between the surface and subsurface currents from the AUV revealed spatially averaged differences ranging from 4 to 26 cm s21 during these two experiments. The largest differences occurred when the surface and subsurface current vectors were orthogonal; otherwise, differences were O(10 cm s21). Scatterplots between 2-m and radar-derived surface currents indicated a consistent relationship with mooring data. From the seven spatial snapshots acquired during the second experiment, current profiles suggested a timedependent oscillation that was corroborated by radar and moored ADCP data. Least squares fits of these profiles from sequential AUV snapshots to a simple model isolated an ;9.2 6 1 h oscillation where the along-shelf current was O(50 cm s21). Spatially averaged current profiles from four and seven snapshots were subsequently time averaged to form a mean profile from each experiment. In the downwind directions, these mean profiles were compared to a winddriven, logarithmic layer profile in the upper 6.5 m based on a 10-m surface winds. Regression analyses suggest a slope of 1.16 between the theoretical and observed mean profiles with a bias of about 3 cm s21. In this context, the averaged winds played a role in driving the coastal ocean circulation. These results further suggest that the spatial averaging by the radar is consistent when subsurface current variations are averaged over similar time and space scales.
Prostanoids and cell injury

Abstract Cells respond to injury with a variety of mechanisms, one of which is the synthesis and release of various vasoactive factors. These factors can influence the intra- and extracellular environments of the cell and thus affect the overall rate of cellular survival. Products of arachidonic acid metabolism represent one such system. Studies have demonstrated the synthesis and release of various prostanoids during global injurles such as circulatory shock, burn injury, myocardial infarction, and severe trauma. We have carried out studies in an isolated, perfused rabbit liver preparation to investigate the cellular stimuli and cellular mechanisms by which the archidonic acid cascade is stimulated under these conditions. Both hypoxia and metabolic poisoning with dinitrophenol are stimuli for enhanced prostanoid production in vitro . This eicosanoid production is associated with evidence of severe cellular injury. In contrast, when endogenous prostanoid production is stimulated in a noninjured liver with phospholipase A 2 , the production is transient and is not associated with cellular injury. Another stimulus, bacterial endotoxin, has no effect on prostanoid biosynthesis in vitro even though endotoxin is a very potent stimulus in vivo . Activated complement has been shown to be a potent stimulus for arachidonic acid metabolism both in vivo and in vitro . It thus becomes apparent that arachidonic acid metabolism can be influenced by both receptor and nonreceptor related mechanisms in the injured cell. In addition, the eicosanoids released by the injured cell are apparently able to participate in the homeostatic response of the cell to the injury. There also appear to be specific situations in which inappropriate eicosanoid production is related to the pathophysiologic consequences of the injury process. Additional studies are required to characterize these relationships.
Experimental Studies of Rhesus Monkeys Infected with Epizootic and Enzootic Subtypes of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

Adult rhesus monkeys were infected with five subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus (IA, IB, IC, ID, and IE). The animals were studied clinically, and samples of serum were taken for determinations of viremia and antibody, leukocyte counts, and biochemical studies. Only monkeys inoculated with VEE subtype IA, IB, or IC developed fever and signs of illness, although high titers of circulating virus were detected in the sera of all animals. Viremia appeared on day 1 after inoculation and disappeared by days 4-6. Most animals, including those infected with subtype ID or IE, were leukopenic. The concentration of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in serum was elevated only in monkeys infected with subtype IA or IC. Sera obtained 12 and 47 days after inoculation were tested by serum dilution neutralization and by conventional and "kinetic" HAI tests. The ability of these sera to distinguish among VEE subtypes was somewhat limited; the antigenic differences observed were nevertheless in general agreement with those described by previous workers. This study supports the hypothesis that enzootic VEE subtypes are less pathogenic than subtypes responsible for major epizootics.
Sex-specific effect of endothelin in the blood pressure response to acute angiotensin II in growth-restricted rats

The renal endothelin system contributes to sex differences in blood pressure with males demonstrating greater endothelin type-A receptor-mediated responses relative to females. Intrauterine growth restriction programs hypertension and enhance renal sensitivity to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats. Endothelin is reported to work synergistically with angiotensin II. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that endothelin augments the blood pressure response to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats. Systemic and renal hemodynamics were determined in response to acute angiotensin II (100 mg/kg per minute for 30 minutes) with and without the endothelin type-A receptor antagonist, Atrasentan (ABT-627; 10 ng/kg per minute for 30 minutes), in rats pretreated with enalapril (250 mg/L for 1 week) to normalize the endogenous renin-angiotensin system. Endothelin type-A receptor blockade reduced angiotensin II-mediated increases in blood pressure in male control and male growth-restricted rats. Endothelin type-A receptor blockade also abolished hyper-responsiveness to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats. Yet, blood pressure remained significantly elevated above baseline after endothelin type-A receptor blockade, suggesting that factors in addition to endothelin contribute to the basic angiotensin II-induced pressor response in male rats. We also determined sex-specific effects of endothelin on acute angiotensin II-mediated hemodynamic responses. Endothelin type-A receptor blockade did not reduce acute angiotensin II-mediated increases in blood pressure in female control or growth-restricted rats, intact or ovariectomized. Thus, these data suggest that endothelin type-A receptor blockade contributes to hypersensitivity to acute angiotensin II in male growth-restricted rats and further supports the sex-specific effect of endothelin on blood pressure.
FROM FORM TO FUNCTION: FROM SBF TO DSSBF

We describe a method of analogical reasoning for the task of constructing a Structure Behavior Function (SBF) model of a physical system from its drawing. A DSSBF (Drawing Shape Struc- ture Behavior Function) model relates the SBF model of a system to its drawing. A DSSBF model of a target drawing is constructed by analogy to the DSSBF model of a very similar drawing. In this paper, we focus on the tasks of analogical mapping between target and source drawings and transfer of the DSSBF model of the source draw- ing to the target drawing. Archytas is a computer program that implements this analogical method for model construction in the do- main of simple kinematics devices.
Dorsal Frontal Fractures of the First Phalanx in the Horse

Dorsal frontal fractures of the first phalanx in nine horses are described. All fractures were in hindlimbs, and two horses were affected bilaterally. Of the eleven fractures, seven were incomplete and nondisplaced, one was complete and nondisplaced, and three were complete and displaced. Two horses with complete displaced fractures had their fractures repaired with lag screw fixation combined with open reduction, and the other seven horses were treated nonsurgically. All horses were sound on the injured limb within 3 to 6 months of the injury. Lag screw fixation was recommended for horses with complete, displaced dorsal frontal fractures in order to reduce the articular defect and help prevent secondary joint changes. Nonsurgical therapy in the form of stall rest with a heavy support wrap resulted in bony healing of the fracture in 4 to 6 months. Follow-up was obtained on all nine horses: two were retired for breeding; five performed equal to or better than their previous level of racing performance; one was performing successfully as a combined training horse; and one returned to a lower level of performance due to an unrelated forelimb lameness.
Negotiating Sequential Boundaries and Learning Opportunities: A Case from a Japanese Language Classroom.

Using the methodological framework of conversation analysis (CA) as a central tool for analysis, this study examines a peer interactive task that occurred in a Japanese as a foreign language classroom. During the short segment of interaction, the students shifted back and forth between the development of an assigned task and the management of problems associated with their lack of lexical knowledge. The close observation of the participants' vocal and nonvocal conduct during these different types of sequences and sequential boundaries demonstrates how the students transform in a moment-by-moment fashion their converging or diverging orientations towards varying types of learning and learning opportunities. Through the presentation of a single case analysis, this study discusses one way of applying CA techniques to the study of classroom interaction in order to promote an overall sensitivity to the intricacies of classroom talk and to generate critical reflection on classroom policies and instructional designs.
Site of positive surgical margins influences biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

to identify preoperative predictors of PSMs and BCR. The estimated 5-year risk of BCR was calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.
Optimization of multidetector array CT acquisition parameters for CT colonography.

Background: Multidetector array computed tomography technology has increased the number of acquisition parameters that a user must select. This article examines the criteria by which detector collimation, reconstructed scan width, reconstruction scan interval, pitch, image noise, and patient dose can be optimized.
The physicochemical analysis and toxicological risk assessment of antimicrobial peptides in Oxya chinensis

Antimicrobial peptides,a new natural preservatives,has been provoking a wide rang of attention rencently in food additives research.The research studied antibacterial peptide of SDLH fermented by Endophytes of Oxya chinensis.Bacteriostatic activity of the antibacterial peptide was determined in different temperatuer and pH condition.The results showed that antibacterial peptide of SDLH declined with arising Bacteriostatic activity,and was stable in neutral condition as well as was slightly and heavily effect in strong acid and strong base respectively.Furthermore,antibacterial peptide of SDLH had the inhabiting capacity to both gram-positive bacterium and gram-negtitive bactetium in some degree.Finally,the studies revealed that antibacterial peptide of SDLH had no toxicy effect to HepG2 obtained from rat and human liver cells by MTT.
Research on the human virome: where are we and what is next

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health convened a Working Group on the Microbiome in Cardiovascular, Pulmonary and Hematologic Health and Diseases from June 25, 2014, to June 26, 2014. The Working Group’s central goal was to define what major microbiome research areas warranted additional study in the context of heart, lung, and blood (HLB) diseases. The Working Group identified studies of the human virome a key priority.