cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain-mediated 180° perpendicular magnetization switching of a single domain multiferroic structure

Analytical results for a voltage induced 180° perpendicular magnetization switching in a single magnetic nanoelement are presented. This 180° switching is achieved by combining perpendicular magnetic anisotropy due to surface effects with a temporally short voltage induced strain pulse. The angular momentum of the magnetic moment results in its precession in response to an in-plane effective magnetic field induced by strain, causing it to overshoot the 90° reorientation to an in-plane equilibrium position. Removal of the strain at the peak overshoot results in a 180° magnetization switch. This process is simulated using a micromagnetic dynamic approach implemented in a finite element framework that includes shape anisotropy and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy contributions to the energy functional in addition to the exchange and magnetoelastic energy terms. Control of the energy landscape to enable the 180° switching was accomplished by controlling the film thickness, and the strain pulse amplitude and duration. A film thickness near the critical thickness for in-plane to out-of-plane equilibrium magnetization direction was used to reduce the energy barrier to switching and thus reduce the necessary strain to levels that can be achieved in ferroelectric thin films clamped by a substrate.
Analyzing question quality through intersubjectivity: world views and objective assessments of questions on social question-answering

Social question-answering (SQA) allows people to ask questions in natural language and receive answers from others. While research on SQA has focused on the quality of answers provided with implications for system-based interventions, few studies have examined whether the questions asked to elicit these answers accurately depict an asker's information need. To address this gap, the current study explores the viability for system based interventions to improve questions by comparing human, non-textual assessments of question quality to automatic, textual features extracted from the questions' content in order to determine whether there is a significant relationship between subjective judgments on one hand, and objective ones on the other. Findings indicate that not only is there a significant relationship between human-based ratings of question quality criteria and extracted textual features, but also that distinct textual features contribute to explaining the variability of each human-based rating. These findings encourage further study of the relationship between the reasons for why a question might be of poor quality and textual features that can be extracted from the question. This relationship can ultimately inform design of intervention-based systems that can not only automatically assess question quality, but also provide reasons that can be understood by the asker as to why the quality of his or her question is poor and suggest how to revise the question.
Signaling through the EGF receptor controls lung morphogenesis in part by regulating MT1-MMP-mediated activation of gelatinase A/MMP2

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during lung development require extracellular signaling factors that facilitate branching morphogenesis. We show here that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) originating in the mesenchyme are necessary for epithelial branching and alveolization. We found that the delayed lung maturation characterized by abnormal branching and poor alveolization seen in mice deficient in epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr-/-) is accompanied by aberrant expression of MMPs. By in situ zymography, the lungs from newborn Egfr-/- mice had low gelatinolytic activity compared with wildtype. Inhibition of MMPs in developing lungs in vivo or in vitro severely retarded morphogenesis. Egfr-/- mice had low expression of MT1-MMP/MMP14, which is a potent activator of gelatinase A/MMP2, in their lungs. Egf ligand increased MT1-MMP mRNA by tenfold in lung fibroblasts from wild type, but not from Egfr-/- mice. Extracts from lungs of Egfr-/- mice showed a tenfold reduction in active MMP-2, but only a slight decrease in proMMP-2 by zymography. At birth, MMP-2-/- mice had a lung phenotype characterized by abnormal lung alveolization which phenocopied that of Egfr-/- mice, albeit somewhat less severe. We conclude that proteolysis mediates epithelial/mesenchymal interactions during lung morphogenesis. From the phenotypes of the Egfr-/- mice, we identify MT1-MMP as a major downstream target of Egfr signaling in lung in vivo and in vitro. MT1-MMP is, in turn, necessary for activation of MMP-2, a mesenchymal enzyme that is required for normal lung morphogenesis.
Singular perturbation modelling of continuous and discrete physical systems

The major shortcoming of the singular perturbation theory preventing its application to practical problems is that the system described by state equations is seldom given in the singularly perturbed form. This paper presents a systematic procedure which converts the state equations of a large scale time invariant system to singularly perturbed form, assuming that, such a classification is possible. This is accomplished by appropriate scaling and grouping of the state variables into slow and fast groups, while retaining as many physical state variables as possible in the new state description. An improved slow-fast grouping of the states can result by allowing linear combination of certain available physical variables as new state variables. Several examples are given to illustrate the method.
Is compliance a professional virtue of researchers? Reflections on promoting the responsible conduct of research.

Evidence exists that behavioral and social science researchers have been frustrated with regulations and institutional review boards (IRBs) from the 1970s through today. Making matters worse, many human participants protection instruction programs—now mandated by IRBs—offer inadequate reasons why researchers should comply with regulations and IRBs. Promoting compliance either for its own sake or to avoid penalties is contrary to the developmental aims of moral education and may be ineffective in fostering the responsible conduct of research. This article explores the concept of professional virtue and argues that compliance is capable of becoming a professional virtue like scientific honesty. This requires, however, that regulatory and IRB demands contribute to human well-being and to the aims of research as a profession and that researchers, therefore, internalize the norms that underlie regulatory and IRB demands. This, in turn, requires a series of changes in the way society develops, promulgates, and ...
Plastic systems reliability by LP and form

Abstract The reliability with respect to plastic collapse of a discretized ideal plastic structure is formulated on the basis of the lower bound theorem of plasticity theory. The reliability is calculated by a first order reliability method (FORM) in which the approximation points on the failure surface in the space of normalized and independent Gaussian variables are found by a suggested directional search procedure. When the yield functions are piecewise linear and the basic variables are normally distributed the approximation is found by use of linear programming (LP), and it is demonstrated how LP and FORM can be combined. In particular, the gradient vector of the failure function for the structure with respect to plastic collapse is needed in the computation, and it is shown how this vector can be calculated. The directional search procedure is applied to two examples.
Comparison of Angler and Cormorant Harvest of Walleye and Yellow Perch in Oneida Lake, New York

Abstract Since at least the beginning of the last century, sport anglers and commercial fishers have often held cormorants responsible for declining catches. The recovery of double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus populations throughout the Great Lakes region since the late 1970s has rekindled efforts to assess their impact on sport fish populations. In this paper we compare the species and age composition of fish consumed by double-crested cormorants (diet study) and harvested by anglers (creel survey) with abundance estimates of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum and yellow perch Perca flavescens (mark-recapture and catch per unit effort). The numbers of walleyes consumed by cormorants were similar to those harvested by anglers; however, cormorants consumed only subadults, whereas anglers harvested only age-4 and older adults. Cormorants and anglers combined harvested 7% of age 1-3 walleyes and 14% of the adult walleye population. Cormorant consumption of adult yellow perch was similar to angler harve...
Permissive Role of Prostanoids in Cerebrovascular Dilation Induced by Estrogens in the Newborn. † 1121

Estrogens have vascular protective effects in addition to their anti-lipid effects. Estrogens enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the adult. While estrogens increase constitutive nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity, NO does not have a major role in maintenance of vasomotor tone in the newborn. We hypothesized that if estrogens altered vascular tone in the newborn, it would be via a dilator system other than NO. Using the closed cranial window technique, pial arterial vessel diameter was quantified in response to topically administered ovarian steroids in piglets anesthetized withα-chloralose. 17β-estradiol (10-5M) produced pial vasodilation that was not altered by topical LNA (10-3M) and was attenuated by indomethacin (5mg/kg iv): 36.1±1.6% vs 27.3±6.1% vs 6.4±2.6% respectively. 17α-estradiol (10-5M) produced pial vasodilation that was not altered by topical LNA and was attenuated by indomethacin: 34.6±2.2% vs 26.2±4.2% vs 3.3±4.2% respectively. Carbacyclin (6·10M-11), a prostacyclin analogue in a concentration not sufficient to alter pial diameter, was able to restore the dilator response to β-estradiol attenuated by indomethacin. We conclude that in the newborn the estradiols produce a prostanoid associated pial vasodilation with no major role for NO, and that the prostanoids play a permissive role in the response.
Effect of hexadecapole deformations on i132 orbits and pickup cross sections in the tungsten nuclei

Abstract Previous (d,t) and (τ,α) cross sections to 13 2 + states in odd-mass tungsten nuclei have been interpreted in terms of moderate hexadecapole deformations (ϵ4≈0.06) while a recent Coulomb excitation measurement has suggested a much larger value for 182W. We have calculated the pickup spectra and show that in fact the data can be successfully interpreted with a wide range of ϵ4 values from ≈0.06 to ≈0.16.
Dosimetric analysis in brachytherapy of carcinoma of the cervix

Brachytherapy plays an essential role in the definitive radiation treatment of cervical carcinoma. The dosimetry of intracavitary irradiation is complex in that the optimum doses that can be delivered are dictated not only by the volume and extent of tumor but also by the close vicinity of dose-limiting structures, such as the small and large intestines, rectum, and bladder. To facilitate understanding of the relationships between the various dosimetric parameters involved, a retrospective analysis of 50 randomly chosen intracavitary insertions with Cesium-137 in 41 patients performed at our institution between 1975 and 1985 was carried out. All 50 cases utilized Fletcher-Suit-Delcos applicators and only the insertions using three sources in the tandem and one in each of the ovoids were included in this analysis. Using the AP and lateral radiographs and the lymphatic trapezoid, the reference points were obtained and transferred digitally to the treatment planning computer, and computerized dosimetry performed. In addition to the specified reference points, points were added and modified to obtain more complete information. The doses at the specified points were normalized to the average dose at AT, a reference point 2 cm superior to external os and 2 cm lateral to the tandem, and expressedmore » as a percentage. It was noted that the average dose at the closest bladder point was 103 +/- 41% of the dose at AT, the maximum rectal dose 77 +/- 29% of the dose at AT and the maximum small bowel dose 65 +/- 16% of that at AT. The analysis of percent contribution of various sources to different reference points revealed that the dose to point AT was equally contributed to by all sources; bladder and rectal doses were mainly contributed to by the lowermost uterine and ovoid sources. Our analysis may provide a model for optimizing brachytherapy in cervical carcinoma.« less
Continuous microcellular polystyrene foam extrusion with supercritical CO2

The continuous production of polystyrene microcellular foams with supercritical CO 2 was achieved on a two-stage single-screw extruder. Simulations related to the foaming process were accomplished by modeling the phase equilibria with the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state and combining the equations of motion, the energy balance, and the Carreau viscosity model to characterize the flow field and pressure distribution in the die. The position of nucleation in the die was determined from the simulation results via a computational fluid dynamics code (FLUENT). Experimental parameters were selected according to the T g and phase equilibria. The effects of CO 2 concentration and die pressure are explored. Below the solubility limit, higher CO 2 concentrations lead to smaller cell size and greater cell density. With an increase of die pressure, the cell size decreases and the cell density increases.
In Search of Insight.

Abstract This paper describes the process of attaining the insight required to solve a particular problem—the Mutilated Checkerboard (MC) problem. It shows that attaining insight requires discovering an effective problem representation, and that performance on insight problems can be predicted from the availability of generators and constraints in the search for such a representation. To test these claims we varied the salience of features leading to the critical concept of parity in the MC problem. Using chronometric measures, verbal protocols, and computer simulations, we explored first why it is difficult to find a representation for the Checkerboard problem, and then tested four potential sources of search constraint for reducing the difficulty: cue salience manipulations, prior knowledge, hints, and heuristics. While subjects used each of these four sources of constraint, a particular heuristic—noticing properties of the situation that remained invariant during solution attempts (the Notice Invariants heuristic)—proved to be a particularly powerful means for focusing search. In conjunction with hints and independently, it played a major part in producing the insight that yielded an effective problem representation and solution.
Real-time equivalence ratio measurements in gas turbine combustors with a near-infrared diode laser sensor

Abstract A rapid (2 kHz) near-infrared tunable diode laser (TDL) absorption sensor is developed for real-time measurements of methane concentration (and thus equivalence ratio) in gas turbine combustors. The non-intrusive sensor is based on fixed-wavelength laser absorption of methane near 1.65 μm using a single fiber-coupled diode laser. This CH4 absorption wavelength is free of interference from the absorption of other species in air. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is combined with second-harmonic detection to improve the sensor sensitivity and accuracy. WMS-1f signal is used to normalize the 2f signal to remove the need for calibration and account for the laser transmission variations in gas turbine combustors. The near-IR TDL sensor is first calibrated in a static cell with CH4 and N2 mixture to determine the line-strength and find the laser setpoint. Test with a gas turbine combustor operating at atmospheric pressure is then conducted to demonstrate the sensor accuracy and response time. The TDL sensor is used to characterize equivalence ratio fluctuations in the combustor before the fuel/air mixtures enter the combustion chamber. The gain between heat release and equivalence ratio fluctuation is measured when the fuel flow rate is modulated at different levels. The combustion test results demonstrate the utility of the TDL sensor as a useful diagnostic tool to study flame characteristics and evaluate different combustor designs.
Syntax, imagery and naturalization

L'A. mesure les consequences du debat opposant le descriptivisme et le pictorialisme sur le statut des images au regard de la philosophie de l'esprit, del a philosophie analytique, de l'epistemologie, del a philosophie du langage, et de la nature de la theorisation philosophique. Examinant le projet de la naturalisation de l'epistemologie, montre que le debat sur les images repose sur une certaine interpretation del a theorie computationnelle des modeles de l'esprit
A current based self-test methodology for RF front-end circuits

This paper presents a critical step in the realization of a robust, low overhead, current-based Built-In Self-Test (BIST) scheme for RF front-end circuits. The proposed approach involves sampling the high frequency supply current drawn by the circuit under test (CUT) and using it to extract information about various performance metrics of the RF CUT. The technique has inherently high fault coverage and can handle soft faults, hard faults as well as concurrent faults because it shifts the emphasis from detecting individual faults, to quantifying all the significant performance specifications of the CUT. This work also presents the realization of an HF current monitor which is a critical component in the proposed architecture. The current monitor has then been interfaced with three standard RF front-end circuits; a Low noise amplifier, a Single Balanced Mixer and a Voltage controlled oscillator, while minimally impacting their performance. The extracted information has then been used to create a mapping between variations in CUT performance and the sensed current spectrum. The monitor circuit has been fabricated in the IBM 6 metal, RF CMOS process, with a gain of 24 db and bandwidth of 3.9 GHz.
The Bush Administration and Hydrogen

Two recent articles, “Potential environmental impact of a hydrogen economy on the stratosphere” (T. K. Tromp et al. , Reports, 13 June, p. [1740][1]) and “Rethinking hydrogen cars” (D. W. Keith, A. E. Farrell, Policy Forum, 18 July, p. [315][2]), may have caused some to question the goals
Binocular detection of positive and negative flashes

Binocular forced-choice detection rates were measured under conditions where both eyes received positive flashes, both eyes received negative flashes, and one eye received a positive flash while the other received a negative flash. When both eyes received the same kind of flash, both positive or both negative, detection rates were,greater than probability summation. When one eye received a positive flash while the other received a negative flash, detection rates were near a level expected on the basis of probability summation. It is concluded that, at the level of forced-choice detection. positive and negative flashes are detected as though they were separate, independent events.
Effects of Print Comparative Political Advertising on Political Decision-Making and Participation

An experiment examined intended and unintended effects of print comparative political advertising on political decision-making, voting preferences, and situational election involvement. Results suggested that comparative advertising reduces targeted-candidate voting preferences while avoiding most forms of voter backlash. Voter backlash was evidenced, however, in participants' perceptions that the sponsoring candidate was mean-spirited. Comparative advertising significantly increased participants' situational election involvement.
Preparation and Characterization of Halogen-Boron-Phosphorus Compounds. X-ray Crystal Structures of X(3)B.P(SiMe(3))(3) and [X(2)BP(SiMe(3))(2)](2) (X = Cl, Br).

The 1:1 mole ratio reactions of boron trihalides (BX3) with tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine [P(SiMe3)3] produced 1:1 Lewis acid/base adducts [X3B·P(SiMe3)3, X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (5)]. Analogous 1:1 mole ratio reactions of these boron trihalides with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphide [LiP(SiMe3)2] produced dimeric boron−phosphorus ring compounds {[X2BP(SiMe3)2]2, X = Br (3), Cl (4)}. X-ray crystallographic studies were successfully conducted on compounds 1−4. Compound 1 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 13.420(3) A, b = 17.044(5) A, c = 21.731(7) A, V = 4970.6(25) A3, and Dcalc = 1.229 g cm-3 for Z = 8; the B−P bond length was 2.022(9) A, Compound 2 crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 13.581(6) A, b = 17.106(7) A, c = 22.021(9) A, V = 5116(4) A3, and Dcalc = 1.540 g cm-3 for Z = 8; the B−P bond length was 2.00(2) A. Compound 3 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 9.063(5) A, b = 16.391(8) A, c = 9.331(4) A, V = 1379.2(12) A3, and Dca...
Resource contention in shared-memory multiprocessors: A parameterized performance degradation model

Abstract A standard metric conventionally employed to compare the performance of different multiprocessor systems is speedup. Although providing a measure of the improvement in execution speed achievable on a system, this metric does not yield any insight into the factors responsible for limiting the potential improvement in speed. This paper studies the performance degradation in shared-memory multiprocessors as a result of contention for shared-memory resources. A replicate workload framework with a flexible mechanism for workload specification is proposed for measuring performance. Two normalized performance metrics—efficiency and overhead factor—are introduced to quantify the factors limiting performance and facilitate comparison across architectures. Finally, the proposed model is employed to measure and compare the performance of three contemporary shared-memory systems, with special emphasis on the newly released BBN Butterfly-II (TC2000), currently undergoing Beta test.
Fluid Shear Induces Conformation Change in Human Blood Protein von Willebrand Factor in Solution

Many of the physiological functions of von Willebrand Factor (VWF), including its binding interaction with blood platelets, are regulated by the magnitude of applied fluid/hydrodynamic stress. We applied two complementary strategies to study the effect of fluid forces on the solution structure of VWF. First, small-angle neutron scattering was used to measure protein conformation changes in response to laminar shear rates (G) up to 3000/s. Here, purified VWF was sheared in a quartz Couette cell and protein conformation was measured in real time over length scales from 2–140 nm. Second, changes in VWF structure up to 9600/s were quantified by measuring the binding of a fluorescent probe 1,1′-bis(anilino)-4-,4′-bis(naphtalene)-8,8′-disulfonate (bis-ANS) to hydrophobic pockets exposed in the sheared protein. Small angle neutron scattering studies, coupled with quantitative modeling, showed that VWF undergoes structural changes at G 0.6/nm). A mathematical model attributes these changes to the rearrangement of domain level features within the globular section of the protein. Studies with bis-ANS demonstrated marked increase in bis-ANS binding at G > 2300/s. Together, the data suggest that local rearrangements at the domain level may precede changes at larger-length scales that accompany exposure of protein hydrophobic pockets. Changes in VWF conformation reported here likely regulate protein function in response to fluid shear.
Proton conductance of cell membranes.

Abstract Several workers have suggested that cell membranes have a high proton conductance. Our interest in this concept arose from the possibility that the nutrient (submucosal-facing) membrane of the gastric mucosa may have a high proton or hydroxyl ion conductance which would play a role in the regulation of the acid-base balance of the cell. We found that wide changes in the H + concentration of the fluid bathing the nutrient side of the in vitro frog gastric mucosa did not result in significant changes in p.d. However, a maintained change of the H + concentration of the bathing fluid would be expected to produce only a temporary change in p.d. Since a diffusion barrier is present on the nutrient side the temporary change in p.d. might be masked. An analysis of this possibility was made on the basis of a conceptual model and as a result of the analysis it is concluded that the proton (and/or OH − ) conductance of the nutrient membrane of the frog gastric mucosa is not a significant fraction of its total conductance. The present status of the proton conductance hypothesis with respect to striated muscle and to the secretory membrane of the gastric mucosa is reviewed.
Human oral and inhalation exposures to lead: Summary of Kehoe balance experiments

The Kehoe Pb balance experiments were carried out from 1937 to 1972 and involved over 21,000 d of measured exposure of Pb in humans. Pb balance and Pb in the diet, feces, urine, and blood were measured under normal conditions and during periods of oral and airborne Pb supplementation. Considerable natural variability was seen throughout the experimental periods, due primarily to variations in dietary Pb. The overall mean blood Pb concentration for all subjects was 25 μg per 100 g, with individual control means ranging from 18 to 40 μg per 100 g. Urinary Pb averaged 29 μg/l overall, with individual control means ranging from 19 to 45 μg/l. The overall average diet contained 181 μg/d (159 μg/d based on median data); however, the mean dietary Pb for the individual control periods decreased from approximately 300 μg/d in 1937 to 100 μg/d in 1970. Fecal Pb had an overall mean of 225 μg/d (212 μg/d based on median data) on a per‐sample basis, which exceeded the dietary Pb average because most subjects did not d...
Finite element cohesive fracture modeling of airport pavements at low temperatures

Low temperature cracking induced by seasonal and daily thermal cyclic loads is one of the main critical distresses in asphalt pavements. The safety of aircraft departure and landing becomes a crucial issue in runways when thermal cracks occur in airport pavements. The low-temperature fracture behavior of airport pavements was investigated using a bilinear cohesive zone model (CZM) implemented in the finite element method (FEM). Nonlinear temperature gradients of pavement structures were estimated based on national weather data and an integrated climate prediction model. Experimental tests were conducted to obtain the numerical model inputs such as viscoelastic and fracture properties of asphalt concrete using creep compliance tests, indirect tensile strength tests (IDT), and disk-shaped compact tension (DC(T)) tests. The finite element pavement fracture models could successfully predict the progressive crack behavior of asphalt pavements under the critical temperature and heavy aircraft gear loading conditions.
Differential reinnervation of retinal bipolar cell dendrites and axon terminals by dopamine interplexiform cells following dopamine depletion with 6-OHDA

Depletion of retinal dopamine in goldfish increases light sensitivity at photopic backgrounds. As horizontal cells appear not to be involved with this effect (Yazulla and Studholme [1995] Vis. Neurosci. 12:827–837), we investigated the innervation patterns of the ON rod/cone bipolar cells (ON-BC) by dopaminergic interplexiform cells (DA-IPCs) normally and during the period of neogeneration of new DA-IPCs at the marginal zone following DA-IPC destruction. DA-IPCs were destroyed via intraocular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine over 2 successive days. Controls and 1 year post-injection retinas were double labeled for protein kinase C and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry to identify the ON-BCs and the DA-IPCs, respectively. Double-labeled 25 μm tissue sections were examined on a confocal laser scanning microscope by using dual channel immunofluorescence acquisition. Image stacks were analyzed for DA-IPC/ON-BC contacts in the distal inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL). Image stacks were rotated 180° with respect to each other and reanalyzed to determine potential randomness of the contacts. For control retinas there were 1.8 contacts/axon terminal in the IPL (n = 165) and 9.4 contacts/ON-BC in the distal INL (n = 28). At 1 year after injection, reinnervation of TH-immunoreactive boutons in the retina recovered to 16% of control in the IPL but only 10% in the distal INL. Establishment of DA-IPC/ON-BC contacts recovered to 36% of control for ON-BC axon terminals (n = 103), whereas there was no recovery of contacts in the distal INL (n = 30). Reinnervation of ON-BC by DA-IPCs preferentially targets the axon terminals. The absence of reinnervation of bipolar cell dendrites by DA-IPCs may account for the persistence of the increased light sensitivity following retinal dopamine depletion. Thus, dopamine input to ON-BCs in the outer retina maybe involved in setting background sensitivity under photopic conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 382:535-545, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mold filling of semisolid metal slurries

A constitutive model is developed experimentally for Al-7 % Si-0.6 % Mg alloy slurry. This equation has two parts to represent flow and structure evolution. The model is then used to simulate filling of a chisel-shaped mold of cylindrical cross section. Transport equations are solved for the flow variables, and the free surface is modeled by solving the conservation equation for a scalar “fluid-marker” variable, which is used to update the fluid properties, including density and viscosity.
Layout parameter optimization based power and signal integrity performance improvement of high-speed interfaces of wirebond packages

The purpose of this paper is to present layout parameter optimization based power and signal integrity performance improvement investigation of high-speed interfaces in wirebond packages. Effects of different sections of signal nets, wirebond diameter, material and other stackup parameters on the noise performance of the package system is discussed in detail. The methodology developed in this paper, based on different sections of power and signal nets and supported by simulation results, provides design guidelines for the efficient and cost-effective wirebond IC-package systems development.
State-Capacity between International Markets and Corporatism: The Case of Denmark

This article examines Danish welfare and industrial policies to see if Peter Katzenstein's description of such policies as instances of a successful strategy of compensation for the social costs of an open economy and adaptation to international markets is correct. It is argued that the universal welfare state and corporatism pose severe restrictions on policy flexibility Universality of benefits is conducive to political consensus but also expensive because no one party is willing to assume the political costs of substantial change. Similarly, the comprehensive inclusion of organized interests in the formation and administration of industrial policies prevents the exclusion of any one organized interest from a share of government subsidies. Consequently, policies are broad and consensus-generating rather than flexible responses to changes in international markets. It is concluded that the domestic interest group representation arrangements inhibit global adjustment.
Minireview: The Year in Obesity and Cancer

This session discussed the links between obesity and cancer, providing an update on some of the evidence in humans and animals and focusing on molecular targets and strategies for breaking those links. It has been an active year of obesity and cancer research and presented are some of the lessons learned from several key publications and major scientific meetings on the topic in 2011 and 2012, including the 71st American Diabetes Association (ADA) Scientific Sessions; the 18th Dreyfus Symposium on Obesity, Diabetes, and Cancer; the 12th Frontiers in Cancer Prevention meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; a workshop held by the Institutes of Medicine; the Metabolism, Diet, and Disease conference sponsored by BioMed Central; and the Third International Advances in Nutrition and Cancer Conference.
Relative Binding Affinities of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Inhibitors Calculated Using a Quantum Mechanics-Based Free Energy Perturbation Method

Relative solvation and binding free energies were calculated for a series of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors using a free energy perturbation (FEP) method that uses quantum mechanics (QM) for treating the inhibitors and molecular mechanics (MM) for treating the surroundings (solvent and protein). Accuracy was similar to or better than a conventional FEP method, but CPU requirements were 5-fold greater. The QM/MM method was also used to assess the molecular factors responsible for the >2000-fold decrease in the inhibitory potency for the AMP analogue wherein the 5‘-oxygen was replaced with methylene (AMP → 4). The failure of phosphonate 4 to effectively inhibit FBPase led to an alternative design strategy that ultimately produced a series of phosphonates that inhibit FBPase with high potency and specificity. These results demonstrate the potential for the QM/MM-based FEP method in drug design and highlight its potential advantages over conventional FEP methods based on its ability to eliminate the n...
Cyclic AMP synthesis in guinea pig superior cervical ganglia: response to pharmacological and preganglionic physiological stimulation

Abstract The effects of stimulation of guinea pig superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in vitro with 50 μM concentrations of dopamine, L -norepinephrine or L -isoproterenol in Eagle's Medium containing 5 mM theophylline were determined. Dopamine (50 μM) produced no stimulation of cyclic AMP levels, 50 μM norepinephrine produced a doubling of cyclic AMP levels, while 50 μM isoproterenol produced a 6-fold increase in cyclic AMP levels over control values. The increases were blocked by propranolol, indicating that they were due to stimulation of a β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase complex. In the rabbit SCG, by contrast, 50 μM dopamine produced an increase in cyclic AMP levels of 60% over control values. The possible involvement of the β-receptor complexin the modulation of ganglionic transmission was tested by subjecting ganglia to supramaximal stimulation for 8 min. No elevation of cyclic AMP levels occured in guinea pig SCG, but a doubling of cyclic AMP levels in rabbit SCG was noted. Current concepts of the function of cyclic AMP in neural transmission in the SCG involve a dopaminergic SIF cell, dopamine receptor-adenylate cyclase complex, and the generation of a slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential (s-IPSP). Previous research has indicated that the guinea pig SCG lacks a s-IPSP, and its SIF cells contain norepinephrine rather than dopamine. Since preganglionic stimulation of the guinea pig SCG has now been shown not to cause increased cyclic AMP levels, and since the cyclic AMP content of the guinea pig SCG is not increased following incubation with dopamine, we conclude that a dopamine receptor-adenylate cyclase complex is not involved in the modulation of neural transmission in the guinea pig SCG.
Module Design Verification System

Module Design Verification System (MDVS) was developed to handle the extremely large volume and complexity of multilayered ceramic substrate designs, which makes them highly prone to design errors and data management problems. MDVS consists of a substrate design database with its own part number catalog and the ability to absorb Engineering Design System (EDS) wiring to become a full module database. Under MDVS runs a complement of electrical and physical applications being controlled by the substrate designer through graphics menus. This system has proven to be a very valuable design verification, design debug and data management tool. It results in considerable savings in design cycle time and manpower.
A deep learning network approach to ab initio protein secondary structure prediction

Ab initio protein secondary structure (SS) predictions are utilized to generate tertiary structure predictions, which are increasingly demanded due to the rapid discovery of proteins. Although recent developments have slightly exceeded previous methods of SS prediction, accuracy has stagnated around 80 percent and many wonder if prediction cannot be advanced beyond this ceiling. Disciplines that have traditionally employed neural networks are experimenting with novel deep learning techniques in attempts to stimulate progress. Since neural networks have historically played an important role in SS prediction, we wanted to determine whether deep learning could contribute to the advancement of this field as well. We developed an SS predictor that makes use of the position-specific scoring matrix generated by PSI-BLAST and deep learning network architectures, which we call DNSS. Graphical processing units and CUDA software optimize the deep network architecture and efficiently train the deep networks. Optimal parameters for the training process were determined, and a workflow comprising three separately trained deep networks was constructed in order to make refined predictions. This deep learning network approach was used to predict SS for a fully independent test dataset of 198 proteins, achieving a Q3 accuracy of 80.7 percent and a Sov accuracy of 74.2 percent.
Improvement of granular mixing of dissimilar materials in rotating cylinders

We have found that periodic flow inversions of free-flowing materials may be used to effectively eliminate both size and density segregation in free-surface flows. In a rotating cylinder, these inversions may be induced by placement of an axially located baffle within the flow. In this work, we report on an experimental study of radial mixing and segregation for binary mixtures of granular materials in a rotating cylinder both with and without an axially-located baffle. Qualitative and quantitative measures of the segregation/mixing are shown via digitized images and the intensity of segregation, respectively. We define a mixing improvement factor (ψ) to quantify the relative impact of the axial baffle for a variety of baffle placements and geometries. We find that the maximum extent of mixing is achieved when the baffle size is equal to the radius of the cylinder and fixed either at the free surface or within the shear layer. In contrast, we show that segmenting the baffle, baffle placement outside the shear layer (in fixed bed), or placement at the periphery of the cylinder resulted in an insignificant increase in mixing. Mixing was found to be independent of the shape of a baffle.
ANTHOCYANINS OF MANGOSTEEN, Garcinia mangostana

Mangosteen rinds contain a substantial amount of red pigment. The major pigment is cyanidin-3-sophoroside, and a minor pigment is cyanidin-3-glucoside.
Reduced Ryanodine Receptor Content in Isolated Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Compared with the Intact Tissue

Abstract The effects of isolation and culture of rat neonatal ventricular myocytes on the properties of the ryanodine receptor were investigated. [ 3 H]-Ryanodine bound to a single class of sites in membranes prepared from intact neonatal ventricle, with an affinity of 16.3 ± 2.8 nM (mean ± S.E.; n = 3) and a capacity of 546 ± 64 fmol/mg protein (mean ±S.E.; n = 3). In contrast, no detectable displaceable binding of [ 3 H]-ryanodine was observed when similar experiments were performed using membranes prepared from isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes. The apparent absence of [ 3 H]-ryanodine binding in the neonatal cardiomyocytes suggested either reduced ryanodine receptor protein or the conversion of the receptors to a low affinity state. To distinguish between these possibilities, the content of ryanodine receptor protein was measured using SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting. Membranes prepared from neonatal ventricle contained substantial amounts of ryanodine receptors, as demonstrated by a dense band on western blots. However the corresponding band in preparations of isolated cells, while having similar electrophoretic mobility, was barely detectable. It is concluded that the ryanodine receptor protein is strongly expressed in intact neonatal ventricle, but the level of expression is markedly reduced upon isolation of the cardiomyocytes. These findings demonstrate that ryanodine receptors expression is significantly down-regulated when rat neonatal ventricular myocytes are isolated and maintained in culture. This marked decrease in expression of one of the key protein required for excitation-contraction coupling suggests that regulatory factors present in intact myocardium play an important role in maintaining expression of elements of the contractile mechanism.
Parenting and adolescents' values and behaviour: the moderating role of temperament

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of parenting and adolescent fearfulness on adolescents’ pro‐social values and pro‐social and antisocial behaviour. A total of 134 adolescents (M age = 16.22, 72 girls, 62 boys) responded to questions regarding their own fearfulness, pro‐social values and pro‐social and antisocial behaviour, as well as their perceptions of maternal attachment and maternal appropriateness. Results revealed few main‐effect findings, most notably a negative relation between attachment and antisocial behaviour. However, findings pointed to several multiplicative relations as a function of parenting, adolescent fearfulness, and child gender, including: (1) maternal appropriateness was more important for boys than for girls, (2) maternal attachment was related to greater importance of pro‐social values and higher pro‐social behaviour for boys low on fear and (3) maternal appropriateness was related to lower antisocial behaviour for boys low on fear. The discussion focuses on th...
Precise GPS orbit determination results from 1985 field tests

Data from three different receiver types have been used to obtain precise orbits for the satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The data were collected during the 1985 March-April GPS experiment to test and validate GPS techniques for precision orbit determination and geodesy. A new software package developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), GIPSY (GPS Inferred Positioning SYstem), was used to process the data. To assess orbit accuracy, solutions are compared using integrated doppler data from various different receiver types, different fiducial sites, and independent data arcs, including one spanning six days. From these intercomparisons, orbit accuracy for a well-tracked GPS satellite of three meters in altitude and about five meters in each of down and cross-track components are inferred.
Anthropomorphic responses to new-to-market logos

Abstract To examine design antecedents and consumer responses to ascriptions of anthropomorphic features for logos, we applied a best-practices conceptual framework to evaluate 120 US collegiate sports logos. Data collected from three logo experts and 119 consumers indicate that (1) processing fluency mediates the relationship between elaborateness and all logo personality dimensions, and (2) ascriptions of aggressiveness (negatively) and activeness (positively) influence consumer affect and purchase intentions. These findings imply that universities should benefit from brand management informed by anthropomorphic ascriptions to their sports logos. Possible future research could consider the effect of sports logo elements (i.e. colour, parallelism, symbolic meaning) on yet-to-be-assessed anthropomorphic ascriptions.
Reductions in Multi-Component Jet Noise by Water Injection

An experimental investigation was performed in the NASA Langley Low Speed Aeroacoustics Wind Tunnel to determine the extent of jet exhaust noise reduction that can be obtained using water injection in a hot jet environment. The effects of water parameters such as mass flow rate, injection location, and spray patterns on suppression of dominant noise sources in both subsonic and supersonic jets were determined, and extrapolations to full-scale engine noise reduction were made. Water jets and sprays were injected in to the shear layers of cold and hot circular jets operating at both subsonic and supersonic exhaust conditions. Use of convergent-divergent and convergent nozzles (2.7in. D) allowed for simulations of all major jet noise sources. The experimental results show that water injection clearly disrupts shock noise sources within the jet plume, with large reductions in radiated shock noise. There are smaller reductions in jet mixing noise, resulting in only a small decrease in effective perceived noise level when projections are made to full scale. The fact that the measured noise reduction in the direction upstream of the nozzle was consistently larger than in the noisier downstream direction contributed to keeping effective perceived noise reductions small. Variations in the operation of the water injection system clearly show that injection at the nozzle exit rather than further downstream is required for the largest noise reduction. Noise reduction increased with water pressure as well as with its mass flow, although the type of injector had little effect.
Compensatory and long-range changes in picosecond-nanosecond main-chain dynamics upon complex formation: 15N relaxation analysis of the free and bound states of the ubiquitin-like domain of human plexin-B1 and the small GTPase Rac1.

The formation of a complex between Rac1 and the cytoplasmic domain of plexin-B1 is one of the first documented cases of a direct interaction between a small guanosine 5′-triphosphatase (GTPase) and a transmembrane receptor. Structural studies have begun to elucidate the role of this interaction for the signal transduction mechanism of plexins. Mapping of the Rac1 GTPase surface that contacts the Rho GTPase binding domain of plexin-B1 by solution NMR spectroscopy confirms the plexin domain as a GTPase effector protein. Regions neighboring the GTPase switch I and II regions are also involved in the interaction and there is considerable interest to examine the changes in protein dynamics that take place upon complex formation. Here we present main-chain nitrogen-15 relaxation measurements for the unbound proteins as well as for the Rho GTPase binding domain and Rac1 proteins in their complexed state. Derived order parameters, S2, show that considerable motions are maintained in the bound state of plexin. In fact, some of the changes in S2 on binding appear compensatory, exhibiting decreased as well as increased dynamics. Fluctuations in Rac1, already a largely rigid protein on the picosecond–nanosecond timescale, are overall diminished, but isomerization dynamics in the switch I and II regions of the GTPase are retained in the complex and appear to be propagated to the bound plexin domain. Remarkably, fluctuations in the GTPase are attenuated at sites, including helices α6 (the Rho-specific insert helix), α7 and α8, that are spatially distant from the interaction region with plexin. This effect of binding on long-range dynamics appears to be communicated by hinge sites and by subtle conformational changes in the protein. Similar to recent studies on other systems, we suggest that dynamical protein features are affected by allosteric mechanisms. Altered protein fluctuations are likely to prime the Rho GTPase–plexin complex for interactions with additional binding partners.