cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ryegrass Companion Crops for Alfalfa Establishment: II. Forage Quality in the Seeding Year

Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) use in the northcentral USA has been limited by its lack of winterhardiness. But potential exists for its use in this region as a companion carp for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) establishment. This study was conducted to determine nutritional value of forage farm ryegrass-alfalfa mixtures in the seeding year. Five ryegrass cultivars, representing four species, were sown at 215, 430, and 645 seeds per square meter with alfalfa at two locations in Wisconsin in April of 1988, 1989, and 1990. Alfalfa was also established alone and with oat (Avena sativa L. Ensiler'). Forage farm mixtures of annual ryegrass (L. multiforum Lam.) was usually lower in crude protein (CP) concentration and higher in fiber concentration (neutral- and acid-detergent fiber) than forage farm intermediate ryegrass (L. hybridum Hausskn.) or perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L. and Festulolium braunii K. A.) mixtures []
Molecular weight distribution and endgroup functionality of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) prepolymers

Abstract Control over molecular weight distribution and endgroup functionality is important for prepolymers that are to be further incorporated into block and graft copolymers. Monofunctional, telechelic and heterobifunctional poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) oligomers were prepared by cationic ring-opening polymerization with different classes of initiators including methyl triflate as the control, activated benzyl and xylyl halides, and non-activated alkyl iodides. Endgroup functionalities and molecular weight distributions were compared by SEC, 1H NMR and titrations. PEtOx oligomers initiated with methyl triflate had polydispersities (PDI's) near 1.1 while those initiated with activated benzyl or xylyl halides had PDI's of 1.30–1.45. The difference was attributed to slower initiation and to covalent species in the activated halide-initiated reactions that were present in addition to the more active cations. 1H NMR showed an approximately 1:1 endgroup functionality in these cases and titrations of the amine endgroups were in good agreement with the NMR endgroup data. Due to the control of functionality and relatively good control over molecular weights and dispersities, it was concluded that these polymers should be suitable as prepolymers for membrane, hydrogel and drug delivery applications. Non-activated alkyl iodides initiated these reactions quite slowly and there was a wider discrepancy between targeted and obtained molecular weights after isolation of the oligomers.
Resolving the spirit and substance of organizational learning

Argues that there are two strands in the organizational learning (OL) literature marked by incompatible world views. The dominant substance is modernist while the spirit is interpretive. The focus on systems, in the form of learning loops and systems archetypes, identifies an acceptance of the tenets of modernism. The spirit offers an innovative view of management and contradicts the modernist substance. Drawing on contemporary hermeneutics, the spirit leads to a different conception of the organization, the role of management, and OL. Organizations comprise communities with different interests and understandings. Both organizational problems and solutions reflect people’s understanding. Co‐operation involves establishing mutual interests and is achieved through discourse that builds communities of understanding. Concludes that an important role of managers is to facilitate discourse, and organizational learning occurs in communities of discourse.
Rhodopsin content and electroretinographic sensitivity in light-damaged rat retina

EXPOSURE of rats to continuous illumination leads to cellular deterioration within the retina and a concurrent reduction of electroretinogram (ERG) responses1,2. Grignolo et al.3 showed that at early stages, this ‘damage’ due to light is hypertrophic in that tubules and vesciculae appear in receptor cell outer segments. They surmised that losses in retinal functioning are initially due to disorganisation rather than degeneration. But, experiments on recovery from light damage2 indicate that ERG sensitivity returns as the rhodopsin-containing disks of the outer segments are regenerated even though their original lamellar structure is not restored. It is thereby implied that as long as visual pigment is present at functional sites, the normal structure of the outer segments may not be crucial to ERG responsivity. Here we describe an experiment which quantitatively examines the role of visual pigment remaining in the albino rat retina which has been exposed to continuous low-intensity light. The ERG sensitivity, rhodopsin content and morphological state of the retina were assessed for various exposure durations. Our findings indicate that reductions in visual pigment levels due to constant light persist indefinitely in the dark. Furthermore, the log ERG (b wave) sensitivity varied directly with the rhodopsin content of exposed retinas even as progressive deterioration was apparent. With respect to this log–lienar relationship, light damage resembles ‘normal’ light adaptation due to short term bleaching exposure.
The bladder of willful infrequent voiders: underactive or underutilized?

Abstract Objective We previously described a lower urinary tract (LUT) condition (detrusor underutilization disorder, DUD) characterized by chronic or episodic willful deferment of voiding resulting in an expanded capacity in patients with LUT symptoms. We now further characterize these DUD patients. Materials and methods We reviewed our database identifying neurologically/anatomically normal children diagnosed with DUD. Bladder capacity had to be at least >125% EBC for age to be included. LUTS, diaries and uroflow/EMG findings were analyzed. Results Fifty-five children (mean age 10.5 years, range 3.7–20.2; 34F, 19M) with LUTS were diagnosed with DUD. The most common reasons for presentation included incontinence (43.6%), history of urinary tract infection (UTI) (49.1%), and urgency (30.9%). Mean percent estimated bladder capacity for age was 1.67 and following treatment mean %EBC decreased to 1.10. Conclusions DUD patients typically present with infrequent voiding, incontinence, urgency, and UTIs. They have less bowel dysfunction and frequency, and larger bladder capacities than typically found in children with overactive bladder and dysfunctional voiding. Although the symptoms associated with DUD overlap in part with those considered by the International Children's Continence Society to be typical for “underactive bladder” and “voiding postponement”, DUD, we feel, is a stand-alone diagnosis.
Electrospray tandem mass spectrometric study of alkyl 1-methylpyridinium ether derivatives of alcohols.

The fragmentation of 15 alkyl 1-methylpyridinium ether derivatives (D+) of primary and secondary alcohols, benzylic alcohols and phenyl-substituted alcohols was investigated using energy-resolved tandem mass spectrometry. Fragmentation pathways and mechanisms, including the influence of substituents, on the formation of the major product ions, which appear at m/z 110, [D − 109]+ and [D − 111]+, were postulated. Comparison of the abundances of these ions in the product ion spectra of isomeric alcohol derivatives, obtained at the same center-of-mass collision energy (2.0 eV), was found to provide the ability to differentiate among some isomers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The communicative intent of stuttered utterances

The purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to determine if reported differences in speech fluency between assertive versus responsive speech acts persist when the length and complexity of those acts are controlled for and (2) to explore disfluent speech production across the subtypes of speech acts that comprise the two broad speech act categories of assertive and responsive. Child utterances were coded for communicative intent using Fey’s taxonomy (1986) and for length and complexity. Results revealed that when grouping speech acts into assertive versus responsive, it is the length and complexity, rather than the communicative intent of the utterance that contributes to disfluent speech. Findings also reveal there are specific speech act subtypes that do not differ in complexity, but do differ in amount of speech disfluency. Thus, the communicative intent of the utterance does appear to contribute, at least, in part to difficulties maintaining fluent speech.
Metabolism of normal and modified low-density lipoproteins by macrophage cell lines of murine and human origin

Abstract Four murine macrophage-like continuous cell lines (P388D1, J774.1, RAW 264.7, and PU5-1.8) and two human cell lines displaying macrophage-monocyte characteristics (HL-60, U-937) have been examined for their ability to degrade both normal and acetylated low-density lipoproteins. All of these cell lines, except PU5-1.8, were demonstrated to have LDL receptors that were induced 2–5-fold by preincubation in lipoprotein-deficient serum. Metabolism of dextran sulfate-LDL complexes by all lines except PU5-1.8 was observed. Three cell lines, P388D1, J774.1 and RAW 264.7, while exhibiting individual differences in their metabolism of acetyl-LDL, all processed acetyl-LDL in a fashion qualitatively analogous to that by murine peritoneal macrophages and human monocytes. Cell lines PU5-1.8, U-937 and HL-60 did not bind or degrade significant quantities of acetyl-LDL. In P388D, cells, metabolism of acetyl-LDL exhibited time and concentration dependence, was reversibly inhibited by chloroquine, blocked by fucoidan and dextran sulfate, and was calcium independent. Approximately 4 · 105 receptors, with an apparent Kd of 3 · 10−8 M, were present on P388D1 cells. P388D1 cells metabolized 30% as much acetyl-LDL as murine peritoneal macrophages at 37°C and bound 60% as much at 4°C. Chemical measurement demonstrated a 250-fold increase in the cholesteryl ester content of P388D1 cells over 96 h. The accumulation of cholesteryl esters was reversible in the presence of HDL3 and involved continuous hydrolysis and reesterification. These lines represent a convenient resource for examining the metabolism of chemically modified lipoproteins, for isolation of cell mutants, and for isolation of specific lipoprotein receptors.
Phototrophic utilization of taurine by the purple nonsulfur bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Taurine metabolism by two phototrophically grown purple nonsulfur bacteria enrichment isolates has been examined. Rhodopseudomonas palustris (strain Tau1) grows with taurine as a sole electron donor, sulfur and nitrogen source during photoautotrophic growth. Rhodobacter sphaeroides (strain Tau3) grows on the compound as sole electron donor, sulfur and nitrogen source, and partial carbon source, in the presence of CO2 during photoheterotrophic growth. Both organisms utilize an inducible taurine–pyruvate aminotransferase and a sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase. The products of this metabolism are bisulfite and acetyl phosphate. Bisulfite ultimately was oxidized to sulfate, but this was not an adequate source of electrons for photometabolism. Experiments using either [U-14C]taurine or 14CO2 demonstrated that Rb. sphaeroides Tau3 assimilated the carbon from approximately equimolar amounts of taurine and exogenous CO2. The taurine-carbon assimilation was not diminished by excess non-radioactive bicarbonate. Malate synthase (but not isocitrate lyase) was induced in these taurine-grown cells. It is concluded that assimilation of taurine carbon occurs through an intermediate other than CO2. Similar labelling experiments with Rp. palustris Tau1 determined that taurine is utilized only as an electron donor for the reduction of CO2, which contributes all the cell carbon. Photoautotrophic metabolism was confirmed in this organism by the absence of either malate synthase or isocitrate lyase in taurine+CO2-grown cells. Culture collection strains of these two bacteria did not utilize taurine in these fashions.
Recent advances in engineering polyvalent biological interactions.

Polyvalent interactions, where multiple ligands and receptors interact simultaneously, are ubiquitous in nature. Synthetic polyvalent molecules, therefore, have the ability to affect biological processes ranging from protein–ligand binding to cellular signaling. In this review, we discuss recent advances in polyvalent scaffold design and applications. First, we will describe recent developments in the engineering of polyvalent scaffolds based on biomolecules and novel materials. Then, we will illustrate how polyvalent molecules are finding applications as toxin and pathogen inhibitors, targeting molecules, immune response modulators, and cellular effectors.
Maintenance and Decay of Past Behavior Influences: Anchoring Attitudes on Beliefs Following Inconsistent Actions

Three studies investigated the influence of past behavior on the stability of the attitudes it elicits. In Experiment 1, the effect of a bogus behavior feedback was long lasting when people engaged in biased scanning, presumably because this process elicits behavior-consistent beliefs. In contrast, the effect of the feedback decayed when participants were forced to consider whether the behavior might have undesirable outcomes. A second experiment using a different behavioral paradigm and a field study further supported the interpretation that individuals resolve conflict between a past behavior and subsequent beliefs about it by aligning attitudes with beliefs instead of behavior.
Performance Testing in Oxygen of a High-Pressure, High-Volume Oxygen Compressor

In connection with the Coal Gasification Program of the U.S. Department of Energy, a need was identified for a high-pressure, high-volume oxygen compressor. At the time, the highest steady operating pressure available from commercial-sized turbocompressors was about 65 bar (950 psia), which was being used in the partial oxidation process for ammonia or methanol synthesis. For advanced coal conversion plants, compressors operating at 115 bar (1667 psia) would be needed.The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) entered into an agreement with the West German firm of Mannesmann Demag, AG, to develop a high-pressure oxygen compressor. Mannesmann Demag designed and fabricated a third casing centrifugal compressor (to be used in a train with available compressors) having a nominal inlet pressure of 65 bar (950 psia) and a nominal discharge pressure of 115 bar (1667 psia). In exchange, the U.S. DOE agreed to fund the modification and operation of a NASA-owned test facility for testing the compressor. The facility, CTL-V, was modified and operated by the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell International. Test management and reporting was carried out by DOE’s Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC), operated by Rockwell International’s Energy Systems Group.This paper presents a brief description of the compressor test article and test facility. The test program, test results, and analysis are presented in greater detail. The scope of the test program included low- and high-pressure nitrogen shakedown tests, oxygen performance and steady-state tests, and oxygen maximum suction pressure tests.The facility is unique because it is the only one of its kind nationally that can provide the power to drive the compressor and that has liquid oxygen/liquid nitrogen capability (the facility is utilized for development and testing of rocket engine turbopumps). Also, testing and data acquisition, reduction, and analysis were performed in a facility that normally runs tests of few minutes duration (for rocket engine components) but that had to be converted to run endurance tests lasting several hundred hours.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Variability of the QT measurement in healthy men, with implications for selection of an abnormal QT value to predict drug toxicity and proarrhythmia

Torsades de pointes is the form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia associated with prolongation of the QT interval that can occur as a proarrhythmic adverse response to a variety of drug treatments.1,2 However, the degree of QT prolongation at rest3,4 or during exercise5 is not necessarily a good predictor of the occurrence of torsades de pointes. Prolongation of the QT interval duration is seen during therapy with many different types of drugs including class IA antiarrhythmic agents as well as ketanserin, amiodarone, bepridil, sotalol, antidepressants, phenothiazines, erythromycin, antihistamines and liquid protein diets. Quinidine is the drug most frequently implicated in this syndrome with a calculated incidence of 1 to 8%.4 However, plasma drug level, absolute QT interval prolongation and the absolute QTC have not been found to be very good predictors of the development of torsades de pointes.3,4 Data on the spontaneous variability of the QT interval over time in normal subjects have not been established. Thus, we determined the magnitude of spontaneous QT interval variability over just 1 day using ambulatory long-term electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring. Knowledge of normal variability of the QT interval is important in that prolongation of the QT interval during drug therapy is considered to be a risk factor for the development of a potential proarrhythmic effect. However, knowledge of the daily spontaneous variability of the QT interval makes it possible to determine the magnitude of QT interval prolongation, which is clinically important with respect to its potential as a marker for risk of proarrhythmia.
Familial congenital complete A-V heart block.

Abstract 1. 1. Evidence is presented to indicate that familial congenital complete A-V heart block is a clinical entity. 2. 2. The presence of an anomaly in conduction in one of the parents (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) is briefly discussed.
Integrating the Internet in a human diversity course

SUMMARY Increasingly, social work educators have become aware of the impact of information technology. Electronic mail, for instance, is utilized widely in schools of social work by students, faculty, and staff. In addition, students are increasingly accessing electronic resources such as the Internet or online library resources for use in their class assignments. There are many applications of such technology in the field of social work, Including practice, advocacy, networking, communication, participation in policy formation, and teaching. This paper will describe how the integration of information technology can be used in a course on human diversity.
Probing DNA assembly into nanoparticles with short DNA

DNA is an anionic polyelectrolyte, which occupies a large volume in salt free solution due to the coulomb repulsion between the charged groups. In the presence of high valence cations, DNA condenses into nanoparticles. DNA nanoparticles have generated a lot of interest as a preferred vehicle for delivering therapeutic DNA in gene therapy. The efficiency of gene delivery is determined by stability and compactness of the particles. However not much is known about the organization of DNA within the particles. The large polymer cations condense DNA rapidly, with no distinct intermediate stages that give insight into the arrangement of DNA within the nanoparticle. In our work, we form nanoparticles with short DNA strands to slow down the condensation process. The polymer cation is polyethyleneimine with grafted sugar moieties. Distinct intermediate stages are observed with Atomic Force Microscopy. The assembly occurs via the formation of fiber condensates, which appear to be the unit of DNA condensation. Nanoparticles form by compaction of interweaving networks of fiber condensates.
Studies on the estimation of the slope parameter in the simple linear regression model with one-fold nested error structure

Four estimators of the slope, β 1, in the simple linear regression model with one-fold nested error structure were compared with respect, to their mean squared error in a Monte Cario simulation study. Estimators considered were ordinary least squares (OLS), maximum likelihood (ML), estimated generalized least squares (GLS) using analysis of variance estimates of variance components, and the “covariance” estimator (COV) which uses only within-first-stage-unit information. GLS and ML behave quite well if the number of first-stage sampling units a>5 with n≥2 second-stage units per first-stage unit or if a=5 and n>2. When the first-stage variance component is large, GLS is better than ML, but the reverse is true when is small. Some approximate formulas for and derived by regression methods are given. Kackar-Harville approximations for and are satisfactory if a≥11 and may be “good enough” if a≥7.
Perceptions of the magnitude and diversity of social support

Abstract Three studies were conducted to test the hypotheses that subjects would overestimate the proportion of their peers who shared their opinion on an issue and that they would perceive their own opinion group as consisting of people with a wider and more diverse range of values and outlooks than those holding different opinions. The first study was conducted following a period of intense debate about sixism on a college campus. Subjects estimated student opinion on issues related to sexism and indicated how diverse or similar they perceived supporters and nonsupporters of the women's movement to be. In a second study subjects estimated the proportion of students who evaluated President Carter's performance as good, fair, or poor and then indicated how diverse or similar the three groups of students were who held these various opinions. A third study closely replicated the second, using the issue of divestiture of college-owned stock in South Africa. In all three studies, subjects were divided into groups on the basis of their own attitudes. Results consistently supported the hypotheses.
Biased Social Perceptions of Knowledge: Implications for Negotiators' Rapport and Egocentrism

This study examines how people manage uncertain competitive social interactions. To achieve positive interaction outcomes, individuals may engage in a social perception process that leads them to believe they have obtained more information about others than these others gained about them. We investigate how asymmetric knowledge perceptions contribute to important aspects of negotiation, namely rapport building among strangers and egocentric beliefs about fairness of resource distribution. In Study 1, dyads completed measures of knowledge acquisition and partner evaluation after a rapport-building exercise. Results showed that individuals believed they gained more information about their partner than vice versa; notably, the magnitude of this knowledge bias was associated with more positive partner evaluations. Study 2 showed that the magnitude of the knowledge bias predicted lower egocentrism in a commons dilemma task. Together, these results suggest knowledge asymmetries facilitate rapport among strangers and may have important implications for cooperation in competitive negotiation settings.
Asynchronous Data Sampling Within Clock-Gated Double Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops

For synchronous designs, a large portion of the total power consumption of the integrated circuit (IC) is due to the storage elements and the clock distribution. Energy efficiency from the clock elements plays a critical role in low-power circuit design. One technique for efficiency is the use of double edge-triggered flip-flops (DETFFs), since they can maintain the same throughput as single edge-triggered flip-flops (SETFFs) while only using half of the clock frequency. Clock gating is another well-accepted technique to reduce the dynamic power of idle modules or idle cycles. However, incorporating clock gating with DETFFs to further reduce dynamic power consumption introduces an asynchronous data sampling (i.e., a change in output between clock edges) that was not addressed in previous research. This asynchronous data sampling is explored in detail in this paper by analyzing the mechanisms of several different clock-gated DETFFs. Three special clock-gating strategies are evaluated to mitigate this issue in DETFFs. Each of these three solutions has limitations, and the respective tradeoffs are discussed.
The managed care experience: the social worker's perspective.

Abstract The noise surrounding managed care is deafening. Clinicians all over America are gearing up for the worst. But what are the implications for social workers? A survey drawn from the NASW Clinical Social Worker Registry reveals that the influence managed care practices have on social work activities is perceived to be increasing and that social workers are experiencing ethical conflicts when dealing with primary insurers. This article explores the experience of managed care in a sample of 442 social worker clinicians and discusses the implications for ethics and social work.
Interpretation of electron correlation in the local-density approximation for exchange

We provide a new interpretation of how electron correlations are represented within the local-density approximation for exchange by deducing via Harbola-Sahni theory the corresponding pair-correlation density. The expression differs from that in the literature and contains, in addition to the uniform electron-gas result, a term proportional to the gradient of the density. Thus, the nonuniformity of the electronic density is explicitly incorporated in the approximation, and constitutes thereby the reason underlying its success.
Implementing the Welch-James Procedure with Factorial Designs.

The Welch-James procedure may be used to test hypotheses on means, when independent samples from populations with heterogeneous variances are available. Until recently the complexity of the available presentations of this procedure limited the application of this procedure. To resolve this state of affairs, summation formulas for the Welch-James procedure are presented for the 2 x 2 design. In addition, matrix formulas that permit routine application of the procedure to crossed factorial designs are presented.
Platinum catalysed hydrosilylation of alkynes: Comparison of rates of addition of terminal olefins to internal alkynes

The relative rates of platinum catalysed hydrosilytalion of terminal olefins versus internal alkynes were compared in competitive reactions. (EtO)3SiH added almost exclusively (97%) to PhCCPh versus styrene. The reaction of (EtO)3SiH with equimolar amounts of 2-decyne and 1-hexene gave a 78:22 ratio of alkyne products 6/6′ versus alkene product 7. The reaction of (EtO)3SiH with equimolar amounts of styrene and 1-phenyl-1-propyne gave a 78:22 ratio of alkyne products 10/10′ to products 9. The silane, Me3SiOSiMe2H, reacted with equimolar amounts of 2-decyne and 1-hexene to give a 90: 10 ratio of alkyne products 8/8′ to alkene product 9. All of the products had E stereochemistry about the CC double bond as determined by 29Si NMR (3J(Si-H)).
(11R)-13-(1-Naphthylmethylamino)-4,5-epoxy-11,13-dihydrocostunolide

Crystals of the title compound, C26H31NO3, were obtained by the reaction of 1-naphthyl­methyl­amine with parthenolide. X-ray crystal structure determination reveals a stacked conformation between the cyclo­decane ring of the parthenol­ide moiety and the pendant naphthalene ring. The configuration of the new chiral center at C11 (the point of attachment of the naphthyl­methyl­amino side group) in the title compound is R, establishing the stereospecificity of the amination reaction.
Financial performance of health plans in Medicaid managed care.

Objective: This study assesses the financial performance of health plans that enroll Medicaid members across the key plan traits, specifically Medicaid dominant, publicly traded, and provider-sponsored. Data and Methods: National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) financial data, coupled with selected state financial data, were analyzed for 170 Medicaid health plans for 2009. A mean test compared the mean values for medical loss, administrative cost, and operating margin ratios across these plan traits. Medicaid dominant plans are plans with 75 percent of their total enrollment in the Medicaid line of business. Findings: Plans that are Medicaid dominant and publicly traded incurred a lower medical loss ratio and higher administrative cost ratio than multi-product and non-publicly traded plans. Medicaid dominant plans also earned a higher operating profit margin. Plans offering commercial and Medicare products are operating at a loss for their Medicaid line of business. Policy Implications: Health plans that do not specialize in Medicaid are losing money. Higher medical cost rather than administrative cost is the underlying reason for this financial loss. Since Medicaid enrollees do not account for their primary book of business, these plans may not have invested in the medical management programs to reduce inappropriate emergency room use and avoid costly hospitalization.
User evaluation of query quality

Although a great deal of research has been conducted about automatic techniques for determining query quality, there have been relatively few studies about how people judge query quality. This study investigated this topic through a laboratory experiment with 40 subjects. Subjects were shown eight information problems (five fact-finding and three exploratory) and asked to evaluate queries for these problems according to several quality attributes. Subjects then evaluated search engine results pages (SERPs) for each query, which were manipulated to exhibit different levels of performance. Following this, subjects reevaluated the queries, were interviewed about their evaluation approaches and repeated the rating procedure for two information problems. Results showed that for fact-finding information problems, longer queries received higher ratings (both initial and post-SERP), and that post-SERP query ratings were more affected by the proportion of relevant documents viewed to all documents viewed rather than the ranks of the relevant documents. For exploratory information problems, subjects' ratings were highly correlated with the number of relevant documents in the SERP as well as the proportion of relevant documents viewed. Subjects adopted several approaches when evaluating query quality, which led to different quality ratings. Finally, during the reliability check subjects' initial evaluations were fairly stable, but their post-SERP evaluations significantly increased.
The Prosecutor's Reach: Legal Issues Stemming from the New Religious Movements

There appear to be persons-let us hope not many-who find refreshment and courage in the teachings of the "I Am" cult. If the members of the sect get comfort from the celestial guidance of their "Saint Germain," however doubtful it seems to me, it is hard to say that they do not get what they pay for. Scores of sects flourish in this country by teaching what to me are queer notions. It is plain that there is wide variety in American religious taste. The Ballards are not alone in catering to it with a pretty dubious product. The chief wrong which false prophets do to their following is not financial. The collections aggregate a tempting total, but individual payments are not ruinous. I doubt if the vigilance of the law is equal to making money stick by overcredulous people. But the real harm is on the mental and spiritual plane. There are those who hunger and thirst after higher values which they feel wanting in their humdrum lives. They live in mental confusion or moral anarchy and seek vaguely for truth and beauty and moral support. When they are deluded and then disillusioned, cynicism and confusion follow. The wrong of these things, as I see it, is not in the money the victims part with half so much as in the mental and spiritual poison they get. But that is precisely the thing the Constitution put beyond the reach of the prosecutor, for the price of freedom of religion or of speech or of the press is
The effect of endotoxin and thorotrast on inducible enzymes in the isolated, perfused rat liver.

The role of the reticuloendothelial system in the control of hormonal enzyme induction in liver was studied in relationship to endotoxicosis in rats. The effect of endotoxin and thorotrast, singly and in combination with hydrocortisone, on tryptophan oxygenase and tyrosine transaminase was determined in intact rats and in the isolated, perfused rat liver. Endotoxin and thorotrast both lowered tryptophanoxygenase activity, and prevented hydrocortisone induction of this enzyme, in the isolated, perfused rat liver. In contrast to their inhibitory effect on tryptophan oxygenase, endotoxin and thorotrast neither lowered tyrosine-transaminase activity in the perfused rat liver, nor altered the hydrocortisone induction of this enzyme. These effects are compatible with resume obtained after administration in vivo of these agents to intact rats. Partial purification of tryptophan oxygenase from livers of rats injected with either endotoxin or thorotrast indicated the presence of some inhibitory substance. Since histological studies revealed that thorotrast is localized in Kupffer cells, it is suggested that the reticuloendothelial system contributes to the control of enzyme induction in rat liver. In view of these and other findings it is now necessary to consider the role of the reticuloendothelial system, in addition to its phagocytic activity, at the metabolic level in an animal's response to stress.
Public and Private Self-Consciousness and Social Phobia

The relationship between public and private self-consciousness and self-report questionnaires, clinician ratings, and various measures derived from an individualized simulation of an anxiety-provoking situation was examined in a sample of men and women seeking treatment for social phobia. As predicted, public, not private, self-consciousness was generally related to self-report and naive observer ratings of anxiety and to behavioral disruption during the simulation. The predicted relationship between public self-consciousness and how accurately subjects evaluated their performance in the anxiety-provoking situation was marginally supported. Hypotheses regarding the relationship between private self-consciousness and self-reported anxiety during an anxiety-provoking situation, and between private self-consciousness and the correspondence between physiological assessment and self-report, were not supported. The discussion focuses on methodological issues and the theoretical implications of the relationship between self-consciousness and social anxiety.
Evaluation of paleohydrologic models for terrestrial inverted channels: Implications for application to martian sinuous ridges

Abstract Fluvial systems can be preserved in inverted relief on both Earth and Mars. Few studies have evaluated the applicability of various paleohydrological models to inverted fluvial systems. The first phase of this investigation focused on an extensive (spanning ∼ 12 km) inverted paleochannel system that consists of four sandstone-capped, carbonate-cemented, sinuous ridges within the Early Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation located southwest of Green River, Utah. Morphologic and sedimentologic observations of the exhumed paleochannels were used to evaluate multiple numerical models for reconstructing paleofluvial hydrological parameters. Another objective of the study was to determine whether aerial or orbital observations yield model results that are consistent with those constrained by field data. The models yield an envelope of plausible dominant discharge values (100–500 m 3 /s), reflecting the limitations of the approach, and no single model can be used to reliably estimate paleodischarge. On Mars, landforms with attributes consistent with inverted channels have been identified. In spite of differences in the formation history between these martian landforms and the terrestrial analog described here, including potential differences in cement composition and the erosional agent that was responsible for relief inversion, these numerical models can be applied (with modification) to the martian landforms and yield an envelope of plausible values for dominant discharge.
Image force on a moving charge

We derive a general expression for the image force felt by a charged particle which moves at constant speed normal to the surface of an isotropic dielectric. The method includes retardation effects fully, and may be extended to apply to a more general particle trajectory if desired. In contrast to results reported by others, we find the image force always reduces at large distances to the expression provided by electrostatics when the particle velocity is nonrelativistic. We examine the form assumed by the image force in some special limits. In particular, we find a difference between the image force felt by a particle which approaches the surface, and one that recedes from it after crossing the surface.
The influence of outcome measures in assessing client change and treatment decisions

This study investigated the influence that information in the form of outcome measures and client verbal reports can have on treatment decisions and clinician judgment of client change. A random national sample of psychologists (N = 810, 45% response rate) were given clinical vignettes and asked questions regarding their view of client progress and subsequent treatment decisions. Despite clinicians reporting that verbal report is more influential in their actual clinical practice than outcome measure information, both sources of information had an equal impact on judgments of client change. Negative information (from either source) influenced clinicians more than positive information. Outcome measure information indicating client deterioration led more clinicians to choose to alter treatment than client verbal report of deterioration. Information indicating client improvement led some clinicians to continue treatment in the same manner as they had been. Insight-oriented therapists were more likely to continue treatment-as-usual than were cognitive-behavioral therapists. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 325–337, 2006.
CLINICAL RESULTS WITH ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIST-IMPLANTED CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS

With the advent of nonthoracotomy leads and smaller devices, implantation techniques for implantable cardioverters defibrillators (ICDs) have been simplified. We reviewed the outcome of pectoral ICD implantation by electrophysiologists in 51 consecutive patients, 47 males and 4 females, mean age 60 +/- 12 years, presenting with aborted sudden cardiac death (14) and drug refractory hypotensive ventricular tachycardia (37). Patients were implanted with either the PCD Jewel 7219D (37) or 72197C (14) Medtronic pectoral ICDs. The mean operative time was 98 +/- 31 minutes. There was no operative mortality. Complications occurred in 2 (4%) patients: right ventricular lead dislodgement requiring lead repositioning occurred in 1 patient, and 1 patient treated with anticoagulants, who had received a subcutaneous patch lead, developed a hematoma not requiring surgical reintervention. The mean defibrillation threshold was 18.6 +/- 5.5 J, but was significantly lower for the 7219C (14.1 +/- 5.0 J) compared to the 7219D (20.6 +/- 4.4 J) device, P = 0.0001. A two-lead system consisting of a right ventricular electrode (RVA) and a superior vena caval lead (SVC) was utilized in 29, RVA/SVC-subcutaneous patch in 5 and active can in 17 patients. Patients were discharged after 4.3 +/- 3 days: The procedure time was significantly shorter for the 7219C device (79.7 +/- 18.9 vs 105.2 +/- 32.8 minutes., P = 0.0035). Over the follow-up period of 8 +/- 5 (range 1-20) months, 26% patients received appropriate therapy (95% antitachycardia pacing, 5% shock). Concomitant antiarrhythmic therapy was utilized in 41% of patients. Ninety-eight percent of patients are alive. One patient died of congestive heart failure. Clinical results with electrophysiologist-implanted pectoral ICDs demonstrate low morbidity and no operative mortality in this clinical series and lower DFTs and shorter procedure times may be achieved with 7219C (active can) device.
Low-thrust trajectory analysis for the geosynchronous mission

Methodology employed in development of a computer program designed to analyze optimal low-thrust trajectories is described, and application of the program to a Solar Electric Propulsion Stage (SEPS) geosynchronous mission is discussed. To avoid the zero inclination and eccentricity singularities which plague many small-force perturbation techniques, a special set of state variables (equinoctial) is used. Adjoint equations are derived for the minimum time problem and are also free from the singularities. Solutions to the state and adjoint equations are obtained by both orbit averaging and precision numerical integration; an evaluation of these approaches is made.
The surgical management of chronic subdural hematoma

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is an increasingly common neurological disease process. Despite the wide prevalence of cSDH, there remains a lack of consensus regarding numerous aspects of its clinical management. We provide an overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of cSDH and discuss several controversial management issues, including the timing of post-operative resumption of anticoagulant medications, the effectiveness of anti-epileptic prophylaxis, protocols for mobilization following evacuation of cSDH, as well as the comparative effectiveness of the various techniques of surgical evacuation. A PubMed search was carried out through October 19, 2010 using the following keywords: "subdural hematoma", "craniotomy", "burr-hole", "management", "anticoagulation", "seizure prophylaxis", "antiplatelet", "mobilization", and "surgical evacuation", alone and in combination. Relevant articles were identified and back-referenced to yield additional papers. A meta-analysis was then performed comparing the efficacy and complications associated with the various methods of cSDH evacuation. There is general agreement that significant coagulopathy should be reversed expeditiously in patients presenting with cSDH. Although protocols for gradual resumption of anti-coagulation for prophylaxis of venous thrombosis may be derived from guidelines for other neurosurgical procedures, further prospective study is necessary to determine the optimal time to restart full-dose anti-coagulation in the setting of recently drained cSDH. There is also conflicting evidence to support seizure prophylaxis in patients with cSDH, although the existing literature supports prophylaxis in patients who are at a higher risk for seizures. The published data regarding surgical technique for cSDH supports primary twist drill craniostomy (TDC) drainage at the bedside for patients who are high-risk surgical candidates with non-septated cSDH and craniotomy as a first-line evacuation technique for cSDH with significant membranes. Larger prospective studies addressing these aspects of cSDH management are necessary to establish definitive recommendations.
Study of the transient processes and the effect of the electrode’s surface structure on the heat transfer in a wire EHD heat exchanger

The results of the experimental investigation of an EHD plated heat exchanger are presented. The electrode system consists of two sections of staggered thin wires to which an alternative potential high voltage is applied with the thermostatted plate being neutral. PMS-50 was the working liquid. We calculated the coefficient of the enhancement by the electric field on the basis of the experimental data.
Ketogenic diet alters dopaminergic activity in the mouse cortex.

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine if the ketogenic diet altered basal levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in mice. The catecholamines dopamine (DA) and norephinephrine (NE) and the indolamine serotonin (5HT) were quantified postmortem in six different brain regions of adult mice fed a ketogenic diet for 3 weeks. The dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) were also measured. Tissue punches were collected bilaterally from the motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, nucleus accumbens, anterior caudate–putamen, posterior caudate–putamen and the midbrain. Dopaminergic activity, as measured by the dopamine metabolites to dopamine content ratio – ([DOPAC] + [HVA])/[DA] – was significantly increased in the motor and somatosensory cortex regions of mice fed the ketogenic diet when compared to those same areas in brains of mice fed a normal diet. These results indicate that the ketogenic diet alters the activity of the meso-cortical dopaminergic system, which may contribute to the diet's therapeutic effect in reducing epileptic seizure activity.
Predictive energy landscapes for folding α-helical transmembrane proteins.

We explore the hypothesis that the folding landscapes of membrane proteins are funneled once the proteins’ topology within the membrane is established. We extend a protein folding model, the associative memory, water-mediated, structure, and energy model (AWSEM) by adding an implicit membrane potential and reoptimizing the force field to account for the differing nature of the interactions that stabilize proteins within lipid membranes, yielding a model that we call AWSEM-membrane. Once the protein topology is set in the membrane, hydrophobic attractions play a lesser role in finding the native structure, whereas polar–polar attractions are more important than for globular proteins. We examine both the quality of predictions made with AWSEM-membrane when accurate knowledge of the topology and secondary structure is available and the quality of predictions made without such knowledge, instead using bioinformatically inferred topology and secondary structure based on sequence alone. When no major errors are made by the bioinformatic methods used to assign the topology of the transmembrane helices, these two types of structure predictions yield roughly equivalent quality structures. Although the predictive energy landscape is transferable and not structure based, within the correct topological sector we find the landscape is indeed very funneled: Thermodynamic landscape analysis indicates that both the total potential energy and the contact energy decrease as native contacts are formed. Nevertheless the near symmetry of different helical packings with respect to native contact formation can result in multiple packings with nearly equal thermodynamic occupancy, especially at temperatures just below collapse.
Effect of pyrolysis temperature on relative toxicity of some plastics

The relative toxicity of the pyrolysis gases from some plastics can vary considerably, depending on the temperature at which the material is pyrolyzed and other test conditions. Because a large number of test conditions can exist at some particular place and time during a fire, depending on the type of fire, the differences illustrate the importance of selecting test conditions that are relevant to the particular fire environment.
Surface structure and electron density dependence of scattered Ne + ion fractions from the Si(1 0 0)-(2×1) surface

Abstract The magnitudes and azimuthal anisotropies of 4 keV Ne+ scattered ion fractions from the Si(1 0 0)-(2×1) two-domain surface have been measured by means of time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry. The absolute values of these ion fractions as well as their dependence on surface structure and electron density have been determined. By investigating the trajectories of the scattered Ne+, a clear correlation is demonstrated between these experimentally observed surviving ion fractions of Ne+ and the fraction of ions that scatters from the topmost layer of the surface. This is interpreted in terms of a model in which the neutralization probability of Ne+ is proportional to the local substrate electronic charge density.