cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐T‐186: Pattern Distance Method Analysis On Potential Clinical Benefit in Using 2.5mm Width Leaf MLC‐Based IMRT

Purpose: To develop a comprehensive evaluation of IMRT plans from different treatment planning software (TPS) and different MLC leaf width using dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters and biological equivalent dose (BED). Method and Materials: Four pelvis IMRT treatment plans were studied on a Siemens Linac with 1cm leaf MLC and 2.5 mm mount‐on moduleaf MLC. The plans were originally done in Eclipse TPS (v8.1) with 1cm MLC (named plan E‐1). Then CT slices and contoured anatomy structures were transferred to XKnife RT TPS (v4), where two new plans were carried using 1cm and 2.5 mm MLC, respectively (named plan X‐1, X‐0.25), following the same constraints as in Eclipse TPS for target and organ at risk (OAR). To evaluate the 3 plans (E‐1, X‐1, X‐0.25) from different TPS and using different width of MLC, three parameters were used to develop a comprehensive evaluation method: target volume ratio (TVR), PTV homogeneity H, and fraction biological equivalent dose (BED). Then each IMRT plan is represented by a point in 3‐dim space {TVR, H, BED}. The pattern differences between those points reflect the differences between IMRT algorithms, e.g. planning algorithm difference between plan points E‐1 and X‐1, MLC width difference between plan points X‐1 and X‐0.25. Results: Our results showed that the IMRT plans using 2.5 mm MLC (plan X‐0.25) always had better tumordose coverage and conformity than plans using 1cm MLC in the same TPS (plan X‐1), with smaller values of TVR and H in the 3‐dim plot (Fig.1). But BED for X‐1 plans was higher than X‐ 0.25 plans. Conclusion: A pattern comparison method was developed to evaluate IMRT plans. This method may help to define the clinical benefit of using small width MLC in radiation therapy. The comparison results may be further verified by dosimetry measurements.
Selectivity estimation of temporal data manipulations

Abstract Temporal relations possess several characteristics that distinguish them from conventional snapshot relations. First, for each instance of the surrogate (entity) there is a set of time-ordered tuples. Second, surrogate instances may arrive and depart in some time-dependent manner. Third, the surrogate instance may arrive and depart more than once, thus creating gaps (null values) within its history. Lastly, the value of the temporal attribute may also be time-dependent. Conventional methods of estimation are incapable of providing good approximations of the cost of various temporal operations, even for those involving selections on a single relation. The problem is more acute in the case of join operations, because selectivities on time interval intersections have to be estimated. We propose a practical, yet theoretically sound model to characterize the changes of temporal relations. From this model, estimates of the cardinalities of various unary and binary operations are derived. Simulation results show that the proposed estimates are both robust and superior to conventional estimates.
Arsenate adsorption mechanisms at the allophane: Water interface

We investigated arsenate (As(V)) reactivity and surface speciation on amorphous aluminosilicate mineral (synthetic allophane) surfaces using batch adsorption experiments, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The adsorption isotherm experiments indicated that As(V) uptake increased with increasing [As-(V)]0 from 50 to 1000 microM (i.e., Langmuir type adsorption isotherm) and that the total As adsorption slightly decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations from 0.01 to 0.1 M. Arsenate adsorption was initially (0-10 h) rapid followed by a slow continuum uptake, and the adsorption processes reached the steady state after 720 h. X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses suggest that As(V) predominantly forms bidentate binuclear surface species on aluminum octahedral structures, and these species are stable up to 11 months. Solubility calculations and powder XRD analyses indicate no evidence of crystalline Al-As(V) precipitates in the experimental systems. Overall, macroscopic and spectroscopic evidence suggest that the As(V) adsorption mechanisms at the allophane-water interface are attributable to ligand exchange reactions between As-(V) and surface-coordinated water molecules and hydroxyl and silicate ions. The research findings imply that dissolved tetrahedral oxyanions (e.g., H2PO42- and H2AsO4(2-)) are readily retained on amorphous aluminosilicate minerals in aquifer and soils at near neutral pH. The inner-sphere adsorption mechanisms might be important in controlling dissolved arsenate and phosphate in amorphous aluminosilicate-rich low-temperature geochemical environments.
Residue temperatures in intermediate energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.

With an improved Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) model, we have investigated the reaction dynamics leading to the thermal freeezout for $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$${+}^{124}$Sn collisions. Several criteria are assessed for defining the proper thermal freezout time which separates preequilibrium processes from equilbrium processes. One of these criteria, the time dependence of the thermal excitation energy, provides consistent results for defining the thermal freezeout. The other two criteria, the emission rate of nucleons and the quadrupole moment of the momentum distributions, do not consistently provide accurate freezeout times due to the existence of long time scale collective vibrations. The predicted values for the excitation energies and temperatures, obtained assuming Fermi gas level densities, are quite sensitive to the equation of state and the impact parameter. Surprisingly, both the thermal excitation energies and the residue temperatures, in the limit of a large ensemble of parallel collisions, show little sensitivity to the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section.
Calibration and performance evaluation of a lightweight propellor anemometer for micrometeorological research

The results of calibrations of the airspeed measurement, distance constant and cosine response for a sensitive propellor (vane) anemometer are described. A triad of these anemometers may be used to measure wind velocity, and the estimated uncertainty in this measurement is evaluated for a typical triad and a range of wind directions.
Milpa imprint on the tropical dry forest landscape in Yucatan, Mexico: Remote sensing & field measurement of edge vegetation

The Yucatan Peninsula hosts part of Central America's largest remaining tract of tropical dry forest and has been identified as a region of critical landscape change. This study complements the extensive research on land cover conversion in the region by investigating a subtle but important aspect of forest modification. We examine changes in the spatial characteristics of milpa cultivation plots in the swidden landscape of Peto municipality in Yucatan state from 1988 to 2003 using remote sensing. We also test the hypothesis that milpa clearings create a discernible edge effect in terms of forest structure. Results indicate that spatial patterns of milpas have changed over time. The amount of milpa/forest linear interface increased over the study period. Both satellite-based vegetation indices and field-based canopy cover measurements indicated that forest buffering milpa clearings had significantly lower biomass than background forest, despite that the background forest is itself a mosaic of successional forest stages. In contrast, there was no difference in stand basal area for milpa edge forest and background forest. Multivariate models demonstrated that the milpa edge indicator was the most important variable in explaining differences of vegetation indices for milpa edges and background forest compared with other factors that create edges in the landscape. Models were relatively effective in explaining mean values of vegetation indices; but they performed poorly in terms of explaining measures of forest vegetation heterogeneity. Comparing model results from each date suggests that the importance of milpa edges decreases over time, possibly as a function of the accumulated land use history as milpas rotate through the forest matrix. Evidence supports the notion that the effects of milpa land use extend beyond the clearing itself and into adjacent forest.
Decay of the isomeric states of 102Ag

Abstract The 102Ag, 102mAg and 101Ag activities were studied using LiGe detectors as well as with scintillation counters. Gamma rays of energies 230, 511, 550, 720, 780 and 1270 keV in the decay of 102Ag are observed to have composite half-lives of 4 and 17 min. Three beta groups of energies 3.6, 3.3 and 2.88 MeV were observed to decay with a half-life of 4 min, whereas the 2.4 MeV beta group was found to decay with half-lives of 4 and 17 min. Various gamma-gamma and beta-gamma coincidence experiments were performed, and based on these results, a decay scheme is proposed for the isomeric states of 102Ag. The results are discussed and a mass difference of 5.15 MeV between the 102Ag ground state to the 102Pd ground state is obtained. During these experiments a positive identification of 10 ± 1 min 101 Ag , 8 ± 1 min 100 Ag and 3 ± 0.5 min 99 Ag activities has been made.
Public Sector Downsizing and Employee Trust

Abstract Downsizing in the public sector is examined in this article using the cutback management movement of the 1970s and the reinventing government reform of the 1990s. In these movements, reduction-in-force techniques, cutback management, privatization, and contracting out have reduced the public sector workforce and the level of commitment to the ethic of public service. The betrayal of employee trust in the system by breaking the psychological contract severs the employee's sense of duty to the public interest. Ethical and managerial implications of downsizing for public administration are then explored focusing on maintaining the psychological contract, employee trust, and the public service ethic.
A factorization method for affine structure from line correspondences

A family of structure from motion algorithms called the factorization method has been recently developed from the orthographic projection model to the affine camera model. All these algorithms are limited to handling only point features of the image stream. We propose in this paper an algorithm for the recovery of shape and motion from line correspondences by the factorization method with the affine camera. Instead of one step factorization for points, a multi-step factorization method is developed for lines based on the decomposition of the whole shape and motion into three separate substructures. Each of these substructures can then be linearly solved by factorizing the appropriate measurement matrices. It is also established that affine shape and motion with uncalibrated affine cameras can be achieved with at least seven lines over three views, which extends the previous results of Koenderink and Van Doorn (1989) for points to lines.
Survey of current lead use, handling, hygiene, and contaminant controls among New Jersey industries.

In 2003, a chemical handling and use survey was mailed to New Jersey employers identified as currently using lead in their industrial processes. This survey was used to ascertain characteristics about lead use, handling, and protection of employees during manufacturing operations. The survey included a diverse group of current lead users with a total lead use range from less than 1 pound to more than 63 million pounds of lead per year. The survey allowed for a comprehensive characterization of hazards and protective measures associated with this metal, still commonly used in many products and industrial processes. Forty-five surveys were returned by companies that are listed in the New Jersey Adult Blood Lead Registry, which is part of the New Jersey Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) program. This program records and investigates cases of adults with greater than 25 μ g/dL of lead in their blood; most cases are related to occupational exposures. This survey found that greater than 25%...
Increased α2,6-sialylation of surface proteins on tolerogenic, immature dendritic cells and regulatory T cells

Objective Surface protein glycosylation of lymphocytes plays a key role in development, maturation, and immune regulation. Sialic acid most often is the terminal carbohydrate in these posttranslational modifications. Receptors for sialic acids are expressed on lymphocytes and can generate an inhibitory signal. This study compared the sialic acid expression pattern of tolerogenic cells and effector cells. Methods Gene expression profiles of immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells were compared using cDNA array technology. We analyzed the cell-surface protein sialylation of dendritic cells and different T cell subpopulations by flow cytometry using plant lectins. Results Monocyte-derived dendritic cells showed a separation according to α2,6-linked sialic acid density. Tolerogenic, immature DC showed a higher α2,6-linked sialic acid, which was drastically downregulated after maturation of DC with proinflammatory cytokines. This differential expression of α2,6-linked sialic acid was reflected by transcriptional regulation of specific glycosyl transferases during DC maturation shown by cDNA array analysis. Furthermore, CD4 + T cells significantly upregulated α2,6-linked sialic acid density, whereas α2,3-linked sialic acid density remained largely unchanged after stimulation. Isolated CD4 + CD25 + T cells showed a population with high density of α2,6-linked sialic acid and a population with low expression. The density of this particular carbohydrate was further increased during culture conditions expanding inhibitory T cells. Conclusion Surface proteins on tolerogenic, immature dendritic cells and regulatory T cells are highly α2,6-sialylated, suggesting a glycan motif of tolerogenic cells which might serve as ligand for inhibitory siglecs on the surface of effector cells.
High Temperature Polyimide Nanofoams

A means of generating high temperature polymer foams which leads to pore size in the nanometer regime has been developed. Nanofoams were prepared by casting block copolymers comprised of a thermally stable block and a thermally labile material, where the thermally stable material forms the matrix in which thermally labile material is dispersed. Triblock copolymers comprised of high Tg, amorphous polyimide matrices with poly(propylene oxide), as the thermally decomposable coblock, were prepared. The copolymer synthesis was carried out through either the poly(amic alkyl ester) or poly(amic acid) precursor and subsequent cyclodehydration to the polyimide by either thermal or chemical means, respectively. Microphase separated morphologies were observed for all copolymers, irrespective of the block lengths surveyed, by dynamic mechanical analysis. Upon heating, the poly(propylene oxide) underwent thermolysis leaving pores where the size and shape of the pores were dictated by the initial copolymer morphology. A 5 to 15% reduction in density was observed consistent with the generation of a foam.
Pulse response of multimode interference devices

Multimode interference (MMI) devices operating at high data rates are important in optical interconnects and optical networks. Their 1timesN splitting provides a fundamental functionality in these and other applications. To determine the speed limitations of MMI devices, the ultrashort pulse response of these devices is modeled. For example, for 50-fs Gaussian input pulses into a 1 times 16 splitter, the output pulses are severely degraded in coupling efficiency (48%) and completely broken up in time primarily due to intermodal and intramodal (waveguide) dispersion. Material dispersion is found to play only a minor role in the pulse response of MMI devices. However, for 1-ps input pulses into the same 1 times 16 splitter, the output pulses are only moderately degraded in coupling efficiency (86%) and only slightly degraded in shape
Neurognostics question: an American neurophysiologist, pioneer of electromyography, a president of universities and scientific advisor to United States presidents.

This American neurophysiologist was born in New York City, New York, on August 13, 1897. In 1915 he entered Swarthmore College, a Quaker liberal arts school for men located in a suburb of Philadelp...
Constancy of silicate-mineral weathering-rate ratios between natural and experimental weathering: implications for hydrologic control of differences in absolute rates

Abstract Inverse models which apportion watershed effluxes (geochemical mass balance) over estimated mineral surface area give weathering rates for individual silicate minerals (e.g., feldspar) 1–3 orders of magnitude slower than laboratory rates. Comparisons of rates calculated from several recent watershed geochemical mass-balance studies with experimentally determined rates reveal that the ratio of mineral weathering rates for a given silicate-mineral pair determined in an internally consistent field study equals the ratio of rates for the same minerals in any internally consistent set of laboratory experimental data. Thus, the coefficient which corrects the weathering rate for any mineral from a laboratory data-set to a field setting is identical to the corresponding coefficient for any other mineral in the same data sets. The “correction factor” linking experimental and natural rates must be independent of composition. Physical (e.g., hydrologic) controls, rather than compositional or chemical controls, cause the difference between weathering rates in nature and the laboratory. Because flow in natural weathering profiles is spatially heterogeneous, not all of the potentially available surface in natural systems actually participates in reactions with pore fluids.
Order in Time: How the Cooperation Between the Hands Informs the Design of the Brain

Our interest is in identifying the laws or principles that govern how the nervous system produces coordinated activity. To find these laws, we do not think it so useful to treat the brain as a general purpose machine, capable of producing arbitrary outputs to arbitrary inputs. Rather, our strategy is to place the organism in particular contexts, viewing the brain more as a special purpose device, that is temporarily self-organized for specific behavioral functions. Just as the boundary conditions must be carefully chosen for studies of other physical systems (‘the system must be prepared’) so too it is important to select a class of tasks that affords insights into the relationship between brain and behavior. When this is done we believe it is possible to see how surface simplicity-in the form of laws-may arise from deep complexity. Along with new data presented here, the evidence draws us to the following inescapable conclusion: In tasks-that involve ordering in time, the highdimensional nervous system (approximately 50 neurotransmitters, 103 cell types, 1014 neurons and neuronal connections) restricts its effective degrees of freedom to the phase- and frequency-locking phenomena of coupled nonlinear oscillators. It lives, in other words, on a low dimensional manifold and is governed by low-dimensional, dynamical laws. This design may be seen at multiple levels of description [1,2] and appear in a variety of functional behavioral patterns including coordination, learning, memory, perception-action patterns and even intentional behavior (see e.g., [3,4]). In the next section we briefly summarize previous and recent results on temporal patterns and our theoretical understanding of them. Then we extend the treatment to an important case, namely forms of temporal organization in which the intrinsic frequencies in the system are not the same. Overall, our results-in addition to supporting the main hypothesis mentioned above-serve to unify a number of physical, biological and psychological phenomena. By definition, the laws of temporal order are abstract,though realizable (and hence measurable), on many different scales of observation.
Renormalization group constructions of topological quantum liquids and beyond

We give a detailed physical argument for the area law for entanglement entropy in gapped phases of matter arising from local Hamiltonians. Our approach is based on renormalization group (RG) ideas and takes a resource oriented perspective. We report four main results. First, we argue for the ``weak area law'': any gapped phase with a unique ground state on every closed manifold obeys the area law. Second, we introduce an RG based classification scheme and give a detailed argument that all phases within the classification scheme obey the area law. Third, we define a special subclass of gapped phases, topological quantum liquids, which captures all examples of current physical relevance, and we rigorously show that topological quantum liquids obey an area law. Fourth, we show that all topological quantum liquids have MERA representations which achieve unit overlap with the ground state in the thermodynamic limit and which have a bond dimension scaling with system size $L$ as ${e}^{c{log}^{d(1+\ensuremath{\delta})}(L)}$ for all $\ensuremath{\delta}g0$. For example, we show that chiral phases in $d=2$ dimensions have an approximate MERA with bond dimension ${e}^{c{log}^{2(1+\ensuremath{\delta})}(L)}$. We discuss extensively a number of subsidiary ideas and results necessary to make the main arguments, including field theory constructions. While our argument for the general area law rests on physically motivated assumptions (which we make explicit) and is therefore not rigorous, we may conclude that ``conventional'' gapped phases obey the area law and that any gapped phase which violates the area law must be a dragon.
Hyaluronidase expression and biofilm involvement in Staphylococcus aureus UAMS-1 and its sarA, agr and sarA agr regulatory mutants

In a previous study, two proteins identified as hyaluronidases were detected in spent media by MS and found to be in greater quantity in the sarA and sarA agr mutant strains when compared with the parent and agr mutant strains of Staphylococcus aureus UAMS-1. In the present study, spent media and total RNA were isolated from UAMS-1 and its regulatory mutants and analysed for hyaluronidase activity and steady-state hyaluronidase (hysA) RNA message levels. Hyaluronidase activity was observed throughout all time points examined regardless of the regulatory effects of sarA and agr but activity was always substantially higher in the sarA and sarA agr mutant strains than in the UAMS-1 parent and agr mutant strains. Northern analysis did not detect hysA message for either the UAMS-1 parent or the agr mutant strains at any time point examined, while steady-state hysA message levels were detected throughout growth for the sarA mutant strain, but only at exponential and early post-exponential growth for the sarA agr mutant strain. An in vitro biofilm plate assay, pre-coated with human plasma as a source of hyaluronic acid, demonstrated no significant increase in biofilm for a sarA mutant strain of S. aureus UAMS-1 defective in hyaluronidase activity when compared with the sarA mutant strain. These data indicate that, while hysA message levels and hyaluronidase activity are elevated in the sarA mutant strains of S. aureus UAMS-1, the increase in activity did not contribute to the biofilm-negative phenotype observed in the sarA mutant strain of S. aureus UAMS-1.
Impaired Lymphocyte Responsiveness in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract The in vitro responsiveness of circulating lymphocytes to the nonspecific mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, was studied in 58 patients with Crohn's disease, 18 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 21 normal control subjects. Lymphocyte responsiveness was impaired in about one-third of all the patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis alike. This phenomenon of depressed lymphocyte responsiveness did not correlate with anatomical extent, duration, or activity of disease, nor with the presence or absence of lymphopenia. The phenomenon was not attributable to a plasma factor nor to treatment with salicylazosulfapyridine. We have concluded that impaired lymphocyte responsiveness reflects an intrinsic defect of the immunocyte system which occurs equally in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
John V. Verner Jr. and Ashton B. Morrison

Doctors John Verner Jr. and Ashton B. Morrison happened to be sitting next to each other at a case presentation of a patient who died with profuse watery diarrhea attributed to chronic laxative abuse. The autopsy report noted the presence of a benign islet cell that was felt to be of no clinical significance. These two astute physicians realized that more was afoot, and when a second patient with a similar presentation was found, they realized they were on to a new clinical entity. Verner was an endocrinologist with an interest in hypokalemia and Morrison was a pathologist whose primary research interest was in chronic renal insufficiency. They partnered to make a seminal discovery in endocrine surgery by describing the syndrome of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria that bears their monikers. This chapter details the backgrounds, careers, and personal perspectives on their important contribution.
Pore orientation effects on the kinetics of mesostructure loss in surfactant templated titania thin films

The mesostructure loss kinetics are measured as a function of the orientation of micelles in 2D hexagonal close packed (HCP) columnar mesostructured titania thin films using in situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Complementary supporting information is provided by ex situ scanning electron microscopy. Pluronic surfactant P123 acts as the template to synthesize HCP structured titania thin films. When the glass substrates are modified with crosslinked P123, the micelles of the HCP mesophase align orthogonal to the films, whereas a mix of parallel and orthogonal alignment is found on unmodified glass. The rate of mesostructure loss of orthogonally oriented (o-HCP) thin films (∼60 nm thickness) prepared on modified substrate is consistently found to be less by a factor of 2.5 ± 0.35 than that measured for mixed orientation HCP films on unmodified substrates. The activation energy for mesostructure loss is only slightly greater for films on modified glass (155 ± 25 kJ mol−1) than on unmodified (128 kJ mol−1), which implies that the rate difference stems from a greater activation entropy for mesostructure loss in o-HCP titania films. Nearly perfect orthogonal orientation of micelles on modified surfaces contributes to the lower rate of mesostructure loss by supporting the anisotropic stresses that develop within the films during annealing due to continuous curing, sintering and crystallization into the anatase phase during high temperature calcination (>450 °C). Because the film thickness dictates the propagation of orientation throughout the films and the degree of confinement, thicker (∼250 nm) films cast onto P123-modified substrates have a much lower activation energy for mesostructure loss (89 ± 27 kJ mol−1) due to the mix of orientations found in the films. Thus, this kinetic study shows that thin P123-templated o-HCP titania films are not only better able to achieve good orthogonal alignment of the mesophase relative to thicker films or films on unmodified substrates, but that alignment of the mesophase in the films stabilizes the mesophase against thermally-induced mesostructure loss.
Unguessed Gestures in Effective Institutions: Poetry's Threats to Urban Schooling

Through an exploration of the perspectives of Teaching Artists who teach poetry in New York City public schools, this paper considers the curricular implications of Giorgio Agamben’s (2000) notion of gesture as an undirected, unproductive movement and builds a connected theory of poetry as antithetical—even threatening—to schools as progress-driven institutions of learning. I treat Teaching Artist perceptions as nomadic lenses through which to critically see and aesthetically re-sense urban schools. By interweaving poetic interpretations of interviews conducted with nine Teaching Artists and my own teaching memories, both as an English teacher at a Title 1 high school and as a Teaching Artist at various K-12 schools throughout NYC, I wrestle with the tensions between poetry and schooling in relation to dominant constructions and felt senses of “poet” and “teacher” in U.S. urban schools. I theorize the powers of art/poetry as a gesture (unforeseeable and necessarily impractical) resisting the notion of progress so familiar to educational discourses and practices: a linear movement and targeted effort towards “success” most intensely projected onto minority bodies.
Repository of Instructional and Assessment Techniques for OBE-Based Instructional Module Development System

Instructional Module Development System (IMODS) project IMODS) project aims to assist educators in developing a STEM-based curriculum, even if the educator has not had extensive or formal training in educational methods. Research shows that choice of appropriate curriculum and assessment methods are critical in successfully teaching students and having the students retain the information taught. The IMODS strives to be a tool to assist educators in building that curriculum which will include an instructional and assessment plan. To successfully achieve this goal, a variety of educational, instructional, and assessment strategies are required to be integrated into the program. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a repository of current best pedagogical and assessment practices that will be part of IMODS. We also present integration of this repository into the IMODS software to present options for assessment and instruction that align with the type/level of student learning desired based on selections the user makes when defining the learning objectives of the course.
A Challenge to Undergraduate Educators: The Wingspread Conference on International Education

The cold war appears to be over; its most vivid symbol--the Berlin Wall-is being torn down, its pieces falling prey to capitalism. The Vietnam syndrome of avoiding military conflicts at almost all costs has dissipated, if not disappeared. Franco-German enmity has been replaced by the promises of 1992. Japan has caught up with the Soviet Union in terms of gross national product. The United States has turned into the world's greatest debtor nation, and Japan has replaced it as the country providing the most foreign aid to "third world" countries. Most political scientists would agree that we are living through the most dramatic systemic change since the end of World War II. But much of this drama and the import of these events is lost on American undergraduates. Lacking a sense of what came before, they cannot be expected to recognize the significance of the events of the past twelve months. In countless national, international, and regional studies, our undergraduates have been found to be ignorant of basic facts of history, geography, and current affairs. See, e.g., Strength Through Wisdom, 1979; Commission on International Education, American Council of Education, n.d.; Lurie, 1981; Southern Growth Policies Board, n.d.; Advisory Council on International Education of The Southern Governors' Association, 1986; National Governors' Association, 1989. It is clear from these reports that American undergraduates need a better sense of their position in history and in the world community. To develop concrete measures to meet this challenge, 20 political scientists joined 27 academic colleagues from across the country (see Appendix 1) in a conference sponsored by The Atlantic Council of the United States at the Johnson Foundation's Wingspread Conference Center in Racine, Wisconsin, on September 15-17, 1989. The American Political Science Association joined a number of other professional associations in identifying members to join the Atlantic Council's Academic Associates in developing a strategy to ad ress the continued neglect of international education. This challenge was forcefully presented to them by a Joint Working Group of
Perceived Preparedness to Implement Evidence-Based Practice by Certified Rehabilitation Counselors A Qualitative Content Analysis

The implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) in rehabilitation counseling has the potential to improve the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation (VR) services and employment outcomes of...
The battle over SNS privacy for US employees and job applicants: an analysis of 2012–2013 state legislation

ABSTRACTThis study examines US legislation designed to prohibit employer access to employee and job applicant personal social networking sites (SNSs) between 2012 and 2013. It asks if the legislation addressed how employers could use SNSs in the hiring process by requesting SNS passwords, if there were consequences for violators, if employer retaliation was prohibited, if third-party access was allowed, if employee SNS monitoring was prohibited, if SNS friend requests by employers was allowed and if employer requested changes in privacy settings were prohibited. In addition, the study also examined the interest groups and political party-affiliated sponsors that were active in the creation of the legislation. The results discover important inconsistencies between the states’ legislation, which question the ability to protect worker and applicant online privacy. US policy recommendations and transnational implications follow.
Trauma’s Effect on the Brain: An Overview for Educators

March 21, 2005—a day like most others on the Red Lake Reservation, Minnesota, home to approximately 5,000 members of the Red Lake Band of Chippewa. At the high school, the Red Lake Warriors basketball team had just completed its winning season. Baseball season would begin in two weeks. Students were making preparations for prom, spring break, and generally enjoying the first signs of spring. This was a day like all others. Nothing special. Until … the incident.
Cutaneous manifestations of graft‐versus‐host disease: role of the dermatologist

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is associated with high mortality in severe cases. The skin is one of the major organs affected in both acute and chronic GVHD. This review aims to elucidate the basic characteristics of GVHD, and the role and contribution of dermatologists in the care of patients with this condition.
The War on Ideas: Alhurra and US International Broadcasting Law in the ‘War on Terror’

Numerous non-Arab states employ international broadcasting agencies to impact the Arab media mix. This article examines the recent American intervention into the Arab public sphere – via its satellite television network, Alhurra (‘the free one’) – and the inherent norms promoted by these efforts. The regulations guiding the American government’s international broadcasting efforts establish certain standards and guidelines that can explain why Alhurra’s credibility suffers and audience remains scant – it is more accountable to domestic political actors than it is to the audiences it is trying to reach. The structure of political oversight established by American international broadcasting law resembles the top-down authoritarian model of media governance common to many Arab regimes. This suggests that reconstructing Alhurra as an independent network able to push ideational envelopes and facilitate cross-national exchange without the burden of its current imperative, selling deeply unpopular American polices, should be considered.
THE PRINCIPLE OF BIOLOGICAL EQUIVALENCE AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN PHYSIOLOGY

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the principle of biological equivalence and mathematical modeling in physiology. Perhaps the most important type of model for the physiologist is one that consists of the equations that describe basic processes and interactions that occur in the system. Then if the initial and boundary conditions are applied for a particular situation, a simulation of system behavior is obtained. Such models are often thought of in terms of computer programs; hence, the solution of the equation implies running the program for particular initial and boundary conditions. This is the type of model the physiologist prefers to interpret parameters, variables, and processes in the model in terms of their images in the real system. This chapter also provides an overview of the normative models. It also describes variability and the principle of biological equivalence.
Detection of the mRNA Transcription Level of Several Genes of the HIF and NO Metabolic Pathways in PBMCs of Sickle Cell Disease Patients Using Quantitative RT-PCR Assay.

Background. Pulmonary hypertension is a common complication of sickle cell disease but the pathophysiology is not completely understood. Methods. Using quantitative RT-PCR we studied mRNA from PBMCs of seven patients with sickle cell disease having pulmonary hypertension, five patients without pulmonary hypertension and 10 controls with neither sickle cell disease nor pulmonary hypertension. We investigated transcripts of several HIF regulated genes including endothelin-1 ( ET1 ), vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS), several genes of the NO metabolic pathway including cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 5A ( PDE5 ), soluble guanylate cyclase large subunit ( sGC ), and arginase 2 ( Arg2 ), and a gene implicated in primary pulmonary hypertension, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II ( BMPR2 ). β -actin and diacylglycerol kinase alpha ( DGKA ) were used as housekeeping gene controls. Results. HIF-regulated genes: Levels of ET1 transcripts were higher in patients with sickle cell disease and pulmonary hypertension than the other two groups while VEGF transcripts were higher in both sickle cell disease groups than controls and levels of iNOS transcripts were low and did not differ among the groups. Upregulation of ET1 is associated with the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in both experimental animals and humans . NO pathway genes: PDE5, sGC, Arg2 transcripts were higher in patients with sickle cell disease and PH than the other two groups. Upregulation of PDE5 and Arg2 might be expected to contribute to reduced NO signaling. Primary pulmonary hypertension gene: BMPR2 transcripts were higher in patients with sickle cell disease and PH than the other two groups. Discussion. These results are consistent with the possibility that complex molecular pathways, including dysregulation of HIF and NO pathways, may contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease.
Den and relocation site characteristics and home ranges of Peromyscus truei in the White Mountains of California

We used ratio telemetry to describe nighttime movements and daytime den sites of pinyon mice ( Peromyscus truei ) in the White Mountains of California, 1991-1993. Characteristics of nighttime relocations and den sites for mice concurred with previously reported habitat-use information for the species and supported the claim that pinyon mice use multiple daytime sites. However, males and females were associated with different habitat characteristics at den sites, indicating differential microhabitat selection by the sexes, perhaps related to reproductive constraints on females. Pinyon mice also exhibited high variability in den site habitat use in the summer, but low variability in the fall and winter. The dens of male mice were farther apart than those of females, and home range areas averaged 2.9 ha ( s = 4.27 ha) for 8 males , and 0.8 ha ( s = 0.76 ha) for 7 females (overall ‾ x = 1.7 + 2.97 ha). These areas were larger than those reported for other species of Peromyscus . The combined effects of drought and reduced food availability may have contributed to the larger areas used.
Extending a message passing runtime to support partitioned, global logical address spaces

Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) parallel programming models can provide an efficient mechanism for managing shared data stored across multiple nodes in a distributed memory system. However, these models are traditionally directly addressed and, for applications with loosely-structured or sparse data, determining the location of a given data element within a PGAS can incur significant overheads. Applications incur additional overhead from the network latency of lookups from remote location resolution structures. Further, for large data, caching such structures locally incurs space and coherence overheads that can limit scaling. We observe that the matching structures used by implementations of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) establish a separation between incoming data writes and the location where data will be stored. In this work, we investigate extending such structures to add a layer of indirection between incoming data reads and the location from which data will be read, effectively extending PGAS models with logical addressing.
High Incidence of Recurrent Crohn's Disease Following Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis Revealed with Long Follow-Up.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with progression of their disease despite optimized medical therapy may warrant “curative” proctocolectomy with end ileostomy or ileo-anal pouch (IPAA) anastomosis. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence of later recurrent ileitis that lead to altering the initial diagnosis to Crohn’s disease (CD). A retrospective analysis was conducted on the inflammatory bowel disease database at Lenox Hill Hospital. The database consisted of patients that were diagnosed with UC or CD based on clinical assessment, endoscopic appearance, gross and histological examination, and imaging between 1960 and 2015. The post-colectomy follow-up period was at least 10 years. Recurrent disease was classified by evidence of transmural inflammation in the distal ileum, fistulizing disease, or stricturing disease. From our IBD database, we identified 128 patients who underwent elective or urgent colectomy with the preoperative diagnosis of UC. Thirty-two (25%) had either an IPAA or end ileostomy with documented recurrence of inflammation in the small bowel mucosa consistent with CD. There was no significant difference between the type of surgical approach and the chance of recurrent disease (p = .20). The average time to clinically significant recurrence was 5 years. The incidence of recurrent CD following colectomy for ulcerative colitis, when followed postoperatively for an average of 20 years, was 25%, considerably more than previously reported. Patients who come to colectomy for ulcerative colitis and are followed for at least 10 years show a high incidence of recurrent Crohn’s disease in the ileostomy or ileo-anal pouch. Extended follow-up should be included in patients coming to colectomy for ulcerative colitis before they should be considered cured of their disease.
Fiber-fed laser-heated process for printing transparent glass from single mode optical fiber

This paper describes the additive manufacturing (AM) of glass using a fiber-fed laser-heated process. Stripped SMF-28 optical fiber with a diameter of 125 μm is fed into a laser generated melt pool. A CO2 laser beam is focused onto the intersection of the fiber and the work piece, which is positioned on a four-axis computer controlled stage. The laser energy at λ=10.6 μm is directly absorbed by the quartz fiber, locally heating the glass above its working point. Through the careful control of process parameters such as laser power, feed rate and scan speed, bubble free parts such as walls and lenses may be printed. These parts are assessed on the grounds of their transmissivity and refractive index homogeneity, and issues unique to the process such as the thermal breakdown of the glass and refractive index mismatch present in SMF-28 are discussed.
The Impact of an External Load of Football Equipment on Dynamic Balance as Assessed by the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test

Ankle sprains are common injuries, especially for football players, and may result in ankle instability, which can limit performance and increase injury risk. Ankle stability return to play criteria is often assessed under loaded conditions, even though previous research suggests loaded conditions affect dynamic balance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dynamic balance under loaded conditions. A modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), incorporating anterior, posterior medial and posterior lateral reach directions under the loaded condition of NCAA Division III football equipment was evaluated. Thirty male collegiate football players completed the modified SEBT under loaded and non-loaded conditions. Scores for the three reach directions on the SEBT were computed for loaded and non-loaded conditions. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare reach directions under loaded and non-loaded. Under loaded conditions, participants had significantly shorter posterior lateral reach distances for the left (98.05 ± 12.73 cm vs. 89.30 ± 10.45 cm, p = 0.00) and right (103.77 ± 12.78 cm vs. 99.07 ± 13.50 cm, p = 0.00) legs and significantly shorter reach distances for the right leg in both the anterior direction (84.58 ± 5.64 cm vs. 80.57 ± 13.73 cm, p = 0.02) and composite dynamic balance score (105.99 ± 12.99 vs. 102.30 ± 14.28, p = 0.009). The addition of 6.2 kg of external load significantly affected dynamic balance assessed by the modified Star Balance Excursion Test. These findings suggest that return to support assessments should involve sport-specific conditions when determining readiness of return to play.
SURFACE-POTENTIAL DEPENDENCE OF EPR CENTERS AT THE Si/SiO2 INTERFACE

Quantitative correlation of midgap D it with the EPR P b center · Si≡Si 3 on oxidized (111) silicon suggests a possible contribution to D it by this Si III defect. An external voltage might thus affect the population of the spin center. We have now observed a variation in EPR amplitude of this center with an electric field normal to the interface during the measurement. A bias variable between +15 and -10 volts was applied to a 1000 A, 1 cm 2 aluminum electrode deposited on the oxide of a (111) silicon wafer. The EPR amplitude declined reversibly about 25% between 0 and -4 volts. In situ C-V measurements of surface potential indicate that the responsive component of the P b center is just below the Fermi level in 50ωcm p-type silicon. Details of further tests and suggested structural and electrical models will be discussed.
The Traditional Jewish View of Paying Taxes

This paper examines the traditional Jewish perspective to pay taxes. It uses sources from both the Talmud and traditional Jewish law to illuminate this topic. It explores reasons for paying taxes, such as the necessity for following a country’s laws, prohibition of lying, and the requirement to bring dignity to the Jewish people and to maintain individual integrity.
More Simulation Models

This chapter presents two simulation models related to the material included in previous chapters. These models are slightly more advanced and complex than those already discussed. The first model describes a simple client-server system, as an example of a distributed system. The second simulation model represents an implementation of a local area network using the Ethernet protocol. This model includes graphics with animations.
A Soft-Body Controller with Ubiquitous Sensor Feedback

In this paper, we investigate control architectures that combine implicit models of behavior with ubiquitous sensory input, for soft hyper-redundant robots. Using a Wilson-Cowan neuronal model in a continuum arrangement that mirrors the arrangement of muscles in an earthworm, we can create a wide range of steady waves with descending signals. Here, we demonstrate how sensory feedback from individual segment strains can be used to modulate the behavior in desirable ways.