cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering Aptamer Switches for Multifunctional Stimulus-Responsive Nanosystems

Although RNA and DNA are best known for their capacity to encode biological information, it has become increasingly clear over the past few decades that these biomolecules are also capable of performing other complex functions, such as molecular recognition (e.g., aptamers) and catalysis (e.g., ribozymes). Building on these foundations, researchers have begun to exploit the predictable base-pairing properties of RNA and DNA in order to utilize nucleic acids as functional materials that can undergo a molecular "switching" process, performing complex functions such as signaling or controlled payload release in response to external stimuli including light, pH, ligand-binding and other microenvironmental cues. Although this field is still in its infancy, these efforts offer exciting potential for the development of biologically based "smart materials". Herein, ongoing progress in the use of nucleic acids as an externally controllable switching material is reviewed. The diverse range of mechanisms that can trigger a stimulus response, and strategies for engineering those functionalities into nucleic acid materials are explored. Finally, recent progress is discussed in incorporating aptamer switches into more complex synthetic nucleic acid-based nanostructures and functionalized smart materials.
A Chink in the Autocrat’s Armour: Demographic Change and Voter Turnout in Putin’s Russia

How do changes in ethnic composition affect voter turnout? In Russia, a country that institutionalizes ethnicity through federalism, research demonstrates that geographically concentrated ethnic mi...
Optimized CRISPR tools and site-directed transgenesis towards gene drive development in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes

Culex mosquitoes are a global vector for multiple human and animal diseases, including West Nile virus, lymphatic filariasis, and avian malaria, posing a constant threat to public health, livestock, companion animals, and endangered birds. While rising insecticide resistance has threatened the control of Culex mosquitoes, advances in CRISPR genome-editing tools have fostered the development of alternative genetic strategies such as gene drive systems to fight disease vectors. However, though gene-drive technology has quickly progressed in other mosquitoes, advances have been lacking in Culex. Here, we develop a Culex-specific Cas9/gRNA expression toolkit and use site-directed homology-based transgenesis to generate and validate a Culex quinquefasciatus Cas9-expressing line. We show that gRNA scaffold variants improve transgenesis efficiency in both Culex quinquefasciatus and Drosophila melanogaster and boost gene-drive performance in the fruit fly. These findings support future technology development to control Culex mosquitoes and provide valuable insight for improving these tools in other species. Culex mosquitoes are a global vector for insect-borne diseases, though progress with genetic tools lags behind other mosquito species. Here the authors present a Cas9-based toolkit and methods that could support future gene drive development in these mosquitoes.
Changes in cyclic nucleotide levels correlated with growth, division, and morphology in Chlamydomonas chemostat culture.

Abstract To explore the possibility that cyclic nucleotides control green algal growth and division, Chlamydomonas chemostat cultures were assayed for cyclic nucleotides. Substantial qualities of cAMP were found in cells and in extracellular millieu. Most cGMP molecules were extracellular. Slowing cell growth by slowing chemostat dilution caused reversible changes in cellular morphology and cyclic nucleotide levels. During slowed growth cAMP level increased dramatically; cGMP level decreased. New cells resulting from division were not released from original cell wall.
Chapter 11 Culturing and Experimental Manipulation of Acetabularia

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the routine culturing and experimental handling of Acetabularia . The giant dimensions of Acetabularia makes it an ideal object for the study of nucleocytoplasmic interactions. The main phase of the life cycle of Acetabularia is mononucleate and diploid. The culture techniques for Acetabularia are based in principle on procedures, which have been worked out by Hammerling and his coworkers for growing Acetabularia in cultures free from autotrophic contaminant organisms. Absolute sterility is not required in handling the cultures. Best growth is obtained in Erd–Schreiber medium—a chemically undefined medium, which is prepared from natural sea water by additions of NaNO 3 , Na 2 HPO 4 , and small amounts of soil extract. During the final stages of maturation of Acetabularia cells, the cytoplasm of the stalk streams into the cap and, together with cap cytoplasm, is used up in the differentiation of the spores. It is a unique feature of Acetabularia that a great variety of cellular systems can be assembled or reconstructed microsurgically. Almost all microsurgery with Acetabularia is based on two operational steps—namely, cutting of the cell into defined sections and the grafting together of two or more parts. Sections from different species can be combined in a graft.
Carrier-specific unresponsiveness in reaginic antibody formation: II. Suppression of hapten and carrier responsiveness in presensitized rats

Abstract By inducing carrier-specific tolerance to sheep γ-globulin (SGG) in rats challenged with TNP-SGG in alum, it has been possible to study the effect of helper T-cell Unresponsiveness on IgE anti-TNP antibody formation. Rats primed to either the carrier (SGG) or the hapten (TNP as TNP-KLH) were treated with a single high dose (10 mg) of soluble SGG resulting in a suppression of both IgE anti-TNP and anti-SGG antibody which was maintained following a normally immunogenic secondary challenge with TNP-SGG in alum. This suppression was relatively long lasting, with no detectable IgE responsiveness to hapten or carrier observed for up to 8 weeks after tolerance induction. Suppressed animals were able to respond to the hapten when challenged with TNP-KLH, indicating that the induced effect did not directly involve the IgE antibody producing cells, but rather the carrier-specific helper cells. These results parallel our previous findings for IgM and IgG responses in a similar system. Such relatively long lasting and easily induced suppression in IgE antibody formation to specific protein antigens in primed animals may eventually provide a clinically useful means of allergic desensitization to large protein allergens.
Periodic Arithmetical Functions and Gauss Sums

Let k be a positive integer. An arithmetical function f is said to be periodic with period k (or periodic modulo k) if $$f\left( {n + k} \right) = f\left( n \right)$$ for all integers n. If k is a period so is mk for any integer m > 0. The smallest positive period of f is called the fundamental period.
Individual Variation in Male Size and Behavioral Repertoire in the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

Variation among individuals in the expression of behaviors and associations of behaviors in different contexts can lead to the maintenance of behavioral polymorphisms. Individual variation in morphology is often associated with behavioral polymorphism, yet the degree to which morphology predicts behavioral phenotype is not well understood. We measured individual variation in size and behaviors in the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna, by comparing the behavior of individual males of different sizes across four different contexts (mating, exploratory tendency, sociability, and predator inspection). We also investigated the degree to which male size, a fixed genetic trait, influenced the expression of each behavior and associations between behaviors. We found that male mollies show strong associations between certain behaviors and only some of these are predicted by male size. For example, size has a strong influence on the courtship-boldness axis with larger males showing higher rates of courtship displays and being bolder in predator inspection. A positive association was found between exploratory tendency, sociability, and gonopodial thrusting rates, yet the expression of these behaviors was independent of male size. Thus, sailfin mollies, like many fish species, show associations of behaviors that contribute to differences among males in personality type. The fixed genetic effect of male size at maturity influences courtship and boldness, but individual variation in exploratory tendency, sociability, and sneak copulation attempts through gonopodial thrusts is independent of male size. Such variation among males in behavioral associations within and between different contexts may slow the rate at which populations of P. latipinna can diverge in individual behaviors.
Excessive force, civil liability, and the Taser in the nation's courts: Implications for law enforcement policy and practice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to help inform the ongoing policy and training debates over use of the Taser and its proper role in the use of force continuum.Design/methodology/approach – This paper qualitatively analyzes all reported court decisions (n=53 as of January 31, 2007) in which a Taser was used by a law enforcement officer.Findings – The majority of reported cases have resulted in the dismissal of claims against officers and municipalities for alleged Taser‐related excessive force violations. In most cases, plaintiffs were unable to show the existence of an unconstitutional policy or custom to support municipal liability. As for the liability of individual officers, most cases were decided in the officer's favor on summary judgment, particularly when the suspect was exhibiting physical resistance. In a few cases, summary judgment was denied to officers when the plaintiff alleged that he or she was fully compliant when the Tasering occurred.Research limitations/implications – This analys...
Stimulation by intrauterine devices of leukocytic responses and bactericidal activity in the sheep uterus.

Abstract Twenty-four ewes, 12 of which had an intrauterine device in place for 2 months, were autopsied during the estrous cycle. Uterine luminal washings and endometrial tissue were incubated aerobically and anaerobically on trypticase soy agar. Numbers of bacterial colonies cultured were small; neither the stage of the estrous cycle nor the presence of an IUD affected the number significantly. Twenty-four other ewes were inoculated in the lumen of one uterine horn, ligated at each end, with three billion Escherichia coli cells. Sixteen of the ewes had an IUD in one uterine horn; these ewes were inoculated in one horn or the other. Ewes were killed 4 or 8 hours after inoculation. The presence of an IUD in an inoculated uterine horn caused marked intensification of acute leukocytic responses and bactericidal activity.
Composite Wall Concept for High-Temperature Turbine Shrouds–Heat Transfer Analysis

A heat transfer analysis was made of a composite wall shroud consisting of a ceramic thermal barrier layer bonded to a porous metal layer which, in turn, is bonded to a metal base. The porous metal layer serves to mitigate the strain differences between the ceramic and the metal base. Various combinations of ceramic and porous metal layer thicknesses and of porous metal densities and thermal conductivities were investigated to determine the layer thicknesses required to maintain a limiting temperature in the porous metal layer. Analysis showed that the composite wall offered significant air cooling flow reductions compared to an all impingement air cooled, all metal shroud.
Search for 8+ strength in 16O via the 12C(α, α2)12C∗(7.66 MeV) reaction

Abstract Closely spaced angular distributions have been measured for the 12 C (α, α 2 ) 12 C ∗(7.66 MeV ) reaction between Eα = 17.39 and 20.5 MeV in a search for 8+ strength in 16O. No evidence of 8+ strength is found, but evidence is found for a narrow 7− resonance at 21.52 MeV excitation.
Low-cost flexible simulation with the static perfect shuffle network

The static perfect shuffle (shuffle-exchange) network is based on H. S. Stone's (1971) perfect shuffle network; the two-by-two switches are removed and replaced by exchange links between processors. The network could be used in a low-cost flexible simulator for other networks such as multistage cube networks and hypercubes. The simulation of switched networks and of static networks is discussed. >
Second thoughts about implementing routine screening of cancer patients for distress

Recommendations for routine screening of cancer patients for distress lack evidence that screening improves patient outcomes. Settings contemplating screening should consider other options for using the same resources. This article reviews evidence relevant to decision making and calls attention to limits in using screening instruments cross-culturally and for triaging patients for receipt of services. Whether screening is the best option depends on the patient population, culture, and health system.
Ganciclovir—Have We Established Clinical Value in the Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infections?

Excerpt A decade ago, the first report of parenteral antiviral therapy for severe and life-threatening herpesvirus infections, describing the value of vidarabine therapy for biopsy-proven herpes si...
Natural frequency analysis of a human tibia

Abstract A beam type finite element computer model is used to predict the natural frequency response of a human tibia with varying geometries, mass formulations and boundary conditions. Results are compared to analytic solutions and to published computer and experimental results. Variations between lumped and consistent mass formulations were found to be small, but significant. The effects of tibial twist and curvature were generally of the same order as the mass effects, with notable exceptions depending on boundary conditions. In fact, the major changes in predicted frequencies occurred with changes in boundary conditions. Variable springs at the boundaries were introduced to show a more continuous variation between free and fixed boundary conditions. Accuracy and repeatability of experimental and analytic results are examined in light of possible clinical applications.
TEMPORAL AND ONTOGENETIC ASPECTS OF PROTEIN INDUCTION IN FOLIAGE OF THE TOMATO, LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM

Abstract Damage to foliage of the tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, causes the induction of proteinase inhibitors and of the oxidative enzymes polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and lipoxygenase. The time courses of induction of these proteins by feeding of two caterpillar species (Manduca sexta and Helicoverpa zea) were studied in a series of experiments. In another series of experiments, the effects of plant age on the inducibility of these proteins were studied. In the time course experiments, induction of proteinase inhibitors and oxidative enzymes in the damaged leaflet was rapid, with higher protein activities evident in damaged leaflets within 12–24 h of damage, depending on the enzyme and the species of insect used to damage the plant. Systemic induction of proteinase inhibitors was also rapid, but systemic induction of polyphenol oxidase was delayed relative to systemic induction of proteinase inhibitors, possibly because high constitutive polyphenol oxidase activities obscured expression of systemic induction at earlier time points. Lipoxygenase and peroxidase were not induced systemically. Induction of all proteins persisted for at least 21 days. In the phenology experiments, inducibility of all proteins decreased in magnitude and was less consistent as plants aged. The results of these experiments exemplify the numerous constraints on induction in tomato plants. Knowledge of these physiological constraints is important to an understanding of the ecological role and causal basis of induced resistance.
Lead isotopes of the Red Sea Region

The lead concentrations and isotopic composition of the Red Sea sediments were determined. The sediment lead of the Red Sea was more radiogenic than that of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea; and also, was more radiogenic than that in the overlying hot brine.
Magnetization study of the IAl80Mn20 and TAl78Mn22 quasicrystalline phases

Abstract The results of a magnetization study are reported for two phases of rapidly quenched AlMn which possess non-crystallographic rotational symmetry: icosahedral (I-phase) IAl 80 Mn 20 and decagonal (T-phase) TAl 78 Mn 22 . The measurements were carried out over a temperature range from 1.7 to 300 K and for magnetic fields up to 50 kOe utilizing both VSM and SQUID magnetometry. The magnetic behavior of both phases is characterized by a small concentration of large moment “clusters” and spin-glass-like ordering.
Laser-assisted angioplasty of inferior vena caval obstructions: What's good for the artery is good for the vein

Three cases of hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction (two segmental and one membranous) associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome were successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with use of an Nd-YAG (neodymium-yttrium, aluminum, garnet) laser. The occluded portions were canalized by advancing a ceramic-capped delivery system and delivering intermittent laser emissions. The canal was widened by simultaneous inflation of three or four Gruentzig balloon catheters. In two of the three cases, this procedure was done after unsuccessful canalization of the occluded portions by conventional means. Postoperatively, all patients showed disappearance of Budd-Chiari syndrome. One patient also showed marked regression of a huge intraluminal thrombus. There were no serious complications during and after the procedures. Use of the Nd-YAG laser seems to be of value in PTA for the treatment of hepatic IVC obstructions as well as in treatment of arteriosclerotic lesions.
Uranium processing during the treatment of sodium-bonded spent nuclear fuel

Several key technical areas have been developed during a demonstration program at Argonne National Laboratory to advance the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel, including equipment operating conditions, uranium-product purity and recovery, and processing rates. Operating conditions for three integral processing steps were optimized based on minimizing the impurities to the final uranium product while meeting program goals for processing rates. The overall recovery of uranium during the process steps was influenced by process conditions as well as the production rates set forth for the demonstration program.
Relationship between previous reproductive history and chemically induced mammary cancer in rats

The relationship between a previous history of multiple pregnancies and/or lactations and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis was studied in groups of Sprague-Dawley rats. All rats received the carcinogen at approximately 6 1/2 months of age. Virgin control rats which did not receive the carcinogen did not develop mammary cancer within 13 months although carcinogen-fed virgin rats exhibited a mammary cancer incidence of 38.5%. A single pregnancy prior to feeding the carcinogen resulted in a decrease in the incidence and an increase in the mean time of appearance of the first palpable tumor. A single pregnancy followed by a subsequent nursing period reduced the percentage incidence and increased the mean time of appearance of the first palpable tumor when compared to the carcinogen-fed virgin rats. A further increase in the number of pregnancies and/or lactations did not greatly influence the incidence of mammary cancer nor the number of cancers per rat. The mean time of tumor appearance was, however, increased. These data indicated that the relationship between party and carcinogen-induced mammary cancer in the rat is similar to that existing in the human female but opposite to that found for the mouse.
Unicity in the uniform approximation of vector-valued functions

The problem of unicity in the uniform approximation of vector-valued functions is considered. A recent result of Cheney and Wulbert concerning unicity in the uniform approximation of real-valued functions is extended and some “point-wise” criteria for unicity are given.
Placebo-controlled clinical trials in multiple sclerosis: Ethical considerations

The availability of partially effective therapies for some forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) raises practical and ethical issues for future placebo-controlled clinical trials. An international Task Force of clinicians, statisticians, ethicists and regulators was convened to discuss these issues and develop consensus. The Task Force concluded that placebo-controlled clinical trials in forms of MS for which partially effective therapies exist were ethical, so long as study subjects were fully apprised of the availability of such therapies and were encouraged to pursue them outside of a clinical trial. Patients who decline to utilize available treatments, after proper education and counseling, or those that fail all therapies can be considered to have no treatment alternatives and thus may participate in a placebo-controlled trial.
Quinolone Molecular Structure-Activity Relationships: What We Have Learned about Improving Antimicrobial Activity

Recently, understanding of how molecular modifications of the core quinolone structure affect(s) antimicrobial agent activity has progressed rapidly. Three positions (2, 3, and 4) cannot be changed without a significant loss of biological activity. Furthermore, it appears that a cyclopropyl group is optimal at position 1. Substituents at positions 5 and 8 affect planar configuration, and either a methyl or methoxy appear optimal at these sites. Hydrogen and amino groups have been investigated as useful substituents at position 6, replacing the fluorine of the fluoroquinolones. Interestingly, in vitro activity enhancement observed with alterations at positions 5 and 6 is not always accompanied by improved in vivo action. For all these modifications, the substituents at positions 7 and 8 are critical for potent antimicrobial activity. Optimizing overall molecular configuration enhances the number of intracellular targets for antimicrobial action (R-8) and impedes the efficiency of efflux proteins (R-7) that diminish intracellular penetration.
Local recurrence following lung cancer surgery: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes.

Purpose To date, few large-scale original studies have focused specifically on local recurrence following curative lung cancer surgery. This review seeks to consolidate and analyze data from these studies regarding local recurrence incidence, risk factors, salvage treatments, and outcomes to increase awareness in the Oncology community and to spark new research in this area.
Moving finite element analysis for the identification of elastic beams

Abstract A numerical technique called moving finite element analysis is developed to tackle the indentation of elastic beams whose closed-form solutions exist. The governing equation with Lagrange multipliers embedded, derived from the variational principles, is now subjected to the constraint equations and the interface equation. In practice, the constraint equations are used to match both the deflection and the slope of the beam within the contact region with the geometric description of the indentor, while the interface equation is utilized to calculate the incremental movement of the marginal node in one load step. The numerical results calculated from the proposed algorithm incorporated with incremental and iterative procedures are displayed and compared against the closed-form solutions obtained from elementary beam theory. A discussion on the inclusion of shear effects is also presented.
180° homogeneous field electro-magnets with optimized current transmission

Abstract Analyzer magnets with high current transmission are needed for high sensitivity mass spectrometers. It is shown that the proper variable to be maximized is the normalized acceptance A n of the magnet. At given magnet weight A n can be maximized by proper choice of the relative magnet dimensions. For 180° deflection magnet optimum design parameters are calculated for a large range in absolute magnet size. Considerable savings in magnet size and power consumption can be achieved by choosing the optimized design.
Improvement of Regression Simulation in Fluvial Sediment Loads

In the mid-Atlantic region of the United States, sediment loads from stream runoff generally change more rapidly in the rising limb than in the falling limb of a storm hydrograph. As a result, sediment load reaches its peak prior to flow peak, an observation known as clockwise hysteresis. This dynamic load–flow relationship is poorly reproduced by the existing multivariate linear regression models. This paper explores regressors that attempt to incorporate observed features in a statistical model and thus improve load estimates. These included inverse discharge and flow-change regressors. The load estimates using three regression models for eight rivers are compared, and recommended regression equations are proposed.
Bis­[tris­(pyrazol‐1‐yl)­methane‐κ2N,N′]­platinum(II) bis­(hexa­fluoro­phosphate) nitro­methane solvate

The title complex, [Pt(C10H10N6)2](PF6)2·2CH3NO2, crystallizes with the Pt atom located on a crystallographic center of symmetry. The asymmetric unit comprises the anion, one-half cation and a nitro­methane mol­ecule. The anions and solvent pack to form a zigzag ribbon motif, alternating with layers of cations. The extended packing consists of a network of C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯F intermolecular interactions.
A prospective randomized study comparing a cervical carbon fiber cage to the Smith-Robinson technique with allograft and plating: up to 24 months follow-up.

Introduction: Intervertebral carbon fiber cages may reduce graft collapse and promote bony fusion. Their safety and efficacy in the cervical spine have been investigated; however, no study has compared the outcomes of anterior cervical decompression and placement of a carbon fiber cage with placement of allograft and plate. Methods: Forty consecutive patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled and randomized to anterior cervical discectomy with carbon fiber cage alone (n=20) or with allograft with plating (n=20). Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at baseline and at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Neck and arm pain as well as neck disability index (NDI) were assessed at every visit. The Short Form (SF)-36 was completed prior to operation and at 12-month intervals. Cervical radiographs were evaluated pre-op and at every follow-up for evidence of fusion and instability. Results: No significant difference was found between the two randomized groups with respect to pre-operative age (mean 50 years), sex, employment status, duration of pain or cervical levels affected. The mean follow-up period was 14 months (range, 6–26 months). The clinical pain and disability improvements were similar for both treatments. Post-operative donor site pain was only present in the cage group, but not of significant long-term disability. At up to 24 months, NDI scores were significantly improved in both groups when compared with baseline. At 12 and 24 months, all SF-36 questionnaire responses were also improved in both the treatment groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference in outcomes between the two groups at any time. The fusion rate was 100% in both groups by 12 and 24 months, without evidence of instability. There were no differences in complications between both groups. Conclusions: The outcomes after cervical decompression and placement of a carbon fiber cage appear to be similar to cervical decompression with allograft and plating by the Smith–Robinson technique.
Neuropathological Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

The definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is made at autopsy by the presence of abundant neuritic plaques (NP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the neocortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. The two criteria most frequently used by neuropathologists for the diagnosis of AD over the past 12 years are those described by Khachaturian and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. Though both have been useful, they have weaknesses and lack validation. The majority of recent studies has shown that NFT in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and neocortex and NP in the neocortex correlate best with severity of dementia in AD. The criteria recommended by the Workshop on Diagnostic Criteria for the Neuropathological Assessment of AD uses semiquantitation of NFT and NP in the neocortex, adds evaluation of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, places emphasis on coexisting lesions such as vascular lesions and Lewy bodies, and establishes criteria for general pathologists and more rigorous criteria for the AD research setting. These criteria will require further refinement and validation.
Microdensitometric and visual evaluation of the resolution of dental films.

Abstract The resolution of intraoral dental films and some screen-film combinations are measured with two methods.
On a Theorem of Plünnecke Concerning the Sum of A Basis and A Set of Positive Density

In 1935 Erdős proved that every additive basis B of order h is an essential component by showing σ(A + B) ≥ σ(A) + (1/2h) σ(A)(1 − σ(A)), where σ denotes Schnirelmann density. This lower bound was improved by Plunnecke to σ(A + B) ≥ σ(A)1 − 1/h, giving the best exponent. A simplified proof is presented.
Neurotrophic factor for serotogenic neurons prevents degeneration of grafted raphe neurons in the cerebellum

Abstract Earlier studies in this laboratory have shown that partial serotonergic (5-HT) deafferentation from the hippocampus induced a homotypic sprouting. The 5-HT-denervated hippocampus was further found to be a favorable environment for the growth of grafted 5-HT, but not for inrepinephrinergic neurons. In the current study, we have extracted a trophic factor in the denervated hippocampus with hypotonic solution in high-speed supernatant fraction. The trophic extract was assayed in a unique experimental paradigm — test the growth of grafted 5-HT neurons in the cerebellum, which receives the least 5-HT innervation, and where grafted 5-HT neurons have seldom survived. The diluted trophic extract (1:200) produced a dramatic increase in (a) the survival rate, (b) the 5-HT fiber-density, and (c) the 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids lvels of grafted 5-HT neurons in the cerebellum. In addition, Nissl-counterstaining showed that the size of the grafted raphe also apparently increased. The concentrated trophic extract (1:1) did not increase the survival rate of the grafted raphe neurons. These results indicate that (a) the supernatant in the 5-HT-denervated hippocampus contains a potent neurotrophic factor to 5-HT neurons (b) which can either directly or indirectly also support non-5-HT raphe neurons, and (c) possibly an inhibitory factor is present which is detrimental to 5-HT neurons in high concentration.
The perceived competence of women in traditional and nontraditional fields as a function of sex-role orientation and age

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two subject variables, age and traditionality of occupational role, on women's attitudes towards the competence of women. Subjects were 130 females of two age groups, working either in fields where women are a minority or in fields where they are a majority. Subjects were presented with two hypothetical student records in application to graduate school, one for medicine, the other for elementary education. Half of the subjects in each group rated resumes from two male applicants, and half rated resumes from two female applicants. As predicted, women in nontraditional occupational roles of both age groups did not rate the applicants differently based on sex. The older women in traditional roles rated males significantly higher than females, while the younger women in traditional roles rated females significantly higher than males. The gender affiliation of the field was found to have no significant influence on the ratings.
How does exposure to cigarette advertising contribute to smoking in adolescents? The role of the developing self-concept and identification with advertising models

Increased exposure to cigarette advertisements is associated with increases in adolescent smoking but the reasons for this association are not well established. This study evaluated whether self-concept development (operationalized as level of self-conflict) and identifying with the models used in cigarette print advertising contributed to smoking intentions among adolescents. Ninety-five adolescents (ages 11-17) participated in this two session study. In session 1, they rated the extent to which they identified with the models used in 10 current cigarette print ads (the models were isolated digitally from the cigarette advertisements) and their level of self-conflict was assessed. In session 2, participants viewed each of the 10 cigarette advertisements from which the models were drawn and rated their intentions to smoke following exposure to each ad. Model identification was associated with similar levels of post ad exposure smoking intentions for both younger and older adolescents when they also exhibited no self-conflict. A contrasting set of findings emerged for younger and older adolescents when they exhibited high levels of self-conflict: Young adolescents who strongly identified with the models used in cigarette advertisements had higher post ad exposure smoking intentions compared to younger adolescents who weakly identified with the models used in the advertisements; in contrast, older adolescents who weakly identified with the models used in cigarette advertisements had stronger post ad exposure smoking intentions compared to older adolescents who strongly identified with the models used in the advertisements. These results point to the importance of examining developmentally-relevant moderators for the effects of cigarette advertising exposure.
Erratum to: Evaluation and treatment of osteoporotic distal radius fracture in the elderly patient

Erratum to: Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2013 DOI 10.1007/s12178-012-9153-8 This article was published in the March 2013 issue of Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine (volume 6, issue 1). The title of this article should read “Evaluation and Treatment of Osteoporotic Distal Radius Fracture in the Elderly Patient,” not “Evaluation and Treatment of Osetoporotic Distal Radius Fracture in the Elderly Patient.”
Inhibition of palatal fusion in vitro by hadacidin.

This study examined the effects of hadacidin, an analogue of L-aspartic acid, on epithelial fusion, breakdown, and mesenchymal contact in explants of fetal mouse palatal shelves. Shelves from 14-day C57BL/6Js were explanted to agar-solidified Eagle's basal medium. Control palates grown in this medium mimicked normal closure; i.e., an epithelial seam formed, broke down, and mesenchymal contact occurred in vitro. Experimental palates were grown in this medium supplemented with 1 or 2 mg/ml hadacidin or with concentrations of L-aspartic acid equal to or in excess of that of hadacidin. Histological observations of explants exposed to 2 mg of hadacidin for 2 days indicated that cells of the marginal epithelia became adherent to form epithelial bands, but that subsequent epithelial breakdown and mesenchymal contact did not occur. The presence of mi to tic figures in the epithelial bands and in the mesenchyme of treated explants indicated that hadacidin inhibited breakdown, and, in addition, that it did not severely suppress or debilitate all cellular activity. This observation supports the fact that explants treated with hadacidin for 2 days, when moved to control medium for an additional 2 days, were able to undergo epithelial-band breakdown and mesenchymal penetration. Preliminary data from explants treated with hadacidin and L-aspartic acid indicated that competitive reversal by the amino acid did not occur consistently in vitro at concentrations of the amino acid 3 times that of hadacidin.
Movement of Kinetin and Gibberellic Acid in Leaf Petioles during Water Stress-induced Abscission in Cotton

Movement of [(14)C]kinetin and [(14)C]gibberellic acid was examined in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotyledonary petiole sections independent of label uptake or exit from the tissue. Sections 20 millimeters in length were taken from well watered, stressed, and poststressed plants. Transport capacity was determined using a pulse-chase technique. Movement of both kinetin and gibberellic acid was found to be nonpolar with a velocity of 1 millimeter per hour or less, suggesting passive diffusion. Neither water stress nor anaerobic conditions during transport of labeled material affected the transport capacity of the petioles.Results suggested strong kinetin binding but weak gibberellic acid binding in the tissue sections. Apparent binding of both growth regulators was unaltered by the experimental conditions. Movement of these two growth regulators within cotton cotyledonary petioles plays a minor role in the stress-induced, foliar abscission process.
HEAVY RAINFAL RELATIONS OVER CHICAGO AND NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS

: Detailed studies of rainfall frequency and pattern relations were made over the Chicago urban region and the surrounding six Illinois counties (Cook, DuPage, Kane, Will, Lake, and McHenry). These studies utilized raingage records from an urban network of National Weather Service raingages in the region, primarily for the period 1949 to 1974. Frequency distributions of point rainfall were obtained for periods from 5 minutes to 72 hours and recurrence intervals of 6 months to 50 years. These results indicated a spatial pattern of short-duration heavy rainfall frequencies related to urban-lake effects, particularly in the huge industrial region over the southern portion of Chicago. The time distribution within heavy rainstorms over the urban region was determined, and it was found that the point rainfall relations over the urban region were similar to a 12-year sample of a dense raingage network over a rural area in central Illinois. The characteristics of heavy rainfall over northeast Illinois were also studied through the use of heavy, 1-day storms. A total of 87 storms, capable of producing local flooding, were analyzed to determine 1) the frequency distribution of storm centers, 2) seasonal and diurnal distribution of storms, and 3) orientation and movement of storms.
Tumor proliferative activity is predictive of pathological stage in clinical stage A nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors.

AbstractPurpose: Traditional histopathological features have failed to predict accurately the pathological stage of clinical stage A nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis. Based on pilot studies in nonconsecutive patients at our university, we evaluated nontraditional risk factors (cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, deoxyribonucleic acid analysis by single cell cytophotometry [image analysis] and assessment of proliferative activity by immunohistochemistry) combined with histopathological features in consecutive patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous testis cancer.Materials and Methods: Orchiectomy specimens from 105 consecutive patients with clinical stage A nonseminomatous germ cell tumors who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (76 with pathological stage A disease and 29 with proved metastasis) were recut, histopathologically reviewed, immunohistochemically stained with proliferation markers (for example Ki-67/MIB-1), and examined by flow cytometry and image analysis.R...
Behavioral effects of handling rabbits in infancy

Abstract Dutch-belted and Florida White rabbit pups were handled on Days 1 to 20 of life in a fashion similar to that used in handling rats. In addition, the rabbit doe was locked out of the cage for 22 hr daily to minimize social interaction with her young. The doe was excluded from the nest box and her young until an hour after handling, by which time the pups were in a quiescent state. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether handling effects could be obtained in the rabbit when there was no interaction of the mother with her pups immediately subsequent to the handling experience. Handling was found to increase open-field activity in both strains. Handling also had a strong effect in increasing the exploratory behavior of the Dutch-belted rabbit; the handled Florida White rabbit explored more as well, but the magnitude of difference was less than that found with the Dutch-belted strain. The Dutch-belted rabbits approached and spent more time near a stimulus rabbit than did their controls, while no difference was obtained with the Florida White strain. These findings, in conjunction with other experimental data, strongly argue that handling in and of itself brings about differences in behavior independent of any maternal interaction with the pups. In addition, the results with the rabbits are remarkably similar to the results obtained with rats, suggesting that the handling technique has broad interspecies generality.
Interactions between dissolved silica and carbonate minerals: An experimental study at 25–50°C

Abstract Replacement of carbonate minerals by silica polymorphs in marine and meteoric environments is a common early diagenetic feature of sedimentary rocks. Although relatively few experimental investigations have been made of interactions between carbonate minerals and dissolved SiO 2 at moderate temperatures, available data suggest that silica uptake onto carbonate surfaces can be significant. We present results of experiments conducted between 25° and 50°C of the uptake of aqueous SiO 2 from artificial seawater (MgNaClCaHCO 3 , I =0.7) and meteoric-type (CaCl 2 Na 2 CO 3 , I M , a reasonable upper limit for natural diagenetic waters. Dissolved silica-carbonate mineral interactions were investigated under three experimental conditions: (1) in solutions near equilibrium with respect to calcite; (2) in calcite-seeded precipitation experiments at fixed degrees of calcite supersaturation; and (3) during closed-system, dissolution-precipitation of metastable carbonate minerals (aragonite and 18 mole% Mg-calcite) to low-Mg calcite (LMC). In artificial seawater (ASW) maintained near equilibrium with respect to calcite at various P CO2 -values, silica uptake from solution onto calcite surfaces (∼1–15 μmol Si/gram seed) was irreversible and strongly time-and pH-dependent. The rate of uptake was greatest in the first 5 hr and in solutions of lower pH (higher P CO2 ). Silica uptake was only nominally dependent on solution [Mg] and temperature over the range studied. Silica uptake was greater in ASW than in otherwise comparable experiments conducted in low-ionic-strength solutions. Controlled calcite precipitation rates were unaffected by the adsorption of silica. During recrystallization of aragonite and Mg-calcite in low-ionic-strength solutions, silica uptake (1–6 μmol g − ) was similar to values frorn near-equilibrium experiments for synthetic calcite in ASW. Experimental Si adsorption values were comparable to Si adsorption values determined for modem metastable sediments (3–4μmol g −1 ). Despite considerable variation in the experimental carbonate equilibrium-disequilibrium, mineralogy and solution chemistry, Si uptake at near-surface and moderate burial conditions (25–50°C) was limited to ∼15 μmol g −1 Si even in solutions maintained near opal-CT saturation over a period of days to weeks.
Post-granulite facies fluid infiltration in the Adirondack Mountains

Granulite facies lithologies from the Adirondack Mountains of New York contain alteration assemblages composed dominantly of calcite +/- chlorite +/- sericite. These assemblages document fluid infiltration at middle to upper crustal levels. Cathodoluminescence of samples from the Marcy anorthosite massif indicates that the late fluid infiltration is more widespread than initially indicated by transmitted-light petrography alone. Samples that appear unaltered in transmitted light show extensive anastomosing veins of calcite (< 0.05 mm wide) along grain boundaries, in crosscutting fractures, and along mineral cleavages. The presence of the retrograde calcite documents paleopermeability in crystalline rocks and is related to the formation of high-density CO/sub 2/-rich fluid inclusions. Recognition of this process has important implications for studies of granulite genesis and the geophysical properties of the crust.
Some similar laminar flows obtained by quasilinearization.

Laminar compressible boundary layer equations solved by quasi-linearization, considering pressure gradients and hypersonic layers
Tube Wells, Open Wells, and Optimum Ground‐Water Resource Developmenta

Many tube wells drilled for irrigation use fail prematurely because of poor well design, improper sized and placed gravel-pack material, and ineffective slotted-pipe screens. Well and gravel-pack design criteria and an improved slotted-pipe screen described in this paper offer promise of drastically reducing such failures. Properly designed tube wells equipped with this type of screen should have more than double the safe-yield and service-life capability of most irrigation tube wells now in use. In some countries large-diameter, low-capacity open wells always have been used to obtain irrigation water. Now, small-diameter, high-capacity tube wells are being constructed in the same aquifers. As extensive tube-well development occurs, the water table will drop, drying up many shallow open wells. In such instances, those who can afford the deeper, more expensive tube wells could gain almost exclusive use of the aquifer. Optimum development of surficial aquifers using both tube and open wells may have to be rigidly controlled to assure every farmer a fair share of available water. Such controls should be based on the potential safe yield capability of aquifers. A graphical procedure used in Illinois to obtain an estimate of this value for planning and initial development purposes is presented in this paper.
Objective, Bayesian Analysis of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Data

Fluctuations in fluorescence intensity provide quantitative insight into a range of molecular processes including diffusion, active transport, and binding kinetics in living cells and tissues. Classical fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measures fluctuations in fluorescence intensity in a small detection volume to infer molecular transport properties from governing continuum diffusion-convection equations. Essential to the interpretation of FCS data is the use of an underlying mathematical model that governs the molecular process under study. Autocorrelations in fluctuations in fluorescence intensity may then be fit to the analytical solution of the model, and corresponding molecular properties may be inferred. While the choice of physical process may be unambiguous for special cases of free molecular diffusion or convective transport in solution, the correct choice of model becomes considerably less unambiguous in the application of FCS to complex biological processes in living cells or extracellular matrices. For this reason, an objective and unbiased approach to model selection and parameter estimation is of interest. The method of Bayesian inference provides such a framework. At the level of parameter estimation, Bayesian inference is similar to Maximum Likelihood Estimation when flat priors are chosen for initial parameter estimates. At the level of model selection, however, Bayesian inference assigns explicit model probabilities that are proportional to their marginal likelihoods by considering the full range of parameter values and their posterior probability distributions rather than only using point-wise, Maximum Likelihood estimates, thereby appropriately penalizing model complexity and preventing over-fitting of experimental data. Here we illustrate application of Bayesian inference to the problem of model selection and parameter estimation of molecular transport properties from FCS data, comparing it to traditional model selection approaches.