cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conceptual architecture for static features in physical security simulation

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to propose a data model that enables the user to model a physical facility at different levels of detail and explicitly incorporate interactions among the components of the facility. Second to suggest a methodology for line-of-sight, which is the primary factor in recognition of threats in physical security settings.
Altered states of telomere deprotection and the two-stage mechanism of replicative aging

The molecular distinctions between mortality stages 1 (M1; senescence) and 2 (M2; crisis) of human replicative aging are ill defined. We demonstrate a qualitative difference between telomeric end associations at M1 and the end fusions that produce dicentric chromosomes and breakage-fusion cycles. Knockdown of ligase IV sufficient to completely inhibit radiation-induced dicentric chromosome formation had no effect on the frequency of telomere associations (TAs), establishing that TAs are not covalent conventional nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) products. TAs preceded and were more numerous than dicentric chromosomes. Cells initially tolerated dicentric chromosomes without dying, but eventually, a combination of too many TAs and dicentrics/complex chromosomal rearrangements resulted in apoptosis. We propose a working model in which end associations represent abortive DNA repair intermediates when the number of telomeric repeats is too small to completely inhibit DNA damage signaling but is sufficient to prevent the final covalent ligation step of NHEJ and induces the M1 checkpoint arrest in normal human cells. Rather than being all-or-none, telomere deprotection would thus proceed first through TAs before additional shortening leads to dicentric chromosomes. M2/crisis involves both qualitative changes (a shift from TAs to TAs plus dicentric chromosomes) and quantitative changes (an increase in the number of dysfunctional telomeres).
Predicting the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Recurrence

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a chronic disease with a 30% ten-year recurrence rate. The highest incidence of recurrence is in the first 6 months. Active cancer significantly increases the hazard of early recurrence, and the proportions of time on standard heparin with an APTT ≥ 0.2 anti-X(a) U/mL, and on warfarin with an INR ≥ 2.0, significantly reduce the hazard. The acute treatment duration does not affect recurrence risk after treatment is stopped. Independent predictors of late recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, leg paresis, active cancer and other persistent VTE risk factors, idiopathic VTE, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia and a persistently increased plasma fibrin D-dimer. A recommendation for secondary prophylaxis should be individualized based on the risk for recurrent VTE (especially fatal pulmonary embolism) and bleeding. The appropriateness of secondary prophylaxis should be continuously reevaluated, and the prophylaxis stopped if the benefit no longer exceeds the risk.
Density‐Dependent Sexual Selection in External Fertilizers: Variances in Male and Female Fertilization Success along the Continuum from Sperm Limitation to Sexual Conflict in the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus

Abstract: Sperm competition and female choice are fundamentally driven by gender differences in investment per offspring and are often manifested as differences in variance in reproductive success: males compete and have high variance; most females are mated and have low variance. In marine organisms that broadcast spawn, however, females may encounter either sperm limitation or sperm competition. I measured the fertilization success of male and female Strongylocentrotus franciscanus over a range of population densities using microsatellite markers. Female fertilization success first increased and then decreased with mate density, limited at low density by sperm limitation and at high density by polyspermy. Mate density affected variance in fertilization success in both males and females. In males, the variance in fertilization success increased with mate density. In females, the pattern was more complex. The variance in female success increased similarly to males with increased mate density but then decr...
Molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and their relatives (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Pterioidea)

The superfamily Pterioidea is a morphologically and ecologically diverse lineage of epifaunal marine bivalves distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical continental shelf regions. This group includes commercially important pearl culture species and model organisms used for medical studies of biomineralization. Recent morphological treatment of selected pterioideans and molecular phylogenetic analyses of higher-level relationships in Bivalvia have challenged the traditional view that pterioidean families are monophyletic. This issue is examined here in light of molecular data sets composed of DNA sequences for nuclear and mitochondrial loci, and a published character data set of anatomical and shell morphological characters. The present study is the first comprehensive species-level analysis of the Pterioidea to produce a well-resolved, robust phylogenetic hypothesis for nearly all extant taxa. The data were analyzed for potential biases due to taxon and character sampling, and idiosyncracies of different molecular evolutionary processes. The congruence and contribution of different partitions were quantified, and the sensitivity of clade stability to alignment parameters was explored. Four primary conclusions were reached: (1) the results strongly supported the monophyly of the Pterioidea; (2) none of the previously defined families (except for the monotypic Pulvinitidae) were monophyletic; (3) the arrangement of the genera was novel and unanticipated, however strongly supported and robust to changes in alignment parameters; and (4) optimizing key morphological characters onto topologies derived from the analysis of molecular data revealed many instances of homoplasy and uncovered synapomorphies for major nodes. Additionally, a complete species-level sampling of the genus Pinctada provided further insights into the on-going controversy regarding the taxonomic identity of major pearl culture species.
Mapping of the Locus for Escherichia coli Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Nucleotidyltransferase

cca Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 have altered levels of tRNA nucleotidyl-transferase activity. The cca locus has been located at minute 59.4 of the E. coli linkage map. It is cotransduced with tolC but not with argG, and is the earliest known marker transferred by Hfr strain KL14. The proximity of the tolC locus to the integrated sex factor in Hfr strain KL14 may be useful for mapping sex factor mutations by transduction.
Initiated CVD of Poly(2‐Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization and In‐vitro Biocompatibility

Initiated (i)CVD, an all-dry, one-step surface polymerization technique, was used to synthesize thin film hydrogels of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies showed stoichiometric PHEMA films obtained by iCVD. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a high glass transition temperature, indicative of high molecular mass polymer. In-vitro cell studies using adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) demonstrated the nontoxic nature and good cell adhesion properties of iCVD PHEMA films.
Effect of Moisture on Salmonella Populations in Animal Feeds

Abstract IT IS well documented that micro-organisms require chemically unbound water for growth. Water activity (aw) is defined as “the relative humidity of an atmosphere with which a product is in equilibrium” (Scott, 1953) and is used as a measurement of the available water. Relatively little information is available on the relationship between salmonella microbial contaminants and the water activity of animal feedstuffs. Scott and Christian (1953) reported that salmonellae grew in liquid media having aw’s between 0.945 and 0.995, while in foods the aw necessary for growth was slightly higher. Liu et al. (1969) noted that a Salmonella senftenberg 775W population would multiply in meat and bone meal having aw’s of 0.950 and higher at holding temperatures of 25° and 37°C. This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of water activity on the dynamics of four salmonella species in a variety of animal by-products and finished feeds. MATERIALS AND…
Consumer End-Use Energy Efficiency and Rebound Effects

Energy efficiency policies are pursued as a way to provide affordable and sustainable energy services. Efficiency measures that reduce energy service costs will free up resources that can be spent in the form of increased consumption—either of that same good or service or of other goods and services that require energy (and that have associated emissions). This is called the rebound effect. There is still significant ambiguity about how the rebound effect should be defined, how we can measure it, and how we can characterize its uncertainty. Occasionally the debate regarding its importance reemerges, in part because the existing studies are not easily comparable. The scope, region, end-uses, time period of analysis, and drivers for efficiency improvements all differ widely from study to study. As a result, listing one single number for rebound effects would be misleading. Rebound effects are likely to depend on the specific attributes of the policies that trigger the efficiency improvement, but such factor...
Molecular weight-dependence of free volume in polystyrene studied by positron annihilation measurements

Positron annihilation lifetime measurements are reported for four monodisperse polystyrenes with molar mass M = 4,000, 9,200, 25,000, and 400,000. The temperature dependences of orthopositronium (o-Ps) lifetime (τ3) and intensity (I3) were measured from 5°C to Tg + 30°C for each sample. From these data, the free volume hole size, 〈vf(τ3)〉, and fractional free volume hps=CI3〈vf(τ3)〉 were calculated. The temperature dependences of τ3, 〈vf(τ3)〉 and hps show a discrete change in slope at an effective glass transition temperature, Tg,ps, which is measurably below the conventional bulk Tg. This suggests that τ3 is sensitive to large holes which retain their liquid-like mobility in the glassy state. Good agreement was found for T > hg,ps between hps and the theoretical free volume fraction hth deduced from experimental P-V-T data for polystyrene using the statistical mechanical theory of Simha and Somcynsky. Below Tg,ps, deviations between hps and hth are observed, hps falling increasingly below hth as temperature decreases. Whereas hps and hth depend strongly on M in the melt, each essentially independent of M in the glass. A free volume quantity, computed from the bulk volume, which is in good numerical agreement with the Simha-Somcynsky h-function in the melt, gives improved agreement with hps in the glassy state. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microwave link dual-wavelength measurements of path-average attenuation for the estimation of drop size distributions and rainfall

Microwave attenuation measurements at 25 and 38 GHz made on a 2.3-km microwave link are employed to estimate drop size distributions (DSD), rainfall rate, and rainfall accumulation. A theoretical model for the propagation of microwaves in a link system sets forth the basis for the development of a dual-wavelength analytical technique to invert two parameters of a path-average gamma DSD. The DSDs obtained from the technique are evaluated in conjunction with point measurements performed with a 2-D video disdrometer. Additionally, the DSDs yield path-average rainfall rates and rainfall accumulation which are compared with path-average measurements from a network of optical and tipping bucket rain gauges located beneath the link path, and with estimates based on empirical power law relations.
An Investigation into the Coaching Approach of a Successful World Class Soccer Coach: Anson Dorrance

INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have attempted to understand the processes that contribute to the success of sport teams, and evidence suggests that the role of the coach is particularly impactful [1, 2]. It is often assumed that coaches who consistently produce winning teams do something better or different than coaches of less successful teams. As a result, researchers frequently conduct studies on highly successful coaches through observations, interviews, biographies, and other methodologies to gain insights into the coaching process as well as the strategies these coaches use to help their athletes and teams achieve performance success [3-5]. Anson Dorrance, head women’s soccer coach at the University of North Carolina and former USA Women’s National Team coach, is arguably one of the most successful coaches in the sport of soccer, and perhaps even across sports. With a 94% winning record over 33 years at the collegiate level, 21 national championships, and a first place finish in the 1991 World Cup Championship (i.e., the first in U.S. history), Dorrance has certainly developed a system of coaching that gets results. This makes him a prime target for research on the processes associated with successful coaching. In an attempt to expand on the current body of literature, Jin Wang and Bill Straub conducted a study on Dorrance’s leadership style and approach to coaching. The purpose of this article is to provide a critique of that study as well as a commentary on some of the more prominent findings.
The Effect of Course Focus on Preservice Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Personal and School Uses of Computers and Computer Anxiety

AbstractThis study investigated two different teaching approaches to the same introductory computer literacy course for preservice teachers to examine preservice teacher’s resulting attitudes toward personal uses of computers, attitudes toward school uses of computers, and computer anxiety. Two class sections focused on building a strong knowledge base with positive attitudes as a secondary priority while another two class sections focused on developing positive attitudes with little emphasis on developing a strong knowledge base. Results indicated no significant differences between the groups for any of the three areas after the 1 -semester treatment, which indicated that the elevation in positive attitudes and reduction of computer anxiety were not related to course focus.
Economic Relationships of Hay and Concentrate Consumption to Milk Production

Additional knowledge about the nature of the milk production function and its economic and nutritional implications are reported in this interdisciplinary study by economists, nutritionists, and statisticians. A milk production response surface was estimated from a basic experimental design that included four rations (including all hay) and three levels of feeding. While complementing in part the design of earlier Iowa studies, additional attention was given to important economic, biological, nutritional, and statistical considerations. Results obtained provide additional evidence indicating nonlinearity of the milk production function and decreasing marginal rates of substitution of grain for hay. Inferences concerning conditions of economic optima are similar to those obtained in the Iowa research. While primarily methodological in nature, this research indicates the need for large-scale experiments to increase the precision of estimated parameters. Designs providing for estimation of experimental movements in both horizontal and vertical directions on the milk-hay-grain surface are needed. R ESEARCHERS in animal nutrition have sought for many years to develop systems of feed equivalents that would permit comparison of different feeds in terms of a standard unit. A serious criticism by dairy nutritionists of the feeding standards that have been developed is their lack of agreement in evaluating different feeds [5]. The linearity implied in these standards has been criticized by production economists [7]. The pioneering study reported by Jensen et al. [6] gave evidence that the relationship of feed input to milk output is not linear, but the study was not designed to permit estimation of marginal rates of substitution between feeds. Attempts to derive milk production functions from existing data were reported in this journal by Heady [2] in 1951 and by Redman [7] in 1952. Heady used data from the Jensen study; Redman obtained data from various sources. Both authors recognized the inadequacies of their data and described their studies as primarily methodological and for the purpose of stimulating researchers to conduct experiments designed to permit estimation of milk production functions.
Some Questions of Business Ethics

This case consists of a series of vignettes, or briefly sketched problem situations, which arise in a variety of business settings. They raise important ethical issues--including lying and deception, cooperation with evil, and abuse of company benefits--from the point of view of the central character in the case.
Thornton Lake Reflections

This photo was made in Michigan's Upper Peninsula near the city of Munising. Almost every year, I spend at least 1 week up there and often will go back to favorite spots. On …
Dispersal of Early Instars of the Douglas-fir Tussock Moth,,

Early instar dispersal of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Mc-Dunnough) was investigated in the laboratory and in the field at Enterprise, Oregon, and Kamloops, British Columbia. Field studies showed 96% of dispersing larvae were 1st instars and the rest were mostly 2nd instars. Dispersal lasted 10—20 days, occurred only in daylight, and usually peaked before noon. At Enterprise, the number of larvae spreading into an adjacent, uninfested stand was too small for detectable defoliation in the year of dispersal; 1 yr later the population had disappeared. At Kamloops, the dispersing population was large enough to cause heavy defoliation to closely adjacent stands in the year of dispersal. The buoyancy of 1st instars was positively correlated with the length of their silk thread. Field data and theoretical calculations suggest that even larvae with very long silk threads do not normally drift far from their source trees.
Probing the Plasmonic Near-Field of Gold Nanocrescent Antennas

We present an investigation of the plasmon-induced electromagnetic near-field around gold nanocrescent (NC) antennas which exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in the infrared. To probe the near-field behavior, we monitored the LSPR shift of NCs to adsorption of dielectric layers of varying thickness. The experimental results are analyzed using theoretical simulations, and the EM field decay lengths for the NCs are determined. We discuss how the structural properties of NC antennas influence the near-field properties and compare the results with the near-fields of other metal nanostructures. We show that the near-field distribution around NCs depends strongly on the structural parameters of the NC and that its spatial extent can be tuned to large distances (>700 nm) from the nanostructure surface. In addition, we discuss NC antenna structural changes associated with exposure to ethanol and buffer solutions and the impact on LSPR properties.
Comparing the energetic and dynamic contributions of solvent to very low barrier isomerization using dynamic steady-state vibrational spectroscopy

We report the solvent-dependent dynamics of carbonyl site exchange for Fe(CO)3(η4-norbornadiene) (FeNBD) in a series of linear and nonlinear alkanes. The barrier to exchange is very low (∼1.5 kcal/mol), and the resulting carbonyl dynamics are rapid enough to lead to a change in the vibrational spectra, which we use to extract the ultrafast rates of exchange from linear Raman spectra of FeNBD. The dynamics of the carbonyl exchange has a weak dependence upon the solvent, and we analyze this dependence in terms of energetic (reaction field) and dynamic (Kramers theory) models of solvent effects. We find that both models can reproduce the observed solvent dependence but that the dynamic model provides a more physically satisfying picture for the solvent effects than does the energetic model. Finally, we find that cyclohexane is more strongly coupled to the dynamics of FeNBD than are the noncyclic alkanes.
Pathogen Tactics to Manipulate Plant Cell Death

Cell death is a vital process for multicellular organisms. Programmed cell death (PCD) functions in a variety of processes including growth, development, and immune responses for homeostasis maintenance. In particular, plants and animals utilize PCD to control pathogen invasion and infected cell populations. Despite some similarity, there are a number of key differences between how these organisms initiate and regulate cell death. In contrast to animals, plants are sessile, lack a circulatory system, and have additional cellular structures, including cell walls and chloroplasts. Plant cells have the autonomous ability to induce localized cell death using conserved eukaryotic pathways as well as unique plant-specific pathways. Thus, in order to successfully infect host cells, pathogens must subvert immune responses and avoid detection to prevent PCD and allow infection. Here we discuss the roles of cell death in plant immune responses and the tactics pathogens utilize to avert cell death.
A combinatorial distributed architecture for Exascale computing

Computer architectures are expected to change to support Exascale computing in the near future. As energy and cooling constraints limit increases in microprocessor clock speeds and number of cores, computer companies are turning to parallel programming. Nowadays, parallel programming is achieved by increasing the number of processing elements in processor cores, increasing the number of processor cores itself and complicated parallel programming where programmer has the responsibility of allocating memory and synchronizing the communication between the processing elements as well as processor cores. It becomes increasingly difficult and expensive to design and produce shared memory machines with ever increasing number of processors. Increase in the number of processors is a major disadvantage when it comes to energy consumption. In this work, we present a new architecture for processor design based on pairwise balanced combinatorial interconnection of processing and memory elements. The proposed processor uses two operand instructions, so that the set of executable machine instructions is partitioned by these pairs. This kind of partition allows parallel processing of data-independent instructions. Since this partition is done at the compile time, the architecture extracts the instruction level parallelism without run-time overheads. We analyze and confirm the performance improvements through simulations. The suggested combinatorial arrangement gives set of architectures with various degrees of performance enhancement.
Parenting Styles and Child Outcomes in Puerto Rican Families

The purpose of this study was to evaluate observed parenting styles among Puerto Rican parents and understand the relationship between those styles and child outcomes. Participants included 51 families with a child between the ages of 6 and 11. Three parenting dimensions (i.e., warmth, demandingness, autonomy granting) were coded with the Parenting Style Observation Rating Scale. We used the Child Behavior Checklist to assess child behavioral problems. Overall, parents received high ratings on warmth, demandingness, and autonomy granting. Supportive demandingness was negatively associated with internalizing, externalizing, and total child problems. The majority of the sample was categorized as authoritative (68.6%), while 23.5% was categorized as cold. Authoritative parenting was significantly associated with lower child problems across the board in comparison to families categorized as cold or permissive. Limitations of the current study were considered. We discussed implications of the results and directions for future research in regard to Puerto Rican parenting for families living in Puerto Rico.
Shifting the optimal stiffness for cell migration.

Cell migration, which is central to many biological processes including wound healing and cancer progression, is sensitive to environmental stiffness, and many cell types exhibit a stiffness optimum, at which migration is maximal. Here we present a cell migration simulator that predicts a stiffness optimum that can be shifted by altering the number of active molecular motors and clutches. This prediction is verified experimentally by comparing cell traction and F-actin retrograde flow for two cell types with differing amounts of active motors and clutches: embryonic chick forebrain neurons (ECFNs; optimum ∼1 kPa) and U251 glioma cells (optimum ∼100 kPa). In addition, the model predicts, and experiments confirm, that the stiffness optimum of U251 glioma cell migration, morphology and F-actin retrograde flow rate can be shifted to lower stiffness by simultaneous drug inhibition of myosin II motors and integrin-mediated adhesions. Cell migration is sensitive to environmental stiffness, but how cells sense optimal stiffness is not known. Here the authors develop a model that predicts that the optimum can be shifted by altering the number of active molecular motors and clutches, and verify their model in two cell types.
Assessment of Regional Transit Accessibility in the San Francisco Bay Area of California with UrbanAccess

Accessibility is an important metric in regional transportation and land use planning and as a component in equity analyses. Accessibility in the San Francisco Bay Area of California was characterized with a new multimodal network accessibility tool, UrbanAccess. Accessibility was measured with open pedestrian and operational schedule transit network data at the Census block level across a large metropolitan extent. In addition, a framework was developed to assess changes in accessibility that resulted from alternative transit network structures. Results indicated that accessibility to jobs in the Bay Area was relatively high by walking and by taking transit. However, accessibility varied significantly by annual household income and geography. Disparities in job accessibility were most pronounced between Census blocks that were in poverty and Census blocks that were not in poverty.
The R117A variant of the Escherichia coli transacylase FabD synthesizes novel acyl-(acyl carrier proteins).

The commercial impact of fermentation systems producing novel and biorenewable chemicals will flourish with the expansion of enzymes engineered to synthesize new molecules. Though a small degree of natural variability exists in fatty acid biosynthesis, the molecular space accessible through enzyme engineering is fundamentally limitless. Prokaryotic fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes build carbon chains on a functionalized acyl carrier protein (ACP) that provides solubility, stability, and a scaffold for interactions with the synthetic enzymes. Here, we identify the malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/holo-ACP transacylase (FabD) from Escherichia coli as a platform enzyme for engineering to diversify microbial fatty acid biosynthesis. The FabD R117A variant produced novel ACP-based primer and extender units for fatty acid biosynthesis. Unlike the wild-type enzyme that is highly specific for malonyl-CoA to produce malonyl-ACP, the R117A variant synthesized acetyl-ACP, succinyl-ACP, isobutyryl-ACP, 2-butenoyl-ACP, and β-hydroxybutyryl-ACP among others from holo-ACP and the corresponding acyl-CoAs with specific activities from 3.7 to 120 nmol min-1 mg-1. FabD R117A maintained K M values for holo-ACP (~ 40 μM) and displayed small changes in K M for acetoacetyl-CoA (110 ± 30 μM) and acetyl-CoA (200 ± 70 μM) when compared to malonyl-CoA (80 ± 30 μM). FabD R117A represents a novel catalyst that synthesizes a broad range of acyl-acyl-ACPs.
Catalytic aziridination with alcoholic substrates via a chromium tetracarbene catalyst

The first examples of aziridination catalysis with a chromium complex are communicated. This tetracarbene chromium complex provides novel catalytic aziridination reactions with protic substrates such as alcohols or amines on the alkene or organic azide and is the most effective catalyst at low alkene loading for aliphatic alkenes to date.
On Initiating and Developing the Process of Family Therapy

Why do families and couples come in for therapy? Why do they request help from a therapist? At first glance one may assume that it is to improve the relationships in the marital or in the family system. However, in the course of over twenty years of experience with couples and families I have realized that many other motives subserve their intentions.
The role of corn fungus in Basketmaker II diet: A paleonutrition perspective on early corn farming adaptations

Abstract Dependence on maize as a staple often leads to nutritional deficiencies when corn is not properly supplemented with other protein sources. Basketmaker II peoples in the northern Southwest relied on maize for approximately 80% of their diet, but without the complementary inclusion of bean horticulture or regular consumption of supplementary animal protein. As such, dietary investigations into this period have begun to focus on the apparent gap between nutritional requirements and subsistence strategy. One potentially important supplemental resource came from maize plants themselves, in the form of an edible fungal infection—corn smut. Paleodietary analyses from Turkey Pen Ruin, Utah, revealed that Ustilago maydis spores from corn smut were prevalent in human paleofeces, indicating intentional consumption. Since this fungus is still eaten and used medicinally among modern Pueblo groups, these findings have important implications regarding the time-depth of corn smut consumption in this region. These findings and their significance from the perspectives of paleonutrition and strategic subsistence practices are explored here.
Aesthetic Goldilocks mastectomy and breast reconstruction: promoting its use in the ideal candidate.

The purpose of this article is to provide an experienced commentary on the aesthetic components of the Goldilocks mastectomy and single-stage reconstruction procedure based on our experience with 172 operations to date.
Point proposal network for reconstructing 3D particle endpoints with subpixel precision in liquid argon time projection chambers

Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers are used as precision detectors in ongoing and upcoming neutrino experiments. In this paper the authors adapt machine learning techniques to better identify the beginning- and end-points of particle tracks in LarTPCs, offering significant improvement over traditional methods in reconstructing the true event.
Continuous counterexamples for three dependence notions

The notions of regression dependence, quadrant dependence and expectation dependence have been extensively studied in statistical theory and widely used in insurance theory. However, most extant co...
The meta-analysis of vaccine protective efficacy of human papillomavirus vaccine

Objective To evaluate vaccine protective efficacy(VE) of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.Methods Searching "National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI" and "Cochrane Library,CL”,the study paper of VE for HPV vaccine were included,and Meta-Analysis was made by RevMan5.1 software.Results A total of 10 study papers were included,all of which were random clinic trial(RCT).The VE of HPV vaccine against condyloma caused by relative gene type of human papillomavirus(HPV) was 94％ (95％ CI:67％-83％).The VE of HPV vaccine against vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia Ⅱ / Ⅲ (VIN2/3) and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) causel by relative gene type of HPV was 96％ (95 ％ CI:86％-99％).The VE of HPV vaccine against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Ⅱ /Ⅲ (CIN2/3),adenocarcinoma in situ(AIS) caused by relative gene type of HPV were 98％ (95％ CI:96％-99％),79％ (95％ CI:55％-90％),respectively.Conclusions HPV vaccine inoculation can provide good immunity protection against condyloma,VIN2/3,VaIN,CIN2/3 and AIS.It also can relucethe incidence rate of relative diseases. Key words: Papillomavirus vaccines; Vaccine protective efficacy; Meta-analysis
Sex differences in the association between PTSD symptoms with cardiac autonomic function and subclinical atherosclerotic risk.

BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a public health concern that may elevate the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are established sex differences in both PTSD risk and CVD risk. PURPOSE To examine sex-specific associations between subclinical PTSD symptom severity and subclinical CVD risk in young men and women. METHODS A total of 61 young adults (women: n = 29, mean age: 26 ± 7 years) completed the post-traumatic stress disorder civilian checklist (PCL) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Aortic stiffness was measured as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Peripheral vasomotor function was measured as flow-mediated slowing (FMS) of carotid-radial PWV following 5-min forearm occlusion. Heart rate variability was used to assess sympathovagal balance as LF/HF ratio. RESULTS PCL score was positively correlated with CES-D score (r = 0.79, p < .001), cfPWV (r = 0.33, p = .03) and LF/HF ratio (r = 0.42, p = .009) in men. PCL score was positively correlated to CES-D score (r = 0.80, p < .001) in women, but was inversely correlated to cfPWV (r = -0.38, p = .02) and LF/HF ratio (r = -0.34, p = .04). PCL score was also inversely associated with FMS in women (r = -0.49, p = .01). CONCLUSION There are sex differences in the association of PTSD symptoms and subclinical atherosclerosis. In men, increased PTSD symptoms may increase CVD risk by increasing sympathovagal balance and aortic stiffness. In women, increased PTSD symptoms may increase CVD risk via reducing vasomotor function.
Design Considerations for Total Wrist Arthroplasty

Total wrist arthroplasty has evolved substantially over four generations of implants that can be grouped together by major design innovations. Since the early silicone spacer implant, important advancements in biocompatibility, soft tissue management, bone preservation, and fixation have been made in an effort to decrease complications and improve survivorship. Recreating native wrist kinematics has been a major challenge for earlier designs and remains the focus of future success in total wrist arthroplasty.
Coat Color-Facilitated Efficient Generation and Analysis of a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome Triplicated for All Human Chromosome 21 Orthologous Regions

Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most complex genetic disorders in humans and a leading genetic cause of developmental delays and intellectual disabilities. The mouse remains an essential model organism in DS research because human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) is orthologously conserved with three regions in the mouse genome. Recent studies have revealed complex interactions among different triplicated genomic regions and Hsa21 gene orthologs that underlie major DS phenotypes. Because we do not know conclusively which triplicated genes are indispensable in such interactions for a specific phenotype, it is desirable that all evolutionarily conserved Hsa21 gene orthologs are triplicated in a complete model. For this reason, the Dp(10)1Yey/+;Dp(16)1Yey/+;Dp(17)1Yey/+ mouse is the most complete model of DS to reflect gene dosage effects because it is the only mutant triplicated for all Hsa21 orthologous regions. Recently, several groups have expressed concerns that efforts needed to generate the triple compound model would be so overwhelming that it may be impractical to take advantage of its unique strength. To alleviate these concerns, we developed a strategy to drastically improve the efficiency of generating the triple compound model with the aid of a targeted coat color, and the results confirmed that the mutant mice generated via this approach exhibited cognitive deficits.
Synthesis of RhIII Anilido, Hydroxide, and Methoxide Complexes

The octahedral RhIII complexes [(tbpy)2Rh(XH)2][OTf]3 (tbpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridyl; X = NHPh or OH; OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate), [(tbpy)2Rh(X)2][OTf] (X = NHPh or OH), [(tbpy)2Rh(NHPh)(NH2Ph)][OTf]2, [(tbpy)2Rh(Me)(NH2Ph)][OTf][BAr′4] (BAr′4 = tetrakis[(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate), [(tbpy)2Rh(Me)(NHPh)][BAr′4], [(tbpy)2Rh(OMe)(Cl)]Cl, and [(bpy)Rh(X)2][PF6] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl; X = OH, OMe) have been synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, and 19F NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, or high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction for some complexes. A comparison of the solid-state structural data for [(tbpy)2Rh(Me)(NH2Ph)]2+, [(tbpy)2Rh(NH2Ph)2]3+, [(tbpy)2Rh(NHPh)2]+, and [(tbpy)2Rh(NHPh)(NH2Ph)]2+ is included.
Planning for Community Crisis: A Marketing Approach

The article is based on an examination of a nominal group procedure of two welfare agencies located on the confrontation line between Lebanon and Israel, which implemented a marketing approach in planning intervention for the population for times of community crisis. The agencies are located at a place that was attacked and suffered personal and property loss particularly by short range missiles. In the nominal group procedure, five elements of the marketing approach (target market, service mix, place and distribution, price, and promotion) were implemented, for four phases of community crisis (warning, shock, organizing, and changing). The results show that the implementation of the marketing approach demands different marketing patterns for each phase of the community crisis. These patterns, based on previous experience of the agencies, are described and discussed.
Mass Balance in Coral Reef-Dominated Areas

Coral reef community metabolic rates can be high. Autotrophic and heterotrophic communities apparently maintain high rates by juxtaposition of “patches” or zones which intercept and process metabolic products swept from upstream within the system. The net result is that the new carbon production of entire coral reef systems appears no more than slightly elevated above the new production of plankton communities in the surrounding surface ocean.
The Plant Stress Hypothesis and Variable Responses by Blue Grama Grass (Bouteloua gracilis) to Water, Mineral Nitrogen, and Insect Herbivory

Acting simultaneously or sequentially, plants encounter multiple stresses from combined abiotic and biotic factors that result in decreased growth and internal reallocation of resources. The plant stress hypothesis predicts that environmental stresses on plants decrease plant resistance to insect herbivory by altering biochemical source–sink relationships and foliar chemistry, leading to more palatable food. Such changes in the nutritional landscape for insects may facilitate insect population outbreaks during periods of moderate stress on host plants. We examined the plant stress hypothesis with field experiments in continental grassland (USA) using the C4 grass Bouteloua gracilis. Water, nitrogen fertilizer, and herbivory from the grass-feeding grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum were manipulated. Combined stresses from water and mineral-N in the soil decreased plant growth and altered foliar percent total N (TN) and percent total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations in an additive fashion. Grasshopper herbivory affected final biomass only in dry years; plants compensated for tissue loss when rainfall was abundant. Foliar TN and TNC concentrations were dynamic with respect to variable climatic conditions and treatment combinations, showing significant interactions. Grasshopper herbivory had its greatest impact on TN or TNC in dry years, interacting with other forms of stress. Herbivory as a single factor had strong effects on TNC in years with normal precipitation, but not in a dry year. Performance (developmental rate and survival) by the grasshoppers Phoetaliotes nebrascensis and A. deorum were not greatly affected by plant stress in a manner consistent with the plant stress hypothesis.
A preliminary investigation of an early intervention program: Examining the intervention effectiveness of the Bracken Concept Development Program and the Bracken Basic Concept Scale‐Revised with Head Start students

This research study evaluated the efficacy of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale-Revised (BBCS-R; Bracken, 1998) and the Bracken Concept Development Program (BCDP; Bracken, 1986a) in a test-teach-test paradigm with students from a Head Start program. Prior to the intervention, 54 children were administered the BBCS-R and were divided into three groups, two of which received basic concept instruction. Once the intervention was completed, the children were reassessed with the BBCS-R. Posttest scores were calculated for each BBCS-R subtest and the Total Test and School Readiness Composites after controlling for the pretest scores. A MANOVA and sequential ANOVAs were conducted and proved a significantly higher performance of the two intervention groups compared to the control group. Effect sizes for five of the six BBCS-R subtests were classified as large, with the sixth (Time/Sequence) classified as medium. Discriminant function coefficients found that the Texture/Material subtest contributed the most to the detection of differences between the groups. However, no significant difference between the two intervention groups was found. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 301–311, 2004.
Determination of spore inactivation during thermal and pressure-assisted thermal processing using FT-IR spectroscopy.

The efficacy of microbial inactivation techniques is currently tested using time-consuming and labor-intensive plate count methods, which are the principal rate-limiting steps in developing inactivation kinetic parameters for alternative food processing technologies. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis was used to quantify viable spores and identify some biochemical changes in samples treated by autoclaving, pressure-assisted thermal processing (PATP), and thermal processing (TP). Spore suspensions (∼109 CFU/mL) of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TMW 2.479 Fad 82, B. amyloliquefaciens TMW 2.482 Fad 11/2, B. sphaericus NZ 14, B. amyloliquefaciens ATCC 49764, and Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 were treated by PATP (121 °C and 700 MPa) for 0, 10, 20, and 30 s and by TP (121 °C) for 0, 10, 20, and 30 s. The concentrations of spores in treated samples were determined by plating (reference method). Models developed using partial least-squares regression (PLSR) fo...
Venous needle dislodgement during hemodialysis: An unresolved risk of catastrophic hemorrhage

Venous line disconnection or needle dislodgement during hemodialysis with resultant hemorrhage is a potentially lethal event. The risk is compounded by the frequent failure of standard dialysis machines to detect the event, as blood flow through the venous needle typically creates enough back pressure to prevent venous pressure alarms even if the needle is completely out of the patient's AV access. Manufacturers are well aware of the risk and device literature contains specific warnings about it. The FDA publishes reports on its website about these events; so far this year there have been seven reported events with five deaths. Informal sources indicate that the actual (unreported) occurrence is much more frequent; we are aware of four additional events within our region alone. Efforts to reduce the risk include protocols requiring the access needles to always be visible, and use of enuresis detection devices. Anecdotal experience with these efforts suggests they are not highly effective. Protocols requiring documentation of more frequent needle site checks or alternate methods of securing the needles have not been formally evaluated. However, such efforts do not address the primary problem: there is a need for an engineered solution to this problem. Requirements for such a solution include: reliable detection of needle position and blood flow discrepancies, a useful alarm, and feedback to stop the blood pump. Persistence of this problem raises issues of regulatory oversight.
Who dun it? The influence of actor-patient animacy and type of verb in the making of causal attributions

Abstract Several recent studies have claimed that English verbs that describe interactions between two participants (e.g., Dave helped John) have inherent causality that gives greater weight to one of the two interactants. In this study verb type and animacy of the sentence participants were varied orthogonally in order to determine whether the verb alone was responsible for people's causality attributions. College students were asked to judge why the particular experience or activity described in a sentence had occurred. Three classes of verbs were used. Verb type interacted with animacy such that the students consistently attributed causality to the sentence subject for some verb types and to the sentence object for others, depending upon the animacy of the subjects and objects. The students' causality ratings were related to prototypicality ratings of the same stimuli from a previous study. Causality ratings were also sensitive to the type of task (rating vs. free-response). Results are discussed in terms of the notion of event schema as it applies to sentences. In particular, the animacy of different participants in the schema interacts with different types of actions or states to alter people's judgments about which schema part is targeted as unusual, hence causal.
Consciousness, coma, and brain death--2009.

This landmark classic article was the first to quantitatively define the clinical and laboratory criteria used to measure the presence of brain death. The study included “only those comatose individuals who have no discernible central nervous system activity.” Criteria to establish the presence of irreversible coma included (1) unreceptivity and unresponsitivity; (2) no movements or breathing; (3) no reflexes (brain stem); and (4) flat electroencephalogram. These criteria are still considered to be reliable and acceptable by the medical community and have become established into law, which states that brain death is equivalent to death and that all artificial support systems sustaining heart, respiratory, and metabolic functions can be legally stopped.See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Photoelectrochemical Study of the Band Structure of Zn2SnO4 Prepared by the Hydrothermal Method

It is fundamentally interesting to study the photoelectrochemical properties of complex oxides for applications in photovoltaics and photocatalysis. In this paper, we study the band gap (Eg) and energetics of the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) for films of zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) nanoparticles (ca. 25 nm) of the inverse-spinel structure prepared by the hydrothermal method. UV−vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemistry, and photoelectrochemistry were used to study the films. The fundamental Eg for Zn2SnO4 is proposed to be 3.6−3.7 eV with a direct-forbidden transition. The position of the CB was approximated from the flat band potential, Efb, measured by the photocurrent onset potential. In aqueous and nonaqueous solutions the Efb of n-Zn2SnO4 was found to be more positive than TiO2 anatase in the electrochemical scale. In aqueous solutions Efb of Zn2SnO4 was found to follow a 59 mV/pH slope with Efb extrapolated at pH 0 of 0.08 V vs NHE. In ...
Static effective field theory: {1}/{m} corrections

Abstract The static approximation, which is the zeroth order approximation in an expansion in the inverse of the mass of a heavy quark, has previously been formulated in terms of an effective field theory action. In this formulation, corrections to the approximation can be systematically included by the addition of higher dimensional operators to the action. We determine the coefficients to one loop of the dimension-five operators incorporating the 1 m corrections to the theory.