cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Law and Domestic Political Coalitions: The Causes of Compliance with International Law

Compliance with international law is always dependent upon a domestic political decision to engage in the behavior that constitutes compliance. This article articulates the importance of the interdependence between home state domestic politics and foreign state domestic politics in determining compliance. International legal commitments allow the formation of domestic coalitions between those who will benefit by their own state’s compliance with the international legal rule in question, and those who will benefit from other states’ compliance with the international legal rule. The theory developed in this paper is based on established approaches to international relations in the political science literature, in particular the “liberal” theory of international relations associated with Andrew Moravcsik, the two-level game theory approach associated with Robert Putnam, and the “second image reversed” approach associated with Peter Gourevitch. The two extensions of these approaches made in this article, (i) from international relations more broadly to international law, and (ii) from adherence to compliance, raise some questions, and bear some important fruit. These extensions help to illuminate the problem of compliance. This article extends the rationalist approach to compliance with international law into the domestic politics of the target state. The model advanced in this article allows the formalization and contextualization of a variety of factors that have heretofore been viewed alone as explanatory variables in the decision to comply. Policy makers can use this model as an analytical template by which to assess whether their counterparties would comply with any undertakings they may make.
The Interactions between α and β Chains of Human Hemoglobin

Abstract This paper describes experiments designed to show the linkage of the two chains in the αβ dimer. The approach has been a kinetic one. If modification of one chain leads to conformational change in the other, this should be detectable as a difference in the reaction velocities of functional groups on the unsubstituted chain. We studied three derivatives of human hemoglobin; one was modified in the α chain and two in the β chain. Substitution at the NH2 terminus of the α chain with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene leads to a total loss of cooperative interactions as judged by oxygenation parameters. In this derivative, the —SH group of cysteine 93β reacts more rapidly with N-ethylmaleimide than does the —SH group of unmodified hemoglobin. The effect of deoxygenation upon the reactivity of the 93β —SH is abolished. There is no change in the reactivity of cysteine 93β with iodoacetamide or 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The COOH termini of the α and β chains of the dinitrophenyl-carbonmonoxyhemoglobin are digested more slowly with carboxypeptidase B and A, respectively. When the primary substitution is made on the β chain at cysteine 93, the effects upon the α chain are less marked and depend on the substituent: N-ethylmaleimide has more potent effects than iodoacetamide. The N-ethylmaleimide derivative has a partial loss of cooperative interactions, as determined by oxygenation properties, while the iodoacetamide derivative shows normal oxygen binding except for an increased oxygen affinity. N-ethylmaleimide substitution at —SH 93β allows faster digestion of the α chain COOH terminus, but alkylation with iodoacetamide has no effect. Neither modification alters the reactivity of the NH2 terminus of the α chain to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Intrachain effects are produced by both substituents: substitution with N-ethylmaleimide slows and with iodoacetamide speeds the digestion of the β chain by carboxypeptidase A. Since modification of either chain of the dimer changes the reactivity of widely separated groups, a general conformational change must occur. The degree of change in the kinetics of the groups tested correlates with the degree of disruption of functional properties. These experiments show the close interaction of the two chains in the αβ dimer and are further evidence that the αβ dimer is the fundamental unit of both structure and function.
A new 2-D fast RLS algorithm

A two-dimensional fast recursive least-squares algorithm is presented using a geometrical formulation based on the mathematical concepts of vector space, orthorgonal projection, and subspace decomposition. By appropriately ordering the 2-D data, the algorithm provides an exact least-squares solution to the deterministic normal equations. The method is further extended to the general FIR (finite impulse response) Wiener filter and the ARMA (autoregressive moving-average) modeling. The size and shape of the support region for both the MA and AR coefficients of the filter can be chosen arbitrarily. >
Analysis of High‐Resolution Solution State Spectra

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Basis 3 Analysis of Simple Spectra 4 Strongly Coupled Systems 5 The X Approximation 6 Symmetrical Systems 7 Other Approaches 8 Acknowledgements 9 Biographical Sketches Related Articles
Transactional workflows in distributed systems

The basic transaction model has evolved over time to incorporate more complex transaction structures and to selectively modify the atomicity and isolation properties. In this paper we discuss the application of transaction concepts to activities that involve coordinated execution of multiple tasks (possibly of different types) over different processing entities. Such applications are referred to as transactional workflows. We discuss some of the issues involved in specification and execution of such workflows.
7-Nitro­indazole

The title compound, C7H5N3O2, is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and mono­amine oxidase. The N1H tautomer crystallized as a dimer and adopts a planar conformation assisted by intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
An Overview of Stochastic Approximation Monte Carlo

During the past few decades, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) has been widely used in Bayesian statistical inference and scientific computing. Its successes have proven it to be a very powerful and typically unique computational tool for analyzing data of complex structures. However, conventional MCMC algorithms often suffer from the local trap problem which renders the simulation ineffective. This paper provides an overview of the theory, variants, and applications for stochastic approximation Monte Carlo (SAMC), an advanced MCMC algorithm that is essentially immune to the local trap problem. WIREs Comput Stat 2014, 6:240–254. doi: 10.1002/wics.1305 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Theory of sorption hysteresis in nanoporous solids: Part I: Snap-through instabilities

The sorption-desorption hysteresis observed in many nanoporous solids, at vapor pres- sures low enough for the the liquid (capillary) phase of the adsorbate to be absent, has long been vaguely attributed to changes in the nanopore structure, but no mathematically consistent expla- nation has been presented. The present work takes an analytical approach to account for discrete molecular forces in the nanopore uid and proposes two related mechanisms that can explain the hysteresis at low vapor pressure without assuming any change in the nanopore structure. The rst mechanism, presented in Part I, consists of a series of snap-through instabilities during the lling or emptying of non-uniform nanopores or nanoscale asperities. The instabilities are caused by non- uniqueness in the mist disjoining pressures engendered by a dierence between the nanopore width and an integer multiple of the thickness of a monomolecular adsorption layer. The second mecha- nism, presented in Part II, consists of molecular coalescence within a partially lled surface, nanopore or nanopore network. This general thermodynamic instability is driven by attractive intermolecular forces within the adsorbate and forms the basis to develop a unied theory of both mechanisms. The ultimate goals of the theory are to predict the uid transport in nanoporous solids from microscopic rst principles, and to determine the pore size distribution and internal surface area from sorption tests.
USING AN ACCOUNTING-BASED MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CULTURAL CHANGE

Despite the well documented advantages of Continuous Improvement (CI) management, implementation failures are discouragingly high (Jazayeri & Hopper 1999). The most significant reason for failure in becoming a CI organization is cultural resistance (Irani et al. 2003), due in part to insufficient trust (Chenhall and Langfield-Smith 2003). When employment contracts fail, employees will resist changes perceived to threaten their welfare. This paper uses an innovative action research approach (Kaplan, 1998) to design and implement a Management Control System (MCS) that will reduce this problem. Unfortunately, a single theoretical perspective (information economics, agency theory, or learning theory) will not provide sufficient insights for implementation, since each theory assumes away critical application issues covered by the other theories (Covaleski et al. 2003). Drawing from several theoretical sources for this research, an MCS designed to support both the implementation and management of CI cultures is developed and applied in an American factory. A Continuous Improvement Accounting Information System (CI-AIS) is merged with an MCS using suggestions from 1) information economics (adaptive feedback), 2) agency theory (to reduce agency risk and shirking through management of uncertainty, economic loss, and group participation), and 3) constructivist learning theory (incremental formative assessment, collaboration, and repetition to learn a new culture). The proposed MCS is composed of an in-process budgeting system that facilitates the following four actions leading to the successful management of Continuous Improvement initiatives: 1) prioritizing problems, 2) analyzing the root cause of problems, 3) strategically designing change activities for improvement, and 4) validating subsequent changes to align with accounting-based performance contracts.
An effective immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum

This is the first report of successful immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Of the five owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) used in this pilot study, two served as controls and the other three were immunized with P. falciparum antigen consisting primarily of mature segmenters containing fully developed merozoites. Two injections of antigen emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant were administered intramuscularly 3 weeks apart. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all monkeys were challenged with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. The control monkeys died with high levels of parasitemia within 2 weeks of challenge. The three immunized monkeys survived and showed strong protection against P. falciparum. These results are encouraging for the possible future development of an effective vaccine against human malaria.
Black Like Me Graduate Students’ Perceptions of their Pedagogical Experiences in Classes Taught by Black Faculty in a Predominantly White Institution

Using critical race theory as a framework and methodology, this qualitative study of 10 Black graduate students examines how teaching and learning in the racialized context of a predominantly White...
Medical mission report on El Salvador.

Alarmed by reports of the harassment, murder, and disappearance of doctors, dentists, nurses, members of the medical faculty, social and physical scientists, and members of related health professions, the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the New York Academy of Sciences, and the International League for Human Rights cosponsored a medical mission* to San Salvador. The mission's purpose was to determine the fate of those professionals and to assess the impact of conditions in El Salvador on medical institutions and on the health of the people. From January 11 through . . .
Time Scales of Metamorphism, Deformation, and Crustal Melting in a Continental Arc, North Cascades USA

The record of metamorphism, deformation, and melting in the North Cascades continental arc provides insights into the timing and mechanisms of extensional unroofing that followed crustal thickening. The Skagit Gneiss (North Cascades) is composed of variably deformed 90–45 Ma tonalitic to granitic intrusive rocks. These lithologies and metasedimentary rocks are migmatitic. Zircon and monazite from different textural varieties of migmatite from three outcrops along an east-west transect were analyzed using the isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) technique. The data reveal two main migmatization pulses: (1) 68–63 Ma and (2) 53–47 Ma. In the westernmost locality, leucosome zircon yields group 1 dates, and mesosome (sillimanite-garnet-biotite gneiss) zircon is as young as 61 Ma. Leucosome zircon in the easternmost outcrop yields only group 2 dates, and biotite gneiss contains 47 Ma zircon. The third outcrop has leucosome dates from both groups: 65 Ma and 53 Ma. Monazite from leucosomes and mesosomes likely records the timing of prograde metamorphism (ca. 69 Ma) and later synkinematic ± fluid-mediated growth (49–46 Ma). These results indicate that partial melting occurred during 71–61 Ma metamorphism and lasted through 46 Ma deformation associated with exhumation. The results and field observations suggest the presence of ductilely deforming crust from 68 to 46 Ma. The similarity between the youngest U-Pb dates in the migmatites and cooling and basin-filling ages suggests a link between ductile and brittle processes over a range of structural levels in the arc, from a zone of crustal melting, flow, and migmatite crystallization to Earth9s surface.
Optical modulation by a traveling surface acoustic wave and a holographic reference grating

The interaction of an optical beam with a traveling surface wave and a stationary holographic reference grating is studied theoretically and experimentally. The spatial phase modulation produced by the traveling wave results in an intensity modulation in the diffracted orders of the optical beam. The intensity modulation is at the fundamental frequency of the traveling wave, and its amplitude depends periodically on the separation distance between the plane of the traveling wave and the plane of the stationary holographic reference grating. Experiments were carried out with 87-MHz surface acoustic waves traveling on a LiNbO3 substrate separated from a holographic reference grating in film. The amplitudes of the detected modulation in the m = 0 and m = ±1 diffraction orders of a probing beam are in close agreement with a plane-wave analysis in the Raman–Nath diffraction regime.
O primado da sociedade e as falhas do Direito e Desenvolvimento

O texto analisa os frutos dos esforcos de Direito e Desenvolvimento para mostrar como seus resultados sao discutiveis. tambem examina o conjunto de conhecimentos acumulados acerca daquilo que funciona em Direito e Desenvolvimento para mostrar como ele e inconclusivo. para fazer isso, extrai as implicacoes do primado da sociedade para o Direito e Desenvolvimento, abordagem que afirma estar o direito interconectado com tudo na sociedade, de tal modo que tudo importa. essa e a percepcao fundamental da investigacao conduzida pela escola do Law & Society, morada original do trabalho que, agora, e conduzido sob o rotulo de Direito e Desenvolvimento.
Selective Demonstration of Histidine

Mounted paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissue are treated for 24 hr at room temperature in an iodine solution (0.3% iodine, 0.6% potassium iodide) at pH 10 to block the aromatic nuclei of tyrosine and tryptophane. A coupled tetrazonium reaction using naphthanil diazo blue B (tetrazotized o-dianisidine) as a 0.1% solution at pH 9.2 for 15 min at 4°C, as the first coupling agent, and H acid (8-amino-1-naphthol-3, 6-dissulfonic acid), as a 2% solution at pH 9.2 for 15 min at 4°C, as the second coupling agent, stains sites of histidine a red-brown to red-purple color.
Now Who Will Ask “What Did You Discover Today”? A Tribute to Robert Glaser

Early in February 2012, our community suffered the loss of Robert Glaser, University Professor emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh and founder of the Learning Research and Development Center (...
Maize root growth angles become steeper under low N conditions

Root traits that increase the speed and effectiveness of subsoil foraging may enhance nitrogen acquisition in leaching environments. We investigated root depth distribution of maize genotypes across the cropping cycle, effects of root angles on plant performance and potential plastic responses of root growth angles to nitrogen fertilization. We focus on genetic variation for growth angles of crown and brace roots among 108 inbred lines of maize in high and low nitrogen field environments in the USA and South Africa. Root angles of crown roots were significantly associated with rooting depth calculated as the depth containing 95% of the root mass (D95). The number of brace roots as well as rooting depth (D95) increased between 43 days after planting (DAP) and flowering, but did not show any major changes between flowering and physiological maturity. Brace root branching increased between 43 DAP and flowering and showed reductions between flowering and physiological maturity. Under well-fertilized conditions genotypes initially selected as ‘steep’ and ‘shallow’ did not alter their root angles. Brace and crown root angles became up to 18° steeper under nitrogen deficient conditions. Increases in root angles under nitrogen deficient conditions were more accentuated for shallow genotypes, resulting in root angles and rooting depths similar to the ones measured for steep genotypes. Steeper root angles enabled plastic genotypes to potentially explore similar soil volumes under nitrogen deficient conditions as steep genotypes, thereby not incurring any reductions in grain yield compared to genotypes constitutively forming steep root angles. Additive main and multiplicative interaction effects (AMMI) analysis revealed that out of 29 genotypes best adapted to 4 different nitrogen fertilizer treatment-by-location combinations, 11 were steep, 11 were plastic and 7 were shallow genotypes. The number of plastic genotypes among the adapted entries was disproportionately high compared to 6 that could be anticipated based on the distribution in the entire genotypic set. We postulate that modulation of rooting depth by root growth angles is important for nitrogen acquisition by positioning roots in soil domains with the greatest nitrogen availability. Genotypic variation in root growth angles and the plasticity of root growth angles in response to nitrogen may be useful in breeding crops with improved nitrogen acquisition.
Airborne remote sensing for detection of irrigation canal leakage

Traditional field survey methods for detection of water leaks in irrigation canal systems are costly and time- consuming. In this study, a rapid, cost-effective method was developed for identifying irrigation canal locations likely to have leaks and/or seepage. The method involves the use of a multispectral imager equipped with red, near infrared, and thermal sensors which is mounted on an aircraft and flown at low altitude to collect the images. A three-step process, image acquisition, image processing, and field reconnaissance, was developed for processing the imagery and identification of locations likely to have leaks. The method was evaluated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, USA. Images were collected of 24 selected canal segments within 11 irrigation districts in this region. Evaluation of the imagery indicated that 140 sites had possible canal leakage problems (point leak and/or seepage). A field site evaluation form was developed and used to document the type and severity of the leaks at 28 of the sites. Twenty-six sites were confirmed to have leaks, representing a success rate of 93%. The methods used in this study should have widespread application for detecting leaks and seepage in irrigation canals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interval Approach for the Modeling of Tolerances and Clearances in Mechanism Analysis

It is important to conduct error analysis of assemblies in order to ensure that the manufactured parts satisfy the design specifications. Traditionally, mechanical tolerances and clearances are modeled as random variables and the analysis is conducted using probabilistic methods. In this work, a new approach, based on interval analysis, is presented for the modeling and analysis of tolerances and clearances. The basic procedure of interval analysis involving solution of simultaneous nonlinear equations is described. The application of the approach in the fuzzy error analysis of planar and spatial mechanisms is also outlined. The treatment of the tolerances and clearances of the mechanism as interval numbers leads to a better and a more realistic estimation of the analysis results. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the computational procedures. The results of the internal analysis, although philosophically different, are compared with those given by the probabilistic method for comparable input data; the differences found in the two sets of results are explained in terms of the basic characteristics of the two methods. This work denotes the first application of interval methods for the modeling of tolerances and clearances and the fuzzy error analysis of mechanisms.
Quality of service (QoS) in nondeterministic LAN

In this paper, the Quality-of-service (QoS) issue will be discussed for non-deterministic LAN (Ethernet). The Ethernet bandwidth has grown to 10 Gbps. IEEE will make formal specifications for the 10 Gbps Ethernet available around the second half of the year 2002. It is based on the CSMA/CD [6] and is a MAC-to-MAC protocol. The network interfaces have unique addresses called the MAC addresses. The manufacturers embed them in the MAC chip. Due to the limited view of the path for the Ethernet protocol, our approach will emphasize on bringing in some deterministic accessing of Ethernet segment using the time-slice approach. Instead of the sender sending the packet whenever it desires, it first needs to communicate with a master controller. The master controller will be the aggregation point, like a layer two Ethernet switch or a layer three switch/router or any node within the shared Ethernet segment. These are the nodes that build links between islands within the network. The master controller is responsible for assigning time slices to the sender node for sending in their data packets. During the assigned time slice only that nodes' packet is travelling via the network. In case of a active switch no high buffering capacity needs to be built into it as with the help of the time slicing mechanism the master controller has kept the rate of packet inflow equal to or less than the rate of packet outflow. Packet overflow will never happen in the aggregation point. But the most important aspect of this is that due to the deterministic nature of the link bandwidth and also with the help of our time based packet delivery mechanism guarantees can be provided about the time taken for a certain packet size to reach from one node to another. By summing up all the packet transfer time of all the intermediate nodes' an absolute time delivery system can be setup.
Biogeochemical control of phosphorus cycling and primary production in Lake Michigan

A 3-yr study in Lake Michigan has shown a 27 mmol P m−2 increase in the mass of total P (TP) in the water during spring when the lake is mixed from surface to sediment. This value is an order of magnitude greater than the annual P input from external sources. TP changed in concert with increases in chlorophyll a and organic N and decreases in nitrate and soluble Si. The concentration of soluble reactive PO43− (SRP) remained relatively constant throughout the study. We hypothesize that the SRP concentration is maintained by a chemical equilibrium with calcium-phosphate species. The increased mass of TP arises from the sequestering of P by algae which displaces the chemical equilibrium and allows more P to be released to the water from the sediments. Solar irradiance and the duration of mixing determine the magnitude of the spring bloom and the demand for P that must be supplied through the flux of P from the sediments to the overlying water.
Reversible Tuning of Plasmon Coupling in Gold Nanoparticle Chains Using Ultrathin Responsive Polymer Film

We demonstrate large and reversible tuning of plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles mediated by the reversible breaking and making of linear and branched chains of gold nanoparticles adsorbed on an ultrathin (1 nm) responsive polymer film. Atomic force microscopy revealed that at pH below the isoelectric point of the polybase (extended state of the polymer chains), gold nanoparticles adsorbed on the polymer layer existed primarily as individual nanoparticles. On the other hand, at higher pH, the polymer chains transition from coil to globule (collapsed) state, resulting in the formation of linear and branched chains with strong interparticle plasmon coupling. Reversible aggregation of the nanoparticles resulted in large and reversible change in the optical properties of the metal nanostructure assemblies. In particular, we observed a large redistribution of the intensity between the individual and coupled plasmon bands and a large shift (nearly 95 nm) in the coupled plasmon band with change in pH. La...
I Need to Talk About It : A Qualitative Analysis of Trauma-Exposed Women's Reasons for Treatment Choice

A significant proportion of individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder do not seek or receive effective treatment. Understanding the reasons why an individual chooses to seek treatment or prefers one treatment to another is a critical step to improve treatment seeking. To begin to understand these reasons, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the reasons women gave for choosing a cognitive-behavioral treatment, prolonged exposure (PE), or a pharmacological treatment, sertraline (SER). A community sample of women with trauma histories were asked to view standardized rationales, to choose among PE, SER, or no treatment, and to give 5 reasons for their choice. Women indicated that they were more likely to prefer the psychotherapy to the medication. Across reasons given, the most commonly cited reason for treatment preference highlighted why or how the treatment worked (e.g., I need to talk about it); and this reason emerged as the strongest predictor of preference for PE. Understanding this role of perceived treatment mechanism may aid clinicians and public health policy officials to identify and address help-seeking barriers regarding treatment.
Kung Fu Data Energy - Minimizing Communication Energy in FPGA Computations

The energy in FPGA computations can be dominated by data communication energy, either in the form of memory references or data movement on interconnect (e.g., over 75% of energy for single processor Gaussian Mixture Modeling, Window Filtering, and FFT). In this paper, we explore how to use data placement and parallelism to reduce communication energy. We further introduce a new architecture for embedded memories, the Continuous Hierarchy Memory (CHM), and show that it increases the opportunities to reduce energy by strategic data placement. For three common FPGA tasks in signal and image processing (Gaussian Mixture Modeling, Window Filters, and FFTs), we show that data movement energy can vary over a factor of 9. The best solutions exploit parallelism and hierarchy and are 1.8 -- 6.0× more energy-efficient than designs that place all data in a large memory bank. With the CHM, we can get an additional 10% improvement for full voltage logic and 30 -- 80% when operating the computation at reduced voltage.
Spatial variability of heavy metals in irrigated alfalfa fields in the upper Rio Grande River basin

Abstract Reduced quality of wastewater discharged into the Rio Grande River is reported to be the cause of crop contamination and heavy metal transport onto fertile soils. This study was conducted to characterize Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, and Co concentrations in two alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) fields irrigated with river water (in Texas) or wastewater mixed with river water (in Mexico) and to examine spatial variability of acid-extractable metal deposition in soil and in uptake by alfalfa. Multiple transects were established in both fields for intensive forage collection and soil sampling to depths of 1.2 m, with spacing every 7.6 or 15.2 m. Metal concentrations rarely exceeded 20 mg kg−1 with the exception of Zn. Relative metal concentrations were in the order Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd in both fields, and were highly correlated with clay content within the plow zone. Linear and spherical variogram models best described surface metal deposition with spatial dependence > 100 m with regard to irrigation delivery. However, increasing metal concentrations below the plow zone at the Texas site, inconsistent geostatistical trends for soil Zn and Ni, and no association of Pb with soil texture suggested that irrigation delivery was not the exclusive transport source. Estimated metal loads from river water over a 50-year period suggested that irrigation may account for up to 31 % of surface metals. It is likely that atmospheric fallout from a local ore smelter and indigenous background levels significantly contributed to observed soil metal levels. Metal concentrations in unwashed alfalfa forage tissue were at least five times less than those in soil and showed no consistent association with soil concentrations. Metal concentrations in alfalfa forage posed no toxicity threat to animals or public health. Blending wastewaters in the Rio Grande River and canal system has diluted heavy metals to low concentrations for irrigation, but not to more stringent levels for fish and wildlife. Degraded waters could be diverted from the river and directly used for irrigation under careful water and soil management.
Another formulation of general spatial filter design

In previous work the author gave a formulation of general spatial filter design as a constrained optimization question. The purpose of this paper is to note that suitable reparameterizations of the optimization problem enable one to eliminate the constraints. This constraint elimination simplifies the optimization and potentially leads to greater computational efficiency. One such reparameterization is examined in detail.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The prism of strategic culture and South Asian nuclearization

In this paper, Ken Booth's concept of strategic culture is drawn on to examine India and Pakistan's nuclear policy options/policies. The thrust of the argument is that the perceptions of India and Pakistan's strategic insecurities as interpreted by their security managers, through the prism of their strategic cultures, have, in conjunction with material, domestic and technological factors, defined their nuclear trajectories. In framing the argument, although appreciative of the material (realist) realm, attention is drawn simultaneously to the inter-subjective (constructivist) realm, namely, that productions of insecurities are also ‘cultural’. This constructivist line of analysis, which draws attention to culture ‘as both a source of insecurity and an object of analysis’ in international relations, has implications on the future of a nuclearized South Asia.
Kant on the history of nature: the ambiguous heritage of the critical philosophy for natural history.

This paper seeks to show Kant’s importance for the formal distinction between descriptive natural history and a developmental history of nature that entered natural history discussions in the late eighteenth century. It is argued that he developed this distinction initially upon Buffon’s distinctions of ‘abstract’ and ‘physical’ truths, and applied these initially in his distinction of ‘varieties’ from ‘races’ in anthropology. In the 1770s, Kant appears to have given theoretical preference to the ‘history’ of nature [Naturgeschichte] over ‘description’ of nature [Naturbeschreibung]. Following Kant’s confrontations with Johann Herder and Georg Forster in the late 1780s, Kant weakened the epistemic status of the ‘history of nature’ and gave theoretical preference to ‘description of nature’. As a result, Kant’s successors, such as Goethe, could draw from Kant either a justification for a developmental history of nature, or, as this paper argues, a warrant from the critical philosophy for denying the validity of the developmental history of nature as anything more than a ‘regulative’ idea of reason.
Mechanisms of surface faceting and coarsening

Abstract The progression of surface faceting on ceramic substrates is explored using the {1010} and (0001) surfaces of Al2O3 (α-Al2O3, corundum structure) as model systems. Atomic-force microscopy and electron microscopy techniques are used to monitor the progression of faceting as a function of annealing time. Whether the surface facets into a hill-and-valley structure, such as the {1010} surface, or into a terrace-and-step structure, such as the (0001) surface, faceting starts with the nucleation and growth of individual facets. The growth of individual facets is found to promote the nucleation of adjacent facets, and thus leads to the formation of facet domains. As domains that are out of phase with each other coalesce regions with a high density of facet junctions are formed. Facet junctions, points where two facets merge to form one, are found to have an important role in facet coarsening. The mechanism for the coarsening of the completely faceted surface involves the motion and elimination of facet junctions. Both the facet wavelength and density of facet junctions are monitored as a function of annealing time for the {1010} and (0001) Al2O3 surfaces.
Stability measurement of high-speed vehicles

Vehicle rollover represents a significant percentage of single-vehicle accidents and accounts for over 9000 fatalities and over 200,000 non-fatal injuries each year. Previous research has yielded rollover stability control systems that are effective in on-road conditions. Accident statistics show, however, that over 90% of rollovers involve road departure, during which a vehicle may encounter sloped and rough terrain while travelling at high speed. A critical element of most rollover stability control systems is a metric that monitors a vehicle's nearness to rollover. Most metrics, however, are designed for use on flat, level surfaces characteristic of on-road terrain. In this paper, a new stability metric, termed the stability moment, is proposed that is accurate on terrain surfaces with arbitrary geometry, which allows it to be used in road departure scenarios. The metric is based on an estimate of the distribution of wheel–terrain contact forces. The metric can be calculated on line in real time, using...
Agarose gel electrophoresis of circular DNA of replicative form of bacteriophage G4.

Abstract Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to fractionate the replicative form of DNA (RF-DNA) of bacteriophage G4 according to both the conformation and the molecular weight of the component molecules. We have examined the effect of gel concentration, current density, and temperature on the degree of separation of the different species. Optimum results are obtained by manipulation of the gel concentration and control of temperature and current density. Purification of figure-8 DNA has been accomplished in a two-stage procedure which separates figure-8s from catenated dimers. The viral and complementary strands of G4 RE-DNA can also be fractionated. Several methods for the recovery of DNA from agarose gels have been tested and their efficiency evaluated.
It’s Time to Boo: Resonance, Resistance, and Revolution

In this piece the author questions audience behavior in the 2012 Republican primary campaign for U.S. President. Why do some ideas and performances resonate to the point of producing overt response? What underlying elements condition an audience to boo or applaud? The cultural climate of talk radio and other heated rhetoric contributes to creating conditions ripe for explosion in this context. The author develops a personal poetic response to two incidents: An audience booing a gay soldier who objected to the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy, and an audience cheering for the death penalty.
For love or money: Costs of child care by relatives

A substantial proportion of employed mothers of young children, especially low-income mothers, use relatives to provide child care. This study uses data on interhousehold exchange of gifts, loans, and household services from the National Survey of Families and Households to examine monetary and nonmonetary costs of child care by relatives. Results show that mothers who use relatives for child care are more likely to give services and to have given gifts or loans to other relatives living outside the household than mothers using other forms of child care or mothers who are not employed. Monetary payments for child care by relatives are made more often for full-time than part-time care and less often to grandparents than to other relatives providing care. Implications for government child care assistance programs are discussed.
Acute effects of testosterone on serum PGE2 levels in male dogs

Serum prostaglandin levels are influenced by testosterone. To test the hypothesis that the effect of testosterone is mediated through the prostate gland, testosterone was given acutely to intact and to prostatectomized male dogs. Intact dogs responded to testosterone with an abrupt, transient rise in plasma PGE2 levels; prostatectomized dogs did not respond. We conclude that testosterone has an acute effect on the prostate gland which results in release of PGE2 into the blood stream.
Anisotropic electrical conductivity in metal-organic square planar d8 complexes

Abstract Electrical conductivity of dicarbonylacetylacetonatoiridium, a square planar d8 complex, is reported. Conductivity along the metal-metal axis measures about 10−5 ohm−1 cm−1 at a frequency of 104 Hz and room temperature, while the conductivity perpendicular to this axis measures only 2 × 10−8 ohm−1 cm−1. The temperature dependence of both is described by an activation energy of 0.25 eV. The relation of this data to a metal-metal bond is discussed.
On centrifugal separation of particles of two different sizes

Abstract We consider flow in a centrifugal force field of a non-dilute suspension with particles or droplets of two sizes. The volume fraction and the velocity fields are determined assuming small convection and shear terms. The resulting flow field is quite different from that in a gravitational settling of a similar mixture. In particular, the volume fraction is a function of time and radius in the sectors separated by kinematic shocks and the settling velocity is a non-monotonic function of the particle size.
Sequence dependence for bypass of thymine glycols in DNA by DNA polymerase I

Single-stranded phage DNAs containing thymine glycols were prepared by oxidation with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and were used as templates for DNA synthesis by E. coli DNA polymerase I. The induction of thymine glycol lesions in DNA, as measured by immunoassay, quantitatively accounted for an inhibition of in vitro DNA synthesis on modified templates. Analysis of termination sites for synthesis by DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) showed that DNA synthesis terminated at most template thymine sites in OsO4-treated DNA, indicating that incorporation occurred opposite putative thymine glycols in DNA. Nucleotides 5' and 3' to putative thymine glycol sites affect the reaction, however, since termination was not observed at thymines in the sequence 5'-CTPur-3'. Conversion of thymine glycols to urea residues in DNA by alkali treatment caused termination of DNA synthesis one nucleotide 3' to template thymine sites, including thymines in the 5'-CTPur-3' sequence, showing that the effect of surrounding sequence is on the elongation reaction by DNA polymerase rather than differential damage induction by OsO4.
Modulation of calcium-activation in control and pressure-overload hypertrophied ferret hearts: Effect of DPI 201-106 on myofilament calcium responsiveness

Abstract We examined the relationship between free Ca2+ and developed force in chemically skinned fibers from control and pressure-overload hypertrophied (POH) hearts of ferrets in the absence and presence of DPI 201-106 (4-([3-(4-diphenyl-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1H-indole-2-carbonitrile), a positive inotropic and negative lusitropic agent. Force production in both control and hypertrophied fibers increased with Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) over a range from 10−7 m to 10−4 m , and did not differ significantly in response to Ca2+ under isometric conditions. The [Ca2+] required for half-maximal activation ([Ca2+]50%) was estimated to be 1.84 × 10−6 m in control muscles and 1.76 × 10−6 m in POH muscles. The maximal Ca2+-activated force was significantly higher in the POH group (3.68 ± 0.27 g/mm2) as compared to the control muscles (2.41 ± 0.56 g/mm2). A DPI concentration of 10−6 m shifted the force-pCa relation leftward by 0.13–0.18 pCa units in the control hearts, and by 0.40–0.45 pCa units in the hypertrophied hearts. In the concentration range between 10−8 m and 10−5 m , DPI induced a concentration dependent increase in force production that reached about 40% in the hypertrophied hearts and only 18% in the control hearts at pCa 6. The influence of DPI on the myofibrillar Ca2+ binding may be due to the effect of the drug on the troponin T-tropomyosin complex. In view of our results, we propose that hypertrophied hearts may demonstrate an adaptational change in the contractile proteins at the level of the thin myofilaments. This adaptational change may result in altered contractile performance and response to agents that potentially act at the level of the myofilaments. Further, alteration at the level of the myofilaments may not be detected by standard force-[Ca2+] relationships.
ALPHABETICAL NEUROSIS AND LONGEVITY

Trevor Weston (1965) has pointed out in a combination of levity and seriousness a phenomenon which he calls "the alphabetical neurosis." This "neurosis" is manifested by those whose last names begin with letters toward the end of the alphabet which results in their being at the end of life's roll calls-last for exam and test results, last to be called on to present reports, last for vaccinations, etc. Weston believes that, "the strain of all chis waiting, this always being last, renders us much more liable to becoming morose and introspective with a growing conviction that we are in fact not as good as the As and the Bs and the Cs." Invesrigating this phenomenon, Weston found that the average life expectancy of those with surnames in the S to Z category was 12 yr. less than for the population as a whole (how this was established and the possible bias that might have occurred, is not clear). In addition, he found that the incidence of peptic ulcers, coconaries, and mental disorders was greater in chis S-to-Z category. Finding this hard to believe (perhaps because of the precarious position of my own surname), an exploratory test of this hypothesis was made by tabulating the age at death of native born men, age 20 and over, from the obituary column of the Salt Lake Tribu.ne from July 24 to Sept. 15, 1967. Eliminated from this sample were Negroes (when this could be determined by a picture or the obituary itself), those with Spanish-American names, and those whose deaths were accidental. The final sample included 388 in the A-R and 114 in the S-Z category. Although the mean ages were in the direction of Weston's hypothesis, 67.5 vs 65.3, the t test indicated a nonsignificant difference between the rwo means (1 = 1.38, 500 df). For a more cosmopolitan sample, the ages at death of all males, presumably prominent in science, appearing in the "Recent Deaths" columns of Science from Jan., 1966 to Aug., 1967, were grouped alphabetically. The difference in mean age at death between rhe A-R group (N = 182) and the S-Z group (N = 51) was insignificant (67.0 vs 66.4, t = .26, 231 df). The samples are admittedly crude and it is impossible to determine what part the alphabetical placement of the surname has played in the individual lives (Dr. Weston's study was done in England where they may be more prone co rely on alphabetical listings); nevertheless, data for these two samples cast doubt on the generality or extent of the effects of alphabetical order on longevity.
Adult adjustment of persons with severe/profound mental disabilities: A longitudinal study

The parents of 14 individuals with severe/profound mental disabilities were interviewed one and three years after their children graduated or “aged out” of high school. Two categories of information were sought concerning the adult adjustment of these individuals. General status variables included marital status, place of residence, agencies contacted concerning employment opportunities, financial resources, leisure activities, means of transportation, sources of help in resolving problems, and amount of postsecondary training. Employment variables included location of employment, wages, number of hours worked per week, and job benefits received. Results indicated that three years after exiting high school, all participants were very dependent upon others for housing, transportation, and financial assistance. Ten of the 14 individuals were employed 3 years after exiting high school, all in sheltered workshops.
Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in the initial management of thrombosed popliteal artery aneurysms

Case reports of three patients presenting with acute limb-threatening lower extremity ischemia as a result of thrombosed popliteal artery aneurysms are described. Intra-arterial urokinase was administered to each patient prior to definitive surgery. This improved the infrapopliteal runoff in each case, allowing for successful arterial reconstruction without limb loss.
Simulating Future Histories: The Nau Solar System Simulation and Mars Settlement

The authors and their colleagues on 11 other campuses are engaged in leading teams of students through the fifth iteration of the NAU (Northern Arizona University) Solar System Simulation.1 This is a classroombased role-playing simulation in which the teams of students build working models of communities and work sites, some situated "offEarth," in an historically plausible future solar system. (We will have more to say about what constitutes "historic plausibility" later in this article.) The "model-building" is done face-to-face in each classroom, and also collaboratively among the teams of students through the Internet. Students and faculty communicate with each other through the Internet using a variety of communications formats, including a Multiple User Domain (MUD) program and electronic mail. This article describes, primarily from the location of the Mars Settlement class at NAU, how the simulation is conducted and what pedagogical and anthropological premises are involved. It is our contention that the pedagogical "innovations," or alternatives, that we have incorporated into the solar system simulation are both different from and complementary to conventional instruction. The simulation requires that students engage both halves of their brains, using technology creatively and binding creativity to technological feasibility. At NAU we have been able to package a very unconventional course within conventional administrative constraints. "ANT 390 Cultural Simulation: Mars Settlement" is offered as a three-credit-hour lecture