cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear grammar as a possible stepping-stone in the evolution of language.

We suggest that one way to approach the evolution of language is through reverse engineering: asking what components of the language faculty could have been useful in the absence of the full complement of components. We explore the possibilities offered by linear grammar, a form of language that lacks syntax and morphology altogether, and that structures its utterances through a direct mapping between semantics and phonology. A language with a linear grammar would have no syntactic categories or syntactic phrases, and therefore no syntactic recursion. It would also have no functional categories such as tense, agreement, and case inflection, and no derivational morphology. Such a language would still be capable of conveying certain semantic relations through word order—for instance by stipulating that agents should precede patients. However, many other semantic relations would have to be based on pragmatics and discourse context. We find evidence of linear grammar in a wide range of linguistic phenomena: pidgins, stages of late second language acquisition, home signs, village sign languages, language comprehension (even in fully syntactic languages), aphasia, and specific language impairment. We also find a full-blown language, Riau Indonesian, whose grammar is arguably close to a pure linear grammar. In addition, when subjects are asked to convey information through nonlinguistic gesture, their gestures make use of semantically based principles of linear ordering. Finally, some pockets of English grammar, notably compounds, can be characterized in terms of linear grammar. We conclude that linear grammar is a plausible evolutionary precursor of modern fully syntactic grammar, one that is still active in the human mind.
4.30 – Glutamate Receptor Trafficking in LTP

Glutamate receptor phosphorylation and trafficking are two common threads woven throughout recent long-term potentiation (LTP) literature. In the immature hippocampus, LTP leads to increased surface expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors. Conversely, LTP enhances the surface expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in adult hippocampus. Given that the expression and subcellular localization of glutamate receptors, as well as the kinases and phosphatases that modulate them, are developmentally regulated, it is not surprising that multiple mechanisms of LTP have been described. These diverse mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may even be complimentary. Here we review evidence for glutamate receptor trafficking in hippocampal LTP with an emphasis on the developmental stage of the experimental preparation.
Dynamic Game Model for Deregulated Electricity Markets Considering the Ramp Rate Constraints

In this paper, we investigate how generators' ramp rate constraints may influence generators' equilibrium strategy formulation. In the market model, generators' ramp rate constraints are explicitly represented. In order to fully characterize the inter-temporal nature of the ramp rate constraints, a dynamic game model is presented. The subgame perfect Nash equilibrium is adopted as the solution of the game and the backward induction procedure is designed. Due to the inter-temporal nature of the ramp rate constraints, the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium strategy should be a Markov strategy. This, in turn, suggests that the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of the proposed game should be characterized as the Markov perfect equilibrium. Finally, two examples including a simple discrete strategy example and a numerical illustration of applying the proposed approach are presented.
Remember dax? Relations between children's cross-situational word learning, memory, and language abilities.

Abstract Learning new words is a difficult task. Children are able to resolve the ambiguity of the task and map words to referents by tracking co-occurrence probabilities across multiple moments in time, a behavior termed cross-situational word learning (CSWL). Although we observe developments in CSWL abilities across childhood, the cognitive processes that drive individual and developmental change have yet to be identified. This research tested a developmental systems account by examining whether multiple cognitive systems co-contribute to children’s CSWL. The results of two experiments revealed that multiple cognitive domains, such as memory and language abilities, are likely to drive the development of CSWL above and beyond children’s age. The results also revealed that memory abilities are likely to be particularly important above and beyond other cognitive abilities. These findings have implications for theories and computational models of CSWL, which typically do not account for individual children’s cognitive capacities or changes in cognitive capacities across time.
Sequence analysis of old and new strains of porcine circovirus associated with congenital tremors in pigs and their comparison with strains involved with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

The entire genomes of 7 isolates of porcine circovirus (PCV) from pigs with congenital tremors (CT), type A2, or postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) were cloned and sequenced. One isolate (CT-PCV-P7) originated from the late 1960s from a neonatal pig with CT, type A2. Two recent PCV isolates (CT-PCV-P5, CT-PCV-P6) were from 2 affected neonatal pigs, from different farms, with unrelated outbreaks of CT; type A2. Four isolates (PMWS-PCV-P1, PMWS-PCV-P2, PMWS-PCV-P3, PMWS-PCV-P4) originated from pigs with PMWS from 4 different farms. A comparative analysis of these PMWS and PCV isolates demonstrated 99% sequence identity with each other, and over 96% sequence identity with previously sequenced PCV2 isolates. The CT-PCV-P5 and CT-PCV-P6 isolates, however, shared 99% of the same identity with each other, and interestingly also with PMWS PCV isolates. There were no consistent genomic differences between PMWS and recent CT isolates. The CT-PCV-P7 showed 98% identity similarity to PK-15-derived PCV1 and demonstrated only 72% identity similarity to either CT-PCV-P5 or CT-PCV-P6. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the old isolate (CT-PCV-P7), and the new isolates (CT-PCV-P5, CT-PCV-P6, PMWS-PCV-P1, PMWS-PCV-P2, PMWS-PCV-P3, PMWS-PCV-P4) were correctly classified as PCV1 and PCV2, respectively.
Chemoselective ratiometric imaging of protein S-sulfenylation

Here we report a ratiometric fluorescent probe for chemoselective conjugation to sulfenic acids in living cells. Our approach couples an α-fluoro-substituted dimedone to an aminonaphthalene fluorophore (F-DiNap), which upon sulfenic acid conjugation is locked as the 1,3-diketone, changing the fluorophore excitation. F-DiNap reacts with S-sulfenylated proteins at equivalent rates to current probes, but the α-fluorine substitution blocks side-reactions with biological aldehydes.
Seasonal Effects of Transplanting on Northern Red Oak and Willow Oak

Abstract Seasonal effects on transplant establishment of balled-and-burlapped (B&B) shade trees are not well documented. Early post-transplant root growth and aboveground growth over a 3-year period were therefore determined for November-and March-transplanted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and willow oak (Q. phellos L.). Survival of red oak was 100% for both treatments. Survival of November-and March-transplanted willow oak was 67% and 83%, respectively. No new root growth was observed outside or within the root balls of either species upon excavation in January. New root growth was evident when trees of both species were excavated in April, indicating that root system regeneration of November-transplanted trees occurs in late winter and/or early spring, not late fall and/or early winter. November-transplanted red oak, but not willow oak, grew more roots by spring bud break than March-transplanted trees. However, little difference in height growth and trunk expansion was evident between the November...
A Novel Approach for the Management and Prevention of Self-Induced Masticatory Lingual Trauma in the Neurologically Injured Patient:

Self-induced masticatory trauma is an unfortunate complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, including epileptic seizures, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, psychiatric disease, and brain trauma, in addition to other described etiologies. While single or occasional occurrences of tongue biting are relatively benign, recurrent self-injury can pose major issues and predispose a patient to chronic, severe complications. To prevent the complications associated with ongoing trauma to the tongue, steps must be taken to protect individuals from chronic self-injurious behavior. Often, these interventions cause significant morbidity to the patient, such as elective removal of the dentition or complications in gaining access to the oral cavity/airway associated with maxillomandibular fixation. In the neurologically impaired patient, immobilization of the jaws is frequently associated with higher rates of agitation, aspiration, or development of complicating infections of the gingival tissues. We report a case of self-induced masticatory trauma managed with the fabrication of a custom-fabricated oral appliance. This treatment modality successfully prevents the recurrence or incidence of self-induced masticatory trauma to the tongue. The benefits of this modality are that it allows access to the oral cavity, prevents immobilization of the jaws, has minimal to no morbidity, and is completely reversible.
Molecular property methods for assessing efficiency of organic Rankine cycles

Abstract This paper presents a robust method for assessing the efficiency of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants based on the molecular structures of the working fluids employed. The developed methodology uses molecular group contribution methods and does not require equations of state or extensive experimental data. The maximum utilization efficiency ɳu* of an ORC plant was correlated with two thermodynamic properties of the working fluid, namely, its critical temperature Tc and reduced ideal gas heat capacity Cp0/R. The developed correlations predict ɳu* with an average error of 0.9–1.5 percentage points. The optimum ORC heat source temperature Ths* can be predicted with an average error of 3.5 °C to 6.6 °C. The developed methodology was validated using a numerical model of an optimized ORC. It was then used to estimate ɳu* and Ths* of 92 working fluids with low global warming potentials (GWP100 0.1 kg/m3). Lastly, best candidate next-generation, low-GWP working fluids were selected for a more detailed examination.
Antisocial Personality Disorder in Older Adults: A Critical Review:

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) has enormous negative impacts on the affected individuals, their loved ones, and society. This burden is intensified by the social and functional changes related to age. The lower prevalence of ASPD in older adults compared to younger adults is well-documented. This discrepancy, often attributed solely to antisocial "burnout," contributes to the lack of attention given to this disorder in older adults and may signify difficulty measuring ASPD in this population. These measurement issues likely stem from problems with the validity of the diagnostic criteria for older adults which may not effectively capture changes that occur with age. This review focuses on the current literature surrounding the validity of ASPD criteria with older adults and relevant concepts, including the connection between criminality and ASPD. Issues with screening tools and the measurement of ASPD caused by problems with the criteria are also discussed. Finally, recommendations for improvement, including use of dimensional models of personality disorders, a potential geriatric subclassification of criteria, and modification of the existing criteria are presented with clinical implications and suggestions for future research.
An examination of the communal coping process in recently diagnosed diabetes.

Communal coping, which involves a shared illness appraisal and engaging in collaboration when illness-related problems arise, is likely beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes. The purpose ...
Cultured equine satellite cells as a model system to assess leucine stimulated protein synthesis in horse muscle

Leucine has been shown to stimulate the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway which plays numerous key regulatory roles in cell growth, survival, and metabolism including protein synthesis in a number of species. However, previous work with equine satellite cells has suggested distinct species differences in regards to physiological effects and the magnitude of responses to growth factors and regulators. Because there is limited research available regarding the role of leucine in regulating equine skeletal muscle protein synthesis, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of leucine on the mTOR signaling pathway in cultured equine satellite. Protein synthesis was evaluated by measuring the incorporation of [3H] Phenylalanine (3HPhe) in equine satellite cell myotube cultures treated with a leucine titration ranging from 0 to 408 µM. Our results show a 1.8-fold increase (P < 0.02) in protein synthesis at levels slightly greater than those found in the general circulation, 204 and 408 µM when compared to a no leucine control (0 µM). Puromycin incorporation, a nonradioactive surface sensing of translation (SUnSET) methodology, was also measured in cells treated with leucine (LEU; 408 µM), a no-leucine control (CON), and a puromycin-negative vehicle (PURO-). These results demonstrated a 180% increase (P = 0.0056) in puromycin incorporation in LEU compared to CON cultures. To evaluate the mTOR signaling pathway, equine satellite cell myotube cultures were treated with leucine (LEU; 408 µM) or a no-leucine control (CON) in the presence or absence of rapamycin (LR and CR, respectively), an inhibitor of mTOR. The mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, suppressed phosphorylation of mTOR (P < 0.01) and rS6 (P < 0.01) with an increase in phosphorylation of rS6 in leucine-treated cultures observed when compared to control cultures (P < 0.05). Similarly, there was a 27% increase (P < 0.005) in the hyperphosphorylated γ-form of 4E-BP1 compared to total 4E-BP1 in LEU compared to CON cultures with leucine-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 completely blocked by rapamycin with a smaller decrease observed in CR compared to CON cultures. The major finding of this study was that leucine activated the mTOR translation initiation pathway and increased transcription of global proteins in cultured equine satellite cells. Use of the cell culture system with primary equine muscle cell lines provides the opportunity to distinguish the impact of leucine on muscle and protein synthesis, independent of systemic interactions.
Animal Intelligence: The Search for Animal Intelligence

A variety of animals have been shown to have cognitive abilities that were previously thought unique to the ‘highest’ species (humans and great apes). While the species gap is closing, there is little, if any, agreement as to how these abilities might relate to intelligence. Instead of ‘one-off’ tests of who passes or fails, a more fruitful approach is to determine how a coginitive process works (e.g., numerosity judgments, tool use, navigation, abstract-concept learning, memory processing). How it works is based upon identifying and manipulating critical variables (e.g., exemplars of a rule, list-memory retention delay) which can seperate qualitative (mechanistic) from quantitative (degree) species differences.
Fluid Film Lubrication with Applications to Machine Elements

Fluid film lubrication occurs when opposing surfaces are completely separated by a lubricant film and no asperities are in contact. The applied load is carried by pressure generated within the fluid, and frictional resistance to motion arises entirely from the shearing of the viscous fluid. This paper presents the lubrication considerations that are important in the successfa. design of machine elements such as hydrodynamic and rolling element bearings, gears, and seals.
“Preference Reversals” and the Theory of Decision Making under Risk

Preference reversal is an experimentally observed phenomenon in which subjects, when asked to choose between suitably matched pairs of lotteries and then to state the lowest amount of money they would be willing to accept in exchange for the right to participate in each of these lotteries, announce the lowest amount for the chosen lottery. Preference reversals were first reported by Lichtenstein and Slovic (1971) and have since been replicated in numerous studies, e.g., Lindman (1971), Grether and Plott (1979), Pommerehne, Schneider and Zweifel (1982), Reilly (1982). The latter studies introduce variations in the experimental design to increase the motivation and reduce the possiblity of confusion and errors on the part of the subjects. By and large these studies reaffirm the existence of the preference reversal phenomenon.
Quantitative Detection of Chicken and Turkey Contamination in Cooked Meat Products by ELISA

Background: Concerns about the contamination of meat products with undeclared meats and new regulations for the declaration of meat adulterants have established the need for a rapid test to detect chicken and turkey adulteration. Objective: To address this need, Microbiologique, Inc. has developed an ELISA that can quantify the presence of chicken and turkey down to 0.1% (w/w) in cooked pork, horse, beef, goat, and lamb meats. Results: This chicken/turkey authentication ELISA has an analytical sensitivity of 0.000037% and 0.000048% (w/v) for cooked and autoclaved chicken, respectively, and an analytical range of quantitation of 0.025-2% (w/v), in the absence of other meats. The assay cross-reacts with cooked duck and pheasant but does not demonstrate any cross-reactivity with cooked pork, horse, beef, goat, and lamb meats, egg, or common food matrixes. Conclusions: The assay is rapid, can be completed in 70 min, and can detect a 0.1% level of meat adulteration. Highlights: The Microbiologique Cooked Chicken/Turkey ELISA can quantitate cooked chicken/turkey in the presence of pork, horse, chicken, goat, or sheep meat to 0.1% (w/w) and is not affected by common food matrixes.
Impact of disease burden on long-term outcome of 19-28z CAR modified T cells in adult patients with relapsed B-ALL.

7003Background: We have previously reported high anti-tumor activity of CD19-targeted 19-28z chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells in adult patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory (R/...
Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy of Layered Structures

Recent advances in Raman and infrared spectroscopy of thin films have led to new and better ways to probe layered structures of dielectrics, that is, organic and inorganic layers, perhaps even including metals. The characterization of specific groups present, their packing and orientation, and interfacial interactions, can many times be done from the observed spectra. Thin layers, however, present a problem of sensitivity because of the small number of absorbing species present and hence, a low signal to noise ratio. Various optical techniques have been developed to enhance the optical fields at a specific interface or in a specific thin film layer. Some of these techniques and results to be discussed are infrared absorption at glancing angles, guided optical waves using integrated optical structures, and surface electromagnetic waves, such as surface plasmons.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Root-Zone Soil Moisture Acquired From Hydrologic Modeling and AirMOSS P -Band Radar

The accurate estimation of grid-scale fluxes of water, energy, and carbon requires consideration of subgrid spatial variability in root-zone soil moisture (RZSM). The NASA Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) mission represents the first systematic attempt to repeatedly map high-resolution RZSM fields using airborne remote sensing across a range of biomes. Here, we compare 3-arc-sec (∼100 m) spatial resolution AirMOSS RZSM retrievals from P -band radar acquisitions over nine separate North American study sites with analogous RZSM estimates generated by the Flux-Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (Flux-PIHM). The two products demonstrate comparable levels of accuracy when evaluated against ground-based soil moisture products and a significant level of temporal cross correlation. However, relative to the AirMOSS RZSM retrievals, Flux-PIHM RZSM estimates generally demonstrate much lower levels of spatial and temporal variability, and the spatial patterns captured by both products are poorly correlated. Nevertheless, based on a discussion of likely error sources affecting both products, it is argued that the spatial analysis of AirMOSS and Flux-PIHM RZSM fields provides meaningful upper and lower bounds on the potential range of RZSM spatial variability encountered across a range of natural biomes.
Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Security

The electric vehicle charging infrastructure supports Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) refueling through vehicle charging equipment (EVSE). Communication and control methods are being developed and tested to respond to growing PEV electrical load and enable this new grid load to expand renewable resource integration and grid services, without additional electrical distribution system capacity and investment. The new communication and control method increases the potential for cyberattacks or malware to pass through the electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The infrastructure—comprising EVs, EVSEs, building automation and energy management systems, and electric power grid—can be adversely impacted, negatively affecting safety, reliability and efficacy objectives.In this work, we describe principles of Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Security (VCIS) that addresses critical gaps in the present security paradigm, while retaining privacy and autonomy of stakeholders. The VCIS principles we enumerate are: isolate network communications, implement advanced, continuous monitoring by "trusted" entities, verify compatibility of physical measurements and cyber state, and incorporate processes to respond and recover to cyberattacks commensurate with the threat. We further foresee that information sharing and coordination between car manufacturers, EVSE vendors, facilities, and electric utilities is essential for VCIS success.
Review of Survive and Resist: The Definitive Guide to Dystopian Politics

Amy L. Atchison and Shauna L. Shames pose two questions to open their book, Survive and Resist: The Definitive Guide to Dystopian Politics: (1) how can political science inform viewers and readers ...
Secondary agriculture teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and, teaching practices of climate change

Purpose: Global climate change (GCC) impacts agriculture through food production. Promoting the understanding about GCC among agricultural educators is imperative. While substantive research exists...
Risk factors and safe contrast volume thresholds for postcontrast acute kidney injury after peripheral vascular interventions.

Abstract Objective Postcontrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) is a dreaded complication of peripheral vascular interventions (PVIs) that depends on the volume of contrast administered as well as a patient's baseline kidney function. However, there is currently no guidance on the volume of contrast that is considered safe especially for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to characterize the incidence, risk factors for, and outcomes after PC-AKI and define thresholds of safety for contrast volume. Methods The Vascular Quality Initiative files for PVI (2010-2018) were reviewed. Patients on dialysis, with renal transplants, or who developed a bleeding complication were excluded. Only records with complete data on baseline creatinine, contrast volume, and PC-AKI (creatinine increase of ≥0.5 mg/dL, or new dialysis requirement) were included. The cumulative incidence of PC-AKI with contrast volume at each stage of CKD was derived. A safe threshold for contrast volume was defined as the volume at which the cumulative incidence of PC-AKI is 0.5% or less. Multivariable logistic regression was used to define risk factors for PC-AKI, and survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results A total of 53,780 procedures were included. There were 16,062 patients (29%) with normal kidney function or CKD1, 21,769 (39%) with CKD2, 14,234 (25%) with CKD3, 1471 (3%) with CKD4, and 199 ( Conclusions PVI are associated with low risk of PC-AKI that significantly increases when patients with advanced CKD undergo high acuity cases. Given the strong association with short-term and long-term mortality, risk of PC-AKI should be minimized by using safe thresholds of contrast volume.
Assessing and addressing footwear needs in Parkinson's disease-design thinking in neurology.

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that results in a variety of motor deficits such as unsteady gait, bradykinesia, resting tremor, and rigidity. Objective The objective of this study was to quantify and assess the challenges and preferences Parkinson's disease patients have regarding footwear. Methods A 13-question survey was designed to assess footwear challenges and preferences among PD patients. A total of 89 PD patients, both male and female, were surveyed in the outpatient setting at UC Irvine during their appointments with the senior author. Results A majority of the PD patients in our cohort (64%) reported experiencing difficulties wearing shoes on their own. Patients who experienced difficulties wearing shoes were significantly more likely to report having been forced to make changes to their desired outfits (p = 0.0011), choosing not to wear dress shoes due to their discomfort (p = 0.0175), and preferring shoes without laces (p = 0.0 048). Conclusions The present study is the first attempt to use a survey to quantify the challenges and preferences reported by PD patients in regard to their usage of footwear. Inspired by our findings, the study team designed a novel dress shoe prototype that may address some of the difficulties and concerns gathered through our survey.
Three-dimensional printing and models: Current applications, limitations, and trends in spinal surgery

Abstract With advancements in manufacturing techniques and preparation of biomaterials, the clinical applications of three-dimensional printing (3DP) are increasing in the field of spine surgery. Initially, 3DP technology was most commonly used for purposes of education and pre-operative planning. More recently, the creation of patient-specific instrumentation guides and implants have gained attention as both a means of increasing safety and accuracy in spine surgery as well as providing novel solutions for complex reconstruction. In addition, 3DP technology has allowed the creation of novel microstructures in mass produced spine implants, spurring the introduction of interbody devices with potential for osseointegration to aid in achieving stability and potentially increase fusion. The purpose of the current article is to discuss the history, current use, and limitations for 3DP technology in spine surgery.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to support modernized chemical safety assessment

Abstract Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has now emerged as a critical translation tool to quantitatively bridge toxicity estimates from in vitro and in silico approaches, which collectively referred to as new approach and methodologies (NAMs) to in vivo exposure conditions within the context-based safety assessment framework. This chapter describes the emerging new role of PBPK modeling referred to as quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation in modern safety assessment and how this new role is supported by rapid PBPK modeling characterized by the use of generic modeling approach coupled with in vitro–based parameterization. The ultimate goal is to support interpretation of high-volume NAMs data for chemical safety decisions in an efficient way while increasing in vivo relevance in the context of human safety.
Influence of thermal boundary condition on gas drainage from a semi-sealed narrow channel

Abstract Draining a viscous gas from a semi-sealed narrow conduit is a pore-scale problem of fundamental interest to primary fluid recovery from a petroleum reservoir as well as other applications. Such a drainage flow is entirely driven by the volumetric expansion of the gas and its mass flow rate is determined by the time-rate of decrease of the gas density within the conduit. It was found previously that when thermal effect is completely neglected, the drainage rate differs significantly from that based on the lubrication theory. The present work parametrically explores the influence of thermal boundary condition on the non-isothermal drainage flow from a narrow channel. It is found that as the wall transitions from adiabatic to isothermal condition, the excess density changes from a plane wave solution to a non-plane wave solution; and the drainage rate increases due to thermal damping on the wall, as a strong damping of the acoustic wave accelerates the process towards the final equilibrium. It is shown that when the exit is also cooled and the wall is non-adiabatic, the total recovered fluid mass exceeds the amount based on the isothermal theory determined by the initial and final density difference alone. The isothermal wall condition with the wall maintained at the initial gas temperature produces the most amount of fluid in the shortest time.
Barriers and facilitators in implementing a pilot, pragmatic, telemedicine-delivered healthy lifestyle program for obesity management in a rural, academic obesity clinic

Few evidence-based strategies are specifically tailored for disparity populations such as rural adults. Two-way video-conferencing using telemedicine can potentially surmount geographic barriers that impede participation in high-intensity treatment programs offering frequent visits to clinic facilities. We aimed to understand barriers and facilitators of implementing a telemedicine-delivered tertiary-care, rural academic weight-loss program for the management of obesity. A single-arm study of a 16-week, weight-loss pilot evaluated barriers and facilitators to program participation and exploratory measures of program adoption and staff confidence in implementation and intervention delivery. A program was delivered using video-conferencing within an existing clinical infrastructure. Elements of Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) provided a basis for assessing intervention characteristics, inner and outer settings, and individual characteristics using surveys and semi-structured interviews. We evaluated elements of the RE-AIM model (reach, adoption) to assess staff barriers to success for future scalability. There were 27 patients and 8 staff completing measures. Using CFIR, the intervention was valuable from a patient participant standpoint; staff equally had positive feelings about using telemedicine as useful for patient care. The RE-AIM framework demonstrated limited reach but willingness to adopt was above average. A significant barrier limiting sustainability was physical space for intervention delivery and privacy and dedicated resources for staff. Scheduling stressors were also a challenge in its implementation. The need to engage staff, enhance organizational culture, and increase reach are major factors for rural health obesity clinics to enhance sustainability of using telemedicine for the management of obesity. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03309787 . Registered on 16 October 2017.
Strategic Behavior, Private Information, and Decentralization in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme

In the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, the supply of carbon permits is determined in a decentralized manner by the Member States. Alternatively, the supply could be determined by the EU central authority. We analyze whether decentralization leads to lower total abatement costs under various assumptions about the behavior of the Member States and the privacy of information about their abatement costs. If the Member States do not behave strategically, then decentralization is preferred, regardless of whether abatement costs are private information. If the Member States behave strategically, then decentralization may or may not be preferred, depending on the values of four important parameters.
Metrinome: path complexity predicts symbolic execution path explosion

This paper presents Metrinome, a tool for performing automatic path complexity analysis of C functions. The path complexity of a function is an expression that describes the number of paths through the function up to a given execution depth. Metrinome constructs the control flow graph (CFG) of a C function using LLVM utilities, analyzes that CFG using algebraic graph theory and analytic combinatorics, and produces a closed-form expression for the path complexity as well as the asymptotic path complexity of the function. Our experiments show that path complexity predicts the growth rate of the number of execution paths that Klee, a popular symbolic execution tool, is able to cover within a given exploration depth. Metrinome is open-source, available as a Docker image for immediate use, and all of our experiments and data are available in our repository and included in our Docker image.
Oral isotretinoin: 29 years of medical malpractice cases in the United States

Background Reviews of malpractice claims in the United States show trends of increasing payments with statistically higher payouts for more debilitating and permanent injuries. Objectives To examine lawsuits involving notable associated adverse reactions of isotretinoin. Methods Court records of US legal trials from 1985 to 2014 were obtained from a major computerized database: LexisNexis. Data were compiled on the demographics of the defendant and plaintiff, litigation over adverse drug reaction, legal allegations, verdicts, and ruling decisions. Results Seventy unique cases met inclusion criteria and were selected for review. Forty-four cases cited physicians, and 26 cited a pharmaceutical company. When data from physician and pharmaceutical company litigations were combined, individuals 17 years or younger were more likely to be granted litigation outcomes in their favor compared with adults (P = .0016). Cases alleging failure to monitor were associated with an outcome in favor of the plaintiff (P = .0379). Limitations Cases settled or terminated before going to court could not be reviewed. Conclusions Familiarity with malpractice trends through precedent-setting cases will increase physician awareness of common pitfalls, potentially mitigating litigation risk and improving patient care.
Simultaneous optimization of paper spray substrates and solvents for hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules

Abstract Paper spray mass spectrometry is an ambient ionization technique capable of the direct ionization of analyte from a bio-fluid spot on a paper substrate. Different solvents and types of paper can have different interactions with the analytes of interest; therefore, they can significantly impact the analyte signal and the assay as a whole. In this study, we examined the effects of substrate-solvent composition on signal intensity, blank signal intensity, and signal-to-blank ratio for a variety of pharmaceutical drugs, illicit drugs, chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants, and CWA hydrolysis products. The analytes were prepared either neat or spiked into human plasma and deposited on a variety of modified paper substrates. Extraction occurred with a range of different solvents. Optimizing the substrate-solvent combination improved the signal-to-blank ratio for all compounds ranging from 1 to 7,964 factor improvement, with the substrate providing a more impactful improvement. Aprotic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate, tended to produce optimal signal-to-blank ratios, while carbon sputtered and glass fiber substrates were the top paper substrates. The research presented herein illustrates the need for systematic optimization of substrate and spray solvent combinations to achieve the best detection limits for paper spray analysis.
Appeal of novel cessation intervention approaches among young-adult users of traditional and alternative tobacco products:

SignificanceGiven limited research on young-adult tobacco cessation interventions, we examined preferred tobacco/e-cigarette cessation approaches among young-adult tobacco/e-cigarette users.Methods...
A review on low salinity waterflooding in carbonates: challenges and future perspective

Low salinity waterflooding has gained significant attention and importance in the last decade, as it is seen as an impactful method for recovery of additional oil from carbonate reservoirs. Existing literature does not do justice to the underlying mechanisms that aid in the recovery of additional oil from such rock types. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the research conducted on low salinity waterflooding in carbonates and further provide a detailed and critical analysis on the same. The intention of this paper is also to present a condensed research summary on the said topic, and to chart out a detailed roadmap for future work, thereby opening the possibilities of new avenues of research in the field.
Conjoint Analysis of User Acceptability of Sustained Long-Acting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV.

Long-acting delivery modalities of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), such as subdermal implants, are in development. To facilitate end-user uptake and sustained use, it is critical to understand potential consumers' and physician prescribers' preferences about, interest in, and relative importance of different implant features. The ordered identification of these key attributes allows implant developers to incorporate this feedback into product design, which theoretically improves acceptability, feasibility, and user experience with the device. In this study, N=75 PrEP-prescribing physicians, and N=143 MSM at risk for HIV completed web-based surveys that directly compared the importance of 8-9 different implant features, respectively. Conjoint analysis determined the importance of these features, relative to each other. Implants presented in the study were well received, with a majority of physicians and MSM indicating they were likely to recommend or use it. The implant was perceived as unique, reliable, convenient, and advanced, as well as able to deliver better compliance. The attributes the most critical to the adoption of the implant among physicians and MSM were: 1) the chance of becoming infected with HIV while on implant treatment, 2) the length of protection and size of the implant, and 3) the side effect advantages over current PrEP oral pill treatment. Some concerns about the implant included side effects and the product's safety (among MSM) and the cost or insurance coverage level for the implant (both physicians and MSM). There was also some resistance to the implantation procedure itself.
Herpesviruses: Biology, Gene Regulation, Latency, and Genetic Engineering

The family Herpesviridae includes a large number of structurally related DNA viruses classified on the basis of the architecture of the virion (1). Their hosts range from lower vertebrates to primates, and many species, including humans become infected with more than one Herpevirus. Members of this family have been known for over 60 years but only in the last decade have we begun to understand the full range of manifestations caused by these viruses as well as many fascinating aspects of their molecular biology. Although we know more about the human Herpesviruses (Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2) (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Varicella-Zoster, and the Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) than about those infecting other species, the accrued knowledge is predictive of the properties of the family as a whole.
Understanding clinical ordering practices: platelet antibody testing

Aim We use the platelet serum antibody test (Immucor Pak12G, Norcross, GA) for detection of alloantibodies with platelet and HLA class I specificity; whereas, we use the cell-bound platelet antibody test (Immucor Pak Auto, Norcross, GA) for detection of auto-antibodies with platelet glycoprotein specificity. We performed a retrospective audit to investigate when and how these tests were being ordered. Methods All in-house serum and cell-bound platelet antibody testing between April 1st, 2014 and March 31st, 2015 were reviewed. Both results and clinical notes surrounding the time of order were reviewed. Results There were 208 serum platelet antibody tests performed during this time period with 11 repeats. There were 290 cell-bound platelet antibody tests performed during this time period with 13 repeats. Notably, both tests were ordered simultaneously 77 times. The clinical indication for all positive tests is listed in Table 1. The most likely specificities detected when both serum and cell-bound testing were ordered simultaneously are listed in Table 2. Conclusions While each test appeared to be ordered most commonly for the appropriate reason, a number of tests were ordered for the incorrect clinical indication. Furthermore, because these tests are optimized to evaluate different clinical situations, simultaneous orders demonstrate a lack of understanding about test utility. 37% of serum platelet antibody tests and 26% of cell-bound platelet antibody tests were ordered together. Interestingly, the serum platelet antibody test had a number of orders for “other” reasons, which was predominantly due to lack of clinical documentation. In conclusion, an intervention to facilitate proper ordering practices is needed. Download : Download full-size image Download : Download full-size image
Glycoprotein synthesis in the adult rat pancreas. IV. Subcellular distribution of membrane glycoproteins

Abstract Zymogen granule membranes from the rat exocrine pancreas displays distinctive, simple protein and glycoprotein compositions when compared to other intracellular membranes. The carbohydrate content of zymogen granule membrane protein was 5–10-fold greater than that of membrane fractions isolated from smooth and rough microsomes, mitochondria and a preparation containing plasma membranes, and 50–100-fold greater than the zymogen granule content and the postmicrosomal supernate. The granule membrane glycoprotein contained primarily sialic acid, fucose, mannose, galactose and N- acetylglucosamine . The levels of galactose, fucose and sialic acid increased in membranes in the following order: rough microsomes Membrane polypeptides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The profile of zymogen granule membrane polypeptide was characterized by GP-2, a species with an apparent molecular weight of 74 000. Radioactivity profiles of membranes labeled with [3H]glucosamine or [3H]leucine, as well as periodic acid-Schiff stain profiles, indicated that GP-2 accounted for approx. 40% of the firmly bound granule membrane protein. Low levels of a species similar to GP-2 were detected in membranes of smooth microsomes and the preparation enriched in plasma membranes but not in other subcellular fractions. These results suggest that GP-2 is a biochemical marker for zymogen granules. Membrane glycoproteins of intact zymogen granules were resistant to neuraminidase treatment, while those in isolated granule membranes were readily degraded by neuraminidase. GP-2 of intact granules was not labeled by exposure to galactose oxidase followed by reduction with NaB3H4. In contrast, GP-2 in purified granule membranes was readily labeled by this procedure. Therefore GP-2 appears to be located on the zymogen granule interior.
Surgical treatment of colon cancer in patients aged 80 years and older : analysis of 31,574 patients in the SEER-Medicare database.

BACKGROUND: Age-related disparities in colon cancer treatment exist, with older patients being less likely to receive recommended therapy. However, to the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have focused on receipt of surgery. The objective of the current study was to describe patterns of surgery in patients aged ≥ 80 years with colon cancer and examine outcomes with and without colectomy. METHODS: Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥ 80 years with colon cancer who were diagnosed between 1992 and 2005 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with nonoperative management. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis determined 1-year overall and colon cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: Of 31,574 patients, 80% underwent colectomy. Approximately 46% were diagnosed during an urgent/emergent hospital admission, with decreased 1-year overall survival (70% vs 86% for patients diagnosed during an elective admission) noted among these individuals. Factors found to be most predictive of nonoperative management included older age, black race, more hospital admissions, use of home oxygen, use of a wheelchair, being frail, and having dementia. For both operative and nonoperative patients, the 1-year overall survival rate was lower than the colon cancer-specific survival rate (operative patients: 78% vs 89%; nonoperative patients: 58% vs 78%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of older patients with colon cancer undergo surgery, with improved outcomes noted compared with nonoperative management. However, many patients who are not selected for surgery die of unrelated causes, reflecting good surgical selection. Patients undergoing surgery during an urgent/emergent admission have an increased short-term mortality risk. Because the earlier detection of colon cancer may increase the percentage of older patients undergoing elective surgery, the findings of the current study may have policy implications for colon cancer screening and suggest that age should not be the only factor driving cancer screening recommendations. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Eco-Chic: The Fashion Paradox by Sandy Black

(2009). Eco-Chic: The Fashion Paradox by Sandy Black. Fashion Practice: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 267-270.
Radiolytic and Thermal Processes Relevant to Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuels

Characterize the effects of temperature and radiation processes on the interactions of H20 with oxide surfaces. Our experiments focused on the fundamental interaction of H20 molecules with surfaces of U02. We characterized the surface chemistry of adsorbed H2O using thermal desorption methods and radiotracer methods, as well as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low energy ion scattering (LEIS). In parallel with these measurements of thermal effects, we examined the effects of secondary electrons and high-energy photons on hydrogen and oxygen generation and, and how this related to corrosion of spent nuclear fuel. These studies concentrated on neutral and ionic (cation and anion) desorption products of low-energy electron irradiation of water-covered UO2.
Sorting in linear time - variations on the bucket sort

The Bucket Sort is an algorithm for sorting in linear time. That is, we can sort a list of n numbers in expected time O(n). Implementing the Bucket Sort shows off several important aspects of data structures and operating systems in some surprising ways. Implementation details will be discussed leading to faster variations that are not obvious.