cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical and shape memory properties of thermosetting shape memory polymer under compressive loadings

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are an emerging class of active polymers that may be used for a range of reconfigurable structures. In this study, the thermomechanical and shape memory behavior of a thermosetting SMP was investigated using large-scale compressive tests and small-scale indentation tests. Results show that the SMP exhibits different deformation modes and mechanical properties in compression than in tension. In glassy state, the SMP displays significant plastic deformation and has a much higher modulus and yield strength in comparison to those obtained in tension. In rubbery state, the SMP behaves like a hyperelastic material and again has a much higher modulus than that obtained in tension. The SMPs were further conditioned separately in simulated service environments relevant to Air Force missions, namely, (1) exposure to UV radiation, (2) immersion in jet-oil, and (3) immersion in water. The thermomechanical and shape recovery properties of the original and conditioned SMPs were examined under compression. Results show that all the conditioned SMPs exhibit a decrease in Tg as compared to the original SMP. Environmental conditionings generally result in higher moduli and yield strength of the SMPs in the glassy state but lower modulus in the rubbery state. In particular, the UV exposure and water immersion, also weaken the shape recovery abilities of the SMPs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Exploiting the deep structure of constraint problems

Abstract We introduce a technique for analyzing the behavior of sophisticated AI search programs working on realistic, large-scale problems. This approach allows us to predict where, in a space of problem instances, the hardest problems are to be found and where the fluctuations in difficulty are greatest. Our key insight is to shift emphasis from modelling sophisticated algorithms directly to modelling a search space that captures their principal effects. We compare our model's predictions with actual data on real problems obtained independently and show that the agreement is quite good. By systematically relaxing our underlying modelling assumptions we identify their relative contribution to the remaining error and then remedy it. We also discuss further applications of our model and suggest how this type of analysis can be generalized to other kinds of AI problems.
Using stable isotopes to reveal shifts in prey consumption by generalist predators.

The effectiveness of generalist predators in biological control may be diminished if increased availability of alternative prey causes individual predators to decrease their consumption of crop pests. Farming practices that enhance densities of microbi-detritivores in the detrital food web can lead to increased densities of generalist predators that feed on pest species. The ability to predict the net biocontrol impact of increased predator densities depends upon knowing the extent to which individual predators may shift to detrital prey and feed less on crop pests when prey of the detritus-based food web are more abundant. We addressed this question by comparing ratios of stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in generalist ground predators and two types of prey (crop pests and microbi-detritivores) in replicated 8 × 8 m cucurbit gardens subjected to one of two treatments: a detrital subsidy or no addition of detritus (control). Small sheet-web spiders (Linyphiidae) and small wolf spiders (...
An Examination of Precipitation Using CSU–CHILL Dual-Wavelength, Dual-Polarization Radar Observations

AbstractThe CSU–CHILL radar is a dual-wavelength, dual-polarization weather radar system operating at S and X bands with coaxial beams. One of the capabilities of this radar system is the possibility of developing and/or validating algorithms across dual wavelengths and dual polarizations. This paper presents one such instance, showing how the rainfall field can be estimated either from the S- and X-band reflectivities or from the differential propagation phase at X band. To do so, the paper first presents a dual-wavelength attenuation correction method that uses the reflectivity measured at S band, as the constraint for the correction of the reflectivity measured at X band, and it describes how Mie scattering regions at X band may be detected from the retrieved path-integrated attenuation field. Then, the paper describes how the resulting specific attenuation field relates to rainfall and specific phase at X band, which can be obtained from dual-polarization data at a single wavelength as well, and shows...
High specific activity tritium labelling of biologically active small peptides and a related analogue

Small peptides are often endowed with useful biological activity and two of these are l-leucyl-l-leucine methyl ester (1) and glycyl-l-glutamine (2). To advance research in this important area, they were tritiated at high specific activity. [3H] l-Leucyl-l-leucine methyl ester (5) was prepared by the reaction of [3H] l-leucine methyl ester (4) with BOC-Leu-OSu. [3H] Glycyl-l-glutamine (7) was synthesized by the reaction of [3H] l-glutamine with BOC-Gly-OSu. Biosynthesized from l-lysine and l-methionine, related small molecule l-propionylcarnitine taurinamide (3) was also tritiated, employing [3H] taurine (10) and l-propionylcarnitine acid chloride (9).
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emissions Trading in North America

Introduction to the symposium on Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources in the Canada/U.S. Context: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emissions Trading in North America: Kyoto Treaty and U.S. Initiatives, Cleveland, Ohio, 2002.
Breeding for speed

I read with interest the In Depth story “Racing for disaster?” (A. Gibbons, 13 June, p. [1213][1]) on breeding thoroughbreds for speed, and the concerns about inbreeding and the resulting shrinkage of the gene pool. As Gibbons points out, such selection for speed generally involves putting 3-year-old stallions out to stud after winning one or more high-profile races when they are little more than adolescents. However, the inference that today's select thorough-breds (despite having “larger muscles balanced on slimmer legs and smaller hooves”) run faster than their predecessors is simply wrong. A perusal of Kentucky Derby winning times between 1950 and 2012 ([ 1 ][2]) indicates no significant increase in speed over those 62 years. Some of the variability, especially the slower times, is undoubtedly related to the condition of the track, but even the record time, established by Secretariat in 1973, is within 3 seconds of the mean. Over a comparable period, milk production among U.S. dairy cows—also the targets of breeding—has increased more than threefold ([ 2 ][3]). I do not claim that thoroughbreds put in the hands of dairy farmers would be running sub–1-minute miles in 2014, but it is clear that breeding for speed under the present arcane strategies used by the thoroughbred industry is simply not working, even as the gene pool narrows. ![Figure][4] PHOTO: JEFF KUBINA/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS 1. [↵][5] Horse Hats, Kentucky Derby Winners, Past Winners and Statistics ([www.horsehats.com/KentuckyDerbyWinners.html][6]). 2. [↵][7] D. Blayney, “The changing landscape of U.S. milk production, statistical bulletin SB-978, Appendix Table 1–U.S. milk production, 1950-2000” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2002); [www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb-statistical-bulletin/sb978.aspx][8]. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.344.6189.1213 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: pending:yes [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: http://www.horsehats.com/KentuckyDerbyWinners.html [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [8]: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/sb-statistical-bulletin/sb978.aspx
MORE VOLUME LIFTS AN ANCHOR: SEVERE MITRAL REGURGITATION IN HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK MASQUERADING AS MITRAL VALVE PERFORATION

Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve is a loading-dependent process where the anterior mitral leaflet may approximate the interventricular septum. While most often associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dynamic SAM and mitral regurgitation (MR) can occur with profound hypovolemia
Processing Effects on the Contact Resistance of Ion Beam Sputtered Silver on Highly Oriented C-Axis and A-Axis YBCO Films

This paper reports on the processes used to achieve low resistance silver contacts to YBCO thin films that have either c-axis or a-axis orientation. Characterization by x-ray diffraction and TEM verified that these films are highly oriented with either the a or the c axis oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface. TEM examination of some of the Ag/YBCO interfaces reveals the presence of an amorphous layer. We will describe the effects of ion beam etching and RTA alloying on the contact resistivity for both orientations.
High-Precision Pointing and Attitude Determination and Control on ExoplanetSat

ExoplanetSat is a 10 10 34-cm, 5-kg space telescope designed to detect exoplanets around the brightest Sun-like stars via the transit method. Achieving this objective while meeting strict mass, volume, and power constraints necessitates an innovative highprecision pointing and attitude determination and control subsystem (ADCS) design. This paper will present the overall ADCS hardware and software design of ExoplanetSat. The software description will focus on the payload operation during slews (ecient window generation for stars entering the eld of view) as well as the guidance, navigation, and control algorithms for high-precision pointing with two-stage actuation. Analyses and results on the achievable pointing precision using a high-delity simulation will be presented. To demonstrate this two-stage control idea in hardware, a testbed on a spherical air bearing was designed, fabricated, and tested at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) in collaboration with Draper Laboratory. This hardwarein-the-loop testbed successfully demonstrated precision pointing, raising this subsystem to a technology readiness level (TRL) of 5. Furthermore, results from this testbed were used to validate the simulation results, thereby increasing the condence in results produced by the simulation.
Material Constitutive Models for Creep and Rupture of SiC/SiC Ceramic-Matrix Composites (CMCs) Under Multiaxial Loading

Material constitutive models for creep deformation and creep rupture of the SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) under general three-dimensional stress states have been developed and parameterized using one set of available experimental data for the effect of stress magnitude and temperature on the time-dependent creep deformation and rupture. To validate the models developed, another set of available experimental data was utilized for each model. The models were subsequently implemented in a user-material subroutine and coupled with a commercial finite element package in order to enable computational analysis of the performance and durability of CMC components used in high-temperature high-stress applications, such as those encountered in gas-turbine engines. In the last portion of the work, the problem of creep-controlled contact of a gas-turbine engine blade with the shroud is investigated computationally. It is assumed that the blade is made of the SiC/SiC CMC, and that the creep behavior of this material can be accounted for using the material constitutive models developed in the present work. The results clearly show that the blade-tip/shroud clearance decreases and ultimately becomes zero (the condition which must be avoided) as a function of time. In addition, the analysis revealed that if the blade is trimmed at its tip to enable additional creep deformation before blade-tip/shroud contact, creep-rupture conditions can develop in the region of the blade adjacent to its attachment to the high-rotational-speed hub.
Health profiles and quality of life

Recent trends in health research are notable for a shift in both the type of outcome measured and the metric of measurement. In the past, patient outcomes were defined by physicians, but recent trends favor patient-determined indexes. Quantity of life has always been an important indicator; now quality of life is gaining added relevance. Finally, a proliferation of quality-of-life indexes beyond a manageable number has led to a recent trend toward consolidation and simplification of various health outcome measures. In the face of these changes, radiologists unfortunately remain somewhat removed from patient outcomes. Most are involved at the level of diagnosis, but remain relatively removed from therapy. This separation between the radiologist and the clinical outcome has two effects on our attempts to perform relevant outcomes research. First, efficacy of therapy can cloud the effect of a proper diagnosis, since even a perfect diagnosis may not improve patient outcome if the therapy is imperfect. Second, and perhaps more important, radiologists have limited access to patients, being dependent on referrals from clinical colleagues, and thus have less control in designing and implementing outcomes research projects. Within these inherent limitations of the practice of radiology, radiologists and radiology do have two important strengths. First, because radiologists are frequently involved in test design and implementation, many have a fundamental understanding of Bayesian analysis, which is at the core of most decision analyses. The radiologist can thus become a central figure in constructing and implementing decision analytic projects. The second strength of radiology is the rapid evolution of "minimally" invasive therapies. Interventional radiologists are gaining increased access to patients and are becoming the primary therapists in many situations. This increased access to patients and direct implementation of therapy overcome the two primary drawbacks noted above for radiologists performing outcomes research. In outcomes research, radiologists should focus on areas in which they have direct control. Since radiologists are frequently called on to make an initial diagnosis, the value of a negative diagnosis is an area of vast potential, which is rarely discussed. It could fundamentally change outcomes research at the diagnostic level. The benefit of a negative diagnosis arises not only from improved quality of life (due to diminished anxiety) but also from the avoidance of more invasive diagnostic procedures and the potentially negative health outcomes associated with them. Furthermore, increased reliance on the radiologist as primary therapist facilitates the practice of outcomes research for the interventional radiologist, where the efficacy of therapy does not cloud the benefit added by the radiologist.
Release of elastase from monocytes adherent to a fibronectin-gelatin surface.

Fibronectin (Fn) is a circulating and extracellular matrix glycoprotein that may serve to facilitate phagocytosis because of its ability to bind many inflammatory ligands and to a monocyte receptor. Fn fragments have been shown in many systems to have augmented properties over those of native Fn. We show in this report that although Fn fragments did not cause elastase release from monocytes in suspension, fragments did cause elastase release from monocytes that were first bound to Fn- gelatin surfaces. An amino-terminal 29-Kd and a 140-Kd integrin-binding fragment were half-maximally active at 100 nmol/L, whereas the Arg-Gly- Asp-Ser integrin-recognition peptide was half-maximally active at 100 mumol/L. Fluid-phase Fn was ineffective yet blocked the activity of the Fn fragments. Complexing of Fn with gelatin or with heparin partially removed the blocking effect of Fn. Similar results were obtained with U- 937 cells. Substitution of the Fn-gelatin surface with bovine articular cartilage also promoted elastase release. Therefore, in conditions in vivo in which monocytes bind to tissue surface, a high ratio of Fn fragments to native Fn may upregulate certain monocyte activities such as protease release.
The Problem of a Definition of “Air Space”

At the Barcelona Conference of the IAF in 1957, a proposal was made by the present distinguished President of the Conference, Mr. A. G. Haley, that a committee be named to prepare a definition of what is meant by the term “air space”, as used in connection with ffight of aircraft and other instrumentalities. The conference honored me with appointment as Chairman of the proposed committee of scientists and jurists. Difficulties arose in connection with the completion of the membership as originally envisaged. This fact, as well as certain personal considerations, impelled me to submit my resignation. The problem however still exists. For that reason this memorandum has been prepared in the hope that it may be of some value in any future consideration of the basic problem.
Barasertib (AZD1152), a Small Molecule Aurora B Inhibitor, Inhibits the Growth of SCLC Cell Lines In Vitro and In Vivo

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells have rapid proliferation, universal Rb inactivation, and high rates of MYC family amplification, making aurora kinase inhibition a natural target. Preclinical studies have demonstrated activity for Aurora A and pan-Aurora inhibitors with some relationship to MYC family expression. A clinical trial showed activity for an Aurora kinase A inhibitor, but no biomarkers were evaluated. We screened a panel of 23 SCLC lines with and without MYC family gene amplification or high MYC family gene expression for growth inhibition by the highly potent, selective aurora kinase B inhibitor barasertib. Nine of the SCLC lines were very sensitive to growth inhibition by barasertib, with IC50 values of 75% growth inhibition at 100 nmol/L. Growth inhibition correlated with cMYC amplification (P = 0.018) and cMYC gene expression (P = 0.026). Sensitive cell lines were also enriched in a published MYC gene signature (P = 0.042). In vivo, barasertib inhibited the growth of xenografts established from an SCLC line that had high cMYC gene expression, no cMYC amplification, and was positive for the core MYC gene signature. Our studies suggest that SCLC tumors with cMYC amplification/high gene expression will frequently respond to Aurora B inhibitors and that clinical studies coupled with predictive biomarkers are indicated. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2314-22. ©2016 AACR.
Some Comments on Classification

AbstractThe absence of any critical evaluation in the pages of Lithic Technology of Tixier’s glossary may be indicative of the failure among lithic analysts to recognize the importance of words as tools. Indeed, there may be, among various archaeological traditions, a “glossary syndrome” in which analysts name and describe categories of morphological variation but do so without showing much concern for the interpretability of the categories. It therefore seems both opportune and necessary to comment critically about Tixier’s glossary, such discussion serving as a vehicle for more general comments on lithic terminology.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Pore Formation by Melittin in a 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-Di(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) Mixed Lipid Bilayer

Melittin is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide that has the ability to kill bacterial cells through cell membrane penetration, leading to pore formation. In this investigation, an all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been carried out to describe the interaction of two, four, or six peptides placed on the surface of a 3:1 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/1,2-di(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (DOPG) lipid bilayer (a mimic of the bacterial cell membrane) corresponding to protein/lipid (P/L) ratios of 2:96, 4:162, or 6:166, respectively. MD simulation was also carried out for (i) one to eight transmembrane peptides (corresponding P/L ratios of 1:128 to 8:128) in a 3:1 DOPC/DOPG mixed membrane for symmetric as well as asymmetric placement of peptides and (ii) four to eight transmembrane peptides (corresponding to P/L ratios of 4:128 to 8:128) for a pure DOPC lipid bilayer (a mimic of the mammalian cell membrane) for the asymmetric placement of peptide...
Culture and the Star-Power Strategy: Comparing American and Korean Response to Celebrity-Endorsed Advertising

ABSTRACTGiven the wide interest in celebrity endorsements in advertising, it is surprising that there are no quantitative cross-cultural studies on their effectiveness across target audiences. Previous content-analytic research makes assumptions about effectiveness, but has not examined these assumptions. Our article fills this gap by comparing American versus Korean student samples’ response to celebrity-endorsed ads. We find these cultures diverge in purchase intentions after viewing celebrity-endorsed ads. We also find the emphasis of intuitive moral domains drives purchase intentions. Our discussion focuses on marketing implications as well as outlining future directions for this surprisingly underexplored research area.
Interferon-γ Perturbs Key Signaling Pathways Induced By Thrombopoietin, but Not Eltrombopag, in Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

Abstract Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the main regulator of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) self-renewal and survival. Upon binding to its receptor, c-MPL, TPO activates cell signaling, through JAK-STAT and other pathways, which is tightly balanced by negative regulatory signaling processes. Recent studies indicate that chronic exposure of HSPCs to IFNγ, as exemplified in subjects with severe aplastic anemia (SAA), impairs self-renewal by perturbing TPO signaling pathways. Despite elevated levels of TPO in subjects with SAA, the TPO receptor agonist Eltrombopag (Epag) improves trilineage hematopoiesis in refractory SAA, suggesting that it may activate signaling within HSPC in a way that is distinct from TPO under inflammatory conditions. To address the paradox of Epag efficacy despite high endogenous TPO levels in bone marrow failure, G-CSF mobilized human CD34+ cells from 6 healthy donors were cultured in the presence of SCF, FLT3 and either TPO 5 ng/ml (TPO5) or Epag 3 μg/ml (Epag), with or without IFNγ 100 ng/ml. After 7 days in culture, cells were characterized via flow cytometry, CFU assay and transplantation in immunodeficient (NSG) mice. The percentages of CD34+ cells in cultures containing TPO5 or Epag alone were similar (83.3 ± 9.7% and 87.6 ± 7.1%, respectively), but were better preserved with Epag than TPO5 in the presence of IFNγ (46.7 ± 16.1% and 24.6 ± 15.0% respectively, p Download : Download high-res image (89KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Cheng: Novartis: Research Funding. Cheruku: Novartis: Research Funding. Alvarado: Novartis: Research Funding. Cash: Novartis: Research Funding. Dunbar: Novartis: Research Funding. Young: Novartis: Research Funding. Larochelle: Novartis: Research Funding.
Market Orientation in a Digital World

The concept of market orientation was introduced in the early 1990s as entailing three sets of activities: generation, dissemination and responsiveness to market intelligence. Since then the World ...
Magneto-optical isolator for nanoplasmonic waveguides

We introduce an extremely compact magneto-optical isolator consisting of a cavity placed in the proximity of a metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguide. The transmission spectra of the structure depend on the direction of the incident waveguide mode.
Inferno in Chechnya: The Russian-Chechen Wars, the Al Qaeda Myth, and the Boston Marathon Bombings, by Brian Glyn Williams: Lebanon, NH: ForeEdge/University Press of New England, 2015. 296 pp., $29.95 hardcover. ISBN 978-1-61168-737-8

This book centers on the conflict between Chechnya and Russia following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Brian Glyn Williams starts with the centuries-old clashes between Russia and Chechen hig...
Economic adversities and cultural coping strategies: Impacts on identity boundaries among Druzes in Lebanon

Druze communities throughout Lebanon utilize culturally influenced strategies to cope with their economic pressures. As a group, their unique political and historical role in Lebanese society has exposed them to a broad spectrum of economic issues similar to those experienced by ethnic and religious minority groups elsewhere. This article discusses a number of economic concerns they face, with a focus on how cultural values, traditions, and practices are employed to navigate optimal outcomes at individual and communal levels. Traditions and practices common to Druzes, such as dissimulation or the strict obligation to protect one another from outside threats, provide examples to analyze Trouillot's discussion on silences and Chambers's theories on public and private heritage. This research is primarily based on ethnographic and qualitative fieldwork in Lebanon and, using secondary sources, offers a crossâ€ cultural comparison of disparate economic issues faced by Druzes in Israel to identify similarities and differences in cultural coping strategies. Examples of how public images relate to financial opportunities and how these images are brokered by insiders and outsiders provide a nuanced approach to understanding the economic burdens that affect Druzes and the resulting impact on conceptualizations of self, nationality, and shared identity.
Nutrition, Fluid Balance, and Physical Performance

Nutrition, including fluid balance and its effects on physical performance, is not a new concept created in response to the evolution of professional athletics in the twentieth century. Present-day media coverage of this field might lead one to believe that the relationship between nutrition and physical performance is a recent discovery of professional coaching staffs. In truth, professional sports has recently helped expand our knowledge in this area, but our basic knowledge in this field goes back to antiquity and is shrouded in early mythical and religious beliefs. This was followed by the study of nutrition and physical performance under conditions related to some of man’s great endeavors—war and industry. In a more recent stage of development, amateur athletics created the proper controlled environment for the study of nutrition and performance during physical activities of varying intensities and comparison of these results to those collected in military and industrial settings. These combined data bases form the foundation for our present understanding of this challenging field, thus allowing us to develop the present nutritional and fluid regimens used by coaches and participants in amateur, collegiate, and professional sports today.
Laser Scattering Detection of Machining-Induced Damage in Si3N4 Components

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics are considered the primary materials of choice to replace metals in many structural applications because of their desirable mechanical and physical properties, such as high stiffness, corrosion and wear resistance, and greater thermal stability. For such applications, the most critical portions of a ceramic component, i.e., those under the greatest stress during operation, are the surface or near-surface (usually to depths of <200 μm) regions. The most common types of defects in these critical regions are mechanical, e.g., cracks, spalls, inclusions, voids, etc., and can be induced by either machining or operation.
Applications of Contour Integrals

The notion of a residue, introduced in Chapter 7, provides a useful tool to evaluate definite integrals, as shown below. First, let us extend the idea to a multiply connected region in the complex plane, that is, one with several holes or places where the function f (z) is not analytic.
Examples and Exercises on Classical Problems

Let us briefly consider, in terms of the integral \( {\text{I}} = {{\int_{{{{t}_{1}}}}^{{{{t}_{2}}}} {\left( {1 + {{{x'}}^{2}}} \right)} }^{{1/2}}}dt, \), the question of the path of minimum length between two fixed points, or between a fixed point and a given curve in the tx-plane. Here \( {{f}_{0}} = {{\left( {1 + {{{x'}}^{2}}} \right)}^{{1/2}}} \) depends on x’ only, and satisfies condition (S) of Section 2.8. Any extremal must satisfy Euler’s equation in the reduced form (2.2.10), \( {{f}_{{0x'}}} = c, \) or \( x'{{\left( {1 + {{{x'}}^{2}}} \right)}^{{ - 1/2}}} = c \). Here \( {{f}_{{0x'}}} = x'{{\left( {1 + {{{x'}}^{2}}} \right)}^{{ - 1/2}}} \) is a strictly increasing function of x′ with range (−1,1). Thus −1 < c < 1, and there is one and only one value x′ = m, depending on c, such that \(x{\left( {1 + {{x}^2}} \right)^{ - {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}}} = c\). From (2.6.iii) we know that any optimal solution is of class C2 and therefore an extremal. Thus an optimal solution must be a segment x′ = m, x(t)= mt + b,m, b constants.
Abdominal Lymph Node Anatomy

Lymph node metastasis is frequently seen in most primary abdominal malignant tumors. The tumor cells enter lymphatic vessels and travel to the lymph nodes along lymphatic drainage pathways. The lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes generally accompany the blood vessels supplying or draining the organs. They are all located in the subperitoneal space within the ligaments, mesentery, mesocolon, and extra peritoneum. Metastasis to the lymph nodes generally follows the nodal station in a stepwise direction—i.e., from the primary tumor to the nodal station that is closest to the primary tumor and then progresses farther away but within the lymphatic drainage pathways. Metastasis to a nodal station that is farther from the primary tumor without involving the nodal station close to the primary tumor (“skip” metastasis) is rare. The key to understanding the pathways of lymphatic drainage of each individual organ is to understand the ligamentous, mesenteric, and peritoneal attachments and the vascular supply of that organ [1].
Neck Swellings/Lumps: Lateral Neck Lumps

The majority of laterally placed neck lumps in children originate in lymph nosed. Cervical lymphadenopathy is very common in children and in the vast majority of children will be self limiting and benign. Clinicians must therefore be aware of the potential causes of lymph node enlargement in children and the indicators of serious pathology.
Increased risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in low birth weight infants with aortic coarctation

Objective: To determine if there is an association between aortic coarctation (CoA) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in low birth weight (LBW) infants that may justify earlier intervention. Wh...
Assessing Risks from Harbor Dredging to the Northernmost Population of Diamondback Terrapins Using Acoustic Telemetry

The northern diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) is a saltmarsh-dependent turtle that occupies coastal habitats throughout much of the Atlantic coast of North America. We used a novel application of acoustic telemetry to quantify both mobility and occupancy of terrapins within a dredged harbor and surrounding habitats, and used these metrics to quantify relative risk to individuals posed by harbor dredging. Terrapins showed strong fidelity to brumating areas within subdrainages, but extensive movements between these zones during the active period. Activity was greatest in late spring and early summer, declining to near zero by December. Occupancy of the dredge zone was also greatest during spring and summer and declined throughout the autumn months to an annual minimum during winter. Taken together, these data indicate that risks from harbor dredging are minimized during the autumn and early winter months.
Range of Meanings: A Sequential Mixed Methods Study of How English Language Learners Encounter Assessment Items on Descriptive Statistics

English language learners are a growing demographic in secondary, two-year, four-year and research institutions where many students encounter their first course in statistics. In the statistics edu...
Local entanglement and confinement transitions in the random transverse-field Ising model on the pyrochlore lattice

We use numerical linked cluster expansions (NLC) and exact diagonalization to study confinement transitions out of the quantum spin liquid phase in the pyrochlore-lattice Ising antiferromagnet with random transverse fields. We calculate entanglement entropies associated with local regions defined by single tetrahedron to observe these transitions. The randomness-induced confinement transition is marked by a sharp reduction in the local entanglement and a concomitant increase in Ising correlations. In NLC, it is studied through the destruction of loop resonances due to random transverse-fields. The confining phase is characterized by a distribution of local entanglement entropies, which persists to large random fields.
From Synthesis to Utilization: The Ins and Outs of Mitochondrial Heme

Heme is a ubiquitous and essential iron containing metallo-organic cofactor required for virtually all aerobic life. Heme synthesis is initiated and completed in mitochondria, followed by certain covalent modifications and/or its delivery to apo-hemoproteins residing throughout the cell. While the biochemical aspects of heme biosynthetic reactions are well understood, the trafficking of newly synthesized heme—a highly reactive and inherently toxic compound—and its subsequent delivery to target proteins remain far from clear. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about heme biosynthesis and trafficking within and outside of the mitochondria.
X-ray inverse Compton emission from the radio halo of M87

M87 has been observed in the 0.2-4 KeV X-ray band using the High Resolution Imager on the Einstein Observatory, and at 1.452 GHz using the Very Large Array. The radio map showed that the halo contained prominent asymmetries to the east and southwest. The X-ray map indicated similar asymmetries, but they were imbedded in the diffuse hot gas that surrounds the core out to a radius of several arcminutes. The hot X-ray emitting gas was assumed to be spherically symmetric and could, therefore, be subtracted from the image. The resultant image was asymmetric with major lobes to the east and southwest that coincide approximately with the asymmetries in the radio halo. The data indicates that inverse Compton emission is a plausible model for the X-rays coming from the asymmetric component.
Communication and the Chemistry Education Conference Pause of 2020

Many advantages accrue from the ability to share teaching triumphs and challenges with colleagues, and a favorite venue for many lies in chemistry education conferences that are held each summer. I...
Stokes' second flow problem in a high-frequency limit: application to nanomechanical resonators

Solving the Boltzmann-BGK equation, we investigate a flow generated by an infinite plate oscillating with frequency ω. The geometrical simplicity of the problem allows a solution in the entire range of dimensionless frequency variation 0 ≤ ωτ ≤ ∞, where T is a properly defined relaxation time. A transition from viscoelastic behaviour of a Newtonian fluid (ωτ → 0) to purely elastic dynamics in the limit ωτ → ∞ is discovered. The relation of the derived solutions to nanofluidics is demonstrated on a solvable example of a 'plane oscillator'. The results from the derived formulae compare well with experimental data on various nanoresonators operating in a wide range of both frequency and pressure variation.
Abstract 15350: The State of Renal Sympathetic Denervation for the Management of Patients With Hypertension: A Systematic Review & Meta-analysis

Introduction: Sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in the development and persistence of essential hypertension. In recent years Renal Sympathetic Denervation (RSD) has emerged as a prom...
Effect of thickness on metal-to-semiconductor transition in 2-dimensional TiN thin films

Titanium nitride thin films have been grown on c-plane sapphire substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique in the thickness range of 6–45 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has demonstrated TiN (111) as the preferred orientation of growth on the sapphire substrates. The XRD measurements have also indicated that orientational alignment between the TiN and the sapphire improved with an increase in the TiN film thickness. A change in the resistivity behavior of the TiN thin films from metallic to semiconducting has been observed as the TiN film thickness is reduced below 15 nm. Analyzing and fitting of TiN films’ conductivity data have shown that while the Arrhenius law governs their conductivity in the temperature range of 300–350 K, conductivity values of the films follow the variable range hopping mechanism below 300 K.
EFFECT OF Ce-Cu CODOPING ON OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTY OF SnO_2 FILM

Tin dioxide(SnO_2) is a wide band gap semiconductor.SnOj has recently received a large interest because of its multiple technological applications,including solar cells,optoelectronic devices,flat panel displays,gas sensors,architectural windows and catalysts,owing to its good optical and electrical properties and excellent chemical and thermal stability.Compared to traditional materials which based on sulfur compound,rare earth elements doped oxides possess obvious advantages,such as good chemical stability,high transparency in the range of visible light,and nontoxic.In this work,the Ce-Cu codoping of Sn02 thin films were prepared by sol-gel method.The influence of Ce-Cu codoping on the microstructural and optoelectrical properties has been investigated.Both Cu and Ce dopants are incorporated at substitutional sites(Cu_(Sn)~(2+),Ce_(Sn)~(3+)),acting as the acceptors.With increasing the Ce content,the film grain size and optical band gap decrease,while the resistivity decreases at first and then increases due to the change of spatial trap distribution.The ultraviolet peak of the films can be attributed to the oxygen vacancies,while the blue emission at 470 nm belongs to the electron transition between 5d excited state and 4f state of Ce3* ion.Besides,the intensity of the visible emission peak is influenced by the Ce content.The band structure,density of states of SnO_2,intrinsic and doped separately with Cu and Ce were investigated by first-principles full potential linearized augmented plane wave method.The Ce-Cu co-dopants make the conduction band shift down and induce a fully occupied impurity band above the valance band,and 4f orbital of Ce inserts into the conduction band,which leads the shift of the bottom of the conduction band to lower energy zone and narrowing of band gap,thus the band gap is decreased and the conductivity is improved.
Rapid frequency modulation in a resonant system: aerial perturbation recovery in hawkmoths.

Centimetre-scale fliers must contend with the high power requirements of flapping flight. Insects have elastic elements in their thoraxes which may reduce the inertial costs of their flapping wings...
Successful Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction in a Patient With Systemic Sclerosis.

Patients with connective tissue diseases have been shown to be at higher risk for complications after surgery. In this report, we describe a case of a patient with long-standing, stable systemic sclerosis (SS), diagnosed approximately 28 years ago, who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with prepectoral tissue-expander placement. She subsequently had uneventful implant-based reconstruction with adjunctive fat grafting. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of implant-based prepectoral reconstruction after mastectomy in a patient with SS.
“It Would Be Nice If”: Analysis of Transition Experiences Through Grand Challenges:

The adult outcomes of youth with disabilities continue to lag behind those of their peers without disabilities, especially for youth living in rural communities. Interdisciplinary teaming is identi...
Risk of Disordered Eating Among Division I Female College Athletes

The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of disordered eating (DE) among female athletes in lean and non-lean sports using the ATHLETE survey. The ATHLETE survey is divided into six different constructs, and a high score indicates a high risk for DE. Eighty-three varsity female athletes from eight Campbell University sports teams completed the survey and a medical history form anonymously. The sports were divided into sports that traditionally have a high risk for DE (lean sports) and those with a low risk (non-lean sports). The lean sports included: cheerleading, cross country/track and field, swimming, and volleyball. The non-lean sports included: basketball, golf, soccer, and softball. The total mean score of the ATHLETE survey for the lean sports was 100.1 ± 17.4, compared to the non-lean sports scoring 90.1 ± 16.9, p = 0.011. The two constructs that showed significant difference between lean and non-lean sports were Social Pressure on Body Shape (lean: 12.2 ± 3.9, non-lean: 9.4 ± 4.6, p = 0.005) and Team Trust (lean: 7.4 ± 3.3, non-lean: 5.6 ± 2.2, p = 0.004). The results indicate that lean sports exhibited a higher risk for development of DE compared to athletes participating in non-lean sports. It appears that the primary influence of DE in these female athletes came from external social pressures that may therefore dictate their exercise and nutritional habits.
Life at the interface: Adults with “pediatric” disorders of the nervous system

The increasing longevity of patients with congenital and developmental disorders of the nervous system reflects the palliative and social success of pediatrics in the past 2 decades. This success has resulted in an increasing number of adult patients with residua or sequelae of childhood disease and/or its treatment. It is critically important that residencies and subspecialty fellowships train a cadre of physicians to prepare patients and families for the transition of children with special health care needs to adulthood and to attend to their unique medical, psychological, and social concerns. Health services and education research must better define the needs of this growing population and the best ways to educate their physicians and families and empower them to become as independent as their fullest potential allows.
Comportament d'evitació i tècniques d'innundació: teoria i comparació d'experiments en animals i humans

En el presente articulo se formula un modelo teorico del comportamiento de evitacion. Seguidamente, se exponen una serie de experimentos, realizados en el Laboratori de Conducta (UAB), sobre inundacion (bloqueo de respuesta) y su efecto sobre la extincion de la evitacion y de las respuestas emocionales. Finalmente, se discute criticamente la evitacion como modelo analogo del comportamiento humano de ansiedad.
Aototag: A Tool for Creating Structured Document Collections from Printed Materials

We report on the design and implementation of a system which automates the process of capturing structured documents from the optically recognized form of printed materials. The system is intended to be used to convert printed collections into their corresponding tagged electronic versions with little or no manual interventon. This conversion process has some unique problems associated with it, these are discussed, along with our attempts to solve them. This system also establishes a mapping between the bitmap image and its corresponding ASCII representation that can be used to design flexible image-based interfaces for IR-related applications.
Purification and characterization of the acyl carrier protein of the Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin C polyketide synthase.

The acyl carrier protein (ACP) of the tetracenomycin C polyketide synthase, encoded by the tcmM gene, has been expressed in both Streptomyces glaucescens and Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Expression of the tcmM gene in E. coli results mainly in the TcmM apo-ACP, whereas expression in S. glaucescens yields solely the holo-ACP. The purified holo-TcmM is active in a malonyl coenzyme A:ACP transacylase assay and is labeled by radioactive beta-alanine, confirming that it carries a 49-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. Images
Heterozygous genome assembly via binary classification of homologous sequence

Genome assemblers to date have predominantly targeted haploid reference reconstruction from homozygous data. When applied to diploid genome assembly, these assemblers perform poorly, owing to the violation of assumptions during both the contigging and scaffolding phases. Effective tools to overcome these problems are in growing demand. Increasing parameter stringency during contigging is an effective solution to obtaining haplotype-specific contigs; however, effective algorithms for scaffolding such contigs are lacking. We present a stand-alone scaffolding algorithm, ScaffoldScaffolder, designed specifically for scaffolding diploid genomes. The algorithm identifies homologous sequences as found in "bubble" structures in scaffold graphs. Machine learning classification is used to then classify sequences in partial bubbles as homologous or non-homologous sequences prior to reconstructing haplotype-specific scaffolds. We define four new metrics for assessing diploid scaffolding accuracy: contig sequencing depth, contig homogeneity, phase group homogeneity, and heterogeneity between phase groups. We demonstrate the viability of using bubbles to identify heterozygous homologous contigs, which we term homolotigs. We show that machine learning classification trained on these homolotig pairs can be used effectively for identifying homologous sequences elsewhere in the data with high precision (assuming error-free reads). More work is required to comparatively analyze this approach on real data with various parameters and classifiers against other diploid genome assembly methods. However, the initial results of ScaffoldScaffolder supply validity to the idea of employing machine learning in the difficult task of diploid genome assembly. Software is available at http://bioresearch.byu.edu/scaffoldscaffolder .
An empirical analysis of life insurance policyholder surrender activity

We analyze life insurance policy surrender activity to determine whether surrender is a function of certain macroeconomic variables and, therefore, highly correlated across policies. Results support the Emergency Fund Hypothesis and the Interest Rate Hypothesis. In addition, we provide evidence that surrenders are significantly related to policy replacement activity, as in Outreville (1990), which we refer to as the Policy Replacement Hypothesis. The significant relationship between policy surrender and macroeconomic factors strongly supports insurer efforts to understand and actively manage disintermediation risk via insurance contract features and investment policy.
Density functional theory model of adsorption on amorphous and microporous solids

We suggest a model of adsorption in pores with amorphous and microporous solid walls, named the quenched solid non-local density functional theory (QSNLDFT) model. We consider a multicomponent non-local density functional theory (NLDFT), in which the solid is treated as a quenched component with a fixed spatially distributed density. Drawing on several prominent examples, we show that QSNLDFT model produces smooth isotherms of mono- and polymolecular adsorption, which resemble experimental isotherms on amorphous surfaces. The model reproduces typical behaviors of N 2 isotherms on micro- mesoporous materials, such as SBA-15. QSNLDFT model offers a systematic approach to the account for the surface roughness/heterogeneity in pore structure characterization methods.
Reflexivity in Anthropology

Reflexivity has been an essential dimension of cultural and social anthropology's emblematic method of inquiry: ethnographic fieldwork and writing. However, this core feature in the making of anthropological knowledge only became theorized and widely discussed in the 1980s and 1990s when an interdisciplinary intellectual movement with many facets and influences intensively assessed all aspects of the culture concept. Distinctive forms of reflexive thinking, analysis, and writing in anthropology have become canonical. This article reviews intellectual roots of this turn, its period of incorporation, and how it is manifested in contemporary anthropological research.