cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social class and gender impacting change in bilingual settings: Spanish subject pronoun use in New York

This study examines the role of social class and gender in an ongoing change in Spanish spoken in New York City (NYC). The change, which has to do with increasing use of Spanish subject pronouns, is correlated with increased exposure to life in NYC and to English. Our investigation of six different national-origin groups shows a connection between affluence and change: the most affluent Latino groups undergo the most increase in pronoun use, while the least affluent undergo no change. This pattern is explained as further indication that resistance to linguistic change is more pronounced in poorer communities as a result of denser social networks. In addition we find a women effect: immigrant women lead men in the increasing use of pronouns. We argue that the women effect in bilingual settings warrants a reevaluation of existing explanations of women as leaders of linguistic change. (Language change, social class, gender, bilingualism, Spanish in the US, pronouns)*
Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on blood pressure responses to exercise

Abstract It is claimed that exaggerated blood pressure (BP) responses to exercise are predictive of future hypertension and may also be indicative of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. The relation between LV hypertrophy and maximal exercise BP was examined in 35 normal male volunteers and 65 untreated hypertensive male patients. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that preexercise systolic BP was the major determinant of maximal exercise systolic BP (r = 0.52; p ≤ 0.0001), indicating that higher baseline BP predicted higher exercise BP. However, hypertensive patients with LV hypertrophy had the smallest increases in systolic BP with exercise. Accordingly, there was an inverse relation between LV muscle mass and systolic BP responses to exercise in these patients (r = −0.34; p = 0.005). When compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients had lower measures of maximal oxygen uptake and exercise heart rates (p = 0.01). This may indicate lower cardiac performance at maximal exercise and explain the reduced capacity of hypertensive patients with LV hypertrophy to increase systolic BP with exercise. Neither baseline nor exercise BPs correlated with LV mass; instead, the model of regression analysis indicated that body weight was the principal determinant of LV mass. Contrary to previous reports, exaggerated exercise BPs were not associated with LV hypertrophy in hypertensive or normotensive patients.
A comparison of aggressive and foraging behaviour between juvenile cutthroat trout, rainbow trout and F1 hybrids

‘Successful’ introduced species are often thought to cause declines or extinctions of native species through competitive superiority. In western North America, introduced rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, have completely replaced many native cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii, populations; however, few studies have identified the mechanisms that may allow rainbow trout to outcompete cutthroat trout. We raised Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri, rainbow trout, and their first generation hybrids in a common environment and conducted pairwise contests to test for differences in aggression, ability to defend a feeding station, and amount of food captured between these species and their hybrids. We did not detect a difference in number of aggressive acts conducted between cutthroat, rainbow and hybrid trout; however, cutthroat trout had the lowest success in occupying the feeding station and captured a lower proportion of food than rainbow and hybrid trout. Furthermore, hybrid crosses and rainbow trout had highest success at holding the feeding station and capturing food items when competing against cutthroat trout. Our study suggests that juvenile Yellowstone cutthroat trout are less successful at maintaining profitable feeding territories and capturing food items when competing against rainbow trout and first generation hybrids.
Nuclear microprobe analysis of artificial coal

An artificially coalified Taxodium peat was used to examine the behavior of inorganic constituents in terrestrial organic matter during the early coalification process. The artificial coal is produced by subjecting the peat to incremental increases in temperature up to 60 °C and pressures to 14.48 MPa over a four-week period in a partially open reactor. A standard polished thin section 30 μm thick is then cut from the resulting disk and examined using light microscopy to select and mark areas to be cut from the polished thin section. The distribution of inorganic constituents in these areas of the solid produced during the coalification process is then studied using nuclear microscopy. Results suggest that concentrations of inorganic constituents, including silicon, are lower in the newly produced solids than in the initial material. Distributions of other inorganic elements, including aluminum, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, barium and iron are also investigated.
Pleiotropy between Genetic Markers of Obesity and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Background: To address inconsistent findings of obesity and prostate cancer risk, we analyzed the association between prostate cancer (PC) and genetic markers of obesity and metabolism. Methods: Analyses included 176,520 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with 23 metabolic traits. We examined the association between SNPs and PC in 871 cases and 906 controls, including 427 high-grade cases with Gleason≥7. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) for body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were also created by summing alleles associated with increasing BMI or WHR. Results: PC was associated with 5 loci, including cyclin M2, with p-values less than 1x10-4. In addition, the WHR GRS was associated with high-grade PC versus controls (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.11, p-value = 0.048), and high-grade PC versus low-grade PC (OR: 1.07, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.13, p-value = 0.03). None of these findings exceed the threshold for significance after correction for multiple testing. Conclusions: Variants in genes known to be associated with metabolism and obesity may be associated with PC. We show evidence for pleiotropy between WHR GRS and PC. This finding is consistent with the function of several WHR genes, and previously described relationships with cancer traits. Impact: Limitations in standard obesity measures suggest alternative characterizations of obesity may be needed to understand the role of metabolic dysregulation in PC. The underlying genetics of WHR or other Metabochip SNPs, while not statistically significant beyond multiple testing thresholds, support the metabolic hypothesis of prostate carcinogenesis and warrant further investigation in independent samples.
What is the role of arsenic in newly diagnosed APL

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a highly curable subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(15;17) and, consequently, the presence of the PML-RAR α fusion transcript. Most patients are treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which targets the RAR-α moiety of the PML/RAR-α fusion transcript, and anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) targets the PML moiety and has different mechanisms of action at different concentrations, and induces differentiation and apoptosis. Several clinical trials have tested the combination of ATRA and ATO with outstanding results. Furthermore, other trials have explored ATO as a single agent in newly diagnosed patients. ATRA plus ATO has emerged as a promising strategy, even for those with high-risk disease. Future studies will compare ATRA and ATO to conventional ATRA and anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
Internet Based Framework to Perform Automated FEA on User Customized Products

Designing family of products require analysis and evaluation of performance for the entire product family. In the past, products were mainly mass-produced hence the use of CAD/CAE was restricted to developing and analyzing individual products. Since the products offered using a platform approach include a variety of products built upon a common platform, CAD/CAE tools need to be explored further to assist in customization of products according to the customer needs. In this paper we investigate the development of a Product Family FEA (PFFEA) module that can support FEA analysis of user customized product families members. Customer specifications for family members are gathered using the internet, users are allowed to scale and change configurations of products. These specifications are then used to automatically generate 3D solid models of the product and then perform FEA to determine feasibility of the customer specified product. In this paper, development of the PFFEA module is illustrated using a family of lawn trimmer and edger. The PFFEA module uses Pro/E to generate the solid model and ANSYS as the base FEA software.© 2003 ASME
The Origin of the Sigma, Pi, Delta Notation for Chemical Bonds

This piece traces the origins of the sigma, pi, delta bond notation used in molecular orbital theory and its analogy with the s, p, d atomic orbital notation.
Growth and Metal Accumulation of Mycorrhizal Sorghum Exposed to Elevated Copper and Zinc

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alter heavy metal acquisition by higher plants and may alter plant response to soil-contaminating heavy metals. Two communities comprised of Glomus intraradices and G. spurcum were investigated for their influence on copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) resistance of Sorghum bicolor. One community was isolated from a Cu- and Zn-contaminated soil (AMF-C) and one consisted of isolates from non-contaminated soil (AMF-NC). Non-mycorrhizal (NM) sorghum plants were also included. The two community ecotypes differed in their capacity to protect sorghum from Cu and Zn toxicity and exhibited differential metal uptake into hyphae and altered heavy metal uptake by roots and translocation to plant shoots. AMF-C reduced Cu acquisition under elevated Cu conditions, but increased Cu uptake and translocation by sorghum under normal Cu conditions, patterns not exhibited by AMF-NC or NM plants. Hyphae of both fungal ecotypes accumulated high concentrations of Cu under Cu exposure. AMF-C exhibited elevated hyphal Zn accumulation and stimulated Zn uptake and translocation in sorghum plants compared to AMF-NC and NM plants. Differences in metal resistance between fungal treatments and between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants were not related to differences in nutrient relations. The enhanced Cu resistance of sorghum and altered patterns of Cu and Zn translocation to shoots facilitated by AMF isolated from the metal-contaminated soil highlight the potential for metal-adapted AMF to increase the phytoremediation potential of mycotrophic plants on metal-contaminated environments.
IgG4-related ophthalmic disease

IgG4-related disease is a fibro-inflammatory condition with tendency to form tumors with inflammatory infiltrate with IgG4 rich plasma cells and elevation of IgG4 level in serum, which may affect virtually every organ and tissue in the organism. IgG4-related ophthalmic disease may present as dacryoadenitis, myositis, other orbital tissues, hypophysitis or pachymeningitis causing cranial neuropathies. The diagnosis of IgG4-related disease is based on a typical clinical scenario, supportive laboratory data, expected radiological characteristics and distinct histopathological and immunohistochemical features. Corticosteroid followed by the use of long-term immunosuppressive therapy is the most commonly attempted treatment.
The effects of inhalation anaesthetic agents on convulsant (LD-50) doses of local anaesthetics in the rat.

The inhalation of low concentrations of anaesthetic mixtures by rats appeared to provide protection from the obvious convulsions produced by intraperitoneal injections of LD-50 doses of local anaesthetic drugs. However, higher concentrations enhanced the lethal effects of procaine, lidocaine, and tetracaine, probably by a summation of their depressive action on the cardiac and respiratory functions.
International expert workshop on the analysis of the economic and public health impacts of air pollution: workshop summary.

Forty-nine experts from 18 industrial and developing countries met on 6 September 2001 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, to discuss the economic and public health impacts of air pollution, partic...
HLA-A,B and DR antigens in North Carolina Blacks with sarcoidosis.

Forty-one Black sarcoidosis patients from North Carolina were typed for HLA-A. B and DR antigens. There were no significant alterations in their HLA antigen frequencies when compared to a control population.
Synthesis and characterization of alkoxycarbonylrhenium(III) complexes

Abstract The reaction of the cationic complexes [(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(CO) 3 X] + (X = Cl, Br and I) with alkoxide anions in alcohol or dichloromethane results in the formation of the alkoxycarbonylrhenium(III) complexes, trans -(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(CO) 2 (I)(COOR) (X = Cl and Br, R = Me and X = I, R = Me, Et and i -Pr). The trans orientation of the carbonyl groups in these complexes was assigned by IR spectroscopy.
Momentum transfer using chirped standing-wave fields: Bragg scattering

We consider momentum transfer using frequency-chirped standing-wave fields. Atom-beam splitter and mirror schemes based on Bragg scattering are presented. It is shown that a predetermined number of photon momenta can be transferred to the atoms in a single interaction zone.
Development of a method for increasing the utility of multiple correlations by considering both testing time and test validity.

A modification of the Wherry-Doolittle test selection method is presented by which tests are included in a multiple correlation (obtained for a given battery of tests) in the sequence in which the rate of return in validity per unit of testing time is greatest, rather than in the order of the size of their contribution to the multiple correlation. It is proposed that the modified method can be utilized profitably when there are economic or practical limits on the time available for test administration.
Field-induced forces in colloidal particle chains

Electrorheological and magnetorheological effects occur when applied fields polarize particles dissolved in solution. When dipole interaction energies between particles are comparable to thermal energies and particle volume fraction is low, particles align in chains. This paper considers the dipole and higher moment forces within such a chain. We examine forces due to interactions beyond nearest neighbors within a chain, mutual polarization of the particles, and distortion of particle shapes by the applied field. Thermal expansion of the chain enters in the limit of weak applied field.
Indian nationalism and anti‐industrialization: The roots of Gandhian economics

(1973). Indian nationalism and anti‐industrialization: The roots of Gandhian economics. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 93-104.
Neandertal cold adaptation: Physiological and energetic factors

European Neandertals employed a complex set of physiological cold defenses, homologous to those seen in contemporary humans and nonhuman primates. While Neandertal morphological patterns, such as foreshortened extremities and low relative surface-area, may have explained some of the variance in cold resistance, it is suggested the adaptive package was strongly dependent on a rich array of physiological defenses. A summary of the environmental cold conditions in which the Neandertals lived is presented, and a comparative ethnographic model from Tierra del Fuego is used. Muscle and subcutaneous fat are excellent “passive” insulators. Neandertals were quite muscular, but it is unlikely that they could maintain enough superficial body fat to offer much cold protection. A major, high-energy metabolic adaptation facilitated by modest amounts of highly thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed. In addition, Neandertals would have been protected by general mammalian cold defenses based on systemic vasoconstriction and intensified by acclimatization, aerobic fitness, and localized cold-induced vasodilation. However, these defenses are energetically expensive. Based on contemporary data from circumpolar peoples, it is estimated that Neandertals required 3,360 to 4,480 kcal per day to support strenuous winter foraging and cold resistance costs. Several specific genetic cold adaptations are also proposed—heat shock protein (actually, stress shock protein), an ACP*1 locus somatic growth factor, and a specialized calcium metabolism not as yet understood. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:566–583, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis to autophagy switch triggered by the MHC class III-encoded receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE)

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, encoded within the major histocompatability complex class III region. Its multiple ligands include the high mobility group box 1 chromatin binding protein, HMGB1. Recently we reported that RAGE-HMGB1 critically regulates autophagy and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vivo and in vitro in response to chemotherapy. RAGE inhibits apoptosis (“programmed cell death”) by a p53 transcription-independent pathway during the response to chemotherapeutic agents. RAGE sustains autophagy (“programmed cell survival”) associated with decreased phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and increased Beclin 1-Vps34 interaction. These findings provide insight into how autophagy- and apoptosis-crossregulatory molecules interact in response to cellular stress including tumor therapy.
The Ultra Survey Mission: Crafting A Systems Architecture Design Project

Systems Architecture (SA) is a key discipline in System Engineering; robust architectures enable success and flawed architectures limit engineered systems. However, SA is challenging to teach students because it is less of a “hard” science. At the University of Detroit Mercy, students in the MS Product Development (MPD) and Advanced Electric Vehicle (AEV) Certificate programs are exposed to a full term of SA. This class stresses the development of heuristics through exposure to mini case studies, class discussions, and several projects (including a field trip to the Henry Ford Museum to study multiple examples of competing historical architectures). The capstone project in this class requires teams of students to create a new architecture for a given set of criteria. This year's project was to create a space probe architecture that could meet mission objectives given a challenging set of constraints and to create DODAF Viewpoints to communicate the architecture.
Notes on volcanic rocks from Parícutin, Mexico

The small collection of lava-flows, bombs, and ashes from Paricutin, which are to be briefly described, was obtained from several sources and is far from being as completely representative of the volcanic history of the region as one might wish. Until, however, an adequate study is made, these specimens may serve to give some idea of the broader aspects of the local petrography. Each of the 17 specimens is numbered in the text, and in Table 1 is given the name of the collector and the place and date the rock was collected.
Larval Densities of Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae) and Other Mosquitoes in Natural Plant Habitats of Minnesota Wetlands

Densities of mosquito larvae were compared by dipping in four habitat categories of Carver County, Minnesota wetlands. Eighteen species of mosquitoes from six genera were collected. Faunal compositions among study sites were similar; 33% of the sites produced 62% of mosquitoes collected. Of the 103,547 culicid larvae, 88% were Aedes vexans (Meigen). Density of A. vexans was highest in two habitat categories, both occupied by reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea (L.). If this association prevails on a regional basis, mosquito control actions for A. vexans should be directed at areas occupied by reed canarygrass.
Incidentally discovered inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Abstract Background and Purpose: Inverted urothelial papilloma (IP) is an uncommon urothelial neoplasm. We aimed to determine the clinicopathologic characteristics of IP of the bladder and its association with prostate volume and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Patients and Methods: From 1994 to 2008, 53 patients with urinary IP underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) at our institution. We reviewed the clinicopathologic characteristics of IP of the bladder and its association with prostate volume and LUTS. Results: The patient population consisted of 46 men and 7 women with a mean age of 56 years (male to female ratio 6.6:1). The most common presenting symptom was LUTS (33 men and 3 women). Of the 33 men with LUTS, the mean prostate volume before TURBT was 48.1 cc (range 21.8–109.3 cc). IP was found incidentally in 14 men on transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and in 2 men during transurethral prostate resection. In IP located on the bladder neck of patients with benign prostat...
How migratory thrushes conquered northern North America: a comparative phylogeography approach.

Five species of migratory thrushes (Turdidae) occupy a transcontinental distribution across northern North America. They have largely overlapping breeding ranges, relatively similar ecological niches, and mutualistic relationships with northern woodland communities as insectivores and seed-dispersing frugivores. As an assemblage of ecologically similar species, and given other vertebrate studies, we predicted a shared pattern of genetic divergence among these species between their eastern and western populations, and also that the timing of the coalescent events might be similar and coincident with historical glacial events. To determine how these five lineages eVectively established transcontinental distributions, we used mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences to assess genetic structure and lineage coalescence from populations on each side of the continent. Two general patterns occur. Hermit and Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus guttatus and C. ustulatus) have relatively deep divergences between eastern and western phylogroups, probably reflecting shared historic vicariance. The Veery (C. fuscescens), Gray-cheeked Thrush (C. minimus), and American Robin (Turdus migratorius) have relatively shallow divergences between eastern and western populations. However, coalescent and approximate Bayesian computational analyses indicated that among all species as many as five transcontinental divergence events occurred. Divergence within both Hermit and Swainson’s thrushes resembled the divergence between Gray-cheeked Thrushes and Veeries and probably occurred during a similar time period. Despite these species’ ecological similarities, the assemblage exhibits heterogeneity at the species level in how they came to occupy transcontinental northern North America but two general continental patterns at an among-species organizational level, likely related to lineage age.
Low-Income Latina Mothers' Expectations for Their Pregnant Daughters' Autonomy and Interdependence

Forty-five pregnant Latina adolescents and their mothers (23 English-speaking, 22 Spanish-speaking) were videotaped conversing about feelings and plans related to the adolescent's pregnancy. The prevalence of the mothers' messages about the daughter's reliance on the family unit (interdependence) and the daughter's self-sufficiency (autonomy) were related to adolescents' reported and observed feelings about their pregnancies, pending motherhood challenges, and their relationships with their mothers. Increased interdependence messages appeared to denote positive family relations among Spanish-speaking dyads, in that these adolescents reported more positive feelings about their pregnancy, perceived that their mothers felt more positive, and perceived more maternal social support and open communication. The role of interdependence messages was less clear for adolescents from English-speaking families. Higher levels of maternal autonomy messages had positive associations for both groups, in that it was related to higher disclosure about concerns about childcare needs among adolescents from English-speaking families, and about educational goals for adolescents from Spanish-speaking families.
Recovery of linear performance in feedback systems with nonlinear instrumentation

The problem of controller design in linear systems is well-understood. Often, however, when linear controllers are implemented on a physical system, the anticipated performance is not met. In some cases, this can be attributed to nonlinearities in the instrumentation, i.e., sensors and actuators. Intuition suggests that to compensate for this instrumentation, one can boost, i.e., increase, the controller gain. This paper formally pursues this strategy, and develops the theory of boosting. It provides conditions under which the controller gain can be modified to offset the effects of instrumentation, thus recovering the performance of the intended linear design.
The Role of Prostaglandins in the Immune Response

Prostaglandins could exert an important influence on the immune response at at least six levels: (1) As a part of the control mechanism which is altered when lymphocytes dedifferentiate and replicate in response to antigen. (2) As short or long range messengers in cell-cell interactions between lymphoid cells. Thus prostaglandins might be involved in the interactions between thymic (T) and bone marrow (B) cells that are required for the full development of cellular and humoral immunity (Hartman, 1971). Or they might participate in the phenomenon of antigenic competition where an ongoing immune response interferes nonspecifically with the effectiveness of an unrelated antigen (Moller, 1971). (3) As regional hormones which might influence the level of differentiation of lymphoid cells in their local environment. Thus, local differences in prostaglandin levels in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues might be involved in thymic cell differentiation in the periphery (Owen & Raff, 1970).
Impaired Implicit Learning in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia patients consistently show deficits on tasks of explicit learning and memory. In contrast, their performance on implicit processing tasks often appears to be relatively intact, although most studies have focused on implicit learning of motor skills. This study evaluated implicit learning in 59 medicated schizophrenia outpatients and 43 controls using 2 different cognitive skill tasks. Participants completed a probabilistic classification task to assess procedural habit learning and an artificial grammar task to assess incidental learning of complex rule-based knowledge, as well as an explicit verbal learning and memory task. In addition to performing worse than controls on the explicit learning task, patients showed worse overall performance on the probabilistic classification task, which involves gradual learning through trial-by-trial performance feedback. However, patients and controls showed similar levels of learning on the artificial grammar task, suggesting a preserved ability to acquire complex rule-based knowledge in the absence of performance feedback. Discussion focuses on possible explanations for schizophrenia patients' poor probabilistic classification task performance.
Organosilane polymers: Formable copolymers containing diphenylsilylene units

Ces copolymeres tres faciles a purifier sont tres solubles dans les solvants usuels et peuvent etre coules en films
Lung cancer risk perception and distress: difference by smoking status, and role of physical activity and race among US population

Background: cigarette smoking is the greatest known risk factor for lung cancer, and people with different smoking status may process risk information differently. While psychological distress has been linked with smoking status, little is known about the impact of distress on lung cancer perception or the moderating role of physical activity and race. This study explores the association of lung cancer perception and distress and investigates the effects of physical activity and race on that association. Methods: the study uses a national, biennial survey (the Health Information National Trends Survey) that was designed to collect nationally representative data on the American public’s need for, access to, and use of cancer-related information using a cross-sectional, complex sample survey design. Out of 5 586 participants, 1 015 were current smokers, 1 599 were former smokers, 2 877 were never smokers. Of the sample, 1 765 participants answered the lung cancer risk perception question and had no personal history of lung cancer. Statistical analysis contrasts smokers, former smokers, and never smokers to examine the association of lung cancer perception and distress and the moderating role of physical activity and race. Results: distress and lung cancer risk perception were significantly positively associated (p value < 0.001). Respondents who were current smokers and were distressed had very high odds of agreeing that they have a somewhat high chance (odds ratio=900.8, CI: 94.23, 8 611.75; p value < 0.001) or a very high chance (odds ratio=500.44 CI: 56.53, 4 430.02, p value < 0.001) of developing lung cancer in the future as compared to not distressed never smokers. However, race and physical activity status did not significantly affect perception of risk. Perceptions of risk are important precursors of health change. Conclusions: elevated distress level and higher perceived risk, in addition to physical activity status and race, could potentially be used to develop targeted interventions, such as tailoring quitting support for smokers at elevated distress levels, which may enhance success rate of quitting smoking and staying quit.
MODELING NEGOTIATION SUBDIALOGUES

This paper presents a plan-based model that handles negotiation subdialogues by inferring both the communicative actions that people pursue when speaking and the beliefs underlying these actions. We contend that recognizing the complex discourse actions pursued in negotiation subdialogues (e.g., expressing doubt) requires both a multistrength belief model and a process model that combines different knowledge sources in a unified framework. We show how our model identifies the structure of negotiation subdialogues, including recognizing expressions of doubt, implicit acceptance of communicated propositions, and negotiation subdialogues embedded within other negotiation subdialogues.
Differential effects on spatial navigation of immunotoxin-induced cholinergic lesions of the medial septal area and nucleus basalis magnocellularis

The effects on anatomy and behavior of a ribosomal inactivating protein (saporin) coupled to a monoclonal antibody against the low-affinity NGF receptor (NGFr) were examined. In adult rats, NGFr is expressed predominantly in cholinergic neurons of the medial septal area (MSA), diagonal band nuclei, and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM), but also in noncholinergic cerebellar Purkinje cells. Rats with immunotoxin injections to the MSA, nBM, and lateral ventricle were compared to controls on a spatial and cued reference memory task in the Morris maze. Toxin injections to the MSA slightly impaired the initial, but not asymptotic, phase of spatial navigation. Injections to the nBM impaired all phases of spatial navigation. Cued navigation, however, was not affected in either the MSA or nBM group. The ventricular injections severely affected spatial and cued navigation. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry and NGFr and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry revealed a loss of (1) almost all NGFr-positive cholinergic neurons in the MSA and AChE fibers in hippocampus (MSA group); (2) almost all NGFr neurons in the nBM, some in the MSA, most AChE fibers in neocortex and some in the hippocampus (nBM group), and (3) almost all NGFr neurons in the MSA and nBM and their corresponding hippocampal and cortical AChE fibers (ventricular group). Cholinergic nBM projections to the amygdala were largely preserved in all groups. The amount of cholinergic fiber loss in the cortex correlated modestly, but significantly, with the severity of impairment of the asymptotic phase of performance of the spatial task. An unambiguous interpretation of the anatomical locus of behavioral deficits was not possible because of damage to cholinergic striatal interneurons (nBM group) and to noncholinergic cerebellar Purkinje cells (ventricular group). These data suggest that the cholinergic cortical system is critical to the performance of this spatial memory task. Cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus alone, however, is not sufficient to impair markedly performance of this task.
An aerial robot prototype for situational awareness in closed quarters

More often homeland security, disaster mitigation and military operations are performed in urban environments. Time consuming, labor intensive and possibly dangerous tasks like bomb detection, search-and-rescue and reconnaissance done with robots could save resources. An aerial robot capable of flying in closed quarters like warehouses, stadiums, underground parking lots and tunnels is featured. The working prototype can fly slowly, safely and transmit wireless video for situational awareness. The design is analytic and employs a multi-disciplinary design optimization to formulate the integration of aerodynamics, sensor suite and task performance.
INTERPRETING COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING: CONTEXTS AND CONCERNS IN TEACHER EDUCATION. Sandra J. Savignon (Ed.) . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. x + 243. $35.00. -

Savignon's goal for this volume is to describe various “initiatives, projects, and activities” that seek to make language teaching communicative in the broad sense (p. ix). Interestingly, half of the pages that follow the introductory chapter are devoted to projects in Asia (Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan), and the three articles from the American context have either a primarily theoretical focus or a report on innovation through technology. The remaining contribution reports on a project in the Netherlands to increase autonomy on the part of second language learners. The overarching motif of the volume is that of innovation and its dependence on specific contextual conditions, with a recurring theme being the difficulty of effecting significant change in teacher behaviors.
Introduction: Locating Personhood and Place in the Commodity Landscape

In exploring subjects from historic home restoration to lifestyle migration, and to the commemorative performances of Wall Street women, these three articles suggest fresh ways of dealing conceptually and practically with the mutually implicating impact of profound structural and cultural changes felt by people and absorbed by places where they live, work, and search for meaning in a world where human actions are increasingly characterized as marketplace exchanges. The collection comprises an ethnographically rich and theoretically intricate engagement with questions of personhood, place, and the complicated, often conflicted negotiations between belonging and difference as well as the local and the global. The articles speak to the complex processes through which market forces variably insinuate and express themselves in social relations, systems of meaning, personhood, versions of history, and future possibility in both intimate and public spaces of everyday life. Through a close reading of lived experience from the concrete canyons of Wall Street to the suburbs and exurbs of America, they illuminate projects of personand place-making that variably embrace or resist, acquiesce to or challenge the logic and practice of neoliberal capitalism while illustrating the meaning and power of culturally informed personal and collective narrative. Denise Lawrence-Zuniga’s article takes us into the world of historic restoration by owners of early 20th century houses of the “bungalow” style in Southern California. Lawrence-Zuniga offers compelling insights into the ways in which these homeowners devotedly speak of their houses, endowing them with a sense of agency. In their individual cosmologies, informed by preservationist ideology, houses become subjects rather than objects within material and moral projects of both restoration and redemption. In this way, houses become sites and sources of intimacy, attachment, and commitment. Their projects are a process of constructing individual identity as steward of the house in intimate dialogue with the building itself. We find a provocative language of salvation in the renovation projects detailed in homeowners’ accounts. Their personal narratives construct restoration as a moral as well as material project and suggest a sense of the “sacredness” of their efforts to preserve place-based history. As homeowners take up the cause of restoration, they appropriate a language of emancipatory struggle similar to community organizers of the
Association of hereditary prostate cancer gene polymorphic variants with sporadic aggressive prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND ELAC2, MSR1, and RNASEL are candidate genes for hereditary prostate carcinoma (HPC). While, studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes are associated with sporadic disease as well as HPC, these results are often not replicated in follow-up studies. Given that the majority of patients studied had localized disease and up to 50% of localized prostate cancer is clinically insignificant, the inability to replicate the initial findings may reflect that some subjects had indolent tumors. Herein, we examine patients with metastatic disease to determine if an association exists between HPC SNPs and unambiguously significant prostate cancer. METHODS We examined polymorphisms within ELAC2 (S217L, A541T, E622V), MSR1 (P275A, R293X, aIVS5-59c), and RNASEL (E265X, R462Q, D541E) in 150 European-Americans with metastatic prostate cancer and 170 prostate cancer-free controls using pyrosequencing assays. RESULTS Only ELAC2 217L (37% cases vs. 29% controls (P = 0.034)) and RNASEL 541E (61% cases vs. 53% controls (P = 0.045)) were over-represented. Analysis of genotypes revealed that presence of the leucine ELAC2 allele (OR 1.54: 95% CI = 0.99–2.41, SS vs. SL, LL) and homozygosity for the glutamic acid RNASEL allele (OR 1.68: 95% CI = 1.04–2.70, EE vs. DE, DD) were associated with increased risk. Patients with both genotypes were of particularly high-risk (OR 2.66: 95% CI = 1.36–5.19). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, in a European-American population, ELAC2 217L and RNASEL 541E are associated with metastatic sporadic disease. ELAC2 and RNASEL SNP analysis may prove useful in determining which patients are at risk for developing clinically significant prostate carcinoma. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lateral asymmetry in activation of hypothalamic neurons with unilateral amygdaloid seizures.

Summary: Purpose: Reproductive disorders are unusually frequent among women with temporal lobe seizures. The particular type of disorder may be related to the laterality and focality of epileptiform discharges. Here we examined whether unilateral amygdaloid seizures activate hypothalamic neurons involved in reproductive function and reproductive endocrine secretion in female rats and whether such activation shows lateral asymmetry. Methods: Numbers of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons in various hypothalamic regions were compared for three groups of animals: (a) unilateral amygdala-kindled, (b) implanted but unstimulated, and (c) unimplanted. Results: Fos-ir neurons showed strong ipsilateral occurrence in the medial preoptic, ventrolateral part of the ventromedial, and ventral premammillary nuclei, sexually dimorphic regions involved in reproductive endocrine regulation. No significant lateral asymmetry was observed for other investigated hypothalamic regions. Conclusions: Unilateral amygdaloid seizures activate hypothalamic neurons that regulate reproductive endocrine secretion in a laterally asymmetric fashion. This may explain the clinical association of different reproductive endocrine disorders with left and right temporal epileptiform discharges.
The Role of the Private Sector in Homeland Security

Chapter 1 reviews the budgetary requirements of state and local governments for homeland security and suggests how restructuring both security and emergency services and greater use of public–private partnerships could address a significant portion of such needs. Specifically, governments could shed services that are private in nature, contract out public services that could be more efficiently provided under market conditions, charge cost-based prices for services that are provided free or at nominal prices by governments like ambulance services, require businesses and other organizations to have security insurance, and provide incentives for private sector involvement. Private managerial talent and security officers as well as capital could be enlisted to provide effectively the excess demand for manpower and capital when homeland security events occur.
Safety and ecotoxicology of entomopathogenic bacteria

Bacillus entomopathogens, especially Bacillus thuringiensis, have been used extensively for control of insect pests in crops, forests, and the aquatic environment. Their safety for vertebrates and nontarget invertebrates has been thoroughly documented in a myriad of studies. Their short term effects on nontarget organisms that are unrelated to target insects is negligible. However, the effect of repeated applications on most ecosystems is relatively unknown. It is highly probable that any regular disruption of large insect communities, due to chemical or microbial insecticides or natural disaster, could have long term deleterious effects on higher trophic levels and ecosystem structure. The more diversified the food web, the less likely that complete or partial removal of a single species will result in catastrophic consequences. The more species a given intervention affects, the greater the likelihood of altering ecosystem structure. The safety and environmental impact of entomopathogenic bacteria should be evaluated in light of the risk for nontarget organisms in comparison with other interventions and the effect no treatment at all will have on an ecosystem.
Structural overlap and the management of cultural marginality: The case of Calvinist hip-hop

This study explains four ways cultural marginality is managed when it comes to the issue of cultural production, both by the producers themselves and by field-specific cultural authorities. To do so, it revives the pre-war concepts of ‘the marginal man’ and ‘marginal culture’ and reframes them in terms of overlapping social structures. As a case of this general phenomenon, this project investigates the public discourse and performances of 22 Calvinist hip-hop artists affiliated with five independent start-up record labels, showing how they navigate their place on the margins of both mainstream American hip-hop and their conservative religious movement. The findings specify four mechanisms for the management of marginality. The first two pertain to the ways cultural authorities approach marginal artists as object, namely: authorities function as gatekeepers who grant moral acceptability upon the marginal product and who conspicuously display the marginal product and its producers to demonstrate their own commitments to diversity and inclusion. The second two mechanisms speak to the ways marginal artists, as subjects, manage their own marginality, namely: these artists draw symbolic boundaries to avoid being pigeonholed and they insist upon the unity of their self-understandings to foster authenticity. The article ends by discussing how this work contributes to the sociology of religion, sociological theory and cultural sociology.
Sources of Interpersonal Influence

This summary of French and Raven's classic article "The Bases of Social Power" introduces the ideas of reward, expertise, coercion, and expert and referent power bases.
Response of dogs to intravenous administration of polyvinylpyrrolidone and its monomer.

Summary1. Due to a species sensitivity, whose nature is as yet unknown, PVP cannot be considered as a suitable colloid replacement fluid for the treatment of “shocked” dogs. 2. Intact dogs were variable in their response to small intravenous doses, 0.03 to 0.5 cc/kg of clinical PVP, but reacted severely to intravenous injections of 3 cc/kg exhibiting hypo-tension; hemoconcentration, and flushing of the skin of several hours'duration. 3. A small molecular weight fraction of PVP (K-21) produced severe reactions, while with a larger molecular weight fraction (K-62) only insignificant changes occurred. 4. Monomeric vinylpyrrolidone, in quantities far in excess of those found in clinical PVP solutions caused only transitory hypotension when injected undiluted. 5. Cortisone, used prophylatically over a period of 5 days prior to an injection of 3 cc/kg of PVP, decreased the severity and duration of the “canine reaction.” 6. Bled dogs did not tolerate well an infusion rate of 4 cc/kg/min; no fatalities resulted f...
Winglet Design for Wind Turbines Using a Free-Wake Vortex Analysis Method

A winglet was designed for a small-scale, stall regulated wind turbine using a free-wake vortex analysis method. The baseline planar blade (without winglet) was designed by a research group at the University of Waterloo for the purposes of testing the performance gains possible from a winglet. The winglet toe and twist angles were found by exploring a range of possible combinations. The PSU94-097 sailplane winglet airfoil was used as the wind turbine winglet airfoil. The effect of profile drag was only modeled on the winglet and stall was not modeled in the free-wake vortex method, limiting the analysis to only be valid for the range of wind speeds below the wind speed for rated power. The winglet was built as a modification to a small wind turbine, and tested in the small wind turbine testing facility at the University of Waterloo. The experimental test results showed a peak gain of 9.1% in power at a tip-speed ratio of 4.7, falling to a gain of 4% for a broad range of tip-speed ratios. The free-wake vortex model matched the peak performance gain of the experimental results, but predicted a broader range of operating speeds where the winglet showed the higher level of increased power, rather than the small peak region of the experimental results.
Proximal Row Carpectomy for Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse Wrist

A 40-year-old right-hand-dominant male who fell onto his outstretched hand 9 months prior to presentation presented with persistent right wrist pain. He had been out of work secondary to his injury. He described his pain as a 3/10 at baseline and an 8/10 with activity. He had been wearing a removable wrist splint that did help control some of his symptoms. He denied any numbness, tingling, or weakness. He endorsed a smoking history of half a pack per day of cigarettes. He denied the use of illicit drugs or significant alcohol use.
BURNING TOPOLOGY IN THE SHOCK-INDUCED REACTION OF HETEROGENEOUS EXPLOSIVES

In several models of the shock-induced decomposition of heterogeneous explosives, it is assumed that the shock generates a small amount of decomposition at microscopic hot spots, and that the reaction is completed by surface burning progressing at the interface between the gaseous products and the unreacted solid. We have used experimentally determined reaction rates in heterogeneous explosives to calculate the interface velocities for outward-burning spherical holes and inward-burning spherical grains. We find that reaction rates early in the decomposition are too large to support a simple pressure-dependent hole-burning model, and that a grain-burning model could be more feasible.