cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human S100A5 binds Ca 2+ and Cu 2+ independently

S100A5 is a calcium binding protein found in a small subset of amniote tissues. Little is known about the biological roles of S100A5, but it may be involved in inflammation and olfactory signaling. Previous work indicated that S100A5 displays antagonism between binding of Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions—one of the most commonly cited features of the protein. We set out to characterize the interplay between Ca2+ and Cu2+ binding by S100A5 using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), and analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). We found that human S100A5 is capable of binding both Cu2+ and Ca2+ ions simultaneously. The wildtype protein was extremely aggregation-prone in the presence of Cu2+ and Ca2+. A Cys-free version of S100A5, however, was not prone to precipitation or oligomerization. Mutation of the cysteines does not disrupt the binding of either Ca2+ or Cu2+ to S100A5. In the Cys-free background, we measured Ca2+ and Cu2+ binding in the presence and absence of the other metal using ITC. Saturating concentrations of Ca2+ or Cu2+ do not disrupt the binding of one another. Ca2+ and Cu2+ binding induce structural changes in S100A5, which are measurable using CD spectroscopy. We show via sedimentation velocity AUC that the wildtype protein is prone to the formation of soluble oligomers, which are not present in Cys-free samples. S100A5 can bind Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions simultaneously and independently. This observation is in direct contrast to previously-reported antagonism between binding of Cu2+ and Ca2+ ions. The previous result is likely due to metal-dependent aggregation. Little is known about the biology of S100A5, so an accurate understanding of the biochemistry is necessary to make informed biological hypotheses. Our observations suggest the possibility of independent biological functions for Cu2+ and Ca2+ binding by S100A5.
Exploring anti-science attitudes among political and Christian conservatives through an examination of American universities on Twitter

The purpose of this study was to investigate an unexplored factor as to why some Republicans and conservatives have less trust in science and academia than those on the political left. Twitter acco...
Optimizing the Scheduling of Repetitive Construction to Minimize Interruption Cost

AbstractThis paper presents the development of a novel optimization model for the scheduling of repetitive construction projects. The model provides original and unique capabilities that enable pla...
Side-jet effects in high-pressure turbulent flows: Direct Numerical Simulation of nitrogen injected into carbon dioxide

Direct Numerical Simulation realizations were generated of a round jet under high-pressure (high-p) turbulent conditions. In the simulations, a jet of nitrogen was injected into a chamber filled with carbon dioxide for three different jet-to-chamber density ratio, s, and three different chamber pressures, pch,0. The results show that for s = 0.5 and 0.35 side jets form whereas no side jets are observed for s = 1 ; thus providing, for the first time, evidence of side jet formation in high-p flows. Due to these side jets, mixing of the jet fluid and chamber fluid is promoted; although the species experience regular diffusional mixing, it is shown that due to turbulent conditions there can be effective uphill thermal conduction. Analysis of the vortical features of the side jets elucidated the process through which the enhanced mixing occurs: fluid from the jet is effectively pumped in the radial direction though the combined action of dilatation/compression and vortex stretching/shrinking. The value of s is shown to control radial and circumferential mixing versus axial mixing which occurs through jet penetration in the flow. Examination of dynamic and thermodynamic quantities indicates that side jets also promote flow unsteadiness. The pressure in the chamber is demonstrated to have negligible effect on the side jets.
4-Aminopyridine Analogs of Novel Chemical Structure

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study to investigate 4-aminopyridine (4-APYR) analogs of novel chemical structure. In this study, several analogs of 4-APYR were synthesized and tested in the rat in vitro phrenic nerve–diaphragm and the in vivo sciatic–tibialis anterior preparation. The ability of the compounds to influence the course of pentobarbital anesthesia in rats was also investigated. Of the compounds synthesized so far, 4,p-acetyl-aminobenzenesulfonyl-4-aminopyridine (LF-1), 4-pyridylcarbonic acid ethyl ester (LF-5), l-(4-pyridyl)-2, 2-diethylurea (LF-10), and l(4-pyridyl)-2,2-diethylurea (LF-II) had similar antagonistic effect as 4-APYR on the pancuronium and d-tubocurarine (d-Tc) induced NM block in vitro and in vivo. In vitro except for LF-5 the new analogs were more potent antagonists of NM block than 4-APYR. In vivo LF-1 and LF-5 were less potent and LF-10 and LF-II were about as potent as 4-APYR. In contrast to 4-APYR, none of the new compounds increased the intra-arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats. However, LF-1 and LF-10 similarly to 4-APYR delayed the onset and prolonged the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia in rats.
Newton’s Biblical Theology and His Theological Physics

In the vast literature about Newton, little is devoted to explaining his religious views, except as personal aberrations, infantile views, or premature signs of senility. In recent years R.S. Westfall, Frank Manuel, James Force and a few others have tried to give some more impressive explanations of why one of the world’s greatest scientists should have spent so much time thinking and writing about religious matters.1 In this paper I should like to turn the problem around, and ask why did one of the greatest anti-Trinitarian theologians of the 17th century take time off to write works on natural science, like the Principia Mathematica?
Understanding the Sea Floor Landscape in Relation to Impact Assessment and Environmental Management in Coastal Marine Sediments

It is becoming increasingly clear that in order to adequately assess both the natural ecological dynamics of soft-sediment communities and their responses to human impacts it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of the spatial structure and dynamics of the sea floor. Benthic landscape structure can be mapped and quantified at different spatial and temporal scales using technologies such as side-scan sonar, in conjunction with conventional bottom sampling methods. Concurrently, it is critical to develop a theoretical and empirical framework to focus research on relationships between sea floor structure and the benthic communities. The elements of a benthic landscape (or benthoscape) ecology are presented, and key areas of research are suggested to include: 1) relationships between physical and biotic patch structure, 2) the interaction of seascape and benthic landscape mosaics, 3) the degree of variation in benthic ecological dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales, 4) how populations interact across the benthic landscape and 5) how benthic communities respond to different scales of disturbance. The increase in the number of studies which focus on issues of spatial and temporal scale in soft-sediment environments over the past decade indicates that a benthoscape ecology is slowly emerging and that it may provide critical information for the management and restoration of coastal environments.
Solution of Random Eigenvalue Problem by Crossing Theory and Perturbation

Two methods are developed for finding probabilistic characteristics of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a stochastic matrix. They are based on the mean zero-crossings rate of the characteristic polynomial of this matrix and a perturbation approach. The methods are applied to characterize probabilistically the natural frequencies of an uncertain dynamic system and to find the first two moments of the displacement of a simple oscillator with random damping and stiffness that is subject to white noise.
Collections-Based Research at Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

Recognizing natural history collections as dynamic scientific tools that enable unique forms of comparative analysis, theorizing, and questioning offers a new perspective on the history of the life sciences in the twentieth century that emphasizes the important role that collections played in the transformation of biology. To build an understanding of “collections-based research,” this paper focuses on the career of Alden Holmes Miller, who led the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley through significant institutional, disciplinary, and technological changes (1940–1965). This paper examines how Miller’s efforts as researcher, administrator, and teacher enabled him to foster collections-based research. Miller’s own research into speciation and reproductive physiology are examples of collectionsbased work, incorporating concepts, theories, practices, and tools from the laboratory, museum, and field.
Effect of polymer-coated gold nanoparticle stabilizers on drop coalescence

Polymer-coated gold nanoparticles (PGNPs) can be used as stabilizers in immiscible polymer blends, similar to block-copolymers (BCs). However, the PGNP gold cores increase the magnitude of the disjoining pressure (Π), i.e., the van der Waals interaction for unit area, in the film between the drops, favoring coalescence. This might explain the counterintuitive 70% drainage time (td) reduction for polymeric drops stabilized by PGNPs compared to those stabilized by BCs, as reported in recent flow-induced head-on collision experiments in extensional flow, despite PGNPs being more surface active. Knowledge of the mechanisms determining td is fundamental for designing effective PGNP compatibilizers. Here, we performed a parametric study of those experiments via boundary integral simulations, treating PGNPs as surfactants and utilizing for the first time a disjoining pressure expression which includes the effect of interfacial PGNPs (ΠPGNP). In particular, we varied the PGNP concentration and core size in ΠPGNP, the surface diffusivity (Ds) via the surface Peclet number, and the surface elasticity via the Marangoni number. Flow-induced coalescence was very sensitive to all three parameters. td was reduced up to 60% for touching 3 nm core diameter PGNPs, increasing significantly the coalescence probability for drop sizes <5 µm, but the soft coronas diminished this effect considerably. Thus, other causes, besides the enhanced Π, had to be simultaneously present to explain the dramatic experimental td reduction; the most likely is a Ds higher than its Stokes-Einstein relation estimate and the PGNP ligands being in a dry-brush regime, leading to entropic attraction between the drop interfaces.
Re-Opening Leg Arteries: Approach to Chronic Total Occlusion

CTO lesions frequently show neovascularization and the formation of recanalization microchannels that run parallel to the occluded vessel. Revascularization may be surgical or endovascular and choosing the optimal method involves consideration of both patient and anatomical factors. Patient factors include the symptomology at presentation (Rutherford classification), surgical risk, medical comorbidities, and availability of conduit if surgical management is considered. Anatomical considerations include the burden of disease, vascular anatomy with regard to inflow and runoff, and the degree of calcification.
Extinction and Response Force in Conjugate Schedules

In a series of experiments with undergraduate participants, we used a force-transducing device to determine how response force varies across different conjugate reinforcement and extinction conditions. In Experiment 1, we assessed how different parameters of response-contingent volume change in audiovisual stimuli maintained conjugate responding on a force transducer during conjugate reinforcement and extinction components. Response force and schedule force-multiplier values covaried, such that response force tended to decrease as force multipliers increased. Furthermore, proportionally greater response force was observed in extinction components following denser (i.e., 100x conjugate reinforcement) components compared to leaner (i.e., 5x conjugate reinforcement) components. In Experiment 2, we assessed the degree to which responding was maintained when conjugate changes in the audiovisual stimuli were delivered response-contingently or response-independently across reinforcement and extinction components. Response-independent reinforcer delivery yielded mixed results, but mean response force was proportionally higher in extinction sessions for all four participants following response-independent reinforcer delivery compared to extinction following response-contingent reinforcer delivery. Results from this project highlight the utility of the preparation described by Falligant, Rapp, Brogan, and Pinkston (2018) for studying response force in conjugate schedules to assess extinction-induced variability.
Mesomechanical Modeling of Braided Cords

Abstract Braided-cord reinforced textile composites have the potential to be a material system choice that can offer comparable specific-strength and specific-stiffness properties as woven and uniaxial fabric-reinforced composites with the added benefit of higher specific-energy absorption. This increase in energy absorption is a result of tube crushing at the mesoscale, i.e. analogous to the macroscale crushing of the braided tubes that are used for crash rails in cars. Much research has been devoted to understanding the mechanical behaviors of fabrics during forming. However, the same level of understanding for the mechanical behavior of braided cords during preforming does not yet exist. The current work seeks to gain an understanding of the contributing factors to the mechanical behavior of a braided cord during the forming process. In the current work, a mesomechanical finite element model of a polyethylene braided cord is investigated. CT-scans of the cord were taken under various preloads. The CT-scan data of the cord under zero load is used to create a geometric FEA model of the cord using the Virtual Textile Morphology Suite (VTMS) software. Tensile and transverse compression tests are performed on the individual tows to characterize the axial and transverse stiffnesses, and these data are used in an orthotropic material model. The finite element model of the cord is then pulled in tension, and the deformation of the cord is compared with the deformations in the CT-scan. Once the model is shown to represent the mechanical behavior of the braided cord, it can be numerically characterized and insight into certain properties such as the bending stiffness and torsional stiffness can be gained. The mesomechanical model can then be adjusted (number of tows, braid angle, etc.) to understand how braid design choices effect the deformation behavior of the braid during a preforming process.
Imaging the Choroid

The choroid is the most vascular tissue of the eye, sandwiched between sclera and retina, and responsible for blood supply of the outer retina [...].
(INVITED) First-principles calculations of quantum transitions at local centers

Abstract Fundamental quantum transitions at local centers are the basis for numerous technologies, including LED, laser, photodetection, and quantum computing. However, accurate theoretical calculations of basic parameters related to these processes remain challenging. In this paper, we review recent developments in first-principles calculations of electronic transitions at local centers in solid-state materials. Specifically, we discuss (1) promising results on hybrid density functional calculations of self-trapped excitons in low-dimensional metal halides and 5d-4f transitions at rare-earth dopants in solids as well as (2) the more challenging case of intra-d-shell transitions at transition-metal ions, which require a higher-level many-body theory to better account for the electron correlation effect. Diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculations of Mn4+ emissions in oxides and halides show excellent agreement with experimental results, demonstrating the potentially predictive power in calculating d-d transitions at transition-metal ions and other optical transitions at local centers.
Phytochemicals in breast milk and their benefits for infants.

Exclusive breastfeeding is widely recommended at least during the first 6 months of life and breast milk (BM) composition depends on maternal diet. Phytochemicals, including polyphenols and caroten...
Preliminary Evidence for [11C]PBR28 Sensitivity to Alcohol Challenge in Human Brain

458 Objectives: Alcohol elicits complex effects on the brain’s immune system, however, limited in vivo tools exist to study these phenomena in people. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) provides a useful biomarker that is sensitive to dynamic changes in the immune system. For example, the robust immune stimulus endotoxin increases [11C]PBR28 VT by 40-50% in human brain (Sandiego et al., 2015). The goal of this work was to determine whether [11C]PBR28 PET imaging is sensitive to acute immune effects elicited by an oral alcohol challenge. Methods: Study participants were six people (4M, 2F; Age 21-31) who reported recent drinking experience consistent with a binge alcohol event. Baseline dynamic [11C]PBR28 PET scans were acquired in the morning, followed by a standardized lunch. Subjects then consumed an alcohol dose adjusted by age, sex, and weight, designed to achieve blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 80 mg/dL over 90 min. Following a 60 min rest period, a second post-alcohol [11C]PBR28 PET scan was acquired. Arterial blood samples were acquired at 30 min intervals to measure BAC. Dynamic PET data were acquired with a Siemens Biograph mCT PET/CT scanner for at least 90 min following injection of 427±142 MBq [11C]PBR28. Arterial blood samples were collected to measure the metabolite-corrected input function. Multilinear analysis was used to estimate [11C]PBR28 distribution volumes (VT) in 9 brain regions. Results: In five subjects with available BAC measures, peak levels of 89±21 mg/dL were achieved 90-120 min after initiation of the alcohol session. BAC levels were, on average, 59±14 mg/dL during the PET imaging sessions. Averaged across all subjects and brain regions, the alcohol challenge increased [11C]PBR28 VT by 19% (range, 3%-38%). There was no initial evidence for regional patterns in alcohol’s effects on [11C]PBR28 VT. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that [11C]PBR28 VT is sensitive to an oral alcohol challenge in people. Data collection is ongoing to confirm these results in a larger cohort. This imaging approach shows promise for future studies of alcohol-related disorders. References: Sandiego, C.M., et al., 2015. Imaging robust microglial activation after lipopolysaccharide administration in humans with PET. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 112, 12468-12473.
Intergenerational Transmission of Childhood Maltreatment Mediated by Maternal Emotion Dysregulation

The identification of intermediate mechanisms that account for the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment can elucidate processes of risk and resilience in families. This study investigated the role of maternal emotion dysregulation; we hypothesized that emotion dysregulation would mediate the relation between mothers’ history of maltreatment in their childhood and their aggressive behavior toward their children. Participants included 110 mothers (range = 20 to 43 years, Mage = 30.81, SDage = 6.08) with preschool-aged children (range = 3 to 5 years, Mage = 3.50, SDage = 0.51; 61% male) in a diverse community sample (46.3% African American; 50.9% had a household income under $30,000). A path analysis showed that maternal history of maltreatment in their childhood was indirectly related to later maternal psychological aggression via maternal emotion dysregulation. The indirect effect of child maltreatment on physical aggression was not statistically significant. Our findings highlight the importance of emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic risk factor for the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment.
Shared shorelines, shared meanings?: Examining place meaning in Puget Sound

Abstract Shorelines are distinct places that provide a diverse range of ecosystem services to local communities. These services include local foods, economic opportunities, recreational activities, therapeutic blue spaces, and notably sense of place. Shoreline benefits have partly contributed to a global increase in coastal populations, including in the Puget Sound region of Washington State (United States). Coastal population increases have simultaneously increased pressures on and modifications of the region's shorelines. Such pressures negatively impact the very services communities rely on or benefit from. This study examines communities' place meanings of shorelines in the Puget Sound region and the extent to which shoreline change plays a role in their meanings. Through the implementation of intercept surveys with cognitive mapping activities in four Puget Sound counties, the findings indicate that residents imbue a multitude of meanings with an emphasis on shoreline naturalness. Shoreline meanings are also influenced by place-based factors, like place of residence or shoreline property ownership, and linked to one other, like nature and beauty. Shoreline place meanings are powerful, reflecting communities' larger sense of place, which in turn informs their place attachments and place identities, but also place-based behaviors, management preferences, and potential responses to continued shoreline change, like changes caused by coastal infrastructure.
Theory of Unipolar Politics

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States has enjoyed unparalleled military power. The international system is therefore unipolar. A quarter of a century later, however, we still possess no theory of unipolarity. Theory of Unipolar Politics provides one. Dr Nuno P. Monteiro answers three of the most important questions about the workings of a unipolar world. Is it durable? Is it peaceful? What is the best grand strategy a unipolar power such as the contemporary United States can implement? In our nuclear world, the power preponderance of the United States is potentially durable but likely to produce frequent conflict. Furthermore, in order to maintain its power preponderance, the United States must remain militarily engaged in the world and accommodate the economic growth of its major competitors, namely, China. This strategy, however, will lead Washington to wage war frequently. In sum, military power preponderance brings significant benefits but is not an unalloyed good.
Active/passive microwave sensor comparison of MIZ-ice concentration estimates

Active and passive microwave data collected during the 1984 summer Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait (MIZEX 84) are used to compare ice concentration estimates derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to those obtained from passive microwave imagery at several frequencies. The comparison is carried out to evaluate SAR performance against the more established passive microwave technique, and to investigate discrepancies in terms of how ice surface conditions, imaging geometry, and choice of algorithm parameters affect each sensor. Active and passive estimates of ice concentration agree on average to within 12%. Estimates from the multichannel passive microwave data show best agreement with the SAR estimates because the multichannel algorithm effectively accounts for the range in ice floe brightness temperatures observed in the MIZ.
The Schengen Agreement

Since this agreement was signed in Schengen, Luxembourg in 1985(!), its implementation has been postponed on four occasions. In many ways, this agreement is an integral part of the SEM in that it guarantees the absolutely free movement of citizens — with no passport controls — between the participating countries.
Pseudo-rigid-body model and kinematic analysis of MRI-actuated catheters

This paper presents a kinematic study of a pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM) of MRI-compatible, magnetically actuated, steerable catheters. It includes a derivation of a mathematical model of the PRBM of the catheter, singularity studies of the model, and a new manipulability measure. While the forward kinematics of the model presented here is applicable to PRBMs for other applications, actuation method is unique to the particular design. Hence, a careful study of singularities and manipulability of the model is required. The singularities are studied from the underlying equations of motion with intuitive interpretations. The proposed manipulability measure is a generalization of the inverse condition number manipulability measure of robotic manipulators. While the PRBM is an approximation of the flexible catheter, kinematic studies of the PRBM still provide some insight into feasibility and limitations of the catheter, which is beneficial to the design and motion planning of the catheter.
X-ray Fingerprinting of Chemical Intermediates in Solution

Diffraction methods involving the scattering of particles or photons have been widely successful in determining the structures of molecules. Time-resolved diffraction techniques have been especially useful for observing fast structural changes and short-lived chemical intermediate states in solids and in the gas phase. The solution environment, which is of greatest interest in biology and industrial chemical processing, has not been amenable to diffraction methods, however. In their Perspective, [Anfinrud and Schotte][1] discuss results reported in the same issue by [ Ihee et al .][2] in which short pulses of x-rays were used to take the "fingerprint" of an intermediate molecular structure in solution. The ability to probe molecules in solution should offer many new insights into previously unexplored liquid-phase phenomena. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5738/1192 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/309/5738/1223
Quantitative assessment of macrophage functions in repair and fibrosis

Macrophages play key roles in wound repair and fibrosis by regulating extracellular matrix turnover. Macrophages can process matrix components themselves, but also recruit and alter the functions of other cell types that directly build or degrade extracellular matrix. Classically activated macrophages (CAM, also called M1) tend to promote tissue injury while alternatively activated macrophages (AAM, also called M2) are often linked with the mechanisms of wound repair and fibrosis. However, rather than promoting collagen deposition, recent studies suggest that arginase-1-expressing AAM suppress chronic inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting antigen-specific T cell responses. This unit describes methods to measure arginase activity in macrophages and whole tissues as well as assays to quantify the T cell suppressive activity of AAMs. Modified hydroxyproline and soluble collagen assays that can be used to quantify collagen levels in tissues and brochoalveolar lavage fluid are also described. The protocols in this unit should provide the investigator with all the necessary information required to measure arginase activity and to correlate the observed activity with the progression and resolution of fibrosis.
Open renal biopsy: comorbidities and complications in a contemporary series

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To report the indications and outcomes of a contemporary series of patients with contraindications to percutaneous renal biopsies (PRBs) who had an operative RB (ORB), as although ORB is a relatively infrequent procedure, it remains an important and underreported operation. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a retrospective review of patients who had an ORB we examined comorbidities, indications, and 30-day morbidity and mortality. Preoperative comorbidities were stratified according to the Charlson comorbidity index. RESULTS In all, 115 patients had ORB between 1991 and 2006 (mean age 48 years, range 18–83); 60% of the patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥3. The median Charlson comorbidity index score was 3, with a score of 0 in 20.9%, 1–2 in 27.8%, 3–4 in 30.4% and ≥5 in 20.9% of patients. Indications for an ORB included morbid obesity, failed PRB, coagulopathy, and solitary kidney. In all, 47.8% of patients had a serum creatinine level of 3.0 mg/dL and 17.4% were dialysis-dependent. There were 43 complications in 36 patients. The mortality rate after surgery was 0.8%. There were eight major complications in seven patients (6.1%) including cardiac arrest, stroke, sepsis, reoperation and re-intubation. There were minor complications 34 times in 31 patients (27%), the most common being wound infection, pneumonia, intraoperative transfusion of >2 units, arrhythmia, postoperative retroperitoneal bleed, and seep vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that there are significant comorbidities in patients referred to urologists for an ORB. With a mortality rate of 0.8% and major and minor complication rates of 6.1% and 27%, respectively, the ORB, while infrequent, carries a significant risk in this population that should be included in preoperative decision making and used for patient counselling.
The Sensitive Period and Comprehension of Speech

The sensitive period as a developmental concept is discussed. Observations are made on various problems involved in attempting to explain adult difficulties with second language acquisition by invoking motivational and input factors. Sixty male Italian immigrants listened to English sentences masked with white noise at four signal-to-noise ratios. Comprehension scores were correlated with age of beginning English but were not predicted by number of years in the United States or by other variables investigated. Scores of those who arrived before early adolescence resembled those of native speakers, while those subjects who began English toward the end of adolescence showed a marked comprehension deficit. These results support the hypothesis that a sensitive period exists for the acquisition of a second language.
Setting the Desert on Fire: T.E. Lawrence and Britain's Secret War in Arabia, 1916–1918 – By James Barr

Few historical feats of derring‐do have retained their vibrancy through the years like those of Lawrence of Arabia. And with the Middle East perennially in the headlines, the story of Lawrence and ...
Self-Consistent Calculation of the Collective Excitations of Small Jellium Spheres

The time-dependent local density approximation is used to compute the complex eigenfrequencies for the dipolar excitations of small jellium spheres. The dynamic response of the sphere to a time-dependent field is continued to complex frequencies in order to isolate the contributions of the individual eigenmodes of the system. The computations are reported for closed-shell configurations containing from 8 to 198 electrons.
Conscription and Reform in the Russian Army

Conscription in the contemporary Russian Army faces many serious problems, the roots of which lie the legacy of the Soviet Union. The violent experience of conscript life was a pervasive feature of the late Soviet military and continues to be a pressing factor in making fear of conscription and draft evasion a reality of the Russian Army and a central issue in Russian society. Additionally, the economic crises of the transition have pressed the armed forces to greater extremes in the challenge of supporting their troops with basic needs, thereby lowering morale and exacerbating the problems of extortion and violence in the ranks. The current crisis also involves parents who are desperately trying to help their sons avoid service and authorities who readily accept bribes for granting exemptions. Consequently, the conscription problem adds to the general issue of corruption in public service, while barracks violence nurtures disparaging and hostile attitudes among Russia's young men. Meanwhile, Soldiers' Mothers movements are making nominal attempts to utilize new civil liberties and the rule of law to protest and work against the draft, and the government is struggling to turn the dilapidated and demoralized military into a modern professional-volunteer force.
Magneto‐ionic polarization and GPS signal propagation through the ionosphere

[1] Recent progress in high-precision GPS measurements research and applications leads to the study of higher-order ionosphere effects on GPS signal propagation. This paper focuses on second-order ionospheric effects, which are influenced by the presence of the Earth's magnetic field. Due to the presence of Earth's magnetic field, GPS signals may propagate through the ionosphere in two distinct modes: the ordinary mode and the extraordinary mode. These two modes correspond to different refractive indices, and the difference between these refractive indices affects the computation of the second-order error introduced by the ionosphere to GPS code and carrier phase approximations. The first objective of this paper is to clarify a misconception about the different modes of GPS signal propagation through the ionosphere: although the GPS signal is predominantly right-hand circularly polarized, it may propagate through the ionosphere in either the ordinary or the extraordinary mode. The second objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the different modes of propagation on GPS solutions at different geographical locations.
Effective photodynamic therapy against microbial populations in human deep tissue abscess aspirates

Background and Objective The primary therapy for deep tissue abscesses is drainage accompanied by systemic antimicrobial treatment. However, the long antibiotic course required increases the probability of acquired resistance, and the high incidence of polymicrobial infections in abscesses complicates treatment choices. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective against multiple classes of organisms, including those displaying drug resistance, and may serve as a useful adjunct to the standard of care by reduction of abscess microbial burden following drainage. Study Design/Materials and Methods Aspirates were obtained from 32 patients who underwent image-guided percutaneous drainage of the abscess cavity. The majority of the specimens (24/32) were abdominal, with the remainder from liver and lung. Conventional microbiological techniques and nucleotide sequence analysis of rRNA gene fragments were used to characterize microbial populations from abscess aspirates. We evaluated the sensitivity of microorganisms to methylene blue-sensitized PDT in vitro both within the context of an abscess aspirate and as individual isolates. Results Most isolates were bacterial, with the fungus Candida tropicalis also isolated from two specimens. We examined the sensitivity of these microorganisms to methylene blue-PDT. Complete elimination of culturable microorganisms was achieved in three different aspirates, and significant killing (P < 0.0001) was observed in all individual microbial isolates tested compared to controls. Conclusions These results and the technical feasibility of advancing optical fibers through catheters at the time of drainage motivate further work on including PDT as a therapeutic option during abscess treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:509–516, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent highlights in the chemurgy of xerophytic plants

The practical economy of the utilization of the xerophytic plants is dependent upon a fairly complete utilization of the extractives of the particular species involved. For example, agaves (century plants) yield fiber, sapogenins, and some miscellaneous extractives, which vary with the species.
Using liquid crystal variable retarders for fast modulation of bias and shear direction in quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope

Conventional DIC microscope shows the two-dimensional distribution of optical path length gradient encountered along the shear direction between two interfering beams. It is therefore necessary to rotate unknown objects in order to examine them at several orientations. We built new DIC beam shearing assembly, which allows the bias to be modulated and shear directions to be switched rapidly without any mechanically rotating the specimen or the prisms. The assembly consists of two standard DIC prisms with liquid crystal cell in between. Another liquid crystal cell is employed for modulating a bias. All components do not require a special design and are available on the market. We describe techniques for measuring parameters of DIC prisms and calibrating liquid crystal cells. One beam-shearing assembly is added to the illumination path and another one to the imaging path of standard microscope. Two sets of raw DIC images at the orthogonal shear directions and two or three different biases are captured and processed within a second. Then the quantitative image of optical path gradient distribution within a thin optical section is displayed on a computer screen. The obtained data are also used to compute the quantitative distribution of optical phase, which represents refractive index gradient or height distribution. It is possible to generate back the enhanced regular DIC images with any desired shear direction. New DIC microscope can be combined with other techniques, such as fluorescence and polarization microscopy.
5′-Mercuri-uridine triphosphate as a substrate for transcription

Abstract The use of mercurated nucleotides permitting a specific isolation of newly synthesized RNA has proven useful in the study of in vitro transcription. However, there has been little direct investigation of their effect on the polymerization reaction. We have synthesized 5′-mercuri-uridine [α- 32 P]triphosphate and analyzed its use in an in vitro nuclear transcription system. Nearest-neighbor analysis of the product was performed. Comparison of the frequencies obtained in this case to those obtained when uridine [α- 32 P]triphosphate or iodouridine [α- 32 P]triphosphate was used indicates that premature termination is occurring at a mercuri-uridine residue; the data suggest that this result is due predominantly to the size of the analog rather than to a specific chemical effect. Such premature termination occurs most frequently when a mercuri-uridine residue follows a guanosine residue.
Utilization of environmental knowledge for watershed management in Northern Michigan

The Northern Michigan Environmental Research Program was conducted by the University of Michigan's Biological Station and Institute for Social Research to obtain information about the aquatic and human resources of water-rich, resort-oriented northern lower Michigan. Results of the study were directed toward long-term environmental management. Multiple methods were used to communicate study results, including self-contained information briefs, regular contacts and seminars with community leaders and public officials, and mass media. Selected illustrations of project data applied to environmental management problems are cited, e.g., curtailment of nutrient loadings, wetlands protection, improved effectiveness of riparian organizations, and highway planning. A series of shortLakeland Reports, designed to present factual information, general environmental principles, and action implications to a lay audience, proved to be effective. However, it became apparent that environmental decisions were not strongly affected by reports alone. Instead, several mutually reinforcing channels of communication must be employed to develop a climate of receptiveness and understanding to insure environmentally sound decisions.
Comparative ab initio/GIAO-CCSD(T) study of protonated propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde and pivalaldehyde cations and their superelectrophilic diprotonated dications

Abstract Structures of superelectrophilic diprotonated propionaldehyde ( CH 3 CH 2 CHOH 2 2 + ) , isobutyraldehyde ( ( CH 3 ) 2 CHCHOH 2 2 + ) and pivalaldehyde ( ( CH 3 ) 3 CCHOH 2 2 + ) dications and their parent monocations were calculated using ab initio methods at the MP2/6-31G∗∗ and MP2/cc-pVTZ levels. Proton affinities of the neutral as well as monoprotonated aldehydes were calculated. Compared to proton affinities of neutral aldehydes, relative proton affinities of monoprotonated aldehydes were found to increase much more rapidly with the increase of methyl substitution. 13C NMR chemical shifts were also calculated using the GIAO-CCSD(T), GIAO-MP2 and GIAO-SCF methods. 13C NMR chemical shifts of the related tert-butyl cation ((CH3)3C+) and protonated tert-butyl dication ( ( CH 3 ) 2 CCH 4 2 + ) were computed at the same level for comparison and to explore the effect of the additional charge in dications.
Structural Requirements for Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) Cleavage in Fission Yeast

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are central regulators of cellular lipid synthesis and homeostasis. Mammalian SREBPs are proteolytically activated and liberated from the membrane by Golgi Site-1 and Site-2 proteases. Fission yeast SREBPs, Sre1 and Sre2, employ a different mechanism that genetically requires the Golgi Dsc E3 ligase complex for cleavage activation. Here, we established Sre2 as a model to define structural requirements for SREBP cleavage. We showed that Sre2 cleavage does not require the N-terminal basic helix-loop-helix zipper transcription factor domain, thus separating cleavage of Sre2 from its transcription factor function. From a mutagenesis screen of 94 C-terminal residues of Sre2, we isolated 15 residues required for cleavage and further identified a glycine-leucine sequence required for Sre2 cleavage. Importantly, the glycine-leucine sequence is located at a conserved distance before the first transmembrane segment of both Sre1 and Sre2 and cleavage occurs in between this sequence and the membrane. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a broad conservation of this novel glycine-leucine motif in SREBP homologs of ascomycete fungi, including the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus where SREBP is required for virulence. Consistent with this, the sequence was also required for cleavage of the oxygen-responsive transcription factor Sre1 and adaptation to hypoxia, demonstrating functional conservation of this cleavage recognition motif. These cleavage mutants will aid identification of the fungal SREBP protease and facilitate functional dissection of the Dsc E3 ligase required for SREBP activation and fungal pathogenesis. Background: Yeast sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are proteolytically activated by a mechanism distinct from that of mammals. Results: Site-directed mutagenesis studies define structural requirements for yeast SREBP cleavage. Conclusion: Yeast SREBP cleavage requires a novel conserved glycine-leucine motif. Significance: Understanding SREBP structural requirements aids mechanistic dissection of SREBP cleavage essential for fungal pathogenesis.
Reduced phosphate transport in the renal proximal tubule cells in cystinosis is due to decreased expression of transporters rather than an energy defect.

Abstract Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CTNS gene [1] , which encodes for a transporter (cystinosin) responsible for cystine efflux from lysosomes. In cystinotic renal proximal tubules (RPTs), the defect in cystinosin function results in reduced reabsorption of solutes by apical Na+/solute cotransport systems, including the Na+/phosphate (Pi) cotransport system [2] . However the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown, given the lack of an appropriate cellular model. To obtain such a model system, we have knocked down cystinosin with siRNA in primary RPT cell cultures. An 80% reduction in cystinosin strongly inhibited Na+ dependent Pi uptake (70%). Although this finding could be explained by a direct effect on transporters as well as by altered energetics (the ATP level dropped by 52%), our results demonstrate a lack of involvement of Na, K-ATPase, and a reduction in the number of NaPi2a transporters.
The Solution of the Graph-Coloring Problem as a Set-Covering Problem

The minimum number of channels required to satisfy the frequency assignment constraints of a collection of equipments for which specified pairs of equipments are denied cochannel operation has been shown to be equal to the chromatic number of an associated graph. This paper provides a formulation of the graph-coloring problem in terms of a related problem for which efficient computer programs have been prepared. This related problem is known as the zero-one set covering problem in which the rows of a binary array are "covered" with the minimum number of columns such that every row contains at least one nonzero element in a column belonging to the cover.
Power and stability comparisons of multiple testing procedures with false discovery rate control

High-throughput data analyses are widely used for examining differential gene expression, identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms, and detecting methylation loci. False discovery rate (FDR) has been considered a proper type I error rate to control for discovery-based high-throughput data analysis. Various multiple testing procedures have been proposed to control the FDR. The power and stability properties of some commonly used multiple testing procedures have not been extensively investigated yet, however. Simulation studies were conducted to compare power and stability properties of five widely used multiple testing procedures at different proportions of true discoveries for various sample sizes for both independent and dependent test statistics. Storey's two linear step-up procedures showed the best performance among all tested procedures considering FDR control, power, and variance of true discoveries. Leukaemia and ovarian cancer microarray studies were used to illustrate the power and stability c...
Odor-guided behavior in Drosophila requires calreticulin

The efficient processing of olfactory information is crucial for many aspects of life in animals, including behavior in insects. While much is known about the organization of the insect olfactory system, comparatively little is understood about the molecules that support its function. To further elucidate the molecular basis of olfaction, we explored the role of the calcium-binding chaperone calreticulin in the behavioral response of Drosophila to aversive odorants. We show that avoidance of naturally aversive odorants is impaired in flies harboring mutations in Calreticulin. Calreticulin mutants have broad defects in odor avoidance without abnormalities in antennal responses to odorants, alterations in central nervous system structure, or deficits in overall locomotor abilities. Interestingly, Calreticulin mutants exhibit defects in behavioral responses to odorants at low strength, whereas responses to higher odorant concentrations are preserved in these animals. Our studies indicate that calreticulin plays a key role in olfactory system function, possibly by establishing its overall sensitivity to odorants.