cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcoholism Treatment and Evaluation: In Search of Methods

This study collated 58 studies reporting the outcome of alcoholism treatment efforts over a 1-year follow-up period. Four outcome indices described each study; case fatality rate, problem-drinking rate, success rate, and subject unavailability rate. Hierarchical grouping analysis was employed to cluster studies into groups of maximum multivariate similarity. A five-group clustering solution was accepted. Consistencies were noted both within those studies described as having good outcome profiles and within those with poor outcome profiles.
Silicon carbide NEMS logic for high-temperature applications

This paper reports cantilever-type nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) silicon carbide (SiC) switches capable of operation from 25°C to 600°C, with threshold voltages ≤5 V. The fabricated SiC switches are actuated electrostatically, wherein the suspended cantilever electrode is pulled down to contact the bottom stationary electrode. The switches, fabricated using surface micromachining, have electrode separation gaps determined by the ~75 nm-thick sacrificial SiO 2 . Two-terminal switches have been cycled more than 40 billion times at room temperature until failure and more than 2 million times at 600°C when the package wire bonds fail. The room temperature failure mechanisms of these switches are mechanical fracture and stiction. Stiction of the switch electrodes is strongly correlated to the roughness of their contacting surfaces. Measurements indicate that 60% of switches with 8 nm electrode surface roughness could be operated over billions cycles before fracture. In contrast, 85% of the switches with 1 nm roughness were stuck after fabrication release.
Simple flywheel energy storage using squirrel-cage induction machine for DC bus microgrid systems

A simple flywheel energy storage using a squirrel-cage induction machine is proposed in this paper. The suggested motor/generator system operates with an open-loop Volt/Hertz control scheme and utilizes only the nameplate data as machine parameters. Therefore complex controller tuning or machine parameter measurement is not required. Also, any communication between storage units or with other controllers is not necessary because the system uses bus voltage information for charge/discharge operations. The proposed system has an advantage on parallel operation because adding/replacing of units are straightforward. Hence it can easily operate with different types of storage or distributed energy sources in DC bus microgrid systems. Moreover, the proposed control scheme improves the overall stability of the DC bus system. The proposed system has been validated with Matlab simulation and an experimental setup is under construction for verification.
The development of the swim bladder of the Atlantic salmon

The anlage of the swim bladder of the Atlantic salmon arises as a small mass of undifferentiated cells resting dorso-laterally on the posterior wall of the fore-gut. This mound of cells is proliferated from the narrow band of mesoderm which lies between the epithelium and the serosa of the alimentary canal. The concentration thus formed elongates slowly for 11 weeks. At the end of this time an evagination from the lumen of the right side of the oesophagus grows into it. This tube commences to elongate rapidly just previous to the time of hatching, and reaches the posterior end of the body cavity at approximately the time when the young salmon emerge from the gravel. Throughout the fresh water life of the fish this organ is a relatively large thin walled sac, lying dorsal to the body cavity. Microscopic examination reveals layers typical of those of the digestive tract.
Effects of booster interventions on factory workers' use of hearing protection.

BackgroundThe provision of reinforcements or boosters to interventions is seen as a logical approach to enhancing or maintaining desired behavior. Empirical studies, however, have not confirmed the effectiveness of boosters nor assessed the optimum number of boosters or the timing for their delivery
Longitudinal Relations of Children’s Effortful Control, Impulsivity, and Negative Emotionality to Their Externalizing, Internalizing, and Co-Occurring Behavior Problems

The purpose of the study was to examine the relations of effortful control (EC), impulsivity, and negative emotionality to at least borderline clinical levels of symptoms and change in maladjustment over four years. Children's (N = 214; 77% European American; M age = 73 months) externalizing and internalizing symptoms were rated by parents and teachers at 3 times, 2 years apart (T1, T2, and T3) and were related to children's adult-rated EC, impulsivity, and emotion. In addition, the authors found patterns of change in maladjustment were related to these variables at T3 while controlling for the T1 predictor. Externalizing problems (pure or co-occurring with internalizing problems) were associated with low EC, high impulsivity, and negative emotionality, especially anger, and patterns of change also related to these variables. Internalizing problems were associated with low impulsivity and sadness and somewhat with high anger. Low attentional EC was related to internalizing problems only in regard to change in maladjustment. Change in impulsivity was associated with change in internalizing primarily when controlling for change in externalizing problems.
Biochemical genetics of Chinese hamster cell mutants with deviant purine metabolism: Isolation and characterization of a mutant deficient in the activity of phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase

A new purine-requiring mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-Kl) is described. This mutant, Ade− G, grows on aminoimidazole carboxamide, hypoxanthine, or adenine. It complements all eight of our other previously described Ade− mutants. Biochemical analysis of de novo purine synthesis in whole cells suggests that Ade− G is capable of the first four reactions of de novo purine biosynthesis and that it synthesizes and accumulates phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine (FGAM). Direct enzyme assay in cell-free extracts confirms that Ade− G is defective in phosphoribo-sylaminoimidazole synthetase activity and does not convert FGAM to phosphoribosylaminoimidazole (AIR), the next intermediate in the de novo biosynthetic pathway.
An expectation-based memory deficit in aging.

Abstract Memory performance can be enhanced by expectations regarding the appearance of ensuing stimuli. Here, we investigated the influence of stimulus-category expectation on memory performance in aging, and used fMRI to explore age-related alterations in associated neural mechanisms. Unlike younger adults, who demonstrated both working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM) performance benefits for face stimuli when this stimulus category was expected, older adults did not exhibit these memory benefits. Concordantly, older adults did not exhibit expectation-period activity modulation in visual association cortex (i.e., fusiform face area (FFA)), unlike youger adults. However, within the older population, individuals who demonstrated face-expectation memory benefits also exhibited expectation-period FFA activity modulation equivalent to younger adults. The older cohort also displayed diminished expectation-related functional connectivity between regions of the prefrontal cortex and the FFA, relative to younger adults, suggesting that network alterations underlie the absence of expectation-mediated cortical modulation and memory benefits. This deficit may have broader consequences for the effective utilization of predictive cues to guide attention and engender optimal cognitive performance in older individuals.
Parliamentary law in the speech curriculum

(1935). Parliamentary law in the speech curriculum. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 85-89.
Modulator design for x-ray scatter correction using primary modulation: material selection.

Purpose: An optimal material selection for primary modulator is proposed in order to minimize beam hardening of the modulator in x-ray cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Recently, a measurement-based scatter correction method using primary modulation has been developed and experimentally verified. In the practical implementation, beam hardening of the modulator blocker is a limiting factor because it causes inconsistency in the primary signal and therefore degrades the accuracy of scatter correction. Methods: This inconsistency can be purposely assigned to the effective transmission factor of the modulator whose variation as a function of object filtration represents the magnitude of beam hardening of the modulator. In this work, the authors show that the variation reaches a minimum when the K-edge of the modulator material is near the mean energy of the system spectrum. Accordingly, an optimal material selection can be carried out in three steps. First, estimate and evaluate the polychromatic spectrum for a given x-ray system including both source and detector; second, calculate the mean energy of the spectrum and decide the candidate materials whose K-edge energies are near the mean energy; third, select the optimal material from the candidates after considering both the magnitude of beam hardening and the physical and chemical properties. Results: A tabletop x-ray CBCT system operated at 120 kVp is used to validate the material selection method in both simulations and experiments, from which the optimal material for this x-ray system is then chosen. With the transmission factor initially being 0.905 and 0.818, simulations show that erbium provides the least amount of variation as a function of object filtrations (maximum variations are 2.2% and 4.3%, respectively, only one-third of that for copper). With different combinations of aluminum and copper filtrations (simulating a range of object thicknesses), measured overall variations are 2.5%, 1.0%, and 8.6% for 25.4 μm of copper, erbium, and tungsten, respectively. With and without 300 μm of copper in the beam, the measured variations for 25.4 μm of copper, erbium, and tungsten, 1 mm of aluminum, as well as 406 μm of copper, are 1.8%, 0.2%, 5.5%, 1.9%, and 7.5%, respectively. Conclusions: The spatial variation in the effective transmission factor of the modulator blocker due to beam hardening caused by the modulator itself reaches a minimum when the K-edge of the modulator material is near the mean energy of the spectrum. An optimal modulator material selection using the K-edge discontinuity is therefore proposed.
Characteristics of passively mode-locked quantum dot lasers from 20 to 120°C

In this paper, performance of monolithic quantum dot passively mode-locked lasers over broad temperature excursions is characterized. It is shown that there is a linear dependence between absorber to gain length ratio and the characteristic temperature that a device transitions from ground-state to excited-state lasing when the saturable absorber is grounded. The pulse shape and optical spectrum characteristics are examined in detail around these transition regimes. Experimental operational maps have also been constructed showing the range of biasing conditions that produce stable mode-locking across a wide range of temperatures. A comparison is made between regions of mode-locking stability for two devices having the same absorber to gain length ratio, with varying ridge waveguide widths. Finally, gain and absorption characteristics are derived from measurements of amplified spontaneous emission, and a correlation between reduced values of unsaturated absorption and reduced time-bandwidth product is shown. Key features in the experimental operational maps and their respective significance on the operation and design of future devices is discussed.
Purification and cell-free translation of a unique high molecular weight form of the brain isozyme of creatine phosphokinase from mouse

Abstract Mouse brain creatine kinase was purified to homogeneity and shown to consist of two polypeptide chains of 50,000 daltons. This protein thus differs in size from all other creatine kinase molecules purified to data including the mouse muscle enzyme which shows a molecular weight between 39,000 and 42,000. The high molecular weight isozyme has been shown to represent the primary translation product of creatine phosphokinase mRNA from mouse brain. The unusual size of this creatine phosphokinase subunit provides unique tools for the study of the differential regulation of creatine kinase gene expression and for the study of subunit interactions in creatine kinase isozymes.
Urinary hepcidin in congenital chronic anemias.

Background Hepcidin, a regulator for iron homeostasis, is induced by inflammation and iron burden and suppressed by anemia and hypoxia. This study was conducted to determine the hepcidin levels in patients with congenital chronic anemias. Procedure Forty-nine subjects with anemia, varying degrees of erythropoiesis and iron burden were recruited. Eight children with immune thrombocytopenia were included as approximate age-matched controls. Routine hematologic labs and urinary hepcidin (uhepcidin) levels were assessed. For thalassemia major (TM) patients, uhepcidin was obtained pre- and post-transfusion. Results In TM, uhepcidin levels increased significantly after transfusion, demonstrated wide variance, and the median did not significantly differ from controls or thalassemia intermedia (TI). In both thalassemia syndromes, the hepcidin to ferritin ratio, a marker of the appropriateness of hepcidin expression relative to the degree of iron burden, was low compared to controls. In TI and sickle cell anemia (SCA), median uhepcidin was low compared to controls, P = 0.013 and <0.001, respectively. In thalassemia subjects, uhepcidin levels were positively associated with ferritin. In subjects with SCA, uhepcidin demonstrated a negative correlation with reticulocyte count. Conclusions This study examines hepcidin levels in congenital anemias. In SCA, hepcidin was suppressed and inversely associated with erythropoietic drive. In thalassemic syndromes, hepcidin was suppressed relative to the degree of iron burden. Transfusion led to increased uhepcidin. In thalassemia, the relative influence of known hepcidin modifiers was more difficult to assess. In thalassemic syndromes where iron overload and anemia have opposing effects, the increased erythropoietic drive may positively influence hepcidin production. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:57–63. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermalization of trapped ions: A quantum perturbation approach

The rate at which external random thermal fluctuations drive transitions between, and cause decoherence of, the near ground vibrational (harmonic oscillator) quantum states of trapped cold ions is of crucial importance in relation to quantum computing. Presented here is an estimate of these rates, for a single trapped ion, based on a quantum perturbation approach where an external thermal energy reservoir is electrically coupled to the ion. The results are for a general system, and it is shown that the relevant parameter in the interpretation of experimentally observed heating rates is the correlation time of the fluctuations. The rates due to the fluctuating electric field associated with blackbody radiation are also considered and shown to be negligible.
A hydrofluoric acid solution calorimetric investigation of glasses in the systems NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8 and NaAlSi3O8-Si4O8

Abstract Glasses in the systems NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8 and NaAlSi3O8-Si4O8 have been studied by means of hydrofluoric acid solution calorimetry at 50°C. Results indicate small negative enthalpies of mixing in the former system and small positive departures from ideality in the latter.
Modernized Republicanism: The Radical Agenda of Socialists in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, 1905–1917

On memorial day, 1905, less than two months after being elected Manitowoc's first socialist mayor, Henry Stolze addressed a crowd. Instead of inspiring patriotic feelings, celebrating the union, or...
The nucleation of co bubbles in molten ironcarbon drops reacting with oxidizing gases

A theoretical representation has been developed for the supersaturation of molten iron drops with respect to carbon monoxide caused by the counter diffusion of carbon and oxygen. These theoretical predictions were compared with experimental measurements obtained using droplets, 4 to 6 mm in diameter at temperatures ranging from 1600 °C to 2000 °C under levitated conditions and with free fall. The agreement between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally measured limits for the onset of the carbon boil was very good, assuming that the effective diffusivity in levitated drops was about three times the molecular diffusivity. This observation is consistent with calculations of flow and mixing in electromagnetically levitated metal droplets.
Advanced Light Source Update

After 19 years of round-the-clock operations, the ALS continues to serve a broad community of about 2,000 users, providing an average of 5,300 operating hours per year, resulting in roughly 600 pee...
Convergence of branching transport processes to branching brownian motion

Abstract Two models are given of branching transport processes that converge to branching Brownian motion starting with one initial particle. The martingale problem method is used.
Λ-Doubling in the jet-cooled A-X emission spectrum of Cl2+

Abstract Several bands of the A - X emission spectrum of Cl 2 + have been recorded at high resolution in a rotationally cold supersonic expansion of Cl 2 and He excited with a corona discharge. Λ-type doubling has been observed for the first time in this system, confirming the identity of these bands as members of the Ω = 1 2 component of the electronic transition. Rotational constants have been obtained with higher precision than has previously been possible, allowing us to clarify some outstanding questions about the relative vibrational numbering of these bands.
¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N backbone and side chain NMR resonance assignments for the N-terminal RNA recognition motif of the HvGR-RBP1 protein involved in the regulation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) senescence.

Leaf senescence is an important process in the developmental life of all plant species. Senescence efficiency influences important agricultural traits such as grain protein content and plant growth, which are often limited by nitrogen use. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating this highly orchestrated process. To enhance our understanding of leaf senescence and its regulation, we have undertaken the structural and functional characterization of previously unknown proteins that are involved in the control of senescence in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Previous microarray analysis highlighted several barley genes whose transcripts are differentially expressed during senescence, including a specific gene which is greater than 40-fold up-regulated in the flag leaves of early- as compared to late-senescing near-isogenic barley lines at 14 and 21 days past flowering (anthesis). From inspection of its amino acid sequence, this gene is predicted to encode a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein herein referred to as HvGR-RBP1. HvGR-RBP1 has been expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli, and preliminary NMR data analysis has revealed that its glycine-rich C-terminal region [residues: 93–162] is structurally disordered whereas its N-terminal region [residues: 1–92] forms a well-folded domain. Herein, we report the complete 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments of backbone and sidechain atoms, and the secondary structural topology of the N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain of HvGR-RBP1, as a first step to unraveling its structural and functional role in the regulation of barley leaf senescence.
Acute exercise and cardiovascular responses to stress in rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if acute exercise (EX) reduces the cardiovascular response to air jet stress (AJS) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 11) were instrumented with Doppler flow probes and a carotid arterial catheter to determine mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), mesenteric blood flow (MesBF), and iliac blood flow (IliBF). Rats participated in two trials (random order, separated by 48 h): 1) nonexercise (NONEX; 90-min rest on treadmill, 20-min restraint, and 20-min AJS), and 2) exercise (EX; 60-min rest on treadmill, 30-min EX at 20 m/min, 20-min restraint, and 20-min AJS). Increases in MAP (EX = 11 ± 2%; NONEX = 21 ± 2%) and HR (EX = 22 ± 4%; NONEX = 33 ± 3%) in response to the AJS protocol (restraint + AJS) were significantly less after EX compared to NONEX. Furthermore, decreases in MesBF (EX = −12 ± 7%; NONEX = −29 ± 8%) and increases in IliBF (EX = 29 ± 16%; NONEX = 56 ± 9%) produced by combined restraint + AJS were significantly less after exercise. Interestingly, the effects of exercise were most evident in response to the mild restraint required for AJS. The results suggest that acute EX reduces the cardiovascular responses to an AJS protocol (restraint + AJS) in normotensive rats.
The role of unrotated lines in O-lattice modeling, with applications to flat b.c.c.:h.c.p. interfaces

Abstract The role of unrotated lines in the O-lattice modeling of interphase boundaries has been developed by expressing lattice mismatch as a function of associated strains. Iso-matching contours are ellipsoids in the interpenetrating lattices formed by the two crystal lattices. When the three unrotated lines are orthogonal, the ellipsoidal principal axes lie along the unrotated lines and have lengths inversely proportional to the associated strains. In interphase interfaces iso-matching contours are ellipses with the major and minor axes along the best- and worst-matching directions. Misfit dislocations are distributed as a network formed by the common tangents to the iso-matching contours centered at adjacent O-points. When an unrotated line is invariant, an O-line lattice is derived by substitution of lattice vectors within the plane defined by the other two unrotated lines. One set of misfit dislocations is sufficient to form partially coherent b.c.c.:h.c.p. interfaces at the near-Burgers or the near-Potter orientation relationship associated with an invariant line. The O-line intersecting the origin is the same as the lattice invariant line in the invariant line model.
Solid solution studies in the MgO-LiAlO2 system

Experimental data in the MgO-LiAlO2 system indicates that about 53 wt % LiAlO2 can enter the MgO lattice in solid solution at 1600° C, an increase of 7,5 wt % over the solid solution phase at 1500° C. The data also indicates that the periclase lattice retains about 41% LiAlO2 at temperatures lower than 1400° C. Data indicates that there is probably no solid solution of MgO in LiAlO2. The proposed phase diagram for the MgO-LiAlO2 system is presented with an estimated eutectic composition of 17 wt % MgO-83 wt % LiAlO2 and a melting point of ∼ 1625° C.
Structural and dynamical properties of van der Waals clusters with impurities

Abstract Mixed clusters of Lennard-Jones atoms have been studied using molecular dynamic simulations. For sufficiently high impurity-host interaction energy, the structure is significantly distorted from those found for pure clusters, and the three-dimensional solid-liquid-like transition identified in pure system simulations is absent. Instead, at very low temperatures, structures may be characterized as having two-dimensional solid-like solvation shells formed by the host atoms surrounding the impurity. When these solvation shells are incomplete, well-defined two-dimensional solid-liquid transitions corresponding to the appearance of disorder in the solvation shells (two-dimensional melting) are observed as the temperature is increased. Studies of A 13 B 13 -type clusters are also reported. For the parameters studied, a clear segregation of species within the cluster is observed.
Humic substances and trace metals associated with Fe and Al oxides deposited in an acidic mountain stream

Abstract Hydrous iron and aluminum oxides are deposited on the streambed in the confluence of the Snake River and Deer Creek, two streams in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The Snake River is acidic and has high concentrations of dissolved Fe and Al. These metals precipitate at the confluence with the pristine, neutral pH, Deer Creek because of the greater pH (4.5–6.0) in the confluence. The composition of the deposited oxides changes consistently with distance downstream, with the most upstream oxide samples having the greatest Fe and organic carbon content. Fulvic acid accounts for most of the organic content of the oxides. Results indicate that streambed oxides in the confluence are not saturated with respect to their capacity to sorb dissolved humic substances from streamwater. The contents of several trace metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Co) also decrease with distance downstream and are correlated with both the Fe and organic carbon contents. Strong metal-binding sites associated with the sorbed fulvic acid are more than sufficient to account for the trace metal content of the oxides. Complexation of trace metals by sorbed fulvic acid may explain the observed downstream decrease in trace metal content.
Diversity of RNA sequences in Drosophila melanogaster.

In Drosophila melanogaster, a large proportion of unique-sequence DNA is transcribed. Assuming single-strand transcription, RNA complementary to at least 30% of unique-sequence DNA is present during the pupal metamorphosis. With RNA's from embryos, larvae, and imagoes, these values are 28, 24, and 20%, respectively. Analysis of hybridization kinetics suggests that these RNA's are present at very low concentrations, with an average of less than one copy of each sequence per cell. It is not yet known if overlap occurs among the RNA populations of these stages. Although the function of DNA in individual Drosophila chromomeres is not yet understood, it is clear that RNA transcription is not limited to minor chromosomal regions such as interbands.
Parameter sensitivities in nuclear reaction cross-section calculations ☆

Abstract The present work explores the relationships between measured neutron reaction data and the parameters of nuclear models used to calculate comparable results as well as to interpolate and extrapolate into domains where measurements are not feasible. In particular, dimensionless sensitivity parameters are exploited as a potential method for quantifying these relationships. A dimensionless sensitivity parameter is defined as the ratio of the fractional change in a calculated observable physical quantity to a specific fractional change of a selected nuclear model parameter. The basic approach is described and it is illustrated by considering several neutron activation reactions associated with stable isotopes of chromium.
Representations of Nature on the Mongolian Steppe: An Investigation of Scientific Knowledge Construction

Extensive land degradation across the Mongolian steppe has prompted a variety of multinational and multidisciplinary research projects over recent years. The situation provides an important opportunity to investigate and illuminate some of the international, national, and local dimensions of scientific practice that critically condition the production of environmental knowledge. In this article I juxtapose the competing knowledge bases and assumptions of various relevant groups (including natural vs. social scientists, nationalist Chinese vs. ethnic Mongolians, and urban intellectuals vs. indigenous herders) to develop the argument that multiple ideological and institutional boundaries work together to circumscribe scientific inquiry and data collection. The situated construction of knowledge undermines prospects for improving incremental objectivity and impedes more comprehensive understanding of serious environmental problems. [Chinese grasslands, land degradation, indigenous knowledge, sociology of science, interdisciplinary research]
Lupus in the 1980s: III. Influence of clinical variables, biopsy,and treatment on the outcome in 150 patients with lupus nephritis seen at a single center

Abstract Of 500 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus observed at our center, 150 fulfilled criteria for lupus nephritis. Of these 150 patients, 91% were female, and 67% were white. The mean age of onset was 26.2 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 11.7 years. Biopsies (n = 142) performed on 107 patients showed the following World Health Organization (WHO) class distribution: class I, n=1; class II, n=13; class III, n=19; class IV, n=69; class V, n=17; class VI, n=8; and class not determinable, n=15. Ninety-five patients were nephrotic. Therapeutic intervention courses given to all patients (n = 356) included parenteral (IV) cyclophosphamide (n = 58), high-dose oral steroids (n = 126), pulse steroids (n = 49), apheresis (n = 39), azathioprine (n = 43), oral cyclophosphamide (n = 5), nitrogen mustard (n = 27), and chlorambucil (n = 6). In addition to examining the course of disease for various subsets, various predictors for fatality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were analyzed. Descriptive data for the short-term response to five therapies are provided for the complete patient sample, proliferative disease, and nephrotic syndrome. Twenty patients died, primarily from cardiovascular complications and sepsis, with 97% and 92% 5-and 10-year survival rates, respectively. Twenty-nine were dialyzed, and 11 were transplanted. Risk of ESRD by WHO class at 5 years was as follows: class III, 0%; IV, 9%; V, 16% ( P = .04 for class V v other patterns). Blacks had a higher risk of death and ESRD. Class III was clearly associated with a lower risk of death and ESRD than class IV or V. Ten-year probabilities of ESRD are 25% for nephrotic patients versus 4% for nonnephrotic patients. IV cyclophosphamide and high-dose oral steroids both appeared to be beneficial for proliferative disease and nephrosis. Treatment with pulse steroids (given with cytotoxic drugs 85% of the time) was associated with nephritis improvement.
Induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by 4,4′-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) in the rat

Abstract The effects of the curative extender 4,4′-methylene bis (2-chloraniline) (MOCA), an established experimental carcinogen that exhibits activity in rat liver, on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected i.p. with 75 mg/kg MOCA and killed 6, 12, 18, 24, 42 and 48 h later. Stimulation with MOCA of liver cytosolic ODC was first evident at 6 h, peaked at 12 h and returned to control levels by 42 h. The liver enzyme was refractory to stimulation by a second treatment of MOCA within the dosing intervals examined. The magnitude of stimulation of the enzyme by this aromatic amine was dependent on dose and route of administration.
Alzheimer disease's double-edged vaccine

The first examination of a brain from a patient enrolled in a halted clinical trial for an Alzheimer disease (AD) vaccine reveals striking—and potentially dangerous—effects.
Ca2+ dependence of the ATPase activity of phosphorylated smooth muscle myosin: Effects of tropomyosin and actin

Calcium ions produce a 3-4-fold stimulation of the actin-activated ATPase activities of phosphorylated myosin from bovine pulmonary artery or chicken gizzard at 37 degrees C and at physiological ionic strengths, 0.12-0.16 M. Actins from either chicken gizzard or rabbit skeletal muscle stimulate the activity of phosphorylated myosin in a Ca2+-dependent manner, indicating that the Ca2+ sensitivity involves myosin or a protein associated with it. Partial loss of Ca2+ sensitivity upon treatment of phosphorylated gizzard myosin with low concentrations of chymotrypsin and the lack of any change on similar treatment of actin supports the above conclusion. Although both actins enhance ATPase activity, activation by gizzard actin exhibits Ca2+ dependence at higher temperatures or lower ionic strengths than does activation by skeletal muscle actin. The Ca2+ dependence of the activity of phosphorylated heavy meromyosin is about half that of myosin and is affected differently by temperature, ionic strength and Mg2+, being independent of temperature and optimal at lower concentrations of NaCl. Raising the concentration of Mg2+ above 2-3 mM inhibits the activity of heavy meromyosin but stimulates that of myosin, indicating that Mg2+ and Ca2+ activate myosin at different binding sites.
Reliability-Aware Microarchitecture Design [Guest editor's introduction]

This introduction to the special issue on reliability-aware microarchitecture discusses challenges facing processor architects and highlights the seven articles in the issue.
An asymmetrical tonic neck reflex rating scale

Although the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) is commonly used as one clinical assessment when evaluating children with suspected sensory integration deficits, maturational lags, or behavioral dysfunctions, observations are limited on the degree of this reflex in normal children at different age levels. A quantitative rating scale that indicates the degree of integration of the ATNR in normal first and third grade children is presented for purposes of comparison with the "suspect" child. A procedure for testing this reflex is described using the quadrupedal position, four sequences of lateral head rotation, and a rating scale consisting of four components. Using this ATNR rating scale, scores can be derived that could serve as a guide in determining whether the residual ATNR is comparable to that of normal subjects of the same age.
Where in the World of Sustainability Education is US Geography

This paper investigates latest developments in sustainability studies, sustainability education and geography's place in sustainability education, with a focus on the USA. The investigation draws on latest information on sustainability education, from a survey of the 29 sustainability degree programs in the USA and interviews with the program directors and faculty and data from the Association for Advancing Sustainability in Higher Education and the National Science Digital Library. It explores where geography should be in sustainability education, why geography is not there and what geography should do to get there.
The impact of odor and ambient flow speed on the kinematics of the crayfish antennular flick: implications for sampling turbulent odor plumes

Before organisms extract relevant information from olfactory cues, animals often actively sample the environment through sniffing, wing beating, or flicking of olfactory appendages. These processes serve to increase the local flow velocity and to facilitate the movement of chemical signals from the environment to receptor sites. Crustaceans flick their antennules to sample. While the kinematics of this process is beginning to be understood, modulation of antennular flicking in response to increases in ambient flow velocity or through stimulation from chemicals is unknown at this time. This manuscript details two studies that were performed to understand the kinematics on this behavior and their implications on sensory perception. In the first study, the kinematics of a flick from a restrained crayfish was analyzed in response to flow velocities of 1, 3, and 5 cm/s and in the presence and absence of odor at these three velocities. The second study sought to determine whether antennular flicking behavior changes as a function of crayfish’s walking speed or in response to variations in odor source concentration. The first study clearly shows that flick kinematic parameters (flick acceleration, flick velocity, and flick angle deflection) are increased as the ambient flow is increased and are increased in response to chemical stimulation. The second study shows that bilateral antennular flicking is not performed during chemical orientation and that antennular flicking behavior does change as a function of walking speed of the crayfish or increases in source concentration.
Fundamental Limit on the Rate of Quantum Dynamics: The Unified Bound Is Tight

How fast a quantum state can evolve has attracted considerable attention in connection with quantum measurement and information processing. A lower bound on the orthogonalization time, based on the energy spread DeltaE, was found by Mandelstam and Tamm. Another bound, based on the average energy E, was established by Margolus and Levitin. The bounds coincide and can be attained by certain initial states if DeltaE=E. Yet, the problem remained open when DeltaE not equal E. We consider the unified bound that involves both DeltaE and E. We prove that there exist no initial states that saturate the bound if DeltaE not equal E. However, the bound remains tight: for any values of DeltaE and E, there exists a one-parameter family of initial states that can approach the bound arbitrarily close when the parameter approaches its limit. These results establish the fundamental limit of the operation rate of any information processing system.
Morphological changes in aging cell lines of Paramecium aurelia. I. Alterations in the cytoplasm

Electron microscopical examination of aging P. aurelia revealed that definitive changes occur in the cytoplasm of old cells. There was an increase in the number of mitochondria and lysosomal bodies as well as the appearance of large dense bodies and autophagous vacuoles. The mitochondria were altered morphologically and many appeared to be coalesced with lysosome-like bodies and were also observed to be degenerating within autophagous vacuoles. The large dense bodies were considered to be similar to the lipofuscin or age pigments reported in other aging cells. The relationship of the large dense bodies to the lipofuscin pigments and their probable origin are discussed as is the involvement of the cytoplasm in the aging death process in P. aurelia.
Childhood anxiety disorders in mothers and their children.

This study examined the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and overanxious disorder (OAD) in the mothers of children diagnosed with SAD and/or OAD (n=64), and a control group of children who had psychiatric diagnoses other than anxiety or affective disorders (n=33). Results indicated that mothers of children with OAD had an increased prevalence (42%) of OAD themselves as children. Contrary to expectation, mothers of children with SAD did not show a higher rate of SAD than the other groups.
The Partitioning of Evapotranspiration into Transpiration, Soil Evaporation, and Canopy Evaporation in a GCM: Impacts on Land–Atmosphere Interaction

Abstract Although the global partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into transpiration, soil evaporation, and canopy evaporation is not well known, most current land surface schemes and the few available observations indicate that transpiration is the dominant component on the global scale, followed by soil evaporation and canopy evaporation. The Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3), however, does not reflect this global view of ET partitioning, with soil evaporation and canopy evaporation far outweighing transpiration. One consequence of this unrealistic ET partitioning in CLM3 is that photosynthesis, which is linked to transpiration through stomatal conductance, is significantly underestimated on a global basis. A number of modifications to CLM3 vegetation and soil hydrology parameterizations are described that improve ET partitioning and reduce an apparent dry soil bias in CLM3. The modifications reduce canopy interception and evaporation, reduce soil moisture stress on transpiration, increase transp...
Radiative association of Cs+ with 12-crown-4 ether at 288 K

We report the measurement of radiative association rates of Cs+ with 12-crown-4 ether. The measurement improves on the precision of earlier measurements by about a factor of ten and demonstrates some of the power of an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer recently designed and built by the authors. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do scattering effects resolve the 17-keV conundrum?

Abstract The anomalies observed in s-decay measurements at Oxford can be reinterpreted after account is made for a more complete electron response function. Specifically, a reanalysis including intermediate scattering effects places an upper limit (90% CL) on the mixing probability for a 17-keV neutrino of 0.35% and 0.53%, using the 35 S and 63 Ni data respectively. Despite the different geometries employed, scattering effects can play an important role in the 35 S experiments at Guelph, although a rigorous treatment is difficult. Missing links remains, and thoughts are provided on how the situation can be clarified with additional s-dacay measurements.
FACILITATIVE AND DISRUPTIVE EFFECTS OF STRYCHNINE SULPHATE ON MAZE LEARNING

Several studies (Rosenzweig, Krech, & Bennett 1956; Leukel, 1957; Pearlman, Sharpless, & Jarvik, 1959) have shown that, in rats, injections of depressant drugs administered either shortly before or shortly after training trials impair learning. These results, along with those obtained from studies of the retroactive effects of electroconvulsive shock and anoxia on learning (Thompson & Dean, 1955; Thompson & Pryer, 1956) support the general hypothesis that the amount learned on each trial depends upon the extent of perseveration of the neural activity initiated by the trial (Mueller & Pilzecker, 1900; Hebb, 1949). Since disruption of neural activity with central nervous system depressants has been shown to impair learning, it might be possible to facilitate learning by enhancing perseveration with central nervous system stimulants. To date there have been few investigations of this hypothesis. Strychnine sulphate is one of the most potent central nervous system stimulants. Physiological studies (Heinbecker & Bartley, 1939) have shown that in low concentrations strychnine lowers synaptic thresholds, while with high concentrations thresholds are raised. If it is assumed that degree of neural perseveration depends upon synaptic thresholds, then low doses of strychnine sulphate might facilitate learning. Lashley (1917) reported that low doses of strychnine sulphate facilitated the rate at which rats learned a Watson maze. Recently, McGaugh and Petrinovich (1959) reported similar findings using a Lashley 111 alley maze. A further study of this problem using a complex 14-unit alley maze is reported here.
Point: “Competition and value-of-service pricing in the residential real estate brokerage market”

Abstract In this comment we react to the paper by John R. Schroeter, entitled “Competition and Value-of-Service Pricing in the Residential Real Estate Brokerage Market”, which was published in the Spring, 1987 issue of the Quarterly Review of Economics and Business. This paper is cited as one of the few papers that argues that the uniformity of the commission rate that brokers charge, can be consistent with a market structure in which brokers have no market power. However, we show that the model Schroeter developed does not give a stable equilibrium, unless one of the principal assumptions of the model is violated.
Substrate inhibition of maize endosperm sucrose synthase by fructose and its interaction with glucose inhibition

Abstract Sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) was purified to homogeneity from developing maize ( Zea mays L.) endosperm. Substrate saturation and inhibitor kinetics were examined for the sucrose synthase reaction. The K m -values for fructose and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPGlc) were estimated to be 7.8 mM and 76 μM, respectively. Fructose concentrations over 20 mM inhibited sucrose synthase in an uncompetitive manner with respect to UDPGlc. Glucose was also found to be an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to both fructose and UDPGlc. At inhibitory concentrations of fructose, the apparent K i for glucose increased linearly with increasing fructose concentration. The results suggest an ordered kinetic mechanism for sucrose synthase where UDPGlc binds first and UDP dissociates last. Fructose and glucose both inhibit by binding to the enzyme-UDP complex. Fructose and glucose, which are present in maize endosperm as the products of invertase, could inhibit sucrose synthase, especially in basal regions of the kernel where hexosesmay accumulate.
Sorex rohweri sp. nov. (Mammalia, Soricidae) from northwestern North America

Abstract Sorex rohweri sp. nov. is described on the basis of a series of specimens from the Olympic Peninsula and adjacent western regions of Washington State, USA, and southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It has been misidentified as Sorex cinereus Kerr, 1792, which occurs in the Cascade Range in west-central Washington, in coastal British Columbia, and regions farther to the northeast. The new species is distinguished from S. cinereus by numerous morphological characters: differences in craniodental dimensions; different location and form of the medial tines of the upper incisors; presence of patent postmandibular foramina; different intensity and distribution of dental pigmentation; and different form of the glans penis, along with other details. The combination of characters also separates it from sympatric species of Sorex. Phylogenetic inference of cytochrome b sequences from two specimens of the proposed new species shows them to be distinct from Sorex cinereus and from five sympatric Sorex species, supporting their designation as members of a new species.
Metabolic sites of action of halothane in rat atria

Abstract Rat atrial metabolism was monitored by measuring the production of 14 CO 2 from 14 C-labeled substrates. D -Glucose and D -mannose metabolism were depressed by low concentrations of halothane (1 mM) which did not significantly affect the metabolism of pyruvate, D -fructose, DL -beta-hydroxybutyrate or octanoate. Halothane (1 mM) did not alter the uptake of 3- O -methyl glucose by rat atria. It is concluded that halothane blocks an early step(s) in glycolysis. The most likely sites are the phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) steps. The incorporation of D -glucose, D -mannose and D -fructose into glycogen were significantly inhibited by 1 mM halothane, although the total glycogen content was not affected. We conclude that halothane inhibits glycogen turnover. Higher concentrations of halothane (8 and 16 mM) required to inhibit the metabolism of pyruvate and D -fructose. This action of halothane is attributed to the known inhibition by halothane of electron transport processes. Neither DL -beta-hydroxybutyrate nor octanoate metabolism to CO 2 was affected by 1 mM halothane, although higher concentrations of halothane produced an inhibition. It is concluded that some of the steps in fatty acid oxidation are unaffected by low concentrations of halothane.
The control of errors in i.r. spectrophotometry—V. Assessment of errors in the evaluation of optical constants by transmission measurements on thin films

Abstract In this paper we assess the errors associated with the computation of the optical constants of liquids from transmission measurements in the i.r. by the methods developed in the two preceding papers. The computations investigated include (a) the iteration algorithm to obtaink(ν) andn(ν) fromka(ν); (b) truncation errors in the computation of then(ν) from thek(ν) spectrum by both the conventional (KK) and the subtractive (SKK) Kramers—Kronig transformations; (c) the effect of truncating the wings of thek(ν) curve; (d) the influence of neighboring bands outside the range of measurement on the calculation of then(ν) spectrum by both Kramers—Kronig methods; (e) interactive effect of errors in then(ν) spectrum on the computation ofk(ν), and of errors in theka(ν) spectrum on the computation ofn(ν), andk(ν).