cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voices Inside Schools: Capturing Authenticity, Transforming Perception: One Teacher's Efforts to Improve Her Students' Performance by Challenging Their Impressions of Self and Community

In this Voices Inside Schools essay, William Marinell describes the efforts of a public school teacher to improve her students' writing by attempting to increase their connectivity to their community. By designing photojournalism projects that prompt students to capture their authentic experiences, the teacher hopes to challenge the students' negative perceptions of their community, which she believes have a negative effect on her students' performance in school. Marinell elaborates on the personal and pedagogical dilemmas that the teacher faced while engaged in this work and how her instructional objectives and pedagogical approaches evolved as she gained an appreciation for the complex issues that arise when teachers and students attempt to depict their community.
How to Build a Successful CTO Program

Building a successful chronic total occlusion (CTO) intervention program is best achieved using a multifaceted approach, addressing four areas: (1) CTO operator; (2) catheterization laboratory staff, equipment, and policies; (3) administration; and (4) referring physicians and patients. First, CTO procedural skills can be developed through reading, participating in courses, proctoring, and repeated practice. Persistence, careful planning, focus, creativity, learning from failures, and tracking procedural outcomes are important. Second, education of the catheterization laboratory staff, obtaining the necessary equipment, and establishing CTO-specific protocols can assist with CTO program development. Third, highlighting the need for a CTO program and demonstrating its feasibility and potential institutional benefits can assist with securing support from administration. Fourth, increasing the awareness of the CTO program can be accomplished through education of referring physicians, presenting at local and national conferences, and providing patient-centered education.
Effect of Intracellular Sterol Concentration on Sterol Esterification in Yeast

Ergosterol (figure 1) was first isolated in 18891, and has been shown to be produced by 558 yeast cultures covering 60 species in 20 genera2. Yet, very little is known about the precise physiological role for this compound. Activities as a steroidal precursor, in the maintenance of optimal membrane fluidity, and as a modulator of enzymic activity have all been speculated upon as the principal function for sterols in yeast. Supporting experimental results have been obtained for each of these activities. It occurred to us that rather than a single function, sterols may in fact have multiple roles in the general economy of the cell. Such a conclusion was based on the results from many experiments which failed to provide a reasonable unifying model for sterol physiology. We elected to investigate the possibility of multiple roles for sterols in yeast, formulating our experiments on three assumptions. Firstly, if there were indeed multiple roles, it seemed highly unlikely that each of the functions would have the same quantitative requirement for sterol. Secondly, it would also be unlikely that the disparate roles would have identical structural affinities for different features of the sterol molecule. Lastly, it seemed most reasonable that ergosterol would be able to satisfy all of the sterolic qualitative and quantitative requirements for the various functions.
Adaptive sequential strategy for risk estimation of engineering systems using Gaussian process regression active learning

Abstract Maximizing the accuracy of the estimated risk, and minimizing the number of calls to the expensive-to-evaluate deterministic model are two major challenges engineers face. Monte Carlo method is the usual method of choice for risk estimation. Since each deterministic run for a complex engineering system may require a significant amount of time, Monte Carlo method may be very time-consuming and impractical. To reduce the computational expense of Monte Carlo method, surrogate models are presented. In this paper, an adaptive sequential strategy based on the Monte Carlo method and Gaussian process regression active learning for risk estimation of engineering systems with minimum computational cost and acceptable accuracy is presented. The proposed adaptive sequential strategy to build designs of experiments is illustrated using a simple One-dimensional explanatory example. Then, the efficiency and accuracy of the presented method are compared with the other available methodologies using several benchmark examples from literature. Finally, the applicability of the presented method for nonlinear and high-dimensional real-world problems are studied.
Recognizing psychiatric presentations of anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis in children and adolescents: A synthesis of published reports

AIM The aim of this study was to improve early recognition of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti-NMDArE) in children and adolescents by identifying characteristic temporal patterns of clinical features in patients likely to be referred for psychiatric evaluation. In this form of autoimmune encephalitis, NMDAr hypofunction is caused by autoantibodies to receptor surface components. Clinical outcomes following prompt immunotherapy are usually good, but delayed treatment often results in a protracted course with significant residual disability or death. Anti-NMDArE frequently mimics psychiatric disorders, so most patients are referred initially to a psychiatrist and treated for days or weeks before being correctly diagnosed. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases identified all published reports of antibody-confirmed anti-NMDArE associated with psychiatric symptoms in patients <19 years old. Redundant reports were eliminated manually. For each patient, the order in which each feature was first observed was ranked relative to others. Median temporal ranks were used to compare the sequencing of individual features and major symptom domains. RESULTS One hundred and sixty seven cases (121 females) met the inclusion criteria. The most common features were dyskinesias (77.8%), seizures (72.5%), mutism or staring (40.7%), insomnia (39.5%), language dysfunction (36.5%), fever (31.1%), disorientation/confusion (28.7%), reduced arousal (28.1%), and memory disturbance (26.9%). The configuration and temporal sequencing of features were highly variable between individuals. CONCLUSION Clinicians need to suspect this disorder: if new behavioral symptoms arise in the context of a recent viral prodrome; if they are accompanied by dyskinesias, seizures or insomnia; or if psychiatric symptoms are unusual (e.g., non-verbal auditory hallucinations).
Model Selection Based on Sectoral Application Scale for Increased Value of Hydroclimate-Prediction Information

AbstractAdvance predictions of seasonal precipitation may provide information to aid water resource management decisions in various sectors. Yet, a disconnect between the spatial scale upon which s...
Risk and performance assessment of cement made using municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as a cement kiln feed

Abstract To assess the feasibility of incorporating municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) as a replacement for traditional raw materials in cement kiln feed, an industrial-scale kiln trial was performed. Leach testing and chemical and physical characterization data from a cement product made at a replacement percentage of 2.8% by mass of kiln feed were comparable to results from ordinary portland cement. The concentrations of constituents of concern in leach tests were generally below risk-based screening levels or of similar or lower magnitude than leachate from control products. Ash-amended cement exhibited greater early age reactivity, and this was reflected in initial mortar compressive strength results; ultimate compressive strength results were higher in the control mortar. The ash-amended and control cements were similar in characteristic, but quantitative x-ray diffraction results reveal differences in alite and aluminate formation during the clinker formation process.
Multicystic adenomatoid hamartoma of the pancreas

Abstract Multicystic adenomatoid hamartoma is an extremely rare tumor of the pancreas, with only 4 other cases reported in the literature. We report a case of a 4-year old boy who presented with an 8 month history of abdominal pain, steatorrhea, and failure to thrive. Work-up showed severe pancreatic insufficiency and a large, multiseptated, cystic mass originating from the head of the pancreas and compressing the duodenum. The child underwent a classic pancreaticoduodenectomy with portal vein reconstruction. He tolerated the procedure well and has been seen in follow-up.
Predicting Drug-Target Interactions Using Weisfeiler-Lehman Neural Network

Predicting missing drug-target relationships can help to speed up the process of identifying unknown interactions between chemical drugs and target proteins in pharmaceutical research. In this paper we employ Weisfeiler-Lehman Neural Network method to capture features, purely based on topological network and learn the pattern of drug-target interactions. We show our approach is able to learn sophisticated drug-target topological features and outperform other similarity based methods in terms of AUROC.
Medical Deferred Action - Living on Borrowed Time.

Medical Deferred Action — Living on Borrowed Time Eliminating medical deferred action for immigrant children with highly complex conditions or the immigrant parents of U.S.-citizen children with su...
A 2-Year-Old Girl with Hypotonia Since Birth and Delayed Motor and Speech Development

Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy is one of the most common forms of congenital muscular dystrophy. Merosin, also known as laminin α2, is encoded by the LAMA2 gene. It is present in the basal lamina of skeletal muscle and Schwann cells. There is a wide clinical spectrum of the disease with patients usually presenting at birth with hypotonia and weakness accompanied by respiratory and feeding difficulties. Ophthalmoparesis particularly in upper gaze is common. Serum creatine kinase (CK) level can be elevated up to 10 times the normal value. Brain MRI shows increased T2 signal in white matter, which is thought to be from abnormal myelination. Since laminin α2 is present in the basement membranes of Schwann cells, some patients develop peripheral neuropathy. Muscle pathology is characterized by a complete or partial deficiency of laminin-α2 with dystrophic changes.
Assessing hand dysfunction in cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

METHODS Twenty patients with CSM and 17 controls were recruited. Clinical scores of modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) and Nurick were collected. MRI based compression grades such as cord distortion were assessed. Hand dysfunction was tested using a custom motorized apparatus. Subject's forearm was placed in a cast and positioned such that their metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint was vertically aligned with the motor shaft. Surface electromyographic sensors were placed on flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and extensor digitorum communis muscles. Hyperreflexia was measured as the FDS muscle activation during reflex when the MCP joint was moved from flexion to extension at 300°/sec. Proprioception was quantified as the angle of detection in absence of visual or auditory cues (subjects were blindfolded and given noise-cancelling headphones). Strength was measured as the maximum isometric force at the MCP joint. 2-sample t-test (p<0.05) were performed to assess significant differences in reflexes, proprioception and strength among patients and controls (SPSS software version 24). RESULTS Patients reported higher Nurick (1.90±1.0 vs 0±0, p<0.001) and lower mJOA scores (14.3±1.9 vs 18.0±0, p<0.001) as compared to controls. Similarly, patients with CSM had increased reflexes (peak FDS EMG) (0.073±0.096 vs. 0.014±0.010, p = 0.019). Patient proprioception was significantly worse; mean angle of detection was greater than twice as high in patients (9.6± 9.43°) compared to controls (4.0± 2.3°), p = 0.022. MRI based compression ratio (CR) was a significant predictor of hyperreflexia, CR<0.44 resulted in steep increase in reflex activity. Fifteen of the 20 patients who completed follow up testing at 6 months after surgery show substantial clinical improvement in reflexes and proprioceptive angle, while repeated testing in controls were unchanged. CONCLUSION In conclusion, hyperreflexia and decline in proprioception are the main drivers of hand disability in patients with CSM. Of multiple scales, only a select few MRI scales (such as compression ratio) were predictive of increased reflexes. The study describes a pre-clinical testing apparatus to quantitatively and objectively assess primary presenting symptoms in CSM. This pilot apparatus has the potential to evaluate treatment efficacy through repeated testing. Objective testing of hand dysfunction can help inform the design of clinically feasible devices, guide MRI biomarker analysis, and improve our understanding of the progression of neurological injury in this patient population.
Resolving Photon Numbers Using a Superconducting Nanowire with Impedance-Matching Taper.

Time- and number-resolved photon detection is crucial for quantum information processing. Existing photon-number-resolving (PNR) detectors usually suffer from limited timing and dark-count performance or require complex fabrication and operation. Here, we demonstrate a PNR detector at telecommunication wavelengths based on a single superconducting nanowire with an integrated impedance-matching taper. The taper provides a kΩ load impedance to the nanowire, making the detector's output amplitude sensitive to the number of photon-induced hotspots. The prototyping device was able to resolve up to four absorbed photons with 16.1 ps timing jitter and <2 c.p.s. device dark count rate. Its exceptional distinction between single- and two-photon responses is ideal for high-fidelity coincidence counting and allowed us to directly observe bunching of photon pairs from a single output port of a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer. This detector architecture may provide a practical solution to applications that require high timing resolution and few-photon discrimination.
Emergencies in haematology: tumour lysis syndrome

Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a significant complication of haematologic malignancies and their management. The syndrome consists of laboratory abnormalities either alone (laboratory TLS) or with clinical sequelae including renal failure, seizures, and arrhythmias (clinical TLS). Clinical TLS is a predictor for worse overall morbidity and mortality in cancer patients, but can be prevented. Thus, accurate prognostication is critical to appropriate management of patients at risk for TLS, and incorporates both disease factors (tumour type and burden) and patient factors (baseline renal insufficiency or hyperuricaemia). Strategies to prevent TLS include hydration and allopurinol in low- and intermediate-risk patients and rasburicase in high-risk patients.
Korean Immigrant Parents of Children with Autism and Physical Education

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to analyse South Korean (SK) immigrant parents’ positioning (i.e. roles, responsibilities, and obligations) as experienced with regard to physical education for...
The Roles of Disliking, Deservingness, and Envy in Predicting Schadenfreude:

Schadenfreude (pleasure about another’s misfortune) was studied using written scenarios that were manipulated to include elements that elicited disliking of the target, envy of the target, and/or d...
Clinical analysis of 14 children with Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella. The main source of infection are sheep and cattle. Brucella is a Gram-negative coccobacillus belonging to 6 species, of which the sheep are the most pathogenic, and spread through damaged skin mucosa, digestive tract and respiratory tract. Brucellosis is mainly prevalent in pastoral areas in China. Yunnan is a non-pastoral area, the incidence of Brucellosis is low, clinicians have insufficient understanding of Hrucellosis, and clinical misdiagnosis. All 14 children were infected with Brucella, and all of them had a history of exposure to sheep. After 14 cases of Brucella infection were diagnosed, the corresponding antibiotics were given according to age and condition. And all patients were cured. There was no recurrence after 1 year of follow-up. The clinical manifestations of Brucella infection in children are diverse and easy to be misdiagnosed. The history of epidemiology, especially history of contact with cattle and sheep, and improvement of blood culture, bone marrow culture and Brucella antibody detection as early as possible are the key to the diagnosis. Key words: Brucellosis; Coccobacillus; Adequate treatment
An inverse vulcanized conductive polymer for Li–S battery cathodes

Polymers with a broad range of properties, structural diversity, and mechanical flexibility have been adopted in all aspects of Li–S batteries. However, currently explored polymers for Li–S cathodes suffer from low conductivity, low S content, and poor cycling performance. In this first-principles study, we theoretically design a new polymer, poly(2-vinyl,1,4-phenylene sulfide), by modifying the conductive poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) via the vinyl group to enhance its ability to vulcanize with element S. We compare the properties of the experimentally realized sulfur vulcanized polymers via condensation and our designed sulfur vulcanized polymers via crosslinking as Li–S battery cathodes, in terms of gravimetric and specific capacities, as well as structural stability during the lithiation. Overall, we find that our designed polymer possesses better conductivity, higher specific capacity and gravimetric energy density, and better kinetic stability, and restricts the shuttle effect more efficiently than the current experimentally explored one. Also, the cross-linked sulfur compounds can be activated efficiently due to the short transport lengths rather than dissolution in the electrolyte during battery operation. Therefore, we believe our designed polymer cathode is promising for practical applications.
The Herschel Cold Debris Disks: Confusion with the Extragalactic Background at 160 μm

The Herschel "DUst around NEarby Stars" (DUNES) survey has found a number of debris disk candidates that are apparently very cold, with temperatures near 22 K. It has proven difficult to fit their spectral energy distributions with conventional models for debris disks. Given this issue, we carefully examine the alternative explanation that the detections arise from confusion with infrared cirrus and/or background galaxies that are not physically associated with the foreground stars. We find that such an explanation is consistent with all of these detections.
Veterinary expertise is missing in pandemic response.

I share the concern of Tony Andrews ( VR , 5/12 September 2020, vol 187, pp 195–196) and John Mackinnon ( VR , 3/10 October 2020, vol 187, pp 277–278), among others, over the apparent failure of those tackling Covid-19 to capitalise on veterinary expertise in such areas as infectious disease control, biosecurity and our knowledge of animal coronaviruses. I think the relevant phrase in Tony Andrews’ letter is where he says ‘our knowledge has fallen on deaf ears within the human medical community’. This is a sad situation considering that our …
Prognostic factors in Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: A retrospective study.

Abstract Introduction Demyelinating lesions occasionally present as mass-like lesions on imaging, raising concern for malignancy. The disease course of such tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) is still being defined. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 21 patients with new-onset neurologic symptoms and mass-like lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which resulted in biopsy-proven diagnoses of demyelination. 18 patients had a median follow-up of 52 months. The clinical, radiologic and histologic features were associated with disease course. Results An aggressive disease course (ADC) was noted in 33% of the patients and was associated with an initial largest lesion size ≥35 mm (p = 0.0007), mass effect (p = 0.01) and perilesional edema (p = 0.01) on MRI. Age 30 years and older, at presentation (p = 0.05), as well as the absence of a prior tonsillectomy (p = 0.0128) were also associated with an ADC. Conclusions We identified several factors, including initial larger lesion size, mass effect and perilesional edema on MRI, presentation after 30 years of age and the absence of a prior tonsillectomy, that predict an ADC in patients presenting with TDLs. These predictors of disease course can help guide patient follow-up and stratification for intervention.
Accurate spatial neighborhood relationships for arbitrarily-shaped objects using Hamilton-Jacobi GVD

Many image segmentation approaches rely upon or are enhanced by using spatial relationship information between image regions and their object correspondences. Spatial relationships are usually captured in terms of relative neighborhood graphs such as the Delaunay graph. Neighborhood graphs capture information about which objects are close to each other in the plane or in space but may not capture complete spatial relationships such as containment or holes. Additionally, the typical approach used to compute the Delaunay graph (or its dual, the Voronoi polytopes) is based on using only the point-based (i.e., centroid) representation of each object. This can lead to incorrect spatial neighborhood graphs for sized objects with complex topology, eventually resulting in poor segmentation. This paper proposes a new algorithm for efficiently, and accurately extracting accurate neighborhood graphs in linear time by computing the Hamilton-Jacobi generalized Voronoi diagram (GVD) using the exact Euclidean-distance transform with Laplacian-of-Gaussian, and morphological operators. The algorithm is validated using synthetic, and real biological imagery of epithelial cells.
Relativistic Model for Statevector Reduction

In the last sentence of his last paper on the foundations of quantum theory, John Bell1 raised “The big question” as to whether the “precise picture” of reality, inherent in theories which give a dynamical description of statevector reduction, “can be redeveloped in a Lorentz invariant way.” I will begin by summarizing this “precise picture” of reality, with special focus on aspects of the relativistic structure of the theory. Then, within this structure, I will review a relativistic quantum field theory model.2 It has good statevector reduction behavior which, unfortunately, is accompanied by an infinite rate of energy production from the vacuum. I will then introduce a new model (only a few months old) in which this latter difficulty may be cured. Of course new problems arise, but they present some interesting and even intriguing features.
Toward Building a Culture of Strengths in U.S. MSW Programs

Social work has embraced the strengths perspective as a vital part of micro, mezzo, and macro practice. Yet the authors’ experience suggests that the medical model of deficits, disease, and disorder remains the dominant paradigm. This exploratory study sought to determine how and to what extent strengths-based practice is integrated into the MSW practice curriculum. Forty-four (44) of 181 programs responded to a 12-item web-based survey. Quantitative and qualitative responses indicate an almost universal awareness of and attention to integrating strengths-based content. However, a smaller number of programs appear to be looking beyond curriculum content towards the creation of a broader culture of strengths. Even so, challenges remain toward overcoming a pathological orientation in social work practice curricula.
Built Environments and Active Living in Rural and Remote Areas: a Review of the Literature

Rural children and adults are more likely to have obesity than their urban counterparts even after adjustment for individual-level behaviors, suggesting that rural environments may promote obesity. The rural built environment may be an important area of research that can help us understand rural-urban disparities in obesity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the rural built environment and active living literature, and to address key issues, gaps, and observations in the field. A literature review was conducted in spring 2015 to identify research published from 2000 to 2015. Our review suggests that limited active living built environments in rural communities and unique rural barriers to physical activity may contribute to a higher prevalence of obesity compared to urban populations. More empirical research is needed to build the evidence-base for the association between rural built environments, active living, and obesity. School- and community-based policies that expand active living opportunities in rural areas should also be closely examined.
Which is more likely in trichodiene biosynthesis: hydride or proton transfer?

The mechanisms proposed for enzyme-catalyzed formation of the sesquiterpene natural product trichodiene consistently include a step involving a 1,4-hydride transfer. Using quantum chemical methods (B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and mPW1PW91/6-31+G(d,p)), we discovered two alternative pathways for transformation of the intermediate bisabolyl cation to the cuprenyl cation, one of whicha proton-transfer pathwayappears to be much more energetically favorable (by more than 10 kcal/mol) than the hydride transfer pathways usually proposed.
Split-Scan Panoramic Cameras

The KA-99A, F-924 and KA-112A are members of the newest family of panoramic reconnaissance film cameras developed by Fairchild. Their focal lengths of 9, 24 and 72 inches, respectively, are appropriate for high acuity photographic systems operation over the complete range of photographic missions including low, medium and high altitude as well as long range standoff operations. The entire family is adaptable to both present and future aircraft. Configuration flexibility is a significant feature of these cameras. The optical barrel, which is a characteristic of the split-scan design, provides an ideal form factor for installation in both aircraft and pods. The KA-99A and F-924 are compatible with the TARPS pod, and the KA-1 12A is part of the Fairchild LO RAP camera/pod system which is adaptable to many aircraft. It is presently flying on the Mirage III. The KA-99A is being produced under contract with the U.S. Navy, while the F-924 was developed as a company-sponsored project. The KA-1 12A systems have been delivered to a foreign government. All of the cameras use the same 5-inch film cassette and have many common subassemblies and parts. The KA-99A and F-924 provide 180° scan across the line of flight, while the KA-112A scans through 30° from the horizon on either the port or starboard side. The F-924 also operates in selectable sector scan modes. All of the cameras incorporate automatic exposure control, forward motion compensation, and focus compensation.
Multilevel and continuous pleural fluid pH likelihood ratios for evaluating malignant pleural effusions.

Study objective Expert consensus recommends testing pleural fluid for pH to assist the selection of patients with malignant pleural effusions for pleurodesis. Although published studies report an association between pleural fluid pH and patient outcomes after pleurodesis, clinicians have no definitive information on how to use pH to select patients for pleurodesis. Thus, we quantitatively assessed different methods for deriving likelihood ratios from pleural fluid pH and evaluated the potential role of pH in selecting patients for pleurodesis. Data sources MEDLINE, systematic reviews, article reference lists, and contact with primary authors. Study selection Studies that assessed the impact of pleural fluid pH on survival and pleurodesis failure rates among patients with malignant pleural effusions. Data extraction Primary authors provided their data in electronic spreadsheets. Data synthesis Retrieved data sets included survival and pleurodesis failure rates for 417 patients and 433 patients, respectively. Binary, multilevel, and continuous likelihood ratios were calculated to estimate the likelihood of death within 3 months of pleurodesis or pleurodesis failure rates. Values for the likelihood ratios were compared for each of the three strategies, and relative clinical and statistical significance were assessed. Pleural fluid pH had marginal performance for identifying patients with Conclusions Pleural fluid pH has marginal value for estimating death within 3 months of pleurodesis, and binary likelihood ratios (cut point ≤ 7.20) perform as well as the other strategies assessed. Pleural fluid pH provides more useful information for estimating the likelihood of pleurodesis failure for which continuous likelihood ratios provide the most information as compared with binary or multilevel likelihood ratios.
Correlation of metal-metal bonding in halides and chalcides of the early transition elements with that in the metals

Abstract Values of the average Pauling metal-metal bond ordern per metal valence electron (PBO/e) are reported for about 110 metal-rich compounds of transition groups III–VI (including the lanthanides) which are structurally well characterized. The calculations include bond orders over all metal-metal separations withn > ∼0.07 and assume only the presence of closed-shell anions, the Pauling equationDn = D1 − 0.60 log n, andD1 values likewise calculated from the respective metals. Matrix effects—usually anion-anion repulsions that restrict metal-metal bonding—are shown to yield plausible and predictable reductions inPBO/e values, these effects being greater with high nonmetal: metal ratios, large anion or small metallic radii, inM6X12-type clusters, and in layered and rock-salt-type structures. On the other hand, 32 metal-rich halides and chalcides are found to be relatively free of matrix effects and to be strongly metal-metal bonded relative to their respective metals by the criterion0.80 ≤ PBO/e 1.0.
Computer-assisted instruction for dispersed populations: System cost models

Provision of CAI of any sophistication requires-at least with present technology-the existence of a large central computing system. Thus, if rural regions or dispersed populations (e.g. deaf students) are to be able to share in the potential of CAI, an extensive communication system is required. This paper provides cost estimates for a CAI system capable of handling 1300 highly despersed student terminals; in order to do this it develops cost models for alternative te restrial and satellite communication systems. Perhaps the most interesting result to emerge from the analysis is the viability of a satellite based system; for average terminal to computer distances on the order of 500 miles there is a distinct advantage for satellite based systems. Assuming 2,000 hours per year usuage of the student erminals, the system cost for a satellite based system serving a highly dispersed population is $ 0.85 per student contact hour.
Sense, nonsense, and the use of personality measures

Abstract Criticize measurement-based personality research by recounting a well-known limitation: indices of relationship are often inflated because of the similarity of content across measures of presumably different constructs. In this paper we endorse the major contention of Nicholls et al. that measurement-based research may be conducted thoughtlessly, and we extend their thinking by pointing out an important underlying issue—the problem of defining what constitutes a “syndrome.” In contrast to them, however, we argue that the problems in measurement they cite do not entail the consequences they foresee and, in addition, have limited application.
Marijuana Use in Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcome

A retrospective analysis utilizing historical data collected as part of our computerized data base was performed to assess the impact of marijuana use in pregnancy on pregnancy outcome. Records of 8350 patients were reviewed and 417 patients gave a history of only marijuana use for a prevalence of 5%. There was no association between marijuana use and prematurity or congenital anomalies. Marijuana use was strongly associated with the use of alcoholic beverages and smoking. Previously reported associations may represent the concomitant use of these other drugs.
Biochemical and cellular mechanisms of mammalian CDK inhibitors: a few unresolved issues

p21 and p16, first identified as two small molecular weight proteins in CDK and cyclin immunocomplexes, represent two distinct families constituting a total of seven CDK inhibitors in mammalian cells. The physiological functions of these genes are believed to be broadly involved in connecting various cellular pathways to cell cycle control. Extensive studies over the past 10 years have led to a fairly clear understanding of their biochemical and cellular mechanisms and have also left some unresolved and controversial issues.
ANOMALOUS FLUORESCENCE LIFETIMES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES.

Abstract Anomalously short radiative fluorescence lifetimes have been observed for naphthylamines which undergo intramolecular configurational changes upon excitation. The excited-state equilibrium configuration has more charge-transfer character than the Franck-Condon state. This makes the transition from the upper state more allowed than calculated from absorption intensities. τ om is about half τ oe for β-naphthylamine. The radiative fluorescence lifetimes increase with the polarity of the solvent. Such an increase is interpreted in terms of the relaxation of the solvent cage during the lifetime of the excited state; relaxation occurs due to dipole moment changes of the solute upon excitation. At low temperatures when the solvent cage reorientation cannot occur before emission, the emission arises from a Franck-Condon state which has an equilibrium configuration similar to that of the ground state. Under these conditions, the natural fluorescence lifetime shortens and the fluorescence maximum shifts to the blue.
Comparison of in vivo and in vitro methods for assessing the effects of phenobarbital on the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system.

Abstract The effect of daily i.p. injections of 0, 1, 10 and 80 mg/kg phenobarbital for 1 week on the activity of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system was measured in the rat by a model substrate assay employing lindane (γ-HCH) and by a battery of in vitro enzyme assays. Comparison of the dose-response curves of the in vivo and in vitro assays indicated that urinary metabolites of lindane provided a good index of phenobarbital-induced change in both phase I and phase II reactions.
Momentum Balance of Gravity Flows

Abstract A unified scale analysis of the momentum balance of downslope gravity flows is developed to organize previous theories for the case of negligible ambient flow and fixed temperature deficit scale. The values of several nondimensional parameters are evaluated from observations in the literature and used to assess the validity of certain sets of assumptions required for existing theoretical approaches. A new, simple solution is presented which includes both advective and frictional effects. This solution, as well as several other previous solutions, are found to be useful approximations for certain geophysical situations.
Profile-based global live-range splitting

Live-range splitting is a technique to split the live range of a given variable into multiple subranges, each of which can be assigned to a different register or spilled out to memory in order to improve results of coloring register allocation. Previous techniques, such as aggressive live-range splitting, tend to produce extra spill code in the frequently executed (called hot) regions of the code, since they don't distinguish hot regions from others. We propose a new live-range splitting algorithm, which can reduce the amount of spill code in hot regions by coalescing the live ranges based on profile information after splitting the live ranges at every join and fork point in the control-flow graph. Our experimental results have shown that our new algorithm improved the performance of SPECjvm98 by up to 33% over aggressive live-range splitting and 7% over the base coloring algorithm without any live-range splitting.
Effects of ketanserin on neuronal responses to serotonin in the prefrontal cortex, lateral geniculate and dorsal raphe nucleus

The ability of the putative serotonin2 (5-HT2) antagonist ketanserin, to alter serotonin (5-HT)-induced responses in cell firing was examined in the prefrontal cortex, the lateral geniculate nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat by microiontophoretic extracellular single unit recording techniques. In the prefrontal cortex, ketanserin failed to antagonize the inhibitory effects of 5-HT recorded in cerveau isole or preparations anesthetized with chloral hydrate (pure excitatory responses to 5-HT were not observed in either of these preparations). Paradoxically, the inhibitory response produced by 5-HT (but not γ-aminobutyric acid, tryptamine or norepinephrine) was potentiated, even in cells where ketanserin alone did not alter spontaneous firing rates. The systemic administration of ketanserin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) had effects similar to those observed in the microiontophoretic experiments in the prefrontal cortex. In the dorsal raphe nucleus of animals anesthetized with chloral hydrate, ketanserin neither attenuated nor potentiated the inhibition of serotonergic neurons by 5-HT. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, as in the prefrontal cortex, ketanserin potentiated rather than attenuated, the inhibitory effect of 5-HT. Ketanserin was found to attenuate the excitatory responses produced by norepinephrine, an α1-adrenoceptormediated response, in the lateral geniculate nucleus. The observed potentiation by ketanserin of inhibitory responses to 5-HT but not those of γ-aminobutyric acid, tryptamine or norepinephrine, recorded in the prefrontal cortex, may be consistent with the proposed interaction between ketanserin and a specific 5-HT2 binding site. Evidence for the interaction between ketanserin and an α1-adrenergic site in the central nervous system was also found, suggesting that caution should be used in ascribing a ketanserin-mediated response necessarily to an action at a 5-HT binding site.
Going going gone: anatomy of a corporate liquidation

Abstract This case involves the choice of a reporting basis when an entity ceases to be a going concern. A liquidation raises several accounting and auditing questions, for example, should a new reporting basis be adopted, what type of audit opinion would be applicable, and how do these choices affect client or auditor litigation risk? A primary objective of the case is to show students how statements prepared under a liquidation assumption differ from traditional historical cost statements. A secondary objective is to have them consider the responsibility of the board of directors to monitor management and the role of managerial stock-based incentives in facilitating value-enhancing liquidation decisions.
Capillary electrophoresis-fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for the identification of cationic metabolites via a pH-mediated stacking-transient isotachophoretic method.

Capillary electrophoresis−mass spectrometry (CE−MS) is still widely regarded as an emerging tool in the field of metabolomics and metabolite profiling. A major reason for this is a reported lack of sensitivity of CE−MS when compared to gas chromatography−mass spectrometry GC/MS and liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry. The problems caused by the lack of sensitivity are exacerbated when CE is coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), due to the relatively low data acquisition rate of FT-ICR MS. Here, we demonstrate the use of an online CE sample preconcentration method that uses a combination of pH-mediated stacking and transient isotachophoresis, coupled with FT-ICR MS to improve the overall detection of cationic metabolites in the bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. This method showed a significant increase in signal-to-noise ratio when compared to CE normal sample stacking, while providing good separation efficiency, reproducibility, and linearity...
Tribological altruism: A sacrificial layer mechanism of synovial joint lubrication in articular cartilage

Boundary lubrication is characterized by sliding surfaces separated by a molecularly thin film that reduces friction and wear of the underlying substrate when fluid lubrication cannot be established. In this study, the wear and replenishment rates of articular cartilage were examined in the context of friction coefficient changes, protein loss, and direct imaging of the surface ultrastructure, to determine the efficiency of the boundary lubricant (BL) layer. Depletion of cartilage lubricity occurred with the concomitant loss of surface proteoglycans. Restoration of lubrication by incubation with synovial fluid was much faster than incubation with culture media and isolated superficial zone protein. The replenishment action of the BL layer in articular cartilage was rapid, with the rate of formation exceeding the rate of depletion of the BL layer to effectively protect the tissue from mechanical wear. The obtained results indicate that boundary lubrication in articular cartilage depends in part on a sacrificial layer mechanism. The present study provides insight into the natural mechanisms that minimize wear and resist tissue degeneration over the lifetime of an organism.
Transcriptional Cross-talk between Smad, ERK1/2, and p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathways Regulates Transforming Growth Factor-β-induced Aggrecan Gene Expression in Chondrogenic ATDC5 Cells

In chondrogenesis, members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily play critical roles by inducing gene expression of cartilage-specific molecules. By using a chondrogenic cell line, ATDC5, we investigated the TGF-beta-mediated signaling pathways involved in expression of the aggrecan gene (Agc). At confluency, TGF-beta induced Agc expression within 3 h, and cycloheximide blocked this induction, indicating that de novo protein synthesis is essential for this response. At this stage, TGF-beta induced rapid, transient phosphorylation of Smad2, extracellular signal-activated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inhibition of the Smad pathways by transfection with a dominant negative Smad4 construct significantly reduced TGF-beta-induced Agc expression, indicating that Smad signaling is essential for this response. Furthermore, an inhibitor of the ERK1/2 pathway, U0126, or inhibitors of the p38 MAPK pathway, SB203580 and SKF86002, repressed TGF-beta-induced Agc expression in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK activation is also required for TGF-beta-induced Agc expression in confluent ATDC5 cells. In differentiated ATDC5 cells, persistently high basal levels of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation correlated with elevated basal Agc expression, which was inhibited by incubation with inhibitors of these pathways. Whereas Smad2 was rapidly phosphorylated by TGF-beta and involved in the initial activation of Agc expression in confluent cells, Smad2 activation was not required for maintaining the high level of Agc expression. Taken together, these results suggest an important role for transcriptional cross-talk between Smad and MAPK pathways in expression of early chondrocytic phenotypes and identify important changes in the regulation of Agc expression following chondrocyte differentiation.
Labour repression in the American South: corporation, state, and race in Alabama's coal fields, 1917–1921

This article is a case study of labour strife in the Alabama coal fields from 1917 to 1921. It speaks to the broader issue of labour repression in the American South by examining the patterns of repression in one industry and in one state. Several revisionist works have been written recently refuting the alleged distinctiveness of the South on the labour issue. This article supplies evidence for a surprising degree of labour militancy; the type of militancy that has been used to buttress revisionist interpretations of the similarity of southern labour to that of other American regions. In this study, however, labour militancy is understood more as a function of the desperation of southern workers confronted with distinctive issues and degrees of racial acrimony, communal antipathy toward labour, and the advantageous position of southern coal operators vis-a-vis their northern counterparts. In the face of overwhelming odds of governmental, business, press, religious, communal, and legal opposition, Alabama coal miners mounted a militant, prolonged, and biracial protest against what have been described as the worst conditions in the United States at that time.
The Harvard Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, 1968–1999: a unique concept and its relationship to the prevailing times in academic medicine

Abstract Purpose: Institutional structure, function, and philosophy reflect the organizational needs, and tend to mirror societal values of the times. For many years, the field of radiation oncology had among its major academic centers, an organization that served as a model for collaboration among health care institutions in an effort to serve the common good of its patients, hospitals, professional colleagues, and community. For over three decades, the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy (JCRT) was a leader in developing new organizational approaches for academic and clinical radiation oncology through the philosophy of collaboration in patient care, education, and research. Methods and Results: In tracing the development and changes in organizational philosophy and structure of the JCRT, one can see the impact on academic oncology and cancer care through the emergence of both radiation and medical oncology as independent subspecialties, the importance of the National Cancer Act of 1971 accompanied by the growth of the NIH research and training programs and, more recently, the effect of the changing attitudes and approaches of hospitals, academicians, practitioners, and policy makers to health care delivery, structures, and cooperation. Conclusion: Lessons learned from the 31-year history of the JCRT may help provide organizational insight useful in guiding academic oncology and academic medical centers through periods of change.
Exxon's Decision-Making Flaws: The Hypervigilant Response to the Valdez Grounding.

Abstract The March 24, 1989 Exxon Valdez grounding caused one of the worst oil spills ever witnessed in the United States. While clean up crews were battling the spill, Exxon's crisis management personnel were fighting an uphill battle against the unyielding press coverage and negative reactions from people across the country. At the heart of Exxon's crisis management shortcomings were the flaws in decision making which were made at the beginning of the crisis. This article explores the difficulties of crisis decision making and reveals how Exxon employed the maladaptive crisis response pattern of hypervigilant decision making during its initial response to the spill. The article also offers procedural changes which would benefit crisis management personnel who might face a similar catastrophe in the future.