cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Leisure

This article discusses the relationship between leisure and human communication and suggests that more attention is needed to study how leisure shapes human communication. After making a distinction between leisure and recreation, this article identifies the implications of leisure to the human condition through rejuvenating our attention to wonder, developing our sense of a-whereness, and advocating the experience of phenomenological listening. The call of leisure offers an alternative to the non-stop, fast-paced communicative environment that affects our ability to communicate with others. This article is offered in defense of leisure and calls for more transdisciplinary attention to leisure and the human condition.
On-board processing of acceleration data for real-time activity classification

The assessment of a person's ability to consistently perform the fundamental activities of daily living is essential in monitoring the patient's progress and measuring the success of treatment. Therefore, many researchers have been interested in this issue and have proposed various monitoring systems based on accelerometer sensors. However, few systems focus on energy consumption of sensor devices. In this paper, we introduce an energy-efficient physical activity monitoring system using a wearable wireless sensor. The proposed system is capable of monitoring most daily activities of the human body: standing, sitting, walking, lying, running, and so on. To reduce energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of the system, we have focused on minimizing the total energy spent for wireless data exchange by manipulating real-time acceleration data on the sensor platform. Furthermore, one of our key contributions is that all functionalities including data processing, activity classification, wireless communication, and storing classified activities were achieved in a single sensor node without compromising the accuracy of activity classification. Our experimental results show that the accuracy of our classification system is over 95%.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER MODIFIED FOR ELEMENTAL DETERMINATIONS IN A RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The versatility and day-in day-out performance of the atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) has made it a standard instrument for elemental analysis in nearly all analytical chemistry laboratories. A plethora of review articles exist on this subject (please see Refs. 1-5 and references therein). The application of atomic absorption to analysis of minor and trace constituents in nuclear applications where radiological contamination is a concern is also noted, although less so than more standard applications.
Structural Study of the Ni{100}−(2 × 2)-C Surface by Time-of-flight Scattering and Recoiling Spectrometry

The structure of the Ni{100}−(2 × 2)-C surface has been investigated by time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and classical scattering simulations. The surface was prepared by chemisorption of either carbon monoxide, benzene, or aniline onto a Ni{100} surface at 600 °C. The scattering flux from 4 keV of Ne+ and the recoiling flux of carbon from 4 keV of Ar+ were monitored as a function of the crystal azimuthal angle. An efficient simulation method, which is based on the binary collision approximation and shadowing and blocking effects, has been developed and applied to simulation of the TOF-SARS azimuthal scans. Quantitative values for the geometrical parameters were obtained by using a reliability (R) factor to compare the experimental and simulated azimuthal scans. The results are consistent with a surface structure which consists of 80% of a clock reconstructed (2 × 2)p4g phase and 20% of an unreconstructed (2 × 2) phase. For the recons...
Parametric identification of a vibratory system with a clearance

An analytical and experimental investigation of a vibratory system with a clearance was conducted. A finite element model and an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom closed-form solution were used to determine the dynamic parameters and response of an experimental structure interacting with a gap. The closed-form solution is obtained by taking advantage of the piecewise linearity of the system. Results from these solution methods are in agreement with experimental data. The results also suggest that the closed-form solution approximates the response of the experimental structure with accuracy greater than that of the finite element model. The closed-form solution was also used to determine the gap size of the structure. The parameter identification procedure utilized in this study appears to be simple to use and can be readily extended to other types of piecewise-linear multi-degree-of-freedom systems.
Duration of Impact of Bars.

Duration of Impact of Two Spheres.\char22{}The Hertz theory was verified by experiments with brass and cast-iron spheres of 3.8 and 7.6 cm. diameter respectively, using a condenser discharge method of measuring short time intervals which gave accurate results for intervals of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ second.
A correlation between posture stance and outcome in paired contests of domestic hens

Abstract 1. 1. Six postures or stances observed in staged pair contests between common domestic hens are described. 2. 2. We called them respectively “tall”, “semi-crouch”, “crouch”, “deep crouch”, “low”, and “sex crouch.” 3. 3. All these stances except “deep crouch” may be observed in a flock with a cock present under various conditions. 4. 4. “Crouch” is the usual posture that is characteristic of all hens in well organised flocks and found universally in flocks of long standing and in those having geometrical peck orders. 5. 5. Postures called “tall”, “low” and “sex crouch” are associated with the loss of a contest and may be given by submissive individuals in newly organised flocks, and, more rarely, in well organised flocks. 6. 6. Postures called “semi-crouch”, “crouch” and “deep crouch” are associated with winning in pair contests. “Deep crouch” has not yet been seen in organised flocks: “semi-crouch” may be associated with dominance under flock conditions. 7. 7. Pecking on the floor, preening, flapping, sitting and clucking are mentioned briefly with reference to postures. 8. 8. The postures described may be used as indicators of aggressiveness on the part of contestants in paired contests and in judging the conclusiveness of the outcome for the time being. 9. 9. The posture data also indicate that most contests are decided soon after the birds are in the pen. These decisions are evidenced by the posture stances.
CXCR4/CXCL12 Mediate Autocrine Cell- Cycle Progression in NF1-Associated Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are soft tissue sarcomas that arise in connective tissue surrounding peripheral nerves. They occur sporadically in a subset of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). MPNSTs are highly aggressive, therapeutically resistant, and typically fatal. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, we identified CXCR4, a G-protein-coupled receptor, as highly expressed in mouse models of NF1-deficient MPNSTs, but not in nontransformed precursor cells. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, CXCL12, promote MPNST growth by stimulating cyclin D1 expression and cell-cycle progression through PI3-kinase (PI3K) and β-catenin signaling. Suppression of CXCR4 activity either by shRNA or pharmacological inhibition decreases MPNST cell growth in culture and inhibits tumorigenesis in allografts and in spontaneous genetic mouse models of MPNST. We further demonstrate conservation of these activated molecular pathways in human MPNSTs. Our findings indicate a role for CXCR4 in NF1-associated MPNST development and identify a therapeutic target.
Pre-Transplant Antibodies to Kα1Tubulin and Collagen V in Lung Transplantation: Correlation with Disease, Primary Graft Dysfunction, Donor Specific HLA Antibodies, and Chronic Rejection

Purpose Immune responses to lung self-antigens (SAgs), Kα1Tubulin (Kα1T) and Collagen V (ColV), have been implicated as risk factors for chronic rejection following lung transplantation (LTx). The goal is to determine the prevalence of pre-existing antibodies (Abs) to these SAgs in diseases leading to organ failure and investigate their role in primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and chronic rejection. Methods and Materials Pre- and post-Tx sera from 317 LTx patients for diagnoses (COPD: 161, IPF: 50, CF: 55 and Other: 51) between 2000 and 2011 at Washington University (n: 296) and Cleveland Clinic (n: 21) were analyzed for donor specific Abs (DSA) by Flow PRA, Abs to ColV and Kα1T by ELISA and cytokine levels by LUMINEX assay. Subsequent diagnoses of PGD and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) were made in accordance with ISHLT guidelines. Results Pre-Tx, 18% with COPD, 44% with IPF (P 0.7) had Abs to Sags. The incidence of PGD was higher in patients with pre-Tx Abs to these Sags compared to those without (80-88% to 42-54%, p Conclusions Patients with CF and IPF demonstrated a significantly increased incidence of Abs to lung Sags, Kα1T and ColV. Patients with pre-Tx Abs to Sags were at increased risk for developing PGD, DSA and BOS, therefore strategies to deplete pre-existing Abs to Sags should be considered in order to improve outcomes after LTx.
Optical properties of doped fullerenes in the superconducting state

Abstract The infrared optical conductivity of Rb3C60 and K3C60 and the temperature-dependent penetration depth of K3C60 are calculated within a model for the pairing interaction which includes the possibility of coupling to both intra- and intermolecular phonons. It is found that excellent agreement with experimental data only occurs for coupling to high frequency intramolecular phonons, with an impurity scattering rate in the near-to-dirty limit. Strong coupling to low frequency modes is incompatible with the optical data.
CD4+ proliferative T-cell clones reactive to autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells (EBV-LCL) can be restricted by HLA class I molecules

In this study, we show that an HLA-loss variant, EBV-LCL .180, which lacks HLA-DR, DP, DQ and B determinants but expresses HLA-A and C molecules, can activate autologous proliferative T cells which recognize EBV-LCL antigens (or LYDMA). T-cell clones isolated from bulk culture (A.180) of T cell primed with autologous variant .180 when tested for their proliferative reactivity to .180 and three autologous class I-loss variants, each lacking specific class I determinants, showed requirement for class I HLA molecules. Clones A.180.Cl and A.180.F3D respond to the A2+, B-null, C+ mutant .53, but not to the A-null, B5+, C+ mutant .144, or the A-null, B-null, C+ mutant .184, indicating that these clones are restricted by an HLA-A2 determinant. These proliferative T-cell clones express the CD4 marker and are noncytotoxic, even in the presence of concanavalin A (Con A) lectin. In coculture experiments, A.180.Cl was further shown to provide lymphokine "help" for EBV-LCL-specific, autologous cytotoxic T-cell clones. These results suggest the repertoire of HLA determinants employed by EBV-LCL-specific proliferative T cells, in addition to the previously shown HLA-DR, DP, and DQ determinants, also includes class I molecules.
Perioperative Risk of Laparoscopic Fundoplication: Safer than Previously Reported—Analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 2005 to 2009

Background Several prospective randomized controlled trials show equal effectiveness of surgical fundoplication and proton pump inhibitor therapy for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Despite this compelling evidence of its efficacy, surgical antireflux therapy is underused, occurring in a very small proportion of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. An important reason for this is the perceived morbidity and mortality associated with surgical intervention. Published data report perioperative morbidity between 3% and 21% and mortality of 0.2% and 0.5%, and current data are uncommon, largely from previous decades, and almost exclusively single institutional. Study Design The study population included all patients in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2005 through 2009 who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication with or without related postoperative ICD-9 codes. Comorbidities, intraoperative occurrences, and 30-day postoperative outcomes were collected and logged into statistical software for appropriate analysis. Postoperative occurrences were divided into overall and serious morbidity. Results A total of 7,531 fundoplications were identified. Thirty-five percent of patients were younger than 50 years old, 47.1% were 50 to 69 years old, and 16.8% were older than 69 years old. Overall, 30-day mortality was 0.19% and morbidity was 3.8%. Thirty-day mortality was rare in patients younger than age 70 years, occurring in 5 of 10,000 (0.05%). Mortality increased to 8 of 1,000 (0.8%) in patients older than 70 years (p Conclusions Analysis of this large cohort demonstrates remarkably low 30-day morbidity and mortality of laparoscopic fundoplication. This is particularly true in patients younger than 70 years, who are likely undergoing fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease. These data suggest that surgical therapy carries an acceptable risk profile.
Activities of metabolic enzymes in the deep-water crabsChaceon fenneri andC. quinquedens and the shallow-water crabCallinectes sapidus

The activities of 18 enzymes were measured in gill, hepatopancreas and muscle tissue of the deep-water crabsChaceon fenneri andC. quinquedens and the shallow-water crabCallinectes sapidus collected from the Gulf of Mexico in January 1989. The activities of catabolic enzymes were correlated in general with the known metabolic rates of the three species. Activities were much higher inC. sapidus than inChaceon fenneri andC. quinquedens. In some cases,C. quinquedens had higher activities thanC. fenneri. The activities of enzymes of amino acid metabolism (glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase) were higher inC. quinquedens, which had high hemolymph [ammonia] and ammonia excretion rates. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ofC. fenneri andC. quinquedens were correlated with the two species' abilities to withstand hypoxia. The more hypoxiatolerant species,C. quinquedens, had higher activity of LDH in its muscles than didC. fenneri.
Optimization of dual-band meander-line polarizer plates using a hybrid evolutionary programming algorithm

We have applied an evolutionary programming (EP) algorithm with a hybrid mutation operator for optimization of dual-band linear polarization (LP) to circular polarization (CP) and LP (V to H) rotation meander-line polarizer plates. This EP algorithm, which was previously introduced in Hoorfar et al. (2000) for antenna problems, uses a combination of the Cauchy and Gaussian mutation operators in order to exploit the desirable properties of these two operators. The implementation uses a self-adaptive scheme for updating the standard deviation and the scale parameter of Gaussian and Cauchy distributions, respectively, resulting in faster convergence than EP with a Gaussian or EP with a Cauchy mutation.
Regulation of the Lim‐1 gene is mediated through conserved FAST‐1/FoxH1 sites in the first intron

The Lim-1 gene encodes a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor that is highly conserved among vertebrates and is required for successful gastrulation and head formation. The expression of this gene in the mesoderm of the gastrula is known to require an activin/nodal signal. Earlier studies have shown that the Xenopus Lim-1 (Xlim-1) gene contains an activin response element (ARE) in its first intron, which cooperates with an activin-unresponsive upstream promoter in the regulation of the gene. Here, we show that the Xlim-1 ARE contains a cluster of FAST-1/FoxH1 and Smad4 recognition sites; such sites have been shown to mediate activin/nodal responses in other genes. By using reporter constructs with mutated FAST-1/FoxH1 sites and FAST-1/FoxH1 protein chimeras, we show that the regulation of Xlim-1 by activin depends on FAST-1/FoxH1 function. Comparative studies on the zebrafish lim1 gene indicate the presence of FoxH1 sites in the first intron of this gene and provide evidence for the requirement for FoxH1 function in its regulation. These results illuminate the conserved nature of the transcriptional regulation of the Lim-1 gene in different vertebrate animals. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An STM study of C60 adsorption on Si(100)-(2 × 1) surfaces: from physisorption to chemisorption

Abstract The adsorption of C 60 molecules on Si(100)-(2 × 1) surfaces before and after annealing has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). For room temperature deposition, the STM images reveal that the C 60 molecules adsorb predominantly at the four-dimer sites in the troughs between dimer rows. C 60 molecules bonded to two-dimer sites are also observed in small molecular clusters forming even at a low coverage. The nature of the interaction between the adsorbates and the Si(100)-(2 × 1) surface is explained in terms of a dipole-induced dipole interaction. Subsequent annealing of the samples to 600°C changes the adsorption characteristics of the C 60 molecules. First, the annealing causes a strong covalent bonding between the carbon atoms of the C 60 molecules and the silicon atoms of the substrate, and modifies the bonding sites of the adsorbates from locations in the troughs to locations on the dimer rows. Second, the annealing causes some initial surface diffusion and clustering of the C 60 molecules, which now tend to stick to the ends, rather than the sides, of the dimer rows. Furthermore, after the annealing process, it is observed that small silicon islands form on the substrate terraces along with isolated and clustered adsorbates.
IL-12 Delivered Intratumorally by Multilamellar Liposomes Reactivates Memory T Cells in Human Tumor Microenvironments

Using a novel loading technique, IL-12 is reported here to be efficiently encapsulated within large multilamellar liposomes. The preclinical efficacy of the cytokine loaded liposomes to deliver IL-12 into human tumors and to reactive tumor-associated T cells in situ is tested using a human tumor xenograft model. IL-12 is released in vivo from these liposomes in a biologically active form when injected into tumor xenografts that are established by the subcutaneous implantation of non-disrupted pieces of human lung, breast or ovarian tumors into immunodeficient mice. The histological architecture of the original tumor tissue, including tumor-associated leukocytes, tumor cells and stromal cells is preserved anatomically and the cells remain functionally responsive to cytokines in these xenografts. The local and sustained release of IL-12 into the tumor microenvironment reactivates tumor-associated quiescent effector memory T cells to proliferate, produce and release IFN-gamma resulting in the killing of tumor cells in situ. Very little IL-12 is detected in the serum of mice for up to 5 days after an intratumoral injection of the IL-12 liposomes. We conclude that IL-12 loaded large multilamellar liposomes provide a safe method for the local and sustained delivery of IL-12 to tumors and a therapeutically effective way of reactivating existing tumor-associated T cells in human solid tumor microenvironments. The potential of this local in situ T cell re-stimulation to induce a systemic anti-tumor immunity is discussed.
Quantification of the affinities and kinetics of protein interactions using silicon nanowire biosensors

Monitoring the binding affinities and kinetics of protein interactions is important in clinical diagnostics and drug development because such information is used to identify new therapeutic candidates. Surface plasmon resonance is at present the standard method used for such analysis, but this is limited by low sensitivity and low-throughput analysis. Here, we show that silicon nanowire field-effect transistors can be used as biosensors to measure protein–ligand binding affinities and kinetics with sensitivities down to femtomolar concentrations. Based on this sensing mechanism, we develop an analytical model to calibrate the sensor response and quantify the molecular binding affinities of two representative protein–ligand binding pairs. The rate constant of the association and dissociation of the protein–ligand pair is determined by monitoring the reaction kinetics, demonstrating that silicon nanowire field-effect transistors can be readily used as high-throughput biosensors to quantify protein interactions.
Large third-order susceptibility and third-harmonic generation in centrosymmetric Cu 2 O crystal

We present what we believe to be the first experimental determination of the third-order optical susceptibility chi((3)) of bulk cuprous oxide (Cu(2)O) crystals. The measured nonlinear refractive index, obtained with the Z-scan technique at 1064 nm, is n(2)=1.32x10(-10) esu, while the two-photon absorption coefficient is beta=5.0 cm/GW of Cu(2)O. We also observe strong third-harmonic generation (THG) from Cu(2)O in our detection range owing to its unique crystal and electronic structure. Considering that the first nonvanishing nonlinear term is chi((3)), this classical semiconductor could be utilized as a promising active THG medium.
Structural Change and Industrial Classification

Understanding of structural change is compromised because scholars do not clearly articulate the limits of the classification infrastructure (NAICS or GICS) that shapes empirical analysis. These limits are particularly salient in the study of innovation, an activity that by its nature challenges existing categories. Because innovative industries are often not part of the classification infrastructure, they are invisible in empirical analyses and in government statistics. This paper examines the classification of a population of highly innovative, often small, firms working in gaming devices, packaging, filtration, photonics, imaging, biomedical research and fabless semiconductor design. I find examples of knowledge integration, vertical disintegration and emerging industries that challenge both NAICS and GICS exposing their strengths and weaknesses.
The genomics generation: heroes vs villains?

Welcome, to the genomics generation! Genetics, a mere century and half years youngwhen compared to sciences such as, astronomy or mathematics, both of which have written records that date as far back as 1600 B.C., gave birth to the concept of the ‘gene’ some 100 plus years ago. Fuelled by Darwin’s works, ‘On the Origin of Species,’ and fathered by Gregor Johann Mendel’s testable evidence-based science. Emerging from these humble beginnings molecular biology was born and subsequently genomics. Consider the reactions of those founding scholars Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, JohannMeisher and themany scientists who played their part in creating a field wrought with possibilities, limited only by one’s imaginations and the inability to peer into the future. What would’ve been their vision for genomics? They might warn, ‘Proceed, with caution.’ Both a scientific and economic wonder, the field of genomics is what economists would refer to as ‘booming.’ The authors are unapologetically, in the midst of a biological revolution. This growing field presents itself as a field with endless possibilities, both imaginable and unimaginable. Even with a simple understanding of genomics, it is not hard to envision ways in which the world might benefit. Envisioning ways in which the world might falter is the harder task. Science is faced with a dichotomy; exciting possibilities and frightening consequences. Stewards of intellectual property,
Comparison of bottom-quark production rates in ISAGET with a full QCD 2-->3 calculation.

High-statistics samples of events have been generated with the ISAGET Monte Carlo simulation program in a study of bottom-quark production in proton-antiproton collisions at {radical}{ital s} =630 and 1800 GeV. These samples include lowest-order QCD production, flavor excitation, and gluon splitting contributions. Both Eichten-Hinchliffe-Lane-Quigg and Diemoz-Ferroni-Longo-Martinelli structure functions have been used. The integral transverse-momentum distribution {sigma}{sub {ital T}}({ital p}{sub {ital T},}{ital b}{gt}{ital p}{sub {ital T},min}) is presented for each data set. Results are compared to a full analytical next-to-leading-order calculation of Nason, Dawson, and Ellis. We find that ISAGET cross sections at large {ital p}{sub {ital T}} are greater than the results obtained in the analytical calculation. In addition, the ratio of the full cross section to the lowest-order result ({ital K} factor) can be as large as a factor of 2 greater than the analytical result, depending on {radical}{ital s} and {ital p}{sub {ital T}}. We discuss the implications of these overestimates that relate to the phenomenology of heavy-flavor production, notably searches for the top quark.
Gaussian analysis of temperature effects on the reflectance spectra of mafic minerals in the 1‐μm region

Gaussian band-fitting analysis has been applied to the reflectance spectra of mafic silicates, which are of geologic importance throughout much of the solar system. Reflectance spectra obtained over a sample temperature range of about 80 to 448 K of olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene were used in order to characterize the spectral changes in the 1-micron wavelength region of these minerals as a function of temperature. Four Gaussians are required to characterize the olivine, while two Gaussians are necessary to characterize both the orthopyroxene. The trends of the individual Gaussian parameters (integrated area, width, and center position) are presented as a function of temperature for each mineral. The characterization by Gaussian analysis of the 1-micron absorption feature of all minerals yields consistent trends in center position, integrated area, and width that may prove useful in quantitative determination of these minerals in mineral mixtures.
The effect of transfusion on lung capacity, diffusing capacity, and arterial oxygen saturation in patients with thalassemia major.

ABSTRACT. Our previous cross-sectional study of patients with thalassemia major suggested progressive lung changes characterized by low total lung capacity, hypoxemia, and elevated transfer factor for carbon monoxide. We reevaluated nine of the patients for three reasons: 1) to determine the relationship of the previous findings to the immediate effects of blood transfusion; 2) to assess the longitudinal progression of the lung changes; and 3) to evaluate the effect of splenectomy on lung volume changes in these patients, all of whom underwent splenectomy in the interval between the two studies. We found that during the 5- to 6-yr period between studies total lung capacity had decreased significantly (p<0.05) from a mean 86% predicted to a mean 79% predicted. However, vital capacity increased significantly (p<0.05) from a mean 81% predicted to 88% with no significant change in functional residual capacity. There was no significant immediate effect of transfusion on total lung capacity, vital capacity, or functional residual capacity. However, the diffusion constant for carbon monoxide increased significantly (p<0.005) immediately following transfusion and there was a positive correlation between the increase and the amount of blood transfused (r=0.74, p<0.05). Arterial oxygen saturation was below 95% in five of eight patients and increased significantly with transfusion (p<0.05). We conclude: 1) thalassemia major and/or its treatment is associated with hypoxemia and a progressive reduction in total lung capacity. 2) Despite the progressive reduction in total lung capacity, splenectomy in patients with thalassemia major increases expiratory reserve volume and thereby increases vital capacity. 3) The previous finding of elevated KCO carbon monoxide is explained quantitatively as a transient effect caused by blood transfusion. 4) Transfusion in patients with thalassemia major without overt signs of cardiac failure is usually associated with a transient increase in arterial oxygen saturation.
Influence of Clethodim Formulation and Oil Adjuvants on Weed Control and Overcoming Herbicide Antagonism

Clethodim is a non-residual, foliar-applied herbicide that controls grass weeds in many major and minor crops in the United States. Grass control was evaluated in field trials conducted in 2003 and 2004 using commercial clethodim formulations of Select (240 g/L), Arrow (240 g/L), and Prism (113 g/L), and experimental clethodim formulations of V-10117 (226 g/L), V-10139 (192 g/L), and V10137 (113 g/L). Petroleum oil (PO) adjuvant was added to all clethodim treatments except V-10137. The V-10137 formulation of clethodim without petroleum oil (PO) adjuvant gave greater and faster grass control than other formulations of clethodim with PO. Adding PO adjuvant to V-10137 reduced activity except at reduced rates when additional PO or nonionic surfactant increased grass control. All clethodim formulations except Prism and V-10137 caused significant canola injury when applied at post-bolting. V-10137, without additional adjuvants, with less active ingredient concentration, and likely a higher adjuvant load has more grass activity at equivalent rates than other clethodim formulations with PO. Tribenuron applied with clethodim antagonized grass control from Select, Arrow, V-10117, and V-10139, but not V-10137. Grass control was reduced from 99 % when clethodim formulations (except V-10137) were applied alone, to 50 %–80 % when applied with tribenuron. Grass control from V-10137 applied alone or with tribenuron, with or without PO, was greater than 96 %. The K salt of glyphosate was antagonistic to Select and V-10137, but V-10137 overcame most of the antagonism. These results suggest V-10137 activity is greater than commercial clethodim formulations of Select or Arrow, may not require additional oil adjuvant for grass control, is effective with glyphosate, and can overcome tribenuron antagonism. Including an oil adjuvant with V-10137 may not increase grass control in some uses.
New automated terrain and feature extraction approach for the Predator UAV TESAR ATR system

This paper describes a technique recently developed for target detection and false alarm reduction for the Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tactical endurance synthetic aperture radar (TESAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) system. The approach does not attempt to label various objects in the SAR image (i.e., buildings, trees, roads); instead, it finds target-like characteristics in the image and compares their statistical/spatial relationship to larger structures in the scene. To do this, the approach merges the output of multiple CFAR (constant false alarm ratio) surfaces through a sequence of mathematical morphology tests. The output is further tested by a 'smart' clustering procedure, which performs an object- size test. With the use of these CFAR surfaces, a methodical sequence of morphological tests will find and retain large structures in the scene and eliminate cues that fall within these structures. The presence of supporting shadow downrange from the sensor is also used to eliminate objects with heights not typical to those of targets. Finally, a fast procedure performs a size test on elongated streaks. This procedure allows long objects to be smartly clustered as a single object while ensuring target proximity scenarios have no performance degradation. Application of this false alarm mitigator/detector to the Predator's SAR ATR algorithm suite produced a stunning reduction of one order of magnitude in the number of cues yielded by its baseline detector. This performance was consistent in scenes having natural and/or cultural clutter.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of human papillomavirus in nongenital cancers

Human papillomavirus (HPV), one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, has an established role in the pathogenesis of genital malignancies such as cervical cancer. The virus has also been implicated in the oncogenesis of nongenital cancers including head and neck malignancies (specifically oropharyngeal cancers) as well as anal cancer. There is less clarity regarding its role in lung and esophageal cancers. Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer has been increasing over time. These patients have improved outcomes compared with those with HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers, and there is continued interest in designing treatments specifically for this HPV-positive subgroup. Clinicians continue to gain an understanding of HPV in anal cancers and the risk factors associated with infection and progression to malignancy. This has potential implications for the eventual screening of high-risk groups. While HPV vaccination is currently approved for the prevention of cervical cancer, it also has potential in the prevention of all HPV-associated malignancies. In this review, current understanding of the role of HPV in nongenital cancers is discussed, as well as future implications for treatment and prevention.
Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Upper Mississippian Big Snowy Group, Bridger Range, Montana: ABSTRACT

Isopachs and lithofacies of the Big Snowy Group in the Bridger Range of southwestern Montana reflect subtle shifting of tectonic elements along an ancient structural lineament. The group comprises a transgressive series informally divided into the Kibbey Formation (with two members) and the Lombard facies, which is equivalent to Otter and Heath Formations of the Big Snowy Group farther east in central Montana. The lower Kibbey member was deposited in a sabkha environment and is composed of algal laminated dolostone with desiccation features and evaporite solution breccias deposited at the leading edge of the transgressing sea. Siliciclastic intertidal channels that developed on the sabkha were restricted to a low-lying area that developed in the central part of the range. The upper Kibbey includes a regressive shoreface deposit composed of sandstone at the northern and southern ends of the range in contrast to mudstone and siltstone that dominate in the center of the range where deeper water and lower energy conditions prevailed. Ultimately, the Kibbey sabkha and shoreface transgressed out of the area leaving a partially restricted shelf lagoon. Shale and lime mudstone of the Lombard facies were deposited in quiet water at the center of the range. To the north and south, bioclastic wackestone, packstone, and grainstone were deposited under shoaling, higher energy conditions within the lagoon. All three units of the Big Snowy are thickest where deeper water lithofacies occur, indicating that subsidence was greatest in the central part of the Bridger Range and that this subsidence was an important factor on the control of lithofacies distribution. Similar tectonic influence on sedimentation in this area is evident in other Paleozoic formations. The depositional changes in the central part of the range are coincident with the southern margin of the Precambrian Belt embayment along the Ross Pass fault zone, and seem to indicate a zone of deep crustal weakness along the transition from the fold and thrust belt to the Wyoming foreland deformation province. End_of_Article - Last_Page 850------------
A stable spatio-temporal G-closure and Gm-closure of a set of isotropic dielectrics with respect to one-dimensional wave propagation

Abstract The final conclusions of this paper are based on some recent results about the effective dielectric and magnetic constants of composites assembled in space-time from conventional isotropic dielectrics. These results are specifically related to wave propagation in one spatial dimension. For this case, we define and give a full characterization of the so called stable G(Gm)-closure of an arbitrary set U of original isotropic dielectrics. We show that a stable Gm-closure of any such set coincides with its stable G-closure. This conclusion, valid for spatio-temporal composites, stays in a sharp contrast with a similar result related to spatial composites, where a Gm-closure is known to be only a part of G-closure.
Condensation of HNO3 on falling ice particles: Mechanism for denitrification of the polar stratosphere

Ice particles created in polar stratospheric cooling events are predicted to descend into Type I PSCs and accrete a coating of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) that inhibits evaporation. Coated particles efficiently strip HNO3 from the atmosphere, providing a mechanism for denitrification without significant dehydration. Coatings that disintegrate may release large particles of NAT that influence subsequent particle growth.
Norms, standards, and natural resources

The normative approach in natural resource management illustrates the progress that has been made in advancing theory and application in outdoor recreation research. This article integrates findings from a number of different studies to highlight the utility of the normative approach and provide an example of how efforts focused on a particular theoretical approach can enhance the quality of scientific research. Findings from both social and ecological impact studies are examined. Topics include norms for encounters, ecological impacts, aesthetic impacts, and instream flows. A number of considerations for future research are presented, including the definition of norms, norm salience, norm consensus, question construction, and statistics for measuring norms.
Orexinergic modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons in the brain stem nucleus ambiguus changes during development

Cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) are the major determinant of parasympathetic activity to the heart. Spontaneous GABAergic neurotransmission to CVNs is modulated by hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin-A in postnatal days 2-5 (P5) rats; however, during early postnatal development, orexin expression changes, and the role of orexin-A in modulating CVN activity at other stages of development is unknown. In this study, we compared changes in GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in CVNs evoked by orexin-A in P5, P16-20 (P20), and P27-30 (P30) rats using an in vitro brain stem slice preparation. Bath-applied orexin-A enhanced GABAergic IPSCs in all CVNs tested in P5 and P30 animals and in the majority of neurons tested in P20 pups. Focal application of orexin-A ejected from a pipette positioned within 30 μm of the patched CVN did not alter GABAergic signaling in P5 pups. In contrast, in both P20 and P30 rats, focal application of orexin-A inhibited GABAergic IPSCs, and this inhibition persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results indicate orexin-A facilitates GABAergic IPSCs likely by activating preceding GABAergic neurons that project to CVNs. Orexin-A also likely acts at GABAergic presynaptic terminals surrounding CVNs within the NA to inhibit GABA release. The latter mechanism is absent in P5 pups but occurs in P20 and P30 rats. In conclusion, this study elucidates an important maturation of the parasympathetic cardiac control system. Alterations in these developmental mechanisms may play a role in pathogenesis of disorders related to a specific stage of development maturation.
Intranasal gene transfer by chitosan-DNA nanospheres protects BALB/c mice against acute respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is often associated in infancy with life-threatening bronchiolitis, which is also a major risk factor for the development of asthma. At present, no effective prophylaxis is available against RSV infection. Herein, we describe an effective prophylactic intranasal gene transfer strategy utilizing chitosan-DNA nanospheres (IGT), containing a cocktail of plasmid DNAs encoding all RSV antigens, except L. A single administration of IGT (25 μg/mouse) induces expression of the mRNA and proteins of all antigens in the lung and results in a significant reduction of viral titers and viral antigen load after acute RSV infection of these mice. IGT-administered mice show no significant change in airway reactivity to methacholine and no apparent pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, IGT results in significant induction of RSV-specific IgG antibodies, nasal IgA antibodies, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and interferon-γ production in the lung and splenocytes compared with controls. To...
Sexual abuse of children: A review of the empirical findings.

Abstract This paper reviews empirical findings of the past decade concerning the incidence and effects of child sexual abuse. First, incidence studies which consider intrafamilial and extrafamilial abuse victims of both sexes are reviewed. Research findings on short- and longterm consequences to female incest victims are then reported. Risk factors are identified for the child, the perpetrator, and the nonoffending caretaker. Theoretical literature is discussed to a limited extent throughout. To date, few empirical studies have utilized large sample sizes, adequate comparison groups, objective measures, and statistical data analysis. More well-designed research is needed so that fuller explanatory models of child sexual abuse can be developed. Symptomatology of the abuser, characteristics of the abused, and situational variables must be considered concurrently to strengthen prediction, develop effective prevention programs, and clarify treatment goals.
Magnetic energy, multiply connected domains, and force-free fields

This paper addresses the question of magnetic energy in mutiply connected domains. It is shown that the magnetic energy must in general include a boundary term that is usually assumed to vanish. The physical interpretation of this term is discussed in terms of de Rham's theorems.
Raman spectra of molten mixtures of an alkali halide with a group IB (copper, silver, gold) halide☆

Abstract The Raman spectra of molten mixtures of a Group IB halide [Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(III)] with an alkali halide have been recorded. The effect of the alkali cation on the spectra has been studied in the case of Cu(I). Comparisons have been made with the published spectra of well established complex anions in other surroundings. For the “Lewis acid” Au(III) the square planar AuCl 4 − ion is confirmed in the melt.
Comments on "A unified and efficient approach for determining Thevenin (Norton) equivalent circuits" by L.-M. Jin and S.-P. Chan

The commenter points out that the method outlined in the above-named work (ibid., vol.32, p.408-10, Aug. 1989) is a powerful one that has been taught by many people in electrical engineering education for several years. It is useful in obtaining the equivalent circuit and in illustrating what is meant when it is said that two circuits are equivalent. In addition, it is pointed out that this technique has been published in at least three textbooks. >
Complex eye movement pattern biometrics: Analyzing fixations and saccades

This paper presents an objective evaluation of previously unexplored biometric techniques utilizing patterns identifiable in human eye movements to distinguish individuals. The distribution of primitive eye movement features are compared between eye movement recordings using algorithms based on the following statistical tests: the Ansari-Bradley test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the two-sample t-test, and the two-sample Cramer-von Mises test. Score-level information fusion is applied and evaluated by: weighted mean, support vector machine, random forest, and likelihood ratio. The accuracy of each comparison/jusion algorithm is evaluated, with results suggesting that, on high resolution eye tracking equipment, it is possible to obtain equal error rates of 16.5% and rank-1 identification rates of 82.6% using the two-sample Cramer-von Mises test and score-level information fusion by random forest, the highest accuracy results on the considered dataset.
A factorization approach to evaluating simultaneous influence diagrams

Evaluating an influence diagram (ID) is a challenging problem because its complexity increases exponentially in the number of decision nodes in the diagram. In this paper, we examine the problem for a special class of IDs where multiple decisions must be made simultaneously. We describe a brief theory that factorizes out the computations common to all policies in evaluating them. Our evaluation approach conducts these computations once and uses them across all policies. We identify the ID structures for which the approach can achieve savings. We show that the approach can be used to efficiently recompute the optimal policy of an ID when its structure or parameters change. Finally, we demonstrate the superior performance of the approach by simulation studies and a military planning example
A critical study of agglomerated multigrid methods for diffusion on highly-stretched grids

Agglomerated multigrid methods for unstructured grids are studied critically for solving a model diffusion equation on highly-stretched grids typical of practical viscous simulations, following a previous work focused on isotropic grids. Different primal elements, including prismatic and tetrahedral elements in three dimensions, are considered. The components of an efficient node-centered full-coarsening multigrid scheme are identified and assessed using quantitative analysis methods. Fast grid-independent convergence is demonstrated for mixed-element grids composed of tetrahedral elements in the isotropic regions and prismatic elements in the highly-stretched regions. Implicit lines natural to advancing-layer/ advancing-front grid generation techniques are essential elements of both relaxation and agglomeration. On agglomerated grids, consistent average-least-square discretizations augmented with edge-directional gradients to increase h-ellipticity of the operator are used. Simpler (edge-terms-only) coarse-grid discretizations are also studied and shown to produce grid-dependent convergence—only effective on grids with minimal skewing. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence – By A. J. Langguth

Hundreds of books have been written about the War of 1812. Many have been informative but not entertaining despite numerous events that have captured the public imagination: stirring naval victorie...
Steam Effects on the Oxidation Behaviour of Al2O3-Scale Forming Ni-Based Alloys

The effects of steam on the 1,000 °C oxidation behavior of Al2O3-scale forming Ni-based alloys were studied by conducting tests in dry air and air + 30 % steam (wet air) gas environments. It was found that the critical concentration of Al (N Al * ) to form a continuous alumina scale is increased when the environment is wet air. From the morphology of and the depth at which the internal oxides formed in the two oxidizing conditions, it was determined that the enrichment factor α remained the same in dry and wet air, though the internal-oxide precipitates were coarser and their average spacing greater in the wet air. Based on an assessment of the parameters contained in Wagner’s criterion for transition from internal oxidation to external scale formation, it was deduced that the only factor that can change the critical concentration N Al * to the extent measured is the critical volume fraction f v * .