cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
To be or not IIb: a multi-step process for Epstein-Barr virus latency establishment and consequences for B cell tumorigenesis.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ-herpesvirus, was the first human tumor virus discovered fifty years ago in endemic Burkitt lymphoma [1]. Surprisingly, EBV was subsequently recognized to be a ubiquitous virus infecting greater than 90% of adults worldwide. In healthy children, primary EBV infection is typically asymptomatic because of a robust T cell immune response. However, infection during adolescence or later can result in infectious mononucleosis. Regardless of the severity of primary infection, EBV establishes a lifelong latent infection in the peripheral blood memory B cell compartment [2]. Immune suppression, genetic predisposition, or environmental factors can all serve to promote EBV-driven tumors, which are primarily of B cell, but also of epithelial and NK or T cell origin. Early studies demonstrated that EBV infection in vitro transformed resting B cells into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), providing a strong link to EBV-associated B cell cancers [3,4]. These pioneering studies stimulated intense investigation over the ensuing decades into the viral requirements and temporal cascade of gene expression triggering physiological cell changes associated with B cell proliferation and survival. The model that emerged indicates that B cell transformation in vitro is a latent infection including expression of a discrete set of nine proteins and many noncoding RNAs collectively called Latency III [2]. In this model, all of the Latency III gene products are expressed prior to the first cell division in the absence of lytic virus replication. However, this in vitro model does not account for the viral gene expression programs found in most EBV-positive B cell tumors or in the B cell compartment in vivo following natural infection. Moreover, a recent resurgence in studies of the earliest events following B cell infection combined with an appreciation of the heterogeneity of EBV latent gene expression during natural infection and in tumors provides the rationale for revisiting how this ubiquitous virus establishes latency and causes B cell malignancies.
Transcriptional Regulation in Yeast during Diauxic Shift and Stationary Phase

Abstract The preferred source of carbon and energy for yeast cells is glucose. When yeast cells are grown in liquid cultures, they metabolize glucose predominantly by glycolysis, releasing ethanol in the medium. When glucose becomes limiting, the cells enter diauxic shift characterized by decreased growth rate and by switching metabolism from glycolysis to aerobic utilization of ethanol. When ethanol is depleted from the medium, cells enter quiescent or stationary phase G0. Cells in diauxic shift and stationary phase are stressed by the lack of nutrients and by accumulation of toxic metabolites, primarily from the oxidative metabolism, and are differentiated in ways that allow them to maintain viability for extended periods of time. The transition of yeast cells from exponential phase to quiescence is regulated by protein kinase A, TOR, Snf1p, and Rim15p pathways that signal changes in availability of nutrients, converge on transcriptional factors Msn2p, Msn4p, and Gis1p, and elicit extensive reprogrammin...
Carnap on concept determination: methodology for philosophy of science

Recent criticisms of intuition from experimental philosophy and elsewhere have helped undermine the authority of traditional conceptual analysis. As the product of more empirically informed philosophical methodology, this result is compelling and philosophically salutary. But the negative critiques rarely suggest a positive alternative. In particular, a normative account of concept determination—how concepts should be characterized—is strikingly absent from such work. Carnap's underappreciated theory of explication provides such a theory. Analyses of complex concepts in empirical sciences illustrates and supports this claim, and counteracts the charge explication is only suitable for highly mathematical, axiomatic contexts. Explication is also defended against the influential criticism it is “philosophically unilluminating”.
THE SOLUBILITIES OF THE l-DIHALOGENATED TYROSINES IN ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURES AND CERTAIN RELATED DATA.

1. The solubilities of l-tyrosine, dichloro-l-tyrosine (hydrated), dibromo-l-tyrosine (anhydrous), and diiodo-l-tyrosine in ethanol-water mixtures at 25° have been determined. 2. It was found that the solubilities of the dihalogenated substitution products of l-tyrosine are increased by addition of ethanol up to a certain concentration. Further addition of ethanol leads to a decrease in solubility. The solubility of l-tyrosine is decreased by addition of ethanol. 3. Dichloro-l-tyrosine (hydrated) was found to change to the anhydrous form when allowed to stand in the presence of ethanol. 4. The apparent heat of solution of diiodo-l-tyrosine in an ethanol-water mixture has been determined. 5. The solubility of dl-thyroxine at 30° has been determined in urea solution, ethanol, dioxan, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol.
Clinical applications of fish oils.

Fish oil supplements are currently being nationally advertised, and many physicians are being queried about their clinical utility. Epidemiologic studies reveal a low incidence of cardiovascular disease in people, such as the Eskimos, who eat large amounts of seafood. Cardiovascular health may be improved because fish and fish oil supplements lower plasma lipid levels (especially triglycerides), inhibit platelet aggregation, and may decrease blood pressure and viscosity and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Preliminary observations also suggest a potential future role for fish oils in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with serum triglyceride levels greater than 5.64 mmol/L and/or cholesterol levels greater than 7.75 mmol/L refractory to dietary management may benefit from a medically supervised trial of fish oil supplements. Data currently available are insufficient to recommend fish oil supplements for the general public, or for patients with other diseases, and side effects must also be considered. These include occasional adverse lipid changes, potential for bleeding and vitamin E deficiency, and, with some preparations, vitamin A and D toxicity. ( JAMA 1988;260:665-670)
A Mexicana Woman's Education in 1980s Chicago

The purpose of this paper is to describe the educational experiences of a Mexican woman in Chicago's Little Village community in the 1980s. The author was born in Mexico and raised in Little Village which has been home to Mexican immigrant communities for decades. Little Village is also home to the largest Mexican-American population in the Midwest. The population is also fairly young which means that social issues such as, gangs and violence are prevalent. Rivera attended Chicago Public schools for her formative schooling and graduated from a Catholic High school. This short piece documents her trajectory into higher education, her desire to learn more about her own history and identity by studying abroad as well as being successful in a doctoral program by finding adequate support through mentors and other resources.
Characterization and mapping of the Rapsn gene encoding the 43-kDa acetylcholine receptor-associated protein.

Abstract We have cloned and characterized mouse genomic DNA containing the gene for the 43-kDa acetylcholine receptor-associated protein. The gene extends over 12 kb and consists of 8 exons. RNase protection and sequence analysis have been used to define the intron/exon boundaries including 174 and 214 bp of 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequence in exons 1 and 8, respectively. Interestingly, the exon/intron organization is consistent with structural domains predicted from amino acid sequence conservation among 3 species of 43K. Finally, the 43K locus, designated Rapsn, has been mapped to the central region of mouse chromosome 2.
On the upper critical dimensions of random spin systems

A set of critical exponent inequalities is proved for a large class of classical random spin systems. The inequalities imply rigorous (and probably the optimal) lower bounds for the upper critical dimensions, i.e.,d u≥4 for regular and random ferromagnets,d u≥6 for spin glasses and random field systems.
An invertible non-polyhedral diagram

A necessary condition for a diagram to be a Schlegel diagram of some convex polytope is that it be invertible, that is, it can be realized with any facet as the outside facet. In this paper we prove that it is not a sufficient condition by constructing a 3-diagram that is invertible but is not isomorphic to a Schlegel diagram of any 4-polytope.
Temporary carbon barriers in the preparation of H2-permselective silica membranes

Temporary carbon barriers were used to prepare hydrogen-permselective membranes by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silica on porous Vycor support tubes. The carbon barriers were introduced into the pores of the support by vapor deposition polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, catalyzed by p-toluene sulfonic acid. After polymerization and crosslinking the polymer was carbonized by slow heating to 600°C and CVD of silica was carried out at 600°C by alternating flows of SiCl_4 and H_2O. During CVD the carbon residue inside the pores limits the penetration of SiCl_4 resulting in a thinner deposit layer. After CVD the carbon was removed by oxidation. The hydrogen permeance of the deposit layer obtained using the carbon barriers was 2–4 times higher than the permeance achieved without the use of carbon barriers. Thermogravimetric experiments were carried out to obtain information about the amount and spatial distribution of the carbon within the porous support.
Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of transient metal carbonyl species in the gas phase

Abstract Advantages and limitations of CO laser time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy in the study of coordinatively unsaturated metal carbonyl fragments in the gas phase are discussed. A review of gas phase M(CO) x structures investigated to date is presented, including a comparison with low temperature matrix results.
Alteration of the surface charge of aluminum goethites by a sulfonic acid buffer

Four samples of synthetic low-substitution Al-goethites (mol% Al < 10) were incubated with 10 mM NaClO 4 and 5 mM MES buffer (MES buffer (2-[N-morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid) at pH 5. It was found that MES buffer, although commonly used to control pH, profoundly affected the results of our electrophoretic mobility measurements. The presence of MES buffer caused a large decrease in EM values for unsubstituted goethite, from 5.7 ± 0.7 to 1.8 ± 0.4 x 10 -8 m 2 v -1 s -1 , while increases in Al substitution in goethite led to a progressive increase in EM values. The charge reversal following addition of MES buffer to suspension containing Al-goethites was explained by specific sorption that, at pH 5, is thought to occur via cation surface complexation because of (i) sulfonate induced-dipole or (ii) N and O lone-pair dipole-dipole interactions with structural Fe.
A family of random trees with random edge lengths

We introduce a family of probability distributions on the space of trees with I labeled vertices and possibly extra unlabeled vertices of degree 3, whose edges have positive real lengths. Formulas for distributions of quantities such as degree sequence, shape, and total length are derived. An interpretation is given in terms of sampling from the inhomogeneous continuum random tree of Aldous and Pitman (1998). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
QCD anomaly mediation of ψ′ → ψπ0 and ψ′ → ψη

Abstract We comment on various decay processes mediated dominantly by pseudoscalar couplings to the QCD axial-vector anomaly. Using coupling strengths of our earlier calculation, we compute ψ′ → π 0 ψ ψ′ → ηψ and obtain good agreement with experiment.
The paradox of perfection: reproducing the body politic in late Renaissance Venice.

The gorgons had thus the same effect as paradoxes. For paralysis means: immobility; and immobility: to be unable to observe (Niklas Luhmann).Niklas Luhmann, “Sthenographie und Euryalistik,” Paradoxien, Dissonanzen, Zusammenbruche, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht und K. Ludwig Pfeiffer, eds. (Frankfurt a. M., 1991), 58. Recently, the “paradoxical” character of sixteenth-century Venetian politics and culture has become the focus of attention among scholars of early modern Venice. In her book on City Culture and the Madrigal at Venice, Martha Feldman states that “Venice was above all a paradoxical city,” given the “divided consciousness” of Venetians whose urban culture oscillated “in a peculiarly ambivalent counterpoise” to contemporary court culture.Martha Feldman, City Culture and the Madrigal at Venice (University of California Press, 1995), 10. Margaret Rosenthal has examined how Veronica Franco, poetess and prostitute in sixteenth-century Venice, portrayed herself as an “honest courtesan,” ingeniously appropriating the oxymoronic Venus-Virgin paradigm in Venetian iconography.Margaret F. Rosenthal, The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen and Writer in Sixteenth-Century Venice (University of Chicago Press, 1992). According to Edward Muir, the doge's “two contrasting personae, one so humbled and the other so splendid,” were the complementary features of a “paradoxical prince.”Edward Muir, Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice (Princeton University Press, 1981), 261. I would like to contribute to this debate by analyzing how the social practice of marriage among the patriciate and the language of perfection in sixteenth-century political discourse followed the logic of paradoxical constellations. Rather than arguing for a causal connection between social practice on the one hand and political theory on the other, I propose to apply one analytical framework to investigate the paradoxical qualities of different social, political, economic, and cultural phenomena which were at the center of politics and society in Late Renaissance Venice.
Combination therapy with daptomycin, linezolid, and rifampin as treatment option for MRSA meningitis and bacteremia

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) meningitis is associated with a high mortality rate. Treatment is challenging in patients with allergy to vancomycin. Herein, we describe a case of MRSA bacteremia secondary to medical device infection with MRSA that was complicated by MRSA meningitis. This case provides evidence for a possible role of combination therapy of daptomycin, linezolid, and rifampin in cases of MRSA meningitis and bacteremia.
Strategies to Involve Families of Latino Students with Disabilities: When Parent Initiative Is Not Enough.

Despite a growing literature on the value of family involvement for students with disabilities, there are ongoing misunderstandings about the reasons why culturally and linguistically diverse families of students with disabilities might be less involved with their child at school than other families. This article describes a project conducted with Latino families and with school personnel at schools serving predominantly Latino children that addresses why Latino families may become less involved. The authors describe school-level factors that may affect the initiative of Latino families to become involved at school, and suggest strategies school personnel can use to increase the involvement of Latino families.
Oxidative stress and glutathione response in tissue cultures from persons with major depression

Abstract There is evidence that major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with increased peripheral markers of oxidative stress. To explore oxidation and antioxidant response in MDD, we assayed human dermal fibroblast cultures derived from skin biopsies of age-, race-, and sex-matched individuals in depressed and normal control groups ( n = 16 each group), cultured in glucose and galactose conditions, for relative protein carbonylation (a measure of oxidative stress), glutathione reductase (GR) expression, and total glutathione concentration. In control-group fibroblasts, galactose induced a significant increase from the glucose condition in both protein carbonylation and GR. The cells from the MDD group showed total protein carbonylation and GR expression in the glucose condition that was significantly higher than control cells in glucose and equivalent to controls in galactose. There was a small decrease in protein carbonylation in MDD cells from glucose to galactose and no significant change in GR. There was no difference in total glutathione among any of the groups. Increased protein carbonylation and GR expression, cellular responses to oxidative stress induced by galactose in control fibroblasts, are present in fibroblasts derived from MDD patients and are not explainable by reduced GR or total glutathione in the depressed patients. These studies support the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of MDD. Further confirmation of these findings could lead to the development of novel antioxidant approaches for the treatment of depression.
EEG of Chronic Marijuana Users during Abstinence: Relationship to Years of Marijuana Use, Cerebral Blood Flow and Thyroid Function

Objective Marijuana abuse is associated with neurological changes including increases in frontal EEG alpha during abstinence. Research is needed to assess to what extent these EEG patterns are indicative of cerebral perfusion deficits.
Self-lubricating composites of porous nickel and nickel-chromium alloy impregnated with barium fluoride - calcium fluoride eutectic

Self-lubricating composite materials prepared by vacuum impregnating nickel-chromium alloy with barium fluoride-calcium fluoride eutectic composition
Fluids with highly directional attractive forces. II. Thermodynamic perturbation theory and integral equations

The formalism of statistical thermodynamics developed in the preceding paper is used as a basis for deriving tractable approximations. The system treated is one where repulsion and highly directional attraction due to a single molecular site combine to allow the formation of dimers, but no highers-mers. We derive thermodynamic perturbation theory, using the system interacting with only the repulsive potential as a reference system. Two distinct integral equations for the pair correlation are derived. The first one treats both parts of the interaction approximately; the other one employs the repulsive reference system used in perturbation theory. We show that each of these integral equations permits the calculation of an important thermodynamic function directly from the solution at a single state of density and temperature. In the first case this applies to a pressure consistent with the compressibility relation, in the second to the excess Helmholtz free energy over the reference system.
The selective inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis by vitamin A treatment of cultured chick embryo chondrocytes.

The effect of vitamin A on the synthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides has been studiedin vitro in cell cultures of chick embryo sternal chondrocytes. Vitamin A produces a concentration-dependent inhibition of acid mucopolysaccharide synthesis. the inhibitory effect of vitamin A on acid mucopolysaccharide synthesis is not the result of a general cytotoxicity, since, under the conditions studied here, while there is over a 50% inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis, the incorporation of leucine into acid insoluble material or the synthesis of collagen is unaltered. Lysosomal activation does not appear to be involved in the inhibition of sulfate incorporation, since E-amino caproic acid (a protease inhibitor) and chloroquine (a lysosomal membrane stabilizer) do not reverse this inhibition. In addition, enhanced polysaccharide breakdown is too small to account for vitamin A-inhibited sulfate incorporation. The effect of vitamin A is not readily reversed and chondrocytes become fibroblastic after a 24 hour treatment with 3 μg/ml of vitamin A. Because the incorporation of glucose into polysaccharides is inhibited faster than glucosamine or sulfate, it is suggested that vitamin A acts by an unknown mechanism to inhibit a step early in the pathway for mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis.
Who Am I Becoming? A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Self-Concept Change

Self-concept change is a phenomenon that many social psychologists have identified through various constructs and phenomena, but to date no one has provided an integrated framework. This review integrates research in self-psychology, and proposes three common elements that occur during the process of self-concept change. The first element is the degree to which the self-aspects are rewarded (or punished in the environment). The second element is comparing oneself with others, whether that involves noting differences or similarities. The third element is the cognitive accessibility of social and physical stimuli, oftentimes through frequent exposure of those stimuli. In many cases, a combination of these three elements is sufficient to explain the change process. Phenomena that involve the three elements and future applications are discussed.
Edatrexate in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Activity in malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

Background. Chemotherapy has had little impact on the natural history of soft tissue sarcoma, and often is associated with serious toxicity. Edatrexate, an investigational antifolate, is active in patients with lung cancer, and has cytotoxic activity in human sarcoma cell lines. Methods. Edatrexate was administered to 36 patients with measurable, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who had not previously received chemotherapy. The drug was given weekly for 5 weeks, then every other week. The initial dose, 80 mg/m2, was escalated by 10 mg/m2 every 2 weeks in the absence of toxicity. Eleven patients had leiomyosarcoma, 7 had malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), and 5 had liposarcoma; the remainder of cell types included hemangiopericytoma (4), angiosarcoma (3), synovial (2), spindle cell (2), extraosseous chondrosarcoma (1), and fibrosarcoma (1). Results. Thirty-five patients are evaluable. Partial response (PR) was seen in five of the seven patients with MFH; no other major responses occurred. Overall, the response frequency was 14% (two-sided 95% confidence interval, 3% to 26%). Median duration of PR was 6 months (range, 4–18 months). One patient had a minor tumor regression, and six had stable disease. Myelosuppression was generally mild; only three patients had grade 3 hematologic toxicity. Modification of dose or schedule was required in 50% of patients for mucositis. Fatigue was a common toxicity, seen in 66% of patients, but was tolerable in the majority. A rash was seen in 46% of patients; one patient had hepatic toxicity. Conclusions. Overall, the activity of edatrexate in this study, dominated by patients with either visceral or vascular sarcoma, was poor. However, the responses observed in patients with metastatic MFH suggests that further evaluation of edatrexate in patients with soft tissue sarcoma is warranted.
Grain boundary impurities in iron

Abstract Impurities segregating to grain boundaries can be responsible for embrittlement or occasionally can strengthen a material. We have modelled the effects of B, C, S and P impurities at a (2 1 0) tilt boundary in Fe using first-principles quantum mechanical calculations allowing for full atomic relaxation. The grains can either be pushed apart or pulled together depending on the size of the impurity and the nature of local relaxations which are different for impurities at substitutional and interstitial sites. Calculations of local densities of states indicate that charge transfer is not significant in explaining changes in materials properties. Cohesive energy calculations indicate that interstitial sites are preferred to substitutional sites and that B leads to cohesive enhancement while P and S are strong embrittlers and C a weak embrittler. If carbon instead forms a carbide phase at the boundary, closely matching the bulk iron lattice, there will be cohesive enhancement.
Auger studies of the effect of temperature and oxygen exposure on the surface composition of Ni-1%Th alloy

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy studies of a clean Ni-1at%Th alloy surface were made in the temperature range of 700–900°C. Results show the segregation of thorium to the surface of the alloy with a heat of segregation of −18.8 ± 4.4 kJ/mole. Calculations based on the existing unified theory of segregation in binary alloys yield a much larger value for the heat of segregation. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Oxygen exposure at 250°C resulted in the accelerated segregation of thorium to the alloy surface at exposures less than 20 L, with the thorium surface concentration increasing at a much slower rate beyond 20 L. This segregation may play an important role in the methanation activity of thorium-nickel alloys.
The Fundamental Theorem of Linear Algebra

This paper is about a theorem and the pictures that go with it. The theorem describes the action of an m by n matrix. The matrix A produces a linear transformation from Rn to Rm-but this picture by itself is too large. The "truth" about Ax = b is expressed in terms of four subspaces (two of Rn and two of Rm). The pictures aim to illustrate the action of A on those subspaces, in a way that students won't forget. The first step is to see Ax as a combination of the columns of A. Until then the multiplication Ax is just numbers. This step raises the viewpoint to subspaces. We see Ax in the column space. Solving Ax = b means finding all combinations of the columns that produce b in the column space:
Historical loading record of sulfur in an Adirondack Lake

A model for the distribution of sulfur in the sediments of a lake in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, is developed to gain insight into the timing and magnitude of anthropogenic increases in sulfur loading. Surficial sulfur concentrations are about 3500 µg g−1, increase to 6000–7000 µg g−1 at a depth of about 6 cm, and then decrease downcore to background levels of about 2500 µg g−1. Sulfate concentrations are about 60–80 µM in the overlying water and decrease rapidly below the sediment-water interface. This reflects assimilatory reduction and/or dissimilatory reduction of sulfate and incorporation into the inorganic and/or organic solid-phase fractions of the sediment. A mathematical model is constructed assuming sulfur is incorporated into sediments by burial of detrital organic matter and by diffusion of sulfate from the overlying water with subsequent fixation in the sediment. Several historical scenarios of atmospheric sulfate loading rates were examined as model boundary conditions. Model results are compared with observed sedimentary sulfur profiles. The observed sediment sulfur profiles are best described using model boundary conditions showing increases in lake water sulfate concentrations since about 1940. Assuming as much as a decade of retention of sulfate within the terrestrial portion of the ecosystem, this suggests that significant increases in sulfate deposition rates began sometime after 1930 in this relatively remote area.
Influence of nuclei concentration and humidity upon the attachment rate of atoms in the atmosphere

Abstract The attachment rate of atoms and ions to the atmospheric aerosol indoors and outdoors was studied by means of the Tn( 220 Rn) decay products, which have a diffusion coefficient D = 0.068 cm 2 s −1 and a sticking probability S = 1. In a nuclei concentration range between 0.6–7 × 10 4 particles cm −3 the attachment rates were 0.009–0.05 s −1 (relative humidity : 30–50%) corresponding to a half-life of attachment 77 to 14 seconds. The change of the average nuclei size with humidity could be determined by measuring the attachment rate for different water vapour concentrations. By changing the humidity from 20% to about 100%, the average particle size increases up to a factor of 2.1.
Launching vertically polarised ground waves from a vertical magnetic dipole over an anisotropic surface

While a vertical magnetic dipole will radiate horizontally polarised waves over a homogeneous isotropic earth, the effect of anisotropy will convert some of the radiated energy to vertical polarisation. An analysis of this situation is outlined employing an anisotropic surface impedance model.
Photon production through multi-step processes important in nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments

We present calculations describing the production of photons through multi-step processes occurring when a beam of gamma-rays interacts with a macroscopic material. These processes involve the creation of energetic electrons through Compton scattering, photo-absorption and pair production, the subsequent scattering of these electrons, and the creation of energetic photons occurring as these electrons are slowed through Bremsstrahlung emission. Unlike single Compton collisions, during which an energetic photon that is scattered through a large angle loses most of its energy, these multi-step processes result in a sizable flux of energetic photons traveling at large angles relative to an incident photon beam. These multi-step processes are also a key background in experiments that measure nuclear resonance fluorescence by shining photons on a thin foil and observing the spectrum of back-scattered photons. Effective cross sections describing the production of back-scattered photons are presented in a tabular form that allows simple estimates of backgrounds expected in a variety of experiments. Incident photons with energies between 0.5 MeV and 8 MeV are considered. These calculations of effective cross sections may be useful for those designing NRF experiments or systems that detect specific isotopes in well-shielded environments through observation of resonance fluorescence.
Panic disorder and social phobia: Possible implications of comorbid depression for drug therapy

Major depression is a common mental disorder with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 15% of the general population, affecting almost twice as many females as males. Panic disorder is a severe anxiety disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 2-3% or more. Like major depression, panic disorder affects nearly twice as many females as males. Both panic disorder and major depression are often chronic conditions, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Among patients who seek treatment for either panic disorder or major depression, both conditions are present in approximately one-third of the patient population. Substantial information suggests that individuals who suffer from both panic disorder and major depression respond poorly to acute treatment, are more likely to remain ill over the long term, require more psychiatric treatment, and are at approximately twice the risk of suicide attempts than individuals who suffer from either condition alone. There has been very little systematic study of individuals with coexisting panic disorder and major depression. This has left significant gaps in our knowledge about optimal treatment for the substantial subgroup of individuals suffering from both disorders simultaneously. Social phobia is a common disorder which affects 2-8% (females more than males) of the population. Recent advances in the pharmacological treatment of social phobia are reviewed. Patterns of comorbidity, effects of coexisting psychiatric disorders on disability, health care utilization and suicidality are discussed, together with treatment implications for coexisting social phobia and major depression.
Electrocaloric Effect in Fluids and Its Relationship with Nonlinear Light Scattering

We derive an equation describing the electrocaloric effect in fluids, which differs from that predominantly employed in current theoretical studies of nonlinear optics. The consequent alterations in the predictions of nonlinear optical theory and in the interpretation of experimental observations are then described.
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF THE VINCA ALKALOIDS--I. EFFECTS OF VINBLASTINE ON NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN MOUSE TUMOR CELLS.

Abstract The uptake of 3 H-uridine into the soluble RNA of Ehrlich ascites cells derived from mice treated with vinblastine is depressed about 60 per cent as compared with that of controls. Since the specific activity of both uridine and cytidine nucleotides is reduced it appears that this alkaloid inhibits the synthesis of the whole chain of soluble RNA. Synthesis of ribosomal RNA is not affected. The incorporation of 3 H-thymidine into DNA is reduced by high concentrations of vinblastine in vitro but not by therapeutic doses of this agent in vivo .
Interplanetary gas. XXII - Plasma tail disconnection events in comets - Evidence for magnetic field line reconnection at interplanetary sector boundaries

Attention is focused on a form of cometary activity which has been known for some time but is poorly understood: the discarding of a plasma tail by a comet. A link is found between plasma-tail rejections and conditions in the solar wind. A model is presented in which a disconnected tail is the end result of magnetic-field-line reconnection in the cometary ionosphere caused by the traversal of a magnetic sector boundary. Observations of plasma tails appear to be the best and only method at present of mapping the interplanetary sector structure out of the ecliptic plane.
Stress-induced C-fos expression in the rat locus coeruleus is dependent on neurokinin 1 receptor activation.

Abstract These experiments examined the role of substance P-selective neurokinin 1 receptors in the restraint-induced activation of the rat locus coeruleus. Immunohistochemistry revealed high levels of neurokinin 1 receptor expression in the plasma membrane of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive locus coeruleus neurons. The selective neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists, RP 67580 (5 nmol) and L-760,735 (3.4 nmol), were administered intracerebroventricularly prior to restraint stress, and c-fos protein was measured as an index of locus coeruleus activation. Both antagonists attenuated the restraint-induced increase in locus coeruleus c-fos expression, whereas their inactive enantiomers were ineffective. These results suggest that neurokinin 1 receptors may mediate activation of locus coeruleus neurons during stress. Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists may prove to be novel therapeutic compounds in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
Work and Family Stressors and the Quality of Father-Child Relationships: Do Neighborhood Resources Matter?

Recognizing the linkages among family, neighborhood, and work, this study examines whether neighborhood resources (neighborhood satisfaction and informal helping) mediate the relationships between job stressors (work hours, job inflexibility, and work-to-family conflict), family stressors (housework hours and family-to-work conflict), and father-child relationship quality. We performed OLS regressions on data from fathers (N = 85) from a random sample of couples from the northern part of a western state. Results indicate a direct and negative relationship between job inflexibility and father-child relationship quality that is partially mediated by neighborhood satisfaction. Additionally, family-to-work conflict bears a direct and negative relationship with father-child relationship quality, and neighborhood satisfaction mediates this relationship. Altogether, the analyses support the contention that neighborhood resources may mitigate some of the stresses associated with work and family life.
ACCOMMODATIONS ON HIGH-STAKES WRITING TESTS FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES

With the addition of a writing component to many high-stakes tests (e.g., college admission tests and high school exit exams), a review of writing accommodations for students with disabilities becomes critical. This paper reviews the accommodation policies of 20 states with high school exit exams of writing and three testing organizations that administer high-stakes tests that assess writing. In addition, this paper reviews existing research on testing accommodations, specifically those that focus on writing assessments. A section on assistive technologies for writing is also included, because these technologies are becoming more widely used and are likely to be requested as testing accommodations. Finally, recommendations for needed research are provided.
Mouse chromosome 16

The sixth report for mouse Chromosome (Chr) 16 lists a total of 459 markers, 93 of which are new. The largest single category of new markers includes 41 chromosomal rearrangements, which are added to the marker list for the first time. Another 25 new markers are anonymous DNA segments. Three new traits are listed, bringing the total on the chromosome to 14. The average marker density across 70 cM is now one per 0.15 cM; omitting the 41 chromosomal rearrangements gives an average marker density of one per 0.17 cM.
A phase II study of all-trans-retinoic acid plus cisplatin and etoposide in patients with extensive stage small cell lung carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study.

BACKGROUND The dysregulation of both myc gene expression and retinoid signaling pathways commonly occurs in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Because preclinical data showed that all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) inhibited SCLC growth, altered myc expression, and blocked transition to a treatment-resistant phenotype, a Phase II trial was designed to determine the effects of the combination of RA, cisplatin, and etoposide in patients with SCLC. METHODS Patients with untreated, extensive stage SCLC were treated with up to 8 cycles of cisplatin, 60 mg/m2, intravenously (i.v.) on Day 1 and etoposide, 120 mg/m2, i.v. on Days 1-3 in addition to up to 1 year of oral RA, 150 mg/m2/day. RESULTS Of 22 assessable patients 1 had a complete response and 9 had a partial response, for an overall response rate of 45% (95% confidence interval, 24-68%). The median survival was 10.9 months and the 1-year survival was 41%. The median duration of chemotherapy was 6 cycles and the median duration of RA treatment was 2.8 months. Thirteen patients discontinued RA prematurely due to toxicity and only 4 responders were receiving RA at the time of recurrence. Toxicity-limiting RA treatment mainly was comprised of mucocutaneous changes and headaches. CONCLUSIONS RA at a dose of 150 mg/m2/day was tolerated poorly in combination with cisplatin plus etoposide, leading to early discontinuation of RA in the majority of patients. The hematologic toxicity, response rate, and survival were similar to those associated with cisplatin and etoposide in prior trials. Further studies with more active and less toxic agents will be required to determine the role of retinoids in the treatment of SCLC. Cancer 1998;83:1102-1108. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Aspects of unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants

Unconscious selection may be defined as non-intentional human selection. The term was introduced by Darwin and its modern concept was developed by C.D. Darlington. Unconscious selection, or automatic selection as it is sometimes called, could have been responsible for most of the differences that distinguish domesticated seed crops from their wild progenitors, including loss of natural dispersal mechanisms, even and rapid seed germination, larger propagules, simultaneous ripening, and loss of mechanical protection as well as changes in the breeding system. Some differences, such as those in seed or fruit colors, may have developed from conscious selection at an early time. For unconscious selection to operate in the development of domesticated plants there would have to have been a deliberate planting of seeds by people.
Chronic non-peptide neurokinin receptor antagonist treatment alters striatal tachykinin peptide and receptor gene expression in the rat

The neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) and the tachykinin peptide substance P (SP) are found throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in the regulation of sensory, cardiovascular, and inflammatory function. Selective antagonists for the NK-1R such as CP-122,721 block NK-1R-mediated responses both in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated the effects of long-term daily CP-122,721 treatment on gene expression of SP and the NK-1R in the striatum and hindbrain of the rat. The striatum and hindbrain of rats receiving CP122,721 (5, 30, or 150 mg/kg) once-daily for 30 days were assayed for SP- and NK-1R-encoding mRNAs using solution hybridization-nuclease protection assays. Results show that treatment with CP-122,721 significantly increased SP-encoding mRNA and NK-1R mRNA levels in the striatum, but not in the hindbrain. The ability of CP-122,721 to alter SP and NK-1R gene expression may provide a use for non-peptide neurokinin receptor antagonists in the modulation of systems regulated by NK-1R function.
Orientation of Weak Grain Boundaries in Aluminum-Lithium Alloy 2090-T8E41

The aluminum-lithium alloy 2090-T8E41 undergoes delamination along certain high-angle boundaries parallel to the rolling plane when subjected to torsional loading. Weak boundaries were located by comparison of fracture surface replicas and thin foils in the electron microscope. Grain boundary orientation was determined from Kikuchi patterns obtained by convergent beam electron diffraction.
Conduction block in micropatterned cardiomyocyte cultures replicating the structure of ventricular cross-sections

The Sprague-Dawley neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were micropatterned to obtain cultures with realistic ventricular tissue boundaries and either random or realistic fibre directions. Rapid pacing was applied at multiple sites, with action potential propagation optically mapped. Excitation either failed at the stimulus site or conduction block devel- oped remotely, often initiating reentry. The incidence of conduction block in isotropic monolayers (0% of cultures) increased with the inclusion of realistic tissue boundaries (17%) and further with realistic fibre directions (34%). Conduction block incidence was stimulus site-dependent and highest (77%) with rapid pacing from the right ventricu- lar (RV) free wall. Furthermore, conduction block occurred exclusively at the insertion of the RV free wall into the septum, where structure-mediated current source-load mismatches acutely reduced wavefront and waveback velocity. Tissue boundaries and sharp gradients in fibre direction uniquely determined the evolution, shape, and position of conduction block lines. Conclusion Our study suggests that specific micro- and macrostructural features of the ventricle determine the incidence and spatiotemporal characteristics of conduction block, independent of spatial heterogeneities in ion channel expression.
Nurturing a Culture of Collaboration

In 2012, the Department of Surgery at the University of Washington implemented Atlassian's Confluence wiki product as a department intranet and collaboration space. Use of the product among various workgroups has grown organically and has contributed to improved information sharing and knowledge management. This paper will discuss the department needs and the issues that led to the adoption of Confluence; a brief technical overview of the architecture and design; the rollout process, including communication and training; and an examination of lessons learned and ideas for how our rollout could have been improved. Additionally, tips for increasing team collaboration and knowledge management, regardless of the system or application chosen, will be discussed.
Crystal structure and compressibility of FePt nanoparticles under high pressures and high temperatures

FePt nanoparticles with an average grain size of 4 nm and equiatomic composition of Fe and Pt was studied under high pressures in a diamond anvil cell to investigate its structural stability and compressibility under high compression. The ambient pressure disordered face-centered-cubic (fcc) phase was found to be stable to the highest pressure of 61 GPa (compression of 15%) at room temperature. The compression of Fe50Pt50 nanoparticles is closer to the compression curve for pure Pt and shows lower compressibility than what would be expected for a bulk Fe50Pt50 alloy. The nanoparticle character of Fe50Pt50 sample is maintained to the highest pressure without any observable grain coarsening effects at ambient temperature. Laser heating of disordered fcc phase at 32 GPa to a temperature of 2000 K resulted in a phase transformation to a microcrystalline phase with the distorted fcc structure.
Decreased bile acid synthesis with total parenteral nutrition

Abstract Background Biliary changes occur in patients on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) predisposing them to gallstones and cholestasis. We hypothesized that patients on TPN, similar to animal models, would have reduced bile acid synthesis. Methods Serum from 13 controls and 17 patients on TPN were collected and tested with HPLC for 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, which has been shown to correlate with bile acid synthesis. Somatostatin and tumor necrosis factor α levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Bile acid synthesis was significantly reduced in patients on TPN. TPN patients on oral feeding (but not jejunostomy) had similar bile acid synthesis rates as controls. In patients on TPN and nothing by mouth, somatostatin had a significant negative correlation with bile acid synthesis ( P Conclusion TPN patients have a reduced bile acid synthesis, and this correlates with somatostatin if they are treated with nothing by mouth. Oral feeding is associated with a higher bile acid synthesis, and body mass index, age, albumin, and tumor necrosis factor α do not have an effect on bile acid synthesis.
The impact of Global Positioning System data on the prediction of an extratropical cyclone: an observing system simulation experiment

Abstract In this paper, we report a series of observing system simulation experiments that we conducted to assess the potential impact of Global Positioning System/meteorology (GPS/MET) refractivity data on short-range numerical weather prediction. We first conducted a control experiment using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 at 90-km resolution on an extratropical cyclone known as the ERICA (Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic) IOP 4 storm. The results from the control experiment were then used to simulate GPS/MET refractivity observations with different spatial resolution and measurement characteristics. The simulated refractivity observations were assimilated into an 180-km model during a 6-h period, which was followed by a 48-h forecast integration. Key findings can be summarized as follows: • ⊎ The assimilation of refractivity data at the 180-km resolution can recover important atmospheric structures in temperature and moisture fields both in the upper and lower troposphere, and, through the internal model dynamical processes, also the wind fields. The assimilation of refractivity data led to a considerably more accurate prediction of the cyclone. • ⊎ Distributing the refractivity randomly in space and applying a line averaging did not alter the results significantly, while reducing the spatial resolution from 180 km to 360 km produced a moderately degraded result. Even at the 360-km resolution, the GPS-type refractivity data still have a notable positive impact on cyclone prediction. • ⊎ Restricting the refractivity data to altitude 3 km and above considerably degraded its impact on cyclone prediction. This degradation was greater than the combined effects of distributing the refractivity data randomly, performing line averaging, and reducing the resolution to 360 km. These results showed that the GPS/MET refractivity data is likely to have a significant impact on short-range operational numerical weather prediction. The random distribution and line averaging associated with the inherent GPS occultation do not pose a problem for effective assimilation. On the other hand, these results also argue that we need to improve the GPS/MET retrieval algorithm in order to recover useful data in the lower troposphere, and to increase the number of low-earth-orbiting satellites carrying GPS receivers in order to increase the density of GPS soundings, so that the potential impact of GPS/MET refractivity data on numerical weather prediction can be fully realized.