cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Price Nudity

The present study explored students' wdlingness to place a price on their nudty across a list of 25 varied situations. Do students have a price, even for the most taboo situations? Or, do occasions arise in which their nudity remains sacrosanct and priceless? Participants were 69 men and 137 women, volunteers for additional credt from an elective course on human sexuality in psychology. Students ranged in age from 18 to 22 years and were classified only by gender. Ln semiprivate cubicles they were given ample time to complete a questionnaire of 25 situations pertaining to nudity. The situations varied by hkelihood of occurrence and public and private displays. Women and men were randomly assigned to the $O/control, $10, $100, or $1000 groups, whereby they could use any number of dollars up to the ceiling permitted in their condition. A "0" indicated free &splay of nudity, and "X" denoted the student's refusal to consider nudity for the maximum amount of money offered. The response measure, the number of refusals to disrobe across the 25 situations, was analyzed in a 2 x 4 analysis of variance, examining gender by the four money groups. Women inlcated more refusals to l s robe than did men (F,,,,,=7.36, p < . O l ) , but the magnitude of this effect was very small ( r Z = .04). The number of refusals was different among the four groups (F,,,,,=25.75, p < .001). The largest difference occurred between the $O/control group and the remaining groups (F, ,,, =59.35, p < ,001) and produced a moderate magnitude of effect ( r Z = .23). A 2 x 4 interaction of gender with the money groups indicated that men showed fewer refusals in the $1000 group than thosk in the $100 group, whereas the women's groups did not show fewer refusals (F ,,,,, = 7.52, p < .01).
Theoretical Analysis of Minimal Numbers of Bidder in Combinatorial Auction

The reverse combinatorial auctions are widely applied to the centralized procurements and project tenders of governments and enterprise groups.To guarantee the competition of reverse auctions,an enough number of bidders is necessary.Based on the computational method for the number of winners in combinatorial auctions,we devise the formula to calculate the average number of bidders in a single bidding.Two theorems on the feasible solution numbers were developed and proved.They indicate that the feasible solution numbers increase with the increase of bidder number,and decrease with the increase of object number.By means of proposed computing approach,the average feasible solution numbers of the problems with different sizes are obtained.The results present the minimal bidder numbers to guarantee proper competition.
A Hybrid Optimization Method for Signal Timings Optimization of Single Intersection

This paper deals with a hybrid optimization method for solving the problems of signal timings optimization with inequality constraints and equality constraints in the single intersection.To apply the method,an adaptive penalty strategy is firstly adopted to convert the optimization problem with both equality constraints and inequality constraints to the optimization problem only with upper bound and low bound of decision variables.Then an adaptive real - coded genetic algorithm and a local search algorithm with variable search space are employed to optimize the problem. For improving the optimization effect of the real - coded genetic algorithm,the adaptive crossover probability and mutation probability are designed.Finally,to examine the validity of the hybrid optimization method,the method and other two algorithms are used to optimize the traffic signal timings optimization problem of a single intersection,and large amounts of simulation results show that the hybrid optimization method proposed in this paper can work well in the traffic signal timings optimization problem.
Effect of switching diets on growth and digesta kinetics of cattle.

An approach was developed for describing live weight gain and the contribution of wet gut fill gain to live weight gain in growing cattle. In a continuous growth study, energy densities of winter:spring diets were used to define four treatment groups of cattle. Concentrates and forages were the major ingredients of higher and lower energy-density diets, respectively. Cattle receiving high and low energy sequences (HH and LL) were designated as control groups and were compared with two change-over groups: high to low (HL) and low to high (LH). Switches involved simultaneous changes in several feed characteristics. Every 2 wk for 4 mo, 39 heifers and 19 steers were weighed. Switching young cattle to another diet affected growth during the 2 wk immediately after the switch. After being switched to the lower energy-density diet (i.e., pasture), HL and LL groups lost (P less than .001) from 3.5 to 27.4 kg in both fed and fasted weight. Neither fed nor fasted weights of HH and LH steers changed during the switch to the higher energy-density diet (i.e., concentrates); HH and LH heifers continued to gain (P less than .001). Throughout the remainder of the study, growth rates of cattle were similar for HH and LH groups and for HL and LL groups. In spring, cattle consuming concentrate diets (HH and LH) had greater fill (P less than .001) than pasture-fed contemporaries (HL and LL). Less frequent measurement of growth characteristics would have obscured important facets of growth. A loss of weight followed by continuous gain is not equivalent to a reduced growth rate.
Adjuvant Antimicrobial Therapy with Renal Calculus Surgery

A randomized prospective study was done, comparing massive penicillin dosage (60 million units) to the recommended dose of ticarcillin (200 mg. per kg.) in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. A total of 50 patients with staghorn or multiple calculi who underwent anatrophic nephrolithotomy was entered into the study during a period of 14 months. Bacteriologic results were comparable. No significant toxicity from either massive penicillin or ticarcillin was observed.
The changing role of mammal life histories in Late Quaternary extinction vulnerability on continents and islands

Understanding extinction drivers in a human-dominated world is necessary to preserve biodiversity. We provide an overview of Quaternary extinctions and compare mammalian extinction events on continents and islands after human arrival in system-specific prehistoric and historic contexts. We highlight the role of body size and life-history traits in these extinctions. We find a significant size-bias except for extinctions on small islands in historic times. Using phylogenetic regression and classification trees, we find that while life-history traits are poor predictors of historic extinctions, those associated with difficulty in responding quickly to perturbations, such as small litter size, are good predictors of prehistoric extinctions. Our results are consistent with the idea that prehistoric and historic extinctions form a single continuing event with the same likely primary driver, humans, but the diversity of impacts and affected faunas is much greater in historic extinctions.
Coercive Power in Social Exchange: Punishment and coercion

This chapter challenges the restriction of social exchange theory to the mutual exchange of rewarding outcomes. I begin by examining how and why exchange theorists excluded punishment and coercive power from the scope of their theories. I argue that this scope condition is unnecessarily restrictive, and that it prevents the comparison of power based on both rewards and punishments. Next, I review theory and research from fields that have addressed punishment and coercive power, including macro theories of political power, social psychological theories of conflict and bargaining, and psychological studies of punishment. Finally, I extend the basic assumptions and concepts presented in Chapter 2 to incorporate punishment and coercion. I conclude by discussing the scope of the research program that occupies the remainder of the book. The exclusion of punishment and coercion from social exchange theory Although most social exchange theorists included both rewards and costs in their conceptual armament, they restricted costs to those incurred by actors from their own exchange behaviors. Costs that one actor imposes on another (punishment), and power based on the capacity to punish, were omitted from their theories. Homans ([1961] 1974) and Blau (1964) explicitly excluded punishment and coercive power from the scope of social exchange, and Emerson (1962, 1972a, 1972b) did so implicitly. Only Thibaut and Kelley (1959), whose theory was intended to encompass all patterns of interdependence in dyads (not only exchange relations), included punishment among the potential costs of interaction.
Experiences, Seemings, and Perceptual Justification

ABSTRACTSeveral philosophers have distinguished between three distinct mental states that play a role in visual recognition: experiences, propositional seemings, and beliefs. I clarify and offer some reasons for drawing this three-fold distinction, and I consider its epistemological implications. Some philosophers have held that propositional seemings always confer prima facie justification, regardless of a particular seeming's relation to experience. I add to criticisms of this view in the literature by arguing that it fails to solve a version of the ‘problem of the speckled hen’. A more promising view holds that propositional seemings confer justification only when appropriately related to experiences. I offer advice for developing such an account.
Aberrant splicing and drug resistance in AML

The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has unveiled a new window into the heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In particular, recurrent mutations in spliceosome machinery and genome-wide aberrant splicing events have been recognized as a prominent component of this disease. This review will focus on how these factors influence drug resistance through altered splicing of tumor suppressor and oncogenes and dysregulation of the apoptotic signaling network. A better understanding of these factors in disease progression is necessary to design appropriate therapeutic strategies recognizing specific alternatively spliced or mutated oncogenic targets.
Simulating Trading Strategies

Stories abound about people who say they bought a house 30 years ago, and it is now worth many times the purchase price. Staying invested in the housing market has historically been a safe bet. Just like a long-term investor in the housing market, a long-term individual stock market investor expects an upward-trending stock market when viewed decade by decade. The stock market investor remains in a long position, “long the stock market,” until they decide to liquidate the position and realize any gains. In many cases this happens upon their retirement. This form of investing is one type of conservative strategy known as trend following: following the long-term upward trend until the desired profitability is achieved or until holding on to the investment is no longer feasible. This chapter is all about trend following on a much more short-term basis: a matter of minutes or hours. It builds upon the market sentiment ideas of Chapter 10 and extends them. Foreign Exchange Markets If a United States corporation is expecting to make payments for purchased products in the Euro currency, they need to hedge their exposure to the Euro until the day the payment is required. Economically speaking, if the Euro increases in value before the payment date, and we wait to convert over our US currency into Euros, the payment effectively increases in value, against our will. The situation the company is in ends up being part of a trading strategy. A trend-following strategy to hedge exposure to the Euro involves buying the Euro and selling US Dollars at a point when the Euro is expected to increase or strengthen in value. If we own a forward or futures contract – the right to buy Euros at 1.1400 in the future – and the Euro currency then increases in value, as the Euros get more valuable we take comfort from the fact that we locked in at 1.1400, the lower rate. We tailor a contract to do this as long we think it is likely that an upward trend for Euro will exist. So, even though we just needed to make a payment, we are becoming a trader in the market. Going beyond this simple payment example, for people speculating or hedging their long-term exposure to currency rates, another strategy is common.
Radiation induced detwinning in nanotwinned Cu

Abstract Superior radiation tolerance has been experimentally examined in nanotwinned metals. The stability of nanotwinned structure under radiation is the key factor for advancing the application of nanotwinned metals for nuclear reactors. We thus performed in situ radiation tests for nanotwinned Cu with various twin thicknesses inside a transmission electron microscope. We found that there is a critical twin thickness (10 nm), below which, radiation induced detwinning is primarily accomplished through migration of incoherent twin boundaries. Detwinning is faster for thinner twins in this range, while thicker twins are more stable.
An Online Medical Image Management System

This paper proposed an under development online medical imaging management system with advanced web-based tools at the front-end that can perform functions, in real-time to load and process images, extract important features at front-end, and save the information into the back-end database server. The modern laptops and smart phones are very powerful and the internet speed is much faster than 10 years ago. The goal of this research is to study and develop a client-server system to utilize browsers on laptops or mobile device to process images and store the images and images' information on a centralized server. The online system and architecture prototype has been developed and several functions and results will be discussed in the paper.
Big Data Analysis and Genetic Liability to Neuropsychiatric Disease

The majority of risk genetic variants for common and complex neuropsychiatric traits lie within noncoding regions. Previous efforts have linked risk variants to specific genes by leveraging transcriptome data and expression quantitative trait loci. Most recently, the generation of large-scale epigenome data and the availability of epigenome quantitative trait loci provide a powerful discovery tool for assigning a functional role to the genetic variation in neuropsychiatric traits. In this talk, we will focus on advances in integration of epigenome datasets with the risk of common and complex neuropsychiatric traits.
Development of the HIV/AIDS Q-Sort Instrument to Measure Physician Attitudes

Background: Providers’ attitudes about HIV/AIDS are an important dimension in the delivery of quality care to persons with HIV/AIDS. It is believed that education can alter attitudes, but there is a need for a user-friendly instrument to measure the effect that HIV/AIDS educational programs have on attitudes. Methods: A pool of HIV/AIDS attitude descriptors was collected through literature review and from individuals working in the HIV/AIDS field. Out of this pool of 90 descriptors, 48 descriptors with the highest face validity were selected through expert consensus ranking to create a preliminary survey instrument. Twenty-six physicians completed a pilot Q-Sort instrument with 48 descriptors. A variance analysis was conducted, and the top 28 descriptors with the most variability were selected for the final Q-Sort instrument, which was then completed by 191 physicians. A factor analysis was conducted to identify a small number of factors that explained the 28 descriptors. A subsample of 22 physicians repeated the test to establish test-retest reliability. Results: Factor analysis revealed three factors: (1) emotionality, (2) ability, and (3) reluctance. The Q-Sort instrument demonstrated good test-retest reliability, with reliability for the three factors of .82, .80, and .88, respectively. Conclusions: This Q-sort instrument is a reliable method for measuring physician attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients. Further studies can test its use for evaluating the effect of educational programs on changing provider attitudes. (Fam Med 2001;33(10):772-8.)
Time-of-Flight Sensor in a Book Reader System Design for Persons With Visual Impairment and Blindness

This paper integrates a time-of-flight (ToF) sensor to a high-resolution charge-coupled device camera in a new and fully automated book reader design for individuals with visual impairment and blindness. This cost-effective and portable book reader design integrates, in a unique way, a 3-D map extracted by a low-resolution ToF sensor and a high-resolution image as means to correct the page curvature of bound books. This is achieved by a seamless registration process of two imaging modalities, so that the low-resolution ( $160 \times 120$ pixels) depth map accurately reflects the entire book spread as captured by the high-resolution camera ( $3072 \times 2304$ pixels). As part of the automated registration process, the book reader will give the user a warning message if the book is misplaced within its field of view. The reading accuracy is further improved by a mathematical framework formulating the flattening and extension operations, which together optimally dewarp the book spread images. This correction process is resilient to potential misplacement of the book within the book reader platform. The testing phase led to a reading accuracy of over 95%, involving an unprecedented acquisition and processing of 200 pages. A database consisting of all the 200 high-resolution book spread images together with their respective extracted depth maps are made available to the research community for further developments.
Recent advances in direct current electrokinetic manipulation of particles for microfluidic applications

Microfluidic devices have been extensively used to achieve precise transport and placement of a variety of particles for numerous applications. A range of force fields have thus far been demonstrated to control the motion of particles in microchannels. Among them, electric field-driven particle manipulation may be the most popular and versatile technique because of its general applicability and adaptability as well as the ease of operation and integration into lab-on-a-chip systems. This article is aimed to review the recent advances in direct current (DC) (and as well DC-biased alternating current) electrokinetic manipulation of particles for microfluidic applications. The electric voltages are applied through electrodes that are positioned into the distant channel-end reservoirs for a concurrent transport of the suspending fluid and manipulation of the suspended particles. The focus of this review is upon the cross-stream nonlinear electrokinetic motions of particles in the linear electroosmotic flow of fluids, which enable the diverse control of particle transport in microchannels via the wall-induced electrical lift and/or the insulating structure-induced dielectrophoretic force.
On Institutional Trading, Behavioral Bias, and Demand for Liquidity

Using a large transaction level dataset, we find that institutional investors can make economically insignificant -4 to 9 basis points net profit on their marked-to-market portfolio of buy – sell transactions over 1-day to 4-week holding period. The negative net marked-to-market profit comes exclusively from trades with 1-day holding period. We find no evidence of overconfidence, biased self-attribution, or disposition effect among institutional investors. Pension fund managers outperform money managers. Institutions engage in short-term trades despite earning net zero return for liquidity, tax-minimization, risk-management, and window-dressing reasons. Among these non-profit maximizing rational motives for trading, liquidity trading motive is the strongest.
Medical, Nonmedical, and Illegal Stimulant Use by Sexual Identity and Gender.

Introduction Major knowledge gaps regarding medical and nonmedical prescription stimulant use and illegal stimulant use (i.e., cocaine/crack/methamphetamine) by sexual identity and gender have implications for individuals’ health and well-being. This study improves stimulant use measurement by differentiating the type of stimulant use and focusing on lesbian, gay, and bisexual subpopulations. Methods Data were pooled for adults in the 2015–2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n=126,463; analyzed in 2019). Gender-stratified logistic regression models examined associations between sexual identity and past-year illegal stimulant use. Gender-stratified multinomial logistic regression models estimated odds of (1) medical use only versus no past-year prescription stimulant use, (2) any nonmedical stimulant use versus no past-year use, and (3) any nonmedical stimulant use versus medical use only. Results Illegal stimulant use varied by sexual identity (men: gay, 9.2%; bisexual, 7.5%; heterosexual, 3.2%; women: gay/lesbian, 3.2%; bisexual, 7.8%; heterosexual, 1.5%), as did nonmedical prescription stimulant use. Relative to same-gender heterosexuals, gay (AOR=2.61, 95% CI=2.00, 3.40) and bisexual (AOR=1.70, 95% CI=1.24, 2.33) men had higher odds of past-year illegal stimulant use, as did gay/lesbian (AOR=1.63, 95% CI=1.16, 2.28) and bisexual (AOR=2.70, 95% CI=2.23, 3.26) women. Sexual minorities reported higher odds of nonmedical prescription stimulant use than heterosexuals. Any nonmedical prescription opioid use was reported by 26.4% of people who reported nonmedical stimulant use and 27.0% of people who reported illegal stimulant use. Conclusions Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals had a higher prevalence of stimulant use than their heterosexual counterparts. This has important implications for health disparities, especially given the high levels of polysubstance use. Taking a multilevel approach is crucial to reduce stimulant-related harms for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.
Reactions during conversion of simplified low-activity waste glass feeds

Abstract The mechanisms that affect the incorporation of Tc-99, a volatile radioactive component of concern, into glass melt during vitrification of low-activity waste (LAW) are being investigated to develop a method to increase the retention of Tc-99 in glass waste form. Previous studies with simulated LAW glass feeds (slurry mixture of liquid waste and chemical/mineral additives) demonstrated that the early stage feed-to-glass conversion reactions below 800 °C are critical for the retention of Re (used as a nonradioactive surrogate of Tc-99) in glass. To examine the effect of feed composition on the feed-to-glass conversion reactions, simplified systems containing major LAW components (NaNO3 and NaOH) and representative additive components (SiO2 and H3BO3) were designed and tested. The ratio of H3BO3 to NaNO3 was varied in a three-component system without NaOH and the ratio of NaOH to NaNO3 was varied in a four-component system at a fixed H3BO3 to NaNO3 ratio. As a first step of testing with simplified feeds, this study applied thermal analyses and phase characterization of the reacting feeds, which were performed without the addition of Re, to investigate the evolution of salt phases during the slurry drying process and upon heating of dried feeds.
Investigations Into Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries Based on Ferrocene Bisulfonate

The successful implementation of redox flow battery (RFB) technology requires the development of highly stable and soluble catholyte and anolyte materials that could be used in aqueous media. In th...
Characterization of cell mediated immune responses in stressed and unstressed beef calves

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in North American beef cattle. One part of the cattle industry that is particularly affected by BRD is the stocker cattle segment. It is common for stocker calves to be vaccinated against the most common disease causing agents at arrival to stocker facilities. Unfortunately, stocker calves experience numerous stressors that could impact the efficacy of vaccination and it has been established that stress can suppress immune function in cattle. The objectives of this study were to characterize the cell-mediate immune responses multiple source, highly commingled calves of unknown health history and compare the responses of these calves to those of calves that were single source, of a known health history, and weaned for 60 days.
US-China Tariff War: A Gravity Approach

Trade wars occur as a consequence of countries imposing tariffs and/or other trade barriers on one another. Such phenomenon is often a result of nationalism, unilateralism, and protectionism, and intensifies due to retaliation by different sides of the war. We use recent multinational trade data to measure the effects of single- and multi-sided tariffs on international trade. The methodology used in the paper is the structural Gravity model first introduced by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003). Theoretical implications and references of gravity equations are also presented throughout the article.
The neurobiology of drug addiction: cross-species insights into the dysfunction and recovery of the prefrontal cortex

A growing preclinical and clinical body of work on the effects of chronic drug use and drug addiction has extended the scope of inquiry from the putative reward-related subcortical mechanisms to higher-order executive functions as regulated by the prefrontal cortex. Here we review the neuroimaging evidence in humans and non-human primates to demonstrate the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in emotional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations in drug addiction, with particular attention to the impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (iRISA) framework. In support of iRISA, functional and structural neuroimaging studies document a role for the prefrontal cortex in assigning excessive salience to drug over non-drug-related processes with concomitant lapses in self-control, and deficits in reward-related decision-making and insight into illness. Importantly, converging insights from human and non-human primate studies suggest a causal relationship between drug addiction and prefrontal insult, indicating that chronic drug use causes the prefrontal cortex damage that underlies iRISA while changes with abstinence and recovery with treatment suggest plasticity of these same brain regions and functions. We further dissect the overlapping and distinct characteristics of drug classes, potential biomarkers that inform vulnerability and resilience, and advancements in cutting-edge psychological and neuromodulatory treatment strategies, providing a comprehensive landscape of the human and non-human primate drug addiction literature as it relates to the prefrontal cortex.
Ultra-Low Power 32kHz Crystal Oscillators: Fundamentals and Design Techniques

One of the challenges to the proliferation of Internet of Things is ultra-low power circuit design. Wireless nodes common in IoT applications use sleep timers to synchronize with each other and enable heavy duty cycling of power-hungry communication blocks to reduce average power. 32kHz crystal oscillators remain the most popular choice for sleep timers thanks to their frequency stability, simplicity, and low cost. Because sleep timers must be always on, their power consumption must be low compared to the average power of wireless nodes. Meantime, 32kHz crystal oscillators must operate reliably under process, voltage, and temperature variations and exhibit good long-term stability, which make circuit design challenging considering their ultra-low power operation. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in ultra-low power 32kHz crystal oscillators. Fundamentals of crystal oscillators are introduced and analyzed from the perspective of power and frequency stability. Based on these fundamentals and analyses, existing design techniques of 32kHz crystal oscillators are discussed, highlighting the evolution of architectures in ultra-low power 32kHz crystal oscillators. Finally, research directions related to 32kHz crystal oscillators are introduced.
Review of the Clean Pet Food Revolution: How Better Pet Food Will Change the World

The Clean Pet Food Revolution: How Better Pet Food Will Change the World is written by three authors from diverse professional backgrounds with a common interest in pet care. Ernie Ward is a veteri...
Current Estimates and Projections for the Epidemic

153. Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2000;23:246–254. 154. Renjifo B, Fawzi W, Mwakagile D, et al. Differences in perinatal transmission among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotypes. J Hum Virol, 2001;4:16–25. 155. Blackard JT, Renjifo B, Fawzi W, et al. HIV-1 LTR subtype and perinatal transmission. Virology, 2001;287:261–265.
Graves’ Disease in Childhood

The most prevalent cause of thyrotoxicosis in children is Graves’ disease (GD), and remission occurs only in a modest proportion of patients. Thus most pediatric patients with GD will need treatment with radioactive iodine (RAI; 131I) or surgical thyroidectomy. When antithyroid drugs (ATDs) are prescribed, only methimazole (MMI) should be administered, as PTU is associated with an unacceptable risk of severe liver injury. If remission does not occur following ATD therapy, 131I or surgery should be contemplated. When 131I is administered, dosages should be greater than 150 μCi/g of thyroid tissue, with higher dosages needed for large glands. Considering that there will be low-level whole body radiation exposure associated with 131I, this treatment should be avoided in young children. When surgery is performed, near total or total thyroidectomy is the recommended procedure. Complications for thyroidectomy in children are considerably higher than in adults; thus an experienced thyroid surgeon is needed when children are operated on. Most importantly, the care of children with GD can be complicated and requires physicians with expertise in the area.
Professor Newton's Principles

Thinking About Physics . Roger G. Newton. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2000. 208 pp. $24.95, £15.95. ISBN 0-691-00920-1. Seeking to encourage thinking rather than simply doing, Roger Newton offers a thought-provoking overview of the concepts that form the framework for research in contemporary physics.
A Preface to the Problem of Stress Corrosion Cracking

The characteristics of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are enumerated in the context of a historical sketch of the problem. The roles of pitting and brittle fracture in affecting the behavior of materials in tests of smooth specimens are depicted. The rationale for using fracture mechanics in evaluating crack propagation behavior is given, and a rudimentary composite of the results of smooth specimen tests and crack propagation ("fracture Mechanics") specimen tests is presented. We lack predictive capability with respect to SCC from one chemical environment to another.
Adjustment Costs and the Sequencing of Trade Liberalisation

A common feature of trade agreements between countries is that the integration of markets proceeds in stages. This paper examin es conceptually the role played by adjustment costs in determining the best way to structure an agreement between two countries when there are multiple sectors to be liberalised. Adjustment costs to liberalisatio n of industries might influence the timing of liberalisatio n, with the analysis bearing similarity to why tariff reductions tend to be phased in over time. When two industries have no ‘spillover eff ects’, trade agreements with sequential liberalisation will be less costly to sustain. However, if the liberalisation of one in dustry influences permanently the flow of benefits from liberalising the other industry, simultaneous liberalisation may be easier to sustain.
Dynamic modeling for vapor compression systems—Part II: Simulation tutorial

This two-part article provides an introduction to dynamic modeling for vapor compression systems. Part II presents example physics-based models for each component with a discussion on common assumptions and model variations. For two-phase heat exchangers, examples for both moving boundary and finite-control volume approaches are given, along with their associated advantages and limitations. Particular modeling challenges, such as model initialization, validation, and numerical simulation, are also addressed, and sample simulation results are utilized to compare modeling paradigms and illustrate key issues. Rather than advocating the use a particular software tool, this article provides a general tutorial on constructing dynamic simulations of vapor compression systems, outlining potential challenges and possible solutions.
The roles of rhetoric in the public understanding of science

In the public understanding of science, rhetoric has two distinct roles: it is both a theory capable of analysing public understanding and an activity capable of creating it. In its analytical role, rhetoric reveals two dominant models of public understanding: the deficit model and the contextual model. In the deficit model, rhetoric acts in the minor role of creating public understanding by accommodating the facts and methods of science to public needs and limitations. In the contextual model, rhetoric and rhetorical analysis play major roles. Rhetorical analysis provides an independent source of evidence to secure social scientific claims; in addition, it supplies the grounds for a rhetoric of reconstruction, one that reconstitutes the fact and facts of science in the public interest.
Pressor responses to ephedrine are not impaired in dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout mice

Background and Purpose: Ephedrine and amphetamine can cause substantial increases in systemic arterial pressure. However, the role of endogenous noradrenaline release in mediating the pressor response to ephedrine is controversial. Studies using pharmacologic agents to decrease the synthesis, storage, and release of catecholamines have supported both a direct and an indirect mechanism of action for ephedrine. The purpose of the present study was to determine if endogenous noradrenaline release is required for cardiovascular responses to ephedrine and amphetamine using a genetic mouse model. Experimental Approach: Increases in systemic arterial pressure and heart rate in response to ephedrine and amphetamine were investigated and compared in dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice that cannot synthesize noradrenaline. Dbh +/- littermates have normal noradrenaline and adrenaline tissue levels, and served as controls in all experiments. Key Results: In Dbh -/- mice the increases in systemic arterial pressure and heart rate in response to i.v. injections of ephedrine were not impaired whereas responses to amphetamine were markedly reduced, when compared with responses in Dbh +/- mice. The pressor response to tyramine was abolished whereas pressor responses to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, dopamine, and angiotensin II were similar in Dbh -/- and Dbh +/- mice. Conclusions and Implications: The present results in Dbh -/- mice provide support for the hypothesis that pressor responses to ephedrine are directly mediated whereas responses to amphetamine are dependent on the release of noradrenaline and suggest that Dbh +/- and Dbh -/- mice are useful for the study of direct and indirect mechanisms. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 29–36. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706942
Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays from Galactic Supernovae

A simple phenomenological formula is developed relating one ion energy, the collision energy of an ion and a nucleus at rest in the Earth’s atmosphere, to another ion energy, the trajectory energy of the ion before the collision. The resulting formula realizes the possibility that ultra-high energy cosmic rays are products of the supernovae in our Galaxy while recognizing that terrestrial experiments have not yet detected any effect. If the collision-trajectory energy difference is one or two percent for 1 TeV protons at the Tevatron, then a readily apparent difference should occur with a 7 TeV trajectory at the LHC.
Low-temperature dielectric behavior of Nb2O5–SiO2 solid solutions

Dielectric properties of Nb2O5(0.92):SiO2(0.08) ceramic were measured in the temperature range of 10–300 K by the cryostat system. Frequency-dependent dielectric loss suggests the relaxation behavior of this material. The relaxation mechanism was analyzed by the Arrhenius relationship and the Cole–Cole plot. Calculated distribution of relaxation time reveals deviation from the pure Debye relaxation.
Composing Agency: Theorizing the Readiness Potentials of Literacy Practices

This essay argues that literacy actors compose agency through the embodied practice of literacies in combination with self-aware feedback loops. The argument brings together recent conversations on agency, embodiment, and cognition in composition studies, neuroscience, and the humanities to develop the concept of discursive readiness potential. Discursive readiness potential refers to one’s embodied agency and accounts for the range of possible actions available to an actor on the basis of her or his past experiences. Furthermore, discursive readiness potential points to one’s capacity to navigate a field of potential literate practices into one actualized action. As such, the essay supports a renewed call for research on agency and embodied cognition in composition studies by outlining discursive readiness potential as a flexible process model for understanding how agents act in emergent discursive situations.
Bell inequality for position and time

The quantum-mechanical uncertainty in the position of a particle or the time of its emission is shown to produce observable effects that are inconsistent with any local hidden-variable theory. A new experimental test of local hidden-variable theories based on optical interference is proposed.
Regulation of the immune system by sympathetic neural mechanisms.

The immune system is made up of primary and secondary lymphoid organs, containing lymphocytes and several accessory cell types, which are the key agents of immunological reactivity. Some of the basic features of immune responses are reviewed. Several pathways from the CNS to the immune system are of potential importance in physiological regulation. The sympathetic nervous system innervates all lymphoid organs with noradrenergic fibers. Furthermore, lymphocytes have receptors for sympathetic neurotransmitters, e.g., beta adrenoceptors. Sympathetic denervation by pharmacologic treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine has a marked affect on several immune responses, including antibody production, delayed hypersensitivity, and generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and synthetic adrenergic agonists potentiate cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vitro. This appears to be mediated via beta 2 adrenoceptors. Studies with adrenoceptor blockers also indicate a possible role for alpha receptors. In sum, our studies indicate that intact noradrenergic innervation is required for normal immune function. Sympathetic neural influence, via norepinephrine release, may be exerted at the cellular (activation, proliferation, secretion of products) as well as the physiologic (antigen localization, lymphocyte migration) levels.
Effect of methyl substitution on protein tertiary structure

Biological effects caused by the post-translational methylation of certain side chains in proteins has been thought to be due solely to changes in charge, steric relations or hydrophobicity at the site of the methyl group. However, there is increasing evidence that the presence of CH3 can also induce a "global" effect on the protein molecule. Some of the evidence is described in this paper.
The context preexposure facilitation effect in mice: a dose-response analysis of pretraining scopolamine administration.

The context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) is an elaboration of contextual fear conditioning and refers to enhanced contextual conditioning resulting from preexposure to the context prior to a separate, brief context-shock episode. A version of the CPFE developed by Rudy and colleagues in rats has demonstrated greater sensitivity to pre-training hippocampal insult relative to standard contextual fear conditioning preparations. Our aim was to adapt the Rudy CPFE procedures to mice. In Experiment 1 we compared performance of young adult male C57BL6/J mice on two versions of the CPFE. One version – not previously used in mice – adapted methods established by Rudy and colleagues, and the other CPFE task replicated procedures previously established in this mouse strain by Gould and colleagues. In Experiment 2 we compared the effects of pre-training intraperitoneal administration of moderate levels of scopolamine or methylscopolamine on contextual conditioning between mice trained using the Rudy CPFE method and a separate group trained using standard contextual fear procedures. Scopolamine is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist that impairs hippocampal function. Robust freezing to the conditioning context was observed in mice trained using the Rudy CPFE method (Experiment 1), and greater scopolamine-induced impairments in contextual freezing were observed using this CPFE method relative to mice trained using standard contextual fear procedures (Experiment 2). These findings support use of the Rudy CPFE task as a behavioral assay for hippocampal function in mice.
Performance analysis of error-detecting-and-correcting codes in a random-error environment

A method of analyzing the performance of error-detecting-and-correcting codes in a random-error environment is presented. A tutorial section is included which establishes the general background required for the analysis. The subject of error detection and nondetection is covered extensively in existing literature. The concept of erroneous data reconstruction is almost totally avoided in code performance discussions. The total set of performance equations for error-detecting-and-correcting codes in a random-error environment is developed. These equations establish probabilistic rates for the occurrence of decoding conditions such as nondetection, miscorrection (erroneous data reconstruction), decoding failure and correct decoding for a given code. Examples illustrating the performance of several codes are given.
Induction of apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells by green tea catechins

Cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated strong chemopreventative effects of green tea and its associated polyphenols in multiple cancers, though the exact mechanisms of action are not well understood. This in vitro study examined the antiproliferative/pro-apoptotic potential of green tea extract (GTE), polyphenon-60 (PP-60), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in both normal and malignant human bladder cells. Cell growth (proliferation/apoptosis) was measured in UROtsa (normal), SW780 (tumorigenic; low-grade), and TCCSUP (tumorigenic; high-grade) human bladder urothelial cells by cell proliferation (XTT) assay after treatment with 0-80 microg/mL of GTE, PP-60, ECG and EGCG for 72 h. Molecular signaling pathways of catechin-induced apoptosis were analyzed using Human signal transduction RT(2) Profiler PCR array (SuperArray). Compared to control-treated cells, treatment with catechin agents significantly suppressed cell growth in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.01), with strongest effects evoked by ECG and EGCG in UROtsa cells, ECG in low-grade RT4 and SW780 cells, and PP-60 and EGCG in high-grade TCCSUP and T24 cells. Microarray analysis indicated distinct differences in mRNA gene expression regarding growth signaling pathway activation induced by EGCG in normal/tumorigenic human bladder cell lines, providing a rationale for the putative therapeutic usage of green tea polyphenols against bladder disease.
Bistatic Radar Detection of the Melting Layer

Abstract Recent operation of the Valley Forge-Wallops Island bistatic radar link during two days characterized by light rain and drizzle provided some detailed, bistatically derived information on atmospheric structure in the vicinity of Wallops Island. Data are presented that give unambiguous evidence of the simultaneous bistatic and monostatic radar detection of the melting layer. The height of the melting layer, as measured in the bistatic mode, has been confirmed by both radar backscatter measurements and radiosonde data. Methods used in interpreting forward-scatter data are discussed and approximate values for the layer thickness and reflectivity are derived.
Spatial variation in membrane excitability modulated by 4-AP-sensitive K+ channels in the axons of the crayfish neuromuscular junction

Current-clamp recordings were made from the primary (1°) and secondary (2°) branching points (BPs) of axons at the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Action potential (AP) firing initiated by current...
High-yielding, regiospecific synthesis of cis(4,4')-di(carbomethoxybenzo)-30-crown-10, its conversion to a pyridyl cryptand and strong complexation of 2,2'- and 4,4'-bipyridinium derivatives.

A high yielding (93%), regiospecific synthesis of cis(4,4′)-di(carbomethoxybenzo)-30-crown-10 (1c) is reported. The derived crown ether diol 1d was converted to pyridyl cryptand 12 in 44% yield by reaction with pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl chloride. Binding of two different 4,4′-bipyridinium (paraquat) species (3) and 2,2′-bipyridinium (diquat) 4 by 12 was explored via 1H NMR spectroscopy, NOE experiments, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallographic analyses, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Cryptand 12 exhibits the highest association constant for diquat ever reported (Ka = 1.9 × 106 M−1) and very high association constants for paraquats (Ka > 105 M−1) in acetone at 22 °C. The binding constant of diquat 4 by cryptand 12 is nearly 6-times higher than any other reported host.
Effect of Prerigor Pressurization on the Retail Characteristics of Beef

Loin steaks were obtained from eight utility cows and ground beef from the bottom round of four choice steers. One side was randomly assigned to be prerigor pressurized (PRP) and the other side served as control (CON). Steaks and ground beef were displayed under simulated retail conditions for 5 and 3 days, respectively. PRP significantly improved lean color of the steaks for the first 4 days of display period. PRP steaks were significantly less discolored at the 5th day. No significant difference for any of the measured traits was observed for samples of ground beef. PRP had no detrimental effect on the case-life of steaks or ground beef.
Combined open and endovascular treatment of a saccular aneurysm and redundant loop of the internal carotid artery

We report the unusual case of a woman with a saccular aneurysm of the distal cervical internal carotid artery arising just distal to a kink and a 360° redundant loop. The retromandibular position of the aneurysm would have mandated a complex surgical procedure. A purely endovascular approach was not possible owing to the difficulty to pass any kind of device beyond the redundant loop. A hybrid approach, in which the kink was surgically straightened and the saccular aneurysm coiled after stenting of its orifice, was therefore used to treat this challenging case. A review of the literature supporting this approach is discussed.
Laetisaria arvalis (Aphyllophorales, Corticiaceae): a possible biological control agent for Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium species.

SUMMARY Laetisaria arvalis, a soil-inhabiting basidiomycete, is described from culture as a new species. Descriptions and illustrations of the basidiocarps and cultures are provided and the relationship of L. arvalis to Phanerochaete as well as its potential importance as a biological control agent are discussed. About 1960, M. G. Boosalis isolated a fungus with clamp connections from soil planted to sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) for more than 50 yr near Scottsbluff, Scotts Bluff County, Neb. His early studies of this isolate indicated that it might be used as a biological control agent against Thanatephorus cucumerus (Frank) Donk (anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) the cause of a root rot of sugar beets. Recently the 1 This article was written and prepared by U. S. Government employees on