cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fumonisin: A template for methodology development and drug discovery*

The chemistry and biology of the fumonisin family of natural products has inspired an integrated research program featuring methods development for stereoselective synthesis of homoallylic alcohols, accompanied by applications of these methods to the first synthesis of fumonisin B 1 , and to preparing a family of stereoisomeric 2-amino-3,5-diol analogs of 1-deoxysphingolipids, as a possible approach to discovering new drugs for cancer chemotherapy.
Universal gas density and temperature profile

We present an analytic approach to predict gas density and temperature profiles in dark matter haloes. We assume that the gas density profile traces the dark matter density profile in outer parts of the haloes, as suggested by many hydrodynamic simulations. Under this assumption, the hydrostatic equilibrium uniquely fixes the two free parameters in the model, the mass–temperature normalization and the polytropic index, that determine the temperature profile. This enables us to predict a universal gas profile from any universal dark matter profile. Our results show that gas tracing dark matter in the outer parts of the haloes is inconsistent with gas being isothermal; on the contrary, it requires temperature to decrease slowly with radius, in agreement with observations. We compare our predictions for X-ray surface brightness profiles of the haloes and the mass–temperature relation with observations. We find that they are generally in good agreement. We compare the universal profile with the β profile and find that, although the β profile gives a reasonable fit to our predicted profiles, the deviation from it can explain many of the observed trends, once we take into account the observational selection effects. Our model predicts that the mass–temperature relation does not follow the self-similar relation because of the mass-dependent halo concentration. We also predict surface brightness profiles of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. We find that fitted to the β-profile the core radii and β inferred from the SZ effect are systematically larger than those from the X-ray measurement.
A General Model for Reachability Testing of Concurrent Programs

Reachability testing is a technique for testing concurrent programs. Reachability testing derives test sequences on-the-fly as the testing process progresses, and can be used to systematically exercise all the behaviors of a program. The main contribution of this paper is a general model for reachability testing. This model allows reachability testing to be applied to many different types of concurrent programs, including asynchronous and synchronous message passing programs, and shared-memory programs that use semaphores, locks, and monitors. We define a common format for execution traces and present timestamp assignment schemes for identifying races and computing race variants, which are a crucial part of reachability testing. Finally, we discuss a prototype reachability testing tool, called RichTest, and present some empirical results.
Following the “Mail Hawks” Alternative Measures of Public Opinion on Vietnam in the Johnson White House

Scholars argue that public opinion grew in importance during the Vietnam conflict, yet most find President Johnson was not responsive to public opinion during the War. We amplify these theories by demonstrating the practical value of public opinion mail sent to the White House on Vietnam, reshaping theories about the constraining role of public opinion in foreign policy. We find that the White House mail, but not opinion polling, favoring escalation of the War had a significant and positive impact on President Johnson's policy rhetoric. From these and similar findings, we conclude that the Johnson Administration fol- lowed core "hawkish" political allies (those individuals desiring a rapid escalation and quick end to the war) rather than those approving of a with- drawal, suggesting mail-gauged opinion from electoral partners (and core political allies more broadly) has value in foreign policy making. The Vietnam War altered scholars' opinions of the role of public opinion in establishing support for foreign policy (Lunch and Sperlich 1979; Holsti 1992). In particular, public opinion grew in influence over elite opinion, a phenomenon that reflected the breakdown in elite consensus during the Vietnam conflict (Hallin 1986; Powlick 1995) and the White House's desire to cultivate public support independent of Congress or the media (Katz 1997). This historic opening provided a more influential role for public opinion in the disposition of the Vietnam War (Cohen 1973; Buzzanco 2002). Although presidents are generally able to strongly influence opinion on foreign affairs, presidents still need to have a favorable climate of opinion for their actions, especially if the crisis involves casualties or significant military resources. Ultimately, the president must adhere to the boundaries placed on foreign policy by public opinion (Sobel 2001).
The simple random walk and max-degree walk on a directed graph

We bound total variation and L∞ mixing times, spectral gap and magnitudes of the complex valued eigenvalues of general (nonreversible nonlazy) Markov chains with a minor expansion property. The resulting bounds for the (nonlazy) simple and max-degree walks on a (directed) graph are of the optimal order. It follows that, within a factor of two or four, the worst case of each of these mixing time and eigenvalue quantities is a walk on a cycle with clockwise drift. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Technology leverage for ultra-low power information systems

Many applications for future generations of logic and memory chips will be requiring highly sophisticated computing functions at low cost. Small form factors, portability, and low cost will require low power operation. While continued scaling of silicon technology to dimensions below quarter micron devices and interconnections appears technically feasible, higher levels of integration and operation at higher speed have been driving the power consumption of logic chips up instead of down. This paper discusses how scaled submicron silicon technology can provide leverage to reduce power, while gaining in throughput for logic chips, and in capacity for memory functions. Strong reductions in voltage supply have to accompany shrinking dimensions. Materials limits such as tunneling currents through ultra-thin silicon-dioxide gate dielectrics and electromigration in minimum pitch interconnections emerge to be key challenges to realize low power 0.1 /spl mu/m level CMOS circuits. A more than 10/spl times/ gain in productivity as measured by the energy*delay product can be realized by shrinking from 0.5-0.125 /spl mu/m CMOS device technology. >
On the Sum Constraint: Relaxation and Applications

The global constraint sum can be used as a tool to implement summations over sets of variables whose indices are not known in advance. This paper has two major contributions. On the theoretical side, we present the convex hull relaxation for the sum constraint in terms of linear inequalities, whose importance in the context of hybrid models is then justified. On the practical side, we demonstrate the applicability of the sum constraint in a scheduling problem that arises as part of the development of new products in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. This problem can be modeled in two alternative ways: by using the sum constraint in a natural and straightforward manner, or by using the element constraint in a trickier fashion. With the convex hull relaxation developed earlier, we prove that the linear relaxation obtained from the former model is tighter than the one obtained from the latter. Moreover, our computational experiments indicate that the CP model based on the sum constraint is significantly more efficient as well.
Electrical characterization of integrated circuit molding compound

Broadband dielectric characterization techniques were applied to a novolac epoxy molding compound used in the integrated circuit industry. Both dielectric loss tangent and relative dielectric constant were determined over the frequency range from 100 MHz to 1.4 GHz, using two independent measurement methods. The molding compound was in "as-molded condition", which resembles the use conditions for the material.
Probabilistic Record Linkage in Astronomy: Directional Cross-Identification and Beyond

Modern astronomy increasingly relies upon systematic surveys, whose dedicated telescopes continuously observe the sky across varied wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum; some surveys also observe nonelectromagnetic messengers, such as high-energy particles or gravitational waves. Stars and galaxies look different through the eyes of different instruments, and their independent measurements have to be carefully combined to provide a complete, sound picture of the multicolor and eventful universe. The association of an object's independent detections is, however, a difficult problem scientifically, computationally, and statistically, raising varied challenges across diverse astronomical applications. The fundamental problem is finding records in survey databases with directions that match to within the direction uncertainties. Such astronomical versions of the record linkage problem are known by various terms in astronomy: cross-matching; cross-identification; and directional, positional, or sp...
A survey of sulfide ligands for allylic C-H oxidations of terminal olefins.

Perfect to a THT! Screening a diverse library of thioether ligands led to the discovery of tetrahydrothiophene (THT) as a highly reactive and selective ligand for Pd-catalyzed allylic CH oxidation reactions. This novel ligand system provides some of the highest reported yields for the formation of (E)-linear allylic acetates through allylic CH activation chemistry (BQ = 1,4-benzoquinone).
Optimum control of an unknown linear plant using Bayesian estimation of the error

In this paper, the theory of the optimum control of an unknown linear plant is discussed. Rather than try to estimate the coeffcients of the plant, the future error as defined by a quadratic measure is estimated using a Bayesian estimator. In this manner, better system performance can be expected since the effect of estimation errors on the estimator is obtained. The optimum control signal is then obtained which minimizes the estimated future error. It is shown that it is a linear function of the present output of the system. In the final section, a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the convergence of this procedure to the optimum system obtained with known coefficients.
Security-constrained unit commitment with volatile wind power generation

This paper presents a security-constrained unit commitment(SCUC) algorithm which takes into account the intermittency and volatility of wind power generation. The UC problem is solved in the master problem with the forecasted intermittent wind power generation. Next, possible scenarios are simulated for representing the wind power volatility. The initial dispatch is checked in the subproblem and generation redispatch is considered for satisfying the hourly volatility of wind power in simulated scenarios. If the redispatch fails to mitigate violations, Benders cuts are created and added to the master problem to revise the commitment solution. The iterative process between the commitment problem and the feasibility check subproblem will continue until simulated wind power scenarios can be accommodated by redispatch. Numerical simulations indicate the effectiveness of the proposed SCUC algorithm for managing the security of power system operation by taking into account the intermittency and volatility of wind power generation.
Improving genetic risk prediction by leveraging pleiotropy

An important task of human genetics studies is to predict accurately disease risks in individuals based on genetic markers, which allows for identifying individuals at high disease risks, and facilitating their disease treatment and prevention. Although hundreds of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted on many complex human traits in recent years, there has been only limited success in translating these GWAS data into clinically useful risk prediction models. The predictive capability of GWAS data is largely bottlenecked by the available training sample size due to the presence of numerous variants carrying only small to modest effects. Recent studies have shown that different human traits may share common genetic bases. Therefore, an attractive strategy to increase the training sample size and hence improve the prediction accuracy is to integrate data from genetically correlated phenotypes. Yet, the utility of genetic correlation in risk prediction has not been explored in the literature. In this paper, we analyzed GWAS data for bipolar and related disorders and schizophrenia with a bivariate ridge regression method, and found that jointly predicting the two phenotypes could substantially increase prediction accuracy as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. We also found similar prediction accuracy improvements when we jointly analyzed GWAS data for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The empirical observations were substantiated through our comprehensive simulation studies, suggesting that a gain in prediction accuracy can be obtained by combining phenotypes with relatively high genetic correlations. Through both real data and simulation studies, we demonstrated pleiotropy can be leveraged as a valuable asset that opens up a new opportunity to improve genetic risk prediction in the future.
A Real-World Size Organization of Object Responses in Occipitotemporal Cortex

While there are selective regions of occipitotemporal cortex that respond to faces, letters, and bodies, the large-scale neural organization of most object categories remains unknown. Here, we find that object representations can be differentiated along the ventral temporal cortex by their real-world size. In a functional neuroimaging experiment, observers were shown pictures of big and small real-world objects (e.g., table, bathtub; paperclip, cup), presented at the same retinal size. We observed a consistent medial-to-lateral organization of big and small object preferences in the ventral temporal cortex, mirrored along the lateral surface. Regions in the lateral-occipital, inferotemporal, and parahippocampal cortices showed strong peaks of differential real-world size selectivity and maintained these preferences over changes in retinal size and in mental imagery. These data demonstrate that the real-world size of objects can provide insight into the spatial topography of object representation.
Total synthesis of didmolamides A and B

Abstract The first total synthesis of didmolamides A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ) has been accomplished by the solid phase assembly of thiazole-containing amino acids and commercially available Fmoc-protected amino acids. The synthesis of didmolamide B was also achieved in high yield using solution phase peptide synthesis. The thiazole-containing amino acid composing 1 and 2 was synthesized by a MnO 2 oxidation of a thiazoline, prepared from an Ala-Cys dipeptide using bis(triphenyl)oxodiphosphonium trifluoromethanesulfonate. The final macrolactamization was accomplished efficiently by PyBOP and DMAP in solution.
Hospital readmission for postpartum endometritis

This study identified risk factors associated with readmission for postpartum endometritis.The study group consisted of 109 mothers (Group I) who were discharged after delivery and readmitted with endometritis. Control groups consisted of women who had endometritis immediately after delivery but who did not require readmission (Group II, n = 109), and women who had no intrapartum or puerperal infection and also were not readmitted (Group III, n = 109). Subjects in Groups II and III were matched to an index study subject for date of delivery and maternal age, race, and parity; and women in Groups I and III were also matched for route of delivery. Groups were compared in terms of demographic characteristics, intrapartum course, and clinical presentation. The data were analyzed with the t-test, χ2, and multiple logistic regression analyses, and a P value >. 05 was considered significant.Women in Groups I and III delivered vaginally more often than mothers in Group II. In addition, mothers in Groups I and III...
Some properties of lower level-sets of convolutions

In the present paper we prove a certain lemma about the structure of 'lower level-sets of convolutions', which are sets of the form {x ∈ â¤N : 1A * 1A(x) â¤ γ N} or of the form {x ∈ â¤N : 1A(x) 0. It is perhaps possible to obtain such a result using Green's arithmetic regularity lemma (in combination with some ideas of Bourgain [6]); however, our method of proof allows us to obtain non-tower-type quantitative dependence between the constant c and the parameters I¸ and Iµ. For various reasons (discussed in the paper) one might think, wrongly, that such results would only be possible for level-sets involving triple and higher convolutions.
International Trade and Commercial Policy for Durable Goods

Many commodities traded internationally are durable in nature. A dynamic durable goods oligopoly trade model is analyzed. The analysis indicates that the pattern of intraindustry trade depends fundamentally on the quality or durability of the firms’ output. Indeed, product durability influences the effectiveness of commercial policy. For example, as domestic product durability rises, an increase in domestic tariffs has a smaller impact on domestic production. In addition, the model uncovers a previously unrecognized avenue by which product quality standards act as a barrier to trade. The results may help explain some of the empirical anomalies found in the literature.
Vanishing Viscosity in the Plane for Nondecaying Velocity and Vorticity

Assuming that initial velocity and initial vorticity are bounded in the plane, we show that on a sufficiently short time interval the unique solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations converge uniformly to the unique solution of the Euler equations as viscosity approaches zero. We also establish a rate of convergence.
Control-flow versus data-flow-based scheduling: combining both approaches in an adaptive scheduling system

As high-level synthesis techniques gain acceptance among designers, it is important to be able to provide a robust system which can handle large designs in short execution times, producing high-quality results. Scheduling is one of the most complex tasks in high-level synthesis, and although many algorithms exist for solving the scheduling problem, it remains a main source of inefficiency by either not producing high-quality results, not taking into account realistic design requirements, or requiring unacceptable execution times. One of the main problems in scheduling is the dichotomy between control and data. Many algorithms to date have been able to provide scheduling solutions by looking only at either the data part or the control part of the design. This has been done in order to simplify the problem; however, it has resulted in many algorithms unable to handle efficiently large designs with complex control and data functionality. This paper presents algorithms for combining dataflow and control-flow techniques into a robust scheduling system. The main characteristics of this system are as follows: 1) it uses path-based techniques for efficient handling of control and mutual exclusiveness (for resource sharing), 2) it allows operation reordering and parallelism extraction within the context of path-based scheduling, 3) it contains a control partitioning algorithm for design space exploration as well as for reducing the number of control paths, and 4) it combines the above algorithms into an adaptive scheduling system which is capable of trading optimality for execution time on-the-fly. Results involving billions of paths are presented and analyzed.
Reconciling Climate Change and Trade Policy

There is growing clamor in industrial countries for additional border taxes on imports from countries with lower carbon prices. The authors confirm the findings of other research that unilateral emissions cuts by industrial countries will have minimal carbon leakage effects. However, output and exports of energy-intensive manufactures are projected to decline potentially creating pressure for trade action. A key factor affecting the impact of any border taxes is whether they are based on the carbon content of imports or the carbon content in domestic production. Their quantitative estimates suggest that the former action when applied to all merchandise imports would address competitiveness and environmental concerns in high income countries but with serious consequences for trading partners. For example, Chinas manufacturing exports would decline by one-fifth and those of all low and middle income countries by 8 per cent; the corresponding declines in real income would be 3.7 per cent and 2.4 per cent. Border tax adjustment based on the carbon content in domestic production, especially if applied to both imports and exports, would broadly address the competitiveness concerns of producers in high income countries and less seriously damage developing country trade.
Health and wealth. The late-20th century obesity epidemic in the U.S.

Obesity is a rapidly growing public health issue. This paper investigates obesity’s relationship to individuals’ wealth by analyzing data from a large U.S. longitudinal socio-economic survey. The results show a large negative association between BMI and White female’s net worth, a smaller negative association for Black women and White males and no relationship for Black males. Weight changes and dieting also appear associated with wealth changes. Individuals who lose small amounts of weight experience little change in net worth, but those who lose large amounts of weight have a dramatically improved financial position, with Whites showing larger changes than Blacks. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Theoretical foundations for abstraction-based probabilistic planning

Modeling worlds and actions under uncertainty is one of the central problems in the framework of decision-theoretic planning. The representation must be general enough to capture real-world problems but at the same time it must provide a basis upon which theoretical results can be derived. The central notion in the framework we propose here is that of the affine-operator, which serves as a tool for constructing (convex) sets of probability distributions, and which can be considered as a generalization of belief functions and interval mass assignments. Uncertainty in the state of the worlds is modeled with sets of probability distributions, represented by affine-trees, while actions are defined as tree-manipulators. A small set of key properties of the affine-operator is presented, forming the basis for most existing operator-based definitions of probabilistie action projection and action abstraction. We derive and prove correct three projection rules, which vividly illustrate the precision-complexity tradeoff in plan projection. Finally, we show how the three types of action abstraction identified by Haddawy and Doan are manifested in the present framework.
Overcoming an Untrusted Computing Base: Detecting and Removing Malicious Hardware Automatically

The computer systems security arms race between attackers and defenders has largely taken place in the domain of software systems, but as hardware complexity and design processes have evolved, novel and potent hardware-based security threats are now possible. This paper presents a hybrid hardware/software approach to defending against malicious hardware. We propose BlueChip, a defensive strategy that has both a design-time component and a runtime component. During the design verification phase, BlueChip invokes a new technique, unused circuit identification (UCI), to identify suspicious circuitry—those circuits not used or otherwise activated by any of the design verification tests. BlueChip removes the suspicious circuitry and replaces it with exception generation hardware. The exception handler software is responsible for providing forward progress by emulating the effect of the exception generating instruction in software, effectively providing a detour around suspicious hardware. In our experiments, BlueChip is able to prevent all hardware attacks we evaluate while incurring a small runtime overhead.
Rational Markets: Yes or No? The Affirmative Case

With the recent flurry of articles declaiming the death of the rational market hypothesis, it is well to pause and recall the very sound reasons this hypothesis was once so widely accepted, at least in academic circles. Although academic models often assume that all investors are rational, this assumption is clearly an expository device, not to be taken seriously. What is in contention is whether markets are “rational” in the sense that prices are set as if all investors are rational. Even if markets are not rational in this sense, abnormal profit opportunities still may not exist. In that case, markets may be said to be “minimally rational.” I maintain that not only are developed financial markets minimally rational, they are, with two qualifications, rational. I contend that, realistically, market rationality needs to be defined so as to allow investors to be uncertain about the characteristics of other investors in the market. I also argue that investor irrationality, to the extent that it affects prices, is particularly likely to be manifest through overconfidence, which in turn, is likely to make the market hyper-rational. To illustrate, the article reexamines some of the most serious historical evidence against market rationality.
Statistical mechanics of 2+1 gravity from Riemann zeta function and Alexander polynomial: exact results

Abstract In the recent publication [J. Geom. Phys. 33 (2000) 23], we have demonstrated that dynamics of 2+1 gravity can be described in terms of train tracks. Train tracks were introduced by Thurston in connection with description of dynamics of surface automorphisms. In this work, we provide an example of utilization of general formalism developed earlier. The complete exact solution of the model problem describing equilibrium dynamics of train tracks on the punctured torus is obtained. Being guided by similarities between the dynamics of two-dimensional liquid crystals and 2+1 gravity the partition function for gravity is mapped into that for the Farey spin chain. The Farey spin chain partition function, fortunately, is known exactly and has been thoroughly investigated recently. Accordingly, the transition between the pseudo-Anosov and the periodic dynamic regime (in Thurston’s terminology) in the case of gravity is being reinterpreted in terms of phase transitions in the Farey spin chain whose partition function is just the ratio of two Riemann zeta functions. The mapping into the spin chain is facilitated by recognition of a special role of the Alexander polynomial for knots/links in study of dynamics of self-homeomorphisms of surfaces. At the end of paper, using some facts from the theory of arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifolds (initiated by Bianchi in 1892), we develop systematic extension of the obtained results to noncompact Riemann surfaces of higher genus. Some of the obtained results are also useful for 3+1 gravity. In particular, using the theorem of Margulis, we provide new reasons for the black hole existence in the Universe: black holes make our Universe arithmetic, i.e. the discrete Lie groups of motion are arithmetic.
Reconstructing a B-cell clonal lineage. I. Statistical inference of unobserved ancestors

One of the key phenomena in the adaptive immune response to infection and immunization is affinity maturation, during which antibody genes are mutated and selected, typically resulting in a substantial increase in binding affinity to the eliciting antigen. Advances in technology on several fronts have made it possible to clone large numbers of heavy-chain light-chain pairs from individual B cells and thereby identify whole sets of clonally related antibodies. These collections could provide the information necessary to reconstruct their own history - the sequence of changes introduced into the lineage during the development of the clone - and to study affinity maturation in detail. But the success of such a program depends entirely on accurately inferring the founding ancestor and the other unobserved intermediates. Given a set of clonally related immunoglobulin V-region genes, the method described here allows one to compute the posterior distribution over their possible ancestors, thereby giving a thorough accounting of the uncertainty inherent in the reconstruction. I demonstrate the application of this method on heavy-chain and light-chain clones, assess the reliability of the inference, and discuss the sources of uncertainty.
A Computer Study of an Analytical Model of Boundary-Layer Transition

The results of a computer study of a new analytical model of transition from laminar to turbulent flow are presented. The model is two-dimension al in the mean flow but threedimensional in the disturbance flow. In particular, an onset of transition boundary is derived for the case of fairly large disturbances introduced into a laminar flat-opiate boundary layer at approximately the critical layer. The nature of the upper and lower branches of this onset of transition map is related to the physical processes going on in the modeled boundary layer. It is found that the upper branch of this curve is defined by a balance of dissipative effects and tendency-towards-isotropy effects as they affect the normal component of turbulent kinetic energy in the boundary layer. The lower branch is denned by a balance of diffusive effects and tendency-towards-isotropy effects on the same normal velocity correlation. Within the framework of these observations, the effect of a "favorable" pressure gradient on transition is discussed. It is suggested that the conventional approach to computing the stability boundaries of laminar flows in the presence of pressure gradient is incorrect in that it does not account for stream tube stretching effects that are shown to be important in a region near the stagnation point of blunt bodies. Finally the nature of a complete transition, as defined by the model, is discussed, and several suggestions for future research are put forth.
2-Hydroxy-5-(ethanolamino)-3-(10'-Z-pentadecenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone, new microbial phase II metabolite of maesanin.

The use of microbial models for biotransformation of the natural benzoquinone, maesanin (1), resulted in the isolation of an ethanolamine conjugate (5) from the culture broth of Debaryomyces polymorphus ATCC 20280. Metabolite 5 was characterized as 2-hydroxy-5-(ethanolamino)-3-(10'-Z-pentadecenyl)-1, 4-benzoquinone. The production of 5 represents a new type of phase II conjugation reaction in microbial systems. The results of preliminary mammalian metabolism of 1 in rats were incondlusive.
A model for assessing consumer perceptions of quality

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for linking the dimensions of quality and how customers create their perceptions of quality in the products and services that they purchase. This provides a holistic framework for a better understanding of the various dimensions of product and service quality and their impact on consumer perceptions.Design/methodology/approach – A holistic framework for the understanding of the various dimensions of product and service quality and their impact on the creation of consumer perceptions is presented. In addition research questions for future investigations are proposed.Findings – Consumer satisfaction is directly related to how well their expectations for a product or service are met. These expectations are developed from the customers perceptions about the product or service. If the firm wishes to develop new products and services that can create competitive advantage, they must understand how the various product characteristics, or service attributes...
A new understanding of prediction markets via no-regret learning

We explore the striking mathematical connections that exist between market scoring rules, cost function based prediction markets, and no-regret learning. We first show that any cost function based prediction market can be interpreted as an algorithm for the commonly studied problem of learning from expert advice by equating the set of outcomes on which bets are placed in the market with the set of experts in the learning setting, and equating trades made in the market with losses observed by the learning algorithm. If the loss of the market organizer is bounded, this bound can be used to derive an O(√T) regret bound for the corresponding learning algorithm. We then show that the class of markets with convex cost functions exactly corresponds to the class of Follow the Regularized Leader learning algorithms, with the choice of a cost function in the market corresponding to the choice of a regularizer in the learning problem. Finally, we show an equivalence between market scoring rules and prediction markets with convex cost functions. This implies both that any market scoring rule can be implemented as a cost function based market maker, and that market scoring rules can be interpreted naturally as Follow the Regularized Leader algorithms. These connections provide new insight into how it is that commonly studied markets, such as the Logarithmic Market Scoring Rule, can aggregate opinions into accurate estimates of the likelihood of future events.
Erythrocytes from GGTA1/CMAH knockout pigs: Implications for xenotransfusion and testing in non-human primates

Background Pig erythrocytes are potentially useful to solve the worldwide shortage of human blood for transfusion. Domestic pig erythrocytes, however, express antigens that are bound by human preformed antibodies. Advances in genetic engineering have made it possible to rapidly knock out the genes of multiple xenoantigens, namely galactose α1,3 galactose (aGal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). We have recently targeted the GGTA1 and CMAH genes with zinc finger endonucleases resulting in double knockout pigs that no longer express aGal or Neu5Gc and attract significantly fewer human antibodies. In this study, we characterized erythrocytes from domestic and genetically modified pigs, baboons, chimpanzees, and humans for binding of human and baboon natural antibody, and complement-mediated lysis. Methods Distribution of anti-Neu5Gc IgG and IgM in pooled human AB serum was analyzed by ELISA. Erythrocytes from domestic pigs (Dom), aGal knockout pigs (GGTA1 KO), aGal and Neu5Gc double knockout pigs (GGTA1/CMAH KO), baboons, chimpanzees, and humans were analyzed by flow cytometry for aGal and Neu5Gc expression. In vitro comparative analysis of erythrocytes was conducted with pooled human AB serum and baboon serum. Total antibody binding was accessed by hemagglutination; complement-dependent lysis was measured by hemolytic assay; IgG or IgM binding to erythrocytes was characterized by flow cytometry. Results The pooled human AB serum contained 0.38 μg/ml anti-Neu5Gc IgG and 0.085 μg/ml anti-Neu5Gc IgM. Both Gal and Neu5Gc were not detectable on GGTA1/CMAH KO erythrocytes. Hemagglutination of GGTA1/CMAH KO erythrocytes with human serum was 3.5-fold lower compared with GGTA1 KO erythrocytes, but 1.6-fold greater when agglutinated with baboon serum. Hemolysis of GGTA1/CMAH KO erythrocytes by human serum (25%) was reduced 9-fold compared with GGTA1 KO erythrocytes, but increased 1.64-fold by baboon serum. Human IgG binding was reduced 27-fold on GGTA1/CMAH KO erythrocytes compared with GGTA1 KO erythrocytes, but markedly increased 3-fold by baboon serum IgG. Human IgM binding was decreased 227-fold on GGTA1/CMAH KO erythrocytes compared with GGTA1 KO erythrocytes, but enhanced 5-fold by baboon serum IgM. Conclusions Removal of aGal and Neu5Gc antigens from pig erythrocytes significantly reduced human preformed antibody-mediated cytotoxicity but may have complicated future in vivo analysis by enhancing reactivity from baboons. The creation of the GGTA1/CMAH KO pig has provided the xenotransplantation researcher with organs and cells that attract fewer human antibodies than baboon and our closest primate relative, chimpanzee. These finding suggest that while GGTA1/CMAH KO erythrocytes may be useful for human transfusions, in vivo testing in the baboon may not provide a direct transplantation to the clinic.
Argon Microplasma Diagnostics by Diode Laser Absorption

The densities of argon excited states (1s3, 1s4, and 1s5) and the gas temperature of argon microplasma were measured by diode laser absorption. A 900-MHz microstrip split-ring resonator was used to excite the argon microplasma with gas pressures between 1 and 760 torr. The line-integrated excited-state densities and gas temperature of these states were estimated by the integrated absorption and broadening of the measured lineshapes, respectively. The excited-state densities were found to be minimum around 50 torr and increased with either decreasing or increasing pressure. The gas temperature increases from 300 K to 900 K as pressure increases from 1 to 760 torr.
Utilities for Prostate Cancer Health States in Men Aged 60 and Older

Purpose:We sought to measure utilities for prostate cancer health states in older men.Methods:A total of 162 men aged 60 years or older (52% of whom had been diagnosed with prostate cancer) provided standard gamble utilities for 19 health states associated with prostate cancer or its treatment using
Reporting Sexual Harassment: Exploring a Predictive Model

The purposes of this study were (a) to explore the utility of a model for predicting reporting of sexual harassment and (b) to collect data on the incidence of sexual harassment using the Sexual Ex...
Financial Regulation, Monetary Policy, and Inflation in the Industrialized World

This article argues that the institutional mandates of central banks have an important influence on inflation outcomes in the advanced industrialized countries. Central banks that are also responsible for bank regulation will be more sensitive to the profitability and stability of the banking sector and therefore less likely to alter interest rates solely on the basis of price stability objectives. When bank regulation is assigned to a separate agency, the central bank is more likely to enact tighter monetary policies geared solely toward maintaining price stability. An econometric analysis of inflation in 23 industrial countries from 1975 to 1999 reveals that inflation is significantly higher in those countries with central banks that are vested with bank regulatory responsibility, although this effect is conditional on the choice of exchange rate regime and the relative size of the banking sector. We also conduct a case study of the Bank of England, which lost its bank regulatory authority to a new agen...
A Trading Volume Benchmark: Theory and Evidence

This paper provides a theoretical rebalancing benchmark for trading volume that delivers a connection between trading activity in individual stocks and market-wide volume. This model supports the empirical use of an adjustment for market-wide trading activity when filtering out normal trading volume. Data on a sample of large NYSE/AMEX firms support the usefulness of the benchmark. While 20% of the sample firms exhibit trading behavior that is consistent with the cross-sectional prediction of the rebalancing bench? mark, systematic deviations exist. An analysis of deviations from the benchmark allows a characterization of anomalous trading activity. I find that average excess turnover vs. the benchmark is positively related to option availability and institutional ownership and negatively related to firm size. The data do not yield a uniform conclusion on the effect of S&P 500 inclusion. S&P 500 inclusion does not significantly increase the trading of firms that are already trading above benchmark levels, but does result in additional trading for firms that undertrade the benchmark prior to inclusion. An investigation of individual firm market model regressions indicates that this is a useful methodology for filtering out the anomalous trading documented here.
The transition from school to jail: Youth crime and high school completion among black males

Abstract In this paper, we study the relationship among schooling, youth employment and youth crime. The framework, a multinomial discrete choice vector autoregression, provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic interactions among a youth׳s schooling, work and crime decisions and arrest and incarceration outcomes. We allow for observable initial conditions, unobserved heterogeneity, measurement error and missing data. We use data from the NLSY97 on black male youths starting from age 14. The estimates indicate important roles both for heterogeneity in initial conditions and for stochastic events that arise during one׳s youth in determining outcomes as young adults.
On the Prevention of Fraud and Privacy Exposure in Process Information Flow

Our work addresses internal information breaches that emanate from organizational workflows. Information breaches are particularly piquant in organizational workflows, as the underlying tasks constitute natural points where private information on individuals is accessed to execute the workflows. Our work builds on and extends the widely used role-based access controls by considering processwide security considerations to both optimize the efficiency of workflow staffing and minimize data exposure in complex workflows. We employ a Jackson queueing network modeling framework, which allows both predictable and stochastic variability as well as varied employee skill sets. This framework enables the modeling of internal security threats that emanate from cross-task and cross-personnel assignments and the development of optimal staffing strategies that meet security requirements at minimum operational costs. Our detailed implementation analysis reveals that the model developed is not demanding in terms of required parameters and that the proposed approach is practical and adaptable to evolving business, regulatory, and workforce conditions. Our model is applicable to any digital transformation that involves confidential data sequences that carry security vulnerability, as is often the case in many settings such as health care, online banking, electronic payment systems, and interorganizational data interchange.
DO THE LAWS OF TAX INCIDENCE HOLD? POINT OF COLLECTION AND THE PASS-THROUGH OF STATE DIESEL TAXES

The canonical theory of taxation holds that the incidence of a tax is independent of the side of the market which is responsible for remitting the tax to the government. However, this prediction does not survive in certain circumstances, for example when the ability to evade taxes differs across economic agents. In this paper, we estimate in the context of state diesel fuel taxes how the incidence of a quantity tax depends on the point of tax collection, where the level of the supply chain responsible for remitting the tax varies across states and over time. Our results indicate that moving the point of tax collection from the retail station to higher in the supply chain substantially raises the pass-through of diesel taxes to the retail price. Furthermore, tax revenues respond positively to collecting taxes from the distributor or prime supplier rather than from the retailer, suggesting that evasion is the likely explanation for the incidence result.
Digital selective calling and direct printing techniques in the mobile maritime service

For a variety of reasons, communications with ships on the high seas have significantly lagged behind other communications services. For example, the maritime mobile service is practically the only service where manual Morse still constitutes a major part of the communications services. In the last few years, however, some new techniques have been developed which promise to improve maritime communications. This paper provides a background discussion of maritime mobile communications and describes two recent techniques, digital selective calling and direct printing in some detail, together with their impact on maritime communications and safety at sea. Finally, the status of and procedures for international acceptance and standardization are discussed, and national efforts to promote acceptance of these techniques are described.
Polygonal ground in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica and its relationship to ice-table depth and the recent Antarctic climate history

The occurrence of dry permafrost overlying ice-rich permafrost is unique to the Antarctic Dry Valleys on Earth and to the high latitudes of Mars. The stability and distribution of this ice are poorly understood and fundamental to understanding the Antarctic climate as far back as a few million years. Polygonal patterned ground is nearly ubiquitous in these regions and is integrally linked to the history of the icy permafrost and climate. We examined the morphology of polygonal ground in Beacon Valley and the Beacon Heights region of the Antarctic Dry Valleys, and show that polygon size is correlated with ice-table depth (the boundary between dry and ice-rich permafrost). A numerical model of seasonal stress in permafrost shows that the ice-table depth is a dominant factor. Remote sensing and field observations of polygon size are therefore important tools for investigating subsurface ice. Polygons are long-lived landforms and observed characteristics indicate no major fluctuations in the ice-table depth during their development. We conclude that the Beacon Valley and Beacon Heights polygons have developed for at least 104 years to achieve their present mature-stage morphology and that the ice-table depth has been stable for a similar length of time.
Completeness of USNO-B for High Proper Motion Stars

I test the completeness of USNO-B detections of high proper motion (μ > 180 mas yr-1) stars and the accuracy of its measurements by comparing them to the revised New Luyten Two-Tenths catalog of Salim & Gould. For 14.5 < V < 18.5, only 6% of such stars are missing from USNO-B, while another 3% have large errors, mostly too large to be useful. Including both classes, incompleteness is 9%. These fractions rise toward both brighter and fainter magnitudes. Incompleteness rises with proper motion to ~30% at μ = 1'' yr-1. It also rises to ~35% at the Galactic plane, although this is only determined for relatively bright stars V 14. For binaries, incompleteness rises from 9% at separations of 30'' to 47% at 10''. The proper-motion errors reported internally by USNO-B are generally correct. However, there is floor of σμ ~ 4 mas yr-1 below which the reported errors should not be taken at face value. The small number of stars with relatively large reported errors (σμ 20 mas yr-1) may actually have still larger errors than tabulated.
Anions in crystal engineering

This tutorial review presents a current account of anions in crystal engineering, organized around two main questions: (i) how do anions influence and control crystal structures, and (ii) how do crystal environments recognize and select anions? The first part pertains to deliberate assembly of new crystalline materials using anionic components, by taking advantage of the strong and directional interactions of anions in the solid state. Along this line, the various structural roles of anions in crystals are examined. The second question is related to selective separation of anions by crystallization, by exploiting chemical recognition phenomena in the well-defined and highly structured environment inside crystals.