cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambivalence and pregnancy: adolescents attitudes contraceptive use and pregnancy.

CONTEXT: It is often argued that adolescents who become pregnant do not sufficiently appreciate the negative consequences, and that prevention programs should target participants'attitudes toward pregnancy. METHODS: Data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine whether 15–19-year-old females' attitudes toward pregnancy influence their contraceptive consistency and their risk of pregnancy. Characteristics and attitudes associated with pregnancy and contraceptive use were assessed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Twenty percent of female adolescents were defined as having antipregnancy attitudes, 8% as having pro-pregnancy attitudes and 14% as being ambivalent toward pregnancy; the remainder were considered to have mainstream attitudes. Among sexually experienced adolescents, having an attitude toward pregnancy was not associated with risk of pregnancy. However, those who were ambivalent about pregnancy had reduced odds of using contraceptives consistently and inconsistently rather than not practicing contraception at all (odds ratios, 0.5 and 0.4, respectively).Antipregnancy respondents did not differ from proprepregancy respondents in terms of their contraceptive consistency. However, having a positive attitude toward contraception was associated with increased likelihood of inconsistent and consistent contraceptive use compared with nonuse (1.6 and 2.1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Programs designed to prevent pregnancy need to give young women information about pregnancy and opportunities to discuss the topic so that they form opinions. Furthermore, programs should emphasize positive attitudes toward contraception, because effective contraceptive use is shaped by such attitudes and is strongly associated with reduction of pregnancy risk.
Infrared and mass spectra of purine and substituted dihydropurines

Infrared spectra (potassium bromide) of purine, 7 (9)-deuteriopurine, 6-deuteriopurine, 8-deuteriopurine and a number of substituted dihydropurines are presented. The latter compounds are the 6-α-hydroxyalkyl-1,6 (or 3,6)dihydropurines formed by photoaddition of the respective alcohols to purine (4-6). From the comparative spectra of purine and its mono-deuterated derivatives, it is possible to make assignments of N-H and N-D stretching vibrations and tentative assignments of C-H deformation modes. The spectra of the substituted dihydropurines show evidence of interesting hydrogen-bonding interactions which are demonstrated most clearly in the distinct differences between the spectra of the diastereomeric purine-ethanol adducts. Mass spectra of these compounds all indicate progressive scission of HCN molecules from the principal radical-ion. In the case of the photo-adducts, HCN scission is preceded by scission at the site (i.e. 6-position) of alcohol addition to the purine ring.
Welcome to the TESE Special Issue about the Special Education Faculty Needs Assessment Project

In 2007, the Special Education Faculty Needs Assessment (SEFNA) project was initiated. SEFNA sought to determine whether the nation had the capacity to produce a sufficiently large workforce of education professionals required to meet the educational needs of students with disabilities. Before the contents of this special issue are introduced, it is important to outline the reasons for the SEFNA project.
Expression of the orphan receptor steroidogenic factor-1 mRNA in the rat medial basal hypothalamus.

Abstract Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), an orphan receptor of the nuclear hormone receptor family, binds to the AAGGTCA motif in the promoter elements of several diverse target genes, including some that mediate steroidogenesis and sexual differentiation. In addition, SF-1 is expressed in embryonic forebrain, suggesting that it plays a role in neural development. This study was undertaken to study the distribution and regulation of SF-1 mRNA expression in the rat brain. SF-1 mRNA levels were measured in tissue dissections by ribonuclease protection assay. A 452 nt 32 P -labeled cRNA probe, complementary to the putative ligand-binding domain of the rat SF-1 mRNA, was synthesized from the rat SF-1 cDNA inserted into pBluescript II KS, using a Sty 1 fragment and T3 polymerase. The probe protected a single 390 nt transcript in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and peripheral steroidogenic tissues of the male rat. The size of this protected band corresponded to that of the protected sense RNA standard (HindIII fragment of the SF-1 cDNA transcribed with T7 polymerase). No SF-1 mRNA was detected in the preoptic area, amygdala or cingulate cortex. The levels of SF-1 mRNA in MBH were not affected by gonadectomy or androgen treatment, nor was there a sex difference in its expression in adults. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that SF-1 was localized to the ventromedial nucleus of the adult hypothalamus. The levels of SF-1 mRNA were high on gestational day 18 after which they fell by ∼30% and remained constant throughout gestation, the first week of neonatal life, and into adulthood. These results demonstrate that the gene encoding SF-1 is expressed in a discrete region of the rat hypothalamus and appears to be developmentally regulated, but not affected by gonadal hormones in adults.
The chemical instability of Na2IrO3 in air

Highlights: • Na{sub 2}IrO{sub 3} decomposes rapidly in laboratory air. • The decomposition requires the simultaneous presence of CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O. • Decomposition results in a dramatic change in the magnetic properties. • Second 5 K feature in magnetic susceptibility not previously reported. - Abstract: We report that Na{sub 2}IrO{sub 3}, which has a layered honeycomb iridium oxide sublattice interleaved by Na planes, decomposes in laboratory air while maintaining the same basic crystal structure. The decomposition reaction was monitored by time-dependent powder X-ray diffraction under different ambient atmospheres, through which it was determined that it occurs only in the simultaneous presence of both CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O. A hydrated sodium carbonate is the primary decomposition product along with altered Na{sub 2}IrO{sub 3}. The diffraction signature of the altered Na{sub 2}IrO{sub 3} is quite similar to that of the pristine material, which makes the detection of decomposition difficult in a sample handled under ordinary laboratory conditions. The decomposed samples show a significantly decreased magnetic susceptibility and the disappearance of the low temperature antiferromagnetic transition considered to be characteristic of the phase. Samples that have never been exposed to air after synthesis display a previously unreported magnetic transition atmore » 5 K.« less
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MEGAKARYOCYTES AND BLOOD PLATELETS IN THE RAT SPLEEN.

The cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte in the rat spleen possesses three zones, the perinuclear, intermediate and marginal. The perinuclear zone is characterized by the presence of Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. These organelles are found also in the more voluminous intermediate zone which in addition exhibits platelet granules and an extensive development of vesicles from smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum to form demarcation membranes by coalescence. The marginal zone is almost devoid of the organelles and inclusions present elsewhere. Shedding of platelets appears to occur by extension of a paired demarcation membrane from the intermediate zone to the cell membrane and subsequent separation of its lamellae so that all of the essential organelles and inclusions of the intermediate zone may be included within the platelet. In addition, platelets contain vesicles which are probably pinocytotic in nature. Platelets are sometimes engulfed by the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells.
Temporal patterns of tephra alterations in various geologic settings: The Jemez Volcanic Field and the adjacent Morrison Formation in New Mexico and Colorado

Abstract Authigenic mineral assemblages and temporal constraints of tephra layers altered by hydrothermal activities, subaerial weathering, and burial diagenesis are described. Clay-size assemblages ( In the Jenez volcanic field, the hydrothermal illite/smectites in core hole VC-2A range between 0.66 and 0.83 Ma for subsurface Plio-Pleistocene tephra deposits (1.14–1.78 Ma) and interbedded volcaniclastic units, whereas similar clays from altered Miocene rocks yield ages between 5.6 and 8.1 Ma. These clays formed during hydrothermal alterations related to the waning phases of the various volcanic episodes of the area. Clinoptilotites from the zeolitized tephra units from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation gave discordant dates ranging from 154 to 83 Ma, whereas the illite/smectites from the bentonite beds of the same formation yielded two age groups (29.69–38.2 and 53.7–56 Ma). All the K Ar results were interpreted using the K Ar isochron method and in most cases the isochron ages are similar to the conventional K Ar results. The altered tephra layers provide diagnostic regional marker horizons in addition to recording concisely the time of diagenetic processes in various geologic settings.
Simulated Wave-Riding Dolphins

The explanation of the mechanism by which dolphins are able to ride bow waves of ships, or natural surf and wind-generated waves, has stimulated much discussion and controversy. Since an excellent summary of previous research on the wave-riding problem has been given by Fejer and Backus, only a few remarks by way of review will be given here.
Modal Split Analysis Using Logit Models

This study attempts to identify the mode and the factors that contribute to the selection of a particular mode for commodity movements provincially based on average shipment size, control, loads, hire, and type of commodity. The main objective of this study is to propose a more comprehensive and statistically credible method to analyze the vast data required in transportation planning. It involves the application of standard statistical techniques such as the log‐linear and logit models. The data are collapsed to form multidimensional contingency tables in order to develop these models. The data from both shippers and consignees are taken from a survey conducted by Alberta Transportation, Canada. From the analysis it is found that truck and rail are the only two major carriers of freight across the province. Truck mode dominates over rail in transporting all commodities. The less‐than‐full‐load market belongs exclusively to truck mode. The rail mode shares a very small percentage (<15%) of the full‐load m...
Anaerobic Methane Oxidation in a Landfill-Leachate Plume

The alluvial aquifer adjacent to Norman Landfill, OK, provides an excellent natural laboratory for the study of anaerobic processes impacting landfill-leachate contaminated aquifers. We collected groundwaters from a transect of seven multilevel wells ranging in depth from 1.3 to 11 m that were oriented parallel to the flow path. The center of the leachate plume was characterized by (1) high alkalinity and elevated concentrations of total dissolved organic carbon, reduced iron, and methane, and (2) negligible oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations. Methane concentrations and stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values suggest anaerobic methane oxidation was occurring within the plume and at its margins. Methane δ13C values increased from about −54‰ near the source to >−10‰ downgradient and at the plume margins. The isotopic fractionation associated with this methane oxidation was −13.6 ± 1.0‰. Methane 13C enrichment indicated that 80−90% of the original landfill methane was oxidized over the 210-m transect. F...
Surveillance of occupational skin disease using the supplementary data system

The utility of the Supplementary Data System (SDS) compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in conducting surveillance of occupational skin disease was evaluated by examining 14,703 workers' compensation cases reported to the SDS for the year 1981. Combined with state employment denominators obtained from the BLS Employment and Earnings Program, rates of illness (cases of dermatitis/10,000 employed) calculated for eight major industrial divisions varied significantly according to the criteria used for reporting cases. Despite quantitative variations in the rate of skin disease that depended on specific reporting criteria, the relative ranking of the major industrial divisions remained unchanged, with highest rates of skin disease consistently found in three major industry divisions: agriculture, manufacturing, and construction. This ranking of major industry divisions by rate of dermatitis corresponded extremely well with rankings generated from the 1981 Annual Survey (Spearman rank correlation = .98, p < .01). At the two-digit level of the Standard Industrial Classification, the rankings based on the SDS had a 77% rank correlation with those from the Annual Survey. Two-digit SIC codes identified from the top 10 in both sets of rankings included crop and livestock production from the agricultural division and leather products, food products, rubber and plastic products from the manufacturing division.
Distribution patterns of disjunct and endemic vascular plants in the interior wetbelt of northwest North AmericaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.

A region of contrastively wetter and milder climate occurs in inland northwest North America, separated from similar climates of the Pacific coast by 200–400 km. Researchers have long noted that nu...
Sequence and structure homologies in bacterial and mammalian-type cytochromes.

Abstract A three-dimensional structure is proposed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c 551 , based on the X-ray analysis of horse and bonito oxidized cytochromes c , and the amino-acid sequences of these and cytochrome c 2 from Rhodospirillum rubrum . Most of the changes between Pseudomonas and the other cytochromes can be accounted for by the deletion of one 16-residue hairpin loop in the horse cytochrome c structure. The agreement between the three cytochromes in terms of the number of identical amino acids is greater for this sequence alignment than for earlier ones proposed. No evidence is found in the X-ray analysis of cytochrome c for repeated polypeptide sequences such as have been reported from sequence comparisons using the criterion of minimum mutational distance in DNA. It is demonstrated that the conservative nature of the nucleic acid code is such that functional similarity in two unrelated chains can simulate evolutionary homology, and that homologies based on minimum mutational distance in DNA must be treated with caution.
Temperature, composition and molecular-weight dependence of the binary interaction parameter of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends

Abstract The binary interaction parameter χ eff has been obtained for deuterated polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends as a function of temperature, composition and molecular weight from small-angle neutron scattering experiments. The consistency of the correlation length ξ, the zero-wavenumber scattering intensity S (0) and the χ eff parameter with the mean-field prediction has been demonstrated by the q dependence of the static structure factor S ( q ) and the 1/T dependence of ξ −2 , S (0) −1 and χ eff . The effective interaction parameter χ eff can be related to the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ eff can be related to the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ F . The free-energy function as well as the spinodal curve and cloud-point curve have been constructed.
Direct modulation of epidermal growth factor binding by cholecystokinin

Abstract The effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK 8 ), the biologically active C-terminal moiety of cholecystokinin (CCK), on the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) were studied in isolated rat pancreatic acini. CCK 8 inhibited 125 I-EGF binding in a dose-dependent manner. One-half maximal inhibition occurred at 5 × 10 −10 M, and maximal inhibition at 10 −8 M CCK 8 . This inhibitory effect was detectable within 5 minutes of addition of CCK 8 , and was not associated with enhanced degradation of 125 I-EGF in incubation media. Unlabeled EGF exerted only a slightly greater inhibitory effect than CCK 8 on 125 I-EGF binding at equivalent molar concentrations. In contrast to CCK 8 , the gastrointestinal hormone vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) did not significantly alter EGF binding. CCK 8 also inhibited EGF binding in mouse pancreatic acini, but did not alter binding in A-431 human carcinoma cells. These findings suggest that physiological levels of CCK may regulate EGF binding in the pancreas and other tissues with receptors for both hormones. They thus point to a previously unrecognized mechanism for hormonal interaction.
Craniofacial and central nervous system malformations induced by triamcinolone acetonide in nonhuman primates: II. Craniofacial pathogenesis

This study further defines the craniofacial malformations induced by triamcinolone acetonide in the rhesus monkey. Ten timed-mated pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received intramuscular injections of 10 mg/kg TAC on days 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31 of gestation. Results of previous experiments with rhesus and bonnet monkeys and baboons indicated that specific craniofacial and brain malformations could be induced with TAC during this period of pregnancy (Hendrickx et al., '80). Stage-matched TAC-treated and control embryos (stages 17-18 and 22) and age-matched TAC-treated and control fetuses (50, 60, and 70 days gestation) were removed by hysterotomy. Stage 17-18 TAC embryos appeared grossly normal but histologic evaluation revealed a shortened anlage of the posterior cranial base. Stage 22 TAC embryos and all TAC fetuses exhibited craniofacial dysmorphia and encephalocele. The developing sphenoid was the earliest affected and most severely malformed bone. Its defects included reduced anterioposterior and transverse dimensions, reduced orbitosphenoid and alisphenoid, abnormal pituitary fossa, and reduced dorsum and tuberculum sellae. In addition, shortening of the posterior cranial base and decreased cranial base angle was a consistent finding in the treated embryos and fetuses. Decreased ossification and remodeling in the facial bones and abnormal position due to the malformed sphenoid occurred.
Independent benefits of meeting the 2008 physical activity guidelines to insulin resistance in obese latino children.

We examined the independent association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and insulin resistance (IR) among obese Latino children ( N = 113 ; 7–15 years) who were enrolled in a community-based obesity intervention. Baseline information on physical activity was gathered by self-report. Clinical assessments of body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed after an overnight fast. Insulin resistance was defined as a 2 h insulin concentration >57 μU·mL-1. We observed that those obese children who met the 2008 Guidelines for MVPA (≥60 min/day) experienced a significantly lower odds of IR compared with those not meeting the Guidelines ( OR = 0.29 ; 95% CI: (0.10–0.92)) and these findings were independent of age, sex, pubertal stage, acculturation, fasting insulin, and 2 h glucose concentrations. Efforts to promote 60 min or more of daily MVPA among children from ethnic minority and high-risk communities should assume primary public health importance.
Insertion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) genes into vaccinia virus results in effective anti-tumor responses without toxicity

Identification of novel tumor-associated antigens (TAA) capable of eliciting T-cell responses has renewed interest in the development of anti-tumor vaccines. The insertion of genes encoding specific TAA into a vaccinia virus (rVV) is one approach to vaccination since large amounts of foreign DNA can be stably integrated into the poxvirus genome. Recent reports have documented an increased therapeutic effectiveness of poxvirus-based vaccines when additional treatment with cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interleukin-12 (IL-12) were used, but the combination of these cytokines as adjuvants for a rVV encoding TAA have not been previously reported. The combination of IL-2 and IL-12 at single regimen systemic doses was toxic and sometimes fatal, manifesting largely as segmental epithelial apoptosis of the large bowel. To explore the local delivery of both cytokines to the site of vaccination, the genes encoding IL-2 and IL-12 were inserted into vaccinia virus along with a model tumor antigen gene. This construct contained five heterologous genes: LacZ (the model antigen), gpt (reporter gene), IL-2, and the two IL-12 subunit genes (p35 and p40). Treatment with this recombinant virus resulted in a reduced number of pulmonary metastases, improved survival, and minimal toxicity in a murine tumor model. The use of vaccinia virus for the insertion of other heterologous gene combinations may provide a powerful and less toxic approach for novel vaccination strategies in the treatment and prevention of cancer.
Efficient and selective synthesis of siphonarienolone and related reduced polypropionates via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination

Siphonarienolone (1) has been synthesized from siphonarienal (3) in 66% over four steps. Synthesis of 3, in turn, has been achieved in two steps (85% combined yield) from 4, prepared from 3-buten-1...
The Influence of Population Maturity on Biological Monitoring for Pest Management

Populations in which the age of individuals is distributed with respect to time will have only a portion of their numbers subject to sampling at any point in time by any method which does not sample all age classes. An estimate of the total seasonal incidence of a population can be made from a single population density estimate by considering some of the theoretical factors affecting the proportion of the whole population which is counted under such circumstances. In particular, the width of the sampleable age class, the timing of the sample with respect to the frequency distribution of the sample able stages, and the variance of the sampleable age class with respect to time were considered. As a particular example, one method of using this theory is applied to cereal leaf beetle { Oulema melanopus (L.)} populations.
Capacity for Cooperative Binding of Thyroid Hormone (T3) Receptor Dimers Defines Wild Type T3 Response Elements

Thyroid hormone response elements (T3REs) have been identified in a variety of promoters including those directing expression of rat GH (rGH), alpha-myosin heavy chain (rMHC), and malic enzyme (rME). A detailed biochemical and genetic analysis of the rGH element has shown that it consists of three hexamers related to the consensus [(A/G)GGT(C/A)A]. We have extended this analysis to the rMHC and rME elements. Binding of highly purified thyroid hormone receptor (T3R) to T3REs was determined using the gel shift assay, and thyroid hormone (T3) induction was measured in transient tranfections. We show that the wild type version of each of the three elements binds T3R dimers cooperatively. Mutational analysis of the rMHC and rME elements identified domains important for binding T3R dimers and allowed a direct determination of the relationship between T3R binding and function. In each element two hexamers are required for dimer binding, and mutations that interfere with dimer formation significantly reduce T3 induction. Similar to the rGH element, the rMHC T3RE contains three hexameric domains arranged as a direct repeat followed by an inverted copy, although the third domain is weaker than in rGH. All three are required for full function and T3R binding. The rME T3RE is a two-hexamer direct repeat T3RE, which also binds T3R monomer and dimer. Across a series of mutant elements, there was a strong correlation between dimer binding in vitro and function in vivo for rMHC (r = 0.99, P less than 0.01) and rME (r = 0.67, P less than 0.05) T3REs. Our results demonstrate a similar pattern of T3R dimer binding to a diverse array of hexameric sequences and arrangements in three wild type T3REs. Addition of nuclear protein enhanced T3R binding but did not alter the specificity of binding to wild type or mutant elements. Binding of purified T3R to T3REs was highly correlated with function, both with and without the addition of nuclear protein. T3R dimer formation is the common feature which defines the capacity of these elements to confer T3 induction.
D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors are co-localized on the presynaptic varicosities of striatal and nucleus accumbens neurons in vitro.

Abstract The neuromodulatory actions of dopamine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens are likely to depend on the distribution of dopamine receptors on individual postsynaptic cells. To address this, we have visualized D 1 - and D 2 -like receptors on living medium-spiny GABAergic neurons in cultures from the striatum and nucleus accumbens using receptor antagonist fluoroprobes. We labeled D 1 -like receptors with rhodamine-SCH23390, D 2 -like receptors with rhodamine- N -( p -aminophenethyl)spiperone and synaptic sites with K + -stimulated uptake of the activity-dependent endocytic tracer FM-143. The fluoroprobes were applied in sequence to assess co-localization. We found that D 1 - or D 2 -like receptors were present on about two-thirds of the cells, and co-localized on 22 ± 3% (mean ± S.E. M.) of striatal and 38 ± 6% of nucleus accumbens cells. On either D 1 or D 2 labeled cells, postsynaptic labeling continuously outlined the cell body membrane and extended to proximal dendrites, but not axons. About two-thirds of synaptic varicosities showed D 1 or D 2 labeling. D 1 - and D 2 -like receptors were co-localized on 21 ± 4% of striatal and 27 ± 3% of nucleus accumbens varicosities. Presynaptic labeling was typically more intense than postsynaptic labeling. The distribution of presynaptic dopamine receptors contrasted with that of postsynaptic GABA A receptors, which were clustered in longer patches on neighboring postsynaptic membranes. The extensive presence of D 1 - and D 2 -like receptors on presynaptic varicosities of medium-spiny neurons suggests that the receptors are likely to play an important and interacting role in the presynaptic modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. The significant overlap in labeling suggests that D 1 –D 2 interactions, which occur at the level of individual postsynaptic cells, the circuit level and the systems level, may also be mediated at the presynaptic level. Finally, the ability to visualize dopamine, as well as GABA A , receptors on the individual synapses of living neurons now makes possible physiological studies of individual mesolimbic system synapses with known receptor expression.
Executive overview: energy storage options for a sustainable energy future

Sustainability of electric power systems will involve very large use of renewable energy sources for power production. Some of these sources, e.g. wind and solar, have a characteristic stochastic behaviour, which makes their output power production difficult to predict and have high power output fluctuations. Energy storage devices will be needed at different locations in the power system, to level the mismatch between renewable power generators and consumption and/or to store the surplus of power from renewable sources for later use during nongeneration time periods or low power generation time periods. This presentation will give an overview of different storage technologies and how they can be used in a sustainable power system.
Units of counting: Developmental changes

Abstract Insofar as counting is directed toward a definite quantification goal, only items that qualify as valid instances of what is being quantified should be included in the count. Thus, the choice of what to treat as a unit to be counted depends upon one's quantification goals. The present research examined developmental changes in the way children define units for counting. In the first experiment, children were shown arrays of toy animals and asked to count either the number of families or the number of individuals within a family. In the second and third experiments, the stimuli were objects that came apart into two pieces. Children were shown arrays composed of some intact objects and some objects that were separated into their parts, and they were asked either to count the number of wholes or the number of pieces in the entire array. Virtually all the counts children generated were based on some type of common unit, even if it was only defined by physical discreteness. However, marked age differences emerged in children's adaptation of their counting units to what they were asked to count.
A Comment on the Size Distribution of the Droplets Found in Cloud Bases

Abstract Growth histories of droplets are compared and a qualitative argument is given for the generation of the droplet size distribution in the base of a cloud. The distribution is generated by considering only the effects of vapor depletion and environmental heating and assuming that the condensation nuclei are organized into families of the same critical supersaturation which begin to mix after moving up through the lower levels of the cloud.
Nature-Nurture Interplay Genetically Informative Designs Contribute to Understanding the Effects of Trauma and Interpersonal Violence

The past two decades have seen an explosion in research in the fields of violence and trauma and behavior genetics. These two fields came into direct conflict when Lisabeth Fisher DiLalla and Irving I. Gottesman outlined a fundamental conceptual limitation of trauma and violence research: that rather than being causal, the well-documented relationship between exposure to trauma or violence and later negative outcomes could be explained by gene-environment correlation. In the past decade, researchers have addressed this limitation by studying the effects of trauma and violence using genetically informative designs. This report briefly discusses the gains made from this research approach and the promising future for genetically informative trauma and violence research.
Approximate Tolerance Limits and Confidence Limits on Reliability for the Gamma Distribution

No exact method is known for determining tolerance limits or s-confidence limits for reliability for the gamma distribution when both parameters are unknown. Perhaps the simplest approximate method is to determine a tolerance limit assuming the shape parameter known and then replace the shape parameter with its ML estimate to obtain approximate limits. Simulated values of the true probability levels, achieved by this method, indicate that this method is not suitable, contrary to what has been anticipated. A second approach is to consider the corresponding tolerance limits assuming the distribution mean known and the shape parameter unknown, and then replace the distribution mean by the sample mean. This approach gives useful results for many practical cases. Simulated values of the true probability levels achieved are presented for some typical cases and limiting values are provided. This method appears satisfactory for all values of the shape parameter, for the common s-confidence levels, and moderate sample sizes.
What is your patient's cognitive profile? Three distinct subgroups of cognitive function in persons with heart failure

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether patients with heart failure (HF) have distinct profiles of cognitive impairment. Background Cognitive impairment is common in HF. Recent work found three cognitive profiles in HF patients—(1) intact, (2) impaired, and (3) memory-impaired. We examined the reproducibility of these profiles and clarified mechanisms. Methods HF patients (68.6±9.7years; N =329) completed neuropsychological testing. Composite scores were created for cognitive domains and used to identify clusters via agglomerative-hierarchical cluster analysis. Results A 3-cluster solution emerged. Cluster 1 ( n =109) had intact cognition. Cluster 2 ( n =123) was impaired across all domains. Cluster 3 ( n =97) had impaired memory only. Clusters differed in age, race, education, SES, IQ, BMI, and diabetes ( p s≤.026) but not in mood, anxiety, cardiovascular, or pulmonary disease ( p s≥.118). Conclusions We replicated three distinct patterns of cognitive function in persons with HF. These profiles may help providers offer tailored care to patients with different cognitive and clinical needs.
Peripheral mononeuropathy complicating anaphylactoid purpura.

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Enhanced SHA-192 Algorithm with Larger Bit Difference

This paper attempts to develop a stronger and safer cryptographic algorithm which would not only be secure, but also reduces total time taken in providing integrity of information. Hash functions were introduced in cryptology as a tool to protect the integrity of information. SHA-1 and MD-5 are among the most commonly used hash function message digest algorithms. Scientists have found collision attacks on SHA-1, MD-5 hash functions so the natural response to overcome this threat was assessing the weak points of these protocols that actually depend on collision resistance for their security. So to increase the security, modified SHA-192 is introduced in this paper having a message digest of length 192 bits with larger bit difference. To generate larger bit difference, best properties of MD-5 and SHA-1 are combined. So the new solution will be no longer vulnerable to the collision attacks.
Embodiment during reading: Simulating a story character's linguistic actions

According to theories of embodied cognition, a critical element in language comprehension is the formation of sensorimotor simulations of the actions and events described in a text. Although much of the embodied cognition research has focused on simulations of motor actions, we ask whether readers form simulations of story characters' linguistic actions. For example, when a character is described as speaking, do readers form an auditory image of the character's words? Furthermore, if a character is described as reading, do readers form a visual image of the words on the page? In 4 experiments, a character was described as either reading or speaking, quickly or slowly. Critically, participants either read silently or read aloud so that their action matched or mismatched the character's action. Consistent with the action-sentence compatibility effect (Glenberg & Kaschak, 2002), only when the participant's and the character's actions matched--when both were reading or both were speaking--was a rate effect found, with participants reading/speaking more slowly when the character was described as reading/speaking slowly. We conclude that comprehension of a character's linguistic action involves the same types of sensorimotor simulations as have been shown across a vast array of other types of actions.
The pulsed discharge arc resistance and its functional behavior

A generalized comparison of several theoretical and empirical arc-resistance equations was conducted by normalizing the theoretical and experimental arc-resistance values at t=0.5 mu s (approximate time of maximum arc current). It was found that the arc-resistance equations considered could be grouped according to their functional form and were either of the inverse integral or inverse exponential form. The accuracies of both are discussed. At pressures approaching one atmosphere, it has been shown that the equations developed by I.V. Demenik et al. (1968), Kushner et al. (1985), Rompe and W. Weizel (1944), and A.E. Vlastos (1972) were equally accurate predictions of arc resistance for 0.1 mu s >
Current Concepts in Prevention of Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

‘�‘ Previously, PVE has been arbitrarily divided into “early” and “late,” based on whether the infection occurred within 60 days of valve replacement or later.� The rationale for this time categorization was based on differing bacteriologic, pathogenetic, and prognostic associations for PVE cases acquired before vs after this 60-day breakpoint.� For example, older studies had confirmed a predominance of coagulase-negative staphylococcal, Gram-negative bacillary and fungal pathogens among early PVE cases, with streptococci being uncommon etiologic ‘� In contrast, the oral and enterococcal streptococci, along with the staphylococci, tended to predominante in the late PVE cases. Moreover, these previous studies of PVE defined a substantially higher mortality rate associated with early vs late PVE. This prognostic difference in early vs late PVE was believed to be related to the preponderance of periannular or sewing-ring infections seen in early PVE as opposed to a higher incidence of leaflet or strut infection in late PVE . Lastly, these older investigations suggested that early PVE cases were acquired either via intraoperative (probably airborne) valve contamination7 or hematogenously secondary to postoperative extracardiac infections,5’8 while late PVE
Microwave imaging for neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitoring

We have developed a clinical microwave imaging system for breast imaging applications including cancer detection and monitoring of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. For the latter, key features of any montoring system must include the ability to image a target in a repeatable fashion while being noninvasive and relatively inexpensive. Our microwave imaging system is particularly useful in this setting because we have overcome challenges such as the use of a priori information with the combination of our unique imaging configuration and software. The hardware incorporates monopole antennas which present isotropically radiated fields within which complex nulls (and accompanying non-unique signal phase distributions) are generally not generated until the electromagnetic wave has propagated beyond the illumination zone and associated receiver antennas. This is particularly useful for our variance stabilizing transformation algorithm which can recover accurate dielectric property maps without a priori information or converging to local minima as long as the unwrapped phase distribution remains unique. The associated unwrapping of the measurement data can be readily performed through the use of multi-frequency data and standard unwrapping algorithms.
Dewatering origin of cleavage in light of deformed calcite veins and clastic dikes in Martinsburg slate, Delaware Water Gap, New Jersey

Martinsburg slate near Delaware Water Gap contains two sets of precleavage calcite veins, both probably related to brittle failure during early flexural folding. Laminated veins that lie along bedding-plane faults of small displacement are locally folded, whereas veins that were originally perpendicular to bedding have boudinage structure. The latter have been used to define the strain ellipsoid (axial ratio 2.08:1:0.48) for the deformation accompanying cleavage formation. Clastic dikes are at various angles to cleavage and bedding and do not provide evidence for cleavage having formed prior to lithification. Slaty cleavage in the Martinsburg formation at this classic locality formed in lithified pelitic flysch and is unrelated to dewatering.
Impact of Ozone On the Growth and Reproduction of Understorey Plants in the Aspen Zone of Western U.S.A.

The purpose of this study was to learn how ozone might affect the growth and reproduction of understorey species of the aspen community, and thereby influence its stability and composition. Plants of 14 species belonging to the aspen community were grown in greenhouse chambers and fumigated with ozone for 3 hours each day, 5 day per week, throughout their growing-seasons. The plants were exposed to 30 pphm (parts of ozone per hundred million parts of air), 15 pphm, ambient air reaching 5–7 pphm during about 2 hours each day, and filtered air.Exposure to ambient air did not appear to cause a significant reduction of total plant-weight in any of the species investigated, while plant-weight of Achillea millefolium and Isatis tinctoria grown under such conditions was significantly greater than that of control plants grown in filtered air. At 15 pphm, growth of Isatis tinctoria, Madia glomerata, and Viola italica, was significantly reduced; on the other hand, growth of Ligusticum porteri and Polygonum aviculare was increased. At 30 pphm, growth was substantially suppressed in all plants except Chenopodium album and Phacelia heterophylla.
Targeting the PyMT Oncogene to Diverse Mammary Cell Populations Enhances Tumor Heterogeneity and Generates Rare Breast Cancer Subtypes

Human breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease composed of different histologies and molecular subtypes, many of which are not replicated in animal models. Here, we report a mouse model of breast cancer that generates unique tumor histologies including tubular, adenosquamous, and lipid-rich carcinomas. Utilizing a nononcogenic variant of polyoma middle T oncogene (PyMT) that requires a spontaneous base-pair deletion to transform cells, in conjunction with lentiviral transduction and orthotopic transplantation of primary mammary epithelial cells, this model sporadically induces oncogene expression in both the luminal and myoepithelial cell lineages of the normal mouse mammary epithelium. Microarray and hierarchical analyses using an intrinsic subtype gene set revealed that lentiviral PyMT generates both luminal and basal-like tumors. Cumulatively, these results show that low-level expression of PyMT in a broad range of cell types significantly increases tumor heterogeneity and establishes a mouse model of several rare human breast cancer subtypes.
Newcomer Information Seeking: Individual and Contextual Influences

This study examined situational and individual influences on the proactive information seeking of newcomers. Task interdependence was expected to be positively related to information seeking, given that it links newcomers to organizational insiders. Newcomers' work related self-efficacy and the physical accessibility of organizational insiders were both predicted to moderate the relationship between task interdependence and information seeking. Usable surveys were completed by 421 co-op students (295 males and 126 females) who had been participating in career-relevant internships for approximately 4.5 weeks. All students were enrolled in an educational programme that rotates students between twelve weeks in class and twelve weeks on internship over a period of five years. Controlling for the number of previous internships and size of work group, results supported the joint moderating effect, with newcomers low on self-efficacy exhibiting greater information seeking when task interdependence and accessibility were high. Applied implications of the results and directions for future research on proactive information seeking and socialization are discussed.
Process Investigations for the Global Studio Project Version 3.0

In this paper we present an overview of current plans for the global studio project version 3.0. version 3.0 applies a new experimental process with a higher degree of collaboration and that relies less on the central team, as compared to the extended workbench model. We expect that the use of an architecture for component integration and the identification of domain experts for each component will significantly reduce the amount of upfront architecture and requirements work usually required from the central team in the extended workbench model.
Interception of spiraling ballistic missiles

During re-entry the rolling velocity of the non-separating tactical ballistic missile caused by configurational asymmetries will normally pass through the missile pitch frequency. This may result in a large amplitude circular yaw and a severe spiraling of the vehicles center of mass. The presence of a static aerodynamic induced rolling moment may cause the roll rate to lock-in at the critical frequency in which case the severity of this spiraling motion is greatly increased. Both the amplitude and frequency of spiraling generally increase as the missile descends in altitude. The frequency of the motion is in the range 0.5 to 1 Hz which is the range of target weave frequencies most critical for fast-response proportional navigation interceptors. These motions can cause significant miss distance in a conventional proportional navigation guidance system. This paper demonstrates the advantages of using a weave guidance law. The paper shows that an alternative approach to improving interceptor performance is by improving the guidance law used to steer the missile. If the target weave frequency can be estimated the paper shows that the compensated weave guidance law substantially improves system performance.
Rapid and Direct Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Use of a Commercial Real-Time PCR Assay

Central nervous system infection due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy. In this study, we compared a routine real-time PCR assay for HSV types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) to a recently FDA-approved direct PCR assay (Simplexa HSV-1/2 Direct; Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA) using cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 100). The Simplexa HSV-1/2 assays demonstrated a combined sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% (50/52) and 97.9% (47/48), respectively. In addition, the Simplexa assay does not require nucleic acid extraction, and the results are available in 60 min.
Comparative Genomics and an Insect Model Rapidly Identify Novel Virulence Genes of Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei and its host-adapted deletion clone Burkholderia mallei cause the potentially fatal human diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. The antibiotic resistance profile and ability to infect via aerosol of these organisms and the absence of protective vaccines have led to their classification as major biothreats and select agents. Although documented infections by these bacteria date back over 100 years, relatively little is known about their virulence and pathogenicity mechanisms. We used in silico genomic subtraction to generate their virulome, a set of 650 putative virulence-related genes shared by B. pseudomallei and B. mallei but not present in five closely related nonpathogenic Burkholderia species. Although most of these genes are clustered in putative operons, the number of targets for mutant construction and verification of reduced virulence in animal models is formidable. Therefore, Galleria mellonella (wax moth) larvae were evaluated as a surrogate host; we found that B. pseudomallei and B. mallei, but not other phylogenetically related bacteria, were highly pathogenic for this insect. More importantly, four previously characterized B. mallei mutants with reduced virulence in hamsters or mice had similarly reduced virulence in G. mellonella larvae. Site-specific inactivation of selected genes in the computationally derived virulome identified three new potential virulence genes, each of which was required for rapid and efficient killing of larvae. Thus, this approach may provide a means to quickly identify high-probability virulence genes in B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and other pathogens.