cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Satisfaction and Shoulder Function in Patients with a Recurrent Rotator Cuff Tear

Background: It is widely accepted that most patients treated with rotator cuff repair do well regardless of the integrity of the repair. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to reexamine this concept and identify the factors affecting the outcomes of patients with a recurrent tear. Methods: A cohort of patients who had been treated with rotator cuff repair completed a survey regarding satisfaction with the operatively treated shoulder, physical activity, and shoulder function. Ultrasonography was performed to determine rotator cuff integrity. Patients were divided into three age categories: younger than fifty-five years, fifty-five to sixty-five years, and sixty-six years or older. The relationships of the outcomes to patient age, repair integrity, and other demographic factors were analyzed. Results: Forty-seven (26%) of the 180 enrolled patients had a retear, defined as a full-thickness defect. In each age category, the satisfaction, ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons), and SST (Simple Shoulder Test) scores in the retear group were significantly poorer than those in the no-retear group (p 0.05). Simple regression analysis showed that younger age, a Workers’ Compensation claim, and lower education level were significant predictors of poorer scores in patients with a retear (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis of the retear group showed that (1) lower education level and a Workers’ Compensation claim were independent predictors of a poorer satisfaction score; (2) lower education level, younger age, and a Workers’ Compensation claim were independent predictors of a poorer ASES score; and (3) lower education level was the only independent predictor of a poorer SST score (p < 0.01 for all). Conclusions: The presence of a retear negatively affected the clinical outcomes following rotator cuff repair. This finding refutes the widely held concept that patients typically do well regardless of the repair integrity following rotator cuff repair. In patients with a retear, nonanatomic factors including younger age, lower education level, and a Workers’ Compensation claim were associated with poorer outcomes. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. Peer Review This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. It was also reviewed by an expert in methodology and statistics. The Deputy Editor reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during one or more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands reduce inflammation and infarction size in transient focal ischemia

Newly developed insulin-sensitizing agents, which target the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ have recently been appreciated to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory actions. Since stroke is associated with an intense inflammatory response, we reasoned that these agents may ameliorate injury from stroke. We report that administration of troglitazone or pioglitazone 24 h before and at the time of cerebral infarction dramatically reduced infarction volume and improved neurological function following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Furthermore, we find that delayed therapy also significantly reduced infarct volume. The brains of the drug-treated animals displayed reduced inflammation as evidenced by decreased immunoreactivity for microglial/macrophage markers and reduced protein and mRNA for interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. We argue that the beneficial effects of these drugs are likely due to reduced expression of these inflammatory mediators, which are known to exacerbate ischemic injury following stroke. These results are of particular relevance to diabetic patients chronically treated with these agents who may benefit from the neuroprotective actions of these drugs.
Technologies for reducing power

With power and cooling becoming an increasingly costly part of the operating cost of a server, the old trend of striving for higher performance with little regard for power is over. Emerging semiconductor process technologies, multicore architectures, and new interconnect technology provide an avenue for future servers to become low power, compact, and possibly mobile. In our talk we examine three techniques for achieving low power: 1) Near threshold operation; 2) 3D die stacking; and 3) replacing DRAM with Flash memory.
Additional aortopulmonary collaterals in patients referred for coil occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus

Coexisting aortopulmonary collaterals in patients diagnosed with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) are rare findings. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of PDA and requisite aortography offer an unique opportunity to identify and treat these systemic arterial anomailes, which would be missed by echocardiographic evaluation alone. The significance of these collaterals is unclear, but it may contribute to left heart dilation from additional left to right shunting in patients with an otherwise isolated small PDA. Of 18 patients undergoing transcatheter occlusion of a PDA with Gianturco coils, 2 were found to an additional significant aortopulmonary collaterals, which were also occluded.
Adjoint Recovery of Superconvergent Linear Functionals from Galerkin Approximations. The One-dimensional Case

In this paper, we extend the adjoint error correction of Pierce and Giles (SIAM Rev. 42, 247---264 (2000)) for obtaining superconvergent approximations of functionals to Galerkin methods. We illustrate the technique in the framework of discontinuous Galerkin methods for ordinary differential and convection---diffusion equations in one space dimension. It is well known that approximations to linear functionals obtained by discontinuous Galerkin methods with polynomials of degree k can be proven to converge with order 2k + 1 and 2k for ordinary differential and convection---diffusion equations, respectively. In contrast, the order of convergence of the adjoint error correction method can be proven to be 4k + 1 and 4k, respectively. Since both approaches have a computational complexity of the same order, the adjoint error correction method is clearly a competitive alternative. Numerical results which confirm the theoretical predictions are presented.
Hydroboration. 93. Convenient Conversion of Optically Pure 2-Organylapopinenes into the (2-Organylapoisopinyl)dihaloboranes Potentially Valuable for Asymmetric Synthesis via Chiral Organoboranes

Optically pure and sterically varied (2-organylapoisopinyl)dihaloboranes [RapBX2, R = Me (except for X = I), Et, Pr, i-Bu, Ph, i-Pr, X = Cl, Br, I], potentially important reagents for asymmetric synthesis, are conveniently prepared by the in situ reduction and hydroboration reaction of boron trihalide, trimethylsilane, and 2-organylapopinenes (2-R-apopinenes) under mild reaction conditions in essentially quantitative yield. Unfortunately, IpcBI2 (RapBI2, R = Me) could not be synthesized by this procedure, although the more bulky 2-R-apopinenes provide the desired RapBI2 derivatives.
Pegylated interferon therapy for patients with philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders

The conventional management of patients with high-risk Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-negative) myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) revolves around the administration of cytoreductive agents such as hydroxyurea, anagrelide, and recombinant human interferon alpha (IFN-alpha). IFN-alpha has shown significant activity in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Ph-negative MDPs. However, the response rates of IFN-alpha therapy frequently have been hampered by high dropout rates due to side effects and inconvenient dosing schedules. Pegylated (PEG) IFN-alpha is formulated by covalently attaching polymers of ethylene glycol of large molecular weight to the native IFN-alpha molecule. Such chemical modification increases serum half-life, decreases renal excretion, and results in prolonged patient exposure to PEG-IFN-alpha, thus allowing for weekly administration while maintaining acceptable toxicity, tolerability, and activity profiles. The lack of adequate therapies for patients with MPDs and the superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of PEG-IFN-alpha relative to standard IFN-alpha has prompted the investigation of the activity and safety of PEG-IFN-alpha in patients with essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and idiopathic myelofibrosis. We summarize the available data on the use of PEG-IFN-alpha in patients with Ph-negative MPDs.
Effects of Familial Mutations on the Monomer Structure of Aβ42

Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide plays an important role in Alzheimer’s disease. A number of mutations in the Aβ sequence lead to familial Alzheimer’s disease, congophilic amyloid angiopathy, or hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloid. Using molecular dynamics simulations of ∼200 μs for each system, we characterize and contrast the consequences of four pathogenic mutations (Italian, Dutch, Arctic, and Iowa) for the structural ensemble of the Aβ monomer. The four familial mutations are found to have distinct consequences for the monomer structure.
Bilingual language lateralization: A meta-analytic tale of two hemispheres

Two meta-analyses of 66 behavioral studies examined variables influencing functional cerebral lateralization of each language of brain-intact bilingual adults. Functional lateralization was found to be primarily influenced by age of onset of bilingualism: bilinguals who acquired both languages by 6 years of age showed bilateral hemispheric involvement for both languages, whereas those who acquired their second language after age 6 showed left hemisphere dominance for both languages. Moreover, among late bilinguals, left hemisphere involvement was found to be greater for those less proficient in their second language, those whose second language was English, and for studies involving dichotic listening paradigms; early bilinguals instead showed bilateral involvement in every condition. Implications of the observed differences in lateralization between early and late bilinguals are explored for existing theories of bilingualism and for neurocognitive models of brain functional organization of language.
Effects of prenatal cocaine/polydrug use on maternal-infant feeding interactions during the first year of life

The effects of prenatal cocaine use on quality of maternal-infant interactions were evaluated using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS). A total of 341 (155 cocaine using; 186 non-cocaine using) low socioeconomic, primarily African-American dyads were evaluated longitudinally at birth, 6.5, and 12 months. Group differences over time were examined, controlling for covariates, using a mixed-model linear approach. Women who used cocaine during pregnancy were less sensitive to their infants than non-cocaine-using women at 6.5 and 12 months. At 6.5 months, heavier prenatal cocaine users were less responsive to their infants than lighter users. In infants, prenatal cocaine exposure was related to poorer clarity of cues. There were no significant cocaine effects on maternal social-emotional growth fostering, cognitive growth fostering, or infant responsiveness to mother. Controlling for covariates, concentration of cocaine metabolites predicted maternal sensitivity to infant cues and infant clarity of cues at 1 year. Maternal cocaine use during pregnancy and other pre- and postnatal factors adversely affect maternal-infant interactions during the first year of life.
Stripped skin model to predict irritation potential of topical agents in vivo in humans.

Background and objective The prediction of the irritation effects of products of low irritation potential remains problematic. An in vivo human model was utilized to define the irritation potential of a topical agent after partial removal of the stratum corneum by cellophane tape stripping. Methods The tape was applied to and removed approximately 50 times (mean, 50.0 ± 16.7) from each test site on the volar aspect of the forearm. One site served as the stripping control, receiving tape stripping only. The other test sites received the topical agent and placebo control. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured before and daily for 5 days. The TEWL values at baseline after stripping represented the point of maximal stripping barrier disruption. The barrier disruption and irritation potential were assessed with TEWL measurements. Results The results showed that the model topical agent had no adverse effect on barrier repair, i.e. did not interfere with TEWL normalization. Conclusions This model provides a method for the prediction, with exaggerated sensitivity, of chemical irritation and proclivity to enhance or retard water barrier repair. We believe that the model may predict the response of low irritation materials and may be more sensitive than patch testing on normal skin, particularly for products to be used on certain areas, e.g. the face, anus, etc., or even mucous membranes. The model must receive extensive use with chemicals of varying properties in order to define its chemical relevance.
Contextual influences on nurses’ conflict management strategies

Conflict management research has focused on the personal nature of strategies employed and paid little attention to the contextual influences upon those strategy choices. The present study investigates several contextual influences and reveals that conceptions of professional role and of situational and organizational contexts are good discriminators of the choice of a conflict management strategy. In situations involving conflict inherent in professional truth‐telling/deception dilemmas, characteristics of professional role, and organizational situation are important influences upon nurses’ choices of a conflict management strategy.
Annotated index to genera, subgenera and suprageneric taxa of the ciliate order Tintinnida.

SYNOPSIS. Supraspecific taxa of the ciliate Order Tintinnida Corliss, 1955 are indexed by 304 entries; genetic type species are cited with reference to the original citation. The accompanying bibliography of 133 entries includes those publications cited in the index. Authors for several type citations are corrected, as is authorship of some genera, and a new type designation is made for Parundella to replace the previous erroneous designation. Genera present in the fossil record are so indicated.
Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. II - The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation and their parameterization

The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation was investigated using a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model described by Yao and Stone (1987), which is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the three-dimensional climate model of Hansen et al. (1983). Results show that the vertical structure of the meridional eddy flux has relatively little impact on the general circulation, presumably because the vertical structure is strongly constrained by the thermal wind relation and surface friction. On the other hand, it was found that, in order to simulate accurately the general circulation and its response to climate changes, parameterization of the vertically integrated meridional eddy flux of angular momentum is necessary. A new parameterization of this eddy momentum transport was carried out, which is intended to represent the transport due to large-scale transient eddies arising from baroclinic instability.
Tide−Tsunami Interaction in Columbia River, as Implied by Historical Data and Numerical Simulations

The East Japan tsunami of 11 March 2011 propagated more than 100 km upstream in the Columbia River. Visual analysis of its records along the river suggests that the tsunami propagation was strongly affected by tidal conditions. A numerical model of the lower Columbia River populated with tides and a downstream current was developed. Simulations of the East Japan tsunami propagating up the tidal river reproduced the observed features of tsunami waveform transformation, which did not emerge in simulations of the same wave propagating in a quiescent-state river. This allows us to clearly attribute those features to nonlinear interaction with the tidal river environment. The simulation also points to possible amplification of a tsunami wave crest propagating right after the high tide, previously deduced from the recordings of the 1964 Alaska tsunami in the river.
An evaluation of fabrication methods for doping superlattice devices

Recent developments have been made in the fabrication of doping superlattice solar cells. Two main fabrication methods are presented, which demonstrate progress towards the objective of an optimized contacting method for lateral carrier selective contacts. The work presented here discusses contact formation via diffused junction and higher bandgap epitaxial regrowth, and the changes made to achieve 9.0% efficient solar cells through epitaxial regrowth. To date GaAs regrowth is the most robust fabrication method, however InGaP2 regrowths show the potential of increased VOC while diffused junction devices show potential if the diffusion process can be optimized.
1107 TREATMENT OF ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA(AE) WITH ZINC PICOLINIC ACID(ZnPA)

AE without hypozincemia(variant) was recently shown to respond to viokase which contains PA (Krieger&Evans, J.Pediatr.96:32,80). It promotes Zn absorption in the rat and concentrations in human milk are 20× higher than in cow's milk(Evans, Pediatr Res.14:876, 80). The patient was treated sucessfully with 60mg Zn++ as the sulfate, then for 5 mo. with ZnPA(5mg Zn++)and 3 mo. with 8-20mg PA. Both maintained plasma Zn around 150μg/dl(N:112±13). This prompted a trial of ZnPA in 3 patients with “classical” AE.The minimum therapeutic dose of Zn sulfate that maintained normal plasma Zn was first determined and then discontinued until the rash appeared. ZnPA was then given, using 1/3 dose of Zn+. This caused rapid improvement and has maintained normalcy for 4-6 weeks. Plasma PA was measured in 2 AE and 3 variant AE cases,age 1 to 9 yrs, while they were on 30-45mg Zn++ as the sulfate and well. Normal:1.2-2.0μmoles/dl(4 children, 10 adults). Plasma PA in AE was 0.05&0.45 μmoles/dl, and in variant AE 0.02-0.69 μmoles/dl. These values were thus far below the normal range. Some variability can be attributed to different dietary content of PA since it was shown that oral PA raises plasma PA(in 1 case of AE from 0.05-1.24 μmoles/dl). These data indicate that ZnPA decreases the requirements for Zn in AE, presumably because it acts as a ligand. A genetic defect of PA metabolism may be the cause of AE. Neither PA nor ZnPA are recommended for treatment until the metabolism of this tryptophan metabolite is better understood.
Traumatismos duodenales: lesiones complejas

Resumen Las lesiones traumaticas del duodeno son infrecuentes y representan cerca del 4% de las lesiones abdominales, pero conllevan una tasa de morbimortlidad significativa, por lo que su reconocimiento y tratamiento precoz es primordial. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una descripcion concisa de la perspectiva historica y de la anatomia de este organo. Esta ultima cobra especial interes a la hora de la clasificacion y el manejo de la lesion duodenal. Asimismo, describiremos los metodos de diagnostico a nuestro alcance en la evaluacion del traumatismo duodenal y la importancia de un conocimiento amplio de las tecnicas quirurgicas mas utilizadas. Por ultimo, realizaremos un analisis profundo de los rangos de morbilidad y mortalidad de estas lesiones basandonos en una extensa revision de la bibliografia actual y aportaremos nuestra experiencia en el manejo de este tipo de lesiones en un centro urbano de traumatismo de nivel I.
Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for atovaquone

A rapid high-performance liquid chromatography assay has been developed for the drug atovaquone, which is currently being used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Protein is precipitated from plasma with acetonitrile-aqueous 1% acetic acid (85:15). The supernatant is assayed on a C6 column using methanol-10 mM triethylamine in aqueous 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (76:24) with detection at 254 nm. The working assay range was 0.5 to 50 micrograms/ml. Recovery was 97% and the between-day coefficients of variation were 2.1% at 50 micrograms/ml and 10.3% at 1 microgram/ml. A number of drugs commonly used to treat AIDS and its complications did not interfere with the assay.
Criminal history and landlord rental decisions: a New York quasi-experimental study

Objectives Determine the effect of a criminal conviction on landlord decisions to consider prospective tenants and the extent to which landlord responses vary based on prospective tenant’s offense type.
Signal transduction and cell fate specification during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development

A receptor tyrosine kinase/Ras signaling pathway controls the specification of vulval cell fates in Caenorhabditis elegans. Recently, C. elegans genes encoding proteins with similarity to mammalian Raf (lin-45), mitogen-activated protein kinase (mpk-1/sur-1), and an HNF-3 transcription factor (lin-31) have been identified and shown to act downstream of let-60 (ras) in this pathway. These genetically identified gene products bridge the gap between signal transduction at the plasma membrane and the control of cell fate specification in the nucleus.
Coupled Model Simulation of Snowfall Events Over the Black Hills

Although many long-term simulations of snow accumulation and oblation have been made using stand-alone land surface models and surface models coupled with GCMs, less research has focused on short-term event simulations. Actually, accurate event simulations of snow-related processes are the basis for successful long-term simulation. Three advantages of event simulations of snowfall and snow melting are availability of: (1) intensive observation data from field experiments for validation; (2) more physically-realistic precipitation schemes for use in atmospheric models to simulate snowfall; and (3) a more detailed analysis of the snow melting processes. In addition to the complexities of snow related processes themselves, terrain-induced effects on snowfall/snow melting make simulations of snow events more difficult. Climatological observations indicate that terrain features such as the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming can exert important effects on snow accumulation and snow oblation processes. One of the primary effects is that the orography causes forced uplift of airflow and causes atmospheric waves to form both upwind and downwind of it. Airflow often splits around the obstacle, converging on the lee side. This convergence may lead to precipitation enhancement. It also provides an elevated heat and moisture source that enhances atmospheric instability. During the period of April 5-May 5, 1999, the Upper Missouri River Basin Pilot Project (UMRBPP) made intensive observations on precipitation events occurring in the Black Hills. Two moderate snowfall events were captured during the period. The resulting high temporal and spatial resolution data provides opportunities to investigate terrain effects on snowfall amount, distribution, and melting. Successful simulation of snowfall amount, distribution, and evolution using atmospheric models is important to subsequent modeling of snow melting using snow sub-models in land surface schemes. In this paper, a coupled model system, consisting of an atmosphere model (ARPS) and a land-surface model (revised NCAR LSM), is used to simulate one of these UMRBPP cases.
Lipoprotein lipase activity and hypertriglyceridemia in alloxan diabetic rabbits.

Abstract Alloxan diabetic rabbits, deprived of insulin, had normal plasma post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity. An associated hypertriglyceridemia developed on a high carbohydrate diet and had characteristics of an endogenous lipemia. These data indicate that (1) lipoprotein lipase activity of rabbits responds differently to acute insulin deficiency than that of rats, (2) additional factors may be important in the hypertriglyceridemia of uncontrolled diabetes, and (3) there is a possible similarity to the hypertriglyceridemia of ketoacidosis in humans where, although lipoprotein lipase activity may be decreased, other factors also appear to be operative.
The functional relationship scan in tandem mass spectrometry

A type of tandem mass spectrometric scan is described in which m1+, m2+ and m3, defined in terms of the process m1+ m2+ + m3, are all varied while maintaining some prescribed relationship between them. The scan can be viewed as a variant upon the neutral loss scan in which the constant mass difference between parent and daughter ion masses is replaced by some other functional relationship. Specific examples of this scan are provided in two simple applications: (i) symmetrical proton-bound dimers are recognized using the functional scan m2 = (m1 + 1)/2; and (ii) symmetrical Diels–Alder adducts comprised of diene and dienophile of equal masses are recognized in mixtures using the scan function m2 = (1/2)m1.
Exploring exploring a word processor

Studies of people learning to use contemporary word-processing equipment suggest that effective learning is often "active," proceeding by self-initiated problem solving. The instructional manuals that accompany current word-processing systems often penalize and impede active learning. A set of instructional materials was constructed for a commercial word processor, specifically designed to support and encourage an active learning orientation. These "guided exploration" (GE) materials are modular, task oriented, procedurally incomplete, and address error recognition and recovery. Learners using the GE materials spent substantially less time yet still performed better on a transfer of learning posttest than learners using commercially developed self-study materials. Qualitative analysis of aspects of the learning protocols of participants suggested that active learning mechanisms may underlie this advantage.
Optical Laboratory Realization Of Distortion Invariant Filters

A hybrid optical/digital correlator filter synthesis architecture for distortion-invariant pattern recognition and scene analysis is described. Distortion-invariant correlation filter synthetic discriminant function design is reviewed. Computer generated hologram filter synthesis concepts are then reviewed. Emphasis is given to the optical laboratory realization of the filters for such systems. The issues addressed include: the number of training images, selection of the shift parameter in filter design, the ability of the system to recognize rotated (non-training) images, what the largest false class peak correlation (anywhere, not just at the correlation peak point) is, and solutions to the non-zero optical transmittance of input and filter films. Laboratory results for all major points are provided.
Model-based Bayesian feature matching with application to synthetic aperture radar target recognition

Abstract We present a Bayesian approach for model-based classification from unordered, attributed feature sets. A set of features is estimated from measured data and is matched with a set predicted for each candidate hypothesis using a feature model. Both extracted and predicted feature sets have uncertainty, and some features may not be present in one set or the other. Computation of the match likelihoods requires a correspondence between estimated and predicted features, and two Bayesian correspondence methods are discussed. The proposed procedure is used to predict classification performance as a function of sensor parameters for a 10-vehicle target recognition problem using X-band synthetic aperture radar imagery.
Enhancement of Curie temperature in Mn2RuSn by Co substitution

The Co-substituted Mn2RuSn nanomaterials, namely, Mn2Ru0.5Co0.5Sn and Mn2Ru0.35Co0.65Sn have been synthesized and investigated. The presence of Co in the Mn2RuSn (a = 6.21 A) decreased the lattice parameter, where a = 6.14 A and 6.12 A for the as prepared Mn2Ru0.5Co0.5Sn and Mn2Ru0.35Co0.65Sn, respectively. The samples show a ferrimagnetic spin order with relatively small coercivities, similar to those of soft magnetic materials. There is a substantial increase in the Curie temperature (Tc = 448 K for Mn2Ru0.5Co0.5Sn and 506 K for Mn2Ru0.35Co0.65Sn) of Mn2RuSn (Tc = 272.1 K) due to Co substitution, which is a result of strengthening of the positive exchange interaction in this material. These materials are highly stable against heat treatment of up to 450 °C. The first-principles calculations are consistent with our experimentally observed structural and magnetic properties. They also provide insight on how the magnetic and electronic structures change when Ru is replaced with Co in Mn2RuSn.
Tail pinch-induced eating does generalize to a nonpreferred but familiar food.

Abstract Mild tail pinch has been reported to induce many of the same behaviors as electrical stimulation of the brain. In this study a 4 min tail pinch induced significant eating of either canned dog food or rat chow. In contrast to eating produced by brain stimulation, which does not generalize along the appropriate stimulus dimension of food objects, removal of the tail pinch-induced eaters' preferred food resulted in their eating another nonpreferred, but familiar food. With only the nonpreferred food available, intake of animals who preferred rat chow increased and intake of animals who preferred dog food decreased compared to their respective controls, although no initial differences existed. When both foods were again available, 13 18 animals retained their initial preference while 5 18 showed no preference. No animals reversed their preference. Tail pinch-induced eating may be more similar to normal eating than that produced by electrical brain stimulation.
Localized catecholamine storage associated with granules in murine neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Catecholamine storage was examined in cultures of the marine neuroblastoma cell line, N-TD6, using histofluorescence, electron microscopic, isotopic and radioautographic criteria. This line was originally derived from uncloned, C1300 tumor cells by selection in tyrosine deficient medium. N-TD6 cells possess both tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine-3-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.16.2) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (dopamine β-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.17.1) activities. When examined for paraformaldehyde-induced histofluorescence, a small percentage of cells in the population show intense catecholamine fluorescence, often localized within discrete regions of the cellular processes. Electron microscopic examination of these cells reveals both electron lucent vesicles and more frequent, electron dense granules, 50–70 nm and 100–300 nm in diameter, respectively. The distribution of these granules and vesicles varies, but they appear most numerous near the cell surface, along processes within process endings. By labeling cells with [ 3 H]dopamine and then allowing the cells to release unbound label in the presence of unlabeled dopamine, the localization of catecholamine stores was visualized by radioautographic techniques. While a variety of intracellular distributions of radioactivity were observed, the most prominent concentrations were found in the processes and their terminals; no labeled material was retained when reserpine was present during uptake. The topographic coincidence of granules, catecholamine fluorescence and [ 3 H]dopamine retention in these neuroblastoma cells suggests that catecholamines are stored within these granules in a manner analogous to that observed in normal adrenergic neurons.
Unsteady viscous flow around a circular cylinder found by the hopscotch scheme on a vector processing machine

The hopscotch scheme is examined to see whether it can compete effectively with implicit schemes for the integration of the Navier-Stokes equations on a vector processing machine. This scheme is stable as long as the Courant number is less than or equal to one and it does not underestimate viscous effects. The accuracy of the scheme is tested on one- and two-dimensional problems whose exact solutions are known. The scheme is then used to simulate flows around a circular cylinder with Reynolds numbers 200, 500 and 1000.
Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions.

The Palaearctic species of the common and speciose fairyfly genus Gonatocerus Nees ab Esenbeck (Hymenoptera: My-maridae) are reviewed. Illustrated identification keys are provided to separate the three subgenera of Gonatocerus that oc-cur in the region and to females of the species in each subgenus. Distribution ranges, including new records of extralimital specimens examined, and known host associations of the species are given. Forty-two valid taxa are recognized including 19 newly described ones: two in G. ( Gonatocerus )— G. bukashka sp. n. (Denmark, Russia) and G. koziavka sp. n. (Kyr-gyzstan), 15 in G. ( Lymaenon Walker)— G. berezovskiyi sp. n. (Turkmenistan), G. beshbarmak sp. n. (Kyrgyzstan), G. ka-lika sp. n. (Denmark), G. karakum sp. n. (Italy, Turkmenistan), G. karlik sp. n. (China, Republic of Korea, Russia), G. katraps sp. n. (Republic of Korea, Russia), G. kazak sp. n. (Russia, Spain), G. komarik sp. n. (France), G. krasavchik sp. n. (Russia), G. kulik sp. n. (Russia), G. kum sp. n. (Russia), G. kusaka sp. n. (Russia), G. saulfrommeri sp. n. (Russia), G. svat sp. n. (China), G. ucri sp. n. (Russia), and two in G. ( Cosmocomoidea Howard)— G. kikimora sp. n. (Russia) and G. woohoo sp. n. ( Russia). New synonymies are proposed for the following names: G. ( Gonatocerus ) fuscicornis (Walker) [= G. sulphuripes (Foerster) syn. n. , G. pictosimilis Soyka syn. n. , Lymaenon synaptus Debauche syn. n. , L. alecto De-bauche syn. n. , and L. crassipes Debauche syn. n. ]; G. ( Gonatocerus ) aegyptiacus Soyka [= G. saipanensis (Doutt) syn. n. , G. alami Shamim & Shafee syn. n. , G. tarae Narayanan & Subba Rao syn. n. , G. miurai Sahad syn. n. , and G. minor Matthews syn. n. ]; G. ( Gonatocerus ) pictus (Haliday) [= G. orthopenitus Guo, Lin & Hu syn. n. ]; G. ( Lymaenon ) aureus Girault [= G. tenuipennis Girault syn. n. , G. chrysis (Debauche) syn. n. , G. vopros nom. n. pro G. flavus Soyka, 1950 ( nec G. flavus Foerster, 1841) syn. n. , G. pahlgamensis (Narayanan) syn. n. , G. kanheriensis Mani & Saraswat syn. n. , G. grac-ilentus Hellen syn. n. , G. aligarhensis Shamim & Shafee syn. n. , and G. fukuokensis Sahad syn. n. ]; G. ( Lymaenon ) lito-ralis (Haliday) [= Alaptus fuscus Forster syn. n. , G. exiguus Forster syn. n. , G. americanus Brues syn. n. , G. anthonomi Girault syn. n. , G. brunneus Girault syn. n. , G. illinoiensis Girault syn. n. , G. maevius Girault syn. n. , G. texanus Girault syn. n. , and G. priesneri Soyka syn. n. ]; G. ( Lymaenon ) longior Soyka [= G. conicus (Mathot) syn. n. ]; G. ( Cosmoco-moidea ) oxypygus Foerster [= G. ovicenatus Leonard & Crosby syn. n. and G. megalura (Mathot) syn. n. ]. Lymaenon cunctator Mathot is reinstated as a valid species, G. ( Lymaenon ) cunctator (Mathot) stat. rev. , based on study of its holo-type. Lectotypes are designated for Alaptus fuscus , Gonatocerus anthonomi , G. ater Foerster, G. brunneus , G. exiguus , G. texanus , Lymaenon fuscicornis Walker, L. tremulae Bakkendorf, and Rachistus sulphuripes Foerster. Neotypes are desig-nated for G. aureus and G. oxypygus .
Heme oxygenase 2 is neuroprotective against intracerebral hemorrhage.

Abstract Recent studies suggest a neuroprotective function for heme oxygenase 2 (HO2) in acute brain injury and ischemia. HO2, the main enzyme to degrade the pro-oxidant heme, was tested for its neuroprotective ability in postnatal neuronal cell cultures and in a model of collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage. Genetic deletion of HO2 rendered cultured neurons 32% (P
Sub-Picosecond Raman Spectroscopy Of Semiconductors

SUB -PICOSECOND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTORSJ. C. Tsang and J. A. KashIBM T. J. Watson Research CenterP. O. Box 218Yorktown Heights, New York 10598ABSTRACTRecent advances in laser and optical detector technology have made it possible to perform time resolved Raman scattering experimentson opaque semiconductors with sub -picosecond temporal resolution. This has allowed us to directly study the initial stages in the relaxationof energetic carriers in III -V semiconductors such as GaAs and Ga1_XAl As. The generation of a non -equilibrium population of longitudinaloptic (LO) phonons by a well characterized population of energetic carriers has been temporally resolved in GaAs.' Changes in the screeningof the LO phonons due to the creation of a high density of hot carriers and their cooling have also been observed. These studies have beenextended to the alloy system Gal_XAlAs to characterize the changes introduced into the hot carrier relaxation processes by alloy disordereffects.z The modification of the carrier relaxation processes due to the presence of strong carrier -carrier scattering was observed using thehot luminescence which accompanied the Raman scattering at high excitation levels.3Our results were all obtained with the pump -probe technique where one laser beam is used to inject an initially well characterized dis-tribution of energetic carriers into the conduction and valence bands of the semiconductor and a second beam used to excite the Ramanspectrum or modify the hot luminescence of the sample. By deriving the two beams from a single laser pulse and carefully controlling thedifference in the path lengths between the two beams before they are overlapped on the sample, it is possible to temporally resolve processesoccurring on the time scale of the width of the laser pulses. Our pulses were derived from a mode locked Ar ion laser synchronously pumpinga dye laser. The 5 ps dye laser pulses were chirped in an optical fiber and temporally compressed using a four pass grating compressorproducing laser pulses with a temporal width of about 0.5 ps and a spectral width of about 30 cm -1. A slit was placed inthe optical pathof the grating compressor to remove the spectral wings which normally accompanied the chirped pulses. The resultant train of 0.5 ps wide,76 MHz repetition rate pulses had an average power of the order of 20 mw and could be tuned to wavelengths between 5800 and 6500
Treadmill exercise reverses dendritic spine loss in direct and indirect striatal medium spiny neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Exercise has been shown to be beneficial for Parkinson's disease (PD). A major interest in our lab has been to investigate how exercise modulates basal ganglia function and modifies disease progression. Dopamine (DA) depletion leads to loss of dendritic spines within the caudate nucleus and putamen (striatum) in PD and its animal models and contributes to motor impairments. Striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) can be delineated into two populations, the dopamine D1 receptor (DA-D1R)-containing MSNs of the direct pathway and dopamine D2 receptor (DA-D2R)-containing MSNs of the indirect pathway. There is evidence to suggest that the DA-D2R-indirect pathway MSNs may be preferentially affected after DA-depletion with a predominate loss of dendritic spine density when compared to MSNs of the DA-D1R-direct pathway in rodents; however, others have reported that both pathways may be affected in primates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intensive exercise on dendritic spine density and arborization in MSNs of these two pathways in the MPTP mouse model of PD. We found that MPTP led to a decrease in dendritic spine density in both DA-D1R- and DA-D2R-containing MSNs and 30 days of intensive treadmill exercise led to increased dendritic spine density and arborization in MSNs of both pathways. In addition, exercise increased the expression of synaptic proteins PSD-95 and synaptophysin. Taken together these findings support the potential effect of exercise in modifying synaptic connectivity within the DA-depleted striatum and in modifying disease progression in individuals with PD.
Empirically based modelling of radar-rainfall uncertainties for a C-band radar at different time-scales

Radar-based estimates of rainfall are affected by several sources of systematic and random errors. The propagation of these uncertainties is required for improving the understanding and interpretation of the results obtained when radar-rainfall estimates are used as input or initial conditions. Despite the relevance of the problem, modelling of radar-rainfall uncertainties is still at an early stage. The authors apply an empirically based model in which the relation between true rainfall and radar-rainfall can be described as the product of a systematic distortion function (accounting for systematic biases) and random component (describing the remaining random errors). The proposed results are based on a large sample (more than six years) of data from a C-band radar (Wardon Hill) located in southwest England. The true ground rainfall is approximated by rain gauge measurements from a highly dense network deployed in the Brue catchment, located about 40 km from the radar site. The authors present results from their modelling of the radar-rainfall errors at four time-scales of hydrologic interest (5- and 15-minute, hourly and three-hourly) and 2 km spatial resolution, discussing the impact of spatial sampling errors on the proposed results. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The Hyperbolic Pythagorean Theorem in the Poincare Disc Model of Hyperbolic Geometry

(1999). The Hyperbolic Pythagorean Theorem in the Poincare Disc Model of Hyperbolic Geometry. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 8, pp. 759-763.
Measurement of region-specific nitrate levels of the posterior chamber of the rat eye using low-flow push-pull perfusion.

The determination of the presence of nitric oxide metabolites in the rat vitreous cavity in a regioselective manner is complicated by the size and shape of the eye as well as the diffusivity of the molecule and its metabolites. In this work, in vivo low-flow push−pull perfusion sampling was utilized with a rapid capillary electrophoretic assay to monitor levels of the major NO metabolite, nitrate, at the vitreoretinal interface (VRI) of normal and aged rat models. The sampling probe tips were placed in three different positions in the posterior chamber through a 29-gauge guide needle. Sampling was performed along the VRI over the optic nerve head and regions peripheral to the optic nerve head. Additionally, samples were collected from the middle vitreous region to compare to VRI sampling. A significant (P < 0.05) difference in the perfusate nitrate concentration was observed in each location, which may be due to the source of NO production or the clearance mechanism of the molecule from the vitreous cavit...
Photoaddition to DNA by Nonintercalated Chlorpromazine Molecules

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) forms photoadducts with DNA and photosensitizes DNA strand breaks. These reactions may be responsible for the reported photomutagenicity of CPZ and for the well-known cutaneous and ocular phototoxicity associated with this drug. We have investigated whether CPZ molecules that are intercalated between base pairs in double-stranded (ds) DNA are the absorbing species for the photoaddition reaction. Quenching of CPZ fluorescence by ds-DNA gave nonlinear Stern-Volmer plots, indicating that more than one type of complex is formed. Linear dichroism spectra of CPZ in the presence of ds-DNA showed a minimum at 345 nm, indicating that the absorption maxima of intercalation complex(es) are red-shifted compared to the absorption maximum of free CPZ at 307 nm. The sum of the absorption of all CPZ complexes with ds-DNA, obtained from dialysis experiments, was broadened and maximized at about 315 nm, indicating that complexes not involving intercalation dominate the absorption spectrum at lambda < 350 nm. The wavelength dependence for covalent binding of CPZ to DNA was determined by irradiating 3H-CPZ in the presence of ds-DNA at 310, 322, 334, 346, 358 and 370 nm. The resulting spectrum correlated closely with the absorption spectrum of nonintercalated CPZ rather than with the spectrum of intercalated CPZ, indicating that the latter species is not the chromophore for the photoaddition reaction.
Do all components of the metabolic syndrome cluster together in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos? Results from the Hispanic Community Health study/Study of Latinos

Abstract Purpose Metabolic syndrome (MetS), the clustering of several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, is highly prevalent in Hispanics/Latinos. We tested whether all components significantly loaded on the syndrome in Hispanics/Latinos and whether their contribution differed by sex and Hispanic ancestry. We also examined associations of MetS with prevalent diabetes and coronary heart disease in Hispanics/Latinos. Methods Data were obtained from a population-based cohort of n = 15,823 participants in the HCHS/SOL study who self-identified as being of Central American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican American, Puerto Rican, or South American ancestry and were aged 18 to 74 years at screening. Results A latent variable model of waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and fasting glucose fit the data in men and women, but the contribution of HDL-C was weak. No difference in the latent model of MetS was detected across Hispanic/Latino ancestry groups. MetS was significantly associated with diabetes and coronary heart disease. Conclusions Our results indicate that similar criteria for MetS may be applied across Hispanic/Latino ancestry groups but call into question the role of HDL-C in classifying the MetS in Hispanics/Latinos.
Peptide immunization excludes antigen-specific T cells from splenic lymphoid compartments

Using adoptive transfer of TCR-transgenic T cells, we examined the homing of transgenic T cells to splenic compartments in situ. After systemic immunization with peptide or protein antigen, the location of clonotypic T cells, cytokine production, cell surface markers, and apoptosis were assessed. There were distinct differences in the splenic homing of CD4+ TCR-transgenic T cells in mice immunized with peptide as compared to mice immunized with whole-protein antigen. T cells in peptide-immunized mice were found almost exclusively in the splenic red pulp, but not in the T and B cell zones (white pulp), while the majority of T cells immunized with whole protein were found in the white pulp. Many more Fas ligand-expressing and apoptotic cells were present after peptide immunization than after whole-protein immunization. Localization of IL-4-, IL-2- and IFN-γ-producing cells to the lymphocyte-containing splenic white pulp was only observed with whole-protein immunization. The unique homing and increased apoptosis of immune cells post peptide immunization may help explain the ineffectiveness of many peptide vaccines. Linkage of the same peptide epitope to a carrier protein increased white pulp T cell localization and decreased apoptosis, suggesting a strategy to enhance peptide vaccine responses.
OHIO SURVEY STATISTICS.

SINCE our earlier report1 on radio source statistics from the Ohio sky survey, a fifth instalment of the survey covering declinations between 40° and 63° north has been published2, thus increasing the total number of sources catalogued from about 8,000 to 12,000 in about 6 sr of sky (Table 1). The actual observed counts and the observed number per sr are given for 20% increments in flux density. The last column of Table 1 lists the observed counts relative to a model for which the integral slope is -1.5 (differential slope - 2.5). This model corresponds to a uniform Euclidean universe and is used for convenience as a reference.