cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for basin restriction during syn-collisional basin formation in the Silurian Arisaig Group, Nova Scotia

The Arisaig Basin in Nova Scotia, Canada provides a regional sedimentary record of an Early Silurian basin subsidence on the microcontinent of Avalon. The lower members of the Arisaig Group (Beechill Cove and Lower Ross Brook Formations) are likely to be deposited in a basin formed during syn- to post-collisional rifting/subsidence driven by the collision of Avalon and Baltica. The evolution of this constricted basin can be tracked by examining the geochemistry of the sedimentary rocks deposited within the basin. Here we report on the chemostratigraphy of the Arisaig Group, a series of siliciclastics, with a focus on understanding the redox chemistry during sedimentation. The trace and major-element geochemistry of this group provides insight into the oceanographic and geological processes that were influencing its depositional environment. In particular, concentrations of U, V, Mo, Ni, Cd, and Pb indicate regional shifts in ocean redox state, which serve as a proxy for changes in ocean circulation and regional tectonic activity. We find evidence for anoxic conditions near the base of Ross Brook Formation, and attribute this anomaly in redox status to a significant change in physical mixing in the region. Trace element concentrations indicate that this anoxic event was associated with poor circulation rather than elevated productivity and organic matter burial. Based on these data, we confirm that these sediments are deposited in a tectonically formed basin during a period of limited ocean circulation.
In Situ Observation of Antibiotic Mediated Concurrent Growth of Two Distinct Homogeneous Populations of Gold Nanoparticles in Solution Phase

We report the observation of the unusual nucleation and growth kinetics of gold nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of the antibiotic cephalexin using in situ static and dynamic light scattering in conjunction with in situ UV−vis absorption measurements and transmission electron microscopy. Following a brief latency period, two well-separated populations of gold nanoparticles, with average sizes of 1−2 nm versus several tens of nanometer, respectively, nucleate simultaneously. For either size regime, the total number of particles increased rapidly, while their mean size and relative frequency remained essentially constant over a growth period of 5 h. With increasing temperature, the morphology of the larger nanoparticles became increasingly spherical, as indicated by the noticeable blue shift of the plasmon frequency for these particles. The detailed morphology for either particle population was confirmed with TEM. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of simultaneous growth of two distinc...
Allosteric nucleic acid catalysts

Endowing nucleic acid catalysts with allosteric properties provides new prospects for RNA and DNA as controllable therapeutic agents or as sensors of their cognate effector compounds. The ability to engineer RNA catalysts that are allosterically regulated by effector binding has been propelled by the union of modular rational design principles and powerful combinatorial strategies.
Imaging Tools for the Developmental Biologist: Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of Mouse Embryonic Development

Progress has been rapid in the elucidation of genes responsible for cardiac development. Strategies to ascertain phenotypes, however, have lagged behind advances in genomics, particularly in the in vivo mouse embryo, considered a model organism for mammalian development, and for human development and disease. Over the past several years, our laboratory and others have pioneered a variety of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM)-Doppler approaches to study in vivo development in both normal and mutant mouse embryos. This state-of-the-art review will discuss the development and potential of ultrasound biomicroscopy as a tool for the in vivo imaging and phenotyping of both cardiac and non-cardiac organ systems in the early developing mouse. Broad, long-term research objectives are to define living structure-function relationships during critical periods of mammalian morphogenesis.
Financial implications of artificial Neural Networks in automobile insurance underwriting

In the insurance business, two things are considered when analysing losses: frequency of loss and severity of loss. Previous research investigated the use of artificial Neural Networks (NNs) to develop models as aids to the insurance underwriter when determining acceptability and price on insurance policies. This paper is a preliminary investigation into the financial impact of NN models as tools in underwriting of private passenger automobile insurance policies. Results indicate that an artificial NN underwriting model outperformed a linear model and a logistic model. Further research and investigation is warranted in this area.
The stereoselective ring contraction of a pyranosylated indolocarbazole. A biosynthetic link between K252a and staurosporine

Abstract Observation that oxidation and ring contractive benzilic acid rearrangement of 8 leads to the stereoselective production of the K252a carbohydrate moiety suggests a possible biosynthetic link between the furanosylated and pyranosylated indolocarbazoles.
Enhancing pre-service teachers’ fraction knowledge through open approach instruction

Abstract This study explores whether using the open approach instruction in teaching mathematics has a positive effect for enhancing pre-service teachers’ fraction knowledge. The test consisted of 32 items that were designed to examine pre-service teachers’ procedural and conceptual knowledge of fractions before and after receiving open approach instruction. The study was undertaken among students in four mathematics content and methods courses for the Elementary School Education program in a mid-western public university. The findings show that most of the teachers achieved improved learning outcomes through the open approach instruction.
The Relationship of HR Professionals' Online Experiences With Perceptions of Organizational Hiring and Promotion of Online Graduates

Based on a survey of 264 human resources professionals from 10 Society for Human Resource Management chapters in Texas, the authors investigated how human resources professionals accept online degrees compared to degrees based on face-to-face coursework for hiring and promotion purposes. If respondents were satisfied with their own online course experiences, they were most likely to view their organization as treating an online bachelor's or master's degree as equivalent to a traditional degree for hiring or promotion purposes. Having had online courses in the past or having completed an online degree had no similar and significant association with perceptions of online program equivalency.
Post-Socialist Urban Forms: Notes From Sofia

This essay reviews some key processes shaping the transformation of urban forms that have occurred in Sofia, Bulgaria since the end of socialism in 1989. It introduces quantitative and qualitative evidence of five processes of change: growth of the urban periphery, decrease of spatial scale, privatization of space, land-use diversification, and pluralization of styles. Although Sofia's built fabric is generally changing in ways familiar to scholars of spatial restructuring in capitalist cities, there are important local, post-socialist nuances that affect these processes in terms of the pace and intensity with which they proceed.
A recharge model for end user computing support: yes! people pay us to fix their computers

UC-Berkeley's Departmental On-site Computing Support (DOCS) is a subscription based model for dedicated annual tech support service: Mac/Windows, Desktops, Servers, PDAs and other peripherals. We analyze clients' computing needs, help design and implement infrastructure, handle immediate needs (fires) while performing ongoing maintenance and upgrades to prevent fires.Many central campus services provide limited phone, email and to some extent drop-in help desk on specific services (email, calendar, etc). However, many problems need to be handled at the user's machine in the user's environment.Several colleges within UC-Berkeley and some majors/departments have their own help desk service or desktop support model, but the vast majority of administrative and academic departments are on their own. Some hire in-house technicians or student workers for their IT needs. Smaller units usually go without any direct support.The DOCS recharge model can be used as a 2nd tier to the Help Desk for in-depth work. The model is flexible enough to adjust staffing based on interest or stretched to provide different layers and levels of service and pricing, from a department too small to hire their own IT staff, to a large department in need of multiple platform support.This paper and presentation looks to explore how and where to expand our current services. It will demonstrate the current effectiveness of our current level of service. It will also address campus wide needs for campus level services that don't offer any in-person or on-site support as well as other areas of improvement or expansion.
Suicide, homicide and the quality of life in various countries.

Based on the theory of Henry & Short, it was predicted that suicide rates should be higher and homicide rates lower in countries where the quality of life is better. In 1980, for a sample of 43 countries, this prediction was confirmed for some components of the quality of life (psychological well-being) but not for other components (political stability, defense and economy, and cultural diversity). However, changes in the quality of life from 1970 to 1980 were not related to changes in suicide or homicide rates. Language: en
Ionospheric temperatures at sunspot minimum

Abstract The temperature profile throughout the ionosphere is determined by the relative importance of the following processes: the rate of heat input to the ambient electron gas by Coulomb scattering of photoelectrons; the rate of transfer of heat from the electron gas to the neutral atmosphere; heat conduction by the electron gas. Theoretical temperature profiles have been obtained by Dalgarno and by Hanson under the assumption of no heat conduction. These profiles show a departure from thermal equilibrium beginning at about 120 km, the electron temperature reaching a maximum near 225 km, with thermal equilibrium again being established in the region at and above 350 km. This paper describes a numerical solution of the electron conduction equation and shows that the electron temperature increases monotonically above the 120 km level for a model approximating conditions near sunspot minimum. The failure of the electron temperature to decrease to that of the neutral atmosphere above 200 km is attributed to the low electron density at sunspot minimum and consequent inefficiency of heat transfer to the neutral atmosphere. The temperature profiles of Dalgarno and of Hanson might be expected to be represent-ative of conditions near sunspot maximum when the electron density is high. Scaling of the relevant parameters in the present work to approximate sunspot maximum conditions confirms this expectation.
Modifiable Risk Factors and Thyroid Cancer

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between modifiable patient risk factors including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), and thyroid cancer.Study DesignRetrospective study with chart review.SettingMidwest university hospital.Subjects and MethodsRetrospective study comparing Midwest patients with thyroid cancer from our Thyroid Tumor and Cancer Registry with Midwest controls without a personal history of cancer. Descriptive statistics were created from patient questionnaires and chart reviews. Odds ratios (ORs) were reported for significant associations.ResultsThere were 467 patients with cancer and 255 controls. The thyroid cancer group included 404 papillary, 47 follicular, 13 medullary, and 3 anaplastic cancers. When comparing all patients with cancer with controls, smoking more than 100 lifetime cigarettes was associated with a reduced cancer risk (OR, 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.94). Secondhand smoke exposure did not show a statistically significant relationship t...
Processes of Lunar Crater Degradation: Changes in Style with Geologic Time

Relative age schemes of crater degradation are calibrated to radiometric dates obtained from lunar samples, changes in morphologic features are analyzed, and the style and rate of lunar surface degradation processes are modeled in relation to lunar geologic time. A comparison of radiometric age scales and the relative degradation of morphologic features for craters larger than about 5 km in diameter shows that crater degradation can be divided into two periods: Period I, prior to about 3.9 billion years ago and characterized by a high meteoritic influx rate and the formation of large multiringed basins, and Period II, from about 3.9 billion years ago to the present and characterized by a much lower influx rate and a lack of large multiringed basins. Diagnostic features for determining the relative ages of craters are described, and crater modification processes are considered, including primary impacts, lateral sedimentation, proximity weathering, landslides, and tectonism. It is suggested that the fundamental degradation of early Martian craters may be associated with erosional and depositional processes related to the intense bombardment characteristics of Period I.
Tropical algebraic geometry in Maple: A preprocessing algorithm for finding common factors for multivariate polynomials with approximate coefficients

Finding a common factor of two multivariate polynomials with approximate coefficients is a problem in symbolic-numeric computing. Taking a tropical view of this problem leads to efficient preprocessing techniques, applying polyhedral methods to the exact exponents and numerical techniques to the approximate coefficients. With Maple we will illustrate our use of tropical algebraic geometry.
Human Nasal Host Defense and Sinusitis

Sinusitis is an exceptionally common disorder that affects an estimated 35 million Americans per year. The development of sinusitis requires both the presence of a virulent pathogen and the failure of the local immune system to prevent or effectively combat the infection. Identification of the components of the immune defense system of the upper respiratory tract and the possible areas of dysfunction that predispose to sinusitis may be important steps in the eventual prevention of this common disease. The nasal and sinus passages are lined by respiratory mucous membranes. Recent studies have identified some of the constituents found in mucus and their roles in human health and disease. However, the local immune system of the respiratory mucosa is largely unknown, and its role in sinusitis is conjectural. Nasal secretions include many proteins that serve important functions in local mucosal host defense. Most of these host-defense molecules are synthesized and secreted by serous cells in the submucous glands, and it appears that the serous cell is the resident antimicrobial cell in mucous membranes. Currently data suggest that serous cell secretion is abnormal in patients with recurrent sinusitis and that effective treatment leads to correction of the secretory abnormality along with improvement in sinusitis.
θ-REDOR: an MAS NMR method to simplify multiple coupled heteronuclear spin systems

Abstract The measurement of heteronuclear dipolar couplings with rotational-echo, double-resonance NMR (REDOR) is straightforward for isolated S–I spin pairs. However, measuring the n dipolar couplings for an S spin coupled simultaneously to n I spins is not easy because of additional complications arising from the orientational dependencies between the n dipolar tensors. We present an important modification of REDOR, called θ -REDOR, that is useful for systems with multiple dipolar couplings. This new experiment recovers the n dipolar couplings while eliminating the complicating orientational dependence between the dipolar tensors of the REDOR experiment. A REDOR transform of data obtained by θ -REDOR provides the n dipolar frequencies.
Applications of fabry—pérot interferometry in multi-element flame emission analysis

Abstract A system for multi-element flame emission analysis based on a scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer is described and evaluated. Detection limits and linearity of response for ten elements commonly determined by flame photometry compare well with conventional single-element methods. Analyses for several elements in tap water, serum, urine, standard orchard leaf and low-alloy steel demonstrate the good accuracy and precision of the technique; the resolution allows up to five elements to be determined simultaneously.
Temporal patterns of atmospheric mercury species in northern Mississippi during 2011–2012: Influence of sudden population swings

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) were measured on the University of Mississippi campus from July 2011 to June 2012. It is believed to be the first time that concentrations of atmospheric mercury species have been documented in northern Mississippi, and at a location with relatively large and sudden swings in population. The mean concentration (±1 SD) of GEM was 1.54±0.32 ng m(-3); levels were lower and generally more stable during the winter (1.48±0.22) and spring (1.46±0.27) compared with the summer (1.56±0.32) and fall (1.63±0.42). Mean concentrations for GOM and PBM were 3.87 pg m(-3) and 4.58 pg m(-3), respectively; levels tended to be highest in the afternoon and lowest in the early morning hours. During the fall and spring academic semesters concentrations and variability of GOM and PBM both increased, possibly from vehicle exhaust. There were moderate negative correlations with wind speed (all species) and humidity (GOM and PBM). Backward air mass trajectory modeling for the ten highest peaks for each mercury species revealed that the majority of these events occurred from air masses that passed through the northern continental US region. Overall, this study illustrates the complexity of temporal fluctuations of airborne mercury species, even in a small town environment.
Laboratory studies of submicron particles from coal combustion

A laboratory investigation of the particles in the flue gases of a pulverized coal combustor has been conducted. The emphasis was on physical and chemical characterization of those particles smaller than 2 μm diameter. The number concentrations are large, on the order of 1014 particles/m3, and the mean size is small, 0.02 to 0.08 μm diameter. The particle size distribution is extremely narrow, supporting the hypothesis that the particles were formed by nucleation and then grew by coagulation. Predicted particle size distributions are in close agreement with the data. Chemical analyses of the submicron particles by particle induced x-ray emission show two distinct modes in the 0.03 to 3 μm size range. The larger particles consist of the major ash species, Al, Ca, Fe, and Si. The, smallest particles were composed of the more volatile species, Si and S, with a large amount of material not detected by PIXE. Optical absorption measurements suggest that this material was primarily carbon in the form of soot.
Confidence as a Means to Assess the Accuracy of Trust Values

Open, heterogeneous multi-agent systems (MAS) have to cope with a variety of uncertainties introduced by the systems' participants and their environment. In such systems, agents can use trust values that characterize the behavior of their interaction partners as a measure of uncertainty, allowing agents to make more appropriate decisions. However, because of the systems' dynamics and the agents' limited knowledge, the accuracy of these trust values is often limited as well, introducing another form of uncertainty. In this paper, we present confidence as a general concept to indicate the degree of certainty that a trust value describes the actual observable behavior of an agent. On the basis of three open MAS, we identify different criteria the confidence depends on by revealing situations in which trust values can be inaccurate and therefore impair an agent's decision. By means of scenarios, we show that a trust-aware agent can increase its own utility when its decisions are based on the confidence in trust values.
Chemical and organoleptic changes in poultry meat resulting from the growth of psychrophylic spoilage bacteria at 1 degree C. 5. Effects on palatability.

Synopsis The growth of pigmented Pseudomonas or of Pseudomonas putrefaciens to counts of 106‐107/g over a period of 3–5 d at 1° C had no influence on the flavour of the cooked meat when compared with meat that had been stored for similar times under aseptic conditions.
Robust kernel-based object tracking with multiple kernel centers

Visual tracking in the real world is challenging with unavoidable background interference, target orientation variations and scale changes. Spatial information needs to be exploited to increase robustness; however, current methods such as “Spatiogram” suffer from the large complexity of spatial covariance calculation. Recently, joint distribution representation has been used to estimate target orientation and scale, but this representation is at the expense of losing position localization information. A new framework is proposed for target model representation by employing multiple kernel centers (MKC) within the kernel window. By employing MKC, spatial information is implicitly embedded. Steepest gradient ascent is used to track the target position, orientation and scale simultaneously. Using an adaptive stepsize in the gradient ascent iteration, the proposed method inherits the desirable properties of the mean shift approach and shows a fast convergence rate. The experimental results in several challenging scenarios demonstrate its robustness and superiority to previous technique.
Scale-dependent associations between native freshwater mussels and invasive Corbicula

In North America there is conflicting evidence concerning whether the invasive Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, and native mussels (Unionidae), can successfully co-exist. One reason underlying disparate conclusions may be the different spatial scales at which data have been collected. We compared the distribution and abundance of native unionid mussels and Corbicula at two spatial scales, stream reaches and 0.25 m 2 patches, within one biogeographic region, the Ouachita Highlands, of the south central U.S. We found that Corbicula abundance was negatively related to native mussel abundance at small spatial scales. While Corbicula densities varied widely in patches without native mussels, and in patches where mussels occurred at low abundance, Corbicula density was never high in patches where mussels were dense. We hypothesize that the likelihood of successful Corbicula invasion decreases with increasing abundance of adult native mussels. Several mechanisms may potentially drive this pattern including lack of space for Corbicula to colonize, physical displacement by actively burrowing mussels, and locally reduced food resources in patches where native mussels are feeding. In addition, Corbicula may be unable to withstand environmental bottlenecks as readily as unionids. When patch-scale density and biomass information were pooled to represent entire stream reaches, the negative relationship between native mussels and Corbicula was no longer as apparent, and there was not a significant relationship between native mussels and Corbicula. These results point to the importance of appropriate sample scale in examining potential associations between species.
The Development of an African Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1491–1750

Scholarly opinion on the conversion of the Kingdom of Kongo to Christianity has generally been that it was superficial, diplomatically oriented, impure, dangerous to national sovereignty or rejected by the mass of the population. This article argues that although Christianity in Kongo took a distinctly African form it was widely accepted both in Kongo and in Europe as being the religion of the country.This was possible because Kongo, as a voluntary convert, had considerable leeway to contribute to its particular form of Christianity. Also, European priests were much more tolerant of syncretism in Kongo than in regions like Mexico, where colonial occupation accompanied the propagation of Christianity. Kongo's control over the theological content allowed the religion to gain mass acceptance while its control over the Church organization and finance allowed it never to be an instrument for foreign domination, in spite of Portuguese attempts to use it as a ‘fifth column’. When European priests arrived in Kongo during the Portuguese colonial occupation at the end of the nineteenth century, they rejected the local form of Christianity, thus ending its acceptance among Europeans as Christianity.
A Unifying Theory of Refractive Error Development

While retinal defocus is believed to be myopigenic in nature, the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. We recently constructed a theory of refractive error development to investigate its fundamental properties. Our Incremental Retinal-Defocus Theory is based on the principle that the change in retinal-defocus magnitude during an increment of genetically-programmed ocular growth provides the requisite sign for the appropriate alteration in subsequent environmentally-induced ocular growth. This theory was tested under five experimental conditions: lenses, diffusers, occlusion, crystalline lens removal, and prolonged nearwork. Predictions of the theory were consistent with previous animal and human experimental findings. In addition, simulations using a MATLAB/SIMULINK model supported our theory by demonstrating quantitatively the appropriate directional changes in ocular growth rate. Thus, our Incremental Retinal-Defocus Theory provides a simple and logical unifying concept underlying the mechanism for the development of refractive error.
Capture–recapture estimation of unreported work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Connecticut

Background: Estimates of the extent of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are usually based upon workers’ compensation reports, although recent reports indicate that there may be widespread under-reporting of MSD. Methods An estimate of the incidence of arm and hand work related MSD was made using capture-recapture analysis of the overlap between state workers' compensation reports and physician reports in Connecticut for 1995. The resulting estimate was compared to a population-based survey of MSD. Results: There was very small overlap between the two state injury reporting systems: 6.7% of 793 reported workers' compensation cases, or 8% of 661 physician's reports. The estimate for MSD not captured by either system was 13,285, resulting in 14,686 (95% CI 9,733-18,453) total reported and non-reported cases. This compares to an estimate of 13,775 cases (95% CI 8,800-18,800) based on a phone survey. Conclusions: This analysis points to substantial under-reporting of MSD in Connecticut: estimates of unreported cases exceed those officially reported by a factor of 11:1. The findings have an important bearing on injury prevention programs and policy making.
Combined arterial spin label and dynamic susceptibility contrast measurement of cerebral blood flow.

Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) are both used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF), but neither technique is ideal. Absolute DSC-CBF quantitation is challenging due to many uncertainties, including partial-volume errors and nonlinear contrast relaxivity. ASL can measure quantitative CBF in regions with rapidly arriving flow, but CBF is underestimated in regions with delayed arrival. To address both problems, we have derived a patient-specific correction factor, the ratio of ASL- and DSC-CBF, calculated only in short-arrival-time regions (as determined by the DSC-based normalized bolus arrival time [Tmax]). We have compared the combined CBF method to gold-standard xenon CT in 20 patients with cerebrovascular disease, using a range of Tmax threshold levels. Combined ASL and DSC CBF demonstrated quantitative accuracy as good as the ASL technique but with improved correlation in voxels with long Tmax. The ratio of MRI-based CBF to xenon CT CBF (coefficient of variation) was 90 ± 30% (33%) for combined ASL and DSC CBF, 43 ± 21% (47%) for DSC, and 91 ± 31% (34%) for ASL (Tmax threshold 3 sec). These findings suggest that combining ASL and DSC perfusion measurements improves quantitative CBF measurements in patients with cerebrovascular disease.
A diel rhythm of the short‐circuit current expressed by the opercular epithelium of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus

The inner opercular epithelium of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, may be separated as a single epithelial sheet and mounted in an Ussing-style chamber with the short-circuit current (Isc) approximating chloride secretion. Steady state opercular Isc values in seawater-adapted killifish were higher in tissues removed from fish in the afternoon than those observed in the morning. Opercular conductance was also higher in the afternoon than the morning. The opercular steady state Isc from killifish on a 13:11 light:dark cycle exhibited a diel variation with the peak in the middle of the light cycle and a nadir near the end of the dark phase. Temperature and salinity remained constant during the experimental period. Daily variation cued by the photoperiod should be considered when using this preparation as an experimental model for ion transport in the gill of a seawater-adapted fish. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reply to Don et al

To The Editor—Don et al [1] raise several interesting points. Allander et al [2] performed the novel molecular screening studies that led to the discovery of human bocavirus (HBoV), and his group has invested considerable effort in the investigation of HBoV as a respiratory pathogen. Their letter highlights the challenges in elucidating the role of any microorganism in a particular clinical syndrome.
The effect of hydrogen on trap generation, positive charge trapping, and time-dependent dielectric breakdown of gate oxides

The effect of high-temperature ( approximately=900 degrees C) hydrogen on the gate oxides of MOS devices is studied. Hydrogen is introduced into devices by either high-temperature anneal or conventional process steps such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/. In all cases, measurements of high-field stress behavior show that high-temperature hydrogen steps reduce time to breakdown and increase bulk and interface trap generation, but do not affect the generation of positive charge. These results indicate that the wear-out mechanism of gate oxides at high fields is related to trap generation rather than to accumulation of positive charge. >
Operationalizing the Concepts of Goals and Goal Incompatibilities in Organizational Behavior Research

This paper demonstrates the theoretical relevance and validity of using utility models and scaling techniques as an approach to operationalizing the concepts of goals and goal incompatibilities. The approach was used, with empirical data from municipal government officials in 380 cities, to test the propositions that (1) structural differentiation in organizations is associated with goal incompatibilities, and (2) goal incompatibilities are correlated with conflict in organizations. Both propositions were supported. On the basis of a literature review, it was concluded that (1) the concepts of goals and goal incompatibilities play important, but controversial, roles in organization behavior, and (2) there has been very little empirical research directed toward operationalizing these concepts. On the basis of the empirical research, it was suggested that the approach generates valid operationalizations of goals and goal incompatibilities. Goals which were shared across units tend to be of moderate importan...
Evaluating temporal relations in clinical text: 2012 i2b2 Challenge.

Background The Sixth Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) Natural Language Processing Challenge for Clinical Records focused on the temporal relations in clinical narratives. The organizers provided the research community with a corpus of discharge summaries annotated with temporal information, to be used for the development and evaluation of temporal reasoning systems. 18 teams from around the world participated in the challenge. During the workshop, participating teams presented comprehensive reviews and analysis of their systems, and outlined future research directions suggested by the challenge contributions. Methods The challenge evaluated systems on the information extraction tasks that targeted: (1) clinically significant events, including both clinical concepts such as problems, tests, treatments, and clinical departments, and events relevant to the patient's clinical timeline, such as admissions, transfers between departments, etc; (2) temporal expressions, referring to the dates, times, durations, or frequencies phrases in the clinical text. The values of the extracted temporal expressions had to be normalized to an ISO specification standard; and (3) temporal relations, between the clinical events and temporal expressions. Participants determined pairs of events and temporal expressions that exhibited a temporal relation, and identified the temporal relation between them. Results For event detection, statistical machine learning (ML) methods consistently showed superior performance. While ML and rule based methods seemed to detect temporal expressions equally well, the best systems overwhelmingly adopted a rule based approach for value normalization. For temporal relation classification, the systems using hybrid approaches that combined ML and heuristics based methods produced the best results.
Lymphocytic hypophysitis in a man presenting with hypercalcemia

A 59-year-old man with a 30-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with fatigue, confusion, and weight loss over a 3-month period. He was found to be hypercalcemic (11.8 mg/dL) and dehydrated, and his hypercalcemia improved with intravenous fluids. While in the hospital, he developed hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, and hypotension. He was found to have a subnormal cortisol level of 2.3 microg/dL at baseline, which increased to only 5.6 microg/dL 60 minutes after a 250-microg corticotropin intravenous stimulation test. The patient developed pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome and died of an acute myocardial infarction. During the autopsy, he was found to have lymphocytic hypophysitis with a severe reduction in corticotropin-producing anterior pituitary cells. No malignancy was identified at autopsy. He is the first male patient to be described in the literature who presented with hypercalcemia caused by lymphocytic hypophysitis.
A Modified Approach to Observer-based Fault Detection

This paper presents a practical and useful modification to the observer-based fault detection technique so that the fault indicator is independent of the observer gain. To this end, the notion of "Total Measurable Fault Information Residual" (ToMFIR) is utilized. It is shown that the conventional fault indicator used in observer-based approaches (the observer output residual), being a function of the observer gain, is not totally reliable for the detection of small faults. We present a simple modification that results in a fault indicator which approaches the ToMFIR in the limit, if the fault function approaches a constant. A DC motor example is simulated in Matlab environment to illustrate the effectiveness of the modified observer residual as a fault indicator.
TRANSMITTANCE OF NEAR‐INRARED ENERGY BY BINARY GLASSES

A study has been made of the transmittance of near-infrared energy by a number of binary glasses. Of the systems studied, the lithia-silica and lead oxide-silica glasses were found to have the highest transmittance of energy in the range of wave lengths from 3.0 to 5.0 microns. The transmittance of lithia-silica glass is compared with that of the other alkali-silica glasses. Values of transmittance are given for lead silicate glasses of higher lead content than previously reported in the literature.
Characterization of Luby Transform Codes with Small Message Size for Low-Latency Decoding

Luby transform (LT) codes provide efficient erasure protection for information distributed across a multiuser channel with unknown characteristics. For real-time applications, however, the random selection of information symbols within a large message can increase encoding and decoding latency beyond allowable parameters. By using a smaller message size, the encoder can generate a codeword at a faster rate, leading to a higher decoder throughput. We decrease decoding latency by optimizing various parameters of the Robust Soliton distribution. This optimization in terms of delay does not lead to minimizing overhead. However, if a small increase in overhead can be tolerated, particularly for a smaller message size, then the overall encoding and decoding delay can be greatly reduced.
Clearance of roadblocks in replication fork restart

To uphold genome stability, cells are armed with sophisticated mechanisms to promote timely and accurate duplication of the genome. For instance, stalling of the replication machinery upon encountering blockage, such as a bulky lesion, template DNA with a high tendency for forming secondary structures, or DNA-bound protein(s), ignites a DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR signaling cascade ultimately results in recruitment of many proteins that cooperate to remove or bypass the block, and facilitate replication restart (1). However, in PNAS, Achar et al. (2) report that one protein, HLTF, singlehandedly can accomplish several tasks to deal with replication blocks.
Resubmitting an Application

The majority of grant applications are not funded due to competition for limited funds, so it is common to resubmit after initial rejection. Applications are allowed two chances (one resubmission) for review, with the exception of RFA/PA responses, which may be one-time or time-limited. For resubmission, success will depend on whether the IRG initially felt the project is worthwhile and whether the IRG perceives that the identified weaknesses have been corrected in the revised application.
Role of CaMKII in RyR leak, EC coupling and action potential duration: A computational model

During heart failure, the ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to store Ca(2+) is severely impaired resulting in abnormal Ca(2+) cycling and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Recently, it has been proposed that "leaky" ryanodine receptors (RyRs) contribute to diminished Ca(2+) levels in the SR. Various groups have experimentally investigated the effects of RyR phosphorylation mediated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) on RyR behavior. Some of these results are difficult to interpret since RyR gating is modulated by many external proteins and ions, including Ca(2+). Here, we present a mathematical model representing CaMKII-RyR interaction in the canine ventricular myocyte. This is an extension of our previous model which characterized CaMKII phosphorylation of L-type Ca(2+) channels (LCCs) in the cardiac dyad. In this model, it is assumed that upon phosphorylation, RyR Ca(2+)-sensitivity is increased. Individual RyR phosphorylation is modeled as a function of dyadic CaMKII activity, which is modulated by local Ca(2+) levels. The model is constrained by experimental measurements of Ca(2+) spark frequency and steady state RyR phosphorylation. It replicates steady state RyR (leak) fluxes in the range measured in experiments without the addition of a separate passive leak pathway. Simulation results suggest that under physiological conditions, CaMKII phosphorylation of LCCs ultimately has a greater effect on RyR flux as compared with RyR phosphorylation. We also show that phosphorylation of LCCs decreases EC coupling gain significantly and increases action potential duration. These results suggest that LCC phosphorylation sites may be a more effective target than RyR sites in modulating diastolic RyR flux.
Managing Software Architectural Evolution at Multiple Levels of Abstraction

Software development is a dynamic process where engineers constantly modify and refine systems. As a consequence, system architecture evolves over time. Software architectural evolution has been managed at different abstraction levels: the meta level, the architectural level, the application level, and the implementation level. However, management supports for architectural evolution are limited to evolution mechanisms in architectural description languages such as subtyping, inheritance, interface, and genericity. This paper presents a model-oriented version and configuration control approach to managing the evolution of architectural entities and relationships among them in configurations at different levels of abstraction. This paper also illustrates our approach in building an architectural configuration management system, MolhadoArch, that is capable of managing configurations and versions of software architecture across multiple levels of abstraction in a uniform and tightly connected manner. In MolhadoArch, consistent configurations are maintained not only among source code but also with the high-level software architecture. MolhadoArch supports the management of both planned and unplanned evolution of software architecture. We have conducted an experimental study to show that MolhadoArch can handle large and real-world systems. By evaluation, we learned that the benefits outweigh the extra space needed to represent architectural entities.
Hedgehog signalling: Ci complex cuts and clasps

Hedgehog (Hh) signalling in Drosophila inhibits partial proteolysis of the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci), and the ability of a complex containing Ci and the kinesin-related protein Costal-2 to bind microtubules. These changes are proposed to turn Ci from a repressor to an activator of Hh-target genes.
Analysis of Certain Phenothiazines and Their Dosage Forms by Photometric Titration with Ceric Sulfate

A photometric titration procedure is described for the determination of a number of phenothiazine derivatives and their dosage forms. An acidic solution of the drug or dosage form is titrated with standard ceric sulfate solution. The end point is determined photometrically at 420 mG. Quantitative recoveries are reported for 14 phenothiazine derivatives and three dosage forms.
A Note on Skid Resistance and the Road Profile

Abstract This report summarizes skid resistance information from many sources throughout the United States in an effort to determine whether surfaces with skid numbers below 35 should be used in traction grading. The author recommends that a constant inventory of pavement skid resistance be maintained to determine repair priorities and that a slippery surface (skid number in the range 20–25) be included in a test procedure for tire traction grading.
Matrix algorithm for Doppler sonar navigation

The software for precision navigation systems with Doppler velocity logs is typically based on the standard Janus equations. In the absence of significant error sources, these equations provide a simple solution to the Doppler sonar equation. This paper presents a more accurate algorithm for solving the Doppler sonar equation, which accounts for the error sources ignored in the standard Janus equations but retains their simplicity. This new matrix algorithm is based on a classical least-squares solution to an overdetermined linear system. The majority of the matrices in the system are time-invariant direction cosine and rotation matrices, which can be computed prior to the mission. The accuracy of this new algorithm has been verified during several at-sea tests. An improvement of almost 275 feet can be observed for a typical mission of five hours at five knots. >
A phase II study of GM-CSF and rIFN-γ1b plus carboplatin for the treatment of recurrent, platinum-sensitive ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of carboplatin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and recombinant interferon gamma 1b (rIFN-γ1b) in women with recurrent, platinum-sensitive ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer.
Costs of Pharmaceutical Care: Can the Profession do Anything?

OBJECTIVE:To review some of the factors that influence the cost of pharmaceuticals and the delivery of pharmaceutical care as well as some possible measures for decreasing these costs.DATA SYNTHESIS:Clinical studies have been selected to illustrate factors that may add to the overall cost of pharmaceutical care.CONCLUSIONS:Because of the perceived problems resulting from the introduction of new, expensive pharmaceuticals, possible means of controlling the costs of individual products are discussed. In addition, recommendations for achieving cooperation between pharmaceutical manufacturers and pharmacy practitioners in demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of new products are provided.
Dirty Words in the Classroom: Teaching the Limits of the First Amendment

Dirty Words in the Classroom: Teaching the Limits of the First Amendment analyzes whether a public school high school teacher could (and should) be fired for bringing into the classroom a jacket that said, "Fuck the Draft" in order to illustrate the holding of Cohen v. California. Similarly, the article considers the First Amendment protection currently afforded a public high school teacher who discusses the details of the Starr Report in a lesson on the impeachment proceedings against President Clinton. The scenarios force an analysis of the current tension between the desire to inculcate in children certain values, like civility, and the need to prepare students to participate in self-government. The analysis, in turn, raises a variety of interesting issues, such as the adequacy of existing First Amendment protection for teachers' in-class speech, the principled basis by which teachers might be entitled to more First Amendment protection than at present, and the differences in types of teacher speech. A split currently exists among the circuits of the United States Court of Appeals as to the correct test for analyzing teachers' in-class speech under the First Amendment. The article describes the existing legal tests and contends that both tests are insufficient for protecting a certain type of speech that is essential to our democracy. After agreeing with Professor Shauer's call for a more "institution-specific" approach to First Amendment analysis for cases involving the government's own enterprises, the article provides a theoretical basis for arguing that heightened constitutional protection is needed for the public school teacher's in-class speech, drawing upon such scholars as Alexander Meiklejohn, Amy Gutmann, and Charles Beard. The article also suggest some practical reasons for allocating decision-making autonomy to certain teachers. The article concludes by offering a new legal test for evaluating some teachers' in-class speech and by addressing critics' potential concerns.