cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid State Transformations of α-Lactose Monohydrate in Alcoholic Media

Abstract Crystalline α -lactose monohydrate was obtained from aqueous methanol or acetone solutions, and the amount of methanol or acetone retained in the crystals was measured by gas chromatography. Established procedures were used for conversion of α -lactose monohydrate containing methanol into anhydrous α -lactose, mixed anomeric form of lactose, and β -lactose in neutral, acidic, and alkaline ethanolic media, respectively. The amount of methanol retained in the products was measured. Similarly, the amount of acetone retained in anhydrous α -lactose prepared by conversion of the acetone-containing α -lactose monohydrate in methanol was measured. The results were consistent with the view that the transformations are solid state reactions and not dissolution followed by recrystallization.
Practical design of nonlinear fuzzy controllers with stability analysis for regulating processes with unknown mathematical models

Abstract A practical procedure has been developed to systematically design nonlinear fuzzy controllers to control processes whose mathematical models are unknown. The design procedure, which is developed based on the analytical and limiting structures of the nonlinear fuzzy controllers revealed previously, can easily be implemented in two steps. In the first step, designers use a linear proportional-integral (PI) controller to control the process to be controlled by the fuzzy controller. The proportional-gain and integral-gain of the PI controller are tuned to obtain an acceptable process output. In the second step, the values of all the functional parameters of the fuzzy controller are calculated based on the proportional-gain and integral-gain as well as on the process output of the tuned PI control system. If linear control rules are used, it is theoretically proven that such a nonlinear fuzzy control system has the same local stability as the PI control system. Guidelines for adequate fine adjustment of different components of the fuzzy controllers have been developed theoretically. The design procedure eliminates most of the tedious and time-consuming trial-and-error efforts required presently in constructing fuzzy controllers. A real-world example of designing a nonlinear fuzzy controller to regulate blood pressure in post-surgical patients is given to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the design procedure.
Control of μ opioid receptor expression by modification of cDNA 5′- and 3′-noncoding regions

Abstract Removal of a 712 base pair (bp) sequence following the coding region of a human μ opioid receptor (hμOR) cDNA unexpectedly increased expression of the receptor protein. A series of 3′-noncoding region deletion mutants revealed that at least three discrete regions following the stop codon influenced receptor expression levels. Deletion of the 205-bp 5′-noncoding region immediately preceding the Kozak sequence doubled receptor expression relative to wild type, and simultaneous deletion of 5′- and 3′-noncoding regions increased expression several fold. The hμOR noncoding regions may participate in a regulatory mechanism that controls the number of cell surface receptors.
Transition to injection amongst opioid users in Iran: Implications for harm reduction

Driven by opioid use, HIV prevalence is high (15-27%) amongst injection drug users (IDU) in Iran. Harm reduction programmes are associated with a reduction in high risk injecting behaviours; however, Iran has a large number of non-injecting opioid users not immediately targeted by harm reduction programmes. The vast majority of heroin injectors tend to have a history of several years of smoking opium or heroin before transitioning to injection, and a small fraction may even start their drug career by injection of opioids, behaviours that can undermine the effectiveness of the harm reduction programmes. In this study, we have reviewed evidence on the HIV epidemic, extent and pattern of opioid use, and correlates of the transition to injection in Iran. We have concluded that harm reduction policies should also emphasize prevention of the transition to injection amongst high-risk non-injecting opioid users as an additional strategy against the spread of HIV infection in Iran.
Crystallization of melts of nepheline and albite with fayalite

A thermal study of the system NaAlSiO4-FeO-SiO2 shows that the crystalline phases formed are cristobalite, tridymite, albite, fayalite, nepheline, carnegieite, hercynite, and wustite. There are two ternary eutectics, one between tridymite, albite, and fayalite (980±10°C) which may be regarded as a simplified fayalite-rhyolite,and the other between nepheline, albite, and fayalite (990±10°C) which may be regarded as a simplified fayalite phonolite. The results are considered in their relation to the origin of natural phonolites, trachytes, and rhyolites carrying fayalite.
Abstract 3473: Identification of progesterone-dependent genes regulated by ablation of mitogen-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6) in the murine uterus

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Mitogen-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6) is an important mediator of progesterone signaling to inhibit estrogen signaling in the uterus. Ablation of Mig-6 in the murine uterus leads to the development of endometrial hyperplasia and estrogen-induced endometrial cancer. Although Mig-6 is an important tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms of Mig-6 in endometrial cancer. To identify the molecular pathways regulated by Mig-6 in a steroid-hormone dependent manner, we performed microarray analysis on the uterus of ovariectomized PRcre/+Mig-6f/f (Mig-6d/d) mice treated with progesterone for 6 hours. In the analysis of GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array, 2,034 genes, 1,062 genes were up-regulated and 972 genes were down-regulated, were altered by P4 treatment. To determine which pathways are regulated by P4 treatment, we performed pathway analysis using Ingenuity Systems Software. Genes that involved in Estrogen Receptor, IGF-1, PI3K/AKT, JAK/Stat, ERK/MAPK, ILK, p53, PTEN, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were found to be P4 response. In addition, genes that regulated the molecular mechanisms of cancer were disproportionated. And in microarray, 2,236 genes, 1,883 genes were up-regulated and 356 genes were down-regulated, were regulated by Mig-6 ablation on P4 treatment. Genes involved in ILK, p53, PTEN, PI3K/AKT, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were found to be deregulated upon Mig-6 ablation on P4 response. Furthermore 324 genes of the 2,034 genes were regulated by P4 treatment were dys-regulated in Mig-6d/d mice treated with P4 compared to Mig-6f/f control mice. These results showed that gene expression pattern was altered by the deletion of Mig-6 and the change of these genes was dependent on P4 in uterus. Thus the further investigation should be completed to identify molecules associated with Mig-6 and the identification of relation between these responsive genes will contribute to define the molecular pathways regulated by Mig-6 in uterine biology. (This work was supported by NIH, R01 HD057873 and American Cancer Society Research Grant, RSG-12-084-01-TBG to J.W.J.) Citation Format: Tae Hoon Kim, Jung-Yoon Yoo, Jae-Wook Jeong. Identification of progesterone-dependent genes regulated by ablation of mitogen-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6) in the murine uterus. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3473. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3473
Arthroscopic Management of the Septic Ankle Joint: Case Report of a Stage-guided Treatment

Ankle joint sepsis is a serious pathologic entity that, if not effectively treated, can lead to significant dysfunction and morbidity. Minimal published data are available to guide the frequency and extent of surgical irrigation and debridement in patients with ankle joint sepsis. We report on a surgical treatment protocol used at our institution based on intraoperative joint staging. We present the case of a 68-year-old female with well-controlled diabetes who presents with ankle joint sepsis. She represents a typical patient treated by our standard approach. At approximately 1 year postoperatively, the patient reported minimal residual pain and had returned to near previous activity levels, despite an advanced stage of joint sepsis at the initial presentation. The treatment protocol provides supplemental guidance to assist regular clinical judgment in managing the septic ankle joint.
Comment on a proposed experimental method to measure the hyperfine splitting of muonic hydrogen (μ-p)1S

Abstract We have simulated an experiment which has been proposed to measure the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of the muonic hydrogen atom. We find that the observable effect of a laser pulse which excites singlet μp atoms to the triplet state is smaller than described in the original proposal.
Sources and cycling of nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine

Abstract An analysis of water mass flows and nitrogen fluxes in the Gulf of Maine region shows that deep Slope Water that enters the Gulf through the Northeast Channel, and Scotian Shelf Water that enters at the surface, dominate the flux of nitrogen into the Gulf. A box model is developed that examines internal vertical nitrogen fluxes, and reveals that the flux of nitrogen into surface waters is sufficient to explain only about 59 gC m −2 yr −1 of new primary production, which is 20% of the total estimated Gulf of Maine primary production of 290 gC m −2 yr −1 . This means that the Gulf-wide f ratio (of “new” NO 3 -based production to the total production based on both new NO 3 and recycled NH 4 ) is 0.20, which is more typical of oligotrophic oceans than a productive continental shelf sea like the Gulf of Maine. The expected f ratio is nearer to 0.4, which would require an additional flux of new NO 3 into the Gulf equal to about 40% of the total flux already accounted for by all sources: Slope Water, Scotian Shelf Water, rivers and atmospheric deposition. This additional supply of “new” nitrogen is argued to be the result of water column nitrification. The box model also shows, surprisingly, that nutrients delivered to surface waters of the Gulf by Scotian Shelf Water are roughly equal to that of Slope Water. It is concluded that better estimates are needed of water flows into and out of the Gulf, along with more measurements of their nutrient loads, and that measurements should be made of water column nitrification rates. An overall conclusion is that the energetics of vertical mixing processes that deliver nutrients to the productive surface waters set the upper limit to biological production in the Gulf of Maine, and that construction of carbon and nitrogen budgets that consider only fluxes into and out of the Gulf, and not internal recycling, will be in error.
Application of infra-red digital subtraction techniques to the microstructure of polychloroprenes: 2. Mechanism of oxidative degradation at 60°C

Abstract Experimental results obtained from the application of infra-red digital subtraction techniques to oxidized polychloroprenes are presented. These results demonstrate the involvement of 1,2- and 3,4- structural irregularities in the initial stages of oxidative degradation at 60°C. A free radical mechanism consistent with these observations is proposed.
Expression of growth-associated genes in various tissues of the fetal and adult rat.

4F1, 2A9 and 2F1 represent three of a number of cDNA sequences which have been identified because their cognate RNAs markedly increase when quiescent cells in culture are stimulated with serum. Studies using a variety of cell culture systems have shown that the expression of these genes is modulated by various growth factors and mitogens and thus such genes are considered to be ‘growth-associated.’ Thus far, little information has been obtained with these in vitro systems about the function of these genes. In an attempt to begin to elucidate the role of these genes (if any) in the physiology of the normal cell, we have analyzed the levels of 4F1, 2A9 and 2F1 transcripts in a variety of differentiated organs and tissues of adult and fetal rats. Our results show that each of these growth-associated genes exhibits its own unique pattern of expression, unrelated to the proliferative activity of the tissue. These data suggest that these genes most likely do have specific functions in normal tissue in addition to their role in the induction of DNA synthesis in quiescent cells in culture.
A Hybrid Tirf-Magnetic Tweezers Instrument for Studying Sub-Nanometer Effects of Force on Proteins

Proteins exert and withstand mechanical force in many fundamental biological processes. Optical tweezers have become a useful research tool for applying forces to single proteins and measuring the resulting changes in extension, but many interesting processes produce changes smaller than their resolution limit. Our experimental setup skirts this limitation by measuring distance changes using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) produced from a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope incorporating magnetic tweezers. Individual protein molecules are conjugated to FRET-paired fluorescent dyes and functionalized DNA handles using maleimide and click chemistry. These handles tether each molecule between a glass coverslip within the TIRF microscope and a paramagnetic bead. An external magnet applies a uniform field that exerts a force on each molecule tethered to the surface. Because the FRET from each molecule in the microscope's field of view can be measured simultaneously, the extension between dyes of many individual molecules as a function of force can be monitored in parallel. Here we present our initial studies using this new setup.
The Ability of Children with Language Impairment to Recognize Emotion Conveyed by Facial Expression and Music.

The emotion understanding of children with language impairment (LI) was examined in two studies employing emotion-recognition tasks selected to minimize reliance on language skills. Participants co...
Histochemical Identification of Basic Proteins with Biebrich Scarlet at Alkaline pH

Staining at graded alkaline pH levels with the sulfonated dye, Biebrich scarlet, shows basic proteins in various histologic sites, and differentiates the sites according to their relative basicity. Certain structures stain at pH 6.0 but not at 8.0 or above. Others stain maximally up to pH 93 and a few stain strongly as high as pH 103. The most strongly basic sites resist more than the others the destruction of acidophilia by nitrosation, acetylation or exposure to formaldehyde.
Analysis of sulfur and carbon isotope ratios in mixed matrices by secondary ion mass spectrometry: implications for mass bias corrections

The effects of mixed matrices on mass bias during the measurement of 34S/32S and 13C/12C ratios by secondary ion mass spectrometry were investigated. Four samples consisting of fine-grained mixtures of 50–95 wt ‰ carbonate, 5–50‰ iron sulfide, and 0–5‰ iron oxide were analyzed. The measured δ34S and δ13C values on all four samples were identical within analytical error, and were identical to the values of the pure sulfide and carbonate minerals. These results indicate that, even for materials that are smaller than the primary ion beam contained in a matrix of different composition, it is possible to calibrate mass bias by using coarse-grained mineral standards.
A novel prodrug strategy for β-dicarbonyl carbon acids: Syntheses and evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics of C-phosphoryloxymethyl (POM) and phosphoryloxymethyloxymethyl (POMOM) prodrug derivatives

The C-phosphoryloxymethyl (POM) and phosphoryloxymethyloxymethyl (POMOM) prodrugs resulting from derivatization at the reactive alpha-carbon of beta-dicarbonyl carbon acid drugs represent a unique approach for improving their chemical stability and aqueous solubility. This work evaluates the physicochemical and in vitro enzymatic bioconversion lability of selected prodrugs of phenylbutazone and phenindione. The POM and POMOM prodrug derivatives of phenylbutazone are highly water soluble (>or=250 mg/mL), chemically stable with projected shelf-lives of 4.5 years (pH 3.5, 25 degrees C) and 1.1 years (pH 6.0, 25 degrees C), respectively. Interestingly, both prodrug derivatives do not display a pH-dependency typical of many phosphate monoesters, although the similarities of their apparent thermodynamic activation parameters indicate a hydrolysis mechanism similar to other phosphates. These prodrugs undergo alkaline phosphatases catalyzed bioconversion to their respective carbon acids with an expected faster rate exhibited by the POMOM derivatives. Additionally, in marked contrast to the oxidative instability of phenindione, its POM prodrug is stable. The results from these studies reaffirm the rationale of transiently "masking" the reactive alpha-carbon/proton bond by covalently incorporating a POM or POMOM promoiety. This prodrug strategy presents a twofold advantage, enhancement of aqueous solubility and prevention of oxidative instability, two intrinsic formulation limitations found for beta-dicarbonyl carbon acid drugs.
Introduction to the complex systems track

There are five mini-tracks in this Track. One minitrack consisting of eight papers in two sessions focuses on Robust and Resilient Critical Infrastructure Systems such as transportation systems, communication networks, and electric power grids. These systems contain interactive subsystems of continuous-time dynamics, discrete-time events, continuous-time controllers, and discrete-time event controllers. Such systems are characterized by complex nonlinear behavior, and experience uncertainty both in their internal description and in external disturbances/environments. The design, analysis and survivability of such infrastructures present many analytical and computational challenges. The Mini-track on “Information Management and Visualization” seeks to explore techniques for managing and visualizing large-scale models that may be distributed across multiple operating authorities. Data issues are prominently featured in this minitrack. Other papers cover shipboard power systems and ways to visualize market prices in network applications are scheduled for presentation. Another Minitrack focuses on topics related to the ability of complex systems such as power systems to survive disturbances with minimal impact on performance. This Minitrack in entitled “Security and Reliability”. Specific topics to be presented are steady-state and dynamic security assessment where the impacts of pre-specified contingencies are analyzed and Available Transfer Capability (ATC) which quantifies the ability of the interconnected system to accept increases in power transfers. Many large complex systems exhibit evidence of self-organized criticality. Issues such as the role of network size and topology along with the influence of network loading and operation on selforganized criticality are of interest. Evidence that large network disturbances are of a selforganized type and mechanisms of self-organized behavior in large networks are to be presented. Finally, there are two sessions in the mini-track on Electricity Markets and Regulation. The aim of this mini-track is to explore the ability of commercial trading models to effectively represent the complex physical behavior of an electricity industry, an issue that is critical to the success of electricity industry restructuring. Important aspects of this issue include the design of efficient spot markets and ancillary service markets, and mechanisms to incorporate network effects in electricity trading models. Papers will be presented that address these and other aspects of this important problem.
The relevant experience criterion for accounting accreditation by the aacsb—A current assessment

Abstract On April 15, 1985, the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) dropped the quantitative relevant experience requirement for accounting faculty and replaced it with a subjective experience standard. The number of days of relevant experience required and the proportions of faculty who must have experience were not specified in the revised standard. The categories of relevant experience which satisfy the standard were also changed. This article examines the revised experience standard in the light of preferences expressed in a survey of administrators whose accounting programs have been accredited by the AACSB.
Selective culture medium enhances survival of neuroblasts from postnatal rodent brain

Abstract One of the major limitations to the study of the development of the nervous system in aneuploid mammalian embryos is that the aneuploid condition is usually lethal in utero . Liveborn aneuploid individuals often succumb rapidly because they have a constellation of malformations incompatible with postnatal survival. We have developed a selective tissue culture medium (D-val) which can be used with fetal calf serum or in a serum-free defined composition and which permits neuroblasts and glioblasts present in postnatal rodent (rat, mouse) brain to proliferate and differentiate in vitro . These cells contain D-amino acid oxidase, but fibroblasts do not. In this medium, fibroblasts cannot grow and are eliminated from the cultures without the use of deleterious compounds such as antimitotic or chemotherapeutic agents. With this medium, cultures containing neuroblasts can be established from normal rat and mouse brain as late as postnatal days 11–20. Cultures with significant numbers of proliferating cells can also be established from perinatal aneuploid mouse embryos, ‘rescuing’ the cells for further study.
Interpolatory, solid subdivision of unstructured hexahedral meshes

This paper presents a new, volumetric subdivision scheme for interpolation of arbitrary hexahedral meshes. To date, nearly every existing volumetric subdivision scheme is approximating, i.e., with each application of the subdivision algorithm, the geometry shrinks away from its control mesh. Often, an approximating algorithm is undesirable and inappropriate, producing unsatisfactory results for certain applications in solid modeling and engineering design (e.g., finite element meshing). We address this lack of smooth, interpolatory subdivision algorithms by devising a new scheme founded upon the concept of tri-cubic Lagrange interpolating polynomials. We show that our algorithm is a natural generalization of the butterfly subdivision surface scheme to a tri-variate, volumetric setting.
Relationship between cultural practices and the occurrence of volunteer potatoes in the Columbia Basin

The time of tillage practices following potato harvest in the Columbia Basin affected numbers of volunteer potato plants that emerged. The best control was achieved by waiting after harvest until tubers on the surface were frosted at least once and then plowed to expose additional tubers from below the frost. Planting a wheat cover crop after plowing further reduced numbers of volunteers. Foliage treatment with maleic hydrazide to prevent sprouting gave excellent volunteer control in one season and poor control the next. Soil fumigation with Telone C-17 gave excellent control of volunteers. Properly timed tillage combined with use of a wheat cover crop was as effective as the chemical treatments in reducing numbers of volunteers.
Pressure broadening of the 2.5 THz H35Cl rotational line by N2 and O2

The pressure broadening coefficients of the 2.5 THz rotation line of H(Cl-35) by N2 and O2, for application to the analysis of far infrared spectra obtained in the stratosphere, are reported. The broadening coefficients were measured in absorption at 296 and 201 L using a tunable far infrared spectrometer. Results show that at room temperature the N2 pressure broadening coefficient is 0.0669 +/-0.0021/cm/atm (2sigma), with a temperature coefficient B of 0.58 +/-0.02.
Calving traits of crossbred Brahman cows are associated with Heat Shock Protein 70 genetic polymorphisms

Abstract Stress proteins and their genetic polymorphisms have been associated with decreased male and female fertility. Objectives were to: (1) identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in the promoter region of the bovine heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) gene, and (2) evaluate associations between Hsp70 SNP, Julian calving date, and calving rates of crossbred Brahman cows. Specific primers were designed for PCR amplification of a 539 base segment of the bovine Hsp70 promoter (GenBank accession number M98823). Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected; one deletion at base position 895 (n = 37), seven transitions (G1013A, n = 2; G1045A, n = 8; C1069T, n = 4; A1096G, n = 14; G1117A, n = 12; T1134C, n = 7; and T1204C, n = 56), and three transversions (A1125C, n = 53; G1128T, n = 51; and C1154G, n = 11). Cows that were homozygous for the minor allele at transversion site A1125C or G1128T had lesser (P
The V2Suit “down” tracking algorithm

The Variable Vector Countermeasure Suit (V2Suit) is a wearable intravehicular system that will provide a viscous resistance to movements that are parallel to a specified direction of ‘down.’ The V2Suit utilizes control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) in modules on the user's limbs that are commanded to point the gyroscopic torque vector perpendicular to ‘down’ during movements. An algorithm has been developed to initialize the direction of ‘down’ and track the V2Suit module with respect to that direction using the output of an on-board inertial measurement unit (IMU). The ‘down’ tracking algorithm uses the angular velocity and linear acceleration outputs of the IMU to initialize and determine the direction of ‘down’ in the local module coordinate frame. This paper describes the algorithm for initializing the direction of ‘down’ for each of the V2Suit wearable modules, and the tracking of the module orientation and velocity with respect to that direction. IMU data from representative arm movements was collected and run through the initialization and ‘down’ tracking algorithms to quantify performance as a function of time. The performance of the IMU and algorithm combination is used to determine the operational duration before the system must be re-initialized. This work was funded by a Phase II award from NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program.
Improving the bandwidth-free inference methods by prewhitening

Abstract In this paper we consider inference of parameters in time series regression models. In the traditional inference approach, the heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) estimation is often involved to consistently estimate the asymptotic covariance matrix of regression parameter estimator. Since the bandwidth parameter in the HAC estimation is difficult to choose in practice, there has been a recent surge of interest in developing bandwidth-free inference methods. However, existing simulation studies show that these new methods suffer from severe size distortion in the presence of strong temporal dependence for a medium sample size. To remedy the problem, we propose to apply the prewhitening to the inconsistent long-run variance estimator in these methods to reduce the size distortion. The asymptotic distribution of the prewhitened Wald statistic is obtained and the general effectiveness of prewhitening is shown through simulations.
Optimal sensor scheduling for hybrid estimation

In this paper, we consider a sensor scheduling problem for a class of hybrid systems named as the Stochastic Linear Hybrid System (SLHS). We propose an algorithm which selects one (or a group of) sensor at each time from a set of sensors. Then, the hybrid estimation algorithm computes the estimates of the continuous state and the discrete state of the SLHS based on the observation from the selected sensors. As the sensor scheduling algorithm is designed such that a Bayesian decision risk is minimized, the true discrete state can be better identified. At the same time, the continuous state estimation performance of the proposed algorithm is better than that of other hybrid estimation algorithms using only predetermined sensors. Finally, our algorithm is validated though an illustrative target tracking example.
The Personal Electoral Advantage of House Incumbents, 1936-1976

This study explores two aspects of the personal electoral advantage of House incumbents. First, a comprehensive measure of this advantage from 1936 to 1976 confirms the findings of others that the personal electoral advantage of House incumbents has increased substantially in recent years. Second, an exploration of the individual correlates of electoral advantage supports the theory that a particular type of congressman enjoys an unusually large electoral edge. The congressman highly successful in building up a personal electoral following tends to be the ambitious, publicity oriented type. One explanation of the recent increase in electoral advantage of incumbents, the author suggests, is the increasing proportion of these ambitious, electorally energetic members in the House.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF E-COMMERCE: A CASE STUDY OF BOOK PUBLISHING AND RETAIL LOGISTICS

The advent of the Internet and e-commerce has brought a new way of marketing and selling many products, including books. The systemwide effects of this retailing shift on costs and the environment are still unclear. Although reductions in inventories and returns provide significant environmental savings, some major concerns of the new e-commerce business models are the energy and packaging materials used by the logistics networks for product fulfillment and delivery. This study analyzes the different logistics networks and assesses the environmental and cost effects of different delivery systems. The definition of analysis system boundaries determines the overall assessment of economic and environmental effects of e-commerce for book retailing. With a return (remainder) rate of 35 percent for best-selling books, e-commerce logistics costs less and has fewer environmental effects, especially if private automobile travel for shopping is included. Excluding the need to return books, costs and environmental e...
Cationic polymerization of p‐substituted α‐methylstyrenes. III. Effect of polymerization conditions on tacticity and molecular weight for p‐chloro‐α‐methylstyrene

The cationic polymerization of p-chloro-α-methylstyrene was investigated for the effect of initiator and solvent on polymer tacticity, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. The products were generally crystalline polymers of 80–90% syndiotactic content with fairly high molecular weights and broad molecular weight distributions. Tacticities and molecular weight distributions followed similar patterns suggesting that the effect of reaction conditions on ionpair end-group structures was the dominant factor.
Radiative transfer in nonuniformly refracting layered media: atmosphere–ocean system

We have applied the discrete-ordinate method to solve the radiative-transfer problem pertaining to a system consisting of two strata with different indices of refraction. The refraction and reflection at the interface are taken into account. The relevant changes (as compared with the standard problem with a constant index of refraction throughout the medium) in formulation and solution of the radiative-transfer equation, including the proper application of interface and boundary conditions, are described. Appropriate quadrature points (streams) and weights are chosen for the interface-continuity relations. Examples of radiative transfer in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system are provided. To take into account the region of total reflection in the ocean, additional angular quadrature points are required, compared with those used in the atmosphere and in the refractive region of the ocean that communicates directly with the atmosphere. To verify the model we have tested for energy conservation. We also discuss the effect of the number of streams assigned to the refractive region and the total reflecting region on the convergence. Our results show that the change in the index of refraction between the two strata significantly affects the radiation field. The radiative-transfer model we present is designed for application to the atmosphere-ocean system, but it can be applied to other systems that need to consider the change in the index of refraction between two strata.
Novel common and rare genetic determinants of paraoxonase activity: FTO, SERPINA12, and ITGAL

HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity is associated with cardiovascular and other human diseases. As the role of genetic variants outside of the PON gene cluster on PON1 activity is unknown, we sought to identify common and rare variants in such loci. We typed 33,057 variants on the CVD chip in 1,362 subjects to test for their effects on adjusted-PON1 activity. Three novel genes (FTO, ITGAL, and SERPINA12) and the PON gene cluster had SNPs associated with PON1 arylesterase (AREase) activity. These loci were carried forward for rare-variant analysis using Exome chip genotypes in an overlapping subset of 1,051 subjects using sequence kernel association testing. PON1 (P = 2.24 × 10−4), PON3 (P = 0.022), FTO (P = 0.019), and SERPINA12 (P = 0.039) had both common and rare variants associated with PON1 AREase. ITGAL variants were associated with PON1 activity when using weighted sequence kernel association testing (SKAT) analysis (P = 2.63 × 10−3). When adjusting for the initial common variants, SERPINA12 became marginally significant (P = 0.09), whereas all other findings remained significant (P < 0.05), suggesting independent rare-variant effects. We present novel findings that common and rare variants in FTO, SERPINA12, and ITGAL predict PON1 activity. These results further link PON1 to diabetes and inflammation and may inform the role of HDL in human disease.
Fast iterative segmentation of high resolution medical images

Various applications in positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) require segmentation of 20 to 60 high resolution images of size 256/spl times/256 pixels in 3-9 seconds per image. This places particular constraints on the design of image segmentation algorithms. This paper examines the trade-offs in segmenting images based on fitting a density function to the pixel intensities using curve-fitting versus the maximum likelihood method. A quantized data representation is proposed and the EM algorithm for fitting a finite mixture density function to the quantized representation for an image is derived. A Monte Carlo evaluation of mean estimation error and classification error showed that the resulting quantized EM algorithm dramatically reduces the required computation time without loss of accuracy.
Collections on the Web: some access and navigation issues

Abstract Many libraries are currently experiencing a transition from printed to electronic collections. This transition has led to changes in collection development practices as well as in the roles of information professionals who facilitate access to information. Roles of librarians in both public and technical/access services are converging. There is a demand for a new breed of librarians who understand the entire electronic information scenario: procurement, organization, access and public services. All these come into play when making decisions and choices for meeting users’ information needs. Libraries are addressing such issues as ownership versus access, consortial access to electronic resources, licensing and authentication, surrogate versus full-text electronic resources, and integration of free Web content into collections. Librarians are challenged to embrace new ways of optimizing access to electronic resources and to explore ways to fit new technologies and innovations into traditional library structures and practices.
Whistlers, helicons, and lower hybrid waves: The physics of radio frequency wave propagation and absorption for current drive via Landau damping

This introductory-level tutorial article describes the application of plasma waves in the lower hybrid range of frequencies (LHRF) for current drive in tokamaks. Wave damping mechanisms in a nearly collisionless hot magnetized plasma are briefly described, and the connections between the properties of the damping mechanisms and the optimal choices of wave properties (mode, frequency, wavelength) are explored. The two wave modes available for current drive in the LHRF are described and compared. The terms applied to these waves in different applications of plasma physics are elucidated. The character of the ray paths of these waves in the LHRF is illustrated in slab and toroidal geometries. Applications of these ideas to experiments in the DIII-D tokamak are discussed.
Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus. VI. Dopaminergic regulation of prolactin secretion.

The concentration of plasma PRL in the ovine fetus is low in midgestation, rises to high concentrations in late gestation, and remains elevated in the early neonatal period. To investigate the development of the dopaminergic regulation of PRL secretion in the ovine fetus and neonate, we infused, after a 2-h control period, the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine (40 or 100 μg/kg, iv over 1 h) or bromergocryptine (1-mg iv bolus) into chronically catheterized ovine fetuses (term gestation, 147 days) and neonatal lambs. Apomorphine at both dosages caused significant (P < 0.01) suppression of PRL concentrations in both the fetuses (118–136 days of age) (40 μg/kg, n = 3; 100 μg/kg, n = 4) and neonatal lambs (40 μg/kg, n = 4; 100 μg/kg, n = 4). The degree of suppression in the neonatal lamb was greater (P < 0.01) than that in the fetus. Similarly, bromergocryptine lowered PRL concentrations in three fetuses (122, 126, and 127 days of age) and one neonate. To assess the presence of tonic dopaminergic regulation of ...
Theorizing and Social Gerontology

Theory is increasingly important in social gerontology. Thus it is gratifying to see the debut of a new journal that encourages theorizing about age and aging. The papers in Volume 1, number 1 of the International Journal of Ageing and Later Life reflect a concern for developing theory that is laudable. I hope that in the future researchers who submit manuscripts to IJAL and the reviewers who evaluate them will share this concern for building theory. This is because we are at a tipping point, a watershed, in the development of knowledge about the social and psychological dimensions of aging.
Long Live Design Science Research! .... And Remind Me again about Whether It Is a New Research Paradigm or a Rationale of Last Resort for Worthwhile Research that Doesn't Fit under Any Other Umbrella

There is broadening and increasingly unquestioned acceptance of design science research (DSR). Recently, DSR may have provided an important bridge for overcoming or bypassing artificial barriers to accepting the legitimacy of certain types of research, but in some cases it is not obvious how DSR actually contributed to the research. Perhaps it is time to retire the assumption that DSR is somehow a new and different paradigm for doing research and to move on. Recognizing that the informationsystems discipline is quintessentially rooted in design, this panel examines whether we actually need DSR to legitimize research that produces interesting and valuable results related to new constructs, models, methods, or instantiations.
Molecular properties of adsorbates that affect the growth kinetics of archerite (KDP).

Abstract We explore the molecular properties of adsorbates that dramatically affect growth kinetics and morphology of the { 100 } face of archerite, also known as potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4 or KDP). Aqueous complexes of Al(III), Fe(III), and Cr(III) are known to affect KDP growth, albeit the actual step-pinning complex(es) is unknown. Using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), we measured changes in the growth rates of the { 100 } face of KDP with supersaturation in the presence of trace amounts of [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Fe(CN)6]3−, η 1 -[Co(NH3)5HPO4]+, η 2 -[Co(NH3)4HPO4]+, η 2 -[Co(NH3)4P2O7H2]+, and [Rh(H2PO4)2(H2O)4]+. Unlike in experiments using trivalent-metals, these complexes do not change stoichiometry or structure on the timescale of step motion, so that the actual molecular interactions that affect growth can be studied. Step velocity and morphology on the { 100 } face are unaffected by outer-sphere coordination complexes of either charge. Surprisingly, inner-sphere phosphatoammine complexes do not affect growth rates regardless of how the phosphate group is coordinated to the metal. However, doping the growth solution with [Rh(H2PO4)2(H2O)4]+ results in profound step pinning, matching the behavior of KDP surfaces grown in the presence of Rh(III) after an equilibration period. Not only is an inner-sphere phosphate group needed to dock a trivalent metal to the step edge, but compatible hydrogen bonding of the remainder of the inner-sphere ligands with the bulk lattice is also essential.
The Stem Cell Continuum: A New Model of Stem Cell Regulation

Most models of hematopoiesis have been hierarchical in nature. This is based on a large volume of correlative data. Recent work has indicated that, at least at the stem/progenitor level, hematopoiesis may, in fact, be a continuum of transcriptional opportunity. The most primitive hematopoietic stem cells are either continually cycling at a slow rate or entering and exiting cell cycle. Associated with this cycle passage are changes in functional phenotype including reversible alterations in engraftment, adhesion protein expression, cytokine receptor expression, homing to marrow, and progenitor cell numbers. Global gene expression, as measured in one point in cycle, is also markedly altered. The differentiation potential of the marrow as it transits cell cycle in response to a set differentiation stimulus also shows marked variations. This cycle-related plasticity has been clearly established for hematopoiesis. It also holds for the ability of murine marrow stem cells to home to lung and to convert to pulmonary cells. These data indicate that bone marrow stem cells can probably not be defined as discrete entities but must rather be studied on a population basis. They also indicate that mathematical modeling will become progressively more important in this field.
EFFICIENT DETECTORS AND CONSTRUCTORS FOR SIMPLE LANGUAGES

In this paper, we investigate the complexity of computing the detector, constructor and lexicographic constructor functions for a given language. The following classes of languages will be considered: (1) context-free languages, (2) regular sets, (3) languages accepted by one-way nondeterministic auxiliary pushdown automata, (4) languages accepted by one-way nondeterministic logspace-bounded Turing machines, (5) two-way deterministic pushdown automaton languages, (6) languages accepted by uniform families of constant-depth polynomial-size Boolean circuits, and (7) languages accepted by multihead finite automata. We show that for the classes (1)–(4), efficient detectors, constructors and lexicographic constructors exist, whereas for (5)– (7) polynomial-time computable detectors, constructors and lexicographic constructors exist iff there are no sparse sets in NP−P (or equivalently, E=NE). Our results provide sharp boundaries between classes of languages which have efficient detectors, constructors and classes of languages for which efficient detectors and constructors do not appear to exist.
Prevention and management of product recalls in the processed food industry: a case study based on an exporter's perspective

Abstract During 1999–2003, the US Food and Drug Administration reported a total of 1307 processed food product recalls, most of which were avoidable. There are many areas of the processed food supply chain where significant exposure to risk exists. Additionally, there are systems that can be used in-house at manufacturing facilities, such as hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) and radio frequency identification (RFID) that can be very beneficial in recall avoidance. Effective employee training is another key point for consideration. In the event of a recall, a company must be prepared in advance with a detailed crisis management procedure. Companies should consider recall insurance, depending on their size and market dominance. Public relations strategies are critical in surviving a recall. Care must be taken to connect to the consumer and communicate a strong message. Findings from analysis suggest potential reduction of product recalls through recommended preventive measures including the use of HACCP and RFID systems.
Questions of Modernization: Coding Speech, Regulating Attitude in Survey Research

Foucauldian analyses and studies in the sociology of knowledge have provided vibrant accounts of the effects and lives of knowledge practices, yet they have been less attuned to their unexpected consequences upon reception in disparate settings. This article examines the employment of survey methodology as a means to enact modernization theory in non-Western areas during the early phases of the Cold War. An examination of the original questionnaires employed in sociologist Daniel Lerner's seminal text, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East, reveals an alignment between the ideal subject of modernization theory and the expectations placed upon the respondent. These expectations included familiarity with the conditions of the survey setting, impersonal relationships, the promise of anonymity, and the capacity for having and voicing opinions regarding otherwise improbable situations. Lerner's work and the studies it spawned did not merely measure and describe the attitudes of peasants, students, and administrators; they were intended to be performative: the interviews were designed to occasion the forms of subjectivity and interpersonal relations articulated and idealized by modernization theory. However, the researchers’ interest in the very activity of survey-taking as a modernizing edifice was undercut by skeptical respondents, disorderly interviewer behavior, and the relentless remaking of coding procedures. In this reading, the questionnaires and their specific stipulations surface as artifacts of knowledge practices that nonetheless overflow the intentions of their coders, sponsors, and creators.
Práticas de letramento, antropologia linguística e desigualdade social: casos etnográficos e compromissos teóricos

This paper discusses my efforts during several decades of research to understand the interaction of schooled literacy, language diversity, and social inequality. It draws on semiotic and Marxian traditions to investigate language diversity and social inequality in contemporary European and North American settings. Focusing especially on racialization practices and class dynamics, the arguments present early studies of minority language and schooling, which build toward and frame a recent study of federal education policy and immigrant experiences of schooling and language hierarchy. That study draws from sociolinguistic and ethnographic research among multilingual migrant families and communities in upstate New York, with particular focus on children’s experience with multilingual repertoires and monolingual language polices in schooling (COLLINS, 2012). Examining federal education policy and debates and comparing classroom interaction processes involving different ethnolinguistic groups, I identify two “state effects” (TROUILLOT, 2001) as they operate across different institutional sites. I argue that such effects are ways in which contemporary states attempt to regulate globalized class and racial dynamics. By shaping educational subjects whose social and linguistic characteristics, and especially their class characteristics, are both obscured and employed in school-related categorizations and school-based communicative processes, such effects contribute to the hegemonic reproduction of social, linguistic and educational inequalities (HYMES, 1996; MENKEN, 2008).