cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The two sides of adversity: the effect of distant versus recent adversity on updating emotional content in working memory

ABSTRACTPrevious research suggests that adversity can have both adaptive and maladaptive effects, yet the emotional and working memory processes that contribute to more or less adaptive outcomes are unclear. The present study sought to investigate how updating emotional content differs in adolescents who have experienced past, recent, or no adversity. Participants who had experienced distant adversity (N = 53), no adversity (N = 58), or recent adversity only (N = 20) performed an emotion n-back task with emotional facial expressions. Results revealed that the distant adversity group exhibited significantly faster reaction times (RTs) than the no adversity and recent adversity only groups. In contrast, the recent adversity only group exhibited significantly slower RTs and more errors than the distant adversity and no adversity groups. These results suggest an emotion and executive control pathway by which both the benefits and negative effects of adversity may be conferred. Results also highlight the impor...
Seaga’s Return to Dependent Capitalism

With the election of the JLP in 1980, Jamaica returned to a new variant of the model of dependent capitalist ‘development’ that had been pursued in the 1950s and 1960s. By 1983, it was already clear that the attempt to resurrect dependent development had failed even when measured by its own narrow criteria. In this chapter, we will briefly examine the reasons for this failure, both because it helps to put the successes and failures of Manley’s years in perspective and because developments during the JLP government are a necessary background for assessing the chances for the successful implementation of a democratic socialist development model in the future.
Robust Pitman-like Estimators

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses robust Pitman-like estimators. The principal categories of estimators are: (1) L-estimators that are adaptive or nonadaptive linear combinations of order statistics, (2) R-estimators are related to rank order tests, (3) M-estimators are analogs of maximum likelihood estimators, and (4) P-estimators that are analogs of Pitman estimators. P-estimators are of importance as it is customary and plausible to require that robust estimators of location, scale, and linear regression satisfy the usual invariance conditions. P-estimators possess certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to M-estimators. If the P-estimators are not to be computationally too complex for practical use, the integrals may need be approximated rather crudely.
High-temperature superconductivity at high pressures for H 3 Si x P 1−x , H 3 P x S 1−x , and H 3 Cl x S 1−x

Abstract Recent experimental and computational works have established the occurrence of superconducting temperatures, Tc, near 200 K when the pressure is close to 200 GPa in hydrogen-based sulfur compounds. In this work we investigate the effects of phosphorus and chlorine substitutions of sulfur on Tc, as well as the effect of hydrogen vacancies. In addition, we explore the superconductivity-relevant parameters in the H3Six P 1 − x system. In executing this work we used the virtual crystal approximation and performed a systematic set of linearized augmented plane wave calculations (LAPW) for many different concentrations of the sulfur component. From the densities of states and the scattering phase shifts at the Fermi level, we calculated electron-ion matrix elements and estimated the electron-phonon coupling constants for different concentrations, as well as Tc. We find that the highest value of Tc=197 K corresponds to a phosphorus concentration of x=0.15, or 8.85 valence electrons in a H3 P 0.15 S 0.85 alloy. From a detailed analysis of the results given by a Gaspari–Gyorffy (GG) determination of the Hopfield parameter, we identify the role of each term in the GG equation that produce the maximum Tc. In addition, we present a non-orthogonal tight-binding parameterization of the band structure of H3S which fits very well with the LAPW results.
Alan S. Trueblood, Experience and artistic expression in Lope de Vega. The making of "La Dorotea". Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974; 785 pp.

Se reseno el libro: Experience and artistic expression in Lope de Vega. The making of "La Dorotea".
US Biofuel Policies and Markets

The United States has established various policies to support a transition to biofuels from fossil fuels as part of its strategy to achieve energy security and independence. These policies include mandates, tax credits, and import tariffs aimed at developing the nascent biofuel industry. To compare the impact of various energy sources requires a comprehensive understanding of both direct and indirect effects. This chapter discusses some of the indirect effects, including land use change, fuel rebound effect, and balance of trade effect. It finds that due to the ubiquity of energy, indirect effects impact numerous markets and that an already noncompetitive energy market that is capital intensive exacerbates the challenge of introducing biofuels. While first-generation biofuels contributed to rural development and reduced dependency on imported fuel sources, they have failed to reduce GHG emissions significantly. Introduction of advanced biofuels is challenged by the blend wall in the US and high costs, there is much opportunity for them to contribute significantly to energy security but also reducing GHG emissions.
Zentrale Zielsetzungen und Hypothesen

Vor dem Hintergrund der skizzierten Forschungslucken ist es das zentrale Anliegen der Arbeit, Auspragungen und Veranderungen professioneller Lehrerkompetenzen im Bereich politischen Lernens zu untersuchen. Eine erste grundlegende Zielsetzung besteht darin, Informationen uber die Auspragungen motivationaler Orientierungen und Uberzeugungen im Bereich des politischen Lernens von Grundschullehramtsstudierenden zu gewinnen (Zielsetzung 1). Dabei wird das Konstrukt motivationale Orientierungen, wie in COACTIV und MT-21 realisiert, in verschiedene Facetten unterteilt.
Fall risk evaluation by surface electromyography technology

Falls are one of the main causes of disability and death among the elderly. Several inertial-based wearable devices for automatic fall and pre-fall detection have been realized. They use the threshold-based approach above all and their mean lead-time before the impact is about 200–500 ms. The main purpose of the work was to develop a framework for fall risk assessment considering the lower limb surface electromyography. The user's muscle behavior was chosen because it may allow a faster recognition of an imbalance event than the user's kinematic evaluation. Moreover, a machine learning scheme was adopted to overcome the drawbacks of well-known threshold approaches, in which the algorithm parameters have to be set according to the users' specific physical characteristics. Ten kinds of time-domain features, commonly used in the analysis of the lower-limb muscle activity, were investigated and the Markov Random Field based Fisher-Markov selector was used to reduce the signal processing complexity. The supervised classification phase was obtained through a low computational cost and a high classification accuracy Linear Discriminant Analysis. The developed system showed high performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity (about 90%) in controlled conditions, with a mean lead-time before the impact of about 775 ms.
Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Photosensitized Humic-like Substances (HULIS)

Humic-like substances (HULIS) are ubiquitous in atmospheric aerosols. Despite experimental evidence that HULIS can catalyze secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation through photosensitizer chemistry, the potential contribution of this pathway to ambient SOA has not been quantified. In this study, GAMMA, a photochemical box model, was used to analyze the experimental data of Monge et al. ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, 6840−6844) to quantify the kinetics of uptake of limonene by particles containing humic acid, a laboratory proxy for HULIS. The results indicate that limonene is taken up by irradiated particles containing humic acid efficiently, with a reactive uptake coefficient of 1.6 × 10–4. Consequently, simulations of limonene–HULIS photosensitizer chemistry under ambient conditions, simultaneously with other aqueous SOA formation processes, show that this pathway could contribute up to 65% of the total aqueous SOA at pH 4. The potential importance of this pathway warrants further laborat...
Introduction to Time-folded Optics; Spatial Compression of Paraxial Optics Using Time

We exploit the high time resolution of ultrafast imaging sensors to fold and modify the imaging optics of the camera. We demonstrate an order of magnitude compression in lens-sensor distance using a time-folded design.
Wave and Ray Optics Simulations of Short Exposure Incoherent Imaging in Atmospheric Turbulence

Wave optics and ray tracing simulation results are presented for short exposure incoherent imaging through atmospheric turbulence ranging from weak to strong scintillation regimes. The ray tracing results provide a recognizable approximation to the wave optics results even in the saturation regime, although some loss of high spatial frequency fidelity is apparent.
On the Structure of Amorphous Films

In this note we present a qualitative and brief review of our understanding of the atomic arrangement in films of amorphous solids. We review the information obtained by diffraction techniques and the more recent results obtained by transmission electron microscopy. We conclude that the atomic arrangement is best described in terms of random network models.
The Potential of TNF Induction From BCG for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Nearly a century old, the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is best known for its global use in tuberculosis prevention. However, interest in this old vaccine has recently grown for potential new uses in certain forms of autoimmunity, including type 1 diabetes. Clinical trials are now evaluating the value of the BCG vaccine in the prevention and treatment of this and other immune conditions. BCG contains the avirulent tuberculosis strain Mycobacterium bovis and produces a response in the vaccinated host driven in part by induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Induction of TNF through BCG vaccination or through selective agonism of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) has demonstrated desirable cellular immune effects in preclinical and clinical trials in type 1 diabetes. One of these effects is the selective death of autoreactive T cells that cause disease. The second is the expansion of beneficial regulatory T cells (Tregs) that can help to restore immune balance. In human clinical trials, administration of the BCG vaccine to adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes appears to have great promise. In patients with a mean disease duration of 15 years, a phase I trial showed that two BCG vaccinations spaced 4 weeks apart selectively eliminated autoreactive T cells, induced beneficial Tregs, and allowed for a small, transient restoration of insulin production. Continuing study of the BCG vaccine and early but advancing studies of TNFR2 agonism pathway for BCG-induced tolerance suggest a path forward for possible immune reversal of the type 1 diabetic autoimmune process.
Walking speed changes in response to novel user-driven treadmill control.

Abstract Implementing user-driven treadmill control in gait training programs for rehabilitation may be an effective means of enhancing motor learning and improving functional performance. This study aimed to determine the effect of a user-driven treadmill control scheme on walking speeds, anterior ground reaction forces (AGRF), and trailing limb angles (TLA) of healthy adults. Twenty-three participants completed a 10-m overground walking task to measure their overground self-selected (SS) walking speeds. Then, they walked at their SS and fastest comfortable walking speeds on an instrumented split-belt treadmill in its fixed speed and user-driven control modes. The user-driven treadmill controller combined inertial-force, gait parameter, and position based control to adjust the treadmill belt speed in real time. Walking speeds, peak AGRF, and TLA were compared among test conditions using paired t-tests (α = 0.05). Participants chose significantly faster SS and fast walking speeds in the user-driven mode than the fixed speed mode (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the overground SS walking speed and the SS speed from the user-driven trials (p
Procedure development for predicting the sink mark of injection molded thermoplastics by finite element method

The sink mark is one common defect of the injection-molded thermoplastics, which is harmful to the part appearance. A procedure for the sink mark prediction was proposed to build the finite element method (FEM) model in Abaqus. The temperature and pressure distributions were imported as boundary conditions at a different time from the injection molding simulation software Moldflow. The user subroutines UEXPAN and UMAT were coded and implemented in Abaqus to describe the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behaviors under actual cooling conditions and the polymer constitutive relationship. The PVT curves of the thermoplastic were obtained by the piston-die method at a cooling rate of 5 °C/min. The crystallizing behaviors were measured by a differential scanning calorimetry and adapted to modify the PVT curves at different cooling rates. The tension-compression tests at different temperatures were performed to obtain the stress-strain curves. The simulation of injection molding was conducted in the software Moldflow. The deflection tests were conducted on the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to validate the predicted sink mark. It was found that the subroutines of UEXPAN described the volume variations under different cooling rates successfully. Furthermore, the subroutine UMAT predicted stress-strain curves successfully at different temperatures and strain rates. The predicted sink mark in Abaqus agreed well with the measured one. The sink mark depth from Abaqus reached one third of the experimental one and had obvious improvement than that from Moldflow.
"I'll Just Pick It Up…": Women's Acceptability of Self-Sampling Methods for Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening.

Background Rates of sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening are suboptimal among college women. Self-sampling methods (SSMs) may improve STI screening rates, but critical gaps remain regarding the influential characteristics of SSM to prioritize in intervention development. The purpose of this study was to explore intervention characteristics influencing the decision to adopt SSM among college women. Methods In-depth interviews (n = 24) were conducted with sexually active college women aged 18-24 years to explore preferred intervention characteristics of SSM. Interviews were stratified by screening status (screened or not screened). The instrument was guided by constructs from the Diffusion of Innovation theory and included characteristics of SSM, such as relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, adaptability, and risk and uncertainty. Results Overall, women felt that the SSM was not complex and that the instructions were straightforward. Participants discussed their strong preference for receiving their results via text or e-mail rather than via telephone. In addition, women described their concerns about mailing their sample and described their concern about potential contamination and tampering. The most salient advantage to use of SSM was avoiding an interaction with a health care provider. Conclusions This study contributes to an understanding of the salient intervention characteristics influencing the use of SSM for STI screening, which can be leveraged to improve the health of students and improve rates of screening. Findings can be used to inform the development of a future innovative, theory-based intervention that promotes the use of SSM to improve STI screening rates, and ultimately decrease the burden of STI-related disease.
Characterization of a prevascularized biomimetic tissue engineered scaffold for bone regeneration

Significant bone loss due to disease or severe injury can result in the need for a bone graft, with over 500,000 procedures occurring each year in the United States. However, the current standards for grafting, autografts and allografts, can result in increased patient morbidity or a high rate of failure respectively. An ideal alternative would be a biodegradable tissue engineered graft that fulfills the function of bone while promoting the growth of new bone tissue. We developed a prevascularized tissue engineered scaffold of electrospun biodegradable polymers PLLA and PDLA reinforced with hydroxyapatite, a mineral similar to that found in bone. A composite design was utilized to mimic the structure and function of human trabecular and cortical bone. These scaffolds were characterized mechanically and in vitro to determine osteoinductive and angioinductive properties. It was observed that further reinforcement is necessary for the scaffolds to mechanically match bone, but the scaffolds are successful at inducing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into mature bone cells and vascular endothelial cells. Prevascularization was seen to have a positive effect on angiogenesis and cellular metabolic activity, critical factors for the integration of a graft.
Improving the care of students with diabetes in rural schools utilizing an online diabetes education program for school personnel.

Introduction: Diabetes is a critical health issue that impacts over 422 million people worldwide to include more than 500 000 children. Diabetes prevalence is higher in rural areas compared to urban areas and people living with diabetes in rural areas face significant challenges to care. Children with diabetes need appropriate care in the school setting to reduce the risk of short and long-term complications. The inconsistencies of laws surrounding diabetes care in schools and lack of access to resources has resulted in insufficient training and poor provision of care to students, particularly in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of the online diabetes education program Diabetes Care at School: Bridging the Gap on the diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy of school personnel in rural areas to administer care to students with diabetes. Methods: A total of 132 participants working in rural school districts throughout South Central Texas completed the program. A pretest-post-test design was used to measure knowledge and self-efficacy before and after completion of the 12-module online diabetes education program for school personnel. Knowledge and confidence to administer care change scores were compared, and user satisfaction with the online program was analyzed. Results: Results of this study showed a significant increase in the knowledge and confidence scores of the participants from pre- to post-test. Although the non-medical school personnel had baseline knowledge and confidence scores that were lower than the school nurses, they had significant change scores, resulting in similar post-test scores. Furthermore, those with no prior diabetes training had significant change in knowledge and confidence, resulting in post-test scores that were almost equivalent to those with prior diabetes training. Conclusion: As the prevalence of school-aged children with diabetes continues to increase, an important finding of this study is that online programs with up-to-date information on diabetes care may enhance the ability of school personnel to include both lay/non-medical individuals and school nurses to effectively manage the care of students with diabetes. With up-to-date diabetic information delivered in a user-friendly and accessible format, more school personnel in rural and remote areas can be trained. Ultimately, ensuring that staff receive adequate training on diabetes and possess the confidence to administer care should improve outcomes for students with diabetes in rural, remote and underserved areas.
[Three-point buttressing with internal fixator for minimally invasive stabilization of the anterior pelvic ring : Operative technique and first clinical results].

Background The changing age distribution in society inevitably leads to a percentage increase in osteoporotic and fatigue fractures as well as the absolute number of insufficiency fractures of the pelvic ring. Due to pain these fractures lead to a loss of mobility and autonomy. To prevent these consequences surgical treatment is increasingly being performed. Objective This article presents a new configuration of an internal fixator on the anterior pelvic ring, the principle of which correlates to a three-point buttressing. Methods In addition to a description of the configuration of the internal fixator on the anterior pelvic ring and the surgical technique, the article presents the results after the first 23 applications. Results The first results after application of the new internal fixator on the pelvic ring show a low risk, sufficient and minimally invasive stabilization with an encouraging clinical and radiological outcome. Conclusion Missing long-term results, also taking into account a higher number of patients, as well as the biomechanical examination of the presented fixator configuration still have to be evaluated.
A Two-Front War: Exploring Military Families' Battle with Parental Deployment.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify ways parents comfort their children to help them cope and adapt to the stresses of the deployment of a mother or father in military service, as well as the reintegration process of the parent returning home. Design and methods This qualitative study used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to better understand the lived experiences of these families and strategies used to combat stressors of deployment and post-deployment. Using purposive and snowball sampling for recruitment, participants completed an online anonymous survey that consisted of demographic and open-ended questions. A study sample of 15 participants (n = 15) was selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Using an interpretive framework for data analysis, six themes emerged from the survey. Results Six themes emerged from the data including the value of family communication, the importance of maintaining a routine, the occurrence of behavioral issues and emotional distress in children, the use of creative coping strategies, the need for parental self-care, and the resilience of the military families. Conclusion There are unique challenges for military families during and after deployment that can be mitigated with identified strategies. Implications for practice Incorporation of the study's findings into nursing practice will enhance patient education and anticipatory guidance for military families with children experiencing or planning for a parental deployment.
Single Mutation in the NFU1 Gene Metabolically Reprograms Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells.

Objective: NFU1 is a mitochondrial iron-sulfur scaffold protein, involved in iron-sulfur assembly and transfer to complex II and LAS (lipoic acid synthase). Patients with the point mutation NFU1G20...
Trends in and Documentation of Refusal of Common Routine Newborn Interventions: 2013-2019.

BACKGROUND Refusals of intramuscular (IM) vitamin K, ocular prophylaxis, and hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) during the birth hospitalization continue to occur. Refusal of IM vitamin K increases the risk of life-threatening vitamin K deficiency bleeding. Trends in refusal rates and how well clinicians document IM vitamin K refusal is unknown. METHODS We reviewed charts of livebirths admitted to 5 well newborn units from 2013 to 2019. We report trends in rates of refusal and documentation of no IM vitamin K by clinicians during the birth hospitalization and within the first 6 months of life at emergency department (ED) visits. RESULTS Of 67 750 live births, 283 (0.4%) did not receive IM vitamin K, and 1645 (2.4%) did not receive ocular prophylaxis. Rates of IM vitamin K refusal increased slightly over time (P CONCLUSION Refusal rates of IM vitamin K and ocular prophylaxis remained low, and uptake of HBV increased over time. Documentation of IM vitamin K refusal by clinicians during the birth hospitalization, before invasive procedures, and in ED visits can be improved.
Optimization of an Embedded Phase Change Material Cooling Strategy Using Machine Learning

Phase change materials (PCMs) have been widely investigated to function as a thermal buffer, particularly for components experiencing transient power loads. PCMs absorb some of the heat generated during periods of high-power dissipation and can enable longer periods of use before throttling of the processor or shut-off is required to prevent damage. Many studies with PCMs have focused on the functionality of PCM-laden heat sinks and, although these studies demonstrated extensions in high power operating times before the system overheated, the thermal pathway between the PCM-laden heat sink and heat source prevents their effective use as the heat generation rates increase. This study explores the concept of integrating PCMs at or near the silicon chip level near the heat source. Machine learning algorithms generate optimized patterns for balancing high heat storage zones and high thermal conductivity pathways within the embedded cooling layer on the backside of the silicon die. Reductions in both the hotspot temperatures and fluctuations in the transient temperature response highlights the effectiveness of embedded cooling and the machine learning algorithms provide a robust, efficient method for optimizing performance.
Design and Analysis of an Internal Remote Monitoring System for Spent Nuclear Fuel Stored in a Dry Cask

Until a long-term solution is finalized, interim storage of sufficiently cooled spent nuclear fuel (SNF) assemblies in dry casks is the predominant practice. Since these dry casks can contain appro...
Identifying Optimal Program Models and Clinical Tools for Follow-Up Care

Fifteen years ago, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a report that defined Survivorship Care as a distinct phase of the cancer care continuum. The required domains to meet the health needs of cancer survivors were outlined in the report: cancer surveillance and screening, cancer prevention and lifestyle counseling, management of treatment related persistent or late effects, coordination of care, and psychosocial support services. In response to that report, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center implemented a tiered survivorship care model that is risk based. The core principle is that cancer survivors' health needs will depend on the cancer treatment and disease-specific risks. We here describe this model for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk cancer survivors, in which comanagement between oncology and primary care providers is risk dependent. Our clinical model defines transition as appropriate when there is a minimal risk of primary cancer relapse, which is specific to each cancer type and disease stage. This model is embedded into disease-specific clinical practice algorithms, aligned with the IOM domains of care. Over the past 10 years, we have successfully transitioned nearly 25 000 patients to disease-specific survivorship clinics, providing care based on the IOM domains. We have learned from our process that expansion of survivorship care into established clinical settings requires engagement of champions and key clinical stakeholders. Future directions for survivorship care should explore the application and potential benefits of telemedicine as a care delivery system to meet the needs of cancer survivors.
Legal Aspects of Water Storage in Federal Reservoirs in Kansas

Water storage has long been practiced in Kansas and elsewhere to help balance water supplies between times of plenty and times of drought. Water storage practices also alleviate flood damage by storing water until the rains and snow melt diminish, and provide places for recreational activities like fishing, boating, and water skiing. Kansas can boast of having a multitude of surface water impoundments, ranging in size from the small farm pond, through later bodies such as city water supply lakes, county lakes, and lakes built by special water districts such as watershed and drainage districts, to very large federal reservoirs built by the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation. Kansans have placed greater demand on impoundments of all size. This increasing need is caused by higher population, industrial growth, and pollution control. Conflicts already exist among users of water from reservoirs as well as among users along the rivers and streams upstream and downstream from the reservoirs. Little has been written in the Kansas legal literature on water law issues arising from the storage of water.
Gay and lesbian educators: past history/future prospects.

Although lesbians and gay men in education have been an invisible population, modern computer information retrieval techniques provided a mechanism to investigate the history of case law on gay and lesbian teacher dismissal and credential revocation. This legal framework was then augmented by social history gathered from newspapers and articles, and interviews with the parties involved in the legal or political debates. After presenting a history of the emergence of legal rights and political influence, the author discusses current trends in the employment rights and personal freedomes of gay and lesbian educators.
Nitrogenase-Catalyzed Hydrogen Production by Purple Nonsulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria

This chapter focuses on a biological process for hydrogen generation that depends on the environmentally benign use of biomass and solar energy. A group of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria known as purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) produce large amounts of hydrogen under normal growth conditions by using nitrogenases as opposed to hydrogenases. However, hydrogen production by this route tends to be short-lived because of the extreme oxygen sensitivity of hydrogenases and nitrogenases. The chapter reviews the fundamental biology of nitrogenase-catalyzed hydrogen production by PNSB. Researchers found that photohydrogen production was inhibited by nitrogen gas. There are numerous strategies for strain development that can be expected to lead to improvements and stabilization of the hydrogen production process. In addition to their practical usefulness, the application of such strategies will lead to an improved understanding of the hydrogen production process as it operates in the context of whole cells. The fundamental unit of peripheral light-harvesting systems, also known as light harvesting 2, consists of two other types of α and β polypeptides. Two metabolic processes that consume large quantities of reductant and thus have the potential to divert electrons away from nitrogenase-catalyzed hydrogen production by whole cells of PNSB are poly-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis and carbon dioxide fixation. In many ways studies of nitrogenase-catalyzed hydrogen production by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are still in their infancy.
The Haymarket Riot and Subsequent Trial: An Account

When an anarchist - whose identity remains a mystery even today - tossed a homemade bomb into a great company of Chicago police at 10:20 P.M. on the night of May 4, 1886, he could not have appreciated the far reaching consequences his reckless action would have. His bomb, thrown in a light drizzle as the last speaker at a labor rally climbed down from the speaker's wagon, set off a frenzy of fire from police pistols that would leave eight officers and an unknown number of civilians dead, and scores more injured. It led to the nation's first Red Scare, refocused national labor and immigration policy, and set the stage for one of the most infamous trials in the history of American jurisprudence. The Haymarket Trial, the cause celebre for American radicals in the 1880s, produced death sentences for seven of Chicago's most prominent labor leaders - convicted more for their words than deeds at a time when the First Amendment provided scant protection against an outraged public.
Behavioral approach to robustness analysis

This paper introduces a general and powerful framework for modeling and analysis of uncertain systems. One immediate concrete result of this work is a practical method for computing robust performance in the presence of norm-bounded perturbations and both norm-bounded and white-noise disturbances.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of polymers

This review covers the theory and application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to the characterization of polymers. The basic theory, the sampling techniques and the spectral operations are described. The applications discussed include the study of polymer reactions, polymer structure and dynamic effects.
Artificial neural network implementation using many-valued quantum computing

Neural network (NN) implementation using the general scheme of many-valued (MV) quantum computing (QC) is presented in this paper. The proposed method uses the many-valued orthonormal computational basis states to implement such computations. Physical implementation of NNQC is performed by controlling the potential to yield specific wavefunction as a result of solving Shrodinger's equation that governs the dynamics of QC.
Novel κ light-chain gene rearrangements in mouse λ light chain-producing B lymphocytes

The genes that encode the immunoglobulin proteins made by B lymphocytes are made up of segments that are separately encoded in the germ-line genome and brought together by recombination during B-cell ontogeny1. There are two types of immunoglobulin light chain, κ and λ, but only a single type is expressed in individual B cells. It is thought that κ gene recombination precedes λ gene recombination during B-cell ontogeny2,3. We describe here unusual recombinations that have occurred in two λ-producing B-cell lines and suggest that they are involved in the developmental switch from κ to λ gene expression in maturing B cells. These recombinations involve the Jκ–Cκ introns of V–J joined but nonfunctional κ genes and a sequence that in the germ line occurs downstream of the Cκ exon (called RS, for recombining sequence).
Bactericidal effect of various combinations of gamma radiation and chloramine on aqueous suspensions of Escherichia coli.

Methods of combining gamma radiation with chloramine to disinfect aqueous suspensions of Escherichia coli were investigated. Logarithmically grown cells were exposed to the bactericidal agents sequentially (i.e., radiation followed by chloramine, and chloramine followed by radiation) and simultaneously. Regardless of which combination was used, the bactericidal effect was always less than additive. During the phase of work involving the simultaneous addition of both agents, it was observed that chloramine was destroyed more rapidly by radiation than were the organisms. Since an increase in the bactericidal effectiveness of either disinfectant by prior or simultaneous treatment of the cells with the other disinfectant was not achieved in buffered distilled water, it was concluded that disinfection of wastewater effluents by combining ionizing radiation with chloramine would not be economically feasible.
Sequential acid and enzymic hydrolysis of sugar beet pulp

Fermentable sugars from beet pulp were obtained in a two-stage hydrolytic process. The first stage involved mild acid treatment to hydrolyze the hemicellulose, producing a pentose-rich syrup and a cellulose-rich fraction. The second stage was the enzymic saccharification of the cellulose fraction with fungal cellulases to produce a glucose-rich syrup. The acid hydrolysis stage was evaluated to optimize the type of acid, acid concentration, temperature and reaction time. Solubilization was markedly temperature-dependent, whereas the specificity of hemicellulose degradation depended on the type of acid utilized. The effects of different reaction times, enzyme-to-substrate ratios and particle sizes on the enzymic stage were studied. Both saccharification rate and the extent of final conversion to glucose were markedly affected by the enzyme-to-substrate ratio. Sugars recovered from the enzymic degradation of cellulose were partially fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126.
APL functions for interactive data analysis: Graphics and labels

APL functions designed to provide labeled plots and histograms are described. Support functions that augment a data file with necessary information to label output and to maintain a common plotting scale are also described. APL code and illustrative output are presented.
A review of substance use research among those with mental retardation

This article reviews research conducted on the cigarette, alcohol, and illicit drug use of adolescents and adults with mental retardation (MR). The majority of the research related to substance use conducted on this population has been limited to surveys. Overall, results of these studies suggest that, although substance use is slightly lower among those with MR than among nondisabled comparison groups, it is nonetheless a problem for many individuals. This research is reviewed and a discussion of both the general and specific flaws of these studies follows. Further, the examination of education, prevention, and treatment programs for this population has been overlooked, indicating that individuals with MR are likely not receiving the services most appropriate for them. The article concludes with a discussion of several topics that need to be addressed in future studies, including research on potential best practices in the overlooked areas of substance abuse interventions.
Advances in age pigment research.

Abstract Although it is presently accepted that lipofuscin (age-pigment) is the end product of the physiological decay of the cells' own constituents, the intimate mechanisms involved in its formation are largely unknown. The advances in the field of lipofuscinogenesis have been relatively slow, mainly due to the persistent confusion between the naturally occuring normal lipofuscin and the pathologically formed ceroid pigments. Therefore, attempts have been made in this presentation to review first the differential features between these pigments and second, to provide a general overview on the physicochemical properties of lipofuscin. The two prevailing theories on lipofuscinogenesis, the peroxidative theory and the proteolytic decline theory, are critically discussed, and future lines of research are suggested for the resolution of present uncertainties on lipofuscinogenesis. Since lipofuscin is properly considered the hallmark of cellular aging, it is expected that the unraveling of the mechanisms involved in lipofuscin formation will provide important clues to the still unknown underlying causes of cellular aging.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers disrupt molting in neonatal Daphnia magna

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame-retardants which can bioaccumulate and biomagnify and are found worldwide despite their banned usage in some countries. In recent years, the possibility that PBDEs may disrupt endocrine functions in vertebrates has been well investigated, but little attention has been paid to the endocrine disrupting potential in aquatic invertebrates. The current study aimed to investigate whether PBDEs affect molting in neonatal Daphnia magna. Prior to molting studies, 48 h LC50 values were tested for several environmentally prevalent PBDEs: PBDEs-28, -47, -99, -100 and -209. The 48 h LC50s determined were 110.7, 7.9, 2.6, and 11.1 μg/L for PBDEs-28, -47, -99, and -100, respectively, but the highest concentration of PBDEs-209 tested (2.5 mg/L) did not affect survival at 48 h. Sublethal concentrations of these were used to investigate their potential effects on molting, assessed by the time taken to reach 4 molts. Molting studies found that PBDE-28 at 12 μg/L significantly increased the time it took to complete 4 molts. PBDE-47 at 20 μg/L inhibited daphnid molting initially but such an inhibitory effect disappeared with the prolongation of exposure due to the death of sensitive individuals. No other PBDEs affected molting at the concentrations tested, while still maintaining relatively high survival rates. In conclusion, this study found that PBDEs-28 and -47 can delay molting at μg/L concentrations, which raises concern for disrupted molting in crustaceans exposed to PBDEs.
Proton pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemia: a rare but serious complication

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) promote hypomagnesemia through loss of active Mg 2+ absorption via transient receptor potential melastatin-6 and -7 (TRPM6/7). Danziger et al. confirm the association of PPIs with hypomagnesemia in patients hospitalized at a tertiary medical center. They found that patients taking PPIs, compared with those receiving histamine-2 antagonists or no acid-suppressive medications, had a decline in serum Mg 2+ after adjusting for several clinical and laboratory factors. The effect was seen only in those concomitantly receiving diuretics.
Enhancement of growth of the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis in HeLa cells by estradiol

Estradiol (E2) in concentrations of 10−8–10−12M enhanced inclusion counts of the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) grown in HeLa cells. No effect was observed in McCoy cells. Tamoxifen, 10−6M or 10−7M, blocked enhancement by 10−8M E2. Saturable estrogen receptors were not found in HeLa cells in either nuclear or cytoplasmic fractions.
Estimating the proportion of "always buy" and "never buy" consumers: a likelihood ratio test with sample size implications

The likelihood ratio test is presented as a natural method to test for the presence of “always buy” and “never buy” consumers. The purchase sequence lengths and sample sizes required to estimate th...
Characteristics of failed U.S. commercial banks: an exploratory study

This study uses survival analysis to determine how early the indications of bank failure can be observed. We find that banks with high loan to asset and high personal loan to assets ratios are more likely to survive. Older banks and banks with high real estate and agricultural loans, loan loss allowance, loan charges off and non-performing loans to assets ratio are more likely to fail. It is possible to predict survival functions of <50% for failed banks, 3 years or less before failure. Moreover, we find that most of the variables present a behaviour that departs from Benford’s Law.
Cholesterol Screening: A Practical Guide to Implementation

Abstract The advent of dry-chemistry cholesterol analysis has made cholesterol screening feasible in a variety of settings. This article provides practical tips for the implementation of mass cholesterol screening using a portable dry-chemistry analyzer. Insights are drawn from a review of the literature and from several years of mass screening at Texas A&M University. The dry-chemistry analyzer proved sufficiently accurate for mass screenings given adequate follow-up for abnormal results, including: (1) a lipid profile performed in a standard laboratory using wet-chemistry methods and (2) a visit to a primary care physician for discussion of the lipid profile. Guidelines for screening, education, and referral are presented.
Prevalence of diastasis recti abdominis in a urogynecological patient population.

A urogynecologist’s examination typically includes assessment of the abdominal musculature, including the determination of whether a diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) is present. The purposes of the current study were to examine the (1) prevalence of DRA in a urogynecological population, (2) differences in select characteristics of patients with and without DRA, and (3) relationship of DRA to support-related pelvic floor dysfunction diagnoses. A retrospective chart review was conducted by an independent examiner. Fifty-two percent of the patients examined presented with DRA. Patients with DRA were older, reported higher gravity and parity, and had weaker pelvic floor muscles than patients without DRA. Sixty-six percent of all the patients with DRA had at least one support-related pelvic floor dysfunction (SPFD) diagnosis. There was a relationship between the presence of DRA and the SPFD diagnoses of stress urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse.
Present day use of the internet for survey-based research

This article argues that Internet-based survey research studies are presently limited in their utility. What many consider "classical" blunders in political polling that took place in the 1930s are used as a vehicle for describing parallel methodological errors that may occur with present-day use of the Internet. Without thoughtful protocols, Internet-based surveys are susceptible to these familiar errors, which limit their predictive utility. Tools such as e-mail, file transfers, and data and information access/retrieval should continue to be the primary role of Internet use. A model that articulates the use of Internet technology in survey research is offered for consideration.
Femtosecond pulse shaping directly in the mid-IR using acousto-optic modulation

Pulse shaping directly in the mid-IR is accomplished by using a germanium acousto-optic modulator (Ge AOM) capable of programmable phase and amplitude modulation for IR light between 2 and 18 μm. Shaped waveforms centered at 4.9 μm are demonstrated in both the frequency and the time domains. With a 50% throughput efficiency, the Ge AOM can generate much more intense pulses with higher resolution than can indirect shaping methods. Furthermore, the phase stability of the shaped pulse proved sufficient for cross correlation with unshaped mid-IR pulses. Thus, phase- and amplitude-tailored pulses can now be readily incorporated into phase-sensitive experiments, such as heterodyned 2D IR spectroscopy.
Notification of upcoming AGU Council meeting

The AGU Council will meet on Sunday, 2 December 2012, at the InterContinental Hotel in San Francisco, Calif. The meeting, which is open to all AGU members, will include discussions of AGU's new Grand Challenge Project (a project that will be introduced to members at the 2012 Fall Meeting), the proposed AGU scientific ethics policy, publishing strategies, future plans for honors and recognition, and leadership transition as new members join the Council. This year the Council experimented with a new approach to conducting business. By holding virtual meetings throughout the year, Council members have been able to act in a more timely manner and provide input on important membership and science issues on the Board of Directors' agenda. The Council Leadership Team—an elected subset of the Council—also experimented with a new approach, meeting every month to keep moving projects forward. This approach has increased communication and improved effectiveness in Council decision making.