cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing and learning web services with open source software: an experience report

To simultaneously teach the principles of software engineering and expose students to current in-demand technologies in the business world, one recent undergraduate course put them through a semester-long project to design and build a web service from the ground up. This project was conducted in a simulated business environment with the course instructor playing the role of customer. In the interests of demonstrating the benefits of software reuse, the instructor insisted that the web services be built using open-source software. By the end of the semester, and with the benefit of outside consultation, the teams managed to produce a finished working prototype. This paper will describe their effort and experiences, underscoring risks encountered, strengths embraced, and lessons learned by the end of the project.
Applied Social Research and the Government: Notes on the Limits of Confidentiality

In this paper I examine some aspects of federal regulation and applied social research done under contract with U.S. government agencies. Specifically, the paper is focused upon the tension betweeen the accountability for public funds and the assurances of confidentiality that can be given realistically to informants by researchers. Contract work, commissioned by government offices, probably represents the most regulated and scrutinized social research being done in the country today. Because it is funded with both a purpose and a product in mind, contract research tends to be practical, of interest to various parties, and hence, research over which some controversy is likely to arise. Assuming that ethnographers increasingly will come to do contract work in applied situations, the case I present later in this paper may be viewed as a bellwether, rather than a curious or isolated instance of disagreement among some government agencies and some researchers.
Warrant Does Entail Truth

Let ‘warrant’ denote whatever precisely it is that makes the difference between knowledge and mere true belief. A current debate in epistemology asks whether warrant entails truth, i.e., whether (Infallibilism) S’s belief that p is warranted only if p is true. The arguments for infallibilism have come under considerable and, as of yet, unanswered objections. In this paper, I will defend infallibilism. In Part I, I advance a new argument for infallibilism; the basic outline is as follows. Suppose fallibilism is true. An implication of fallibilism is that the property that makes the difference between knowledge and mere belief (which I dub ‘warrant*’) is the conjunctive property being warranted and true. I show that this implication of fallibilism conflicts with an uncontroversial thesis we have learned from reflection on Gettier cases: that nonaccidental truth is a constituent of warrant*. It follows that infallibilism is true. In the second part of the paper, I present and criticize a new argument against infallibilism. The argument states that there are plausible cases where, intuitively, the only thing that is keeping a belief from counting as knowledge is the falsity of that belief. Furthermore, it is plausible that such a belief is warranted and false. So, the argument goes, infallibilism is false. I show that this argument fails.
Magnetopasma surface wave analysis for an H-guide structure containing semiconductor

The propagation characteristics of higher order magnetoplasmon surface waves have been studied for an H-guide structure. Hybrid TE-TM modes are found at frequencies above the cutoff value. We explore their non-reciprocal propagation characteristics as a basis for the design of non-reciprocal devices.
Plant stem cell maintenance by transcriptional cross-regulation of related receptor kinases

The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)-CLAVATA1 (CLV1) ligand-receptor kinase pair negatively regulates shoot stem cell proliferation in plants. clv1 null mutants are weaker in phenotype than clv3 mutants, but the clv1 null phenotype is enhanced by mutations in the related receptor kinases BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1, 2 and 3 (BAM1, 2 and 3). The basis of this genetic redundancy is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the apparent redundancy in the CLV1 clade is in fact due to the transcriptional repression of BAM genes by CLV1 signaling. CLV1 signaling in the rib meristem (RM) of the shoot apical meristem is necessary and sufficient for stem cell regulation. CLV3-CLV1 signaling in the RM represses BAM expression in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. In clv1 mutants, ectopic BAM expression in the RM partially complements the loss of CLV1. BAM regulation by CLV1 is distinct from CLV1 regulation of WUSCHEL, a proposed CLV1 target gene. In addition, quadruple receptor mutants are stronger in phenotype than clv3, pointing to the existence of additional CLV1/BAM ligands. These data provide an explanation for the genetic redundancy seen in the CLV1 clade and reveal a novel feedback operating in the control of plant stem cells.
When should plant population models include age structure

Summary Most population models for plants are structured exclusively by size or stage. However, the assumption that age can be safely ignored has not been rigorously tested. We used an unprecedented data set from western North America on age-specific demography of 19 populations of perennial grasses to determine when age structure can alter model behaviour. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion, the best statistical models included both size and age for 14 and 18 of the 19 populations for the growth and survival function, respectively. The inclusion of age reduced the sums of squared residuals by 0.1–5.6% for growth rates and reduced the residual deviance by 0.06–8.2% for survival rates. When we compared observed per capita growth rates with predictions from individual-based models, we found that in eleven populations, models with age explained 1.3–45.8% (with a mean of 12.8%) more variance than size-only models. Density-dependent integral projection models showed that the inclusion of age had strong effects on equilibrium cover for some species but not others. When equilibrium cover differed, it was almost always higher in models with age. The population consequences of incorporating age were best predicted by the shape of a species' survival curve: equilibrium cover was most sensitive to inclusion of age structure for species with very hollow (Type III) survivorship curves. We speculate that age serves as a proxy for high individual-level heterogeneity, which is known to generate Type III survivorship curves and can increase equilibrium abundance. Synthesis. Our results indicate that including age structure in models is most important for populations with strong Type III survivorship curves. For such populations, which are likely to contain high individual heterogeneity, models that ignore age could underestimate population growth rates and equilibrium cover. More research is needed to test whether our results, based on data from perennial grasses, also apply to other plant growth forms.
Ionizing and ultraviolet radiation-induced reversion of sequenced frameshift mutations in Escherichia coli: a new role for umuDC suggested by delayed photoreactivation.

Abstract The ultraviolet (UV) and γ radiation-induced reversion of the trpA21, trpA9813, and trpE9777 sequenced-frameshift mutations were studied in Escherichia coli K-12 with or without the plasmid pKM101. Radiation induced the reversion of all 3 frameshifts, and pKM101 enhanced this reversion 10–50-fold. Factors influencing the differential radiation revertability of frameshifts are discussed. The two most revertable frameshifts, rpE9777 and trpA9813, were used as probes to understand the role of the umuDC genes in radiation-induced frameshift reversion. Unlike the UV radiation-induced reversion of base-substitution mutations, the reversion of these frameshifts was not enhanced in a uvrA umuC strain by photoreactivation after a post-UV-irradiation incubation. The UmuDC proteins are suggested to have functions in the radiation induction of frameshifts that are more complex than are their functions in the induction of base substitutions.
The Reactions of Infants to Changes in the Intensity and Pitch of Pure Tone

Abstract * Recommended for publication by John J. B. Morgan, accepted by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office, February 27, 1931. 1 Report of an experiment conducted in the Psychological Laboratory of Northwestern University. The work was done under the direction of Professor John J. B. Morgan.
Learning to Write and Writing to Learn: Insights from Teacher Candidates.

Abstract Teacher educators frequently express concerns regarding teacher candidates' writing knowledge, skills, and dispositions. Concerns include candidates' proficiencies for writing correctly and communicating effectively, teaching writing appropriately to preK-12 graders, integrating writing authentically across the curriculum, guiding preK-12 student writing supportively, and reflecting through writing both personally and professionally. Teacher educators recognize that writing is individualized, personal, complex, subjective, and extensive, with limited time and attention dedicated to learning to write or writing to learn throughout teacher education programs. Survey research conducted with teacher candidates reveals that they highly value writing and the writing process for themselves and, more so, for preK-12 graders. But many teacher candidates dislike writing and consider themselves to be poor writers, are unsure how to teach writing effectively or integrate writing meaningfully, and are unaware...
The NUREG-1150 probabilistic risk assessment for the Grand Gulf Nuclear Station

Abstract This paper summarizes the findings of the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for Unit 1 of the Grand Gulf Nuclear Station performed in support of NUREG-1150. The emphasis is on the “back-end” analyses, that is, the accident progression, source term, consequence analyses, and risk results obtained when the results of these analyses are combined with the accident frequency analysis. The offsite risk from internal initiating events was found to be quite low, both with respect to the safety goals and to the other plants analyzed in NUREG-1150. The offsite risk is dominated by short-term station blackout plant damage states. The long-term station blackout group and the anticipated transients without scram (ATWS) group contribute considerably less to risk. Transients in which the power conversion system is unavailable are very minor contributors to risk. The low values for risk can be attributed to low core damage frequency, good emergency response, and plant features that reduce the potential source term.
Small GTPases in mechanosensitive regulation of endothelial barrier

Alterations in vascular permeability are defining feature of diverse processes including atherosclerosis, inflammation, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and ventilator-induced lung injury. Clinical observations and experimental studies support an essential role of mechanical forces in pathophysiologic regulation of lung barrier. Accumulating data demonstrate that decreased levels of blood flow and increased cyclic stretch of lung tissues associated with lung mechanical ventilation at high tidal volumes increase vascular permeability, activate inflammatory cytokine production, alveolar flooding, leukocyte infiltration, and hypoxemia, and increase morbidity and mortality. Potential synergism between pathologic mechanical stimulation and inflammatory molecules resulting in vascular leak and lung injury becomes increasingly recognized. This review will discuss a role of Rho family of small GTPases in the mechanochemical regulation of pulmonary endothelial permeability associated with ventilator induced lung injury.
Dural arteriovenous fistulas: a review of the literature and a presentation of a single institution's experience.

Objective Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are arteriovenous shunts from a dural arterial supply to a dural venous channel, typically supplied by pachymeningeal arteries and located near a major venous sinus. A retrospective review was conducted to present the results of endovascular obliteration of DAVFs, with particular emphasis of newer liquid embolic agents, including Onyx-18 (MV3, Irvine, California, USA). Methods A review of the literature was performed, and a presentation of the number of treatments, complications, and outcomes is included here. The number of arterial embolizations and need for transvenous embolization, open surgery, and radiosurgery was assessed as well as normalization of retrograde cortical venous drainage. Results Thirty-nine patients (22 men and 17 women) underwent endovascular treatment of DAVFs at our institution from 2001 to 2009. Ages ranged from 39 to 71 years (mean, 48 years). Seventy-nine percent of patients had retrograde cortical venous drainage. The average number of embolizations in all patients was 2.1. Twelve patients underwent 40 embolization treatments with Onyx, with an obliteration rate of 75% and cortical venous drainage obliteration rate of 85%. Seventy-one percent (28/39) of patients had complete treatment of the fistula: 21 by purely endovascular treatment and 7 with endovascular therapy followed by craniotomy, as well as seven patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery after embolization. Conclusions Endovascular management of DAVFs is a safe and effective method of treating these complex lesions.
Optical Digital Processing Of Two-Dimensional Digital Data

The parallel processing of digital data in two-dimensional page form using holographic techniques is discussed. The Boolean logic operations of AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR, and COMPLEMENT are shown to be possible in a single holographic cycle. All bits on one binary data page are operated on with the corresponding bits on a second page. Single-step processors using unchangeable recording materials have numerous applications. Multiple-step processors using continuously-changeable recording materials allow further computing power including the construction of the other Boolean logic operations and arithmetic operations. This type of optical processing may be particularly important for the construction of parallel associative processors.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
OPTIMAL TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT TO URBAN STREETS WITH AIR POLLUTION CONSIDERATION

Traffic assignment is usually determined solely on the basis of minimum travel time through the network. The present study on traffic assignment has taken into account not only traffic performance but also air quality over the street. A simple model of highway air pollution is developed by considering macroscopic material balance of polluted air mass over a segment of a highway that passes through an urban area, A new traffic assignment scheme has been developed based on the air pollution model. The optimal traffic assignment obtained by the new scheme is affected significantly by meteorological conditions.
Evaluation of Chitosan Citrate Complexes as Matrices for Controlled Release Formulations Using a 32 full Factorial Design

AbstractChitosan citrate complexes of several viscocity grades were synthesized, isolated, purified and identified. These complexes were found to form viscous gels of varying viscosities, upon dispersion in water. The ability of these complexes in sustaining drug release from matrix tablets was evaluated using a two factor three level full factorial design with theophylline as the model drug. Viscosity and concentration of the polymer complexes were optimized to achieve the desired in-vitro release profile. In-vitro dissolution characteristics were evaluated in deionized water as the dissolution medium. Data were fit to a quadratic model and polynomial equations were generated and used to predict the optimum formulation composition with desired release characteristics. These complexes were found to be very effective in sustaining the release of theophylline and were directly compressible. The release mechanism appears to be diffusion controlled. Excellent correlation was obtained between predicted and act...
A modified pairwise-energy model applied to exothermic ion-molecule reactions

Abstract For an exothermic ion-molecule reaction A + BC → AB + C our modified pairwise-energy model shows that the reduced cross section Q red = [(m B + m C )/2m B ] 1 2 Q R depends only on ES, the pairwise energy between A and B. The four reactions of N2+ (and the four of Ar+) with H2, D2, and HD agree very well with this model, particularly for ES values above 0.7 eV.
A Stapling Instrument for Placement of Right Atrial Pursestrings

The right atrial pursestring was placed In 12 patients undergoing cardiac operations utilizing a commercially available stapling Instrument. Our initial experience Indicates that this device can be used for rapid, simple, and safe application of the right atrial pursestring.
Quantum measurements and stochastic processes

A nonlinear stochastic process is presented that, for each realization and for large times, reproduces L\"uder's projection postulate. The corresponding density operator undergoes a linear evolution reproducing von Neumann's projection postulate. The violation of the Bell inequality, for instance, is described with the two apparatus acting independently on the composed system.
Emergency department quality improvement activity: an inventory from the American Board of Emergency Medicine Maintenance of Certification program.

Objectives The American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program requires every ABEM-certified physician to attest to participating in a quality improvement (QI) activity every 5 years. Understanding the type and frequency of these QI activities could inform the emergency medicine community about the variety of QI activities in which emergency physicians (EPs) are involved. These QI activities could provide ideas for the development of additional quality measures. Methods This was a retrospective descriptive study of self-reported QI activity attestations from the ABEM MOC program during 2013. Attestations were provided by ABEM-certified EPs using the ABEM MOC website. The type, number, and cumulative frequency of activities are reported. Results ABEM received 9,380 attestations for QI activities in 91 different categories. The three most commonly reported activities were acute myocardial infarction-percutaneous coronary intervention within 90 minutes of arrival (includes door-to-balloon time), door-to-doctor times, and throughput time measures. These three activities comprised 36.4% of attestations. More than half (54.4%) of the attestations were captured by the five most frequently attested activities, 67.1% by the top seven categories, and 89.9% by the top 21 categories. Of these 21 categories, 10 involved clinical protocols, nine were time-centered measures, and two were patient-centered activities. Conclusions This report demonstrates that diverse QI activities occur in emergency departments (EDs) across the United States. The majority of reported projects are nested in a few categories, following recognized areas of emphasis in emergency care, particularly in areas using time-sensitive metrics.
Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures

The speed of sound in standard seawater (diluted with pure water and evaporated) have been measured relative to pure water with a Nusonics single‐transducer sound velocimeter as a function of salinity (5–40°/00), temperature 0°–40°C, and applied pressure (0–1000 bars). The effect of pressure on the relative speeds of sound, (UP−UPH2O) ‐UO−UOH2O), have been fitted to an equation of the form (with a standard deviation of 0.19 msec−1) (UP−UPH2O) ‐ (UO−UOH2O) =AS (°/oo)+BS (°/oo)3/2 +CS (°/oo)2, where U and UH20 are the speeds of sound in seawater and pure water, respectively; superscripts P and O are used to denote applied pressure P and O (1 atm); A, B, and C are temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent parameters; S (o/oo) is the salinity in parts per thousand. This equation has been combined with the refitted high‐pressure pure‐water sound‐speed equation of Wilson [Naval Ordnance Lab. Rep.(1959)], Chen and Millero [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 1270–1273 (1976)], and the 1‐atm seawater sound‐speed data of Millero and Kubinski [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57, 312–319 (1975)] to calculate the speeds of sound for seawater at various salinities, temperatures, and pressures. Our results agree with the work of Wilson on the average to 0.36 msec−1 over the range of 5 to 40o/oo salinity, 0° to 30°C, and 0 to 1000 bars. Over the oceanic range our results agree on the average with the work of Wilson to 0.3 msec−1 (maximum deviation 0.6 msec−1), and with the work of Del Grosso to 0.5 msec−1 (maximum deviation 0.9 msec−1). The better agreement of our results with those of Wilson may be fortuitous since our measurements were made relative to his pure‐water data.
Pharmacokinetics of methoxyflurane after its intra-dermal injection as lecithin-coated microdroplets

Abstract Recent studies (D.H. Haynes and A.F. Kirkpatrick, Anesthesiology, 63 (1985) 490–499) have shown that general anesthetic oils such as methoxyflurane (MOF) can be incorporated into lecithin-coated microdroplets of ca. 1000 A diameter. Intradermal injection of microdroplets of selected general inhalation anesthetics results in reversible local anesthesia. The present study gives information on the time course of absorption, distribution, and elimination of MOF and its metabolites for the intradermal injection of 20 mg of microdroplet-associated MOF in rat tails. Following intradermal injection of MOF microdroplets, the bulk of the injected amount of MOF is absorbed into the blood. The absorption is biphasic with half-times of 2 h and 450 h. The levels of MOF in blood tissue peak within 3 h after injection. The concentrations of MOF metabolites peak 6 h after injection. Studies of the body burden of MOF and its metabolites suggest that the lung is a major elimination pathway, clearing as much as two-thirds of the injected MOF. This is in direct contrast to the fate of MOF administered by inhalation, for which metabolism is the major elimination pathway. With microdroplet administration, the peak levels of MOF in blood and offluoride in plasma are an order of magnitude smaller than the non-effect levels associated with general anesthesia and nephrotoxicity, respectively. This would appear to provide a sufficient margin of safety for any known adverse effect of MOF. The low levels in noninjected tissues are partly attributed to a low dose requirement for local anesthesia and partly to the respiratory-circulatory system which allows a significant amount of MOF to be removed from blood by exhalation before it reaches the other tissues.
Force response of the fingertip pulp to repeated compression—Effects of loading rate, loading angle and anthropometry

Repeated loading of the fingertips has been postulated to contribute to tendon and nerve disorders at the wrist during activities associated with prolonged fingertip loading such as typing. To fully understand the pathomechanics of these soft tissue disorders, the role of the fingertip pulp in attenuating the applied dynamic forces must be known. An experiment was conducted to characterize the response of the in vivo fingertip pulp under repeated, dynamic, compressive loadings, to identify factors that influence pulp dynamics, and to better understand the force modulation by the pulp. Twenty subjects tapped repeatedly on a flat plate with their left index finger, while the contact force and pulp displacement were measured simultaneously. Tapping trials were conducted at three fingertip contact angles from the horizontal plane (0 degree, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees) and five tapping rates (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 Hz). The fingertip pulp responds as a viscoelastic material, exhibiting rate-dependence, hysteresis, and a nonlinear force-displacement relationship. The pulp was relatively compliant at forces less than 1 N, but stiffened rapidly with displacement at higher forces for all loading conditions. This suggests that high-frequency forces of a small magnitude (< 1 N) are attenuated by the nonlinearly stiffening pulp while these forces of larger magnitude are transmitted to the bone. Pulp response was significantly influenced by the angle of loading. Fingertip dimensions, gender, and subject age had little to no influence on pulp parameters.
Codominant translational mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells selected with diphtheria toxin.

Diphtheria toxin-resistance markers in two translational mutants, CH-RE1.22c, possessing no toxin-sensitive EF-2 (class IIa), and CH-RE1.32, with 50% toxin-sensitive and 50% toxin-resistant EF-2 (class IIb), behaved codominantly in somatic cell hybrids. There was no complementation in hybrids formed between the two resistant mutants. The mutant parents and their hybrids, except those formed by fusion of CH-RE1.32 and wild-type cells, grew in the presence of toxin. To explain these results we suggest that CHO-K1 cells possess two functional copies of the gene for EF-2 and that CH-RE1.22c and CH-RE1.32 represent the homozygous (R/R) and heterozygous (R/S) states of resistance at the EF-2 gene locus. The failure of hybrids formed between CH-RE1.32 and wild-type cells to grow in toxin is a gene dosage effect. Codominant class IIa translational resistance is a selectable marker for the isolation of hybrids. It can be combined with a second, recessive, marker to provide a cell which is a “universal hybridizer” (10).
Detection of NO2 down to ppb levels using individual and multiple In2O3 nanowire devices

We demonstrate detection of NO2 down to ppb levels using transistors based on both single and multiple In2O3 nanowires operating at room temperature. This represents orders-of-magnitude improvement over previously reported metal oxide film or nanowire/nanobelt sensors. A comparison between the single and multiple nanowire sensors reveals that the latter have numerous advantages in terms of great reliability, high sensitivity, and simplicity in fabrication. Furthermore, selective detection of NO2 can be readily achieved with multiple-nanowire sensors even with other common chemicals such as NH3, O2, CO, and H2 around.
Dietary selenium regulation of glutathione peroxidase mRNA and other selenium-dependent parameters in male rats.

Weanling male rats were fed a basal torula yeast diet (0.007 μg Se/g diet) supplemented with graded levels of Se (0 to 0.2 μg Se/g diet as Na2SeO3) (three rats/group) to evaluate classical glutathione peroxidase (GPX1, GSH:H2O2, oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) mRNA level as an indicator of intracellular Se status. Growth was followed throughout the dietary treatment and a number of Se-dependent parameters including liver GPX1 mRNA levels were determined after 33 days. Growth was not impaired at any level of dietary Se supplementation. In rats fed the Se-deficient basal diet, liver Se concentration was 5 ± 1%, liver GPXI mRNA levels were 10 ± 2%. plasma GPX activity was 2 ± 1%, erythrocyte GPX activity was 37 ± 1%, and liver GPX activity was 0 ± 2% of the levels in rats fed 0.1 μg Se/g diet; these parameters increased sigmoidally with increasing dietary Se, showing a breakpoint near 0.1 μg Se/g diet. Graphical analysis indicated that the increase in liver GPX1 mRNA level with increasing dietary Se, preceded the increase in liver GPX activity. Se supplementation had no effect on polyadenylated mRNA levels or on β-actin mRNA levels, demonstrating that Se regulation of GPX1 mRNA is specific. Se-deficient liver selenoprotein P mRNA levels were 69 ± 2% of the levels in rats fed 0.1 μg Se/g diet. We hypothesize that GPX1 mRNA is a primary target of the Se regulatory mechanism, making GPX1 mRNA level a potentially useful indicator of the status of an important intracellular regulatory pool of Se.
Potential for improving survival rates for the cancer patient by increasing the efficacy of treatment of the primary lesion

The potential impact on survival probability for the cancer patient of elimination of local failure of treatment was considered. Clinical data demonstrate that for several sites salvage treatment (surgery or radiation) yields eminently worthwhile survival figures for carefully selected patients with local persistence or regrowth of tumor. These long-term disease-free survivals constitute proof that elimination of local failures would result in some increase in survival rate. The increases in survival of patients with carcinoma at four sites by employing a new treatment method which yields a 100% local control rate (and no fatal complications) were estimated by assuming that the rates of death due to distant metastasis and intercurrent disease among patients who achieved an uncomplicated control of their primary disease by the conventional treatment would apply to the patients achieving local control by a new method. The number of additional survivors in the U. S. cancer population was conservatively estimated for these sites to be: uterine cervix, 2700; orocavity and oropharynx, 2000; ovary, 2100; and colorectum, 17000. Analyses have not been completed for other sites. These predicted increases of survivors due to improved local treatment methods are greater than would be predicted by improving treatment of distant disease, for patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix and of the orocavity and oropharynx.
Geographical distribution morphology and water quality of caldera lakes a review

The geographical distribution, morphometry and water quality of lakes within large calderas (> 2 km in diameter) were evaluated through a review of the literature and maps. Eighty-eight lakes in 75 calderas were located in 31 volcanic subregions. As a group, the lakes varied greatly in elevation, surface area, maximum depth, and shoreline development. The ‘average’ surface area was 16.9 km2, surface elevation 873 m, depth 151.1 m, and shoreline development 1.35. Water quality ranged from ultraoligotrophic to highly eutrophic. None of the lakes had an inlet that originated outside the calderas. Most lakes did not have a surface outlet, were circular or subcircular in shape, and covered only parts of the caldera basins. Water clarity in some lakes was among the highest recorded for freshwater systems, but there are indications of possible declining clarity in some cases. Secondary volcanic activity, such as primary (hydrothermal) water and eruptions, has been associated with deteriorated water quality conditions in some lakes.
Considerations of the Impact of Neoliberalism and Alternative Regimes on Learning and Its Outcomes: An Empirical Example Based on the Level and Distribution of Adult Learning.

This study considers the extensive critique of the impact of the ‘market’ or ‘neoliberal’ model on learning and its outcomes in the light of alternative models. The purpose is to consider the potential impacts of the market on learning and its outcomes and to contextualise critique by considering alternative coordination regimes. Three alternative regimes to coordinating economic activity and various aspects of education and adult learning systems (market-dominated, state-dominated and stakeholder-dominated) are contrasted by highlighting the weaknesses and strengths of each with regard to learning and its outcomes. In turn, these regimes are linked to the varieties of capitalism and welfare state literature. Comparative data are used to briefly consider the link between alternative regimes and the level and distribution of adult learning.
The molecular mechanistic and immunological properties of amine oxidases.

Amine oxidases can be classified as Cu and FAD-amine oxidases. Representatives from each of these types have now been isolated in a pure form. Current results which are concerned with the molecular, mechanistic and preliminary immunological properties of the amine oxidases are presented and are discussed in this review article.
Femtosecond X-ray generation through relativistic electron beam–laser interaction

Abstract Methods for generating ultra-short X-rays using the interaction of intense laser pulses with relativistic electron beams, and their application to measuring ultra-fast phenomena in solid state materials, are reviewed. Two different methods that use a long electron bunch and short laser pulse are discussed: Thomson scattering and optical slicing which have been implemented on linac and storage ring beams, respectively. The possibility of generating ultrashort electrons bunches from laser-plasma injectors is discussed.
Photonic-band-gap traveling-wave gyrotron amplifier.

We report the experimental demonstration of a gyrotron traveling-wave-tube amplifier at 250 GHz that uses a photonic band gap (PBG) interaction circuit. The gyrotron amplifier achieved a peak small signal gain of 38 dB and 45 W output power at 247.7 GHz with an instantaneous $\ensuremath{-}3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{dB}$ bandwidth of 0.4 GHz. The amplifier can be tuned for operation from 245--256 GHz. The widest instantaneous $\ensuremath{-}3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{dB}$ bandwidth of 4.5 GHz centered at 253.25 GHz was observed with a gain of 24 dB. The PBG circuit provides stability from oscillations by supporting the propagation of transverse electric (TE) modes in a narrow range of frequencies, allowing for the confinement of the operating ${\mathrm{TE}}_{03}$-like mode while rejecting the excitation of oscillations at nearby frequencies. This experiment achieved the highest frequency of operation for a gyrotron amplifier; at present, there are no other amplifiers in this frequency range that are capable of producing either high gain or high output power. This result represents the highest gain observed above 94 GHz and the highest output power achieved above 140 GHz by any conventional-voltage vacuum electron device based amplifier.
Signaling to the Nucleus by an L-type Calcium Channel-Calmodulin Complex Through the MAP Kinase Pathway

Increases in the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca2+]i) activate various signaling pathways that lead to the expression of genes that are essential for dendritic development, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity. The mode of Ca2+ entry into a neuron plays a key role in determining which signaling pathways are activated and thus specifies the cellular response to Ca2+. Ca2+ influx through L-type voltage-activated channels (LTCs) is particularly effective at activating transcription factors such as CREB and MEF-2. We developed a functional knock-in technique to investigate the features of LTCs that specifically couple them to the signaling pathways that regulate gene expression. We found that an isoleucine-glutamine ("IQ") motif in the carboxyl terminus of the LTC that binds Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM) is critical for conveying the Ca2+ signal to the nucleus. Ca2+-CaM binding to the LTC was necessary for activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which conveys local Ca2+ signals from the mouth of the LTC to the nucleus. CaM functions as a local Ca2+ sensor at the mouth of the LTC that activates the MAPK pathway and leads to the stimulation of genes that are essential for neuronal survival and plasticity.
Accurate Measurement of the Planck Constant

Using a moving coil watt balance, electric power measured in terms of the Josephson and quantum Hall effects is compared with mechanical power measured in terms of the meter, kilogram, and second. We find the Planck constant $h\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}6.62606891(58)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}34}\mathrm{J}\mathrm{s}$. The quoted standard uncertainty (1 standard deviation estimate) corresponds to $(8.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8})h$. Comparing this measurement to an earlier measurement places an upper limit of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}/\mathrm{yr}$ on the drift rate of the SI unit of mass, the kilogram.
Tunable Landau-Zener transitions in a spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate

The Landau-Zener (LZ) transition is one of the most fundamental phenomena in quantum dynamics. It describes nonadiabatic transitions between quantum states near an avoided crossing that can occur in diverse physical systems. Here we report experimental measurements and tuning of LZ transitions between the dressed eigenlevels of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) that is synthetically spin-orbit (SO) coupled. We measure the transition probability as the BEC is accelerated through the SO avoided crossing and study its dependence on the coupling between the diabatic (bare) states, eigenlevel slope, and eigenstate velocity---the three parameters of the LZ model that are independently controlled in our experiments. Furthermore, we performed time-resolved measurements to demonstrate the breaking down of the spin-momentum locking of the spin-orbit-coupled BEC in the nonadiabatic regime, and we determined the diabatic switching time of the LZ transitions. Our observations show quantitative agreement with the LZ model and numerical simulations of the quantum dynamics in the quasimomentum space. The tunable LZ transition may be exploited to enable a spin-dependent atomtronic transistor.
The transversely isotropic poroelastic wave equation including the Biot and the squirt mechanisms: Theory and application

The transversely isotropic poroelastic wave equation can be formulated to include the Biot and the squirt-flow mechanisms to yield a new analytical solution in terms of the elements of the squirt-flow tensor. The new model gives estimates of the vertical and the horizontal per- meabilities, as well as other measurable rock and fluid properties. In particular, the model estimates phase ve- locity and attenuation of waves traveling at different an- gles of incidence with respect to the principal axis of anisotropy. The attenuation and dispersion of the fast quasi P-wave and the quasi SV-wave are related to the vertical and the horizontal permeabilities. Modeling sug- gests that the attenuation of both the quasi P-wave and quasi SV-wave depend on the direction of permeability. For frequencies from 500 to 4500 Hz, the quasi P-wave attenuation will be of maximum permeability. To test the theory, interwell seismic waveforms, well logs, and hydraulic conductivity measurements (recorded in the fluvial Gypsy sandstone reservoir, Oklahoma) provide the material and fluid property parameters. For exam- ple, the analysis of petrophysical data suggests that the vertical permeability (1 md ) is affected by the presence of mudstone and siltstone bodies, which are barriers to vertical fluid movement, and the horizontal permeabil- ity (1640 md) is controlled by cross-bedded and planar- laminated sandstones. The theoretical dispersion curves based on measurable rock and fluid properties, and the phase velocity curve obtained from seismic signatures, give the ingredients to evaluate the model. Theoreti- cal predictions show the influence of the permeability anisotropy on the dispersion of seismic waves. These dispersion values derived from interwell seismic signa- tures are consistent with the theoretical model and with the direction of propagation of the seismic waves that travel parallel to the maximum permeability. This analy- sis with the new analytical solution is the first step toward a quantitative evaluation of the preferential directions of fluid flow in reservoir formation containing hydrocar- bons. The results of the present work may lead to the development of algorithms to extract the permeability anisotropy from attenuation and dispersion data ( de- rived from sonic logs and crosswell seismics) to map the fluid flow distribution in a reservoir.
Enhanced photon emission from the STM : a general property of metal surfaces

Abstract Light emission observed from noble-metal surfaces in an STM has been interpreted as arising from inelastic tunneling excitation of radiative tip-induced plasmon modes. We discuss recent extensions of this work to clean and oxygen-covered transition metal surfaces. Photon intensities observed in the tunnel mode permit mapping and spectroscopic investigation of sub-nanometer areas of the surfaces of Cu, Fe, and Ti. Our results corroborate the theory developed for noble metals. Contrasts in photon maps on an atomic scale caused by adsorbates are discussed.
Spatial-harmonic gratings at high modulation depths in photorefractive quantum wells

High-order spatial harmonics of photorefractive gratings are detected directly in multiwave mixing experiments in photorefractive AlGaAs/GaAs quantum wells operating in the Franz–Keldysh geometry. We have observed diffraction signals from the first-, second-, and third-harmonic refractive-index gratings. The quadratic electro-optic effect in the quantum wells guarantees a strong nonlinear response for generating a second-spatial-harmonic grating.
Onchocerca volvulus: molecular cloning, primary structure, and expression of a microfilarial surface-associated antigen.

Abstract Although the filarial nematode parasite Onchocerca volvulus is an important human pathogen in large areas of Africa and Latin America, little is known of the molecular interactions that govern the clinical status of patients with this chronic, debilitating disease. As a step toward defining the parasite molecules important to the immunobiology of host-parasite interactions, we have identified and cloned a major surface-associated antigen expressed by O. volvulus microfilariae. Radiolabeling experiments demonstrated that O. volvulus microfilariae have a limited repertoire of peptides at the surface. Prominent among these labeled peptides is an 18-kDa component. Immunological crossreactivity between a surface-associated component of Diroftlaria immitis microfilariae and the 18-kDa surface-associated molecule from O. volvulus was exploited in a strategy to clone this potentially important O. volvulus microfilarial antigen. The cross-reacting antibodies were used to immunoscreen O. volvulus cDNA expression libraries. One clone, M2f.e, contained an open reading frame of 495 bp encoding an 18.1-kDa protein (OVMS18). Antibodies produced against the expression product of M2f.e recognized an 18-kDa component in extracts of O. volvulus microfilariae and bound to the surface of intact O. volvulus and D. immitis microfilariae. Southern blot analyses showed that M2f.e-like sequences are present in the genomic DNA of a number of filarial nematode species, but not in DNAs from nonfilarial nematode species.
Development of a 0.1eV bandgap semiconductor at the Honeywell Research Center (1959 - 1985)

We delineate and discuss the more significant developments in the corporate and DOD funded (Hg,Cd)Te program initiated and conducted at the Honeywell Research Center, located in Minneapolis, MN. This includes a discussion of the candidate materials initially investigated, the selection process and the basis for the decision to pursue the development of the ternary (Hg,Cd)Te. We describe the various growth approaches investigated, present the results and discuss the challenges. The integrated investigation included an intensive materials study and the evaluation of the electrical, mechanical, optical and sensor properties of this material. These developments contributed to making (Hg,Cd)Te the dominant long wavelength sensor material.
Angiokeratoma: a benign vascular tumour of the dog.

The angiokeratoma (AK) is a rare neoplasm of the nictitans and the conjunctiva of dogs. This report adds eight further cases to the two reported in the literature. The majority involved the nictitans of mature dogs of either sex with a possible predisposition in the English setter breed. Two occurred in the skin. In both locations, the AK had, as its characteristic feature, large dilated sinusoidal spaces abutting and infiltrating a hyperplastic epidermis. Compared to classical dermal haemangioendotheliomas, AKs are rare. In most cases, excision is curative.
Introduction of hydroponics in Colorado; technique and implications in a semi-arid region

Abstract Cultivation of economic plants in “inert” substrates has never gained wide acceptance, largely because of insufficient technological competence. Recent modifications, together with a high state of technical knowledge, have permitted the greenhouse industry in Colorado to undergo a small evolutionary step, shifting from production in organic substrates to “inert” media. More than 10,000 m 2 of new range have been built in the last two years. Increased yield is only one advantage. Almost any non-toxic, stable, inert material may be used in conjunction with a suitable irrigation system and automatic fertilizer injection. However, evapotranspiration increases with concomitant increased waste, fertilizer use and pollution. In energy-rich, arid regions, similar to Colorado, increased pressure on water supply is likely to occur.
Technical and management notes

In regard to the above1 wish to raise va question about the basic mathematical model represented by the first equation on page 105. This model permits one to compute the “research and development effectiveness model objective function coefficient” which is “in an overall sense … the measure of effectiveness of each task resource level.” This quantity consists of the sum of two terms; in one term we find in the denominator the probability of success of the task level, and in the other term we find in the denominator the confidence level for the task resource level. The motivation for this formulation is apparently to give some extra funds to those projects which need them; but the net result, as I see it, is that if we have one project which is almost certain to fail, that project will be heavily supported.
"Whatever average is:" understanding African-American mothers' perceptions of infant weight, growth, and health.

Biomedical researchers have raised concerns that mothers’ inability to recognize infant and toddler overweight poses a barrier to stemming increasing rates of overweight and obesity, particularly among low-income or minority mothers. Little anthropological research has examined the sociocultural, economic, or structural factors shaping maternal perceptions of infant and toddler size or addressed biomedical depictions of maternal misperception as a “sociocultural problem.” We use qualitative and quantitative data from 237 low-income, African American mothers to explore how they define “normal” infant growth and infant overweight. Our quantitative results document that mothers’ perceptions of infant size change with infant age, are sensitive to the size of other infants in the community, and are associated with concerns over health and appetite. Qualitative analysis documents that mothers are concerned with their children’s weight status and assess size in relation to their infants’ cues, local and societal...
Elucidating the fuzziness in physician decision making in ARDS

The current standard of care for patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is ventilation with a tidal volume of 6 ml/kg predicted body weight (PBW), but variability remains in the tidal volumes that are actually used. This study aims to identify patient scenarios for which there is discordance between physicians in choice of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in ARDS patients. We developed an algorithm based on fuzzy logic for encapsulating the expertise of individual physicians regarding their use of tidal volume and PEEP in ARDS patients. The algorithm uses three input measurements: (1) peak airway pressure (PAP), (2) PEEP, and (3) arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). It then generates two output parameters: (1) the deviation of tidal volume from 6 ml/kg PBW, and (2) the change in PEEP from its current value. We captured 6 realizations of intensivist expertise in this algorithm and assessed their degree of concordance using a Monte Carlo simulation. Variability in the tidal volume recommended by the algorithm increased for PAP > 30 cmH2O and PEEP > 5 cmH2O. Tidal volume variability decreased for SaO2 > 90 %. Variability in the recommended change in PEEP increased for PEEP > 5 cmH2O and for SaO2 near 90 %. Intensivists vary in their management of ARDS patients when peak airway pressures and PEEP are high, suggesting that the current goal of 6 ml/kg PBW may need to be revisited under these conditions.