cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do stabilimenta in orb webs attract prey or defend spiders

Orb-weaving spiders are ideal organisms for the study of conflict between behavioral investments in foraging and defense because their webs provide physical manifestations of those investments. We examined the impact of including stabilimenta, designs of bright-white noncapture silk, at the center of orb webs for foraging and defense in Argiope aurantia. Our findings suggest that stabilimentum building is a defensive behavior, supporting the ‘‘web advertisement’’ hypothesis that the high visibility of stabilimenta can prevent birds from flying through webs. Yet, spiders often do not include stabilimenta in their webs, indicating that a serious cost is associated with them. We also show, through comparison of paired webs with and without stabilimenta, that stabilimenta reduce the prey capture success of spiders by almost 30%. This demonstrates the potential impact that defensive behaviors of spiders can have on their foraging success and suggests that much of the variation in stabilimenta may be accounted for by a cost–benefit trade-off made when including stabilimenta in webs.
Contact versus flexure fatigue of a fiber-filled composite

Abstract Objective The intent of this project was to examine the effect of two different modes of fatigue loading, contact and flexure, on the flexure strength of a dental composite. Methods The composite was Restolux (a fiber-filled composite) formed as bars 3 mm × 3 mm × 25 mm in size. The cyclic loading ranges were 30–50, 60–80, and 90–110 N for contact loading and 20–40 and 40–60 N for the flexure loading. Number of cycles completed was 1, 1000 or 100,000 in four different media: air, water, artificial saliva, and a 50/50 mixture of water and ethanol. Specimens were aged in sealed polyethylene containers in their respective media for 4 months at 37 °C. Results Statistical analysis indicated a significantly lower flexure strength for the specimens flexure loaded versus contact loaded. For the flexure loaded specimens, the number of cycles had no significant effect, but the aging, load, and the media were all significant. For the contact loaded specimens, a significant effect was observed for the media, aging, and cycles completed, but no effect for the different cycling loads. Significance In summary, the decrease in flexure strength from flexure loading was mainly affected by the aging media, whereas, the decrease from contact loading was attributed mainly to the number of cycles.
Disordered Eating/Eating Disorder: Hidden Perils of the Nation's Fight against Fat

The nation's fight against fat has not reduced obesity, but it has had other worrying effects. Mental health researchers have raised the possibility that the intense pressures to lose weight have heightened the risks of developing eating disorders, especially among the young. Medical anthropology can help connect the dots between the war on fat and disordered eating, identifying specific mechanisms, pathways, and contextual forces that may lie beyond the scope of biomedical and psychiatric research. This article develops a biocitizenship approach that focuses on the pathologization of heaviness, the necessity of having a thin, fit body to belonging to the category of worthy citizen, and the work of pervasive fat-talk in defining who can belong. Ethnographic narratives from California illuminate the dynamics in individual lives, while lending powerful support to the idea that the battle against fat is worsening disordered eating and eating disorders among vulnerable young people.
Extension of Meaning of Objective Test Personality Factors: Especially into Anxiety, Neuroticism, Questionnaire, and Physical Factors

(1959). Extension of Meaning of Objective Test Personality Factors: Especially into Anxiety, Neuroticism, Questionnaire, and Physical Factors. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 287-315.
Noscapine inhibits tumor growth in TMZ-resistant gliomas

Noscapine, a common oral antitussive agent, has been shown to have potent antitumor activity in a variety of cancers. Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with temozolomide (TMZ), its current standard of care, is problematic because the tumor generally recurs and is then resistant to this drug. We therefore investigated the effects of noscapine on human TMZ-resistant GBM tumors. We found that noscapine significantly decreased TMZ-resistant glioma cell growth and invasion. Using the intracranial xenograft model, we showed that noscapine increased survival of animals with TMZ-resistant gliomas. Thus noscapine can provide an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of TMZ-resistant gliomas.
Built to Last or Cashing in? Role of Firm Orientations and Environments on Entrepreneurial Investors

Research on entrepreneurial finance has consistently shown the importance of capability- and opportunity-based factors on investor decisions. However, scholars have not yet explored whether investo...
Ostension and the Social Character of Thought

To identify my subject in terms of the title of Donald Davidson's latest book, Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective,1 I would like to talk about what falls in the middle part, the intersubjective. Donald sees what is intersubjec tive as the key to understanding the objective. It is not that what is intersub jective is equivalent to what is objective, but he thinks what is intersubjec tive is the key to understanding the objectivity of thought and knowledge. I would like to reflect briefly with Donald's help on the important idea that language is essentially social. This is something he has stressed for a long time. And since he also holds that language is essential to thought, this means that thought too is essentially social. "Rationality", Donald says, "is a social trait" (p. 105). I take him to be drawing no distinction here between rationality and thought. It seems to me undeniable that language and meaning are necessarily social in at least this fundamental sense: there is, and could be, nothing more to objects' or expressions' meaning what they do than what is true of or present in what human beings do or would do in interacting with each other and with the world that surrounds them. I find it difficult to put this point in a way that makes it sound even minimally controversial. In general, when people speak and listen to each other and interact in cer tain other ways, their efforts are not to be seen as attempts to ascertain or grasp some self-standing meanings possessed by objects or expressions somehow completely independently of human activity and the world in which it takes place. That things mean what they do is nothing more than certain things' being true of human beings and their inclinations or readiness to act in certain ways in certain circumstances. This is the great lesson Donald says he learned from Quine's Word and Object: that expressions are endowed with whatever meanings they have only
IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOPLASMATACEAE BY THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY METHOD

Clark, Harold W. (The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.), Jack S. Bailey, Richard C. Fowler, and Thomas McP. Brown. Identification of Mycoplasmataceae by the fluorescent antibody method. J. Bacteriol. 85:111–118. 1963.—The conditions of the fluorescent antibody reactions were studied in relation to their application to Mycoplasmataceae or pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO). Mycoplasma hominis type 1 and 2 antigens and their homologous antisera were used to determine the activity and specificity of these and other strains. Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated antiserum globulin preparations were used in both the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody methods. A direct tube technique was used for the detection and measurement of growth in broth cultures by the addition of conjugated antiserum. The specific fluorescent staining and recognition of hot water fixed M. hominis colonies was presented as a suitable identification standard. The antigenic activity was found to remain in the insoluble residue after exposure of M. hominis strains to sonic vibration (9 kc) for 30 min and centrifugation. Brief 2-min exposures of tissue cells to vibration (9 kc) caused the disruption of tissues, with the release of viable and “bound” nonwashable strains that reacted specifically with fluorescent antibody. It is proposed to apply both the sonic vibration and the fluorescent antibody techniques for the identification of Mycoplasmataceae in human tissues.
Non-Viral, Lipid-Mediated DNA and mRNA Gene Therapy of the Central Nervous System (CNS): Chemical-Based Transfection

Appropriate gene delivery systems are essential for successful gene therapy in clinical medicine. Cationic lipid-mediated delivery is an alternative to viral vector-mediated gene delivery. Lipid-mediated delivery of DNA or mRNA is usually more rapid than viral-mediated delivery, offers a larger payload, and has a nearly zero risk of incorporation. Lipid-mediated delivery of DNA or RNA is therefore preferable to viral DNA delivery in those clinical applications that do not require long-term expression for chronic conditions. Delivery of RNA may be preferable to non-viral DNA delivery in some clinical applications, because transit across the nuclear membrane is not necessary and onset of expression with RNA is therefore even faster than with DNA, although both are faster than most viral vectors. Here, we describe techniques for cationic lipid-mediated delivery of nucleic acids encoding reporter genes in a variety of cell lines. We describe optimized formulations and transfection procedures that we previously assessed by bioluminescence and flow cytometry. RNA transfection demonstrates increased efficiency relative to DNA transfection in non-dividing cells. Delivery of mRNA results in onset of expression within 1 h after transfection and a peak in expression 5-7 h after transfection. Duration of expression in eukaryotic cells after mRNA transcript delivery depends on multiple factors, including transcript stability, protein turnover, and cell type. Delivery of DNA results in onset of expression within 5 h after transfection, a peak in expression 24-48 h after transfection, and a return to baseline that can be as long as several weeks after transfection. In vitro results are consistent with our in vivo delivery results, techniques for which are described as well. RNA delivery is suitable for short-term transient gene expression due to its rapid onset, short duration of expression and greater efficiency, particularly in non-dividing cells, while the longer duration and the higher mean levels of expression per cell that are ultimately obtained following DNA delivery confirm a continuing role for DNA gene delivery in clinical applications that require longer term transient gene expression.
Potential Moderating Role of Upper Extremity Activity on Metabolic Effects of Sedentary Behavior in People With Stroke.

In light of recent PTJ articles on sedentary behavior,1–3 I want to begin a discussion about the potential moderating role of upper extremity (UE) activity on the metabolic effects of sedentary behavior in people with stroke. A great deal of research has demonstrated the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits of physical activity,4 resulting in poststroke physical activity and exercise recommendations5 to counter the low levels of physical activity observed in people with stroke.6,7 In recent years, sedentary behavior , defined as low energy expenditure while sitting or lying down,2 has received increasing attention because sedentary behavior affects lipid and glucose metabolism independent of physical activity.8 Because decreased sedentary behavior is associated with decreased metabolic risk,9 interventions to decrease sitting behavior and increase standing and leisure-based physical activity have been promoted.1,10 For …
The Multi-Item Newsvendor Problem With a Single Capacity Constraint

In many situations, retailers or manufacturers have a limited amount of capacity to stock, purchase, or manufacture goods where the time until obsolescence or spoilage may be relatively short. To address such situations, we consider a multi-item newsvendor problem with a single capacity constraint. We formulate a mathematical program for this model and discuss its solution. We show that the model falls into a special class of resource allocation models and that the optimal order quantities follow a stochastic version of the cut across the board rule. We also perform sensitivity analysis that provides the shadow price for additional capacity. Explicit expressions for the order quantities are developed for a broad range of demand distributions, including normal, uniform, beta, gamma, and Weibull. Finally, we provide an example of how this model could apply to a retailer faced with a capacity constraint. Additionally, we demonstrate that the results are quite robust to violations of the assumptions upon which the results are based.
Programming contest hosting: conference tutorial

This tutorial is based on the experiences of the presenters' years of experience in hosting and/or participating in the ACM ICPC and CCSC-Midsouth programming contests. The presentation covers all aspects of contest hosting including hospitality, problem development, hardware and network, programming related software, and the Programming Contest Control system (PC2) developed by California State University, Sacramento (http://pc2.ecs.csus.edu/).
Production of a Monoclonal Antibody against the Sea Nettle Venom Mouse Lethal Factor

AbstractA monoclonal antibody to the sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, venom mouse lethal factor was prepared using the crude venom as the antigen. Cloned hybridomas were selected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using partially purified lethal factor as the antigen. Ascites fluid from the cloned hybridoma-bearing mouse had an ELISA titer of 12.800 and the capability to neutralize the lethal activity (2 LD50) of the intravenous injection of crude venom into mice after overnight incubation.
Catalytic Properties of Glassy and Crystalline Transition Metal Alloys Produced by RSP

The catalytic activity and selectivity of Pd80Si20, Pd35Zr65, Ni30Zr70, Fe40Ni40B20, Fe85B15 and Cu50Zr50 alloy ribbons in their amorphous and crystalline states were studied in the hydrogenation of 1-hexene and phenylethyne, dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane and dehydrocyclization of n-heptane. Pd80Si20 was found to be the most active of the alloy catalysts studied. Most alloys were more active amorphous than in the crystalline state; however, the catalytic selectivities of the amorphous and crystalline states of each alloy were identical.
For actin wonks * everywhere: Molecular Interactions of Actin: Actin Structure and Actin-Binding Proteins (Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation Vol. 32)

edited by C. G. dos Remedios and D. D. Thomas Springer-Verlag (2001) 269 pages. ISBN 3-540-67110-2£ 82.50/US$120.00 ![Figure][1] Like other established fields, the cytoskeleton has its canon — a collection of books found in every lab studying microtubules, actin or intermediate
Introduction to the Special Issue on Assimilative Integration

This issue of Journal of Psychotherapy Integration includes a set of articles that explore and apply the concept of assimilative integration. They do so from different theoretical perspectives, including psychodynamic, cognitive–behavioral, family systems, and Yogic/Buddhist, as well as from broad conceptual standpoints. The articles are followed by 3 commentaries that offer an appreciation and critique of assimilative integration and recommendations for its further development.
WE-E-BRB-00: Motion Management for Pencil Beam Scanning Proton Therapy

Strategies for treating thoracic and liver tumors using pencil beam scanning proton therapy Thoracic and liver tumors have not been treated with pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy until recently. This is because of concerns about the significant interplay effects between proton spot scanning and patient's respiratory motion. However, not all tumors have unacceptable magnitude of motion for PBS proton therapy. Therefore it is important to analyze the motion and understand the significance of the interplay effect for each patient. The factors that affect interplay effect and its washout include magnitude of motion, spot size, spot scanning sequence and speed. Selection of beam angle, scanning direction, repainting and fractionation can all reduce the interplay effect. An overview of respiratory motion management in PBS proton therapy including assessment of tumor motion and WET evaluation will be first presented. As thoracic tumors have very different motion patterns from liver tumors, examples would be provided for both anatomic sites. As thoracic tumors are typically located within highly heterogeneous environments, dose calculation accuracy is a concern for both treatment target and surrounding organs such as spinal cord or esophagus. Strategies for mitigating the interplay effect in PBS will be presented and the pros and cons of various motion mitigation strategies will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1.Motion analysis for individual patients with respect to interplay effect 2.Interplay effect and mitigation strategies for treating thoracic/liver tumors with PBS 3.Treatment planning margins for PBS 4.The impact of proton dose calculation engines over heterogeneous treatment target and surrounding organs I have a current research funding from Varian Medical System under the master agreement between University of Pennsylvania and Varian; L. Lin, I have a current funding from Varian Medical System under the master agreement between University of Pennsylvania and Varian.; H. Li, Na
Analysis of Proteomic Data

Whether you are a proteomics specialist or simply an end-user of proteomic data, the day will come when you sit down with your dataset, typically a list of proteins or protein clusters whose abundance change in one or more experimental groups. This protein change is often represented as a ratio or fold-change. When the euphoria wears off, the nagging questions set in. How accurate are your data, really? How confident are you in these changes; are they statistically significant? If so, by what statistical test? Are you sure the test is suitable for your data? How would you know? Or perhaps more importantly, as a graduate student, would you spend the next year following up on a proteomic lead? As principal investigator, should you reallocate substantial resources to a new line of enquiry? Given the risk of squandering time and money on false leads or dismissing a nugget that could change existing paradigms, delving more deeply into the principles of robust proteomic analysis, however daunting at first blush, is a good investment.
The use of small molecules to aid with spinal fusion

Abstract The objective of this review article is to summarize the rationale and the literature on the use of small molecules in spine fusion. As opposed to recombinant proteins or even antibodies, the small size of pharmacologic small molecules affords them many unique advantages. Although the literature remains sparse on this subject as it pertains to spinal fusion, there is mounting evidence that small molecules can be effective at increasing bone formation by modulating a variety of biologic signaling cascades in bone. While there is still much work to be done in this field before it is ready to make a clinical impact, pharmacologic small molecules remain a very promising strategy for achieving consistently successful spine fusions.
Stopping Time Problems and Stochastic Games

This chapter discusses cost functional, payoff functional, optimal cost, reward functional, and optimal reward. It presents a reduction of a problem of finding a saddle point (or optimal stopping set) to a problem of solving an elliptic variational inequality. The chapter describes the time-dependent coefficients with the nonstationary case. In such a case, the stochastic problem reduces to a problem of solving a parabolic variational inequality. The chapter explores elliptic variational inequalities and elliptic estimates for increasing domains. It also reviews existence of saddle points in bounded domains and in unbounded domains. The chapter also presents the stopping time problem.
Vision-track: vision based indoor tracking in anchor-free regions

Smart-devices can render high quality location services when endowed with the ability to analyze information conveyed through video feed. In this paper, we aim to provide tracking services by using a mobile smart camera such as in google glasses and smartphones considering the following three objectives: (1) No additional deployment, (2) No user-side instrumentation or hardware upgrades, and (3) Easy adoption in practice. Existing RF or VLC based solutions for indoor tracking can provide location and orientation only when there are dense deployments of APs or VLC bulbs (anchor points) in user's field of view. Vision-Track is the first vision based solution that can track the camera's location and orientation indoors even when no anchor point is in line-of-sight (LOS). Vision-Track deployed in an indoor college building provides a median localization accuracy of 49 cm.
Risk Factors for Second Malignancies Following Stem Cell Transplant

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) offers potentially curative therapy for numerous malignancies, as well as immunologic, hematologic and metabolic disorders. While many patients are cured of their primary disease, a proportion develops posttransplant (secondary) malignant neoplasms (SMN) [2, 19, 29]. Individuals treated with HCT may have been exposed to pre-transplant chemotherapy or radiotherapy, then to additional cytotoxic therapy as part of the preparative regimen for transplantation, and eventually, to immune suppression. All of these factors may act alone or in concert to increase the risk for SMNs. Patients may also be innately cancer susceptible and have a genetic predisposition towards multiple primary malignancies. Potential risk factors for SMN following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are listed in Tables 14.1 and 14.2. Open image in new window Table 14.1. General risk factors for post-transplant malignancies Open image in new window Table 14.2. Post-transplant SMN specific risk factors
A study of kernel CSP-based motor imagery brain computer interface classification

The Common Spatial Patterns (CSP) method is a widely used spatial filtering technique that can extract discriminative features for Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain computer interface (BCI) classification tasks. Since the EEG signal acquired on the scalp is a nonlinear composition of multiple signal and noise sources, in order to characterize the nonlinear data structure, nonlinear CSP methods have been proposed by using the kernel technique. Most kernel CSP methods calculate temporal covariance structure in a kernel feature space that leads to a large kernel matrix with each dimension equal to the number of time points multiplied by the number of classes. In this work, a kernel CSP method exploiting spatial covariance structure in the feature space is developed where the size of kernel matrix is the number of EEG channels, which is usually much less than that of time points. The proposed method was evaluated using motor imagery EEG data. Results indicate that the kernel CSP using spatial analysis can provide comparable performance to the existing methods using temporal analysis with less computational load.
Mass-elite congruence and representation in Argentina

In representative democracies, policymakers should reflect the policy preferences of citizens (Manin 1997; Pitkin 1967). Scholars have long assumed that citizens elect representatives whose platforms are closest to their own preferences (e.g., Downs 1957). And models of accountability assume that elites have incentives not to stray too far from the preferences of sanctioning voters (e.g., Ferejohn 1986). But how close are politicians’ preferences to those of their constituents? Do they indeed reflect an aggregation of citizens’ preferences, or do they prioritize some citizens over others?
Man/Machine Interaction Dynamics and Performance Analysis

The Man/Machine Interaction Dynamics and Performance (MMIDAP) analysis project, lead by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), seeks to create an ability to study the consequences of machine design alternatives relative to the performance of both the machine and its operator. The MMIDAP problem highlights the conflicting needs and views of groups that focus on machine design and groups that focus on human performance, ergonomics, and cumulative injury potential. There is a critical need to integrate associated design and simulation tools and to establish multidisciplinary lines of communication. This will enable engineers to design mechanical systems and concurrently perform the system design trade studies needed to assess resultant machine-operator performance. Basic need within industries that design and manufacture human operated machinery, and the underlying complexity of cross disciplinary communication provide the motivation to closely coordinate evolving MMIDAP capability with the Concurrent Engineering community. This chapter outlines ongoing efforts by the GSFC and its university and small business collaborators to integrate both human performance and musculoskeletal databases with the host of analysis capabilities necessary for early design analysis and trade studies relative to the dynamic actions, reactions, and performance assessment of coupled machine-operator systems.
VCSEL modal dynamics and implications for 100Gbps links

Modulation rates of VCSELs within multimode fiber links are now 25Gbps as standardized by both IEEE and Infiniband. Yet the need continues to advance the serial data rates to 50Gbps and higher to more readily support 100Gbps links with manageable fiber count. At these higher modulation rates the multimode VCSEL dynamics cannot be accurately modeled as single mode sources coupled into a MMF modeled as a simple filter. Specifically, our recent experimental results demonstrate the limitations of the standard mode partition noise and relative intensity noise models. By direct measurement of VCSEL mode dynamics we have shown modal statistics to be comprised of a mix of both correlated and anti-correlated components with a correlation time of a few symbol periods at 100G. Through simulations and experiments we demonstrate that MPN is significantly over estimated in the standard modeling tools and that RIN is enhanced by fiber dispersive effects, an effect not currently captured by current standard modeling methods and potentially underestimated.
A Factor Analysis of Neuronal Responses during Habituation in Cats

Thirteen deep macroelectrodes were permanently implanted in 6 cats. Multiple unit neuronal responses were recorded from the mesencephalic and medullary reticular formation, the thalamic diffuse system, auditory cortex, subcortical auditory nuclei, thalamic specific nuclei, and the limbic system. The purpose of the study was to determine if a neural system made up of various brain structures was correlated with the process of habituation. A principal components factor analysis was computed and an invariant factor emerged for 5 of the 6 cats. The data suggested that the subcortical auditory nuclei were the primary structures within this neural system.
Uncalibrated three-dimensional microrobot control in a fluid environment

Reproducible, robust robot control is particularly challenging at the microscale, where lesser understood surface forces, such as friction, dominate volumetric forces, such as magnetic attraction. In such an environment, an adaptive (or “uncalibrated”) controller which can dynamically adjust to changes in the operation environment is essential. This paper describes an uncalibrated controller utilizing a Recursive Least Squares (RLS) estimation algorithm that is applied to a magnetics-based microrobot system. The adaptive controller drives the microrobot to the target position without any prior knowledge of the system parameters such as electromagnetic field strengths, drag coefficients, or intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters. The system's adaptive capability was verified experimentally by altering several system parameters.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Single Particles by Electron Microscopy

Electron microscopy of single particles has recently become a very popular field in both biological and material sciences. It might be difficult for a novice researcher new to this field to know how to start tackling a new project. This chapter is designed to serve as a guideline for anyone starting a new project to determine a three-dimensional structure using single-particle techniques. The chapter describes the basic techniques necessary to prepare the samples and acquire the data to calculate a three-dimensional reconstruction in easy-to-understand, step-by-step instructions. It starts with the basic preparation of support films and the usage of a variety of staining techniques needed to assess the quality of the sample and the viability of the project. It ends with a detailed description of vitreous ice preparations designed to acquire high-resolution structural information. Guidelines and tips are given on how to record the best images with an electron microscope. Although this chapter is geared to researchers new to the field, experts might find it not only useful as a reference but also valuable because of the number of practical tips included.
The Timing of P2Y12 Inhibitor Initiation in the Treatment of ACS? Does the Evidence Exist in This Era?

Abstract The majority of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are well characterized as a consequence of plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis. Antiplatelet agents targeting inhibition of P2Y 12 receptors on the platelets have been shown to reduce future risk of cardiovascular events in this patient population. However, the timing of initiation of these agents, in particular, in patients managed with an invasive strategy with percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is debatable. The data supporting pretreatment with antiplatelet agents prior to PCI in ACS patients date to trials performed >15 years ago, wherein the time to PCI was >5 days, and hence, the utility of pretreatment with these agents in the contemporary era remains uncertain. In addition, newer antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel, ticagrelor, and cangrelor with rapid onset of action, pose a challenge for justification of oral antiplatelet pretreatment in patients with ACS. In this review article, we will discuss the pharmacokinetic properties of four different antiplatelet agents (clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, cangrelor), as well as major randomized clinical trials assessing safety and efficacy of their role as pretreatment agents in patients presenting with ACS.
Compelled to Render Oneself Evil: American Plea-Bargaining from a Jewish Law Perspective

This article proposes a solution to the United States criminal justice system’s overuse of plea-bargaining to achieve high conviction rates at the expense of individual liberties. It provides a fresh look at the issue from the framework of Jewish law, a legal system that has been cited by the Supreme Court numerous times for its ancient wisdom. The article first outlines the sources and interpretations of Jewish law’s ban on confessions, and applies this law to plea-bargains. Second, it discusses the history and legal implications of plea-bargaining in the United States. Third, it proposes that the United States look to Jewish law’s exception to the ban on confessions for times of necessity, such as situations where there is widespread disregard for the law. Jewish law dictates that such exceptions be only temporary, which can be interpreted to reflect an understanding that such necessity indicates a deeper problem. Jewish law thus directs society to use the temporary exception as an opportunity to uncover the deeper problem and solve it, whereupon the safeguards must be reinstated. The article suggests that the War on Drugs may be the deeper problem that has led to widespread disregard of the law and has thus necessitated over-reliance on plea bargains. Finally, the article offers a potential solution to Jewish defendants subject to criminal proceedings in the United States.
Analysis of cases and accuracy of 3 risk scoring systems in predicting ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose To identify risk factors for ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) by comparing the accuracy of the Ectasia Risk Score System (ERSS), Screening Corneal Objective Risk of Ectasia (SCORE) Analyzer, and percentage of tissue altered (PTA) in predicting the occurrence of ectasia. Setting Multiple centers in 8 countries. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Previously unpublished post-LASIK ectasia cases were analyzed. Consecutive patients who had LASIK performed at least 5 years previously with no resultant ectasia were used as controls. Axial maps from preoperative Orbscan IIz topographies were analyzed in a masked fashion, and examination files tested with the SCORE Analyzer. The PTA values and ERSS scores were generated using available preoperative and perioperative data. Only eyes with subjectively identified normal preoperative topography were tested with the PTA. Threshold values for the SCORE, ERSS, and PTA were more than or equal to 0, 4, and 40, respectively. Results Ectasia occurred in 31 eyes (22 patients); 79 eyes (44 patients) were used as controls. In all eyes, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting ectasia, respectively, were 67.7% and 79.7% for the ERSS and 64.5% and 100% for the SCORE. In eyes with normal topography (ectasia group, 12 eyes; controls, 64 eyes), the PTA yielded sensitivity of 33.3% and specificity of 85.9%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was highest for SCORE (0.911) followed by the ERSS (0.844) and PTA (0.557). Conclusions The SCORE was most predictive of ectasia, achieving the best specificity; the ERSS had the best sensitivity. Further studies are required to validate the PTA as a screening metric for ectasia.
Predicting natural behavior from whole-brain neural dynamics

Abstract We record calcium activity from the majority of head neurons in freely moving C. elegans to reveal where and how natural behavior is encoded in a compact brain. We find that a sparse subset of neurons distributed throughout the head encode locomotion. A linear combination of these neurons’ activity predicts the animal’s velocity and body curvature and is sufficient to infer its posture. This sparse linear model outperforms single neuron or PCA models at predicting behavior. Among neurons important for the prediction are well-known locomotory neurons, such as AVA, as well as neurons not traditionally associated with locomotion. We compare neural activity of the same animal during unrestrained movement and during immobilization and find large differences between brain-wide neural dynamics during real and fictive locomotion. One Sentence Summary C. elegans behavior is predicted from neural activity.
Interfaith Engagement and Student Empowerment Among Latino/a and African American Students

AbstractThis article presents results from a qualitative study conducted at a Hispanic serving institution in Southern California exploring interfaith strategies that can best support Latino/a and ...
Answering the call to address cystic fibrosis treatment burden in the era of highly effective CFTR modulator therapy.

Abstract Background We recognize an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of withdrawing one or more chronic treatments in people with CF (PwCF) who benefit greatly from CFTR modulator therapy, but feasibility and acceptance of such a study within the community is unknown. Methods We surveyed PwCF, their families, and their acquaintances between November 16, 2018, and December 2, 2018, and CF clinicians between December 19, 2018, and January 2, 2019, about treatment withdrawal research. We sought feedback from these groups about their level of interest in this research, the consistency with which they were taking modulator and non-modulator treatments, the ways in which they conceptualized health changes, and what chronic non-modulator treatments they were most interested in stopping. We also asked for stakeholder perspectives on the design of a treatment withdrawal trial, but we intend to report these perspectives elsewhere. Results Eighty percent (541/675) of CF community respondents and 95% (206/218) of CF clinicians said that a trial of treatment simplification should be performed in the context of highly effective modulator therapy. Most current CFTR modulator users (292/359, 81%) have not stopped another chronic treatment. Worsening lung function by spirometry or increased daily symptoms were important health indicators. PwCF, their families, and/or their acquaintances ranked airway clearance techniques and inhaled antibiotics as the most burdensome treatments. Conclusions There is considerable support among the CF community and CF clinicians in the U.S. for controlled trials to assess the safety and impact of treatment simplification in patients taking highly effective modulator therapy.
β-Catenin Preserves the Stem State of Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Through Activation of EZH2

During bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) differentiation, both Wnt signaling and the development of a rigid cytoskeleton promote commitment to the osteoblastic over adipogenic lineage. β-catenin plays a critical role in the Wnt signaling pathway to facilitate downstream effects on gene expression. We show that β-catenin was additive with cytoskeletal signals to prevent adipogenesis, and β-catenin knockdown promoted adipogenesis even when the actin cytoskeleton was depolymerized. β-catenin also prevented osteoblast commitment in a cytoskeletal-independent manner, with β-catenin knockdown enhancing lineage commitment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing demonstrated binding of β-catenin to the promoter of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a key component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) complex that catalyzes histone methylation. Knockdown of β-catenin reduced EZH2 protein levels and decreased methylated histone 3 (H3K27me3) at osteogenic loci. Further, when EZH2 was inhibited, β-catenin's anti-differentiation effects were lost. These results indicate that regulating EZH2 activity is key to β-catenin's effects on BMSCs to preserve multipotentiality. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OLDER VETERANS ADHERENCE TO EXERCISE

Only 23.2% of older adults (65+) in the United States achieve the recommended minutes of physical activity (PA). Research programs focused on increasing PA through supervised exercise indicate that approximately 50% of older participants drop out within the first six months. Those who complete programs are not likely to continue to exercise due to barriers. Using the Self Determination Theory, we examined the characteristics of long-term adherence to a supervised clinical exercise program during the years of 2009–2016. Survey data from the Durham VA Gerofit database were analyzed. Eligible participants (N = 98) completed the Barriers Specific Self-Efficacy Scale (BARSE), Short Form survey (SF-36) Physical Function Subscale, and the Gerofit Comorbidities Index. Data were analyzed using the SAS (version_9.4) and significance was set at p <.05. Participants were classified as adherent if they remained in Gerofit for at least 2 years. Sample characteristics were compared by participation (drop by < 2 years vs. did not drop by 2+ years) using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Results indicated adherent participants had a lower BMI (p = .0026). However, participant status had no effect on the number of reported comorbid conditions and symptoms. The confidence total (BARSE) of participants was trending towards significance (p = .054), with environment contributing to the most to attrition (p = .037). This study is the first of its kind to identify characteristics of older participants of an exercise program who adhere to exercise over a longer period of time.
Saluting Robert A. Gross: Editor nonpareil.

Robert A. Gross, MD, PhD, FANA, FAAN, the retiring Editor-in-Chief (EIC), has served as an Associate Editor (under former Editor-in-Chief Robert C. Griggs, MD, FAAN), Deputy Editor (under John H. Noseworthy, MD, FAAN), and finally EIC of Neurology® at a turbulent and uncertain time for the scholarly publishing industry. During the 19-year period in which he held these roles, scientific journals proliferated at a rapid rate and the electronic journal came into its own as the canonical version of research articles published. Electronic tracking systems and reviewer databases became the norm. A new business model, open access, appeared, threatening the existence of the subscription model and the publishing world as we knew it. Indeed, publication of scientific material on the world wide web, with the advent of post-peer review journals and preprint servers, threatened the long-held tradition of blinded peer review. The insertion of predatory publishers in the mix complicated article publishing even further.
Abstract B28: Large and polymorphonuclear circulating cancer-associated cell with dual epithelial and macrophage/myeloid phenotype as a liquid biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer patients

Purpose: In addition to the FDA-approved definition of a circulating tumor cell (CTC), various phenotypes of circulating cancer-associated cells in the blood have been described. A distinct large (>30μm), polymorphonuclear, circulating, cancer-associated cell (CCAC) with a dual epithelial and macrophage/myeloid phenotype has been identified in solid cancer patients. The goal of the study was to identify and further characterize these hybrid CCACs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Experimental Design: In a prospective trial, 7.5 mL of peripheral blood was collected from 167 subjects. CTCs and CCACs were isolated by size-based exclusion with a microfilter and immunofluorescence staining was performed (cytokeratin (CK) 8/18/19, EpCAM, CD14/45, DAPI). Results: 78 NSCLC patients and 89 control subjects (69 chronic smokers with and without lung nodules on screening LDCT, 20 healthy never-smokers) were enrolled. Distinct, large, polymorphonuclear CKpos/EpCAMpos/CD14/45pos CCACs were detected at lower rates than traditional CKpos/EpCAMpos/CD45negCTCs, but significantly higher in subjects with NSCLC in comparison to controls (p Conclusions and Future Perspectives: This study shows that in addition to CTCs, a distinct, large, polymorphonuclear CCAC with a dual epithelial and macrophage/myeloid phenotype is associated with an aggressive clinical behavior in NSCLC patients. The biologic role of these unique cells will need to be further investigated, as these may have a potential impact on the immune response towards the cancer. Citation Format: Yariswamy Manjunath, Diego M. Avella, Eric T. Kimchi, Kevin F. Staveley-O9Carroll, Chelsea B. Deroche, Gunagfu Li, Jussuf T. Kaifi. Large and polymorphonuclear circulating cancer-associated cell with dual epithelial and macrophage/myeloid phenotype as a liquid biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr B28.
Effects of DSPP and MMP20 Silencing on Adhesion, Metastasis, Angiogenesis, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells.

Recent reports highlight the potential tumorigenic role of Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and its cognate partner Matrix Metalloproteinase 20 (MMP-20) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCCs). However, the function/mechanism of these roles is yet to be fully established. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of DSPP and MMP20 silencing on specific proteins involved in oral cancer cell adhesion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Stable lines of DSPP/MMP20 silenced OSCC cell line (OSC2), previously established via lentiviral-mediated shRNA transduction, were analyzed for the effects of DSPP, MMP20, and combined DSPP–MMP20 silencing on MMP2, MMP9, integrins αvβ3 and αvβ6, VEGF, Kallikerin- 4,-5,-8,-10, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, met, src, snail, and Twist by Western blot. Results show a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the expression of MMP2, MMP9, integrin αvβ3, αvβ6, VEGF, Kallikerins -4, -5, -8, -10, N-cadherin, vimentin met, src, snail and twist following DSPP and MMP20 silencing, individually and in combination. On the other hand, the expression of E-cadherin was found to be significantly increased (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the tumorigenic effect of DSPP and MMP20 on OSC2 cells is mediated via the upregulation of the genes involved in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
Assessing Autism in Dual Diagnosis

The last few decades have seen tremendous advances in the assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Two areas have seen great changes. One area has been the evolution of the DSM and the marked differences in how the disorder is defined. The second area is the development of scales to assess core symptoms and comorbid conditions. Given the high rate at which intellectual disabilities (ID) occurs among persons with ASD, this topic becomes a key feature of any volume on dual diagnosis.
The role of advanced process modeling in smart manufacturing

Abstract Modeling is an integral part of many smart manufacturing approaches. This chapter discusses how first-principles and data-driven models can be developed and what aspects are involved to arrive at a validated model, including data reconciliation, state estimation, parameter estimation, design of experiments, model selection. It also discusses what it takes to go on-line and what some of the techniques are for model reduction. It uses a case study to demonstrate different modeling approaches. The chapter ends with some future needs in process industries.
Applications of time parallelization

This review article serves to summarize the many advances in time-parallel computations since the excellent review article by Gander, “50 years of Time Parallel Integration” (Gander, in: 50 years of time parallel time integration. Multiple shooting and time domain decomposition, Springer, Berlin, 2015). We focus, when possible, on applications of time parallelism and the observed speedup and efficiency, highlighting the challenges and benefits of parallel time computations. The applications covered range from numerous PDE-based simulations (both hyperbolic and parabolic), to PDE-constrained optimization, powergrid simulations, and machine learning. The time-parallel methods covered range from various iterative schemes (multigrid, waveform, multiple shooting, domain decomposition) to direct time-parallel methods.
Decontextualized language use during Chinese and American caregiver-child interactions

Abstract Caregivers' use of decontextualized language (DL), language that is abstract or removed from the here and now, supports preschool-aged children's language, cognitive, and social-cognitive development. Studies comparing caregiver-child DL across cultures have focused primarily on one type of DL—past narratives. Very few studies have examined cross-cultural similarities and differences in talk about the future and explanations. The current study compared Mainland Chinese and American families' use of DL during snack time conversations between caregivers and preschool-aged children. Participants were 40 Chinese and 36 American families. DL was an integral part of routine conversations in both cultures. However, we found striking cross-cultural differences in the amount and content of future talk and explanations. We argue that the divergent patterns of DL use may reflect unique cultural beliefs and socialization goals in each culture. We also consider how cultural patterns of DL use may have implications for preschool-aged children's development.