cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative Safety of Single Versus Divided Dose Imipramine in Adolescent Major Depression

Abstract Twenty-nine adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder were treated with imipramine on a t.i.d. dosage schedule for 3 weeks titrating to a maximal 5.0 mg/kg/day as limited by side effects (X = 4.5 ± 0.7). They were then randomly divided into two groups: 16 received their total dose at 10 P.M., after standard divided doses at 7 A.M. and 3 P.M. that same day, and then no more imipramine during the subsequent 24 hours, whereas 13 continued t.i.d. dosage. EKG and plasma TCA levels in both groups were serially examined over the next 24 hours. There were no significant differences between groups in the per subject means or maxima of any EKG parameter. These data suggest that a once daily dosage schedule for imipramine is safe in adolescents once they are at steady rate. Although there was a strong relationship between the tricyclic plasma levels and EKG parameters throughout the day, EKG parameters cannot be used to predict plasma levels—there was wide variation in this relationship between individuals, and even within individual adolescents the plasma level could change over a wide range without any change in EKG parameters.
Keats's on First Looking into Chapman's Homer

(2004). Keats's on First Looking into Chapman's Homer. The Explicator: Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 146-150.
Effect of treatment with interferon-gamma and concanavalin A on the course of infection of mice with Salmonella typhimurium strain LT-2.

The effect of pretreatment of mice with 34 units/day, for five days, of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on the course of infection with LD50 of Salmonella typhimurium strain LT-2 was assessed, using two IFN preparations: (1) a hybridoma supernatant fluid containing concanavalin-A-induced IFN-gamma activity and (2) pure murine IFN-gamma produced by recombinant DNA technology. The hybridoma supernatant-treated Salmonella-infected mice were found to die faster than mice treated only with Salmonella. Pure murine IFN-gamma was found to protect infected mice significantly, with 95 percent of mice surviving LD50 infection. In contrast, the Salmonella-infected mice treated with hybridoma supernatant were found to die faster than the Salmonella-infected untreated controls. Mice treated with concanavalin A alone prior to infection with S. typhimurium died more quickly than the untreated infected controls, suggesting that contamination with concanavalin A had a detrimental effect on mice survival.
Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer for Lymphedema: Anatomic Comparison of the Supraclavicular and Thoracodorsal Lymph Node Flaps.

Objectives: Microvascular transfer of lymph nodes has recently reemerged as a treatment option for lymphedema. Little has been reported about the anatomy of the supraclavicular (SC) and thoracodorsal-based axillary (TD) flaps. This study describes the anatomy of these flaps, including pedicle characteristics, lymphatic contents, and harvest technique. Methods: Five adult female fresh cadavers were used. Bilateral SC and TD flaps were dissected from each cadaver. The pedicle characteristics and lymph nodes were quantified by the surgeon in each flap and then verified by a pathologist grossly and microscopically. Statistical comparisons were performed with Student t-test. Results: Ten SC flaps (Fig 1) and 10 TD flaps (Fig 2) were harvested and quantified. The SC flap pedicle (transverse cervical) had an artery and vein caliber of 3.1 mm and 2.8 mm, with a pedicle length of 3.3 cm. The external jugular vein was included and was 7.9 mm in diameter. There were no statistical differences between the right and left sides. The senior author found 2.5 lymph nodes (range, 0-5); the pathologist found 2.6 grossly and 3.0 microscopically (range, 1-8). All SC flaps were found microscopically to have at least one lymph node. The left SC flap had critical anatomic variability, and the thoracic duct was not readily identifiable. SC and TD flaps were not significantly different in vessel caliber or lymph node count. The TD flap has significantly longer pedicle and higher weight. One TD flap was found to contain no lymph nodes. There were no significant differences between the number of nodes noted by the surgeon and the pathologists. Gross and microscopic images (Fig 3) show lymph nodes in the supraclavicular specimen (left) and thoracodorsal specimen (right). Conclusions: The SC flap harvested with a skin island has lower weight than the TD flap and similar number of nodes, giving it a higher nodal density. Both flaps have pedicles that readily allow microvascular transfer. The SC flap has the additional advantage of avoiding iatrogenic limb lymphedema. Importantly, a surgeon’s assessment of the lymph nodes in a flap is concordant with a pathologic examination.
Solubility of neptunium(IV) peroxide

The preparation of two crystalline forms of neptunium peroxide is described. An aliquot of pure neptunium(IV) stock was added to a mixture of HNO/ sub 3/ and H/sub 2/O/sub 2/. The mixture was agitated and then the peroxide precipitate was removed by filtration. The solubility of neptunium peroxide in the HNO/sub 3/--H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ solution was determined. (M.C.G.)
Differential effects of practice on the executive processes used for truthful and deceptive responses: an event-related brain potential study.

Abstract Behavior and event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded while participants made truthful and deceptive responses about previously memorized words under three instructional conditions: consistent truthful, consistent deceptive, and random deceptive. To determine if practice affected the deception-related activity we reported previously [R. Johnson, Jr., J. Barnhardt, J. Zhu, The deceptive response: effects of response conflict and strategic monitoring on the late positive component and episodic memory-related brain activity. Biol. Psychol., 64 (2003) 217–253; R. Johnson, Jr., J. Barnhardt, J. Zhu, The contribution of executive processes to deceptive responding. Neuropsychologia, 42 (2004) 878–901], participants performed two blocks of 145 trials of each condition. In the consistent truthful condition, practice benefited performance as indicated by decreased reaction time (RT) and RT variability. In addition, practice increased P300 amplitude and decreased the amplitude of a medial frontal negativity (MFN), which is believed to index the use of response-monitoring processes. However, a different pattern of results obtained in the two deception conditions. Although practice decreased RTs by almost as much as in the consistent truthful condition, the extent to which deceptive response in both conditions were slower than those in the consistent truthful condition actually increased slightly. Hence, the component of RT reflecting processing of conflicting response information did not decrease. In accord with the RT results, MFN amplitudes in the consistent deceptive and random deceptive conditions were unaffected by practice, suggesting that the amount of executive processes required to make and/or monitor deceptive responses was undiminished by practice. Although P300 amplitude increased slightly in the consistent deceptive condition, there was no change in the random deceptive condition. Thus, a major finding here is that, unlike truthful responses, the conceptually driven response conflicts underlying deceptive responses appear to be as resistant to practice-induced changes as described previously for perceptually driven response conflicts.
Oscillatory behavior in the size dependence of cluster mobility on metal surfaces: Rh on Rh(100).

The mobility of Rh clusters containing two to twelve atoms adsorbed on the Rh(100) plane is examined by field ion microscopy. The activation energy of surface diffusion exhibits an interesting, oscillatory behavior as a function of cluster size. Compact geometric structures (squares and rectangles) have a consistently higher activation energy than structures with extra atoms at the periphery. The atomic-level mechanism involved in cluster diffusion is inferred from a comparison of the measured activation energies to previous theoretical calculations.
An improved synthesis of gliamilide®, a high‐potency sulfamylurea hypoglycemic agent

An efficient synthesis of the sulfamylurea, Gliamilide®, is described, which involves as a key feature the selective reduction of the more basic alkyl-substituted pyridine ring in the mono-hydrochloride salt of dipyridyl compound 11 to form 12 without affecting the 2-methoxy-nicotinamide moiety.
Dipole radiative strength functions from resonance neutron capture

Photon strength functions have been derived from discrete neutron resonance data for electric and magnetic dipole radiation using the methods of slow neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy. The data cluster reasonably well around strengths of b(E1-tilde)=0.04 Weisskopf units/MeV and b(M1)=1.4 Weisskopf units/MeV, respectively.
The sequence and associated null phenotype of a C. elegans neurocalcin- like gene

The neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins belong to a subfamily of the EF-hand calcium binding proteins. These proteins are primarily expressed in the nervous system and currently include more than 20 members across species [Nakayama et al., J Mol Evol 34:416-448, 1992]. Two homologues of the ncs genes, Ce-ncs-1 and Ce-ncs-2, have recently been identified in the nematode C. elegans. Here we report the cDNA sequence of a third C. elegans ncs homologue, Ce-ncs-3. We demonstrate that a null mutation in this gene caused by a large deletion in the locus does not confer a visible phenotype in C. elegans. This, in addition to the strong homology between Ce-NCS-3 and the other C. elegans NCS proteins, may indicate functional redundancy between the three genes.
Methyl inosine monophosphate (MIMP) augments T-lymphocyte mitogen responses and reverses various immunosuppressants

Abstract Methyl inosine monophosphate (MIMP) augments preferentially the in vitro responses of human and murine lymphocytes to a T-cell mitogen such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and inconsistently to a B-cell mitogen such as pokeweed or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In a normal interleukin-2-dependent cell line (CTLL), MIMP showed little or no effect on IL-2 action; however, in a murine CTLL line exhibiting impaired responses to IL-2, MIMP stimulated thymidine incorporation and restored the response to IL-2. MIMP augments the PHA responses of both CD4+ and CD8+ human peripheral blood T-cells. The effect of MIMP to augment the PHA response of human lymphocytes is paralleled by the parent molecule, IMP. MIMP, but not IMP, is resistant to hydrolysis by 5'nucleotidase; thus, MIMP appears to be a protected analogue of IMP which is capable of in vivo action. MIMP (100 μg/ml) augments the PHA responses of 15 of 24 elderly humans. MIMP also augments the PHA responses of eight HIV-infected pre-AIDS patients but not of eight AIDS patients. When PHA responses of human lymphocytes are suppressed in vitro by an HIV-derived immunosuppressive peptide, interferon α, or prostaglandin PGE2, MIMP (0.1–100 μg/ml) progressively restores the depressed response; however, when the suppression is severe (greater than 50%), MIMP cannot restore the response. These data indicate that MIMP potentiates normal T-lymphocyte mitogen responses and restores those impaired by a variety of inflammatory and immunosuppressive influences.
A novel implementation of multilevel fast multipole algorithm for higher order Galerkin's method

A new approach is proposed to reduce the memory requirements of the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) when applied to the higher order Galerkin's method. This approach represents higher order basis functions by a set of point sources such that a matrix-vector multiply is equivalent to calculating the fields at a number of points from given current sources at these points. The MLFMA is then applied to calculate the point-to-point interactions. This permits the use of more levels in MLFMA than applying MLFMA to basis-to-basis interactions directly and, thus, reduces the memory requirements significantly.
The Effects of Several Oligosaccharides on True Amino Acid Digestibility and True Metabolizable Energy in Cecectomized and Conventional Roosters

Abstract Prebiotics, such as indigestible oligosaccharides, are considered to be possible dietary alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry. The effects of indigestible oligosaccharides on nutrient digestibility in poultry are largely unknown. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of several oligosaccharides on amino acid digestibility and TMEn in roosters. The dietary treatments consisted of a corn-isolated soy protein control diet or that diet supplemented with 4 or 8 g/kg of inulin, oligofructose, mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), short-chain fructooligosaccharide, or transgalactooligosaccharide (TOS). Each of the 11 diets was tube-fed (30 g) to 4 cecectomized and 4 intact Single Comb White Leghorn roosters that had been fasted for 24 h. Excreta were then collected for the following 48 h, freeze-dried, and analyzed for amino acid content. The true digestibility of lysine and valine was increased (P
Gas evolution measurements in a sealed vircator tube

The gases evolved during operation of high power microwave devices, such as virtual cathode oscillators (vircators), can be detrimental to their power output, output pulse width, and maximum pulse repetition rate. Gases are evolved both from processes at the cathode (such as explosive electron emission) and at the anode (due to heating from the electron beam). In this project, a residual gas analyzer and pressure measurements have been utilized to characterize the gases generated during operation of a sealed vircator tube. The background pressure in the tube before firing is in the ultra-high vacuum range (∼10–8 Torr). The vircator is not pumped on during firing. After firing, the measurements are made, and then the tube is ion pumped back down to the background pressure before the next shot. Multiple anode and cathode materials will be tested, with measurements made of both the quantity and types of gases evolved during firing. Example test materials include stainless steel, OFHC copper, copper tungsten, and tantalum. For all tests, the vircator is driven directly from a low impedance Marx generator, with no intermediate pulse forming. The system design and diagnostic systems are described, and gas quantity and composition data is presented.
Bacterial Population Changes in a Membrane Bioreactor for Graywater Treatment Monitored by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoretic Analysis of 16S rRNA Gene Fragments

The bacterial population of a graywater treatment system was monitored over the course of 100 days, along with several wastewater biochemical parameters. The graywater treatment system employed an 1,800-liter membrane bioreactor (MBR) to process the waste, with essentially 100% recycling of the biomass. Graywater feed consisting of 10% galley water and 90% laundry water, selected to approximate the graywater composition on board U.S. Navy ships, was collected offsite. Five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), oils and greases (O/G), nitrogen, and phosphorus were monitored in the feed and were found to vary greatly day to day. Changes in the bacterial population were monitored by PCR amplification of region 332 to 518 (Escherichia coli numbering) of the 16S rRNA gene and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the resultant PCR products. DGGE analysis indicated a diverse and unstable bacterial population throughout the 100-day period, with spikes in feed strength causing significant changes in community structure. Long-term similarity between the communities was 0 to 25%, depending on the method of analysis. In spite of the unstable bacterial population, the MBR system was able to meet effluent quality parameters approximately 90% of the time.
ARRA: Application-guided reliability-enhanced registerfile architecture for embedded processors

In this paper, we introduce an Application-guided Reliability-enhanced Register file Architecture (ARRA) to improve the reliability of RF in embedded processors. ARRA proposes a RF micro-architecture which is guided by binary instrumentation for run-time register mirroring. Our experimental results on an ARRA-enhanced Blackfin processor present that on average the power overhead of ARRA is 70% less than that of a partially-ECC-protected RF, while ARRA reduces RF Vulnerability Factor from 35% to 6.9%, and can correct up to three bit-flips errors.
Cortisol levels decrease after acute tobacco abstinence in regular smokers

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute tobacco abstinence on cortisol levels in regular smokers, and whether abstinence-induced changes in cortisol levels are correlated with various signs and symptoms of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Methods Smokers (N = 77, ≥15 cigarettes/day) attended two counterbalanced sessions (avg = 1 h), one following 12–20 h of abstinence and the other following ad lib smoking. At both sessions, salivary cortisol levels were measured at three time points. Additionally, a battery of self-report questionnaires, physiological assessments, and cognitive performance tasks were administered to measure signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Results Salivary cortisol levels were significantly lower during the abstinent session versus the non-abstinent session. No significant associations were found between abstinence-induced changes in cortisol and other tobacco withdrawal measures, although there was suggestive evidence that abstinence-induced changes in cortisol levels and hunger were inversely associated to a modest degree. Conclusion Acute tobacco abstinence was associated with decreased cortisol levels. Cortisol dampening during acute tobacco abstinence may reflect nicotine-mediated modulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity, which may be relevant to the maintenance of tobacco dependence. Tobacco-withdrawal cortisol changes do not appear to be a cause or consequence of many manifestations of acute tobacco withdrawal with the possible exception of hunger. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified large-sample approach to approximate interval estimation for a particular intraclass correlation coefficient.

We consider the problem of constructing a confidence interval for the intraclass correlation coefficient in an interrater reliability study when both raters and subjects are random effects in a two-way random effects model. A simulation study is conducted to investigate and compare the interval coverage per cents of three methods of approximation: (i) Satterthwaite's two moments, the standard approach; (ii) modified three moments, a newer approach; and (iii) modified large sample, the newest approach for this particular problem. One-sided lower and two-sided bounds are examined. For the two-moment approach, coverage of confidence intervals can be understated for not only one-sided bounds but also two-sided bounds. Coverage of confidence intervals for the modified large-sample approach is either correct or conservative and provides narrower two-sided widths than the modified three-moment approach, which can understate coverage on one-sided and two-sided bounds for two or three raters. The competing methods are illustrated with data from a reliability study of four raters evaluating the number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces in the permanent teeth of ten subjects. Overall, the modified large-sample approach provides the most satisfactory performance of the three methods.
Effects of Neural Refractoriness on Spatio&#8211;Temporal Variability in Spike Initiations With Electrical Stimulation

In this paper, the effects of neural refractoriness on action potential (spike) initiations with electrical stimulation are investigated using computer modeling and simulation techniques. The computational model was composed of a myelinated nerve fiber with 50 nodes of Ranvier, each consisting of stochastic sodium and potassium channels, making it possible to represent the fluctuations of spike initiation. A series of two-pulse stimuli was presented by a stimulating electrode above the central (26th) node of Ranvier. The amplitude of the first (masker) pulse stimulus was set such that the masker pulse stimulus evoked spikes on each trial, while that of the second (probe) pulse stimulus was set such that the probe pulse stimulus evoked spikes on a half of trials, threshold values. Then the transmembrane potentials in response to the probe pulse stimulus were recorded at each node (i.e., 1-50 nodes) in order to determine the spike initiation node and time. From the observation of the spike initiation node and time, a spatio-temporal histogram as well as a spatial variability and a temporal variability of spike initiations was generated which allowed us to interpret fluctuations in spike initiation node and time. It was shown that the distribution of spike initiations tended to become greater spatially and longer temporally as the masker-probe intervals (MPIs) of the two-pulse stimuli shortened. It was also shown that the number of activated sodium channels as functions of space and time tended to become smaller due to inactivation of sodium channels and varied spatially and temporally as MPIs shortened. These findings may imply that the stochastic sodium channels during a relative refractory period may contribute to enhancing the fluctuations in spike initiations, and give us an insight into encoding information with electric stimuli to improve the performance of the prosthetic devices, especially cochlear implants
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF NORMAL AGING

Health care providers need to be aware of the normal aspects of the aging process as well as exceptions that may necessitate clinical intervention. Although many exceptions exist, aging involves a heightened susceptibility or vulnerability to physiologic, psychological, and sociocultural insult. Sensory systems become less sensitive and acute, lifelong sleep patterns undergo change, and there is decline in certain aspects of memory. Longitudinal studies suggest, however, that the normal changes that occur in healthy older adults do not significantly impair cognitive functioning or interpersonal relationships. Grief resulting from loss is a normal part of life. It should not be "pathologized" nor should its impact be underestimated. Loss of a spouse, child, or other close loved one may negatively affect the immune system and other organ systems, and may disrupt the social support system. Although most grief reactions are resolved with the support of family or friends, grief can lead to depression, physical decline, or medically unexplained physical symptoms. Awareness of the normal aging processes enables the professional to be more effective in providing mental health services.
Identification and characterization of thymidylate synthase from Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Thymidylate synthase converts deoxyuridylate to deoxythymidylate. The thyA gene has been cloned and sequenced from Neisseria gonorrhoeae MS11. This gene has an open reading frame of 795–801 bp and encodes a product which shares 71% identity with its Escherichia coli homolog. Unlike its E. coli counterpart, gonococcal thyA has a large, upstream transcribed region (300+ bp) that lacks a translatable reading frame. Gonococcal thyA is capable of complementing an E. coli thyA null mutant and shares similar levels of sensitivity with trimethoprim.
WORKER DISPLACEMENT AND JOB-SEARCH: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENTS TO REEMPLOYMENT*

. This study investigates the human, and in turn the regional, consequences of industrial restructuring in the United States. Our methodology presumes that labor market outcomes of displaced workers can provide considerable information on the structural properties of local labor markets, and subsequently upon the capacity of such areas/regions to reemploy additional workers. The examination follows two steps. In the first, a multivariate model of reemployment likelihood is developed and subsequently estimated. Separate equations are obtained for various resons of the country, a disaggregation that permits one to identify how postdisplacement reemployment, and its determinants, vary systematically across space. In the second step, the above estimates are decomposed into two elements, one of which is reflective of regional structural conditions. Based upon this methodology and estimates obtained in the first step, regions of the country are compared as to magnitude of their structural economic problems, and thus as to their capacity to gainfully reemploy additional workers displaced by plant closure or relocation.
Phylogeography of a parasitoid wasp (Diaeretiella rapae): no evidence of host-associated lineages.

The exceptional diversity of insects is often attributed to the effects of specialized relationships between insects and their hosts. Parasite–host interactions are influenced by current natural selection and dispersal, in addition to historical effects that may include past selection, vicariance, and random genetic drift. Both current and historical events can lead to reduced fitness on some hosts. If trade-offs in fitness on alternate hosts are common, adaptation to one host can prevent adaptation to another, giving rise to genetic differentiation among host-associated lineages. Previous studies of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a parasitoid of aphids, have revealed additive genetic differences in performance between populations that parasitize different aphid host species. To determine whether D. rapae populations collected from different aphid hosts have diverged into genetically independent lineages, we constructed a haplotype network based on sequence variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We used single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to examine 2041 base pairs of mtDNA and to identify nucleotide sequences of 42 unique SSCP haplotypes. We found no association between mtDNA haplotypes and host species in either the ancestral range (Europe, Mediterranean region, Middle East, Asia) or part of the introduced range (western North America). Haplotypes likely to be ancestral were geographically widespread and found on both hosts, suggesting that the ability to use both hosts evolved prior to the diversification of the mtDNA. Ongoing gene flow appears to prevent the formation of host races.
The Effect of Perimeter-Limited Superfluid 4He Fluid Flow on Avalanches in Nuclepore

Superfluid 4He exhibits hysteretic behavior in the percolated nano-porous material Nuclepore during filling and draining of the pores due to capillary condensation, and one observes avalanches in the pore draining within a narrow range of chemical potential. We have previously demonstrated that the avalanches involve pores distributed across the entire sample, and that the avalanches are enabled by the superfluid film. We compare avalanches for Nuclepore that has a highly limited perimeter for 4He film flow draining to avalanches for Nuclepore that has relatively unimpeded flow off the substrate. Time resolved measurements of the avalanche events show that the time duration of the individual avalanches is influenced by the time it takes for the fluid to leave the substrate.
FIBRIN AND SERUM AS A CULTURE MEDIUM

A technique is described by which a medium composed of fibrinogen suspension, serum, and embryo juice may be made. Fibroblasts grew in this medium about as well as in plasma and embryo juice. A strain of connective tissue in this medium remained practically as active as the control for several passages.
Elevated TRF2 in advanced breast cancers with short telomeres

Telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) binds directly to telomeres and preserves the structural integrity of chromosome ends. In vitro models suggest that expression of TRF2 protein increases during mammary cancer progression. However, a recent study has reported that TRF2 mRNA levels tend to be lower in clinical specimens of malignant breast tissue. Here, we conduct the first large-scale investigation to assess the levels and cellular localization of the TRF2 protein in normal, pre-malignant and malignant breast tissues. Breast tissue arrays, containing normal, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma specimens, were used to assess the expression and localization of TRF2 protein. Telomere lengths were semi-quantitatively measured using a pantelomeric peptide nucleic acid probe. A mixed effects modeling approach was used to assess the relationship between TRF2 expression and telomeric signal scores across disease states or clinical staging. We demonstrate that TRF2 is exclusively nuclear with a trend toward lower expression with increased malignancy. More case-to-case variability of TRF2 immunostaining intensity was noted amongst the invasive carcinomas than the other disease groups. Invasive carcinomas also displayed variable telomere lengths while telomeres in normal mammary epithelium were generally longer. Statistical analyses revealed that increased TRF2 immunostaining intensity in invasive carcinomas is associated with shorter telomeres and shorter telomeres correlate with a higher TNM stage. All immortalized and cancer cell lines within the array displayed strong, nuclear TRF2 expression. Our data indicate that elevated expression of TRF2 is not a frequent occurrence during the transformation of breast cancer cells in vivo, but higher levels of this telomere-binding protein may be important for protecting advanced cancer cells with critically short telomeres. Our findings also reinforce the concept that serially propagated cancer cells, although tumor-derived, may not model all types of authentic tumors especially those demonstrating genetic heterogeneity.
Rare diseases: Challenges and resources

Today rare diseases affect millions of people, of all ages, around the world. However, there are countless others who are affected or at risk but remain undiagnosed and unaware of their disease. Rare diseases are frequently serious and life altering while many are life threatening or fatal. By definition rare diseases affect a relatively small population, making it a challenge to develop drugs and medical devices that prevent, diagnose, and treat these diseases. Scientists have found that rare diseases are usually genetic and chronic.
Parasitism as a biological control agent of dinoflagellate blooms in the California Current System

Amoebophrya is a marine parasite recently found to infect and kill bloom-forming dinoflagellates in the California Current System (CCS). However, it is unknown whether parasitism by Amoebophrya can control dinoflagellate blooms in major eastern boundary upwelling systems, such as the CCS. We quantified the abundance of a common bloom-forming species Akashiwo sanguinea and prevalence of its parasite (i.e., % infected cells) in surface water samples collected weekly from August 2005 to December 2008 at the Santa Cruz Wharf (SCW), Monterey Bay, CA. Additionally, we measured physical and chemical properties at the SCW and examined regional patterns of wind forcing and sea surface temperature. Relative abundance of the net phytoplankton species was also analyzed to discern whether or not parasitism influences net phytoplankton community composition. Epidemic infection outbreaks (>20% parasite prevalence in the host species) may have contributed to the end or prevented the occurrence of A. sanguinea blooms, whereas low parasite prevalence was associated with short-term (≤2 weeks) A. sanguinea blooms. The complete absence of parasitism in 2007 was associated with an extreme A. sanguinea bloom. Anomalously strong upwelling conditions were detected in 2007, suggesting that A. sanguinea was able to outgrow Amoebophrya and ‘escape’ parasitism. We conclude that parasitism can strongly influence dinoflagellate bloom dynamics in upwelling systems. Moreover, Amoebophrya may indirectly influence net phytoplankton species composition, as species that dominated the net phytoplankton and developed algal blooms never appeared to be infected.
Exploitation of cloud top characterization from three-channel IR measurements in a physical PMW rain retrieval algorithm

Abstract. Rainfall intensity estimates by passive microwave (PMW) measurements from space perform generally better over the sea surface with respect to land, due to the problems in separating true rain signatures from those produced by surfaces having similar spectral behaviour (e.g. snow, ice, desert and semiarid grounds). The screening procedure aimed at recognizing the various surface types and delimit precipitation is based on tests that rely on PMW measurements only and global thresholds. The shortcoming is that the approach tries to discard spurious precipitating features (often detected over the land-sea border) thus leading to no-rain conservative tests and thresholds. The TRMM mission, with its long record of simultaneous data from the Visible and Infrared Radiometer System (VIRS), the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and rain profiles from the Precipitation Radar (PR) allows for unambiguous testing of the usefulness of cloud top characterization in rain detection. An intense precipitation event over the North Africa is analysed exploiting a night microphysical RGB scheme applied to VIRS measurements to classify and characterize the components of the observed scenario and to discriminate the various types of clouds. This classification is compared to the rain intensity maps derived from TMI by means of the Goddard profiling algorithm and to the near-surface rain intensities derived from PR. The comparison allows to quantify the difference between the two rain retrievals and to assess the usefulness of RGB analysis in identifying areas of precipitation.
Are black Hispanics black or Hispanic? Exploring disparities at the intersection of race and ethnicity

Background Disparities in health among blacks and Hispanics compared to whites individuals exist for a number of health measures; however, the health profile of individuals who are both black and Hispanic is not well known. We sought to determine whether race and ethnicity have synchronous or independent effects on health-related outcomes. Methods We combined the National Health Interview Survey for 2000–2007 to identify 896 black Hispanics. We selected health-related outcomes where white Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks significantly differed. We computed adjusted prevalence estimates for black Hispanics and compared them to determine whether their health-related outcomes more closely resemble white Hispanics or non-Hispanic blacks. All prevalence estimates were adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, income and survey year. Results Black Hispanics9 health behaviours resembled white Hispanics or were similar to both white Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks. For health services outcomes, they resembled non-Hispanic blacks. However, their health status was influenced by both race and ethnicity, with black Hispanics resembling both white Hispanic and non-Hispanic black people. Conclusion We conclude that health behaviour interventions incorporating knowledge of Hispanic cultures may be sufficient to reach black Hispanics. However, health services or health status, interventions targeted broadly to Hispanic people may not be sufficient. In some respects black Hispanic people comprise a distinct subgroup that may require targeted attention in public health interventions.
The role of epidemiology in medical education.

Most medical educators perceive several areas of weakness in the medical curriculum, topics which should be given more emphasis since students, even at graduation, frequently seem unprepared in those disciplines. (The above statement should not be limited to "medical educators," but should be broadened to include most physicians, whether in academics or practice, since nearly all consider themselves experts in medical education-after all, they have had one. In my experience, they are never shy about telling medical school administrators what is wrong with medical education.) Examples of areas commonly mentioned as needing more emphasis are communication skills, physical diagnosis, medical jurisprudence, ethics, medical economics, nutrition, and preventive medicine. I am certainly sympathetic to all of these considerations, and could present arguments for their importance, especially communication and preventive medicine; however, I should like to make the case for the overriding need for enhanced teaching of epidemiology. Two often repeated educational encounters from my past should exemplify the problem. For several years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, I participated in small group discussions (pre-GPEP) with first-year medical students, helping them learn some microbiology and immunology. I would ask them to interpret the following data: a child is brought to a physician with a sore throat; after an appropriate history and physical examination, the child is given a penicillin injection. About 48 hours later, the child is feeling much better. When asked the reason for this result, more commonly than not, the answer given by the students was that the penicillin cured the sore throat. (Some of the more "knowledgeable" students would volunteer that the child must have had streptococcal pharyngitis.) Only rarely did a student perceive that nothing could be concluded from the case with respect to etiology or treatment efficacy. The most disappointing aspect was that there seemed to be no correlation between insight into this case and whether the student had been a science
Properties of Actinide-To-Carbon Sigma Bonds

Two-electron sigma bonds between metal ions and carbon atoms of organic molecules represent one of the fundamental building blocks of organometallic chemistry. Furthermore, the creation and transformations of such bonds are crucial steps in many of the catalytic processes by which main group, d-element, and f-element (see Chapter 12) metal ion catalysts can be used to transform organic and inorganic feedstocks into useful materials. Until quite recently, very little was known about the nature of actinide-to-carbon sigma bonds, and there was even some question as to whether such species would be isolable. We now know that this is not the case, and that a rich and varied field of 5f element organometallic chemistry involving sigma bonds lies on the horizon. In this chapter we summarize and analyze what is currently known about the properties of actinide-to-carbon sigma bonds. We begin by discussing routes for the synthesis of the various classes of compounds and survey some of the more distinc­tive chemical and physicochemical characteristics of each class. We next focus more sharply on the chemical behavior of actinide-to-carbon sigma bonds. Those features which stabilize this link­age are discussed, and then important reaction patterns involving electrophilic reagents, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide are sum­marized.
Prevention of motion sickness with rizatriptan: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.

Background Serotonergic triptan medications effectively reverse pain and associated symptoms of migraine. Vestibular symptoms, including dizziness and vertigo, occur in about one-third of migraineurs. The most frequent and consistent balance symptom in migraineurs is motion sickness, which is experienced by about half of migraineurs and may be related to serotonergic influences. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study was designed to test the hypothesis that pre-treatment with the serotonin agonist rizatriptan would prevent motion sickness provocation in headache-free migraineurs. Material/methods Ten healthy adult migraineurs (5 migrainous vertigo and 5 migraine without associated vestibular symptoms) with a history of motion sickness were tested in three sessions: a baseline vestibular battery and two motion sickness provocation sessions two hours following randomly ordered blinded pre-treatment with either oral rizatriptan 10 mg or placebo. Motion sickness was assessed using two standardized questionnaires. Results Motion sickness scores were lower following pre-treatment with rizatriptan compared with placebo in subjects with migrainous vertigo. Rizatriptan did not affect motion sickness in migraineurs without vertigo. Otolith-ocular reflex sensitivity was reduced following pretreatment with rizatriptan in both groups. Conclusions This is the first study in humans testing a triptan serotonin agonist as a preventive tool for motion sickness. Rizatriptan prevented the development of motion sickness and severe motion sickness symptoms in patients with migrainous vertigo. These pilot data suggest a possible role for serotonin in the development of motion sickness symptoms in migraineurs with migrainous vertigo.
Abstract T P191: Emergent Management of Acute Retinal Ischemia

Background: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is characterized by acute monocular visual loss (AMVL). It is unclear how intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV tPA) affects this stroke subset. Other interventions have been explored, but clear benefit of these has yet to be demonstrated. Given the emergent nature of RAO, and absent uniform guidelines, we investigated the incidence of and approach to management of RAO at our institution. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records at the University of California, San Diego from 1992 through December 2012. Charts were retrieved via the ICD-9 codes 362.30-362.37 (retinal vascular occlusion). We excluded patients with monocular visual loss for more than 24 hours before presentation, spontaneous symptom resolution, traumatic visual loss, and patients with other associated acute neurologic symptoms. We captured time from presentation to initial physician encounter, time to consultant evaluation, consultant specialty, and whether time was <4.5 hou...
Understanding reactivity and stereoselectivity in palladium-catalyzed diastereoselective sp3 C-H bond activation: intermediate characterization and computational studies.

The origin of the high levels of reactivity and diastereoselectivity (>99:1 dr) observed in the oxazoline-directed, Pd(II)-catalyzed sp3 C–H bond iodination and acetoxylation reactions as reported in previous publications has been studied and explained on the basis of experimental and computational investigations. The characterization of a trinuclear chiral C–H insertion intermediate by X-ray paved the way for further investigations into C–H insertion step through the lens of stereochemistry. Computational investigations on reactivities and diastereoselectivities of C–H activation of t-Bu- and i-Pr-substituted oxazolines provided good agreement with the experimental results. Theoretical predictions with DFT calculations revealed that C–H activation occurs at the monomeric Pd center and that the most preferred transition state for C–H activation contains two sterically bulky t-Bu substituents in anti-positions due to steric repulsion and that this transition state leads to the major diastereomer, which is ...
Insects and Mites Associated with Halogeton sativus in Morocco and Spain, 1959-63

In a search for natural enemies of the weed Halogeton glomeratus (Bieb.) Meyer surveys were made of insects associated with H. sativus (L.) Moq., a closely related species found in Morocco and Spain. An annotated account is given of 122 species including 31 predators and parasites representing the following orders: Acarina, Thysanoptera, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.
Electrical Characteristics of Metal - (La0.27Y0.73)2O3 - Silicon Capacitors

An investigation of metal-insulator-silicon capacitors, utilizing single crystal (La 0.27 Y 0.73 ) 2 O 3 as the insulator is presented. Crystalline insulators are of interest because of the possibilities of obtaining an atomically flat interface and entirely eliminating the presence of dangling bonds at the interface. Capacitance – voltage measurements performed on MIS capacitors demonstrate a dielectric constant of 11.4 and suggest the absence of any interfacial silicon oxide layer. The equivalent oxide thickness of the sample with the thinnest dielectric layer is 15 A. The density of interface states for the best samples is found to be in the mid 10 12 cm −2 eV −1 range and did not vary significantly after typical annealing treatments.
The flow of blood supplying the cardiac atria.

SummaryThe flow of blood into the left anterior auricular artery was measured phasically and quantitatively in the heart-lung preparation. The curves indicate that forward flow into the auricular artery occurs during ventricular systole and diastole, with abrupt, momentary interruptions of inflow at the onset of ventricular systole and diastole. Elevation of tension within the left auricle diminishes auricular arterial inflow; inflow again increases as pressure within the auricle is restored to normal levels. It is suggested that the interference with auricular blood supply, due to increased intra-auricular tension (as in heart failure) may enhance the establishment of aberrant auricular mechanisms.
The emergency management of ventricular assist devices

Abstract Background Heart failure is a common condition in the United States. When medical therapy fails, ventricular device (LVAD) therapy may be required. With increasing use of LVADs, emergency physicians should understand how to manage problems that may arise with these devices. Objective The objective of this review is to familiarize physicians with LVAD components and LVAD physiology, and discuss the evaluation and management of LVAD complications. Discussion The LVAD contains numerous components, but the most important include the pump, inflow and outflow cannulas, and driveline. Initial assessment of perfusion is vital, as hemodynamic instability may be due to decreased preload, increased afterload, mechanical failure, dysrhythmias, infection, or bleeding. Assessment of hemodynamic status is required, and utilization of Doppler for measurement of mean arterial pressure is warranted. This review provides recommendations for the evaluation and management of the LVAD patient in heart failure, the unstable patient with decreased preload, the unstable patient with increased afterload, thrombosis of the LVAD, mechanical failure, dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest, infections and sepsis, right ventricular failure, aortic insufficiency, and bleeding. Patients with LVAD require consultation with the LVAD coordinator and cardiothoracic surgeon. By understanding these aspects, physicians can provide optimal management for these complicated patients. Conclusion With an increasing number of LVADs, emergency physicians should expect to see patients with complications directly or indirectly related to LVADs. This review provides physicians with an extensive review of LVAD physiology and the evaluation and management of potential complications related to the device.
Academic Imperialism and the Limits of Postmodernist Discourse: An Examination of Nicole Constable's Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Filipina Workers

(1998). Academic Imperialism and the Limits of Postmodernist Discourse: An Examination of Nicole Constable's Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Filipina Workers. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 37-42.
Multiple-quantity simultaneously-determining speckle interferometer

This paper reports a new speckle interferometer. It can stimultaneonsly determine the in-plane displacement, out-of-plane displacement, slope and moire curvature of the surface strain of object; the fringe patterns are got at the output plane of the filtering system stimultaneously by use of the directional filter, the patterns correspon ing to these quantity. It has been explained that the relation between the speckle interferometry and the speckle shearing interferometry by using the theory of the movement of space speckle.