cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesson Study and History Education

This article examines the experiences of a group of fifth-grade teachers who used lesson study, a teacher-driven form of professional development, to teach history in a project supported by a Teaching American History Grant. The project addressed the following questions: What does a lesson study cycle for history education look like? What contributes to effective lesson study in history education? What are the unique challenges of lesson study in history education? Based on analyses of the teacher-designed study lessons, teachers’ online journal entries, a teacher survey, videos of lessons and debriefing sessions, and field notes from lesson study observations, the article concludes lesson study in history helps teachers feel they have improved their instruction and have advanced student learning if the unique features of history instruction are taken into consideration. This study contributes to the research on lesson study by examining a relatively unexplored content area, history, and makes suggestions...
The detection of a temporal gap between two disparate stimuli

When a temporal gap is bounded by a light and a tone, gap detection performance as a function of gap duration is well described by a simple model which characterizes the discrimination as a purely temporal one. When the gap is bounded by two tones, performance is superior and seems to depend on the frequency difference between the tones, but is not well described by the same model. It is suggested that the light-tone performance represents the operation of a central temporal discrimination mechanism, while the tone-tone cases represent the use by Os of nontemporal cues originating in the peripheral auditory system.
Identifying monitoring gaps for amphibian populations in a North American biodiversity hotspot, the southeastern USA

I review the primary literature to ascertain the status of amphibian monitoring efforts in the southeastern USA, a “hotspot” for biodiversity in North America. This effort revealed taxonomic, geographic and ecological disparities in studies of amphibian populations in this region. Of the species of anurans and caudates known to occur in the Southeast, 73.8 and 33.3 %, respectively, have been monitored continuously for at least 4 years. Anurans are generally shorter-lived than are caudates and, thus, have been studied for the equivalent of at least one population turnover more than have caudates. The percentage of species (of those occurring in a given state) monitored continuously for at least 4 years was lowest for Alabama and Mississippi and highest for Florida for both taxa. The vast majority of studies (69.6 %) were conducted on species that inhabit natural freshwater wetlands, in contrast to other aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Species considered threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature comprised only 7.7 % of 65 species that have been studied consistently. The majority of comparative studies of contemporary versus historical occurrences were potentially biased by the use of “presence-only” historical data and resurveys of short duration. Other issues, such as inadequate temporal and spatial scale and neglect of different sources of error, were common. Awareness of these data gaps and sampling and statistical issues may help facilitate informed decisions in setting future monitoring priorities, particularly with respect to species, habitats and locations that have been largely overlooked in past and ongoing studies.
A Heuristic Thermodynamic Interpretation of a Mechanism Responsible for the Selection of Solidification Microstructures

This paper offers a heuristic thermodynamic analysis of the selection of solidification microstructures formed during re-solidification of micro layers of molten metal driven by surface tension. This study explores empirical evidence obtained by performing a tightly controlled heating-dwell-cooling materials processing cycle that causes melting followed by re-solidification of micro layers of an Al + Si alloy in ultra high purity nitrogen. Identification of characteristic process parameters responsible for crystal pattern formation of the α-phase solid solution during associated rapid quench is discussed. The focus of the inquiry is ultimately directed toward solid solution dendrites population morphology. A transition from a scarce (even single or non existent) dendrite formation toward chaotically distributed α-phase dendrites imbedded in two-phase eutectic is identified. A heuristic approach has been established to interpret alpha phase dendrite pattern formation during solidification phenomena driven by entropy generation at the liquid-solid interfaces.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The interaction of cocaine and alcohol on schedule-controlled responding

Within a number of physiological preparations, the effects of alcohol and cocaine in combination are reported to be greater than the effects of either drug given alone. Little has been reported, however, on the behavioral effects of the interaction. The present study investigated this issue by assessing the effects of cocaine and alcohol (alone and in combination) on schedule-controlled responding. Specifically, rats were trained to respond on an FR20 schedule for a water reinforcer. They were then administered cumulative doses of cocaine or alcohol. Following this, subjects were administered ineffective doses of alcohol prior to further dose-response assessments with cocaine and with ineffective doses of cocaine prior to further dose-response assessments with alcohol. Cocaine and alcohol alone produced dose-related decreases in responding. Furthermore, the dose-response function for cocaine was shifted to the left by alcohol and the dose-response function for alcohol was shifted to the left by cocaine. An isobolographic analysis revealed that the interaction between cocaine and alcohol was additive in nature. The possible bases for the interaction (e.g., changes in cocaine pharmacokinetics by alcohol and the formation of cocaethylene following co-administration of cocaine and alcohol) were discussed.
Maternal reflective functioning, attachment, and the transmission gap: A preliminary study

The notion that maternal reflective functioning, namely the mother's capacity to hold her baby and his mental states in mind, plays a vital role in the intergenerational transmission of attachment is investigated (Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist, & Target, 2002; Fonagy et al., 1995; Slade, this volume). A parent's capacity to understand the nature and function of her own as well as her child's mental states, thus allowing her to create both a physical and psychological experience of comfort and safety for her child, is proposed. In this study of 40 mothers and their babies, maternal reflective functioning is measured using the Parent Development Interview (PDI; Aber, Slade, Berger, Bresgi, & Kaplan, 1985), and scored for reflective functioning using an addendum to Fonagy, Target, Steele, & Steele's (1998) reflective functioning scoring manual (Slade, Bernbach, Grienenberger, Levy, & Locker, 2004). The relations between maternal reflective functioning and both adult (measured in pregnancy) and infant attachment (measured at 14 months) are examined. The findings indicate that relations between adult attachment and parental reflective functioning are significant, as are relations between parental reflective functioning and infant attachment. A preliminary mediation analysis suggests that parental reflective functioning plays a crucial role in the intergenerational transmission of attachment.
Grasshopper Stages of Development as Indicators of Nontarget Arthropod Activity: Implications for Grasshopper Management Programs on Mixed-Grass Rangeland

A study was conducted to determine if grasshopper stages of development could be used as indicators of nontarget arthropod activity on mixed-grass rangeland. Densities of grasshopper species, instars, and adults were estimated at several plots in northwestern South Dakota at weekly intervals throughout the summers of 1986 and 1987. At each plot, activities of nontarget arthropods were determined from pitfall and malaise trap catches. Factor analysis was used to relate activities of nontarget arthropods (Carabidae, Tenebrionidae, Meloidae, Lycosidae, Gryllidae, Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, Sphecidae, Pompilidae, and Asilidae) with densities of grasshopper species and stages of development. Nymphs of most dominant grasshopper species were associated with Carabidae, Lycosidae, Sphecidae, and Asilidae, all groups known to prey on grasshoppers. Adults were associated only with Tenebrionidae. These results suggest that insecticides applied to rangeland when most grasshoppers are middle to late instars will have a maximum impact on nontarget arthropods.
Temporal specificity of hemoglobin synthesis in the fat body of Chironomus thummi during development

Hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis in the subepidermal fat body cell during the development of Chironomus thummi was investigated by using positive diamino-benzidine (DAB) reaction as an indicator for the presence of Hb. The localization of DAB reaction products in the ER and Golgi cisternae is stage-specific. Active synthesis of Hb, as indicated by heavy deposits of reactive products, is interrupted during third-fourth larval ecdysis, resumes about the fourth day of the fourth instar, continues throughout the fourth instar and stops again shortly before the transition from the pharate pupa to the pharate adult at which time the fat body shows numerous autophagic vacuoles. These results support the concept of the existence of specific switches in the production, release and degradation of Hb present in Chironomus.
Reproducible subcellular alterations in hepatocytes resulting from ultrasound

Abstract Reproducible ultrastructural alterations in subcellular organelles have been produced with ultrasonic exposure. Mitochondria appear to be the most sensitive organelle, exhibiting swelling, electron-dense condensations in the matrix, loss of cristae, and the formation of lamellar membranes, with eventual disruption of the outer membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is less sensitive, but also shows a graded response to increasing exposure including dilation of the cisternae, loss of ribosomes from the surface, and vesiculation. Lysomes appear to retain their structural integrity better than other cytoplasmic organelles. If the level of exposure is not lethal to the cell, most of the changes are repaired within 96 hr; however, mitochondrial changes persist for longer periods and may be irreversible. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanism of mitochondrial injury and recovery.
Mesoscale ultrasonic fluctuations in open and closed disordered systems

Mesoscale fluctuations of multiply scattered waves provide a new source of information about disordered systems. We use laser ultrasonics to make spatially dense ultrasonic measurements in random media, providing detailed information about chaos and localization.
SU-FF-T-451: Verification of a Proton Treatment-Planning Pencil-Beam Dose Algorithm with Monte Carlo

Purpose: To verify the accuracy of a pencil beam superposition dose algorithm in heterogeneous media for proton therapytreatment planning system using Monte Carlo simulations.Method and Materials: A protontreatment planning system (ECLIPSE, Varian) was validated using dose distributions predicted with Monte Carlo(MC) simulations. The accuracy of the MC physics models was established in previous studies and the model of the therapy unit is described elsewhere (Newhauser et al, Zheng et al., separate contributions to this conference). MC simulations of proton beams with different range, field sizes and modulation widths into various phantom geometries, comprising cubic water phantoms with lung and bone equivalent material slabs, cylindrical inhomogeneities and non‐flat upstream surfaces, were carried out to compare depth dose profiles, lateral profiles, penumbral widths and field size values to predictions from the treatment planning system. Results: More than 30 different beam configurations have been investigated. Range differences, and differences in the 80%–20% penumbras larger than 2 mm were observed twice, while differences in the 50%–50% field size were smaller than 1 mm. The range differences were not related to the inhomogeneities, but are due to differences in the protonstopping powers used in the MC and TPS systems. The deviations in the penumbras were mostly seen in the 90%–10% penumbra comparisons of profiles at large depths, where contributions from multiple Coulomb scattering started to become more visible in the MC simulations, but less in the TPS predictions. Conclusions:Monte Carlo simulations proofed to be a valuable tool to verify the dose predictions in heterogeneous phantoms from a commercial treatment planning system. The treatment planning software performed well in most cases considered. This investigation helped to substantially reduce the time required for testing and the treatment planning software package and provided valuable feedback to the TPS developer.
Joint density-functional theory: ab initio study of Cr2O3 surface chemistry in solution.

After introducing a new form of density-functional theory for the ab initio description of electronic systems in contact with a molecular liquid environment, we present the first detailed study of the impact of a solvent on the surface chemistry of Cr2O3, the passivating layer of stainless steel alloys. In comparison to a vacuum, we predict that the presence of water has little impact on the adsorption of chloride ions to the oxygen-terminated surface but has a dramatic effect on the binding of hydrogen to that surface. These results indicate that the dielectric screening properties of water are important to the passivating effects of the oxygen-terminated surface.
Effects of composition and fabrication practice on resistance to annealing and creep of aluminum conductor alloys

Annealing characteristics and room temperature creep were evaluated for wire of aluminum conductor alloys Al-0.20 pct Fe (EC), Al-0.85 pct Fe and Al-0.75 pet Fe-0.15 pct Mg produced by both conventional rod fabrication and continuous rod fabrication. Throughout these studies changes in resistance to annealing and resistance to creep paralleled each other, suggesting a common mechanism for these phenomena. Increasing iron concentration from 0.20 to 0.85 pct greatly increased the number of iron-bearing intermetallic constituent particles and decreased resistance to annealing and creep. AddingMgto the high Fe alloy increased the resistance to annealing and creep. Samples from continuously fabricated rod of either EC or Al-Fe-Mg alloy had greater resistance to annealing and creep than that of conventionally fabricated samples. Transmission electron microscopic examinations revealed no precipitation of iron in the continuously fabricated rod indicating that elements in solution were retarding annealing and creep. Observations of strain aging support the hypothesis that segregation of elements to dislocations is probably the mechanism whereby creep and annealing were retarded.
Action control, proxy control, and consumers' evaluations of the service exchange

This article adopts a consumer's point of view, and extends current literature that models the relationships between consumers' control perceptions, service providers' fair behaviors, and consumers' satisfaction with the exchange. Perceived control is disassembled into action and proxy control and their differential actions in the service exchange discussed. This article models, for the first time, the joint effects of perceived control and service provider behaviors on consumer satisfaction by explicitly connecting service-provider fair behaviors to consumers' perceptions of control. The results from two repeated-measures experiments provide support for the hypotheses. Specifically, a multivariate analysis of the data demonstrated main effects for the experimental manipulations on perceived control, perceived fairness, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. An interaction effect between perceived control and perceived fairness was also evident in one experiment. Future research and managerial implications are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Kinetic Model of the Pyrolysis of Phenolic Resin in a Carbon/Phenolic Composite

The potential for damage during the pyrolysis of phenolic/carbon composite material in the processing of carbon/carbon components is high. Accurately modeling the kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction could lead to improvements in processing. A mechanism for the pyrolysis of phenolic/carbon composite describing the reaction as occurring in three major regions is the foundation of a kinetic model. The peak separation of thermogravimetric weight loss data has been used to separately evaluate the three major regions of the reaction. Kinetic parameters for each region have been determined using a thermogravimetric data analysis method developed to account for the effect of temperature variation on the thermodynamic state of the pyrolyzing composite. The resulting model is shown to accurately predict the extent of reaction of the pyrolyzing phenolic/carbon composite as a function of temperature.
The Renal Medulla and Hypertension

We review evidence supporting the conclusion that renal dysfunction underlies the development of all forms of hypertension in humans and experimental animals. Indexes of global renal function are generally normal in the early stages of most genetic forms of hypertension, but renal function is clearly impaired in long-established hypertension. Studies in our laboratory over the past decade summarized below have established that the renal medulla plays an important role in sodium and water homeostasis and in the long-term control of arterial pressure. Development of implanted optical fibers for measurement of cortical and medullary blood flows with laser-Doppler flowmetry and techniques for delivery of vasoactive compounds into the medullary interstitial space enabled us to examine determinants of medullary flow (nitric oxide, atrial natriuretic peptides, kinins, eicosanoids, vasopressin, renal sympathetic nerves, etc). We have shown in spontaneously hypertensive rats that the initial changes of renal function begin as a reduction of medullary blood flow in the absence of changes of cortical flow. Long-term medullary interstitial infusion of captopril, which preferentially increased medullary blood flow, resulted in a lowering of arterial pressure. In normal Sprague-Dawley rats, selective reduction of medullary flow with medullary interstitial or intravenous infusion of small amounts of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester resulted in hypertension. These and other studies we review show that although blood flow to the inner renal medulla comprises less than 1% of the total renal blood flow, changes in flow to this region can have a major effect on sodium and water homeostasis and on the long-term control of arterial blood pressure.
Electronic nose based on graphene, nanotube and nanowire chemiresistor arrays on silicon

Large arrays of cross-reactive sensor elements offer the ability to identify vapors from the signature response of the ensemble. We create an array of heterogeneous gas sensing microassemblies using dielectrophoretic assembly of various nanomaterials on silicon. Gas sensitive materials include reduced graphene oxide (rGO) platelets, single wall carbon nanotubes, and copper oxide nanowires. The array was exposed to a wide range of volatile organic compounds such as isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and aromatic compounds. The entire array was monitored to supply real-time resistance data from each sensor element. The chemiresistive assemblies show fractional resistance changes exceeding 150 percent upon introduction of volatile organic compounds. The use of cross-reactive, heterogeneous assemblies of diverse nanomaterials facilitates construction of an electronic nose.
The evolving market for word processing and typesetting systems

The word processing, text editing and typesetting industries have become an important market for computers and computer software. Industry installations are described and sales are forecast for major systems components over the next five years. An evolution is suggested which will link word processing, in-plant publishing, text editing and business data processing systems over the near future.
Increased analgesic activities of a fluorinated and a dimeric analogue of [D-Ala-2]-methionine enkephalinamide

Abstract [D-Ala-2, pentafluorophenylalanine-4]-Met-enkephalinamide and N α , N e -bis (D-Ala-2-Met-enkephalin)-Lys amide were synthesized by solid-phase techniques. They were found to be at least 10 and 4 times more potent respectively, and longer lasting, than the highly active parent peptide, [D-Ala-2]-Met-enkephalinamide, in producing analgesia in the rat after central injection. In the mouse vas deferens in vitro assay, the results from which frequently do not correlate well with in vivo assessment of the opiate activity of peptides, both analogues were slightly less active than [D-Ala-2]-enkephalinamide. Thus, a fluorinated and a dimeric analogue of enkephalin were devised and found to have markedly increased analgesic activity.
Goals and processes: a task basis for projects and workflows

This paper focuses on the set of group endeavors that exists within the structure of an organization. The environment in which organizations exist is becoming increasingly dynamic. Cooperative tasks are increasing and workgroup computing is becoming more pervasive. There are computer-mediated tools and systems to support organizations' coordination of group endeavors. These systems, however, are incomplete and therefore do not adequately give organizations the flexibility that a dynamic environment requires. The need for unified information systems is looming. The solution is to provide consistent and comprehensive, computer-mediated, shared task support for the coordination of group endeavors in all domains, in dynamic, and increasingly complex environments. Workflow and project management are prototypical of that collaborative use. This paper evaluates workflow processes and projects in order to gain an understanding of requirements that will serve as a conceptual foundation for this cooperative systems environment.
Low-Complexity Implementation of a Polyphase Filter Bank

This paper describes the tradeoffs and design method for a polyphase filter bank implemented in field programmable gate array technology. Consideration is given to the minimization of required hardware resources by careful choice of the FFT approach, multiplier implementation, and wordlength optimization. These choices are made subject to maintaining specified output performance. Finally, the sigma?delta technique is examined to further reduce the computational complexity.
In Vitro Effects of Thyrotropic Hormone. II On Uptake and Incorporation of 131I Into Iodoamino Acids by Isolated Thyroid Cells in Monolayer Cultures

1. Sheep thyroid gland cells isolated by a continuous- flow, trypsinization procedure were cultured as monolayers. The utilization of 13lI-iodide by such cultures was studied from 1 to 7 days in the presence and absence of TSH. 2. The 13lI uptake and its incorporation into each iodoamino acid (MIT, DIT and T4) decreased after the first day in culture. Addition of TSH at the start of culturing consistently enhanced the 13lI uptake and its incorporation into iodoamino acids from the 3rd to 7th days of culture. By the 7th day, the 13lI recovered as MIT, DIT and T4 in the cells of TSHtreated cultures was 260, 660 and 520%, respectively, of the control values. 3. Only MIT and DIT were present in the protein-bound 13lI of the medium. The amounts of these iodoamino acids did not increase with time in either control or TSH-treated cultures. 4. 13lI-T4 was recovered in the free form from the incubation medium, and its amount increased with time in the TSH-treated cultures. 5. Fractionation of cells from 3-day cult...
High-Resolution Absorption Cross Section Measurements of NO2 in the UV and Visible Region.

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the absorption cross sections of NO 2 at the temperature 298.5 K have been made throughout the wavelength region 360–470 nm. The equilibrium constant K p has been experimentally obtained as 150 hPa, from which the column density of pure NO 2 is obtained. The cross sections almost completely agree with the recent results of Merienne et al. [J. Atmos. Chem. 20 (1995) 281]. The cross sections at the higher resolution of 0.14 cm −1 are also obtained in the wavelength region where the spectra have fine structure.
Quantitative magnesium analysis of mononuclear cells: Electron probe x‐ray microanalysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy methods compared

We quantitated magnesium concentration of pooled human peripheral mononuclear blood cell populations and individual human peripheral mononuclear blood cells by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis, respectively. We found no significant difference (p > .1) between the mean cell magnesium concentrations (61.4 ± 10.9 and 51.2 ± 11.2 mmol/kg dry weight) determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. Using electron probe X-ray microanalysis, we found a 20% variation in magnesium concentration among individual cells. The cell magnesium concentration was independent of cell size, but the cell magnesium content increased with cell volume. We discuss the analytical limitations and artifacts of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis for determination of mononuclear blood cell magnesium.
Nonionic surface-active compounds. X. Effect of solvent on micellar properties☆

Abstract Measurements of the critical micelle concentration and of micellar molecular weight are reported for polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl alcohol in ethanol-water and dioxane-water solvent systems. With increasing concentration of additive, the c.m.c. increases and the micellar weight decreases; at concentrations above about 25%, no micelle formation occurs. The results are explained qualitatively in terms of the free energy requirements for micellization.
A Microprocessor-Based CAMAC Isolated Digital Output Module

This paper describes a 32-channel digital output module, and the development of the hardware and software design. The microprocessor-based design allows versatility in output control in response to CAMAC commands. The unit may be tailored to different specific applications by modification of the internal applications software. CAMAC commands, which may be stacked for serial micro-processing, allow outputs to be selectively DC or pulse controlled, and to control other outputs at the start or end of a pulsed output. Output pulse width may be pre-defined, or set within a range of values. Various outputs may be responding to any of the above commands concurrently. Outputs to be pulsed (on or off) may be preset with width and trigger options, with execution deferred. Action may be later initiated on a set of channels using a selective pulse command to initiate execution of the preset sequences.
Thick-target bremsstrahlung interpretation of short time-scale solar hard X-ray features

Steady-state analyses of bremsstrahlung hard X-ray production in solar flares are appropriate only if the lifetime of the high energy electrons in the X-ray source is much shorter than the duration of the observed X-ray burst. For a thick-target nonthermal model, this implies that a full time-dependent analysis is required when the duration of the burst is comparable to the collisional lifetime of the injected electrons, in turn set by the lengths and densities of the flaring region. In this paper we present the results of such a time-dependent analysis, and we point out that the intrinsic temporal signature of the thick-target production mechanism, caused by the finite travel time of the electrons through the target, may indeed rule out such a mechanism for extremely short duration hard X-ray events.
A comprehensive view of digital integrated electronic circuits

The present generation of digital integrated circuits is based on the batch-fabrication of interconnected transistors and diodes. These circuits successfully provide the elementary logic modules which can be directly interconnected to realize complex digital systems. The basic circuit configurations and their design must fulfill the prime requirement of signal-quantization under various operational aspects; and thus they reflect compromises between the operation speed, the noise margin, the number of fan-in and fan-out, the operating temperature range, the power dissipation, and the cost of fabricating circuit components to the required tolerance.
Expression of CD44 variants in human inflammatory synovitis.

The cell surface hyaluronate receptor CD44 has previously been shown to have immunomodulatory activity and to be upregulated in inflammatory synovitis. Since these findings were reported, the genomic structure of CD44 has been delineated, and multiple splice variants have been described. Therefore, we determined which CD44 variant exons are present during inflammatory synovitis by a combination of northern blot analysis and reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of synovial RNA. Immunohistochemical staining was used to define the sites of expression of individual v6 and v9 exons in synovial tissue. The standard (S) or hematopoietic isoform, CD44S, was the predominant form of CD44 expressed in synovium and was expressed by most cell types. Other isoforms, containing alternatively spliced exons in the proximal extracellular domain, were found by RT-PCR, but at lower levels than CD44S. The second most prevalent form was CD44E, which has an insertion of three exons (v8-v10) in the proximal extracellular domain. Immunohistochemical studies showed that reactivity with v9-specific antibodies was primarily in macrophages, particularly those in the synovial lining layer. CD44 exon v6, previously reported to be important in immune activation and in epithelial tumor metastasis, was also expressed in synovial lining cells and in occasional synovial interstitial cells. The presence of CD44 variants containing v9 in rheumatoid synovial macrophages may be important in the adhesion and activation of mononuclear phagocytes in the synovium and, thus, may be a target for novel antiinflammatory therapies in the future. The role of CD44 isoforms in cellular adhesion, immune activation, and joint erosion in inflammatory synovitis deserves further study.
Diffractive Interaction and Scaling Violation in pp →π 0 Interaction and GeV Excess in Galactic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Spectrum of EGRET

The authors present here a new calculation of the gamma-ray spectrum from pp {yields} {pi}{sup 0} in the Galactic ridge environment. The calculation includes the diffractive p-p interaction and incorporates the Feynman scaling violation for the first time. Galactic diffuse gamma-rays come, predominantly, from {pi}{sup 0} {yields} {gamma}{gamma} in the sub-GeV to multi-GeV range. Hunter et al. found, however, an excess in the GeV range (GeV Excess) in the EGRET Galactic diffuse spectrum above the prediction based on experimental pp {yields} {pi}{sup 0} cross-sections and the Feynman scaling hypothesis. They show, in this work, that the diffractive process makes the gamma-ray spectrum harder than the incident proton spectrum by {approx} 0.05 in power-law index, and, that the scaling violation produces 30-80% more {pi}{sup 0} than the scaling model for incident proton energies above 100 GeV. Combination of the two can explain about a half of the GeV Excess with the local cosmic proton (power-law index {approx} 2.7). The excess can be fully explained if the proton spectral index in the Galactic ridge is a little harder ({approx} 0.2 in power-law index) than the local spectrum. Given also in the paper is that the diffractive process enhances e{sup +} over e{supmore » -} and the scaling violation gives 50-100% higher {bar p} yield than without the violation, both in the multi-GeV range.« less
Astronomy three hundred years ago

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries astronomers were coming to grips with phenomena ranging from comets to cosmology. This article describes how some of them set about solving the problems that emerged.
Three-nucleon interaction in 3-, 4- and ∞-body systems☆

Abstract We report results of variational calculations of 3 H, 3 He, 4 He and nuclear matter with the Urbana v 14 two-nucleon interaction and realistic models of the three-nucleon interaction (TNI). These include the Tucson and isobar intermediate-state models of the two-pion exchange TNI. The latter is also studied with an intermediate-range three-nucleon repulsion. In general, realistic TNI helps to bring the theory closer to experiment by giving extra binding energy to the A = 3 and 4 nuclei and providing extra saturation to the nuclear matter binding energy. The Coulomb energy of 3 He and the rms radii of A = 3, 4 nuclei are also well described. However, some problems remain unresolved. There is a slight overbinding of 4 He, an underbinding of nuclear matter, and the charge form factors of 3 He and 4 He, calculated with impulse approximation, deviate from the experimental at q 2 >5 fm −2 .
Electron microscopy of lipid—protein monolayers

Abstract Mixtures of phospholipids with β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) were spread from acidic chloroform: methanol onto the surface of a film balance, then transferred to freshly cleaved mica at 15 mN/m for examination under an electron microscope. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid did not mix with β-lg and were visible as separate phases in the electron micrographs of the transferred films. Mixed monolayers containing either unsaturated lipids or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine mixed with β-lg gave completely homogeneous micrographs with no evidence of phase separation. The results suggest that phase separation occurs in monolayers of phospholipid-β-lg when the films are prepared under conditions where the pure lipid exhibits liquid condensed behavior at the aim—water interface. Homogeneous lipid—protein films apparently result when the monolayers are prepared under conditions where the lipid exhibits expanded behavior.
Effectiveness of Lacewing Larvae in Reducing Russian Wheat Aphid Populations on Susceptible and Resistant Wheat

Abstract The use of resistant plants may enhance or reduce the ability of natural enemies to control pest insects. We conducted a series of experiments to compare the effectiveness of lacewing larvae, Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch), in suppressing populations of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), on susceptible and resistant wheat. Caged plants were inoculated with the same initial density of aphids, and predators were added to half the plants after nearly two aphid generations. Additional plants were used to estimate aphid densities on resistant and susceptible plants when predators were introduced. In one comparison, the effects of plant resistance and predation were synergistic; lacewing larvae caused a greater proportional reduction in aphid density on a tolerant-resistant line (carrying the Dn 4 gene) than on its near-isogenic susceptible parent. Higher predation rates on the resistant line persisted over a wide range of predator/prey ratios. The combined effects of predation and plant resistance were mostly additive in other experiments, including a comparison of an antibiosis-resistant line (possessing the Dn 1 gene) and its near-isogenic parent. In no comparison was lacewing effectiveness lower on the resistant line. Our results suggest that even modest reductions in aphid population growth (as might occur on tolerant-resistant plants) can be sufficient to produce a synergistic level of pest suppression.
A latent variable investigation of the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening-Kindergarten assessment: Construct identification and multigroup comparisons between Spanish-speaking English-language learners (ELLs) and non-ELL students:

Psychometric properties of the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening for Kindergarten (PALS-K) instrument were investigated in a sample of 2844 first-time public school kindergarteners. PALS-K is a widely used English literacy screening assessment. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a theoretically defensible measurement structure that was found to replicate in a randomly selected hold-out sample when examined through the lens of confirmatory factor analytic methods. Multigroup latent variable comparisons between Spanish-speaking English-language learners (ELLs) and non-ELL students largely demonstrated the PALS-K to yield configural and metric invariance with respect to associations between subtests and latent dimensions. In combination, these results support the educational utility of the PALS-K as a tool for assessing important reading constructs and informing early interventions across groups of Spanish-speaking ELL and non-ELL students.
Portfolio Selection via Shrinkage by Cross Validation

Given the importance of the loss function choice [Christoffersen, P. and K. Jacobs (2004) The importance of the loss function in option valuation. J. Financial Economics 72: 291-318], this paper proposes the nonparametric technique of cross validation, to tuning the shrinkage intensity estimation of Ledoit and Wolf [Ledoit, O. and W. Michael (2003) Improved estimation of the covariance matrix of stock returns with an application to portfolio selection. J. Empirical Finance 10: 603-621; Ledoit, O. and W. Michael (2004) Honey, I Shrunk the Sample Covariance Matrix. J. Portfolio Management 30: 110-119; Ledoit, O. and W. Michael (2004) A well-conditioned estimator for large-dimensional covariance matrices. J. Multivariate Analysis 88: 365-411]. By aligning the loss function of out-of-sample forecast identical to the one used for the shrinkage intensity estimation, the proposed cross validation approach shows the significant gains in terms of both the variance reduction and information ratio improvement to various portfolios of the U.S. firms.
Mercury phase speciation in the surface waters of three Texas estuaries: Importance of colloidal forms

Surface-water samples were collected from Galveston Bay, Corpus Christi Bay, Sabine Lake, and Laguna Madre and analyzed for Hg in the 1 kDa. Colloidal Hg covaries with colloidal organic C concentrations in Galveston Bay waters, suggesting that most of the filter-passing Hg pool is associated with large organic macromolecules. The log of the particle-water partition coefficient (&) ranged from 4.6 to 5.2, and covaried with suspended particulate matter concentrations, likely due to the presence of colloidal Hg.
Predicting the amount of nitrogen fertiliser needed for sugar‐beet by soil analysis

In 1961–65, soils from 65 fields were analysed for potentially available nitrogen, and field experiments were carried out to measure the optimum nitrogen dressing for sugar-beet. The soils were sampled during autumn and spring and incubated either fresh or air-dry, all aerobically and some anaerobically. All were analysed for organic carbon and total nitrogen, and 35 were analysed for barium hydroxide-extractable ‘glucose’. The amount of nitrogen mineralised during incubation of fresh spring-sampled and air-dry autumn-sampled soils was significantly correlated to organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations, also to the amount of ‘glucose’ extracted by barium hydroxide. Correlations were usually better with air-dry than with fresh samples, and were also better with spring than with autumn samples. The amount of mineral nitrogen in air-dry, spring-sampled soil was moderately well related to the optimum nitrogen dressing (r=-0·48**) and to the increase in sugar yield from the nitrogen fertiliser (r=-0·49**). Although not tested on all the samples, the nitrogen mineralised during anaerobic incubation was best related (r=-0·84**) to the optimum nitrogen dressing. The barium hydroxide-extractable ‘glucose’ concentration was also significantly related to the optimum nitrogen dressing (r=-0·32*) and to the increase in sugar yield (r=-0·49**).
Effects of parasitic castration on plant resource allocation

It has been proposed that host castration is a parasite strategy to reallocate host resources from reproductive to vegetative functions to increase parasite fitness. Since resource partitioning between reproduction and vegetative growth can affect host life-history traits, parasite effects on resource allocation can affect both plant fitness and host-parasite coevolution. Field and greenhouse experiments were used to investigate the effects of host castration by the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon on the resource allocation and architecture of the grass Danthonia spicata. The results indicate that non-infected D. spicata can reallocate resources from reproduction to vegetative growth when resource allocation to reproduction is prevented. However, I found no evidence that fungal castration causes reallocation of resources from host reproduction to vegetative growth. Instead, infection reduces host biomass and the fungus directly utilizes resources that would have been used for host reproduction for its own reproduction.
Correlates of aggressive and violent behaviors among public high school adolescents

Purpose: This study analyzed the types and predictors of violent behaviors reported by 4,137 South Carolina adolescents, grades nine through twelve. Methods: The 70 item self-report Youth Risk Behavior Survey developed and piloted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was utilized in 57 of the state's public high schools. A series of logistic regression analyses were performed for each race/gender group to explore the relation of the demographic and potential risk variables to fighting and carrying weapons. Results: Results indicate that 38 percent of males and 11 percent of females reported carrying a weapon. Eleven percent of males and five percent of females reported fights resulting in an injury. The strongest predictors of fighting were binge drinking and sexual activity for males, any alcohol use and illegal drug use for white females, and sexual activity for black females. For carrying a weapon, the strongest predictors included alcohol use and sexual activity in all but white females, and illegal drug use among whites, but not blacks. Conclusion: Prevention of adolescent violence calls for creative approaches in school and community settings and will require long-term intervention strategies, focused on adolescent behavior change and environmental modifications.
Optimal wire and transistor sizing for circuits with non-tree topology

Conventional methods for optimal sizing of wires and transistors use linear RC circuit models and the Elmore delay as a measure of signal delay. If the RC circuit has a tree topology the sizing problem reduces to a convex optimization problem which can be solved using geometric programming. The tree topology restriction precludes the use of these methods in several sizing problems of significant importance to high-performance deep submicron design including, for example, circuits with loops of resistors, e.g., clock distribution meshes, and circuits with coupling capacitors, e.g., buses with crosstalk between the lines. The paper proposes a new optimization method which can be used to address these problems. The method uses the dominant time constant as a measure of signal propagation delay in an RC circuit, instead of Elmore delay. Using this measure, sizing of any RC circuit can be cast as a convex optimization problem which can be solved using the recently developed efficient interior-point methods for semidefinite programming. The method is applied to two important sizing problems --- sizing of clock meshes, and sizing of buses in the presence of crosstalk.
Rural restructuring in the American West: land use, family and class discourses ☆

Migration patterns, technological developments, and altered human–land relationships are combining to precipitate tremendous changes in rural communities across the western US. These processes of restructuring, however, have been quite contentious and divisive for many of the region’s small towns. While we are beginning to understand the causes of recent growth and development trends, the consequences of contemporary forces of restructuring on communities remain unstudied. This paper explores the reactions of residents to forces of restructuring in Pagosa Springs, Colorado, the Methow Valley, Washington, Kane County, Utah, and Teton Valley, Idaho. In depth interviews and survey responses give voice to community members by allowing them to articulate their perceptions and interpretations of recent events. The analyses demonstrate tremendous diversity in the ways in which individuals interpret the changes taking place around them. These diverse interpretations challenge singular conceptions of community and highlight the ways in which notions of land use, family, and class are negotiated in the context of contemporary rural restructuring. The analysis further demonstrates the need for a more synthesized field of rural studies spanning disciplinary and national divides. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Family Forms and Member Well-Being: A Research Agenda for the Decade of Behavior

Few institutions have changed as much in the past quarter-century as have American families. What are the factors affecting change? What are the conditions under which different family forms might best serve the interests of their members? What further changes are required? In this paper societal inequalities manifested within and between two family forms, heterosexual marriage and single-parent families, are reviewed, and a research agenda to assess the conditions under which these different family forms might best serve the interests of their members is posed.
Recognition of Reliability Model of Vibratory Roller Based on Artificial Neural Network

Aimed at the reparable characteristic of the vibratory roller, a method of recognition of the reliability model of the vibratory roller based on the BP neural network was proposed, by means of theory of artificial neural network with Matlab and reliability engineering theory. The result obtained from the testing shows recognition rate is satisfactory. The distribution model of the vibrator roller shall gained by this means if the life data of the vibrator were known. An example is presented to validate this method. In this paper, purpose is to apply the artificial intelligence to studying the reliability of the vibratory roller.
Signal Modeling and Analysis of a Planar Phased-Array FMCW Radar With Antenna Switching

A frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system with a planar phased array based on antenna switching is considered. The radar system consists of N1 linear antenna arrays where each linear antenna array consists of N2 receiving antennas. In each cycle, the receiving antennas on each linear antenna array are switched to the single receiving channel in turn from the first antenna to the N2th antenna. An accurate and detailed system model for the radar system is addressed. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) analysis on the accuracy of estimating the azimuth angle, elevation angle, velocity, and range using the radar system is presented.