cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John McCain's Citizenship: A Tentative Defense

Sen. John McCain was born a U.S. citizen and is eligible to be president. The most serious challenge to his status, recently posed by Prof. Gabriel Chin, contends that the statute granting citizenship to Americans born abroad did not include the Panama Canal Zone, where McCain was born in 1936. When Congress amended the law in 1937, he concludes, it was too late for McCain to be "natural born."Even assuming, however, that McCain's citizenship depended on this statute - and ignoring his claim to citizenship at common law - Chin's argument may be based on a misreading. When the statutory language was originally adopted in 1795, it was apparently read to address all children born outside of the United States proper, which would include those born in the Canal Zone. Patterns of historical usage, early interpretations of the citizenship statutes, contemporaneous expressions of the statutes' purpose, and the actual application of the statutes to cases analogous to McCain's all confirm this understanding. More recently, the acquisition of America's outlying possessions lent plausibility to new interpretations of the law. But because the key language was never altered between 1795 and 1936, its original meaning was preserved intact, making John McCain a U.S. citizen at birth.(An abridged version of this paper will soon be published online as part of a symposium hosted by the Michigan Law Review's First Impressions.)
Phase Transitions and Orientational Order in a Two Dimensional Lennard-Jones System

It has long been suspected that the solid-fluid transition in two dimensions might be rather different than its 3-D counterpart, because of the lack of translational order in 2-D solids. Recently, a detailed theory of 2-D melting has been put forward by Halperin and Nelson.1 This theory provides a picture of 2-D melting that is indeed very different from what is observed in the three dimensional world. In particular, Halperin and Nelson (henceforth referred to as HN) make the intriguing prediction that, if 2-D melting is not a first order transition, then two second order transitions are required to go from the solid to the isotropic fluid phase. The solid and isotropic fluid phases will be separated by a peculiar liquid crystal-like phase which exhibits short range transiational order but long range “orientational” order.
Women Running for Office

When women run for office, they tend to fare at least as well as their male counterparts. From vote totals, to fund-raising receipts, to media coverage, to voters' evaluations, male and female candidates have become increasingly indistinguishable from one another. This is not to suggest, however, that gender is irrelevant in US politics. It might not prevent women from winning their elections, but it substantially stunts their emergence as candidates in the first place. Women are less likely than similarly situated men to consider running for office and actually to emerge as candidates. This gender gap in political ambition can be traced to differences in the manner in which women and men perceive themselves as potential candidates, as well as how electoral gatekeepers view them. The extant scholarship, therefore, suggests that if we want to understand gender dynamics in contemporary US politics, then we must focus our efforts on the precandidacy stage of the process. More specifically, pinpointing the origins of the gender gap in political ambition and developing an understanding of how political ambition evolves are crucial next steps for the women and politics subfield. Keywords: female candidates; political ambition; women and politics; candidate emergence; gender gap
The Clean Air Act: Citizen Suits, Attorneys' Fees, and the Separate Public Interest Requirement

The Clean Air Act (CAA) authorizes citizen suits and empowers courts reviewing these suits to award attorneys’ fees whenever appropriate. For some courts, awarding attorneys’ fees to a CAA citizen plaintiff is appropriate whenever a plaintiff achieves some success on the merits. Other courts hold that such awards are appropriate only when the citizen plaintiff has served the public interest by bringing suit. This note argues that a CAA citizen plaintiff seeking attorneys’ fees should not be required to demonstrate that the suit served the public interest. Instead, courts should award attorneys’ fees whenever a plaintiff partially or wholly prevails on the merits of a CAA citizen suit.
Urinary Excretion of Interferon, Albumin, and β2-Microglobulin during Interferon Treatment

Abstract Serum and urinary levels of albumin, β2-microglobulin, and interferon were determined in ten patients undergoing interferon therapy. The pharmacokinetics during a phase I trial of interferon administration intramuscularly is presented. Only trace amounts of interferon activity are found in the urine, even during peak serum interferon activity. Serum β2-microglobulin levels increased after interferon treatment, especially at the higher dosing levels. Urinary excretion of β2-microglobulin increased due to the relatively low affinity of the transport system. Saturation, competition, or inhibition of the absorption process for β2-microglobulin was not attained. Measurement of the urinary albumin/urinary β2-microglobulin ratio reveals no glomerular or tubular lesion, and we conclude that interferon therapy does not result in a clinically significant nephrotoxicity.
An improved torsional method for determining the fracture toughness of stiff materials and of adhesive joints

A simple modification is described of the Outwater torsion test method for determining the fracture energy of stiff materials and of adhesive joints. It permits large torsions to be applied and the corresponding torque to be simultaneously monitored. The modified test method can be used with specimens of simple rectangular shape and having a wide range of stiffness. As an example, the fracture energy is determined for molded rectangular bars of polystyrene having a wide range of thickness and of width.
Using a SoTL Approach in Designing and Teaching a Graduate Seminar Course

Excerpt: The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences embraces the contemporary ideal for criminal justice education. It has provided benchmarks that criminal justice education programs should measure themselves against to ensure quality, recommending that the programs conduct outcome assessments as a means of improving themselves over time ( Janeksela & Iacovetta, 1992; Moriarty, 2006). The benchmarks measure how well the programs, both undergraduate and graduate, develop critical thinking, communication, technology and computing, quantitative reasoning, and ethical decision-making skills,...
Membrane Lipids in Migrating Cells Illuminated by Molecular Sensors and Chemical Actuators

Cell motility plays a vital role in both normal physiology and the pathogenesis of many diseases. We have recently shown that cell motility requires the signal transduction network serving as a pac...
Theory of the d-density wave from a vertex model and its implications

The thermal disordering of the d-density wave, proposed to be the origin of the pseudogap state of high-temperature superconductors, is suggested to be the same as that of the statistical mechanical model known as the six-vertex model. The low-temperature phase consists of a staggered order parameter of circulating currents, while the disordered high-temperature phase is a power-law phase with no order. A special feature of this transition is the complete lack of an observable specific heat anomaly at the transition. There is also a transition at a even higher temperature at which the magnitude of the order parameter collapses. These results are due to classical thermal fluctuations and are entirely unrelated to a quantum critical point in the ground state. The quantum-mechanical ground state can be explored by incorporating processes that causes transitions between the vertices, allowing us to discuss the quantum phase transition in the ground state as well as the effect of quantum criticality at a finite temperature as distinct from the power-law fluctuations in the classical regime. A generalization of the model on a triangular lattice that leads to a 20-vertex model may shed light on the Wigner glass picture of the metal-insulator transition in a two-dimensional electron gas. The power-law ordered high-temperature phase may be generic to a class of constrained systems, and its relation to recent advances in the quantum dimer models is noted.
Novel Formation of Ectopic (Nonplacental) Capsaicinoid Secreting Vesicles on Fruit Walls Explains the Morphological Mechanism for Super-hot Chile Peppers

Chile peppers (Capsicum sp.) are one of the most important spices in the world and a significant vegetable, providing substantial amounts of vitamins A and C. Chile peppers are also used as a medicinal and lachrymator plant because of the characteristic burning sensation they cause when consumed by mammals. This sensation is caused by capsaicinoids that are alkaloids produced in vesicles inside the fruit. A novel class of chile peppers known as ''super-hots'' having greater than 1 million Scoville heat units have generated much interest. We compared the morphological structure of fruit pericarp and placental tissue of ''super-hot'' chile peppers to those of jalapeno and bell pepper. Most chile peppers including jalapenos, only produce the capsaicinoids in secreting vesicles found on the placenta.Wereportonthenoveldiscoverythatthese''super-hot''chilepeppershavedevelopedaccessorialvesicleson thepericarptissueinadditiontothevesiclesontheplacentaltissue,thusleadingtoexceedinglyhighScovilleheatunits for these plants.
Identity, Status, and Culture: Examining Barriers of Success for Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds

Dewey (1916) described the attainment of education as a necessary tool for the establishment and sustainability of progress. Education, attending to the good of the public, is designed to instill knowledge in the constituencies it serves (Kezar 2005). Further, Woods (2004) described the design of education, its services and responsibilities, as an enterprise that promotes ethical, active engagement and respect for everyone. However, disconnects between theory and practice exist as education in the United States functions to empower some while marginalizing and oppressing others. This chapter, through a critical lens, will juxtapose ideals of equality and equity to discuss how integrating criticality and identity development into educational praxis will assist in creating inclusive, equitable practice prepared to meet the needs of learners from low socioeconomic backgrounds.
Probabilistic Lung Cancer Models Conditioned on Gene Expression Microarray Data

A number of quantitative methods have been applied to the classification and clustering of microarray data (see, for example, [Tibshirani et al., 2001]). In this article, we describe a statistical learning theory-based method to construct lung cancer probability models that are conditioned on gene expression microarray data. Our models do more than classify—they indicate an estimate of the probability. We find our estimate for the conditional probability distribution by choosing a model that balances consistency with the training data and consistency with a prior distribution. This formulation leads to an optimization problem that has a mathematically equivalent problem with an objective function that is a penalized log-likelihood. We discuss three particular estimation problems: 1) find the conditional probability that a sample is adenocarcinoma or normal, given gene expression levels, 2) find the conditional probability for each of six disjoint categories related to lung cancer, given gene expression levels, and 3) find the conditional probability distribution for survival time, given gene expression levels. We describe the features that we select and measure the performance of the models that we create in economic terms. For the conditional probability of adenocarcinoma, we condition on probeset identifiers common to both the Harvard and Michigan data sets. When we trained on either data set, we were able to nearly perfectly classify adenocarcinoma on the other set.
Embedding one-dimensional continua into T×I

Abstract In this paper, we characterize one-dimensional continua in terms of graph-chains and then use these chains to construct embeddings into the product of a simple triod and an arc. We develop a sufficiency condition for this construction to work, and show that if this condition does not hold, answering the question of embeddability into the product of a triod and an arc requires an answer to the more difficult problem of determining embeddability into the plane.
Quantum Algorithms for Learning Symmetric Juntas via Adversary Bound

In this paper, we study the following variant of the junta learning problem. We are given oracle access to a Boolean function f on n variables that only depends on k variables, and, when restricted to them, equals some predefined function h. The task is to identify the variables the function depends on. This is a generalisation of the Bernstein-Vazirani problem (when h is the XOR function) and the combinatorial group testing problem (when h is the OR function). We analyse the general case using the adversary bound, and give an alternative formulation for the quantum query complexity of this problem. We construct optimal quantum query algorithms for the cases when h is the OR function (complexity is square root of k) or the exact-half function (complexity is the fourth power root of k). The first algorithm resolves an open problem from. For the case when h is the majority function, we prove an upper bound of the fourth power root of k. We obtain a quartic improvement when compared to the randomised complexity (if h is the exact-half or the majority function), and a quadratic one when compared to the non-adaptive quantum complexity (for all functions considered in the paper).
Local delivery of chemotherapy prolongs survival in experimental brain metastases from breast carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Despite improved systemic control of metastatic breast cancer, the incidence of brain metastases from breast carcinoma continues to rise, in part because most systemically administered agents have poor central nervous system penetration. Therefore, as a method of optimizing drug delivery into the central nervous system, we studied the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy delivered locally via biodegradable polymers in a mouse model of breast carcinoma metastases to the brain. METHODS: The chemotherapeutic agents carmustine (BCNU), carboplatin, and camptothecin were incorporated into controlled release polymers and tested individually against intracranial challenges of EMT-6 breast tumor in BALB/c female mice. For each drug, four groups were tested: Group 1, empty polymer (no drug); Group 2, external beam radiotherapy (XRT) alone; Group 3, local chemotherapy from biodegradable polymer alone; and Group 4, local chemotherapy and XRT together. Polymers were implanted 5 days after intracranial tumor inoculation; XRT was administered on Days 7 through 9 (300 cGy/d). RESULTS: BCNU polymer alone (n = 10; median survival time, >200 d; P < 0.0001) and BCNU and XRT together (n = 10; median survival time, 41 d; P = 0.02) significantly improved survival in mice with intracranial EMT-6 breast cancer in comparison with control animals (n = 20; median survival time, 17 d). Carboplatin and camptothecin, either with or without XRT, and XRT alone did not have any significant effect on survival. CONCLUSION: Local delivery of BCNU with biodegradable polymers can significantly prolong survival in a murine model of intracranial metastatic breast cancer. Surgical resection and placement of BCNU polymers into the resection cavity may decrease the incidence of local recurrence of breast cancer metastases with minimal morbidity.
Composites Analysis by Fractional Moiré Fringe System

There is a need for a high resolution method for the full field measurement of sur face displacements and strain on FRM components. This paper describes a technique for utilizing low density moire gratings to obtain high resolution fringe data through the use of digital image analysis procedures. The technique is illustrated by determining displacement and strain data in the neighborhood of a central hole in a composite ten sile plate.
Prospects for CP-violation and B physics AT e + e - collider B factories.

The particular advantages of measuring CP-violation in B meson decays at an e± collider are described. For measuring CP-violation in neutral B decays, an “asymmetric” collider with unequal beam energies is proposed in order to take advantage of the enhanced cross-section at the ϒ (4S) resonance. The prospects for construction of a suitable e± collider are discussed. The expected performance of such a collider will result in a definitive test of the Standard Model description of CP-violation in a few years of running. A wealth of other precision measurements on B-decay and on charm particle and tau decays as well as on two-photon processes will also be produced.
Purification and Properties of an NADPH-Aldose Reductase (Aldehyde Reductase) from Euonymus japonica Leaves

The enzyme aldose (aldehyde) reductase was partially purified (142-fold) and characterized from Euonymus japonica leaves. The reductase, a dimer, had an average molecular weight of 67,000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme was NADPH specific and reduced a broad range of substrates including aldoses, aliphatic aldehydes, and aromatic aldehydes. Maximum activity was observed at pH 8 in phosphate and Tris-HCl buffers and at pH 8.6 to 9.0 in glycine-NaOH buffer using dl-glyceraldehyde or 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde as substrate. NADP was a competitive inhibitor with respect to NADPH with a Ki of 60 micromolar. Glycerol was an uncompetitive inhibitor to dl-glyceraldehyde (K′i = 460 millimolar). The Euonymus enzyme was inhibited by sulfhydryl inhibitor, phenobarbital, and high concentrations of Li2SO4. Pyrazol and metal chelating agents inhibited the enzyme slightly. Enzyme activity was detected in the leaves and berries of Celastrus orbiculatus and several species of Euonymus. Probable function of this enzyme is to reduce d-galactose to galactitol, a characteristic metabolite in phloem sap of members of the Celastraceae family.
OPTIMALITY OF RECYCLING AND THE LOCATION OF A RECYCLING CENTER

. Consider a community investigating the integration of recycling into its waste management program. Even if (1) the county's citizens do not gain utility from recycling, (2) landfill space is plentiful, and (3) the market price for recyclables is zero, recycling can still be optimal for a local government. By determining the relationship between the amount of recycling and the location of a recycling center, conditions are identified under which recycling will reduce total waste management costs enough that municipal recycling will be optimal. In addition, it is shown that the likelihood of municipal recycling increases with the size of the city.
Vibrio alginolyticus bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient

Vibrio alginolyticus, an extremely halophilic member of this genus, was isolated from multiple sets of blood cultures drawn during a septic crisis of a patient with osteogenic sarcoma. No identifiable source of this infection could be determined.
Pulsed Proton Radioluminescence in Binary Liquid Scintillators

Time-resolved, emission spectroscopy provides a unique capability for investigation of rapid chemical reactions induced by densely ionizing radiation. Pulsed radiolysis with electrons has been used extensively to prove the subnanosecond time region. However, the application of this method to radiation with high linear energy transfer (LET) is limited by the requirement of large dose per pulse to achieve a significant absorption signal. Detection of chemical species through emission rather than absorption circumvents this difficulty. By the single photon counting method, a small population of excited states can be studied under varied radiation conditions with subnanosecond time resolution. The time evolution of nonradiative species can also be investigated through fluorescence quenching. The understanding of rapid chemical kinetics in simple liquids provides insight into the mechanisms of radiation damage in biological systems and its dependence on physical parameters of the irradiation.
Interfacial tension coefficient from the retraction of ellipsoidal drops

Keywords: interfacial tension ; polymer blends ; ellipsoid retraction Reference LTC-ARTICLE-1997-011 URL: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/36698 Record created on 2006-06-26, modified on 2016-08-08
Stimulation of cytolytic T cells by isolated viral peptides and HN protein coupled to agarose beads

Sendai virus-infected mouse cells can be lysed by mouse cytolytic thymus-dependent lymphocytes (CTL) directed specifically against the infected cells. The CTL is known to recognise the H–2 antigens on the target cells together with structure(s) including at least the two viral surface glycoproteins also found on purified virus1–8. We report here that anti-Sendai CTL can be stimulated in vitro by detergent-solubilised viral haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN)9, either as the isolated protein or coupled to agarose beads. We further show stimulation by the hydrophilic portion of a protein removed from the virus by the protease subtilisin BPN′, and we demonstrate that cyanogen bromide- (CNBr-) cleaved viral peptides also produce such stimulation.
Socioeconomic status and stress in Mexican–American women: a multi-method perspective

Stress is a hypothesized pathway in socioeconomic status (SES)-physical health associations, but the available empirical data are inconsistent. In part, this may reflect discrepancies in the approach to measuring stress across studies, and differences in the nature of SES-stress associations across demographic groups. We examined associations of SES (education, income) with general and domain-specific chronic stressors, stressful life events, perceived stress, and stressful daily experiences in 318 Mexican-American women (40-65 years old). Women with higher SES reported lower perceived stress and fewer low-control experiences in everyday life (ps < .05), but greater chronic stress (education only, p < .05). Domain-specific analyses showed negative associations of income with chronic housing and financial stress (ps < .05), but positive associations of SES with chronic work and caregiving stress (all ps < .05 except for income and caregiving stress, p < .10). Sensitivity analyses showed that most SES-stress associations were consistent across acculturation levels. Future research should adopt a multi-dimensional assessment approach to better understand links among SES, stress, and physical health, and should consider the sociodemographic context in conceptualizing the role of stress in SES-related health inequalities.
Ocean Cable Dynamics Using an Orthogonal Collocation Solution

Ocean cable systems are particularly vulnerable to failure during deployment and retrieval operations due to dynamic effects imposed by ship motion and time dependent changes in hydrodynamic forces, cable length, area, and tension. The continuous equations of motion for a cable system undergoing change of length were developed, where hydrodynamic forces were incorporated as added mass and velocity-squared drag. The nonlinear equations were solved using method of weighted residuals, orthogonal collocation. Residual quantities were not treated directly; rather, an approximation procedure for spatial derivatives was developed resulting in broader application for the solution technique. Numerical results were compared with two sets of available experimental data. Both experiments involved laboratory-scale cable systems in a one-dimensional variable length configuration and in two-dimensional fixed length configurations. Analytic and experimental results were in reasonable agreement with some differences attributed to defining coefficient of drag as a constant, modeling difficulties, and low-order numerical approximation.
Chest radiographic findings in the adult with cystic fibrosis.

T HE APPEARANCE of the chest film in cystic fibrosis (CF) is distinctive (Fig 1). It is one of the few chest diseases that is readily recognized by most radiologists. With improved care, more CF patients are seen as adults. However, some do not show the typical severe lesions. In order to distinguish adult CF from the many other diseases that alter the radiographic appearance of the chest, and to be able to suggest the diagnosis when the findings are not full blown, it is helpful to understand why the film appears as it does. For the radiologic interpretation to be most useful, it is also important to know how to
Linkage among the R, Y and Bl loci in table beet.

The primary pigments in table beet are the betalains, which are comprised of the red-violet betacyanins and the yellow betaxanthins. The presence of dominant alleles at two linked loci (R and Y) condition the qualitative production of betalain pigment in the beet plant. Red-pigmented roots are observed only in the presence of dominant alleles at both the R and Y loci, while white roots are conditioned by recessive alleles at the Y locus, and yellow roots by the genotype rrY-. A newly described gene ’blotchy’ (bl) conditions a blotchy or irregular pigment patterning in either red or yellow roots. The objective of the present investigation was to characterize the linkage relationships between the R and Y lociand the bl gene by evaluating segregating progenies developed from a series of matings of colored and white table beets. Due to epistatic interactions among the R, Y, and bl loci, algorithms for estimating linkage were developed using maximum-likelihood estimators for each cross. The two-point linkage estimate between the R and Y loci pooled over eight crosses was 7.4±1.7 cM. Segregation data indicated the bl gene is linked to the R and Y loci.The recombination fraction between R and bl was estimated from a pooled sample of four crosses at 16.7±10.8 cM. The most-likely gene order was R-Y-bl. These data demonstrate that the bl gene is a third locus conditioning betalain pigment production in table beet. The R-Y-bl genomic region is therefore important in the genetic control of betalain biosynthesis in table beet.
An Assessment of Disproportionate Minority Confinement: Evidence from Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC) has made some states’ reexamine their policies to reduce the number of minorities that are processed into the criminal justice system. “In 1998, Congress amended the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act by requiring that states receiving funding from Title II Part B Formula Grants program to address the issue of disproportionate minority confinement”(Rodney and Tachia, 2004.) Has the amending of Title II part B brought a trend to reduce the number of disproportionate minorities confined to secure facilities? Have other factors involved with the arrest, processing, and confinement of minorities contradict the role in which Title II Part B was intended.
Glucocorticoids and aspirin inhibit and cyproterone acetate enhances the androgenic response in mouse kidney.

Abstract Glucocorticoids and aspirin antagonize the androgenic response in mouse kidney, but not in ventral prostate or seminal vesicles. These agents impeded the testosterone-mediated increase in kidney weight, cytochrome c oxidase, and lysosomal hydrolases and urinary excretion of lysosomal hydrolases and proteins. They also attenuated the testosterone induced decrease in enzyme latency and membrane stability of kidney lysosomes. In contrast, the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate is weakly androgenic in kidney and potentiates testosterone-induced lysosomal enzymuria and proteinuria (synandrogenic effect).
The National Progressive Republican League and the Elusive Quest for Progressive Unity

In January 1911, Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin announced the creation of the National Progressive Republican League (NPRL). Historians have dismissed this organization as a vehicle for La Follette's challenge to William Howard Taft for the Republican presidential nomination in 1912. This article asserts that a primary purpose of the NPRL was to offer progressives around the country a set of principles that would provide the progressive movement with greater cohesion while allowing for continued diversity in local reform agendas. The NPRL's president, Oregon senator Jonathan Bourne, was renowned as a spokesman for the series of direct democratic reforms known as the Oregon System, which La Follette and Bourne placed at the center of the NPRL platform. Bourne argued that these reforms, focused on altering the way in which candidates were nominated or elected to office, campaigns were funded, and legislation was produced, would provide progressives with a national “foundation” upon which various state and local reform agendas could be constructed. During the campaign of 1912, the league became a casualty of the political and personal conflict between Theodore Roosevelt and La Follette, but Roosevelt's Progressive Party later endorsed most of its agenda, and all elements of the NPRL platform found some political expression before or after 1912.
Infrared spectroscopy and structures of manganese carbonyl cations, Mn(CO)n+ (n = 1-9).

Manganese carbonyl cations of the form Mn(CO)n+ (n = 1−9) are produced in a molecular beam by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source. Mass selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the carbonyl stretching region is used to study these complexes and their “argon-tagged” analogues. The geometries and electronic states of these complexes are determined by comparing their infrared spectra to theoretical predictions. Mn(CO)6+ has a completed coordination sphere, consistent with its predicted 18-electron stability. It has an octahedral structure in its singlet ground state, similar to its isoelectronic analogue Cr(CO)6. Charge-induced reduction in π back-bonding leads to a decreased red-shift in Mn(CO)6+ (υCO = 2106 cm−1) compared with Cr(CO)6 (υCO = 2003 cm−1). The spin multiplicity of Mn+(CO)n complexes gradually decreases with progressive ligand addition. MnCO+ is observed as both a quintet and a septet, Mn(CO)2+ is observed only as a quintet, while Mn(CO)3,4+ are both observed as triplets. Mn(CO)5+ and Mn(CO)6+ are both singlets, as are all larger complexes.
Behavioral response to contamination risk information in a spatially explicit groundwater environment: Experimental evidence

This paper assesses the effectiveness of aquifer monitoring information in achieving more sustainable use of a groundwater resource in the absence of management policy. Groundwater user behavior in the face of an irreversible contamination threat is studied by applying methods of experimental economics to scenarios that combine a physics-based, spatially explicit, numerical groundwater model with different representations of information about an aquifer and its risk of contamination. The results suggest that the threat of catastrophic contamination affects pumping decisions: pumping is significantly reduced in experiments where contamination is possible compared to those where pumping cost is the only factor discouraging groundwater use. The level of information about the state of the aquifer also affects extraction behavior. Pumping rates differ when information that synthesizes data on aquifer conditions (a “risk gauge”) is provided, despite invariant underlying economic incentives, and this result does not depend on whether the risk information is location-specific or from a whole aquifer perspective. Interestingly, users increase pumping when the risk gauge signals good aquifer status compared to a no-gauge treatment. When the gauge suggests impending contamination, however, pumping declines significantly, resulting in a lower probability of contamination. The study suggests that providing relatively simple aquifer condition guidance derived from monitoring data can lead to more sustainable use of groundwater resources.
Relationship of childhood sexual, physical, and combined sexual and physical abuse to adult victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract Objective: Prior research has suggested that women who experience childhood sexual abuse are at increased risk for sexual victimization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. However, previous studies have paid insufficient attention to the overlap of childhood sexual and physical abuse. In the present study we disentangled the separate and combined effects of childhood sexual and physical abuse by comparing groups of participants who reported contact childhood sexual abuse only (SA), sequelae of childhood physical abuse only (PA), combined childhood sexual and physical abuse (CA), or no child abuse (NA). Method: A sample of 475 female college students completed measures of sexual and physical abuse in childhood (before age 15) and adulthood (after age 15), PTSD and trauma symptoms, and demographic variables. Of these participants, 27 were assigned to the SA group, 53 to the PA group, 31 to the CA group, and 211 to the NA group. Results: The highest rate of adult sexual and/or physical victimization was reported by the CA group, followed by the PA group, with lower rates reported by the SA and NA groups. Using adult victimization as a covariate, the analyses revealed that the CA group reported significantly higher rates of PTSD and trauma symptoms compared to the NA group. Conclusions: The results suggest that prior reports of differences in rates of adult victimization and PTSD between women who experienced childhood sexual abuse and women who did not may be attributable to the inclusion of participants with a history of combined childhood sexual and physical abuse in childhood sexual abuse groups. The importance of separating physical and combined forms of victimization from sexual abuse is discussed.
The Political Price of Prophetic Leadership: The National Council of Churches and the Vietnam War

The National Council of Churches (NCC) felt called by church bureaucrats to take a prophetic leadership role on the Vietnam War. Therefore it moved beyond the sentiments of its denominations’ parishioners to articulate antiwar positions on this controversial issue. Council leaders met several times with Dean Rusk to persuade him to change the presuppositions undergirding America’s Vietnam policy, while Rusk tried to sway the Council into accepting the necessity of the government’s actions. The Council’s staff failed to realize that government weighed the NCC’s clout not by the quality of its information, staff, or moral vision, but rather by the number of constituents it represented or influenced. When the NCC took what some perceived as elitist stands more representative of liberal church bureaucrats than millions of voting, church-going Americans, the White House shunned it as politically useless. The NCC has yet to recover from its loss of status suffered during this period.
Periodic Structures and Photonic-Band-Gap Terminology: Historical Perspectives

This talk will summarize some of the major steps in the development of microwave periodic-structure theory, which has become highly developed and sophisticated over the years. The recent contributions made by the users of photonic-band-gap (PBG) terminology are then examined within the historical development in order to assess those contributions and the value to the microwave rield of PBG terminology. The conclusion is drawn that those contributions have been valuable, for several reasons, but that the terminology is inappropriate and should be discouraged.
Surgical Technique: Iliosacral Reconstruction With Minimal Spinal Instrumentation

Background Posterior pelvic ring reconstruction can be challenging and controversial. The choice regarding whether to reconstruct and how to reconstitute the pelvic ring is unclear. Many methods provide stability but often are technically difficult and require excessive dissection.
Rho kinase inhibition in diabetic kidney disease

Small GTPases of the Rho family and their down-stream effectors Rho associated kinases (ROCKs) are the molecules that converge a spectrum of pathophysiological signals triggered by the diabetic milieu and represent promising molecular targets for nephroprotective treatment in diabetes. The review discusses recent studies exploring the consequences of diabetes-induced Rho-ROCK activation in the kidney and the effects of ROCK inhibition (ROCKi) in experimental diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Studies in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have indicated blood pressure-independent nephroprotective actions of ROCKi in DKD. The underlying mechanisms include attenuation of diabetes-induced increases in renal expression of prosclerotic cytokines and extracellular matrix, anti-oxidant effects and protection of mitochondrial function, resulting in slower development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. The studies have also shown antiproteinuric effects of ROCKi that could be related to reductions in permeability of the glomerular barrier and beneficial effects on podocytes. Glomerular haemodynamic mechanisms might also be involved. Despite remaining questions in this field, such as the effects in podocytes later in the course of DKD, specificity of currently available ROCKi, or the roles of individual ROCK isoforms, recent evidence in experimental diabetes suggests that ROCKi might in future broaden the spectrum of treatments available for patients with DKD. This is supported by the evidence generated in models of non-diabetic kidney disease and in clinical studies in patients with various cardiovascular disorders.
Strongly propagative systems, generalized nonselfadjoint wave equations and their steady-state solutions

Abstract The first-order systems describing wave propagation in classical physics have many special properties. They may often be reduced to families of wave equations. We discuss certain vector wave equations with matrix potentials which are quasi long range and their relation to the equations of classical physics and the steady-state solutions of these problems.
Finite element modeling of subcutaneous implantable defibrillator electrodes in an adult torso

Background Total subcutaneous implantable subcutaneous defibrillators are in development, but optimal electrode configurations are not known. Objective We used image-based finite element models (FEM) to predict the myocardial electric field generated during defibrillation shocks (pseudo-DFT) in a wide variety of reported and innovative subcutaneous electrode positions to determine factors affecting optimal lead positions for subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (S-ICD). Methods An image-based FEM of an adult man was used to predict pseudo-DFTs across a wide range of technically feasible S-ICD electrode placements. Generator location, lead location, length, geometry and orientation, and spatial relation of electrodes to ventricular mass were systematically varied. Best electrode configurations were determined, and spatial factors contributing to low pseudo-DFTs were identified using regression and general linear models. Results A total of 122 single-electrode/array configurations and 28 dual-electrode configurations were simulated. Pseudo-DFTs for single-electrode orientations ranged from 0.60 to 16.0 (mean 2.65 ± 2.48) times that predicted for the base case, an anterior–posterior configuration recently tested clinically. A total of 32 of 150 tested configurations (21%) had pseudo-DFT ratios ≤1, indicating the possibility of multiple novel, efficient, and clinically relevant orientations. Favorable alignment of lead-generator vector with ventricular myocardium and increased lead length were the most important factors correlated with pseudo-DFT, accounting for 70% of the predicted variation (R 2 = 0.70, each factor P Conclusion Further exploration of novel and efficient electrode configurations may be of value in the development of the S-ICD technologies and implant procedure. FEM modeling suggests that the choice of configurations that maximize shock vector alignment with the center of myocardial mass and use of longer leads is more likely to result in lower DFT.
Statistical Analysis of Non-Pressure-Compensating and Pressure-Compensating Drip Emitters

AbstractDrip irrigation may need to be installed in situations in which there is not enough energy to operate the emitters under optimum performance conditions. This paper characterizes the head-discharge functional form of a pressure-compensated (PC) and non-pressure-compensating (NPC) drip emitter operating under low pressures. It also analyzes the statistical relationship between manufacturing and hydraulic variations of low-pressure operating emitters assuming that both are independent random variables. A hydraulic simulation methodology was implemented to predict the effect of emitter manufacturing and hydraulic variations on irrigation uniformity while working under a range of operating pressures. The manufacturing variation of PC and NPC emitters was evaluated with the Monte Carlo method for a single horizontal drip line with different pressure heads and different numbers of emitters evenly spaced. The coefficient of manufacturing variation (CVk) observed in the laboratory was 9.2% for PC (Toro) em...
Stroboscopic measurement of the g-factors of the 7 - isomer in 206 Pb and the {21}/{2} + isomer in 207 Bi

Abstract The g-factors of the 206 Pb 7 − (2200 keV , T 1 2 = 123 μ s ) and 207 Bi 21 2 + (2101.5 keV , T 1 2 =182 μ s ) isomers have been measured by the stroboscopic method using the 204Hg(α, 2n)206Pb and 204Hg(7Li, 4n)207Bi reactions to excite them. The results are g( 206 Pb 7 − ) = −0.0217 ± 0.0004 n.m. and g( 207 Bi 21 2 + ) = +0.325 ± 0.006 n.m . The implications of these values on the wave functions of the states and on the magnetic polarization of the 208Pb core are discussed.
High temperature oxidation of Fe-3wt% Cr alloy

Abstract Oxidation of Fe-3% Cr alloy at 800°C in dry air occurs in two stages. Stage I approximately follows a parabolic rate law, stage II follows a rate law which is less than parabolic. The mature oxide scale consists of four layers: (Fe, Cr)3O4 spinel, (Fe, Cr)2O3 sesquioxide, and two α-Fe2O3 hematite layers. The layers are distinguished by their chemical compositions and by their micro-structures. A qualitative description of the diffusion mechanisms is given.
The heritability of the skin conductance orienting response : a longitudinal twin study

The orienting response is a widely used experimental paradigm that reflects the association between electrodermal activity and psychological processes. The present study examined the genetic and environmental etiology of skin conductance orienting response (SCOR) magnitude in a sample of twins assessed at ages 9-10, 11-13 and 14-16 years. Structural equation modeling at each visit showed that genetic influences explained 56%, 83%, and 48% of the total variance in SCOR at visits 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with the remaining variance explained by non-shared environmental factors. SCOR was moderately stable across ages, with phenotypic correlations between time points ranging from .35 to .45. A common genetic factor explained 36%, 45% and 49% of the variance in SCOR magnitude across development. Additional age-specific genetic effects were found at ages 9-10 and 11-13 years, explaining 18% and 35% of the variance, respectively. The genetic correlations among the three time points were high, ranging from .55 to .73, indicating a substantial continuity in genetic influences from ages 9 to 16. These findings suggest that genetic factors are important influences in SCOR magnitude during late childhood and adolescence.
Teleradiology costs in a rural area

There have been several excellent papers providing architectures for teleradiology. Effective teleradiology systems can be fielded today. However, cost issues arise which easily blur a decision to deploy a teleradiology system for a given hospital or regional hospital system. In this paper, a T1 infrastructure is assumed that is comprised of dedicated T1 links as well as fractional T1 links. The effects of teleconferencing are included in the analysis. Plots of the telecommunication costs provide visualization of the cost and performance issues as a function of varying degrees teleradiology and teleconference utilization. 1993 tariffs in North Carolina will be used as a baseline to arrive at some basic teleradiology cost plots and metrics. The graphs are produced by gnuplot that is freely available on many anonymous ftp sites and runs on Unix workstations as well as personal computers. The plotting commands used for the graphs are available at The Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University anonymous ftp site.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resources, Social Networks, and Collective Action Frames of College Students Who Join the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement

This article explores the reasons why some college students join the gay and lesbian rights movements. After addressing the frequency of students joining this social movement, the article then considers the contexts and motivations behind such actions. To explore the catalysts to gay and lesbian rights activism, this study utilizes variables from resource, mobilizing, and framing theories of political participation. Using data from 820 heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual students, we found that economic and educational resources failed to explain participation in gay and lesbian politics. Instead, predictors of gay and lesbian activism were more closely aligned to four key variables: the political orientations of trusted peers, knowing full-fledged activists, an ability to recognize heterosexism, and participants' maintenance of activist identities.
Visualization of ribosomes by freeze-etching

Abstract Ribosomes are revealed on the outer surface of the nucler envelope by etching freeze-fractured nuclei isolated from sea urchin embryos. Etching techniques provide a novel way of investigating ribosome-membrane association.
Long-term heavy marijuana users make costly decisions on a gambling task

Abstract Rationale: Chronic marijuana use has been associated with impairments of learning, memory, and executive functions. Little is known, however, about the effects of marijuana use on other cognitive domains, such as decision-making, which are thought to play an important role in addiction and drug abuse. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine if long-term heavy marijuana users employ different decision-making strategies than individuals with minimal marijuana exposure. Methods: Volunteers were assigned to a cannabis (n = 10) or control group (n = 10) based upon history of prior marijuana use. Demographic and neuropsychological variables were evaluated, and a decision-making task—the gambling task (GT) was administered. Results: Although few demographic and neuropsychological differences were noted between groups, marijuana users made more decisions that led to larger immediate gains despite more costly losses than controls. Conclusions: These data suggest that long-term heavy marijuana users may have specific deficits in the ability to balance rewards and punishments that may contribute to continued drug-taking behavior. It is unknown, however, whether the basis for such deficits might be attributed directly to marijuana exposure or pre-existing genetic or behavioral differences.
A note on the critical dimension for weakly self-avoiding walks

We consider a weakly self-avoiding T-step random walk on Z dwith possible nonnearest neighbor jumps. We prove that for d≧3, the scaling limit of the end point is Cauchy distributed as T→∞.