cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between northern Adriatic Sea mucilage events and climate variability

A long term analysis (1865-2002) of meteorological data collected in the Po Valley and Northern Adriatic Basin have been analysed to find possible links between variability in the climatic parameters and the phenomenon of mucilage. Seasonal anomalies of temperature, calculated as spatial mean over the Po Valley area, and anomalies of North Atlantic Oscillation were compared with the historical record of mucilage episodes. Both climatic indices were found to be positively correlated with mucilage events, suggesting a possible relationship between climatic variability and the increased appearance of mucilage aggregates.
Synthesis and structures of the cuboidal iron-sulfur-nitrosyl-phosphine clusters [Fe4S3(NO)4(PR3)3]0,1+ (R = Et, Pri, C6H11)

Abstract A series of cuboidal iron-sulfur clusters [Fe4S3(NO)4(PR3)3]0,1+ (R = Et, Pri, Cy) were synthesized by two routes: reductive desulfurization of [Fe4S4(NO)4] by tertiary phosphines, and substitution of triphenylphosphine in [Fe44S3(NO)4(PPh3)3] by a more basic phosphine. The structures of 3[Fe4S3(NO)4(PEt3)3] · 0.5Et2O, [Fe4S3(NO)4(PEt3)3] [Fe4S3(NO)7] and partially substituted [Fe4S3(NO)4(PPh3)2− (PPri3)] have been determined by X-ray diffraction in order to define the cuboidal Fe4S3 core, previously known only in Roussin's black anion and its reduced form, [Fe4S3(NO)77]1−,2−, and as a part of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase.
Immunological assessment of hybrid striped bass at three culture temperatures

Hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilisWalbaum×Morone chrysopsRafinesque) were maintained at three water temperatures (23°C, 26°C and 29°C) within their preferred temperature range. Physiological and immunological parameters were measured in each temperature group to determine if an optimal culture temperature exists for various immune functions. No differences were found in the mean haematocrit, leukocrit, and serum cortisol of the three temperature groups; however, changes in the relative numbers of leukocytes in the highest temperature group were suggestive of thermal stress. Nonspecific immunity as evaluated by granulocyte respiratory burst activity and serum spontaneous haemolytic activity was found to be temperature sensitive with the highest responses occurring in the 26°C group. Following immunization with trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide antigen, the passive haemagglutinating antibody response was very rapid (3 days) at 29°C but was delayed (6 days) in the 23°C group, and lower numbers of plaque-forming cells were evident at 7 days post-immunization in the 29°C group reflecting possible faster kinetics. The secondaryin vitroplaque forming cell response to trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin was also decreased in the highest temperature group indicating fewer memory cells or suppression of the 29°C acclimated cells when stimulated at 23°Cin vitro.
Exploring Changes in Income Clustering and Centralization during the 1990s

This article employs a new “spatial ordering index” to describe and explain changes in the degree of income clustering and centralization within U.S. metropolitan areas during the 1990s. The results suggest that while the spatial pattern of household income became more decentralized and less clustered during the 1990s, the patterns established as of 1990 were highly persistent over the decade. Factors associated with metropolitan area size and growth affected changes in both the degree of centralization and the degree of clustering. Although traditional determinants of suburbanization were associated with increases in income decentralization during the 1990s, densely developed cities with an increase in the percentage of white residents saw increases in income centralization during the decade. Furthermore, changes in the patterns observed were shaped by various policy influences, including the number of Low Income Housing Tax Credit units, urban containment policies, and the degree of local government fra...
An Absolute Determination of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Stacking Fault Energies in AgIn Alloys

Observations have been made of extrinsic-intrinsic node pairs, and of a hitherto unreported fault pair. It is shown that a simple estimate of the ratio of extrinsic to intrinsic stacking fault energy (γe/γi) cannot be made from the inscribed radii of node pairs, and that earlier qualitative results that γe/γi > 2, or more, are invalid. The simple geometry of the new fault pair facilitates a straight forward absolute determination of both γe and γi. Contrary to published results, γe and γi have been found to be approximately equal. For the present alloys, γe/γi = 1.09 ± 0.1 (for the electron —atom ratio e/a = 1.15) and γe/γi = 1.03 ± 0.1 (for e/a = 1.23). Good absolute agreement has been obtained between γi determined from the fault pairs, and from the observation of extended three-fold nodes. It is concluded that extrinsic faults are rarely observed because of a high impedance to their formation arising from the co-operative glide which is necessary, but that, once formed, the extrinsic fault energy is closely the same as the intrinsic.
The Effects of Job Categorization on Judgments of the Motivating Potential of Jobs.

This research is part of a Ph.D. dissertation completed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I would like to express my appreciation to my committee, Greg Oldham (chair), Joe Porac, and Thom Srull. I thank Maureen Ambrose, Linda Argote, Alison Davis-Blake, Mark Fichman, Jerry Salancik, Scott Tindale, and three anonymous ASQ reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper. Recent research has distinguished between categorybased and piecemeal processing of evaluative judgments. Traditional job design research has implicitly assumed that judgments of motivating potential are made piecemeal. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to test the possibility that such judgments result from a categorization process. A series of pilot studies identified commonly held prototypes associated with four jobcategory pairs. The main study then examined how the source and saliency of categorization cues would influence the judgment process. Results indicated that judgments of a job's motivating potential depend on the job categorizations made by respondents, particularly when categorization cues are very salient.-
Poster Sessions BP02: Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 tumors are highly vascularized and contain Schwann cells with hyperactivated Ras. In vitro, the NF1-derived neurofibromin deficient Schwann cells have an angiogenic profile, which favors angiogenesis and sustains the growth of the NF1-derived tumors. This study examined the relationship of the activation state of Ras as it related to the expression of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in both cultured NF1-derived Schwann cells and normal human Schwann cells. Western blot analysis of normal human Schwann cells revealed low expression of angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as low expression of the antiangiogenic pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF). Relative to normal human Schwann cells, NF1-derived Schwann cells have increased RAS activity and a three-fold increase in VEGF expression. Surprisingly, PEDF was also expressed in the NF1-derived Schwann cells at approximately the same level as VEGF expression. Using a retroviral construct, we introduced the GAP-related domain of neurofibromin into the NF1-derived Schwann cells to reduce the level of activated Ras. Relative to the untreated NF1-derived Schwann cells the Schwann cells expressing the GAP-related domain expressed about one-half the VEGF but twice the PEDF. We conclude that decreasing the Ras activity in NF1-drived Schwann cells will not only decrease proliferation, but also slow tumor angiogenesis due to the decreased expression of angiogenic and increased expression of antiangiogenic factors.
Penile prosthesis implantation compares favorably in malpractice outcomes to other common urological procedures: findings from a malpractice insurance database.

ABSTRACT Introduction Some urologists choose not to offer penile prostheses because of concern over malpractice liability. Aim The aim of this study was to assess whether urologists performing penile prosthesis surgery are placed at a greater malpractice risk. Main Outcome Measures Percentage of malpractice suits from prosthesis surgery and other urological procedures that result in payment, average resulting payout from these cases, and category of legal issue that ultimately resulted in payout. Methods A database from the Physician Insurers Association of America, an association of malpractice insurance companies covering physicians in North America, was analyzed to quantitatively compare penile implant surgery to other urological procedures in medicolegal terms. Results Compared to other common urological procedures, penile implant is comparable and on the lower end of the spectrum in terms of both the percentage of malpractice suits that result in payment and the amount ultimately paid in indemnity from those cases. Additionally, issues of informed consent play the largest role in indemnities for all urological procedures, whereas surgical technique is the most important issue for prosthesis surgery. Conclusions Urologists who are adequately trained in prosthetic surgery should not avoid penile implant procedures for fear of malpractice suits. A focus on communication and informed consent can greatly reduce malpractice risk for urological procedures. Chason J, Sausville J, and Kramer AC. Penile prosthesis implantation compares favorably in malpractice outcomes to other common urological procedures: Findings from a malpractice insurance database. J Sex Med 2009;6:2111–2114.
Travelling home(s): contemporary Korean art after the postcolonial

Contemporary discussions of globalisation (in general) and postcolonialism (more specifically) have largely remained wed to critiques of the West, including around its outsized role in the proliferation of neoliberal economic logics. As Chen argues in Asia as Method, these discussions have precluded other kinds of discussions about globalisation and its ‘theories’ – those that are generated between Asian countries and peoples (recognising that ‘Asia’ itself is a construction). In this essay, we look towards a different kind of conversation about the postcolonialism, one that does not take the West as its primary interlocutor. We will look closely at two South Korean contemporary artists – Do Ho Suh (1962–) and Kimsooja (1957–) – and see how they work through contemporary, material concerns around ‘home’ and ‘place’. In particular, these artists point us towards ‘movement’ as a trope for displacing extant concerns with fixed identity and as a kind of ontological state of being in the world.
Development and diversification of the Last Universal Ancestor.

Abstract The majority of evolutionary steps in the development of basic cellular processes took place in the time interval after the "First Cell" arose until the time of the "Last Universal Ancestor". During this period, life evolved in a monophyletic way in which no stable diversity arose; i.e. although side branches developed, only one survived because of simple "survival of the fittest". The myriad of enzymes and processes developed in this time interval can be grouped in eight qualitatively different categories. In many cases, the evolution of a particular gene was dependent on the concomitant improvement of the cellular machinery generally, including developments in other categories. Eventually several individuals arose (the immediate descendants of the Last Universal Ancestor) that made stable diversity possible because they developed alternative non-competing strategies. These diverse strategies subsequently led to eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes (and viruses, plasmids, etc). This paper considers the evolutionary developments in this monophyletic epoch. It depends on three assertions: first, that there is no trivial spontaneous mechanism for the introduction of polynucleotides into a living cell and thus transfer of genes from organism to organism did not occur; second, that the number of accessible habitats and niches was very limited; and third, that the major factor that led to stable diversity was three nearly simultaneous developments. Two were radically different and independent solutions of the problem of overcoming cellular osmotic stress and the third was the development of methanogenesis. Sufficient osmotic pressure could create a high turgor pressure and destructive tension in the wall. However, osmotic stress only became a problem with development of improved metabolism, which resulted in greater success in the accumulation of cellular macromolecules and soluble constituents. One solution preventing osmotic rupture of the cell was the development of mechano-proteins and associated elements of the cytoskeleton by the predecessors of future eukaryotes. The second solution was the development of the murein sacculus (i.e. a covalently closed, cross-linked fabric made of peptidoglycan) by the predecessors of future eubacteria. The former allowed larger cells with flexible cell membranes to evolve and the latter to the development of a strong elastic "exoskeleton" providing ability to survive in extreme environments. Each of these diverse strategies allow both cell types to resist turgor pressure and led to independent non-competing organisms. Interwoven with these developments was the concomitant development of methanogenesis (the third change needed to generate three Kingdoms), which provided the first truly large-scale generation of metabolic energy. Although soon the descendants of each kingdom must have interacted, they seldom directly competed, and hence, ecosystems with first a few, and later, with many organisms developed providing resources to support the diversity.
Patient centered decision making: use of conjoint analysis to determine risk-benefit trade-offs for preference sensitive treatment choices.

Abstract Understanding patient preferences facilitates shared decision-making and focuses on patient-centered outcomes. Little is known about relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patient preferences for disease modifying therapies (DMTs). We use choice based conjoint (CBC) analysis to calculate patient preferences for risk/benefit trade-offs for hypothetical DMTs. Methods Patients with RRMS were surveyed between 2012 and 2013. Our CBC survey mimicked the decision-making process and trade-offs of patients choosing DMTs, based on all possible DMT attributes. Mixed-effects logistic regression analyzed preferences. We estimated maximum acceptable risk trade-offs for various DMT benefits. Results Severe side-effect risks had the biggest impact on patient preference with a 1% risk, decreasing patient preference five-fold compared to no risk. (OR = 0.22, p Conclusion We provided patient preferences and risk–benefit trade-offs for attributes of all available DMTs. Evaluation of patient preferences is a key step in shared decision making and may significantly impact early drug initiation and compliance.
Deal me in! Assessing consumer response to daily-deal sites

Daily-deal websites, such as Groupon and LivingSocial, have become increasingly popular in the USA. This research applies a theoretical model, the Theory of Planned Behaviour, to consumer use of daily-deal websites. An online survey was fielded among 502 US social media users. Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed model. Consumers’ attitudes towards the use of daily-deal sites, their perceptions regarding referent approval, and their self-confidence regarding their ability to use social media effectively all positively affect their intentions to use daily-deal sites. Neither brand consciousness nor advertising scepticism significantly affected attitude toward the use of daily deal sites, however information seeking behaviour did positively and significantly impact attitude. This suggests that consumers are open to trying new brands while at the same time wanting clear and concise information about the daily deal offer before making a purchase.
Antivirals for Pandemic Influenza

Amantadine and rimantadine share features that would make them useful agents in responding to pandemic influenza. These include an antiviral spectrum encompassing influenza A viruses, favorable pharmacokinetics, a potential for stockpiling supplies, and documented prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness in pandemic influenza. However, current production capability is insufficient to provide adequate drug for mass chemoprophylaxis in the event of vaccine unavailability. The risk of adverse drug effects, particularly central nervous system side effects, which occur more often with amantadine than rimantadine, and potential drug interactions are additional concerns. Short-course treatment of ill persons would provide symptom benefit, but convincing evidence that early antiviral treatment reduces bacterial and other influenza complications is currently lacking. Drug-resistant viruses emerge during therapy, appear to be fully pathogenic, and are transmissible to close contacts. Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors are promising investigational agents, but remaining issues include prophylactic efficacy, cost, efficient administration, and resistance emergence.
Intranuclear-cascade calculation of the secondary nucleon spectra from nucleon-nucleus interactions in the energy range 340 to 2900 mev and comparisons with experiment

Total nonelastic cross sections and the nucleon spectra fron continuum-state transitions for protons on complex nuclei are calculated using the intranuclear-cascade approach. Comparisons with experiment are made over the energy range 340-2900 MeV. The diffuseness of the nuclear surface, the energy distribution of the bound nucleons, and the exclusion principle are taken into account in the model of the nucleus, while experimentally determined free-particle elastic, inelastic, and differential cross sections are utilized in the calculation of the particle-particle reactions assumed to take place inside the nucleus. The Sternheimer-Lindenbaum isobar model is used in describing all pion-production processes. All but two of the comparisons with experiment are made on an absolute basis. The theoretical nonelastic cross sections and the theoretical secondary-particle spectra resulting from continuum-state transitions are shown to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data over the broad energy range considered. The effect of pion production and the effect of the diffuse nuclear boundary are illustrated for a few cases. The quasifree peak is shown to be dominated by single-scattering events that take place inside the nucleus.
Estimating a generalized long memory process

Abstract This paper considers the estimation of a two-parameter long memory process (the Gegenbauer process) that generalizes the popular one-parameter fractionally integrated process to allow for hyperbolic and sinusoidal decay in autocorrelations. Conditional sum of squares (CSS) estimation is suggested. We show that the estimator of one of the parameters converges, at a rate faster than the usual O p (T 1 2 ) , to the unit-root limiting distribution, i.e., a functional of Brownian motions. Simulation results on parameter estimation are provided to demonstrate the relevance of these theoretical results and ensuing computational problems.
Creating in the Name of God Who Creates: A Whole-life Model of Spirituality within Work

While the field of research in spirituality and religion in the workplace is relatively new, the ideas about the interplay between spirit, religion and work in the West has been present since Graeco-Roman times with differential meaning evolving over time. The purpose of this paper is to review the historically different spiritual meanings associated with work and question modern assumptions by suggesting a spiritual view of work based on a pre-industrial Lutheran view of vocation that includes an authentic sense of self in service to others within a whole life model of work. Finally, the authors caution against imbuing work alone as a source of spirituality.
Two Paths to Self-Employment?: Women's and Men's Self-Employment in the United States, 1980

This article contrasts the sociodemographic characteristics of self-employed women and men in both incorporated and unincorporated businesses. An analysis of 1980 Public Use Microsample (PUMS) data reveals that neither Schumpeter's (1934) “default” theory nor Knight's (1933) “career” theory offers an adequate explanation of women's self-employment. Women's family characteristics, which represent both constraint and choice, are significant predictors of women's self-employment. Human capital characteristics, including education, age, and past work experience are significant predictors of both women's and men's self-employment status. Self-employment is presented as a form of contingent work, which affords women schedule flexibility.
Intestinal adaptation to diet in the young domestic and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

The short-term effects of diet on jejunal growth, alanine transport rate, and leucine aminopeptidase activity (LAP) were compared in the domestic and wild turkey poult. One-day-old poults of each strain were fed diets of high vs., low protein, with carbohydrate varied to maintain isocaloric conditions. Prior to feeding, relative jejunal mass and alanine transport rates were not significantly different in the two turkey strains, whereas LAP activity was 270% higher in wild poults. After feeding for 72 h, relative jejunal mass doubled in both turkey strains. In domestic turkeys, alanine transport rate and LAP activity were reduced by approximately 42% and 25%, respectively, in poults fed a 24% protein-69% carbohydrate diet vs. a 49% protein-35% carbohydrate diet. Analysis of the combined data from feeding experiments revealed that alanine transport rate was not correlated with total food, protein or lipid intake, but was negatively correlated with carbohydrate consumption (P<0.05). In wild turkeys, neither alanine transport rate nor LAP activity were altered by diet. These results reveal that domestic turkey hatchlings can modulate protein digestive and absorptive functions as protein/carbohydrate composition of the diet changes and suggest that high dietary carbohydrate down-regulates the intestinal alanine transporter.
Toward a Critical Model of Teacher Learning: Lessons From the South Carolina Reading Initiative

Drawing on the work of Paulo Freire, Morrell argues for critical, humanizing inquiry spaces in which literacy teachers learn with and from one another. However, he points to critical race theory and poses important questions, for example, wondering whether empowered spaces for teachers are transferred into empowerment for students.
Information processing antecedents of rating errors in performance appraisal

Abstract Research on performance appraisal has traditionally concentrated on the psychometric characteristics of performance evaluations and, until very recently, has largely ignored the role of raters' cognitive information processes that generate these evaluations. This study examined the effects of information processing objectives on the level of intercorrelations among job dimensions exhibited in performance evaluations. Wyer and Srull's Information Processing Model (1980, 1986) provided a theoretical framework for studying these effects. Ninety-five subjects completed in-basket tasks while observing a videotaped secretary perform various job duties. Subjects were randomly assigned to either an Evaluator condition, in which the subjects were told that they would later have to evaluate the performance of the secretary, or a Monitor condition, in which subjects were only told to monitor the secretary. Subjects in the Evaluator condition manifested a greater level of intercorrelation among job dimensions as well as greater perceived differences between the two ratees. The results suggest that performance ratings are influenced by the rater's information processing objective when receiving and processing information about an individual. However, the most striking feature of the results was the overall high level of the covariance among independent traits of the secretaries regardless of the raters' information processing objectives.
Incorporating nonlinear signal analysis results in higher-level reasoning models

Chaotic analysis can provide useful insights into the behavior of biomedical time series. The use of higher-order decision models can enhance the diagnostic impact of these results by combining them with additional patient information, including clinical parameters, patient and family history, and genetic factors. The intelligent agent (IA) approach offers a general framework for the inclusion of multiple methodologies in a seamless system and also provides capabilities for the inclusion of data from multiple information sources. The user is included as an agent in the system and can interact with the other agents to refine the decision making process.
Review: B-type natriuretic peptide consistently predicts death and cardiovascular events in heart failure.

Source Citation Doust JA, Pietrzak E, Dobson A, Glasziou PP. How well does B-type natriuretic peptide predict death and cardiac events in patients with heart failure: systematic review. BMJ. 2005;3...
An Investigation of the Intrinsic Force Sensing Capabilities of Continuum Robots

This paper presents the theoretical analysis and the experimental validation of the force sensing capabilities of continuum robots. These robots employ superelastic NiTi backbones and actuation redundancy. The paper uses screw theory to analyze the limitations and provide geometric interpretation to the sensible wrenches. The analysis is based on the singular value decomposition of the Jacobian mapping between the configuration space and the twist space of the end effector. The results show that the sensible wrenches belong to a 2-D screw system and the insensible wrenches belong to a 4-D screw system. The theory presented in this paper is validated through simulations and experiments. It is shown that the force sensing errors have an average of 0.34 g with a standard deviation of 0.83 g. Another experiment of generating the stiffness map of a silicone strip suggests possible medical application of palpation for tumor detection. The presented study allows force sensing in challenging environments where placing force sensors at the distal end of a robot is not possible due to limitations such as size and MRI compatibility.
AlaArg Motif in the Carboxyl Terminus of the γ134.5 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Is Required for the Formation of a High-Molecular-Weight Complex That Dephosphorylates eIF-2α

The gamma(1)34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 functions to prevent the shutoff of protein synthesis mediated by the double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR. This is because gamma(1)34.5 associates with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) through its carboxyl terminus, forming a high-molecular-weight complex that dephosphorylates the alpha subunit of translation initiation factor eIF-2 (eIF-2alpha). Here we show that Val193Glu and Phe195Leu substitutions in the PP1 signature motif of the gamma(1)34.5 protein abolished its ability to redirect PP1 to dephosphorylate eIF-2alpha and replication of mutant viruses was severely impaired. The gamma(1)34.5 protein, when expressed in Sf9 cells using a recombinant baculovirus, was capable of directing specific eIF-2alpha dephosphorylation. Deletions of amino acids 258 to 263 had no effect on activity of gamma(1)34.5. However, deletions of amino acids 238 to 258 abolished eIF-2alpha phosphatase activity but not PP1 binding activity. Interestingly, deletions in the AlaArg motif of the carboxyl terminus disrupted the high-molecular-weight complex that is required for dephosphorylation of eIF-2alpha. These results demonstrate that gamma(1)34.5 is functionally active in the absence of any other HSV proteins. In addition to a PP1 binding domain, the carboxyl terminus of gamma(1)34.5 contains an effector domain that is required to form a functional complex.
Composition of Regenerated Cell Walls of Reverting Aureobasidium pullulans Protoplasts

Protoplasts of Aureobasidium pullulans, formed by treating normal blastospores with polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes, synthesized glycans when incubated in shallow culture. The polysaccharides formed a loose, thick coating on the cells. The glycans that were formed are similar to the glycans in normal cell walls; however, they lack the branching that is normally found. This result is consistent with the findings of others who have studied the cell wall composition of reverting yeast protoplasts.
Dynamic Resource Provisioning for Data Streaming Applications in a Cloud Environment

The recent emergence of, cloud computing is making the, vision, of, utility computing, realizable, i.e., computing resources and services from a cloud can be delivered, utilized, and paid for in the same fashion as utilities like water or electricity. Current, cloud service providers have taken some steps towards supporting the true, pay-as-you-go or a utility-like pricing model, and current research points towards more fine-grained, allocation and pricing of resources in the future., In such environments, resource provisioning becomes a challenging problem, since one needs to avoid both under-provisioning (leading to application slowdown) and over-provisioning (leading to unnecessary resource costs). In this paper, we consider this problem in the context of streaming applications., In these applications, since the data is generated by external sources, the goal is to, carefully allocate resources so that the processing rate can, match the rate of data, arrival. We have developed a solution that can, handle, unexpected data rates, including, the, transient rates., We evaluate our approach using two streaming applications in a virtualized environment.
Injuries in elite pair skaters and ice dancers

Figure skating coaches have become concerned about the increasing number of injuries among competitive skaters, particularly pair skaters. This study prospec tively examines the incidence, severity, and cause of injuries sustained by a group of elite pair skaters and ice dancers. Thirty-three serious injuries, causing the skater to alter training significantly or to cease training completely for at least 7 consecutive days, were re corded over a 9 month period. Female senior pair skaters reported an average of 1.4 serious injuries, and other groups averaged greater than 0.5 serious injury per skater. The lower extremities were injured most frequently, and 7 of the 33 serious injuries were directly related to the skating boot. Eleven serious injuries were caused by lifts. Few of the serious injuries appeared preventable.Changes in boot design and the training for lifting maneuvers should be initiated and studied prospec tively to attempt to reduce the unacceptably high injury rate among elite pair skaters ...
Vannella epipetala n. sp. Isolated from the Leaf Surface of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) Growing in the Dry Forest of Costa Rica

As part of a Microbial Observatory of Caterpillars located in the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica, we isolated a novel species of the genus Vannella associated with the food of the caterpillars of the saturniid moth Rothschildia lebeau, namely the leaves of the dry forest deciduous tree Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae). The new species can be distinguished from other described species of the genus by the presence of a plasmalemma coated with a thickened, osmiophilic lamina containing glycostyles, and by its unusual habitat, the leaf surfaces or phylosphere of S. mombin. We further established the novelty of our isolate by sequencing its nuclear small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and inferring its phylogenetic position among all other currently sequenced members of the genera Vannella and Platyamoeba. Our results reveal that our isolate shares most recent common ancestry with three strains of Platyamoeba placida, the type species of the genus Platyamoeba. Despite this placement, the isolate clearly possesses glycostyles that are the hallmark of the genus Vannella. In addition to the cultured isolate, we also present a closely related sequence from a SSU rRNA gene clone library constructed from a DNA extract of leaf-wash of S. mombin with sterile water.
Issues in using heterogeneous HPC systems for embedded real time signal processing applications

Embedded signal processing systems have traditionally been built using custom VLSI to meet real-time requirements. This leads to limited programmability and restricted flexibility. With recent technological advances in high performance computing, scalable systems based on heterogeneous "off the shelf" modules are attractive as computing platforms in real-time embedded environments, leading to an emerging class of Scalable Heterogeneous High Performance Embedded (SHHiPE) systems. These systems offer advantages of low-cost, scalability, easy programmability, software portability, and the ability to incorporate evolving hardware technology. In order to satisfy the timing and predictability requirements that arise in embedded environments, several issues must be considered. These issues arise at the hardware level-such as choice of processing element architecture, and also at the software level-issues related to operating system and communication libraries. We propose an integrated methodology to develop efficient parallel solutions for signal processing applications on the SHHiPE platforms. Our approach is to develop scalable portable algorithms based on accurate computational models of the hardware platforms. We present preliminary performance results of such an approach applied to a radar signal processing problem.
Nicotine dependence, major depression, and anxiety in young adults.

• To determine whether nicotine dependence, classified by level of severity, was associated with other substance dependence, major depression, and anxiety disorders, we studied a random sample of 1007 young adults in the Detroit (Mich) area using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, revised according toDSM-III-R. The systematic coverage ofDSM-III-Rcriteria of nicotine dependence provides an unprecedented opportunity to separate persons with nicotine dependence from the larger class of persons with a history of smoking and to examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among persons with nicotine dependence and among nondependent smokers. The lifetime prevalence of nicotine dependence was 20%. Nicotine dependence was associated with alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine dependence. Controlling for the effects of other substance dependencies, persons with nicotine dependence had higher rates of major depression and anxiety disorders. The strength of these associations varied by level of severity of nicotine dependence. Nondependent smokers had higher rates of other substance dependencies, but not of major depression or anxiety disorders.
Regular lattices of tensor products

Abstract It is proved that the collection of all regular invariant subspaces of tensor products of operators is a lattice. Further characterization of regular lattices are considered for injective operators. The approach is carried out keeping pace with the results on intrinsic invariant subspaces of direct sums, extending them to regular invariant subspaces of tensor products.
LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX

Studies of the neural basis of learning and memory in intact animals must, by their nature, start "from the top" by choosing a behavior that can be modified through learning, revealing how iaeuronal activity gives rise to that behavior, and then investigating, in the awake, behaving animal, changes in neural signaling that are associated with learning. Such studies also must recognize that the learning and memory expressed in the behavior of an animal will reflect both the properties of the neural network that mediates the behavior and the nature of the underlying changes in the operation of cells or synapses. In the past 10 years, there has been an explosion of information about learning and memory in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) of the awake, behaving monkey. At the same time, there have been unprecedented advances in understanding mechanisms of cellular plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus and long-term depression (LTD) in the cerebellum. A prerequisite for understanding learning and memory is to elevate specific mechanisms of cellular plasticity into cellular mechanisms of learning by establishing their function in the context of a neural system that mediates learning and memory in a particular behavior. Our review synthesizes the
Prospects on low-cost phased arrays using RF and optical MEMS

This paper discusses the current research ongoing at the US Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center on the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama concerning phased arrays for tactical missile seeker systems. The purpose of the research is to identify possible ways to reduce the time needed for gimbaled seeker systems to steer the radiation beam by using electronically steerable arrays. Electronically steering of the radiation beam has many advantages over the traditional gimbaled system including faster beam steering time and increased space savings. This research involves work in the area of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) for use in RF seeker systems and for use in optical LADAR systems.
Why not here?: The importance of context, process, and outcome on public attitudes toward siting of waste facilities

This study examines the theory that public attitudes toward the siting of waste disposal facilities are motivated only by a narrowly defined cost‐benefit analysis of siting outcomes, the so‐called not‐in‐my‐backyard (NIMBY) phenomenon. Drawing from the policy science literature, three general types of variables hypothesized to influence siting attitudes (context, process, and outcome) are identified, described, and measured. These variables are then correlated with siting attitudes. The data collection method is a mail survey of 400 residents selected randomly from the population of the state of Connecticut. The results indicate that context‐, process‐, and outcome‐related variables are all significant components of attitudes toward siting of waste facilities. These attitudinal findings suggest that the NIMBY conception is not adequate as an explanation of public attitudes. Therefore policy tools and approaches based on this characterization are unlikely to be effective.
Taste Reactivity to Alcohol and Basic Tastes in Outbred Mice

The taste reactivity test was used to determine the response of outbred mice to orally infused taste solutions. For the initial measures, mice (n = 10) were tested with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% (v/v) alcohol and four taste solutions: sucrose, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and quinine hydrochloride (a single concentration of each). A second group of naive mice (n = 16) was tested with 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% alcohol. The final set of measures with naive mice (n = 26) was taken with a range of sucrose concentrations: 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.5 M, and 1.0 M. In general, mice made similar reactivity responses to all solutions tested. A predominant component of the mouse response to all infused fluids was forelimb flailing; gaping was also a common response to all solutions. Despite the large number of aversive-type responses, mice rejected very little fluid via passive drip or fluid expulsion. The single, significant difference in responding to the four taste stimuli was that mice made fewer aversive responses to sucrose. Differential responding to the 5 to 40% alcohol concentrations and sucrose concentrations was observed. Mice increased ingestive responding as the concentration of alcohol and sucrose increased. Aversive responding decreased reliably only with increases in the sucrose concentration. Data provide the first reported taste reactivity responses of mice to orally infused taste solutions. These results can be compared with the extant data available in rats and can also be used as a basis for exploring taste factors in genetically defined mouse populations.
Taylor instability in the shock layer on a Jovian atmosphere entry probe.

Investigation of the Taylor instability relative to the dynamical instability whose presence in the shock layer on a spacecraft entering the Jovian atmosphere is to be expected because of the difference in velocity across the shear layer. Presented calculations show that the Taylor instability at the interface between shock-heated freestream gas and ablation products is inconsequential in comparison to the shear layer instability.
Adapting to Intermittent Faults in Future Multicore Systems

As technology continues to scale, future multicore processors become more susceptible to a variety of hardware failures. In particular, intermittent faults, are expected to become especially problematic (S. Borkar et al., 2003), (C. Constantinescu, 2007). A circuit is susceptible to intermittent faults when manufacturing process variation or in-progress wear-out causes the parameters (e.g., resistance, threshold voltage, etc.) of devices within the circuit to vary beyond design expectations (C. Constantinescu, 2007). This susceptibility, combined with certain operating conditions, such as thermal hot-spots and voltage fluctuations, can result in timing errors - even if these temperatures and voltages, for example, are well within the specified "acceptable" margins. Unlike transient faults, which disappear quickly, or permanent faults, which persist indefinitely, the occurrence of intermittent faults is bursty in nature. Depending on the cause, these bursts of frequent faults can last from several cycles to several seconds or more, effectively rendering a core useless during this time.
Kind and Mix of Grazing Animals

The traditional domestic livestock produced on grazing lands in the U.S. have been cattle, sheep, goats, and sometimes horses. The principal choices have been European or Brahman (Zebu) cattle or their crosses, mutton and wool breeds or crosses for sheep, and Spanish or Angora goats. Selecting the animal enterprises and associated grazing management practices that will most efficiently use the available grazing lands is a major step in ranch planning. The kind or mix of grazing animals to be grazed is generally the first grazing management decision required of the grazier. This decision often determines the season of use and grazing methods and also affects the stocking rate. Animal species with very small rumen capacity relative to weight have been referred to as “concentrate selectors” based on their relying more on fruits, forb leaves, and tree and shrub foliage to provide higher levels of crude protein, phosphorus, and energy. In addition to body size and reticulo-rumen capacity, inherited differences in animal anatomy (teeth, lips, and mouth structure), animal prehensive and grazing ability, animal agility, and digestive systems may account for some of the differences in forage preferences among kinds of animals. The impact of forage competition in mixed grazing may be very different when the grazing occurs in different seasons rather than at the same time.
Trends in Executive Compensation: CEO and CFO Pay from 2006 through 2011

Concerns about executive compensation have been raised by corporate governance scholars and practitioners over the past 20 years, and the popular press is replete with sensational stories involving what the public views as excessive CEO pay. This paper attempts to go beyond these reports and determine trends in average CEO and CFO pay from 2006 through 2011. Research on 70 Fortune 500 companies reveals an increase in CEO base pay, while annual bonuses slightly declined. A non-linear trend existed for CEO equity-based compensation. All elements of CFO pay showed a more erratic pattern. A discussion and implications for future research conclude the paper.
Probabilistic Wire Resistance Degradation Due to Electromigration in Power Grids

Electromigration (EM) is a growing concern in on-chip interconnects, particularly in the computing and automotive domains. EM can cause wire resistances in a circuit to increase, which may result in circuit performance failure within the lifetime of a product. Classical circuit-level EM models have two drawbacks: first, they do not accurately capture the physics of degradation in modern copper dual-damascene (Cu DD) metallization and second, they fail to model the inherent resilience in a circuit that may allow it to continue to function even after some wires fail. This paper overcomes both limitations, and develops a method to analyze the effect of EM on the resistance of wires in a circuit. For a single wire, our probabilistic analysis encapsulates known realities about Cu DD wires, e.g., that some regions of these wires are more susceptible to EM than others, and that void evolution shows statistical behavior. We develop a new criterion for identifying mortal wires based on this analysis. One part of the criterion incorporates the achievement of steady state and provides a result that is slightly tighter than the traditional Blech criterion, while another part is tied to the lifetime of the system. We apply these ideas to the analysis of on-chip power grids and demonstrate the inherent robustness of these grids that maintains supply integrity under some EM failures.
Determination of the Similarity Parameter of Clouds from Airborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation Within Clouds

A multi-wavelength scanning radiometer has been developed for measuring the angular distribution of scattered radiation deep within a cloud layer. The purpose of the instrument is to provide measurements from which the similarity parameter, and hence the single scattering albedo, of clouds can be derived as a function of wavelength. The radiometer has a 1° field of view and scans in the vertical plane from 5° before zenith to 5° past nadir (190° aperture). The thirteen channels of the cloud absorption radiometer are located between 0.5 and 2.3 μm, and were selected to avoid the molecular bands of strong absorption in the near-infrared. This paper describes the first scientific results obtained with this instrument, which was flown aboard the University of Washington’s research aircraft in optically thick orographic clouds in eastern Washington State.
Progress in Gene Editing Transgenesis Genome Manipulation in Mosquitoes

Abstract Recent advances in site-specific gene editing technologies, split genetic systems, recombinases and transposon remobilization have been applied to disease vector mosquitoes with great success. These in turn now enable a suite of hypothesis-driven questions concerning the physiology and behaviour of important mosquito species, guided by previous advances in genome sequencing and transcriptomics. In this chapter, we will review progress in CRISPR/Cas9-based gene disruption, including target selection, mutation identification, tracking homology-dependent gene insertion, CRISPR-mediated gene drive mechanisms and CRISPR/Cas9 variants. We will also review progress in using split genetic systems such as Gal4/UAS, recombinase-mediated cassette exchange using ΦC31, as well as piggyBac-mediated forward genetic screens using transgene remobilization.
Moyamoya Disease: Results of Surgery

An angiographic study of the effects of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) in 27 children with moyamoya disease is reported from the Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.