cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Bonded Heterogeneous Integration (DBHi) Si Bridge

We introduce a new packaging technology termed as Direct Bonded Heterogeneous Integration (DBHi) where a Si-bridge is directly bonded to and in between processor chips using Cu pillars, allowing high-bandwidth low-latency low-power communication between the chips. The DBHi package structure, test vehicle design, and bond and assembly details are first described. The test vehicle package consists of chips with standard interconnect pitch where they join to a laminate chip-carrier and fine-pitch pads in the region where the chips joins to a bridge. The bridge has Cu pillars correspondingly mating to the pads on the chips. The bond and assembly sequence starts with first joining the silicon chips and bridge using a thermocompression bonding process followed by a mass reflow join of the chips to the laminate. The assembly is then underfilled and capped using specialized techniques. Mechanical modeling was extensively used to simulate the DBHi structure and assembly process to allow material selection and reliability prediction. The mechanical models were calibrated using warpage measurements. The stress/strain reliability metrics of the DBHi package are compared to a non-bridge package of the same dimensions. Results show that the main focus should be directed towards ensuring a robust assembly process as the standard reliability stress/strain metrics of the DBHi package are very similar to a non-bridge package. Thermal measurements using chip heaters and temperature sensors were conducted to calibrate a numerical thermal model of the DBHi package. The thermal model was exercised to show the relation between the allowable chip and bridge power densities for the particular package size and cooling conditions. DBHi test packages were created using the best-known assembly process and then measured for continuity performance. A variety of inter- and intra-bridge daisy chain nets were incorporated into the test vehicle for continuity measurements. Post-assembly continuity measurements demonstrated a robust assembly process for multiple rounds of assembly. Reliability performance was demonstrated using standard JEDEC tests of thermal cycling, aging, and temperature/humidity.
INCOME PER CAPITA, HEALTH AND CROSS COUNTRY IQ: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

Recently, for the first time, international data on IQ scores across countries have become available. The new data opens up the exciting possibility of using cross country analysis to study IQ and its determinants. One important potential determinant of IQ is income inequality. The purpose of this paper is to use cross country regression analysis to see whether or not differences in income inequality matter with regard to IQ scores across countries. If greater country income inequality reduces country IQ, then it is possible that well designed policies aimed at achieving greater equity in the distribution of income, a policy highly desirable in and of itself, may also, by augmenting country IQ, have the added beneficial effect of enhancing a country’s creativity and economic growth
Microdialysis perfusion of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH- DPAT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus decreases serotonin release and increases rapid eye movement sleep in the freely moving cat

In vivo microdialysis was used to analyze the role of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neurons in regulating the sleep-waking cycle. Measurements of extracellular serotonin (5-HT) were made in the DRN of freely moving adult cats before and during microdialysis perfusion of 8- hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, in artificial CSF. Behavioral state alterations were measured by simultaneous polygraphic recordings. During waking and artificial CSF perfusion of probes histologically localized to the DRN, extracellular 5-HT was 4 fmol/7.5 micro L dialysate sample. With the addition of 8-OH-DPAT (10 microM in artificial CSF) to the perfusate, 5- HT levels in the same state decreased 50%, to 2 fmol/sample (p < 0.01), presumably through 5-HT1A autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of serotonergic neural activity. Concomitantly, this 8-OH-DPAT perfusion produced a short latency, threefold increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, from 10 to 30% of the total recorded time (p < 0.05), whereas waking was not significantly affected. In contrast, and suggesting DRN specificity, 8-OH-DPAT delivery through a probe in the aqueduct did not increase REM sleep but rather tended to increase waking and decrease slow wave sleep. The data on REM sleep provide the first biochemically validated and direct evidence that suppression of DRN serotonergic activity increases REM sleep, and furnish a key complement to our laboratory's in vitro data indicating that mesopontine cholinergic neurons, a target of DRN projections, are inhibited by 5-HT. The 8-OH-DPAT-induced reduction of DRN 5-HT is consistent with the hypothesis that the concomitant REM sleep disinhibition is mediated by DRN serotonergic projections to mesopontine cholinergic neurons, which other data implicate in REM sleep production.
Functions of F Pili in Mating-Pair Formation and Male Bacteriophage Infection Studied by Blending Spectra and Reappearance Kinetics

The extent of removal at various blending speeds (blending spectrum) and the kinetics of reappearance after blending of the ability of male Escherichia coli bacteria to form mating pairs, to adsorb and be infected by ribonucleic acid male phage, and to adsorb and be infected by deoxyribonucleic male phage were identical to the blending spectrum and reappearance kinetics of microscopically visible F pili. The same results were obtained with an Hfr (high-frequency recombinant), F′, or resistance transfer factor (RTF) fi+ mating system. Blending did not affect the viability, growth rate, ability to adsorb T4 phage, or ability to produce new F pili at any of the speeds used. It can be concluded that microscopically visible F pili are an absolute requirement for all three functions. Three classes of F pili have been found in bacterial cultures: attached, adsorbed, and free. Bacteria with adsorbed F pili in addition to attached ones were proportionately more susceptible to male phage infection, suggesting that adsorbed F pili may be at least partially functional. Free F pili did not compete with bacteria for phage. Some implications of the virus-like nature of F-pilus outgrowth for the mechanisms of mating and male phage infection are discussed.
Examining the role of common genetic variants on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and illicit drug dependence: genetics of vulnerability to drug dependence.

Background and Aims Twin and family studies suggest that genetic influences are shared across substances of abuse. However, despite evidence of heritability, genome-wide association and candidate gene studies have indicated numerous markers of limited effects, suggesting that much of the heritability remains missing. We estimated (1) the aggregate effect of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on multiple indicators of comorbid drug problems that are typically employed across community and population-based samples, and (2) the genetic covariance across these measures. Participants A total of 2596 unrelated subjects from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment provided informationonalcohol,tobacco,cocaine,cannabisandotherillicitsubstancedependence.Phenotypicmeasuresincluded:(1)a factor score based on DSM-IV drug dependence diagnoses (DD), (2) a factor score based on problem use (PU; i.e. 1+ DSM-IVsymptoms)and (3) dependence vulnerability (DV; a ratioofDSM-IV symptomstothenumber of substances used). Findings Univariate and bivariate genome-wide complex trait analyses of this selected sample indicated that common SNPs explained 25–36% of the variance across measures, with DD and DV having the largest effects [h 2 SNP (standard error)=0.36 (0.13) and 0.33 (0.13), respectively; PU=0.25 (0.13)]. Genetic effects were shared across the three phenotypic measures of comorbid drug problems [rDD-PU=0.92 (0.08), rDD-DV=0.97 (0.08) and rPU-DV=0.96 (0.07)]. Conclusion At least 20% of the variance in the generalized vulnerability to substance dependence is attributable to common single nucleotide polymorphisms. The additive effect of common single nucleotide polymorphisms is shared across important indicators of comorbid drug problems.
Comparison of Two Pseudo-Random Number Generators

What do we want from a pseudo-random sequence generator? Ideally, we would like a pseudo-random sequence generator to quickly produce, from short seeds, long sequences (of bits) that appear in every way to be generated by successive flips of a fair coin.
La importancia del fomento de la capacidad humana en Cooperación Económica Asia Pacífico

Although the importance of human capacity building has been cited in the growth of economies, it has not taken a central role in carrying out regional cooperation in Asia Pacific. In addition, human capacity building is associated with the competitiveness of the economies in the Asia Pacific region. Because of these associations, there are regional benefits arising from enhanced human capacity building beyond the usual private returns and social benefits. In addition, narrowing technological gap through human capacity building can promote greater regional trade. Lastly, regional efforts on human capacity building should not be perceived as a prelude to labor mobility but instead as a prerequisite for greater mobility of capital. Thus, aside from the role of human capacity building in economic growth and competitiveness, it is also crucial in regional connectivity and related with trade liberalization which are major thrusts of APEC.
Abstract W P127: Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Disease: Association Between Geographic Location and In-Hospital Mortality

Background: Extant literature suggests that the South has the lowest ground and air access to Neurocritical Care Units (NCUs) and has the highest number of admissions for subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH) than in other regions. NCUs have been shown to improve outcomes for patients with SAH and ICH, and delayed access may be potentially harmful. Evaluating for in-hospital mortality after SAH or ICH in regions with less access to NCUs may prove useful in determining the need for adequate access. Objectives: We sought to determine the in-hospital mortality trends for SAH and ICH from 1979 to 2008 per geographic region in relation to the US 2000 standard death rate to derive adjusted comparisons. Methods: The sample was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) and cases were identified using the ICD-9-CM codes 430 for SAH and 431 for ICH. Age and geographic regions were divided into subgroups according to NHDS recommendations. Annual data was divided into 6 ...
A greater voice for academic health sciences libraries: the Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries' vision.

The founders of the Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (AAHSL) envisioned the development of a professional organization that would provide a greater voice for academic health sciences libraries, facilitate cooperation and communication with the Association of American Medical Colleges, and create a forum for identifying problems and solutions that are common to academic health sciences libraries. This article focuses on the fulfillment of the “greater voice” vision by describing action and leadership by AAHSL and its members on issues that directly influenced the role of academic health sciences libraries. These include AAHSL's participation in the work that led to the publication of the landmark report, Academic Information in the Academic Health Sciences Center: Roles for the Library in Information Management; its contributions to the recommendations of the Physicians for the Twenty-first Century: The GPEP Report; and the joint publication with the Medical Library Association of Challenge to Action: Planning and Evaluation Guidelines for Academic Health Sciences Libraries.
Observations on carotid sinus hypersensitivity from direct intraneural recordings of sympathetic nerve traffic

In summary, we studied 4 patients with mixed-type CS hypersensitivity. We demonstrated that CS massage rapidly inhibits sympathetic nerve activity and decreases heart rate. Arterial pressure starts to decline abruptly with complete sympathetic withdrawal, but the nadir is delayed, suggesting that arterial dilation is not instantaneous. Arterial pressure rebounds slowly, suggesting a latency between the neural reflex and vascular compliance. Pacing had little effect on preventing hypotension in these patients. Our data support the concept that sympathetic withdrawal is responsible for the vasodilatory component seen with CS syncope.
Identification and molecular mapping of loci controlling fruit ripening time in tomato

Using RAPD marker analysis, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with earliness due to reduced fruit-ripening time (days from anthesis to ripening = DTR) were identified and mapped in an F2 population derived from a cross between Lycopersicon esculentum’E6203’ (normal ripening) and Lycopersicon esculentum’Early Cherry’ (early ripening). One QTL, on chromosome 5, was associated with a reduction in both ripening time (5 days) and fruit weight (29.3%) and explained 15.8 and 13% of the total phenotypic variation for DTR and fruit weight, respectively. The other QTL, on chromosome 12, was primarily associated with a reduction only in ripening time (7 days) and explained 12.3% of the total phenotypic variation for DTR. The gene action at this QTL was found to be partially dominant (d/a=0.41). Together, these two QTLs explained 25.1% of the total phenotypic variation for DTR. Additionally, two QTLs associated with fruit weight were identified in the same F2 population and mapped to chromosomes 4 and 6, respectively. Together, these two QTLs explained 30.9% of the total phenotypc variation for fruit weight. For all QTLs, the ’Early Cherry’ alleles caused reductions in both ripening time and fruit weight. The polymorphic band for the most significant RAPD marker (OPAB-06), linked to the reduced ripening time QTL on chromosome 12, was converted to a cleaved amplified polymorphism (CAP) assay for marker-aided selection and further introgression of early ripening time (DTR) into cultivated tomato.
Neutrons and the new Standard Model

Fundamental symmetry tests with neutrons can provide unique information about whatever will be the new Standard Model of fundamental interactions. I review two aspects of this possibility: searches for the permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron and its relation to the origin of baryonic matter, and precision studies of neutron decay that can probe new symmetries. I discuss the complementarity of these experiments with other low-energy precision tests and high energy collider searches for new physics.
Collapse of the Zeeman gap in quantum dots due to electronic correlations

We present results of calculations and ``lateral'' magnetotunneling experiments on small quantum dots in the few-electron regime. In the transition from a spin-unpolarized to a spin-polarized droplet, a systematic oscillation of the chemical potential of the droplet as a function of the magnetic field correlates with oscillations in the current amplitude. The temperature dependence of the current minima indicates that the minima are associated with the collapse of the Zeeman gap in the quantum Hall droplet. The collapse of the Zeeman gap is associated with the nontrivial magnetic field dependence of the spin polarization of a quantum Hall droplet due to electronic correlations.
Integrin β5 contributes to the tumorigenic potential of breast cancer cells through the Src-FAK and MEK-ERK signaling pathways

Cancer progression, response to therapy and metastasis depend on tumor microenvironment. Integrins are cell-adhesion receptors that mediate interactions of cells with extracellular matrix. The αv-β-family of integrins contributes to tumorigenesis, response to therapy and cancer stem cell biology. Thus, understanding the function of specific integrins in cancer is critical for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting integrins. The study investigated the role of integrin β5 in breast carcinomas by depleting integrin β5 using RNA interference and reexpression of integrin β5. Depletion of integrin β5 in triple-negative breast carcinoma cells markedly reduced tumor take, growth and tumor angiogenesis, whereas reexpression of integrin β5 rescued this phenotype. Reduction in tumor angiogenesis is associated with lower expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A in integrin β5-depleted tumors. Tumor cells deficient in integrin β5 have lower migration and proliferative capacities. Biochemical assays revealed that integrin β5 mediates the Src-focal adhesion kinase and MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling events that operate independently, and inhibition of these pathways phenocopies integrin β5 deficiency. Breast carcinoma cells express high levels of integrin β5, whereas expression of integrin β3 is limited to stromal compartments and integrin β6 is lost in metastatic cells. Together, these findings show a critical role for integrin β5 in the tumorigenic potential of breast carcinoma cells and therapeutic targeting of integrin β5 is especially attractive for triple-negative breast carcinomas, which are refractory to most of the current therapies.
Sex Differences in Rats in the Development of and Recovery From Ethanol Dependence Assessed by Changes in Seizure Susceptibility

Background: Previous investigations have found sex differences in rats in response to chronic ethanol exposure. The most dramatic differences were observed with anticonvulsant treatment during ethanol withdrawal, when seizure susceptibility is significantly increased. Sex differences in this response were found for both GABAergic and glutamatergic compounds. This study was aimed at exploring whether sex also influences the timing for the development of and recovery from ethanol dependence. Methods: Ethanol was administered in a liquid diet, with pair-fed animals receiving dextrose, substituted isocalorically for the ethanol. Ethanol dependence and withdrawal were assessed by measurement of seizure thresholds after abrupt removal of the ethanol diet. Seizure thresholds were determined by slow, tail vein infusion of the γ-aminobutyric acidA–receptor antagonist bicuculline. Results: Male and female rats displayed differences in timing for both onset and recovery from ethanol dependence, as determined by changes in ethanol withdrawal seizure susceptibility. Female rats were slower to develop dependence and quicker to recover compared with male rats. Furthermore, acute ethanol administration did not alter seizure susceptibility in pair-fed control animals, but it was anticonvulsant in ethanol-withdrawn rats. Ethanol-withdrawn female rats showed a greater response to acute ethanol administration than did male rats. Conclusions: This set of experiments uncovered additional sex differences in one measure of ethanol dependence and withdrawal. Proposed mechanisms for the development of ethanol dependence involve alterations in subunit assembly of γ-aminobutyric acidA and NMDA receptors or various posttranslational modifications. In consideration of these findings, whatever mechanisms underlie the development of ethanol dependence, there is a different sequence of events in male compared with female rats. Studies are ongoing to determine associations between behavioral measures of ethanol dependence/withdrawal and selective neuronal adaptations.
Megakaryocyte colony stimulating activity in allogeneic bone marrow recipients prepared with busulfan and cyclophosphamide

Increased megakaryocyte colony stimulating activity (MK-CSA) has been reported after total body irradiation (TBI) for bone marrow transplant (BMT). We studied the effect of a busulfan (Bu) and cyclophosphamide (Cy) marrow transplant conditioning regimen, without radiation, on MK-CSA production. Initial screening of MK-CSA was done on previously collected and banked sera from 14 BMT patients. MK-CSA was expressed as the ability to stimulate growth of megakaryocyte progenitors (CFU-MK) in standard plasma clot cultures. In the initial samples, MK-CSA peaked at day 7. This preliminary data led to a prospective study of MK-CSA and clinical parameters in seven allogeneic recipients. MK-CSA activity increased from day -7 pre-transplant (2.9 +/- 1.7 CFU-MK/10(5) NATD, mean +/- SD) to day 0 (10.3 +/- 4.7 CFU-MK) and peaked by day 9 post-transplant (20.6 +/- 6.4 CFU-MK). MK-CSA activity decreased in all seven patients by day 21 at which time five of seven patients studied had recovery of platelet counts to greater than 100 x 10(9)/l. MK-CSA activity rose rapidly in both groups of sera after the initiation of this non-irradiation, BMT preparative regimen. High MK-CSA levels, early after transplant, may contribute to the rapid platelet recovery in some patients.
A risk-benefit assessment of serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in antineoplastic therapy-induced emesis.

Insight into the pathophysiology of antineoplastic therapy-induced nausea and vomiting led to the development of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists as the most potent class of antiemetic agents. Among those which have been investigated are ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron and dolasetron. A riskbenefit analysis of these drugs must not only account for the modest clinical differences in efficacy and tolerability, but also should include such issues as ease of use, route of administration, dosage considerations and patient preference.
Epidermal Sensory Organs of Moles, Shrew Moles, and Desmans: A Study of the Family Talpidae with Comments on the Function and Evolution of Eimer’s Organ

The epidermal sensory organs of members of the family Talpidae (moles, shrew-moles, and desmans) were investigated and compared to determine the range of sensory specializations and better understand
The Value of Children for Farm Families

Summary.-The present study examined a sample of 154 farm parents and their stated reasons for having children. Both fathers and mothers hold generally negative attitudes toward children, an unexpected ourcome. Even more surprising is the fact that mothers expressed more over-all negative
Creep model of ice for monotonically increasing stress

Abstract A numerical integration method of predicting the strain path corresponding to a given stress history, and hence the stress-strain relation, has been developed for polycrystalline materials like ice at high homologous temperatures. The method is based on a generalized creep equation incorporating the grain size effect and predicts strain in terms of elastic, delayed-elastic, and viscous or permanent strains. The theory has been tested successfully during strength tests of ice in the temperature range of −5 to −30°C. The monotonous increase in strain rate observed during testing under conditions of constant cross-head displacement rate can now be explained analytically.
Boron-Phosphorus Compounds and Multiple Bonding

Boron-phosphorus compounds have not been as thoroughly studied as their boron-nitrogen counterparts. Until recently many classes of B-P compounds that had been well established in B-N chemistry were either unknown or poorly characterized. This statement is particularly true for compounds involving possible multiple bonding between boron and phosphorus. For example, detailed structural information on simple monomeric phosphino-boranes, R2BPR′2, did not become available until 1986 even though the isoelectronic SiC double bonded species, the silenes, had already been reported. However, new work has shown that it is possible to prepare and characterize several novel types of boron-phosphorus compounds with varying degrees of multiple B—P bonding. These include not only monomeric phosphinoboranes but also phosphanediylborates (borylphosphides), three- and four-membered rings (diphosphadi-boretanes), boron phosphorus analogues of borazine, B-P skeletal analogues of allyl cations and anions, butadiene and cage compounds. Structural, spectroscopic (mainly NMR) and theoretical studies reveal some important differences between B-P and B-N compounds which in many cases can be traced to the presence of a high inversion barrier at phosphorus that reduces the π interaction. This usually causes compounds such as R2BPR′2 to associate through σ bonding between B and P. Supporting evidence for this view comes from species that involve phosphorus and nitrogen in competitive π bonding with a boron p orbital in which the dative interaction between B and N is dominant and the phosphorus center remains pyramidal. Recently published work has shown that steric and electronic factors can be used to favor π bonding and give an approximately planar system. Furthermore, theoretical studies reveal that pp π overlap in a planar B-P system is of similar efficiency to its B-N analogue. Good examples are seen in the phosphanediyl borates, the boron-phosphorus analogues of borazine and the π-allyl cations, whose molecular configurations and B—P bond lengths support strong boron—phosphorus π bonding.
Detection of a prosthetic aortic valvular abscess with indium-111-labeled leukocytes.

An unsuspected annular abscess at the base of a prosthetic aortic valve in a patient with endocarditis was identified by indium-ill-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy alone. This highly sensitive and specific technique expediently demonstrated the surgically proven inflammatory focus. (Chest 1988; 94:872-74)
An explanation of reading comprehension across development using models from Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory: Support for integrative models of reading

The purpose of this research was to investigate the cognitive abilities that explain reading comprehension across childhood and early adulthood. Drawing from the standardization sample of the Woodcock–Johnson III, analyses were conducted with large samples at age levels spanning early childhood to early adulthood: 5 to 6 (n = 639), 7 to 8 (n = 720), 9 to 13 (n = 1,995), 14 to 19 (n = 1,615), and 20 to 39 (n = 1,409). Using a model including factors representing general intelligence, Cattell–Horn–Carroll broad abilities, and reading decoding skills, results revealed significant direct effects for reading decoding skills and Crystallized Intelligence on reading comprehension across all age levels. Memory-related abilities, processing speed, and auditory processing demonstrated indirect effects on reading comprehension through reading decoding skills. The magnitude of direct and indirect effects varied as a function of age. The results provide support for integrative models of reading that include both direct and indirect effects of cognitive abilities on reading comprehension and for consideration of developmental differences in the cognitive aptitudes predicting reading comprehension. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phosphorus Availability in Low-Phytate Mutant Varieties of Barley: Digestibility Studies with Channel Catfish and Red Drum

Abstract About 70% of the phosphorus in plant feedstuffs is typically in the form of organic phytates, but molecular phytogenetic techniques allow the development of variant seed forms that are capable of storing most of it in an inorganic form. In response to concerns over excessive phosphorus discharges from uneaten or unassimilated aquaculture feeds, two independent digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate the suitability of single-gene, low-phytic-acid mutations of barley Hordeum vulgare as feedstuffs for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing five different barley variants plus one reference diet (RD) were independently evaluated with each species. The RD for catfish contained 30% menhaden Brevoortia tyranus fish meal and 30% soybean meal, whereas the red drum RD included 48% lyophilized red drum muscle meal as the sole protein source. Each experimental diet was formulated so that a barley mutant replaced 30% of...
Climate Change: A Titanic Challenge

![Figure][1] CREDIT: JUPITER IMAGES R. Kerr's News Focus story “How urgent is climate change?” (23 November 2007, p. [1230][2]) is an excellent summary of the challenges facing action on climate change, and the reasons why we are unfortunately already committed to substantial warming. However, the multidecadal time lags in the climate system, infrastructure, and political sphere do not by themselves compel action now rather than, say, 5 years from now. Greater urgency comes from the rapid growth rate (especially in the developing world) of the very infrastructure that is so problematic. Mitigating climate change is often compared to turning the Titanic away from an iceberg. But this “Titanic” is getting bigger and less maneuverable as we wait—and that causes prospects to deteriorate nonlinearly, and on a time scale potentially much shorter than the time scale on which the system itself responds. [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.318.5854.1230
Efficient identification of multi-cycle false path

Due to false paths and multi-cycle paths in a circuit, using only topological delay to determine the clock period could be too conservative. In this paper, we address the timing analysis problem by considering both single-cycle and multi-cycle operations. We give a precise definition of multi-cycle false paths and provide the necessary conditions for multi-cycle sensitizable paths. We then propose an efficient algorithm to identify multi-cycle false paths. By considering both single-cycle and multi-cycle false paths, we could derive a shorter clock period than that determined by existing methods. Finally, we propose an algorithm to compute the valid clock period and demonstrate the improvement in clock frequency by taking multi-cycle false paths into account.
Correlation of Transportation Variables on Pollutant Emissions on Selected Buses and Trains in China

Public transportation development can be an effective way to alleviate congestions in urban areas, as well as save cost and reduce pollutant emissions. Under this premise, one of the major emphases in China in the near future is the development of public transportation, such as buses, subways and trains. Therefore, it is essential to understand the pollutant levels in these facilities, to better serve and protect the public. With this in mind, air pollutant emissions, such as CO (carbon monoxide) and black carbon were measured on the trains (high-speed and regular), subways and buses in China, together with temperature. The traffic parameters were recorded by a GPS. Data analysis will be performed to evaluate transportation impacts, such as speed, on air pollutants levels inside these facilities.
Modulation of the activity of Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase by the molecular organization of gangliosides in monolayers

The activity of Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase against gangliosides GM3, GD1a and GM1 was studied in lipid monolayers at the air-buffer solution interface. The enzyme activity assay against pure ganglioside monolayers is based on the markedly different molecular packing areas of the substrate gangliosides and the resulting product glycosphingolipids. This allows to control and monitor the surface pressure and the ganglioside intermolecular organization (cross-sectional packing areas and dipole potentials) in a continuous manner during the catalytic process. It was found that the rate and the extent of the enzymatic reaction depended markedly on the lateral surface pressure. In general, the activity of neuraminidase against GM3 and GD1a was higher at lower surface pressure. This corresponded to larger intermolecular spacings among the ganglioside molecules. Both the activity and the extent of the reaction against GM3 were higher than toward GD1a. GM1 could not be degraded by the enzyme, irrespective of the surface pressure but the enzyme could interact with this ganglioside. A latency period, longer for GM3 than for GD1a, was observed prior to the onset of rapid degradation; this indicates that pre-catalytic steps are occurring at the interface before effective ganglioside degradation takes place. The latency period, the total amount of ganglioside degraded, and the velocity of the reaction varied with the surface pressure in different manners. Our data indicate that the different steps of the catalytic reaction occurring at the surface (i.e., substrate recognition and interfacial adsorption, catalysis, maximum extent of substrate conversion) are independently regulated by the molecular organization of the substrate gangliosides.
Examination of the fatigue crack growth equations

Most of the crack growth equations proposed so far correlate the crack growth rate (da/dN or da/dt) with crack tip parameters such as the stress intensity factor (SIF) or energy release rate (ERR). In our previous works, an experimental setup was designed to examine the applicability and the boundary of the functional relationship between da/dN and the crack tip parameters, particularly, ERR. In the present paper, the variation of the ERR along the experimentally observed curvilinear crack trajectories is obtained by means of the finite element method. The analysis shows that the Paris-Erdogan type of laws are applicable until the crack tip is located outside the strong crack-defect interaction region (SI region). A functional relationship between da/dN and ERR breaks down within this region. This suggests the existence of additional crack tip parameters that are not accounted for within conventional fracture mechanics. An approach to modeling the observed phenomenon is discussed following the concept of the Crack Layer theory.
Remediation of Children With Developmental Language Disorders

There is no single approach to intervention in children with developmental language disorders. Remedial approaches differ in that they are based on differing theoretical perspectives. Four theoretical frames are reviewed. Neuropsychologically driven remediation, which tailors intervention to a child's profile of cognitive and linguistic strengths and weakness, is emphasized. Concrete examples of compensatory techniques suited to specific profiles are presented.
Acute Effects of Fractional Laser on Photo-Aged Skin

OBJECTIVE To characterize the dynamic alterations involved in dermal matrix remodeling after FP laser treatment. METHODS A single multipass FP treatment was performed. Baseline, day 1, and day 7 biopsies were obtained. Biopsies were sectioned and stained for histology and immunofluorescence confocal microscopic. Heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression and extracellular matrix (ECM) autofluorescence were examined. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) experiments were performed probing for collagen 1A1 (COL1A1) and COL3A1. RESULTS All three patients were Caucasian women aged 49, 62, and 64 with Fitzpatrick skin types II, III, and IV. Transient neutrophilic infiltration found on day 1. Protein expression of HSP-70 and MMP-1 were up-regulated on day 1, reverting to baseline by day 7. ECM autofluorescence decreased from baseline to day 7. qRT-PCR showed a minor decrease in COL1A1 and COL3A1 messenger RNA 1 day after treatment. Variable results between patients receiving equal treatment were evident. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Investigation on nanocomposites for pyroelectric infrared sensors

In order to fabricate a homogeneous pyroelectric thin film of polymer-ceramic composite for un-cooled infrared sensors, ceramic particle size should be as small as possible. Nanoparticles of Lead zirconate titanate and lead zirconate type ceramic were obtained. In this presentation, electrical and pyroelectric properties of PVDF:PZT composite films prepared by Spin-Coat technique are presented, and results are compared with other triglycine sulfate based composites.
Inappropriate P-cadherin expression in the mouse mammary epithelium is compatible with normal mammary gland function

Cadherins comprise a family of cell-cell adhesion proteins critical to the architecture and function of tissues. Expression of family members E-, N-, and P-cadherin is regulated in a spatial and temporal fashion in the developing and adult organism. Using in vivo and in vitro experimental systems, perturbation of cadherin expression by genetic deletion, overexpression, mutant dominant-negative constructs, and, to a lesser degree, expression of an inappropriate cadherin have all been shown to alter embryogenesis, tissue architecture, and cell behavior. Here we studied how expression of an inappropriate cadherin affects the adult mouse mammary gland. Human P-cadherin was expressed in mammary epithelial cells under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, and the effect on mammary gland behavior was studied. Typically, E-cadherin is expressed by mammary epithelial cells, whereas P-cadherin is found in myoepithelial cells and cap cells of the ductal terminal end bud. However, breast cancers frequently express P-cadherin, even though they are thought to arise from epithelial cells, and it is a marker of poor prognosis. We developed two independent transgenic mouse lines that exhibited high levels of P-cadherin protein expression in the mammary epithelium. P-cadherin was detected in most, but not all, luminal epithelial cells, and was appropriately localized to cell-cell borders. It was detected in the mammary glands of virgin, pregnant, lactating, post-lactation, and aged parous female mice. Despite the robust and widespread expression of an inappropriate cadherin, no effect was observed on mammary gland morphogenesis, architecture, lactation, or involution in transgenic mice compared to wild-type mice. No mammary tumors formed spontaneously in either wild-type or transgenic mice. Moreover, mammary tumors induced by the neu oncogene, which was introduced by a breeding strategy, showed no differences between mice with or without hP-cadherin. Surprisingly, however, none of the tumors expressed hP-cadherin protein. Together, our studies show no apparent effect on adult mammary gland or tumor behavior by inappropriate expression of P-cadherin in normal mammary epithelial cells.
Fluorescence stability of human albumin solutions

The fluorescence stability on aging of three types of human albumin solutions was investigated. For the first 8 hr after preparation, the magnitude of the fluorescence of the albumin solutions examined did not undergo the large fluctuations with time that had been previously observed for bovine albumin solutions. The fluorescence intensity of each of the human albumin solutions examined appeared to undergo a small but consistent decrease with time for the length of each study. Based on these results, the practice of preparing human albumin solutions several hours prior to use simply to achieve fluorescence stability is unnecessary.
Modified method of characteristics for simulating microscale energy transport

This paper presents a new numerical scheme for simulating multidimensional transient and steady-state microscale energy transport. The new method is based on the method of characteristics that follows heat carriers along their pathline. Unlike traditional methods, it uses a fixed computational grid and follows the heat carriers backward in time. The method 1) is accurate, 2) is unconditionally stable, 3) can deal with complex geometries without a large increase in computational cost, and 4) can be used for solving coupled equations using other numerical schemes. First, the numerical scheme is described. Then, simulations for transient and steady-state phonon transport in dielectric thin films are discussed. Numerical results are compared with analytical and reported numerical solutions and good agreement is obtained. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1795233#
A new species of Inga (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae, Ingeae) from Atlantic Forest in Bahia, Brazil

Inga unica Barneby & J. W. Grimes, notable for a syndrome of: a) softly pilose foliage, b) emarginate leafstalks lacking nectaries, c) leaflets 2–3 pairs, of moderate size, d) filiform pliant peduncles, e) globose capitula, f) elongate linear floral bracts persistent after fall of the flowers, g) calyx more than half as long as corolla, and h) thin-textured fruit shattering after falling, is described, figured, and discussed. It appears related toI. (Leptinga) nutans (Vellozo) Martius ex Bentham.
The Pharmacokinetics of the Kininogens

Abstract Recent evidence has shown that plasma high molecular weight kininogen and both kininogens have the ability to modulate prekallikrein activation and thrombin-induced platelet activation, respectively. However, nothing is known about the plasma clearance and tissue distribution of these proteins. We examined the in vivo pharmacokinetics of high (HK) and low (LK) molecular weight kininogens in rats. 125 I-HK and -LK molecular weight kininogens’ clearance in rats best-fitted a biexponential model. For HK, the t 1/2 α and t 1/2 β were 0.6 and 9.5 h and for LK, 0.78 and 7.4 h, respectively. 125 I-kinin-free HK (cleaved HK) was cleared with a t 1/2 α and t 1/2 β of 0.45 and 9.9 h, respectively. 125 I-Domain 3 of kininogens was cleared with a t 1/2 β and t 1/2 c of 0.99 and 13.3 h, respectively. HK was mostly concentrated in lung; LK, domain 3, and cleaved HK were mostly concentrated in kidney. The kininogens were also concentrated in liver, spleen, and skin. These studies indicate that protein size rather than form is the major determinant of its clearance. Furthermore, the distribution of the kininogens is where bradykinin metabolism and activity are well described.
1748 EARLY DISCHARGE FOR NEONATES REQUIRING CONTINUING RESPIRATORY CARE

Neonates requiring prolonged ventilator support and tracheostomy care are often confined to intensive care units for extended periods of time. With appropriate education for parents and caretakers, these patients can be managed at home while still requiring respiratory support. During the past 2½ years, we have discharged 9 infants on respiratory support. Mean birthweight was 1610 grams (range 750-4480 gms), mean age at time of discharge was 7.1 months (range 2-11 mos.). All patients had tracheostomies. At discharge, respiratory support consisted of mechanical ventilation in 2, CPAP in 3, and T-piece in 4. Inspired O2 concentration was 21% in all infants at time of discharge. Five infants required initial home nursing care, with a mean of 20.8 hours/day (range 8-24 hrs). Presently, these patients have been home for a mean of 15.7 months (range 1-29 mos). All nine patients have had elective readmissions, four have required staged tracheoplasty. Only two infants (both mechanically ventilated) have had emergency admissions for pneumonia. Three infants had intercurrent viral respiratory infections that required an increase in oxygen or ventilation at home for brief periods. At this time, four of nine patients have been successfully decannulated. Evaluation of this patient groups's needs has led us to an organized program for monitoring and follow-up of patients clinical progress. A six week schematic flow sheet is used to delegate responsibilities to the members of a multidisciplinary team working with patient and family. We believe this approach is appropriate for this patient population and represents an incurred care cost reduction for families and third party payers of 30-80%.
Elastic differential cross sections and intermolecular potentials for Ar + CH4 and Ar + NH3

Differential elastic cross sections are reported for CH4 + Ar (E = μg2/2 = 8.43 kJ/mole) and NH3 + Ar (E = 8.31 kJ/mole) in the region of the rainbow angles. Quantum interference undulations are apparently observed as well for CH4 + Ar and, possibly, NH3 + Ar. The measurements are fit to spherically symmetric intermolecular potentials yielding well depths and equilibrium intermolecular separations of 1.32 kJ/mole and 3.82 A for CH4 + Ar and 1.32 kJ/mole and 3.92 A for NH3 + Ar.
An Algorithm for Globally-Optimal Nonlinear-Cost Multidimensional Flows in Networks and Some Special Applications

This paper describes an algorithm that finds globally optimum flows in networks having nonlinear costs of arc flows, the flows being finite-dimensional vectors such as multicommodity flows. The algorithm is an extension of an idea of Allsop [Trans. Sci. 2, 1-13 1968] for minimizing total delays in a traffic network; it is also intimately related to results in nonserial dynamic programming.
Conceptualizing Visual Detail: Message Structure as a Predictor of Preferential Processing

The research reported here integrates traditions of cognitive information processing and visual communication research by offering a new conceptual definition of item centrality and a methodological tool for measuring it. Using developments in information processing research about effects of visual production features on attention and memory, this article advances the proposition that these features influence the perception of some objects as central or peripheral to the information presented in a specific visual scene. These structural features were combined here to develop and test a structural indicator of item centrality. The results show that such elements as size, proximity to other objects, brightness, motion, contrast, and position on screen account for a great deal of judgment-driven evaluations about objects’ centrality. Moreover, the central and peripheral details identified using the structure-based measure replicated the same pattern of results produced in studies using a judgment-based defin...
Specification of the Hindbrain Fate in the Zebrafish

We determine the timing of neural commitment by hindbrain tissue in the zebrafish using microsurgical transplantation. When transplanted at shield stage to the ventral side of the embryo, presumptive hindbrain cells are not committed, as they can adapt to their environment and give rise to epidermis. In contrast, when transplanted at 80% epiboly, hindbrain cells retain their neural fate and express neural-specific antigens. Moreover, they are able to maintain regional fate, as is evident by the expression of the hindbrain-specific marker, Krox20. In addition, we observe that committed hindbrain tissues are able to induce presumptive ventral epidermis to form neural crest derivatives, otic vesicles, and neural tissues. We propose that hindbrain progenitors have acquired regional identity as a group at 80% epiboly even before making vertical contact with axial mesoderm. These results suggest that planar induction may constitute a significant component in the zebrafish neural patterning pathway.
The Algebraic Theory of Surgery I. Foundations

algebra. An n-dimensional algebraic Poincare complex over a ring A with an involution -: A -+ A; a r+ a is an A-module chain complex G with an n-dimensional Poincare duality H*(G) = Hn_*(G). We shall use n-dimensional algebraic Poincare complexes to define two sequences of covariant functors Ln {Ln}: (rings with involution) -+ (abelian groups) (n E Z) . such that LO(A) {respectively Lo(A)} is the Witt group of non-singular symmetric {quadratic} forms over A. The quadratic L-groups Ln(A) will turn out to be the surgery obstruction groups of Wall [25], with a 4-periodicity