cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleotide sequence of a highly repetitive DNA element in the domestic goat and its structural relatedness to ovine satellite I and bovine satellite I DNA

Abstract This is the first report of sequence information for caprine Eco RI repetitive element DNA with restriction enzyme digestion and structural similarities to caprine and ovine satellite I DNA. Restriction endonuclease digestion of caprine (Capra hircus) genomic DNA with Eco RI releases an 851 bp and a 2.29 kb repetitive element. The 851 bp repetitive element was isolated and cloned, and three of the resultant clones subjected to double-stranded sequence analysis. Each of the sequences was examined for evidence of homology to the satellite I sequences of two other members of the family Bovidae, the domestic cow (Bos taurus) and the domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Analysis of the nucleotide sequences revealed the 851 bp element from goat to have 91% homology to ovine satellite I DNA and 55% homology to bovine satellite I DNA. The homology of the caprine repetitive element to other bovidae sequences supports the concept of sequence conservation of repetitive elements in related species and is useful in studies of satellite DNA origin and evolution.
Joint tail of ECOMOR and LCR reinsurance treaties

Abstract Researchers in actuarial sciences have investigated the tail behavior of the LCR and ECOMOR reinsurance treaties separately for managing extreme risks in reinsurance business. In practice, a reinsurance company may possess these two treaties simultaneously. Therefore, investigating the joint tail behavior of these two treaties is practically useful in risk management. This paper derives the asymptotic limit of the joint tail of these two reinsurance treaties under the setup of Jiang and Tang (2008).
Views on Aging How Caring for an Aging Parent Influences Adult Daughters’ Perspectives on Later Life

Approximately 24 million Americans provide informal (unpaid) care to a family member or friend who is disabled or ill. The most common informal caregiving relationship is that of an adult child providing assistance to an elderly parent. Women in midlife represent most of the unpaid caregivers for older adults, yet little is known about how providing care affects women’s beliefs about and desires for their own aging. The purpose of this study was to understand how being a caregiver affected adult daughters’ perspectives on their own late life. In-depth interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of 15 women between the ages of 50 and 65 who were providing care to an ill and disabled parent or parent-in-law. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed that caregivers were affected by the caregiving experience in five ways: gaining awareness, provoking fears, providing a comparison for current functioning, providing firsthand knowledge about aging, and providing an example of how to age. This study offers an alternative perspective on the well-documented negative consequences of caring for an older person, suggesting that caregiving encourages personal growth for adult daughters in midlife.
X-Radiography of New Albany and Chattanooga Shales (Devonian) Along Cincinnati Arch in Kentucky: ABSTRACT

Sedimentary structures and composition in the New Albany and Chattanooga Shales (Devonian) along the western flank of the Cincinnati arch in Kentucky help define seven lithofacies. These lithofacies, recognized by x-radiography, are: (1) organic-rich laminated shale, (2) bioturbated greenish-gray shale, (3) indistinctly laminated greenish-gray shale, (4) siltstone, (5) fine-grained sandstone, (6) carbonate, and (7) authigenic mineral phases. The organic-rich laminated shale is dominant and can be divided into three subfacies: (a) organic-rich thinly laminated shale, (b) organic-rich thickly laminated shale, and (c) organic-rich laminated shale with current stratification. This current stratification is in the form of discontinuous laminae, ripples, cross-beds, and scour s rfaces. The carbonate and authigenic mineral phases refer to early (diagenetic?) formation of carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, and phosphates. Areal and vertical distribution of these lithofacies in the New Albany and Chattanooga Shales in western-central Kentucky are interpreted to show the influence of the paleo-Cincinnati arch. The organic-rich, thinly laminated shale is dominant in the basins on the flanks of the arch and occurs on the arch. This facies records episodic deposition in quiet, anaerobic waters. The organic-rich thinly laminated shale with current stratification is dominant on the arch and is interpreted as evidence of episodic deposition in an anaerobic environment with weak bottom currents. Indistinctly laminated, greenish-gray shale and bioturbated greenish-gray shale facies are representative of a dysaerobic environment. Siltstone and fine-grained sandstone facies are also present in small amounts, mainl near the base of the section. Carbonate and authigenic minerals are indicators of paleosalinity, oxygen content, and conditions of Eh, and support interpretations of the other associated lithofacies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1442------------
Clinical Risk Score to Predict Pancreatic Fistula after Pancreatoduodenectomy: Independent External Validation for Open and Laparoscopic Approaches

Background A clinical risk score for pancreatic fistula (CRS-PF) was recently reported to predict postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). An independent external validation has not been performed. Our hypothesis was that CRS-PF predicts POPF after both laparoscopic and open PD. Study Design The CRS-PF was calculated from a retrospective review of patients undergoing PD from January 2007 to February 2014. Postoperative pancreatic fistula was graded using International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula criteria. Grade B and C leaks were defined as clinically significant. Performance was measured based on sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy, and R 2 . Results There were 808 patients who met inclusion criteria; 539 (66.7%) had open and 269 (33.3%) had laparoscopic PD. The CRS-PF was high risk in 134 patients, intermediate in 492, low in 135, and negligible in 47. Postoperative pancreatic fistula occurred in 191 (23.6%) patients (grade A, 3.8%; B, 14.2%; and C, 5.6%), and it increased with risk category (R 2 = 0.935 all, 0.898 open, and 0.968 laparoscopic). High and intermediate risk categories were combined and classified as "test positive," and negligible and low risk categories were combined and classified "test negative," resulting in a CRS-PF with a sensitivity of 95% and a negative predictive value of 96% for predicting POPF. Contrary to previous studies, grade A POPF increased with increasing CRS-PF and POPF did not correlate with estimated blood loss (R 2 = 0.04). Conclusions The CRS-PF was validated independently by predicting POPF for both laparoscopic and open PD. Predictive performance was at least as good for laparoscopic PD as for open PD. Lack of correlation with estimated blood loss suggests CRS-PF might be tailored for improved performance. The CRS-PF is a clinically useful tool for POPF risk stratification after PD and allows for targeted intra- and postoperative measures to address patients at increased risk.
Extraordinary leaders in education: Understanding transformational leadership.

Abstract The results of two investigations of leader characteristics and behaviors associated with extraordinary performance are reported. In a quantitative exploration using Bass's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, educators associated leader effectiveness with charisma and intellectual stimulation. Problems are noted with the operational definition of charisma. In a separate investigation, narratives describing educational leaders perceived to be extraordinary were analyzed to determine more specific leader behaviors and characteristics that followers ascribe to those leaders. The qualitative results emphasize the importance of professional development opportunities for followers and suggest that specific leader behaviors, rather than personality, inspire followers to higher levels of performance.
Molecular and biochemical analysis of rainbow trout LCK suggests a conserved mechanism for T-cell signaling in gnathostomes.

Two genes were identified in rainbow trout that display high sequence identity to vertebrate Lck. Both of the trout Lck transcripts are associated with lymphoid tissues and were found to be highly expressed in IgM-negative lymphocytes. In vitro analysis of trout lymphocytes indicates that trout Lck mRNA is up-regulated by T-cell mitogens, supporting an evolutionarily conserved function for Lck in the signaling pathways of T-lymphocytes. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of a specific monoclonal antibody raised against the N-terminal domains of recombinant trout Lck that can recognize Lck protein(s) from trout thymocyte lysates that are similar in size (∼57 kDa) to mammalian Lck. This antibody also reacted with permeabilized lymphocytes during FACS analysis, indicating its potential usage for cellular analyses of trout lymphocytes, thus representing an important tool for investigations of salmonid T-cell function.
A 3-level PWM ADSL2+ CO line driver

A PWM ADSL2+ line driver with 2.2MHz signal bandwidth is realized in a 3 metal, 2 poly 0.35µm CMOS process. A low 8.832MHz switching frequency is used with filtering in the feedback path to suppress aliasing. Signal processing and triangular wave generation are combined in the forward integrators. The driver delivers 100mW to a 100Ω line with an MTPR less than−52 dB. Active area is 3mm2
Seed Germination in the Riparian Zone: The Case of the Rare Shrub, Spiraea virginiana (Rosaceae)

ABSTRACT Conservation of rare species often involves restoration efforts to enhance or expand existing populations, a critical step of which is seed germination. Seed germination can be especially problematic in riparian zones where habitat disturbance through flooding can be a regular and frequent event. Spiraea virginiana Britton, a riparian clonal shrub, is a rare species that is particularly susceptible to problems at the seed stage; it is generally assumed to lack effective seed recruitment, although seeds are sometimes observed in the field. Therefore, we examined the effects of growth substrate and cold stratification on the number of days required for seeds to germinate and overall seed germination success. Overall, total seed germination for S. virginiana was low at only 10% and cold stratification had a significant effect on the initiation of germination; as the number of days of cold stratification increased, the time necessary for seeds to germinate decreased. Although seedlings of S. virgin...
Neuroanatomy of Schizophrenia

The articles that appear in this issue offer a framework of insights about the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia from three learned and creative perspectives. All three articles advance our understanding of schizophrenia from a single locus/specific "lesion" model to more advanced perspectives of neural circuit dysfunction models. Goldman-Rakic and Selemon review their own and others' work on structure-activity relationships of the frontal cortex and related working memory dysfunction. This important but sometimes cloudy and complex area is illuminated by their highly specific, informative research. Jones focuses on thalamic abnormalities hypothetically linked to abnormal oscillations in large arrays of cortical and thalamic neurons, a critically important concept in understanding the functional consequences of abnormal (thalamic) brain structure and function. Graybiel describes her interest in abnormal basal ganglia activity-dependent loops that may access the thalamus and set the tone of thalamo-cortical transmission. This view allows for us to understand the "upward" influences on basal ganglia function (and dysfunction) relevant to schizophrenia. These intriguing articles raise a number of issues that await increased data and continued integrating insights. These issues include the need for more information about (1) the developmental timing of lesions or dysfunctions; (2) the extent and regional distribution of abnormalities; (3) the relationship of brain dysfunction to clinical/cognitive abnormalities; and (4) the variable expression of brain abnormalities across the schizophrenia spectrum. These three articles and their authors are at the forefront of our expanding knowledge about the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia and how complex structural and functional deficits are expressed in individuals in the group of schizophrenias.
Implications of Widespread Covalent Modification of mRNA

Whole transcriptome analysis reveals that one third of human and mouse genes express mRNAs containing methylated adenosines. Fat mass and obesity-associated ( FTO ) gene, a risk gene for obesity and metabolic abnormalities, demethylates the modified residues, suggesting a link between RNA methylation and disease. Vertebrate ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNAs (mRNAs) as well as viral RNAs can be methylated at the N6 position of adenosines to produce N6-methyladenosine (m6A). Although the presence of m6A modifications in mRNA has been known for decades and a handful of vertebrate m6A-modified mRNAs have been identified, the extent of m6A modification in mRNAs was unknown. Two recent articles using massively parallel sequencing found that mRNAs from more than one third of human and mouse genes contain m6A.1,2 N6-methyladenosines were found to be enriched near the translational stop codon, as well as in mRNA segments derived from large exons. Furthermore, the results showed that the genes modified and the distribution of modifications within mRNAs is conserved between mouse and humans. Particularly intriguing is the recent discovery that FTO gene, a risk gene for obesity and metabolic abnormalities, is an m6A demethylase. These results suggest a potential regulatory role for covalent modification of RNA and a link with metabolic disorders. Over the past 2 decades, RNA has been revealed as one of the most functionally diverse and information-rich molecules in the cell.3 RNA can function as a viral genome, message, decoding machine, guide to target proteins, enzyme, template and primer for DNA synthesis, and structural component. RNA carries information as primary nucleotide sequence and by using a huge structural space to provide a fit for diverse molecular interactions. Pre-mRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II are extensively modified and processed into mature mRNA by addition of the 5′ cap, splicing, and …
Prospective studies of insulin sensitivity in normal women receiving oral contraceptive agents.

Seven normal premenopausal women were studied before (control) and after 3 and 6 months of oral contraceptive agent (OCA) administration (30 μg ethinyl estradiol plus 150 ng levonorgestrel). The plasma glucose responses during 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests were not altered by the OCA, but the 3- and 6-month plasma insulin responses significantly exceeded control values (P < 0.05). On a separate morning a constant iv infusion of [3H]3-glucose was given throughout a 2-h basal period and during two successive 2-h euglycemic clamp procedures at iv insulin delivery rates of 10 and 40 mU/m2 · min, respectively. Endogenous glucose production rates (milligrams per kg/min) were not altered after 3 or 6 months of OCA administration. Peripheral glucose utilization rates were expressed as M (milligrams per kg/min) or the ratio of M over the prevailing plasma insulin concentration (M/I). One or both parameters were significantly reduced below control values at both insulin infusion rates after 3 months (P < 0.05),...
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Deficiency Protects Against Visceral Fat-Induced Atherosclerosis

Objective— To determine the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp-1) on the progression of visceral fat-induced atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— Visceral fat inflammation was induced by transplantation of perigonadal fat. To determine whether recipient Mcp-1 status affected atherosclerosis induced by inflammatory fat, apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) and ApoE−/− and Mcp-1-deficient (Mcp-1−/−) mice underwent visceral fat transplantation. Intravital microscopy was used to study leukocyte-endothelial interactions. To study the primary tissue source of circulating Mcp-1, both fat and bone marrow transplantation experiments were used. Transplantation of visceral fat increased atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice but had no effect on atherosclerosis in ApoE−/−,Mcp-1−/− mice. Intravital microscopy revealed increased leukocyte attachment to the endothelium in ApoE−/− mice compared with ApoE−/−,Mcp-1−/− mice after receiving visceral fat transplants. Transplantation of visceral fat increased plasma Mc...
Performance analysis of a combined cooling, heating, and power system driven by a waste biomass fired Stirling engine:

Due to the soaring costs and demand of energy in recent years, combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems have arisen as an alternative to conventional power generation based on their potential to provide reductions in cost, primary energy consumption, and emissions. However, the application of these systems is commonly limited to internal combustion engine prime movers that use natural gas as the primary fuel source. Investigation of more efficient prime movers and renewable fuel applications is an integral part of improving CCHP technology. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the performance of a CCHP system driven by a biomass fired Stirling engine. The study is carried out by considering an hour-by-hour CCHP simulation for a small office building located in Atlanta, Georgia. The hourly thermal and electrical demands for the building were obtained using the EnergyPlus software. Results for burning waste wood chip biomass are compared to results obtained burning natural gas to ...
Re-Reading Honneth: Exodus Politics and the Paradox of Recognition

Is Honneth's theory sufficiently sensitive to practices of recognition that have historically emerged? This article answers in the negative by revisiting his ground-breaking study Struggle for Recognition. Parts one and two of this essay reconstructs the connection he draws between the practices of recognition, the psychological damage experienced in its absence and the motivation for social conflict that results. In doing so, we discover the paradox of recognition: Honneth makes psychological and moral development depend on precisely the "legally" instantiated system that is the source of disrespect in the first instance. Correspondingly, the paradox of recognition denies other alternative ways oppress groups have achieved and sustained psychological and moral development. Part three offers the contrasting example of how black Americans used their religious imagination to overcome the effects of slavery. In doing so, they developed structures of mutuality to affirm self and community against misrecognition.
Use of Automated Bone Age for Critical Growth Assessment

Background. We compared the variability of bone age (BA) rating between clinicians and an automated system in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Method. A total of 126 radiographs assessed by 3 clinicians blinded to patient details using Greulich and Pyle (GP) (readers 1, 2, and 3) and BoneXpert (BX). Results. Comparing BA rating with each other, the mean of the absolute differences varied from 0.42 ± 0.53 years (reader 1 and BX) to 0.57 ± 0.58 years (reader 2 and reader 3), P = .368. Comparing ratings that were consistent with all 4 methods (within 1 year of each other, 93/126, 74%) and the remaining, “outliers” (33/126, 26%), the outliers were younger (P = .003), smaller (height, P = .011, weight, P = .000), and prepubertal (P = .001). Conclusion. The variability of BA rating in CAH children is similar whether performed by clinicians or an automated system. The greatest variability was in prepubertal children.
Identity, Mobility, and Urban Place-Making Exploring Gay Life in Manila

This article offers a nuanced analysis of identity reconstitution in transnational gay relations. Drawing from critical ethnography, the author focuses on Filipino gay-identified hosts, who remain invisible in global analyses of sexuality and tourism, as they create a gay space in Malate, an ex-sex and current tourist district in the city of Manila. Challenging the perception that gay identity is Western made, the author focuses on how gay host identity is constituted through hosts’travel/mobility and in relation to urban place. She discusses place-making as a strategy that allows gay hosts to see their identities transformed in Malate despite their social exclusion in the process of urban gentrification.
An accelerated DFT-MoM for the analysis of large finite periodic antenna arrays

A novel approach which utilizes a discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based preconditioner in an iterative moment method (MoM) solution of the governing integral equation for the electromagnetic (EM) problems of the radiation and scattering from large finite periodic antenna arrays is presented. The preconditioner is primarily constructed via the block-diagonal approximation of the transformed impedance matrix in the DFT domain, in which that matrix becomes sparse and nearly diagonal due to the properties of the DFT basis functions. The preconditioner in the original spatial domain is simply obtained by the inverse DFT. This preconditioner is shown to significantly improve the convergence rate of the iterative solution. Moreover, it is rather simple to implement and requires relatively small extra computational cost. The performance of the present approach is illustrated through numerical results.
A Meta-Study of Black Male Mental Health and Well-Being

Aggregating and interpreting available qualitative data is a necessary next step to understanding the mental health needs and experiences of Black men. This study describes the findings from a meta-synthesis of qualitative research on Black men’s mental health and well-being using Paterson, Thorne, Canam, and Jillings’s qualitative meta-study approach. Though previous studies have reported various forms of racism as salient concerns for Black men’s mental health and well-being, findings from this meta-study revealed seven themes that present an initial step toward advancing the knowledge pertaining to how Black men perceive and express their mental health and well-being. For instance, male gender socialization and economic status were found to play as large a role in Black men’s mental health and well-being as racism. Additional theoretical perspectives are proposed, and implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.
Effects of D2O on cellular components of mammalian cells grown in tissue culture.

In respirometry experiments with HeLa cells, deuterium oxide caused an increased Q/sub CO2/ and a reversal of the inhibition of the oxygen uptake normally seen with glucose. The results suggest that D/sub 2/0 presents a new and useful tool for the study of certain aspects of lipid metabolism. (auth)
Mechanisms of antiarrhythmic drug-induced changes in defibrillation threshold: Role of potassium and sodium channel conductance

AbstractObjectives.We sought to determine which ion current predominantly affects defibrillation outcomes by using specific pharmacologic probes (lidocaine [a sodium channel blocking agent] and ces...
Unintended Consequences? Racial Redistricting and the Representation of Minority Interests

One argument propounded by critics of "majority-minority" districts is that "packing" minority constituents into such districts leaves fewer members of Congress with electoral incentives to be sensitive to minority concerns. We test this effect empirically with data concerning the voting behavior of white incumbent representatives returned to the House following the 1992 redistricting cycle. Our findings, which indicate that at least some incumbents who lost black constituents during redistricting became less sensitive to the concerns of the black community, further complicate the societal calculus concerning the desirability of "majority-minority" districts.
An engineering model for short-channel MOS devices

An engineering model for short-channel MOS devices which includes the effect of carrier drift velocity saturation is described. Based on a piecewise carrier drift velocity model, simplified expressions for the DC drain current I/sub D/, the small signal transconductance g/sub m/ and the output conductance g/sub ds/ in the saturation region are derived. For a given gate voltage, the expressions depend only on the threshold voltage V/sub T/ and the dimensions of the device, whose desired values are normally known. >
Interactions of oxidative stress with thiamine homeostasis promote neurodegeneration.

Thiamine-dependent processes are diminished in brains of patients with several neurodegenerative diseases. The decline in thiamine-dependent enzymes can be readily linked to the symptoms and pathology of the disorders. Why the reductions in thiamine linked processes occur is an important experimental and clinical question. Oxidative stress (i.e. abnormal metabolism of free radicals) accompanies neurodegeneration and causes abnormalities in thiamine-dependent processes. The vulnerability of thiamine homeostasis to oxidative stress may explain deficits in thiamine homeostasis in numerous neurological disorders. The interactions of thiamine with oxidative processes may be part of a spiral of events that lead to neurodegeneration, because reductions in thiamine and thiamine-dependent processes promote neurodegeneration and cause oxidative stress. The reversal of the effects of thiamine deficiency by antioxidants, and amelioration of other forms of oxidative stress by thiamine, suggest that thiamine may act as a site-directed antioxidant. The data indicate that the interactions of thiamine-dependent processes with oxidative stress are critical in neurodegenerative processes.
Effects of Daptomycin, Linezolid, and Vancomycin on Establishment of Intestinal Colonization with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Mice

In mice, vancomycin and linezolid treatment disrupted the anaerobic intestinal microflora, based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, and promoted colonization by Klebsiella pneumoniae and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, the effects varied depending on dose and duration of treatment. Daptomycin treatment did not disrupt the anaerobic microflora or promote either pathogen.
Optimal Switching and Control of Nonlinear Switching Systems Using Approximate Dynamic Programming

The problem of optimal switching and control of switching systems with nonlinear subsystems is investigated in this paper. An approximate dynamic programming-based algorithm is proposed for learning the optimal cost-to-go function based on the switching instants and the initial conditions. The global optimal switching times for every selected initial condition are directly found through the minimization of the resulting function. Once the optimal switching times are calculated, the same neurocontroller is used to provide optimal control in a feedback form. Proof of convergence of the learning algorithm is presented. Two illustrative numerical examples are given to demonstrate the versatility and accuracy of the proposed technique.
Introduction to SQURL

This paper introduces SQURL, a new programming language designed to fulfill a need for a simple, flexible alternative to languages currently available for micro-computers. SQURL is a structured language designed for general purpose applications and intended for implementation on almost any micro-computer. A compiler does exist.
Compiling for vector-thread architectures

Vector-thread (VT) architectures exploit multiple forms of parallelism simultaneously. This paper describes a compiler for the Scale VT architecture, which takes advantage of the VT features. We focus on compiling loops, and show how the compiler can transform code that poses difficulties for traditional vector or VLIW processors, such as loops with internal control flow or cross-iteration dependences, while still taking advantage of features not supported by multithreaded designs, such as vector memory instructions. We evaluate the compiler using several embedded benchmarks and show that we can obtain substantial speedups over a single-issue, in-order scalar machine.
Some Physiological Characteristics of the Mating Types and Varieties of Tetrahymena pyriformis

SYNOPSIS. Differences in temperature-tolerance, generation time, nutritional requirements, osmoresistance, pigment production, and sensitivity to high hydrogen or hydroxyl ion concentration have been observed among varieties, and among mating types within varieties of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The usefulness of these differences to taxonomists and geneticists is discussed. The nutrition of a temperature-tolerant strain, mating type II, variety 1, was given special attention and a chemicallydefined medium devised to support rapid growth at 35d C. At 40d, growth in this medium failed, but was good in a crude medium. Temperature factors are suggested. Permeability of this ciliate, as inferred by utilization of nucleotides, was high.
Basic IC Output Stages

In this chapter, the performance is studied of typical output stages for analog integrated circuits. In general, the output stage should be able to drive heavy loads, resistive and capacitive. This implies that the output stage should have a very low output resistance. At the input, the input resistance should be large so that the loading on a previous stage is as small as possible. Voltage gain, per se, is usually provided by the preceding ‘gain’ stages and is not necessary in the output stage. However, power gain (and thus current gain) is required. Of course, the transfer characteristic of the stage should be as linear as possible in order not to introduce harmonic distortion. All of these considerations point to the use of a feedback amplifier. In particular, a series-shunt combination is appropriate for the high input resistance, the low output resistance, the linearity, and reduced voltage gain. The simplest form of such amplifiers are the ‘follower’ stages, e.g., an emitter follower (EF) for bipolar transistors and the source follower (SF) for MOS devices. (The follower stages can be considered as forms of two two-port combinations of the series-shunt variety. Note that a C-E or C-S stage with resistance in the common input-output lead is a series-series configuration.) Finally, any output stage should convert the dc power from the bias sources into ac power as efficiently as possible. Therefore, power conversion efficiency must be given attention.
Positive Versus Negative Valence: Asymmetries in Attitude Formation and Generalization as Fundamental Individual Differences

Abstract Whenever individuals evaluate a novel object or situation, they must integrate its positive and negative aspects. We argue that such valence weighting is essentially an exercise in attitude generalization. Individuals must weigh how much the novel stimulus resembles past occurrences that proved to be positive versus past incidences toward which they have a negative attitude. We overview a program of research in which individuals’ valence weighting tendencies are assessed by examining how their preestablished attitudes generalize to similar but novel attitude objects. Some individuals show evidence of their positive attitudes generalizing more strongly than their negative attitudes, essentially weighting resemblance to a known positive more heavily than resemblance to a known negative. Others show the reverse tendency. Numerous studies are reviewed demonstrating that individual differences in this valence weighting bias predict judgments of novel stimuli across a wide variety of domains, including sensitivity to interpersonal rejection, threat assessment, risk-taking, and exploratory behavior. Additional research highlights the conditions under which this individual difference is most likely to be apparent. Its causal influence is demonstrated through experiments in which individuals’ valence weighting proclivities are recalibrated. We also discuss the relation between valence weighting and different forms of valence asymmetry that may arise during attitude formation. In so doing, we summarize additional research concerning an individual difference related to differential attitude learning upon the reception of positive versus negative outcome information, and we distinguish this learning bias from the weighting bias. As a whole, the research findings link basic attitudinal processes to personality, illustrating the value of viewing systematic variability in processes of evaluation as fundamental individual differences.
The communication design of WeChat: ideological as well as technical aspects of social media

In this paper, the authors discuss how the technical and ideological design of WeChat, a social media platform, enables the free flow of information within the context of heavy Internet policing and surveillance in the People's Republic of China. Through a case study of two instances of grassroots and social activism, the authors highlight how three unique features of WeChat---Moments, Friends' Circle, and Share to---enhance privacy and security issues related to information dissemination. In both cases examined here, the unique design of certain WeChat features enhanced privacy and security in ways that allowed for the free dissemination of information and public involvement through social media. In examining these cases, this study represents one of the first attempts to use a Chinese social media app to examine technology design within a particular political and social context. The authors hope the results of this study will further our understanding of the reciprocal relationship between technology, design, and the social context in which technologies are used.
ENERGETICS OF THE $sup 27$Al($sup 11$B,p3n)$sup 34$mCl REACTION FROM RECOIL STUDIES

We have studied, in detail, the ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}({\mathrm{B}}^{11}, p3n){\mathrm{Cl}}^{34m}$ reaction at bombarding energies from 30 to 115 MeV. This paper presents measurements of cross sections, average recoil ranges, and angular distributions of the reaction product ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{34m}$, the high-spin member of an isomeric pair. The excitation function behavior is unusual, exhibiting a relatively slow decrease in cross section at higher energies. The peak cross section is about 16 mb, and at 65 MeV above the excitation-function peak, the cross section is approximately 2% of its maximum value. Our recoil range results provide strong evidence that the reaction proceeds by compound-nucleus formation at all energies investigated. At the highest bombarding energy, approximately 66 MeV must be dissipated as particle kinetic energies and photons in the compound nucleus de-excitation. The analysis of our angular-distribution experiments indicates that most of this energy appears as kinetic energy of emitted particles. The total particle kinetic energy increases approximately linearly with available energy. Relatively little de-excitation energy is released in the form of gamma radiation, of the order of 7 MeV or less. The trend of total gamma-ray emission energy with increasing available energy is roughly constant, but seems to show a slight decrease. There is no direct evidence that the formation of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{34m}$ involves preferential selection of compound nuclei with greater than average angular momentum. On the contrary, if the presence of gamma-ray competition with particle evaporation is taken as a criterion of high angular momentum, then our results may imply a strong discrimination against high-angular-momentum events. Our range-energy data for ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{34m}$ in Al are compared with the predictions of stopping theory. The high velocities encountered in our experiments provide a test of the theoretical formulation relating to electronic stopping. Although general agreement is good, there are systematic deviations which may indicate the approximate character of the theoretical assumptions.
Inheritance and Linkage Relationships of Morphological and Isozyme Loci in Lentil (Lens Miller)

Allozyme polymorphisms for 18 loci are described and their monogenic inheritance is demonstrated. We investigated linkage relationships among the 18 isozyme loci as well as four genes controlling morphological traits
Formation of AgCl Cubic Crystals Induced by Shrinkage of Sol–Gel Silica Film

Growth of AgCl cubic crystals at the surface of sol–gel silica films containing AgCl nanocrystals and poly(ethylene glycol)/ethylene glycol as diffusion-controlled media has been successfully demonstrated. Crystals were grown during the shrinking of the film when it was exposed to air at room temperature, and both size and shape of the crystals were found to be dependent on the film thickness. When the film thickness was in the range of 70–250 nm, cubic shaped crystals with size between 120 and 250 nm were produced. These cubes exhibited predominant {200} facets as indicated by the electron beam diffraction patterns. Spherical crystals with size and height between 200 and 400 nm were observed when film thickness was in the range of 250–400 nm, while elliptical crystals were found on films thicker than 400 nm. Crystals were not grown when the film thickness was <25 nm. These results suggest that sol–gel silica films can be utilized as a nanocrystal reservoir to grow crystals of desired size and shape with ...
STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL MICROANALYSIS OF OXYGEN-BEARING PRECIPITATES IN SILICON.

Precipitation in CZ-silicon during post-growth two-stage heat treatment has been examined using the methods of high resolution analytical electron microscopy. Electron transparent specimens prepared from these specimens, exhibited a low density of plate type precipitates on {100} planes. Microdiffraction experiments showed the precipitates to be consistently non-crystalline. Electron energy loss spectra showed that the precipitates contained oxygen, but carbon was not detected. It was found that carbon artifact absorption edges could be induced in spectra by specimen contamination in the microscope. The use of a low temperature stage eliminated this problem. Complementary characteristic x-ray microanalysis showed that metallic impurities had not segregated to these precipitates in this particular case, although this has been observed elsewhere.
Structured Teaching of Early Pregnancy Loss Counseling.

OBJECTIVE To estimate whether a novel structured curriculum could significantly improve medical student performance in early pregnancy loss counseling. BACKGROUND Medical students receive limited exposure to early pregnancy loss counseling through real-life observation of this important skill. METHODS A pre-post control group design was used to examine early pregnancy loss counseling performance among medical students from two medical schools doing their obstetrics and gynecology rotations at the same community hospital. The study outcomes were: (1) pre-post differences in Standardized Patient Objective Structured Clinical Examination scores; (2) pre-post differences in student confidence levels; and (3) postdifferences in standardized patient empathy ratings. Both groups had similar demographics, academic parameters, and longitudinal curricula. The study group (N=39) received a curriculum of demonstration and role-playing for delivering bad news and a shared decision-making model for early pregnancy loss management. The control group (N=38) received traditional instruction. RESULTS Standardized Patient Objective Structured Clinical Examination posttest scores were significantly higher for the study group compared with the control group (94.2% compared with 69.7%, P<.001) after starting with similar pretest scores (64.0% compared with 61.6%, P=.53). Posttest confidence levels (1=high, 5=low) were significantly higher for the study compared with the control group (1.57 compared with 3.62, P<.001) after starting at similar levels (4.27 compared with 4.23, P=.79). Standardized patient empathy ratings (1=high, 5=low) were significantly higher for the study compared with the control group (1.84 compared with 2.62, P=.002). CONCLUSION A structured curriculum for teaching early pregnancy loss counseling improved student performance on standardized Objective Structured Clinical Examinations compared with traditional instruction. Providing these counseling tools improved their confidence and empathy ratings in caring for patients with early pregnancy loss.
Incremental Clicks: The Impact of Search Advertising

ABSTRACT In this research, the authors examined how the number of organic clicks changed when search ads were present and when search ad campaigns were turned off. The authors developed a statistical model to estimate the fraction of total clicks that could be attributed to search advertising. A meta-analysis of several hundred of these studies revealed that more than 89 percent of the ads clicks were incremental, in the sense that those visits to the advertiser9s site would not have occurred without the ad campaigns.
God is Where God Acts: Reconceiving Divine Omnipresence

In classical theism, God is typically conceived of as having the attribute of omnipresence. However, this attribute often falls prey to two puzzles, the immateriality puzzle and the intensity puzzle. A recent explication of omnipresence by Hud Hudson falls short of solving these puzzles. By attending to key narratives in the Hebrew Scriptures, I argue that one ought to conceive of God’s presence at a location as God’s acting at that location. Thus, God’s omnipresence is God’s acting at all locations.
Important issues in nonclinical evaluation of new pharmaceuticals

There are some emerging important issues in nonclinical evaluation of new pharmaceuticals in China.We recognized that nonclinical evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines and chemical medicines(small molecule entities) should follow the same technical guidelines and all nonclinical studies for new drugs should comply with good laboratory practice.Other issues such as toxicokinetic study,pharmacokinetic study,and carcinogenicity study should be strengthened further.
Surface-Bulk Model for d0 Ferromagnetism in ZnS Quantum Dots and Wires

We study d0 ferromagnetism in ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and nanowires (NW). To find the magnetization of the medium and large size nanocrystals (NC), we introduce the surface-bulk (SB) model where the separately calculated surface and bulk contributions to the total magnetic moment allow us to find the magnetization for a large nanocrystal (NC). For nanowire calculations the accuracy of the SB model varies from 0.2% to 21% depending on the Zn vacancy concentrations on the NC surface and in the NC core. We find that the higher the concentration of the Zn vacancies, the larger the total magnetic moment in the nanocrystal. However, the magnetic moment increases faster for quantum dots rather than for nanowires. We also study the cases where the concentrations of Zn vacancies can be different on the NC surface and in the core. From the comparison of the experimental and theoretical NW magnetic moments, we find that the experimental magnetization is 1.4 × 103 smaller than the calculated one. Such a huge discrepan...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis Awareness Survey

Objective Pulmonary tuberculosis patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis knowledge and awareness of the situation,in order to provide reference to carry out health education work.Methods On pulmonary outpatient follow-up treatment management of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis questionnaire was conducted.Result In 159 cases of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were investigated,and the primary school education accounted for 67.2%," what is MDR-TB " witting rate of 55.9%," chronic discharging bacteria / initial treatment failure / recurrence in patients with MDR-TB / close contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients should be suspected MDR-TB " witting rate was 13.8%,MDR-TB " causes of " the awareness rate of 26.4%," how to treat the awareness rate of 15.1% MDR-TB "," MDR-TB can administer well what " the awareness rate of 30.2%," how to prevent MDR-TB" rate was 23.9%.Conclusion Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with MDR-TB knowledge awareness rate is low,should strengthen the publicity and education of MDR-TB.
Crystal structure of ammonium bis-[(pyridin-2-yl)meth-yl]ammonium dichloride.

In the title molecular salt, C12H14N3+·NH4+·2Cl−, the central, secondary-amine, N atom is protonated. The bis­[(pyridin-2-yl)meth­yl]ammonium and ammonium cations both lie across a twofold rotation axis. The dihedral angles between the planes of the pyridine rings is 68.43 (8)°. In the crystal, N—H⋯N and N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the components of the structure, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (010). In addition, weak C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds exist within the two-dimensional network.
Modeling enrichment kinetics from dynamic 13C-NMR spectra: theoretical analysis and practical considerations

Measurements of oxidative metabolism in the heart from dynamic 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy rely on 13C turnover in the NMR-detectable glutamate pool. A kinetic model was developed for the analysis of isotope turnover to determine tricarboxylic acid cycle flux (VTCA) and the interconversion rate between alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate (F1) by fitting the model to NMR data of glutamate enrichment. The results of data fitting are highly reproducible when the noise level is within 10%, making this model applicable to single or grouped experiments. The values for VTCA and F1 were unchanged whether obtained from least-squares fitting of the model to mean experimental enrichment data with standard deviations in the cost function (VTCA = 10.52 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1, F1 = 10.67 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1) or to the individual enrichment values for each heart with the NMR noise level in the cost function (VTCA = 10.67 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1, F1 = 10.18 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1). Computer simulation and theoretical analysis indicate that glutamate enrichment kinetics are insensitive to the fractional enrichment of acetyl-CoA and changes in small intermediate pools (< 1 mumol/g dry wt). Therefore, high-resolution NMR analysis of tissue extracts and biochemical assays for intermediates at low concentrations are unnecessary. However, a high correlation between VTCA and F1 exists, as anticipated from competition for alpha-ketoglutarate, which indicates the utility of introducing independent experimental constraints into the data fitting for accurate quantification.
WATER VAPOR BALANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE FROM FIVE YEARS OF HEMISPHERIC DATA

The atmospheric balance of water vapor for the northern hemisphere is investigated through entirely automatic data processing and objective analysis procedures, in order to assess the potentialities of these methods for the present purposes by examining a large sample of results. The present study is based on five years of daily observations taken at about 800 meteorological stations. The final maps of the distribution fields of mean precipitable water content and of zonal and meridional transports of water vapor in the atmosphere are presented and discussed. The structure and the implications of the water vapor divergence map for hydrology are treated. Finally the water vapor balance on a planetary scale is discussed and the results are compared with evidence obtained from climatological and hydrological sources. The five-year averages of the various fields appear to give consistent results and mainly agree with previous findings.