cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic relaxation and three-dimensional critical fluctuations in B-doped Q-carbon - a high-temperature superconductor.

Dimensional fluctuations and magnetic relaxations in high-temperature superconductors are key considerations for practical applications in high-speed electronic devices. We report the creep of trapped magnetic flux and three-dimensional critical fluctuations near the superconducting transition temperature (Tc = 36 K) in B-doped amorphous Q-carbon. The superconducting phase in B-doped Q-carbon is formed by nanosecond pulsed laser melting in a super undercooled state followed by subsequent quenching. Time-dependent magnetic moment measurements in the B-doped Q-carbon follow the Anderson–Kim logarithmic decay model with the calculated value of pinning potential to be 0.75 eV at 1 T near Tc. There is also strong evidence of three-dimensional (3D) critical fluctuations near Tc in B-doped Q-carbon. The crossover from 2D to 3D critical fluctuations is seen at T/Tc = 1.01 as compared to T/Tc = 1.11 in conventional Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) high-temperature superconductors. These critical fluctuations indicate moderate to strong electron–phonon coupling in B-doped Q-carbon. The isomagnetic temperature-dependent resistivity measurements reveal a broadening of superconducting transition width with increasing magnetic field. The upper critical field (Hc2(0)) is calculated to be 5.6 T using the power law. Finally, the superconducting region is determined in B-doped Q-carbon, as the three vertices of the superconducting region are calculated as Tc = 36.0 K, Jc = 2.9 × 109 A cm−2 and Hc2 = 5.6 T. The temperature-dependent magnetic moment and resistivity measurements also validate B-doped Q-carbon as a BCS type-II superconductor. B concentration in Q-carbon can be increased up to 50 at% by a nanosecond laser melting and quenching technique, thus providing an ideal platform for near room-temperature superconductivity.
Race and population change: a longitudinal look at Cleveland neighborhoods.

This paper investigates the relationship of racial composition to neighborhood population change from 1910 to 1990 in the Cleveland metropolitan area. To better understand the long-term dynamics of urban neighborhood change, we focus our analysis upon the longitudinal relationship of race, socioeconomic status, and life cycle stage to changes in neighborhood population densities. First, we find that the more established neighborhoods of the African-American community have experienced dramatic declines in population since 1950, a pattern that represents a clear change from the earlier part of the twentieth century. Second, population loss is experienced through a variety of mechanisms, including the demolition of dwellings, the increase in housing vacancy, and the decline of household size. Third, much of this population loss should be interpreted within the context of high economic distress, occurring most frequently in older African-American communities. Over time, economic distress appears to be more important than race in and of itself in leading to the loss of neighborhood populations.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling in the Neuroectoderm

Early during embryonic neural induction, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a conserved role in repressing neural gene expression in epidermal regions. Subsequently, BMPs diffuse into adjacent neural regions where they act as morphogens to pattern the dorsal–ventral axis of the neuroectoderm. The neuroectoderm of vertebrates and that of Drosophila are similarly subdivided into three primary domains expressing orthologous sets of neural identity genes. In Drosophila, BMPs repress the expression of neural identity genes, as they do during neural induction, but do so in a dosage-sensitive fashion. We discuss these patterning mechanisms and the degree to which they may have been conserved during evolution.
The novice programmer needs a plan

Algorithms and automation run social worlds, support scientific discovery, and even arbitrate economic opportunity. Job opportunities in computer science match this outsized influence: projected job growth in computing dwarfs that of other STEM fields [1]. In recognition of this reality, the movement to expand computing education to all students, including low-income, underrepresented minority, and female students, has grown by leaps and bounds. This has led to computing instruction in K-12, more computing in colleges, and a more diverse set of students to teach.
Scaled PT -Symmetric Coherent Perfect Absorber (CPA)- Laser

Reducing threshold gain of lasers and radiating harmonic oscillators has been a long desired goal. In this paper, we introduce a novel scaled parity-time (gPT)-symmetric metasurfaces, with imbalanced gain and loss, to realize low-threshold laser and coherent perfect absorber (CPA). Moreover, we theoretically show that in the same structure, the lasing and coherent perfect absorption modes can be switched by properly phasing two excitation sources.
Where has turtle ecology been, and where is it going?

Over 9000 articles have been published on turtles and tortoises (excluding sea turtles) since 1950 according to the Web of Science, including over 8000 contained in a personal bibliography that we analyze in this paper. Research had a slow start from 1900 to 1950, with mostly anecdotal additions to our knowledge until the contributions of F. Cagle and A. Carr took turtle research to new levels as the cofathers of turtle ecology in the middle of the last century. Books written in 1939, 1952, and 1972 that compiled existing literature on turtles in the United States and Canada set the stage for growing interest in turtles. The first global compilation of turtle species did not become available until 1961. Publication frequency increased in the 1960s and especially the 1970s as interest in turtles grew, and a wave of turtle biologists emerged from doctoral degree programs. We briefly review the contributions of scientists who published extensively on turtle ecology in those and later decades up to the present. We also review advances in our knowledge of various topics, including the global distribution of turtle research efforts; changes in our perceptions of turtle species diversity over time; turtle community ecology; sex ratios, sex-determination, and climate change; overwintering behavior; sexual size dimorphism and sexual dichromatism; analyses of population genetics; turtles and vocalization; and the emergence of turtle conservation biology efforts. We conclude with a discussion of future opportunities and challenges for working with turtles.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales are the most popular method of estimating IQ in clinical settings. There have been Spanish (Escala Inteligencia de Wechsler or EIWA) and Japanese translations (Hattori & Lynn, 1997) as well as adaptations for British and for Canadian subjects (Pugh & Boer, 1991). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; Wechsler, 1981) is, as its name implies, a revised form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, which was first published in 1955. There were two main reasons the original version was revised. First, some of the items on the WAIS had become dated and were replaced with more contemporary items. An attempt was also made to make the test more culturefair by including items related to black people and black history. Whether these attempts succeeded is an empirical question. Second, with the passage of three decades, the norms for the WAIS were unlikely to describe deviation intelligence. Scores could be interpreted as deviation IQs from the original sample, not from the general contemporary population.
An Introduction to Trauma and Health

This chapter will provide critical background on interpersonal trauma, how it became conceptualized as a harmful exposure and public health issue, and a discussion of the landmark Adverse Childhood Experiences, which illustrates the impact on health of early traumatic exposures. Next, we include a brief overview of the proposed pathways and mechanisms through which trauma results in poor health and health disparities. Interpersonal trauma may result in posttraumatic stress disorder which is a known mediator of adverse health effects. Next, the definitions, nature and prevalence of some common examples of interpersonal trauma are reviewed; these include childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence, sexual assault, community violence, human trafficking, and historical trauma. This chapter identifies the ubiquitous nature of traumatic experiences and lays the ground work for clinicians and healthcare systems to better understand the need for trauma-informed care and the role it can play in promoting health and healing for individuals and communities.
Motor Learning of Feeble-Minded Girls

(1948). Motor Learning of Feeble-Minded Girls. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 269-275.
The Probability of Fusions Joining Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes

Chromosome fusion and fission are primary mechanisms of karyotype evolution. In particular, the fusion of a sex chromosome and an autosome has been proposed as a mechanism to resolve intralocus sexual antagonism. If sexual antagonism is common throughout the genome, we should expect to see an excess of fusions that join sex chromosomes and autosomes. Here, we present a null model that provides the probability of a sex chromosome autosome fusion, assuming all chromosomes have an equal probability of being involved in a fusion. This closed-form expression is applicable to both male and female heterogametic sex chromosome systems and can accommodate unequal proportions of fusions originating in males and females.
L1-Norm Higher-Order Orthogonal Iterations for Robust Tensor Analysis

Standard Tucker tensor decomposition seeks to maximize the L2-norm of the compressed tensor; thus, it is very responsive to outlying/high-magnitude entries among the processed data. To counteract the impact of outliers in tensor data analysis, we propose L1-Tucker: a reformulation of standard Tucker decomposition, resulting by simple substitution of the outlier-responsive L2-norm by the sturdier L1-norm. Then, we propose the L1-norm Higher Order Orthogonal Iterations (L1-HOOI) algorithm for the approximate solution to L1-Tucker. Our numerical studies on data reconstruction and classification corroborate that L1-HOOI exhibits sturdy resistance against outliers compared to standard counterparts.
The Consequences of Abnormal Gene Dosage: Lessons from Chromosome 18

Accurate interpretation of genomic copy number variation (CNV) remains a challenge and has important consequences for both congenital and late-onset disease. Hemizygosity dosage characterization of the genes on chromosome 18 reveals a spectrum of outcomes ranging from no clinical effect, to risk factors for disease, to both low- and high-penetrance disease. These data are important for accurate and predictive clinical management. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of reduced penetrance due to dosage compensation are discussed as a key to understanding avenues for potential treatment. This review describes the chromosome 18 findings, and discusses the molecular mechanisms that allow haploinsufficiency, reduced penetrance, and dosage compensation.
Properties of Binary Mixtures of 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane (iso-Dodecane) with iso-Butylbenzene, sec-Butylbenzene, tert-Butylbenzene, or 1,3-Diethylbenzene: Densities, Viscosities, Speeds of Sound, and Isentropic Bulk Moduli in the Temperature Range of 288.15–333.15 K, Surface Tensions at 295 K, and Flash Points at 0.1 MPa

This work reports on the experimentally measured densities, viscosities, speeds of sound, surface tensions, and flash points, and calculated bulk moduli of mixtures of 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane ...
Key role of antibonding electron transfer in bonding on solid surfaces

The description of the chemical bond between a solid surface and an atom or a molecule is the fundamental basis for understanding a broad range of scientific problems in heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, and fuel cells. Widespread understandings are based on the molecular orbital theory and focused on the degree of filling of antibonding surface-adsorbate states that weaken bonding on surfaces. The unoccupied antibonding surface-adsorbate states are often tacitly assumed to be irrelevant. Here, we show that the unoccupancy of those antibonding surface-adsorbate states is related to antibonding electron transfer: Electrons that would occupy these antibonding states are transferred to the lower-energy Fermi level. This antibonding electron transfer leads to an energy gain, which plays a critically important role in controlling the trends of bond formation on surfaces that are often inhomogeneous and defective. This finding is illustrated from the first-principles study of hydrogen adsorption on ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ surfaces. A clear linear relationship between the energies of antibonding electron transfer and hydrogen adsorption is identified. Active sites of hydrogen evolution reaction on ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ are found to originate from the in-gap states induced by sulfur vacancies or edges. The emerging picture is general and suited for both metal and semiconductor surfaces. It also offers a physically different explanation for the well-known $d$-band model for hydrogen adsorption on transition-metal surfaces.
Using Clinical History Factors to Identify Bacterial Infections in Young Febrile Infants.

Objective To develop a novel predictive model using primarily clinical history factors and compare performance to the widely used Rochester Low Risk (RLR) model. Study design In this cross-sectional study, we identified infants brought to one pediatric emergency department from January 2014 to December 2016. We included infants age 0-90 days, with temperature ≥38°C, and documented gestational age and illness duration. The primary outcome was bacterial infection. We used 10 predictors to develop regression and ensemble machine learning models, which we trained and tested using 10-fold cross-validation. We compared areas under the curve (AUCs), sensitivities, and specificities of the RLR, regression, and ensemble models. Results Of 877 infants, 67 had a bacterial infection (7.6%). The AUCs of the RLR, regression, and ensemble models were 0.776 (95% CI 0.746, 0.807), 0.945 (0.913, 0.977), and 0.956 (0.935, 0.975), respectively. Using a bacterial infection risk threshold of .01, the sensitivity and specificity of the regression model was 94.6% (87.4%, 100%) and 74.5% (62.4%, 85.4%), compared with 95.5% (87.5%, 99.1%) and 59.6% (56.2%, 63.0%) using the RLR model. Conclusions Compared with the RLR model, sensitivities of the novel predictive models were similar whereas AUCs and specificities were significantly greater. If externally validated, these models, by producing an individualized bacterial infection risk estimate, may offer a targeted approach to young febrile infants that is noninvasive and inexpensive.
High-resolution epigenome analysis in nasal samples derived from children with respiratory viral infections reveals striking changes upon SARS-CoV-2 infection

BackgroundDNA methylation patterns of the human genome can be modified by environmental stimuli and provide dense information on gene regulatory circuitries. We studied genome-wide DNA methylation in nasal samples from infants (<6 months) applying whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) to characterize epigenome response to 10 different respiratory viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. ResultsWe identified virus-specific differentially methylated regions (vDMR) with human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and SARS-CoV-2 followed by Influenza B (Flu B) causing the weakest vs. strongest epigenome response with 496 vs. 78541 and 14361 vDMR, respectively. We found a strong replication rate of FluB (52%) and SARS-CoV-2 (42%) vDMR in independent samples indicating robust epigenome perturbation upon infection. Among the FluB and SARS-CoV-2 vDMRs, around 70% were hypomethylated and significantly enriched among epithelial cell-specific regulatory elements whereas the hypermethylated vDMRs for these viruses mapped more frequently to immune cell regulatory elements, especially those of the myeloid lineage. The hypermethylated vDMRs were also enriched among genes and genetic loci in monocyte activation pathways and monocyte count. Finally, we perform single-cell RNA-sequencing characterization of nasal mucosa in response to these two viruses to functionally analyze the epigenome perturbations. Which supports the trends we identified in methylation data and highlights and important role for monocytes. ConclusionsAll together, we find evidence indicating genetic predisposition to innate immune response upon a respiratory viral infection. Our genome-wide monitoring of infant viral response provides first catalogue of associated host regulatory elements. Assessing epigenetic variation in individual patients may reveal evidence for viral triggers of childhood disease.
Wide-Range Many-Core SoC Design in Scaled CMOS: Challenges and Opportunities

The system-on-chip (SoC) designs for future Internet of Things (IoT) systems, spanning client platforms to cloud datacenters, need to deliver uncompromising and scalable performance with extreme energy efficiency for diverse workloads and applications, while satisfying a wide range of energy budgets, as well as platform cooling and power delivery constraints. Low-latency, burst-mode responsiveness, and scalable high-throughput performance must be delivered on demand for a range of thread-parallel, task-parallel, and data-parallel workloads covering traditional and emerging applications. This article discusses the challenges and opportunities for many-core SoC design in scaled CMOS process operating over a wide voltage-frequency range including near-threshold-voltage (NTV) that can meet the compute demands of the future at scale, flexibly, and efficiently. This article covers: 1) circuit design techniques for NTV cores; 2) mitigation techniques for within-die parameter variations via multivoltage frequency schemes; 3) digital integrated voltage regulators (VRs) for fine-grain and wide-range voltage modulation; and 4) radiation-induced soft error rate (SER) characterization and mitigation techniques to enable reliable operation at NTV. Silicon prototype examples will be used to illustrate the different techniques and highlight future research directions.
A study on the cultivation model of intercultural communicative competence in foreign language teaching

With the continuous change of the world situation, English is becoming more and more important as an international language. With the full coverage of globalization, there are more and more exchanges between different cultures, and the cultivation of cross-cultural communicative competence of foreign language talents has become increasingly prominent. With the continuous increase of foreign exchange, there is a growing demand for foreign language talents with certain intercultural communicative competence. In recent years, the cultivation of intercultural communicative competence has become the focus of foreign language teaching in China. Therefore, this paper makes an in-depth study on the cultivation model of intercultural communicative competence in China. This study mainly conducts literature survey and questionnaire survey on the current situation of the cultivation model of cross-cultural communication ability in China, analyzes its advantages and disadvantages in detail, summarizes its shortcomings, and then puts forward relevant suggestions on the cultivation model of cross-cultural communication ability in China on the basis of the analysis and research, so as to provide a reference for the further development of China’s cross-cultural communication ability training model Some references.
Rockwood Grade-III Acromioclavicular Joint Separation: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Treatment Options.

Background The treatment of Rockwood Grade-III acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation has been widely disputed since the introduction of the classification system. The present literature does not reach consensus on whether operative or nonoperative management is more advantageous, nor does it effectively distinguish between operative measures. We hypothesized that nonoperative treatment of Rockwood Grade-III AC joint separation would be more cost-effective when compared with surgical options. Methods We created a decision-tree model outlining the treatment of Rockwood Grade-III separations using nonoperative management or hook-plate, suture-button, or allograft fixation. After nonoperative intervention, the possible outcomes predicted by the model were uneventful healing, delayed operative management, a second round of sling use and physical therapy, or no reduction and no action; and after operative intervention, the possible outcomes were uneventful healing, loss of reduction and revision, and depending on the implant, loss of reduction and no action, or removal of the implant. A systematic review was conducted, and probabilities of each model state were averaged. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted both through rollback analysis yielding net monetary benefit and through incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Thresholds of $50,000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and $100,000/QALY were used for ICER analysis. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was utilized to determine whether differential probabilities could impact the model. Results Forty-five papers were selected from a potential 768 papers identified through our literature review. Nonoperative treatment was used as our reference case and showed dominance over all 3 of the operative measures at both the $50,000 and $100,000 ICER thresholds. Nonoperative treatment also showed the greatest net monetary benefit. Nonoperative management yielded the lowest total cost ($6,060) and greatest utility (0.95 QALY). Sensitivity analysis showed that allograft fixation became the favored technique at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000 if the rate of failure of nonoperative treatment rose to 14.6%. Similarly, at the $100,000 threshold, allograft became dominant if the probability of failure of nonoperative treatment rose to 22.8%. Conclusions The cost-effectiveness of nonoperative treatment is fueled by its notably lower costs and overall high rates of success in Grade-III separations. It is important to note that, in our analysis, the societal cost (measured in lost productivity) of nonoperative treatment neared that of surgical treatment, but the cost from the health-care system perspective was minimal. Physicians should bear in mind the sensitivity of these conclusions and should consider cost-effectiveness analyses in their decision-making guidelines. Level of Evidence Economic and Decision Analysis Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Inevitable Progress-Relying on the Immune System, Not Chance.

Locoregional recurrence of head and neck cancer after curative therapy portends a poor prognosis even when resectable. Immunotherapy has opened the door to novel strategic approaches in the curative treatment paradigm. Potentially improving outcomes for patients with recurrent, resectable disease through combination immune modulators highlights a new frontier.
Mental Illness in Prison: Inmate Rehabilitation & Correctional Officers in Crisis

The work examines the mental illness crisis in California prisons, paying specific attention to the state’s recent shift back to rehabilitation principles. By analysis of California statutes, correctional officer training materials, mental health jurisprudence, and scholarly literature, this article argues that the collateral effects of the growing mental illness population on both prisoners and correctional staff is of the most formidable foes facing California’s new rehabilitation strategy.
Treatment of Physical Injury, Acute Pain and Disability Consequent to Motor Vehicle Collisions

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the evaluation and treatment of trauma related to motor vehicle collisions (MVC) that is the leading cause of death from injury and the fourth leading cause of non-fatal injury. Advances in vehicle design and legislation regarding restraint use and safety devices have reduced the rate of death and severe injury. However, MVC-related trauma remains one of the most common entities addressed by emergency department physicians, trauma surgeons, and multiple medical specialties. Injuries sustained in motor vehicle collisions may result in significant physiologic insult, pain, deformity, and disability. A basic understanding of injury biomechanics assists the clinician in the assessment and treatment of motor vehicle-related trauma. When evaluating patients involved in motor vehicle collisions, it is important to consider the type and vector of impact as relayed by prehospital personnel. Several common scenarios exist, including frontal, lateral, rear, offset/angular impacts, as well as vehicle rollover. Utilization of restraint devices and the occurrence of ejection must be considered as well.
Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro is attenuated by mechanical stimulation

Glucocorticoids induce rapid atrophy of fast skeletal myofibers in vivo, and either weight lifting or endurance exercise reduces this atrophy by unknown mechanisms. We examined the effects of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) on protein turnover in tissue-cultured avian fast skeletal myofibers and determined whether repetitive mechanical stretch altered the myofiber response to Dex. In static cultures after 3-5 days, 10(-8) M Dex decreased total protein content 42-74%, total protein synthesis rates 38-56%, mean myofiber diameter 35%, myosin heavy chain (MHC) content 86%, MHC synthesis rate 44%, and fibronectin synthesis rate 29%. Repetitive 10% stretch-relaxations of the cultured myofibers for 60 s every 5 min for 3-4 days prevented 52% of the Dex-induced decrease in protein content, 42% of the decrease in total protein synthesis rate, 77% of the decrease in MHC content, 42% of the decrease in MHC synthesis rate, and 67% of the decrease in fibronectin synthesis rate. This in vitro model system will complement in vivo studies in understanding the mechanism by which mechanical activity and glucocorticoids interact to regulate skeletal muscle growth.
Working Toward Gender Equity: Pathways Toward Institutional Transformation

The chronic underrepresentation of female faculty in STEM disciplines, in addition to women’s underrepresentation at higher faculty ranks and in leadership positions in general are well documented. This article discusses possible reasons for this problem at one major research institution, and identifies strategies to address them and proposes initiatives meant to inform the institution’s journey toward institutional change that, ultimately, will affect women in many disciplines.
Photoinduced oxygen consumption in melanin systems. Action spectra and quantum yields for eumelanin and synthetic melanin.

— The first quantitative measurements of the wavelength dependence of oxygen consumption in systems containing eumelanin (from bovine eyes) and synthetic DOPA melanin are reported. Consumption of oxygen (considered to be a requirement for immediate pigment darkening) during irradiation of melanins with either visible or ultraviolet light was monitored using a spin probe nitroxide-electron spin resonance spectroscopic approach. From initial rates of oxygen removal, quantum yields have been obtained over a wavelength range from 230 to 600 nm. Eumelanins are moderately effective in promoting oxygen consumption; quantum yields are low for irradiation with visible light, but increase sharply with light of shorter wavelengths. The absolute quantum yield for oxygen consumption is about 0.1% for natural melanin at 320 nm. The action spectrum is similar for both natural and synthetic melanins, indicating that the major chromophore responsible for oxygen consumption is the same for both kinds of material. This chromophore is not the major melanin chromophore responsible for absorption of visible light. The action spectrum also clearly differs from published action spectra for melanogenesis; however, the weak wavelength dependence for visible light is similar to that found for immediate pigment darkening. Catalase decreases the rate of oxygen consumption by 50%, confirming that hydrogen peroxide is the major molecular product of oxygen reduction. A Type I (free-radical) mechanism evidently predominates: D2O and azide are shown to have only minor effects, ruling out any major contribution from a Type II (singlet-oxygen) process to the overall oxygen consumption.
Evolving Role of Multidetector Computed Tomography in Evaluation of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy

The purpose of this study was to report 1 center’s experience with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the evaluation of patients suspected to have arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C). RV dilatation/dysfunction is 1 of the most important criteria for establishing the diagnosis of ARVD/C. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most preferred imaging modality for the diagnosis of ARVD/C. However, many patients with suspected ARVD/C have implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, prohibiting the use of MRI. Thirty-one patients (19 men; mean age 41 ± 12 years) referred for evaluation of known or suspected ARVD/C had a complete reevaluation including contrast-enhanced cardiac MDCT at the center. Two patients underwent both cardiac MRI and MDCT. Seventeen of 31 patients met Task Force criteria for ARVD/C and were confirmed to have ARVD/C. Multidetector computed tomographic images were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative characteristic findings of ARVD/C. Increased RV trabeculation (p
Kohlberg's moral stages as a critical tool

Lawrence Kohlberg's pioneering research into moral development has resulted in a theory of moral development based upon six stages. This essay introduces the reader to Kohlberg's moral stages theory, and offers a suggestion for the application of that theory to rhetorical criticism.
Effects of atropine and methacholine on deposition and clearance of inhaled particles in the donkey

The influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic controls on regional particle deposition and mucociliary clearance rates was studied in the donkey in vivo. The deposition and clearance characteristics for γ ‐tagged monodisperse ferric oxide micro‐spheres were determined for inhalation tests after atropine and methacholine injections and were compared with the characteristics determined for control tests with the same animals and aerosols. Additional tests were performed in which methacholine was injected immediately after the test aerosol inhalation and ½ h before the particle inhalation. Particle deposition is shifted distally by atropine. Methacholine produces a proximal shift initially and a distal shift ½ h later. Atropine slows mucociliary transport. Methacholine produces an acceleration in bronchial clearance initially but causes a reduced rate of clearance ½ h later. It also produces an initial surge in tracheal transport, which frequently leads to tracheal mucus refluxing and thereby an increase ...
Analysis of the drag-cup A-C tachometer

DRAG-CUP a-c tachometers have very important uses as velocity feedback elements in computing machines, automatic pilots for planes and missiles, automatic fire-control mechanisms, and in other military or industrial control applications. The tachometer is essentially a 2-phase induction generator designed so that when one phase of the stator is energized from a constant-amplitude constant-frequency voltage source the other stator phase gives a voltage of amplitude closely proportional to the speed at which the cup is driven and a phase nearly fixed with respect to the supply voltage, over a substantial speed range.
Prostaglandin E2 inhibits the potassium current in sensory neurons from hyperalgesic Kv1.1 knockout mice

Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) enhances the sensitivity of sensory neurons to various forms of noxious stimulation. This occurs, in part, by the suppression of a delayed rectifier-like potassium current in these neurons. However, the molecular identity of this current remains unclear. Recent studies demonstrated that a mutant mouse lacking a delayed rectifier potassium channel gene, Kv1.1, displayed lowered thresholds to thermal stimulation in behavioral assays of pain perception, i.e. the Kcna1-null mice were hyperalgesic. Here we examined whether PGE(2) can alter the sensitivity of Kcna1-null mice to noxious stimulation and examine the capability of PGE(2) to inhibit the potassium current in these knockout mice. Behavioral assays were used to assess the effect of PGE(2) on either thermal hyperalgesia or mechanical sensitivities. In addition, the whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to study the effects of PGE(2) on the total potassium current recorded from isolated mouse sensory neurons. Even with a reduced threshold to thermal stimulation, PGE(2) could still sensitize the response of Kcna1-null mice to thermal and mechanical stimulation by amounts that were similar to that in wild type mice. The activation properties of the potassium current were similar for both the wild type and the Kcna1-null mice, whereas the inactivation properties were different in cells exhibiting large amounts of steady-state inactivation (>50%) measured at +20 mV. PGE(2) suppressed the total potassium current in both groups of mice by 40-50% without altering the voltage dependence of activation. In addition, PGE(2) produced similar amounts of suppression in both groups of mice when currents were examined with the steady-state inactivation protocol. Based on these results, it is unlikely that Kv1.1 is the molecular identity of the potassium channel(s) modulated by PGE(2) to sensitize nociceptive sensory neurons. Also, the enhanced thermal sensitivity as observed in the Kcna1-null mice might be due to more central neurons of the pain sensing pathway.
The number of tiered posets modulo six

Demonstration schematique d'une conjecture de Kreweras sur le denombrement des ordres etages
Prevalence of pilus-encoding islets and clonality of pneumococcal isolates from children with acute otitis media.

We characterized the prevalence of pilus islets 1 (PI-1) and 2 (PI-2) and the clonality of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates taken from children with acute otitis media (AOM) to study the association between pilus existence and AOM disease potential prior to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and increased antimicrobial resistance. The study material consisted of 75 pneumococcal isolates cultured from the middle ear fluid and/or nasopharyngeal aspirate of 56 children with AOM in Finland during the period 1990–1992. Isolates were studied for antimicrobial susceptibility and were serotyped, genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and tested for the presence of pneumococcal PI-1 and PI-2 genes. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, 14 different serotypes were found, and 20% of the isolates were positive for PI-1 genes. PI-2 genes were not found. MLST showed high heterogeneity: 52 AOM isolates belonged to 18 known clonal complexes (CC). PI-1 was associated with serotypes 6A, 6B, and 9V, and genotype CC490. In the time prior to 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and increased antimicrobial resistance, pneumococcal AOM isolates carried PI-1 genes at a rather low prevalence. PI-2 genes were not detected. PI-1 was related to serotype rather than genotype. The importance of PI-1 in AOM infections and its association with the spread of antimicrobial resistance requires further research.
Using questions to foil discussion

Abstract Case studies of five high school classrooms illustrate the general proposition that teacher questions foil discussion, whereas nonquestion alternatives foster discussion. Even where conditions are favorable, questions are seen to forestall an emergent discussion or to frustrate it. By contrast, students in discussions of every kind speak more extensively in response to teacher statements and exhibit more complex thought, deeper personal involvement, wider participation, greater interconnectedness, and richer inquiry. This general case ought to be tested in research and tried in classroom practice, so that our understanding of questions will become more informed and our discussions more educative.
Kidney-specific cadherin, a specific marker for the distal portion of the nephron and related renal neoplasms

Renal cell neoplasms are presumably derived from different cell types of the nephron. Clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are thought to be of proximal tubular origin, whereas oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC are derived from intercalated cells of distal nephron. A few molecules, such as RCC marker and CD10, have been shown to be markers for clear cell RCC and papillary RCC. Such markers are not yet available for renal tumors presumably of the distal nephron. The expression of kidney-specific (Ksp) cadherin, a recently cloned gene thought to be transcribed exclusively in the kidney, was studied in normal human kidney, as well as in 105 primary renal neoplasms, including 42 clear cell RCC, 30 papillary RCC, 13 chromophobe RCC, and 20 oncocytomas. The expression patterns were compared with those of RCC marker. The Ksp-cadherin expression was noted preferentially in distal convoluted tubules with a basolateral membrane stain in normal kidney. All 13 chromophobe RCC and 19 of 20 oncocytomas showed diffuse and strong immunoreactivity for Ksp-cadherin, while only 14% clear cell RCC and 13% papillary RCC showed focal positivity. The RCC marker expression was detected in 85%, 98%, 15% and 0% of clear cell RCC, papillary RCC, chromophobe RCC, and oncocytoma, respectively. A few clear cell RCC and papillary RCC showed dual expression of both RCC marker and Ksp-cadherin, which appear to have distinct histologic features. These results demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of Ksp-cadherin for distal convoluted tubules, which can be used as adjunct for diagnosis of chromophobe RCC.
Coevolution of Mucosal Immunoglobulins and the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor: Evidence That the Commensal Microbiota Provided the Driving Force

Immunoglobulins (Igs) in mucosal secretions contribute to immune homeostasis by limiting access of microbial and environmental antigens to the body proper, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. The emergence of IgM in cartilaginous fish represented the primordial mucosal Ig, which is expressed in all higher vertebrates. Expansion and diversification of the mucosal Ig repertoire led to the emergence of IgT in bony fishes, IgX in amphibians, and IgA in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Parallel evolution of cellular receptors for the constant (Fc) regions of Igs provided mechanisms for their transport and immune effector functions. The most ancient of these Fc receptors is the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), which first appeared in an ancestor of bony fishes. The pIgR transports polymeric IgM, IgT, IgX, and IgA across epithelial cells into external secretions. Diversification and refinement of the structure of mucosal Igs during tetrapod evolution were paralleled by structural changes in pIgR, culminating in the multifunctional secretory IgA complex in mammals. In this paper, evidence is presented that the mutualistic relationship between the commensal microbiota and the vertebrate host provided the driving force for coevolution of mucosal Igs and pIgR.
Strategic transportation model for oil in US waters

Abstract This paper presents the development of a strategic transportation model for marine oil transportation in US waters. The model is a high-level strategic decision-making tool that will be used to interface with a risk analysis model, to identify “weak” links in the system and evaluate alternative routing and shipping scenarios. It may also be used to provide suggestions for the designation of lightering zones which will enable the U.S. to draw from the general world supply of tanker capacity and reduce oil transportation costs and risks. The model has been developed at the request of the United States Interagency Coordinating Committee for Oil Pollution Research to allow for the quantification of oil transported within the geographic boundaries of the United States, for the analysis of risks and effects of oil spills, and finally the identification of appropriate technologies that will support intervention and mitigation to reduce the impact of spills.
Recent developments in the pathophysiology and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy

The pathophysiology of HE has not yet been clarified. At present the main mechanisms under discussion are the combined effects of different toxins, such as ammonia, mercaptans, phenols and short- and medium-chain fatty acids, as well as a change particularly in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. In this chapter the current views on the importance of these individual factors in the pathophysiology of HE are discussed; possible connections between changes in neurotransmission and the effect of different neurotoxins are presented. In addition, possible therapies resulting from recent knowledge of the pathophysiology of this disease are discussed, such as the use of Bz receptor antagonists.
Hard disk drive control by model based dual-rate controller. Computation saving by interlacing

Abstract This paper addresses the application of multirate control techniques to hard disk drives (HDD) single stage actuation. It applies a model-based dual-rate controller with computation saving at its implementation stage. The main goal is twofold: to study a new dual-rate control scheme in this kind of environment that, as it is known, provides the achievement of more storage space and to reach a saving in computation resources when using this specific dual-rate control. The dual-rate control is planed by considering an N times slower measurement - NT - but a faster frequency for control updating - T - being N a positive integer. The work introduces a new discrete lifting modelling step that allows to compute an exact frequency response that helps the controller implementation with computation saving by interlacing. A system output response improvement is obtained by using this methodology. A comparison with an usual single rate control including its implementation by interlacing is done based on a HDD laboratory set-up.
Evidence for the hypothesis that 10-formyldihydrofolate is the in vivo substrate for aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide transformylase

We postulate that 10-formyl-7,8-dihydrofolate (10-HCO-H2folate), not 10-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (10-HCO-H4folate), is the predominant in vivo substrate for mammalian aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) transformylase, an enzyme in purine nucleotide biosynthesis de novo, which introduces carbon 2 (C2) into the purine ring. 10-HCO-H2folate exists in vivo as labeled 10-formyl-folic acid (10-HCO-folic acid: an oxidation product of 10-HCO-H4folate and 10-HCO-H2folate) and is found after doses of labeled folic acid in humans or laboratory animals. The bioactivity of the unnatural isomer, [6R]-5-formyltetrahydrofolate, in humans is explained by its in vivo conversion to 10-HCO-H2folate. The structure and active site of AICAR transformylase are not consistent with other enzymes that utilize 10-HCO-H4folate. Because 10-HCO-H4folate is rapidly oxidized in vitro to 10-HCO-H2folate by cytochrome C alone and in mitochondria, it is hypothesized that this process takes place in vivo. In vitro data indicat...
IDENTITY BECOMES AN ISSUE: EUROPEAN LITERATURE IN THE 1920S

The meaning of “identity” in its contemporary sense of “who—or what—I am” is of relatively recent vintage. It became current as a concept of individual and group psychology only through Erik Erikson's work in the 1950s and its extension to collectivities in the social and political upheavals of the 1960s. But an important strand of European literature began calling the possibility of fixed self-definition into question in the 1920s, occasionally even deploying the word “identity” explicitly. In the work of Hermann Hesse, Virginia Woolf, Luigi Pirandello, Robert Musil, Hermann Broch and Franz Kafka, the dualistic representation of selfhood prevalent in much of prewar modernism gave way to the image of an infinitely fragmented and ontologically unfounded self not exhausted by any, or even the sum, of its many possible designations. For these authors, the events and aftermath of World War One desacralized a whole range of abstract collective identities—national or imperial citizen, cultured European, gebildete bourgeois, manly male, the spiritual “eternal feminine”—which had furnished the most deeply rooted and honored individual identities of prewar Europe. As a consequence, identity itself was undermined. The paradox of the birth of identity is that it was discovered in the negation of its very possibility.
Effects of adenoviral gene transfer of wild-type, constitutively active, and kinase-defective protein kinase C-lambda on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in L6 myotubes

We used adenoviral gene transfer methods to evaluate the role of atypical protein kinase Cs (PKCs) during insulin stimulation of glucose transport in L6 myotubes. Expression of wild-type PKC-lambda potentiated maximal and half-maximal effects of insulin on 2-deoxyglucose uptake, but did not alter basal uptake. Expression of constitutively active PKC-lambda enhanced basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake to virtually the same extent as that observed during insulin treatment. In contrast, expression of kinase-defective PKC-lambda completely blocked insulin-stimulated, but not basal, 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Similar to alterations in glucose transport, constitutively active PKC-lambda mimicked, and kinase-defective PKC-lambda completely inhibited, insulin effects on GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation to the plasma membrane. Expression of kinase-defective PKC-lambda, in addition to inhibition of atypical PKC enzyme activity, was attended by paradoxical increases in GLUT4 and GLUT1 glucose transporter levels and insulin-stimulated protein kinase B enzyme activity. Our findings suggest that in L6 myotubes, 1) atypical PKCs are required and sufficient for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport; and 2) activation of protein kinase B in the absence of activation of atypical PKCs is insufficient for insulin-induced activation of glucose transport.
The correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and tissue oxygenation after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock

We hypothesized that spontaneous elevation in blood pressure following cessation of bleeding after uncontrolled hemorrhage is associated with improved tissue oxygenation. Twenty-five anesthetized swine (35 ± 3 kg) underwent carotid line placement, celiotomy, and splenectomy. Tissue oxygenation (StO2) was measured utilizing infrared spectroscopy. A Grade V liver injury was made and animals were allowed to bleed without resuscitation for 30 min. Means were compared using a paired t-test and correlations were measured using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Mean blood loss was 642 ± 108 ml. Changes in blood pressure and tissue oxygenation are shown in the figure. Download full-size image There was excellent overall correlation between MAP and StO2 (r = 0.90, P < 0.01). Celiotomy was associated with a significant reduction in StO2 that was not reflected by the blood pressure (−5 min until injury, P < 0.01). Correlations between MAP and StO2 during the periods after injury and bleeding cessation and from bleeding cessation to the end of the study were significant (r = 0.96, P < 0.01 and r = 0.84, P < 0.01). Celiotomy results in diminished tissue oxygenation that is not reflected by blood pressure. There is excellent correlation between blood pressure and tissue oxygenation after hemorrhagic shock. Elevation in blood pressure following cessation of hemorrhage is associated with improved tissue oxygenation.