cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic nitrogen storage in mineral soil: implications for policy and management

Abstract. Nitrogen is one of the most important ecosystem nutrients and often its availability limits net primary production as well as stabilization of soil organic matter. The long-term storage of nitrogen-containing organic matter in soils was classically attributed to chemical complexity of plant and microbial residues that retarded microbial degradation. Recent advances have revised this framework, with the understanding that persistent soil organic matter consists largely of chemically labile, microbially processed organic compounds. Chemical bonding to minerals and physical protection in aggregates are more important to long-term (i.e., centuries to millennia) preservation of these organic compounds that contain the bulk of soil nitrogen rather than molecular complexity, with the exception of nitrogen in pyrogenic organic matter. This review examines the factors and mechanisms that influence the long-term sequestration of organic nitrogen in mineral soils. It examines the policy and management implications which stem from this newly accepted paradigm, such as critical loads considerations and nitrogen saturation and mitigation consequences. Finally, it emphasizes how essential it is for this important but underappreciated pool to be better quantified and incorporated into policy and management decisions.
Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men

BACKGROUND Previous studies on diet and coronary heart disease (CHD) focused primarily on individual nutrients or foods. OBJECTIVE We examined whether overall dietary patterns derived from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) predict risk of CHD in men. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study of 44875 men aged 40-75 y without diagnosed cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline in 1986. RESULTS During 8 y of follow-up, we documented 1089 cases of CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD). Using factor analysis, we identified 2 major dietary patterns using dietary data collected through a 131-item FFQ. The first factor, which we labeled the "prudent pattern," was characterized by higher intake of vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, fish, and poultry, whereas the second factor, the "Western pattern," was characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, refined grains, sweets and dessert, French fries, and high-fat dairy products. After adjustment for age and CHD risk factors, the relative risks from the lowest to highest quintiles of the prudent pattern score were 1.0, 0. 87, 0.79, 0.75, and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.86; P: for trend = 0.0009). In contrast, the relative risks across increasing quintiles of the Western pattern score were 1.0, 1.21, 1.36, 1.40, and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.24, 2.17; P: for trend < 0.0001). These associations persisted in subgroup analyses according to cigarette smoking, body mass index, and parental history of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that major dietary patterns derived from the FFQ predict risk of CHD, independent of other lifestyle variables.
The Architecture Profession and the Public

Abstract Since the beginnings of professionalization in the nineteenth century, architects have struggled to find ways to reach a broad public. Leopold Eidlitz, one of the founding members of the American Institute of Architects, published a series of essays in The Crayon in 1858 that attempted, through the use of popular literary forms, to do just that. Eidlitz addressed the “Discourses Between Two T-Squares” to a general audience and hoped that their humor and scathing caricatures would educate non-professionals about the practical and theoretical intricacies of architecture. Eidlitz's attempt at advocacy sheds light on the long-standing difficulty that architects have creating a resonant public image.
A system for energy-efficient data management

Energy consumption of computer systems has increased at a steep rate in recent years. Following extensive energyrelated research and practice in the hardware and OS communities, much attention has been paid to developing energy-efficient applications. With database systems being a heavy energy consumer in modern data centers, we face the challenge of designing DBMSs with energy as a first-class performance goal. This paper presents our on-goingwork in designing and implementing a DBMS that enables significant energy conservations while maintaining other performance targets. We follow two new strategies in DBMS implementation to achieve our system design goal. The first one is to change the resource consumption patterns via energy-aware query optimization and reorganizing data records to enable load consolidation in disks. The second strategy is active control of power modes of hardware (i.e., CPU and hard disks) toward energy reduction. Specifically, we use control-theoretic techniques to allowdynamic adjustment of CPU frequency and online data migration to achieve disk load consolidation. Preliminary results have shown the effectiveness of our design.
Edaravone, an ROS scavenger, ameliorates photoreceptor cell death after experimental retinal detachment.

There are approximately 30,000 new nontraumatic retinal detachments (RDs) per year in the United States, and it is one of the most common causes of photoreceptor death and vision loss. Treatment options for RD are mainly surgical, such as reattachment with buckle or pneumatic reattachment with gas, and no optimal medical treatment has been found so far. Although the anatomic success rate of reattachment surgery is over 90%, the visual acuity is not always restored after successful reattachment surgery, suggesting functional impairment of the photoreceptors during RD. The separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reduces the photoreceptor outer segments' O2 and nutrient supply, thus causing a relative hypoxic state in the photoreceptor layer.1 These kinds of stress stimuli can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).2 Excessive generation of ROS and the consequent induction of oxidative stress is one of the factors that trigger cellular response to RD3 and is also a major cytotoxic factor for photoreceptor apoptosis.4,5 ROS are usually scavenged by endogenous enzymes such as ascorbate, tocopherol, glutathione, and pyridine nucleotides. However, excessive free radicals, such as those generated during ischemia, can damage the endothelial cells and neurocytes during reperfusion.6,7 Moreover, several studies in animal models of retinal degeneration have highlighted the importance of antioxidants in the inhibition of degenerative disease.8,9 Antioxidants such as diphenylene iodonium sulfate, allopurinol, and superoxide dismutase, which are known to scavenge free radicals, have been studied for the prevention of apoptosis.10–13 However, these chemicals may not be appropriate for use in the clinic because of their toxicity and instability.14,15 Edaravone (3-methyl-1 phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) is a potent hydroxyl radical scavenger that can eliminate hydrogen oxide radicals that induce lipid peroxidation. Several studies have shown that it has antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.16–18 Moreover, it has been approved in Japan for the treatment of acute brain infarction since 2001, reducing the mortality rate when administered during the acute stage of stroke.19 The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress caused by ROS in a rat model of RD and whether edaravone can prevent death of photoreceptor cells by reducing the level of ROS.
Ultrafast processes in radiation chemistry

Abstract Ultrafast ( −11 s) physical processes play a pivotal role in radiation-induced chemical reactions. Due to the lack of subpicosecond pulse radiolysis tools knowledge of these events is lacking. We describe the development of laser-based techniques that are designed to provide a source of femtosecond electron and X-ray pulses for chemical physics research. Terawatt laser systems have succeeded in relativistically accelerating subpicosecond electron bunches to energies greater than 5 MeV. The electron pulses generated this way are suitable for pulse radiolysis.
Response of the mixed-function oxidase system to toxicant dose, food and acclimation temperature in the bluegill sunfish

Abstract The degree of induction of hepatic mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzymes in fish is modulated by environmental conditions. This study was designed to investigate the influence of water temperature, presence or absence of food, and exposure to benzo(a]pyrene (BaP) on the inductive response of bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ). The results show an increase in 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD) activity with an increase in acclimation temperature and dose. This activity appears to be associated with a very small fraction of the total cytochrome P-450 induced. Major changes were observed in the 53- and 57-kilodaltons (kDa) electrophoretic bands.
CHAPTER 17: Calling for a Renaissance of Care

ABSTRACT In schools across the nation, children are being thrust into a stark world where numbers quantify degrees of learning. Increasing stress levels play havoc on self-esteem, on future hopes and dreams, and on the perception of lifelong learning. Yet there remain caring educators who believe that learning is worth pursuing for its own sake and who engage students daily in opportunities of creative and social expression. These same educators understand that progress toward student achievement does not necessarily happen without family and teacher care and support. In this chapter, two graduate students in the field of education (Tami Burcham and Tara Gordon) with the support of their professor (Terri Hebert) use action research to investigate the impact of family involvement on education and the influence of teacher interaction on self-esteem.
Neurologic Complications of Cancer Therapy.

Although progress in cancer research is paralleled by the discovery and development of novel chemotherapeutic agents, the benefits of these agents are offset by their side-effect profiles. Of the numerous adverse effects associated with antineoplastic drugs, peripheral neuropathy is the most frequent and is often debilitating. This article reviews the treatment options—both primary and secondary—for neuropathic complications of cancer therapy. Before a potentially neurotoxic chemotherapeutic regimen is started, patients should undergo 1) a baseline neurologic history for possible coexisting risk factors for neuropathy; 2) physical evaluation; and 3) if indicated, electrophysiologic testing, including nerve conduction studies and electromyography. Patients should be followed closely for the development of neuropathic signs and symptoms. When symptoms (eg, paresthesias or pain) or deficits (eg, weakness) develop, their severity and their effect on quality of life will determine whether the neurotoxic chemotherapy should be continued at a lower dose or discontinued. Neuropathic pain should be treated aggressively with a stepwise approach. The decision to initiate therapy should be guided first by the severity of pain and second by the convenience of dosing and the side-effect profile of the medication. Specific antineuropathic pain therapy may begin with a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), titrated to 100 to 150 mg/d, unless anticholinergic side effects appear before this dosage is reached. The TCA may be replaced by or supplemented with antiepileptic agents, such as gabapentin, which is attractive because of its rapid dose titration (maximum, 3600 mg/d) and minimal interaction with other medications. In addition to pharmacologic therapies targeting symptom management, new therapies directed at preventing the onset or progression of neurotoxicity are desperately needed.
Assessing Student Achievement in Large-Scale Educational Programs Using Hierarchical Propensity Scores

Many researchers assessing the efficacy of educational programs face challenges due to issues with non-randomization and the likelihood of dependence between nested subjects. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate a rigorous research methodology using a hierarchical propensity score matching method that can be utilized in contexts where randomization is not feasible and dependence between subjects is a concern. Although propensity score matching is not new in helping to create quasi-experimental models, many studies limit propensity score matching to student-level variables. To address this limitation in educational research, this study extends propensity score matching to the next level so that hierarchical modeling techniques can be used to help minimize error due to the likelihood of dependence between nested students. A large-scale educational program that targets first-semester freshmen was used to illustrate the utility and value of the methodology. This type of program is typical in higher education where student self-selection creates difficulty in assessing its true effects on student achievement; however, by using a rigorous methodology, administrators can have higher confidence when making programmatic and budgetary decisions.
Superconducting fluctuations and the Nernst effect: A diagrammatic approach

We calculate the contribution of superconducting fluctuations above the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ to the transverse thermoelectric response ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{xy}},$ the quantity central to the analysis of the Nernst effect. The calculation is carried out within the microscopic picture of BCS, and to linear order in magnetic field. We find that as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{T}{T}_{c},$ the dominant contribution to ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ arises from the Aslamazov-Larkin diagrams, and is equal to the result previously obtained from a stochastic time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation [I. Ussishkin, S. L. Sondhi, and D. A. Huse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 287001 (2002)]. We present an argument which establishes this correspondence for the heat current. Other microscopic contributions, which generalize the Maki-Thompson and density of states terms for the conductivity, are less divergent as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{T}{T}_{c}.$
Correlations of subcortical CT lesion sites and aphasia profiles

We have analysed the aphasia profiles of 19 cases with subcortical infarction or haemorrhage. Several components of the aphasic syndromes, especially sentence length and grammatical form (together compromising fluency), ease of speech initiation, articulation, voice volume, and auditory comprehension, were individually isolated for correlation with CT lesion site. Each component had a specific lesion site correlation, and lesions in various deep periventricular white matter regions were the critical ones for all components of aphasia. Simple tabulation of lesions as cortical or subcortical, and restricting analysis to lesions of basal ganglia would both have proved inadequate to account for clinical findings. A review of 61 subcortical cases in the neurological literature for which CT and aphasia data were available supports these conclusions.
Colchicine stimulation of hyaluronate synthesis and secretion in bone organ culture

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known to have a number of effects on bone tissue in vitro, including the stimulation of calcium release and the synthesis and turnover of hyaluronate. PTH-stimulated calcium release is inhibited by colchicine. Since hyaluronate may play a role in demineralization, calcium release into the media as a measure of bone resorption was correlated with the synthesis and secretion of 3H-glucosamine-labeled macromolecules. Newborn mice were labeled with 45Ca, and the calvaria removed and incubated in vitro in media containing 3H-glucosamine. Addition of colchicine to the culture media inhibited the release of 45Ca into the media while stimulating the synthesis and secretion of 3H-glucosamine labeled macromolecules. DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved the labeled macromolecular material into four peaks, of which the third peak containing hyaluronate demonstrated approximately twice the amount of radioactivity. PTH stimulation of calcium release was inhibited likewise by colchicine, while 3H-glucosamine incorporation into labeled macromolecules was stimulated. Short term labeling studies emphasized the marked stimulatory effect that both PTH and colchicine have on the incorporation of 3H-glucosamine into hyaluronate. PTH stimulated the incorporation of 35S-sulfate, while colchicine markedly inhibited its incorporation into non-dialyzable material. Both PTH and colchicine inhibited protein synthesis. Based on the observations, colchicine appears to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of hyaluronate and alter a number of metabolic pathways. Hyaluronate does not appear to be directly involved in the demineralization process.
The Training Effectiveness Algorithm

The purpose of this article is to describe the Training Effectiveness Algorithm. The Training Effectiveness Algorithm is to provide a systematic procedure for identifying the cause of a reported training problem in a training system or program within an ongoing organization. This Algorithm was developed for use in the U.S. Navy's submarine program. As a two step procedure it uses job incumbents and available resources to analyze and identify problems within the training program. Its usefulness for assisting in programs outside of the Navy becomes apparent.
WEAK ELECTROLYTES, BROWNIAN MOTION, VORTICES IN SUPERFLUID FILMS, AND ODINS AKER

A brief sketch of the author's days at Yale as Lars Onsager's last physics student is followed by the contributions of the Onsager school to our current understanding of persistent current decays and vortex pinning in very thin superfluid films. The resulting theory is an interplay of three subjects that were dear to Onsager's heart: electrolytes, vortices in superfluids, and Brownian motion. The discussion also surveys a topic of current interest, the role played by defects and boundaries in producing the “stiffness” that characterizes superfluids. The article ends with a few words about the author's connection to Norway.
The neurotoxicity of 5-nonanone: Preliminary report

Abstract Chronic exposure of rats to 5-nonanone, a symmetrical monoketone, has been shown to produce a clinical neuropathy characterized by giant axonal swellings filled with neurofilaments. Morphologically this neuropathy is similar to that produced by hexane, methyl- n -butyl ketone (MBK), 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) and other γ-diketones. The toxicity of 5-nonanone is enhanced by simultaneous exposure to the microsomal enzyme inducing agent methyl ethyl ketone (MEK).
Quantification of model-form and predictive uncertainty for multi-physics simulation

Traditional uncertainty quantification in multi-physics design problems involves the propagation of parametric uncertainties in input variables such as structural or aerodynamic properties through a single, or series of models constructed to represent the given physical scenario. These models are inherently imprecise, and thus introduce additional sources of error to the design problem. In addition, there often exists multiple models to represent the given situation, and complete confidence in selecting the most accurate model among the model set considered is beyond the capability of the user. Thus, quantification of the errors introduced by this modeling process is a necessary step in the complete quantification of the uncertainties in multi-physics design problems. In this work, a modeling uncertainty quantification framework was developed to quantify to quantify both the model-form and predictive uncertainty in a design problem through the use of existing methods as well as newly developed modifications to existing methods in the literature. The applicability of this framework to a problem involving full-scale simulation was then demonstrated using the AGARD 445.6 Weakened Wing and three different aeroelastic simulation packages to quantify the flutter conditions of the wing.
Advancing nonprofit organizational effectiveness research and theory: Nine theses

Drawing on the general literature on organizational effectiveness, the specialized literature on nonprofit organizational effectiveness, and recent research in the field, this article advances nine theses, or conclusions, about the effectiveness of public benefit charitable, nonprofit organizations (NPOs). NPO effectiveness is (1) always comparative, (2) multidimensional, (3) related to board effectiveness (but how is not clear), (4) related to the use of correct management practices but not in any simple “best practices” way, and (5) a social construction. Furthermore, (6) it is unlikely that there are any universally applicable best practices that can be prescribed for all NPO boards and management, (7) organizational responsiveness is a useful organizational-level effectiveness measure, (8) distinguishing among types of NPOs is important and useful, and (9) level of analysis makes a difference in researching and understanding effectiveness. The article concludes by considering implications for organizational practice, boards and governance practices, program evaluation, including program outcomes assessment, and capacity building and capacity builders.
Joint linear precoding and nonbinary LDPC coding for underwater acoustic OFDM

Both channel coding over a finite field and linear precoding over a complex field can improve the system performance in wireless fading channels. In this paper, we investigate the potential benefit of linear precoding in a nonbinary LDPC coded underwater acoustic OFDM system. Real precoders of small sizes are selected in different setups, in order to avoid any complexity increase at the receiver. Simulations and emulated experimental results demonstrate the benefits of linear precoding, particularly when the receiver has a small number of hydrophones.
Tight ATP and ADP binding in the noncatalytic sites of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase is not affected by mutation of bulky residues in the 'glycine-rich loop'.

Abstract It is shown that ATP dissociates very slowly (koff 1 2 > 3 h) from the three noncatalytic sites of E. coli F1-ATPase and that ADP dissociates from these three sites in a homogeneous fashion with koff = 1.5 × 10−4 s−1 (t 1 2 = 1.35 h). Mutagenesis of α-subunit residues R171 and Q172 in the ‘glycine-rich loop’ (Homology A) consensus region of the noncatalytic sites was carried out to test the hypothesis that unusually bulky residues at these positions are responsible wholly or partly for the observed tight binding of adenine nucleotides. The mutations αQ172G or αR171S,Q172G had no effects on ATP or ADP binding to or rates of dissociation from F1 noncatalytic sites. KdATP and KdADP of isolated α-subunit were weakened by approximately 1 order of magnitude in both mutants. The results suggest that neither residue αR171 nor αQ172 interacts directly with bound nucleotide, and show that the presence of bulky residues per se in the glycine-rich loop region of F1-α-subunit is not responsible for tight binding in the noncatalytic sites.
Neuropil Threads are Collinear With MAP2 Immunostaining in Neuronal Dendrites of Alzheimer Brain

Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology includes neuropil threads (NTs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In tangle-bearing neurons, the normal cytoskeleton is severely disrupted and replaced with paired helical filament (PHF) aggregates of aberrantly phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. In this study, double-label immunocytochemistry was used to clarify the relationship between the appearance of neurofibrillary pathology (NTs and NFTs) and the loss of normal cytoskeletal components, such as microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in 13 AD cases and 6 nondemented elderly control individuals. Brain areas examined included neocortex (cingulate, motor, and inferior parietal cortices), hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. In mildly affected neurons, PHF-1 immunostained NTs were found in dendrites, frequently at dendritic branch points, and were adjacent to MAP2 immunostaining. In more severely affected neurons, the PHF-1 immunoreactivity occupied distinct dendritic segments and appeared to displace MAP2. Interspersed MAP2 immunopositive dendritic segments were often beaded in appearance. In all instances where dendrites with NTs could be traced back to the soma, the soma also contained PHF-1 immunostained fibrils in various stages of NFT formation. The results suggest that PHFs gradually displace normal microtubules in dendrites, and cause degeneration of dendritic segments between NTs.
Effects of Type of Comparative Advertisement on Responses to the Advertisement and the Advertised Product

The effects of four types of comparative advertisements, based on Shimp's 1975 typology, on multiple advertisement-related and product-related responses for two product classes and two levels of br...
The Application of Robots to Fixed Gauge Quality Control Processes

The use of robots to control for quality in manufacturing raises the issue of choice and its effect on the probability of accepting defective parts or rejecting good ones. The application of robots to the quality gauges is described and robot repeatability and errors in production processes are examined.
The comparison of in vivo plasma radioactivity clearance and 14CO2 breath elimination of model drugs in the rat: A study in regional hepatocyte function☆

Abstract We systematically related the in vivo plasma radioactivity clearance and the 14 CO 2 breath elimination of two drugs ([4- dimethyl - 14 C]aminopyrine and [1- methyl - 14 C]caffeine), whose major sites of hepatic metabolism correspond to the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system (cytochromes P -450 and P -448, respectively), and two compounds ([1- 14 C]ethanol and [ 14 C]methanol], whose major sites of hepatic metabolism correspond to the cytosol. All studies were carried out in the freely moving rat. Measurements of plasma radioactivity clearance and 14 CO 2 breath elimination were done with normal animals as well as with animals pretreated with agents that either stimulate or inhibit the model drugs' in vivo metabolism. Following pretreatment with phenobarbital, the aminopyrine plasma radioactivity clearance was significantly increased over normal, and this was paralleled by a significant increase of the 14 CO 2 breath elimination as well. The ratio (plasma elimination/breath elimination) was unchanged between the normal and phenobarbital-pretreated animals and approached unity. by contrast, neither the aminopyrine plasma radioactivity clearance nor the 14 CO 2 breath elimination was significantly altered by pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene. When the plasma radioactivity clearance and the 14 CO 2 breath elimination were studied after administration of [ 14 C]caffeine, both the plasma radioactivity clearance and 14 CO 2 breath elimination showed a significant increase in the 3-methylcholanthrene-treated animals as compared to normal. The ratio (plasma elimination/breath elimination) was unchanged, however, between the normal and 3-methylcho-lanthrene-pretreated animals. Neither the caffeine plasma radioactivity clearance nor 14 CO 2 breath elimination was significantly altered by pretreatment with phenobarbital. In animals pretreated with pyrazole, the ethanol plasma radioactivity clearance and 14 CO 2 breath elimination were both significantly decreased. However, neither measurement was significantly altered after pretreatment with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. By contrast, the methanol plasma radioactivity clearance and 14 CO 2 breath elimination were significantly decreased in both the pyrazole and 3-aminio-1,2,4-triazole-pretreated animals. These studies illustrate that for the model compounds selected and the dosages utilized, the 14 CO 2 breath elimination rate closely reflected the plasma radioactivity elimination rate.
Evolutionary divergence of field and laboratory populations of Manduca sexta in response to host-plant quality

1. The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, has been an important model system in insect biology for more than 50 years. In nature, M. sexta successfully utilises a range of host plants that vary in quality. The consequences of laboratory domestication and rearing on artificial diet for fitness of phytophagous insects on natural host plants have not been explored. 2. We examine the evolutionary divergence of two domesticated laboratory populations and a field population (separated for more than 40 years, or > 250 laboratory generations) of M. sexta with respect to performance and fitness on two natural host plants: a typical host plant, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and a novel host plant, devil's claw (Proboscidea louisianica). 3. For both field and laboratory populations, rearing on devil's claw resulted in animals with lower survival, smaller final size, longer development time, and reduced size-corrected fecundity than animals reared on tobacco. Reductions in some fitness components (survival and fecundity) were greater for the laboratory population animals than the field population animals. 4. When reared on tobacco, the laboratory population animals had similar or larger pupal masses and slightly shorter development times than when reared on artificial diet, suggesting that laboratory domestication on artificial diet has not greatly affected the ability of M. sexta to perform well on a typical natural host plant. 5. Although field and laboratory populations exhibited qualitatively similar responses to host-plant quality, i.e. reduced performance on devil‘s claw, the magnitude of this reduction differed across populations, with the domesticated laboratory populations having greater reductions in performance than the field population. The use of domesticated populations as models for responses of field populations may therefore be more appropriate for considering environmental conditions that are relatively benign or near-optimal, than when exploring responses to extreme or stressful conditions.
Prediction and experimental verification of core loss and temperature distribution for geometrically scaled finemet toroids using finite element analysis

Nanocomposites are becoming known as a class of materials that possess the capability to operate at high switching frequencies and handle high power levels. Understanding how their loss characteristics scale and thermal behaviors change as core geometries are altered is vital when designing for grid applications. This article utilizes ANSYS Maxwell finite element analysis (FEA) software to predict the Steinmetz coefficients associated with the core loss in toroids that geometrically vary. Results of the simulation are supported with experimental verification. Secondly, this article experimentally shows temperature contour variation with changes in toroid geometry pulsed with a 20 kHz switching square wave that could be predicted using FEA.
Trajectory calculations for particle-particle correlations: Probes of source lifetime, rotational motion, momentum conservation and particle-unstable fragments

Abstract In heavy-ion induced nuclear reactions one can produce transient systems with excitation energies up to 5 MeV per nucleon and spins up to ≈ 100 h , The equilibrium statistical model can predict the mean lifetime for particle emission from moderately hot nuclei provided they are completely thermalized. However, as the excitation energy is increased, one expects to reach a situation of incomplete equilibration and hence a breakdown of the simplest equilibrium model. Determinations of the lifetime for (or intervals between) particle or fragment emissions can be useful both for testing the equilibrium model at low temperatures as well as for characterizing pre-equilibrium emission from partially thermalized nuclei. Direct measurements of the time delays between ejectile pairs are not possible because the timescale of 10−22 to 10−20 s is much too short. However, for such short lifetimes the flight distance of the first particle (before birth of the second) is often less than ≈ 50 fm. Therefore, the long range Coulomb and possibly nuclear forces can give final state interactions that affect their final relative momentum; these perturbations can be observed in coincidence measurements. The net effect is best demonstrated by means of a correlation function, which can be interpreted by comparison to a reaction simulation. By such comparisons one can characterize the mean time intervals between emissions. The simulation programs MENEKA and COULGAN have been written for this purpose: they are Monte Carlo programs based on the following elements: a) Particles are emitted from the surface of an excited nucleus with a distribution of orbital angular momenta. b) Emission energies of the particles are chosen to reproduce experimental measurements or theoretical calculations. c) The distribution of time delays between particle emissions is given by exponential decay laws. d) A three-body trajectory is followed for the two particles and for the recoil nucleus. e) An event is accepted as a valid coincidence if the particle pair satisfies experimental requirements of detector thresholds and geometry. Particle trajectories are calculated numerically using time steps that are controlled by the requirement for energy conservation. An ancillary program SHOWTRAJ can be used to display and study trajectories event by event.
Synthesis and characterization of cordierite-based ceramic thin films

Abstract The r.f. sputter deposition of multicompositional cordierite-based ceramic thin films is studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical emission spectroscopy. For the first time we have fabricated near-stoichiometric (2MgO·2Al 2 O 3 ·5SiO 2 ) thin film cordierites through the sputtering of an MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 multitarget arrangement. Multitarget sputtering allows film composition to be varied over wide range through different target-substrate geometries without changing the sputtering parameters. However, altering the oxygen/argon sputtering gas ratio and the r.f. power does affect film growth, composition, quality, and crystallinity. Most importantly, an increase in the oxygen partial pressure enhances the room temperature nucleation of a crystalline phase and reduces the dissociated silicon in the film. Post-deposition annealing to 1250°C of near-stoichiometric films produces a crystalline phase of cordierite while off-stoichiometric films with a high MgO concentration do not readily crystallize.
The Presentation, Recognition and Management of Bipolar Depression in Primary Care

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by episodes of major depression and mania or hypomania. Most patients experience chronic symptoms of bipolar disorder approximately half of the time, most commonly subsyndromal depressive symptoms or a full depressive episode with concurrent manic symptoms. Consequently, patients with bipolar depression are often misdiagnosed with major depressive disorder. Individual patient characteristics and population screening tools may be helpful in improving recognition of bipolar depression in primary care. Health risk behaviors including tobacco use, sedentary activity level and weight gain are highly prevalent in patients with bipolar disorder, as are the comorbid chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Patients with bipolar illness have about an eight-fold higher risk of suicide and a two-fold increased risk of death from chronic medical illnesses. Recognition of bipolar depression and its associated health risk behaviors and chronic medical problems can lead to the use of appropriate interventions for patients with bipolar disorder, which differ in important ways from the treatments used for major depressive disorder. The above topics are reviewed in detail in this article.
Critical Dimension for the Siegel Action with Supersymmetric Chiral Bosons on Group Manifolds

A classical covariant action which has the Siegel symmetry is constructed for supersymmetric chiral bosons in arbitrary curved space-time coupled to (1,0) world-sheet supergravity. The critical dimension is derived by two methods for such an action with leftons and rightons compactified on group manifolds GL × GR, i.e. by requiring either the closure of the Lorentz algebra in the uncompactified Minkowski space-time in the light-cone gauge approach or the cancellation of both the Siegel and conformal anomalies in the covariant approach. It turns out that the results in the two approaches generally do not agree with each other; in particular, some critical dimensions allowed in the light-cone gauge approach do not lead to anomaly cancellation in the covariant approach. This disagreement represents a pathological feature of Siegel's covariant approach (with usual gauge-fixing procedure) to supersymmetric chiral bosons.
Release of bacterial aerosols during infectious waste compaction: an initial hazard evaluation for healthcare workers.

Compaction has been suggested as an interim processing method for infectious waste. Compaction greatly reduces the volume of waste at the site of generation and produces a more stable package for handling, shipment, and treatment. Preliminary studies have also indicated that when partially compacted waste is burned in an incinerator, the performance of the incineration unit is enhanced. Compaction is not currently used in institutions because the process may lead to the release of infectious aerosols, which could pose a significant hazard to healthcare workers. To determine if bacterial releases can be adequately controlled by a compaction device specially designed and constructed for the task, a prototype infectious waste compactor was challenged by compressing waste containing known quantities of indicator bacteria. Samples were collected to monitor bacterial releases and surface contamination. The data collected from this initial evaluation document that indicator bacteria were released from the unit. ...
Synthesis of complementary DNA from lens mRNA with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

Abstract Lens 10S and 14S mRNAs, isolated by zonal centrifugation, were shown to function as templates for the synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV). The cDNA products, synthesized with the lens 10S and 14S mRNA templates, gave sedimentation constants of 7.6S and 8.3S, respectively. The complementarity of the cDNAs to their specific RNA templates was demonstrated by hybridization experiments.
Bendylights: artistic control of direct illumination by curving light rays

In computer cinematography, artists routinely use non-physical lighting models to achieve desired appearances. This paper presents BendyLights, a non-physical lighting model where light travels nonlinearly along splines, allowing artists to control light direction and shadow position at different points in the scene independently. Since the light deformation is smoothly defined at all world-space positions, the resulting non-physical lighting effects remain spatially consistent, avoiding the frequent incongruences of many non-physical models. BendyLights are controlled simply by reshaping splines, using familiar interfaces, and require very few parameters. BendyLight control points can be keyframed to support animated lighting effects. We demonstrate BendyLights both in a realtime rendering system for editing and a production renderer for final rendering, where we show that BendyLights can also be used with global illumination.
Substrate-induced dissociation of rabbit muscle aldolase into active subunits

For several years, data have been presented which suggested that the enzyme aldolase, from rabbit muscle, is composed of three subunits of identical, or nearly identical, size and structure (Drechsler et al 1959; Kowalsky -A, and Bayer, 1960; Schachman, 1960; Stellwagen and Schachman, 1962; Deal e al,,19653 Rutter et al 1965; and Winstead and Wold, 1964). More recent 3 data, however, indicate the presence of four subunits of at least two types (Herw Kawahara and Tanford, 1966; Penhoet et al -A, 1966 and Rajkumar e_t al,> 1966) including the possibility of two identical halfmolecules (Chan and Morse, 1967; Lai et al,,19653 Udenfriend and Velick, 1951). The data to be presented here support this latter model. Materials and Methods Aldolase was prepared from rabbit muscle by the method of Green and Taylor as modified by Drechsler, Boyer and Kowalsky (1959) and recrystallized at least four times to a specific activity of 15-17 units/me protein. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate, sodium salt (FDP) was obtained from Caibfochem; glyceraldehyde-5-phosphate dehydrogenase from Boehringer; and NADH and glycylglycine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. Aldolase activity was
The Need to Examine Culture in Health Technology

Culture influences how healthcare is received, what is considered to be a health problem, how symptoms are expressed, who should provide treatment, and what type of treatment should be provided. Culturally-informed health technology can result in higher adoption rates and can mitigate access barriers facing culturally diverse populations. Unfortunately, culture is not often considered in the design of health technology. Three design considerations are suggested as high-level guidelines for the development of culturally-informed health technology. First, designers should conduct formative research, which includes methods such as focus groups, interviews with key informants, surveys, and field notes, in the early phases of design. Second, health technology designers should choose an appropriate type of technology for the intended population. Third, designers should consider culture when deciding how to present the information. For instance, the information should be presented in the correct language, at the...
Identifying with the Gunks: Investigating the Effect of Serious Leisure Participation and Place Attachment on Environmental Concern among Traditional Climbers

Popular belief has commonly held that participation in outdoor recreation activities can lead to a heightened level of concern for the environment. Participation that reflects a greater degree of commitment may perhaps have even a more pronounced role in this presumed proposition. Given these considerations, the present study investigated the extent to which serious leisure participation could predict the level of environmental concern among rock climbers (n = 151) in the Shawangunk Mountain Area. Place attachment served as the conceptual link between each of those two constructs. Results indicated that serious leisure participation was a significant predictor in climbers' concern for the environment. Although place attachment was not found to mediate that effect, results suggested that serious leisure participation influenced the type of attachment reported by climbers. Findings from the study can provide resource managers and planners with a better understanding of how climbers of certain skill levels may view and value the places they visit.
Models for cultural inheritance. I. Group mean and within group variation.

Evolution of a cultural trait has been considered at a theoretical level. Cultural evolution is to be kept distinct from biological evolution, but the discrimination of the two may be difficult in actual cases. In cultural evolution, not only the parents of an individual but also other members of the group, contribute directly to determining the value of a trait in the individual. The cumulative effect of members of the group other than the parents has been called the group effect g. The expected value of the trait of an individual in the next generation has been assumed in the model to be the weighted mean of the individual value (as determined by the trait values in the parent or parents plus a random contribution E the new variation per generation), and the group mean value, the individual and the group contributions being weighted as (1 − g) to g. Effects of age and peers and of generations earlier than parental have also been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that, if g is different from zero and positive, however small, in spite of new variation arising at every generation the variation of the trait within the group will stabilize at a finite level. The stable amount of the variation depends on the mode of transmission, which has been considered here to be either uniparental or biparental, on the value of g, on the size of the group if the progeny size is not constant, and on the amount of new variation produced per generation. Independent groups will differentiate one from the other randomly, at a rate which is a function of the mode of transmission (uni or biparental), the g value, and the size of the group. Ways to study discontinuous traits have been given. If discontinuity arises from imposition of a perceptive threshold on the existing variation, and therefore the variate is not truly discontinuous, its behavior is still predictable by the same rules, and a transformation for study of the frequencies of observations above or below threshold has been given, which permits the prediction of the trend of changes with time. A truly discontinuous character will undergo fixation of one or other character state, as for alleles in random genetic drift, but the rate of fixation will be decreased by group action.
A suppressor of transcriptional activity is present upstream from the rat c-Ha-ras promoter.

We report the presence of an element in the rat c-Ha-ras 5′-flanking region that has a suppressive effect on the promoter of this gene. Promoter activity was determined using constructs of different regions of the c-Ha-ras 5′-flanking region linked to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) transfected into NIH-3T3 cells. The presence of the tract 400 base-pairs upstream from the promoter region reduced promoter activity tenfold. This suppressor element was effective in either orientation and was not produced by other DNA fragments of similar length. Transfection with different amounts of plasmid suggested that a trans-acting factor in limiting amounts was acting on the suppressor region. Gel-retardation assays demonstrated that a nuclear protein was present in 3T3 cells that specifically interacted with the 400-base fragment containing the suppressor element.
Spontaneous Transplanar Uptake of Liquids by Fabrics

A sensitive gravimetric method is described which is capable of measuring the rate and total amount of uptake of liquid in the direction perpendicular to the plane of a fabric under known negative pressure gradients. This version of the so-called demand wettability experiment is especially useful when spontaneous transplanar uptake is rapid. Two experimental variables have been examined: the effect of the filter paper used to hold the liquid column in contact with the specimen and the influence of compression of the fabric. A number of system parameters have also been investigated: the surface tension of the wetting liquid, durable press resin treatment of a cotton fabric, several surface treatments of a wool fabric, the proportions of polyester and cotton in blended fabrics, and differences between three commercial paper towels.
The Symmetry of the Stress-Tensor Obtained by Schroedinger's Rule.

In the recent developments of the calculus of variations used in the new quantum theory the problem arises of finding a general expression for a world-function such that a symmetrical stress-energy tensor may be derived from it by means of Schroedinger's rule.(1)