cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective stimulation by mitogens of incorporation of 35S-methionine into a family of proteins released into the medium by 3T3 cells

Abstract Serum and three mitogens for mouse embryo 3T3 cells—fibroblast growth factor from brain, fibroblast growth factor from pituitary, and epidermal growth factor—specifically stimulate the synthesis and release into the medium by these cells of a group of proteins that travel together on SDS gel electrophoresis and that are detected by 35 S-methionine labeling. These proteins, designated mitogen-releasable proteins (MRPs), have a median, monomer molecular weight on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 34,000 daltons (30,000–38,000 daltons). Our evidence indicates that these proteins comprise a family of glycoproteins, probably with a common polypeptide backbone. The observations supporting this conclusion are that MRPs give a diffuse pattern of bands upon SDS gel electrophoresis; travel as a single, diffuse band when resolved by electrophoresis in the absence of SDS; adsorb to a pea-lectin-sepharose column and can be eluted with α-methyl mannose; and can be labeled metabolically with 3 H-mannose. In addition, in the presence of tunicamycin, MRPs are not made—instead, a smaller molecular weight (22,000 dalton), and apparently homogeneous, protein appears. We believe this 22,000 dalton protein to be the unglycosylated form of MRP. Further support for this idea comes from our observation that treatment of MRPs with endoglycosidase H produces a protein with a molecular weight slightly greater than 22,000 daltons. The effect of mitogens on DNA synthesis and MRP release are correlated in the following ways. First, serum factors are required for both responses. Second, in 3T3 cells transformed by SV40, Moloney and Kirsten viruses that do not synthesize DNA in response to FGF, MRPs are not released in response to FGF. Third, in untransformed 3T3 cells, the dose-response curves for fibroblast growth factor on MRP release and thymidine incorporation are closely correlated. Fourth, insulin, a poor mitogen for 3T3 cells, does not enhance MRP release. Fifth, stimulation of MRP release by epidermal growth factor or fibroblast growth factor is inhibited by hydroxyurea and butyrate, both inhibitors of DNA synthesis in these cells. Sixth, if the mitogen is removed at any time during the 20 hr preincubation period, the effect on MRP release observed between 20 and 24 hr is severely diminished.
Age, poverty, acculturation, and gastric cancer.

Background Gastric cancer is an aggressive disease, and overall changes in incidence rates have been noted. There are conflicting data on whether young patients have worse outcomes than older patients; the roles of tumor biology and access to care are critical to answering this question. Our objectives were to explore how gastric cancer rates, receipt of care, and outcomes are affected by age, poverty, and acculturation. Methods A total of 42,187 patients were identified from the 1980–2009 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. We compared trends in incidence rates between patients Results Patients P Conclusion Although trends in incidence rates for patients
Photointerpreter Evaluation Of Hyperstereographic Forward Looking Infrared (Flir) Sensor Imagery

Three professional stereo photointerpreters assessed the relative utilities of dynamic 2-D and binocular 3-D imagery sequences of an M48 tank and a truck imaged with fixed-position 8-12 micron FLIR sensors during night operations at a 2 Km proving range. The imagery assessment underscores the increased information content of the 3-D sequences, providing the potential for improving: spatial orientation, operator confidence in scene interpretation and the ability to navigate through irregular terrain, and the accuracy and consistency of moving target relative distance judgments.
Signaling-dependent phosphorylation of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin regulates microtubule depolymerization and its centrosomal localization.

Although p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) and microtubule (MT) dynamics regulate numerous fundamental processes including cytoskeleton remodeling, directional motility, and mitotic functions, the significance of PAK1 signaling in regulating the functions of MT-destabilizing protein mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) remains unknown. Here we found that MCAK is a cognate substrate of PAK1 wherein PAK1 phosphorylates MCAK on serines 192 and 111 both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we found that PAK1 phosphorylation of MCAK on serines 192 and 111 preferentially regulates its microtubule depolymerization activity and localization to centrosomes, respectively, in the mammalian cells.
A Multi-Domain Self-Report Measure of Coparenting

Objectives . This study reports the psychometric properties of a multidomain measure of the coparenting relationship in dual-parent families. Method . A total of 152 couples participating in a transition to parenthood study completed the Coparenting Relationship Scale and additional measures during home visits at child age 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. Results . Psychometric and construct validity assessments indicated the measure performed satisfactorily. The 35-item measure demonstrated good reliability and strong stability. Subscales measuring theoretically and empirically important aspects of coparenting (coparenting agreement, coparenting closeness, exposure of child to conflict, coparenting support, coparenting undermining, endorsement of partner's parenting, and division of labor) demonstrated good reliability as well. A 14-item brief overall measure showed very strong associations with the overall measure. Relations of the full scale with a measure of social desirability were weak, and the full s...
Identification and partial sequence of the BchA gene of Rhodospirillum rubrum.

The DNA sequence was determined for a region upstream of thepuf operon ofRhodospirillum rubrum. A partial ORF was identified. The DNA sequence and the inferred amino acid sequences were aligned with those ofbchA ofRhodobacter capsulatus and other phototrophic bacteria. Based on this alignment and genetic evidence, this ORF was identified asR. rubrum bchA, which encodes an enzyme involved in bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis. An additional ORF was identified in the intergenic region betweenbchA andpufB. Sequences possibly having a role inpuf expression were identified.
Spectrum of Locally Isotropic Turbulence

The concept of locally isotropic turbulence is used in Kolmogoroff's sense. Kolmogoroff's second similarity hypothesis is not used, but other hypotheses are suggested for the similarity of energy transfer in the energy spectrum of turbulence. The spectrum thus obtained is identical with the —5/3 power law in the nonviscous range but falls off rapidly in the viscous high-frequency end. The correlation coefficients agree with Kolmogoroff's predictions for both small r and for large r and give explicit results in the intermediate range. The only free constant in the present theory is R0, a certain Reynolds Number that corresponds to the smallest eddies. Extensive comparison with available energy spectrum and correlation measurements have been made.
Developmental and regional expression pattern of a novel NMDA receptor- like subunit (NMDAR-L) in the rodent brain

A novel NMDA receptor-like (NMDAR-L) cDNA was isolated that contained an open reading frame coding for a predicted polypeptide of 1115 amino acids that shares approximately 27% identity with NMDA receptor subunits. In situ hybridization experiments indicated that NMDAR-L mRNA was expressed in the developing rodent CNS. On postnatal day 1 (P1), NMDAR-L mRNA expression was pronounced in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum and the thalamus, in layer V of the developing neocortex, in the superior and inferior colliculi, and various regions of the hindbrain, excluding the cerebellum. On P5, NMDAR-L mRNA was expressed in layer V of the neocortex, in the entorhinal cortex, in the subiculum, and in the thalamus. On P14, NMDAR-L mRNA was expressed in layers II-VI of the neocortex, in the entorhinal and piriform cortex, in the subiculum and CA1 field, and in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. In the adult brain, NMDAR-L mRNA was detected predominately in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Injection of NMDAR-L cRNA into Xenopus oocytes did not lead to the expression of homomeric glutamate-activated channels. However, coinjection of the triple combination of NMDAR-L with NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B cRNAs led to a striking decrease in the current magnitude compared to currents obtained after coexpression of the double combination of NMDAR1 with NMDAR2B. While the function of NMDAR-L remains to be established, its developmental and regional expression pattern suggests that NMDAR-L may influence axonal outgrowth and synaptogenesis during brain development.
Clinical and hemodynamic observations after surgical closure of large atrial septal defect complicated by heart failure

Abstract Hemodynamic and clinical re-evaluation was carried out in 13 adults with a large atrial septal defect and preoperative evidence of left ventricular failure who underwent successful surgical closure of their lesion. The interval separating surgical correction and the postoperative study ranged from 5 months to 10 years (average 4.25 years). Subjective improvement, variable in extent, occurred in all patients, but a return to completely normal hemodynamics both at rest and during exercise occurred in only 1 patient. Eight patients had residual pulmonary hypertension at rest, and in 4 others this developed during exercise. Three patients had elevated pulmonary arterial wedge pressure at rest, and in 5 others it developed during exercise. Right atrial pressure was elevated in 2 at rest, and in 1 during exercise. Six of the 12 patients with postoperative flow data had an abnormally low resting cardiac index at rest, and 4 others had an inappropriately low flow response during exercise. There was no apparent correlation between the age at which the operation was performed and the degree of hemodynamic improvement. These data suggest that heart failure occurring in the patient with a large atrial septal defect does not preclude clinical improvement after surgical repair. There is, however, a high incidence of residual hemodynamic abnormalities.
Health/hygiene, sanitation, and water: is cleanliness next to whatever has replaced godliness?

The old dictum Cleanliness is next to godliness attributed to the theologian and philosopher Saint Thomas of Aquinas may ring hollow in the ears of many in the world today to whom access to appropriate sanitation and safe drinking water is denied. During St Thomas lifetime about 800 years ago godliness was the highest moral virtue to which believers aspired; and cleanliness of the body and the spirit was next. In this day and age of globalization however where some highly educated trained and skilled physicians reportedly still do not bother to wash their hands after touching one infected wound or contaminated object before they go to touch the next patient; it seems hard to decide whether cleanliness is a virtue or a vice or both; and where it sits in relation to godliness or whatever has replaced godliness. There are "global giants" multinational companies such as Unilever who have amassed excessive amounts of wealth by means of highly skilled and successful social marketing of soap and other detergents for domestic use in both rich and poor countries ethically. What once seemed to be a simple act of washing hands with water and soap to remove dirt now seems no less complicated and worthwhile than the art and science of heart surgery at least in terms of getting it absolutely right -- without killing the patient. (excerpt)
Laminar analysis of 7 T BOLD using an imposed spatial activation pattern in human V1

With sufficient image encoding, high-resolution fMRI studies are limited by the biological point-spread of the hemodynamic signal. The extent of this spread is determined by the local vascular distribution and by the spatial specificity of blood flow regulation, as well as by measurement parameters that (i) alter the relative sensitivity of the acquisition to activation-induced hemodynamic changes and (ii) determine the image contrast as a function of vessel size. In particular, large draining vessels on the cortical surface are a major contributor to both the BOLD signal change and to the spatial bias of the BOLD activation away from the site of neuronal activity. In this work, we introduce a laminar surface-based analysis method and study the relationship between spatial localization and activation strength as a function of laminar depth by acquiring 1 mm isotropic, single-shot EPI at 7 T and sampling the BOLD signal exclusively from the superficial, middle, or deep cortical laminae. We show that highly-accelerated EPI can limit image distortions to the point where a boundary-based registration algorithm accurately aligns the EPI data to the surface reconstruction. The spatial spread of the BOLD response tangential to the cortical surface was analyzed as a function of cortical depth using our surface-based analysis. Although sampling near the pial surface provided the highest signal strength, it also introduced the most spatial error. Thus, avoiding surface laminae improved spatial localization by about 40% at a cost of 36% in z-statistic, implying that optimal spatial resolution in functional imaging of the cortex can be achieved using anatomically-informed spatial sampling to avoid large pial vessels.
Isolation and Applications of Prostate Side Population Cells Based on Dye Cycle Violet Efflux

This unit describes methods for digestion of human prostate clinical specimens and dye cycle violet (DCV) staining for identification, isolation, and quantitation of radiolabeled dihydrotestosterone (DHT) retention of side population cells. The principle of the side population assay is based on differential efflux of DCV, a cell-membrane-permeable fluorescent dye, by cells with high ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity. Cells with high ABC transporter activity that efflux DCV and fall in the lower left quadrant of a flow cytograph are designated as "side population" cells. This unit emphasizes tissue digestion, DCV staining, flow settings for sorting side population cells, and quantitation of radiolabeled DHT retention.
ON THE FEASIBILITY OF MEASURING HIGHER TIME DECAY CONSTANTS

An extensive series of calculations has been performed to study the approach to equilibrium of a neutron pulse in water and graphite. All calculations are based on multigroup diffusion theory with ...
Limiting Laissez Faire Profits: The Financial Implications.

Traditional corporate finance endorses the principle of stockholder wealth maximization as the purpose of business. In light of recent scandals and legislation, businesses are increasingly expected to use financial resources in a manner which benefits society and not just the owners of the firm. This imputation of a corporate soul will necessarily reduce investor returns, which has at least two major financial implications for the firm and the economy. The first is that it may cause investors to change their required rates of return and thereby change the amount of capital available to firms (in␣particular), and the economy (in general). The second is that it may implicitly replace equity with debt in the capital structure of firms, with all that implies for financing and corporate governance. The purpose of this article is to examine these implications and evaluate their sometimes counterintuitive consequences.
Social Enterprise in the United States and Europe: Understanding and Learning from the Differences

Since the 1980s both the United States and Europe have experienced a simultaneous expansion in social enterprise. However, little has been written comparing and contrasting American and European conceptions of social enterprise resulting in difficulty communicating on the topic and missed opportunities to learn and build on foreign experience. To address this need, this paper compares and contrasts American and European social enterprise through an extensive review of literature from the two regions and discussions with social enterprise researchers on both sides of the Atlantic. It outlines the definitions of social enterprise used by American and European academics and practitioners, identifies historical factors promoting and shaping different conceptions of social enterprise, and highlights the differing institutional and legal environments in which it operates. It concludes by identifying what Americans and Europeans can learn from each others’ experience with social enterprise.
HPV infection and number of lifetime sexual partners are strong predictors for 'natural' regression of CIN 2 and 3

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the factors that predict regression of untreated CIN 2 and 3. A total of 93 patients with colposcopic persistent CIN 2 and 3 lesions after biopsy were followed for 6 months. Human papillomavirus (HPV) types were determined by polymerase chain reaction at enrolment. We analysed the biologic and demographic predictors of natural regression using univariate and multivariate methods. The overall regression rate was 52% (48 out of 93), including 58% (22 out of 38) of CIN 2 and 47% (26 out of 55) of CIN 3 lesions (P=0.31 for difference). Human papillomavirus was detected in 84% (78 out of 93) of patients. In univariate analysis, 80% (12 out of 15) of lesions without HPV regressed compared to 46% (36 out of 78) of lesions with HPV infection (P=0.016). Women without HPV and those who had a resolution of HPV had a four-fold higher chance of regression than those with persistent HPV (relative odds=3.5, 95% CI=1.4-8.6). Women with five or fewer lifetime sexual partners had higher rates of regression than women with more than five partners (P=0.003). In multivariate analysis, HPV status and number of sexual partners remained as significant independent predictors of regression. In conclusion, HPV status and number of lifetime sexual partners were strongly predictive of regression of untreated CIN 2 and 3.
Methods for providing probe position and temperature information on MR images during interventional procedures

Interventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be defined as the use of MR images for guiding and monitoring interventional procedures (e.g., biopsy, drainage) or minimally invasive therapy (e.g., thermal ablation). This work describes the development of a prototype graphical user interface and the appropriate software methods to accurately overlay a representation of a rigid interventional device [e.g., biopsy needle, radio-frequency (RF) probe] onto an MR image given only the probe's spatial position and orientation as determined from a three-dimensional (3-D) localizer used for interactive scan plane definition. This permits 1) "virtual tip tracking", where the probe tip location is displayed on the image without the use of separate receiver coils or a "road map" image data set, and, 2) "extending" the probe to predict its path if it were directly moved forward toward the target tissue. Further, this paper describes the design and implementation of a method to facilitate the monitoring of thermal ablation procedures by displaying and overlaying temperature maps from temperature sensitive MR acquisitions. These methods provide rapid graphical updates of probe position and temperature changes to aid the physician during the actual interventional MRI procedures without altering the usual operation of the MR imager.
Structural Violence in Archaeology

Violence is not only a matter of bodily harm but can also be inflicted through structures. Contrary to violence in wars or police operations, direct effects of such structural violence are difficult to document. I discuss the notion of structural violence as developed by Johan Galtung. The paper then shows how current theoretical discourses in archaeology that are inspired by phenomenology and embodiment make the recognition of structural violence impossible, both in the present practices of archaeologists and as a facet of past life. I then illustrate structural violence in the field of academics in a description of the hurdles for foreign students who want to pursue studies in the United States. These problems need to be understood in the frame of a much larger network of similar effects. I conclude that Western academic practices are one of the many ways that reproduce the violently unequal structures of our present world.
Cutting Edge: Elimination of an Endogenous Adjuvant Reduces the Activation of CD8 T Lymphocytes to Transplanted Cells and in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

The generation of adaptive immune responses is thought to require the presence of adjuvants. Although microbial adjuvants are well characterized, little is known about what provides the adjuvant effect in responses to transplanted cells or in autoimmune diseases. It had been postulated that, in these situations, injured cells instead released "endogenous adjuvants." We previously identified uric acid as an endogenous adjuvant for coinjected Ags. We now report that elimination of uric acid reduced the generation of CTL to an Ag in transplanted syngeneic cells and the proliferation of autoreactive T cells in a transgenic diabetes model. In contrast, uric acid depletion did not reduce the stimulation of T cells to mature APCs or when endogenous APCs were activated with anti-CD40 Ab. These findings support the concept that danger signals contribute to the T cell responses to cell-associated Ags by activating APCs and identify uric acid as one of these signals.
Best-effort cache synchronization with source cooperation

In environments where exact synchronization between source data objects and cached copies is not achievable due to bandwidth or other resource constraints, stale (out-of-date) copies are permitted. It is desirable to minimize the overall divergence between source objects and cached copies by selectively refreshing modified objects. We call the online process of selecting which objects to refresh in order to minimize divergence best-effort synchronization. In most approaches to best-effort synchronization, the cache coordinates the process and selects objects to refresh. In this paper, we propose a best-effort synchronization scheduling policy that exploits cooperation between data sources and the cache. We also propose an implementation of our policy that incurs low communication overhead even in environments with very large numbers of sources. Our algorithm is adaptive to wide fluctuations in available resources and data update rates. Through experimental simulation over synthetic and real-world data, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm, and we quantify the significant decrease in divergence achievable with source cooperation.
Single-phase single-stage 3-level AC-to-DC series resonant converter

This paper presents a new 3-level, single-phase, pulse width modulated (PWM), boost-integrated ac-to-dc series resonant converter (SRC) with high frequency transformer isolation. This converter uses a new gating scheme suitable for integrating boost converter and PWM 3-level dc-to-dc SRC converter with above resonance operation. Principle of operation and different operating modes are presented with analysis. Based on the analysis design example of a 1 HP, 280 V, 50 kHz ac-to-dc series resonant converter is presented to explain design procedure. PSPICE simulation results of the designed converter are presented for different loads. Results show soft-switching operation, low switch voltage and low total harmonic distortion of this converter for a reasonably wide range of loads.
Simulation of multiphase systems utilizing independent force fields to control intraphase and interphase behavior

Fixed-charge empirical force fields have been developed and widely used over the past three decades for all-atom molecular simulations. Most simulation programs providing these methods enable only one set of force field parameters to be used for the entire system. Whereas this is generally suitable for single-phase systems, the molecular environment at the interface between two phases may be sufficiently different from the individual phases to require a different set of parameters to be used to accurately represent the system. Recently published simulations of peptide adsorption to material surfaces using the CHARMM force field have clearly demonstrated this issue by revealing that calculated values of adsorption free energy substantially differ from experimental results. Whereas nonbonded parameters could be adjusted to correct this problem, this cannot be done without also altering the conformational behavior of the peptide in solution, for which CHARMM has been carefully tuned. We have developed a dual-force-field approach (Dual-FF) to address this problem and implemented it in the CHARMM simulation package. This Dual-FF method provides the capability to use two separate sets of nonbonded force field parameters within the same simulation: one set to represent intraphase interactions and a separate set to represent interphase interactions. Using this approach, we show that interfacial parameters can be adjusted to correct errors in peptide adsorption free energy without altering peptide conformational behavior in solution. This program thus provides the capability to enable both intraphase and interphase molecular behavior to be accurately and efficiently modeled in the same simulation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling and control for PEM fuel cell stack system

A nonlinear fuel cell system dynamic model that is suitable for control study is presented. The transient phenomena captured in the model include the flow characteristics and inertia dynamics of the compressor, the manifold filling dynamics, and consequently, the reactant partial pressures. Characterization of the fuel cell polarization curves based on time varying current, partial oxygen and hydrogen pressures, temperature, membrane hydration allows analysis and simulation of the transient fuel cell power generation. An observer based feedback and feedforward controller that manages the tradeoff between reduction of parasitic losses and fast fuel cell net power response during rapid current (load) demands is designed.
Organizational Script Development Through Interactive Accommodation

Scripts, a type of cognitive structure that retains knowledge of events for a particular context, have been used to research recall and recognition tasks but have been largely neglected in the study of organizational settings. In this study the major focus is on the development of common scripts by organizational members for a frequently occurring organizational activity. This study demonstrates how members of a simulated, nascent organization come to adopt a set of tasks for accomplishment of a joint activity through interactive accommodation of subunit goals. Over time tasks co-evolve into a well-known pattern of events for the activity. We provide evidence of the development of organizational scripts, that is, cognitive and behavioral, across organizational members for the pattern of events associated with the activity.
Enhanced compact range reflector concept using an R-card fence: two-dimensional case

Compact range reflector edge diffraction can be reduced by using an R-card fence. Well-designed R-cards (resistive sheets) placed in front of reflector edges reduce the field variations in the test zone. The keys to successful R-card design are proper choices of both the geometry and resistance profile. In this paper, a two-dimensional (2-D) version of the problem is attacked to show the basic concepts and essential considerations in designing R-cards. The complexity of a design is simplified by separating the different mechanisms associated with R-cards. Undesired mechanisms can be visualized by ray tracing and then eliminated by choosing the correct R-card geometry. The useful impact of this treatment is illustrated as it controls the transmitted energy level through the R-card; thus, the resistance of the R-card is defined based on an optimum aperture taper. Excellent performance in both the cross-range and down-range directions is presented, and the validity of the design is verified over a wide band of frequencies. The simplicity, flexibility, and low cost of this R-card fence concept provides a viable alternative to other edge treatments.
On the foundations of vision modeling: I. Weber’s law and Weberized TV restoration

Abstract Most conventional image processors consider little the influence of human vision psychology. Weber’s law in psychology and psychophysics claims that humans’ perception and response to the intensity fluctuation δu of visual signals are weighted by the background stimulus u, instead of being plainly uniform. This paper attempts to integrate this well known perceptual law into the classical total variation (TV) image restoration model of Rudin et al. [Physica D 60 (1992) 259]. We study the issues of existence and uniqueness for the proposed Weberized nonlinear TV restoration model, making use of the direct method in the space of functions with bounded variations. We also propose an iterative algorithm based on the linearization technique for the associated nonlinear Euler–Lagrange equation.
The association between knee temperature and pain in elders with osteoarthritis of the knee: a pilot study.

Background. Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent, disabling condition that causes significant pain and suffering among older adults. Cognitively impaired elders are as susceptible to osteoarthritis as their peers. However, since they have diminished ability to communicate their pain, an alternative method to detect osteoarthritis pain in cognitively impaired elders is urgently needed. Because the late stages of osteoarthritis involve joint inflammation with a mild increase in local temperature, skin surface temperature might reasonably be expected to serve as a proxy measure of osteoarthritis pain. If knee surface temperature could be shown to predict pain in cognitively intact elders, it could be used as a proxy measure of pain for cognitively impaired elders. Aim. To test this, the study reported here assessed the relationship between knee surface temperature and pain in cognitively intact elders with osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods. We recruited 12 cognitively intact elders with documented osteoarthritis of the knee who lived in retirement apartments. Elders' pain and knee temperature were measured three times on three separate occasions. Osteoarthritis pain of the knee was measured using the Knee Pain Scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale. A YSI Model 4000 Dual Channel Display Telethermometer was used to measure knee temperature. Results. We found no significant associations between knee temperature and any of the pain measures used, with one exception. However, body mass index, amount of pain medication used and activity level observed during the interview were significantly related to elders' pain. Conclusion. Knee temperature does not appear to predict knee pain in elders with osteoarthritis of the knee. Body mass index, use of pain medication and activity level are better predictors of this.
Technoeconomic Heritage, Patterns of Development, and the Advantage of Backwardness

Analysis of industrializing agrarian societies of the Third World reveals notable differences in demographic rates, levels and patterns of development, income distributions, and patterns of trade dependency that are linked to the length of time since the population of these societies made the shift from horticulture to agriculture. Furthermore, the fact that societies that made the shift more recently enjoy higher GNPs/capita supports the hypothesis that there can be certain developmental advantages to limited backwardness. From time to time during the last seventy years, students of societal development have proposed some version of what has come to be known as the "advantage of backwardness" hypothesis (e.g., Service; Spencer; Trotsky; Veblen). Reduced to barest essentials, this hypothesis asserts that less developed societies sometimes enjoy advantages that allow them to overtake more developed societies at a later date. Proponents of this hypothesis have noted that societies that pioneer in the development of new technoeconomic systems have to pay the sometimes heavy costs of innovation (i.e., the costs of "research and development"). More important still, they become committed by heavy capital investments to early forms of the new technology that may soon be surpassed. In contrast, their more backward competitors avoid the costs of research and development and are freer to adopt later and more advanced forms of the technology when they appear. Various instances of this have been cited. Thorstein Veblen
The survival of rat mammary gland cells following irradiation in vivo under different endocrinological conditions.

Abstract A single dose radiation-cell survival curve was generated for the relatively quiescent mammary gland cells of the untreated virgin rat. This curve was compared to a survival curve for rapidly proliferating mammary tissue. No difference was found. The combined survival data was fit to a multitarget model giving a D 0 of 129 rad, an n value of 5 and a D q of 208 rad. When fit by the α-β model, an a value of −0.0038 and a β value of −0.0000023 were obtained.
Gastrointestinal tolerability of NSAIDs in elderly patients: a pooled analysis of 21 randomized clinical trials with celecoxib and nonselective NSAIDs

AbstractBackground:Gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability is an important treatment consideration for physicians when choosing a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for their elderly arthritis patients. The objective of this study was to compare the GI tolerability of the cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAID celecoxib and nonselective NSAIDs in elderly patients with arthritis aged 65 years or older.Methods:This was a retrospective, pooled analysis of patients aged 65 years or older with osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) from randomized, parallel-group trials. Selected trials had a duration of ≥2 weeks and at least one celecoxib 200–400 mg/day and one nonselective NSAID (naproxen, ibuprofen, or diclofenac) arm. Patient-level data from the safety populations of the trials were pooled. Analysis included the combined incidence of the GI intolerability adverse events (AEs) (abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea) and incid...
Specification-based compaction of directed tests for functional validation of pipelined processors

Functional validation is a major bottleneck in microprocessor design methodology. Simulation is the widely used method for functional validation using billions of random and biased-random test programs. Although directed tests require a smaller test set compared to random tests to achieve the same functional coverage goal, there is a lack of automated techniques for directed test generation. Furthermore, the number of directed tests can still be prohibitively large. This paper presents a methodology for specification-based coverage analysis and test generation. The primary contribution of this paper is a compaction technique that can drastically reduce the required number of directed test programs to achieve a coverage goal. Our experimental results using a MIPS processor and an industrial processor (e500) demonstrate more than 90% reduction in number of directed tests without sacrificing the functional coverage goal.
Stimulating debate: ethics in a multidisciplinary functional neurosurgery committee

Multidisciplinary healthcare committees meet regularly to discuss patients' candidacy for emerging functional neurosurgical procedures, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). Through debate and discussion around the surgical candidacy of particular patients, functional neurosurgery programs begin to mold practice and policy supported both by scientific evidence and clear value choices. These neurosurgical decisions have special considerations not found in non‐neurologic committees. The professional time used to resolve these conflicts provides opportunities for the emergence of careful, ethical practices simultaneous with the expansion of therapy applications
A High Throughput Image-based Screening Reveals Novel Autophagy Inducers For Treating Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Objective To identify novel autophagy modulators using a high throughput image-based screening and to explore their mechanisms of regulation and the application for drug-induced liver injury. Metho...
COMPLETE ACROMIOCLAVICULAR SEPARATION

Complete acromioclavicular separation is a relatively minor injury which is often the cause of disability when not correctly diagnosed and treated. If the x-rays are negative for fracture of the outer end of the clavicle and dislocation of the head of the humerus, the diagnosis of this injury may be established by the recognition of the typical deformity which is corrected by raising the arm upward. Treatment should be undertaken without delay and should consist of an open operation with approximation of the articular surfaces of the joint and reconstruction of the torn ligaments.
On navigation of a robotic land vehicle

Estimation of the state of a robotic vehicle with independently-driven wheels is considered. The sensors in this application measure wheel rotation, angular velocity, and range from a fixed station. In addition to use of an extended Kalrnan filter for fusion of the data from these sensors, a simplified technique to reduced computational requirements is presented. Using dynamic parameters of an existing experimental vehicle, performance of the filters was simulated and compared. It was found that the simplified technique rivals the extended Kalman filter in performance but has a significant computational advantage. Introduction This paper is concerned with one aspect of navigation of a robotic vehicle, namely the estimation of the vehicle's state. The type of vehicle considered has two independent wheels, each driven its own motor. Such vehicles are popular for robotic applications for several reasons: They are capable of "zero-radius" turns and their dynamics are relatively simple. The complement of sensors to be considered includes the following: 0 Incremental shaft encoders to measure the angular rotation of each wheel. 0 A rate gyro to measure the angular velocity of the vehicle. 0 An ultrasonic range sensor that can measure the distance (range) from a transmitter on the vehicle to a receiver fixed with respect to the coordinate system. In principle, the encoders can determine the change in angular orientation of the vehicle, so the rate gyro is not essential to the navigation system. Owing to wheel slippage and possible encoder miscounts, however, the rate gyro enhances performance of the system. The combination of encoders and the rate gyro are not sufficient, however, to determine absolute azimuth 'This investigation was supported in part through a grant (Project No. 994803) from the Center for Manufacturing Systems at NJIT 2~istinguished Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Manufacturing Systems. Associate Fellow, AlAA 3~raduate Student, Electrical and Computer Engineering RECOMR Figure 1: Robotic vehicle with independently driven wheels. of the vehicle: The readings of all the sensors are independent of the initial orientation of the vehicle. A single (error-free) range measurement, however, is sufficient to resolve the orientation uncertainty. Hence the presence of the ultrasonic range sensor results in a system that is completely observable, intuitively and in the formal nonlinear sense [I]. Merging of the data from all the sensors is readily accomplished by use of the well-known extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm in which the EKF gains are calculated by numerical propagation of the corresponding matrix Riccati equation, a substantial computational burden. XI reduce the burden a suboptimal hierarchical approach is considered in which the attitude and velocity is obtained by using a steadystate, fixed-gain Kalman filter and these estimates are used to drive a second-stage estimator which uses the range measurement provided by the ultrasonic sensor.
Expression of STAT3 mRNA in the lung of neonatal rats exposed to hyperoxia and its significance

Aim:To investigate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) expression in the lung of neonatal premature rats exposed to hyperoxia,and to explore the internal relationship between STAT3 and chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Methods: Neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats of 22-day gestational age were randomized into experimental group and control group,the neonatal rats in experimental group were fed in high concentration of oxygen(inhaled 95% oxygen) and the control groups were fed in the room air.According to the number random method eight neonatal SD rats were executed at postnatal 3rd,7th and 14th day respectively.Then the lung tissues were taken for observing,the pathological changes with HE stain,Masson trichrome stain to assess the interstitial fibrosis severity of lung.The expression of STAT3 in lung tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical techniques.And also examined the expression of STAT3 messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA) in rat lung by fluorescent real-time RT-PCR.Results: Pathological change were not seen and collagen fibers did not increase in air group at postnatal 3th,7th and 14th day.In hyperoxic group at postnata 3th,alveolar inflammation and deposition of collagen fibers were not obvious;A large number of inflammatory cell infiltration were showed on 7th days,collagen deposition began to increase;14th days inflammatory cell infiltration reduced,fibrosis was more significant.In hyperoxic group,The expression of STAT3 in alveolar and bronchi epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells as well as inflammatory cells were stronger on the postnatal 3th,7th and 14th day in hyperoxic group,the difference was significant compared with air group.The expression of STAT3mRNA in the lung of both groups at 3th were similar,by fluorescent real-time RT-PCR technique.Conclusion:Hyperoxic exposure can cause lung damage,inflammatory response is seen at early stage and the degree of fibrosis were increase gradually,furthermore along with the extension of oxygen uptake time that the pathological changes were gradually increase.The lung tissue expression of STAT3 increase with the extension of exposure time at early stage of hyperoxic group,it suggest that the STAT3 play a role in the early phase of acute inflammation and gradually reduce in the later fibrosis stage,it is not confirmed there is relationship between STAT3 and fibrosis at later stage of hyperoxia-induced lung injury.
Almost) Stationary Isotachophoretic Concentration Boundary in a Nanofluidic Channel Using Charge Inversion

The present work is an experimental study of a new means to induce a quasi-stationary boundary for concentration or separation in a nanochannel induced by charge inversion. Instead of using pressure-driven counter-flow to keep the front stationary, we exploit charge inversion by a highly charged electrolyte, Ru(bpy)3Cl2, that changes the sign of the zeta potential in part of the channel from negative to positive. Having a non-charge inverting electrolyte (MgCl2) in the other part of the channel and applying an electric field can create a standing front at the interface between them without added dispersion due to an externally applied pressure-driven counterflow. The resulting slow moving front position can be easily imaged optically since Ru(bpy)3Cl2 is fluorescent. A simple analytical model for the velocity field and front axial position that reproduces the experimental location of the front shows that the location can be tuned by changing the concentration of the electrolytes (and thus local zeta poten...
Clinical laboratory science: A profession with honors.

1. Joel D Hubbard, PhD[⇑][1] 1. is Associate Professor, School of Allied Health, Department of Laboratory Science and Primary Care, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock TX 2. Barbara Sawyer, PhD CLS(NCA) CLSp(MB) 1. is Professor, School of Allied Health, Department of Laboratory Science and Primary Care, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock TX 3. Lori Rice-Spearman, MS 1. is Associate Professor and CLS Program Director; School of Allied Health, Department of Laboratory Science and Primary Care, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock TX 1. Address for correspondence: Joel D Hubbard PhD, Associate Professor, School of Allied Health, Department of Laboratory Science and Primary Care, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 3601 Fourth Street, Lubbock TX 79430. (806) 743-3256, (806) 743-3249 (fax). joel.hubbard{at}ttuhsc.edu Texas Tech University Health Science Center (TTUHSC) supports a strong undergraduate honors program. Students are required to enter the Honors College as freshmen and enroll in at least 24 hours of honors-designated classes. Some of the clinical core courses in the clinical laboratory science (CLS) program are designated as honors courses so students can continue their contract agreement with the Honors College to enroll in at least six hours of honors credit at the junior and senior level. By providing further educational experiences out of class, these honors students are able to meet the requirements needed to graduate with highest honors. A CLS honors program not only benefits the student but also the faculty involved and the program curriculum. Academic excellence and relevance are based on established expectations that all students develop the capacity to master content that is complex and challenging.1 Today, most junior colleges and major universities have some sort of honors program of study to challenge above-average students to achieve a higher level of learning. TTUHSC supports a strong undergraduate honors program of study in the liberal arts or the arts and sciences. Students enter the Honors College program as freshmen and enroll in classes specified by the Honors College. The Honors College experience is unique, offering outstanding academic and extracurricular opportunities and benefits. The CLS component of this honors program is dedicated to the ideals of an education with depth and breadth to prepare students for a lifetime of learning. The program is designed for those… ABBREVIATIONS: CLS = clinical laboratory science; SOM = school of medicine; TTUHSC = Texas Tech University Health Science Center. [1]: #corresp-1
Embryonic cell culture in zebrafish

Zebrafish embryonic cell cultures have many useful properties that make them complementary to intact embryos for a wide range of studies. Embryonic cell cultures allow for maintenance of transient cell populations, control of chemical and mechanical cues received by cells, and facile chemical screening. Zebrafish cells can be cultured in either heterogeneous or homogeneous cultures from a wide range of developmental time points. Here we describe two methods with particular applicability to chemical screening: a method for the culture of blastomeres for directed differentiation toward the myogenic lineage and a method for the culture of neural crest cells in heterogeneous cultures from early somitogenesis embryos.