cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking on the rise among young adults: implications for research and policy

This paper investigates hypotheses regarding the cause of the recent apparent increase in young adult smoking, compares trends in smoking among young adults with trends in the use of other substances, and considers the implications for youth tobacco control research and policy. Time series analyses of national data suggest that the recent observed increase in smoking among young adults is primarily an artefact of the almost simultaneous increase in smoking among high school students. In addition, however, it also appears that there have been real changes in smoking patterns among young adults. While many questions remain regarding recent trends in tobacco and other drug use among adolescents and young adults, what is known leads to a clarion call for increased intervention and policy action for the prevention and control of tobacco use among young adults in the USA.
Duodenal volvulus as a cause of gastric rupture in a 15‐year‐old Warmblood gelding

Summary Duodenal volvulus is an unreported cause of colic in the horse. This case report describes a 15-year-old Warmblood gelding evaluated for acute abdominal discomfort. Exploratory celiotomy revealed duodenal volvulus and gastric rupture resulting in severe, acute, septic peritonitis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a volvulus of the equine duodenum.
Use of infliximab‐daclizumab combination for the treatment of acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease of the liver and gut

Infliximab-daclizumab was used to treat acute and chronic liver and gut graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in two children after standard immunosuppressive therapy failed. Infliximab (10 mg/kg weekly, 4 doses) and daclizumab (1 mg/kg, days 1, 4, 8, 15, and 22) were given over 1 month. In case 1, grade 2 chronic GVHD of the liver developed 1 year after transplantation and failed to improve with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. In case 2, corticosteroid-unresponsive grade 3 acute liver and gut GVHD developed on day +37. In both patients, GVHD responded to the infliximab-daclizumab regimen without toxicity and immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued.
Impact of nonoperative treatment, vertebroplasty, and kyphoplasty on survival and morbidity after vertebral compression fracture in the medicare population.

Background The treatment of vertebral compression fractures with vertebral augmentation procedures is associated with acute pain relief and improved mobility, but direct comparisons of treatments are limited. Our goal was to compare the survival rates, complications, lengths of hospital stay, hospital charges, discharge locations, readmissions, and repeat procedures for Medicare patients with new vertebral compression fractures that had been acutely treated with vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, or nonoperative modalities. Methods The 2006 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review File database was used to identify 72,693 patients with a vertebral compression fracture. Patients with a previous vertebral compression fracture, those who had had a vertebral augmentation procedure in the previous year, those with a diagnosis of malignant neoplasm, and those who had died were excluded, leaving 68,752 patients. The patients were stratified into nonoperative treatment (55.6%), vertebroplasty (11.2%), and kyphoplasty (33.2%) cohorts. Survival rates were compared with use of Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression. Results were adjusted for potential confounding variables. Secondary parameters of interest were analyzed with the chi-square test (categorical variables) and one-way analysis of variance (continuous variables), with the level of significance set at p l 0.05. Results The estimated three-year survival rates were 42.3%, 49.7%, and 59.9% for the nonoperative treatment, vertebroplasty, and kyphoplasty groups, respectively. The adjusted risk of death was 20.0% lower for the kyphoplasty group than for the vertebroplasty group (hazard ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.84). Patients in the kyphoplasty group had the shortest hospital stay and the highest hospital charges and were the least likely to have had pneumonia and decubitus ulcers during the index hospitalization and at six months postoperatively. However, kyphoplasty was more likely to result in a subsequent augmentation procedure than was vertebroplasty (9.41% compared with 7.89%; p l 0.001). Conclusions Vertebral augmentation procedures appear to be associated with longer patient survival than nonoperative treatment does. Kyphoplasty tends to have a more striking association with survival than vertebroplasty does, but it is costly and may have a higher rate of subsequent vertebral compression fracture. These provocative findings may reflect selection bias and should be addressed in a prospective, direct comparison of methods to treat vertebral compression fractures. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Importance of lake‐river interaction on seasonal patterns in the general circulation of Kamloops Lake, British Columbia

The physical effects of a large river (Thompson River) entering a deep, intermontane lake (Kamloops Lake, British Columbia) suggest that, depending upon its temperature relative to that of lake water, river water moves through the lake as a surface overflow, an intermediate depth interflow, or a near-bottom underflow. Circulation is further influenced by the earth’s rotation so that the incoming river flows preferentially along the right-hand shoreline of the lake. Convective overturn in autumn and spring is influenced by cabbeling, which occurs than 4°C and one colder, combine to form a whenever two parcels of water, one warmer mixture whose temperature is at or near 4”~.
The Effect of Shame‐Proneness, Guilt‐Proneness, and Internalizing Tendencies on Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury

Nonsuicidal self-injury is especially common in adolescents and young adults. Self-injury may be related to shame or guilt--two moral emotions--as these differentially predict other maladaptive behaviors. Using a college sample, we examined not only how shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and internalizing emotional tendencies related to self-injury, but also whether these moral emotions moderate the relation between internalizing tendencies and self-injury. High shame-proneness was associated with higher frequencies of self-injury. High guilt-proneness was associated with less self-injury, although this effect was mitigated at higher levels of internalizing tendencies. These results suggest shame-proneness is a risk factor for self-injury, while guilt-proneness is protective.
Specificity-based negative selection of autoreactive B cells during memory formation

Autoreactive B cells are not completely purged from the primary B cell repertoire, and whether they can be prevented from maturation into memory B cells has been uncertain. We show here that a population of B cells that dominates primary immune responses of BALB/c mice to influenza virus A/PR/8/34 hemagglutinin (HA) are negatively selected in transgenic mice expressing PR8 HA as an abundant membrane-bound Ag (HACII mice). However, a separate population of B cells that contains precursors of memory B cells is activated by PR8 virus immunization and is subsequently negatively selected during the formation of the memory response. Negative selection of PR8 HA-specific B cells altered the specificity of the memory B cell response to a mutant virus containing a single amino acid substitution in a B cell epitope. Strikingly, this skewed reactivity resulted from an increase in the formation of memory B cells directed to non-self-epitopes on the mutant virus, which increased 8-fold in HACII mice relative to nontransgenic mice and precisely compensated for the absence of autoreactive PR8 HA-specific memory B cells. Negative selection of PR8 HA-specific B cells was a dominant process, since B cells from HACII mice could induce negative selection of PR8 HA-specific B cells from BALB/c mice. Lastly, HA-specific memory responses were unaffected by self-tolerance in another lineage of HA-transgenic mice (HA104 mice), indicating that the amount and/or cell type in which self-Ags are expressed can determine their ability to prevent autoreactive memory B cell formation.
Social problem solving abilities and psychosocial impairment among individuals recuperating from surgical repair for severe pressure sores.

Background/objectives: The relationship of social problem solving abilities, health locus of control beliefs, and psychosocial impairment were examined among individuals with spinal cord injuries who were hospitalized following surgical repair of severe pressure sores. Methods: Individuals were approached after surgical repair and completed measures of problem solving, health locus of control beliefs, and psychosocial impairment after admission to the rehabilitation hospital. Results: The sample reported greater psychosocial impairment than observed in comparative data, but they did not differ from another sample in terms of health locus of control beliefs. Correlational analyses revealed that a negative orientation toward problem solving was significantly predictive of psychosocial impairment, consistent with prior research. However, a second study found persons assigned to a brief problem solving intervention did not differ on any measure from participants in a control group. Discussion: Implications of these results are discussed from theoretical and clinical perspectives. Although social problem solving abilities were predictive of psychosocial impairment in a predicted direction, the lack of effects for the intervention suggests greater precision is needed to understand individual needs and to develop individualized intervention protocols.
Visualizing Tymieniecka’s Approach to Originality

Tymieniecka believes that human meaning-bestowing in the creative act happens before cognition. This makes her prose difficult, overwhelming in volume and intensity. In the presence of artistic works, however, her words become clear and penetrating, because, in the presence of art we are in a contemplative rather than a rational mode. This essay demonstrates how the action of her words matches the action of, e.g. Jackson Pollock. Her Phenomenology of Life deals with objective ontological structures and subjective constitutive formations, like the Analytic Cubism of Braque and Picasso. Her philosophy changes our orientation fundamentally, the way Robert Rauschenberg’s Monogram radically changed the field and expectations of support of a painting. While the reactions of the Post-Modern artists like John Baldassari and the Pictures Generation, e.g. Sherrie Levine, Cindy Sherman or David Salle, would seem antithetical to Tymieniecka’s taste, their actions/works are just what Tymieniecka orders: that the original, creative work is a cipher into the life-world. That it renews the life world when the beholder receives the artist’s “original gift.” Such renewal does not occur in the popular works of Jeff Koons, who insists that his art begins and ends with the image. The Pictures Generations artists produce ciphers that reach down into life, make from its elemental stuff a work that is uniquely their own in time and place. In this lies the originality of the work.
Russian Money Markets and Financial Institutions in 2014

This paper deals with a wide scope of issues, starting with the post-crisis recovery of Russia's financial market. The author analyzes the market for shares issued by Russian companies, investigates dependence on the global conjuncture of prices and inflow and outflow of foreign portfolio investment. He also studies currency exchange rate, looks at the competition on the domestic share market, and analyzes preliminary results of the merger of the RTS and MICEX. The article deals with the market for ruble-denominated bonds. The author provides analysis of financial market risks and looks at the development of Russia's domestic savings system.
Spouse cancer caregivers’ burden and distress at entry to home hospice The role of relationship quality

High-quality relationships may be protective for family caregivers. This study focuses on relationship quality categories (supportive and ambivalent) in spouse caregivers in cancer home hospice. The goals of this article are to, first, describe relationship quality categories among end-of-life caregivers and, second, test the effects of relationship quality categories on caregiver burden and distress within a stress process model. Using questionnaire data collected at entry to home hospice, we found relationship quality categories were proportionally similar to those seen in noncaregiver older adults. Relationship quality significantly predicted caregiver burden, which completely mediated the relationship between caregiver relationship quality and distress. Caregivers whose social contexts place them at risk for greater distress may benefit from increased clinical attention or intervention.
A Filtering Method to Reveal Crystalline Patterns from Atom Probe Microscopy Desorption Maps

A filtering method to reveal the crystallographic information present in Atom Probe Microscopy (APM) data is presented. The method filters atoms based on the time difference between their evaporation and the evaporation of the previous atom. Since this time difference correlates with the location and the local structure of the evaporating atoms on the surface, it can be used to reveal any crystallographic information contained within APM data. The demonstration of this method is illustrated on: •A pure Al specimen for which crystallographic poles are clearly visible on the desorption patterns easily indexed.•Three Fe-15at.% Cr datasets where crystallographic patterns are less obvious and require this filtering method.
Bacillary Dysentery Developing In Monkeys on a “Vitamin M” Deficient Diet

The original purpose of this investigation was to study experimental dysentery in the monkey. However, repeated failures to produce the disease with large doses of living dysentery bacilli led us to believe that some factor other than the bacterium was concerned in the production of dysentery. The role of diet deficient in vitamins was suggested by the work of Verder and Petran' who found that monkeys on a vitamin A deficient diet developed bacillary dysentery (Flexner type). Topping and Fraser2 have reported bacillary dysentery in monkeys on a diet deficient in flavin and nicotinic acid. Langston, Darby, Shukers and Day3 found that monkeys developed anemia, leukopenia, gingivitis and diarrhea when placed on a diet deficient in certain components of the vitamin B2 complex, which they have designated as vitamin M. No significance has been given to the role of vitamin adequacy as a possible factor in the resistance of healthy monkeys to infection with experimental bacillary dysentery. Conversely vitamin deficiency has received little attention as a major factor in bringing about spontaneous dysentery. This study therefore was concerned with the presence of Bacterium dysenteriae in the colon of monkeys on adequate and vitamin M deficient diets.
Separation of Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent (PTA) and Hageman Factor (HF) from Human Plasma.

Summary1) Hageman factor and plasma thromboplastin antecedent have been separated from human plasma and each other by ion exchange chromatography. 2) The defect in “exhausted plasma” is not corrected by purified PTA, purified HF, or a combination of the two.
Metabolism of the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene by rainbow trout.

SummaryAdministration of the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) orally or by injection into rainbow trout resulted in the excretion of 5- and 7-hydroxy-AAF in the urine and feces. These metabol...
Drugs and the fetus.

Although considerable information has been accumulated concerning the passage of drugs through the placenta and their effect on the fetus, unfortunately little attention is paid to this aspect of drug therapy, and, on the whole, there has not been any concerted effort to bring this type of information to the attention of physicians. However, the recent thalidomide episode has stirred up a great deal of interest in this phase of pharmacology. The excellent review by Baker2 should be read by everyone interested in the subject.
Research on Early-warning and Quarantine System of Large-scale Network Intrusion

The geospatial cooperative early-warning addressing and quick quarantine system is proposed. The system traces activity of intrusion, builds the warning zone, predicts the trend of propagating, quickly addresses the warning zone and quarantines to prevent propagation from the intrusion.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Hand-foot-mouth Disease in Yaan City,2009-2012

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD in Yaan from 2009 to 2012,and to provide references for HFMD prevention and control. Methods Based on direct network report,cases of HFMD in Yaan during 2009-2012 were collected and analyzed with descriptive epidemiology. Results A total of 5259 HFMD cases were reported,with a overall incidence of 87 /105 from 2009 to 2012,with no deaths and 6 severe cases,4 of the 6 cases were reported in 2009,and one case in 2010 and 2011,respectively. Cases are mainly distributed in Yucheng,with a total number of 1582 cases,followed by Mingshan,hanyuan and Lushan,with case numbers of 961,860 and 651,respectively. The higher incidence rates distributed in Lushan,Yucheng and Baoxing county,with incidence rates of 142. 24 /105,114. 48/105and110. 02 /105,respectively. The high-incidence season was in the transition period of Spring to Summer.The onset age concentrated in 5 years or below,with 4794 cases,accounting for 91. 16% of the total; children in nurseries and scattered children account for 95. 53% of the total cases. Pathogen was predominantly CoxA16 type( 39. 47%),followed by virus EV71( 30. 99%) and the rest types( 29. 53%). Conclusion HFMD prevention and control work should be focused on scattered children and nursery children; meanwhile,targeted health comprehensive measures including education should be carried out broadly.
Abstract 1882: Manumycin-A suppresses exosome biogenesis and chemosensitizes CRPC cells to enzalutamide through inhibition of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that there is an urgent need for new strategies to combat prostate cancer (PC) that is unresponsive to therapy. In recent years major emphasis has been placed on the role of exosomes (Exo) in cancers. Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles produced by all cell types under physiologic and pathological states. The objective of the present study was to identify via high throughput library screens compounds that selectively inhibit Exo biogenesis and release by PC cells and further examine if they chemosensitize castration-resistant PC (CRPC) cells to Enzalutamide (ENZ), an FDA-approved second generation antiandrogen drug. The ultimate goal is to incorporate functionally validated compounds for advanced PC therapy. Manumycin-A (MA), a natural, well-tolerated microbial metabolite and a potent experimental tumoricide, has been identified as one of the lead compounds in the initial screens. Results: A time-course, dose-dependent analysis revealed that MA up to 250 nM is not toxic to C4-2B or RWPE1 cells. The MA-mediated inhibition of Exo secretion was evident by decreased expression of Exo markers (ALIX, TG6101, and tetraspanins; CD9, CD63, CD81) as well as early (Rab5) and late (Hrs) endosome markers in C4-2B cells, with no effect observed in RWPE1 cells. Interestingly, the MA-mediated inhibition of Exo biogenesis was coupled with inhibition of Ras activation. MEK selective inhibitor (U0126), but not the p38 MAPK (SB203580) or JNK (SP600125) inhibitor, suppressed the expression of Exo markers, indicating that Ras-MEK pathway is involved in MA9s mediated inhibition of exosome biogenesis and secretion. Subsequent analysis revealed that MA inhibited p-cRaf, pMEK and pERK in C4-2B cells, but not in RWPE1 cells)–further attesting to direct role of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 pathway in mediating MA inhibition of Exo biogenesis and secretion by C4-2B cells. Treatment of C4-2B cells with ENZ and MA combination further inhibited cell survival than either drug alone, suggesting that MA may chemosensitize CRPC cells to ENZ. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations, Manumycin is a suitable candidate to suppress exosome biogenesis and secretion and enhances sensitivity of CRPC cells to ENZ cytotoxicity. Further preclinical analysis is required to examine its in vivo therapeutic efficacy of MA against CRPC when administrated in combination with antiandrogen drugs. Citation Format: Hogyoung Kim, Amrita Datta, Madhu Lal-Nag, Adedoyin Johnson, Ahmed Moustafa, Debasis Mondal, Marc Ferrer, Asim B. Abdel-Mageed. Manumycin-A suppresses exosome biogenesis and chemosensitizes CRPC cells to enzalutamide through inhibition of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1882.
JAMES W. ERMATINGER. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. GREENWOOD GUIDES TO HISTORIC EVENTS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.

James W. Ermatinger. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004, xxxi + 187 p., ISBN 978-0313326929.
Space-Time Approach for Disturbance Detection and Classification

A major challenge facing future grid systems is to identify the source of abnormal behaviors caused by faults or voltage instability. In this paper, phasor measurement units (PMUs) have been considered for detecting disturbances and degradation in the grid. Considering that the source of voltage instability mainly impacts neighboring areas, we present a simple and yet efficient algorithm that can identify affected areas. The algorithm is based on ${K}$ -mean optimization that classifies PMUs into different classes of power quality. We introduce the concept of a space-time solution to identify multiple faults. Since this is a multi-objective problem, we extend the ${K}$ -mean algorithm to achieve space-time optimization in two successive stages (i.e., time and space). As an alternative approach to the space-time solution, we also present a hierarchical network that is based on a distributed mapping technique. This approach may only require time-based clustering as it limits the PMU population search to a small local region. We used our real-time virtual PMU embedded into our software in the loop testbed to verify the performance of the proposed schemes. For the IEEE 39-bus transmission system, it is shown that the proposed space-time synchrophasor data classification scheme is capable of detecting and isolating areas in the grid that suffer from multiple disturbances, such as faults.
Stigma and the Ethnographic Study of HIV: Problems and Prospects

This article reviews the factors of sexual culture formation and stigma in the representation and prevention of HIV transmission. Two views of stigma, insider versus outsider meanings and practices, are contrasted in the history of anthropology and sexuality studies. Changes in ethnography and the understanding of ethnographic method since the rise of the AIDS epidemic are considered through a series of case studies. The implications of this work for HIV education and interventions surrounding stigma management and community action are summarized. The author advocates the study of stigma as a means to enhance education and prevention efforts in cross-cultural research on AIDS.
Review shows that early foetal alcohol exposure may cause adverse effects even when the mother consumes low levels.

Aim Studies are increasingly focusing on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on child health. The aim of this review was to provide paediatricians with new insights to help them communicate key messages about avoiding alcohol during pregnancy. Methods Inspired by the 7th International Conference on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, which focused on integrating research, policy and practice, we studied English language papers published since 2010 on how early PAE triggered epigenetic mechanisms that had an impact on the development of some chronic diseases. We also report the findings of a human study using three-dimensional photography of the face to explore associations between PAE and craniofacial phenotyping. Results Animal models with different alcohol exposure patterns show that early PAE may lead to long-term chronic effects, due to developmental programming for some adult diseases in cardiovascular, metabolic and renal systems. The study with three-dimensional photographing is very promising in helping paediatricians to understand how even small amounts of PAE can affect craniofacial phenotyping. Conclusion Even low levels of PAE can cause adverse foetal effects and not just in the brain. It is not currently possible to determine a safe period and level when alcohol consumption would not affect the foetus.
Floodplains as a source of fine sediment in grazed landscapes: tracing the source of suspended sediment in the headwaters of an intensively managed agricultural landscape.

Abstract The flux of fine sediment within agricultural watersheds is an important factor determining the environmental quality of streams and rivers. Despite this importance, the contributions of sediment sources to suspended sediment loads within intensively managed agricultural watersheds remain poorly understood. This study assesses the provenance of fine suspended sediment in the headwater portion of a river flowing through an agricultural landscape in Illinois. Sediment source samples were collected from five sources: croplands, forested floodplains, grasslands, upper grazed floodplains, and lower grazed floodplains. Event-based and aggregated suspended sediment samples were collected from the stream at the watershed outlet. Quantitative geochemical fingerprinting techniques and a mixing model were employed to estimate the relative contributions of sediment from the five sources to the suspended sediment loads. To account for possible effects of small sample sizes, the analysis was repeated with only two sources: grazed floodplains and croplands/grasslands/forested floodplains. Results based on mean values of tracers indicate that the vast majority of suspended sediment within the stream (>95%) is derived from erosion of channel banks and the soil surface within areas of grazed floodplains. Uncertainty analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations indicates that mean values of tracer properties, which do not account for sampling variability in these properties, probably overestimate contributions from the two major sources. Nevertheless, this analysis still supports the conclusion that floodplain erosion accounts for the largest percentage of instream sediment (≈55–75%). Although grazing occurs over only a small portion of the total watershed area, grazed floodplains, which lie in close proximity to the stream channel, are an important source of sediment in this headwater steam system. Efforts to reduce fluxes of fine sediment in this intensively managed landscape should focus on eroding floodplain surfaces and channel banks within heavily grazed reaches of the stream.
Synthesis of Benzyl Amines via Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza-Friedel–Crafts Addition of Phenols to N-Sulfonyl Aldimines

A new copper-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Freidel-Crafts reaction between phenols and N-sulfonyl aldimines that provides chiral secondary benzylamines in good to excellent yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) is disclosed. In particular, excellent scope with alkylimines was observed for the first time. The synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated in the first enantioselective synthesis of a dual orexin receptor antagonist, a compound that contains an amine-bearing stereocenter adjacent to a bis-ortho-functionalized arene.
Immunologic Studies of Antihemophilic Factor (AHF, Factor VIII). V. Immunologic Properties of AHF Subunits Produced by Salt Dissociation

Human antihemophilic factor (AHF, factor VIII), a large plasma protein with a molecular weight of approximately two million, is dissociated by changes in ionic strength. The immunologic properties of subunits obtained by sucrose density ultracentrifugation in 1 M NaCl and by agarose gel filtration in 0.24 M CaCl2 have been determined using human and rabbit anti-AHF. Asymmetric dissociation of AHF has been identified with formation of two subunits in these separations: a nonfunctional highmolecular-weight (HMW) subunit similar in size to plasma AHF which is identified by immunoprecipitation and radioimmunoassay for AHF antigen, and an active lowmolecular-weight (LMW) subunit which is not detected by these antigen assays. The LMW subunit retains AHF antigens, however, for it is inactivated by both human and rabbit anti-AHF. Antibody neutralization studies verify the presence of AHF antigens on the HMW subunit. These immunologic studies provide constraints which must be incorporated into models of AHF structure.
Excited-state properties of the central-cis isomer of the carotenoid peridinin

The central-cis isomer of the carotenoid peridinin, presumably 13-cis, was separated and studied with spectroscopic methods including static absorption, fluorescence and femtosecond time-resolved absorption. The investigations exposed differences in the photophysical properties of this isomer in respect to all-trans peridinin. Steady-state absorption spectroscopy revealed the presence of an additional weak absorption band at the long wavelength tail of the main S0 → S2 transition. Modelling of the hypothetical vibronic progression of the S0 → S1 electronic transition demonstrated that this weak band can be associated with a higher (0-2) vibronic band of the transition and that lower vibronic bands have negligible intensities due to a large displacement between the S0 and S1 states energy curves as also suggested by the spectral shape of steady-state fluorescence emission. Transient absorption studies demonstrated that the lifetime of the S1 state of the central-cis isomer is shorter compared to the all-trans counterpart by 6-16%, depending on the polarity of the solvent. On the other hand, molecular isomerization negligibly affects the lifetime of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), which for both isomers is ∼10 ps in the polar solvent methanol.
Regional cortical thinning in young adults with schizophrenia but not psychotic or non-psychotic bipolar I disorder

Schizophrenia shares some genetic risk and clinical symptoms with bipolar disorder. Clinical heterogeneity across subjects is thought to contribute to variable structural imaging findings across studies. The current study investigates cortical thickness in young adults diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder with a history of hyperthymic mania. We hypothesize that cortical thickness will be most similar between SCZ and the psychotic bipolar 1 disorder subtype. Patients with schizophrenia (n = 52), psychotic bipolar I disorder (PBD; n = 49) and non-psychotic bipolar I disorder (NPBD; n = 24) and healthy controls (n = 40) were scanned in a 3T Trio MRI. The thickness of 34 cortical regions was estimated with FreeSurfer, and analyzed using univariate analyses of variance. Relationships to psychotic (SAPS) and negative (SANS) symptoms were investigated using linear regression. Cortical thickness showed significant group effects, after covarying for sex, age, and intracranial volume (p = 0.001). SCZ subjects had thinner paracentral, inferior parietal, supramarginal and fusiform cortices compared to CON. Caudal anterior cingulate cortical thickness was increased in SCZ, PBD and NPBD. Cortical thickness in PBD and NPBD were not significantly different from controls. Significant partial correlations were observed for SAPS severity with middle temporal (r = − 0.26; p = 0.001) and fusiform (− 0.26; p = 0.001) cortical thickness. Individuals with SCZ displayed significantly reduced cortical thickness in several cortical regions compared to both CON and bipolar. We found that SCZ participants had significant cortical thinning relative to CON and bipolar disorder most significantly in the frontal (i.e. paracentral), parietal (i.e. inferior parietal, supramarginal), and temporal (i.e. middle temporal, fusiform) cortices.
The CXXC motif: imperatives for the formation of native disulfide bonds in the cell

The rapid formation of native disulfide bonds in cellular proteins is necessary for the efficient use of cellular resources. This process is catalyzed in vitro by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), with the PDI1 gene being essential for the viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDI is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) family of proteins, which have the active-site motif CXXC. PDI contains two Trx domains as well as two domains unrelated to the Trx family. We find that the gene encoding Escherichia coli Trx is unable to complement PDI1 null mutants of S.cerevisiae. Yet, Trx can replace PDI if it is mutated to have a CXXC motif with a disulfide bond of high reduction potential and a thiol group of low pKa. Thus, an enzymic thiolate is both necessary and sufficient for the formation of native disulfide bonds in the cell.
Quantification of kinetic rate constants for transcytosis of polymeric nanoparticle through blood-brain barrier.

Abstract Background Polymeric nanoparticles (PNP) have received significant amount of interests for targeted drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Experimental studies have revealed that PNP can transport drug molecules from microvascular blood vessels to brain parenchyma in an efficient and non-invasive way. Despite that, very little attention has been paid to theoretically quantify the transport of such nanoparticles across BBB. Methods In this study, for the first time, we developed a mathematical model for PNP transport through BBB endothelial cells. The mathematical model is developed based on mass-action laws, where kinetic rate parameters are determined by an artificial neural network (ANN) model using experimental data from in-vitro BBB experiments. Results The presented ANN model provides a much simpler way to solve the parameter estimation problem by avoiding integration scheme for ordinary differential equations associated with the mass-action laws. Furthermore, this method can efficiently deal with both small and large data set and can approximate highly nonlinear functions. Our results show that the mass-action model, constructed with ANN based rate parameters, can successfully predict the characteristics of the polymeric nanoparticle transport across the BBB. Conclusions Our model results indicate that exocytosis of nanoparticles is seven fold slower to endocytosis suggesting that future studies should focus on enhancing the exocytosis process. General significance This mathematical study will assist in designing new drug carriers to overcome the drug delivery problems in brain. Furthermore, we anticipate that this model will form the basis of future comprehensive models for drug transport across BBB.
Skeletal muscle ceramides and relationship with insulin sensitivity after 2 weeks of simulated sedentary behaviour and recovery in healthy older adults

Key points Insulin sensitivity (as determined by a hyperinsulinaemic-euglyceamic clamp) decreased 15% after reduced activity. Despite not fully returning to baseline physical activity levels, insulin sensitivity unexpectedly, rebounded above that recorded before 2 weeks of reduced physical activity by 14% after the recovery period. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to reduced activity were primarily driven by men but, not women. There were modest changes in ceramides (nuclear/myofibrillar fraction and serum) following reduced activity and recovery but, in the absence of major changes to body composition (i.e. fat mass), ceramides were not related to changes in inactivity-induced insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults. Abstract Older adults are at risk of physical inactivity as they encounter debilitating life events. It is not known how insulin sensitivity is affected by modest short-term physical inactivity and recovery in healthy older adults, nor how insulin sensitivity is related to changes in serum and muscle ceramide content. Healthy older adults (aged 64-82 years, five females, seven males) were assessed before (PRE), after 2 weeks of reduced physical activity (RA) and following 2 weeks of recovery (REC). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglyceamic clamp), lean mass, muscle function, skeletal muscle subfraction, fibre-specific, and serum ceramide content and indices of skeletal muscle inflammation were assessed. Insulin sensitivity decreased by 15 ± 6% at RA (driven by men) but rebounded above PRE by 14 ± 5% at REC. Mid-plantar flexor muscle area and leg strength decreased with RA, although only muscle size returned to baseline levels following REC. Body fat did not change and only minimal changes in muscle inflammation were noted across the intervention. Serum and intramuscular ceramides (nuclear/myofibrillar fraction) were modestly increased at RA and REC. However, ceramides were not related to changes in inactivity-induced insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults. Short-term inactivity induced insulin resistance in older adults in the absence of significant changes in body composition (i.e. fat mass) are not related to changes in ceramides.
Abstract TP372: BRAIN ALERT: An Emergency Department Initiative to Improve Time Metrics for Patients that Walk in with Stroke Symptoms

Introduction: Patients with minor stroke symptoms tend not to call 911. They often come to the Emergency Department (ED) via personal transport, and walk in through the triage area. These patients ...
Parent-Mediated Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of parent-mediated interventions on occupational performance of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD. We conducted a search of academic databases using terms such as autism spectrum disorder, parent, caregiver, and intervention. Five hundred eighty-two articles were reviewed, and 109 were selected for full-text review. The final analysis included 13 articles. RESULTS. Strong evidence was found for the efficacy of parent-mediated intervention for increasing child joint attention. Moderate evidence was found for the improvement of language scores, expressive language, nonverbal communication, initiation and response to interaction, behavior, play, adaptive functioning, ASD symptoms, and social communication. CONCLUSION. This systematic review suggests that parent-mediated interventions for children with ASD can improve various aspects of communication and ASD symptoms, with emerging support for occupational performance. Occupational therapy practitioners are well suited to facilitate these interventions to support families with children with autism.
Just One More Thing: Getting the Most Out of One-Minute Papers

The one-minute paper (OMP) is an easy-to-implement classroom assessment tool that is particularly well-suited to the familiar one-shot library instruction session. This article explores the ways that the one-minute paper can benefit academic librarians. Examples from the literature on teaching & learning and the author’s own experience are used to illustrate potential benefits, including individualized outreach to students and program planning.
Long-time behavior of a Hele-Shaw type problem in random media

We study the long-time behavior of an exterior Hele-Shaw problem in random media with a free boundary velocity that depends on position in dimensions n ≥ 2. A natural rescaling of solutions that is compatible with the evolution of the free boundary leads to homogenization of the free boundary velocity. By studying a limit obstacle problem for a Hele-Shaw system with a point source, we are able to show uniform convergence of the rescaled solution to a self-similar limit profile and we deduce that the rescaled free boundary uniformly approaches a sphere.
Quantitative Measurement of Cell Surface Expression Via Magnetophoretic Cytometry

Identification of membrane antigens and measurement of their expression within a cell population is of fundamental importance to medical and biological studies. In this work, we present a cytometry approach that is based on magnetophoresis and distributed Coulter sensing in a microfluidic system. Our magnetophoretic cytometer offers quantitative analysis of cell membrane antigens on a portable and disposable platform compared to conventional flow cytometers, which are complex, expensive and large systems. Our tests with human breast cancer cells show the utility of our microfluidic device and its potential as a point-of-care instrument for biomedical testing.
Sugar beet industry process wastewater treatment using electrochemical methods and optimization of parameters using response surface methodology.

Abstract Sugar production is a water intensive process that produces a large amount of wastewaters with high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), mostly consists of organic carbon compounds. Conventional treatment methods are limited to provide the necessary treatment of effluent COD to meet the regulatory limits prior to discharge. The treatment performance of electrooxidation (EO) and electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) for organic removal were investigated in a laboratory scale study. The experimental conditions were optimized for both EO and ECP using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and the models provided highly significant quadratic models for both treatment methods. The effects of pH, H2O2 dosage, current density, and operation time were investigated using BBD. The results showed that EO could remove 75% of organics at optimum conditions of pH 5.3; current density of 48.5 mA cm−2; and operation time of 393 min. The predicted values were in reasonable agreement with measured values. ECP could remove total and soluble COD and total and dissolved organic carbon by 65, 64, 66, and 63%, respectively at optimum conditions of H2O2 dosage of 21 mL L−1; current density of 48 mA cm−2; and operation time of 361 min. The methods were compared based on removal efficiency and energy consumption during operation.
Subthalamic Single Cell and Oscillatory Neural Dynamics of a Dyskinetic Medicated Patient With Parkinson's Disease

Single cell neuronal activity (SUA) and local field potentials (LFP) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of unmedicated Parkinson's disease (PD) patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery have been well-characterized during microelectrode recordings (MER). However, there is limited knowledge about the changes in the firing patterns and oscillations above and within the territories of STN after the intake of dopaminergic medication. Here, for the first time, we report the STN single cell and oscillatory neural dynamics in a medicated patient with idiopathic PD using intraoperative MER. We recorded LFP and SUA with microelectrodes at various depths during bilateral STN-DBS electrode implantation. We isolated 26 neurons in total and observed that tonic and irregular firing patterns of individual neurons predominated throughout the territories of STN. While burst-type firings have been well-characterized in the dorsal territories of STN in unmedicated patients, interestingly, this activity was not observed in our medicated subject. LFP recordings lacked the excessive beta (8-30 Hz) activity, characteristic of the unmedicated state and signal energy was mainly dominated by slow oscillations below 8 Hz. We observed sharp gamma oscillations between 70 and 90 Hz within and above the STN. Despite the presence of a broadband high frequency activity in 200-400 Hz range, no cross-frequency interaction in the form of phase-amplitude coupling was noted between low and high frequency oscillations of LFPs. While our results are in agreement with the previously reported LFP recordings from the DBS lead in medicated PD patients, the sharp gamma peak present throughout the depth recordings and the lack of bursting firings after levodopa intake have not been reported before. The lack of bursting in SUA, the lack of excessive beta activity and cross frequency coupling between HFOs and lower rhythms further validate the link between bursting firing regime of neurons and pathological oscillatory neural activity in PD-STN. Overall, these observations not only validate the existing literature on the PD electrophysiology in healthy/medicated animal models but also provide insights regarding the underlying electro-pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in PD patients through demonstration of multiscale relationships between single cell firings and field potentials.
Bilcon v. Canada: A New Paradigm for Causation in Investor-State Arbitration?

Generally, investment tribunals have historically treated the issue of causation superficially and without “clarity as to the steps of the reasoning that are being employed in order to establish causation.” The international legal landscape, however, has been ripe for a consensus as the increasing complexity of interstate and state-investor relationships and the rising damages claims present even higher stakes as to determining how the harm originates. Recently, some international investment tribunals and litigants have started to focus on the issue of causation, treating causation as its own separate “step” and as separate from the determination of “liability” and the calculation of “quantum.” On January 10, 2019, when the arbitral tribunal in Bilcon v. Canada rendered its Award on Damages, it established a high burden for a claimant to meet in order to establish a causal link that demonstrating that a respondent’s liability primarily led to the claimant’s injuries. The Bilcon decision not only clarifies for future international arbitral panels how causation is to be situated between the breach and quantum inquiries, but it also demonstrates how this high threshold test, grounded in the Chorzow and Genocide cases, situates the issue of lost profits within the causation inquiry. Consequently, Bilcon may provide a primer on causation analysis for future North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Chapter Eleven tribunals. Part I of this Article will explore how Bilcon clarifies and situates the causation analysis—an emerging subject that has befuddled some arbitral tribunals—between the issues of breach and quantum. Next, Part II will demonstrate how Bilcon places upon claimants a high burden of causality, based on the Chorzow and Genocide cases, while utilizing the doctrine of factual causation to determine quantum. Finally, Part III will proceed to contextualize the issue of lost profits within this causality analysis by comparing the Bilcon majority’s decision with that of the concurrence. This Part will assess the strengths and weaknesses of the arbitrators’ approach to lost profits.