cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A velocity space hybridization-based Boltzmann equation solver

Abstract In the present work, a new method for simulation of rarefied gas flows is proposed, a velocity-space hybrid of both a DSMC representation of particles and a discrete velocity quasi-particle representation of the distribution function. The hybridization scheme is discussed in detail, and is numerically verified for two test-cases: the BKW relaxation problem and a stationary Maxwellian distribution. It is demonstrated that such a velocity-space hybridization can provide computational benefits when compared to a pure discrete velocity method or pure DSMC approach, while retaining some of the more attractive properties of discrete velocity methods. Further possible improvements to the velocity-space hybrid approach are discussed.
Security Considerations for the Development of Secure Software Systems

Security is an important factor when it comes to the development of software systems. In each of the developing steps of the software system we have to think of what security measure we can put for the design, development, and deployment of the software system. Having a high level of trust in security and quality in developing software systems is a crucial to creating successful application. Industry such as the Software Assurance Forum for Excellence in Code also known as “SAFECode” and Open Web Application Security Project or “OWASP”, both are a non-profit, global industry that led the organization to focus on improving the security of software. They laid down the basis of the best security practice in how to develop secure software system. In this paper we will be looking through different ways of secure practice through different research paper, looking for the difficulty in implementing these different practices, and recommending the solution to the problem.
Surgical Interventions for Infant and Childhood Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common condition in infants, thought to be the result of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations which occur independent of swallowing. Most cases of GER are physiologic and generally resolve by early childhood. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is diagnosed when symptoms persist or complications such as aspiration or esophagitis develop. Currently there is wide practice variation in the surgical treatment of severe infant and childhood reflux with multiple acceptable surgical approaches chosen based on individual disease characteristics as well as surgeon preference. In this review article we discuss the use of laparoscopic fundoplication, gastrojejunostomy and jejunostomy tube placement to mitigate the symptoms of GERD. Although these minimally invasive techniques have greatly advanced treatment in infants and children, a paucity of data exists comparing outcomes of each technique, resulting in a lack of consensus on best technique. Surgical approach to GERD treatment is an important area of research that needs further investigation.
Treatment of Combined Acid Black 48 and Coffee Wastewater by Low-Cost Adsorbents

Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewater is essential both from the environmental and human health point of view. A small concentration of synthetic dyes can reduce water transparency and consequently influence photosynthesis and alter aquatic ecosystems. Acid black 48 is an Azo dye that falls under the category of synthetic dyes used in the textile industry. With dyes, coffee wastewater has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) that can affect dissolved oxygen (DO) in surface waters. A mixture of wastes in surface waters creates a need to investigate the efficiency of existing treatment methods and optimize them. Adsorption using activated carbon is a conventional method used to remove dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. Industries prefer efficient and economical treatment methods to meet challenging effluent standards regarding COD, BOD, and intensity of color. The adsorption process was optimized using low-cost adsorbents in the current study, including peanut hull and onion peel, to treat a binary mixture of acid black 48 and coffee wastewater. After adsorption, microfiltration was used to remove any suspended solids from the wastewater solution. The performance of combined treatment processes for the color removal of the binary mixture was analyzed and compared using transmittance and absorbance. Treatment efficiency of adsorption using low-cost adsorbents was compared with powdered activated carbon. Apart from absorbance and transmittance, non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) values were analyzed to determine organic carbon removal in the combined binary wastewater. Experimental results indicated that Langmuir isotherm was the best fit for a binary mixture with an optimum dosage of 1.2 g using onion peel. The regression coefficient value was 0.82, and the uptake was 58.13 mg of binary mixture per 1 g of onion peel. The effective pH for maximum uptake of acid black 48 using onion peel for adsorption was 5.7. The increasing dosage of low-cost adsorbents adsorption improved in removing binary waste of dyes and coffee waste from wastewater. Adsorption using onion peel improved adsorbent performance up to 1.2 g dosage and steadily decreased beyond that. The adsorption capacity of onion peel was comparatively higher than the peanut hull based on the linear fit.
Regional human capital development management in the process of globalization

Research background: Active development of information technology and globalization have made the digital economy an integral part of global and national economic systems. A key factor in the success of globalization processes is the availability of highly qualified personnel in sufficient volumes and relevant jobs, as well as a training system for specialists with certain competencies for the development and implementation of digital technologies.Purpose of the article: development of guidelines for innovative management of regional human capital formation in the global economy. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: to identify the impact of quality education on the development of human capital; to evaluate the effectiveness of higher education institutions as one of the fundamental factors in the formation of human capital in a region in the process of globalization; to develop a methodology for the formation and improvement of human capital by modernizing the distance education system.Methods: dialectic, abstraction, analysis, induction, modeling, as well as statistical methods, comparison method.Findings & Value added: As a result of this study, an idea has been formed on the impact of quality education on the development of human capital; the analysis of the activities of higher education institutions as one of the factors in the formation and development of human capital in the region; a methodology has been developed for the formation and improvement of human capital by modernizing the distance education system.
Actuator Fault-Detection for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Using Unsupervised Learning

Many Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) have high rates of false-alarms because their health management relies on user-generated rules. The false-alarm rate could be substantially smaller if fault-detection were based on actual actuator performance instead of heuristics. We collectedperformance data on a critical AUV actuator, a mass-shifter, and from the data developed an unsupervised fault detector. We found that a small number of features were sufficient to detect known and novel faults with a high probability of detection and a low false alarm rate. We also found that npoint false-alarm reduction schemes performed poorly due to correlation during startup.
Cecal bascule - A rare cause of cecal volvulus after cesarean section.

Abstract Introduction and importance Cecal bascule is a rare form of a cecal volvulus characterized by an anterior and superiorly displaced cecum in turn causing compression of the ascending colon that can result in a large bowel obstruction. We report a case of cecal bascule in a newly postpartum patient, with emphasis on clinical presentation, radiologic findings and treatment. Case presentation A 37-year-old female who underwent an uncomplicated c-section and bilateral salpingectomy developed severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and peritonitis 12 h after surgery. A computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a dilated and superiorly displaced cecum. The diagnosis of cecal bascule was confirmed intraoperatively and a right hemicolectomy was performed. The patient recovered appropriately and was discharged on postoperative day six. Discussion Cecal bascule is the rarest form of cecal volvulus. In the context of obstetrics and gynecology, it has mostly been mentioned perioperatively after cesarean, but was also reported in an antepartum patient. It usually occurs in patients with redundant or mobile cecum, which is a result of incomplete fixation of the cecum to the retroperitoneum during embryogenesis. Other risk factors include recent surgery, previous abdominal surgery, ileus, chronic constipation, and distal colonic obstruction. An association has also been shown with pregnancy or the postpartum abdomen and is hypothesized to be due to mass effect. Conclusion Cecal bascule is a serious entity requiring a high index of suspicion and warranting greater awareness in the post-natal patient. Clinical diagnosis, prompt imaging, and surgery are important to avoid bowel ischemia and perforation.
Coarse-graining ecological dynamics in the face of unknown microscopic details

Any description of an ecosystem necessarily ignores some details of the underlying diversity. What predictions can be robust to such omissions? Here, building on the theoretical framework of resource competition, we introduce an eco-evolutionary model that allows organisms to be described at an arbitrary, potentially infinite, level of detail, enabling us to formally study the hierarchy of possible coarse-grained descriptions. Within this model, we demonstrate that a coarse-graining scheme may enable ecological predictions despite grouping together functionally diverse strains. However, this requires two conditions: the strains we study must remain in a diverse ecological context, and this diversity must be derived from a sufficiently similar environment. Our model suggests that studying individual strains of a species away from their natural eco-evolutionary context may eliminate the very reasons that make a species-level characterization an adequate coarse-graining of the natural diversity.
A High-Yield Microfabrication Process for Sapphire Substrate Capacitive Pressure Sensors Providing 70 MPa Range and 0.5 kPa Resolution

We report a high yield fabrication process based on surface micromachining of sapphire substrates and plasma-deposited thin films for pressure sensors with extraordinarily high output swing relative to baseline and parasitic capacitance. This feature allows the use of massively parallel diaphragms arrays in a single sensor chip that is read out with a single interface circuit, providing a superior full-scale range and resolution in a small footprint. Five types of sensor chips are reported, incorporating: a) a single diaphragm (o100 μm diameter); b) 18 diaphragms in parallel (o100 μm diameter); c) 85 diaphragms (o56-o92 μm diameter); d) 8 diaphragms in parallel (o200 μm diameter); and e) 32 diaphragms in parallel (o110-o150 μm diameter). The respective maximum gauge pressures are 30 MPa, 30 MPa, 70 MPa, 70 kPa, and 110 kPa; the respective resolutions are 1.0 kPa, 0.2 kPa, 0.5 kPa, 5.7 Pa, and 2.6 Pa. Full-scale range is defined with the upper boundary as the applied pressure at which the incremental response falls below 30% of the incremental response at the lower boundary (which is approximated as atmospheric pressure). In two of these cases, varying diameters are used to reduce the inherent non-linearity of the sensor response over the full-scale pressure range. The 85-diaphragm sensor, intended for downhole pressure sensing, provides a capacitance response of 0.46 fF/kPa and 7.1 pF C0. The 32-diaphragm sensor, intended for lower operating pressures, provides capacitance response of 29 fF/kPa and 11.5 pF C0. The fabrication process, design features, and experimental results are presented.
Product Scope and Entry Deterrence in Technology Markets

We model an oligopolistic technology market in which firms endogenously choose product scope,fixed costs are affected by exogenous technological progress, and there may be threat of entry. Ouranalysis shows that equilibrium outcomes involve substantial overinvestment in product scope,which benefit consumers and hurt firms, relative to the social optimum. Technological progressgenerally increases consumer surplus and lowers firm profits. If entry is threatened bilaterallyacross two converging markets, both either accommodate entrants from the rival market, or bothdeter entry; continuous progress in technology can cause equilibria shifts, leading to discontinuousand radical redistribution of surplus across markets.
A New Metaphor to Display Critical Pulmonary Events during Anesthesia

The anesthesiologist is faced with a fire-hose of information in the operating room. Data from the patient monitors include numerical data, waveforms, control settings, and alarm conditions. During an unexpected event, the anesthesiologist must quickly assess available information in order to diagnose and treat the patient before the patient is injured. However, human error is associated with more than 80% of critical anesthesia incidents and more than 50% of anesthetic deaths.1 In a recent study at the University of Washington, Department of Anesthesiology, 32% of the reported human error incidents were related …
Evaluation and Screening of Remedial Technologies for Uranium at the 300-FF-5 Operable Unit, Hanford Site, Washington

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is presently conducting a re-evaluation of remedies addressing persistent dissolved uranium concentrations in the upper aquifer under the 300 Area of the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. This work is being conducted as a Phase III feasibility study for the 300-FF-5 Operable Unit on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy. As part of the feasibility study process, a comprehensive inventory of candidate remedial technologies was conducted by PNNL. This report documents the identification and screening of candidate technologies. The screening evaluation was conducted in accordance with guidance and processes specified by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations associated with implementation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act process.
The Sexual Drama of Nick and Gatsby

Nick is our narrator in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, and we see pretty much what he sees. Nick sees, and we with him, that Gatsby is naive, posturing, and a little ridiculous, but also someone charged with colossal vitality and in the end morally superior to those about him because of his fidelity to his dream. Nick's summation is explicit: "No—Gatsby turned out all right in the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men." Part of that foul dust is certainly the Buchanans and especially Tom. The contrast for Nick between Tom and Gatsby is stark, blunt, and uncompromising. Gatsby has "something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life" (2), and "an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person" (2), but Tom has a hard mouth and supercilious manner, two shining arrogant eyes, and a cruel body. One is sensitive and the other coarse, one idealistic and romantic and the other literal, cruel, and arrogant. One has an idealistic love, the other a dirty love; one reaches for the stars, and the other for the ash heap. Gatsby's love for Daisy may be misplaced, foolish, and unrealistic; but for Nick, and the critics, the fidelity and vitality of Gatsby's dream are not foolish. The dream for Nick is incorruptible, even if the object of the dream, Daisy, is corruptible. I know of no defense of Tom, whatever the reservations about Gatsby. Yet there is something wrong with the contrast. By the end of the novel Nick's attachment to Gatsby, and ours, has reached almost heroic proportions. Gatsby sacrifices himself for his love and awaits his autumnal death with calm and dignity, while Tom, selfish and mean to the end, slinks away, almost a murderer, to continue his self-indulgent life. The contrast is too sharp and extreme, and Nick has too much at stake in making it. It is also at variance with the facts. It takes some effort to separate oneself from what Nick sees and how he sees it. He is after all our narrative voice and he seems to be sane, judicious, and fair. In the tradition of commentary on Nick, he is our "moral norm." But he seems less than fair in the contrast he makes between Tom and Gatsby.
Rumination: a psychosomatic syndrome of infancy.

This study has been concerned with observations of four infants manifesting the syndrome of rumination and the mothers of these infants. The findings suggest that the syndrome develops in response to a disordered relationship between parents and baby. Some formulations concerning the pathogenesis of rumination are presented. It is hoped that further studies of this and other syndromes reflecting disturbances in the development of object relationships in infants will provide a better understanding of healthy as well as disordered growth in early life.
The Characteristics and Fate of Take Me Over Firms

We investigate 400 firms that publicly advertise a desire to be acquired ("take-me-over" or TMO firms) from 1990 to 2006. Over this period the TMO "wave" lags about one year behind the acquisition wave. Most TMO firms show evidence of high debt levels as well as fundamental underperformance relative to industry peers. The TMO announcement significantly increases the odds of receiving a subsequent takeover offer. On average, TMO firms enjoy positive abnormal returns over the five days surrounding their announcement; however, average abnormal returns over the year following their announcement are significantly negative, suggesting that the TMO announcement signals bad news that is not fully anticipated by the market.
Work in progress - instant distance learning course development using Silicon Chalk/spl trade/

The two greatest disincentives to offering engineering courses in "distance" mode are the additional effort required for faculty to prepare and deliver the materials and the concurrent loss of the immediate feedback the instructor receives in a typical classroom environment. An "online" offering of a course typically increases the faculty effort by a factor of four to six and, without costly broadband communications equipment and operating personnel, it is difficult for students to ask questions of the instructor or the instructor to poll or quiz the students. Without these features, much of what is called "distance-learning" today can be distilled to nothing more than watching recorded video and definitely not the desired "learning community" experience of the contemporary engineering classroom. Silicon Chalktrade is collaborative software designed to enhance the face-to-face experience, allow for and encourage participation of remote students, record the entire process, and make it available to students involved synchronously and asynchronously while eliminating, almost entirely, the additional staff and equipment overhead traditionally required. This paper discusses a Silicon Chalktrade pilot project in progress at Virginia Tech
Chapter 3 Transaction cost economics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the operationalization of transaction cost economics. Vertical integration, an understanding of which serves as a paradigm for helping to unpack the puzzles of complex economic organization more generally, is described in the chapter. Some empirical tests of the transaction cost hypotheses are summarized in the chapter. Transaction cost economics adopts a contractual approach to the study of economic organization. As compared with other approaches to the study of economic organization, transaction cost economics (1) is more microanalytic, (2) is more self-conscious about its behavioral assumptions, (3) introduces and develops the economic importance of asset specificity, (4) relies more on comparative institutional analysis, (5) regards the business firm as a governance structure rather than a production function, (6) places greater weight on the ex post institutions of contract, with special emphasis on private ordering, and (7) works out of a combined law, economics, and organization perspective. Friction, the economic counterpart for which is transaction costs, is pervasive in both physical and economic systems.
High speed nonvolatile memories employing ferroelectric technology

The problems encountered in early attempts to build a ferroelectric memory are described. A combination of design innovations and process and materials breakthroughs that can overcome these problems is presented. PZT (lead zirconate titanate) is chosen as the basic ferroelectric material and integrated into a standard CMOS process. PZT has a wide temperature range (+350 degrees C Curie temperature), low coercive voltage, high specific polarization charge (10-20 mu C/cm/sup 2/), and good retention and endurance. The lack of a well-defined coercive field was overcome with a DRAM-like circuit architecture, which provides for transistor switches in series, with each ferroelectric element preventing disturb pulses from affecting the unselected cells. As a demonstration vehicle, a fully decoded 256-b nonvolatile ferroelectric random-access memory (FRAM) was developed. The switching speed inherent in the PZT material was found to be on the order of 1 ns. The high switching speed and the high signal charge, which render the technology highly scalable, offer the potential to build nonvolatile semiconductor memories with the speed of static RAMs and the density and cost of dynamic RAMs. >
Molecular Biogeography: The Intersection between Geographic and Molecular Variation

The rapid growth of techniques employed in the generation and analysis of DNA variation has led to significant advances throughout the life sciences. Herein, we explore the impacts of this molecular revolution on the science of biogeography and how it has enhanced or altered longstanding biogeographic hypotheses in this revitalized discipline. We examine the recent development of molecular biogeography and address issues dealing with data generation and interpretation and review newer analytical techniques that have been developed to handle the explosion of available data. We explore several important issues, including analyses of molecular time estimates and phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population genetic approaches to reconstructing the evolutionary histories of taxa and whole biotas. Specialized topics of growing importance include advances in the use of ancient DNA and the importance of incorporating biogeographic theory with DNA barcodes, used to catalog the diversity of life. Finally, we investigate some of the newest and most exciting techniques of generating, analyzing and visualizing genetic data that will shape the future of molecular biogeography.
Antiplatelet treatment for secondary prevention of acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks: mechanisms, choices and possible emerging patterns of use.

(2003). Antiplatelet treatment for secondary prevention of acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks: mechanisms, choices and possible emerging patterns of use. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 611-615.
Non-Debye relaxation and the glass transition

A review of some long-standing problems, as well as some new theoretical results regarding non-Debye relaxation and the glass transition is given. The question of whether a phase transition below (or above) the glass transition temperature, Tg, exists is considered. The result that the glass transition temperature and jumps in the dynamic heat capacity and volume expansion coefficient can be calculated if the relevant frequency-dependent linear response functions are known makes the question of the origin of non-Debye relaxation even more important. In effective medium theories, certainly valid at high temperatures, non-Debye relaxation is apparently due to dynamic effects of interactions. At lower temperatures, energy disorder is larger compared with kT, and percolation-based theories may be more appropriate. The question as to the actual magnitude of disorder in energies cannot be conclusively resolved at this time. Certainly, it has been shown that systems exist in which non-Debye relaxation is due exclusively to disorder but, in many systems, an important component of the energy disorder is a manifestation of the influence of topological disorder on interactions. Thus, in these systems, an increase in the magnitude of dynamic interactions relative to kT accompanies the increase in the disorder. The question as to whether universal properties imply universality in the mechanism of non-Debye relaxation is explored in some depth. The present article reaches the tentative conclusion that the relative importance of ‘disorder’ and ‘interactions’ may be dependent on the type of glass considered, and possibly even on specific systems. Certainly, the relative importance of dynamic interaction effects increases as the frequency of an applied ‘force’ is reduced. If their respective influences ‘crossover’ in importance at some finite frequency, ω∗, the relevant question is whether ω∗ is above, at, or below the relaxation peak frequency, ω∗. If universality exists, it relates to the role of disorder, but such a conclusion would require that ω∗ ≤ αc always, the generality of which has not been established.
Blind-ending branch of a trifid ureter.

A case of blind-ending ureteral duplication associated with ipsilateral incomplete ureteral duplication is presented. The pathogenesis, radiologic diagnosis, and characteristics of blindending ureteral duplications are discussed briefly.
ScaffCC: a framework for compilation and analysis of quantum computing programs

Quantum computing is a promising technology for high-performance computation, but requires mature toolflows that can map large-scale quantum programs onto targeted hardware. In this paper, we present a scalable compiler for large-scale quantum applications, and show the opportunities for reducing compilation and analysis time, as well as output code size. We discuss the similarities and differences between compiling for a quantum computer as opposed to a classical computer, and present a state-of-the-art approach for compilation of classical circuits into quantum circuits. Our work also highlights the importance of high-level quantum compilation for logical circuit translation, quantitative analysis of algorithms, and optimization of circuit lengths.
Spinal kittens: effect of clamping of the thoracic aorta on long-term increases in electromyograms due to a conditioning routine.

Abstract Conditioning and pseudoconditioning routines have different effects on EMG responses recorded from the semitendinosus muscle of spinal kittens pinched on tail (CS) and toe (US) 50 times daily for 5 days. The response to tail pinches habituates during each day. However, conditioning routines cause increases in responses between days 5 and 1. Pseudoconditioning routines in which CS and US are separated by 10 sec have no comparable effect. Clamping thoracic aortas for 30 min severely reduces conditioning routines' effectiveness in producing increased responses. Because thoracic clamping selectively destroys the spinal cord interneurons, we conclude that interneurons are essential to the production by conditioning routines of long-term increases in responsiveness of isolated lumbosacral spinal cord.
Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of a chimeric recombinant superoxide dismutase: SOD2/3.

External surfaces of cells are normally protected by extracellular superoxide dismutase, SOD3, which binds to polyanions such as heparan sulfate. We constructed a fusion gene encoding a chimeric SO...
Being seen, moved, disrupted, and reconfigured: Group leadership from a relational perspective

(2004). Being Seen, Moved, Disrupted, and Reconfigured: Group Leadership from a Relational Perspective. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 235-250.
Design, simulation, and fabrication of 3D self-collimation photonic crystals

In this paper, we present self-collimation in three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PhCs) that consist of a simple cubic structure. By exploiting the dispersive characteristics of the photonic crystals, we demonstrate the ability to achieve structureless (defect-free) confinement of light. We also verify that polarization dependence is a key issue in 3D self-collimation. The results hold promise for the high-density PhCs devices due to the lack of structural interaction. Finally, a novel method for the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) simple cubic photonic crystal structures using conventional planar silicon micromachining technology is presented. It overcomes the disadvantages of the methods hitherto reported in the literature for the fabrication of 3D photonic crystal devices, which include high complexity of multi-step processes, tight alignment tolerances, long turnaround times, and incompatibility with an integrated photonics platform. The method utilizes a single planar etch mask coupled with time multiplexed sidewall passivating deep anisotropic reactive ion etching along with isotropic etch process to create three-dimensional photonic crystal devices. Initial experimental results are presented.
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation: A Structural View

In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and several small nuclear RNAs. Like RNA polymerases I and III, polymerase II cannot act alone. Instead, general initiation factors [transcription factor (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH] assemble on promoter DNA with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that supports accurate initiation. Another group of accessory factors, transcriptional activators and coactivators, regulate the rate of RNA synthesis from each gene in response to various developmental and environmental signals. Our current knowledge of this complex macromolecular machinery is reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on insights gained from structural studies of transcription factors.
Lattice instantons in the large dimension limit

We give a lattice construction of the discretizations of the topologically nontrivial maps S2n−1→S n . For n=1, 2, 4, 8, these are the Hopf maps. The construction, based on Barnes-Wall lattices, Reed-Muller error-correcting codes, and Hadamard matrices, generalizes to n=2 i for i any integer. Manton's result for the cases n=2 and 4 (i.e., the monopole and instanton) are included. We argue that discrete harmonic analysis will be exact in the infinite dimension limit.
On the effect of geomagnetic fluctuations on trapped particles

The effect of large-scale geomagnetic fluctuations on Van Allen belt particles with mirror points near the geomagnetic equatorial plane is studied in a model where a dipole field is perturbed by the sudden approach and adiabatic withdrawal of a perfectly conducting plane. The Fokker-Planck equation for the particle density is obtained by following the motions of the particle guiding centers, assuming that the first and second adiabatic invariants, but not the third, remain valid during the approach. Steady-state and transient solutions for several cases are obtained. The steady-state solution for the density of particles with a particular nonrelativistic energy E, due to a source producing the density KE−(8+1) at an intermediate radius with sinks at very large and very small radii, varies with radius r approximately as r−4−38 inside the source region and as r-11−38 outside it. The equations resemble, but are not identical with, those of Parker for the same problem, corresponding solutions differing in that his density at small radii is less.
Analysis of organophosphorus insecticides in biological samples by selective ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Gas chromatography with chemical ionization or electron impact mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring provided a simple and sensitive method for measuring organophosphorus insecticides. Chemical ionization produced highermass ions which might increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the assay. The recovery of organophosphates from saline and urine was greater than 75%. The recovery of these compounds from plasma was less than the saline because of the binding of insecticides to plasma protein. Insecticides with lower LD 50 values showed lower recovery from plasma than organophosphates with higher LD 50 values.
Electron-impact excitation cross section for the two lowest triplet states of molecular hydrogen

Calculations for the electron-impact excitation cross sections of molecular hydrogen from its ground (X1Σg+) to its first (b3Σu+) and second (a3Σg+) triplet states were performed using the Ochkur (O) and Ochkur-Rudge (OR) approximations. All nuclear motions were taken into account. It was found that the first triplet cross section is sensitive to the choice of the ground-state wave function whereas the second one is not. The former is also sensitive to the excited-state wave function used. The results using the O approximation are significantly larger than those of the OR approximation, and the maximum cross section occurs at a somewhat lower energy. Use of the separated-atom approximation produced results significantly lower than those arising from inclusion of all the multicenter terms in the scattering amplitude. The sum of the first and second OR triplet cross sections agrees well with a recent approximate experimental determination of the cross section for the electron-impact dissociation of H2 into 2H. More accurate experiments are now needed to further test the OR approximation.
Differentiating differentiation and individuation: Conceptual and operation challenges

Abstract A conceptual framework is presented for disentangling the concepts of individuation and differentiation by defining the former as an individual developmental process and the later as a family level variable dealing with patterns of distance regulation. The framework is then used as a basis for identifying critical measurement issues. Finally, selected measures of individuation and differentiation are reviewed in order to illustrate the strengths and limitations of measurement efforts to date.
The impact of competition on intrinsic motivation and creativity: considering gender, gender segregation and gender role orientation

Abstract The present research investigated whether competition influences children's artistic creativity and intrinsic motivation toward an art activity. Study 1 tested the hypothesis that boys' creativity would be enhanced by competition, while girls' creativity would be undermined. Fifty children (aged 6–10) made paper collages in one of two conditions; half competed for prizes and half did not. Results supported our hypotheses, and further showed that when children self-segregated by gender, the impact of competition was much more pronounced. Study 2 was designed to clarify the unexpected gender-segregation finding from Study 1. The Children's Sex Role Inventory [Boldizar, J.P. (1991). Assessing sex typing and androgyny in children: the Children's Sex Role Inventory. Developmental Psychology , 27 , 505–515] was administered to 143 children (aged 6–11). One week later, these children made paper collages in one of four conditions; in addition to manipulating competition, assigned seating ensured that half of children were segregated by gender and half were not. Following the collage activity, an intrinsic and extrinsic motivation questionnaire was administered. Masculine children reported higher levels of intrinsic motivation when competing and when segregated by gender; they also reported higher levels of extrinsic motivation, especially when segregated by gender. These findings demonstrate that gender role is an important factor in determining children's responses to competition.
Non-Canonical NF-κB Activation and Abnormal B Cell Accumulation in Mice Expressing Ubiquitin Protein Ligase-Inactive c-IAP2

Chromosomal translocations between loci encoding MALT1 and c-IAP2 are common in MALT lymphomas. The resulting fusion proteins lack the c-IAP2 RING domain, the region responsible for its ubiquitin protein ligase (E3) activity. Ectopic expression of the fusion protein activates the canonical NF-κB signaling cascade, but how it does so is controversial and how it promotes MALT lymphoma is unknown. Considering recent reports implicating c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 E3 activity in repression of non-canonical NF-κB signaling, we asked if the c-IAP2/MALT fusion protein can initiate non-canonical NF-κB activation. Here we show that in addition to canonical activation, the fusion protein stabilizes NIK and activates non-canonical NF-κB. Canonical but not non-canonical activation depended on MALT1 paracaspase activity, and expression of E3-inactive c-IAP2 activated non-canonical NF-κB. Mice in which endogenous c-IAP2 was replaced with an E3-inactive mutant accumulated abnormal B cells with elevated non-canonical NF-κB and had increased numbers of B cells with a marginal zone phenotype, gut-associated lymphoid hyperplasia, and other features of MALT lymphoma. Thus, the c-IAP2/MALT1 fusion protein activates NF-κB by two distinct mechanisms, and loss of c-IAP2 E3 activity in vivo is sufficient to induce abnormalities common to MALT lymphoma.
Trabeculectomy for traumatic hyphema with increased intraocular pressure

We reviewed the medical records of 11 consecutive patients who underwent trabeculectomy with anterior chamber washout and peripheral iridectomy as the primary surgical treatment for traumatic hyphema that was unresponsive to medical management. The mean intraocular pressure before surgery was 48 mm Hg. In ten of the patients the intraocular pressure was lowered to 21 mm Hg or lower after surgery and remained below that level up to the most recent follow-up visit, which ranged from eight to 97 months. One patient required a topical beta-blocker and oral acetazolamide to lower pressure to this level after surgery. Eight patients had visual acuity of 20/60 or better at last follow-up. Corneal blood staining occurred in eight patients. Compared with other techniques for surgical management of traumatic hyphema, trabeculectomy provides a means to keep intraocular pressure lowered while the remaining blood is clearing from the anterior chamber. Trabeculectomy with anterior chamber washout and peripheral iridectomy appears to be a safe and reliable procedure in the management of traumatic hyphemas in which medical management fails to control intraocular pressure.
Influence of oligodeoxyribonucleotides on the immune response of newborn AKR mice.

SummaryOligodeoxyribonucleotides, administered to newborn AKR mice in conjunction with sheep red blood cells, influence the time of appearance of hemolysin-forming cells in pancreatic and mesenteric lymph nodes. Thus, in comparison with animals that received the antigen only, 5- and 7-day-old animals injected with antigen and oligodeoxyribonucleotides, subsequently showed hemolysin-forming lymph node cells one to 3 days earlier. Such differences were not detected in assays on spleen cell populations and circulating hemolysins. The sequence of first appearance of antibody-producing cells in the organs assayed was spleen→pancreatic lymph nodes→mesenteric lymph nodes, and this sequence was not affected by administration of oligodeoxyribonucleotides.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with myelopathy: expression and replication in macrophages

Abstract Spinal cord disease is common in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and a characteristic vacuolar myelopathy is present at autopsy in approximately one-fourth of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Pathologic examination of the spinal cord shows vacuolation of white matter and infiltration by macrophages, a process distinct from HIV-1 encephalopathy. To determine the presence and localization of HIV-1 RNA in the spinal cords of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with vacuolar myelopathy, we used the technique of combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining on the same slide. Spinal cord tissue sections were stained with markers for macrophages, endothelial cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes, and myelin and then hybridized in situ with HIV-1-specific RNA probes. Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining on three spinal cords showed HIV-1 expression in mononuclear and multinucleated macrophages localized mainly to areas of myelopathy in spinal cord white matter. Immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy showed myelin within macrophages and electron microscopy revealed HIV-1 budding from macrophages. These data suggest a role for HIV-1-infected macrophages locally in the pathogenesis of vacuolar myelopathy and add to the body of evidence that these cells play a role systemically in the development of HIV-1-related disease.
Tobacco Smoking Increases Immune Activation and Impairs T-Cell Function in HIV Infected Patients on Antiretrovirals: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

Background The influence of tobacco smoking on the immune system of HIV infected individuals is largely unknown. We investigated the impact of tobacco smoking on immune activation, microbial translocation, immune exhaustion and T-cell function in HIV infected individuals.
Simulation of clustering and anisotropy due to Co step-edge segregation in vapor-deposited Co Pt 3

An atomistic mechanism is proposed for the creation of structural anisotropy and consequent large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in vapor-deposited films of $\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{3}$. Energetic considerations of bonding in Co-Pt suggest that Co segregates to step edges due to their low coordination, for all film orientations, while Pt segregates to the two low index surfaces. Coalescence of islands during growth cause these Co-rich step edges to become flat thin Co platelets in a Pt rich matrix, giving rise to the experimentally observed magnetic anisotropy. This proposed model is tested with kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of the vapor deposition growth. A tight-binding, second-moment approximation to the interatomic potential is used to calculate the probability of an atom hopping from one surface site to another, assuming an Arrhenius-like activation model of surface motion. Growth is simulated by allowing many hopping events per adatom. The simulated as-grown films show an asymmetry in Co-Co bonding between the in-plane and out-of-plane directions, in good agreement with experimental data. The growth temperature dependence found in the simulations is strong and similar to that seen in experiments, and an increase in Co edge segregation with increasing temperature is also observed.
The activity and sedimentation properties of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthet ases of rat skeletal muscle

Abstract The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of the postribosomal supernatant fraction of rat skeletal muscle were characterized by their activity and sedimentation properties. The synthetases of muscle were compared with those of liver in terms of these parameters. Extraction of the synthetases of muscle with a buffer containing 4 mM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resulted in a 50–100% increase in the activities of glutaminyl-, glutamyl-, isoleucyl-, leucyl-, lysyl-, methionyl- and prolyl-tRNA synthetases in the posrtibosomal fraction, over those activities extracted in the absence of ATP. This effect of ATP was specific for those synthetases which sedimented as particulate elements in sucrose gradients, and appeared to be unique to muscle. The individual synthetase activities of muscle, except alanyl-, leucyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases, were approx. 25% of the corresponding synthetase activities of liver. Sucrose density gradient analysis of the postribosomal fraction of muscle and liver revealed that the sedimentation profiles of the synthetases of the two tissues were similar, with nine synthetase activities sedimenting as large particulate entities at 18 S. The findings suggest that the particulate forms of the synthetases reflect true association of the enzymes with a high molecular weight cellular component common to both tissues.
Nutritional Value of High Lysine Sorghum Grain for the Chick

Abstract Growth studies were conducted with day-old chicks to compare the nutritional quality of a high lysine sorghum grain (IS11758) with two low-tannin commercial sorghum grains (RS671 and RS610) in diets containing various protein levels. When the sorghum grains were compared on either an equal weight or equal protein level in diets in which all the protein was supplied by the sorghum grains, the high lysine sorghum produced weight gains of approximately three times those noted with the commercial (“normal”) sorghum and with approximately 50% less feed required per unit gain. Supplementation of the normal sorghum diet with lysine to equal the level supplied by the high lysine sorghum resulted in similar chick growth and feed efficiency. These results indicate that the improved performance of chicks fed high lysine sorghum was due solely to its higher lysine content. Chicks fed the high lysine sorghum diets supplemented with safflower meal or soybean meal to a 15% protein level grew 2.5 and 1.9 times faster, respectively, and were significantly more efficient in feed utilization than their corresponding counterparts fed normal sorghum diets. These results indicate that the nutritional quality of high lysine sorghum grain is markedly superior to that of two commercial sorghum grains.
The Planning Function in Rural Government

PLANNING IS A PROCESS of preparing for decision-making. Preparation for decisions concerning the activities of government embraces a process far broader than planning in or by government. The encompassing web of public discussion, popular election, and pressure politics-in a democratic system-makes public planning in its broadest sense synonymous with "the democratic process." Typically, however, only the more general "preparations" and policy decisions relating to government are made outside government itself. Moreover, facts and argument prepared in government agencies and put into the stream of discussion by public officials are important elements in the process of popular decision-making. Not only does government need to prepare adequately to make many big and little decisions within the matrix set by public opinion and pressure, but also government "preparation" obviously can and does influence the shape and size of the matrix itself.