cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Additions to the Orthoptera (sens. lat.) of the Canary Islands

Abstract A new subspecies of Pamphagidae (Purpuraria erna lanzarotensis) is provided, and additional distributions, and nomenclature changes of Orthoptera (sens. lat. to include Blattaria, Mantodea and Phasmida) of the Canary Islands. A significant inter-island difference in body size of the acridid Calliptamus plebeius is discussed.
Researching and evaluating model geriatric mental health programs, Part I: Design of mental health evaluation studies

The first article in this three-part series on researching and evaluating geriatric mental health programs focuses on issues related to the design of studies for summative evaluations of geriatric mental health programs. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, and threats to internal validity are highlighted.
Interpretation of the sodium permeability changes of myelinated nerve in terms of linear relaxation theory.

Abstract Ionic conductance data of the axonal membrane were interpreted in terms of relaxation theory in order to develop a kinetic model which describes the effects of changes in the external calcium concentration on the sodium permeability changes observed under voltage clamp conditions. The calculated model is based on the hypothesis that calcium binding renders transfer sites inaccessible for sodium passage. Three elementary steps were identified for the sodium permeability mechanism. The rate constants for the elementary processes were determined by the dependence of the reciprocal time constants on the calcium ion concentration. The model parameters were given numerical values appropriate for single myelinated nerve fibers of Rana pipiens at 4 °C. Substantial agreement with experimental data was seen for the effect of changes in external calcium ion concentration on the maximum sodium permeability versus voltage curve, the steady state inactivation curve, the time course of inactivation, and the time constants of the sodium tails.
Surface and optical properties of wheat glutenin monolayers

Glutenin complexes isolated from wheat cultivars of different baking quality were spread as thin films at an air-water interface. The surface properties of the spread films were compared. Films of glutenin from both good and poor quality wheat varieties exhibited surface behavior similar to one another but different from that of other wheat proteins such as gliadin. The films showed no evidence of collapse at high compression. Glutenin films were also transferred from the surface to quartz plates for spectroscopic analysis. Circular dichroism studies showed that the glutenin complexes contain a significant amount of secondary structure that is likely to be in the form of β-turns. Furthermore, qualitative analysis of the circular dichroic difference spectrum suggested that the glutenin originating from a good quality wheat contained a greater proportion of β-turns than an equivalent sample obtained from a poor quality wheat.
Humane wars? International law, Just War theory and contemporary armed humanitarian intervention

The contemporary international law of war is torn between the pressure to incorporate a doctrine to legitimize limited armed humanitarian intervention and its traditional concerns for nations' sovereignty. Especially because of its organic, interconnected nature, the theoretical tradition of just war theory, when concretized through explicit linkage to specific standards of contemporary human rights law, offers an approach to resolving this dilemma that does not unduly privilege war-making. This approach is both consistent with international law and useful as an example of the relevance of drawing on humanistic reasoning about justice in international jurisprudence. The argument is illustrated by reference to the cases of the failure of humanitarian intervention in Rwanda in 1994, the armed intervention in Kosovo in 1999 and the US-led wars in Iraq in 1991 and 2003.
Metabolizable Energy Value of Dehydrated Coastal Bermudagrass and Pearl Millet for the Growing Chick

Abstract DEHYDRATED products of Coastal bermudagrass and Pearl millet are potential xanthophyll sources for poultry feeds (Wilkinson and Barbee, 1968). The formulation of poultry feeds on an energy basis necessitates the determination of metabolizable energy for these products. The work described below was designed to provide this information for selected products of the two grasses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The procedure of Sibbald and Slinger (1963) was followed except that 3 replicates of day old Vantress × White Rock chicks were employed in each of 2 trials. The pre-test ration was fed ad libitum to all pens for 2 weeks at which time all chicks were weighed. Heaviest and lightest chicks were removed and the number adjusted to give 6 male and 6 female chicks per pen with a weight range of 85 to 110 grams. The test rations were then fed ad libitum for two weeks. The test rations containing chromic . . .
Comprehensive gasification modeling of char particles with multi-modal pore structures

Abstract Gasification and combustion of porous char particles occurs in many industrial applications. Reactor-scale outputs of importance depend critically on processes that occur at the particle-scale. Because char particles often possess a wide range of pore sizes and react under varying operating conditions, predictive models which can account for the numerous physical and chemical processes and time-dependent boundary conditions to which a particle is subjected are necessary. A comprehensive, transient, spherically symmetric model of a reacting, porous char particle entrained in the surrounding flow has been developed. The model incorporates the adaptive random pore model and consistent flux relations to account for an evolving, multi-modal pore structure. The model has been validated against zone II reaction data with good agreement. The framework allows for concurrent annealing, particle size reduction and the possibility of ash adherence to the particle surface, although the latter two submodels require the specification of several parameters. The ability of the model to calculate the evolution of temperature, species and porosity profiles for char, ash and the surrounding boundary layer has been demonstrated. The importance of accounting for multiple reactions and for different pore sizes separately has been illustrated through their effect on overall particle conversion.
Persistent interactions between the two transmembrane clusters dictate the targeting and functional assembly of adenylyl cyclase

Abstract Adenylyl cyclases possess complex structures like those of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, which includes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, the P-glycoprotein, and ATP-sensitive K + channels [1–4]. These structures comprise a cytosolic N terminus followed by two tandem six-transmembrane cassettes, each associated with a highly homologous (ATP binding) cytosolic loop [5–8]. The catalytic domains, which are located in the two large cytoplasmic loops, are highly conserved and well studied. The crystal structure of these domains has even been described recently [9, 10]. However, nothing is known of the function or organization of the 12 transmembrane segments. In the present study we adopted a range of strategies including live-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy, coimmunoprecipitation, and functional assays of various truncated and substituted, fluorescently-tagged molecules to analyze the trafficking and activity of this molecule. When expressed as individual peptides, the two transmembrane domains — largely independently of any cytosolic region — formed a tight complex that was delivered to the plasma membrane. This cooperation between the two intact transmembrane domains was essential and sufficient to target the enzyme to the plasma membrane of the cell. The extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane segments, which contains an N-glycosylation site, was also necessary. Furthermore, the interaction between the two transmembrane clusters played a critical role in bringing together the cytosolic catalytic domains to express functional adenylyl cyclase activity in the intact cell.
The Synthesis of Meso-Substituted Porphyrins

The synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins has traditionally been achieved under rather forcing conditions (Figure 1). In the Rothemund method (ca. 1941) an aldehyde and pyrrole are reacted in pyridine in a sealed tube at 220°C for 48 hours [1]. This approach gives tetraphenylporphyrin in 9% yield but has quite limited scope. In the Adler method (ca. 1964) an aldehyde and pyrrole are reacted in refluxing propionic acid (141°C) for 30 min in an open beaker, followed by isolation of the porphyrin crystals upon cooling [2–5]. The Adler method affords ~20% yields, is easy to implement, and has made possible the synthesis of an impressive number of meso-substituted porphyrins.
Time-domain Specification of Transformer-coupled Transceivers

This paper discusses the specification and certain implementations of integrated circuit driver designs for transformer-coupled data networks.
Synthesis and biological activity of 5β-hydroxy analogs of α-ecdysone

Abstract Two 5β-hydroxy analogs of α-ecdysone — 2β,3β,5β,14α-tetrahydroxy-5β-cholest-7-en-6-one and 3β,5β,14α-trihydroxy-5β-cholest-7-en-6-one were synthesized and their mass spectra obtained. The biological activity of these two compounds was compared with that of the most active synthetic ecdysone analog previously tested in insects, and the presence of the 5β-hydroxyl group generally enhanced the inhibitive activity.
Transduction of the inner mouse retina using AAVrh8 and AAVrh10 via intravitreal injection

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a proven, safe and effective vector for gene delivery in the retina. There are over 100 serotypes of AAV, and AAV2 through AAV9 have been evaluated in the retina. Each AAV serotype has different cell tropism and transduction efficiency. Intravitreal injections of AAV into the eye tend to transduce cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), while subretinal injections tend to transduce retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Efficient transduction of the inner retina beyond the GCL is not well established with the current methodologies and serotypes used to date. In this study, we compared the cellular tropism of AAVrh8 and AAVrh10 vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) using intravitreal injections. We found that AAVrh8 largely transduced cells in the GCL and also amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL), as well as Muller and horizontal cells. Inner retinal transduction with AAVrh10 was similar to AAVrh8, but AAVrh10 appeared to also transduce bipolar cells. The transduction efficiency as measured by the intensity of EGFP signal was 3.5 fold higher in horizontal cells transduced with AAVrh10 than AAVrh8. Glial fibrillary accessory protein (GFAP) levels were increased in Muller cells in transduced areas for both serotypes. The results of this study suggest that AAVrh8 and AAVrh10 may be excellent vector candidates to deliver genetic material to the INL, particularly for amacrine and horizontal cells, however they may also cause cellular stress as shown by increased glial GFAP expression.
Genetics indicators of environmental tolerance among fish populations exposed to acid deposition

Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the genetic structure of five fish species previously reported to vary in their tolerance to acid-stressed (low pH, high [Al], soft water) environments as follows: tolerant-central mudminnow (Umbra limi) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens); indeterminate—creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus); sensitive—common shiner (Luxilus cornutus) and blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus). The relationships between direct-count heterozyosity (H) and polymorphism (each measured in populations from non-stressed sites to indicate “natural” levels of genetic diversity) and acid tolerance were inconsistent. As predicted, H was high (21 loci; H 0.084–0.142) in central mudminnow populations and low (21 loci; H = 0.019–0.033) in the blacknose dace. Contrary to predicton, variation was generally low (25 loci; H = 0.000−0.056) among yellow perch populations and high (22 loci; H = 0.055−0.103) in common shiners. Creek chub H (24 loci; H = 0.002−0.038) was generally intermediate, but variable. Relationships based only on levels of polymorphism gave similar results, as did comparisons based on loci scored in each species. Our results suggest that any relationship between genetic variability and stress tolerance may lack predictive power when applied to specific species and specific stressors.
PEX3 functions as a PEX19 docking factor in the import of class I peroxisomal membrane proteins

PEX19 is a chaperone and import receptor for newly synthesized, class I peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs). PEX19 binds these PMPs in the cytoplasm and delivers them to the peroxisome for subsequent insertion into the peroxisome membrane, indicating that there may be a PEX19 docking factor in the peroxisome membrane. Here we show that PEX3 is required for PEX19 to dock at peroxisomes, interacts specifically with the docking domain of PEX19, and is required for recruitment of the PEX19 docking domain to peroxisomes. PEX3 is also sufficient to dock PEX19 at heterologous organelles and binds PEX19 via a conserved motif that is essential for this docking activity and for PEX3 function in general. Not surprisingly, transient inhibition of PEX3 abrogates class I PMP import but has no effect on class II PMP import or peroxisomal matrix protein import. Taken together, these results suggest that PEX3 plays a selective, essential, and direct role in PMP import as a docking factor for PEX19.
Outbred ICR/CD1 mice display more severe neuroinflammation mediated by microglial TLR4/CD14 activation than inbred C57Bl/6 mice

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is a pathological hallmark of many CNS disorders. Cell lines derived from inbred C57Bl/6 and outbred ICR/CD1 mice (BV-2 and N9 respectively), are often used to study microglial inflammatory activities. Although many studies demonstrate different responses of these cell lines to the same stimulus, no comparisons have been done in vivo. Because inbreeding reduces resistance to pathogens and parasites, we hypothesized that microglia from outbred ICR/CD1 mice would have a stronger response to centrally administered LPS than microglia from inbred C57Bl/6 mice. The evaluation of gene expression in freshly isolated CD11b+ cells from brain revealed that microglia from ICR/CD1 mice were more pro-inflammatory than those from C57Bl/6 mice, although these differences did not appear to result from alterations in the expression levels of the LPS receptors TLR4 or CD14. Notably, the timing of inflammatory gene expression did not correlate with CD11b+ cell proliferation/infiltration. The highest expression of TNFα, IL-6 and iNOS occurred 3 h after LPS injection when the number of CD11b+ cells was not changed. Whereas the expression of these pro-inflammatory genes had returned to basal by 48 h when the highest number of CD11b+ cells in the brain was found, the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was still significantly up-regulated. This is important because the increased presence of CD11b+ cells in the CNS is often used as an indicator of neuroinflammation. While LPS did not affect the expression of the growth factors VEGF or BDNF, we observed that mechanical injury (caused by intraparenchymal injection) induced distinct patterns of microglial activation characterized by increased expression of VEGF and down-regulation of BDNF. It remains to be determined which type of microglia is more beneficial/detrimental to the CNS, but our data suggest that genetic traits determining microglial properties may have profound effect on many CNS pathologies.
Statistical Stability of Ultrawideband Time-Reversal Imaging in Random Media

We carry out a study on the statistical stability of ultrawideband (UWB) time-reversal (TR) imaging in random media under different combinations of random medium parameters and interrogating signal properties. We examine conditions under which frequency decorrelation in random media provides a more effective “self-averaging” and, therefore, better statistical stability. We also present a new frequency-synthesized technique for UWB TR-based imaging. This technique is employed to construct TR-operator-decomposition and multiple-signal-classification images using either linear or full-aspect transceiver array configurations. The proposed technique automatically provides the best images of desired target(s) in terms of focusing resolution without the need for (synthetic) propagation of TR signals and ad hoc determination of the optimal focusing time instant. In addition, information about the imaging domain (background) can be stored and reused to reconstruct different targets.
Time‐Temperature Studies in Firing Parian Chinas

The term “Parian china” is defined and the various types are described. Data are presented showing the range of time-temperature schedules by which certain types of this ware may be matured to produce desired vitrification and surface textures.
Placental Growth Throughout the Last Two Thirds of Pregnancy in Sheep: Vascular Development and Angiogenic Factor Expression

Morphometric methodologies were developed and applied to investigate the patterns of vascular development in maternal (caruncular; CAR) and fetal (cotyledonary; COT) sheep placentas throughout the last two thirds of gestation. We also examined the expression levels of the major angiogenic factors and their receptors in CAR and COT sheep placentas. Although the vascularity of the CAR tissues increased continuously from Day 50 through Day 140 of pregnancy, those of the COT tissues increased at about twice the instantaneous rate (i.e., the proportionate increase/day) of the CAR. For CAR, vascularity increased 2-fold from Day 50 through Day 140 via relatively small increases in capillary number and 2- to 3-fold increases in capillary diameter. For COT, the increased vascularity resulted from a 12-fold increase in capillary number associated with a concomitant 2-fold decrease in capillary diameter. This large increase in fetal placental capillary number, which was due to increased branching, resulted in 6-fold increases in total capillary cross-sectional area and total capillary surface, per unit of COT tissue. Different patterns of expression of the mRNAs for angiogenic factors and their receptors were observed for CAR and COT. The dilation-like angiogenesis of CAR was correlated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (FLT1), angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2), and soluble guanylate cyclase (GUCY1B3) mRNAs. The branching-like angiogenesis of COT was correlated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), FLT1, angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1), ANGPT2, and FGF2 mRNAs. Monitoring the expression of angiogenic factors and correlating the levels with quantitative measures of vascularity enable one to model angiogenesis in a spatiotemporal fashion.
Reasoning about the Trends and Challenges of Engineering Design Automation

In this paper, the author discusses the raising level of abstraction when designing chips and dealing with electronics system design and in particular, embedded system design. In this framework, the term system-level design for an integrated circuit relates to any level of abstraction that is "above" RTL and the term embedded systems refers to the electronic components of a wide variety of personal or societal devices, e.g., a mechanical system such as an automobile, a train, a plane, an electrical system such as an electrical motor or generator, a chemical system such as a distillation plant, a health-care equipment such as a pace-maker
Treatment of Eaton stage I trapeziometacarpal disease with thumb metacarpal extension osteotomy

The current benchmark for the treatment of Eaton stage I disease of the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint includes palmar oblique ligament reconstruction and reflects its primary role in providing stability during lateral pinch. This study prospectively evaluates the efficacy of an alternative extra-articular approach using a 30 degrees extension osteotomy of the thumb metacarpal to redistribute trapeziometacarpal contact area and load, obviating the need for ligament reconstruction. Preoperative and postoperative subjective and objective data are reported for 12 patients enrolled in the study between 1995 and 1998. Trapeziometacarpal arthrotomy allowed accurate intra-articular assessment and verified palmar oblique ligament incompetence in each case. The average follow-up period was 2.1 years (range, 6-46 months). All osteotomies healed at an average of 7 weeks. Eleven patients were satisfied with outcome. Grip and pinch strength increased an average of 8.5 and 3.0 kg, respectively. Thumb metacarpal extension osteotomy is an effective biomechanical alternative to ligament reconstruction in the treatment of Eaton stage I disease of the trapeziometacarpal joint.
Primality testing using elliptic curves

We present a primality proving algorithm—a probablistic primality test that produces short certificates of primality on prime inputs. We prove that the test runs in expected polynomial time for all but a vanishingly small fraction of the primes. As a corollary, we obtain an algorithm for generating large certified primes with distribution statistically close to uniform. Under the conjecture that the gap between consecutive primes is bounded by some polynomial in their size, the test is shown to run in expected polynomial time for all primes, yielding a Las Vegas primality test.Our test is based on a new methodology for applying group theory to the problem of prime certification, and the application of this methodology using groups generated by elliptic curves over finite fields.We note that our methodology and methods have been subsequently used and improved upon, most notably in the primality proving algorithm of Adleman and Huang using hyperelliptic curves and in practical primality provers using elliptic curves.
Spiral modiolar vein: its importance in inner ear inflammation

The inner ear responds immunologically to foreign proteins and pathogens introduced into the cochlea. The route of entry of the cells participating in the inner ear inflammatory process is the spiral modiolar vein with its collecting venules. Since this vein is located adjacent to the scala tympani, the end result of cellular infiltration is fibro-osseous obliteration of this scala preferentially. This observation has implications for the placement of cochlear implant electrodes of patients with labyrinthitis as the cause of hearing loss.
Evaluation of Proposed Modifications to MPE for Large Scale Discriminative Training

Minimum phone error (MPE) is an objective function for discriminative training of acoustic models for speech recognition. Recently several different objective functions related to MPE have been proposed. In this paper we compare implementations of three of these to MPE on English and Arabic broadcast news. The techniques investigated are minimum phone frame error (MPFE), minimum divergence (MD), and a physical-state level version of minimum Bayes risk which we call s-MBR. In the case of MPFE we observe improvements over MPE. We propose that the smoothing constant used in MPE should be scaled according to the average value of the counts in the statistics obtained from these objective functions.
Risk-Cost Aspects of Sea Level Rise and Climate Change in the Evaluation of Shore Protection Projects

U.S. Federal coastal protection project planning can incorporate forecasts of sea level rise and storm frequency changes due to climate change through the application of risk and uncertainty analysis techniques. Incorporating future sea level rise into current projects implies building projects that are too large for existing conditions. Also, changed future conditions such as increased storm frequency and intensity, which increase recurring project maintenance costs tend to favor structural-type projects. Based on applications of a suggested risk-cost evaluation approach adapted from a simplified model for river flood damage assessment, results suggested that uncertainties in predicting future economic damages dominated the uncertainties in the physical regime, i.e. sea level rise. In terms of planning current projects, preliminary indications are that adverse impacts of sea level rise and climate change occur too slowly and too far into the future to have much influence on the choice of the type and scale of coastal protection projects. This is especially true given the higher interest rate used in present value calculations. Therefore, in the foreseeable future, the U.S. is likely to rely on nonstructural and land use management solutions that are administered by state and local agencies.
Funding of US biomedical research, 2003-2008

Context With the exception of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, funding support for biomedical research in the United States has slowed after a decade of doubling. However, the extent and scope of slowing are largely unknown. Objective To quantify funding of biomedical research in the United States from 2003 to 2008. Design Publicly available data were used to quantify funding from government (federal, state, and local), private, and industry sources. Regression models were used to compare financial trends between 1994-2003 and 2003-2007. The numbers of new drug and device approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration over the same period were also evaluated. Main Outcome Measures Funding and growth rates by source; numbers of US Food and Drug Administration approvals. Results Biomedical research funding increased from $75.5 billion in 2003 to $101.1 billion in 2007. In 2008, funding from the National Institutes of Health and industry totaled $88.8 billion. In 2007, funding from these sources, adjusted for inflation, was $90.2 billion. Adjusted for inflation, funding from 2003 to 2007 increased by 14%, for a compound annual growth rate of 3.4%. By comparison, funding from 1994 to 2003 increased at an annual rate of 7.8% (P < .001). In 2007, industry (58%) was the largest funder, followed by the federal government (33%). Modest increase in funding was not accompanied by an increase in approvals for drugs or devices. In 2007, the United States spent an estimated 4.5% of its total health expenditures on biomedical research and 0.1% on health services research. Conclusion After a decade of doubling, the rate of increase in biomedical research funding slowed from 2003 to 2007, and after adjustment for inflation, the absolute level of funding from the National Institutes of Health and industry appears to have decreased by 2% in 2008.
The McKinney–Vento Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program: Implications for Special Educators

During the 2008–2009 academic school year, nearly a million (956,914) students were reported by school districts as being homeless, a 41% increase over just a 2-year period year. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of national legislative efforts to address the education of children who are homeless, with a particular emphasis on students with disabilities. The McKinney–Vento Act is intended to provide some relief to the many challenges children who are homeless face. The act provides federal funding to the states and establishes requirements that expedite and in fact bypass bureaucratic documentation requirements for school enrollment and help create a stable school environment that provides the opportunity for these students to succeed in school.
PROSTATE BRACHYTHERAPY SEED MIGRATION TO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE FOUND AT AUTOPSY FOLLOWING ACUTE CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIA

A 66-year-old man with coronary artery disease and a history of myocardial infarction underwent transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy for localized prostatic adenocarcinoma in 1999. The 124 iodine loose radioactive seeds were implanted in the prostate and periprostatic tissues. On the day of brachytherapy a routine post-implant pelvic computerized tomography showed 46 seeds placed in extraprostatic locations immediately adjacent to the prostate. Two months following brachytherapy a chest x-ray revealed that 2 seeds had migrated to the mid right ventricle and 1 to the upper lobe of the right lung. Nine months after brachytherapy the patient died of acute cardiac dysrhythmia, which was unrelated to the presence of seeds in the heart. At postmortem examination the heart was dissected first by making several transverse slices through both ventricles. At the mid ventricular level 1 seed was discovered free in the lateral right ventricular cavity and 1 seed was next to it but adherent to the endocardium and encapsulated in a thin fibrous sheath (see figure). No gross or microscopic injury to the adjacent myocardium was present.
Practical markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise: rationale and a case for affect-based exercise prescription.

Background. The high rates of dropout from exercise programs may be attributed in part to the poor ability of most individuals to accurately self-monitor and self-regulate their exercise intensity. The point of transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism may be an appropriate level of exercise training intensity as it appears to be effective and safe for a variety of populations. Possible practical markers of this event were compared. Methods. Two samples of 30 young and healthy volunteers each participated in incremental treadmill tests until volitional exhaustion. The ventilatory threshold, a noninvasive estimate of the aerobic–anaerobic transition, was identified from gas exchange data. Heart rate, selfratings of affective valence (pleasure–displeasure), perceived activation, and perceived exertion were recorded every minute. Results. In both samples, heart rate, perceived activation, and perceived exertion rose continuously, whereas the ratings of affective valence showed a pattern of quadratic decline, initiated once the ventilatory threshold was exceeded. Conclusions. Exercise intensity that exceeds the point of transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is accompanied by a quadratic decline in affective valence. This marker may be useful in aiding exercisers to recognize the transition to anaerobic metabolism and, thus, more effectively self-monitor and self-regulate the intensity of their efforts.
The Impact of Arab American Culture on Diabetes Self-management Education

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to better understand barriers and facilitators of diabetes self-management education (DSME) among Arab American patients with diabetes. Little is known about the impact of Arab culture on DSME.MethodsArab American adults (N = 23) with medically managed diabetes participated in 1 of 3 focus groups. An Arabic-speaking, trained moderator conducted video-recorded sessions. Verbatim Arabic transcripts were translated into English. Transcripts underwent a qualitative content analysis approach.ResultsArab American cultural traditions such as food sharing, religious beliefs, and gender roles both facilitated and at times impeded DSME. Patients also held conflicting views about their interactions with their providers; some participants praised the authoritative patient-physician relationship style while others perceived the gaps in communication to be a product of Arab culture. Participants expressed that lack of available educational and supportive resources are key barriers t...
Libertarianism, the Rollback Argument, and the Objective Probability of Free Choices

It is widely assumed that candidates for free, undetermined choices must have objective probabilities prior to their performance. Indeed although this premise figures prominently in a widely discussed argument against libertarianism, few libertarians have called it into question. In this article, I will investigate whether libertarians ought to reject it. I will conclude that doing so should not be tempting to event-causal libertarians or most agent-causal ones, because the added costs outweigh the benefits.
Modeling the MoFe nitrogenase system with broken symmetry density functional theory.

Density functional theory (DFT) represents a unified framework for gaining molecular level insight into molybdenum-iron (MoFe) nitrogenase. However, accurately describing the electronic structure of the spin-polarized and spin-coupled iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) where N(2) reduction occurs within MoFe nitrogenase is challenging. Therefore, the enhancement of DFT to include broken symmetry (BS-DFT) plus approximate spin projection has proven valuable because it provides a procedure to compute reliable geometries, energies, redox potentials, and quantities relevant to Mossbauer and ENDOR spectroscopies. After describing the theoretical tools necessary to obtain this information, we show by way of examples how BS-DFT is a very powerful partner to experiment. We expect that quantitative quantum chemical theory of this type will play an ever-increasing role in helping to decipher complex bioinorganic systems like those found in MoFe nitrogenase.
Jay, Martin, and Sumathi Ramaswamy, eds. Empires of Vision: A Reader Durham, NC: Duke University Press 688 pp., $32.95 ISBN 978-0-8223-5448-2 Publication Date: March 2014

Empires of Vision is an impressive collection that draws together scholarship on the intersections between colonial and postcolonial studies and visual studies. The collection is decidedly interdis...
STRIDULATION AND ASSOCIATED BEHAVIOR OF THE NATIVE ELM BARK BEETLE HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

Male native elm bark beetles, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), had distinctive simple multipulse stress and rivalry chirps, and a bimodally patterned premating stridulation at the gallery site. Males were strongly arrested at attractive female galleries. Not all female galleries were attractive to males. For a short period after the arrival of the first (resident) male, conspecific males often contested the resident male. Stridulation by females was not detected.
Two Novel Alkylating Structural Analogues of Chloramphenicol Suitable for Topical Treatment of Dermal Neoplasms

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of two alkylating structural analogues of chloramphenicol that have potential for application for treatment of dermal sited neoplasms. Study Design: Two compounds have been shown to alkylate guanosine-5’-diphosphate (GDP) at physiological conditions. These same compounds are evaluated for dermal penetration based on Kp and compared to other alkylating agents applied for treatment of skin cancer. Place and Duration of Study: University of Nebraska, Omaha Nebraska from December 2013 to May 2014 and March to August of 2002. Methodology: Two analogues of chloramphenicol were synthesized and shown to alkylate GDP at pH 7.4 and 37oC. Various pharmacological properties of these two analogues, such as Log P, molecular weight, polar surface area, etc, were determined and compared. The dermal permeability coefficient Kp was determined for two analogues based on their molecular weight and partition coefficient Log P. The numerical values of Kp were used to prediction of the distance each analogue is expected to travel in penetration of a dermal barrier. Result was plotted and compared to the anticancer agent’s carmustine, mustargen, and 5-fluorouracil. Evaluation of the analogues included findings of previous studies. Results: Two analogues of chloramphenicol alkylate sites on GDP. The properties of Original Research Article Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1): 11-23, 2014 12 compound 1 and compound 2 were determined and when compared to the parent structure chloramphenicol were found to have favorable drug likeness. Values of Log P and permeability coefficient Kp for compounds 1 and 2 are; 3.343, 3.312, 0.00244 cm/hour, 0.000768 cm/hour, respectively. Values of Kp for both compound 1 and 2 were greater than that of chloramphenicol at 0.000131 cm/hour. Plots of skin penetration showed compounds 1 and 2 to be superior to 5-fluorouracil. Conclusion: Analogues 1 and 2 were shown to have alkylation activity and properties suitable for drug likeness. Both compounds have high penetration rates of dermal layers.
Tukey’s Compact versus Classic Tests

JOHN TUKEY'S quick test of location (19) has been described as the simplest and quickest signif icance test for comparing independent samples that has been devised to date (11). Indeed it is, and Tu key's marvelous contribution of an authentic "prac tical power" technique has not received the attention it deserves. Thorough examination of 19 books fea turing titles with the words "statistics", "statisti cal analysis" or the like, all published since 1959 when Tukey's test was published, failed to yield one which even made mention of it. An excellent devel opment of Tukey's test by Neave (14) and a review by Rosenbaum (15) are two notable acknowledge ments in the recent literature. Used with Link's slick test of the ratio of sample ranges, a shortcut F-test (13), and particularly when n is equal to or greater than six, Tukey's "compact" has been found sufficient for most 2k cases. Experience with it demonstrates the "prac tical power" as Tukey has expressed it, and seldom does one find the classic t-test superior in testing H0.
Depression and Cognitive Impairment Are Associated with Low Education and Literacy Status and Smoking but Not Caffeine Consumption in Urban African Americans and White Adults.

Background: Recent research has linked caffeine consumption with a lower risk for depression and cognitive decline. However, no studies have examined the relationship in an African American compared to a white, socioeconomically diverse representative urban sample. Methods: Data from a cross-sectional study were used to determine the associations of caffeine use with depressive symptomatology and cognition in a sample of 1,724 participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. The United States Department of Agriculture's Automated Multiple Pass Method was used by trained interviewers to collect two, in-person 24-hour dietary recalls. Depressive symptoms and global cognition were assessed using two well-validated measures: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressive Scale (CES-D) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), respectively. Usual caffeine intake was based on both recalls. Data were analyzed with t- and chi-square tests, correlation analysis,...
Effect Evaluation of Intervention Program to Reduce Passive Smoke Exposure among 3240 Pregnant Women in Shanghai

[Objective] To evaluate the effect of a skill development based intervention program to reduce passive smoke exposure among pregnant women. [Methods] Six communities(four intervention communities and two control communities) of a district in Shanghai were selected for this study. An intervention program based on skill development was implemented in the intervention group throughout the participants' whole pregnancy. Totally, 3 240 pregnant women(intervention group: n=2 151; control group: n=1 089) participated in the study from March 2011 to February 2012 to compare the changes in their passive smoke exposure time and rate in selected location categories and their knowledge scores about the harms of passive smoke before and after the intervention program. [Results] The passive smoking rate at home of the intervention group dropped from 21.9% to 3.2% at the end of the intervention, while that of the control group from 12.0% to 2.8%. The reduction showed significant differences between the two groups after verification by mixed effect model(P=0.006). With the difference of passive smoking rates at baseline between the intervention group and the control group being removed, the passive smoking rate at home of the intervention group was 50% of the control group at the end of intervention. The passive smoking rate of the intervention group was reduced from 12.6% to 1.2% at indoor work places and from 29.1% at baseline to 5.0% at public places, but no difference in the reduction of passive smoking rate at indoor work places and public places between the intervention group and the control group. With the difference of passive smoking time at baseline between the intervention group and the control group being removed, the passive smoking time at home of the intervention group was shorter than that of the control group(P=0.000 7). No differences between the intervention group and the control group were found in the changes of passive smoking time at indoor work places or public places(P 0.05). [Conclusion] The intervention based on skill training and knowledge education could reduce pregnant women's exposure to passive smoke at home. Further efforts should focus on exploring effective measures to reduce passive smoke exposure in indoor work places and public places.
The Province Centralized Electric Power Communication Network Management System

With the development of the smart grid by the State Grid Corporation of China,the Electric power communication network will carry on the task to provide more supports and guarantee for power production during the "Twelfth Five-Years Plan" period.The paper analyses the advantage and features of the system under the background of smart grid.This paper analyses the system functions in detail and studies the key technologies of system development,including GIS applications in the system.Using component development technology,the system has good openness and extensibility.Its construction provides accurate data to support unified distribution of the power communication network resources.It gives help on communication network construction,operation and management.It provides higher quality and more efficient management tools for the network as well.
Analysis on Surveillance Data of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Huaian During 2001-2005

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of acute flaccid paralysis(AFP)cases reported in Huaian during the period of 2001-2005,and to sum up the work experience for polio eradication.Method AFP case questionnaires were statistically analyzed,and the specificity of discarded cases was evaluated.Results A total of 119 AFP cases in Huaian Prefecture were reported to provincial CDC during 2001-2005,the average report incidence of non- polio AFP cases was 2.99 per 100,000 children under 15 years old.All the indicators met the requirements of Ministry of Health.On the premise of ensuring the surveillance sensitivity,145 cases,accounted for 50.O0 % of all the reported cases, were discarded.Conclusion AFP case surveillance should be always kept in mind.The strict management of AFP cases reported by prefecture-level CDC is the key point to the AFP surveillance.
Anti-cocaine Monoclonal Antibodies

The use of an anti-cocaine monoclonal antibody (mAb) is similar to the concept of cocaine vaccines, discussed elsewhere in this book. Although vaccines have many advantages as an immunotherapy for cocaine abuse, the use of anti-cocaine mAbs addresses the limitations of cocaine vaccines: the polyclonal response that produces between-patient variability of affinities of the antibodies raised, the amount of antibodies raised, and the delay in the production of antibodies. Directly injecting therapeutically relevant doses of antibodies with known high affinity and selectivity avoids the between-patient variability in response to active immunization. Anti-cocaine mAbs could be used as a stand-alone treatment or as a supplement to patients treated with cocaine vaccines who do not produce adequate levels of high-affinity antibodies. Additionally, the antibodies are active immediately upon injection, whereas vaccines require time to elicit an immune response. Therefore, mAbs are better suited to mitigating relapse upon release from rehabilitation facilities and to overdose rescue than are the vaccines. Clearly, the active and passive immunotherapy approaches could be used together in individual patients. As there appears to be a minimum concentration of high-affinity anti-cocaine antibodies in order to be effective in relapse prevention, in those patients that produce sub-therapeutic concentrations the anti-cocaine mAb would augment their cocaine binding capacity to above therapeutic concentrations.
Millennials on the Rise

Who are the Millennials? This chapter provides a review of the literature on this cohort born in the late 1970s up through 2000. Their characteristics are described and the significant events that have shaped the Millennial generation are highlighted with an eye toward connections to national defense. Second, the chapter provides a description of the backgrounds and histories of military academies and the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) system in the United States. Next, the three eras of civil-military relations in the United States dating back to the end of World War II are discussed and the authors put forth that American society has entered a new, fourth phase of civil-military relations. Finally, the chapter is rounded out with an introduction to the BASS study sample.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen and culture assays

Commercial enzyme immunoassays have recently been developed for the detection and quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral proteins in blood and other body fluids of infected patients. At the same time, culture assays for HIV-1 have become more rapid, sensitive, and specific for HIV-1 isolation from the blood of infected patients. Both of these assays have clinical utility in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of HIV-1 infection in certain patients.
Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy of Infrared Multiphoton Excited Molecules

Previous investigations have shown that infrared multiphoton excited polyatomic molecules (re)distribute the absorbed infrared energy among their different vibrational degrees of freedom. Multiphoton excitation of an infrared mode therefore alters the excitation of other modes, including Raman-active modes. From the change in Raman signals one can thus obtain information on the intramolecular vibrational distribution produced by infrared multiphoton excitation.
Reduced peripheral activity leading to hepato-preferential action of basal insulin peglispro compared with insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Aims Basal insulin peglispro (BIL), a novel PEGylated basal insulin with a large hydrodynamic size, has a delayed absorption and reduced clearance that prolongs the duration of action. The current study compared the effects of BIL and insulin glargine (GL) on endogenous glucose production (EGP), glucose disposal rate (GDR) and lipolysis in patients with type 1 diabetes. Materials and Methods This was a randomized, open-label, four-period, crossover study. Patients received intravenous infusions of BIL and GL, each at two dose levels selected for partial and maximal suppression of EGP, during an 8 to 10 h euglycemic clamp procedure with d-[3-3H] glucose. Results Following correction for equivalent human insulin concentrations (EHIC), low-dose GL infusion resulted in similar EGP at the end of the clamp compared to low-dose BIL infusion (GL/BIL ratio of 1.03) but a higher GDR (GL/BIL ratio of 2.42), indicating similar hepatic activity but attenuated peripheral activity of BIL. Consistent with this, the EHIC-corrected GDR/EGP at the end of the clamp was 1.72-fold greater for GL than BIL following low-dose administration. At the lower dose of BIL and GL (concentrations in the therapeutic range), BIL produced less suppression of lipolysis compared with GL as indicated by free fatty acid and glycerol levels at the end of the clamp. Conclusions Compared with GL, BIL restored the hepato-peripheral insulin action gradient seen in normal physiology via its peripherally restricted action on target tissues related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.