cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosystematic Studies on the Status of Solanum chilense (Dunal) Reiche

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_LIMembers of Solanum sect. Lycopersicum are commonly used as a source of exotic germplasm for improvement of the cultivated tomato, and are increasingly employed in basic research. Although it experienced significant early and ongoing work, the taxonomic status of many wild species in this section has undergone a number of significant revisions, and remains uncertain. C_LIO_LIHere, we examine the taxonomic status of obligately outcrossing Chilean wild tomato (Solanum chilense) using reduced-representation sequencing (RAD-seq), a range of phylogenetic and population genetic analyses, crossing data, and morphological data. C_LIO_LIOverall, each of our analyses provides some weight of evidence that the Pacific coastal populations and Andean inland populations of the currently described S. chilense represent separately evolving populations. C_LIO_LIDespite its vast economic importance, Solanum sect. Lycopersicon still exhibits considerable taxonomic instability. A pattern of under-recognition of outcrossing species may be common across flowering plants. We discuss the possible causes and implications of this observation, with a focus on macroevolutionary inference. C_LI
Linking For-Profit and Nonprofit Executive Compensation: Salary Composition and Incentive Structures in the U.S. Hospital Industry

Research concerning executive compensation has a long history. However, most studies have been conducted on publicly traded investor-owned enterprises. Although the not-for-profit sector experienced explosive growth during the 1990s, little work has been devoted to understanding its executive compensation schemes and incentives arrangements. In the United States, recent Federal and State legislation has changed the landscape under which nonprofits must operate to avoid penalties for paying excessive compensation to its executives. Studies of compensation schemes under different organizational arrangements are limited. This paper uses the U.S. hospital industry to link the for-profit and nonprofit compensation and incentive literatures. It highlights selected for-profit executive compensation and incentive processes and suggests how some of these methods could be applied in a nonprofit setting.
A basis for flow modelling

Reduced-order models are often sought to efficiently represent key dynamical phenomena present among the broad range of temporal and spatial scales associated with unsteady and turbulent flow problems. Linear ‘input–output’ approaches and resolvent analyses reveal that important information about the most dangerous (most amplified) disturbances and the corresponding fluctuation response can be found with knowledge only of the base flow, or the turbulent mean field. In the work by Padovan et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 900, 2020, A14), an important advance is made with regards to flows which have a periodically time-varying base flow, for example during unsteady vortex shedding from a body. By forming a harmonic resolvent relative to this base flow, limitations associated with the traditional linear resolvent are overcome to determine efficient bases for modelling of limit cycle flows and reveal novel information about key triadic (resonant) interactions.
A Thermodynamic Reassessment of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Calorimetry

This work demonstrates how staged heat release from layered metal oxide cathodes in the presence of organic electrolytes can be predicted from basic thermodynamic properties. These prediction methods for heat release are an advancement compared to typical modeling approaches for thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, which tend to rely exclusively on calorimetry measurements of battery components. These calculations generate useful new insights when compared to calorimetry measurements for lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) as well as the most common varieties of nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA). Accurate trends in heat release with varying state of charge are predicted for all of these cathode materials. These results suggest that thermodynamic calculations utilizing a recently published database of properties are broadly applicable for predicting decomposition behavior of layered metal oxide cathodes. Aspects of literature calorimetry measurements relevant to thermal runaway modeling are identified and classified as thermodynamic or kinetic effects. The calorimetry measurements reviewed in this work will be useful for development of a new generation of thermal runaway models targeting applications where accurate maximum cell temperatures are required to predict cascading cell-to-cell propagation rates.
Deep learning in deep time.

Digitized natural history records, now numbering in the billions (1), span widely across the tree of life and provide the foundation for numerous recent advances in biodiversity research (2, 3). Mechanistic insights are emerging for old questions, including how diversity has expanded and contracted through Earth’s history (4), how species have come to occupy the wide range of ecological roles observed on land and sea alike (5, 6), and how the millions of species on Earth will respond to a rapidly changing climate in the future (7). Fundamentally, such studies require an understanding of both how individual organisms are classified to species and how species are related in their evolutionary history. In deep time, where fossils provide scattered snapshots of historical diversity, taxonomic resolution is particularly elusive. Molecular data are entirely absent, the fossil record contains numerous gaps in time and space, and fossil preservation presents a host of challenges for evaluating the shape and structure of diagnostic anatomical traits. Numerous fossil specimens remain poorly resolved, particularly in their evolutionary relationships to modern taxa, clouding the temporal and geographic resolution of biodiversity in deep time. For widespread ecologically important clades like plants, this limits our ability to reconstruct the dynamics of ancient ecosystems (8). In PNAS, Romero et al. (9) present a deep-learning–based approach for classifying some of the fossil record’s most widely documented yet vexing historical material—fossil pollen (8, 10). Paired with an ecological and climatic understanding of the distributions of plant groups today, taxonomically resolved pollen studies provide an important lens for paleobotanical diversity and data for paleoclimatic inference (8, 10). Romero et al. (9) show how this record can be further … [↵][1]1Email: whiteae{at}si.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Kaldor’s theory of distribution: an information-theoretic approach

Based on the assumptions of the neo-Keynesian distribution theory and using an information-theoretic approach, this paper derives the distribution of income between income units. This makes it possible for the theory of functional distribution to handle more complicated social relations and savings behaviour. This also helps us to understand the savings behaviour of individual households and the ways in which they aggregate over the entire population to produce national saving.
Phase II Study of Gemcitabine and Split-Dose Cisplatin Plus Pembrolizumab as Neoadjuvant Therapy Before Radical Cystectomy in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

PURPOSETo evaluate the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy before radical cystectomy (RC) in mu...
Recursive PID controller for automatically adjusting M-wave size during H-reflex operant conditioning

This paper presents a recursive proportional-integral-derivative (rPID) controller for automatically adjusting M-wave size during H-reflex operant conditioning. H-reflex operant conditioning is a recently developed rehabilitation method for the recovery of movement following spinal cord injury and other neuromuscular disorders. During this protocol, researchers and clinicians manually control the M-wave size-an electromyographic (EMG) indicator of electrical stimulation intensity. Here, we compare the present method for manually controlling M-wave size to two versions of the rPID controller ( $\text{rPID}_{\beta= 0.45}$ and $\text{rPID}_{\beta=0.95}$ ) during H-reflex operant conditioning trials of the flexor carpi radialis. Initial experiments with three participants show that the manual controller and the $\text{rPID}_{\beta=0.95}$ controller successfully maintained M-wave size with similar success rates, mean squared errors, and number of trials before the first trial within ±20% of the target M-wave size. Our new automated system—with further testing and optimization—will allow researchers and clinicians to focus more on participants, reducing the amount of training they require to perform H-reflex operant conditioning, and potentially improving the efficiency and efficacy of H-reflex operant conditioning protocols.
Famagusta Maritima: Mariners, Merchants, Pilgrims and Mercenaries: , Brill Studies in Maritime History 7, edited by Michael J. K. Walsh with 12 contributors, Leiden, Netherlands, Brill, 2019, 300pp., 92 illustrations, tables, $140 (hbk), ISBN 978-9004364318; ebk (pdf) ISBN 978-9004397682

This is the fourth book of essays on Famagusta edited by Michael Walsh. Although now a professor in Singapore, Walsh’s engagement with Famagusta and its history was stimulated by teaching there bet...
Navigating a Leave of Absence

There are times when taking a leave of absence from college for mental health reasons may be in a student’s best interest. This is particularly relevant when a student is experiencing symptoms which, despite access to treatment and appropriate accommodations at college, endanger their welfare and safety, pose a threat to others, or significantly adversely affect their academic functioning. It behooves colleges and universities to have clear and consistently applied policies and procedures in place which allow students to freely choose this option when appropriate, while protecting them against discrimination based on disability. Colleges can support students and families in this process by minimizing barriers to taking a leave of absence, assisting them with planning for treatment needs and other aspects of their time away, as well as offering guidance and help around their reentry to school. It is optimal if students, families or other allies, mental health providers, and university support systems all work together to agree upon an individualized plan that best addresses the needs and concerns of the student. College psychiatrists often play an integral role in this process.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy

It is critical that the diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy is limited to women with congestive heart failure and decreased systolic function of the left ventricle in last month of pregnancy or within 5 months after delivery. Patients must have no pre-existing cardiac disease and no other cause for current cardiac dysfunction. The inclusion of patients before the last month of pregnancy or after 5 months postpartum introduces a large number of patients with cardiac disorders due to causes other than peripartum cardiomyopathy. Ventricular performance at rest and with exertion determines the type of management, its intensity, and duration. Patients whose ventricular function is normal at rest and with exercise or dobutamine can have their heart failure therapy tapered and ultimately discontinued after 6 to 12 months of standard treatment. Those with normal resting but abnormal stress cardiac function should continue some form of medical therapy (afterload reduction or beta-blocker) for longer periods of time, if not for life. Those with persistently abnormal ventricular function must receive optimal heart failure therapy forever and face the same relatively poor prognosis as patients with dilated cardiomyopathy from any cause. Options for management include standard heart failure therapy (digoxin, diuretics, afterload reduction, and anticoagulation), Swan-Ganz catheter monitoring and use of inotropic agents, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, and left ventricular assist device. Patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy are candidates for heart transplantation, assuming they meet all other criteria.
Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Atrial Flutter (S36.007)

Objective: To compare the risk of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter (AFL). Background: Guidelines advise anticoagulation for patients with both AF and AFL. However, the risk of stroke associated with these two conditions has not been robustly compared. Design/Methods: Using Medicare administrative claims data from 2008–2014, we identified all patients diagnosed with AFL or AF. The primary outcome was ischemic stroke. Predictors and the outcome were ascertained by validated ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes. In the primary analysis, patients with AFL were censored upon diagnosis of AF. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to compare the associations of AFL and AF with ischemic stroke after adjustment for demographics and risk factors. In a secondary analysis, patients with AFL were not censored upon diagnosis of AF because the natural history of AFL frequently features the development of AF. Results: We identified 16,441 patients with AFL and 338,726 with AF. Patients with AFL were less often female (42.4% versus 53.0%), but other baseline characteristics, including mean CHA2DS2-VASc scores (3.9±1.3), were similar between groups. Over 2.4 (±2.0) years, 16,451 ischemic strokes were identified. The annual incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with AFL was 0.60% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48–0.75%), whereas it was 2.00% (95% CI, 1.96–2.02%) in patients with AF. After adjustment for demographics and vascular risk factors, AFL was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke than AF (hazard ratio [HR], 0.30; 95% CI, 0.24–0.37). Within 1 year, 64.9% (95% CI, 64.1–65.6%) of patients with AFL received a diagnosis of AF. The difference between stroke risk in AFL compared to AF was attenuated (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79–0.92) when patients with AFL were not censored upon diagnosis of AF. Conclusions: Patients with AFL may face a lower risk of ischemic stroke than patients with AF. Disclosure: Dr. Alkawaz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Salehi Omran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Parikh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elkind has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology. Dr. Soliman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kamel has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech as a speaker. Dr. Kamel has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Journal Watch Neurology.
Implementation of Daily Pharmacy Student New Medication Education During Hospitalization to Improve Patient Satisfaction

Introduction: Studies have shown that patients would like to receive more medication education while hospitalized. Higher patient satisfaction has been correlated with lower mortality and fewer hos...
Clinical factors associated with massive pulmonary embolism and PE-related adverse clinical events

Abstract Background Clinicians evaluating acute PE patients often have to identify risks for massive PE, a measure of hemodynamic instability and its consequence, massive PE related adverse clinical events (PEACE). We investigated the association of these risk factors with massive PE and PEACE in a consecutive PE cohort (n = 364). Methods Massive PE was defined as an acute central clot (proximal to the lobar artery) in a patient with right heart strain and systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mg. PEACE was defined as any massive PE who died or required one or more of the following: ACLS, assisted ventilation, vasopressor use, thrombolytic therapy, or invasive thrombectomy, within seven days of PE diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate analysis assessing associations between the risk factors (age, gender, comorbidities, PE provoking risks, and whether the PE was felt to be idiopathic) and massive PE or PEACE were performed. Significance was determined at p Results Thirteen percent (n = 48) of patients presented with massive PE, and 9% (n = 32) had PEACE. In the final multivariate model, recent invasive procedure (RR = 7.4, p = 0.007), recent hospitalization (RR = 7.3, p = 0.002), and idiopathic PE (RR = 6.5, p = 0.003) were associated with massive PE. Only idiopathic PE (RR = 5.7, p = 0.005) was significantly associated with PEACE. No comorbidities or other PE provoking risks were associated with massive PE or PEACE. Conclusions As a take-home message, recent invasive procedure, recent hospitalization, and idiopathic PE were associated with massive PE, and only idiopathic PE was associated with PEACE. Simultaneously, comorbidities like age or chronic cardiopulmonary disease seem not to be associated with massive PE or PEACE.
The Finite Population Model

In previous lectures, we have assumed infinitely large populations, and infinitely large samples from these populations. This permitted us to equate frequencies with their underlying probabilities. For example, the probability of drawing a A gamete in a sample from generation t of a population was pt, where pt was the frequency of A in the infinite population. Because the sample was of infinite size, we could assume that pt was also the frequency of A gametes drawn.
Nonhistone chromosomal protein interaction with dna/histone complexes. Circular dichroism.

Abstract Discrete fractions of nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) were obtained from rabbit liver chromatin by their dissociation in 5 m urea with increasing concentrations of NaCl. Three fractions were obtained: M 0 , M 1 , and M 3 . We found that M 0 can modify the conformation of DNA/histone complexes as depicted from their induced increase in the ellipticity of DNA/histone from 5100 to 6900 degree-cm 2 /dmol. This effect was found to be reversible, while M 1 and M 3 effects, if any, were not measurable. These results suggest that M 0 primarily interacts with the chromatin subunit.
Clubs, homes, and online communities as contexts for engaging youth in technology fluency building activities

The goal of this session is to advance our understanding of the relationships between access to computing tools, learning opportunities, and the development of technological fluency. Understanding variability in the kinds of material and social resources that children have access to is crucial for a better understanding of how to create more equitable learning opportunities. Overview talks of three research programs and their theoretical frameworks will start this session. A poster session will follow that showcases nine empirical or design projects that have emerged from the research programs. In keeping with the conference theme, the overview presentations and empirical work highlight how learning to use technology in empowered ways can be nurtured within and across a broad range of contexts.
L’Évolution des Relations Entre les Nations Unies et les Organisations Régionales de la Charte à nos Jours (The Evolving Relations Between the UN and Regional Organisations From 1945 to Date)

L’etude fait le point sur le cadre institutionnel dans lequel se place la cooperation entre l’Organisation des Nations Unies et les institutions regionales, afin d’en montrer l’evolution et la situation presente. La Charte etablit, a son Chapitre VIII, un cadre normatif rigide, rigoureusement axe sur la primaute de l’Organisation dans le maintien de la paix et de la securite internationales, qui a conduit a une pratique limitative de la cooperation avec les accords et organismes regionaux dans les premieres annees d’activite. Le paysage contemporain, cependant, est bien different, caracterise autant par la multiplication des institutions regionales que par l’intensification et la fluidite de leur cooperation avec l’organisation universelle. Ce nouvel etat des choses presente certainement des avantages, lies a la souplesse et au dynamisme de cette cooperation, mais egalement des defis decoulant de la perte d’un cadre de reference stable. The study makes an assessment of the institutional framework of the cooperation between the United Nations and regional organizations, emphasizing its evolution and current situation. In Chapter VIII, the Charter establishes a rigid normative framework, rigourously built around the primacy of the United Nations in the maintenance of international peace and security, which led to a restrictive practice of cooperation with regional arrangements or agencies in the first years of activity. The contemporary panorama, however, is radically different, caracterized both by the multiplication of regional institutions and by the intensification and fluidity of their cooperation with the universal organization. This new state of affairs presents clear advantages, flowing from the flexible and dynamic character of this cooperation, but also raises challenges due to the loss of a stable frame of reference.
Point-of-care urine albumin:creatinine ratio is associated with outcome in emergency department patients with sepsis: a pilot study.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:259–264 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: Sepsis is characterized by an initial systemic proinflammatory response leading to endothelial damage and increased capillary permeability. The authors conducted a pilot study to determine if microalbuminuria, measured by the urine albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR), was associated with outcome in emergency department (ED) sepsis patients. Methods: This was an observational cohort study of a convenience sample of adult patients presenting to two EDs over 10 months with sepsis (two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS] criteria and suspected infection). Those who received a urinalysis were prospectively enrolled. Patients with anuria, grossly contaminated specimens, or concurrent noninfectious diagnoses were excluded. Urine ACR was measured on a point-of-care (POC) device. The primary study outcome was ED disposition (three groups): treated and discharged, admitted to the floor, or admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Kruskal-Wallis testing was used to compare ACR based on disposition. Variables associated with ACR were identified by Spearman rank correlation or Mann-Whitney rank-sum testing. A post hoc subgroup analysis of patients with and without a genitourinary (GU) source of infection was also performed. Results: A total of 121 patients were screened, and 29 (24%) were excluded; 92 patients met criteria (mean ± SD age, 51.2 ± 17.0 years; 51 [55%] had severe sepsis, three [3%] had septic shock). There were three in-hospital deaths. Median ACR for patients treated and discharged (n = 22), admitted to floor (n = 50), and admitted to ICU (n = 20) was 2.54 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.89 to 6.16) versus 2.8 (IQR = 1.69 to 8.8) versus 12.15 (IQR = 4.76 to 20.95), respectively (p = 0.0049). Age, serum creatinine, and GU source of infection were associated with ACR. ACR was significantly associated with disposition among patients without a GU source of infection (p = 0.003), but not among patients with a GU source (p = 0.3744). Conclusions: In this pilot study, microalbuminuria measured by POC ACR was associated with disposition in ED patients with sepsis or severe sepsis. Larger studies using more robust outcomes comparing ACR with validated sepsis biomarkers are needed to elaborate on these results.
Does docosahexaenoic acid play a role in infant malnutrition in the children of Fulani nomads in Northern Nigeria

Malnutrition is a major contributor to the death of children under 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, poor nutrition causes stunting and underweight in infants and children while at the same time putting at risk normal neurologic and cognitive development. A recent study of rural Fulani infants up to age 2 years in northern Nigeria found that more than one-quarter were stunted and underweight. The nutritional status of these infants was relatively sound at birth but progressively declined over the following 2 years. While insufficient dietary macronutrients such as protein and carbohydrate and micronutrients such as iodine, zinc, vitamin A and iron may well have contributed to their post-natal growth retardation, in this report we raise the possibility that inadequate intake of essential long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular, by infants during the first few years of life may play a role in childhood malnutrition in this part of the world, especially in populations like the Fulani pastoralists who live far-removed from the ocean which would otherwise provide access to DHA-rich seafood. We conclude this piece by suggesting several approaches for improving the DHA status of pregnant and lactating Fulani women and their offspring in Nigeria.
The analysis of a commercial implementation of multiple 2 phase commitment protocols within a single operating system integrity control layer

An examination is made of the generic attributes of distributed atomic commitment protocols. It is shown how a single set of transaction states and journal phase marks can support two different protocols which have completely different message contents. Transaction state transitions which are protocol-dependent are controlled by the communication protocol manager by having integrity control call prior to the transitions. Integrity control remains oblivious to the communication protocol being used. This results in a smaller, simpler integrity control module whose only responsibility is the management of the state transitions of the host-based transaction. It is common to discuss distributed atomic commitment protocols solely in terms of the messages passed between the participants. The author has discussed these protocols on the basis of the host transaction-state transitions that are required. >
The effects of unilateral eighth nerve block on fictive VOR in the turtle.

Abstract Multiunit activity during horizontal sinusoidal motion was recorded from pairs of oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nerves of an in vitro turtle brainstem preparation that received inputs from intact semicircular canals. Responses of left oculomotor, right trochlear and right abducens nerves were approximately aligned with leftward head velocity, and that of the respective contralateral nerves were in-phase with rightward velocity. We examined the effect of sectioning or injecting lidocaine (1–2 μL of 0.5%) into the right vestibular nerve. Nerve block caused a striking phase shift in the evoked response of right oculomotor and left trochlear nerves, in which (rightward) control responses were replaced by a smaller-amplitude response to leftward table motion. Such “phase-reversed” responses were poorly defined in abducens nerve recordings. Frequency analysis demonstrated that this activity was advanced in phase relative to post-block responses of the respective contralateral nerves, which were in turn phase-advanced relative to pre-block controls. Phase differences were largest (∼10°) at low frequencies (∼0.1 Hz) and statistically absent at 1 Hz. The phase-reversed responses were further investigated by eliminating individual canal input from the left labyrinth following right nVIII block, which indicated that the activation of the vertical canal afferents is the source of this activity.
Mesoporous Anatase Titania Hollow Nanostructures though Silica-Protected Calcination

The crystallization of nanometer-scale materials during high-temperature calcination can be controlled by a thin layer of surface coating. Here, a novel silica-protected calcination process for preparing mesoporous hollow TiO2 nanostructures with a high surface area and a controllable crystallinity is presented. This method involves the preparation of uniform silica colloidal templates, sequential deposition of TiO2 and then SiO2 layers through sol–gel processes, calcination to transform amorphous TiO2 to crystalline anatase, and finally etching of the inner and outer silica to produce mesoporous anatase TiO2 shells. The silica-protected calcination step allows crystallization of the amorphous TiO2 layer into anatase nanocrystals, while simultaneously limiting the growth of anatase grains to within several nanometers, eventually producing mesoporous anatase shells with a high surface area (∼311 m2 g−1) and good water dispersibility upon chemical etching of the silica. When used as photocatalysts for the degradation of Rhodamine B under UV irradiation, the as-synthesized mesoporous anatase shells show significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity with greater enhancement for samples calcined at higher temperatures thanks to their improved crystallinity.
Order of convergence of second order schemes based on the minmod limiter

Many second order accurate nonoscillatory schemes are based on the minmod limiter, e.g., the Nessyahu-Tadmor scheme. It is well known that the Lp-error of monotone finite difference methods for the linear advection equation is of order 1/2 for initial data in W 1 (Lp), 1 ≤ p < 00. For second or higher order nonoscillatory schemes very little is known because they are nonlinear even for the simple advection equation. In this paper, in the case of a linear advection equation with monotone initial data, it is shown that the order of the L 2 -error for a class of second order schemes based on the minmod limiter is of order at least 5/8 in contrast to the 1/2 order for any formally first order scheme.
Supporting mobile decision making with association rules and multi-layered caching

We describe a methodology and a prototype implementation of an online analytical processing system for mobile devices. The system guides the user to narrow down the search space using association rules. We also describe multi-layered caching techniques to improve performance and increase system utilization even in the presence of disconnections. The system is built using a three-tier architecture comprising of a data warehouse, a middle-tier server, and client mobile devices. Finally we conducted a series of simulation experiments to evaluate the performance of our association rule-based system and the multi-layered caching.
Avoiding mouse traps in schizophrenia genetics: lessons and promises from current and emerging mouse models.

Abstract Schizophrenia is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, but despite progress in identifying the genetic factors implicated in its development, the mechanisms underlying its etiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Development of mouse models is critical for expanding our understanding of the causes of schizophrenia. However, translation of disease pathology into mouse models has proven to be challenging, primarily due to the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia and the difficulties in the re-creation of susceptibility alleles in the mouse genome. In this review we highlight current research on models of major susceptibility loci and the information accrued from their analysis. We describe and compare the different approaches that are necessitated by diverse susceptibility alleles, and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we discuss emerging mouse models, such as second-generation pathophysiology models based on innovative approaches that are facilitated by the information gathered from the current genetic mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroscience Disease Models.
Precipitate Morphology in Ternary MgO,CaO‐Partially‐Stabilized Zirconias

Precipitation in a series of MgO-CaO-ZrO 2 ceramics containing variable MgO:CaO ratios (Mg,Ca-PSZs) aged at 1400°C was studied. Precipitate morphology varied systematically with composition, and «layering» of individual precipitates by variant, due to strain-induced coarsening, was observed in some samples. Strain energy calculations to predict precipitate-matrix habit planes were performed and compared to experiment.
Structure of Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract In a series of experiments involving IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy and measurements of the near-edge X-ray fine structure, many new details of the structure of Langmuir-Blodgett films have been obtained. The methods and the results giving orientation of the chains, their packing and the head group attachment are described, as well as other properties such as phase transitions.
Climate Informed Long Term Seasonal Forecasts of Hydroenergy Inflow for the Brazilian Hydropower System

Summary Efficient management of water and energy is an important goal of sustainable development for any nation. Streamflow forecasts, have been used in complex optimization models to maximize water use efficiency and electrical energy production. In this paper we develop a statistical model for the long term forecasts of hydroenergy inflow into the Brazilian hydropower system, which consists of more than 70 hydropower reservoirs. At present, the planning of reservoir operation and energy production in Brazil is made with no reliable long term (one season or longer lead times) streamflow forecasts. Here we use the NINO3 index and the main modes of the tropical Pacific thermocline structure as climate predictors in order to achieve skillfull forecasts at long leads. Cross-validated results show that about 50% of the total hydroenergy inflow can be predicted with moderate accuracy up to 20 month lead time.
Selective Potentiometric Gas-Sensing Membrane Electrodes

Potentiometric gas-sensing membrane electrodes have been investigated for both the CO2 and NH3 systems from the point of view of selectivity and dynamic response. Selectivity is found to be primarily determined by the acid-base properties, not the volatility, of the interferents. The dynamic response characteristics, on the other hand, are a function of the internal electrolyte layer and the osmolarity of the sample solution.
A Cold Eye Assessment of US Foreign Policy: It's the Policies, Stupid

Perilous Power: The Middle East and US Foreign Policy Dialogues on Terror, Democracy, War and Justice. By Noam Chomsky, Gilbert Achar, Stephen R. Shalom. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press, 2009. 319 pp., $18.95 (ISBN-13: 978-1-59451-313-8). The United States and Latin America after the Cold War. By Russell C. Crandall. New York City: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 260 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-71795-3). America and Its Critics: Virtues and Vices of the Democratic Hyperpower. By Sergio Fabbrini. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2008. 222 pp., $22.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-4251-2). To See Ourselves as Others See Us: How Publics Abroad View the United States after 9/11. By Ole R. Holsti. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 2008. 234 pp., $24.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-472-05036-9). The Obama administration faces many challenges in the world from the ongoing war on terrorism and the quest for peace in the Middle East, to issues of the environment and trade. Each of the books reviewed suggest that the United States cannot solve these problems alone. Ole Holsti argues, “few contemporary international problems lend themselves to unilateral solutions” (p. 218). However, a hallmark of the Bush administration has been the idea that you are either with us or against us. This philosophy of unilateralism has led to short-sighted and reactionary policies that have unintended consequences. The alienation of our allies and the “wariness of China and Russia” have led to a situation where “we have more to fear from our own mistakes” (Chase 2002:8). According to Russell C. Crandall, the challenge for future policymakers is “not [to] let outdated assumptions…automatically lead us to foregone conclusions” (p. 247). The authors reviewed analyze American policy in different regions of the world, ask different research questions and use different methodological approaches. But the thread that ties these books together is a call for a more multilateral approach to foreign policy or, in the words of Holsti, “a cold eye assessment of policies and consequences” (p. 187). In Crandall's, The United States and Latin America after the Cold War we get an exhaustive look at American foreign policy in Latin and South America. Crandall contends that the end of the Cold War “diminished the ideological and strategic constraints that…dictated US policy” (p. xi). However, he states that political analysis of the region continues to suffer because we continue to view it through an outdated security paradigm. This text is an attempt to fill that gap in the literature by systematically addressing US policy through the post-Cold War administrations. He finds that America has “acted …
The Walk-&-Roller: A multimodal robotic vehicle capable of quasistatic three-legged rolling motion

This paper presents a new quasi-static gait called end-over-end motion for a 3-legged robot, named the Walk-&-Roller (W&R). In this motion, walking is achieved through rotation of the main body of the robot in three gait phases. The rotational motion is performed by holding the robot on two of the legs and swinging the third over the body into a new forward position. The trajectory planning to achieve this gait is determined in such a way that the static tipover stability is guaranteed and no singularities are reached. Computer simulation and experiments have been executed to demonstrate the validity of this proposed gait method.
Using a Positive Youth Development Approach in Addressing Problem-Oriented Youth Behavior

Interest has grown in the positive youth development (PYD) approach and its application to youth in a variety of settings. When using the PYD approach, workers focus on youth assets rather than deficits, collaborate with youth in planning the youth’s future, build youth competencies rather than doing tasks for the youth, adopt a holistic perspective of healthy personal growth, and engage in long-range planning rather than short-term solutions. This approach has not typically been applied to youth who demonstrate problem behavior such as substance abuse or psychiatric symptoms. Building on three theories—strengths, coping, and stages of change— we offer practice guidelines for applying the PYD approach to problem-oriented youth behavior, with substance abuse as an example.
Linear Acoustic Formulas for Calculation of Rotating Blade Noise

A unified approach is used to derive many of the current formulas for calculation of discrete frequency noise of helicopter rotors and propellers. Both compact and noncompact results are derived. The noncompact results are based on the solution of Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation. The compact formulations are obtained as the limit of noncompact source results. In particular, the linearized acoustic theories of Hawkings and Lowson, Farassat, Hanson, Woan and Gregorek, Succi, and Jou are discussed in this paper. An interesting thickness noise formula by Isom and its extension by Ffowcs Williams are also presented.
Recombination by Replication

The evidence summarized above strongly suggests that E. coli cells deal with exposed double-stranded ends by a process that requires both homologous recombination and DNA replication functions. This process could lead to recombinant formation. Importantly, inhibition of recombination-dependent replication in priA null mutants does not completely block homologous recombination, indicating the presence of other modes of homologous recombination that do not require extensive DNA replication. These nonreplicative modes of recombination could account for the multiple crosses seen within a given stretch of the chromosome. Nevertheless, a majority of recombinants appear to be formed by the replicative recombination mode in E. coli. Strong interdependence has also been documented for bacteriophage T4 DNA replication and homologous recombination processes. In T4-infected cells, DNA replication can be initiated from a recombination intermediate and such replication results in generation of recombinant molecules (reviewed byKreuzer and Morrical 1994xSee all ReferencesKreuzer and Morrical 1994). Under certain circumstances, plasmid replication can occur in a recombination-dependent manner in bacteria (Viret et al. 1991xViret, J.-F, Bravo, A, and Alonzo, J.C. Microbiol. Rev. 1991; 55: 675–683PubMedSee all ReferencesViret et al. 1991).In yeast and mammalian cells, there is evidence that ends generated by double-stranded breaks can initiate or stimulate homologous recombination (Thaler and Stahl 1988xThaler, D.S and Stahl, F.W. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1988; 22: 169–197Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesThaler and Stahl 1988). Transient meiosis-specific double-stranded breaks are known to occur at many locations in the yeast genome, which may initiate meiotic homologous recombination (Schwacha and Kleckner, 1995xSchwacha, A and Kleckner, N. Cell. 1995; 83: 783–791Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (330)See all ReferencesSchwacha and Kleckner, 1995 and references therein). Furthermore, double-stranded break repair is implicated in immunoglobulin gene recombination in mice and humans (Jeggo et al. 1995xJeggo, P.A, Taccioli, G.E, and Jackson, S.P. BioEssay. 1995; 17: 949–957Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (236)See all ReferencesJeggo et al. 1995). Thus, homologous recombination triggered by double-stranded breaks appears to be a widespread strategy for the generation of genetic diversity and repair of damaged DNA. Evidence suggests that DNA synthesis might be involved in immuloglobulin class switch recombination (e.g.,Dunnick et al. 1993xDunnick, W, Hertz, G.Z, Scappino, L, and Gritzmacher, C. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 3: 365–372Crossref | Scopus (204)See all ReferencesDunnick et al. 1993). Whether homologous recombination and double-stranded break repair in eukaryotic cells generally involve extensive DNA replication remains to be seen.
Annealing of ion implant damage in the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x

Abstract It was found that the increase in room-temperature resistivity caused by ion bombardment damage in YBa2Cu3O7−x could be completely recovered by annealing if the damage dose was small. A small resistivity increment (~ 0.2%), caused by a very small ion dose, annealed at room temperature. For a larger ion dose, sufficient to double the resistivity, complete recovery of room-temperature resistivity was produced by annealing at 500 °C in O2, but recovery after still larger doses was incomplete.
Interictal-ictal transition in the feline penicillin epileptogenic focus

Abstract A study was undertaken to examine those EEG features which characterize interictal—ictal (II-I) transitions in the feline penicillin focus. The study describes certain complex changes in spike frequency and their statistical analysis, which appear to have predictive value in signaling II-I transitions. The significance of these data with respect to the conflicting results of other studies and their possible application to clinical epilepsy are discussed.
An Anatomist’s Comments on Learning and Teaching

A Texas farm boy, who entered veterinary school in 1966 with the goal of becoming a "cow doctor" but instead has ended up teaching anatomy for more than 30 years, shares some of his personal philosophy and ideas about learning and teaching. The author claims no special expertise in teaching methodology, offers no "cutting-edge" techniques, and presents no particularly "novel" concepts on how to be a good teacher. He merely shares his personal, common-sense teaching philosophy, which is pretty much summarized in "Smallwood's 12 or More Axioms of Learning and Teaching". As a "parting shot", the author comments briefly on teaching anatomy using the problem-based learning approach.
Individual and Synergistic Effects of Lubricant Additive Components on Diesel Particulate Filter Ash Accumulation and Performance

The current CJ-4 oil specification places a limit on the oil’s sulfated ash content of 1.0% to reduce the build-up of lubricant-derived ash in the diesel particulate filter (DPF). Lubricant additives, specifically detergents and anti-wear additives, contribute to most of the sulfated ash content in the oil and ash accumulation in the DPF, and hence are studied with increasing interest in the optimization of the combined engine-oil-aftertreatment system. However, characteristics of ash deposits found in the particulate filter, which are affected by a number of parameters, differ markedly from those of the ASTM-method defined sulfated ash. In addition, ash characteristics and effects on DPF performance vary substantially among the different metallic base in the additives, specifically calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Through a series of carefully-controlled tests with specially-formulated lubricant additives, this work quantified the individual and combined effects of the most common detergent and anti-wear additives on the ash properties which directly influence DPF pressure drop.The results show that different lubricant additive formulations (Ca, Zn, Mg) produce profound differences in DPF pressure drop. It was found that DPF ash is a complex mixture of metals (Ca, Zn, Mg) in the form of sulfates, phosphates, and oxides. These ash compounds each have unique physical properties, which affect DPF pressure drop differently. In particular, ash containing calcium sulfate compounds resulted in an increase in filter pressure drop by over a factor of two, relative to the same amount of ash composed only of zinc phosphate or magnesium oxide compounds, at the same ash loading in the DPF. In addition, synergistic effects due to specific additive combinations were also explored and showed significant differences in ash composition and degree of exhaust flow restriction imposed by the ash resulting from specific additive combinations, as opposed to the individual additives themselves. Results are useful not only for lubricant formulators to design oils for improved aftertreatment system compatibility, but also to understand the practical effects of ash in the DPF in relation to the standardized sulfated ash definition in the lubricant specification.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Development of CaO coatings by thermal and chemical vapor deposition

We have developed CaO coatings that are applied by a thermal and chemical vapor deposition process. Several experiments were conducted to study how the deposition of Ca on a V-4Cr-4Ti substrate alloy is affected by variations in process temperature and time, specimen location, and surface preparation and pretreatment. Results showed that thick adherent coatings can be fabricated by thermal/chemical vapor deposition, especially if a double Ca treatment is applied. Extensive microstructural analysis of the coatings showed almost 100% CaO over a coating thickness of 20-30 {micro}m; electrical resistance (measured by the two-probe method) of the coatings was at least two orders of magnitude higher than the minimum required for blanket application. The results obtained in this study indicate that CaO is a viable coating for V-Li advanced blankets, but that significant additional effort is needed, especially from the standpoint of structure/composition relationship to its electrical resistance and the coating stability in a flowing Li environment. Furthermore, resistance must be measured in situ in Li to simultaneously evaluate coating integrity, resistance, and Li compatibility.
A wideband ultra-low-current on-chip ammeter

A high-bandwidth ultra-low-current measurement circuit is presented in this paper. The circuit is capable of measuring an on-chip 75 fA current at a bandwidth up to 1 kHz with a noise floor of 0.235 fA rms /√Hz. A low leakage reset scheme is utilized to improve the precision. Nested auto-zeroing combined with modified correlated double sampling is employed to mitigate the error due to various circuit imperfections. Noise analysis is carried out and “capacitive noise matching” is proposed to minimize the noise floor. The circuit is also capable of digitizing the measured current and streaming the data through a serial interface. The measurement circuit occupies 0.065 mm2 of active silicon area in a 90 nm CMOS process and consumes 147 μW from 2.5 V and 1V supplies.