cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labor and the State in Modern America: The Archival Trail

Labor archives are central to the study of the history of the state in the modern United States. For much of the twentieth century, no issue was more basic to the emerging political economy than the labor issue. Presidents from Grover Cleveland to Harry S. Truman and congresses from the 1880s through the 1940s sought to find the political, administrative, and legislative keys to resolving the problem. Whether the focus of attention was the nation's bitter and often violent strikes, controversy over key institutional matters such as manpower, collective bargaining, and dispute resolution, or the role of working people in system-threatening radicalism, the American state often had the labor problem prominent on its agenda. Yet students of the emergence of the modern state have not fully considered the labor question in their analyses of the state's historical development.' Labor history, despite the historiographical, methodological, and interpretive vigor that has characterized it over the past two decades, remains an exotic specialty, which historians of the state have acknowledged only reluctantly or anecdotally.
Lookahead Branching for Mixed Integer Programming

We consider the eectiveness of a lookahead branching method for the selection of branching variable in branch-and-bound method for mixed integer programming. Specifically, we ask the following question: by taking into account the impact of the current branching decision on the bounds of the child nodes two levels deeper than the current node, can better branching decisions be made? We describe methods for obtaining and combining bound information from two levels deeper in the branch-and- bound tree, demonstrate how to exploit auxiliary implication information obtain in the process, and provide extensive computational experience showing the eectiveness of the new method. Our results show that the new search method can often signifi- cantly reduce the number of nodes in the search tree, but the computational overhead of obtaining information two levels deeper typically outweighs the benefits.
Frictionless contact algorithm for Eulerian high speed multimaterial dynamic simulations

A frictionless contact algorithm to handle the general situation of impact and separation of materials which arises in high speed impact problems in an Eulerian framework has been proposed. The algorithm has been developed for an established Eulerian sharp interface based Cartesian grid hydrocode in which the interfaces are tracked in a sharp manner using the standard narrow band level set approach. Boundary conditions have been applied using the ghost fluid method for elasto-plastic materials. This way of treating interfaces allows us a simple and effective pathway of handling frictionless contact in high strain rate problems.
Progressive collapse analysis using updated models for alternate path analysis after a blast

Progressive collapse is of rising importance within the structural engineering community due to several recent cases. The alternate path method is a design technique to determine the ability of a structure to sustain the loss of a critical element, or elements, and still resist progressive collapse. However, the alternate path method only considers the removal of the critical elements. In the event of a blast, significant damage may occur to nearby members not included in the alternate path design scenarios. To achieve an accurate assessment of the current condition of the structure after a blast or other extreme event, it may be necessary to reduce the strength or remove additional elements beyond the critical members designated in the alternate path design method. In this paper, a rapid model updating technique utilizing vibration measurements is used to update the structural model to represent the real-time condition of the structure after a blast occurs. Based upon the updated model, damaged elements will either have their strength reduced, or will be removed from the simulation. The alternate path analysis will then be performed, but only utilizing the updated structural model instead of numerous scenarios. After the analysis, the simulated response from the analysis will be compared to failure conditions to determine the buildings post-event condition. This method has the ability to incorporate damage to noncritical members into the analysis. This paper will utilize numerical simulations based upon a unified facilities criteria (UFC) example structure subjected to an equivalent blast to validate the methodology.
Overuse of computed tomography and the onslaught of incidental findings.

While computed tomography (CT) certainly can be beneficial when used appropriately, CT examinations are sometimes performed without sound medical justification. There are many reasons for overutilization: A clinician may order scans because he or she lacks knowledge or support regarding the appropriate application of diagnostic imaging, because of patient demand, or due to intolerance of diagnostic uncertainty. Technical advances have also expanded the clinical applications of imaging, even when there is no evidence base for such uses. Some physicians order imaging tests because they are practicing defensive medicine, which is believed to account for up to 1 in 5 CT examinations [1]. Also, up to 1 in 5 examinations are duplicates of previous examinations [2], which are repeated either because the earlier scan is inaccessible or because the physician is unaware it had been performed. Imaging may be used as a surrogate for physical examination, particularly in the emergency department, or imaging may be motivated by self-referral or by radiologists’ recommendations for repeat studies. Finally, sometimes scans are ordered because of a mindless repetition of established routine—because “that’s the way we do it here” [3, 4]. In addition to subjecting patients to the personal health risks associated with excess exposure to radiation, unnecessary diagnostic imaging often reveals incidental findings that may be at least as troubling to both the physician and the patient as were the events that prompted the initial imaging scan [5, 6]. Up to 50% of patients, or more, may have incidental findings identified by CT [7]. A chest radiologist lamented this problem in a recent editorial:
The role of surgery in the treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism.

One of the indications for operative intervention in pulmonary embolic conditions, i.e., recurrent emboli during adequate anticoagulant therapy, is probably associated with more controversy than any of the others. Too often the surgeon is requested to consider venous interruptive procedures in patients in whom anticoagulation has been intermittent and less than optimumly administered.
Langmuir-Blodgett Films of C60: Structure of Pure Films and Their Superconductivity After Exposure to Potassium Vapor

C60 forms very rigid insoluble films (“monolayers”) at the air-water interface (collapse pressure nc=62.5 mN/m). The “area per molecule” values AO= 21.6 A2 (at 11=0) and Ac=11.5 A2 (at IIc) suggest that more than 4 C60 molecules are piled atop each other, per “monolayer”. These films were transferred to glass and HOPG as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, and to a Cu grid as Langmuir- Schaefer films. These films have 2-D and 3-D crystalline regions, seen by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and high resolution elecron microscopy (HRTEM). The STM image is a {013} face-centered cubic (FCC) projection , a= 14.2 A. The HRTEM micrographs and a selected-area diffraction pattern show an FCC lattice, a = 14.20 ± 0.05 A. When optimally “doped” with potassium, an LB film of 50 “monolayers” of C60 on polyethylene terephthalate shows a low-field susceptibility signal (LFS) at or below 8.1 K: this is the first report of superconductivity in an LB film.
Language Services In Hospitals Vary By Ownership And Location

Twenty-four million people in the United States have limited English proficiency. They experience barriers to health care because of their inability to communicate effectively with providers. Hospitals are required to provide language services that reflect the needs of people in their communities, but these services are not available systematically.
Word Embeddings as Metric Recovery in Semantic Spaces

Continuous word representations have been remarkably useful across NLP tasks but remain poorly understood. We ground word embeddings in semantic spaces studied in the cognitive-psychometric literature, taking these spaces as the primary objects to recover. To this end, we relate log co-occurrences of words in large corpora to semantic similarity assessments and show that co-occurrences are indeed consistent with an Euclidean semantic space hypothesis. Framing word embedding as metric recovery of a semantic space unifies existing word embedding algorithms, ties them to manifold learning, and demonstrates that existing algorithms are consistent metric recovery methods given co-occurrence counts from random walks. Furthermore, we propose a simple, principled, direct metric recovery algorithm that performs on par with the state-of-the-art word embedding and manifold learning methods. Finally, we complement recent focus on analogies by constructing two new inductive reasoning datasets---series completion and classification---and demonstrate that word embeddings can be used to solve them as well.
Lower Extremity Joint Work During Acceleration, Deceleration, and Steady State Running

Running during sports and for physical activity often requires changes in velocity through acceleration and deceleration. While it is clear that lower extremity biomechanics vary during these accelerations and decelerations, the work requirements of the individual joints are not well understood. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the sagittal plane mechanical work of the individual lower extremity joints during acceleration, deceleration, and steady-state running. Ten runners were compared during acceleration, deceleration, and steady-state running using three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics measures. Total positive and negative joint work, and relative joint contributions to total work were compared between conditions. Total positive work progressively increased from deceleration to acceleration. This was due to greater ankle joint work during acceleration. While there was no significant change in total negative work during deceleration, there was a greater relative contribution of the knee to total negative work with a subsequent lower relative ankle negative work. Each lower extremity joint exhibits distinct functional roles in acceleration compared with deceleration during level running. Deceleration is dominated by greater contributions of the knee to negative work while acceleration is associated with a greater ankle contribution to positive work.
Executive Power in the U.S. Constitution: An Overview

This is a draft of an essay to be published as a chapter in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of the U.S. Constitution. Part I sets forth a methodology to address issues of executive power based in a historicist theory of constitutional change. Part II discusses what I take to be the central problem in the law of executive power -- to what extent can Congress regulate the president’s Article II powers? This problem is approached through the removal cases and the transition from Curtiss-Wright to Youngstown. Part III discusses presidential war powers and the War Powers Resolution by reviewing the argument of my recent book "Long Wars and the Constitution." Finally, Part IV considers issues at the outer limits of executive power, including the power to "disregard" or not enforce laws on the ground that they are unconstitutional, emergency power and "prerogative power." Part IV makes a new contribution to the debate on these topics by arguing that several key historical episodes thought to support presidential power in these respects, including the 1861 secession crisis and the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, have been misanalyzed. This revised version also features a different conclusion.
The Relationship: How It Works

As tension continues to exist between those who endorse contextual versus medical explanations for the efficacy of psychotherapy, it remains undetermined how psychotherapy works. One of the primary purposes of this chapter is to provide a rationale on evolved social and relational characteristics for the efficacy of psychotherapy. In conjunction with an evolutionary explanation for why psychotherapy is effective, we provide compelling evidence that there is a neurological and social context for three separate pathways—which we call the tripartite model of the relationship. The first path includes the real relationship between the patient and the therapist. The second path is comprised of expectations that are maintained and generated via cogent rationales and treatments. The third path consists of the benefits of healthy actions and how specific ingredients contribute to these behaviors.
TRPA1: Acrolein meets its target.

Two papers in this issue of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology reveal that the sensory irritant receptor, Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), plays a key role in the morbidity and mortality caused by inhalation of acrolein, the major electrophile in smoke from fires, tobacco and in automobile exhaust (Conklin et al., 2016; Kurhanewicz et al., 2016). Animals deficient in TRPA1, or treated with a TRPA1 inhibitor, were resistant to acrolein-induced cardiac arrhythmia and pulmonary injury and survived severely toxic acrolein exposures at higher rates than wild-type mice. Recognizing the multiple targets and injury mechanisms previously proposed for this reactive aldehyde, these are remarkable findings pointing towards an unexpected role of chemosensory reflex and homeostatic mechanisms in toxicological injuries.
Do the Microbiota Influence Vaccines and Protective Immunity to Pathogens? Engaging Our Endogenous Adjuvants

The reliance of the immune system on constitutive microbial stimulation support the idea that both responsiveness to vaccines and vaccine design need to be considered in the context of host-microbiota interactions. Manipulation of microbe function or composition via diet alteration or microbiota engraftment may soon become a viable approach to control immunity and, as such, vaccine responses. Learning from our endogenous original adjuvants could be critical in overcoming the enormous hurdle of vaccine design against the numerous pathogens that cause chronic infection. Going forward, rationally designed vaccines that take advantage of the inherent adjuvant properties of the microbiota could have a major impact on the prevention of disease.
Nest-mediated seed dispersal

Many plant seeds travel on the wind and through animal ingestion or adhesion; however, an overlooked dispersal mode may lurk within those dispersal modes. Viable seeds may remain attached or embedded within materials birds gather for nest building. Our objective was to determine if birds inadvertently transport seeds when they forage for plant materials to build, insulate, and line nests. We also hypothesized that nest-mediated dispersal might be particularly useful for plants that use mating systems with self-fertilized seeds embedded in their stems. We gathered bird nests in temperate forests and fields in eastern North America and germinated the plant material. We also employed experimental nest boxes and performed nest dissections to rule out airborne and fecal contamination. We found that birds collect plant stem material and mud for nest construction and inadvertently transport the seeds contained within. Experimental nest boxes indicated that bird nests were not passive recipients of seeds (e.g., carried on wind), but arrived in the materials used to construct nests. We germinated 144 plant species from the nests of 23 bird species. A large proportion of the nest germinants were graminoids containing self-fertilized seeds inside stems—suggesting that nest dispersal may be an adaptive benefit of closed mating systems. Avian nest building appears as a dispersal pathway for hundreds of plant species, including many non-native species, at distances of at least 100–200 m. We propose a new plant dispersal guild to describe this phenomenon, caliochory (calio = Greek for nest).
Paying for Cures: How Can We Afford It? Managed Care Pharmacy Stakeholder Perceptions of Policy Options to Address Affordability of Prescription Drugs.

BACKGROUND: High-priced medications with curative potential, such as the newer hepatitis C therapies, have contributed to the recent growth in pharmaceutical expenditure. Despite the obvious benefits, health care decision makers are just beginning to grapple with questions of how to value and pay for curative therapies that may feature large upfront cost, followed by health benefits that are reaped over a patient’s lifespan. Alternative policy options have been proposed to promote high value and financially sustainable use of these therapies. It is unclear which policy options would be most acceptable to health care payer and biomedical manufacturer stakeholders. OBJECTIVES: To (a) briefly review pharmaceutical policy options to address health system affordability and (b) assess the acceptability of alternative policy options to health care payers and biomedical manufacturers before and after an Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) continuing pharmacy education (CPE) session. METHODS: We searched MEDLI...
Association of E-Cigarette Use With Smoking Cessation Among Smokers Who Plan to Quit After a Hospitalization: A Prospective Study.

Background Many smokers report using e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking, but whether e-cigarettes aid cessation efforts is uncertain. Objective To determine whether e-cigarette use after hospital discharge is associated with subsequent tobacco abstinence among smokers who plan to quit and are advised to use evidence-based treatment. Design Secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01714323 [parent trial]). Setting 3 hospitals. Participants 1357 hospitalized adult cigarette smokers who planned to stop smoking, received tobacco cessation counseling in the hospital, and were randomly assigned at discharge to a tobacco treatment recommendation (control) or free tobacco treatment (intervention). Measurements Self-reported e-cigarette use (exposure) was assessed 1 and 3 months after discharge; biochemically validated tobacco abstinence (outcome) was assessed 6 months after discharge. Results Twenty-eight percent of participants used an e-cigarette within 3 months after discharge. In an analysis of 237 propensity score-matched pairs, e-cigarette users were less likely than nonusers to abstain from tobacco use at 6 months (10.1% vs. 26.6%; risk difference, -16.5% [95% CI, -23.3% to -9.6%]). The association between e-cigarette use and quitting varied between intervention patients, who were given easy access to conventional treatment (7.7% vs. 29.8%; risk difference, -22.1% [CI, -32.3% to -11.9%]), and control patients, who received only treatment recommendations (12.0% vs. 24.1%; risk difference, -12.0% [CI, -21.2% to 2.9%]) (P for interaction = 0.143). Limitations Patients self-selected e-cigarette use. Unmeasured confounding is possible in an observational study. Conclusion During 3 months after hospital discharge, more than a quarter of smokers attempting to quit used e-cigarettes, mostly to aid cessation, but few used them regularly. This pattern of use was associated with less tobacco abstinence at 6 months than among smokers who did not use e-cigarettes. Additional study is needed to determine whether regular use of e-cigarettes aids or hinders smoking cessation. Primary funding source National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
A Better Medical Regimen for the Management of Miscarriage.

Data from the National Survey of Family Growth suggest that at least 600,000 cases of early pregnancy loss, often called miscarriage, occur before 12 weeks of gestation each year in the United Stat...
Transient deficiencies of T-cell-mediated immunity in the neonate.

In summary, neonates demonstrate striking deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity to a number of pathogens. A number of carefully orchestrated cellular and molecular events must occur before a strong cell-mediated immune response can be mounted, and newborns are transiently deficient at a number of points along the way. Neonatal antigen presenting function is less efficient than that of adults, and, in particular neonatal dendritic cells secrete less IL-12. Neonatal CD4 cells are prevented from differentiating into Th1 cells due to decreased levels of STAT4 and epigenetic regulation of the IFN-γ promoter. They also express less CD154. Consequently, the normal positive feedback loops for driving cell-mediated immunity, in which IFN-γ and CD154 from T cells induce dendritic cells to produce more IL-12, are interrupted. A better understanding of these mechanisms will be important in the care of newborns as well as in vaccine development.
Lie algebra decompositions with applications to quantum dynamics

Lie group decompositions are useful tools in the analysis and control of quantum systems. Several decompositions proposed in the literature are based on a recursive procedure that systematically uses the Cartan decomposition theorem. In this dissertation, we establish a link between Lie algebra gradings and recursive Lie algebra decompositions, and then we formulate a general scheme to generate Lie group decompositions. This scheme contains some procedures previously proposed as special cases and gives a virtually unbounded number of alternatives to factor elements of a Lie group.
The Meaning of the “Underground Economy” and the Full Compliance Deficit

A growing amount of professional attention is now directed toward the issue of the existence and implications of the “underground” or “shadow” economy. Unfortunately, the terms “underground” and “shadow” have been used to mean quite different things by different investigators, and these unresolved questions of definition introduce considerable confusion in the literature. Theoretical and empirical research require a finer set of conceptual distinctions to clarify both the differences and the interconnections among the variety of descriptive terms presently employed by “underground economists.” To this end, I wish to put forward a taxonomic framework which distinguishes among economic, fiscal, and social concepts of income. The first section of this paper elaborates these income concepts and establishes their interrelationships.
Permutation and Rank Tests

In the early 1930s R. A. Fisher discovered a very general exact method of testing hypotheses based on permuting the data in ways that do not change its distribution under the null hypothesis. This permutation method does not require standard parametric assumptions such as normality of the data.
A Developmental Approach to Understanding and Controlling Violence

What distinguishes this chapter is the outlining of a proposal to pursue a developmental approach to understanding and controlling injury and death due to violent behavior. The ideas expressed are not new, yet their potential benefit to the health and vitality of American society is far from realized. There are several good reasons for this. Despite decades of research on delinquency and aggressive behavior, which are the immediate precursors of most violent behavior, the base of knowledge on which to devise intervention strategies and plan effective policies is seriously deficient. Of the two types of violent deaths recorded by health officials, homicide and suicide, only suicide is considered to be the consequence of problems that may be treated by health professionals. Though many of the perpetrators and victims of homicide are seen in health care settings, particularly emergency clinics, the most important causes of homicide are believed to be social and cultural—problems beyond the reach of conventional medical interventions. But even in the case of suicide, deaths of adolescents represent a relatively newly recognized phenomenon. The well-established finding that psychiatric disorders like depression, alcoholism, and schizophrenia are linked to suicide in adults does not appear to hold as strongly for adolescents (Robins, 1981).
Model Registry of Early Childhood Visual Impairment: First-Year Results:

This study obtained information on 406 children from birth to age 3 with visual impairments at the point of entry into specialized early intervention programs in nine states. It found that the majo...
Challenges and Importance of Finding Hidden Confounders When Conducting Comparative Effectiveness Studies Using Registry Data The Impact of Surgical Turn-Down on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Mortality

In this issue of Circulation , Yeh and coworkers report the results of a study designed to provide insight into the frequency and impact of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) surgical turn-down, that is, how often patients with an indication for CABG were declared unsuitable for it by a surgeon, and how that decision affected outcomes1. The analyzed data were extracted from the Partners Long-Term Outcomes Database that aligns its variables and definitions with the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) CathPCI Registry and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database. Looking at more than 1000 patients undergoing non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over a 3 year period at two Boston hospitals, these investigators found that 22% had been deemed ineligible for CABG, usually because of poor bypass target vessels, advanced age or renal insufficiency. CABG ineligible patients were sicker than CABG eligible patients, and they had higher mortality rates: CABG ineligibility was independently associated with a roughly 6-fold increase in adjusted in-hospital death, and about a 3-fold increase in adjusted late death compared with CABG eligible patients. CABG ineligible patients had more complex PCI procedures (more lesions, more stents) but fewer vessels were treated compared with CABG eligible patients despite similar burdens of 3 vessel disease, suggesting the ineligible patients may have had less complete revascularization and hence greater residual ischemic burden after PCI. Inserting CABG ineligibility as an independent term into the NCDR PCI mortality risk model improved the predictive capability of the model significantly. The authors concluded that CABG ineligibility occurs frequently enough to be important to practice statistics, and appears to impact outcomes powerfully, but they note that it has not been incorporated into current risk adjustment models.
Household chaos and screen media use among preschool-aged children: a cross-sectional study.

Excess screen media use is a robust predictor of childhood obesity. Understanding how household factors may affect children’s screen use is needed to tailor effective intervention efforts. The preschool years are a critical time for obesity prevention, and while it is likely that greater household disorder influences preschool-aged children’s screen use, data on that relationship are absent. In this study, our goal was to quantify the relationships between household chaos and screen use in preschool-aged children. A cross-sectional, online survey was administered to 385 parents of 2–5 year-olds recruited in 2017. Household chaos was measured with the Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale (i.e., the chaos scale), a validated, parent-reported scale. The scale consists of 15 items, each scored on a 4-point Likert scale. Final scores were the sum across the 15 items and modeled as quartiles for analyses. Parents reported their children’s screen use for nine electronic media activities. Adjusted linear and Poisson regression were used to model associations between household chaos and children’s total weekly screen use, screen use within one hour of bedtime and screen use in the bedroom. Children averaged 31.0 (SD = 23.8) hours per week with screens, 49.6% used screens within one hour of bedtime and 41.0% used screens in their bedrooms. In adjusted regression models, greater household chaos was positively associated with weekly screen use (P = 0.03) and use of screens within one hour of bedtime (P < 0.01) in a dose-dependent manner. Children in the fourth versus the first quartile of household chaos were more likely to use screens in their bedroom (P = 0.03). Greater household chaos was associated with increased total screen use as well as screen use behaviors that are related to disrupted nighttime sleep. Findings suggest that household chaos may be an obesity risk factor during the preschool years because of such effects on screen use, and highlight the need to consider household chaos when implementing home-based obesity prevention programs for young children.
Metabolic Regulation of Cell State

Our research focuses on metabolic transitions in cells, which coincide with important cellular processes such as differentiation, malignant transformation, immune cell activation, and virus infection. We study what regulates metabolic transitions in cells and how the cellular metabolic state influences cellular identity and function. We have recently found that intracellular asparagine levels are limiting for cancer cell proliferation and are essential for maintenance of mTORC1 activity and downstream anabolic processes. Using this knowledge, we have designed strategies to reduce cancer asparagine consumption and biosynthesis to block tumor growth. Here we will present in vivo data showing the importance of tumor asparagine levels for mTORC1 activity, anabolic metabolism, and tumor growth. We will also propose multiple approaches to target cancer asparagine dependence in the clinic.
Extraction of Emotional Information via Visual Scanning Patterns: A Feasibility Study of Participants with Schizophrenia and Neurotypical Individuals

Emotion recognition impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia (SZ), present throughout all stages of this condition, and leads to poor social outcome. However, the underlying mechanisms that give rise to such deficits have not been elucidated and hence, it has been difficult to develop precisely targeted interventions. Evidence supports the use of methods designed to modify patterns of visual attention in individuals with SZ in order to effect meaningful improvements in social cognition. To date, however, attention-shaping systems have not fully utilized available technology (e.g., eye tracking) to achieve this goal. The current work consisted of the design and feasibility testing of a novel gaze-sensitive social skills intervention system called MASI-VR. Adults from an outpatient clinic with confirmed SZ diagnosis (n = 10) and a comparison sample of neurotypical participants (n = 10) were evaluated on measures of emotion recognition and visual attention at baseline assessment, and a pilot test of the intervention system was evaluated on the SZ sample following five training sessions over three weeks. Consistent with the literature, participants in the SZ group demonstrated lower recognition of faces showing medium intensity fear, spent more time deliberating about presented emotions, and had fewer fixations in comparison to neurotypical peers. Furthermore, participants in the SZ group showed significant improvement in the recognition of fearful faces post-training. Preliminary evidence supports the feasibility of a gaze-sensitive paradigm for use in assessment and training of emotion recognition and social attention in individuals with SZ, thus warranting further evaluation of the novel intervention.
Teaching Deterrence: A 21st-Century Update

Although deterrence was one of the cornerstones of the international relations field for much of the 20th century, today surveys demonstrate that most students lack even a basic understanding of th...
Creative Differences: An Integrated Representational Approach to the Division of Intellectual Property in Divorce Proceedings

For authors, inventors, and their spouses who own intellectual property, a divorce proceeding without proper counsel from an intellectual-property expert may have a more significant impact on their long-term financial health than their first hit song, bestselling novel, or commercially successful patent. The financial risks posed to these parties are often exacerbated by matrimonial attorneys who, while highly skilled and competent in the division of most marital assets such as real property, personal property, and investments, may not fully appreciate the significant differences between those common types of marital property and statutory grants of intellectual property rights. As our economy continues to become increasingly driven by the intellectual property sectors and the practice of law continues to become ever-more specialized, the risk of representational failures regarding intellectual property assets in divorce proceedings increases as well. This article analyzes the potential for such representational failures and proposes an integrated representational approach to the division of intellectual property in divorce proceedings — where the matrimonial attorney lacks sufficient technical competency regarding intellectual property law — as a preventive measure to reduce the client’s risk of loss and the matrimonial attorney’s risk of liability.
Enhancement of the open circuit voltage of Cu2O/Ga2O3 heterojunction solar cells through the mitigation of interfacial recombination

Thin film solar cells were fabricated using cuprous oxide (Cu2O) absorber layers grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and gallium oxide (Ga2O3) buffer layers grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the cuprous oxide CVD films. The in-situ formation of heterojunction in the same deposition system without exposure to oxygen-rich ambient was found to be effective in mitigating the creation of detrimental cupric oxide (CuO) at the interface, resulting in a pristine photovoltaic junction capable of delivering an enhanced open-circuit voltage of 1.78 V. Numerical device simulations of a novel two-layer absorber architecture (CVD-Cu2O on ECD-Cu2O) showed promising possibilities (theoretical 13.2 % efficiency) for a solar cell combining in-situ junction formation with electrochemical deposition of the absorber layer.
Effect of leukocyte antibodies and HLA matching on the intravascular recovery, survival, and tissue localization of 111-indium granulocytes

The effect of leukocyte antibodies detected under different conditions on the fate in vivo of granulocytes was studied using 111-indium-labeled granulocytes. Sera from patients were tested by granulocyte agglutination (GA), granulocytotoxicity (GC), granulocyte immunofluorescence (GIF), lymphocytotoxicity (LC), and antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated granulocytotoxicity. Granulocytes from donors to be studied were labeled with 111-indium and injected. Then the intravascular recovery and survival or tissue localization was determined in 93 studies. Antibodies detected by granulocyte agglutination were associated with a significant reduction in recovery (6.7% v 30.8% in controls; P less than .001) and t1/2 (0.3 hours v 5.6 hours in controls; P = .002). When all possible combinations of serum reactivity were considered, reactivity in the GA plus GIF assays had the best correlation with decreased recovery (R2 = .49; P less than .001) and t1/2 (R2 = .73; P less than .001). When the relationship between the strength of antibody reactivity and the recovery and t1/2 were analyzed, the best relationship was between the combination of LC and GIF with recovery (R2 = .62; P = .001). Because of the general availability of the HLA (LC) testing, the role of LC reactivity was investigated in other ways. There was a strong relationship between sera highly reactive by LC and those reactive by GIF. These highly reactive sera were also associated with reduced recovery and t1/2. The influence of specific HLA antigen mismatches was also studied. When donor and recipient were mismatched for the HLA-A2, B8, or BW44 antigens, there was a significant reduction in either recovery, t1/2, or both. Tissue localization was studied by body scans in patients with and without known sites of inflammation. Antibodies detected by a combination of GA and GIF caused abnormal pulmonary sequestration of granulocytes (three cases) and failure of granulocytes to localize at known sites of inflammation (three cases). HLA (LC) antibodies did not alter tissue localization despite the presence of the corresponding HLA antigens on granulocytes. It appears that GA, GIF, or a combination of these tests is the most effective predictor of altered in vivo fate of granulocytes. However, sera highly reactive by LC and GIF probably define a group of highly immunized patients in whom granulocyte recovery and t1/2 are also reduced. Mismatching for certain HLA antigens is also associated with reduced granulocyte recovery and survival. At present, GA, with or without the immunofluorescence assay, is the most effective predictor of altered in vivo granulocyte activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
What Do Topologists Want from Seiberg-Witten Theory?

In 1983, Donaldson shocked the topology world by using instantons from physics to prove new theorems about four-dimensional manifolds, and he developed new topological invariants. In 1988, Witten showed how these invariants could be obtained by correlation functions for a twisted N = 2 SUSY gauge theory. In 1994, Seiberg and Witten discovered dualities for such theories, and in particular, developed a new way of looking at four-dimensional manifolds that turns out to be easier, and is conjectured to be equivalent to, Donaldson theory. This review describes the development of this mathematical subject, and shows how the physics played a pivotal role in the current understanding of this area of topology.
Achievement of Target Doses of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy Prior to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy is Suboptimal

Background Heart Failure is one of the leading causes of death and hospitalization in the United States, and significant amounts of money are spent on its treatment. There have been many developments in recent years with pharmacologic treatments as well as device-based treatments. Guidelines recommend maximizing medication use prior to device therapy, however prior studies of real-life data have shown that this is not being done. Prior studies have highlighted the importance of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in conjunction with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with heart failure (HF). Aim We sought to describe rates of GDMT and achievement of target doses prior to CRT implant at an academic center. Methods Patients (n=83) who underwent CRT implant between 2004 and 2017 with available GDMT dosing data were included. Data obtained via chart review was entered into a secure online database. Prescription history and clinical characteristics were obtained. Patients were then stratified as ‘responders’ and ‘non-responders’ to CRT based on previously published measures. Results The average age at implantation was 66 years with an average follow up of 7.1 years. 30% of patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy. 48% of patients had documented atrial fibrillation at the time of implant. Most patients endorsed NYHA Class II or III heart failure (HF) at the time of implant. Although 88% of patients were on BB therapy and 76% on ACE-I at the time of implant, only 18% and 14% were at target doses of these agents, respectively. A higher proportion of patients with zero target doses achieved were classified as ‘non-responders’. Conclusions As initially highlighted by the IMPROVE HF registry, our data supports that achievement of target dosages of GDMT prior to CRT implantation in clinical practice remains suboptimal. Optimizing GDMT regimen, with a specific focus on achieving target doses when able, needs to be better integrated into HF care prior to CRT implant.
What Matter Matters? Retaining the Critical in New Materialist Literacy Research.

The field of literacy research has seen a recent surge in scholarship focusing on how matter—both human and nonhuman—comes to matter in literacy research and practice. This article explores how new...
Symposium on Teaching of Materials: Aspects of Materials Behavior Significant to Engineers

The importance to engineers of a broad understanding of the mechanical behavior of materials is emphasized with particular regard to its place in engineering education. It is suggested that what is needed by the engineer is to know what significant questions to put to materials specialists. The engineer should be able to interpret the results of mechanical tests, and to relate these to service conditions. A variety of particular problems in the mechanics of materials are discussed briefly, and it is pointed out that although our knowledge is advancing rapidly, most of these questions are only partially resolved. It is suggested that emphasis in teaching be put primarily on the experimental facts, rather than on speculative hypotheses.
Evolution of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and the prion protein gene (PRNP) in mammals

Wildlife managers are concerned with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) as they are currently incurable, always fatal, and have the potential to cross species boundaries. Although a wide range of mammals exhibit TSEs, it is currently unclear whether they are evolutionarily clustered or if TSE+ species are randomly distributed phylogenetically. We tested whether mammalian species with TSEs are phylogenetically underdispersed on a tree derived from 102 PRNP sequences obtained from the Orthologous Mammalian Markers database. We determined that the PRNP tree was topologically congruent with a species tree for these same 102 taxa constructed from 20 aligned gene sequences, excluding the PRNP sequence. Searches in Google Scholar were done to determine whether a species is known to have expressed a TSE. TSEs were present in a variety of orders excluding Chiroptera, Eulipotyphyla, and Lagomorpha and no marine mammals (Artiodactyla) were recorded to have a TSE. We calculated the phylogenetic signal of binary traits (D-Value) to infer if the phylogenetic distribution of TSEs are conserved or dispersed. The occurrence of TSEs in both trees is non-random (Species tree D-value = 0.291; PRNP tree D-value = 0.273), and appears to have arisen independently in the recent history of different mammalian groups. Our findings suggest that the evolution of TSEs develops in groups of species irrespective of PRNP genotype. The evolution of TSEs merits continued exploration at a more in-depth phylogenetic level, as well as the search for genetic combinations that might underlie TSE diseases.
Overcoming the Design Challenge in 3D Biomimetic Hybrid Scaffolds for Bone and Osteochondral Regeneration by Factorial Design

Scaffolds for bone regeneration have been engineered by a plethora of manufacturing technologies and biomaterials. However, the performance of these systems is often limited by lack of robustness in the process design, that hampers their scalability to clinical application. In the present study, Design of Experiment (DoE) was used as statistical tool to design the biofabrication of hybrid hydroxyapatite (HA)/collagen scaffolds for bone regeneration and optimize their integration in a multilayer osteochondral device. The scaffolds were synthesized via a multi-step bioinspired process consisting in HA nano-crystals nucleation on the collagen self-assembling fibers and ribose glycation was used as collagen cross-linking method to modulate the mechanical and physical properties. The process design was performed by selecting hydrogel concentration, HA/collagen ratio and cross-linker content as key variables and the fabrication was carried out basing on a full factorial design. Scaffold performances were tested by evaluating porosity, swelling ratio, degradation rate and mechanical behavior as model output responses while physicochemical properties of the constructs were evaluated by TGA, ICP, FT-IR spectroscopy, and XRD analysis. Physicochemical characterizations confirmed the nucleation of a biomimetic inorganic phase and the interaction of the HA and collagenic components. The DoE model revealed a significant interaction between HA content and collagen cross-linking in determining porosity, swelling and mechanical properties of the scaffolds. The combined effect of hydrogel concentration and mineral phase played a key role on porosity and swelling while degradation resulted to be mainly affected by the HA loading and ribose content. The model was then used to determine the suitable input parameters for the synthesis of multi-layer scaffolds with graded mineralization rate, that can be used to mimic the whole cartilage-bone interface. This work proved that experimental design applied to complex biofabrication processes represents an effective and reliable way to design hybrid constructs with standardized and tunable properties for osteochondral tissue engineering.
Helium diffusion and bubble evolution in tungsten nanotendrils

Abstract We describe molecular dynamics simulations of helium implantation in geometries resembling tungsten nanotendrils observed in helium plasma exposure experiments. Helium atoms self-cluster and nucleate bubbles within the tendrillike geometries. However, helium retention in these geometries is lower than planar surfaces due to higher surface area to volume ratio which allows for continual bubble expansion and non-destructive release of helium atoms from the nanotendril. Limited diffusion of helium atoms deeper into the tendril was observed, and diffusion was enhanced with pre-existing, subsurface helium bubbles. Diffusion coefficients on the order of 10−12–10−11 m 2 s - 1 were calculated. This suggests that while helium diffusion is low, it is still feasible that helium can diffuse to the base of a nanotendril to continue to drive fuzz growth.
The Apolipoprotein E Gene: Chromosomal Localization and Tissue Expression

Apolipoprotein E (apoE)1 is an apoprotein found in chylomicrons, chlyomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins in man and in other mammalian species. The complete amino acid sequence of apoE was reported by Rail et al. (1982). It is a polypeptide of 299 amino acids. There are a series of amphipathic helices (Segrest et al., 1974) in the carboxyl-terminal third of the polypeptide chain that may represent the lipid binding site(s) for apoE (Rail et al., 1982). An important function of apoE appears to be the mediation of cellular uptake of lipoproteins through specific cell-surface receptors. ApoE binds to the low density lipoprotein receptor of various cells and tissues. It also binds to a specific apoE receptor in the liver and mediates the hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants (Mahley & Innerarity, 1983; Hui et al., 1981; Sherill et al., 1980).
Regulating the timing of disclosure: Insights from the acceleration of 10-K filing deadlines

Abstract We study the effects of regulating the timing of disclosure on the quality of accounting information, using a 2003 US regulatory change that accelerates 10-K filing deadlines as a research setting. Employing a difference-in-differences design, we find that the likelihood of issuing financial statements that are later restated increases for firms that are required to file more quickly, relative to firms whose filing practices are not affected by the regulatory change. This effect is particularly pronounced during the audit busy season, when auditors also face significant time pressure. These results are consistent with a tradeoff between how quickly accounting reports are required to be filed and the reliability of the resulting reports.