cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A survey of atomic interactions in 21 proteins

Abstract All of the long-range atomic interactions in 21 representative proteins of known tertiary structure have been categorized by atom types, considering 15 different types of side-chain atoms and four different types of backbone atoms. The observed distribution of atomic interactions is compared to the distribution expected for random interactions in order to detect specific interaction tendencies. Nine types of interactions yield observed values that differ by more than 50% from the expected values. 1. (a) Sulfur atoms are attracted to other sulfur atoms and avoid negatively charged oxygen (O−) atoms. 2. (b) (O−) atoms tend to interact with NH3+, >NH, OH and polar CH2 groups. 3. (c) Carbonyl oxygen atoms frequently associate with neutral and polar CH2 groups. 4. (d) Carbonyl carbon atoms are often found near NH3+ atoms. The various atom types are ranked in terms of a scale of affinities based on the types of atoms most frequently found in their environment.
Isolated traumatic avulsion of the flexor digitorum sublimis: A case report

Like the FDP, the FDS may be avulsed at its insertion. The diagnosis can be made based on a history of resisted extension, palmar pain and tenderness, lack of FDS function, and inability to completely extend the DIP joint secondary to the looping affect of the FDS. In the seven reported cases of FDS rupture no surgical intervention was required. This case represents a case in which surgical intervention was required secondary to an isolated avulsion of the FDS in a football player. Language: en
Introduction to Thematic Minireview Series: Understanding Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Host Interactions at the Biochemical Level *

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose major global public health challenges. An estimated 30 million of the world's population are infected with HIV and there is not yet an effective vaccine. HIV is a member of the lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family of viruses. HIV possesses a dimeric positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of ~9700 nucleotides contained within a ~120 nm diameter enveloped virion (1). Substantial knowledge has been gained over the past three decades about the molecular details of how the HIV virus multiplies, the mode of virus transmission, and the disease known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by HIV infection. Advances in biochemical understanding of HIV led to the combination antiretroviral chemotherapy strategy with drugs that target different steps of the virus multiplication cycle including viral entry, the synthesis and subsequent integration of the DNA provirus, and processing of viral polyprotein precursors.
Some factors that influence the decrement in the response to GABA during its continuous iontophoretic application to hippocampal neurons.

Abstract The response decrement that occurs during continuous iontophoretic application of GABA to hippocampal neurons was characterized by intracellular methods in the rat hippocampal slice. Using several paradigms that compared the responses to GABA with those to poorly transported analogues, we then identified a large component of this decrement that appeared to be independent of GABA uptake and metabolism, and that is probably independent of intracellular chloride accumulation as well. This decrement, which both developed and recovered with half times that average between 3 and 5 s, is too brief to directly account for long-term plasticity of the GABA synapse. However, its time course is appropriate to participation in the development of cellular responses to brief flurries of GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that may occur normally, or that may occur abnormally during a seizure or artificial tetany.
PHENOTYPE STUDY OF APOLIPOPROTEIN E ISOFORMS IN HYPERLIPOPROTEINAEMIC PATIENTS

Abstract It has been suggested that apolipoprotein E (apoE) is inherited at a single genetic locus with three common alleles designated E 2 , E 3 , and E 4 . The products of these three alleles are apoE 2 , apoE 3 , and apoE 4 . The apoE phenotypes of 74 normal subjects and 226 hyperlipoproteinaemic subjects were ascertained by gel isoelectrofocusing. Patients with type I, type IIa, type IIb, and type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia had an apoE phenotypic distribution which was similar to that of normal subjects, with 40·0 to 60·0% being homozygous for E 3 . In contrast, 75% of type III patients had an E 2 phenotype and 25% were E 2/3 heterozygotes. Among type V patients 31·4% had an E 4 phenotype, and 42·9% were E 4 heterozygotes. No type III patient and only 5·7% of type V patients had E 3 phenotype. The results suggest that apoE 2 and apoE 4 are associated with two distinctly different dyslipoproteinaemias and that apoE has at least two different physiological functions.
Plasma Enzymatic Activity After Exercise: Study of Psychiatric Patients and Their Relatives

INCREASED plasma activity of the enzymes creatine kinase (CPK) or aldolase, or both, has been reported to occur in a large percentage of acutely psychotic patients of all diagnostic types. 1-7 The increases in CPK activity are generally five to ten times the upper limits of normal, which, in our laboratory, are 50 international units (IU) per liter for hospitalized patients, 80 IU/ liter for fully active individuals 3,5 ; the in creased aldolase activity is usually two to three times the upper limits of normal. The increases usually occur in the first and second weeks of a psychotic episode, but may occur earlier or later. Details of the correlations of enzyme activity with clinical course have been presented elsewhere. 3-6 CPK and aldolase occur in multiple molecular forms called isoenzymes, which are separable by appropriate physicochemical methods. 8 The type of CPK and aldolase present in
Delivery Cost Approximations for Inventory Routing Problems in a Rolling Horizon Framework

The inventory routing problem considered in this paper is concerned with the repeated distribution of a commodity, such as heating oil, over a long period of time to a large number of customers. The problem involves a central depot as well as various satellite facilities which the drivers can visit during their shift to refill their vehicles. The customers maintain a local inventory of the commodity. Their consumption varies daily and cannot be predicted deterministically. In case of a stockout, a direct delivery is made and a penalty cost is incurred. In this paper, we present incremental cost approximations to be used in a rolling horizon framework for the problem of minimizing the total expected annual delivery costs.
SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND TURNOVER IN A PINE FOREST AFTER SIX YEARS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT

During the first six years of atmospheric CO2 enrichment at the Duke Forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, an additional sink of 52 +_ 16 g C-m-2.yr-1 accumulated in the forest floor (O-horizon) of the elevated CO2 treatment relative to the ambient CO2 control in an aggrading loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forest near Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. The experiment maintained an atmospheric CO, concentration 200 pIL/L above ambient levels in replicated (n = 3) FACE rings throughout the six-year period. This CO2-induced C sink was associated with greater inputs of organic matter in litterfall and fine-root turnover. There was no evidence that microbial decomposition was altered by the elevated CO2 treatment. Consistent with ecosystem recovery following decades of intensive agriculture, the C and N content of the mineral soil increased under both the elevated CO2 treatment and the ambient CO2 control during the six-year period. This increase is attributed to accumulation of plant residues derived from fine roots with relatively high turnover rates rather than accumulation of refractory or physically protected soil organic matter (SOM). The elevated CO2 treatment produced no detectable effect on the C and N content of the bulk mineral soils or of any particulate organic matter size fraction. Because the fumigation gas was strongly depleted in '3C, the incorporation of new C could be traced within the ecosystem. Significant decreases in 683C of soil organic carbon (SOC) under the elevated CO2 treatment were used to estimate the mean residence times of intra-aggregate particulate organic matter and mineral-associated organic matter as well as the annual C inputs required to produce the observed changes in 8'3C. Our results indicate that forest soils such as these will not significantly mitigate anthropogenic C inputs to the atmosphere. The organic matter pools receiving large annual C inputs have short mean residence times, while those with slow turnover rates receive small annual inputs.
Effects of a Rostral Motor Cortex Lesion on Primary Motor Cortex Hand Representation Topography in Primates

Background—Small lesions to rostral versus caudal portions of the hand representation in the primary motor cortex (M1) produce different behavioral deficits. The goal of the present study was to determine if rehabilitative training has similar effects on functional topography of the spared M1 after rostral versus previously reported caudal M1 lesions. Methods—Following a lesion to the rostral M1 hand area, monkeys were trained for 1 h/day for 30 days to retrieve food pellets from small wells using their impaired hand. Electrophysiological maps of the M1 were derived in anesthetized monkeys before infarct and after rehabilitative training using intracortical microstimulation. Results—After a lesion to the rostral M1 and rehabilitative training, the size of the spared hand representation decreased 1.2%. This change is not statistically different from the 9% increase seen after caudal M1 lesion and rehabilitative training (P > 0.2). Conclusion—Postlesion training spares peri-infarct hand area regardless of whether the lesion is in the rostral or caudal M1.
Decrease in ethanol intake in rats following administration of p-chlorophenylalanine

Abstract Rats were offered water and an ethanol solution in a free-choice situation. The concentration of ethanol was increased systematically from 3 to 30% during repeated 10 or 11 day sequences. p -Chlorophenylalanine ( p -CPA), which inhibits the hydroxylation of tryptophan and thereby lowers serotonin levels, was administered to each rat by the intragastric route in a dose of 300 mg/kg on every day of an ethanol preference sequence. The drug was given to animals which selected ethanol because of: (1) an initial predisposition, (2) acclimation to ethanol, or (3) stress produced by electric shock delivered randomly after the rats had been conditioned to avoid it by pressing a lever. During its administration, p -CPA produced a significant reduction in the selection of ethanol in the initially high drinkers and the acclimated group and a further reduction of preference in the sequence after the drug was terminated. In the stressed animals, the drug exerted its main effect in lowering ethanol preference during the period after administration had ceased.
An analysis of IGFBP evolution.

Objectives To perform a synonymous, non-synonymous codon mutational analysis of the IGFBP gene family and identify mechanisms by which the IGFBP subfamilies diverged.
Aluminum chloride formation on Space Shuttle aluminum oxide

Samples of particulates collected from the exhaust of Space Shuttle launches STS-1, -4, -5, -6, and -7 were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry of these samples indicated that the particulates were spherical and predominantly composed of aluminum oxide. The water-soluble weight fraction, pH, acid-soluble weight fraction, and insoluble weight fraction were determined for each sample. Water-soluble weight fractions averaged about 7 percent of the total sample weight, were generally very acidic, and contained significantly elevated concentrations of chloride and aluminum (III) ion. The high concentrations of soluble aluminum (III) and chloride ions observed suggested that aluminum chlorides and/or oxychlorides had formed on the surface of the alumina particulates. More than 72 percent by weight of each sample was insoluble in either water or strong mineral acid, and was identified as alpha-Al2O3. The results from these analyses suggest that the surface of Space Shuttle exhaust alumina particulates will be highly acidic and heavily chlorided, and that a substantial amount of the surface chloride may be chemically associated with aluminum (III) ions rather than just physically adsorbed as HCl.
On the Role of Queue Length Information in Network Control

We study the role played by queue length information in the operation of flow control and server allocation policies. We first consider a simple model of a single server queue with congestion-based flow control. The input rate at any instant is decided by a flow control policy, based on the queue occupancy. We identify a simple “two-threshold” control policy, which achieves the best possible exponential scaling for the queue congestion probability, for any rate of control. We show that when the control channel is reliable, the control rate needed to ensure the optimal decay exponent for the congestion probability can be made arbitrarily small. However, if control channel erasures occur probabilistically, we show the existence of a critical erasure probability threshold beyond which the congestion probability undergoes a drastic increase due to the frequent loss of control packets. We also determine the optimal amount of error protection to apply to the control signals by using a simple bandwidth sharing model. Finally, we show that the queue length based server allocation problem can also be treated using this framework and that the results obtained for the flow control setting can also be applied to the server allocation case.
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Short Pulse Propagation in Model Systems

In this paper experimental and numerical studies of the propagation of short-pulsed lasers through scattering and absorbing media are presented. Experimental results of a 60 ps pulse laser transmission in tissue phantoms are obtained and compared with Monte Carlo simulations. Good agreement between the Monte Carlo simulation and experimental measurement is found. Three models are developed for the simulation of short pulse transport. Benchmark comparisons among the Monte Carlo (MC), transient discrete ordinates method (TDOM) and transient radiation element method (TREM) are conducted.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Lawn People: How Grasses, Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are

One criterion for a compelling book or research proposal is a good hook. Paul Robbins's Lawn People comes through brilliantly on that score, beginning with an intriguing anomaly: People who use law...
Discovery of the Porosome: revealing the molecular mechanism of secretion and membrane fusion in cells

Secretion and membrane fusion are fundamental cellular processes involved in the physiology of health and disease. Studies within the past decade reveal the molecular mechanism of secretion and membrane fusion in cells. Studies reveal that membrane-bound secretory vesicles dock and fuse at porosomes, which are specialized plasma membrane structures. Swelling of secretory vesicles result in a build-up of intravesicular pressure, which allows expulsion of vesicular contents. The discovery of the porosome, its isolation, its structure and dynamics at nm resolution and in real time, its biochemical composition and functional reconstitution, are discussed. The molecular mechanism of secretory vesicle fusion at the base of porosomes, and vesicle swelling, have been resolved. With these findings a new understanding of cell secretion has emerged and confirmed by a number of laboratories.
On the Cahn-Hilliard equation

where y, Yl and )'2 are constants with y > 0, arises in the study of phase separation in cooling binary solutions such as alloys, glasses and polymer mixtures; see CAHN & HILLIARD [1958], NOVICK-COHEN & SEGEL [1984], NOVICK-COHEN [1985] and the references cited therein. Here u(x, t) is a perturbation of the concentration of one of the phases and (1-1 a) is the equation of conservation of mass with the mass flux J being 0 [ 02U] or-Ox 9(u) -y~--~x2j. (1-2)
Energy Intake and Meal Portions: Associations with BMI Percentile in U.S. Children

11 years and in children 12 to 19 years. No relationships were found in children 3 to 5 years and girls 6 to 11 years. Relationships were more consistent and stronger in the plausible compared with the total sample. Discussion: Excluding implausible dietary reports may be necessary for discerning dietary associations with BMI percentile. EI and meal, but not snack, patterns may play a quantitatively greater role in weight regulation as children age.
Immune responses to influenza immunization in children receiving maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Purpose To compare the immune responses to influenza vaccine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving maintenance chemotherapy with those in healthy children. Methods Hemagglutinin-inhibition (HAI) antibody titers were determined before and after influenza vaccination in children with ALL and healthy controls. Immune responses were measured as geometric mean titers (GMT) and 4-fold rises in HAI titers. Results Although post-immunization GMT were lower in children with ALL compared to healthy children for the H1N1 antigen (P < 0.001), the H3N2 antigen (P = 0.03), and for the influenza B antigen (P = 0.003), at least 60% of children with ALL had at least a 4-fold rise in HAI titers to each of the influenza antigens. Conclusions While the GMT after trivalent influenza immunization in children with ALL were significantly lower than those seen in healthy children, the majority of children with ALL had 4-fold rises in HAI titers. Children receiving maintenance chemotherapy for ALL should receive yearly influenza vaccine. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrating Science and Mathematics: Number of Vents and Rate of Flow

This article describes a classroom activity and experiment that can be used to integrate science and mathematics topics. Students work in groups to predict and then measure the time needed for water to drain from a vented container. Time is measured and graphed as a function of the number of open vents in the container. The graph is then used to predict the drainage time for other non-measured values of the number of open vents. Students are then asked to make generalizations and to explain various physical phenomena related to the experiment.
Clutter Map CFAR Analysis

An analysis of the probability of target detection for a clutter map CFAR using digital exponential filtering has been performed. General performance equations are derived. The probability of detection versus signal-to-noise ratio is plotted for a false alarm probability of 1.E-06 for several weight values. The CFAR loss is plotted for a detection probability of 0.9 and false alarm probabilities of 1.E-06 and 1.E-08.
COMPARING THREE MODES OF INSTRUCTION IN A GRADUATE SOCIAL WORK PROGRAM

Educational outcomes are compared for students taking a social work administration course in 3 formats: traditional, Internet, and hybrid. The traditional group had face-to-face instruction, whereas the Internet students received all instruction through the Internet. The hybrid students had a balance between the 2. Course readings and assignments were the same for each group. The results indicated no difference among these 3 groups in knowledge gain, course content self-efficacy gain, or student satisfaction. These data add to the growing body of research suggesting that online instruction achieves outcomes comparable with the traditional format.
Postnatal development of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata of rat

Abstract Beta-endorphin (B-END) like immunoreactivity (i.r.) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in the medulla oblongata of developing rats on postnatal ages P1–P42 at 7 day intervals, and in adult rats. From P1 to P42, B-END i.r. increased from 77.0 ± 1.3 fm to 900.0 ± 21.6 fm per medulla region (Mean ± S.E.M.). Adult levels of B-END i.r. were 852.0 ± 17.0 fm per medulla region. When B-END i.r. was determined per unit protein during this developmental period, a statistically significant change in levels was noted. B-END i.r. dropped from P1 to P7, and then increased from P7 to P14 (P
More About "Young Entrants to College: How Did They Fare?":

This study reports on a group of 25 educationally accelerated entrants to Johns Hopkins University. It supports the ability of students who enter a highly selective college two to five years early ...
On recognizing proportionality: Does the ability to solve missing value proportional problems presuppose the conception of proportional reasoning?

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between the ability of middle school students to solve missing value proportional problems and their facility in differentiating proportional relationships from non-proportional relationships. Students in low- and high-proficiency groups in mathematics took a ratio-and-proportion test involving two typical missing value proportional (MVP) and two recognizing proportionality (RP) problems. The findings revealed that while the students generally performed better on MVP problems than on RP problems, the two groups differed in their performance on MVP problems, but not on RP problems. Moreover, of those students from both the groups who successfully solved the two MVP problems, a significantly greater proportion of students in the high-proficiency group were unsuccessful in solving either of the two RP problems than those in the low-proficiency group. An analysis of performance differences between items within the same student group showed that the effect of differences in the structural components of RP problems to some extent contradicted the previous findings on the effect of differences in the structural components of MVP problems. It is hoped that these findings can shed light on what might be missing in the teaching and learning of proportional reasoning.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of culture collection strains of Candida species

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles, obtained when screening culture collection strains of Candida spp., showed several species to be highly heterogeneous. The RAPD-defined groups were as follows: C. catenulata, two groups among five strains; Debaryomyces hansenii (anamorph C. famata), three groups among five strains; C. sake, three groups among three strains; C. intermedia, two groups among two strains; C. rugosa, two groups among three strains and C. parapsilosis, three groups among four strains. The five strains of Issatchenkia orientalis (anamorph C. krusei) belonged to a single RAPD-defined group. The two strains of the teleomorphic yeast Arxiozyma telluris had distinct RAPD profiles but neither resembled profiles of its anamorph, C. pintolopesii. The two varieties of C. pintolopesii had different RAPD profiles. Researchers are cautioned that organisms with the same name may not be closely related.
Longitudinal assessment of methylphenidate effects on oral word production and symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia at acute and stabilized phases.

Abstract Background: Some studies have reported psychotic symptom exacerbation during “pharmacologic challenge” paradigms using dopamine agonists. Few studies, however, have examined the effects of these agonists on neurocognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. This study assessed the effects of methylphenidate infusion on an oral word production test with demonstrated sensitivity to frontal lobe lesions, and on clinical state. Methods: Patients were tested at two different phases; at the onset of their first-episode of schizophrenia (acute phase), and then again after they had responded to treatment and were clinically stable (stabilization phase). During each phase, patients were tested prior to and following methylphenidate infusion. Symptom clusters (i.e., positive, negative, and disorganization) were formed from SANS and SADS-C (+PD) ratings at each of these four timepoints. Results: Patients produced significantly more words at preinfusion and while stabilized, suggesting that overall, decreased dopamine activity was associated with better word production. Redundant errors (i.e., perseverations of previously mentioned words and production of multiple words with the same roots) increased significantly following infusion in the stabilized phase. Disorganization symptoms increased significantly following infusion, regardless of study phase. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous theoretical and empirical findings relating dopamine activity to verbal output, a “redundancy bias” in cognitive control, and exacerbation of disorganization symptoms.
Influence of temperature on impact fracture behavior of an alloy steel

Abstract In this paper, the influence of temperature on impact toughness and fracture behavior of alloy steel (AISI Classification 8320) is presented and discussed. Impact toughness decreased with a decrease in test temperature. The extrinsic influence of temperature on impact toughness–fracture resistance relationships is rationalized in light of the conjoint and mutually interactive influences of intrinsic microstructural features, local stress states and macroscopic fracture behavior.
Exchange rate expectation formation process: a consistency test

This paper investigates the consistency property of exchange rate expectations formation process using cointegration techniques. The consistency property is a precursor to testing the rationality of the expectation formation process though it is weaker than rationality. The results support cointegratability between the spot and the expectation exchange rate series, thus upholding the consistency hypothesis.
An Overview of Vibroacoustic Stimulation

Vibroacoustic stimulation of the fetus as a test of fetal well-being has become fairly common despite limited research on this tool. A review of the literature reveals that fetal accelerations in response to this stimulus are indicative of fetal health. Vibroacoustic stimulation correlates well with other methods of fetal assessment and is effective in converting nonreactive tracings to reactive tracings in healthy fetuses, saving patients time and expense.
Atmospheric chemistry: Burning domestic issues.

In the developing world much of the energy for heating, lighting and cooking comes from burning 'biomass', mainly wood. A first attempt has been made to quantify the resulting emissions to the atmosphere.
Factors That Influence the Willingness of Private Primary Care Pediatricians to Accept More Medicaid Patients

Objective. State Medicaid programs are obligated by federal law to ensure that enrolled children have access to care and services to the same extent as other children in the same geographic area. Because most children in the United States receive health care from private primary care physicians, participation by private, office-based primary care pediatricians is critical to meeting this equal access obligation. The objective of this study was to document variations in Medicaid participation of private office-based primary care pediatricians across states and to examine the effects of payment levels, prevalence of capitated Medicaid payment, and paperwork concerns on participation. Methods. Survey data collected from 3773 primary care pediatricians who practice in private office-based settings were analyzed with Medicaid physician payment data from other sources. Univariate analyses and a multiple regression were used to examine the effects of payment level, prevalence of capitated Medicaid payment, and paperwork concerns on private primary care pediatricians’ participation in state Medicaid programs. Results. Results revealed substantial state-to-state variation in respondents’ participation in Medicaid. Univariate analyses found that participation increased with state Medicaid payment levels but decreased as the proportion of Medicaid enrollees with primary care capitated payments rose and as paperwork concerns increased. With physician workforce held constant, a regression analysis showed that pediatrician participation in Medicaid increased significantly with Medicaid payment but decreased as the proportion of capitated Medicaid patients increased and as paperwork concerns rose. Conclusions. This study found that low payment, capitation, and paperwork concerns all relate to low Medicaid participation by primary care office-based pediatricians. It behooves state policy makers to address these 3 factors to ensure sufficient primary care physician capacity to serve appropriately children who are enrolled in state Medicaid programs.
THE FAUST CHALLENGE: SCIENCE AS DIABOLIC OR DIVINE

Abstract. The Faust motif provides an opportunity to explore the spectrum of attitudes among Christians toward science and technology by placing them into a historic context. Depending on one's understanding of the relationship of God and the world, the accomplishments of a Leonardo, a Paracelsus, a Faust, an Oppenheimer, or some future scientist credited with the “production” of the first successfully cloned human being can be interpreted as divine or diabolic in origin. I use the example of Faust to demonstrate that the Christian assessment of the scientific enterprise is closely correlated to the level of doctrinaire dualism informing the particular version of Christianity that inspires the assessment. I show that, contrary to what seems obvious, Faust's damnation originated not in medieval times but in early modern northern Europe, reflecting a dualistic obsession with human sinfulness more characteristic of Reformation Germany than of Renaissance Italy. Encouraged by hellfire-and-brimstone preachers, the common folk saw demons, devils, and witches in every dark corner, while humanist scholars sought to recapture the brilliant past of the Greeks and the Romans. Goethe's interpretation represents a return to earlier versions of the story, while some continue to accuse contemporary Faustians of Satanic connections for seeking forbidden knowledge and daring to play God by manipulating the stuff of life.
Free Oscillations of the Sun and Their Possible Stimulation by Solar Flares

The main characteristics of free oscillations of the sun are described, and the sources and sinks of energy are estimated. Adiabatic oscillations and damping are considered. It is shown how a large solar flare can exert a significant mechanical impulse on the sun by causing a wave of compression to move subsonically into the interior. The solar interior does not easily dissipate low-amplitude acoustical energy, and therefore a relatively large fraction of the energy should remain available to go into the normal modes. An estimate is made of how this energy might be distributed among the more interesting modes.
Biochemical and structural characterization of the trans-enoyl-CoA reductase from Treponema denticola.

The production of fatty acids is an important cellular pathway for both cellular function and the development of engineered pathways for the synthesis of advanced biofuels. Despite the conserved re...
Gonorrhea detection in posthysterectomy patients

A retrospective study of women examined at the Venereal Disease Clinic after hysterectomy was made to determine which culture site was most likely to show anogenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection when the cervix was absent. Seventeen of 104 such patients were culture positive for N gonorrhoeae. Rates of positivity for our culture sites were as follows: urethral, 17/17 (100%); vaginal, 7/17 (41%); and rectal, 2/17 (12%).
Passive and active bistatic target and background studies at 95 GHz

Recently, the Naval Research Laboratory conducted 95 GHz passive and active measurements of a variety of targets on land and water backgrounds. The 95 GHz receiver system used stepped vertical raster scans to acquire images at both vertical and horizontal polarizations in passive mode, and at VV (vertical transmit/vertical receive), VH, HV, and HH polarizations in the active bistatic mode. Since the system operated in either passive or bistatic modes, the vertical and horizontal passive images are time-coincident, and with a single polarization source, the VV and VH bistatic images are time-coincident, as are the HV and HH images. Thus, comparisons among the various type of millimeter wave data are obtained by revisiting a given scene, and comparing areas within an image. The targets used were trihedral corner reflectors ranging in size from 20 to 60 cm, metal spheres, flat plates and sheets of microwave absorber. With 0.5 meter resolution at a range of 100 meters, and a 0.25 degree kelvin noise temperature for 0.1 seconds averaging, the system imaged these small targets floating on the water, and viewed scenes behind tree foliage. Initial analysis of the data using one-dimensional Fourier theory has enhanced the detection of the small targets. Further, additional spatial information obtained using polarization contrasts suggests the presence of sub-resolution elements within the images that may be enhanced using beam-shaping techniques.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Kinetic Model of Condensation in a Free Argon Expanding Jet

The direct-simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method has recently been developed to simulate homogeneous condensation in a free-expansion rocket plume. However, cluster‐monomer and cluster‐cluster collision models as well as the determination of cluster size were simplified in the previous work, and the effect on the accuracy of the numerical simulation results was not quantified. In this work, the molecular-dynamics (MD) method is used to simulate collision and sticking probabilities for argon clusters and the results are compared with the hard-sphere model. These improved models are then integrated into a DSMC code to predict the Rayleigh scattering intensity in a free-expanding argon condensation plume, and numerical results are compared with experimental data along the plume centerline. Nomenclature A = constant B = constant b = impact parameter c =v elocity d = diameter E = evaporation rate or energy I = intensity i = number of atoms J = nucleation rate K = intensity constant k B = Boltzmann’s constant L = specific latent heat M = cluster mass m = molecular mass N = number density nc = number of simulated nuclei particles ps = saturation pressure q = sticking coefficient R = ideal gas constant r = distance or radius T = temperature V = interaction potential or specific volume α = species polarizability � t = time step � V = cell volume � = potential constant λ0 =w avelength ρ = density σ = surface tension or potential constant Subscripts
Equivalence of central place and economic base theories of urban growth

Abstract Economic base theory is discredited as a theory of urban growth; central place theory, although receiving some criticism, continues to enjoy some acclaim. In this paper I show that these two theories are equivalent so that previous criticisms of base theory also apply to central place theory. None-theless, the market expansion in both theories can lead to productivity increases because “the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market.”
Fifty Shades of Erotic Stimulus

The black and white television spot is sleekly produced, with just enough hint of kink to keep things interesting yet still remain suitable for a mainstream viewing audience. A pair of stainless st...
A review of the biology and toxicologic implications of the induction of lysosomal lamellar bodies by drugs

Over 30 drugs of differing pharmacologic action are capable of inducing lamellar bodies of lysosomal origin in cells of animals and humans. The structures develop because of a drug-induced impairment in lysosomal phospholipid catabolism. Toxicity frequently accompanies the induction of these bodies. However, little information exists as to whether their development or presence is causally linked to the cellular or tissue dysfunction. This review examines the biological aspects of the induction of lysosomal lamellar bodies by drugs and considers the toxicologic implications of their presence in cells.
Is academic radiology still attractive

In many medical specialties today, the prospect of joining the ranks of academia is losing its appeal. Because the continuing shortage of radiologists is resulting in intense recruitment by private practice groups, academic radiology may be affected more than other medical specialties. The lack of attractiveness of academic radiology to young trainees making career decisions has many causes. The following are mentioned most often: 1. Relatively low salaries, particularly in view of the indebtedness incurred while going through college and medical school, and particularly when compared with the starting salaries available in private practice. 2. Long periods between promotions, resulting in anxiety and slow progress in increasing income. 3. The competitive, dog-eat-dog atmosphere. 4. The Damoclean sword of “publish or perish.” 5. The frequent need to relocate in order to advance one’s career. 6. The necessity of performing huge loads of clinical work in order for your department to survive fiscally, at the expense of promised research time. The clinical workload may be so heavy that there may be little difference between an academic job and one in private practice except for the disparity in income. 7. The hierarchic arrangement of most departments, in which pleasing the chair and the section chief is very important. 8. The need to be politically correct. These arguments are generally valid, yet the attractions of academia are also indisputable. Private practice and academic radiology cannot really be compared if one has a passion to be on the cutting edge and contribute to advances in radiology.
The “New Normal”? Reflections on the Shifting Politics of the Immigration Debate

The intensity of the recent debate over the presence of an estimated eleven to twelve million unauthorized persons in the United States often creates the impression that the current situation somehow represents a historical anomaly in the long-running debate over US immigration policy and citizenship law. This brief commentary contests that view, suggesting instead that the mass circulation and permanent presence of unauthorized persons has been a normative feature of US economic activity for more than a century and that the exigencies of global economic competition make it likely that this state of affairs will persist into the foreseeable future.
RR interval time series modeling: the PhysioNet/Computers in Cardiology Challenge 2002

Cardiac inter-beat (RR) interval time series contain fluctuations at time scales ranging from a few seconds to many hours. Realistic models of these series are potentially useful to researchers, not only as sources of surrogate data with known properties for evaluating novel analytic methods, but also as sources of insight into the diverse mechanisms underlying heart rate variability. PhysioNet and Computers in Cardiology have sponsored an open on-line competition aimed at stimulating the creation and exchange of high-quality models of RR interval variability, the third in an annual series of challenges for the research community. Participants first created software that was used to generate 24-hour synthetic time series, then attempted to identify the synthetic series within an unlabeled data set that included roughly equal amounts of real and synthetic data. All of the software models and the data used in the challenge are available at http://www.physionet.org/challenge/2002/.
pH-dependent Interactions of the Carboxyl-terminal Helix of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein with Synthetic Membranes

Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein facilitates import of cholesterol into adrenal and gonadal mitochondria where cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone, initiating steroidogenesis. StAR acts exclusively on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) by unknown mechanisms. To identify StAR domains involved in membrane association, we reacted N-62 StAR with small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) composed of lipids resembling the OMM. Solvent-exposed domains were digested with trypsin, Asp-N, or pepsin at different pH levels, and StAR peptides protected from proteolysis were identified by mass spectrometry. At pH 4 SUVs completely protected residues 259–282; at pH 6.5 this region was partially digested into 254–272, 254–273, and 254–274. Computer-graphic modeling of N-62 StAR indicated these peptides correspond to the C-terminal α4 helix and that residues Leu275, Thr263, and Arg272 in α4 form stabilizing interactions with Gln128, Asp150, and Asp106 in adjacent loops. CD spectroscopy of a 37-mer model of α4 (residues 247–287) indicated a random coil in aqueous buffer, but in 40% methanol the peptide was α-helical and achieved maximal α-helicity at pH 5.0 in the presence of SUVs. Reacting the 37-mer with diethyl pyrocarbamate incorporated into SUVs increased the number of modified residues. Thus the C-terminal α4 helix is critically involved in the membrane association of StAR with OMM lipids. The membrane association and the α-helical structure of the C terminus in the presence of OMM lipids are also pH-dependent. These results further support StAR undergoing a pH-dependent change in its conformation when interacting with the acidic phospholipid head groups of a membrane.
Evolution of Stress During Interfacial Reactions Between Ni Thin Films and (001) Si Substrates

Evolution of stress during interfacial reactions between thin films of nickel and (001) silicon substrates has been determined at temperatures ranging from 250 to 325° C by a levered optical beam reflection technique. This technique allows accurate and in situ measurement of composite specimen curvature, thereby providing a continuous measure of stress during ongoing interfacial reactions. In addition, microstructure and phase morphology associated with these reactions have been determined by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Initially, Ni2Si forms and grows at the original Ni/Si interface, accompanied by an increasing net compressive stress in the composite film. Subsequently, NiSi forms and grows at the Ni2Si/Si interface, accompanied by an increasing net tensile stress in the composite film. The initial compressive stress is attributed to localized formation and growth of Ni2Si into the adjacent silicon substrate, whereas the subsequent tensile stress is attributed to formation and growth of NiSi into the adjacent Ni2Si layer. Time required to effect transition from compressive to tensile stress decreases and magnitude of both stresses decreases with increasing temperature, due to thermally activated reaction processes.
Real-time polychromatic parametric processing

The recent demonstrations of parametric wavelength multicasting and polychromatic sampling have opened new possibilities of real-time processing of ultrafast signals. We present the latest results of processing 320 Gb/s providing access to “all-the-data-all-the-time”.
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a sheared flow actuated by a magnetic field

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability can lead to plasma transport across a magnetic field; one example is the solar wind transport across the earth's magnetopause in the magnetotail. In an experiment done at the Nevada Terawatt Facility, we observed the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a laser produced plasma that interacted with an external magnetic field. This instability is evidenced by the presence of evenly spaced vortices on the plasma-field boundary. Due to the interaction with the external magnetic field, a velocity gradient perpendicular to the plasma velocity forms at this boundary. The presence of vortices in a region of sheared flow is characteristic of the development of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The observed structure and its growth rate indicate that large ion Larmor radius effects contribute to its formation. Discussions of the mechanism producing the sheared flow and the resulting instability will be presented.
Conductivity Maximum in Sodium Aluminoborate Glass

By taking advantage of an exceptionally wide range of glass formation made possible by adding Al2O3 to the Na2O-B2O3 binary system, the presence of a maximum in specific conductivity, not predicted by weak-electrolyte models, was demonstrated at –55% Na2O. The decoupling of conducting modes from viscous modes in the supercooled liquid, assessed at Tg, reaches a maximum at 45% Na2)O. A second regime of increasing conductivity at >60% Na2O seems to be associated with incipient compound crystallization.
NASA Science Serving Society: Improving Capabilities for Fire Characterization to Effect Reduction in Disaster Losses

In 2007, the United States experienced one of the most severe fire seasons on record with 110,237 fires (wildfires, prescribed, and management fires) burning 12,899,948 acres of land [1]. The suppression and damage costs of those fires exceeded one-billion dollars (US). Fires have wide ranging implications for ecological composition, climatic impacts, soil stability, economic and personal loss. U.S. wildfire management agencies are tasked with coordinating and fighting these conflagrations from the ground and air, at great risk to those crews and personnel on the front lines. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service (USFS) have teamed to explore innovative capabilities for observations of fire events, with the goal to improve the temporal resolution and information content of remotely sensed information to effect a more rapid disaster decision process. New technologies, derived from NASA science capabilities, have been developed, demonstrated and are currently being implemented in the national fire management system. In 2007, the partnership demonstrated new airborne thermal and multispectral sensor systems, innovative Unmanned Airborne Vehicle (UAV) platform operations, and a real-time decision support system and integrated data elements to facilitate a rapid fire collaborative decision environment to be used by national managers, Incident Command Centers, and field personnel. These capabilities were demonstrated during the western US fire season in summer 2007, and further integrated into the wildfire management structure during the devastating southern California firestorms of late October, 2007. This paper details the wildfire multi-agency (NASA, USDA-FS, and NIFC) partnership, technology development, demonstration, real-life application, and capabilities infusion plan that occurred in 2007 during major wildfire events in the US. The capabilities for delivering real-time disaster- related information, and sharing such, unencumbered, among a distributed community, will and can have a significant impact in reducing the severity of both natural and man-made disasters, thereby reducing the potential for loss of ecosystems, resources, property, life and reducing management and suppression costs.
Carbon Monoxide Protects against Liver Failure through Nitric Oxide–induced Heme Oxygenase 1

Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) each have mechanistically unique roles in various inflammatory disorders. Although it is known that CO can induce production of NO and that NO can induce expression of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), there is no information whether the protective effect of CO ever requires NO production or whether either gas must induce expression of HO-1 to exert its functional effects. Using in vitro and in vivo models of tumor necrosis factor α–induced hepatocyte cell death in mice, we find that activation of nuclear factor κB and increased expression of inducible NO are required for the protective effects of CO, whereas the protective effects of NO require up-regulation of HO-1 expression. When protection from cell death is initiated by CO, NO production and HO-1 activity are each required for the protective effect showing for the first time an essential synergy between these two molecules in tandem providing potent cytoprotection.