cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Forestry on the Gulf South

The southern forests were slow in attracting the attention of commercial lumbermen. Not until the great white pine forests of the Lake States neared exhaustion did the industry turn to the yellow pine stands of the South. The forests of the midSouth states were merely the western reaches of the great pine forest that stretched westward from the Carolinas. It blanketed most of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas, and extended into east Texas and even into southeastern Oklahoma. To the early observer it was most impressive, and one pioneer forester described its western limits in almost poetic terms:
Initial validation of personal self-advocacy measures for individuals with acquired brain injury.

Purpose/objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of 2 novel measures assessing personal advocacy, self-efficacy and personal advocacy activities in individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI). Design This was an instrument development study using (a) expert panel review with a content validity index, (b) consumer survey, and (c) Rasch analysis. Participants were adults (N = 162) with ABI recruited through a community survey. Main outcome measure Participants completed the Self-Advocacy Scale (SAS) and the Personal Advocacy Activity Scale (PAAS). Results Using Rasch analysis to inform instrument development, after modification on the basis of item response theory analysis, the SAS, a measure of advocacy self-efficacy, was found to be unidimensional with an eigenvalue of 1.6, exhibited monotonicity, and had an item reliability of 0.97. Similarly, the PAAS, a measure of advocacy activity, was found to exhibit monotonicity, is unidimensional (eigenvalue of 1.7) and had an item reliability of 0.97. Both measures demonstrated concurrent validity, because they were significantly correlated with other established measures of related constructs and with each other. A separation reliability of 0.97 (real not model) for both the SAS and PAAS suggests that items will likely hold their relative positions in a similar sample. Conclusions This study supported the PAAS and the SAS as reliable and valid measures of personal advocacy activity and associated self-efficacy in individuals post-ABI. (PsycINFO Database Record
Cohomology and Support Varieties for Lie Superalgebras

Unlike Lie algebras, the finite dimensional complex representations of a simple Lie superalgebra are usually not semisimple. As a consequence, despite over thirty years of study, these remain mysterious objects. In this paper we introduce a new tool: the notion of cohomological support varieties for the finite dimensional supermodules for a classical Lie superalgebra g = g 0 ⊕ g 1 which are completely reducible over g 0 . They allow us to provide a new, functorial description of the previously combinatorial notions of defect and atypicality. We also introduce the detecting subalgebra of g. Its role is analogous to the defect subgroup in the theory of finite groups in positive characteristic. Using invariant theory we prove that there are close connections between the cohomology and support varieties of g and the detecting subalgebra.
Teaching Innovations in Marketing: A Brand-Based Student-Led Inquiry of Marketing Concepts and Practices

This teaching innovation is a brand-based student-led inquiry of marketing concepts and practices for an introductory marketing course. During the first week of class, teams of students (or individual students) each select a brand of interest to research and analyze throughout the course. The objective is for students to understand the practical application of the marketing concepts and practices presented in textbook readings and instructor-led teaching for the selected brand. This teaching innovation makes the material more relevant and interesting, and exposes students to the practical application of marketing on the basis of the various brands selected by the students.
Effect of mixing and sampling method on pelleted feed nutrient analysis and diet formulation validation

Abstract Samples of pelleted feed may be taken during manufacturing and analyzed for nutrient content in order to estimate if nutrients are in accordance with diet formulation. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of mix time, sample location, sample number, and sample blending technique on analyzed nutrients. Ingredients were mixed in a single screw vertical mixer for 30 s or 10 minutes. Samples were taken post extrusion from the pellet die as hot pellets or post cooling and conveyance as finished feed. Two or 10 samples were collected at equally spaced time intervals and pooled. Subsamples were obtained by blending pooled samples by hand or using a sample splitting device. Proximate and supplemental amino acid analysis was determined on each blended subsample and standardized for moisture content. Crude fat and free supplemental DL-methionine were affected by mix time (P
Constructal Flow Geometry Optimization

In the field of heat transfer, the method of thermodynamic optimization or entropy generation minimization (EGM) brings out the inherent competition between heat-transfer and fluid-flow irreversibilities in the optimization of devices subjected to overall constraints. Consider the most elementary heat exchanger passage [1] which is represented by a duct of arbitrary cross-section (A) and arbitrary wetted perimeter (p). The engineering function of the passage is specified in terms of the heat transfer rate per unit length (q’) that is to be transmitted to the stream (m-); that is, both q’ and m are fixed. In the steady state, the heat transfer q’ crosses the temperature gap ▵T formed between the wall temperature (T + ▵T) and the bulk temperature of the stream (T). The stream flows with friction in the x direction; hence, the pressure gradient (-dP/dx) < 0
A review of laser and light therapy in melasma

Melasma is a dysregulation of the homeostatic mechanisms that control skin pigmentation and excess pigment is produced. Traditional treatment approaches with topical medications and chemical peels are commonly used but due to the refractory and recurrent nature of melasma, patients often seek alternative treatment strategies such as laser and light therapy. Several types of laser and light therapy have been studied in the treatment of melasma. Intense pulsed light, low fluence Q-switched lasers, and non-ablative fractionated lasers are the most common lasers and light treatments that are currently performed. They all appear effective but there is a high level of recurrence with time and some techniques are associated with an increased risk for postinflammatory hyper- or hypopigmentation. The number and frequency of treatments varies by device type but overall, Q-switched lasers require the greatest number of treatment applications to see a benefit. Vascular-specific lasers do not appear to be effective for the treatment of melasma. Ablative fractionated lasers should be used with caution because they have a very high risk for postinflammatory hypo- and hyperpigmentation. The use of nonablative fractionated laser treatments compared with other laser and light options may result in slightly longer remission intervals. Picosecond lasers, fractional radiofrequency, and laser-assisted drug delivery are promising future approaches to treat melasma. The goal of this review is to summarize the efficacy and safety of the most commonly used laser and light therapies to treat melasma, briefly present future laser-based treatment options for patients with melasma, and provide recommendations for treatment on the basis of the reviewed information.
Immunomodulation Is the Key to Cardiac Repair.

Because the fundamental defect in both acute myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic cardiomyopathy is myocyte loss, stem cell therapy to regenerate lost myocardium is conceptually appealing. Multiple clinical trials have been performed in patients with acute MI and chronic ischemic heart failure using a variety of cell types, including bone marrow stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and cardiac resident stem cells.1 However, the results from clinical and preclinical studies have been variable, with generally modest benefits in human trials, and disappointingly low levels of cell persistence, engraftment, and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Emerging evidence suggests that rather than the generation of new cardiac tissue, the cardioprotective effects observed with cell therapy may be in large part secondary to secreted paracrine factors that enhance endogenous reparative pathways.1 These factors may include proteins, RNA, bioactive lipids, and metabolites, and the clustering of these factors into exosomes may facilitate their delivery. Article, see p 1598 The low levels of stem cell engraftment observed in these studies suggest that a harsh cardiac microenvironment may compromise cell survival and reparative potential. Importantly, both acute MI and chronic heart failure are characterized by heightened inflammation. Acute MI induces abrupt and massive cardiomyocyte death that triggers intense sterile inflammation to clear necrotic cells, followed by a reparative phase of inflammation resolution, neovascularization, and scar formation.2 Ischemic cardiomyopathy is accompanied by inappropriately sustained chronic inflammation, with expansion of innate3,4 and adaptive5 immune cells and the elaboration of proinflammatory cytokines that promote adverse left ventricular remodeling. Attenuation of the cardiac inflammatory response may, therefore, represent a fruitful approach to enhance the efficacy of cell therapy in these diseases. In this context, MSCs are particularly attractive as a therapeutic. In addition to being multipotent cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types, …
Perfectionism and work-family conflict: Self-esteem and self-efficacy as mediator

Abstract Self-esteem and domain-specific self-efficacy are considered as mediators of perfectionism clusters and work-family conflict. Working adults with family obligations (N = 379) participated in the online study. Using cluster analysis and multicategorical multiple mediation analysis, perfectionism was found to be related to low work-family conflict. Specifically, adaptive perfectionism at work and home was related to lower work-family conflict relative to maladaptive perfectionism as mediated by both self-esteem and work-family conflict self-efficacy. Implications of bolstering self-esteem and work-family conflict self-efficacy are discussed.
Biology of T Helper Cells and Their Role in Neonatal Infection

T lymphocytes play a central role in the adaptive immune system of the body to provide protection and surveillance against infections. Precursors of T cells begin their journey in the bone marrow and reach the thymus where they mature into naive T cells through a series of transitionary stages and interaction with thymic epithelial cells in various regions of the thymus to emerge as single-positive CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. The CD4+ naive T cells leave thymus and migrate to the peripheral lymphatic tissue for further differentiation into various subsets as a consequence of interaction with cytokines and altered gene regulation by specific transcription factors. This review summarized the intrathymic T-cell biology and various subsets of T cells, their characteristic cytokine production, and their role in neonatal infections.
Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injection with Post-injection Audible Doppler Assessment of Gastric Varices: A Single-Institution Experience

Gastric varices (GV) have higher rates of morbidity and mortality from hemorrhage than esophageal varices. Several studies have shown the safety and efficacy of cyanoacrylate (CA) injection for acute gastric variceal hemorrhage. We report data from our experience with CA injection for GV before and after routine use of post-injection audible Doppler assessment (ADA) for GV obturation and describe long-term outcomes after this therapy. We retrospectively identified patients who had documented GV, underwent CA injection, and had at least 2 weeks of follow-up. We recorded and analyzed the survival and rebleeding rates with patient demographics, clinical data, and endoscopy findings between two groups of patients who were categorized by CA injection prior to and after inception of the ADA technique. Seventy-one patients were identified with 16 patients analyzed in a group where ADA was not used (Pre-ADA) and 55 analyzed where ADA was used (Post-ADA). No rebleeding events were observed within 1 week of initial CA injection. No embolic events were reported after any initial CA injection within 4 weeks. The rate of bleed-free survival at 1 year was 69.6% in the Pre-ADA group and 85.8% in the Post-ADA without statistical significance. The all-cause 1-year mortality was 13.8% in the Pre-ADA group and 10.7% in the Post-ADA group without statistical significance. ADA of CA-injected GV does not appear to significantly affect adverse events or clinical outcomes; however, our findings are limited by small sample size and cohort proportions allowing for significant type II statistical error. Further prospective investigation is required to determine the impact of ADA on clinical outcomes after GV obturation.
Reductive Etherification via Anion-Binding Catalysis

Reductive condensations of alcohols with aldehydes/ketones to generate ethers are catalyzed by a readily accessible thiourea organocatalyst that operates in combination with HCl. 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane serves as a convenient reducing reagent. This strategy is applicable to challenging substrate combinations and exhibits functional group tolerance. Competing reductive homocoupling of the carbonyl component is suppressed.
Localizing Play-Based Pedagogy: Nigerian Educators' Appropriation of Sesame Classroom Materials

This article examines how international organizations promote play-based pedagogical approaches in early childhood settings around the world, and how local educators respond. As a case study, I investigated Sesame Workshop’s efforts to introduce play-based approaches in Nigerian classrooms. In addition to producing a Nigerian version of Sesame Street (called Sesame Square), Sesame Workshop trains educators in play-based approaches and has distributed alphabet flashcards, puppet kits, and storytelling games to more than 2,700 early childhood classrooms across Nigeria. These materials were intended to support Sesame Square’s messages, and to foster interactive, child-centered learning experiences. However, teachers often used the materials in ways that reflected more rote-based, teachercentered approaches.Data was gathered through observations and interviews in 27 educational sites across Nigeria that use Sesame materials. Findings reveal that teachers’ resistance to play-based approaches was sometimes for structural reasons (e.g., large class sizes), and sometimes related to their knowledge and training (e.g., they were accustomed to drilling the alphabet). I argue that ideals about constructivist, play-based learning are being disseminated by international organizations—alongside contrasting formalistic pedagogical approaches—and that all approaches will shift as they are localized. I question if approaches that are considered universally developmentally appropriate are relevant in all settings, and explore how early childhood educators adapt global pedagogical trends to make sense in their classrooms. I call for international organizations to explore context-appropriate play-based approaches that develop educators’ capacities to help all children thrive, while also incorporating local cultural beliefs about childhood and teaching.
Electron attachment to molecules in a cluster environment: suppression and enhancement effects

Cluster environments can strongly influence dissociative electron attachment (DEA) processes. These effects are important in many applications, particularly for surface chemistry, radiation damage, and atmospheric physics. We review several mechanisms for DEA suppression and enhancement due to cluster environments, particularly due to microhydration. Long-range electron–molecule and electron–cluster interactions play often a significant role in these effects and can be analysed by using theoretical models. Nevertheless many observations remain unexplained due to complexity of the physics and chemistry of interaction of DEA fragments with the cluster environment.
A Seventeenth Century Hebrew Translation of Saint Thomas

In 1657 there was printed in Rome a translation into Hebrew of St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Contra Gentiles. When Professor Popkin discovered a copy of this work1 in the library of the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, he wondered whether or not this translation had been made to further “the conversion of the Jews” so celebrated in Puritan circles of the seventeenth century.2 It was judged that this conversion would be a sign of the end of the world according to some interpretations of the Book of Revelation and the Epistle to the Romans. Consequently he asked if I would study this work as part of the conference for “Catholic Millenarianism from Savonarola to the Abbe Gregoire.”
Minimally invasive and alternative approaches for long-term LVAD placement: the Vanderbilt strategy

Background: Minimally invasive and alternative strategies for implantation have been anecdotally reported for contemporary continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) placement. Methods: We reviewed our experience at a single center with alternative strategies for implantation of the HeartMate II and HeartWare CF-LVADs, in patients with advanced heart failure (HF). This featured article focuses on the associated surgical techniques and patient management pitfalls. Results: For appropriately selected cases, our group believes that these alternative strategies allow for the development of novel and less traumatic surgical approaches for CF-LVAD implantation. With reproducible outcomes, these approaches also promise the possibility of increasing the number of high-risk surgical patients who could benefit from CF-LVAD therapies. Conclusions: This work has detailed a variety of less invasive alternative strategies for implantation of long-term LVADs. These newer approaches have the potential for significant advancements in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. Large-scale collaborative studies will be needed to clarify the potential advantages and disadvantages of these novel techniques on patient outcomes.
Safety and Impact of Low-dose Methotrexate on Endothelial Function and Inflammation in Individuals With Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5314.

Background Chronic inflammation in treated HIV infection is associated with mortality and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We evaluated the safety and potential efficacy of low-dose methotrexate (LDMTX) in treated HIV. Methods This was a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial in adults ≥40 years old with treated HIV, with CD4+ T-cell count ≥400 cells/μL and with/at increased risk for ASCVD. Participants received LDMTX (5-15 mg/week) or placebo (plus folic acid) for 24 weeks and were followed for an additional 12 weeks. Primary endpoints were safety and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Results The 176 participants (90% male) had a median (Q1, Q3) age of 54 (49, 59) years. LDMTX was associated with decreases in CD4+ T cells at week 24 and CD8+ T cells at weeks 8, 12, and 24. Eleven participants (12.8%) experienced safety events in the LDMTX group vs 5 (5.6%) in placebo (Δ = 7.2%, upper 1-sided 90% CI, 13.4%; Pnoninferiority = .037). Week 24 change in FMD was 0.47% with LDMTX and 0.09% with placebo (P = .55). No inflammatory markers changed differentially with LDMTX compared to placebo. Conclusions Adults with HIV and increased ASCVD risk treated with LDMTX had more safety events than with placebo, but the prespecified noninferiority margin of 15% was not exceeded. LDMTX had no significant effect on endothelial function or inflammatory biomarkers but was associated with a significant decrease in CD8+ T cells. The balance of risks and potential benefits of LDMTX in this population will require additional investigation. Clinical trials registration NCT01949116.
Community College Placement Policy Implications Regarding a Discrepancy in the Placement of Students in College Algebra

ABSTRACTCommunity college administrators face a dilemma in the implementation of placement policies regarding college algebra students. Extensive literature devoted to this subject has been generat...
P-259 The Protective Effects of Betaine Against DSS-induced Colitis

Background:Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating condition of unknown etiology that is characterized by relapsing episodes of ulceration and gastrointestinal inflammation. Continued influx of inflammatory cells to damaged tissue changes tissue metabolism including increased
Mapping of the Glycolytic Enzyme Binding Sites on Human Erythrocyte Membrane Band 3.

Abstract Glycolytic enzymes (GEs) including aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are known to associate with the inner surface of the human erythrocyte membrane. Previous studies have suggested that the N-terminus of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 (cdb3) constitutes the likely binding site for aldolase, GAPDH and PFK, however, the membrane docking sites for PK and LDH have not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that PK and LDH exhibit no affinity for band 3, regardless of whether the association is measured by co-immunoprecipitation assay, binding competition studies, or catalytic inhibition analyses. We further find that the binding sites for GAPDH, aldolase and PFK on band 3 are distinct but partially overlapping, as evidenced by the fact that: 1) deletion of residues 1–11 of cdb3 eliminates the binding of aldolase, but not PFK or GAPDH, 2) fusion of thioredoxin (Trx) to the N-terminus of residues cdb3 blocks aldolase binding, but not the association of GAPDH or PFK, 3) deletion of sequences 1–50, 1–40, 1–31, or 1–23 of cdb3 blocks cdb3 association with all three GEs, whereas deletion of residues 12-23 only abrogates aldolase binding (while reducing the affinity of PFK and GAPDH), 4) the presence of both sequences, 6–DDYED-10 and 19-EEYED-23, are necessary for cdb3 association with aldolase, whereas the presence of either sequence alone (especially 19-EEYED-23) is sufficient to maintain association with GAPDH and PFK, 5) mutation of all of the acidic residues in the above two sequences to their corresponding amides (E→Q and D→N) results in loss of affinity for all GEs. Because i) kidney cdb3 (which lacks residues 1-65 of cdb3) shows no affinity for any of the GEs, ii) residues 1–55 of cdb3 show near normal affinity for aldolase, GAPDH and PFK, and iii) GAPDH, aldolase, and PFK all compete with each other for cdb3, we conclude that the binding sites for aldolase, GAPDH and PFK are all located within the first 23 residues of cdb3, with the docking site for aldolase likely residing somewhat more N-terminal than the binding sites for GAPDH and PFK. Finally, because each band 3 monomer contains three homologous sequences (6-DDYED-10, 19-EEYED-23 and 902-DEYDE-906) that are found in other proteins that bind GEs (e.g. actin, β-tubulin, troponin T), and since the first two of these sequences were shown to be required for cdb3 binding, the question naturally arose whether different GEs might also associate with residues 902-DEYDE-906 at the extreme C-terminus of band 3. Similar binding studies demonstrate that such an interaction does not occur. Thus, our data show that GAPDH, aldolase, and PFK all bind near the N-terminus of band 3 and that PK and LDH must dock somewhere else on the red cell membrane.
High-resolution population grid in the CONUS using microsoft building footprints: a feasibility study

Better knowledge of where people live is of great importance for a wide range of studies, including disaster responses, public health, resource management, and urban planning. Given the increasing demand for population grid with improved quality, this study explores the feasibility of generating high-resolution (100m) population grids in the Conterminous U.S. (CONUS) using a total of 125 million building footprints recently released by Microsoft. Those building footprints were used to disaggregate census tract population of the latest ACS 5-year estimates (2013-2017). Land use dataset from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) was applied to trim raw buildings footprints by removing those that are not likely residential. Weighting scenarios were designed, with which a dasymetric model was applied to disaggregate the ACS census tract estimates into a 100m population grid product. The results suggest that building footprints as a weighting layer, particularly footprint size after trimming, outperforms other commonly used weighting layers and is able to capture the great heterogeneity of population distribution at the micro-level. This study provides valuable experience in developing high-resolution population grid products that can benefit a wide range of studies in need of spatially explicit population data.
Modifiers of Endothelial Permeability in the Setting of CAR-t Therapy Related Immune Cell Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome

Background Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-t) for patients with relapsed or refractory B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is associated with high overall remission rates but also with significant complications. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and Immune Cell Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS) are life-threatening sequelae that may occur in CAR-t recipients. ICANS presents with varying symptoms ranging from confusion to seizure and cerebral edema. There is no consensus on specific biological events that incite ICANS. Blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability is altered in CD19 CAR-t therapy, but the cause of altered BBB permeability is not clear. IL6 targeted interventions that control symptoms of CRS are ineffective against ICANS, suggesting these entities have separate pathologic mechanisms. Criteria for ICANS severity grading and guidelines for supportive care management are published, but there is no universal predictor of ICANS. Identification of manipulable biologic factors to predict the onset of ICANS would represent significant progress for clinical management of ICANS. Methods We collected plasma samples from 12 adult patients with varying ICANS severity following CAR-t therapy, aged 24-74 years. Diagnoses were diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), transformed follicular lymphoma (TFL), and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL) in varying stages of progression or relapse. Pre-CAR-t, midpoint and 7 or 8 day post CAR-t samples were evaluated with multiplex cytokine arrays to quantify relative levels of 105 angiogenic cytokines. Results were compared between two groups: patients who did not develop ICANS (n=5), and patients who developed any grade of ICANS (n=7; 2 patients grade 0-2, 5 patients grade 3-4). Results There was a trend toward higher baseline relative levels of two angiogenic factors, ApoA1 and Angiogenin, in patients with ICANS relative to those without. Interestingly, ApoA1 increased over time in patients who did not develop ICANS; a 320 +/- 56 % increase in ApoA1 occurred from baseline to day 7/8. In contrast, ApoA1 decreased to 88 +/- 25% of baseline by day 7/8 in patients who developed ICANS (No ICANS vs ICANS; p=0.003). Similarly, Angiogenin increased by 289 +/- 77% over baseline by day 7/8 in patients who did not develop ICANS, while it decreased to 98 +/- 24 % of baseline by day 7/8 in patients who developed ICANS (No ICANS vs ICANS, p = 0.03). Conclusion Our data suggests that ApoA1 and Angiogenin levels at baseline, and changes in ApoA1 or Angiogenin over time, may indicate risk of ICANS. This correlation requires validation in a larger patient population as well as quantification of absolute ApoA1 and Angiogenin concentrations in blood. If ApoA1 and Angiogenin baseline levels are indeed correlated with the risk of ICANS, this may represent major progress in clinical management of ICANS.
A comprehensive co-expression network analysis in Vibrio cholerae

Research into the evolution and pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae has benefited greatly from the generation of high throughput sequencing data to drive molecular analyses. The steady accumulation of these datasets now provides a unique opportunity for in silico hypothesis generation via co-expression analysis. Here we leverage all published V. cholerae RNA-sequencing data, in combination with select data from other platforms, to generate a gene co-expression network that validates known gene interactions and identifies novel genetic partners across the entire V. cholerae genome. This network provides direct insights into genes influencing pathogenicity, metabolism, and transcriptional regulation, further clarifies results from previous sequencing experiments in V. cholerae (e.g. Tn-seq and ChIP-seq), and expands upon micro-array based findings in related gram-negative bacteria.
A Busy Professor's Guide to Sanely Flipping Your Classroom: Bringing active learning to your teaching practice

The "flipped classroom" has become a popular teaching method. Students watch video lectures before class, saving time for active learning (problem solving, demonstrations, applications, and so forth). This article provides a useful guide for busy professors who would like to try the flipped-classroom approach. Recommendations for four teaching components are given: 1) planning the flipped classroom, 2) video lectures, 3) active learning, and 4) student-centered formative assessment. It includes suggestions for getting started with the flipped-teaching method, case studies from electromagnetics (EM), and feedback from students about the resources they find most useful, their comfort level with asking questions, and their opinions of the flipped class during the semester. Training materials for flipping your classroom (or helping others do so) are available at http://teach-flip.utah.edu.
Diuretic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Publisher Summary Much work over the past decade has allowed a better understanding of the response to loop diuretics and, in turn, mechanisms of diuretic resistance. It is presumed that most of the concepts relevant to these drugs can be extrapolated to other classes of diuretics. Determinants of diuretic effect can be grouped as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Pharmacokinetic factors influencing response are the total amount of drug reaching the site of action and the time course of its delivery to the active site. The pharmacodynamic factor affecting overall diuretic response is the sensitivity of the active site to the diuretic as assessed by the concentration versus response relationship. The sensitivity of the nephron can change because of diseases, as has been observed in congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome, with the development of tolerance and with administration of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. If concentrations of both sodium and potassium are low, then insufficient amounts of sodium are delivered distally for exchange with potassium. Hence, in this setting, distally acting diuretics have no effect. In contrast, if concentrations of sodium are low, but potassium concentrations are high, then distal exchange occurs and distally acting agents cause an effect.
The HIV-Knowledge Questionnaire: Development and Evaluation of a Reliable, Valid, and Practical Self-Administered Questionnaire

We have developed and evaluated a self-administered questionnaire of knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for use in program evaluation. Formative work led to the development of the 62-item HIV-Knowledge Questionnaire (HIV-K-Q), which was administered to 409 women and 227 men. Item analyses resulted in the deletion of 17 items that were either too easy or did not correlate well with the total score. Factor analysis on the remaining 45 items resulted in a single factor labeled HIV Knowledge. The generalizability of this one-factor solution was confirmed with data from 285 women and 76 men. Reliability analyses revealed that the HIV-K-Q is internally consistent (alpha = .91) and stable over 1-week (r = .83), 2-week (r = .91), and 12-week (r = .90) intervals. Evidence for the validity of the HIV-K-Q was assembled using known groups and treatment outcome analyses. Additional evidence emerged from analyses that revealed associations between scores on the HIV-K-Q and two related knowledge measures, and between HIV-K-Q scores and level of educational attainment. Discriminant evidence was obtained through nonsignificant relationships between the HIV-K-Q and potentially biasing constructs, including social desirability. The HIV-K-Q requires a sixth-grade education, and 7 min to complete. The HIV-K-Q is a reliable, valid, and practical measure of HIV-related knowledge that can be used with low-literacy adults.
The Effects of Rental Assistance on Housing Stability, Quality, Autonomy, and Affordability

Federal rental assistance is an important source of affordable housing for low-income households, given a growing and severe affordable housing crisis. However, few studies have examined the extent...
Nondelegation As Constitutional Symbolism

The divided Supreme Court in Gundy v. United States and subsequent events have given rise to a general expectation that the Court will soon revitalize the nondelegation doctrine by replacing the intelligible principle standard. Some have greeted the prospect of this doctrinal shift with cheers of exaltation, others with cries of impending doom, anticipating the demise of the administrative state. This article contends that these predictions are overblown. Statutory delegations of rulemaking authority and policymaking discretion are more deeply embedded in American law, and more complicated and variable, than proponents of the nondelegation doctrine seem willing to acknowledge. The alternatives to the intelligible principle standard proposed by Justices Gorsuch and Kavanaugh are piecemeal—case by case, statute by statute, delegation by delegation. Consequently, should the Court replace the intelligible principle standard, the most likely outcome is doctrinal change that is more incremental and symbolic than substantial. More categorical and sweeping alternatives are available. Among them, this article particularly documents the common understanding in the first half of the twentieth century that regulations adopted under statutory delegations of general rulemaking authority (as opposed to specific authority grants) could not be legally binding without violating the nondelegation doctrine. But the Court has expressed little interest in a broad, categorical standard. The decision whether to replace the intelligible principle standard should be evaluated in terms of incremental and symbolic doctrinal change, rather than as the dramatic alteration of the administrative state that some Court observers anticipate. This article will be published as the Foreword to the George Washington Law Review's annual administrative law issue.
A Review of Ectoparasitic Fungi Associated with Termites

Termites and ectoparasitic fungi have been at odds for millions of years. Surprisingly, fungi rarely kill their host and termites are continuously parasitized, albeit at low rates. ‘Termitophilous’ fungi have succeeded in the difficult task of infiltrating the ecological fortress of social immunity that is the termite colony. Here we review 34 definitive ectoparasitic fungal species from nine genera specialized to infest the cuticle of 50 + termite species. In general, reports of fungal ectoparasites on termites are underestimated and the actual prevalence of infestation is likely much greater in nature. In this review, we synthesize >120 yr of reports and studies on ectoparasitic fungi and their termite hosts to present an update to where our knowledge rests and where the proceeding steps should be focused. In reviewing this material, we aim to unite knowledge from two disciplines, entomology and mycology, creating a literary source useful for entomologists and mycologists alike. We provide a comprehensive summary of all fungal genera, illustrations showing morphological distinctions and development on the termite host, a glossary of mycological terminology, and an updated chart of the biogeography of these groups. Additionally, we provide a phylogenetic summary of parasite lineages and their known hosts as well as the first review of molecular evidence obtained from these fungal species.
End-to-End support for dating paleolandforms

Experts in scientific fields routinely operate under less-than-ideal conditions. We present a deployed data analysis system for cosmogenic isotope dating, a domain that is fraught with difficult automation issues. First, experts must work with a huge array of possible parameters. Our system ACE handles this issue by pushing the bounds of software flexibility. Furthermore, isotope dating experts reason about groups of samples using a large number of vague and contradictory heuristics. Calvin, an argumentation system, addresses this issue. Our intelligent data analysis tool is in daily use by isotope dating experts.
Layers for effective volume rendering

A multi-layer volume rendering framework is presented. The final image is obtained by compositing a number of renderings, each being represented as a separate layer. This layer-centric framework provides a rich set of 2D operators and interactions, allowing both greater freedom and a more intuitive 2D-based user interaction. We extend the concept of compositing which is traditionally thought of as pertaining to the Porter and Duff compositing operators to a more general and flexible set of functions. In addition to developing new functional compositing operators, the user can control each individual layer's attributes, such as the opacity. They can also easily add or remove a layer from the composition set, change their order in the composition, and export and import the layers in a format readily utilized in a 2D paint package. This broad space of composition functions allows for a wide variety of effects and we present several in the context of volume rendering, including two-level volume rendering, masking, and magnification. We also discuss the integration of a 3D volume rendering engine with our 2.5D layer compositing engine.
Tribes or Nomads: A Comparative Study of Collaborative Learning Frameworks

This paper explores the relative value of "permanent" working groups versus "ad hoc" groups in large introductory level anthropology courses. The aim is to manage tutor workload while simultaneously enhancing students’ attainment of the learning objectives. In addition, a main learning objective was for students to practice critical thinking and develop an understanding of cultural relativism. We argue that one effective experiential approach to teaching such concepts is collaborative learning with others in diverse learning groups. We explore the factors enhancing such learning experiences. Based on our survey research we conclude that ad hoc groups are better for exposing students to diverse perspectives and permanent working groups are better for fostering an intimate learning experience within a large class. Although our original goals for using groups were mainly pragmatic, our research on teaching methods shows that it exposes students to diverse perspectives. We find this particularly appropriate for courses in anthropology aiming to teach the meaning of diversity and other related concepts. Therefore, we recommend that tutors/instructors choose their collaborative learning strategy based both on their intended learning outcomes and their learning environments.
Alcohol, liver injury and protein metabolism.

Two mechanisms play a major role in mediating the effects of ethanol on intermediary metabolism which includes protein metabolism and liver injury. Ethanol is oxidized in the liver to 2 products (hydrogen and acetaldehyde) to which many of the effects of ethanol can be attributed. The hydrogen generation alters the redox state, and although this effect is attenuated after chronic ethanol consumption, it still may be sufficient to explain alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, possibly increased collagen deposition, and, under special circumstances, depression of the synthesis of protein whereas secretion of proteins is affected by acetaldehyde. It is noteworthy that after chronic consumption of ethanol, acetaldehyde is increased, in part, because of its decreased oxidation in the mitochondria, and, partly because of induction of an alternate pathway of ethanol metabolism, namely the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. Increased acetaldehyde is associated with impaired function of microtubles, protein retention and swelling of the hepatocyte. Acetaldehyde also exerts toxicity with regards to other key cellular sites; it interferes with oxidations in the mitochondria, and it may promote peroxidation of cellular membranes. Hepatocellular injury is followed by extracellular collagen deposition, but what eventually attracts an increased number of myofibroblasts and promotes fibrosis is not known. Alcoholic hepatitis, when present, can obviously trigger fibrosis, but the cirrhotic process occurs even in the absence of florid alcoholic hepatitis. Cirrhosis can develop despite an associated adequate diet. However, decreased intake of dietary protein or decreased absorption of amino acids derived from dietary protein may contribute to the depletion of amino acids in the liver which, in turn, may potentiate the toxicity of alcohol. Selective deficiencies, such as those of methionine or vitamin A, may also play a contributory role.
The adoption of university library Web site resources: A multigroup analysis

University libraries invest a massive amount of resources in digitizing information for the Web, yet there is growing concern that much of this information is being underutilized. The present study uses the technology acceptance model (TAM) to investigate university library website resources (ULWR) usage. We categorize users based on academic roles and then analyze them as subgroups in order to observe different adoption patterns across groups. A total of 299 usable responses was collected from four different universities and across three populations: undergraduate, master, and doctoral student-faculty groups. The findings show that different library users indeed access ULWR for different reasons, resulting in a need for tailored managerial efforts. Overall, the extended TAM explains undergraduate students' usage best; the explanatory power of the model is significantly lower for the doctoral student-faculty group. Some of the findings challenge results reported in TAM research in other fields. The unexpected findings may result from the application of the model to a different context. Detailed theoretical implications and managerial guidance are offered. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mask etcher data strategy for 45nm and beyond

Mask Etching for the 45nm technology node and beyond requires a system-level data and diagnostics strategy. This necessity stems from the need to control the performance of the mask etcher to increasingly stringent and diverse requirements of the mask production environment. Increasing mask costs and the capability to acquire and consolidate a wealth of data within the mask etch platform are primary motivators towards harnessing data mines for feedback into the mask etching optimization. There are offline and real-time possibilities and scenarios. Here, we discuss the data architecture, acquisition, and strategies of the Applied Materials Tetra II TM Mask Etch System.
Crystal Structure of the Bromide-Bound D85S Mutant of Bacteriorhodopsin: Principles of Ion Pumping

We report the crystal structure of a bromide-bound form of the D85S mutant of bacteriorhodopsin, bR(D85S), a protein that uses light energy rather than ATP to pump halide ions across the cell membrane. Comparison of the structure of the halide-bound and halide-free states reveals that both displacements of individual side-chain positions and concerted helical movements occur on the extracellular side of the protein. Analysis of these structural changes reveals how this ion pump first facilitates ion uptake deep within the cell membrane and then prevents the backward escape of ions later in the pumping cycle. Together with the information provided by structures of intermediate states in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle, this study also suggests the overall design principles that are necessary for ion pumping.
Aroclor 1254 pretreatment enhances the DNA repair response to amino acid pyrolysate mutagens in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

Abstract The stimulation of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) by 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5 H -pyrido[4,3- b ]indole (Trp-P-1), 3-amino-1-methyl-5 H -pyrido[4,3- b ]indole (Trp-P-2), 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2- a :3′,2′- d ]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-amino-dipyrido[1,2- a :3′,2′- d ]imidazole (Glu-P-2) was measured in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Hepatocellular DNA was recovered as a cetyltrimethylammonium salt from nuclei digested with protease. The incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine was measured by liquid scintillation counting techniques. Although Trp-P-1 was the most potent of the pyrolysis products tested, it was considerably less active than 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) or aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ). A greater induction of UDS by Trp-P-1 was observed in cultures from female rats than in cultures from male rats. Aroclor 1254 pretreatment resulted in a substantially greater UDS response to all 4 pyrolysis products.
The Legal Production of Mexican/Migrant “Illegality”

Mexican migration to the US is distinguished by a seeming paradox that is seldom examined: while no other country has supplied nearly as many migrants to the US as Mexico has since 1965, virtually all major changes in US immigration law during this period have created ever more severe restrictions on the conditions of “legal” migration from Mexico. Indeed, this seeming paradox presents itself in a double sense: on the one hand, apparently liberalizing immigration laws have in fact concealed their significantly restrictive features, especially for Mexicans; on the other hand, ostensibly restrictive immigration laws intended to deter migration have nonetheless been instrumental in sustaining Mexican migration, but only by significantly restructuring migrants’ legal status as “undocumented.” Beginning in the 1960s— precisely when Mexican migration escalated dramatically—and ever since, persistent revisions in the law have made it virtually impossible for the great majority who would migrate from Mexico to do so in accord with the law and have thus played an instrumental role in the production of a legally vulnerable, undocumented workforce of “illegal aliens.”
Auditory Frequency Resolution in Human Infancy

Frequency resolution is a fundamental capacity of the auditory system that underlies the perception of all complex sounds. The development of this capacity has not been well characterized in humans. This investigation used a nonsimultaneous pulsation threshold technique to examine the development of infant frequency resolution. Psychophysical tuning curves were obtained for 3- and 6-month-olds and for adults at either 500, 1,000, or 4,000 Hz. Both the sensation level and the sound pressure level of the stimulus were varied for adults to determine the contribution of stimulus intensity to age differences in frequency resolution. At 500 and 1,000 Hz, 3- and 6-month-olds' tuning curve widths were equivalent to adults'. At 4,000 Hz, the 3-month-olds' tuning curves were broader than those of 6-month-olds and adults, even when absolute sound pressure level was equivalent. The maturation of psychophysical frequency resolution in infants is discussed in terms of the general development of the auditory system and of nonsensory factors that might contribute to age differences in performance.