cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phronesis and Automated Science: The Case of Machine Learning and Biology

The applications of machine learning (ML) and deep learning to biology has fostered the idea that the automated nature of algorithmic analysis will gradually dispense human beings from scientific work. In this paper, I will show that this view is problematic, at least when ML is applied to biology. In particular, I will claim that ML is not independent of human beings and cannot form the basis of automated science. Computer scientists conceive their work as being a case of Aristotle’s poiesis perfected by techne, which can be reduced to a number of straightforward rules and technical knowledge. I will show a number of concrete cases where at each level of computational analysis, more is required to ML than just poiesis and techne, and that the work of ML practitioners in biology needs also the cultivation of something analogous to phronesis, which cannot be automated. But even if we knew how to frame phronesis into rules (which is inconsistent with its own definition), still this virtue is deeply entrenched in our biological constitution, which computers lack. Whether computers can fully perform scientific practice (which is the result of the way we are cognitively and biologically) independently of humans (and their cognitive and biological specificities) is an ill-posed question.
Epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 10K study

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the leading causes of death in dairy heifers. The objective of this prospective cohort study was to characterize the epidemiology of BRD in preweaned dairy calves and to identify management practices associated with decreased risk of BRD. Dairies were chosen for the study based on management practices, location, size, and willingness to participate. A total of 6 dairies, ranging in size from 700 to 3,200 milking cows, in 6 counties across California's Central Valley, were enrolled in the study for at least 1 year. A total of 11,945 calves were born on the study dairies and followed until weaning. Incidence of BRD was estimated using treatment records. Trained study personnel performed comprehensive calf management surveys and estimated BRD prevalence on every dairy at least once every season. A shared frailty model was used to model the associations between management practices and BRD hazard. The final models included data from complete records of 11,470 calves. The overall BRD study period prevalence across the study herds was 22.8%. The mean BRD incidence density rate on all the study dairies was 0.17 BRD cases [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16-1.74] per calf-month at risk. The shared frailty model identified that feeding only waste or saleable milk (compared with use of milk replacer), feeding over 3.8 L of milk per day to calves under 21 d of age, frequent changing of maternity pen bedding, and administration of modified live or killed BRD vaccines to dams before calving significantly reduced the risk of BRD. Risk factors for BRD included housing calves in wooden hutches with metal roofs, compared with all-wood hutches, twin births, and perception of dust occurring "regularly," as reported by calf managers, compared with a perception of "no dust" in the calf-raising area. All 4 seasons were analyzed, and both summer (hazard ratio = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.32) and spring (hazard ratio = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.44) were associated with a higher risk of BRD compared with winter. The current longitudinal study identified specific housing and feeding practices that could be modified to decrease risk of BRD. In addition, season was observed to have a strong effect on calves' risk of developing BRD on California dairies.
Metal Ions in Stroke Pathophysiology

Metal ions are used in biology in many ways and are integrated parts of numerous enzymes and proteins. They function as cofactors in cellular and genetic signaling and, therefore, have important roles in biochemistry ranging from essential to toxic. Perturbed homeostasis of metal ions in stroke has been well recognized for several decades. In cellular and biochemical responses following stroke, metal ion imbalance in neurons is in the center of these cellular events, which is immediate results of stroke and, in turn, leads to the overactivation of several deleterious enzymes and signaling process that impairs neuronal function or lead to cell death. The most studies and well-characterized metal ion in stroke-associated ionic imbalance is calcium (Ca). Almost as soon as Ca was recognized as a factor in the ischemic cell death, considerable evidence has emerged regarding the role of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), or selenium (Se) in neurotoxicity as well as neuroprotection after stroke. Several exogenous metal ions such as cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and aluminum (Al) are also linked to stroke pathophysiology. For the first time, the dyshomeostasis and pathophysiological actions of these metals in stroke are discussed systematically in one volume.
Developing Spectral Structural Complexity Metrics

There are various approaches to measure the complexity of engineered systems. The structural approach to the measurement of system complexity is only one of the possible routes that are currently under consideration. This approach considers the complexity of the internal structure of the system and the organization of its components, as a snapshot frozen in time.The most common approach to the definition of structural complexity metrics is through the concepts of entropy, algorithmic information content, and logical depth. Another approach looks at the set of the eigenvalues–the spectrum–of a graph representation of the system of interest. The most popular spectral structural complexity metrics are graph energy and natural connectivity. The authors in this article present a set of metrics that are created based on the existing metrics. The metrics assume that the graphs representing the system of interest are weighted with values representing the complexity of components and interfaces. The metrics are then explored through two sets of random graphs, representing the architecture of an engineered system.
Two Element Series Fed Origami Antenna

Origami inspired antennas have been investigated for their potential as lightweight and efficient multi-purpose reconfigurable antennas for a variety of radio frequency applications. Being able to change antenna frequency, bandwidth and gain simply by folding the antenna structure is certainly attractive, however, challenges must be overcome for real-world applications. Providing sufficient gain is a challenge for small antennas and this issue can be compounded by impedance matching problems resulting from folding the antenna feedlines. Providing sufficient structural strength along with a reliable means to physically fold the antenna can also be a challenge. In this paper a novel origami inspired two-element hexagonal antenna array is investigated for its potential to provide a simple and stable physical structure that demonstrates consistent gain and impedance matching for multiple configurations.
Chapter 41 – Home Transfusion

Publisher Summary Provision of medical services in the home, including transfusion, comprises mobile and coordinated team of nurses, therapists, and physicians would travel to patients' homes to provide medical care. The type of medical care provided in outpatient settings has become increasingly sophisticated. Dialysis is now routinely performed in outpatient centers and patient homes. Patients also receive infusion therapies, such as parenteral nutrition, and chemotherapy for malignancy and infection without leaving home. Agencies providing such care were among the early proponents of incorporating transfusion into the acceptable array of high-technology home therapies. Many of the policies and procedures routinely employed for inpatient transfusion are applicable to home transfusion. In addition, there are unique aspects of a home service that must be addressed before performing procedures. Unlike hospital-based transfusion, there are no established uniform standards or federal regulations for home transfusion. There are two major approaches to home transfusion: regional blood-center-based Service, hospital-based services. Many regional blood centers have established contractual relationships with home nursing agencies to provide compatibility testing and blood components that the agency will transfuse in the patient's home. This is a logical extension of the blood center's core business. Under the pressure of DRGs and managed care, hospitals are also forming partnerships with home health agencies to remain the care provider even after patients are discharged to their homes. In view of the fact that home transfusion is thought to have a higher degree of risk than inpatient transfusion, at least in terms of liability, an effective quality assurance program for such a service is essential.
Transition to Home-Based Treatment Plans for Center-Based Cardiac, Pulmonary, and Vascular Rehabilitation during COVID-19.

Background Traditional rehabilitation services, whether they are cardiac, pulmonary, or vascular, consist of 6-36 center-based, supervised sessions; however, due to COVID-19, in-person visits were suspended. This study sought to implement a transitional home-based treatment plan (HBTP) to patients. Method Patients enrolled in a rehabilitation service at the Miriam Hospital during the time of temporary closure were provided with a HBTP that was individualized to their needs and multi-disciplinary in nature. Patients were called weekly for continual guidance and support. Results Of the 129 patients that received a HBTP, 115 (89%) participated in follow-up correspondence (63±12 years, 83% white, 66% male, 81% enrolled in cardiac rehab). Nearly 70% of patients continued to participate in regular exercise and upon re-opening, 69 (60%) of patients returned to center-based care. Psychosocial factors appeared to inhibit treatment adherence. Conclusions Patients are receptive to an HBTP and subsequent follow-up throughout temporary closure of rehabilitation services.
An estimate of Λ in resummed quantum gravity in the context of asymptotic safety

Abstract We show that, by using recently developed exact resummation techniques based on the extension of the methods of Yennie, Frautschi and Suura to Feynman’s formulation of Einstein’s theory, we get quantum field theoretic descriptions for the UV fixed-point behaviors of the dimensionless gravitational and cosmological constants postulated by Weinberg. Connecting our work to the attendant phenomenological asymptotic safety analysis of Planck scale cosmology by Bonanno and Reuter, we estimate the value of the cosmological constant Λ. We find the encouraging estimate ρ Λ ≡ Λ 8 π G N ≃ ( 2.4 × 10 − 3 e V ) 4 . While this numerical value is close to recent experimental observations, we caution the reader that the estimate involves a number of model parameters that still possess significant levels of uncertainty, such as the value of the transition time between the Planck scale cosmology era and the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker radiation dominated era, where our current understanding allows for at least two orders of magnitude in its uncertainty and this would change our estimate of ρ Λ by at least four orders of magnitude. We discuss such theoretical uncertainties as well. We show why GUT and EW scale vacuum energies from spontaneous symmetry breaking are suppressed in our approach to the estimation of ρ Λ . As a bonus, we show how our estimate constrains susy GUTS.
Landowner Driven Sustainable Forest Management and Value-Added Processing

The Massachusetts Woodlands Cooperative, LLC (MWC) is working to help members conduct sustainable forestry of the highest standards while increasing financial returns from harvest activities. The forests of Massachusetts, the 3rd most densely populated of the United States, are threatened. Decades of high grading and the threat of conversion to alternative use present challenges for maintaining a forested landscape. Despite being 60% forested Massachusetts imports approximately 98% of the wood fiber that its citizens consume. MWC is a forest management, processing and marketing cooperative organized by and on behalf of forest landowners in western Massachusetts. The cooperative was envisioned in 1999, incorporated in 2001, gained Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) land management certification in 2003 and is currently in the business-start-up and early growth stage. An umbrella group certification protocol was developed to provide cost-effective forestland management certification. Members benefit from cooperative management of harvest operations, above market stumpage payments, and value-added processing and production including marketing traditionally low value and small diameter material. The added revenue from developing these new markets is used to fund both timber and non-timber related management activities that landowners value. The cooperative partners with local wood processing businesses to spur community economic development.
Public Health Law In An Age Of Terrorism: Rethinking Individual Rights And Common Goods

The balance between individual interests and common goods needs to be recalibrated in an age of terrorism. Public health agencies should have a robust infrastructure to conduct essential public health services at a level of performance that matches evolving threats to the health of the public. This includes a well-trained workforce, electronic information, surveillance, and laboratory capacity. This paper explains modern efforts at public health law reform: a Model Public Health Statute and the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA), which has been enacted wholly or in part by nineteen states and the District of Columbia. Next, the paper shows why existing public health laws provide a weak foundation for public health practice. Finally, the paper offers a systematic defense of MSEHPA, which has galvanized the public debate around the appropriate balance between public goods and individual rights.
Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)

Abstract The Perceived Online Racism Scale (PORS) provides important contemporary information in better understanding the experiences of racism in today’s digital society. However, the utility of the 30-item PORS may require lengthy addition to study surveys. Especially for large survey batteries (e.g., epidemiological studies), researchers may prefer short measures to avoid participant fatigue that can affect the validity of the responses. Thus, the aim of the current study was to optimize the utility of PORS by developing brief versions that still maintain the psychometric properties. With multi-sample archival data (total N ​= ​947), we developed the 15-item three-factor PORS-SF (short-form) based on factor analytic procedures and the six-item unidimensional PORS-VB (very brief) based on bifactor modeling and tested whether both measures performed as well as the original PORS. With additional data collection (N ​= ​454), we further validated the factor structures and expanded the construct validity of the shortened measures. Across all samples, the PORS-SF and PORS-VB demonstrated good model fit, adequate internal consistency estimates, and showed construct validity evidence similar to the original PORS. Measurement invariance across racial/ethnic groups (Black, Asian, Latinx, Multiracial) and gender (women and men) was also replicated. Overall, results suggest that PORS-SF captures the same three domains of the PORS and PORS-VB captures the same general factor of the PORS with much shorter sets of items. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Calculations of the Magnetic Fields of the End Zone of the Asynchronized Synchronous Generator (Asg) by the Scalar Potential Method

An approach to calculating a three-dimensional magnetic field by reducing it to the potential field of sources (magnetic charges) is considered. Variants of the quasipotential model of the magnetic field are shown, containing volume, surface charges, and also double layers of charges that replace real currents. The solution of the problem of calculating the magnetic field is carried out by a variation method using the finite element method. A three-dimensional quasipotential model of the end zone of the ASG generator has been compiled. The universal algorithm for calculating the stationary magnetic field developed on the basis of the considered method is applied to solve the practical problem of calculating the field in the end zone of the ASG generator and the leakage inductance of the frontal parts of the rotor windings. Based on the calculation results, recommendations were made to take into account the final dimensions of the winding section.
Critical Race Theory and Medical Education

Tsai’s article makes five claims: Biological essentialism the problem as it is both false as a scientific theory and gives rise to “dehumanization and discrimination.” But current medical education “continually” teaches biological essentialism and so healthcare students are “constantly exposed” to it. By contrast, Critical Race Theory (CRT) is “uniquely equipped” to solve this problem. A course for healthcare students that applied CRT achieved good results against racism. I have, correspondingly, five brief comments in response to Tsai’s article, which is a generally clear statement of CRT and an educational experiment based upon it, yet is marked by theoretical overstatements and a series of binary contrasts that understate the range of options in combatting racism.
Wireless Communication Technologies in Omnidirectional CubeSat Crosslink: Feasibility Study and Performance Analysis

An efficient omnidirectional CubeSat data crosslink is imperative to ensure the success of resource-intensive advanced CubeSat missions. In this article, we present a feasibility study of wireless technologies in high-speed CubeSat crosslink design. We study the power consumption, pointing requirement, and antenna requirement of each technology to implement an omnidirectional communicator. We also investigate the performance limit of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies considering the realizable link parameters. The achievable data rate and communication distance are studied thoroughly for different communication systems. The analyses show that an optical communication link is capable of delivering more than two orders of magnitude higher data throughput than that of microwave links in an omnidirectional platform. However, the study shows that due to the size and power restriction, a performance crossover region exists where the performance of a microwave channel exceeds the performance of the optical channel. The crossover distance and crossover data rate are studied thoroughly with different system configurations and modulation formats to assess the maximum reach of wireless technologies in a CubeSat crosslink.
Electromagnetic — Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

Electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs) are devices which can excite and detect ultrasonic waves with no contact to the surface of metal parts. The physical principles governing the operation of these devices are reviewed. Included are discussions of mechanisms of transduction, practical probe geometries, systems design, radiation characteristics in nonmagnetic and magnetic materials, and guided mode generation. The paper concludes with discussion of typical applications.
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Free energy changes of chemical reactions are related to a number of parameters: entropy and enthalpy changes (Eq. 9.1), equilibrium constants (Eq. 9.2), and oxidation-reduction potentials. Of these, equilibrium constants and oxidation-reduction potentials are of primary importance for computing free energy changes of metabolic reactions. Relationships between free energy changes and equilibrium constants were explored in Chapter 9. Now we will focus on the relationships between free energy changes and oxidation-reduction potentials.
Bone, Mechanical Testing of

Bone is a complex heterogeneous material or structure that in the animal or human body serves the function of support, movement and protection, body mineral homeostasis, and hematopoesis. The mechanical properties of bone, expressed as strength, stiffness or elastic modulus, depend on its hierarchical structure at the macro, micro, sub-micro, nano and sub-nano levels. There are numerous methods for testing the mechanical properties of bone at its different structural levels. A laboratory equipped with basic tools, devices, and mechanical testing machines is essential for mechanical testing of bone. This chapter presents basic concepts and principles of bone biomechanics and introduces basic methodologies of mechanical testing of bone at the macro level. The importance and basic design of testing fixtures are included. Common errors and precautions for mechanical testing of bone are also discussed. Keywords: bone structure; mechanical property; testing methods
Business Training for a New Republic: A Seminar Series for Kazakh Oil Executives

Abstract With changes in the global political and economic structure have come new opportunities and challenges for management education. This article describes such an opportunity and presents a model curriculum for training Kazakh oil executives. A description of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its people, business and business education environment, is followed by a model for training Kazakh oil executives for international management careers. The model contains a detailed curriculum with cultural and pedagogical assessments and recommendations. The former communist countries are faced with the challenge of providing business education to their people. Western universities can help meet this challenge.
HEMATOCRIT: MATURITY RELATIONSHIP IN ADOLESCENCE

The time of onset of adolescence, the velocity of change, and the age at which somatic maturity occurs varies with each individual. Chronologic age, per se, provides little information as to growth and development. The sequential changes in secondary sex characteristics can be divided into five stages and then one of these assigned as a "maturity rating" to any patient. Hematocrit determinations were performed on 1,007 girls and 1,000 boys, aged 11 to 20 years. All patients were from low-income families and each boy or girl was examined and classified according to maturity rating, sex, and color. In boys, correlation of hematocrit determinations and sex maturity ratings showed an increase in the hematocrit percentage with an increase of maturity rating. Boys have a smooth, progressive rise in hematocrit levels as they mature and this increase is apparently associated with the production of testosterone and the development of greater muscle mass. Hematocrit values increase in relation to chronologic age, only when sexual maturation is taking place, thus evaluation of anemia based only on age may be incorrect. Hematocrit determinations related to sex maturity ratings provide a logical criterion for the diagnosis of anemia and of therapeutic response in its treatment.
Aggression in Mixed Martial Arts: An Analysis of the Likelihood of Winning a Decision

Within the last decade, mixed martial arts has become one of the most popular sports worldwide. The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is the largest and most successful organization within the industry. In the USA, however, the sport is not sanctioned in all states because some politicians view the sport as too violent. The sport consists of many fighting forms and, unlike boxing, winning a decision requires judging in multiple facets including wrestling, boxing, kick boxing, and jiu-jitsu. In this study, we estimate the likelihood of winning a decision in the UFC. Using data on individual fights, we estimate the probability of winning based on fighter characteristics. We emphasize power strikes as it relates to aggression to determine the likelihood of winning. Our results indicate that knockdowns and damage inflicted are all statistically significant determinants of winning a fight and have the largest marginal effect of influencing judge’s decisions.
Gatekeepers training hurdlers: the training and accreditation of lawyers in England and Wales

This paper first presents the structure of the requirements for the education, training and accreditation of lawyers in England and Wales in an attempt to provide a context for what follows. It then provides more detail of the requirements of the different stages before turning to look at some critical issues in this jurisdiction, which may throw some light on the current debate about accreditation for the Bar in the United States.
The Selective Release of Volatile Acids from Butterfat by Microbial Lipases

Summary Relative substrate specificity patterns, differences in volatile fat acidity of hydrolyzed fat, substrate limitations in the course of the lipolytic reaction, and differences in chromatographic analysis of distillates from hydrolyzed fat indicate that cell-free microbial lipases differ in their ability to release volatile fatty acids from butterfat. Some strain variations were evident. The lipases of seven of nine cultures of G. candidum did not release detectable quantities of volatile fatty acids from butterfat. Two cultures freed butyric acid only. C. lipolytica lipases hydrolyzed butyric acid from the butterfat and five of the six culture lipases also released caproic acid. Butyric, caproic, and caprylic acids were found in distillates of reaction mixtures containing butterfat and the lipases of either P. roqueforti or A. lipolyticum. Butyric acid and an unidentified acid which consistently migrated to an Rf value midway between the caproic and caprylic controls were encountered in P. camemberti lipase-butterfat reaction distillates.
Model-referenced adaptive computed torque control of a cylindrical robot using linear compensation

Abstract This paper explores a strategy of model-referenced trajectory tracking for a rigid-link cylindrical robot by employing an Adaptive Computed Torque Control Scheme (ACTCS) in conjunction with a Linear Optimal Controller (LOC). The adaptive control scheme is based on a version of Narendra's Direct Model-referenced Adaptive Control algorithm and includes adaptive sampling. The results presented here represents an extention of previous work whereby the formulation of the ACTCS and its experimental evaluation for a 3-DOF cylindrical robot was developed. This paper investigates the addition of a linear optimal tracking controller in the scheme. Experimental results show that the adaptive controller brings the end-effector of the robot manipulator onto the model-referenced differential manifold swiftly and robustly.
Human herpesvirus 7.

Human herpesvirus 7, reported in 1990 is a lymphotropic member of the betaherpesvirus subfamily of herpesviruses. The virus is highly seroprevalent, primary infection usually occurs during childhood, and it has been associated with cases of exanthem subitum, pityriasis rosea, neurological manifestations and transplant complications. The latter two may warrant antiviral intervention, in vitro studies have shown that HHV-7 is susceptible to several nucleoside phosphonate compounds. In vitro, the virus has approximately a 5 day growth cycle in cultured lymphocytes; in vivo, latency is established in peripheral blood T-cells and a persistent infection is established in salivary gland tissue from which infectious virus is constitutively shed in saliva. The HHV-7 genome is approximately 145 kb and encodes at least 84 different proteins. Studies characterising HHV-7 gene products and the required interactions between viral and cellular genes necessary for virus replication, persistence and latency are in their infancy. HHV-7 infection has a variety of effects on host cells including upregulation of interleukin 15 and down-modulation of the cell surface molecule CD4; the latter serves as the cellular membrane receptor for HHV-7. Since HIV also infects T-cells via the CD4 molecule, the interactions of these viruses within T-cells during the course of AIDS are important areas of investigation.
Expression of the Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter is developmentally regulated in postnatal rat brains: A possible mechanism underlying GABA's excitatory role in immature brain

An inhibitory neurotransmitter in mature brain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also appears to be excitatory early in development. The mechanisms underlying this shift are not well understood. In vitro studies have suggested that Na-K-Cl cotransport may have a role in modulating immature neuronal and oligodendrocyte responses to the neurotransmitter GABA. An in vivo developmental study would test this view. Therefore, we examined the expression of the BSC2 isoform of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the postnatal developing rat brain. A comparison of sections from developing rat brains by in situ hybridization revealed a well-delineated temporal and spatial pattern of first increasing and then diminishing cotransporter expression. Na-K-2Cl mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was highest in the first week of postnatal life and then diminished from postnatal day (PND) 14 to adult. Cotransporter signal in white-matter tracts of the cerebrum, cerebellum, peaked at PND 14. Expression was detected in cerebellar progenitor cells of the external granular layer, in internal granular layer cells at least as early as PND 7, and in Purkinje cells beginning at PND 14. Double-labeling immunofluorescence of brain sections with anti-BSC2 antibody and cell type-specific antibodies confirmed expression of the cotransporter gene product in neurons and oligodendrocytes in the white matter in a pattern similar to that determined by in situ hybridization. The temporal pattern of expression of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the postnatal rat brain supports the hypothesis that the cotransporter is the mechanism of intracellular Cl- accumulation in immature neurons and oligodendrocytes.
Thermally controlled alignment for wafer-scale lithography

Euclid E. MoonMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts 02139euclid@nano.mit.eduSaurabh A. ChandorkarIntel CorporationSanta Clara, California 95054Sidlgata V. SreenivasanUniversity of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas 78712R. Fabian PeaseStanford UniversityStanford, California 94305Abstract. A primary limitation in nanoimprint lithography is lack of align-ment consistency between multiple fields. Simultaneous imprinting of sev-eral fields is highly desirable for enhanced throughput, yet placementerrors in template fabrication and other factors limit field-to-field accuracy.Here, we describe a method to improve overlay simultaneously acrossmany fields via continuous, in situ control of localized temperature distri-butions. In this method, interferometric moire alignment signals from anarray of microscopes are analyzed to form a map of distortion and controlthe distribution of heat in real time. Thermal cross-talk between fields isminimized using a microchannel wafer chuck. We demonstrate simultane-ous operation of feedback loops that stabilize alignment over a 100-mmspan to 0.5 nm (3σ).
Counterregulatory eating behavior in multiple item test meals

Restrained eaters have been shown to disinhibit their eating when under stressful situations. However, the majority of laboratory studies that have demonstrated this effect utilized a single test food, typically ice cream. There is a lack of research investigating if this interaction is still evident when multiple foods are offered, and if so, the food choices that restrained and non-restrained eaters make when under stressful situations. The present study examined the impact of stress on food choices in individuals with varying degrees of restraint. Several classes of foods were offered (i.e., high fat/high sugar; low fat/high sugar; high fat/low sugar; low fat/low sugar). A total of 153 females were randomly assigned to either a stress or no-stress situation, and then both groups participated in a taste test. There was no significant difference in total amount of consumption between restrained and non-restrained eaters when under stress. However, further analyses found that restrained eaters under stress consumed more potato chips than those who were not under stress. Findings are discussed in terms of possible limitations of the stress-induced eating paradigm for restrained eaters.
Predictors of Successful Discharge from Out-of-Home Care among Children with Complex Needs.

We examined the predictors for successful discharge from out-of-home care of children with complex needs placed in a novel comprehensive service intervention (Manatee Model) and compared their discharge experiences to their out-of-home counterparts from the same county. The study design consisted of a longitudinal two-year comparison of these two groups. A total of 147 cases were included in the analysis, and the propensity scoring technique was used to equate the groups. Among children admitted to the Manatee Model, boys, White children, younger children, those who came from a single-parent family, those who were abused, and those who had a disability (physical or emotional disability or medical condition) were found less likely to successfully exit within the two years when these predictors were examined separately. Multivariate analyses indicated that only age at the time of removal and health status were significantly associated with successful discharge. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Age-related IQ decline is reduced markedly after adjustment for the Flynn effect

Twenty-year-olds outperform 70-year-olds by as much as 2.3 standard deviations (35 IQ points) on subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). We show that most of the difference can be attributed to an intergenerational rise in IQ known as the Flynn effect. Normative data from different versions of the WAIS enabled us to estimate the degree to which the Flynn effect, rather than age-related decline, contributes to differences between 20- and 70-year-olds. The Flynn effect accounted for 38-67% of the apparent age-related decline on 6 of the 11 subtests. On the other 5 subtests, all of which are categorized as verbal, the Flynn effect was larger than the age-group difference. For these verbal subtests, the Flynn effect masked a modest increase in ability as individuals grow older. Overall, the Flynn effect accounted for at least 85% of the disparity between 20- and 70-year-olds.
Salt-losing crisis in infants—not always of adrenal origin

Three infants (age 1.5, 4 and 7 months) presented with vomiting, hyponatremia and hyperkalaemia suggestive of a salt-losing congenital adrenal condition. Diagnostic endocrine bloods were taken and adrenal steroid therapy was started. The infants were subsequently found to have raised plasma aldosterone and renin levels due to pyelonephritis and structural anomalies of the kidneys, demonstrating secondary aldosterone resistance. Conclusion Establishing the diagnosis of congenital adrenal disorders is essential in a baby who develops a salt-losing crisis in the first few weeks of life. However, pyelonephritis should be considered and can be rapidly excluded in any infant presenting with a salt-losing crisis with hyponatremia and hyperkalaemia, in particular, outside the neonatal period. Only then should an endocrine cause for this presentation be considered and treatment commenced.
Soil changes accompanying invasion of the exotic shrub Cytisus scoparius in glacial outwash prairies of western Washington [USA]

Shrub encroachment of grassland is a global phenomenon that can cause substantial and rapid changes in soil nutrient levels and distribution. If the woody plants in question also have the capacity to fix nitrogen (N), the effects on soil nutrients may potentially be large. Cytisus scoparius L. Link (Scotch broom) is an introduced leguminous shrub from the Mediterranean region that colonizes open grasslands. We measured several properties of the surface soil (0-10 cm depth) across advancing fronts of Cytisus to assess changes in soil fertility associated with invasion in western Washington state (USA). Both total soil C and N increased (1.8% and 6.5%, respectively), resulting in a decrease in C to N ratio of 22.5 in uninvaded soils to 21.5 inside Cytisus patches. δ15N signature of surface soil did not clearly demonstrate a signal of N2-fixation across the Cytisus gradient. On the other hand, seven-day laboratory aerobic incubations demonstrated 3 and 2.4 times greater mineralization and nitrification rate, respectively, in Cytisus soils compared to uninvaded soils. Despite this increase in N availability, bioassay plants (Achillea millefolium) grown in uninvaded soils in the greenhouse were ∼ 30% larger than those grown in Cytisus-invaded soils, suggesting that Cytisus may have inhibitory effects on some plants growing in invaded soils. These results suggest that the impact of Cytisus invasion on grassland plant communities may be influenced or tempered by chemical or microbial effects on the soil other than simply increased labile N.
The effects of cationic proteins of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes on the respiratory activity of liver mitochondria

Abstract The cationic proteins of lysosomes of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes exert a biphasic effect (stimulation at low concentrations; inhibition at high concentrations) on the State 4 respiration of rat liver mitochondria. Inhibition is the only effect observed on State 3 respiration. When separated into two fractions of circa 8000 and 4000 molecular weight, each containing three components, both fractions can stimulate State 4 mitochondrial respiration but neither is capable of complete inhibition of State 3 activity.
Child Healthcare Decision-Making: Examining "Conjointness" in Paternal Identities among Residential and Non-Residential Fathers

This study examines the paternal identity conjointness of seventeen residential and fourteen non-residential fathers within five, normative healthcare decisions. Using consensual qualitative research (CQR) methodology to investigate fathers’ usage of parenting voice (I or We), we examined how paternal identity conjointness was similar and different between residential and non-residential fathers in each healthcare decision. Results revealed two new paternal identities, “self-as-detached” and “mixed.” Residential fathers expressed a self-as-co-parental identity in three of the five healthcare decisions, but shifted to a self-as-solo identity when deciding if their child would be circumcised. Non-residential fathers constructed a self-as-co-parental identity in two healthcare decisions while also expressing a self-as-detached identity and mixed identity in other healthcare decisions. Contextual and relational influences on paternal identity conjointness are identified. Implications of our findings for future research and practice are discussed.
Novel multi-block strategy for CAD tools for microfluidics type applications

A novel strategy to implement multi-block schemes in Computer aided design (CAD) tools for a variety of applications specifically dealing with multi-physics transport phenomena is presented here. Multi-block schemes are domain decomposition schemes in which the domain is split into several smaller sub-domains, and independent, synchronous calculations are performed in the sub-domains individually, retaining the global identity of the problem. These schemes are very appropriate for problems with complex geometries and physics, and problems that are computationally intensive. They also allow parallelization on distributed and shared memory parallel architectures. Therefore, for complex multi-physics applications like microfluidics, which is spotlighted here, multi-block strategies can offer many advantages over traditional finite element or finite volume schemes. However, from a CAD tool implementation point of view multiblock schemes are still in infancy. One important reason for this is the different kind of geometry and mesh builders required for multiblock schemes owing to the inherently different philosophy entailed. To circumvent this, in this work we present some novel strategies to utilize the commonly used geometry builders and meshing tool of finite element technique for multi-block solvers, and develop a versatile CAD tool based on domain decomposition technique. In particular a lucid methodology is presented using which rudimentary and widely available geometry builder and meshing tool for finite element calculations can be utilized to implement a powerful multi-block scheme using structured grids and finite-volume discretization, both of which are amenable to ease of implementation and numerical efficiency for the class of problems considered. The proposed multi-block methodology can also be used with finite difference or finite element calculations in individual blocks. It will be shown that this formulation will have the potential to be the bulwark of next generation of micro-and nano-scale fluidics type problems that have applications in areas like proteomics, lab-on-a-chip design, synthetic biomaterials, etc.
TH‐E‐211‐04: ICRP‐103 Based Gender and Age‐Specific DLP to Effective Dose Conversion Factors (k)

Purpose: To compute ICRP‐103 based gender and age specific (baby, child, adult) normalized effective dose conversion k‐factors (mSv/mGy*cm) for clinically relevant CT scanned body regions. Methods: We used the program CTExpo‐v2.0 to compute DLP‐to‐effective dose k‐factors for the scan ranges used clinically for examinations of the head, orbits/temporal bones, maxillofacial, head/neck, neck, chest, abdomen, chest/abdomen, chest/abdomen aorta, pelvis, abdomen/pelvis, chest/abdomen/pelvis, and chest/abdomen/pelvis aorta. The mathematical models of “baby”, “child”, “EVA”, and “ADAM” were used with the current ICRP‐103 tissue weighting factors as well as the previous ICRP‐60 weighting factors. We used three CT scanner models, one from each of the most popular manufacturers, with 20‐mm total beam collimation and helical pitch of 1. Results: Except for the head, the k‐factors for the adult male are lower than the female by up to ∼33% (chest). For the head, the k‐factor for the adult male model is ∼10% higher than the female. The maximum ICRP‐103 to ICRP‐60 based k‐factor ratio is ∼1.35 for “baby” head, and the minimum is ∼0.6 for “baby” pelvis. We compared our ICRP‐103 based k‐factor estimates for adult models with the similar, but hermaphrodite model estimates of Huda et al. (Medical Physics, March 2011.) The largest difference (40 – 46%) was observed for the female abdomen scan range. For the female chest, our estimates are 17 – 21 % higher than the ones of Huda et al. For the male chest, our estimates are 19 – 23% lower. For the male chest/abdomen/pelvis our estimates are 14 – 18% lower. Conclusions: The k‐factors for adult and female models differed by as much as 33%. ICRP‐ based k‐factors differed from ICRP‐60 based k‐factors by as much as +35% to ‐40%. Finally, some significant differences were observed for certain gender specific scan ranges between the present work and that of Huda et al.
A Map to Bad Policy -Hospital Efficiency Measures in the Dartmouth Atlas

Dartmouth Atlas researchers aim to identify and rank high- and low-efficiency hospitals. Dr. Peter Bach argues that the rankings are unsound, both conceptually and methodologically.
Biomaterials education: An academic viewpoint

Biomaterials is emerging as an identifiable intellectual field of study. There are necessary preparatory studies to equip individuals to work within the field at various levels. The formal and informal instructional requirements are considered within the context of the academic program of the Department of Bioengineering at Clemson University, one of the first US university programs to focus on instruction and research in biomaterials.
Timing of voiding cystourethrography in infants with first time urinary infection

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the timing of performing a voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) following a first urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants is related to the presence or the severity of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). A total of 411 children (male 230, female 181) with a first-recognised UTI between ages 15 days and 12 months (median 3 months) underwent a VCUG within 4–81 days (median 9 days) following diagnosis. The presence and the grade of the VUR were compared in two groups: an “early” group in which the VCUG was performed during the first week of the start of treatment and a “late” group in which the examination was performed during the second week or thereafter. The prevalence of VUR in the study cohort was 23.3% (96/411 infants). A VUR was diagnosed in 44 infants in the early group (28%) and in 52 in the late group (21%). Reflux of grade III or higher was seen in 25/44 (57%) of the infants in the early group and in 27/52 (52%) infants in the late group. These differences were not significant. Our results suggest that neither the presence nor the grade of VUR in infants is influenced by the timing of the examination following diagnosis. We therefore recommend that it is better to perform VCUG as soon as possible, provided the inflammation has subsided.
ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF THE DENSITY FUNCTIONS IN A CHAOTIC, SLEWING LINK

The investigation dealt with the identification of the characteristics of the PDF and CDF of a flexible slewing link as it developed from the linear region to the chaotic region
On the Occurrence and Fine Structure of a Chloroplast Inclusion in Tomato Leaf

The fine structure of an electron dense plastid inclusion, commonly called prethylakoidal body, was studied at the electron microscope level. Much like in other plants, the prethylakoidal bodies of tomato leaves occur in intermembranous regions of the chloroplast stroma and are frequently associated with grana thylakoids. The body-associated grana are closely appressed to the limiting membrane of the prethylakoidal body. The prethylakoidal bodies are highly electron dense in early stages and gradually become less dense in later stages. The interior of the prethylakoidal body appears coarsely granular. On the basis of an association between the prethylakoidal body and grana (Figs. 2, 3) and on the basis of chemical characterization (Ames and Pivorun 1974) it can be suggested that this inclusion takes part in the formation of grana.
Drinkers and drunkards

Bennett, Linda A., and Genevieve M. Ames, eds. The American Experience with Alcohol: Contrasting Cultural Perspectives. New York: Plenum, 1985. xxiv + 490 pp. including chapter references and index. $49.50 cloth. Brill, Leon, and Charles Winick, eds. The Yearbook of Substance Use and Abuse. Volume III. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1985. 351 pp. including chapter references and indices. $39.95 cloth.
Landmark methods for forms without landmarks: localizing group differences in outline shape

Procrustes superposition and the thin-plate spline each principally developed within the context of discrete landmark data, can be combined in a novel adaptive filter for detecting localized group differences of outline shape.
The evolution of an industry: US thrifts in the 1990s

Abstract This paper estimates multi-product cost functions for nearly 900 thrifts from 1990 to 1995. The results show the thrift industry benefited in the 1990s from a combination of reduced scale diseconomies, technical progress, and industry consolidation. The 1990 sample is characterized by substantial diseconomies of scale, which increased with thrift size, while the 1995 sample shows thrifts of all sizes operating with constant returns to scale. Sample selection is an important issue since there are fundamental differences between the thrifts that exited the industry during the 1990s and those that survived through the 1990s. If one examines all operating thrifts each year, for example, estimates of technical progress are biased upward, since large, inefficient thrifts regularly exited the industry in the 1990s.