cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Tobacco Use and Concurrent Alcohol and Substance Use Among Patients Living with HIV/HCV Co-infection: Findings from a Large Urban Tertiary Center.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco use among patients living with HIV/HCV co-infection. Patient reported outcomes (PROs) were analyzed of patients living with HIV/HCV co-infection (n = 313) who presented for clinical evaluation and treatment of HCV between 2013 and 2017 at a university-affiliated HIV/HCV Co-infection Clinic. The prevalence of tobacco use in patients living with HIV/HCV co-infection was 48%. Compared to non-smokers, a higher proportion of tobacco smokers had substance use disorders and concurrent alcohol and substance use. In the multivariate analysis, concurrent alcohol and substance use was positively associated with tobacco use. The findings suggest clinical interventions are urgently needed to reduce tobacco use among patients living with HIV/HCV co-infection-a doubly-vulnerable immunocompromised population. Otherwise, failed efforts to dedicate resources and targeted behavioral interventions for this respective population will inhibit survival-especially considering the recent and evolving COVID-19 pandemic.
Recognition and resistance of settler colonialism in early childhood education: perspectives and implications for Black, Indigenous, and Teachers of Color

In this article, we utilize the Transformational Indigenous Praxis Model (TIPM) to analyze interviews from beginning teachers and teacher candidates in early childhood education who identify as Bla...
Non-invasive Urinary Biomarkers in Moyamoya Disease

Introduction: A major difficulty in treating moyamoya disease is the lack of effective methods to detect novel or progressive disease prior to the onset of disabling stroke. More importantly, a tool to better stratify operative candidates and quantify response to therapy could substantively complement existing methods. Here, we present proof-of-principle data supporting the use of urinary biomarkers as diagnostic adjuncts in pediatric moyamoya patients. Methods: Urine and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from pediatric patients with moyamoya disease and a cohort of age and sex-matched control patients. Clinical and radiographic data were paired with measurements of a previously validated panel of angiogenic proteins quantified by ELISA. Results were compared to age and sex-matched controls and subjected to statistical analyses. Results: Evaluation of a specific panel of urinary and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers by ELISA demonstrated significant elevations of angiogenic proteins in samples from moyamoya patients compared to matched controls. ROC curves for individual urinary biomarkers, including MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-9/NGAL, and VEGF, showed excellent discrimination. The optimal urinary biomarker was MMP-2, providing a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 100%, and overall accuracy of 91%. Biomarker levels changed in response to therapy and correlated with radiographic evidence of revascularization. Conclusions: We report, for the first time, identification of a panel of urinary biomarkers that predicts the presence of moyamoya disease. These biomarkers correlate with presence of disease and can be tracked from the central nervous system to urine. These data support the hypothesis that urinary proteins are useful predictors of the presence of moyamoya disease and may provide a basis for a novel, non-invasive method to identify new disease and monitor known patients following treatment.
Effects of Storms on Rice Rats Inhabiting Coastal Marshes

During 1979, three storms with winds in excess of 73 km/hr and tides up to 1.5 m above normal struck a section of the Mississippi coast where a population study of the rice rat, Oryzomys palusrris, was in progress. There were no noticeable effects on population levels, and many individual animals survived the storms. INTRODUCTION The rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, is a semiaquatic mammal that occurs in wetland habitats throughout the southeastern United States. Throughout most of its range, 0. palustris is the most abundant small mammal in coastal marshes. It is also the most common mammal on many offshore islands in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Negus et al. 1961; personal observation). The tidal marsh and insular habitats of rice rats are occasionally subjected to devastating storms; and yet the rats appear either to survive these storms or to rapidly recolonize immediately following them. MATERIALS AND METHODS Since January 1979 I have been monitoring a rice rat population on the northern shore of St. Louis Bay in Harrison County, Mississippi. Two study grids about 1 km apart have been live-trapped quarterly. These grids have trapping stations placed at 15-m intervals. A 300-mm square floating platform that rises and falls with the tides is placed at each station. Each sampling session consists of one day of prebaiting the platforms with a mixture of oatflakes, peanut butter and sardines followed by four or five days of live-trapping. One Sherman live-trap is used on each platform. All animals captured are weighed, sexed, checked for reproductive condition, marked by toe clipping, and released. The westemmost grid is 12 stations long and 4 stations deep. Its long axis parallels shore. Water depth on its southern edge is about 400 mm at normal high tide. The northern edge parallels the marshforest ecotone and it is dry at normal high tide. The other grid consists of 100 stations in a 10 x 10 pattern. It extends from the forest-marsh ecotone for 135 m out into the marsh. Although the grid is about 0.5 km from shore, the southem half is flooded to a depth of about 300 mm daily by overflow from tidal creeks in the area. In the spring and summer of 1979 three storms had an impact on the area. A storm in mid-April produced a tide of 1 m above normal and winds gusting to about 40 knots. Manuscript received July 29, 1981; accepted September 30,1981. Hurricane Bob struck the area on July 1 1 with a storm tide of 1.5 m and winds up to 64 knots. On August 12, the western edge of Hurricane Frederick passed through with 74-knot winds but no storm tides, as the winds were from the north. The April storm and Hurricane Bob completely inundated both grids with a tidh surge that swept away all the trapping platforms and deposited them in the forest, 50-100 m to the north. The duration of these storm tides was 2-4 hrs.
Further characterization of alanine aminotransferase of rat liver.

Abstract Rat liver alanine aminotransferase has been obtained in a homogeneous state according to ultracentrifugal, electrophoretic, and immunological criteria. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 114,000. No physical differences were detected in the enzyme prepared from normal and glucocorticoid-treated animals. The enzyme exhibited an absorption maximum at 430 mµ at pH 5.0 and at 335 mµ at pH 8.3. After conversion to the pyridoxamine form, a maximum at 325 mµ appeared. Reaction of the enzyme with amino-oxyacetate shifted the 430 mµ peak to 370 mµ. The enzyme appeared to exist in several closely related forms of slightly different mobility on acrylamide gel. In the absence of the reducing agent, β-mercaptoethanol, a series of aggregated forms of the enzyme arose.
How Do Achievement Goals and Self-efficacy Affect Cardiorespiratory Fitness Performance in Youth?

An important goal of physical education is to provide opportunities for students to work toward the achievement of health-related fitness goals, such as improved cardiorespiratory fitness (McKenzie...
An Introduction to Uneven Roads: Exploring Power, Persuasion and Us Racial and Ethnic Politics

This research seeks to understand how our non-White elected officials identify themselves ethnoracially and to what extent they report an identity or background made of more than one race. In this paper we deconstruct the complexities of racial/ethnic identity among elected officials of color from the intersecting angles of gender and race. We first examine the numerous challenges facing researchers in understanding the contested nature of racial and ethnic identity. These challenges lead us to explore the very distinctive relationships Latinos, Blacks and Asian Americans have with racial identity due to their very different experiences in this country and elsewhere. Using a model whereby the individual is considered within competing notions of race/ethnicity and the varying methods of state-sanctioned categories for classifying them, we then examine the distinctive patterns of racial and ethnic identity among a previously unexamined group: elected officials of color in the United States. Using data from the Gender and Multicultural Leadership Survey, we describe the ways elected officials of color reveal backgrounds that are more complex than commonly understood. In this paper we use descriptive statistics to examine the degree to which elected officials of color, in describing their backgrounds, have “claimed identities” that are more multiracial than their ascribed identities and to compare the extent of these multiracial identities to those found in the general population. We then present both bivariate and multivariate analyses to test two hypotheses, first on the predictive factors associated with a multiracial identity, and second on the intersecting roles of race and gender as well as a measure of the extent to which multiracial identity impacts inter-minority solidarity (i.e., linked fate).
Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and the Provision of Collective Goods in Less-Developed Countries

Parliamentary systems are more likely, ceteris paribus, than presidential systems to give politicians the incentive to provide policies aimed at broad national constituencies rather than at particularistic sectoral or regional constituencies, because a parlimentary constitutional design encourages legislators to subordinate their pursuits to their parties' broader interests. However, less-developed countries often lack the conditions for the nationally oriented parties that parliamentarism requires in order to thrive, due to such factors as sharp disparities in development across regions and income groups. Thus the provision of collective goods in such countries may be facilitated by the establishment of presidential executives, which can be delegated independent constitutional authority to structure the national policy process. Policy-making in these cases thus can be stylized as a presidency elected nationally and granted strong powers over legislation that partially counteract the particularistic tendencies of a fragmented legislature whose members remain close to their regional constituencies.
THE ASTROPHYSICIST AND THE COMPUTER

ABSTRACT Revolutionary advances in our understanding of stellar structure and evolution, stellar pulsations and explosions, the synthesis of elements in stars and in the Big Bang, and the dynamics of many-body systems have closely paralleled the development of computer technology. Each order-of-magnitude increment in computing power has led to the solution of long standing problems and ushered in a new era of exploration. Currently, however, the access of the astronomer to the machines which he is now capable of exploiting efficiently and effectively is exceedingly limited. The problem is threefold: (1) astronomy is a small profession and is unable to muster the necessary numerical and financial support for its own large scale computing facility; (2) many of the most interesting astrophysical problems are CPU bound and solution has a very noticeable impact on local machine utilization - the astronomer usually loses in the battle for time since the policy of most service installations is to satisfy the largest number of customers possible, regardless of merit; (3) usage of remote facilities is hampered by the need in most instances for physical relocation of the astronomer, the second class citizenship of the astronomer at the host installation, and the hassle of conversion from one system to another. Most of the problems just cited are political in nature and can never be satisfactorily resolved. However, several steps toward alleviating the current impasse are to be recommended. First, those in the business of designing machines and providing basic software could, in conjunction with systems programmers at university installations, expend some effort in providing a universal job control language (in the spirit of Fortran) and a standardized editing language that would considerably ease the pain and frustration of moving programs from one installation to the next and getting them to work. Second, the transfer of data bases from one installation to the next could be immeasurably improved if all manufacturers would provide all installations with standard conversion packages that allowed tapes written at one installation to be read at another with a minimum of programmer intervention. Finally, purveyors of service could alter their standard philosophy that good service means primarily a large job throughput rate. Most of our current understanding of the inner workings of stars could not have been achieved without the existence of large scale computers. Many of the existing problems facing the astronomer now simply cannot be solved except on the most powerful computers available. It is a tragic fact of life that really important problems about the nature of our universe wait for solution while powerful computers waste time on infinite numbers of trivial problems that could be solved on a wooden slide rule. In scheduling algorithms some provision should be made to assure that problems for which the computer is really essential, and not just a convenience, receive adequate attention.
Meta-analysis of noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior.

A meta-analysis of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) outcomes was conducted using hierarchical linear modeling (a) to document the effect size for decreasing problem behavior, (b) to compare effect sizes for NCR using functional reinforcers and nonfunctional reinforcers, and (c) to document the influence of schedule thinning on effect size. Analyses were conducted with data from 55 studies and 91 participants. Results indicate that NCR was associated with a very strong effect size (d =–1.58) for reduction of problem behavior, functional reinforcers were slightly more effective than nonfunctional reinforcers, and schedule thinning resulted in minor degradation of effect size. Meta-analysis of single-case design data provides a method to quantitatively estimate effect sizes of interventions across participants. Therefore, it allows one to identify important variables that are not otherwise evident in single-case data, helps to disseminate findings to the broader scientific community, and contributes to the documentation of empirically supported interventions.
Pharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling neuropsychiatric disorder. Two treatments have been proven efficacious for the symptoms of OCD: pharmacological treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) consisting of exposure and response prevention. This chapter will focus on pharmacological treatments. The only medications which have proved effective for OCD in multisite randomized controlled trials are serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which include clomipramine (a noradrenergic and serotonergic reuptake inhibitor) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. General guidelines for the use of these medication will be presented, focusing on key issues that arise in clinical practice such as what dose to use, time to response, management of side effects, and duration of treatment. Because many OCD patients will have either a partial response or no response to these medications, evidence-based strategies for managing both partial responders and nonresponders will be described, including the evidence supporting augmentation with other medications or with CBT, and switching to other medications. Finally, novel strategies which are based on an increased understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying OCD and which are under investigation will be reviewed.
Both Solar UVA and UVB Radiation Impair Conidial Culturability and Delay Germination in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae

The entomopathogenic hyphomycete Metarhizium anisopliae has been used in programs of agricultural pest and disease vector control in several countries. Exposure to simulated solar radiation for a few hours can completely inactivate the conidia of the fungus. In the present study we determined the effect of exposures to full-spectrum sunlight and to solar ultraviolet A radiation at 320-400 nm (UVA) on the conidial culturability and germination of three M. anisopliae strains. The exposures were performed in July and August 2000 in Logan, UT. The strains showed wide variation in tolerance when exposed to full-spectrum sunlight as well as to UVA sunlight. Four-hour exposures to full-spectrum sunlight reduced the relative culturability by approximately 30% for strain ARSEF 324 and by 100% for strains ARSEF 23 and 2575. The relative UV sensitivity of the two more sensitive strains was different under solar UV from that under ultraviolet B radiation at 280-320 nm (UVB) in the laboratory. Four-hour exposures to solar UVA reduced the relative culturability by 10% for strain ARSEF 324, 40% for strain ARSEF 23 and 60% for strain ARSEF 2575. Exposures to both full-spectrum sunlight and UVA sunlight delayed the germination of the surviving conidia of all three strains. These results, in addition to confirming the deleterious effects of UVB, clearly demonstrate the negative effects of UVA sunlight on the survival and germination of M. anisopliae conidia under natural conditions. The negative effects of UVA in sunlight also emphasize that the biological spectral weighting functions for this fungus must not neglect the UVA wavelengths.
Infrared-Transparent Y2O3-MgO Nanocomposites Using Sol-Gel Combustion Synthesized Powder

Y 2 O 3 -MgO composite nanopowder with a volume ratio of 50:50 was synthesized using a sol-gel combustion process. X-ray diffraction analysis of the as-synthesized nanopowder shows phase pure Y 2 0 3 and MgO with a cubic crystal structure and crystalline size ~ 15 nm. The fully dense Y 2 O 3 -MgO nanocomposites were prepared by pressureless sintering the composite nanopowder at 1400°C for 2 h, followed by hot isostatic pressing at 1350°C for 1 h and postsinter annealing at 1000°C for 10 h. The Y 2 O 3 -Mg0 nanocomposite exhibit excellent infrared transmittance (62%-80%) over 3-7 μm infrared wavelength ranges with an average hardness of 10.6 GPa.
Schwartz syndrome: myotonia with blepharophimosis and limitation of joints.

A family is repor ted in which four chi ldren of the same fa ther and two unre la ted mothers are affected with congenital hypoplast ic anemia. This fur ther supports an autosomal dominan t mode of inher i tance of this disorder. T h e fa ther and the younger two siblings have elevated concentrat ions of hemoglobin F. I f fur ther family studies confirm this as a consistent expression of congeni ta l hypoplast ic anemia, i t provides a good marke r by which to gain more accura te da ta on which to base genetic counseling for pat ients affected by this d isorder and their families. REFERENCES
The Spectrum of Gallium II And The ( 4 s 4 p 2 ) Configuration in Gallium I and Indium I

The spectrum of gallium has been excited in a hollow cathode discharge in helium and photographed in the region from $\ensuremath{\lambda}10,000\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda}200$. about 90 lines so excited have been classified in singlet and triplet series of Ga II. Peculiarities in the run of intensities in successive members of series have been found due to the excitation by helium which is sufficient to excite only terms greater than 12,000 $\ensuremath{\nu}$-units in this spectrum. Absolute term values are calculated and the lowest term is $(4{s}^{2})^{1}S=165458$ corresponding to an ionization potential for Ga II of 20.43 volts. Tables of classified lines and of term values are given. The lines arising from combinations of $(4{p}^{2})^{4}P$ and $(4{p}^{2})^{2}S$ with $(4s4p)^{2}P$ of Ga I have been identified and values of these terms are given. Preliminary work on the excitation of the indium spectrum in helium has enabled the location of $(4{p}^{2})^{4}P$ in In I and its term values and combinations with $(4s4p)^{2}P$ are given.
Thromboxane induced red blood cell lysis.

Abstract The two thromboxane A2 mimetics, carbocyclic thromboxane A2 (CTA2) and U-46619 (9,11-methanoepoxy PGH2) at concentrations of 400 ng/ml significantly enhanced the release of hemoglobin from both feline and human erythrocyte suspensions. This effect was significantly attenuated by the thromboxane receptor antagonist BM-13,505 indicating that the membrane leakiness is in some way receptor mediated. The effects also appear to be concentration-dependent over the range of 100–400 ng/ml. The membrane labilizing effect of thromboxane analogs is not due to a non-specific eicosanoid effect since iloprost, the stable prostacyclin analog, actually stabilized erythrocyte membranes. Moreover, synthetic thromboxane A2 exerted similar effects to that of the two TxA2-mimetics. This membrane labilizing action of thromboxanes may be important in propagating the other pathophysiologic effects of thromboxane A2 in cardiovascular disease states.
Radiologic and clinical bronchiectasis associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Background Polycystin 1 and 2, the protein abnormalities associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), are also found in airway cilia and smooth muscle cells. There is evidence of increased radiologic bronchiectasis associated with ADPKD, though the clinical and functional implications of this association are unknown. We hypothesized an increased prevalence of both radiologic and clinical bronchiectasis is associated with APDKD as compared to non-ADPKD chronic kidney disease (CKD) controls. Materials and Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed at our institution involving consecutive ADPKD and non-ADPKD chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients seen over a 13 year period with both chest CT and PFT. CTs were independently reviewed by two blinded thoracic radiologists. Manually collected clinical data included symptoms, smoker status, transplant history, and PFT findings. Results Ninety-two ADPKD and 95 non-ADPKD CKD control patients were compared. Increased prevalence of radiologic bronchiectasis, predominantly mild lower lobe disease, was found in ADPKD patients compared to CKD control (19 vs. 9%, P = 0.032, OR 2.49 (CI 1.1–5.8)). After adjustment for covariates, ADPKD was associated with increased risk of radiologic bronchiectasis (OR 2.78 (CI 1.16–7.12)). Symptomatic bronchiectasis occurred in approximately a third of ADPKD patients with radiologic disease. Smoking was associated with increased radiologic bronchiectasis in ADPKD patients (OR 3.59, CI 1.23–12.1). Conclusions Radiological bronchiectasis is increased in patients with ADPKD particularly those with smoking history as compared to non-ADPKD CKD controls. A third of such patients have symptomatic disease. Bronchiectasis should be considered in the differential in ADPKD patients with respiratory symptoms and smoking history.
Stability of microstructures in chill-cast aluminum alloys containing twinned columnar growth structures

Most chill-cast commercial aluminum alloys, when inappropriately ingot grain refined, will contain twinned columnar growth (TCG) structures near the chill surface of the ingot. These structures consist of large grains composed of parallel arrays of continuous thin lamellae. Each lamella contains a central {111} coherent twin boundary and a noncoherent rough boundary at the edges. This paper describes the stability of such grain structures as affected by composition and postcasting processes such as ingot preheating and deformation. A series of simple binary and two complex high-strength aluminum alloys were investigated. In single-phase alloys, such as preheated binary alloys with compositions less than the maximum solid solubility, the TCG structure was eliminated by a grain growth process. In dual- and multiphase alloys, the stability of the structure depends on the size and distribution of particles after preheating and the nature of the particle/matrix interface. The interplay between particle stability, size, and distribution controls the stability of the TCG-containing microstructure during postcasting processing.
Imaging coexisting fluid domains in biomembrane models coupling curvature and line tension

Lipid bilayer membranes--ubiquitous in biological systems and closely associated with cell function--exhibit rich shape-transition behaviour, including bud formation and vesicle fission. Membranes formed from multiple lipid components can laterally separate into coexisting liquid phases, or domains, with distinct compositions. This process, which may resemble raft formation in cell membranes, has been directly observed in giant unilamellar vesicles. Detailed theoretical frameworks link the elasticity of domains and their boundary properties to the shape adopted by membranes and the formation of particular domain patterns, but it has been difficult to experimentally probe and validate these theories. Here we show that high-resolution fluorescence imaging using two dyes preferentially labelling different fluid phases directly provides a correlation between domain composition and local membrane curvature. Using freely suspended membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles, we are able to optically resolve curvature and line tension interactions of circular, stripe and ring domains. We observe long-range domain ordering in the form of locally parallel stripes and hexagonal arrays of circular domains, curvature-dependent domain sorting, and membrane fission into separate vesicles at domain boundaries. By analysing our observations using available membrane theory, we are able to provide experimental estimates of boundary tension between fluid bilayer domains.
Laparoscopic Laser Assisted Auto-Augmentation of the Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder: Early Experience with Urodynamic Followup

AbstractPurpose: We report our initial experience with laparoscopic laser assisted bladder auto-augmentation for treatment of the symptomatic pediatric neurogenic bladder.Materials and Methods: Laparoscopic auto-augmentation of the bladder was performed in 2 children with myelodysplasia and high pressure neurogenic bladders unresponsive to medical management. Detrusorotomy was done using the KTP-532 laser.* *Laserscope, San Jose, California. Laser energy was directed to the tissue using a backstop laser delivery device. Both patients were followed with urodynamic studies to evaluate long-term effects of the procedure.Results: Laparoscopic bladder auto-augmentation can be performed easily and with less morbidity compared to open auto-augmentation. Although results at 6 weeks showed improvement, enterocystoplasty was ultimately performed in both cases due to symptomatic recurrence of incontinence associated with increasing peak detrusor pressure and decreasing compliance.Conclusions: While this technique ha...
Analysis of Fabry-Perot interferograms of periodic spectra

The analytical form of a Fabry–Perot interferogram of a periodic spectrum has been obtained, which is a function of a single adjustable parameter. This parameter may either be determined directly from experimental data or, as in this paper, from a computer-simulation experiment. This method is applied to the analysis of interferograms of rotational Raman spectra. The interferogram profile is a sensitive function of the parameters that determine the intensity and width of the individiual rotational Raman lines. The intrinsic multiplex advantage of this technique in the study of periodic spectra is also discussed.
Conditioned Brownian motion in planar domains

We give an upper bound for the Green functions of conditioned Brownian motion in planar domains. A corollary is the conditional gauge theorem in bounded planar domains.
Characterization of the size and charge heterogeneities of human leukocyte interferon populations.

Human leukocyte interferons are separable into two size components by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and are separable into two charge-components by DEAE-BioGel A chromatography. However, each of the charge-components resolved by ion-exchange chromatography contained both size-components, when analysed by SDS-PAGE. Thus, there are more than two distinct molecular populations of human leukocyte interferons.
Archaeomagnetic paleointensity in the American Southwest during the past 2000 years

Abstract An archaeomagnetic paleointensity study was carried out on pottery samples from the Hohokam, Anasazi, and Mogollon cultures of the American Southwest. The Thellier-Thellier paleointensity experiment was used on 187 specimens from 77 different sherds derived from 23 archaeological sites. Interpretations were made for 127 specimens from 54 sherds, about a two-thirds success rate. The median value for the quality factor was 12. The results were corrected for magnetic anisotropy owing to a fabric in the pottery, using an easy-plane model of magnetization. The anisotropy of the hard axis relative to the easy plane of magnetization averaged 31%. The correction factor for the paleointensity was typically 5.4%, and systematically increased the paleointensities because the laboratory heatings were applied within the easy plane. The sample-average paleointensities were compiled along with other data from North America. The Hohokam data were kept as a separate set because of uncertainties concerning the Hohokam chronology. Curves of the virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) variation for the Hohokam and non-Hohokam data sets were derived using a moving-window smoothing technique. The Hohokam and non-Hohokam curves show good agreement, regardless of which Hohokam chronology is used. Relative paleointensity records from North American lake sediments are also congruent with the archaeointensity results. Despite the scatter in the archaeomagnetic data, the correlation of these records suggests that the secular variation pattern is being recovered. The field strength at 300 BC is 30–40% higher than at present; a low from 250 to 1250 AD is 10–15% weaker than at present; and a peak at 1500 AD is about 30% higher than at present. The low from 250 to 1250 AD in comparison with global paleointensity compilations suggests a substantial non-dipole field in North America at that time. The rate of change of the archaeomagnetic VADM is similar to rates observed today.
X‐linked recessive microencephaly, microphthalmia with corneal opacities, spastic quadriplegia, hypospadias and cryptorchidism

Three males in two generations of a family had microencephaly, microphthalmia with corneal opacities, spastic quadriplegia, hypospadias and cryptorchidism. X-linked recssive inheritance is postulated.
Preventing overestimation of pixels in computed tomography assessment of visceral fat.

Objective: Computed tomography (CT) is a common research procedure for measuring abdominal fat distribution, but little is written about the software used to analyze images. Our objective was to compare in-house and commercially available software for quantitative measurement of abdominal fat distribution. In the process, we encountered some unexpected problems. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 123 volunteers had single-slice abdominal CT images taken that were used to evaluate various aspects of the commercial image analysis program. Results: The agreement between the commercial and in-house programs was excellent (r = 0.996, p < 0.00, 001) for both total and intraabdominal fat, and we were able to reduce between-observer variability in measured fat areas through the use of statistical handling of region of interest information. We also noted that intracolonic contents sometimes had the same Hounsfield units as adipose tissue. We analyzed single-slice CT images from 50 volunteers to determine the potential impact of this effect on visceral fat area; the overestimate of visceral fat area was 19 ± 22% (maximum, 112% overestimate). The commercial program could prevent this error, whereas our in-house program could not. Discussion: We concluded that a readily available commercial image analysis program compares well with a previously validated in-house program and that it offers some advantages with respect to preventing overestimation of pixels as visceral fat.
Sex differences in the activation of language cortex during childhood.

Abstract Sex differences have been well documented in the behavioral literature but have occurred inconsistently in the neuroimaging literature. This investigation examined the impact of subject age, language task, and cortical region on the occurrence of sex differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Two hundred and five (104 m, 101 f) right handed, monolingual English speaking children between the ages of 5 and 18 years were enrolled in this study. The study used fMRI at 3 T to evaluate BOLD signal variation associated with sex, age, and their interaction. Children completed up to four language tasks, which involved listening to stories, prosody processing, single word vocabulary identification, and verb generation. A sex difference for behavioral performance was found for the prosodic processing task only. Brain activation in the classical left hemisphere language areas of the brain and their right homologues were assessed for sex differences. Although left lateralization was present for both frontal and temporal regions for all but the prosody task, no significant sex differences were found for the degree of lateralization. Sex × age interaction effects were found for all but the task involving single word vocabulary. However effect sizes associated with the sex differences were small, which suggests that relatively large sample sizes would be needed to detect these effects reliably.
Innate Immunity in the Respiratory Epithelium

The airway epithelium represents the first point of contact for inhaled foreign organisms. The protective arsenal of the airway epithelium is provided in the form of physical barriers and a vast array of receptors and antimicrobial compounds that constitute the innate immune system. Many of the known innate immune receptors, including the Toll-like receptors and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors, are expressed by the airway epithelium, which leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that affect microorganisms directly and recruit immune cells, such as neutrophils and T cells, to the site of infection. The airway epithelium also produces a number of resident antimicrobial proteins, such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, and mucins, as well as a swathe of cationic proteins. Dysregulation of the airway epithelial innate immune system is associated with a number of medical conditions that can result in compromised immunity and chronic inflammation of the lung. This review focuses on the innate immune capabilities of the airway epithelium and its role in protecting the lung from infection as well as the outcomes when its function is compromised.
The future of the red metal: discards, energy, water, residues, and depletion

Estimates for mine tailings, smelter slag, mine overburden, stock buildup, loss of copper discards to the landfills, and energy and water use requirements have been presented based upon scenario analysis results of three alternative copper futures. The resource availability concerns emerge to be the most critical. Globally, the copper resource availability barrier might potentially emerge during 2035–2060, with more likelihood of appearing in a highly technological and affluent world scenario first. Cumulatively, the amount of copper in mine tailings generated by 2050 will equal the amount of contemporary in-use copper stock. Such large amounts of production residues can serve as future sources of high-grade copper, as copper ore grades will continue to decline over time. Should we wish to mine the remaining low grade copper still, the amount of energy required will be equivalent to present global energy use. Unrealistically large amount of water would also seem to be required.
Scuffing transition diagrams for heavy duty diesel fuel injector materials in ultra low-sulfur fuel-lubricated environment

In order to meet stricter emissions requirements, advanced heavy duty diesel fuel injection systems will be required to resist scuffing at higher pressures, temperatures and in ultra low-sulfur fuels. Using a 3D friction-scuffing mapping technique, scuffing transition diagrams were generated for diesel fuel injector materials to exemplify the effects of surface finish and sliding velocity on scuffing characteristics in a fuel-lubricated environment. On-highway #2 diesel fuel and Jet A aviation fuel were selected as a baseline and a surrogate of ultra low-sulfur fuel, respectively. Two material combinations, self-mated AISI 52100 steel and MgO partially stabilized zirconia (TTZ) against 52100 steel, were tested at three composite roughness levels. Scuffing generally initiated at the low-sliding-velocity stroke ends, which had the worst lubrication condition. Materials survived longer in the diesel fuel than in the aviation fuel. TTZ/steel showed higher scuffing resistance than steel/steel. Among the three roughness levels, self-mated steel exhibited best scuffing resistance at the intermediate level, while TTZ against steel seemed to favor the roughest level. Surface morphology examination (optical and scanning electron microscopy) and chemical analysis (energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning auger microprobe) were conducted to investigate the wear modes and tribochemical film compositions. A mixture of abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and plastic deformation has been observed. The worn surfaces in #2 diesel fuel presented higher non-carbide carbon concentration and a thinner iron oxide-rich layer than those in Jet A fuel.
Trauma-Organized Systems in Practice: Implications for Work with Abused and Abusing Children and Young People

This paper examines the notion of trauma-organized systems, which sees the perpetrator of abuse organizing reality by blaming the child for triggering his response. Meanwhile children attribute actions of the perpetrator to themselves, and are also perceived as cause by parents who should be protective. This theme is explored through research on children who have been sexually abused, and who sexually abuse other children. The mental health of the abused child depends in part on the extensiveness of abuse, and in part on whether the child is believed, and supported following diagnosis. Sexual abuse is a factor in triggering abusive action in abused children, but early experience of physical violence, and a mother who has herself grown up in a climate of violence are the factors which lead to an abusive orientation towards younger children. The implications for therapeutic work is examined in these studies with the necessity emerging for good protective work, re-parenting of seriously abused and abusing ch...
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients Treated for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Patient outcomes concerning toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have improved over the years as a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the illness has been gained and enhancements have been made in the care of the acutely ill. With increase in survival, long-term complications these patients experience are beginning to be recognized. In this study, we analyzed the outcomes of a cohort of TEN survivors treated at our burn unit and sought to determine the impact of clinical variables from the initial hospitalization on mortality after discharge. We performed a retrospective review of data from patients with TEN treated at our burn unit from March 1993 to September 2002. Follow-up data on new health problems were collected on patients who were alive at discharge via questionnaire. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method with Cox regression model. During the study period, of the 64 patients treated for TEN, 46 survived. After discharge, 15 patients died, whereas the remaining 31 patients continued to suffer from ocular (54%), skin (81%), and renal (23%) problems. Median survival for the whole cohort has not been reached, with an estimated 5-year survival of 65%. No patient in either group had a TEN recurrence. Seventy-nine percent of the patients with ocular involvement in the acute phase of TEN had long-term ocular complications, and 73% of patients with mucosal involvement had persistent mucosal lesions. Five individual factors were found to be predictors of postdischarge mortality on univariate analysis: age at diagnosis of TEN>or=60 years, SCORTEN 3 to 6, % maximal TBSA slough>or=50%, days from onset of symptoms to admission to a burn unit>or=5 days, and presence of multiple comorbidities at diagnosis of TEN. In multivariate analysis, only SCORTEN of 3 to 6 (P=.003) and days to admission>or=5 (P=.027) maintained significance as predictors of mortality and may be used to heighten surveillance during postdischarge care of patients with TEN.
Application of colorimetric indicators and thermo-hand method to determine base permeation through chemical protective gloves.

The aim of this study was to assess the use of colorimetric indicator pads and the thermo-hand method for detection of inorganic/organic base permeation of chemical protective gloves under simulated in-use conditions. Breakthrough times for four types of gloves were determined based on the color change of pads and ranged from 3 to 10 min for butylamine, from 4 min to > 4 hours for diisopropylamine, from 6 min to > 4 hours for triethylamine, and > 4 hours for sodium hydroxide. Quantification was performed for butylamine, diisopropylamine, and triethylamine by gas chromatography following solvent desorption. These chemicals exhibited > 99% adsorption on the pads at spiking levels of 1.08–1.11 μg for each base. The recovery for the system was calculated for each chemical, with results ranging from 50–74% (RSD ≤5%) for these bases over the spiking range 0.22–1.11 μg. The quantitative mass of the bases on the pads at the time of breakthrough detection ranged from 118–121, 117–120, and 109–116 μg/cm2 for butyla...
Nature designs tough collagen: Explaining the nanostructure of collagen fibrils

Collagen is a protein material with superior mechanical properties. It consists of collagen fibrils composed of a staggered array of ultra-long tropocollagen (TC) molecules. Theoretical and molecular modeling suggests that this natural design of collagen fibrils maximizes the strength and provides large energy dissipation during deformation, thus creating a tough and robust material. We find that the mechanics of collagen fibrils can be understood quantitatively in terms of two critical molecular length scales χS and χR that characterize when (i) deformation changes from homogeneous intermolecular shear to propagation of slip pulses and when (ii) covalent bonds within TC molecules begin to fracture, leading to brittle-like failure. The ratio χS/χR indicates which mechanism dominates deformation. Our modeling rigorously links the chemical properties of individual TC molecules to the macroscopic mechanical response of fibrils. The results help to explain why collagen fibers found in nature consist of TC molecules with lengths in the proximity of 300 nm and advance the understanding how collagen diseases that change intermolecular adhesion properties influence mechanical properties.
Explaining the declining energy intensity of the U.S. economy

Abstract This paper reconciles conflicting explanations for the decline in U.S. energy intensity over the last 40 years of the 20th century. Decomposing changes in the energy–GDP ratio into shifts in the structure of sectoral composition and adjustments in the efficiency of energy use within individual industries reveals that while inter-industry structural change was the principal driver of the observed decline in aggregate energy intensity, intra-industry efficiency improvements played a more important role in the post-1980 period. Econometric results attribute this phenomenon to adjustments in quasi-fixed inputs—particularly vehicle stocks, and disembodied autonomous technological progress, and show that price-induced substitution of variable inputs generated transitory energy savings, while innovation induced by energy prices had only a minor impact.
Case report: Reversible neuropsychological impairment after severe carbon monoxide poisoning in a child

Carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication can cause significant neuropsychological deficits in adults acutely or as delayed sequelae after a symptom‐free period of up to 40 days. However, there are few data available regarding the effects of CO poisoning in children during the same time period. We studied a 10‐year‐old girl who suffered severe CO intoxication over at least 36 hr. Neurobehavioral examination at 2 weeks postonset revealed specific impairments in functions associated with the frontal and parietal areas. Follow‐up examinations throughout the next 4 weeks revealed recovery of all functions to estimated premorbid levels. This recovery was maintained at 6 months and 1 year following the hypoxic episode. The results suggest (a) a multifocal pattern of results similar to that reported in adults and (b) an immediate onset and rapid reversibility of symptoms with no delayed sequelae up to 1 year later, a finding different from that in adults. Together with findings from animal studies, the data (a) raise th...
Anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid as a solvent for proteins.

IT has recently been reported1 that liquid anhydrous fluoride is a powerful solvent for a wide variety of proteins. It has now been found that the lower perfluoro-aliphatic carboxylic acids possess solvent properties for proteins very similar to those of hydrogen fluoride. Thus it has been observed that trifluoroacetic acid (m.p. – 15.6° C, b.p. 72° C.) readily dissolves the proteins lysozyme, ribonuclease, trypsin, pepsin, crystallized egg albumin, bovine plasma albumin, bovine plasma globulin, edestin, peanut protein globulin, casein, zein, urease, uricase, blood fibrin, insulin, silk fibroin, hide collagen and rat-tail tendon. Solutions in the concentration-range 20–30 mgm./ml. of the above proteins can easily be prepared at 25° C. Solutions of proteins in trifluoroacetic acid prepared in vacuo are clear and colourless; on exposure to air, a purple colour develops. Cytochrome c, haemoglobin and catalaes are also soluble; solutions of these iron-containing proteins are browner in colour than are the corresponding solutions in hydrogen fluoride.
Carbon monoxide poisoning. Immediate diagnosis and treatment are crucial to avoid complications.

Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels (oil, kerosene, coal, wood) or the inadequate ventilation of natural gas. When carbon monoxide is introduced into the bloodstream, it binds to hemoglobin, reducing the number of binding sites available for oxygen. Carbon monoxide also changes the structure of the hemoglobin molecule, which makes it even more difficult for oxygen that has attached to be released into tissues. The resulting tissue ischemia can lead to organ failure, permanent changes in cognition, or death. Carbon monoxide poisoning is the leading cause of death by poisoning in industrialized countries.
Electrophoretic analysis of the plasma membrane proteins of a mutant of Neurospora crassa which lacks a cell wall

Abstract The plasma membrane proteins of a mutant of Neurospora crassa (FGSC No. 326) which lacks a cell wall were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Approximately 180 different proteins were detected in purified plasma membrane preparations. Nonpermeant labeling experiments indicated that approximately 40% of these proteins were exposed on the extracytoplasmic surface of the plasma membranes of these cells. The studies demostrate the complexity of the protein composition of N. crassa 326 plasma membranes to be greater than has been suggested by previous investigations.