cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning for Biodiversity Conservation Using Stochastic Programming

Rapid species extinctions and the loss of other biodiversity features worldwide have prompted the development of a systematic planning framework for the conservation of biodiversity. Limited resources (~ 40 million USDannually) are available for conservation, particularly in the developing countries that contain many of the world’s hotspots of species diversity. Thus, conservation planning problems are often represented as mathematical programs in which the objective is to select sites to serve as conservation areas so that the cost of the plan is as small as possible and adequate habitat is protected for each species. Here, we generalize this approach to allow for uncertainty in the planning process. In particular, we assume that the species to be protected disperse after the conservation areas are established and that planners cannot anticipate with certainty the species’ future locations when selecting the conservation areas. This uncertainty is modeled by including random variables in the mathematical program. We illustrate the approach by designing a network of conservation areas for birds in southern Quebec.
Introduction to HPL Methodology

The successful practice of engineering requires skills in both technical expertise and innovation. The new field of biomedical engineering is undergoing an exceptionally rapid intellectual evolution with new knowledge and applications being generated at an astounding pace. Thus, biomedical engineers need a solid understanding of fundamental principles that underpin the core knowledge in the discipline, such as in biotransport, and they also need to be able to be innovative in applying their knowledge as new opportunities and applications in this field arise.
Hyperflexion and Femoral Interference Screw Insertion in ACL Reconstruction

Background:In anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions produced with flexible reamers and no knee hyperflexion, it is unknown whether knee hyperflexion is necessary for femoral int...
Collisions of Rydberg atoms with neutral targets

Atoms in highly excited Rydberg states possess physical characteristics quite unlike those associated with atoms in the ground or low-lying excited states. In particular, they are physically very l...
Combined Visual Feedback with Pelvic Assistance Force Improves Step Length during treadmill walking in Individuals with Post-Stroke Hemiparesis

Altered spatiotemporal gait characteristics are common impairments after stroke. Visual feedback has been used to improve spatiotemporal gait characteristics. In addition, pelvic assistance force applied in the mediolateral direction to the paretic side can improve walking pattern. Potentially, combined visual feedback and pelvic assistance force can have better rehabilitation outcomes on walking patterns. The purpose of this study was compare the effects of combined visual feedback with pelvic assistance force and visual feedback only during treadmill walking in individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis. Fifteen subjects with hemiparesis due to chronic (>6 months) stroke participated. A computer monitor placed in front of the treadmill was used to provide visual feedback on subjects’ weight bearing on the paretic leg. A customized cabledriven robotic system was used to apply pelvic assistance force. The magnitude of pelvic assistance force was 9% of body weight. The session consisted of 5 sections: 1-min baseline, 7-min treadmill training (visual feedback only or combined visual feedback and pelvic assistance force), 1-min post-training (no visual feedback or pelvic assistance force), 1-min standing break, and 5-min treadmill training. The order of the visual feedback only and combined visual feedback and pelvic assistance force sessions was randomized across subjects. Spatiotemporal gait variables within the session, including stance time, single leg support time and step length, were computed. Combined visual feedback with pelvic assistance force resulted in a better improvement in step length of the paretic leg when compared to visual feedback only (p=0.03). Walking patterns after stroke could potentially be improved by applying visual feedback regrading paretic leg weight bearing and pelvic assistance force. Future study is needed to confirm the effectiveness of visual feedback for treadmill training after stroke.
A Cautionary Tale of Synthetic Marijuana Use (P4.317)

Objective: To describe a case of super-refractory epilepsy caused by smoking synthetic marijuana (“spice”/”K2”) that was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasmapheresis (PLEX). Background: CNS toxicity from the use of synthetic marijuana is known to cause paranoia and hallucinations. Previous case reports have also implicated its use in causing new-onset seizures in patients without other seizure risk factors. Design/Methods: Case report Results: A nineteen year old right-handed Caucasian male with Hepatitis C, prior intravenous drug use, and recent “spice” use was transferred to a tertiary referral center with status epilepticus. Patient had three seizures in the last six months prior to hospitalization in the context of smoking “spice”, which he had been using for one year. Routine urine and serum toxicology were unrevealing. Extensive serum and cerebrospinal fluid testing for infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, paraneoplastic, and mitochondrial etiologies were unremarkable. Patient had no abnormal lesions on MRI brain and full-body PET. He was in refractory status epilepticus and treated with midazolam infusion for eight days with the addition of six antiepileptic drugs. One month after discharge to acute rehabilitation, patient was readmitted for status epilepticus after report of recurrent “spice” use. Patient remained in status despite a trial of ketamine infusion and pentobarbital-induced coma. Due to poor clinical response, he empirically received a course of high-dose methylprednisolone, three courses IVIG (four days each), and seven days of PLEX. Additionally, patient was randomized for SAGE-547 trial for super-refractory epilepsy and received either study medication or placebo. Four months after patient’s readmission, his seizures were finally controlled. Conclusions: Epilepsy attributed to the use of synthetic marijuana poses both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Clinical vigilance and history are key to diagnosis as synthetic cannabinoids are not detected by routine urine and serum toxicology screening. For super-refractory status epilepticus, immunomodulating therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis may be necessary. Disclosure: Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dani has nothing to disclose.
Speaking on Data's Behalf: What Researchers Say and How Audiences Choose.

BackgroundBayesian statistics have become popular in the social sciences, in part because they are thought to present more useful information than traditional frequentist statistics. Unfortunately,...
Discovering Anti-cancer Immune Enhancers in a Miniaturized Immune-Tumor Microenvironment.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Mo et al. (2019) report the development and validation of a co-culture system with cancer and immune cells that is suitable for high-throughput screening. The method is an important step forward in technologies for identifying cancer-cell-specific immunotherapies.
Cooperative Caching for Scalable Video Transmissions Over Heterogeneous Networks

We investigate a cooperative video caching problem in heterogeneous networks (HetNet). In cellular networks with limited backhaul capacity, by equipping the small-cell base stations (SBSs) with caches, more data can be offloaded. The backhaul data is reduced and user equipment (UE) can enjoy a low latency. We formulate the total transmission delay (TTD) minimization problem as a nonlinear integer programming. To solve the NP-hard problem, we relax the constraints and propose a greedy algorithm for a feasible solution. We prove that the greedy algorithm is asymptotically optimal. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed cooperative caching algorithm can significantly reduce the TTD.
Taking Repeated Exposure into Account: An Experimental Study of Direct-To-Consumer Prescription Drug Television Ad Effects

Introduction: Little is known about how repeated exposure to direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion can impact consumers' retention and perceptions of drug information. The study described here tested the effects of varied ad exposure frequency on these outcomes. Methods: In an in-person experiment, participants with seasonal allergies (n = 616) were randomized to view a mock prescription drug television ad either once, twice, or four times within 1 h of television programming, embedded with six commercial breaks. Respondents then answered a 20-min survey administered via computer. Results: Those who viewed the ad more frequently were better able to recall both risk (X2 = 20.93, p < .001) and benefit information (X2 = 9.34, p = .009) and to recognize risk (F(2,597) = 11.89, p = .001) and benefit information (F(2,597) = 3.17, p = .043) than those who viewed the ad one time. Ad exposure frequency was not associated with perceptions about the magnitude or likelihood of risks or benefits. In general, risk information seemed to require more repetitions than benefit information to be accurately remembered. The recall was mediated by elaborate processing. Discussion: Effects on memory were small; retention of both risks and benefits remained low overall even after four exposures.
Seed Germination and Seedling Survival of Invasive Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) 11 Years After Fruit Collection

The ability of seeds to persist long term and still germinate readily with substantial seedling survival are characteristics shared by many invasive plants, often leading to dominance of species in invaded sites. One rapidly spreading species in the United States is the Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana), which can form dense monocultures following bird dispersal of seed formed by cross-pollination among genetically different ornamental cultivars and rootstock. However, the length of viability of these seeds or their subsequent ability to germinate and survive as seedlings was unknown. We compared the percentage of seed germination and seedling survival using fruits collected from three cultivars in 2006 with a subsample kept in cold storage for 11 years; we also measured the viability of stored seeds that failed to germinate. Although seed germination declined, it continued to be substantial even after 11 years (45%–87%); seeds that did not germinate were viable in some cases, although this varied by maternal cultivar. Of those 11-year-old seeds that germinated, survival of the seedlings over four months was lower but still substantial (54–81%), compared to survival of seedlings generated from fresh seeds (91–95%). These results indicate that a prominent seed bank may exist in invaded sites, posing a challenge to management programs of the Callery Pear.
Contemporary Chemistry of Berkelium and Californium.

The merging of small-scale syntheses and rapid crystallization methods have provided access to crystalline samples of berkelium (Z=97) and californium (Z=98) coordination complexes and compounds that can be interrogated with a suite of spectroscopic tools and structural elucidation approaches that have come online over the last 20 years. The combination of this experimental data with relativistic theoretical methods that capture the effects of spin-orbit coupling and scalar relativistic effects have allowed us to understand the electronic structure of berkelium and californium compounds at a level of detail that was not previously possible. The harbinger of this new era of post-curium chemistry was the synthesis and characterization of [Cf{B6 O8 (OH)5 }]. This compound possesses a structure type that is distinct from earlier actinide borates, a reduction in coordination number for californium, contracted Cf-O bond lengths, a substantially reduced magnetic moment with respect to the calculated free-ion moment and, most importantly, vibronically coupled broadband photoluminescence. Ligand-field analysis also showed that the splitting of the ground state was larger than typically found in the f-block elements, and when taken together places its overall electronic structure as a hybrid of d- and f-block components. The discovery of the unusual properties of this compound has led to the development of large families of 4f and 5f coordination complexes, in an effort to uncover the underlying origin of the electronic structure oddities, and whether there really is a sharp onset of these changes at californium. This in turn pushed the development of far more challenging berkelium chemistry (from a radiologic standpoint) because the half-life of the isotopes decreases from 351 years for 249 Cf to 330 days for 249 Bk. This short review details some of the chemistry that has been reported over the last 15 years, and its consequences for understanding the periodic table.
Compromise and the People’s Two Bodies

Inspired by the late medieval doctrine of the King’s Two Bodies, the dual understanding of “the people,” both as a multitude and as a corporate whole, enjoys a long pedigree in the history of political thought. This chapter connects different apprehensions of the people with different attitudes toward compromise. The first part traces back to the medieval times the connection between compromise and the dual understanding of the people—as a corporation hierarchically ordered, on the one hand, and as an untrustworthy multitude, on the other one. Yet starting with early modernity, this second understanding of the people as a multitude of equal individuals enjoyed a drastic reconsideration. As the second part of the chapter shows, thanks to the Puritan bi-dimensional covenant, in the New World the idea of equal individuals consenting to form a new political body was far from being a mere philosophical idea. It became a living reality. At the same time, once this body was formed as a corporation the details of setting up a specific form of government and its daily running was trusted in the hands of an elected aristocracy of merit. As a result, the American founding was shaped by a dual apprehension of the people and an ambivalent attitude toward compromise. In the concluding remarks, I argue that these historical lessons, properly understood, remain relevant for many contemporary challenges, not just in the USA, but all across the world.
Can ancestry and morphology be used as surrogates for species niche relationships

Species interactions are difficult to quantify, and, consequently, many studies have used species traits and phylogeny as proxies under an assumption of niche conservatism (i.e., closely related and morphologically similar species should have similar niches). However, few studies have investigated whether niches actually are conserved within and across diverse communities. Here, we tested the degree to which phylogenetic relatedness and morphological similarity predict diets and stable isotopic ratios (δ 15N and δ 13C), two common descriptors of the trophic niche, in fish assemblages of two small streams in the Neotropics. We also tested the strength of the association between isotopic ratios and diet composition and found significant correlations implying that isotopic signals reveal trophic structure despite error associated with estimates of trophic enrichment and variation associated with tissue preservation, metabolism, and other factors affecting isotopic ratios. Morphological traits yielded a significant phylogenetic signal, and both morphological traits and phylogeny were correlated with diet composition, with morphological traits being a stronger predictor. We infer that functionally relevant morphological traits of fish can be used to infer trophic niches for certain kinds of questions and analyses when trophic data are lacking. However, we highlight that using phylogenetic and morphological data in combination with dietary and/or isotopic data can improve resolution of assemblage trophic structure and niche diversification.
Quantifying the Role of Vulnerability in Hurricane Damage via a Machine Learning Case Study

AbstractPredisaster damage predictions and postdisaster damage assessments often inadequately capture the intensity and spatial–temporal complexity of natural hazard-caused damage. Accurate identif...
Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses.

Summary Sleep is conserved across phyla and is shown here to be required for memory consolidation in the nematode, C. elegans. However, it is unclear how sleep collaborates with experience to change specific neurons and associated synapses to ultimately affect behavior. C. elegans neurons have defined synaptic connections and described contributions to specific behaviors. We show that spaced odor-training induces long-term memory, which transits a labile period before being stably maintained. This post-training labile period is required for long-term memory. Memory consolidation, but not acquisition, requires a single interneuron, AIY, which plays a role in odor-seeking behavior. We find that sleep and conditioning mark inhibitory synaptic connections between the butanone-sensing AWC neuron and AIY to decrease synapses and it is in the post-sleep wake phase that memory-specific synaptic changes occur. Thus, we demonstrate in the living organism how sleep initiates events lasting beyond the period of sleep to drive memory consolidation.
Coupling control of cell proliferation and nucleotide metabolism through MYC, E2F1 and their target genes

2112 c-Myc and E2F1 are two key transcription factors that are involved in tumorigenesis by regulating target genes involved in cell cycle progression and cell death. We recently identified target genes common to Myc and E2F1 by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with pair-end ditag sequencing analysis (ChIP-PET), computational and microarray expression studies in a MYC-inducible model of human B lymphoid tumor. We found genes, which are putatively regulated by the Myc-E2F1 transcriptional network, encoding enzymes involved in both purine and pyrimidine metabolism. Subsequent ChIP experiments with quantitative PCR characterized direct MYC and E2F1 binding to the promoter and/or first intron region of these target genes. The expression of these genes could be induced by increased MYC level but not all of them responded to decreased E2F1 level in an E2F1 knockdown study. Hence, despite of the direct binding of these two transcription factors, gene expression regulation among the nucleotide metabolism genes varies. We focused on inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) involved in de novo purine synthesis and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) involved in pyrimidine synthesis, since overexpression of IMPDH2 appears to be a common feature in human malignancies and both enzymes have known small molecule inhibitors available for loss-of-function studies. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) inhibits IMPDH, causing S phase cell cycle arrest and delayed cell apoptosis in Myc-overexpressing B cells. On the other hand, significant cell death instead of cell cycle arrest was found by inhibiting DHODH with leflunomide. The fact that the end nucleotide product (guanosine or uracil) of each pathway could rescue both phenotypes demonstrated the specificity of the inhibitory effects. Presumably, differences in nucleotide pool depletion by the specific inhibitors led to significantly different phenotypes. To determine the potential therapeutic role of these inhibitors, we studied mycophenolic mofetil, a prodrug of MPA, and found that it significantly inhibited tumorigenesis in the P493 human B lymphoid tumor xenograft model. Since efficient nucleotide synthesis is critical to dysregulated tumor cell growth, these results link transcriptional regulation of nucleotide metabolism by factors central to tumorigenesis to small molecule inhibition and provide a solid base for potential cancer therapy targeting the nucleotide metabolism pathways in cells with dysregulated Myc or E2F1 transcriptional networks.
Learning to safely approve updates to machine learning algorithms

Machine learning algorithms in healthcare have the potential to continually learn from real-world data generated during healthcare delivery and adapt to dataset shifts. As such, regulatory bodies like the US FDA have begun discussions on how to autonomously approve modifications to algorithms. Current proposals evaluate algorithmic modifications via hypothesis testing and control a definition of online approval error that only applies if the data is stationary over time, which is unlikely in practice. To this end, we investigate designing approval policies for modifications to ML algorithms in the presence of distributional shifts. Our key observation is that the approval policy most efficient at identifying and approving beneficial modifications varies across problem settings. So, rather than selecting a fixed approval policy a priori, we propose learning the best approval policy by searching over a family of approval strategies. We define a family of strategies that range in their level of optimism when approving modifications. To protect against settings where no version of the ML algorithm performs well, this family includes a pessimistic strategy that rescinds approval. We use the exponentially weighted averaging forecaster (EWAF) to learn the most appropriate strategy and derive tighter regret bounds assuming the distributional shifts are bounded. In simulation studies and empirical analyses, we find that wrapping approval strategies within EWAF is a simple yet effective approach to protect against distributional shifts without significantly slowing down approval of beneficial modifications.
Somnogenic Agents in Children

There are many situations in which providing an agent to facilitate sleep in a child or adolescent may be considered. The selection of the appropriate agent can, however, be difficult given the paucity of randomized trials and clinical guidelines to make this selection. Prior to recommending an agent for sleep it is essential to have an understanding of the reason the child or adolescent is having difficulty sleeping. A behavioral approach to improve sleep must be included in these clinical situations.
A factor analytic approach to understanding health risk behaviors and resilience among multi-racial/ethnic adolescents in New Mexico.

This study examined the factor validity of health risk behaviors and resilience indicators and their covariation across a large racially/ethnically diverse adolescent population.The study subsample...
A systematic review of misdiagnosis in those with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is one of the most disabling mental health disorders in our world but also a highly misdiagnosed one. Due to this lack of knowledge, OCD sufferers usually go undiagnosed for ten or more years. This review intends to highlight incidences of misdiagnosis in OCD as to better understand the rate of misdiagnosis as well as how these misunderstandings affect the lives of sufferers. Databases searched between 2009 and 2021 included Academic Search Premier, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, SocIndex, PubMed, and PsychInfo. A combination of the following search terms was used to search the Abstracts of English-language articles: “OCD”; “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder”; “misdiagnosis.” After a review of 59 articles, 7 were ultimately selected for inclusion, 2 of which were case studies exploring a more in-depth experience of OCD misdiagnosis. This study analyzed the purpose, methods, participants, and conclusions of each of the 7 studies. Overall, the general population, physicians, and mental health practitioners alike have a high rate of misdiagnosing cases of OCD, and there is substantial evidence of the detriment these misdiagnoses have in the lives of the participants. This systematic review explores next steps to enhancing professional knowledge.
Cholecystectomy in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Abstract Background Cholecystectomy in patients with hematologic malignancies remains poorly understood. Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients with hematologic malignancies who underwent cholecystectomy at a single institution. Results Of 313 patients who presented for evaluation of abdominal pain, 64 underwent cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (34.4%), gangrenous cholecystitis (21.9%), chronic cholecystitis (23.4%), and cholelithiasis (20%). Most had a history of hematopoietic cell transplantation (62.5%) and/or immunosuppressive medication within 30 days of consultation (82.8%). Ultrasound had a 39% false-negative rate for acute nongangrenous cholecystitis. Operative time was 92 ± 39 min, 7 were performed open, 10 had intraoperative transfusions, and 4 had grade 3+ complications. Intraoperative transfusion was associated with increased postoperative length of stay (p = 0.03). Open procedure, operative time, estimated blood loss, intraoperative transfusion, and complications were not associated with timing of surgery. Conclusions Patients with hematologic malignancies can safely undergo cholecystectomy. Length of postoperative stay for inpatients is associated with intraoperative blood transfusion.
Social Media and Its Use in Orthopaedic Surgery Resident Education and Training.

» The use of social media by health-care professionals and medical educators has been increasing over the past decade. » Online social networks, professional networks, blogs, microblogs, forums, podcasts, and video-sharing platforms can be used effectively to communicate and engage with, as well as learn from, other residents and attending physicians worldwide. » Social media platforms and other web-based applications can serve as powerful educational tools to enhance orthopaedic resident learning, collaboration, teaching, and case discussion.
Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health: An Overview

Since the 1970s women’s health has gained greater recognition as a discipline. Historically, women’s health research and policy have been defined by reproductive health issues. However, outside of women’s reproductive health, the field of women’s sexual and reproductive health has received less attention and is at a point where there is a need for a comprehensive reference covering a wide variety of topics. Further, such a handbook needs to integrate the authoritative works of distinguished physicians, social scientists, and public health scientists who conduct research in women’s sexual health.
Mitochondrial p32 is upregulated in Myc expressing brain cancers and mediates glutamine addiction

Metabolic reprogramming is a key feature of tumorigenesis that is controlled by oncogenes. Enhanced utilization of glucose and glutamine are the best-established hallmarks of tumor metabolism. The oncogene c-Myc is one of the major players responsible for this metabolic alteration. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in Myc-induced metabolic reprogramming are not well defined. Here we identify p32, a mitochondrial protein known to play a role in the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, as a critical player in Myc-induced glutamine addiction. We show that p32 is a direct transcriptional target of Myc and that high level of Myc in malignant brain cancers correlates with high expression of p32. Attenuation of p32 expression reduced growth rate of glioma cells expressing Myc and impaired tumor formation in vivo. Loss of p32 in glutamine addicted glioma cells induced resistance to glutamine deprivation and imparted sensitivity to glucose withdrawal. Finally, we provide evidence that p32 expression contributes to Myc-induced glutamine addiction of cancer cells. Our findings suggest that Myc promotes the expression of p32, which is required to maintain sufficient respiratory capacity to sustain glutamine metabolism in Myc transformed cells.
Impact of Inhibiting Ileal Apical versus Basolateral Bile Acid Transport on Cholesterol Metabolism and Atherosclerosis in Mice

Background: Bile acid sequestrants have been used for many years to treat hypercholesterolemia by increasing hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acids, thereby inducing hepatic LDL receptor expression and clearance of apoB-containing particles. In order to further understand the underlying molecular mechanisms linking gut-liver signaling and cholesterol homeostasis, mouse models defective in ileal apical membrane bile acid transport (Asbt-null) and ileal basolateral membrane bile acid transport (Ostα-null) were studied under basal and hypercholesterolemic conditions. Key Messages: Hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acids is the major pathway for cholesterol catabolism and a major mechanism for cholesterol elimination. Blocking ileal apical membrane bile acid transport (Asbt-null mice) increases fecal bile acid excretion, hepatic Cyp7a1 expression, and the relative proportion of taurocholate in the bile acid pool, but decreases ileal FGF15 expression, bile acid pool size, and hepatic cholesterol content. In contrast, blocking ileal basolateral membrane bile acid transport (Ostα-null mice) increases ileal FGF15 expression, reduces hepatic Cyp7a1 expression, and increases the proportion of tauro-β-muricholic acid in the bile acid pool. In the hypercholesterolemic apoE-null background, plasma cholesterol levels and measurements of atherosclerosis were reduced in Asbt/apoE-null mice, but not in Ostα/apoE-null mice. Conclusions: Blocking the intestinal absorption of bile acids at the apical versus basolateral membrane differentially affects bile acid and cholesterol metabolism, including the development of hypercholesterolemia-associated atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanism likely involves an altered regulation of ileal FGF15 expression.
Support for Multiple Classes of Traffic in Multicomputer Routers

Emerging parallel real-time and multimedia applications broaden the range of performance requirements imposed on the interconnection network. This communication typically consists of a mixture of different traffic classes, where guaranteed packets require bounds on latency or throughput while good average performance suffices for the best-effort traffic. This paper investigates how multicomputer routers can capitalize on low-latency routing and switching techniques for best-effort traffic while still supporting guaranteed communication. Through simulation experiments, we show that certain architectural features are best-suited to particular performance requirements. Based on these results, the paper proposes and evaluates a router architecture that tailors low-level routing, switching, and flow-control policies to the unique needs of best-effort and guaranteed traffic. Careful selection of these policies, coupled with fine-grain arbitration between the classes, allows the guaranteed and best-effort packets to share network bandwidth without sacrificing the performance of either class.
The Effects of Land-Use Constraints on Housing Prices

This paper estimates the direct and spillover effects of zoning controls along with other growth restrictions on housing prices. Theory leads us to expect a positive effect of land-use restrictions on the price of developed land and a negative effect on the price of undeveloped land. We consider the effects on housing prices, and hence the effects on developed land. Other studies have examined the impact of separate components of land-use controls within a locality. We show that specific growth controls must be examined in the overall context of local land-use policy, and that interjurisdictional as well as intrajurisdictionael effects must be considered.
Studies on the Biosynthesis of Mannan in Micrococcus lysodeikticus I. CHARACTERIZATION OF MANNAN-14C FORMED ENZYMATICALLY FROM MANNOSYL-1-PHOSPHORYL-UNDECAPRENOL

Abstract Previous studies had suggested that mannosyl-1-phosphosphoryl-undecaprenol was an intermediate in the transfer of mannosyl units from GDP-mannose to mannan. In this report Triton X-100 and EDTA were used as selective inhibitors of the enzymatic synthesis of mannan. As a result of these studies the hypothesis that mannosyl-1-phosphoryl-undecaprenol was an obligatory intermediate in mannan biosynthesis was confirmed. The distribution of radioactive mannosyl units in mannan prepared in vitro was analyzed with the techniques of exhaustive methylation, acetolysis, and enzymatic digestion. Exhaustive methylation revealed that only the nonreducing terminal positions had become labeled as a result of the enzymatic reaction. Mannan formed in vitro was degraded by acetolysis to primarily disaccharides and trisaccharides; in both types of oligosaccharides the radioactivity was concentrated in the nonreducing termini. Enzymatic digestion with α-mannosidases released a large proportion of the radioactivity present in mannan formed enzymatically and thereby confirmed the results of methylation and acetolysis. As a result of exhaustive methylation the mannan was found to contain 1 → 2, 1 → 3, and 1 → 6 mannosidic linkages and the extent of branching in the polysaccharide was low.
Steroid metabolism as a mechanism of escape from progesterone-mediated growth inhibition in Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

It has been shown by us and others that progesterone inhibits the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and that the organism escapes from this inhibition over time. We report here studies which show that escape from growth inhibition is related to the enzymatic transformation of progesterone to polar metabolites. Isolation and identification of the progesterone metabolites confirm the production of 15α-hydroxyprogesterone. In addition, three other metabolites were isolated. Two of these were determined to be 1-dehydroprogesterone and 11α-hydroxyprogesterone. The third metabolite was a 1-dehydro-hydroxyprogesterone, but the location of the hydroxyl group could not be determined unequivocally. Studies using authentic 15α-hydroxyprogesterone, 1-dehydroprogesterone, and 11α-hydroxyprogesterone reveal that these derivatives are significantly less inhibitory to the growth of T. mentagrophytes than progesterone. Pretreatment of organisms with progesterone augments the rate of metabolism and enhances escape. We have described previously a progesterone-binding protein (PBP) in cytoplasmic extracts of T. mentagrophytes and hypothesized that progesterone mediates growth inhibition by binding to the PBP of this organism. The relative binding affinity that progesterone and its metabolites display for PBP correlates with the relative growth inhibitory potency of these compounds. These results suggest that metabolism of progesterone to more polar and less inhibitory compounds, which exhibit lower affinity for PBP, is the mechanism of escape from progesterone-mediated inhibition of growth in this organism.
World war II and schools

My interest in educational reform has very personal roots. Needless to say, the roots of the educational reform movement require a social-historical explanation but, I assume, that kind of explanation can be illuminated by personal accounts which, albeit idiosyncratic, says something about the social-historical context. I have long been intrigued by the fact that some of the more well known participants in the reform movement come from very different backgrounds and life experiences. It is my impression that the number of these participants is greater than in any previous era. That in itself points to the importance of a distinctive social-historical context. For what it is worth I begin with a personal account.
Evidence-based review of the use of the pulmonary artery catheter: impact data and complications

The pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) was introduced in 1971 for the assessment of heart function at the bedside. Since then it has generated much enthusiasm and controversy regarding the benefits and potential harms caused by this invasive form of hemodynamic monitoring. This review discusses all clinical studies conducted during the past 30 years, in intensive care unit settings or post mortem, on the impact of the PAC on outcomes and complications resulting from the procedure. Although most of the historical observational studies and randomized clinical trials also looked at PAC-related complications among their end-points, we opted to review the data under two main topics: the impact of PAC on clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness, and the major complications related to the use of the PAC.
Spirocheticidal activity of plasma and serum fractions.

SummaryThere is no appreciable difference between the spirocheticidal activity of the serum and the plasma from patients with early syphilis. Serums and plasmas were fractionated into eight precipitates by the application of Cohn's Method 10. In the majority of the experiments, more than 50% of the spirocheticidal substances were present in fraction III-1,2 associated with high molecular weight isoagglutinins and small amount of prothrombin protein (and fibrinogen when plasma was employed) and fraction I -f- III-3 associated with the high molecular weight antihemophilic globulin and cold insoluble globulin and a small amount of plasminogen.We wish to thank Miss P. L. Sapp, Miss V. L. McMahan and Mr. D. Shanor for their skillful technical assistance.
Enforcing Molecule’s π-Conjugation and Consequent Formation of the Acid−Acid Homosynthon over the Acid−Pyridine Heterosynthon in 2-Anilinonicotinic Acids

Two different synthons, acid−acid and acid−pyridine, are present in the crystal structures of 2-(phenylamino)nicotinic acid. The intermolecular hydrogen-bonding motifs are determined by molecular conformation and conformational energy. By covalently linking electron-withdrawing groups to the phenyl ring, it is possible to strengthen the molecule’s global π-conjugation and thereby lead to only the acid−acid homosynthon in crystal packing and prohibit the competing acid−pyridine heterosynthon.
On the observed frequency ratios of H− U-centers and D− U-centers☆

Experiment has shown that the frequency ratio ωHωD for H− and D− U-centers is close to √2. We show how this result obtains from general arguments and then from Green's function theory. The observed frequencies are shown to provide us with a good measure of the repulsive forces on the H− or D− ions.
Evolutionary trends in the male pheromone systems of arctiid moths: evidence from studies of courtship in Phragmatobia fuliginosa and Pyrrharctia isabella (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Male Phragmatobia fuliginosa and Pyrrharctia Isabella evert tubular abdominal scent-organs (coremata: during courtship. The coremata secrete a pheromone that is derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) obtained during larval feeding. Field-collected males vary widely in the amount of pheromone they possess. The courtship behaviour of these species was studied to determine whether this variation among males serves as a basis for mate choice by females, in a wind-tunnel a male approaches a pheromone-releasing female from downwind with his coremata everted in flight. A female perceiving the pheromone responds by fluttering her wings and emitting a clicking sound. This response did not occur in all courtships, and successful copulation was not dependent on its occurrence. Males denied access as larvae to the PA-precursors of the corematal pheromone (PA-denicd males' mated as rapidly as males allowed access to pheromone precursor (PA-supplied males). Moreover, antennectomized females mated as rapidly as normal females. Comparative analyses of transitional probabilities indicated no differences among courtships involving ! I': PA-denicd males and normal females, (II) PA-supplied males and normal females, or antennectomized females and normal males of unspecified feeding history. Field observations of courtship interactions between laboratory-reared females and wild males indicated that males having little or no pheromone succeed in mating in a natural setting as do males having a relativelv large amount of pheromone. It is hypothesized that the failure of female Ph. fuliginosa and Py, Isabella to enforce the display of PA-derived pheromone is related to an cvolutionarv trend away from an ancestral larval host-range restricted to PA-containing plants toward the polyphagv shown by manv temperate and arctic arctiids in the lineage (subfamily Arctiinae: tribe Arctiini) to which Ph. fuliginosa and Py. Isabella belong. Parallels in other moth groups are cited to support the notion that a plesiomorphic courtship pheromone system could persist in a vestigial state, despite the loss of its adaptive raison detre.
Confronting and Changing Middle School Teachers' Perceptions of Scientific Methodology

The reform documents of the 1990s stressed that science is not practiced by a rigid scientific method, but science texts continue to describe the process as if it were rigid and linear. The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to explore middle school in-service teachers' perceptions of scientific methodology and (b) to explore ways in which their perceptions change as they engage in reflective activities. Thirty-two masters-level students participated in an 8-week summer course, entitled Concepts and Issues in Middle School Science. One ongoing assignment woven throughout the term involved a series of activities designed to help students reflect on their own understanding of science and the scientific enterprise. Data from the initial activity suggested that all students began the course believing that science is done in a simplistic, linear way, as depicted by many textbooks in the review of the scientific methods. However. by the end of the course, many students held a less rigid and more realistic view of the scientific enterprise. This research documents change in teachers' views over time and discusses the implications for science teacher education.
Crystal and molecular structure of thiazoline-azetidinone γ-lactone carboxylate ester

C 23 H 19 N 3 O 7 S cristallise dans P2 1 avec a=5,445, b=8,638, c=23,156 A, β=92,49°, Z=2; affinement jusqu'a R=0,071. La configuration du compose est lineaire. Les normales entre les plans formes par les cycles a 4 chainons et a 5 chainons se croisent a 115°
Drug addiction: Knockout mice and dirty drugs

Recent studies with knockout mice implicate the dopamine transporter as the target of the locomotor effects of the addictive psychomotor drugs cocaine and amphetamine; studies of reward in these animals are eagerly awaited.
A comparison between SNaPshot, pyrosequencing, and biplex invader SNP genotyping methods: accuracy, cost, and throughput

Three methods of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) detection: SNaPshot, Pyrosequencing and Biplex Invader, with two different chemistries were investigated to compare, (1) accuracy, (2) ease of use, (3) throughput capability, and (4) cost. We genotyped 192 human DNA samples across 24 SNPs (minor allele frequencies above 30%), of which seven SNPs were genotyped with all three methods. We show that the Biplex Invader genotyping method was found to be the most accurate and easiest to use with lowest cost, although Pyrosequencing provided similar results at a low cost. With little optimization, the accuracy of the SNaPshot method was also comparable to these two methods with a higher cost, if only singleplex reactions are used.
The role of choline in metamorphic induction of Phestilla (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)

Abstract 1. Larval metamorphosis in the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae occurs within 24 hr of exposure to an extract of their coral prey or after 2–3 days of exposure to choline chloride; the percentage response of groups of larvae is dose-dependent with both metamorphic inducers. 2. If precompetent larvae are continuously exposed to coral extract, they habituate and do not metamorphose when competent; this does not occur in response to choline. 3. Larvae habituated to coral inducer can still metamorphose in response to choline; exposure to choline prior to competence does not interfere with coral-extract induction. 4. No synergism occurs between low concentrations of the two inductive agents. 5. We conclude: (a) the sites of action of the two metamorphic inducers are different; (b) the receptor for the coral product is present before competence, but the process involving choline arises at about the time of competence; (c) the role of choline probably lies in the neurological events of metamorphic activation.
Arm regeneration in two species of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and Sepia pharaonis.

To provide quantitative information on arm regeneration in cuttlefish, the regenerating arms of two cuttlefish species, Sepia officinalis and Sepia pharaonis, were observed at regular intervals after surgical amputation. The third right arm of each individual was amputated to ~10–20 % starting length. Arm length, suction cup number, presence of chromatophores, and behavioral measures were collected every 2–3 days over a 39-day period and compared to the contralateral control arm. By day 39, the regenerating arm reached a mean 95.5 ± 0.3 % of the control for S. officinalis and 94.9 ± 1.3 % for S. pharaonis. The process of regeneration was divided into five separate stages based on macroscopic morphological events: Stage I (days 0–3 was marked by a frayed leading edge; Stage II (days 4–15) by a smooth hemispherical leading edge; Stage III (days 16–20) by the appearance of a growth bud; Stage IV (days 21–24) by the emergence of an elongated tip; and Stage V (days 25–39) by a tapering of the elongated tip matching the other intact arms. Behavioral deficiencies in swimming, body postures during social communication, and food manipulation were observed immediately after arm amputation and throughout Stages I and II, returning to normal by Stage III. New chromatophores and suction cups in the regenerating arm were observed as early as Stage II and by Stage IV suction cup number equaled that of control arms. New chromatophores were used in the generation of complex body patterns by Stage V. These results show that both species of cuttlefish are capable of fully regenerating lost arms, that the regeneration process is predictable and consistent within and across species, and provide the first quantified data on the rate of arm lengthening and suction cup addition during regeneration.
On the temporal response of active load control devices

Flow around airfoils with deploying microtabs and microflaps (or dynamic Gurney flap) have been numerically simulated by solving the unsteady turbulent compressible 2-D Navier-Stokes equations with the OVERFLOW 2 solver. Microtabs and microflaps on the order of 1%c were installed in the trailing edge region of the symmetric NACA 0012 airfoil using a Chimera or overset grid topology. The devices were deployed on the order of one characteristic time unit, and the unsteady aerodynamic responses of both devices were compared. The two devices appear to affect the flow similarly by creating a low pressure region aft of the device and changing the Kutta condition. While initial transients varied, the post-deployment aerodynamic response showed a very similar temporal evolution towards a mean asymptotic solution. Both devices reached 90% of mean steady-state lift values by approximately nine characteristic time units from the onset of deployment. Drag and pitching moments evolved significantly faster. The temporal development of these devices is not governed by near-body effects, and instead is an advection driven process. Microflap deployment times of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 characteristic time units were also examined. The corresponding mean aerodynamic coefficients for the three deployment times were comparable by one characteristic time unit after deployment. Validation studies with experimental results comparing shedding frequencies and Strouhal numbers for static, deployed microtabs and microflaps were also performed to ensure accurate temporal resolution and convergence of the numerical simulations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.