cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution to the simulation of low-velocity compressible two-phase flows with high pressure jumps using homogeneous and two-fluid approaches

The present work focuses on the development of numerical methods for low-material velocity compressible two-phase flows with high pressure jumps. In this context, the material velocity of both phases is small compared with the celerity of the acoustic waves. The flow is said to be a low-Mach number flow. By making the Mach number tend towards zero, many authors in the literature perform an asymptotic analysis of the conservation laws at stake. Incompressible models are then derived. In this work, compressibility of both phases is systematically considered. Nevertheless, either analytical or tabulated, the equation of state always contains information related to the thermodynamical stiffness of the fluid. Such a stiffness can be seen as a measure of the compressibility of the considered phase. Thus, for two-phase flows involving sub-cooled liquid water and over-heated vapor, the liquid phase is known to be slightly compressible. When sudden events occur such as valve closures, the low-compressibility of liquid water may lead to fast transients in which high pressure jumps are produced even if the flow Mach number is low. This is often observed experimentally through the study of water hammer events. The first part of this work has leaned on two-phase homogeneous-equilibrium models. Thus, both phases have the same velocity, pressure, temperature as well as the same chemical potential. The evolution of the flow is observed only through mixture variables. The construction and the evaluation of what is called an all-Mach-number approximate Riemann solver has been conducted. When no fast transients come through the flow, the above solvers enable computations with CFL conditions based on low-material velocities. As a result, they remain accurate to follow slow material interfaces, or subsonic contact discontinuities. However, when fast shock waves associated with high pressure jumps propagate, these solvers automatically adapt in order to capture the position of the shock front as well as the right pressure levels. The second part of the thesis has been dedicated to the design of numerical methods enhancing the coupling between convection and relaxation in two-fluid models. In such models, both phases have their own set of variables: velocity, pressure, temperature and void fraction. Contrary to homogeneous models, the mechanical and thermodynamical equilibriums are not imposed, and the value of velocity, pressure, temperature and chemical potential between both phases may differ. Convergence towards equilibrium is ensured by adding relaxation source terms in these models. For the sake of simplicity, the framework has been restricted to the isentropic Baer-Nunziato model with velocity-pressure relaxations. A time-implicit staggered scheme, based on the influence of relaxation source terms on linear Riemann problems has been proposed. What is more, an asymptotic analysis dealing with the integration of relaxation source terms into the convective part of the two-phase flow model has been carried out.
The diagnostic dilemma of shotgun injuries

Shotgun wounds pose diagnostic challenges due to variable fragment penetration and degradation of CT images. This study compared epidemiology and outcomes between shotgun wounds and gunshot wounds (GSWs), and defined the diagnostic capabilities of CT scan after shotgun wounds. All patients presenting to our Level I trauma center after ballistic injury (01/2008–03/2017) were included. Study groups were defined by shotgun vs GSW. Demographics, clinical data, and outcomes were compared using univariate analysis. The diagnostic yield of CT scan after shotgun wounds was calculated. Of 3177 patients, 3126 (98%) were injured by GSWs and 51 (2%) by shotguns. Of the shotgun-injured patients, 5 (10%) had superficial wounds, 8 (16%) underwent emergency surgery, and 38 (74%) underwent CT scan [10 (26%) were then brought to OR and 28 (74%) were managed nonoperatively]. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of CT scan after shotgun wounds were 0.93, 0.96, 0.93, and 0.97. There was one false-negative CT scan, which missed a hollow viscus injury. There was one false-positive CT scan, which suggested a hollow viscus injury, although none was found on exploratory laparotomy. Patients injured by shotgun required fewer cavitary explorations (25% vs 59%, p = 0.006) but more soft tissue (21% vs 8%, p = 0.013) and extremity vascular surgeries (86% vs 9%, p < 0.001) than GSW-injured patients. Shotgun injuries are far less frequent than GSWs but generally follow the same diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Clinicians must be aware of the pitfalls of CT scanning after shotgun injuries, which can be falsely positive or falsely negative. A high index of suspicion for injury and a period of observation after negative CT scan may, therefore, be prudent.
Inter-individual physiological variation in responses to environmental variation and environmental change: Integrating across traits and time.

Abstract Greater understanding of physiological responses to climate change demands deeper comprehension of the causes and consequences of physiological variation. Increasingly, population trait means are being deconstructed into variable signals at the level of individuals. We advocate for greater consideration of such inter-individual physiological variation and how it both depends on and interacts with environmental variability. First, we review several studies on the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus to illustrate how the magnitude of inter-individual variation may depend on the environmental context analyzed (i.e., is the mean condition benign or stressful?) and/or on the specific physiological metric investigated. Stressful conditions may reveal or mask variation in disparate ways at different levels of analysis (e.g., transcriptome vs. proteome), but we often lack crucial information regarding the relationships among these different physiological metrics and their consequences for fitness. We then reanalyze several published datasets to ask whether individuals employ divergent strategies over time in response to acute heat stress; such time-dependence would further complicate interpretation of physiological variation. However, definitive conclusions are precluded by limited sample sizes and short timescales in extant datasets. A key remaining challenge is to extend these analytical frameworks to longer periods over which individuals in a population experience repeated, but spatially variable, episodic stress events. We conclude that variation at multiple levels of analysis should be investigated over longer periods and, where possible, within individuals (or genotypes) experiencing repeated environmental challenges. Although difficult in practice, such studies will facilitate improved understanding of potential population-level physiological responses to climate change.
Dentate Gyrus Mossy Cells Share a Role in Pattern Separation with Dentate Granule Cells and Proximal CA3 Pyramidal Cells

The complementary processes of pattern completion and pattern separation are thought to be essential for successful memory storage and recall. The dentate gyrus (DG) and proximal CA3 (pCA3) regions have been implicated in pattern separation, in part through extracellular recording studies of these areas. However, the DG contains two types of excitatory cells: granule cells of the granule layer and mossy cells of the hilus. Little is known about the firing properties of mossy cells in freely moving animals, and it is unclear how their activity may contribute to the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus. Furthermore, tetrodes in the dentate granule layer and pCA3 pyramidal layer can also record mossy cells, thus introducing ambiguity into the identification of cell types recorded. Using a random forests classifier, we classified cells recorded in DG (Neunuebel and Knierim, 2014) and pCA3 (Lee et al., 2015) of 16 male rats and separately examined the responses of granule cells, mossy cells, and pCA3 pyramidal cells in a local/global cue mismatch task. All three cell types displayed low correlations between the population representations of the rat's position in the standard and cue-mismatch sessions. These results suggest that all three excitatory cell types within the DG/pCA3 circuit may act as a single functional unit to support pattern separation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mossy cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) are an integral component of the DG/pCA3 circuit. While the role of granule cells in the circuitry and computations of the hippocampus has been a focus of study for decades, the contributions of mossy cells have been largely overlooked. Recent studies have revealed the spatial firing properties of mossy cells in awake behaving animals, but how the activity of these highly active cells contributes to the mnemonic functions of the DG is uncertain. We separately analyzed mossy cells, granule cells, and pCA3 cells and found that all three cell types respond similarly to a local/global cue mismatch, suggesting that they form a single functional unit supporting pattern separation.
Evaluation of a benzalkonium chloride hand sanitizer in reducing transient Staphylococcus aureus bacterial skin contamination in health care workers.

Background This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new commercially available hand sanitizer using 0.12% benzalkonium chloride (BZK) as the active ingredient in reducing transient skin contamination with Staphylococcus aureus in health care workers (HCWs), as compared with the effectiveness of a 70% ethanol-based hand sanitizer. Methods Fingertip touch culture plates were obtained from 40 HCWs in which all HCWs used antimicrobial soap containing 0.6% chloroxylenol for handwashing according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for the entire study, while continuing to use the 70% ethanol-based hand sanitizer according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for the first week. After the first week, the test subjects used the BZK hand sanitizer in place of the ethanol sanitizer. A paired sample t test was conducted to compare the mean bacterial colonies grown from HCWs fingertips during the use of the BZK and ethanol hand sanitizer. Results The results showed a significant reduction in total bacterial colony counts of S aureus during the week of BZK use as compared with the week of 70% ethanol sanitizer use. Conclusions There was a significant decrease in transient S aureus on the fingertips of HCWs in the BZK hand sanitizer use week as compared with the 70% ethanol hand sanitizer use week.
The Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Forensic Considerations and Recent Controversies

This article provides an overview of the evidence concerning the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its relevance in forensic contexts. We discuss best practices for the assessment of the subtype in forensic settings, including consideration of malingering, and the impact of the subtype on witness presentation and potential award determinations. We review recent debate concerning the definition of the subtype and how multivariate analyses can be used to inform the understanding of the relationship between PTSD and dissociation. Altering the definition of the subtype (or of the core PTSD criteria), such as by including additional types of dissociative symptoms, would likely hold major implications for diagnostic prevalence and comorbidity and could substantially affect forensic cases involving the dissociative subtype of PTSD. We suggest that for DSM-6, it would be best to use structural evidence to decide how best to revise the subtype and accurately capture its relationship with the core PTSD symptoms. It is important for forensic experts to be well-versed in the state of the science concerning this condition so as to reliably and validly assess clients and inform triers of fact of the strengths and weaknesses of this body of work.
Carteles Inc. Paramilitarismo criminal, energía y la nueva “Guerra contra el Narco” en México

This article analyzes the processes and narratives that predict a new phase of Mexico’s security strategy in the Trump era and in the eve of a key presidential election in the United States. This piece also describes the evolution of criminal paramilitaries in Mexico and the renewed attempt in the United States to denominate Mexican “cartels” as foreign terrorist organizations. The resulting militarization and armed conflict would benefit important national and foreign political and entrepreneurial groups, particularly in the energy sector.
Predicting outcomes in patients undergoing intra-articular corticosteroid hip injections

To investigate the associations between clinical, procedural, and radiographic factors and outcomes of steroid hip injections, including long-term and immediate pain reduction, time to arthroplasty, time to reinjection, and the total number of injections. All intra-articular anesthetic and steroid injections of the hip under fluoroscopic guidance between January 2014 and March 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Hip radiographs were scored using the Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores. Immediate pain relief and response were evaluated using a change in visual analog scale and OMERACT-OARSI criteria respectively. Long-term pain relief was evaluated at 2‑7 months after injection by reviewing the medical records. Correlation between patient characteristics, procedural variations, and radiographic factors with injection outcomes was analyzed by using linear and logistic regression models. Of 361 injections, 79.8% showed an immediate pain response and 32.7% had subjective long-term pain relief (> 2 months). There was no significant correlation between immediate pain relief and response with long-term pain relief and other outcomes. Older age and higher KL score, OARSI-central joint space narrowing (JSN), and inferior acetabular osteophyte were correlated with long-term pain relief (p = 0.01‑0.03). Higher KL and OARSI grades, particularly JSN, were significantly correlated with increased immediate pain relief and total number of injections but decreased time to arthroplasty. Baseline pain positively correlated with immediate pain response (p < 0.001). Older patients with higher grades of radiographic OA and high baseline pain were good candidates for steroid injections, particularly for those patients awaiting hip arthroplasty.
Hunger for testing satisfied

Our view on causes of venous thrombosis changed drastically by the discovery of Factor V Leiden, since unlike other genetic causes of hereditary thrombophilia its prevalence is several percent. It led to major research activities, and the insight that thrombosis is a multicausal disease, invariably the result of an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Another consequence was a hype of testing of thrombosis patients, and women before starting oral contraceptives. Factor V Leiden became the most performed diagnisticgenetic test worldwide. However, there was no medical rationale for this massive testing. In young women the absolute risk of thrombosis is so low, that enormous numbers of women would need to be tested to prevent one thrombotic event. And tests after a first event in patients were nearly always useless, since Factor V Leiden does not affect the risk of recurrence. It took decennia before the hype faded.
Scapulothoracic fusion using nonabsorbable suture fixation: surgical technique and review of the literature

Background Historically, scapulothoracic fusion (STF) is performed using steel wire and plate construct fixation. The purpose of this study is to report a recent fusion achieved through ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene-reinforced suture fixation as well as to perform a systematic literature review of techniques, fusion rates, complications, and reoperation. Methods Patient data were gathered from chart review and clinical encounters. For the review, MEDLINE, Embase, and Ovid databases were queried for STF cases. Thirty articles reporting on 386 fusion procedures were included. Results Including this patient, 5 of 387 (1.3%) STFs have been attempted with fiber suture. Fusion rates of metal-only constructs is 90.8% (346 of 381) with 11.3% (43 of 381) requiring wire removal or trimming because of symptomatic hardware and 7% (27 of 381) causing a postoperative pneumothorax. Although a small sample size, all fiber-suture constructs have achieved union without implant removal and without pneumothorax development. In this patient, fusion was determined radiographically at 6 months with substantial improvement in pain level and function. Conclusion Scapulothoracic fusion has benefit to patients to have failed other management options for winged scapula, most commonly those with neurologic trauma or facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. With advancements in surgical options, fiber-suture offers an alternative to steel wire to achieve fusion. Further cases with longer term follow-up are needed to determine if significant differences in outcomes exist between constructs.
Octahedral tilt independent magnetism in confined GdTiO3 films

Low temperature polarized neutron reflectometry measurements are presented, exploring the evolution of ferrimagnetism in thin GdTiO3 films embedded within a SrTiO3 matrix. In GdTiO3 films thinner than ∼4 nm, the TiO6 octahedral tilts endemic to GdTiO3 coherently relax toward the undistorted, cubic phase of SrTiO3. Our measurements indicate that the ferrimagnetic state within the GdTiO3 layers survives as these TiO6 octahedral tilts are suppressed. Furthermore, our data suggest that layers of suppressed magnetization (i.e., magnetic dead layers) develop within the GdTiO3 layer at each GdTiO3/SrTiO3 interface and explain the apparent magnetization suppression observed in thin GdTiO3 films when using volume-averaged techniques. Our data show that the low temperature magnetic moment inherent to the core GdTiO3 layers is only weakly impacted as the octahedral tilt angles are suppressed by more than 50% and the t2g bandwidth is dramatically renormalized.
The Epicurean Parasite: Horace, "Satires" 1.1-3

We have learned a great deal in recent years about reading Horace's satires; there is now widespread agreement that the speaker of the satires is himself a character within them, a persona. Such a persona may be most effective when it has obvious connections with its creator, but that fact does not preclude the exaggeration of reality, or even its complete inversion. For Horace the implications of this approach are exciting: instead of a poet discoursing with cheerful earnestness on morality, on poetry and on his daily life, we have a fictional character, whom we do not have to take seriously at all.The three diatribe satires present us with a character so absurd that they have been taken, I think rightly, as parodies. Although the poems were once appreciated as effective moralising sermons, even their admirers found it hard to justify the lack of intellectual coherence, to say nothing of the astonishing vulgarity of the second satire. As parodies, however, the poems are wonderfully successful. The speaker trots out a series of banalities: ‘people should be content with who they are’; ‘people should not go to extremes’; ‘people should be consistent’. But he invariably gets distracted, goes off on tangential rants, and makes a fool of himself. The moralist of the first three satires is, to put it bluntly, a jerk.
Sustainable Tourism in an Emerging World of Complexity and Turbulence

The world is changing and so too are our notions of sustainability, sustainable development and sustainable tourism. After pointing out how a small Montana community has changed over the last 125 years or so, I raise fundamental questions about what it means to be sustainable, and how limited conventional definitions of sustainable tourism are in the complex, fast changing world of the twenty-first century. And, as I note, these questions also face small rural communities in developing regions of the world. Rising complexity leads to accelerating uncertainty requiring us to rethink the mental models we use to survive in the world, and that is what this book is about—reframing conventional notions of sustainable tourism to something more useful and appropriate.
Application of Bayesian Methods in Reliability Data Analyses

This paper compares the use of Bayesian methods with the traditional maximum likelihood methods for a group of examples, including the analysis of field data with multiple censoring, accelerated life-test data, and accelerated degradation-test data.
Margin-Based ranking meets boosting in the middle

We present several results related to ranking. We give a general margin-based bound for ranking based on the L∞ covering number of the hypothesis space. Our bound suggests that algorithms that maximize the ranking margin generalize well. We then describe a new algorithm, Smooth Margin Ranking, that precisely converges to a maximum ranking-margin solution. The algorithm is a modification of RankBoost, analogous to Approximate Coordinate Ascent Boosting. We also prove a remarkable property of AdaBoost: under very natural conditions, AdaBoost maximizes the exponentiated loss associated with the AUC and achieves the same AUC as RankBoost. This explains the empirical observations made by Cortes and Mohri, and Caruana and Niculescu-Mizil, about the excellent performance of AdaBoost as a ranking algorithm, as measured by the AUC.
Characterization of the placental alkaline phosphatase-like (Nagao) isozyme on the surface of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells.

A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells monophenotypically express the placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)-like enzyme shown by its catalytic and antigenic characteristics, properties which are shared by the Nagao isozyme. More specifically, it is L-leucine sensitive just as is the rare placental D-variant of PLAP and the testicular heat-stable enzyme. Collectively, these are all referred to as PLAP-like enzymes. The enzyme was localized to the surface of the plasma membrane since it was released in an active form by bromelain treatment of cells. The number of molecules per A431 cell was estimated by radioimmunoassay at 7.5 × 105, a value significantly higher than that observed for HeLa TCRC-1 cells (5 × 104) which express the S-variant of PLAP, also referred to as the Regan isozyme. The quantity of the enzyme was increased significantly (10-fold) by treating the cells with modulating agents including sodium butyrate, prednisolone, and hyperosmolar sodium chloride. The identification of a cell line such as A431 with enhanced expression in the amount of the PLAP-like enzyme and which can be further enhanced by modulating agents will facilitate studies of the differences and the similarities between this protein and other variants of PLAP. The A431 cell line now takes its place with other cell lines which are phenotypically restricted in their expression of alkaline phosphatase. Finally, the A431 cell line is also shown here to be a suitable model system for in vivo tumor studies such as immunolocalization.
Temperature dependence of nanopatterning of inhomogeneously strained surfaces

The temperature and deposition rate dependence of nanopattern formation on inhomogeneously strained surfaces is investigated by means of kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. This study proposes that technologically achievable strain fields (that often are less than 1%) can be used to produce high-quality nanopatterns. We predict that ordered nanopatterns can be achieved even for small surface strain-field modulations if the temperature and deposition rate are large enough. To observe this effect, the mean adatom surface diffusion length has to be more or less equal to the period of the strain field. On the other hand, for larger strain-field modulations good nanopatterning can be achieved for a wide range of growth rates, especially at low temperatures.
Case Study of an On-line HRCI Exam Prep Course for HR Professionals

Preparing for the professional certification exam can be a daunting challenge for HR professionals. Two major aspects of exam preparation are the mastery of HR content and the enhancement of test-taking skills. This case study describes an on-line course designed to address both aspects of exam prep for participants preparing for the PHR and SPHR exams. Using a combination of andragogical techniques, course participants interacted with course materials and with each other to increase their HR knowledge. Participant performance on the HRCI exam confirms course effectiveness. Recommendations are provided for those considering offering such a course.
Some Characteristics of Interstellar Gas in the Galaxy

The task assigned for this review is to discuss structural features of the Galaxy as they may involve or relate to gas dynamics. Since a topic of such great breadth would permit discussion of essentially any aspect of the Galaxy, we shall narrow the view and direct attention primarily towards the larger-scale features of the system. In particular, effort will be made to place emphasis on those areas of the subject in which problems of interpretation exist and in which new theoretical models are needed.
Applications to a Class of Discrete-Event Systems

We apply the stability theory of dynamical systems presented in Chapters 3 and 4 in the analysis of an important class of discrete-event systems. We show that these discrete-event systems determine dynamical systems. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the uniform stability and the uniform asymptotic stability of invariant sets with respect to the class of discrete-event systems considered. We apply these results in the analysis of two specific examples, a manufacturing system and a load balancing problem in a computer network.
Dynamics of Seismicity Patterns in Systems of Earthquake Faults

Systems of earthquake faults frequently show space-time behavior that is difficult to interpret. We describe a new technique based upon a Karhunen-Loeve expansion that allows the observed space-time seismicity patterns to be understood as eigenstates of a suitably constructed correlation operator. The evolution of seismicity can then be viewed in terms of a Phase Dynamical System giving rise to a Pattern Dynamics that can be obtained directly from observed data. Since the method does not use information on stress, displacements, or other fault-related variables, it necessarily represents an incomplete description of the dynamics. In principle, these methods can be used to construct forecast algorithms. We then apply our methods to seismicity from both numerical simulations and data obtained from southern California. Finally, we perform statistical tests to measure the quality of the forecasts computed using simulation data.
Increased aortic stiffness in adolescents with type 1 diabetes by cardiac magnetic resonance

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). There is evidence that maladaptive vascular changes associated with diabetes have already occurred as early as adolescence and that markers of aortic stiffness has been shown to be important predictors of early CVD risk. In this study, we evaluate the central distensibility, a measure of aortic stiffness by MRI, in adolescents with T1D compared to non-diabetic controls.
Fictions of Loss in the Victorian Fin De Siecle: Wilde's trials: reading erotics and the erotics of reading

POSING The first English edition of Nordau's Degeneration appeared in February 1895, the same month that the Marquess of Queensberry left a calling card for Oscar Wilde with an insult scrawled on its face. Queensberry's handwriting proved difficult to decipher, but one misspelled word - “Somdomite” - was legible enough for Wilde to feel justified in bringing a suit for libel against his tormentor. The disastrous trial that ensued led directly to Wilde's arrest and subsequent conviction for “acts of gross indecency” under the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act, which prohibited sexual relations between men. The press coverage of the three proceedings involving Wilde was extensive and highly sensational. During these same months Degeneration enjoyed mostly favorable reviews in the papers, and Nordau's book was often used to gloss the dramatic events taking place at the Old Bailey. After the inconclusive close of the second trial, for instance, an editorialist in Reynolds' Newspaper wrote: It is certain that this whole case has stamped as pernicious the kind of literature with which Wilde's name is closely identified. That literature is one of the most diseased products of a diseased-time. Indeed, so far as English writers are concerned, we do not know where we should find all the worst characteristics of our decadent civilization - its morbidity, its cold heartless brilliance, its insolent cynicism, its hatred of all rational restraint, its suggestiveness - more accurately mirrored than in the writings of Oscar Wilde. […]
Conductance of 1:1 electrolytes in methyl formate

The electrolytic conductivities of LiClO4, LiAlCl4, LiAsF6, NaClO4, NaBPh4, and Bu4NClO4 have been measured in methyl formate at 25°C. Evidence is presented for strong association between the perchlorate ion and the formyl proton of the solvent. Ion association and triple ion formation constants suggest that LiClO4, LiAlCl4, and NaClO4 form solvent separate ion pairs and triple ions. NaBPh4 forms contact ion pairs and triple ions, and the remaining salts appear to form both types of ion pairs and triple ions.
Surgical management of melanoma

The incidence of melanoma is rising more rapidly than any other malignancy. More conservative margins of excision have been established and the role of elective node dissection awaits determination by prospective randomized trials. Lymphoscintigraphy has clarified lymphatic drainage from watershed areas. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy may lead to acceptance of selective lymphadenectomy, and also allows for more sensitive staging. Further advances in outcome require the development of effective systemic adjuvant therapies. Until such time, surgery continues to play a pivotal role in all stages.
MODULAR ORGANIZATION OF T4 DNA POLYMERASE : EVIDENCE FROM PHYLOGENETICS

Abstract We describe the use of a phylogenetic approach to analyze the modular organization of the single-chained (898 amino acids) and multifunctional DNA polymerase of phage T4. We have identified, cloned in expression vectors, and sequenced the DNA polymerase gene (gene 43) of phage RB69, a distant relative of T4. The deduced primary structure of the RB69 protein (RB69 gp43) differs from that of T4 gp43 in discrete clusters of short sequence that are interspersed with clusters of high similarity between the two proteins. Despite these differences, the two enzymes can substitute for each other in phage DNA replication, although T4 gp43 does exhibit preference to its own genome. A 55-amino acid internal gp43 segment of high sequence divergence between T4 and RB69 could be replaced in RB69 gp43 with the corresponding segment from T4 without loss of replication function. The reciprocal chimera and a deletion mutant of the T4 gp43 segment were both inactive for replication and specifically inhibitory (“dominant lethal”) to the T4 wild-type allele. The results show that phylogenetic markers can be used to construct chimeric and truncated forms of gp43 that, although inactive for replication, can still exhibit biological specificity.
Steric and Physicochemical Studies of Decahydroisoquinolines Possessing Antiarrhythmic Activity

Distribution coefficients and acid dissociation constants were determined for some diastereoisomers of 5-substituted decahydroisoquinolines possessing significant antiarrhythmic activity. It was found that the distribution coefficients of the compounds may be correlated with antiarrhythmic potency. The correlations of steric structure, lipid-water distribution, and antiarrhythmic potency are discussed in an attempt to advance the knowledge concerning the molecular events and requirements in the action of antiarrhythmic drugs.
Screening blood products for HTLV-I: What is the best approach?

Abstract A recent concern for disease transmission by blood transfusion is T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). This virus is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, subsaharan Africa, and, to a lesser extent, the southeastern United States and parts of Central and South America. HTLV-I, which has been shown to be transmitted via transfusion, is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and certain degenerative neurological disorders. Antibodies to HTLV-I, an indicator of exposure to the virus, have been demonstrated in 0.025% of healthy U.S. donors. This study, using the Decision Tree Model, presents an approach to a donor screening policy which should be cost-effective and yet ensure a safe blood supply.
The Haydari‐Nicmaii conflicts in Iran

(1979). The Haydari‐Nicmaii conflicts in Iran. Iranian Studies: Vol. 12, No. 3-4, pp. 135-162.
Higher Education: Social Institution or Business?

American higher education has been undergoing significant changes in recent years. These changes affect students, faculty, and administrators and involve interlocking contingencies and meta-contingencies that constitute a great part of higher education but also involve issues of social justice. Changing practices (e.g., distance learning, posttenure review) are sources of controversy and instability in contemporary American academe (Lamal, Rakos, & Greenspoon, 2000; Willis, 2001). A fundamental transformation underlying, and responsible for, many of the changing practices is the movement toward the "corporatization" of higher education. On this view, the model for higher education should be the business world, specifically the corporate world. The rationale is that by adopting the structure and practices of the corporate world, higher education will be better able to meet its current challenges. These challenges include: (a) the need to serve a wide range of students, (b) mounting costs, (c) questions regarding the occupational status and role of faculty, and (d) institutional governance.
New Method for Applying Multiple Samples to a TEM Specimen Grid

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables visualization and structural determination of biological macromolecules. Examination of several samples by TEM is greatly limited by the time that it takes to insert each sample on the microscope, and the deteriorating vacuum on the TEM after this process is repeated several times. Nevertheless, when observing a specimen by TEM, in almost all cases the examined area of the grid represents a small fraction of the available area. Thus, in theory, a TEM grid has space for more than one sample. Here we have exploited the microarray technology to apply multiple samples to a single TEM specimen grid. Microarrayers can deposit small quantities of sample using a printer-like machine that transfers the liquid from the reservoir to the assay surface. We demonstrate that microarray technology can be used to accurately position picoliter quantities of sample within micrometric distances in the reduced space of the TEM grid with negligible cross-contamination. This technique permitted the deposition of samples into arrays of 2 to 36 discrete spots on a single TEM grid. The TEM grid containing a sample microarray can be negatively stained. After introducing the microarray grid in the microscope every spot can be inspected and images can be recorded digitally or on film. In conclusion, the microarray method can dramatically decrease the time necessary for TEM grid preparation and examination at least by one order of magnitude, while preserving the vacuum of the electron microscope. This new method is very suitable for screening and data collection in experiments that generate a multiplicity of samples.
Thermal Stability of Li4Mn5O12Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

The thermal stability of the spinel, Li{sub 4}Mn{sub 5}O{sub 12}, which is of interest as an insertion electrode for 3 V lithium cells, has been studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis at temperatures up to 1020{degrees}C. The data show that as the temperature is raised above 400{degrees}C, oxygen and lithia (Li{sub 2}O) are lost from the structure, which drives the composition of the spinel along the stoichiometric spinel tie-line form Li{sub 4}Mn{sub 5}O{sub 12} toward Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4}. By-products of the reaction are the rock-salt phases Li{sub 2}MnO{sub 3} at moderate temperature and LiMnO{sub 2} at high temperature. The data are consistent with recent reports of the behavior of other lithium-manganese-oxide spinels; the data highlight, in particular, the sensitivity of lithium-rich spinels to temperatures above 400{degrees}C.
Interleukin-10 and Th2 Cytokines Differentially Regulate Osteopontin Expression in Human Monocytes and Dendritic Cells

Osteopontin (OPN) is a pleiotrophic phosphoprotein involved in homeostatic and pathophysiologic responses. It is known to be a chemotactic cytokine for dendritic cells (DCs), a critical cell type in both innate and adaptive immune responses. We report herein a contrasting role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Th2 cytokines in the regulation of OPN expression in human monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs). Our results showed first that the expression of OPN in monocytes and Mo-DCs was induced in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner by IL-10 but was inhibited by IL-4 or IL-13. Further, the basal level of OPN expression was also inhibited by IL-4. This inhibitory effect of IL-4 was associated with a faster decay of OPN transcripts and a decreased proximal promoter activity of OPN in IL-4-treated cells. These results demonstrate a novel role of IL-10 and Th2 cytokines in the regulation of DC function through their contrasting regulatory activities on the expression of OPN.
Recognition of familiar characters under an unfamiliar transformation.

Pattern recognition by human beings and infra human organisms is remarkable chiefly because it can take place with speed and with a relatively low probability of error even when the incoming information has been subjected to a wide variety of transformations and extreme degradation. Recent attempts to build automata to recognize patterns have served to increase, rather than diminish respect for this capacity of living systems. Almost without exception, the existing, commercially available automata recognize patcerns only under conditions so restricted that a living organism would soon perish were it necessary for it so to limit the class of inputs co which it could respond with reasonable accuracy. Commercial number reading machines, for example, usually require chat characters come from a specially designed type fonc, that they be of a certain size, and chat they occur only on certain portions of the document to be read. The human reader does not operate under such restrictions. H e can read numbers from many type fonts, even from fonts which he has never before seen; nor does he have to be told the name of the fonc in order to be able to read it. The characters to be read do not have to be in one particular part of the page, nor do they need to be of one particular size. This human facility in pattern recognition has raised two sorts of problems. First it has led some to overstate the capabilities of the human pattern recognizer. W e do not recognize patterns with equal ease under all the rigid transformations. Recognition thresholds for letters presented upside down are measurably higher than for upright letters, though some discussions of human pattern recognition imply that it is invariant under rotation. The other problem is that the human being recognizes familiar characters so rapidly and so accurately under most conditions that it is difficult to obtain stable performance estimates which are sensitive to experimental manipulation. Tachistoscopic exposure has been the favored method for keeping observers from making close to 100% correct identifications from a known and familiar set of characters, but this is an awkward technique for obtaining a legibility measure on a new type font, for example. Other techniques have involved performing some transformation on the characters repeatedly until probability of correct recognition reaches some lower limit. The characters can be made smaller and smaller, for example, the technique used in the ordinary Snellen chart to measure visual acuity. Studies concerned primarily with transmission of visual information over communication
Factors Affecting Iowa Lake and Reservoir Water Quality

ABSTRACT Iowa lake and reservoir water quality data collected during the summers of 1990 and 1992 were analyzed according to origin (lake vs. reservoir) and location, updating previous synoptic surveys. Morphometric comparisons between Iowa regions indicate unique characteristics for reservoirs, glacial lakes, oxbow lakes, and waterbodies on the Des Moines glacial lobe. All Iowa lakes and reservoirs are eutrophic although there is a significant range of water quality and within-region variability. Parameters such as chlorophyll a, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) summer mean concentrations were highest on the Des Moines glacial lobe (means of 64 μg L−1, 164 μg L−1, and 4.4 mg L−1, respectively). A comparison of northern Iowa versus southern Minnesota lakes and southern Iowa versus northern Missouri reservoirs indicated that Iowa water quality is more eutrophic in both instances. Northern Iowa lakes had higher TN (3.0 mg L−1), total suspended solids (TSS, 39 mg L−1), and non-volatile suspende...
Contributions of β2 subunit-containing nAChRs to chronic nicotine-induced alterations in cognitive flexibility in mice

Deficits in executive functions underlie compulsive drug use, and understanding how nicotine influences these cognitive processes may provide important information on neurobiological substrates of nicotine addiction. Accumulating evidence suggests that β2 subunit-containing nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) are involved in the reinforcing process of nicotine addiction. Whether these nAChRs also contributes to the detrimental effects of chronic nicotine on flexible decision-making is not known. In the present study, the effects of chronic nicotine were assessed in mice with partial or complete deletion of the β2 subunit-containing nAChR gene (β2+/− or β2−/−) performing an operant cognitive flexibility task. Visual discrimination learning was not affected in saline-treated β2 nAChR mutants as compared to the wild-type (β2+/+) mice; yet, chronic nicotine facilitated acquisition of visual discrimination in all genotypes. The acquisition of new egocentric response strategy set-shifting remained similar in all genotypes, and there was no effect of treatment. Chronic nicotine treatment impaired reversal learning in β2+/+ mice by increasing response perseveration to the previously rewarded stimulus. Moreover, the acquisition of inverted stimulus-reward contingencies did not differ between β2+/+ and β2−/− mice exposed to chronic nicotine. Interestingly, nicotine-induced reversal learning deficits were not observed in β2+/− mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that β2 subunit-containing nAChRs are not critical for visual discrimination learning and extra dimensional rule shift. However, sustained activation of these nAChRs with nicotine may interfere with inhibitory control processes influencing affective shifts in stimulus-reward contingencies.
A Developmental Vocabulary Assessment for Parents (DVAP): Validating Parental Report of Vocabulary Size in 2- to 7-Year-Old Children

Measuring individual differences in children's emerging language abilities is important to researchers and clinicians alike. The 2 most widely used methods for assessing children's vocabulary both have limitations: Experimenter-administered tests are time-consuming and expensive, and parent questionnaires have only been designed for children up to 37 months of age. Here, we test the validity of a new assessment to fill this gap: the Developmental Vocabulary Assessment for Parents (DVAP). In 4 experiments, we assess the reliability of this measure and its concurrent and predictive validity in samples of 2- to 7-year-old children. We found that the DVAP provides a rapid, cost-effective alternative to experimenter-administered vocabulary tests for children.
fos and jun interaction: the role of the leucine zipper

Jun and fos oncoproteins form a complex which regulates transcription from promoters containing AP-I binding sites. The "leucine zipper" domain of both fos and jun is necessary for the formation of the heterodimer, but the role of specific leucine residues is unclear. We have used site-specific mutagenesis to examine the contribution of individual leucine residues to the formation of a stable fos/jun protein complex and the binding of this complex to the AP-I site. Mutation of a single leucine in either fos or jun had no effect on protein complex formation. Furthermore, mutations of two consecutive leucines in jun did not interfere with heterodimer formation; however, in the case of fos, two consecutive mutations resulted in an inability to form a heterodimer. Although mutagenesis of the first leucine of the heptad repeat had no effect on protein complex formation, this mutation in either fos or jun drastically reduced the affinity of the complex for DNA. Thus, both fos and jun contribute directly to the DNA binding potential of the heterodimer.
Gamma-ray irradiation of ZnO thin film transistors and circuits

The radiation tolerance of electronic devices and circuits is of interest for space and some other harsh environment applications. Properly designed deep submicron gate length Si MOSFETs can have small threshold voltage shift and leakage increase for doses of 100 kGy (10 Mrad) or even larger [1], however polysilicon thin film transistors (TFTs) show significant changes at much lower dose (< 1 kGy) [2] and a-Si:H TFTs have volt-range threshold voltage shift for 10 kGy dose [3]. We report here the effects of gamma-ray irradiation on plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) ZnO TFTs and circuits. Devices and circuits function even after 1 MGy 60Co gamma ray exposure and radiation induced device changes are removed by a modest temperature (200 °C) anneal.
Tracheoesophageal Fistula from Carcinoma of the Esophagus

The records of the patients with tracheoesophageal fistula from carcinoma of the esophagus treated from 1970 to 1983 were reviewed to assess the length and quality of their survival. Twenty-four patients with malignant tracheoesophageal fistula were treated during this period. The site of the carcinoma was the middle third of the esophagus in 18 patients, the lower third in 5, and the upper third in 1. Three patients received only supportive treatment, and 1 had only radiation therapy. Nine patients underwent insertion of a Mousseau-Barbin or Celestin tube with or without gastrostomy, and 7 patients had gastrostomy alone. Four patients had exclusion of the tracheoesophageal fistula, 3 with esophagogastrostomy and 1 with colon interposition. The 3 patients who received only supportive treatment survived 5 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks. The 7 patients who had gastrostomy lived 3 days to 18 weeks (mean, 6 weeks). The 9 patients with a Mousseau-Barbin or Celestin tube lived 1 week to 6 months (mean, 8 weeks). The 4 patients who had exclusion of the tracheoesophageal fistula survived 5 weeks, 4 months, 7 months, and 26 months following operation. This study suggests that the treatment for patients with tracheoesophageal fistula from carcinoma of the esophagus should be individualized and that in selected patients, exclusion of the fistula with esophagogastrostomy improves the quality of life and prolongs survival.
Sampling by Length.

Sampling methods are often used to collect data in information science research. Fussler's method and sampling by length are both of a class of sampling techniques discussed in this article