cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Highway Infrastructure Maintenance Schedules with Budget Constraints

Highway infrastructure elements, such as signs, guardrails, structures, and pavements, deteriorate over time because of weather, accidents, daily wear and tear, and other factors. To keep them functional and operational, the elements require periodic maintenance. In the absence of an optimization model that can optimally allocate the annual maintenance budget for needed maintenance, it is often difficult to secure adequate funding for such activities. A mathematical model is developed; it evaluates the condition of elements, considers a budget constraint, and suggests the optimal maintenance schedule over a specified period of time. A genetic algorithm has been used to solve the model. The model considers a parabolic function over time to represent deterioration of the elements as well as rehabilitation expenses. The extent of rehabilitation at a given time is considered as dependent on the present condition and amount of deterioration. Also, threshold values for level of deterioration are considered as a...
Parametric properties of numeral phrases in Slavic

Numeral phrases in Russian display many unusual morphosyntactic properties, e.g., (i) the numeral sometimes assigns genitive (GEN-Q) to the following noun and sometimes agrees with it and (ii) the numeral phrase sometimes induces subject-verb agreement and sometimes does not. In this paper existing analyses of these properties are parametrized to accommodate related phenomena in other Slavic languages. First, Babby's (1987) proposal that GEN-Q is structural in Russian is shown not to extend to Serbo-Croatian, where it must be analyzed as inherent. Second, Pesetsky's (1982) idea that Russian numeral phrases may be either QPs or NPs also does not extend to Serbo-Croatian, where these are only NPs. This set of assumptions explains a range of seemingly unrelated facts about the behavior of numeral phrases in the two languages. Pesetsky's analysis is recast in terms of more recent hypotheses about phrase structure: (i) NPs are actually embedded in DPs and (ii) subjects are D-Structure VP-specifiers. Proposal (i) allows for a more explanatory analysis of GEN-Q assignment and proposal (ii) accounts for several distinctions between QP and NP subjects within Russian, also motivating the absence of these distinctions in Serbo-Croatian. Finally, it is shown that Polish can be assimilated to the proposed system.
Expression of Cell Growth Regulated Genes in the Fetal Kidney: Relevance to In Utero Obstruction

AbstractPrevious studies of fetal urinary tract obstruction (bladder outlet obstruction and ureteral obstruction) in lambs have shown that obstructions created relatively early in gestation (4/10 to 6/10 term) can significantly affect growth of the developing kidney. This suggests that urinary tract obstruction in utero can alter normal mechanisms of kidney growth. However, a mechanism for these effects has not yet been proposed. In this study we have used mRNA expression analysis to characterize the temporal sequence of expression of several growth-regulated genes during normal ovine kidney development. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that early obstructions, such as those believed to arise in congenital obstructive uropathy in humans, might have a disproportionate effect on hyperplastic growth if the cellular growth fraction (percent of cells in the organ undergoing DNA synthesis) was greater in the second trimester than in the last. Northern blot analysis of the cell cycle-dependen...
Effect of morphine on 3H-thymidine incorporation in the subependyma of the rat: an autoradiographic study.

Following morphine treatment, an autoradiographic study investigated the uptake of /sup 3/H-thymidine by the subependymal cells in the rat brain. /sup 3/H-thymidine was administered subcutaneously to adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats 30 minutes after saline or morphine (19 mg/kg) injection. The animals were sacrified 1 hour after /sup 3/H-thymidine administration. In some experiments the opioid antagonist, naloxone, was given alone 45 minutes before /sup 3/H-thymidine or 125 minutes before morphine treatment. Three areas of the subependyma were evaluated in terms of the percentage labeled cells and number of grains per nucleus, and a dorsal-to-ventral gradiant was described. Morphine treatment significantly increased the number of /sup 3/H-thymidine labeled subependymal cells and number of grains/nucleus within labeled cells. Examination of the distribution of grains/nucleus showed that morphine-treated animals had significantly more cells labeled with 30 or more grains than did saline-injected controls. Prior administration of naloxone blocked the increased /sup 3/H-thymidine uptake in morphine-treated animals but had no significant influence on cell proliferation when administered alone. The data are discussed in terms of morphine's possible dual influence on mechanisms which enhance cell transition from G to S phase and/or which accelerate DNA synthesis once these cells have entered the S phase of cellmore » replication.« less
Well-Being: Psychological Research for Philosophers

Well-being in the broadest sense is what we have when we are living lives that are not necessarily morally good, but good for us. In philosophy, well-being has been an important topic of inquiry for millennia. In psychology, well-being as a topic has been gathering steam very recently and this research is now at a stage that warrants the attention of philosophers. The most popular theories of well-being in the two fields are similar enough to suggest the possibility of interdisciplinary collaboration. In this essay I provide an overview of three of the main questions that arise from psychologists’ work on well-being, and highlight areas that invite philosophical input. Those questions center on the nature, measurement, and moral significance of well-being. I also argue that the life-satisfaction theory is particularly well suited to meet the various demands on a theory of well-being.
Activation of myosin synthesis in fusing and mononucleated myoblasts

The synthesis of the heavy chain subunit of myosin has been studied in breast muscle myoblasts from embryos of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, during differentiation of these cells in culture. Specifically, these experiments were done to examine the roles of myoblast fusion and the regulation of myoblast cell division in the control of myosin heavy chain synthesis. The rates of myosin heavy chain synthesis have been quantitated in cultures of fusing myoblasts by measurement of the incorporation of radioactive leucine and valine precursors into myosin heavy chain, and simultaneous determination of the intracellular specific activities of these radioactive amino acids. These measurements demonstrate that, prior to fusion, dividing myoblasts synthesize little, if any, myosin heavy chain, but that during the period of myoblast fusion, myosin heavy chain synthesis becomes activated at least 50 to 100-fold. Myosin heavy chain synthesis was also measured in mononucleated myoblasts inhibited from fusing by the presence of EGTA in the culture medium. These experiments demonstrate that myosin synthesis can be activated in mononucleated myoblasts to reach rates similar to those attained in fused myoblasts. This activation occurs under conditions in which EGTA-inhibited myoblasts were induced to withdraw from the cell division cycle by reducing the concentrations of the serum and embryo extract components of the culture medium or by prior “conditioning” of standard growth medium. These experiments, therefore, establish that the activation of myosin synthesis in breast muscle myoblasts does not require fusion, but indicate that activation is co-ordinated with the withdrawal of myoblasts from the cell division cycle.
Joint U.S./Russian Studies of Population Exposures Resulting From Nuclear Production Activities in the Southern Urals

AbstractBeginning in 1948, the Soviet Union initiated a program for production of nuclear materials for a weapons program. The first facility for production of plutonium was constructed in the central portion of the country east of the southern Ural Mountains, about halfway between the major industr
Purification and some properties of a protein obtained from normal human plasma which inhibits the platelet aggregation induced by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma

Plasma from patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) caused the aggregation of washed human platelets, which was inhibited by preincubation with normal plasma. Using salt fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, and preparative agarose gel electrophoresis, we purified a protein from normal plasma which inhibited the platelet aggregation caused by TTP plasma. On SDS polyacrylamide gel, the purified inhibitor gave a single band with a M.W. of 150,000. The antiserum against the purified protein neutralized the activity of the inhibitor and formed an identical precipitin line against normal and TTP plasma.
Friendship destroys orderability via clustering pseudogaps

Abstract A space equipped with a (total) order is a GO space if it is embeddable by an order preserving map into an ordered space. Let X be a GO space with no gaps and no two sided limit points. It is shown that X is not orderable if its set of pseudogap points is dense-in-itself and dense in X . This result is generalized and utilized to topologically distinguish between certain pairs of orderable spaces. Standard techniques fail to distinguish between such pairs.
Simple Telomeres in a Simple Animal: Absence of Subtelomeric Repeat Regions in the Placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens

Simple telomeres were identified in the genome assembly of the basal placozoan animal Trichoplax adhaerens. They have 1-2 kb of TTAGGG telomeric repeats, which are preceded by a subtelomeric region of 1.5-13 kb. Unlike subtelomeric regions in most animals examined, these subtelomeric regions are unique to each telomere.
Update on the pharmacologic management of neonatal abstinence syndrome

Although a statement on Neonatal Drug Withdrawal was published in 1998 by the American Academy of Pediatrics, pharmacologic management of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) remains a challenge. Published clinical trials are limited, restricting treatment decision making to practitioner's experience and preference rather than evidence-based medicine. To optimize withdrawal symptom prevention, drug selection is often based on the offending agent (opioids versus polysubstance exposure), clinical presentation, mechanism of action (agonist versus partial agonist/antagonist, receptor effects), pharmacokinetic parameters and available drug formulations. This review addresses risk factors and pathophysiology of NAS, summarizes parameters of common drugs used for the management of NAS, and reviews published literature of standard therapies as well as newer agents. Based on the current literature, paregoric is no longer recommended and oral morphine solutions remain the mainstay of therapy for opiate withdrawal. Other potential therapies include methadone, buprenorphine, phenobarbital and clonidine with the latter two agents as adjunctive therapies.
Effect of adenovirus type 12 on tumor induction by SV40 and para (defective SV40).

PARA (defective SV40) was transcapsidated from adenovirus type 7 to the highly oncogenic Huie strain of adenovirus type 12. This transfer of PARA to adenovirus 12 was found to hasten the appearance of SV40-type tumors in hamsters inoculated as newborns; the tumors induced by the PARA-adenovirus 12 population had a latent period of 5–7 weeks. All the induced tumors contained SV40 and adenovirus tumor antigens. Parental SV40 and PARA-adenovirus 7 did not induce any tumors in the same time period. Artificial mixtures of adenovirus 12 and SV40 or adenovirus 12 and PARA-adenovirus 7 did induce tumors with short latent periods (5–7 weeks). However, in contrast to tumors induced by PARA-adenovirus 12, all the early appearing tumors induced by the mixtures of virus were, with one exception, devoid of SV40 tumor antigen and contained only adenovirus tumor antigen. Tumors induced by PARA-adenovirus 12 carried SV40 transplantation antigen. Effet de L'adenovirus type 12 Sur l'induction Tumorale due au SV40 et au Para (SV40 Deficient) Le PARA (SV40 deficient) a ete transcapside de l'adenovirus type 7 a la souche Huie fortement oncogene de l'adenovirus type 12. On a constate que ce transfert du PARA a l'adenovirus 12 accelere l'apparition de tumeurs du type SV40 chez des hamsters inocules a la naissance; les tumeurs provoquees par la population adenovirus 12-PARA ont une periode de latence de 5 a 7 semaines. Toutes les tumeurs induites contiennent les antigenes des tumeurs a adenovirus et a SV40. Le SV40 initial et l'adenovirus 7-PARA n'induisent pas de tumeurs au cours d'une periode analogue. Des melanges artificiels d'adenovirus 12 et de SV40 ou d'adenovirus 12 et d'adenovirus 7-PARA induisent des tumeurs a courte periode de latence (5 a 7 semaines). Toutefois, contrairement aux tumeurs causees par l'adenovirus 12-PARA, toutes les tumeurs qui apparaissent rapidement et qui sont provoquees par les melanges de virus sont, a une exception pres, depourvues de l'antigene des tumeurs a SV40 et ne contiennent que l'antigene des tumeurs a adenovirus. Les tumeurs induites par l;adenovirus 12-PARA contiennent l'antigene de transplantation du SV40.
Detecting adverse events for patient safety research: a review of current methodologies

Promoting patient safety is a national priority. To evaluate interventions for reducing medical errors and adverse event, effective methods for detecting such events are required. This paper reviews the current methodologies for detection of adverse events and discusses their relative advantages and limitations. It also presents a cognitive framework for error monitoring and detection. While manual chart review has been considered the "gold-standard" for identifying adverse events in many patient safety studies, this methodology is expensive and imperfect. Investigators have developed or are currently evaluating, several electronic methods that can detect adverse events using coded data, free-text clinical narratives, or a combination of techniques. Advances in these systems will greatly facilitate our ability to monitor adverse events and promote patient safety research. But these systems will perform optimally only if we improve our understanding of the fundamental nature of errors and the ways in which the human mind can naturally, but erroneously, contribute to the problems that we observe.
A Mouse Following in the Footsteps of Human Prehistory

One of the strongest signals of positive selection in humans surrounds the V370A variant of Ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR). However, its phenotypic consequences and impetus for selection are not well understood. Kamberov et al. nail down when it originated and, using transgenic mice, delineate its phenotypic impacts.
Rearrangements in Allylpalladium Complexes with Hemilabile Chelating Ligands

In addition to η3- to η1-allyl rearrangement, η2- to η1-chelating-ligand rearrangements can affect the dynamic properties in allylpalladium complexes containing hemilabile ligands. These rearrangements have the potential of altering stereochemistry, which can ultimately affect the stereochemistry and regiochemistry of reactions upon the allyl group, e.g., allylic alkylation. Apparent rotation of an η3-allyl in four-coordinate PdII-complexes can be the result of ligand exchange or intramolecular processes. NMR Studies indicate that the effects of η2- to η1-chelating-ligand stereochemistry and rearrangements may be hidden or subtle, and both intra- and intermolecular processes may be important.
Spontaneous speech effects in large vocabulary speech recognition applications

We describe three analyses on the effects of spontaneous speech on continuous speech recognition performance. We have found that: (1) spontaneous speech effects significantly degrade recognition performance, (2) fluent spontaneous speech yields word accuracies equivalent to read speech, and (3) using spontaneous speech training data can significantly improve performance for recognizing spontaneous speech. We conclude that word accuracy can be improved by explicitly modeling spontaneous effects in the recognizer, and by using as much spontaneous speech training data as possible. Inclusion of read speech training data, even within the task domain, does not significantly improve performance.
Deformation twinning in monazite

Abstract Polycrystalline monazite (LaPO4) was deformed at room temperature by a spherical indenter. Deformation twins were identified by TEM in 70 grains. Five twin planes were found: (1 0 0) was by far the most common; (0 0 1) and (1 2 0) were less common; ( 1 2 2 ) was rare, and kinks in (1 2 0) twins were identified as irrational ′(4 8 3)′ twin planes. The twinning modes on these planes were inferred from the expression of twinning shear at free surfaces, predictions of classical deformation twinning theory, and various considerations of twin morphology and crystal structure. Atomic shuffle calculations that allow formation of either a glide plane or a mirror plane at the twin interface were used to analyze twin modes. The inferred twin modes all have small atomic shuffles. For (0 0 1) twins, the smallest shuffles were obtained with a glide plane at the interface, with displacement vector R = 1 2 [ 010 ] . The results do not uniquely define a twin mode on (1 0 0), leaving open the possibility of more than one mode operating on this plane. Factors that may determine the operative deformation twinning modes are discussed. Crystal structure considerations suggest that the relative abundance of twinning modes may correlate with low shear modulus on the twin plane in the direction of twinning shear, and with a possible low-energy interface structure consisting of a layer of xenotime of one half-unit-cell thickness that could form at (1 0 0) and (0 0 1) twins. The three most common twins have low strains to low ∑ coincidence site lattices (CSLs).
Self-Diffusion of Er and Hf in Polycrystalline Er2O3-Stabilized HfO2

Tracer self-diffusion coefficients for Er and Hf were measured in polycrystalline Er2O3-stabilized HfO2 (fluorite phase) at compositions between 10 and 40 mol% Er2O3 and temperatures between 1700° and 2033°C. In some instances, grain-boundary coefficients were also determined. The Hf volume coefficients were generally slightly smaller than Er coefficients, but neither showed a strong composition dependence, a finding most likely attributable to extensive clustering of charged defects which apparently rendered a large proportion of the “notional” defects essentially immobile. The activation energies for volume coefficients were very large, ranging from 630 to 760 kJ-mol−1, and generally decreased with increasing Er2O3 content.
Modeling sensor networks with fusion frames

The new notion of fusion frames will be presented in this article. Fusion frames provide an extensive framework not only to model sensor networks, but also to serve as a means to improve robustness or develop efficient and feasible reconstruction algorithms. Fusion frames can be regarded as sets of redundant subspaces each of which contains a spanning set of local frame vectors, where the subspaces have to satisfy special overlapping properties. Main aspects of the theory of fusion frames will be presented with a particular focus on the design of sensor networks. New results on the construction of Parseval fusion frames will also be discussed.
Reciprocated unilateralism in trade policy

Abstract Using the menu-auction approach to endogenous determination of tariffs and allowing additionally for lobby formation itself to be endogenous, this paper analyzes the impact of unilateral trade liberalization by one country on its partner's trade policies. We find that such unilateral liberalization may induce reciprocal tariff reductions by the partner country. Intuitively, unilateral liberalization by one country has the effect of increasing the incentives for the export lobby in the partner country to form and to lobby effectively against the import-competing lobby there for lower protection.
Semi-Open Sets and Semi-Continuity in Topological Spaces

(1963). Semi-Open Sets and Semi-Continuity in Topological Spaces. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 36-41.
Thermal instability in differential transistor amplifiers

A form of thermal instability analogous to thermal runaway can occur in differential transistor amplifiers under certain conditions, whereby the two transistors pass unequal standing currents despite otherwise balanced circuits. A simple theoretical explanation based on an empirical formula is proposed which accounts for the effect, and an effective practical remedy is indicated.
Multiple regulatory steps in erythroid heme biosynthesis.

Current models for regulation of heme synthesis during erythropoiesis propose that the first enzyme of the pathway, 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS), is the rate-limiting enzyme. We have examined cellular porphyrin excretion in differentiating murine erythroleukemia cells to determine in situ rate-limiting steps in heme biosynthesis. The data demonstrate that low levels of coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin accumulate in the culture medium under normal growth conditions and that during erythroid differentiation the level of excretion of coproporphyrin increases approximately 100-fold. Iron supplementation lowered, but did not eliminate, porphyrin accumulation. While ALAS induction is necessary for increased heme synthesis, these data indicate that other enzymes, in particular coproporphyrinogen oxidase, represent downstream rate-limiting steps.
Behavior-based robot navigation on challenging terrain: A fuzzy logic approach

This paper presents a new strategy for behavior-based navigation of field mobile robots on challenging terrain, using a fuzzy logic approach and a novel measure of terrain traversability. A key feature of the proposed approach is real-time assessment of terrain characteristics and incorporation of this information in the robot navigation strategy. Three terrain characteristics that strongly affect its traversability, namely, roughness, slope, and discontinuity, are extracted from video images obtained by on-board cameras. This traversability data is used to infer, in real time, the terrain Fuzzy Rule-Based Traversability Index, which succinctly quantifies the ease of traversal of the regional terrain by the mobile robot. A new traverse-terrain behavior is introduced that uses the regional traversability index to guide the robot to the safest and the most traversable terrain region. The regional traverse-terrain behavior is complemented by two other behaviors, local avoid-obstacle and global seek-goal. The recommendations of these three behaviors are integrated through adjustable weighting factors to generate the final motion command for the robot. The weighting factors are adjusted automatically, based on the situational context of the robot. The terrain assessment and robot navigation algorithms Are implemented on a Pioneer commercial robot and field-test studies are conducted. These studies demonstrate that the robot possesses intelligent decision-making capabilities that are brought to bear in negotiating hazardous terrain conditions during the robot motion.
Substrate specificity of adenosine deaminase—Function of the 5′-hydroxyl group of adenosine

Abstract Nucleosides in which the adenine ring has been moved from the 1′ position to the 5′ position are resistant to degradation by the enzyme, adenosine deaminase. This study provides further evidence for the importance of the 5′-hydroxyl group as a structural requirement for significant substrate activity.
Applying organizational theories to action research in community settings: A case study in urban schools

Action research is well grounded in the worlds of organizational and community psychology. The practice of action research within each of these fields has been shaped by their dominant settings, theories, and values; where these diverge, rich learning opportunities have been created. Each phase of the action research cycle has particular challenges that can be overcome by integrating theories from both fields. This article outlines organizational theories as they apply to action research in community settings in three particular areas: the ecological context, collaboration and consensus, and sustainability. Using Price and Smith's (1985) four-cycle model of action research as a framework, we then present a case study example of how organizational theories have become part of our action research practices. Specifically, we will illustrate issues and challenges involved in coordinating social and emotional learning programs in two overlapping contexts: urban elementary schools and high schools. We found that building explicit knowledge of organizational theory brings important perspectives and tools to action research in community settings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tales from the Other Side of the Bridge: YMCA Manhood, Social Class and Social Reform in Turn‐of‐the‐Twentieth‐Century Philadelphia

This article examines the interplay of gender and class ideologies at University House, a settlement house run by University of Pennsylvania Christian Association students in Philadelphia. University House exemplified a pioneering national movement to inculcate social responsibility in college youth. As an initiative sponsored by a campus Christian Association that joined a national YMCA movement to evangelise college campuses, the settlement had a unique agenda. The settlement's advocates intended to reform the neighbourhood's working-class Irish Catholic boys, but also to forge character and manhood in the students who worked there. Moreover, settlement leaders and volunteers preached a brand of manhood steeped in the rhetoric of evangelical Protestantism, an ideal that guided their actions among city boys. Though their publicly stated mission was to make men of city youths, they turned manhood into a tool for preserving class distinctions and cementing their own place among the country's educated elite. Meanwhile, they modified their own definitions of manhood through the practice of social reform.
Design of a potent novel endotoxin antagonist

Abstract Background. Bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI) binds to and neutralizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin). Small synthetic peptides based on the amino add sequence of the LPS binding domain of BPI neutralize LPS, albeit inefficiently. Although the LPS binding domain of native BPI possesses a β-turn secondary structure, this structure is not present in small derivative peptides. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of a β-turn to a BPI-derived peptide is associated with more potent endotoxin antagonism. Methods. We generated a hybrid peptide (BU3) on the basis of (1) a portion of the LPS binding domain from BPI and (2) amino acids known to initiate a β-turn. BU3 folds with a β-turn, and we tested its effects on LPS neutralization and LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α secretion, comparing it with BPI-derived peptide BG22 that lacks a β-turn and to an irrelevant peptide (BG16). Results. Compared with BG22, BU3 demonstrated enhanced LPS neutralization and inhibition of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α secretion in vitro and a similar diminution of endotoxemia and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion in a murine model of endotoxemia. Conclusions. These data demonstrate the potential for enhancing the biologic activity of a BPI-derived peptide endotoxin antagonist via manipulation of its conformational structure.
The acquisition of Swahili

This monograph is the first study of the acquisition of Swahili as a first language. It focuses on the acquisition of inflectional affixes, with a particular emphasis on subject agreement and tense. Other inflectional affixes are also investigated, including object agreement and mood. The study surveys the adult dialect in question, Nairobi Swahili, discussing social, phonological, morphological and syntactic properties. Data, analyses and copious examples are presented of the naturalistic speech of four Swahili speaking children. The data are tested against six influential theories of child language, and the results show that processing and metrical theories of telegraphic speech fail to account for the observed patterns, while grammatical theories of child language fair significantly better. The data and analyses presented in this book are indispensable for linguists and psychologists interested in the acquisition of inflectional material and other cross-linguistic properties of child language.
Kinetics of the iodine atom catalyzed gas phase geometrical isomerization of diiodoethylene. Rotation about a single bond

The spectrophotometric determination of the rate of iodine atom catalyzed geometrical isomerization of diiodoethylene in the gas phase from 502.8 to 609.1°K leads to a rate constant for the bimolecular reaction between I and trans-diiodoethylene of log kt−c(M−1 sec−1) = 8.85 ± 0.12 − (11.01 ± 0.30)/θ. Estimates of the entropy and enthalpy change for the addition of I atoms to trans-diiodoethylene (process a.b) lead to log Ka.b(M−1) = −2.99 − 4.0/θ, and thus to log kc (sec−1) = log kt−c – log Kab = 11.8 −7.0/θ for the rate constant for rotation about the single bond in the adduct radical. The theory for calculation of the rotation rate constant is presented and it is shown that while the exact value depends on the barrier height, a value of 6.8 kcal/mole for this quantity leads to log k (sec−1) = 11.8 −6.7/θ. The activation energy points to a better value of the group contribution to heat of formation of the group C-(I)2(H)(C) than one based on bond additivity.
Using encryption for authentication in large networks of computers

Use of encryption to achieve authenticated communication in computer networks is discussed. Example protocols are presented for the establishment of authenticated connections, for the management of authenticated mail, and for signature verification and document integrity guarantee. Both conventional and public-key encryption algorithms are considered as the basis for protocols.
Physics issues associated with low- beta plasma generators

Kinetic aspects of MHD generators are explored by examining the propagation of dense, low- beta streams of plasma. Three situations are considered: the basic principles of plasma-stream propagation, the propagation of plasma streams into vacuum, and the propagation of plasma streams into ambient plasmas. These three situations are analogous to plasma generators, plasma generators with vacuum loads, and plasma generators with plasma loads. Kinetic (microphysics) aspects include oscillations of the generator plasma, the effects of diocotron instabilities, the acceleration of particles, the starvation of current systems, and plasma-wave production. >
MolMovDB: analysis and visualization of conformational change and structural flexibility

The Database of Macromolecular Movements (http://MolMovDB.org) is a collection of data and software pertaining to flexibility in protein and RNA structures. The database is organized into two parts. Firstly, a collection of ‘morphs’ of solved structures representing different states of a molecule provides quantitative data for flexibility and a number of graphical representations. Secondly, a classification of known motions according to type of conformational change (e.g. ‘hinged domain’ or ‘allosteric’) incorporates textual annotation and information from the literature relating to the motion, linking together many of the morphs. A variety of subsets of the morphs are being developed for use in statistical analyses. In particular, for each subset it is possible to derive distributions of various motional quantities (e.g. maximum rotation) that can be used to place a specific motion in context as being typical or atypical for a given population. Over the past year, the database has been greatly expanded and enhanced to incorporate new structures and to improve the quality of data. The ‘morph server’, which enables users of the database to add new morphs either from their own research or the PDB, has also been enhanced to handle nucleic acid structures and multi-chain complexes.
A Memristor Device Model

This letter proposes a new mathematical model for memristor devices. It builds on existing models and is correlated against several published device characterizations. This letter identifies significant discrepancies between the existing models and published device characterization data. The proposed model addresses these discrepancies. In particular, it allows modeling of memristor-based neuromorphic systems.
Spirituality and sexual orientation: relationship to mental well-being and functional health status

Background. Research has shown that spirituality has a positive effect on physical and mental health; however, few studies have explored the influence of spirituality and sexuality on mental well-being and functional health status in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Aim. This descriptive cross-sectional study was designed to examine the relationships among spirituality, sexual orientation, mental well-being and aspects of functional health status (physical, role, social and cognitive functioning) in a sample of 117 African-American men and women living with HIV/AIDS. Methods. Spirituality was measured using the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. A demographic questionnaire gathered data on sexual orientation, age and gender. The Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire-30 assessed aspects of functional health status and mental well-being. The HIV Symptom Checklist for Persons With HIV disease was used to collect data on HIV symptoms. The data were collected in 1996. Findings. The findings indicate that spirituality had a direct relationship with cognitive and social functioning and was inversely related to HIV symptoms. Sexual orientation had direct relationships with mental well-being, cognitive, physical, social and role functioning. t-Tests showed that heterosexual participants reported poorer mental well-being and functional health status compared with homosexual participants. Regression analysis showed that spirituality, sexual orientation, age and HIV symptoms contributed significantly to mental well-being and functional health status. Conclusions. The regression analysis showed that spirituality, sexual orientation, age and HIV symptoms contributed significantly to mental well-being and functional health status. Further research is needed to explore the various ways that sexual orientation influences health status findings in those with HIV disease in certain segments of the population. The findings support the inclusion of spirituality as a variable when examining mental well-being and physical health. Finally, given the limitations of the design, more rigorous methods should be employed to understand further the contribution of spirituality to the health status of African-Americans living with HIV, because of its social importance to this particular community.
Artificial Neural Networks and Logit Models for Traffic Safety Analysis of Toll Plazas

Little research has been conducted to evaluate the traffic safety of toll plazas and the impact of electronic toll collection (ETC) systems on highway safety, but analyses indicate that toll plazas do contribute to traffic accidents. Traffic safety issues related to toll plazas and ETC systems were studied using the 1999 and 2000 toll plaza traffic accident reports of the Central Florida expressway system. The analysis focused on accident location with respect to the plaza structure (before, at, after plaza) and driver injury severity (no injury, possible, evident, severe injuries). Two well-known artificial neural network (ANN) paradigms were investigated: the Multi-Layer Perceptron and Radial Basis Functions neural networks. The performance of ANN was compared with calibrated logit models. Modeling results showed that vehicles equipped with ETC devices, especially medium/heavy-duty trucks, have higher risk of being involved in accidents at the toll plaza structure. Also, main-line toll plazas have a higher percentage of accident occurrence upstream of the toll plaza. In terms of driver injury severity, ETC users have a higher chance of being injured when involved in an accident. Older drivers tend to have higher risk of experiencing more severe injuries than younger drivers. Female drivers have a higher chance of experiencing a severe injury than do male drivers.
THE RENAL PATHOLOGY OF NUTRITIONAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS

Rats subsisting on a diet partially deficient in the heat-stable fractions of the vitamin B complex are known to experience a rise in blood pressure. The present study shows that after prolonged administration of this dietary, abnormal structural changes occur in the kidneys. The surface of this organ becomes finely granular. The afferent arterioles show degenerative changes, consisting of irregular subendothelial hyaline deposits which encroach on the lumen. The interlobular arteries undergo the same change, plus degeneration of the media; the lumen of these vessels is likewise compromised. Resultant, small, streak-like areas of ischemic atrophy occur in both cortex and medulla, with necrosis of the epithelial lining of the uriniferous tubules. The glomeruli are reduced in size, the number of their component loops decreased, their pattern simplified, and the capillary basement membrane thickened. In addition to these changes, kidneys from animals on a more profoundly deficient diet display numerous areas of hemorrhagic infiltration in the cortical and subcapsular regions. The possible identity of these lesions with those seen in essential hypertension in man is discussed.
The Woman of Reason: On the Re-appropriation of Rationality and the Enjoyment of Philosophy

This paper starts out from two feminist criticisms of classical logic, namely Andrea Nye’s general rejection of logic and Val Plumwood’s criticism of the standard notion of negation in classical logic. I then look at some of Gottlob Frege’s reflections on negation in one of his later Logical Investigations. It will appear clear that Frege’s notion of negation is not easily pegged in the general category of ‘Otherness’ that Plumwood uses to characterize negation in classical logic. In the second half of the paper, I discuss the claim that the adversarial method of argumentation in philosophy is hostile to feminist goals and perhaps responsible for the low numbers of women engaged in academic philosophy. Against this hypothesis, I claim that a more naturalistic perspective on logic can avoid essentialism and provide a feminist friendly and pluralist view of logic, human reasoning, and philosophical argumentation.
E-learning Tool for Improving Managerial Strategic Thinking Skills

Abstract Research proves that Small and medium enterprises (SME) manager/owners do not manage their companies strategically which negatively impacts their long-term competitiveness. This fact should get even more attention realizing that small and medium sized firms (SMEs) are the backbone of the EU economy, representing over 90% of all registered companies, creating more than 65% of jobs in the private sector and over 54% of the overall value added (see Eurostat). Therefore, it is important to find the ways in which the SME owners/managers could be trained in the skills necessary for strategic decision making. This contribution describes a solution to this issue through creating a multilingual e-learning format accessible for SMEs managers and owners. We describe the process of creation of the e-learning portal as well as the e-learning methodology and course content. The creation of the portal was supported by the LEONARDO DA VINCI TRANSFER OF INNOVATION PROJECT Under the Lifelong Learning Programme with the project title: Education in Strategic Management for SMEs managers/owners is attempting to find a solution to this issue through creating an e-learning format.
The Visible Hand in Government-Sponsored Financial Services: Why States Should Not be Allowed to Offer 529 Plans

In 1999, Congress granted states the exclusive right to sell 529 college savings plans, which parents use to invest on a tax-advantaged basis for their children's college education. This article argues that there is no logical connection between Congress's purpose of promoting investment in education and the existence of this state tax monopoly, and that parents may be worse off investing in state 529 plans than if they had instead invested taxable, privately offered mutual funds. State 529 plans offer no material benefits over private mutual funds, and they are uniquely susceptible to rent-seeking costs that will reduce investors' investment returns. In addition, 529 plans are exempt from regulations governing mutual funds, which significantly disadvantages plan participants. Congress should permit private firms to offer 529 plans in competition with states and even consider prohibiting states from offering such plans as long as they are exempt from the federal securities laws.
FOMO case studies: loss, discovery and inspiration among relics

In 2009, I was two years into my tenure as a museum employee, managing a collection of small exhibition brochures, pamphlets and gallery announcements at the National Gallery of Art Library. That summer, New York Times art critic Roberta Smith reported on a phenomenon I had also observed in my capacity as Reference Librarian for Vertical Files: the decline of the printed gallery post card. Smith's ArtsBeat blog post, ‘Gallery Card as Relic,’ is a breezy elegy surveying recent “final notice” cards mailed from commercial galleries that were “going green” by eliminating paper mailings. I, however, was feeling less light-hearted about the demise of what Smith describes as a “useful bit of art-world indicator…[and] an indispensable constant creatively deployed by artists, avidly cherished by the ephemera-obsessed and devotedly archived by museums.”
Businessmen and Bureaucrats

"culture change." If such an order did emerge from analysis of the field, what implications did it have? It was found upon examining a number of representative problems and hypotheses of culture change that they divide fairly well along two lines: first, as to theoretical scope, into more limited formulations labelled here "Psychological" and more extensive formulations designated "Cultural"; second, as to theoretical interest, problems and hypotheses clearly divide into "Developmental," concerned with limited possibilities, and "Causal-Correlational," concerned with causal interdependence. Besides the difference of theoretical interest, these two types of studies are set apart in that causal studies require examination of factors external to the order of data under primary discussion. The same phenomenon, like revolution, can usually be studied from either point of view, but a number of purely relationship concepts in culture change studies, like integration, generally predispose an investigation toward a Developmental approach. The four basic approaches to culture change were illustrated, and the scheme was briefly tested by application to several current lines of dynamic investigation. It was suggested that, although a Causal-Correlational interest is the more explicit and conisciously pursued, more results have actually been achieved along the less recognized (and perhaps less respected) lines of the Developmental interest in limited possibilities. The ability to predict is no more a product of one than of the other approach. The possible use and need of a systematic assessment of culture change studies were discussed.
Evaluation on Disinfection Quality of Tableware in Yulin City during 2006-2009

[Objective]To understand the health status of tableware in catering trade of Yulin city,provide the scientific basis for making the effective supervision and management measures.[Methods]With the paper method,sampling inspection and comprehensive analysis was performed among different types of tableware in Yulin.[Results]From 2006 to 2009,the total qualified rate of catering trade was 67.48%,and the annual qualified rate was 53.05%,72.18%,73.22% and 74.94% respectively.The qualified rate of large,middle and small restaurants was 87.50%,68.75% and 56.98% respectively.Among different types of tableware,the qualified rate of cups and dishes was the highest,which was 76.91% and 76.18% respectively.In summer and autumn,the qualified rates were low.The centralized disinfection was better than self-disinfection.The differences of five sets of data were significant(P 0.01).[Conclusion]Although the health status of catering trade became better year by year in Yulin city,but the health management should be strengthened to improve the health quality of catering trade and protect the legal rights and health of the consumer.
539 PATIENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM EDUCATION FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN ANCHORAGE, ALASKA.

Purpose The high cost of health care makes health maintenance unattainable for a significant portion of the population. Lack of medication coverage is often cited as a cause of poor adherence to medical recommendations. A lecture and small group discussion was designed to educate doctors and health care providers about patient assistance programs (PAPs) that provide prescription medication for free or at a reduced cost. Methods The need for PAPs and the need for providers9 education about such programs were assessed. Applicable PAPs were located and an “easy reference guide” was compiled. A PowerPoint presentation was given to raise providers9 awareness of programs and a plan for implementation of PAPs into everyday practice was outlined. The presentation was followed by a discussion of barriers to PAPs and problem solving on how to overcome those barriers. A critical review of pertinent literature was completed. Results The cost of prescription medication can lead to poor adherence to medical recommendations. A handout on PAPs was developed and a presentation about implementation of PAPs was given. Conclusion PAPs can be a useful tool in improving adherence to medical recommendations and improved overall health for patients. However, care providers need to know how to access such programs and overcome the daunting and oftentimes overwhelming application procedures in order to provide such useful services to their patients.
Challenges in Building a Whole Earth 3D Information Space

Mobile and wearable computers will increasingly be able to deliver interactive 3D graphical environments. In the near future, 3D terrain visualizations will be an important class of applications for users of mobile and wearable computers. These visualizations can be used to present additional information about a user’s surrounding environment and thus enhance the user’s environmental awareness and understanding. Such visualization will be useful in problem domains that require geospatial knowledge and coordination of tasks over large geographic areas. Recent advances in mobile computing hardware, sensing, and networking make such visualization applications feasible. However, a number of areas require further research. In this paper, seven key challenges to designing and building such systems are discussed. This paper seeks to increase interest in such applications, create a dialog centered on those key issues, and engage researchers from the virtual reality field and other communities.