cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syk inhibition with fostamatinib leads to transitional B lymphocyte depletion

Cell signaling initiated by the B cell receptor is critical to normal development of B lymphocytes, most notably at the transitional B cell stage. Inhibition of this signaling pathway with the syk inhibitor, fostamatinib, has produced significant efficacy in lymphoid malignancies and autoimmune conditions. Here, we demonstrate that short-term use of fostamatinib impairs B lymphocyte development at the transitional stage without affecting mature B cell populations. Additionally, IL-10 producing B cells remained relatively constant throughout the treatment period. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of action of B cell receptor inhibition in autoimmune disease. As the development of agents targeting B cell receptor signaling proceeds, monitoring for long-term consequences as well as functional evaluation of B cell subsets may further improve our understanding of this rapidly growing class of novel agents.
Introduction to special section on Origins and Properties of Kappa Distributions: Statistical Background and Properties of Kappa Distributions in Space Plasmas

Empirical kappa distributions provide a straightforward replacement of the Maxwell distribution for systems out of thermal equilibrium such as space plasmas. Kappa distributions have become increasingly widespread across space physics with the number of relevant publications following, remarkably, an exponential growth rate. However, a breakthrough in the field came with the connection of kappa distributions with the framework of nonextensive statistical mechanics. This introductory paper clarifies fundamental physical concepts and provides mathematical formulations of the theory of kappa distributions, which are a consequence of the connection of kappa distributions with a solid statistical background. Among others, the paper presents the existence of a consistent definition of temperature in systems out of thermal equilibrium described by kappa distributions, the physical meaning of the kappa index, and the formulation of the kappa distribution of a Hamiltonian. In addition, the paper examines the most frequent values of kappa indices in space plasmas. Statistical analysis reveals trends between the characteristic values of density, temperature, and kappa index of space plasmas. Finally, understanding the kinetic interpretation of the temperature as the mean kinetic energy, and of the kappa index as the correlation of kinetic energies, helps to develop all the possible formulations of isotropic/anisotropic kappa distributions.
Metaphysics of the Physical World

RECENT letters to NATURE commenting upon Prof. Dingle's analysis of the Georgian era in physics express different views on the ultimate status of the physical world. The following discussion offers a foundation upon which all philosophers of science can agree. Philosophical differences arise if one seeks a deeper interpretation of the fundamental principles.
Theory of heat transfer-irreversible refrigeration plants

This study questions the view that the degree of thennodynamic imperfection (second law efficiency, η11) of the refrigeration and liquefaction plants that have been built does not depend on the refrigeration load temperature Tl. It is shown first that when plotted correctly, the empirical ηII values decrease as Tl decreases. Two theoretical arguments are offered as explanations for this trend. The first argument is based on a refrigeration plant model the irreversibility of which is due solely to the ‘internal’ heat transfer that passes directly through the machine all the way to Tl. The second argument is based on a more refined model in which the refrigeration plant irreversibility is due to three heat transfer phenomena: the internal heat transfer (retained also in the first model), the external temperature difference between refrigeration plant and ambient, and the external temperature difference between the refrigeration load and the cold end of the refrigeration plant. It is shown that there exist optimum ways of allocating heat transfer equipment to the distinct parts of the plant, if the objective is to maximize the refrigeration capacity of the plant. Both theoretical arguments lead to the conclusion that ηII generally decreases as Tl. decreases.
Effect of Noble Gas Doping in Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence

The trillionfold concentration of sound energy by a trapped gas bubble, so as to emit picosecond flashes of ultraviolet light, is found to be extremely sensitive to doping with a noble gas. Increasing the noble gas content of a nitrogen bubble to about 1% dramatically stabilizes the bubble motion and increases the light emission by over an order of magnitude to a value that exceeds the sonoluminescence of either gas alone. The spectrum also strongly depends on the nature of the gas inside the bubble: Xenon yields a spectral peak at about 300 nanometers, whereas the helium spectrum is so strongly ultraviolet that its peak is obscured by the cutoff of water.
Congress's Goal of Increasing Electronic Filing: An Assessment Based on the Technology‐Adoption Literature

The Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (the Act) places a heavy emphasis on electronic filing (or e‐filing). Here we focus on the IRS's strategy, in response to the Act, for reaching an 80‐percent level of e‐filing by the year 2007. In this paper we ask the question: Given the current level of acceptance, is this is a realistic goal for individual taxpayers? We address this question through a discussion of the current elements of the electronic‐filing process. Additionally, we apply technology‐adoption literature to map out the current progress and techniques required to facilitate the adoption of e‐filing. We conclude that, given the nonmandatory nature of the change, it is unlikely the 80‐percent‐adoption level will be reached for individuals by the year 2007. However, it appears that there are some avenues available to the IRS and Congress to further increase the usage of electronic filing.
Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces naloxone-blockable enhancement of presynaptic basal dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens of conscious, freely-moving rats as measured by intracerebral microdialysis.

This study examined the effects of acute administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, on extracellular efflux of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites as measured by in vivo microdialysis in nucleus accumbens of conscious, freely-moving rats. Δ9-THC, at low doses (0.5–1.0 mg/kg), which significantly enhance brain stimulation reward (intracranial self-stimulation), significantly increased DA efflux in nucleus accumbens. Augmentation of DA efflux by Δ9-THC was abolished by removal of calcium (Ca++) ions from the perfusion fluid, indicating a Ca++-dependence of Δ9-THC's action. Augmentation of DA efflux by Δ9-THC was either totally blocked or significantly attenuated by doses of naloxone as low as 0.1 mg/kg. Given the postulated role of mesocorticolimbic DA circuits in mediating and/or modulating brain stimulation reward, the present data raise the possibility that marijuana's rewarding effects, and hence its euphorigenic effects and abuse potential, may be related to pharmacological augmentation of presynaptic DA mechanisms. Additionally, the DA mechanisms enhanced by marijuana appear to be modulated by an endogenous opioid peptide system.
Kinetics of the CN+CH2CO and NCO+CH2CO reactions

Abstract The CN+CH 2 CO and NCO+CH 2 CO reactions were studied over the temperature ranges 296–567 K and 296–556 K, respectively, using time-resolved infrared diode laser absorption and visible laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The total rate constant data were fit to the following expressions: k 1 (CN+CH 2 CO) = (2.37±0.5)×10 −11 exp[552.6±97/ T ] and k 2 (NCO+CH 2 CO) = (1.71±0.27)×10 −12 exp[713.2±56/ T ] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . Detection and quantification of CO product yields suggests that an addition–elimination mechanism producing CH 2 CN+CO or CH 2 NCO+CO dominates these reactions, and that hydrogen abstraction to produce HCN+HCCO or HNCO+HCCO is a minor or negligible product channel.
SU‐FF‐T‐99: Characterization of the Dose Response of a New Implantable MOSFET Detector

Purpose: To investigate the response of the newest commercial implantable MOSFETdetector (ASIC) for in vivo dosimetry under photon irradiation. Method and Materials: A new, smaller version of the implantable MOSFETdetector (Sicel Technologies, Morrisville, NC) was investigated in this study. Measurements were performed in a solid water phantom at room temperature under 6 and 18 MV photon beams to the calibration dose of 200 cGy/fraction for 10 fractions. Additional measurements were performed under a 6 MV photon beam for doses outside the manufacturer's specified dosimeter functionality range: 100, 150, 250, 400, and 600 cGy. Separate detectors were studied for each energy and dose. Calibration and temperature correction factors were provided by the company and were applied as they would be when used in the field as intended. Results: At the calibration dose of 200 cGy/fraction, the average detector response was −0.9% ± 1.8% for the 6 MV beam, and −1.1% ± 2.5% for the 18 MV beam. The maximum error was −5.2% for the 6 MV irradiation and −4.6% for 18 MV. Smaller 6 MV doses of 100 and 150 cGy led to slightly larger positive errors of 2.2% and 3.3%, respectively, while larger doses of 400 and 600 cGy led to slightly larger negative errors of −2.2% and −4.0%, respectively. Conclusion: The response of these new implantable detectors will be presented and discussed in light of appropriate dose level tolerances for in vivo patient dosimetry that can reasonably be achieved at the present time. New developments in hardware and software design have made this system easy to use in a clinical environment. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Sicel Technologies.
Neutron polarizations from the 9 Be( d, n) 10 B and 11 B( d, n) 12 C reactions

Neutron polarization angular distributions were measured for the9Be(d,n)10B and11B(d,n)12C reactions for deuteron energies of 5.47 and 5.34 MeV, respectively. Using neutron time-of-flight techniques, polarizations to eight states in10B and to six states in12C have been measured. Neutron polarization energy excitation functions for both reactions were measured for deuteron energies from 3.0 to 5.5 MeV in 0.25 MeV steps at 30° (lab). Distorted wave method calculations carried out to compare theoretical calculations against experimental results were not in good agreement with the data.
Development of novel proton exchange membrane fuel cells using stamped metallic bipolar plates

Abstract This study presents the development of novel proton exchange membrane fuel cells using stamped metallic bipolar plates. To achieve uniformly distributed and low pressure-drop flow fields within fuel cells, a novel bipolar plate with straight channels is designed and verification of a fuel-cell short stack using this bipolar plate is performed. In the experiments, low-temperature and low-humidity operations and high-temperature and high-humidity operations are adopted to evaluate effects of stack temperature and inlet relative humidity on performance at various outlet pressures. Experimental results show that under low-temperature and low-humidity operations, increasing the outlet pressure enhances stack performance and reduces performance differences between various stack temperatures. Under high-temperature and high-humidity operations, stack performance increases with increasing outlet pressures, while the extent of their increase becomes smaller. Compared to low-temperature and low-humidity operations, high-temperature and high-humidity operations have better electrochemical reactions and membrane hydration and, thus, better stack performance. In this study, the operation with a stack temperature of 80 °C and outlet pressure of 4 atm produces the best performance of 1100 mA cm−2 at 0.646 V.
The effect of acidic fibroblast growth factor and live yeast cell derivative on tympanic membrane regeneration in a rat model

Abstract The current treatment of choice for chronic tympanic membrane perforations is surgery. Recent studies using various polypeptide growth factors to accelerate closure of tympanic membrane perforations in model systems have produced mixed results. This study evaluates the effect of acidic fibroblast growth factor (AFGF) and live yeast cell derivative (LYCD) on the rate of healing of acute tympanic membrane perforations in a rat model. Thirty-seven rats had both ears separately randomized in a blinded fashion to receive AFGF in one of three concentrations, LYCD, or a control solution. The rats initially underwent subtotal removal of the tympanic membranes bilaterally. Solutions were applied to the randomized ears daily for 3 days, starting at the time of the surgical perforation. The ears were photographed every 3 to 8 days for 35 days. The photographs were digitally scanned and a computer analysis was used to calculate the percentage of residual perforation. No significant difference in the rate of healing was observed for ears treated with AFGF or LYCD versus the controls. Given the potential advantages of medical treatment of tympanic membrane perforations and the established efficacy of growth factors in other model systems, however, further research is warranted. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:616-21.)
Ischemic myelopathy: A review of spinal vasculature and related clinical syndromes

This article provides a comprehensive review of spinal vascular anatomy (arterial and venous) and clinical syndromes that result from the disruption of blood flow to or from the spinal cord. Blood is supplied to the spinal cord through three longitudinal channels: one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries. These vessels, which originate as branches of the vertebral arteries and run caudally along the spinal cord, are augmented by a variable number of medullary arteries. A vascular ring, or vasa coronae, surrounds the cord and connects these longitudinal channels. Central arteries from the anterior spinal artery and penetrating vessels from the vasa coronae provide blood directly to the cord. Venous flow from the spinal cord is also accomplished through a system of anterior and posterior spinal vessels draining through a variable number of medullary veins and an extensive valveless vertebral venous plexus. The disruption of blood flow to or from the spinal cord can result in infarction, with permanent neurologic loss and physical impairment. The clinical presentation in cases of ischemic myelopathy can be variable. Discrete syndromes based on the occlusion of specific vessels are reported and include venous infarction, anterior and posterior spinal artery syndrome, and central infarction.
Small-beam, low-power argon-pumped tunable dye laser at 585 nm for the treatment of cherry angiomas

An argon-pumped tunable dye laser tuned to 585 nm was used to treat clinically typical cherry angiomas in a preliminary study. A spot size of 0.1 mm and low power (0.1 - 0.15W) in the continuous mode was used for treatment. Results ranged from decrease in size of the cherry angioma to complete regression. In all cases, there was minimal to no scarring. Further study in the treatment of elevated cutaneous vascular lesions with the continuous wave dye laser seems warranted.
Psychotropic Prescription Use by Community‐Dwelling Elderly in the United States

OBJECTIVES: To examine psychotropic prescription use in community-dwelling elderly in the United States and its association with predisposing, enabling, and need factors. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the 1996 Medical Expenditure Survey (MEPS). SETTING: A national representative sample survey of the United States non-institutionalized population. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling persons aged 65 and older participating in the MEPS. MEASUREMENTS: Psychotropic prescription use patterns and factors associated with the use of psychotropics in general as well as of individual classes, specifically antidepressants, antianxiety agents, and sedative/hypnotics. RESULTS: According to the MEPS, more than 6 million (19%) community-dwelling elderly persons used psychotropic medications in 1996. Nearly 3 million (9.1%) elderly were taking antidepressants, almost 2.5 million (7.5%) antianxiety agents, and 1.5 million (4.8%) sedative/hypnotics. Several correlates of psychotropic prescription use were identified. Enabling (e.g., prescription insurance) and need (e.g., health status) factors were found to be consistently associated with the use of antidepressant, antianxiety, and sedative/hypnotic agents. Predisposing factors such as sex, race, region, and education varied with the type of psychotropic drug class examined. CONCLUSION: Nearly one in five community-dwelling elderly persons used psychotropic medications, primarily antidepressants followed by antianxiety agents. Enabling and need factors were consistently associated with psychotropic classes examined, whereas most predisposing factors varied with the type of psychotropic drug class.
Mammalian brain ribosomes are behaviourally and structurally heterogeneous.

STUDIES of the protein components of isolated ribosomal sub-units, primarily in E. coli, have made it evident that the population of ribosomes from even single-celled organisms is heterogeneous1–4. The functional significance of ribosomal heterogeneity is not clear; studies of ribosomes from higher organisms have suggested that the ribosomes differ in functional characteristics (such as activity in in vitro systems) depending on the age of the organism or organ5, whether the organ from which they are derived is in an active or repressed state6 and whether the ribosomes are “free” or bound to membranes7–8. There is also evidence that some ribosomes may be “message specific”9. All these observations support the not unlikely hypothesis that the heterogeneity of ribosomal populations provides important control functions in various metabolic and synthetic processes.
Crustal shear wave velocity structure of the western United States inferred from ambient seismic noise and earthquake data

[1] Surface wave dispersion measurements from ambient seismic noise and array-based measurements from teleseismic earthquakes observed with the EarthScope/USArray Transportable Array (TA) are inverted using a Monte Carlo method for a 3-D VS model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the western United States. The combination of data from these methods produces exceptionally broadband dispersion information from 6 to 100 s period, which constrains shear wave velocity structures in the crust and uppermost mantle to a depth of more than 100 km. The high lateral resolution produced by the TA network and the broadbandedness of the dispersion information motivate the question of the appropriate parameterization for a 3-D model, particularly for the crustal part of the model. We show that a relatively simple model in which VS increases monotonically with depth in the crust can fit the data well across more than 90% of the study region, except in eight discrete areas where greater crustal complexity apparently exists. The regions of greater crustal complexity are the Olympic Peninsula, the MendocinoTriple Junction, the Yakima Fold Belt, the southern Cascadia back arc, the Great Central Valley of California, the Salton Trough, the Snake River Plain, and the Wasatch Mountains. We also show that a strong Rayleigh-Love discrepancy exists across much of the western United States, which can be resolved by introducing radial anisotropy in both the mantle and notably the crust. We focus our analysis on demonstrating the existence of crustal radial anisotropy and primarily discuss the crustal part of the isotropic model that results from the radially anisotropic model by Voigt averaging. Model uncertainties from the Monte Carlo inversion are used to identify robust isotropic features in the model. The uppermost mantle beneath the western United States is principally composed of four large-scale shear wave velocity features, but lower crustal velocity structure exhibits far greater heterogeneity. We argue that these lower crustal structures are predominantly caused by interactions with the uppermost mantle, including the intrusion and underplating of mafic mantle materials and the thermal depression of wave speeds caused by conductive heating from the mantle. Upper and middle crustal wave speeds are generally correlated, and notable anomalies are inferred to result from terrane accretion at the continental margin and volcanic intrusions.
Power napping with loud neighbors: optimal energy-constrained jamming and anti-jamming

The openness of wireless communication and the recent development of software-defined radio technology, respectively, provide a low barrier and a wide range of capabilities for misbehavior, attacks, and defenses against attacks. In this work we present finite-energy jamming games, a game model that allows a jammer and sender to choose (1) whether to transmit or sleep, (2) a power level to transmit with, and (3) what channel to transmit on. We also allow the jammer to choose on how many channels it simultaneously attacks. A major addition in finite-energy jamming games is that the jammer and sender both have a limited amount of energy which is drained according to the actions a player takes.We develop a model of our system as a zero-sum finite-horizon stochastic game with deterministic transitions. We leverage the zero-sum and finite-horizon properties of our model to design a simple polynomial-time algorithm to compute optimal randomized strategies for both players. The utility function of our game model can be decoupled into a recursive equation. Our algorithm exploits this fact to use dynamic programming to construct solutions in a bottom-up fashion. For each state of energy levels, a linear program is solved to find Nash equilibrium strategies for the subgame. With these techniques, our algorithm has only a linear dependence on the number of states, and quadratic dependence on the number of actions, allowing us to solve very large instances.By computing Nash equilibria for our game models, we explore what kind of performance guarantees can be achieved both for the sender and jammer, when playing against an optimal opponent. We also use the optimal strategies to simulate finite-energy jamming games and provide insights into robust communication among reconfigurable, yet energy-limited, radio systems. To test the performance of the optimal strategies we compare their performance with a random and adaptive strategy. Matching our intuition, the aggressiveness of an attacker is related to how much of a discount is placed on data delay. This results in the defender often choosing to sleep despite the latency implication, because the threat of jamming is high. We also present several other findings from simulations where we vary the strategies for one or both of the players.
Sources of methyl malonate in rat urine; valine metabolism.

Abstract Methyl malonate has been found in the urine of rats fed a yeastcontaining, necrosis-producing diet. This acid is present when the diet is supplemented with vitamin E, which prevents the development of liver necrosis. It is detected in much smaller quantities when the diet is supplemented with aureomycin or penicillin. Liver-perfusion experiments help confirm the hypothesis that methyl malonate may be formed by the degradation of valine or by the carboxylation of propionic acid. Neither of these reactions is altered by the presence of aureomycin in the liver perfusion. Dietary valine can be converted to methyl malonate in the intact animal. Conversion of dietary valine in the intact animal is inhibited by the presence of aureomycin in the diet. The effect of aureomycin and of penicillin, which is long-lasting, is apparently a persistent effect on the bacterial flora rather than a direct metabolic effect.
Direct monitoring of laser absorption of MALDI matrices by fast piezoelectric transducer

Abstract The absorption of laser energy by recently found matrices used in matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) detection of large DNA segments: 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA), picolinic acid (PA), composite matrix (PA + 3-HPA) and 3-aminopicolinic acid (3-APA), was studied by using a fast piezoelectric transducer for solid matrices and for their aqueous solutions. A nonlinear dependence of acoustical signal on laser fluence was found for PA, PA + 3-HPA and 3-APA matrices at 266 nm. Near linear dependence was found for 3-HPA at 266 nm. There was no strong deviation from linear power dependence for any of these matrices at 355 nm. Possible mechanisms to account for the observed nonlinearity are discussed.
Treadmill Acceleration and Deceleration: Conflicting Dynamics Within the Organic Milk Commodity Chain

An analysis of how the organic dairy commodity chain in the Northeast United States is structured uncovers significant power asymmetries and conflicting tendencies regarding the treadmill of produc...
Use of Psychotropic Medications Among Youth in Treatment Foster Care

We describe the use of psychotropic medications among youth in treatment foster care (TFC). Data from 240 youth were coded to examine rates of medication use, including polypharmacy and an indicator of "questionable polypharmacy." Fifty-nine percent of youth in TFC had taken a psychotropic medication within the past two months. Of the youth taking psychotropics, 61% took two or more and 22% met criteria for questionable polypharmacy. The majority of youth taking psychotropics also received psychosocial mental health services and were more likely to receive such services than youth not taking medication. Use of psychotropic medication use was not significantly related to demographic factors, maltreatment history, or custody. However, youth with more severe symptoms were more likely to be on medications and to be on multiple medications. Youth with "questionable polypharmacy" were less likely than other youth on multiple medications to have a recent visit to a psychiatrist.
Tides In shallow water: Spectroscopy

Non-linear distortions of long waves (tides) in shallow water are analysod. The effects of finite wave amplitude, bottom slope, friction, and multi-chromatic interactions are investigated separately and in combination, using both perturbation analysis and numerical solutions of the full non-linear equations. The distortions caused by each source of non-linear behavior are presented in the time and frequency domains, and some implications of the results for local and ocean-wide tide predictions are discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00581.x
Specific heat and magnetic susceptibility of CeAuSn and CeAgSn

Abstract Specific heat measurements C ( T ) on hexagonal CeAuSn and CeAgSn and meaurements of the magnetic susceptibility ξ (T) for CeAuSn are reported for the first time. Both composed-show transitions with antiferromagnetic character. For CeAuSn the transition is found at 4.1 K and for CeAgSn at 6.45 K Above T N the specific heat is represented byC/T- λ 11.1 + βT 2 with considerably enhancedγ HT of 270 mJ mol −1 K −2 for CeAuSn and 210 mJ mol −1 K −2 for CeAgSn. Below the transition temperatureC/T decreases, extrapolating to a value of about 100 mJ mol −1 K −2 for both compounds.
Levels, trends and determinants of pluralism: A comparative analysis of U.S. counties

This paper is concerned with developing empirical indicators of pluralism, monitoring them over time, and theoretically constructing and empirically estimating a multivariate model to explain variation between U.S. counties. New analytical findings are presented regarding levels, trends and determinants in two aspects of pluralism: voter turnout and interparty political competition. Three social structural components — structural incentives, structural barriers, and structural cleavages were measured and used to explain the majority of the variation between counties in these two indicators of pluralism.
The effect of hematoporphyrin and light on human platelets. I. Morphologic, functional, and biochemical changes.

The morphologic, functional, and biochemical changes produced by hematoporphyrin and light in human platelets have been characterized. by phase microscopy the cells appeared swollen and resembled signet rings; by electron microscopy they showed considerable loss of cytoplasm and their contour was smoother than normal. irradiated platelets were not aggregable by thrombin and calcium chloride, although they contained clottable protein, and were incapable of supporting clot retraction. a linear relationship was demonstrated between the per cent depletion of serotonin from irradiated platelets and the log dose of hematoporphyrin. the depletion of serotonin from these platelets was related lineraly to the log of time of exposure to light during the initial six minutes of exposure; but thereafter continued at a constant rate. the temperature of incubation influenced directly the rate of depletion of serotonin from irradiated platelets but did not influence the movement of serotonin into these platelets. atp was diminished considerably in irradiated platelets. these changes are attributable to damage to the membrane of the platelet by hematoporphyrin and light. These studies provide additional information about the blood platelet in terms of its response to photodynamic action.
Defining service and education: the first step to developing the correct balance

Background Service and education activities have not been well defined or studied. The purpose of this study is to describe how attendings and residents categorize common resident activities on a service–education continuum. Methods A web-based survey was designed to categorize resident activities. A panel of residents and surgical educators reviewed the survey for content validity. Residents and attendings categorized 27 resident activities on a 5-point scale from 1 (pure service) to 5 (pure education). Data analysis was performed using SPSS ver.12. Results 125 residents and 71 attendings from eight residency programs participated. 66% of residents and 90% of attendings were male. On average, attendings had practiced 14.3 years. Residents’ post-graduate year ranged from PGY-1 to PGY-6 (mean of 2.78). Attendings and residents agreed on the categorization of most activities. Residents felt more time should be devoted to pure education than did attendings. Forty percent of residents felt that more than half of their time was spent in pure service versus 10% of attendings. Twenty-five percent of residents and 23% of attendings were dissatisfied with the service–education balance. Conclusions The Residency Review Committee mandates that education is the central purpose of the surgical residency without clearly defining the balance between education and service. Attendings and residents agree on the educational value of most activities and that the balance between education and service is acceptable. When compared with attendings, residents feel they need significantly more time in education. Adequate learning can be facilitated by the development of clear definitions of service and education and guidelines for the distribution of resident time.
Global climatological relationships between satellite biological and physical observations and upper ocean properties

[1] We evaluate the relationships of monthly climatological satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature and chlorophyll-a to climatological subsurface parameters (mixed layer depth, thermocline depth, and Z2N, the 2 μmol NO3 isocline depth) on a global scale to determine the spatial variability and mechanisms underlying their relationships. The goal is to situate satellite surface data in the context of subsurface processes so that ultimately surface variability on longer timescales can be related to physical processes. There are well-defined physical regimes in the tropics (20°S–20°N), where surface and subsurface physical parameters are predominantly positively correlated because of the dominance of baroclinic processes, and the extratropics (20°–60° latitude), where they are negatively correlated, and barotropic processes dominate. The biological regimes differ between these regions. Correlations between surface chlorophyll and subsurface parameters are variable in the tropics, positive at midlatitudes (20°–40° latitude) and negative at high latitudes. We interpret these changing relationships in the context of differing underlying biophysical processes: dynamic uplift causing nutrient entrainment into the euphotic zone in parts of the tropics, seasonal entrainment of nutrients into the euphotic zone at midlatitudes, and seasonal controls on light supply at high latitudes. Together with the physical regimes, these biophysical conceptual models explain the relatively complex, broad-scale relationships between global satellite measurements of sea surface height, temperature, and chlorophyll-a on a climatological seasonal basis.
N-succinimidyl 3-[211At]astato-4-guanidinomethylbenzoate: an acylation agent for labeling internalizing antibodies with α-particle emitting 211At

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a method for labeling internalizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as those reactive to the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) with the α-particle emitting radionuclide 211 At. Based on previous work utilizing the guanidine-containing acylation agent, N -succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl-3-[ 131 I]iodobenzoate ([ 131 I]SGMIB), we have now investigated the potential utility of its astato analogue for labeling the anti-EGFRvIII mAb L8A4. N -succinimidyl 3-[ 211 At]astato-4-guanidinomethylbenzoate ([ 211 At]SAGMB) in its Boc-protected form was prepared from a tin precursor in 61.7 ± 13.1% radiochemical yield, in situ deprotected to [ 211 At]SAGMB, which was coupled to L8A4 in 36.1 ± 1.9% yield. Paired-label internalization assays demonstrated that tumor cell retention of radioactivity for L8A4 labeled using [ 211 At]SAGMB was almost identical to L8A4 labeled using [ 131 I]SGMIB, and 3-4-fold higher than for mAb radioiodinated using Iodogen. Paired-label biodistribution of L8A4 labeled using [ 211 At]SAGMB and [ 131 I]SGMIB in athymic mice hosting U87MGΔEGFR xenografts resulted in identical uptake of both 211 At and 131 I in tumor tissues over 24 h. Although higher levels of 211 At compared with 131 I were sometimes seen in tissues known to sequester free astatide, these 211 At/ 131 I uptake ratios were considerably lower than those seen with other labeling methods. These results suggest that [ 211 At]SAGMB may be a useful acylation agent for labeling internalizing mAbs with 211 At.
Specific heat studies of V3GaHx

Abstract The specific heat of V 3 GaH x has been measured for hydrogen concentrations x = 0, 0.2, 1.4, and 1.9 over the temperature range 1.2–20 K. Effects of hydrogenation include increased lattice parameter, depressed transition temperature, enhanced Debye temperature, and markedly reduced density of states. In addition, decreased electron-phonon coupling is indicated.
Attitudes toward Traditional and Nontraditional Parents.

Three studies investigated attitudes toward traditional parents (stay-at-home mothers and employed fathers) and nontraditional parents (stay-at-home fathers and employed mothers) among adult men and women. Using a between-subjects design, Study 1 found that nontraditional parents were liked significantly less than traditional parents. Participants also believed that stay-at-home fathers were not regarded highly by others. Study 2 replicated these results using a within-subjects design, suggesting that participants felt little compunction about expressing negative attitudes toward nontraditional parents. Study 3 further found that employed mothers were less disliked when described as working out of financial necessity rather than for personal fulfillment. Both male and female participants reported negative evaluations of employed mothers and stay-at-home fathers, suggesting that prescriptive gender role stereotypes represent a consensual ideology shared by men and women.
Lessons learned from building the iMED intelligent medical search engine

Searching for medical information on the Web has become highly popular, but it remains a challenging task because searchers are often uncertain about their exact medical situations and unfamiliar with medical terminology. To address this challenge, we have built an intelligent medical Web search engine called iMed. iMed introduces and extends expert system technology into the search engine domain. It uses medical knowledge and an interactive questionnaire to help searchers form queries. This paper reports the lessons we learned from building the iMed system. We believe that many of these lessons can be applied to other medical search engines as well. We systematically discuss important issues in the new field consumer-centric intelligent medical search, including input interface, output interface, search system, medical knowledge base, help system, and testing.
The developmental implications of restrictive and supportive parenting across neighborhoods and ethnicities: Exceptions are the rule

The moderating effect of neighborhood crime and income on associations between parenting and child outcomes was estimated longitudinally for African-American (n = 50), European-American (n = 59), and Latino-American (n = 52) elementary school-age children. On average, restrictive parenting values were negatively associated with academic performance and positively associated with depression, and supportive parenting practices were positively associated with academic performance. For European-American children, the negative effect of restrictive values was exacerbated in riskier neighborhoods. For African-American children, on the other hand, more restrictive values were a protective factor in riskier neighborhoods, at least regarding their academic performance; this protection, however, diminished as children grew older. In addition, supportive parenting was a protective factor for African-American children living in dangerous and impoverished neighborhoods. For depression, this protection increased as children grew older. Parenting effects for Latino-American children were similar to those for African-American children, although generally less pronounced.
Ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization with tetramethyldisiloxane-bridged bis(indenyl) metallocenes

Ethylene/1-hexene copolymerizations with disiloxane-bridged metallocenes, rac- and meso-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxanediyl-bis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride (rac-1, meso-1) activated by modified methylaluminoxane were performed to investigate the influence of conformational dynamics on comonomer selectivity. Although 1H NOESY (nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy) analysis indicated that the most stable conformation for the meso isomer in solution was that in which both indenes project over the metal coordination site, this isomer showed higher 1-hexene selectivity in copolymerization (re = 140 ± 30, rh = 0.024 ± 0.004) than the rac isomer with only one indene over the coordination site (re = 240 ± 20, rh = 0.005 ± 0.001). The meso isomer showed high 1-hexene selectivity, a high product of reactivity ratios (rerh = 3.3 ± 0.5) and produced copolymers that could be separated into fractions with different ethylene content suggesting that the active species exhibited multisite behavior and populated conformations with different comonomer selectivities during the copolymerization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3323–3331, 2004
Serine/Alanine Amino Acid Polymorphism of the L and M Cone Pigments: Effects on Rayleigh Matches among Deuteranopes, Protanopes and Color Normal Observers

In a first experiment, groups of deuteranopes and protanopes were characterized psychophysically by the slopes of regression lines fitted to yellow intensity settings from their Rayleigh matches. In a second experiment, color normal male subjects were characterized by their 2 and 8 deg Rayleigh match points. All subjects had been previously characterized genetically by the presence of the amino acid serine or alanine at position 180 on their L cone or L/M hybrid opsins. Dichromats and color normal subjects with serine had greater sensitivity to the red primary than did those with alanine. Calculations based on psychophysical results suggest that the substitution of serine by alanine in the L cone opsin or L/M hybrid opsin produces a shift in lambda max of the expressed pigment toward shorter wavelengths by an amount varying between 2.6 and 4.3 nm, with the shifts in lambda max for the dichromats being larger than those for the color normal subjects.
Magnitudes of Prehistoric Earthquakes in the South Carolina Coastal Plain from Geotechnical Data

In-situ geotechnical data were collected near paleoliquefaction features in the South Carolina Coastal Plain (SCCP) to assess the magnitudes and peak ground accelerations of prehistoric earthquakes. Currently used paleoseismic analysis methods were used to back-calculate the magnitudes of prehistoric earthquakes and peak ground accelerations that can cause paleoliquefaction features in the SCCP. The results from multiple methods yielded similar results and indicated that the prehistoric earthquakes in the SCCP that occurred during the past 6,000 years and caused paleoliquefaction features have magnitudes ranging from 5.3 to 7.8. The peak ground accelerations needed to cause liquefaction are also consistent among the different methods and ranged between about 0.1 and 0.3 g for M 7.5 and between about 0.1 and 0.5 g for M 6.0 earthquakes. These results were used together with those of earlier paleoseismological investigations to estimate the magnitudes and peak ground accelerations associated with prehistoric earthquake episodes. For earthquake episodes centered at Charleston, the estimated magnitudes and peak ground accelerations range from 6.8 to 7.8 and 0.16 to 0.24 g, respectively. For episodes centered near Georgetown, the estimated magnitudes and peak ground accelerations range from 5.5 to 7.0 and 0.21 to 0.42 g, respectively.
Gleanings from the First Fifty Years of Teocentli. Gleaned by Charles R. McGimsey III. Occasional Papers No. I , Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. 1998

Archaeological reports and monographs tend to follow a fairly formal style and it is the. rare author who includes recollections of life in the field, budget cuts, or such problems as finding enough workspace in the museum or department. Also, a significant amount of fieldwork never gets reported, although the Current Research section (and Notes and News before it) in Amercan Antiquity pro­vided a great deal of valuable information not available elsewhere, until it was killed off by the editor in 1994.
Applications of a linear precoder to multilevel turbo space-time coding

In this paper, we propose a multilevel turbo space-time code with a pseudo-random linear precoder for use in block fading environments. Decoding is performed in an iterative multi-stage manner. Due to the multilevel structure, the data rate can be increased without exponentially increasing the decoding complexity, while, thanks to the linear precoder, full spatial diversity can be practically guaranteed without exhaustively testing each pair of the codewords. Simulation results show that the proposed system achieves a performance close to capacity limits.
Use of Bevacizumab for neurological complications during initial treatment of malignant gliomas

Introduction: High grade gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumours. treatment with chemoradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide may prolong survival but some patients develop complications during or soon after therapy due to radiation necrosis, oedema or tumour progression. Patients: We report the use of Bevacizumab in four patients with newly diagnosed high grade gliomas who developed cerebral oedema due to tumour progression or radiation necrosis that did not respond to corticosteroids, and who were not candidates for surgical debulking. Outcomes: All four patients had a rapid response to treatment with bevacizumab, tolerating a decrease of the dose of corticosteroids, and were able to continue their standard therapy. Conclusions: Bevacizumab is effective in controlling some of the neurological complications from oedema, radiation necrosis, or rapid tumour progression during the initial treatment of malignant gliomas. © 2010 Sociedad Espanola de Neurologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.
An integrated linkage map reveals candidate genes underlying adaptive variation in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Salmonids are an important cultural and ecological resource exhibiting near worldwide distribution between their native and introduced range. Previous research has generated linkage maps and genomic resources for several species as well as genome assemblies for two species. We first leveraged improvements in mapping and genotyping methods to create a dense linkage map for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by assembling family data from different sources. We successfully mapped 14 620 SNP loci including 2336 paralogs in subtelomeric regions. This improved map was then used as a foundation to integrate genomic resources for gene annotation and population genomic analyses. We anchored a total of 286 scaffolds from the Atlantic salmon genome to the linkage map to provide a framework for the placement 11 728 Chinook salmon ESTs. Previously identified thermotolerance QTL were found to colocalize with several candidate genes including HSP70, a gene known to be involved in thermal response, as well as its inhibitor. Multiple regions of the genome with elevated divergence between populations were also identified, and annotation of ESTs in these regions identified candidate genes for fitness related traits such as stress response, growth and behaviour. Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of combining genomic resources with linkage maps to enhance evolutionary inferences.
Modified Atmosphere Packaging Affects Ascorbic Acid, Enzyme Activity and Market Quality of Broccoli

Reduced ascorbic acid (RAA) content, total chlorophyll and green color retention, enzyme activities and texture changes were followed in broccoli spears packaged in polymeric film and nonpackaged during 96 hr storage (10°C). Concentrations within packages monitored by gas chromatography were (CO2,) 8% and (02) 10%. RAA retention, moisture content, total chlorophyll and color retention were greater in packaged broccoli. No differences were found between packaged and nonpackaged broccoli for ascorbate oxidase and peroxidase activities, or texture.