cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic stress, depression, and health among older adults in primary care.

Objective: The authors examined 1) rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress (PTS) in older adults in primary care; 2) factors related to more posttraumatic stress symptoms; and 3) the influence of posttraumatic stress and depression on health perceptions and negative health behaviors (i.e., suicidal ideation, smoking, and at-risk drinking). Methods: As part of participation in a study at the Philadelphia VAMC and the University of Pennsylvania, a random subset (N2,718) of older adults (age 65 years) with scheduled primary care visits were screened concerning demographics, the General Health Questionnaire-12, suicidal thoughts, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, perceived health status, PTS, and cognitive impairment. Results: The rate of trauma in older adult primary care patients was high in both the VA (37%) and university-based clinics (24%). Many older adults reported interference from at least one of the three posttraumatic stress items assessed (VA, 18%; university-based primary care, 8%). In a model including demographic factors, higher PTS and depression were uniquely related to more negative health perceptions. In a model including demographic factors, both higher PTS and depression were uniquely related to higher likelihood of suicidal ideation. In contrast, PTS no longer contributed to a model of smoking once depression was included. Neither PTS nor depression significantly contributed to a model of at-risk drinking. Conclusions: Trauma and posttraumatic stress are frequent and significant problems for older adults in primary care. Both posttraumatic stress and depression are related to more negative health perceptions and higher likelihood of suicidal ideation. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:316–324)
Security and self-organization in transparent optical networks: an overview

The recent research on Internet Protocol-over-Wavelength Division Multiplexing (IP-over-WDM), driven by the explosion of the Internet data traffic, has uncovered many interesting issues, and much progress has been made as well. While transparent WDM optical networks become more and more popular as the basis of Next Generation Internet (NGI) infrastructure, such networks also raise many unique security issues. The existing protection schemes which only consider inadvertent failures and only rely on postmortem detection and reaction are not suitable for providing security assurance for such infrastructures which require timely protection from malicious sabotage as well as inadvertent faults. In addition, as may have been observed from the past practices, providing a particular solution dedicated to each incessantly discovered new problem would not dramatically improve the situation. In this paper, we discuss the diverse efforts reported in the literature to address the security problem in optical networks. Then, we propose a new approach to protect such infrastructure networks, which is to imbed intelligence into the network, such that they can continuously learn from different faults and attacks and self-organize to protect themselves from potential failures caused by malicious attacks or regular reliability problems.
Lock-in states in the dripping mode of the capillary jet

Experimental observations of a new phenomenon, lock-in states in the dripping mode of a capillary jet are presented. An externally forced capillary jet is studied within a deterministic chaos framework. The jet at low Weber numbers exhibits different behaviors depending on the amplitude of forcing and the ratio of the drip and forcing frequencies. Lock-in regions, which widen in extent with increase in forcing amplitude, along with quasiperiodic states are observed. These results suggest preliminarily that the capillary jet can be modeled by circle map dynamics, and support the idea that absolutely unstable flows are amenable to description by a ‘dynamical systems’ approach.
Protease nexin-1, a potent thrombin inhibitor, is reduced around cerebral blood vessels in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract The clotting protease thrombin might contribute to the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) injury and certain diseases by its ability to retract processes on neurons and astrocytes and to stimulate astrocyte proliferation. Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a 43 kDa thrombin inhibitor found predominantly in the brain where much of it resides around capillaries and large blood vessels. This location of PN-1 prompted the hypothesis that it may play a protective role against extravasated thrombin released following cerebrovascular injury or under certain pathological conditions. Recent studies indicated that the levels of PN-1 are markedly reduced in the postmortem brainsof patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It was suggested that this reduction in PN-1 levels was due to the sequestration of PN-1 by extravasated thrombin. In the present study we examined the specific nature of this reduction by immunohistochemical staining of sections from control and AD brains using PN-1 specific antibodies. We show that the levels of PN-1 immunoreactivity around vessels and the number of blood vessels exhibiting PN-1 immunoreactivity were markedly reduced in the brains of patients with AD compared to age-matched controls; this reduction was reflected by a decrease in the levels of PN-1 activity and PN-1 protein. Thus an imbalance between PN-1 and thrombin may be a contributing factor in the pathology of AD.
Sex-specific volatile compounds influence microarthropod-mediated fertilization of moss

Sexual reproduction in non-vascular plants requires unicellular free-motile sperm to travel from male to female reproductive structures across the terrestrial landscape. Recent data suggest that microarthropods can disperse sperm in mosses. However, little is known about the chemical communication, if any, that is involved in this interaction or the relative importance of microarthropod dispersal compared to abiotic dispersal agents in mosses. Here we show that tissues of the cosmopolitan moss Ceratodon purpureus emit complex volatile scents, similar in chemical diversity to those described in pollination mutualisms between flowering plants and insects, that the chemical composition of C. purpureus volatiles are sex-specific, and that moss-dwelling microarthropods are differentially attracted to these sex-specific moss volatile cues. Furthermore, using experimental microcosms, we show that microarthropods significantly increase moss fertilization rates, even in the presence of water spray, highlighting the important role of microarthropod dispersal in contributing to moss mating success. Taken together, our results indicate the presence of a scent-based 'plant-pollinator-like' relationship that has evolved between two of Earth's most ancient terrestrial lineages, mosses and microarthropods.
Improving quality in systems of care: Solving complicated challenges with simulation‐based continuing professional development

The delivery of quality health care depends on the successful interactions of practitioners, teams, and systems of care comprising culture. Designing educational programs to improve these interactions is a major goal of continuing professional development, and one approach for educational planners to effect desired changes is simulation-based education. Because simulation-based education affords an opportunity for educators to train health care professionals in environments that resemble clinical practice, this instructional method allows planners to integrate overarching priorities for improvement in health care practice with the training goals of individuals. Educational planners should consider how to structure scenarios to meet training objectives based on the complicated interactions within the health care system. To optimize the benefit of simulation-based experiences, evidence and insights from industrial and organizational psychology, as well as from human factors studies, provide guidance to the planning process, and interdisciplinary studies of complex health care systems can help produce educational programs that improve the quality of health care delivery.
Internal oscillations of (2+1) dimensional solitons in a saturable nonlinear medium

Internal oscillations of (2+1) dimensional fundamental solitons in a saturable nonlinear medium is studied. Internal modes both with and without angular dependence are discovered. The effect of angle-dependent internal modes on the soliton visually appears as a rotation of the perturbed soliton.
Prostaglandin E2 Induces Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α Stabilization and Nuclear Localization in a Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line

Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is a critical event leading to tumor neovascularization. Hypoxia stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), a transcriptional activator of VEGF. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid, is also induced by hypoxia. We reported previously that COX-2 inhibition prevents hypoxic up-regulation of VEGF in human prostate cancer cells and that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) restores hypoxic effects on VEGF. We hypothesized that PGE(2) mediates hypoxic effects on VEGF by modulating HIF-1alpha expression. Addition of PGE(2) to PC-3ML human prostate cancer cells had no effect on HIF-1alpha mRNA levels. However, PGE(2) significantly increased HIF-1alpha protein levels, particularly in the nucleus. This effect of PGE(2) largely results from the promotion of HIF-1alpha translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. PGE(2) addition to PC-3 ML cells transfected with a GFP-HIF-1alpha vector induced a time-dependent nuclear accumulation of the HIF-1alpha protein. Two selective COX-2 inhibitors, meloxicam and NS398, decreased HIF-1alpha levels and nuclear localization, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Of several prostaglandins tested, only PGE(2) reversed the effects of a COX-2 inhibitor in hypoxic cells. Finally, PGE(2) effects on HIF-1alpha were specifically inhibited by PD98059 (a MAPK inhibitor). These data demonstrate that PGE(2) production via COX-2-catalyzed pathway plays a critical role in HIF-1alpha regulation by hypoxia and imply that COX-2 inhibitors can prevent hypoxic induction of HIF-mediated gene transcription in cancer cells.
Leflunomide therapy in kidney transplantation: ready for prime time?

BK polyomavirus has become a scourge in kidney transplantation, mediating graft loss with progressive tubular cell death and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis (1). In the setting of immunosuppression, the virus reactivates, replicating along the tubular epithelium, spreading to other uninfected tubules, entering the tubular lumen after cell lysis, and eventually entering the bloodstream through destruction of peritubular capillaries (2). Whereas viruria is common, viremia occurs in only 13% of recipients, and nephropathy in 8% (3). Once a diagnosis is established by transplant biopsy and viral load measurements, the primary treatment strategy is immunousuppressive withdrawal (4). Disease that is more fully progressed may be unresponsive to any manipulation. Adjuvant therapies have included intravenous immune globulin, quinolones, and cidofovir, all with varying results (5). Center-specific experiences have been reported, but there are no definitive treatments. Leflunomide is an immunosuppressive agent approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis. Metabolized by the liver, the active metabolite A77 1726 blocks tyrosine kinase activity as well as pyrimidine synthesis. Leflunomide also has antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus replication in vitro and in rodent models. Although limited, initial experience in kidney transplant recipients demonstrated significant interpatient …
The receiver blocking problem in a DS mobile ad hoc network with directional antennas

In this paper we examine the effect of the receiver blocking problem on the performance of a direct-sequence ad hoc network in which a subset of the nodes employ multiple directional antennas. We present a packet transmission scheduling algorithm and a media access control (MAC) protocol that are designed to exploit the capabilities of the nodes with multiple directional antennas. It is shown that the presence of directional antennas in the network increases the network's vulnerability to the receiver blocking problem with a correspondingly severe impact on network performance. We examine the reason for this phenomenon, and we present a modified MAC protocol that mitigates the problem.
Numerical Modeling of Internal Flow Structure in Submerged Hydraulic Jumps

This study compares experimental data taken from a submerged hydraulic jump to results from a � � k and RNG numerical simulation. The internal flow structure of the jump is investigated by comparing longitudinal and vertical velocity profiles along a vertical direction as well as water surface profiles. The maximum turbulent kinetic energy and longitudinal velocity distribution along the length of the jump are also investigated. The characteristics of the recirculation eddy are investigated by locating the reverse flow in the longitudinal direction. Previous research done on hydraulic jumps has relied on assumptions about the turbulent flow field whereas in this study the turbulence is a part of the solution. The computational grid is based on the experimental set up. The CFD program FLOW-3D was used to simulate the experimental conditions with � � k and RNG turbulence closure schemes. The results showed that the RNG model performed better in the near bed regions. Also, mean flow conditions returned more quickly in the experiment than either model.
Profiling services for resource optimization and capacity planning in distributed systems

The capacity needs of online services are mainly determined by the volume of user loads. For large-scale distributed systems running such services, it is quite difficult to match the capacities of various system components. In this paper, a novel and systematic approach is proposed to profile services for resource optimization and capacity planning. We collect resource consumption related measurements from various components across distributed systems and further search for constant relationships between these measurements. If such relationships always hold under various workloads along time, we consider them as invariants of the underlying system. After extracting many invariants from the system, given any volume of user loads, we can follow these invariant relationships sequentially to estimate the capacity needs of individual components. By comparing the current resource configurations against the estimated capacity needs, we can discover the weakest points that may deteriorate system performance. Operators can consult such analytical results to optimize resource assignments and remove potential performance bottlenecks. In this paper, we propose several algorithms to support capacity analysis and guide operator's capacity planning tasks. Our algorithms are evaluated with real systems and experimental results are also included to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Genetic Redundancy, Proximity, and Functionality of lspA, the Target of Antibiotic TA, in the Myxococcus xanthus Producer Strain

We recently showed that type II signal peptidase (SPaseII) encoded by lspA is the target of an antibiotic called TA (myxovirescin), which is made by Myxococcus xanthus. SPaseII cleaves the signal peptide during bacterial lipoprotein processing. Bacteria typically contain one lspA gene; however, strikingly, the M. xanthus DK1622 genome contains four (lspA1 to lspA4). Since two of these genes, lspA3 and lspA4, are located in the giant TA biosynthetic gene cluster, we hypothesized they may play a role in TA resistance. To investigate the functions of the four M. xanthus lspA (lspAMx) genes, we conducted sequence comparisons and found that they contained nearly all the conserved residues characteristic of SPaseII family members. Genetic studies found that an Escherichia coli ΔlspA mutation could be complemented by any of the lspAMx genes in an lpp mutant background, but not in an E. coli lpp+ background. Because Lpp is the most abundant E. coli lipoprotein, these results suggest the M. xanthus proteins do not function as efficiently as the host enzyme. In E. coli, overexpression of each of the LspAMx proteins conferred TA and globomycin resistance, although LspA3 conferred the highest degree of resistance. In M. xanthus, each lspAMx gene could be deleted and was therefore dispensable for growth. However, lspA3 or lspA4 deletion mutants each exhibited a tan phase variation bias, which likely accounts for their reduced-swarming and delayed-development phenotypes. In summary, we propose that all four LspAMx proteins function as SPaseIIs and that LspA3 and LspA4 might also have roles in TA resistance and regulation, respectively.
Redesigning the DNA-targeted chromophore in platinum-acridine anticancer agents: a structure-activity relationship study.

Platinum–acridine hybrid agents show low-nanomolar potency in chemoresistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but high systemic toxicity in vivo. To reduce the promiscuous genotoxicity of these agents and improve their pharmacological properties, a modular build–click–screen approach was used to evaluate a small library of twenty hybrid agents containing truncated and extended chromophores of varying basicities. Selected derivatives were resynthesized and tested in five NSCLC cell lines representing large cell, squamous cell, and adenocarcinomas. 7-Aminobenz[c]acridine was identified as a promising scaffold in a hybrid agent (P1–B1) that maintained submicromolar activity in several of the DNA-repair proficient and p53-mutant cancer models, while showing improved tolerability in mice by 32-fold compared to the parent platinum–acridine (P1–A1). The distribution and DNA/RNA adduct levels produced by the acridine- and benz[c]acridine-based analogues in NCI-H460 cells (confocal microscopy, ICP-MS), and their ability to bind G-quadruplex forming DNA sequences (CD spectroscopy, HR-ESMS) were studied. P1–B1 emerges as a less genotoxic, more tolerable, and potentially more target-selective hybrid agent than P1–A1.
Protein-Lipid Interactions and their Relation to the Physical-Chemical Stability of Concentrated Milk. A Review,

Summary We have considered the types of bonding forces responsible for lipid-lipid and protein-lipid interactions. These include (a) nonpolar bonds, which function at short distances and are usually referred to as van der Waal's forces; (b) polar bonds, resulting from an unsystematical sharing of electrons, which are fairly strong forces and often function through the hydrogen bond; and (c) charged structures, which serve as proton donors or acceptors and attract oppositely charged groups at considerable distances. The native membrane represents the principal lipid-protein complex in normal milk. It is composed of at least two proteins, phospholipids, a high-melting triglyceride fraction, cholesterol, free fatty acids, mono-diglycerides, cholesterol esters, carotene, and other minor lipid fractions. The normal membrane material is dislodged from its interfacial surface by agitation, heat treatment, homogenization, vacuum concentration, freezing, and drying. Its rearrangement at the interfacial surface increases the susceptibility of milk to photo-activation and decreases its susceptibility to metallic-catalyzed oxidative deterioration. Milk fat can be resurfaced with the proteins of the skimmilk phase, but they are less stable than the native emulsion. Oxidative deterioration of the lipids enhances the formation of insoluble lipid-lipid and/or protein complexes.
Sensing of dynamic strain via acousto-optic coupling in single-mode fiber

We demonstrate dynamic strain sensing using a fiber acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). The sensing mechanism is based on the shift of resonant wavelength of the AOTF filter in the presence of mechanical strain on the fiber. An input laser signal can thus be modulated by a dynamic strain. The modulation due to a low-frequency (~10 Hz) dynamic strain applied to the fiber AOTF was measured
Manipulation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Knockout Mouse Production

The establishment of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell liness has allowed for the generation of the knockout mouse. ES cells that are genetically altered in culture can then be manipulated to derive a whole mouse containing the desired mutation. To successfully generate a knockout mouse, however, the ES cells must be carefully cultivated in a pluripotent state throughout the gene targeting experiment. This unit describes detailed step-by-step protocols, reagents, equipment, and strategies needed for the successful generation of gene knockout embryonic stem cells using homologous recombination technologies.
High bicoid levels render the terminal system dispensable for Drosophila head development

In Drosophila, the gradient of the Bicoid (Bcd) morphogen organizes the anteroposterior axis while the ends of the embryo are patterned by the maternal terminal system. At the posterior pole, expression of terminal gap genes is mediated by the local activation of the Torso receptor tyrosine kinase (Tor). At the anterior, terminal gap genes are also activated by the Tor pathway but Bcd contributes to their activation. Here we present evidence that Tor and Bcd act independently on common target genes in an additive manner. Furthermore, we show that the terminal maternal system is not required for proper head development, since high levels of Bcd activity can functionally rescue the lack of terminal system activity at the anterior pole. This observation is consistent with a recent evolution of an anterior morphogenetic center consisting of Bcd and anterior Tor function. SUMMARY
Oogenesis and Fecundity Type of Gray Triggerfish in the Gulf of Mexico

AbstractThe fecundity of Gray Triggerfish Balistes capriscus has been difficult to estimate, as few imminently spawning or recently spawned females have been detected. Our study focused on verifying the pattern of oogenesis and fecundity type in Gray Triggerfish. During 1999–2012, females (n = 1,092) were collected from the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and subsets of these fish were used to calculate condition indices and assess ovarian histology. The gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and Fulton's condition factor indicated that liver and somatic energy stores increased prior to spawning and were depleted throughout the spawning period, characteristic of a capital pattern of energy storage and allocation to reproduction. Typical of a capital breeding pattern, we also observed (1) a hiatus in oocyte size distribution and (2) group-synchronous oogenesis, which are both traits of a determinate fecundity type. However, evidence that fecundity was not set prior to spawning included the observation of “de no...
Solvent-Controlled Switch of Selectivity between sp2 and sp3 C-H Bond Activation by Platinum (II)

By merely changing the solvent, two different cyclometalated platinum complexes resulted from either sp2 or sp3 C–H bond activation can be prepared selectively. For example, the reaction of L1 with K2PtCl4 in MeCN gave exclusively kinetic product 1a, while the reaction in AcOH was thermodynamically controlled and produced predominantly 1b.
Design of microprocessor-controlled suspensions

Because of the energy crisis, people like to drive small cars. However, vehicles with less weight tend to exhibit higher frequency ride vibrations while being driven on the freeway. These high frequency ride vibrations are detrimental to passenger comfort. Therefore, it is necessary to design suspensions for small light vehicles which reduce the amount of high frequency ride vibrations felt by the passenger in these vehicles. In this paper the microprocessor-based control is introduced to the design of an adaptive suspension for a motor vehicle. The design is suited for two different cases. In the case of the car moving on the freeway, the feedback loop adjusts the suspension so that the apparent weight of the car is increased, thereby causing it to respond with lower frequency ride vibrations. In the case of changing lanes and making turns, the feedback loop adjusts the suspension so that the apparent weight of the car and the damping ratio are modified with effective road-holding.
Gain-area product of circular aperture

Tables of the gain-area product of a circular aperture are given and explained. Particular attention is given to the realization of maximum gain over a given area with no constraints on aperture size, but with a simple in-phase aperture distribution; and with a given aperture size, using the same class of illumination function. >
Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors.

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have attracted significant attention for device applications because of their unique structures and outstanding properties. Here, a field-effect transistor (FET) sensor device is fabricated based on 2D phosphorene nanosheets (PNSs). The PNS sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity to NO2 in dry air and the sensitivity is dependent on its thickness. A maximum response is observed for 4.8-nm-thick PNS, with a sensitivity up to 190% at 20 parts per billion (p.p.b.) at room temperature. First-principles calculations combined with the statistical thermodynamics modelling predict that the adsorption density is ∼10(15) cm(-2) for the 4.8-nm-thick PNS when exposed to 20 p.p.b. NO2 at 300 K. Our sensitivity modelling further suggests that the dependence of sensitivity on the PNS thickness is dictated by the band gap for thinner sheets ( 10 nm).
Multilevel analysis of the foraging decisions of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and resource scarcity in a savanna environment at Fongoli, Senegal

Savannas are the hottest, driest, and most open environments occupied by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Chimpanzee subsistence strategies are poorly understood in these habitats and, thus, current knowledge primarily resides within the theoretical domain. To address this gap, we empirically test food and habitat selection hypotheses by examining the foraging decisions of chimpanzees in a savanna mosaic environment at Fongoli, Senegal. The foraging behavior of Fongoli chimpanzees was examined in relation to the macronutrient composition of their foods. As predicted under an energy maximizing strategy, individuals often selected foods that were energy-rich and easy to consume. However, this strategy was a poor predictor for some important foods. Fongoli chimpanzees may select lower quality foods at times to minimize risk of heat stress. At the level of habitat selection, this study asked how the foraging behavior of adult male Fongoli chimpanzees changed with predation risk. We tested for this sensitivity by measuring food intake among relatively risky and safe habitats. Elevated risk of predation did not fully deter adult males from feeding in these habitats, but during such visits they ingested more ripe fruit, an energy-rich food. The third level of analysis addresses landscapes-scale habitat selection processes. Our analysis merges findings on Fongoli chimpanzee food and habitat selection with information on the species’ distribution and remotely-sensed land cover to evaluate relationships between landscapes and the species’ range. We show that accessibility to drinking water sources, anthropogenic habitat disturbance, and habitat physiognomy are associated with the species’ distribution in southeastern Senegal. This study highlights the importance of concurrently examining chimpanzee foraging behavior at several levels to understand interconnected factors that shape their subsistence strategies.
Plasma d-Dimer and Incident Ischemic Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Background and Purpose— Epidemiological studies have documented that plasma d-dimer, a fibrin degradation product, is a risk marker for coronary heart disease, but there is limited prospective evidence for stroke. Given that thrombosis is a key mechanism for many strokes, we studied whether d-dimer is a risk marker for ischemic stroke incidence in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Methods— We measured d-dimer in 11 415 ARIC participants free of stroke and coronary heart disease in 1992 to 1995. We followed them for stroke, stroke subtype, and coronary heart disease events through 2012. Results— Over a median of 18 years of follow-up, 719 participants had incident strokes (628 ischemic and 91 hemorrhagic). d-dimer was associated positively with risk of total, ischemic, and cardioembolic strokes, with risk elevated primarily for the highest quintile of d-dimer. After adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratio for the highest versus lowest quintile of d-dimer was 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.67) for total stroke, 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.73) for ischemic stroke, and 1.79 (95% confidence interval, 1.08–2.95) for cardioembolic stroke. There was no association with hemorrhagic, lacunar, or nonlacunar stroke categories. d-dimer was positively but weakly associated with coronary heart disease incidence. Conclusions— A higher basal plasma d-dimer concentration in the general population is a risk marker for ischemic stroke, especially cardioembolic stroke.
Near Complete Necrosis of a Giant Cell Tumor After Treatment with Denosumab: A Case Report.

Giant cell tumor of bone is an uncommon locally aggressive neoplasm accounting for 10% to 15% of all benign bone tumors1-3. The standard treatment has been surgical, with extended intralesional curettage utilizing either chemical or thermal adjuvants for tumors contained within the bone1-8. Tumors extending beyond the cortex with an associated soft-tissue mass are typically treated with wide resection1-9. If the tumor is near a joint, the reconstruction often involves an allograft or endoprosthetic replacement, which can lead to substantial disability and limitations in quality of life9,10. When located in the pelvis or spine, giant cell tumors can often be inoperable, or resection can result in considerable morbidity11-14. The recurrence rate of giant cell tumors has been reported to range from 7.9% to 27% with intralesional resection, despite the use of surgical adjuvants5-8, and from 0% to 7% when wide resection is performed5-8. External beam radiation has had limited success in the treatment of these patients15-17, and chemotherapeutic options have thus far been few and unsuccessful18-20. In the last few years, the discovery that denosumab, a nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) antibody, may have activity against giant cell activation has led to clinical trials of this drug for giant cell tumors of bone21-23. Thomas et al.24 reported a study of thirty-seven patients with recurrent or unresectable giant cell tumors who underwent treatment with denosumab, in which thirty of thirty-five patients (86%) had either histological improvement or improvement on imaging studies as a result of the RANKL inhibition. We report the case of a patient with a large giant cell …
Pound's Sociological Jurisprudence: European Roots and American Applications

Roscoe Pound, widely viewed by his contemporaries and subsequent scholars as the most important American legal thinker during the first decades of the twentieth century, was by far the leading proponent of the “critique social et critique sociologique du droit aux Etats-Unis.” This article stresses the extent to which Pound relied on German and French legal scholars in developing what he called “sociological jurisprudence.” It then examines how Pound applied its central themes to propose legal reforms designed to address the social and economic problems of a society transformed by urbanization and corporate capitalism. It closes by examining Pound’s legacy.
Capacitor current reducing control of the inverters for the dual winding motor

The motors and inverters used in the vehicle is increasing. There are high requirement of safety and installation space to the motors and the inverters. The dual winding motor and its parallel control by the two inverters is one of the size reducing technologies which also contribute to the safety with its redundancy. In this paper, inverter size reducing control of the two inverters for the dual winding motor is proposed. The control reduces the size of inverter by reducing the load to the capacitor. By shifting neutral voltage of the two inverters to the different direction, the timing of charging and discharging of two inverters are changed. By exchanging shifting direction at certain interval, loss of the upper and lower switching device is balanced also.
Mend it, Don't End it

The Americans with Disabilities Act has been regarded as the Emancipation Proclamation for Americans with disabilities. But the historic Emancipation Proclamation famously freed very few slaves of its own force. Instead, it was most important as a symbolic intervention, one that committed the Union to the anti-slavery course, and that portended the real emancipation that would occur when the North won the war. In this regard, perhaps the ADA is more like Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation than disability rights advocates would like to think. In the 16 years since the first President Bush signed the statute into law, employment for people with disabilities has remained stagnant at best. And important studies suggest that the ADA actually dragged down disability employment. Like the Emancipation Proclamation, the ADA has been an important symbolic intervention. It declared, for the first time, that Americans with disabilities are, and of right ought to be, full and equal citizens. In a country where disability had long been grounds for denying citizenship - whether explicitly in the naturalization context, or implicitly in regimes of massive institutionalization and benign neglect - that is no small achievement. But the on-the-ground impact of the law matters as well. If the ADA has not helped - or has even hurt - the employment prospects of people with disabilities, the statute can hardly be deemed an unqualified success. The statute must ultimately be judged by its material impact in the world. If the ADA succeeds in moving people with disabilities into the workforce, in integrated settings, it will advance their equal citizenship status. If it fails in these efforts, the law's symbolism will (at least in the employment context) be a false promise. As the years have passed, and disability employment figures have not improved, two competing views about the ADA's efficacy have emerged. The first is the stand-pat view: There is nothing wrong with the ADA's employment provisions, or at least nothing that a more enlightened Supreme Court could not solve. The second is the revolutionary view: The disability employment figures show that the ADA is the latest example of the perverse effects of liberal good intentions, and we should repeal the ADA and stop the bleeding. This essay disagrees with both views. The standpatters are wrong to think that the ADA has been successful in improving employment for people with disabilities, and they are also wrong to think that the ADA problems are merely the result of restrictive judicial interpretations of the statute. The ADA has not achieved what its advocates expected, and that is because of the inherent limitations of antidiscrimination and accommodation requirements in effecting large-scale changes in employment outcomes. But the revolutionaries are also wrong to assert that the ADA is, on net, counterproductive. The data simply do not support such a broad conclusion. Some reforms are clearly necessary, but repeal of the ADA would likely do far more harm than good. This essay argues for the path of reform, and it attempts to sketch out some of the shapes reform might take.
Management of Musculoskeletal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is a frequent complaint (between 40–80 % of SSc patients) of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is most problematic in patients with early diffuse SSc. There are several MSK pain syndromes that can be seen in SSc: seronegative polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tendonitis, fibromyalgia and other MSK pain syndromes. There are, however, few systemically performed studies that show us the best ways to evaluate or to treat these syndromes. This article presents an expert’s opinion about how to evaluate these pain syndromes and how best to treat them, given the limited amount of scientific data that are available.
Signal Processing on Weighted Line Graphs

This chapter describes a signal processing framework for signals that are represented, or indexed, by weighted line graphs, which are a generalization of directed line graphs used for representation of time signals in classical signal processing theory. The presented framework is based on the theory of discrete signal processing on graphs and on algebraic signal processing theory. It defines fundamental signal processing concepts, such as signals and filters, z-transform, frequency and spectrum, Fourier transform and others, in a principled way. The framework also illustrates a strong connection between signal processing on weighted line graphs and signal representation based on orthogonal polynomials.
Supply Chain Network Competition with Multiple Freight Options

This chapter extends the results in Chap. 5 to include multiple freight options for the manufacturers to ship their products from their manufacturing plants to consumers at the demand markets. We first develop a static supply chain network model of Cournot-Nash competition with product differentiation, multiple freight options, and quality competition. Each manufacturing firm seeks to maximize its own profit by determining its product shipments and product quality. We utilize variational inequality theory for the formulation of the governing Cournot-Nash equilibrium. We then construct the projected dynamical systems model, which provides a continuous-time evolution of the product shipments of the firms and the product quality levels, and whose set of stationary points coincides with the set of solutions to the variational inequality problem. We establish stability analysis results using a monotonicity approach and construct a discrete-time version of the continuous-time adjustment processes, which yields an algorithm, with closed form expressions at each iteration. The algorithm is then utilized to compute the solutions to several numerical examples. A sensitivity analysis on changes in the demand price functions is also conducted.
Critical factors in the catalysis of transmethylation

The ways in which enzymes accelerate their substrate reactions can usefully be thought of in terms of “catalytic strategies.” Every enzyme (guided by the processes of molecular evolution) must construct a scheme in which it selects from all possible catalytic factors just those catalytic factors, and in just that admixture, that are allowed by the combination of chemical constraints and biological constraints to which the enzyme in its biological context is subject. The biological constraints are presented by the cellular and organismic economy and by the physiological assignment of the enzyme. The chemical constraints are offered by the molecular character of the reaction to be catalyzed. In this paper, we discuss the opportunities and limitations that transmethylation, as a chemical reaction, places before transmethylation enzymes with respect to (a) general-base catalysis, and (b) reactant desolvation.
The Shaping of a Nation: Palestinians in the Last Century of Ottoman Rule

No period was more decisive in the modern history of Palestine than the British Mandate, which lasted from the end of World War I until 1948. Not only did British rule establish the political boundaries of Palestine, the new realities forced both Jews and Arabs in the country to redefine their social boundaries and self-identity. But the cataclysmic events that continued through 1948, with the creation of Israel and what Arabs called al-Nakba (the catastrophe of dispersal and exile), took shape in the wake of key changes stretching over the last century of Ottoman rule. What was to be Palestine after World War I became increasingly more integrated territorially during the nineteenth century. And Arab society in the last century of Ottoman rule underwent critical changes that paved the way for the emergence of a Palestinian people in the twentieth century.
The Living Experience of Suffering: A Parse Method Study With Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the living experience of suffering. Parse’s research method was used to answer the question: What is the structure of the living experience of suffering? The participants were 10 community-dwelling older adults living in the United States. The central finding of the study is as follows: The living experience of suffering is resolve amid permeating anguish of diverse affiliations with the blissful reprieve of tranquil acquiescence. The living experience of suffering is discussed in relation to the principles of the humanbecoming paradigm and in relation to how it can inform further research.
A modular, closed-loop platform for intracranial stimulation in people with neurological disorders

Neuromodulation systems based on electrical stimulation can be used to investigate, probe, and potentially treat a range of neurological disorders. The effects of ongoing neural state and dynamics on stimulation response, and of stimulation parameters on neural state, have broad implications for the development of closed-loop neuro-modulation approaches. We describe the development of a modular, low-latency platform for pre-clinical, closed-loop neuromodulation studies with human participants. We illustrate the uses of the platform in a stimulation case study with a person with epilepsy undergoing neuro-monitoring prior to resective surgery. We demonstrate the efficacy of the system by tracking interictal epileptiform discharges in the local field potential to trigger intracranial electrical stimulation, and show that the response to stimulation depends on the neural state.
The Prospective Association Between Sleep and Initiation of Substance Use in Young Adolescents

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to determine the unique utility of poor sleep health in predicting the onset of substance use in adolescents. Methods Middle school students (N = 829, mean (M) age = 12.6 years, 52% female, 73% white) who participated in an ongoing prospective study of alcohol onset and progression completed a set of Web-based health behavior surveys over a 4-year period, with recruitment beginning in 2009. Surveys included assessments of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use as well as sleep duration, bedtime delay (from weekdays to weekends), and daytime sleepiness. Data were analyzed using discrete-time Cox Proportional hazard's regression. Results Controlling for participant age at sleep assessment, gender, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors, shorter sleep duration and greater daytime sleepiness in year 1 were associated with increased odds of having had a full drink of alcohol, having engaged in heavy episodic drinking, and having experienced alcohol-related consequences by year 4. Shorter sleep duration was also associated with increased odds of marijuana use by year 4. No sleep parameter was uniquely associated with increased odds of cigarette use (first puff or first full cigarette). Effects were evident for both males and females. Age at sleep assessment did not moderate effects. Conclusions Sleep health is a prospective predictor of the onset of alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents. Increased efforts to prevent and intervene in sleep problems among adolescents are warranted.
Reproductive Physiology and the Defence of Genetic Paternity in the Ring Dove, Streptopelia risoria

When a male and female ring dove, Streptopelia risoria, encounter one another, their social interaction initiates a set of profound physiological and behavioural changes. In the male, blood levels of testosterone rise dramatically (Hutchison and Katongole 1975, Feder et al. 1977). In the female there is a concomitant increase in oestradiol and progesterone (Korenbrot et al. 1974, Silver et al. 1974). During the 6 to 10 days before eggs are laid, ovarian follicles become ten times larger in diameter and the oviduct becomes more than 40 times heavier (Erickson 1970). As these internal changes take place they influence, and are influenced by, complex changes in behaviour. For example, the male commences the reproductive cycle by chasing the female and bowing to her repeatedly. This is followed by the nest-soliciting display which he performs for long periods at the site where the nest is to be built. After a variable period the female also engages in the nest-soliciting display, to which the male responds by gathering twigs for nest construction. Throughout the period before eggs appear, the partners can be found together constantly. They sleep shoulder to shoulder, feed together, and are within view of one another almost continuously.
Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Anesthetic Management in the Ambulatory Setting: Part 2: Pharmacology and Guidelines for Perioperative Management

Type 2 diabetes is a disease of metabolism in which the afflicted patient cannot properly utilize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Because the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing throughout the general population, anesthesia providers must realize that a significant percentage of their patients will present with the disease. Anesthesia providers should have an intimate knowledge of the comorbidities and complications that are associated with type 2 diabetes and know the specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs used to treat the disease. Part 1 of this series on the anesthetic management of type 2 diabetes in the ambulatory theater addressed the pathology of diabetes and its comorbid disease states. Part 2 of the series now focuses on the pharmacology associated with the many medications used to treat the disorder and the most recent guidelines for blood glucose management recommended for patients in an ambulatory surgery setting.
Elder Abuse and Culture: Africans and African Americans

Abuse of older adults across the Africa Diaspora is a growing problem, despite traditional values of filial piety. More concerning is the impact that modernization and urbanization is having on populations of African descent in the developing world through its erosion of traditional values of respect for older adults as well as informal caregiving and familial relationships. As these changes occur throughout the African diaspora, older adults find themselves more vulnerable, living in environments with limited social and economic resources, and having no support—a recipe for elder abuse and neglect. In particular, African American elders have a shared history of chattel slavery, forced segregation, poverty, and a distrust of authority. This legacy increases their vulnerability and susceptibility to abuse; but also represents an opportunity for prevention. Community-based programs using the unique social networks across the African diaspora can provide a venue to improve caregiver training and support, reinforce filial and informal caregiving practices, increase the utilization of available governmental and institutional resources, and provider guardianship and money management services for the African American and those of African descent across the diaspora.