cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in oxygenation of intracranial tumors with carbogen: a BOLD MRI and EPR oximetry study.

Purpose To examine, using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI and EPR oximetry, the changes in oxygenation of intracranial tumors induced by carbogen breathing. Materials and Methods The 9L and CNS-1 intracranial rat tumor models were imaged at 7T, before and during carbogen breathing, using a multi-echo gradient-echo (GE) sequence to map R2*. On a different group of 9L tumors, tissue pO2 was measured using EPR oximetry with lithium phthalocyanine as the oxygen-sensitive material. Results The average decline in R2* with carbogen breathing was 13 ± 1 s−1 in the CNS-1 tumors and 29 ± 4 s−1 in the 9L tumor. The SI vs. TE decay curves indicate the presence of multiple components in the tumor. Tissue pO2 in the two 9L tumors measured was 8.6 ± 0.5 and 3.6 ± 0.6 mmHg during air breathing, and rose to 20 ± 7 and 16 ± 4 mmHg (mean ± SE) with carbogen breathing. Significant changes were observed by 10 minutes, but changes in pO2 and R2* continued in some subjects over the entire 40 minutes. Conclusion EPR results indicate that glial sarcomas may be radiobiologically hypoxic. Both EPR and BOLD data indicate that carbogen breathing increases brain tumor oxygenation. These data support the use of BOLD imaging to monitor changes in oxygenation in brain tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:511–521. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A change in humidification system can eliminate endotracheal tube occlusion.

Abstract Purpose Inadequate airway humidification can result in endotracheal tube occlusion. There is evidence that heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) are more prone to endotracheal tube occlusion than heated humidifiers (HHs) that contain a heated wire circuit. We aimed to compare the incidence of endotracheal tube occlusion while introducing a new dual-heated wire circuit HH in place of an established hydrophobic HME. Materials and Methods This was a prospective observational study. All patients who required intubation were included in our analysis. Univariate statistical analysis was performed using a Fisher exact test. P Results There were 158 patients in the HME group and 88 patients in the HH group. The incidence of endotracheal tube occlusion was 5.7% in the HME group and 0% in the HH group. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the 2 groups (P = .02). In light of this finding, we changed our practice to provide humidification exclusively by HH. In the subsequent 18-month period, there were no further episodes of endotracheal tube occlusion. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that there is a significant increase in the incidence of endotracheal tube occlusion when using a hydrophobic HME compared with an HH and that using a dual-heated wire circuit HH can eliminate endotracheal tube occlusion.
Isolation and characterization of species-specific DNA probes from Taenia solium and Taenia saginata and their use in an egg detection assay

Cysticercosis results from ingestion of the eggs of the tapeworm Taenia solium. Reduction of the incidence of human and swine cysticercosis requires identification and treatment of individuals who carry the adult tapeworm. T. solium and Taenia saginata eggs cannot be differentiated on the basis of morphology; thus, in order to improve existing methods for the diagnosis of taeniasis, we have developed highly sensitive, species-specific DNA probes which differentiate T. solium and T. saginata. Recombinant clones containing repetitive DNA sequences which hybridize specifically with genomic DNAs from either species were isolated and characterized. T. solium-specific DNA sequences contained complete and truncated forms of a tandemly repeated 158-bp DNA sequence. An unrelated T. saginata DNA sequence was also characterized and shown to encode a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. T. solium- and T. saginata-specific DNA probes did not hybridize in dot blot assays either with genomic DNA from the platyhelminths Taenia hydatigena, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia taeniaeformis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Schistosoma mansoni or with genomic DNA from other eukaryotes, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei, and Giardia lamblia, Caenorhabditis elegans, and human DNA. By using these T. solium and T. saginata DNA probes, a rapid, highly sensitive and specific dot blot assay for the detection of T. solium eggs was developed.
Does intermediate care minimize relocation stress for patients leaving the ICU

Relocation stress is a phenomenon in which physical and psychological disturbances are experienced following transfer from one environment to another [Carpenito LJ. (2000). Nursing Diagnosis. Application to Clinical Practice, 8th edn]. The purpose of this review was to identify whether a period of intermediate care minimizes the problems associated with relocation stress after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) and before transfer to the ward. Methods of retrieving the literature involved identifying key terms, utilizing a range of databases and applying specific criteria in order to delineate the boundaries of the search. Using electronic and manual search methods, 11 studies were selected, both primary and secondary research. Following tabulation and critiquing of the studies, the findings of the review suggest that the factors which contribute towards relocation stress are the loss of one-to-one nursing, a reduction of visible monitoring equipment, lack of continuity of care and inadequate preparation of the patient for the transfer. The evidence also indicates that in order to minimize these factors, early planning and preparation of the patient for transfer are required, incorporating strategies of gradual reduction in nursing attention and monitoring equipment and the provision of information. Although the benefits of intermediate care are established as being advanced monitoring, appropriate nurse-to-patient ratio, heightened demonstration of expert knowledge and skill, there is no sufficient evidence to indicate a period of intermediate care that can ease the transition from the ICU to the ward.
Inhibition of the Redox Function of APE1/Ref-1 in Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines Results in a Hypersensitive Response to Retinoic Acid-induced Differentiation and Apoptosis

Objective The standard of care for promyelocytic leukemia includes use of the differentiating agent all- trans retinoic acid (RA) and chemotherapy. RA induces cell differentiation through retinoic acid receptor (RAR) transcription factors. Because redox mechanisms influence how readily transcription factors bind to DNA response elements (RARE), the impact of small molecule (E3330) inhibition of the redox regulatory protein, apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor (APE1/Ref-1) on RAR DNA binding and function in RA-induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation and apoptosis was investigated. Materials and Methods The redox function of APE1 was studied using the small molecule inhibitor E3330 in HL-60 and PLB acute myeloid leukemia cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were employed to determine effect of inhibitor on APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling function. Trypan blue assays, Annexin-V/propidium iodide and CD11b staining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses were employed to determine survival, apoptosis, and differentiation status of cells in culture. Results RARα binds to its RARE in a redox-dependent manner mediated by APE1/Ref-1 redox regulation. Redox-dependent RAR-RARE binding is blocked by E3330, a small molecule redox inhibitor of APE1/Ref-1. Combination treatment of RA + E3330 results in a profound hypersensitivity of myeloid leukemia cells to RA-induced differentiation and apoptosis. Additionally, redox inhibition by E3330 results in enhanced RAR target gene, BLR-1, expression in myeloid leukemia cells. Conclusions The redox function of APE1/Ref-1 regulates RAR binding to its DNA RAREs influencing the response of myeloid leukemia cells to RA-induced differentiation. Targeting of APE1/Ref-1 redox function may allow manipulation of the retinoid response with therapeutic implications.
I know my network: collaboration and expertise in intrusion detection

The work of intrusion detection (ID) in accomplishing network security is complex, requiring highly sought-after expertise. While limited automation exists, the role of human ID analysts remains crucial. This paper presents the results of an exploratory field study examining the role of expertise and collaboration in ID work. Through an analysis of the common and situated expertise required in ID work, our results counter basic assumptions about its individualistic character, revealing significant distributed collaboration. Current ID support tools provide no support for this collaborative problem solving. The results of this research highlight ID as an engaging CSCW work domain, one rich with organizational insights, design challenges, and practical import.
The expanding horizon of prosthetic joint infections

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious and potentially devastating complication of arthroplasty. Prior arthroplasty, immunosuppression, severe comorbid conditions, and prolonged surgical duration are important risk factors for PJI. More than half of the cases of PJI are caused by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The biofilm plays a central role in its pathogenesis. The diagnosis of PJI requires the presence of purulence, sinus tract, evidence of inflammation on histopathology, or positive microbiologic cultures. The use of diagnostic imaging techniques is generally limited but may be helpful in selected cases. The most effective way to prevent PJI is to optimize the health of patients, using antibiotic prophylaxis in a proper and timely fashion. Management of PJI frequently requires removal of all hardware and administration of intravenous antibiotics. This review summarizes and analyzes the results of previous reports of PJI and assesses the prevention and management of this important entity.
Supercriticality of ICME and CIR shocks

Interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) and corotating interaction region (CIR) shocks are characterized in terms of supercriticality introduced by Edmiston and Kennel (1984) to classify shocks based on whether dissipation is provided by electron resistivity alone or also requires ion viscosity. The condition for determining supercriticality is a critical Mach number, MC, a function of θBn, the angle between the upstream magnetic field, B, and the normal to the shock surface, n, and β, the ratio of the plasma and magnetic pressures. The criterion was subsequently revised by Kennel (1987) to include dissipation by electron thermal as well as electrical conductivity. Two early separate studies of ICME and CIR shocks motivated our investigation that included several improvements. We use Kennel (1987) and shocks identified by WIND near 1 AU and by Ulysses near 5 AU from the same solar cycle to provide Occurrence Probability Distributions and statistical information for all parameters. We answer three questions (1) Is the supercriticality of ICME and CIR shocks different? (2) If so, why? (3) Does the latter MC criterion change the answers? Our conclusions are (1) about two thirds of CIR shocks are supercritical as compared to one third of ICME shocks, (2) although ICME shock speeds are typically higher than CIR shocks, the fast-mode wave speeds are even higher at 1 AU than that of CIR shocks at ~5 AU causing a reduction in Mach numbers, and (3) CIR shocks are also more supercritical than ICME shocks using both criteria with slight differences.
Multicarrier delay diversity modulation for MIMO systems

Multicarrier delay diversity modulation (MDDM) is a scheme that uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) on a "multipath" channel that is generated by using delay diversity. The full diversity criterion for MDDM is proven and illustrative examples of full-diversity codes are obtained based on the established criterion. Coding gains and interleaver designs are also considered and analyzed. Simulation results for MDDM on quasi-static flat and frequency-selective fading channels are discussed. MDDM is established as a strong competitive technique to existing space-time block codes and space-time tellis codes techniques for multiple input multiple output systems.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Structural, Vibrational and Electronic Properties of Amorphous Silicon

Amorphous silicon models have been computer-generated by melt-quenching and film deposition molecular dynamics simulations, employing classical interatomic Si-potentials. The structural, vibrational and electronic properties of these models is described. Dangling-bond gap states are well localized whereas, floating bonds gap states are considerably less localized with wavefunction amplitudes on the neighbors of the five-coordinated atom. In contrast to melt-quenched models, the a-Si films displayed voids, a 15–28% lower density than c-Si, and no five- coordinated atoms. A-Si:H models with 5 and 22% hydrogen, and both monohydride and dihydride species, have also been developed.
Classifier selection using the predicate depth

Typically, one approaches a supervised machine learning problem by writing down an objective function and finding a hypothesis that minimizes it. This is equivalent to finding the Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) hypothesis for a Boltzmann distribution. However, MAP is not a robust statistic. We present an alternative approach by defining a median of the distribution, which we show is both more robust, and has good generalization guarantees. We present algorithms to approximate this median. One contribution of this work is an efficient method for approximating the Tukey median. The Tukey median, which is often used for data visualization and outlier detection, is a special case of the family of medians we define: however, computing it exactly is exponentially slow in the dimension. Our algorithm approximates such medians in polynomial time while making weaker assumptions than those required by previous work.
When the maximum ring of quotients of C(X) is uniformly complete

A Tychonoff space X such that the maximum ring of quotients of C(X) is uniformly complete is called a uniform quotients space. It is shown that this condition is equivalent to the Dedekind– MacNeille completion of C(X) being a ring of quotients of C(X), in the sense of Utumi. A compact metric space is a uniform quotients space precisely when it has a dense set of isolated points. Extremally disconnected spaces and almost P -spaces are uniform quotients spaces. Also characterized are the compact spaces of dense constancies which are uniform quotients spaces.  2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. AMS classification:Primary 54H10; 06F25; 13B30, Secondary 54D35; 54G05
Use of small caves by Ozark big-eared bats (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) in Arkansas

Abstract The Ozark big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) is an endangered subspecies currently known only from small populations in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Between October 1998 and May 2000 we surveyed 93 small caves in northwestern Arkansas six times. During these surveys we encountered Ozark big-eared bats in 8–10 caves every season. During surveys in spring, summer and autumn, we encountered mainly lone individuals, while up to seven individuals were encountered together during winter surveys. Winter encounters were mainly in limestone caves, particularly those with vertical or near vertical sinkhole entrances, whereas caves with more varied characteristics were used in other seasons. Temperature may also have been a factor in choice of caves, with colder caves being preferred, especially in winter. Our data indicate that Ozark big-eared bats use many small caves in the study area. These caves should be protected, and other groups of small caves in the Ozarks should be surveyed for Ozark big-ea...
Slinking Away from Twinkie Taxes

A consideration of excise taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and fast food (Twinkie Taxes). The article concludes that none of these taxes are justifiable. Tobacco and alcohol taxes have been around for a long time. Accordingly, it is hard to imagine that the legislature would find the will to repeal them. Twinkie taxes, however, are relatively recent. Therefore, they should be nipped in the bud, now.
REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF INDO-WEST PACIFIC ANGELFISHES (PISCES: POMACANTHIDAE).

Analysis of the relationships between duration of the pelagic larval stage (as indicated by otolith microstructure), adult size, and the extent of geographic distribution for Indo-West Pacific angelfishes (Pomacanthidae) indicates that neither adult size nor larval duration significantly predicts extent of distribution, either individually or jointly in a multiple regression. These results are robust for both the family as a whole and the genus best represented in our data (Centropyge). If larval duration and adult size do have an effect, it is only jointly and at the genus level. However, larval duration and adult size do correlate significantly and negatively with one another. The operational factor seems to be egg size, which correlates positively with adult size, and negatively with duration of the pelagic larval stage. Similar correlations are evident in both marine invertebrates and at least some other coral-reef fishes, suggesting they are of widespread significance. The limited ability of either reproductive parameter to predict extent of species distribution indicates, first, that even in a group as morphologically conservative as the Indo-West Pacific pomacanthids, neither a two-fold difference between species in larval duration nor a two order of magnitude difference in female fecundity markedly affects extant distributions; and secondly, that either undescribed biological factors or historical constraints are of paramount importance. Available evidence suggests that dispersal abilities of most coral reef fishes, in fact, may be limited, despite the nearly universal occurrence of a pelagic stage in development.
Numerical simulations of plane-wall coanda effects for control of fiber trajectories in the melt-blown process

The goal of this investigation is to demonstrate, by means of numerical simulation, that the Coanda effect can be used to affect the trajectory of fine fibers created by the melt-blown process. The Coanda effect serves to modulate the direction of fluid motion, and, in turn, the change in the pattern of fluid flow alters the fiber trajectories. Primary focus is accorded to the use of plane walls to induce the Coanda effect, but some consideration is given to curved Coanda-inducing walls for comparison purposes. The lateral standoff distance between the location of the fiber exit from the die and the Coanda-inducing wall was varied parametrically. The range of standoff distances for which the presence of a plane wall induced the Coanda effect was determined. Another outcome of general significance is that the Coanda effects induced by a curved wall and a plane wall are of comparable magnitude.
The inhibition of microRNAs by HIV-1 Tat suppresses beta catenin activity in astrocytes.

Background Long term infection with HIV-1, even in the context of therapy, leads to chronic health problems including an array of neurocognitive dysfunctions. The viral Tat protein has previously been implicated in neuropathogenesis through its effect on astrocytes. Tat has also been shown to inhibit the biogenesis of miRNAs by inhibiting the activity of the cellular Dicer protein in an RNA dependent fashion. Whether there is a mechanistic connection between the ability of HIV-1 Tat to alter miRNAs and its observed effects on cells of the central nervous system has not been well examined.
Overcoming challenges in learning probability vocabulary

Summary Students can struggle to understand and use terms that describe probabilities. Such struggles lead to difficulties comprehending classroom conversations. In this article, we describe some specific misunderstandings a group of students (ages 11–12) held in regard to vocabulary such as certain, likely and unlikely. We discuss our efforts to help the students use such terms appropriately. In particular, we show how engaging students in a game requiring the use of the terms helped them begin to develop their vocabulary more fully. We also explain how a probability ladder visual organizer helped students begin to organize their thinking about the meanings of terms relative to one another.
Double-Edged Sword: Social Media Use in the Classroom.

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to identify the students’ perceptions of social media use in a classroom setting. Knowing students’ perceptions of social media can help the instructor build a course that both student and teacher can find effective. Using focus groups this study found a model to determine if social media is an appropriate or inappropriate tool to incorporate into the classroom. The findings showed that social media can be a double-edged sword. Students are willing to accept social media use for class purposes under circumstances they perceive as appropriate. Students deem social media use as appropriate if it can be used without providing personal information, is the most effective tool available, can be engaged in voluntarily, is used for the purpose of announcements, and is perceived by the students as a convenience.
Trials of the automatic implantable defibrillator in man. A three-year program report

Since February, 1980, 65 survivors of multiple arrhythmic cardiac arrests unresponsive to therapy were referred for implantation of the automatic defibrillator. In 37 patients (Group I), automatic defibrillator implantation alone was performed by subxiphoid insertion (20 patients) or thoracotomy (17 patients). In another 28 patients (Group II), implantation was combined with definitive cardiac procedures--coronary artery bypass grafting in seven patients, bypass grafting and mitral valve replacement in four patients, and left ventricular aneurysmectomy with endocardial resection in 17 patients. There were no surgical deaths in Group I; four operative deaths occurred in Group II. The longest follow-up has been 34 months, average 15.6 months. Following hospital discharge, 44 episodes of automatic out-of-hospital resuscitation were observed in 11 Group I patients. Similarly, four resuscitations were observed in two Group II patients. Hypothetical survival curves based on the assumption that these out-of-hospital resuscitations were lifesaving indicated expected 1 year survivals rates of 45% in Group I and 85% in Group II. Excluding the perioperative deaths that were unrelated to the defibrillator, the actual 1 year survival rates observed were 75% and 95% in Groups I and II, respectively. Although definitive operation markedly reduced the number of out-of-hospital arrhythmic episodes, the automatic defibrillator appears to increase survival both when implanted alone and when used in combination with cardiac procedures.
Hybrid poplar ( Populus spp.) adaptation to a semi-arid region: results from Northwest New Mexico (2002–2011)

A provenance test was initiated in spring 2002 at the New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center at Farmington to examine the adaptability of various hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) crosses to the high elevation, semi-arid conditions of this region of the Southwestern United States. Ten crosses of P. deltoides, P. maximowiczii, P. nigra and P. trichocarpa obtained from nurseries in the Pacific Northwest were grown in replicates (3 plots × 16 trees) under drip irrigation programmed to match tree evapotranspiration (ET) rates. By the end of year 10, six crosses had maintained a 90 % or higher survival rate and had an average wood volume of 246 m3 ha−1. The P. deltoides × P. nigra (P. × canadensis) clone OP-367 surpassed a ten-year commercial target of 25-cm diameter at breast height (DBH) after eight seasons, and by the end of 2011 attained a DBH of 28.0 cm, height of 19.9 m and wood volume of 473 m3 ha−1. Results suggest that hybrid poplar production is possible in this type of semi-arid environment using appropriate germplasm and drip irrigation regimes scheduled according to tree ET demand.
Electrooptically tuned, single frequency Nd:YAG laser

By incorporating an electrooptic crystal into a compact single frequency Nd:YAG laser, fast continuous tuning of the Nd:YAG laser has been achieved. The laser consisted of a 1-mm long Nd:YAG crystal, a 3-mm long LiTaO3 crystal, and a 5-cm radius output coupler (Fig. 1).
Do Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients Have a Higher Activity Level Compared to Patients With Osteoarthritis

Background:Despite the alleviation of osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms that total knee arthroplasty (TKA) provides for patients with end-stage knee OA, recent studies have suggested that TKA may not increase physical activity levels. In this study, we compare the physical activity levels of patients with OA treated nonoperatively (non-TKA) with both patients who had received TKA (post-TKA) and patients who received TKA within 3 years of data collection (pre-TKA).Methods:Utilizing the Osteoarthritis Initiative database, accelerometry data were collected from non-TKA, pre-TKA, and post-TKA patients. Accelerometry data were subdivided by physical activity intensity levels, yielding daily minutes of each level of activity. Physical activity levels were then compared between non-TKA and pre-TKA/post-TKA patients. Physical activity levels for each patient were also compared to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) guidelines for physical activity.Results:There was no difference in physical activity bet...
Scientific eventuality or science fiction: The future of people with different abilities☆

Abstract Consider this, we are living in a future [in-part] imagined over 30 years ago- in science fiction film and books. We may envision that 30 years from now we could live in a future with technology developed from the concepts we see in science fiction today. In this paper, the concepts of disability are challenged in the future based on the technologies imagined in the science fiction genre of the present and past. Focused on the sub-genre, Cyberpunk, current mainstream, as well as new emerging technologies inspired by science fiction are reviewed. Future disability is reimagined dependent on continued support and acceptance of the emerging technology. If our past is any indication, our future may lie in the conceptual and slightly implausible figments of our science fiction-based imaginations. However, the cultural shift will significantly impact our laws, regulations, and policies, as well as introduce new societal concerns.
Congruences related to the Ramanujan/Watson mock theta functions $$\omega (q)$$ and $$\nu (q)$$ν(q)

Recently, Andrews, Dixit, and Yee introduced partition functions associated with the Ramanujan/Watson mock theta functions \(\omega (q)\) and \(\nu (q)\). In this paper, we study arithmetic properties of the partition functions. Based on one of the results of Andrews, Dixit, and Yee, mod 2 congruences are obtained. In addition, infinite families of mod 4 and mod 8 congruences are presented. Lastly, an elementary proof of the first explicit examples of congruences for \(\omega (q)\) given by Waldherr is presented.
Identification of Erwinia rhapontici as the Causal Agent of Crown and Shoot Rot and Pink Seed of Pea in Nebraska

Dry yellow pea production has been increasing in the central High Plains. One of the emerging pathogens of pea in the region is Erwinia rhapontici. In a Nebraska disease survey, a pea field exhibit...
Tokamak-independent software analysis suite for multi-spectral line-polarization MSE diagnostics.

A tokamak-independent analysis suite has been developed to process data from Motional Stark Effect (mse) diagnostics. The software supports multi-spectral line-polarization mse diagnostics which simultaneously measure emission at the mse σ and π lines as well as at two “background” wavelengths that are displaced from the mse spectrum by a few nanometers. This analysis accurately estimates the amplitude of partially polarized background light at the σ and π wavelengths even in situations where the background light changes rapidly in time and space, a distinct improvement over traditional “time-interpolation” background estimation. The signal amplitude at many frequencies is computed using a numerical-beat algorithm which allows the retardance of the mse photo-elastic modulators (pem’s) to be monitored during routine operation. It also allows the use of summed intensities at multiple frequencies in the calculation of polarization direction, which increases the effective signal strength and reduces sensitivi...
Consequences of SU_3 Symmetry in Weak Interactions

These lectures will cover the relationship of SU_3 and the weak interactions. The lectures will be geared for experimental people so that they may get an idea of how our theoretical predictions arise. At first, I will speak a little bit about how calculations are made for the weak decays, then we shall consider SU_3 , and finally the effects of unitary symmetry upon the weak interactions. The subject matter is split in this way so that one may get a clearer idea of the origins of the various problems in the theory of weak interactions. Not all of our difficulties arise from SU, nor do all of the successes, and it is important to realize this. The theory of weak decays is very unsatisfactory except that it agrees with experiment. To understand that remark let us consider the muon. A muon is a particle which has exactly the same properties as the electron except that its mass is 207 times the mass of the electron. This statement completely describes our experiments with the muon, but such a comment is also unsatisfactory for a true theorist. Experimentalists find a beautiful and simple thing which is easy for the theorists to describe . Nevertheless, we must be unhappy about this situation because we have no idea of why this particle exists. Similarly, the theory of weak decay, up to the point where we encounter strangeness changing interact ions, is accurate but unsatisfactory. There are various mysterious properties which I shall mention as I go on, but I should like to remind you that the most mysterious aspect of the weak decays is that they exist at all. It seems so much simpler just to forget them. There is no clue from electromagnetism, from gravity, or from nuclear forces that the weak interactions must exist. They seem to have no connection with the rest of the world.
Aurora and the Ionosphere

Auroral particles produce important effects on the atmosphere besides the excitation of the auroral spectrum. These include heating effects and the production of ionization. Auroral ionization is responsible for enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity and the absorption and reflection of radio waves. The reflection effect known as radio aurora is certainly related to structure induced in auroral ionization by various instabilities or to structure in the precipitation pattern which is likely due to instabilities in the magnetospheric plasma. Electric fields and currents appear in association with aurora as a result of magnetospheric processes. The magnetic perturbations and probably the infrasonic emissions from aurora are generated by the current systems. These topics will be discussed in the following sections.
Generalizing models of student affect in game-based learning environments

Evidence of the strong relationship between learning and emotion has fueled recent work in modeling affective states in intelligent tutoring systems. Many of these models are designed in ways that limit their ability to be deployed to a large audience of students by using expensive sensors or subjectdependent machine learning techniques. This paper presents work that investigates empirically derived Bayesian networks for prediction of student affect. Predictive models are empirically learned from data acquired from 260 students interacting with the game-based learning environment, CRYSTAL ISLAND. These models are then tested on data from a second identical study involving 140 students to examine issues of generalizability of learned predictive models of student affect. The findings suggest that predictive models of affect that are learned from empirical data may have significant dependencies on the populations on which they are trained, even when the populations themselves are very similar.
Overcoming Research Obstacles in Hybrid Regimes: Lessons from Rwanda

Objective This article discusses the challenges of conducting research in hybrid regimes. Under these conditions, governments proscribe the types of questions researchers can ask and self-preservation on the part of the researcher induces further self-censorship. This ultimately impacts the type of research we conduct and the outputs of that research. Methods Experiences conducting research in Rwanda are used to explore these challenges. Results Research restrictions and monitoring in hybrid regimes is found to limit the types of research questions that scholars can ask as well as the questions that they do ask. Conclusions In this article, I suggest that being knowledgeable of the context, exercising creativity when needed, and demonstrating respect for research participants are essential skills for navigating the obstacles of conducting research in a hybrid regime.
Two Decades of Performance Comparisons for Design-Build, Construction Manager at Risk, and Design-Bid-Build: Quantitative Analysis of the State of Knowledge on Project Cost, Schedule, and Quality

AbstractMeasuring the performance of design build (DB), construction manager at risk (CMR), and design-bid-build (DBB) delivery methods has been the subject of many construction research studies. T...
A Fluorescent Probe with Improved Water Solubility Permits the Analysis of Protein S-Depalmitoylation Activity in Live Cells

S-Palmitoylation is an abundant lipid post-translational modification that is dynamically installed on and removed from target proteins to regulate their activity and cellular localization. A dearth of tools for studying the activities and regulation of protein S-depalmitoylases, thioesterase “erasers” of protein cysteine S-palmitoylation, has contributed to an incomplete understanding of the role of dynamic S-palmitoylation in regulating proteome lipidation. Recently, we developed “depalmitoylation probes” (DPPs), small molecule probes that become fluorescent upon S-depalmitoylase enzymatic activity. To be suitable for application in live cells, the first-generation DPPs relied on a shorter lipid substrate (C8 vs naturally occurring C16), which enhanced solubility and cell permeability. However, the use of an unnatural lipid substrate on the probes potentially limits the utility of the approach. Herein, we present a new member of the DPP family, DPP-5, which features an anionic carboxylate functional gro...
2D tungsten diselenide analyzed by XPS

Tungsten diselenide (WSe2) was analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A freshly exfoliated, oxygen-free flake was analyzed. Spectral regions for O 1s, W 4d, W 4f, W 5p, Se 3d and an extended region encompassing Se 3p, Se 3s, W 4d, Se LMM, and C 1s were acquired along with the valence band. Bulk quantitative analyses by x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction indicated the material was stoichiometric and phase pure, respectively.Tungsten diselenide (WSe2) was analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A freshly exfoliated, oxygen-free flake was analyzed. Spectral regions for O 1s, W 4d, W 4f, W 5p, Se 3d and an extended region encompassing Se 3p, Se 3s, W 4d, Se LMM, and C 1s were acquired along with the valence band. Bulk quantitative analyses by x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction indicated the material was stoichiometric and phase pure, respectively.
The management of Cesarean delivery in a parturient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria complicated by severe preeclampsia.

Purpose To describe the anesthetic and peripartum management of a parturient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria complicated by severe preeclampsia, review the pathophysiology of this condition, rationale for thromboembolic prophylaxis, and its implications on the choice of labour analgesia and anesthesia.
Exploiting structure and utilizing agent-centric rewards to promote coordination in large multiagent systems

A goal within the field of multiagent systems is to achieve scaling to large systems involving hundreds or thousands of agents. In such systems the communication requirements for agents as well as the individual agents' ability to make decisions both play critical roles in performance. We take an incremental step towards improving scalability in such systems by introducing a novel algorithm that conglomerates three well-known existing techniques to address both agent communication requirements as well as decision making within large multiagent systems. In particular, we couple a Factored-Action Factored Markov Decision Process (FA-FMDP) framework which exploits problem structure and establishes localized rewards for agents (reducing communication requirements) with reinforcement learning using agent-centric difference rewards which addresses agent decision making and promotes coordination by addressing the structural credit assignment problem. We demonstrate our algorithms performance compared to two other popular reward techniques (global, local) with up to 10,000 agents.
Mumps Virus: Molecular Aspects and Its Effects on the Central Nervous System

Mumps virus normally causes a benign childhood illness characterized by mild morbidity and rare mortality. One of the most striking properties of this virus is its ability to infect the human central nervous system (CNS). Mumps was reported as the virus most commonly associated with meningitis and encephalitis (66) with as many as 50% of studied patients showing evidence of meningeal involvement (2). The development of an effective vaccine has lessened the impact of mumps in the United States. However, worldwide, mumps remains an important human pathogen with potentially life-threatening CNS complications.
Sebeok, Thomas Albert: Modeling Systems Theory

Thomas A. Sebeok and Marcel Danesi proposed in 2000 a significant addition to Charles S. Peirce's familiar theory of how signifiers are linked to what they signify. Peirce emphasized the logical nature of these links; Sebeok and Danesi emphasized their different levels of complexity, how signifiers (or ‘signs’) can be extended from one Peircean category to another (for instance, from ‘index’ to ‘symbol’), and the ways in which people (and other creatures) use signs to model the world in order to understand it. Their extension of traditional semiotic theory clarified several aspects of signification, and is likely to prove influential.
Combating Urban Sprawl in Massachusetts: Reforming the Zoning Act Through Legal Challenges

Urban sprawl is one of today's most pressing environmental challenges, especially in Massachusetts. The desire to live in rural areas, while demanding urban sen'ices, threatens to make Massachusetts a checkerboard of development, with long-lasting ecological, aesthetic, and social effects. Ironically, although Massachusetts is seen as a national leader in various environmental policy areas, the Commonwealth lags far behind other states in progressive land use planning. This anomaly is perpetuated by the Zoning Act, which gives broad zoning-freeze protection to vacant land, thereby unduly constraining a locality's ability to plan for growth. Without comprehen-sive reform of the Zoning Act, localities cannot adequately manage growth and will continue to be overburdened in providing the level of basic services necessitated by unplanned growth. With no legislative solution ahead, those portions of the Zoning Act that severely restrict a locality's ability to plan for growth should be challenged in the courts. Land use is the forgotten agenda of the environmental movemenf.I
Subjective social status and neural processing of race in Mexican American adolescents

Adolescence is a sensitive period for sociocultural development in which facets of social identity, including social status and race, become especially salient. Despite the heightened importance of both social status and race during this developmental period, no known work has examined how individual differences in social status influence perceptions of race in adolescents. Thus, in the present study, we investigated how both subjective social status and objective socioeconomic status (SES) influence neural responses to race. Twenty-three Mexican American adolescents (15 females; mean age = 17.22 years) were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed Black and White faces in a standard labeling task. Adolescents rated their subjective social status in US society, while their parents responded to questions about their educational background, occupation, and economic strain (objective SES). Results demonstrated a negative association between subjective social status and neural responses in the amygdala, fusiform face area, and medial prefrontal cortex when adolescents viewed Black (relative to White) faces. In other words, adolescents with lower subjective social status showed greater activity in neural regions involved in processing salience, perceptual expertise, and thinking about the minds of others when they viewed images of Black faces, suggesting enhanced salience of race for these youth. There was no relationship between objective SES and neural responses to the faces. Moreover, instructing participants to focus on the gender or emotion expression on the face attenuated the relationship between subjective social status and neural processing of race. Together, these results demonstrate that subjective social status shapes the way the brain responds to race, which may have implications for psychopathology.
A Defense of Jury Nullification

In the practice of “jury nullification,” a jury votes to acquit a defendant despite sufficient evidence of lawbreaking, on the grounds that a conviction would be unjust, usually because the law itself is unjust or because the expected punishment would be unduly harsh. This practice is widely condemned by judges. Nevertheless, in the case of an unjust law or unduly harsh punishment, there are no good arguments against jury nullification, and there is one powerful argument in its favor: it is prima facie wrong to knowingly cause unjust harm to others. Thus, jurors are often morally obligated to disregard the law.
Impostor Phenomenon Responses of Early Career Music Education Faculty.

This study was designed to examine to the extent to which impostor feelings, symptomatic of the psychological condition impostor phenomenon (IP), would be evident in early career university-level m...
The Impact of Hurricane Matthew on School Attendance: An Analysis from Rural Haiti

This study identifies the impact of Hurricane Matthew on school attendance in an agricultural community in rural Haiti. We conducted a survey of parents whose children attended a rural school prior to Hurricane Matthew to determine the mechanism by which hurricanes impact school attendance. We determined the marginal effect of family size and school enrollment using a probit model. Parents identified two primary causes for their children leaving school: a loss of income-through crop damage and livestock deaths-and requiring the children's labor on the family farm. In our sample 96 children, 46% of the children enrolled in school, stopped attending because of the hurricane. No parent reported that their child(ren) left school because of illness or injury. Families with more children in school before the storm were 5% (p < 0.001) more likely to have a child remain in school. Families with some children not attending school before the hurricane were 7.6% (p < 0.001) more likely to leave school after the storm. The survey and probit model both suggest that an income constraint caused children to leave school. There is limited empirical evidence that students leave school to provide labor on family farms, and no evidence they leave school because of illness or injury.
Supply chain management in industrial marketing–Relationships matter

Abstract The focal research topics in industrial marketing management have evolved significantly since IMM was first published in 1971. Part of this evolution has been the inclusion of research in supply chain management, which is the focus of this paper. The purpose of this paper is to assess themes across the classic articles in supply chain management (SCM) published in IMM, and explore how the field of SCM has evolved since their publication. A systematic literature review was used to assess SCM research in IMM, identify themes and publication patterns, and use these themes to assess gaps in extant research and opportunities for future research. Results of the literature review show that over 58% of the SCM research published in IMM has focused on buyer-supplier relationships and other purchasing and supply management topics. These will continue to be key topics in IMM. In addition, our literature review suggests opportunities for more SCM research in IMM around sustainability, logistics, and manufacturing innovation. These areas within the SCM umbrella are under-researched, yet yield significant opportunities for future research in a time of constant change within companies' distribution models.
The Utility of Healthcare Providers' Online Biographies for First-Time Patients: A Year-Long Study within a Clinical Setting.

Despite recommendations to provide patient-centered care (i.e., empowering patients to take a greater role in their care), healthcare systems still lag behind in helping patients make arguably one ...
Quality Factor of an Electrically Small Planar Slot Antenna with Different Matching Networks

In this paper, we investigate the quality factor of an electrically small planar slot antenna with different matching networks. Firstly, we design an electrically small planar slot antenna operating below 400 MHz without a ground plane. Next, we design two different kinds of matching networks (distributed and lumped element) to match the input of the antenna with a 50-ohm line. The quality factor of the antenna is computed using the input impedance of the antenna. The computed results show that the quality factor of the designed electrically small planar slot antenna does not vary with the type of matching.
Accreditation and Academic Quality: A Comparison with Healthcare Accreditation.

The origins of accreditation in higher education began at the turn of this century, resulting from the rapid growth in number and variety of educational institutions. One of the key concerns of acc...
Treatment and Prevention of Bacterial Infections Using Bacteriophages: Perspectives on the Renewed Interest in the United States

The treatment of bacterial infections using bacteriophage has been utilized for nearly a century in the Republic of Georgia, the former Soviet Union and more recently in Poland. However, its use as a medical intervention in the United States has not been widely supported, largely due to the lack of rigorous clinical data to support its use and specific concerns about the reliability of processes for preparing and characterizing such medications. However, there has been increasing interest in re-evaluating this approach as an alternative strategy to treat, and potentially to prevent, bacterial infections. This renewed interest has been driven primarily by concerns about the increasing resistance of bacterial pathogens to the antibiotics that are currently available. This chapter provides a perspective on the origins of this renewed interest in the United States and the opportunities that may exist for its use, both for medical emergencies where few alternatives are available and for medical indications where phage treatment may offer unique advantages. An effort is made to provide an overview of two recent workshops that were held to consider the medical uses of phage and to summarize current clinical efforts for phage-based interventions. Specific challenges that are related to the use and development of such bacteriophage products are also discussed.