cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A decision-making framework model for design and manufacturing of mechanical transmission system development

Knowledge-based systems are proving to be a powerful tool with great potential for developing intelligent design support environments to improve quality of products and reduce product development costs by eliminating or minimizing many of the trial-and-error iterations involved in product development. This article describes an approach towards the development of intelligent design support environments for mechanical transmission systems, along with implementation details of a distributed knowledge-based gearing design and manufacturing system that is deployed over the Internet. The system embodies the various tasks of the design process, with modules that address: performance evaluation, process optimization, manufacturability analysis, and provides reasoning and decision-making capabilities for reducing the time between gear tooth creation, detailed design and final production. This methodology is highly desirable in that it is able to simulate real working conditions, evaluate and optimize the design effectively, prevent designers from time-consuming iterations and reduce long and expensive test phases.
Synthesis and Structure of New Cd−Bi−S Homologous Series: A Study in Intergrowth and the Control of Twinning Patterns

Four compounds, CdBi2S4, CdBi4S7, Cd2.8Bi8.1S15, and Cd2Bi6S11, have been synthesized using a RbCl/LiCl flux. Single-crystal X-ray structure refinements were made for CdBi2S4 and Cd2.8Bi8.1S15. The...
Effect of dilatancy on ocean load tides

The decrease in elastic constants due to dilatancy in the earth's crust may bring about changes of its loading response to ocean tides. The amount of change is estimated by two-dimensional finite element analysis. The results show that if a dilatant zone of thicknessd underneath a coastline extends seaward and under the land, then amplitude changes will be detectable at distances 3d andd inland for strain and tilt tides, respectively. An anisotropic decrease of elastic constants in the vertical direction only will reduce the range by one half at most for strain tides especially.
Identification of a rearrangement in the 5' upstream region of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase pseudogene on chromosome 13 in Ewing's sarcoma cells.

Abstract We have cloned a 3.0 kb SalI-Sau3AI fragment containing 5' upstream sequences of a human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARR) pseudogene from the Ewing's sarcoma (ES) cell line A4573. The nucleotide sequence of the entire cloned fragment has been determined. Nucleotide sequence homology and Southern hybridization analysis of a panel of human/hamster somatic cell hybrids allowed us to map the PARP 5' sequences to human chromosome 13. Because it has been reported that the duplication of a 193 bp within the PARP sequences on chromosome 13 results in a 2.7/2.5 kb HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), defined as A/B allele polymorphism, and that an elevated B allele frequency has been proposed to be associated with predisposition to cancer, we have analyzed ES cell lines for the presence of PARR-linked polymorphisms on chromosome 13. Using a probe from the cloned 5' PARP sequences, we found that ES cells homozygous (A/A) and heterozygous (A/B) for the 2.7/2.5 kb HindIII RFLP also differ in the organization of the genomic region upstream of the PARP pseudogene sequences. HindIII fragments of about 6.3, 10.5 and 22.0 kb were detected in A/B heterozygous cell lines (A4573 and SK-ES-1), whereas the A/A homozygous TC-106 ES cells showed fragments of about 6.6, 11.0 and 24.0 kb. This novel rearrangement on chromosome 13 may provide an additional marker to investigate cancer predisposition in human populations.
On the effects of Syngas composition and water-gas-shift reaction rate on FT synthesis over iron based catalyst in a slurry reactor

Water gas shift reaction plays an important role in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction over iron-based catalysts. A slurry reactor model which accounted for the kinetics of both Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and water gas shift reaction was used to investigate the effects of hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio, water vapor concentration and reactor temperature on synthesis gas conversion. The model was used to determine optimum concentration of water in the feed gas. For a given reactor temperature, the optimum concentration of water in the feed gas was found to increase with decreasing hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio. The optimum concentration of water in the feed gas was found to decrease with increasing reactor temperature. Increasing the water gas shift reaction rate improved syngas conversion for low reaction temperatures.
Emergence of neurosurgery in India.

Abstract An historical review of the inception and development of modern neurosurgery in India is presented. Brief, personal accounts of pioneering efforts made in Vellore, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta are presented along with highlights of the initiation and growth of domestic neurosurgical training, establishment of a neurological society and journal and the issues of standardization of training and certification. Problems that hamper expansion of neurosurgical service due to inadequate national or state planning for the specialty are mentioned.
At the Water's Edge The Effects of Party, Ideology, and Issues on Congressional Foreign Policy Voting, 1947 to 1988

This research evaluates two different perspectives on congressional-executive relations across four major foreign policy issue areas using congressional voting from 1947 to 1988. Both a bipartisan perspective and a partisan/ideological perspective are evaluated across high politics issues-national security and foreign relations votes—and low politics issues-foreign aid and trade votes. In addition, we examine the impact of the Vietnam War on voting in each issue area. In general, we find that although high politics issues elicit more bipartisanship than low politics, party and ideology seem to account better for congressional voting across all four issue areas. The effect of the Vietnam War is to lessen bipartisanship and to exacerbate partisan and ideological divisions, especially on national security votes and somewhat less so on foreign aid votes.
Multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview

At the present time multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) is generally acknowledged to be a poorly understood clinical syndrome which is exhibited by individuals exposed to low levels of exposure to environmental agents that the general population tolerate quite well. A wide range of individual symptoms (typically multiple and related to neurologic, endocrine/metabolic, and immunological, often occurring simultaneously) are displayed by MCS patients. Questions concerning whether or not MCS is a real clinical condition, a form of psychiatric illness or a combination of both remain to be unambiguously clarified.
The Religion of American Public Schooling: Standards, Fidelity, and Cardinal Principles

This article focuses on the possible ways in which the standards movement and the assessments and curricular interventions that come along with it, draw on inherently religious (Judeo–Christian) language and traditions. Contributing to a larger critical conversation about standards and impact on education, and building on an emerging scholarly engagement about the (both explicit and implicit) role of religion in public education, this article examines the language framing standards and its structures and makes the point that, while a given document need not reference religious texts explicitly, as in the case of standards, it may nevertheless be guided by undergirding theological histories and sensibilities as we explore the standards movement more broadly and the Common Core more specifically. We thus attend closely to the notion of Cardinal Principles and the concept of standards in American education, seeking to connect standardization as a program of learning, to long-standing notions about, for insta...
Measurement of Temperature and Microwave Power using Liquid Crystal/Optic Fiber Probes

Two electro-optical probes have been developed which make possible the measurement of microwave power density inside biological specimens or phantoms and the continuous monitoring of temperature of the specimen during exposure to microwaves. Several ranges are available for the temperature probe. The power probe is essentially isotropic in its sensitivity to different polarizations of the electric field. The temperature probe does not perturb the microwave field nor does it cause hot spots. The same optical and electronic unit is used for both probes. These two probes provide the capability for measurements of parameters which heretofore could not be made.
Measures of the glottal source spectrum.

Purpose Many researchers have studied the acoustics, physiology, and perceptual characteristics of the voice source, but despite significant attention, it remains unclear which aspects of the sourc...
Subsurface defect detection in materials using optical coherence tomography

We have used optical coherence tomography to study the internal structure of a variety of non-biological materials. In particular, we have imaged internal regions from a commercial grade of lead zirconate titanate ceramic material, from a sample of single-crystal silicon carbide, and from a Teflon-coated wire. In each case the spatial positions of internal defects were determined.
Political shifts and changing forests: Effects of armed conflict on forest conservation in Rwanda

Most armed conflicts in recent history occurred in biodiversity hotspots. Yet, studies examining impacts of warfare on forests yield contradictory results. This study provides a theoretical framework articulating different hypothetical relationships between conflict and forest transitions. Landsat TM and ETM+ data were analyzed to examine forest transitions in Rwanda during conflict and post conflict periods. Net trends showed little difference between periods, with a rate of 1.6% annual gain during conflict years, and 2.5% following the conflict. Closer inspection revealed spatially concentrated forest loss during conflict years; 96% occurred in protected areas with the most loss in Gishwati Forest Reserve at a rate of −6.1%. Trends were explored with spatially explicit conflict data that distinguished armed conflict activity from conflict induced settlements. Impacts of conflict on forests in Rwanda appear to be influenced by natural resource use near settlements. Massive migrations of people into settlements during the conflict, who had previously been scattered across the landscape, resulted in a redistribution of pressures. Reduced pressure elsewhere supports this inference. Results underscore the vulnerability of protected areas and the spatial dynamics of forest resource dependence during conflicts. This work demonstrates the value of distinguishing conflict activities to assess their varied environmental effects.
Factors influencing halothane hepatotoxicity in the rat hypoxic model.

Abstract Halothane, a widely used inhalation anesthetic, was shown to be hepatotoxic to male, phenobarbital-pretreated rats, only when administered under hypoxic conditions (fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.14). The degree of hepatotoxicity as determined from morphological alterations and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activities, correlated well with concentrations of hepatic cytochrome P -450 and concentration of inspired halothane. Maximal lesion intensity developed within 12 to 24 hr after exposure to 1% halothane for as little as 30 min. By 4 days after exposure, the liver had repaired, since no morphological alterations were apparent and SGPT activities had returned to normal values. Female rats, when pretreated with phenobarbital and exposed to 1% halothane under hypoxic conditions did not develop liver injury. SKF-525A and metyrapone reduced the severity of liver injury when administered preanesthesia and 4 hr postanesthesia. The free sulhydryl-containing compounds, cysteine, cystamine, and N -acetylcysteine afforded protection when administered at 4 or 8 hr (cystamine) after ending anesthesia. These results support the hypothesis that reductive or noxoxygen-dependent biotransformation of halothane results in toxic intermediates that can initiate halothane-induced liver injury.
Near-field acoustic intensity measurements using an accelerometer-based underwater intensity vector sensor

Abstract An accelerometer-based underwater acoustic intensity vector sensor is used to measure the acoustic nearfield of a single spherical source, and a pair of sources that vibrate in or out of phase with each other. The intensity sensor consists of co-located pressure and inertial sensors within a neutrally buoyant probe body. The design of this probe has been published previously. The measurements were performed in a large tank at a frequency of 5 kHz for two sources of different sizes, corresponding to ka values of 0.7 and 1.2 respectively, where k is acoustic wavenumber and a is the source radius. By way of validation, the acoustic intensity field from two closely spaced, interacting spherical radiators is predicted using the exact theory of the translational addition theorem for spherical wave functions. The predictions using this theory compare favorably well with the measured intensity field. Beam pattern and calibration data obtained for the intensity sensor suggest that underwater acoustic intensity generated by simple and complex sources can be measured to an accuracy of ±1 dB provided that ka is less than approximately 0.2.
Synthesis of 6,1',6'-tri-O-(mesitylenesulfonyl)sucrose, further examination of "tri-O-tosylsucrose", and the chemistry of 3,6:1',4':3',6'-trianhydrosucrose.

Abstract Selective trimolar mesitylenesulfonylation of sucrose resulted in the formation of a highly crystalline trimesitylenesulfonate ( 1 ), which was isolated in greater than 50% yield without recourse to chromatography. As anticipated, the sulfonyl groups in 1 were located at the primary positions, as treatment with alkali afforded 3,6:1′,4′:3′,6′-trianhydrosucrose ( 4 ) in high yield. Fractionation of “tri- O -tosylsucrose” by high-pressure liquid chromatography effected separation of the minor isomer from the known, preponderant 6,1′,6′-isomer 3 . 13 C-N.m.r. spectroscopy indicated that the minor isomer was 2,6,6′-tri- O - p -tolylsulfonylsucrose ( 2 ). The trianhydride 4 was found to be dimorphous and was further characterized as the diacetate ( 5 ), the dibenzoate ( 6 ), the di- p -toluenesulfonate ( 7 ), and the dimethyl ether ( 8 ). Considerable differences in the reactivities toward acylation and etherification of the two axial hydroxyl groups in 4 permitted the preparation, in good yields, of the 4-acetate ( 9 ) and the 4 -methyl ether ( 12 ). Several derivatives of methyl 3,6-anhydro-α- d -glucopyranoside ( 13 ) were prepared for comparison with corresponding derivatives of 4 , and the hydroxyl groups in 13 also showed differences in reactivities analogous with those of 4 .
Loss and Delay Measurements of Internet Backbones

As the Internet evolves into a universal network for all communication needs, it has to stand up to the high quality standards of traditional networks, such as the telephone network for voice communications. Multimedia applications are particularly sensitive to various impairments introduced by IP networks, such as packet loss, delay and delay jitter. In this paper, we study loss and delay measurements taken over the Internet and we provide a detailed characterization thereof. We focus on wide-area backbone networks, which constitute an important part of long-distance communication. Our study is based on a rich data set that provides valuable insights into the behavior of Internet backbones today, and in particular into how they affect multimedia traffic. We find that most of the problems observed seem more related to reliability, network protocols and router operation rather than to traffic load and traditional quality-of-service issues. Furthermore, the characterization and modeling of packet loss, delay and delay jitter can be used by the research community as input to various problems related to the design and evaluation of network- and application-layer mechanisms.
Strategies for Teaching in a Block-of-Time Schedule.

Secondary schools throughout the nation are fashioning creative alter natives to traditional six and seven-period days, in the form of block- of-time schedules. Although varying tremendously in format, block-of- time schedules have an overarching commonality: They significantly depart from the traditional 45 to 55-minute class period.
A Point Membership Classification for Sweeping Solids

Sweeps are considered to be one of the basic representation schemes in solid modeling, and have numerous applications in very diverse fields ranging from engineering design and manufacturing to computer graphics. Despite their prevalence, many properties of the general sweeps are not well understood. Furthermore, boundary evaluation algorithms for 3-dimensional solid objects currently exist only for reasonably simple objects and motions. One of the main reasons for this state of affairs is the lack of a generic point membership test for sweeps. In this paper we describe a point membership classification (PMC) for sweeping solids of arbitrary complexity moving according to one parameter affine motions such that the initial and final configurations of the moving object do not intersect. Our PMC test is defined in terms of inverted trajectory tests against the original geometric representation of the generator object. This PMC test provides complete geometric information about the set swept by the 3-dimensional moving object, and can play a fundamental role in sweep boundary evaluation and trimming algorithms, as well in a number of practical applications such as contact analysis of higher pairs in design and manufacturing. Since our PMC is formulated in terms of intersections between inverted trajectories and the generator, it can be implemented for any geometric representation that supports curve-solid intersections.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations induced by ion irradiation

Abstract The thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of ion-irradiation-induced phase transformations in intermetallic compounds are reviewed. The different mechanisms for supplying the thermodynamic driving force for such transformations are discussed. The free energy of an irradiated material can be gradually elevated above that of a metastable state by the accumulation of lattice damage through the production of vacancy—interstitial defects, anti-site defects, and dislocations, or quickly elevated by the formation of a thermal spike in the collision cascade. The final state of the irradiated material will ultimately be determined by kinetic constraints in its transformation to lower-energy metastable and equilibrium states.
Impact of Performance Funding on Retention and Graduation Rates

As the architect of the oldest and most stable performance funding program, Tennessee provides a unique opportunity to analyze the impact of changes in performance funding policies on changes in institutional retention and six-year graduation rates over time. Utilizing spline linear mixed models, this study examines the impact of changes in Tennessee’s performance funding policies on retention and six-year graduation rates at public four-year institutions from 1995-2009. The results show tying retention and graduation rates to performance funding was unrelated to changes in the performance measures over the fifteen year period examined. Additionally, the doubling of the monetary incentive associated with the retention and six-year graduation rate measures in 2005 was not associated with increases in retention rates. These results suggest that at their current funding levels, states’ adoption of performance funding programs, such as the one in Tennessee, may be insufficient to incentivize changes in institutional behavior as desired by state leaders.
WISP3 is a novel tumor suppressor gene of inflammatory breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer with a 5-year disease-free survival of less than 45%. Little is known about the genetic alterations that result in IBC. In our previous work, we found that WISP3 was specifically lost in human IBC tumors when compared to stage-matched, non-IBC tumors. We hypothesize that WISP3 has tumor suppressor function in the breast and that it may be a key genetic alteration that contributes to the unique IBC phenotype. The full-length WISP3 cDNA was sequenced and cloned into an expression vector. The resulting construct was introduced in to the SUM149 cell line that was derived from a patient with IBC and lacks WISP3 expression. In soft agar, stable WISP3 transfectants formed significantly fewer colonies than the controls. Stable WISP3 transfectants lost their ability to invade and had reduced angiogenic potential. WISP3 transfection was effective in suppressing in vivo tumor growth in nude mice. Mice bearing WISP3 expressing tumors had a significantly longer survival than those with vector-control transfectant tumors. Our data demonstrate that WISP3 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in the breast. Loss of WISP3 expression contributes to the phenotype of IBC by regulating tumor cell growth, invasion and angiogenesis.
Quantification of Plesiomonas Shigelloides Using PCR Based on 23S rRNA Gene

A rapid and efficient procedure for quantitative detection of Plesiomonas shigelloides in pure culture was developed, which is the first report for quantitative detection of P. shigelloides by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A minimum of 4 CFU per PCR reaction could be detected. There was a linear relationship between the relative fluorescent intensities of the DNA bands and the log of the CFU from 4 to 1.2 × 103 CFU per PCR reaction. We compared the effects of two different nucleic acid dyes, GelStar™ stain and ethidium bromide (EB), and evaluated the effects of two different staining methods with each dye. Adding the dye to the agarose solution before gel formation proved to yield superior results compared to staining the DNA bands after electrophoresis. The GelStar™ stain was found superior to EB with minimum detection levels of 4 CFU and 12 CFU per PCR reaction, respectively.
Numerical study on effects of coal properties on spontaneous heating in longwall gob areas

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted to model effects of coal properties on the potential for spontaneous heating in longwall gob (mined-out) areas. A two longwall panel district using a bleeder ventilation system was simulated. The permeability and porosity profiles for the longwall gob were generated from a geotechnical model and were used as inputs for the three-dimensional CFD modeling. The spontaneous heating is modeled as the low-temperature oxidation of coal in the gob using kinetic data obtained from previous laboratory-scale spontaneous combustion studies. Heat generated from coal oxidation is dissipated by convection and conduction, while oxygen and oxidation products are transported by convection and diffusion. Unsteady state simulations were conducted for three different US coals and simulation results were compared with some available test results. The effects of coal surface area and heat of reaction on the spontaneous heating process were also examined.
Demonstration of a novel focusing small-angle neutron scattering instrument equipped with axisymmetric mirrors

Small-angle neutron scattering is an important technique for a number of fields, but most instruments are inefficient in terms of neutron flux. Using a design based on axisymmetric focussing mirrors, Liu et al. build a compact small-angle neutron-scattering setup that could overcome the present limitations.
Molecular answers and targets on the horizon for the treatment of genitourinary malignancies

ABSTRACT Molecular analysis of bladder cancer is transforming our understanding of this disease. The relative abundance of bladder tumor tissue from these patients due to frequent resections provides a major opportunity to understand the molecular pathogenesis. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer tends to be characterized by oncogenic activation events (FGFR3 mutation, PIK3CA mutation), while muscle invasive bladder cancer is more associated with tumor suppressor gene inactivation (p53, Rb). DNA copy number analysis identifies multiple regions of recurrent chromosomal gains and losses, many of which delineate known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. High-throughput analysis of bladder cancer specimens is identifying multiple new targets that may be therapeutically tractable in subsets of patients, including Her2 overexpression and amplification, b-raf mutation, and TSC1 mutation. The clinical implications of the molecular events in bladder cancer have yet to be identified. Large-scale genomic efforts linking clinical data to outcome should lead to an improved understand of the molecular landscape of bladder cancer. Next-generation sequencing technologies are allowing the rapid assessment of molecular alterations, which may lead to clinical trials enriched for patients whose tumors contain druggable alterations. To capitalize on the genomic knowledge gained in bladder cancer, reliable molecular tests that are accepted by regulatory authorities, along with targeted agents aimed at actionable alterations are, need to break out of the current therapeutic stalemate. Trials targeting some of these novel alterations are beginning to enroll patients. Disclosure J.E. Rosenberg: 1. Imclone- research funding 2. Oncogenex- consulting 3. Boehringer-Ingelheim- consulting 4. GSK- research funding 5. Novartis- research funding
VIII. Commercial Interests and German Diplomacy in the Agadir Crisis

Germany's position among the great powers of Europe had endured numerous setbacks since 1890. No longer could the Germans look at a Europe in which most of the powers were closely associated with her while her rival, France, stood alone and isolated. In 1894 Russia had become an ally of France, in 1904 Great Britain had signed an agreement with the French, and in 1907 Russia and Great Britain had come to terms. After 1904 the probability of an Anglo-German rapprochement decreased. One of the principal items settled in the Anglo-French entente had been the future of Morocco. Great Britain had agreed that France might establish a protectorate in that area when the time seemed propitious. Furthermore, the French had also signed treaties with Italy and Spain concerning Morocco's future. But Germany, who had been a signatory of the Madrid Convention of 1880, the original agreement dealing with Morocco, had not even been officially notified, let alone consulted. Thus, Morocco had become a symbol of Germany's declining prestige.
Sensitivity of the Systematic Error of Extended Range Forecasts to Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Abstract The sensitivity of the systematic error of extended-range forecasts to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated. General circulation model (GCM) experiments were performed to quantify error patterns for warm, normal, and cold SST anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific. The model underestimates the strength of tropical convection during warm El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes and has large zonal mean errors in midlatitudes. The model captures the negative Pacific-North American teleconnection (PNA) pattern during the cold ENSO episodes, but the simulated amplitude is too weak. The time-mean errors during warm and cold ENSO events bear little resemblance to the errors estimated from a 10-yr integration, which includes both warm and cold episodes. The time-mean error of a 10-yr integration is a good estimate of the systematic model error only for those years when SSTs are close to climatology.
The Economic Impact of Organized Camps.

Abstract Various recreation activities have been known to enhance the social and environmental quality of life in many communities. One particular type of recreation activity, organized camping for youth and adults, demonstrates economic benefits for a community as well. An economic analysis of Wisconsin's 300 organized camps for children and adults was conducted by the Wisconsin Section of the American Camping Association and the Recreation Resources Center, University of Wisconsin‐Extension for 1979. A questionnaire was sent to each resident and day camp owned and operated by an agency, church, or private group in the state. Data collected included information on the number of campers and staff participating, operating budgets, capital improvements, dollars spent locally, camp assets, and economic impacts. The data from the economic analysis of camps indicated that organized camps in Wisconsin contributed approximately $51 million to the state's economy. In addition, the average Wisconsin community rece...
Carbon Allowance Auction Design: An Assessment of Options for the United States

AbstractCarbon allowance auctions are a component of existing and proposed regional cap-and-trade programs in the United States and are also included in recent proposed bills in the U.S. Congress t...
Detecting Sneak Paths in Transistor Networks

In an MOS transistor network information can propagate through transistors and connections in both directions. Sometimes, however, it is intended to propagate in one direction only. Propagation in the wrong direction, causing a so called sneak path, could result in a functional error. We present an almost linear algorithm for detecting such sneak paths. Only consistent sneak paths, i.e., only paths that can possibly conduct, can cause a functional error; therefore, the algorithm allows inconsistent sneak paths to be left in the network. It does so without actually examining any paths, which would be too inefficient.
Comparative simulation of dynamic characteristics of Wind Turbine Doubly-Fed Induction Generator based on RTDS and MATLAB

The rapid development of wind power puts forward higher requirements on the simulation of wind turbine generator dynamic characteristics. Based on the Wind Turbine Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (WTDFIG) average model contained in MATLAB/Simulink, this paper constructs the corresponding variable-speed WTDFIG average model on RTDS/RSCAD platform firstly. Secondly, the simulation methods adopted by MATLAB and RTDS respectively are compared. Thirdly, based on a constructed One-Machine-Infinite-Bus (OMIB) system, a comparative validation of initial value, dynamic response of WTDFIG under wind and fault disturbance is made between MATLAB and RTDS platforms. The simulation results show that, RTDS can not only accurately implement and validate the WTDFIG model contained in other simulation platforms (e.g. MATLAB), but also provide more detailed information about state variables in real time.
PREPARATION OF LANTHANIDE SINGLE CRYSTALS: PRASEODYMIUM, NEODYMIUM, AND LUTETIUM.

Abstract An experimental study has been made on three methods that could be used in preparing large single crystals, approximately 1.25 cm (0.500 inch) in diameter and length, of the light lanthanide metals, praseodymium and neodymium, and the heavy lanthanide metal, lutetium. The strain-anneal process with its variations has been successfully applied in preparing lutetium crystals. The electron-beam floating-zone technique and the crystallographic transformation method have shown the greatest promise for growing large praseodymium and neodymium single crystals. The crystals were prepared for use in a study of the elastic moduli.
Sindbis Virus Conformational Changes Induced by a Neutralizing Anti-E1 Monoclonal Antibody

A rare Sindbis virus anti-E1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody, Sin-33, was investigated to determine the mechanism of in vitro neutralization. A cryoelectron microscopic reconstruction of Sindbis virus (SVHR) neutralized with FAb from Sin-33 (FAb-33) revealed conformational changes on the surface of the virion at a resolution of 24 A. FAb-33 was found to bind E1 in less than 1:1 molar ratios, as shown by the absence of FAb density in the reconstruction and stoichiometric measurements using radiolabeled FAb-33, which determined that about 60 molecules of FAb-33 bound to the 240 possible sites in a single virus particle. FAb-33-neutralized virus particles became sensitive to digestion by endoproteinase Glu-C, providing further evidence of antibody-induced structural changes within the virus particle. The treatment of FAb-33-neutralized or Sin-33-neutralized SVHR with low pH did not induce the conformational rearrangements required for virus membrane-cell membrane fusion. Exposure to low pH, however, increased the amount of Sin-33 or FAb-33 that bound to the virus particles, indicating the exposure of additional epitopes. The neutralization of SVHR infection by FAb-33 or Sin-33 did not prevent the association of virus with host cells. These data are in agreement with the results of previous studies that demonstrated that specific antibodies can inactivate the infectious state of a metastable virus in vitro by the induction of conformational changes to produce an inactive structure. A model is proposed which postulates that the induction of conformational changes in the infectious state of a metastable enveloped virus may be a general mechanism of antibody inactivation of virus infectivity.
Effects of 8 bromo-cyclic GMP on cyclic AMP levels in urine and tissues of hypothyroid rats.

Abstract The effects of 8-bromo-guanosine 3', 5' cyclic monophosphate (8Brcyclic GMP) on the levels of cyclic AMP in urine, brain, liver, and muscle were determined in hypothyroid rats. Cyclic AMP urinary levels were significantly lower in untreated hypothyroid rats than in normal rats, and when hypothyroid rats were treated with replacement thyroxine, urinary cyclic AMP returned to normal after six days of treatment. Hypothyroid rats treated with 8Brcyclic GMP, 30 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously every 12 hours exhibited a biphasic response. From days 2 through 4 of treatment, cyclic AMP excretion rose to approximately 2.5 times normal levels. Subsequently, the cyclic AMP excretion returned to hypothyroid levels and remained low throughout the rest of the treatment period. Tissue cyclic AMP levels in hypthyroid rats treated with 8Br-cyclic GMP were increased in comparison to those of untreated hypothyroid rats. Increase in brain was 134%, in liver 55%, and in muscle 42%. We conclude from these studies that 8Br-cyclic GMP can significantly alter cyclic AMP levels in hypothyroid rats.
Lipids and the kidney.

Part 1 Lipids as a risk factor for renal disease: lipid abnormalities in progressive renal insufficiency hypertension, hyperlipidemia and microalbuminuria apolipoprotein E phenotype and renal disease lipoprotein glomerulopathy and its pathogenesis cholesterol as a predictor of progression in diabetic renal disease cholesterol as a predictor of progression in nondiabetic chronic renal disease role of lipids in chronic renal allograft rejection. Part 2 Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with renal disease: effect of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of renal disease in nondiabetic nephrotic patients treatment of hyperlipidemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with progressive nephropathy effect of antiproteinuric treatment on the lipid profile in nondiabetic renal disease the effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on chronic allograft rejection long-term low-density lipoprotein immunoapheresis in renal disease. Part 3 Mechanisms of lipid-induced renal injury - experimental insights: role of lipids in progressive renal disease - insights from the analbuminemic rat hyperlipidemia and tissue contents of N-sigma-(carboxymethyl)lysine in streptozotocin diabetes effects of lipids on glomerular fibrinolysis in vitro effects of lipoprotein (a) on mesangial cell biology HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor suppression of glomerular cell proliferation in rats with anti-thy-1.1 nephritis the role of oxidatively modified lipoproteins in lipid nephropathy effect of low-density lipoproteins on mesangial cell expression of monocyte chemoattractant peptides. Part 4 New insights into effects of antilipemic therapy: regulation of mesangial cell proliferation by the mevalonate pathway hypercholesterolemia and progressive kidney disease - the role of macrophages and macrophage-derived products central role of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kB in mesangial cell production of chemokines isoprenoids, ras and proliferative glomerular disease.
Developmental Changes in The Protein Profile of Cornifying Lingual Epithelium

Epithelia from the tongue dorsum of 14- to 21-day embryos, 3-week-old, and adult rats were separated from their connective tissues by incubation in balanced salt solution containing EDTA. Aliquots from total extracts of these tissues were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Scans of gels stained with fast green (FG) revealed more than 20 peaks. Ten major peaks ranging from apparent molecular weights (MW) of 120,000 to 14,000 daltons comprised about 70% of the total protein on each gel. This report focuses primarily on two pairs of peaks, arbitrarily numbered 2 and 3 (MWs 71,000 and 69,000) and 9 and 10 (MWs 17,500 and 14,000). Peaks 9 and 10 predominated in the 15-day embryos where they comprised about 30% of the total protein. As development proceeded, there was a gradual shift in the protein profile in favor of peaks 2 and 3 until on the 20th day the relative amounts of these peaks reached a maximum and peaks 9 and 10 decreased in relative amounts. The protein profile on the 20th fetal day resembled that of the 3-week-old rats and the adults. The rise in the relative amounts of peaks 2 and 3 coincided with the morphologic appearance of large numbers of tonofilaments and the onset of cornification. When the gel was stained by a procedure specific for sulfhydryl groups, peaks 9 and 10 were especially reactive after the 18th day; planimetric analysis revealed that these had twice the relative affinity for this stain than for FG whereas other peaks had equal or less affinity. The incorporation of [ 3 H]cystine into peaks 9 and 10 was relatively greater than into the other proteins.
Colocalization of fast and slow timescale dynamics in the allosteric signaling protein CheY.

Abstract It is now widely recognized that dynamics are important to consider for understanding allosteric protein function. However, dynamics occur over a wide range of timescales, and how these different motions relate to one another is not well understood. Here, we report an NMR relaxation study of dynamics over multiple timescales at both backbone and side-chain sites upon an allosteric response to phosphorylation. The response regulator, Escherichia coli CheY, allosterically responds to phosphorylation with a change in dynamics on both the microsecond-to-millisecond (μs-ms) timescale and the picosecond-to-nanosecond (ps-ns) timescale. We observe an apparent decrease and redistribution of μs-ms dynamics upon phosphorylation (and accompanying Mg2 + saturation) of CheY. Additionally, methyl groups with the largest changes in ps-ns dynamics localize to the regions of conformational change measured by μs-ms dynamics. The limited spread of changes in ps-ns dynamics suggests a distinct relationship between motions on the μs-ms and ps-ns timescales in CheY. The allosteric mechanism utilized by CheY highlights the diversity of roles dynamics play in protein function.
Biosynthesis of Vitamin A with Rat Intestinal Enzymes

Vitamin A is synthesized from beta-carotene in cell-free homogenates of rat intestinal mucosa, the biosynthetic enzymatic activity being present in the soluble protein fraction of the homogenate. Also required are a heat-stable factor in the particulate fraction, molecular oxygen, and bile salts. The reaction is stimulated by glutathione. The product, obtained in yields of up to 50 percent, has been identified as vitamin A aldehyde (retinal) by way of its semicarbazone derivative. The reaction mechanism involves the central cleavage of beta-carotene into two molecules of retinal.
Capturing practical natural language transformations

We study automata for capturing the transformations in practical natural language processing (NLP) systems, especially those that translate between human languages. For several variations of finite-state string and tree transducers, we survey answers to formal questions about their expressiveness, modularity, teachability, and generalization. We conclude that no formal device yet captures everything that is desirable, and we point to future research.
The Design of Evolutionary Guidance Systems

Design, in the context of evolutionary inquiry, is a creative, decision-oriented, disciplined inquiry that aims to formulate expectations and aspirations for our evolutionary future. We create a value-based ideal image of the evolutionary system we wish to design. Then, based on the image, we define and design our evolutionary guidance system (EGS). As we engage in the design of our EGS, we formulate alternative representations of the future system, devise criteria by which to evaluate those alternatives, select and describe the most promising alternative, and prepare a plan for the development of the selected design.
Exact enumeration of long-range-ordered dimer coverings on the square-planar lattice.

It is noted that there occur different classes of complete dimer coverings (Kekul\'e structures) on the square-planar lattice. Each class is characterized by a different degree of long-range ordering in the relative numbers of dimers crossing lines drawn diagonally across the lattice. Asymptotically exact enumerations for these classes as a function of the extent of ordering are obtained via a transfer-matrix technique.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli by S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine: Effects on growth and amino acid uptake

Abstract When S -(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- l -cysteine (DCVC) is added to a culture of Escherichia coli B which is in the logarithmic phase of synchronous growth, a concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth rate occurs, 3 × 10 −6 M DCVC producing about 50% inhibition under these conditions. Short exposure (5 min.) of E. coli B to higher concentrations (1 × 10 −4 M ) of DCVC at 37 ° but not at 5 ° produces complete inhibition of growth. This inhibition does not occur in the presence of l -phenylalanine (5 × 10 −3 M ). With increasing concentrations of DCVC, the uptake of C 14 , from l -phenylalanine-1-C 14 , into cells and the protein fraction is progressively diminished with marked decrease in the specific activity of the protein fraction. DCVC likewise inhibits the uptake of C 14 from glycine-2-C 14 into the protein fraction of E. coli B and even more so into the nucleic acid fraction.
The colligative properties of certain electrolytes and non-electrolytes in methanol

Osmotic coefficients for methanol solutions of sodium iodide are calculated from recently published vapor pressure data. These data furnish a reference solute for other isopiestic studies in this solvent. Data are reported for three additional electrolytes and two non-electrolytes. These data are compared with the osmotic coefficients of the same solutes in water to illustrate and in some instances to elucidate the relative importance of various interactions in solutions.
The effect of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy on the lower range of coronary autoregulation.

These studies were performed to test the hypothesis that left ventricular hypertrophy arising as a complication of chronic hypertension is associated with impaired coronary autoregulation. Twelve dogs with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (one-kidney, one-clip model) and 11 normal dogs were instrumented and subsequently studied while conscious. Circumflex pressure, measured with an intracoronary catheter, was adjusted to 100, 75, and 40 mm Hg with a hydraulic occluder that was placed proximally. At each circumflex pressure, myocardial perfusion was measured with radioactive microspheres. Reduction of circumflex pressure over this range did not significantly alter heart rate, left atrial pressure, or arterial pressure. In normal dogs, reduction of circumflex pressure did not alter total myocardial perfusion or the transmural distribution of perfusion. In contrast, in dogs with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, circumflex subendocardial perfusion decreased 46% when pressure was decreased from 100 to 40 mm Hg (p less than .05 compared with normal). Autoregulation was quantified for each third of myocardium with the use of autoregulatory gain values (1 = perfect autoregulation; 0 = the absence of autoregulation). For pressure changes of 100 to 75 mmHg, values for autoregulatory gain were near unity for all layers of myocardium in both groups of animals. When pressure was decreased from 75 to 40 mm Hg, values for autoregulatory gain among the normal and hypertensive groups were, respectively: for subepicardium 1 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SE) vs 0.9 +/- 0.2 (p = NS), for the midwall 0.8 +/- 0.2 vs 0.5 +/- 0.2 (p = NS), and for the subendocardium 0.8 +/- 0.1 vs 0.1 +/- 0.2 (p less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Management of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta in pediatric patients

Abstract Background Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta (TRA) in the pediatric population is uncommon. Management of TRA in general has evolved to include selective nonoperative and endovascular stent graft approaches, although operative repair remains the standard. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients younger than 16 years of age admitted to a single institution between March 1985 and February 2002. Results Of 160 patients admitted with TRA, 11 were younger than 16 (11.9 ± 3.5) years of age. Concomitant injuries included closed head injury (5 patients) and acute lung injury (6 patients). All were started on β-blockers when the diagnosis was suspected. Laparotomy was required in 3 patients and orthopedic procedures in 5 patients. Six underwent operative repair (two primary repairs), with no mortality. Cross-clamp time was 30.4 ± 2.6 minutes. One patient (operated on without bypass) was partially paralyzed. Two patients were managed nonoperatively, 1 with an intimal arch injury, who on subsequent follow-up has demonstrated healing, and 1 who died of head injury. Three patients were managed by endovascular stent grafts, 2 who died of closed head injury and 1 who at 1-year follow-up has fully recovered. The endovascular stent grafts were placed through the femoral artery in 2 patients and through an iliac conduit in 1 patient. No patient died of rupture. Conclusions The approach to pediatric TRA should be identical to the adult, with early institution of β-blockers. Depending on the clinical setting, a spectrum of options should be considered, including operation, nonoperation, and endovascular stent graft, although the choice of the latter must be tempered by the lack of long-term follow-up data.
Embrittlement of beta-brass alloys by liquid metals and aqueous ammonia

Abstract The tensile deformation of several binary and ternary beta-brass alloys has been studied in the temperature range of 25°C–300°C in several liquid metal environments. Additional tests were conducted in aqueous ammoniacal solutions. The degree of susceptibility of each alloy to test environments and the observed crack paths correlated with slip character and stress relaxation phenomena at grain boundaries, as revealed by optical metallography. Manganese additions restricted cross slip and grain boundary jogging phenomena, and increased the susceptibility of beta-brass to embrittlement in gallium solutions. Nickel additions had the opposite effect on each property. Single crystals of beta-brass also revealed severe embrittlement in gallium, with cleavage observed along [100]. Mercury caused less severe embrittlement of single crystals, consistent with intergranular crack paths observed in polycrystalline beta-brass wetted with mercury.