cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two genes encode the two subunits of cottonseed catalase

Abstract The isolation and sequence of a cDNA encoding a developmentally distinct subunit of cottonseed catalase are presented. A 1.8-kb cDNA was selected from a cDNA library constructed with poly(A) + RNA isolated from 3-day-old dark-grown cotyledons in which a second subunit (designated SU 2 in an earlier publication) of catalase was predominantly synthesized. The cDNA encodes a 492-amino acid peptide with a calculated M r of 56,900. The nucleotide sequence is 76% identical to a cDNA encoding another subunit (SU 1) which was predominantly synthesized in 1-day-old-cotyledons. Most of the divergence occurs in the 5′ and 3′ non-coding regions, and at the third positions of the codons. The deduced amino acid sequence is 92% identical to that of SU 1. Denaturing isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE of products transcribed and translated in vitro from these cDNAs revealed that the cDNA selected from the “1-day” library encoded SU 1 and the cDNA selected from the “3-day” library (this paper) encoded SU 2 of catalase. These data and results from Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA indicate that there are two genes encoding catalase subunits in cotton cotyledons, with only one copy of SU 1 and at least two copies of SU 2 in the genome. A peroxisomal targeting signal, e.g., Ser-Lys-Leu, is not located at the C-terminus of either subunit, or within 25 residues of the C-terminus of SU 1, although it occurs at six residues upstream from the C-terminus of SU 2. A possible location of a targeting sequence for catalase and other peroxisomal proteins lacking the C-terminal tripeptide motif is proposed.
Maturation of evoked potentials and visual preference in 6-45-day-old infants: effects of check size, visual acuity, and refractive error.

Abstract Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and the percentage time fixated (PTF) were investigated in response to checkerboard light flashes in 10 human infants ranging in age from 6 to 45 days. Changes in the VEPs and PTF were considered as a function of the size of check in the evoking stimulus (diffuse light, 11, 22, 45, 90 and 180 min of arc), the refractive lens strength the checkerboards were viewed through (−6 to +6 diopters), and the age og the infants (6–26 or 27–45 days). Check size significantly influenced VEP amplitude in infants as young as 6 days. The 11' checks evoked greater responses that diffuse light suggesting a visual acuity of better than 20/220. Only the 27–45-day-olds behaviorally discriminated the checks, PTF indicating an acuity of 20/120. Evoked potential refraction with spherical lenses indicated an average refractive error of −1.7. dopters. The changes in the function between VEP amplitude and check size measured from different VEP components at different ages indicated the function contained two modes or components. The first mode was inverted “U-shaped” and was obtained in response to check sizes less than 45′. It was primarily due to changes in amplitude of the early VEP components (less than 210 msec after the evoking stimulus) and was poorly correlated with the behavioral PTF measure. It was proposed that this mode reflected subcortical activity. The second mode was a linear increase in amplitude as check size was increased from 45′ to 180′. It was primarily due to changes in the amplitude of late VEP components (240–400 msec after the evoking stimulus) and was highly correlated with the percentage time the infants fixated the various check sizes. It was proposed that this mode reflected cortical activity. Age selectively influenced the late VEP components and the PTF behavioral measure, these measures being influenced by check size only in the 27–45-day-old infants. This change in responsivity of late VEP components and the transition from passive to more active and discriminating visual preference, suggest the onset of increased cortical function between 28 and 45 days of age.
Does Performance Studies Speak to Restoration Theatre

The rise of Performance Studies (PS) has been nothing short of phenomenal, but the field of Restoration drama and theatre has resisted this popular methodology, preferring critical approaches grounded in theatre history, literary exegesis, and, more recently, gender studies and queer theory. In part, the resistance is understandable: the dominant themes of PS – ethical research, social action, non-scripted events, hybridity, and marginality – hardly apply to a theatre as resolutely textual and elite as the Restoration. Then too, Restoration drama's institutional history, which has traditionally privileged the ‘literary’ over the ‘theatrical’, additionally explains its disregard of PS. The field, however, has paid a price for not jumping on the PS bandwagon as evidenced by the decline in scholarly interest over the past decade. Arguably, criticism informed by ‘materialist semiotics’ and ‘site-specific performance analysis’ might not only revive interest in Restoration theatre and drama but also avoid the theoretical shortcomings of PS.
THE TI-85 GRAPHICS PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR IN A MODERN CALCULUS CURRICULUM*

ABSTRACT This paper merges state-of-the-art calculator technology with examples drawn from the Harvard Consortium Calculus Curriculum. A brief rationale for selection of the Harvard project and the TI-85 is provided, and four different mathematical situations are examined using different capabilities of the TI-85. Two short TI-85 programs are given. * Based on a presentation given at the Conference on the Teaching of Calculus held at Harvard University on 12–13 June 1992.
On special causes which only affect a portion of the subgroup

Abstract Diagnosis of special causes is one of the primary concerns of quality practitioners. Identification of special causes can be greatly aided by knowledge of when and in what manner the process change occurred. Such a task can be especially complicated when the special cause affects only a portion of a subgroup. This paper will discuss the behavior of x -R control charts in such situations, and presents two methods for identifying change point and structure. Monte Carlo results show that the simpler of the two methods correctly identifies change structure 81% of the time, over the range of changes considered. A more complex method yields 62% correct identification of charge structure, but also gives an estimate of the charge point and is more robust.
IT Monoculture Security Risks and Defenses

An IT monoculture occurs when a large fraction of the computers in computational ecosystem run the same software. By automatically creating diversity, the risks of deploying an IT monoculture are reduced so that it becomes difficult for a single malware vector to wreck havoc. Two of the articles in this collection discuss techniques to create this diversity; a third article explores the risks of monocultures in the likely context of threats that are known or might be anticipated today.
Alignment of fee Crystals due to Transient Electric Fields

Abstract The alignment of columnar ice crystals due to the electric field surrounding a moving charged object, such as an aircraft, is modeled. The model allows the conditions of charge, velocity, ambient electric field, and size and shape of crystal to be specified. The electrical charge required to produce significant alignment effects can realistically be expected to be acquired by an aircraft in snowfall, given the model results and previous studies of the electrical characteristics of aircraft. The model predicts the orientation of crystals as they approach a charged object. Airborne observations of crystals from a two-dimensional imaging probe reveal similar alignment characteristics to those predicted by the model.
Response of Dolos Concrete Armor Units to Impact Loads

A finite element analysis is conducted to determine the critical impact velocities for concrete dolos. The model formulation includes deformations at the contact surface and nonlinear material properties. Two dolos orientations are considered: vertical fluke seaward and horizontal fluke seaward. In both cases, the larger units fail at lower angular impact velocities. It is also shown that doubling the concrete strength increases the impact resistance by approximately 40 percent.
Monitoring Dimerization of GpA using FRET

The long-term goal of this project is to design complex membrane proteins that have been functionalized with appropriate cofactors and can serve as components of artificial bioenergetic systems. We seek to achieve this by engineering specific interactions between the helical interfaces of transmembrane proteins. This will allow us to create functional nanostructures that contain the appropriate components in particular orientations.The association of transmembrane helical proteins to homodimers is driven by a handful of sequence motifs, the most common of which is GXXXG. We used this sequence to introduce additional interactions so that the formation of heterodimers occurred.We designed a buried salt bridge in the transmembrane domain of a well known dimeric membrane protein, GpA. We mutated Thr 87, which is not part of the dimerization interface, to diaminopropionic acid (Dap) on one of the helices and to aspartic acid on the other. Dap and aspartic acid interact electrostatically only in a narrow pH window. We characterized the pH-dependent association of the peptides when incorporated into micelles using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). This allowed us to establish the pH profile for heterodimer formation and to measure the strength of the interaction.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Tracing Magnetic Fields with Aligned Grains

Magnetic fields play a crucial role in various astrophysical processes, including star formation, accretion of matter, transport processes (e.g., transport of heat), and cosmic rays. One of the easiest ways to determine the magnetic field direction is via polarization of radiation resulting from extinction or/and emission by aligned dust grains. Reliability of interpretation of the polarization maps in terms of magnetic fields depends on how well we understand the grain-alignment theory. Explaining what makes grains aligned has been one of the big issues of the modern astronomy. Numerous exciting physical effects have been discovered in the course of research undertaken in this field. As both the theory and observations matured, it became clear that the grain-alignment phenomenon is inherent not only in diffuse interstellar medium or molecular clouds but also is a generic property of the dust in circumstellar regions, interplanetary space and cometary comae. Currently the grain-alignment theory is a predictive one, and its results nicely match observations. Among its predictions is a subtle phenomenon of radiative torques. This phenomenon, after having stayed in oblivion for many years after its discovery, is currently viewed as the most powerful means of alignment. In this article, I shall review the basic physical processes involved in grain alignment, and the currently known mechanisms of alignment. I shall also discuss possible niches for different alignment mechanisms. I shall dwell on the importance of the concept of grain helicity for understanding of many properties of grain alignment, and shall demonstrate that rather arbitrarily shaped grains exhibit helicity when they interact with gaseous and radiative flows.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: Turning minor injuries into a major problem.

patients at risk for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of AWS on length of stay, morbidity, mortality, and cost in low injury acuity trauma patients. METHODS:: A retrospective review of the National Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons database from July 1999 to February 2004 was performed. All patients 15 years or older admitted to our Level I trauma center with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) <16 were included. AWS patients were compared with those without AWS. Demographics, mechanism of injury (MOI), ISS, revised trauma score, Glasgow Coma score, hospital course, morbidity, requirement of additional procedures, mortality, and cost were compared. Analysis was done with chi test and Student's t test. A p value of </=0.05 determined significance. RESULTS:: Of 6,431 patients, 55 (0.9%) developed AWS. AWS patients were likely men (p < 0.001); had a higher ISS (p = 0.001) and lower Glasgow Coma score (p = 0.01); had more ventilator days (p = 0.008), intensive care unit days (p < 0.0001), and hospital days (p < 0.0001); suffered more complications, including respiratory failure (p < 0.0001), pneumonia (p < 0.0001), urinary tract infection (p = 0.0005), sepsis (p < 0.0001), tracheostomy (p < 0.0001), and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (p < 0.0001); and had higher cost (p < 0.0001). Mortality was similar (p = 0.38) among groups. CONCLUSIONS:: Low injury acuity patients with AWS have increased morbidity, leading to increased hospital stay and cost. To allow minor injuries to remain minor problems, the best modality to identify patients at risk and to achieve AWS prophylaxis require further investigation. Language: en
The rocking spectrum and the limitations of practical design methodologies

This paper is concerned with the superficial similarities and fundamental differences between the oscillatory response of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) oscillator (regular pendulum) and the rocking response of a slender rigid block (inverted pendulum). The study examines the distinct characteristics of the rocking spectrum and compares the observed trends with those of the response spectrum. It is shown that the rocking spectrum reflects kinematic characteristics of the ground motions that are not identifiable by the response spectrum. The paper investigates systematically the fundamental differences in the dynamical structure of the two systems of interest and concludes that rocking structures cannot be replaced by ‘equivalent’ SDOF oscillators. The study proceeds by examining the validity of a simple, approximate design methodology, initially proposed in the late 1970s and now recommended in design guidelines to compute rotations of slender structures by performing iteration either on the true displacement response spectrum or design spectrum. This paper shows that the simple design approach is inherently flawed and should be abandoned, in particular for smaller, less-slender blocks. The study concludes that the exact rocking spectrum emerges as a distinct intensity measure of ground motions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estradiol activates mast cells via a non-genomic estrogen receptor-alpha and calcium influx.

Background Allergic airway diseases are more common in females than in males during early adulthood. A relationship between female hormones and asthma prevalence and severity has been suggested, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not understood.
Experimentally based contact energies decode interactions responsible for protein–DNA affinity and the role of molecular waters at the binding interface

A major obstacle towards understanding the molecular basis of transcriptional regulation is the lack of a recognition code for protein–DNA interactions. Using high-quality crystal structures and binding data on the promiscuous family of C2H2 zinc fingers (ZF), we decode 10 fundamental specific interactions responsible for protein–DNA recognition. The interactions include five hydrogen bond types, three atomic desolvation penalties, a favorable non-polar energy, and a novel water accessibility factor. We apply this code to three large datasets containing a total of 89 C2H2 transcription factor (TF) mutants on the three ZFs of EGR. Guided by molecular dynamics simulations of individual ZFs, we map the interactions into homology models that embody all feasible intra- and intermolecular bonds, selecting for each sequence the structure with the lowest free energy. These interactions reproduce the change in affinity of 35 mutants of finger I (R2 = 0.998), 23 mutants of finger II (R2 = 0.96) and 31 finger III human domains (R2 = 0.94). Our findings reveal recognition rules that depend on DNA sequence/structure, molecular water at the interface and induced fit of the C2H2 TFs. Collectively, our method provides the first robust framework to decode the molecular basis of TFs binding to DNA.
Switch from Mnt-Max to Myc-Max induces p53 and cyclin D1 expression and apoptosis during cholestasis in mouse and human hepatocytes.

Toxic bile acids induce hepatocyte apoptosis, for which p53 and cyclin D1 have been implicated as underlying mediators. Both p53 and cyclin D1 are targets of c-Myc, which is also up-regulated in cholestasis. Myc and Mnt use Max as a cofactor for DNA binding. Myc-Max typically activates transcription via E-box binding. Mnt-Max also binds the E-box sequence but serves as a repressor and inhibits the enhancer activity of Myc-Max. The current work tested the hypothesis that the switch from Mnt-Max to Myc-Max is responsible for p53 and cyclin D1 up-regulation and apoptosis during cholestasis. Following common bile duct ligation or left hepatic bile duct ligation, the expression of p53, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 increased markedly, whereas Mnt expression decreased. Nuclear binding activity of Myc to the E-box element of p53 and cyclin D1 increased, whereas that of Mnt decreased in a time-dependent fashion. Lithocholic acid (LCA) treatment of primary human hepatocytes and HuH-7 cells induced a similar switch from Mnt to Myc and increased p53 and cyclin D1 promoter activity and endogenous p53 and cyclin D1 expression and apoptosis. Blocking c-Myc induction in HuH-7 cells prevented the LCA-mediated increase in p53 and cyclin D1 expression and reduced apoptosis. Lowering Mnt expression further enhanced LCA's inductive effect on p53 and cyclin D1. Bile duct–ligated mice treated with a lentivirus harboring c-myc small interfering RNA were protected from hepatic induction of p53 and cyclin D1, a switch from Mnt to Myc nuclear binding to E-box, and hepatocyte apoptosis. Conclusion: The switch from Mnt to Myc during bile duct ligation and in hepatocytes treated with LCA is responsible for the induction in p53 and cyclin D1 expression and contributes to apoptosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Developing Social Capital in Schools

This article discusses how change in our economy after mid 20th century made the acquisition of social capital an important factor in school succes and future life functioning. Because traditional education was not using a relationship and development based approach, groups without adequate mainstream social capital were not faring well in school. The article describes how the Yale School Development Program engaged the students, parents and staff of two of the lowest performing New Haven, Connecticut schools in a process that used child and adolescent development and public health principles; intentionally creating a school environment that promoted social capital that facilitated school success and potential for life success. It describes the source of the conceptual understanding for this approach; the social policy obstacles, and a way that a strong community based approach that supports social capital acquisition could have a positive ripple effect in the nation.
Therapeutic effects of guggul and its constituent guggulsterone: cardiovascular benefits.

Oleogum resin (known as guggul) from the guggul tree, Commiphora mukul, found in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, has been used to treat various diseases including hyper-cholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, and obesity over several thousands of years. Guggulsterone isolated from guggul has been identified as the bioactive constituent responsible for guggul's therapeutic effects. Since the first study demonstrating the therapeutic effects of guggul in an animal model in 1966, numerous preclinical and clinical trails have been carried out. Although differences in study design, methodological quality, statistical analysis, sample size, and subject population result in certain inconsistencies in the response to therapy, the cumulative data from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies largely support the therapeutic claims for guggul described in the ancient Ayurvedic text. However, future clinical studies with much larger size and longer term are required to confirm these claims. The cardiovascular benefits of the therapy are derived from the multiple pharmacological activities associated with guggul or guggulsterone, notably its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities. It has been established that guggulsterone is an antagonist at farnesoid x receptor (FXR), a key transcriptional regulator for the maintenance of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis. The FXR antagonism by guggulsterone has been proposed as a mechanism for its hypolipidemic effect. A recent study demonstrates that guggulsterone upregulates the bile salt export pump (BSEP), an efflux transporter responsible for removal of cholesterol metabolites, bile acids from the liver. Such upregulation of BSEP expression by guggulsterone favors cholesterol metabolism into bile acids, and thus represents another possible mechanism for its hypolipidemic activity. Guggulsterone has been found to potently inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a critical regulator of inflammatory responses. Such repression of NF-κB activation by guggulsterone has been proposed as a mechanism of the antiinflammatory effect of guggulsterone.
Disparities in utilization of mental health services: explanations and possible solutions.

I t is increasingly understood that at the root of hope for recovery from a mental health disorder is the therapeutic alliance created by the partnership of the clinician, the patient, and the family and their engagement in the process of care. Elements of a therapeutic alliance and utilization of mental health services include access and availability of the clinician; a shared belief in what has caused the disability; a common understanding of the possible therapies and their effectiveness; trust in the relationship between healer and the one to be healed; and an understanding of what needs to be done, how it is to be done, and the time course. However, there are serious concerns about the current child mental health system’s ability to provide the opportunity for this therapeutic alliance and to meet the mental health care needs of youth. The article by Coker and colleagues in this issue of Academic Pediatrics underscores this concern and raises some important questions regarding our understanding of access to mental health services for children of different sociodemographic groups. The study reports on mental health care utilization of a cross-sectional sample of 5th graders in 3 metropolitan areas. The authors noted disparities in utilization, with lower use of mental health services among black and Hispanic children, and persistence of these disparities for black children independent of identified sociodemographic characteristics and child mental health symptoms. The paper concludes that efforts to reduce disparities may benefit from addressing not only access to mental health care and diagnosis issues, but also parents’ help-seeking preferences. To our minds, the conclusions proposed by the authors raise the question as to whether these findings reflect patient/family preferences, and hence are not disparities as defined by the Institute of Medicine, or are indeed disparities as per the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, in which differ-
Research drilling at Inyo Domes, Long Valley Caldera, California

While a great deal of attention has been focused on inferring conditions within deep magma reservoirs, much of the action in terms of magmatic processes such as degassing, explosive fragmentation, and fluid/melt interaction occurs at depths of a few hundred meters to a few kilometers. Our understanding of what happens to magma in this important subvolcanic regime is primitive and inconsistent. For example, eruption models assume that magma is a chemically closed system during ascent, but geochemical models tacitly assume it is an open system (but only to H2O and perhaps a few other volatile components). Thermal models are well developed but untested. The extent of magma/wallrock/fluid interaction is unknown. Yet we must understand the processes in this regime not only to understand the mechanisms of explosive eruption and hydrothermal circulation but to correctly interpret evidence of the deep plutonic conditions as well.
Evaluation of an ethics consultation service: Patient and family perspective

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients and their families found ethics consultations to be helpful and whether they were satisfied with the treatment decisions that were made in those cases where ethics consultation was requested. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with each patient (or surrogate) concerning whom an ethics consultation had been provided during a 1-year period at Loma Linda University Medical Center, excepting those who met exclusion criteria. The interview was done by telephone a few weeks after hospital discharge. It included multiple choice and open-ended questions. A content analysis was done on the solicited and spontaneous comments. RESULTS: Eighty-six ethics consultations were provided and interviews were completed for 56 of them (65%). Fifty-seven percent of interviewees found the ethics consultation to have been helpful, and only 4% found them to have been detrimental. Interviewees were more likely to have found the consultation helpful when they perceived that it had resulted in a significant change in treatment, and were less likely to have found it helpful when the patients were more seriously ill. In addition, 77% were satisfied with the treatment decisions made, and 11% showed some degree of dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and families found ethics consultation provided by clinical ethicists at Loma Linda University Medical Center to be helpful in a majority of instances, and rarely found them detrimental. Based on an analysis of their comments, we believe ethics consultations were perceived as helpful in 7 ways: increased clinical clarity, increased moral or legal clarity, motivation to do what they believe is right, facilitation of the process of decision-making, implementation of a decision, interpretation of technical language, and consolation and support.
Experimental evaluation of differential OTF (dOTF) wavefront sensing

dOTF is an image-based non-iterative technique for measuring the complex pupil field. The technique relies on the difference between two PSF images when a small modification is introduced near the pupil's edge. The nature of the modification is of minor importance and can consist of a transmission blockage or a phase shift introduced by poking a single DM actuator. Even without calibration, dOTF yields an accurate estimate of the complex amplitude over the pupil plane. We experimentally evaluate the technique in several different optical systems, using both transmission and phase modifications to the pupil, monochromatic and broadband light sources, and different modification areas and poke depths.
Serratia marcescens Cellulitis

During the last decade, Serratia marcescens has become an important bacterial pathogen in the debilitated patient. This organism has been shown to cause infections in most organ systems. 1 It has not, to our knowledge, been found as a cause of cellulitis in unbroken skin. We report a unique case of cellulitis developing in areas of unbroken skin in a patient with S marcescens bacteremia. Report of a Case A 51-year-old nondiabetic man was admitted for the third time to the Hershey (Penn) Medical Center with increasing dyspnea. He was admitted initially in 1970 with dyspnea, and in 1972 after cardiac catheterization, idiopathic cardiomyopathy was diagnosed. He was readmitted in July
Deliberating Immigration Policy: Locating Instructional Materials within Global and Multicultural Perspectives

Abstract Numerous theorists have identified a need for students to learn to solve global concerns in an increasingly interconnected world. The issue of immigration policy is one such concern. This study analyzed the texts of two programs teaching deliberation and U.S. immigration policy. The purpose of the study was to analyze instructional materials that are deliberative in structure and identify the range of deliberative stances regarding global, nation-bound, multicultural, and mainstream perspectives in order to detect overarching ideological stances. A narrow range of deliberative stances or perspectives was indicative of an overarching ideological stance. Findings suggest that both sets of instructional materials studied are predominantly nation-bound in perspective; National Issues Forums contains mainstream perspectives of immigration policy, while Choices for the 21st Century Education Program contains some “transformative” multicultural perspectives of immigration policy.
Activation of a protease cascade involved in patterning the Drosophila embryo

Abstract Dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila embryo is initiated by a ventralizing signal. Production of this signal requires the serine proteases Gastrulation Defective (GD), Snake, and Easter, which genetic studies suggest act sequentially in a cascade that is activated locally in response to a ventral cue provided by the pipe gene. Here, we demonstrate biochemically that GD activates Snake, which in turn activates Easter. We also provide evidence that GD zymogen cleavage is important for triggering this cascade but is not spatially localized by pipe. Our results suggest that a broadly, rather than locally, activated protease cascade produces the ventralizing signal, so a distinct downstream step in this cascade must be spatially regulated to restrict signaling to the ventral side of the embryo.
Electrochemistry of the chalcocite-xanthate system

The interactions between chalcocite and ethylxanthate have been examined in an electrochemical-microflotation cell containing a particle-bed working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry has shown the formation of a chemisorbed product commencing at −0.5 V versus SCE with a bulk oxidation product, possibly cuprous xanthate, forming above −0.23 V. Relating the charge passed on a potentiostated mineral bed after addition of xanthate to spectrophotometric changes in xanthate concentration suggested the presence of a fast chemical reaction and a charge transfer reaction. The strong correlation between flotation response and potential indicates that chemisorption of ethylxanthate produces a layer sufficiently hydrophobic for chalcocite flotation.
Transactivation of the early SV40 promoter by avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus in avian hepatoma cells.

Abstract An avian hepatoma cell line has been reported to be suitable for the cultivation of avian laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) (Scholz et al. (1993) J. Virol. Methods, 273–286; Guo et al. (1993) Am. J. Vet. Res., in press). To provide information for the establishment of avian expression systems and for the construction of avian recombinant viruses, five expression plasmids were constructed to test two avian viral and two mammalian viral promotors for their suitability and strength for gene expression in this cell line. Chicken hepatoma cells were transfected with plasmids carrying the bacterial β-galactosidase (β-gal) gene as a reporter gene. The β-gal gene of three plasmid constructs expressed in both E. coli and avian hepatoma cells, while the β-gal gene of two other constructs expressed only in avian hepatoma cells. The β-gal gene expressed independently of any viral infection when under the control of the early Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter or the immediate-early cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. However, expression of β-gal gene under the control of the SV40 early promoter/enhancer and the ILTV TK promoter was greatly potentiated when the transfected cells were co-infected with ILTV. This finding provides a system for the enhancement of gene expression in avian cells, especially when ILTV is used as vector.
Solution structure of an intramolecular DNA triplex containing an N7-glycosylated guanine which mimics a protonated cytosine.

The three-dimensional structure of a pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine DNA triplex containing an N^7-glycosylated guanine (^7G) in the third strand has been determined by NMR spectroscopy, restrained molecular dynamics calculations, and complete relaxation matrix refinement. Glycosylation of the guanine at the N^7 position permits it to adopt a conformation such that the Hoogsteen face of the base mimics the arrangement of hydrogen bond donors seen in protonated cytosine. The NMR data confirm the previously proposed hydrogen bonding scheme of the ^7G·G·C triplet. The three-dimensional structure of the triplex accommodates the ^7G with less distortion of the phosphodiester backbone than would be required for an N^9-glycosylated guanine in the same sequence position, but some changes in the positions of the phosphodiester backbone are present compared to a C^+·G·C triplet. The structure provides a rationale for the observations that ^7G binds to Watson-Crick G·C base pairs with higher specificity and affinity than guanine, but with a lower stability at pH 5.2 than would be provided by a canonical C^+·G·C triplet.
Tax Competition with Asymmetric Market Structures: The Role of Policy Instruments

We analyze the location choice of a multinational corporation (MNC) between two host countries with different market structures, i.e. the number of competing domestic firms in them. We consider the effects of import tariffs and lump-sum subsidies on the MNC's locational choice. Our findings include: (1) with lump-sum subsidy, the country with fewer firms always gets the MNC, (2) with tariffs, the country with more domestic firms gets the MNC when the export transportation cost is high and the domestic firms are sufficiently inefficient, while the country with fewer domestic firms wins the MNC when export transportation cost is low, and (3) the MNC location decision may crucially depend on which instrument is used to attract the MNC.
FURTHER COMMENTS ON THE CLIMATE OF THE MIDNINETEENTH CENTURY UNITED STATES COMPARED TO CURRENT NORMALS

Abstract Evidence derived from the carefully screened temperature record at Eau Claire, Mich., and from radiosonde data at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., supports the conclusion of Wahl and Lawson that a return to the temperature and circulation features of the early and mid-19th century in the eastern United States may be underway. Cooling trends at Eau Claire during the most recent decades have been accompanied by progressive lowering of the 700-mb surface at Sault Ste. Marie, and increased cold air advection into the southern Great Lakes area.
Design of an ultra-high efficiency GaN high-power amplifier for SAR remote sensing

This work describes the development of a high-power amplifier for use with a remote sensing SAR system. The amplifier is intended to meet the requirements for the SweepSAR technique for use in the proposed DESDynI SAR instrument. In order to optimize the amplifier design, active load-pull technique is employed to provide harmonic tuning to provide efficiency improvements. In addition, some of the techniques to overcome the challenges of load-pulling high power devices are presented. The design amplifier was measured to have 49 dBm of output power with 75% PAE, which is suitable to meet the proposed system requirements.
Ultrastructural localization of lysosomal enzymes in the egg cortex of Brachydanio.

The localization of acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2), inorganic trimetaphosphatase (E.C. 3.6.1.2), and aryl sulfatase (E.C. 3.1.6.1) in the cortex of unactivated and activated eggs of Brachydanio was examined by ultrastructural cytochemistry. Using a lead capture method, activity for all three acid hydrolases was demonstrated in organelles of the cortex before and after egg activation. Acid phosphatase (AcPase) reaction product was consistently present in primary lysosomes, secondary lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, and yolk bodies. AcPase activity was absent from mitochondria, profiles of the endoplasmic reticulum, coated pits of exocytosed cortical granules, and coated vesicles. Although most cortical granules of the mature, unactivated egg were unreactive for this enzyme, a few showed AcPase reaction product. It is not clear whether the AcPase-positive granules might be an immature form of cortical granules or a subpopulation of these organelles with lysosomal properties. Most cisternae of the Golgi apparatus did not stain for AcPase; however, reaction product was occasionally localized in a single cisterna as well as several small vesicles at the inner face of the Golgi. The intensity of the reaction product and the pattern of distribution of trimetaphosphatase (TmPase) activity was very similar to that of AcPase. However, TmPase was never observed in cortical granules. Cortices of unactivated and activated eggs showed less overall aryl sulfatase (ArSase) activity when compared with AcPase and TmPase. The presence of ArSase reaction product in lysosomes and multivesicular bodies confirmed the acid hydrolytic nature of these organelles. AcPase and TmPase, and to a lesser extent ArSase, are adequate markers of a cortical lysosomal system in the danio egg. Our results are consistent with the view that membrane, retrieved from the egg surface during the cortical reaction and shuttled into organelles with lysosomal properties (i.e., secondary lysosomes and multivesicular bodies), undergoes degradation. However, our study does not exclude other possibilities for handling internalized membrane, including storage and recycling to the plasma membrane.
Scientific communication and national security

The need for scientists to disseminate widely their research results often conflicts with the United States government's requirement that certain information be withheld from foreign adversaries. The Reagan administration has stepped up its campaign to clamp down on the transfer of scientific and technological information from the United States that might be used by foreign nations to gain military advantages. As a result, some scientists have become alarmed that they will be forced to forfeit essential rights to communicate freely. In light of the growing concern from both sides a panel of 18 senior policymakers and researchers has been assembled by the National Academy of Sciences to examine the relationship between university research and national security. The panel held its first meeting on April 16 and 17; an interim report is expected in September, followed by a final report in March 1983.
Impact of aging on myocardial metabolic response to dobutamine

In humans, under resting conditions there is an age-related decrease in myocardial fatty acid utilization (MFAU) and oxidation (MFAO) and a relative increase in myocardial glucose utilization (MGU)...
Photoionization of Xe clusters under intense XUV irradiation

We report on the study of xenon clusters irradiated by intense, femtosecond XUV pulses. Focused 38 nm high harmonic radiation irradiates clusters of ~103 atoms, producing energetic ions consistent with a collective cluster response.
Black and Hispanic perceptions of asthma medication in the School Inner-City Asthma Study

Racial/ethnic minorities suffer a disproportionate rate of asthma morbidity1. We aimed to determine racial/ethnic differences in perception of asthma medications between caregivers of black and Hispanic school children enrolled in the school inner city asthma study (SICAS). Furthermore, we investigated whether these beliefs were associated with asthma morbidity.
Ethnicity Effects on the Family Business Entrepreneurial Process Commentary and Extension

This commentary adopts a cross-disciplinary framework to discuss possible influences of both family and ethnicity on business performance in the marketplace. Both family and ethnicity are viewed as...
Plasmonic colorimetric and SERS sensors for environmental analysis

The potential for water pollution outbreaks requires the development of rapid, yet simple detection methods for water quality monitoring. Plasmonic nanostructures such as gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles are compelling candidates for the development of highly sensitive biosensors due to their unique localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). The LSPR of AuNPs and AgNPs lies in the visible and infrared light range and is sensitive to the composition, size, shape, surrounding medium, and aggregation state of these NPs. This plasmonic behavior provides the basis for fabrication of colorimetric sensors for environmental analyses. Furthermore, the LSPR also enhances the electromagnetic field near the NP surface, which provides the basis for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based detection. Organic or inorganic pollutants and pathogens can be detected and differentiated based upon the finger-print spectra that arise when they enter SERS-active hot spots. In this tutorial review, we summarize progress made towards environmental analysis based on LSPR-based colorimetric and SERS detection. The problems and challenges that have hindered the development of LSPR-based nanosensors for real-world environmental pollutant monitoring are extensively discussed.
High-frequency ventilation: current status.

1. Eric C. Eichenwald, MD* 2. Ann R. Stark, MD† 1. 2. *Assistant Professor of Pediatrics. 3. 4. †Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Define high-frequency ventilation and contrast this technique with conventional mechanical ventilation. 2. Describe three types of high-frequency ventilators. 3. Explain the basic mechanisms of gas exchange during high-frequency ventilation. 4. Describe potential adverse outcomes with high and low lung volume high-frequency ventilation strategies. Lung injury remains an important cause of morbidity among newborns who require assisted ventilation. Studies in immature animal models of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have shown that positive-pressure ventilation with large tidal volumes damages pulmonary capillary endothelium, alveolar and airway epithelium, and basement membranes. This mechanical damage results in leakage of fluid, protein, and blood into the airways, alveoli, and interstitial spaces, leading to inhibition of surfactant activity and further injury to the lung. Cyclic changes in lung volume appear to be more important than changes in airway pressure in causing this damage, suggesting that a ventilator strategy that avoids large changes in lung volume may reduce lung injury. Consequently, considerable interest has been generated over the past 15 years in the application of high-frequency ventilation (HFV) in newborns who have respiratory failure because this technique allows ventilation with very small tidal volumes. Although studies using HFV in animal models of RDS have shown promising results in the prevention of lung injury, results of clinical studies of this ventilatory technique in newborns are not as promising. Despite many clinical trials, controversy continues to surround the indications for HFV in newborns, whether HFV is more effective than other modes of ventilation for neonatal respiratory failure, whether HFV reduces adverse outcomes, or whether HFV is more likely to result in significant long-term complications than conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV). This article provides an overview of HFV and reviews results of studies of its use for a variety of neonatal pulmonary disorders. We address its …
Medicaid Expansion In Opt-Out States Would Produce Consumer Savings And Less Financial Burden Than Exchange Coverage

In the twenty-three states that have decided against expanding Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, uninsured adults who would have been eligible for Medicaid and have incomes at or above the federal poverty guidelines are generally eligible for Marketplace (insurance exchange) premium tax credits and plans with generous benefits. This study compared estimated out-of-pocket spending for care and premiums, as well as the financial burdens they impose, for the families of these adults under two simulation scenarios: obtaining coverage through a silver plan with subsidized cost sharing and enrolling in expanded Medicaid. Compared with Marketplace coverage, Medicaid would more than halve average annual out-of-pocket spending ($938 versus $1,948), while dramatically reducing the percentage of adults in families with out-of-pocket expenses exceeding 10 percent or 20 percent of income (6.0 percent versus 17.1 percent and 0.9 percent versus 3.7 percent, respectively). Larger reductions would be seen for famili...
Overview of antimonide based III-V semiconductor epitaxial layers and their applications at the center for quantum devices

The properties of Sb-based III-V semiconductor compounds for optoelectronic applications in the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) range were reviewed. The growths of the Sb-based binary, ternary and quaternary were studied by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The structural, optical and electrical characterizations were carried out. Focal plane array, photoconductors and photodiodes were fabricated for the MWIR and LWIR range. Doublehetero structure (DH), multi-quantum well (MQW) and strained superlattice (SSL) lasers in the 3–5 μ m range were fabricated. InAs-GaSb type-II superlattices were designed, grown and fabricated into photodetectors for the MWIR and LWIR range.
Multimodal interaction techniques for situational awareness and command of robotic combat entities

In the next generation of Army combat vehicles, the future combat system (FCS), lightly-armored robotic vehicles are commanded by human commanders operating from within moving command vehicles, and well back from the forward edge of the battle area. Two key questions to be answered for the successful realization of FCS are how can the commander maintain situational awareness and what methods best allow the commander to interact with these robotic forces to achieve the mission goals. In our research, our approach is to immerse the commander in a virtual battlespace, with capability to directly interact with visual representations of the robotic entities. We developed a multimodal (visual, speech, and gesture) interaction method and specific techniques that allow the commander to navigate the virtual battlespace and command robotic entities while seated in a vehicle and without use of a keyboard.
U.S. Agriculture: Commercial and Large Producer Concentration and Implications for Agribusiness Segments

This study examines rate of concentration of farms and sales for aggregate farm production and crop and livestock activities during the 1982 to 2002 period. Data from the Census of Agriculture are used to calculate Theil's relative entropy measure as an indicator of concentration. Results indicate that Grain segments are lagging behind cotton, potato and hog segments in terms of concentration of total sales, while concentration in the dairy segment appears to be gaining steam. Agribusiness serving less concentrated industry segments should look to the more concentrated segments as leading indicators for effective marketing strategies as concentration increases.
The Value of Stop-Losses and Stop-Gains in Enhancing Risk-Adjusted Return

Asset allocation strategies which utilize stop-loss and stop-gain rules may dramatically decrease risk and even increase long-term return relative to passive investing. I introduce an asset allocation strategy which shifts portfolio weights based on simplistic stop rules. The two-asset (S&P mutual fund and bond mutual fund) strategy tested from 1990-2012 produces an annual geometric return of 8.45% vs. 7.50% for the underlying S&P 500 Index fund, with 50% less volatility (9.41% annualized standard deviation of return vs. 18.76% for the S&P index fund). The strategy’s strong results are robust to changes in the user-specified parameters, such as the level and number of stop placements. Hence, further development and refinement of asset allocation and trading strategies which incorporate stop-loss and stop-gain rules may be a valuable area of future research.