cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of HFE (hemochromatosis gene) mutations in unselected male patients with type 2 diabetes

To assess the prevalence of mutations in the HFE (hemochromatosis) gene in unselected male patients with type 2 diabetes, we examined 220 white men without known diabetes and 220 age-matched white men with type 2 diabetes for mutations in the HFE gene. Nucleotide 845 (C282Y) and 187(H63D) alleles were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with lymphocyte DNA. The PCR products were analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion. One of the 220 patients (0.45%) with diabetes was homozygous for the HFE 845A (C282Y) mutation and 25 (11.3%) were heterozygous for the same mutation, of whom 3 (1.3%) were compound heterozygotes also carrying the HFE 187G (H63D) mutation. These frequencies did not differ significantly from the control population without diabetes. There is no evidence that HFE mutations are found in excess in unselected male patients with type 2 diabetes, and there is no indication for a population-based search for an excess of these alleles in type 2 diabetes.
The phenomenology of principal mistreatment: teachers’ perspectives

This article, the first empirical study of its kind, presents findings from a larger qualitative study of principal mistreatment of teachers. A grounded theory method was used to study a sample of 50 US teachers who were subjected to long‐term mistreatment from school principals. The authors discuss descriptive, conceptual, and theoretical findings about principals’ actions that teachers define as mistreatment. In addition, the inductively derived model briefly looks at the harmful effects of principal mistreatment and abuse on teachers, psychologically/emotionally and physically/physiologically. Implications of study findings are discussed for administrator and teacher preparation, for school district offices, and for further research.
Reciprocal and non-reciprocal action of the vagal and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart

Simultaneous recordings were made from vagal and sympathetic fibers innervating the heart in dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Reciprocal relationship between the two autonomic nerves was clearly seen in the baroreceptor reflex. Stimulation of chemoreceptors, however, evoked non-reciprocal responses of the two nerves; at the onset of the chemoreceptor reflex cardiac vagal and sympathetic discharges both increased, then, as baroreceptors became excited due to a pressor response, sympathetic nerve activity suddenly decreased while vagal discharges remained high, indicating the appearance of the reciprocal action typifying the baroreceptor reflex. Decrease in ventilatory volume and a slight increase in end-expired CO2 level augmented greatly both vagal and sympathetic discharges. As the phrenic-locked activity of the two nerves (i.e. the activity in vagus nerve occurs only in the absence of phrenic bursts while sympathetic discharges increase with phrenic bursts) increased, the alternate discharges between the two nerves became more conspicuous and the heart rate fluctuated with the respiratory (phrenic) rhythm. Thus, strong reciprocity between vagus and sympathetic can result in an oscillatory heart rate. When ventilatory volume was increased, both nerve activities decreased below control level. Mild hypoxia had similar effects to hypercapnia though changes in nerve activity were greater. When coactivation of vagal and sympathetic nerve was produced in reflex action, changes in vagal discharges occurred earlier and faster than in the sympathetic fibers. The magnitude of change in vagus activity was also far greater. The elimination of afferents in the vagi, the aortic and sinus nerves reduced cardiac vagal activity greatly. However, discharges were still present and occurred between phrenic bursts, indicating that the vagal "tone" is maintained centrally as well as peripherally by input from receptors in the cardiovascular system. The physiological significance of reciprocal and non-reciprocal control of vagal and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart was discussed.
Multielectron photoreduction of a bridged ruthenium dimer, [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2][PF6]4: aqueous reactivity and chemical and spectroelectrochemical identification of the photoproducts.

The dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2][PF6]4 (P) (where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and tatpp is 9,11,20,22-tetraazatetrapyrido[3,2-a:2‘3‘-c:3‘ ‘,2‘ ‘-l:2‘ ‘‘,3‘ ‘‘]pentacene) is shown to accept up to four electrons and two protons on the central tatpp bridging ligand via a combination of stoichiometric chemical reductions and protonations and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) in acetonitrile. The absorption spectra of seven distinct species related by reduction and/or protonation of the central tatpp ligand were obtained and the two sequential photoproducts obtained from visible irradiation of P in acetonitrile (with 0.25 M triethylamine (TEA)) thus identified as P- (singly reduced, nonprotonated P) and HP- (doubly reduced, monoprotonated P), respectively. Importantly, the photochemical activity is maintained in mixed water−acetonitrile (1:4) solutions under basic conditions, and the protonation state of the photoproducts is readily controlled by varying the solution pH between 8 and...
Accelerated vibration life tests of threadlocking adhesive

Threadlocking adhesives are widely used in industry to reduce self-loosening of threaded fasteners in dynamic environments. However, accelerated vibration life tests for such adhesives have not been reported in the literature. This paper reports on the development of an apparatus and test procedure to evaluate threadlocking adhesive life when subjected to accelerated vibration testing. Data from e ve different threadlocking adhesives are presented and compared. The data for each adhesive is found to e t a Weibull distribution. The relationship between threadlocking adhesive life and applied vibration level is shown to be modeled quite well with an inverse power relationship. Nomenclature F(t) = cumulative distribution g = acceleration constant k = empirical constant n = empirical constant p = percentage t = time V = vibration level g = Weibull shape parameter u = Weibull scale parameter tp = percentile
Failure analysis of K-monel 500 (Ni–Cu–Al alloy) bolts

Abstract A bolt manufacturer used several subcontractors to fabricate K-monel 500 bolts. The completed bolts failed mechanical testing, and the manufacturer ascribed the failure to the bar stock. Testing contracted by the supplier of the bar stock showed that it met specifications. Metallographic testing described here shows that the bolts failed because of excessive grain growth and subsequent softening during heat treatment performed on the bolts after they were formed. Alternative heat treatments are discussed.
An expedient method for the solid-phase synthesis of α-aminoalkyl phosphonopeptides

The formation of α-amino phosphonate functionalities on the amino terminus of peptides utilizing solid-phase methodology is presented. The described method enables incorporation of diverse N-phosphonoalkyl and aryl moieties.
Profit efficiency in U.S. BHCs: Effects of increasing non-traditional revenue sources

Abstract Using information multiple times across revenue streams, BHCs may increase efficiency due to economies of scope. Our main contribution is to be the first to examine noninterest income after passage of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, when additional opportunities to increase noninterest income arise. We examine profit efficiency and its relationship to noninterest income for BHCs using stochastic frontier analysis and multivariate analysis on BHC data from 2003 to 2006. Contrary to our hypothesis, the results indicate multi-noninterest income types are associated with decreased profit efficiency. These results are robust using the Efficiency Ratio as our measure and are particularly strong for small BHCs.
SODIUM RETENTION IN THE OPOSSUM1

IN A MAJORITY of tKe mammals which have been studied the adrenal maintains the plasma sodium at a higher level than that found after adrenalectomy. Whether the animal is adrenalectomised or not, the injection of adrenal extracts or the synthetic compound, desoxycorticosterone acetate, causes retention of sodium. From the work of Silvette and Britton (1936) and the more recent investigation in our own laboratory (Hartman, et al. 1943) it appears that this does not occur in the opossum. Following adrenalectomy there is little change in plasma electrolytes, even in animals surviving for many months, except during such a stress as diarrhea or lactation (Britton and Silvette, 1937). If the opossum adrenal produces a sodium factor the animal should respond to injections of the same. In this paper the results are reported of a study of the influence of adrenal preparations and of desoxycorticosterone on sodium in the plasma.
Spin-memory loss at Co/Ru interfaces

We have determined the spin-memory-loss parameter ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\text{Co/Ru}}$ by measuring the transmission of spin-triplet and spin-singlet Cooper pairs across Co/Ru interfaces in Josephson junctions and by current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) techniques. The probability of spin-memory loss at the Co/Ru interface is $[1\ensuremath{-}\text{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\text{Co/Ru}})]$. From the CPP-MR, we obtain ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\text{Co/Ru}}=0.{34}_{\ensuremath{-}0.02}^{+0.04}$, which is in good agreement with ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\text{Co/Ru}}=0.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$ obtained from spin-triplet transmission. For spin-singlet transmission, we have ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\text{Co/Ru}}=0.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, which is different from that obtained from CPP-GMR and spin-triplet transmission. The source of this difference is not understood.
An All-Speed Asymptotic-Preserving Method for the Isentropic Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations

The computation of compressibleflows becomes more challenging when the Mach number has different orders of magnitude. When the Mach number is of order one, modern shock capturing methods are able to capture shocks and other complex structures with high numerical resolutions. However, if the Mach number is small, the acoustic waves lead to stiffness in time and excessively large numerical viscosity, thus demanding much smaller time step and mesh size than normally needed for incom- pressible flow simulation. In this paper, we develop an all-speed asymptotic preserv- ing (AP) numerical scheme for the compressible isentropic Euler and Navier-Stokes equations that is uniformly stable and accurate for all Mach numbers. Our idea is to split the system into two parts: one involves a slow, nonlinear and conservative hyper- bolic system adequate for the use of modern shock capturing methods and the other a linear hyperbolic system which contains the stiff acoustic dynamics, to be solved im- plicitly. This implicit part is reformulated into a standard pressure Poisson projection system and thus possesses sufficient structure for efficient fast Fourier transform solu- tion techniques. In the zero Mach number limit, the scheme automatically becomes a projection method-like incompressible solver. We present numerical results in one and two dimensions in both compressible and incompressible regimes. AMS subject classifications: 35Q35, 65M08, 65M99, 76M12, 76N99
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OFFSHORE MARINE MACROALGAE FROM THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO HARD BANK COMMUNITIES

The upper northwestern Gulf basin is characterized by a relatively shallow but well-developed continental shelf with an extensive system of mid- and outer shelf hard banks of varying origin and composition. Observations done by our laboratory while participating in monitoring cruises to the National Marine Sanctuaries of the East and West Banks of the Texas Flower Gardens, Stetson Banks (TX) and Sonnier Banks (LA) reveal a surprisingly different floristic composition among the sites. Several range extensions, new macro-algal records for the Gulf of Mexico, and new species imply a much more complex Algal Zone community than the one proposed by Rezak et al. (1985). Our ongoing project includes the development of a modern taxonomic, phylogenetic, morphological and genetic database essential to informed management for preservation of biological diversity. It also provides a framework of seasonal algal composition against which long-term trends and anomalies in algal distribution and health of the Gulf of Mexico can be assessed at future dates.
Characteristics of Career Planners in Upwardly Mobile Occupations

Career variables of 277 municipal employees of a large southwestern city in upwardly mobile occupations were surveyed with a questionnaire instrument. Analysis of the collected data revealed that i...
Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by reduced factor Xa

Treatment of blood coagulation factor Xa with insolubilized hexyl-agarose derivative of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) results in the generation of two sulfhydryl groups in the protein molecule. The reduced factor Xa was found to be a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 synthesis induced by ADP. In contrast to the inhibition of thromboxane formation, the reduced factor Xa had no effect on the formation of PGE2 indicating that thromboxane synthetase might be selectively inhibited by the reduced factor Xa. Incubation with oxidized glutathione reversed the inhibitory activity of factor Xa previously exposed to the insolubilized hormone. Soluble PGE1 also reduces factor Xa, but more slowly than the insolubilized PGE1. PGE1 also exhibits reducing ability as tested with redox dyes. Reduction of factor Xa by dithiothreitol also transformed the coagulation factor into an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 formation. These experiments indicate that reduction of factor Xa leads to a reversible alteration of the molecule which inhibits platelet aggregation induced by ADP. This effect of reduced factor Xa is probably mediated through the inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis.
Diffusion-weighted MRI in neuro-oncology

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) provides image contrast dependent on the molecular movement of water. It has been most widely used in the diagnosis of cytotoxic edema secondary to acute cerebral ischemia, but has also proven useful in assessing tumor cellularity and grade, abscess formation, cysts and various forms of white matter disorders. Furthermore, DW-MRI is used to generate maps of subcortical white matter tracts and their relationship to structural brain lesions that may serve for preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance. We provide a comprehensive review of current practical applications of DW-MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of primary brain tumors, metastases and nonmetastatic neurologic complications of cancer. A detailed description of diffusion tensor imaging is beyond the scope of this review. We performed a comprehensive search of the PubMed database of the USA National Library of Medicine with use of various combinations of the following search terms: diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient, diffusion tensor imaging, diffusion tensor, brain, tumor, glioblastoma, lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma, stroke, cancer, abscess, leukoencephalopathy, methotrexate, fluorouracil, capecitabine. We identified original articles and well-documented case reports of DW-MRI applications in patients with primary brain neoplasms, metastases and nonmetastatic neurologic complications that we judged to be of high impact on the field. We largely selected publications from the past 10 years, but did not exclude commonly referenced and highly regarded older publications. We also searched the reference lists of articles identified by this search strategy and selected those we judged relevant. Review articles are cited to provide readers with more details and more references than can be covered here.
REGIONAL AND SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEIN CARBOXYMETHYLASE IN BRAIN AND OTHER TISSUES

Protein carboxymethylase, an enzyme that transfcrs the methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to carboxyl groups of proteins and endogenous acceptor proteins were examined in nerve and endocrine tissues. The highest protein carboxymethylase activity was found in the brain, followed by the testis, pituitary and heart. On the other hand, the tissue with the highest level of endogenous substrate(s) was the pituitary. The nearly identical specific activity ratio for two different protein substrates in all tissues examined, suggests that one enzyme is responsible for carboxymethylase activity in different tissues. The subcellular distribution of the enzyme in brain showed a high concentration in the soluble fraction, presumably representative of the enzyme in the cytosol of cell bodies. Considerable enzyme activity was also found in brain synaptosomes which was increased by osmotic lysis. Protein carboxymethylase was shown to accumulate proximally to a ligation of the rat sciatic nerve. A possible physiological role for protein carboxymethylase in neuronal function is discussed.
Assessing innovation in emerging energy technologies: Socio-technical dynamics of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in the USA

Abstract This study applies a socio-technical systems perspective to explore innovation dynamics of two emerging energy technologies with potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from electrical power generation in the United States: carbon capture and storage (CCS) and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). The goal of the study is to inform sustainability science theory and energy policy deliberations by examining how social and political dynamics are shaping the struggle for resources by these two emerging, not-yet-widely commercializable socio-technical systems. This characterization of socio-technical dynamics of CCS and EGS innovation includes examining the perceived technical, environmental, and financial risks and benefits of each system, as well as the discourses and actor networks through which the competition for resources – particularly public resources – is being waged. CCS and EGS were selected for the study because they vary considerably with respect to their social, technical, and environmental implications and risks, are unproven at scale and uncertain with respect to cost, feasibility, and life-cycle environmental impacts. By assessing the two technologies in parallel, the study highlights important social and political dimensions of energy technology innovation in order to inform theory and suggest new approaches to policy analysis.
Stereocontrol in the formation of 2,3,4-trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans

Abstract Investigations have defined the stereochemical outcome of ring-forming reactions in a series of highly substituted tetrahydrofurans. Two complementary processes are discussed.
ATP-dependent Activation of the Intermediate Conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ Channel, hIK1, Is Conferred by a C-terminal Domain

We previously demonstrated that hIK1 is activated directly by ATP in excised, inside-out patches in a protein kinase A inhibitor 5–24 dependent manner, suggesting a role for phosphorylation in the regulation of this Ca2+-dependent channel. However, mutation of the single consensus cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site (S334A) failed to modify the response of hIK1 to ATP (Gerlach, A. C., Gangopadhyay, N. N., and Devor, D. C. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 585–598). Here we demonstrate that ATP does not similarly activate the highly homologous Ca2+-dependent K+channels, hSK1, rSK2, and rSK3. To define the region of hIK1 responsible for the ATP-dependent regulation, we generated a series of hIK1 truncations and hIK1/rSK2 chimeras. ATP did not activate a chimera containing the N terminus plus S1–S4 from hIK1. In contrast, ATP activated a chimera containing the hIK1 C-terminal amino acids His299–Lys427. Furthermore, truncation of hIK1 at Leu414 resulted in an ATP-dependent channel, whereas larger truncations of hIK1 failed to express. Additional hIK1/rSK2 chimeras defined the minimal region of hIK1 required to confer complete ATP sensitivity as including amino acids Arg355–Ala413. An alanine scan of all non-conserved serines and threonines within this region failed to alter the response of hIK1 to ATP, suggesting that hIK1 itself is not directly phosphorylated. Additionally, substitution of amino acids Arg355–Met368 of hIK1 into the corresponding region of rSK2 resulted in an ATP-dependent activation, which was ∼50‥ of that of hIK1. These results demonstrate that amino acids Arg355–Ala413within the C terminus of hIK1 confer sensitivity to ATP. Finally, we demonstrate that the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of hIK1 or an associated protein is independent of Ca2+.
Looking around the backyard helps to recognize faces and digits

Human beings have the ability to learn to recognize a new visual category based on only one or few training examples. Part of this ability might come from the use of knowledge from previous visual experiences. We show that such knowledge can be expressed as a set of ldquouniversalrdquo visual features, which are learned from randomly collected natural scene images. Using these visual features, we have obtained state-of-the-art performance on several classification tasks using a single-layer classifier.
From conformational transitions in a polymer chain to segmental relaxation in a bulk polymer

Abstract The local segmental dynamics of a polymer chain are governed by the one-dimensional connectivity of the chain and are known to be well described by the Hall-Helfand model. In this paper, a theoretical model is developed which relates the local Hall-Helfand processes of a chain to the segmental motions in bulk polymers as revealed by mechanical, dielectric and light-scattering techniques. With the conformational transitions of each chain described by the Hall-Helfand correlation function, interactions between chains are included by the method of the coupling model. Previous applications of the coupling model had assumed a constant local rate and had obtained a Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) decay function in the presence of intermolecular interactions. In the present work, the time-dependent Hall-Helfand rate is used as the local rate. The resulting decay function for bulk polymers generally differs from the KWW function but approaches it for times long compared with the Hall-Helfand correlated relaxation time, τ1. The coupling model relation between the observed relaxation time and the local relaxation time is found to hold between the KWW relaxation time, τ ∗ , and the Hall-Helfand uncorrelated relaxation time, τ2. The decay functions for Hall-Helfand with coupling and the corresponding frequency loss response functions are presented and discussed.
Power and related statistical properties of conditional likelihood score tests for association studies in nuclear families with parental genotypes.

Summary Both population based and family based case control studies are used to test whether particular genotypes are associated with disease. While population based studies have more power, cryptic population stratification can produce false-positive results. Family-based methods have been introduced to control for this problem. This paper presents the full likelihood function for family-based association studies for nuclear families ascertained on the basis of their number of affected and unaffected children. The likelihood of a family factors into the probability of parental mating type, conditional on offspring phenotypes, times the probability of offspring genotypes given their phenotypes and the parental mating type. The first factor can be influenced by population stratification, whereas the latter factor, called the conditional likelihood, is not. The conditional likelihood is used to obtain score tests with proper size in the presence of population stratification (see also Clayton (1999) and Whittemore & Tu (2000)). Under either the additive or multiplicative model, the TDT is known to be the optimal score test when the family has only one affected child. Thus, the class of score tests explored can be considered as a general family of TDT-like procedures. The relative informativeness of the various mating types is assessed using the Fisher information, which depends on the number of affected and unaffected offspring and the penetrances. When the additive model is true, families with parental mating type Aa×Aa are most informative. Under the dominant (recessive) model, however, a family with mating type Aa×aa(AA×Aa) is more informative than a family with doubly heterozygous (Aa×Aa) parents. Because we derive explicit formulae for all components of the likelihood, we are able to present tables giving required sample sizes for dominant, additive and recessive inheritance models.
Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen by FePt alloy nanoparticles

FexPt100-x nanoparticles of different compositions (x = 63, 58, 54, 42, 15, and 0) were prepared and loaded onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode where their catalytic activities in the electroreduction of oxygen were examined and compared. Cyclic and rotating disk voltammetric studies of the resulting FexPt100-x/GC electrodes showed that the catalytic activity for oxygen reduction exhibited a peak-shape dependence on the particle composition (x). Among the series of nanocatalysts under study, Fe42Pt58 particles showed the maximum activity for O2 reduction in terms of the reduction overpotential and current density. This was accounted for by the effects of the Fe content on the electronic structures of the Pt active sites and the resulting Pt−O interactions. Kinetic analyses showed that direct four-electron reduction of adsorbed oxygen occurred on these catalyst surfaces. Additionally, the rate constant of O2 reduction increased with increasing Pt content in the alloy particles; yet, at x ≤ 42, the rate con...
Nonstandard Schedules and Young Children’s Behavioral Outcomes Among Working Low-Income Families

This article focuses on how maternal employment in nonstandard schedules at night, on the weekends, or that rotate on a weekly basis influence preschoolers’ behavioral outcomes. Examining low-income working mothers and their children aged 2 – 4 years from the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (N= 206), we find that maternal nonstandard schedules are associated with negative behavioral outcomes for young children. There is some evidence that the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on behavior problems operate indirectly through increased parenting stress. Moderating influences of child gender and family composition are also detected. These findings are consistent with the small number of studies demonstrating the negative effects of nonstandard schedules on children of varying ages.
Health insurance for all children and youth in the United States: a position statement of the Federation of pediatric organizations.

m a i a t d c f A M S P D C FOPO POSITION STATEMENT A ll children and youth in this country deserve health insurance coverage. This nation provides health insurance coverage for every merican 65 years and older through the Medicare program. oreover, our nation has provided universal services for a ariety of sectors such as education, social security, and public afety. We assert that the health of children is essential to our ation’s future and should be viewed in the same way. The ederation of Pediatric Organizations (FOPO), which repesents the voice of 7 of the leading national organizations ithin the pediatric community, believes our nation’s children nd youth deserve the same guarantee of health insurance overage. Health insurance for our nation’s children and youth lso must be adequate to meet the health care needs of all hildren. These needs include preventive and developmental ervices; acute, emergency, specialty, and inpatient care; comrehensive services for children with special health care needs; ental care; and mental health care. Studies by FOPO memers have demonstrated that inadequate health insurance in ny of these essential areas of child health care results in poor ealth outcomes and preventable morbidity that can extend nto adulthood. Studies have also shown that adequate health nsurance improves the health and quality of life of children, elping to prepare them for productive lives. Health insurance for children is far less expensive than s health insurance for adults. It is economically feasible and ound public policy to provide health insurance to all children. he FOPO calls upon the members of the United States
Optical scanner using a MEMS actuator

Abstract Optical scanners have numerous applications from bar code readers and laser printers in industry to corneal resurfacing and optical coherence tomography in medicine. We have developed an optical scanner fabricated using photolithography on a polyimide substrate. This scanner uses an electrostatic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) actuator to tilt a gold-coated mirror resting on 3 μm thick polyimide torsion hinges to steer an optical beam. The linear actuator used is the integrated force array (IFA), a network of hundreds of thousands of deformable capacitors, which electrostatically contract with an applied differential voltage. IFAs are 2.2 μm thick patterned, metallized polyimide films 1 cm long and either 1 or 3 mm wide depending on the application. The mirror support structures were modeled using one-dimensional beam theory and ANSYS finite element analysis and then fabricated using a three-layer process with polyimide and gold on silicon wafers. Side scanning structures have been fabricated with tables 1.125 or 2.25 mm wide. The completed devices were coated with a 500 A thick conformal coating of parylene for protection from the environment. These devices have demonstrated optical scan angles up to 146° for applied voltages up to ±50 V. These devices were also used to steer a laser beam in a prototype bar code reader to demonstrate functionality.
A study of radiotherapy modalities combined with continuous 5-FU infusion for locally advanced gastrointestinal malignancies

Abstract Aim. We describe the feasibility of combining infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). Methods. Patients with surgically resectable locally advanced gastrointestinal cancers were treated concurrently during surgery with IORT and a 72 h infusion of 5-FU. Patients without previous external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) were subsequently treated with EBRT (40–50 Gy) concurrent with a 21-day continuous infusion of 5-FU. Pancreatic, gastric, duodenal, ampullary, recurrent colorectal, and recurrent anal cancer were included. Results. During IORT/5-FU, no chemotherapy-related grade III or IV hematologic or gastrointestinal toxicity was noted. Post-surgical recovery or wound healing was not affected. One of nine patients who received post-operative radiation required a treatment break. During follow-up, there were more complications in patients with pelvic tumours, especially those with previous radiation. Nine patients have had local and/or local regional recurrences, two of these in the IORT field. Conclusions. Treatment with a combination of IORT and 5-FU followed by EBRT and 5-FU is feasible. However, long-term complications may be increased in previously irradiated recurrent pelvic tumours.
Isolation of Herpes-T virus from a spontaneous disease in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Herpes-T virus was isolated from 2 of 4 clinically ill squirrel monkeys. The clinical manifestations of the disease in the monkeys was characterized by oral and labial lesions. From one of two animals sacrificed for histopathological examination, Herpes-T virus was isolated from the tongue and salivary gland. Herpes-T was isolated from the oral swab of one of the two live monkeys on the day of arrival in our laboratory and again on the 4th day. The anal swabs collected from both these monkeys failed to yield virus. The sera of these monkeys collected on the day of arrival showed a neutralization index (NI) of 1.0 and 1.5 against Herpes-T virus. The convalescent sera, collected two weeks later, showed a NI of 3.5 and 4.0 respectively for the same virus. Clear plaques ranging in size from 2 to 3 mm were produced in chick fibroblast and rabbit kidney primary monolayers. This is the first report of the isolation of Herpes-T virus from naturally infected squirrel monkeys. This data further supports that the squirrel monkey is a natural host of Herpes-T virus.
The role of interfacial defects in enhancing the critical current density of YBa2Cu3O7−δ coatings

The critical current density (Jc) of very thin YBa2Cu3O7?? (YBCO) films can approach 10?MA?cm?2 at 77?K in self-field, but for such films Jc drops sharply as the film thickness is increased. We have shown previously that this strong thickness dependence results from an enhancement of Jc near the film?substrate interface. In the present paper we investigate interfacial enhancement using laser-deposited YBCO films on NdGaO3 substrates, and find that we can adjust deposition conditions to switch the enhancement on and off. We find that the 'on' state is accompanied by a dense array of interfacial misfit dislocations, while we do not observe dislocations in films prepared in the 'off' state. This result appears to be but one of many examples in which interfacial properties of electronic film materials are profoundly affected by stress-induced defects at the film?substrate interface; however, to our knowledge the present work is the only case in which electronic properties are shown to be enhanced by such defects.
Saccharin aversion acquired during unilateral spreading depression

During unilateral cortical spreading depression (CSD), rats were given the chance to associate the flavor of saccharin (5%) with the sickness produced by intraperitoneal injection of LiCl (100 mg/kg). When offered a choice between saccharin and water on the next day, the animals preferred water when tested with the trained (67%) or untrained (73%) hemisphere. Controls receiving no LiCl displayed saccharin preference (80%). Like the pain motivated passive avoidance, saccharin aversion cannot be lateralized by the functional split-brain technique.
The First 2012 Presidential Campaign Debate: The Decline of Reason in Presidential Debates

Conventional wisdom declared Mitt Romney the decisive winner of the first 2012 presidential debate, creating a momentum that appeared at the time could possibly allow Romney to capture the presidency. This shift in the campaign narrative occurred despite the fact that President Obama committed no obvious gaffes and, based on a careful argumentative analysis, Obama was the superior debater in terms of making strong claims, citing evidence, and responding to arguments of the other side. Public response to this debate indicates a change in how audiences process presidential debates away from a focus on content of the arguments toward a greater focus on debates as political theater. Given the important function presidential debates serve in educating voters, this shift in audience focus is unfortunate.
Application of single immunoaffinity clean-up for simultaneous determination of regulated mycotoxins in cereals and nuts.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive analytical strategy for the simultaneous determination of twelve mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenon, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxins) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) was developed and validated. The method was validated for peanuts, barley and maize-breakfast cereals; selected as they represent the matrices most often contaminated by mycotoxins. The method is designed for fast and reliable analyses of mycotoxins in regulatory, industrial and private laboratories. Multi-target immunoaffinity columns containing antibodies for all mycotoxins studied herein were used for sample clean-up. Method optimization was predominantly focused on the simplification of extraction and clean-up procedure recommended by column producers. This newly developed and simplified procedure decreased both the sample preparation time and the solvent volumes used for their processing. The analysis of all regulated mycotoxins was conducted by a newly developed UHPLC–MS/MS method with a sample run time of only ten minutes. The method trueness was tested with analytical spikes and certified reference materials, with recoveries ranging from 71% to 112% for all of the examined mycotoxins.
Modelling survival data with a cured fraction using frailty models

Cure models have historically been utilized to analyse time-to-event data with a cured fraction. We consider the use of frailty models as an alternative approach to modelling such data. An attractive feature of the models is the allowance for heterogeneity in risk among those individuals experiencing the event of interest in addition to the incorporation of a cured component. Utilizing maximum likelihood techniques, we fit models to data concerning the recurrence of leukaemia among patients receiving autologous transplantation treatment. The analysis suggests that the gamma frailty mixture model and the compound Poisson improve on the fit of the leukaemia data as compared to the standard cure model.
Quantitative Studies on the Evolution of the Polysilicon/Silicon Interfacial Oxide Upon Annealing

Polysilicon/silicon interfacial oxides are shown by cross-sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy studies to agglomerate upon annealing. In addition to presenting highlights of microscopy results, we report on electrical characterization data obtained from Cross-Bridge Kelvin Resistors. Resistor data not only support a model for agglomeration proven on microscopy data, but also allow for a quantitative macroscopic understanding of the agglomeration of polysilicon/silicon interfacial oxides over a wide range of times and temperatures.
Procaine Penicillin and Sulfonamide Antagonism

One and one-half million units (0.62 Gm.) of procaine penicillin were administered intramuscularly to each of 36 normal male adults. Three hours later samples of blood were collected and immediately analyzed for penicillin content and for procaine or its derivatives. It was found that a major portion of the procaine was converted to N-acetyl procaine. In seven instances out of 36 blood samples analyzed, low concentrations of p-aminobenzoic acid were detected. These results indicate that procaine penicillin may be administered with sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, and sulfapyridine, but may be antagonistic toward sulfanilamide.
Observer influence on automated open field activity

Abstract An automated open field is described which is sensitive to the presence and activity of small animals (mouse — guinea pig). Each of 36 independently suspended squares of the field adjusts to various weights, and counts square-by-square any ambulatory activity. Data are not affected by grooming or other kinds of nonambulatory behavior — a weakness of several electronic sensing devices currently used to detect ambulatory activity. Tests comparing stocks of wild and domestic Rattus norvegicus demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of the recording mechanism and showed that the presence of a human observer inhibits ambulation.
Cotyledonary responses to maternal selenium and dietary restriction may influence alterations in fetal weight and fetal liver glycogen in sheep

To examine the effects of maternal supranutritional selenium (Se) and nutrient restriction during mid and late gestation on placental characteristics and fetal liver glycogen, ewes received either adequate Se (ASe) or high Se (HSe) prior to breeding. On d 64 of gestation, ASe and HSe ewes remained at 100% of requirements (controls; CON) or were restricted (RES; 60% of requirements). On d 135 of gestation, fetal weight (P ≤ 0.08) was greatest in both HSe and CON ewes. Placentome number, mass, and caruncular and cotyledonary weight were not different (P ≥ 0.17) among treatments. Fetal mass:placental mass ratio was less (P = 0.06) in RES compared to CON ewes. Compared to ASe, HSe exhibited increased (P ≤ 0.08) cellular proliferation and DNA concentration and decreased (P = 0.07) cellular size in cotyledonary tissue. Nutritional restriction decreased (P ≤ 0.08) cotyledonary protein concentration and cellular size. VEGF receptor 1 (Flt) mRNA in cotyledonary tissue was greater in HSe compared with ASe ewes (P = 0.06) and in RES compared with CON ewes (P = 0.08). There was no effect of diet on caruncular growth variables (P ≥ 0.13) or on placental vascularity (P ≥ 0.11). Progesterone was greater (P ≤ 0.08) in ASe–RES ewes compared to all groups at d 90 and ASe–CON and HSe–CON at d 104. Although fetal glucose and cortisol concentrations were not affected by diet, fetal liver glycogen was greater (P = 0.04) in ASe–RES compared to ASe–CON and HSe–RES ewes with HSe–CON being intermediate. Both Se and nutritional plane may impact placental function and fetal growth, as fetal weight and liver glycogen are altered despite similar placental vascularity measurements.
Long-term outcome after venom immunotherapy.

Purpose of reviewThere have been a limited number of studies examining the outcome after discontinuing venom immunotherapy (VIT), all of which showed continued protection in the great majority of patients. Several different criteria have been proposed to select patients to stop treatment based on im
Spalled, Aerodynamically Modified Moldavite from Slavice, Moravia, Czechoslovakia.

A Czechoslovakian tektite or moldavite shows clear, indirect evidence of aerodynamic ablation. This large tektite has the shape of a teartdrop, with a strongly convex, deeply corroded, but clearly identifiable front and a planoconvex,- relatively . smooth, posterior surface. In spite of much erosion and corrosion, demarcation of the posterior and the anterior part of the specimen (the keel) is clearly preserved locally. This specimen provides the first tangible evidence that moldavites entered the atmosphere cold, probably at a velocity exceeding 5 kilometers per second; the restult was selective heating of the anterior face and perhaps ablation during the second melting. This provides evidence of the extraterrestial origin of moldavites.
Native plant regeneration and introduction of non-natives following post-fire rehabilitation with straw mulch and barley seeding.

Abstract To reduce soil erosion after fires, forest managers commonly employ rehabilitation treatments, including application of grass seed or mulching with straw. In 1999 the Megram fire burned 24,000 ha of mixed conifer/tanoak forest in northern California, USA. In the subsequent year, some areas were aerially seeded with barley and others were mulched with rice straw; some areas received both treatments. We investigated how these treatments affected these aspects of ecological recovery: (a) the introduction of non-native plants, (b) percent vegetative cover, (c) the diversity and density of regenerating native plants, and (d) the density and frequency of conifer seedlings. We found that mulched quadrats had a significantly higher occurrence of non-native species than untreated quadrats did. In addition, we found little evidence that mulching or mulching+seeding facilitated recovery of the native plant community. Percent vegetative cover was no higher in treated quadrats than in untreated quadrats. While annuals were present in significantly higher densities in the mulched+seeded quadrats compared to the other treatments, perennial density and overall plant density were not affected by treatment. Mulching and mulching+seeding significantly reduced the density and frequency of conifer seedlings. While we found similar native species richness on a per-quadrat basis for all three treatments, the cumulative number of native species in untreated quadrats taken as a whole exceeded the numbers found in mulched-only and mulched+seeded quadrats. We recommend that managers take steps to assure that mulch is free of non-native seed, and that further efforts be made to investigate systematically aspects of ecological recovery after the application of rehabilitation treatments.
Architectural framework for supporting operating system survivability

The ever increasing size and complexity of Operating System (OS) kernel code bring an inevitable increase in the number of security vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers. A successful security attack on the kernel has a profound impact that may affect all processes running on it. In this paper we propose an architectural framework that provides survivability to the OS kernel, i.e. able to keep normal system operation despite security faults. It consists of three components that work together: (1) security attack detection, (2) security fault isolation, and (3) a recovery mechanism that resumes normal system operation. Through simple but carefully-designed architecture support, we provide OS kernel survivability with low performance overheads (< 5% for kernel intensive benchmarks). When tested with real world security attacks, our survivability mechanism automatically prevents the security faults from corrupting the kernel state or affecting other processes, recovers the kernel state and resumes execution.
The Story of Case v. Los Angeles Lumber Products: Old Equity Holders and the Reorganized Corporation

Case v. Los Angeles Lumber occupies a central role in the development of the American law of corporate reorganizations. Justice Douglas's opinion for the Supreme Court adopted the absolute priority rule as the touchstone against which all plans of reorganization would be measured. Even with overwhelming support by the bond holders - the only creditors whose interests were being lessened by the proposed plan in Los Angeles Lumber, the former shareholders could not participate in the reorganized company without making a fresh capital contribution. While the conditions necessary to invoke the absolute priority rule have evolved over time, the rule itself forms the bedrock of modern Chapter 11. The holding of Los Angeles Lumber thus remains relatively intact. But the subsequent history of the business of Los Angeles Lumber calls into question many of the assumptions on which modern reorganization law rests. Chapter 11 is designed as a forum where the owners of a company can reach an agreement so as to preserve a corporation's going-concern value. Los Angeles Lumber confirmed a plan of reorganization on remand from the Supreme Court. The plan adhered to the newly announced absolute priority rule. The company, however, did not flourish. In the end, it simply lacked going concern value. Despite a boom in the ship building business, Los Angeles Lumber could not operate effectively and was taken over by the federal government. The judicially supervised reorganization in the end brought no benefit to the investors in Los Angeles Lumber.
Reconstructing Rawls's Law of Peoples

In his recent article “The Law of Peoples,” John Rawls attempts to develop a theory of international justice. Paden contrasts “The Law of Peoples” with Rawls's “A Theory of Justice,” reconstructing Rawls's new theory to be more consistent with the earlier work. Paden finds Rawls's new theory inadequate in its response to communitarian criticisms, those that advocate a different theory of good than that of liberal societies. Paden goes back to “A Theory of Justice” to state that all societies seek one good, that is, the protection of their just institutions. In so doing, he provides a more expansive view of the interests of societies, which, he argues, is more consistent with “A Theory of Justice” than “The Law of Peoples,” yet avoids the flaws identified in the original argument.