cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silylations of H-ZSM-5. A TGA Study

Reactions of dimethylsilane (DMS) and trimethylsilane (TMS) with H-ZSM-5 samples having Si/Al ratios of 22 to 50,000 were shown to be fully quantitative. According to these results strong acid sites of the type Si-OH…Al react with the silylating agents whereas terminal silanols Si-OH are inert. It was furthermore demonstrated that the large trimethylsilane molecule is easily sorbed by ZSM-5. The sorption is very rapid in the case of nearly Al-free large particle ZSM-5 but the diffusion rate of the bulky reactant into Al containing ZSM-5 is limited. The silylated products appear to be rather unstable because the newly formed Si-O-Si bonds are easily hydrolyzed. Possible ways to stabilize this bond have been investigated.
Many-Body Theory of Molecular Collisions

Fundamental aspects of chemical reactivity have been actively studied in recent years in terms of molecular motions on given potential energy surfaces /1/. These surfaces are obtained after separation of electronic and nuclear motions has been accomplished within the adiabatic approximation. The separation of electronic and nuclear portions of the problem has proved fruitful from the computational point of view, but has prevented a deeper understanding of chemical bonding in a reactive process. The molecular-orbital or valence-bond (VB) methods employed in reactive problems are the same ones used to describe stable chemical species. In this contribution we want to discuss some of the conceptual understanding that may be extracted from a simultaneous treatment of both electronic and nuclear motions in reactive molecular collisions.
Toward the prediction of pore volumes and freeze-thaw performance of concrete using thermodynamic modelling

Abstract Many properties of concrete are related to its pore volume and pore structure. This paper describes an approach to predict gel and capillary pore volumes and other hardened properties of pastes using the pore partitioning model, and scaling these calculated properties to concrete by including entrained and entrapped air and aggregates. This paper focuses on illustrating how parameters that can be used for determining the freeze-thaw performance can be computed using a critical saturation model. Specifically, the degree of saturation and formation factor of the concrete are predicted when the matrix pores are saturated. Based on the model simulations, the secondary rate of sorption can be estimated using the formation factor to predict the potential for reaching a critical degree of saturation which is a measure of concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw damage. This approach allows for the evaluation of the performance of concrete mixtures with a wide variety of binder compositions and mixture proportions. The model predicts the saturated formation factor with a maximum error of 13% and the matrix saturation with a maximum error of 7%. The model can also be used to provide insight into the amount of entrained air needed for a given replacement and reactivity of binder.
Newborns and preterm infants at term equivalent age: A semi-quantitative assessment of cerebral maturity

Abstract Background and purpose Currently available MRI scoring systems of cerebral maturation in term and preterm infant at term equivalent age do not include the changes of transient fetal compartments that persist to term age. We studied the visibility and the pattern of these structures in healthy term newborns compared to preterm infants at term equivalent age in order to investigate if they can be included in a new MRI score system. We hypothesized that transient fetal compartments are different in both groups, and that these differences can be characterized using the clinical T2-weighted MRIs. Materials and methods Using 3T MRI T2-weighted brain sequences of 21 full-term and 41 preterm infants ( Results Cumulative maturity score distinguished full-term from preterm infants (mean score 41/60 ± 1.4 versus 37/60 ± 2.5 points, p Conclusion Brain transient fetal structures can be assessed on regular T2-weighted MRI in newborns. Their appearance differs between term and preterm babies. However our results suggest a more complex situation, with both delayed and accelerated maturation pattern in preterm infants. It remains to be determined if these differences could be biomarkers of the future neurodevelopment of preterm infants.
Connection Between Information Theory and Electromagnetics

As has been stated by Ivrlac and Nossek [1]–[3], Electromagnetic field theory provides the physics of radio communications, while information theory approaches the problem from a purely mathematical point of view. While there is a law of conservation of energy in physics, there is no such law in information theory. Consequently, when, in information theory, reference is made (as it frequently is) to terms like energy, power, noise, or antennas, it is by no means guaranteed that their use is consistent with the physics of the communication system. Information theory serves well as the mathematical theory of communication. However, it contains no provision that makes sure its theorems are consistent with the physical laws that govern any existing realization of a communication system.
Impact of left ventricular ejection fraction on the outcomes of open repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms.

Abstract Objective To discern the impact of depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on the outcomes of open descending thoracic aneurysm (DTA) and thoracoabdominal aneurysms (TAAA) repair. Methods Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to identify a threshold of LVEF, which corresponded to an increase in operative mortality and major adverse events (MAE: operative death, myocardial infarction, stroke, spinal cord injury, need for tracheostomy or dialysis). Logistic and Cox regression were performed to identify independent predictors of MAE, operative mortality, and survival. Results DTA/TAAA repair was performed in 833 patients between 1997 and 2018. Restricted cubic spline analysis showed that patients with LVEF Conclusions LVEF is not an independent predictor of adverse events in surgery for DTA.
Hinterfragung des Partnerschaftsansatzes in der internationalen Migrationszusammenarbeit

Seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre setzt die internationale Migrationspolitik verstarkt auf den „Partnerschaftsansatz“, um eine engere – und vor allem starker auf Gleichberechtigung beruhende – Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiet der Migration zwischen Ziel- und Herkunfts- und Transitlandern zu erreichen. Die jungsten Migrationsbewegungen nach Europa haben das Interesse an der Rolle von Partnerschaften bei der Steuerung der Migration wieder geweckt, und zwar nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil die chaotischen Ereignisse von 2015 und 2016 verdeutlicht haben, wie wichtig Grenzen und gute Beziehungen zu wichtigen Transitlandern sind. In diesem Kapitel wird die Entwicklung des Partnerschaftsansatzes in der internationalen Migrationszusammenarbeit untersucht und der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich die Verhandlungsstrategien und -ziele im Laufe der Zeit entwickelt haben. Anhand von Beispielen aus der europaischen Nachbarschaft und Nord- und Mittelamerika werden die Starken und Grenzen neuerer Ansatze diskutiert und daraus Lehren fur kunftige Partnerschaften gezogen.
Remember the Indigent: The View from Outside the Tower

In today's day and age, less and less lawyers are offering pro bono legal aid to the indigent. This article is call to all lawyers that the indigent need help more than ever.
Concurrent diabetic ketoacidosis with hyperosmolality and/or severe hyperglycemia in youth with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction Prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) complicated by severe hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality and its outcomes in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are not well-described. Our aim is to determine the frequency and clinical outcomes of isolated DKA, DKA with severe hyperglycaemia (DKA + SHG) and DKA with hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality (DKA + HH) in youth with T2DM admitted for acute hyperglycaemic crisis. Methods Through retrospective medical record review, patients with T2DM were identified and categorized into isolated DKA, DKA + SHG (DKA + glucose ≥33.3 mmol/L) and DKA + HH (DKA + glucose ≥33.3 mmol/L + osmolality ≥320 mmol/kg). Results Forty-eight admissions in 43 patients ages 9-18 were included: 28 (58%) had isolated DKA, six (13%) had DKA + SHG and 14 (29%) had DKA + HH. Subgroups' demographics and medical history were similar. Seventeen patients (35%) had acute kidney injury (AKI). Odds of AKI were higher in DKA + SHG and DKA + HH relative to isolated DKA (P = .015 and .002 respectively). Frequency of altered mental status (AMS) was similar among groups. Three patients (6%) had concurrent soft-tissue infections at presentation with no differences among subgroup. Three patients (6%) had other medical complications. These occurred only in patients with AKI and DKA + SHG or AKI and DKA + HH. Conclusions In youth with T2DM, severe hyperglycaemia ± hyperosmolality frequently complicates DKA. Youth with DKA and features of hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome, including isolated severe hyperglycaemia, have increased odds of AKI.
Lost Touch? Implications of Physical Touch for Physical Health.

Objectives Growing research on the impact of physical touch on health has revealed links to lower blood pressure, higher oxytocin levels, and better sleep, but links to inflammation have not been fully explored. Physical touch may also buffer stress, underscoring its importance during the stressful time of living in the COVID-19 global pandemic - a time that has substantially limited social interactions and during which physical touch has been specifically advised against. Methods We analyze nationally representative longitudinal data on older adults (N=1124) from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project using cross-lagged path models. Results More frequent physical touch is significantly related to a lower likelihood of subsequent elevated inflammation. Discussion These findings highlight the importance of finding safe ways to incorporate physical touch, even in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Energy-Constrained Standby-Sparing for Weakly Hard Real-Time Systems

For real-time embedded systems, QoS (Quality of Service), fault tolerance, and energy budget constraint are among the primary design concerns. In this research, we investigate the problem of energy constrained standby-sparing for weakly hard real-time systems. The standby-sparing systems adopt a primary processor and a spare processor to provide fault tolerance for both permanent and transient faults. With the purpose of ensuring the feasibility of such kind of systems, we firstly present two novel scheduling schemes for the standby-sparing systems with tighter energy budget constraint than the traditional ones. Then based on them a hybrid approach is proposed to achieve better performance. The evaluation results demonstrated that the proposed techniques significantly outperformed the existing state of the art approaches in terms of feasibility and system performance while ensuring QoS and fault tolerance under given energy budget constraint.
What Predicts the Use of Blended Sentences Among Eligible Juveniles? A State-Wide Examination:

In response to critiques of traditional juvenile justice processing and waiver to adult court, several states have adopted blended sentencing. These sentences fall in between these two approaches a...
LASSI's great adventure: A meta-analysis of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory and academic outcomes

Abstract There have been considerable efforts to describe, examine, and foster the strategies students use while learning. Defined as thoughts, behaviors, beliefs, or emotions that facilitate knowledge acquisition, learning strategies play an essential role in students’ achievement. This study reports on a random-effects meta-analysis of 158 studies (2,897 effect sizes; N = 71,852 students) on relationships between learning and study strategies, as measured by ten subscales of an established and prevalent instrument, the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI; Weinstein et al., 1987, 2004, 2016), and academic outcomes measured as GPA/grades, test scores, and persistence. Results indicated that motivation strategies had the highest positive correlations with GPA and persistence outcomes. For test scores, test taking strategies, anxiety, and selecting main ideas were the strongest positive correlates. Associations between LASSI subscales and outcomes were moderated by age, indicating lower correlations among students in postsecondary contexts compared to K-12 settings. Implications for research and practice regarding the role of strategic learning are discussed.
Reviewers on Reviewing for Psychological, Health and Medical Journals.

Being a reviewer is an honor and it continues to be a very rewarding experience throughout a career. Reviewers get the opportunity to maintain scientific standards and assist in growing the scientific psychological literature. Being a reviewer enhances and integrates scientific values and clinical skills following the scientist-practitioner model. However, for the inexperienced reviewer, the experience can be very scary and intimidating. Everyone’s experience with reviewing is highly personal and at the same time, the activity is both common and universal for academic psychologists. In this interview article, three seasoned reviewers respond to questions about their experience as journal reviewers reflecting in their answers their collective wisdom and knowledge in this area.
The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster : I. Morphogenesis of the female genital disc.

The morphology of the evaginating female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was examined at different stages of metamorphosis. The observations show that the internal genital organs are derived from the anterior half of the disc and that their morphogenesis is mainly a protrusion of the different primordial areas of the disc epithelium. The external genital and anal derivatives originate from the posterior half of the disc, which undergoes complex rearrangements during metamorphosis. The disc opens along the posterior margin and the dorsal and ventral epithelia evert and thereby completely reverse their anteroposterior orientation. Dramatic elongation has been observed during the formation of the seminal receptacle. The cells of the repressed male genital primordium do not form any recognizable structures and are assumed to be eliminated during metamorphosis.
Worldwide Space Launch Vehicles and Their Mainstage Liquid Rocket Propulsion

Space launch vehicle begins with a basic propulsion stage, and serves as a missile or small launch vehicle; many are traceable to the 1945 German A-4. Increasing stage size, and increasingly energetic propulsion allows for heavier payloads and greater. Earth to Orbit lift capability. Liquid rocket propulsion began with use of storable (UDMH/N2O4) and evolved to high performing cryogenics (LOX/RP, and LOX/LH). Growth versions of SLV's rely on strap-on propulsive stages of either solid propellants or liquid propellants.
Background and rationale for the Society of Behavioral Medicine's position statement: expand United States health plan coverage for diabetes self-management education and support.

The Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) recognizes that diabetes self-management (DSM) education and support are fundamental to teaching people how to manage their diabetes and decrease disease-related complications. Implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provides an opportunity to expand DSM education and support to many people who are currently excluded from such services due to lack of insurance coverage, current policy barriers, or simple failure of healthcare systems to provide them. Extending the range and provision of such services could translate into reduced diabetic complications, a reduction in unnecessary healthcare utilization, and significant health-related cost savings on a national level. SBM recommends that public and private insurers be required to reimburse for 12 h of DSM education and support annually for anyone with diabetes. Further, SBM recognizes that a range of modes and providers of DSM education and support have been shown effective, and that patient preferences and resources may influence choice. To address this, SBM urges health organizations to increase and diversify approaches toward DSM education and support they offer.
28 – Subpopulation Brain Atlases

This chapter describes a mathematical framework to create population-based brain atlases. This emerging field of medical imaging is already uncovering fundamental features of brain structure and function in health and disease. Brain data are so complex and variable that it is essential to rely on brain atlases, templates, and anatomical models in large-scale investigations. Deformable and probabilistic atlases can warehouse population-based data in a common three-dimensional reference frame. They capture anatomic variability using a variety of mathematical approaches. The interest in cortical anatomy, in particular, has motivated specialized approaches to analyze its structure. Dynamic and genetic brain maps, among other new techniques, are beginning to reveal how the brain develops, how diseases progress, and how genes affect complex patterns of brain structure. A key advantage of a population-based brain atlas is that it can be stratified, according to genetic, demographic, or therapeutic criteria, to reflect a more constrained subset of the population. Differences in a diseased population, or one with known genetic risk, can be visualized by reference to a normative standard. Normative atlases based on young normals can store a rich variety of structural and functional data.
Taking Science Where the Diarrhoea Is

Diarrhea is the major single killer in the developing world. An invariable accompaniment of chronic protein-energy malnutrtion (PEM) diarrhea is itself an acute form of malnutrition -- fluid-electrolyte malnutrition (FEM). Scientific attention to FEM has concentrated on mechanisms of pathogenesis and disordered physiology frequently to the neglect of preventive and effective control measures. 1 exception was the giant step from the short-circuit chamber to the cholera ward which carried the science of coupled transport to the field. Glucose-electrolyte solutions provide effective prevention and treatment of dehydration. Where combined with early proper feeding the glucose-electrolyte solutions are responsible for an interruption of the FEM-PEM cycle. Advances in laboratory disease models should be scrutinized for useful applications: 1) studies of toxin mechanisms transport processes and biochemical binding phenomena are directed at inhibiting or reversing the underlying transport aberrations in the gut; 2) the immunology of causative agents may clarify key epidemiological features of diarrhea and provide foundations for effective immune prophylaxis; 3) internal and environmental ecology are primary factors underlying a complex series of interacting determinants often loosely gathered under the rubrics of nutrition and sanitation; 4) behavioral patterns beliefs weaning practices and other socioeconomic factors are prime elements of the FEM problem; and 5) formal and traditional communication and health delivery systems need to be better understood and creatively used if science is ever to find the route to where the diarrhea is.
Basic Data Structures — I. Arrays

This is the first of three chapters dealing with structured data types. This chapter introduces the “array” structure, which is used for referring to many items of data, all of the same , under the same .
Entropy Theory and RAS are Friends

May 1999 Presented at the Second Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis Recent research in applications of entropy theory to matrix balancing problems in eco-nomics has put powerful new tools in the hands of data base developers, but overshadowed some previous findings. We recall earlier findings that the RAS is an entropy-theoretic model. Investigating the properties of a more recently proposed entropy-theoretic model, we find that in general the RAS remains preferable. We show further that the RAS can be obtained also as a generalised cross-entropy model. Finally, we present examples illus-trating how entropy-theoretic techniques can extend the RAS to handle a wider range of problems.
Physics-based compact model for circuit simulations of 2-dimensional semiconductor devices

Anticipating a push towards circuit applications of field-effect transistors (FETs) with two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors like MoS 2 , there is a growing need to evaluate such devices at a circuit level. However, early 2D FET models have been either too idealistic [1,2] or did not address circuit simulation [3]. Here we describe the first SPICE-compatible compact model for realistic simulation of 2D FETs in circuits. The semi-classical model has been developed in Verilog-A and an initial version is available online [4]. In addition to physical rigor, the model has been extensively calibrated against state-of-the-art experimental devices both from our lab and the published literature.
Dynamic, Adaptive Workflows for Mesoscale Meteorology

The Linked Environments for Atmospheric Discovery (LEAD) [122] is a National Science Foundation funded1 project to change the paradigm for mesoscale weather prediction from one of static, fixed-schedule computational forecasts to one that is adaptive and driven by weather events. It is a collaboration of eight institutions,2 led by Kelvin Droegemeier of the University of Oklahoma, with the goal of enabling far more accurate and timely predictions of tornadoes and hurricanes than previously considered possible. The traditional approach to weather prediction is a four-phase activity. In the first phase, data from sensors are collected. The sensors include ground instruments such as humidity and temperature detectors, and lightning strike detectors and atmospheric measurements taken from balloons, commercial aircraft, radars, and satellites. The second phase is data assimilation, in which the gathered data are merged together into a set of consistent initial and boundary conditions for a large simulation. The third phase is the weather prediction, which applies numerical equations to measured conditions in order to project future weather conditions. The final phase is the generation of visual images of the processed data products that are analyzed to make predictions. Each phase of activity is performed by one or more application components.
Ect2 links the PKCι–Par6α complex to Rac1 activation and cellular transformation

Protein kinase Ciota (PKCiota) promotes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by binding to Par6alpha and activating a Rac1-Pak-Mek1,2-Erk1,2 signaling cascade. The mechanism by which the PKCiota-Par6alpha complex regulates Rac1 is unknown. Here we show that epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho family GTPases, is coordinately amplified and overexpressed with PKCiota in NSCLC tumors. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Ect2 inhibits Rac1 activity and blocks transformed growth, invasion and tumorigenicity of NSCLC cells. Expression of constitutively active Rac1 (RacV12) restores transformation to Ect2-deficient cells. Interestingly, the role of Ect2 in transformation is distinct from its well-established role in cytokinesis. In NSCLC cells, Ect2 is mislocalized to the cytoplasm where it binds the PKCiota-Par6alpha complex. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of either PKCiota or Par6alpha causes Ect2 to redistribute to the nucleus, indicating that the PKCiota-Par6alpha complex regulates the cytoplasmic localization of Ect2. Our data indicate that Ect2 and PKCiota are genetically and functionally linked in NSCLC, acting to coordinately drive tumor cell proliferation and invasion through formation of an oncogenic PKCiota-Par6alpha-Ect2 complex.
Adaptive immune responses to infection and opportunities for vaccine development (Anaplasmataceae).

The critical interface between the host immune system and the pathogen in large part determines the outcome of an infection. In this chapter, the author presents a discussion on immunity to enable the readers understand how a pathogen is able to establish infection and how the immune system is able to control or clear infection. The adaptive immune response is of particular interest because under the appropriate conditions it can lead to long-lasting, pathogen-specific immunity, which is the basis for vaccine development. One of the challenges when considering Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, and Wolbachia is the extent and variety of ways in which many of these organisms modulate the host immune response. A. phagocytophilum and A. marginale modulate the host immune response, though in a somewhat different fashion. Importantly, most animals that survive acute disease are able to control but not clear the infection. In a study conducted, both immunized and infected animals had comparable antibody repertoires to major surface protein 2 (MSP2) in terms of breadth of response and titer. Among the immunized animals, there was no association between either breadth or magnitude of the anti-MSP2 response and either complete protection from infection or control of bacteremia. Together, these data argue that protection afforded with the outer membrane vaccine is due to immune responses directed at outer membrane proteins (OMPs) other than the immunodominant and antigenically variable MSP2. Virulence factors are targets for some of the most effective vaccines currently in use.
A PHASE FLUID MODEL: DERIVATION AND NEW INTERFACE RELATION

We develop a very general model of phase boundaries in which the fluid properties play a role. The variables pressure, fluid velocity and specific volume are considered in conjunction with temperature and order parameter using the phase field approach. Upon making some choices and approximations one obtains a system of parabolic differential equations. An asymptotic analysis leads to a new interface relation (generalizing Gibbs-Thomson) which indicates that the front velocity in the kinetic undercooling term should be replaced by the front velocity minus the normal fluid velocity. The temperature term involves a quadratic term due to thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility terms.
Power versus SNR equalization: a comparison

In this paper a theory is advanced to describe power and SNR approaches to end-to-end gain equalization for a chain of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Closed-form expressions are provided which relate the maximum allowed number of amplifiers to the major system parameters and individual amplifier performance. We are able to directly compare the maximum transmission distance allowed by power and SNR equalization schemes. Results indicate a potential 3-7 fold increase in transmission distance achieved with power equalization relative to SNR equalization. The relative merit of the former scheme is dependent upon the individual amplifier gain imbalance and the number of channels.
A Re-Evaluation of Machine-Generated Abstracts

Twenty-five subjects were divided into five matched groups and each group was given a different type of lexical indicator of content. The purpose was to determine their ability to answer a 72-question criterion test and determine the relevance of the documents furnished relative to that task.The results indicated that there were no major differences between the five groups in their ability to select relevant documents. The group utilizing complete text material, however, obtained a significantly higher score on the examination.
Identification of motor neurons for accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration, pectoralis, trapezius and external oblique: comparison with non-respiratory skeletal muscle.

The motor neurons for the accessory muscles of respiration, pectoralis, trapezius, external oblique, and the rectus abdominis were studied in the spinal cord. The objective was to determine if the localization and morphology of the motor neurons for these muscles bear any distinct relationship to the specialized function of these muscles, serving both as supportive skeletal muscles and as accessory respiratory muscles. In addition, it was of interest to know if the inspiratory role of the pectoralis and trapezius muscles and the expiratory role of the external oblique and rectus abdominis are related to the spatial organization of the motor neurons; this knowledge may be important in the discrimination of influences from afferent connections. The motor neurons for these muscles were retrogradely labeled with true blue and were compared with the triceps motor neurons. All neurons occurred ipsilateral and most labeling occurred in C6–7. The motor neurons for the accessory muscles were mainly confined to the ventrolateral tip of the ventral gray matter. The triceps neurons were dorsolateral to the respiratory related neurons in C6–7. Within the confines of the ventrolateral area, the majority of neurons for the pectoralis were localized medial to ventromedial, those for the trapezius were ventrolateral, and those for the external oblique were in the extreme ventrolateral to ventral sections of C7. No neurons were observed in C2 to T2 for the rectus abdominis. A second neuronal column occurred medioventrally in the ventral gray of C4–6 for the trapezius, and is distinct and separated from the C6–7 cell column. The motor neurons for the accessory muscles were oval in shape and of medium size (≈ 35 microns). Those for the triceps were small to large 18–45 microns, elongated in shape with distinctly labeled processes and well defined perimeter. The neurons within each column often occurred in clumps and are probably separated by densely packed dendrites that may cause the insulation of one cellular column from another to achieve discriminatory afferent influences to individual neuronal columns. The localization of the motor neurons for the accessory respiratory muscles in C7 superimposed the localization of a high density of substance P receptors (Charlton and Helke, 1986) that also occurred in the phrenic nucleus. The overlapping of the substance P receptors with the motor neurons for the accessory respiratory muscles is supportive of a role for substance P in respiratory control. Finally, the accesory respiratory muscles were innervated by dorsal root sensory neurons that occurred throughout the cervical segments and the first and second thoracic segments. This was in contrast to the innervation of the triceps by sensory neurons located in just one or two segments from its motor neurons of innervation.
Radial Flow Between Axisymmetric Nonparallel Plates of Small Slope

Ecoulement radial entre deux plaques axisymetriques non paralleles, ce defaut de parallelisme etant faible
Carbon Dioxide in Surface Waters

IN order to elucidate the role of atmosphere–ocean interaction in the geochemical cycle of carbon, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has been measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in surface ocean waters and in the adjacent atmosphere as part of a world-wide survey initiated during the International Geophysical Year. The results of the first two expeditions are reported by Keeling et al.1. This work is continuing under the direction of the senior author.
GLC Determination of Carbamazepine in Plasma

This report describes a GLC assay for carbamazepine in plasma. The procedure involves the selective extraction of carbamazepine from phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin. Carbamazepine is stabilized for quantitation in GLC through the formation of its trimethylsilyl derivative. The sensitivity of the method is sufficient to quantitate blood levels in patients receiving carbamazepine for seizure disorders.
Princeton University's Graduate Program in Religion

gram of Religious Instruction," then becoming in 1946 a department offering a major in religion in the Humanities Division of the undergraduate College, the Department of Religion at Princeton inaugurated in 1955 a plan of study leading to the Ph.D. In the light of the philosophy of education that prevails at Princeon, there was never any basic doubt about offering that degree in religion in the Graduate School. Princeton takes pride in its tradition as a "university college," and seeks the achievement by every faculty member of the ideal of the "teacher-scholar." Every professor spends as much of his time teaching undergraduates as he does in graduate instruction or in specialized research. There is no "graduate faculty" distinct from the faculty of the College. In the long run, we believe, sound and important scholarly productions will be the work of men who are also en-
Sterols in ocean sediments: novel tracers to examine habitats of cetaceans, pinnipeds, penguins and humans

The role of marine mammals in the biogeochemical flux of oceanic carbon is largely unknown. Capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after organic solvent extraction and compound class separation of feces from cetaceans (toothed and baleen whales), pinnipeds and penguins (collected in 1987 from Monterey Bay, off the coast of California or from Sea World, San Diego, California, USA) indicate that the unusual sterol profile in the Antarctic sediments, with epicoprostanol predominating over its isomer, coprostanol, originates from baleen whales (blue and fin whales). The sterol distribution in feces from ballen whales is different from that of other animals studied here and also from anthropogenic sewage (collected in 1987 from wastewater outfalls off the coast of southern California, USA). The data from the current investigation thus provide the first geochemical evidence of a recognizable native mammalian contribution to the flux of carbon in the ocean. The results also illustrate how the marine mammalian contribution can be delineated from human impact around many coastal regions of the globe including Antarctic research stations. The relative distribution of the two isomers in the sediments deposited during preanthropogenic periods could help evaluate the historical migratory routes and habitats of cetaceans, pinnipeds and penguins. The presence of coprostanone in marine mammalian feces, which has also previously been detected in human feces, implies that at least part of the conversion of cholesterol into coprostanol in the intestine of marine mammals occurs via the formation of an intermediate, Δ 4-cholesten-3-one.
The Presidents' Day Snowstorm of 18–19 February 1979: A Subsynoptic-Scale Event

Abstract On 18–19 February 1979 a major east coast cyclone deposited a record-breaking snowfall on the Middle Atlantic States. The storm is noteworthy because of the failure of the operational prediction models to signal the intensity of the event. The life cycle of the cyclone is reviewed with emphasis on the synoptic and mesoscale features and their possible linkage. Prior to cyclogenesis the synoptic pattern features a massive cold anticyclone near the Great Lakes with a broad baroclinic zone extending from Texas eastward to the Atlantic coast. A region of enhanced lower tropospheric baroclinicity develops along the Carolina coastal strip in response to significant oceanic sensible and latent heat fluxes which warm, moisten and destabilize the boundary layer. Cyclogenesis is initiated along the coastal front as the result of lower tropospheric warm advection. The importance of the coastal front is that it effectively steers the cyclone north-northeastward parallel to the coast such that it eventually a...
Correctional Administrators' Perspectives on Gender Arrangements and Family-Related Programming for Women Offenders

Using a social constructionist perspective to guide our research, we combined quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the perspectives of correctional administrators. Specifically, we proposed that how administrators construct gender influences their views of appropriate programming for women offenders, their views of gender specific needs of offenders, and related design of correctional services received for women. Content analysis was used to examine data gathered through a combined mail and phone survey of administrators across the U.S. Administrators' comments reflected four general perspectives: (1) gender irrelevant, (2) gender maintenance, (3) gender issues, and (4) gender challenge. Overall, findings supported criticisms of the degree to which correctional programming ignores women's needs and reinforces traditional gender stereotypes. However, a small proportion of administrators was attempting to empower women and challenge traditional gender arrangements.
40μm Ag-AgIn flip-chip interconnect process at 180°C

40μm silver-silver indium (Ag-AgIn) flip-chip interconnect process at 180°C by transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding process is reported. Array of 50×50 flip-chip joints with 100μm pitch and 40μm joint diameter was fabricated on silicon (Si) and bonded to copper (Cu) substrate at 180°C for 5 minutes with a static pressure of 0.4–0.7MPa (60–100psi). The corresponding load for each joint is 0.05gm. In the bonding, no flux was used. Cross section SEM images show that Ag columns are well bonded to the Cu substrate without visible voids or cracks. EDX data indicate that the resulting column structure is Ag/(Ag)/Ag 2 In/(Ag). Each joint has height approximately 50μm. In this structure, Ag 2 In is a dominating intermetallic compound (IMC) in the Ag-In system with melting temperature of 660°C. (Ag) is a solid solution phase of Ag with In composition up to 20 at. %. It has a solidus temperature range of 695 to 962°C depending on In composition. In long-term operation, (Ag)/Ag 2 In/(Ag) is expected to gradually convert to a single (Ag) phase which is more reliable. Thus, the flip-chip joints will get better in use. The process temperature of this new interconnect method is 80°C below typical reflow temperature of tin-based lead-free solders. The free shear strain of this 50μm Ag-AgIn flipchip interconnect between Si and Cu is around 0.14. This strain value is relatively small for ductile material such as Ag.
Dielectric response of La2CuO4 and EuBa2Cu3O6

Abstract We have measured the dielectric constant, ϵ, in the semiconductors La 2 CuO 4+ x and EuBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x . In both cases the crystals are grown by standard techniques and annealed in inert gases, which leads to a semiconductor with x ≌0, whereas an oxygen anneal produces a superconductor. We have shown earlier that these results are intrinsic to La 2 CuO 4 by measuring the temperature dependence of ϵ at high frequencies. The intrinsic values are ϵ = 23 for the c -axis of both materials, ϵ = 45 in the a-b plane of La 2 CuO 4 , and ϵ = 32 in the a-b plane of EuBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 . The implications of these large dielectric constants for high temperature superconductivity are discussed.
Characteristics of Innovation and Innovation Adoption in Public Organizations: Assessing the Role of Managers

Studies of the association between innovation characteristics and innovation adoption at the level of organization are scarce. This study develops direct and moderating hypotheses for the relationship between innovation characteristics, manager characteristics, and innovation adoption in public organizations. The hypotheses are tested using survey data on the adoption of 25 innovations in 725 local governments in the United States and data from a panel of experts. The findings suggest that both innovation characteristics and manager characteristics influence the adoption of innovation; however, they do not reveal significant moderating effects of manager characteristics on the relationship between innovation characteristics and innovation adoption. The implications of the findings are discussed for further research on innovation adoption in the public sector.
Resin Bonding to Zirconia

The use of zirconia for dental applications has increased substantially over the past decade. This is evident from the wide variety of commercial products available on today's market and the wealth of information in the scientific literature. Its uses range from single-unit crowns and fixed-partial dentures to entire dental implant systems and nanoparticle fillers in composite resins. Zirconia, sometimes described as “ceramic steel,” possesses the ideal properties for dental use: superior strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance, excellent wear properties, and biocompatibility. However, the nonreactive surface of zirconia presents a consistent issue of poor adhesion to other materials (synthetic or tissue). Here, we look at several research manuscripts that describe approaches and pretreatments to increase zirconia surface reactivity for enhanced adhesion with resin cements.
Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene–Oligocene transition

A climate model is used to show that the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet at about 34 Myr ago drove changes in ocean circulation, but the opening of ocean gateways had relatively little impact. Antarctica developed an ice sheet about 34 million years ago, following a period of ice-free conditions known as the 'super-greenhouse' climate. Previous research has suggested that ice sheet growth was driven by either the thermal isolation of Antarctica arising from the opening of ocean gateways or by progressively lower atmospheric CO2 content. Matt Huber and colleagues now use a climate model to show that the growth of the ice sheet — forced by changes in CO2 — drove the changes in ocean circulation. In contrast, the opening of the gateways had relatively little impact on ocean circulation. Two main hypotheses compete to explain global cooling and the abrupt growth of the Antarctic ice sheet across the Eocene–Oligocene transition about 34 million years ago: thermal isolation of Antarctica due to southern ocean gateway opening1,2,3,4, and declining atmospheric CO2 (refs 5, 6). Increases in ocean thermal stratification and circulation in proxies across the Eocene–Oligocene transition have been interpreted as a unique signature of gateway opening2,4, but at present both mechanisms remain possible. Here, using a coupled ocean–atmosphere model, we show that the rise of Antarctic glaciation, rather than altered palaeogeography, is best able to explain the observed oceanographic changes. We find that growth of the Antarctic ice sheet caused enhanced northward transport of Antarctic intermediate water and invigorated the formation of Antarctic bottom water, fundamentally reorganizing ocean circulation. Conversely, gateway openings had much less impact on ocean thermal stratification and circulation. Our results support available evidence that CO2 drawdown—not gateway opening—caused Antarctic ice sheet growth, and further show that these feedbacks in turn altered ocean circulation. The precise timing and rate of glaciation, and thus its impacts on ocean circulation, reflect the balance between potentially positive feedbacks (increases in sea ice extent and enhanced primary productivity) and negative feedbacks (stronger southward heat transport and localized high-latitude warming). The Antarctic ice sheet had a complex, dynamic role in ocean circulation and heat fluxes during its initiation, and these processes are likely to operate in the future.
Shallow input processing does not induce environmental context-dependent recognition

Four experiments examined Smith’s (1986) hypothesis that environmental context (EC)-dependent recognition memory would be greater following shallow processing than following deep processing. All experiments found effects of level of processing manipulations, yet none found evidence of EC-dependent recognition. Experiment 3 included recognition reaction times as well as accuracy levels. It was concluded that Smith’s (1986) EC-dependent recognition memory findings must have been due to some characteristic of the incidental learning task used in that study other than its shallow processing level.
AN ACADEMIC PARADOX: HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR CLASS STANDING AND SELF-REPORTED RISK-TAKING '

The centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) administered its 75-item 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance survey to a nationwide random sample of 12,248 high school students. In a secondary analysis of their data, one item on students' perceived class standing, was compared with selected health risk-taking practices. The 7.7% of students who indicated that they were "below the middle" in comparison with their classmates reported more participation in all risk-taking behaviors than students who reported being "in the middle" (28.6%) or "above the middle" (63.7%). Students' grades, ages, and ethnicity showed significant differences, with younger students and selected ethnocultural minority students more likely to report being "below the middle." Perceived class standing may be a proxy measure for estimating participation in health-compromising practices.
Development of a tidal marsh in a New England river valley

A model for the geomorphic and vegetation development of a river valley tidal marsh in southern New England (Connecticut) is based on both the species composition of roots and rhizomes and on the mineralogic sediments preserved in peat. The maximum depth of salt marsh peat is 3.8 m and in the deepest areas this can overlie up to 1.9 m of fresh to brackish water peat. Based on a radiocarbon date of 3670±140 yr before the present (B.P.) for basal peat at a depth of 4.0 m, vertical accretion rates have averaged ca. 1.1 mm yr−1. Salt marsh formation began in response to rising sea level 3800–4000 yr B.P., as brackish marshes, dominated by bulrush (Scirpus sp.), replaced freshwater wetlands along stream and river channels. Gradually salt marsh vegetation developed over submerging brackish marshes, adjacent uplands, and accreting tidal flats. By 3000 yr B.P. the lower estuary was tidal, with sufficient salinity for salt marsh to dominate most wetlands. Spikegrass (Distichlis spicata) was an important early colonizer in salt marsh formation and its role in marsh development has not been documented previously. Blackgrass (Juncus gerardi), currently a typical upper border species, appears in the peat record relatively recently, perhaps within the last few centuries. In contrast, reed (Phragmites australis) has been present for at least 3500 yr. The dominance of reed along the upper border today, however, appears to be a relatively recent phenomenon.
Practitioner‐level predictors of alcohol problems detection and management activities

The alcohol health services literature suggests that a potential problem with promoting secondary prevention is an existing educational focus on alcohol dependency.Aims: This study explores practitioner‐level predictors of health professionals' self‐reported detection and management activities in an effort to inform this question.Participants: The participants consisted of a random sample of licensed physicians and nurse practitioners in a northern California county.Measurement: Participants completed a self‐administered questionnaire on beliefs and practices regarding patients with alcohol problems and at‐risk drinkers.Findings: The results indicate that prior alcohol education predicted clinical practices to address known or suspected drinking problems, but not those at‐risk or without observable symptoms. In addition, stigmatizing beliefs about problem drinkers discouraged use of blood tests even when awareness of a drinking problem existed. Conclusions: The conclusions are that existing models of alco...