cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATION OF QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS OF CHARGE ON A QUANTUM DOT

We have incorporated an aluminum single electron transistor directly into the defining gate structure of a semiconductor quantum dot, permitting precise measurement of the charge in the dot. Voltage biasing a gate draws charge from a reservoir into the dot through a single point contact. The charge in the dot increases continuously for large point contact conductance and in a step-like manner in units of single electrons with the contact nearly closed. We measure the corresponding capacitance lineshapes for the full range of point contact conductances. The lineshapes are described well by perturbation theory and not by theories in which the dot charging energy is altered by the barrier conductance.
Extended training and multiple shifts: Percentage of reward

This is one paper of a series investigating the effects of extended training and multiple successive reward shifts. Four groups were run in a straight alley. The control groups received either 75% or 25% reinforcement throughout training. Each experimental group was given 40 acquisition trials at either 75% or 25% reinforcement followed by three shifts of 24 trials each. All groups were given 24 extinction trials. There were initial significant differences between the 75% and 25% groups. These differences disappeared after about 40 trials. The only significant shift effect was a NCE on the third shift. Extinction results were a function of the initial acquisition series. Together with earlier studies, these results indicate that extended training effects are often different from early stages of training.
DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY OF VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA: 9. STRUCTURES AND VIBRATIONAL ASSIGNMENTS OF DICYANOBENZENES

Abstract Density functional theory BLYP and ab initio HF calculations have been carried out to investigate the structures and vibrational spectra of dicyanobenzenes. The calculated results are in good agreement with reliable experimental data and indicate that the benzene rings of all three isomers are only slightly distorted by the two cyano groups. Vibrational frequencies calculated by BLYP/6–31G ∗ force fields agree very well with experimental results, with a mean deviation of about 14 cm −1 for non-CH stretching modes. On the basis of agreement between the calculated and observed results, assignments of the fundamental vibrational modes were examined and some reassignments were proposed. This study demonstrates that the density functional theory BLYP calculation is a powerful approach to understanding the vibrational spectra of organic compounds.
Maturation of Rat Renal Tubular Response to α-Adrenergic Agonists and Neuropeptide Y: A Study on the Regulation of Na + ,K + -ATPase

Maturation of Rat Renal Tubular Response to α-Adrenergic Agonists and Neuropeptide Y: A Study on the Regulation of Na + ,K + -ATPase
Spring‐viscous damper systems for combined seismic and vibration isolation

SUMMARY The coupled lateral-vertical-rocking dynamic response of spring-viscous damper isolated structures is considered. The force-displacement relation of the viscous dampers is described by an experimentally calibrated fractional derivative viscoelasticity model. The equations of motion are derived and reduced to a form for direct solution by the discrete Fourier transform method. The validity and accuracy of the derived solution are demonstrated by comparison with shake table test results. The developed analysis procedure is employed in the seismic analysis of a recently constructed isolated structure. The analytical and experimental results demonstrate that spring-viscous damper isolation systems are capable of providing both effective seismic and vibration isolation.
Observation of wavelength bistability in 850nm Vertical- Cavity Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (VCSOAs)

The experimental observation of wavelength bistability in an 850nm VCSOA is reported. Clockwise hystereses are obtained with input wavelength sweeping when the input power is kept constant. Results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Toward 10-milliarcsecond infrared astrometry

Infrared astrometry at the 10-milliarcsecond (mas) level is applicable to experiments in stellar evolution astronomy, solar system dynamics, relativistic gravitation, and deep space laser tracking. We are pursing astrometry with the U. C. Berkeley Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI) on Mt. Wilson to demonstrate a 10-mas capability for tracking stellar and solar system objects. Astrometric data from the ISI, taken and analyzed over the last 5 years, have shown that instrumental and atmospheric effects limit current demonstrations. The ISI data show that point-to-point interferometric phase fluctuations due to tropospheric and quantum noise, for optimal integration times of 0.2 seconds, are approaching the 0.1-cycle level needed to reliably connect the phase. Modeling the ISI data suggests that atmospheric fluctuations on Mt. Wilson, during the best seeing, are dominated by a low-lying component, within the first 25 meters above the ISI, which, in the future, may be minimized with in situ calibration. A calculation of atmosphere-limited astrometric accuracy shows that the ISI will soon be able to achieve 10-mas astrometry, on a 13-m baseline in a single observing session, employing current ground-based laser distance interferometer calibrations to minimize atmospheric effects.
A security space capability for Europe? Implications for US policy

Abstract As the European Union takes tentative steps towards creating a “rapid reaction force” able to operate independently of NATO, an important question is what capabilities that force must have in order to operate effectively. Among those capabilities is the use of space systems for communications and intelligence applications. This article examines the prospects for an independent security space capability in Europe, and the implications of the emerging European interest in space autonomy for US policy.
The Cause of Chambering in Oysters and other Lamellibranchs

THE phenomenon of chambering in oysters and other lamellibranchs is well known, and in oysters is a source of much financial loss to some oyster planters. In a chambered oyster one extensive closed chamber or several superposed large chambers may occur enclosed within the shell substance—usually in the convex valve, but sometimes in both valves. The chambers are separated from each other or from the body of the oyster by thin brittle partitions of shell only, and contain usually an evil-smelling liquid. When a chambered oyster is opened, great care is required lest the brittle wall of the chamber be broken and the evil-smelling liquid released on the oyster, which would in that case be rendered unfit for eating.
A Complex Interaction of Imprinted and Maternal-Effect Genes Modifies Sex Determination in Odd Sex (Ods) Mice

The transgenic insertional mouse mutation Odd Sex (Ods) represents a model for the long-range regulation of Sox9. The mutation causes complete female-to-male sex reversal by inducing a male-specific expression pattern of Sox9 in XX Ods/+ embryonic gonads. We previously described an A/J strain-specific suppressor of Ods termed Odsm1A. Here we show that phenotypic sex depends on a complex interaction between the suppressor and the transgene. Suppression can be achieved only if the transgene is transmitted paternally. In addition, the suppressor itself exhibits a maternal effect, suggesting that it may act on chromatin in the early embryo.
Observation of intramolecular vibrational redistribution and vibrational cooling in S1 trans-stilbene and 2-phenylindene in solution

Abstract Picosecond resonance Raman spectra of the S 1 states of trans-stilbene and its torsionally hindered analog 2-phenylindene in solution show that the vibrational cooling times in these two systems are similar. Anti-Stokes scattering from high frequency modes is observed for the first time and provides a direct observation of the IVR process. The data allow us to place a lower limit of 3–5 ps for the IVR time in trans-stilbene. These results provide significant new insight into ultrafast vibrational dynamics in solution and demonstrate the utility of time-resolved Raman spectroscopy as a probe of both intra- and inter-molecular energy transfer.
How old is the human presence on Cyprus

Albert Ammerman's contributions to archaeology are substantial, but his comments about Cyprus may mislead the reader (“Exploring the prehistory of Europe, in a few bold leaps,” J. Bohannon, News Focus, 13 July, p. 188). Current studies on this Mediterranean island have indeed indicated a human presence much earlier than previously believed. As the article notes, research by Peltenburg and others has pushed back the island's Neolithic presence to ~8200 calibrated B.C.E. Ammerman suggests that his sites are approximately 12,000 years old and are the remains of seafaring pre-Neolithic hunters and gatherers. Whether or not aeolianite dunes would have made suitable camps, we commend Ammerman for examining ephemeral sites that all too often have been ignored. However, he believes that these are “the oldest evidence of seafaring in the Mediterranean,” a claim presently based only on artifactual data, and as Peltenburg points out, “independent evidence” is needed to confirm their antiquity. An early human presence on Cyprus has been well established at Akrotiri Aetokremnos for nearly two decades ([1][1]). It is thus no surprise that there may be other sites dating to this time period, and many of us hope that Ammerman's sites are as old as he claims. But until this can be confirmed by defensible dating of materials in good context, these sites should not enter the literature as examples of a pre-Neolithic presence on Cyprus. 1. 1.[↵][2]1. A. Simmons , Faunal Extinction in an Island Society (Klewer/Plenum, New York, 1999). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text"
Echocardiographic Observations Regarding Pericardial Effusions Associated with Cardiac Disease

Cardiac disease associated with congestive heart failure was found to be the most common cause (22 of 76) of pericardial effusion in patients referred for echocardiography. Parameters of left heart function were markedly abnormal in these patients with congestive heart failure and pericardial effusion, but were not significantly different from a group of patients with congestive heart failure without pericardial effusion. Clinical findings consistent with cardiac decompensation also failed to discern between these two groups. Nonetheless, patients with congestive heart failure with pericardial effusion had significantly larger right ventricular internal dimensions than those without effusion. Patients with pericardial effusion related to congestive heart failure (P
Verb-based versus class-based accounts of actionality effects in children's comprehension of passives.

Abstract Several studies have shown that children perform worse on tests of passive comprehension when the verb is non-actional than when it is actional. Most existing accounts focus on the semantic characteristics of the class of non-action verbs in explaining this difference. An alternative is a “verb-based” account in which passives are initially learned verb by verb, and children hear fewer non-actional passives in their language input. An analysis of the passives heard by Adam, Eve and Sarah (Brown, 1973) found more actional than non-actional passives, consistent with the verb-based account. In a second study, children tested for passive comprehension were re-tested a week later. The verb-based account predicts that children should show a consistent pattern of responses for individual verbs on test and re-test. Such consistency was found, with some inconsistency due to improvement over the re-test. Further analyses showed no effects of affectedness in explaining children;s problems with passives. Finally, we discuss whether a mixed model containing both verb-based and class-based mechanisms is required to explain the actionality effects.
DETERMINING PREGNANCY FROM BLUBBER IN THREE SPECIES OF DELPHINIDS

We quantified progesterone in 110 blubber samples from dolphins of known reproductive status in order to test the accuracy of a method to determine pregnancy status in wild cetaceans. The samples were collected from fishery-bycaught delphinids of three species (Delphinus delphis, Lissodelphis borealis, and Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). We ascertained that blubber progesterone concentrations could clearly distinguish pregnant D. delphis (range 132–415 ng/g, mean 261 ng/g) from non-pregnant mature and immature ones (range 0.92–48.2 ng/g, mean 15.2 ng/g). We found similar dramatic differences in L. borealis and L. obliquidens. These results were insensitive to various blubber sampling depths and anatomical sampling locations on the body, suggesting relative homogeneity of progesterone levels throughout the blubber. However, no trend was found in blubber progesterone concentration with fetal length, indicating that although blubber progesterone appears to distinguish pregnancy status, it is unlikely to differentiate pregnancy stage. Based on the findings presented here we suggest that this method, when coupled with projectile biopsy procedures, can be used to assess the pregnancy status of free-ranging cetaceans and thus provide a new tool to determine pregnancy rates of wild populations.
Role of Domain IV/S4 outermost arginines in gating of T-type calcium channels

The role of the outermost three charged residues of Domain IV/S4 in controlling gating of Cav3.2 was investigated using single substitutions of each arginine with glutamine, cysteine, histidine, and lysine in a Flp-In-293 cell line, in which expression levels could be compared. Channel density, based on gating charge measurements, was ~125,000 channels/cell (10 fC/pF), except for R2Q and R3C, which expressed at lower levels. Channels substituted at Arg-1715 (R1C, R1Q, R1H) demonstrated such modest changes that a role in voltage sensing could not be determined. Arg-1718 (R2) made a contribution to activation voltage sensing, and the channel was sensitive to the geometry of side-chain substitutions at this position. Arg-1721 (R3) substitutions produced complex kinetic changes that together suggested that geometry made a larger contribution than charge. Current decay at positive potentials (O→I) exponentially approached a constant value for all mutants except R2K channels, which were biphasically dependent on potential. R2K channels also displayed slowed deactivation with reduced voltage dependence despite near control values for conductance. Voltage-dependent accessibility of R to C mutants, evaluated with intracellularly and extracellularly applied methanthiosulfonate (MTS) reagents, showed that both R2 and R3 were exposed only when cells were depolarized, although it was not necessary for channels to open. Together, the data indicate that Domain IV/S4 is an activation domain and is not involved in inactivation from the open state.
Quantitative Chemical Analysis of Lunar Samples

In three lunar samples the high titanium contents previously reported were confirmed. Water and ferric oxide were absent.
KEYNES and THE KEYNESIANS ON THE FISHER EFFECT

This paper examines the treatment of the Fisher effect in Keynes's General Theory and in various Keynesian and post-Keynesian writings. It is argued that Keynes was not entirely fair to Irving Fisher but, nonetheless, that the General Theory provides the basis for a critique of Fisher's argument. Models due to R. A. Mundell and T. Sargent are analyzed, clarified, and used to identify the basis for a Keynesian rationalization of a lagged and partial Fisher effect--a rationalization superior to Fisher's own, which ran in terms of long lags in expectations formation. Post-Keynesian contributions stemming from R. Harrod are examined and criticized on the grounds of their incompleteness. Copyright 1994 by Scottish Economic Society.
A Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose Study of Aripiprazole in Children and Adolescents With Irritability Associated With Autistic Disorder

Abstract Objective To evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Method Two hundred eighteen children and adolescents (aged 6–17 years) with a diagnosis of autistic disorder, and with behaviors such as tantrums, aggression, self-injurious behavior, or a combination of these symptoms, were randomized 1:1:1:1 to aripiprazole (5, 10, or 15 mg/day) or placebo in this 8-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Efficacy was evaluated using the caregiver-rated Aberrant Behavior Checklist Irritability subscale (primary efficacy measure) and the clinician-rated Clinical Global Impressions–Improvement score. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. Results At week 8, all aripiprazole doses produced significantly greater improvement than placebo in mean Aberrant Behavior Checklist Irritability subscale scores (5 mg/day, −12.4; 10 mg/day, −13.2; 15 mg/day, −14.4; versus placebo, −8.4; all p p Conclusions Aripiprazole was efficacious and generally safe and well tolerated in the treatment of children and adol escents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2009;48(11):1110–1119.
Stable Magnetic Equilibria in a Symmetric Collisionless Plasma

A collisionless plasma is described by the Vlasov–Maxwell system. In many physical situations, a plasma is invariant under either rotations or translations. Many symmetric equilibria with nontrivial magnetic fields are critical points of an appropriate Liapunov functional, and their dynamical stability is studied among all symmetric perturbations. The set of all minimizers of the Liapunov functional are dynamically stable. Criteria for stability for general critical points are also established. A simpler sufficient condition for stability is derived for neutral equilibria.
Optimization of Interferometers for Space-Based Planet Detection

One way of meeting the formidable challenge of directly detecting faint extra-solar planets near bright stars is space-based infrared nulling interferometry. However, with multiple, large, cryogenic telescopes involved, this approach is inherently complex and expensive, necessitating a careful identification of the critical measurement capabilities and the simplest system capable of providing them. On the other hand, in any novel measurement approach, a degree of versatility may be beneficial, to allow for on-orbit parameter optimization. In previous papers, the capabilities and characteristics of potential interferometric pupil plane configurations were compared, and the regime of three to four telescope apertures was found to provide an acceptable compromise between functionality and simplicity. However, due to the large number of parameters, no single "optimum" case was identified. Here, the capabilities of three and four telescope nullers are explored further, in order to elaborate the tradeoff between simplicity and functionality within this more restricted range. Of these choices, the four-telescope case provides both a better level of functionality, and more potential versatility. In fact, there seems little reason to consider interferometers more complex than four telescopes for first generation nulling interferometry missions. On the other hand, three-telescope nullers have more limited capabilities, but they can nevertheless provide a minimum set of functionalities, and so should receive serious consideration as "minimum" missions
Variations on active learning

Although current theories of memory emphasize the fact that learning is an active process, there is little consensus on the role of active learning. This paper attempts to provide a more precise characterization of active learning in the acquisition of computer skills. The analysis of verbal protocols suggests that active learning varies on at least two dimensions: schema orientation and learning strategy. Schema orientation refers to the type of information the learner is acquiring and varies from relational information to procedural information. Learning strategy describes how the information is acquired. Some people prefer to be internally driven and form their own plans for learning. Others are externally driven and allow the instructional materials to guide their learning. These differences need to be taken into account in describing learning and in designing instructional materials.
Corporate performance reporting revisited ‐ the balanced scorecard and dynamic management reporting

Points out that traditional financial systems used for internal reporting are limited in several ways. Describes how a company implemented a philosophy of dynamic management reporting (DMR) that provided for a highly flexible performance reporting system. DMR can serve as a catalyst for organizational change, introduce new reporting concepts, incorporate a wide variety of performance measures, and encourage cross‐ functional understanding and co‐ordination.
Antagonistic Effects of TGFβ1 and BMP-6 on Skin Keratinocyte Differentiation

Several members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily are expressed in the developing murine epidermis. Among these are TGFbeta1, which is found in the basal layer, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6, located in the suprabasal layers. Although the role of TGFbeta in cell growth has been studied extensively, little is known about the effects of these factors on keratinocyte differentiation. This study demonstrates that BMP-6 acts to positively regulate the differentiation of primary skin keratinocytes grown in culture. In contrast, TGFbeta1 antagonizes keratinocyte differentiation blocking the upregulation of keratin markers by BMP-6. We show that the effects of BMP-6 on expression of keratin 1 (K1), a marker of differentiation, requires signaling through the Smad pathway. In addition, regulation of K1 levels by BMP-6 is modulated by the SEK signaling pathway. This suggests that regulation of keratinocyte differentiation by BMP-6 involves multiple signaling systems.
Bone mineral density loss and recovery during 48 months in first-time users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate

Objective To compare changes in bone mineral density (BMD) during 48 months between first-time depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) users, during use and after discontinuation, to controls. Design Longitudinal study. Setting Academic community. Patient(s) Women 18–35 years, newly initiating depot MPA (n = 178) and controls (n = 145) not using hormonal contraception. Main Outcome Measure(s) The BMD of the hip and spine, measured at 3-month intervals, by dual energy roentgen absorptiometry. Results Hip and spine BMD declined during 48 months of depot MPA use by 7.7% ± 0.11% (mean ± SE) and 6.4% ± 0.36%, respectively. The BMD of controls declined ≤1.6% ± 0.30%. Hip and spine BMD loss slowed to Conclusion(s) Depot MPA-related BMD loss is substantial but occurs mostly during the first 2 years of DMPA use. Therefore, longer use may not substantially increase the risk of osteoporosis. The prolonged recovery time suggests the need to consider timing of use in relation to menopause or other factors that may impede bone remodeling.
Rhetoric in the Middle Ages

MEDIAEVAL and Renaissance rhetoricians and philosophers, following the example of Cicero, seldom omit from their treatment of rhetoric some consideration of the subject matter, nature, and end of the art. Long before Cicero rhetoric had become one of the focal points of the differences of philosophic schools, and the practice and application of the art had long wandered from field to field, reflecting, and sometimes even affecting, the complexities of philosophic discussions. Yet rhetoric is treated as a simple verbal discipline, in histories which touch upon it, as the art of speaking well, applied either as it was in Rome to forensic oratory and associated with the interpretation of laws or, more frequently, applied as it was in the Renaissance in the interpretation and use of the works of orators and poets, and associated with or even indistinguishable from poetic and literary criticism. The history of rhetoric as it has been written since the Renaissance is therefore in part the distressing record of the obtuseness of writers who failed to study the classics and to apply rhetoric to literature, and in part the monotonous enumeration of doctrines, or preferably sentences, repeated from Cicero or commentators on Cicero. Scholarly labors have reconstructed only a brief and equivocal history for rhetoric during the Middle Ages. The development consists of slight and unoriginal increments of erudition in the compendia composed from the fourth to the ninth century which were derived largely from the De Inventione of Cicero and the Ad Herennium and in later commentaries and treatises until in the twelfth century they reflect and use doctrines from Quintilian and from the later rhetorical works of Cicero, the
Red Blood Cell Sensitization Due to Unexpected Rh Antibodies in Immune Serum Globulin

A newborn infant developed red blood cell sensitization due to anti-D following administration of immune serum globulin (human). The lot of administered immune serum globulin contained an unexpectedly high titer of anti-D. This should stimulate passage of federal regulations requiring absence of significant levels of blood group antibodies in such products.
Electron ionization mass spectrometry of systematically modified ligands in chromium(III) β-diketonates

The positive ion mass spectra of several chromium(III) β-diketonates with aliphatic α-substituents have been investigated. Metastable peaks in the spectra confirm that ions containing substituents with γ-H atoms undergo propene loss. This implies a McLafferty rearrangement of an open-chain ligand structure. Ethyl radicals are lost from n-butyl substituents; methyl groups are cleaved from the molecular ions of complexes formed from methyl-substituted ligands. The main fragment is, as expected, [ML2]+; however, its further fragmentation is different from that of [ML3]+. Electron donating substituents stabilize doubly charged molecular ions.
Pharmacologic strategies for augmenting cognitive performance in schizophrenia

There is recognition that the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia have the most substantial impact on illness outcome. Domains of cognition reported to be significantly affected include serial learning, executive function, vigilance, and distractibility, to name a few. Dopamine activity at D1 receptors mediates many cognitive processes subserved by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly working memory. The number of D1 receptors in the PFC is decreased in schizophrenics and is unaffected by chronic administration of typical neuroleptics. Therefore, medications that increase dopamine in the PFC, such as atypical neuroleptics, or that directly activate the D1 receptor may prove useful in the remediation of prefrontal-dependent cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Decreased levels of cortical norepinephrine (NE) are associated with impaired learning and working memory in animal models, and can be reversed by drugs that restore NE activity. More specifically, α-2 adrenergic receptor agonists have been particularly effective in improving delayed response performance in young monkeys with localized 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the PFC. Furthermore, human postmortem studies have demonstrated decreased NE in the frontal cortex of demented schizophrenic patients. Therefore, α-2 receptor agonists hold promise as drugs to improve cognitive performance on tasks dependent upon PFC function in schizophrenics. Finally, the finding that cortical choline acetyl transferase activity correlates with Clinical Dementia Rating scores in schizophrenic patients and that cholinomimetic drugs enhance cognition in healthy subjects suggests that cholinergic drugs may also treat cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Two potential types of cholinomimetics for use in schizophrenics are the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and M1/M4 muscarinic agonists, both of which increase cortical cholinergic activity.
Attitudes Towards the Importance of Food Courses and Culinary Training Components in Dietetic Undergraduate Education Between Directors of Dietetic Undergraduate Programs and Registered Dietitians Working in Management

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine the level of importance of food courses and culinary training components in dietetic undergraduate education. The importance of food courses and culinary training components were determined by selecting and surveying 44 coordinated program directors, 144 didactic programs directors, and 297 members of the Management in Food and Nutrition Practice Group. The instrument consisted of 6 questions utilizing a Likert Scale (#1= no importance to #5= very high importance). Questionnaires were mailed and a 64% response rate was achieved. Frequency distributions, t-tests, correlations and demographic analysis were completed with Statview (version 4.5, 1992–1995, Abacus Concepts, Inc.). Food courses evaluated included Basic Food Production, Ethnic or Cultural Foods, Quantity Food Production, Food Science, Food Marketing, and Food Safety. Culinary Training Components included Cold Food Production, Meat Preparation and Analysis, Vegetable and Fruit Preparation, Soup and Sauce Production, Seafood and Fish Analysis, Baking Techniques and Analysis, and Culinary Presentation. Significant differences (p
The Conflict Between Religion and Science in Light of the Patterns of Religious Belief Among Scientists

Recent summaries of psychologist James H. Leuba's pioneering studies on the religious beliefs of American scientists have misrepresented his findings and ignored important aspects of his analyses, including predictions regarding the future of religion. Much of the recent interest in Leuba was sparked by Edward J. Larson and Larry Witham's commentary in Nature (3 April 1997), “Scientists Are Still Keeping the Faith.” Larson and Witham compared the results of their 1996 survey of one thousand randomly selected American scientists regarding their religious beliefs with a similar survey published eighty years earlier by Leuba. Leuba's original studies are themselves problematical. Nonetheless, his notion that different fields of science have different impacts on the religion-science relationship remains valid. Especially significant is his appreciation of religion as a dynamic, compelling force in human life: any waning of traditional beliefs does not mean a decrease in religious commitment but calls for a new spirituality in harmony with modern scientific teachings. Leuba's studies, placed in proper context, offer a broad historical perspective from which to interpret data about religious beliefs of scientists and the impact of science and scientists on public beliefs, and opportunity to develop new insight into the religion-science relationship.
Über fluorhaltige Verbindungen der Elemente der V. Hauptgruppe. III. Tetrachlorphosphorfluorid, PCl4F

Die thermische Zersetzung von [PCl4]+[PF6]− fuhrt zur Bildung von PF5 und einer neuen Verbindung PCl4F. PCl4F kommt in einer flussigen unpolaren und in einer festen, polar gebauten Form [PCl4]+F− vor. Die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der beiden Formen des PCl4F werden beschrieben.
The photochemistry of specific tryptophan residues in proteins as analyzed by the fluorescent scanning of tryptic peptide maps

— The fact that most proteins contain several tryptophans hinders the investigation of the photochemistry of a particular indole residue. A method is presented here that can be used to investigate the photochemistry of specific tryptophan residues in proteins. It consists simply of separating the peptides of a proteolytically digested protein by TLC and then scanning the peptides at the fluorescent maximum of tryptophan. The assignment of the resultant peaks to a particular peptide is based on the chromatographic comparison of the scans with peptide maps. Using this method, the photochemistry of the tryptophan residues in alpha crystallin, a major protein of lenses, was investigated. Under photolytic conditions that mimic the transmission characteristics of the cornea (>293 nm), it was found that there is a differential photolysis of the tryptophan residues in the protein; with Trp-9 in the N-terminal peptide photolyzing at a considerably faster rate than Trp-60. In addition to tryptophan, photolytic losses of tyrosine were assessed by scanning the peptide maps at the tyrosine fluorescent maximum. Only one tyrosine residue photolyzes under these conditions. The differential photolysis of the tryptophan residues is explained in part by the presence of residues in the vicinity of the indole moieties.
Dhh1 regulates the G1/S-checkpoint following DNA damage or BRCA1 expression in yeast1

Abstract Background Heterologous expression of the tumor suppressor BRCA1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is lethal. To identify potential new BRCA1-interacting gene targets, we characterized highly conserved ionizing radiation (IR) sensitive gene deletions that suppress BRCA1-induced lethality in yeast. Materials and methods Previously, we exposed an isogenic collection of yeast strains individually deleted for 4746 nonessential genes to IR and identified 199 radiation sensitive deletion strains. A subset ( n = 130) of these were screened for those that suppressed the G1 arrest and lethality observed following galactose-induced expression from a GAL ::BRCA1 plasmid in wild type yeast. Results We found that deletions of two core components of the highly conserved CCR4-NOT transcription complex ( CCR 4 or DHH 1) rescued BRCA1-induced G1 arrest and lethality in yeast. This was not because of down regulation of the GAL promoter since both deletion strains produce large amounts of BRCA1 that is rapidly degraded. In addition, heterologous expression of BRCA1 results in increased transcription of the DNA damage-inducible reporter construct DIN ::LacZ. Reduced viability following IR and nitrogen starvation was observed among strains deleted for CCR4 or DHH1 because of a defect in G1 to S phase checkpoint transition. Lethality following nitrogen starvation and IR was partially rescued in dhh1 Δ strains by expressing the human ortholog of DHH1 (DDX6) which has been identified as a breakpoint oncogene. Conclusions These results suggest that BRCA1 may promote genomic stability in human cells by interacting with the highly conserved ortholog of DHH1 (DDX6) to properly activate G1/S checkpoint arrest following DNA damage.
A Comparative Study of Immobilized Nitrifying and Co-Immobilized Nitrifying and Denitrifying Bacteria for Ammonia Removal from Sludge Digester Supernatant

Bench scale kinetic experiments were conducted to examine the use of cell immobilization in calcium alginate to remove ammonia in anaerobic sludge digester supernatant. Two systems, immobilized nitrifiers and co-immobilized nitrifiers and denitrifiers, were studied with and without the addition of methanol. Results indicated that partial nitrification (to nitrite) was achieved in both systems. The co-immobilized reactors did not exhibit the extent of nitrite accumulation observed in the solely nitrifying reactors. The nitrifying reactors were unable to buffer the hydrogen ion production, during the nitrification process, to the level the co-immobilized cell reactors achieved. Both of these differences suggested the occurrence of denitrification in the co-immobilized reactors. Scanning electron microscopic images of bacteria immobilized in the alginate spherical beads support the results of the kinetic experiments. Nitrifiers colonized in the 100–200 μm peripheral layer of the beads. Large voids caused by nitrogen gas due to denitrification were found in a number of co-immobilized bead samples.
A new method of H− beam-energy and energy-spread diagnostics

Abstract A new method for H − beam-energy and energy-spread diagnostics is proposed. This method is based on the interaction of a short-wavelength (150–300 nm) laser colliding at 0° with a relativistic H − beam. The interaction results in the capability to pump a short-lived resonance in H − below the n = 2 threshold. This resonance, commonly referred to as the Feshbach resonance, autoionizes and produces H 0 particles that are detected as the Feshbach resonance signature. This technique has the potential for measuring the H − energy and energy spread to the precision of a few keV or less.
Optimizing Egg Mass with Amino Acid Supplementation of a Low-Protein Diet

Abstract Three experiments were conducted using Hy-Line W36® hens to determine whether essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation of a low-protein diet would enhance performance. Temperature of the laying house was increased to decrease feed intake. As a result low EAA intake occurred and egg mass (EM) was reduced. In Experiment 1, EAA supplementation restored performance to near that of control hens. The levels of EAA were increased in Experiments 2 and 3, and daily EM was equal to that of hens fed the control diet. The present data indicate that maximum performance was obtained with commercial laying hens with less than 90 g daily feed intake when adequate levels of seven EAA are added to a low-protein diet. When the hens had a greater feed intake, only three AA were required to maximize performance.
Validating simulation models

In this paper we give a general introduction to model validation, define the various validation techniques, discuss conceptual and operational validity, and present a recommended model validation procedure.
Unusual spectroscopic and conformational properties of some spirocyclic oxaziridines

Abstract The proton that bears a 1,3-diaxial relationship to the substituted nitrogen atom of some chiral oxaziridines appears in the NMR spectrum at unusually high field. This observation indicates that an unusual rotamer is substantially populated in these systems.
Cultural comparisons of mothers with large and small families.

Contraceptive knowledge and behaviour of mothers of large (five of more children) and small (under three children) families in four subcu;tures were compared with white Protestants. Four hundred and forty-nine mothers aged 35–45 years were studied from black, Cuban, Indian, Chicano, and white groups. With social class, knowledge of birth control, and degree of religiosity held constant, the best predictors of family size were the mother's desited family size (expressed as desired minus actual children) age at childbirth, and age at mariage. Data suggest that family size is not purely a function of birth control knoeledge but related to early marrage and pregnancy and in keeping with attitudes about an ideal family size. In general, factors related to size were stronger in the white group than in the subcultures, and in a few instances certain cultures were not consostent with others in overall trends.
Angiotensin II-mediated apoptosis on human vascular smooth muscle cells

Summary While previous studies demonstrated that angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogenic factor, the effect of angiotensin II on apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells remain controversial. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the action of angiotensin II on apoptosis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Human saphenous vein was obtained from coronary artery bypass surgery ( n = 6) and was minced and incubated in the special tissue culture system in the absence or presence of angiotensin II (10 −7 M) for 24 h. These studies were repeated with co-incubation of losartan (AT-1 receptor antagonist, 10 −6 M) or PD-123319 (AT-2 receptor antagonist, 10 −6 M). To detect the in situ DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining was performed. TUNEL staining demonstrated that angiotensin II increased apoptosis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. This action of angiotensin II was enhanced by losartan and attenuated by PD-123319. Furthermore, co-incubation with both losartan and PD-123319 significantly reduced apoptosis levels. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that angiotensin II has potent apoptotic effect in human vascular smooth muscle cells through both AT-1 and AT-2 receptors. Furthermore, angiotensin II through AT-2 receptor has more potent apoptotic action in human vascular smooth muscle cells. This study indicated that angiotensin II plays an important role in the processes of apoptosis via angiotensin II receptors in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of childhood cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
The effect of preradiology clinical training on the performance of radiology residents

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES A multi-institutional study was developed to evaluate whether having preradiology clinical training has an effect on the quality of performance of radiology residents assessed both after 1 year of training and at the end of the 4-year residency. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five faculty members from each of nine collaborating institutions that accept residents both directly from medical school and with postgraduate clinical training completed 1,015 evaluation forms on their 203 residents who had just completed their first year of radiology training or had finished training in the past 2 years. Each resident was evaluated by two senior faculty, two junior faculty, and the residency program director using a cross-institutionally validated, behavior-oriented, standardized instrument that assessed five behavioral characteristics: conscientiousness, curiosity, interpersonal skills, confidence, and recognition of limits. The differences between residents who did and did not have preradiology clinical training were evaluated by analysis of variance and by simple effects testing. RESULTS At the conclusion of training, no significant differences in resident performance were found between residents who did and did not have postgraduate clinical training before radiology residency. Among residents who had just finished their first year of training, those who had had clinical training scored significantly higher on four of the five behavioral scales. CONCLUSIONS Clinical training before radiology residency does not correlate with any measurable benefit in performance at the end of radiology residency. Training programs should consider elimination of this requirement.
Sceadan: Using Concatenated N-Gram Vectors for Improved File and Data Type Classification

Over 20 studies have been published in the past decade involving file and data type classification for digital forensics and information security applications. Methods using n-grams as inputs have proven the most successful across a wide variety of types; however, there are mixed results regarding the utility of unigrams and bigrams as inputs independently. In this study, we use support vector machines (SVMs) consisting of unigrams and bigrams, as well as complexity and other byte frequency-based measures, as inputs. Using concatenated unigrams and bigrams as input and a linear kernel SVM, we achieve significantly improved results over those previously reported (73.4% classification rate across 38 file and data types). We are the first to use concatenated n-grams as the sole input, and we show their superiority over inputs used previously. We also found that too many different types of features as inputs result in overfitting and poor generalization properties. We include several types seldom or not studied in the past (Microsoft Office 2010 files, file system data, base64, base85, URL encoding, flash video, M4A, MP4, WMV, and JSON records). The “winning” approach is instantiated in an open source software tool called Sceadan - Systematic Classification Engine for Advanced Data ANalysis.
Referral by Pediatricians of Children with Behavioral Health Disorders

A standard interview guide focused on behavioral health referral practices and communication patterns was developed and administered to 47 pediatricians in private practice. Results suggested that the most frequent reasons for referral to a mental health provider were diagnostic uncertainty, failure to respond to treatment, presence of severe affective symptoms, and need for ongoing psychotherapy. Only a third of the providers indicated that their patients frequently followed through with recommendations to receive mental health care. More than half of the pediatricians wanted more information regarding their patients referred for mental health services, and they expressed a strong interest in colocation with a mental health provider.
Legally speakingWhen is a "license" really a sale?

Can you resell software even if the package says you can't? What are the implications for copyright law of the Quanta decision discussed in the November 2008 column?
Sport and Exercise Psychology Academy: A Course-related Approach with a Twist of Experiential Learning

This article chronicles the undergraduate research (UGR) process in the Sport Sciences Department at Wingate University. The main focus is a description of a course-based approach to UGR, followed by a brief summation of the department's experiential component that results in graduating seniors completing an extensive research project to meet university exit exam requirements. Challenges of the process are delineated, as are the benefits to the students and faculty.
Physical and chemical properties of the aerosol within the southeastern Pacific marine boundary layer

[1] During the Stratus 2003 and 2004 cruises, a Differential Mobility Analyzer/Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA/TDMA) was used to measure the size-resolved concentration, hygroscopicity, and volatility of the submicron aerosol below the stratocumulus deck of the southeastern Pacific. The number size distributions were typically bimodal, although a nucleation event in 2003 skewed the relative importance of the two modes, while in 2004, influence from anthropogenic sources near the coast of Chile reduced the separation between the two modes. The average total aerosol number concentration was 398 ± 145 cm−3 and 301 ± 100 cm−3 for the 2003 and 2004 cruises, respectively. Measured size- and temperature-dependent volatility suggested Aitken and accumulation mode particles were composed of refractory cores and acidic sulfate solutions having NH4/SO4 molar ratios of roughly 0.56 and 0.23, respectively. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations at the peak in-cloud supersaturation and over a range in supersaturation were calculated using the collected data. The data were also used to quantify the number to volume concentration ratio of the accumulation mode aerosol.