cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bid-Ask Spreads and Institutional Ownership

This paper examines the relation between bid-ask spreads, measured both as effective and specialist-posted spreads, and institutional ownership. For the overall sample, spreads are negatively related to institutional ownership share. The paper suggests that this effect may be due to some institutions being restricted in their trading, which reduces bid-ask spreads. The paper shows that for certain types of institutions, namely banks and investment managers, the above relation reverses. The results are robust to the inclusion of other firm-specific variables such as size, leverage, and financial distress measures.
Urodynamic evaluation of patients with continent urinary diversion using cecal reservoir and intussuscepted ileocecal valve.

Patients requiring bladder removal for malignant disease have undergone continent urinary diversion employing the ileocecal segment, using the cecum to construct a reservoir and an intussuscepted ileocecal valve as the continence mechanism. Five of these patients have been studied urodynamically and radiographically in the postoperative period. Incontinence was found to be minimal and related only to a prolonged catheterization interval, Passive filling pressure and peristaltic pressure remained low in all patients and was lower than the nipple valve pressure in 4 of 5 patients. A transient increase in reservoir pressure at capacity with peristalsis exceeded the nipple peristaltic pressure in I patient and was associated with a small volume of incontinence. This resolved with a shortened catheterization interval, Reflux was not found in any subject studied. These studies indicate that the cecal segment can be used to construct a continent urinary reservoir that provides satisfactory function for the patient while maintaining an acceptable pressure volume relationship.
Evaluation of the impact of rainfall on soil moisture variability

The impact of rainfall on the spatial-temporal soil moisture variability is investigated by using a model of the soil moisture dynamics and two rainfall models, the noise-forced diffusive precipitation model and the WGR model. The study shows that the variability of the soil moisture field is impacted during the limited time of the storm period. During the interstorm period, the variability of the soil moisture field is closely related with the soil texture, as supported by the analysis of the Washita '92 data set. As the impact of rainfall on the variability of the soil moisture field is limited to the short time period of precipitation, the role of the rainfall is simplified as a source of water to the soil moisture field without any consideration of its variability and/or organization in space. A simulation study of the soil moisture field temporal evolution also supports this result, i.e. a strong relationship between the soil moisture field and the variability of its medium. Also, larger variabilities of the loss field coefficient result in easier removal of moisture from the soil.
Evaluation of Renal Function Tests by Age and Sex to Determine Emergency Department Patients' Eligibility for Cardiac Computed Tomography

Abstract Background Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can be used for low-risk chest pain patients, but presents a risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. Objective We compared, by age and sex, the percent of patients who would become ineligible for CCTA based on serum creatinine (SCr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) cutoff points. Methods All adult patients who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with chest pain were screened using their first ED SCr as part of the ROMICAT (Rule Out Myocardial Infarction Using Computer Assisted Tomography) study. This was a secondary analysis of the screening logs of that study. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula was applied to calculate estimated GFR and the percent of patients, by age and sex, meeting commonly applied exclusion criteria using selected SCr and GFR cutoff values. This was our primary outcome. Results Of 2398 patients screened, 384 (16%) were excluded for high-risk features or technical limitations of CCTA, leaving 2014 patients who were studied; 56% were male. For all cutoff points of SCr (≥1.3 mg/dL, ≥1.5 mg/dL, ≥1.8 mg/dL), the percent of males excluded significantly exceeded that of females (p Conclusions The choice of SCr or GFR to screen patients for CCTA selectively excludes either males or females, respectively. Therefore, individual physicians and institutions must understand the impact of both renal function tests and cutoff points when identifying patients who may be eligible for CCTA.
Frequency responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in carotid body-denervated conscious rats.

Abstract The ventilatory response to brief, severe hypoxia is biphasic consisting of an initial facilitation followed by a slowing of breathing frequency ( f r ). After the hypoxic stimulus is removed, f r drops below baseline levels. This phenomenon is called the post-hypoxic frequency decline ( phfd ). These f r changes are due to reciprocal changes in expiratory time (T e ), mediated by the ventrolateral pontine A 5 region (J. Physiol. (London) 497 (1996) 79; Am. J. Physiol. 274 (1998) R1546). The purpose of this study was to determine if carotid body input is required for full manifestation of phfd by quantifying ventilation in intact and carotid sinus denervated rats in response to hypoxic, and contrasted with hypercapnic stimuli. Following carotid denervation the initial facilitation of f r was eliminated in response to hypoxia, but the phfd remained. In contrast the pattern in response to increased CO 2 remained constant before and after carotid denervation. These results suggest that phfd is not dependent upon carotid body stimulation, but is mediated centrally.
Mining novel connections from large online digital library using biomedical ontologies

Purpose – The huge volume of biomedical literature provides a nice opportunity and challenge to induce novel knowledge by finding some connections among logical‐related medical concepts This paper aims to propose a semantic‐based knowledge discovery system for mining novel connections from large online digital libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The method takes advantages of the biomedical ontologies, MeSH and UMLS, as the source of semantic knowledge. A prototype system, Biomedical Semantic‐based Knowledge Discovery System (Bio‐SbKDS), is designed to uncover novel hypothesis/connections hidden in the biomedical literature. Using only the starting concept and the initial semantic relation derived from UMLS, Bio‐SbKDS can automatically generate the semantic types as category restrictions for concepts. Using the semantic types and semantic relations of the biomedical concepts, Bio‐SbKDS can identify the relevant concepts collected from Medline in terms of the semantic type and generate the novel hypoth...
Diagnosis of Addison's Disease

Within recent years the older practice of administering desiccated endocrine glands, as a means of substitution therapy in various endocrine disorders, has been replaced largely by the use of specific hormones, hormone-like compounds and related chemotherapeutic agents. With the exception of the thyroid gland, desiccated organs are now known to have little therapeutic value other than a psychologic influence or as a placebo. Physiologically active endocrine products and synthetic chemical substances are becoming available in rapidly increasing numbers. Their medicinal values, however, are not always adequately established before they are in general use as therapeutic agents. It appears that the therapeutic value of some products is not infrequently overestimated, which may be the result of relying on questionable criteria for determining supposed benefit. In some instances this is obviously due to mistaken diagnosis, whereby alleged benefit of treatment can be explained by an improvement which was not rel...
Questionnaire Format and Scale Reliability: An Examination of Three Modes of Item Presentation

It was posited that, when items comprising scales are grouped by content or grouped by content and labeled, scale reliabilities will be superior to those obtained when items are randomly distribute...
Clinical Trials in Alzheimer Disease: Debate on the Use of Placebo Controls

During the past 10 years, there has been a rapidly growing number of pharmaceutical industry-sponsored drug trials for treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. As public awareness and concerns about AD have grown, so has interest in developing drug therapies for retarding symptom progression, delaying onset, and ultimately curing the disease. Ethical debate on the use of placebo control trials in AD research has come of age in the United States with the availability of treatments approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The experts and the public agree that more effective therapies are necessary, and new therapeutic options are being developed as rapidly as possible. The arguments on each side of the debate are provocative and important but do not provide unequivocal justification for either the abandonment or the maintenance of placebo-controlled trials in all AD research. Clinical trials differ with respect to scientific and practical goals, and these factors inherently affect the ethical priorities of each study. We present these contrasting points of view to delineate some of the issues rather than to make specific recommendations other than to urge that all clinical trials in AD should be designed with careful consideration of the ethical issues surrounding the use of placebo controls. As new and more effective treatments emerge, the ethical framework for placebo use in AD studies will require frequent re-examination. To make wise choices, patients, caregivers, physicians, and ethicists (among others) must have a voice in this continuing discussion.
Epoxy polymers. II. Macrostructure

A variety of measurements indicate that thermosetting epoxy polymers contain closely packed floccules and an interstitial liquid similar to the starting materials. The fioccules are thought to be of colloidal origin and appear to be ordered with respect to each other in a three-dimensional array.
Luise Mühlbach’s Aphra Behn (1849): Auto/Biography of a Woman Artist

This article explores the liberal German author Luise Muhlbach’s fictional biography of the English Restoration author, Aphra Behn, England’s first professional woman writer, as an autobiographical and aesthetic statement. Previous critics have analyzed Aphra Behn as a social novel and historical novel. Exploring this text as an artist novel and examining the intersections between artistic and historical discourses can shed light on Muhlbach’s artistic identity. Muhlbach constructs an authorial profile for her female artist as politically engaged and socially critical, that also inscribes her own self-representation or authorial persona as a socially committed woman artist. Muhlbach combines the ideals of engaged, activist artistry with Romantic, transcendent concepts of divinely inspired creativity to legitimize female artistic activity and to criticize gender relations in the literary marketplace that result in the self-alienation of the woman artist. Muhlbach problematizes the connection between sexuality and creativity in the female artist’s subjectivity to highlight the materiality of the female body and the economic and psychosocial effects of prejudice against women writers. Through the engaged artist persona Muhlbach asserts the authority to reinterpret Behn’s controversial personal and literary reputation.
Rare isotope accelerator—conceptual design of target areas

Abstract The planned rare isotope accelerator facility RIA in the US would become the most powerful radioactive beam facility in the world. RIA's driver accelerator will be a device capable of providing beams from protons to uranium at energies of at least 400 MeV per nucleon, with beam power up to 400 kW. Radioactive beam production relies on both the in-flight separation of fast beam fragments and on the ISOL technique. In both cases the high beam power poses major challenges for target technology and handling and on the design of the beam production areas. This paper will give a brief overview of RIA and discuss aspects of ongoing conceptual design work for the RIA target areas.
Toll-like receptors control autophagy

Autophagy is a newly recognized innate defense mechanism, acting as a cell-autonomous system for elimination of intracellular pathogens. The signals and signalling pathways inducing autophagy in response to pathogen invasion are presently not known. Here we show that autophagy is controlled by recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We screened a PAMP library for effects on autophagy in RAW 264.7 macrophages and found that several prototype Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands induced autophagy. Single-stranded RNA and TLR7 generated the most potent effects. Induction of autophagy via TLR7 depended on MyD88 expression. Stimulation of autophagy with TLR7 ligands was functional in eliminating intracellular microbes, even when the target pathogen was normally not associated with TLR7 signalling. These findings link two innate immunity defense systems, TLR signalling and autophagy, provide a potential molecular mechanism for induction of autophagy in response to pathogen invasion, and show that the newly recognized ability of TLR ligands to stimulate autophagy can be used to treat intracellular pathogens.
Euclid's algorithm and the lanczos method over finite fields

This paper shows that there is a close relationship between the Euclidean algorithm for polynomials and the Lanczos method for solving sparse linear systems, especially when working over finite fields. It uses this relationship to account rigorously for the appearance of self-orthogonal vectors arising in the course of the Lanczos algorithm. It presents an improved Lanczos method which overcomes problems with self-orthogonality and compares this improved algorithm with the Euclidean algorithm.
Bending patterns of chlamydomonas flagella I. Wild‐type bending patterns

Using a uniflagellate mutant of Chlamydomonas and flash photomicrography at 300 Hz, we have obtained detailed information on the forward and reverse beating modes of Chlamydomonas flagella and on the relationship between rotation of the uniflagellate cell and the bending cycle of the forward mode. Flagella ranging in length from 5 to 15.5 micron were photographed. There is a decrease in wavelength and an increase in curvature in the principal bends when the length of the flagellum is less than the normal length of 12-13 micron, but these changes are not sufficient to maintain similarity of the bending pattern. In the reverse mode, the flagellum propagates symmetrical, planar, undulatory waves with a shear amplitude which is the same as in the forward mode; there is a 19% increase in beat frequency and a similar decrease in wave length. The reorientation of the flagellar beat direction towards the axis of the cell in the reverse mode is caused both by the decrease in asymmetry of beat and by activation of sliding in the principal bends at an earlier time in the beat cycle, relative to the time of activation of sliding in reverse bends. There are additional rare modes of beating which may be related to intermediate stages in the transition between forward and reverse beating modes.
Multireference Configuration Interaction Calculations on Cr2: Passing the One Billion Limit in MRCI/MRACPF Calculations

The region around the minimum of the potential-energy curve of Cr{sub 2} has been calculated at the multireference configuration interaction (CI) level including almost 1.3 billion configurations in the CI calculation. The computational techniques as implemented on massively parallel computers which enabled this calculation are described. The calculated results are R{sub e} = 1.72 {angstrom}, D{sub e} = 1.09 eV, and {omega}{sub e} = 338.7 cm{sup {minus}1} as compared to experimental values of R{sub e} = 1.679 {angstrom}, D{sub e} = 1.50 {+-} 0.05 eV, and {omega}{sub e} = 452.34 ({Delta}G{sub 1/2}) cm{sup {minus}1}. The error of 0.4 eV in the dissociation energy can be attributed to relativistic effects following other authors (0.2 eV) and the need for higher angular momentum basis functions in the one-particle set (0.2 eV).
Matrices with Applications in Statistics

Prerequisite matrix theory. Prerequisite vector theory. Linear transformations and characteristic roots. Geometric interpretations. Algebra of vector spaces. Generalized inverse. Conditional inverse. Systems of linear equations. Patterned matrices and certain other special matrices. Trace of a matrix, vector of a matrix, commutation matrices. Integration and differentiation. Positive matrices and matrices with non-positive off-diagonal elements. Non-negative matrices, idempotent and tripotent matrices, projections.
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria : Clinical, biochemical, and enzymatic profile of a severely affected infant

Blistering of light-exposed skin, pink-stained fluorescing diapers, and fluorescing peripheral erythrocytes led to diagnosis of congenital porphyria in an infant born to consanguineous parents. Although massive coproporphyrinuria and coproporphyrinemia initially suggested a coproporphyrinogen oxidase deficiency disorder, excess porphyrins were chiefly of the isomer I series, implicating a uroporphyrinogen III synthase defect. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria was confirmed by demonstration of a profound defect in the activity of the infant's uroporphyrinogen III synthase (4% of the mean value for nine normal controls) and in both parents at approximately 50% of the mean normal activity. Coinheritance of gene defects for either hereditary coproporphyria or erythropoietic protoporphyria in addition to those for congenital erythropoietic porphyria was excluded by demonstrating normal activities of both coproporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase in the infant. The complicated perinatal and postnatal clinical course and biochemical and enzyme assay data for the infant and his parents are described.
Relationship between the IPAT Self-Analysis Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Personal Reaction Inventory

Control of test-taking attitudes on forced-choice, self-report personality inventories has been concerned largely with pathological content. The IPAT and Marlowe-Crowne were administered to 100 psychiatric workers (9 nurses, 31 experienced aides, and 60 aides of moderate experience) to measure anxiety generated by a major change in roles. of the 5 IPAT scores possible, only Q correlated significantly with Crowne-Marlowe (r = −0.44, p = .01). The results seem to support the Marlowe-Crowne definition of social approval and suggest the IPAT is less vulnerable to response distortion influenced by the need of social acceptability.
Infiltrating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells increase prostate cancer stem cell population and metastatic ability via secreting cytokines to suppress androgen receptor signaling

Although the contribution of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in cancer progression is emerging, their potential roles in prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. Here, we showed that PCa cells could recruit BM-MSCs and consequently the metastatic ability of PCa cells was increased. We also found that the increased metastatic ability of PCa cells could be due to the increased PCa stem cell population. Mechanism dissection studies found that the upregulation of Chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) expression in BM-MSCs and PCa cells, after MSCs infiltrated into the PCa cells, subsequently downregulated androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which was due to inhibition of AR nuclear translocation. Interruption of such signaling led to suppression of the BM-MSCs-induced PCa stem cell population increase and thereby inhibited the metastatic ability of PCa cells. The PCa stem cell increase then led to the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9, ZEB-1, CD133 and CXCR4 molecules, and enhanced the metastatic ability of PCa cells. Therefore, we conclude that the BM-MSCs-mediated increased metastatic ability of PCa cells can be due to the PCa stem cell increase via alteration of the CCL5-AR signaling pathway. Together, these results uncover the important roles of BM-MSCs as key components in the prostate tumor microenvironment to promote PCa metastasis and may provide a new potential target to suppress PCa metastasis by blocking BM-MSCs infiltration into PCa.
Sterol metabolism—XXX. Cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide metabolism

Abstract The metabolism of cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide by subcellular fractions of rat and calf liver and of rat kidney was examined. The sole metabolic transformation observed was the reduction of the 25-hydroperoxide to the corresponding 25-alcohol 5-cholestene-3β,25-diol. No evidence of enzymic rearrangement of the 25-hydroperoxide to vicinal diol products was adduced. Neither cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide nor 5-cholestene-3β,25-diol was converted by rat liver homogenates to bile acids. Attempts to demonstrate cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide as a putative intermediate in the biosynthesis of bile acids from cholesterol in rat liver homogenates and calf liver microsomes by trapping techniques were unsuccessful. It was concluded that cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide is not implicated in cholesterol metabolism in liver or kidney tissues.
L-tryptophan and the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: pathologic findings in eight patients.

Abstract Pathologic findings in eight patients with the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, secondary to L-tryptophan ingestion, are reported. Tissue was obtained by biopsy alone in six patients, by biopsy and autopsy in the seventh patient, and by autopsy alone in the eighth patient. Muscle biopsies in five patients demonstrated an inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells, and a few eosinophils. The inflammation involved the perimysial and epimysial connective tissue, the walls of some small blood vessels, the perineurium of small nerve twigs, muscle spindles, and fibrous septae of subcutaneous adipose tissue. In two patients with peripheral neuropathy and one patient without overt neuropathy, denervation atrophy of muscle and perimysial and epimysial fibrosis were present. Sural nerve biopsy tissue taken from two patients displayed prominent axonopathy in one, and minimal changes in the second. Pulmonary changes in the two autopsied patients included endothelial cell damage, endovasculitis and fibromyxoid intimal change in arteries and veins, and interstitial pneumonitis with fibrosis.
Firm size and productivity differential: theory and evidence from a panel of US firms

Abstract The US industrial sector displays heterogeneity among firms on the basis of their size: smaller firms exhibit a higher profit rate, lower survival probability and difficulty in accessing the capital market. A simple theoretical model that generates these features based on private information regarding managerial actions at firm-level production is developed and tested. Using a large panel of publicly traded US firms, parameters of the production technology for large and small firms are estimated for the 1970–1989 period. The empirical results indicate that small firms are significantly more productive but also more risky than their large counterparts. The estimation results imply that the notion of a tradeoff between flexibility and efficiency be adjusted for the dimension of risk. Small firms facing market uncertainties, capital constraints and other challenges undertake actions that make them more efficient than large firms but is achieved at the cost of increasing their riskiness.
A generalized multiparticle Mie-solution: further experimental verification

Abstract We further test our electromagnetic multisphere-scattering solution developed earlier by comparing theoretical predictions from the theory with a set of laboratory measurements of microwave analog to light scattering by aggregated spheres. This solution is an extension of Mie theory to the multisphere case, generally applicable to an arbitrary aggregate of spherical and/or nonspherical particles. It is demonstrated once again that the theory is in a uniform agreement with experiment, convincingly confirming the veracity of the multiparticle-scattering formulation. The computer code for the calculation of the scattering by an aggregate of spheres in a fixed orientation and the experimental data havebeen made publically available.
Unifites: structureless muds of gravity-flow origin in Mediterranean basins

Unifite is the descriptive term applied to a structureless or faintly laminated, often thick, mud layer revealing a fining-upward trend. Study of Mediterranean basins suggests this mud type represents rapid, single event deposition from low-density gravity flows. This interpretation is based on unifite restriction to basin plains, distinct vertical and lateral petrologic trends, and lithofacies association with mud turbidites. Deposition involves accumulation in small, topographically restricted depressions, basinward displacement involving repeated failure and redeposition, slope-relief bypassing resulting in progressive fining and homogenization downslope, and modification by hyraulic jump effects at the base-of-slope.
The Spiral Ganglion In Profound Deafness

The spiral ganglion cell population was evaluated in 41 ears from 29 profoundly deaf patients. In 10 ears 66 to 100 per cent of the spiral ganglion cells remained, in 3 ears 33 to 66 per cent of the cells remained, and in 28 ears less than 33 per cent remained. In all of these ears there was severe atrophy of the organ of Corti. When the etiology of the deafness is known it often is possible to predict the condition of the ganglion. An excellent ganglion cell population would be expected if the deafness was due to ototoxic drugs and a severe loss of ganglion if due to bacterial labyrinthitis.
Directed cleavage of RNA with protein-tethered EDTA-Fe.

There are several methods for locating the RNA site where a protein binds. One of the less common methods is directed cleavage of the RNA by an EDTA–Fe reagent tethered to the protein. The reaction of the EDTA–Fe(III) with ascorbate or hydrogen peroxide produces reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, localized within a 10-A radius of the iron center. The reactive oxygen species will attack the ribose or deoxyribose of nucleic acids as well as proximal polypeptide backbones. One EDTA–Fe reagent, (EDTA-2-aminoethyl)-2-pyridyl disulfide complexed to iron (EPD–Fe), has been tethered to several proteins through a disulfide linkage to engineered cysteine thiols and used to cleave DNA, proteins, and RNA. A second tethered EDTA–Fe reagent, 1-(p-bromoacetamidobenzyl)–EDTA–Fe, or BABE, has also been used to cleave RNA. Here we describe the issues involved in using these reagents with any RNA binding protein.
FTIR Reflection Absorption Technique Applied For The Characterization Of Electroactive Species

A spectroelectrochemical technique based on the reflection absorption spectroscopic method is described whereby high resolution in situ vibrational spectra of electrogenerated reaction intermediates(including radicals) and species adsorbed on electrode surfaces can be obtained. Theoretical and experimental aspects of the method,in a single reflection mode, are discussed. The application of this technique to aqueous and non-aqueous systems, using platinum and carbon electrodes are described.
Enhanced Monocyte Tissue Factor Response After Experimental Balloon Angioplasty in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit: Inhibition With Dietary l-Arginine

Background—There is evidence that tissue factor (TF) is a major contributor to the thrombogenicity of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. Nitric oxide (NO) has antiatherogenic and antithrombotic properties. We investigated whether l-arginine (l-arg), the endogenous precursor of NO, might affect the ability of monocytes to produce TF. Methods and Results—We studied TF expression in 18 rabbits with atherosclerosis induced by bilateral iliac damage and 10 weeks of a 2% cholesterol diet. Six weeks after the initiation of the diet, an angioplasty was performed. After angioplasty, the surviving rabbits (n=15) were randomized to receive l-arg (2.25%) supplementation in drinking water (l-arg group, n=8) or no treatment (untreated group, n=7). TF expression was evaluated in mononuclear cells from arterial blood in the presence and absence of endotoxin stimulation. Monocyte TF expression, as assessed with an amidolytic assay, did not differ significantly before or after the induction of atherosclerotic lesions (87±1...
Relationships between near-bottom dissolved oxygen and sediment profile camera measures

Abstract The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and other environmental authorities regulate concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) as a measure of nutrient-related eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters. However, in situ DO concentrations are extremely variable, and their characterization requires an extensive sampling program to provide data over meaningful scales of time and space. In contrast, benthic faunal communities integrate the impacts of low DO over time, and can be rapidly assessed using benthic imaging. The goal of this study was to quantify the relationships between near-bottom dissolved oxygen and measures derived from benthic imaging with a sediment profile camera. We monitored three stations in Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA) for DO and other water quality parameters 15–20 cm above the sediment surface on 15-minute intervals between July and November 2002, and regularly sampled these stations with a sediment profile camera throughout this time period. These soft-sediment stations encompassed several DO environments. We tested for relationships between near-bottom DO and several camera measures, including Nilsson and Rosenberg's Benthic Habitat Quality (BHQ) index, the apparent Redox Potential Discontinuity (aRPD) depth, and various faunal features that can be identified in sediment profile images. Camera measures were examined against a variety of methods of characterizing DO (including mean DO, and the percent of time under various DO thresholds), over a span of time scales from 1 day to 49 days. The best relationship (highest r 2 ) between near-bottom DO and BHQ was found when DO was evaluated as the percent of time under a hypoxic threshold of 2.6 mg l − 1 over a 28-day time scale (by examining DO records over the 28 days preceding each camera deployment). We found that, over several benthic settings, the BHQ index was successful at identifying environments that had experienced relatively high or low DO over the preceding four weeks. Our sediment profile data showed more variability with DO in the intermediate values of BHQ. We conclude that sediment profile camera measures correlate to DO in areas where low DO is the primary stressor, integrate DO over ecologically relevant time scales, and enable sampling over spatial scales that are meaningful for mapping by virtue of rapid deployment and analysis. We submit that sediment profile camera imagery is a useful assessment and mapping tool for environmental managers interested in benthic condition and in first-order quantitative estimates of near-bottom DO regimes in areas where low DO is the primary benthic stressor.
Dual frequency observations of flares with the VLA

We describe observations of three flares made at 5 and 15 GHz with the VLA, two subflares near the limb on 1981 November 21 and 22, and an M7.7 flare on 1981 May 8. Even though the time histories of the November flares indicated simple impulsive bursts, the VLA observed no 5 GHz radiation at all from one flare, and from the other, the 15 GHz radiation emanated from a source which was smaller, lower and displaced from the 5 GHz source. Without the spatial information, we would have derived incorrect results from the assumption that photons of different energy (both at X-ray and radio wavelengths) arose from one homogeneous volume.
Parameter estimations for 2-parameter Pareto distribution by pome

The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was employed to derive a new method of parameter estimation for the 2-parameter Pareto distribution. Monte Carlo simulated data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM), and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The parameter estimates yielded by POME were either superior or comparable for small sample sizes when bias and RMSE were used as the criteria, and were either comparable or adequate for large sample sizes.
Depositional controls in a bedload-dominated fluvial system: internal architecture of the Lee Formation, Kentucky

Abstract Sandstones of the early Pennsylvanian Lee Formation, central Appalachian foreland basin, were deposited in a low-sinuosity, bedload-dominated fluvial system. The internal architecture of the sandstones consists of a six-fold hierarchy of bounding surfaces, which are evaluated with respect to depositional controls. Minor (first-, second- and third-order) surfaces, generally less than a few hundred meters in extent, separate deposits of small- to intermediate-scale bedforms. Third-order surfaces, which dip gently in the downflow direction represent reactivation surfaces of downstream-accreting macroforms. Major surfaces (fourth-, fifth- and sixth-order) are hundreds of meters to kilometers in extent. Fourth-order surfaces separate deposits of individual macroforms. Fifth-order bounding surfaces are erosional boundaries of major (system-scale) channels. Individual sandstone members of the Lee Formation are bound by sixth-order surfaces, erosional at the base and gradational at the top. Deposits overlying major surfaces contain fining-upward sequences. The trends are more apparent with increased scale of the deposit. These sequences represent responses of the fluvial system to various mechanisms that controlled sedimentation. Both fourth- and fifth-order surfaces are interpreted as results of autocyclic controls. The nature of the Lee Formation fluvial system was such that a solitary major channel was relatively stable in one position within the alluvial plain for a significant period of time. During this time the channel aggraded with the passage of one or more downstream-accreting macroforms, creating a fourth-order erosional surface. The channel eventually diverted its flow to another portion of the alluvial plain by avulsion, creating a fifth-order surface. A gross fining-upward trend and upward change in fluvial style for individual sandstone members, both characteristic of paleovalley fills, indicate that sixth-order surfaces were controlled by allocyclic processes. These characteristics and the stair-step positioning of the sandstone members (younger away from the Alleghenian Mountains to the east), suggest that tectonic processes were the ultimate control on the system.
Sudan's predicament : civil war, displacement and ecological degradation

Introduction - Sudan's predicament, Girma Kebbede Sudan - the North-South conflict in historical perspectives, Girma Kebbede South Sudan - a war-torn and divided region, Girma Kebbede war, social transition and illness conception - the case of tuberculosis, Jok M. Jok civil war in Sudan - the impact of ecological degradation, Mohamed Suliman losing ground - land impoverishment in Sudan, Girma Kebbede the challenges of peace, Girma Kebbede.
Solution assembly of vertically aligned diamond nanotube arrays from diamond nanocrystals

Abstract A facile and cost-effective solution method is presented to fabricate vertically aligned diamond nanotube arrays. The acid-treated diamond nanoparticles were dispersed in the organic solvent and then assembled to diamond nanotubes with the aid of an anodic aluminum oxide template. Scanning electron microscope characterization confirmed the uniformity of the as-produced diamond nanotubes and the morphology evolution was a function of process parameters. X-ray diffractions and Raman spectroscopy characterization also confirmed the one-dimensional nanodiamond structures. Further field emission tests indicated that the diamond nanotube array showed the turn-on electric field at 1.67 V/μm, which was more than 10-fold lower than that of a diamond nanoparticle film. The emission current density of the diamond nanotube array at 2.3 V/μm was approximately 0.1 mA/cm2. Further optimization of the diamond nanotube structure and the interface between nanotubes and substrate will significantly improve the emitter properties. This approach opens a new avenue for mass-production of the vertically aligned diamond nanotube arrays for industrial applications.
Gradient corrections in the energy density functional

Abstract It is shown, by calculations in He and Ne with HF densities, that the improvement obtained when gradient corrections are added to the local approximation to the kinetic energy, arises from a detailed improvement in the kinetic energy density.
Attenuation of Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia with Clozapine

Hyperprolactinemia is a well-known consequence of conventional antipsychotic therapy. The atypical antipsychotic clozapine is reported to lack this effect. We describe a case of attenuated serum prolactin levels after conversion to clozapine therapy in an adolescent. A 13-year-old female patient developed hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea and amenorrhea while receiving thioridazine 300 mg daily. These symptoms continued throughout 3 years of treatment with haloperidol 10 mg daily and then fluphenazine 10 mg daily. Subsequently, after an incomplete improvement in her psychiatric symptoms and hyperprolactinemia on thioridazine 150 mg and bromocriptine 15 mg daily, the patient was changed to clozapine at age 16. Clozapine 150 mg twice daily improved her psychiatric status and corrected her serum prolactin concentrations after 2 weeks; bromocriptine was able to be discontinued. We recommend systematic evaluation of atypical neuroleptics as alternative treatments for refractory hyperprolactinemia induced by conventional antipsychotics.
Test Methods and Design Allowables for Fibrous Composites: 2nd Volume

Topics discussed include extreme/hostile environment testing, establishing design allowables, and property/behavior specific testing. Papers are presented on environmental effects on the high strain rate properties of graphite/epoxy composite, the low-temperature performance of short-fiber reinforced thermoplastics, the abrasive wear behavior of unidirectional and woven graphite fiber/PEEK, test methods for determining design allowables for fiber reinforced composites, and statistical methods for calculating material allowables for MIL-HDBK-17. Attention is also given to a test method to measure the response of composite materials under reversed cyclic loads, a through-the-thickness strength specimen for composites, the use of torsion tubes to measure in-plane shear properties of filament-wound composites, the influlence of test fixture design on the Iosipescu shear test for fiber composite materials, and a method for monitoring in-plane shear modulus in fatigue testing of composites.
People-Plant Principles from the Past

The work of Frederick Law Olmsted, the "Father of Landscape Architecture," and that of his firm from the 1850's through the first half of this century resulted in many of the most professional and socially influential landscapes in the United States. Thousands of these landscapes have attained national significance as plant-oriented places of enduring popularity. The long term success and viability of these places can be attributed to a number of "Olmstedian" design principles which influence the nature and quality of human interactions within these intensively vegetated settings. This paper examines these Olmstedian principles for approaches to the layout and organization of therapeutic landscapes which can encourage participation with plants and with the outdoor spaces they shape.
On the nature of the X-ray bright core in a stable filament channel

In a search for the cause of the intense heating revealed by X-ray emission in filament channels, we have simulated the evolution of a twisted toroidal flux rope emerging quasi-statically into the corona. Initially, the simulated flux rope remains confined in equilibrium as the stored magnetic energy increases. With enough twist buildup, there is a sudden catastrophic loss of equilibrium and total expulsion of the flux rope. We focused on the quasi-static phase in which a current sheet forms within the flux rope cavity, along the so-called bald-patch separatrix surface (BPSS). This comprises an envelope of field lines that graze the anchoring lower boundary, enclosing the detached helical field that supports the prominence. Significant magnetic energy dissipation and heating are expected to center around such current sheets. The heating that should result provides a plausible explanation for the hot X-ray sources, although they appear to be colocated with cool material. If our physical picture is correct, then the development of X-ray "bright cores" or "sigmoids" in a filament channel suggests the presence of a BPSS separating the helical field of a twisted flux rope in stable confinement from the surrounding untwisted fields.
Scaling of differentiation in networks: nervous systems, organisms, ant colonies, ecosystems, businesses, universities, cities, electronic circuits, and Legos.

Nodes in networks are often of different types, and in this sense networks are differentiated. Here we examine the relationship between network differentiation and network size in networks under economic or natural selective pressure, such as electronic circuits (networks of electronic components), Legost (networks of Legot pieces), businesses (networks of employees), universities (networks of faculty), organisms (networks of cells), ant colonies (networks of ants), and nervous systems (networks of neurons). For each of these we find that (i) differentiation increases with network size, and (ii) the relationship is consistent with a power law. These results are explained by a hypothesis that, because nodes are costly to build and maintain in such ‘‘selected networks’’, network size is optimized, and from this the power-law relationship may be derived. The scaling exponent depends on the particular kind of network, and is determined by the degree to which nodes are used in a combinatorial fashion to carry out network-level functions. We find that networks under natural selection (organisms, ant colonies, and nervous systems) have much higher combinatorial abilities than the networks for which human ingenuity is involved (electronic circuits, Legos, businesses, and universities). A distinct but related optimization hypothesis may be used to explain scaling of differentiation in competitive networks (networks where the nodes themselves, rather than the entire network, are under selective pressure) such as ecosystems (networks of organisms).
Allantoinase in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): in vitro effects of PCBs, DDT and metals.

Abstract 1. Allantoinase, an enzyme in the purine-urea cycle, was found in livers of Salvelinus namaycush (Osteichthyes: Salmoniformes). 2. The enzyme was active from pH 6.6 to 8.2 at 37°C and from pH 7.4 to 9.0 at 10°C and had an Arrhenius energy was activation of 11.0 kcal/mol and a temperature quotient of 2.0. The K m of the enzyme homogenate was 8.4 mM allantoin. 3. The concentrations of inorganic metals at which 50% inhibition occurred during in vitro exposure were 6.0 mg/l Cu 2+ , 6.7 mg/l Cd 2+ , 34 mg/l Hg 2+ and 52 mg/l Pb 2+ . The in vitro sensitivity to PCBs, DDT and DDE and kinetics in the presence of metals were determined. 4. Allantoinase activity was negatively correlated with body length for fish from Lake Michigan but not from Lake Superior or the laboratory.
Expression of a truncated Pasteurella multocida toxin antigen in Bordetella bronchiseptica

Mild or subclinical respiratory infections caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica are widespread in pigs despite multiple control efforts. Infection with virulent B. bronchiseptica strains is a common risk factor in the establishment of toxin-producing strains of Pasteurella multocida in the nasal cavity of pigs leading to the disease, atrophic rhinitis (AR). This study was designed to explore the possibility of expressing a protective epitope of P. multocida toxin (PMT) in B. bronchiseptica to create single-component mucosal vaccine to control atrophic rhinitis in pigs. To achieve this, a P. multocida toxin fragment (PMTCE), that was non-toxic and protective against lethal challenge in mice, was cloned into a broad-host-range plasmid, PBBR1MCS2, and introduced into B. bronchiseptica by electroporation. The Pasteurella gene construct was placed under the regulatory control of a promoter region that was separately isolated from B. bronchiseptica and appears to be part of the heat shock protein gene family. B. bronchiseptica harboring the plasmid under antibiotic selection expressed the 80kDa PMTCE as determined by PAGE and Western blot with a PMT-specific monoclonal antibody. When introduced into the respiratory tracts of mice, B. bronchiseptica harboring the plasmid construct was reisolated in declining numbers for 72h post-inoculation. Antibody responses (IgM, IgA and IgG) to B. bronchiseptica were detected in serum and respiratory lavage, but PMTCE-specific antibodies were not detected. While further refinements of PMT expression in B. bronchiseptica are necessary, this study provides a basis for the development of a single-component, live-attenuated vaccine against atrophic rhinitis.
Cerebral capillary bed structure of normotensive and chronically hypertensive rats.

In this study cerebral capillary bed structure and the effects of chronic hypertension on these systems have been assessed in 6- to 7-month-old spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Capillary diameter (D), profile frequency (Na), volume fraction (Vv), and surface area (Sv) were quantitated by light microscopic morphometry of eight brain areas including the sensorimotor cortex and subfornical organ. Previously presented data from normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (SpD) of similar age were also compared. Within each of the three rat strains, D, Na, Vv, and Sv varied among brain areas. For the sensorimotor cortex and subfornical organ, capillary profile frequency differed significantly among the three rat strains. In SHR and WKY, there was an inverse correlation between profile frequency and diameter, i.e., as Na increased among brain areas, D decreased. In six brain areas capillary volume fraction and surface area were identical in SHR and WKY, but were lower in SpD. Consistent differences between SHR and WKY were found only for the subfornical organ, which suggests some involvement of this structure in hypertension. Since there were few statistically significant differences between SHR and WKY and many statistically significant differences between the two normotensive strains, cerebral capillary bed structure seems to be independent of arterial blood pressure in most brain areas of these rats.
Lightweight, Low-cost Augmented Reality Displays Enabled by Freeform Optical Technology

Freeform optical technology provide a viable way to the realization of a lightweight, low-cost augmented reality(AR) displays that look and feel as elegant as a pair of sunglasses. This talk will review examples of AR displays enabled by freeform optical technology.