cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of depression in older adults with dementia.

Depression and dementia are the two most frequent psychiatric syndromes in the older adult population. Depression in older adults with and without dementia often goes unrecognized and untreated (Charney et al., 2003; Kales, Chen, Blow, Welsh, Mellow, 2005). Estimates of the prevalence of depression in older adults with dementia vary widely (Alexopoulos, Abrams, 1991; Wragg, Jeste, 1989), which is attributed to differences in sampling, diagnostic criteria used to identify depression, and the way it is assessed (Alexopoulos, Abrams, 1991; McCabe et al., 2006). Depression in older adults is not simply due to aging; medical conditions increase the likelihood of depression (Alexopoulos, 2000). Despite expert recommendations (Alexopoulos et al., 2001) and increased availability of a range of depression treatment options (e.g., medication, psychotherapy, combination therapy, and ECT), depression remains a significant public health problem for older adults (Surgeon General Healthy People 2010). Detection is the first essential step to improving depression care for patients with dementia. Major depression is a syndrome characterized by a number of signs and symptoms. According to the DSM-IV TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), at least five symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of major depression to be made (see Definitions of Key terms). In a study conducted in a nursing home, 25% of residents screened positive for major depression (Gruber-Baldini et al., 2005). This is close to the prevalence rate of major depression reported for persons with Alzheimer’s disease (Alexopoulos, Abrams, 1991 [15%–20%]; Lyketsos et al., 1997 [22%]; Wragg, Jeste, 1989 [10%–20%]). In recognition that many demented patients experience clinically significant depression that may not meet full criteria for major depression, Olin et al. (2002b) have proposed new provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease. Diagnostic criteria include fewer symptoms of depression (three symptoms versus five symptoms required for major depression). In addition, symptoms need to be present for a shorter period of time due to the fluctuating nature of depression in persons with dementia (Abrams, Alexopoulos, 1994; Jost, Grossberg, 1996). However, research studies are still needed to validate these new depression criteria (Charney et al., 2003). Depression screening in persons with dementia is hindered at times by the patient’s inability to self-report symptoms and tendency to underestimate degree of depression, and discrepant caregiver reports (Teri, Wagner, 1991). The assessment of depression in dementia is complicated by the considerable overlap in its clinical presentation with that of dementia.
Automatic Order Entry—with a Field Sales Order Entry Management System

What can go wrong during the order entry process of a manufacturer? A system solution to many of these problems is discussed that combines hardware, software and networking technology in that solution. The system solution includes the networking of data entered into the new “briefcase” portable micros, personal computers, or terminals at field sales locations. The benefits which accrue to the company implementing the solution are highlighted. In conclusion, the article discusses how a manufacturer can optimise the use of data captured in the order entry process for better sales and marketing control.
Why Physicians Who Treat Hypertension Should Know More About Air Pollution

Exposure to ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) air pollution increases the risk of a host of cardiovascular diseases and events. One potential mechanism explaining this association is that acute exposure to PM at high concentrations is capable of raising blood pressure within hours to days. Epidemiologic studies confirm that even commonly encountered levels of airborne pollutants can result in a prohypertensive response in humans. Several biologic pathways may be involved, including autonomic nervous system imbalance and arterial vascular dysfunction/vasoconstriction due to systemic oxidative stress/inflammation triggered by PM inhalation. The clinical importance of this vasopressor response and its relative role in promoting cardiovascular events associated with PM remain unclear. Because air pollution exposure is ubiquitous throughout the world, however, all health care providers and especially those who treat hypertension should be aware of this emerging and important biologic relationship.
The anatomy of an arrhythmia

Computer simulations are potentially effective approaches to unraveling the causes of lethal heart rhythm disorders. In this issue of the JCI, Xie et al. have embedded a well-characterized dynamic mechanism for arrhythmia development in an anatomically realistic computer model of the heart. Their demonstration that this simple mechanism governs the behavior of the complex model may provide a new target for strategies to prevent sudden death.
Flat panel detector-based cone beam computed tomography with a circle-plus-two-arcs data acquisition orbit: Preliminary phantom study

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been investigated in the past two decades due to its potential advantages over a fan beam CT. These advantages include (a) great improvement in data acquisition efficiency, spatial resolution, and spatial resolution uniformity, (b) substantially better utilization of x-ray photons generated by the x-ray tube compared to a fan beam CT, and (c) significant advancement in clinical three-dimensional (3D) CT applications. However, most studies of CBCT in the past are focused on cone beam data acquisition theories and reconstruction algorithms. The recent development of x-ray flat panel detectors (FPD) has made CBCT imaging feasible and practical. This paper reports a newly built flat panel detector-based CBCT prototype scanner and presents the results of the preliminary evaluation of the prototype through a phantom study. The prototype consisted of an x-ray tube, a flat panel detector, a GE 8800 CT gantry, a patient table and a computer system. The prototype was constructed by modifying a GE 8800 CT gantry such that both a single-circle cone beam acquisition orbit and a circle-plus-two-arcs orbit can be achieved. With a circle-plus-two-arcs orbit, a complete set of cone beam projection data can be obtained, consisting of a set of circle projections and a set of arc projections. Using the prototype scanner, the set of circle projections were acquired by rotating the x-ray tube and the FPD together on the gantry, and the set of arc projections were obtained by tilting the gantry while the x-ray tube and detector were at the 12 and 6 o'clock positions, respectively. A filtered backprojection exact cone beam reconstruction algorithm based on a circle-plus-two-arcs orbit was used for cone beam reconstruction from both the circle and arc projections. The system was first characterized in terms of the linearity and dynamic range of the detector. Then the uniformity, spatial resolution and low contrast resolution were assessed using different phantoms mainly in the central plane of the cone beam reconstruction. Finally, the reconstruction accuracy of using the circle-plus-two-arcs orbit and its related filtered backprojection cone beam volume CT reconstruction algorithm was evaluated with a specially designed disk phantom. The results obtained using the new cone beam acquisition orbit and the related reconstruction algorithm were compared to those obtained using a single-circle cone beam geometry and Feldkamp's algorithm in terms of reconstruction accuracy. The results of the study demonstrate that the circle-plus-two-arcs cone beam orbit is achievable in practice. Also, the reconstruction accuracy of cone beam reconstruction is significantly improved with the circle-plus-two-arcs orbit and its related exact CB-FPB algorithm, as compared to using a single circle cone beam orbit and Feldkamp's algorithm.
The Structure of MHC Class II: A Role for Dimer of Dimers

Abstract The MHC class II molecules, expressed by antigen presenting cells, are heterodimers composed of an α and a β chain, which function to present processed antigen to helper T cells. The human MHC class II molecules, HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR3, crystallized not as monomers, but rather dimers of αβ heterodimers. The ‘dimer of dimers’ or ‘superdimer’ structure led to speculation that the binding of T-cell receptors to monomeric class II molecules on the antigen presenting cell surface may affect dimerization and thus initiate signaling both in the T cell and in the antigen presenting cell. Recent biochemical analyses of the mouse MHC class II E k molecule provide evidence that dimers of class II heterodimers form in the absence of T cells. Although such dimers were shown to augment T-cell stimulation, the dimerization of class II molecules alone is unlikely to initiate signal transduction. However, dimers may be important in stabilizing weak T-cell receptor/CD4/class II interactions, allowing further multimerization of such complexes, leading to signaling.
Quasi-Elastic Peak in High-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering

Abstract : IN THE SCATTERING OF VERY HIGH-ENERGY PROTONS FROM THE NUCLEONS WITHIN TARGET NUCLEI, IT IS FOUND THAT THE SCATTERED PROTONS HAVE A DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGIES. These experiments where performed which show a sharp peak in the energy distribution which corresponds to elastic scattering of the incident protons, and also a broader peak at somewhat lower energy which corresponds to nearly elastic scattering of the incident protons. An explanation of this latter quasi-elastic peak is offered in terms of the diffraction scattering of one of the pions in the cloud of the target nucleon. This diffraction scattering of the pion by the incident nucleon results in a moderate energy loss of the nucleon, so that it emerges in the quasi-elastic peak. (Author)
The global epidemic of tobacco and cancer

Abstract Objectives To provide a global context for understanding the epidemic of tobacco-induced disease, and the need for nursing action. Data sources International cancer and tobacco statistics; published articles. Conclusion Tobacco use is a global problem and a significant issue for cancer control. The efforts of health professionals, especially those concerned about cancer, are needed to confront this epidemic Implications for nursing practice Worldwide action of nurses, the largest group of health professionals, is critical in preventing tobacco use, helping with tobacco cessation, and decreasing exposure to second-hand smoke.
An Economical Replacement for Nitrogen in Solvent Removal in Microscale Organic Laboratories

This paper presents a simple way to remove solvents from reaction mixtures involving compounds that are not readily oxidized.
A New Species of Ariaspis (Agnatha, Heterostraci) from the Late Silurian of the Canadian Arctic

Vertebrate faunas are well known from the Late Silurian and Early Devonian rocks of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and since their initial discovery by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1955 (Th...
Seasonal effects of radiation and temperature on growth of greenhouse lettuce in a high insolation desert environment

Abstract ‘Ostinata’, ‘Summer Bibb’ and ‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce were measured for seasonal growth in a greenhouse in a high-insolation desert environment. Growth of all 3 cultivars was positively correlated with radiation up to the highest level measured, 550 cal cm −2 day −1 . Crops grown in the autumn used light 2–3 times more efficiently than crops grown in spring. Daytime air temperatures were also positively correlated with growth, and there was a significant temperature × radiation interaction. The best predictor of growth was the product of day temperature and the log of radiation. This variable explained much of the difference between the growth of autumn and spring crops. Autumn crops were grown under higher temperatures and thus responded more steeply to radiation than spring crops. High temperatures during the summer rainy season were associated with bolting. A general curve to predict the length of the crop cycle from radiation data alone was constructed from data for Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A., crops and data from the literature for lettuce grown in Great Britain and the Great Lakes region of the United States.
Angular distribution of photoelectrons in argon and xenon

Abstract The angular distribution of photoelectrons from the argon 3p and xenon 4d subshells have been calculated in several approximations that predict quite different photoionization cross sections but angular distributions which are substantially in agreement.
Control of a Genetic Regulatory Network by a Selector Gene

The formation of many complex structures is controlled by a special class of transcription factors encoded by selector genes. It is shown that SCALLOPED, the DNA binding component of the selector protein complex for the Drosophila wing field, binds to and directly regulates the cis-regulatory elements of many individual target genes within the genetic regulatory network controlling wing development. Furthermore, combinations of binding sites for SCALLOPED and transcriptional effectors of signaling pathways are necessary and sufficient to specify wing-specific responses to different signaling pathways. The obligate integration of selector and signaling protein inputs on cis-regulatory DNA may be a general mechanism by which selector proteins control extensive genetic regulatory networks during development.
The use of in vivo desensitization as part of a total therapeutic intervention

Abstract The use of in vivo and imaginal desensitization procedures for treatment of a fear of flying in airplanes is described. The direct benefits of the program, along with the positive effects it had upon progress on a series of other, equally troublesome presenting problems is discussed.
Physical structure of the replication origin of bacteriophage lambda

The nucleotide sequence of part of the replication region of wild-type bacteriophage lambda and of four mutants defective in the origin of DNA replication (ori-) has been determined. Three of the ori- mutations are small deletions, and one is a transversion. The sequence of the origin region, defined by these mutations, contains a number of unusual features.
Factors affecting the feeding of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylvarium, through a membrane.

Northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), were fed artificially through chick skin membranes to investigate several factors that affected the degree of mite feeding. More mites fed after starving 24 h than unstarved mites or mites starved 48 or 72 h. Protonymphs fed as well as adults. More mites fed on refrigerated blood than on fresh blood and on frozen blood than on refrigated blood. However, mites fed well on newly drawn blood that had been lysed. They fed as well on plasma and serum as on whole blood but less well on washed erythrocytes. They also fed well on citrated blood, but fewer mites fed on oxalated blood or freshly defibrinated blood. Resume Facteurs intervenant sur la prise de nourriture a travers une membrane par l'acarien nordique des volailles, Ornithonyssus sylviarum O. sylviarum Canestri & Fanzago a ete alimente artificiellement pour etudier plusieurs facteurs qui affectent l'intensite de la prise de nourriture. Le dispositif d'alimentation consistait en un cylindre de verre de 24 mm de long, dont les ouvertures etaient fermees, a une extremite par une membrane en peau de volaille, et a l'autre extremite avec du polyethylene. Apres un jeune de 24 h, le nombre de pucerons qui s'etaient alimentes etait plus eleve (87%) qu'apres un jeune de 48 ou 72 h (respectivement 71 et 73%) ou en absence de jeune (11%). Les protonymphes se sont aussi bien alimentees que les adultes; elles ont ete significativement plus nombreuses a le faire apres 2 h (84%) qu'apres 1 h (71%). Le sang refroidi pendant une nuit, ou pendant une ou 2 semaines a ete consomme par un plus grand nombre d'acariens (59%, 70% et 78%) que le sang frais (46%); les differences entre durees voisines ne sont pas significatives, mais elles le sont entre une nuit et deux semaines. Le sang congele pendant 1, 2 ou 4 semaines a ete consomme par un plus grand nombre d'acariens (87%, 90% et 82%) que le sang refroid; la consommation etait aussi bonne pour les differentes durees de congelation. Puisque les acariens se sont bien alimentes sur sang lyse (75%), les materiaux propres au sang frais devaient etre tombes hors d'atteinte des pieces bucales des acariens. Autant se sont alimentes sur plasma (87%), serum (79%) que sur sang complet (85%), mais ils ont ete moins nombreux a le faire sur erythrocytes laves (69%); ils ont ete nombreux a le faire sur sang citrate (87%), mais en plus faible nombre sur sang oxalate (66%) ou defibrine depuis peu (32%). Le taux de mortalite des acariens qui avaient consomme du sang oxalate etait elevee (25%), a l'oppose de celui observa apres alimentation sur sang citrate (6%) ou sang heparinise (9%). Le sang defibrine n'etait pas lyse, et ales erythrocytes etaient probablement hors d'atteinte, et ainsi, noningeres par les acariens.
Forebrain D1 function and sensorimotor gating in rats: Effects of D1 blockade, frontal lesions and dopamine denervation

Prefrontal D1 hypoactivity is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and might contribute to sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia patients, based on evidence that D1 blockade in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) reduces prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) in animal models. PPI is disrupted by systemic and intra-MPFC infusion of the D1 antagonist, SCH23390. We investigated the role of the MPFC in the PPI-disruptive effects of systemic SCH23390 administration, and more generally, in the dopaminergic regulation of PPI. PPI was measured in rats after forebrain manipulations, including systemic administration of SCH23390, ibotenic acid lesions of the MPFC, and 6OHDA-induced dopamine (DA) depletion from MPFC or nucleus accumbens. Systemic SCH23390 disrupted PPI; these effects were not opposed by ibotenic acid lesions of the MPFC. PPI remained intact after MPFC DA depletion, but--as predicted by Bubser and Koch [M. Bubser, M. Koch, Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response of rats is reduced by 6 hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex, Psychopharmacology 113 (1994) 487-492]--a reduction in PPI from pre- to post-surgery correlated significantly with MPFC DA loss. The effects of systemic SCH23390 were not opposed by NAC DA depletion. D1 receptors regulate PPI in rats, but this effect does not appear to be mediated either by the MPFC or by increased mesolimbic DA activity.
Multidetector Computerized Tomography Angiography to Predict Lumbar Venous Anatomy Before Donor Nephrectomy

Purpose: Multidetector computerized tomography angiography has been used to predict renal anatomy before donor nephrectomy. Unrecognized lumbar veins represent a significant risk during laparoscopic surgery but to our knowledge no previous group has attempted to predict lumbar veins with multidetector computerized tomography angiography before laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. We evaluated the ability of multidetector computerized tomography angiography to preoperatively predict the size and location of anomalous left lumbar veins.Materials and Methods: A prospective study was performed in patients undergoing left hand assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy from January 2003 to September 2004. All patients were imaged using 4-phase computerized tomography, including computerized tomography angiography with 1.25 mm collimation of the arterial and venous phases. Each multidetector computerized tomography angiogram was prospectively reviewed by a radiologist and operating surgeon, and retrospectively reviewed...
Experiment results of iterative block-based decision feedback equalizer with spatial diversity in underwater acoustic channels

The use of multiple hydrophones at the receiver brings several advantages to an underwater communication system, such as improved signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio and spatial diversity gain. Many existing array combining techniques have implicitly assumed that the channel undergoes flat fading, with either perfect time-domain equalization (TDE) or OFDM-based (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation. Unfortunately, direct applications of these methods to underwater acoustic (UWA) channels are severely limited by the long delay spread and the low dynamic range of hydrophones. In this paper, a receiver structure based on the recently developed iterative block (IB) decision-feedback equalization (DFE) with single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) was applied to the real underwater acoustic data from CAPEx09. We investigated the performance improvement of this nonlinear equalizer with respect to the regular linear MMSE equalizer. Our results show that the IB-DFE are more immune to the noise contaminations compared with MMSE equalizer.
In vitro effects of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin on follicular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the hamster.

Follicles were dissected by hand or enzymatically from the ovary of the proestrous hamster at 0900 h and classified into 10 stages: stages 1–4, follicles with 1–4 layers of granulosa cells and no theca; stages 5–8, preantral follicles with 5 or more layers of granulosa cells and theca to small antral follicles; stage 9, intermediate-sized atretic antral follicles; and stage 10, healthy preovulatory antral follicles. Follicles were then incubated for 2 h with [3H]thymidine ([3H]Tdr) in the absence or presence of gonadotropins and with incorporation of radionuclide into DNA as the end point. FSH (25 ng) significantly stimulated [3H]Tdr incorporation in all stages of follicular development with a latency of 2 h, and this effect was inhibited by 2 μg unlabeled Tdr. While FSH and PRL (25 and 100 ng) stimulated [3H]Tdr incorporation in all stages, LH (0.2–5 ng) action began from stage 5 onward, when definitive thecal cells and LH receptors started appearing. LH (5 ng) also suppressed 25 ng FSH-induced DNA synth...
Measurements of ultrafine particles and other vehicular pollutants inside school buses in South Texas

Increasing evidence has demonstrated toxic effects of vehicular emitted ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter < 100 nm), with the highest human exposure usually occurring on and near roadways. Children are particularly at risk due to immature respiratory systems and faster breathing rates. In this study, children’s exposure to in-cabin air pollutants, especially UFPs, was measured inside four diesel-powered school buses. Two 1990 and two 2006 model year diesel-powered school buses were selected to represent the age extremes of school buses in service. Each bus was driven on two routine bus runs to study school children’s exposure under different transportation conditions in South Texas. The number concentration and size distribution of UFPs, total particle number concentration, PM2.5 ,P M 10, black carbon (BC), CO, and CO2 levels were monitored inside the buses. The average total particle number concentrations observed inside the school buses ranged from 7.3 � 10 3 to 3.4 � 10 4 particles cm � 3 , depending on engine age and window position. When the windows were closed, the in-cabin air pollutants were more likely due to the school buses’ self-pollution. The 1990 model year school buses demonstrated much higher air pollutant concentrations than the 2006 model year ones. When the windows were open, the majority of in-cabin air pollutants came from the outside roadway environment with similar pollutant levels observed regardless of engine ages. The highest average UFP concentration was observed at a bus transfer station where approximately 27 idling school buses were queued to load or unload students. Starting-up and idling generated higher air pollutant levels than the driving state. Higher in-cabin air pollutant concentrations were observed when more students were on board.
Literary History’s Alternate Groove: The Expectations of Periodization and Seventeenth‐Century Literary Culture

This piece investigates the possibilities of periodization and its labels for the mid- and later seventeenth century, historical decades which have always posed certain problems for those in search of literary period names. The Interregnum as a historical period has very clear boundaries, but supposedly little literary merit. The standard literary histories of the seventeenth century emphasized continuity with earlier Stuart court literary culture and suggested to us that literature, too, was defeated by a Puritan aesthetic, the “Cavalier winter.” The Restoration is typically represented as a clean break with the Interregnum. This “rupture” model creates the expectation that literary culture comes back in from the cold and the countryside; it also privileges certain forms of literature associated with the new court culture. This has hindered the perception of such diverse contemporary writers as John Milton, John Bunyan, and Aphra Behn as emerging from the same period. While the war years and the Interregnum have been recently become the focus of literary study of alternative radical voices – women’s religious discourse, radical political discourse, and the creation of the genres of journalism – this essay looks at yet another Interregnum literary culture, of the reading habits of the middle class, or artisan consumer. “Literature” is a commercial commodity as well as a cultural one. Leaving aside periodization as a means to assist in evaluating artistic merit, this essay instead uses it to define a discreet slice of time to explore in terms of what was being written and what was being printed and sold, in other words to provide a time frame for a descriptive overview of literary production and consumption.
Motifs involved in interchain binding at the tail-end of spectrin

Segments 20-22 of alpha-spectrin and 1-3 of beta-spectrin are required for high avidity interchain binding at the tail-end of the molecule. Here, sequence analysis guided by the crystal structure of spectrin's repeating segments was used to redefine the boundaries of a repetitive beta segment that is critical for interchain binding and demonstrate the contribution of non-repetitive spectrin segments in high avidity interchain binding. Our results show that several motifs together are required for high avidity binding, indicating that interchain binding at the tail-end of the spectrin molecule depends on the long distance coordination of several different elements. We also explored the role of unusual motifs contained in beta segments involved in interchain binding. A row of basic residues and a row of small hydrophobic residues were found not to be required for interchain binding, suggesting that their conservation among species reflects functions unrelated to interchain binding. The octamer between segments beta 2 and beta 3 that maintains a specific register between true binding sites was found to have an indirect role in interchain binding by stabilizing neighboring segments. A 5-residue domain in segment beta 2 (EKPPK) was required for interchain binding because it sustains normal helix-helix interactions within segments beta 2.
Automated geometric correction of multispectral images from High Resolution CCD Camera (HRCC) on-board CBERS-2 and CBERS-2B

Abstract China–Brazil Earth Resource Satellite (CBERS) imagery is identified as one of the potential data sources for monitoring Earth surface dynamics in the event of a Landsat data gap. Currently available multispectral images from the High Resolution CCD (Charge Coupled Device) Camera (HRCC) on-board CBERS satellites (CBERS-2 and CBERS-2B) are not precisely geo-referenced and orthorectified. The geometric accuracy of the HRCC multispectral image product is found to be within 2–11 km. The use of CBERS-HRCC multispectral images to monitor Earth surface dynamics therefore necessitates accurate geometric correction of these images. This paper presents an automated method for geo-referencing and orthorectifying the multispectral images from the HRCC imager on-board CBERS satellites. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Level 1T (L1T) imagery provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is employed as reference for geometric correction. The proposed method introduces geometric distortions in the reference image prior to registering it with the CBERS-HRCC image. The performance of the geometric correction method was quantitatively evaluated using a total of 100 images acquired over the Andes Mountains and the Amazon rainforest, two areas in South America representing vastly different landscapes. The geometrically corrected HRCC images have an average geometric accuracy of 17.04 m (CBERS-2) and 16.34 m (CBERS-2B). While the applicability of the method for attaining sub-pixel geometric accuracy is demonstrated here using selected images, it has potential for accurate geometric correction of the entire archive of CBERS-HRCC multispectral images.
Abstract 1508: Development of a strategy to knock down SDF-1 using shRNA as a means to prevent pulmonary metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Metastasis, a poor prognostic indicator causing increased mortality, occurs in an organ specific pattern with lungs and lymph nodes most commonly involved. Cancer cells expressing ‘CXC'-chemokine family Receptor-4 (CXCR4) are chemo-attracted to the pulmonary tissue expressing its cognate ligand Stromal Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1), which aid in formation of metastasis. In this regard, we propose to modulate this axis through knock down of SDF-1 specifically in pulmonary vasculature to prevent lung metastasis. Our laboratory has previously shown that human adenovirus (Ad), when injected via the tail vein into human Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor (hCAR) transgenic mice, mice that ubiquitously express the hCAR native Ad receptor, transduces pulmonary vasculature preferentially. To this end, we plan to knock- down SDF-1 using shRNA against SDF-1 employing Ad as the vector to deliver them in vivo to achieve pulmonary targeting. To establish a pulmonary metastatic model in the “hCAR” mouse, we injected B16-F10 melanoma cells stably expressing CXCR4 (to cause metastasis) and firefly luciferase (to track tumor cells) via tail vein. Presence of lung metastasis was confirmed by histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry for CXCR4 and luciferase assay of the tissues. In order to identify a shRNA to deliver to the pulmonary vasculature to decrease SDF-1, we evaluated several plasmid shRNAs for their ability to suppress SDF-1 expression at the mRNA level using qRT-PCR in vitro. From this experiment, we identified one shRNA which gave significant decrease in mRNA of SDF-1 measured by qRT-PCR (>70%). We created an Ad vector expressing this particular shRNA and measured its efficiency of inhibiting SDF-1 expression of approximately 75% for mRNA by qRT-PCR and approximately 90% for protein by Western Blot. Future studies include demonstrating the functional knock-down of SDF-1 in vitro by transwell chamber assay and subsequently analyzing the biological effect of knocking down SDF-1 in vivo in the pulmonary metastatic model established in “hCAR” mouse. In conclusion, therapies available for prevention of metastasis are limited despite different treatment modalities available for cancer. Our approach of targeted knock down of SDF-1 would reduce the metastatic burden to the lungs with potential for clinical translation into a therapeutic approach to prevent lung metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1508.
Ontogenesis of megimide seizures in the rat

Abstract The effect of Megimide was studied in 360 rats weighing 4.5 (newborn) to 350 gm (adult). Tonic extensor posture alternating with flexor relaxation was elicited in the newborn by 0.030 mg, iv, per gm of body weight. In the 31- to 40-gm animal the convulsant dose was 0.013 mg per gm, while in the adult tonic-clonic seizures were produced by 0.005 mg per gm of body weight. Automatic motor behavior executed in a state of altered reactivity to stimuli was obtained in the newborn and 31- to 40-gm animals with 0.013 and 0.0075 mg per gm, respectively. We suggest that the activation by Megimide of a low-threshold neuronal system patterns the seizures of automatic behavior, while another neuronal system of higher threshold is responsible for the tonicclonic convulsion. The slow dysrhythmic and high-threshold convulsion of the newborn rat gradually evolves into the low-threshold fast rhythmic and organized seizure of the adult, a change reminiscent of the development of seizure pattern from lower vertebrates to mammals.
Oxidations of coal by aqueous sodium hypochlorite

Abstract Oxidations of Illinois No. 6 coal, mostly as insoluble residues of pyridine extractions, by aqueous NaOCl at 30 °C have yielded several products. They range from black, bicarbonate-soluble acids of molecular weight as high as 1000 to nearly colourless, water-soluble acids with molecular weights near 300. Most of the products have a higher ratio of aliphatic/aromatic content than the original coal. The product mix depends mostly on the pH during oxidation and on the state of subdivision of the coal. At pH 13, 96% of the coal introduced is dissolved and 80% of the carbon dissolving is found as the high-molecular-weight acids, which present a promising soluble material for investigation of coal structure. At lower pH, more of the coal structure is destroyed; simple, oxidation-resistant benzene and aliphatic carboxylic acids then become the principal organic products.
Overlapping antiparallel transcripts induced by ecdysone in a Drosophila cell line.

Abstract Treating Drosophila Kc tissue culture cells with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) causes a rapid 10-fold increase in the synthesis of three polypeptides, with molecular weights of 28 kD, 29 kD, and 40 kD (named EIP28, EIP29, and EIP 40, in reference to their molecular weights), 1 as shown by Savakis et al. (1980, 1984) . Genomic clones that include Eip40, a gene encoding the EIP40 polypeptide, have been isolated and used to characterize transcription in a 10 kilobase region. At least five different transcripts are produced from this region in Kc cells. One of these transcripts is overlapping and antiparallel to the Eip40 transcript. Although these genes are located quite near one another, their response to 20E varies from little, if any, induction to an induction that is at least 25 fold. Approximately 2.5 kb of DNA which encompasses the Eip40 gene has been sequenced. Analysis of this sequence shows that Eip40 encodes a Drosophila homologue of the enzyme cystathionase. The complementary DNA strand, which produces an 1800 N transcript, has a 645 N open reading frame (ORF).This ORF shows some similarity to cystathionase, the protein encoded by the complementary strand, but shows no detectable similarity to other reported protein sequences.
Tile-Based Fisher Ratio Analysis of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) Data Using a Null Distribution Approach

Comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) is a versatile instrumental platform capable of collecting highly informative, yet highly complex, chemical data for a variety of samples. Fisher-ratio (F-ratio) analysis applied to the supervised comparison of sample classes algorithmically reduces complex GC × GC–TOFMS data sets to find class distinguishing chemical features. F-ratio analysis, using a tile-based algorithm, significantly reduces the adverse effects of chromatographic misalignment and spurious covariance of the detected signal, enhancing the discovery of true positives while simultaneously reducing the likelihood of detecting false positives. Herein, we report a study using tile-based F-ratio analysis whereby four non-native analytes were spiked into diesel fuel at several concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm. Spike level comparisons were performed in two regimes: comparing the spiked samples to the nonspiked fuel matrix...
Variable responses to inhibition of fibrinogen binding induced by tirofiban and eptifibatide in blood from healthy subjects

Abstract Antiplatelet therapy with glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors reduces the incidence of cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. A lack of universal efficacy may result from interindividual variation in the inhibition of fibrinogen binding after exposure to tirofiban and eptifibatide. Accordingly, accurate monitoring of platelet function in individual subjects may be needed. To assess this possibility, blood was drawn from 15 healthy volunteers into syringes containing corn trypsin inhibitor (an anticoagulant that is a specific inhibitor of factor XIIa) and selected concentrations of tirofiban and eptifibatide. Platelets were then activated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin receptor agonist peptide. Flow cytometry was used to assess activation with respect to glycoprotein IIb-IIIa activation as reflected by fibrinogen binding and α-granule degranulation as reflected by P-selectin expression. In platelets activated with 1 μM ADP, clinically relevant concentrations of tirofiban caused inhibition of fibrinogen binding ranging from 17% to 88%. Similarly, eptifibatide caused inhibition of fibrinogen binding ranging from 32% to 74%. The highest concentration of eptifibatide tested enhanced agonist-induced degranulation, an effect not seen with tirofiban at concentrations tested. Flow cytometry in minimally altered whole blood can discriminate variation in the response to glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors with respect to specific components of platelet activation. Thus, the approach developed should facilitate definition of optimal platelet inhibition and individualized tailoring of therapy to induce optimal effects.
Some Measurements of the Distribution of Water Vapor in the Stratosphere

The results of three high-altitude ascents of an experimental radiosonde incorporating an electronic dew point hygrometer and carried by a large plastic balloon are presented. Significant features of the moisture distribution in the stratosphere revealed by these nights include at least one saturated layer in the vicinity of the tropopause on each occasion, and marked increases of the mixing ratio with height in the layer between 16 and 30 km in the two summer soundings. Charts and tabulations of the data from the three soundings are presented. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1950.tb00340.x
Crossover from strong to weak coupling in lattice gauge theory with dynamical fermions.

Using microcanonical simulation techniques we study SO(3) gauge theory with dynamical quarks and contrast the results with quenched simulations. We measure the expectation values of the gauge action, \ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}, and the ${Z}_{2}$ monopole current density. We locate the first-order bulk transition in the quenched case by exhibiting metastable states and find that the effect of the light dynamical fermions on the transition is simply a shift in the critical coupling.
Mechanical and tribological properties of hard carbon coatings for magnetic recording heads

Abstract Thin film read-write magnetic heads are commonly used in data processing tape and rigid disk drives. The head body is made of magnetic ferrites or nonmagnetic A1203-TiC and the head construction includes coatings of soft magnetic alloys, soft oxides and adhesives. Pole tip/ gap recession (relative wear of the pole tip and gap materials with respect to air bearing surface or ABS) in the inductive head and scratching/smearing, electrical short, electrostatic charge build up, and corrosion of the MR stripe in the MR heads are major problems. Wear of head structure can be minimized by the application of a wear resistant coating over the entire ABS including the head structure. In this study, we have deposited amorphous carbon by several deposition processes: cathodic arc deposition, (direct) ion beam deposition, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), and DC magnetron sputtering and ion beam sputtered A1203 and RF sputtered SiC. These coatings were deposited on Ni-Zn ferrite and A1203-TiC substrates and were characterized for mechanical and tribological properties. The ion beam carbon coatings on Ni-Zn ferrite and cathodic arc carbon coating on A1203-TiC exhibited the highest resistance to scratch and wear among all carbon coatings followed by the sputtered SiC coatings on A1203-TiC. Hardness and modulus of elasticity were measured for thick coatings. Cathodic arc carbon, ion beam carbon, and SiC coatings (400 nm thick) on silicon exhibited hardnesses of about 38, 19, and 27 GPa and elastic moduli of 350, 150, and 240 GPa, respectively. Propensity to produce wear debris were also lowest for cathodic arc carbon, and ion beam carbon coatings.
Protein Kinase Cε-dependent Regulation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Involves Binding to a Receptor for Activated C Kinase (RACK1) and RACK1 Binding to Na+/H+ Exchange Regulatory Factor

Protein kinase C (PKC) regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) chloride function has been demonstrated in several cell lines, including Calu-3 cells that express native, wild-type CFTR. We demonstrated previously that PKC epsilon was required for cAMP-dependent CFTR function. The goal of this study was to determine whether PKC epsilon interacts directly with CFTR. Using overlay assay, immunoprecipitation, pulldown and binding assays, we show that PKC epsilon does not bind to CFTR, but does bind to a receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1), a 37-kDa scaffold protein, and that RACK1 binds to Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory factor (NHERF1), a binding partner of CFTR. In vitro binding assays demonstrate dose-dependent binding of PKC epsilon to RACK1 which is inhibited by an 8-amino acid peptide based on the sequence of the sixth Trp-Asp repeat in RACK1 or by an 8-amino acid sequence in the V1 region of PKC epsilon, epsilon V1-2. A 4-amino acid sequence INAL (70-73) expressed in CFTR shares 50% homology to the RACK1 inhibitory peptide, but it does not bind PKC epsilon. NHERF1 and RACK1 bind in a dose-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy of RACK1 and CFTR revealed colocalization of the proteins to the apical and lateral regions of Calu-3 cells. The results indicate the RACK1 binds PKC epsilon and NHERF1, thus serving as a scaffold protein to anchor the enzyme in proximity to CFTR.
New homological invariants for modules over local rings, II

Abstract Auslander's delta invariant over Gorenstein commutative local rings is generalized to arbitrary local rings via Vogel's construction of Tate (co)homology and a vanishing theorem is proved. Based on one of the new invariants, Auslander's index of a Gorenstein local ring is generalized to arbitrary local rings and the finiteness of the new index is established.
BUBBLE-CHAMBER PICTURE PROCESSING THROUGH DIGITAL FILTERING.

Abstract A method is presented for the decomposition of bubble-chamber pictures. Two illustrative examples are discussed. One is the suppression of beam tracks. The other deals with the isolation of event tracks from a noisy background. The scheme makes effective use of finite Fourier transform methods.
Identification of Methyllysine Peptides Binding to Chromobox Protein Homolog 6 Chromodomain in the Human Proteome

Methylation is one of the important post-translational modifications that play critical roles in regulating protein functions. Proteomic identification of this post-translational modification and understanding how it affects protein activity remain great challenges. We tackled this problem from the aspect of methylation mediating protein–protein interaction. Using the chromodomain of human chromobox protein homolog 6 as a model system, we developed a systematic approach that integrates structure modeling, bioinformatics analysis, and peptide microarray experiments to identify lysine residues that are methylated and recognized by the chromodomain in the human proteome. Given the important role of chromobox protein homolog 6 as a reader of histone modifications, it was interesting to find that the majority of its interacting partners identified via this approach function in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. Our study not only illustrates a novel angle for identifying methyllysines on a proteome-wide scale and elucidating their potential roles in regulating protein function, but also suggests possible strategies for engineering the chromodomain–peptide interface to enhance the recognition of and manipulate the signal transduction mediated by such interactions.
Cone–rod receptor spaces with illustrations that use CRT phosphor and light-emitting-diode spectra

The purpose of the study is to characterize the excitation of the three cone types and the rods in a colorimetric system. Two representations of photoreceptor activity are developed. In the first, rod activity is characterized within a cone colorimetric system that is based on three known physical primaries. Examples are given that use color CRT phosphor spectra. We illustrate how this representation can be used to evaluate the range of chromaticities over which rod signals may intrude into color-monitor-based investigations of cone function. In the second representation, mixtures of four physical primary lights are used to manipulate the four receptor excitations independently. This method allows specification of sets of lights that isolate or silence up to three receptor classes or any combination of receptor classes. Examples are given that use spectra from four light-emitting diodes. This approach opens a field of research in which rod input to various retinal pathways can be evaluated.
Mixed min-max optimization problems

We consider a min-max optimization using relaxed controls. Such problems have been considered using Dubovitskii and Milyutin Theory and convex analysis [3]. We reformulate the problem where a unilateral constraint is introduced. We deal with the reformulated problem using penalization and obtain additional optimality conditions than presented in [3]. In the special case where the controls appear linearly and the control sets are convex polyhedra the relaxed controls are ordinary controls taking values in the vertices of the polyhedra.
Impairment of C4 photosynthesis by drought is exacerbated by limiting nitrogen and ameliorated by elevated [CO2] in maize

Predictions of future ecosystem function and food supply from staple C(4) crops, such as maize, depend on elucidation of the mechanisms by which environmental change and growing conditions interact to determine future plant performance. To test the interactive effects of elevated [CO(2)], drought, and nitrogen (N) supply on net photosynthetic CO(2) uptake (A) in the world's most important C(4) crop, maize (Zea mays) was grown at ambient [CO(2)] (∼385 ppm) and elevated [CO(2)] (550 ppm) with either high N supply (168 kg N ha(-1) fertilizer) or limiting N (no fertilizer) at a site in the US Corn Belt. A mid-season drought was not sufficiently severe to reduce yields, but caused significant physiological stress, with reductions in stomatal conductance (up to 57%), A (up to 44%), and the in vivo capacity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (up to 58%). There was no stimulation of A by elevated [CO(2)] when water availability was high, irrespective of N availability. Elevated [CO(2)] delayed and relieved both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to A during the drought. Limiting N supply exacerbated stomatal and non-stomatal limitation to A during drought. However, the effects of limiting N and elevated [CO(2)] were additive, so amelioration of stress by elevated [CO(2)] did not differ in magnitude between high N and limiting N supply. These findings provide new understanding of the limitations to C(4) photosynthesis that will occur under future field conditions of the primary region of maize production in the world.