cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of bedtime ethanol on total inspiratory resistance and respiratory drive in normal nonsnoring men.

We have previously reported that bedtime ethanol (2.0 ml/kg of 100 proof vodka) increases upper airway closing pressure in males who habitually snored but were otherwise healthy. We also observed that some of these snorers developed obstructive apneas. To explore this phenomenon in more detail, we measured the inspiratory resistance (R1) and respiratory drive after bedtime ethanol in 10 nonobese men (ages 23 to 33) with no history of snoring. Subjects went to bed wearing a tightly fitting valved mask over the nose and mouth that allowed measurement of inspiratory and expiratory flow, pressure in the mask, and endtidal CO2. We measured R1 by calculating the pressure difference between the mouth and a balloon positioned in the midesophagus. Respiratory drive was quantified by the inspiratory occlusion pressure (P0.1), the ventilatory response to hyperoxic hypercapnia (ΔVE/ΔPETCO2), and the ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia (ΔVE/ΔSaO2). Measurements were made during waking and during stage 2 NREM sleep on two nights: (1) when the subjects drank 1.5 ml/kg of 100 proof vodka in orange juice over a 30-min period 15-45 min before lights out and (2) when the orange juice contained less than 0.1 ml of vodka floating on the top. Eight of the nine men in whom we had technically adequate measurements showed a rise in R1 during NREM sleep above the waking level on both control and ethanol nights and the sleeping R1 was greater on the ethanol than on the control night. There was a tendency for P0.1 to be higher during sleep and greater on the ethanol night, suggesting that the neural output to the respiratory muscles was not depressed and may have been stimulated by the inspiratory “loading” secondary to the increased R1. The hypercapnic response was significantly depressed during sleep. Whereas the response tended to be less on the ethanol than on the control night, the difference was not significant. The hypoxic response showed little change from waking to sleeping and no significant change with ethanol. We speculate that inspiratory loading due to increased upper airway resistance tends to stimulate respiratory drive and thereby partially offsets the depressant effect of ethanol on the central respiratory chemoreceptors.
Real-Time Decoding of an Integrate and Fire Encoder

Neuronal encoding models range from the detailed biophysically-based Hodgkin Huxley model, to the statistical linear time invariant model specifying firing rates in terms of the extrinsic signal. Decoding the former becomes intractable, while the latter does not adequately capture the nonlinearities present in the neuronal encoding system. For use in practical applications, we wish to record the output of neurons, namely spikes, and decode this signal fast in order to act on this signal, for example to drive a prosthetic device. Here, we introduce a causal, real-time decoder of the biophysically-based Integrate and Fire encoding neuron model. We show that the upper bound of the real-time reconstruction error decreases polyno-mially in time, and that the L2 norm of the error is bounded by a constant that depends on the density of the spikes, as well as the bandwidth and the decay of the input signal. We numerically validate the effect of these parameters on the reconstruction error.
Evaluation of the impact of tube current modulation on lesion detectability using model observers

We use several model observers to evaluate the influence of tube current modulation on lesion detectability in x-ray computed tomography images reconstructed using the classical direct fan-beam filtered backprojection algorithm. Specifically, we compute observer performance for a lesion detection task at various locations in an elliptic water cylinder using simulated x-ray data. The observer performance is computed both with and without x-ray tube current modulation. For different tube current modulation schemes, we find that the Hotelling observer and the channelized Hotelling observer with Gabor channels yield distinctly different qualitative behavior compared to channelized Hotelling observers with circularly symmetric channels and to non-prewhitening observers.
Adaptive congestion control for hotspot management in structured peer-to-peer systems

Distributed hash tables (DHT) bring the promise of increased availability of data to wide-area systems, under the assumption of uniform request load. However, they do not intrinsically offer protection against the hotspot phenomenon, when an item suddenly becomes popular and the node hosting the item must handle a high surge in demand. Therefore, most DHT-based systems employ techniques such as path caching or caching on the client to alleviate this problem. In this paper, we analyze the efficiency of path caching for DHT that offer convergence of routing paths, and compare it to probabilistic forwarding and congestion control techniques, which help balance the load among the nodes holding caches, while also providing superior availability and reducing the number of denied requests. We show that probabilistic forwarding can simultaneously reduce the request drop rate and the number of caches. We compare four algorithms for probabilistic forwarding and conclude that geometric and adaptive mechanisms are superior to the other approaches.
Infant Arousals During Mother-Infant Bed Sharing: Implications for Infant Sleep and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Research

Objective. Normative values for infant sleep architecture have been established exclusively in the solitary sleeping environment. However, most of the world9s cultures practice some form of parent-infant cosleeping. In addition, no previous polysomnographic studies in infants examined the frequency of electroencephalogram (EEG) arousals. This is the first study to assess (a) EEG arousals in infants and their relationship to sleep stages; (b) the impact on arousals of mother-infant bed sharing; and (c) the temporal overlap of infant with maternal arousals during bed sharing. Methodology. Three nights of polysomnography were performed in 35 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs when the infants were 11 to 15 weeks old. An adaptation night was followed by one bed sharing night and one solitary sleeping night. Twenty infants had been bed sharing since birth and 15 were routine solitary sleepers. Both epochal awakenings (EWs), based on 30-second epoch scoring of sleep-wake stages, and more transient arousals (TAs) ≥3 seconds were quantified. Results. Stage 3–4 sleep was associated with a striking paucity of EWs and TAs compared with stages 1–2 or rapid eye movement sleep. Bed sharing facilitated EWs and TAs selectively during stage 3–4 sleep. EWs from stage 3–4 sleep were more frequent on the bed sharing night than on the solitary night in both infant groups. Routinely bed sharing infants also exhibited more frequent TAs in stage 3–4 than the routine solitary sleepers in both conditions. In both groups, the number of infant arousals (EWs + TAs) that overlapped the mother9s was doubled during bed sharing, with infant arousals leading most often. Conclusions. Mother-infant bed sharing promotes infant arousals. Together with a previous report that bed sharing reduces stage 3–4 sleep, this suggests that normative values for infant sleep must be interpreted within the context of the sleeping environment in which they were established. Given that arousability is diminished in stage 3–4, we speculate that, under otherwise safe conditions, the observed changes in stage 3–4 sleep and arousals associated with bed sharing might be protective to infants at risk for SIDS because of a hypothesized arousal deficit. The responsivity of the mother to infant arousals during bed sharing might also be protective.
Role of Point Defects in the Physical Properties of Fluorite Oxides

For the first time, explicit, analytical expressions have been derived for the dependence of electrical conductivity, chemical expansion, and elastic modulus on defect concentration and oxygen partial pressure using a consistent approach. The models have been validated with experimental data for Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95−δ (GDC) with consistently good fits. In developing the model, expressions were first derived for the functional dependence of defect concentration on the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) for n-type fluorite oxides. Expressions for the chemical expansion, elastic modulus, and electrical conductivity as functions of defect concentration are then derived and verified with experimental data.
“Progress” or progress? Defining a socialist technology

(2000). “Progress” or progress? Defining a socialist technology. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 45-61.
Comprehensive modeling of near-field nano-patterning

Near-field nano-patterning greatly simplifies holographic lithography, but deformations in formed structures are potentially severe. A fast and efficient comprehensive model was developed to predict geometry more rigorously. Numerical results show simple intensity-threshold methods do not accurately predict shape or optical behavior. By modeling sources with partial coherence, unpolarized light, and an angular spectrum, it is shown that standard UV lamps can be used to form 3D structures.
Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met endophenotypes: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder

Recently, a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified in the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The variant BDNFMet has been shown to have decreased activity-dependent BDNF secretion from neurons and to lead to impairments in specific forms of learning and altered susceptibility to stress. A mouse model containing BDNFMet has also been linked to increased anxiety-like behavior. In a translational study, mice and human carriers of the BDNFMet allele were compared in their ability to extinguish a learned fear memory. Both showed slower suppression of the learned fear response. In humans, the neural correlates of this behavior were validated using fMRI. As anxiety and fear extinction lie at the core of symptoms and therapeutic approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we propose that BDNF genotype and neuroimaging may be useful as biomarkers to provide guidance for more customized therapeutic directions. The aim of this paper is to review the available knowledge on the BDNF Val66Met SNP, with emphasis on anxiety- and fear-related endophenotypes and its potential implications for PTSD.
Strengthening the Intergovernmental Grant System: Long-Term Lessons for the Federal - Local Relationship

This study investigates the longitudinal political and administrative problems associated with federal–local government relations. The findings demonstrate four primary challenges of the system of federal grants-in-aid that hinder the relationship of policy design at the federal level and policy implementation in local communities: the politics of decentralization, subnational capacity, program accountability and program adaptability. A case study of the Community Development Block Grant, as assessed by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations and the General Accounting Office between 1974 and the present, is included to demonstrate the application of these problems within the system. Although the “evolution of devolution” can greatly benefit the recipients of public services at the local level, it often operates within an unorganized and ineffective system that public managers at all levels of government must continue to develop.
Identifying Insecticide-Resistant Greenbugs (Homoptera: Aphididae) with Diagnostic Assay Tests

Laboratory bioassays were used to develop a diagnostic assay test for identifying greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), populations that are insecticide-resistant. Petri dish assays with chlorpyrifos showed greenbug mortality should be monitored after 2 h of exposure. One-hour exposure did not kill a high percentage of susceptible greenbugs, and a 3-h exposure killed too many resistant greenbugs. Ethanol and methanol were both good solvents for mixing with chlorpyrifos in the petri dish assay. From the laboratory bioassays, four diagnostic concentrations of chlorpyrifos (3, 10, 30, and 100 ppm) were evaluated in the field by Texas A&M University agricultural research and extension entomologists across the Texas High Plains. Results from the diagnostic assay tests were compared with gel-electrophoresis resistance tests to validate resistance detection. The diagnostic assay tests gave the same greenbug resistance identification as the gel-electrophoresis analysis in 21 of 22 field bioassays in 1994 and 35 of 39 field bioassays in 1995. Diagnostic concentrations of 30 and 100 ppm chlorpyrifos killed ≥85 and ≥90%, respectively, of greenbugs identified by gel-electrophoresis as susceptible and < 40% and <55%, respectively, of resistant greenbugs. The diagnostic assay technique is a quick, reliable, and inexpensive method for detecting insecticide resistance in greenbug populations.
Some Thoughts and Designs about Archives and Automation, 1984

Archivists traditionally use provenance-based means for intellectual control of collections, while many researchers have requested subject-based means of access. The former approach involves records management, and the latter involves information management. Automation makes it possible for a repository to employ both approaches in one integrated system. Reasons why this has not yet occurred involve theoretical, practical, and financial considerations. The author reviews an automation "wish list" and suggests how the computer, which can arrange, remember, count, and communicate data, may be used in relation to archival functions, which involve appraisal, accession, preservation and conservation, records processing and management, description, and information retrieval and reference. The essay concludes with important questions to be answered when considering automation and some suggestions as to ways archivists might employ innovations in the making of a modern archives.
Informal Innovation: A Hidden Source of Improvement in Work and Organizations

Informal innovation, defined as the development and putting-into-use of novel solutions by non-RD 2) some employees are able to develop solutions, essentially at no cost; 3) innovators face no benefits from revealing to superiors, but can share with peers with no or little effort. In the short term, informal innovation is likely to contribute to local improvements in efficiency and quality of work. In the long term, informality may lead to inefficient and undesirable use of innovations. It may also produce increased intransparency, creating a need for further informal innovation. We discuss the generalizability of these findings and implications for research and managerial practice.
Composite large margin classifiers with latent subclasses for heterogeneous biomedical data

High dimensional classification problems are prevalent in a wide range of modern scientific applications. Despite a large number of candidate classification techniques available to use, practitioners often face a dilemma of choosing between linear and general nonlinear classifiers. Specifically, simple linear classifiers have good interpretability, but may have limitations in handling data with complex structures. In contrast, general nonlinear classifiers are more flexible, but may lose interpretability and have higher tendency for overfitting. In this paper, we consider data with potential latent subgroups in the classes of interest. We propose a new method, namely the Composite Large Margin Classifier (CLM), to address the issue of classification with latent subclasses. The CLM aims to find three linear functions simultaneously: one linear function to split the data into two parts, with each part being classified by a different linear classifier. Our method has comparable prediction accuracy to a general nonlinear classifier, and it maintains the interpretability of traditional linear classifiers. We demonstrate the competitive performance of the CLM through comparisons with several existing linear and nonlinear classifiers by Monte Carlo experiments. Analysis of the Alzheimer's disease classification problem using CLM not only provides a lower classification error in discriminating cases and controls, but also identifies subclasses in controls that are more likely to develop the disease in the future.
Horace, Odes iii 4.10

me fabulosae Vulture in Apulonutricis extra limina Pulliaenutricis extra limina Pulliaeludo fatigatumque somnofronde nova puerum palumbestexereIO nutricis ΞΨPph. σχAГσχ altricis F var. δ | limina pulliae Ξ (acc. R1) σχГPph.? limen apulliae Turicensis, δ2, qui ambo ad Q pertinent limen apuliae ΨγEM Pph.? provinciae nomen pro nutricis posuit σχAГ; cf. σχAГ ad v. I8 I. Dauniae PaldamusThus the text and apparatus of Klingner’s 3rd Teubner edition (1959).On the evidence of the MSS., the Teubner editor is clearly right in printing nutricis, limina and Pulliae. It remains to explain how the false readings arose and to justify the text as written by Horace, which some have found objectionable. On this a little new evidence can be adduced, but a preliminary review of the problem may be helpful.
Stem Cell Therapies for Post-Traumatic Arthritis

Post-traumatic arthritis is a progressive and debilitating joint disease that commonly occurs following joint trauma, such as ligament injury, meniscal tear, or intra-articular fracture. However, there are few therapeutic approaches currently available that have been shown to alter the course of this disease. Recent studies have shown that several different types of adult stem cells possess regenerative capabilities for a wide range of disease states. In particular, several studies have shown that exogenously delivered stem cells can enhance regeneration and diminish the severity or progression of post-traumatic arthritis. The mechanisms by which these cells act are not fully understood, but appear to involve the secretion of bioactive factors or the alteration of the cytokine and growth factor production of endogenous cells. Here we review the animal studies that have investigated the potential of stem cell therapies for reducing the severity of PTA, as well as some of the potential mechanisms that may be involved in these responses, and the current clinical trials being performed in this area.
Reliability and Normative Data for the Dynamic Visual Acuity Test for Vestibular Screening

Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to determine reliability of computerized dynamic visual acuity (DVA) testing and to determine reference values for younger and older adults.Background:A primary function of the vestibular system is to maintain gaze stability during head motion. The DVA test q
NADPH oxidase promotes NF-κB activation and proliferation in human airway smooth muscle

Evidence is rapidly accumulating that low-activity-reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases homologous to that in phagocytic cells generate reactive oxygen species as si...
Facilitation of High-Rate NADH Electrocatalysis Using Electrochemically Activated Carbon Materials

Electrochemical activation of glassy carbon, carbon paper and functionalized carbon nanotubes via high-applied-potential cyclic voltammetry leads to the formation of adsorbed, redox active functional groups and increased active surface area. Electrochemically activated carbon electrodes display enhanced activity toward nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation, and more importantly, dramatically improved adsorption of bioelectrochemically active azine dyes. Adsorption of methylene green on an electroactivated carbon electrode yields a catalyst layer that is 1.8-fold more active toward NADH oxidation than an electrode prepared using electropolymerized methylene green. Stability studies using cyclic voltammetry indicate 70% activity retention after 4000 cycles. This work further facilitates the electrocatalysis of NADH oxidation for bioconversion, biosensor and bioenergy processes.
Bilevel Optimization Framework for Smart Building-to-Grid Systems

This paper proposes a novel framework suitable for bilevel optimization in a system of commercial buildings integrated to smart distribution grid. The proposed optimization framework consists of comprehensive mathematical models of commercial buildings and underlying distribution grid, their operational constraints, and a bilevel solution approach which is based on the information exchange between the two levels. The proposed framework benefits both entities involved in the building-to-grid (B2G) system, i.e., the operations of the buildings and the distribution grid. The framework achieves two distinct objectives: increased load penetration by maximizing the distribution system load factor and reduced energy cost for the buildings. This study also proposes a novel B2G index, which is based on building’s energy cost and nodal load factor, and represents a metric of combined optimal operations of the commercial buildings and distribution grid. The usefulness of the proposed framework is demonstrated in a B2G system that consists of several commercial buildings connected to a 33-node distribution test feeder, where the building parameters are obtained from actual measurements at an office building at Michigan Technological University.
The Latest Treatments Of Osteoporosis

Abstract Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Hormone replacement therapy is the treatment of choice for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, however, many women cannot take hormones or find them unacceptable. Other treatment options are now available and should be considered if hormone replacement therapy is contra-indicated or unacceptable. They will be discussed in this summary. Resume L’osteoporose est une cause majeure de morbidite et de mortalite. L’hormonotherapie substitutive est la methode de choix pour la prevention et le treaement de cette maladie, mais plusieurs femmes ne peuvent pas prendre d’hormones ou refusent de le faire. D’autres solutions sont aujourd’hui possibles et devraient etre envisagees en cas de contre-indication ou de refus de l’hormonotherapie substitutive. Nous examinons ces solutions de rechange dans le preesent article.
The Spectator and Mass Media: Chamber Theatre

Art et action’s largest, yet most intimate theatre commented upon the role of the spectator in modern mass culture. Autant’s spatial design isolates each spectator in a box seat so he or she might focus on the scene with vicarious intensity, as if alone. However, the theatre is sky-lit, so each spectator would see a crowd of others in the opposite bank of seats. Inserted into the city, Chamber Theatre performances invoke a characteristically modern paradox of being alone yet together. Plays that Autant and Lara performed present archetypal characters who are seen only as shadows or who communicate across a barrier, heard but not seen. This staging invokes the new channels of media within the purview of architecture and abstracted them as elements of myth.
Genetic Variability of Three Annual Halophyte Species in an Inland Salt Marsh Through Time

Soil seed banks have been proposed to be a repository of genetic information and reported to be more genetically diverse than a single population at any given point in time. Genetic diversity of three annual autogamous halophytic species (Atriplex prostrata, Salicornia depressa, and Spergularia salina) from an inland salt marsh community was compared within and among three cohorts representing populations from 1981, 1998, and the persistent seed bank of 2000 using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis. Genetic variation was assayed using three primers on 30 samples (individuals) for each cohort of each species. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that cohorts were significantly different for each species. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) indicated a high degree of separation for the three cohorts of each species, indicating a turnover in genetic composition over the 17-year period and between above- and belowground cohorts. Percent polymorphic loci indicated the 2000 seed bank of S. salina and S. depressa were less diverse than either cohort representing 1981 or 1998 (the seed bank of S. salina was monomorphic), but the persistent seed bank from 2000 of A. prostrata was more diverse than either the 1981 or 1998 aboveground cohorts. Overall diversity increased from 1981 to 1998 for S. salina and A. prostrata, but decreased for S. depressa. Our findings show that seed banks are not always a long-term repository of genetic information and can be less genetically diverse than any one population. Genetic diversity may increase or decrease for a given population over time. More multi-year or cross-decade investigations on seed banks and aboveground vegetation in wetland species, especially those found in extreme habitats such as inland salt marshes, are needed.
Geothermal access to federal and tribal lands: A progress report (Preprint)

This paper traces the progress to date in resolving key barriers to geothermal energy use. It focuses primarily on two areas: improving geothermal access to federal lands and increasing understanding of the tribal aspects of geothermal energy use.
Autonomy and morality: legal pluralism factors impacting sustainable natural resource management among miraa farmers in Nyambene Hills, Kenya

Natural resource management institutions overlap in rural areas, particularly in the Global South. These institutions include state agencies, officials implementing state laws of property and resou...
Political realism and the realist ‘Tradition’

AbstractAppeals to a ‘tradition’ stretching back to Thucydides have been central to the recent emergence of realism in political theory. This article asks what work these appeals to tradition are doing and whether they are consistent with contemporary political realism’s contextualist commitments. I argue that they are not and that realists also have independent epistemic reasons to attend to contextualist worries. Ultimately, I make the case for an account of the realist tradition that is at once consistent with moderate contextualist commitments and that preserves the classificatory and analytical value of tradition-building.
Abstract 491: Protein Kinase D2 Mediates LPA-induced Tissue Factor Expression and Activity through the MAPK Pathway in Mouse Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a potent bioactive lipid in oxidized-LDL, modulates vascular cell functions in vitro and in vivo via regulating the expression of specific functional genes. We previously reported that LPA highly induces the expression of tissue factor (TF) in vascular smooth muscle cells. TF is the principal initiator of blood coagulation and is important for thrombosis. However, the intracellular signaling pathway leading to LPA induction of TF is not well understood. In the current study, we found that LPA markedly induced protein kinase D (PKD) activation in mouse primary aortic smooth muscle cells (MASMCs). PKD consists of three isoforms (PKD1, PKD2 and PKD3), which belong to a family of serine/threonine protein kinases. We observed that all three PKD isoforms were expressed in MASMCs. LPA-induced PKD phosphorylation is via a PKC-dependent pathway. Employing a small-interfering RNA approach to knock down the expression of the specific isoforms of PKD in MASMCs, we found that knockdown of PKD2 expression blocked LPA-induced TF expression and activity, indicating that PKD2 is the key intracellular mediator for the expression and surface activity of TF. The role of PKD2 was further confirmed by overexpression of the dominant-negative PKD2. We observed that overexpression of the dominant-negative isoform of PKD2 blocked LPA-induced TF expression. Our data also demonstrate that PKD2 mediated LPA-induced TF expression via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Using primary MASMCs isolated from LPA receptor knockout mice, our data revealed that LPA receptor 1 was responsible for LPA-induced TF expression. Therefore, these data provide the first evidence that PKD is a new component in LPA signaling in vascular SMCs, leading to gene expression, as evidenced by TF expression. Our data provide new insights into the mechanisms of coagulation and possible therapeutic targets for atherothrombosis.
Short- and long-term outcomes of early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) surgery.

8544Background: The goal of this study was to determine patient factors associated with short- vs long-term survival after surgery for stage I/II NSCLC and assess the distribution of causes of deat...
A Happiness and Objective Well-Being Index (HOW-IS-IL) for Living and Working in the State of Illinois, 2016-17

An inaugural index is introduced to measure and track the well-being and happiness of Illinois’ citizens and workers. It draws on existing indicators and the happiness and well-being research literature. Similar to other such indexes, that quantify both objective and subjective well-being indicators, it contains 8 domains, but intentionally has more emphasis on measuring both the temperature and the climate for work and labor, and associated public policies. Each of the 8 categories has 10 components, from which an average is created for a composite figure. The HOW-IS-IL features the following domains: • Economy and Material Well Being. • Labor Market Performance. • Job Quality/Working Conditions (“Decent Work”). • Work-Life Balance and Uses of Time. • Mental/Psychological/Community/Social/Political, Health. • A Meta Ranking from available composite indicators. • The final two domains are intended to capture the “Worker-Friendliness” climate of the state, including employment laws and general commitment to human capital investment. The key findings are that Illinois ranks at the median among the 50 states. It would improve both its absolute and relative quality of life and work if: • The median household experiences continued gains in income, economic and employment activity and income distribution becomes less concentrated at the top of the income scale; • The labor market delivers lower unemployment and underemployment rates and hourly earnings disparity, while continuing to create more jobs than are destroyed; • Workplace practices and policies deliver more security regarding health, retirement and paid time off; • Part time and overtime working continues to be more voluntary than involuntary in nature, along with more daily schedule flexibility and restrained time spent commuting, to curb the increasing rate of work-family conflict in the region; • K-12 and higher education investments were equitable and increased. Adopting both private and public policies that enhance health benefit coverage and political system reforms would lift workers’ well-being. Also the implementation of at least seven worker-friendly policies and protections would convert Illinois from being follower to leader in the quest for improved job quality and lift Illinois into the top half of states for living and working in the United States.
Abstract 19819: Creating a Culture of Health Using a Physical Activity Intervention Among Older Women: Process Evaluation of a Clinical Trial

Introduction: There is substantial evidence that heart disease and stroke could be drastically reduced by lifestyle modifications, such as participating in regular physical activity (PA). However, ...
Durability of the hepatitis B vaccination in pediatric renal transplant recipients.

Since hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine implementation, HBV infection has significantly decreased. However, adult renal transplant recipients show a higher rate of seroreversion compared to the general population, leading to HBV infection risk. Data are limited in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Retrospective data were collected to determine the seroprotection and durability of HBV vaccination in pediatric renal transplant patients from 2004 to 2014. One hundred subjects were categorized based on pre- and post-transplant hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb). Pretransplant, 85 recipients (85%) had a positive HBsAb compared to 15 (15%) with negative HBsAb. In univariable analyses, other than age (P < .05) no significant differences existed pretransplant by demographics, pretransplantation dialysis, or number of vaccinations. Of the 85 pretransplantation responders, 53 (62%) remained HBsAb positive post-transplantation, 28 (32%) seroreverted, and 4 developed indeterminate titers. All seroreversions occurred within 5 years post-transplant. Receipt of a living donor organ had higher risk of reversion (P = .005). No significant differences were found in demographics, pretransplantation dialysis, vaccination number, or acute rejection. Despite vaccination, 15% of pediatric renal transplant candidates were seronegative, and an additional 32% lost seroprotection within 5 years post-transplantation leaving nearly half of transplant recipients at risk for HBV infection.
Optimal thresholding of classifiers to maximize F1 measure

This paper provides new insight into maximizing F1 measures in the context of binary classification and also in the context of multilabel classification. The harmonic mean of precision and recall, the F1 measure is widely used to evaluate the success of a binary classifier when one class is rare. Micro average, macro average, and per instance average F1 measures are used in multilabel classification. For any classifier that produces a real-valued output, we derive the relationship between the best achievable F1 value and the decision-making threshold that achieves this optimum. As a special case, if the classifier outputs are well-calibrated conditional probabilities, then the optimal threshold is half the optimal F1 value. As another special case, if the classifier is completely uninformative, then the optimal behavior is to classify all examples as positive. When the actual prevalence of positive examples is low, this behavior can be undesirable. As a case study, we discuss the results, which can be surprising, of maximizing F1 when predicting 26,853 labels for Medline documents.
Sympathoexcitation is attenuated during low level lower body negative pressure in subjects who develop pre-syncope

The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) responses to graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in healthy subjects with either a positive (n = 24, SNA in 8) or a negative (n = 18, SNA in 6) LBNP response. A positive LBNP response was defined as an abrupt drop in systolic blood pressure associated with a decrease in heart rate and/or a decrease in SNA. All positive responses were accompanied by symptoms common to pre-syncope, defined as lightheadedness, diaphoresis, tunnel vision and/or nausea. If subjects tolerated 30 minutes of LBNP, this was considered a negative response. Comparisons were made between baseline, −10 mmHg (low-level LBNP) and −60 mmHg (high-level LBNP). Baseline SNA and arterial baroreflex sensitivity were not different between the 2 groups. However, subjects with pre-syncope had a significantly attenuated SNA response during low-level LBNP (p < 0.05) compared to subjects who did not experience pre-syncope. The hemodynamic data during high-level LBNP were similar until the occurrence of pre-syncope. Pre-syncope was preceded by a significant decrease in heart rate and SNA. Our findings suggest that subjects with LBNP induced pre-syncope might have an impairment in the cardiopulmonary baroreflex gain function in the setting of a preserved arterial baroreflex gain.
Announcing Discovery and Research on Chinese Arbitration Awards

We have discovered what appears to be a comprehensive collection of over 4,000 full-text Chinese arbitration awards for international disputes for the decade 1990-2000. This is an extremely rare find because arbitrations are presumptively private and confidential, and Chinese arbitrations are considered particularly opaque. The research team is conducting a detailed empirical study of these CIETAC awards. We are analyzing the arbitrators’ decision-making process and making both general and specific inquiries about what makes a difference in how disputes were resolved. This was a formative period for Chinese trade relations and the Chinese arbitration process. The patterns uncovered by this research should provide insights into both present and future Chinese arbitration practices.
Evidence for heterogeneous etiologies of adrenal dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To examine the hypothesis that, in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian steroids induce adrenal enzyme dysfunction or adrenal androgen hyperresponsiveness to ACTH. Design Prospective controlled clinical study. Setting Reproductive endocrinology unit of an academic medical center. Patients Twelve women with PCOS who had adrenal androgen excess were compared with five weight-matched ovulatory women. In half of the women with PCOS, prestudy screening was suggestive of mild 3 β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) deficiency. Interventions Basal and adrenal dynamic blood sampling before and after GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) administration for 6months. Main Outcome Measures Basal E 2 and androgen levels as well as dexamethasone-suppressed, ACTH-stimulated 17 α -hydroxyprogesterone, 17 α -hydroxypregnenolone, and androgen levels before and after ovarian suppression. Results Although none of the subjects with PCOS proved to have mild 3 β -HSD deficiency, the majority of them (58%) met the criteria for 17,20 lyase hyperactivity before and after GnRH-a therapy. As a group, the remaining subjects with PCOS exhibited an elevated DHEAS response to ACTH before GnRH-a treatment, which may have normalized after GnRH-a treatment. Conclusion Adrenal androgen excess in PCOS may be heterogeneous in etiology, whereas 17,20 lyase hyperactivity appears to be an intrinsic adrenal disorder, adrenal androgen hyper-responsiveness to ACTH may be ovarian induced. Reliance on historical controls may lead to overdiagnosis of mild 3 β -HSD deficiency.
Iatrogenic Colon and Rectal Injuries Associated with Urological Intervention: Report of 14 Patients

AbstractIatrogenic large bowel injuries are a potential complication of many urological procedures. During the last 6 years we have cared for 14 patients with iatrogenic injuries involving either the colon or rectum. The injuries occurred as a complication of radical prostatectomy, percutaneous stone removal, nephrectomy, urethral catheter placement, percutaneous suprapubic catheter placement and penectomy with associated cystoprostatectomy. One patient died of these complications, while in most instances hospitalization was prolonged and additional operative intervention often was required.
An evaluation of the additive effects of lag schedules of reinforcement.

Lag schedules of reinforcement represent an increasingly researched strategy for addressing restricted and repetitive social communication of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Althou...
Probing gas disc physics with LISA: simulations of an intermediate mass ratio inspiral in an accretion disc

The coalescence of a compact object with a $10^{4}-10^{7} {\rm M_\odot}$ supermassive black hole (SMBH) produces mHz gravitational waves (GWs) detectable by the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). If such an inspiral occurs in the accretion disc of an active galactic nucleus (AGN), the gas torques imprint a small deviation in the GW waveform. Here we present two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations with the moving-mesh code DISCO of a BH inspiraling at the GW rate in a binary system with a mass ratio $q\!=\!M_2/M_1\!=\!10^{-3}$, embedded in an accretion disc. We assume a locally isothermal equation of state for the gas (with Mach number $\mathcal{M}=20$) and implement a standard $\alpha$-prescription for its viscosity (with $\alpha = 0.03$). We find disc torques on the binary that are weaker than in previous semi-analytic toy models, and are in the opposite direction: the gas disc slows down, rather than speeds up the inspiral. We compute the resulting deviations in the GW waveform, which scale linearly with the mass of the disc. The SNR of these deviations accumulates mostly at high frequencies, and becomes detectable in a 5-year LISA observation if the total phase shift exceeds a few radians. We find that this occurs if the disc surface density exceeds $\Sigma_0 \gtrsim 10^{2-3}\rm g\,cm^{-2}$, as may be the case in thin discs with near-Eddington accretion rates. Since the characteristic imprint on the GW signal is strongly dependent on disc parameters, a LISA detection of an intermediate mass ratio inspiral would probe the physics of AGN discs and migration.
Myocardial segmental thickness variability on echocardiography is a highly sensitive and specific marker to distinguish ischemic and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in new onset heart failure

The aim of this study was to determine non-invasive diagnostic markers by echocardiography that differentiate ischemic dilated (ICM) from non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM) in patients with new onset heart failure. We identified 100 consecutive new heart failure patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (valvular etiology excluded). Clinical risk factors, medication history, serum biomarkers, ECG and echocardiographic variables were compared between the ICM and NICM groups (as confirmed by coronary angiography). Mean age, left ventricular size and ejection fraction were 56 years, 6.1 cm and 26% respectively. A total of 24% had ICM. Patients with ICM were older (65 vs. 53 years; P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between ICM and NICM among 18 clinical variables, 7 laboratory tests, 6 EKG parameters and 10 of the 13 echocardiographic markers evaluated. Segmental wall thickness variability, regional wall motion abnormality and RV enlargement on echocardiogram (echo) differentiated ICM from NICM. Segmental thickness variability outperformed wall motion abnormality in diagnosing ICM with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.2 and 98.7% versus 62.5 and 84.2% respectively. RV enlargement was not sensitive but 90.6% specific for predicting NICM. Myocardial segmental thickness variability on echo, resulting from thinned infarcted or hibernating myocardium, is a highly sensitive and specific marker to differentiate ICM from NICM in new onset heart failure.
Food intake of folate, folic acid and other B vitamins with lung cancer risk in a low-income population in the Southeastern United States

We prospectively examined associations of lung cancer risk with food intake of B vitamins involved in one-carbon metabolism and the use of folic acid-containing supplements among a low-income population of black and white adults in the Southeastern US. Within the Southern Community Cohort Study, we included 1064 incident lung cancer cases among 68,236 participants aged 40–79 years at study enrollment. Food intake and the use of folic acid-containing supplements were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire at study enrollment. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Folate and/or folic acid intake from food were not associated with lung cancer risk; HRs (95% CI) for highest compared with lowest quartile were 1.08 (0.91–1.29) for total dietary folate, 1.00 (0.84–1.19) for food folate, and 1.09 (0.91–1.30) for food folic acid, respectively. Similarly, no associations were observed after stratifying by sex, race and smoking status, except for a positive association with total dietary folate intake among black women (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.04–2.05 for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile, P trend = 0.02). Neither the use of folic acid-containing supplements nor food intake of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and riboflavin were associated with lung cancer risk. Our findings do not support a protective effect of folate or folic acid for lung cancer prevention in a low-income population of black and white adults in the Southeastern US. Our finding of a positive association with total dietary folate intake among black women needs to be interpreted with caution and replicated in other studies.
The monochromatic column problem with a prime number of colors

Let p1,…,pn be a sequence of n pairwise coprime positive integers, P=p1⋯pn, and 0,…,m−1 be a sequence of m different colors. Let A be an n×mP matrix of colors in which row i consists of blocks of pi consecutive entries of the same color with colors 0 through m−1 repeated cyclically. The monochromatic column problem is to determine the number of columns of A in which every entry is the same color. The solution for a prime number of colors is provided.
SUBACUTE RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY THROMBOSIS

Management of subacute intracoronary thrombosis is unclear and can be challenging. 43-year-old male, active smoker with no known PMH came to the emergency room with 8/10 substernal chest pressure, radiating to the left arm associated with dyspnea, diaphoresis and worsening with exertion.
Of Mice and Men: NAD+ Boosting with Niacin Provides Hope for Mitochondrial Myopathy Patients.

In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Pirinen et al. (2020) show that disruption in NAD+ homeostasis is a key component of the pathogenesis of mitochondrial myopathy in humans that can be targeted by the administration of the NAD+ precursor niacin, identifying NAD+ boosting as a potential treatment for this devastating disease.
Phase response analyses support a relaxation oscillator model of locomotor rhythm generation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Neural circuits work together with muscles and sensory feedback to generate motor behaviors appropriate to an animal9s environment. In C. elegans, forward locomotion consists of dorsoventral undulations that propagate from anterior to posterior. How the worm9s motor circuit generates these undulations and modulates them based on external loading is largely unclear. To address this question, we performed quantitative behavioral analysis of C. elegans during free movement and during transient optogenetic muscle inhibition. Undulatory movements in the head were found to be highly asymmetric, with bending toward the ventral or dorsal directions occurring slower than straightening toward a straight posture during the locomotory cycle. Phase shifts induced by brief optogenetic inhibition of head muscles showed a sawtooth-shaped dependence on phase of inhibition. We developed a computational model based on proprioceptive postural thresholds that switch the active moment of body wall muscles. We show that our model, a type of relaxation oscillator, is in quantitative agreement with data from free movement, phase responses, and previous results for frequency and amplitude dependence on the viscosity of the external medium. Our results suggest a neuromuscular mechanism that enables C. elegans to coordinate rhythmic motor patterns within a compact circuit.