cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The crisis of vision in modern economic thought

A deep and widespread crisis affects modern economic theory, a crisis that derives from the absence of a 'vision' - a set of widely shared political and social preconceptions - on which all economics ultimately depends. This absence, in turn, reflects the collapse of the Keynesian view that provided such a foundation from 1940 to the early 1970s, comparable to earlier visions provided by Smith, Ricardo, Mill, and Marshall. The 'unraveling' of Keynesianism has been followed by a division of discordant and ineffective camps whose common denominator seems to be their shared analytical refinement and lack of practical applicability. Heilbroner and Milberg's analysis attempts both to describe this state of affairs, and to suggest the direction in which economic thinking must move if it is to regain the relevance and remedial power it now pointedly lacks.
Development of ProPhenol ligands for the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino esters.

A zinc–ProPhenol-catalyzed direct asymmetric aldol reaction between glycine Schiff bases and aldehydes is reported. The design and synthesis of new ProPhenol ligands bearing 2,5-trans-disubstituted pyrrolidines was essential for the success of this process. The transformation operates at room temperature and affords syn β-hydroxy-α-amino esters in high yields with good to excellent levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivity.
The Relation Between Inattentive and Hyperactive/Impulsive Behaviors and Early Mathematics Skills:

Objective: Despite strong evidence that inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors are associated with mathematical difficulties in school-age children, little research has been conducted to examine the link between these constructs before the start of formal education. The purpose of this study was to examine how different manifestations of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors, as measured by different assessment tools, are related to early mathematics skills in preschoolers. Method: Eighty-two preschool children completed a measure of early mathematics and the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Teachers rated children’s behaviors using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–15 Item. Sixty-five of these children completed mathematics assessments 1 year later. Results: Teacher ratings of inattention were uniquely related to concurrent early mathematics skills, whereas CPT errors were uniquely predictive of early mathematics skills 1 year later. Conclusion: Findings have implications for the und...
Immediate and persistent effects of Salvinorin A on the kappa opioid receptor in rodents, monitored in vivo with pet

Monitoring changes in opioid receptor binding with positron emission tomography (PET) could lead to a better understanding of tolerance and addiction because altered opioid receptor dynamics following agonist exposure has been linked to tolerance mechanisms. We have studied changes in kappa opioid receptor (KOR) binding availability in vivo with PET following kappa opioid agonist administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=31) were anesthetized and treated with the (KOR) agonist salvinorin A (0.01-1.8 mg/kg, i.v.) before administration of the KOR selective radiotracer [(11)C]GR103545. When salvinorin A was administered 1 min prior to injection of the radiotracer, [(11)C]GR103545 binding potential (BPND) was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating receptor binding competition. In addition, the unique pharmacokinetics of salvinorin A (half-life ~8 min in non-human primates) allowed us to study the residual impact on KOR after the drug had eliminated from the brain. Salvinorin A was administered up to 5 h prior to [(11)C]GR103545, and the changes in BPND were compared with baseline, 2.5 h, 1 h, and 1 min pretreatment times. At lower doses (0.18 mg/kg and 0.32 mg/kg) we observed no prolonged effect on KOR binding but at 0.60 mg/kg salvinorin A induced a sustained decrease in KOR binding (BPND decreased by 40-49%) which persisted up to 2.5 h post administration, long after salvinorin A had been eliminated from the brain. These data point towards an agonist-induced adaptive response by KOR, the dynamics of which have not been previously studied in vivo with PET.
Reduced Modulation of Pain in Older Adults After Isometric and Aerobic Exercise

Abstract Laboratory-based studies show that acute aerobic and isometric exercise reduces sensitivity to painful stimuli in young healthy individuals, indicative of a hypoalgesic response. However, little is known regarding the effect of aging on exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). The purpose of this study was to examine age differences in EIH after submaximal isometric exercise and moderate and vigorous aerobic exercise. Healthy older and younger adults completed 1 training session and 4 testing sessions consisting of a submaximal isometric handgrip exercise, vigorous or moderate intensity stationary cycling, or quiet rest (control). The following measures were taken before and after exercise/quiet rest: 1) pressure pain thresholds, 2) suprathreshold pressure pain ratings, 3) pain ratings during 30 seconds of prolonged noxious heat stimulation, and 4) temporal summation of heat pain. The results revealed age differences in EIH after isometric and aerobic exercise, with younger adults experiencing greater EIH compared with older adults. The age differences in EIH varied across pain induction techniques and exercise type. These results provide evidence for abnormal pain modulation after acute exercise in older adults. Perspective This article enhances our understanding of the influence of a single bout of exercise on pain sensitivity and perception in healthy older compared with younger adults. This knowledge could help clinicians optimize exercise as a method of pain management.
B2N2O4: Prediction of a Magnetic Ground State for a Light Main-Group Molecule

Cyclobutanetetrone, (CO)4, has a triplet ground state. Here we predict, based on electronic structure calculations, that the B2N2O4 molecule also has a triplet ground state and is therefore paramagnetic; the structure is an analogue of (CO)4 in which the carbon ring is replaced by a (BN)2 ring. Similar to (CO)4, the triplet ground-state structure of B2N2O4 is also thermodynamically unstable. Besides analysis of the molecular orbitals, we found that the partial atomic charges are good indicators for predicting magnetic ground states.
HIP RESURFACING IN PATIENTS UNDER AGE 50: A LARGE, US SINGLE-SURGEON SERIES

Hip resurfacing has been proposed as an alternative to traditional total hip replacement in young, active patients. Metal-on-metal resurfacing devices were introduced in the 19909s, and a number of them reached the international market. The promise of bone preservation, more normal loading, greater activity, and easier revision led many surgeons to begin implanting these devices. Over time, lessons have been learned regarding patient selection, implant selection, and surgical technique. Several devices have been withdrawn from the market, and many surgeons have abandoned the procedure. We continue to perform this procedure in substantial numbers, approximately 350 per year. The triad of a well-designed device, implanted accurately, in the correct patient has never been more critical than with these implants. Following FDA approval in 2006, we studied the safety and effectiveness of one hip resurfacing device at our US institution in a large, single-surgeon series. We report our early to mid–term results in 476 patients who were under the age of 50 years at the time of hip resurfacing. Their average age was 42.8 (12–49) with an average follow-up of 4.8 years (2–8.8). Males represented 76% of the patients, and 91% had osteoarthritis. The average component size was 50.8mm (44–58) in men and 45.3mm (40–50) in women. All surgery was performed in the lateral position using an anterolateral approach. Patients were allowed 75% weight-bearing for 6 weeks, followed by avoidance of strenuous exertion (running, jumping, heavy lifting) for 12 months. Follow-up intervals were 6 weeks, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years. Follow-up percentage was 81%. We measured a number of outcomes scores using a validated prospective observational registry at each follow-up interval. Improvement in HOOS Function was from pre-op of 41.4 + 22.7 to 93.5 + 15.2, Physical Activity Limitation improved from 2.4 + 2.5 to 8.2 + 2.6, and SF-12 Physical Composite Score improved from 31.7 +10.3 to 49.4 + 10.2. There were no device-related failures in this series. There were no femoral neck fractures, no femoral component loosening, no failure of acetabular ingrowth, and no metal-related complications or pseudotumors. Two male patients, one a known heroin user, and the other with septic discitis, had remote hematogenous sepsis requiring component removal, each at 38 months after resurfacing. One female fell down an escalator 32 months after resurfacing sustaining a fractured acetabulum requiring component revision. Overall survivorship was 99.4%. Aseptic survivorship in males under age 50 was 100%. We believe that hip resurfacing continues to offer a viable alternative for younger patients who would otherwise be candidates for total hip arthroplasty.
The impact of members of the Society of University Surgeons on the scholarship of American surgery.

Background A core objective of the Society of University Surgeons (SUS) is research focused: to “advance the art and science of surgery through original investigation.” This study sought to determine the current impact of the SUS on academic surgical productivity. Methods Individual faculty data for numbers of publications, citations, and National Institute of Health (NIH) funding history were collected for 4,015 surgical faculty at the top 55 NIH-funded departments of surgery using SCOPUS and the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools. SUS membership was determined from membership registry data. Results Overall, 502 surgical faculty (12.5%) were SUS members with 92.7% holding positions of associate or full professor (versus 59% of nonmembers). Median publications (P) and citations (C) among SUS members were P: 112, C: 2,460 versus P: 29, C: 467 for nonmembers ( P P P P P P Conclusion SUS society members are a highly productive academic group. These data support the premise that the SUS is meeting its research mission and identify its members as very academically productive contributors to research and scholarship in American surgery and medicine.
Trifluoromethylation of Arylsilanes with [(phen)CuCF3]

A method for the trifluoromethylation of arylsilanes is reported. The reaction proceeds with [(phen)CuCF3] as the CF3 source under mild, oxidative conditions with high functional-group compatibility. This transformation complements prior trifluoromethylation of arenes in several ways. Most important, this method converts arylsilanes formed by the silylation of aryl C−H bonds to trifluoromethylarenes, thereby allowing the conversion of arenes to trifluoromethylarenes. The unique capabilities of the reported method are demonstrated by the conversion of a C−H bond into a C−CF3 bond in active pharmaceutical ingredients which do not undergo this overall transformation by alternative functionalization processes, including a combination of borylation and trifluoromethylation.
The President and the States: Patterns of Contestation and Collaboration under Obama

Current accounts portray President Obama’s tenure as dominated by executive policymaking and vigorous challenges from the states. We argue that such accounts overlook how federal–state collaboration has been critical to achieving Obama Administration ends. Partisan polarization has gridlocked Congress and made the President dependent on the states to advance his central policy initiatives. As a result, these initiatives are both more responsive to state demands and more bipartisan than they might appear. After exploring tools by which the President works with the states, we discuss implications for federalism, the separation of powers, and partisan polarization. In particular, the state role in shaping federal regulation raises the possibility that states are both aggrandizing and checking presidential power.
Does partisan conflict deter FDI inflows to the US

Abstract I analyze how partisan conflict about trade policy affects foreign direct investment flows to the US using a novel indicator, the Trade Partisan Conflict Index (TPCI). Partisan conflict is relevant for the evolution of cross-border capital flows because the expected returns on investment projects are less predictable when the timing, size, and composition of trade policy is uncertain. The trade partisan conflict index tracks the evolution of political disagreement among policymakers on topics such as tariffs, subsidies, and trade agreements as reported by the media. Using data from 1985 to 2016, I show that an innovation of the TPCI is associated with a significant decline in FDI flows to the US. The effect is also present when disaggregated (annual) data from a panel of parent countries is considered instead.
Initial results from a multiple monoenergetic gamma radiography system for nuclear security

The detection of assembled nuclear devices and concealed special nuclear materials (SNM) such as plutonium or uranium in commercial cargo traffic is a major challenge in mitigating the threat of nuclear terrorism. Currently available radiographic and active interrogation systems use ∼1–10 MeV bremsstrahlung photon beams. Although simple to build and operate, bremsstrahlung-based systems deliver high radiation doses to the cargo and to potential stowaways. To eliminate problematic issues of high dose, we are developing a novel technique known as multiple monoenergetic gamma radiography (MMGR). MMGR uses ion-induced nuclear reactions to produce two monoenergetic gammas for dual-energy radiography. This allows us to image the areal density and effective atomic number (Zeff) of scanned cargo. We present initial results from the proof-of-concept experiment, which was conducted at the MIT Bates Research and Engineering Center. The purpose of the experiment was to assess the capabilities of MMGR to measure areal density and Zeff of container cargo mockups. The experiment used a 3.0 MeV radiofrequency quadrupole accelerator to create sources of 4.44 MeV and 15.11 MeV gammas from the 11B(d,nγ)12C reaction in a thick natural boron target; the gammas are detected by an array of NaI(Tl) detectors after transmission through cargo mockups . The measured fluxes of transmitted 4.44 MeV and 15.11 MeV gammas were used to assess the areal density and Zeff. Initial results show that MMGR is capable of discriminating the presence of high-Z materials concealed in up to 30 cm of iron shielding from low- and mid-Z materials present in the cargo mockup.
Control of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle With Uncertain Displacement and Drag

Experimental testing of an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) has been performed to evaluate the performance of two low-level controllers when displacement and drag properties are time varying and uncertain. The USV is a 4.3-m-long, 150-kg wave adaptive modular vessel (WAM-V) with an inflatable twin-hull configuration and waterjet propulsion. Open-loop maneuvering tests were conducted to characterize the dynamics of the vehicle. The hydrodynamic coefficients of the vehicle were determined through system identification of the maneuvering data and were used for simulations during control system development. The resulting controllers were experimentally field tested on-water. Variable mass and drag tests show that the vehicle is best controlled by a model reference adaptive backstepping speed and heading controller. The backstepping controller developed by Liao et al. (2010) is modified to account for an overprediction of necessary control action and motor saturation. It is shown that when an adaptive algorithm is implemented for the surge control subsystem of the modified backstepping controller, the effects of variable mass and drag are mitigated.
THE MINI-ANTERIOR APPROACH: OPTIMISES THA OUTCOME – AFFIRMS

Consecutive patients undergoing primary THA were consented from the practices of 3 arthroplasty surgeons. One surgeon performed all DAA THA9s, the other two surgeons performed all posterior THA9s. All patients received a similar design of uncemented acetabular and femoral components and were managed with similar pain management and rehabilitation protocols One hundred twenty patients (60 patients per group) with similar age, sex and BMI as well as similar pre-operative health and function scores were followed. Functional recovery was faster in patients with DAA on the basis of TUG and M-FIM assessed on post-operative days 1, 2, 3 but only TUG remained different at 2 weeks. No differences in TUG, M-FIM, UCLA & Harris Hip scores, SF-12 scores, were observed between the groups at 6 and 12 weeks. Comparison of visual analogue pain scores, LOS, time to return to activities of daily living and surgical complexity also revealed no significant differences. DAA offered a faster post-operative recovery after primary THA compared to the PA. Equivalence was achieved somewhere between 2- and 6-weeks post-operatively. Gait analysis comparisons reveal similar kinematic gains in the frontal and sagittal planes, with increased motion in the transverse plane with DAA at 6 months. Individual muscle testing showed persistent ER weakness with posterior hips at 3 months.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Summary The costs of PID to both individuals and society are enormous. Although primary prevention of PID through control of lower genital tract infections is the most effective prevention strategy, early diagnosis and treatment of acute PID may minimize some of its serious sequelae. Although laparoscopy is helpful for establishing the diagnosis of salpingitis, other less invasive tests along with selected clinical criteria may also be useful. Treatment of PID, which is empiric and broad spectrum, is oriented toward polymicrobial PID. Whenever possible, women with PID should be hospitalized for parenteral therapy. The 1989 CDC STD treatment guidelines recommend two regimens for inpatient parenteral therapy: clindamycin/gentamicin and cefoxitin, or equivalent cephalosporin/doxycycline. Outpatient management of PID should be monitored closely; the CDC-recommended regimen includes use of intramuscular cephalosporins and oral doxycycline. Oral penicillins are no longer recommended.
Parallel Peeling Algorithms

The analysis of several algorithms and data structures can be framed as a peeling process on a random hypergraph: vertices with degree less than k are removed until there are no vertices of degree less than k left. The remaining hypergraph is known as the k-core. In this article, we analyze parallel peeling processes, in which in each round, all vertices of degree less than k are removed. It is known that, below a specific edge-density threshold, the k-core is empty with high probability. We show that, with high probability, below this threshold, only 1/log((k-1)(r-1)) log log n + O(1) rounds of peeling are needed to obtain the empty k-core for r-uniform hypergraphs. This bound is tight up to an additive constant. Interestingly, we show that, above this threshold, Ω(log n) rounds of peeling are required to find the nonempty k-core. Since most algorithms and data structures aim to peel to an empty k-core, this asymmetry appears fortunate. We verify the theoretical results both with simulation and with a parallel implementation using graphics processing units (GPUs). Our implementation provides insights into how to structure parallel peeling algorithms for efficiency in practice.
Phenome-based gene discovery provides information about Parkinson’s disease drug targets

Parkinson disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease without curative drugs. The highly complex and heterogeneous disease mechanisms are still unclear. Detecting novel PD associated genes not only contributes in revealing the disease pathogenesis, but also facilitates discovering new targets for drugs. We propose a phenome-based gene prediction strategy to identify disease-associated genes for PD. We integrated multiple disease phenotype networks, a gene functional relationship network, and known PD genes to predict novel candidate genes. Then we investigated the translational potential of the predicted genes in drug discovery. In a cross validation analysis, the average rank for 15 known PD genes is within top 0.8 %. We also tested the algorithm with an independent validation set of 669 PD-associated genes detected by genome-wide association studies. The top ranked genes predicted by our approach are enriched for these validation genes. In addition, our approach prioritized the target genes for FDA-approved PD drugs and the drugs that have been tested for PD in clinical trials. Pathway analysis shows that the prioritized drug target genes are closely associated with PD pathogenesis. The result provides empirical evidence that our computational gene prediction approach identifies novel candidate genes for PD, and has the potential to lead to rapid drug discovery.
USE OF CONSTRAINED SOCKETS: MORE PROBLEMS THAN THEY SOLVE – AFFIRMS

Dislocation remains among the most common complications of, and reasons for, revision of both primary and revision total hip arthroplasties in the United States. Hence, there is great interest in maximising stability to prevent this complication. Highly crosslinked polyethylene has allowed us to increase femoral head size, without a clinically important increase in wear. As femoral head size increases, stability is augmented, secondary to a decrease in component-to-component impingement, which is theoretically eliminated at head sizes greater than 36mm in diameter (however osseous impingement can still occur). Larger heads sizes also greatly increase the “jump distance” required for the head to dislocate (in an appropriately positioned cup) and eliminate the need for skirts. Hence, large heads have become the mainstay for preventing and treating instability in contemporary practice. Large heads, however, have been shown to have poor performance in patients with abductor insufficiency. Constrained liners are a tantalising solution to both prevent and treat instability, as they markedly increase the force needed for a dislocation to occur. They have, however, several important negatives that the surgeon must consider before entertaining their use including: –Increased stresses at the implant bone interface which can increase the risk of loosening or cause catastrophic failure in the early post-operative period –Decreased range of motion with a greater risk of impingement –Usually require an open reduction if they dislocate or otherwise fail Given the limitations of constrained liners, we have moved to dual mobility articulations in most situations where we would have used a constrained liner in the past, including patients with abductor deficiency. These articulations offer anatomic sized femoral heads that greatly increase the jump distance, without many of the negatives of a constrained liner. While dual mobility is associated with its own concerns and problems (including intraprosthetic dislocation and wear) our initial results suggest that they are a viable alternative to a constrained liner, even in the most challenging situations.
Six Degrees of Separation: From Derivative Suits to Shareholder Class Actions

trans-individual litigation has revolutionized modern law. Specifically, corporate law has partaken in this phenomenon. For instance, derivative suits allow individuals to sue for a large collectivity in relation to corporate matters. This paper aims to analyze this derivative suits, comparing then to shareholder class actions, explaining that the two procedures resemble each other only superficially and that they diverge from each other on a more profound level. Derivative suits aim at the vindication of a genuinely collective and indivisible right, while shareholder class actions seek to enforce an aggregation of individual entitlements. Consequently, these mechanisms also differ in the kind of representation they entail, in the objective they pursue, in how they construct fairness internally, and in how they approach the central problem of adequacy of representation. An appreciation of this dichotomy contributes to an understanding not only of the inner workings of each of these two devices but also of the corporation itself and of the relationship among the corporate entity, the board of directors, the investors, and even the stakeholders. In addition, it suggests the need for a new interpretation of the key distinction between both actions one should focus on the nature of the right at stake.
Evolution of Mutation Rates in Rapidly Adapting Asexual Populations.

Mutator and antimutator alleles often arise and spread in both natural microbial populations and laboratory evolution experiments. The evolutionary dynamics of these mutation rate modifiers are determined by indirect selection on linked beneficial and deleterious mutations. These indirect selection pressures have been the focus of much earlier theoretical and empirical work, but we still have a limited analytical understanding of how the interplay between hitchhiking and deleterious load influences the fates of modifier alleles. Our understanding is particularly limited when clonal interference is common, which is the regime of primary interest in laboratory microbial evolution experiments. Here, we calculate the fixation probability of a mutator or antimutator allele in a rapidly adapting asexual population, and we show how this quantity depends on the population size, the beneficial and deleterious mutation rates, and the strength of a typical driver mutation. In the absence of deleterious mutations, we find that clonal interference enhances the fixation probability of mutators, even as they provide a diminishing benefit to the overall rate of adaptation. When deleterious mutations are included, natural selection pushes the population toward a stable mutation rate that can be suboptimal for the adaptation of the population as a whole. The approach to this stable mutation rate is not necessarily monotonic: even in the absence of epistasis, selection can favor mutator and antimutator alleles that “overshoot” the stable mutation rate by substantial amounts.
The topology of restricted partition posets

For each composition $\vec{c}$ we show that the order complex of the poset of pointed set partitions $Π ^• _{\vec{c}}$ is a wedge of $β\vec{c}$ spheres of the same dimensions, where $β\vec{c}$ is the number of permutations with descent composition ^$\vec{c}$. Furthermore, the action of the symmetric group on the top homology is isomorphic to the Specht module $S^B$ where $B$ is a border strip associated to the composition $\vec{c}$. We also study the filter of pointed set partitions generated by a knapsack integer partitions and show the analogous results on homotopy type and action on the top homology.
The impact of cargo bikes on the travel patterns of women

Research shows a disparity continues to exist between women and men with regard to cycling behavior; women cycle at far lower rates. Cargo bikes have been suggested as one tool to increase the gend...
Sub-amorphous thermal conductivity in amorphous heterogeneous nanocomposites

Pure amorphous solids are traditionally considered to set the lower bound of thermal conductivity due to their disordered atomic structure that impedes vibrational energy transport. However, the lower limits for thermal conductivity in heterogeneous amorphous solids and the physical mechanisms underlying these limits remain unclear. Here, we use equilibrium molecular dynamics to show that an amorphous SiGe nanocomposite can possess thermal conductivity substantially lower than those of the amorphous Si and Ge constituents. Normal mode analysis indicates that the presence of the Ge inclusion localizes vibrational modes with frequency above the Ge cutoff in the Si host, drastically reducing their ability to transport heat. This observation suggests a general route to achieve exceptionally low thermal conductivity in fully dense solids by restricting the vibrational density of states available for transport in heterogeneous amorphous nanocomposites.
Bit flow density (BFD): An effective performance FOM for optical on-chip interconnects

Here we propose a new figure of merit for optical on-chip links and networks named “Bit Flow Density”, which is a useful evaluation index that combines latency, throughput and footprint for precise crosstalk-based on-chip network design, simulation, and network simulators.
Better Law as a Better Outcome

This Article suggests a “better-outcome” understanding of the better-law approach to the choice-of-law question. Traditionally this approach has been promptly dismissed following the objection to substantive evaluation of the relevant laws and the inherent difficulty in determining which law is “better.” By shifting the focus from the merits of the content of laws to the desirable results of the particular litigation, this Article suggests an alternative version of better law. This vision of the better-law approach not only addresses the criticism traditionally mounted against it, but also represents the return of this approach to its intellectual roots of classical legal realism. Using as an example one of the most significant decisions in common law choice-of-law history, Chaplin v. Boys, the Article demonstrates the presence of this version of better law in the underlying reasoning of that case.
Beyond Skepticism: Can Accessing Persuasion Knowledge Bolster Credibility?

As defined by Friestad and Wright (1994), persuasion knowledge is personal knowledge about persuasion attempts that consumers develop and use whenever they believe they are targets of persuasion. A significant majority of research on persuasion knowledge has suggested that persuasion knowledge and skepticism invariably go hand in hand, and that accessing persuasion knowledge therefore leads consumers to evaluate the agent and its offering less favorably. Across four studies, the authors demonstrate the novel effect that persuasion knowledge access can lead to greater credibility (rather than greater skepticism), a finding that they argue is theoretically consistent with Friestad and Wright’s (1994) Persuasion Knowledge Model. Further, the authors demonstrate that when a persuasive agent uses a credible tactic, persuasion knowledge access can lead consumers to evaluate the agent and its offering more (rather than less) favorably. They also develop and test a new approach for increasing persuasion knowledge access in lab experiments, which can facilitate the investigation of other occasions where persuasion knowledge access increases trust and belief in a persuasive message.
L-band wide area surveillance radar design alternatives

Wide area surveillance systems are becoming more important for border and homeland security, earth resources monitoring and mitigation of natural disasters such as floods and seismic activity. As the frequency spectrum is being utilized for communications and business networking, the available bandwidth for these important efforts is more difficult. Historically, airborne surveillance radars have been fielded at either UHF or S-Band for airborne vehicle detection, and at X-Band for surface vehicle imaging and moving target detection. This paper will examine the impact of new technologies on the design of L-Band surveillance radars that employ solid state active arrays, multiple phase center apertures and adaptive processing to enable fixed and moving target detection from air and space platforms. The operational advantages of the use of small apertures on business jets, medium apertures on high altitude platforms and very large apertures in space will be contrasted.
A low-voltage 32/spl times/32-bit multiplier in dynamic differential logic

A 32 x 32 bit multiplier has been designed using dynamic differential logic improved for low voltage operation. Booth 4 encoding has been used to achieve high speed and small area. Using a 0.35pm CMOS process with Vth=OV for 0.5V operation, the estimated delay and power dissipation are 7ns and 20mW at 100MHz. A test chip fabricated in a standard double-metal 0.8pm CMOS process with Vth=0.8V for 5V operation achieved 13x1s speed and 1.05W power dissipation at 75MHz.
More Than Peer Production: Fanfiction Communities as Sites of Distributed Mentoring

From Harry Potter to American Horror Story, fanfiction is extremely popular among young people. Sites such as Fanfiction.net host millions of stories, with thousands more posted each day. Enthusiasts are sharing their writing and reading stories written by others. Exactly how does a generation known more for videogame expertise than long-form writing become so engaged in reading and writing in these communities? Via a nine-month ethnographic investigation of fanfiction communities that included participant observation, interviews, a thematic analysis of 4,500 reader reviews and an in-depth case study of a discussion group, we found that members of fanfiction communities spontaneously mentor each other in open forums, and that this mentoring builds upon previous interactions in a way that is distinct from traditional forms of mentoring and made possible by the affordances of networked publics. This work extends and develops the theory of distributed mentoring. Our findings illustrate how distributed mentoring supports fanfiction authors as they work to develop their writing skills. We believe distributed mentoring holds potential for supporting learning in a variety of formal and informal learning environments.
Anderson Localization of Thermal Phonons Leads to a Thermal Conductivity Maximum

Our elastic model of ErAs disordered GaAs/AlAs superlattices exhibits a local thermal conductivity maximum as a function of length due to exponentially suppressed Anderson-localized phonons. By analyzing the sample-to-sample fluctuations in the dimensionless conductance, g, the transition from diffusive to localized transport is identified as the crossover from the multichannel to single-channel transport regime g ≈ 1. Single parameter scaling is shown to hold in this crossover regime through the universality of the probability distribution of g that is independent of system size and disorder strength.
Helping HPC users specify job memory requirements via machine learning

Resource allocation in High Performance Computing (HPC) settings is still not easy for end-users due to the wide variety of application and environment configuration options. Users have difficulties to estimate the number of processors and amount of memory required by their jobs, select the queue and partition, and estimate when job output will be available to plan for next experiments. Apart from wasting infrastructure resources by making wrong allocation decisions, overall user response time can also be negatively impacted. Techniques that exploit batch scheduler systems to predict waiting time and runtime of user jobs have already been proposed. However, we observed that such techniques are not suitable for predicting job memory usage. In this paper we introduce a tool to help users predict their memory requirements using machine learning. We describe the integration of the tool with a batch scheduler system, discuss how batch scheduler log data can be exploited to generate memory usage predictions through machine learning, and present results of two production systems containing thousands of jobs.
Pick and peak interpolation

We show how Pick interpolation and interpolation on peak interpolation sets can be combined in an abstract uniform algebra setting. In particular as a special case, the Rudin-Carleson theorem can be combined with the classical Pick interpolation theorem on the disc.
Latin hypercube sampling and the propagation of uncertainty in analyses of complex systems

Abstract The following techniques for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are briefly summarized: Monte Carlo analysis, differential analysis, response surface methodology, Fourier amplitude sensitivity test, Sobol' variance decomposition, and fast probability integration. Desirable features of Monte Carlo analysis in conjunction with Latin hypercube sampling are described in discussions of the following topics: (i) properties of random, stratified and Latin hypercube sampling, (ii) comparisons of random and Latin hypercube sampling, (iii) operations involving Latin hypercube sampling (i.e. correlation control, reweighting of samples to incorporate changed distributions, replicated sampling to test reproducibility of results), (iv) uncertainty analysis (i.e. cumulative distribution functions, complementary cumulative distribution functions, box plots), (v) sensitivity analysis (i.e. scatterplots, regression analysis, correlation analysis, rank transformations, searches for nonrandom patterns), and (vi) analyses involving stochastic (i.e. aleatory) and subjective (i.e. epistemic) uncertainty.
Identification of microsporidia host-exposed proteins reveals a repertoire of rapidly evolving proteins

Pathogens use a variety of secreted and surface proteins to interact with and manipulate their hosts, but a systematic approach for identifying such proteins has been lacking. To identify these ‘host-exposed’ proteins, we used spatially restricted enzymatic tagging followed by mass spectrometry analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans infected with two species of Nematocida microsporidia. We identified 82 microsporidia proteins inside of intestinal cells, including several pathogen proteins in the nucleus. These microsporidia proteins are enriched in targeting signals, are rapidly evolving and belong to large Nematocida-specific gene families. We also find that large, species-specific families are common throughout microsporidia species. Our data suggest that the use of a large number of rapidly evolving species-specific proteins represents a common strategy for microsporidia to interact with their hosts. The unbiased method described here for identifying potential pathogen effectors represents a powerful approach to study a broad range of pathogens. Unbiased identification of proteins from pathogens that are exposed to a host can provide insight into host–pathogen interaction. Here, the authors use an enzymatic tagging method and mass spectrometry to identify rapidly evolvingNematocida microsporidia proteins when infecting C. elegans.
A general-purpose framework for parallel processing of large-scale LiDAR data

ABSTRACTLight detection and ranging (LiDAR) data are essential for scientific discoveries such as Earth and ecological sciences, environmental applications, and responding to natural disasters. While collecting LiDAR data over large areas is quite possible the subsequent processing steps typically involve large computational demands. Efficiently storing, managing, and processing LiDAR data are the prerequisite steps for enabling these LiDAR-based applications. However, handling LiDAR data poses grand geoprocessing challenges due to data and computational intensity. To tackle such challenges, we developed a general-purpose scalable framework coupled with a sophisticated data decomposition and parallelization strategy to efficiently handle ‘big’ LiDAR data collections. The contributions of this research were (1) a tile-based spatial index to manage big LiDAR data in the scalable and fault-tolerable Hadoop distributed file system, (2) two spatial decomposition techniques to enable efficient parallelization o...
Effects of business diversification on asset risk-taking: Evidence from the U.S. property-liability insurance industry

We investigate the effect of line-of-business diversification on asset risk-taking in the U.S. property-liability industry. The coordinated risk management hypothesis (Schrand and Unal, 1998) implies a negative relation between underwriting risk and investment risk. Consistent with this hypothesis we find that diversified insurers take more asset risk than non-diversified insurers, and that the degree of asset risk-taking is positively related to diversification extent. Our results are robust to corrections for potential endogeneity bias, selectivity bias, and alternative diversification and asset risk measures. We also provide event study evidence that further supports the coordinated risk management hypothesis. Specifically, we find that when a focused firm diversifies, it increases its asset risk relative to firms that remain focused, and when a diversified firm refocuses, it reduces its asset risk relative to firms that remain diversified.
Cool to be smart or smart to be cool? understanding peer pressure in education

We model and test two school-based peer cultures: one that stigmatizes effort and one that rewards ability. The model shows that either may reduce participation in educational activities when peers can observe participation and performance. We design a field experiment that allows us to test for, and differentiate between, these two concerns. We find that peer pressure reduces takeup of an SAT prep package virtually identically across two very different high school settings. However, the effects arise from very distinct mechanisms: a desire to hide effort in one setting and a desire to hide low ability in the other.
Dilution Sensitivity of Particulate Matter Emissions from Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion

Dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion can yield high thermal efficiency and simultaneously low NOx and soot emissions. Although soot emissions from RCCI is very low, hydrocarbon emissions are high, potentially resulting in higher than desired total particulate matter (PM) mass and number caused by semi-volatile species converting the particle phase upon primary dilution in the exhaust plume. Such high organic fraction PM is known to be highly sensitive to the dilution conditions used when collecting samples on a filter or when measuring particle number using particle sizing instruments. In this study, PM emissions from a modified single-cylinder diesel engine operating in RCCI and conventional diesel combustion modes were investigated under different dilution conditions. To investigate the effect of the fumigated fuel on the PM emissions, 150 proof hydrous ethanol and gasoline were used as low reactivity fuels to study the relative contribution of fumigant versus directly injected fuel on the PM emissions. Our study found that PM from RCCI combustion is more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions than PM from single fuel conventional diesel combustion. RCCI PM primarily consisted of semi-volatile organic compounds and a smaller amount of solid carbonaceous particles. The fumigated fuel had a significant effect on the PM emissions characteristics for RCCI combustion. Hydrous ethanol fueled RCCI PM contained a larger fraction of volatile materials and were more sensitive to the variation of dilution conditions compared to the gasoline fueled RCCI mode.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Inflammatory stress of pancreatic beta cells drives release of extracellular heat-shock protein 90α.

Summary A major obstacle in predicting and preventing the development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) in at-risk individuals is the lack of well-established early biomarkers indicative of ongoing beta cell stress during the pre-clinical phase of disease. Recently, serum levels of the alpha cytoplasmic isoform of heat shock protein (HSP) 90 were shown to be elevated in individuals with new-onset T1D. We therefore hypothesized HSP90α could be released from beta cells in response to cellular stress and inflammation associated with the earliest stages of T1D. Here, human beta cell lines and cadaveric islets released HSP90α in response to stress induced by treatment with a combination of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Mechanistically, HSP90α release was found to be driven by cytokine-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a pathway that can eventually lead to beta cell apoptosis. Cytokine-induced beta cell HSP90α release and JNK activation were significantly reduced by pre-treating cells with the ER stress-mitigating chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). HSP90α release by cells may thus be a sensitive indicator of stress during inflammation and a useful tool in assessing therapeutic mitigation of cytokine-induced cell damage linked to autoimmunity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Financial Frictions and Employment during the Great Depression

Abstract We provide new evidence that a disruption in credit supply played a quantitatively significant role in the unprecedented contraction of employment during the Great Depression using a novel, hand-collected dataset of large industrial firms. Our identification strategy exploits preexisting variation in the need to raise external funds at a time when public bond markets essentially froze. Local bank failures inhibited firms’ ability to substitute public debt for private debt, which exacerbated financial constraints. We estimate a large and negative causal effect of financing frictions on firm employment. We find that the lack of access to credit likely accounted for a substantial fraction of the aggregate decline in employment of large firms between 1928 and 1933.
fMRI clustering and false-positive rates

Recently, Eklund et al. (1) analyzed clustering methods in standard fMRI packages: AFNI (which we maintain), FSL, and SPM. They claim that ( i ) false-positive rates (FPRs) in traditional approaches are greatly inflated, questioning the validity of “countless published fMRI studies”; ( ii ) nonparametric methods produce valid, but slightly conservative, FPRs; ( iii ) a common flawed assumption is that the spatial autocorrelation function (ACF) of fMRI noise is Gaussian-shaped; and ( iv ) a 15-y-old bug in AFNI’s 3dClustSim significantly contributed to producing “particularly high” FPRs compared with other software. We repeated simulations from ref. 1 [Beijing_Zang data (2), cf. ref. 3) and comment on each point briefly. Fig. 1 A – D compares results of the “buggy” and “fixed” 3dClustSim. For each simulation, the typical difference was small: Δ FPR ≲ 3 − 5 % at per-voxel P = 0.01 and ≲ 1 − 2 % for P = 0.001 . The bug had only a minor impact. Fig. 1. FPRs for various software scenarios, with 1,000 two-sample one-sided t -tests (as in ref. … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: robertcox{at}mail.nih.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Universal covers for Hausdorff limits of noncompact spaces

We prove that if Y is the Gromov-Hausdorff limit of a sequence of complete manifolds, M n i , with a uniform lower bound on Ricci curvature, then Y has a universal cover.
Minimization of the Kullback-Leibler Divergence for Nonlinear Estimation

A nonlinear approximate Bayesian filter, named the minimum divergence filter, is developed in which the state density is approximated by an assumed density. The parameters of the assumed density ar...
Upper bounds to error probability with feedback

A new analysis technique is suggested for bounding the error probability of fixed length block codes with feedback on discrete memoryless channels from above. Error analysis is inspired by Gallager's error analysis for block codes without feedback. Using Burnashev-Zigangirov-D'yachkov encoding scheme analysis recovers previously known best results on binary symmetric channels and improves up on the previously known best results on k-ary symmetric channels and binary input channels.