cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A type IV modification dependent restriction nuclease that targets glucosylated hydroxymethyl cytosine modified DNAs.

Abstract The Escherichia coli CT596 prophage exclusion genes gmrS and gmrD were found to encode a novel type IV modification-dependent restriction nuclease that targets and digests glucosylated (glc)-hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC) DNAs. The protein products GmrS (36 kDa) and GmrD (27 kDa) were purified and found to be inactive separately, but together degraded several different glc-HMC modified DNAs (T4, T2 and T6). The GMR enzyme is able to degrade both α–glucosy-HMC T4 DNA and β–glucosyl-HMC T4 DNA, whereas no activity was observed against non-modified DNAs including unmodified T4 cytosine (C) DNA or non-glucosylated T4 HMC DNA. Enzyme activity requires NTP, favors UTP, is stimulated by calcium, and initially produces 4 kb DNA fragments that are further degraded to low molecular mass products. The enzyme is inhibited by the T4 phage internal protein I* (IPI*) to which it was found to bind. Overall activities of the purified GmrSD enzyme are in good agreement with the properties of the cloned gmr genes in vivo and suggest a restriction enzyme specific for sugar modified HMC DNAs. IPI* thus represents a third generation bacteriophage defense against restriction nucleases of the Gmr type.
The NASA/GE quiet engine 'A.'

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the General Electric Company are jointly developing two low noise propulsion technology demonstrators (Engine 'A' and 'C' incorporating respectively a low tip speed and high tip speed fan) under the Experimental Quiet Engine Program. The acoustic and aerodynamic performance characteristics of Engine 'C' which is currently on test will be reported at a later date. The present paper describes the design, component development and engine evaluation of the 'A' demonstrator. The aerodynamic and acoustic performance obtained on the fan component are discussed. The demonstrator engine acoustic test program is outlined. The effect of inlet geometry and duct acoustic treatment are presented. The static acoustic data are extrapolated to flight and compared with the FAA noise regulations.
Inhibition of moist carbon monoxide oxidation by trace amounts of hydrocarbons

The moist carbon monoxide oxidation reaction perturbed by small quantities of hydrocarbons is studied to yield information on the reactions of H, O, OH, and HO 2 radicals with hydrocarbons (RH) and on general mechanistic inhibition behavior at temperatures near 1000 K. In particular, the inhibiting action of CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 3 H 8 , C 2 H 4 , C 3 H 6 , and C 2 H 2 at pressures below the second explosion limit of CO/H 2 O/O 2 mixtures are reported over the temperature range 1026–1140 K at 1 atm . The kinetics of these mixtures are shown to complement mechanistic studies on RH/O 2 mixtures for the development and validation of hierarchical hydrocarbon oxidation reaction mechanisms. Considering all the hydrocarbons studied, the general ranking of effectiveness as an inhibitor was found to follow the order: propene>propane >methane>ethane>ethene>acetylene. In fact, acetylene was observed to always promote the oxidation of moist CO, thus emphasizing the importance of O-atom radical attack rather than OH attack on acetylene. Methodologies are also described which permit assessment of elementary reaction rates from inhibition effects. In order to evaluate the potential of these techniques to yield information on rates of H and HO 2 attack on hydrocarbons, these methods were applied to constrained moist CO oxidation inhibitions where RH+OH is most important. In the case of the well studied methane reaction and the lesser studied propene reaction, inhibition studies lead to rate constants of 1.6×10 12 cm 3 /mol-s at 1026 K for CH 4 and 8×10 12 cm 3 /mol-s at 1020 K for C 3 H 6 , respectively. These values are in good agreement with literature data from other more direct techniques. These results show promise of the approach for determining lesser studied elementary reactions at these temperatures, particularly under reaction conditions where HO 2 and H reactions dominate the reaction inhibition characteristics.
Three- and four-year-olds' perceptual confusions for spoken words

Although infants have the ability to discriminate a variety of speech contrasts, young children cannot always use this ability in the service of spoken-word recognition. The research reported here asked whether the reason young children sometimes fail to discriminate minimal word pairs is that they are less efficient at word recognition than adults, or whether it is that they employ different lexical representations. In particular, the research evaluated the proposal that young children’s lexical representations are more “holistic” than those of adults, and are based on overall acoustic-phonetic properties, as opposed to phonetic segments. Three- and four-year-olds were exposed initially to an invariant target word and were subsequently asked to determine whether a series of auditory stimuli matched or did not match the target. The critical test stimuli were nonwords that varied in their degree of phonetic featural overlap with the target, as well as in terms of the position(s) within the stimuli at which they differed from the target, and whether they differed from the target on one or two segments. Data from four experiments demonstrated that the frequency with which children mistook a nonword stimulus for the target was influenced by extent of featural overlap, but not by word position. The data also showed that, contrary to the predictions of the holistic hypothesis, stimuli differing from the target by two features on a single segment were confused with the target more often than were stimuli differing by a single feature on each of two segments. This finding suggests that children use both phonetic features and segments in accessing their mental lexicons, and that they are therefore much more similar to adults than is suggested by the holistic hypothesis.
Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides.

Oligonucleotides manifest much promise as potential therapeutic agents. However, understanding of how oligonucleotides function within living organisms is still rather limited. A major concern in this regard is the mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of both ‘free’ oligonucleotides and oligonucleotides associated with various polymeric or nanocarrier delivery systems. Here we review basic aspects of the mechanisms of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking and how insights from these processes can be used to understand oligonucleotide delivery. In particular we discuss opportunities for escape of oligonucleotides from endomembrane compartments and describe recent studies using small molecules to enhance oligonucleotide effects.
Routine intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy minimizes unnecessary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in children

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the necessity for intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during pediatric laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods: A retrospective review of 100 consecutive patients undergoing LC was conducted. Results: Ninety-eight children underwent successful LC. The average age was 11.3 years. IOC was successful in 55 of 63 studies. Operating time for patients with IOC averaged 91 minutes, and without IOC, 67 minutes. Twenty children had preoperative ultrasound, laboratory, or clinical evidence of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Fifteen of these 20 children actually had CBD stones. Three additional children who lacked any ultrasound, clinical, or laboratory evidence of choledocholithiasis had unsuspected CBD stones. Eight children, therefore, had ultrasound, clinical, or laboratory findings not predictive of the actual state of the CBD. Sixteen children underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), 9 preoperatively and 7 postoperatively. Four preoperative ERCP studies showed no CBD stones. There were no complications from performing IOC. Conclusions: (1) CBD stones are common in children with gallstones, (18 of 100 patients). (2) Preoperative studies and clinical findings may not predict accurately the presence or absence of CBD stones. (3) IOC should be routinely performed in children before the use of ERCP to avoid unnecessary ERCP unless CBD stones are specifically visualized by ultrasound scan. J Pediatr Surg 36:881-884. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
The kidney and bisphosphonates

Bisphosphonates are eliminated from the human body by the kidney. Renal clearance is both by glomerular filtration and proximal tubular secretion. Bisphosphonates given rapidly in high doses in animal models have induced a variety of adverse renal effects, from glomerular sclerosis to acute tubular necrosis. Nevertheless in the doses that are registered for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), oral bisphosphonates have never been shown to adversely affect the kidney, even (in post-hoc analysis of clinical trial data) down to estimated glomerular filtration rates of 15 ml/min. In addition fracture risk reduction has also been observed in these populations with stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) with age-related reductions in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Intravenous zoledronic acid is safe when the infusion rate is no faster than 15 min though there have been short-term (days 9-11 post-infusion) increases in serum creatinine concentrations in a small sub-set of patients from the postmenopausal registration trials. For these reasons intravenous zoledronic acid should be avoided in patients with GFR levels <35 ml/min; and the patients should be well hydrated and have avoided the concomitant use of any agent that may impair renal function. Intravenous ibandronate has not to date been reported to induce acute changes in serum creatinine concentrations in the PMO clinical trial data, but the lack of head-to-head comparative data between ibandronate and zoledronic acid precludes knowing if one intravenous bisphosphonate is safer than the other. In patients with GFR levels <30-35 ml/min, the correct diagnosis of osteoporosis becomes more complex since other forms of renal bone disease, which require different management strategies than osteoporosis, need to be excluded before the assumption can be made that fractures and/or low bone mass are due to osteoporosis. In addition, in patients who may have pre-existing adynamic renal bone disease, there is a lack of evidence of any beneficial effect or harm by reducing bone turnover by any pharmacological agent, including bisphosphonates on bone strength or vascular calcification. Bisphosphonates are safe and effective for the management of osteoporosis when used in the right dose and in the right patient population for the right duration.
Subaerial Laminated Crusts of the Florida Keys

Exposed Pleistocene marine limestones of the Florida Keys are often coated by laminated 1-to-6-cm-thick calcitic crusts. Heretofore these crusts have locally been identified as indurated marine algal stromatolites similar to the soft, marine, living algal stromatolitic mats of the Florida Keys, which border and occasionally even coat the encrusted bedrock; such juxtaposition is now considered merely coincidental. C 14 dating of five different crust samples reveals a time of formation (within the last 4395 ± 90 years) during which the land surface was above sea level. Field relationships and laboratory evidence also indicate subaerial origin. Three general types of crusts are: (1) microcrystalline rind , (2) dense laminated , and (3) porous laminated. Similar laminated crusts found in subsurface cores suggest emergence followed by submergence of the Key Largo reef in late Pleistocene time. Proper identification of such subaerially formed laminated crusts, to distinguish them from similar-appearing crusts formed in marine environments, is necessary for correct interpretation of paleoenvironments and former sea level fluctuations. Thin crusts may be the only evidence for recognizing some ancient unconformities.
Feature subset selection and feature ranking for multivariate time series

Feature subset selection (FSS) is a known technique to preprocess the data before performing any data mining tasks, e.g., classification and clustering. FSS provides both cost-effective predictors and a better understanding of the underlying process that generated the data. We propose a family of novel unsupervised methods for feature subset selection from multivariate time series (MTS) based on common principal component analysis, termed CLeVer. Traditional FSS techniques, such as recursive feature elimination (RFE) and Fisher criterion (FC), have been applied to MTS data sets, e.g., brain computer interface (BCI) data sets. However, these techniques may lose the correlation information among features, while our proposed techniques utilize the properties of the principal component analysis to retain that information. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of our selected subset of features, we employ classification as the target data mining task. Our exhaustive experiments show that CLeVer outperforms RFE, FC, and random selection by up to a factor of two in terms of the classification accuracy, while taking up to 2 orders of magnitude less processing time than RFE and FC.
High Disease-Free Survival with Enhanced Protection against Relapse after Double-Unit Cord Blood Transplantation When Compared with T Cell–Depleted Unrelated Donor Transplantation in Patients with Acute Leukemia and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Abstract Double-unit cord blood (DCB) grafts are a rapidly available stem cell source for adults with high-risk leukemias. However, how disease-free survival (DFS) after DCB transplantation (DCBT) compares to that of unrelated donor transplantation (URDT) is not fully established. We analyzed 166 allograft recipients (66 8/8 HLA–matched URDT, 45 7/8 HLA–matched URDT, and 55 DCBT) ages 16 to 60 years with high-risk acute leukemia or chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). URDT and DCBT recipients were similar except DCBT recipients were more likely to have lower weight and non-European ancestry and to receive intermediate-intensity conditioning. All URDT recipients received a CD34+ cell–selected (T cell–depleted) graft. Overall, differences between the 3-year transplantation-related mortality were not significant (8/8 URDT, 18%; 7/8 URDT, 39%; and DCBT, 24%; P = .108), whereas the 3-year relapse risk was decreased after DCBT (8/8 URDT, 23%; 7/8 URDT, 20%; and DCBT 9%, P = .037). Three-year DFS was 57% in 8/8 URDT, 41% in 7/8 URDT, and 68% in DCBT recipients (P = .068), and the 3-year DFS in DCBT recipients was higher than that of 7/8 URDT recipients (P = .021). In multivariate analysis in acute leukemia patients, factors adversely associated with DFS were female gender (hazard ratio [HR], 1.68; P = .031), diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR, 2.09; P = .004), and 7/8 T cell–depleted URDT (HR, 1.91; P = .037). High DFS can be achieved in adults with acute leukemia and CML with low relapse rates after DCBT. Our findings support performing DCBT in adults in preference to HLA-mismatched T cell–depleted URDT and suggest DCBT is a readily available alternative to T cell–depleted 8/8 URDT, especially in patients requiring urgent transplantation.
Lectures on Degenerate Elliptic Problems

These lectures will be concerned with equations (and systems of equations) which are “close” to elliptic. By this we mean that they are limits of elliptic ones; such as, for example, the heat equation can be expressed as the following limit:
Photochemistry of photochromic 2-indolylfulgides with substituents at the 1′-position of the indolylmethylene moiety

Substituted 2-indolyl fulgides with methyl and isopropyl groups at the 1 � -position of the indolylmethylene moiety were synthesized. Steric effects on the spectroscopic and photochromic properties were measured and discussed. The methyl and isopropyl groups at the 1 � -position decrease the quantum efficiency of the E–Z isomerization, while increase the coloration quantum yield. The thermal stability and fatigue resistance of these fulgides were determined. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
First Principles Quasiharmonic Thermoelasticity of Mantle Minerals

Thermodynamic (Anderson 2005) and elastic properties (Musgrave 1970) of minerals provide the fundamental information needed to analyze seismic observations and to model Earth’s dynamic state. The connection between pressure, temperature, chemical composition, and mineralogy that produce seismic velocity gradients, heterogeneities, and discontinuities, can be established with knowledge of thermoelastic and thermodynamic equilibrium properties of single phases and their aggregates. There is a broad-based need in solid Earth geophysics for these thermoelastic properties to model the Earth. However, the materials and conditions of the Earth’s interior present several challenges. The chemical composition of the Earth’s mantle is complex with at least five major oxide components and tens of solid phases. Today, this type of challenge is more effectively addressed by a combination of experimental and computational methods. Experiments offer accurate information at lower pressures and temperatures, while computations offer more complete and detailed information at higher pressures and temperatures, where experimental uncertainties are large and conditions difficult to control in the laboratory. The overwhelming success of density functional theory (Hohenberg and Kohn 1964; Kohn and Sham 1965) combined with the quasiharmonic approximation (QHA) (Born and Huang 1956; Wallace 1972) for computations of thermodynamic properties of major mantle minerals has been reviewed in this book (Wentzcovitch et al. 2010). Although these properties were cited and compared with experiments only at ambient conditions, in general, quasiharmonic calculations perform even better at higher pressures (see references in Wentzcovitch et al. 2010). In this paper we review the extension of these calculations to high pressure and high temperature elasticity. There are important exceptions, such as CaSiO3-perovskite, whose high temperature structure is stabilized by anharmonic fluctuations (Stixrude et al. 1996). Such cases cannot be addressed using the QHA and one must resort of molecular dynamics (MD) in some form. Great progress has …
The Design of Candidate Optical Limiters

Series of molecules and polymeric systems are being evaluated as optical limiters for the design of a high second molecular hyperpolarizability γ. For example, results for a series of tolanes are discussed, as well as those of semi-flexible, stiff-chain polymers, including substituted biphenyl (X, Y = H, CH3, NO2, or a halogen atom) and benzo-bisthiazole moieties. The non-linear optical response was calculated using a finite field approach and compared for various derivatives.
Combined Gene Expression Profiling and RNAi Screening in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Identify PLK1 and Other Therapeutic Kinase Targets

In recent years, several molecularly targeted therapies have been approved for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), a highly aggressive cancer. Although these therapies significantly extend overall survival, nearly all patients with advanced ccRCC eventually succumb to the disease. To identify other molecular targets, we profiled gene expression in 90 ccRCC patient specimens for which tumor grade information was available. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that cell-cycle-related genes, in particular, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), were associated with disease aggressiveness. We also carried out RNAi screening to identify kinases and phosphatases that when inhibited could prevent cell proliferation. As expected, RNAi-mediated knockdown of PLK1 and other cell-cycle kinases was sufficient to suppress ccRCC cell proliferation. The association of PLK1 in both disease aggression and in vitro growth prompted us to examine the effects of a small-molecule inhibitor of PLK1, BI 2536, in ccRCC cell lines. BI 2536 inhibited the proliferation of ccRCC cell lines at concentrations required to inhibit PLK1 kinase activity, and sustained inhibition of PLK1 by BI 2536 led to dramatic regression of ccRCC xenograft tumors in vivo. Taken together, these findings highlight PLK1 as a rational therapeutic target for ccRCC.
Tensile and Hardness Property Evaluations of Irradiated Zircaloy Cladding Under Off-Normal and Transient Conditions

A program is being conducted to determine the mechanical behavior of irradiated Zircaloy-4 fuel rod cladding subjected to anneals under temperature and time conditions that simulate various off-normal and transient reactor operating conditions. This paper reports the initial phase of the program, which is a study of changes in hardness and tensile properties that accompany isothermal and transient anneals. A special transient annealing apparatus was built to subject specimens to the desired temperature/time conditions. Hardness and tensile strength decreased with increase in the maximum annealing temperature from 800°F (425°C) to 1300°F (705°C). Changes above 1100°F (595 °C) were related to recrystallization and grain growth.
The Deleterious or Beneficial Effects of Different Agents in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Think Big, Think Small, or Is Hematoma Size Important?

Background and Purpose— Thrombin, heme oxygenase, complement, microglia activation, and leukocyte infiltration are all actively upregulated in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Experimental evidence suggests that all these factors are involved in ICH-induced brain injury. This suggests a scenario whereby ICH actively (through gene and protein upregulation) induces pathways that result in brain injury. Summary of Review— In this comment, we suggest a potential answer to this conundrum. The upregulation of these factors may have been an evolutionary adaptation to limit brain injury during small hematomas (microbleeds). There is evidence that low levels of thrombin and heme oxygenase limit brain injury. In contrast, the excessive upregulation of these same factors may have a harmful effect after a large hematoma. Conclusion— The mechanisms upregulated to limit brain injury after microbleeds may also induce injury after large hematomas. The effect of hematoma size on the mechanisms involved in ICH-induced brain...
A multi-level comparative performance characterization of SPECjbb2005 versus SPECjbb2000

SPEC has released SPECjbb2005, a new server-side Java benchmark which supersedes SPECjbb2000. SPECjbb2005 is a substantial update to SPECjbb2000, intended to make the workload more representative based on current Java development practices. SPECjbb2000 has been in existence for about five years and it has been a valuable tool for optimizing the performance of commercial JVMs as well as supporting research activities. Since SPECjbb2005 replaces SPECjbb2000, it is important to understand the key differences between the two, as well as implications for JVM and hardware designers. In this paper, we present a comparative characterization of these two workloads based on detailed measurements on an Intel/spl reg/ Xeon/spl trade/ processor-based commercial server. First, we describe key functional changes introduced in SPECjbb2005. Using low-intrusion application profiling tools we compare application execution profiles. Through JVM monitoring tools, we compare JVM behavior including JIT optimization and garbage collection. Using operating system monitoring tools we compare key system level metrics including CPU utilization. With the aid of processor performance monitoring events, we compare key architectural characteristics such as cache miss rates, memory/bus utilization, and branch behavior. Finally, we summarize key findings, provide recommendations to JVM developers and hardware designers, and suggest areas for future work.
South-South Trade in Manufactures: Current Performance and Obstacles for Growth

The last two decades have witnessed resurgence in South-South trade, investment, and regional integration. This article examines trade performance in total and technology-and-skill-intensive manufactures for a sample of twenty-eight developing countries with both developed (South-North) and other developing (South-South) countries. Previous studies and our sample data show that South-South trade in manufactures is characterized by higher capital and skill-intensive factor content relative to South-North trade, with major implications for development in the South, including the possibility of dynamic gains through learning by exporting, technological externalities, allocative efficiencies, and scale economies. The article concludes by discussing obstacles to increasing South-South trade and possibilities for future research on the topic.
Performance Analysis of a Cognitive Network with Dynamic Spectrum Assignment to Secondary Users

In a cognitive wireless network, sudden arrival of a primary user could force one or more secondary users to terminate their ongoing communication. This situation leads us to propose a cognitive wireless network which dynamically assigns service rates to the secondary users depending on the available network spectral resource. Our analysis is based on a two-dimensional Markov chain with three state variables. Performance metrics for the secondary users such as dropping probability, blocking probability and completion probability are derived. Our numerical result demonstrates that, depending on the network condition, the proposed dynamic spectrum assignment scheme is capable of reducing the dropping probability substantially and yielding higher throughput via increasing the maximum allowable service rate. Analysis of blocking probability implies that higher value of the maximum allowable service rate may or may not make the network more selective in terms of admitting new secondary users.
Prospects and Pitfalls of Occupational Hazard Mapping: ‘Between These Lines There Be Dragons’

Hazard data mapping is a promising new technique that can enhance the process of occupational exposure assessment and risk communication. Hazard maps have the potential to improve worker health by providing key input for the design of hazard intervention and control strategies. Hazard maps are developed with aid from direct-reading instruments, which can collect highly spatially and temporally resolved data in a relatively short period of time. However, quantifying spatial-temporal variability in the occupational environment is not a straightforward process, and our lack of understanding of how to ascertain and model spatial and temporal variability is a limiting factor in the use and interpretation of workplace hazard maps. We provide an example of how sources of and exposures to workplace hazards may be mischaracterized in a hazard map due to a lack of completeness and representativeness of collected measurement data. Based on this example, we believe that a major priority for research in this emerging area should focus on the development of a statistical framework to quantify uncertainty in spatially and temporally varying data. In conjunction with this need is one for the development of guidelines and procedures for the proper sampling, generation, and evaluation of workplace hazard maps.
Zero skew clock routing in multiple-clock synchronous systems

Clock routing problem for single-phase clock has been extensively studied in recent years. However: in many microprocessor designs. multi-phase clocks are used for improved system design. The probleni of routing multiple-clock is more complicated than a single-clock because in multiple-clock systems, we need to niinimize not only the skew within a clock (intra-clock skew) but also minimize skew be- tween different clocks (inter-clock skew). In this pa- per: we present an algorithm to minimize both intra- clock skew and inter-clock skew. The algorithm has been implemented on SPARC 1+ in C and have been tested it on several industrial benchmarks as well as on randomly generated examples. In particular, we tested our result for a 267 synchronous component circuit at clock rates of 100MHz. The significance of this paper lies in the fact that this is the first ever re- sult which deals with multiple clock routing with zero skew.
Testing the adequacy of regression functions

Adapting the method of principal Hessian directions as recently proposed by Li (1992), we present a test for aiding an assessment of the adequacy of a regression function.
Genetic comparisons reveal the same unknown bacterial lineages in Atlantic and Pacific bacterioplankton communities

The phylogenetic diversity of oligotrophic bacterioplankton communities was compared with 16s ribosomal RNA genes cloned from natural populations. The data reported here extend a previous analysis of a bacterioplankton 16s rRNA clone library with 15 additional nucleic acid clone sequences, to provide information on 60 16s rDNA clones from hydrostation S in the Sargasso Sea. The data were compared to partial sequences of 37 Bacterial 16s rDNA clones reported from a surface picoplankton population collected at the Aloha station in the North Pacific gyre, and partial sequences of 29 Bacterial 16s rRNA clones obtained from sites near Bermuda and the western California Current. The results support reports of diverse groups of previously unknown a-proteobacteria, y-proteobacteria, and cyanobacteria in oceanic surface samples. Three novel lineages (SAR 12 1,125, 145) of proteobacteria were found. Several genes cloned from the Sargasso Sea were nearly identical to genes cloned from the Pacific samples, suggesting that these previously unrecognized bacteria groups (SAR 11, SAR 122, SAR86) are distributed widely in the surface waters of subtropical oceans. Two gene clones closely matched nucleotide sequences from the cultivated bacterial species Photobgxterium phosphoreum and Alteromonas haloplanktis. Oceanic biogeochemical processes are mediated by communities of microorganisms, which have often been viewed as “black boxes” in which most of the organisms present are not defined in taxonomic or phylogenetic terms. Uncertainties about the diversity and genetic structure of these natural bacterioplankton populations stem from the limitations of common microbial cultivation techniques, which typically support the growth of only a small subset of cells from the original sample (Ferguson et al. 1984; Jannasch and Jones 1959; Kogure et al. 1979). The use of ribosomal RNAs as markers for species diversity is providing a fresh approach for investigating the structure of microbial communities (Ward et al. 1992). Biases in the filtration and cloning procedures used in these studies are not yet well understood, but they clearly appear to be less limiting than the biases associated with microbial cultivation. Phylogenetic analyses provide information on bacterioplankton population diversity, as well as nucleic acid probes, which can be used to establish the significance of cultured microorganisms and to study the temporal and spatial distributions of microbial taxa in the oceans (DeLong 1992; Giovannoni et al. 1990a). The general utility of nucleic acid probes for the study of
Growth factor- and cyclic nucleotide-induced proliferation of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells in primary culture.

Sustained growth of normal mouse mammary epithelial cells in primary culture, leading to an increase in cell number, in response to growth factors [epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)] or cholera toxin has been achieved by embedding the cells inside collagen cells. Inclusion of agents known to increase the level of cellular cAMP have been found to be favorable for mammary epithelial cell proliferation. Cholera toxin is by far the best of all of the agents tested (prostaglandins E,sub>1 and E2, isoproterenol, theophylline, and dibutyryl cAMP). When growth factors (EGF or FGF) are added with cholera toxin, a synergistic effect resulting in a response much greater than with either of them alone is seen. This synergism was best seen in normal mammary epithelial cells from nonpregnant mice. The extent of this synergistic effect was found to be less in normal cells from pregnant mice, suggesting that these cells may be less responsive to EGF during pregnancy. Tumor cells were found ...
Mole's Odyssean Shelter in Kenneth Grahame's THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS

As a student at St Edward's School, Kenneth Grahame excelled at Greek and Latin and later acknowledged the formative, “paganizing” effect of his classical education on his worldview.1Grahame wrote:...
Incorporating Hydrologic Data and Ecohydrologic Relationships into Ecological Site Descriptions

The purpose of this paper is to recommend a framework and methodology for incorporating hydrologic data and ecohydrologic relationships in Ecological Site Descriptions (ESDs) and thereby enhance the utility of ESDs for assessing rangelands and guiding resilience-based management strategies. Resilience-based strategies assess and manage ecological state dynamics that affect state vulnerability and, therefore, provide opportunities to adapt management. Many rangelands are spatially heterogeneous or sparsely vegetated where the vegetation structure strongly influences infiltration and soil retention. Infiltration and soil retention further influence soil water recharge, nutrient availability, and overall plant productivity. These key ecohydrologic relationships govern the ecologic resilience of the various states and community phases on many rangeland ecological sites (ESs) and are strongly affected by management practices, land use, and disturbances. However, ecohydrologic data and relationships are often missing in ESDs and state-and-transition models (STMs). To address this void, we used literature to determine the data required for inclusion of key ecohydrologic feedbacks into ESDs, developed a framework and methodology for data integration within the current ESD structure, and applied the framework to a select ES for demonstrative purposes. We also evaluated the utility of the Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model (RHEM) for assessment and enhancement of ESDs based in part on hydrologic function. We present the framework as a broadly applicable methodology for integrating ecohydrologic relationships and feedbacks into ESDs and resilience-based management strategies. Our proposed framework increases the utility of ESDs to assess rangelands, target conservation and restoration practices, and predict ecosystem responses to management. The integration of RHEM technology and our suggested framework on ecohydrologic relations expands the ecological foundation of the overall ESD concept for rangeland management and is well aligned with resilience-based, adaptive management of US rangelands. The proposed enhancement of ESDs will improve communication between private land owners and resource managers and researchers across multiple disciplines in the field of rangeland management.
CONTROVERSIES IN THE THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT

The guarded and undogmatic attitude of the best economists has not prevailed against the general opinion that an individualistic laissez-faire is both what they ought to teach and what in fact they do teach (J. M. Keynes, The End of Laissez-Faire, 1926)
A 'Pathetic Contentment?' Rhetoric and Realities of Development in Lesotho, 1966-70

Development played a large role in domestic politics during the first five years of independence in Lesotho, 1966-70. Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan made development a centerpiece of his electoral campaigns and rule, while the opposition challenged the legitimacy of his rule by pointing out both a lack of development and the inconsistencies of his developmental policy. The government, meanwhile, was being propped up by budgetary support from the UK, assisted by technical advisers from South Africa, and counting on marquee programs like the American Peace Corps. Even with all this assistance, the amount of money the Government of Lesotho was receiving was not as much as Jonathan had hoped. Whether this was primarily due to a lack of capacity in Lesotho, as development planners in London and Washington claimed, sabotage by domestic political opponents, or a Western desire to keep down the amount spent on foreign aid, the reality was that the rhetoric and practice of development led to governmental centralization. This took power and decision-making on development issues out of the hands of local community members, and played a key role in the disillusionment toward the government many young Basotho felt shortly after independence.
Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains, and bone morphology

Analyses of non-avian dinosaur locomotion have been hampered by the lack of an appropriate locomotor analog among extant taxa. Birds, though members of the clade Dinosauria, have undergone significant modifications in hindlimb osteology and musculature. These changes have resulted in a uniquely developed system of limb kinematics (involving a more horizontal femoral posture and knee-dominated limb motion), which precludes the direct use of extant birds as models for non-avian dinosaur locomotion. Analyses of locomotor data from extant birds and mammals suggest a causal link between general hindlimb kinematics, bone strains, and limb bone morphology among these taxa. A model is proposed that relates the amount of torsional loading in femora to bone orientation, such that torsion is maximal in horizontal femora and minimal in vertical femora. Since bone safety factors are lower for torsional shear strains than for longitudinal axial strains, an increase in torsion can potentially affect bone morphology dramatically over evolutionary time. Interpreting the nearly identical limb bone dimensions and limb element proportions of non-avian dinosaurs and mammals in the light of this relationship supports the prediction of similar vertical femoral postures and hip-driven limb kinematics in these two groups. This information can be used to interpret patterns of locomotor evolution within Dinosauria. The evolution of quadrupedalism with large body size and the acquisition of cursorial or graviportal limb morphologies occurred repeatedly but did not affect the underlying uniformity of dinosaur locomotor morphology. Only derived coelurosaurian theropods (paravians) developed significant modifications of the basic dinosaurian patterns of limb use. Changes in theropod hindlimb kinematics and posture apparently began shortly prior to the origin of flight, but did not acquire a characteristically modern avian aspect until after the later acquisition of derived flight characteristics.
The annual cycle of gross primary production, net community production, and export efficiency across the North Pacific Ocean

We measured triple oxygen isotopes and oxygen/argon dissolved gas ratios as nonincubation-based geochemical tracers of gross oxygen production (GOP) and net community production (NCP) on 16 container ship transects across the North Pacific from 2008 to 2012. We estimate rates and efficiency of biological carbon export throughout the full annual cycle across the North Pacific basin (35°N–50°N, 142°E–125°W) by constructing mixed layer budgets that account for physical and biological influences on these tracers. During the productive season from spring to fall, GOP and NCP are highest in the Kuroshio region west of 170°E and decrease eastward across the basin. However, deep winter mixed layers (>200 m) west of 160°W ventilate ~40–90% of this seasonally exported carbon, while only ~10% of seasonally exported carbon east of 160°W is ventilated in winter where mixed layers are <120 m. As a result, despite higher annual GOP in the west than the east, the annual carbon export (sequestration) rate and efficiency decrease westward across the basin from export of 2.3 ± 0.3 mol C m−2 yr−1 east of 160°W to 0.5 ± 0.7 mol C m−2 yr−1 west of 170°E. Existing productivity rate estimates from time series stations are consistent with our regional productivity rate estimates in the eastern but not western North Pacific. These results highlight the need to estimate productivity rates over broad spatial areas and throughout the full annual cycle including during winter ventilation in order to accurately estimate the rate and efficiency of carbon sequestration via the ocean's biological pump.
"Pump-probe" atom-centered density matrix propagation studies to gauge anharmonicity and energy repartitioning in atmospheric reactive adducts: case study of the OH + isoprene and OH + butadiene reaction intermediates.

Time-resolved “pump–probe” ab initio molecular dynamics studies are constructed to probe the stability of reaction intermediates, the mechanism of energy transfer, and energy repartitioning, for moieties involved during the interaction of volatile organic compunds with hydroxyl radical. These systems are of prime importance in the atmosphere. Specifically, the stability of reaction intermediates of hydroxyl radical adducts to isoprene and butadiene molecules is used as a case study to develop novel computational techniques involving “pump–probe” ab initio molecular dynamics. Starting with the various possible hydroxyl radical adducts to isoprene and butadiene, select vibrational modes of each of the adducts are populated with excess energy to mimic the initial conditions of an experiment. The flow of energy into the remaining modes is then probed by subjecting the excited adducts to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the stability of the adducts arises directly due to the anhormoni...
Effect of insecticide placement at planting for control of greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) on grain sorghum

Investigations on effect of insecticide-placement techniques at planting for control of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were conducted in southwestern Kansas from 1983 to 1985. Granular formulations of terbufos and carbofuran were evaluated as injection, band, or modified in-furrow soil treatments. Terbufos gave excellent season-long control of greenbugs and increased grain yields in 2 out of 3 yr when injected into soil 7.6 cm below and 7.6 cm lateral to the seed furrow. Equivalent rates of terbufos applied in a band on the soil surface gave poor control during the growing season. Granular applications of carbofuran were ineffective in providing season-long control of greenbugs in alkaline soils with a pH of 7.8 regardless of placement method.
Exploring the Relation Between Police Integrity and Rank A Croatian Example

This research provides an in-depth exploration of the relation between police rank and police integrity. In 2008, a stratified representative sample of 1,130 Croatian police officers evaluated hypothetical scenarios describing a range of various forms of police misconduct. Supervisors tended to be somewhat more knowledgeable of official rules than nonsupervisors. Although absolute evaluations of seriousness differed across the two groups, relative assessments of seriousness were quite similar. Line officer and supervisor views were more similar with respect to the discipline they thought the police agency should mete out than with respect to what they thought the appropriate discipline should be. The analyses indicate that there are two similar, yet distinct codes of silence, with the supervisor code being narrower than the line officer code.
Investigation of three-dimensional vortex-wake interaction with the ground

Three dimensional, computational study of vortex-wake flow, with and without exhaust plume, near the ground is carried out. The Navier-Stokes ( N S ) equations are solved using the implicit, upwind, Roe flux-differencing, finite volume scheme. The computations of vortex-wake interaction with the ground are carried out using overlapping zonal method for long distances downstream. Typical velocity profiles of a tip vortex with and without exhaust plume temperature profiles are used for inflow boundary conditions. The effects of the plume temperature on the vortex descent, boundary-layer separation and vortex rebound are studied and validated with the available experimental data. Moreover, the effect of the flow in the axial direction on the vortex descent is studied by using two different axial velocity profiles at the inlet boundaries.
Contra Spem Spero: The Third Sector’s Resilience in the Face of Political Turbulence and Legislative Change in Ukraine

The iconic Ukrainian poem, “Contra Spem Spero,” with its theme of resilience in the face of enduring hardships, appears as salient for the Ukrainian people today as when it was composed more than a hundred years ago. Political instability and a far from favorable legislative system have affected Ukraine’s society in a variety of ways since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. How have Ukraine’s nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) been shaped by these conditions? A review of academic and applied literature, as well as governmental reports and legislative texts, reveals that the political and legislative environment in Ukraine is highly unstable and, at times, antagonistic to NGOs. However, indicators of sector activity and interviews with Ukrainian nonprofits suggest that the sector, overall, has not changed significantly during the last decade of substantial political and legislative changes. This paper suggests that Ukrainian nonprofits (much like Ukrainian society in general) appear to exist in a parallel universe with the governmental and legislative world. Ukrainian nonprofits are generally not supported by and are largely independent from the government. The concept of a shadow economy in Ukraine is discussed as a way of understanding how nonprofit organizations continue to function in what is often an adverse policy environment. “Contra Spem Spero” (1890), translated from Latin as “Against all Hope I Hope,” is the title of a poem by one of Ukraine’s most revered poets, Lesya Ukraїnka.
Correspondence Analysis: Graphical Representation of Categorical Data in Marketing Research:

Correspondence analysis is an exploratory data analysis technique for the graphical display of contingency tables and multivariate categorical data. Its history can be traced back at least 50 years...
Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Food by Sandwich ELISA

A rapid, specific and sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect L. monocytogenes in food samples, which using polyclonal antibody as the capture antibody and anti-Internalin monoclonal antibody as the detection antibody. Anti-Listeria monocytogenes polyclonal antibody was prepared by using 0.5% formalin inactivated L. monocytogenes as antigen and Japanese rabbits as the host animal. The detection limit was 1.7×105 CFU/mL in pure culture. Results showed that food samples had limited interference to the detection, while pre-enrichment using selective enrichment broth could significantly increase the detection limit and sensitivity.
Gold Aǵǵlutinated Erythrocytes: Hemolytic Effect of Shakinǵ

SummaryThese experiments demonstrate an unusual type of hemolysis dependent jointly upon a high concentration of erythrocytes, extreme potency of cold hemagglutination and, presumably, damage as the result of shaking.