cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contemplative Pause: Insights for Teaching Politics in Turbulent Times

A quiet revolution is unfolding throughout higher education in the form of contemplative pedagogical practices. The mind’s ability to adopt a metaposition relative to its own contents, thereby cons...
Redescription and Recognition of Etheostoma cyanorum from Blue River, Oklahoma

Etheostoma cyanorum, endemic to the Blue River drainage of southern Oklahoma, is redescribed and recognized as a distinct species within the Etheostoma whipplei–Etheostoma radiosum complex, separating it from E. radiosum. Originally described as Poecilichthys radiosus cyanorum, it was one of three putative subspecies of E. radiosum (with E. r. radiosum and E. r. paludosum) considered valid until now, defined in part by drainage-specific allopatry. Two separate mtDNA gene trees show that E. cyanorum forms a distinct and strongly supported lineage. Ten meristic and 16 morphometric traits are reexamined and new information included, confirming traits separating E. cyanorum from E. radiosum, and clarifying ambiguities about “bluntness of the snout” as diagnostic for P. r. cyanorum. Etheostoma cyanorum differs from E. radiosum by lower counts of unpored lateral line scales, higher counts of pored lateral line scales, and greater interorbital width. Large adult E. cyanorum have a deep body and blunt snout per earlier studies, but those traits are not diagnostic due to allometry. Head depth and head width can separate E. cyanorum from most populations of E. radiosum, but they overlap with some populations of E. radiosum in southwest Arkansas. All evidence supports recognition of E. cyanorum as a valid species. A broad geographic, molecular assessment to supplement existing morphological information is needed to assess validity of the two remaining subspecies of E. radiosum.
Towards More Universal Wayfinding Technologies: Navigation Preferences Across Disabilities

Accessibility researchers have been studying wayfinding technologies for people with disabilities for decades, typically focusing on solutions within disability populations - for example, technologies to support blind navigation. Yet, we know little about wayfinding needs across disabilities. In this paper, we describe a qualitative interview study examining the urban navigational experiences of 27 people who identified as older adults and/or who had cognitive, visual, hearing, and/or mobility disabilities. We found that many navigation route preferences were shared across disabilities (e.g., desire to avoid carpeted areas), while others diverged or were in tension (e.g., the need to avoid noisy areas while staying near main thoroughfares). To support design for multiple disability groups, we identify four dimensions of navigation preferences - technology, route, assistance, experience - and describe how these might usefully inform design of more universally usable wayfinding technologies.
The role of environmental factors in the long-term evolution of the marine biological pump

The biological pump—the transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the ocean interior and marine sediments as organic carbon—plays a critical role in regulating the long-term carbon cycle, atmospheric composition and climate. Despite its centrality in the Earth system, the response of the biological pump to biotic innovation and climatic fluctuations through most stages of Earth’s history has been largely conjectural. Here we use a mechanistic model of the biological carbon pump to revisit the factors controlling the transfer efficiency of carbon from surface waters to the ocean interior and marine sediments. We demonstrate that a shift from bacterioplankton-dominated to more eukaryote-rich ecosystems is unlikely to have considerably impacted the efficiency of Earth’s biological pump. In contrast, the evolution of large zooplankton capable of vertical movement in the water column would have enhanced carbon transfer into the ocean interior. However, the impact of zooplankton on the biological carbon pump is still relatively minor when compared with environmental drivers. In particular, increased ocean temperatures and greater atmospheric oxygen abundance lead to notable decreases in global organic carbon transfer efficiency. Taken together, our results call into question causative links between algal diversification and planetary oxygenation and suggest that climate perturbations in Earth’s history have played an important and underappreciated role in driving both carbon sequestration in the ocean interior and Earth surface oxygenation. Ocean temperature and atmospheric oxygen concentration are key factors in the long-term efficiency of the marine biological carbon pump, according to a mechanistic model of carbon transfer from surface waters to the deep ocean interior.
Acupuncture for Cancer-Related Anorexia: a Review of the Current Evidence.

Loss of appetite/anorexia is extremely common among cancer patients, affecting as many as half of newly diagnosed patients and 70% of patients with advanced disease. Effective management of this disabling symptom of cancer remains a major challenge in the field of oncology. We conducted a systematic review of the current evidence on acupuncture and/or moxibustion as an intervention for cancer-related anorexia. Acupuncture, as a part of traditional Chinese medicine practice, has demonstrated effectiveness in managing many cancer- and treatment-related symptoms, especially chemotherapy-induced or postoperative nausea. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in treating cancer-related anorexia/loss of appetite is not clear. The current level of evidence is insufficient to make a definitive conclusion on the benefit of acupuncture/moxibustion for treating chronic cancer–related anorexia/appetite problems. Future large randomized controlled trials of high methodological quality are needed.
Commentary on: The Transacting Cognitions of Non-Family Employees in the Family Business Settings

The article by Astrachan and Keyt (2003) fills an important gap in the family business literature by bringing a theoretical orientation to an investigation of the level of friction in the family business system. One of the important theoretical approaches used is Transaction Cost Economics. The authors' view of social friction as a process to be managed rather than as something to be reduced is innovative and suggests significant changes in theoretical and practical approaches to the study and management of family enterprises. Other ideas they propose are worth testing, such as that non-family managers and family should have a higher level of interaction around business planning. Their theory could be expanded for example, by investigating what the business should expect from the family and how promise cognitions vary between family and non-family employees. In future research the authors might explore the ownership system as a potential source of friction, as well as the idea that a certain amount of friction may be optimal to family business function.(LMH)
Open Biology: overview for special issue on dynamics of protein fatty acylation

Fatty acylation is a widespread form of protein modification that occurs on specific intracellular and secreted proteins. Beyond increasing hydrophobicity and the affinity of the modified protein for lipid bilayers, covalent attachment of a fatty acid exerts effects on protein localization, inter- and intramolecular interactions and signal transduction. As such, research into protein fatty acylation has been embraced by an extensive community of biologists. This special issue highlights advances at the forefront of the field, by focusing on two families of enzymes that catalyse post-translational protein fatty acylation, zDHHC palmitoyl acyltransferases and membrane-bound O-acyl transferases, and signalling pathways regulated by their fatty acylated protein substrates. The collected contributions catalogue the tremendous progress that has been made in enzyme and substrate identification. In addition, articles in this special issue provide insights into the pivotal functions of fatty acylated proteins in immune cell, insulin and EGF receptor-mediated signalling pathways. As selective inhibitors of protein fatty acyltransferases are generated, the future holds great promise for therapeutic targeting of fatty acyltransferases that play key roles in human disease.
Legal Pluralism and Militia Regulation: International, Domestic, and Community Accountability Frameworks for Sub-State Forces in Afghanistan

This article will examine how three different accountability and regulatory regimes apply to one of the most difficult areas to regulate – the conduct of local armed groups and militias. In Afghanistan, experiments with legal pluralism and the strong international presence have led to a layered accountability approach, with efforts to apply Afghan state, community-based, and international or foreign-law based accountability mechanisms to the largest and most long-standing community defense force model, the Afghan Local Police (ALP). There have been greater attempts to apply all three frameworks to ALP not only because of its size and longevity (active from 2010 and in 34 provinces), but also because it has been a lightning rod for criticism, with allegations of abuse continually prompting efforts to develop accountability measures and prevent future abuses. All three mechanisms have struggled to address these allegations, in part due to lack of political will and poor application of legal controls, but also in part due to some of the structural and practical difficulties of attempting to extend legal accountability to armed actors with grater sway (by virtue of their local power and control of force) than the rule of law.
Taking Advantage of the Improved Availability of Census Data: A First Look at the Gridded Population of the World, Version 4

Global gridded population data are increasingly being applied to a broad range of fields. This article presents improvements made in the fourth version of the Gridded Population of the World (GPWv4) data set. GPWv4 is a minimally modeled data set that uses uniform distribution to disaggregate census data from their native input units into a thirty arc-second global grid. Due to an increase in freely accessible census data from the 2010 round of censuses, eighty-seven countries are gridded at a higher administrative level than in the previous version, with a more than fivefold increase in the total number of census units outside of the United States. The resultant decrease in unit size has greatly improved the data set accuracy. Additionally, version 4 has expanded to include grids of age, sex, and urban–rural status. Obtaining high-resolution census data and matching census geography remains a priority for improving global gridded population data sets.
A 200 MHz internal/66 MHz external 64 kB embedded virtual three-port cache SRAM

A 66 MHz, 64 kB three-port cache SRAM has a 95 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ six-device cell and three internal pipelined accesses, allowing the single-port SRAM array to operate as a true multiported RAM. Using 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology (Leff=0.45 /spl mu/m), the self-timed memory employs pipelined circuit techniques to independently access the array three times for every 15 ns processor cycle, two read/write processor accesses and one write-only memory access. The RAM is organized as 4 k/spl times/36/spl times/4 for processor interface, 2 k/spl times/288 for read memory port or storeback buffer (SBB), and 8 k/spl times/72 memory-write interface (reload buffer). Other features include cache line zeroing, four-way set associativity, byte-write controllability, port prioritization, address compare by-pass, array built-in self-test (ABIST), and byte alignment for misaligned memory accesses. >
Activation of the Stem Cell-Derived Tyrosine Kinase/RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase by Macrophage-Stimulating Protein Results in the Induction of Arginase Activity in Murine Peritoneal Macrophages

Regulation of macrophage activities in response to inflammatory stimuli must be finely tuned to promote an effective immune response while, at the same time, preventing damage to the host. Our lab and others have previously shown that macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), through activation of its receptor RON, negatively regulates NO production in response to IFN-gamma and LPS by inhibiting the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, activated macrophages from mice harboring targeted mutations in RON produce increased levels of NO both in vitro and in vivo, rendering them more susceptible to LPS-induced endotoxic shock. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation of murine peritoneal macrophages with MSP results in the RON-dependent up-regulation of arginase, an enzyme associated with alternative activation that competes with iNOS for the substrate L-arginine, the products of which are involved in cell proliferation and matrix synthesis. Expression of other genes associated with alternative activation, including scavenger receptor A and IL-1R antagonist, is also up-regulated in MSP-stimulated murine macrophages. Stimulation of cells with IFN-gamma and LPS blocks the ability of MSP to induce arginase activity. However, pretreatment of cells with MSP results in the up-regulation of arginase and inhibits their ability to produce NO in response to IFN-gamma and LPS, even in the presence of excess substrate, suggesting that the inhibition of NO by MSP occurs primarily through its ability to regulate iNOS expression.
A data fusion approach for spatial analysis of speciated PM2.5 across time

PM2.5 exposure is linked to a number of adverse health effects such as lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, PM2.5 is a complex mixture of different species whose composition varies substantially in both space and time. An open question is how these constituent species contribute to the overall negative health outcomes seen from PM2.5 exposure. To this end, the Environmental Protection Agency as well as other federal, state, and local organization monitor total PM2.5 along with its primary species on a national scale. From an epidemiological perspective, there is a need to develop effective methods that will allow for the spatially and temporally sparse observations to be used to predict exposures for locations across the entire United States. Toward this objective, we have collected data from three separate monitoring station networks as well as output from a deterministic atmospheric computer model. We introduce a novel multi-level speciated PM2.5 model, which captures the following features: (1) it fuses data from three monitoring networks; (2) it simultaneously models each of the five primary components of PM2.5 from each network along with the computer model output; (3) it introduces species and network level measurement error models as well as total PM2.5 measurement error models, all varying around the respective latent true levels; (4) it incorporates an unobserved “other” species component as well as a sum constraint such that the total is physically consistent (i.e., total must be equal to the sum of the primary species and “other”), which is not always the case with the observed data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Different Methods of Reporting and Reclassification on Trends in Test Scores for Students with Disabilities

State education agencies are now required to report on the educational performance and progress of all students, including students with disabilities. States are beginning to report trends, and to compare trends in performance of students with and without disabilities. We compare the effects of different methods of analyzing trends to illustrate how failure to account for changes in classification of students will lead to misinterpretation of data on the performance and progress of students with disabilities, and inappropriate policy decisions. We compare three ways of looking at trends over time, and use data from 5 years of assessment in a large state to illustrate the effects of students who change classification. We discuss how accounting for changes in classification of individual students will lead to more appropriate decisions and help avoid negative consequences for students with disabilities.
The effects of on-chip and package decoupling capacitors and an efficient ASIC decoupling methodology

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of on-chip and package decoupling capacitors in light of the interaction between chip-package resonance and the frequency content of switching sources, and suggests an approach for decoupling analysis in fast turn-around ASIC designs, achieving both simulation efficiency and accuracy. The analysis is based on accurate modeling of the on-chip and package power supply structures of ASIC flip-chip modules as distributed networks to provide precise understanding of switching noise mechanisms in distributed power supply structures in both the time and frequency domains. The simulation efficiency versus accuracy of two types of package models is discussed. The local effectiveness of on-chip and package decoupling capacitors is illustrated using detailed, frequency-domain impedance profiles of the on-chip and package power supply networks, demonstrating location-dependant responses that vary according to the local placement of decoupling capacitors. Based on the study, a methodology is presented for accurately determining the quantities and locations of on-chip decoupling capacitors required to limit on-chip transient power supply collapse to a pre-defined level.
A Reconsideration of the Classification of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) Based on Three Nuclear Genes and Morphology

Background: The infraorder Mygalomorphae (i.e., trapdoor spiders, tarantulas, funnel web spiders, etc.) is one of three main lineages of spiders. Comprising 15 families, 325 genera, and over 2,600 species, the group is a diverse assemblage that has retained a number of features considered primitive for spiders. Despite an evolutionary history dating back to the lower Triassic, the group has received comparatively little attention with respect to its phylogeny and higher classification. The few phylogenies published all share the common thread that a stable classification scheme for the group remains unresolved. Methods and Findings: We report here a reevaluation of mygalomorph phylogeny using the rRNA genes 18S and 28S, the nuclear protein-coding gene EF-1c, and a morphological character matrix. Taxon sampling includes members of all 15 families representing 58 genera. The following results are supported in our phylogenetic analyses of the data: (1) the Atypoidea (i.e., antrodiaetids, atypids, and mecicobothriids) is a monophyletic group sister to all other mygalomorphs; and (2) the families Mecicobothriidae, Hexathelidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Nemesiidae, Ctenizidae, and Dipluridae are not monophyletic. The Microstigmatidae is likely to be subsumed into Nemesiidae. Nearly half of all mygalomorph families require reevaluation of generic composition and placement. The polyphyletic family Cyrtaucheniidae is most problematic, representing no fewer than four unrelated lineages. Conclusions: Based on these analyses we propose the following nomenclatural changes: (1) the establishment of the family Euctenizidae (NEW RANK); (2) establishment of the subfamily Apomastinae within the Euctenizidae; and (3) the transfer of the cyrtaucheniid genus Kiama to Nemesiidae. Additional changes include relimitation of Domiothelina and Theraphosoidea, and the establishment of the Euctenizoidina clade (Idiopidae + Euctenizidae). In addition to these changes, we propose a ‘‘road map’’ for future sampling across the infraorder with the aim of solving many remaining questions that hinder mygalomorph systematics.
Effect of Morphine and incision length on bowel function after colectomy.

PURPOSE: Return of bowel function remains the rate-limiting factor in shortening postoperative hospitalization of patients with colectomies. Narcotics are most commonly used in the management of postoperative pain, even though they are known to affect gut motility. Narcotic use has been felt to be proportional to the length of the abdominal incision. The aim of this study was to determine whether return of bowel function after colectomy is directly related to narcotic use and to evaluate the effect of incision length on postoperative ileus. METHODS: A prospective evaluation of 40 patients who underwent uncomplicated, predominantly left colon and rectal resections was performed. Morphine administered by patient controlled analgesia was the sole postoperative analgesic. The amount of morphine used before the first audible bowel sounds, first passage of flatus and bowel movement, and incision length were recorded. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between all variables. RESULTS: The strongest correlation was between time to return of bowel sounds and amount of morphine administered (r=0.74;P=0.001). There were also significant correlations between morphine use and time to report of first flatus (r=0.47;P=0.003) and time to bowel movement (r=0.48;P=0.002). There was no relationship between incision length and morphine use or incision length and return of bowel function in the total group. CONCLUSIONS: Return of bowel sounds, reflecting small-intestine motility after colectomy, correlated strongly with the amount of morphine used. Similarly, total morphine use adversely affects colonic motility. Because no relationship with incision length was found, efforts to optimize the care of patients with colectomies should be directed less toward minimizing abdominal incisions and more toward diminishing use of postoperative narcotics.
Fetal atrial septal aneurysm: a cause of fetal atrial arrhythmias.

Atrial arrhythmias are commonly found during fetal echocardiography performed during pregnancy to evaluate fetal arrhythmias. An association between atrial arrhythmias and an atrial septal aneurysm has been noted in children and adults. In this study, 105 fetuses were evaluated by fetal echocardiography, 39 (37%) referred to evaluate fetal arrhythmia and 66 (63%) to rule out congenital heart disease. An atrial septal aneurysm was found in 42 (40%) of the fetuses and an atrial arrhythmia in 37 (35%). An atrial septal aneurysm was found in 25 (64%) of the 39 fetuses referred to evaluate a fetal arrhythmia compared with only 17 (26%) of the 66 fetuses referred to rule out congenital heart disease. In this study, the association of an atrial septal aneurysm with an atrial arrhythmia was highly significant (p < 0.001).
Creating visual narrative art for decoding stories that consumers and brands tell

Creating visual narrative art (VNA) of stories that consumers and brands tell achieves several objectives. First, creating VNA revises and deepens sense making of the meaning of events in the story and what the complete story implies about oneself and others. Second, creating VNA surfaces unconscious thinking of the protagonist and other actors in the story as well as the storyteller (recognizing that in many presentations of stories an actor in the story is also the story teller); unconscious thinking in stories relating to consumer and brand experiences reflect one or more archetype (Jung, 1916/1968) fulfillments by the protagonist and the storyteller; given that almost all authors agree on a distinction between processes that are unconscious, rapid, automatic, and high capacity (System 1 processing) and those that are conscious, slow, and deliberative (System 2 processing; see Evans, 2008), VNA enables and enriches processing, particularly relating to System 1 processing—enabling more emotional versus rational processing. Third, creating VNA of stories is inherently and uniquely fulfilling/pleasurable/healing for the artist; using visual media allows artists to express emotions of the protagonist and/or audience member, to vent anger, or to report bliss about events and outcomes that words alone cannot communicate; VNA provides a tangible, emotional, and holistic (gestalt) experience that is uniquely satisfying and does so in a form that many audience members enjoy over and over again. This article elaborates on the rationales for its central proposition, briefly reviews relevant literature on VNA, and illustrates one mode of VNA for the complementary stories told by a consumer and brand. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of Vibro-Acoustic Responses of a Baffled Plate Using Helmholtz Equation Least Squares Method

Vibro-acoustic responses of a vibrating rectangular plate were reconstructed using Helmholtz Equation Least Squares (HELS) method. The experiments were conducted on baffled rectangular plates of different aspect ratios with free as well as clamped boundary conditions under point force excitations via random and chirp sine signals. The radiated acoustic pressures were measured using a planar array of microphones at a very close distance to the plate surface, and taken as input to the HELS codes. The normal surface velocity distributions were reconstructed using HELS and compared against the benchmark data obtained using a laser vibrometer. Good agreements were obtained for both free and clamped boundary conditions. Finally, theoretical structural modes of the plate were compared against those obtained by HELS reconstruction and experimental modal analysis (EMA) for establishing their effectiveness in identifying closely coupled modes.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effectiveness of metal surface treatments in controlling microleakage of the acrylic resin-metal framework interface.

Abstract Statement of problem. Microleakage at the junction between the metal alloy and acrylic resin in a removable partial denture may result in discoloration, fluid percolation, and acrylic resin deterioration. The junction between a metal alloy and acrylic resin is an area of clinical concern. Failure of a removable partial denture may be linked to this interface. Enhancing resistance to microleakage at this interface may improve the long-term union between the 2 materials. Purpose. This investigation was designed to determine the effects of various metal surface treatment protocols on microleakage and bond strength between the metal alloy and acrylic resin used in the fabrication of a removable partial denture. Material and methods. Ninety-six nickel-chromium-beryllium alloy specimens were randomly divided into 8 groups. After adaptation of baseplate wax, each specimen was invested. Subsequent to wax removal, each specimen was divided into a control half and an experimental half. Air abrasion, tinplating/oxidation, and silanation were evaluated individually and in all combinations. Heat-polymerized acrylic resin was processed against all specimens before storage in distilled water at 37°C for 72 hours. Each specimen then was thermocycled in distilled water (3000 cycles) before immersion in sodium fluorescein dye for 24 hours. Counting grids that exhibited dye penetration under ultraviolet light exposure allowed assessment of microleakage. Results. Air abrasion resulted in a significant decrease in microleakage when used individually and in all combinations ( P P P Conclusion. Air abrasion, alone and in combination with tinplating/oxidation and with silanation, resulted in a significant reduction in microleakage between the metal alloy and acrylic resin. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;84:617-22.)
Sustained attention and inhibitory control in children with sickle cell syndrome

Comparing sustained attention and inhibitory control among youth with sickle cell syndrome (SCS) and nondiseased sibling controls, this study found significant differences in multiple components of attention and inhibitory control as a function of chronological age. Older SCS youth were found to have increased attention and reflectivity. Although it has been argued that SCS youth without overt neurological impairments might evidence microvascular infarction, the present study, which employed commonly utilized neurocognitive and behavioral measures, does not lend support to the notion of generalized deficits in the absence of specific laboratory findings. Disease parameters including hemoglobin levels, days hospitalized, and emergency room visits were not significantly correlated with performance on any of the measures. Within the limitations of this particular study, results were interpreted to refute the notion of disease-related neurocognitive impairments for SCS youth. Further, the development of attentional skills for SCS youth is suggested to proceed similarly to that of normally developing youth.
New Evidence of Proton-Cyclotron Resonance in a Magnetar Strength Field from SGR 1806–20

A great deal of evidence has recently been gathered in favor of the picture that Soft Gamma Repeaters and Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars are powered by ultra-strong magnetic fields (B greater than 10(exp 14) G; i.e. magnetars). Nevertheless, present determination of the magnetic field in such magnetar candidates has been indirect and model dependent. A key prediction concerning magnetars is the detection of ion cyclotron resonance features, which would offer a decisive diagnostic of the field strength. Here we present the detection of a 5 keV absorption feature in a variety of bursts from the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 1806-20, confirming our initial discovery and establishing the presence of the feature in the source's burst spectra. The line feature is well explained as proton cyclotron resonance in an ultra-strong magnetic field, offering a direct measurement of SGR 1806-20's magnetic field (B approx. 10(exp 15) G) and a clear evidence of a magnetar. Together with the source's spin-down rate, the feature also provides the first measurement of the gravitational redshift, mass and radius of a magnetar.
Performance of an AUV navigation system at Arctic latitudes

In October of 2001 MBARI operated an AUV in the Arctic at latitudes exceeding 80/spl deg/. The navigation instruments consisted of a ring-laser gyro INS coupled with a DVL and GPS, a separate fiber-optic based gyrocompass, and a traditional flux-gate AHRS system. This paper describes the performance of these instruments at high latitudes.
Computing angular velocity in multibody systems

This paper presents algorithms for computing the angular velocities of the bodies of a multibody system. A multibody system is any collection of connected bodies. The focus is upon multibody systems consisting of spherically pinned rigid bodies which do not form closed loops. Simple formulae are presented for computing the angular velocities. It is shown that once the angular velocities are known the entire kinematical description and hence, the dynamics of the system, may be developed routinely and in automated fashion. Extension to more general multibody systems follows without conceptual change in the procedures.
Narrative production by children with and without specific language impairment: oral narratives and emergent readings.

The research reported in this paper was based on the premise that oral and written language development are intertwined. Further, the research was motivated by research demonstrating that narrative...
Correlations of parotid saliva and blood ethanol concentrations

Abstract This paper is devoted to the detection and quantitation of blood and parotid saliva ethanol in both human subjects and rats. The human ethanol saliva-plasma ratio has been determined to be 1.04 utilizing a collection technique which is non-invasive and easily performed. The rat ethanol saliva-plasma ratio has been found to be 1.21 with a direct cannulation technique of the parotid duct. Differences between the human and rat ratios have been attributed to the method of salivary gland stimulation. The human parotid gland was stimulated by a reflex action of an organe-flavored lozenge, whereas the rat parotid gland was stimulated by a direct infusion of pilocarpine. The results indicate that the rat parotid secretion of ethanol is very similar to the human secretions, and the rat could possibly be utilized as an animal model for future alcohol salivary studies.
“Carnivore personal edition”: exploring distributed data surveillance

The goal of this paper is to offer, in straight forward terms, some practical insight into distributed data surveillance. I will use the software project Carnivore as a case study. Carnivore is a public domain riff on the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation’s software “Carnivore,” which was developed to perform electronic wiretaps of email. As founder of the Radical Software Group (RSG), and lead developer on the Carnivore project, I will describe the technological, philosophical, and political reasons for launching the project. I will also offer an account of the development cycle of the core engine, identify trends in “client” interface designs, and present a series of design challenges that still remain.
The Measurement of Bioavailable Phosphorus in Agricultural Runoff

The role of sediment-bound or particulate P in agricultural runoff in accelerating the biological productivity of surface water can be assessed if the biological availability of particulate P (PP) is known. Previous research has indicated amounts of P extracted from deposited river and lake sediments by 0.1 M NaOH to be correlated with P uptake by the alga Selenastrum capricornutum. This study investigates a modification of this extraction to allow routine quantification of potentially bioavailable particulate P (BPP) content of agricultural runoff from the Reddish Prairies and Rolling Red Plains land resource areas. In the proposed method, 20 mL of unfiltered runoff is shaken with 180 mL of 0.11 M NaOH for 17 h and BPP concentration calculated by subtraction of the soluble P (SP) concentration of the runoff sample. Total bioavailable P concentration (TBP) of runoff can be represented by BPP plus SP concentration. Growth of P-starved S. capricornutum, incubated for up to 29 d with runoff sediment from nine watersheds, as the sole P source, was correlated (r² = 0.76 to 0.95) with potentially BPP content of the added sediment. Sample dilution had no effect on the amount of P extracted from runoff sediment by NaOH across a range in sediment concentration of the extraction medium, equivalent to that observed for 95% of the runoff events. If the sediment concentration of runoff exceeds 20 g L⁻¹, a smaller runoff sample is used in the extraction. The results indicate the applicability of the proposed extraction method to quantify the bioavailability of P transported in agricultural runoff.
Resilience engineering of industrial processes: Principles and contributing factors

Abstract Although many efforts have focused on studying methods to prevent incidents in major hazard plants, mishaps still occur because of various technical and human failures and random natural events. It seems that unexpected disturbances not being absorbed by the system and leading to catastrophes are unavoidable even under good risk management; this seems to be true especially today with the more complex systems. Resilience, which is the ability to recover quickly after an upset, has been recognized as an important characteristic of a complex organization handling hazardous technical operations. In response to the need to further improve the safety of industrial processes or plants, there is a need to study the resilience of a process operation incase unexpected events occur. The aim of this work is to propose the principles and factors that contribute to the resilience of a process. Both are identified based on literature reviews and expert opinions. Six principles, including Flexibility, Controllability, Early Detection, Minimization of Failure, Limitation of Effects, Administrative Controls/Procedures, and five main contributing factors, including Design, Detection Potential, Emergency Response Plan, Human Factor, and Safety Management are identified in this work. An example has been used to demonstrate and support recognized contributing factors. These principles and contributing factors can be applied to evaluations of the resilience of a design or process operation.
Social loafing on cognitive tasks: An examination of the “sucker effect”

This study addresses the causes and potential mediators of social loafing on tasks which require active cognitive effort. Contrary to previous research, social loafing did occur despite the use of a task which was thought-provoking, personally involving, and provided the opportunity for unique contributions. The results suggest that equity theory, which has been supported as a reason for social loafing on physical tasks, may also be the basis for loafing on cognitive tasks. No significant loafing occurred when the subjects believed their partners would not loaf.
Religion as a Soviet Social Problem

firmly accepted Marx's view that religion was a reactionary influence impeding the advance to a socialist society. Religious belief, they held, taught humble folk to submit to their oppressors and to seek happiness in a future life instead of striving to better their life on earth. After October this opinion, confirmed by the recent actions of many churchmen, retained its strength. On the other hand, the vast majority of the people of Soviet Russia still clung to religious practices, while a considerable number were ardent believers. How, then, could the Soviet leaders proceed to build a socialist soci ty in the face of this opposing ideology and how could they combat it? It is very important to remember that Lenin always regarded religion as a secondary problem. He repeatedly stated that it was highly necessary to have people support Communist policies and work for their objectives, even though these followers had not shaken off their "religious prejudices and superstitions." Hence, while the Communist Party was implacably hostile to religion, the Soviet government was officially neutral toward it and
Injury to a patent left internal thoracic artery graft at coronary reoperation.

Abstract Background . The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, outcome, and operative strategies for patients having injury to a patent left internal thoracic artery (LITA) graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) at coronary reoperation. Methods . Of 655 patients with a patent LITA graft to the LAD undergoing coronary reoperation from 1986 to 1997, 35 (5.3%) sustained intraoperative injury to the LITA graft. Results . Strategies to restore flow to the LAD included new saphenous vein graft to the LAD in 15 patients, saphenous vein graft to the LITA stump in 7, saphenous vein graft to the LAD and repair of the LITA graft in 6, and other strategies in 7. All or part of the LITA graft to the LAD was salvaged in 20 patients (57%). Fourteen patients (40%) sustained perioperative myocardial infarction, and 3 patients died (8.6%). The 3 patients who died all had stenosis or thrombosis of the graft to the LAD documented at autopsy. Conclusions . We conclude that (1) the prevalence of injury to a patent LITA graft is 5.3%; (2) a variety of techniques can be used to restore blood flow to the LAD; and (3) ineffective revascularization of the LAD in this situation is associated with operative mortality. At primary coronary artery bypass grafting, the LITA pedicle should be positioned in the left chest away from the posterior sternal table; this strategy may minimize the risk of LITA graft injury at coronary reoperation.
The effect of the separation of ownership from control on accounting policy decisions

T HE theories of managerial enterprise found in the economics literature are concerned with the behavior of management in large firms, where management has secured for itself a considerable degree of latitude in directing the affairs of the corporation. In their discussion of managerial enterprise, the economists carefully have maintained the distinction between firms which are controlled by their owners and firms which are controlled by managers. Some of these economists have argued that the maintenance of a relatively smooth income stream is in the best interest of the management of the latter group of firms.' The accounting profession, in granting to management the primary responsibility for financial reports, has provided management one means by which they may generate a relatively smooth income stream. The wide variety of reporting alternatives considered to be acceptable representations of the events of any particular period provides management with a range of possible profit figures for any one period. Michael Schiff [1966] was one of the first accountants to indicate an awareness of the implications that this variety of reporting alternatives had for the behavior of managers in manager firms. After observing the behavior of a firm listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Schiff expressed his belief that:
MICROWAVE IRRADIATION IN ORGANOPHOSPHORUS CHEMISTRY 1: THE MICHAELIS-ARBUZOV REACTION

Abstract A diverse series of phosphonate esters have been prepared using a domestic microwave oven. The microwave enhanced Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction shows remarkable rate acceleration under microwave irradiation and allows the facile synthesis, and in certain cases easy workup, of alkyl, α-substituted and aryl phosphonates.
Stress state dependence of cyclic ratchetting behavior of two rail steels

Abstract Cumulative inelastic deformation or ratchetting occurs during cyclic loading in the presence of a mean stress. This problem has received considerable recent attention. The nonlinear kinematic hardening rule originally proposed by Armstrong and Frederick (AF rule) [1966] has been widely used for description of the overall character of hysteresis response during cyclic plasticity. However, this model generally overpredicts cyclic strain accumulation (ratchetting) under asymmetric loading with mean stress ( Bower [1987]; Bower & Johnson [1989]; Clement & Guionnet [1985]; Chaboche [1989,1991]; Chaboche & Nouailhas [1989]; McDowell & Lamar [1989]; McDowell [1992]). Moreover, unloading-reloading behavior associated with subcycle events under even uniaxial conditions ( Chaboche [1989]) are not adequately represented by the AF rule. The same comments apply to other nonlinear kinematic hardening rules of equivalent or similar nature such as bounding surface plasticity theory (cf. McDowell & Moyar [1991]). In this work, a modification of the dynamic recovery term of the AF rule is considered as recently proposed by Ohno and Wang [1991a,1991b]. The approach is established based on certain assumed crystalline slip system behavior and interaction between dislocation interactions at different size scales. Several important criteria are discussed for models capable of representing stress state and amplitude dependence of ratchetting behavior. Experimental results obtained on both a carbon rail steel and a heat-treated rail steel subjected to various uniaxial and nonproportional loading conditions are presented and correlated with an extension of the Ohno and Wang model, which accounts for a broader range of stress state and amplitude effects. An algorithm is developed to extrapolate the ratchetting rates obtained at relatively early cycles to very large numbers of cycles for test specimens. The method provides for dependence on the mean stress as well as amplitude of loading. The algorithm is applied to both carbon and heat-treated rail steels.
Polynomial Interpolation on the Unit Sphere

The problem of interpolation at (n+1)2 points on the unit sphere S2 by spherical polynomials of degree at most n is studied. Many sets of points that admit unique interpolation are given explicitly. The proof is based on a method of factorization of polynomials. A related problem of interpolation by trigonometric polynomials is also solved.
Temperature dependence of luminescence in ZnSe and role of excitation transfer

Abstract Excitation transfer among localized states has often been neglected for semiconductor luminescence. We have recently shown that such transfer is far more prevalent in the low temperature luminescence in ZnSe than had been realized. In this work, we studied the temperature dependence of the luminescence, and observed the phonon-assisted transfer between two bound excitons at relatively high temperature. This observation correlates with the result of a theoretical model consisting of a two-level system. Our results also show that excitation transfer may well be playing a role in the origin of the blue room temperature luminescence in ZnSe.
Crystalline quality and surface morphology of (100) CeO2 thin films grown on sapphire substrates by solid source metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

(100)-oriented, cerium oxide epitaxial thin films, approximately 250 A thick, were grown on r-plane sapphire substrates using a solid source MOCVD technique. Rocking curve FWHM values as low as 0.63° and AFM surface roughness on the order of 5 A RMS were obtained with substrate temperatures near 680°C and growth rates of 0.13 A/s. Lower substrate temperatures and higher metalorganic source feed rates resulted in rougher layers, which had broader XRD rocking curve widths, indicating poorer out-of-plane alignment. RBS channeling spectra showed that the best films had high crystalline quality: only at the film-substrate interface were slight distortions due to lattice or thermal expansion mismatch detected.
Left ventricular hypertrophy: Its prevalence, etiology, and significance

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), present in 15 to 20% of the general population, is more prevalent in blacks, the elderly, the obese, and in those with hypertension. In the presence of LVH, there is an increased risk of developing several untoward cardiac events, including myocardial ischemia and infarction, arrhythmias and sudden death, and congestive heart failure.
The effect of cholesterol on the structure of phosphatidylcholine bilayers.

Abstract The effect of cholesterol on the structure of phosphatidylcholine bilayers was investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. Electron density profiles at 5 A resolution along with chain tilt and chain packing parameters were obtained and compared for phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol bilayers and for pure phosphatidylcholine bilayers in both the gel and liquid crystalline states. The cholesterol in the bilayer was localized by noting the position of discrete elevations in the electron density profiles. Cholesterol can either increase or decrease the width of the bilayer depending on the physical state and chain length of the lipid before the introduction of cholesterol. For saturated phosphatidylcholines containing 12–16 carbons per chain, cholesterol increases the width of the bilayer as it removes the chain tilt from gel state lipids or increases the trans conformations of the chains for liquid crystalline lipids. However, cholesterol reduces the width of 18 carbon chain bilayers below the phase transition temperature as the long phospholipid chains must deform or kink to accomodate the significantly shorter cholesterol molecule. Although cholesterol has a marked effect on hydrocarbon chain organization, it was found that, within the resolution limits of the data, the phosphatidylcholine head group conformation is unchanged by the addition of cholesterol to the bilayer. The head group is oriented parallel to the plane of the bilayer for phosphatidylcholine in the gel and liquid crystalline states and this orientation is not changed by the addition of cholesterol.