cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial–Ethnic Protective Factors and Mechanisms in Psychosocial Prevention and Intervention Programs for Black Youth

Extending previous reviews related to cultural responsiveness in the treatment of ethnic minority youth, the current review provides a critical assessment and synthesis of both basic and applied research on the integration of three racial-ethnic protective factors (racial identity, racial socialization, Africentric worldview) in psychosocial prevention and intervention programs for Black children and adolescents. Seventeen programs meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated for the extent to which racial-ethnic protective factors and related mechanisms were integrated, applied, and tested in such programs. A systematic assessment of these programs revealed that several prevention and intervention programs drew upon the three factors, particularly Africentric worldview. In addition, a number of studies hypothesized and assessed mechanisms, both those previously identified in conceptual literature and those that emerged from the interventions themselves. A set of recommendations encouraging the implementation of these factors into future prevention and intervention programs, examples of how clinicians can infuse these factors into psychotherapy, and areas for future research are discussed.
Role of next generation sequencing (NGS) in the diagnosis of hereditary renal disease

NGS is a new approach used to identify genetic mutations that may underline kidney disease. The advantages of NGS compared to Sanger sequencing are the ability to run multiple samples simultaneously, shorter turn-around time and lower cost. For example, compared to older methods that took weeks to complete, NGS can shorten the turn-around time for Alport syndrome diagnosis to just 6 days and the cost to 40%. In addition custom NGS can be designed to identify mutations in a selected group of genes associated with proteinuria and FSGS on renal biopsy. FSGS can be a histologic manifestation of a variety of glomerular diseases including specific podocyte gene mutations (NPHS2, PLC1E, CD2AP, TRPC6) but also glomerular basement membrane abnormalities due to COL4A3-5 mutations. Using custom designed NGS on 14 patients and 19 selected genes, we have identified novel and rare mutations in COLA3, COLA4 AND COLA5, but also mutations in LAMA5 in patients phenotyped as FSGS. Other patients with FSGS were found to have a 6p deletion in APOL1 that is known to be associated with the development of FSGS in African Americans. In this cohort, some patients had congenital hydronephrosis and VUR induced proteinuria. There was no history of familial disease. One of these patients unexpectedly was found to have a novel COLA3 mutation in addition to an expected SALL2 mutation known to be associated with urinary tract developmental anomalies. NGS results were verified using Sanger sequencing. The findings in this study suggest that NGS is a powerful method to identify specific structural changes in the genome that could not have been predicted by the histopathological phenotype. A high throughput approach for mutation analysis is more advantageous compared to single gene approaches and promises to become a clinically useful diagnostic tool.
Edible Oil and Salt Intake of Residents in Urban Area of Chengdu

Objective To analyze the edible oil and salt consumption of residents in the urban area of Chengdu,so as to provide basic information for government to develop Nutritional propagation and intervention programs.Methods Diet surveys were among part of local families conducted in the urban area of Chengdu in order to obtain data of seasoning consumption from these families.The consumption data were then properly assigned to individuals.Results The amount of edible oil and salt consumption of Chengdu urban population was 48.4g and 11g per standard day respectively.54.0% and 66.2% of the residents in Chengdu urban area intake more edible oil and salt over the recommended amount from Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents.People over 45 year-old consumed more edible oil and salt than younger generations.This difference is statistically significant.Conclusion The measure of nutritional propagation and intervention should be strengthened,and to intake edible oil with different varieties coordinately should be recommended.
AFFECTIVE EVENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE

We propose that consideration of affective events theory can enrich our understanding of leader-member exchange (LMX) development. Drawing from previous research, we argue that high-quality LMX relationships progress through three stages: role taking, role making, and role routinization. Affective events theory indicates that emotions are relevant at each of these three stages, although their influence is manifested in different ways and at different levels of analysis. During the initial role-taking stage, leaders’ affective expressions serve as affective events influencing member emotions through the processes of emotional contagion and affective empathy, which determine the progress of further relationship development. Next, during the role-making stage, leaders and members are both sources of affective events, and they may gradually become affectively entrained such that their affective states tend to fluctuate in a common rhythm. This pattern of dyadic-level affect helps to build high-quality LMX rel...
Clinical Efficacy of Narrow Band Ultraviolet B in Treatment of Pigmentary Purpuric Dermatosis

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of narrow band ultraviolet B in treatment of pigmentary purpuric dermatosis. Methods The patients recruited were divided into two groups randomly. Eleven cases of treatment group patients were irradiated by narrow band ultraviolet B therapeutic instrument for treatment.The initial dose was 0.30J/cm2, thereafter incremented 0.06~0.10J/cm2 each time, the maximum dose was 2.00J/cm2, once every other day for 30 times. These patients were followed up for 3 months. Ten cases of control group patients were treated with compound rutin tablets 2 pills and Vitamin E pill 100mg each time orally, three times a day; external used mometasone furoate cream once a day, treated continuously for two months. Results Efficacy rate was 90.91% in treatment group and 40.00% in control, apply the method of Fisher exect test ,the difference was statistically significant (P0.05). Conclusion Narrow band ultraviolet B treatment on pigmentary purpuric dermatosis has a better efficacy with little side effects.
The role of the MPL receptor in myeloproliferative disorders.

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a primary regulator of megakary-opoiesis and thrombopoiesis, and has recently been identified as the ligand for the cytokine receptor MPL. Several lines of evidence suggest that dysregulation of MPL expression or TPO production are implicated in the pathogenesis of various myeloproliferative disorders. For example, mutations in the MPL gene can cause factor-independent growth and a transformed phenotype in vivo, and MPD may be associated with altered expression of the MPL receptor or TPO. Blast cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) often display MPL, and TPO induces some of these to proliferate. In sum, MPL may play a role as part of an autocrine pathway of MPD. While much remains to be clarified about the therapeutic use of TPO in AML, early results suggest it may be useful for platelet donation and/or priming to alleviate chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in other malignant conditions.
The Two Lives of W. B. Yeats

Perhaps it is a part of Yeats’ modernity that, in contrast to the visionary poets studied in earlier chapters, it proves impossible to understand his poetry except as an aspect of his life’s work. It is not only that much of his poetry springs from occasions, places, people, possessions and events. His poetry is the record of his struggle to be a particular kind of man: to make his own personality. It acquires greater depth when seen alongside Yeats’ other activities, which were many. He was an agent in the birth of Ireland as a nation and as a cultural force in the twentieth century, indeed a Senator of the Irish Free State who looked one day and found himself ‘a sixty-year-old smiling public man’. This was the more surprising since he was always painfully shy, and since he was temperamentally inclined to solitude and inner work. He would for much of his life have rejected the approach to his verse proposed here, feeling that The intellect of man is forced to choose Perfection of the life, or of the work.
Personality Diagnosis and Personality Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the concept of personality disorder. There are seven assumptions in personality disorder. Most personality disorders are distinguished by rigidity and inflexibility and would begin to be evidenced by early adolescence if not earlier. However, there is clearly a significant amount of research that needs to be done in order to better substantiate this assumption. Personality disorders tend to be fairly stable over the adult years, although the nature of the difficulties, which these individuals experience may vary across time. Personality disorders reflect traits that by definition are stable across different situations, even though this stability may be maladaptive. The assumption that personality disorders are by nature ego-syntonic creates a host of difficulties for their assessment. Personality disorders and certain other forms of mental disorder are dysfunctional primarily through their expression in the social milieu. The assumption—that is rather a controversial point of debate among contemporary classification researchers—holds that the difference between those individuals with personality disorders and those with normal personalities is a difference of degree, rather than a difference of kind. Personality traits are seen as evolving from a number of different origins, including constitutional, developmental, and environmental/situational influences.
The Birth of the Pallisers: Can You Forgive Her?

“Can we forgive Miss Vavasor? Of course we can, and forget her, too,” said Henry James. His attitude is similar to that of the Spectator’s reviewer: “Can we forgive her? … Certainly, if it were worth while, but we scarcely care enough.” Though the Saturday Review, like almost all other contemporary journals, found a great deal to like in the novel, it pronounced Alice “tedious.”1 They disliked Alice (“uninteresting and unintelligible,” added the Spectator); but they loved Lady Glencora Palliser, found her and George Vavasor brilliant, unforgettable creations, and proclaimed that Trollope in Can You Forgive Her? had surpassed himself in the art of domestic realism. The Greenow-Cheesacre-Bellfield story was dismissed by the Athenaeum as “coarse caricature,” but on the whole critics of the 1860s rated the novel one of Trollope’s best to date (he had already published five of the six Barset novels and Orley Farm, among others). Can You Forgive Her? appeared serially between January 1864 and August 1865 and was published in book form in two volumes, the first in October 1864 and the second in June 1865 (in the Autobiography, p. 149, Trollope says the novel appeared in 1863–4, but his memory is at fault here).
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease

We and others have suggested that vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms influence susceptibility for Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or overall cognitive functioning. Here we examine VDR polymorphisms and cognitive decline in patients with PD. Non-Hispanic Caucasian PD patients (n=190) in the Parkinson Environment Gene (PEG) study were successfully genotyped for seven VDR polymorphisms. Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) at baseline and at a maximum of three follow-up exams. Using repeated-measures regression we assessed associations between VDR SNP genotypes and change in MMSE longitudinally. PD cases were on average 67.4years old at diagnosis and were followed for an average of 7.1years into disease. Each additional copy of the FokI A allele was associated with a 0.115 decrease in the total MMSE score per year of follow-up (β=-0.115, SE(β)=0.05, p=0.03) after adjusting for age, sex, education and PD duration. The effect on MMSE by the FokI A allele was comparable in absolute magnitude to the effect for disease duration in years prior to first interview (β=-0.129 per year, SE(β)=0.08, p=0.13), and years of education (β=0.118 per year, SE(β)=0.03, p<0.001). When LD/LED use and PD subtype were added to the model, the effect of the FokI A allele on total MMSE score was magnified (β=-0.141, SE(β)=0.05, p=0.005). Results point to Fokl, a functional VDR polymorphism, as being associated with cognitive decline in PD. Future studies examining the contributions of the vitamin D metabolic pathway to cognitive dysfunction in PD are needed.
Dynamical coupling outperforms “majority wins” in organizing redundancy to mitigate noise

Inclusion of redundancy has been one of the primary techniques to reduce the probability of error and to achieve reliability in computing systems and many other engineered systems. Rather than using one system, a group of identical systems is typically used and the final output is determined based on the collective outputs of the redundant systems. A very common technique to obtain an output from a redundant set of systems is “majority wins” (MW) where the majority result is assumed to be the final output. Recently we have shown that the dynamical coupling (DC) of redundant, identical systems reduces local noise. In this approach, redundant systems actively and dynamically collaborate to reduce their combined noise level. Here we present a comparison between MW and DC and demonstrate that a well-designed, optimized DC has better performance in reducing error. In this paper, we mostly focus on noise in computing systems and study redundancy and MW and DC in this context. However, the results can be applied to other similar applications, such as data sensing, oscillators, etc. DC can be implemented with minimal overhead or extra computational complexity, which makes it a suitable mechanism for organizing redundancy to achieve noise robustness.
Interactive simulation of local interactions in dense crowds using elliptical agents

We present a practical approach for interactive crowd simulation based on elliptical agents. Our formulation uses a biomechanically accurate pedestrian representation to simulate different local interactions, including backpedaling, side-stepping, and shoulder-twisting. We present an efficient algorithm for local navigation and collision avoidance among multiple elliptical agents using velocity obstacles. Furthermore, we describe techniques to link the orientation of each elliptical agent to its velocity to automatically generate turning and lateral movements. In practice, our approach can simulate dense crowds of hundreds of pedestrians at interactive rates on a single CPU core. We highlight the performance in complex scenarios and validate our simulation results by comparing with real-world crowd videos and experiments.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) HOMOVANILLIC ACID (HVA), CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONO-PHOSPHATE (cAMP), PROLACTIN AND SERUM PROLACTIN IN ACUTE PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS AT TWO POINTS DURING EARLY CHLORPROMAZINE (CPZ) TREATMENT

Measurements of CSF prolactin, HVA cAMP, and serum prolactin were made in twelve psychotic patients when a maintenance chlorpromazine dose was first achieved and approximately four weeks later while the same drug dose was maintained. Biochemical measurements and clinical ratings were intercorrelated at both time periods. Although individual patients showed a decrease in HVA or prolactin between the two periods, there was no “tolerance” to either measurement in the group as a whole. At the two points during treatment with chlorpromazine, CSF HVA, cAMP, and serum prolactin correlated with certain parameters of clinical change.
Deep recurrent Q-learning of behavioral intervention delivery by a robot from demonstration data

We present a learning from demonstration (LfD) framework that uses a deep recurrent Q-network (DRQN) to learn how to deliver a behavioral intervention (BI) from demonstrations performed by a human. The trained DRQN enables a robot to deliver a similar BI in an autonomous manner. BIs are highly structured procedures wherein children with developmental delays/disorders (e.g. autism, ADHD, etc.) are trained to perform new behaviors and life-skills. Mounting anecdotal evidence from human-robot interaction (HRI) research has shown that BI benefits from the use of robots as a delivery tool. Most of the HRI research on robot-based intervention relies on tele-operated robots. However, the need for autonomy has become increasingly evident, especially when it comes to the real-world deployment of these systems. The few studies that have used autonomy in robot-based BI relied on hand-picked features of the environment in order to trigger correct robot actions. Additionally, none of these automated architectures attempted to learn the BI from human demonstrations, though this appears to be the most natural way of learning. This paper represents the first attempt to design a robot that uses LfD to learn BI. We generate a model then correctly predict appropriate actions with greater than 80% accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to employ DRQN within an LfD framework to learn high level reasoning embedded in human actions and behaviors simply from observations.
A Cluster of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Cases in a ROTC Program Engaged in an Extreme Exercise Program

Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is on the rise among service members and high school and college athletes. Reported risk factors for ER include fitness level, sudden increase in exercise intensity and duration, and eccentric predominant exercise. This study examined an ER cluster among Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets who participated in a mandatory, timed, extreme conditioning program (ECP) workout. Forty-four cadets participated in this ECP; 11 were subsequently hospitalized with ER. Thirty-five cadets, including all who developed ER, completed a questionnaire to assess ECP times, prior fitness scores, and other ER risk factors. Cadets completed the ECP workout as individuals or in teams. Nine of 25 (36%) individual and two of 10 (20%) team participants were hospitalized with ER. Among the cadets, no associations were noted between hospitalization for ER and finish time, previous fitness scores, or dietary supplement use. The relative risk of developing ER was significantly increased in those who consumed alcohol in the week preceding the ECP (RR = 4.20; 95% CI 1.95, 9.03). In this cohort of Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets, an ECP resulted in a high rate of hospitalization for ER. Contrary to reported ER risk factors, higher baseline fitness was not protective. Rather, cadet knowledge that ECP performance was strongly linked to final cadet ranking greatly influenced intensity of effort.
Knowledge Spillovers and Local Industry Growth: A Patent Citation Approach:

We create unique patent-based measures of Marshall–Arrow–Romer (MAR) and Jacobs knowledge spillovers using patent citations data and use them to test the Glaeser et al. model of local industry empl...
The Fire, Pruning, and Coppice Management of Temperate Ecosystems for Basketry Material by California Indian Tribes

Straight growth forms of wild shrubs and trees unaffected by insects, diseases, or accumulated dead material have been valued cross-culturally for millennia for use in basketry, yet these growth forms do not occur readily in nature without disturbance. California data are presented that demonstrate how fire and pruning were ancienthorticultural techniques that were utilized by Native Americans in various temperate ecosystems to shape ecosystem structure, reduce the occurrence of insects and diseases, and activate specific developmental stages in shrubs and trees for twined and coiled basketry.Itis suggested that the magnitude and extent of burning applied to wildlands for basketry and many other cultural purposes in most indigenous cultures in California have been drastically underestimated in the published literature. A methodological approach is outlined for unraveling past and present-day wildland management for basketry materials in various temperate regions. Working hypotheses to explain the ecological rationale for indigenous management at both the organismic and ecosystemic level are proposed.
The Postulate of Closest Approach

In the previous chapter we noted that the coexistence of two distinct two-fold rotocenters implies an infinite row of equally spaced two-fold rotocenters (Figure 4-1). Furthermore, we generated a two-dimensional array of four distinct types of two-fold rotocenters by postulating a two-fold rotocenter off the row of two-fold rotocenters already generated (Figure 3-8). The question which we are to address here is what would happen if we placed a third distinct two-fold rotocenter on the line joining the equally spaced rotocenters.
216 PREVENTING PEDIATRIC FIREARM FATALITY IN MILES CITY, MONTANA.

Purpose of Study Firearms account for 10% of all fatality among children aged 5 to 14 in the United States. Surveys reveal that a relatively high percentage of Miles City, MT, adults (12.8%) keep unlocked, loaded firearms in the home compared with the national average (7.6%). The goal of this project was to prevent pediatric firearm fatality in Miles City by increasing the use of trigger locks and teaching children to avoid firearms. Methods Public health nurses and the police department were consulted, the latter providing 100 free trigger locks. A literature search was conducted to review prominent firearm-avoidance curricula. Results A session was held at a local children9s summer program of approximately 40 children ages 5 to 11, in which a speaker taught the children widely accepted steps to take in the event of a firearm encounter: stop, don9t touch, leave the area, and tell an adult. The lesson was then reinforced in the form of a game in which the children acted out the steps after encountering a fake firearm. Trigger locks were distributed to each child to pass on to his or her parents. Conclusion The session was enthusiastically received and most children seemed to comprehend it. Although no follow-up assessments of the children9s skills or trigger lock use were performed, it can be hoped that at least some of the children learned the lesson and at least some of their parents will take steps to ensure their safety.
Effective Surveillance Using Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis and Whole-Genome Sequencing for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157.

Due to the potential of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroup O157 to cause large foodborne outbreaks, national and international surveillance is necessary. For developing an effective method of molecular surveillance, conventional multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis were compared. WGS of 369 isolates of EHEC O157 belonging to seven major MLVA types and their relatives were subjected to comprehensive in silico typing, core genome (cg)SNP, and cgMLST analyses. The typing resolution was the highest in cgSNP analysis. However, determination of the sequence of the mismatch repair protein gene mutS is necessary because spontaneous deletion of the gene could lead to a hypermutator phenotype. MLVA had sufficient typing resolution for a short-term outbreak investigation and had advantages in rapidity and high throughput. cgMLST showed less typing resolution than cgSNP, but it is less time-consuming and does not require as much computer power. Therefore, cgMLST is suitable for comparisons using large datasets (e.g., international comparison using public databases). In conclusion, screening using MLVA followed by cgMLST and cgSNP analyses would provide the highest typing resolution and improve the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of EHEC surveillance. Importance Intensive surveillance for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroup O157 is important to detect outbreaks and to prevent the spread of the bacterium. Recent advances in sequencing technology made molecular surveillance using whole genome sequence (WGS) realistic. To develop rapid, high-throughput, and cost-effective typing methods for real-time surveillance, typing resolution of WGS and a conventional typing method, multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), was evaluated. Nation-level systematic comparison of MLVA, cgSNP, and cgMLST indicated that a combination of WGS and MLVA is a realistic approach to improve EHEC surveillance.
Brincidofovir (CMX001) for the Treatment of Severe Adenoviral Pneumonia in Kidney Transplant Recipient.

Adenovirus causes significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematological transplant recipients. Treatment of adenovirus infections includes supportive care, reduction of immune suppression, and in patients with severe disease, intravenous cidofovir. Brincidofovir (CMX001) is a lipid conjugate of cidofovir, with good oral bioavailability, no associated nephrotoxicity, and higher intracellular levels of the active drug compared to cidofovir. We describe a case of severe adenoviral pneumonia in an adult renal transplant recipient who was successfully treated with oral brincidofovir after developing renal insufficiency with intravenous cidofovir. Brincidofovir (CMX001) along with other supportive therapy, may offer an efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated treatment for severe adenoviral infections in solid organ transplant recipients.
Introduction: Strange Bedfellows and the Rise of Modern Money Theory

Modern Money Theory (MMT) has attracted a great deal of attention and a large number of adherents in recent years. Also sometimes called Modern Monetary Theory, the doctrine’s appeal has largely come from its argument that governments that issue their own sovereign currencies do not have to pay for government expenditures—their central banks can simply create money. Mainstream and heterodox critiques have questioned the theoretical bases and the practical viability of this program. This chapter introduces my critique of these policy proposals based on their limited applicability, their possible dangers for developing countries, the advocates lack of attention to empirical evidence, and the dangerous political message it sends to progressives, among other problems.
Bayesian Updating of Bridge Condition Deterioration Models Using Complete and Incomplete Inspection Data

AbstractEstimation of the time that a bridge or bridge component stays in a specific condition can guide decision-making on bridge maintenance and preservation. Statistical models of the time-in-co...
Time-resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy for the study of quinones in the A1 binding site in photosystem I: Identification of neutral state quinone bands.

Abstract Infrared absorption bands associated with the neutral state of quinones in the A1 binding site in photosystem I (PSI) have been difficult to identify in the past. This problem is addressed here, where time-resolved step-scan FTIR difference spectroscopy at 77 K has been used to study PSI with six different quinones incorporated into the A1 binding site. (P700+A1− – P700A1) and (A1− – A1) FTIR difference spectra (DS) were obtained for PSI with the different quinones incorporated, and several double-difference spectra (DDS) were constructed from the DS. From analysis of the DS and DDS, in combination with density functional theory based vibrational frequency calculations of the quinones, the neutral state bands of the incorporated quinones are identified and assigned. For neutral PhQ in the A1 binding site, infrared absorption bands were identified near 1665 and 1635 cm−1, that are due to the C1 O and C4 O stretching vibrations of the incorporated PhQ, respectively. These assignments indicate a 30 cm−1 separation between the C1 O and C4 O modes, considerably less than the ~80 cm−1 found for similar modes of PhQ−. The C4 O mode downshifts due to hydrogen bonding, so the suggestion is that hydrogen bonding is weaker for the neutral state compared to the anion state, indicating radical-induced proton dynamics associated with the quinone in the A1 binding site in PSI.
Task representation affects the boundaries of behavioral slowing following an error

Researchers have recognized the role that task representation plays in our behavior for many years. However, the specific influence that the structure of one's task representation has on executive functioning has only recently been investigated. Prior research suggests that adjustments of cognitive control are affected by subtle manipulations of aspects of the stimulus-response pairs within and across task sets. This work has focused on examples of cognitive control such as response preparation, dual-task performance, and the congruency sequence effect. The current study investigates the effect of task representation on another example of control, post-error slowing. To determine if factors that influence how people represent a task affect how behavior is adjusted after an error, an adaptive attention-shifting task was developed with multiple task delimiting features. Participants were randomly assigned to a separate task set (two task sets) or an integrated task set (one task set) group. For the separate set group, the task sets switched after each trial. Results showed that only the integrated set group exhibited post-error slowing. This suggests that task representation influences the boundaries of cognitive control adjustments and has implications for our understanding of how control is organized when adjusting to errors in performance.
Estimation of spectroscopic attenuation coefficient in retinal nerve fiber layer for detection of glaucoma (Conference Presentation)

In glaucoma, degeneration occurs in the retinal ganglion cells, whose cell bodies reside in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), leading to a decrease in the RNFL thickness. In clinical practice, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to measure the RNFL thickness for glaucoma diagnosis. Recent studies have shown that the degenerative process induces changes in optical properties of the RNFL, such as reflectivity. Because such properties can also be determined with OCT, we quantify this reduced scattering effect by determining spectroscopic attenuation coefficient (AC) in the RNFL with our proprietary autoConfoal algorithm, from two OCT B-scans of glaucomatous eyes.
Herbivore-induced volatile emissions are altered by soil legacy effects in cereal cropping systems

Soil properties, including microbial composition and nutrient availability, can influence the emissions of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve as host-location cues for insect pests and their natural enemies. Agricultural practices have profound effects on soil properties, but how these influence crop VOCs remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of agricultural practices on constitutive and herbivore-induced VOC emissions by a major staple crop through soil legacy effects. In a full factorial experiment, we measured VOC emissions by wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in soil inoculum from wheat-fallow or wheat-cover crop rotations that was subjected to feeding by larval Cephus cinctus. Under herbivory, plants grown in cover crop inoculum emitted greater total VOCs, including higher concentrations of 2-pentadecanone, an insect repellent, and nonanal, a compound important in the recruitment of natural enemies. Plants grown in fallow inoculum showed no differences in emissions whether under herbivory or not. Soil inoculum did not influence VOC emissions of plants in the absence of larval feeding. These results suggest that agricultural practices influence crop VOC emissions through soil legacy effects. Additionally, crops grown in wheat-fallow rotations may be less successful recruiting natural enemies of pests through herbivore-induced VOC signaling. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV); green leaf volatiles (GLVs); northern Great Plains (NGP); wheat stem sawfly (WSS); gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS); generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM).
A New Era in Sleep Monitoring: The Application of Mobile Technologies in Insomnia Diagnosis

Sleep disorders, such as insomnia can seriously impair a patient’s quality of life. Existing studies have shown that insomniacs have a risk of hypertension 350 percent higher than normal sleepers. Insomnia is also a risk factor for diabetes, as well as anxiety and depression. Sleep measurements based on polysomnographic (PSG) signals and questionnaires are necessary for an accurate evaluation of insomnia; however PSG systems are uncomfortable and inconvenient as they require patients to stay overnight at sleep centers. There is an increasing interest in portable devices, which provide the opportunity for the assessment of insomnia in a native environment (e.g. patients’ homes). Due to recent advances in technology, it is now possible to continuously monitor a patient’s sleep at home and send their sleep data to a remote clinical back-end system for analysis and reporting. This chapter provides a systematic analysis on the sleep monitoring technologies that can be used for insomnia assessment and treatment. This study highlights the key technical challenges of sleep monitoring, describes different types of technologies and discusses their applications in insomnia assessment. An overview of some model-based signal processing for sleep staging and insomnia detection is presented. Lastly, this chapter ends with a discussion, which provides future directions for the deployment of effective in-home patient monitoring systems for insomnia diagnosis.
An Indirect Comparison of Newer Minimally Invasive Treatments for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Network Meta-Analysis Model

Objective: This study was designed to provide an indirect comparison of the urinary and sexual domain outcomes and complications after newer minimally invasive surgical therapy (MIST) of Aquablatio...
Low theoretical fidelity hinders the research on health coaching for opioid reduction: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Purpose To systematically review the literature in order to evaluate the effects of health coaching on patients' reduction of opioid usage and opioid discontinuation. In addition, this systematic review investigated the effects of health coaching on pain intensity, physical function, and quality of life. Methods Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PsychINFO) were searched from inception to December 2019. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of health coaching interventions in adult patients currently using opioids were included. We considered trials if they included any of the four defined key constructs of health coaching adopted in this review: motivational interviewing, positive psychology, the transtheoretical model, and self-determination theory Independent reviewers screened and selected studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2) and quality of evidence using Grading, Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The review is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) databased as CRD42019136201. It was not possible to perform a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity between included trials. Results Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria (n = 4,516 participants). No study assessed all four constructs of health coaching. All eleven studies utilized only one of the constructs, brief motivational interviewing. Thus, we reported our results in terms of motivational interviewing. There is conflicting and very low quality of evidence that brief motivational interviewing may or may not be more effective than education to reduce opioid usage. There is very low quality of evidence that brief motivational interviewing is more effective than educational monthly diaries to reduce opioid use. There is very low to low quality of evidence that brief motivational interviewing is not more effective than no behavioral intervention to reduce opioid use at 6 months follow-up, treatment as usual (TAU) to improve overdose risk behaviors, and TAU to improve physical and psychological health. Conclusion There is no direct evidence related to the effect of health coaching on opioid reduction. There is limited, low quality evidence to conclude brief motivational interviewing reduces opioid usage in opioid-dependent patients. Future research should focus on the impact of high theoretical health coaching interventions on opioid usage.
Specific concussion curriculum: Does it improve residents’ comfort, knowledge, and In-Training Examination scores? A pilot study

Abstract Background Concussion is defined as aberrant brain function consequent to traumatic injury characterized by disorientation or loss of consciousness or memory. If concussions are not recognized and treated appropriately, they can cause significant morbidity. Because ∼20% of sports-related concussions occur in juveniles, pediatricians must be able to treat this injury. Our primary objective was to assess the comfort and competence of pediatric residents in managing patients with concussions. Secondary objective was to assess the change in the In-Training Examination (ITE) scores after instituting a novel multimodal concussion curriculum. Method From February to June 2019, all pediatric residents (N = 24) were required to complete a multimodal concussion curriculum, including board review-style questions, lectures, and rotation in a concussion clinic. Residents voluntarily participated in a pre-and post-curriculum survey. ITE scores from 2018 and 2019 were compared. Results Twenty-three of 24 (96%) residents completed both pre- and post-curriculum surveys; of those, 17 (74%) had matched identifiers. Most residents (82%) want more education about concussion management. Residents’ scores on knowledge-based questions increased an average of 0.64 questions, with PGY-1 showing the most improvement. The proportion of residents who correctly answered the ITE head injury/concussion questions increased from 0.33 to 0.88. The concussion clinic was identified as the most helpful tool. Conclusion To better educate pediatric residents about concussions, we propose a unique multimodal curriculum. We found improved self-assessed comfort and performance on knowledge-based questions and the ITE. We recommend that pediatric and other residency training programs consider implementing this type of curriculum.
An Experimental Study of Dynamic Adsorption of Polymer in Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) Flooding for Heavy Oil

Problems associated with the recovery of heavy viscous oil are key challenges for the upstream industry. In this research work, systematic experimental studies of chemical flooding were conducted for heavy crude reservoir. Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) flooding in the reservoir may enhance the crude oil recovery; it may lead to adsorption of flooded chemicals. These flooded chemicals are very expensive and high rate of adsorption will make the recovery uneconomical. Analysis of petroleum core flood effluent has to be done, to study dynamic adsorption. This experimental work shows the selectivity of ASP flooding for heavy oil and increase in percentage recovery of heavy oil with optimizing ASP concentrations. The results also show that polymer flooding is quite effective at low oil saturation.
The Value Relevance of Multiple Occurrences of Nonrecurring Items

Discontinued operations, special items, or extraordinary items typically are nonrecurring items in firms' income statements. As such, prior research has theorized that these items are of minimal relevance to market valuation of the firm, since they are transitory in nature. Moreover, anecdotal evidence in the financial press is supportive of this notion. We examine firms that report either single or multiple occurrences of such items over a rolling six-year period between 1977 and 1996 and find in both cases that such items are value-relevant. When multiple occurrences are not partitioned by type (discontinued operations, special items, or extraordinary items), the more recent such event in the series has a negative effect upon market value of equity, whether it has had a positive or negative effect upon net income.
REMODELING MEDICAL EDUCATION

THE position of science in the modern world has been aptly compared to that of the church in medieval times. Just as the manifestos of the church were then accepted without question, today the pronouncement that "it has been scientifically proved" is sufficient authority for the general public. In somewhat similar vein, a statement to the effect that medical education has not kept pace with the rapid changes in medical practice is accepted without critical analysis by many physicians and taken to mean that a sweeping revision of the entire medical curriculum is indicated. Is this position justifiable? Should we choose a new site, lay a new foundation and erect a new edifice to house medical education? Or is the old building structurally so sound that it would be better to modernize it from within? Can additions be made without spoiling the "lines" which are of such symmetry that they have been admired throughout the world? This is a question of great importance to which I will not attempt to give a categorical answer. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the present building is in urgent need of a thorough house cleaning, and that some remodeling is in order. It is the objective of this paper to offer suggestions for certain simple changes and additions which are needed now. Student Body We must face the fact that there is a wide variation in the level of instruction among the approximately 800 approved colleges in the United States. This is clearly attested by the great difference in the mean scores of students from the different colleges on the Medical College Admission Test.
The Evolution of Case Arguments in Teachers' Bargaining.

ABSTRACT A typology developed from case structure and argumentation theory was used in an analysis of case types that evolved in the discussion of 12 issues during a 10-hour bargaining session between negotiators for teachers and a school board. Case types in the typology were (1) nead-plan, which argues for the need to change the status quo; (2) comparative advantage, which argues that a suggested proposal will provide benefits beyond those of the current system; and (3) goals criteria, which offers a policy proposal that explicitly rejects the status quo goals or their priority. In addition, the typology contained dimensions of case fit, including agreement by both sides on the type of case presented and the way to address it, agreement to case type but not fit, and disagreement on both dimensions. Transcriptions of the negotiating sessions were analyzed by plotting the development of arguments and issues. Results indicated that comparative advantage cases emerged more frequently than did the other types of cases, and that problem solving or integrative bargaining evolved from disagreement on case type or case fit that led both sides to search for alternative proposals. Agreement on case type and case fit that remained constant throughout the sessions led to settlements derived from trade-offs. (A "flow chart" and a case analysis of one issue in the negotiating session are appended.) (FL)
Institutions and Elites: Property, Contract, the State, and Rights in Information in the Global Economy

This paper examines the interplay between intellectual property rules and forces driving globalization in the world economy. It argues against the view that multilateral enforcement of standardized intellectual property rules offers the greatest promise for further development. I argue that standardization obtained through international institutions such as the World Trade Organization or the United Nation's World Intellectual Property Organization offer rent-seeking opportunities to affected industries. The drive toward a collective outcome, and particularly the linkage between intellectual property harmonization and cooperation on other issues, undermines the ability of dissenting governments to withhold approval. Nor does judicially developed harmonization hold out much promise. Instead, I argue, local autonomy in developing intellectual property rules and private party autonomy in choosing intellectual property regimes can work in tandem as a regime most likely to enhance the welfare benefits of these rights.
The Chimera of International Community: News Narratives of Global Cooperation

References to “international community” have surged in the news. This study investigates how American journalists portray international community in their coverage. We assume that the phrase, while laden with possible meanings, is more than jargon. A growing number of global issues and crises require the kind of transnational cooperation that international community seems to encompass. Our study is guided by recent theoretical evaluations of international community and contributes to scholarly work on the role news narratives play in nurturing global civic sensibilities. We turned to ethnographic content analysis to analyze news constructions of international community from 2000 to 2010. Findings indicate that international community is more than diplomatic verbiage, yet it also lacks the collective identity and solidarity necessary for community. International community emerges as an amorphous fusion of nations, organizations, and elites. Many international communities appear in the news, not just one, and membership is fluid. As a potent symbol in the news, international community is not inconsequential. Our analysis reveals how the news narratives amplify a vision and shared awareness of global connectedness.
Strongly correlated multiparticle transport in one dimension through a quantum impurity

We consider the transport properties of multiple-particle quantum states in a class of one-dimensional systems with a single quantum impurity. In these systems, the local interaction at the quantum impurity induces strong and nontrivial correlations between the multiparticles. We outline an exact theoretical approach, based upon real-space equations of motion and the Bethe ansatz, that allows one to construct the full scattering matrix ($S$ matrix) for these systems. In particular, we emphasize the need for a completeness check upon the eigenstates of the $S$ matrix, when these states obtained from Bethe ansatz are used for describing the scattering properties. As a detailed example of our approach, we solve the transport properties of two photons incident on a single two-level atom, when the photons are restricted to a one-dimensional system such as a photonic crystal waveguide. Our approach predicts a number of nonlinear effects involving only two photons, including background fluorescence, spatial attraction and repulsion between the photons, as well as the emergence of a two-photon bound state.