cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived Responsibility for the Development of White Spot Lesions during Orthodontic Treatment

Perceived Responsibility for the Development of White Spot Lesions during Orthodontic Treatment By Blake J. Maxfield, D.D.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Thesis Director: Steven J. Lindauer, D.M.D., M.Dent.Sc. Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics White spot lesions (WSLs) or decalcifications remain a common complication in orthodontic patients with poor oral hygiene. The purpose of this study was to compare attitudes regarding the development of WSLs among patients, parents, orthodontists and general dentists and improve prevention and treatment protocols through better communication. A survey was developed to evaluate and compare the current opinions of orthodontic patients (n=315), parents (n=279), orthodontists (n=305) and general dentists (n=191) regarding the significance, prevention and treatment of WSLs. All four groups indicated that WSLs did detract from the overall appearance of straight teeth. All four groups indicated that patients were the most responsible for the prevention of WSLs. All four groups indicated that the general dentist should be more responsible for the treatment of WSLs than the orthodontist. General dentists were
Studies on the effect of streptomycin on mammalian cells in culture: II. Effect on mixtures of sensitive and resistant strains☆

Abstract When two strains of streptomycin resistant cells were cultured together in the presence of streptomycin the mixture behaved in a sensitive manner. This phenomenon is apparently due to some form of interaction between the different strains of cells. Ten strains of cells were tested in all possible paired combinations with each other and nine of the strains were incompatible with each other, while one strain was partially compatible with the other nine. The use of the approach used in these studies to study cell-cell interaction is discussed.
Positive and Negative Incentives in the Classroom: An Analysis of Grading Systems and Student Motivation.

This study examined how particular grading systems motivate students. Since competency-based grading and point systems are most prevalent (Hendrickson and Gable, 1999), the current study is modeled around these systems. The grading systems used for this study were divided into two categories and defined as those students who earned their grades ("earners") and those who maintained their grades ("maintainers"). The earners started the semester with 0 points and added points with each graded assignment, whereas the maintainers were given the maximum number of points available for the course at the beginning of the semester and then subtracted points from this overall total as they lost points on a graded assignment. The earners received positive incentives (i.e., the addition of points), whereas the maintainers received negative incentives (i.e., the subtraction of points). It was hypothesized that students who received negative incentives would exhibit higher levels of motivation than those who received positive incentives. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to test the hypothesis. Although the quantitative results of this study marginally support the hypothesis, the qualitative results illuminate how the different incentives motivated students differently. The maintainers were driven by satisfaction (i.e., saw grading practices as fair; liked starting with an A), unfamiliarity (i.e., had to learn a new grading system), stress, and punishment (i.e., the threat of losing points). On the other hand, the earners were motivated by familiarity (in that they were used to the grading system used) and rewards. Implications of this study are also discussed.
Microwave emission from the moon.

Consideration of those aspects of the radio emission from the moon which are directly important in interpreting the emission observations. Thermophysical models of the moon can be constructed which explain the emission to the accuracy of the measurements. The variations during lunations of the radio brightness temperatures measured in the wavelength range from 1 mm to about 5 cm can be reproduced by homogeneous models with a thermal parameter in the range from 800 to 1200 cgs units, a dielectric constant about equal to 2, and a loss tangent of about 0.008.
LXVIII. The black spot in thin liquid films

(1906). LXVIII. The black spot in thin liquid films. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 11, No. 66, pp. 746-753.
The Optimal Portfolio Weight for Real Estate with Liquidity Risk and Uncertainty Aversion

In this paper we investigate the portfolio implications of liquidity costs and uncertainty aversion across asset classes. In many cases, financial securities such as equities trade in active markets in which equity owners can liquidate their holdings quickly and with little price concession. In contrast, real assets, such as commercial real estate, may take a substantial amount of time to sell and entail significant transactions costs. For this we focus on literature that considers the impact of uncertainty (as opposed to risk) on portfolio choice (Garlappi, Uppal, and Wang, RFS 2007), and extend this to include a measure of the liquidation costs of assets. In particular, our paper examines the optimal relative weight of real estate in a portfolio when both liquidity costs and the uncertainty regarding sample inputs are considered. We find large increases in the ex-post Sharpe ratio result when liquidity costs and uncertainty aversion are incorporated in portfolio selection relative to a naive portfolio that ignores liquidity costs and uncertainty.
The development of ACh- and GABA-activated currents in embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons in the absence of innervation in vivo

Chemical synaptic transmission in the chick ciliary ganglion is mediated by nicotinic ACh receptors. Ciliary ganglion neurons also express GABAA receptors, although there is no known source of GABAergic innervation of the ganglion, and the function of GABA receptors on these neurons is not known. We examined whether ACh and GABA receptors on embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons are regulated by presynaptic inputs. Whole-cell currents evoked by ACh or GABA in neurons soon after dissociation were taken to estimate the level of functional receptors in intact ganglia. We destroyed the accessory oculomotor nucleus (AON), the only source of synaptic input to the ganglion, on embryonic day (E) 4. We determined that 80% of the operations resulted in the virtual elimination of synaptic contacts in the ganglion, using P65 immunohistochemistry (a synaptic vesicle antigen) and direct ultrastructural examination. Previous experiments have shown that during normal development, ACh-activated currents increase over sevenfold between E6 and E18; GABA-activated currents increase only twofold, in proportion to cell size. We found that ACh- activated currents of uninnervated neurons at E14 and E18 were as large as control responses. Furthermore, ACh receptor-like molecules, visualized with monoclonal antibody 35 immunofluorescence, were concentrated in high density clusters on the surface of E18 neurons from AON-ablated embryos. GABA-activated currents were also not affected by AON destruction. We conclude that ACh and GABA receptors are not induced in embryonic chick ciliary ganglion neurons during development by contact with or soluble factors released from AON synaptic terminals.
The fourth eye: Māori media in Aotearoa New Zealand

The fourth eye: Māori media in Aotearoa New Zealand. Hokowhitu, Brendan and Devadas,Vijay (Eds.). (2013). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 251 pp. ISBN: 978- 0- 8166- 8104- 4.
Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy-guided fine needle aspiration for the diagnosis of lung lesions.

Many peripheral lung lesions are beyond the reach of conventional bronchoscopes, and require percutaneous CT-guided or open surgical biopsy, which carry increased risks to the patient. Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is a relatively new technique, which uses an image guided localization system to direct steerable bronchoscopic tools to predetermined points within the bronchial tree. This technology allows improved access to peripheral lesions in particular. We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of ENB-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of lung lesions. All ENB-guided FNAs performed at one institution were included in the study. The superDimension i-Logic System™ was used in all cases. Pathologic reports of the ENB-guided FNAs, as well as all other pulmonary sampling performed simultaneously with the FNA and within 1 year of the ENB-guided FNA were reviewed. Patients with a positive ENB-guided FNA or malignancy within the same lobe within the follow-up period were considered positive for malignancy. Patients with an atypical diagnosis but no definitive malignancy were considered negative for malignancy for statistical purposes. Ninety-one patients underwent 95 ENB-guided FNAs over a 3-year period. Thirty-five patients (38%) were positive for malignancy. ENB-guided FNA had a sensitivity of 63% for the detection of malignancy. The sensitivity for the detection of malignancy using all ENB-guided sampling methods, including FNA, bronchoscopic biopsy, and bronchial brushing was 83%. Pathologists and cytotechnologists should be aware of ENB-guided FNA as an emerging technology with a relatively high sensitivity for the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:1045–1050. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Funders as principals

This article examines the tensions that surfaced for three nonprofit funding intermediaries—tensions between their historic practices and the new practices required to use performance measurement to ensure greater accountability and results among their grantees—and analyzes these tensions in light of literature on philanthropic and accountability relationships. From this analysis, the article makes three points. First, philanthropic relationships are not equivalent to accountability relationships. Second, because of these differences funders that adopt performance measurement may encounter tensions as these new practices challenge the importance of other philanthropic concerns. Third, without a systematic way to attend to these concerns when adopting performance measurement, funders face an impoverished choice: reward measurable results or fall back on supporting good intentions.
Assessing Letter Sound Knowledge: A Comparison of Letter Sound Fluency and Nonsense Word Fluency

This article compares 2 fluency-based assessments of letter sound knowledge: letter sound fluency and nonsense word fluency (NWF). Ninety-one children were administered both assessments 5 times during the second half of kindergarten. The assessments were comparable for concurrent and predictive criterion-related validity at single points. The ability to accurately identify which students were at risk for reading difficulty using a single assessment point was examined using established and modified benchmarks. Additionally, 2 scores were analyzed for NWF: total number of sounds and number of sounds blended together in words. Students' responses to NWF varied within and across assessment points. This variability should be considered when NWF is used to make progress monitoring decisions about beginning readers.
The analysis of the interaction of two different molecular species by colligative methods: The purine-uridine system

Abstract The system purine plus uridine in water corresponds to the association of two different monomers, both of which self-associate. This system has been analyzed, using vapor pressure data, by means of a recently developed theoretical method for analyzing mixed systems. The association constant thereby obtained for purine and uridine is of a similar order of magnitude to that reported for the association of purine and thymine from solubility data.
What remains: women, relics and remembrance in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade

After the fall of Constantinople to the Latin Crusaders in 1204 hundreds of relics were carried into the West as diplomatic gifts, memorabilia and tokens of victory. Yet many relics were also sent privately between male crusaders and their spouses and female kin. As recipients of relics women were often called upon to initiate new relic cults and practices of commemoration in honour of the men who sent these objects and who often never returned from the East. By considering the material quality of Fourth Crusade relics, this article argues that they were objects that exercised a profound effect on the lives of those receiving them, influencing their perceptions and actions, focusing practices of commemoration and ultimately shaping the memory of the crusade. Relics formed the scaffolding that recursively evoked a venerated martyr, a kinsman dead in the East, a family's crusading lineage, and broader ideas of religious sacrifice.
Partial purification of aflatoxins by simple chemical fractionation.

Summary A simple chemical fractionation procedure for the partial purification of aflatoxins, produced by a locally isolated Aspergillus flavus strain, was carried out. According to this procedure it was possible to isolate aflatoxin B free from other interfering compounds. Rf values, U.V. spectrum, and biological activity of this fraction were identical with aflatoxin B. Aflatoxin G was also present in one fraction, but was still contaminated with traces of aflatoxin B and kojic acid.
Objects and Objectivity: The Evolution Controversy at the American Museum of Natural History, 1915–1928

For the purpose of this essay, I examine how evolutionary theory was treated and responded to in the American Museum of Natural History’s Hall of the Age of Man during the early 1900s. Specifically, I examine how the curatorial work of the museum’s president, Henry Fairfield Osborn, relied on the purported use of objectivity as a means by which to communicate the validity of evolutionary theory through the objects in his exhibit. But objectivity represented a resource for anti-evolution critics as well. To show this, I likewise examine how the Baptist pastor, John Roach Straton, responded to Osborn’s objects and purported use of objectivity in the Hall of the Age of Man and how he himself attempted to establish a different type of objectivity through pluralistic approaches to theories of origins. Established as a common value, objectivity ceased to be a simple discriminator between scientists and non-scientists within the debate over evolution. While issues over the teaching of evolutionary theory during this period are already well known, I show here that the controversy over evolutionary theory was not only an issue within public schools during the early 1900s, but also within the museum as an institute of public education and how the rhetorical role of objects and space were critical components of argument for both evolutionists and creationists.
The development of children's understanding of "because" and "so".

Abstract Children's (5 years, 8 months to 8 years, 4 months) comprehension of “because” and “so” was assessed on both enactment and sentence completion tasks. The use of a within-subject design permitted performance on each task to be interpreted in terms of performance on the other. The pattern of results provided evidence against a componential model for the acquistion of causal connectives. This model holds that the two meaning components (cause, order) are acquired separately, with the order component being acquired several years later than the causal component. The results also were in accord with predictions derived from a contextual model of children's developing understanding of terms expressing logical relationships. This model posits that the understanding of relational terms is initially context dependent, such that children can understand relational terms when they express familiar relationships, but experience difficulty in forming representations of novel relationships solely on the basis of linguistic input. The lexical components of because and so are understood during the context-dependent stage, and the transition from context-dependent to context-independent understanding does not reflect further lexical development, but rather increasing facility in dealing with decontextualized linguistic input.
The Relationship Between U.S. Federal Reserve Discount Rate Changes and Fluctuations in Interest and Exchange Rates

This study examines the relationship between U.S. monetary policy changes and financial market reactions; in particular, the fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates for the U.S., Britain, Canada, France, Germany, and Japan are related to changes in the U.S. Federal Reserve discount rate for the period 1980–1991. Consistent with previous research, the results indicate a significant relationship between U.S. interest rates and changes in the discount rate throughout the test period. Further, the relationship between non‐U.S. interest rates and the U.S. discount rate is minimal during the first half of the test period but strong in the second half of the period. As expected, statistically significant results were not found with respect to exchange rates. These results suggest an increase both in financial market integration and in the U.S. Federal Reserve's role as an international financial policymaker.
Proteins Of crustacean exoskeleton II: Immunological evidence for their relatedness to cuticular proteins of two insects

The exoskeletons of crustaceans and cuticles of insects are characterized by an abundance of proteins with acidic pIs and Mrs 31 kDa or smaller. Immunochemical data described here further demonstrate the similarities of such proteins among representatives of these two major classes of Arthropoda. Proteins extracted from the four individual layers of the exoskeletons of Bermuda land crabs Gecarcinus lateralis at different stages of the intermolt cycle and from exuviae, the partially degraded old exoskeleton that is cast at ecdysis, were analyzed on Western blots with polyspecific polyclonal antibodies against either larval cuticular proteins (anti-LCP) or pupal cuticular proteins (anti-PCP) of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, or against two pairs of larval cuticular proteins from third instar larvae (anti-L3CPs) of Drosophila melanogaster. M. sexta anti-LCP cross-reacted with many of the crab proteins extracted at all stages of the intermolt cycle. It reacted with more high Mr proteins from late proecdysial exoskeleton and exuviae than with such proteins from anecdysial or early proecdysial exoskeletons, probably because the larger Mr proteins are enriched when the lower Mr proteins are degraded during proecdysis. M. sexta anti-PCP cross-reacted hardly at all with the crab proteins. Both D. melanogaster anti-L3CPs cross-reacted with crab epicuticular proteins at all stages of the intermolt cycle and from exuviae. Anti-L3CP 3 + 4 reacted even more intensely and with many more proteins from the three inner layers of the exoskeleton than did anti-L3CP 1+2. Controls included 2D gels with rabbit anti-ovalbumin to detect glycoproteins containing mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine; it cross-reacted with only one protein in membranous layer of an anecdysial crab, while rabbit anti-fluorescein reacted with none. By contrast, the intensity and specificity of the cross-reactions of crab exoskeletal proteins with antibodies against cuticular proteins of members of two orders of insects suggest that at least some cuticular proteins in the two arthropod Classes, Crustacea and Insecta, are evolutionarily conserved. Published 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The association of obesity and asthma severity and control in children

Background The association between obesity and asthma severity and control in children is not well understood. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association of childhood body mass index (BMI) percentile for age of 85% or greater with the number of β-agonist canisters dispensed, corticosteroid courses, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations for asthma. Methods A retrospective cohort of 32,321 children aged 5 to 17 years and given a diagnosis of asthma who received at least 1 asthma (controller or rescue) medication and were enrolled in Kaiser Permanente from 2004-2008 was identified. Outcomes from electronic medical records included β-agonist canister and nebulizer units dispensed per year, hospitalizations and emergency department visits for asthma exacerbations, and oral corticosteroid courses. Potential confounding factors known to influence asthma outcomes were also collected: demographics, parental education level, asthma controller use, gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosis, and diabetes mellitus diagnosis. Multiple logistic regression models were used to measure the independent association of BMI status with outcomes. Results Even after adjusting for demographics, parental education level, asthma controller use, and gastroesophageal reflux disease and diabetes mellitus diagnoses, overweight (BMI percentile for age, 85% to 94%) and obese (BMI percentile for age, ≥95%) children were more likely to have increased β-agonists dispensed (odds ratio of 1.15 [95% CI, 1.02-1.27] and odds ratio of 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.29], respectively) and increased risk for oral corticosteroids dispensed (odds ratio of 1.21 [95% CI, 1.13-1.29] and odds ratio of 1.28 [95% CI, 1.21-1.36], respectively) compared with normal-weight (BMI percentile for age, 16% to 84%) children. Conclusions Our findings suggest that childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk of worse asthma control and exacerbations.
Middle Holocene Bison diet and mobility in the eastern Great Plains (USA) based on δ13C, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr analyses of tooth enamel carbonate

During the Holocene, bison (Bison bison) were key components of the Great Plains landscape. This study utilizes serial stable isotope analyses (tooth enamel carbonate) of 29 individuals from five middle Holocene (∽ 7–8.5·ka) archaeological sites to address seasonal variability in movement patterns and grazing behavior of bison populations in the eastern Great Plains. Stable carbon isotopes (δ 13C) indicate a bison diet that is similar to the C3/C4 composition of modern tallgrass prairies, while 87Sr/86Sr values generally indicate very little seasonal movement (b50 km) and relatively limited inter-annual movement (b500 km) over the course of 4–5 yr. Analyses of variability in serial stable oxygen isotope samples (δ 18O) further substantiate a model of localized bison herds that adhered to upland areas of the eastern Plains and prairie–forest border.
Interparticle magnetic correlations in dense Co nanoparticle assemblies

Resonant magnetic x-ray scattering from dense self-assemblies of 9-nm diameter epsilon-Co and hcp-Co particles is reported. For lower anisotropy epsilon-Co we find remanent magnetic scattering that is significantly enhanced, indicating preferred inter-particle moment orientations of both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic character. This interaction-mediated collective behavior is consistent with dipolar fields and exists well above the isolated particles blocking temperature where thermal activation is operative, suggesting that magnetostatic super-spin waves exist in such systems.
Forget online communities?: revisit cooperative work!

The term community does not have an exact equivalent in Chinese. Therefore, we may ask: To what extent do standard premises of online community research apply in China? In our ethnographic studies of two Chinese websites, we found that small "core teams" organized and managed work, and were sustained by offline and behind the scenes interactions. We urge that research on online communities examine preconceptions that may overlook important realities, and that we be mindful that small close-knit groups may be relevant, in the original spirit of studies of cooperative work.
Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein

The tumor-suppressor gene p53 is altered by missense mutation in numerous human malignancies. However, the biochemical properties of p53 and the effect of mutation on these properties are unclear. A human DNA sequence was identified that binds specifically to wild-type human p53 protein in vitro. As few as 33 base pairs were sufficient to confer specific binding. Certain guanines within this 33-base pair region were critical, as methylation of these guanines or their substitution with thymine-abrogated binding. Human p53 proteins containing either of two missense mutations commonly found in human tumors were unable to bind significantly to this sequence. These data suggest that a function of p53 may be mediated by its ability to bind to specific DNA sequences in the human genome, and that this activity is altered by mutations that occur in human tumors.
Relationships Between Acoustically Determined Knowledge of Stop Place and Voicing Contrasts and Phonological Treatment Progress

The speech of 7 children with phonological disorders (4 who failed to produce an initial voicing contrast for stops and 3 who failed to produce the alveolar-velar stop contrast) was analyzed for imperceptible acoustic distinctions for seemingly homophonous word pairs. Subjects were audio/video recorded before and during treatment as they produced minimal pairs containing their error and correct sounds. Acoustic measures were VOT and CV locus equations. The presence of acoustic distinctions was taken as evidence for productive knowledge of the sound contrasts. Treatment was applied experimentally and progress was related to pretreatment productive knowledge inferred from acoustic distinctions. A shorter treatment period was observed for subjects attributed to have productive knowledge of the contrast being trained, as compared with those who had no knowledge. One of the 4 subjects with initial voicing errors produced an acoustic distinction between voiced and voiceless stops and required the shortest treat...
Validation and uncertainty quantification of ICEPIC/emphasis codes for a series of gas cell experiments at NRL

A series of gas-cell experiments were performed at NRL to be able to validate the dry air (as well as pure N 2 ) chemistry/collision models available in Particle-in-Cell (PIC) codes. These experiments were constructed and performed with many diagnostics enabling comprehensive comparison between simulation and experiment. This multi-physics/stage problem (i.e. the pulse power circuit, cathode, foil, gas region and collection/anode) has diagnostics that can validate the simulation before and after each component. Because of the experimental access at each individual stage, this experiment is ideal for investigating the many models incorporated in various PIC codes. These measurements include the nonlinear coupling between each stage affecting the results both upstream and downstream of each measurement location. Therefore, these measurements are a stringent test of the models. In addition to numerical error, there is uncertainty of the parameters (e.g. the multi-group cross section used in the foil and the collision cross-sections used in the gas cell) in each component of the experiment. This study will examine the error propagated from one stage to the next; by accounting for these uncertainties we will be able to definitively validate the models. The experimental set up is a co-axial power feed which transitions to a disk-shaped cathode. The electron beam then passes through a thin anode foil which separates the vacuum diode from the gas cell; scattering and propagation in the foil is energy and angle dependent as calculated from ITS and SCEPTRE. The energy of the electrons going into the gas peaks at about 100 keV and the beam last for about 200ns. In addition to voltage and current measurements at various locations, the novel feature of these experiments is laser interferometry which measures the line-integrated electron density at various locations in the gas cell for a gas pressures ranging from 50 mTorr to 300 Torr.
Differences in precision of dietary estimates among different population subgroups

Populations vary in consistency of diets. The precision of estimates (E) of nutrient intake depends both on the ratio (R) of intraindividual to interindividual variances, as well as on the number of days of dietary intake recorded (k). We present baseline data from 872 participants in the Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management (TAIM), a randomized clinical trial of diet and drug treatment for mild hypertension. There is wide variation in R among different demographic groups and for different nutrients. This has implications for the ability to estimate the correlations between the nutrient and a physiologic variable such as blood pressure, as well as for power calculations to compare group means on nutrient intake. For example, to achieve the same degree of precision (E = 0.80) in estimating the correlation between sodium intake and blood pressure for whites in New York, 7 days of food records would be required, compared to 2 days for whites in Alabama. Tables are presented indicating within- and between-person variances for different groups and different nutrients. Methods of calculating E, determining k, and calculating samples size are provided. Investigators designing nutritional epidemiologic studies should take into account ratios of intraindividual to interindividual variances of different population subgroups and different nutrients in order to determine the number of daily food records that must be obtained and the sample size for group comparisons.
Updates in colorectal cancer screening.

Recent advances in the field of colorectal cancer screening have led to updated guidelines from several national societies. Although various strategies have been illustrated to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer, screening tests differ in their ability to detect neoplasia. While this is an issue for all lesions, it is a particular problem for non-polypoid or ‘flat’ colonic neoplasia, which has been recognized to be prevalent in Western countries. Guidelines also recommend the age at which screening is initiated and discontinued; however, emerging data suggest these thresholds may lead to missed lesions. Finally, evidence points to disparities in the availability and utilization of colorectal cancer screening tests, which may be successfully addressed through interventions that educate both patients and their providers. The focus of future efforts includes increasing adherence to recommended screening strategies.
Factors affecting the regeneration of rhodopsin in the isolated amphibian retina.

The capacity of isolated perfused frog and toad retinas to regenerate rhodopsin after a series of low level bleaches was investigated. For bleaches of <2% complete regeneration was observed after the first bleach with less or no regeneration after subsequent bleaches. Total regeneration from all bleaches was approximately 3%, an amount consistent with stores of 11-cis retinol in amphibian rod outer segments. Total regeneration was increased by incubation with membrane impermeable reagents that oxidize retinol to retinal and was reduced by higher levels of bleaching or added cGMP. It was eliminated by the substitution of 2-dcoxy-d-glucose and pyruvate for glucose.
The Effect of Suspicion on Deception Detection Accuracy: Optimal Level or Opposing Effects?

The current paper reexamines how suspicion affects deception detection accuracy. McCornack and Levine's (1990) nonlinear “optimal level” hypothesis is contrasted with an “opposing effects” hypothesis. Three different levels of suspicion were experimentally induced and participants (N = 91) made veracity judgments of videotaped interviews involving denials of cheating. The results were more consistent with the opposing effects hypotheses than the optimal level hypotheses.
A secure incentive architecture for ad hoc networks

In an ad hoc network, intermediate nodes on a communication path are expected to forward packets of other nodes so that the mobile nodes can communicate beyond their wireless transmission range. However, because wireless mobile nodes are usually constrained by limited power and computation resources, a selfish node may be unwilling to spend its resources in forwarding packets which are not of its direct interest, even though it expects other nodes to forward its packets to the destination. It has been shown that the presence of such selfish nodes degrades the overall performance of a non-cooperative ad hoc network. To address this problem, we propose a secure and objective reputation-based incentive (SORI) architecture to encourage packet forwarding and discipline selfish behavior. Different from existing schemes, under our architecture, the reputation of a node is quantified by objective measures; the propagation of reputation is efficiently secured by a one-way-hash-chain-based authentication scheme; and secure routing is in place. Armed with the reputation-based mechanism, we design a punishment scheme to penalize selfish nodes. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can successfully identify selfish nodes and punish them accordingly. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feline mammary tumours.

Fifty-five tumours (fifty malignant, five benign) of the mammary gland of cats were found among 2296 feline diagnostic accessions submitted over a 10-year period. Twenty-seven were adenocarcinomas, nineteen papillary adenocarcinomas, two scirrhous carcinomas, and two anaplastic carcinomas. The majority of the cats were between 10 and 14 years of age. No breed predilection was noted. Resume. Parmi 2296 diagnostics effectues chez des chats au cours d'une periode de 10 ans ont ete notees 55 tumeurs de la glande mammaire. Les tumeurs (dont 50 malignes et 5 benignes) comprenaient 27 adenocarcinomes, 19 adenocarcinomes papillaires, 2 carcinomes squirrheux et 2 carcinomes anaplasiques. L'âge des sujets atteints se situait pour la plupart entre 10 et 14 ans, sans predominance d'aucune race determinee. Zusammenfassung. 55 Tumoren (50 maligne, 5 benigne) der Brustdrusen von Katzen wurden bei 2296 diagnostischen Vorfuhmngen von Katzen innerhalb von 10 Jahren gefunden. 27 waren Adenocarcinome, 19 papillare Adenocarcinome, 2 Szirrhuscarcinome und 2 anaplastische Carcinome. Die Mehrzahl der Katzen war 10 bis 14 Jahre alt. Es wurde keine Bevorzugung einer Rase festgestellt.
Is bariatric surgery a solution for obesity

Background The prevalence of obesity in the United States continues to grow at an exponential rate. Obesity is a risk factor for a variety of chronic conditions including diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, stroke, heart disease, certain cancers, and arthritis (Flegal et al 2007,). The CDC released a report in July 2009 stating the cost of health care related to obesity is as high as $ 147 billion annually. In 1998 6.5 percent of medical costs were a result of obesity; in 2009, 9.1 per cent of annual medical costs were a result of obesity-related diagnosis; in 1998 this was 6.5 per cent. The medical costs for an obese person are 42 per cent higher than for a person of normal weight or approximately $1,429 per year (CDC 2009).
Reticular formation activity during wakefulness and sleep in a hibernator (Spermophilus lateralis).

This study examined ground squirrel reticular formation (RF) cell activity as a function of: (1) arousal state, and, (2) phasic alterations in neck muscle activity. A total of 37 neurons were recorded from 11 behaving squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Five cells were located in the midbrain RF, 15 were in the lateral pontine site implicated in inhibition of motor output, i.e. the subcoeruleus area, 11 were in the medial pontine RF, and 6 were in the medullary RF. Regardless of location, the majority of the cells (81%; 30 of 37) exhibited greatest activity when the animals were awake and/or in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. However, the relationship between neuronal activity and phasic alterations in neck muscle activity differed as a function of location. The activity of 53% of cells (8 of 15) located in the subcoeruleus area increased with phasic decreases in electromyographic (EMG) activity, whereas the activity of cells (22 of 22) in other RF sites decreased or did not change with phasic decreases in EMG activity. The increased activity of subcoeruleus area cells during phasic decreases in neck muscle activity is further evidence suggesting that the lateral pontine RF is involved in promotion of muscle atonia during REM sleep and possibly wakefulness.
Recovering redshift distributions with cross-correlations: pushing the boundaries

Determining accurate redshift distributions for very large samples of objects has become increasingly important in cosmology. We investigate the impact of extending cross-correlation based redshift distribution recovery methods to include small scale clustering information. The major concern in such work is the ability to disentangle the amplitude of the underlying redshift distribution from the influence of evolving galaxy bias. Using multiple simulations covering a variety of galaxy bias evolution scenarios, we demonstrate reliable redshift recoveries using linear clustering assumptions well into the non-linear regime for redshift distributions of narrow redshift width. Including information from intermediate physical scales balances the increased information available from clustering and the residual bias incurred from relaxing of linear constraints. We discuss how breaking a broad sample into tomographic bins can improve estimates of the redshift distribution, and present a simple bias removal technique using clustering information from the spectroscopic sample alone.
Source and fate of inorganic solutes in the Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. II. Trace element chemistry

The Gibbon River in Yellowstone National Park receives inflows from several geothermal areas, and consequently the concentrations of many trace elements are elevated compared to rivers in non-geothermal watersheds. Water samples and discharge measurements were obtained from the Gibbon River and its major tributaries near Norris Geyser Basin under the low-flow conditions of September 2006 allowing for the identification of solute sources and their downstream fate. Norris Geyser Basin, and in particular Tantalus Creek, is the largest source of many trace elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Cs, Hg, Li, Sb, Tl, W, and REEs) to the Gibbon River. The Chocolate Pots area is a major source of Fe and Mn, and the lower Gibbon River near Terrace Spring is the major source of Be and Mo. Some of the elevated trace elements are aquatic health concerns (As, Sb, and Hg) and knowing their fate is important. Most solutes in the Gibbon River, including As and Sb, behave conservatively or are minimally attenuated over 29 km of fluvial transport. Some small attenuation of Al, Fe, Hg, and REEs occurs but primarily there is a transformation from the dissolved state to suspended particles, with most of these elements still being transported to the Madison River. Dissolved Hg and REEs loads decrease where the particulate Fe increases, suggesting sorption onto suspended particulate material. Attenuation from the water column is substantial for Mn, with little formation of Mn as suspended particulates.
Predictors of functional performance in community-dwelling people with COPD

Purpose: To identify physiologic, well-being, and coping resource predictors of functional performance in community-dwelling people with COPD. Design: A cross-sectional, correlational design was used with a convenience sample of 119 people who received care in a private pulmonary medicine practice. Methods: Participants were recruited in person, completed the study instruments at home, and returned the instruments to the researcher by mail. Pulmonary function test results were obtained from medical records. Univariate, bivariate, and multiple regression analyses were performed. Findings: Several bivariate correlations were robust, particularly among the well-being and coping resource variables, but none were large enough to indicate multicollinearity. Four proposed predictors (depression, severity of pulmonary disease, age, and gender) explained 46.3% of the variance in functional performance. Conclusions: Functional performance was influenced by both physiologic and negative well-being factors. Because of the potential influence of depression on adherence to medical regimen, attention to both physical and mental health is necessary for maintaining optimal health and functioning in these chronically ill people.
Theoretical Study of Urea and Thiourea. 2. Chains and Ribbons

One-dimensional hydrogen-bonding aggregates of urea and thiourea corresponding to the two patterns, chains and ribbons, which are found in crystal structures of these molecules have been studied us...
Antifertility Effects of Inorganic Iodine in Screw-Worm Flies

Newly emerged adult Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) were treated orally or topically with solutions of iodine alone, potassium iodide alone, or iodine in potassium iodide, and survival, egg production, and egg hatchability were assessed when the flies were 7 days old. Iodine in potassium iodide applied as multiple oral treatments sterilized screw-worm females, and the severity of the antifertility effect was determined by the concentration of the solution.
Optimum Size and Hardness of Sites for Storage of Nuclear Weapons

A study is made of the optimum size and hardness of sites for the storage of a certain portion of the national stockpile of nuclear weapons. These weapons can be stored in existing nuclear sites, nonnuclear sites converted for the storage of nuclear weapons, and new sites built for this purpose. The principal questions considered are. To what extent should existing and converted sites be used for this purpose? Should unoccupied sites be used as decoys? What are the optimum size and hardness of new sites? Should the sites be compact or dispersed over large areas? Methods are developed to answer these questions under certain limitations. The rough estimates obtained from this analysis would need to be adjusted to allow for variations from the average conditions at the individual sites.
Computed tomography in the diagnosis and prognosis of open-globe injuries

Abstract Objective Determine sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic signs of orbital and ocular computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing patients with open globe injury. Design Randomized masked review of computed tomograms and retrospective clinical correlation of patients with ocular trauma. Participants Two hundred patients who underwent CT evaluation for ocular trauma between 1989 and 1993. Methods CTs were read by three masked observers; findings were tabulated and compared for variability among observers; sensitivity and specificity were calculated and CT findings were grouped according to visual outcome retrieved from record review. Results In the absence of clinical information, sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 93%, respectively. The positive predictive value ranged from 88% to 97%, with a calculated overall positive predictive value of 95%. Patients who had a poor visual outcome (visual acuity Conclusions CT is not sensitive enough to be solely relied upon for diagnosis of all open globe injuries. CT findings only complement clinical findings, increasing the clinician's overall ability to make an accurate diagnosis of open globe injury, and may provide useful prognostic information regarding visual outcome.
Nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors: indications, techniques and outcomes.

Purpose: A contemporary review of the indications, techniques and outcomes is presented for nephron sparing approaches to solid renal masses, emphasizing their role for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. We also reviewed the evolving role of minimally invasive forms of parenchymal sparing renal surgery.Materials and Methods: MEDLINE and CANCERLIT computerized literature searches, and manual bibliographic reviews were performed to identify published peer reviewed articles pertaining to nephron sparing surgery or partial nephrectomy from 1980 to 2000. Pertinent articles were collated and reviewed.Results: Nephron sparing surgery is increasingly being used to treat patients with solid renal lesions. The technical success rate of nephron sparing surgery is excellent, and operative morbidity and mortality are low. For renal cell carcinoma long-term cancer-free survival is comparable to that after radical nephrectomy, particularly for low stage disease. The overall incidence of local recurrence is low at 0%...
The lipid-lowering effects of 4 weeks of daily soymilk or dairy milk ingestion in a postmenopausal female population.

Abstract Alterations in plasma cholesterol concentrations, especially increases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), are well-known risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have examined the lipid-lowering effects of functional soy-containing foods, but few have specifically examined soymilk, with equivocal findings reported. In September 2008, a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on 32 postmenopausal women at Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA. After a 2-week run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to consume three servings of vanilla soy (n = 16) or reduced-fat dairy (n = 16) milk per day for 4 weeks. Plasma lipid profiles were obtained pre- and post-supplementation. Plasma high-density lipoprotein, LDL, and triglycerides were not significantly different between groups post-intervention (P = .45) or from baseline (P = .83). Separate analysis of plasma total cholesterol levels yielded similar results (P = .19 and P = .92, respectively). Furthermore, sub...
Polar codes for partial response channels

We describe an error-correcting system that combines polar codes with turbo equalization for partial response channels. The successive cancellation decoder, originally proposed by Arikan for polar codes, does not produce the soft outputs needed for turbo processing. The belief propagation decoder, on the other hand, requires many iterations and has high computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a soft-input soft-output variant of the successive cancellation decoder that produces the soft information required for turbo architectures, while keeping the computational complexity low. Numerical results show that the proposed decoder performs better than the hard-output successive cancellation decoder and the belief propagation decoder in the context of turbo equalization. The proposed decoder achieves this performance gain with lower complexity compared to belief propagation and maximum-likelihood decoders. Additionally, we prove that Arikan's successive cancellation decoder is a fast-polarizing instance of our soft-input soft-output successive cancellation decoder.