cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recruiting Business History Teachers

The topic for this morning — the recruitment of business history teachers and its allied problems — is an ideal one for discussion purposes. There are practically no facts to impede the free flow of ideas and the limits to the expression of opinion are almost boundless. My function is to provide an introduction to the discussion. This will be divided into the usual three parts: how are business history teachers presently recruited? What are the strengths and weaknesses in the present arrangement? What should the process of recruiting really be? All of these questions raise a whole series of additional questions of even more fundamental importance.
Iliorenal saphenous vein bypass: an alternative for renal revascularization in patients with a surgically difficult aorta.

AbstractWe report 2 cases of successful iliorenal saphenous vein bypass. In properly selected patients with a surgically difficult aorta this operation can provide a safe, uncomplicated and effective method of performing renal revascularization.
Mexican jays (Aphelocoma wollweberi) prey on bats in Arizona

Abstract During May of 2015, I observed two separate instances of Mexican jays (Aphelocoma wollweberi) preying on small brown bats in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. On one occasion I observed a jay carrying, and then eating, a bat in a tree, whereas for the second record I observed a jay strike a bat out of the air as it was flying low to the ground. This is the first published record of Mexican jays preying on or interacting with bats.
Disequilibrium Foundations of Equilibrium Economics: Allowing disequilibrium awareness

Toward a more sensible model It is now time to consider developing the models so far considered in the direction of our final goal. We must allow production and consumption to take place out of equilibrium. More important, we must allow agents to realize that they are not in equilibrium and to act on arbitrage opportunities as they occur. This fundamentally requires that agents be permitted to do two things. First, they must recognize that prices may change. Second, they must recognize that they may not be able to complete their desired transactions. In forming their consumption and production plans, agents must take these things into account. The fact that agents may not be able to complete their transactions is not unrelated to the fact that prices can change. Agents who believe that they face transaction constraints are also likely to believe that prices in markets with such constraints will change. This is particularly likely in a Hahn Process world of orderly markets in which agents can take their own inability to purchase as reflecting a general short supply. Moreover, agents facing such constraints may themselves make price offers to get around them. Handling all of this is a tall order and is best done in pieces. In the present chapter, I consider in general how the analysis so far developed can be adapted to deal with these matters. The details - which are often very interesting indeed - are explored later on.
The sintering of a silica-supported nickel catalyst

Abstract Changes in the average particle size and particle size distribution (PSD) were monitored during sintering of a silica-supported nickel catalyst. Sintering was carried out in nitrogen and hydrogen atmospheres from 500 to 800 °C for times varying from 1 to 100 hr. The particle size distribution functions (PSDs) determined both by X-ray single profile analysis and transmission electron microscopy were in excellent agreement. The sintering process was found to occur very rapidly initially and then proceeded more slowly at longer times for temperatures higher than 600 °C. The effects of sintering temperature on the changes of PSD were found to be more pronounced than the effects of sintering time. As sintering progresses, the PSDs developed long tails to the larger diameter side. Fitting the data to the sintering power-law gave exponent values of 13 and 14 for sintering below 700 °C in nitrogen and hydrogen, respectively. Particle growth became much faster as sintering was carried out at 800 °C in both atmospheres. The values of the sintering exponent change from 13 to 6 in nitrogen atmosphere and from 14 to 4 in hydrogen atmosphere. The large values of the sintering exponent and the changes in the PSDs obtained during sintering at temperatures of 700 °C and below indicate that sintering occurs by a particle migration mechanism. However, the sintering results obtained at 800 °C tend to indicate that the atomic migration mechanism is predominating.
SAW analysis of the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O/SiO/sub 2//Si system

Magnesium zinc oxide (Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O) is a new piezoelectric material formed by alloying ZnO and MgO. In this study, the SAW velocity dispersion and electromechanical coupling coefficients (K/sup 2/) in the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O (x=0-30%)/SiO/sub 2//Si system is analyzed using the transfer matrix method. Si is chosen as the substrate for potential integration of SAW device with the main stream integrated circuits technology. The use of different Mg content in Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O films leads to change in piezoelectric properties. The SAW characteristics of the system can be further tailored by varying the thickness ratio between the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O and SiO/sub 2/ layers. The effect of different Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O to SiO/sub 2/ thickness ratios on SAW propagation in the multilayer structure is investigated. Four possible multilayer SAW device configurations, including IDT/ Mg/sub 2/Zn/sub 1-x/O/SiO/sub 2//Si, Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O /IDT/SiO/sub 2//Si, IDT/Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O/ metal ground plane/ SiO/sub 2//Si, and metal ground plane/ Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O O/IDT/SiO/sub 2//Si, are studied. It is found that at the high frequency range, with each 10% increase of the Mg content in the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O, SAW velocity increases by 5/spl sim/8%, whereas K/sup 2/ decreases by around 30%. With same IDT configuration, V/sub SAW/ decreases as SiO/sub 2/ layer thickens. However, as Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O thickness-frequency products hf reach high values, the SAW energy for the base wave mode is trapped in the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O layer and the thickness of SiO/sub 2/ no longer affects the SAW propagation. The multilayer configurations also play an important role. It is found that the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O /IDT/SiO/sub 2//Si configuration with Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O: SiO/sub 2/ yields the highest coupling coefficient (x=0) and the highest SAW velocity (x=0.3). The current study indicates that using Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O -based multilayer structures will provide flexibility in SAW device design as well as the ability to tailor SAW properties.
Electoral Quotas and Beyond: Strategies to Promote Women in Politics

There have been significant advances in women’s political representation around the world in recent years. While impressive, these developments are still far from reflecting equal representation. To explore possibilities for breaking the glass ceiling in politics, this chapter assesses the progress that has been made—and explores additional ways forward in promoting women in politics—in Latin America, situated in relation to developments witnessed in other regions. The chapter focuses on several strategies where Latin American countries have led the way: gender quotas, political financing regulations, and laws criminalizing violence against women in politics. Drawing on global experiences, it then outlines additional strategies that could be pursued in the region to make politics a more attractive job for women and to empower women who have been elected.
Tutorial on Biostatistics: Statistical Analysis for Correlated Binary Eye Data.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To describe and demonstrate methods for analyzing correlated binary eye data.Methods: We describe non-model based (McNemar’s test, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test) and model-based methods (generalized linear mixed effects model, marginal model) for analyses involving both eyes. These methods were applied to: (1) CAPT (Complications of Age-related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial) where one eye was treated and the other observed (paired design); (2) ETROP (Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity) where bilaterally affected infants had one eye treated conventionally and the other treated early and unilaterally affected infants had treatment assigned randomly; and (3) AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) where treatment was systemic and outcome was eye-specific (both eyes in the same treatment group).Results: In the CAPT (n = 80), treatment group (30% vision loss in treated vs. 44% in observed eyes) was not statistically significant (p = 0.07) when inter-eye correlation was ignored...
How to Write Science Questions that Are Easy for People and Hard for Computers

As a challenge problem for AI systems, I propose the use of hand-constructed multiple-choice tests, with problems that are easy for people but hard for computers. Specifically, I discuss techniques for constructing such problems at the level of a fourth-grade child and at the level of a high-school student. For the fourth grade level questions, I argue that questions that require the understanding of time, impossible or pointless scenarios, of causality, of the human body, or of sets of objects, and questions that require combining facts or require simple inductive arguments of indeterminate length can be chosen to be easy for people, and are likely to be hard for AI programs, in the current state of the art. For the high-school level, I argue that questions that relate the formal science to the realia of laboratory experiments or of real-world observations are likely to be easy for people and hard for AI programs. I argue that these are more useful benchmarks than existing standardized tests such as the SATs or Regents tests. Since the questions in standardized tests are designed to be hard for people, they often leave many aspects of what is hard for computers but easy for people untested
Hyponatremia in Neurosurgical Patients: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone or Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome?

Nutritional Support Consultant features issues pertinent to the clinical aspects of pharmacy nutrition support practice. The column is edited by Dr. Roland Dickerson, Associate Professor of Pharmac...
A 100-day plan

If you are starting a new middle or senior leadership role, Ben Solly recommends having a 100-day plan to help you hit the ground running
Is there a case for radical change to weather satellite constellations

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has conducted a detailed study of its next generation satellite architecture, the NOAA Satellite Observing System Architecture (NSOSA) study. Among the goals for that study was to determine if there was a compelling case for making a radical change to the satellite architecture. Here “satellite architecture” is understood to mean the allocation of functions to platforms or orbits and the selection of measurements to make. The basic satellite architecture for weather observation from space has been largely stable for several decades and will continue in its current form for at least another decade. The study developed several general forms of radical change and determined that there is no compelling case for making any of them. The reasons are not merely unfavorable cost-benefit ratio in specific instances, but are inherent in the current understanding of relative collection priorities, instrument and data assimilation technologies, and division of mission responsibilities. While any of these could change, they are not likely to change in the foreseeable future. While the study concluded that there is no compelling case for radical structural change, the situation is quite different for significant change in business models and programmatic boundaries.
Microskills and Metatheory: A Systematic Formulation for Teaching Individual and Group Psychotherapeutic Skills

This paper presents the results of 15 years of detailed examination of the individual and group psychotherapeutic interview. Out of this study has evolved a systematic formulation for teaching skills of therapy in a 45-hour training program. Students in this program are able to engage in wide ranging therapeutic interventions such as psychodynamic dream analysis, assertion training, and rational-emotive therapy. The program is described as metatheoretical in orientation as basic dimensions underlying all therapeutic approaches are taught. A brief summary of major premises and assumptions of this metatheoretical approach is included.
Recta Ratio Agibilium in a medical context: the role of virtue in the physician-patient relationship.

Acting for the good of the patient is the most fundamental and universally acknowledged principle of medical ethics. However, given the complexity of modern medicine as well as the moral fragmentation of contemporary society, determining the good is far from simple. In his philosophy of medicine, Edmund Pellegrino develops a conception of the good that is derived from the internal morality of medicine via the physician-patient relationship. It is through this healing relationship that rights, duties, and privileges are defined for both physicians and patients. Moreover, this relationship determines the characteristics or virtues that are necessary to engage in the medical telos. This paper addresses the role of the moral virtues in clinical medicine and the physician-patient relationship. First, it provides a brief background of the Aristotelian foundations of virtue-ethics. Second, it delves into Pellegrino’s philosophy of medicine understood as a practice oriented towards a teleological goal. Third, it relates the telos of medicine to the notion of the medical community as a fundamentally moral community. Finally, it concludes with a section that creates a dialogue between virtue ethics and principlism.
Studies on the Molecular Pathogenesis of Organophosphorus Compound-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity (OPIDN)

Tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) produces organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in humans and in sensitive animal species. After a delay period of 6 to 14 days, neurologic dysfunctions are manifested as ataxia and bilateral paralysis. Early lesions are aggregates of neurotubules and neurofilaments which later condense. Neurotoxic doses of TOCP resulted in an increased activity of Ca2+-calmodulin kinase II (CaM kinase II). This resulted in enhanced CaM kinase II-dependent autophosphorylation as well as phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, i.e., α- and β-tubulin, MAP-2, and neurofilament triplet proteins that interfere with their assembly. Also, phosphorylation of MAP-2 reduces its interaction with tubulin and diminishes its ability to promote tubulin assembly into microtubules. Aggregation and accumulation of such structures disrupt axonal transport and lead to the accumulation of mitochondria and/or endoplasmic reticulum in the distal parts of the axons with subsequent release of Ca2+ into the axoplasm. This disrupts axonal membrane mechanisms for intracellular/extracellular ionic gradient, which results in focal internodal swelling and degeneration that spreads somatofugally to involve the entire distal axon.
The Role of Na/K-ATPase Signaling in Oxidative Stress Related to Aging: Implications in Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

Aging has been associated with a series of pathophysiological processes causing general decline in the overall health of the afflicted population. The cumulative line of evidence suggests an important role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of the aging process and metabolic abnormalities, exacerbating adipocyte dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, and associated complications at the same time. In recent years, robust have established the implication of Na/K-ATPase signaling in causing oxidative stress and alterations in cellular mechanisms, in addition to its distinct pumping function. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and exploring the possible sources of pro-oxidants may allow for developing therapeutic targets in these processes and formulate novel intervention strategies for patients susceptible to aging and associated complications, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. The attenuation of oxidative stress with targeted treatment options can improve patient outcomes and significantly reduce economic burden.
Painting Nonclassical States of Spin or Motion with Shaped Single Photons.

We propose a robust scheme for generating macroscopic superposition states of spin or motion with the aid of a single photon. Shaping the wave packet of the photon enables high-fidelity preparation of nonclassical states of matter even in the presence of photon loss. Success is heralded by photodetection, enabling the scheme to be implemented with a weak coherent field. We analyze applications to preparing Schrodinger cat states of a collective atomic spin or of a mechanical oscillator coupled to an optical resonator. The method generalizes to preparing arbitrary superpositions of coherent states, enabling full quantum control. We illustrate this versatility by showing how to prepare Dicke or Fock states, as well as superpositions in the Dicke or Fock basis.
Cavity Optomechanical Photothermal Sensors

We experimentally demonstrate a cavity optomechanical sensor that is actuated with gradient optical forces. The sensor can detect incident radiation via absorption and resulting photothermally-induced frequency shifts of the nanomechanical oscillator. Analysis suggests that nanostrain sensitivity and fJ-level energy detection are possible.
Phase Matching of Coincident Pulses for Range-Doppler Estimation of Multiple Targets

Range-Doppler estimation algorithms that use the phase of the returned signal face the 2 $\pi$ phase ambiguity problem. In this letter, we eliminate phase wrapping by using two coincident opposite polarity chirps but equal starting frequencies. The returns for both chirps from the same target have near equal phases. The phase wrap is present in both returns but they are the same. Therefore, the differential phase matching used to pair the returns from the same target cancels out the phase wrap. No phase unwrapping is needed. The proposed method has no inherent maximum unambiguous range or velocity, works in multitarget theaters, requires a much lower sampling rate, is not affected by range migration, decouples the Doppler cycle from the pulse repetition frequency and is computationally more efficient than FFT-based methods.
Restructuring of MFI Framework Zeolite Models and Their Associated Artifacts in Density Functional Theory Calculations

This study compares and evaluates multiple orthorhombic silicalite MFI framework structures using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations implemented with a wide range of exchange–correlation functionals and dispersion-correction schemes. Optimization of the structure available from the International Zeolite Association (IZA) yields only metastable forms, which restructure to arrangements 18–156 kJ mol–1 lower in energy (55 kJ mol–1 on average) through annealing and adsorption/desorption processes without altering their connectivity. These restructuring events can occur unintentionally during DFT studies of adsorptive and catalytic properties, leading to very large artifacts in DFT-predicted adsorption, reaction, and activation energies. Pre-annealing the IZA structure prevents restructuring and these artifacts but forms MFI structures which do not conform to the Pnma spacegroup symmetry and have significantly perturbed sinusoidal and straight channel geometries. These issues persist across ...
Young Women's Experiences with Coercive and Noncoercive Condom Use Resistance: Examination of an Understudied Sexual Risk Behavior.

Abstract Objectives To investigate young women's engagement in and receipt of condom use resistance (CUR; attempts to avoid condom use with a partner who wants to use one), including nonconsensual condom removal (“stealthing”), with male partners. Methods Participants were 503 women aged 21–30 years with increased sexual risk characteristics recruited from 2013 to 2017. Participants completed measures assessing sexual victimization history and CUR experiences. Results Findings indicated that 87% of women experienced noncoercive CUR from a partner and 49% experienced coercive CUR. Of these women, 58% and 19% reported having engaged in noncoercive and coercive CUR, respectively. Twelve percent of women had a partner engage in stealthing; none of the women engaged in stealthing. The severity of sexual victimization history was positively associated with both use and receipt of coercive and noncoercive CUR. Diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections were positively associated with receipt of, but not engagement in, CUR. Conclusions Findings demonstrate that sexual victimization and both the use and receipt of CUR are positively related for young women, suggesting that prevention efforts focusing on women's sexual health would benefit from joint consideration of sexual violence and risk behaviors and that such efforts should target victims of sexual violence.
A STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF COPD IN YOUNG DOCTORS STUDYING IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE OF INDIA

Background: Several guidelines are available for managing COPD, but only a fraction of patients get diagnosed and treated as per these guidelines. Aim : The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices among young doctors about COPD and its management, and to identify parameters that could bene􀃶t from educational interventions. Material and methods: In this single point contact, cross sectional study, Interns and post graduates students and Senior Residents(collectively designated as PGs in study) posted in General medicine department were assessed for their knowledge, attitude and practices of COPD. Results: Eighty two Interns and 41 PGs were enrolled under the study. Majority (86%) identi􀃶ed smoking as single most important cause of COPD. Interns used mainly Chest Radiograph (n=53, 64%), whereas, PGs used Spirometry also along with Chest Radiograph(n=22, 53.6%) more frequently for diagnosing COPD. Thirty percent Interns prescribed inhaled bronchodilators in comparison to 95% PGs in their COPD patients. Thirty Six (44%) Interns think antibiotic has a role in managing exacerbation where as only 48% PGs think so. PGs evaluated more frequently their patients for Long term oxygen therapy (29%) as compared to Interns (7.3%) .Sixty eight percent of subjects think that pulmonary rehabilitation can bene􀃶t COPD patients. Only 36.5% doctors think that In􀃸uenza vaccine has some role in management of COPD patients. Conclusions: Doctors during initial years of their clinical practice, underutilize the COPD guidelines and there was also a difference between Interns and PGs on a lot of points regarding knowledge and practices, emphasizing the need to organize increasing CME rounds for those involved in care of COPD patients.
Exercise, Dopamine, and Cognition in Older Age.

Jonasson et al. investigated whether individual differences in human dopamine receptors (D2R) were related to cognitive performance before and after a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention (compared with active control). While D2R decreased (perhaps counterintuitively) with exercise, there was no relationship between D2R and working memory at baseline or following exercise.
High-resolution anion photoelectron spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled 4-atom silicon carbides

High-resolution anion photoelectron spectra of cryogenically cooled Si 3 C − , S i 2 C 2 − , and SiC 3 − obtained using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging (cryo-SEVI) are presented, providing ...
Correction of microtubule defects within Aβ plaque-associated dystrophic axons results in lowered Aβ release and plaque deposition

The hallmark pathologies of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain are amyloid beta (Aβ)-containing senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formed from the microtubule (MT)-binding tau protein. Tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and disengages from MTs in AD, with evidence of resulting MT structure/function defects. Brain-penetrant MT-stabilizing compounds can normalize MTs and axonal transport in mouse models with tau pathology, thereby reducing neuron loss and decreasing tau pathology. MT dysfunction is also observed in dystrophic axons adjacent to Aβ plaques, resulting in accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and BACE1 with the potential for enhanced localized Aβ generation. We have examined whether the brain-penetrant MT-stabilizing compound CNDR-51657 might decrease plaque-associated axonal dystrophy and Aβ release in 5XFAD mice that develop an abundance of Aβ plaques. Administration of CNDR-51657 to 1.5-month-old male and female 5XFAD mice for 4 or 7 weeks led to decreased soluble brain Aβ that coincided with reduced APP and BACE1 levels, resulting in decreased formation of insoluble Aβ deposits. These data suggest a vicious cycle whereby initial Aβ plaque formation causes MT disruption in nearby axons, resulting in the local accumulation of APP and BACE1 that facilitates additional Aβ generation and plaque deposition. The ability of a MT-stabilizing compound to attenuate this cycle, and also reduce deficits resulting from reduced tau binding to MTs, suggests that molecules of this type hold promise as potential AD therapeutics.
Basaltic phreatomagmatic fissure at 71 Gulch Part 1: sediment magma mingling and eruptive behavior

71 Gulch Volcano, located in the western Snake River Plain, southwestern Idaho (USA), was formed by a basaltic fissure eruption into Pliocene Lake Idaho. Deposits at and below the eruptive surface record the nature of explosive and non-explosive sediment-magma and water-magma interactions. The paleoenvironment and the volcanic plumbing system of 71 Gulch eruption were reconstructed from a detailed study of the now-exposed eruptive and subsurface deposits. Estimated water levels during the eruption range from 1 to 53 m across the entire volcano based on the distribution of pillow lavas. Billowed dikes and fluidal peperites are two types of intrusive features found ≤ 12 m below the syn-eruptive surface that have similar continuous margins representing ductile behavior and emplacement into soft, deformable sediment. In comparison, tabular dikes and blocky peperites occur throughout 41 m thick of exposed deposits below the syn-eruptive surface. A conical, diatreme-like vent structure dominates the subsurface exposure, indicating excavation by phreatomagmatic explosions. Localized spatter within the main subsurface vent suggests temporary exclusion of water and thus a period of brief vent growth above the lake level. Evidence of sediment-magma mingling through blocky and fluidal peperites shows how differing subsurface depths impact the resulting mingling textures.
The Partisan Transformation of American Public Health Law, 1918 to 2020.

By the end of the 19th century, state supreme courts like Wisconsin's could say confidently that the police power to regulate for epidemics was essentially a "law of overruling necessity," one that was "coex tensive with self-protection" and a part of the "inherent and plenary power in the state which enables it to prohibit all things hurtful to the comfort and welfare of society" (State v Burdge, 70 N W 347, 349, 1897) A federal court of appeals had no difficulty upholding the power of Alamance County, North Carolina, to prohibit a traveling amusement show from opening for business during the influenza pandemic (Benson v Walker, 274 F 622, 624, 4th Cir , 1921) In Michigan, the state supreme court majority struck down the state's emergency powers legislation on the theory that it unconstitutionally delegated the legislature's power- although the delegation at issue closely resembled broad delegations going back to 1918 and before (Midwest Inst of Health v Governor of Michigan, N W 2d, 22020 WL 5877599, Oct 2, 2020)
Circulatory systems and mortality rates

Aging is a complex process involving multiple factors and subcellular processes, ultimately leading to the death of an organism. The microscopic processes that cause aging are relatively well understood and effective macroscopic theories help explain the universality of aging in complex systems. However, these theories fail to explain the diversity of aging observed for various lifeforms. As such, more complete "mesoscopic" theories of aging are needed, combining the biophysical details of microscopic failure and the macroscopic structure of complex systems. Here we explore two models: (1) a network theoretic model, and (2) a convection diffusion model emphasizing the biophysical details of communicated signals. The first model allows us to explore the effects of connectivity structures on aging. In our second model, cells interact through cooperative and antagonistic factors. We find by varying the ratio at which these factors affect cell death, as well as the reaction kinetics, diffusive and flow parameters, we obtain a wide diversity of mortality curves. As such, the connectivity structures as well as the biophysical details of how various factors are transported in an organism may explain the diversity of aging observed across different lifeforms.
Intimacy, Community and Doing House in Old Regime France

This article explores how shared multi-purposes spaces shaped the productive and reproductive lives of young men and women. The open house nature of their community as a physical and conceptual str...
Put FETs to Work in Electrometers

Field-effect transistors, with their high impedance and low noise, can effectively measure very low currents. To bring the FET up to electrometer standards (so that it can measure currents of, say, 10 (sup -13) amp) the designer must know where the noise is and what to do about it.
Structural Models for Amorphous Transition Metal Binary Alloys

A dense random packing of 445 hard spheres with two different diameters in a concentration ratio of 3:1 was hand-built to simulate the structure of amorphous transition metal-metalloid alloys. By introducing appropriate pair potentials of the Lennard-Jones type, the structure is dynamically relaxed by minimizing the total energy. The radial distribution functions (RDF) for amorphous Fe0.75P0.25, Ni0.75P0.25, Co0.75P0.25 are obtained and compared with the experimental data. The calculated RDF’s are resolved into their partial components. The results indicate that such dynamically constructed models are capable of accounting for some subtle features in the RDF of amorphous transition metal-metalloid alloys.
Coincidence detection in a neural correlate of classical conditioning is initiated by bidirectional 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 signalling and modulated by adenosine receptors

How the neural substrates for detection of paired stimuli are distinct from unpaired stimuli is poorly understood and a fundamental question for understanding the signalling mechanisms for coincidence detection during associative learning. To address this question, we used a neural correlate of eyeblink classical conditioning in an isolated brainstem from the turtle, in which the cranial nerves are directly stimulated in place of using a tone or airpuff. A bidirectional response is activated in <5 min of training, in which phosphorylated 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (p-PDK1) is increased in response to paired and decreased in response to unpaired nerve stimulation and is mediated by the opposing actions of neurotrophin receptors TrkB and p75(NTR) . Surprisingly, blockade of adenosine 2A (A2A ) receptors inhibits both of these responses. Pairing also induces substantially increased surface expression of TrkB that is inhibited by Src family tyrosine kinase and A2A receptor antagonists. Finally, the acquisition of conditioning is blocked by a PDK1 inhibitor. The unique action of A2A receptors to function directly as G proteins and in receptor transactivation to control distinct TrkB and p75(NTR) signalling pathways allows for convergent activation of PDK1 and protein kinase A during paired stimulation to initiate classical conditioning.
Antitrust and Global Capitalism, 1930-2004

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Reconstituting American antitrust, 1937-45 2. Protectionism over competition: Europe, Australia, and Japan, 1930-45 3. Praxis in America since 1945 4. Japanese antitrust since 1945 5. Antitrust in post-war European social-welfare capitalism 6. Antitrust resurgence and social-welfare capitalism in post-war Australia Conclusion.
Patient refusal of thrombolytic therapy for suspected acute ischemic stroke.

ObjectiveTo determine factors associated with patients refusing IV t-PA for suspected acute ischemic stroke (AIS), and to compare the outcomes of patients who refused t-PA (RT) with those treated with t-PA.MethodsPatients who were treated with and refused t-PA at our stroke center were identified retrospectively. Demographics, clinical presentation, and outcome measures were collected and compared. Clinical outcome was defined as excellent (mRS: 0–1), good (mRS: 0–2), and poor (mRS: 3–6).ResultsOver 7·5 years, 30 (4·2%) patients refused t-PA. There were no demographic differences between the treated and RT groups. The rate of RT decreased over time (OR 0·63, 95% CI 0·50–0·79). Factors associated with refusal included a later symptom onset to emergency department presentation time (OR 1·02, 95% CI 1·01–1·03), lower NIHSS (OR 1·11, 95% CI 1·03–1·18), a higher proportion of stroke mimics (OR 17·61, 95% CI 6·20–50·02) and shorter hospital stay (OR 1·32, 95% CI 1·09–1·61). Among patients who were subsequently ...
Capping of Viral RNA in Cultured Spodoptera frugiperda Cells Infected with Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

Abstract Viral RNA from fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus contains cap structures. Most of the cap labeled in vivo with [3H]methionine or 32Pi cochromatographed on DEAE-cellulose with the −5 charge marker; a minor component appeared at −4 net charge. The former is probably a cap 1 structure (m7GpppXmpYp), and the latter is probably a cap 0 (m7GpppXp). On the basis of relative labeling of the two caps with [3H]adenosine and [3H]guanosine, we concluded that each cap contained at least one adenosine residue in addition to guanosine and, therefore, that cap 0 contained m7GpppAp. Cleavage of [3H]methionine-labeled viral RNA with tobacco acid pyrophosphatase released a labeled component that cochromatographed on polyethyleneimine-cellulose with m7Gp, confirming the m7GpppX linkage in the cap. These results were also seen with host polyadenylated RNA. The caps appeared in nearly equal abundance in viral polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNAs. The ratio of 32Pi incorporated into the cap to that incorporated into mononucleotides suggested average lengths for the polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated RNAs of 1,800 and 1,200 nucleotides, respectively.
The effect of increased physical activity on pulmonary diffusing capacity in unfit women

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Alveolar–capillary membrane conductance for nitric oxide (measured as lung diffusion of NO; DLNO) is not thought to be improved with regular exercise training in adult humans. The purpose was to examine the effect of regular exercise training on DLNO in unfit adult women. What is the main finding and its importance? Women performing moderate-intensity physical activity (4–6 metabolic equivalent tasks, or METS, 800 kcal week−1, for 6 weeks) can improve DLNO to a similar extent compared to women performing vigorous-intensity physical activity (>6 METS, 700 kcal week−1, for 6 weeks); however, the magnitude of improvement in DLNO will probably be small and physiologically questionable. This demonstrates that interval training may not provide additional improvements in DLNO compared with moderate-intensity physical activity. The purpose of the study was to determine whether short-term high-intensity aerobic interval training improves resting pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide (DLNO) and carbon monoxide (DLCO). Twenty-eight sedentary women [mean (SD) age 32 (11) years, body mass index 24.3 (5.7) kg m−2] were randomly assigned to either a self-directed moderate-intensity physical activity (n = 14) group or a supervised high-intensity aerobic interval training group (n = 14). The moderate physical activity group and the aerobic interval training group increased weekly physical activity energy expenditure by 800 and 1600 kcal week−1, respectively. After 6 weeks, aerobic capacity increased to a similar exent in both groups (mean improvement 8%, effect size 0.39). The DLNO, but not DLCO, increased to a similar extent in both groups, by 4% or 3.0 (5.7) [95% confidence interval 0.8, 5.2] ml min−1 mmHg−1 m−2 from pre- to post-training (effect size 0.27). There was no correlation between the change in aerobic capacity and the change in DLNO (P > 0.05) or between the change in aerobic capacity and the change in total weekly physical activity energy expenditure (P > 0.05). Interval training does not provide additional improvements in DLNO or aerobic capacity compared with self-directed moderate-intensity physical activity (4–6 metabolic equivalent tasks, 800 kcal week−1, for 6 weeks) in unfit women. Despite the slight improvement in both DLNO and aerobic capacity, true meaningful physiological changes in these parameters remain questionable.
The Integral as the Limit of a Sum of Rectangles

Let f(x) be a bounded function on the finite interval [a, b]. The points with abscissae x0, x1, x2,…,xn−1, xn where $$a = {x_0} < {x_1} < {x_2} < \cdots < {x_{n - 1}} < {x_n} = b,$$ constitute a subdivision of this interval. Denote by m v and M v the greatest lower and the least upper bound, respectively, of f(x) on the v-th subinterval [x v −1, x v ], v= 1,2,…, n. We call $$L = \sum\limits_{v = 1}^n {{m_v}} ({x_v} - {x_{v - 1}})\,{\text{the }}lower sum{\text{,}}$$ $$U = \sum\limits_{v = 1}^n {{M_v}} ({x_v} - {x_{v - 1}}){\text{the }}upper\,sum$$ belonging to the subdivision x0, x1, x2,…, xn−1, x n . Any upper sum is always larger (not smaller) than any lower sum, regardless of the subdivision considered.
Gesture Recognition for a Webcam-Controlled First Person Shooter

In this paper we describe a vision-based interface for a video game that relies on gestures that are made up of one pose that the player needs to hold as long as the corresponding action is desired. These gestures are easy to learn, perform and detect. After a background subtraction and skin detection stage, the method tracks the face and hands of the player by approximating them with ellipses that are updated from frame to frame. Gestures are recognized using a grid that is anchored to the player's face. The system is very robust, has a low tracking error, and a 97% recognition rate.
Morphological changes in rat tracheal cells during the adaptive and early growth phase in primary cell culture.

The purpose of our studies was to determine the fate of different cell types present in early primary cultures of tracheal epithelial cells and, if possible, to elucidate the role they play in the establishment of the cultures. Epithelial cells were isolated from rat tracheas with 0.5% Pronase and were cultured on collagen-coated dishes as described previously. Light and transmission electron microscopic studies showed that the cell population harvested from rat trachea was composed of approximately 30% ciliated cells, 50% granule-containing cells and 20% undifferentiated cells (presumably basal cells). Upon seeding the tracheal cell suspensions into culture, approximately 40% of the cells attached. Cell attachment was virtually complete after 16 h. Roughly 60% of the cells attaching during the first 12 h were neither ciliated nor granulated, suggesting that undifferentiated cells played a major role in establishment of the early cultures. Between 20 and 35% of the cells attaching during this time were identified as granulated cells (mucous cells). Ciliated cells did not start to attach in significant numbers until 8 h after seeding. They never amounted to more than 8-12% of the attached cell population. After 12 h of culture, the cell population underwent a progressive loss of differentiation. The number of poorly differentiated cells (i.e. those showing neither cilia nor mucous granules) increased correspondingly. This loss of differentiation preceded the onset of DNA synthesis and cell growth which began at about 24 and 40 h, respectively. Continuous [3H]thymidine-labelling studies showed that at 48 h after the start of culture about 90% of all attached cells had entered DNA synthesis at least once. This finding is consistent with the interpretation that the ciliated cells are terminally differentiated cells and are probably the only part of the tracheal cell inoculum not participating in the growth of the cultures. At 72 h, the cultures (now in mid-log growth phase) were composed of uniformly undifferentiated cells lacking cilia and mucous granules. The cells nevertheless showed unequivocal epithelial characteristics such as tight junctions and desmosomes. The studies suggest that both basal and mucous cells are responsible for the establishment and growth of the rat tracheal epithelial cell cultures.
Tables for Determining Atomic Wave Functions and Energies

Tables have been constructed so that wave functions and energies, for any atomic state having $1s$, $2s$ and $2p$ electrons, can be computed by variational means. Exchange terms are included, so that singlet and triplet states can be minimized separately. By using the tables a state can be calculated in a few hours. A few of the possible states have been worked out. The best parameters, the total energies and the term values are given for the states $(1{s}^{2})^{1}S,(1s,2s)^{1}S,^{3}S;(1,2p)^{1}P,^{3}P; (1{s}^{2},2s)^{2}S; (1{s}^{2},2p)^{2}P; (1{s}^{2},2{s}^{2})^{1}S; (1{s}^{2},2s,2p)^{1}P,^{3}P; (1{s}^{2},2{p}^{2})^{1}S,^{1}D,^{3}P; (1{s}^{2},2{s}^{2},2p)^{2}P; (1{s}^{2},2{s}^{2},2{p}^{6})^{1}S$; of the atoms He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na and Mg. The intramultiplet separations have been computed, including the spin-spin interaction when necessary: the check with experiment being fairly satisfactory. By the use of an empirical correction rule, term values can be predicted to within a few hundred wave numbers.
Codes for self-clocking, AC-coupled transmission: aspects of synthesis and analysis

We consider NRZI waveform codes thats atisfy a given set of run-length constraints and the upper bound on the accumulated dc charge of the waveform. These constraints enable the codeword to be self-clocking, ac-coupled, and suitable for data processing tape and communication applications. Various aspects of synthesis and analysis of such codes, called (d, k, C) codes, are illustrated by means of several examples. The choice of the initial state of the encoder is shown to influence the length of the data sequence over which the encoder must look-ahead.
A Modified Coupling Method to Solve the Integrated Equations of Velocity and Temperature Fields in 3D FEM

During the rolling process, temperature is an important factor that affects the die and the work-piece in metal forming procedure. The metal deformation is often carried along with the variety of temperature. Moreover, mechanical energy of plastic deformation is converted into heat during the metal deformation process. Thus, it is necessary to couple the deformation and thermal behaviors in an integrated manner in numerical simulation so as to improve the simulation accuracy. In this paper, we use a 3D rigid-plastic Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate the hot rolling process by coupling the thermal effects. Based on the 3D FEM model, integrated equations of coupling velocity and temperature fields are formulated. The uniform of integrated equations is obtained by re-indexing the combination sequences and then a modified coupling method is proposed to solve the resulted equations. The numerical experiments are carried on the real data collected from a steel plant. A good agreement between the numerical result and measured value shows the availability of the proposed coupling method.
Simulation of deposition and densification in an ion beam environment

Abstract We studied the role played by the incident ion beam in ion-beam-assisted deposition by first investigating the morphology of a vapor-deposited nickel film onto an Ni(100) surface using three-dimensional molecular dynamics. Ion-beam-induced void reduction was then modeled for the case of argon ions onto a germanium film using MARLOWE. The diffusion of residual vacancies and interstitials was taken into account. The nickel films exhibited columnar ribbon-like voids and an average packing fraction of 80%. Void volume loss as a function of depth, initial void volume and beam energy was determined. Void collapse occurred at depths well beyond the incident beam range; an increase in void size at shallow depths and higher beam energies was seen. The depth of the peak void loss rate was insensitive to beam energy.
Recombinant human erythropoietin and phlebotomy in the treatment of iron overload in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Five long-term hemodialysis patients with clinical iron overload were treated with 300 U/kg of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) intravenously (IV) after each hemodialysis. The patients were phlebotomized after each hemodialysis at any time the predialysis hematocrit was 35% or greater. Over a period of 1 year, the average phlebotomy rate varied from 0.5 to 1.1 U/wk with a mean phlebotomy rate of 45.8 ± 5.6 U/yr (range, 27 to 57 U). The mean serum ferritin decreased from 8,412 ± 1,599 μg/L (ng/mL) to 3,007 ± 1,129 Ag/L (ng/mL), and the mean iron removal over this period was 9.5 g. Liver iron deposition, as measured by density on computed tomographic (CT) scan, improved, while skin color lightened significantly. Patients tolerated phlebotomy with no major symptoms or complications and exhibited no change in the hemogram or serum chemistries. In patients with severe iron overload, changes in serum ferritin with erythropoietin treatment alone may not reflect true change in iron burden. Use of high-dose erythropoietin and phlebotomy is an effective and safe (at least for 1 year) method of reducing iron overload in long-term hemodialysis patients.
Annelid cytochrome P-450.

Both classes of Annelida--Polychaeta and Clitellata--have been shown to contain cytochrome P-450. The metabolism of a number of aromatic hydrocarbons, drugs and pesticides by annelids required oxygen and NADPH, and was inhibited by a variety of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors. A number of types I and II substrates bound to the cytochrome P-450 in polychaete microsomes to give typical types I and II binding spectra. These results suggest that xenobiotics in annelids are metabolized by a typical cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxygenase. In addition to xenobiotics, annelid cytochrome P-450 systems are likely to function in the biosynthesis and metabolism of sterols and hormones found in annelids, such as cholesterol, ecdysteroids and eicosanoids. The primary source of cytochrome P-450 isolated to date from annelids has been intestinal microsomes. Cytochrome P-450 concentrations in these microsomes varied from 8 to 580 pmol mg-1 of protein. The only cytochrome P-450s purified from annelids were the three isomers isolated from microsomes of the oligochaete, Lumbricus terrestris, whose molecular masses were 48,000, 51,000 and 53,000 Da. Work on the induction of cytochrome P-450 in polychaetes by exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or polychlorinated biphenyls has given conflicting results, since some groups found induction after such exposure, but others found no induction. One possible explanation may be exposure to natural soil and sediments inducers, e.g. plant alkaloids, during feeding. Since gene and protein sequences have yet to be carried out on the cytochrome P-450 of any annelid, the relationship of annelid cytochrome P-450s to the 74 families of P-450 so far found, remains to be carried out.