cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soma-Targeted Imaging of Neural Circuits by Ribosome Tethering

Neuroscience relies on techniques for imaging the structure and dynamics of neural circuits, but the cell bodies of individual neurons are often obscured by overlapping fluorescence from axons and dendrites in surrounding neuropil. Here, we describe two strategies for using the ribosome to restrict the expression of fluorescent proteins to the neuronal soma. We show first that a ribosome-tethered nanobody can be used to trap GFP in the cell body, thereby enabling direct visualization of previously undetectable GFP fluorescence. We then design a ribosome-tethered GCaMP for imaging calcium dynamics. We show that this reporter faithfully tracks somatic calcium dynamics in the mouse brain while eliminating cross-talk between neurons caused by contaminating neuropil. In worms, this reporter enables whole-brain imaging with faster kinetics and brighter fluorescence than commonly used nuclear GCaMPs. These two approaches provide a general way to enhance the specificity of imaging in neurobiology.
Bootstrap aggregating improves the generalizability of Connectome Predictive Modelling

It is a long-standing goal of neuroimaging to produce reliable generalized models of brain behavior relationships. More recently data driven predicative models have become popular. Overfitting is a common problem with statistical models, which impedes model generalization. Cross validation (CV) is often used to give more balanced estimates of performance. However, CV does not provide guidance on how best to apply the models generated out-of-sample. As a solution, this study proposes an ensemble learning method, in this case bootstrap aggregating, or bagging, encompassing both model parameter estimation and feature selection. Here we investigate the use of bagging when generating predictive models of fluid intelligence (fIQ) using functional connectivity (FC). We take advantage of two large openly available datasets, the Human Connectome Project (HCP), and the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). We generate bagged and non-bagged models of fIQ in the HCP. Over various test-train splits, these models are evaluated in sample, on left out HCP data, and out-of-sample, on PNC data. We find that in sample, a non-bagged model performs best, however out-of-sample the bagged models perform best. We also find that feature selection can vary substantially within-sample. A more considered approach to feature selection, alongside data driven predictive modeling, is needed to improve cross sample performance of FC based brain behavior models.
An Efficient Low-Profile Low-VHF Antenna for Small Unmanned Ground Vehicles

A compact, low-profile, efficient, low-VHF antenna designed for small UGV systems is presented. In order to achieve further gain enhancement from a recent development in an electrically small efficient monopole antenna, a new design approach is proposed. A single 180-degree phase shifter comprising a common capacitive top loading and multiple high-Q air-core coils connected to each corresponding short vertical element is designed to produce in-phase radiating fields from the multiple vertical elements at resonance, thereby considerably enhancing the antenna gain. Under practical considerations, performances of the antenna before and after integrating it on a small UGV are carefully characterized via simulations and measurements. The results show that a peak gain of the antenna integrated on the UGV with omnidirectional radiation pattern is 0.48 dBi which is comparable to that of a miniature dipole whose height is 7.5 times larger, facilitating low-power wireless compact UGV communications and networking at low VHF.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Integration Into Family Planning Services at Title X Clinics in the Southeastern United States: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Hybrid Type I Effectiveness Implementation Study (Phase 2 ATN 155).

Background: Adolescent and young adult women (AYAW), particularly racial and ethnic minorities, in the Southern United States are disproportionately affected by HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective, scalable, individual-controlled HIV prevention strategy that is grossly underutilized among women of all ages and requires innovative delivery approaches to optimize its benefit. Anchoring PrEP delivery to family planning (FP) services that AYAW already trust, access routinely, and deem useful for their sexual health may offer an ideal opportunity to reach women at risk for HIV and to enhance their PrEP uptake and adherence. However, PrEP has not been widely integrated into FP services, including Title X–funded FP clinics that provide safety net sources of care for AYAW. To overcome potential implementation challenges for AYAW, Title X clinics in the Southern United States are uniquely positioned to be focal sites for conceptually informed and thoroughly evaluated PrEP implementation science studies. Objective: The objective of this study is two-fold: to evaluate multilevel factors associated with the level of PrEP adoption and implementation (eg, PrEP screening, counseling, and prescription) within and across 3 FP clinics and to evaluate PrEP uptake, persistence, and adherence among female patients in these clinics over a 6-month follow-up period. Methods: Phase 2 of Planning4PrEP (Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions 155) is a mixed methods hybrid type 1 effectiveness implementation study to be conducted in three clinics in Metro Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Guided by the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework, this study will prepare clinics for PrEP integration via clinic-wide trainings and technical assistance and will develop clinic-specific PrEP implementation plans. We will monitor and evaluate PrEP implementation as well as female patient PrEP uptake, persistence, and adherence over a 6-month follow-up period. Results: Phase 2 of Planning4PrEP research activities began in February 2018 and are ongoing. Qualitative data analysis is scheduled to begin in Fall 2020. Conclusions: This study seeks to evaluate factors associated with the level of PrEP adoption and implementation (eg, PrEP screening, counseling, and prescription) within and across 3 FP clinics following training and implementation planning and to evaluate PrEP uptake, persistence, and adherence among female patients over a 6-month follow-up period. This will guide future strategies to support PrEP integration in Title X–funded clinics across the Southern United States. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04097834; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04097834
An Introduction to Measure Theory

This is a graduate text introducing the fundamentals of measure theory and integration theory, which is the foundation of modern real analysis. The text focuses first on the concrete setting of Lebesgue measure and the Lebesgue integral (which in turn is motivated by the more classical concepts of Jordan measure and the Riemann integral), before moving on to abstract measure and integration theory, including the standard convergence theorems, Fubini's theorem, and the Caratheodory extension theorem. Classical differentiation theorems, such as the Lebesgue and Radamacher differentiation theorems, are also covered, as are connections with probability theory. The material is intended to cover a quarter or semester's worth of material for a first graduate course in real analysis. There is an emphasis in the text on tying together the abstract and the concrete sides of the subject, using the latter to illustrate and motivate the former. The central role of key principles (such as Littlewood's three principles) as providing guiding intuition to the subject is also emphasised. There are a large number of exercises throughout that develop key aspects of the theory, and are thus an integral component of the text. As a supplementary section, a discussion of general problem-solving strategies in analysis is also given. The last three sections discuss optional topics related to the main matter of the book.
Crystal structure of 1,2-bis-(3,5-di-fluoro-phen-yl)ethane-1,2-dione.

The title compound, C14H6F4O2, crystallizes with half of a mol­ecule per asymmetric unit and exhibits bond lengths and angles typical of α-diketones. A network of C—H⋯F contacts and π–π stacking inter­actions is observed within the structure.
Guiding the Design of Inclusive Playgrounds through Needs Assessment and Materials Selection

Playgrounds can serve as an influential site in children’s lives, but their designs and features often exclude those with disabilities and their social, emotional, and physical needs. This study was conducted in collaboration with Bennett’s Village, a Charlottesville-based nonprofit seeking to build an inclusive playground. The purpose of the study was to investigate the needs of adolescents and young adults in the disability space and to create a materials recommendation for playground surfacing. The parameters of these analyses were established and prioritized alongside Bennett’s Village. For the qualitative needs assessment, the team recruited members from organizations focused on the disability community and had 6 participants in the semi-structured interviews and 77 participants in the survey. Through qualitative content analysis of interview and open-ended survey responses and descriptive statistics analysis of close-ended survey responses, we found that, among other trends, participants viewed playgrounds as a site for community and socialization, wanted open spaces that could serve a variety of purposes, and emphasized the importance of nature. For the materials recommendation, the team created a life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis and found that poured-in-place (PIP) rubber was the optimal surfacing material with regard to factors such as permeability, local weather factors, and traffic/usage. These findings will be passed on to Bennett’s Village to use in their design of their playground and will also contribute to future inclusive playground design broadly.
Bearing Witness in Eustathios of Thessaloniki’s Capture of Thessaloniki: Holocaust Literature and the Narration of Byzantine Trauma

This chapter proposes a paradigm shift in understanding eyewitness accounts of conquest by medieval Greek writers by reconsidering them as medieval exemplars of a modern genre: witness literature. Comparing Eustathios of Thessaloniki’s Capture of Thessaloniki (1185/6) with two modern exemplars of Holocaust witness literature, Elie Wiesel’s Night (1958) and Primo Levi’s If This Is a Man (1947), can demonstrate how the positionality of the author-witness can provide insight into the subjective, affective, and experiential elements of texts that narrate historical atrocities. Bridging the divide between witness literature in Byzantium and the Holocaust requires a careful consideration of the methodology and ethics of transporting critical theory about human suffering across time and space, and so Eustathios’ and other Byzantine authors’ works are read through theoretical concepts drawn from Holocaust and genocide studies, in particular Giorgio Agamben’s theory of the homo sacer and Michel Foucault’s theory of biopolitics.
Studying of the Environmental Changes in Marsh Area Using Landsat Satellite Images

The marshes of Mesopotamia at the southern part of Iraq represent a unique component of our global heritage. During the last decades the Iraqi marshes subjected to many changes, these changes have great impact on marshes environmental and ecosystem. The goal of this research is to detect the environmental changes in Iraqi marshes that represented main land cover in the area for the period 1973-2004, by using multi-temporal and multi-spectral satellite images. Landsat images have been used as a tool for detecting and studying land cover changes and its impact on the environment of Iraqi Marsh area.The results showed that clear changes have occurred in the area, reducing in vegetation cover and surface water area with increasing of barren dry and wet lands.
DEVELOPMENT OF RADIATION RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA CULTURES.

Abstract Cultures of Salmonella subjected to repeated cycles of gamma-irradiation and subculture developed radiation resistance sooner at a low cycling dose (~1% survival) compared to a high cycling dose (~0.001% survival). Radioresistant cells in a population of radiosensitive cells of Salmonella newport or S. typhimurium could be selected by the double-irradiation plate method. The frequency of radioresistant cells in a population of S. newport was found to be about 1 per 8.9 million. Radio-resistant cells obtained by cyclic irradiation and subculture were larger (plumper) than the parent strain and showed a marked pleomorphism.
Media richness, user trust, and perceptions of corporate social responsibility

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the presentation medium of corporate social and environmental web site disclosure has an impact on user trust in such disclosure, and to examine the effect of media richness on user perception about corporate social and environmental responsibility.Design/methodology/approach – The paper's methodology is a three‐by‐two between‐subjects design experiment, manipulating presentation medium and industry type. Participants viewed social and environmental web site disclosures and completed and communicated their perceptions of trust and the experimental companies' corporate social responsibility.Findings – The presentation medium richness of social and environmental web site disclosures is positively associated with: trusting intentions, but not trusting beliefs, of web site users; and user perception of corporate social and environmental responsibility.Research limitations/implications – As with all controlled experiments, the research design focused ...
Control of industrial inspection modules using Kinect somatosensory technology

In recent years, the light, thin, short, small and multi-function demand of consumer electronic products has driven SMT manufactures to make their IC package component sizes continue to shrink. For improving production yields of the tiny package components, many manufacturers have produced and tested the tiny IC package components in a clean room. This study aims the tiny chip size package (CSP) components to develop a Kinect-based inspection system. The proposed system applied Kinect sensor to perform human skeleton detection. With our developed software, the operator outside the clean room can use his hand to directly control the important inspection modules such as lighting module and translation module, which are located in the clean room, through the glass window by applying somatosensory technology.
A field-based study of soil water and groundwater nitrate release in an Adirondack forested watershed

[1] Nitrate (NO3−) movement was studied using a combination of isotopic, chemical, and hydrometric data within the 135 ha Archer Creek watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York from January 1995 to December 1996. This research was conducted to identify sources of stream water NO3− and the mechanisms that deliver NO3− to the stream to test two hypotheses: (1) Soil water NO3− concentrations are highest after dry periods and subsequently lower with each storm. (2) Stream water NO3− concentrations are controlled by groundwater during growing season low flows and by soil water during the dormant season and during storms. Antecedent moisture conditions and season had little effect on mean soil water NO3− concentrations before storms (range of 1.1–5.1 μmol L−1 throughout the study). High soil water NO3− concentrations (up to 136 μmol L−1) were found only at the watershed ridge top during the 1996 snowmelt and early summer. Results from isotopic hydrograph separations and chemical end-member mixing analysis showed that soil water and till groundwater dominated stream base flow and storm flow during six monitored storms. Near-stream wetland groundwater and event water contributed little to streamflow during most conditions. Near-stream groundwater contributions to streamflow were significant only during very low base flow (<0.05 mm h−1) during the summer and fall. Highest stream water NO3− concentrations coincided with peaks in the till groundwater contribution according to isotopic hydrograph separations using δ18O and chloride as conservative tracers. A conceptualization of streamflow generation and watershed NO3− release is described in which hillslope hollows are the principal zones of soil water and till groundwater mixing in the watershed and till groundwater is the main source of stream water NO3− during both base flow and storms.
Fast solution techniques in 3D electromagnetic field problems

A fast Newton-Raphson Technique (FNR) for the computation of nonlinear three-dimensional finite-element magnetic fields in electrical devices is presented. The technique reduces by more than 50% the CPU time required for complete and converged nonlinear three-dimensional magnetic field solutions. This is in comparison with the standard Newton-Raphson (NR) technique. The significant reduction in CPU time was achieved without any sacrifice in the accuracy of the converged three-dimensional magnetic field solutions or in the values of the device terminal parameters. To illustrate the advantages of the method, a single-phase transformer was implemented with widely varying degrees of magnetic saturation. Values of magnetic vector potential, as well as flux density components obtained using the FNR technique were compared with the values obtained using standard NR method. Furthermore, the saturated values of magnetizing inductances were obtained and compared using the fast and standard NR methods. >
NF-AB, a liver-specific and cytokine-inducible nuclear factor that interacts with the interleukin-1 response element of the rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene.

The142-bp cytokine responseelement oftheratoal-acid glycoprotein (AGP)geneisa complex ofseveral additively contributing regulatory sequences.Byusing deletions andpoint mutations, a minimal interleukin-1 (IL-1) responseelement was localized totheregion frompositions 1to36within the5'-most ABfragment of thecytokine responseelement. Twodistinct sequencemotifs werecontained within this element, bothofwhich were required toachieve full IL-1responseinratandhumanhepatoma cells. Thiselement showed a minor responsetophorbol ester treatment onlyinhumanhepatoma cells. Southwestern (DNA-protein) blot analysis ofnuclear proteins ofratliver andhepatoma cells revealed thepresenceofaheat-labile nuclear factor (NF-AB). NF-ABmigrated asa basic protein withan apparent molecular mass of37kDaandboundspecifically tothe DNA sequenceatpositions 10to37oftheABfragment. TheNF-ABbinding activity was detected neither in thecytoplasmic fraction ofrathepatoma cells norinnuclear extracts fromcontrol oracute-phase ratkidney. Thebinding activity ofNF-ABcorrelated withthetranscriptional activity oftheendogenous AGP geneinrat liver andhepatoma cells. Nuclear extract fromhumanHepG2cells showed a similar binding activity with an apparent molecular mass of34.5kDa.ThehumanNF-ABbinding activity was detectable onlyafter 13hof cytokine treatment andwas notinduced byphorbol ester. Tissue distribution, DNA sequencebinding specificity, andkinetics ofcytokine induction ofNF-ABdonotcoincide withthecharacteristics ofany other described factors thathavebeenassociated withcytokine regulation. Therefore, NF-ABisconsidered a new candidate involved inIL-1regulation oftheratAGP gene. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) interacts withmany cell typesand produces pleiotropic responsesthatinclude growthstimulationoffibroblasts andT lymphocytes andactivation of acute-phase plasmaprotein genesinhepatocytes (25,28). However, despite itscentral role incellular communication, little isknownabouttheintracellular signal pathway mediating IL-1action. IL-1synergizes withtumor-promoting phorbol esters (12O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate [TPA]) andthecalcium
Interaction models for functional regression

A functional regression model with a scalar response and multiple functional predictors is proposed that accommodates two-way interactions in addition to their main effects. The proposed estimation procedure models the main effects using penalized regression splines, and the interaction effect by a tensor product basis. Extensions to generalized linear models and data observed on sparse grids or with measurement error are presented. A hypothesis testing procedure for the functional interaction effect is described. The proposed method can be easily implemented through existing software. Numerical studies show that fitting an additive model in the presence of interaction leads to both poor estimation performance and lost prediction power, while fitting an interaction model where there is in fact no interaction leads to negligible losses. The methodology is illustrated on the AneuRisk65 study data.
Latent Tastes, Incomplete Stratification, and the Plausibility of Vertical Sorting Models

This paper uses the 2011 Phoenix Area Social Survey to evaluate the plausibility of the assumptions made with pure characteristics sorting models to rationalize incomplete stratification of households across local communities by income. The analysis with the New Ecological Paradigm, a well-recognized index of environmental attitudes, confirms the correlations in equilibrium outcomes implied by these models. As a result, it provides the first empirical support for the role of differences in the tastes for public goods as one explanation that provides the rationale for the commonly observed sorting outcomes.
The inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in milk by dehydrated pediococcal spent medium

A dehydrated pediococcal spent medium (DPSM) from each Pediococcus pentosaceus L7230 and P. acidilactici Pa was used against four strains of Listeria monocytogenes (CA, OH, SA and V7). L7230 DPSM (2 mg per drop) formed zones of inhibition against all the tested Listeria strains. The growth preventing concentration (GPC) of L7230 DPSM against the strains of Listeria (10 5 cfu ml −1 ) in milk (4·5°C) was 15 mg ml −1 . The antilisterial activity of sub GPC levels of L7230 DPSM in milk (32 and 4·5°C) increased with the increase in concentration. Levels of 5 and 7·5 mg L7230 DPSM ml −1 were bacteriostatic during the first 3 days against both Listeria CA and SA. Concentrations of 5, 7·5 and 10 mg ml −1 were bactericidal against the Listeria strains after day 3, and from the start of the testing period, respectively. In many instances, the concentrations of 7·5 and 10 mg ml −1 reduced the listerial populations below 1·0 log 10 The concentration of 10 mg ml −1 had the same bactericidal effect at both 32 and 4·5°C against Listeria OH. In general, the D 7·5 values, of those Listeria strains showing biphasic curves of their populations in milk, were higher during phase I (1·9–5·4 days) than those in phase II (0·8–1·2 days). Listeria SA had the highest D 7·5 value of 5·8 days which was consistent throughout the 6 day exposure period. The control preparations (all at 10 mg ml −1 milk) used in this study such as P. acidilactici Pa DPSM, and each uninoculated lyophilized broth (ULB, pH 6·6 and 5·1) allowed L. monocytogenes strain OH to grow (32°C) to the same extent as it would in milk with no added preparation.
Pivotal Advance: Th-1 cytokines inhibit, and Th-2 cytokines promote fibrocyte differentiation

CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes can differentiate into fibroblast-like cells called fibrocytes, which are associated with and are at least partially responsible for wound healing and fibrosis in multiple organ systems. Signals regulating fibrocyte differentiation are poorly understood. In this study, we find that when added to human PBMCs cultured in serum-free medium, the profibrotic cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 promote fibrocyte differentiation without inducing fibrocyte or fibrocyte precursor proliferation. We also find that the potent, antifibrotic cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. In our culture system, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-16, GM-CSF, M-CSF, fetal liver tyrosine kinase 3, insulin growth factor 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and TNF-α had no significant effect on fibrocyte differentiation. IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ act directly on monocytes to regulate fibrocyte differentiation, and IL-12 acts indirectly, possibly through CD16-positive NK cells. We previously identified the plasma protein serum amyloid P (SAP) as a potent inhibitor of fibrocyte differentiation. When added together, the fibrocyte-inhibitory activity of SAP dominates the profibrocyte activities of IL-4 and IL-13. The profibrocyte activities of IL-4 and IL-13 and the fibrocyte-inhibitory activities of IFN-γ and IL-12 counteract each other in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that the complex mix of cytokines and plasma proteins present in inflammatory lesions, wounds, and fibrosis will influence fibrocyte differentiation.
Something Happened: A Political and Cultural Overview of the Seventies – By Edward D. Berkowitz

For a decade or so after historian Peter Carroll wrote that in the 1970s “It Seemed Like Nothing Happened,” most people and even historians were inclined to agree. Compared to the tumultuous 1960s ...
Flow Microcalorimetric Study of Methanol Adsorption from n-Hexane on Coals

The heat evolved by mixing of methanol and a coal was measured by flow microcalorimetry (FMC) to investigate interactions between coal and methanol. Such interactions were classified into weak and strong adsorption. Two adsorption methods were used: continuous flow for measuring combined weak and strong adsorption, and pulse injection to distinguish strong adsorption. Akabira bituminous coal and Yallourn brown coal, having different oxygen contents, were used as adsorbents. Experimental results achieved by the continuous flow method show that both amount and heat of methanol adsorption (2 g of methanol/L in n-hexane) depends on the structure of coal. Methanol uptakes were also measured, off-line, by immersing the coals in methanol−hexane solutions of different concentrations and comparing methanol concentrations in n-hexane before and after adsorption. Methanol adsorption isotherms so obtained have the same shape and the total uptakes of methanol adsorption are almost the same in spite of different coal ...
Intra- and Interspecific Variation in Mycorrhizal Associations across a Heterogeneous Habitat Gradient in Alpine Plant Communities

Abstract Spatial and temporal variation in mycorrhizal associations may significantly impact plant community dynamics. In this study we evaluated the distribution and abundance of mycorrhizal associations in alpine plant communities to gain a better understanding of the potential effects of microhabitat and host identity on plant-fungus mutualisms. We surveyed the abundance of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) associated with Salix sp. and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMF) associated with Taraxacum ceratophorum, T. officinale, Polemonium viscosum, and P. delicatum in plots under willow canopies and in adjacent open meadows. AMF colonization of T. ceratophorum, T. officinale, and P. viscosum was greater in open meadow than in understory habitats. Conversely, ECM abundance was greater in the willow understory than in the surrounding open meadow. AMF abundance in three of the four host species was negatively correlated with ECM abundance in the soil microsite. Taraxacum ceratophorum showed consistently high ...
Regulation of Extra-Renal Renin during Ontogeny*

Previous studies demonstrated that the level ofrenin in the male submandibular gland (SMG) of mouse strainsthat contain renin genes [e.g. Crl:CD-l(lCR)BR] increaseddramatically at puberty, but a less pronounced response wasseen in the C57BL/10J (a strain that has a single renin gene).However, the expression of renin in kidney and other extrarenaltissues throughout growth and development has not been examined.In this study we characterized developmental changesin renal renin and certain extrarenal renin levels in the maleand female CD-I mouse and male C-57 mouse. Renal reninactivity remains relatively constant throughout ontogeny in maleand female CD-I mice and in the C-57 male mouse. In the CD-1 male mouse, SMG renin levels vary during ontogeny, coincidentwith periods in growth and development that are associatedwith hormonal shifts. Glandular renin levels are higher in theneonatal period than at 2–3 weeks of age, and then rise dramaticallywith the onset of puberty. Renin levels in the adrenal andtestis o...
Predator community structure and trophic linkage strength to a focal prey

Predator abundance and community structure can affect the suppression of lower trophic levels, although studies of these interactions under field conditions are relatively few. We investigated how the frequency of consumption (measured using PCR-based gut content analysis) is affected by predator abundance, community diversity and evenness under realistic conditions. Soil arthropod communities in sixteen maize fields were measured (number of predators, diversity [Shannon H] and evenness [J]), and predator guts were searched for DNA of the focal subterranean herbivore, the corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera). Predator abundance and diversity were positively correlated with trophic linkage strength (the proportion positive for rootworm DNA), although the latter characteristic was not significantly so. The diversity and evenness of the predator community with chewing mouthparts were strongly correlated with their linkage strength to rootworms, whereas the linkage strength of fluid-feeding predators was unaffected by their community characteristics. Within this community, chewing predators are more affected by the rootworm's hemolymph defence. This research clearly shows that predator abundance and diversity influence the strength of a community's trophic linkage to a focal pest and that these community characteristics may be particularly important for less palatable or protected prey species. We also make the case for conserving diverse and abundant predator communities within agroecosystems as a form of pest management.
Variations in the turn‐forming characteristics of N‐Acyl proline units

We have examined intramolecular hydrogen bonding in four homologous compounds, N-acetyl-, N-propionyl-, N-i-butyryl-, and N-pivaloyl-proline-methylamide, in methylene chloride, by means of 1H-nmr and ir measurements. At room temperature, the major trans conformer of MeCO-Pro-NHMe appears to be approximately 68% intramolecularly hydrogen bonded, the trans conformers of EtCO-Pro-NHMe and i-PrCO-Pro-NHMe are approximately 75% intramolecularly hydrogen bonded, and t-BuCO-Pro-NHMe is approximately 50% intramolecularly hydrogen bonded. Thus, the internally hydrogen-bonded state (C7 or gamma-turn) is significantly less populated for the N-pivaloyl compound than for the other three molecules in this series. Variable temperature measurements indicate that for each proline derivative there is very little enthalpic difference between the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded and nonhydrogen bonded states of the trans rotamer. Changing the N-terminal acyl group also affects intramolecular hydrogen bonding (including beta-turn formation) in end-blocked Pro-Gly dipeptides.
Control of isoleucine, valine and leucine biosynthesis VII. Role of valine transfer RNA in repression

Abstract These studies support the hypothesis that charging of valine tRNA is a step required for repression, mediated by the valyl-tRNA synthetase. Consistent with this hypothesis were the observations that (a) dl - threo -α-amino-β-chlorobutyric acid (aminochlorobutyrate) which was activated and attached to valine tRNA blocked the synthesis of the isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes, while dl -α-aminobutyric acid which was activated but not transferred to tRNA had no effect on the formation of these enzymes; (b) the effect of aminochlorobutyrate was due to repression and not to the production of false proteins, since the synthesis of numerous biosynthetic and inducible enzymes was not blocked by the analogue; (c) there was a direct correlation between the intracellular charging of valine tRNA by valine or aminochlorobutyrate and repression of the isoleucine-valine enzymes; (d) the steady-state charging of valine tRNA in vivo was virtually the same in a valine auxotroph grown with added valine or aminochlorobutyrate.
Pulmonary Manifestations of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic disease with a predilection for the exocrine glands. It also is considered to be an autoimmune epitheliitis, and, as the respiratory system is lined throughout with epithelial cells, it should not be surprising that patients who have SS may develop pulmonary disease. This article describes these manifestations.
Interaction of proton and chloride transfer pathways in recombinant bacteriorhodopsin with chloride transport activity: implications for the chloride translocation mechanism.

When the protonated retinal Schiff base dissociates in the photocycle of the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin, asp-85 is the proton acceptor. Replacing this residue with threonine confers halorhodopsin-like properties on the protein, including chloride transport [Sasaki, J., Brown, L.S., Chon, Y.-S., Kandori, H., Maeda, A., Needleman, R., & Lanyi, J.K. (1995) Science 269, 73-75]. However, the electrostatic interaction between the vicinity of residue 85 and glu-204, a residue located about 10 A away near the extracellular surface, that is a part of the proton transport mechanism, should still exist. We find that in the D85T mutant glu-204 becomes protonated when chloride is added. This indicates that the binding of chloride at thr-85 must be equivalent to deprotonation of asp-85. The protonation state of glu-204 reports therefore on the presence or absence of chloride bound at thr-85. During the chloride-transport cycle of D85T, but not D85T/E204Q, fluorescein and pyranine detect the transient release of protons from the protein to the surface and the bulk. The release and the subsequent uptake of the protons occur during the rise and decay of a red-shifted photointermediate, respectively, and confirm the earlier suggestion that this state has the same role in the chloride transport as the M intermediate in the proton transport. Consistent with the red-shift of the absorption maximum, the chloride bound near the Schiff base had already moved away, presumably to be released at the cytoplasmic surface, but another chloride ion has not yet been taken up from the extracellular surface. The switch of the connectivity of the chloride binding site from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular membrane surface must occur therefore during the lifetime of this photointermediate.
HIGH INCIDENCE OF PRENATAL AND PERINATAL MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH HORMONE NEUROSECRETORY DYSFUNCTION (GHND)

An increased incidence of perinatal problems has been reported in classical GH deficiency. We describe a similar association in children with GHND. Mean 24h GH concentrations were 2.0 ± 0.1 (x ± SE), 1.6 ± 0.2 and 4.6 ± 0.4 for GHND (n=17), GH def (n=15) and control (n=20) groups. Using cluster analysis, the number of GH peaks was intermediate for GHND (6 ± 1) between classical GH def (5 ± 1) and control (8 ± 0) children. The number of low amplitude GH pulses (peak 20ng/mL) in GHND compared to classical GH def but less than controls. Of 17 GHND patients, 11 had significant problems: 1) twin conceptus lost at 15 wk. gestation, 2) fetal bradycardia with meconium staining, 3) septo-optic dysplasia with RDS, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, 4) SGA after 2 intrauterine blood transfusions, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, 5) hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion, 6) SGA, jaundice following hemorrhage during pregnancy, hypoglycemia, respiratory difficulty, 7) fetal distress, jaundice, 8) “Very premature appearing newborn” although full term by dates, 9) abruptio placenta, 10) 1 minute apgar of 4, 11) neonatal jaundice. These data suggest that there are quantitative and qualitative differences in GH pulses between GH def and GHND children. GHND children, as in classical GH def, have GH secretory abnormalities frequently due to prenatal and perinatal complications.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal children measured with optical coherence tomography.

Purpose To measure the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in normal children. Design Observational cross-sectional study. Participants Ninety-two eyes of 92 normal children ages 4 to 17 years presenting to the Ophthalmology Clinic at the Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University. Methods Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Patient cooperation and signal strength of the OCT scans were assessed. Optic disc photographs were evaluated by a glaucoma specialist in a masked fashion. Eyes with abnormal optic discs were excluded. One eye of each subject was randomly selected for statistical analysis. The effect of several factors on RNFL thickness was investigated statistically. Main Outcome Measures Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Results Ninety-one percent of the study subjects were Hispanic; 8%, African American; and 1%, Caucasian. Optical coherence tomography measurements were obtained in 117 of 121 (96.7%) subjects, and disc photographs were available for 92 of them. Mean age (±standard deviation [SD]) was 9.7±2.7 years. Mean global RNFL thickness (±SD) was 107.0±11.1 μm (range, 78.1–134.6). The RNFL was thickest inferiorly (136.9±16.9 μm) and superiorly (135.4±19.3 μm), thinner nasally (83.0±18.0 μm), and thinnest temporally (72.5±13.4 μm). In univariate regression analysis, age ( P = 0.013) and refraction ( P P Conclusions Optical coherence tomography can be used to measure RNFL thickness in children. Refraction had an effect on RNFL thickness. In normal children, variation in RNFL thickness is large. The normative data provided by this study may assist in identifying changes in RNFL thickness in children.
A diffusion-limited aggregation model for the evolution of drainage networks

We propose a modified diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model for the evolution of fluvial drainage networks. Random walkers are introduced randomly on a grid, and each two-dimensional random walk proceeds until the walker finds a drainage network on which to accrete. This model for headward growth of drainage networks generates drainage patterns remarkably similar to actual drainages. The model also predicts statistical features which agree with actual networks, including the frequency-order (bifurcation) ratio (R(sub b) = 3.98) and the stream length-order (R(sub r) = 2.09). Using the definition of network fractal dimension D = log R(sub b)/log R(sub r), we find that our DLA model gives D = 1.87, near the observed range of D approximately equal to 1.80 - 1.85.
Broken-symmetry states in quantum Hall superlattices

We argue that broken-symmetry states with either spatially diagonal or spatially off-diagonal order are likely in the quantum Hall regime, for clean multiple-quantum-well (MQW) systems with small layer separations. We find that for MQW systems, unlike bilayers, charge order tends to be favored over spontaneous interlayer coherence. We estimate the size of the interlayer-tunneling amplitude needed to stabilize superlattice Bloch minibands by comparing the variational energies of interlayer-coherent superlattice miniband states with those of states with charge order and states with no broken symmetries. We predict that when coherent miniband ground states are stable, strong interlayer electronic correlations will strongly enhance the growth-direction tunneling conductance and promote the possibility of Bloch oscillations.
Severe storm features of a wildfire

Abstract The Hellgate Fire occurred in the warm sector of an extra-tropical cyclone system in which high temperatures, low humidities, and strong winds produced a condition of extreme fire danger. The airmass was absolutely unstable from the surface to 5,000 ft. and was favorable for convection to 11,000 ft. Convection appears to have been triggered by the approach of a pressure trough line embedded in the warm sector. Large-scale negative divergence and cyclonic vorticity of the surface wind field appear to have contributed to the vertical development of the fire. The warm sector location, the pressure trough line, the fields of divergence and vorticity, and the instability of the airmass were similar to conditions which produce severe thunderstorms and tornadoes. The pressure trough line, the fire itself, and the fire whirlwinds were analogous, respectively, to an instability line, a severe thunderstorm, and tornadoes. The similarity of the meteorological parameters of the Hellgate Fire to those producing severe thunderstorms and tornadoes suggests that methods for forecasting severe storms could be used in forecasting unusual fire behavior.
HNF transfection with chondrosarcoma DNA results in the development of a sarcoma cell surface-associated epitope.

Abstract High molecular weight DNA, which was isolated from a chondrosarcoma cell line, was transfected into human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts and NIH/3T3 cells. Both types of transfected cells expressed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and produced tumors in nude mice. The tumors which developed in nude mice following injection of transfected human fibroblasts grew to ∼0.8 cm in diameter in four weeks. The tumors which developed from transfected NIH/3T3 cells grew to>2.0 cm in diameter in 6 weeks. After growth in soft agar the transfected human fibroblasts expressed a cell surface sarcoma-associated epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody 345.134S. In addition to the transfected human fibroblasts, the original human chondrosarcoma tumor, the chondrosarcoma cell line derived from the tumor, and the nude mouse tumor which developed from transfected human fibroblasts all exhibited positive reactivity with the monoclonal antibody 345.134S. Transfected NIH/3T3 cells that exhibited anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity did not exhibit detectable reactivity with the monoclonal antibody. These results suggest that the expression of the tumor-associated cell surface antigen appears to be an early event correlated with transformation of the transfected human cells but not directly related to the tumorigenic potential of the DNA. The transfected cells which expressed anchorage independent growth exhibited the sarcoma cell surface antigen prior to attaining the potential for tumorigenicity.
Journal‐keeping and academic work: four cases of higher education professionals

This study examines the journal‐keeping methods of four higher education professionals. Framed in the literature of adult learning theory, the study’s purposes were twofold: to describe the work‐related journal‐keeping practices of these educators and to examine the professional and personal benefits of journal‐keeping. Findings indicate that these professionals use their journals in four ways: to create conversations with themselves about their work and their lives; to organize their work experience and demands; to adapt unique and individual journal‐keeping practices to match their current needs; and to review and reflect on overall, long term career goals and organizational directions. Through the journal, these adults cope with the complex external demands of work life, enabling them to inhabit multiple roles, maintain balance and to see the larger picture in their lives and organizations. These adults believe that taking the time to journal leads to a more organized and meaningful professional life.
Effect of preoperative voiding mechanism on success rate of autologous rectus fascia suburethral sling procedure.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the rectus fascia suburethral sling procedure and to determine whether preoperative voiding caused by the Valsalva maneuver is a risk factor for short-term objective failure. Methods: This study is a retrospective chart review of 50 patients who underwent the suburethral sling procedure with rectus fascia at our institution between March 1994 and August 1996. All patients had genuine stress incontinence with intrinsic sphincteric deficiency or urethral hypomobility. Preoperative multichannel urodynamics were measured in all patients, and postoperative urodynamic testing was done at 3 months in 48 patients. Results: Ninety-four percent of patients were cured subjectively of stress urinary incontinence at 3 months. Objective cure was found by urodynamic measurements in 73% of the 48 patients who underwent postoperative testing. There was an increased risk of objective failure in patients whose voiding preoperatively was caused by the Valsalva maneuver. Objective failure was found at 3 months in 54% of the 13 patients in the Valsalva group, compared with 17% of the 35 in the non-Valsalva group (P = .011). Patients in the Valsalva group also tended to have longer durations of postoperative catheterization than did patients in the non-Valsalva group (P = .049). Conclusion: The rectus fascia suburethral sling procedure appears to be an effective operation for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence in carefully selected patients. However, patients who are identified preoperatively as voiding because of the Valsalva maneuver have a higher failure rate for this procedure.
Finding the WRITE stuff: automatic identification of discourse structure in student essays

An essay-based discourse analysis system can help students improve their writing by identifying relevant essay-based discourse elements in their essays. Our discourse analysis software, which is embedded in Criterion, an online essay evaluation application, uses machine learning to identify discourse elements in student essays. The system makes decisions that exemplify how teachers perform this task. For instance, when grading student essays, teachers comment on the discourse structure. Teachers might explicitly state that the essay lacks a thesis statement or that an essay's single main idea has insufficient support. Training the systems to model this behavior requires human judges to annotate a data sample of student essays. The annotation schema reflects the highly structured discourse of genres such as persuasive writing. Our discourse analysis system uses a voting algorithm that takes into account the discourse labeling decisions of three independent systems.
Spin-dependent correlations in normal liquid 3He

Using a generalized Fermi hypernetted chain method on a Jastrow trial ground-state wave function, which includes a dependence on the z component of the nuclear spin, it is shown that spin correlations make a significant contribution to the ground-state energy of liquid 3He, accounting for much of the energy necessary to stabilize unpolarized liquid 3He relative to completely polarized 3He.
Social Policy and the Macro-Economy: What Drives Welfare Caseloads in the US?

This article sifts the evidence to explain why welfare caseloads have fallen so markedly in the US since 1993. In particular, it seeks to explain the discrepancy between studies that identify welfare reform as the principal explanatory factor and those that emphasise the buoyant economy. Analyses that prioritise welfare are shown to be mis-specified while a comparative analysis of all 51 states shows a strong link between welfare trends and macroeconomic performance. The expansion of Earned Income Tax Credit has also contributed to the fall in welfare caseloads.