cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 25: Comparative Toxicology

Publisher Summary Occasionally some reactive metabolites cause various kinds of toxic effects including, cancer, mutagenesis, cellular necrosis, hypersesitivity reactins, fetotoxicities, methemoglobinemi, and blood dyscrasias. However, the mechanisms by which the metabolites evoke their toxic effects are frequently obscure. Reactive metabolites of carcinogens and mutagens are thought to evoke their toxicities by reacting with DNA. The usual approach to studies in drug metabolism cannot be applied to studies of reactive metabolites. When a metabolite is highly reactive, the chances of isolating enough of it from tissues to identify are slim and the chances of developing an accurate quantitative method are even less. Moreover, even if one has been able to develop methods, the measurement of the concentration of the reactive metabolite at any given time provides only part of the information required to estimate the total exposure of the tissue to the metabolite. Studies with liver microsomes indicated that the formation of the chemically reactive metabolite, as measured by covalent binding of radiolabeled acetaminophen to microsomal protein, is catalyzed by a cytochrome P-450 enzyme in liver microsomes. Because the reactive metabolite preferentially combines with glutathione and other thio-nucleophiles, such as cysteine and cysteamine, the depletion of liver glutathione by other substances that react with glutathione should increase the covalent binding of the reactive metabolite, whereas the administration of cysteine and cysteamine should decrease it.
Regularization Energy in Sensor Networks

Regularization energy is defined as the energy required to move the points of a homogeneous point process in a bounded set to unique points of a lattice. The optimal mapping required for this movement is derived for one dimensional processes, and bounds are derived for the Poisson point process in one and two dimensions. In addition regularization energy is evaluated for well known point processes in one dimension by simulation.
Stability analysis on spindle speed variation method for machining chatter suppression

This paper presents a systematic stability analysis of spindle speed variation (SSV) method for machining chatter suppression based on a machining chatter model of non-linear delay differential equation. The theoretical results are verified by results of numerical simulations and experiments. Some important results are achieved: the stability increment index (SII) of SSV cutting over constant speed cutting is derived; a formula for selecting the SSV amplitude is proposed based on the internal energy analysis of the SSV cutting and the instantaneous sideband effect, which is meaningful for practical application of SSV cutting.
Convergence Rate Analysis of Distributed Gossip (Linear Parameter) Estimation: Fundamental Limits and Tradeoffs

This paper considers gossip distributed estimation of a (static) distributed random field (a.k.a., large-scale unknown parameter vector) observed by sparsely interconnected sensors, each of which only observes a small fraction of the field. We consider linear distributed estimators whose structure combines the information flow among sensors (the consensus term resulting from the local gossiping exchange among sensors when they are able to communicate) and the information gathering measured by the sensors (the sensing or innovations term). This leads to mixed time scale algorithms-one time scale associated with the consensus and the other with the innovations. The paper establishes a distributed observability condition (global observability plus mean connectedness) under which the distributed estimates are consistent and asymptotically normal. We introduce the distributed notion equivalent to the (centralized) Fisher information rate, which is a bound on the mean square error reduction rate of any distributed estimator; we show that under the appropriate modeling and structural network communication conditions (gossip protocol) the distributed gossip estimator attains this distributed Fisher information rate, asymptotically achieving the performance of the optimal centralized estimator. Finally, we study the behavior of the distributed gossip estimator when the measurements fade (noise variance grows) with time; in particular, we consider the maximum rate at which the noise variance can grow and still the distributed estimator being consistent, by showing that, as long as the centralized estimator is consistent, the distributed estimator remains consistent.
Multi-channel coherent PM-QPSK InP transmitter photonic integrated circuit (PIC) operating at 112 Gb/s per wavelength

A 10-wavelength, polarization-multiplexed, monolithically integrated InP transmitter PIC is demonstrated for the first time to operate at 112 Gb/s per wavelength with a coherent receiver PIC.
Intra-Femoral Sheath Time: Does it Increase a Patient's Risk for Developing a Hematoma?

Despite advancements in technology and medication therapy, coronary artery disease continues to remain the number one cause of death. Treatment for coronary artery disease requires life style modifications, medication therapy, percutaneous coronary interventions, and sometimes coronary artery bypass surgery. Though percutaneous coronary interventions are considered safe and are commonly occurring procedures, there are still risks for complications. One of the most frequently occurring complications is hematoma of the femoral artery site. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was an increased incidence of hematomas in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with associated sheath times of less than five hours (Group A) as compared to sheath time of greater than five hours (Group B). The study used a retrospective, two group design and was conducted at a tertiary care center that performs over 1500 PCI’s annually. Inclusion criteria included adults over the age of 18 who were hemodynamically stable, had no known bleeding disorders, and were punctured once at the femoral artery to perform the percutaneous intervention. Two hundred fifty medical records were reviewed utilizing a data collection tool designed by the researcher. Total sample size was 55, 21 in Group A and 34 in Group B. Six hematomas were documented as occurring, but were not reportable based on the ACC definition. Hematomas were documented in the medical record using the terms “small”, “medium,” and “large” versus an objective measurement. No hematomas were identified using the ACC definition, which was the measurement standard for this research hospital. Sheath times in Group A averaged 4.02 hours, and group B 7.42 hours. There was a higher incidence of descriptive hematoma that did not meet the criteria of this study in Group B. Results call for recommendations of on-going documentation of post procedure hematomas using a standardized, reliable, and valid measuring tool. APRN’s can be instrumental in implementing change in patient care , hospital policy and on the national level by assuring that hematomas are accurately and consistently documented. Further research is indicated related to sheath times and potential associated negative outcomes.
Individual differences in Internet usage motives

Abstract The relationship between the psychobiological model of personality types (psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism) devised by Eysenck and Eysenck [Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach, Plenum Press, New York, 1985] and Internet use and usage motives was examined. A sample of 210 undergraduate students were asked to report on their motives for using the Internet and how often they engaged in a variety of Internet and web-based activities. The findings demonstrate distinctive patterns of Internet use and usage motives for those of different personality types. Specifically, those scoring high in neuroticism reported using the Internet to feel a sense of “belonging” and to be informed. Extraverts rejected the communal aspects of the Internet, and made more instrumental and goal-oriented use of Internet services. Finally, those scoring high in psychoticism demonstrated an interest in more deviant, defiant, and sophisticated Internet applications. Implications of the findings as well as suggestions for future research are included.
Adaptable End Effector for Atomic Force Microscopy Based Nanomanipulation

Nanomanipulation using the atomic force microscope (AFM) has been extensively investigated for many years. But the efficiency and accuracy of AFM-based nanomanipulation are still major issues due to the nonlinearities and uncertainties in nanomanipulation operations. The deformation of the cantilever caused by manipulation force is one of the most major nonlinearities and uncertainties. It causes difficulties in accurately controlling the tip position, and results in missing the position of the object. The softness of the conventional cantilevers also causes the failure of manipulation of sticky nano-objects because the tip can easily slip over the nano-objects. In this paper, an active atomic force microscopy probe is used as an adaptable end effector to solve these problems by actively controlling the cantilever's flexibility or rigidity during nanomanipulation. A control voltage is applied to the piezo layer of the adaptable end effector to exert a reverse bending moment on the cantilever to balance the bending moment caused by the interaction force during manipulation. Thus, the adaptable end effector is controlled to maintain straight shape during manipulation. A detailed model of the adaptable end effector is presented in the paper. Control of the adaptable end effector employing an optimal LQR control law is derived and implemented. The experimental results verify the validity of the model and effectiveness of the controller. The nanomanipulation results also prove the increased efficiency of AFM-based nanomanipulation using the adaptable end effector
The application of deductive databases to inter-module code analysis

Intermodule code analysis is a process by which a programmer can analyze a program consisting of a collection of interconnected modules. A deductive database that records the information needed for intermodule code analysis is presented. The application of a deductive database to this domain utilizes the rule capability for data structuring and facilitates the declarative specification of recursive operations. This deductive database was derived from a conceptual schema, which describes the dependencies that exist in a program. A method for mapping a conceptual schema to a deductive database framework is outlined. An example query is used to show how this database can be used for intermodule code analysis. >
Phase 2 Clinical Trial of a Vaginal Mucosal Vaccine for Urinary Tract Infections

ABSTRACTPurpose: Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in susceptible women remain a common urological condition. With an increasing number of UTIs being caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria there is a need for alternatives to antibiotics. We determined whether multiple doses of a vaginal mucosal vaccine are effective for increasing long-term resistance to recurrent UTIs.Materials and Methods: A total of 54 women were entered into a double-blind, placebo controlled, phase 2 clinical trial using a vaginal vaccine containing 10 heat killed uropathogenic bacteria. Patients were withdrawn from prophylactic antibiotics and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, namely placebo only, primary immunization or primary plus booster immunizations. Subjects received treatments at 0, 1, 2, 6, 10 and 14 weeks. Placebo treated patients received suppositories without bacteria. The primary immunization group received vaccine suppositories, followed by 3 doses of placebo. Patients receiving booster immunizatio...
Microglial Ion Channels as Potential Targets for Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, degenerative neurological disorder that is estimated to affect at least 1 million individuals in the USA and over 10 million worldwide. It is thought that the loss of neurons and development of inclusion bodies occur gradually over decades until they progress to the point where ~60% of the dopamine neurons are lost and patients present with motor dysfunction. At present, it is not clear what causes this progression, and there are no current therapies that have been successful in preventing PD progression. Although there are many hypotheses regarding the mechanism of PD progression, neuroinflammation may be a major contributor to PD pathogenesis. Indeed, activated microglia and subsequent neuroinflammation have been consistently associated with the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, interference with this process could provide a means of neuroprotection in PD. This review will discuss the potential of targeting microglia to reduce neuroinflammation in PD. Further, we discuss the potential of microglial ion channels to serve as novel targets for neuroprotection in PD.
Bayesian Identification of Outliers in Computerized Adaptive Tests

Abstract We consider the problem of identifying examinees with aberrant response patterns in a computerized adaptive test (CAT). The vector Y of responses of an examinee from a CAT is a multivariate response vector. Multivariate observations may be outlying in many different directions, and we characterize specific directions as corresponding to outliers with different interpretations. We develop a class of outlier statistics to identify different types of outliers based on a control chart–type methodology. The outlier methodology is adaptable to general longitudinal discretes data structures. We consider several procedures to judge how extreme a particular outlier is. Data from a nationally administered CAT examination motivates our development and is used to illustrate the results.
Exploiting static and dynamic locality of timing errors in robust L1 cache design

The Process-Variation (PV) effect is a major reliability concern in semiconductor industry as the technology node continues shrinking. As the crucial component in modern processors, cache is vulnerable to PV-induced timing-errors due to its large scale while low logic path depth. To tolerate this timing-error in cache, asymmetric pipelining has been employed, which has low implementation costs while induces unnecessary latency overhead thus degrades the performance of the whole processor. In this paper, we proposes a novel approach to apply variable latency in L1 cache access thus significantly reduce the performance overhead in tolerating the PV-induced timing-errors. Our results show that the performance loss of our approach on processors with low, medium and high error_rate L1 cache is 0.1%, 1.5% and 3.5%, respectively. While the area and power overhead of our approach is 3.1% and 2.8%.
RF MEMS integration present & future trends

RF MEMS technologies are rapidly being integrated into RF subsystems for a variety of applications of interest to the Department of Defense. New technologies such as RF high-Q MEMS resonators and micromechanical arrays are being developed that will enable filters and other high-performance passive components for fully integrated microsystems. Large off-chip filters will be replaced by arrays of MEMS resonators to enable monolithic chip-scale spectrum analyzers and channelizers. RF MEMS switches are being continually improved for low-loss, high-isolation switching with enhanced reliability critical to the performance of both military and commercial systems.
Skin flint (or, the garbage man's kid): A generative autobiographical performance based on Tami Spry's tattoo stories

This essay capitalizes on the hope that autobiographical performance's aesthetic of incarnation may become an aesthetic ofreincamation. Explicating the construction of “generative autobiographical performance,” the essay continues the retheorizing of the personal narrator in autobiographical performance as something other than a heroic autonomous subject. It documents the essentially interdependent and collaborative effort evidenced between two autobiographical performances. In the process, the essay also continues to explore autobiographical performance as a form of cultural critique.
Insight, Motivation and Outcome in Drug Treatment for Offenders: A Review of the Recent Literature.

Researchers in addiction and psychotherapy have long agreed that insight into problem severity and motivation for treatment are important client factors in successful treatment. For offenders these factors are linked to recidivism and relapse rates post-treatment. Authors in both fields agree that the combination of insight and motivation are key to positive treatment outcomes. However, this literature review found little effort to measure these factors in substance abuse literature with offenders. Articles identified contained the terms ‘motivation;’ ‘insight;’ and ‘drug treatment’ were paired with the term ‘offenders’ in varying combinations to identify articles meeting study criteria. Inductive analysis revealed that the majority of the articles did not measure insight and motivation, nor did they measure outcomes. Only seven of the 16 articles included measures of insight and motivation. Of these, only one study measured outcome as well. In addition, qualitative aspects of insight and motivation were not accounted for by assessments used. Recommendations for future research include measuring insight and motivation as well as treatment outcome, and tailoring treatment for this population accordingly, so as to better predict recidivism rates post-treatment.
Effect of a bovine hemoglobin preparation (SBHS) on the response of two murine solid tumors to radiation therapy or chemotherapeutic alkylating agents

When tested In mice bearing the Lewis lung tumor with 2, 3, or 4 Gy dally for 5 days, SBHS produced a dose-modifying factor of 1.6 that was increased to 2.1 with carbogen. The addition of SBHS (1.32 gm protein/kg) to treatment with melphalan (MEL) resulted in a 2.2-fold increase in the tumor growth delay (TGD). The combination of SBHS with carbogen (6 h) produced a 3.6-fold increase in TGD compared with MEL alone. The addition of SBHS to treatment with cyclophosphamide (CTX) resulted in a 2-fold increase In the TGD. However, the combination of SBHS and carbogen was much more effective resulting In a 4.6-fold increase In TGD. There was a 1.3-fold Increase in TGD with SBHS and CDDP compared with CDDP alone. The combination of SBHS and carbogen was a more effective addition to CDDP resulting in a 1.9-fold increase in TGD. The addition of SBHS to treatment with BCNU increased the TGD produced by BCNU by 1.5-fold. The comblnaμon of SBHS/BCNU and carbogen resulted In a 2.3-fold increase In TGD over that obtaine...
Sidney E. Berger. Rare Books and Special Collections. Chicago: Neal-Schuman, 2014. xxii, 537p. ISBN 9781555709648. $129

When a review copy arrived in my mailbox, 1 my first thought was, “Heavens, a monster!” Rescued from its wrappings, this proved accurate: 8½×11 inches, the book is 1⅛ inches thick, weighs 2.8 pounds on my kitchen scale, perfect-bound in wrappers. It is not a tome that invites a cuddle. It is, in fact, too heavy to hold while reading more than a page or two. The main text is double-column with headings in bold. Less formal comments on the main text, drawn from Berger's work experience as department head, student, teacher, writer, printer, and collector, are in grayed balloons scattered . . .
Emphasizing the History of Genetics in an Explicit and Reflective Approach to Teaching the Nature of Science

Science education researchers have long advocated the central role of the nature of science (NOS) for our understanding of scientific literacy. NOS is often interpreted narrowly to refer to a host of epistemological issues associated with the process of science and the limitations of scientific knowledge. Despite its importance, practitioners and researchers alike acknowledge that students have difficulty learning NOS and that this in part reflects how difficult it is to teach. One particularly promising method for teaching NOS involves an explicit and reflective approach using the history of science. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of a historically based genetics unit on undergraduates’ understanding of NOS. The three-class unit developed for this study introduces students to Mendelian genetics using the story of Gregor Mendel’s work. NOS learning objectives were emphasized through discussion questions and investigations. The unit was administered to undergraduates in an introductory biology course for pre-service elementary teachers. The influence of the unit was determined by students’ responses to the SUSSI instrument, which was administered pre- and post-intervention. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted that focused on changes in students’ responses from pre- to post-test. Data collected indicated that students showed improved NOS understanding related to observations, inferences, and the influence of culture on science.
Progress of Recent GC Stationary Phases

This review is mainly concerned with the developments in gas chromatographic stationary phases, focusing on liquid crystal, cyclodextrin derivatives, crown ether. The advances of stationary phases is prospected.
Renal Failure in 51 Children

Objective To investigate the clinical features and therapeutic effect and prognosis in children with renal failure in order to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of this disease.Methods The study was performed in 51 children with renal failure admitted to Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics from Jan.2005 to Jul.2009.The etiology,clinical features,laboratory tests,imaging modalities,treatment response and prognosis were analyzed retrospectively.Results 1.There were 35 cases of acute renal failure,with average age of(5.9±4.5) years old.Glomerular disease was the most frequent cause and hemolytic uremic syndrome ranked second.The average serum creatinine was 295.9 μmol·L-1(48.2-911.6 μmol·L-1).Edema,oliguria,hypertension and electrolyte disturbances were obviously observed.Kidney biopsy was done in 9 cases and showed different changes.After active therapy,renal function was recovered in di-fferent degree in 24 cases.Eight cases died and 3 cases were withdrawed.2.There were 16 cases of chronic renal failure,with average age of(6.7±4.1) years old.The main cause was congenital deformities of urinary system,and glomerular disease took the second place.The avera-ge serum creatinine was 625.8 μmol·L-1(76.0-2 336.2 μmol·L-1).Most cases had anemia,growth retardation,renal osteodystrophy and metabolic acidosis.Only 1 case accepted kidney biopsy with the report of proliferative sclerotic nephritis.Four cases lived relying on peritoneal dialysis and 2 cases underwent surgery treatment.Others received conservative treatment.Conclusions Early diagnosis and prompt management should be taken as soon as possible and kidney biopsy is much important in acute renal failure.And chronic renal failure is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed diagnosis for lack of specific changes.Regular examination should be helpful to the prevention in chronic renal failure.
Tracking of Dynamic Thermal Rating of Transmission Line Based on SCADA

Based on SCADA information,the soft realization idea for dynamic thermal rating(DTR)is presented,which establishes continuous estimation model of transmission line temperature and parameters of its heat balance differential equation(HBE).Firstly,based on the explicit analytic physical rules for relationship between conductor's resistance and temperature,an extended estimation model of line resistance is established with measurements of the line,then the transmission line's temperature can be obtained indirectly;Secondly,considering resistance change Markov property,the adjacent time priori information of resistance is used to modify the estimation result so as to improve its accuracy;Finally,with the known transmission line temperature series,a fading-memory recursive least square method is used to estimate parameters of reduced HBE,hence,the function of DTR hardware is realized indirectly through electric measurement of transmission line.The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the tested data from Yantai grid of Shandong province.
Dosimetric feasibility of single-energy proton modulated arc therapy for treatment of chordoma at the skull base

To the Editor,Proton therapy theoretically holds two important advantages over photon therapy: 1) Proton beams have a finite penetration range, i.e. no exit dose; and 2) produce a dose distribution...
Effect of gas composition on liquid secretion by explants of distal lung of fetal rat in submersion culture

Throughout gestation, fetal lung is filled with liquid secreted by the pulmonary epithelium. Factors responsible for secretion and for induction of liquid absorption by postnatal lung are poorly understood. We studied effects of “fetal” (3% O2-8% CO2) and “postnatal” (21% O2-5% CO2) gas tensions and of low hormone concentrations [media with 10% charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (stFBS) or unstripped FBS] on water content and morphology of distal lung explanted from 14-, 20-, and 22-day fetal (term, 22 days) and 2-day neonatal rats and incubated in submersion culture. Water-to-dry weight ratios of freshly excised fetal whole lung at 20 (6.2) or 22 days (7.0) were greater than that of 2-day postnatal lung (4.7). Culture conditions did not affect water-to-dry weight ratio of cyst-forming 14-day explants (10.8) or acystic 2-day postnatal explants (2.4). Fetal gases and stFBS supported cyst formation in [and high water/dry weight (9.2, 12.6) of] 20- and 22-day explants. Cysts also formed in 20-day explants ...
Primary chemotherapy for breast cancer — MD Anderson experience

Primary chemotherapy (PCT) was introduced as an experimental approach for the treatment of locally advanced (LABC) and inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) at this institution in 1973. It was our hypothesis that PCT would simultaneously downstage the patients and control micrometastases [1].
A comparative analysis of Braille generation technologies

This paper reviews the digital Braille technologies available for the visually disabled in the context of the requirement in developing countries. Rapid advancements in technology and the free flow of information in the digitized form, including business and legal correspondences, have added to the disadvantage for the visually impaired people, rendering the requirement for developing low-cost, durable and customizable digital braille generators essential. This paper gives an overview of the current technologies available in digital Braille devices: braille printers and braille generators. The key features considered for comparison are cost, durability, size, response time and endurance. At the end, the impact of these technologies on the average visually impaired individuals of developing countries has been analysed and it is concluded that there is a strong need to develop an indigenous solution catered to the local requirements. A concept design for an inexpensive, durable and portable refreshable braille generator is proposed.
Development and Validation of a Mobile Device-based External Ventricular Drain Simulator.

BACKGROUND Multiple external ventricular drain (EVD) simulators have been created, yet their cost, bulky size, and nonreusable components limit their accessibility to residency programs. OBJECTIVE To create and validate an animated EVD simulator that is accessible on a mobile device. METHODS We developed a mobile-based EVD simulator that is compatible with iOS (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California) and Android-based devices (Google, Mountain View, California) and can be downloaded from the Apple App and Google Play Store. Our simulator consists of a learn mode, which teaches users the procedure, and a test mode, which assesses users' procedural knowledge. Twenty-eight participants, who were divided into expert and novice categories, completed the simulator in test mode and answered a postmodule survey. This was graded using a 5-point Likert scale, with 5 representing the highest score. Using the survey results, we assessed the module's face and content validity, whereas construct validity was evaluated by comparing the expert and novice test scores. RESULTS Participants rated individual survey questions pertaining to face and content validity a median score of 4 out of 5. When comparing test scores, generated by the participants completing the test mode, the experts scored higher than the novices (mean, 71.5; 95% confidence interval, 69.2 to 73.8 vs mean, 48; 95% confidence interval, 44.2 to 51.6; P < .001). CONCLUSION We created a mobile-based EVD simulator that is inexpensive, reusable, and accessible. Our results demonstrate that this simulator is face, content, and construct valid.
Inkjet Printing of High Performance Transistors with Micron Order Chemically Set Gaps

This paper reports a 100% inkjet printed transistor with a short channel of approximately 1 µm with an operating speed up to 18.21 GHz. Printed electronics are a burgeoning area in electronics development, but are often stymied by the large minimum feature size. To combat this, techniques were developed to allow for the printings of much shorter transistor channels. The small gap size is achieved through the use of silver inks with different chemical properties to prevent mixing. The combination of the short channel and semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNT) allows for an exceptional experimentally measured on/off ratio of 106. This all inkjet printed transistor allows for the fabrication of devices using roll-to-roll methodologies with no additional overhead compared to current state of the art production methods.
Presentation of odontoma with root aggregation

Abstract Background We describe a case presentation of a unique type of odontoma with root aggregation. Case description A 14-year old female with an impacted maxillary canine was noted to have an irregular presentation of an odontoma with root aggregation rather than the typical coronal deformity. This lesion appeared unique in its clinical presentation of a single crown-like structure and multiple amorphous “roots.” Practical implications This case represents another possibility in the presentation of hamartomatous dental germ structures.
Erratum to: Privacy Enhancing Technologies

Erratum to: M.J. Atallah and N. Hopper (Eds.) Privacy Enhancing Technologies DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14527-8
Regularization of the Perturbed Spatial Restricted Three-Body Problem by L-Transformations

Equations of motion for the perturbed circular restricted three-body problem have been regularized in canonical variables in a moving coordinate system. Two different L-matrices of the fourth order are used in the regularization. Conditions for generalized symplecticity of the constructed transform have been checked. In the unperturbed case, the regular equations have a polynomial structure. The regular equations have been numerically integrated using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method. The results of numerical experiments are given for the Earth–Moon system parameters taking into account the perturbation of the Sun for different L-matrices.
Phonology modulates the illusory vowels in perceptual illusions: Evidence from Mandarin and English

Native speakers perceive illusory vowels when presented with sound sequences that do not respect the phonotactic constraints of their language (Dupoux, Kakehi, Hirose, Pallier, & Mehler, 1999; Kabak & Idsardi, 2007). There is, however, less work on the quality of the illusory vowel. Recently, it has been claimed that the quality of the illusory vowel is also modulated by the phonology of the language, and that the phenomenon of illusory vowels can be understood as a result of the listener reverse inferring the best parse of the underlying representation given their native language phonology and the acoustics of the input stream (Durvasula & Kahng, 2015). The view predicts that listeners are likely to hear different illusory vowels in different phonological contexts. In support of this prediction, we show through two perceptual experiments that Mandarin Chinese speakers (but not American English speakers) perceive different illusory vowels in different phonotactic contexts. Specifically, when presented with phonotactically illegal alveopalatal coda consonants, Mandarin speakers perceived an illusory /i/, but in illegal alveolar stop coda contexts, they perceived a /ə/.
Oral tongue carcinoma among young patients: An analysis of risk factors and survival

Abstract Introduction The incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in younger adults has rapidly increased over the past two decades. While tobacco and alcohol use may be less likely to cause these tumors, it remains controversial whether differences also exist in their prognosis. Our aim is to examine the risk factors for cancer among young ( Materials and methods All OTSCC patients seen at our institution between 2000 and 2015 were reviewed. Patients under 45 who with sufficient treatment information were matched 1:1 on race, T-stage, and N-stage with patients 45 and older. Three-year recurrence and survival were determined in stratified and adjusted Cox regression models. Results Of 397 OTSCC patients were seen at our institution, 117 (29%) were less than 45 years old. Younger patients were significantly more likely to be female, (50% vs. 39%; p = 0.04) and to abstain from tobacco (51% vs. 39%; p Conclusion Younger OTSCC patients in a matched cohort were more likely to recur within 3 years, although there was no difference in overall mortality. Differences in risk factors and recurrence between older and younger patients suggest that some cancer among younger patients may be distinct from traditional OTSCC.
Mechanische Revaskularisation beim Schlaganfall

Klinisches/methodisches Problem Der akute ischamische Schlaganfall ist die dritthaufigste Todesursache und der haufigste Grund fur eine Behinderung. Aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung ist zukunftig mit einem Fallzahlanstieg zu rechnen.
A Bird's Eye View of Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation.

How new experiences are solidified into long-lasting memories is a central question in the study of brain and behavior. One of the most intriguing discoveries in memory research is that brain activity during sleep helps to transform newly learned information and skills into robust memories. Though the first experimental work linking sleep and memory was conducted 90 years ago by Jenkins and Dallenbach, the case for sleep-dependent memory consolidation has only garnered strong support in the last decade. Recent studies in humans provide extensive behavioral, imaging, and polysomnographic data supporting sleep consolidation of a broad range of memory tasks. Likewise, studies in a few animal model systems have elucidated potential mechanisms contributing to sleep consolidation such as neural reactivation and synaptic homeostasis. Here, we present an overview of sleep-dependent memory consolidation, focusing on how investigations of sleep and learning in birds have complemented the progress made in mammalian systems by emphasizing a strong connection between behavior and physiology. We begin by describing the behavioral approach that has been utilized to demonstrate sleep consolidation in humans. We then address neural reactivation in the rodent hippocampal system as a putative mechanism of sleep consolidation. Next, we discuss the role of sleep in the learning and maintenance of song in zebra finches. We note that while both the rodent and zebra finch systems provide evidence for sleep-dependent memory changes in physiology and behavior, neither duplicates the pattern of changes most commonly observed in humans. Finally, we present a recently developed model of sleep consolidation involving auditory classification learning in European starlings , which has the potential to connect behavioral evidence of sleep consolidation as developed in humans with underlying neural mechanisms observable in animals.
Numerical Techniques for Efficient Analysis of FSSs, EBGs and Metamaterials

In this chapter, we present a numerically efficient and accurate technique for the analysis of doubly-infinite periodic arrays, which find applications as Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs), Electronic Bandgap (EBGs) structures, plasmonic sensors at optical wavelength and Metamaterials (MTMs), all of which often utilize periodic elements. The method derives its efficiency by deriving, via extrapolation, the solution to the infinite array problem from that of a corresponding truncated array of relatively small size, typically comprising of only four to six concentric rings surrounding the center element. Furthermore, it reduces the matrix size needed to solve for the induced current to only two or three.
A Failed Reconstruction

The author delves into the State’s endeavors and missed opportunities to bring the South into its socio-economic fold. Examining State policies from the 1860s annexation all the way to the end of the twentieth century, he finds that both the North and the South share responsibility for the failed reconstruction of the war-torn region. The State’s undertakings, including major land reclamations and massive infrastructure projects funded by the Cassa del Mezzogiorno, were hardly sufficient to set the region on a path of sustained economic growth. But he also finds fault with the Southern ruling elites who opposed the State’s efforts to improve the area’s socio-economic conditions, especially its attempt to fight illiteracy. The galantuomini of the South, DiMaria believes, feared that an educated peasantry would challenge their time-honored privileges.
On Building a Social Movement: The North American Campaign for Southern African Liberation Revisited

The venerable Canadian intellectual of Africa’s liberation movements, John Saul, has delivered another text on this important era in twentieth century history. In Saul’s words, “the regional war in...
Measurements of heat flow from surface defects in lithium triborate.

We present what is, to our knowledge, the first measurement of temperature distributions in a nonlinear optic resulting from absorption in a localized surface defect. These measurements were performed on principal cut samples of lithium triborate with damage spots centered on their front surfaces, pumped by a kW-scale continuous-wave laser. The changes in optical-path length associated with this heating were measured with a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, from which the temperature distribution could be inferred. These distributions have sharper features with larger magnitudes than would be expected with bulk-absorption heating. Comparison with both numerical and analytical models is used to qualify the measurements and to estimate the total power absorbed at a given site using this bulk material response. While sensitivity is dependent on the properties of the material of study, we demonstrate measurements of absorption levels of one part in 105.
The Financial Burden Of Paid Home Care On Older Adults: Oldest And Sickest Are Least Likely To Have Enough Income

Paid home care can significantly improve the lives of older adults with disabilities and their families, but recipients often incur substantial out-of-pocket spending. We simulated the financial bu...
Utilizing semantic visual landmarks for precise vehicle navigation

This paper presents a new approach for integrating semantic information for vision-based vehicle navigation. Although vision-based vehicle navigation systems using pre-mapped visual landmarks are capable of achieving submeter level accuracy in large-scale urban environment, a typical error source in this type of systems comes from the presence of visual landmarks or features from temporal objects in the environment, such as cars and pedestrians. We propose a gated factor graph framework to use semantic information associated with visual features to make decisions on outlier/ inlier computation from three perspectives: the feature tracking process, the geo-referenced map building process, and the navigation system using pre-mapped landmarks. The class category that the visual feature belongs to is extracted from a pre-trained deep learning network trained for semantic segmentation. The feasibility and generality of our approach is demonstrated by our implementations on top of two vision-based navigation systems. Experimental evaluations validate that the injection of semantic information associated with visual landmarks using our approach achieves substantial improvements in accuracy on GPS-denied navigation solutions for large-scale urban scenarios.
How the US Army Forged Hand Surgery.

As the United States plunged into World War II, the surgeon general, Norman T. Kirk, scrambled to care for the complex hand injuries sustained in combat. To remedy this problem, Major General Kirk appointed Sterling Bunnell, a general surgeon and a World War I veteran with a keen interest in hand injuries, to serve as the consultant to the Secretary of War. Kirk and Bunnell formed 9 US military hand centers that treated 22,000 hand injuries in World War II. Bunnell and his pupils would later form the nucleus of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Through Dr. Bunnell’s expertise, skillful care, dedication to teaching, and love of country, US hand surgery was born.
Fully resolved simulation of dense suspensions of freely evolving buoyant particles using an improved immersed boundary method

Abstract Fully resolved simulation of flows with buoyant particles is a challenging problem since buoyant particles are lighter than the surrounding fluid, and as a result, the two phases are strongly coupled together. In this work, the virtual force stabilization technique introduced by Schwarz et al. [Schwarz, S., Kempe, T., & Frohlich, J. (2015). A temporal discretization scheme to compute the motion of light particles in viscous flows by an immersed boundary method. J. Comput. Phys., 281, 591–613] is extended to simulate buoyant particle suspensions with high volume fractions (up to 40%). It is concluded that the dimensionless numerical model constant Cv in the virtual force technique should increase with volume fraction. The behavior of a single rising particle, two in-line rising particles, and buoyant particle suspensions are studied. In each case, results are compared with experimental works on bubbly flows to highlight the differences and similarities between buoyant particles and bubbles. Finally, the drag coefficient is extracted from simulations of buoyant particle suspensions at different volume fractions, and based on that a drag correlation is presented.
Dynamic Buckling of Cylindrical Composite Panels Under Axial Compressions and Lateral External Pressures

In this paper, dynamic buckling analysis of composite cylindrical panels under two separately suddenly applied loads (axial compression and lateral external pressure) is investigated. Abaqus/Explicit operator has been used to monitor time responses of the structure under various magnitudes of loads in order to determine the critical dynamic buckling loads based on the Budiansky–Roth criterion. The effect of boundary conditions and loading duration is studied thoroughly in this work.
The Planning Audit

A “planning audit” is used to develop an understanding of the entity being planned for and the environment in which that entity operates. The audit can take a variety of forms and typically includes an internal audit and an external audit. An important initial task involves the stating of assumptions and revisiting the mission of the organization. The planning audit involves two major categories of data: internal data and external data. Knowledge of the internal characteristics of the organization is critical for the planning process. The internal audit examines the organization’s structure, processes, customers, and resources. Data on the external environment is equally critical for the planning process, particularly if strategic planning, marketing planning, or business planning are being undertaken. The external audit is particularly important in organization-level planning because of the emphasis placed on the characteristics of the market. Defining and subsequently profiling the market to be tapped are important, particularly for organizational planning. The different geographic units of interest are introduced and for organizational planning a competitive analysis is typically conducted.
INTERMITTENCY OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE: AN ASTROPHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE

Intermittency is an essential property of astrophysical fluids, which demonstrate an extended inertial range. As intermittency violates self-similarity of motions, it is impossible to naively extrapolate the properties of a fluid obtained computationally with relatively low resolution to the actual astrophysical situations. In terms of astrophysics, intermittency affects turbulent heating, momentum transfer, interaction with cosmic rays, radio waves and many more essential processes. Because of its significance, studies of intermittency call for coordinated efforts from both theorists and observers. In terms of theoretical understanding, we are still just scratching the surface of a very rich subject. We have some theoretically well-justified models that are poorly supported by experiments; we also have the She–Leveque model, which could be vulnerable on theoretical grounds, but, nevertheless, is well supported by experimental and laboratory data. We briefly discuss a rather mysterious property of turbulence called "extended self-similarity" and the possibilities that it opens up for the intermittency research. We then analyze simulations of MHD intermittency performed by different groups and show that their results do not contradict to each other. Finally, we discuss the intermittency of density, of turbulence in the viscosity-dominated regime as well as of polarization of Alfvenic modes. The latter provides an attractive solution to account for a slower cascading rate that is observed in some of the numerical experiments. We conclude by claiming that substantial progress in the field may be achieved by studies of turbulence intermittency via observations.
Emerging Structure of Housing Stratification: Visualizing Homeownership by Generational Status, 1995 to 2019:

Homeownership is a central aspect of social stratification and is shaped by generational status. Using pooled data from the Current Population Survey, the author shows that generational homeownersh...
Combating Anti-Asian Sentiment - A Practical Guide for Clinicians.

Combating Anti-Asian Sentiment On top of the social, emotional, and psychological effects of the Covid pandemic, many Asian American patients are feeling the stress of increased anti-Asian sentimen...
Metabolic Profiling and Metabolites Fingerprints in Human Hypertension: Discovery and Potential

Early detection of pathogenesis through biomarkers holds the key to controlling hypertension and preventing cardiovascular complications. Metabolomics profiling acts as a potent and high throughput tool offering new insights on disease pathogenesis and potential in the early diagnosis of clinical hypertension with a tremendous translational promise. This review summarizes the latest progress of metabolomics and metabolites fingerprints and mainly discusses the current trends in the application in clinical hypertension. We also discussed the associated mechanisms and pathways involved in hypertension’s pathogenesis and explored related research challenges and future perspectives. The information will improve our understanding of the development of hypertension and inspire the clinical application of metabolomics in hypertension and its associated cardiovascular complications.