cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences on Evaluation Quality.

Attention to evaluation quality is commonplace, even if sometimes implicit. Drawing on her 2010 Presidential Address to the American Evaluation Association, Leslie Cooksy suggests that evaluation quality depends, at least in part, on the intersection of three factors: (a) evaluator competency, (b) aspects of the evaluation environment or context, and (c) the level and nature of supportive resources that are available in the evaluation community. In a brief reaction to her views, Mel Mark discusses selected implications of Cooksy’s approach and comments on the notion of evaluation quality itself.
Surgical management of V-pattern strabismus and oblique dysfunction in craniofacial dysostosis

Abstract Introduction: Strabismus affects as many as 60% to 70% of patients with craniofacial dysostosis. V-pattern strabismus with severe oblique muscle dysfunction is the most common ocular motility problem seen and can be difficult to manage. Few studies have reported on the results of strabismus surgery in this condition. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the surgical management and outcomes of 14 patients with craniofacial dysostosis who underwent 16 operations to determine the optimal surgical procedure and to report on extraocular muscle anomalies noted at the time of surgery. Operations performed included medial rectus muscle infraplacement (n = 2), inferior oblique (IO) recession (n = 3), IO myectomy (n = 3), IO anterior transposition (n = 3), and IO denervation/extirpation (n = 5). Results: All patients had significant residual ocular motility dysfunction postoperatively. No beneficial effect was noted after IO anterior transposition or after medial rectus muscle infraplacement. Modest improvement of the V-pattern and oblique muscle dysfunction was noted after denervation/extirpation and myectomy of the IO muscle. Bilateral absent or anomalous superior oblique tendons were noted in 8 of 9 patients in whom the superior oblique tendon was examined at surgery. Conclusions: Strabismus in craniofacial dysostosis is complex and difficult to cure with surgery. Denervation/extirpation and myectomy of the IO muscle offered modest benefits, though neither procedure resulted in normalization of ocular motility. Agenesis of the superior oblique tendon may be causally related in a large proportion of affected patients. (J AAPOS 2000;4:338-42)
Workplace characteristics and work disability onset for men and women

Objectives: This paper investigates the association between job characteristics and work disability among men and women in older working ages in the United States. We examine whether the association persists when controlling for major chronic disease experience. We also address whether job characteristics are ultimately associated with the receipt of disability benefits.
Improving caregiver well-being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a counseling and support intervention for spouse caregivers in delaying time to nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), and identify the mechanisms through which the intervention accomplished this goal. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial of an enhanced counseling and support intervention compared to usual care. Participants were a referred volunteer sample of 406 spouse caregivers of community-dwelling patients who had enrolled in the study over a 9.5-year period. The intervention consisted of six sessions of individual and family counseling, support group participation, and continuous availability of ad hoc telephone counseling. Structured questionnaires were administered at baseline and at regular follow-up intervals, every 4 months for the first year and every 6 months thereafter. Cox proportional hazard models were used to test the effects of the intervention on the time to nursing home placement for the patients after controlling for multiple time-invariant and time-dependent predictors of placement. Results: Patients whose spouses received the intervention experienced a 28.3% reduction in the rate of nursing home placement compared with usual care controls (hazard ratio = 0.717 after covariate adjustment, p = 0.025). The difference in model-predicted median time to placement was 557 days. Improvements in caregivers’ satisfaction with social support, response to patient behavior problems, and symptoms of depression collectively accounted for 61.2% of the intervention’s beneficial impact on placement. Conclusion: Greater access to effective programs of counseling and support could yield considerable benefits for caregivers, patients with Alzheimer disease, and society.
A real-time path planner for a smart wheelchair using harmonic potentials and a rubber band model

We present an efficient path planner for smart wheelchairs based on harmonic potential fields. While the use of harmonic fields can always guarantee finding an existing path, they are extremely computational intensive and a sufficiently detailed map of the environment may lead to an unfeasible solution for the path. Also, since our target application is for the navigation of a smart wheelchair, for people with severe disabilities, the path provided by the harmonic field is frequently too sharp and needs to be smoothened. In order to address the first problem, we propose a parallel algorithm implemented using Graphics Processor Units (GPUs) on the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) platform. And for the second problem, we developed a rubber band model that provides extra forces to be added to the attracting forces of the harmonic fields. This model assumes that the path is an elastic line, a rubber band, connecting the source and destination points. This rubber band simulates the internal tension forces trying to tighten the line. As the result section demonstrates, both the original path from the harmonic field alone and the path smoothened by the rubber band model have approximate the same length, but the first path contains many bumps, sharp angles, and zig-zags, while the second one provides a much more comfortable ride for the passenger of the wheelchair. Either one is executed in real-time, allowing the proposed method to be used for real navigation of smart wheelchairs.
The Narrative Anecdote in Teacher Education

ABSTRACT Thoughtful use of the narrative anecdote can be an important tool for pedagogical research, theorizing and the curriculum of teacher education. The epistemolog‐ical objective of the narrative is meaning; the narrative anecdote condenses meaning, simultaneously incorporating particularity and universality as well as the theoretical and the practical. Each retelling of a narrative anecdote provokes further reflection and raises questions, becoming part of the research process and a form of pedagogical theorizing. Through an illustrative telling of anecdotes, it is suggested that the discerning use of the narrative is one way in which we can construct and assimilate our knowledge base in teacher education. [1] [1] Based on a paper presented at ‘The Narrative and Education’ International Society for Educational Biography Faculty of Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 26 April 1991.
The Effect of Stimulus Parameters on the Recruitment Characteristics of Direct Nerve Stimulation

The effect of stimulus parameters on the recruitment characteristics of motor nerve was studied for regulated current monophasic and balanced charge biphasic stimuli. Results of a nerve model investigation indicated that the threshold difference between different diameter nerve fibers would be dependent on pulse width, the choice between monophasic and biphasic stimuli, and the delay between the primary cathodic and secondary anodic pulses. Threshold difference increased with decreasing pulse width, the greatest effects evident for pulses less than 100 ?s. Biphasic stimulation with no delay between pulses provided greater threshold separation than monophasic stimulation or biphasic stimulation with delay. Animal experiments, in which recruitment in a nerve trunk composed of mixed diameter nerve fibers was examined, showed a decrease in recruitment slope with a decrease in pulse width and with the use of a biphasic, zero delay pulse. These results were examined through muscle force measurements using both a metal loop electrode encircling the nerve trunk and a nerve cuff electrode, i. e., a loop electrode in an insulating tube.
Isolation of a hemolysin from a spore - crystal mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (serotype H-14)

Isolation of a hemolysin from a spore - crystal mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (serotype H-14). Toxicon26, 733 – 746, 1988. — A hemolytic toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was obtained by alkaline extraction and fast protein liquid chromatography (chromatofocusing followed by gel filtration). The toxin displayed a pl of 4.6 – 4.8 and an Mr of 26,000. Amino acid analysis demonstrated large amounts of serine, glycine and glutamic acid. The toxin was strongly lytic for rabbit, human and non-human primate erythrocytes, and was weakly lytic toward equine, feline, canine, bovine, amphibian and reptilian erythrocytes. It was weakly entomocidal as indicated by a lethal potency (LC50) of 25 μg/ml for second instar larvae of Anopheles stephansi. Direct micro-ELISA indicated that the toxin lacked antigenic identity with numerous eukaryotic and prokaryotic toxins and venoms.
Expression and Characterization of the Flavoprotein Subcomplex Composed of 50-kDa (NQO1) and 25-kDa (NQO2) Subunits of the Proton-translocating NADH-Quinone Oxidoreductase of Paracoccus denitrificans

This study reports the expression of the flavoprotein (FP) subcomplex of the proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NDH-1) from Paracoccus denitrificans, which is composed of the NQO1 (50 kDa) and the NQO2 (25 kDa) subunits. The two subunits are co-expressed in Escherichia coli using a double expression plasmid system. The expressed subunits form a water-soluble heterodimer complex with 1:1 stoichiometry. The expressed complex contained one [2Fe-2S] cluster but almost no FMN or [4Fe-4S] cluster. The two latter prosthetic groups could be partially reconstituted with FMN, Na2S, and (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2in vitro under anaerobic conditions. The reconstituted FP subcomplex showed EPR signals from two distinct species of iron-sulfur cluster. One resonance transition originates from a [2Fe-2S] cluster with g values of gx,y,z = 1.92, 1.95, and 2.00 and slow spin relaxation, which was tentatively assigned to the cluster N1a. These EPR properties are very similar to those reported for the NQO2 subunit expressed alone (Yano, T., Sled', V. D., Ohnishi, T., and Yagi, T. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 494-499). The other originates from a [4Fe-4S] cluster with g values of gx,y,z = 1.87, 1.94, and 2.04 and fast relaxing behavior, which are reminiscent of the cluster N3 in the membrane bound enzyme complex. After reconstitution with FMN, the FP subcomplex catalyzed electron transfer from NADH and from deamino-NADH to a variety of electron acceptors. The enzymatic properties of the FP subcomplex, reconstituted with FMN and iron-sulfur, correspond to those of the isolated P. denitrificans NADH-dehydrogenase complex.
Problems Associated with Community-Based Parenteral Anti-Infective Therapy with Intravenous Ganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Background: Our center utilized Cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis with intravenous ganciclovir (IV GCV) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo HSCT) recipients starting from engraftment to day +100. Most of this regimen was administered as communitybased parenteral anti-infective therapy (CoPAT). Surveillance CMV DNA detection by hybrid capture assay was done weekly through day +100 and at varying intervals thereafter. Methods: Retrospective review of the CoPAT database and electronic medical records to evaluate adherence to this protocol. Events were followed for 6 months from HSCT. Results: 66 patients underwent allo HSCT from 5/07 to 6/08. Demographics were similar in patients who received any prophylactic IV GCV (21 [32%]) and those who did not (45 [68%]. 36 patients did not receive CoPAT for appropriate reasons: CMV IgG donor negative & recipient negative (19), delayed engraftment (5), relapse of underlying disease (5), death within 100 days of HSCT (5), and refractory disease (2). Protocol deviation occurred in 23 patients (35%): IV GCV was not started due to physician or patient choice (5), was started appropriately, but stopped before D +100 due to physician or patient choice (4), was started for treatment of CMV viremia in a patient who should have been on prophylactic IV GCV before that point in time (8), and replacement of prophylactic IV GCV with oral valganciclovir (6). Other reasons for early discontinuation of prophylactic IV GCV before D +100 were leucopenia (6) and renal insufficiency (2). Median time from HSCT to starting CoPAT was 41 days. Median CoPAT duration was 45 days. Of the 30 appropriate candidates for prophylaxis, only 3 (10%) received the complete prophylaxis course from engraftment through day +100. In this nonrandomized study, the incidence of CMV viremia, peak viral load (VL) and graftversus-host disease (GVHD) were not significantly different between prophylaxed, partially prophylaxed, and unprophylaxed groups. Conclusion: In practice it proved to be difficult to administer and complete the IV GCV prophylaxis course. Reasons for this included delayed engraftment, relapsed or refractory underlying diseases, physician or patient individual choices, leucopenia, and renal insufficiency. This study illustrates the importance of assessing prophylaxis strategies in the context of actual clinical care. Valganciclovir; the L-valyl ester of GCV is 60% orally bioavailable; representing a more convenient and effective preventive alternative. Thus, in 1/09 we changed our CMV preventive strategy from universal prophylaxis to preemptive therapy with valganciclovir.
Muscle modes during shifts of the center of pressure by standing persons: effect of instability and additional support

Muscle synergies in postural tasks have recently been studied using the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis. A set of three hypothetical control variables, named M-modes, derived from the activity of 11 postural muscles, were identified. It was shown that postural synergies composed of these three M-modes preserve a certain shift of the center of pressure (COP) when subjects perform postural tasks while standing on a stable surface. In the present study we investigated the effects of support surface instability and availability of a light touch or grasp of a stable external support on the M-modes and their co-variation. The study was performed in two sessions. In the first session subjects released a load behind the body under four conditions: standing on a stable surface with no support (ST), standing on an unstable surface with no support (UN), standing on an unstable surface with a light touch (UN,T) and standing on an unstable surface with grasp of a stable object (UN,G). In the second session subjects performed two tasks: an arm movement backward and voluntary sway forward (towards the toes) under three conditions—ST, UN and UN,T. Principal component analysis was used to identify M-modes from data in the first session, and a UCM analysis was performed to study M-mode synergies in postural stabilization from data in the second session. A ‘menu’ of five M-modes was found, which were named either reciprocal M-modes or co-contraction M-modes based on the agonist–antagonist relationship of muscles comprising each mode. For a given task, subjects chose any three of these five M-modes in a subject- and task-specific manner. The reciprocal and co-contraction M-modes occurred equally frequently whether subjects stood on a stable or unstable support surface or whether a light touch was available or not. However, the co-contraction M-modes predominated when grasp of an object was available. In this condition, when the arm could be used for stabilization, there were M-modes uniting hip and shoulder muscles. However, the identified M-mode synergies were not found to lead to a consistent shift in the COP in any of the stability conditions. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
Near-infrared diffuse tomography combined with a priori MRI structural information: testing a hybrid image reconstruction methodology with functional imaging of the rat cranium

The ability to combine MRI and NIR information into a single imaging modality can potentially provide high-resolution images of absolute hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation from non-invasive simultaneous measurement. In order to take advantage of the MRI information, a finite element based imaging algorithm has been used to include both a priori structural information and spatial constraints during NIR image reconstruction. A case study of the optical changes in a rat cranium in response to variations in the inhaled oxygen supply has been used to test this imaging algorithm. The ability to introduce structure from MRI into NW image reconstruction resulted in significant improvements in the discrimination of hemoglobin concentration changes from oxygen saturation changes in the brain and muscle tissues.
Effects of lithographic roughness and sidewall slope on the optical performance of polymer rectangular waveguides: Modeling

Fabrication of polymer, multimode, channel waveguides have gained much attention recently because of usefulness in replacing fiber in backplane interconnects. Waveguides are more desirable because they are able to achieve greater bandwidth, they are immune to electromagnetic interference and they consume less power compared to traditional electrical communication links. They are however subject to insertion losses due to fabrication defects such as the waveguide sidewall roughness and sidewall slope. This requires fabrication tolerances that are on the micron level. Determining the acceptable minimum tolerances required in the fabrication process in terms of the overall channel link budget is critical for determining how precise of fabrication methods must be utilized.
Quantifying nonlinearity and geometry in time series of climate

Abstract Statistical methods provide the opportunity to quantify what are typically qualitative descriptions of climate change. A review of linear and nonlinear processes as applied to time series of climate change is presented. Methods to quantify `nonlinear' climatic events are given, using the late Pleistocene record of glacial-interglacial oscillations as an example. Methods to discriminate climate cycles driven by linear processes from nonlinear processes and to determine the strength of nonlinear interactions are described. The adoption of a quantitative approach to descriptions of climate variability allows direct comparison of geologic and paleoclimatic data to results of models that seek to describe modes of climate oscillations.
Mutational Studies with Atp12p, a Protein Required for Assembly of the Mitochondrial F1-ATPase in Yeast IDENTIFICATION OF DOMAINS IMPORTANT FOR Atp12p FUNCTION AND OLIGOMERIZATION

The Atp12p protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for assembly of the F1 moiety of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. The current work has used mutant forms of Atp12p in an effort to learn about amino acids and/or domains that are important for the action of the protein. In one set of studies, the mutant atp12 genes were cloned and sequenced from 13 independent isolates of chemically mutagenized yeast. Of the 10 different mutant alleles that were identified, 9 (8 nonsense and 1 frameshift) lead to the early termination of the protein. A single missense mutation that substitutes lysine for Glu-289 was identified in two of the atp12 strains. Analysis of several Atp12p variants, each with different substitutions at Glu-289, showed that the functional activity of Atp12p is compromised when non-acidic residues are introduced at position 289 in the sequence. In other work, deletion analysis led to the assignment of two domains in Atp12p; the functional domain of the protein was mapped to the sequence between Gln-181 and Val-306, and a structural domain (Asp-307 through Gln-325) was identified that confers Atp12p the ability to oligomerize with other proteins in mitochondria.
Variation in the sustained effects of the communities that care prevention system on adolescent smoking, delinquency, and violence.

Communities That Care (CTC) is a universal, science-based community prevention system designed to reduce risk, enhance protection, and prevent adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. CTC has been found to have sustained effects on cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors in grade 10 in a panel of 4,407 students followed from fifth grade in a community randomized trial. It is important to test variation in the effects of this prevention system designed to be universal to understand for whom it is most effective and whether it fails to produce change or leads to iatrogenic effects for certain categories of individuals. The present study examined variation in the sustained effects of CTC on tenth-grade cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors. Interaction analyses suggest that the effect of CTC did not differ between those who had high levels of community-targeted risk factors at baseline or had already engaged in substance use, delinquency, or violence at baseline versus those who had not. Although CTC reduced the prevalence of both girls’ and boys’ problem behaviors, the effect on delinquency was marginally (p = 0.08) larger for boys than for girls.
Rearrangement reactions of 1,1-divinyl-2-phenylcyclopropanes

1,1-Divinyl-2-phenylcyclopropanes are entry points to a rich area of rearrangement chemistry. With N,N-diallyl amide substrates, tandem radical cyclizations can be initiated at room temperature. Warming provides products of pure thermal rearrangements with acids, ester, and amides. These isomerizations give vinylcyclopentenes resulting from divinylcyclopropane rearrangements and more deeply rearranged tricyclic spirolactams resulting from aromatic Cope rearrangements followed by ene reactions. Conversion of the carbonyl group to an alcohol or ether opens retro-ene pathways followed by either tautomerization or Claisen rearrangement.
The future of incidental findings: should they be viewed as benefits?

The possibility of generating incidental findings — in both research and clinical contexts — has long been regarded as a risk of these enterprises. Should incidental findings (IFs) in research also be regarded as potential benefits? At first glance, it would seem they ought to be. After all, in particular circumstances or given a particular set of values, any piece of information can be beneficial. Therefore, it may seem incoherent or unduly paternalistic to regard IFs only as risks. Moreover, developments in science and technology increasingly transform what was once of uncertain meaning and dubious value into information that is likely to have clear meaning and potential personal value, if not obvious clinical utility. For these reasons, it would seem that in the future, IFs should be treated as potential benefits in the design and regulation of research.
Lower extremity functional electrical stimulation with spinal cord injured subjects at the Ohio State University

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) was investigated as a method for restoration or improvement of gait in spinal-cord-injured subjects, using surface electrical stimulation. Using commercial stimulators, walking and posture control were studied in a T-6 complete paraplegic. Six channels of stimulation were used for walking. The experimental results are presented and discussed. >
Eva Hesse, Abstract Expressionist Painter

Eva Hesse's wall-bound sculpture Hang Up (1966), begun late in 1965, is a landmark in her early career. The cloth-wrapped empty picture frame affixed with a stiff metal loop was, in her estimation,...
Efficiency of selfish investments in network security

Internet security does not only depend on the security-related investments of individual users, but also on how these users affect each other. In a non-cooperative environment, each user chooses a level of investment to minimize its own security risk plus the cost of investment. Not surprisingly, this selfish behavior often results in undesirable security degradation of the overall system. In this paper, we first characterize the price of anarchy (POA) of network security under two models: an "Effective-investment" model, and a "Bad-traffic" model. We give insight on how the POA depends on the network topology, individual users' cost functions, and their mutual influence. We also introduce the concept of "weighted POA" to bound the region of all feasible payoffs. In a repeated game, on the other hand, users have more incentive to cooperate for their long term interests. We consider the socially best outcome that can be supported by the repeated game, and give a ratio between this outcome and the social optimum. Although the paper focuses on Internet security, many results are generally applicable to games with positive externalities.
Effects of Altering Stimulus Components Upon Response Latency.

Summary.-Two experiments are reported. In Phase 1, 0 responded by pressing the appropriate key when a light and a sound appeared at [he same place and anorher key when they did not. In Phase 2, relations between location of the light and sound were altered. Phase 3 was identical to Phase l. Time between presenting a signal and pressing the appropriate key (larency) was measured. Differences in latencies between Phase 1 and Phase 2 were significantly less when both sound and light appeared on the opposite side from the corresponding position of Phase 1 than when only the sound or the lighr was altered in position. Freedman ( 1968) has pointed out that in many experiments on perceptual adaptation 0 integrates and utilizes information from several sources in order to perform the task assigned. If these experiments involve any condition which alters relationships between information obtained from several modalities when information from each modality is ordinarily concordant an increase in time to respond, response latency, should result. This follows because 0 must determine the nature and extent of the altered relationships before responding. Increase in response latency should be a function of the degree of concordance between the two stimulus conditions. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis in regard to vision and audition. Specifically, the prediction is that, if either an auditory or a visual component of a task is reversed without altering the other component, increase in response latency will be greater than if both the auditory and visual components are reversed but still in phase with each other.
Finite elements and electrical machine design

This paper describes the application of the finite element method for solution of linear magnetic field problems in two dimensions. The method has been applied to the analysis of slots with various geometries to compute the effect of slotting on the magnetic flux distribution in the air gap and to compute the slot leakage reactance. Results obtained with the finite element method are compared with closed form solutions, and good agreement is obtained between the two solutions in the cases of idealized geometry. However, considerable discrepancy in the two results is observed in the cases of complex geometry.
Hypertension After Surgical Management of Renal Duplication Associated With an Upper Pole Ureterocele

AbstractPurpose: Duplicated upper pole systems associated with a ureterocele frequently have areas of segmental renal dysplasia. Since dysplasia has been related to the development of renin mediated hypertension, we hypothesized that preservation of functional upper pole moieties may result in an increased incidence of high blood pressure.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 115 patients with a history of renal duplication and an ipsilateral upper pole ureterocele. Patients were separated into group 1 - nonfunctional upper pole managed by partial nephrectomy, group 2 - functional upper pole moiety managed by partial nephrectomy and group 3 - functional upper pole moiety managed by a nephron sparing procedure. All charts were reviewed for hypertension, febrile urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring.Results: At a median followup age of 15 years (range 1 to 33) hypertension developed in 13 of the 115 patients (11%), including 8 of the 87 (9%) with nonfunctional upper pole systems ma...
Enhanced Thermal Resistance of Salmonella in Whole Muscle Compared to Ground Beef

Irradiated beef (whole adiated beef (whole adiated beef (whole adiated beef (whole adiated beef (whole muscle and gr each temperature (P = 0.0001), and Arrhenius-type models described the temperature dependency of k ( = 0.0001), and Arrhenius-type models described the temperature dependency of k ( = 0.0001), and Arrhenius-type models described the temperature dependency of k ( = 0.0001), and Arrhenius-type models described the temperature dependency of k ( = 0.0001), and Arrhenius-type models described the temperature dependency of k (R 2 > 0.95). Because thermal processing regulations are generally based on ground product studies, thermal process validations Because thermal processing regulations are generally based on ground product studies, thermal process validations Because thermal processing regulations are generally based on ground product studies, thermal process validations Because thermal processing regulations are generally based on ground product studies, thermal process validations Because thermal processing regulations are generally based on ground product studies, thermal process validations for meat and poultry products may need to consider the physical state (whole for meat and poultry products may need to consider the physical state (whole for meat and poultry products may need to consider the physical state (whole for meat and poultry products may need to consider the physical state (whole for meat and poultry products may need to consider the physical state (whole -muscle versus muscle versus muscle versus muscle versus muscle versuss. ground) of the product ground) of the product ground) of the product ground) of the product ground) of the product being manufactured. being manufactured. being manufactured. being manufactured. being manufactured.
Community differentiation of the cutaneous microbiota in psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. We sought to characterize and compare the cutaneous microbiota of psoriatic lesions (lesion group), unaffected contralateral skin from psoriatic patients (unaffected group), and similar skin loci in matched healthy controls (control group) in order to discern patterns that govern skin colonization and their relationship to clinical diagnosis. Using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we assayed the cutaneous bacterial communities of 51 matched triplets and characterized these samples using community data analysis techniques. Intragroup Unifrac β diversity revealed increasing diversity from control to unaffected to lesion specimens. Likewise, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed separation of the lesion samples from unaffected and control along the first axis, suggesting that psoriasis is a major contributor to the observed diversity. The taxonomic richness and evenness decreased in both lesion and unaffected communities compared to control. These differences are explained by the combined increased abundance of the four major skin-associated genera (Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus), which present a potentially useful predictor for clinical skin type. Psoriasis samples also showed significant univariate decreases in relative abundances and strong classification performance of Cupriavidus, Flavisolibacter, Methylobacterium, and Schlegelella genera versus controls. The cutaneous microbiota separated into two distinct clusters, which we call cutaneotypes: (1) Proteobacteria-associated microbiota, and (2) Firmicutes-associated and Actinobacteria-associated microbiota. Cutaneotype 2 is enriched in lesion specimens compared to control (odds ratio 3.52 (95% CI 1.44 to 8.98), P <0.01). Our results indicate that psoriasis induces physiological changes both at the lesion site and at the systemic level, which select for specific differential microbiota among the assayed clinical skin types. These differences in microbial community structure in psoriasis patients are potentially of pathophysiologic and diagnostic significance.
Cation and dipole order in ferroelectric perovskite oxides

Long range 1:1 B-site cation order was developed in relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 as well as in normal ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 through cation substitution. It was found that the dielectric/ferroelectric behavior of the chemically ordered PMN is strongly dependent on the substituting species. For PZT, long range cation order was observed in (1?x) Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3?xPb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 when x<0.9. Dielectric and ferroelectric properties are evaluated in these chemically order PZT ceramics.
Initial results from the IMAGE Extreme Ultraviolet Imager

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV) of the IMAGE mission is providing the first global images of the He + distribution in Earth's plasmasphere. The EUV instru- ment images the He + resonance line emission at 30.4 nm at a time resolution of 10 minutes and a spatial resolution of 0.1 RE. Each image encompasses the entire plasmasphere in a single frame, to permit study of the structure and dy- namics of the plasmasphere in its entirety. Here we survey several of the most striking features of the plasmasphere as seen by EUV. These features include convection tails, de- pleted regions that we call "voids," isolated magnetic flux tubes filled to higher He + density than their neighbors, and "shoulders" in the He + distribution.
Vaccine-mediated immunity against dengue and the potential for long-term protection against disease

It is estimated that over 2.5 billion people are at risk for contracting dengue, a virus responsible for 50-390 million infections in addition to thousands of hospitalizations and deaths each year. There are no licensed vaccines available to combat this pathogen but substantial efforts are underway to develop live-attenuated, inactivated, and subunit vaccines that will protect against each of the four serotypes of dengue. Unfortunately, the results of a recent Phase IIb efficacy trial involving a tetravalent live-attenuated chimeric dengue virus vaccine have raised questions with regard to our current understanding of vaccine-mediated immunity to this important flavivirus. Here, we will briefly summarize these vaccination efforts and discuss the importance of informative in vivo models for determining vaccine efficacy and the need to establish a quantitative correlate of immunity in order to predict the duration of vaccine-induced antiviral protection.
Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: psychometric properties and feasibility of a self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in youth.

This report describes the development and psychometric properties of the Children’s Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI). Designed specifically as a brief measure for assessing obsessive–compulsive symptoms, the C-FOCI was created for use in both clinical and community settings. Study 1 included 82 children and adolescents diagnosed with primary Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, and their parents. The Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) was administered to assess symptom severity. Thereafter, parents completed the Child Obsessive–Compulsive Impact Scale—Parent Version and Child Behavior Checklist, and youth completed the C-FOCI, Child Obsessive–Compulsive Impact Scale—Child Version, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and Children’s Depression Inventory—Short Form. A subgroup of 21 individuals was retested with the C-FOCI after completing 14 sessions of intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy. Construct validity of the C-FOCI was supported vis-a-vis evidence of treatment sensitivity, and moderate relations with clinician-rated symptom severity, the CY-BOCS Symptom Checklist, child- and parent-rated functional impairment, child-rated anxiety, and parent-rated internalizing symptoms. Discriminant validity was evidenced by weak relationships with parent-reports of externalizing symptoms. For Study 2, 191 non-clinical adolescents completed the C-FOCI to assess the feasibility of internet administration. Overall, internal consistency was acceptable for the C-FOCI Symptom Checklist and Severity Scale, and respondents were able to complete the measure with little difficulty. Taken together, the findings of Studies 1 and 2 provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the C-FOCI for the assessment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive symptoms.
The Formation of Galactic Disks

The disk components of galaxies are usually assumed to form later than the spheroidal components but how much later is still an open question. The following argument, based on the spin-up of collapsing protogalaxies, suggests that the disk components formed recently (Fall and Efstathiou 1980, Fall 1985). Since the specific angular momentum of a disk today is likely to be nearly the same as that in the protogalaxy, the initial size can be calculated as a function of the initial rotation velocity. The initial size of the protogalaxy then determines the free-fall time and hence the maximum redshift of collapse. The initial rotation is most conveniently expressed in terms of the dimensionless spin parameter, λ ≡ J | E |1/2 G -1 M -5/2, where J, E and M are respectively the total angular momentum, energy and mass of the protogalaxy, including any dark matter it may contain. For an exponential disk with a scale length α-1 embedded in an isothermal halo with a circular velocity vc, one finds that the free-fall time is τ f f = 1.9(αv c λ)-1. The values of α-1 and v c can be derived from observation, and for all theories that invoke hierarchical clustering. the values of λ can be derived from N-body simulations. The distribution of spin parameters turns out to depend only weakly on the spectrum of perturbations at recombination and always has a median value near λ ≃ 0.05 (Barnes and Efstathiou 1987, Quinn, Salmon and Zurek 1987). I have used these results to show that the median redshift of disk formation is z d ≤ 2 for q 0 = 1/2 and z d ≤ 7 for q 0 = 0 (Fall 1987).
Viscous fingering in Hele-Shaw cells

The phenomenon of interfacial motion between two immiscible viscous fluids in the narrow gap between two parallel plates (Hele-Shaw cell) is considered. This flow is currently of interest because of its relation to pattern selection mechanisms and the formation of fractal, structures in a number of physical applications. Attention is concentrated on the fingers that result from the instability when a less-viscous fluid drives a more-viscous one. The status of the problem is reviewed and progress with the thirty-year-old problem of explaining the shape and stability of the fingers is described. The paradoxes and controversies are both mathematical and physical. Theoretical results on the structure and stability of steady shapes are presented for a particular formulation of the boundary conditions at the interface and compared with the experimental phenomenon. Alternative boundary conditions and future approaches are discussed.
Growth and photosynthetic response of three soybean cultivars to simultaneous increases in growth temperature and CO2

Three soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars (Maple Glen, Clark and CNS) were exposed to three CO 2 concentrations (370, 555 and 740 μmol mol -1 ) and three growth temperatures (20/15°, 25/20° and 31/26°C, day/night) to determine intraspecific differences in single leaf/whole plant photosynthesis, growth and partitioning, phenology and final biomass. Based on known carboxylation kinetics, a synergistic effect between temperature and CO 2 on growth and photosynthesis was predicted since elevated CO 2 increases photosynthesis by reducing photorespiration and photorespiration increases with temperature. Increasing CO 2 concentrations resulted in a stimulation of single leaf photosynthesis for 40-60 days after emergence (DAE) at 20/15°C in all cultivars and for Maple Glen and CNS at all temperatures. For Clark, however, the onset of flowering at warmer temperatures coincided with the loss of stimulation in single leaf photosynthesis at elevated CO 2 concentrations. Despite the season-long stimulation of single leaf photosynthesis, elevated CO 2 concentrations did not increase whole plant photosynthesis except at the highest growth temperature in Maple Glen and CNS, and there was no synergistic effect on final biomass. Instead, the stimulatory effect of CO 2 on growth was delayed by higher temperatures. Data from this experiment suggest that : (1) intraspecific variation could be used to select for optimum soybean cultivars with future climate change ; and (2) the relationship between temperature and CO 2 concentration may be expressed differently at the leaf and whole plant levels and may not solely reflect known changes in carboxylation kinetics.
Muonic Anti-hydrogen {(\bar{\rm H}_{\mu}}) Formation in Low-energy Three-body Reactions

A few-body type computation is performed for a three-charge-particle collision with participation of a slow antiproton \({\bar{\rm{p}}}\) and a muonic muonium atom (true muonium), i.e. a bound state of two muons \({(\mu^{+}\mu^{-})}\) in its ground state. The total cross section of the following reaction \({\bar{\rm p}+(\mu^{+}\mu^{-}) \rightarrow \bar{\rm{H}}_{\mu} + \mu^{-}}\), where muonic anti-hydrogen \({\bar{\rm{H}}_{\mu}=(\bar{\rm p}\mu^{+})}\) is a bound state of an antiproton and positive muon, is computed in the framework of a set of coupled two-component Faddeev-Hahn-type equation. A better known negative muon transfer low energy three-body reaction: \({{\rm t}^{+} + ({\rm d}^{+}\mu^{-})\rightarrow ({\rm t}^{+}\mu^{-}) + {\rm d}^{+}}\) is also computed as a test system. Here, t+ is triton and d+ is deuterium.
Hyperbilirubinaemia in HIV-HCV co-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: drug effect or liver disease severity?

Objective Hyperbilirubinaemia (HB) is common in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HIV–HCV) co-infected patients and poses a unique challenge in management as it may be due to medications such as the protease inhibitors (PIs) or to hepatic dysfunction. There are no data on the relationship of HB to liver histology and PI use in this population. Clinicians caring for these patients are faced with the difficult task of determining whether increasing serum bilirubin is due to drug effects or progression of liver disease. Methods To address this gap in knowledge, we performed a retrospective analysis of 344 consecutive HIV–HCV co-infected patients undergoing liver biopsy to identify factors associated with HB. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data were collected. Advanced fibrosis was defined as bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. Those with hepatitis B virus, hepatic decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. Results The prevalence of HB (range 1.3–9.4) was 33% and more common in those on a PI (46%) than those who were not (10%; p≤0.001) and mostly in those on indinavir (40%) or atazanavir (46%). Of the patients on these PIs, HB was not associated with fibrosis grade, demographics, or other clinical variables. Conversely, in those not on a PI, HB was associated with fibrosis grade (p≤0.0001) after adjusting for other clinical and demographic variables. Conclusions In the setting of indinavir or atazanavir use, HB is common and unrelated to underlying disease severity and the medications can be continued safely. Conversely, HB in HIV–HCV co-infected patients not on a PI is due to their underlying liver disease and suggests these patients require closer monitoring.
Silvopasture practices and perspectives in the Northeastern United States

The use of silvopasture systems on farms in the Northeastern United States has never been documented. Our objective was to gather baseline data to describe silvopasture practices and perspectives in the Northeastern United States. To accomplish this, we investigated the structure, management of, and reasons for use of silvopastures in New York state and New England through a series of interviews and inventories on 20 farms purposefully chosen as practicing silvopasture. Thematic content analysis was conducted to summarize interview results and identify trends related to silvopasture practices. Three farmers in this study had been practicing silvopasture on their farms over 30 years; the rest were new to silvopasture in the past 10 years. Only three of 20 farmers interviewed in this study had experience practicing silvopasture prior to implementing it on their farms. Forest conversion to silvopasture was the primary starting point for silvopastures observed on regional farms. Orchard, open field edge, outdoor living barn, and plantation silvopastures were also documented on multiple farms. Shade and a desire to maximize use of farm woodlands were primary reasons for silvopasture utilization. This research provides evidence that silvopastures are being used to diversify regional farms. For the practice to be advanced in the region further research is needed on the topic.
A Pedagogy "for" Space: Teaching, Learning, and Studying in the Baltimore Rebellion.

While most educational literature on space has tended to ask what spatial studies can offer education, this article works primarily to educationalize theories of space. It does so by homing in on H...
An examination of sociodemographic, health, psychological factors, and fruit and vegetable consumption among overweight and obese U.S. veterans

Although well studied in the general U.S. population, fac- tors associated with healthy diets among U.S. veterans are less understood. Studies have found that veterans have lower socio- economic status and fewer years of education than the general population. 5,6 Also, more patients using Veterans Affairs (VA) outpatient facilities rate their health as "fair" or "poor" than do individuals in the general population. 5,6 Many veterans report having hypertension (37%), ischemic heart disease (16%), and diabetes (16%), all conditions for which risks may be lowered by a diet rich in FV p < 0.001) and being Black ( B = 0.18; p < 0.05) were related to increased FV p < 0.01). Greater self-effi cacy ( B = 0.07; p < 0.05), fewer perceived barriers ( B = 0.14; p < 0.01), and correct knowledge of recommended daily FV p < 0.05) were related to eating more F&Vs. U.S. veterans dis- proportionately experience overweight and obese conditions. Age, race, tobacco use, and psychosocial factors should be considered carefully when developing dietary interventions among overweight and obese U.S. veterans.
CONTACT SENSITIVITY IN RHESUS MONKEYS TO POISON IVY EXTRACTS AND FLUORODINITROBENZENE.

SummaryPercutaneous applications of pentadecylcatechol or poison ivy extract to 16 monkeys resulted in sensitization of only one pentadecylcatechol treated and 2 poison ivy treated monkeys. The most sensitive monkey showed 50- to 100-fold less dermal reactivity than guinea pigs or humans. Three monkeys picked at random from the group of non-reactors gave well developed contact reactions to FDNB after primary exposure to it. The specific unresponsiveness of these monkeys to pentadecylcatechol and poison ivy extract might be attributed to their prior contact with antigenically related antigens in their natural habitat. A regimen of oral and parenteral administration of pentadecylcatechol or poison ivy extract produced no toxic effects as judged by blood count and serum chemistry. Gross and histologic studies on the viscera of 12 monkeys and on the brains of 3 failed to show any abnormalities related to the feedings or injection of the antigens.