cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental health screening in integrated care settings: Identifying rates of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress among youth with HIV

Rates of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are greater in youth living with HIV (YLWH) than in the general population. Currently, depression screening guidelines exist f...
Creating a Design Solution

Classroom practitioners are often asked to adopt continually changing standards, to be collaborators and reflective practitioners, and to make new and evolving technologies an integral part of their practice. Understanding Problems of Practice: A Case Study in Design Research describes a process for thinking about and reflecting on innovative practice – the design research process. Each of the five phases of the design research process is exemplified by a discussion of how the authors used this process to create a technology education course for perspective secondary educators. In this chapter, the authors focus on the second phase of the design research process and the goal of transitioning a problem of practice to a design solution. The authors begin with a description of strategies and techniques used by design researchers to gather information that grounds a design solution in evidence leading to an explicit and visible map for instructional planning. The authors offer a comprehensive description of the design pattern approach as a strategy to promote classroom practitioners’ ability to transition from an understanding of their problem of practice to a design solution. They conclude the chapter by presenting the second design research phase of a case study to create an online version of a technology education course for perspective secondary educators, presenting how as classroom practitioners they completed a second review of literature to create a design pattern and the ways in which the design pattern framed an instructional plan.
In Vitro Reconstitution of OxyC Activity Enables Total Chemoenzymatic Syntheses of Vancomycin Aglycone Variants.

The bioactivity of vancomycin is enabled by three aromatic crosslinks, the biosynthesis of which has been an active area of investigation for two decades. Two cytochrome P450 enzymes, OxyB and OxyA, have been shown to introduce bisaryl ether linkages with the help of a so-called X-domain. The final crosslink, however, a biaryl bond thought to be installed by OxyC, has remained elusive. We report the in vitro reconstitution of the OxyC reaction and formation of the first carbon-carbon crosslink in any glycopeptide antibiotic. Using a cascade sequence, in which the peptide substrate was incubated with the Oxy enzymes in turn, we completed the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a vancomycin aglycone variant. This approach was also used to generate a new analogue carrying a thioamide linkage at residue 4, a precursor to the amidine derivative, which is effective against vancomycin-resistant pathogens. Our results set the stage for creating therapeutic vancomycin derivatives by using the native metalloenzymes.
Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis: Clinical Disease

Body fluid homeostasis is directed at achieving stability of the two major functions of body fluids: maintenance of body osmolality within narrow limits, and maintenance of extracellular fluid and blood volume at adequate levels. Osmotic homeostasis is important to prevent large osmotic shifts of water into and out of cells, which would interfere with normal cell function, while volume homeostasis is important to allow normal cardiovascular and circulatory function. In mammals, water balance primarily controls osmotic homeostasis, and solute balance largely controls volume homeostasis. This is accomplished through finely regulated activities of the cardiovascular system, the endocrine system, and the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Calcium-dependent potassium channel in Paramecium studied under patch clamp.

We have studied a class of Cai2+-dependent K channels in inside-out excised membrane patches fromParamecium under patch clamp. Single channels had a conductance of 72 ±9.0 pS in a solution containing 100mM K+. The channels were selective for K+ over Rb+ with the permeability ratio of 1∶ 0.56. and over Na+, Cs+ or NH4+ with a ratio 1∶<0.1. The channel activity was dependent on Cai2+, which was applied to the cytoplasmic side; the Cai2+ concentration for the half maximal activation was 2 μm. The Hill coefficient for the Cai2+ dependence of the channel activity was 2.58, indicating that more than two Cai2+ bindings are necessary for full activation. Unlike most Cai2+-dependent K channels in other organisms, the channels inParamecium were slightly more active upon hyperpolarization than upon depolarization. The voltage dependence was fitted to a Boltzmann curve with 41.2 mV pere-fold change in channel activity. While a high Cai2+ concentration activated the channels, it also irreversibly reduced the channel activity over time. The decay of channel activity occurred faster at higher Cai2+ concentrations. Quaternary ammonium ions suppressed ion passage through the channel; more highly alkylated quaternary ammonium ions were more efficient in blocking. Bai2+ and Cai2+ were relatively ineffective in blockage. It was concluded that these Cai2+-dependent K channels inParamecium are different from the previously described Cai2+-dependent K channels, and are perhaps of a novel class.
Patronage and Loyalty Strategies: Understanding the Behavioral and Attitudinal Outcomes of Customer Retention Programs

In marketing practice, most so-called “customer retention programs” only focus on behavioral outcomes, such as repeated patronage. These programs target immediate benefits and are rather short-term in nature. This contrasts with the long-term character of the relationship marketing concept. In this chapter, the authors examine the effectiveness of “customer retention programs” by drawing on the literature dealing with relationship marketing, consumer behavior and marketing strategy theory. They develop an alternative, relationship-oriented conceptualization of retention programs using the relationship content approach. The metrics of “customer retention programs” are discussed and related to the fundamental economic, strategic, and social content elements of relationships.
Qualitative Comparisons of Fusion Reactor Materials for Waste Handling and Disposal

The activation of five structural materials and seven coolant/breeder/multiplier materials in a common reference neutron environment was calculated with the FORIG activation code. The reference environment was the neutron flux and spectrum at the first wall of the mirror advanced reactor study (MARS) reactor. Qualitative comparison of these activated materials were made with respect to worker protection requirements for gamma radiation in handling the materials and with respect to their classifications for near-surface disposal of radioactive waste.
Semi-Implicit Spectral Element Atmospheric Model

A semi-implicit spectral element shallow water model on the cubed-sphere is described and numerical results are compared with an explicit formulation and the traditional spectral transform method using the standard test cases proposed by Williamson et al. (1992). The explicit time step is limited by the phase speed of the fastest gravity waves. Semi-implicit time integration schemes remove this stability restriction but require the solution of an elliptic problem. A weak variational formulation of the governing equations leads to a symmetric Helmholtz operator. The resulting implicit problem for the geopotential is then solved using a block-Jacobi preconditioned conjugate gradient solver. The simulation rate of the semi-implicit model is accelerated relative to the explicit model for practical climate resolutions by a factor of two.
Joint Robust Imputation and Classification for Early Dementia Detection Using Incomplete Multi-modality Data.

It is vital to identify Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) subjects who will progress to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so that early treatment can be administered. Recent studies show that using complementary information from multi-modality data may improve the model performance of the above prediction problem. However, multi-modality data is often incomplete, causing the prediction models that rely on complete data unusable. One way to deal with this issue is by first imputing the missing values, and then building a classifier based on the completed data. This two-step approach, however, may generate non-optimal classifier output, as the errors of the imputation may propagate to the classifier during training. To address this issue, we propose a unified framework that jointly performs feature selection, data denoising, missing values imputation, and classifier learning. To this end, we use a low-rank constraint to impute the missing values and denoise the data simultaneously, while using a regression model for feature selection and classification. The feature weights learned by the regression model are integrated into the low rank formulation to focus on discriminative features when denoising and imputing data, while the resulting low-rank matrix is used for classifier learning. These two components interact and correct each other iteratively using Alternating Direction Method of Multiplier (ADMM). The experimental results using incomplete multi-modality ADNI dataset shows that our proposed method outperforms other comparison methods.
A Novel Controller for Power Decoupling in a Single-Phase Grid-Tied Inverter Using a Boost Converter Buffer

The de source in a standard single-phase dc:ac inverter experiences significant ripple current due to pulsations in the instantaneous power of the ac sink. Maintaining a constant dC bus in the presence of this ripple typically requires either a large bus capacitance, which is costly and will be highly stressed, or some additional circuitry to act as an energy buffer. In this work a buffer is proposed which consists of a boost converter in parallel with the single-phase grid-tied inverter. An instantaneous ripple current is calculated using information from the inverter controller, and a negated current is given as a reference to the boost converter. By separately considering the ac and dc dynamics of the boost converter, a novel controller is designed which achieves the input current reference tracking while also balancing the buffer capacitor. This control design is motivated by a Lyapunov stability analysis, which proves convergence of the relevant error signals. Simulation results are also provided to further validate the design.
Building leadership capacity: a framework for disruptive events in tourism

Disruption due to a crisis or disaster is a constant threat for the tourism industry, unfortunately the frameworks designed to prepare leaders for these events are inadequate. Most frameworks are designed to assess and enhance resilience and recovery and minimally prepare leaders for the complexities that emerge before, during and after these events. The purpose of this paper is to offer a leadership development framework that integrates context, competence and a complexity mindset.,This general review examines the literature focused on crises and disasters in the tourism industry for the purpose of understanding the circumstances surrounding several kinds of disruptive events, the competencies needed to address them. It also explores the usefulness of three forms of leadership development inputs. The result is a framework that builds capacity while ensuring organizational alignment.,The preparation of tourism industry leaders who address implications of crises and disaster should involve an understanding of the crisis processes and factors that can be known, and the development of a mindset that allows the leader to address those factors which cannot be known beforehand.,This paper offers a framework for tourism leaders and developers that moves beyond static and linear approaches to crisis and disaster training. It encourages the acquisition of contextual knowledge and adaptive processes through leadership-focused education, exposure to leaders and experiences.
Reprocessing semicritical items: Outbreaks and current issues

Semicritical medical devices are defined as items that come into contact with mucous membranes or nonintact skin (eg, gastrointestinal endoscopes, endocavitary probes). Such medical devices require minimally high-level disinfection. As many of these items are temperature sensitive, low-temperature chemical methods must be used rather than steam sterilization. Strict adherence to current guidelines is required as more outbreaks have been linked to inadequately cleaned or disinfected endoscopes and other semicritical items than any other reusable medical devices.
Discontinuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or beta-blockers and the impact on heart failure hospitalization rates:

Background:Adherence to evidence-based therapy is essential for optimal management of heart failure. Yet, medication adherence is poor in heart failure patients. The Ascertaining Barriers to Compli...
Intracranial vessel occlusion preceding the development of mycotic aneurysms in patients with endocarditis

Mycotic aneurysms (MA) are an uncommon complication of infectious endocarditis. Septic emboli are thought to be the precipitating event in their development, but the evidence for this is sparse. We present three cases in which septic embolic occlusion preceded MA development at the occlusion site, suggesting that documented angiographic emboli in patients with infectious endocarditis and bacteremia constitute a risk factor for MA formation. Two adult patients with a history of intravenous drug use and one child with congenital heart disease are described. They were all diagnosed with infectious endocarditis and developed neurological symptoms during their hospital course. Initial catheter-based cerebral angiograms demonstrated vascular occlusions, which were followed by the development of MA at the same sites within 1 month. Septic emboli, documented on cerebral angiogram, in patients with infectious endocarditis may precede the appearance of MA. Patients with angiographic occlusions in the setting of endocarditis warrant close follow-up.
An Efficient Methodology to De-Anonymize the 5G-New Radio Physical Downlink Control Channel

Data anonymization methods are currently implemented in 5G-New Radio technical standards that help facilitate performance requirements while affording users with a certain expectation of privacy. This paper presents an efficient approach to negating current anonymization methods in a computationally efficient manner. The approach is achieved through manipulation of the polar coding process, allowing for the identification of syndromes in the decoded bits. These syndromes allow for the determination of the message recipient’s address. The ideas presented here will help to inform the development of future technical standards in ensuring robust data privacy. Simulations were conducted that develop a relationship between successful decoding rate as a function of signal-to-noise ratio levels and number of receiver antennas, as well as techniques to further develop the efficiency of the methodology while limiting false positive results.
Global Genome Demethylation Causes Transcription-Associated DNA Double Strand Breaks in HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer Cells

High levels of DNA methylation at CpG loci are associated with transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor genes and dysregulation of DNA repair genes. Human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have high levels of DNA methylation and methylation has been associated with dampening of an innate immune response in virally infected cells. We have been exploring demethylation as a potential treatment in HPV+ HNSCC and recently reported results of a window clinical trial showing that HNSCCs are particularly sensitive to demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-aza). Mechanistically, sensitivity is partially due to downregulation of HPV genes expression and restoration of tumor suppressors p53 and Rb. Here, for the first time, we show that 5-azaC treatment of HPV+ HNSCC induces replication and transcription-associated DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that occur preferentially at demethylated genomic DNA. Blocking replication or transcription prevented formation of DNA DSBs and reduced sensitivity of HPV-positive head and neck cancer cells to 5-azaC, demonstrating that both replication and active transcription are required for formation of DSBs associated with 5-azaC.
Foot joint coupling variability differences between habitual rearfoot and forefoot runners prior to and following an exhaustive run.

Abstract As joint coupling variability has been associated with running-related lower extremity injury, the purpose of this study was to identify how variability within the foot may be different between forefoot (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Identifying typical variability in uninjured runners may contribute to understanding of ideal coordination associated with running foot strike patterns. Fifteen FFS and 15 RFS runners performed a maximal-effort 5 km treadmill run. A 7-segment foot model identified 6 functional articulations (rearfoot, medial and lateral midfoot and forefoot, and 1st metatarsophalangeal) for analysis. Beginning and end of the run motion capture data were analyzed. Vector coding was used to calculate 6 joint couples. Standard deviations of the coupling angles were used to identify variability within subphases of stance (loading, mid-stance, terminal, and pre-swing). Mixed between-within subjects ANOVAs compared differences between the foot strikes, pre and post run. Increased variability was identified within medial foot coupling for FFS and within lateral foot coupling for RFS during loading and mid-stance. The exhaustive run increased variability during mid-stance for both groups. Interpretation. Joint coupling variability profiles for FFS and RFS runners suggest different foot regions have varying coordination needs which should be considered when comparing the strike patterns.
Organelle Genomics: The Chloroplast Genome of Amaranth

Amaranth is an emerging pseudocereal native to the New World that has gained increased attention in recent years because of its nutritional quality, particularly its seed protein, with high levels of essential amino acid lysine. This chapter will concentrate on the research advancements made on organelle genomes, particularly the chloroplast genome. The chloroplast genome is an integral part of the plant genome. They are circular and conserved in size, genome structure, and gene content. Albeit chloroplast genomes have less than one percent of the genes in the nucleus, they encode essential genes responsible for energy production, respiration, photosynthesis, and genes that control agronomically crucial traits. Here, we discuss the characteristic features of the amaranth chloroplast genome, such as length, structure, repeats, gene and protein contents, and, finally, its function and importance in phylogenetic and genetic diversity studies in the Amaranthaceae family.
Positive youth development in Belize: a cluster-randomised trial of Positive Action

Aggressive, violent, and disruptive behaviour among Belize youth is disproportionately high. The present study evaluated a school-based positive youth development program (Positive Action) using a ...
Alter fire timing to recouple forage nutrients with herbivore nutrient demands

Abstract Forests typically have limited high quality nutrition available to meet the seasonal needs of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during summer. Prescribed fire is used to enhance deer habitat in pyric-disclimax communities but is normally applied during the dormant season. Historically, lightning-ignited fires in pine systems occurred during summer in the southeastern US, but fire ignited by humans occurred at all times of the year and was most common in fall/winter. The different timing of prescribed fire may be important when trying to couple forage resources with nutritionally demanding periods for herbivores. We evaluated fire-timing effects (dormant season, March; growing season, June; and unburned control) on nutrient availability (crude protein, % phosphorus, and biomass) and nutritional carrying capacity (NCC) for moderate-high use forages of white-tailed deer during summer of 2018 and 2019 in nine mid-rotation loblolly pine stands. Fire increased nutrient content the year of the burn and the increase persisted into the second growing season following growing season fire. Dormant season fire increased protein- and phosphorus- based NCC for two growing seasons but growing season fire reduced biomass during the first year and delayed NCC improvement until the second year. Prescribed fire can be timed to manipulate forage quality, quantity, and improve NCC to recouple forage nutrient supply with herbivore seasonal nutrient demands. We recommend land managers consider diversifying fire timing across the landscape in pyric disclimax systems to support the changing nutrient requirements of large herbivores.
The Design of Co-Robotic Games for Computer Science Education

Digital games featuring programmable agents are popular tools for teaching coding and computational thinking skills. However, today's games perpetuate an arguably obsolete relationship between programmable agents and human operators. Borrowing from the field of human-robotics interaction, we argue that collaborative robots, or cobots, are a better model for thinking about computational agents, working directly with humans rather than in place of or at arm's length from them. In this paper, we describe an initial design inquiry into the design of “cobot games”, programmable agent scenarios in which players program an in-game ally to assist them in accomplishing gameplay objectives. We detail three questions that emerged out of this exploration, our present thinking on them, and plans for deepening inquiry into cobot game design moving forward.
Bringing Homophobia Out of the Closet

An activity designed to illustrate the cultural impact of homophobia is described. Role-play scenarios assign group participants a bisexual, heterosexual, or homosexual identity. Activity participants are then given the opportunity to assume or reject their assigned identity in the role-play. College students and participants in professional training seminars report an increased understanding of individual and institutional forms of homophobia and the difficulties associated with “passing” vs. forming a positive homosexual identity.
Multivariate meta-analysis.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews meta-analytic methods for synthesis of multivariate data. Meta-analysis, or research synthesis, provides a way to examine results accumulated from a series of related studies, through statistical analyses of those results. The approach to multivariate meta-analysis presented here can be applied regardless of the form of the effect of interest. In general, the goals of a multivariate meta-analysis are the same as those of univariate syntheses: to estimate magnitudes of effect across studies, and to examine variation in patterns of outcomes. Moreover, reviewers have a wide range of options available when faced with multivariate data in meta-analysis. The specific set of analyses a reviewer selects depends on a number of factors. For example, the reviewer must consider the structure of the data in the review. If the multivariate data are a small part of the evidence in the review, it may make sense to use a simple approach, such as dropping or combining outcomes, or using sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of the dependence on the results of the review.
Synthesis and Characterization of Block Copolymers of Poly(Butylenes Terephthalate‐Co‐Adipate)

The block copolyesters of poly(butylene terephthalate)(PBT) and poly(butylene adipate)(PBA) were prepared by a novel two-stage method. In the first stage, high molecular weight PBT and PBA were melt mixed in the presence of 1,4-butanediol at 275 °C. In the second stage, vacuum was applied to raise the molecular weight. The extent of transesterification was controlled by the proportion of 1,4-butanediol. The sequence distribution and the thermal properties of the block copolyesters were characterized by NMR and DSC respectively.
Dynamics of the Environment for Adaptation in Static Resource Models

We measure the environment that is relevant to a population's adaptation as the information-theoretic uncertainty of the distribution of local environmental states that the adapting population experiences. Then we observe the dynamics of this quantity in simple models of sensory-motor evolution, in which an evolving population of agents live, reproduce, and die in a two-dimensional world while competing for resources. Although the distribution of resources is static, the agents' evolution creates a dynamic environment for adaptation.
Germ-Free Mice and Lymphocyte Differentiation

Lymphocytes have been the object of intensive study for the last fifty years, (1) yet we know surprisingly little about them. Our ignorance is based in part on difficulties in locating individual members of a circulating cell population in vivo and attempting to ascribe functions to heterogeneous cells in the complex organs which provide a matrix for their differentiation. The word, lymphocyte, is a term loosely applied to a family of cells which differ in size, morphology, anatomical location and function. Small, medium and large lymphocytes are found ubiquitously throughout the body, but in particular in bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. To compound difficulties further, the morphological resemblance of one group of lymphocytes to another has been corroborated by physical studies, such as size distribution in electronic cell counters and distribution in density gradients. Thus lymphocytes comprise a group of cells which vary from 6 to 25 microns in diameter (1) and between 1.06 and 1.07 in buoyant density (2).
Relative Rates of Lysis of Staphylococcal Cell Walls by Lytic Enzymes from Various Bacteriophage Types

Lytic enzymes were isolated from 14 strains of phage-infected Staphylococcus aureus. Cell walls were prepared from the same uninfected strains of bacteria. Comparison of the lytic rates was made for each enzyme, with each of the cell walls as substrate. Differences in the rate of substrate utilization of the various cell wall types exceeded 10-fold. Cell walls from strains 42E, 29, and 77 were the best substrates, whereas cell walls from strains 3C, 80, and 187 were the poorest substrates. The cell wall amino acid composition is discussed as related to lytic enzyme specificity. A possible explanation of phage typing of staphylococcal cells, based on enzyme activity and cell wall composition, is presented.
Bluetongue virus in sheep and cattle and Culicoides variipennis and C. stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Louisiana.

The transmission of bluetongue virus (BLU) to sheep and cattle relative Culicoides abundance and infection was studied in two areas of the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA. The seroprevalence of BLU in beef cattle was 70.5% in 1989 and 37.0% in 1990; 2 of 37 animals tested in both years became positive, indicating active transmission. The prevalence of BLU in sheep decreased from 52.2% in 1989 to 34% in 1990; seroconversion was not detected. Serotypes of positive sheep were as follows: 13 sheep were positive for BLU-13, 6 for BLU-17, 2 for BLU-2, and 2 for both BLU-13 and BLU-17. The seroprevalence of BLU virus in dairy bulls increased from 15.4% in 1989 to 47.4% in 1990; 0 and 7 seroconversions occurred in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Serotypes of BLU from the bulls were as follows: five bulls for BLU-13; two for BLU-17; one for BLU-13 and BLU-17; and one for BLU-13, BLU-17, and BLU-2. Peaks in the abundance of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) and C. stellifer (Coquillett) collected in New Jersey light traps corresponded with the suspected transmission dates during 1990. Bluetongue viral RNA was detected in one of 381 pools (6,072 flies) of C. variipennis; no virus was detected in 125 pools (884 flies) of C. stellifer.
Methanol synthesis mechanism over zirconium dioxide

Abstract The source and role of oxygen in the formation of carbonates, formate, methoxide, and methanol were studied over zirconium dioxide at 1 atm. Temperature-programmed and steady-state reaction techniques and 18O-labeled reactants were used. Water was required to produce methanol; however, none of the oxygen from water was incorporated into the methanol. The data indicated that carbonate species formed from carbon dioxide and a water-based hydroxyl group whereas formate formed between CO and a different hydroxyl group, which may be a bridging hydroxyl group. The labeling studies are consistent with a formate-to-methoxide mechanism for methanol synthesis and suggest the nature of the active surface sites for this mechanism.
Association between initiation of antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz and decreases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

BackgroundWe aimed to determine whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation with efavirenz (EFV) is associated with decreases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) compared with non-EFV regimens.Met...
THE NEURODEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE: DOPAMINE SYSTEM OVERDRIVE BY THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN AN ANIMAL MODEL OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND REVERSAL BY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

Kahn and coworkers examined cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia over time. Measures of functional outcome, and cumulative intake of antipsychotic medication were also assessed. Two MRI scans were obtained over a 5-year interval of 96 schizophrenia patients and 113 healthy subjects between 16 and 56 years. Excessive cortical thinning was found in widespread areas on the cortical mantle, most pronounced bilaterally in the temporal and in the left frontal cortex. Poorer outcome was associated with more pronounced cortical thinning. Thus, the cortex shows excessive thinning over time, most pronounced in the frontal and temporal areas and progresses across the entire course of the illness.
Combination of a MEK inhibitor at sub-MTD with a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor significantly suppresses growth of lung adenocarcinoma tumors in Kras(G12D-LSL) mice.

The role of PI3K and MAPK pathways in tumor initiation and progression is well established; hence, several inhibitors of these pathways are currently in different stages of clinical trials. Recent studies identified a PI3K/mTOR (PF-04691502) and a MEK inhibitor (PD-0325901) with strong potency and efficacy in different cell lines and tumor models. PD-0325901, however, showed adverse effects when administered at or above MTD (maximum tolerated dose) in the clinic. Here, we show in preclinical models that PD-0325901 at doses well below MTD (sub-MTD 1.5 mg/kg SID) is still a potent compound as single agent or in combination with PF-04691502. We first observed that PD-0325901 at 1.5 mg/kg SID and in combination with PF-04691502 (7.5 mg/kg; SID) significantly inhibited growth of H460 (carry Kras and PIK3CA mutations) orthotopic lung tumors. Additionally, we tested efficacy of PD-0325901 in KrasG12D-LSL conditional GEMMs (genetically engineered mouse models) which are a valuable tool in translational research to study tumor progression. Intranasal delivery of adenoviruses expressing Cre recombinase (Adeno-Cre) resulted in expression of mutant Kras leading to development of tumor lesions in lungs including adenomatous hyperplasia, large adenoma, and adenocarcinoma. Similar to H460 tumors, PD-0325901 as single agent or in combination with PF-04691502 significantly inhibited growth of tumor lesions in lungs in KrasG12D-LSL mice when treatment started at adenocarcinoma stage (at 14 weeks post-Adeno-Cre inhalation). In addition, immunohistochemistry showed inhibition of pS6 (phosphorylated ribosomal S6) in the treated animals particularly in the combination group providing a proof of mechanism for tumor growth inhibition. Finally, m-CT imaging in live KrasG12D-LSL mice showed reduction of tumor burdens in PD-0325901-treated animals at sub-MTD dose. In conclusion, our data suggest that PD-0325901 at doses below MTD is still a potent compound capable of tumor growth inhibition where Kras and/or PI3K are drivers of tumor growth and progression.
Putting the pieces together: a crystal clear window into CLC anion channel regulation.

CLC anion transport proteins function as Cl (-) channels and Cl (-) /H (+) exchangers and are found in all major groups of life including archaebacteria. Early electrophysiological studies suggested that CLC anion channels have two pores that are opened and closed independently by a "fast" gating process operating on a millisecond timescale, and a "common" or "slow" gate that opens and closes both pores simultaneously with a timescale of seconds (Figure 1A). Subsequent biochemical and molecular experiments suggested that CLC channels/transporters are homodomeric proteins ( 1-3) .
The Cosmological Kibble Mechanism in the Laboratory: String Formation in Liquid Crystals

The production of strings (disclination lines and loops) has been observed by means of the Kibble mechanism of domain (bubble) formation in the isotropic-nematic phase transition of the uniaxial nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-49- n -pentylbiphenyl. The number of strings formed per bubble is about 0.6. This value is in reasonable agreement with a numerical simulation of the experiment in which the Kibble mechanism is used for the order parameter space of a uniaxial nematic liquid crystal.
Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature behavior of platinum-modified coatings

Abstract It has been reported that the addition of platinum to diffusion aluminide coatings can significantly increase the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) but the current database is small. Comparison of results is difficult because of the number of variables in the coating systems, their processing, the resulting coating morphologies and the testing techniques used. Following initial investigations of the structural variations possible for the platinum-modified aluminides on an IN-738 substrate, studies were initiated on the structural and compositional dependences of the DBTT. Results confirmed that the addition of platinum to an aluminide coating had the effect of increasing the DBTT, but a range of transition temperatures exists for the various structural forms which can overlap those for the higher aluminum content unmodified coatings. An additional observation was the presence of high residual compressive stress levels in the modified coatings.
PTSD contributes to teen and young adult cannabis use disorders.

Background Previous studies involving adults suggest that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) increases the prevalence of cannabis use disorders (CUD)(cannabis dependence and cannabis abuse). However, little work with PTSD and CUD has been conducted involving adolescents, despite the fact that CUD typically have their onset during adolescence. This study addresses the effect of PTSD on CUD among teenagers transitioning to young adulthood.
Health Related Quality of Life Significance of Single Pad Urinary Incontinence Following Radical Prostatectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: Continence outcomes after radical prostatectomy are frequently reported as the proportion of men using 1 urinary pad or less daily. We postulated that under appreciated health related quality of life (HRQOL) differences may exist between patients requiring 1 pad daily and those who do not require pads.Materials and Methods: A total of 168 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy performed by a single surgeon in a 2-year period were surveyed at a mean of 75 ± 30 weeks postoperatively using the urinary function and bother scales of the University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index (PCI), the American Urological Association symptom index and a question assessing satisfaction. To establish patient groups the levels of the PCI question assessing pad use were redefined to 0, 1, or 2 or greater pads daily. The remaining 4 urinary function questions were used to calculate the summary function score.Results: Of the patients 146 (86.9%) reported no pad use and 20 (11.9%) used 1 pad...
The Art and Science of Policy Choice

This article focuses on the art and science of policy choice reflected through a careful process of policy analysis. Recent policy events requiring analysis are discussed, and models for analysis are presented as a guide for the beginning policy analyst. In addition, philosophies of governance are presented relative to policy agenda setting.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF NITRO-POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS: EFFECT BY SOLVENT AND STRUCTURE

Photochemical degradation of 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, 2,7-dinitrofluorene, 6-nitrochrysene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 5-nitroacenaphthene, and 9-nitroanthracene were examined in CHCl(3), CH(2)Cl(2), DMF, DMF/H(2)O (80/20), CH(3)CN, or CH(3)CN/H(2)O (80/20). The degradation follows mostly the 1(st) order kinetics; but a few follow 2(nd) order kinetics or undergo self-catalysis. The photodegradation rates follow the order: CHCl(3) > CH(2)Cl(2) > DMF > DMF/H(2)O > CH(3)CN > CH(3)CN/H(2)O. DMF is an exceptional solvent because 3 of the 7 compounds undergo self-catalytic reaction. 9-Nitroanthracene, which has a perpendicular nitro group, is the fastest, while the more compact 1-nitropyrene and 3-nitrofluoranthene, are the slowest degrading compounds.
Inexpensive, wearable, wireless, multi-channel, and multi-sensor data acquisition system

In this paper, we discuss a wearable wireless system capable of acquiring data from a variety of sensors. The device uses Bluetooth technology to stream data from up to 16 channels/sensors to a laptop computer running MATLAB. Complete with programmable sampling rates, off-the-shelf components, and power saving features, this system provides an inexpensive and reliable means of transmitting data for collection and processing. Currently, this device has been used in clinical applications to collect force data during dexterous manipulation and to drive interactive computer games, in outdoor environments to collect 3D accelerometer data to analyze human movement during slack line walking, and in the sports setting to measure limb and trunk accelerations from individuals recovering from ACL injuries.
The Quantity and Quality of Schooling and U.S. Labor Productivity Growth (1870–2000)

Abstract This paper accounts for the contribution of the quantity and quality of schooling to worker productivity growth in the United States from 1870 to 2000. Schooling investments rose dramatically over the period before leveling off around 1970. Schooling likely caused 30 to 40 percent of the fivefold rise in worker productivity from 1870 to 1970 and produced a “wave pattern” in productivity growth (previously attributed solely to the timing and diffusion of important technological innovations). The results suggest that about 1 percent of the century-long 1.6-percent growth rate in worker productivity is sustainable. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: O47, J24.
Interaction of supersonic wing-tip vortices with a normal shock

An experimental study involving interaction of concentrated streamwise wing-tip vortices and normal shock fronts was carried out in a Mach 2.49 flow. The interaction scheme involved positioning a vortex-generator wing section upstream of a pitot-type normal shock inlet such that the wing-tip vortices interacted with the normal shock formed in front of the inlet. The vortex strength was varied by placing the vortex generator wing at different angles of attack while a normal shock was created by adjusting the mass flow rate passing through the inlet. Spark shadowgraphs, laser sheet planar visualizations, and pitot pressure measurements of the flowfield indicated a significant change in the structure of streamwise vortices generated by the vortex generator wing at 5.7- and 10.4-deg angle of attack upon encountering a normal shock discontinuity. Results of the Investigation showed that the interactions lead to the formation of an unsteady conical shock wave far upstream of the inlet as well as a highly turbulent flow downstream for both vortices. Pitot pressure measurements using a fast response pressure transducer in conjunction with the spark shadowgraphs revealed a bimodal feature of the flowfield. The frequency of oscillation of the generated structure was found to be higher for increased vortex strength. Measurements of pitot pressure in the vortex core in the absence of a shock wave revealed high-frequency oscillations that were attributed to the vortex meandering phenomenon.
ATP synthesis by an artificial proton gradient in right-side-out membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli

Abstract Membrane vesicles formed from spheroplasts of E. coli lysed in the presence of ADP and P i produced ATP when an artificial proton gradient (acid outside) was formed across the membrane. ATP synthesis required Mg 2+ and ADP, was inhibited by dicyclohyxylcarbodiimide and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, and stimulated by valinomycin in the presence of KCl. Synthesis was absent in a mutant lacking the Mg 2+ -ATPase. The optimum external pH was 2.5 when the internal pH was 8.2. Oxidative phosphorylation driven by D-lactate or succinate was also observed.
Comparison of a Modified Longitudinal Simulation-Based Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support to a Traditional Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Curriculum in Third-Year Medical Students

Background: Simulation is an effective tool for teaching medical students in cardiac arrest management. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to compare the efficacy of a traditional Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) course versus a modified longitudinal ACLS course using high-fidelity simulation in medical students. Methods: One group enrolled in a 2-day traditional ACLS course while another group participated in independent learning over 2 weeks and 2 simulation sessions using Laerdal Sim-Man. The modified curriculum also included environmental fidelity with simulation, access to materials electronically, smaller class sizes, and integration of real experiences in the Emergency Department into their learning. Student performance was measured with a scripted, videotaped mega code, followed by a survey. Results: We enrolled 21 students in a traditional ACLS program and 29 students in the simulation-based program (15 and 26 videos available for analysis). There was no difference in Time to Init...
A comparison of general and age-specific factors associated with political behavior

Sociological research has focused on relationships between status, participation, efficacy, and political behavior with less attention to the influence of discontinuty in life circumstances on political activity. In contrast, gerontologists have explored the implications of age-specific and life change factors for political orientations but conflicting hypotheses have been derived. On suggests that discontinuity will decrease political activity while the other contends that discontinuity will politicize individuals. This study compares the relative contribution of life change and age-specific factors, demographic characteristics, and efficacy to voting and political interest. Data were collected by personal interviews with a random sample of 169 men and women 65 or over. Voting and political interest had somewhat different antecedents, but participation in multi-age groups and efficacy increased both while age-graded participation decreased political activity. Discontinuity, in general. had less effect on political behavior than demographic characteristics and efficacy.
Clinical approach to inhaled nitric oxide therapy in the newborn with hypoxemia.

Summary Inhaled NO improves oxygenation and decreases ECMO use in term newborns with PPHN. From the available information, a reasonable recommendation for a starting dose of iNO in the term infant is 20 ppm, with reductions in dose over time. Toxicity isapparent at 80 ppm, causing increases in methemoglobinemia and inspired ni trogen dioxide. High doses (
Growth, Physiological, and Anatomical Responses of Creeping Bentgrass Cultivars to Different Depths of Waterlogging

Oxygen deficiency is one of the primary root stresses in water-logged or flooded soils. The objective of this experiment was to identify growth, physiological, and anatomical traits of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) associated with tolerance to different depths of waterlogging (WL). Five cultivars (L-93, A-4, G-6, Penncross, and Pennlinks) were subjected to the four WL treatments for 21 d: (i) drained control; (ii) water level at 15 cm (WL-15); (iii) water at 5 cm (WL-5); and (iv) water at 1 cm (WL-1) below the soil surface, respectively. Waterlogging reduced turf quality (TQ), root dry weight (RDW), root water soluble carbohydrate content (RWSC), and root soluble protein content (RPRO), while no significant reductions in RWSC, RDW, or RPRO were observed among three depths of WL. Turf quality and chlorophyll content (Chl) decreased with increasing water level from 15 to 1 cm. At WL-1, Chl, RDW, RWSC, and RPRO were reduced 27, 20, 44, and 22%, respectively, compared to the control. Cultivar differences in TQ, RDW, shoot water soluble carbohydrate content (SWSC), and RPRO were observed under WL. G-6 and L-93 had better quality than A-4, Penncross, and Pennlinks under WL conditions. The formation of aerenchyma was enhanced at WL-15 and WL-5. Mitochondrial swelling occurred under WL, particularly at WL-1. The results suggest that even partial WL (WL-15 and WL-5) could substantially affect turfgrass growth and physiological activities and cultivar variation in WL tolerance could potentially be used for enhancing breeding programs.