cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal issues surrounding monitoring during network research

This work was motivated by a discussion that two of the coauthors (computer science professors) had with the other coauthor (a law professor and a former computer crime Trial Attorney at the U.S. Department of Justice), in which it was pointed out that some of the network measurements that the computer scientists were thinking of making might potentially violate Federal laws.Several Federal laws prohibit or restrict network monitoring and the sharing of records of network activity. These laws are designed to protect online privacy. They apply both to private parties and government agents, although the details vary depending on who is doing the monitoring. The most important thing to note is that none of these laws contain any specific exceptions or safe harbors for scientific or academic research. The laws are complex, but they follow a basic pattern. First, certain types of network monitoring and data access are prohibited. People who violate the prohibitions may be sued by the people whose privacy they invade and potentially prosecuted and convicted of federal crimes (i.e., misdemeanor and felony convictions).In this paper, we will examine these laws and consider what they might mean for the network measurement community. Although we focus on U.S. Federal Law, we also highlight general trends and approaches in state and international laws that impact network researchers. We will examine the steps commonly taken in prior research in network measurement to respect user privacy, and we will compare those approaches to the evolving legal rules. We will also consider whether legislative reform is needed, describe steps that researchers might take when pursuing such work in light of the legal rules, and propose future technical and policy-related steps the community can take to focus more attention on user privacy.
Inheritance of muscle and liver types of supernatant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

The genetics of allelic variation for NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH-s) found in the supernatant of liver and white muscle extracts of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was examined. Twenty progeny from each of 50 controlled matings were examined for IDH phenotypes. Progeny data clearly indicated that the IDH-s variation in the muscle is controlled by two loci—one fixed and one with two alleles producing molecules of different electrophoretic mobilities. IDH-s variation in the liver is controlled by two disomic loci which code for four alleles. No linkage between the loci controlling IDH-s in the liver and the loci controlling it in the muscle was detected.
Phloem Mobility of Magnesium

Magnesium-28 was applied to specific leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants. After 24 hours, as much as 7% of the absorbed Mg was exported from the treated bean leaves and 11% was transported basipetally from the treated zone of the barley leaves. Transport of Mg did not occur past a heat-killed section of the treated leaf, thereby indicating that translocation took place via the phloem. Mg movement in the phloem was also evident in autoradiograms of bean stem segments in which the xylem was separated from the phloem by a thin sheet of plastic.
Taking the right of freedom of commerical communication seriously

Recent Supreme Court decisions have established second tier protection for commercial speech under the First Amendment by according it some, but not all, of the protections accorded ideological speech. The Court's arguments closely parallel John Staurt Mill's utilitarian arguments about liberty, liberty-limiting principles and trade in his classic essay,On Liberty, and hence are subject to the same defects as any utilitarian analysis and justification of a right. Recent philosophical apologies for the Court's bifurcated approach to free speech are unpersuasive. Commercial speech protects fundamental interests. There are important connections between freedom of commercial speech and political and personal autonomy. It is possible to extend full protection to commercial speech, while simultaneously minimizing its potential for abuse. Such considerations provide compelling arguments for taking the right to freedom of commercial communication seriously by according it full First Amendment protection and by restricting it only when competing and over-riding rights claims, or weightier considerations of justice, can be adduced.
All-fiber laser for generating interlaced continuous-wave frequency combs and application to Fourier-transform spectroscopy

Two all-fiber frequency comb generators were combined to produce interlaced continuous-wave frequency combs with a maximum mode detuning of 25 GHz±10 MHz. These combs were used to demonstrate the feasibility of continuous-wave frequency-comb Fourier-transform spectroscopy.
Impact of Time to First Rainfall Event on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Following Manure Applications

Use of inorganic fertilizers and manures are known to result in the release of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere, and rainfall events can also increase GHG emissions from soils. The objective of this study was to examine how the time between fertilizer or manure application and the first rainfall event affects carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) fluxes. Swine manure, poultry litter, and urea were surface applied to plots. Rainfall was simulated 1, 4, 8, 15, or 29 days after application. Gas fluxes were determined before and after each rainfall simulation. Postrain CO2 fluxes were the greatest from poultry litter at 4 to 8 days after fertilization, and all fertilizer treatments produced similar N2O emissions with a peak 4 days after fertilization. These data seem to indicate that if manures are applied during drier periods of the year, GHG emissions can be minimized, in addition to reducing nutrient runoff losses.
A nuclear lamin is required for cytoplasmic organization and egg polarity in Drosophila.

Nuclear lamins are intermediate filaments that compose the nuclear lamina — the filamentous meshwork underlying the inner nuclear membrane — and are required for nuclear assembly, organization and maintenance. Here we present evidence that a nuclear lamin is also required for cytoplasmic organization in two highly polarized cell types. Zygotic loss-of-function mutations in the Drosophila gene encoding the principal lamin (Dm0) disrupt the directed outgrowth of cytoplasmic extensions from terminal cells of the tracheal system. Germline mutant clones disrupt dorsal–ventral polarity of the oocyte. In mutant oocytes, transcripts of the dorsal determinant Gurken, a transforming growth factor-α homologue, fail to localize properly around the anterodorsal surface of the oocyte nucleus; their ventral spread results in dorsalized eggs that resemble those of the classical dorsalizing mutations squid and fs(1)K10. The requirement of a nuclear lamin for cytoplasmic as well as nuclear organization has important implications for both the cellular functions of lamins and the pathogenesis of human diseases caused by lamin mutations.
Colonization of hard and soft surfaces by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans under hydrodynamic conditions

Introduction: Oral bacteria must attach to hard and soft tissues to colonize the oral cavity in the presence of a variety of forces caused by shear and flow. In vitro models mimicking this dynamic process are indispensable to study factors that might interfere with the first step towards infection. For extrapolation purposes the comparability between the dynamics of colonization on hard vs. soft surfaces needs to be evaluated. Methods: The colonization of glass and epithelial cell surfaces by the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was followed in time with two flow cell models: a modified Robbins device (MRD) and an in situ image analysis system. Results: The number of A. actinomycetemcomitans recovered from the soft surfaces in the MRD experiments was higher than on glass. The amount of bacteria on the hard surfaces kept increasing with time, while on soft surfaces saturation was reached. The microscope-mounted flow cell allowed real-time in situ monitoring of the colonization process of both surfaces. Conclusion: These experimental models may have a great contribution to make in the development of new treatment approaches for periodontal diseases. Colonization by A. actinomycetemcomitans could be studied under flow conditions and its dynamics showed important surface-dependent characteristics.
Resistance to extinction in classical GSR conditioning

Two groups of 15 Ss, matched in number of paired conditioning trials needed to attain peak GSR magnitude, were then differentiated by giving one group 16 paired postpeak trials and the other 16 unpaired CSs and UCSs. Both groups were then given CS-only extinction trials until either two zero responses or 50 trials occurred. The unpaired postpeak group extinguished in an average of 2.6 trials, while the paired postpeak group extinguished in 10.6 trials. This difference was highly statistically significant. The unpaired postpeak group’s mean GSR during acquisition was below that of the paired postpeak group only on the last block of trials. Administering paired prepeak trials apparently potentiates the extinguishing effect of unpaired trials subsequently delivered, possibly via some kind of “contrast” effect, since the unpaired postpeak group extinguished faster than occurs when no pairing whatsoever is given.
Propagation as a mechanism of reorientation of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

A revised model is presented of the tectonic evolution of the Juan de Fuca ridge by propagating rifting. The new model has three different relative rotation poles, covering the time intervals 17.0-8.5 Ma, 8.5-5.0 Ma, and 5.0 Ma to the present. The rotation pole shifts at 8.5 and 5.0 Ma imply clockwise shifts in the direction of relative motion of 10 deg to 15 deg. At each of these shifts, the pattern of propagation reorganizes, and the new ridges formed by propagation are at an orientation closer to orthogonal to the new direction of motion than the orientation of the preexisting ridges. The model, containing a total of seven propagation sequences, shows excellent agreement with the isochrons inferred from the magnetic anomaly data, except in areas complicated by the separate Explorer and Gorda plates. The agreement between model and data near the Explorer plate breaks down abruptly at an age of about 5 Ma, indicating that the probable cause of the rotation pole shift at that time was the separation of the Explorer plate from the Juan de Fuca plate.
Question Development in Two Online Graduate Teacher Education Courses

The authors conducted a self-study of the questions they developed for student discussion in their respective fully online graduate teacher education courses. Through individual and joint analyses of their decision-making processes and the resulting question content, the authors found that they had used both similar and different approaches to question development, influenced in part by their differing course content. Their deliberate decisions in developing questions for student discussion at times served, but in some cases constrained, course goals to have students address equity/diversity content candidly and in sufficient complexity. The authors found participating in a self-study with a colleague who had similar sociocultural perspectives useful for helping them undertake more exacting self-analyses that could lead to greater change in future development of course material.
Resistance of Closely Mown Fine Fescue and Bentgrass Species to Snow Mold Pathogens.

Abstract Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is the primary species used on golf courses in temperate regions but requires prophylactic fungicide treatment to prevent snow mold diseases. We hypothesized that fine fescues (Festuca spp.) and colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris) have superior resistance to snow mold diseases compared with creeping bentgrass. Our objective was to compare the resistance of fine fescues, colonial bentgrass, and creeping bentgrass to snow mold diseases caused by Microdochium nivale and Typhula spp. Field plots were established in two separate years on fairways of three golf courses in Wisconsin to encompass the geographic distribution of snow mold pathogens. The experimental design was a split-split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Whole plots were pathogen species, host genus were subplots, host cultivars were sub-subplots, and inoculated versus noninoculated treatments were sub-sub-subplots. Plots were visually evaluated each spring for disease, turf quality...
Early engagement and new technologies: opening up the laboratory

To the general public, the technoscientific laboratory is a mysterious place. From it can flow knowledge about the existence of arcane entities, like the Higgs boson, or recipes for life-saving pro...
SEASONAL AND EDAPHIC VARIATION IN VESICULAR‐ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION OF GRASSES BY GLOMUS TENUIS

SUMMARY Seasonal differences in percentage length of gramineous host root infected with Glomnus tenuis were measured in three field sites in Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Highest G. tenuis infection levels were generally found in the spring in very phosphorus-deficient soils low in moisture. In roots sampled from soils with a high spring soil-moisture content, fine endophyte infection increased to a maximum later in the growing season. A higher percentage frequency of fine endophyte infection on fine grass feeder roots in spring is taken as evidence for the hypothesis that G. tenuis is a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus particularly adapted to penetrating host roots during brief seasonal fluxes of phosphorus availability. The implications of these data are discussed in relation to mechanisms in grasses which adapt them to nutrient stress.
Evaluation of field desorption mass spectrometry for the analysis of polyethylene

Field desorption mass spectrometry (FD-MS) has been evaluated for the analysis of low molecular weight polyethylene by using samples in the molecular weight range 600–2000 u as determined by gel permeation chromatography. The repeat units and end groups were characterized by FD-MS, but it was demonstrated that accurate molecular weight distribution data cannot be obtained for polyethylene by FD-MS because there is mass discrimination against the higher molecular weight polymers.
ELF: exposure levels, bioeffects, and epidemiology.

Considerable information has been obtained within the last decade describing biological effects, both real and potential, of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. Additionally, advances have also been made in defining the interactions between such fields and living systems. Many of the current studies concerning ELF electromagnetic fields are focused on understanding the mechanisms of interaction and in elucidating the issues of human health impact. This paper provides an overview of recent progress in ELF research including work on dosimetry of the fields, laboratory animal studies, cellular research, and epidemiology. 26 refs.
Multiframe fusion of undersampled 3D imagery

3D imaging LADAR Avalanche Photo-Diode (APD) arrays are emerging as an important technology for future generation remote sensing and reconnaissance systems. One important limiting factor in their development is the pixel pitch, which is typically 100 micrometers. This makes the spatial resolution of an APD array at least 10 times lower than their Charge Coupled Device (CCD) array counterparts. With the development of smaller pixel-pitch APD arrays in 3D applications that rival those of CCD’s used in 2D imaging many years away, this research endeavors to fuse 3D images with poor spatial resolution with 2D images to obtain superior spatial and range resolution. Microscanning or dithering is a technique used to combine multiple images of the same scene to obtain a more densely sampled version. This techniques has been applied successfully to both 2D and 3D imagery. In this paper, a standard microscanning approach is compared to a new technique involving the use of a properly sampled 2D image combined with multiple low-resolution 3D images in order to obtain a more densely sample 3D image. The comparison will report the mean squared range error obtained from the traditional microscanning approach and the new 2D/3D fusion approach as a function of the number of 3D frames used in the image reconstruction. Since the 2D image contains no range information, improvements in mean squared range error by the new algorithm demonstrate its ability to successfully fuse 2D add 3D information.
Another Piece of the Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Puzzle

Myeloproliferative neoplasms are clonal hematopoietic disorders that manifest as expansion of one or more myeloid lineages. The most common myeloproliferative neoplasms are chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. Whereas the genetic basis for CML has been known for more than 30 years, the specific genetic events that contribute to the pathogenesis of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis remained unknown until 2005. Our first insight into the molecular cause of these disorders came when the somatic JAK2 V617F mutation1–4 was identified in the majority of patients with polycythemia vera and in a subset . . .
Properties of a transplasma membrane redox system of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract A transplasma membrane redox system of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was studied using ferricyanide, a membrane-impermeable electron acceptor. Rates of reduction were dependent upon initial ferricyanide concentration and mycelial mass. Specific activities of 12 ± 2 nmol/min/mg mycelia (dry wt) were consistently obtained using nutrient-sufficient mycelia at pH 8.0 and 10 mM ferricyanide. Upon nutrient limitation (either carbon or nitrogen), activity decreased. Reduction was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide m -chloromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and sodium azide but not by potassium cyanide at 100 nmol/mg mycelia. Ferricyanide reduction and proton export rates increased with pH above the physiological pH for the fungus. The stimulation in proton exported by the addition of ferricyanide was equal to the rate of ferricyanide reduced at pH 8.0 when Hepes buffer was used. The relevance of these findings with regard to the physiological pH optimum of the fungus and the metabolism of pollutants by this fungus is discussed.
Perceptual and conceptual priming in a semantic reprocessing task

Two experiments are reported that addressed the relative involvement and nature of perceptual and conceptual priming in a semantically complex task. Both experiments investigated facilitation from repeated semantic comparison trials in which subjects decided whether two words had the same meaning (e.g., moist damp). The first experiment compared the magnitude and persistence of perceptual and conceptual priming components. Perceptual priming effects were modest, and contrary to some previous evidence, they did not appear to be more persistent than nonperceptual priming effects. The second experiment investigated the memory processes involved when perceptual priming was eliminated through a modality change between prime and target trials. Evidence suggested that conceptual priming primarily involved memory for the meaning comparison processes rather than better access to existing memory for the stimulus words.
Effects of a violation of personal space on escape and helping responses

Four field experiments were carried out to examine the effects of a violation of personal space on the “victims” subsequent behavior. In Experiment I, it was found that male and female pedestrians crossed a street faster than controls if their personal space had been violated (while stationary before crossing) for 10 sec by an experimenter of the same sex. The remaining experiments examined how a violation of personal space would affect the nature of the subsequent victim-violator interaction, as inferred from the victims' and controls' differential helping of the violator. It was found that, in comparison to controls, a 10-sec stationary violation of pedestrians' personal space decreased the frequency with which they returned to the violator an object he “lost” only if the object was of low value to the violator (a pencil vs keys). However, victims of a combined stationary-and-moving (while walking across the street) violation helped the violator significantly less frequently than controls, irrespective of the value of the lost object. Implications of these results for an attributional analysis of personal space phenomena were discussed.
Retinal model with adaptive contrast sensitivity and resolution.

A computer-simulated retina (called iris) is described which has useful features for computer vision. iris discriminates small differences in reflected light when these differences occur in a restricted domain of space and time, and maintains sensitivity to these differences for a wide range of lighting environments. As prevailing light levels decrease and photon noise becomes significant, iris reduces its spatiotemporal resolution to provide greater redundancy. Electrically, iris could be implemented by 2-D lattice of photosensors attached to a passively conducting grid. In the present study, the model is implemented in fortran. Similarities to the human retina are noted; the photosensor design is based on a photoreceptor model, and each conducting grid may be realized by tight-junction coupling of receptors and by horizontal-cell interconnections (effectively forming a syncytium).
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in childhood. Differentiation from hereditary epidermolysis bullosa.

• Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), rarely reported in childhood, is described in a 10-year-old black girl. The age of onset during infancy and the clinical appearance mimicked hereditary dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita was diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin, indirect immunofluorescence on normal epithelium and saline-split skin, direct immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblotting of the patient's serum sample against partially purified EBA antigen/carboxyl domain of type VII collagen. Differentiation of mechanobullous disease in children is critical in that significant clinical benefit may be achieved in EBA with prednisone and/or dapsone therapy. A search for associated immunologic abnormalities and HLA-DR typing may help our understanding of EBA. (Arch Dermatol.1989;125:944-949)
Some effects of gamma radiation on the potato tuberworm, Gnorimoschema operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Eggs and newly hatched larvae survived dosages up to 9 kilorads. Immature stages that developed from irradiated eggs suffered retardation of development and reduction in size and weight, and the adult moths that emerged were structurally malformed. Females were in many ways more sensitive to irradiation than were males, and all dosages delivered to the eggs reduced the fecundity of the adults that developed from them. Dosages of 24-96 kr given to mature larvae prevented pupation; lesser dosages caused retardation of pupal development; and adult malformation started with dosages of 6 kr. Again adult fecundity was severely affected. Reduction in fertility of the eggs produced was most evident with females irradiated as 8-day-old pupae, but reduction in egg deposition was shown by those irradiated earlier in the pupal stage. The tendency for adults to be malformed also was more pronounced when early pupal stages were irradiated. Adults exposed to 24 kr shortly after emergence laid sterile eggs and those given 96 kr were sluggish, with all body movements diminished.
Chirped wavepacket dynamics of HgBr from the photolysis of HgBr2 in solution

Abstract Wavepacket dynamics of the HgBr radical produced by the impulsive photodissociation of HgBr 2 in solution was investigated using femtosecond absorption spectroscopy. Whereas the photolysis in CH 3 CN shows conventional damped wavepacket dynamics of HgBr, in dimethyl sulfoxide a chirped wavepacket with a nonexponential decay is observed. The chirp, which is attributed to the modification of the HgBr potential as a result of solvation occurring on the timescale of the wavepacket motion, provides microscopic insight into the structural and dynamical properties of the solvation. The effects on the observed dynamics from the presence of two wavepackets is also considered.
Left-to-Right Differences of Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Oxygen Extraction in Preterm Infants During the First Days of Life

In a prospective study, we monitored simultaneously left and right parieto-frontal-cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) using near-infrared spectroscopy in 36 very preterm neonates during the first 3 d of life. Simple regression analysis showed a close correlation between left and right rScO2 (r = 0.89, p < 0.01) and cFTOE (r = 0.88, p < 0.01), respectively. The Bland and Altman-determined limits of agreement found overall limits of agreement of −8.5 to +9.5% and of −0.10 to +0.093% between left and right for rScO2 and for cFTOE, respectively. However, we found that during stable systemic oxygenation (i.e., arterial oxygen saturation [SaO2 between 85 and 97%]) the limits of agreement between left and right improved from −7.8 to +8.2% and −0.088 to +0.084 for rScO2 and cFTOE, respectively (all p < 0.05). We conclude that bilateral near-infrared spectroscopy–measured rScO2 and cFTOE can reveal differences up to 10% between left and right hemisphere, especially during unstable arterial saturations, which may indicate uneven cerebral oxygenation.
Cyberbullying: What School Administrators (and Parents) Can Do

Technology has transformed the lives of adolescents, including the ways they bully one another. Variously referred to as electronic bullying, online bullying, or cyberbullying, this new method of bullying involves the use of e-mail, instant messaging, Web sites, voting booths, and chat or bash rooms to deliberately pick on and torment others. To combat cyberbullying, educators need to better understand the nature of it and be aware of actions that they can undertake to prevent cyberbullying in the schools.
Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis: A Case Report

Background. Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis is a rare cyclic premenstrual allergic reaction to progesterone produced during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle. Patients present with a variety of conditions including erythema multiforme, eczema, urticaria, angioedema, and progesterone-induced anaphylaxis. Case. Thirty-eight-year-old woman G2P2002 presents with erythema multiforme and urticarial rash one week prior to her menses starting one year after menarche. She was treated with oral contraceptive pills and the symptoms resolved. Conclusion. This is a typical case of progesterone autoimmunity. The diagnosis is based on cyclic nature of the dermatitis. This differentiates the condition from other allergies or systemic diseases with skin manifestations. Inhibition of ovulation in such cases results in decrease in progesterone secretion and prevention of symptoms.
The treatment of homicidal obsessional ruminations by thought-stopping and covert assertion

Abstract Combining thought-stopping with covert assertion was first proposed by Rimm (1973). This paper describes the use of this method in the treatment of a 38-year-old male, who had pervasive and uncontrollable thoughts about killing his estranged wife. After four one-hour sessions, the patient was no longer troubled by his homicidal obsessive ruminations. A seven month follow-up showed no relapse.
Isolation of three new avian sarcoma viruses: ASV 9, ASV 17, and ASV 25

The newly isolated avian sarcoma viruses, ASV 9, 17, and 25, cause fibrosarcomas in young chickens and induce foci of transformed cells in chick embryo fibroblast cultures. They are defective in replication and belong to envelope subgroup A. The sizes of their genomes are 6 kb (ASV 9), 5 kb (ASV 17), and 6 kb (ASV 25), respectively. All three contain long terminal repeat (LTR) and gag sequences but lack pol. env is absent from ASV 9 and ASV 25, but some env sequences are detectable in ASV 17. None of the defective viral genomes hybridized to selected onc probes representing src, fps, yes, myc, myb, and erb A. erb B appears absent from ASV 9 and ASV 17, but some hybridization between the erb B probe and the RNA of ASV 25 was detected. ASV 9 codes for a transformation-specific gag-linked protein of 130kDa. Multiple gag-linked transformation-specific proteins are seen in ASV 17 and 25; they require further study.
Developing Corporate Intrapreneurs

AbstractThis article discusses a course in corporate intrapreneuring taught to students from large companies. The success of the course was amazing, with start-up funding of from $60K to over $1000K approved for 19 of the 33 business ventures developed at the conclusion of the 14-week course. Key criteria used by executive champions working with the venture teams, in deciding whether to grant start-up funds, were corporate strategic fit, market attractiveness to the company, the teams' understanding of the market and the product, the teams' persistence and passion, and the material impact of the project on corporate performance. Key obstacles to project success were lack of a comprehensive business plan, working with an executive champion who was unable to influence the funding decision, and working in an unfavorable corporate environment.
Conserving tropical biodiversity via strategic spatiotemporal harvest planning

1. Tropical timber production forests have the potential to harbour many species, but landscape-level management strategies for minimizing extinctions are lacking. 2. To develop relevant conservation guidelines, we investigated how harvest plans with different spatiotemporal patterns affected the persistence of sessile species with different traits and pre-harvest characteristics. We confronted this problem via an individual-based simulation model. 3. We explored several harvest plans with different levels of spatiotemporal aggregation, but equivalent total harvest area, and found that extinction probabilities for each plan varied with species traits and pre-disturbance characteristics. Most notably, plans with large contiguous harvest units yielded particularly high extinction probabilities for dispersal-limited habitat specialists with clustered pre-harvest distributions. Differences between plans were small for some types of species, but highly aggregated plans yielded the highest extinction rates for all extinction-prone groups. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our simulations suggest that reducing the size of contiguous harvest units, even while total harvest area remains constant, may reduce extinction rates in tropical production forests (assuming that road-related threats can be effectively managed). Our findings have important implications for tropical conservation efforts and also provide general insight into the compositional effects of disturbances with different spatiotemporal characteristics.
Sustaining Secondary School Visions Over Time: Resistance, Resilience and Educational Reform

This article focuses upon the sustainability of secondary school visions during a period of increasingly complex economic, social, demographic, and accountability driven change (1970–1990). Much of the classic change literature of this period highlights the failure of teachers to implement reform, and implicitly leans towards overcoming their resistance with short-term solutions so that external mandates can be institutionalized more effectively. Longitudinal studies are rarely attempted that consider the cumulative impact of both internal and external “change forces” upon teachers, or that identify the conditions necessary to ensure the sustainability of a schools vision “over time”. Viewed through the lens of resiliency, this article explores data from two high schools that participated in the Change Over Time Study (Spencer Foundation Grant number 199800214). Data suggest that not only can teacher resistance to innovation make good sense, but also, under certain conditions rarely supported by standardized reform, it can evoke a resilient, even activist, self-renewing response to change otherwise perceived to be disruptive or harmful to their school’s founding vision.
DTP reactions and serologic response with a reduced dose schedule

In a double-blind study, infants received standard (0.5 ml) or modified (0.25 ml) doses of DTP vaccine for the primary series of three immunizations administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and the booster immunization at 18 months. Side effects and antibody responses were determined in 80 children who completed the primary series and 73 who received the booster. The modified regimen was associated with significantly reduced febrile reactions and behavioral changes after the primary series and booster inoculation: 63.2% of those who received the standard dose had febrile reactions. compared to 42.3% who received the modified dose during the primary series; a similar difference was observed with the booster. Only 47.2% of the reduced dosage recipients demonstrated marked behavioral changes, and 62.4% of the standard vaccine recipients had comparable reactions. An even larger difference (33.3% vs 64.7%) was noted at the time of the booster. The modified vaccine produced a local reaction incidence of 58.5%, compared to 72.6% in the control population during the primary immunization series; no differences were noted in local reactions with the booster dose. All patients had serologic evidence of protective titers against diphtheria and tetanus. After the primary immunization series, 97.6% and 97.3% of the infants given the modified and standard doses, respectively, had pertussis agglutinin titers of ≥1:16. One patient who received the standard dosage had a titer of
Decreased lipid intake reduces morbidity in sick premature neonates

For an investigation of the clinical sequelae of parenteral lipid infusions during the first week of life, 42 neonates ( 2 levels were significantly increased in the bables receiving Vitrum. We conclude that early administration of Vitrum in the premature neonate is associated with increased respiratory difficulty in the ensuing weeks of life.
Two new species of Eimeria from colubrid snakes in Iowa.

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria natricis sp. n. and Eimeria sipedon sp. n. were isolated from 2 Northern Water Snakes, Natrix sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus), in Iowa. Oocysts of E. natricis were elongate, slightly ovoid, averaging in size 32.3 × 17.5 μm; sporocysts averaged 15.7 × 8.2 μm. Oocysts of E. sipedon were broadly ovoid averaging in size 18.0 × 15.9 μm; sporocysts averaged 12.0 × 7.4 μm. In both species, sporocyst residua were present, but micropyles, polar granules and oocyst residua were lacking.
Personality types and traits in the Vocational Preference Inventory

Abstract The relationships between the six scales on which Holland's (1973) theory is based (viz., Realistic, Investigative, Social, Conventional, Enterprising, Artistic) and the five other scales (viz., Self-control, Masculinity, Status, Infrequency, Acquiescence) of the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) ( Holland, 1970 ) were investigated using canonical analysis. Considering the six personality type scales as one set of variables and the five trait scales of the VPI as the second set of variables, five significant canonical correlations were obtained for a sample of 373 mostly white undergraduate students. In a second study, three significant canonical correlations were found for a sample of 115 black college students at another school. The weights of the VPI scales suggested that three patterns of relationships among the scales are shared by the black sample and the mostly white sample.
Treatments for parasitic diseases of aquarium and ornamental fish

Parasitic diseases of fish are frequently encountered in fish medicine. Parasites of fish are fairly simple to diagnose within broad categories, which allows selection of rational treatment options. Parasitic diseases of fish are briefly reviewed in the context of treatment and control. Management and treatment protocols are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Physicochemical Characterization of NPC 1161C, A Novel Antimalarial 8-Aminoquinoline, in Solution and Solid State

NPC 1161C is a novel antimalarial drug of interest because of its superior curative and prophylactic activity, and favorable toxicity profile against in vivo and in vitro models of malaria, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and leishmaniasis. The preformulation studies performed included determination of pKas, aqueous and pH solubility, cosolvent solubility, log P, pH stability, thermal analysis, and preliminary hygroscopicity studies. The mean pKa1, pKa2, and pKa3 were determined to be 10.12, 4.07, and 1.88, respectively. The aqueous solubility was found to be 2.4 × 10−4 M having a saturated solution pH of 4.3–5.0 and a low intrinsic solubility of 1.6 × 10−6 M. A mathematical model of the pH-solubility profile was derived from pH 2.2 to 8.0. An exponential decrease in solubility was observed with increasing pH. The excess solid phase in equilibrium with the solution in aqueous buffers was determined to be the free-base form of the drug. A significant increase in solubility was observed with all the cosolvents studied, in both unbuffered and buffered systems. Mean log P of the salt and the free base were estimated to be 2.18 and 3.70, respectively. The compound had poor stability at pH 7.0 at 37°C, with a t 90 of 3.58 days. Thermal analysis of the drug using DSC and TGA revealed that the drug is present as a semi-crystalline powder, which transformed into the amorphous state after melting. The drug was also found to sublime at higher temperatures. Determination of physicochemical properties of NPC 1161C provided useful information for the development of a dosage form and preclinical evaluation.
A study of diffusion in solids of arbitrary shape, with application to the drying of the wheat kernel

A general mathematical approach to the rigorous treatment of experimental data on nonstationary-state diffusion in solids of complex shape is developed. The general solution for a uniform initial concentration, c0, and a constant surface concentration, cs, at times greater than zero is shown to be of the form in the neighborhood of time zero, and in the neighborhood of time infinity, where c is the average concentration at time t; S and V are the surface area and volume of the solid, respectively; D is the diffusion coefficient; and f″ (0), α, and β are constants dependent on solid shape. The vacuum drying of wheat has been studied, and it is shown that, for the wheat kernel, f″ (0) = 0.588, α = 0.862; and β2 = 1.301. The diffusion coefficient is an Arrhenius-type function of temperature given by D = D0 exp {-E/RT} where D0 = 76.8 cm.2/sec. and E = 12.20 kcal./mole.
Exploring Opportunities for Argumentation in Modelling Classrooms

On several levels it can be said that the act of modelling in science is inherently an argumentative act. That is, in virtually all aspects of modelling, from developing a question to judging between competing models that might answer that question, an individual is engaged in persuasive acts. Those acts may be private or public. They may be mental, written or oral, but they are about judging ideas and making sense of them; convincing oneself or others that the ideas and ways of looking at and explaining a phenomenon are useful. These acts are what scientists find exciting. They are what make science intellectually interesting and challenging. Inviting students into this practice is one way to help them learn both the content and process of science. This paper introduces a framework that is attentive to the research on how people learn while simultaneously pushing for curriculum and instruction that engages students in elements of the practice of science. We explore how this framework can be used to foste...
Relation of headwaters‐control to the National Program of Flood‐Protection

Federal policy and program—Congress, in recognition of recurrent flood-history affecting the general public interest, has projected a long-range program and policy for the control of destructive floods. It has declared that such protection is a public responsibility and therefore a proper activity of the Federal Government in cooperation with the States and local public agencies. In the enabling flood-control legislation of 1936, the amendment of 1937, and the Flood-Control Act of 1938, Congress has prescribed procedures for the establishment of the national flood-control program. These enactments are the authorities which direct the Secretary of War and the Secretary of Agriculture to carry out an integrated and correlated program for which expenditures have been authorized over a five-year period, and appropriations made available for the fiscal years 1938 and 1939.
Pauci-immune ANCA-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung

A 66-year-old woman developed rapidly progressive renal failure several days after she was diagnosed with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody test performed as an indirect immunofluorescence assay was positive with a perinuclear pattern of staining (pANCA). The patient did not improve with hemodialysis treatment and died on the second day after admission to the hospital. A complete autopsy was performed and showed metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung and pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. A literature search showed only 7 previously reported cases of malignant tumors associated with ANCA-positive pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. The clinicopathologic findings of the current and all previously reported cases and possible relationship between ANCA-positive glomerulonephritis and malignancy are discussed.
Scheduling Maintenance Activities During Planned Outages At Nuclear Power Plants

In order to maintain high production rates, electric power as well as manufacturing plants shut down so that maintenance activities can be performed on machines/equipment. These planned shut downs (outages) usually occur at least once a year and are more frequent for plants with older machines/equipment. The major costs associated with outages are cost of materials, labor cost, and loss of production cost. Due to high cost incurred from loss of production, the objective is to schedule maintenance activities such that outage duration is minimized. Since the resources required to perform maintenance activities are very limited, the problem of scheduling the maintenance activities is defined as a resource constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP). In this paper, a solution technique, which consists of a simulated annealing heuristic, is presented for the RCPSP.
Deep Interactions with MRP: Election Turnout and Voting Patterns Among Small Electoral Subgroups

Usingmultilevelregressionandpoststratification(MRP),weestimatevoterturnoutandvotechoicewithindeeplyinteracted subgroups: subsets of the population that are defined by multiple demographic and geographic characteristics. This article lays out the models and statistical procedures we use, along with the steps required to fit the model for the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections. Though MRP is an increasingly popular method, we improve upon it in numerous ways: deeper levels ofcovariateinteraction,allowingfornonlinearityandnonmonotonicity,accountingforunequalinclusionprobabilitiesthat areconveyedinsurveyweights,postestimationadjustmentstoturnoutandvotinglevels,andinformativemultidimensional graphical displays as a form of model checking. We use a series of examples to demonstrate the flexibility of our method, including an illustration of turnout and vote choice as subgroups become increasingly detailed, and an analysis of both vote choice changes and turnout changes from 2004 to 2008.
The Humanitarian Interventions of the UN

Founded in 1945, as the Preamble of the UN Charter indicates, the United Nations tries “to provide peace, security, and justice.” The UN, in one way, tries to achieve this end through humanitarian intervention, meaning the “post hoc rationalization for uses of force otherwise difficult to reconcile with international law.” However, because the word “humanitarian intervention” does not appear in the UN Charter, the UN has agreed upon three principles of humanitarian intervention: uses military force, interferes in the state’s internal affairs, and responds to crises where states’ interests are not directly threatened. But in order to get the green light, the UN looks to the Security Council to authorize military force. As a result, when the post-cold war era (1990-2000) had an increase in non-military threats — including gross and systematic violations of human rights and obstructions in the delivery of humanitarian assistance — the UN saw Somalia and Rwanda’s situations as constituting threats to international peace and security.
Disrupted dorsal neural tube BMP signaling in the cilia mutant Arl13bhnn stems from abnormal Shh signaling

In the embryonic neural tube, multiple signaling pathways work in concert to create functional neuronal circuits in the adult spinal cord. In the ventral neural tube, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) acts as a graded morphogen to specify neurons necessary for movement. In the dorsal neural tube, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signals cooperate to specify neurons involved in sensation. Several signaling pathways, including Shh, rely on primary cilia in vertebrates. In this study, we used a mouse mutant with abnormal cilia, Arl13bhnn, to study the relationship between cilia, cell signaling, and neural tube patterning. Alr13bhnn mutants have abnormal ventral neural tube patterning due to disrupted Shh signaling; in addition, dorsal patterning defects occur, but the cause of these is unknown. Here we show that the Arl13bhnn dorsal patterning defects result from abnormal BMP signaling. In addition, we find that Wnt ligands are abnormally expressed in Arl13bhnn mutants; surprisingly, however, downstream Wnt signaling is normal. We demonstrate that Arl13b is required non-autonomously for BMP signaling and Wnt ligand expression, indicating that the abnormal Shh signaling environment in Arl13bhnn embryos indirectly causes dorsal defects.
Surface radiation budget and climate classification

The surface radiation budget of a region is strongly tied to its climate. An 8-yr climatology of surface radiation budget components for 2.58 regions over the earth is examined in order to learn how the regional climate and surface radiation are related. The yearly cycles of a few individual regions were studied by plotting monthly mean net longwave flux as a function of net shortwave flux at the surface. These plots show trajectories that are characteristic of the climate class. The behavior of the trajectories of surface radiation and their relation to the regional climate can be understood with simple conceptual models for many cases. From an examination of these trajectories, a set of parameters is developed, such as mean net longwave flux and range of net shortwave flux, which distinguish various climate classes on the basis of the surface radiation. These criteria are applied to produce a map of regional climate classes based on surface radiation, similar to those of Koeppen or Trewartha and Horn, which were based on vegetation, temperature, and precipitation. The current maps can be used to explore the relationships between surface radiation and regional climate.