cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Military Courts Really Just Like Civilian Courts

At the end of the last term, the Supreme Court decided in a 7-2 opinion that the high court exercises appellate jurisdiction over the United States’ military justice system—a system it says begins at the court-martial level, or trial level, through each Service’s Court of Criminal Appeals, up to the court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF), a tribunal with five president-appointed, Senate-confirmed civilian judges. The majority’s opinion in that case, Ortiz v. United States (argued and briefed as Dalmazzi v. U.S.), rests on its view that this “integrated court-martial system” is one that “closely resembles civilian structures of justice” and therefore has the same amount of “judicial character” that other non-Article III courts exhibit, which the Supreme Court has long established as part of its jurisdiction. Because of how the court defended its jurisdiction, which I describe below, this decision carries non-obvious, but somber, implications for the court’s precedent—which before Ortiz, had cleanly segregated military criminal justice from its civilian cousin. It may, as a result, inadvertently undermine the conventional arguments from within the military defending a muscular, quasi-judicial role for commanding officers.
Zufall oder Planmäßigkeit: Das Paradoxon der Evolution

Keine andere Konsequenz der Darwinschen Theorie der naturlichen Auslese hat bei seinen Gegnern so grose Besturzung hervorgerufen wie die Ausschaltung der Planmasigkeit aus der Natur. Alle diejenigen, die die zahllosen grosartigen Anpassungen in der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt untersucht hatten, waren zutiefst zufrieden gewesen mit der Erklarung, eine solche Vollkommenheit sei unverkennbar der Absicht des Schopfers dieser Welt zuzuschreiben. Die Vollkommenheit der Anpassung mechanistisch, als ein Ergebnis zufalliger genetischer Variation und Selektion erklaren zu wollen, schien von diesen naturlichen Vorgangen mehr zu verlangen, als sie erfullen konnten. Insbesondere die Physikotheologen bestanden weiterhin darauf, die Evolutionslehre sei nicht in der Lage, eine Erklarung fur „Plan und Zweckmasigkeit in der Natur“ zu liefern. Darwin war sich dieser Schwierigkeit durchaus bewust. In einem Brief an Asa Gray (26. November 1860) druckte er dieses Dilemma folgendermasen aus: „Ich bin mir dessen bewust, das ich mich in einer hochst hoffnungslosen Zwangslage befinde. Ich kann mir nicht vorstellen, das die Welt, wie wir sie sehen, das Ergebnis von Zufall ist; und doch kann ich nicht jedes einzelne Ding als das Produkt eines schopferischen Plans ansehen.“
The Realistic Empiricism of Mach, James, and Russell: Neutral Monism Reconceived

Introduction. An overview of realistic empiricism 1. Mach: physical elements 2. Mach: philosophy of psychology 3. William James' direct realism: a reconstruction 4. Russell's neutral monism: 1919-27 5. Enhanced physicalism 6. The problem of extension: a constructivist program Appendix. An outline of realistic empiricism.
Networking the Home and University: How Families Can Be Integrated Into Proximate/Distant Computer Systems

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the feasibility of networking 28 homes with a university mainframe system in order to investigate a new family process research paradigm and the design and function of the microcomputer/mainframe system. Data concerning a microcomputer/mainframe system are reported in this study. Results showed that family participants demonstrated few impediments to comprehensive system use, operated at a better than 90% efficiency rate with research information exchanging, and collectively provided evidence that the designed system was a good beginning of a border zone network. This study was designed as a first empirical initiative which fits a suggested proximate-border zone-distant educational model.
Fuel Cell Membrane Characterizations

Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) play a crucial role for use in major polymer-based fuel cell applications. Key PEM properties such as ion conductivity, reactant permeability, and chemical/physical stability are strongly influenced by the chemical structure and processing conditions of PEMs. This paper presents the property measurement techniques of PEMs using stand-alone membranes and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) configurations. PEM properties such as ion exchange capacity, water uptake, ion conductivity, gas/liquid permeability, and chemical/physical stability are discussed with emphasis on measurement techniques. In addition, the measurement techniques for polymer electrolyte in the catalyst layer are briefly discussed. This review may give some insight to polymer scientists when novel PEM materials are designed, prepared, screened, or fine-tuned for advanced fuel cell systems.
The Informational Efficiency of the Corporate Bond Market: An Intraday Analysis

Using a unique dataset including daily and hourly high yield bond transactions prices, we examine the informational efficiency of the corporate bond market relative to the market for the underlying stock. In contrast to previous research utilizing weekly or monthly dealer quotes, we find that stocks do not lead bonds in reflecting firm specific information. We further consider the impact of firm specific information on corporate bond prices by examining price behavior around earnings releases and find that this information is quickly incorporated into both bond and stock prices, even at short return horizons. Finally, we find that measures of market quality are no poorer for the bonds in our sample than for the underlying stocks. Our results suggest that the relative informativeness of high yield bond prices is driven largely by the bonds' liquidity rather than the structure of the dealer market for corporate bonds.
Web accessibility, mobility and findability

This paper addresses the issues of accessibility, mobility and findability as appropriate to a discussion of Web site or Web page interface usability. The goal of this paper is to emphasize the importance of these factors while providing attendees with sufficient vocabulary and conceptual knowledge to make appropriate design decisions.
A differencing algorithm for object-oriented programs

During software evolution, information about changes between different versions of a program is useful for a number of software engineering tasks. For many of these tasks, a purely syntactic differencing may not provide enough information for the task to be performed effectively. This problem is especially relevant in the case of object-oriented software, for which a syntactic change can have subtle and unforeseen effects. We present a technique for comparing object-oriented programs that identifies both differences and correspondences between two versions of a program. The technique is based on a representation that handles object-oriented features and, thus, can capture the behavior of object-oriented programs. We also present JDIFF, a tool that implements the technique for Java programs, and empirical results that show the efficiency and effectiveness of the technique on a real program.
Determination of vertical and horizontal pathways of injected fresh wastewater into a deep saline aquifer (Florida, USA) using natural chemical tracers

Two deep-well injection sites in south Florida, USA, inject an average of 430 million liters per day (MLD) of treated domestic fresh wastewater into a deep saline aquifer 900 m below land surface. Elevated levels of NH3 (highest concentration 939 µmol) in the overlying aquifer above ambient concentrations (concentration less than 30 µmol) were evidence of the upward migration of injected fluids. Three pathways were distinguished based on ammonium, chloride and bromide ratios, and temperature. At the South District Wastewater Treatment Plant, the tracer ratios showed that the injectate remained chemically distinct as it migrated upwards through rapid vertical pathways via density-driven buoyancy. The warmer injectate (mean 28°C) retained the temperature signal as it vertically migrated upwards; however, the temperature signal did not persist as the injectate moved horizontally into the overlying aquifers. Once introduced, the injectate moved slowly horizontally through the aquifer and mixed with ambient water. At the North District Wastewater Treatment Plant, data provide strong evidence of a one-time pulse of injectate into the overlying aquifers due to improper well construction. No evidence of rapid vertical pathways was observed at the North District Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Decision support systems to identify different species of malarial parasites

In this project, medical expert systems were designed to aid technicians, students and scientists in identifying various species of malarial parasite from blood smears. The rule based system was found to intelligently ask pertinent questions to accurately and efficiently identify the species of malarial parasite. The probabilistic system provided quantitative feedback as to the likelihood of a diagnosis of a species of malaria. Medical expert systems can potentially streamline the process of malarial species identification, and can aid in training new technicians and scientists in this important skill.
Geometric Derivation of the Delaunay Variables and Geometric Phases

We derive the classical Delaunay variables by finding a suitable symmetry action of the three torus T3 on the phase space of the Kepler problem, computing its associated momentum map and using the geometry associated with this structure. A central feature in this derivation is the identification of the mean anomaly as the angle variable for a symplectic S1 action on the union of the non-degenerate elliptic Kepler orbits. This approach is geometrically more natural than traditional ones such as directly solving Hamilton–Jacobi equations, or employing the Lagrange bracket. As an application of the new derivation, we give a singularity free treatment of the averaged J2-dynamics (the effect of the bulge of the Earth) in the Cartesian coordinates by making use of the fact that the averaged J2-Hamiltonian is a collective Hamiltonian of the T3 momentum map. We also use this geometric structure to identify the drifts in satellite orbits due to the J2 effect as geometric phases.
Voltammetry of Uranium and Plutonium in Molten LiCl ‐ NaCl ‐ CaCl2 ‐ BaCl2 I . Reduction of U(III) to Uranium Metal1

The electrochemical reduction of U(III) to uranium metal in molten electrolyte was investigated, using cyclic voltammetry. The reaction is reversible and controlled by diffusion mass transfer, both at low‐carbon steel and molybdenum electrodes. The rate increased with concentration up to about 3.4 mole percent and with temperature over the range of 435°–528°C. Standard potentials ranged from −1.07 to −1.50V vs. ; the U(III) diffusion coefficients were between .
Trend Tests for Binary Data

In the context of biomedical studies (particularly in fields such as environmental toxicology or epidemiology), trend tests are widely used to detect a dose–response relationship between ordered levels of some exposure and the probability of a binary outcome of interest.
Subclassification of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objectives/Hypothesis There are variants of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to phenotype the subclasses of CRS as well as characterize their polyps with histology and cellular–intracellular biomarkers. Study Design Prospective case-control study. Methods Demographic data, quality-of-life (QoL) questionnaires, nasal endoscopy (NE), and computed tomography (CT) scores were obtained. CRS was divided into seven subclasses: aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), asthmatic sinusitis with and without allergy, nonasthmatic sinusitis with and without allergy, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), and cystic fibrosis (CF). Histopathologic and immunohistochemistry of nasal polyps were recorded. CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD45, and CD56 data were collected. Interleukin (IL)4, IL5, IL13, IL17, and interferon (IFN)-γ were measured. Results Eight-four subjects were in this study. Two QoL questionnaires were inadequate at distinguishing the control group from CRS. NE and CT were able to differentiate between the control group and all CRS subclasses (P<.01). Asthmatic sinusitis, AERD, and AFS had high NE and CT scores, nasal polyps, eosinophils, mast cell, and hypercellularity. Asthmatic sinusitis, nonasthmatic sinusitis, and AERD had higher CD4 cells than control group (P<.05). Even though asthmatic sinusitis and AFS are mediated by Th2, AFS had differing levels of Th2 cytokines. Each nonasthmatic sinusitis had purulence and low CT score. Each nonasthmatic sinusitis had higher CD4 cells and IFN-γ than control (P<.05). CF is associated with purulence, high CT score, high polymorphonuclear leukocytes, high plasma cells, and high mast cells. Conclusions Well-characterized and distinct groups of CRS have been defined for targeted treatment and research studies. Level of Evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 123:S15–S27, 2013
Microarray Method for the Rapid Detection of Glycosaminoglycan–Protein Interactions

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) perform numerous vital functions within the body. As major components of the extracellular matrix, these polysaccharides participate in a diverse array of cell-signaling events. We have developed a simple microarray assay for the evaluation of protein binding to various GAG subclasses. In a single experiment, the binding to all members of the GAG family can be rapidly determined, giving insight into the relative specificity of the interactions and the importance of specific sulfation motifs. The arrays are facile to prepare from commercially available materials.
Team UDEL KBGen 2013 Challenge

This document describes the University of Delaware’s entry into KBGen 2013 Challenge which provided teams with input data representation from the AURA knowledge base (KB), developed in the context of the HALO Project at SRI International, along with a lexicon mapping for concepts present on those input files. Training sentences were also provided. The task was to accurately generate an English sentence depicting the information from a set of triples from the knowledge base.
The effects of diphenhydramine and SR142948A on periaqueductal gray neurons and on the interactions between the medial preoptic nucleus and the periaqueductal gray

The midbrain periaqueductal gray contains both neurotensin type-1 and type-2 receptors. Behavioral studies have shown that the analgesic effect of neurotensin is mediated through its interaction with the type-2 receptors. These receptors specifically bind the type-1 histamine antagonist, levocabastine. Recently, it has been shown that another histamine-1 antagonist, diphenhydramine, blocks the analgesic effect of neurotensin. In addition, it has been shown that a non-peptide neurotensin antagonist, SR142948A, binds to both types of neurotensin receptors and blocks the analgesic effect of exogenously applied neurotensin. Major afferents to the periaqueductal gray arise from the medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. This region contains neurotensinergic neurons, and the expression of neurotensin mRNA in this region increases following cold-water swim stress that leads to opioid-independent analgesia. The goal of this study was to determine whether the responses of periaqueductal gray neurons to stimulation of the medial preoptic nucleus are modified by local injection of diphenhydramine and SR142948A. Because the cellular basis of the effects of diphenhydramine on periaqueductal gray neurons had not been reported, we also examined the effects of diphenhydramine on the baseline-firing rate and synaptic transmission using in vivo and in vitro methods. The results of the in vitro studies indicate that diphenhydramine concentrations above 500 nM significantly reduce the baseline firing of the periaqueductal gray neurons without a significant effect on the frequency of postsynaptic potentials. At concentrations below 100 nM, diphenhydramine has little effect on the baseline-firing rate but partially blocks the response to neurotensin. The results of the in vivo studies showed similar effects of diphenhydramine. At high concentrations it inhibited periaqueductal gray neurons, but at low concentrations it had no effect on the baseline-firing rate and it blocked the response to neurotensin and to medial preoptic nucleus stimulation. Unlike diphenhydramine, SR142948A had virtually no effect on the baseline-firing rate but blocked the response to neurotensin and to stimulation of the medial preoptic nucleus. It is concluded that: (1) SR142948A, at a dose that completely blocks the effect of exogenously applied neurotensin on periaqueductal gray neurons, has little effect on their baseline-firing rates. (2) Because of its effect on the baseline-firing rate, only low doses of diphenhydramine can be used as an antagonist of the neurotensin analgesic effect. (3) Responses of periaqueductal gray neurons to medial preoptic nucleus stimulation is, in part, mediated by a neurotensinergic network within the periaqueductal gray.
First morning urinary albumin concentration is a good predictor of 24-hour urinary albumin excretion in children with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.

Twenty-four hour urinary albumin excretion was measured in 97 children with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and found to have a geometric mean of 6 mg/day (range 1–38 mg/d). The same geometric mean of 6 mg/day (range 1–45 mg/d) was found in 120 normal children. The relationship of 24-h urinary albumin excretion to the albumin concentration (mg/1) and to the ratio of albumin: creatinine (mg: mmol) on first morning urine samples in 64 patients was highly significant (r=0.93 and r=0.62 respectively, p < 0.001). In 41 patients, the relationship between 24-h urinary albumin excretion and albumin concentration upon urine samples at various times was assessed. The correlation was highest on the first morning sample (r=0.86); 09.00h to 13.00 h, 0.51; 13.00 h to 18.00 h, 0.68; 18.00 h to 23.00 h, 0.32. High sensitivity and moderate specificity was obtained using a first morning albumin concentration of greater than 20 mg/l to detect increased albumin excretion. These results show that the measurement of albumin concentration on the first morning urine sample can be used for a screening test for micro-albuminuria in children.
Energy efficient proximity alert on Android

The proximity alert service on Android is important as an enabler of ubiquitous location-based services, however, it is also limited in this role due to its excessive energy expenditure. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of an energy-efficient proximity alert service for Android. Our method utilizes the distance to the point of interest and the user's transportation mode in order to dynamically determine the location-sensing interval and the location providers (GPS, GSM, or Wi-Fi) to be used. We implement our method as a middleware service in the Android open source project. Our service, for a realistic scenario, reduces GPS usage by 96.66% and increases battery life time by 75.71% compared to the baseline proximity alert in Android.
Creative stem cell assays

Comment on Yang et al, page [2717][1]; and Gothert et al, page [2724][2] Understanding the molecular regulation of the embryonic origins and hierarchical relationship between long- and short-term repopulating HSCs may ultimately lead to improved hematologic recovery in patients who received
Postoperative electroencephalographic seizures are associated with deficits in executive function and social behaviors at 4 years of age following cardiac surgery in infancy.

Objective The occurrence of an electroencephalographic (EEG) seizure after surgery for complex congenital heart defects has been associated with worse neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes. We previously identified postoperative seizures documented by 48-hour EEG monitoring in 11% of 178 neonates and infants. Evaluation at 1 year of age did not identify an adverse effect of an EEG seizure on ND outcomes. The current study was undertaken to determine if testing in the preschool period would identify deficits that become apparent as children develop. Methods The ND outcomes assessed at 4 years of age included cognition, language, attention, impulsivity, executive function, behavior problems, academic achievement, and visual and fine motor skills. Results Developmental evaluations were performed in 132 (87%) of 151 survivors. For the entire cohort, the Full-Scale IQ was 95.0 ± 18.5. IQ was 95.1 ± 18.7 for patients without a history of seizure and 93.6 ± 16.7 for those with a history of seizure. After covariate adjustment, occurrence of an EEG seizure was associated with worse executive function ( P = .037) and impaired social interactions/restricted behavior ( P = .05). Seizures were not significantly associated with worse performance for cognition, language, attention, impulsivity, academic achievement, or motor skills (all P > .1). Conclusions The occurrence of a postoperative seizure is a biomarker of brain injury. This study confirms that postoperative EEG seizures are associated with worse ND outcomes, characterized by impairments of executive function and a higher prevalence of deficits in social interactions and repetitive/restricted behaviors in preschool survivors of cardiac surgery in infancy. However, EEG seizures were not associated with worse cognitive, language, or motor skills.
Exercise and the rehabilitation of the cancer patient: Celebrating survivorship through “extreme exercise”

Doug Ulman is the President of the Lance Armstrong Foundation and founder of the Ulman Cancer Fund for Young Adults. He is a three-time cancer survivor, diagnosed with chondrosarcoma in 1996 and subsequently diagnosed twice with melanoma. I was diagnosed with cancer in the "athletic prime" of my life. The summer I learned I had this terrible disease, I was 19 and my greatest concern was getting into shape for the fall soccer season. Cancer almost robbed me of my ability to run and compete, and for a short time, stole the trust in my own body I had always taken for granted. Ten years out from my diagnosis I am cancer free and am able to push my body in ways I never thought possible. My love of exercise first provided me with a context in which to understand the gravity of my diagnosis. Early in my survivorship, exercise served as a guide down a gradual, and sometimes very painful, path to physical recovery. Now, exercise in some of its most extreme forms-marathons and endurance mountain runs-is the vehicle through which I choose to celebrate my survivorship.
The Linker Region Plays an Important Role in the Interdomain Communication of the Response Regulator OmpR

OmpR is the response regulator of a two-component regulatory system that controls the expression of the porin genesompF and ompC in Escherichia coli. This regulator consists of two domains joined by a flexible linker region. The amino-terminal domain is phosphorylated by the sensor kinase EnvZ, and the carboxyl-terminal domain binds DNA via a winged helix-turn-helix motif. In vitro studies have shown that amino-terminal phosphorylation enhances the DNA binding affinity of OmpR and, conversely, that DNA binding by the carboxyl terminus increases OmpR phosphorylation. In the present work, we demonstrate that the linker region contributes to this communication between the two domains of OmpR. Changing the specific amino acid composition of the linker alters OmpR function, as does increasing or decreasing its length. Three linker mutants give rise to an OmpF+ OmpC− phenotype, but the defects are not due to a shared molecular mechanism. Currently, functional homology between response regulators is predicted based on similarities in the amino and carboxyl-terminal domains. The results presented here indicate that linker length and composition should also be considered. Furthermore, classification of response regulators in the same subfamily does not necessarily imply that they share a common response mechanism.
Use of acetylation and 14C-counting to quantitate hydroxyl groups in preasphaltenes and asphaltenes from coal hydrogenation

Abstract A method is described for the quantitative acetylation of coal-derived fuels primarily composed of preasphaltenes (toluene-insoluble materials) and asphaltenes (toluene-soluble, pentane-insoluble materials). The objectives of this work are to develop an acetylation procedure which renders the coal-derived material soluble in solvents suitable for nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared analysis and at the same time be quantitative in specific reactions so that hydroxyl and amine functionalities could be measured through acetylation with radio-labelled acetic anhydride. Acetylation at room temperature is thought to be able to accomplish the above objectives.
The thermal analyses of mesophases

Abstract This paper illustrates the use of some of the techniques of thermal analysis namely, differential thermal analysis, pressure differential thermal analysis, and thermomechanical analysis, to study mesomorphic compounds or liquid cyrstals. The desirability of covering wide temperature ranges and use of multiple methods is stressed as an aid in interpreting the nature of the transformations. Transition temperatures and enthalpic changes are very important for studying structure-property effects in these materials.
Amphipod Life Histories: Community Structure, Impact of Temperature on Decoupled Growth and Maturation Rates, Productivity, and P:B Ratios

Data are presented on northern Bering Sea benthic amphipod growth rates and age at maturity, indicating that high latitude species grow slowly, require 2 to 4 years to mature, reach a large size, and have long lifespans. Data are also presented demonstrating predation by benthic amphipods on newly metamorphosed juveniles of a potential space competitor, the northern sand dollar Echinarachnius parma . Such facultative predation by the predominantly herbivorous amphipods may, in part, explain the existence of alternative benthic communities in the eastern Bering Sea. Incorporation of the high latitude results into a review of benthic amphipod life histories revealed several important patterns. Amphipod growth rates and molting rates appear to be decoupled, resulting in small adults at warm temperatures and large adults at lower temperatures. We posit that molting rate is temperature- sensitive, that at warm temperatures molting occurs rapidly regardless of limited instar tissue growth, and that the amphipods reach sexual maturity after a fixed number of molts. Alternatively, gonad development is also temperature-dependent and may drive maturation, regardless of the number of molts experienced. Amphipods have linear or exponential growth rates, as opposed to the familiar asymptotic curve. Consequently, secondary production is highly dependent upon the proportion of large individuals in the population, in contrast to organisms with asymptotic growth in which production is largely determined by the proportion of young, growing individuals present. Production in amphipods is significantly correlated with standing stock. P:B ratios are not correlated with production in amphipods, and probably are not in other organisms with linear or exponential growth rates, and thus appear to have no comparative value other than as a possible index of generation times.
Nanoparticle-based topical ophthalmic formulation for sustained release of stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of ganciclovir

AbstractPoly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) of Val-Val dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV) including L-Val-L-Val-GCV (LLGCV), L-Val-D-Val-GCV (LDGCV) and D-Val-L-Val-GCV (DLGCV) were formulated and dispersed in thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA polymer gel for the treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced viral corneal keratitis. Nanoparticles containing prodrugs of GCV were prepared by a double-emulsion solvent evaporation technique using various PLGA polymers with different drug/polymer ratios. Nanoparticles were characterized with respect to particle size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity, drug loading, surface morphology, zeta potential and crystallinity. Prodrugs-loaded NP were incorporated into in situ gelling system. These formulations were examined for in vitro release and cytotoxicity. The results of optimized entrapment efficiencies of LLGCV-, LDGCV- and DLGCV-loaded NP are of 38.7 ± 2.0%, 41.8 ± 1.9%, and 45.3 ± 2.2%; drug loadings 3.87 ± 0....
Exploring geographic disparities in broadband access and use in rural southern Illinois: Who's being left behind?

Abstract Recent literature about broadband telecommunications reveals two major areas that are not only globally gaining prominence, but are also demanding urgent attention from a research perspective. One of the key areas is related to the need to spatially evaluate the availability and deployment of broadband services, especially among urban versus rural communities. Another area of interest falls under the need for enabling broadband policies and strategies that address existing geographic disparities. These motivating factors shaped this research and provided a basis for defining three specific objectives, namely: (1) to identify locations with or without broadband access, (2) to identify underserved rural and inner-city markets, and (3) to determine whether university and community college towns can be used in the adoption and dispersion of broadband technologies in southern Illinois. Supply-side and demand-side data were collected and inputted into a Geographic Information System (GIS). Supply-side data included cable modem, digital subscriber lines (DSL), wireless, and fiber optic lines, while demand data included reported broadband requests from individuals without access (n = 439), students (n = 45,866), and higher education workforce (n = 5419). Using the GIS and statistical techniques, insightful maps of broadband infrastructure were created to illustrate areas of supply and demand so that governments and businesses can address existing gaps in consumer needs. Specifically, different levels of broadband access and use were mapped; different under-served rural and inner-city markets were identified so as to emphasize the dramatic economic impact on the business opportunities available to small business entrepreneurs. Also, different geographies of use and accessibility of broadband connectivity in the study region were synthesized to support decision-making. The resulting maps provided supply and demand marketing intelligence based on the geographic analyses of residential and enterprise sectors. These data can be used as a model to develop specific policy recommendations for a knowledge-based economy, specifically for the southern Illinois region or other rural communities in the United States.
Beyond TICTAC: “Real World” Consecutive Patient Cohort Survival

Purpose The Tacrolimus In Combination Tacrolimus Alone (TICTAC) trial was published supporting the efficacy of rapid steroid weaning and the use of tacrolimus monotherapy. Selection bias was raised as a criticism of this trial, limiting its impact. Since 2008 when enrollment was complete, the TICTAC approach became our standard regimen. We now report on 216 consecutive patients transplanted following the trial. Methods and Materials All patients who underwent a transplant following the TICTAC trial at a single center were treated with tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with rapid steroid weaning (discontinuation within 8 weeks post-transplant). MMF was typically discontinued within the first month post-transplant barring significant allograft rejection. The survival of these patients is compared to 328 patients transplanted before the TICTAC trial began in 2004. Results The table describes the basic demographics of patients transplanted prior to TICTAC and after the trial completed enrollment. As shown in the graph, the survival of patients following TICTAC was significantly better than the historical pre-TICTAC cohort despite systematically reduced immunosuppression. [ figure 1 ] Conclusions Together with the randomized TICTAC trial, these results support a wider use of rapid steroid weaning along with selective discontinuation of MMF. These promising results in a real-world population support the safety and utility of reduced immunosuppression in heart transplant patients. Demographics Factor % of Patients (N) Age 55.3 years Male 81% (121) Black race 19% (28) VAD Pre-transplant 27% (41) Re-Transplant 0.03% (4) Combined Organ Transplant 0.07%(11) UNOS Status 1A 51% (76) UNOS Status 1B 45% (68) UNOS Status 2 0.04%(6)
Shear and extensional rheology and flow‐induced orientation of carbon nanofiber/polystyrene melt composites

The rheological behavior and morphology of polystyrene/carbon nanofiber (PS/CNF) composites in their melt phase have been characterized through experimental measurements. Viscosity measurements of the PS/CNF composites in the linear viscoelastic regime show the ratio of the transient extensional viscosity to the transient shear viscosity to be greater than three, the Trouton ratio. This behavior is due to differences in the flow-induced orientation of CNFs in shear and extensional flow. The orientation development of the CNFs in shear and extensional flow was analyzed through a method utilizing transmission electron microscopy and was used to explain observed rheological phenomena. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Microbial transformation and degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls.

Abstract This paper reviews the potential of microorganisms to transform polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In anaerobic environments, higher chlorinated biphenyls can undergo reductive dehalogenation. Meta - and para -chlorines in PCB congeners are more susceptible to dechlorination than ortho -chlorines. Anaerobes catalyzing PCB dechlorination have not been isolated in pure culture but there is strong evidence from enrichment cultures that some Dehalococcoides spp. and other microorganisms within the Chloroflexi phylum can grow by linking the oxidation of H 2 to the reductive dechlorination of PCBs. Lower chlorinated biphenyls can be co-metabolized aerobically. Some aerobes can also grow by utilizing PCB congeners containing only one or two chlorines as sole carbon/energy source. An example is the growth of Burkholderia cepacia by transformation of 4-chlorobiphenyl to chlorobenzoates. The latter compounds are susceptible to aerobic mineralization. Higher chlorinated biphenyls therefore are potentially fully biodegradable in a sequence of reductive dechlorination followed by aerobic mineralization of the lower chlorinated products.
Philippine migration: the settlement of the Digos-Padada Valley Davao Province.

The reserach objective was to determine the reasons for the migration to Digos-Padada region the history of the migration the origins of the migrants the financing of the migration and of the pioneering phase and the socioeconomic impact of the immigration movement on the Digos-Padada region. The migration to the Digos-Padada region got slowly underwqy in the 1920s increased sharply in the 1930s and reached its peak by 1950. The region has received about 100000 migrants since World War 2. The random sample of 1000 migrant households was stratified on the basis of both accessibility and size of settlement. Field observations were supplemented by data obtained from such sources as: census returns for the years 1903 1918 1939 1948 and 1960; some 9700 applications for homestead and free patent grants made to the Bureau of Lands; and some 1500 detailed questionnaires answered by migrant (1300) and nonmigrant (200) heads of households now residing in the valley. The Digos-Padada valley did not differ markedly from other Philippine lowland areas in regard to the potential it offered for economic development. The major significant difference lay in the fact that at least until the 1920s and in a very real sense until as late as the postwar years the lands of the valley were still relatively devoid of settlement. Its accessibility to the major developing centers of southeastern Mindanao particularly to Davao City its coastal location the general lack of topographic obstructions to road construction the relatively favorable edaphic and climatic environments and its empty lands made it a prime target for large scale migrations. The Digos-Padada valley presented few obstacles to the settlement of large numbers of new migrants. Settlement began along traditional lines i.e. initial settlement was mainly along the more accessible coast. As the major road network slowly took shape the spread of settlement followed these arteries. Most recently there has been a noticeable dispersement of settlement across the entire valley. Nearly all sections of the Philippines contributed migrants to the Digos-Padada valley. There was little difference in the patterns of origins of migrants to the valley through time. Nearly 9 out of every 10 migrants interviewed reported acquaintances already present in the valley at the time of their arrival. A continuing contact between the valley migrants and their source areas was evidenced by the fact that slightly more than one half of the interviewees had themselves returned home on visits. The high proportion of returning visitors was indicative of the very strong family and community ties ties that remained unbroken even by long distance migration.
Stereo camera system calibration with relative orientation constraints

At The Center for Mapping of The Ohio State University, a mobile mapping system was developed. By integrating the global positioning system (GPS) with a stereo vision system, the global coordinates of any point in the field of view of the cameras can be obtained. The calibration of cameras was done by using the bundle adjustment in a test field of retro reflective targets. The image coordinates are measured automatically by means of the center of gravity, the identification of points is also performed automatically using the space resection. As the stereo cameras are mounted on a stationary platform, relative orientation constraints are applied in the calibration. As a result, the number of required observations is reduced and a stable calibration of the stereo vision system is achieved. The modifications to the standard bundle solution are presented, as well as the positioning accuracy of the calibrated system.
Carrier function in anti-hapten immune responses. I. Enhancement of primary and secondary anti-hapten antibody responses by carrier preimmunization.

Preimmunization of either guinea pigs or rabbits to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) prepares the animals for markedly enhanced antibody responses to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-BGG (DNP-BGG). This phenomenon is observed both in the primary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG and in the secondary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-BGG in animals primed with DNP-ovalbumin (DNP-OVA). The BGG preimmunization is most effective if the antigen is administered as a complete Freund's adjuvant emulsion; in rabbits, a dose of 1 µg of BGG is more effective than a dose of 50 µg, whereas the reverse is true in guinea pigs. Transfusion of homologous anti-BGG sera fails to replace active immunization with BGG in the preparation of animals for these enhanced anti-DNP antibody responses. Both the immunoglobulin class and the average association constant for ϵ-DNP-L-lysine of the anti-DNP antibody produced in these enhanced responses is determined by the mode and time of immunization with haptenic conjugates and is not appreciably influenced by the nature of the carrier preimmunization. These studies indicate that the carrier specificity of hapten-specific anamnestic antibody responses is largely due to the interaction of two independent cell associated recognition units, one specialized for carrier and the other specific for haptenic determinants.
Carità e potere: representing the Medici grand dukes as ‘fathers of the Innocenti’

In 1605, Roberto Antinori, prior of the Innocenti foundling hospital in Florence, commissioned marble busts of the first three Medici grand dukes for the hospital loggia. Several years later, he hired Bernardino Poccetti to fresco in the girls' refectory an ‘Istoria degl'Innocenti’, which included an idealized representation of the activities of the hospital under the watchful eyes of Cosimo II. The present study argues that these decorative projects worked together to shape an image of the grand dukes as ‘fathers’ of the foundlings of the Innocenti. In contrast to much of the scholarship on the grand dukes, which has focused on their use of visual imagery to achieve absolutist goals, I show how the image of Medici ‘fatherhood’ forged at the Innocenti, by articulating a construction of ruling authority in which the hospital and its young inmates played a constitutive role, served the interests of the hospital as much as it did those of the grand dukes. The paternal metaphor, which obligated the ‘fathers of the Innocenti’ to provide for their ‘children’, is elaborated most extensively in Poccetti's fresco, which represents Cosimo II as custodian of imperilled souls, supplier of nourishment, provider of education, and guardian of nubile chastity.
Iron chelators deferoxamine and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid induce apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Objectives. Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of death in women and development of new therapies is essential. Deprivation of iron (Fe), an essential micro-nutrient, by chelation is known to inhibit proliferation of several human cancers but its potential in ovarian cancer treatment remains unknown. We have evaluated the anti-proliferative activities of iron chelators, deferoxamine (DFO), and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), in human and rat ovarian cancer cells. Methods. The effect of DFO and DTPA on CaOV-3 (human) and NUTU-19 (rat) ovarian cancer cells was determined by cell proliferation and apoptosis assays (Hoechst staining, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activation), cell cycle analysis, and Fe supplementation studies. Results. DFO and DTPA were cytotoxic to ovarian cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DFO inhibited proliferation of NUTU-19 and CaOV-3 cells (IC 50 at 45 and 280 μM, respectively), while DTPA inhibited proliferation of only NUTU-19 cells (IC 50 at 50 μM), at 48 h. DNA synthesis was inhibited in CaOV-3 cells by DFO (>90% at 200 μM) and in NUTU-19 by both DFO and DTPA (>90% at 50 μM). Fe supplementation effectively reversed the cytotoxic effects of DFO and DTPA. Cell cycle analysis showed a G0/G1- and S-phase block with increased apoptosis. DNA fragmentation analysis confirmed apoptosis. Increase in caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities (∼2.4-fold) was associated with apoptosis. Conclusions. Our studies show that Fe chelators suppress ovarian cancer growth by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Therefore, Fe chelators can be potentially developed as novel therapeutic agents to treat ovarian cancer.
The Competitive Case Presentation and Critique Training Method

This structured case method provides marketing students at advanced stages of learning with the authority/responsibility for carrying out the case presentation critique, and peer evaluation.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF A NONFUNCTIONAL TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS PROTEIN.

Abstract The nonfunctional virus protein isolated from plants infected with the PM2 strain of tobacco mosaic virus aggregates in an aberrant manner and is unable to coat the virus nucleic acid effectively. It is similar in amino acid composition to the protein of the common strain with the exception that, of the 158 amino acids in the subunit, a threonine residue of the common strain has been replaced by isoleucine and a glutamic acid (or glutamine) residue has been replaced by aspartic acid (or asparagine) in PM2. The threonine-to-isoleucine change has been localized in the large N-terminal peptide (positions 1–41) obtained upon tryptic digestion of PM2 protein. The second replacement has not been localized, although it is not in the N-terminal peptide. Either one or both of these replacements is in a critical region concerned with the proper aggregation of the protein subunits into rods.
Turnover Intentions of the Faculty at a Teaching-Focused University

Research on turnover in academia suggests faculty primarily resign to obtain higher salaries and for personal reasons; however, the samples of most such studies have been from research institutions. Correlates were examined for turnover intentions among 190 faculty members at a university that emphasized teaching. Although current turnover intention was low, seven measures of satisfaction explained 31.5% of the variability in turnover intent, and satisfaction with pay, work itself, and teaching/service load together explained 26% of the variance. Findings support the hypothesis that salary is an important element in explaining turnover consideration at teaching institutions. Although satisfaction with collegial relations was related significantly to turnover intent, it was not as important as some of the other characteristics.
Page life measurements

In the design of programs, and the tuning of operating system performance, consideration is sometimes given to the effect of virtual memory behavior. An important but often overlooked statistic of virtual memory dynamics is that of page life (the real time required for an unreferenced page to be removed from memory). Page life values are related to page rates but are more easily compared with program timing and thus are easier to understand. Measurements of this parameter for an IBM VS/1 operating system are presented and discussed.
Influence of Developed Tension on Myocardial Potassium Balance in the Dog Heart

Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of changing preload on myocardial potassium balance. A blood-perfused dog heart was employed. Changes in the pressure recorded from a balloon in the left ventricle were assumed to reflect directional changes in myocardial wall tension. Developed tension was altered by changing the volume of the balloon. Net potassium balance was calculated as the product of the coronary A-V plasma potassium difference and coronary plasma flow. When the ventricle was developing little tension, it usually gained potassium. When diastolic volume and thus developed tension was increased, a net loss of myocardial potassium occurred. In some experiments the hemodynamic response of the ventricle to the increase in diastolic volume suggested that the contractility of the heart was increasing while the heart was losing potassium.
Eleven-year career stability and change as reflected in Project Talent data through the Flanagan, Holland, and Roe occupational classification systems☆☆☆

Abstract The vocational psychologist seeks classifications of occupations which maximize career stability as occupations change from time to time in the life. This study investigates the extent of career stability and the patterns of career change which have occurred in the lives of Project TALENT twelfth grade students in the 11 yr elapsing since they were tested. “Career” plans in the last year of high school and at 1, 5, and 11 yr after testing were classified by the Flanagan, Holland, and Roe occupational classification systems in order to study the career stability and patterning within each system and to contrast both among systems. Career stability proved to be about the same in all three classification systems but decreased in all cases as the interval over which it was measured increased. Career stability increased as subjects grew older, proving to be the greatest from 5 to 11 yr after high school. Patterns of change mildly conformed to the circular patterns claimed by Holland and Roe for their systems and the linear pattern hypothesized for the Flanagan system. Generally, the direction of “career” flow was away from intellectual careers to careers in business and sales but each system had unique results as well.
A simple method for measuring the Q value of an NMR sample coil.

A simple method for measuring the Q (quality factor) value of an NMR sample coil based on an impedance matching principle is described. This method has the advantage of utilizing a signal generator and reflection coefficient bridge rather than an expensive high-frequency Q meter and offers an alternative means of measuring the Q value of an NMR sample coil or any other radio frequency coil.