cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interaction of Race and Place: Predictors of Fatal Police Shootings of Black Victims at the Incident, Census Tract, City, and State Levels, 2013–2018

We develop and analyze a multilevel model of fatal police shootings to better understand the interplay between individual-level and contextual-level factors in incidents of police use of deadly force. We use a three-level hierarchical logistic regression model to identify Census tract-, city-, and state-level predictors of fatal police shootings and a four-level model to identify predictors of fatal police shootings of black victims at the incident, Census tract, city, and state levels. We find that higher levels of concentrated disadvantage and interpersonal firearm violence in a Census tract are significant predictors of the likelihood of any fatal police shooting occurring in that tract. We also find that conditional upon a fatal police shooting having occurred in a Census tract, knowing that the victim was unarmed is a significant predictor of the likelihood that the victim was black. Three other predictors of a police shooting victim being black were a higher proportion of black residents in the Census tract, a greater presence of police officers in the city, and a higher level of black-white residential segregation in the state. We conclude that reducing excessive police use of deadly force requires consideration of not only the individual interactions between officers and citizens, but also the quantity of interactions and the characteristics of the place in which these interactions occur. Special consideration must be given to ameliorating the consequences of structural racism, including racial segregation, over-policing of predominantly black neighborhoods, concentrated disadvantage in segregated neighborhoods, and racial inequalities in income and wealth.
Effect of Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on β-Glucan, Protein, and Grain Yield of Naked Food Barley in No-Till Cropping Systems in the Palouse Region of the Pacific Northwest

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a storied history as a food crop, and it has long been a dietary staple of peoples in temperate climates. Contemporary research studies have focused mostly on hulled barley for malt and animal feed. As such, nitrogen (N) and seeding rate agronomic data for naked food barley are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the effects of N on s-glucan and protein content, and N and seeding rate on phenotypic characteristics of naked food barley, including grain yield, emergence, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, test weight, percent plump kernels, and percent thin kernels. Experiments were conducted at two no-till farms, located in Almota, WA, and Genesee, ID, in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest from 2016 to 2018. The experiment comprised two varieties (‘Havener’ and ‘Julie’), employed N rates of 0, 62, 95, 129, and 162 kg ha-1, and seeding rates of 250, 310, and 375 seeds/m2. Increased N fertilization rate was shown to significantly increase all response variables, except β-glucan content of the variety Julie, days to heading, test weight, and percent plump and thin kernels. Increased N fertilization resulted in higher mean grain yield of Havener and Julie in both Almota and Genesee up to 95 kg ha-1. Havener had higher yields (3,908 kg ha-1) than Julie (3,099 kg ha-1) across locations and years. Julie had higher β-glucan (8.2%) and protein (12.6%) content compared to Havener (β-glucan=6.6%; protein=9.1%). Our results indicate that β-glucan content is associated with genotype, environmental, and agronomic factors in dryland cropping systems of the Palouse.
Unsafe at Any Level: The U.S. NHTSA's Levels of Automation Are a Liability Automated Vehicles

Walter Huang, a 38-year-old Apple Inc. engineer, died on March 23, 2018, after his Tesla Model X crashed into a highway barrier in Mountain View, California. Tesla immediately disavowed responsibility for the accident. "The fundamental premise of both moral and legal liability is a broken promise, and there was none here: [Mr. Huang] was well aware that the Autopilot was not perfect [and the] only way for this accident to have occurred is if Mr. Huang was not paying attention to the road, despite the car providing multiple warnings to do so." This is the standard response from Tesla and Uber, the manufacturers of the automated vehicles involved in the six fatal accidents to date: the automated vehicle isn't perfect, the driver knew it wasn't perfect, and if only the driver had been paying attention and heeded the vehicle's warnings, the accident would never have occurred. However, as researchers focused on human-automation interaction in aviation and military operations, we cannot help but wonder if there really are no broken promises and no legal liabilities. Science has a critical role in determining legal liability, and courts appropriately rely on scientists and engineers to determine whether an accident, or harm, was foreseeable. Specifically, a designer could be found liable if, at the time of the accident, scientists knew there was a systematic relationship between the accident and the designer's untaken precaution. Nearly 70 years of research provides an undeniable answer: It is insufficient, inappropriate, and dangerous to automate everything you can and leave the rest to the human. There is a systematic relationship between the design of automated vehicles and the types of accidents that are occurring now and will inevitably continue to occur in the future. These accidents were not unforeseeable and the drivers were not exclusively to blame.
Goodness of fit for seemingly unrelated regressions: Glahn's R2y.x and Hooper's r̄2

Abstract This paper presents a measure of goodness of fit for Zellner's seemingly unrelated regressions. The measure is a monotonic transform of the appropriate (asymptotic) F-statistic, is bounded on [0, 1] and is maximized by Zellner's estimation technique. Glahn's composite correlation coefficient is shown to be a special case of this measure. It is also compared to Hooper's squared trace correlation coefficient. All three measures as well as some additional asymptotic summary test statistics are calculated for the two-equation example of Zellner. The applicability of the latter test statistics seems not to be recognized in applied work.
Interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with the Mr 90,000 heat shock protein: an evolving model of ligand-mediated receptor transformation and translocation.

Reports from several laboratories support a model for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transformation in cytosol in which a heteromeric 9S complex of GR and the M r 90,000 heat shock protein undergo a temperature-dependent and hormone-promoted dissociation to yield the free DNA-binding form of the receptor. In this paper, we review evidence that the 9S heteromeric complex is derived from the normal inactive state of the receptor in the intact cell and that both M r 90,000 heat shock protein and the untransformed GR localize by immunofluorescence with specific monoclonal antibodies to microtubules in a variety of cell types in culture. We propose that an association with cytoskeleton may be required for translocating the GR from its cytoplasmic site of synthesis to its nuclear site of action and that the 9S complex is derived from this cytoskeleton-associated form. Similar molybdate-stabilized 9S complexes can be obtained for all of the steroid receptors, several of which clearly are localized to the nucleus prior to exposure to hormone. These receptors may have moved to the terminus of the translocation pathway where they remain in a cytoskeleton-bound “docking” position. We speculate that, in the intact cell, ligand-dependent dissociation of M r 90,000 heat shock protein permits the steroid receptors to progress by some ordered mechanism to their high affinity sites of action within the nucleus.
Verbal Arts in Philippine Indigenous Communities: Poetics, Society, and History

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Herminia Menez Coben Year: 2009 Pages: 402 Publisher: Ateneo de Manila University Press ISBN: 978-971-550-583-3 (soft cover).
Sex ratio and maternal rank in wild spider monkeys: when daughters disperse

Data from a long-term field study of the spider monkey, Ateles paniscus, in Peru indicate that a strongly female-biased sex ratio exists from birth in this population. Of 46 infants born between July 1981 and June 1986, 12 were male, 32 were female and 2 were of undetermined sex. This effect is consistent between years as well, with more females than males born in each year of the study (Table 1). This bias is driven by the fact that low-ranking females produce daughters almost exclusively, while high-ranking females bias their investment somewhat less strongly towards sons (Table 2). The unusual pattern of female-biased maternal investment observed in this population of Ateles probably occurs for a combination of the following reasons: (1) maternal investment in individual male offspring is somewhat greater than in individual female offspring; (2) males remain with their natal groups, and the sons of high-ranking females are likely to be competitively superior to the sons of low-ranking females; (3) males compete for mates, and only the one or two most dominant males within a community are likely to achieve significant reproductive success. Two possible mechanisms of sex-ratio adjustment and the evidence for each are discussed.
Cytophotometric Evidence for Triploidy in Hybrids of the Gynogenetic Fish, Poecilia formosa

Amounts of DNA per nucleus were estimated by microphotometry in Feulgen-stained tissue sections from several species of poeciliid fish and their hybrid offspring. In terms of average nuclear volumes as well as relative DNA levels, the all-female gynogenetic species P. formosa was indistinguishable from the related bisexual species P. sphenops, confirming the essentially diploid nature of the amazon molly, P. formosa. Although DNA values from the less closely related species P. vittata were about 15% higher than those from P. sphenops, both species showed expected patterns of DNA behavior in several somatic tissues and in developing male sex cells. Somatic nuclei from two types of interspecific hybrids contained more DNA than corresponding types of nuclei from typical maternal P. formosa, the additional amount being equivalent to the haploid DNA value characteristic of the participating paternal species. The results strongly suggest that these hybrids are genetic triploids, probably containing diploid maternal and haploid paternal chromosome contributions. The high incidence of chromosomal stickness, bridging, and fragmentation observed during metaphase I of spermatogenesis, and the occurrence of both “giant” and “micro” spermatids in testis of the hybrid P. formosa X P. vittata may well account for the apparent sterility of amazon molly offspring which show transmission of paternal characteristics. Production of triploid interspecific hybrids in poeciliid fish and corollary implications for interpreting previous tissue transplantation studies are discussed.
Single‐Configuration Wavefunctions and Potential Curves for the Ground States of He2, Ne2, and Ar2

Potential energy curves are calculated for He2, Ne2, and Ar2 using single‐configuration wavefunctions constructed from molecular orbitals. In one set of calculations the molecular orbitals are chosen to be linear combination of Hartree—Fock orbitals of the separated atoms (the LCAO‐MO approximation). In another set of calculations SCF molecular orbitals are obtained by the expansion method (the SCF—MO approximation) with basis functions taken from SCF calculations on the separated atoms. SCF—MO's for He2 are also calculated with basis functions which have been ``optimized'' by varying the parameters in the exponents until the total energy is a minimum. Potential curves for these different calculations are compared among themselves and with experiment.
Totally laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Background and Objectives: Recent studies have supported minimally invasive techniques as a viable alternative to open surgery in the treatment of gastric cancer. The goal of this study is to review our institution’s experience with totally laparoscopic gastrectomy for the treatment of both early- and advanced-stage gastric cancer. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to examine the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic gastrectomy performed at Monmouth Medical Center between May 2003 and June 2012. We reviewed postoperative complications, surgical margins, number of resected lymph nodes, estimated blood loss, length of stay, narcotic use, and recurrence rate. Results: Forty patients were included in the study. There were 21 cases of adenocarcinoma, 15 cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, 2 cases of carcinoid, 1 case of small cell neuroendocrine tumor, and 1 case of squamous cell carcinoma. The mean operative time was 220 minutes (range, 67–450 minutes). The median length of stay was 6 days (range, 1–37 days). The mean number of harvested lymph nodes was 11. Early postoperative complications occurred in 7 patients and included anastomotic stricture, wound infection, intra-abdominal abscess, bowel obstruction, and esophageal pneumatosis. There were two deaths. The Kaplan-Meier 5-year overall and recurrencefree survival rate for all cases of adenocarcinoma was 63.2%. Conclusions: Totally laparoscopic gastrectomy is a reasonable option for the treatment of gastric malignancy, with early data showing acceptable survival rates and perioperative outcomes. Large-scale randomized trials are still needed to confirm oncologic equivalency to open gastrectomy in patients with advanced disease.
Instant evolution. The influence of the city on human genes: a speculative case

Abstract The dominant view in today's evolutionary psychology is that our instincts were stamped into our DNA during the infamous EEA, “The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness” (Cosmides & Tooby, Evolutionary psychology: A primer. Santa Barbara: Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California, 1997.). This is generally reckoned as a roughly two and a half million-year hunter-gatherer phase that ended before the climax of the last Ice Age. Since then, our genetically preprogrammed heritage has supposedly been locked in stone (or better yet, in an amino acid code). We are, so says the current argument, tribal hunter-gatherers decked out in modern clothes. However a strong case can be made for the possibility that human biology has continued to evolve during the 10,000 years since Jericho's builders erected the first city walls. Genes change far more speedily than most evolutionary psychologists realize. Natural selection has had 400 generations to rework our bodies and our brains since the days when Catal Huyuk, Suberde, and Tepe Yahya joined Jericho's mesh of intercity trade. Four thousand years before the rise of the Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, and Kish, Stone Age metropolises from Anatolia to the edges of India were already rich in challenges and opportunities. These urban traps and niches may well have been selectors forming much of what we are today. Homo urbanis has not only arrived, he has long since elbowed Homo tribalis far off to the side.
Force measurements of polysilicon thermal microactuators

Surface micromachined polycrystalline silicon thermal micro- actuators provide large deflections while requiring low drive voltages and occupying small device areas. The force provided by thermal actuators is not currently known. Therefore, force testers have been designed and fabricated. The force testers were used to measure the force of individual actuators over a range of design parameters including flexure length, hot arm width, arm separation,and actuator thickness. The force testers have also been connected to arrays of 2 to 20 actuators coupled together. Measurements of force tester deflection versus actuator drive power have been taken. The data shows that individual actuators are capable of generating greater than 4.8 micronewtons of force with less than 15 milliwatts of power. The test also show that coupling the actuators together successfully combines the force of individual actuators. These measurements allow the creation of a general set of design rules for efficient thermal actuators.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recent Changes in High-Latitude Glaciers, Ice Caps, and Ice Sheets

The glaciers and ice sheets of the world contain enough ice to raise sea level by approximately 70 meters if they were to disappear entirely, and most of this ice is located in the climatically sensitive polar regions. Fortunately changes of this magnitude would probably take many thousands of years to occur, but recent discoveries indicate that these ice masses are responding to changes in today s climate more rapidly than previously thought. These responses are likely to be of great societal significance, primarily in terms of their implications for sea level, but also in terms of how their discharge of freshwater, through melting or calving, may impact ocean circulation. For millions of years, oceans have risen and fallen as the Earth has warmed and cooled, and ice on land has shrunk and grown. Today is no different in that respect, as sea levels have been rising at a rate of nearly 2 m per year during the last century (Miller and Douglas 2004), and 3 mm/yr in the last 12 years (Leuliette et al. 2004). What is different today, however, is that tens - perhaps hundreds - of millions of people live in coastal areas that are vulnerable to changes in sea level. Rising seas erode beaches, increase flood potential, and reduce the ability of barrier islands and coastal wetlands to mitigate the effects of major storms and hurricanes. The costs associated with a one-meter rise in sea level are estimated to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars in the United States alone. The worldwide costs in human terms would be far greater as some vulnerable low-lying coastal regions would become inundated, especially in poorer nations that do not have the resources to deal with such changes. Such considerations are particularly important in light of the fact that a one meter sea level rise is not significantly outside the 0.09 to 0.88 range of predictions for this century (IPCC 2001), and rises of this magnitude have occurred in the past in as little as 20 years (Fairbanks 1989). While the expansion of the warming oceans is estimated to be about a third of recent sea level rise, (Miller and Douglas 2004) the greatest potential for significantly increasing sea level lies in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. For different reasons, each exhibits characteristics that suggest they are potentially unstable. In Antarctica, large portions of the ice cover rest on a soft bed that lies below sea level, making it vulnerable to runaway retreat. The Greenland ice sheet experiences considerable melt, which has the potential to rapidly accelerate the flow of ice toward the sea. While smaller ice masses, such as the Alaskan Glaciers and the Canadian ice caps, do not have anywhere near the same potential to impact sea level as the vast ice sheets do, many are melting rapidly, posing a significant near-term threat.
The Relationships of the Swallows (Hirundinidae)

The single-copy DNA sequences of the Bank Swallow (R. riparia) and the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) were radio-labeled and compared with the DNAs of an array of other oscine species, using the technique of DNA-DNA hybridization. The results indicate that the swallows shared a most recent common ancestor with the sylviine-timaliine cluster, and that the divergence probably occurred ca. 50 mya, in the Eocene. The white-eyes (Zosterops) are also related to the swallow-warbler-babbler complex, as are the titmice, kinglets, bulbuls, nuthatches, creepers, wrens, verdins, and gnatcatchers. The fringillid-ploceid assemblage is the sister group of the swallow-warbler-babbler assemblage, with the muscicapine-turdine, and the corvine assemblages being progressively more distant.
Finding Known Journal Articles: Comparing a Citation Linker to an A-to-Z List

AbstractOpenURL links provide access to full-text articles from citation databases; however, end users who have found citations outside of library databases must find the full text of their journal articles another way. Many OpenURL link resolvers offer a citation finder service which allows the end user to search for specific known items at the article level. This paper studies the usability of the “citation linker” search from Ex Libris' SFXÂ®. Twenty-one volunteers tested finding known journal articles using both a standard A-to-Z list and SFX' citation linker search. The researchers compare results from the two search interfaces, document the problems found, recommend which interface makes the best default search interface, and suggest improvements to the citation linker interface.
Large-Scale Question Answering with Joint Embedding and Proof Tree Decoding

Question answering (QA) over a large-scale knowledge base (KB) such as Freebase is an important natural language processing application. There are linguistically oriented semantic parsing techniques and machine learning motivated statistical methods. Both of these approaches face a key challenge on how to handle diverse ways natural questions can be expressed about predicates and entities in the KB. This paper is to investigate how to combine these two approaches. We frame the problem from a proof-theoretic perspective, and formulate it as a proof tree search problem that seamlessly unifies semantic parsing, logic reasoning, and answer ranking. We combine our word entity joint embedding learned from web-scale data with other surface-form features to further boost accuracy improvements. Our real-time system on the Freebase QA task achieved a very high F1 score (47.2) on the standard Stanford WebQuestions benchmark test data.
Acetylation of pronase trypsin.

Summary Reaction of Pronase trypsin with acetic anhydride yielded a homogeneous, active, and stable derivative. This was achieved by including glycerol in the acetylation reaction as previously described. Acetylation resulted in no change in K m and only a moderate decrease in V max with N α -benzoyl-L-arginine- p -nitroanilide as substrate. As with bovine trypsin the single amino terminal residue was not acetylated. This is in contrast to the other homologous mammalian and microbial enzymes where complete acetylation of amino terminal residues is noted. Thus, a close conformational homology is suggested around the amino-termini of the microbial and mammalian trypsins.
Zygomatico–orbito–maxillary complex fractures

Zygomatico–orbito–maxillary complex fractures are the second most common facial fracture. As with all facial fractures, wide exposure and accurate fixation will lead to optimal functional and cosmetic results. Surgical techniques to expose the orbital floor, zygoma, and maxilla are discussed.
A map of nucleosome positions in yeast at base-pair resolution

The exact positions of nucleosomes along genomic DNA can influence many aspects of chromosome function. However, existing methods for mapping nucleosomes do not provide the necessary single-base-pair accuracy to determine these positions. Here we develop and apply a new approach for direct mapping of nucleosome centres on the basis of chemical modification of engineered histones. The resulting map locates nucleosome positions genome-wide in unprecedented detail and accuracy. It shows new aspects of the in vivo nucleosome organization that are linked to transcription factor binding, RNA polymerase pausing and the higher-order structure of the chromatin fibre.
Utility of pedometers for assessing physical activity: convergent validity.

Valid assessment of physical activity is important to researchers and practitioners interested in surveillance, screening, programme evaluation and intervention. The validity of an assessment instrument is commonly considered its most important attribute. Convergent validity is the extent to which an instrument’s output is associated with that of other instruments intended to measure the same exposure of interest. A systematic review of the literature produced 25 articles directly relevant to the question of convergent validity of pedometers against accelerometers, observation, and self-reported measures of physical activity. Reported correlations were pooled and a median r-value was computed. Pedometers correlate strongly (median r = 0.86) with different accelerometers (specifically uniaxial accelerometers) depending on the specific instruments used, monitoring frame and conditions implemented, and the manner in which the outputs are expressed. Pedometers also correlate strongly (median r = 0.82) with time in observed activity. Time in observed inactivity correlated negatively with pedometer outputs (median r = -0.44). The relationship with observed steps taken depended upon monitoring conditions and speed of walking. The highest agreement was apparent during ambulatory activity (running, walking) or during sitting (when both observation and pedometers would register few steps taken). There was consistent evidence of reduced accuracy during slow walking. Pedometers correlate moderately with different measures of energy expenditure (median r = 0.68). The relationship between pedometer outputs and energy expenditure is complicated by the use of many different direct and indirect measures of energy expenditure and population samples. Concordance with self-reported physical activity (median r = 0.33) varied depending upon the self-report instrument used, individuals assessed, and how pedometer outputs are expressed (e.g. steps, distance travelled, energy expenditure). Pedometer output has an inverse relationship with reported time spent sitting (r = -0.38). The accumulated evidence herein provides ample support that the simple and inexpensive pedometer is a valid option for assessing physical activity in research and practice.
Application case study of machine learning techniques towards a fault diagnosis system for a manufacturing plant environment

Fault diagnosis is a vital problem in process engineering. It is the fundamental component of anomalous event management (AEM) which has attracted a lot of attention over recent years. AEM deals with the timely detection, diagnosis and correction of abnormal conditions of faults in a process. Early detection and diagnosis of process faults while the plant is still operating in a controllable region can help avoid anomalous event evolution, improve uptime and reduce efficiency loss. There is a great quantity of literature on process fault diagnosis ranging from analytical methods to artificial intelligence and statistical approaches. From a modeling perspective, there are methods that require accurate process models, semi-quantitative models, or qualitative models. At the other end of the gamut, there are methods that do not assume any form of model information and rely only on historical process data. In this paper we present the performance of few approaches of data driven modeling/machine learning techniques on the simulated data from a distillation column.
Non-divergent oscillations in the solar atmosphere

Non-divergent oscillations having the form of deep water waves are shown to form normal modes or free oscillations of the solar atmosphere under two approximations: the chromosphere-coronal interface behaves like a free surface, and the density scale height is sufficiently large in the convective zone. These modes show the temporal and spatial characteristics of the ‘300 second’ chromospheric oscillations.
Extraction of One-Dimensional Flow Properties from Multidimensional Data Sets

The engineering design and analysis of air-breathing propulsion systems relies heavily on zero- or one-dimensional properties (e.g., thrust, total pressure recovery, mixing, and combustion efficiency, etc.) for figures of merit. The extraction of these parameters from experimental data sets and/or multidimensional computational data sets is therefore an important aspect of the design process. A variety of methods exist for extracting performance measures from multidimensional data sets. Some of the information contained in the multidimensional flow is inevitably lost when any one-dimensionalization technique is applied. Hence, the unique assumptions associated with a given approach may result in one-dimensional properties that are significantly different than those extracted using alternative approaches. The purpose of this effort is to examine some of the more popular methods used for the extraction of performance measures from multidimensional data sets, reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, and highlight various numerical issues that result when mapping data from a multidimensional space to a space of one dimension.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Relational Frame Theory, and the Third Wave of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies.

The first wave of behavior therapy countered the excesses and scientific weakness of existing nonempirical clinical traditions through empirically studied first-order change efforts linked to behavioral principles targeting directly relevant clinical targets. The second wave was characterized by similar direct change efforts guided by social learning and cognitive principles that included cognitive in addition to behavioral and emotive targets. Various factors seem to have set the stage for a third wave, including anomalies in the current literature and philosophical changes. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is one of a number of new interventions from both behavioral and cognitive wings that seem to be moving the field in a different direction. ACT is explicitly contextualistic and is based on a basic experimental analysis of human language and cognition, Relational Frame Theory (RFT). RFT explains why cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are both ubiquitous and harmful. ACT targets these processes and is producing supportive data both at the process and outcome level. The third-wave treatments are characterized by openness to older clinical traditions, a focus on second order and contextual change, an emphasis of function over form, and the construction of flexible and effective repertoires, among other features. They build on the first- and second-wave treatments, but seem to be carrying the behavior therapy tradition forward into new territory.
An odontometric assessment of variability inAustralopithecus afarensis

Odontometric data are utilized to investigate both the extent of variation in the Pliocene hominid remains from Hadar and Laetoli and whether this variation is best explained as resulting from sexual dimorphism or from the presence of more than one species in the sample. Coefficients of variation for the Hadar/Laetoli dental elements are compared with those from other established Plio-Pleistocene hominid taxa and extant pongids. Results indicate that while CVs for the central cheek teeth (M1/1 and M2/2) tend to be rather high, the variability does not consistently exceed ranges of variability for extant anthropoids and other primate species. Thus odontometric data do not disprove the null hypothesis that the Hadar/Laetoli sample can be accommodated within a single species. Therefore, although the Hadar/Laetoli sample tends to exhibit less canine variability than is found among sexually dimorphic apes, odontometric variation in this sample is more likely due to sexual dimorphism than the presence of multiple taxa in the sample.
An Airborne Comparison of Three PMS Probes

Abstract The 1977–78 Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP) field season offered an opportunity for comparing several Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) probes. During that winter the University of Wyoming's King Air aircraft was instrumented with 1D cloud, 2D cloud and 2D precipitation probes. Data from the three probes were analyzed from several flights in stable oregraphic storms. Various temperature levels (and hence, hydrometeor habits) above and below 0°C were flown in order to compare the data for water drops and for different ice crystal habits. It was found that all three probes agree quite well when sampling water drops of any size; however, when sampling ice crystals the probes agreed only at sizes larger than about 1 mm.
In vitro interaction of enkephalin with serum and chromaffin granule components.

Incubation of radioactively labeled enkephalin with serum components or chromaffin granule components in vitro provided evidence that there are specific constituents which bind enkephalins and may affect their degradation. Evidence for carboxy-terminal degradation was found.
Testimonial justification: the parity argument

Abstract On an individualist view of testimonial justification, a subject’s belief based on testimony is justified ultimately on the basis of nontestimonial beliefs alone. The prevailing version of individualism has been inductive individualism, according to which the nontestimonial basis for a testimonial belief is an inductively based belief in the reliability of the testifier. Here I consider an alternative to inductive individualism, which I call the parity account. This is the view, endorsed in various forms by Allan Gibbard, Richard Foley and Keith Lehrer, that my testimonial beliefs have epistemic standing because there is a cognitive parity between me and others. I may trust the beliefs of others because I may trust my own beliefs. I focus on an argument central to Lehrer’s account: I am worthy of my trust in what I believe; others are as worthy of my trust in what they believe as I am in what I believe; so others are worthy of my trust in what they believe. I examine whether this argument can justify my testimonial beliefs. If the parity account is to succeed, the premises of the argument need support. I criticize diverse ways of supporting the premises suggested by Lehrer and by remarks of Foley. I conclude that the parity argument cannot account for the justification of all my testimonial beliefs. It is at best an adjunct argument that depends for its force on prior justified testimonial beliefs.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of atenolol from human plasma and urine : simultaneous fluorescence and ultraviolet detection

Abstract A rapid, reliable analytical method was required to study the disposition of atenolol following oral administration in subjects in various stages of pregnancy. Available methods showed wide variability due to matrix interference. A simple HPLC method is reported for the determination of atenolol in human blood and urine. Atenolol and the internal standard, albuterol, were isolated using solid phase extraction and separated isocratically on a C-18 analytical column with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of an aqueous solution of mono-basic ammonium phosphate and N,N-dimethyloctylamine, and acetonitrile (93:7 v/v). Atenolol and the I.S. were monitored in the effluent using both fluorescence (228/310 nm, excitation/emission) and ultraviolet (224 nm) detection. Within-run and between-run precision showed a c.v. 5%. Recovery following solid phase extraction ranged from 72.8% at 50 ng/ml to 95.5% at 500 ng/ml. The method is linear over a range o...
Children's Eating Attitudes Test: revised factor structure for adolescent girls.

The Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and its language-simplified version for children (ChEAT) have been popular instruments for the assessment of eating attitudes among children, adolescents and young adult females. Objective: Data collected from female adolescents using the ChEAT were analyzed to compare five previously proposed measurement models as well as a new model. Method: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to directly compare models in terms of their goodness-of-fit indices and to determine which model best fits the overall data (N=737) as well as data from the youngest and oldest girls (N=200 each). Results: A newly proposed 14-item, 5-factor model provided the best fit to the overall data as well as data analyzed separately for the youngest and oldest girls. Furthermore, each of the newly proposed factor scores varied somewhat independently as a function of grade level, with body image concerns increasing most dramatically from grades 5 through 8. This newly proposed model is based on factors previously suggested by others, but not previously combined into a single measurement model. Discussion: Implications of the results for future research involving adolescent girls are discussed, especially research on developmental changes in eating attitudes and behaviors that may constitute risk factors for subsequent eating disorders.
Quantitative Evaluation of Selective Fluorescence Quenchers for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

In this investigation, nitromethane, nitrobenzene, and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene are evaluated for their class selectivity and efficiency as fluorescence quenchers of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Conditional Stern-Volmer quenching constants are utilized for qualitative and quantitative evaluation at known quencher concentration and fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths. From these measurements, nitromethane is determined to be the most selective quencher for alternant PAHs, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene is somewhat less selective for nonalternant PAHs, and nitrobenzene is an effective but nonselective quencher. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by application to a complex coal tax sample after separation of the individual PAH components by microcolumn liquid chromatography.
Bridging the Gap Between Neuroimaging and Neuropsychology: Using Working Memory as a Case-Study

Neuropsychology and neuroimaging both provide information about the relationship between brain structure and function, and thus attempt to understand if the neural basis of cognition should benefit from converging results obtained across the two methods. However, serious attempts to integrate the two methodologies face several challenges, such as differences in basic paradigm designs. To illustrate these points, this article will review neuropsychological and neuroimaging research in the area of working memory. Points of discussion will include discrepancies between neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for domain-specific rehearsal systems, the role of left inferior parietal cortex in phonological storage, and the contributions of Brocas area and the cerebellum to articulatory rehearsal. Methodological factors and assumptions that may account for these discrepancies, and the steps that could be taken to overcome them, will be evaluated. The overall objective of this "case study" is to encourage neuroimagers and neuropsychologists to evaluate seriously the results obtained in both methodologies when formulating interpretations of their data and when designing new studies.
The boundary of negatively curved groups

Gromov's article [Gr] contains fundamental properties of negatively curved groups. Several sets of seminar notes are available [FrN, SwN, USN] that contain more detailed accounts of, and further expand on, Gromov's article. A sequence Xi E r, i = 1, 2, ... , is convergent at infinity provided (Xi' x) -t 00 as i, j -t 00. Two sequences {Xi}' {YJ convergent at infinityare equivalent if (Xi' Yi) -t 00 as i -t 00. A point in the boundary ar of r is an equivalence class of sequences convergent at infinity. Now r u ar has a natural topology, in which r is a discrete subspace, and a typical (not necessarily open) neighborhood of a point a E ar represented by a sequence {xJ is given by {y E r u arj(a . y) > N} ,where (a· y) = lim(xi . y) if y E r, and (a· y) = lim(xi . Yi) if YEar is represented by a sequence {yJ. ar is a compact, metrizable, finite-dimensional space [Gr, SwN]. The important tool that relates ar with the cohomological properties of r is the Rips complex Pd(r). For every d ~ 0, Pd(r) is the simplicial complex whose vertices are elements of r, and a collection XI' ••• , xk E r spans a simplex if d(Xi' x) ~ d for all i, j. The natural group action of r on itself by left translations gives rise to an action on Pd(r). The key observation of Rips is that when d is sufficiently large, Pd(r) is contractible and therefore, when r is torsion free, provides a model for Er. More precisely, we have Proposition 1.1 [Gr, Lemma 1.7 .A; SwN, §4.2, Proposition 9]. Suppose that r is a negatively curved group, and let t5 be as in the definition. Choose an integer
Energy trading in the smart grid: From end-user's perspective

The smart grid is expected to be the next generation of electricity grid. It will enable numerous revolutionary features, that allow end-users, such as homes, communities, or businesses, to harvest renewable energy and store the energy in a local battery, which could act as a microgeneration unit. In addition, the customers could be provided with dynamic electricity pricing options under which the electricity price adjusts over a relatively small time scale, e.g., every hour, in response to the changing energy usage of the grid. Consequently, similar to the stock market, it presents an opportunity for an end-user to make profit by trading energy with the grid. More specifically, in this paper, we investigate the profit maximization problem for an end-user that is equipped with renewable energy harvesting devices and a battery, such that the user can buy/sell the energy from/to the grid by leveraging the varying price and the battery storage ability. The resulting algorithm performs arbitrarily close to the optimum without requiring future information of energy demands, electricity prices and the renewable energy arrival process. We validate our results through trace driven simulations.
Heterologous Expression of an Endogenous Rat Cytochrome b5/Cytochrome b5 Reductase Fusion Protein: Identification of Histidines 62 and 85 as the Heme Axial Ligands

Abstract The gene coding for expression of an endogenous soluble fusion protein comprising a b-type cytochrome-containing domain and a FAD-containing domain has been cloned from rat liver mRNA. The 1461-bp hemoflavoprotein gene corresponded to a protein of 493 residues with the heme- and FAD-containing domains comprising the amino and carboxy termini of the protein, respectively. Sequence analysis indicated the heme and flavin domains were directly analogous to the corresponding domains in microsomal cytochrome b5 (cb5) and cytochrome b5 reductase (cb5r), respectively. The full-length fusion protein was purified to homogeneity and demonstrated to contain both heme and FAD prosthetic groups by spectroscopic analyses and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The cb5/cb5r fusion protein was able to utilize both NADPH and NADH as reductants and exhibited both NADPH:ferricyanide (kcat = 21.7 s−1, KNADPHm = 1 μM. KFeCN6m = 8 μM) and NADPH:cytochrome c (kcat = 8.3 s−1, KNADPHm = 1 μM. Kcyt cm = 7 μM) reductase activities with a preference for NADPH as the reduced pyridine nucleotide substrate. NADPH-reduction was stereospecific for transfer of the 4R-proton and involved a hydride transfer mechanism with a kinetic isotope effect of 3.1 for NADPH/NADPD. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to examine the role of two conserved histidine residues, H62 and H85, in the heme domain segment. Substitution of either residue by alanine or methionine resulted in the production of simple flavoproteins that were effectively devoid of both heme and NAD(P)H:cytochrome c reductase activity while retaining NAD(P)H:ferricyanide activity, confirming that the former activity required a functional heme domain. These results have demonstrated that the rat cb5/cb5r fusion protein is homologous to the human variant and has identified the heme and FAD as the sites of interaction with cytochrome c and ferricyanide, respectively. Mutagenesis has confirmed the identity of both axial heme ligands which are equivalent to the corresponding residues in microsomal cytochrome b5.
Nephrology Crossword: Glomerulonephritis

Nephrology Crossword: Glomerulonephritis Kenar D. Jhaveri Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, The Department of Medicine, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health Systems and Hofstra Medical School, Great Neck, New York, USA Correspondence: Kenar D. Jhaveri, Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, The Department of Medicine, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health Systems and Hofstra Medical School, 100 Community Drive, Floor 2, Great Neck, New York 11021, USA. E-mail: Kjhaveri@nshs.edu
New UCSF proton ocular beam facility at the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory Cyclotron (UC Davis)

Abstract A new facility has been constructed at the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory at University of California Davis for the purpose of treating ocular tumors using the 67.5 MeV protons from the 76-in. isochronous cyclotron. Beam line design, commissioning, control system, beam characteristics, dosimetry, patient positioner and system performance are discussed. The unmodulated Bragg peak has a penetration of 29 mm in tissue at the isocenter with a peak to plateau ratio of 3.8:1 and a width of 5 mm (FWHM measured in water). The delivered dose is monitored by two transmission ionization chambers which are calibrated against a thimble ionization chamber with an NIST-traceable 60 Co calibration factor. The Bragg peak is spread across the target volume by the use of range modulators. The residual range is varied by means of a variable water column. Daily variation in patient dosimetry is within ±3%. The beam penumbra (defined here as the distance between the 90% and 10% isodose levels) is 1.5 mm for a range-modulated beam at a collimator-to-isocenter distance of 50 mm. The beam flatness in a 25 mm diameter beam is within ±2% and the beam symmetry is ±1%. In the first 18 months, 50 patients have been treated with an average field size of 16.8 × 16.6 mm 2 . The residual range varied between 13.0 mm to 29.2 mm with an average value of 22.4 mm, and the range modulation varied between 16 mm to 24 mm with an average value of 20 mm. The tumor thickness (height) ranged between 1.2 to 11.5 mm with mean of 5.2 mm. The age of the patients ranged from 25 to 88 yr.
Developing Reliable Ergonomic Exposure Assessment Strategies for Construction Work

The objective of this research was to provide guidelines for the reliable assessment of ergonomic exposures in construction work. Using a modified work-sampling approach, two or three observers collected a total of 4852 observations on tasks performed by three trades (iron workers, carpenters and laborers) for periods of several weeks. At each observation, recorded exposure variables included non-neutral trunk posture, trunk flexion, lateral bending or torsion, arm(s) at or above shoulder height, kneeling, squatting or leg bending, load handling, manual materials handling, hand-tool use and power-tool use. The frequency of exposure was calculated for each worker during each of the tasks on each of the days. ANOVA was used to assess the importance of task, between-worker variability and within-worker variability on exposures across days. A statistical resampling method (bootstrap) was then used to evaluate the reliability of exposure estimates for groups of workers performing the same task for different sa...
What is the proper role for charity in healthcare

My little girl has leukemia; she has had it for over a year, and now she needs at least five pints of blood a day. Not the whole blood, just the platelets. Most of our relatives and friends have given at least a few times. But we need more. Now I have to go to strangers. So begins Roberta Silman's short story, “Giving Blood,” a story about illness and charity. When the narrator's husband solicited blood donations at his workplace, “he thought everyone would help…He must have asked a hundred people. Thirty gave. His officemate…turned green and said, ‘Oh, no, anything but that. I'm scared of needles.'”