cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteomic analysis of shade-avoidance response in tomato leaves.

The aim of this project was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of shade-avoidance response in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Plants were grown in direct sunlight in ambient temperature and in an adjacent environment under shade cloth. Leaves were harvested, and protein expression differences were investigated using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis and nanoflow high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Striking differences in plant physiology and protein expression were observed. Plants grown in the shade grew very tall but bore almost no fruit and displayed a dramatic reduction in the accumulation of Rubisco and a number of other metabolic enzymes. We have identified, quantified, and classified 59 protein features found to be up- or down-regulated as part of a shade-avoidance response in S. lycopersicum and correlated these with phenotypic data. A large group of proteins related to metabolism and respiration were greatly reduced in accumulation in shad...
Isolation and characterization of 14 novel polymorphic loci for the Florida mouse ( Podomys floridanus )

We used 454 shotgun sequencing to locate microsatellite loci for use in molecular studies of the Florida mouse (Podomys floridanus). A total of 9,350 microsatellites were detected, from which a total of 23 were selected for screening and characterization. Of the initial 23 markers, 14 were retained based on amplification success and ease of scoring and further screened on 49 Florida mice sampled at four adjacent management units. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12, with mean observed and expected heterozygosity values of 0.605 and 0.741, respectively. Three loci showed evidence of null alleles at both the management unit level and across combined samples, while two additional loci deviated from HWE when samples were pooled. No loci exhibited significant linkage disequilibrium.
Who's who in nursing: bringing clarity to the doctor of nursing practice

Advanced practice nurses across the country are informally learning expanded skills and are assuming significant autonomy. The growing complexity and acuity of care, the aging of the US population, and the dwindling number of primary care physicians all contribute to the need for increased knowledge and practice competency. A formal and standardized educational process leading to a doctoral degree is essential for quality assurance, to clarify and validate authority/responsibility, and to recognize and identify these practitioners. The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DrNP) degree will formalize the acquisition of the knowledge and skills necessary for fully accountable and broader scope clinical nursing practice.
Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: New Insights and Directions for Future Research

In recent years, the entrepreneurship and emerging markets research streams have intersected. Emerging markets provide an opportunity to examine entrepreneurship in different contexts and forms. This article discusses the current literature that interconnects both research streams in general, comments on the contributions of the articles published in the special issue on entrepreneurship and emerging markets in particular, and sketches out future avenues for research. These contributions span several theoretical lenses, including institutional theory, internationalization theory, transaction cost economics, and the resource-based view, as well as multiple geographic regions, including China as the largest emerging economy and other countries in East Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East. We weave a discussion of the extant literature and these contributions inside three key themes: Emerging Markets and China's Uniqueness, Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets, and Future Research on Emerging Markets Entrepreneurship. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“That’s Completely Obvious... and Important”: Lay Judgments of Social Psychological Findings

Many social psychologists believe that if research results are obvious, they are unimportant and uninteresting. The current study evaluated lay perceptions of social psychological research findings. Results from three studies reveal differences between lay evaluations of research and scientific evaluations. In Study 1, students with no prior exposure to social psychology judge the most obvious research findings to be the most important. In Study 2, students can predict findings, and the most predictable findings are judged most important. In Study 3, students judge the most obvious findings to be most important to establish with research. Results address the accuracy of lay judgments of research, judgmental strategies, and the process by which social psychologists select research topics.
Retropharyngeal abscess in the setting of immune modulation for rheumatoid arthritis.

Educational objective At the conclusion of this presentation, the participants should be familiar with the management of serious head and neck infections occurring inpatients on biologic agents for rheumatoid arthritis. Objectives Present a case of retropharyngeal abscess managed in a patient on abatacept, a T cell immune modulator, for rheumatoid arthritis. Review the literature on the relationship between biologic agents for rheumatoid arthritis and head and neck infections. Study design Case report. Methods Retrospective case review including a review of the relevant literature. Results The case of a 62-year-old woman with retropharyngeal abscess is presented. Her medical history was significant for rheumatoid arthritis treated with abatacept, a T-cell immune modulator. She presented with progressive odynophagia and neck pain, and a computed tomography scan revealed large retropharyngeal abscess extending to the superior mediastinum with bilateral pleural effusions. Transcervical incision and drainage was performed and infectious disease consultation was obtained. Full recovery was achieved after a month long course of intravenous antibiotics. Conclusions Biologic agents that achieve selective immune modulation have revolutionized the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, there is a small but significant risk of serious infection that accompanies these drugs. Otolaryngologists should be vigilant for signs and symptoms of serious head and neck infection in patients who are on biologic agents for rheumatoid arthritis. Management of these patients must account for their diminished immune response to infection.
Transcending Revolutions: The Tsars, The Soviets and Deaf Culture

Revisionist scholarship has redirected our interpretations of race, class, and gender, but has yet to fully address a fundamental component in our historical identity: physical ability and its underlying concept of normality. Studies in Deaf history offer one approach to this issue by assessing the community through a cultural lens rather than a medical or pathological interpretation. Many scholars in Deaf history have focused primarily on Western Europe and the United States in their work, inadvertently creating an image of a monolithic Deaf culture. This study, which compares experiences in late Imperial and early Soviet Russia, also challenges the narrow medical model of Deafness. By revealing a significantly different discourse between government and Deaf people, and unique interactions within the Deaf community, this paper also raises important questions about the factors which inform Deaf cultural identities. Russia's unique social and economic structures produced a divergent Deaf identity, as well as alternative subversive activity in order to preserve their community. The differences between the development of cultural Deaf history in the West versus Russia point out further ways in which historians can investigate the history of minorities, as well as disabilities.
Topological DNA target size model.

This study presents a model that explains the difference in radiosensitivity between dividing and resting mammalian non-lymphoid tissue cells (liver, kidney, respiratory tract, muscle cells, neurons), based on the topological organization of DNA. In dividing cells, the target for radiation might be identified in replicon clusters or domains (7 × 108–5.8 × 109 Da of DNA), in contrast with resting cells, in which the target could be limited to the size of chromatin loops or replicons (107–108 Da). Hence, the target theory,D37 (cGy)=0.58 × 1012/weight of DNA in Da, indicates that theD37 dose (low-LET radiation) needed to inactivate 63% of the replicon clusters contained by the genome is around 100–850 cGy, and theD37 doses that could damage 63% of chromatin loops increase to 5800–58 000 cGy, with a value of 10 000 cGy for medium size replicons (5.8 × 107 Da). Accordingly, most dividing cells haveD37 doses of 35 to 650 cGy, and theD37 values for the interphase death of non-lymphoid resting cells increrase to several tens of Gy or more. These data are consistent with the idea that killing of dividing cells is correlated with the inactivation of most replicon clusters (about 720–6000 domains per genome), induced mainly by DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), associated with double-strand breaks (DSBs); while the death of resting cells occurs when the majority of replicons comprised by the cell nucleus (about 72000 chromatin loops) are damaged by radiation (SSBs, DSBs), which might prevent the process of transcription.
A comparison of opportunistic and deterministic forwarding in mobile multihop wireless networks

While opportunistic packet forwarding has been extensively studied in the case of single hop communication, only recently has opportunistic forwarding for multihop networks been explored. One key aspect of opportunistic forwarding is that the node that forwards a packet is determined on-the-fly and depends on which nodes receive the packet. On the other hand, in deterministic forwarding, the node that will forward the packet is predetermined. There are several key differences between these approaches. Opportunistic forwarding is able to make use of links where packet delivery is possible with a low probability and can easily accommodate channel fluctuations. But in order to reduce collisions, overhead is required to determine which node will forward the packet. The deterministic scheme considered is able to adaptively react to changes in the route quality, but requires overhead to update the route. In this paper, we examine which approach provides the best performance. It is found that the relative performance depends on mobility and the physical layer. However, in most cases, deterministic forwarding, along with route quality monitoring and high frequency route updates, outperforms opportunistic forwarding.
In This Issue - Technically

For a successful enemy maneuver, their most important action is the ability to identify, locate, and track their correct target. High-resolution imaging sensors such as the inverse synthetic aperture radar perform this action in the most effective way and are especially useful against low radar cross-section targets. Once the correct target is acquired and identified, the decision to engage is made and the weapons are selected. Counter-targeting is the attempt to prevent (or degrade) the engage-and-launch-weapons decision by the enemy. This paper describes an all-digital image synthesizer technique capable of generating realistic false-target images for counter-targeting using modern digital radio frequency memory technology. Uses in counter-lock on for coherent seekers in the terminal mode are also discussed. Examples of the output false target image capability are presented.
Jahn-Teller induced corrections to rotational and fine-structure parameters in doubly degenerate electronic states

Abstract Previously neglected vibronic corrections to rotational and fine-structure parameters in orbitally doubly degenerate electronic states are considered. It is shown that the presence of Jahn-Teller interactions creates new and observable corrections to the molecular parameters obtained from the spectra involving these states. Group-theoretic arguments are advanced which allow one to determine which parameters will be affected. Specific formulae are given for the corrections to a number of molecular “constants”.
Study of human papillomavirus in oral epithelial dysplasia and epidermoid carcinoma in the absence of tobacco and alcohol use.

Abstract Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are implicated in the etiology of benign and malignant mucosal lesions in both human beings and animals. The oncogenic role of HPV in malignant cervical lesions is well supported by DNA hybridization techniques and epidemiologic studies. However, the role of HPV in oral epithelial dysplasia and epidermoid carcinoma remains speculative. In this study the in situ hybridization technique was used to detect HPV genotypes 6 and 11; 16 and 18; and 31, 33 and 35 in tissue specimens from a study group consisting of 18 patients who were non-tobacco users, or non-tobacco and non-alcohol users, in whom oral epithelial dysplasia and epidermoid carcinoma developed. The hybridization findings were compared with those of a comparable control group of patients with similar lesions who had a history of tobacco and alcohol use. None of the study group cases was reactive with any of the DNA probes. Two cases of the control group showed positive hybridization with HPV DNA probe types 6/11 and 16/18. The implications of these findings are presented and discussed in an attempt to clarify the role of HPV in HPV-associated oral epidermoid carcinomas.
A new interpolation formula for the Titchmarsh-Weyl $m$-function

For the Titchmarsh-Weyl m-function of the half-line Schrodinger operator with Dirichlet boundary conditions we put forward a new interpolation formula which allows one to reconstruct the m-function from its values on a certain infinite set of points for a broad class of potentials.
Secretion of Collagenolytic Enzymes by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

The polymorphonuclear leukocyte contains three proteinases capable of degrading the collagenous components of the connective tissue matrix. These proteinases, gelatinase, interstitial collagenase and elastase, were found to be rapidly secreted by the neutrophil in response to soluble stimuli with maximal accumulation of the gelatinase and interstitial collagenase occurring during a 20 minute incubation. When neutrophils were stimulated with the chemotactic peptide, formyl-met-leu-phe, gelatinase was the predominant collagenolytic enzyme detected. Stimulation of neutrophils with increasing doses of the Ca++ ionophore A23187 lead to a sequential release of collagenolytic proteinases. Gelatinase release was detected at Ca++ ionophore concentrations of .05-.1 microM, while significant release of interstitial collagenase required 0.5-1 microM A23187. Elastolytic activity was detected only at high concentrations of A23187 (5-10 microM). No release of lactic acid dehydrogenase was detected indicating that the enzyme release was not due to cell death. These studies suggest that the neutrophil may modulate its collagenolytic potential by selective release of collagenolytic proteinases.
FINE STRUCTURE OF AN UNUSUAL INTRACELLULAR SUPPORTING NETWORK IN THE LEYDIG CELLS OF AMBLYSTOMA EPIDERMIS

The early literature of light microscopy was rich in excellent descriptions of the large and beautiful cells of amphibians. The mucous cells of the epidermis of larval salamanders, rarely mentioned in the cytological literature today, received considerable attention in this earlier era. Described by Leydig (1) in 1857, these large, round cells are so common over the body of the larva that in some regions they form a continuous middle layer between the basal cells and the outer cellular layer of the epidermis. They are characterized by the presence of large cytoplasmic granules that give the staining reactions of mucus (see reviews by Heidenhain (2) and Dawson (3)). The ground cytoplasm around the granules appears pale and devoid of visible structure when viewed with the light microscope, but a denser area can be seen adjacent to the nucleus (Fig. 1). Langerhans (4) described a supporting network in the peripheral cytoplasm of Leydig's "Schleimzellen" and early investigators (2) speculated that the shape of this large, rather empty cell was maintained by the rigid, basket-like, peripheral net of Langerhans (Fig. 1). The present study confirms Langerhans' observations of a structure which in its dimensions is at the limit of resolution of the light microscope, and adds several observations of interest to students of the fine structure of cytoplasmic filaments and desmosomes.
B-Cell Subsets Defined by the FcεRa

The data summarized herein demonstrate the utility of the low-affinity Fc epsilon R in delineating murine B-cell subsets. In the peritoneal cavity, the Fc epsilon R appears to be a reliable marker in distinguishing between conventional (Fc epsilon R+) and Ly-1/sister (Fc epsilon R-) B cells. In the spleens of normal animals, flow cytometric and histologic studies established that a distinct population of Fc epsilon R- B cells is also present and comprises the marginal zones. Thus in the spleen, the Fc epsilon R may be the first murine marker to allow for selective purification and analysis of marginal zone B cells. Although it is unlikely that splenic Fc epsilon R- B cells are directly related to peritoneal Fc epsilon R- Ly-1/sister B cells, further studies will be required to address this question. Analysis of autoimmune mice revealed that the splenic Fc epsilon R- subset is greatly expanded in these animals and indicates that the Fc epsilon R may be a sensitive indicator of abnormalities within the B-cell compartment. Additional studies compared the functional capacity of Fc epsilon R+ and Fc epsilon R- B cells and tested the ability of these populations to isotype-switch and respond to polyclonal stimuli. The results showed that Fc epsilon R+ and Fc epsilon R- B cells from both the peritoneum and spleen can switch to produce IgG, and all but the peritoneal Fc epsilon R- B cells can switch to the IgE class. This latter result is certainly interesting and demonstrates an important functional difference between peritoneal and splenic Fc epsilon R- B cells. Finally, experiments with B-cell mitogens showed further differences between the Fc epsilon R+ and Fc epsilon R- subsets. Whereas Fc epsilon R- B cells appeared to be more sensitive to LPS stimulation, Fc epsilon R+ B cells were clearly more responsive to an anti-IgM signal. Taken together, the results show that the Fc epsilon R is likely to be useful in separating B cells with different phenotypic, histologic, and functional characteristics.
Overview of Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies

Hereditary neuropathy with liability to recurrent pressure-sensitive palsies (HNPP; also called tomaculous neuropathy) is an autosomal dominant disorder that produces an episodic, recurrent demyelinating neuropathy. HNPP generally develops during adolescence, and may cause attacks of numbness, muscular weakness, and atrophy. Peroneal palsies, carpal-tunnel syndrome, and other entrapment neuropathies are frequent manifestations of this disorder. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities may be reduced in clinically affected patients, as well as in asymptomatic gene carriers. Pathological changes observed in peripheral nerves of HNPP patients include segmental demyelination and tomaculous or "sausage-like" formations. Because of mild overlap of clinical features with CMT1, HNPP patients may be misdiagnosed as having CMT1. HNPP and CMT1 are both demyelinating neuropathies; however, their clinical, pathological, and electrophysiological features are quite distinct. The HNPP locus maps to chromosome 17p11.2-12 and is associated with a 1.5-Mb deletion. DNA markers known to map to the region in 17p11.2-12 associated with the CMT1A duplication, including the PMP22 gene, are deleted in HNPP. The deletion breakpoints in HNPP map to the same intervals in which the CMT1A duplication breakpoints map. In one pedigree, de novo deletion of paternal origin was detected as a basis for sporadic HNPP. HNPP results from deletion of the PMP22 gene and underexpression of this locus, which is reflected in reduced mRNA and protein levels in sural nerve biopsy samples from HNPP patients. Further support for this hypothesis was provided by the identification of a nondeleted HNPP kindred in which a two base pair deletion and early termination codon within exon 1 of PMP22 was present. The possibility of genetic heterogeneity in HNPP was raised by the identification of an HNPP pedigree that did not demonstrate linkage to the region of 17p11.2-12. Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (familial brachial plexus neuropathy) is an autosomal dominant disorder causing painful, recurrent brachial plexopathies and maps to chromosome 17q25.
The effect of background spatial contrast on electroretinographic responses in the human retina

Abstract The electroretinogram (ERG) was obtained to contrast modulation (CM). This stimulus is a product of temporal modulation of the contrast of a spatial sinusoid at constant mean luminance. Mean contrast (10–40%), and modulation depth (25–1.0) were modulated at 7.5 Hz to record the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). The spatial pattern was a foveally fixated grating pattern with sinusoidal luminance profile with spatial frequency of 4.6 c/deg. CM resulted in significant first and second harmonic ERG responses. First harmonic amplitude increases then flattens as a function of mean contrast with ΔC = constant, while the second harmonic response remains unaffected by mean contrast. Apparently the first harmonic represents summed signals of local luminance responses arising from on and off neurons. Mean spatial contrast signals modulate preganglionic local luminance responses.
SHARE THE WEALTH Contributions by Congressional Incumbents to the Campaigns of Other Candidates

Although we now know a good deal about the contribution strategies of individuals, parties, and Political Action Committees (PACs), we know considerably less about contributions made by incumbent members of Congress to other candidates. Such contributions are some-times made through PACs established by the incumbent, but many more members contribute through their campaign committees. This article explores incumbents' contributions during the 1983-84 election cycle. Those contributors who give large amounts often do so for instrumental purposes—to further their election, power, or policy ends. The vast majority of contributors, however, seem to channel their surplus campaign funds to candidates in need—particularly those identified by their parties' campaign committees as likely to be involved in a close election.
The space between the images

Multimedia content has become a ubiquitous presence on all our computing devices, spanning the gamut from live content captured by device sensors such as smartphone cameras to immense databases of images, audio and video stored in the cloud. As we try to maximize the utility and value of all these petabytes of content, we often do so by analyzing each piece of data individually and foregoing a deeper analysis of the relationships between the media. Yet with more and more data, there will be more and more connections and correlations, because the data captured comes from the same or similar objects, or because of particular repetitions, symmetries or other relations and self-relations that the data sources satisfy. This is particularly true for media of a geometric character, such as GPS traces, images, videos, 3D scans, 3D models, etc.In this talk we focus on the "space between the images", that is on expressing the relationships between different mutlimedia data items. We aim to make such relationships explicit, tangible, first-class objects that themselves can be analyzed, stored, and queried -- irrespective of the media they originate from. We discuss mathematical and algorithmic issues on how to represent and compute relationships or mappings between media data sets at multiple levels of detail. We also show how to analyze and leverage networks of maps and relationships, small and large, between inter-related data. The network can act as a regularizer, allowing us to to benefit from the "wisdom of the collection" in performing operations on individual data sets or in map inference between them.We will illustrate these ideas using examples from the realm of 2D images and 3D scans/shapes -- but these notions are more generally applicable to the analysis of videos, graphs, acoustic data, biological data such as microarrays, homeworks in MOOCs, etc. This is an overview of joint work with multiple collaborators, as will be discussed in the talk.
Severe systemic sclerosis with anti-topoisomerase I Antibodies is associated with an HLA-DRw11 allele

Abstract SSc is an autoimmune connective tissue disease in which strong HLA associations have not been described. Anti-topo I antibodies are recognized, in general, in SSc patients with diffuse cutaneous involvement, whereas anti-ACAs are found in individuals with limited cutaneous involvement. We studied 95 Caucasian SSc patients, 44 with anti-topo I antibodies and 51 with neither anti-topo I nor ACA, for HLA-DR associations by using DNA typing techniques. We analyzed 181 normal Caucasian individuals in the same fashion. A significant association was observed in the anti-topo-I-positive patients with DRw11 ( p = 1.7 × 10 −6 , RR 4.2). The distribution of DRw11 alleles in these patients was significantly different from that observed in controls and could be accounted for by an increase in the frequency of the DRB1 ∗ 1104 allele ( p = 1.2 × 10 −9 , RR 9.5). The DRw11 alleles were also associated with SSc with more tendon friction rubs ( p = 0.006), which is a marker of more severe disease. In addition, a strong association was observed with anti-topo I antibodies and a particular sequence (aa 71–77) of the DQB1 chain ( p = 0.02, RR 2.2). HLA associations in the case of SSc patients with anti-topo I antibodies are complex and involve at least two genes: HLA-DRw11, which appears to play a major role in determining the severity of the disease, and a DQ sequence, which associates with the development of the anti-topo I antibodies.
Symmetrical Bi-Aromatics

PREVIOUSLY reported work1 from this laboratory indicated the feasibility of condensing 2-halo-3-thenoic acids to form symmetrically substituted 2,2′-bithienyls. This provided the experimental basis for the continuation of our studies in the field of mixed bi-aromatics, wherein it was shown2 that an unsymmetrically substituted α-phenylthiophene actually exists in two stereoisomeric forms due to restricted rotation. In view of this fact, the above method was applied to 3-halo-o-substituted thenoic acids in order to study the possible existence of optical activity in the corresponding β-phenylthiophenes. Accordingly, the synthesis of a symmetrically substituted 3,3′-bithienyl was undertaken.
Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Management of Congenital Absence of the Superior Oblique Tendon

We reviewed clinical characteristics and surgical results of nine patients with surgically proved congenital absence of the superior oblique tendon. The following factors indicate absence of the tendon in the setting of superior oblique palsy: (1) an associated horizontal deviation, (2) amblyopia, (3) a large hypertropia in primary position, (4) spread of comitance, and (5) pseudo-overaction of the contralateral superior oblique muscle. The nine patients required a total of 19 operations to correct their vertical and horizontal deviations. Surgical management was based on the preoperative action of the inferior oblique muscle, the amount of hypertropia in primary position, and intraoperative forced ductions. After their operations, eight of nine patients had improvement in or abatement of their symptoms, and seven of seven with preoperative head tilts had improvement of their head position.
Mobile pastoralism on the brink of land privatization in Northern Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract Cote d’Ivoire’s adoption of land privatization policies promoted by the World Bank and European Union is producing new land use patterns in the countryside. A centerpiece of these policies is the 1998 Rural Land Law that aims to restructure rural economic life along agrarian capitalist lines. The purported “development” objective of land privatization is to stimulate agricultural productivity based on the assumption that land titling will lead farmers and herders to make greater investments in their production systems. This paper argues that the mobile livestock raising system of immigrant FulBe pastoralists in Cote d’Ivoire is threatened by the new land law. Since mobility is crucial to animal health and fertility rates, I argue that reduced mobility will lead to lower livestock productivity. Although the land law has yet to be implemented, its very existence is leading prospective claimants to test their land rights by planting orchards and lending land to immigrant farmers. The monetization of land lending and grazing rights is increasingly common. Land disputes over who has the power to allocate land are also on the rise. I argue that this heightened interest in “tenure building” is constraining herd mobility, especially for herders with limited resources to negotiate access to rangelands. On the other hand, land privatization is strengthening the hand of local cattle-owning farmers who increasingly practice mobile livestock raising and compete with FulBe herders for grazing lands. Under these new conditions of land access, control, and competition, FulBe herd mobility and productivity are at risk of declining.
Components for the Design of Lamina Emergent Mechanisms

This paper presents components for lamina emergent mechanism (LEM) that can be used as building blocks to create mechanisms capable of more complex motion. As the name suggests, lamina emergent mechanisms are fabricated out of planar materials (the lamina) but their motion is out of that plane (emergent). Lamina emergent mechanisms can provide benefits that include reduced manufacturing costs and minimal volume when in the planar state. The compact initial state of LEMs is beneficial in reducing shipping costs, especially in volume critical applications. LEMs also exhibit the potential benefits of compliant mechanisms, namely increased precision, reduced weight, reduced wear, and part count reduction. Due to the deflection of their members, compliant mechanisms have the ability to store energy, and the resulting effect can be used to perform the function of springs. The LEM components presented in this paper include flexible segments, and mechanisms with behaviors similar to planar change-point four-bar and six-bar mechanisms, and spherical change-point mechanisms.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effect of age on cholesterol uptake and utilization by rat adrenals: II. Lipoproteins from young and old rats

The current study examines whether age-related changes in high density lipoproteins (HDL) influences how these particles are handled by adrenal cells. It appears that HDL from 18- to 20-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats show a seven- to eightfold increase in content of apolipoprotein E compared to HDL from 2- to 5-month-old rats. The 'aged' particles show increased binding to susceptible hepatic membranes, and show a doubling in whole particle endocytosis by cortical cells of the perfused adrenal gland and by isolated adrenal cells from all rats regardless of age. Despite this twofold increase in particle uptake, the increase in total cholesteryl ester uptake by either the perfused adrenal or incubated adrenal cells is minor, amounting to less than 10% of the total cholesteryl ester internalized. This discrepancy occurs since the high apo E content of the 'aged' HDL only affects cholesteryl ester uptake by the 'endocytic' pathway; uptake via the 'selective' pathway (where cholesteryl ester is separated from the rest of the particle at the cell surface and directly internalized) is not altered.
Polar polymeric stationary phases for normal-phase HPLC based on monodisperse macroporous poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads.

The effect of variables such as shape template size, porogen composition and percentage, content of cross-linking monomer, and polymerization temperature on the properties of uniformly sized 3-μm porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads prepared by the staged templated suspension polymerization technique has been studied. The porous properties of the beads including surface morphology, pore size distribution, and specific surface area have been optimized to obtain highly efficient stationary phases for normal-phase HPLC. A column packed with diol stationary phase obtained by hydrolysis of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads affords an efficiency of 67 000 plates/m for toluene using THF as the mobile phase. The retention properties and selectivity of the diol beads are easily modulated by changes in the composition of the mobile phase. The performance of these beads is demonstrated with the separations of a variety of polar compounds including positional ...
Lower Bounds for Eigenvalues of Schrödinger's Equation

This paper gives new results that are useful in estimation of eigenvalues of Schr\"odinger's equation. Numerical applications are made for the helium atom, an anharmonic oscillator, and a radial Schr\"odinger equation.
Sketch recognition for computer-aided design

This paper presents an approach to improving the interface between the user and the computer by replacing the typical action-response dialogue with a looser scheme in which inferences are drawn from user actions. The recognition of hand-drawn sketches is offered as a paradigm for use of this technique in the field of computer-aided design. In design problems, the computer offers the capabilities of exteriorization and transformation. Although transformation processes are widely used in design aids, the computer has found little use as a medium of exteriorization because of difficulty of graphical input. The program described here employs a model of the user as a means of inferring user intent as a function of sequence, speed, and pressure. It is proposed that this modeling technique can be applied to interactive graphics systems, leading to a better interface for the solution of design problems.
Weed management in short rotation poplar and herbaceous perennial crops grown for biofuel production

Abstract Weed management is a key element of any crop production system. Weeds are a particular problem in the production of short rotation woody and perennial herbaceous biomass crops due to the shortage of registered herbicides and integrated weed management systems. Herbicides will be an important component of weed management of biomass crops. However, producers should take a broader view of weeds and incorporate all available weed management tactics in these production systems. In both short rotation poplar and herbaceous perennial crops, weed control during the establishment period is most critical. New plantings of these species grow very slowly and do not compete well with weeds until a canopy develops. Effective weed control can double the growth of short rotation poplar crops and affect the variability of the resulting stand. In crops like switchgrass, uncontrolled weeds during establishment can result in stand failure. Cultural practices such as site preparation, using weed-free seed, fallowing, selecting the proper planting dates, companion crops and controlling weeds in previous crops must be combined with herbicides to develop integrated management systems. Weeds may also cause problems in established stands through competition with the biomass crop and by contaminating the product. Effective and economical weed management systems will be essential for the development of short rotation woody and herbaceous perennial biomass crop production systems.
Numerical integration of analytic functions

A method of numerical integration is presented which is simple, versatile and accurate. It is particularly valuable for integrals with complicated end point singularities.
A network formulation of market equilibrium problems and variational inequalities

This paper shows that market equilibrium problems of production may generally be modelled as equilibrium flow problems in networks and that their equilibrium conditions can be visualized as a variational inequality. This connection would allow us to transplant directly elements of the well-developed theory of equilibrium flow in networks to the theory of market equilibrium.
The seven habits of highly defective simulation projects

Seven classes of persistent mistake are identified and described, based on the author's 20 years’ experience of making mistakes in simulation modelling. The errors identified are trifle-worship, belief in answers, connectionism, the black box mistake, methodolatry, the dead fish fallacy, and the Jehovah problem. Each is discussed in turn. It is expected that fellow practitioners will recognize many of these mistakes, and hoped that this paper will help to avoid repeating them.
Mediation by G proteins of signals that cause collapse of growth cones

During development, motion of nerve growth cones ceases on contact with particular targets. The signaling mechanism is unknown. In culture, growth cone collapse can be caused by solubilized embryonic brain membranes, central nervous system myelin, a 35-kilodalton protein isolated from myelin, and mastoparan. Collapse induced by each of these is blocked by pertussis toxin. Thus, collapse of growth cones is mediated by G protein-coupled receptors, which may be activated by proteins associated with the cell surface as well as by soluble ligands.
An Investigation of Two-Dimensional CAD Generated Models with Body Decoupled Cartesian Grids for DSMC

This paper presents an investigation of a technique for using two-dimensional bodies composed of simple polygons with a body decoupled uniform Cmtesian grid in the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC). The method employs an automated grid pre-processing scheme beginning form a CAD geometry definition file, and is based on polygon triangulation using a trapezoid algorithm. A particle-body intersection time comparison is presented between the Icarus DSMC code using a body-fitted structured grid and using a structured body-decoupled Cartesian grid with both linear and logarithmic search techniques. A comparison of neutral flow over a cylinder is presented using the structured body fitted grid and the Cartesian body de-coupled grid.
Alterations in rat brain glutaminase and aldolase induced by lead ingestion following malnutrition.

Abstract Ingestion of lead following a period of malnutrition, in rats, has no additional deleterious effects on brain glutaminase and aldolase activities. These enzymes are inhibited following 5 weeks of lead intake, regardless of the previous nutritional history of the animals. Overall brain glycolysis appears not be to affected.
In Vitro Antiplaque Effects of Antiseptic Phenols

Several phenols known to be antiseptics were tested in vitro for their ability to adsorb to saliva-coated enamel and subsequently inhibit plaque formation. 3,5,4'-tribromosalicylanilide was found to be effective against growth and plaque formation of A viscosus, A naeslundii, S mutans and S sanguis. Dibromsalicil was effective against A viscosus. The other phenols (hexylresorcinol, thymol, phenylphenol and zinc phenolsulfonate) did not inhibit in vitro growth or plaque formation.
The Multivariate Control Web

The display of multivariate data has become a significant problem for the user of statistical process control (SPC) techniques. Though many graphical developments such as Chernoff faces, Andrews curves, STARs, and glyphs, among others, have appeared in ..
Correlation of Prognostic Factors and Survival with Classical and Pleomorphic Variants of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

: The pleomorphic variant of invasive lobular carcinoma has a worse prognosis than its classical counterpart. To determine if histologically separating invasive lobular carcinoma into either of these variants correlates with other prognostic indicators, we measured the mitotic figure index (number of mitotic figures/100 tumor cells), Ki67 labeling index (Ki67 positive cells/100 tumor cells), intratumoral microvessel density (microvessels/200X field), and the number of positive lymph nodes in 48 patients with invasive lobular carcinoma with a median follow-up of 63 months. There were 27 cases of classical lobular carcinoma (mean age, 58) and 21 cases of pleomorphic variant (mean age, 57). The mitotic figure index and Ki67 labeling index were significantly higher in the pleomorphic variant compared to the classical lobular carcinoma (p = 0.002, and 0.08 respectively). No significant differences in intratumoral microvessel density, number of positive lymph nodes, or age was found between the two histologic types. Relapse free survival was shorter in patients with pleomorphic variant (p = 0.05), but no difference in overall survival was detected (p = 0.47). Among all patients, lymph node status was the best predictor of relapse free (p = 0.001) and overall survival (p = 0.002), although there were no overall survival differences between patients with 0 to 3 positive lymph nodes. Relapse-free and overall survivals were better among patients who had lower indices of microvessel density (p = 0.07 and 0.08 respectively), Ki67 (p = 0.02 and 0.11), and mitotic figures (p = 0.10 and 0.07). By multivariate analysis no additional prognostic information was provided beyond that of the number of positive lymph nodes; except for overall survival, the mitotic figure index provided additional significant information. We conclude that the histologic diagnosis of pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma significantly correlates with shortened relapse-free survival, but among all invasive lobular carcinomas axillary nodal status and mitotic figure index provide more prognostic information than histologic subtyping into pleomorphic and classical variants.?
Profiling expression patterns of 2,214 unigenes in mouse craniofacial development by cDNA microarray analysis

The recent development of cDNA microarray technology enables parallel expression monitoring of thousands of genes simultaneously, which provides a powerful tool for characterizing transcriptional activities of genes in various developmental stages and pathological states. We initiated the Oral and Craniofacial Genome Anatomy Project (OC-GAP) to identify genes important for craniofacial development and disorders. As part of this genome project, we have examined gene expression patterns during mouse craniofacial development. Fluorescently labelled probes prepared using mRNA from mouse embryonic craniofacial tissues at embryonic day (E) 9.5, E13.5 and E16.5 were hybridized to microarray slides printed with 2,214 mouse unigenes. A microarray quantitative analysis revealed that 10% of these genes were expressed in different levels during craniofacial development, whereas the rest showed no significant differences in expression throughout the different developmental stages. We found that 41 genes, such as those encoding Wnt-1, retinoid receptor and Brca1, showed higher expression levels at E9.5; 54 genes, such as those encoding Bmp-1, IGF II and Sox3, were more highly expressed at E13.5; and another 126 genes, such as those encoding Mash 1, FHF-1 and fibulin-2, were expressed at higher levels at E16.5. The identification of these genes with highly stage-specific expression during craniofacial development is potentially important because they are likely to have key roles in the formation of craniofacial tissues. We are currently studying expression patterns of genes from an E8.5−9.5 mouse craniofacial cDNA library to identify novel craniofacial genes by microarray screening approaches.
Abstract: Longitudinal Examination of Situational Temptations for Smoking in Adult Smokers.

The situational temptations for smoking inventory measures the degree of temptation a person feels to smoke across different situations: Positive/Social (PS), Habit Strength (HS), Negative/Affectiv...
Noisy neurons can certainly compute.

How do neurons combine separate pieces of information that are only partially reliable? Surprisingly, their noise properties may simplify the underlying computations while allowing them to maintain optimal performance.
Brain phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of sleep homeostasis and restoration in drug dependence.

Numerous reports have documented a high occurrence of sleep difficulties in drug-dependent populations, prompting researchers to characterize sleep profiles and physiology in drug abusing populations. This mini-review examines studies indicating that drug-dependent populations exhibit alterations in sleep homeostatic and restoration processes in response to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a principal sleep research tool that results in marked physiological challenge, which provides a means to examine sleep homeostatic processes in response to extended wakefulness. A report from our laboratory demonstrated that following recovery sleep from sleep deprivation, brain high-energy phosphates particularly beta–nucleoside triphosphate (beta-NTP) are markedly increased as measured with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A more recent study examined the effects of sleep deprivation in opiate-dependent methadone-maintained (MM) subjects. The study demonstrated increases in brain beta-NTP following recovery sleep. Interestingly, these increases were of a markedly greater magnitude in MM subjects compared to control subjects. A similar study examined sleep deprivation in cocaine-dependent subjects demonstrating that cocaine-dependent subjects exhibit greater increases in brain beta-NTP following recovery sleep when compared to control subjects. The studies suggest that sleep deprivation in both MM subjects and cocaine-dependent subjects is characterized by greater changes in brain ATP levels than control subjects. Greater enhancements in brain ATP following recovery sleep may reflect a greater disruption to or impact of sleep deprivation in drug dependent subjects, whereby sleep restoration processes may be unable to properly regulate brain ATP and maintain brain high-energy equilibrium. These studies support the notion of a greater susceptibility to sleep loss in drug dependent populations. Additional sleep studies in drug abusing populations are needed, particularly those that examine potential differential effects of sleep deprivation.