cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing and selecting gene expression signals based upon the quality of the measured dynamics

One of the challenges with modeling the temporal progression of biological signals is dealing with the effect of noise and the limited number of replicates at each time point. Given the rising interest in utilizing predictive mathematical models to describe the biological response of an organism or analysis such as clustering and gene ontology enrichment, it is important to determine whether the dynamic progression of the data has been accurately captured despite the limited number of replicates, such that one can have confidence that the results of the analysis are capturing important salient dynamic features. By pre-selecting genes based upon quality before the identification of differential expression via algorithm such as EDGE, it was found that the percentage of statistically enriched ontologies (p < .05) was improved. Furthermore, it was found that a majority of the genes found via the proposed technique were also selected via an EDGE selection though the reverse was not necessarily true. It was also found that improvements offered by the proposed algorithm are anti-correlated with improvements in the various microarray platforms and the number of replicates. This is illustrated by the fact that newer arrays and experiments with more replicates show less improvement when the filtering for quality is first run before the selection of differentially expressed genes. This suggests that the increase in the number of replicates as well as improvements in array technologies are increase the confidence one has in the dynamics obtained from the experiment. We have developed an algorithm that quantifies the quality of temporal biological signal rather than whether the signal illustrates a significant change over the experimental time course. Because the use of these temporal signals, whether it is in mathematical modeling or clustering, focuses upon the entire time series, it is necessary to develop a method to quantify and select for signals which conform to this ideal. By doing this, we have demonstrated a marked and consistent improvement in the results of a clustering exercise over multiple experiments, microarray platforms, and experimental designs.
Risk Analysis of the Residual Heat Removal System at South Texas Project With a Special Focus on Breach of Containment

A unique feature in the design of the reactors at South Texas Project (STP) is that each unit’s Residual Heat Removal System (RHRS) is located within containment. The aim of this work is to identify the potential failure modes of the Residual Heat Removal System that could lead to a breach of containment during reactor operation and thereby may increase Core Damage Frequency (CDF). The analysis began with a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) of the RHRS based on a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram. The two motor operated valves that isolate the RHRS from the Reactor Coolant System (RCS) were assumed to fail with an internal leak, exposing downstream components to reactor coolant. Pathways for coolant to exit containment were identified and analyzed for severity, occurrence, and detectability of the failure modes. The analyses of these factors lead to the determination of a criticality rating, which assisted in the ultimate findings. The results of the FMEA were used to construct an event tree of the failure modes of interest and the composite probability of each failure. The highest probability failure mode of interest was a breach of containment by a tube of the heat exchanger leaking into the Component Cooling Water (CCW) with a failure probability of 2.5E−10 per reactor year. The insights gained in this analysis will be used by the South Texas Project for future risk analysis and decision-making regarding the RHRS.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Displacement of ion scattering peaks from positions predicted by binary scattering

Abstract For most noble ion-surface systems, the positions of energy-loss spectral peaks from low energy scattering are accurately predicted by the binary collision model. Deviations from the predictions of this model, however, have been observed in a number of systems. While some of these deviations have been established as due to fundamental limitations of the model, others can be explained as instrumental in nature. This paper examines peak shifts due to changes of the beam/target/detector geometry in order that these instrumental difficulties may be separated from those of a more fundamental nature. In particular, a number of mechanisms are shown to modify the nominal scattering angle. When account is taken of these effects, agreement with the binary scattering model is restored. A method is presented by which an improved value of the scattering angle can be determined provided the spectrum contains at least two identifiable peaks. This improved scattering angle can be used to increase the confidence of mass assignments to unknown peaks. Peak shifts resulting from charged insulating samples were reproduced by systematically charging conducting samples. An explanation for both situations is provided in terms of changes in impact energy and scattering angle.
Examining Causal Attributions Towards Crime on Support for Offender Rehabilitation

This study investigates the predictors of support for rehabilitation among 899 residents of one county in Western New York. The results from the current study indicate that respondents strongly support rehabilitation as a goal of punishment. The findings show that sex and political ideology are important predictors of support with females and those holding a more liberal political ideology being more supportive of rehabilitation than males and conservatives. In addition, the study found support for the idea that one’s causal attributions towards crime influence their views toward punishment. Five of the causal attribution scales assessing support for different theoretical perspectives (strain/critical, social bond/attachment, deterrence, biological, and labeling) were found to significantly impact one’s overall support for rehabilitation.
Numerical and asymptotic scattering from two inhomogeneous lenses

The scattering of a time-harmonic, plane electromagnetic wave by either a Maxwell fish-eye or a metal-like lens is considered. Numerical values of the monostatic cross sections are obtained by evaluating the exact, infinite series solutions of hypergeometric functions of the2F1 type. These results are compared with the high-frequency asymptotic estimates based on either geometrical optics or a modified Watson transformation.
016 Dissecting the Effects of Cigarette Smoke Components on Delay of Wound Healing

Exposure to cigarette smoke has detrimental effects on the early stages of wound repair but not much is known about the effects of smoke on the development of the healing (granulation) tissue. Cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and deposition of ECM are critical processes for normal granulation tissue (GT) formation. Here we investigate the effects of MSW (“first-hand smoke”) and SSW (the main component of “secondhand smoke”) smoke on wound healing in mice that have been smoking for 9 months. We show that both MSW and SSW smoke adversely affect wound contraction and closure. The keratinocytes accumulate at the edge of the wound and the GT is deficient in fibroblasts and ECM. Moreover, by immunolabeling for α-SMA, we found that the myofibroblasts remained at the edges of the wound rather than penetrating the GT, potentially contributing to the lack of wound contraction. To test the possibility that smoke inhibits cell migration, we plated primary human fibroblasts in between two interstitial collagen gels, treated the cultures with the smoke solutions and found that cell migration into the gels was inhibited. Furthermore, using the collagen gel contraction assay, we showed that cigarette smoke components inhibit gel contraction. To further decipher which components of the smoke contribute to delayed wound closure, we fractionated SSW smoke solutions into polar and nonpolar components using solid phase extraction cartridges. We show that both the polar and nonpolar fractions delay wound closure in vivo and that the nonpolar fraction inhibits cell migration whereas the polar faction increases cell survival. We are currently pursuing these studies by further fractionation of these two phases with the goal of identifying the specific component(s) in each fraction that cause these effects on cell migration and survival. Identification of the components in cigarette smoke that lead to delayed wound healing and eliminating them from cigarettes could help those exposed to secondhand smoke heal faster.
Optimization of Finite Element Modeling Methodology for Projectile Models

Gun-fired projectiles are subjected to severe loads over extremely short duration. There is a need to better understand the effects of these loads on components within a projectile. While experimental data can be helpful in understanding projectile launch phenomena, collecting such data is usually difficult. There are also limitations on the reliability of sensors under these circumstances. Finite element modeling (FEM) can be used to model the projectile launch event. Currently, engineers usually use large number of elements to accurately model the projectile launch event, which results in an extremely long computational time. FEM results in these cases are always subject to questions regarding accuracy of the results and proof of mesh stability This paper presents an expert system that can reduce computational time needed to perform FEM of gun-fired projectiles. The proposed approach can result in reducing computational time while ensuring that accuracy of results is not affected. Recommendations of the expert system are reached through two stages. In the first stage, an equivalent projectile with simple geometry is created to reduce the complexity of the model. In the second stage, parameters controlling mesh density of the equivalent projectile are used as variables in an optimization scheme with the objective of reducing computational time. Accuracy of the acceleration results from an optimized model with respect to a model with an extremely fine mesh is used as an inequality constraint within the optimization search. A projectile model meshed with aspect ratios obtained from the optimization search produces good agreement with the finite element results of the original densely-meshed projectile model while significantly reducing computational time. It is anticipated that this approach can make it easier to conduct parametric analysis or optimization studies for projectile design.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Exasperating or Exceptional? Parents’ Interpretations of Their Child’s ADHD Behavior

Objective: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood disorder associated with parent—child conflict and parental stress. This investigation explored whether parents’ interpretation of symptomatic behavior predicted negative interactions with and perceptions of their child. Method: We recruited parents of 7-12 year old children who were diagnosed with ADHD (n = 41), were diagnosed with ADHD but whose parents construed symptomatic behavior positively (Indigo children; n = 36), and had no diagnosis (n = 26). Parents completed a questionnaire about their experiences with their child. Results: Relative to parents who used only the ADHD label for children’s behavior, parents who also perceived symptomatic behavior as a sign of positive characteristics reported less frequent negative experiences with their child and less intense negative emotions during those experiences. They also viewed their children as more self-efficacious and as more likely to have a positive future....
N-cadherin acts upstream of VE-cadherin in controlling vascular morphogenesis

Endothelial cells express two classic cadherins, VE-cadherin and N-cadherin. The importance of VE-cadherin in vascular development is well known; however, the function of N-cadherin in endothelial cells remains poorly understood. Contrary to previous studies, we found that N-cadherin localizes to endothelial cell–cell junctions in addition to its well-known diffusive membrane expression. To investigate the role of N-cadherin in vascular development, N-cadherin was specifically deleted from endothelial cells in mice. Loss of N-cadherin in endothelial cells results in embryonic lethality at mid-gestation due to severe vascular defects. Intriguingly, loss of N-cadherin caused a significant decrease in VE-cadherin and its cytoplasmic binding partner, p120ctn. The down-regulation of both VE-cadherin and p120ctn was confirmed in cultured endothelial cells using small interfering RNA to knockdown N-cadherin. We also show that N-cadherin is important for endothelial cell proliferation and motility. These findings provide a novel paradigm by which N-cadherin regulates angiogenesis, in part, by controlling VE-cadherin expression at the cell membrane.
Bis(diisopropylphosphino)pyridine Iron Dicarbonyl, Dihydride, and Silyl Hydride Complexes

Treatment of the bis(diisopropylphosphino)pyridine iron dichloride, (iPrPNP)FeCl2 (iPrPNP = 2,6-(iPr2PCH2)2(C5H3N)), with 2 equiv of NaBEt3H under an atmosphere of dinitrogen furnished the diamagnetic iron(II) dihydride dinitrogen complex, (iPrPNP)FeH2(N2). Addition of 1 equiv of PhSiH3 to (iPrPNP)FeH2(N2) resulted in exclusive substitution of the hydride trans to the pyridine to yield the silyl hydride dinitrogen compound, (iPrPNP)FeH(SiH2Ph)N2, which has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. The solid-state structure established a distorted octahedral geometry where the hydride ligand distorts toward the iron silyl. Both (iPrPNP)FeH2(N2) and (iPrPNP)FeH(SiH2Ph)N2 form η2-dihydrogen complexes upon exposure to H2. The iron hydrides and the η2-H2 ligands are in rapid exchange in solution, consistent with the previously reported “cis” effect, arising from a dipole/induced dipole interaction between the two ligands. Taken together, the spectroscopic, structural, and reactivity studies highlight the relati...
Influenza vaccination coverage rate among high-risk children during the 2002-2003 influenza season.

Background Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its complications. Characteristics of influenza vaccination coverage among high-risk children (HRC) during the 2002-2003 influenza season are described. Methods Children aged 1 to 17 years continuously enrolled in private health insurance plans during the 2002-2003 influenza season and entered in MarketScan paid claims databases were included. Children were partitioned into 2 groups: high-risk children and nonhigh-risk children (non-HRC) based on their diagnosis history since 1998. The influenza vaccination coverage rates of both groups during the 2002-2003 influenza season were assessed by demographic, child, and provider-related variables. Results The influenza vaccination coverage rate was 4.63% among all sampled children. Overall, influenza vaccination coverage rates were higher among HRC (11.74%) than non-HRC (3.31%). Among children ages 12 to 23 months, HRC had lower coverage than non-HRC, but, from age 2 years onward, HRC consistently had higher coverage than non-HRC. Influenza vaccination coverage varied by geographic area, with higher coverage among children living within metropolitan areas and in the Western and the Northeast regions of the United States. Children receiving vaccination under a comprehensive insurance plan had significantly lower coverage than children served by all other plan types. Conclusion Influenza vaccination coverage during the 2002-2003 influenza season was very low among all children, leaving many children at risk for influenza and influenza-related complications. Coverage was influenced by child age, insurance plan type, and area of residence.
Relation of Plasma to Interstitial Fluid Volume in Essential Hypertension

Extracellular water (radiobromine), plasma volume (radioiodinated human serum albumin), and peripheral plasma renin activity were measured simultaneously in men with uncomplicated, untreated essential hypertension and in normal subjects. The ratio of plasma volume to interstitial fluid volume (PV/IF) was significantly lower in hypertensive patients (0.194 vs. 0.223, P<0.001). This could not be explained only on the basis of the diminished plasma volume found in hypertensive patients (17.3 ml/cm of body height vs. 18.7 ml/cm, P<0.05), as three normal subjects with marked plasma volume contraction had normal PV/IF ratios (0.224). This disturbed ratio in hypertensives suggests, therefore, an abnormality in the mechanism regulating the distribution of extracellular water in essential hypertension. Peripheral plasma renin activity correlated inversely with plasma volume, but not with extracellular water volume, suggesting that these two indices of body fluid volume are not always functionally interchangeable.
Plain bearing options for pumps

Abstract Pump applications demand a wide range of bearing designs. In this article, Guy Pethybridge (Product Manager) and Nigel New (Product Development) of Waukesha Bearings focus on hydrodynamic bearings, considering how factors such as operating temperature, load and lubricant influence the choice of bearing material. In particular, the characteristics and benefits of polymer bearings are highlighted.
Ruthenium-mediated selective head-to-tail dimerization of acrylic and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds: generation of an acrylate-hydride complex C5Me5Ru(PCy3)(CH2CHCO2Et)H

Abstract The ruthenium-hydride complex C 5 Me 5 Ru(PCy 3 )H 3 ( 1a ) was found to be a selective catalyst precursor for the head-to-tail dimerization of acrylic and α , β -unsaturated carbonyl compounds to produce bifunctional 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds. A new ruthenium species C 5 Me 5 Ru(PCy 3 )(CH 2 CHCO 2 Et)H ( 6a ) was independently generated from the substitution reaction of 1a with ethyl acrylate. The exclusive formation of the head-to-tail dimers suggested that, the tertiary phosphine, generated from the substitution reaction of 6a with an olefin, was the active species for the dimerization reaction.
Tributary and Point Source Total Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie

Abstract Total phosphorus data from tributaries, municipal and industrial sources, connecting channels, and atmospheric deposition have been evaluated to estimate the loading of phosphorus to Lake Erie. The annual total load from these sources has declined over the study period from a high of 27,944 tonnes in 1968 to a low of 10,452 tonnes in 1981. Of all sources the Detroit River represented the single largest component of the total load. Reductions in the Detroit River annual load, which is a complement of both U.S. and Canadian loads, from 17,822 tonnes to 3,541 tonnes was principally responsible for the overall total phosphorus loading decrease. These decreases were attributed principally to the phosphorus abatement program on municipal sources and the restriction of phosphate concentrations in detergents. In 1978 the contribution to the total load from tributary sources for the first time exceeded the load of phosphorus from the Detroit River, with U.S. tributary sources representing approximately 47 percent of the total lake load.
Interframe Image Processing

To the layman, an image is seen as a single entity. He might say, as he holds up a photograph, "this is a view of my house". His choice of words reveals his perception of it as a single entity. The professional image processor, on the otherhand, must deal with the same image as a vast array of individual pixels, each one having its own numerical (intensity) value.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM: A VIEW FROM THE FIELD

Recent studies of administrative reform reveal how underdeveloped still is the state of the art. Although improving, it suffers from serious limitations. Consequently, many reforms fail or fall below expectations. Available administrative tools have a decidedly authoritarian technocratic ring to them, enshrining values beloved to mandarins and social engineers but not necessarily acceptable to social democracies. Here, several current issues such as renewed interest, disputed definition and scope, contrasting approaches and lack of success, are surveyed together with suggestions for a new agenda.
The mucosal immune system: primary target for HIV infection and AIDS

Despite intensive research, several questions remain regarding the pathogenesis of infection with HIV-1. Recently, it has been shown that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) selectively targets and destroys specific subsets of CD4+ T cells that are abundant in mucosal tissues but rare in peripheral lymphoid tissues. This finding could be highly relevant in explaining a major paradox in the infection and elimination of CD4+ T cells during HIV infection: the progressive decline in the number of CD4+ T cells in the blood, despite the paucity of HIV-infected cells in this tissue. This article discusses the hypothesis that infection with HIV and SIV, and the resulting disease, is governed by the state of cellular activation and the expression of chemokine receptors by specific subsets of CD4+ T cells residing in mucosal lymphoid tissues, rather than those found in the peripheral blood or lymph nodes.
SU‐FF‐T‐249: Improved Homogeneity with Fourth Generation Prostate Brachytherapy Implants — A Revised I‐125 Seed Nomogram

Purpose: Fourth generation stranded implants permit periprostatic placement of seeds with improved homogeneity across the target volume. The purpose of this study was to compare Mick nomogram seed implants with fourth generation stranded implants and determine if a revision in the activity per volume nomogram is warranted. Methods and Materials: Eighty‐four patients who had undergone prostate brachytherapy were selected for this study and were split into two arms of forty‐two patients each. The first arm, were treated in the year 2000 with loose seeds. Treatment planning for these set of patients was performed intraoperatively using a nomogram based on the volume of the prostate. The second arm, were treated in the year 2006 with stranded seeds. Pre‐plans determining the number of seeds and needle loading were generated using Variseed treatment‐planning system. Approximately 20 – 25 % of the seeds were implanted within the PTV in the periprostatic tissue. The prescribed dose was 145 Gy for all eighty‐four patients. Also, all patients were implanted with I‐125 (Model 6711) seeds with an activity of 0.497 U/seed (0.391 mCi/seed). Results: The total implanted activity and the number of seeds used in our stranded seed prostate implants was significantly less than that used in our loose seeds implants. Mean V100 values for the stranded seeds were greater than those for loose seeds. The stranded seeds were also associated with higher mean D90 values and lower V150‐uretheral doses.Conclusions: We attribute this reduction in activity and the number of seeds to effectively treat the same prostate volume, to the efficient seed distribution of the stranded seeds. Loose seeds inside the prostate are subject to variable migration throughout the prostate resulting in a more heterogeneous dose distribution, while stranded seeds are systematically positioned inside the target volume resulting in a more homogeneous dose distribution.
Visco-elastic propagation of longitudinal waves in skeletal muscle.

Abstract A method for obtaining the relaxation spectrum of isolated frog skeletal muscle from measurements of phase velocity and attenuation of longitudinal waves, was derived from conventional linear theory of visco-elastic wave propagation. The experimental method for measuring wave velocity and attenuation is described. An approximation method for obtaining the relaxation spectrum from wave velocity alone was developed from theoretical considerations. Experimental results from both the conventional and the approximation methods are presented and compared. Wave propagation measurements appeared to be of value in visco-elastic studies of skeletal muscle, especially when the use of other traditional methods is not practical.
Long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel

To design reliable and safe geological repositories it is critical to understand how the characteristics of spent nuclear fuel evolve with time, and how this affects the storage environment.
Citizen centric analysis of anti/counter-terrorism e-government services

This poster presents an ongoing research geared toward enhanced Anti/Counter-Terrorism (ACT) e-government services. The authors conducted two surveys that examined citizens' perceptions and preferences of various ACT service sources (DHS, FBI, police, etc.) and channels (the Web, telephone, email, etc.), as well as their behavioral beliefs and usage intentions. This report summarizes the second survey, which adopted a telephone survey method and yielded 500 usable responses from systematically sampled US citizens.
Linking investigators. A centralized linking facility for data sharing and coordination of samples in tissue banks.

Many multifactorial diseases, such as various forms of cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease and schizophrenia, still pose a considerable challenge for those researchers intent on understanding their causes. Some progress has been made in identifying the genes that contribute to such diseases and the availability of the sequence of the human genome holds further potential. However, scientists are still far from pinpointing the exact genetic causes of most major diseases that now plague humans in the developed world. Clinicians and epidemiologists have amassed a wealth of non‐genetic information, notably lifestyle and environmental factors, and with the rise of genomics, proteomics and imaging methods, banks holding tissue samples from patients have become an increasingly important and precious resource in medical research. However, the full value of all these efforts can only be realized by data sharing. A major problem is the fact that the data generated by researchers around the world are not easily available to those working in a related area. Although it has become considerably easier to identify relevant scientific publications, and to access gene or protein sequence data and analytical software, this unfortunately does not extend to primary data from studies and tissue banks. Indeed, scientists could gain valuable information if they had access to these primary data or to samples from their colleagues‘ studies. Current approaches, namely the pooling of diverse data in central databases and the formation of consortia between investigators, are fraught with the practical problems of data management, ownership of data and confidentiality. An alternative, as proposed in this Viewpoint, would be a centralized linking facility to issue anonymous ’linking numbers'. These would allow independent and autonomous research groups studying samples from the same subjects to be aware of each other, and to form voluntary and temporary collaborations for research on a specific problem. …
Reaction synthesis of MoSi2 from high purity elemental powders

This paper reports that Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi{sub 2}) is an intermetallic compound that combines a high melting point (2293K) with excellent resistance to high temperature oxidation. With respect to mechanical properties the behavior of polycrystalline MoSi{sub 2} falls into one of three regimes, based on the sue temperature: t {lt} 925{degrees} C: strong + brittle; 925 {lt} T {lt} 1250{degrees} C:strong + ductile and T {gt} 1250{degrees} C:weak + ductile. The majority of recent investigations have focused on the properties of MoSi{sub 2}-based materials processed from commercially available powder. Commercial MoSi{sub 2} powder contains significant amounts of oxygen; for example, a chemical analysis of powder obtained from Cerac Inc. revealed an oxygen content of 0.6 wt%. Consolidation of such powder resulted in a substantial volume fraction of amorphous silica in the final product. MoSi{sub 2} powder produced by the crushing and grinding of arc-melted elemental Mo and Si also exhibited amorphous Si-rich particles after vacuum hot-pressing at 1973K and 30MPa. Grinding of the cast material to powder was done in ethanol but one this was driven off, the powder was air-handled. The high energy mechanical alloying in an argon atmosphere of elemental Mo and Si powder to produce MoSi{sub 2}more » has also been investigated. Following hot pressing, the MoSi{sub 2} made in this fashion still contained a substantial volume fraction of SiO{sub 2}.« less
Paleobotany: Recent developments and future research directions

Abstract The current state of research in the field of paleobotany is reviewed, with emphasis on those areas that deal with more biological approaches to paleobotany. These would include such subjects as the reproductive biology of fossil plants, pollination biology in selected groups, paleobiochemistry, and information on the interaction of plants with other organisms (plant/animal interactions) and their environment (paleoecology). Also discussed are some of the more recent contributions to our understanding of Precambrian paleobiology and early angiosperm reproduction and evolution. Finally, we offer some speculation on the contributions that various areas of paleobotany may provide in the future.
Non-primitive rectangular cells for tight-binding electronic structure calculations

Rectangular non-primitive unit cells are computationally convenient for use in nanodevice electronic structure and transport calculations. When these cells are used for calculations of structures with periodicity, the resulting bands are zone-folded and must be unfolded in order to identify important gaps and masses. Before the zone-unfolding method can be applied, one must first determine the allowed wavevectors for the specific non-primitive cell. Because most computationally convenient non-primitive cells do not have axes parallel to the primitive cell direct lattice vectors, finding the allowed wavevectors is generally a non-trivial task. (Solid state texts generally treat only the simplest case in which the non-primitive and primitive cell axes are all aligned.) Rectangular non-primitive cells with one axis aligned along a specific direction are especially useful for obtaining the approximate random-alloy bands for a bulk crystal, a critical verification step in any random-alloy nanostructure calculation. Here, we present an easily implemented method for determining a non-primitive rectangular cell for the FCC lattice with an axis aligned in a desired direction and the associated allowed primitive cell wavevectors. We illustrate its use by unfolding the bands of Ge.
Simulating the fate of subsurface-banded urea

Compared to surface broadcasting of nitrogen (N), subsurface-banding increases crop yield and N removal, reducing the N amount available for loss into the environment. Subsurface banding results in two-dimensional (2-D) N movement and high localized N concentrations that reduce N transformation rates. A physically-based, field-scale model was developed and tested for its ability to simulate the fate of subsurface-banded N. The 1-D moisture sub-model simulates moisture redistribution, evapotranspiration, and percolation using the Richards equation. Using the convective-dispersive equation, the 2-D N sub-model uniquely simulates the fate of urea, ammonium, and nitrate by accounting for urea particle dissolution rate and substrate concentration effects. Over 325 d, the model displayed robustness with respect to selection of grid sizes and exhibited mathematical accuracy. Analyses highlighted the importance of incorporating substrate concentration effects on N transformations; disregarding substrate concentration effects could result in overestimation of crop N removal and N movement in the soil. Analyses also indicated the importance of including molecular diffusion in simulating the fate of subsurface-banded N. While evapotranspiration, crop N removal, and residual applied inorganic-N estimates appeared realistic, measured and simulated moisture and applied-N amounts and distributions differed greatly. Errors in measurements of moisture and N and uncertainty in parameter estimation likely increased the difference in simulated versus measured values. The model was highly sensitive to soil pH and Freundlich distribution coefficient. Additional model evaluation with field data, though required, could not be performed due to lack of data describing distribution of soil N resulting from subsurface-banding.
Lymphocyte and granulocyte migration across the endothelial layer of bovine pulmonary artery intimal explants towards lymphocyte conditioned medium

An intravenous infusion of endotoxin into sheep results in accumulation of equal numbers of lymphocytes and granulocytes in the pulmonary microcirculation. The role of the sequestered lymphocytes in acute lung injury is not known. The present study examines whether lymphocyte migration through pulmonary endothelium contributes to endothelial damage and also examines the effect of lymphokines on granulocyte migration. Bovine pulmonary artery intimal explants were mounted in Boyden chambers and conditioned media, prepared from bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes, was used as the chemoattractant. The rate of 51Cr labelled bovine granulocyte lymphocyte migration into intimal explants was determined over a 3 hr incubation period. Permeability changes were assessed by adding trace amounts of 14C-sucrose and 3H-water to the upper well and following their rate of equilibration with the lower well. 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha was measured in the upper well. Lymphocyte conditioned media was found to be chemotactic for both lymphocytes and granulocytes (lymphocyte migration at 60 min: lymphocyte conditioned media = 18.5 +/- 2.3%, mean +/- s.e. RPMI control = 12.5 +/- 1.5; granulocyte migration at 120 min: conditioned media = 36.1 +/- 5.7, RPMI control = 18.2 +/- 3.0). Ultrastructural examination revealed leukocyte migration followed an orderly sequence during which the leukocytes maintained close contact with the adjacent endothelial cells. No structural evidence of endothelial cell damage was seen at any time examined. Granulocyte migration was associated with an increased rate of 14C-sucrose equilibration after 2 hr of incubation (lower well counts/upper well counts at 2 hr, RPMI control = 0.18 +/- 0.02; lymphocyte conditioned medium = 0.30 +/- 0.04) indicating alteration in the endothelial barrier function. Leukocyte migration, particularly lymphocyte migration, was accompanied by a marked increase in prostacyclin accumulation (3 hr: no leukocytes, 188 +/- 17 ng/ml; lymphocytes, 560 +/- 104). These in vitro findings suggest that lymphocytes and lymphokines may be involved in acute lung injury and also that permeability changes associated with granulocyte migration may depend on the chemoattractant.
Relativistic quantum mechanics: Particle production and cluster properties

This paper constructs relativistic quantum mechanical models of particles satisfying cluster properties and the spectral condition which do not conserve particle number. The treatment of particle production is limited to systems with a bounded number of bare-particle degrees of freedom. This paper focuses on the realization of cluster properties in these theories.
Risk of late intraocular lens dislocation after cataract surgery, 1980-2009: a population-based study

Purpose To estimate the long-term cumulative risk of late posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation after cataract extraction in a population-based cohort. Design Retrospective cohort study and nested case-control study. Methods The records of all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who underwent cataract extraction from January 1, 1980, through May 31, 2009, (14 471 cases in 9577 residents) and who were diagnosed with late posterior chamber IOL dislocation in the same period were reviewed. Cases were identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Three controls chosen from the cataract surgery cohort were matched to each IOL dislocation case by age, gender, and duration of follow-up. Records were reviewed to confirm case status and to ascertain risk factor information. The cumulative risk of IOL dislocation was estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Logistic regression models assessed differences between cases and controls. Results We identified 16 cases of late posterior chamber IOL dislocation, 9 with in-the-bag dislocations and 7 with out-of-the-bag dislocations. At 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years after cataract extraction, the cumulative risk of IOL dislocation was 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.7%, and 1.7%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the risk of late IOL dislocation after extracapsular cataract extraction when compared with phacoemulsification ( P = .21) or between different decades of surgery ( P = .92). Pseudoexfoliation and zonular laxity at surgery were associated significantly with late IOL dislocation ( P = .01). Conclusions The long-term cumulative risk of late IOL dislocation after cataract extraction was low and did not significantly change over our nearly 30-year study period.
Nd:YAG-CO2 Double-Pulse LIBS for Explosives Detection

A double-pulse Nd:YAG-CO2LIBS scheme was applied to the analysis of an organic film of polystyrene and tested on 2,4,6-TNT residues. Different behaviors in atomic and molecular signals are interpreted and discussed for discrimination application.
Relapse Prevention: Extending Treatment Results in Family Counseling

A review of the family counseling literature reveals a paucity of writ ings addressing the issue of direct intervention aimed at maintaining treatment gains and preventing relapse. A recent article (Hiss, Foa, & Kozak, 1994) from the general psychological literature provides a potential relapse prevention modelforfamily counselors to considerfor their work with families.
Attitudes, beliefs, and attendance in a hybrid course

Since online learning technology, such as streaming video, was introduced to the college distance-learning environment, there has been a need to study the attitudes of college students toward the use of this modality in hybrid courses. Understanding students' attitudes toward using online materials and the impact on class attendance is not only essential to ascertain how effectively the online content is delivered, it also helps teaching faculty prepare online courses and education programs. This paper studies the attitudes of college students' about online materials in a hybrid upper division communications class. Student attitudes towards combining distance-learning techniques with traditional lecture tended to be positive. Students held the belief that hybrid courses have a negative impact on attendance, but they did not self-report an actual impact. Students do believe that they benefit from this technology, but the belief is strongest in those who are most computer/Internet literate. How these attitudes/beliefs impact the student in the context of a rural culture will be discussed.
Splitting of NMR spectrum of solid hydrogen

Abstract We report a hitherto unobserved dependence of the splitting of the NMR spectrum on the ortho content of solid hydrogen at very low temperatures.
The presence of arginine vasopressin and its mRNA in rat choroid plexus epithelium

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays an important role in the regulation of secretory function and hemodynamics of choroid plexus, the primary site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. In the present study, localization of AVP and its transcripts in choroid plexus of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry, respectively. For immunohistochemical analysis, AVP-specific polyclonal rabbit antibody was employed. Plasmid, pGrVP, containing a 232-bp fragment of rat AVP cDNA encoding the C-terminus of proAVP, was used as a probe to detect AVP mRNA. AVP-immunoreactive product was predominantly localized close to the apical (CSF-facing) membrane of choroidal epithelium while AVP transcripts were distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cells. Our findings indicate that AVP is synthesized in choroid plexus epithelium, which suggests autocrine and/or paracrine actions of this peptide in choroidal tissue.
Tributylarsonium-2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane ylide. Preparation and cleavage

Abstract F -cyclobutene forms a stable ylide with n -tributylarsine. In contrast to the halogen cleavage of the analogous phosphonium ylide, which gives 1,1-dihaloalkanes, the arsonium ylide reacts with bromine and iodine to give the 1-halo- F -cyclobutenes.
Measurement of the Finish of Diamond-Turned Metal Surfaces By Differential Light Scattering

This paper discusses the measurement of the finish of diamond-turned surfaces by differential light scattering. Experimental scattering data are analyzed by electromagnetic theory to give the two-dimensional power spectral density of the surface roughness. These spectral densities are direct functional measures of the surface quality, and may be characterized in terms of topographic finish parameters. These parameters can then be used to specify surface finish, to predict scattering under a variety of conditions, and to aid in studies of other functional properties of these surfaces. Scattering spectra are separated in-to three groups corresponding to three classes of surface roughness: periodic tool marks and one- and two-dimensional random roughness. Periodic tool marks give rise to discrete diffraction lines in the scattering spectrum and are characterized by their surface periods and their Fourier amplitudes. Random one- and two-dimensional roughness give rise to one- and two-dimensional continua underlying the diffraction lines and are characterized by band-limited values of the rms surface heights and slopes, and transverse length parameters. Using HeNe light, vertical roughnesses are measured from a fraction of an Angstrom to several hundred Angstroms, for transverse spatial wavelengths from a fraction of a micron to several hundred microns. We re-view experimental techniques for making these measurements with emphasis on the scatterometer developed in our laboratory, which uses a fixed source-detector geometry and a rotating sam-ple. Results are illustrated by a number of scattering spectra taken with this instrument.
General integral equations of thermoelasticity in micromechanics of composites with imperfectly bonded interfaces

Abstract One considers a linear thermoelastic composite medium, which consists of a homogeneous matrix containing a statistically inhomogeneous random set of heterogeneities with various interface effects and subjected to essentially inhomogeneous loading by the fields of the stresses, temperature, and body forces (e.g., for a centrifugal load). The general integral equations connecting the stress and strain fields in the point being considered and the surrounding points are obtained for the random and deterministic fields of inclusions. The method is based on a centering procedure of subtraction from both sides of a new initial integral equation their statistical averages obtained without any auxiliary assumptions such as the effective field hypothesis (EFH), which is implicitly exploited in the known centering methods. The new initial integral equation is presented in a general form of perturbations introduced by the heterogeneities and taking into account both the spring-layer model and coherent imperfect one. Some particular cases, asymptotic representations, and simplifications of proposed equations as well as a model example demonstrating the essence of two-step statistical average scheme are considered. General integral equations for the doubly and triply periodical structure composites are also obtained.
INFLUENCE OF FLORIDA BATHYMETRY ON WIND STRESS COMPONENT OF STORM SURGE

Open coast storm surge water levels consist of a wind shear forcing component generally referred to as a wind setup; a wave setup component caused by wind induced waves transferring momentum to the water column; an atmospheric pressure head component due to the atmospheric pressure deficit over the spatial extent of the storm system; a Coriolis forced component due to the effects of the rotation of the earth acting on the wind driven alongshore current at the coast; and, if astronomical tides are present, an astronomical tide component (although the tide is not really a direct part of the meteorological driven component of storm surge). Typically, the most important component of a storm surge is the wind setup component, especially on the East Coast of the US and in the Gulf of Mexico. The importance of bathymetry to this wind setup storm surge component is considered herein with special reference to the coastline of Florida where eight Florida transects consisting of a cross-section of bathymetric data p...
A generalization of the Boussinesq-Papkovich functions to an anisotropic medium

An extension of the Boussinesq-Papkovich displacement potentials to an anisotropic medium is presented. The representation is used to generate solutions to the problems of Boussinesq and Mindlin. The representation is shown to be complete.
Methemoglobin levels in the patient population of an acute general hospital.

Spectrophotometric analysis of arterial blood samples from 695 hospitalized patients revealed a mean methemoglobin value of 0.44% (±0.3%) of total hemoglobin. Since values of methemoglobin greater than one percent exceed two standard deviations from the mean, it is concluded that methemoglobinemia in the hospitalized patient should be defined as a methemoglobin concentration of greater than one percent of total hemoglobin. This study demonstrates that no statistically significant differences exist in the incidence of methemoglobinemia among various populations within the hospital.
Pathogenesis of graft-versus-host reaction. I. Influence of thymectomy and adrenalectomy on development of lymphopenia.

SummaryGraft-vs.-host (GVH) reaction was induced in (C3H × C57B1/1)F1 hybrid mice by intravenous injection of spleen-cells from adult C3H strain donors. The lymphocyte counts of recipients that had been thymectomized and adrenalectomized did not deviate significantly from those of uninjected control animals. Thymectomy or adrenalectomy alone did not prevent the development of lymphopenia but lymphopenia during GVH was of shorter duration in adrenalectomized than intact mice. We propose that the immunological assault in GVH is directed largely against thymus-dependent lymphoid elements and that the thymus-independent lymphocytes, not subject to the primary assault as well as thymus dependent lymphocytes may be destroyed indirectly in GVH by increased adrenal secretions.