cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in mitochondria of murine heart and liver.

Abstract Using both electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and cell fractionation techniques, we show that transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is found in mitochondria of rat and mouse cardiac myocytes and rat hepatocytes. Four different polyclonal antibodies, raised against various epitopes encompassing the mature portion of the TGF-beta 1 molecule as well as the pro-region of its precursor, were used for the electron microscopy studies. The localization of TGF-beta 1 in mitochondria was confirmed by detection of the native peptide in mitochondria isolated from rat heart and liver; the majority of native TGF-beta 1 found in liver homogenates was recovered in highly pure mitochondrial fractions. The functional role of TGF-beta in the mitochondrion is unknown at present.
Selecting rail grade crossing investments with a decision support system

Abstract The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has developed a series of rail and rail-related analysis tools that assist FRA officials, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), state Department of Transportation (DOT), and other constituents in evaluating the cost and benefits of potential infrastructure projects. To meet agency objectives, the FRA wants to add a high-speed rail grade crossing analysis tool to its package of rail and rail-related intermodal software products. This paper presents a conceptual decision support system (DSS) that can assist officials in achieving this goal. The paper first introduces the FRA's objectives and the role of cost benefit analysis in achieving these objectives. Next, there is a discussion of the models needed to assess the feasibility of proposed high-speed rail grade crossing investments and the presentation of a decision support system (DSS) that can deliver these models transparently to users. Then, the paper illustrates a system session and examines the potential benefits from system use.
Dual sided Al/Al 2 O 3 microchannel plasma ozone reactor

Summary form only given. Arrays of low temperature microchannel plasmas have been demonstrated to be an efficient generator of ozone in an atmospheric pressure environment.1 An on-chip chemical reactor was fabricated from Al foil by a sequence of electrochemical processes and micropowder abrasion techniques. Having a thickness of ∼ 1 mm, arrays of parallel microchannels can be stacked to yield increasing throughput. The Al/Al 2 O 3 structure chosen for the reactor renders it well-suited for demanding operating conditions and for use with attaching and corrosive gases and vapors, in particular.
Roles of double salt formation and NaNO3 in Na2CO3-promoted MgO absorbent for intermediate temperature CO2 removal

Abstract Absorption and desorption of carbon dioxide on Na 2 CO 3 -promoted MgO have been studied at temperatures compatible with warm gas cleanup (300–470 °C) from a pre-combustion syngas. The absorbents are synthesized through the formation and activation of the precipitate resulting from the addition of sodium carbonate to an aqueous solution of magnesium nitrate. The absorbent, which comprises MgO, Na 2 CO 3 and residual NaNO 3 after activation, forms the double salt Na 2 Mg(CO 3 ) 2 on exposure to CO 2 . The thermodynamic properties of the double salt, obtained through computational calculation, predict that the preferred temperature range for absorption of CO 2 with the double salt is significantly higher compared with MgO. Faster CO 2 uptake can be achieved as a result of this higher temperature absorption window. Absorption tests indicate that the double salt absorbent as prepared has a capacity toward CO 2 of 15 wt.% (3.4 mmol CO 2 /g absorbent) and can be easily regenerated through both pressure swing and temperature swing absorption in multiple-cycle tests. Thermodynamic calculations also predict an important effect of CO 2 partial pressure on the absorption capacity in the warm temperature range. The impurity phase, NaNO 3 , is identified as a key component in facilitating CO 2 absorption by these materials. The reason for reported difficulties in reproducing the performance of these materials can be traced to specific details of the synthesis method, which are reviewed in some detail.
Policy innovations of the US intermodal surface transportation efficiency act and clean air act amendments

In combination, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) are innovative and aggressive efforts to move US cities toward integrated transportation and air quality planning. Under these complementary laws, air quality has become a major national transportation goal. In areas with serious air pollution, air quality will be a major consideration in determining the future shape of urban transportation.
Complex formation between bee venom melittin and extract of mouse skin detected by Sephadex gel filtration.

Das aus Bienengift vonApis mellifera gewonnene, oberflachenaktive, kationische Polypeptid Melittin bildet mit Hautzellenextrakt, nicht aber mit Serumalbumin, einen stochiometrischen Komplex, der vermutlich die Transportform des Giftes im Korper darstellt.
STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A DIE SHEAR TEST

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] Traditional statistical quality control methods rely heavily on the normal distribution. This model has two major practical applications: statistical process control (SPC) and process capability anal..
Future Directions for the Zygon Center

A brief comparison of the Zygon Center for Religion and Science and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences is given. The work and emphases of the two Centers overlap but also differ in significant ways. Without neglecting the physical sciences or the Christian tradition, ZCRS would do well to continue to give high priority to the biological sciences and the dialogue with the major world religions.
Development of Kaposi's sarcoma in a surgical wound.

A patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who had xerostomia and enlargement of the parotid glands underwent a diagnostic biopsy of a labial salivary gland. Within six days, a rapidly growing, fungating mass had appeared at the biopsy site. The lesion had the histologic features of Kaposi's sarcoma and contained antigens of human herpesvirus 8. After treatment with local radiotherapy, the lesion resolved.
Determination of stoichiometry of thin films of Cu2−σS from their optical properties

Abstract A new diagnostic technique is described to determine the stocihiometry of thin films of copper sulfide. In this method reflectance-transmittance data for the Cu2−δS films is needed in a small wavelength region of 0.5–1.2μ. The positions of the reflectance minima and the transmittance maxima, uniquely determine the film stoichiometry. The method is also suitable for cases where mixed phases are present or the film is discontinuous.
For adults only? Supply-side ecology and the history of larval biology

When ecologists study organisms with multiphasic life cycles, they must often confront the problem of which phase to scrutinize. In principle, the dynamics and interactions of all stages could play a major role in the regulation of adult populations and species assemblages. In practice, however, the roles of larger and more sedentary phases - being easier to count and manipulate than motile propagules - have been emphasized. Nonetheless, several recent studies on the small, dispersing larval phase of marine invertebrate life cycles reach the conclusion that the spatial distribution and supply of propagules can control the distribution and abundance of populations of benthic adults. To some, the present emphasis on planktonic propagules amounts to a resurrection of ideas developed during a long and rich history of larval biology. To others, studies of demographic and ecological connections between larval and adult populations represent a substantial revision of ecological paradigms.
Lunar red spots: Possible pre-mare materials

Abstract Some anomalous red features observed on the moon by Whitaker are examined in detail. Crater counts and regional stratigraphy suggest that ages for these features are comparable to that of lunar highland material. Initial gamma-ray spectrometry indicates higher than average native radioactivity is associated with certain red areas. A possible explanation for these observations is that the red objects are the surface manifestation of highly radioactive pre-mare basalts (Apollo 14/KREEP/norite material). Conclusive proof of the nature of these objects will depend on the study of returned samples, making them ideal candidates for future space missions, especially for unmanned vehicles such as the Soviet Union's Luna 20.
Cytokines and Growth Factors Stimulate Hyaluronan Production: Role of Hyaluronan in Epithelial to Mesenchymal-Like Transition in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

In this study, we investigated the role of hyaluronan (HA) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) since close association between HA level and malignancy has been reported. HA is an abundant extracellular matrix component and its synthesis is regulated by growth factors and cytokines that include epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We showed that treatment with recombinant EGF and IL-1β, alone or in combination with TGF-β, was able to stimulate HA production in lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. TGF-β/IL-1β treatment induced epithelial to mesenchymal-like phenotype transition (EMT), changing cell morphology and expression of vimentin and E-cadherin. We also overexpressed hyaluronan synthase-3 (HAS3) in epithelial lung adenocarcinoma cell line H358, resulting in induced HA expression, EMT phenotype, enhanced MMP9 and MMP2 activities and increased invasion. Furthermore, adding exogenous HA to A549 cells and inducing HA H358 cells resulted in increased resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, Iressa. Together, these results suggest that elevated HA production is able to induce EMT and increase resistance to Iressa in NSCLC. Therefore, regulation of HA level in NSCLC may be a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Gadolinium Solubility Limits in Sodium-Aluminoborosilicate Glasses

Gadolinium and lanthanum solubility limits in a sodium-alumino-borosilicate glass system were studied. As melting temperature increased from 1,400 C to 1,450 C, 1,500 C and 1,550 C, the solubility of gadolinium in the baseline glass 15B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-5Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-20Na{sub 2}O-60SiO{sub 2} (in molar composition) increased from 10.1 to 11.3, 12.2 and 13.1 (in mole percent of Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3}). The enthalpy change of Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} dissolution in this baseline glass is about 43.6 kJ/mol. Boron effect on lanthanum solubility was studied using the following baseline glasses: xB{sub 2}O{sub 3}-20Na{sub 2}O-5Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-60SiO{sub 2}, where x equals to 5, 10, 15, and 20, respectively. It was found that lanthanum solubility limit increased from 8.4 to 10.3, 12.5 and 14.9 (in mole percent of La{sub 2}O{sub 3}) as B{sub 2}O{sub 3} increased from 5.1 to 9.5, 13.1 and 16.2 mol%. Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} and La{sub 2}O{sub 3} have similar solubility limits. Solubility limits of mixtures containing different ratios of Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} in the baseline glass 15B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-20Na{sub 2}O-5Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-60SiO{sub 2} were found insensitive to the ratio of La/Gd. As far as gadolinium is concerned, its solubility limit will decrease when other lanthanides are introduced.
Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment

JAMES F. HOGAN, FRED M. PHILLIPS, AND BRIDGET R. SCANLON (ed.) American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 2004. Hardcover, 294 pp. $63 AGU members, $90 nonmembers. ISBN 0-87590-358-4. Imagine those vast southwestern U.S. desert landscapes! Whenever I am lucky enough to fly across them, I make sure
Coarsening of three-dimensional droplets by two-dimensional diffusion: part II. Theory

Theoretical modeling of coarsening among a finite cluster of precipitates is implemented, using the multipole expansion method. This method requires the diffusion field to behave quasi-statically. Two approximate solutions were developed, one to monopolar order, and other to the dipolar order. The conventional Gibbs-Thomson equilibrium relationship was used as the boundary condition at the precipitate-matrix interface. Part I of this paper considers a liquid-liquid system in a mixed-dimensional geometrical configuration, wherein three-dimensional precipitates interact via a diffusion field constrained in two dimensions. This kind of geometric configuration is often encountered in island evolution dynamics and phase segregation in thin films. The initial experimental configuration of droplets provides the initial condition for the simulation. Both monopole and dipole approximations closely follow the experimentally observed scaling laws, characteristic for the mixed-dimensional coarsening (N−4/3 and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqpe0x% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWexLMBb50ujb% qeguuDJXwAKbacfaGaf8NuaiLbaebaaaa!3F45! $$\bar R$$ 4, varied linearly with time, where N is the number of droplets in the experimental field of view, and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9vqpe0x% c9q8qqaqFn0dXdir-xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq-dir-f0-yqaqVe0xe9Fve9% Fve9qapdbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWexLMBb50ujb% qeguuDJXwAKbacfaGaf8NuaiLbaebaaaa!3F45! $$\bar R$$ is the average droplet radius). Good agreement is observed for time evolution of radii of some individual precipitates. Certain deviations appearing among the two approximate solutions and the experimental data are discussed.
Surface series-expansion coefficients for numerical design of scannable aspherical microwave and acoustic lenticular antennas

Normalised series-expansion coefficients are presented for the numerical design of the surfaces of extremely short-focal-length/wide angle asperical scanning lens antennas with symmetrical off-axis focal points. Based on theoretical techniques previously developed for the problem, the normalised numerical results presented assume an index of refraction of 1.594 and a fixed off-axis angle of 20° for design purposes. Included also are curves of certain related design parameters, and information on lens-antenna performance characteristics in the form of typical scanning diffraction patterns for radiation or reception. Some worked examples are given.
Retrospective analysis of low-velocity gunshot wounds to the mandible

A retrospective study was conducted of 32 patients with mandibular fractures resulting from low-velocity gunshot injuries. Airway management was required in 25% of the patients, and 9% sustained major vessel injury. Patients were divided into two groups, depending on site of mandibular fracture: condyle, ramus, and coronoid (n = 10), and angle, body, and symphysis (n = 22). All patients in the condyle, ramus, coronoid group achieved clinical union without infection. Average postinjury maximal mandibular opening was restricted (28 mm), but the average follow-up period was relatively short (2 months). In the angle, body, symphysis group the infection rate was 27%, and in 18% of patients a continuity defect of the mandible developed. The average length of follow-up in this group was 5.4 months with a mean maximal mandibular opening of 36 mm.
Strong evidence that Gribov copying does not affect the gauge theory functional integral

We give arguments to the effect that if the Faddeev-Popov determinant is defined properly as the Jacobian determinant of a transformation from a set of gauge-fixing coordinates to a set of group coordinates, the usual functional integral prescription for the quantization of gauge field theories gives the correct result even in the case of Gribov copying. An immediate corollary is that, for a large class of gauges, the gauge-fixing surface intersects every orbit of the group at least once.
Hydraulically actuated valve for very low temperatures

In order to seal off an experimental cell containing liquid He at temperatures down to 20 mK and at pressures up to 25 atm we have developed a valve that is actuated hydraulically by liquid He and which seals repeatedly with a leak rate of less than 10−10 cm3/sec of liquid He II.
Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry to the analysis of planar porphyrins and highly substituted nonplanar porphyrins

The applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform mass spectrometry to the analysis of porphyrins has been examined. High resolution spectra were readily obtained with good sensitivity and a detection limit as low as 2 fmol. A mixed solvent system of toluene and ethanol (1 : 1 by volume) proved to be compatible with the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix and solubilized most of the porphyrins examined in this study. Porphyrins which were insoluble in this solvent mixture could be dissolved in an appropriate solvent and deposited on a layer of DHB (layered MALDI). The parent ion was generally the largest peak in the spectrum, although for some metalloporphyrins the peak corresponding to (M ‐ metal + 3H) + was dominant. The extent of demetallation was found to depend on factors such as sample preparation, the metal ion and the laser intensity. Addition of more than one hydrogen occurred in many cases but was a minor process. Spectra of compounds ionized by different methods showed increasing fragmentation in the order MALDI < layered MALDI < fast-atom bombardment < laser desorption.
Interchangeability and bounds on the effective conductivity of the square lattice

The effective conductivityσ * of an infinitely interchangeable two-component random medium is considered. This class of media includes cell materials in the continuum and the bond lattice on ℤ d , where the cells or bonds are randomly assigned the conductivitiesσ 1 andσ 2 (σ 1,σ 2ne0) with probabilitiesp 1 andp 2=1−p 1. A rigorous basis for the very old and widely used low volume fraction expansion ofσ * is established, by proving thatσ * is an analytic function ofp 2 in a suitable domain containing [0, 1]. In the case of the bond lattice ind=2, rigorous fourth-order upper and lower bounds onσ * valid for allp 2,σ 1, andσ 2 are derived. The four perturbation coefficients entering into the bounds are obtained from the first-order volume fraction coefficient using the method of infinite interchangeability.
Analog scale, magnitude estimation, and person trade-off as measures of health utility: biases and their correction

Subjects judged the disutility of health conditions (e.g. blindness) using one of them (e.g. blindness+deafness) as a standard, using three elicitation methods: analog scale (AS, how bad is blindness compared to blindness+deafness?); magnitude estimation (ME, blindness+deafness is how many times as bad as blindness?); and person trade-off (PTO, how many people cured of blindness is as good as 10 people cured of blindness+deafness?). ME disutilities of the less bad condition were smallest, and AS was highest. Interleaving PTO with ME made PTO more like ME. AS disutilities were inconsistent with direct judgments of differences between pairs of conditions. ME and PTO judgments were internally inconsistent: e.g. the disutility of one-eye-blindness relative to blindness+deafness was larger than predicted from comparison of each to blindness. Consistency training reduced inconsistency, increased agreement between AS and PTO, and transferred from one method to the other. The results support the use of consistency checks in utility elicitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Winema: an early maturing, red-skinned cultivar for fresh market.

Winema, an early maturing, red-skinned cultivar for fresh market use, was jointly released in 2000 by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, North Dakota, California, Idaho, and Washington. Winema was evaluated in irrigated trials in Oregon and California from 1990 to 2000 and in the Western Regional Trial in 1995,1997, and 1998. Winema has produced lower total yields than Dark Red Norland and Red LaSoda at most locations, but similar or higher marketable yields and significantly fewer culls. In 20 location-years of replicated Oregon and California trials, Winema produced 108% and 99% of marketable yields of tubers under 280 g compared with Red LaSoda and Dark Red Norland, respectively. Similarly, in 23 location-years of The Western Regional Trial in 6 western states, Winema produced 109% and 92% of marketable yields of tubers under 280 g compared with Red LaSoda and Dark Red Norland, respectively. Winema tubers are smooth-skinned with shallow eyes. Winema’s bright red color does not fade appreciably in storage. Winema is susceptible to potato virus Y (PVY). Foliar symptoms of PVY are difficult to detect visually.
Spatial and Temporal Factors in the Role of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortex in Visuomotor Integration

The effects of reversible lesion--by cooling--of dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex were studied in rhesus monkeys performing a cognitive visuomotor integration task. Correct performance required the use of a learned set of cue-response contingencies, some spatial and some nonspatial; in some cases, the task required the short-term retention, through a delay, of the color of the cue or its implicit response direction. Prefrontal cooling impaired performance of the task regardless of its spatial demands, an effect that increased with delay. Parietal cooling, on the other hand, only impaired performance if the task demanded the processing and retention of spatial information (i.e., if spatial active memory was required). Parietal effects were not related to delay. Both prefrontal and, even more, parietal cooling increased response time in all task contingencies. Thus, the results dissociate the respective contributions of the prefrontal and the posterior parietal cortex to the temporal and spatial aspects of information processing in visuomotor performance. They indicate that posterior parietal areas participate in spatial processing and in active memory of spatial information, whereas prefrontal areas subserve a broader role of visuomotor processing and cross-temporal integration of both spatial and nonspatial information. Language: en
The magnetotransistor effect

A new physical mechanism, active in the base region of dual-collector lateral bipolar tranistors in the presence of a transverse magnetic field, is described in the letter. This mechanism induces a differential current flow from the two collectors, and is also responsible for an increase in the overall current gain.
Highlights of the ASPE 2004 Winter Topical Meeting on Free-Form Optics: Design, Fabrication, Metrology, Assembly

We present highlights from the American Society for Precision Engineering's 2004 winter topical meeting entitled Free-Form Optics: Design, Fabrication, Metrology, Assembly. We emphasize those papers that are most relevant to astronomical optics. Optical surfaces that transcend the bounds of rotational symmetry have been implemented in novel optical systems with fantastic results since the release of Polaroid's first instant camera. Despite these successes, free-form optics have found only a few niche applications and have yet to enter the mainstream. The purpose of this meeting is to identify the state of the art of free-form optics design, fabrication, metrology and assembly and to identify the technical and logistical challenges that inhibit their widespread use. Issues that will be addressed include: What are free-form optics? How can optical systems be made better with free-form optics? How can designers use free-form optics? How can free-form optics be fabricated? How can they be measured? How are free-form optical systems assembled? Control of multi-axis systems.
The function of folk psychology: mind reading or mind shaping?

I argue for two claims. First I argue against the consensus view that accurate behavioral prediction based on accurate representation of cognitive states, i.e. mind reading, is the sustaining function of propositional attitude ascription. This practice cannot have been selected in evolution and cannot persist, in virtue of its predictive utility, because there are principled reasons why it is inadequate as a tool for behavioral prediction. Second I give reasons that favor an alternative account of the sustaining function of propositional attitude ascription. I argue that it serves a mind-shaping function. Roughly, propositional attitude ascription enables human beings to set up regulative ideals that function to mold behavior so as to make it easier to coordinate with.
Tissue volume determinations from brain MRI images: a phantom study

In order to measure the accuracy of volume determinations of brain tissues from MRI images, a number of phantoms simulating these tissues were constructed and imaged in a clinical imager operating at 1.5 T. Method consisted of measuring signals from pure tissues and volume of interest and then solving the equations for partial volume. Comparisons of the results obtained from the images with the true volumes in the phantom yielded accuracies (rms) which ranged from 1.6% for a simple phantom to 6.7% for more complex but realistic phantoms.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Low loss Photonic Crystal Cladding Waveguide with Large Photonic Band Gap

Light propagation in a low index core (e.g. SiO2) is realized by a Photonic Band Gap (PBG) cladding waveguide structure with large dielectric index contrast layers (Si/Si3N4). The waveguide is fabricated with a CMOS compatible process. The measured loss for the asymmetric PBG cladding waveguide is about 0.5dB/cm for both polarizations at a wavelength of 1550nm. Potential applications include optical amplification when the SiO2 core is doped with optical active materials (e.g. Er).
Challenges to the implementation of the ecosystem approach in the Great Lakes basin

Abstract The end of a century is a good time to look back and see how past events have shaped both our present situation and our perspective on the future. In this essay, we do this in the context of the emergence of an ecosystem approach to management of the North American Great Lakes. Our goal is to (i) review how the ecosystem approach emerged and became institutionalized in the Great Lakes region and then (ii) discuss why implementation of the approach continues to pose profound challenges for Great Lakes citizens and institutions. We suggest how some of the greatest hurdles might be overcome and share our optimism that Great Lakes institutions are moving, albeit slowly, in the right direction. We have prepared this essay in memory of a former colleague and pioneer of the ecosystem perspective for Great Lakes management, W.J. (Jack) Christie. As we develop our thesis, we will highlight some of the many contributions Jack made, both to the science behind ecosystem management and to helping make the Great Lakes great again.
Human red cell aquaporin CHIP. I. Molecular characterization of ABH and Colton blood group antigens.

Abstract Blood group antigens are structural variants in surface carbohydrate or amino acid polymorphisms on extracellular domains of membrane proteins. The red cell water channel-forming integral protein (Aquaporin CHIP) is a homotetramer with only one N-glycosylated subunit, however no CHIP-associated blood group antigens have yet been identified. Immunoblotting, monosaccharide composition analysis, and selective glycosidase digestions revealed that the CHIP-associated oligosaccharide contains ABH determinants and resembles a band 3-type glycan that cannot be cleaved from intact membranes by Peptide:N-glycosidase F. The molecular structure of the Colton antigens was previously unknown, but CHIP was selectively immunoprecipitated with anti-Coa or anti-Co(b). The DNA sequence from Colton-typed individuals predicted that residue 45 is alanine in the Co(a+b-) phenotype and valine in the Co(a-b+) phenotype. The nucleotide polymorphism corresponds to a PflMI endonuclease digestion site in the DNA from Co(a-b+) individuals. These studies have defined antigens within two blood group systems on CHIP: (a) an ABH-bearing polylactosaminoglycan attached to a poorly accessible site in the native membrane; and (b) the Colton antigen polymorphism which may permit the identification of rare individuals with defective water channel expression.
Demographics, Markets, and the Future of Housing Demand

Demographics are not quite destiny but do exert a powerful influence on future housing demand. This paper examines how demographics shape demand and projects household growth, second home and additional vacant unit demand, and replacement demand from 2010 to 2020 under different assumptions. To analyze the housing supply-demand balance entering 2010, results are presented from a backward look at long-run construction demand compared to actual new construction and from a simple econometric model of long-run demand for starts using pooled metropolitan area data from 1982 to 2000. Implications of the housing and mortgage market meltdown for homeownership in the years ahead are also explored.
A Review of “Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge: Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporation”: by Joseph D. Novak. Second Edition. London: Routledge, 2010. $140.00 hardcover/$50.59 paper. ISBN 978-0-415-99184-1 (hardcover)/978-0-415-99185-8 (paper)

The U.S. education system faces a crisis at all levels. A study by the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) found that, when compared to students from 70 count...
Field-scale electrical conductivity mapping for delineating soil condition

Traditional sampling methods are inadequate for assessing the interrelated physical, chemical, and biological soil properties responsible for variations in agronomic yield and ecological potentials across a landscape. Recent advances in computers, global positioning systems, and large-scale sensors offer new opportunities for mapping heterogeneous patterns in soil condition. We evaluated field-scale apparent electrical conductivity (EC a ) mapping for delineating soil properties correlated with productivity and ecological properties. A contiguous section of farmland (250 ha), managed as eight fields in a no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)-fallow rotation, was EC a mapped (0- to 30-cm depth). A geo-referenced soil-sampling scheme separated each field into four EC, classes that were sampled (0- to 7.5-and 7.5- to 30-cm depths) in triplicate. Soil physical parameters (bulk density, moisture content, and percentage clay), chemical parameters (total and particulate organic matter [POM], total C and N, extractable P, laboratory-measured electrical conductivity [EC 1:1 ], and pH), biological parameters (microbial biomass C [MBC] and N [MBN], and potentially mineralizable N), and surface residue mass were significantly different among EC a classes (P ≤ 0.06) at one or both depths (0-7.5 and 0-30 cm). Bulk density, percentage clay, EC 1:1 , and pH were positively correlated with EC,; all other soil parameters and surface residue mass were negatively correlated. Field-scale EC a classification delimits distinct zones of soil condition, providing an effective basis for soil sampling. Potential uses include assessing temporal impacts of management on soil condition and managing spatial variation in soil-condition and yield-potential through precision agriculture and site-specific management.
Cohesive Zone Approach to Interpreting the Fiber Push‐Out Test

A means of inferring interface parameters from the fiber push-out test is proposed. The significant feature of the approach is the use of a cohesive zone model to capture fiber-matrix interfacial debonding. The approach is used to interpret push-out data obtained from silicon carbide/silicon nitride composites. Comparisons are made with other analyses and with other interface models. It is shown that this approach may be particularly useful for composites in which there is substantial interfacial roughness, but little or no chemical cohesion. The advantage of the cohesive zone model in being able to predict the existence of qualitatively different load-displacement curves associated with different specimen thicknesses is emphasized.
Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves in an Idealized Moist General Circulation Model

Abstract The dynamics of convectively coupled Kelvin waves and their dependence on convection scheme parameters are studied within a simplified moist general circulation model. The model consists of the primitive equations on the sphere over zonally symmetric aquaplanet, slab mixed layer ocean boundary conditions, and idealized physical parameterizations including gray radiative transfer and a simplified Betts–Miller convection scheme. This framework allows the authors to study the dependence of Kelvin waves on quantities such as the gross moist stability in a clean manner. A control simulation with the model produces convectively coupled Kelvin waves that are remarkably persistent and dominate the variability within the Tropics. These waves propagate with an equivalent depth of ≈40 m. Linear regression analysis with respect to a Kelvin-filtered time series shows that the waves are driven by evaporation–wind feedback and have structures broadly consistent with theoretical predictions for Kelvin waves. Nex...
States and Power in Africa by Jeffrey I. Herbst: A Review Essay

Herbst argues that Africa is plagued by "state failure" to provide certain public goods in society, such as law and order, defense, contract enforcement, and infrastructure. Herbst has provided a bold, historically informed theoretical analysis, essential reading for economists interested in comparative institutions and development.
Evidence of Discrepant Data Regarding Trends in Marijuana Use and Supply, 1985–1988

Abstract Between 1985 and 1988, the estimated number of current marijuana users (i.e., use within the past 30 days) in the United States declined 36%, based on self-report data from the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. During the same time period, estimated nondomestic production of marijuana available for consumption in the United States increased 58% and domestic production increased 119%, while there was no clearcut trend in prices. Reports of marijuana use associated with emergency room visits more than doubled in these years. The reasons for these apparent discrepancies in the data re garding the supply and use of marijuana are unknown. The possible causes of change in these and other measures of illicit drug use are examined because they form the basis for assessment of the efficacy of the recently proposed 1989 National Drug Control Strategy.
Broadband Jamming and Channel Uncertainty for Noncooperative Wireless Relay Networks under Received Power Constraint

This paper presents a non cooperative distributed minimum mean square error (MMSE) relay scheme. It is designed for wireless relay networks based on an amplify and forward (AF) strategy for one-source, one-destination pair and N relay nodes. Both broadband noise jamming and channel uncertainty were studied in a wireless relay network under received power constraint. The main contribution of this paper is the derivation of the MMSE-based diagonal relay amplifying matrix in wireless relay networks under both broadband jamming and channel uncertainty. Effects of jamming and channel uncertainty using the derived diagonal relay amplifying matrix were evaluated. Bit error rate (BER) performance was investigated using Monte-Carlo simulations.
Asymptotically Best Linear Unbiased Estimation of the Rayleigh Parameter for Complete and Tail-Censored Samples

We present the asymptotically best linear unbiased estimator for the scale parameter of the Rayleigh distribution based on samples where there may be type 2 censoring in the tails. The coefficients of the estimator are expressible in simple closed forms. All that is needed is knowledge of the amount of censoring. The estimator has good efficiency even for samples as small as 5.
Cardiovascular effects of soybean phytoestrogens

S oybeans contain isoflavones that exhibit estrogenie activity. The 2 primary soy phytoestrogens are genistein and daidzein, both of which bind to estrogen receptors with low affinity.*T2 In light of the cardioprotective effect attributed to estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women3 and our own findings of a protective effect of such treatment against atherogenesis in monkeys,4,5 we have performed a number of studies to assess the effects of soy phytoestrogens on atherosclerosis.
Research Ethics in Victimization Studies Widening the Lens

Research ethics, especially the protection of research study participants, has been an enduring concern of investigators and scholars of victims of violence. Previous work has analyzed the overt and hidden risks of harm to study participants through poorly designed and implemented protocols, cross-cultural insensitivity, unjust exclusion of certain victim types, and neglect to ensure safety of research staff. This article extends this work by calling for greater attention to exploiting participants and victims as a class of persons. The need for this wider view derives from concern about the academic research environment with its emphasis on research, publication, and extramural funding. The authors argue that compliance with federal regulations and IRB directives is necessary but insufficient to conduct truly ethical research. Recognition of the unique pressures that researchers face in the context of the economically competitive university is required to delineate and manage exploitation risks. Such pre...
Climate Sensitivity of the Community Climate System Model, Version 4

Equilibrium climate sensitivity of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) is 3.208C for 18 horizontal resolution in each component. This is about a half degree Celsius higher than in the previous version (CCSM3). The transient climate sensitivity of CCSM4 at 18 resolution is 1.728C, which is about 0.28C higher than in CCSM3. These higher climate sensitivities in CCSM4 cannot be explained by the change to a preindustrial baseline climate. This study uses the radiative kernel technique to show that, from CCSM3 to CCSM4, the global mean lapse-rate feedback declines in magnitude and the shortwave cloud feedback increases. These two warming effects are partially canceled by cooling because of slight decreases in the global mean water vapor feedback and longwave cloud feedback from CCSM3 to CCSM4. A new formulation of the mixed layer, slab-ocean model in CCSM4 attempts to reproduce the SST and sea ice climatology from an integration with a full-depth ocean, and it is integrated with a dynamic sea ice model. These new features allow an isolation of the influence of ocean dynamical changes on the climate response when comparing integrations with the slab ocean and full-depth ocean. The transient climate response of the full-depth ocean version is 0.54 of the equilibrium climate sensitivity when estimated with the new slab-ocean model version for both CCSM3 and CCSM4. The authors argue the ratio is the same in both versions because they have about the same zonal mean pattern of change in ocean surface heat flux, which broadly resembles the zonal mean pattern of net feedback strength.
An experimental 1-Mbit CMOS SRAM with configurable organization and operation

A 1-Mb SRAM (static random-access memory) configurable as a 128-kb*8, 256-kb*4, or 1-Mb*1 memory featuring asynchronous operation with static-column and chip-enable-access speedup modes or synchronous operation with a fast-page (toggle) or static-column mode is described. It has been fabricated in a double-metal, double-polysilicon CMOS process with 0.7- mu m geometry and special SRAM structures. The measured synchronous access of 29 ns with a fast-page mode access of 22 ns. Measured asynchronous access is 34 ns with a static-column access of 33 ns and a chip-select speedup access of 29 ns. The SRAMs six-transistor CMOS memory cell is 58.24 mu m/sup 2/. >
The direct molecular effects of fatigue and myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation on the actomyosin contractile apparatus.

Skeletal muscle, during periods of exertion, experiences several different fatigue-based changes in contractility, including reductions in force, velocity, power output, and energy usage. The fatigue-induced changes in contractility stem from many different factors, including alterations in the levels of metabolites, oxidative damage, and phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC). Here, we measured the direct molecular effects of fatigue-like conditions on actomyosin's unloaded sliding velocity using the in vitro motility assay. We examined how changes in ATP, ADP, Pi, and pH affect the ability of the myosin to translocate actin and whether the effects of each individual molecular species are additive. We found that the primary causes of the reduction in unloaded sliding velocity are increased [ADP] and lowered pH and that the combined effects of the molecular species are nonadditive. Furthermore, since an increase in RLC phosphorylation is often associated with fatigue, we examined the differential effects of myosin RLC phosphorylation and fatigue on actin filament velocity. We found that phosphorylation of the RLC causes a 22% depression in sliding velocity. On the other hand, RLC phosphorylation ameliorates the slowing of velocity under fatigue-like conditions. We also found that phosphorylation of the myosin RLC increases actomyosin affinity for ADP, suggesting a kinetic role for RLC phosphorylation. Furthermore, we showed that ADP binding to skeletal muscle is load dependent, consistent with the existence of a load-dependent isomerization of the ADP bound state.
THE ELEMENTARY GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF COMPACT LIE GROUPS

We give geometric proofs of some of the basic structure theorems for compact Lie groups. The goal is to take a fresh look at these theorems, prove some that are difficult to find in the literature, and illustrate an approach to the theorems that can be imitated in the homotopy theoretic setting of p -compact groups.
Clinical significance of home blood pressure monitoring during pregnancy

Blood pressure monitoring by the pregnant woman with chronic hypertension has recently been shown to be reliable. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether additional information from these recordings is truly helpful in improving antepartum care. During a recent two year study, 33 consecutively chosen women with chronic hypertension were instructed on monitoring their blood pressure twice daily. Drug therapy recommendations and antepartum hospitalization for hypertension related concerns were undertaken only if elevated blood pressures in the clinic were also elevated at home. Compared with our prior experience without home blood pressure monitoring, knowledge of daily blood pressure changes outside the clinic led to fewer antepartum hospitalizations and more precise prescribing of fewer antihypertensive medications. These trends were seen without compromising maternal and fetal well-being and offer the advantage of reducing the expense of antepartum care. A controlled clinical trial with ...
Conditional Expectation, Given a Random Vector

The concept of conditional expectation, given a random vector, is essential to many modern topics in random processes, decision theory, and statistics. The usual introductory treatment of conditional expectation is intuitive and straightforward, but severely limited in scope. More general treatments assume considerable familiarity with measure theory and abstract integration theory. We seek to bridge the gap, in order to make appropriate aspects of a general treatment more readily accessible. We build upon the theory of integration and expectation sketched in Chapters 13 and 14, while trying to maintain some intuitive feel for what is an essentially abstract concept.
Interchangeable SF3B1 inhibitors interfere with pre-mRNA splicing at multiple stages

The protein SF3B1 is a core component of the spliceosome, the large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for pre-mRNA splicing. Interest in SF3B1 intensified when tumor exome sequencing revealed frequent specific SF3B1 mutations in a variety of neoplasia and when SF3B1 was identified as the target of three different cancer cell growth inhibitors. A better mechanistic understanding of SF3B1's role in splicing is required to capitalize on these discoveries. Using the inhibitor compounds, we probed SF3B1 function in the spliceosome in an in vitro splicing system. Formerly, the inhibitors were shown to block early steps of spliceosome assembly, consistent with a previously determined role of SF3B1 in intron recognition. We now report that SF3B1 inhibitors also interfere with later events in the spliceosome cycle, including exon ligation. These observations are consistent with a requirement for SF3B1 throughout the splicing process. Additional experiments aimed at understanding how three structurally distinct molecules produce nearly identical effects on splicing revealed that inactive analogs of each compound interchangeably compete with the active inhibitors to restore splicing. The competition indicates that all three types of compounds interact with the same site on SF3B1 and likely interfere with its function by the same mechanism, supporting a shared pharmacophore model. It also suggests that SF3B1 inhibition does not result from binding alone, but is consistent with a model in which the compounds affect a conformational change in the protein. Together, our studies reveal new mechanistic insight into SF3B1 as a principal player in the spliceosome and as a target of inhibitor compounds.
Bacterial RNA polymerase can retain σ70 throughout transcription

Production of a messenger RNA proceeds through sequential stages of transcription initiation and transcript elongation and termination. During each of these stages, RNA polymerase (RNAP) function is regulated by RNAP-associated protein factors. In bacteria, RNAP-associated σ factors are strictly required for promoter recognition and have historically been regarded as dedicated initiation factors. However, the primary σ factor in Escherichia coli , σ 70 , can remain associated with RNAP during the transition from initiation to elongation, influencing events that occur after initiation. Quantitative studies on the extent of σ 70 retention have been limited to complexes halted during early elongation. Here, we used multiwavelength single-molecule fluorescence-colocalization microscopy to observe the σ 70 –RNAP complex during initiation from the λ P R′ promoter and throughout the elongation of a long (>2,000-nt) transcript. Our results provide direct measurements of the fraction of actively transcribing complexes with bound σ 70 and the kinetics of σ 70 release from actively transcribing complexes. σ 70 release from mature elongation complexes was slow (0.0038 s −1 ); a substantial subpopulation of elongation complexes retained σ 70 throughout transcript elongation, and this fraction depended on the sequence of the initially transcribed region. We also show that elongation complexes containing σ 70 manifest enhanced recognition of a promoter-like pause element positioned hundreds of nucleotides downstream of the promoter. Together, the results provide a quantitative framework for understanding the postinitiation roles of σ 70 during transcription.
Previous Knee Injury and Health-Related Quality of Life in Collegiate Athletes

Context: Patient-rated outcome measures (PROMs) capture changes that are important and meaningful to patients, such as health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Although group differences in HRQOL h...