cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binary and Multi-class Classification of fused LIDAR-Imagery Data using an Ensemble Method

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data is used for multiple applications, such as urban planning, emergency response, flood control, and city 3D reconstruction. The LIDAR data in its raw form needs to be classified for the above applications. There are two types of classifications: binary and multi-class. In the binary classification, the given LIDAR data is classified into two classes: terrain or non-terrain. In the multi-class classification, the given data is classified into multiple classes, such as ground, vegetation (low, medium, and high), and buildings. Although different techniques have been developed to address the challenges in LIDAR data applications in the last two decades, no single algorithm gives the best result. In this paper, we presented two Ensemble methods (Bagging and AdaBoost) that combine multiple algorithms in an intelligent way. These methods were developed and evaluated using 100 decision trees as the weak classifiers and combination of both point and neighborhood features. The authors were able to achieve the accuracy up to 98.9% for the binary classification and 94.6% for the multi-class classification. While AdaBoost performed slightly better that Bagging, the Bagging was more resistant to over-fitting.
All Together Now? Some Egalitarian Concerns about Deliberation and Education Policy-Making.

Deliberative theory has served two purposes in recent studies of education policy-making at the community level in the US: as a lens through which to examine existing practices, and as an ideal toward which to strive.These studies, though, overlook a prior and important theoretical question: should deliberative theory be applied to education policy-making? In this article, I explore this question from an egalitarian perspective. I criticize the prevailing assumption that deliberative decision-making is an egalitarian way to make education policy, by underscoring how it fails in this instance on its own terms. I argue that deliberating about education policy is especially problematic compared to deliberations about other social goods, owing to the unique relationship between education and political equality in public fora. I also highlight two features of American education — de facto segregation, and the availability of exit options — that further challenge the appropriateness of using deliberative proces...
Norepinephrine at the nexus of arousal, motivation and relapse

Arousal plays a critical role in cognitive, affective and motivational processes. Consistent with this, the dysregulation of arousal-related neural systems is implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders, including addiction. Noradrenergic systems exert potent arousal-enhancing actions that involve signaling at α1- and β-noradrenergic receptors within a distributed network of subcortical regions. The majority of research into noradrenergic modulation of arousal has focused on the nucleus locus coeruleus. Nevertheless, anatomical studies demonstrate that multiple noradrenergic nuclei innervate subcortical arousal-related regions, providing a substrate for differential regulation of arousal across these distinct noradrenergic nuclei. The arousal-promoting actions of psychostimulants and other drugs of abuse contribute to their widespread abuse. Moreover, relapse can be triggered by a variety of arousal-promoting events, including stress and re-exposure to drugs of abuse. Evidence has long-indicated that norepinephrine plays an important role in relapse. Recent observations suggest that noradrenergic signaling elicits affectively-neutral arousal that is sufficient to reinstate drug seeking. Collectively, these observations indicate that norepinephrine plays a key role in the interaction between arousal, motivation, and relapse. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
Injektionstechniken für das Knie

Der N. peroneus (N. fibularis) entspringt aus den Segmenten L4 – S2. Er folgt dem M. biceps femoris bis zum Caput fibulae, wo er direkt am dorsalen Knochenperiost anliegt. In der Fossa poplitea gibt der Nerv einen Ramus articularis sowie den sensiblen Hautast N. cutaneus surae lateralis ab. Distal des Caput fibulae zieht der Nerv um die Fibula nach anterior und teilt sich in die Nn. peroneus superficialis und profundus auf. Das Fibulakopfchen stellt einen Schwachpunkt/Lasionsort fur den Nerven dar und ist oft Ursprung von Irritationen.
Parallel implementation of polyhedral homotopy methods

Homotopy continuation methods to compute numerical approximations to all isolated solutions of a polynomial system are known as "pleasingly parallel", i.e.: because of their low communication overhead, these methods scale very well for a large number of processors. Because so many important problems remain unsolved mainly due to their intrinsic computational complexity, it would be embarrassing not to develop parallel implementations of polynomial homotopy continuation methods. "Parallel PHCpack", is a project which started a couple of years ago developed by my advisor Jan Verschelde and his student Yusong Wang (parallel pieri homotopy), and which continues with Anton Leykin (parallel irreducible decomposition). The focus of this thesis is the development of "parallel PHCpack". For sparse polynomial systems, polyhedral methods give efficient homotopy algorithms. The polyhedral homotopy methods run in three stages: (1) compute the mixed volume; (2) solve a random coefficient start system; (3) track solution paths to solve the target system.
Durability of Hearing Preservation after Cochlear Implantation with Conventional-Length Electrodes and Scala Tympani Insertion:

ObjectivesTo analyze factors that influence hearing preservation over time in cochlear implant recipients with conventional-length electrode arrays located entirely within the scala tympani.Study D...
Inhibition of Tumor Growth by Recognition Factors

SummaryRecognition factors have been demonstrated to constitute one component of macrophage surveillance. Since depletion of plasma recognition factors occurs in experimental and clinical neoplasia, studies were undertaken to evaluate the contribution of macrophages and recognition factors to neoplasia. Employing Shay chloroleukemic cells as the transplant, the administration of recognition factors at the tumor cell transplantation site induced an 86% decrease in tumor weight. Specificity of this inhibitory response on tumor growth was demonstrated by the observation that administration of human serum albumin resulted in no modification in tumor growth. The isolated recognition factor fraction enhanced phagocytosis in vitro and also exerted a pronounced chemotactic effect. Macrophages and recognition factors may be of significant importance in tumor cell detection and rejection mechanisms.This investigation was supported, in part, by NIH Research Grant CA 13746 from the National Cancer Institute.The autho...
Understanding abuse and violence against women: a two-day immersion course.

The author describes a 2-day immersion course on woman abuse/family violence conducted for undergraduate nursing students. The goals of the course were to assist students in developing a commitment to routine screening, to become comfortable with screening questions, and to build confidence in their ability to respond to women who disclose past or present abuse. Language: en
The Eurozone Crisis: Shredding the Post-war Bargain

“The euro crisis is over” declared George Soros in a speech in Germany in October 2013. But is it? As Soros himself emphasized, the profound damage to European livelihoods and the ongoing tragedy facing millions of unemployed workers—especially among the young—give little cause for celebration. According to the International Labour Office (ILO), the overall unemployment rate in the Eurozone was more than 10 percent in 2013. For the hardest-hit countries, the unemployment numbers are truly alarming: in Greece, it is 22 percent; Spain, 22.7 percent; Portugal, 14 percent. For youth, the unemployment rates are catastrophic: in the Eurozone area overall, it is 22 percent; for Portugal, 33 percent; Spain, 52 percent; and Greece, 54 percent.
Study on a Circuit for Compressed Speech Coding

A circuit is designed on high-density-programmable-devices, which is used for compression coding of speech signals,namely the conversion from Pulse-Code-Modulation code to A-law PCM code. By careful analysis of the characters of A-law PCM code, fewer logic cells are used for the whole circuit, and the density of integration is improved greatly.
Oedipa and the Cristeros

[Credit where credit is due: I first heard about the cristeros from a French professor of English, whose name I neglected to write down, at a seminar on Pynchon in Paris in 1985. If he reads this note, I hope he will claim priority. I read about them a few years later in Ronald G. Walker's notes to his 1983 Penguin English Library edition of D. H. Lawrence's Plumed Serpent. Walker points out that Lawrence took the cristeros as the model for the fictional Knights of Cortez in that novel.]
EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSIONS FOR SELFADJOINT SUBSPACES GENERATED BY SYMMETRIC ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Eigen function expansions for self-adjoint subspaces generated by symmetric ordinary differential operators. The chapter presents a scenario where a differential expression is considered on an arbitrary open real interval. Operators (single-valued functions) in the Hilbert space will be identified with their graphs.
Target Practice: The Killing of the Black Male Continues

After slavery and into the early 1900s, a game called “Hit the Nigger Baby” was popular for entertaining white families in the South. The purpose of the game was to use a ball to target and hit the bodies of living and breathing black babies (Stegner 1957). There was still a source of elation in the brutality of young black bodies, even after the brutal whippings, lynchings, and killings during slavery when physical and deadly violence against blacks was normal and legitimate.
Improved KrF laser design for the Laboratory Microfusion Facility

A conceptual design of the KrF laser-driven Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) has been completed. LASNEX calculations predict an indirect-drive target yield of 400 MJ from the 3-MJ, 480-beam driver system. Nine final amplifiers with individual output energy of 412 kJ are used. The 480 beams are transmitted through helium to reduce losses and are delivered to target through a series of buildings designed for radiation safety. The total cost of the KrF laser-driven LMF is estimated by an independent cost assessment to be $921 million in 1992 dollars. >
Complex Visual Motion Representation in Mouse Area V1

Rodent visual cortex has a hierarchical architecture similar to that of higher mammals (Coogan and Burkhalter, 1993; Marshel et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012). Although notable differences exist between the species in terms or receptive field sizes and orientation map organization (Drager, 1975; Gattass et al., 1987; Van den Bergh et al., 2010), mouse V1 is thought to respond to local orientation and visual motion elements rather than to global patterns of motion, similar to V1 in higher mammals (Niell and Stryker, 2008; Bonin et al., 2011). However, recent results are inconclusive: some argue mouse V1 is analogous to monkey V1 (Juavinett and Callaway, 2015); others argue that it displays complex motion responses (Muir et al., 2015). We used type I plaids formed by the additive superposition of moving gratings (Adelson and Movshon, 1982; Movshon et al., 1985; Albright and Stoner, 1995) to investigate this question. We show that mouse V1 contains a considerably smaller fraction of component-motion-selective neurons (∼17% vs ∼84%), and a larger fraction of pattern-motion-selective neurons (∼10% vs SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Area V1 in the mouse is hierarchically similar but not necessarily identical to area V1 in cats and primates. Here we demonstrate that area V1 neurons process complex motion plaid stimuli differently in mice versus in cats or primates. Specifically, a smaller proportion of mouse V1 cells are sensitive to component motion, and a larger proportion to pattern motion than are found in area V1 of cats/primates. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that mice exhibit bistable visual perception of plaid stimuli, and that this depends, at least in part, on area V1 input. Finally, we suggest that the relative proportion of component-motion-selective responses to pattern-motion-selective responses in mouse V1 may bias visual perception, as evidenced by changes in the direction of elicited optokinetic responses.
Preemptive Scheduling of. Precedence-Constrained Jobs on Parallel Machines

Polynomial time-bounded algorithms are presented for solving three problems involving the preemptive scheduling of precedence-constrained jobs on parallel machines: the “intree problem”, the “two-machine problem with equal release dates”, and the “general two-machine problem”. These problems are preemptive counterparts of problems involving the nonpreemptive scheduling of unit-time jobs previously solved by Brucker, Garey and Johnson and by Garey and Johnson. The algorithms and proofs (and the running times of the algorithms) closely parallel those presented in their papers. These results improve on previous results in preemptive scheduling and also suggest a close relationship between preemptive scheduling problems and problems in nonpreemptive scheduling of unit-time jobs.
Bs0 Mixing Studies at D0

A combination of B s 0 − B ¯ s 0 oscillation results from D0 based on a 1 fb−1 data sample is reported. A 95% lower confidence-level limit on the oscillation frequency of 15.0 ps−1 is set. The corresponding expected limit is 16.5 ps−1. The combined likelihood curve has a preferred value of 19 ps−1, with a 90% confidence level interval of 17–21 ps−1. The probability for a background fluctuation to give a similar result is about 8%.
Mach 10 Bow-Shock Unsteadiness Modeled by Linear Combination of Two Mechanisms.

This manuscript presents mechanisms to explain and mathematics to model time-averaged spatially-resolved amplitude observations of number density and number density unsteadiness in a Mach 10 flow as it transitions from the freestream, through a bow shock wave, and into the gas cap created by a blunt-body model. The primary driver for bow shock unsteadiness is freestream unsteadiness or “tunnel noise”. Primary unsteadiness is bow shock oscillation. It scales spatially with number density first derivative and is modeled using a sech(sup 2) (z) term. Secondary weaker unsteadiness begins as freestream unsteadiness and increases linearly in direct proportion to gas number density across the bow shock and into the gas cap. This is the well-known amplification of freestream turbulent kinetic energy mechanism and is modeled using a tanh (z) term. Total unsteadiness (fit using tanh(z) term + sech2(z) term) is expressed as number density standard deviation and modeled as a linear combination of the latter two independent, simultaneous, and nonlinear unsteadiness mechanisms. Relationships between mechanism coefficients and various flow field and wind tunnel parameters are discussed. For example, bow shock and gas cap oscillation amplitudes are linearly correlated with stagnation pressure and by deduction freestream unsteadiness.
Viscoelastic response (VisR)-derived relative elasticity and relative viscosity reflect true elasticity and viscosity, in silico

VisR ultrasound characterizes the viscoelastic properties of tissue by fitting acoustic radiation force (ARF)-induced displacements in the region of ARF excitation to a 1D mass-spring-damper (MSD) model. By so doing, viscosity and elasticity are found separately from each other but relative to the applied ARF amplitude. We refer to these parameters as ‘relative elasticity (RE)’ and ‘relative viscosity (RV)’. We herein test the hypothesis that RE and RV linearly correlate to true elasticity and viscosity, in silico. VisR imaging was simulated in 144 homogeneous, isotropic, viscoelastic materials with varying elasticity and viscosity using finite element model (FEM) and Field II simulation. RE linearly correlated with shear elasticity of the modeled materials, with R2 = 1.0. For a given elasticity, RE values varied by 2.5% on average when the shear viscosity was changed from 0.1 to 1.3 Pa.s. Similarly, RV linearly correlated with shear viscosity (R2 ≥ 0.99); however, for a given viscosity, RV values varied by 112.7% on average when shear elasticity changed from 3.33 to 20 kPa. This high degree of variation in RV was due to complex 3D system inertia, with greater inertial effects in stiffer materials. This confounding impact of elasticity on RV was compensated by using the natural frequency parameter, ω. After so compensating, corrected RV varied by < 1.0% on average for a given viscosity when the shear elasticity changed from 3.3 to 20 kPa. These results suggest the potential of VisR ultrasound for independently evaluating elastic and viscous properties in tissue.
Aesthetic ruptures: viewing graffiti as the emplaced vernacular

ABSTRACTThis essay theorizes the notion of the emplaced vernacular, a type of vernacular expression that is mobilized by the production of aesthetics in particular places. I argue that 1970s graffiti in New York City emerged as an aesthetic rupture in response to the spatial exigencies of postwar urban renewal projects. Analysis of The New York Times coverage of graffiti writers “Kilroy was Here” from WWII and “Taki 183” from the 1970s demonstrates how the force of this emplaced vernacular was disciplined within dominant spatial ideologies, producing an aesthetic that continues to enable and constrain contemporary efforts of vernacular subjectification.
Ingestible roasted barley for contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging in animal and human subjects

Abstract Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is an emerging imaging modality. While many contrast agents have been developed for PACT, these typically cannot immediately be used in humans due to the lengthy regulatory process. We screened two hundred types of ingestible foodstuff samples for photoacoustic contrast with 1064 nm pulse laser excitation, and identified roasted barley as a promising candidate. Twenty brands of roasted barley were further screened to identify the one with the strongest contrast, presumably based on complex chemical modifications incurred during the roasting process. Individual roasted barley particles could be detected through 3.5 cm of chicken-breast tissue and through the whole hand of healthy human volunteers. With PACT, but not ultrasound imaging, a single grain of roasted barley was detected in a field of hundreds of non-roasted particles. Upon oral administration, roasted barley enabled imaging of the gut and peristalsis in mice. Prepared roasted barley tea could be detected through 2.5 cm chicken breast tissue. When barley tea was administered to humans, photoacoustic imaging visualized swallowing dynamics in healthy volunteers. Thus, roasted barley represents an edible foodstuff that should be considered for photoacoustic contrast imaging of swallowing and gut processes, with immediate potential for clinical translation.
Winter Climate Variability In The Southern Appalachian Mountains, 1910-2017

Recognized as an anomalous region regarding climate change, this study identifies long-term trends and variation of temperature and snowfall during climatological winter (DJF) from 1910 to 2017. The identification of several teleconnection patterns, namely ENSO, NAO, and PDO, allow for further understanding of how this region has remained a climatic anomaly. Results of this study indicate that the southern Appalachian Mountains have experienced a statistically significant long-term cooling trend since the early 20th century, with recent decades suggesting a reversal of this cooling. Snowfall is characterized by high interannual variability, with the 1960s and 1970s producing anomalously high amounts of snowfall. Most notably, negative temperature anomalies and higher snowfall amounts are frequently found during moderate El Nino and negative NAO seasons, with the opposite being true during strong La Nina and positive NAO winters. The influence of these teleconnection patterns is spatially dependent, with areas east of the Blue Ridge Escarpment highly dependent on the phase of ENSO, whereas western slopes favor the NAO. The identification of these pattern couplings is critical to not only improving understanding of the anomalous climate of the southern Appalachian Mountains but also in enhancing seasonal forecasting and predicting future climate change in the region.
Fancy That: Measuring Electricity Grid Voltage Using a Phone and a Fan

We describe the design, development, and characterization of a system that uses only a commodity smartphone and a consumer fan to measure the voltage of an electricity grid. This system represents the first known example of a system for measuring power quality of an electricity grid without specialized equipment, and can enable those with electricity access who live in "weak grid" environments to determine the current state of their electricity system, especially whether it is safe to plug in appliances. Our work leverages the microphone of the phone to measure the disturbance created on a pure sinusoidal tone into a running fan. The distance between adjacent harmonics in this disturbance is a direct proxy for the electricity grid voltage. We build a system to exploit this phenomenon and show that it is robust to a variety of fan types, phone types, and background audio environments, consistently producing voltage estimations within +/- 2%. We also show that our method works for smartphones as well as feature phones, making it applicable in a wide range of settings.
Abstract LB-398: DNA-PKcs protects irradiated cells from persistent DNA damage signaling and accelerated senescence

The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit DNA-PKcs has long been considered as a promising target in cancer, based on its roles in DNA damage response and the potential for inhibitors to enhance sensitivity to genotoxic therapy. Multiple investigational DNA-PK inhibitors remain under evaluation, though several have failed in development and none have reached the clinic. DNA-PKcs has been assigned diverse roles in DNA damage response that overlap with ATM including direct phosphorylation of H2AX to form γH2AX and promoting double-strand break (DSB) repair by conventional non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Nonetheless, a recent report implicated DNA-PKcs as a negative regulator of ATM. This may resolve the paradox that while ATM inhibitors block H2AX phosphorylation, prevent ionizing radiation induced foci (IRIF) formation and suppress terminal arrest and onset of cellular senescence, DNA-PK inhibitors induce persistent γH2AX, delay IRIF resolution and promote senescence. Toward better defining DNA-PKcs roles in radiation response, we examined MCF7 mammary carcinoma cells for effects of DNA-PKcs shRNA knockdown or treatment with specific inhibitors on DNA damage response and senescence after irradiation. We confirmed a requirement for DNA-PK in resolution of γH2AX and IRIF by 24 h after irradiation. Rather than return to proliferation, surviving cells with DNA-PK defects developed characteristic features of senescence within five days in culture. To examine if this effect of DNA-PKcs inhibition was mediated by blocking DSB repair, we irradiated MCF7 cell lines expressing shRNAs targeting NHEJ factors Ku70, Ku80, XLF, XRCC4, PAXX, and LIG4 as well as scrambled control in the presence or absence of DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU7441. Strikingly, IRIF resolution at 24 h was similar to control in cell lines lacking NHEJ factors while NU7441 increased IRIF persistence and enhanced senescence in all cell lines. These results suggest that a critical role for DNA-PKcs in radiation response is to attenuate DNA damage signaling and prevent cellular senescence. Treating irradiated DNA-PKcs knockdown cells with the ATM inhibitor KU55933 at 24 h resolved persistent γH2AX and IRIF and blocked senescence. Taken together, our data demonstrate that DNA-PKcs regulates IRIF resolution and cell senescence by targeting ATM functions rather than directly affecting DSB repair. Citation Format: Yue Liu, Elena V. Efimova, Aishwarya Ramamurthy, Stephen J. Kron. DNA-PKcs protects irradiated cells from persistent DNA damage signaling and accelerated senescence [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-398.
Psychological Challenges of Coping with Coronary Artery Disease

A clinically effective approach to psychological aspects of coronary disease follows an appreciation of, first, the psychological conditions associated with coronary disease and, second, the mechanisms that link them. Because the process of association often runs a circular course with causes leading to effects which further exacerbate the causes, effective treatments of psychological aspects of coronary disease must often aim for multiple targets over extended periods of time with careful monitoring and vigilant relapse prevention efforts.
Beyond Network Neutrality

In this Article, Professor Yoo takes issue with the emerging scholarly consensus in favor of "network neutrality," which would prohibit network owners from employing proprietary protocols or entering into exclusivity agreements with content providers that would reduce the transparency of the Internet. Economic theory suggests that network neutrality advocates are focusing on the wrong policy problem. Rather than directing attention on the market for Internet content and applications, the segments of the industry that are the most competitive and the most likely to remain that way, communications policy would be better served if the focus were placed on the segment of the industry that is the most concentrated and protected by entry barriers, which in the case of broadband is the last mile. Furthermore, network neutrality is something of a misnomer. Standardizing protocols would inevitably favor certain applications over others and would place the government in the unfortunate position of picking technological winners and losers. The regulatory tools needed to implement network neutrality are also likely to prove ineffective in a world in which communications are increasingly decommodified and in which technological change has become increasingly dynamic. Most importantly, network neutrality threatens to make things worse by reinforcing the sources of market failure in the last mile and dampening incentives to invest in alternative network capacity. Instead, Professor Yoo proposes a "network diversity" approach that would use product differentiation to encourage investment and to mitigate the supply-side and demand-side scale economies associated with the impact of up-front, fixed costs and by network economic effects. Network diversity can thus make it possible for three different last-mile networks to coexist: one optimized for traditional Internet applications such as e-mail and website access, another for security-sensitive applications like e-commerce, and a third for time-sensitive applications such as VoIP. Although the welfare implications and institutional considerations are complex, in the end Professor Yoo concludes that the policy balance tips in favor of network diversity.
Synthesis and reactions of a thiocarbonyl-bridged complex, dicarbonylbis([eta]-cyclopentadienyl)-[mu]-carbonyl-[mu]-thiocarbonyldiiron

s a sulfur atom from the IT-CŜ intermediate, and MeOH are both necessary for maximum yields. The reaction works poorly with IrCl(PPĥ ) , however, and Kubota and Careŷ found trans»IrCl(PPĥ )) to be a superior starting material for preparation of the iridium analog# The CŜ /'PPhĵ reaction has been used in the synthesis of several other metal thiocarbonyls# Butler and co-workerŝ * obtained CpM(C0)2CS (M = Mn, Be) by reaction sequence 2 (where L = cis-cvclooctene or THF)# Repetition of this
Behavioral Formulation of Cases Involving Alcohol Abuse

The purpose of this chapter is to describe a behavioral formulation of a case of alcohol problems. Because there is disagreement among researchers and clinicians about the definition of alcohol problems, the chapter will begin with a discussion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) diagnostic criteria for this disorder. This discussion will be followed by an overview of the general behavioral approach to the etiology and treatment of alcohol problems. A review of definition and the behavioral model of alcohol problems will provide the background for description of a general approach to formulating such cases. This general approach will then be applied to the formulation of an actual case.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Molecular and Cellular Biology

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant condition frequently described as a neurocutaneous disorder. The prototypical findings of NF1 include cafe-au-lait macules, neurofibromas, axillary or groin frecklings, optic pathway tumors, Lisch nodules (benign hamartomas of the iris), and unique dysplastic skeletal findings (long bone bowing/pseudarthrosis and/or sphenoid wing dysplasia). This genetic condition has a high degree of clinical variability, with affected members of the same family sometimes displaying significantly different clinical manifestations. It is, however, fully penetrant in adults. NF1 affects individuals without predilection to ethnicity or gender. The NF1 gene was cloned by the mapping approach, and its DNA sequence encodes a peptide, neurofibromin, that has homology to p21Ras GTPase-activating proteins. The role neurofibromin plays in Ras signal transduction suggests a mechanism for its pathophysiology and approaches to the development of rational therapy for this disorder.
Climate Change and the Future of Democracy

There are three broad paths to establishing supranational democracy in order to address the transnational challenge of climate change. The first and most direct path would involve bypassing national governments altogether and organizing municipalities on a global scale. The second and most cautious path would involve creating an integrated federation of established democracies that could grow over time. The third and most ambitious path would involve democratizing already existing global institutions such as the United Nations. Each of these paths has benefits and drawbacks, but the middle path of pursuing greater political integration among established democracies is probably the most viable.
Do Sexual Minorities Receive Appropriate Sexual and Reproductive Health Care and Counseling

Abstract Context: Sexual minority women (SMW) are less likely to use sexual and reproductive health care services and receive contraceptive counseling than their heterosexual peers. The role of rec...
A New Blueprint for Regulating Social Enterprises

Social enterprises solve social and environmental problems in rich and poor countries alike. Some advance a social mission and work to expand access to critical goods and services for the poor and under-served, such as healthcare (e.g., affordable ambulance services and cataract surgeries), housing, financial services, and quality employment. Others commit to an environmental mission and develop green products such as eco-friendly household cleaning products and textiles, solar powered cooking stoves, and sustainably sourced food products and minerals. Social enterprises receive funding from impact investors who expect their investments to generate double or triple bottom line returns: Financial, social, and environmental. Like the social enterprises it finances, impact investing — also referred to as social finance — is hybrid in that it is driven by both commercial and non-commercial imperatives: To generate financial returns alongside a positive social or environmental impact. Impact investors — individuals or institutions like funds, investment banks, foundations, etc. — supply “patient” capital to finance the provision of goods, services, and technological innovation that make the world a better, safer place. This chapter is concerned with identifying norms, rules, and mechanisms for protecting the promise of social enterprises — and, by extension, social finance. The aim is to maximize the potential for social enterprise to have positive impact while minimizing the risk of “hybridity diversions,” which are produced when commercial and non-commercial imperatives come into tension. The argument is that, to protect the transformative promise of social enterprises, hybridity must be regulated, both formally and informally, through a mix of hard and soft norms. To do this effectively, we cannot simply blueprint the regulatory frameworks designed for conventional corporations and conventional finance — frameworks designed to protect financial expectations, not those of stakeholders, and not impact. Instead, a new blueprint must be developed.
A Prince Went Up a Tree and Climbed into Colonial Typography: or Reversing Lettered and Unlettered in the Wampanoag Bible

“A Prince Went up a Tree” traces the reversal of unlettered Native and lettered colonist in the Wampanoag Bible (1663). Focusing on the acorn-shaped printers' flowers that obsessively decorate the ...
Problems Related to Underservice: A Rejoinder:

Objective data provide overwhelming evidence that children and youth with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) are underidentified and underserved. This was the central argument in our November...
Who Shall Judge? Taiwan’s Exploration of Lay Participation in Criminal Trials

International human rights law does not demand lay participation in criminal trials. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that “everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law” but it does not dictate the composition of the tribunal. In recent years, Taiwan has tussled with the extent to which public access to observing trials should be transformed into direct public participation in the outcome of those trials. To date, however, the role that lay people will serve in the adjudication process remains contested. As Taiwan moves towards formulating a specific plan for lay participation, this chapter questions whether proponents of lay participation are expecting too much of the proposed reforms and encourages greater focus on how lay participation might impact the rights of the accused.
Change Over Time in Caregiving Networks for Older Adults With and Without Dementia.

Objectives We provide national estimates of caregiving networks for older adults with and without dementia and examine how these networks develop over time. Most prior research has focused on primary caregivers and rarely on change over time. Method We identify a cohort of older adults continuously followed in the National Health and Aging Trends Study between 2011 and 2015 and receiving help from family members or unpaid caregivers in 2015 (n = 1,288). We examine differences by dementia status in network size, types of assistance and task sharing, and composition-differentiating between "specialist" and "generalist" caregivers helping in one versus multiple activity domains. Multinomial regression is used to estimate change over time in network task sharing and composition. Results In 2015, older adults with dementia had larger caregiving networks involving more task sharing than those without dementia and more often relied on generalist caregivers, especially the subset assisting with medical, household, and mobility or self-care activities. Uniformly greater reliance over time on these more intensely engaged generalist caregivers chiefly accounts for larger dementia networks. Discussion Findings lend support to the need for caregiver training on managing multiple task domains and-for dementia caregivers in particular-task-sharing skills. More generally, the design of new approaches to better support older adults and their caregivers should consider the complexity, heterogeneity, and change over time in caregiving networks.
Functional Characterization of YdjH, a Sugar Kinase of Unknown Specificity in Escherichia coli K12.

The ydj gene cluster is annotated to catalyze the catabolism of an unknown carbohydrate. Previously, YdjI, a class II aldolase, was shown to catalyze the retro-aldol cleavage of l-glycero-l-galacto-octuluronate-1-phosphate into DHAP and l-arabinuronate. In this report, the functional characterization of YdjH is presented. YdjH catalyzes the phosphorylation of 2-keto-monosaccharides at the C1 hydroxyl group with a substrate profile significantly more stringent than that of YdjI. Similar to YdjI, YdjH shows a strong preference for higher-order monosaccharides (seven to nine carbons) with a carboxylate terminus. The best substrate was determined to be l-glycero-l-galacto-octuluronate, yielding l-glycero-l-galacto-octuluronate-1-phosphate with a kcat of 16 s-1 and a kcat/Km of 2.1 × 104 M-1 s-1. This is apparently the first reported example of kinase activity with eight-carbon monosaccharides. Two crystal structures of YdjH were previously determined to 2.15 and 1.8 A resolution (Protein Data Bank entries 3H49 and 3IN1 ). We present an analysis of the active site layout and use computational docking to identify potential key residues in the binding of l-glycero-l-galacto-octuluronate.
Artificial Intelligence Competencies for Data Science Undergraduate Curricula

In August 2017, the ACM Education Council initiated a task force to add to the broad, interdisciplinary conversation on data science, with an articulation of the role of computing discipline-specific contributions to this emerging field. Specifically, the task force is seeking to define what the computing contributions are to this new field, in order to provide guidance for computer science or similar departments offering data science programs of study at the undergraduate level. The ACM Data Science Task Force has completed the initial draft of a curricular report. The computing-knowledge areas identified in the report are drawn from across computing disciplines and include several sub-areas of AI. This short paper describes the overall project, highlights AI-relevant areas, and seeks to open a dialog about the AI competencies that are to be considered central to a data science undergraduate curriculum.
Bankruptcy and Morality in a Capitalist Market Economy: The Case of Mid-Nineteenth-Century France

Given the relational character of both debt and morality, the French debate about bankruptcy during the 1848 Revolution and the Second Republic can be read as an indicator of structural and discursive challenges to traditional ways of moralizing the economy of debt in the age of capital. Legislators and civil society discussed bankruptcy as a question of principle (functionality of trade, common good, public credit), but their moralizing discourse always referred to social norms, which were moral by convention and common practice, not by ethical deliberation and universal validity. The article argues that the debts of a bankrupt were a moral problem precisely because debt in general was an integral part of the economic system. Although, during the nineteenth century, the traditional instruments of economic moralization—discursive, symbolic and physical exclusion—lost both their legitimacy and momentum, moralizing bankruptcy still was about building a firewall between collapsed businesses and a legitimate culture of debt.
Utility of Neuromuscular Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Proximal Median Neuropathies: A Case Series (P2.462)

Objective: Present a case series of proximal median neuropathies identified using neuromuscular ultrasound Background: Neuromuscular ultrasound has emerged as a tool in neurology that allows for study of primary pathology of muscle and nerve. Electrophysiologic studies may be unrevealing and precise lesion localization may be challenging. We report a case series of eight patients who had unremarkable electrophysiologic studies; but with neuromuscular ultrasound, proximal median neuropathy was identified. Design/Methods: We included eight patients, referred to our neuromuscular department between 2013–2017, experiencing focal pain and weakness in an upper limb. Each patient underwent nerve conduction study with needle electromyography. Ultrasonography was performed using a Terason 15L4 linear array transducer at the highest frequency (15–10MHz), with nerve visualization in both the transverse and longitudinal planes. The cross-sectional area of the median nerve was measured at small increments from the wrist to the upper arm. Color Doppler was applied to evaluate for vascular anomalies. Results: Sonographic findings reveal proximal enlargement and loss of normal fascicular architecture of the median nerve involved as compared to the unaffected side. Seven of eight cases were consistent with a non-structural median neuritis; whereas one case was presumed to be due to a structural lesion where a persistent median artery penetrated the nerve in the forearm. Correlation to electrophysiologic data is performed. Conclusions: In all patients who presented with clinical proximal median neuropathy, electrophysiologic data was modestly helpful in localization of focal nerve pathology. More than half of the patients in our case series demonstrated normal median motor nerve compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes, but when visualized with ultrasound, there was evidence of proximal median nerve enlargement and hypoechogenicity with loss of normal fascicular architecture. Neuromuscular ultrasound is a useful diagnostic tool that can help the electromyographer in localization of primary nerve pathology, and fits well into a routine diagnostic EMG laboratory. Disclosure: Dr. Zakin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shin has nothing to disclose.
Passive Tick Surveillance: Exploring Spatiotemporal Associations of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), Babesia microti (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) Infection in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae).

Ixodes scapularis transmits a group of pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agents for Lyme disease, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis...
Some Ecological Thoughts About Artworks and Perception

Artworks are attentional engines. They are artifacts intentionally designed to direct attention to what we might call their artistically salient features. The artistically salient features of a work are those aspects of their formal-compositional structure that carry information about what they express, their point, purpose, or meaning. These aspects of a work reflect the range of compositional strategies and choices an artist has employed to produce their work. Critically, artists deploy exogenous and endogenous perceptual strategies tailored to direct attention and reveal what they mean to express with their artworks. Painters, for instance, manipulate the perceptual salience of different areas of the canvas to directly engage perceptual systems, e.g. manipulating contrasts in the tonal properties, hue value, or scale of spatial frequency information. However, shared art critical knowledge can also be exploited to indirectly engage endogenous attentional processes, shape perception, and guide a consumer’s understanding of what is expressed in a work. The range of exogenous and endogenous perceptual strategies an artist employs shape what an artifact affords a consumer as an artwork. Access to these affordances depends upon the structure of the works, the structure of perceptual systems, and an understanding of the broad range of art critical and cultural practices that define the artworld for a community at a time. In this chapter I will employ a diagnostic recognition framework and a biased competition theory of selective attention to develop a model for understanding the way artists exploit exogenous and endogenous perceptual strategies in their works and map the complex environment of an artwork.
Impacts of ice-shelf melting on water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean from E3SM simulations

AbstractThe Southern Ocean overturning circulation is driven by winds, heat fluxes, and freshwater sources. Among these sources of freshwater, Antarctic sea ice formation and melting play the domin...
Organic Chromophores Designed for Hole Injection into Wide-Band-Gap Metal Oxides for Solar Fuel Applications

The power conversion efficiency of tandem dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells is limited by the number of p-type metal oxide semiconductors and chromophores available for the photocathode. H...
Parenting stress and risk of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A family stress theory-informed perspective

The risk of child maltreatment is heightened during the pandemic due to multiple COVID-19 related stressors, such as physical and mental health concerns, economic stress, challenges in homeschoolin...
Malleability of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro Active-Site Cavity Facilitates Binding of Clinical Antivirals

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires rapid development of specific therapeutics and vaccines. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2, 3CL Mpro, is an established drug target for the design of inhibitors to stop the virus replication. Repurposing existing clinical drugs can offer a faster route to treatments. Here, we report on the binding mode and inhibition properties of several inhibitors using room temperature X-ray crystallography and in vitro enzyme kinetics. The enzyme active-site cavity reveals a high degree of malleability, allowing aldehyde leupeptin and hepatitis C clinical protease inhibitors (telaprevir, narlaprevir, and boceprevir) to bind and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CL Mpro. Narlaprevir, boceprevir, and telaprevir are low-micromolar inhibitors, whereas the binding affinity of leupeptin is substantially weaker. Repurposing hepatitis C clinical drugs as COVID-19 treatments may be a useful option to pursue. The observed malleability of the enzyme active-site cavity should be considered for the successful design of specific protease inhibitors.
Snapshot of Rancher Perspectives on Creative Cattle Management Options

On the Ground • We assessed rancher perceptions of three creative management strategies (heritage genetics, precision ranching, and alternate supply chain options) at the 2020 Southwest Beef Symposium. • Nearly all cattle producers (n = 36), mostly from Texas and New Mexico, currently monitor rainfall and more than half are interested in additional rainfall information. • Some producers would consider using animal tracking sensors (31%), rainfall sensors (42%), and water level sensors (50%). • Most producers surveyed raise British breeds (72%), but some (11%) are interested in learning about Spanish Heritage breeds. • Nearly all (33 of 36) respondents self-identified as ranchers, with nearly half (16 of 33) knowing where their cattle are finished at least some of the time. Eight of 36 survey respondents indicated grass-finishing and other supply chain options as the topic most immediately applicable to their operation. • Please see the project website ( https://southwestbeef.org/ ) for newsletters, on-ranch demonstrations, and research updates.