cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Modeling of a DMFC Fueled With Methanol and Ethanol

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) are becoming a choice of a power source in the field of power electronics, and portable devices because of their high energy density. The benefits of using a fuel cell towards the environment will be enhanced if the fuel used for its application comes from renewable sources such as ethanol. A method of modeling of the performance of DMFC was developed and validated with the experimental data obtained from a passive DMFC operated under varying methanol and ethanol concentrations. Impedance spectroscopy was employed to measure ohmic, activation and mass transport losses for all concentrations. Improved performance of the cell was observed when the concentrations of the solutions were closer to stoichiometric values. The model predicted results were compared to the corresponding experimental values and found satisfactory.© 2014 ASME
An Analysis of the Characteristics of Lung Transplant Patients That Develop Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia Type II (HIT) after Transplant

Purpose Post-op lung transplant patients (LT) develop thrombocytopenia; to date the incidence or implications of HIT in LT has not been characterized. We describe the characteristics of patients undergoing lung transplantation who developed HIT. Methods and Materials This is a single center, retrospective chart review of LT who developed HIT after transplantation from 2006-2012. Charts were reviewed for demographic data, heparin exposure, hospital length of stay (LOS) and BOS. Results Seven patients out of 612 LT (n=7, age of 58±10 years, range 43-70 years, diagnosis: UIP=6, COPD=1) were identified with HIT after transplant. Time to diagnosis of HIT was 12±6 (range 2-20 days). Two patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass with transplant and one patient was bridged on veno-venous ECMO. Baseline platelet count prior to OR was 180±95 k/ul (range 65-324 k/ul), average time to 50% drop in platelets was 7±5 days (range 1-12 days). Thromboembolic events (upper extremities=6, lower extremities=2, line related=6) were identified at mean day 12±7 (range 5-22 days). Six patents developed positive platelet factor 4 test and 5 of them had a positive serotonin release assay test. LT with a negative serology were still treated for HIT due to the high clinical suspicion. All patients were treated with bivalirudin and the platelet count returned to normal values in 6 patients (mean 16±11 days, range 7-37 days) and remained on warfarin. On follow up none of the patients demonstrated BOS and surveillance bronchoscopies were not done for acute cellular rejection. The hospital LOS was on average 27 days compared to 17 days in the control group (p = 0.012). Conclusions HIT, although rare, should be considered during the post-op period in LT presenting with thrombocytopenia and exposure to heparin. Platelet counts went back to baseline with discontinuation of heparin and initiation of bivalirudin. None of our patients had progressed to BOS. Hospital LOS was significantly higher in the HIT group compared to similar controls.
Chiasmal optic neuritis in Lyme disease.

Purpose To report Lyme disease as the cause of chiasmal optic neuritis in a 10-year-old girl. Methods The patient underwent ophthalmologic, laboratory, and imaging examinations. Results The patient's history and clinical course were consistent with Lyme disease. Laboratory studies disclosed increased serum Lyme immunoglobulin G titer, which improved after antibiotic treatment. Conclusion Lyme disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chiasmal optic neuritis.
Feature-based process planning for environmentally conscious machining – Part 1: microplanning

Abstract Process planning in environmentally conscious machining involves a multi-objective analysis of manufacturing dimensions that include production rate, quality, process energy and mass of waste streams generated by the process. While there has been a body of work developed in life cycle analysis, one of the critical issues limiting environmental analyses is the material and geometric complexity of engineered components. In this paper a formalized approach towards integrating environmental factors in process planning is presented, which incrementally evaluates part designs through an aggregation of features. Process planning is divided into two phases, micro and macroplanning. In microplanning, process, parameters, tooling and cutting fluids are selected for the individual features, while in macroplanning interactions between features are examined. Microplanning is the focus of this paper where predictive process models are used to obtain process level inventory of process energy, machining time, mass of waste streams (primary scrap and secondary catalysts) and quality parameters. The mass of waste streams are then evaluated for their environmental impact based on a health hazard scoring index. The Microplanning algorithm integrates these dimensions in an optimization framework to make robust process planning decisions at the feature level. A case study of a machined part is presented to illustrate the microplanning methodology.
OXYGEN UPTAKE, ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES AND BLOOD LACTATE CONCENTRATION DURING SUBMAXIMAL AND MAXIMAL EXERCISE IN ADULT SUBJECTS WITH SHUNT‐OPERATED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Abstract Ten female and six male adult subjects with shunt-operated tetralogy of Fallot have been studied at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise on an average 20 years after the palliative operation. There was a considerable reduction in the aerobic work capacity, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2) being 1.00 1/min STPD. Though ventilation (VE) was out of proportion to VO2 as indicated by an abnormally high ventilation equivalent (52.1), values for VEmax were low (50.8 1/min BTPS) and of approximately the same order as in a comparable group of totally corrected TOF patients. In spite of increased VE in relation to VO2 the PaCO2 increased from 30 mmHg at rest to 49 mmHg during maximal exercise, while PaO2 decreased from 60 mmHg at rest to 44 mmHg during submaximal exercise I. During heavier exercise no further fall was noted. Base excess decreased from -2.9 to -9.8 mEq/1. Thus a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis was at hand during exercise, the metabolic component, however, being normal. Maximal blood lactate concentrations were low (5.8 mmol/l) and contrasted with the high intramuscular lactate concentrations earlier reported in some of the patients. The low values found for VO2max indicate that a palliative operative procedure in TOF is no alternative to an intracardiac repair in the long-term course. The two main factors limiting exercise tolerance were acidosis and accumulation of lactate within the muscle cell.
A study of group discussion in selected American colleges and universities

This study sought to pinpoint the present place of discussion in the speech curriculum. The results indicate that discussion is widespread, particular emphasis being placed on problem‐solving discussion.
Interactive visualization of 4D parametric fields

Parametric images are generated from the analysis of image data to help characterize the functional information present in the original images. They address the need for enhancing the spatial and temporal resolutions for analysis. Parametric fields provide an underlying model that can be evaluated at any image location using its analytical formulation. To facilitate interactive display and analysis of such fields, we developed a visualization scheme that can help directly render the parametric field using graphics interpolation methods. This eliminates the need for high resolution storage of such data for visualization purposes. The major advantage of such an approach is that graphics hardware can be used to accelerate the interpolation, thus achieving substantial improvement in the performance. Successive derivative parametric images, such as velocity or acceleration maps from the motion fields, can be displayed in real-time. The example presented here is the 4D B-spline based motion field representation of the cardiac-tagged MR images. A motion field with 7 by 7 by 7 by 15 control points shown to adequately describe the full motion of the heart during cardiac cycle. Using this field, material points can be tracked over time and local mechanical properties can be computed. The visualization method presented here utilizes the similarity between the B-spline representation of the motion fields and the graphics hardware support for NURBS display with texture mapping to achieve high performance visualization of these parametric fields.
Angioplasty and stenting of basilar artery stenosis: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Symptomatic basilar artery stenosis has a poor prognosis. Treatment options are limited. Surgical bypasses are technically demanding and of no proven benefit. Percutaneous angioplasty is associated with a significant complication rate, because of intraplaque dissection, restenosis secondary to vessel recoil, and embolic phenomena. A new generation of intravascular stents that are flexible enough to navigate the tortuosities of the vertebral artery may provide a new therapeutic approach. We report a case of basilar artery stenosis that was treated using stent-assisted angioplasty. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old woman experienced a vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke, from which she recovered. Magnetic resonance angiography revealed severe proximal basilar artery stenosis. Brain Neurolite-single-photon emission computed tomographic scans revealed significantly decreased perfusion of the brainstem. Endovascular intra-arterial pressure measurements revealed a 35-mm Hg gradient across the lesion. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent uncomplicated angioplasty and stenting of the proximal basilar artery, with excellent angiographic results. CONCLUSION: The availability of new flexible intravascular stents, allowing access to tortuous proximal intracranial vessels, provides a new therapeutic approach for patients with basilar artery stenosis. Long-term follow-up monitoring is required to assess the durability of this approach.
Photostabilizing effects of lidocaine and tris(8-hydroxy-quinoline) aluminum on organic fluorescent dyes

The photostabilization efficacy of lidocaine and tris(8-hydroxy-quinoline) aluminum (Alq3) was determined for methanol solutions of the fluorescent laser dyes 1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-2,6-diethylpyrromethene-difluoroborate complex (PM-567) and rhodamine 590 (R590) by evaluation with the , rose bengal (RB). The photostability was measured by noting the decrease in fluorescence with accumulated 532 nm Nd:YAG laser pulses. Rose bengal demonstrated dramatic photostability enhancement upon lidocaine or Alq3 addition; whereas nominal photostability enhancement was observed for PM-567 and R590 upon lidocaine or Alq3 addition. A geminate dye-singlet oxygen complex is proposed to explain the disparity in dye photostability enhancement between rose bengal and the laser dyes.
Reaction of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium

The reactions of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium were studied by modulated molecular-beam mass spectrometric methods. Equivalent pressures of the reactant fluxes on the surface ranged from 6×10 −6 to 2×10−4 torr. Temperatures up to 1570 K were investigated. The metal surface was kept clean during reaction by mechanical removal of the oxide formed with a tungsten needle. For the clean liquid uranium surface, a water reaction probability of ∼0.4 was deduced both from measurement of the reaction-product hydrogen signal and by the temperature dependence of the scattered reactant signal. Based solely on the latter measure, a reaction probability of 0.6 was estimated for oxygen. The reaction probabilities on the clean surface were temperatureindependent. They decreased as the coverage of the surface by islands of oxide increased and, for water, appeared to approach a value of 0.08 for a surface completely covered with an oxide estimated to be 500 A thick. Bombardment of the surface during reaction with argon ions produced an increase in the reactivity on solid uranium but had a negligible effect on the reaction probability for the liquid.
Modeling of the rheology and flow-induced concentration changes in polymer solutions.

The hydrodynamics of polymer solutions is modeled using a newly developed, thermodynamically consistent, generalized bracket formulation. This continuum thermodynamic development clarifies the connection between the physical assumptions introduced in previous models (by Helfand and Fredrickson, Onuki, Doi, and Milner) and the final governing equations. A quantitative description of the coupling between elastic stresses and concentration changes as well as the modeling of interphases is provided. The resulting equations describe the same phenomenology as the previous works; however, they are quantitatively different
Spittlebug Polymorphic for Warning Coloration

LINDROTH1 suggests that some insects gain a selective advantage by mimicking other insects whose striking colour patterns serve to warn potential predators of an unusually effective escape mechanism. The mimicked insects hop suddenly when disturbed, greatly lessening the probability of a predator's success. A learning predator comes to associate particular colour patterns with wasted effort and spurns both the model and the relatively sluggish mimic, so long as encounters with the model substantially outnumber those with the mimic. Lindroth's hypothesis may help explain cases of apparently aposematic (warning) coloration in non-mimetic animals which are neither poisonous, distasteful, nor formidably outfitted for defence, but which possess efficient close quarter escape mechanisms2. I propose that the phenomenon of escape warning coloration may be an important factor in the colour polymorphism of Philaenus spumarius (L.), the common meadow spittlebug.
On the feasibility of maximal collusion

Abstract This note explores when joint profit maximizing behavior between firms can be supported by (arbitrary) subgame perfect equilibrium strategies. We show that, for a large class of games, maximal collusion is feasible if and only if a simple discount parameter condition is satisfied.
Risk-Efficient Monopoly Pricing for the Multiproduct Firm: Comment

A recent paper in this Journal by Robert A. Meyer [1976] examines the behavior of a price-discriminating monopolist under uncertainty. The firm seeks to maximize its market value in (SharpeLintner) asset market equilibrium by selecting appropriate output prices and capacity level. Meyer's analysis describes a firm that either sells one (or more) products in several distinct markets, or produces nontransferable products (e.g., electric power, telephone services) at different points in time. Without loss of generality this comment employs the former interpretation. Meyer derives two important conclusions with respect to a firm's optimal pricing policy. 1. The price charged each market segment under uncertainty differs from the certainty equivalents price in a way that reflects the segment's riskiness. 2. Optimal prices for a set of market segments reflect demand covariances among the market segments. Unfortunately, a basic algebraic oversight leads Meyer to misinterpret market "risk." Subject to this misunderstanding, the first conclusion above remains correct in spirit, but the second is entirely misleading. This comment correctly defines the market "risk" pertinent to a value-maximizing firm's pricing decision.
Evaluations of the Importance of Applied Behavior Analysis Competencies by Teachers of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

Abstract This investigation assessed the relative importance of knowledge and skill competencies in applied behavior analysis by elementary and secondary level teachers of students diagnosed with emotional‐behavioral disorders (E/BD). This was accomplished by administering the E/BD Knowledge Competencies Rating and E/BD Skill Competencies Rating Scales to 75 experienced teachers of students who have E/BD. Each scale contained a number of competencies in applied behavior analysis. Results between the importance ratings assigned to the skill and knowledge competencies in applied behavior analysis were presented. The major finding was that these teachers considered applied behavior analysis competencies, in general, to be very important components in their teaching knowledge and skills. However, significant differences among the mean importance ratings within both knowledge and skill competency lists were noted. In addition to implications for the future emphasis of applied behavior analysis knowledge and sk...
Personal creativity: Definition and developmental issues

Creativity is defined so as to allow for both continuities and discontinuities in development.
Detailed structural analysis of the O-polysaccharide expressed by Burkholderia thailandensis E264.

Abstract O-polysaccharide (OPS) was isolated from purified Burkholderia thailandensis E264 lipopolysaccharide by mild-acid hydrolysis and gel-permeation chromatography. Glycosyl composition and methylation analyses along with 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy experiments revealed that the OPS antigen was an unbranched heteropolymer with the following structure: Collectively, these results suggest that B. thailandensis OPS is structurally more complex than B. pseudomallei OPS and provide evidence of the signal used by B. thailandensis to terminate chain elongation.
Fusion activity of virions of murine leukemia virus.

Abstract The fusion activity associated with many strains of murine leukemia virus (MLV) is commonly used to measure MLV infectivity. Other strains of MLV lack fusion activity and some of these can produce variants which have fusion activity. The SC-1/uv-XC fusion assay (Rowe et al., 1970) measures the infectivity of MLV grown in SC-1 cells by the XC cell fusion activity of the progeny virus. The fusion activity of parental MLV in XC cells can be measured directly within a few hours after infection. No new macromolecular synthesis (early after infection) is required for MLV-induced fusion. Treatment of MLV virions with proteolytic enzymes destroys their ability to fuse XC cells. The fusion activity of MLV, like the infectivity of MLV, is specifically inhibited by anti-MLV gp70 serum but not by antiserum against other MLV polypeptides. The infectivity of MLV is much more susceptible to uv irradiation than viral fusion activity and noninfectious (uv irradiated) MLV can cause XC cell fusion. When MLV virions are disrupted with NP-40 detergent, the fusion activity can be restored after high-speed centrifugation and dialysis of the detergent. The fusion activity of NP-40 disrupted MLV (after high-speed centrifugation and dialysis) is inhibited by antiserum against MLV gp70. Thus, the fusion activity of MLV is associated with the virion envelope glycoprotein.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF ASSAY ON THE APPARENT SPECIFICITY OF RABBIT-LIVER ALDOLASE.

Abstract 1. 1. Aldolase activity of a rabbit-liver preparation against fructose 1,6-diphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate could not be separated by heat-inactivation procedures performed at pH values varying from 4.5 to 10.4, which supports the theory that these two activities are exerted by the same enzyme. 2. 2. Under certain conditions of assay, the removal of triose-phosphate isomerase ( d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.1) activity strongly decreased the apparent aldolase activity against fructose 1,6-diphosphate but did not affect the activity against fructose 1-phosphate. The activity against fructose 1,6-diphosphate was restored by the addition of triose-phosphate isomerase. 3. 3. The apparent purification of liver fructose-1-phosphate aldolase activity from fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase earlier described by other authors, seems possible to explain as an artifact, caused by the separation of the aldolase from triose-phosphate isomerase.
Adjuvant chemotherapy in 2011 for patients with soft-tissue sarcoma

The mainstay of treatment for adults with soft-tissue sarcomas is wide surgical excision. Half of all patients with adequate local control of high-grade sarcomas develop distant metastases and, despite additional treatment, ultimately die from their disease. This daunting reality has resulted in a three-decade research effort to assess the efficacy of adjuvant therapy for adult soft-tissue sarcomas. The multitude of histopathological subtypes, each with its own biology and clinical behavior, and the rarity of adult soft-tissue sarcomas as a whole greatly complicate such an assessment. This Perspectives article examines data that support or refute the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas.
Biological and molecular characteristics of Beauveria bassiana isolates from California Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) populations

Abstract Lygus hesperus is an important pest of many crops grown in the Western US. In addition, other species of Lygus cause damage in other parts of the world. To date, no selective pesticide exists for the control of Lygus spp. and broad spectrum pesticides that also kill natural enemies may lead to secondary pests. Entomopathogenic fungi may offer an alternative to chemical pesticides. Isolates of Beauveria bassiana collected from San Joaquin Valley of California (SJV) L. hesperus populations were screened for their ability to grow at high temperatures and for their ability to infect and kill L. hesperus adults and nymphs under laboratory conditions. No isolate grew at 37 or 35 °C but most isolates were able to grow at 32 °C. In addition, one L. hesperus isolate was more efficacious at higher doses than the commercial isolate. Microsatellite markers were used to determine that selected isolates could be distinguished from other isolates. Preliminary information suggested 82 SJV isolates of B. bassiana were closely related to each other but distantly related to the commercial isolate.
Determination of Cu and Cd Content of Groundwater Colloids by Solid Sampling Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Cu and Cd content of standard reference materials (SRMs), minerals (quartz, calcite, kaolinite, and bentonite), and samples of aquifer colloids, obtained under natural gradient flow conditions, were analyzed by solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Pyrolytically coated tubes, designed for the analysis of liquid samples, were successfully used. Recovery of analytes by solid sampling was 106−112% of the certified values of SRMs. Cu concentration in clay minerals, obtained by solid sampling, was about 9-fold (in kaolinite) and 3-fold (in bentonite) higher than that obtained by nitric acid extraction, indicating that Cu is partially incorporated into the crystal lattice of the minerals. Analysis of aquifer colloids shows that within a 6-month period the average content of Cu and Cd decreased by about 87%. Solid sampling GFAAS was demonstrated to be a convenient method for the study of metal content in small (5 mg) samples of groundwater colloids.
Comments on the information structure of memory

Abstract Human memory is used in many different ways for many different tasks. By studying requires efficient use of contextual information and previously learned information. The evidence from experiments on simultaneous attention leads us to a similar conclusion: we need a combination of active and passive analyzing systems and a memory system based on a sensory addressible stage. The search of long-term memory has many aspects of a problem-solving task. We find strategies and logic playing as important role as the actual information that can be retrieved. The memory requirements seem to imply that the memory addressing scheme should be one that is content addressible.
Comparative Functioning of Dihydro- and Tetrahydropterins in Supporting Electron Transfer, Catalysis, and Subunit Dimerization in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase†

The nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are the only heme-containing enzymes that require tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a cofactor. Previous studies indicate that only the fully reduced (i.e., tetrahydro) form of BH4 can support NO synthesis. Here, we characterize pterin-free inducible NOS (iNOS) and iNOS reconstituted with eight different tetrahydro- or dihydropterins to elucidate how changes in pterin side-chain structure and ring oxidation state regulate iNOS. Seven different enzyme properties that are important for catalysis and are thought to involve pterin were studied. Only two properties were found to depend on pterin oxidation state (i.e., they required fully reduced tetrahydropterins) and were independent of side chain structure: NO synthesis and the ability to increase heme-dependent NADPH oxidation in response to substrates. In contrast, five properties were exclusively dependent on pterin side-chain structure or stereochemistry and were independent of pterin oxidation state: pterin binding affinity, and its ability to shift the heme iron to its high-spin state, stabilize the ferrous heme iron coordination structure, support heme iron reduction, and promote iNOS subunit assembly into a dimer. These results clarify how structural versus redox properties of the pterin impact on its multifaceted role in iNOS function. In addition, the data reveal that during NO synthesis all pterin-dependent steps up to and including heme iron reduction can take place independent of the pterin ring oxidation state, indicating that the requirement for fully reduced pterin occurs at a point in catalysis beyond heme iron reduction.
Lab-on-a-print: from a single polymer film to three-dimensional integrated microfluidics

With the major advances in soft lithography and polymer materials, use of microfluidic devices has attracted tremendous attention recently. A simple and fast micromachining process is highly in demand to prototype such a device efficiently and economically. In this paper, we first reported an out-of-cleanroom printing-based integrated microfabrication process, referred to as the lab-on-a-print (LOP), for rapid-prototyping three-dimensional microfluidics. Using this lab-on-a-print process, we demonstrated the potential to accomplish an entire design-to-fabrication cycle within an hour, including about 70 µm resolution of direct-lithography patterning, well-controlled polyimide wet etching, three-dimensional pattern alignment and multilayer wax thermal-fusion packaging. A microfluidic gradient generator was prepared and tested for validation of the lab-on-a-print microfabrication process.
Genetic and physical mapping in the early region of bacteriophage T7 DNA.

Abstract A detailed physical map of the early region of bacteriophage T7 DNA has been constructed. This map contains: locations for all the cuts made by the restriction endonucleases HindII, HpaII, HaeIII and HaeII, and many of the cuts by HhaI; the approximate end points for each of 61 different deletions; initiation sites and the termination site for RNAs made by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase; an initiation site for RNA made by T7 RNA polymerase; the five primary RNase III cleavage sites of the early region; and the coding sequences for perhaps nine different early proteins. Virtually all of the non-overlapping coding capacity of the five early messenger RNAs is used, except for untranslated stretches of perhaps 30 or so nucleotides at the ends. It seems likely that each of the nine early proteins is made from its own ribosome-binding and initiation site. The mapped restriction cuts provide fixed reference points, and allow DNA fragments containing specific genetic signals to be identified and isolated. The nucleotide sequences around the ends of three different T7 deletions have been determined. Each deletion eliminated a segment of DNA between repeated sequences of seven, eight or ten base-pairs, located 578 to 2100 base-pairs apart in the wild-type sequence. In each case, one copy of the repeated sequence was retained in the deletion mutant. This is consistent with the deletions having arisen by a genetic crossover between the repeated sequences. The approximate frequency of genetic recombination per base-pair has been estimated within two early genes; in both cases, the value was close to 0.01% recombination per base-pair, consistent with the value expected from the total length of the T7 genetic map. Genetic recombination between non-overlapping deletions appears to be severely depressed when the distance between the deletions is closer than about 40 to 50 base-pairs, but recombination between a point mutation and a deletion does not appear to be similarly depressed. This suggests that efficient genetic recombination in T7 may require a base-paired “synapse” of some minimum size between the recombining DNA molecules.
Approximations of cooperative equilibria in multi-person Prisoners' dilemma played by cellular automata

Abstract Two-dimensional cellular automata are used to model Schelling's ‘multiperson prisoners' dilemma’ as a repeated N -person game where player payoffs are determined in a ‘neighborhood’, a field for a subgame of fewer than N players. Neighborhoods, which are also local information sets, overlap to form the full N -person society. A vanishingly small proportion of bounded-rationality rules for agent action results in a composite society with sufficient complexity to enforce the equivalent of cooperative play. All societies with less (qualitative) complexity can only support uniform defection.
Contactless inductive-operation microcircuits for medical applications

The contactless inductive operation device is a circuit which can operate through inductive coupling for both powering and read/write operation. Neither wires nor battery are required, so a microcircuit that is physically unavailable, as it is when implanted in the human body, can be accessed for operation/information exchange. The only component to be added is one microcoil. A one-chip implementation of the above concepts has already been produced with success for the read operation only. The write operation has still to be verified on a single chip, but it is believed that no major barrier exists. >
Dynamics of Particulate Organic Matter following biomass addition from fallow-improvement species in southern Mali

Knowledge about the nature and turnover rates of soil organic matter (SOM) is a key to soil fertility maintenance, especially in traditional farming systems. Particulate organic matter (POM), rather than total SOM content, is now considered a better measure of the soil's fertility. Fractionation of SOM, based on particle-size distribution after dispersion, was carried out on soil samples collected from a field experiment at N'Tarla, Mali (12.25° N latitude, 5.42° W longitude, Typic Plinthustalf). Biomass of off-site grown Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. (gliricidia), Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.(pterocarpus), and Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub.(stylosanthes) was applied to a maize (Zea mays L.) crop for two consecutive years. A significant decrease was noted in the soil's POM and POM-N contents after harvest of maize in both years as compared with the initial value measured at the beginning of the experiment. Small POM fraction (0.053 to 0.250 mm, POM53) contributed more to total POM than large POM fraction (0.250 to 2.000 mm, POM250). The POM N content was better correlated with maize grain yield than POM total weight, and the N content of POM53 was better related to maize grain yield (R2 = 0.55) than that of POM250 (R2 = 0.20). Total SOM was poorly correlated with maize grain yield (R2 = 0.14). The results indicate that the quality of the applied biomass is of greater value than its quantity in sustaining maize grain yield, and POM53 might be a better indicator of soil fertility status than POM250 and total POM.
NATO’s Secretary General and the Use of Force: Willy Claes and the Air Strikes in Bosnia:

Much has been written on the evolution of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and its military actions in Bosnia in 1995. Very little research, however, examines the role of NATO’s political leader, the secretary general, in shaping this evolution, and more specifically, on Secretary General Willy Claes’ role in NATO’s military strikes in Bosnia. Using a new analytical leadership model, this research maintains that Claes played a critical role, especially within NATO’s North Atlantic Council and through his relations with NATO’s Supreme Allied Commander-Europe, to help the alliance succeed in Bosnia, and more generally, in helping NATO transform itself into an organization with new missions in transatlantic security.
McCune-Albright syndrome

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is classically defined by the clinical triad of fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD), cafe-au-lait skin spots, and precocious puberty (PP). It is a rare disease with estimated prevalence between 1/100,000 and 1/1,000,000. FD can involve a single or multiple skeletal sites and presents with a limp and/or pain, and, occasionally, a pathologic fracture. Scoliosis is common and may be progressive. In addition to PP (vaginal bleeding or spotting and development of breast tissue in girls, testicular and penile enlargement and precocious sexual behavior in boys), other hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies may be involved including hyperthyroidism, growth hormone excess, Cushing syndrome, and renal phosphate wasting. Cafe-au-lait spots usually appear in the neonatal period, but it is most often PP or FD that brings the child to medical attention. Renal involvement is seen in approximately 50% of the patients with MAS. The disease results from somatic mutations of the GNAS gene, specifically mutations in the cAMP regulating protein, Gs alpha. The extent of the disease is determined by the proliferation, migration and survival of the cell in which the mutation spontaneously occurs during embryonic development. Diagnosis of MAS is usually established on clinical grounds. Plain radiographs are often sufficient to make the diagnosis of FD and biopsy of FD lesions can confirm the diagnosis. The evaluation of patients with MAS should be guided by knowledge of the spectrum of tissues that may be involved, with specific testing for each. Genetic testing is possible, but is not routinely available. Genetic counseling, however, should be offered. Differential diagnoses include neurofibromatosis, osteofibrous dysplasia, non-ossifying fibromas, idiopathic central precocious puberty, and ovarian neoplasm. Treatment is dictated by the tissues affected, and the extent to which they are affected. Generally, some form of surgical intervention is recommended. Bisphosphonates are frequently used in the treatment of FD. Strengthening exercises are recommended to help maintaining the musculature around the FD bone and minimize the risk for fracture. Treatment of all endocrinopathies is required. Malignancies associated with MAS are distinctly rare occurrences. Malignant transformation of FD lesions occurs in probably less than 1% of the cases of MAS.
Parallel ADI solver based on processor scheduling

Gaussian elimination is used for the direct solution of banded linear systems that typically appear in implicit numerical methods for PDEs. Gaussian elimination for narrow-banded systems (also known as the Thomas algorithm (TA)) includes forward and backward recurrences along lines of a numerical grid. Multi-domain decomposition, essential for parallelization of implicit solvers, spans the recurrences across processors in one or more directions. Processor idle time and inter-processor communication time are two interdependent reasons for the poor parallelization efficiency of TAs. In this research an efficient parallel algorithm for 3D directionally split problems is developed. The proposed solver is based on the static scheduling of processors where local and non-local, data-dependent and data-independent computations are scheduled while processors are idle. The proposed algorithm uses a reformulated version of the pipelined Thomas algorithm that starts the backward step computations immediately after the completion of the forward step computations for the first portion of lines. This algorithm has data available for other computational tasks while processors are idle from the TA. A theoretical model of parallelization efficiency is used to define optimal parameters of the algorithm, to show an asymptotic parallelization penalty and to obtain an optimal cover of a global domain with subdomains. It is shown by computational experiments and by the theoretical model that the proposed algorithm considerably reduces the communication cost and processor idle time over the basic algorithm for the range of the number of processors (subdomains) considered and the number of grid nodes per subdomain.
Effect of spatial sampling on grating resolution and letter identification.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether spatial sampling has equivalent effects on visual performance for grating and letter stimuli, two optotypes that are frequently used in the clinical assessment of visual function. Test targets consisted of five-bar square-wave gratings, spatial D6 (sixth derivative of a Gaussian) patterns, or individual Sloan letters, presented for 255 ms in the center of an adapting field. Spatial sampling was introduced by replacing random regions of the targets with occluding elements that had the same luminance as the adapting field, so that only random samples of the test target were visible on each trial. The occluding elements consisted of 4 × 4, 8 × 8, or 16 × 16 pixel arrays (subtending 0.67, 1.33, and 2.67 arcmin, respectively), and the percentage of the test target that remained unoccluded ranged from 3% to 100%. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity for the spatially sampled targets were measured in two visually normal subjects. Results were compared with the predicted effect of the reduction in effective contrast that was introduced by the sampling paradigm. For grating stimuli the effect of spatial sampling was equivalent to the reduction in effective stimulus contrast produced by the sampling, regardless of occluding-element size. For letter stimuli the reduction in effective stimulus contrast predicted most, but not all, of the loss of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity for sampled targets, and the deficit in performance increased when larger occluding elements were used. These results indicate that spatial sampling does not have comparable effects on visual acuity and contrast sensitivity for grating stimuli and letters and therefore these stimuli do not provide equivalent measures of visual function.
Limits on Lyman‐alpha Luminous Protogalaxiesa

The bulk of the energy released from protogalaxies, defined here as young ellipticals and bulges undergoing their first major bursts of star formation at large redshifts, is from the nuclear burning in massive stars. This may amount to ~ 10^(61) erg per an average (L_*) galaxy, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than the amount of binding energy released in the protogalactic collapse; an active nucleus, if present, could contribute a comparable amount of energy. If released over a period of ~ 10^8 -10^9 years, this corresponds to protogalaxy (hereafter PG) luminosities of ~ 10^(11) -10^(12) L_☉. For unobscured protogalaxies, a few percent of this energy is expected to emerge in the form of recombination lines, primarily Lyɑ. Star formation rate of 100 M_☉/yr would power a restframe Lyɑ line luminosity of ~ 10^(44) erg/s. At the redshifts of interest, for a range of standard cosmologies, the luminosity distances are ~ 10^(29) - 10^(30) cm, and thus the expected observable Lyɑ line fluxes from unobscured PGs are ~ 10^(-16±1) erg/cm^2 /s, which is detectable with present-day technology. Thus, most PG searches to date employed the Lyn line as the observable signature of young galaxies powered by star formation. More details can be found in our recent reviews and references therein.
Physiological effect of the host plant on the suitability ofTetranychus urticae as prey forPhytoseiulus persimilis [Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae]

Weight gain of adult femalesPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot was determined after they were fed eggs or adult females ofTetranychus urticae Koch reared on either Lima bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or nightshade (Solanum douglasii Dunal). No significant difference was found when the predator was fed eggs ofT. urticae reared on either host. Predators were heavier when fed adult femaleT. urticae reared on bean. Apparently, a factor determining the prey's suitability is incorporated into its hemolymph or tissues and is not restricted to its gut content.
Partition of Tissue Functions in Epithelia: Localization of Enzymes in "Mitochondria-Rich" Cells of Toad Urinary Bladder

The mucosal epithelium of the toad urinary bladder reabsorbs sodium, acidifies the urine, and is responsive to neurohypophyseal hormnones. Mucosal epithelial cells, consisting of two major morphologic cell types, "mitochondria-rich" and "granular," were removed from the bladder and separated by density gradient centrifugation. The mitochondria-rich cells contained three times as much carbonic anhydrase activity as the granular cells. Oxytocin caused a 235 percent increase in the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate content of mitochondria-rich cells but had no effect on the granular cells. The evidence indicates that the mitochondria-rich cell, which accounts for only 15 percent of the mucosal cells, plays a major role in the mediation of sodium ion and hydrogen ion transport in the toad bladder and is a specific site of action of neurohypophyseal hormones.
More than skin-deep.

The patient had oral ulcers, a truncal rash, and blistering lesions on his hands, all of which had been getting worse for 9 months.
High-dose rifaximin treatment alleviates global symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Background: To evaluate the efficacy of rifaximin for reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Posture and Prediction on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale

A study was performed investigating the relationship between stated attitudes toward the feminist movement and willingness to help that movement. Results suggested that Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) measures of feminist commitment may be limited by a social desirability variable and that high scores on the AWS do not correlate with a behavioral measure of commitment.
Alternative renin regulatory pathways and the NKCC1 isoform

the macula densa is one of the classic regulatory pathways that control the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells ([11][1]). It senses the distal luminal NaCl concentration in the thick ascending limb and sends a signal to increase renin secretion in response to sustained decreases in
A "community-friendly" version of integrated group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Integrated group therapy, a new treatment for patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder, has previously been found to be efficacious in reducing substance use, but its length (20 sessions) and need for highly trained therapists may limit its adoption in substance use disorder community treatment programs. This paper compares a briefer (12 session) version of integrated group therapy, led by substance use disorder counselors without previous cognitive-behavioral training or bipolar disorder experience, to group drug counseling. Methods Sixty-one patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence, taking mood stabilizers, were randomized to 12 sessions of integrated group therapy (n = 31) or group drug counseling (n = 30). Results Analyses of primary outcomes showed trends favoring integrated group therapy, with greater reduction in substance use during follow-up and a greater decline in risk of mood episodes during treatment. Secondary analyses favored integrated group therapy, with a significantly greater likelihood of achieving total abstinence, a significantly shorter time to the first abstinent month, and a significantly greater likelihood of achieving a “good clinical outcome” (a composite measure encompassing both substance use and mood simultaneously). Conclusions A shortened version of integrated group therapy can be delivered successfully by substance use disorder counselors, with better overall outcomes than those achieved with group drug counseling.
The global distribution of human population and recent volcanism

Abstract This study quantifies the spatial relationship between the global distribution of human population and recent volcanism. Using recently compiled databases of population and Holocene volcanoes, we estimate that almost 9% (455 × 106 people) of the world's 1990 population lived within 100km of an historically active volcano and 12% within 100km of a volcano believed to have been active during the last 10,000 years. The analysis also indicates that average population density generally decreases with distance from these volcanoes (within 200 km). In tropical areas, the elevation and fertile soils associated with volcanic regions can provide incentives for agrarian populations to settle close to potentially active volcanoes. In Southeast Asia and Central America higher population densities lie in closer proximity to volcanoes than in other volcanic regions. In Japan and Chile, population density tends to increase with distance from volcanoes. The current trends of rapid urbanization and sustained popul...
A report on the cheilostome Bryozoa of the Sudanese Red Sea

Summary Eighty-six species of bryozoa are listed from collections from reefs in the Sudanese Red Sea, increasing the known fauna list by 30 species. The abundance, in terms of numbers of colonies, and the distribution of nineteen species has been analysed over a range of 30 metres depth. The character of the genera Calyptotheca Harmer and Emballotheca Levinsen are briefly discussed. C. thornelyae is introduced for Lepralia subimmersa Thornely not MacGillivray, and E. harmeri for E. acutirostris Harmer not Canu and Bassler. In addition, three new species of Calyptotheca, C. heteroavicularia, C. nigra and C. sudanensis, and one of Escharoides, E. longirostris, are described.
The comparative value of heated ground unextracted soybeans and heated dehulled Soybean flakes as a source of soybean oil and energy for the chick.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate heated unextracted soybean fractions as sources of soybean oil and protein for the growing chick. Heated dehulled unextracted soybean flakes produced growth rate and feed efficiency equal to that obtained with the combination of soybean oil meal and degummed soybean oil while heated ground unextracted soybeans were less satisfactory in this respect. The poorer results obtained with ground unextracted soybeans were shown to be related to a poorer absorbability of the oil in them. Flaking the soybeans markedly improved the absorbability of the oil by the chick, probably by causing a greater disruption of cellular structure than was obtained by the grinding of the soybeans. The metabolizable energy of ground unextracted soybeans was substantially less than that of unextracted soybean flakes. Most of the differences in metabolizable energy were accounted for by differences in absorbability of the oil. Soybean hulls at a level equivalent to that contained in soybeans were found to have no effect on growth rate and only a slight effect on feed efficiency. Autoclaving soybean oil did not lower its value for the chick. The relationship between the poorer growth obtained with ground unextracted soybeans and the low absorbability of the oil in them was discussed. To obtain maximum efficiency in the use of unextracted soybean products in chick rations, some such means as flaking must first be employed to increase the availability of the oil.