cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New pressure correction equation for incompressible internal flows

A space-marching method is employed to integrate the reduced form of the Navier-Stokes equations for steady incompressible viscous fluids for arbitrary three-dimensional internal flow geometries. The objective of this paper is to present the development of a new pressure correction equation that is used to correct the pressure and then the velocities locally at each marching station. The equation incorporates information from the momentum equations in the form of newly derived variables that are called V-P (velocity-pressure) variables. Although the momentum equations are solved as an uncoupled system, the V-P variables couple the equations indirectly through the solution of the new pressure correction equation. A numerical procedure based on this equation is used to sweep the entire domain in a stationwise manner. At each station one matrix inversion and a two-dimensional Poisson equation are required to satisfy the continuity and the momentum equations at the same time to conserve the volume flow rate. A computer code utilizing this procedure was tested for different geometries. Predictions of the flow through constricted and strongly curved pipes are in good agreement with previous experimental and computational results. As a result of using the V-P variables and the new pressure correction equation, CPU time is reduced.
Tackling California’s Class Size Reduction policy initiative: an up close and personal account of how teachers and learners responded

Abstract This chapter examines some effects of California’s Class Size Reduction (CSR) policy on teachers and pupils in four elementary schools over a two year period using interviews and participant observation. Among the main findings from the interviews, confirmed by the observations, was that while teachers found classes with 20 pupils easier to teach, they did not initially consider the possibility of changing practice in order to maximize the advantages of the smaller classes. In the second year there were slight increases in the amounts of individual attention pupils received, particularly feedback, and teachers expressed greater confidence when making assessments. Pupils’ reactions were generally positive although some expressed the view that in larger classes they got more help from friends. There were several unanticipated effects; for example, some older grade teachers with larger classes expressed resentment because of their higher administrative and marking loads.
Development of optimization procedures for application-specific chemical sensing

Abstract We present methods for selecting optimized operating conditions from tunable sensor systems that produce multi-dimensional data streams. To demonstrate our approach in a case study, a chemical sensing dataset was collected using a microsensor array with temperature-modulated elements. The top electrodes of the array elements were coated with SnO 2 , In 2 O 3 , and CuO sensing films that were formed on the individual microhotplate platforms by annealing microcapillary deposited metal-hydroxide sol–gel films. Chemical sensing data was collected while interfacial interactions were influenced via pulsed temperature programming. During the collection of the chemical sensing database an analyte exposure schedule consisting of a dry air background and μmol/mol concentrations of three reducing analytes was cycled as the temperature program operating the microsensor array was systematically varied. The data was processed using linear discriminant analysis and principle component analysis to quantify analyte selectivity. The methods discussed in this manuscript produced sensing materials-specific temperature programs optimized for the studied analytes which contained a factor of 2.6 fewer temperature pulses than the original inspection temperature programs. These shortened temperature programs increased sample frequency, preserved analyte concentration information, and improved target cross-selectivity.
Twins, Hermaphrodites, and an Androgynous Albino Deity: Twins and Sculpted Twin Figures among the Bamana and Maninka of Mali

1 Sinzin altar comprised of a half calabash contain ing sacrificial materials, eastern Bamana area, early twentieth century. PHOTO: HENRY 1910: 97. T he Bamana (Bambara) and Maninka (Malinke) of Mali conceptualize twins in a broad context. This includes twins (flaniw) who are monozygotic or identical twins (two individuals born together and derived from one egg and one sperm), and dizygotic or fraternal twins (two individuals born together and derived from two separate eggs and two separate sperm), true and pseudo-hermaphrodites (tyetemousotew), and albinos (y6frgew).' While identical twins are recognized as being dif ferent from fraternal ones because of their seemingly identical physical appearance and because they are always of the same sex, they are not viewed differently from their fraternal counterparts in terms of cultural belief and practice.2 The Bamana and Maninka are well aware that twins are often born prematurely, and that when born at term are often smaller than singleton infants. This recognition of higher rates of prema turity and low birth rates and their association with higher infant mortality no doubt contributed to the elaboration of beliefs and practices favoring twin survival. For among the Bamana and Maninka, twins are accorded a privileged status that provides them and their parents with greater than usual access to a vari ety of resources. Such access is not extended to hermaphrodites, pseudo-hermaphrodites, and albinos, who are also considered twin beings. Unlike twins-regarded as extraordinary beings with unusual powers who are a gift from the supreme deity (Pemba, N'gala)-individuals affected by these three patholo gies are believed to be the result of behavioral departures from societal norms, and thus are viewed with ambivalence and some times feared because of their powers. The basis for considering these four distinct groups of indi viduals as twins is Bamanaya, a corpus of essential spiritual and cosmological beliefs and a mode of living that define someone as Bamana or Maninka. To embrace Bamanaya is to believe in the centrality in one's life of nyama ('vital life force, energy, power') and boliw (sg. boli; 'ritual objects which are regularly given blood sacrifices'). Boliw are great reservoirs of nyama, and their powers are increased and renewed through regular sacrifices. However, it is in the legend of creation and in its principal deity, Faro, that the duality of human nature (good and bad, male and female, stro g and weak) and the concept of twinning are both elabo rated and codified for the spiritual belief system that is at the heart of Bamanaya.
On a Problem of Daubechies

We solve a problem posed by Daubechies (12) by showing the nonexistence of orthonormal wavelet bases with good time-frequency localization associated with irrational dilation factors.
High-Speed Low-Power True Single-Phase Clock Dual-Modulus Prescalers

A new design technique that improves operating speed of true single-phase clock-based (TSPC) prescalers is presented. We implement dual-modulus prescalers without using any extra logic gates by exploiting the behavior of the second branch in a TSPC flip-flop. The proposed design technique is applied to ÷2/3 and ÷3/4 prescalers, and their performances are compared with previous work. Implemented in a 130-nm CMOS technology and compared at same process-voltage-temperature conditions, the maximum speed of the ÷2/3 prescaler reaches 88% of the maximum operating frequency of a single TSPC flip-flop, and the ÷3/4 prescaler reaches 75%. In addition, the proposed divide-by-3 prescaler is able to work almost at the speed of the single TSPC flip-flop. A frequency divider that provides dividing ratios of 7, 8, and 9 is implemented as a part of a 3.4-5-GHz integer- N phase-locked loop in a 130-nm CMOS technology. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate high-speed, low-power, and multiple division ratio capabilities of the proposed technique.
Hypothermic machine preservation attenuates ischemia/reperfusion markers after liver transplantation: preliminary results.

Background Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) has shown significant benefits in renal transplantation but is still in its infancy in liver transplantation. Potential benefits include diminished preservation injury and improved early graft function. Methods We analyzed liver tissue and effluent collected during our Phase 1 trial of liver HMP. Liver allografts underwent HMP for 4–7 h using dual centrifugal perfusion with Vasosol solution at 4–8°C were transplanted and compared with cold stored (CS) transplant controls. Histology, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry on liver biopsies compared histology and expression of early proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and TNF-α, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Gel electrophoresis was used to evaluate effluent protein content representing residual metabolism. Results We saw no differences between HMP and CS in early histologic findings after reperfusion. RT-PCR of reperfusion biopsy samples in the CS group showed high expression of proinflammatory cytokines and ICAM-1. This up-regulation was significantly attenuated by HMP (ICAM-1; P = 0.0152) (IL-8; P = 0.0014) (TNF-α; P = 0.0284). This was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. Albumin was identified in the perfusate throughout HMP. Conclusions HMP significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression compared with CS controls. Further studies of human liver HMP with detailed molecular investigations are now warranted to elucidate benefits of HMP in liver transplantation.
Stochastic response of multistorey yielding frames

A model for the random vibration of hysteretic and degrading plane frames to Gaussian shot noise or filtered shot noise is presented. The model, which combines the discrete hinge concept previously used in deterministic frame analysis with Bouc's smooth system hysteresis, results in a non-linear set of differential equations which can be linearized in closed form without recourse to the Krylov-Bogoliubov assumptions. Solution is iterative in the stationary case and by numerical integration with stepwise updates in the non-stationary case. Numerical studies are presented of strong girder and strong column two storey, one bay frames. These studies indicate that the model can locate the sites of yielding and provide reasonable values of structural response as compared with simulation data. Moreover, the model can provide a joint by joint breakdown of the structure energy dissipation rate.
Aluminum oxide passivated radial junction sub-micrometre pillar array textured silicon solar cells

We report radial, p–n junction, sub-micrometre, pillar array textured solar cells, fabricated on an n-type Czochralski silicon wafer. Relatively simple processing schemes such as metal-assisted chemical etching and spin on dopant techniques were employed for the fabrication of the proposed solar cells. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) grown aluminum oxide (Al2O3) was employed as a surface passivation layer on the B-doped emitter surface. In spite of the fact that the sub-micrometre pillar array textured surface has a relatively high surface-to-volume ratio, we observed an open circuit voltage (VOC) and a short circuit current density (JSC) as high as 572 mV and 29.9 mA cm−2, respectively, which leads to a power conversion efficiency in excess of 11.30%, for the optimized structure of the solar cell described herein. Broadband omnidirectional antireflection effects along with the light trapping property of the sub-micrometre, pillar array textured surface and the excellent passivation quality of the ALD-grown Al2O3 on the B-doped emitter surface were responsible for the enhanced electrical performance of the proposed solar cells.
Discriminatively weighted multi-scale Local Binary Patterns: Applications in prostate cancer diagnosis on T2W MRI

In this paper, we present discriminatively weighted Local Binary Patterns (DWLBP), a new similarity metric to match Multi-scale LBP (MsLBP) in Hamming space. While MsLBP is widely used in image processing on account of its extremely fast bitwise operations on modern CPU, identifying a good metric that measures the dissimilarity of MsLBP remains an open problem. The Hamming score is typically computed at each individual scale and the scores across scales are summed up. This approach however often results in underestimating salient patterns. In this paper we seek to learn a vector obtained by optimally weighing the contribution of each individual scale when performing MsLBP based matching. Inspired by supervised learning, our methodology aims to learn the multi-scale, weight vector by minimizing the Hamming scores between positive class samples and jointly maximizing the scores between positive and negative class samples. This objective function leads to a convex formulation with equality and inequality constraints, which can then be solved via the interior-point optimization method. In this paper we evaluate the efficacy of the DWLBP scheme in detecting prostate cancer from T2w MRI and demonstrate that the approach statistically significantly outperforms MsLBP.
Structural analysis of a yeast centromere.

The most striking region of structural differentiation of a eukaryotic chromosome is the kinetochore. This chromosomal domain plays an integral role in the stability and propagation of genetic material to the progeny cells during cell division. The DNA component of this structure, which we refer to as the centromere, has been localized to a small region of 220–250 base pairs within the chromosomes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The centromere DNA (CEN) is organized in a unique structure in the cell nucleus and is required for chromosome stability during both mitotic and meiotic cell cycles. The centromeres from one chromosome can stabilize small circular minichromosomes or other yeast chromosomes. The centromeres may therefore interact with the same components of the segregation apparatus regardless of the chromosome in which they reside. The CEN DNA does not encode any regulatory RNAs or proteins, but rather is a cis-acting element that provides genetic stability to adjacent DNA sequences.
An evaluation of bayes posterior probability regions for a survival curve

The Kaplan-Meier estimator for the survival function is known to be the limit of Bayes estimators. The choice of the KM estimator is shown to imply a unique limiting posterior distribution in the range where the KM estimator is uniquely defined. Coverage properties of posterior probability intervals based on this limiting posterior distribution are examined, and posterior probabilities of classical confidence intervals are examined. A simulation shows that the limiting Bayes intervals and the classical intervals perform similarly when there is sufficient information about the survival function.
Quantum Riemann surfaces I. The unit disc

We construct a non-commutative ℂ*-algebra\(C_\mu (\bar U)\) which is a quantum deformation of the algebra of continuous functions on the closed unit disc\(\bar U\).\(C_\mu (\bar U)\) is generated by the Toeplitz operators on a suitable Hilbert space of holomorphic functions onU.
Beta structures of alternating polypeptides and their possible prebiotic significance.

A survey of the commonest amino acids formed in prebiotic conditions suggests that the earliest form of genetic coding may have specified polypeptides with a strong tendency to form stable beta-sheet structures. Poly(Val-Lys), like other polypeptides in which hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues alternate, tends to form beta structures. It is shown that bilayers with a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior may be present in aqueous solution.
Co-Construction in Girls' Hopscotch

(1995). Co-Construction in Girls' Hopscotch. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 261-281.
Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma in situ: report of three cases and review of the literature

Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma is a rare neoplasm. Purely in situ extraocular sebaceous carcinoma is extremely rare and somewhat controversial. Review of the literature reveals only three reported cases, two of which involved the head and neck and one the arm. The ones on the head and neck arose in association with an actinic keratosis. We report three cases of extraocular sebaceous carcinoma in situ and describe the first report of immunoperoxidase screening for mismatch repair proteins in such tumors.
Reduced polarized thermal emission due to surface contamination by dew and atmospheric aerosols

Abstract We report on a series of polarimetric measurements designed to quantify the degree by which polarized thermal emittance is attenuated by either dew formation or contamination by atmospheric aerosols. In particular, we measure changes in the linear degree of polarization from smooth borosilicate glass (pyrex) substrates that are subject to either dew formation or contamination by three aerosol particulates, i.e., carbon black, KBr particles, and Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass) pollen. Calibrated polarimetric images of the contaminated substrates are recorded in the 8.5– 10.5 μ m waveband region using a specially modified thermal camera. Video microscopy is used to characterize the degree in which the surface is covered by the contaminate in question. Results are compared with a geometric based model that effectively modifies the Fresnel relation to account for masking of the surface by the contaminate and/or particle shadowing.
Estimating the potential impacts of intervention from observational data: methods for estimating causal attributable risk in a cross-sectional analysis of depressive symptoms in Latin America

Background: The field of epidemiology struggles both with enhancing causal inference in observational studies and providing useful information for policy makers and public health workers focusing on interventions. Population intervention models, analogous to population attributable fractions, estimate the causal impact of interventions in a population, and are one option for understanding the relative importance of various risk factors. With population intervention parameters, risk factors are effectively standardised, allowing one to compare their values directly and determine which potential intervention may have the greatest impact on the outcome. Methods: The difference between total effects and population intervention parameters was examined using naive, G-computation and inverse probability of treatment weighting approaches. The differences between these parameters and the intuitions they provide were explored using data from a 2003 cross-sectional study in rural Mexico. Results: The assumptions, specific analytic steps, limitations and interpretations of the total effects and population intervention parameters are discussed, and code is provided in Stata. Conclusion: Population intervention parameters are a valuable and straightforward approach in epidemiological studies for making causal inference from the data while also supplying information that is relevant for researchers, public health practitioners and policy makers.
Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic

The perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, are part of the coldest and driest ecosystem on earth. To understand lacustrine carbon and nitrogen cycling in this end-member ecosystem, and to define paleolimnological proxies for ice-covered lakes, we measured the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of particulate organic matter (POM) and benthic organic matter (BOM) within the lakes of Taylor Valley. The δ13C compositions of seasonally ice-free edges of the lakes (moats) are enriched relative to under-ice organic matter. Thus, the organic carbon isotopic composition of buried sediments may be a proxy for sample position within the lake. In the moats, δ13C values are governed by limited CO2diffusion across benthic cyanobacterial cell membranes. During a high glacial melt (2001–2002) season, both δ13CPOM and δ13CBOM in the moats were more depleted than during previous low melt years. We propose that this occurred in response to higher [CO2](aq) and/or reduced growth rates resulting from turbidity-induced light limitation. Though moats and under-ice environments are usually poorly connected, during the 2001–2002 season, the enrichment of the δ13CPOM values at 6 m depth in the stream-proximal sites relative to deep-profile sites implies enhanced connectivity between these environments. The δ13C compositions of BOM and POM profiles in Lake Hoare and Lake Fryxell indicate that these lakes are dominated by benthic productivity. In contrast, in Lake Bonney, the similarity of the δ13C values of BOM and POM indicates the pelagic component dominance in the carbon cycle.
Inhibition of the exo-β-1,4-glucanase from Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 by a specific monoclonal antibody

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (MAbS1) specific for exo-β-1,4-glucanase A (ExoA) from Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 was generated from homogeneous enzyme. Immunoblots showed that MAbS1 reacted strongly with the ExoA polypeptide and weakly with other polypeptides in the crude cellulase preparation from this organism. However, immunoblots of V8 protease-digested crude cellulase preparations suggest that MAbS1 also recognizes proteins in R. flavefaciens FD-1 other than ExoA, or that ExoA exists in multiple forms. Immunoprecipitations using MAbS1 and crude cellulase preparations specifically removed p- nitrophenyl -β- d - cellobiosidase (PNPCase) activity, with little removal of carboxymethylcellulase or 14 C-cellulase activities. Immunoprecipitation pellets contained the ExoA polypeptide as well as two lower-molecular-weight polypeptides which were present in much lower concentrations. The antibody is also suitably specific towards ExoA for use in affinity purification of the exoglucanase from culture supernatants of R. flavefaciens FD-1. MabS1 inhibits PNPCase (exoglucanase) activity in vitro . Moreover, the antibody when added to growing cultures of R. flavefaciens FD-1 decreased the rate and extent of cellulose hydrolysis. These data suggest that exoglucanase A is an important component of the R. flavefaciens FD-1 cellulase system. The results show that a specific monoclonal antibody directed towards ExoA inhibits the catalytic activity of this enzyme and decreases the rate and extent of cellulolysis by this microorganism. Thus, ExoA is a vital component of the cellulase system of R. flavefaciens FD-1, and its activity may be a rate-limiting step in cellulolysis.
Sexual selection, stabilizing selection and fluctuating asymmetry in two populations of pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis)

Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry of morphological traits is thought to reflect the capacity of a genotype to produce an integrated, functional phenotype. I tested three predictions. (1) In a polygynous breeding system, under intense sexual selection on males, breeding males should show greater symmetry in bilaterally symmetrical traits than non-breeding males or females. (2) If these traits are under stabilizing selection, highly symmetrical individuals also should be modal phenotypes, thus near the mean value for that trait, whereas individuals with increased asymmetry should represent marginal phenotypes, near the extremes of the distribution for that trait. (3) Differences in the intensity of sexual selection should be reflected in differences in the degree of fluctuating asymmetry between sexes among populations. I examined the relationship between male breeding status and the degree of fluctuating asymmetry of four bilaterally symmetrical traits, preorbital and preopercular pores and pectoral and pelvic fin rays, in two populations of Pecos pupfish which differed in the intensity of sexual selection. These traits do not function in male-male competition or female choice, thus are not directly affected by sexual selection. In Mirror Lake breeding males, as a group, were most symmetrical for all four traits, while non-breeding males and females showed higher levels of fluctuating asymmetry. Similarly, symmetrical individuals also represented modal phenotypes for four traits (breeding males), and for three traits (non-breeding males and females). These patterns were not seen in the Lake Francis population, where breeding males were as asymmetrical as non-breeding males and females, and the degree of fluctuating symmetry did not differ between modal and marginal phenotypes for any of the four traits. When ecological conditions favour intense sexual selection, either through female choice, male-male competition, or both, breeding males represent the most fit phenotypes. Thus sexual selection reinforces the effects of stabilizing selection on characters that do not function as secondary sexual traits. However, when sexual selection is relaxed, differences between sexes disappear.
Ingestion of Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds to Obtain a Legal High

The use of plant material to experience a hallucinogenic effect has been popular for centuries. This practice has become prevalent among adolescents but has only recently been noted in the professional literature. It is known as a legal high and the products are often marketed as such.They canbepurchased via the Internet or in local shops inmost countries in theworld, including the United States. The following case presents an acute ingestion of Hawaiian Baby Woodrose (HBW) seeds.
Broader impacts: research you can use

A number of threads of thought have come together recently having to do with how we make our research useable and useful to the world. One thread is inspired by a movement in medicine called Clinical Translational Science in which funding is given to researchers to translate basic research into guidelines, treatments, and regimens that clinicians can use. A second thread arose in reflecting about our own recent work in which we translated a theory about what makes for good distance collaboration into an online assessment tool and administered it to hundreds of people involved in remote collaboration. Upon completion of the assessment, each participant immediately gets a personalized report on the strengths of their collaboration, the challenges, and what to do about it. We get the data, and they get the help. These two threads point to making a difference, having broader impact. In this talk I will review some ways we can have an impact, both directly to people, through design practice (our clinicians), and via a myriad of other tools while doing good research. I encourage us all to spend more energy on having more direct effects on the world in which we live.
Weak-triplet, color-octet scalars and the CDF dijet excess

We extend the standard model to include a weak-triplet and color-octet scalar. This ``octo-triplet'' field consists of three particles, two charged and one neutral, whose masses and renormalizable interactions depend only on two new parameters. The charged octo-triplet decay into a $W$ boson and a gluon is suppressed by a loop factor and an accidental cancellation. Thus, the main decays of the charged octo-triplet may occur through higher-dimensional operators, mediated by a heavy vectorlike fermion, into quark pairs. For an octo-triplet mass below the $t\overline{b}$ threshold, the decay into $Wb\overline{b}$ or $Wb\overline{s}$ through an off shell top quark has a width comparable to that into $c\overline{s}$ or $c\overline{b}$. Pair production with one octo-triplet decaying into two jets and the other decaying into a $W$ and two soft $b$ jets may explain the dijet-plus-$W$ excess reported by the CDF Collaboration. Using a few kinematic distributions, we compare two mechanisms of octo-triplet pair production: through an $s$-channel coloron and through the coupling to gluons. The higher-dimensional operators that allow dijet decays also lead to $CP$ violation in ${B}_{s}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{B}}_{s}$ mixing.
PRODUCTION OF VARIABLE-ENERGY CALIBRATING RADIATION BY COMPTON SCATTERING.

Abstract Some uses of variable-energy gamma rays are described and methods of generating them are summarized. Experiments are reported on the use of one such method in calibrating scintillation detectors. Monoenergetic photons are Compton-scattered from a small object and those entering a small angle are viewed by the detector; selection of various scattering angles allows the calibrating energy to be varied at will. An apparatus is described which includes a box-like “cavity collimator” designed to eliminate radiations scattered from the laboratory walls. Pulse-height spectra obtained with the equipment are presented and the effects on them of the energy-spread inherent in the technique are discussed. The drawbacks of the method at very low and very high energies are mentioned and a method of overcoming them in the region up to 10 MeV is suggested.
Epitestosterone and 5α-Androstane-3α,17βdiol: The Characteristic Metabolites of Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione Produced by Mouse Kidney in Vitro12

Mouse kidney homogenate and its subcellular fractions were incubated with [4–14C]— androstenedione (or [4–14C]—testosterone) at pH 6.7 with and without DPNH or TPNH. Epitestosterone was the major metabolite. 5α-Androstane- 3α,17β-diol and testosterone (or androstenedione) were produced in lesser quantities. 17β-Hydroxy- 5α-androstan-3-one, androsterone, epiandrosterone, 5α-androstane-3,17-dione and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol were produced in trace amounts. Trace quantities of 5α-androstane-3α,l7α-diol and 5aandrostane- 3β,17α-diol were indicated as metabolites of androstenedione, but were not conclusively identified. Liver homogenate did not produce epitestosterone from either of the substrates. The reductase activities were localized in the cytosol except that the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone in the DPNH (but not the TPNH) system was localized in the microsomal fraction suggesting separate DPNH- and TPNHspecific 17β-reductase activities. Furthermore, substrate specific DPNH—linked 17β-re...
Anger, Hostility, and Depression in Domestically Violent versus Generally Assaultive Men and Nonviolent Control Subjects.

Anger, hostility, and depression were examined across four groups: a clinical sample of domestically violent men, two samples of more generally assaultive men, and a nonviolent control group. All subjects (N = 129) were assessed using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The domestically violent men and the generally assaultive men evidenced significantly higher levels of anger and hostility than the control subjects. The anger and hostility scores were very similar in the domestically violent and the generally assaultive men. However, the domestically violent men were more likely to be significantly depressed. The findings support the idea that anger dyscontrol is a key issue in the psychological profile of domestically violent men and indicate the need for clinical attention to depression as well as anger.
Some behavioral perspectives on the dominance of hierarchical over democratic forms of enterprise

Abstract This paper explores possible reasons why ‘participatory’ modes of organization, whole potentially viable and preferable to ‘hierarchical’ modes for a large majority of workers, may be dominated by the latter in capitalist market economies. After exploring the developmental preconditions for the evolution of a mature ‘participatory’ mode, using a behavioral approach to organizations, it is suggested that since the interest of those possessing scarce managerial skills may lie with ‘hierarchical’ firms, a ‘participatory’ sector may be uncompetitive unless rights to enter labor contracts are redefined. Thus, the analysis offers a partial explanation of the political nature of the demand for workplace democracy.
Realistic Constraints on Photonic Quantum Interferometry

We analyze the phase estimation ability of photonic N00N states propagating in a lossy medium. In such a medium a N00N state of N enangled photons cannot achieve the maximum 1/N phase estimation resolution. In fact, unless the transmittance of the medium is extremely high, a signal comprised of an attenuated separable state of N photons will produce a better phase estimate than a comparable signal of an equally attenuated N00N state. Thus, for most practical applications the resolution provided photonic N00N states is actually worse than the 1/√N Standard Quantum Limit. This performance deficit becomes more pronounced as the number of photons in the signal increases.
Community Energy: A Social Architecture for an Alternative Energy Future.

Community energy based on a mix of distributed technologies offers a serious alternative to the current energy system. The nature of community energy and the role that such initiatives might play i...
Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma: dihematoporphyrin ether uptake and photobleaching kinetics.

Results of dihematoporphryin ether (DHE) uptake and fluorescence kinetics show that the concentration in the pancreas is on the order of 40-60 μg DHE g−1 of tissue at an injected dose of 40 mg kg−1. Previously concentrations on this order have primarily been found in organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Two intra-pancreatic carcinoma models, one of acinar origin (rat) and one of ductal origin (hamster), were studied. Both showed equal or higher concentrations of DHE as compared with normal pancreas when fluorescence measurements and chemical extraction procedures were performed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of the normal pancreas and pancreatic tumors yielded atypical results. When the normal pancreas with DHE present is exposed to 630-nm light from a dye laser (75 mW cm−2, 30 min), the normal photobleaching measurable by fluorescence decay does not occur. Yet the pancreatic tumor responds with a relatively normal fluorescence decay pattern, with hemorrhaging and a resultant loss of measurable DHE concentration.
Effects of Heteroatom Substitutions on the Crystal Structure, Film Formation, and Optoelectronic Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Materials

Substitution of the heteroatoms in the aromatic end-groups of three diketopyrrolopyrrole containing small molecules is investigated to evaluate how such substitutions affect various physical properties, charge transport, and the performance in bulk heterojunction solar cells. While the optical absorption and frontier orbital energy levels are insensitive to heteroatom substitution, the materials' solubility, thermal properties, film morphology, charge carrier mobility, and photovoltaic performance are altered significantly. Differences in material properties are found to arise from changes in intra- and intermolecular interactions in the solid state caused by heteroatom substitution, as revealed by the single crystal structures of three compounds. This study demonstrates a systematic investigation of structure–property relationships in conjugated small molecules.
Distribution of Cones in Human and Monkey Retina: Individual Variability and Radial Asymmetry

The distribution of photoreceptors is known for only one complete human retina and for the cardinal meridians only in the macaque monkey retina. Cones can be mapped in computer-reconstructed whole mounts of human and monkey retina. A 2.9-fold range in maximum cone density in the foveas of young adult human eyes may contribute to individual differences in acuity. Cone distribution is radially asymmetrical about the fovea in both species, as previously described for the distribution of retinal ganglion cells and for lines of visual isosensitivity. Cone density was greater in the nasal than in the temporal peripheral retina, and this nasotemporal asymmetry was more pronounced in monkey than in human retina.
The DEK Oncogene Is a Target of Steroid Hormone Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Expression of estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors indicates a favorable prognosis due to the successful use of hormonal therapies such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. Unfortunately, 15-20% of patients will experience breast cancer recurrence despite continued use of tamoxifen. Drug resistance to hormonal therapies is of great clinical concern so it is imperative to identify novel molecular factors that contribute to tumorigenesis in hormone receptor positive cancers and/or mediate drug sensitivity. The hope is that targeted therapies, in combination with hormonal therapies, will improve survival and prevent recurrence. We have previously shown that the DEK oncogene, which is a chromatin remodeling protein, supports breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion and the maintenance of the breast cancer stem cell population. In this report, we demonstrate that DEK expression is associated with positive hormone receptor status in primary breast cancers and is up-regulated in vitro following exposure to the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and androgen. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments identify DEK as a novel estrogen receptor α (ERα) target gene whose expression promotes estrogen-induced proliferation. Finally, we report for the first time that DEK depletion enhances tamoxifen-induced cell death in ER+ breast cancer cell lines. Together, our data suggest that DEK promotes the pathogenesis of ER+ breast cancer and that the targeted inhibition of DEK may enhance the efficacy of conventional hormone therapies.
Engaging pre-service teachers in diverse communities through service-learning: a practical guide for application

Schools are becoming culturally and linguistically diverse. This means that pre-service teachers should be exposed to methods that prepare them for diverse classrooms. This article outlines a service-learning checklist that is practical and authentic to use in working with diverse communities. Faculty can adopt the checklist when infusing service-learning into their course. It is hoped that the checklist will guide faculty as they partner with culturally and linguistically diverse communities and engage in service-learning that is authentic.
The analysis of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium chlorides

Commercial production of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium chlorides has necessitated methods for their analysis. Available methods were found to be lacking in completeness. A successful scheme of analysis was worked out for determining quaternary ammonium chloride, amine hydrochloride (or free alkali), amine, and sodium chloride. The analytical procedures as described are straightforward and suitable for routine product and process control.
Effect of temperature on the starch content of potato callus tissue

Starch content was determined in Lemhi Russet callus grown on MS medium for 2 and 4 weeks at 25, 15, and 5°C with 50 μM 2,4-D or 10 μM picloram as the only plant growth regulator. A treatment of 5°C for 4 weeks followed by 25°C for 2 and 4 weeks was included to simulate reconditioning. Callus starch content ranged from 0.01 to 0.08% on a wet weight basis and 0.5 to 4.0% on a dry weight basis. Starch content was highest after 2 weeks at 25 and 15°C and decreased with time in a similar manner at both 25 and 15°C. Starch content decreased at 5°C, then increased significantly during simulated reconditioning at 25°C. Starch content was higher in callus grown with 50 μM 2,4-D than in callus grown with 10 μM picloram. After staining the callus with I2-KI solution, starch granule formation was observed in the callus grown with 50 μM 2,4-D, while little granule formation was observed in the callus grown with 10 μM picloram.
Broadband Monopole Optical Nano-Antennas

In this paper, a novel design of broadband monopole optical nano-antennas is proposed. It consists of a corrugated halfelliptical patch inside an elliptical aperture. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations have been used to investigate the performance of the nano-antenna. The predicted performance of the proposed monopole nano-antenna is remarkably broadband. Moreover, the proposed broadband nano-antenna can respond to light waves with different polarizations. The proposed optical antenna will pave the way towards the development of high performance optical antennas and optical systems.
Serine Protease HTRA1 Antagonizes Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling by Cleaving Its Receptors and Loss of HTRA1 In Vivo Enhances Bone Formation

HTRA1 is a member of the High Temperature Requirement (HTRA1) family of serine proteases, which play a role in several biological and pathological processes. In part, HTRA1 regulation occurs by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway, however the mechanism of inhibition has not been fully defined. Previous studies have shown that HTRA1 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including sites of skeletal development. HTRA1 has also been implicated in the process of bone formation, although the precise manner of regulation is still unknown. This study investigated how HTRA1 regulates TGF-β signaling and examined the in vivo effects of the loss of HTRA1. We demonstrated that recombinant HTRA1 was capable of cleaving both type II and type III TGF-β receptors (TβRII and TβRIII) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, but it did not affect the integrity of TβRI or TGF-β. Overexpression of HTRA1 led to decreased levels of both TβRII and III on the cell surface but had no effect on TβRI. Silencing HTRA1 expression significantly increased TGF-β binding to the cell surface and TGF-β responsiveness within the cell. To examine the role of HTRA1 in vivo, we generated mice with a targeted gene deletion of HTRA1. Embryonic fibroblasts isolated from these mice displayed an increase in TGF-β-induced expression of several genes known to promote bone formation. Importantly, the loss of HTRA1 in the knockout mice resulted in a marked increase in trabecular bone mass. This study has identified a novel regulatory mechanism by which HTRA1 antagonizes TGF-β signaling, and has shown that HTRA1 plays a key role in the regulation of bone formation.
In defense of the lowly scorecard: What legislator ratings can tell us about interest groups

Oh, the lowly interest group scorecard. Although it has fallen from favor with political scientists in recent decades, we contend scorecards still offer considerable potential for those engaged in interest group research. By aggregating scores across sectors of interests, we can determine under what conditions different types of groups are satisfied with Congress. In our analysis, we aggregate 105 893 ratings of US senators issued by 249 different organizations from the 106th through the 111th Congresses. By ‘flipping’ congressional scorecards on their heads, we find that public interest organizations show the lowest levels of satisfaction, regardless of which party controls the Senate. Business and professional trade associations tend to show higher levels of satisfaction with senators, except during the robust Democratic majority of the 111th Congress. And labor unions produce higher evaluations during Democratic majorities. The typical layperson may assume that groups with popular missions (those representing large populations) and lots of money or those who spend considerable amounts on political activities (for example, campaigning and lobbying) may be more satisfied with Congress. However, this study finds no relationship between group satisfaction and those factors.
Preventive Maintenance Scheduling Based on Short Circuit and Overload Currents

One of the important aspects of smart grid is to make the best use of existing assets. One way (among others) to achieve this objective is by scheduling effective maintenance routines. Abnormal conditions, including short circuits or overloads, would affect not only the exposed components, but also those farther away from the fault locations. This exposure may cause some of the components fail right away or at a later time. Therefore, the severity, frequency, and timings of system faults are important factors in planning maintenance programs. In this paper, the impact of increased current flows, in the form of short circuits and overloads, on component failure rates are studied and a maintenance scheduling model taking into account such impacts is developed. Using the developed model, the optimum mean time to preventive maintenance is derived and used to maximize the components availability. Results of this paper would help in preventing damage to the equipment by optimally scheduling maintenance programs based on short circuit current levels of the system.
Structural properties of the solidified-Al/regrown-Si structures of printed Al contacts on crystalline Si solar cells

Structural properties of the solidified-Al/regrown-Si structures of screen-printed aluminum contacts on a crystalline silicon solar cell have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM results revealed that the solidified-Al/regrown-Si boundary is sharply defined except for the local silicon protrusion. A possible mechanism for forming the Si protrusion has been discussed. The results presented in this study suggested that the back-surface field (BSF) layer is the result of the regrown silicon, and the amount of the dissolved Si upon firing is responsible for the BSF thickness.
The effect of mild stress during pregnancy on birthweight and neuromotor maturation in rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta)

This prospective study investigated whether mild maternal stress during pregnancy could influence performance on a variety of developmental measures in rhesus monkey infants ( Macaca mulatta ). Twenty-four infants were tested during the first month of life for interactive, neuromotor, and temperamental characteristics and capabilities using instruments adapted directly from human neonatal assessments. Twelve infants were derived from mothers exposed during pregnancy to a mild stressor in the form of a daily 10-min removal from home cage and exposure to three unpredictable noise stimuli. Twelve infants were derived from mothers undisturbed during pregnancy. Prenatally stressed infants had lower birthweights, were delayed in self-feeding, were more distractible, and had lower scores on a Motor Maturity composite score when compared to offspring from undisturbed pregnancies. Close inspection of the Motor Maturity score revealed that low muscle tonus, poor coordination, and slow response speed characterized the prenatally stressed offspring.
António Salazar and the Reversal of Portuguese Colonial Policy

This article has argued that under Antonio Salazar Portuguese colonial policy was altered from one which envisaged the ultimate growth and development of the African colonies to one which emphasized colonial stability. Between 1928 and 1930 he took steps to diminish the role of foreign capital in the colonies, weaken the influence of special interest groups, restrict Portuguese emigration to the colonies, and bring colonial autonomy to an end. As a result of these measures, Salazar ensured that metropolitan Portugal would be the chief beneficiary of the exploitation of the Portuguese colonies.
Why stop calling? A study of unison bout singing in a Neotropical treefrog

Abstract Chorusing males of the Neotropical treefrog, Hyla microcephala , call in distinct bouts punctuated by periods of silence, known as unison bout singing. Previous studies of the calling energetics of frogs do not support the idea that males periodically stop calling because of high muscle lactate levels. Three additional hypotheses of why calling periodically ceases were tested. A two-stimulus female choice experiment failed to support the hypothesis that females prefer males that call cyclically. Playback experiments with males in the field rejected the hypothesis that males stop calling because of high ambient noise. Rather, data indirectly supported the hypothesis that males cease calling to save energy. Male H. microcephala adjust the timing of notes in their multi-note calls when interrupted by notes of other males. The flexibility of note timing was tested by interrupting males with call-triggered computer-generated advertisement calls of 20–1000 ms. The vocal behaviour of the frogs reduced acoustic interference significantly for most stimulus durations and probably allows males to minimize note overlap with their closest neighbours in the chorus while continuing to call when chorus noise levels are high.