cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of acid cocatalysis in syntheses of tetraphenylporphyrin

The condensation of pyrrole and benzaldehyde has generally been carried out with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)(20-50 mM), BF3-etherate (1 mM), or more recently with BF3-etherate in the presence of a salt. Differences in the reaction course with TFA or BF3-etherate prompted studies of the combined use of BF3-etherate and TFA. We found that the reaction of pyrrole + benzaldehyde (10 mM each) cocatalyzed by TFA (15 mM) and BF3-etherate (0.3 mM) provided tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) in yields of 50–55%, compared with 40% or 26%, respectively, from optimal catalysis by TFA (20 mM) or BF3-etherate (1 mM) individually. Examination of the oligomer composition (LD-MS), yield of TPP (UV-vis), yield of N-confused TPP (HPLC), and level of unreacted aldehyde (TLC) in the cocatalytic reaction indicated a reaction course that contained features of those observed with each acid individually. Cocatalysis also was observed with methanol (50 mM) and BF3-etherate (1.0 mM), which gave TPP in ~40% yield. The beneficial effect of an...
Academic Performance of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Served in a Self-Contained Setting

This study describes the academic, social, and behavioral performance of elementary and secondary students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) receiving services in a self-contained school for students with serious behavior problems, with an emphasis on how school adjustment and problem behavior patterns predict academic performance. Results revealed that elementary and secondary group scores were well below the 25th percentile on reading, math, and written expression measures. Further, a seven variable model representing academic, social, and behavioral domains was able to differentiate between age groups explaining 54% of the variance and correctly classifying 78.26% (n = 18) of the elementary students and 84.21% (n = 16) of the secondary students. Findings also suggested that behavioral variables (e.g., school adjustment, externalizing, and internalizing) were predictive of broad reading and broad written expression scores, with school adjustment (a protective factor) accounting for the most variance in the three-variable model. Limitations and recommendations for future research are addressed.
Soybean seed coat cup unloading on plants with low-raffinose, low-stachyose seeds

Sucrose, raffinose and stachyose accumulate in soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] embryos during seed maturation. To determine the relationship of plant maternal composition on seed composition, soluble carbohydrates in three 1-cm2 leaf punches at three plant growth stages (R2, R3, R6) and in seed coat cup exudates in planta were analysed at four 30-min intervals on soybean plants (R5) with low-raffinose, low-stachyose (LRS) seeds expressing the mutant stc1 phenotype; low-raffinose, low-stachyose and low-phytin (LRSP1, LRSP2) seeds expressing the mutant mips phenotype; or normal raffinose, stachyose and phytin (CHECK) seeds expressing the Stc1 and Mips phenotype. Leaf sucrose (23.6 μg cm− 2), myo-inositol (9.3 μg cm− 2), d-chiro-inositol (6.7 μg cm− 2), d-ononitol (0.76 μg cm− 2), d-pinitol (50.1 μg cm− 2) and total soluble carbohydrates (107.1 μg cm− 2) were not significantly different between phenotypes. d-chiro-Inositol, myo-inositol, d-pinitol and sucrose were unloaded from soybean seed coat cups in planta at decreasing rates over the four sequential periods of sampling. Unloading rates of sucrose and myo-inositol were highest for LRS, d-pinitol was highest for LRSP2, and d-chiro-inositol was not different between LRS, LRSP1, LRSP2 and CHECK. Free cyclitols were 60% of total soluble carbohydrates in leaves and 20% in seed coat cup exudates. Except for sucrose and d-pinitol, seed phenotype had little influence on the composition of compounds unloaded from seed coats to maturing embryos of low-raffinose, low-stachyose seeds. Maternally supplied cyclitols may contribute, in part, to changes in the composition of cyclitol galactosides stored in mature seeds.
A Divided America? Examining the Polarization of the Electorate from 1974 to 2004

To what extent are Americans divided in terms of their liberal and conservative preferences? Have their opinions become more polarized over time? Much of the recent literature on voter polarization suggests that there are far fewer moderate voters in the United States today compared to in the recent past, and that the country is in the midst of a massive “culture war” between liberals and conservatives. By examining public opinion polls taken from the 1970s until today, this analysis finds that in contrast to the suggestions that these authors make in regards to voter polarization, American voters have not steadily become less moderate since the 1970s. Rather, the level of polarization in America has tended to rise and fall over time depending on the political situation in the country. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol12/iss1/5
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Mediates Alveolar Macrophage Response to Pneumocystis murina

The innate immune response to Pneumocystis infection is not well understood. In this study, normal C57BL/6 mouse alveolar macrophages were found to respond to Pneumocystis murina organisms through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), leading to the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2). P. murina stimulation of normal alveolar macrophages from C57BL/6 mice resulted in increased TLR2 transcription but not increased TLR4 transcription. In gain-of-function studies with HEK293 cells expressing TLR2 or TLR4, only TLR2 was found to stimulate an NF-κB response to P. murina. TNF-α and MIP-2 production in response to P. murina by mouse alveolar macrophages was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody that specifically blocked the ligand-binding ability of TLR2. Alveolar macrophages from TLR2 knockout (TLR2−/−) mice showed little increase in TNF-α and MIP-2 mRNA levels upon P. murina stimulation. An in vivo study showed that TLR2−/− mice challenged with P. murina had reduced cytokine responses. These results indicate that TLR2 plays a major role in the innate immune response to P. murina.
Conflict in the Modern Teotihuacan Irrigation System

In recent years a number of investigators have been concerned with the antiquity of irrigation agriculture in central Mexico and its possible relationship to processes of social and political differentiation in the ancient urban civilizations of that region. Because of its strategic role in the prehistory of Middle America, attention has centered on the Basin of Mexico in the Mexican central plateau. The semi-arid Valley of Teotihuacan, in the northwestern part of the Basin, has been of special concern because it was the locus of the enormous city of Teotihuacan, one of the most powerful and influential centers in Middle America during a large part of the first millenium of the Christian era. Studies to date have dealt largely with historical and archaeological evidence bearing on this problem.
A Full Duplex Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) offers a new mechanism for flexible usage of radio spectrum. This paper presents a full-duplex multi-channel MAC protocol designed for CR enabled multi-hop networks. Each node is equipped with at least two transceivers, one for transmitting and another for receiving. A node selects an unused frequency band as its home channel (HCh) and tunes its receiver to its HCh. When a node j has a packet to transmit to its neighbor i, node j tunes its transmitter to the HCh of node i and sends the packet(s) to node i using CSMA/CA scheme of IEEE 802.11 DCF mode. The protocol has two flavors: (a) With a common control channel which requires 3 transceivers and (b) without the control channel. Simulation studies show that the proposed protocol outperforms IEEE 802.11 DCF mode by a factor of 20.
Toward Measuring Instructional Interactions “At-Scale”

This study explores two approaches to directly measuring the quality of instruction: teachers' assignments with student work and focused lesson observations. The technical quality and potential feasibility of these approaches for measuring instruction in large numbers of classrooms are compared within two different content areas (reading comprehension and mathematics). Generalizability and decision studies determined the optimal number of observations and assignments needed to obtain a reliable measure of a teacher's practice, and the association of these direct measures of instructional quality with student achievement was estimated. For both content areas, four assignments assessed by two raters yielded a reliable estimate of quality and as few as two observations yielded a reliable estimate of quality when teachers complied with the requirements of the research. The quality of observed instruction and teachers' assignments differentially predicted gains in students' achievement on the Stanford Achievem...
A Wavelet Shrinkage Approach to Tomographic Image Reconstruction

Abstract A method is proposed for reconstructing images from tomographic data with respect to a two-dimensional wavelet basis. The Wavelet-vaguelette decomposition (WVD) is used as a framework within which expressions for the necessary wavelet coefficients may be derived. These coefficients are calculated using a version of the filtered back-projection algorithm as a computational tool, in a multiresolution fashion. The necessary filters are defined in terms of the underlying wavelets. Denoising is accomplished through an adaptation of the wavelet shrinkage (WS) approach of Donoho et al. and amounts to a form of regularization. Combining these two steps yields the proposed WVD/WS reconstruction algorithm, which is compared to the traditional filtered backprojection method in a small study.
HIV-1 expression induces cyclin D1 expression and pRb phosphorylation in infected podocytes: cell-cycle mechanisms contributing to the proliferative phenotype in HIV-associated nephropathy.

Background The aberrant cell-cycle progression of HIV-1-infected kidney cells plays a major role in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy, however the mechanisms whereby HIV-1 induces infected glomerular podocytes or infected tubular epithelium to exit quiescence are largely unknown. Here, we ask whether the expression of HIV-1 genes in infected podocytes induces cyclin D1 and phospho-pRb (Ser780) expression, hallmarks of cyclin D1-mediated G1 → S phase progression.
Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator – By Geoffrey Jensen

General Francisco Franco joined the July 1936 rebellion of army officers who, early in the Spanish Civil War, installed him as Spain's chief of state. In the preface, Geoffrey Jensen acknowledges t...
Influence of position errors on tumor control in external beam therapy of prostate cancer: concepts of TCP maps and probability densities

Purpose/Objective: The overall objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that position uncertainty significantly affects tumor control probability (TCP) in some of the current theoretical models of tumor biology. The purpose of this work was to systematically explore the relevance of position errors to TCP using a TCP model, which accounts for the variability of radiosensitivity in the clonogen population.
Higher-dimensional Bell inequalities with noisy qudits

Generalizations of the classic Bell inequality to higher-dimensional quantum systems known as qudits are reputed to exhibit a higher degree of robustness to noise but such claims are based on one particular noise model. We analyze the violation of the Collins-Gisin-Linden-Massar-Popescu inequality subject to more realistic noise sources and their scaling with dimension. This analysis is inspired by potential Bell inequality experiments with superconducting resonator-based qudits. We find that the robustness of the inequality to noise generally decreases with increasing qudit dimension.
The Ebb Tide of Capitalism?: Schumpeter's Prophecy Re-examined

I. Introduction, 448. — II. Crises and social change, 451. — III. Some major crises in the United States, 455. — IV. The present problem, 459. — V. Conclusion. 462.
Proximal tubule-targeted heme oxygenase-1 in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron. The beneficial effects of HO-1 expression are not merely due to degradation of the pro-oxidant heme but are also credited to the by-products that have potent, protective effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prosurvival properties. This is well reflected in the preclinical animal models of injury in both renal and nonrenal settings. However, excessive accumulation of the by-products can be deleterious and lead to mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. Therefore, use of the HO system in alleviating injury merits a targeted approach. Based on the higher susceptibility of the proximal tubule segment of the nephron to injury, we generated transgenic mice using cre-lox technology to enable manipulation of HO-1 (deletion or overexpression) in a cell-specific manner. We demonstrate the validity and feasibility of these mice by breeding them with proximal tubule-specific Cre transgenic mice. Similar to previous reports using chemical modulators and global transgenic mice, we demonstrate that whereas deletion of HO-1, specifically in the proximal tubules, aggravates structural and functional damage during cisplatin nephrotoxicity, selective overexpression of HO-1 in proximal tubules is protective. At the cellular level, cleaved caspase-3 expression, a marker of apoptosis, and p38 signaling were modulated by HO-1. Use of these transgenic mice will aid in the evaluation of the effects of cell-specific HO-1 expression in response to injury and assist in the generation of targeted approaches that will enhance recovery with reduced, unwarranted adverse effects.
Nitrilase 1 modulates lung tumor progression in vitro and in vivo

// Yong Antican Wang 1 , Yunguang Sun 2, 5 , Justin M. Le Blanc 1 , Charalambos Solomides 3 , Tingting Zhan 4 , Bo Lu 1 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA 2 Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA 3 Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA 4 Department of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA 5 Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA Correspondence to: Bo Lu, e-mail: bo.lu@jefferson.edu Keywords: NIT1, lung cancer, KRAS, NSCLC, tumor suppressor Received: October 01, 2015 Accepted: January 23, 2016 Published: March 10, 2016 ABSTRACT Uncovering novel growth modulators for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may lead to new therapies for these patients. Previous studies suggest Nit1 suppresses chemically induced carcinogenesis of the foregut in a mouse model. In this study we aimed to determine the role of Nit1 in a transgenic mouse lung cancer model driven by a G12D Kras mutation. Nit1 knockout mice (Nit1 −/− ) were crossed with Kras G12D/+ mice to investigate whether a G12D Kras mutation and Nit1 inactivation interact to promote or inhibit the development of NSCLC. We found that lung tumorigenesis was suppressed in the Nit1-null background (Nit1 −/− :Kras G12D/+ ). Micro-CT scans and gross tumor measurements demonstrated a 5-fold reduction in total tumor volumes compared to Nit1 +/+ Kras G12D/+ (p<0.01). Furthermore, we found that Nit1 is highly expressed in human lung cancer tissues and cell lines and use of siRNA against Nit1 decreased overall cell survival of lung cancer cells in culture. In addition, cisplatin response was enhanced in human lung cancer cells when Nit1 was knocked down and Nit1 −/− :Kras G12D/+ tumors showed increased sensitivity to cisplatin in vivo . Together, our data indicate that Nit1 may play a supportive role in the modulation of lung tumorigenesis and represent a novel target for NSCLCs treatment.
Policy Responsiveness in Local Government: Adoption of Smoke-free Policies in U.S. Counties

Whether U.S. county governments are responsive to their policy environments is a critical question in light of evidence that counties have expanded their policy portfolios and governmental professi...
ELEMENTARY SOURCES: LATENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS FOR MUSIC COMPOSITION

Complexity of music audio signals creates an access problem to specific musical objects or structures within the sour ce samples. Instead of employing more commonly used audio analysis or production techniques to access features, we describe extraction of sub-mixtures from real-world audio using a Probabilistic Latent Component Analysis-based decomposition tool for music composition. This is highlighted with the presentation of a prior relevant compositional approach named Spectral Music along with a discussion of five compositions extending these principles using methods more commonly associated with source separation research.
Analysis of β-Carotene in Medical Food by Liquid Chromatography with Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion

A liquid chromatographic method is described for analysis of beta-carotene in medical food. The nutrient is extracted from medical food without saponification by matrix solid-phase dispersion and quantitated by isocratic normal-phase chromatography with a Si 60 column and a mobile phase of hexane containing 0.125% (v/v) isopropyl alcohol. The limit of quantitation is 0.02 microgram/mL at 436 nm. Standard response was linear over the concentration range of 0.02-1.0 microgram/mL (r2 = 0.99998). Recoveries were determined on a zero control reference material containing added beta-carotene at various levels. Recoveries averaged 91.2% (n = 25) with coefficients of variation from 0.50 to 3.10%. The method provides a rapid, specific, sensitive, and easily controlled assay for analysis of beta-carotene in fortified medical food. In addition, retinyl palmitate can be assayed simultaneously with an in-line fluorescence detector.
Abstract 3529: BET bromodomain proteins regulate the canonical WNT signaling and drug resistance in colorectal cancer

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA The canonical WNT signaling is aberrantly activated in the vast majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) and results in activation of beta-catenin and its downstream target MYC. These two oncogenic transcription factors play central roles in CRC pathogenesis, but are refractory to direct pharmacological interventions. The recurrent mutations of APC or β-catenin in CRC also limit the utilities of currently available WNT inhibitors that mostly target upstream regulators. The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family epigenetic readers recently emerged as a key regulator of MYC expression. In the present study, we demonstrated that BET proteins regulated beta-catenin-mediated MYC expression in CRC. Inhibition of BET proteins repressed activities of both wild type and constitutively active β-catenin mutants. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of BET proteins broadly impaired proliferation and survival in CRC cells, including KRAS or BRAF-mutant lines. Furthermore, BET bromodomain inhibitors synergistically sensitized CRC cells to inhibitors of the MAPK pathway. The ability of BET inhibitors to augment the efficacy of the MAPK pathway inhibitors is potentially secondary to altered balance among pro-survival and pro-apoptotic regulators. Using KRAS- or BRAF-mutant CRC xenograft models, we showed that a combination of BET inhibitor and MEK inhibitor, but not either agent alone, induced significant tumor regression. Our findings suggest that BET-based epigenetic therapy can be utilized as an alternative approach to block the canonical WNT signaling in CRC and potentially other human cancers, in particular those carrying APC or beta-catenin mutations. Our results also identify a novel combination therapy for treating CRCs, including those refractory to currently available therapeutic options. Citation Format: Lihong Wang, Yufang Ma, Ethan Lee, Jialiang Wang. BET bromodomain proteins regulate the canonical WNT signaling and drug resistance in colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3529. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3529
Cerebral cortical oxygenation and perfusion during Hetastarch hemodilution.

Clinically, hemodilution may be induced under various circumstances such as intraoperatively during cariopulmonary bypass (1) or therapeutically (2,3). However, aside from its clear-cut efficacy in polycythemic patients (3) and in other pathologic circumstances (2), there is some doubt as to whether tissue oxygenation is improved by hemodilution to subnormal hematocrits (4). With regard to oxygen delivery to the myocardium, Lundsgaard-Hansen (4) concluded that hemodilution should not exceed the lower normal range of hemoglobin or hematocrit (Hct), namely, 12.0 to 12.5% and 35 to 36%, respectively. Our aim in this study was to determine the effects of progressive, normovolemic hemodilution with hydroxy ethyl starch over Hct ranging from 40 to 5% on cerebral cortical oxygenation and perfusion.
The Discourse of National Identity among Victorian Travellers

In so far as travellers from Britain were encouraged to carry a Foreign Office passport, it is surprising that any confusion about their national identity should have existed. All such documents stated very clearly that the bearers were ‘British subjects’. Yet ambiguity greeted British travellers upon their setting foot on the closest foreign shore. Whether in Calais or any other part of Europe, British subjects were, despite their passports, universally thought of and referred to as ‘English’. As noted above, this use of ‘English’ was no doubt a result of Europeans Identifying the English — rather than British — language spoken by travellers from Britain. They often referred to American travellers as ‘English’ for the same reason.
Subunit Exchange and Activation of Human CaMKII Variants

Ca2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) assembles into an oligomeric ring in which the kinase domains are organized around a central hub. Notably, the stimulated activity of CaMKII persists even after the withdrawal of a calcium stimulus. CaMKII acquires this Ca2+-independent activity at a threshold frequency and this property is implicated in long-term potentiation (LTP). Indeed, transgenic mice expressing mutant versions of CaMKII have limited LTP and defects in learning and memory. We have previously shown that CaMKII has a remarkable property, which is that activation of CaMKII triggers the exchange of subunits between holoenzymes, including inactive ones, enabling the Ca2+-independent activation of neighboring subunits. Our results have implications for an earlier idea that subunit exchange in CaMKII may have relevance for long-term memory formation. These studies were done using primarily human CaMKIIα, isoform 2. There are four human CaMKII genes, CaMKIIα and β are found in the brain, CaMKIIδ is in the heart, and CaMKIIγ is found throughout the body. Each of these genes has several splice variants encoding ∼20 different isoforms. The primary difference between these isoforms is in the composition and length of the variable linker domain that connects the kinase to the hub. Previous studies have shown that the length of this linker determines the threshold frequency for activation. A comprehensive biochemical study of existing human CaMKII isoforms has not been completed. We have expanded our study of frequency activation and subunit exchange to the remaining isoforms of CaMKII in order to investigate whether these properties are ubiquitous and why specific isoforms are selectively expressed in different cell types. Our new data show that as the variable linker domain is lengthened, less CaM is needed for activation. However, above a certain linker length, there is no added effect.
Attachment and relationship satisfaction among first married, remarried, and post-divorce relationships

This study examined relationship satisfaction and adult attachment in a sample of 562 participants: 340 in a first marriage (60.5%); 122 separated/divorced from their first spouse (21.7%); and 100 in a second marriage (17.8%). For participants in a relationship (dating or married), findings indicated no differences between groups on relationship satisfaction; instead, attachment served as a better predictor of satisfaction. Further, no differences existed when comparing first- and second-married participants on attachment. Differences existed between separated/divorced participants and first- and second-married participants on most attachment indexes; similarities existed between separated/divorce and second-married participants on levels of preoccupation and model of self. When comparing non-dating and dating separated/divorced participants, dating participants reported higher secure attachment and models of others and lower fearful attachment. Clinical and research implications will be discussed. Practitioner points Contrary to most extant literature, attachment styles and behaviour may be a better predictor of relationship satisfaction than relationship type (e.g. first vs. second marriage) Consider the important role of attachment within relationships throughout adulthood and how attachment styles may differ in different types of relationships Attachment frameworks should be used when developing interventions for couples to increase relationship satisfaction and attachment security
Shedding Some Localic and Linguistic Light on the Tetralemma Conundrums

Numerous authors over the centuries have puzzled over what has been called the Buddhist paradigm of catuṣkoṭi. A classic example: the four statements, considered both mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive, (i) the Tathāgata exists after death; (ii) the Tathāgata does not exist after death; (iii) the Tathāgata both does and does not exist after death; (iv) the Tathāgata neither does nor does not exist after death.
Random copolymers that protect proteins.

Scientists have tried and in some limited cases succeeded to harness proteins to do chemistry ( 1 ) or use them in functional materials. However, most proteins only function correctly if they fold into specific conformations, which typically occurs with the assistance of other proteins (such as chaperones, translocons, or transporters) that mediate structure formation, membrane insertion, and intracellular trafficking ( 2 , 3 ). Several methods have been used to improve protein stability in nonbiological environments—including micelle encapsulation, polymer conjugation, and sol-gel trapping ( 4 )—but for most intended applications, they suffer from low levels of functionality, difficult chemical postfunctionalization, or the requirement of very specific solvent environments. On page 1239 of this issue, Panganiban et al. ( 5 ) introduce an approach for stabilizing proteins in disparate solvent environments that does not suffer from these drawbacks.
Effects of methamphetamine exposure on anxiety-like behavior in the open field test, corticosterone, and hippocampal tyrosine hydroxylase in adolescent and adult mice

Abstract Methamphetamine (MA) is a psychomotor stimulant drug that can alter behavior, the stress response system, and the dopaminergic system. The effects of MA can be modulated by age, however relatively little research has examined the acute effects of MA in adolescents and how the effects compare to those found in adults. The hippocampal dopamine system is altered by MA exposure and can modulate anxiety-like behavior, but the effects of MA on the hippocampal dopamine system have not been well studied, especially in adolescent animals. In order to assess potential age differences in the effects of MA exposure, this research examined the effects of acute MA exposure on locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in the open field test, plasma corticosterone levels, and hippocampal total tyrosine hydroxylase and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase levels in adolescent and adult male C57BL/6 J mice. Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine and was used as a marker of the hippocampal dopaminergic system. Mice were exposed to saline or 4 mg/kg MA and locomotor and anxiety-like behavior were measured in the open field test. Serum and brains were collected immediately after testing and plasma corticosterone and hippocampal total tyrosine hydroxylase and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase levels measured. MA-exposed mice showed increased locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in the open field test compared with saline controls, regardless of age. There was no effect of MA on plasma corticosterone levels or hippocampal total tyrosine hydroxylase or phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase levels in either adolescent or adult mice. These data suggest that acute MA exposure during adolescence and adulthood increases locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior but does not alter plasma corticosterone levels or hippocampal total tyrosine hydroxylase or phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase levels, and that these effects are not modulated by age.
Anxiety disorders: dental implications.

Anxiety disorders are the most frequently found psychiatric problem in the general population. The most common anxiety disorders are phobias, panic attack, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. Recent terrorist attacks in the U.S. have had a marked impact on the mental health status of individuals directly affected by the attacks as well as those who were far from the scenes of destruction. To provide effective dental care, the dentist must be able to identify anxious patients and deal with their anxiety. This process may involve referring the patient for medical evaluation and treatment of very severe cases of anxiety. In most cases, the dentist can manage the patient by using behavioral and/or pharmacologic means.
A Theory of Mathematical Modelling in Technological Settings

A theory of mathematical modelling in education is offered, based on Dewey’s description of inquiry. One aim is that a model provide a mapping between two stages of experience, rather than necessarily a mapping to a particular version of reality; a second aim is that it prepare students for further inquiry and reasoning experience. Two clinical interviews of students engaged in modelling provide examples of progress from an indeterminate to a determinate situation, and of modelling’s potential in differentiated instruction.
Radiation recovery agents: Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), or Fe(III) 3,5-diisopropylsalicylate complexes facilitate recovery from ionizing radiation induced radical mediated tissue damage.

Pathological consequences of human exposure to increasing doses of ionizing radiation: Hematopoietic, Gastrointestinal, and Central Nervous System syndromes, are rather well understood.1 Bone marrow aplasia and loss of immunocompetency with low (2 to 10 Gray) doses of irradiation, gastrointestinal ulceration and systemic infection with higher radiation doses, and loss of brain function with still higher doses account for the diminishing duration of survival following exposure to increasing doses of ionizing radiation.
Learning with Latent Label Hierarchy from Incomplete Multi-Label Data

Exploiting hierarchical label structure for multi-label classification can significantly improve classification performance and also benefit the labeling process. Existing work either can not make use of such structure or assume the hierarchy is given as a prior. In practice, such hierarchy is not always available beforehand and it is desirable to learn it from data. Moreover, the labels in the training data may be incomplete due to inconsistent labeling process, which raises another learning challenge. This paper studies multi-label learning with a latent label hierarchy and incomplete label assignments. Our goal is to simultaneously learn the hierarchy as well as a multi-label classifier given the input features and incomplete label assignments. We propose a probabilistic model that captures the hierarchical structure and the incompleteness of the labels and introduce an Expectation-Maximization (EM) procedure for maximum likelihood estimation.
A Systematic Review of Interventions to Address Inappropriate Masturbation for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Other Developmental Disabilities

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities (ASD/DD) may engage in socially inappropriate masturbation that puts them or others at risk for harm. This may lead professionals, parents, and other stakeholders to intervene in ways that suppress safe, socially appropriate, and gratifying masturbation. Single case experimental intervention research may support prevention of inappropriate masturbation as well as increasing access to specialized instruction for safe and socially appropriate masturbation by individuals with ASD/DD. We conducted a systematic literature review of single case experimental interventions research focused on inappropriate masturbation by individuals with ASD/DD. We found limited experimental studies published over the past 40 years. Various approaches were used to reduce inappropriate masturbation and/or increase appropriate masturbation. Relatively few studies included methods to prevent inappropriate masturbation, and a majority of studies used multi-faceted interventions. We also found a reduction in the use of punishment procedures over time. Studies were subjected to quality appraisal using What Works Clearinghouse standards and revealed relatively few studies of high methodological rigor. Implications for research and practice are discussed in light of the limited evidence and ethical considerations.
Economic Injustice and the Rhetoric of the American Dream

Attempting to explain the vast levels of income and wealth inequality in America today is a daunting task. Compounding this endeavor by also attempting to explain the rise of Donald J. Trump is ano...
Ceiling Fan-Related Head Injuries in Children: A Queensland Neurosurgical Experience.

Introduction Ceiling fans are a widespread energy-efficient appliance required for managing the sweltering weather extremes encountered in northern Australian states including Queensland. Ceiling fans are also a rare cause of serious head injury in children requiring neurosurgical intervention. There is limited available evidence on the presentation, mechanism, and management of these injuries. Methods A retrospective analysis of children who suffered ceiling fan injuries admitted to the Queensland Children's Hospital, a level-1 paediatric trauma hospital in Brisbane, Queensland, under the neurosurgery unit from November 2014 to July 2018 was performed. Results Seventeen children (64.7% male) with a mean age of 4.24 years (range 0.66-7.25) sustained ceiling fan injuries requiring neurosurgical management during this period. Children were injured following being accidentally lifted or thrown into the ceiling fan path; jumping, playing, climbing, or being pushed from a bunk bed; or climbing on other furniture. All patients suffered skull fractures (88.2% depressed), and 65% suffered extra-axial or intracerebral haemorrhage. Operative management was required in 76.5% of the patients. No patients suffered adverse outcomes, and no complications, including infections, were recorded. Conclusions Despite their rarity, paediatric ceiling fan injuries requiring neurosurgical management are a cause of significant morbidity. Surgical management targeted elevation of depressed fractures and washout of open fractures rather than evacuation of intracranial collections. Almost all included patients required transfer with associated social and economic implications. Such injuries are largely preventable with improved supervision and safety awareness. Hazard modification may be extended to regulatory changes or improved ceiling fan design.
A Small Geiger Counter Array

The Balloon Assisted Stratospheric Experiments (BASE) program at DePauw University has flown Geiger counters on more than forty flights since November 2006. Currently, three RM-60 Geiger counters from Aware Electronics are used in the array. The signal from each counter is fed to a 555 based one-shot circuit to produce a clean pulse. The pulse outputs are processed by an array of Basic STAMP microprocessors from Parallax Corporation. Data is stored in the non-volatile memory of each STAMP microprocessor.
Early Post-stroke Cognition: In-hospital Predictors and the Association With Functional Outcome.

Purpose: To characterize and predict early post-stroke cognitive impairment by describing cognitive changes in stroke patients 4-8 weeks post-infarct, determining the relationship between cognitive ability and functional status at this early time point, and identifying the in-hospital risk factors associated with early dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Data were collected for 214 patients with ischemic stroke and 39 non-stroke controls. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) exams were administered at post-hospitalization clinic visits approximately 4-8 weeks after infarct. MoCA scores were compared for patients with: no stroke, minor stroke [NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 6, and left-sided infarct predicted a follow-up MoCA 6 and infarct volume > 17 cc predicted a MoCA < 19 (c-statistic 0.75) at follow-up. Conclusion: Many patients experience early post-stroke cognitive dysfunction that significantly impacts function during a critical time period for decision-making regarding return to work and future independence. Dysfunction measured at 4-8 weeks can be predicted during the inpatient hospitalization. These high-risk individuals should be identified for targeted rehabilitation and counseling to improve longer-term post-stroke outcomes.
Agronomic management of industrial hemp alters foliar traits and herbivore performance

Agronomic management decisions can alter plant foliar traits, especially nutritional quality, with potential to influence plant–herbivore interactions. Herbivores balance consumption of plant tissue for nutritional gains related to growth and development while contending with plant traits that may deter herbivory or are toxic. This study evaluates the influence of management decisions on the foliar quality of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) and the impact on the performance of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). We included three common management decisions in this study: fertilization rate, cultivar choice, and planting date. In a no-choice feeding trial, fall armyworm larvae were fed leaves of field-grown hemp from three different cultivars that received different rates of fertilizer and were planted on two different dates. We quantified levels of foliar nitrogen, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, leaf mass per unit area, and concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, and determined the influence of foliar quality on herbivore performance. Fertilization rate, cultivar, and the interactions of planting date with both fertilization rate and cultivar influenced multiple aspects of hemp foliar quality. Overall, fertilization had the largest influence on foliar quality and subsequent herbivore performance. Variation in foliar traits influenced herbivore performance. Foliar nitrogen had a positive impact on fall armyworm performance and the ratios of carbon and total cannabinoids to nitrogen had negative impacts on fall armyworm performance. Our findings show that management decisions in industrial hemp can affect plant–insect interactions through changes in foliar quality. These outcomes suggest that developing crop management recommendations for pest management will be important for a re-emerging crop like industrial hemp.
Effects of Conformational Variation on Structural Insights from Solution-Phase Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra contain information on the chemical structure on nanoparticle surfaces through the position and alignment of molecules with the electromagnetic near field. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) can provide the Raman tensors needed for a detailed interpretation of SERS spectra. Here, the impact of molecular conformations on SERS spectra is considered. TDDFT calculations of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with five conformers produced more accurate unenhanced Raman spectra than a simple all-trans structure. The calculations and measurements also demonstrated a loss of structural information in the CH2/CH3 scissor vibration band at 1450 cm-1 in the SERS spectra. To study lipid bilayers, TDDFT calculations on conformers of methyl phosphorylcholine and cis-5-decene served as models for the symmetric choline stretch in the lipid headgroup and the C═C stretch in the acyl chains of 1,2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Conformer considerations enabled a measurement of the distribution of double-bond orientations with an order parameter of SC═C = 0.53.
Machine Learning in the Hands of a Malicious Adversary: A Near Future If Not Reality1

Machine learning and artificial intelligence are being adopted to varying applications for automation and flexibility. Cyber security to be no different, researchers and engineers have been investigating the use of data‐driven technologies to harden the security of cyberinfrastructure and the possibility of attackers exploiting vulnerabilities in such technology (e.g. adversarial machine learning). However, not much work has investigated how attackers might try to take advantage of machine learning and AI technology against us. This chapter discusses the potential advances in targeted attacks through the utilization of machine learning techniques. In this chapter, we introduce a new concept of AI‐driven malware which advances already sophisticated cyber threats (i.e. advanced targeted attacks) that are on the rise. Furthermore, we demonstrate our prototype AI‐driven malware, built on top of a set of statistical learning technologies, on two distinct cyber‐physical systems (i.e. the Raven‐II surgical robot and a building automation system). Our experimental results demonstrate that with the support of AI technology, malware can mimic human attackers in deriving attack payloads that are custom to the target system and in determining the most opportune time to trigger the attack payload so to maximize the chance of success in realizing the malicious intent. No public records report a real threat driven by machine learning models. However, such advanced malware might already exist and simply remain undetected. We hope this chapter motivates further research on advanced offensive technologies, not to favor the adversaries, but to know them and be prepared.
Controversy, Context, and Theory: David Zarefsky on Political Argumentation

Since the Greeks initiated the study of argumentation, scholars have recognized the importance of developing general theories that described and provided norms for testing argumentation, while also recognizing that any argument must be understood as shaped by context and purpose. Contemporary research on fields, spheres, contexts, forums, controversies, as well as particular case studies reflects the ongoing need for both generalizable theory and for analyses that include the particular forces shaping argument of the moment. While argument scholars long have recognized the importance of focusing on both theory and practice, achieving a balance between these approaches has proved difficult. One of the criticisms of the theoretical literature on argument fields, for instance, is that the theories are not always generalizable to particular cases. On the other hand, a case-study of a particular controversy may carefully describe the argumentative encounter without revealing anything about argumentation in general. In the introduction to Political Argumentation in the United States, David Zarefsky recognizes this conflict, noting that his research has fallen at ‘‘the intersection’’ of the study of argumentation and public address. Something very interesting happens in the writings of Zarefsky, however, at this point of intersection—he melds a careful analysis of a given case with judicious use of theory to produce case-studies that both inform our understanding of the particulars of the case and also advance our understanding of argumentation theory in general. Political Argumentation contains twenty case-studies, most of them previously published in journals dealing with rhetoric and argumentation in the United States. The essays are organized into four sections focused on American argumentation
A randomized placebo-controlled study of noninvasive cortical electrostimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients.

Objective. The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of noninvasive cortical electrostimulation in the management of fibromyalgia (FM). Design. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design was used. Setting. Subjects received therapy at two different outpatient clinical locations. Patients. There were 77 subjects meeting the American College of Rheumatology 1990 classification criteria for FM. Intervention. Thirty-nine (39) active treatment (AT) FM patients and 38 placebo controls received 22 applications of either noninvasive cortical electrostimulation or a sham therapy over an 11-week period. Outcome Measures. The primary outcome measures were the number of tender points (TePs) and pressure pain threshold (PPT). Secondary outcome measures were responses to the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Beck Depression Inventory-II, and a novel sleep questionnaire, all evaluated at baseline and at the end of treatment. Results. Intervention provided significant improvements in TeP measures: compared with placebo, the AT patients improved in the number of positive TePs (−7.4 vs −0.2, P < 0.001) and the PPT (19.6 vs −3.2, P < 0.001). Most secondary outcomes also improved more in the AT group: total FIQ score (−15.5 vs −5.6, P = 0.03), FIQ pain (−2.0 vs −0.6, P = 0.03), FIQ fatigue (−2.0 vs −0.4, P = 0.02), and FIQ refreshing sleep (−2.1 vs −0.7, P = 0.02); and while FIQ function improved (−1.0 vs −0.2), the between-group change had a 14% likelihood of occurring due to chance (P = 0.14). There were no significant side effects observed. Conclusions. Noninvasive cortical electrostimulation in FM patients provided modest improvements in pain, TeP measures, fatigue, and sleep; and the treatment was well tolerated. This form of therapy could potentially provide worthwhile adjunctive symptom relief for FM patients.
A Mechanism for Allocating the Expenses of Public Goods: Analyses of a Swedish Government Project

Bohm (1982) reported a Swedish census project, which used a cost-sharing mechanism giving participants incentives to misrepresent their willingness to pay (WTP), yet still ended up providing a public good. In this paper we offer a theoretical analysis of the mechanism and propose two revisions. In the first revision, the incentives to overstate or understate are randomized, weakening participants’ tendency to misrepresent WTP. Whereas in the second revision, reporting true WTP is participants’ weakly dominant strategy. Our revisions delineate a simple approach to induce true WTP, while the Swedish mechanism can be treated as a special case.