cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eocene volcanism above a depleted mantle slab window in southern Alaska

The Caribou Creek volcanic fi eld lies along the continent-side edge of forearc basin rocks in south-central Alaska and consists of over 1000 m of shallow-dipping basalt and andesite lavas with minor mafi c pyroclastic deposits. Dacite and rhyolite lavas along with shallow intrusions form dome complexes with associated pyroclastic deposits that overlie and crosscut the basalt and intermediate lavas. The basalts are tholeiitic and strongly depleted in the light rare earth elements (La/ Yb = 0.18–1.5), with concentrations of high fi eld strength elements (e.g., Zr, Hf, Ti, Y) similar to mid-ocean-ridge basalt and with variable enrichment in fl uid-mobile elements (e.g., Cs, Ba, and Pb). Intermediate and felsic rocks show enrichment in the rare earth elements and fl uid-mobile elements plus Rb and K, but retain low La/Yb ratios (0.48–3.6). A few andesite and dacite samples are strongly depleted in the heavy rare earth elements and are geochemically similar to adakites (e.g., Sr/Y up to 52). Ten 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages for the Caribou Creek volcanic rocks range from 49.4 ± 2.2 to 35.6 ± 0.2 Ma. An adakite-like tuff beneath the other volcanic rocks yields an age of 59.0 ± 0.4 Ma. Caribou Creek basalts were derived from mid-ocean-ridge–like depleted mantle that was emplaced beneath the southern margin of Alaska through a slab window following spreading ridge subduction. Caribou Creek volcanism was coeval with oblique subduction, oroclinal bending, and right-lateral strike-slip faulting in south-central Alaska, all of which could have induced crustal extension to allow adiabatic melting of the depleted mantle reservoir to form basaltic magmas. The basalts then evolved by fractional crystallization with moderate to high degrees of assimilation of Jurassic arc basement rocks to form the intermediate and felsic magmas. Enrichment of the basaltic parent magmas in fl uid-mobile elements occurred by contamination from the Jurassic arc rocks and/or by contamination with metasomatic mantle remnant from preceding subduction. High heat fl ow through the slab window induced partial melting of garnet-bearing mafi c parts of the Jurassic arc basement to form the adakite-like rocks. The Caribou Creek volcanic rocks demonstrate that slab windows can directly infl uence magmatism inboard of accretionary prism and forearc basin settings given a suitable deformation regime (e.g., crustal extension) and that the infl uence of a slab window on continental margin magmatism can be long-lived (>20 m.y.).
Experimental demonstration of evanescent coupling from optical fibre tapers to photonic crystal waveguides

Experimental results demonstrating nearly complete mode-selective evanescent coupling to a photonic crystal waveguide from an optical fibre taper are presented. Codirectional coupling with 98% maximum power transfer to a photonic crystal waveguide of length 65 /spl mu/m and with a coupling bandwidth of 20 nm is realised.
Female-Specific Pruritus from Childhood to Postmenopause: Clinical Features, Hormonal Factors, and Treatment Considerations

There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pruritus in recent years. The purpose of this review was to highlight itch entities in women, and in particular pruritic vulvar dermatoses that women experience among different age groups. Unique temporal shifts may contribute to the etiology of many of these conditions. These changes lead to cyclical changes in the skin's basic composition. Specifically, estrogen receptors have been detected on keratinocytes that respond to rising and falling levels of estrogen. These receptors lead to changes in skin hydration, collagen content, and in the concentration of glycosaminoglycans that form the skin barrier. In addition, hormonal pH changes associated with the menstrual cycle may be an important factor in the aggravation of itch as increasing pH is known to activate the proteinase-activated receptor-2, a well-known itch mediator. Common pruritic conditions in women that will be discussed include atopic and irritant dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen sclerosus, infectious vulvovaginitis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, atrophic vulvovaginitis, squamous cell carcinoma, lichen simplex chronicus, and neuropathic itch. We also examine pruritic conditions associated with pregnancy including pemphigoid gestationis, polymorphic eruption of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and atopic eruption of pregnancy. Finally, acceptable and contraindicated antipruritic agents in pregnancy are examined.
Global Land Precipitation: A 50-yr Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations

Abstract This paper describes the initial work toward the production of monthly global (land and ocean) analyses of precipitation for an extended period from 1948 to the present. Called the precipitation reconstruction (PREC), the global analyses are defined by interpolation of gauge observations over land (PREC/L) and by EOF reconstruction of historical observations over ocean (PREC/O). This paper documents the creation of the land component of the analyses (PREC/L) on a 2.5° latitude/longitude grid for 1948–2000. These analyses are derived from gauge observations from over 17 000 stations collected in the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN), version 2, and the Climate Anomaly Monitoring System (CAMS) datasets. To determine the most suitable objective analysis procedure for gridding, the analyses generated by four published objective analysis techniques [those of Cressman, Barnes, and Shepard, and the optimal interpolation (OI) method of Gandin] were compared. The evaluation demonstrated two cru...
Determination of material parameters for Abaqus progressive damage analysis of E-glass epoxy laminates

Abstract A methodology for determination of material parameters for the progressive damage analysis (PDA) model implemented in Abaqus is presented. The methodology is based on fitting PDA model results to available experimental data. The applicability of the PDA model is studied by comparison to a broad set of experimental data for E-glass epoxy laminates, as well as contrasting PDA with ply discount results. Also, sensitivity of the Abaqus PDA model to h- and p-refinement is studied.
Instructional System Development: The Fourth Generation

This chapter describes the fourth generation of instructional system development (ISD4). ISD4 is uniquely suited for automation because of its dynamic and iterative system design. Employing science-wide complexity theory, ISD4 offers a solution(s) to learning problems only after the problem is defined. Additionally, the prescribed solution can be altered during the actual process of instructional development. The situational evaluation component (diagnosis) proposes solutions based upon the learning problem, risk (i.e., cost and efficiency), and instructional design competence of the author. The knowledge base of ISD4 includes contemporary updates from such fields as cognitive psychology, educational technology, and risk management. As a result, the fourth generation ISD models are showing extensive changes in most techniques of the instructional development process.
Midas' Not-So-Golden Touch: On the Demise of Methyl Iodide as a Soil Fumigant in California

AbstractThe demise of the soil fumigant, Midas, was heralded as a major environmental movement achievement, when Arysta LifeScience eventually deemed it economically non-viable and withdrew from US markets just before resolution of a lawsuit. Building on scholarship that focuses on strategy to understand how social movements sometimes win, we show how activist tactics were able to exploit the missteps of their opponents. These included the unreasonable expectations of Arysta for grower adoptions, the foibles of the director of California's Department of Pesticide Regulation in registering the chemical, and the reluctance of California's strawberry industry to discontinue use of methyl bromide. Although activist tactics, such as public comments and protests, had only a modest impact on the regulatory process, they had a major impact on grower adoptions of the chemical. This, together with a lawsuit that was not going well for the defendants, ultimately led to the withdrawal. Still, there was a great deal o...
Effect Of Obesity On Duration Of Mechanical Ventilation in The Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Rationale: Nearly one-third of intensive care unit (ICU) patients are obese and nearly 7% are morbidly obese. Obese patients are prone to atelectasis, aspiration and have decreased lung and chest wall compliance. Consequently, increased duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) and longer ICU stay has been reported in critically sick obese patients compared to non-obese. However, a recent meta-analysis reported no association between obesity and duration of MV in critically sick patients.Obesity has not been associated with postoperative pulmonary complications and no studies have reported its effect on duration of MV in patients in surgical ICU. Methods: We included cohort studies evaluating the association between obesity (BMI≥30) and duration of mechanical ventilation in patients admitted to a surgical ICU. We classified studies according to baseline risk of moderate to high mortality among patients undergoing emergency non-cardiac surgical (NCS); trauma surgery and patients undergoing elective Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Three investigators conducted independent literature searches using Medline, the Web of Sciences and Scopus until September 1, 2009. The association between obesity and duration of MV was expressed as the mean difference (MD) in days and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Analysis was stratified by risk of studies and random effects models were used to account for heterogeneity. Results: A total of 14 studies that provided duration of MV with mean and standard deviation in obese and non-obese groups were included. The eight NCS and trauma studies had a total of 8069 patients (1906 [24%] obese). In these studies, duration of MV was non-significantly longer for the obese than for the non-obese group (MD 0.85 days, 95% CI -0.37 to 2.07, p = 0.2). Differences of duration of MV were
Limitations of Skin Biopsy in the Assessment of Isolated Small Fiber Neuropathy (P03.207)

Objective: To correlate intraepidermal nerve fiber density with distal sensory (medial plantar) conduction studies in patients with clinical features of isolated small fiber neuropathy (iSFN). Background Patients with iSFN present with distal paresthesias, pin/thermal hypoesthesia, and pain. Features of large fiber dysfunction are lacking and standard electrodiagnostic testing is normal. Skin biopsy is an established tool to support the diagnosis of iSFN. Many peripheral neuropathies are small fiber predominant by clinical examination, and subtle large fiber involvement may be more frequent than usually appreciated. Design/Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with a clinical phenotype of iSFN who underwent both skin biopsy and medial plantar conduction studies in addition to standard studies for SFN. Results: Forty four patients were evaluated. Of biopsy negative patients, 85% (23/27) had normal medial plantar responses and 15% (4/27) had abnormal medial plantar responses. In contrast, 18% (2/11) of biopsy positive patients had normal medial plantar responses and 82% (9/11) had abnormal responses. Patients with an equivocal (low-normal density) or non-length dependent pattern on biopsy were less likely to have abnormal medial plantar responses (50%; 3/6). The mean amplitude of the sural sensory response was greater in biopsy negative (18.3 + 7.5uV) than positive (14.1 + 7.0 uV) patients. The mean amplitude of the medial plantar response was greater in biopsy negative (11.2 + 5.4 uV) than positive (5.4 + 3.6 uV) patients. Conclusions: Positive biopsies were usually associated with abnormal medial plantar responses and lower mean distal sensory amplitudes. This finding implies that positive skin biopsy reflects, not isolated SFN, but both small and large fiber involvement. These findings also suggest that medial plantar responses are nearly as sensitive as biopsy for confirming subtle large fiber involvement missed by clinical examination. Thus skin biopsy may be an insensitive tool for detecting isolated or pure SFN. Disclosure: Dr. Lawson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mongiovi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Arnold has nothing to disclose.
Effect of thyroidectomy on ACTH content of rat adenohypophysis.

Summary1. A comparative assay of the pituitary ACTH content of normal and thy—roidectomized rats was carried out by means of the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method in hypophysectomized rats. 2. No significant difference was found between the ACTH stores of the normal and the thyroidectomy—pituitaries. 3. Since the hypophyses of thy—roidectomized rats are extremely poor in acidophilic and beta—granular material, it is concluded that neither the granulation of the acidophils nor that of the beta cells can be the morphological equivalent of ACTH storage. 4. The nature of the defective secretion of ACTH in hypothyroidism is briefly discussed.
Characteristics and Reliability of Power Plant in Trial Operation with WDFG Bypass System Closed

Hebei Guohua Dingzhou Power Plant Unit No.9 is China's first 660 MW supercritical and air-cooling system equipped with independent booster fans and with the WFGD bypass system closed;and its trial operation is different from other units.This paper introduced the trial operation process,analyzed problems caused by cancellation of bypass and proposed corresponding solutions,and emphasized on the influence on the reliability of the major unit,which provides reference for other cases of bypass cancellation.
Analysis of tomato and jalapeño and Serrano pepper imports into the United States from Mexico before and during a National Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections in 2008.

Case-control studies conducted during a multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Saintpaul infections in 2008 revealed associations between illness and the consumption of jalapeno peppers, Serrano peppers, and tomatoes. Traceback investigations of implicated jalapeno and Serrano peppers led to farms in Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. We conducted a novel analysis of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration database of tomatoes and jalapeno and Serrano peppers imported from Mexico during the first half of 2008 to describe the temporal and spatial flow of these items into the United States. Shipments of all three produce items followed a south-to-northwest corridor; 87% of peppers and 97% of tomatoes produced in Mexican states located west of the Sierra Madre Occidental were transported to ports in California and Arizona, and 90% of peppers and 100% of tomatoes produced in states east of the Sierra Madre Occidental were transported to ports east of Arizona. We found a significant correlation betwee...
The Stillness of History: Kierkegaard and German Mysticism

The German mystics were particularly important for Kierkegaard because of the proximity of Germany to Denmark and because of their influence on both German idealism and the Pietist tradition in which Kierkegaard was raised. This article is the first attempt to look at the issue of how the views of the German mystics may have influenced Kierkegaard’s though. It begins with an introduction to what one could call mystical epistemology, but then looks more specifically at the epistemology of two medieval German mystics, Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler, and at Kierkegaard’s exposure to the German mystical tradition. Finally, it presents an account of Kierkegaard’s own religious epistemology that makes clear that it is largely indistinguishable from the epistemology of Ekhardt and Tauler.
Sourcing methane and carbon dioxide emissions from a small city: Influence of natural gas leakage and combustion.

Abstract Natural gas leakage and combustion are major sources of methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), respectively; however, our understanding of emissions from cities is limited. We mapped distribution pipeline leakage using a mobile CH 4 detection system, and continuously monitored atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations and carbon isotopes (δ 13 C-CO 2 and δ 13 C-CH 4 ) for one-year above Ithaca, New York. Pipeline leakage rates were low ( −1 ), likely due to the small extent of cast iron and bare steel within the distribution pipeline system (2.6%). Our atmospheric monitoring demonstrated that the isotopic composition of locally emitted CO 2 approached the δ 13 C range of natural gas combustion in winter, correlating to natural gas power generation patterns at Cornell's Combined Heat and Power Plant located 600 m southeast of the monitoring site. Atmospheric CH 4 plumes were primarily of natural gas origin, were observed intermittently throughout the year, and were most frequent in winter and spring. No correlations between the timing of atmospheric natural gas CH 4 plumes and Cornell Plant gas use patterns could be drawn. However, elevated CH 4 and CO 2 concentrations were observed coincident with high winds from the southeast, and the plant is the only major emission source in that wind sector. Our results demonstrate pipeline leakage rates are low in cities with a low extent of leak prone pipe, and natural gas power facilities may be an important source of urban and suburban emissions.
Capacity planning of battery energy storage system within wind farm

The capacity planning of a battery energy storage system (BESS) in a wind farm is proposed, which considered a coordinated operational dispatch strategy for a wind farm with BESS. The planning objective is based on the minimum deviation value of wind farm power output as referenced. The most significant advantage in the proposed model is that the lifetime of BESS and forecasting error of wind power are considered. The planning model finally can be resolved by the particle swarm optimization. The case studies are used to validate the performance of the proposed model.
Income Inequality and Subjective Well-Being: Toward an Understanding of the Relationship and Its Mechanisms:

Income inequality is emerging as the socioeconomic topic of our era. Yet there is no clear conclusion as to how income inequality affects the most comprehensive human outcome measure, subjective we...
Un travail sous tension. Les agents immobiliers américains entre affranchissement des contraintes salariales et marchandisation

En prenant le cas des agents immobiliers d’une ville moyenne de l’ouest des Etats-Unis, l’article propose une definition du travail par les representations et les pratiques des travailleurs. Ce travail s’appuie sur une enquete qualitative par observations et par entretiens. Proposant d’abord un apercu historique sur la construction de la legitimation des agents dans la societe americaine, la recherche montre en quoi l’agent moderne travaille et se percoit en opposition avec une forme classique du travail, le travail salarie, caracterise par une remuneration fixe et des temps au travail definis ainsi que par une separation des spheres entre temps libre et travail. Les pratiques de travail permanent des agents immobiliers brouillent les frontieres entre travail et temps personnel et s’apparentent a une forme d’engagement total qui amene le travailleur a developper plus qu’un capital social, un certain ethos en symbiose avec les biens immobiliers vendus.
The Technology Trade-Off: The Cost of Software Development and its Implications for Start-Ups

Survival in the mobile age requires almost every company and organization to invest in a digital presence. At the same time, new digital security threats mean that the costs of this investment are becoming preclusive, especially for smaller firms and start-ups. This is compounded by the fact that economics will continue to be in programmers’ favor for many years to come. Demand will outstrip supply for the foreseeable future, adversely affecting US innovation and productivity. Until recently, outsourcing has been an affordable, although risky, option for cash strapped organizations. However, many traditional off-shore talent pools have also seen steep increases in cost. This paper will examine the current cost and risk environment facing start-ups and small firms. It will offer some recommendations both for start-ups navigating budgeting decisions, and policy maker attempting to alleviate the skills mismatch problem.
An Appraisal of Current Human Copper Nutriture

A few years ago in an article on ischemic heart disease (1), I divided diseases into two classes by whether or not the etiologies are comprehensible or incomprehensible. The comprehensible class was divided further into toxic, hereditary, infectious and deficiency diseases. I stated that “Although it is possible that ischemic heart disease will be found to have a new type of etiology when it is transferred from the incomprehensible class to the comprehensible class, it seems prudent to assume that wellestablished mechanisms will predominate.” I think this statement applies equally well to some of the diseases under consideration in this symposium. Further consideration and contemplation have led me to the conclusion that there are only four ways of becoming ill.
Enhanced recovery after urologic surgery—Current applications and future directions

Coordinated multidisciplinary perioperative care through enhanced recovery protocols has improved outcomes within urologic surgery. Continued development and refinement of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathways will further augment the care of patients undergoing all urologic procedures. Among the challenges, moving forward is identification of barriers to ERAS adoption by providers, maximizing adherence among patients, standardization of ERAS pathways through establishment of evidence-based principles, and application in additional complex urologic procedures beyond radical cystectomy.
Endoscopic ultrasound–guided biliary and pancreatic duct access and intervention

Abstract Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)–guided access to the biliary tree and pancreatic duct with concomitant therapeutic drainage of the ducts via the EUS scope is an evolving technology but being increasingly used by endosonographers. This article will explain the indications and techniques of how the procedure is performed in both the bile and pancreatic duct with a description of the equipment used. Finally, the technical and clinical success of EUS-guided ductal therapy and complications will be reviewed.
What Drives Good Governance? A Structural Equation Model of Nonprofit BoardPerformance:

The study of nonprofit governance is coming into its theoretical heyday by incorporating a sophisticated understanding of its contingent and multidimensional nature. A systems view of governance ac...
Elevated donor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels and the risk of primary graft dysfunction.

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) following lung transplantation is associated with elevated recipient plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). However, the significance of these biomarkers in the donor plasma is uncertain. We hypothesized that elevated donor plasma levels of PAI-1 and RAGE would be associated with recipient PGD. We carried out a prospective unmatched case-control study of double-lung transplant recipients between May 2014 and September 2015. We compared donor plasma levels of PAI-1 and RAGE using rank-sum tests and t tests, in 12 recipients who developed PGD grade 2 or 3 within 72 hours postoperatively with 13 recipients who did not. Recipients who developed PGD had higher donor plasma levels of PAI-1 than recipients who did not (median 2.7 ng/mL vs 1.4; P = .03). Recipients with PGD also had numerically higher donor plasma levels of RAGE than recipients without PGD, although this difference did not achieve statistical significance (median 1061 pg/mL vs 679; P = .12). Systemic inflammatory responses in the donor, as reflected by elevated plasma levels of PAI-1, may contribute to the risk of developing PGD. Rapid biomarker assessment of easily available plasma samples may assist in donor lung selection and risk stratification.
Information creation and models of information behavior: Grounding synthesis and further research:

This paper contributes to the conceptualization of information creation in the field of information behavior. To do so, it synthesizes discussions and conceptual models on information creation and ...
Psychodynamics and Behavior Therapy

Different therapies have different strategies to disrupt the efficiency of maladaptive avoidance behaviors of the patient in order to change cognitive belief systems, emotional sets, or behavioral responses. A systematic and complementary combination of these interventions is viewed as empirically and clinically more effective than a singular reliance on either.
Modeling Energy Demand in the Short Term and the Midterm: The EIA Experience

This paper addresses the problems of modeling and analyzing energy demand in the short term and midterm. Short term refers to periods of up to 3 years in the future, while midterm refers to periods between 4 and 15 years in the future. The discussion here is on analyzing and forecasting aggregate energy demands by fuel within a sector for some defined geographic area. It does not, therefore, address such microanalytic problems as forecasting energy demand within a single plant or residence.
Construction of Periodic Orbits in Hill’s Problem for C \gtrsim {3^{\tfrac{4}{3}}}

Periodic orbits of the classical Hill families g, g for \(C \gtrsim {3^{\tfrac{4}{3}}}\) are numerically constructed as a homotopic continuation of a special family of periodic orbits of a truncated system of differential equations of Hill’s problem. A subset of periodic orbits along the continuation are shown to move arbitrarily near to the zero velocity curves for all time. The differential equations of Hill’s problem are transformed to coordinates relative to the zero-velocity curves. This paper summarizes the results of [1].
Intrinsic physiological properties underlie auditory response diversity in the avian cochlear nucleus.

This article addresses the question of how the nervous system extracts different information in sounds. Neurons in the cochlear nucleus show diverse responses to acoustic stimuli that may allow for...
This Land Is Our Land: Exploring the Impact of U.S. Immigration Policies on Social Work Practice

This paper explores the history of anti-immigration U.S. policies and their impact on social work practice with lawful permanent residents (LPR) and undocumented Latinx migrants in the U.S. Stringe...
A Cetuximab-Mediated Suicide System in Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Cancer Therapy.

Using gene modification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to create persistent generation of multilineage immune effectors to target cancer cells directly is proposed. Gene-modified human HSC have ...
Current concepts in neuromuscular scoliosis.

Spinal deformity is a common issue in pediatric patients with an underlying neurological diagnosis or syndrome. Management of neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) is a major part of the orthopedic care of such patients, as the deformity is often progressive, and may affect gait, seating and positioning. In addition, untreated large spinal deformities may be associated with pain and/or cardiopulmonary issues over time. Recent changes in medical management of the underlying disease process appears to alter the natural history of certain neuromuscular conditions, and in the case of patients with Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy significantly diminish the incidence of spinal deformity. In the most common diagnosis associated with NMS, cerebral palsy, there is evidence that despite a high complication rate, surgical management of spinal deformity is associated with measurable improvements in validated health-related quality-of-life measures. Spinal deformity is a common finding in patients with neurological diagnoses. It is important for those involved in the care of these patients to understand the natural history of NMS, as well as the potential risks and benefits to the patient and caregivers, of surgical and non-surgical interventions.
Anxiety and task performance changes in an aging mouse model

Due to the increasing focus on aging as an important risk factor for many serious diseases and an emphasis on animal models that have translational value, an increasing number of animal models are being aged. Animal behavior tests can be used to assess effects of aging in mouse models. Female mice begin exhibiting anxiety-like behaviors at 12 months of age which become more serious at 24 months, while males exhibit no age-induced anxiety-like behaviors. Males and females equally demonstrate a failure of daily task performance at 24 months. Despite these cognitive changes, the mice do not show changes in gross motor function. These results suggest cognitive impairment in non-genetically modified aging mice.
The Influence of FLI1 Expression Levels on Megakaryopoiesis: Studies Using iPSCs

Jacobsen syndrome is a rare, inherited hemizygous deletion of chromosome 11q that is often associated with a dysmegakaryopoiesis and macrothrombocytopenia termed Paris Trousseau syndrome (PTSx). Among the genes involved in the chromosomal deletion are FLI1 and ETS1, both of which belong to the ETS family of transcription factors and have been associated with megakaryopoiesis. One prior study using primary human hematopoietic stem cells suggested that the defect in PTSx was due to FLI1 allelic exclusion resulting in the generation of two distinct megakaryocyte (MK) populations, one immature and one mature. More consistent with the clinical course of this disorder, we hypothesize that PTSx is caused by FLI1 haploinsufficiency, where all MKs are affected and do not mature properly. The goal of our studies was to better understand MK development by investigating the role of FLI1 during megakaryopoiesis, including in PTSx. However, Fli1 deletions in mice did not replicate the defect observed in humans, so we used genome-engineered human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. We have established an iPSC line from a PTSx patient and derived from this a FLI1 overexpressing (OE) line in which FLI1 cDNA was cloned into the AAVS1 "safe harbor" locus with MK-specific expression driven by the GP1bα promoter. In parallel, we have a healthy control line, a control-derived FLI1 OE line, and a homozygous FLI1+/- line. In the control- and PTSx-FLI1 OE lines, FLI1 mRNA levels in MKs were 2X higher than control levels. The FLI1+/- line was generated using TALENs and expressed RNA at levels comparable to the PTSx line. To analyze MK progenitor potential, the iPSC lines were differentiated to hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and analyzed using Megacult colony assays. The PTSx line generated 4- to 6-fold less CFU-MK colonies per 1000 plated CD41+CD235+ cells compared to control (P=0.1) and PTSx-FLI1 OE (P=0.002). Likewise, the FLI1+/- line had less colonies compared to control (P=0.2) and control-FLI1 OE (P=0.005). The control-FLI1 OE line generated 70% more colonies (P=0.22) than the control line. To analyze MK generation, identical numbers of HPCs were expanded in liquid culture containing MK-specific cytokines and the numbers of CD41+CD42a+ cells were quantitated. The PTSx line had Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Becoming Free, Becoming Black: Race, Freedom, and Law in Cuba, Virginia, and Louisiana

How did Africans become 'blacks' in the Americas? Becoming Free, Becoming Black tells the story of enslaved and free people of color who used the law to claim freedom and citizenship for themselves and their loved ones. Their communities challenged slaveholders' efforts to make blackness synonymous with slavery. Looking closely at three slave societies - Cuba, Virginia, and Louisiana - Alejandro de la Fuente and Ariela J. Gross demonstrate that the law of freedom - not slavery - established the meaning of blackness in law. Contests over freedom determined whether and how it was possible to move from slave to free status, and whether claims to citizenship would be tied to racial identity. Laws regulating the lives and institutions of free people of color created the boundaries between black and white, the rights reserved to white people, and the degradations imposed only on black people.
Trophic level mediates soil microbial community composition and function

Abstract Soil microbial communities drive ecosystem processes, and technological advances have led to an unprecedented understanding of these communities. Yet microbes are only one constituent of soil communities. Understanding how soil microbes will respond to changes in the trophic levels of soil food webs, particularly in combination with inputs of labile carbon resources, is vital for a complete picture of belowground dynamics. Here we manipulate the trophic levels of soil communities, creating a microbe treatment, a microbivore treatment, and two predator treatments that test between consumptive and non-consumptive effects. We then exposed these communities to glucose additions that simulate either the rhizosphere or bulk soil. We found that trophic levels, with and without glucose addition, lead to shifts in microbial community composition and function. Specifically, we observed that the presence of increasing trophic levels led to distinct bacterial communities compared to treatments containing only microbes, and the presence of the predator led to the most distinct shifts compared to the microbe treatment. Not surprisingly, soil respiration was greater in the rhizosphere compared to the bulk soil with the microbe treatment exhibiting greater and lesser respiration compared to the other treatments in the rhizosphere versus the bulk soil, respectively. However, the similarity in respiration between treatments was driven by different underlying processes where the presence of the predator leads to increased microbial biomass and microbial efficiency. In fact, trophic levels, compared to the availability of labile carbon, had a greater influence on microbial efficiency. This suggests that trophic levels of soil communities should be considered when attempting to understand the effect of soil microbial communities on ecosystem processes.
Spanish Banking in the Twentieth Century

This chapter examines the evolution of the Spanish banking system in the twentieth century and analyzes the causes of the mid-1970s and early 1980s banking crisis. It shows how the banking sector was transformed and modernized, growing from an underdeveloped structure into a comparatively modern sector. However, successive governments continued establishing institutional and regulatory frameworks that favored both the government and other privileged actors’ access to finance at the expense of an environment conductive to a stable banking system, which ultimately led to a systemic baking crisis in the mid-1970s.
Impact of COVID-19 on Resettled Refugees

Refugees are among the world's most vulnerable people, and COVID-19 presents novel threats to their well-being. Suspension of resettlement prolongs persecution for those accepted but not yet relocated to a host country and delays family reunification. For new arrivals, pandemic-related modifications to resettlement services impair smooth transitions. Refugees are additionally more vulnerable to economic hardship, COVID-19 infection, and mental illness exacerbations. Communication barriers make telehealth access uniquely difficult, and children lose the school environment that is essential for their adaptation in a new country. Providers can mitigate pandemic-related harms by assessing barriers, disseminating information, and advocating for inclusive policies.
Osteoarthritis in Basketball Players

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is especially prevalent in basketball players. Due primarily to the high-intensity cyclic loading and regular occurrence of injuries that impact normal anatomic biomechanics, basketball players are at a unique risk for early onset osteoarthritis of the knees and ankle especially when compared with participants of other sports. Through various imaging modalities and diagnostic instrument, early onset osteoarthritis can be detected in the young basketball athlete and provide time to properly intervene before irreparable damage may occur. Through a combination of nonsurgical and surgical options, osteoarthritis can be managed in the active athlete and then more definitively treated once the playing career is over.
Resolution and Geometric Limitations in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additively Manufactured GRCop-84 Structures for a Lower Hybrid Current Drive Launcher

Abstract Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), also known as Selective Laser MeltingTM (SLMTM), allows additive manufacture of lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) Radio Frequency (RF) launchers from a new material, Glenn Research Copper 84 (GRCop-84), a Cr2Nb (8 at. % Cr, 4 at. % Nb) precipitation hardened alloy, in configurations unachievable with conventional machining. The resolution and geometric limitations are tested to explore the limitations of L-PBF printing of GRCop-84. Printing holes in the vertical and horizontal direction are examined to determine the minimum cooling channel diameter. Internal stress limits the minimum thickness of vertical walls and septa to 1 mm, thinner walls warp during printing. Roughness is minimized on vertical surfaces and increases on both upper and lower surfaces as angle increases. Accuracy within 40 μm is typical on well supported structures.
The political history of American food aid: An uneasy benevolence: by Barry Riley, New York, Oxford University Press, 2017, 592 pp., $56.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-022887-3

This historical narrative of food aid policy paints a complicated picture of food aid for human relief or for politically attractive maneuvering. This narrative consists of a governmental struggle ...
The Impact of BMI on Postpartum Infectious Morbidities and Wound Complications: A Study of Extremes.

Background As body mass index increases, the risk of postpartum infections has been shown to increase. However, most studies lump women with a body mass index (BMI) of above 40kg/m2 together, making risk assessment for women in higher BMI categories challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of extreme obesity on postpartum infectious morbidity and wound complications during the postpartum period. Study Design The present study is a secondary analysis of women who underwent cesarean delivery and had BMI > 40 kg/m2 in the Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Cesarean Registry. The primary outcome was a composite of postpartum infectious morbidity including endometritis, wound infection, inpatient wound complication prior to discharge, and readmission due to wound complications. Appropriate statistics used to compare baseline demographics, pregnancy complications, and primary outcomes among women by increasing BMI groups (40-49.9kg/m2, 50-59.9kg/m2, 60-69.9kg/m2, and >70kg/m2). Results Rates of postpartum infectious morbidity increased with BMI category (11.7% body mass index 50-59.9 kg/m2; 13.7% BMI 60-69.9 kg/m2, 21.9%; and BMI >70+ kg/m2; p=0.001). Readmission for wound complications also increased with BMI (3.1% for BMI 50-59.9 kg/m2; 6.2% for BMI 60-69.9 kg/m2; and 9.4% for BMI >70+kg/m2; p=0.001). After adjusting for confounders, increased BMI 70+ kg/m2 category remained the most significant predictor of postpartum infectious complications compared to women with BMI 40-49.9 kg/m2 (aOR 6.38; 95% CI 1.37-29.7). The adjusted odds of readmission also increased with BMI (aOR 2.33 (95%CI 1.35-4.02) BMI 50-59.9kg/m2, aOR 4.91 (95% CI 2.07-11.7) BMI 60-69.9kg/m2, aOR 36.2 (7.45-176) for BMI >70kg/m2). Conclusion Women with BMI 50-70+kg/m2 are at an increased risk of postpartum wound infections and complications compared to women with BMI 40-49.9kg/m2. These data provide increased guidance for counseling women with an extremely elevated body mass index and highlight the importance of postpartum wound prevention bundles.
Diagrams as scaffolds for abductive insights

Based on a typology of five basic forms of abduction, I propose a new definition of abductive insight that emphasizes in particular the inferential structure of a belief system that is able to explain a phenomenon after a new, abductively created component has been added to this system or the entire system has been abductively restructured. My thesis is, first, that the argumentative structure of the pursued problem solution guides abductive creativity and, second, that diagrammatic reasoning--if conceptualized according to the requirements defined by Charles Peirce--can support this guidance. This support is mainly possible based on the normative power of the system of representation that has to be used to construct diagrams and to perform experiments with them.
A simple iterative power control scheme for successive interference cancellation

Successive interference cancellation (SIC) is a technique which has the potential to increase the capacity of DS-CDMA systems substantially. One of the major criticisms of the technique is that it requires a specific distribution of unequal received powers from the mobile units. In the presence of estimation error, the required distribution becomes even more complicated and it is critical that the users adapt to these required power levels in order to achieve good system performance. In this paper, a simple iterative technique based on the existing power control algorithm for commercial CDMA systems is presented. This algorithm is shown to converge to the optimal power control solution for SIC, mathematically for a static channel, and with simulations for a fading channel. Convergence is considered as a function of important system parameters such as estimation error, power control step size, Doppler frequency, and the number of users in the system. The surprising conclusion is that power control for a realistic successive interference cancellation system doesn't require additional complexity relative to a conventional CDMA system.
CAT2 arginine transporter deficiency significantly reduces iNOS‐mediated NO production in astrocytes

We have previously demonstrated that genetic ablation of cationic amino acid transporter 2 (Cat2) significantly inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in activated macrophages. Here we report that iNOS activity is impaired by 84% in activated Cat2-deficient astrocytes. Cat2 ablation appears to reduce astrocyte NO synthesis by decreasing the uptake of the sole precursor, arginine, as well as by reducing the expression of iNOS following activation. Excessive or dysregulated NO production by activated astrocytes and other CNS cell types has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Our results support the idea that manipulation of CAT2 transporter function might be useful for the therapeutic modulation of iNOS activity.
Guidebook for a Grand Tour

The Earth An Intimate History. by Richard Fortey. HarperCollins, London, 2004. 511 pp. £25. ISBN 0-00-257011-4. Forthcoming from Knopf, ISBN 0-375-40626-3. The author uses visits to particular places (including Newfoundland, the San Andreas fault, Hawaii, Oman, and the Alps) as a framework for discussing plate tectonics and its effects on Earth9s history.
Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-β and NF-κB

We show that NF-κB and transcriptional targets are activated in liver by obesity and high-fat diet (HFD). We have matched this state of chronic, subacute 'inflammation' by low-level activation of NF-κB in the liver of transgenic mice, designated LIKK, by selectively expressing constitutively active IKK-b in hepatocytes. These mice exhibit a type 2 diabetes phenotype, characterized by hyperglycemia, profound hepatic insulin resistance, and moderate systemic insulin resistance, including effects in muscle. The hepatic production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, was increased in LIKK mice to a similar extent as induced by HFD in in wild-type mice. Parallel increases were observed in cytokine signaling in liver and mucscle of LIKK mice. Insulin resistance was improved by systemic neutralization of IL-6 or salicylate inhibition of IKK-β. Hepatic expression of the IκBα superrepressor (LISR) reversed the phenotype of both LIKK mice and wild-type mice fed an HFD. These findings indicate that lipid accumulation in the liver leads to subacute hepatic 'inflammation' through NF-κB activation and downstream cytokine production. This causes insulin resistance both locally in liver and systemically.
Paleoearthquakes at Frazier Mountain, California delimit extent and frequency of past San Andreas Fault ruptures along 1857 trace

Large earthquakes are infrequent along a single fault, and therefore historic, well-characterized earthquakes exert a strong influence on fault behavior models. This is true of the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake (estimated M7.7–7.9) on the southern San Andreas Fault (SSAF), but an outstanding question is whether the 330 km long rupture was typical. New paleoseismic data for six to seven ground-rupturing earthquakes on the Big Bend of the SSAF restrict the pattern of possible ruptures on the 1857 stretch of the fault. In conjunction with existing sites, we show that over the last ~650 years, at least 75% of the surface ruptures are shorter than the 1857 earthquake, with estimated rupture lengths of 100 to <300 km. These results suggest that the 1857 rupture was unusual, perhaps leading to the long open interval, and that a return to pre-1857 behavior would increase the rate of M7.3–M7.7 earthquakes.
The structure-activity relationship of the papain hydrolysis of N-benzoylglycine esters

Abstract The relationship between structure and the Michaelis-Menten constants ( K m ) for the papain hydrolysis of a series of 37 N- benzoylglycine esters was investigated. The series studied comprises a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic esters with a 5000-fold variation in their K m constants and essentially constant k cat values. It was found that the variation in the K m constants could be rationalized by the following quantitative structure—activity relationship (QSAR): log 1/K m = 8.13F + 0.33Z + 1.27π 3′ + 1.95 . In this equation F is the field inductive parameter, π 3′ is the hydrophobic constant for the more lipophilic of the two possible meta substituents and Z is the Van der Waals distance from oxygen through the end of the molecule, in the direction of the 4 position of the aromatic ester moiety.
Effect of time and temperature on multiplication of Vibrio vulnificus in postharvest Gulf Coast shellstock oysters.

Abstract After harvest, shellstock oysters stored under controlled temperatures of 10, 13, and 18 degrees C and at ambient outside air temperature (23 to 34 degrees C) were sampled after 12 and 30 h for Vibrio vulnificus. At 13 degrees C and below, V. vulnificus failed to multiply in the oysters. In oysters held at 18 degrees C for 30 h and under ambient conditions for 12 and 30 h, V. vulnificus numbers were statistically greater (P < 0.05) than those in oysters at harvest. These data indicate that endogenous V. vulnificus can multiply in unchilled shellstock oysters.
Data management in mobile peer-to-peer networks

In this paper we examine the database management of spatio-temporal resource information in mobile peer-to-peer networks, where moving objects communicate with each other via short-range wireless transmission. Several inherent characteristics of this environment, including the dynamic and unpredictable network topology, the limited peer-to-peer communication throughput, and the need for incentive for peer-to-peer cooperation, impose challenges to data management. In this paper we propose our solutions to these problems. The proposed system has the potential to create a completely new information marketplace.