cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal managed with high-dose buprenorphine.

Background Buprenorphine-naloxone has a very high affinity for the mu-receptor and can cause precipitated opioid withdrawal, typically more severe than withdrawal that occurs naturally, when administered while a full mu-opioid receptor agonist remains in a person's system. To avoid precipitated withdrawal, one needs to be in mild to moderate opioid withdrawal at the time of buprenorphine-naloxone induction. Recently, there have been reported cases of precipitated withdrawal occurring in patients taking fentanyl knowingly or unknowingly, despite them being in adequate opioid withdrawal at the time of induction. When this occurs, the current recommendation is to provide 2 mg of buprenorphine-naloxone every 1-2 hours. Objectives Describe a case of successful management of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal with escalation of the dose of buprenorphine and highlight implications for future management. Methods We present a case of a patient with a history of opioid use disorder who was in moderate opioid withdrawal at the time of buprenorphine-naloxone induction and experienced precipitated withdrawal after buprenorphine-naloxone administration. Results High-dose buprenorphine-naloxone was given to the patient and precipitated withdrawal subsided after receiving a total of 20 mg. On the next day, the patient had no symptoms of opioid withdrawal and is currently maintained on 16 mg/day. Conclusion With the rising prevalence of fentanyl-laced drugs, increased instances of precipitated withdrawal are likely to be encountered. In cases of precipitated withdrawal, giving a high dose of buprenorphine-naloxone rapidly is safe and will allow rapid reversal of withdrawal symptoms.
Senses of Being and Implications of Idealism: Heidegger’s Appropriation of Husserl’s Decisive Discoveries

This paper attempts to shed light on Heidegger’s critical appropriation of Husserl’s phenomenology. It begins by reviewing Heidegger’s basic criticisms of Husserl’s philosophical approach as well as his ambivalence towards it, an ambivalence that raises the question of whether Heidegger shares Husserl’s idealist trajectory. The paper then examines how Heidegger appropriates what he regards as two of Husserl’s “decisive discoveries,” namely, Husserl’s accounts of intentionality and categorial intuitions. Regarding the first discovery, the paper demonstrates how Heidegger tweaks the method of phenomenological reduction for the purpose of describing intentional experience in terms of being-in-the-world. As for the second discovery, the paper shows how Heidegger adapts the basic sense of categorial intuitions, both pre-thematically and thematically, into his existential analysis. In conclusion, the paper discusses how the role of horizons in Heidegger’s analysis of temporality provides him with firm reasons to resist an idealist interpretation of phenomenology.
Factors Affecting the Accessibility of Voice Telephony for People with Hearing Loss: Audio Encoding, Network Impairments, Video and Environmental Noise

This paper describes four studies with a total of 114 individuals with hearing loss and 12 hearing controls that investigate the impact of audio quality parameters on voice telecommunications. These studies were first informed by a survey of 439 individuals with hearing loss on their voice telecommunications experiences. While voice telephony was very important, with high usage of wireless mobile phones, respondents reported relatively low satisfaction with their hearing devices’ performance for telephone listening, noting that improved telephone audio quality was a significant need. The studies cover three categories of audio quality parameters: (1) narrowband (NB) versus wideband (WB) audio; (2) encoding audio at varying bit rates, from typical rates used in today's mobile networks to the highest quality supported by these audio codecs; and (3) absence of packet loss to worst-case packet loss in both mobile and VoIP networks. Additionally, NB versus WB audio was tested in auditory-only and audiovisual presentation modes and in quiet and noisy environments. With WB audio in a quiet environment, individuals with hearing loss exhibited better speech recognition, expended less perceived mental effort, and rated speech quality higher than with NB audio. WB audio provided a greater benefit when listening alone than when the visual channel also was available. The noisy environment significantly degraded performance for both presentation modes, but particularly for listening alone. Bit rate affected speech recognition for NB audio, and speech quality ratings for both NB and WB audio. Packet loss affected all of speech recognition, mental effort, and speech quality ratings. WB versus NB audio also affected hearing individuals, especially under packet loss. These results are discussed in terms of the practical steps they suggest for the implementation of telecommunications systems and related technical standards and policy considerations to improve the accessibility of voice telephony for people with hearing loss.
Nutritional quality and health benefits of microgreens, a crop of modern agriculture

Abstract Microgreens are young, tender greens that are used to enhance the color, texture, or flavor of salads and main dishes. They can be grown in small scales and indoors, making them widely adopted by controlled environment agriculture, an indoor farming practice is particularly important for feeding increasing urban populations. Besides, microgreens are attracting more consumers’ attention due to their high nutritional value and unique sensory characteristics. This review focuses on the nutrition quality, sensory evaluation, pre- and post-harvest interventions, and health benefits of microgreens. Microgreens are rich in vitamins (e.g., vitamin C), minerals (e.g., copper and zinc), and phytochemicals, including carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which act as antioxidants in human body. Pre-harvest interventions, such as illumination, salinity stress, nutrient fortification, and natural substrates, influence the photosynthetic and metabolic activities of microgreens and were shown to improve their nutritional quality, while the effects varied among species. After harvesting, packaging method and storage temperature can influence the nutrient retention in microgreens. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that microgreens have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-hyperglycemia properties, making it a new functional food beneficial to human health. The sensory attributes and overall acceptability and liking of microgreens are primarily influenced by their phytochemical content. Microgreens are only getting popular during the last decades and research on microgreens is still at its early stage. More studies are warranted to optimize the pre- and post-harvest practices for nutrient enhancement and retention and to explore the potential health benefits of different microgreens for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.
Importance of Interfacial Strength on Fracture Toughness of Brittle Matrix Composites

The role of interfaces in the strength of composites is discussed through a comparison of fracture processes in elastically homogeneoeus materials versus bimaterials. Following this the fracture strength of fibrous composite interfaces are briefly reviewed. Experimental results for the temperature variation of interfacial shear strength in a fibrous composite are presented. A microstructural investigation of the regions where failure occurs is made by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the microstructural study, a rationale for the failure of the composite under study is offered.
Facts and Fancy

(1982). Facts and Fancy. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 53, No. 9, pp. 47-48.
Lift on Inclined Bodies of Revolution in Hypersonic Flow

Abstract : The importance of body lift lies in the fact that at moderate angles of attack and high Mach number it can constitute an appreciable part of the total lift of a winged missile. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze body lift in hypersonic flow by an approximate method and, together with a correlation of existing experimental data, to indicate the probable variation of body lift over a wide range of Mach number extending from low supersonic to hypersonic. The method of analysis of hypersonic flow over inclined bodies of revolution employed herein has been denoted as the hypersonic approximation. It is an improvement on the Newtonian corpuscular theory of aerodynamics since it considers the centrifugal forces resulting from the curved paths of the air particles in addition to the impact (Newtonian) forces.
Three distinct clades of cultured heterocystous cyanobacteria constitute the dominant N2-fixing members of biological soil crusts of the Colorado Plateau, USA.

The identity of the numerically dominant N2-fixing bacteria in biological soil crusts of the Colorado Plateau region and two outlying areas was determined using multiple approaches, to link the environmental diversity of nifH gene sequences to cultured bacterial isolates from the regions. Of the nifH sequence-types detected in soil crusts of the Colorado Plateau, 89% (421/473) were most closely related to nifH signature sequences from cyanobacteria of the order Nostocales. N2-fixing cyanobacterial strains were cultured from crusts and their morphotypes, 16S rRNA gene and nifH gene sequences were characterized. The numerically dominant diazotrophs in the Colorado Plateau crusts fell within three clades of heterocystous cyanobacteria. Two clades are well-represented by phylogenetically and morphologically coherent strains, corresponding to the descriptions of Nostoc commune and Scytonema hyalinum, which are widely recognized as important N2-fixing components of soil crusts. A third, previously-overlooked clade was represented by a phylogenetically coherent but morphologically diverse group of strains that encompass the morphogenera Tolypothrix and Spirirestis. Many of the strains in each of these groups contained at least two nifH copies that represent different clusters in the nifH environmental survey.
Chapter 10 Microwave Plasma Detection in SFC

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the coupling of the supercritical fluid chromatograph (SFC) and microwave-induced plasma (MIP) detector. The chapter presents a description of a heated interface between the chromatographic system and the plasma, which is the key to the success of this analytical technique. Additionally, the SFC-MIP system is evaluated for the selective detection of sulfur, chlorine, bromine, boron, and the universal detection of carbon. Sample introduction can be crucial to the performance of the MIP, since a sample would diffuse through the entire discharge and sometimes around it completely, resting between the discharge and the wall of the quartz tube. The nearest approximation to a toroidal MIP is the annular plasma in helium, which is sustained by the Surfatron. Another factor to be considered in the design of the interface is the requirement that the SFC effluent must be heated as it exits the column. This is necessary to prevent the mobile phase from freezing on the tip of the restrictor due to rapid decompression based on the Joule-Thomson effect. This condensation causes poor baseline stability and detector "spiking". The chapter discusses the performance of the detector for the sensitive and selective detection of various non-metals, including a summary of detection limits and analytical figures of merit determined for the Surfatron plasma detector. The chapter also presents a discussion of current capabilities and limitations of this analytical technique, as well as projections for the future of SFC-MIP.
Search with multi-worker firms

We present a generalization of the standard random-search model of unemployment in which firms hire multiple workers and in which the hiring process is timeconsuming as well as costly. We follow Stole and Zwiebel (1996a, 1996b )a nd assume that wages are determined by continuous bargaining between the firm and its employees. The model generates a nontrivial dispersion of firm sizes; when firms’ production technologies exhibit decreasing returns to labor, it also generates wage dispersion, even when all firms and all workers are ex ante identical. We characterize the steady-state equilibrium and show that, with a suitably chosen distribution of ex ante heterogeneity across firms, it is consistent with several important stylized facts about the joint distribution of firm size, firm growth, and wages in the U.S. economy. We also conduct a numerical investigation of the outof-steady-state dynamics of our model. We find that the responses of unemployment and of the vacancy-to-unemployment ratio to a shock to labor productivity can be somewhat more persistent than in the Mortensen–Pissarides benchmark where each firm employs a single worker.
Neuronal Pathways for Pain Processing

Pain remains a prominent factor in all facets of medicine. Pain helps maintain the safety and integrity of subjects by alerting them to potential injury. Pathways that transmit nociceptive stimuli from the periphery to the central nervous system have been studied extensively. However, situations exist where survival may depend upon minimizing or ignoring pain. A major function of the sensory nervous system is its ability to filter sensory input. The vast array of sensation from all modalities makes it essential for the individual to focus upon a selected few and to place others in the background. Thus, it is not surprising that the nervous system has developed a highly complex system to “filter,” or modulate, the perception of pain. Keywords: pain; pathway; sensation; processing; stimulus; acute pain; chronic pain
Ricin A-Chain Substrate Specificity in RNA, DNA, and Hybrid Stem-Loop Structures

Ricin toxin A-chain (RTA) is the catalytic subunit of ricin, a heterodimeric toxin from castor beans. Its ribosomal inactivating activity arises from depurination of a single adenine from position A(4324) in a GAGA tetraloop from 28S ribosomal RNA. Minimal substrate requirements are the GAGA tetraloop and stem of two or more base pairs. Depurination activity also occurs on stem-loop DNA with the same sequence, but with the k(cat) reduced 200-fold. Systematic variation of RNA 5'-G(1)C(2)G(3)C(4)[G(5)A(6)G(7)A(8)]G(9)C(10)G(11)C(12)-3' 12mers via replacement of each nucleotide in the tetraloop with a deoxynucleotide showed a 16-fold increase in k(cat) for A(6) --> dA(6) but reduced k(cat) up to 300-fold for the other sites. Methylation of individual 2'-hydroxyls in a similar experiment reduced k(cat) by as much as 3 x 10(-3)-fold. In stem-loop DNA, replacement of d[G(5)A(6)G(7)A(8)] with individual ribonucleotides resulted in small kinetic changes, except for the dA(6) --> A(6) replacement for which k(cat) decreased 6-fold. Insertion of d[G(5)A(6)G(7)A(8)] into an RNA stem-loop or G(5)A(6)G(7)A(8) into a DNA stem-loop reduced k(cat) by 30- and 5-fold, respectively. Multiple substitutions of deoxyribonucleotides into RNA stem-loops in one case (dG(5),dG(7)) decreased k(cat)/K(m) by 10(5)-fold, while a second change (dG(5),dA(8)) decreased k(cat) by 100-fold. Mapping these interactions on the structure of GAGA stem-loop RNA suggests that all the loop 2'-hydroxyl groups play a significant role in the action of ricin A-chain. Improved binding of RNA-DNA stem-loop hybrids provides a scaffold for inhibitor design. Replacing the adenosine of the RTA depurination site with deoxyadenosine in a small RNA stem-loop increased k(cat) 20-fold to 1660 min(-1), a value similar to RTA's k(cat) on intact ribosomes.
Optical detection of explosives: spectral signatures for the explosive bouquet

Research with canines suggests that sniffer dogs alert not on the odor from a pure explosive, but rather on a set of far more volatile species present in an explosive as impurities. Following the explosive trained canine example, we have begun examining the vapor signatures for many of these volatile impurities utilizing high resolution spectroscopic techniques in several molecular fingerprint regions. Here we will describe some of these high resolution measurements and discuss strategies for selecting useful spectral signature regions for individual molecular markers of interest.
Frustrated classical Heisenberg model in one dimension with nearest-neighbor biquadratic exchange: Exact solution for the ground-state phase diagram

The ground-state phase diagram is determined exactly for the frustrated classical Heisenberg chain with added nearest-neighbor biquadratic exchange interactions. There appear ferromagnetic, incommensurate-spiral, ``up-up-down-down'' (uudd) phases, and disordered states. The model contains an isotropic version of the antiferromagnetic next-nearest-neighbor Ising model, i.e., an isotropic Ising model. It is closely related to a model proposed for some manganites, suggesting a possible mechanism for the observed uudd state.
Identification and Urinary Excretion of Metabolites of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural in Human Subjects following Consumption of Dried Plums or Dried Plum Juice

5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural (I) is a major breakdown product occurring in solutions with high concentrations of fructose and glucose and is present in many fruit juices, in heat-sterilized parenteral solutions, and in baby cereals. The objective of this study was to characterize and identify 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural metabolites in human subjects following the consumption of dried plum juice and/or dried plums. Subjects were fasted overnight and blood and urine samples were obtained during the day following consumption. Subjects fed the dried plum juice and dried plums consumed 3944 micromol (497 mg) and 531 micromol (67 mg) of I, respectively. Four presumed metabolites of I were detected in the urine of subjects that consumed dried plum juice. They were tentatively identified using HPLC-MS/MS as (1) N-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoyl)glycine (III), (2) 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (II), (3) (5-carboxylic acid-2-furoyl)glycine (IV), and (4) (5-carboxylic acid-2-furoyl)aminomethane (V). Total urinary excretion during the 6 h following the consumption of dried plum juice was 168, 1465, 137, and 75 micromoles on the basis of II as a standard for II, III, IV, and V, respectively. The estimated total recovery of I metabolites was 46.2% and 14.2% of the I dose during the first 6 h after consumption of dried plum juice and dried plums, respectively. I seems to be metabolized rapidly to glycine conjugates and other metabolites and excreted in the urine.
Interaction between papova-like virus and paramyxovirus in human brain cells: a hypothesis

SUBACUTE sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a progressive neurological disease of children, is characterized by intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in the neurones and glial cells. Although no infectious agent was isolated directly from the diseased brain tissue, a paramyxovirus, related serologically to the measles–rinderpest virus group, was recovered from SSPE brain cells maintained in tissue culture in serial passages1. These cultures were characterized by the formation of syncytia and by their capacity to undergo transformation2. Only by fusion with African green monkey kidney cells (AGMK) could an infectious syncytiogenic paramyxovirus be recovered from the brain cells.
Bayesian mixture modeling for spatial Poisson process intensities, with applications to extreme value analysis

We propose a method for the analysis of a spatial point pattern, which is assumed to arise as a set of observations from a spatial nonhomogeneous Poisson process. The spatial point pattern is observed in a bounded region, which, for most applications, is taken to be a rectangle in the space where the process is defined. The method is based on modeling a density function, defined on this bounded region, that is directly related with the intensity function of the Poisson process. We develop a flexible nonparametric mixture model for this density using a bivariate Beta distribution for the mixture kernel and a Dirichlet process prior for the mixing distribution. Using posterior simulation methods, we obtain full inference for the intensity function and any other functional of the process that might be of interest. We discuss applications to problems where inference for clustering in the spatial point pattern is of interest. Moreover, we consider applications of the methodology to extreme value analysis problems. We illustrate the modeling approach with three previously published data sets. Two of the data sets are from forestry and consist of locations of trees. The third data set consists of extremes from the Dow Jones index over a period of 1303 days.
Increased incidence of stent thrombosis in patients with cocaine use

Introduction: Coronary stent thrombosis is a rare occurrence in the era of dual-antiplatelet therapy. It is not known whether patients who use cocaine have a higher risk of thrombosis following coronary stent placement. Methods: We studied 247 consecutive patients who underwent coronary stent placement at an inner-city hospital. Results: Twelve patients (4.9%) were actively using cocaine at the time of PCI. Of these twelve patients, four patients presented with stent thrombosis (33%) at a mean of 51 ± 40 days (median 45 days), after the index revascularization procedure. Only 2 of the 235 patients without documented cocaine use (0.85%) had stent thrombosis during the same period (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The patients who actively use cocaine have a markedly higher risk of stent thrombosis when compared with patients without a documented history of cocaine use. We discuss various factors that potentially predispose cocaine users to stent thrombosis. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential Modulation of the Active Site Environment of Human Carbonic Anhydrase XII by Cationic Quantum Dots and Polylysine

Abstract Due to prevalence of negative charges on the protein surface, opposite to the active site pocket of human carbonic anhydrase XII (hCA XII), both positively charged CdTe quantum dots (Qds+) and polylysine electrostatically interact with the enzyme, and such interaction does not influence the catalytic activity of the enzyme. However, both these cationic macromolecules differently modulate the active site environment of the enzyme. The steady-state kinetic data revealed that whereas polylysine exhibited no influence on dansylamide (DNSA) dependent inhibition of the enzyme, Qds+ overcame such an inhibitory effect, leading to almost 70% restoration of the catalytic activity of the enzyme. We provide evidence that DNSA remains bound to the enzyme upon interaction with both polylysine and Qds+. Arguments are presented that the above differential feature of polylysine and Qds+ on hCA XII is encoded in the “rigidity” versus “flexibility” of these cationic macromolecules.
To navigate safely in the vast sea of empirical facts

This paper examines issues of ontology and methodology in behavioral economics: the attempt to increase the explanatory and predictive power of economic theory by providing it with more psychologically plausible foundations. Of special interest is the epistemological status of neoclassical economic theory within behavioral economics, the runaway success story of contemporary economics. Behavioral economists aspire to replace the fundamental assumptions of orthodox, neoclassical economic theory. Yet, behavioral economists have gone out of their way to praise those very assumptions. Matthew Rabin, for example, writes that behavioral economics “is not only built on the premise that [orthodox] economic methods are great, but also that most mainstream economic assumptions are great.” These apparently contradictory attitudes toward neoclassical theory raises the question of what, exactly, its epistemological status within behavioral economics is. This paper argues that the paradox can be resolved, and the question answered, by thinking of the epistemological status of neoclassical theory within behavioral economics in terms of Max Weber’s ideal types: analytical constructs that are not intended to be descriptively true of anything but which nevertheless can be used for a variety of theoretical purposes. The analysis is consistent with many of the insights from the philosophical literature on models in science and has important implications for the practice of economics—behavioral and neoclassical—as well as for the very nature of rationality.
Cell density regulates neuropeptide Y expression in cultured sympathetic neurons

Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides coexpressed by the same neuron may be regulated independently. The peptide transmitter, neuropeptide Y (NPY), has been identified in approximately 60% of rat sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, virtually all of which are catecholaminergic. However, we find that environmental signals which affect noradrenergic traits in cultured rat SCG, regulate NPY expression differently. Relatively large increases in neuronal density only slightly alter catecholaminergic properties in sympathetic neurons. However, levels of NPY were highly dependent on cell density. In pure neuronal cultures, increasing cell numbers from 8000 to 12,000 neurons per culture resulted in a 10-fold decrease in NPY. Coculture of SCG neurons with ganglion nonneuronal cells further reduced NPY levels at all neuronal densities examined. Treatment with the neuropoietic cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor, which increased the expression of cholinergic traits and decreased noradrenergic expression, decreased NPY by 50% in cultures. Finally, neither glucocorticoids nor the cytokine interleukin-1β, which regulate other transmitter systems, altered NPY expression. These observations indicate that although noradrenergic traits and NPY are often coexpressed, they are regulated independently in SCG neurons. Further, expression of NPY is highly influenced by cell-cell contact.
Approach to the cardiac effects of beta blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose

Abstract Beta adrenergic blocking agents and calcium channel blockers are two of the most frequently used cardiac/antihypertensive medications that can be quite lethal in an overdose setting. Glucagon should be considered in the treatment of both agents, although calcium therapy alone has met with variable success in calcium channel blocker overdose. These drug overdoses should be managed in the intensive care unit.
Dysbaric cerebral air embolism in Hawaii

Cerebral air embolism is a major cause of death and disability among sport scuba divers. To better define the epidemiologic and clinical manifestations of this infrequently encountered disorder, the records of all recompression treatments in Hawaii from 1976 through 1979 were reviewed. Forty-two cases of dysbaric air embolism (DAE) were identified on the basis of clinical criteria, accounting for 18% of the patients undergoing recompression treatment for diving-related disorders during this four-year period. In 22 patients (52%), DAE was part of a dysbarism syndrome that involved one or more forms of decompression sickness and/or in which DAE could not be differentiated from neurologic decompression sickness. The presenting signs and symptoms varied, with asymmetric multiplegia being the most common finding. Two patients died, giving a case fatality rate of 5% for those who survived until reaching the recompression chamber. Overall, 78% of the cases manifested either complete (61%) or substantial (17%) recovery with recompression and adjunctive medical measures. Traditional concepts of dysbaric cerebral air embolism are not adequate to explain the spectrum of clinical manifestations encountered in this condition.
HIV: Design by trial.

A genetic analysis of viruses infecting participants in an HIV vaccine trial indicates that the vaccine is more protective against viruses that have variations at specific sites in the viral envelope. See Letter p.417 A major clinical trial involving more than 16,000 volunteers, known as the RV144 trial, tested a combination of two vaccines (ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120) for its ability to prevent HIV infection, as well as for safety. The vaccine was 31% effective against HIV-1 infection, and antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope variable loop 1 and 2 (V1/V2) domain correlated inversely with infection risk. Rolland et al. present a genetic analysis of breakthrough infections in RV144 trial participants and identify signatures associated with vaccine-induced immune pressure, thereby gaining support for a causal relationship between vaccination and protection. Viral amino-acid changes at positions 169 and 181 in the second variable loop of the viral envelope are shown to be most associated with efficacy — and represent possible targets for future vaccines.
Construction of the trans-Alaska oil pipeline

Abstract The tangible components of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System are outlined and the Integrated Project Planning and Management Cycle is visualized from the General Organizational Matrix viewpoint: then the multiple command structures in one large-scale Arctic Energy Project are analyzed retrospectively to test some a priori expectations about project managment. A number of lessons emerge from actual experience that may aid in the management of future energy projects.
Library Newsletters in Print and Digital Formats: Faculty Preferences in a Hybrid Format

This study summarizes the creation and format of a PDF-based online library newsletter for University of Mississippi faculty designed to function as both a Web- and print-based document. It presents data from a newsletter survey distributed to the target audience about said resource, and concludes that PDF-based newsletters are effective in some areas but are overwhelmingly viewed via the Web rather than downloaded or printed for use. This confirms that library newsletters specifically designed for faculty can still be useful even if challenges remain in efficiently implementing them.
Tobacco control for clinicians who treat adolescents.

Smoking remains the most common preventable cause of death in the developed world, and is rapidly becoming an important cause of death in the developing world. Nicotine is a powerfully addictive substance, and the tobacco industry spends billions annually promoting it in the United States. It is therefore important for clinicians to understand why people smoke, to address smoking in patients of all ages, and to lobby for health-preserving tobacco control policies at the community level. Children take up smoking in response to social influences: smoking by friends, parents, and family, and through exposure to smoking in media. Parents who smoke not only model the behavior, but also often make the product available by leaving cigarettes around the house. Media influences include the $10 billion spent per year on tobacco marketing, but more importantly, the modeling of the behavior on screen by movie and television stars. Once children start smoking, many rapidly lose autonomy over the behavior. Youth can get hooked after smoking just a few cigarettes. The most effective community efforts for reducing tobacco use are: raising the price of tobacco; halting the sale of tobacco to minors; enforcing strict school tobacco policies; and making public places smoke free through local ordinances. Working with individuals, clinicians should support cessation in all smokers, including parents of children and adolescents. They should screen children for smoking risk factors beginning at age 10. They should teach parents to maintain smoke-free households, to set nonsmoking expectations early on, and to monitor adolescents for signs of smoking. Parents should limit exposure to adult media (e.g., R-rated movies) and use family television time to discuss the effect of seeing screen depictions of smoking on adolescent behavior. Adolescents who smoke should be assessed for signs of nicotine dependence and counseled about quitting. Clinicians are effective community voices; they should participate in efforts to raise tobacco taxes, limit the display of tobacco advertising, and make public places smoke free because of the adverse health effects of passive exposure to cigarette smoke.
Does enzyme replacement therapy improve symptoms of Fabry disease in patients undergoing dialysis

Does enzyme replacement therapy improve symptoms of Fabry disease in patients undergoing dialysis?
Deuteration of hexane by in supercritical deuterium oxide

Abstract Hexane is shown to undergo isotopic hydrogen exchange with 2 HCl in supercritical deuterium oxide at 380 and 400°C. The deuteration rate follows pseudo first order kinetics at both temperatures with the methylene reaction rate being about 1.6 times that of methyl. The isotopic exchange reaction is analyzed as a two step acid/base mechanism, with hexane acting as a base analogous to its behavior in `magic acid' solution. Measured K b 's for the methyl group are 3.5×10 −28 and 9.2×10 −28 , while the methylene groups have K b 's of 6.0×10 −28 and 1.5×10 −27 at 380 and 400°C, respectively. No evidence is seen for hydride abstraction, such as formation of carbocation rearrangement species or hydrogen gas evolution as in `magic acid'. Hydride abstraction to form carbocations either does not occur or occurs at a rate too slow to be observed in the time scale of the experiments reported here.
Reactivity of Clay Minerals With Acids and Alkalies

One-g samples of a montmorillonite, a metabentonite, an illite, two kaolinites, and three halloysites were treated with 50 ml of hydrochloric acid (6·45 N, 1: 1), acetic acid (4·5 N, 1: 3), sodium hydroxide (2·8N), sodium chloride solution (pH 6·10; Na = 35‰; Cl = 21·5‰), and natural sea water (pH 7·85; Na = 35·5‰; Cl = 21·5‰) for a 10-day period in stoppered plastic vials. The supernatant solutions were removed from the clay minerals and analyzed for SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O. All the solutions removed some SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 from the samples, but the quantities were small. Sodium hydroxide attacked the kaolin group minerals more strongly than it did montmorillonite, metabentonite, or illite. Halloysite was more strongly attacked by hydrochloric acid than was any of the other experimental minerals. Hydrochloric acid removed iron oxide coatings from soil clay minerals, but acetic acid did not remove them completely. The samples most strongly attacked by HCl and NaOH were examined by X-ray diffraction. Acid treatment did not destroy the structure of the clays, but the halloysite structure was partially destroyed. Sodium hydroxide attacked the halloysite structure, as shown by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. These experiments show that treatment in dilute acids has no harmful effect in the preparation of clays for X-ray diffraction. Acetic acid is preferred to hydrochloric acid for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid cleans clay minerals by removing free iron oxide from the surface; acetic acid is less effective.
Effect of polar cap patches on the thermosphere for different solar activity levels

Abstract Polar cap patches are regions of enhanced ionization that appear when the interplanetary magnetic field is southward. They are created either in or near the cusp and then convect in an antisunward direction across the dark polar cap at speeds of from 100 m/s to about 2 km/s. The size of these plasma patches varies from about 100 to 1000 km, and their density varies from 10 percent to over an order of magnitude relative to background ionospheric densities. To determine their effect on the thermosphere, a time-dependent global circulation model was used to simulate the thermospheric response to a plasma patch for both solar maximum and minimum conditions. The simulations indicate that for both solar maximum and minimum a propagating plasma patch acts as a collisional snowplow, creating a hole in the thermosphere in and behind the patch and a density enhancement at the front of the patch. The neutral temperature and wind are also increased. For plasma patches of similar strength (same horizontal and vertical dimensions and peak-to-background density ratio), there is a stronger and more localized thermospheric disturbance at solar minimum than at solar maximum. In fact, the neutral density enhancement at the front of a moderate patch is negligibly small at solar maximum even though the density depletion is still evident. These features can be explained by the lower neutral pressure and lower collision frequency in the neutral gas at solar minimum compared to solar maximum.
Star catalog position and proper motion corrections in asteroid astrometry

Abstract We provide a scheme to correct asteroid astrometric observations for star catalog systematic errors due to inaccurate star positions and proper motions. As reference we select the most accurate stars in the PPMXL catalog, i.e., those based on 2MASS astrometry. We compute position and proper motion corrections for 19 of the most used star catalogs. The use of these corrections provides better ephemeris predictions and improves the error statistics of astrometric observations, e.g., by removing most of the regional systematic errors previously seen in Pan-STARRS PS1 asteroid astrometry. The correction table is publicly available at ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/ssd/debias/debias_2014.tgz and can be freely used in orbit determination algorithms to obtain more reliable asteroid trajectories.
Impact of Obesity on Osteoporosis: Limitations of the Current Modalities of Assessing Osteoporosis in Obese Subjects

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a predisposition to fractures due to low bone mass and poor bone quality. There are several risk factors that have been identified for osteoporosis. Until recently, obesity was thought to be protective for osteoporosis and associated with decreased fragility fracture risk; however, recent evidence challenges this assumption. This review will discuss the relationship between obesity and osteoporosis, as well as the utility of various bone imaging techniques when applied to obese populations.
Mindsets and Internationalization Success: An Exploratory Study of the British Retail Grocery Industry

Despite the growing pressures of internationalization, failures in international efforts are becoming increasingly widespread. Previous literature has developed external environmental and internal firm-specific explanations of international success, but has ignored the role of mindsets in understanding international failures. This gap is especially important because recent studies contend that the mindsets or the way top managers make sense of their global environment is central to international decision making and outcomes. We propose that mindsets are important in explaining international success. We compare the mindsets of two matched firms in the British retail grocery industry—one successful (Tesco) and another unsuccessful (Sainsbury)—from 1988 to 2003. Our results suggest systematic differences between the successful (Tesco) and the unsuccessful (Sainsbury) firm in two specific facets of mindsets—complexity and reactivity. These results, although exploratory, do highlight the importance of mindsets...
Avian communities on utility rights-of-ways and other managed shrublands in the northeastern United States

We studied bird density and nesting success on utility rights-of-way (ROW) managed primarily by selective herbicide application in New York, Massachusetts and Maine. For comparison, we also estimated bird density in ROW managed by cutting in New Hampshire and New York and in shrublands managed by fire in the Finger Lakes National Forest (FLNF), New York. On herbicide-managed ROW, we detected a mean of 14.3 individuals and 12.2 species per point count, including many species of early-succession habitat that are declining throughout northeastern United States. Nesting success in forested landscapes of New York, Maine, and Massachusetts was 55% on the ROW, 69% in forests within 20 m of the ROW, and 63% in forests more than 20 m from the ROW. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) parasitized 5.3% of the nests and reduced host recruitment by even less. This suggests that ROW in forested areas support high production of shrubland birds and do not exert a measurably harmful effect on forest-nesting birds. Selective herbicide application on ROW sustained shrubland vegetation and supported high densities and high nesting success. Mechanical cutting lowered the structural diversity of vegetation the following spring and was associated with fewer individual birds and species. Cool burns in early spring produced a high structural diversity of herbs, shrubs and trees and supported a high density of birds and bird species. Long-term maintenance of shrublands by burning will require supplemental cutting to remove saplings. As reforestation continues to reduce shrubland habitat, probably below pre-colonial levels, active management for early-succession habitat will be necessary to sustain current population levels of numerous species.
People's hypercorrection of high-confidence errors: did they know it all along?

This study investigated the “knew it all along” explanation of the hypercorrection effect. The hypercorrection effect refers to the finding that when people are given corrective feedback, errors that are committed with high confidence are easier to correct than low-confidence errors. Experiment 1 showed that people were more likely to claim that they knew it all along when they were given the answers to high-confidence errors as compared with low-confidence errors. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated whether people really did know the correct answers before being told or whether the claim in Experiment 1 was mere hindsight bias. Experiment 2 showed that (a) participants were more likely to choose the correct answer in a 2nd guess multiple-choice test when they had expressed an error with high rather than low confidence and (b) that they were more likely to generate the correct answers to high-confidence as compared with low-confidence errors after being told they were wrong and to try again. Experiment 3 showed that (c) people were more likely to produce the correct answer when given a 2-letter cue to highrather than low-confidence errors and that (d) when feedback was scaffolded by presenting the target letters 1 by 1, people needed fewer such letter prompts to reach the correct answers when they had committed high- rather than low-confidence errors. These results converge on the conclusion that when people said that they knew it all along, they were right. This knowledge, no doubt, contributes to why they are able to correct those high-confidence errors so easily.
Failure to detect 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylethylamine in the Urine of Schizophrenics

THE identification of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in human urine1 has been confirmed by published reports from two other laboratories, each using methods different from ours2,3. We have now analysed more than 250 urine samples from acute schizophrenic patients. The findings in these studies are consistent with our original data. In addition wre have isolated sufficient quantity of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine from pooled urine obtained from schizophrenic patients to obtain a melting point (hydrochloride m.p. 152°–154° C). Therefore, the presence of this compound in urine would seem to be well established. Perry et al. imply that their failure to find 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in 10 patients on a plant-free diet demonstrates that this compound is of plant origin. However, they have not shown that they are able to detect 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in subjects eating a diet that includes plants. It is, therefore, not possible to assess their techniques in the face of the many analytical hazards involved in detecting a few micrograms of an amine in large volumes of urine. Our own in vivo and in vitro investigations using isotopes provide evidence that 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine is of endogenous origin4. As we have pointed out previously, the significance of these findings in the genesis of schizophrenia cannot at present be assessed.
A Model of Stress and Burnout in Collegiate Coaches: Effects of Gender and Time of Season

This investigation examined a model of stress and burnout in male (n = 131) and female (n = 118) collegiate head baseball and softball coaches. The model hypothesized that personal/situational variables of coaching issues, social support, hardiness, gender, and win/loss record predict stress appraisal which, in turn, predicts burnout. A preliminary gender by time of season repeated measures analysis indicated significant main effects for gender and time. Path analyses were conducted to test the model separately for males and females at the end of the season only. Results partially supported the model: Both male and female coaches higher in coaching issues and lower in hardiness were higher in perceived stress, and males lower in social support satisfaction were higher in perceived stress. Both male and female coaches' stress appraisal was predictive of all burnout components. The coaches were classified as suffering from moderate to high levels of emotional exhaustion and low to moderate levels of deperso...
Hydrogen−Deuterium Exchange in Decaborane(14): Mechanistic Studies

Electrophilic deuteration of decaborane(14) is studied using aluminum chloride as the catalyst with the exchanging atom, hydrogen or deuterium, provided by an aromatic compound. The reaction appears to occur on the solid surface of the catalyst. Studies with decaborane(14) and sulfuric acid or trifluoroacetic acid indicate that the agent for decaborane(14) exchange is not a protonated aromatic but rather a very strong acid complex formed on the aluminum chloride surface.
Traumatic aortic regurgitation.

Abstract A patient is reported who sustained myocardial contusion with complete heart block, pericardial effusion and rupture of the aortic valve following blunt chest trauma. An attempt at direct surgical repair of the valvular lesion was unsuccessful. The diagnostic difficulties presented by traumatic heart disease are discussed, and the previous reports of patients with traumatic aortic regurgitation are summarized.
Reflections on Regime Politics From Governing Coalition to Urban Political Order

With hindsight covering a quarter of a century of Regime Politics, this reflection calls for refashioning the concept of an urban regime into a more encompassing idea of a multitiered political order. As an approach to political change, cross-time comparisons suggest that periodization can highlight how forces conjoin in different ways as political development unfolds. From this perspective, there is little reason to expect to find in today’s cities a stable and cohesive governing coalition held together around a high-priority agenda. Yet the need for resources to be commensurate with policy goals and the strength of purpose in the face of an established mind-set are key lessons to be retained from the past experiences of Atlanta and other cities. While systemic inequality continues as an overarching reality, mitigating responses can be worked out in the middle ground between structure and agency.
Ice templating of ZrB2 porous architectures

Abstract For the first time, freeze casting of aqueous ZrB 2 based suspension was performed in order to produce porous architectures with main unidirectional anisotropic pores interconnected by diffuse globular-isotropic pores. The porosity characterizing the green bodies after the sublimation process is the replica of the ice crystals. The effects of solid content, suspension stabilization and cold transmission depending on mold type were studied since micro and macrostructure and, hence, the properties of the sintered body are determined by controlling the growth direction of the ice crystals during freezing. Improved mechanical performances are obtained by changing the above mentioned parameters, in virtue of the formation of thinner and more homogenously distributed ceramic lamellae. Possible applications of these materials include high temperature porous volumetric absorbers for concentrating solar power systems.