cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UV LED arrays for spectroscopic sorting of bioaerosols

A compact sensor for physically sorting bio-aerosols based on fluorescence spectra excited using UV-LED arrays is presented. The optical system integrates electronics for real-time processing of spectral data and a miniaturized aerodynamic deflector for particle separation.
Chromium(III) Oxidation Coupled with Microbially Mediated Mn(II) Oxidation

Abstract Reductive immobilization of Cr(VI) has been widely explored as a cost-effective approach for Cr-contaminated site remediation. In soils containing manganese oxides, however, the immobilized form of chromium, i.e., Cr(III), could potentially be reoxidized. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to assess whether there were any microbial processes that could accelerate Cr(III) oxidation in aerobic, manganese-containing systems. The results showed that in the presence of at least one species of manganese oxidizers, Pseudomonas putida, Cr(III) oxidation took place at low concentrations of Cr(III). About 30–50% of added Cr(III) (10–200 μ M) was oxidized to Cr(VI) within five days in the systems with P. putida and biogenic Mn oxides. The rate of Cr(III) oxidation was approximately proportional to the initial concentration of Cr(III) up to 100 μ M, but the growth of P. putida was partially inhibited by Cr(III) at 200 μ M and totally stopped when it reached 500 μ M. Cr(III) oxidation was depende...
Investigation of a Centrifugal Separator for In-Well Oil Water Separation

Abstract A liquid–liquid centrifuge has been tested for possible application as a downhole method for separating crude oil from produced water. Centrifugal separators of various sizes (from 2- to 25-cm rotor diameter) have been built and operated over the past three decades at various US Department of Energy facilities. These units have several characteristics that make them attractive for downhole applications, including excellent phase separation, reliability in remote applications with >20,000 h of operation prior to maintenance, and the ability to handle high volumetric throughput with a very low residence time. In these studies, water-to-oil feed ratios of 10:1 to 1:19 were tested with a light Gulf of Mexico crude oil, and the separator operated efficiently for the full range of feed ratios. Air was added to the oil stream in one test to model the effect of gas in the oil. Air additions up to 20% of the feed flow rate (the maximum tested) did not have any impact on the performance of the separator. T...
EFFECTS OF PROCEDURAL VARIATIONS IN MEASURING INTERPERSONAL DISTANCE BY MEANS OF REPRESENTATIONAL SPACE

Summa?y.-To determine whether two commonly employed variations in the administration of personal space measures would significantly influence performance, 40 male and 40 female college studenrs were administered the task under two conditions: placing a number of self figures in relation to fixed social objects and placing the same social objects in relation to fixed self figures. There were no significant differences in separation distances or in vertical positioning under the two conditions. The srudy also investigated the degree to which the selected personality dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, and internal versus external control related to schematic space. Recent studies (e.g., Duke, 1973; Lett, Clark, & Altman, 1969; Tolor & LeBlanc, 1974) employing a variecy of representational spatial measures suggest the presence of considerable ambiguity in the meaning of these constructional space measures as well as much uncertainty about the precise relationship between performance on schematic space measures and a number of behavioral indexes of psychological distance. One of the most widely used approaches for tapping psychological space is that of Kuethe (1962a, 1962b) and his associates (Kuethe & Scricker, 1963; Kuethe & Weingartner, 1964) which calls for selected human, animal or geometric felt figures co be either placed spontaneously or replaced from memory on a background field. The interfigure distances are measured and are conceptualized as reflecting specific social schemata. Social schemata are defined as learned guidelines that help determine the individual's social perceptions or patterns of social interactions. While Kuethe's measures of interpersonal distance have often been used in studies of representational space, numerous procedural variations have also evolved. Some of the reporred inconsistencies in research findings pertaining to personal space, as indicated by Evans and Howard (1973), Rawls, Trego, and McGaffery (1968), snd others, may not be solely due to the rnultidirnensional and complex nature of the psychological space concept, but may also very well be attributable, in part at least, to the diversity of methodologies used. An example of one of the more recent measurement innovations is that of Duke and Nowicki (1972) who used a paper-and-pencil measure in the form of a plane with eight lines radiating from a central core. S is requested to imagine a person approaching at various angles to the self which is situated at the center. The line drawn by S reflects the closeness permitted the other person in approaching from various directions. In comparing different methodologies commonly employed in the study of personal space, Haase and Markey (1973) found some degree of con.
Women and Ledger Art: Four Contemporary Native American Artists (Pearce)

This work is a book review considering the title Women and Ledger Art: Four Contemporary Native American Artists by Richard Pearce.
Temporal Properties of Inputs to Direction-Selective Neurons in Monkey V1

Motion in the visual scene is processed by direction-selective neurons in primary visual cortex. These cells receive inputs that differ in space and time. What are these inputs? A previous single-u...
Oceanic and continental gravity investigations by Oregon State University

Since 1962 the Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University, has obtained gravity measurements in the Hawaiian and Aleutian archipelagoes, along the continental margin of North America from San Francisco Bay, California, to Cape Spencer, Alaska, and in Oregon. From 1963 through 1968 approximately 37,000 measurements were made in the regions delineated in Figure 1. These measurements provided the basis for the construction of gravity anomaly maps and studies of selected crustal and subcrustal structures. Underwater gravity meter measurements were used in 1962 to establish a near-shore marine gravity range along the northcentral Oregon Coast near Newport, Oregon [Rinehart and Berg, 1963]. The marine gravity range provides a gravity difference of approximately 60 mgal and an accuracy of 1 mgal with a 90% level of confidence. Traverses of the Newport gravity range were made at the beginning and end of all surface ship gravity surveys of the Department of Oceanography. Estimates of the uncertainty in surface ship gravity measurements due to meter nonlinearity and sea state and navigation quality were obtained from data collected over the marine gravity range and off Oregon and Northern California [Dehlinger, 1964a; Dehlinger et al., 1966a].
Dissecting a Sieve to Cut Its Need for Space

We describe a “dissected” sieving algorithm which enumerates primes in the interval [x 1, x 2], using \(O(x_{2}^{1/3})\) bits of memory and using \(O(x_{2} -- x_{1} + x^{1/3}_{2}\) arithmetic operations on numbers of \(O(\rm ln \it x_{2})\) bits. This algorithm is based on a recent algorithm of Atkin and Bernstein [1], modified using ideas developed by Voronoi for analyzing the Dirichlet divisor problem [20]. We give timing results which show our algorithm has roughly the expected running time.
Variation in Native Languages of North America

This article addresses language variation in Native North America as it is broadly defined. It includes phonological, lexical, and syntactic methods of survey to differentiate languages from regional dialects or identify their place within dialect continua. New types of variation arise through language attrition and revitalization efforts as speakers lose some stylistic abilities or develop new and variable structures in learning an ancestral language. Personal characteristics of speakers and addressees such as age, gender, or unusual characteristics indexed by variation and the stylistic variations in different registers and genres of speech are described for a number of languages.
Pulmonary Function Testing and Role of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in the Elderly Population with Pulmonary Diseases

With an aging population worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of certain pulmonary conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are increasing. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are helpful tools to confirm pulmonary disorders. However, in the elderly population, age-associated changes in PFTs increase the risk for over diagnosis of obstructive lung disease. Therefore, an individualized approach to diagnosis of pulmonary disorders is essential for optimal management. For patients with established pulmonary disorders, pulmonary rehabilitation is a valuable but underutilized therapeutic intervention which has been shown to improve patient’s quality of life, exercise tolerance, and overall prognosis. Recent evidence confirms that benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation are similar between the elderly and younger populations.
Omics in Chlamydomonas for Biofuel Production.

In response to demands for sustainable domestic fuel sources, research into biofuels has become increasingly important. Many challenges face biofuels in their effort to replace petroleum fuels, but rational strain engineering of algae and photosynthetic organisms offers a great deal of promise. For decades, mutations and stress responses in photosynthetic microbiota were seen to result in production of exciting high-energy fuel molecules, giving hope but minor capability for design. However, ‘-omics’ techniques for visualizing entire cell processing has clarified biosynthesis and regulatory networks. Investigation into the promising production behaviors of the model organism C. reinhardtii and its mutants with these powerful techniques has improved predictability and understanding of the diverse, complex interactions within photosynthetic organisms. This new equipment has created an exciting new frontier for high-throughput, predictable engineering of photosynthetically produced carbon-neutral biofuels.
Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites A Study of Race-Based Residual Vote Rates in Chicago

This study inquires as to the nature of racial regularities in residual voting that exist under post–Help America Vote Act conditions. Even with modern, optical scan voting machines, there were significant differences among black, Hispanic, and white residual vote rates in the city of Chicago during the Municipal Election of 2011 and the Illinois General Election of 2010. Moreover, these residual vote rates varied with the availability of, respectively, black, Hispanic, and white candidates for office. Hispanics often had the highest residual vote rates among the three major race groups in Chicago, and there were instances in the aforementioned 2011 and 2010 Chicago elections in which a group of voters chose not to vote for anyone rather than vote for a dominant candidate of a different race than the voters themselves. Thus, even holding constant electoral administration and voting technology, the role of race in residual voting remains prominent.
Calcium Looping Process for Clean Coal Conversion: Design and Operation of the Subpilot-Scale Carbonator

The calcium looping process (CLP), which is being developed at The Ohio State University (OSU), is a clean coal technology for the production of hydrogen (H2) and electricity from coal-derived syng...
Use of Biofiltration for Removal of Natural Organic Matter to Achieve Biologically Stable Drinking Water

The presence of organic carbon in raw drinking waters can cause problems such as trihalomethane formation during disinfection with chlorine, regrowth of bacteria in the distribution system and reduced GAC adsorber bed life. This research concerns biofiltration for the removal of organic matter from drinking water sources. A major objective of this research is to examine how differences in the source and composition of the natural organic matter relate to the biodegradability of the natural organic matter and influence biofiltration effectiveness. Most of the organic matter in Dismal Swamp water, one of the four sources of organic matter to be evaluated in this study, has an apparent molecular weight in the 3-10 K range and the 3 /mg TOC. A 30 % reduction in total organic carbon over an 11-day incubation period was observed.
A Countermeasure Study on Waterhead Protection Area of Hebei Sect in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion

This study introduced the basic status of Hebei sect in the middle route of the south-to-north water diversion project,analyzed the problems of water protection in middle route waterhead protection area,indicated underwater filter pollution,atmosphere contamination sedimentation and pollution emergencies maybe the main pollution pathway.According to the project characteristics and the waterhead protection area,from strengthening environment management,strengthening emergency ability building and ecological compensation mechanism aspects,the paper offered reasonable suggestions.
Reasoning about sentience and animacy: Children's and adults' inferences about the properties of unseen entities.

One striking finding in developmental and cognitive psychology is that people make rich inferences about the intentions and experiences of objects that look nothing like humans or animals. What makes these scenarios appear social, not just mechanical? Three studies explore this foundational level of social cognition: the detection of sentience. We probe inferences among what we posit to be core components of the concept of sentience—affect, autonomy, and perception—as well as physical markers of inanimacy. We find that children and adults share the belief that a fact about one of these three “sentient properties” implies the presence of others, to a moderate degree. Meanwhile, information about sentience blocks inferences of inanimacy. This link between sentience and animacy is particularly strong for US adults and White children, while people from other cultural backgrounds demonstrate a more flexible construal of what kinds of objects might be sentient.
Characterization of Leu777Pro and Ile865Thr type IIA von Willebrand disease mutations

Type IIA von Willebrand disease (vWD) is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder characterized by a qualitative defect in von Willebrand factor (vWF). A number of missense mutations responsible for type IIA vWD have recently been identified. This report examines the type IIA vWD mutations Leu777-->Pro and Ile865-->Thr by expression of recombinant vWF containing mutant and wild-type (WT) sequences. Recombinant vWF containing the L777P mutation (vWFL777P) showed markedly impaired secretion compared with that for wild-type vWF (vWFWT) after DNA transfection into mammalian cells. Multimer analysis of secreted vWFL777P showed predominantly low molecular weight forms. In contrast, recombinant vWF containing the I865T mutation (vWFI865T) was processed in a pattern similar to vWFWT, with secretion of the full spectrum of vWF multimers. Thus, L777P and I865T are subclassified as type IIA group I and group II mutations, respectively. Analysis of platelet vWF from a patient heterozygous for the L777P mutation shows reduced large vWF multimers in a pattern similar to plasma, consistent with the intracellular transport defect predicted for a group I mutation. An increase in the proportion of high molecular weight multimers observed in type IIA vWD patient plasma, after renal transplantation from a normal donor, suggests that the kidney endothelium may be a major source of plasma vWF.
Nonthermal ablation of malignant esophageal strictures. Photodynamic therapy, endoscopic intratumoral injections, and novel modalities.

Several novel nonthermal ablative modalities for the palliation of malignant esophageal stenoses have been developed over the past decade. In this article, the authors review techniques and clinical experience with photodynamic therapy as well as the intratumoral injection of alcohol, cy to toxins, and immunomodulators.
R.I.P. Kutner: Parasocial Grief Following the Death of a Television Character:

In 2009, Lawrence Kutner, a character on television’s House, M.D., unexpectedly committed suicide. A Facebook memorial group was created shortly thereafter in memory of the fictional character. A thematic analysis of fan postings on Kutner’s Facebook memorial page revealed evidence of people experiencing parasocial grief as they displayed emotional expressions of grief, reminisced, and advocated for Kutner. Through thematic analysis, we discovered that elements of parasocial relationships, particularly parasocial breakups, were apparent as the members posted evidence of their grief over the loss of a television character. Moreover, this parasocial grief is likely to be disenfranchised, as the death of a television character is typically not recognized by others as a legitimate loss. This study also highlighted the role of social media as an outlet for grief as well as revealed confusion between fiction and reality resulting from social media.
What Is Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment

Intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment (ITCM) occurs when a person experiences child maltreatment and then grows up and abuses and/or neglects his or her own child. While this concept is widely accepted by the public and professionals alike, the empirical evidence supporting it is limited and inconclusive. Research has found the majority of people who were maltreated as children do not continue the cycle of maltreatment. Additionally, some people who did not experience maltreatment as children abuse and neglect their children. This first chapter serves as an introduction to the book and the topic of ITCM. The chapter begins with a definition of ITCM and goes on to describe the scope of child abuse and neglect, as well as its substantial costs to society. The chapter presents an argument that in order to develop effective prevention and intervention strategies, ITCM must be understood and considered. The last section of the chapter provides an overview of the remaining chapters.
Spatial and temporal characteristics of elevated temperatures in municipal solid waste landfills

Elevated temperatures in waste containment facilities can pose health, environmental, and safety risks because they generate toxic gases, pressures, leachate, and heat. In particular, MSW landfills undergo changes in behavior that typically follow a progression of indicators, e.g., elevated temperatures, changes in gas composition, elevated gas pressures, increased leachate migration, slope movement, and unusual and rapid surface settlement. This paper presents two MSW landfill case studies that show the spatial and time-lapse movements of these indicators and identify four zones that illustrate the transition of normal MSW decomposition to the region of elevated temperatures. The spatial zones are gas front, temperature front, and smoldering front. The gas wellhead temperature and the ratio of CH4 to CO2 are used to delineate the boundaries between normal MSW decomposition, gas front, and temperature front. The ratio of CH4 to CO2 and carbon monoxide concentrations along with settlement strain rates and subsurface temperatures are used to delineate the smoldering front. In addition, downhole temperatures can be used to estimate the rate of movement of elevated temperatures, which is important for isolating and containing the elevated temperature in a timely manner.
ARM: Authenticated Approximate Record Matching for Outsourced Databases

In this paper, we consider the outsourcing model in which a third-party server provides data integration as a service. Identifying approximately duplicate records in databases is an essential step for the information integration processes. Most existing approaches rely on estimating the similarity of potential duplicates. The service provider returns all records from the outsourced dataset that are similar according to specific distance metrics. A major security concern of this outsourcing paradigm is whether the service provider returns sound and complete near-duplicates. In this paper, we design ARM, an authentication system for the outsourced record matching. The key idea of ARM is that besides the similar record pairs, the server returns the verification object (VO) of these similar pairs to prove their correctness. First, we design an authenticated data structure named MB-tree for VO construction. Second, we design a lightweight authentication method that can catch the service provider's various cheating behaviors by utilizing VOs. We perform an extensive set of experiment on real-world datasets to demonstrate that ARM can verify the record matching results with cheap cost.
Lingual alveolar soft part sarcoma in a pediatric patient: Case report and literature review

Abstract Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma that presents most commonly in the extremities of adolescents and young adults. Involvement of the head and neck is more common in younger patients. A 2-year-old found to have localized lingual ASPS and was treated successfully with partial glossectomy. We describe this rare form of sarcoma, discuss management options, review updated literature and present our patient's outcome after 5 years of close follow-up.
Revealing School Counselors' Perspectives on Using Physical Activity and Consulting with Coaches

This study reveals school counselors' perspectives on using physical activity and a consultative process with coaches to provide school-based support for youth. Emerging from this exploration are ways that school-based physical activity might be used to help students develop life skills and to remove barriers to systemic integration of socioemotional development through physical activity into the school system. Practical implications focus on system-based change and collaborative opportunities using the ASCA National Model.
Vitiligo: Patient stories, self-esteem, and the psychological burden of disease

Vitiligo is a relatively common disorder that is characterized by depigmented patches of skin. Multiple studies characterize the overwhelming psychological burden that is experienced by many patients around the globe. This review examines personal patient stories and the impacts of age, culture, sex, race, and ethnicity in relationship to altered self-esteem and quality of life in patients who live with vitiligo.
Pediatric Sepsis Update: How Are Children Different?

Abstract Background: Although there are some commonalities between pediatric and adult sepsis, there are important differences in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic approaches....
Quantification of concavities in roots of Artemisia tridentata

Abstract Many publications have described the eccentric growth (non-uniform growth of secondary xylem) of stems of Artemisia tridentata that results from the death of the vascular cambium. The purpose of the present research was to determine if roots of species of Artemisia also exhibit eccentric growth. Eccentric growth in roots of Artemisia species was manifested as concavities (concave depressions that show a lack of secondary xylem). A total of 324 serial tissue sections from six, two-mm long eight-year-old root segments of Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata were analyzed. Roots had between 3.9 and 6.6 concavities per tissue section caused by death of the vascular cambium. Forty-three percent and 59% of all concavities occurred within the first and second year of root growth, respectively. For three roots, one concavity occurred along the entire 2-mm long segment. Concavities in roots occur naturally in roots of species of Artemisia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe and quantify concavities in roots of Artemisia.
Facing Up to Nomophobia: A Systematic Review of Mobile Phone Apps that Reduce Smartphone Usage

Excessive smartphone use has been linked to adverse health outcomes including distracted driving, sleep disorders, and depression. Responding to this growing trend, apps have been developed to support users in overcoming their dependency on smartphones. In that vein, our investigation explored the “big data” available on these types of apps to gain insights about them. We narrowed our search of apps, then reviewed content and functionality of 125 Android and iOS apps that purport to reduce device usage in the United States and elsewhere. This sample was curated based on popularity through the market research tool, App Annie (which indicates revenue and downloads per category of app and by country). The apps fell into 13 broad categories, each of which contained several different features related to filters, usage controls, and monitoring programs. Findings suggest that social media technologies, including smartphone apps, are being attempted for use for health behavior change. We discuss methods of sorting through “big data” generated by apps that purport to curb smartphone addiction. Finally, we propose data-driven features, such as social facilitation and gamification, that developers might use to enhance the effectiveness of these apps.
Representation of Women on Radiology Journal Editorial Boards: A 40-Year Analysis

Rationale and Objectives We examined female representation on editorial boards of four prominent radiology journals. We compared editorial board representation to female academic radiology career advancement and the proportion of female authorship in three journals over four decades. Methods We collected data on the gender of editorial board members as listed on mastheads of Radiology, American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR), Academic Radiology, and the Journal of the American College of Radiology in 5-year intervals plus the most recent year available (1973–2017), and the gender of their editors-in-chief for all years since each journal's inception. We compared Radiology, AJR, and Academic Radiology data to published data on gender of the journals' authors, all US medical students, and academic radiologists over time. Results Gender was determined for 171 editors-in-chief (100%) and 2139 (100%) editorial board members listed in the selected journals for each of the study years. The proportion of women on editorial boards increased from 1.4% (1 of 69) in 1978 to 18.8% (73 of 388) in 2013 (P Conclusions Female representation on editorial boards has increased over time, but still lags behind increases seen in female first authorship in radiology journals and radiology faculty appointments over the last four decades. There was no female editor-in-chief during the study period.
Ultrasonic Scattering by a Surface-Breaking Void

This work addresses ultrasonic scattering by a void that breaks the surface of an elastic half-space. The two-dimensional problem is considered for which a compressional, vertically polarized shear- or Rayleigh-surface wavefield is incident perpendicular to a groove contained in the traction-free surface of an elastic half-space. Numerical results are presented for a V-shaped groove which demonstrate the effects on scattering by a surface-breaking crack that has opened.
Radiolocator Design: High-Frequency Front End

We have seen in Chaps. 2 and 3 that the direction of an incoming wave can be reconstructed from the interaction of that wave with an assembly of directional antennas of known characteristics. In this chapter, we begin to look at the engineering aspects of collecting data from the antennas, and, in the spirit of good design practice, we will outline the system requirements and consider some plausible architectures.
Opioid/Orphanin Gene Family, Evolution of

The opioid/orphanin gene family encodes a group of neuropepetide hormone precursors (proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, prodynorphin, and proorphanin) that are believed to have arisen from a common ancestral gene through a process of sequential gene duplications. The products of these duplication events have proceeded along two evolutionary paths: (i) an apparent duplication of function, as seen in the analgesic activity of proenkephalin and prodynorphin end products, and (ii) divergence of function, as seen in the nociceptic activity of proorphanin end products or the melanocortin (color change and chronic stress regulation) activity of proopiomelanocortin end products.
Elements of Brownian Motion

In Chapter 1 (Section 1.6, Example 1.3), we discussed in some detail the nature and causes of the random motion of a small colloidal-size particle submerged in water. According to kinetic theory, this movement is due to the thermal diffusion of the water molecules, which are incessantly bombarding the particle, forcing it to move constantly in a zigzag path. The phenomenon was named “Brownian motion” after R. Brown, an English botanist who was first to observe it. In 1904, H. Poincare explained that large particles submerged in water do not move, notwithstanding a huge number of impacts from all directions by the molecules of the surrounding medium, simply because, according to the theory of large numbers, they neutralize each other.
Analysis of Schwalbe's Line (Limbal Smooth Zone) by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography in Human Eye Bank Eyes.

Purpose Implantation of intraocular devices may become critical as they decrease in size in the future. Therefore, it is desirable to evaluate the relationship between radial location and Schwalbe's line (smooth zone) by examining its width with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and to correlate this with observations by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Full corneoscleral rings were obtained from twenty-six formalin-fixed human phakic donor eyes. SEM of each eye yielded a complete montage of the smooth zone, from which the area was measured, and width was determined in each quadrant. In three different eyes, time domain anterior segment OCT (Visante, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) and spectral domain OCT (Cirrus 4.0, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) were used to further characterize Schwalbe's line. Results The overall smooth zone width was 79±22 µm, (n=15) ranging from 43 to 115 µm. The superior quadrant (103±8 µm, n=19), demonstrated significantly wider smooth zone than both the nasal (71±5 µm, n=19, P 0.05). SEM findings of the smooth zone were correlated with visualization of Schwalbe's line by Cirrus and Visante OCT imaging. Conclusion The smooth zone appears widest superiorly and thinnest inferonasally, suggesting that as glaucoma surgical devices become smaller, their placement could be argeted clinically by using OCT with preference to the superior quadrant, to minimize damage to the corneal endothelium.
Feasibility of Using Diffusion Bonding for Producing Hybrid Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers for Nuclear Energy Applications

Abstract Hybrid printed circuit heat exchangers have been designed for Gen-IV nuclear power applications. While microchannel devices are commonly fabricated using diffusion bonding, diffusion bonding of these hybrid heat exchangers is challenging due to non-uniform stress distributions across its structure during bonding, which can lead to bonded regions with varied joint properties that can compromise the performance and safety of these devices. In this paper, we delineate a method for determining whether diffusion bonding conditions exist for bonding hybrid printed circuit heat exchangers with maximum joint strength, minimum creep and without yielding or buckling. Diffusion bonding feasibility is determined in two steps. First, an improved pore elimination model is used to identify a feasible set of diffusion bonding parameters that can give acceptable bonded area and compressive creep. Second, a structural analysis is performed on regions in the structure susceptible to yielding and buckling that can constraint the maximum permissible bonding pressure. Diffusion bonding conditions were experimentally validated for bond strength, porosity and creep based on shear test and metallographic examinations as per ASME standards. Two sets of bonding conditions were found to satisfy nuclear boiling and pressure vessel code requirements. Future efforts will involve the diffusion bonding of a hybrid device structure capable of meeting the hermeticity and dimensional integrity requirements of the device.
The roots of measurement

In addition to roots for familiar classes like verb, noun, and adjective, Mayan languages have a class of roots traditionally called “positional”. Positional roots are distinct from other roots most prominently in terms of requiring derivation into stems of one of the more familiar categories to be used. The goal of this work is to show that the behavior of positionals follows from semantic facts, in particular, the fact that they denote measure functions of type ⟨e,d⟩. This conclusion is supported through a series of novel arguments from the Mayan language Kaqchikel that positional roots have a scalar semantics. It then argues for the type ⟨e,d⟩ analysis by contrasting them with gradable root adjectives, which similarly make reference to ordered degrees on a scale, but which have a relational type—namely, ⟨d,et⟩. I then show that a core function of positional morphology, and the morpheme that derives positional stative predicates in particular, is to take positional roots into stems of type ⟨d,et⟩, which will account for the fact that derived positionals behave semantically like root adjectives. In this way, this work not only presents a novel account of the Mayan data, but provide additional evidence for the proposal that even within languages there can be differences in the fine-grained compositional structure of degree-denoting expressions.
Storying Faith: The Promises and Contradictions of New Media in Catholic Religious Education

Catholic Religious Educators the world over—from so-called advanced democracies to newly emerging countries—find ourselves steeped in digital media (Zuckerman in Rewire: Digital cosmopolitans in an age of connection. W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 2013). Increasingly, these media come to us via mobile devices, and range from highly produced commercial pieces to photos and stories shared amongst friends (Rheingold Netsmart: How to thrive online. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012).
Understanding implicit and explicit consumer desires for protein bars, powders, and beverages

The objective of this study was to assess the implicit and explicit qualities of protein products that consumers find attractive. To do so, an Adaptive Choice‐Based Conjoint (ACBC) survey and a Constant Sum (CS) survey were conducted. Participants (n = 457) were the same for both studies and results were compared on both aggregate and individual levels. Additionally, ACBC utility scores were used to calculate “Share of Preference” scores so that each attribute level could be directly compared to CS. Attribute importance scores were relatively similar between methods, with the exception of the platform, sweetener claim, and sweetener type, which were different (p < 0.05) between surveys. Overall, both techniques agreed that the ideal protein product was a chocolate‐flavored protein bar with 20–29 g of primarily whey protein, all‐natural, and naturally sweetened by stevia. Additionally, both methods agreed on relative scaling of levels within each attribute. ACBC resulted in smaller standard deviations for shares of preference ratings than the CS survey. Differences in results between the surveys suggest that protein product consumers have differences in implicit and explicit preferences. Exploration of where these preferences disagree may provide insight on product development initiatives for select consumers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study found that there are subgroups of protein product consumers who express different ideals and desires. Furthermore, these preferences exist both explicitly and implicitly within individual consumers, and differences in those preferences may influence subsequent segmentation of consumer groups. Understanding the benefits and shortcomings of these different survey methods, and reviewing the sentiments each method captures, may help manufacturers and product developers reach new consumer groups and satisfy existing consumers to a greater extent.
Application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay to detect sporadic incident norovirus infections

Norovirus is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis. Following infection, anti-norovirus salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) rises steeply within 2 weeks and remains elevated for several months; this immunoconversion can serve as an indicator of infection. We used a multiplex salivary immunoassay to study norovirus infections among 483 visitors to a Lake Michigan beach in 2015. Saliva was collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10–14 days (S2); and after 30–40 days (S3). Luminex microspheres were coupled to recombinant antigens of genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) noroviruses and incubated with saliva. Immunoconversion was defined as at least 4-fold increase in anti-norovirus IgG antibody response from S1 to S2 and a 3-fold increase from S1 to S3. Ten (2.1%) immunoconverted to either GI (2) or GII (8) norovirus. Among those who immunoconverted, 40% reported at least one gastrointestinal symptom and 33% reported diarrhea, compared to 15% (p = 0.06) and 8% (p = 0.04) among those who did not immunoconvert, respectively. The two participants who immunoconverted to GI norovirus both swallowed water during swimming (p = 0.08). This study demonstrated the utility of a non-invasive salivary immunoassay to detect norovirus infections and an efficient approach to study infectious agents in large cohorts.
Structuring and Inspecting 3D Anchors for Seismic Volume into Hyperknowledge Base in Virtual Reality

Seismic data is a source of information geoscientists use to investigate underground regions to look for resources to explore. Such data are volumetric and noisy, and thus challenging to visualize, which motivated the research of new computational systems to assist the expert, such as visualization methods, signal processing, and machine learning models. We propose a system that aids geologists, geophysicists, and related experts in the domain in interpreting seismic data in virtual reality (VR). The system uses a hyperknowledge base (HKBase), which structures regions of interest (ROIs) as anchors with semantics from the user to the system and vice-versa. For instance, through the HKBase, the user can load and inspect the output from AI systems or give new inputs and feedback in the same way. We ran tests with experts to evaluate the system in their tasks to collect feedback and new insights on how the software could transform their routines. In accordance with our results, we claim we took one step forward for VR in the oil & gas industry by creating a valuable experience in the task of seismic interpretation.
Adiponectin enhances the bioenergetics of cardiac myocytes via an AMPK- and succinate dehydrogenase-dependent mechanism.

Abstract Adiponectin is one of the most abundant circulating hormones, which through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), enhances fatty acid and glucose oxidation, and exerts a cardioprotective effect. However, its effects on cellular bioenergetics have not been explored. We have previously reported that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR, an AMPK activator) enhances mitochondrial respiration through a succinate dehydrogenase (SDH or complex II)-dependent mechanism in cardiac myocytes, leading us to predict that Adiponectin would exert a similar effect via activating AMPK. Our results show that Adiponectin enhances basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity (SRC), which were all abolished by the knockdown of AMPKγ1, inhibition of SDH complex assembly, via the knockdown of the SDH assembly factor 1 (Sdhaf1), or inhibition of SDH activity. Additionally, Adiponectin alleviated hypoxia-induced reductions in OCR and ATP production, in a Sdhaf1-dependent manner, whereas overexpression of Sdhaf1 confirmed its sufficiency for mediating these effects. Importantly, the levels of holoenzyme SDH under the various conditions correlated with OCR. We also show that the effects of Adiponectin, AMPK, Sdhaf1, as well as, SDH complex assembly all required sirtuin 3 (Sirt3). In conclusion, Adiponectin potentiates mitochondrial bioenergetics via promoting SDH complex assembly in an AMPK-, Sdhaf1-, and Sirt3-dependent fashion in cardiac myocytes.
The Wiley Handbook of Adult Literacy

Concern for adult literacy around the world is widespread but spread thin. Schooling and literacy are increasing, yet millions lack facility with print and its contemporary uses. Nations may dedica...
The Sentencing Commission, P.M. (Post-Mistretta): Sunshine or Sunset?

High noon came in the Supreme Court in 1989. In Mistretta v. United States,' the Court confronted threshold challenges to the constitutionality of the United States Sentencing Commission under the nondelegation and separation-of-powers doctrines. The Commission survived that initial constitutional attack, and now there will be a P.M. (Post-Mistretta) existence for the Commission. The questions remain: (1) what kind of an "afternoon" should the Commission have; and (2) what kind will it have? At this writing - approximately one year after Mistretta, and five years after its creation by the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 - the Sentencing Commission's prospects are penumbral. By this time, the Commission should have begun to emerge into the afternoon sunshine of enlightened efforts to improve the fundamental efficiency of the sentencing system. However, recent indications are that this ultimate goal has been overshadowed by a preoccupation with the implementation of the Commission's initial Sentencing Guidelines, and is in danger of being eclipsed totally by an unduly parsimonious reading of the statutory mandate. If the Commission persists in narrowing its own horizon, then the likely outcome is an early sunset to the Commission's useful existence, if not its formal existence as well. Post-Mistretta, all three branches of our federal government now have spoken authoritatively on the proper role of the Commission. Their pronouncements all lead to the same prescription: the Sentencing Commission is supposed to be an expert body rationalizing the judicial function of sentencing toward the objective of greater efficiency in punishment. The Commission's willingness to heed this chorus will determine whether the afternoon of the Commission's life will be spent in the sunshine of an enlightened and rational approach to the objective of efficiency, or under the lengthening shadows of unguided and unrepresentative political decisions, which are likely to bring a premature sunset to the once-promising day of sentencing reform.
Predictability of Short-Horizon Returns in the Sri Lankan Stock Market

Research on the predictability of short-horizon returns in developed markets has shown that daily, weekly and monthly returns are predictable from past returns, and that the predictable variation is a small part of variance of returns. In order to provide evidence from an emerging stock market, this paper examines the autocorrelations of daily, weekly and monthly returns of the Colombo Stock Exchange in Sri Lanka in the 1985-1995 sample period using data for market and sector indices. The study finds significant autocorrelations in the order of 50 percent and R2s of about 30 percent in the daily market returns for the 1991-1995 period. Strong evidence of predictability of monthly returns of sector indices is also found for the 1991-1995 period. The evidence rejects the random walk model of stock returns for the market indices and most sector indices. The results need to be cautiously interpreted due to the existence of potential biases in autocorrelations induced by infrequent trading.
5 - Cell Ca 2+ in Signal Transduction: Modulation in Oxidative Stress

Changes in the intracellular concentration of Ca 2+ play a very important role in regulating cell function in prokaryotic and in eukaryotic cells. The cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] c ) is about 10 -7 M , four orders of magnitude lower than in the extracellular medium. This means that much energy is spent to keep this steep gradient between intracellular and extracellular concentrations. The reason cells evolved the capacity to maintain such a low intracellular concentration is that Ca 2+ phosphate precipitates easily in water. Regulatory mechanisms in which Ca 2+ plays a role take advantage of this situation, benefiting from the tight regulation of Ca 2+ concentration imposed by the widespread presence of phosphate as the main intracellular buffer. This chapter offers an overview of the basic mechanisms that mammalian cells use to maintain a specific Ca 2+ concentration and compartmentalization, and describes how regulatory pathways make use of changes in Ca 2+ concentration to transmit signals. It also describes how these mechanisms and information pathways get affected by changes in Ca 2+ concentration induced by oxidative stress. The possible involvement of disruptions in Ca 2+ homeostasis in pathological conditions and cell death are also reviewed.
Position-Dependent Properties of Limb Cells

An understanding of the way in which cells acquire and utilize positional information in their interactions with one another to generate new pattern, awaits the identification of the molecules that specify positional identity. The vertebrate limb has long been used as an experimental model for the study of pattern formation, and there is currently a considerable body of knowledge about limb development and regeneration at the level of tissues and cells. This information has allowed for the development of a conceptual framework within which to study limbs and from which functional assays for genes involved in pattern formation can be fashioned.
Valuation for Mergers, Buyouts and Restructuring

Part I. The Tools of Valuation.1. A User's Guide. 2. Forecasting and Valuation of Free Cash Flows. 3. The Equity Premium and the Cost of Capital.4. Metrics and Multiples. 5. Economic Value Added.6. Valuation with Changing Capital Structure.7. Debt Capacity for Acquisition Financing. 8. Valuing Entry and Exit Options.Part II: Mergers, Acq uisitions and Buyouts.9. Merger and Acquisitions. 10. Deal making with Differences of Opinion. 11. Special Offer Structures: Price Guarantees and Collars. 12. Acquisitions in Developed and Emerging Markets. 13. Leveraged Buyouts.Part III: Recapitalizations and Restructuring. 14. Recapitalization of Troubled Companies. 15. Asset Restructuring.Appendix A. Financial Options.Appendix B. Valuation Aids Software. Appendix C. Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Problems. Technical Notes.References.
STABILITY OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS: ROTATION AND INTERNAL EXCITATION LIMITS*

The rotation and internal excitation limits of stability of superheavy compound nuclei (formed, for example, by heavy-ion collisions) are studied. The work is based on a macroscopic-microscopic description of the deformation of a nucleus. The two-center shell model for fission is generalized to include rotation (microscopic description) and internal excitations (statistical description). The physical basis for this study is described and the calculated results of the stability of fission barriers of superheavy elements are presented.