cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotation of the Pulley in Melde's Experiment

The apparently continuous rotation which may sometimes be observed in the pulley in Melde's experiment is assumed to be the result of a succession of small slips of the pulley under the string near some particular phase of the motion. The equations of motion are solved under the assumptions that there is no transverse vibration of the string, that the string does not slip on the pulley, that there is no damping, and that the motion is simple harmonic with a frequency equal to that of the tuning fork. It is shown that any slipping will first occur when the pulley is close to an end of its swing, and from this it follows that the sense of a net rotation is determined by the particular end of the swing at which this slipping occurs. The theory indicates that the sense of the rotation depends on the length of the vertical part of the string, but is independent of the length of the horizontal part. In experimental tests of the above theory, the senses of rotation observed for different lengths of the vertical part of the string agree with the theory in a great many cases, but differ in so many other cases as to show that the theory needs modification---probably by taking account of damping. The string used shows considerable elastic after effect, and its modulus of elasticity increases with the load. Values of the elastic modulus calculated from the lengths at which the rotation of the pulley reversed show a moderately good agreement with directly determined values. Values of the coefficient of friction between string and pulley, calculated from the amplitude of the pulley when rotation began, are in fair agreement with values which were found directly.
Microphone probe for sound measurement in flames and inaccessible places

Abstract In this paper details of the design, construction and performance of a microphone probe for sound measurement in flames and inaccessible places are presented.
Market penetration of primary energy and its role in the Greenhouse warming problem

Abstract When introduced some 10 years ago, Marchetti's claim for a 50–100 year irreducible penetration time for primary world energy forms legitimized serious consideration of the longterm climatic effect of fossil-fuel released carbon dioxide as a major global environmental concern. Since this time, although the truth or falseness of Marchetti's thesis has not been established, major changes in our perception of the nature of the problem have ensued. We discuss both the effect of the reduction in projected fossil-fuel energy-use rates and the climatic warming effects of trace-gas species in addition to CO 2 , and we conclude that, even though most of today's energy projections imply a greatly reduced rate of global warming from future CO 2 emissions, projections of currently observed growth rates in the other greenhouse gases result in a net heating of the earth at a rate and of a magnitude comparable to that estimated in the mid-1970s when serious climatic impacts were thought to be possible within a 50-year period. Redeployment of world energy use from its current fossil-fuel base to renewable forms in order to avoid this environmental problem therefore faces the same critical timing difficulty it did a decade ago.
Globin gene regulation and switching: Circa 1990

Suggestions that the field of hemoglobin regulation and erythroid cell molecular biology was undergoing a tortuous and slow death, awash in the scientific community several years ago, were dispelled by the findings presented at the Seventh Conference on Hemoglobin Switching. After a phase in which neither the cis-elements nor trans-factors important for globin and erythroid gene expression were evident, recent progress has been rapid. Once again, studies in this area are providing fundamental insights into eukaryotic biology. The long-distance influence of LCR elements on chromatin structure and gene expression is remarkable and likely to be encountered in the analysis of other developmentally regulated, multigene loci. How LCR elements influence chromatin structure and maintain an open configuration is a problem at the core of gene regulation. We can be optimistic that further dissection of LCRs will delineate DNA sequences critical for these effects and associated proteins. The interaction of LCRs with individual genes must depend on specific protein-protein interactions, most likely involving a small, but elite, group of regulators. At least one critical transcriptional regulator of erythroid-expressed genes, GATA-1, is firmly established. Others are being pursued. The mechanisms by which they collaborate with each other should provide the missing pieces to the puzzle of cell-specific gene expression in the erythroid lineage. As the phenomenology of Hb switching is mimicked in transgenic mice, the elements mediating competitive and non-competitive (or autonomous) modes of regulation will be systematically delineated. Whether knowledge of the cis- and trans- components involved in switching will lead to the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at altering their complex interactions is uncertain. Fortunately, recent progress in hematopoietic stem cell biology once again raises hopes that gene transfer strategies for management of hemoglobin disorders may be more than a distant, impractical goal.
Recent advances in the development of a fiber-optic-based instrument for on-line Raman analysis

The measurement of composition of chemical process streams at multiple points is a critical problem in many industrial environments. We are developing an instrument, based on laboratory Raman spectroscopy, to measure composition of multiple components in a distillation column. A Nd:YAG laser is used to excite the sample and an interferometer is used to detect the Raman spectrum. The light from the laser is routed to the measurement points through a fiber optic probe which also gathers the light generated in the column by the Raman effect. A multiplexer is introduced to allow sharing of the expensive components of the system among several measurement points. The instrunient will initially be applied to distillation columns, but should be applicable to analysis of many liquid mixtures of commercial interest. The response time is approximately three minutes per measurement. The composition measurement range is from approximately 5% to 100% with an average error of less than 2% RMS. Progress in the implementation of the instrument will be discussed, with particular emphasis on losses due to optical fiber lengths up to 35 meters.
Accessory α-Helix of Complexin I Can Displace VAMP2 Locally in the Complexin–SNARE Quaternary Complex

Abstract The calcium-triggered neurotransmitter release requires three SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins: synaptobrevin 2 (or vesicle-associated membrane protein 2) on the synaptic vesicle and syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25 (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa) at the presynaptic plasma membrane. This minimal fusion machinery is believed to drive fusion of the vesicle to the presynaptic membrane. Complexin, also known as synaphin, is a neuronal cytosolic protein that acts as a major regulator of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of complexin have both been reported, suggesting the duality of its function. To shed light on the molecular basis of the complexin's dual function, we have performed an EPR investigation of the complexin–SNARE quaternary complex. We found that the accessory α-helix (amino acids 27–48) by itself has the capacity to replace the C-terminus of the SNARE motif of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 in the four-helix bundle and makes the SNARE complex weaker when the N-terminal region of complexin I (amino acids 1–26) is removed. However, the accessory α-helix remains detached from the SNARE core when the N-terminal region of complexin I is present. Thus, our data show the possibility that the balance between the activities of the accessory α-helix and the N-terminal domain might determine the final outcome of the complexin function, either stimulatory or inhibitory.
Non-empirical LCAO MO SCF studies on CH5+

Abstract Non-empirical LCAO MO SCF studies on CH + 5 indicate that the C s geometry is notably less stable than the D 3h or C 4v configurations. CNDO/2 calculations using the original Pople parameters also indicate that the D 3h and C 4v configurations are more stable than the C s geometry. In contrast to this the parameters of Wiberg used in the article of Gamba et al. in this journal indicate that the C s geometry is slightly more stable than the D 3h or C 4v geometries. suggesting that the CNDO/2 calculations are sensitive to the parameterization used. Further investigation is needed to determine which of the two configurations. D 3h or C 4ν' is the most stable and whether or not one of these configurations represents the ground state geometry of CH + 5 .
Disk-shaped heat-pipe oven used for lithium excited-state lifetime measurements.

A metal-vapor spectroscopic oven based on the heat-pipe principle has been constructed in which the heated stainless steel wicks are mounted on disks spaced closely compared with their radii and in which the window is a glass spacer ring separating the disks and permitting optical access to the active volume. The device has been successfully operated using both sodium and lithium as the working fluid. The lithium 4s2S1/2 and 5s2S1/2 radiative lifetimes were measured with this device, yielding values of 56 ± 1.7 and 99 ± 9 nsec, respectively.
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Is Bound in Intersubunit Areas of Rat Liver Folate-binding Protein Glycine N-Methyltransferase

Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is a key regulatory enzyme in methyl group metabolism. It is abundant in the liver, where it uses excess S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to methylate glycine to N-methylglycine (sarcosine) and produces S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), thereby controlling the methylating potential of the cell. GNMT also links utilization of preformed methyl groups, in the form of methionine, to their de novo synthesis, because it is inhibited by a specific form of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Although the structure of the enzyme has been elucidated by x-ray crystallography of the apoenzyme and in the presence of the substrate, the location of the folate inhibitor in the tetrameric structure has not been identified. We report here for the first time the crystal structure of rat GNMT complexed with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. In the GNMT-folate complex, two folate binding sites were located in the intersubunit areas of the tetramer. Each folate binding site is formed primarily by two 1-7 N-terminal regions of one pair of subunits and two 205-218 regions of the other pair of subunits. Both the pteridine and p-aminobenzoyl rings are located in the hydrophobic cavities formed by Tyr5, Leu207, and Met215 residues of all subunits. Binding experiments in solution also confirm that one GNMT tetramer binds two folate molecules. For the enzymatic reaction to take place, the N-terminal fragments of GNMT must have a significant degree of conformational freedom to provide access to the active sites. The presence of the folate in this position provides a mechanism for its inhibition.
SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE IN UNORGANIZED RURAL CREDIT MARKETS

In studies discussing the high rates of interest observed in unorganized rural credit markers emphasis has traditionally been given to supply factors as sources of the high interest rates and sometimes with the implication that the farmer is forced to use this credit in a less than optimal manner. The thrust of this article is to offer evidence that the farmer in the unorganized marker is willing on perfectly rational economic grounds to accept credit on such terms. The evidence comes from a study of the marginal productivity of capital of farmers operating in the informal market in Apatzingan county, Michoacan. Mexico. The high marginal value products of capital obtained over a reasonably large range demonstrate that the farmers in the area are willing on economic grounds to accept high rates of interest charged by lenders. Implications of these findings with respect to other areas and agricultural policy are set forth. Dans les etudes portant sur les faux ďinterets eleves que ľon. recontre dans les marches de credit rural non organises. ľattention a ete traditionnellement atrire sur ľoffre comme eant la cause de ces laux eleves er, par voie de consequence. que le fermier soir parfois obligeďutiliser ce credit dune facon qui n'est pas la meilleure. ľessentiel de cet article esr de montrer que. dans ce type de marche le fermier est pret a accepter un credir dans ces conditions. pour des raisons economique parfaitement rationnelles. La demonstration apparait dans ľerude du rendement marginal du capital realisee aupres des Fermiers du marche non organiseďApatzingan au Mirhoacan Mexiqueo. Le haut rendement marginal du capital. obtenu sur une periode sufjlsamment grande. montre que les fermiers de cette region. pour raisons economiques. sont disposes a acceprer les taux ďinterets eleves exiges par les preteurs. Les implicarions de ces conclusions quonr aux autres region er quanr a la politique agricole sont enoncees.
Growth and food habits of hybrid carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella x Aristichthys nobilis, from aerated and non-aerated ponds

Hybrid grass carp fry (Ctenopharyngodon idella×Aristichthys nobilis) were stocked into 0·04 ha ponds with and without paddlewheel aeration. Fish in the paddlewheel and non-paddlewheel pond, preyed upon identical organisms, but in different proportions. Fish in the paddlewheel ponds grew at significantly greater rates.
Ethiodized Oil Emulsions in Hepatic Microcirculation: In Vivo Microscopy in Animal Models

Rationale and Objectives. The authors' purpose was to define the stability and drug-carrying and drug-releasing capacity of ethiodized oil emulsions in the hepatic circulation. Methods. Emulsions prepared in various ratios of a nonionic contrast material containing doxorubicin to ethiodized oil were injected into the hepatic arteries of normal and tumor-bearing livers in rats or mice. In vivo microscopy was used to observe the dynamic distribution of the emulsions in the hepatic circulation. Results. A solution of less water mixed with more oil formed water-in-oil (w/o) phase emulsions, whereas less oil with more water formed oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The oil in the emulsions carried the water in the blood circulation. The w/o emulsions exhibited significantly higher carriage capacity and longer release time for the drug solution than did the o/w emulsions ( P Conclusion. The delivery capacity of w/o emulsions is superior to that of o/w emulsions. Further studies about preparation methods and delivery capability of emulsions in the liver are warranted.
Influence of L-tryptophan and auxins applied to the rhizosphere on the vegetative growth of Zea mays L

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of L-TRP in comparison with indole-3-acetamide (IAM), tryptophol (TOL) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the growth of Zea mays L. var. Early Sunglow. L-TRP (25 to 2.5×10−5 mg kg−1 soil), IAM (22 to 2.2×10−5 mg kg−1 soil), TOL (20 to 2.0×10−5 mg kg−1 soil), and IAA (22 to 2.2×10−5 mg kg−1 soil) were applied as a soil drench to established uniform seedlings. All treatments were applied in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. IAM had no significant effect on the plant growth parameters. Shoot height, uppermost leaf collar base distance, internodal distance, and shoot dry and fresh weights were significantly improved upon the addition of TOL (2.0×10−2 mg kg−1 soil), however, the highest concentration (20 mg kg−1 soil) caused a 14.6% reduction in leaf width. L-TRP (2.5×10−3 mg kg-1 soil) also had a significant influence on shoot height, uppermost leaf collar base distance, internodal distance and fresh weight of shoot compared with the control. The highest concentration of L-TRP (25=mg kg−1 soil) had a negative effect on leaf width and dry weight of the shoot. The most pronounced response on the corn growth parameters was observed with the application of IAA at lower concentrations (2.2×10−5 to 2.2×10−2 mg kg−1 soil) specifically improving root growth. The highest concentration (22 mg kg−1 soil) of IAA had a significant negative effect on plant height, leaf width, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight. These findings indicate that L-TRP applied at the appropriate concentrations can have positive effects on corn growth comparable to pure auxins (TOL and IAA).
A model for protein transport across the endothelial membrane.

Abstract A mathematical model for convective and diffusive transport of protein across the capillary membrane is developed for a radioisotope-labeled species, the protein 113In-transferrin. Body tissue is modeled as a two-compartment porous medium with liquid and solid phases. In normal human subjects, labeled autologous blood is reinfused as an intravenous bolus, and blood samples are drawn periodically during the study. Gamma emissions detected in a well counter are fed automatically to a PDP - 11 10 computer for collection and analysis, and a transport parameter, r, which represents the ratio of convective to diffusive protein fluxes, is calculated for each subject. The range of r is 0.20–0.46 with an average ratio of 0.287. The results suggest that diffusion plays a dominant role in systemwide protein transport in the body.
Scaling forms for relaxation times of the fiber bundle model.

Using extensive numerical analysis of the fiber bundle model with equal load sharing dynamics we studied the finite-size scaling forms of the relaxation times against the deviations of applied load per fiber from the critical point. Our most crucial result is we have not found any $\mathrm{ln}(N)$ dependence of the average relaxation time $\ensuremath{\langle}T(\ensuremath{\sigma},N)\ensuremath{\rangle}$ in the precritical state. The other results are as follows: (i) The critical load ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(N)$ for the bundle of size $N$ approaches its asymptotic value ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(\ensuremath{\infty})$ as ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(N)={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(\ensuremath{\infty})+A{N}^{\ensuremath{-}1/\ensuremath{\nu}}$. (ii) Right at the critical point the average relaxation time $\ensuremath{\langle}T({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(N),N)\ensuremath{\rangle}$ scales with the bundle size $N$ as $\ensuremath{\langle}T({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(N),N)\ensuremath{\rangle}\ensuremath{\sim}{N}^{\ensuremath{\eta}}$ and this behavior remains valid within a small window of size $|\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}|\ensuremath{\sim}{N}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\zeta}}$ around the critical point. (iii) When $1/Nl|\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}|l100{N}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\zeta}}$ the finite-size scaling takes the form $\ensuremath{\langle}T(\ensuremath{\sigma},N)\ensuremath{\rangle}/{N}^{\ensuremath{\eta}}\ensuremath{\sim}\mathcal{G}[{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}(N)\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{N}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}}]$ so in the limit of $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ one has $\ensuremath{\langle}T(\ensuremath{\sigma})\ensuremath{\rangle}\ensuremath{\sim}{(\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau}}$. The high precision of our numerical estimates led us to verify that $\ensuremath{\nu}=3/2$, conjecture that $\ensuremath{\eta}=1/3$, $\ensuremath{\zeta}=2/3$, and, therefore, $\ensuremath{\tau}=1/2$.
Gymnodinium acidotum Nygaard (Pyrrophyta), a Dinoflagellate with an endosymbiotic cryptomonad

Ultrastructural examination of the freshwater, blue-green dinoflagellate Gymnodinium acidotum Nygaard revealed the presence of an endosymbiotic cryptomonad. Features of the endosymbiont allying it with the Cryptophyceae include mitochondria with flattened cristae, paired thylakoids with electron-dense contents, and nucleomorphs, bodies unique to the Cryptophyceae. This report is the first conclusive documentation of a symbiosis involving these two groups.
Low-Speed Natural-Laminar-Flow Airfoils: Case Study in Inverse Airfoil Design

A systematic study of the trends in low-speed natural-laminar-eow airfoils for general aviation applications is presented. The airfoils have been designed using a multipoint inverse airfoil design method, which allows for specie cation of velocity and boundary-layer properties over different portions of the airfoil. A panel method with a coupled boundary-layer scheme is used to analyze the characteristics of the resulting airfoils. By systematically adjusting the speciecations, families of airfoils have been designed with different lift, drag, and pitching-moment characteristics. Parametric studies are presented to study the tradeoffs involved in designing laminar-e ow airfoils for general aviation. Although the results of the study are speciec to the class of airplanes considered, the design philosophies and the design approach used inthestudy areapplicable toa widerangeof airplanes. In addition, the examples presented in the paper form an excellent case study to demonstrate the power of modern inverse design techniques in controlling the performance of an airfoil to a ene degree and in generating a custom database of airfoils suitable for airplane multidisciplinary optimization and trade studies.
Effect of the inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme in endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock.

SummaryWe studied the role of the angiotensin I converting enzyme in shock Dogs were shocked by injection of E. coli endotoxin or by bleeding. The animals in the experiments were pretreated by iv administration of SQ 20881, the synthetic peptide inhibitor of the converting enzyme. The administration of the inhibitor blocked or attenuated the compensatory rise that followed the initial drop in systemic arterial pressure. In hypovolemic shock, as well, the inhibitor significantly delayed and decreased this compensatory rise in blood pressure. The results indicate that the enzyme has important function in shock.
The Bovine Mimecan Gene MOLECULAR CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO MAJOR RNA TRANSCRIPTS GENERATED BY ALTERNATIVE USE OF TWO SPLICE ACCEPTOR SITES IN THE THIRD EXON

Mimecan is a proteoglycan expressed by many connective tissues. It was originally isolated in a truncated form as a bone-associated glycoprotein, osteoglycin, and was considered an osteoinductive factor. Recently, we demonstrated that the full-length translation product of the cDNA encoding mimecan is a corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan present in other tissues without keratan sulfate chains. We also described multiple mimecan mRNA transcripts generated by differential splicing and alternative polyadenylation. In this study, we isolated genomic clones and determined the genomic organization of the bovine mimecan gene. The gene is spread over >33 kilobases of continuous DNA sequence and contains eight exons. The newly discovered first exon, identified by 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, consists of a 5′-untranslated region and is enriched in C+G nucleotides. Two transcription initiation sites starting at the first and at the second exons were determined by primer extension. Molecular characterization shows that alternatively spliced RNA isoforms are generated by the use of two distinct splice acceptor sites in the third exon situated 278 base pairs apart. We determined a partial genomic structure of the human mimecan gene and demonstrated two alternatively spliced RNA transcripts that are generated likewise. Despite the diversity of mimecan transcripts, the primary structure of the core protein is encoded from exons 3 to 8 and remains unchanged, indicating its functional importance. Using ribonuclease protection assay, we analyzed the patterns of spliced RNA expressed in cultured bovine keratocytes. We demonstrated that their expression is differentially modulated in a temporal manner by basic fibroblast growth factor.
Nanoporous carbon nanotubes synthesized through confined hydrogen-bonding self-assembly.

We report a simple and direct synthetic method for the preparation of nanoporous carbon nanotubes with larger pores (>10 nm) on the tube wall. The method combines the use of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a template for the tube diameter and block copolymer/carbohydrates self-assembly within thin films confined inside AAO pore channels to form nanopores. It involves coating the AAO inner pore channel surface with block copolymer (polystyrene-co-poly(vinylpyridine)) and carbohydrates in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. Drying of DMF induced microphase separation of PS−PVP and formation of ordered PS and PVP/carbohydrate domains. Within the coating, the carbohydrates stay specifically only in the pyridine domains surrounding PS domains due to the hydrogen bonding between carbohydrates and pyridine blocks. After carbonization at high temperature (>460 °C) in argon, PS was removed, forming the nanopores and carbohydrates, and PVP was carbonized, forming the framework of nanoporous carbon tubes within AAO cha...
Development of a three-channel, 24-h ambulatory esophageal pressure monitor

The monitor is a battery-operated, microprocessor-based device that measures pressures from three transducers positioned in the esophagus, stores the data in its memory, and transfers the data to an IBM PC computer system at the end of the recording period. Programs on the PC then analyze the data and identify contractile events, categorizing them according to specific parameters. Other programs display the pressure waveforms on the PC and allow visual inspection of the entire recordings or, alternatively, of particular events of interest. The system detects contractile abnormalities in patients with intermittent, noncardiac chest pains. The system was tested on ten normal subjects. A relatively high incidence of what are usually considered 'abnormal' contractions was found. >
Glycerol conversion to lactic acid with sodium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst in a fed-batch reactor

This study investigated a fed-batch process for glycerol conversion to lactic acid with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as homogeneous catalyst, with the aim to reduce the corrosiveness of catalyst to reactor. At the optimal conditions of the fed-batch process (1.1 M initial glycerol concentration, reaction time of 220 min, reaction temperature of 300 °C, NaOH concentration around 0.2 M), lactic acid yield reached 82 mol%, with 93 mol% of glycerol conversion. A first order kinetic model in the fed-batch conversion of glycerol was developed and validated under different process conditions. The corrosiveness to stainless steel reactor in glycerol conversion in the fed-batch process, measured as Fe3+ at the end of reaction, decreased from 9.5 to 1.5 ppm Fe3+ when compared to a batch process using a homogeneous 1.25 M NaOH as catalyst. Application of the fed-batch reactor in the crude glycerol conversion reached the maximum lactic acid yield of 72.9 mol% with 92.4 mol% glycerol conversion, but high soap content in crude glycerol has negative effects on both lactic acid yield and glycerol conversion.
People and Places on Picture Postcards: A High-Interest Source for Geographic Education

Abstract Picture postcards are presented as a much needed high-interest vehicle for geographic education. They are readily available to teachers and serve as a rich data source for historical, physical, and cultural geographic inquiry. When used by skilled teachers, postcards can be developmentally appropriate for geographic education for learners at all ages.
Catalytic Sulfoxidation and Epoxidation with a Mn(III) Triazacorrole: Evidence for A "Third Oxidant" in High-Valent Porphyrinoid Oxidations

The reaction between (TBP)8(Cz)Mn(III) (1) and the oxygen atom donors iodosylbenzene (PhIO) or p-cyanodimethylaniline-N-oxide (CDMANO) leads to the manganese(V)−oxo complex (TBP)8(Cz)Mn(V)⋮O (2), which has been isolated and characterized previously. Under catalytic conditions with 1 as added catalyst and PhIO as oxidant, both sulfoxidation of PhSMe and epoxidation of cis-stilbene is observed, whereas with CDMANO no sulfoxidation takes place, suggesting that 2 is not the active oxidant. Examination of the independent reactivity of isolated 2 toward PhSMe and cis-stilbene supports this conclusion. A mechanism which relies on a novel type of oxidant involving Lewis acid activation of PhIO by the Mn(V)−oxo complex 2 accounts for these observations and is confirmed by 18O-labeling experiments.
Thoracic venous anatomy: Multidetector row CT evaluation

Two-dimensional CT angiography provides much information of the systemic and pulmonary thoracic veins. The combination of MDCT and volume-rendering techniques postprocessing provides higher-quality data sets and a method fully to harness the potential for image display and interpretation. Although this may not radically alter sensitivity for detection of systemic or pulmonary venous pathology it does provide a more comprehensive and sophisticated evaluation through volume acquisition and interpretation.
Methodological note on use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies--Depression Scale with older samples.

St~mmary.-Samples of older adults (ns=600, 251, and 214) given the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale by telephone seem to have composite scores that are much lower than hose who are interviewed face-to-face. Depression is an issue of considerable importance in gerontology (Blazer, 1993; Blazer, Burchett, Service, & George, 1991; Katona, 1994; Kennedy, 1996). The Center for Epidemiological StuQes-Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977) has been used often in studies of depression in later Me, especially since Radloff and Teri (1986) reported its appropriateness for use with older individuals. Because the scale is used frequently in epidemiological studies, comparisons of various samples' scores and of the scores of older respondents versus younger respondents are inevitably made. We would lke to offer a methodological caution to other researchers. In two surveys of older samples, one of 600 participants with a mean age of 71.9 yr. and the other of 251 ~eople with a mean age of 71.5 yr., we found group means of 5.6 (SD=5.3) and 5.7 (SD=6.5), respectively, for the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. Yet, in a third survey using the scale with 214 people who had a mean age of 77.0 yr., the mean was 11.5 (SD=7.9). While there may be some increase in depression in very late life, it did not seem reasonable that community-dwehg samples this close in age should have significantly different (t= 12.2, p<.0001) scores on depression. The method of administration may have accounted for the dfierence. The first two surveys were done by telephone; the third was done face-toface. Wallace and O'Hara (1992) had results similar to that for our telephone interview studies in their research on 3,159 older persons who cornpleted the Radloff scale by telephone, a mean of 6.1 (SD=5.7). Others who have administered the scale face-to-face have noted higher scores similar to those we found in our face-to-face survey. bmelfarb and Murrell (1983) found means of 10.0 to 10.2 with 273 older people interviewed in person. Similarly, Wdhamson and Schulz (1993) reported a group
Quantitative NMR velocity imaging of a main-chain liquid crystalline polymer flowing through an abrupt contraction

The flow of isotropic and liquid crystalline (LC) hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) aqueous solutions into an abrupt axisymmetric contraction has been quantitatively measured by pulsed-field-gradient NMR techniques. Steady-state axial velocity profiles, acquired upstream of the contraction, reveal a large contraction entry length for the LC solution. This entry flow field exists over an order of magnitude change in flow rate and is attributed to elasticity that is associated with polydomain liquid crystallinity. Pronounced, off-centerline velocity maxima (in an axisymmetric flow field) were present upstream of the contraction, in the entry flow region. Apparently, a more viscous and elastic core of fluid was present along the centerline; this fluid resisted elongational strain more than the fluid closer to the walls. Quantitative velocity profiles were extracted from displacement distributions and corrected for elongational dispersion. The isotropic solution velocity profiles matched those obtained from viscoelastic simulations using an approximate Doi-Edwards model, parameterized with independent rheological data.
Using build-integrated static checking to preserve correctness invariants

A key missing link in the creation of secure and robust systems is finding a ost effective way to demonstrate and preserve correspondence between a software design and its implementation. This paper explores the use of software model checking techniques to validate selected design invariants in the EROS operating system kernel. Several global consistency policies in the EROS kernel can be expressed as finite state automata. Using the MOPS static hecker, we have been able to validate the EROS kernel implementation against these automata. In the process, we have confirmed the practical utility of the basic verification technique, identified a number of desirable enhancements in MOPS, and located bugs in the EROS implementation.A key contribution of this paper is establishing that it is practical to integrate software model checking into normal development lifestyle. Model hecking is efficient enough that it does not add noticeably to our build times. This allows us to view it as a tool for error prevention rather than detection. Our work with EROS and MOPS suggests that domain specific application of software model hecking is a practical and powerful technique for software assurance and maintenance.
Interpersonal conflict in organizations: Explaining conflict styles via face‐negotiation theory

The purpose of the current study was to test the assumption of the face‐negotiation theory (Ting‐Toomey, 1988) that face concerns are predictive of conflict management styles. Managers and employees (N = 184) completed a self‐report questionnaire that asked them to describe their reactions to typical conflicts with either a peer or a person of different status. Self‐face concern was associated positively with dominating and emotionally expressive styles, other‐face concern was associated positively with integrating, obliging, and compromising styles, and mutual‐face concern was associated positively with integrating, obliging, and compromising styles. Additionally, inclusion of face concerns provided a better prediction than other relevant variables alone for six of the eight conflict styles considered.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—EQUINE MAST CELL TUMOR

Equine mast cell tumors are typically benign solitary growths of the head, neck, trunk, or limbs. When involving the limbs, these masses tend to be adjacent to joints without involving them. In radiographs there is often a well-circumscribed soft tissue mass with granular mineralization. The Arabian breed appears to be over represented. Surgical removal is usually curative. In this report, we describe the diagnosis, clinical features, and management of mast cell tumors in the rear limb of a horse.
Endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: modified technique and radiographic review

Abstract The original technique for endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has several potential complications because of constraints imposed by working through the tibial tunnel: improper femoral tunnel placement, violation of the femoral tunnel posterior wall, femoral interference screw divergence, graft laceration during screw insertion, and distal tibial bone block protrusion. We performed 100 consecutive endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with bone-tendon-bone autograft using a modified technique that minimizes each of these problems through the use of an accessory medial parapatellar porta. Postoperative radiographic review showed femoral screw divergence in only 9% of cases (average angle, 6.9°), all in the anteroposterior plane. The tibial tunnel was drilled at an average of 66° to the plateau and averaged 52 mm in length. There was no graft damage during screw insertion or protrusion of the bone blocks. We conclude that this modified technique allows simplified, reproducible tunnel and interference screw placement.
A place for motion in mapping.

A study finds that formation of a cognitive map for a virtual reality environment demands associating specific movement trajectories with views to the constellation of peripheral landmarks.
AMMONIA CATALYZED ORGANOSOLV DELIGNIFICATION OF POPLAR

A parametric investigation of NH4OH catalyzed solvent delignification of poplar was conducted to define pretreatment conditions which would yield an optimal separation of the biomass components and an enzymatic susceptible solid carbohydrate phase. Delignification parameters of interest included concentration of NH4OH, time and temperature of the reaction, and type of solvent. The addition of 0.82 M NH4OH to the delignification liquor increased lignin removal and decreased carbohydrate degradation, but increasing NH4OH concentration had no additional effect. At lower reaction temperatures, the extent of delignification increased with reaction time; at higher temperatures, a “relignification” of the pretreated wood was observed. The delignification and hemicellulose solubilization were modelled and rate constants reported. No major difference between three potential pulping solvents—ethanol, butanol, phenol—was observed. The enzymatic susceptibility of pretreated wood samples was approximately 6-fold great...
Analytic Calculation for Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Linear Slot Array

For the scattering of an incident plane electromagnetic wave by a slotted metallic film, the previous analytical calculation for a single slot is generalized into a model for an arbitrary linear array of slots with variable slot width, slot separation and slot dielectric material. The advantage as well as the effectiveness of the generalized model presented in this work are best described by enabling calculation of a continuous spatial distribution of an electromagnetic field by inverting a small discrete coefficient matrix spanned by both the slot index and the sloteigenmode index for a set of linear equations. In comparisons with well-known plane-wave and finite-difference time-domain methods, inverting a large matrix, in wave number space for the former case and in real space at each time step for the latter case, can be avoided to greatly speed up numerical calculations. In addition, based on a partial-domain method, the formalism presented here can be employed to treat a composite surface (e.g., a slotted metal film with different dielectric materials in the slots).
Early intervention in acute kidney injury

The development of new biomarkers that enable the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) should facilitate early intervention and reduce the mortality associated with this disease. In this Perspectives article, Robert Schrier discusses the need to develop interventions to attenuate or prevent AKI and the requirement for such interventions to selectively improve renal hemodynamics, increase tubular flow rates, and decrease inflammation without causing systemic vasodilation. The prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the US is increasing, which can be attributed in part to the aging population and the pandemic of obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Individuals over the age of 70 years constitute 7% of the US population, but account for 36–70% of AKI cases. Presently, major efforts are underway to enable the early detection of AKI by use of various innovative biomarkers, thereby facilitating early intervention. Now is the time, therefore, to consider potential interventions to attenuate or prevent AKI. Several randomized studies have failed to alter the course of AKI, but these studies have been complicated by extrarenal consequences, which could have obscured the potential intrarenal benefit of the agent. Thus, agents that have exclusive effects on renal hemodynamics and tubular function, or the intrarenal infusion of short-acting agents that do not have systemic effects, need to be considered in future studies for the prevention of AKI.
Review of trainers for transurethral resection of the prostate skills.

Performance of transurethral resection of the prostate and bladder involves the ability to work in a small three-dimensional space while receiving two-dimensional visual feedback. The operation als...
Making the Earth: Combining Dynamics and Chemistry in the Solar System

Abstract No terrestrial planet formation simulation completed to date has considered the detailed chemical composition of the planets produced. While many have considered possible water contents and late veneer compositions, none have examined the bulk elemental abundances of the planets produced as an important check of formation models. Here we report on the first study of this type. Bulk elemental abundances based on disk equilibrium studies have been determined for the simulated terrestrial planets of O’Brien et al. [O’Brien, D.P., Morbidelli, A., Levison, H.F., 2006. Icarus 184, 39–58]. These abundances are in excellent agreement with observed planetary values, indicating that the models of O’Brien et al. [O’Brien, D.P., Morbidelli, A., Levison, H.F., 2006. Icarus 184, 39–58] are successfully producing planets comparable to those of the Solar System in terms of both their dynamical and chemical properties. Significant amounts of water are accreted in the present simulations, implying that the terrestrial planets form “wet” and do not need significant water delivery from other sources. Under the assumption of equilibrium controlled chemistry, the biogenic species N and C still need to be delivered to the Earth as they are not accreted in significant proportions during the formation process. Negligible solar photospheric pollution is produced by the planetary formation process. Assuming similar levels of pollution in other planetary systems, this in turn implies that the high metallicity trend observed in extrasolar planetary systems is in fact primordial.
Structural analysis of fibrinogen synthesized by cultured chicken hepatocytes in the presence or absence of dexamethasone

Abstract Hepatocyte monolayers, derived from chick embryos and cultured in chemically defined medium without hormones, synthesize and secrete fibrinogen that resembles chicken plasma fibrinogen immunochemically and structurally. Addition of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, to the cultured cells resulted in an appreciable and relatively selective increase in fibrinogen synthesis. Autoradiography of fibrinogen that had been metabolically labelled with [ 35 S]methionine and then subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, unreduced or under disulfide-reducing conditions, revealed that only dimeric forms of fibrinogen, containing undegraded Aα, Bβ, and γ chains, were secreted under stimulated and unstimulated culture conditions.
Utilization of a government publication collection in a medium size college library

Abstract There is often a lack of firm data on both quantity and quality of government publication use. Based on findings from three “subject-discipline” reference surveys at the Milne Library, SUNY, Geneseo, N.Y., this study clarifies and evaluates Liberal Arts and Professional reference use patterns. Effectiveness of bibliographic instruction is also evaluated.
Hepatic RNA interference: delivery by synthetic vectors

Though the pharmaceutical industry’s infatuation with the therapeutic potential of RNA interference (RNAi) technology has finally come down from its initial lofty levels [1], hope is by no means lost for the once-burgeoning enterprise, as recent clinical trials are beginning to show efficacy in areas ranging from amyloidosis to hypercholesterolemia to muscular dystrophy. With such resurgence comes a more informed perspective on the needs of such therapeutics: a renewed focus on true RNA drug development and a desire for enhanced site-specific delivery [2]. In this review, we will discuss the latter with regard to hepatic targeting by synthetic vectors, covering the implications of organ and cellular physiology on conjugate structure, particle morphology, and active targeting. In presenting efficacy in a variety of disease models, we emphasize as well the extraordinary degree to which synthetic formulation improves upon and coordinates efforts with oligonucleotide development. Such advances in the understanding of and the technology behind RNAi have the potential to finally stabilize the long-term prospects RNA therapeutic development.
Continuing Mobile Care for Katrina's Children

Geographic circumstances: I responded as a volunteer to Hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Coast and subsequently returned frequently to provide on-site clinical services and administrative organizational activities. About the author: I am a community pediatrician and since January 2006 have served as chief medical officer of Children's Health Fund (CHF), a national not-for-profit organization based in New York that supports a national network of 24 programs that provide comprehensive health care services to medically high-risk children and families. Patients served include the homeless, those who live in rural and urban pockets of the country that lack pediatric providers, and immigrant and postdisaster populations, who face significant barriers to health care. Previously, I served for more than 11 years as medical director of the South Florida Children's Health Project, a CHF program in Miami-Dade County. My move from south Florida to New York was directly linked to Hurricane Katrina. Before Hurricane Katrina, most of my days were spent on a 38-ft-long mobile clinic providing a medical home to a largely immigrant and low-income population in south Florida. A dedicated team of nurses, mental health providers, and case managers addressed the medical, mental, and social complexities of our patient population. We delivered well-coordinated and integrated health care services between primary and subspecialty providers as well as related community programs, such as food pantries and domestic violence shelters. Medical students and pediatric/family practice residents worked with us, learning the importance of community pediatrics. Then, Hurricane Katrina struck. I quickly volunteered to go to the Gulf Coast to provide care to needy children and families in crisis. In fact, 13 of 17 Children's Health Fund (CHF) programs at the time sent staff and/or mobile clinics to the region, beginning just days after Katrina made landfall. My experience in southern Mississippi left me with these … Address correspondence to Arturo Brito, MD, MPH, Children's Health Fund, Executive Office, 215 W 125th St, Suite 301, New York, NY 10027. E-mail: abrito{at}chfund.org
A significance test for minimum rank in factor analysis

This paper presents a new method of determining the minimum rank in factor analysis, appropriate to the principal axes solution. The new method is compared with a former method which, with some adjustment, is more convenient for the centroid approach. Both methods are applied to two familiar examples.