cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety Intervention Effects on Exposures to Liquid Laundry Detergent Packets Among US Children

Purpose: To investigate exposures to liquid laundry detergent packets among children <6 years old in the United States and evaluate the impact of the ASTM voluntary product safety standard. Methods: Data from the National Poison Data System involving exposures to liquid laundry detergent packets from 2012 through 2017 for all ages were analyzed. Results: From January 2012 through December 2017, there …
Water-Accelerated Photo-oxidation of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite: Mechanism, rate orders, and rate constants

Understanding the chemical reactions that hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite (HP) semiconductors undergo in the presence of moisture, oxygen, and light are essential to the commercial development of HP solar cells and optoelectronics. Here we use optical absorbance to study the kinetics of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) degradation in response to combinations of moisture, oxygen, and illumination over a range of temperatures. We identify two primary reaction pathways that dominate MAPbI3 material degradation in these mixed environmental conditions: (1) dry photooxidation (DPO) due to the combined role of oxygen and photoexcited electrons (with a rate of 2 x 10-9 mol/m2∙s in dry air at 25 C and an effective activation energy of 0.62 eV), and (2) a water-accelerated photooxidation (WPO) process due to the combined role of water, oxygen, and photoexcited electrons (with a rate of 1 x 10-7 mol/m2s in 50% RH air at 25 C and observed effective activation energy of 0.07 eV). Commonly reported humidity-only, blue light, and thermal degradation pathways are demonstrated to have rates that are respectively 100, 1000, and >1000 times slower than predominant photooxidation processes in ambient conditions. Extracting kinetic rate constants from the dynamics of the initial degradation, we calculate that in dry air, photooxidation rate of MAPbI3 follows a f(x)∝x/(1+Kx) relationship with respect to oxygen in the vapor phase (PO2) and excess concentration of photoexcited electrons (n). In humid air, photooxidation of MAPbI3 exhibits first order kinetics with respect to the partial pressure of water in the vapor phase (PH2O). However, with respect to PO2 and n, kinetics follow a f(x)∝x/(1+kx)^2 relationship with respect to rate. We then identify a plausible reaction mechanism for degradation of MAPbI3 material that is consistent with these rate functionalities. The rate determining step for both DPO and WPO is proton abstraction by photogenerated superoxide radicals. However, proton donation by adsorbed water proceeds much more rapidly than donation by methylammonium, resulting in faster degradation rates for WPO at typical ambient conditions (~50% RH). Rate laws derived from this mechanism were fit to the entire dataset to extract rate constants for DPO and WPO processes. Accurate predictions of material degradation rates, with narrow confidence intervals of fit parameters as identified by the Bootstrap algorithm, provide the first experimental estimates of the equilibrium constants of oxygen adsorption on MAPbI3 (Keq ≈ 3 x 10-3 kPa-1) and superoxide generation from adsorbed oxygen and photoexcited electrons in MAPbI3 (Keq ≈ 5 x 10-15 (photons/m2∙s)-0.7). Given that water has been reported as a degradation product of DPO, the results reported here highlight the need for the development of encapsulation schemes that rigorously block oxygen, as over longer time periods, product water (if generated) may accumulate inside the packaging and initiate the much faster WPO process.
Seymour Sarason Remembered: "Plus ça change…", "Psychology Misdirected", and "Community Psychology and the Anarchist Insight".

The intellectual legacy of Seymour Sarason continues to serve as a critical resource for the field of community psychology. The present paper draws on one of Sarason’s favorite aphorisms and two of his seminal writings to suggest the relevance of ideas articulated 35–40 years ago for the current time. Each in their own way highlights the importance of unearthing and interrogating core assumptions underlying our research and our efforts to make a positive difference. The aphorism reminds us that the rhetoric of change is far easier to articulate than to enact and all too often ignores or disguises issues of power among actors. The “misdirection” of Psychology reflected his assertion that the asocial, acultural, and ahistorical nature of American Psychology reflected American culture more generally and ill prepared it to understand and engage in social change, particularly with respect to educational reform. The “anarchist insight” articulated his belief in interrogating the implications of the increasingly interdependent relationship of science and the state for the autonomy of scientists and scientific inquiry. The evidence-based practice movement is offered as an example of the current day relevance of the aphorism and core insights of these two papers. The paper concludes with a plea to rekindle the discussion and continued examination of Sarason’s paradigmatic insights for the intellectual and social development of the field.
Inter-Instrument Comparison of Blood Gas Analyzers and Assessment of Tonometry Using Fresh Heparinized Whole Human Blood

Because of limitations associated with commercial blood gas quality controls and tonometry of stored blood, fresh heparinized blood was used to compare Po2 and Pco2 performance of ten blood gas analyzers. Function of nine gas mixer/tonometer systems was evaluated. These were used to create blood samples with target values for Po2 and Pco2. All ten analyzers had high precision; this magnified small differences between observed results and target values. Grand mean results from all ten analyzers were within 0.8 mm Hg of the target for Po2 of 40.0 and 100.0 and for Pco2 of 20.0 and 70.0 mm Hg. Eight automated blood gas analyzers gave clinically indistinguishable results for Po2 and Pco2 that were sufficiently accurate for clinical purposes. Also reported is the practicality of using tonometry of fresh heparinized blood in a per shift quality control program for Po2 and Pco2.
Developing Students’ Representational Fluency Using Virtual and Physical Algebra Balances

Both virtual and physical manipulatives are reported as effective learning tools when used with different groups of students in a variety of contexts to learn mathematical content. The use of multiple representations and the fl exibility to translate among those representational forms facilitates students’ learning and has the potential to deepen their understanding. This classroom project involved two groups of third-grade students in a week-long unit focusing on algebraic relationships. The purpose of the unit was to engage students with different algebraic models and encourage students to use informal strategies to represent their relational thinking. The paper highlights examples of these student representations as evidence of the children’s developing algebraic thinking. Result from the pre and posttest measures showed that students in the physical and virtual manipulative environments gained signifi cantly in achievement and showed fl exibility in translating and representing their understanding in multiple representations: manipulative model, pictorial, numeric, and word problems. The researchers recorded fi eld notes, interviewed students, and videotaped class sessions in order to identify unique features of the learning environments. The virtual environment had unique features that promoted student thinking such as: (a) explicit linking of visual and symbolic modes; (b) guided step-by-step support in algorithmic processes; and (c) immediate feedback and self-checking sys
KINETIC STUDY OF T‐2 TOXIN METABOLITES IN A COW

A Holstein cow was given a single, oral dose of T-2 toxin (200 mg), and blood and urine samples were collected at regular time intervals for 48 h. The animal was dosed once more with the same amount and samples were again collected over another 48 h period. Trace amount (2 ppb) of T-2 toxin was detected in the blood up to 24 h as well HT-2, TC-3, and T-2 tetraol. De-epoxy-T-2-tetraol was detected in the blood and urine up to 48 h. No T-2 could be found in the urine but HT-2, TC-1, TC-3 and T-2-tetraol were detected. In addition, three major metabolites, i.e., iso TC-1, de-epoxy-TC-3 and de-epoxy-T-2 tetraol, were found in the urine. Production of these metabolites was maximum at 14–20 h after administration of the toxin. No substantial accumulation of T-2 toxin derivatives were found in the lung, heart, liver or kidney when the cow was sacrificed at the end of the experiment.
Multi-dimensional Indices of Achievement and Poverty: Comments

The 2011 June issue of the Journal of Economic Inequality published four articles in its Forum section on multi-dimensional indices of achievement and poverty. Given the importance of the subject, the Journal decided to invite a small group of leading scholars to write brief comments to help move the discussion forward. In particular, we encouraged these scholars to comment briefly on the following two questions: Is aggregating dimensions of poverty and wellbeing useful? Is it sensible? What follows are the comments we received.
Probabilities of election outcomes with two parameters: The relative impact of unifying and polarizing candidates

Consider an election on three candidates for n voters with complete and transitive preference rankings on the candidates. Let k (r) denote the minimum total number of last (middle) position rankings for each of the three candidates. If k is close to zero, some candidate is seldom disliked and is a unifying candidate. If r is close to zero, some candidate is always either liked or disliked and is a polarizing candidate. A procedure is developed to obtain representations for conditional probabilities of election outcomes, when parameters like k or r are specified. Representations are obtained for the conditional probability that a pairwise majority rule winner, or PMRW, exists, given k and given r. Results show significant differences in the impact that unifying and polarizing candidates have on the probability that a PMRW exists.
The concentration control of soluble copper in a mine tailings stream

Abstract Comparison of decreasing total copper content and increasing pH of an abandoned copper mine drainage stream to the stability fields of malachite, tenorite, and cupric hydroxide indicates that soluble copper is not lost by precipitation but by sorption on the stream sediments.
Identifying motor and sensory myelinated axons in rabbit peripheral nerves by histochemical staining for carbonic anhydrase and cholinesterase activities.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) and cholinesterase (CE) histochemical staining of rabbit spinal nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia demonstrated that among the reactive myeliated axons, with minor exceptions, sensory axons were CA positive and CE negative whereas motor axons were CA negative and CE positive. The high specificity was achieved by adjusting reaction conditions to stain subpopulations of myelinated axons selectively while leaving 50 percent or so unstained. Fixation with glutaraldehyde appeared necessary for achieving selectivity. Following sciatic nerve transection, the reciprocal staining pattern persisted in damaged axons and their regenerating processes which formed neuromas within the proximal nerve stump. Within the neuromas, CA-stained sensory processes were elaborated earlier and in greater numbers than CE-stained regenerating motor processes. The present results indicate that histochemical axon typing can be exploited to reveal heterogeneous responses of motor and sensory axons to injury.
Turning of Retinal Growth Cones in a Netrin-1 Gradient Mediated by the Netrin Receptor DCC

Netrin-1 promotes outgrowth of axons in vitro through the receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and elicits turning of axons within embryonic explants when presented as a point source. It is not known whether netrin-1 alone can elicit turning nor whether DCC mediates the turning response. We show that Xenopus retinal ganglion cell growth cones orient rapidly toward a pipette ejecting netrin-1, an effect blocked by antibodies to DCC. In vitro, netrin-1 induces a complex growth cone morphology reminiscent of that at the optic nerve head, a site of netrin-1 expression in vivo. These results demonstrate that netrin-1 can function alone to induce turning, implicate DCC in this response, and support the idea that netrin-1 contributes to steering axons out of the retina.
Special Issue Editorial on Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI 2009)

This special issue of the Journal of Medical Systems highlights some of the best papers of the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI 2009). Held from October 17th to 19th in Tianjin, China, this event included presentations by some of the world leaders in biomedicine and bioinformatics and was attended by professors, graduate students, and industrial professionals. Diverse topic areas were presented such as healthcare informatics, telemedicine, wireless medical systems, biomedical image processing, and computational drug discovery. Pairing this varied collection of scientific and computational expertise with the Second International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP 2009) allowed for engineers, systems analysts, physicians, and biomedical researchers to meet and exchange ideas. The 3 days of the conference were filled with excellent presentations by noteworthy researchers from hundreds of universities, dozens of countries, and several continents. Keynote speakers in neural engineering, protein modeling, image processing and signal analysis outlined significant challenges in their respective fields, while individual presenters spoke on their recent experiments. From the 1,018 submissions to the conference, 499 were selected for inclusion in the proceedings. From these, nine papers were chosen as among the best in their field and have been included in this special issue. Selected articles from the conference proceedings were expanded and revised by their authors before undergoing peer review. While these papers might be outside the normal scope of this journal, these articles were found to have special importance in describing significant advances in how medical and experimental information may be obtained and processed for clinical applications. Included are articles on surgical planning, injury modeling, radiological analysis, and wireless biometric networking. The 2009 BMEI conference was a phenomenal success, and the other organizers and I are pleased to have this chance to showcase some excellent work that was presented there. We also wish to thank the members of the organizing committee, particularly Lipo Wang, Ph.D., the chairman of the Steering Committee. We are also grateful to the Tianjin University of Technology and the City Tianjin for hosting the conference, and to the speakers, chairs, contributors and student helpers who made this event possible. Finally, thanks to the Journal of Medical Systems for providing a venue to publish these articles. Sincerely, Riyi Shi, M.D., PhD Guest Editor, Journal of Medical Systems BMEI 2009 Program Co-Chair Professor of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering Purdue University US
Glutaraldehyde colitis following endoscopy: clinical and pathological features and investigation of an outbreak.

Abstract Although potentially noxious compounds are used routinely to disinfect endoscopes, reports of their inadvertent introduction to the gastrointestinal tract, usually attributed to the retention of disinfectant within endoscope channels, are rare. This case report describes the clinical features of glutaraldehyde-induced colitis and the pathology of the mucosal injury in four patients, in at least one of whom the disinfectant was not retained in the endoscope itself. Within 3 months, three patients experienced severe acute proctocolitis
Alanine and succinate as end-products of glucose degradation in the clam Rangia cuneata☆

Abstract 1. 1. End-products of glucose breakdown, anaerobically, were analyzed in Rangia cuneata. Succinate and alanine constituted the major portion of end-products. 2. 2. Three carbons of succinate and all three carbons of alanine are derived from glucose. The fourth carbon in succinate is derived from CO2. 3. 3. The formation of succinate and alanine in equimolar amounts allows glycolysis to proceed anaerobically. The regeneration of NAD+ is made possible by two reductive steps in succinate formation. Formation of alanine allows disposition of the second triose by reactions not involving oxidoreductions.
ACCELERATED SEDIMENTATION TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DISPERSION STABILITY OF PROTEIN ISOLATES

An accelerated sedimentation test using a low range of centrifugal force was developed to determine and evaluate the physical stability of a protein dispersion. The dispersion stability of commercial soybean protein isolates was tested with this method. The effect of hydrocolloids and calcium salts on the dispersion stability of soybean protein isolate was also studied. The accelerated sedimentation test could distinguish differences in dispersion stability of soybean protein isolates produced by different manufacturers. Neutralization and subsequent heat treatments had a stabilizing effect on the dispersion of isoelectric-type soybean protein isolates. Dispersion stability was related to the hydration and swelling of the protein particles, and disintegration and aggregation of the hydrated particles.
Comparative central and peripheral antihypertensive mechanisms of urapidil and prazosin.

The central effects of urapidil were investigated in conscious rats with sinoaortic denervation. Intraventricular urapidil administration (40 to 100 μg) produced a transient depressor response followed by a pressor response coupled with tachycardia. In comparison, intraventricular prazosin administration (2.5 to 5.0 μg) produced only a prolonged depressor effect. The effect of intravenously administered urapidil (3 mg/kg) on arterial pressure, heart rate, and mesenteric, renal, and hindquarter resistances was then compared with that of prazosin (0.5 mg/kg) in conscious rats with sinoaortic denervation, instrumented with pulsed Doppler flow probes. Both agents caused similar significant decreases in arterial pressure and vascular resistances, but urapidil decreased renal resistance significantly more than did prazosin. Prazosin increased heart rate, whereas no change was found with urapidil. Prazosin blocked the pressor and regional constrictor effects of intravenously administered norepinephrine more effectively than urapidil.
Applications of dynamic fracture mechanics for the prediction of crack arrest in engineering structures

The compatibility of the static and dynamic approaches to crack propagation and arrest is investigated. For clarity, the term “kinetic” is introduced for analyses that focus on the entire crack initiation/propagation/arrest process — as opposed to static analyses which consider only the end points — as dynamic effects are not always significant in a crack run/arrest event. The importance of integrating experimental and computational work in this field is also discussed and a differentiation is given between the ways in which this can be done. An example computation on a thermal shock problem where dynamic effects are minimal, i.e., where the static and kinetic approaches are nearly the same, and a computation for a DCB specimen where significant differences occur between the two approaches are described. It is concluded that the static and kinetic approaches are entirely compatible as long as reflected stress waves do not reach the crack tip prior to crack arrest. But, when this is not the case, it is the kinetic approach that must be used. Similarly, when inelastic effects are important, only the kinetic approach can properly admit them.
Hydrostatic air foil bearings: Analytical and experimental investigation

Abstract Air foil bearings have been used in various micro-turbomachinery applications. One of the critical technical challenges in extending the operating envelope of the air foil bearing to larger systems than current applications is the issue of coating wear on the top foil and rotor during starts/stops. This paper reports the design, construction, and testing of the first hydrostatic air foil bearing (HAFB). The HAFB showed higher load capacity with much less air consumption than the hydrodynamic counterpart, which is a noticeable advantage of HAFB in efficiency and cooling capacity. In addition, start torque was very small and comparable to the friction torque of steady-state hydrodynamic operation. The small start torque clearly indicates that the HAFB can help to eliminate the wear problem that has been a chronic failure mode in heavily loaded air foil bearings. A simple analytical model for prediction of top foil deflection and sagging effects under hybrid (both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic) mode was developed. The new top foil deflection model showed very good agreement with published experimental data. The top-foil deflection model and associated bump dynamics were integrated into time-domain orbit simulations to predict imbalance responses of a rigid rotor supported by HAFBs.
Fabrication of three-dimensional micro-photonic structures on the tip of optical fibers using SU-8

A method is reported for fabricating truly three-dimensional micro-photonic structures directly onto the end face of an optical fiber using the cross-linkable resist SU-8. This epoxide-based material is well suited for micro-device fabrication because it is photo-processed as a solid and the cross-linked material is mechanically robust, chemically resistant, and optically transparent. Yet, procedures commonly used to process SU-8, particularly spin-coating, are impractical when the intended fabrication substrate is the end-face of an optical fiber. A melt-reflow process was developed to prepare optical fibers having SU-8 resin deposited at controlled thickness on the fiber end-face. Multi-photon direct laser writing was then used to fabricate various refractive lenses, a compound lens system, and a woodpile photonic crystal within the resin on the end-face of the optical fiber. Data are presented that show how the refractive lenses can be used to alter the output of the optical fiber. This work opens a new path to low-profile integrated photonic devices.
Potentiation of isolation-induced vocalization by brief exposure of rat pups to maternal cues.

Since their discovery in 1956, the highest rates of ultrasonic vocalization (USV) have been recorded from infant rats when first isolated in an unfamiliar place. We now report that peak USV rates can be doubled by allowing test pups a brief initial period of contact with their anesthetized dam (1–10 min) in the test chamber before isolating the pup by her removal. Potentiation of the isolation response was specific to the dam, for it failed to occur following initial contact with a group of 4 warm, anesthetized littermates. Control experiments showed that potentiation could not be attributed to thermal contrast, experimenter handling, general behavioral activation, novelty of maternal cues, or nursing deprivation. Furthermore, it did not occur when pups were taken for isolation testing directly from prolonged contact with their anesthetized dam in the home cage. Potentiation may be understood in terms of the communicative role of the pups' call and/or prior learning contingencies within the mother–infant interaction.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distinguishing shocked from tectonically deformed quartz by the use of the SEM and chemical etching

Abstract Multiple sets of crystallographically-oriented planar deformation features (PDFs) are generated by high-strain-rate shock waves at pressures of > 12 GPa in naturally shocked quartz samples. On surfaces, PDFs appear as narrow (50–500 nm) lamellae filled with amorphosed quartz (diaplectic glass) which can be etched with hydrofluoric acid or with hydrothermal alkaline solutions. In contrast, slow-strain-rate tectonic deformation pressure produces wider, semi-linear and widely spaced arrays of dislocation loops that are not glass filled. Etching samples with HF before examination in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) allows for unambiguous visual distinction between glass-filled PDFs and glass-free tectonic deformation arrays in quartz. This etching also reveals the internal ‘pillaring’ often characteristic of shock-induced PDFs. This technique is useful for easily distinguishing between shock and tectonic deformation in quartz, but does not replace optical techniques for characterizing the shock features.
Choosing to refuse: patients' rights and psychotropic medication.

The author discusses the position of the plaintiffs in Rogers v. Okin, a legal case in which it was argued that involuntarily committed mental patients have the right to refuse psychotropic medication. She expresses reservations about paternalistic justifications for forced medication that are based on authority, on loss of autonomy by the mentally ill, on overriding autonomy for the patient's good, on the 'self paternalism' of the psychiatric will, and on intervention as restoring autonomy. Radden argues that the patient's right to choose is supported by an extension of the concept of competence to include competence to judge an issue. She asserts that neither patients nor physicians have sufficient knowledge of the side effects of psychotropic drugs to make rational decisions. Since neither possesses proper competence, the patient should choose. Language: en
The squirrel monkey: receptor-mediated end-organ resistance to progesterone?

Fertile females of a New World primate species, the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), have plasma progesterone concentrations that vary between 57 and 510 ng/ml during the reproductive cycle and are 10- to 20-fold higher than those seen in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and other Old World primates, including man. The plasma progesterone level during pregnancy is high and varies between 140 and 490 ng/ml. Estradiol levels during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy are also higher than those of cynomolgus monkeys. After 2-day treatment of ovariectomized monkeys with estradiol in oil, the progesterone receptor content in the uterine cytosol of the squirrel monkey is one eighth that in similarly treated cynomolgus monkeys [60.4 ± 6.5 fmol R5020 bound/mg protein vs. 496 ± 55 (mean ± SE); n = 8]. The receptor affinity for R5020 is the same in both species. Thus, the elevated plasma progesterone levels in squirrel monkeys appear to be a compensatory response to a receptor-mediated decrease in sensi...
High temperature calorimetry of sulfide systems. I. Thermochemistry of liquid and solid phases of Ni + S

Abstract An experimental arrangement suitable for application of high temperature calorimetry to liquid sulfide systems has been developed. Using this approach, we have measured the integral enthalpies of mixing of Ni + NiS at 1100 K to form liquid alloys with compositions from X Nis = 0.576 to X Nis = 0.754. Partial enthalpies of the two components also were measured. After correcting for the enthalpies of fusion of Ni and NiS at 1100 K, the results of all measurements can be represented by an analytical expression which reflects subregular behavior of the mixing enthalpies ΔH mix l −1 = X Nis 2 X Ni A + X Nis X NiS 2 B with A = −97.712 kJ mol −1 and B = −4.772 kJ mol −1 . The standard enthalpies of formation of the high and low temperature forms of NiS were evaluated from the calorimetrically measured enthalpy change associated with the reaction between nickel and sulfur at 1021 K. The standard enthalpies of formation of Ni 3 S 2 (heazlewoodite), Ni 7 S 6 and Ni 0.958 S were determined from the enthalpy changes of reactions in which the compounds were formed from NiS and Ni at 873 K and 833 K. The standard enthalpy of formation of NiS 2 (vaesite) was obtained from the enthalpy change of the reaction of NiS 2 with Ni to give NiS at 873 K. The following values are reported for the standard enthalpies of formation of the phases studied (in kJ mol −1 ): ΔH f , NiS ( HT ) 0 = −88.1 ± 1.0 ΔH f , Ni 0.958 S 0 = −93.2 ± 0.7 ΔH f , Ni 7 S 6 0 = −582.8 ± 5.7 ΔH f , NiS ( LT ) 0 = −91.0 ± 1.0 ΔH f , Ni 3 S 2 ( LT ) 0 = −217.2 ± 1.6 ΔH f , NiS 2 0 = −124.9 ± 1.0.
POEMS syndrome: radiographic appearance with MRI correlation

POEMS syndrome is a rare disorder in which patients present with the hallmark signs of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein and skin changes. Many other clinical findings are also often present, most notably osseous lesions. The MRI appearance of the bony lesions in POEMS syndrome has been described in five cases, four of which are in the non-English literature. We report the MRI appearance of the osseous lesions in a patient with POEMS syndrome who presented with sciatic neuropathy.
DIFFERENCES IN INNER-SHELL VACANCY PRODUCTION FOR Ar--C COLLISIONS IN GAS VERSUS SOLID TARGETS.

X-ray spectra are presented for Ar-C collisions in gas and solid (graphite) targets, for collision energies of 80 and 90 keV. In gas targets, with either carbon or argon as the target, inner-shell vacancies are produced essentially only in the argon $L$ shell. For ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ ions incident on graphite, however, there is a high probability of producing vacancies in the $K$ shell of carbon. These observations are plausibly explained within a diabatic molecular-orbitals framework, and lend strong support to such a description.
Mixed q-analogues, lacunary polynomials and Truesdellian partial differential equations

Abstract Multiparameter families of possibly lacunary polynomials in x are constructed that have remarkably explicit (or “almost” explicit) expansions about both x = 0 and x = 1 . They are placed in the framework of questions about mixed q -analogues with fewest terms. The properties of the most tractable of these surprisingly tractable polynomials are established with the aid of solutions to partial differential equations of a type much studied by Truesdell.
Digital tomosynthesis: phantom and patient studies with a prototype unit.

Abstract A prototype digital linear tomographic system has been developed and used in patient and phantom studies. Phantom work demonstrated 0.6 line pairs/mm of spatial resolution, a slice thickness of 5 mm to 6 mm, range of reconstruction of 1 cm to 20 cm above tabletop, reconstruction time of 2 to 45 seconds per slice depending on matrix size, and a 280 mm field of view at the tabletop. Patient studies were conducted in three categories: renal imaging in 8 patients during intravenous urography (IVU), central airways imaging in 4 patients undergoing laser resection of endobronchial tumor, the knee of one volunteer. The digital tomograms from IVU studies were similar to the conventional film tomograms, and the only parenchymal abnormality, a renal cyst, was identified by both modalities. Digital tomograms of the mediastinum were superior to the chest radiographs in determining the patency of the central airways. With further development, digital tomosynthesis could offer greater spatial resolution, faster reconstructions, and less radiation than computed tomography (CT) or conventional tomography.
Mathematical model for cell division

The division of a living cell, such as the whitefish blastula, is modeled with the Ovals of Cassini as the basic building block. The model uses two fixed points which could correspond to the approximate center of the chromosomes about which the nuclei reforms in the divided cell. The location of these points are described in terms of the scaling parameter used to maintain a constant volume under the transformation.
Evaluation of catalyst support effects during rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation in supercritical CO2

Hydroformylation chemistry is commercially practiced for the production of aldehyde compounds, which are used as precursors to surfactants and plasticizers. Current technology using the aqueous-phase process is limited by the low solubility of the olefin in water. New techniques using supercritical fluid solvents are in development but rely on the modification of a homogeneous catalyst to increase its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). An alternative approach for the use of scCO2 is to use the solvent only as a means of bringing all of the reactants into a single fluid phase, combined with a heterogeneous catalyst. The current paper reports on the development of a heterogeneous catalyst for hydroformylation in scCO2, wherein the solid catalyst has been specifically designed to take advantage of the unique properties of this benign solvent. We demonstrate that catalyst tailoring can be achieved by promoting specific fluid−solid interactions that impact the rate of the reaction. This develo...
A generalized hysteresis model for biaxial response of pile foundations in sands

Abstract We present the development and calibration of a macroelement model that captures the response of piles in cohesionless soils subjected to biaxial lateral loading. The model is founded on actual physical mechanism of soil resistance and provides the framework for extending a uniaxial model to biaxial case by means of a single cross-stiffness parameter. Both upper and lower bounds for the cross-stiffness parameter are also presented. The model is calibrated and verified using three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations of soil-pile interaction for uniformly prescribed displacement along the pile length. Comparison of predictions from uniaxial and biaxial models with the FE results for transient loading indicates that the response assuming no coupling between the two horizontal directions for biaxial loading can differ significantly from the ‘true’ response for some cases. Accounting for coupling in the lateral direction, the proposed model captures the transverse pile response with very good accuracy while retaining the simplicity and computational efficiency of macroelement formulations compared to 3D FE analyses.
Coordinate relationships between vertices of linear octree nodes and corners of the universe

Abstract The display and manipulation of octree-encoded objects require combined translation-rotation operations in order to transform the object representation from the world coordinate system (WCS) to the viewing coordinate system (VCS). These types of operations are often very expensive in terms of execution time when they are performed on every octree node in the raster. This article provides an explicit formula which computes the coordinates of any vertex of any linear octree node in terms of coordinates of the corners of the universe in which it is enclosed. This formula is invariant under all affine transformation operations that operate on the entire object space. Furthermore, it only requires additions and multiplications by powers of 2. When performing object manipulations or display operations, the standard matrix transformations (translations, rotations, and scaling) need only be applied once to the main vertices of the universe cube. The coordinates of the vertices of individual object elements are determined by using the formula introduced in this article.
Comparison and Verification of Two Models which Predict Minimum Principal In-Situ Stress from Triaxial Data

This paper evaluates the correlation between values of minimum principal in situ stress derived from two different models which use data obtained from triaxial core tests and coefficient for earth at rest correlations. Both models use triaxial laboratory tests with different confining pressures. The first method uses a vcrified fit to the Mohr failure envelope as a function of average rock grain size, which was obtained from detailed microscopic analyses. The second method uses the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Both approaches give an angle in internal friction which is used to calculate the coefficient for earth at rest which gives the minimum principal in situ stress. The minimum principal in situ stress is then compared to actual field mini-frac test data which accurately determine the minimum principal in situ stress and are used to verify the accuracy of the correlations. The cores and the mini-frac stress test were obtained from two wells, the Gas Research Institute`s (GRIs) Staged Field Experiment (SFE) no. 1 well through the Travis Peak Formation in the East Texas Basin, and the Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Multiwell Experiment (MWX) wells located west-southwest of the town of Rifle, Colorado, near the Rulison gas field. Results from this studymore » indicates that the calculated minimum principal in situ stress values obtained by utilizing the rock failure envelope as a function of average rock grain size correlation are in better agreement with the measured stress values (from mini-frac tests) than those obtained utilizing Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion.« less
The equatorial dynamics of a deep homogeneous ocean

Abstract The flow properties of an homogeneous fluid which is bounded by two concentric spheres and two meridional planes which intersect along a diameter of the spheres are investigated. The spheres rotate about this diameter with slightly different angular velocities. As in the axisymmetric case studied by Proudman (1956) and Stewartson (1966) the viscous terms in the equations of motion are important only in boundary layers on the spheres and on the cylinder C which circumscribes the inner sphere and which has generators parallel to the axis of rotation, provided the Ekman number E is small. In the inviscid region the velocities are independent of the coordinate measuring distance along the axis of rotation and are much weaker, by a factor 0(E ½), than the velocities in the Ekman layer on the driving surface (outer sphere). (It is assumed that the reference frame is fixed in the slower rotating inner sphere.) If the separation of the spheres is small compared to their radii then the asymmetric circulat...
Second institute on American book publishing: The preliminary report

Abstract The Second Institute on American Book Publishing was held at Emory University in Atlanta on March 18–20, 1979. The focus of the institute was on book distribution. The problems which the book industry faces in marketing and distributing books were discussed. Some of the industry's responses to these challenges, such as the adoption of various standards (e.g. ISBN, SAN) and the development of on-line ordering systems (e.g. BAS, IROS, LIBROS, ACCESS), were presented.
A Note on a Vector-Variate Normal Distribution and a Stationary Autoregressive Process

It is shown that weak stationarity of a first-order autoregressive process implies that eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix are less than 1 in absolute value.
Application of Clay's New Value of the Jaffé-Zanstra Coefficient for Air to High Pressure Ion Current Measurements

Clay has found the coefficient ${1.24(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, employed by Zanstra in his treatment of high pressure ionization data for air by Jaff\'e's columnar theory, should actually be applied to nitrogen, and the coefficient ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ substituted in the case of air. We have used the new coefficient in a repetition of the analysis of our experimental data. The straight lines predicted by the theory are obtained in the collecting field range, 1769-4520 volts/cm, in most cases, and the curvatures of the Jaff\'e-Zanstra curves are lessened in the remaining cases. The curves obtained by plotting the theoretical "saturation" current values against the specific gravity of the air do not display the definite breaks indicated before.
Inflammatory mechanisms in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease: The role of the complement system

This review discusses key findings indicating potential roles of the complement (C)-system in chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Although there is no means to cure or prevent the disease, recent studies suggest that antiinflammatory drugs may delay the onset of AD dementia. One target of these drugs may be the (C)-system, which is best known for its roles in inflammatory processes in peripheral tissues. However, recent data show C-system expression and regulation in brain cells, and C-system protein deposition in AD plaques. It is still unclear whether C-system activation contributes to neuropathology in the AD brain, as shown in multiple sclerosis (MS). New clinical studies with antiinflammatory agents are now under general consideration by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study program. In this review I outline research directions which address possible C-system contributions to neurodegeneration. Finally, I discuss potential pharmacological interventions designed to control segments of classical inflammatory cascades in which the C-system is highly implicated. These aspects are critical to the understanding of C-mediated responses in normal and pathologic brain.
Optimizing the fabrication process for high performance graphene field effect transistors

Abstract As an emerging material, graphene has attracted vast interest in solid-state physics, materials science, nanoelectronics and bioscience. Graphene has zero bandgap with its valence and conduction bands are cone-shaped and meet at the K points of the Brillouin zone. Due to its high intrinsic carrier mobility, large saturation velocity, and high on state current density, graphene is also considered as a promising candidate for high-frequency devices. To improve the reliability of graphene FETs, which include shifting the Dirac point voltage toward zero, increasing the channel mobility and decreasing the source/drain contact resistance, we optimized the device fabrication process. For CVD grown graphene, the film transfer and the device fabrication processes may produce interfacial states between graphene and the substrate and make graphene p or n-type, which shift the fermi level far away from the Dirac point. We have found that after graphene film transfer, an annealing process at 400 °C under N 2 ambient will shift Dirac point toward zero gate voltage. Ti/Au, Ni, and Ti/Pd/Au source/drain structures have been studied to minimize the contact resistance. According to the measured data, Ti/Pd/Au structure gives the lowest contact resistance (∼500 ohm μm). By controlling the process of graphene growth, transfer and device fabrication, we have achieved graphene FETs with a field effective mobility of 16,000 cm 2 /V s after subtraction of contact resistance. The contact resistivity was estimated in the range of 1.1 × 10 −6 Ω cm 2 to 8.8 × 10 −6 Ω cm 2 , which is close to state of the art III–V technology. The maximum transconductance was found to be 280 mS/mm at V D = 0.5 V, which is the highest value among CVD graphene FETs published to date.
The effects of salinity and pH on the speciation of some triphenyltin compounds in estuarine sediments using Mössbauer spectroscopy

The speciation of some triphenyltin compounds i.e. triphenyltin hydroxide, triphenyltin chloride, triphenyltin fluoride, under varying salinity and pH conditions, was studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy in both anoxic and oxic estuarine sediments. The results indicate that altering the pH or salinity of the sediment environment does not apparently affect the speciation of these compounds.
Anatomy and physiology of a binocular system in the frograna pipiens

Abstract The locations of tectal neurons projecting to nucleus isthmi (n. isthmi) were found by iontophoretic injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into n. isthmi. After retrograde transport, stained tectal somata are found to lie almost exclusively in layer 6 and below of the ipsilateral tectum. Many cells are colored throughout the extent of their dendrites into the fine rami, giving the appearance of a Golgi stain. Nucleus isthmi receives projections from the ipsilateral tectum and from no other region. Nucleus isthmi units recorded electrically respond to visual stimuli and are arranged in a topographic map of the visual field. There are two types of receptive fields, those with small centers and those with large centers. The small centers are about 3-5° in diameter, similar to type 2 optic nerve fibers. Their response is to many of the same geometric features of stimulus as excite type 2 fibers. The large centers are at least 7-10° in diameter and respond to many of the same features as excite types 3 and 4 optic nerve fibers. The responsiveness of small and large center n. isthmi units is very similar to the elements of the ipsilateral visual field projection onto tectum, i.e. the neuropilar units recorded in layers A and 8 of the tectum when the contralateral eye is occluded. These are in strong contrast to those of tectal cells of layer 6 and below, which have large receptive fields, show far less vivacious response, adapt extremely rapidly to repeated stimuli and are hard to describe in terms of characteristic stimuli because they are unresponsive most of the time. We suggest, therefore, that the axons of tecto-isthmic cells are quite active and that their cell bodies, located in layer 6 and below, only fire occasionally on the firing of their axons.
Improving chemical solution deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ film properties via high heating rates

Abstract The superconducting and structural properties of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO) films grown from chemical solution deposited (CSD) metallofluoride-based precursors improve by using high heating rates to the desired growth temperature. This is due to avoiding the nucleation of undesirable a -axis grains at lower temperatures, from 650 to 800 °C in p (O 2 )=0.1%. Minimizing time spent in this range during the temperature ramp of the ex situ growth process depresses a -axis grain growth in favor of the desired c -axis orientation. Using optimized conditions, this results in high-quality YBCO films on LaAlO 3 (1 0 0) with J c (77 K) ∼ 3 MA/cm 2 for films thicknesses ranging from 60 to 140 nm. In particular, there is a dramatic decrease in a -axis grains in coated-conductors grown on CSD Nb-doped SrTiO 3 (1 0 0) buffered Ni(1 0 0) tapes.
Comparison of plasma histamine and cyclic nucleotides after antigen and methacholine inhalation in man

Serial determinations of plasma histamine and cyclic nucleotides (adenosine monophosphate [AMP] and guanosine monophosphate [GMP]) were performed after inhalation of antigen and methacholine in four groups of subjects. In the first group, consisting of six antigen-sensitive subjects exhibiting bronchospasm after inhalation of ragweed or grass antigen, plasma histamine was elevated within 2 min and persisted for 30 min after inhalation of antigen. Peak histamine levels were between 18 to 80 ng/ml. In the second group, consisting of four nonatopic subjects, neither bronchospasm nor histamine was observed, despite inhalation of the same or 10-fold increased concentrations of antigen. In the third group, consisting of six subjects (three atopic and three nonatopic) exhibiting bronchospasm after inhalation of 2.5 to 10 mg of methacholine, sustained increases of histamine began at 1 min and persisted for 60 min after inhalation of methacholine. In the fourth group, seven subjects (two atopic, five nonatopic) without demonstrable bronchospasm despite inhalation of 2.5- to 10-fold increased doses of methacholine, no histamine was detected in the plasma at any time after inhalation of methacholine. Serial measurements of cyclic nucleotides showed no consistent changes in serum levels of cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP following inhalation challenge. We conclude that serum levels of histamine but not cyclic nucleotides change during bronchospasm induced by either antigen or methacholine.