cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some experimental results that fail to support the competitive solution

Over a variety of experimental designs, including vote trading games and committee games with both spatial and finite alternatives, the Competitive Solution has received considerable support. But the experiments that we report here do not replicate that support. Hence, while we maintain our earlier conclusion that neither the V-set nor the bargaining set is an acceptable solution hypothesis, we must now modify considerably our previous enthusiasm for K. In particular, we must now conclude, as we did earlier with V and M 1, that the initial strong support that K receives can be attributed to the particular choice of ordinal and cardinal preferences, and to K's correspondence in those experiments to some more general hypothesis. And, while we remain uncertain as to the form of that hypothesis, we are convinced nevertheless that such an hypothesis exists. Presently, we are unable to conjecture about the form of those hypotheses. The sensitivity of outcomes to cardinal preferences suggests that the several solution theories reviewed do not take adequate account of subjectively perceived lotteries, which may require a more thorough extensive game-form representation for their analysis. Indeed, while we argue elsewhere that the characteristic function form representation used here is adequate only for simple games (McKelvey and Ordeshook, 1982), we may find experimentally that such a representation remains inadequate for all classes of games. Our experiments reveal understandable patterns but our understanding of an explanation for those patterns now is ex post rather than ex ante.
Sparse geostatistical analysis in clustering fMRI time series.

Abstract Clustering is used in fMRI time series data analysis to find the active regions in the brain related to a stimulus. However, clustering algorithms usually do not work well for ill-balanced data, i.e., when only a small proportion of the voxels in the brain respond to the stimulus. This is the typical situation in fMRI – most voxels do not, in fact, respond to the specific task. We propose a new method of sparse geostatistical analysis in clustering, which first uses sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) to perform data reduction, followed by geostatistical clustering. The proposed method is model-free and data-driven; in particular it does not require prior knowledge of the hemodynamic response function, nor of the experimental paradigm. Our data analysis shows that the spatial and temporal structures of the task-related activation produced by our new approach are more stable compared with other methods (e.g., GLM analysis with geostatistical clustering). Sparse geostatistical analysis appears to be a promising tool for exploratory clustering of fMRI time series.
Modeling the major limitations on nitrification in floating-bead filters.

A model was developed and calibrated to experimental data, to formulate a theoretical description of nitrification in bead filters. The model results were consistent with the literature, indicating that the inverse relationship between solids accumulation and nitrification is mediated by an oxygen limitation. This result was central to an explanation of why differing optimal backwash intervals in gently- and aggressively-washed filters are related to: (1) differences in harvest fraction, which fixes the relationship between backwash interval and interstitial solids concentration and (2) differences in biofilm retention, which controls the average biomass age thereby determining total biomass concentration.
Entering the Troubled Policy Process

: PJ Puntenney is contributing editor of “Views on Policy,” the AAA Committee on Public Policy column in Anthropology News.
MIXTURE MODELS FOR THE JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF REPEATED MEASURES AND EVENT TIMES

Many long-term clinical trials collect both a vector of repeated measurements and an event time on each subject; often, the two outcomes are dependent. One example is the use of surrogate markers to predict disease onset or survival. Another is longitudinal trials which have outcome-related dropout. We describe a mixture model for the joint distribution which accommodates incomplete repeated measures and right-censored event times, and provide methods for full maximum likelihood estimation. The methods are illustrated through analysis of data from a clinical trial for a new schizophrenia therapy; in the trial, dropout time is closely related to outcome, and the dropout process differs between treatments. The parameter estimates from the model are used to make a treatment comparison after adjusting for the effects of dropout. An added benefit of the analysis is that it permits using the repeated measures to increase efficiency of estimates of the event time distribution. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
482: Early onset severe preeclampsia: Mode of delivery and neonatal outcomes

OUTCOMES MARK ALANIS, HULSEY THOMAS, CHRISTOPHER ROBINSON, MYLA EBELING, DONNA JOHNSON, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, South Carolina, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Pediatrics, Charleston, South Carolina OBJECTIVE: Many physicians choose elective cesarean section (CS) instead of induction of labor (IOL) for patients with early onset severe preeclampsia (EOSPE), despite little evidence to support this practice. We compared the mode of delivery in women with EOSPE and analyzed associated neonatal outcomes in each arm. STUDY DESIGN: Following IRB approval, a validated research database of obstetrical and neonatal variables was used to identify women with EOSPE (24-34 weeks’ gestation) who delivered a live singleton from 1996-2006. Patients requiring immediate elective CS for non-reassuring fetal status (NRFS) or those requiring CS for the usual obstetric indications were excluded. Three groups of patients were assigned: successful IOL resulting in vaginal delivery (VD), failed-IOL resulting in CS, and elective CS. Logistic and multiple regression was used to examine differences in dichotomous outcomes and continuous variables, respectively, by delivery method controlling for gestational age. RESULTS: 582 women with EOSPE were included. 53% (n 310) underwent IOL, while 47% (n 272) had elective CS. IOL was successful in 54% (n 168) of cases. NRFS was present in 49% (n 69) of all failed IOL (n 142) at the time of CS. Only 16 of 62 patients 28 weeks= were induced, and only 1 delivered vaginally. The incidences of successful IOL between 28-32 and 32-34 weeks= were 49% and 67%, respectively. When controlling for gestational age, mode of delivery was not associated with neonatal survival, necrotizing enterocolitis, respiratory distress, retinopathy of prematurity, intensive care unit admissions or length of stay (p .05). CONCLUSION: IOL should be strongly considered beyond 28 weeks=. Larger sample sizes are required to evaluate success rates of IOL less than 28 weeks=. Additional investigation is needed to evaluate associations between mode of delivery and neonatal outcomes in women with EOSPE.
Comparison of human and humanoid robot control of upright stance

Abstract There is considerable recent interest in developing humanoid robots. An important substrate for many motor actions in both humans and biped robots is the ability to maintain a statically or dynamically stable posture. Given the success of the human design, one would expect there are lessons to be learned in formulating a postural control mechanism for robots. In this study we limit ourselves to considering the problem of maintaining upright stance. Human stance control is compared to a suggested method for robot stance control called zero moment point (ZMP) compensation. Results from experimental and modeling studies suggest there are two important subsystems that account for the low- and mid-frequency (DC to ∼1 Hz) dynamic characteristics of human stance control. These subsystems are (1) a “sensory integration” mechanism whereby orientation information from multiple sensory systems encoding body kinematics (i.e. position, velocity) is flexibly combined to provide an overall estimate of body orientation while allowing adjustments (sensory re-weighting) that compensate for changing environmental conditions and (2) an “effort control” mechanism that uses kinetic-related (i.e., force-related) sensory information to reduce the mean deviation of body orientation from upright. Functionally, ZMP compensation is directly analogous to how humans appear to use kinetic feedback to modify the main sensory integration feedback loop controlling body orientation. However, a flexible sensory integration mechanism is missing from robot control leaving the robot vulnerable to instability in conditions where humans are able to maintain stance. We suggest the addition of a simple form of sensory integration to improve robot stance control. We also investigate how the biological constraint of feedback time delay influences the human stance control design. The human system may serve as a guide for improved robot control, but should not be directly copied because the constraints on robot and human control are different.
The Four U's: Latent Classes of Hookup Motivations Among College Students

College students’ “hookups” have been the subject of a great deal of research in recent years. Motivations for hooking up have been linked to differences in well-being after the hookup, but studies...
Reaching Out to African American Parents in an Urban Community: A Community-University Partnership

Actively involving African American parents in their children’s education remains one of educators’ greatest challenges. The authors, representing a metropolitan university, developed and implement...
Opioid antagonist modulation of DNA synthesis in mouse tongue epithelium is circadian dependent

Abstract In addition to neuromodulation, endogenous opioids also serve as growth factors. To investigate the possible involvement of opioid peptides in the renewal of epithelium, mice were given systemic injections of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX) (10 mg/kg). Disruption of opioid-receptor interaction by NTX resulted in an elevation (43–150% from control levels) of the number of basal epithelial cells undergoing DNA synthesis in the tip, dorsal, and ventral surfaces of the tongue. This stimulatory effect lasted up to 8 h following drug exposure, and was recorded at 1700 h but not 0700 h. These results are the first indication that endogenous opioids function in cellular renewal processes, and do so in a circadian rhythm-dependent manner.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF SOME HUMAN CELL STRAINS BY SERUM AND CALCIUM STARVATION

A technique was investigated for producing parasynchronous growth of some established, aneuploid human cell strains. Removal of both serum and calcium from exponentially growing monolayer cells tended to inhibit their growth. After 20 hr, a high percentage of the cell population was arrested in or near mitosis. Readdition of serum and calcium caused parasynchronous growth of the cells of three human strains studied. All three strains incorporated tritiated thymidine maximally 10 to 15 hr after serum and calcium were added, and cell numbers increased rapidly 17 to 25 hr after the growth medium was reconstituted. Population-doubling ranged from 80% to 100% of the theoretical. The yield of parasynchronous cells is high with this technique and may produce a significant amount of nontemporally distorted biological material upon which direct biochemical analysis can be performed at various times within the generation cycle.
A collaborative study to establish a Korea national biological standard for antithrombin concentrate.

Abstract Background and objectives Six laboratories consisting of three manufacturers and three national control laboratories participated in a collaborative study to evaluate the suitability of a candidate material to serve as the first Korean National Standard for Antithrombin (AT) concentrate. Materials and methods The potency of this candidate preparation was determined using the heparin cofactor chromogenic method. The method is described in the Minimum Requirements for Biological Products in Korea and in the European Pharmacopoeia. The candidate was calibrated against the second International Standard for AT concentrate, coded as 96/520. Results The participants contributed data from a total of 90 independent assays and the results were accepted as statistically valid when the outcome of the analysis exhibited linear dose–response relationships and intersected at a common point at zero dose in the slope–ratio model. The combined potency estimates were obtained by taking the geometric means of results from all assays at each laboratory, and overall potency estimates were calculated as unweighted geometric means of results from all laboratories. The results were expressed in the form of histograms with 95% confidence intervals. Conclusions According to the results of the collaborative study, the candidate preparation showed excellent intra- and inter-laboratory correlations and is judged to be suitable to serve as the Korean National Standard for AT concentrate with the following potency: 51.9 IU/vial (95% confidence intervals = 48.24∼55.98 IU/vial).
Vascular complications associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy adversely affect clinical outcome

Abstract Background. Early survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy has improved, but its morbidity remains high. The purpose of this study is to determine how the intra-operative (OR) occurrence of major vascular complications affects the outcome of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods. The medical records of 180 consecutive patients having pancreaticoduodenectomy from 1991 to 2001 were reviewed. Vascular complications were defined as “an unanticipated injury or thrombosis of a major vessel necessitating intervention.” Age, sex, type of pancreaticoduodenectomy, tumor size, estimated blood loss, OR time, time in intensive care, post-OR hospitalization, and survival were compared. Results. Eighteen vascular complications were identified. Differences in age, sex, and type of resection between patients with or without vascular complications were not significant. OR time, estimated blood loss, blood transfusions, tumor size, time in intensive care, and post-OR hospitalization were all significantly greater in patients with vascular complications. Median survival for patients with vascular complications was significantly shorter than for patients without vascular complications. Thirty-day mortality was greater in patients with vascular complications. Conclusion. Vascular complications significantly affect the outcome of pancreaticoduodenectomy increasing OR time, estimated blood loss, blood transfusion requirements, time in intensive care, post-OR hospitalization, and mortality. Surgery 2002;132:738-47.
Introducing Biobased Materials into the Electronics Industry

Abstract: Lignin, a biopolymer formed in the cell walls of plants, is a by-product of paper manufacturing. In research at IBM, it was incorporated into a resin used in the fabrication of printed wiring boards (PWB) for the microelectronics industry. The resin had physical and electrical properties similar to those of current laminate resins. PWBs fabricated from the lignin-based resin passed most of the standard physical, electrical, and reliability tests for an “FR4”-grade laminate. A comparison of the lignin-based resin and current resins via life-cycle assessment indicated up to 40% lower energy consumption for the biobased resin. Large-scale manufacture of lignin-based resins would require an inexpensive source of lignin with low ionic contamination.
Acute reversal of oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence in monochorionic twins

Two cases of monochorionic diamniotic twin gestation with severe oligohydramnios-polyhydramnios sequence ('stuck' twin) are described. In each of these cases there was a marked fluctuation in amniotic fluid volume and reversal of which twin was 'stuck'. The definitive identification of the twins was evident due to a discordant fetal malformations in each twin pair.
Growth Politics In Tampa And Hillsborough County: Strains in the Privatistic Regimes

This article examines political regimes in Tampa and Hillsborough County during the post-World War II period. A privatist-corporate regime characterized Tampa’s politics and policy until the late 1...
Direct numerical simulations of micro-bubble expansion in gas embolotherapy.

We are currently developing a novel gas embolotherapy technique that involves the selective, acoustic vaporization of liquid perfluorocarbon droplets in or near a tumor as a possible treatment for cancer. The resulting bubbles can then stick within the tumor vasculature to occlude blood flow and "starve" the tumor. The potential development of high stresses during droplet vaporization is a major concern for safe implementation of this technique. No prior study, either experimentally or theoretically, addresses this important issue. In this work, the acoustic vaporization procedure of the therapy is investigated by direct numerical simulations. The nonlinear, multiphase, computational model is comprised of an ideal gas bubble surrounded by liquid inside a long tube. Convective and unsteady inertia, viscosity, and surface tension affect the bubble dynamics and are included in this model, which is solved by a novel fixed-grid, sharp-interface, moving boundary method. We assess the potential for flow-induced wall stresses to rupture the vessel or damage the endothelium during vaporization under a range of operating conditions by varying dimensionless parameters-Reynolds, Weber, and Strouhal numbers, inertial energy and initial droplet size. It is found that the wall pressure is typically highest at the start of the bubble expansion, but the maximum wall shear stress occurs at a later time. Smaller initial bubble diameters, relative to the vessel diameter, result in lower wall stresses.
AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN GLIAL CELLS: HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF INTRA‐ and EXTRACELLULAR MILIEU BY C‐6 GLIOMA CELLS

— The amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism of confluent cultures of C-6 glioma cells has been investigated. It was observed that the presence of glutamine in the incubation fluid was essential to maintain high glutamine levels in the cells during a 2 h incubation. When cells were incubated in a cerebrospinal fluid-like medium glutamate, glutamine, aspartate and γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) levels were comparable to those occurring in whole forebrain of adult rat in vivo. Glucose uptake was high, approx 1 μmol/mg protein/2 h, 50% of which was accounted for by lactate production. Of the remaining glucose uptake a substantial proportion was unaccounted for by known oxygen-coupled citric acid cycle flux, or glycogen or amino acid synthesis. Interestingly, the cells released into the medium significant amounts of the neuroinhibitory amino acids, GABA and glycine, and rapidly cleared the medium of the neuroexcitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate. Metabolism of [2-14C]glucose and [3H]acetate by the cells indicated rapid labelling of the glutamate and aspartate pools of the cells by glucose in 1 h, but the relative specific activities of glutamine and GABA were much lower. The metabolism of tracer concentrations of [3H]acetate to glutamate by the cells indicated greater dilution of this isotope compared to that of labelled glucose. However, the ratio of 3H to 14C radioactivity in glutamate and other amino acids was similar to that in the mixture of glucose and acetate added to the medium. Therefore, some active route of acetate metabolism which communicates metabolically with the route of glucose metabolism to glutamate appears to exist in the cells. Significant acetate activation and fatty acid turnover would explain the present results. Some of the amino acid labelling patterns observed in these studies are not consistent with these glial-like cells behaving as models for the small compartment of amino acid metabolism in brain. Enzyme measurements corroborated the metabolic studies. Glutamate decarboxylase activity was 3–10% of the level found in whole brain. GABA transaminase was also low compared to brain as was glutamine synthetase. Glutamate dehydrogenase was present at levels equal to or higher than those of whole brain.
Fasting reduces plasma proprotein convertase, subtilisin/kexin type 9 and cholesterol biosynthesis in humans

Proprotein convertase, subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a key regulator of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) and cardiovascular risk, is produced in liver and secreted into plasma where it binds hepatic LDL receptors (LDLR), leading to their degradation. PCSK9 is transcriptionally activated by sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP)-2, a transcription factor that also activates all genes for cholesterol synthesis as well as the LDLR. Here we investigated the relationship between plasma PCSK9 levels and the lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio, a marker of cholesterol biosynthesis, in 18 healthy subjects during a 48 h fast. In all individuals, plasma PCSK9 levels declined steadily during the fasting period, reaching a nadir at 36 h that was ∼58% lower than levels measured in the fed state (P < 0.001). Similarly, the lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio declined in parallel with plasma PCSK9 concentrations during the fast, reaching a nadir at 36 h that was ∼28% lower than that measured in the fed state (P = 0.024). In summary, fasting has a marked effect on plasma PCSK9 concentrations, which is mirrored by measures of cholesterol synthesis in humans. Inasmuch as cholesterol synthesis and PCSK9 are both regulated by SREBP-2, these results suggest that plasma PCSK9 levels may serve as a surrogate marker of hepatic SREBP-2 activity in humans.
SEVERE BACK AND ABDOMINAL PAIN IN A 44-YEAR-OLD WOMAN

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is an uncommon collagen vascular disease. Back pain with no specific radiation pattern is a common finding. Evaluation usually begins with an abdominal CT scan or MRI. The finding of fibrous periaortic tissue in conjunction with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate supports the diagnosis. A biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and exclude malignancy. Sometimes retroperitoneal fibrosis can progress to the point of causing bilateral ureteral obstruction leading to acute renal failure. Corticosteroids, in conjunction with surgery when needed, are the mainstay of therapy.
Goα and Diacylglycerol Kinase Negatively Regulate the Gqα Pathway in C. elegans

We investigated the EGL-30 (Gqα) pathway in C. elegans by using genetic screens to identify genes that confer phenotypes similar to egl-30 mutants. One such gene, egl-8, encodes a phospholipase Cβ that is present throughout the nervous system and near intestinal cell junctions. EGL-30 and EGL-8 appear to positively regulate synaptic transmission because reducing their function results in strong aldicarb resistance and slow locomotion rates. In contrast, GOA-1 (Goα) and DGK-1 (diacylglycerol kinase) appear to negatively regulate synaptic transmission, because reducing their function results in strong aldicarb hypersensitivity and hyperactive locomotion. A genetic analysis suggests that GOA-1 negatively regulates the EGL-30 pathway and that DGK-1 antagonizes the EGL-30 pathway.
Applied Behavior Analysis and Behavioral Services in Institutions for Mentally Retarded Persons: Diverging Paths?

Diverging paths of applied behavior analysis and behavioral services for the developmentally disabled (DD) clients are examined empirically. While 75% of research articles on DD in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (1968-1993, Summer issue) focus on behavior acquisition, professionals designated as “behavior specialists” report focusing primarily on deceleration objectives. Institutional administrators consider behavior analysis to be relevant to meeting both acquisition and deceleration objectives, although more relevant to deceleration objectives. Reasons for the focus of behavioral specialists on deceleration objectives lie in three areas: contingencies, establishing educational priorities in academic training programs which have resulted in a scarcity of trained behavior analysts to design and implement habilitative programs; institutional contingencies generating the separation of deceleration technology from habilitative activities; and counter-habilitative contingencies established by guidelines and regulations under which institutions operate.
Tai Chi and Rheumatic Diseases

Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia consist of complex interplay between psychological and biologic aspects. Many patients with these chronic rheumatic illnesses experience high levels of pain and psychological distress that are incompletely relieved by current pharmacologic or physical interventions. Tai Chi, a complex multi-component mind-body therapy, may be particularly applicable for promoting overall quality of life for patients with these chronic rheumatic conditions. Over the past two decades, clinical trials and observational studies have provided encouraging evidence that Tai Chi, both short and long-term, has great benefits for patients with a variety of chronic conditions. As a form of physical exercise, Tai Chi enhances cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, balance, coordination, and physical function. In addition, Tai Chi appears to be associated with improvements in psychological well-being including reduced stress, anxiety, depression and mood disturbance, and increased self-esteem. Thus, despite the noted limitations in the evidence, and the need for further methodologically rigorous studies, Tai Chi mind-body exercise can be safely recommended to patients with OA and FM as a primary form of treatment, or an adjective therapy for RA and its comorbidities to promote both physical and psychological wellbeing. Further exploring the mechanisms of successful mind-body medicine is important to better inform clinical decision-making for our rheumatic patients.
Modeling the influence of carrier profiles on MESFET characteristics

Continuing development of materials methods and the need to improve MESFET device performance calls for accurate modeling of the effect of free-carrier profiles upon MESFET performance. A computer program known as SATVO is described which provides, by means of a numerical solution, saturation characteristics and gate-electrode capacitances for devices of specified geometry fabricated from layers of any profile which may be specified by either Gaussian expressions (as for ion-implanted layers) or by piecewise-linear descriptions. Examples of the use of this program are also provided.
Women with spontaneous 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism) have lower perceived social support than control women.

Objective To test the hypothesis that women with spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency differ from control women with regard to perceived social support and to investigate the relationship between perceived social support and self-esteem. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health. Patient(s) Women diagnosed with spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency (n = 154) at a mean age of 27 years and healthy control women (n = 63). Intervention(s) Administration of validated self-reporting instruments. Main Outcome Measure(s) Personal Resource Questionnaire 85 and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Result(s) Women with primary ovarian insufficiency had significantly lower scores than controls on the perceived social support scale and the self-esteem scale. The findings remained significant after modeling with multivariate regression for differences in age, marital status, and having children. There was a significant positive correlation between self-esteem scores and perceived social support in patients. We found no significant differences in perceived social support or self-esteem related to marital status, whether or not the women had children, or time since diagnosis. Conclusion(s) This evidence supports the need for prospective controlled studies. Strategies to improve social support and self-esteem might provide a therapeutic approach to reduce the emotional suffering that accompanies the life-altering diagnosis of spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency.
Parity violation in atoms induced by radiative corrections

We discuss the radiative corrections that induce a parity-violating electron-nucleus interaction in gauge theories. These higher-order effects are shown to be much larger than one might anticipate in a wide class of models. In particular, for an SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) gauge model in which the electron's neutral-current coupling is pure vector, they lead to an optical rotation in bismuth which is about 11% as large as that predicted by the standard Weinberg-Salam model and opposite in sign---an experimentally testable consequence. Similar results are also found for an ${\mathrm{SU}}_{L}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}}_{R}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ model in which parity-violating neutral currents are naturally absent in lowest order. General formulas for the dominant radiative corrections which are applicable to most models are presented. The relevance of our results for experiments on ordinary hydrogen and deuterium is also discussed.
Enhancement of antigen presentation of influenza virus hemagglutinin by the natural human anti-Gal antibody.

Immunogenicity of inactivated virus or subviral vaccines may be enhanced by complexing with an IgG antibody. Such antibody would increase the uptake, processing and presentation of the vaccine's antigens by antigen presenting cells (APC), via the adhesion of the antibody-vaccine complex to Fc-receptors on macrophages and other APC. A natural antibody in humans, which may be generally exploited for this purpose, is the natural anti-Gal antibody. This antibody is ubiquitously produced as 1% of circulating IgG in humans and Old World primates, and it interacts specifically with the carbohydrate epitope Galα1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc-R (termed the α-galactosyl epitope). This epitope is synthesized in large amounts in cells of nonprimate mammals and New World monkeys by the glycosylation enzyme α1,3galactosyltransferase. Here we describe in vitro studies on the ability of anti-Gal to bind to α-galactosyl epitopes on influenza virus propagated in mammalian cells, and to enhance presentation by APC of viral hemagglutinin antigenic determinants to specific helper T cell clones. The various approaches for achieving α-galactosyl epitope expression on virion and subviral vaccines are discussed.
Modeling Lithium Intercalation in a Porous Carbon Electrode

Two different approaches were used to model the insertion of lithium ions into a carbon particle. In the first approach, a concentration gradient was considered as the driving force (DFM) for diffusion while in the second approach chemical potential driving force was used (CPM). Lithium ion-lithium ion interactions are included in the CPM model but not in the DFM model These approaches were used to model a lithium foil/1 M LiClO 4 -propylene carbonate/carbon fiber cell. The model predictions indicate that the lithium ion-lithium ion interactions inside the particle play a significant role in predicting the electrochemical and thermal performance of the cell.
Chemosystematics and diagenesis of terpenoids in fossil conifer species and sediment from the Eocene Zeitz formation, Saxony, Germany

The biomarker contents of three fossil conifer species (Athrotaxis couttsiae, Taxodium balticum, Pinus palaeostrobus) and the clay sediment from the Eocene Zeitz formation, Germany, have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Triterpenoids of the oleanane, ursane and lupane series and aliphatic wax lipids are the major compounds in the total extracts of the sediment indicating a major angiosperm input. In contrast, diterpenoids (abietanes, phenolic abietanes, pimaranes, isopimaranes, kauranes, phyllocladanes, totaranes) and lignin degradation products are predominant in the conifer fossil extracts. Polar diterpenoids (ferruginol and derivatives, dehydroabietic acid) are preserved as major compounds in the conifers, accompained by saturated and aromatic diterpenoid products. The extracts of the fossil conifer species show characteristic biomarker patterns and contain terpenoids of chemosystematic value. The terpenoid composition of the fossil conifers is similar to that of related modern species. Phenolic abietanes (ferruginol, 6,7-dehydroferruginol, hydroxyferruginols, sugiol) which are known from modern species of the Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae are the major terpenoids in shoots of Athrotaxis couttsiae and a cone of Taxodium balticum (both Cupressaceae). Sesquiterpenoids characteristic for Cupressaceae (cuparene, α-cedrene) are also present in Athrotaxis. Abietane-type acids (dehydroabietic acid, abietic acid) and saturated abietanes [fichtelite, 13α(H)-fichtelite] predominate in the extracts of a Pinus palaeostrobus cone and phenolic abietanes are not detectable. A diagenetic pathway for the degradation of abietic acid is proposed based on the presence of abietane-type acids and a series of their presumed degradation products in the Pinus cone. The formation of diagenetic products from the phenolic abietanes is also discussed.
Contribution of the urea appearance rate to diuretic–induced azotemia in the rat

Contribution of the urea appearance rate to diuretic–induced azotemia in the rat. Studies were performed to evaluate the contribution of the urea appearance rate to the elevated plasma urea concentration found during diuretic–induced sodium depletion. Negative sodium balance of -1162 + 29 µEq/100 g body wt was induced over a four day period by the administration of furosemide, 20 to 30 mg/kg/d i.p., to rats ingesting a sodium free diet. When compared with sodium replete controls, sodium depletion significantly increased the plasma urea concentration (65.0 ±3.1 vs. 26.4 ±1.1 mg/dl) through both an increase in the urea appearance rate (160 ± 5.2 vs. 125 ± 3.5 mg/day/100 g body wt), and a decrease in the urea clearance rate (1.99 ± 0.14 vs. 3.16 ± 0.12 ml/min/kg). The urea appearance rate a) increased on the first day of diuretic administration, b) remained elevated three days after stopping diuretics, c) rapidly returned to control levels after sodium repletion, and d) was significantly correlated with the magnitude of sodium deficit. Similar results were obtained when diuretic–induced sodium depletion was produced in adrenalectomized animals. After four days of sodium depletion the plasma concentration was increased for some amino acids but not for the plasma total amino acid, nitrogen concentration. The results indicate that sodium depletion increases the urea appearance rate through a mechanism that is independent of adrenal function. Thirty to sixty percent of the elevation in plasma urea concentration that occurs in the rat during diuretic–induced sodium depletion can be accounted for by an enhanced urea appearance rate.
Studies of the murine DDB1 and DDB2 genes

Human DDB (Damaged DNA Binding protein) is a heterodimer of 48 and 127kDa subunits whose activity is absent from cell strains derived from a subset of Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) complementation group E individuals (Ddb(-)) [Keeney, S., Wein, H., and Linn, S., (1992). Mut. Res. 273, 49-56]. Whereas in vivo DNA repair appears to be compromised in both Ddb(-) and Ddb(+) XPE cells, DDB activity is not necessary for nucleotide excision repair (NER) in vitro. In this study, the presence of a specific UV-damaged DNA binding activity in mouse cell-free extracts that is comparable to the activity observed in HeLa cells was demonstrated. The mouse DDB2 cDNA, coding for DDB p48 subunit, was cloned and the partial genomic structure of DDB2 was obtained. A search of current databases revealed amino acid sequences of mouse and Drosophila predicted p127 homologues, but not of a Drosophila p48 homologue. The alignment of these higher eukaryotic p127 sequences uncovered the presence of three highly conserved domains in the p127 polypeptides which we hypothesize could function in DNA binding, transcription-transactivation, and protein-protein interaction, respectively.
Regional Differences in Rat Vaginal Smooth Muscle Contractility and Morphology

The objective of this study was to define the regional differences in rat vaginal smooth muscle contractility and morphology. We evaluated circumferential segments from the proximal, middle, and distal rat vagina (n = 21) in vitro. Contractile responses to carbachol, phenylephrine, potassium chloride, and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were measured. Immunohistochemical analyses were also performed. The dose–response curves for carbachol- and phenylephrine-dependent contractions were different in the distal (P = .05, P = .04) compared to the proximal/middle regions. Adjusted for region-dependent changes in contractility, the distal vagina generated lower force in response to carbachol and higher force in response to phenylephrine. There was less force with increasing EFS frequency in the distal (P = .03), compared to the proximal/middle regions. Cholinergic versus adrenergic nerves were more frequent in the proximal region (P = .03). In summary, the results indicate that functional and morphological differences in smooth muscle and nerve fibers of the distal versus proximal/middle regions of the vagina exist.
History, hysteria, and the revolutionary subject in Thomas Carlyle's French revolution

Thomas Carlyle's French Revolution employs a mode of historicalrepresentation that constructs revolution as a form of social pathology, as opposed to envisioning it foremost as an instrument of political change. Carlyle's view of revolution as a condition that ultimately originates in the body is significantly informed by prevailing Victorian notions of psychosomatic health, which are closely related to dominant social values, such as self‐government, orderliness, and moral control. Writing the hysteria of revolution accordingly embodies several important stylistic characteristics, the effects of which subject the reader to the true nature of revolution while providing a proper diagnosis.
Variable criterion analysis of individual differences and stimulus similarity in choice reaction time.

The theory presented by Grice, Nullmeyer, and Spiker (1977) has been applied successfully to experiments with three levels of auditory similarity in choice reaction time. A defect in the original statement of the relation between theoretical probabilities and response probability is corrected. Similarity affects both positive associative strength and associative inhibition. The short-latency process of associative inhibition is especially sensitive to increasing levels of similarity. Descriptions of the speed-accuracy tradeoff as it depends upon stimulus similarity are presented. The forms of stimulus generalization gradients are shown to depend upon response latency. Common sets of theoretical functions described both group and individual subject latency distributions. As before, three individual difference variables are identified as mean criterion level, amount of criterion variability, and inhibitory ability. Multiple regression analysis of these three variables and error rate reveals interesting and interpretable features of information processing dynamics. One of these features is that the amount of criterion variability may be more important in determining error rate than the mean level of the criterion. Also included are comments on a critique by Link (1979) and a discussion of the relation between this approach and more formal deductive models.
Rice Shoot Response to Root Confinement within a Membrane

A porous membrane has been used for root studies of upland crops but not for crops grown under submerged conditions. A field study was conducted to compare the growth of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) with and without root confinement within a porous membrane. Three membrane configurations were compared: (i) a narrow membrane; (ii) a wide membrane; and (iii) a modified wide membrane. Root confinement within membranes reduced all shoot growth and yield parameters compared to soil-grown plants (control). Reductions in shoot growth and yield parameters were usually least for the modified wide membrane and greatest for the narrow membrane. Published with permission of the Director of the Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn.
STRUCTURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NOVEL SIDEROPHORES FROM PLANT DELETERIOUS PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS A225 AND PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA ATCC 39167

When Pseudomonas putida ATCC 39167 and plant-deleterious Pseudomonas fluorescens A225 were grown in an iron-deficient culture medium, they each produced two different novel yellow-green fluorescent pseudobactins: P39167-I, II and PA225-I, II. Pseudobactin P39167-I has a molecular formula of C46H65O23N13 and is monoanionic at neutral pH. P39167-II has the molecular formula of C46H63O22N13 and no charge at neutral pH. Pseudobactin PA225-I has a molecular formula of C46H65O24N13 and is monoanionic at neutral pH whereas pseudobactin PA225-II has the molecular formula of C46H63O23N13 and no charge at neutral pH. All four of the pseudobactins contain a dihydroxyquinoline-based chromophore. The amino acid sequence for the octapeptide in case of pseudobactins from P. putida ATCC 39167 is Chr-Ser(1)-Ala(1)-AcOHOrn-Gly-Ala(2)-OHAsp-Ser(2)-Thr. In case of pseudobactins from P. fluorescens A225, the octapeptide has the sequence Chr-Ser(1)-Ala-AcOHOrn-Gly-Ser(2)-OHAsp-Ser(3)-Thr. For all four pseudobactins (P39167-I,...
Oxygen vacancy diffusion in SnO2 thin films

A novel technique for the measurement of the diffusion coefficient of oxygen vacancies in tin dioxide is presented. The method consists of a simple kinetic experiment which is conducted in a high-vacuum system. Samples of SnO2 thin films, prepared by r.f. sputtering, are heated in the vacuum system at200°C for several hours. A controlled amount of oxygen is then introduced within the system, and the change in conductivity is monitored as a function of time. The observed kinetics are explained by solving Fick's equations of diffusion in one dimension. From the results, a diffusion coefficient of 1.4 x 10-13cm2s-1 at 200°C is obtained. This is extended to a microscopic model for the jump frequencies of these vacancies in the semiconductor. The results are useful in assessing the stability of the material, and should be of interest in all fields of application of the oxide.
Risk factors for cranial nerve deficits during carotid endarterectomy: a retrospective study.

Abstract Background Cranial nerve deficits during CEA are a known complication. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if significant changes in somatosensory evoked potentials and electroencephalography increase cranial nerve deficits during CEA. Procedures This is an observational retrospective case–control study analyzed with data collected from patients who underwent CEA at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Five hundred and eighty-seven patients were included in the final analysis. Due to the small number of cranial nerve deficits and the comparatively large number of potential covariates, we used a regression analysis with Bayesian shrinkage. Findings Analysis was performed on 587 patients, of which a total of 11 (1.8%) cases of cranial nerve deficits were recorded. The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve was injured in nine (81%) patients and hypoglossal nerve was injured in two (19%) patients. Of the 11 patients, 9 cases resolved by the time of discharge, the 2 cases that persisted both were injuries to the facial nerve. Multivariate analysis using Bayesian shrinkage showed that after adjusting for all risk factors only IOM changes increased the risk of cranial nerve deficits (OR 38.47, 95% CI 7.73, 191.42). Conclusions Cranial nerve injury is 38 times more likely in patients who experienced a change in IOM during CEA shunt. Future studies examining the effect of stretch and the degree of retraction on the CN might be more helpful in reducing cranial nerve deficits.
Membrane binding mode of intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic domains of T cell receptor signaling subunits depends on lipid composition.

Abstract Intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic domains of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling subunits including ζcyt and CD3ecyt all contain one or more copies of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), tyrosine residues of which are phosphorylated upon receptor triggering. Membrane binding-induced helical folding of ζcyt and CD3ecyt ITAMs is thought to control TCR activation. However, the question whether or not lipid binding of ζcyt and CD3ecyt is necessarily accompanied by a folding transition of ITAMs remains open. In this study, we investigate whether the membrane binding mechanisms of ζcyt and CD3ecyt depend on the membrane model used. Circular dichroic and fluorescence data indicate that binding of ζcyt and CD3ecyt to detergent micelles and unstable vesicles is accompanied by a disorder-to-order transition, whereas upon binding to stable vesicles these proteins remain unfolded. Using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, we show that upon protein binding, unstable vesicles fuse and rupture. In contrast, stable vesicles remain intact under these conditions. This suggests different membrane binding modes for ζcyt and CD3ecyt depending on the bilayer stability: (1) coupled binding and folding, and (2) binding without folding. These findings explain the long-standing puzzle in the literature and highlight the importance of the choice of an appropriate membrane model for protein–lipid interactions studies.
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS, ENTROPY PRODUCTION, AND DECOHERENCE

We establish that the entropy production rate of a classically chaotic Hamiltonian system coupled to the environment settles, after a transient, to a metastable value given by the sum of positive generalized Lyapunov exponents. A metastable steady state is generated in this process. This behavior also occurs in quantum systems close to the classical limit, where it leads to the restoration of quantum-classical correspondence in chaotic systems coupled to the environment.
Raman characterization of carbon nanofibers prepared using electrospinning

Abstract Ultrafine fibers were spun from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/ N , N -dimethyl formamide (DMF) precursor solution using a homemade electrospinning setup, and then pyrolyzed in vacuum at 873, 1073, 1273 and 1473 K, respectively. The pyrolyzed fibers, with diameter of the order of 100 nm as revealed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), were characterized using Raman microspectrometry. Their Raman scattering spectra manifested D and G peaks, characteristic of disordered carbon and graphite, respectively. The D and G peak parameters were fitted using a Gaussian–Lorentzian mixed shape, and graphitic crystallite size and mole fraction in the nanofibers were estimated from the ratio of the integrated intensity of D and G peaks. The graphite domain size was found to be between 1.5 and 2.6 nm, increasing with the pyrolyzing temperature. The graphite mole fraction was found to obey an Arrhenius relation with the pyrolyzing temperature, with the graphitization activation energy of 7.36±0.11 kJ/mol.