cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incentive Compatible Distributed Data Mining

In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic mechanism to encourage truthful data sharing for distributed data mining. Our proposed mechanism uses the classic Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism and does not rely on the ability to verify the data of the parties participating in the distributed data mining protocol. Instead, we incentivize truth telling based solely on the data mining result. Under reasonable assumptions, we prove that these mechanisms are incentive compatible for distributed data mining. In addition, through extensive experimentation, we show that they are applicable in practice.
Development of new coronary atherosclerotic lesions during a 4-year multifactor risk reduction program: the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP).

Abstract Objectives. This study attempted to determine whether an intensive multifactor risk reduction program conducted over 4 years would reduce the rate of development of new coronary artery lesions. Background. Recent angiographic trials have generally demonstrated that normalization of plasma lipoprotein profiles reduces the rate of progression of established coronary lesions, but limited data exist on how these treatments influence the development of new lesions. Methods. Three hundred men and women with coronary artery disease were randomized to multifactor risk reduction or usual care. Highly significant improvements in risk factors were achieved by the risk reduction group compared with minimal changes by the usual care group. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed on entry and after 4 years under identical conditions. A decrement in the minimal diameter of visually normal segments >0.2 mm was considered to indicate new lesion formation. Results. A total of 1,605 segments, representing 257 patients, were considered normal at baseline, with 804 and 801 disease-free segments in the usual care and risk reduction groups, respectively. Ninety-nine segments (6.1%) were identified by follow-up quantitative angiography and two angiographic observers as having new lesion formation (usual care 7.6%, risk reduction 4.7%, p = 0.05). New lesion formation was observed in 41 (31%) of 131 patients in the usual care group and in 29 (23%) of 126 patients in the risk reduction group (p = 0.16), with a mean number of new lesions/patient of 0.47 in the usual care group and 0.30 in the risk reduction group (p = 0.06). Multiple regression analysis identified on-study dietary fat intake as the best correlate with new lesion formation. Conclusions. These data indicate that intensive multifactor risk reduction tends to diminish the frequency of new coronary lesion formation.
Performance-enhancing drugs and supplements in women and girls

Performance-enhancing substance use has been frequently discussed in the media. High-profile professional athletes have tested positive for performance-enhancing substances, while surveys indicate an escalating incidence of use among amateur athletes. Several articles have reviewed this concern in men’s sports; however, this article discusses performance-enhancing drug and supplement use by women and girls.
Cytoplasmic filaments and morphogenesis: effects of cytochalasin B on contractile epidermal cells.

During tail resorption in Distaplia occidentalis the caudal epidermis contracts to 8.5% of its initial length in about 6 minutes and forces the axial complex (muscle, notochord and nerve cord) into a coiled configuration in the trunk. The contraction of the caudal epidermal cells is accompanied by rapid alignment of arrays of circa 50 A (diameter) filaments parallel to the axis of contraction in the apical cytoplasm of each epidermal cell. Normal metamorphosis (including tail resorption) can be instantly induced by treating tadpole larvae with 0.5% dimethylsulfoxide. Cytochalasin B, (CCB) > 0.25 μg/ml rapidly inhibits contraction of the caudal epidermis. The tail stops shortening, then partly re-extends. When CCB is removed by washing immediately after relaxation, tail resorption resumes. Cytochalasin B reversibly disrupts the organization of central and subterminal arrays of apical filaments in the contractile caudal epidermal cells. Membrane associated filaments near the junctional complexes are not disrupted by 0.25–1.0 μg/ml of CCB. This suggests that CCB does not degrade the filaments into subunits. It is more likely that CCB blocks contraction by disrupting the binding forces between overlapping filaments and facilitates the disorganization of unattached filaments. A second type of filament with a fusiform configuration has been detected in the epidermal cells after CCB treatment. The possibility that these are myosinoid proteins is considered. The data presented in this paper strengthen the hypothesis that the filaments in the epidermal cells are part of a contractile apparatus.
Comparison of resistance-based and inductance-based self-sensing controls for surface permanent-magnet machines using high-frequency signal injection

This paper presents injection-based self-sensing (position sensorless) control methods for surface permanent magnet (SPM) machines with concentrated windings (CWs) and distributed windings (DWs). Two position-dependent spatial saliency signals are compared. The two signals relate to resistance variation due to high-frequency eddy current losses and to inductance variation due to stator tooth saturation. Finite-element analysis is performed to investigate the properties of two saliency signals in different SPM machines. Implementation methods, as well as advantages for closed-loop control, are discussed. This paper includes experimental evaluation of resistance-based versus inductance-based self-sensing control performance in SPM machines with CWs and DWs.
Eight hundred-base sequencing in a microfabricated electrophoretic device.

The human genome will be sequenced using capillary array electrophoresis technology. Although currently achieving only 550 base reads per run, capillary arrays have increased the efficiency and lowered the cost of sequencing by eliminating gel plate preparation, reducing sample volumes, and offering automation and speed. However, much higher throughput and greater cost reductions are needed. The next major advancement in sequencing technology is expected from the development of arrays of microfabricated channels in a plate or “chip” format. For de novo sequencing, the practical utility of the microdevice approach has been limited by device length to a read of 500−600 bases per run. We demonstrate a significant milestone for a microfabricated device by obtaining an average read length of 800 bases in 80 min (98% accuracy) for either M13 standards or DNA sequencing samples from the Whitehead Institute Center for Genomic Research (WICGR) production line. This result is achieved in 40-cm-long channels using a...
The thiomethylation of substituted glutarimides

Conditions for the mono- and di(thiomethylation) of N-methyl-3-ethyl-3-phenylpiperidine-2,6-dione and the monothiomethylation of N-methyl-3-(4-aminophenyl)-3-ethylpiperidine-2,6-dione, potential inhibitors of estrogen synthetase, are described and contrasted with a closely related lactam, N-methylpiperidone. The influence of solvent, base and electrophile on product distribution is explored.
Beta-delayed two-proton decay of39Ti

The beta-delayed two-proton decay of theT z =−5/2 nuclide39Ti has been observed. The39Sc isobaric analog state has been calculated to lie at 8.82 MeV using the measured two-proton sum energy of 4750±40 keV for its decay to the37K ground state. Combining this excitation energy with a Coulomb displacement energy calculation has lowered the energy available for ground state two-proton emission of39Ti from 760 to 530 keV.
Dietary therapy in uremia: The impact on nutrition and progressive renal failure

Dietary therapy in uremia: The impact on nutrition and progressive renal failure. Background In rats with experimental chronic renal failure (CRF), low-protein diets protect against histologic damage and improve mortality. In CRF patients, low-protein diets ameliorate uremic symptoms and certain CRF complications. Fortunately, low-protein diets are nutritionally sound in CRF patients because they activate compensatory mechanisms that conserve protein with a low-protein diet. These results do not determine if dietary protein restriction can slow the rate of progression of CRF or the time to dialysis. Methods Reports evaluating low-protein diets and changes in nutritional status and/or progression of CRF are analyzed for efficacy. The MDRD Study is reviewed in depth. Results When dietary compliance was achieved, the nutritional status was unimpaired and progression was slowed. Studies with limited dietary compliance failed to find any beneficial effect on progression. Problems in study design suggest caution before accepting the initial MDRD Study conclusion that dietary restriction does not slow progression. Subsequent analyses of MDRD results indicate that protein restriction can slow progression of CRF. Conclusion Evidence that dietary protein spontaneously decreases in progressively uremic patients should not be construed as an argument against the use of dietary therapy. Rather, it is a persuasive argument to restrict dietary protein intake in order to minimize CRF complications while preserving nutritional status. In patients with uremia or progression despite other measures, dietary therapy should be started along with monitoring for dietary compliance and nutritional adequacy.
Neurophysiological and biomechanical characterization of goat cervical facet joint capsules

Cervical facet joints have been implicated as a major source of pain after whiplash injury. We sought to identify facet joint capsule receptors in the cervical spine and quantify their responses to capsular deformation. The response of mechanosensitive afferents in C5–C6 facet joint capsules to craniocaudal stretch (0.5 mm/s) was examined in anaesthetized adult goats. Capsular afferents were characterized into Group III and IV based on their conduction velocity. Two-dimensional strains across the capsules during stretch were obtained by a stereoimaging technique and finite element modeling. 17 (53%) Group III and 14 (56%) Group IV afferents were identified with low strain thresholds of 0.107 ± 0.033 and 0.100 ± 0.046. A subpopulation of low-strain-threshold afferents had discharge rate saturation at the strains of 0.388 ± 0.121 (n = 9, Group III) and 0.341 ± 0.159 (n = 9, Group IV). Two (8%) Group IV units responded only to high strains (0.460 ± 0.170). 15 (47%) Group III and 9 (36%) Group IV units could not be excited even by noxious capsular stretch. Simple linear regressions were conducted with capsular load and principal strain as independent variables and neural response of low-strain-threshold afferents as the dependent variable. Correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.73 ± 0.11 with load, and 0.82 ± 0.12 with principal strain. The stiffness of the C5–C6 capsules was 16.8 ± 11.4 N/mm. Our results indicate that sensory receptors in cervical facet joint capsules are not only capable of signaling a graded physiological mechanical stimulus, but may also elieit pain sensation under excessive deformation. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A characterization of data mining algorithms on a modern processor

In this paper, we characterize the performance and memory access behavior of several data mining algorithms. Specically, we consider algorithms for frequent itemset mining, sequence mining, graph mining, clustering, outlier detection, and decision tree induction. Our study reveals that data mining algorithms are compute and memory intensive. Furthermore, some algorithms have poor spatial locality, while most algorithms have poor temporal locality. Hardware prefetching helps the algorithms with good spatial locality, but most algorithms are unable to leverage simultaneous multithreading because of their memory intensive nature. Consequently, all these algorithms grossly under-utilize a modern day processor. Using the knowledge gleaned in this investigation, we briey show how we improve the performance of a frequent itemset mining algorithm, FPGrowth, on a modern processor. Our study suggests that a specialized memory system with several thread contexts per processor is needed to allow these algorithms to scale on future microprocessors.
Automated damage diagnosis and recovery for remote robotics

Remote robotics applications, such as space exploration or operation in hazardous environments, would greatly benefit from automated recovery algorithms for unanticipated failure or damage. In this paper a two-stage evolutionary algorithm is introduced-which we call the estimation-exploration algorithm-that forwards this aim by first evolving a damage hypothesis after failure and then re-evolving a compensatory neural controller to restore functionality. The algorithm presupposes that a robot simulator is running continuously onboard the physical robot. In this paper, the 'physical' robot is also simulated, but in future work the algorithm will be applied to a real, physical robot. Although evolutionary algorithms require a large number of evaluations to produce a useful solution, the results reported here indicate that almost complete functionality can be restored after only three evaluations on the 'physical' robot, as opposed to over 3000 evaluations if the compensatory controller is evolved all on the 'physical' robot. Our algorithm also has the benefit of producing a diagnostic model of the failure.
Line ratio judgments yield subjective lengths proportional to physical lengths: Reanalysis of Engen’s data

It has been claimed that subjective line length is a nonlinear function of physical line length and that it follows apower function R = cSn, where R is the subjective length, S is the physicallength, and c and n are arbitrary constants. Engen (1971, pp. 71-73) presents data which are intended to support this claim. The purpose of this note is to show that, in fact, Engen's data indicate that subjective line length is proportional to physicalline length. Engen provided data from subjects who judged the ratios of pairs of lines of different length. The lines were 3, 4, 6, 9, or 12 in. long. His obtained mean ratios are shown in Table 1. These ratios closely approximate the ratios of the physical values shown in Table 2, suggesting proportionality. Engen, however, reached a different conclusion. Engen scaled the stimuli using a procedure, described below, which he attributed to Torgerson (1958, pp. 108-112). Using Engen's scale values (see Table 3) and linear regression in the equation log R = log C + nlog S yields a Pearson product-moment correlation of r = .9998 between Engen's scale values and the logarithms of the physical values. The least squares estimates of n and log c are 1.2455 and -2.2315, giving the estimated power law R = .1074S1.2455. This function gives the predicted scale values of .4219, .6038, 1.0004, 1.6577, and 2.3721, which are acceptably close to the Engen scale values in Table 3. Unfortunately, the procedure Engen used actually differed from Torgerson's and introduced a bias. In Torgerson's procedure, the logarithms of the obtained ratios are averaged for each line length and the antilogs of these means are the scale values of the stimuli. Table 3 shows the values obtained by Torgerson's procedure and by Engen's procedure. The difference is that Engen assumed that the row totals should be divided by four, since no entry was made for comparison of lines of equallength. But Torgerson's procedure assurnes that lines of equallength will have a ratio of one and that the logarithm of this ratio, zero, will be added in. Thus, Torgerson would divide the same row total by five, not four.
Heterogeneous network computing: the next generation

Abstract Heterogeneous concurrent computing has emerged in recent times as an effective platform for high performance applications as well as for traditional distributed computing. Performance and functionality that such methodologies can provide, as well as their limitations and potential, have become reasonably well understood. In this paper, we discuss some selected aspects of heterogeneous computing in the context of the PVM system, and describe evolutionary enhancements to the system. These extensions, which involve performance optimization, light-weight processes, and client-server computing, suggest useful directions that the next generation of heterogeneous systems might follow. A prototype design of such a next-generation heterogeneous computing framework is also discussed.
Role of the indigenous medicine practitioner in two areas of India—Report of a study

Interviews of 72 rural indigenous medicine practitioners in India in a southern district (Kerala State) and a northern district (Punjab State) are reported as well as the results of observations of their work while diagnosing and treating a total of 542 patients. The practitioners were located in the vicinity of 2 primary health care centers. The stereotype of the indigenous medicine practitioner as one using traditional herbs oils and incantations and having little or nothing to do with modern medicine is not supported by this enquiry. The training of the men was extremely varied and ranged from an apprenticeship of a few months duration to 6 years of formal training in a recognized school of indigenous medicine. The practitioners were present in a ratio of about 1:1500 of rural population and outnumbered modern (allopathic) physicians by 10:1. They treated all types of illnesses and appeared to be well regarded by the villagers. Many had stethoscopes and the majority used modern methods. About 1/3 of the patients seen in the north by the indigenous practitioners were given injections. Half of these were penicillin or streptomycin. It is suggested similar studies be carried out in India and elsewhere and the entire question of the role of indigenous medicine practitioners and their relationship to modern medicine especially in rural areas be subject to critical review. Included in this is the question of the role these men might play in disseminating family planning information and supplies.(AUTHOR ABSTRACT)
Incidence of pancreatic and testicular tumors in rats treated with ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator

It is hypothesized that hepatic tumors in rats induced by peroxisome proliferators is dependent on peroxisome proliferative effect of these compounds and the resulting oxidative stress. However, it is argued that since these compounds also induce tumors in pancreas and testes, the two organs in which there is no proliferation of peroxisomes, the carcinogenic effect is unlikely to be related to oxidative stress. To clarify this controversy we have systematically analyzed the incidence of pancreatic acinar cell foci and nodules, and testicular Leydig cell tumors in ciprofibrate treated and control rats. In animals treated with 0.025% ciprofibrate for 22 months the incidence of Leydig cell tumors and acinar cell lesions was 100% and 66%, respectively. In age-matched controls the incidence of testicular and pancreatic lesions was 93% and 66%, respectively. These findings clearly demonstrate that the Leydig cell tumors and pancreatic lesions develop spontaneously and are not induced by ciprofibrate.
Schistosoma mansoni: lysozyme activity in Biomphalaria glabrata during infection with two strains.

Abstract Levels of lysozyme activity were determined in the hemolymph, digestive gland, and headfoot extracts of M-line stock of snails, Biomphalaria glabrata , during infection with the PR-1 and Lc-1 strains of the trematode, Schistosoma mansoni . At 3 hr postexposure there was a 10-fold increase in the levels of enzyme activity in the hemolymph of snails infected with the Lc-1 strain to which the snail is resistant. This increase was considerably higher when compared to the threefold increase in the PR-1-infected snails. The infection also induced a gradual depletion of lysozyme activity in the headfoot muscles of the two groups of infected snails. There were no changes in the levels of enzyme activity in the digestive gland extracts of the control and the two groups of infected snails. Similar changes in the levels of enzyme activity in the hemolymph and headfoot extracts of infected snails suggest a nonspecific response to a parasite infection and do not indicate that lysozyme is primarily responsible for the destruction of schistosome parasite in a resistant snail host.
US Credit Crisis and Spillovers to Asia

We review key highlights of the global credit crisis. We then consider how financial turmoil in the largest advanced economies might be transmitted to East Asia. The focus is on foreign trade links, international capital flows, currency market pressures and mismatches, financial sector fragilities, and countercyclical monetary andfiscal policy actions.We introduce a set of vulnerability indicators and explore whether an ordinal ranking of East Asian economies according to these vulnerability indicators seems to be related to the cross-country differences in estimated slowdowns of economic growth during the crisis. Finally, we discuss how Asian economies might encourage the adoption of a stronger regulatory and supervisory framework in the USA and whether some Asian economies and the USA might pursue a more “balanced” growth strategy after the crisis.
Nitrogen mineralization in coal mine spoil and topsoil

N mineralization was compared in fresh topsoil, stockpiled topsoil, coal-mine spoil, and in various mixtures of soil and mine spoil, with and without sludge amendment. N mineralization was slightly lower in stockpiled topsoil than in fresh topsoil or mine spoil. Differences between stockpiled and fresh topsoil were small and were attributed to changes in the relative proportions of readily degradable versus slowly degradable organic fractions. Sludge amendment increased N mineralization, but straw amendment immobilized N through 12 weeks of incubation. More N was leached from mixtures of mine spoil and soil than from soil or mine spoil alone, but net N mineralization decreased with increasing mine-spoil-to-soil ratios, probably as a result of greater denitrification losses. Mixing mine spoil with soil can increase plant available N more than soil or spoil alone, because spoil contributes mineralizable organic N while soil improves the physical and chemical environment of the mine spoil.
A network-distribution instructional environment

The author describes the distributed instructional environment (DIE), is an object-based computing environment that defines a framework for computer-aided instruction (CAI). The DIE provides a tutoring system for classroom instructors and establishes a generic development system for researchers in knowledge-based tutoring. Distributing the CAI environment over a network places lessons in a national database of distributed tutorials and CAI modules in the hands of experts in their own field. The DIE provides an excellent means of sharing the responsibility of development and delivery of engineering drill and practice tutorials between schools as well as industry. >
Sustained anxiety increases amygdala-dorsomedial prefrontal coupling: a mechanism for maintaining an anxious state in healthy adults

Background: Neuroimaging research has traditionally explored fear and anxiety in response to discrete threat cues (e.g., during fear conditioning). However, anxiety is a sustained aversive state that can persist in the absence of discrete threats. Little is known about mechanisms that maintain anxiety states over a prolonged period. Here, we used a robust translational paradigm (threat of shock) to inducesustained anxiety. Recent translational work has implicated an amygdala-prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuit in the maintenance of anxiety in rodents. To explore the functional homologues of this circuitry in humans, we used a novel paradigm to examine the impact of sustained anticipatory anxiety on amygdala-PFC intrinsic connectivity. Methods:Task-independent fMRI data were collected in healthy participants during long-duration periods of shock anticipation and safety. We examined intrinsic functional connectivity. Results:Our study involved 20 healthy participants. During sustained anxiety, amygdala activity was positively coupled with dorsomedial PFC (DMPFC) activity. High trait anxiety was associated with increased amygdala-DMPFC coupling. In addition, induced anxiety was associated with positive coupling between regions involved in defensive responding, and decreased coupling between regions involved in emotional control and the default mode network. Limitations:Inferences regarding anxious pathology should be made with caution because this study was conducted in healthy participants. Conclusion: Findings suggest that anticipatory anxiety increases intrinsic amygdala-DMPFC coupling and that the DMPFC may serve as a functional homo logue for the rodent prefrontal regions by sustaining anxiety. Future research may use this defensive neural context to identify biomarkers of risk for anxious pathology and target these circuits for therapeutic intervention. © 2014 Canadian Medical Association.
The Role of Pendant Amines in the Breaking and Forming of Molecular Hydrogen Catalyzed by Nickel Complexes

We present the results of a comprehensive theoretical investiga- tion of the role of pendant amine li- gands in the oxidation of H2 and for- mation of H2 by (NiA R 2N R' 2)2) 2 + elec- trocatalysts (P R 2N R' 2 is the 1,5-R'-3,7-R derivative of 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacy- clooctane, in which R and R' are aryl or alkyl groups). We focus our analysis on the thermal steps of the catalytic cycle, as they are known to be rate-de- termining for both H2 oxidation and production. We find that the presence of pendant amine functional groups greatly facilitates the heterolytic H2 bond cleavage, resulting in a protonated amine and a Ni hydride. Only one single positioned pendant amine is re- quired to serve this function. The pend- ant amine can also effectively shuttle protons to the active site, making the redistribution of protons and the H2 evolution a very facile process. An im- portant requirement for the overall cat- alytic process is the positioning of at least one amine in close proximity to the metal center. Indeed, only protona- tion of the pendant amines on the metal center side (endo position) leads to catalytically active intermediates, whereas protonation on the opposite side of the metal center (exo position) leads to a variety of isomers, which are detrimental to catalysis.
GAS EXCHANGE, LEAF NITROGEN, AND GROWTH EFFICIENCY OF POPULUS TREMULOIDES IN A CO2-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERE

Predicting forest responses to rising atmospheric CO2 will require an understanding of key feedbacks in the cycling of carbon and nitrogen between plants and soil microorganisms. We conducted a study for 2.5 growing seasons with Populus tremuloides grown under experimental atmospheric CO2 and soil-N-availability treatments. Our objective was to integrate the combined influence of atmospheric CO2 and soil-N availability on the flow of C and N in the plant–soil system and to relate these processes to the performance of this widespread and economically important tree species. Here we consider treatment effects on photosynthesis and canopy development and the efficiency with which this productive capacity is translated into aboveground, harvestable yield. We grew six P. tremuloides genotypes at ambient (35 Pa) or elevated (70 Pa) CO2 and in soil of low or high N mineralization rate at the University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, Michigan, USA (45°35′ N, 84°42′ W). In the second year of growth, net...
Nano-mineralogy Studies by Advanced Electron Microscopy

With high-resolution analytical SEM, electron probe and Raman microanalyses, we are now capable to characterize earth and planetary materials easier and faster down to nano-scales. Small but new minerals with important geological significance are being discovered. Nano-features are being discovered in many common minerals and gems, which cause color and other optical effects. Presented here are a few projects demonstrating how nano-mineralogy works and plays a unique role in earth science.
Hubble's diagram and cosmic expansion

Edwin Hubble's classic article on the expanding universe appeared in PNAS in 1929 [Hubble, E. P. (1929) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 15, 168-173]. The chief result, that a galaxy's distance is proportional to its redshift, is so well known and so deeply embedded into the language of astronomy through the Hubble diagram, the Hubble constant, Hubble's Law, and the Hubble time, that the article itself is rarely referenced. Even though Hubble's distances have a large systematic error, Hubble's velocities come chiefly from Vesto Melvin Slipher, and the interpretation in terms of the de Sitter effect is out of the mainstream of modern cosmology, this article opened the way to investigation of the expanding, evolving, and accelerating universe that engages today's burgeoning field of cosmology.
PECAM-1 (CD31) Homophilic Interaction Up-Regulates α6β1 on Transmigrated Neutrophils In Vivo and Plays a Functional Role in the Ability of α6 Integrins to Mediate Leukocyte Migration through the Perivascular Basement Membrane

Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 has been implicated in leukocyte migration through the perivascular basement membrane (PBM) though the mechanisms involved are unclear. The present results demonstrate that the ability of alpha(6) integrins to mediate neutrophil migration through the PBM is PECAM-1 dependent, a response associated with PECAM-1-mediated increased expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on transmigrating neutrophils in vivo. An anti-alpha(6) integrins mAb (GoH3) inhibited (78%, P < 0.001) neutrophil migration through interleukin (IL)-1beta-stimulated cremasteric venules, primarily at the level of the PBM, as analyzed by intravital and electron microscopy. In PECAM-1-deficient mice (KO), a reduced level of neutrophil transmigration elicited by IL-1beta (4-h reaction) was observed in both the cremaster muscle (55% inhibition, P < 0.05) and in the peritoneum (57% inhibition, P < 0.01) but GoH3 had no additional inhibitory effect on these responses. FACS((R)) analysis of neutrophils demonstrated increased expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on transmigrated peritoneal neutrophils, as compared with blood neutrophils, in wild-type but not KO mice even though neutrophils from both strains of mice exhibited comparable levels of intracellular expression of alpha(6) as observed by immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, mice deficient in either leukocyte or endothelial cell PECAM-1, as developed by bone marrow transplantation, demonstrated a similar level of reduced neutrophil transmigration and expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on transmigrated neutrophils as that detected in KO mice. The results demonstrate a role for PECAM-1 homophilic interaction in neutrophil transmigration and increased expression of alpha(6)beta(1) on the cell surface of transmigrated neutrophils in vivo, a response that could contribute to the mechanism of PECAM-1-mediated neutrophil migration through the PBM.
Estimating Effects of Targeted Conservation on Nonfederal Rangelands

E stimating the effects of conservation practices on rangelands is extremely challenging, compared with cropland, because rangelands consist of a mosaic of plant species with highly diverse land- scapes of mixed land ownership and management objectives. The checkerboard pattern of land ownership on rangelands in the West, a legacy of 19th century government homestead and railway construction policies, makes conducting assess- ments and estimating effects of conservation at landscape or watershed scale a challenging endeavor. This is complicated by the interaction of climate, topography, plants, soil parent material, and land management that interact to yield a mo- saic of plant communities over time. Rangeland communities are further in uenced by episodic disturbances, such as in- sect outbreaks, re, drought, and ood. 1 The most-developed quantitative indicators of conservation effects currently on rangelands are 1) modeled soil erosion, and 2) the number and types of invasive plant species. These indicators can be used to infer impacts on water availability and quality, wild- life habitat quality or suitability for target wildlife species, forage availability for domestic livestock and/or wildlife, and vulnerability to wild re, which will directly in uence sustain- ability of the plant community. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i4_weltz
The Cell Signaling Adaptor Protein EPS-8 Is Essential for C. elegans Epidermal Elongation and Interacts with the Ankyrin Repeat Protein VAB-19

Background: The epidermal cells of the C. elegans embryo undergo coordinated cell shape changes that result in the morphogenetic process of elongation. The cytoskeletal ankyrin repeat protein VAB-19 is required for cell shape changes and localizes to cell-matrix attachment structures. The molecular functions of VAB-19 in this process are obscure, as no previous interactors for VAB-19 have been described. Methodology/Principal Findings: In screens for VAB-19 binding proteins we identified the signaling adaptor EPS-8. Within C. elegans epidermal cells, EPS-8 and VAB-19 colocalize at cell-matrix attachment structures. The central domain of EPS-8 is necessary and sufficient for its interaction with VAB-19. eps-8 null mutants, like vab-19 mutants, are defective in epidermal elongation and in epidermal-muscle attachment. The eps-8 locus encodes two isoforms, EPS-8A and EPS-8B, that appear to act redundantly in epidermal elongation. The function of EPS-8 in epidermal development involves its N-terminal PTB and central domains, and is independent of its C-terminal SH3 and actin-binding domains. VAB-19 appears to act earlier in the biogenesis of attachment structures and may recruit EPS-8 to these structures.
The Effect of Cannabis Compared with Alcohol on Driving

The prevalence of both alcohol and cannabis use and the high morbidity associated with motor vehicle crashes has lead to a plethora of research on the link between the two. Drunk drivers are involv...
Multiple open access availability and citation impact

This research examines the relationship between multiple open access (OA) availability of journal articles and the citation advantage by collecting data of OA copies and citation numbers in 20 top library and information science journals. We discover a correlation between the two variables; namely, multiple OA availability of an article has a positive impact on its citation count. The statistical analysis reveals that for every increase in the availability of OA articles, citation numbers increase by 2.348.
Tabu search for nonlinear and parametric optimization (with links to genetic algorithms)

In spite of the widespread importance of nonlinear and parametric optimization, many standard solution methods allow a large gap between local optimality and global optimality, inviting consideration of metaheuristics capable of reducing such gaps. We identify ways to apply the tabu search metaheuristic to nonlinear optimization problems from both continuous and discrete settings. The step beyond strictly combinatorial settings enlarges the domain of problems to which tabu search is typically applied. We show how tabu search can be coupled with directional search and scatter search approaches to solve such problems. In addition, we generalize standard weighted combinations (as employed in scatter search) to include structured weighted combinations capable of satisfying specified feasibility conditions (e.g., mapping weighted combinations of scheduling, partitioning and covering solutions into new solutions of the same type). The outcome suggests ways to exploit potential links between scatter search and genetic algorithms, and also provides a basis for integrating genetic algorithms with tabu search.
Some recent development in a concept of causality

Abstract The paper considers three separate but related topics. (i) What is the relationship between causation and co-integration? If a pair of I(1) series are co-integration, there must be causation in at least one direction. An implication is that some tests of causation based on different series may have missed one source of causation. (ii) Is there a need for a definition of ‘instantaneous causation’ in a decision science? It is argued that no such definition is required. (iii) Can causality tests be used for policy evaluation? It is suggested that these tests are useful, but that they should be evaluated with care.
The purification and partial characterization of several forms of hog renin substrate.

Hog renin substrate has been separated into three major (A, B, and C) and two minor forms (D and E) by DEAE cellulose chromatography. Two of the major forms (B and C) have been further fractionated into two additional types (1 and 2) by countercurrent distribution. The purification of substrates A, C1, and C2 has been completed. Analysis shows that all three are glycoproteins with molecular weights of about 57,000, and have similar amino acid compositions. Differences exist in the sialic acid, glucosamine, and neutral hexose content, which may account for different physical properties. All the forms of the substrates are attacked by renin at similar rates, and appear to yield the same angiotensin I.
Presence of a classical RRM-fold palm domain in Thg1-type 3'- 5'nucleic acid polymerases and the origin of the GGDEF and CRISPR polymerase domains

Background Almost all known nucleic acid polymerases catalyze 5'-3' polymerization by mediating the attack on an incoming nucleotide 5' triphosphate by the 3'OH from the growing polynucleotide chain in a template dependent or independent manner. The only known exception to this rule is the Thg1 RNA polymerase that catalyzes 3'-5' polymerization in vitro and also in vivo as a part of the maturation process of histidinyl tRNA. While the initial reaction catalyzed by Thg1 has been compared to adenylation catalyzed by the aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, the evolutionary relationships of Thg1 and the actual nature of the polymerase reaction catalyzed by it remain unclear.
Packaging of chemicals in the defensive secretory glands of the sea hare Aplysia californica

Sea hares protect themselves from predatory attacks with several modes of chemical defenses. One of these is inking, which is an active release of a protective fluid upon predatory attack. In many sea hares including Aplysia californica and A. dactylomela, this fluid is a mixture of two secretions from two separate glands, usually co-released: ink, a purple fluid from the ink gland; and opaline, a white viscous secretion from the opaline gland. These two secretions are mixed in the mantle cavity and directed toward the attacking predator. Some of the chemicals in these secretions and their mechanism of action have been identified. In our study, we used western blots, immunocytochemistry, amino acid analysis, and bioassays to examine the distribution of these components: (1) an L-amino acid oxidase called escapin for A. californica and dactylomelin-P for A. dactylomela, which has antimicrobial activity but we believe its main function is in defending sea hares against predators that evoke its release; and (2) escapin's major amino acid substrates--L-lysine and L-arginine. Escapin is exclusively produced in the ink gland and is not present in any other tissues or secretions. Furthermore, escapin is only sequestered in the amber vesicles of the ink glandand not in the red-purple vesicles, which contain algal-derived chromophores that give ink its distinctive purple color. The concentration of escapin and dactylomelin-P in ink, both in the gland and after its release, is as high as 2 mg ml(-1), or 30 micromol ml(-1), which is well above its antimicrobial threshold. Lysine and arginine (and other amino acids) are packaged into vesicles in the ink and opaline glands, but arginine is present in ink and opaline at 1 mmol l(-1), our data lead us to conclude that lysine in opaline is the primary natural substrate for escapin in ink. Furthermore, packaging of the enzyme escapin and its substrate lysine into two separate glands and their co-release and mixing at the time of predatory attack allows for the generation of bioactive defensive compounds from innocuous precursors at the precise time they are needed. Whether lysine and/or arginine are substrates for escapin's antipredatory functions remains to be determined.
Using Art (Paintings, Drawings, and Engravings) to Teach Economics

The authors provide a brief review of how economists have dealt with art in their research and more popular writings, and then consider the case that has been made for using art and other visual materials in general education and—in very few cases—to teach economics. A new Web site on Art and Economics is introduced that makes it easier for economics instructors to find and use art with their students. They discuss several different ways of using the art in classes, and provide a table with over 50 paintings from the Introduction slide show at the Web site to illustrate the range of economic concepts and issues that can be taught with art.
Associations between Maternal Biomarkers of Phthalate Exposure and Inflammation Using Repeated Measurements across Pregnancy

Phthalate exposure is prevalent in populations worldwide, including pregnant women. Maternal urinary metabolite concentrations have been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we investigate inflammation as a possible pathway by examining phthalates in association with inflammation biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and a panel of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) in a repeated measures analysis of pregnant women (N = 480). Urinary phthalate metabolites and plasma inflammation biomarkers were measured from samples collected at up to four visits per subject during gestation (median 10, 18, 26, and 35 weeks). Associations were examined using mixed models to account for within-individual correlation of measures. Few statistically significant associations or clear trends were observed, although in full models mono-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) was significantly (percent change with interquartile range increase in exposure [%Δ] = 8.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.28, 14.8), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) was suggestively (%Δ = 6.79, 95%CI = -1.21, 15.4) associated with IL-6. Overall these findings show little evidence of an association between phthalate exposure and peripheral inflammation in pregnant women. To investigate inflammation as a mechanism of phthalate effects in humans, biomarkers from target tissues or fluids, though difficult to measure in large-scale studies, may be necessary to detect effects.
MECHANISM OF IS1 TRANSPOSITION IN E. COLI: CHOICE BETWEEN SIMPLE INSERTION AND COINTEGRATION

ABSTRACT nsertion element IS 1 and IS 1 -based transposon Tn 9 generate cointegrates (containing vector and target DNAs joined by duplicate copies of IS 1 or Tn 9 ) and simple insertions (containing IS 1 or Tn 9 detached from vector sequences). Based on studies of transposon Tn 5 we had proposed a conservative (non-replicative) model for simple insertion. Others had proposed that all transposition is replicative, occurring in a rolling circle structure, and that the way DNA strands are joined when replication terminates determines whether a simple insertion or a cointegrate is formed.—We selected for the transposition of amp and cam resistance markers from pBR322::Tn 9 plasmids to an F factor in recA - E. coli and identified products containing three and four copies of IS 1 , corresponding to true cointegrates (from monomeric plasmids), and simple insertions (from dimeric plasmids). The simple insertions with four copies of IS 1 outnumbered those with three by a ratio of about 3:1, whereas true cointegrates containing three copies of IS 1 were more numerous than those with four.—A straightforward rolling circle model had predicted that the simple insertions containing three copies of IS 1 should be more frequent than those with four. Because we obtained the opposite result we propose that simple insertions only arise when the element fails to replicate or if replication starts but then terminates prematurely. The two classes of products, simple insertions and cointegrates, reflect alternative conservative and replicative fates, respectively, of an early intermediate in transposition.
Smart Grids and Beyond: Achieving the Full Potential of Electricity Systems

This paper explores how electricity systems may evolve in the 21st century. The paper focuses on some fundamental challenges facing the utilization of electricity today and for years to come. Paralleling the challenges, several directions of how new solutions may emerge are suggested. In this context, some new approaches to manage power system development and deployment are outlined.
Albany International/Geschmay Group Merger

Albany International, a New York-based paper-machine-clothing (PMC) (conveyer belt) manufacturer, has acquired Geschmay Group, a Germany-based competitor with operations in France, Italy, Germany, and South Carolina. Its customers, the paper manufacturers, have been consolidating quickly, forcing the PMC companies to do the same. Not only are the corporate and national cultures of the two firms different, but also Geschmay itself is multicultural and poorly integrated. Albany management is faced with the issues of (1) realizing value in a company for which it overpaid and (2) deciding which plant to close in France, where the merger has resulted in redundant facilities. One plant is modern, while the other has more highly skilled workers. Moreover, French law and French culture make it nearly impossible to move people between plants.
Temporal reproductive isolation between two species of plume moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)

Males of Platyptilia carduidactyla (Riley) and P. williamsii Grinnell respond to the same synthetic sex attractant, (Z)-11-hexadecenal. However, release of pheromone in the two species is temporally separate, with female P. carduidactyla emitting pheromone during the first half of the night and P. williamsii calling during the second half of the night. Wild males seek conspecific females during these times. When the temporal differences between the two species are experimentally eliminated, the result can be cross-attraction and interspecific courtship (between female P. carduidactyla and male P. williamsii ) and even copulations and transfer of spermatophores (between female P. williamsii and male P. carduidactyla ). These interspecific interactions are detrimental, and could have led to selection for the observed temporal reproductive isolation.
Initial Stages of GaAs Epitaxy on Si

The initial stages of heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs on Si have been observed using a technique of graded-thickness sample deposition. We find that an initial uniform passivating layer is grown, followed by three-dimensional nucleation determined by Ga diffusion and clustering, followed in turn by an interfacial reaction limited island growth mechanism. Results for various substrate temperatures and substrate orientations are consistent with the simple models of nucleation and growth.