cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mifepristone 100 mg in abortion regimens.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical efficacy of mifepristone 100 mg followed 2 days later by misoprostol 400 μg orally or 800 μg vaginally in women at up to 49 days’ gestation. METHODS: Eighty participants received mifepristone 100 mg and then were randomized to misoprostol, administered 48 hours later, at a dose of 400 μg orally (group 1) or 800 μg vaginally (group 2). Women returned for follow-up evaluations 24 ± 1 hour after using the misoprostol and then 2–3 weeks later. If abortion still had not occurred and the pregnancy was nonviable, the subject returned again after an additional 3 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after receiving misoprostol, 34 (85%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 71%, 94%) of the 40 women in group 1 and 38 (95%; 95% CI 85%, 99%) of the 40 women in group 2 had complete abortions. Overall, complete abortion without surgical intervention occurred in 34 women in group 1 (85%; 95% CI 71%, 94%) and 40 women in group 2 (100%; 95% CI 91%, 100%; P = .03). Four women in group 1 required suction aspiration for continuing pregnancy at the second follow-up, compared with none in group 2 ( P = .12). Side effects occurred with similar frequency in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Low-dose mifepristone (100 mg) combined with vaginal misoprostol 800 μg may be an effective alternative to regimens using 200 or 600 mg of mifepristone with misoprostol.
Source/drain-doping engineering for optimal nanoscale FinFET design

We clearly reveal the significance of bias-dependent effective channel length (L/sub eff/) in undoped ultra-thin silicon body (UTB) FinFETs, and its subtle dependence on R/sub SD/ on N/sub SD/(y), define a systematic approach to design optimization of nanoscale FinFETs (and of UTB CMOS in general) via S/D-doping engineering.
Feelings of inexperienced therapists in psychotherapy: a factor analytic study.

The Therapy Session Report, a parallel-structured response questionnaire, was utilized to study the feelings of inexperienced therapists. 57 college student applicants at a university counseling center reported on their perceptions of their therapists' feelings immediately following an intake interview. The 19 therapists, clinical psychology graduate students in training, also reported what they felt during the intake session. Factor analysis of patients' perceptions of their therapists' feelings resulted in four factors, the first two accounting for 85% of the common variance. Factor analysis of therapists' perceptions of their own feelings resulted in nine factors. Results suggest that, while patients view their therapists in generally negative or generally positive terms, inexperienced therapists experience considerable affective discomfort during their intake sessions.
Steady-state pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence study of quetiapine fumarate film-coated tablets 300 mg in adult schizophrenic patients

Quetiapine is a dibenzothiazepine derivative approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. The objective of the present study was to design and evaluate the bioequivalence between quetiapine fumarate film-coated tablets of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India (test) and Seroquel® tablets (containing quetiapine) of AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP Wilmington, DE, USA (reference). It was a two-way crossover steady-state multiple dose study in 54 adult schizophrenic patients under fasting conditions. Quetiapine was analyzed in plasma samples by using a validated liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental method and mean (±SD) of Cmax,ss (ng/mL) for test and reference products were 1436.5 (±810.2) and 1413.1 (±905.5), respectively. The mean (±SD) of AUCτ,ss (ng·h/mL) for test and reference products were 6949.8 (±3879.8) and 6532.2 (±4279.4), respectively. The ratio of least square means and its 90%...
Psoriasis and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Background Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Methods and Results We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register databases for relevant studies in English between January 1, 1980, and January 1, 2012. Extraction was by 3 independent reviewers. Summary incidence, risk ratios (RRs), and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effects and random-effects modeling. Meta-regression was also performed to identify sources of between-study variation. Nine studies were included, representing a total of 201 239 patients with mild and 17 415 patients with severe psoriasis. The level of covariate adjustment varied among studies, leading to the possibility of residual confounding. Using the available adjusted effect sizes, mild psoriasis remained associated with a significantly increased risk of myocardial infarction (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.63) and stroke (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.16). Severe psoriasis was associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.74), myocardial infarction (RR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.18), and stroke (RR, 1.56 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.84). Based on these risk ratios and the background population event rates, psoriasis is associated with an estimated excess of 11 500 (95% CI, 1169 to 24 407) major adverse cardiovascular events each year. Conclusions Mild and severe psoriasis are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Severe psoriasis is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Future studies should include more complete covariate adjustment and characterization of psoriasis severity.
Optimal flexibility of a flapping appendage in an inviscid fluid

We present a new formulation of the motion of a flexible body with a vortex-sheet wake and use it to study propulsive forces generated by a flexible body pitched periodically at the leading edge in the small-amplitude regime. We find that the thrust power generated by the body has a series of resonant peaks with respect to rigidity, the highest of which corresponds to a body flexed upwards at the trailing edge in an approximately one-quarter-wavelength mode of deflection. The optimal efficiency approaches 1 as rigidity becomes small and decreases to 30–50 % (depending on pitch frequency) as rigidity becomes large. The optimal rigidity for thrust power increases from approximately 60 for large pitching frequency to ∞ for pitching frequency 0.27. Subsequent peaks in response have power-law scalings with respect to rigidity and correspond to higher-wavenumber modes of the body. We derive the power-law scalings by analysing the fin as a damped resonant system. In the limit of small driving frequency, solutions are self-similar at the leading edge. In the limit of large driving frequency, we find that the distribution of resonant rigidities ∼k −5 , corresponding to fin shapes with wavenumber k. The input power and output power are proportional to rigidity (for small-to-moderate rigidity) and to pitching frequency (for moderateto-large frequency). We compare these results with the range of rigidity and flapping frequency for the hawkmoth forewing and the bluegill sunfish pectoral fin.
Exchanging genetic data for public health practice and human subjects research: implications for health practitioners

Advances in genomic science and medicine require collaboration between healthcare providers, researchers and public health practitioners to improve individual and communal health. However, broader collaboration raises significant privacy and other concerns about acquisitions, uses and disclosures of identifiable genetic data. Corresponding legal requirements vary extensively if data are to be used in clinical practice, human subjects research, or public health surveillance. Distinguishing between practice and research activities is not easy. We introduce an enhanced methodology to distinguish public health practice from human subjects research to: help providers, researchers, and public health practitioners navigate the legal requirements underlying the exchange of genetic information; determine when public health data use crosses over to research, thereby triggering differing legal and ethical regulations; and to protect individual and group privacy from the unintended misuse of genetic information.
Ultrasound contrast agents used for localized drug delivery

The delivery of chemotherapy can be improved and localized using engineered drug delivery vehicles. Localized drug delivery would decrease the systemic side effects of toxic chemotherapy drugs. The unique delivery agents we are examining are provided by ImaRx Pharmaceuticals, and consist of an outer lipid shell with an inner oil layer and a gas core. The three microsphere types investigated contained soybean oil, corn oil, and triacetin, within the outer layer. These structures are 0.5-8 /spl mu/m in diameter at rest and thus can carry a large payload compared to nanoscale drug delivery systems. The oil shells of these delivery agents can be loaded with paclitaxel or other hydrophobic drugs. Oil layers of these acoustically active lipospheres range from 0.3-1.5 /spl mu/m in thickness. We show these drug delivery vehicles can be fragmented using ultrasound thus releasing their payload in a localized area.
Emerging immunologic basis of reperfusion injury

Reperfusion injury affects the clinical course of a broadening group of patients, which now includes organ transplant recipients, cardiac and vascular surgery patients, and victims of myocardial infarction, stroke, shock, and trauma. Extensive laboratory investigation has demonstrated that the complement system plays a fundamental role in the development of reperfusion injury. After a brief historical overview, we examine the main clinical features of reperfusion injury. In addition to neutrophil activation, no-reflow injury, and the role of calcium, oxygen-derived free radicals are discussed as produced by xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase. The role of complement in reperfusion injury is presented, together with a brief review of the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways of complement activation. The findings of studies in complement-inhibited and complement-deficient hosts are reviewed. Three of the most promising complement inhibitors are soluble complement receptor 1 (sCR1), complement activation blocker 2 (CAB-2), and anti-C5 monoclonal antibodies (such as h5G1.1 scFv). Their respective mechanisms of action are discussed, as are other potential strategies for the treatment of reperfusion injury.
Go Green: Hotels, Design, and the Sustainability Paradox

Introduction In his now-famous article on the sociology of “things,” titled “Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a DoorCloser,” Bruno Latour briefly, and somewhat humorously, turns to the world of hotels as an anomaly when it comes to disciplining bodies to perform labor. Latour, writing as the pseudonymous Jim Johnson, notes that getting people to do menial tasks is not easy. Indeed, “two hundred years of capitalism has not completely solved” how to get people “to reliably fulfill a boring and underpaid duty.”1 To problematize this labor dynamic, Latour mentions the complications of race and how the history of inequitable economic accessibility continues to taint our perceptions of labor and fair wages. In other words, people and physical work make life knotty. But hotels, according to Latour, seem to have solved this dilemma; they have disentangled the skein. At the end of his discussion about getting a “groom” to act as a doorman, he claims: “Disciplining a groom is an enormous and costly task that only Hilton Hotels can tackle, and that for other reasons that have nothing to do with keeping the door properly closed.”2 This is the only mention that Latour makes of hotels in his article, but this raises questions: What are hotels doing that others have not mastered? Why is work, and getting people to accomplish work, so difficult? Latour broaches some possible answers when he claims that nonhuman agents—those designed objects—affect human interactions. Latour asks that sociologists—and, in fact, anyone studying people—take the inanimate world of things seriously. Using the example of the door—that most common of designed objects that gives meaning to our lives through spatial definition and control—Latour claims that we now “have this relatively new choice: either to discipline the people or to substitute for the unreliable humans a delegated nonhuman character whose only function is to open and close the door.”3 So, how do Hilton and other hotels circumvent this dynamic and “tackle” the social complexities of disciplining the “live” door groom with such aplomb? We can take Latour’s argument to its logical extension and find an 1 Jim Johnson (Bruno Latour), “Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door-Closer,” Social Problems 35, no. 3 (1988): 300. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., 301.
Treating Pregnancy-Related Nausea and Vomiting with Ginger

OBJECTIVE:To review literature assessing the safety and efficacy of the use of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.DATA SOURCES:Iowa Drug Information Service (1966–September 2004), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971–September 2004), MEDLINE (1966–September 2004), and EMBASE (1966–September 2004) were searched. Key terms included ginger, nausea, vomiting, emesis, and pregnancy.DATA SYNTHESIS:Studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of ginger in the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy were reviewed. Various doses and forms of ginger were used to treat women during their first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Ginger has been shown to improve the symptoms of nausea and vomiting compared with placebo in pregnant women.CONCLUSIONS:While data are insufficient to recommend ginger universally and there are concerns with product quality due to limited regulation of dietary supplements, ginger appears to be a fairly low-risk and effective treatment for nausea and vomiting assoc...
Editorial Judgments, Quality Scholarship, and the Academy of Management's Journals

Bedeian, Van Fleet, and Hyman’s article offers a critical examination of the scholarly achievements of editorial review board members for several scholarly journals in related disciplines, including the Academy of Management’s primary scholarly journals, the Academy of Management Review and the Academy of Management Journal (AMJ). The author finds their critique to be interesting and thorough in many ways. However, this commentary examines several issues related to their critique, including the methodology, criteria for and process of selecting editorial review board members, the editor’s role in the evaluation of work submitted to journals, and the performance of scholarly journals. Consideration of these issues allows a broader and more complete view of scholarly publishing, leading to some different conclusions.
Single-point assessment of warfarin use and risk of osteoporosis in elderly men.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether warfarin use, assessed at a single point in time, is associated with bone mineral density (BMD), rates of bone loss, and fracture risk in older men. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study. SETTING: Six U.S. clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Five thousand five hundred thirty-three community-dwelling, ambulatory men aged 65 and older with baseline warfarin use data. MEASUREMENTS: Warfarin use was assessed as current use of warfarin at baseline using an electronic medication coding dictionary. BMD was measured at the hip and spine at baseline, and hip BMD was repeated at a follow-up visit 3.4 years later. Self-reported nonspine fractures were centrally adjudicated. RESULTS: At baseline, the average age of the participants was 73.6 ± 5.9, and 321 (5.8%) were taking warfarin. Warfarin users had similar baseline BMD as nonusers (n=5,212) at the hip and spine (total hip 0.966 ± 0.008 vs 0.959 ± 0.002 g/cm2, P=.37; total spine 1.079 ± 0.010 vs 1.074 ± 0.003 g/cm2, P=.64). Of subjects with BMD at both visits, warfarin users (n=150) also had similar annualized bone loss at the total hip as nonusers (n=2,683) (−0.509 ± 0.082 vs −0.421 ± 0.019%/year, P=.29). During a mean follow-up of 5.1 years, the risk of nonspine fracture was similar in warfarin users and nonusers (adjusted hazard ratio=1.06, 95% confidence interval=0.68–1.65). CONCLUSION: In this cohort of elderly men, current warfarin use was not associated with lower BMD, accelerated bone loss, or higher nonspine fracture risk.
Technology-based electromagnetic education

In this paper, we briefly review the various roles of technology in stimulating interest and deepening understanding of abstract and highly mathematical subjects such as electromagnetics (EM). The general advantages of using technology in offering Web-based courses and professional training are described and examples of the ongoing activities in this area are summarized. Focus, however, is placed on the development and effective use of multimedia assets in the modern teaching of fundamental EM and more advanced microwave courses. Development and use of interactive components such as virtual laboratories, virtual instruments, simulation software, animation, and virtual participation in practical applications are described. The new "Conceptual Learning of Engineering" project is also described, and examples demonstrating the various ongoing activities are presented.
The Relevance of Research on Red Cell Membranes to the Understanding of Complex Human Disease: A Personal Perspective

Molecular analysis in the service of research on human disease has finally come of age, as the chapters within this volume testify. Many technical advances, among them the development of recombinant DNA and its many applications, opened the way to study cells and processes that were unapproachable in the 1960s, when I first began my research career. The state of molecular biological studies at that time limited studies of human cell membrane proteins to experimental material most available and accessible, making the human erythrocyte membrane the favored target. I describe here how studies of red blood cell membrane proteins evolved and how results from those studies still inform present-day research.
Clinical features of ageing skin

SUMMARY Ageing of the skin involves the intrinsic process of senescence and extrinsic damage induced by chronic exposure to UV radiation. A recent consensus forum of the American Academy of Dermatology concluded that the majority of undesirable clinical features associated with ‘skin ageing’ are the result of damage to skin due to UV radiation (photoageing). Clinically photoageing is characterized by coarseness, wrinkling, mottled pigmentation, laxity, telangiectasia, and premalignant and malignant neoplasms. The role of genetics, hormones and diet needs to be clarified. Appropriate lifelong use of sunscreens may minimize many of the changes associated with photoageing.
Fundamental relationship between bilateral filtering, adaptive smoothing, and the nonlinear diffusion equation

In this paper, the relationship between bilateral filtering and anisotropic diffusion is examined. The bilateral filtering approach represents a large class of nonlinear digital image filters. We first explore the connection between anisotropic diffusion and adaptive smoothing, and then the connection between adaptive smoothing and bilateral filtering. Previously, adaptive smoothing was considered to be an inconsistent approximation to the nonlinear diffusion equation. We extend adaptive smoothing to make it consistent, thus enabling a unified viewpoint that relates nonlinear digital image filters and the nonlinear diffusion equation.
Relations between the Fatigue Life and Histology of Adult Human Cortical Bone

1. Positive correlations at the 0.01 significance level occur between the fatigue life of bone and the percentage of osteons and of osteons plus fragments in the break area. Equally high negative correlations are found between the fatigue life of bone and the percentage of interstitial lamellae in the break area. 2. These correlations suggest that osteons tend to increase the fatigue life of bone and interstitial lamellae to decrease it. Osteons and interstitial lamellae have the opposite effect on the static tensile strength of bone. 3. Osteons are analogous to sticks, thus the more osteons in a given bone specimen the longer its fatigue life. Conversely, the more interstitial lamellae in a specimen, the fewer the number of osteons, and the shorter is the fatigue life. 4. Failure of a bone specimen under repeated flexure loading is comparable to breaking a stick by bending it back and forth. Thus, a bundle of sticks must be bent back and forth more times, that is, it has a longer fatigue life, than a single stick.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Human Milk

ABSTRACT: We previously demonstrated that certain biologic activities in human milk were partially blocked by antibodies directed against human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In this study, immunochemical methods were used to verify the presence of TNF-α in human milk obtained during the first few days of lactation. Gel filtration revealed the presence of TNF-α by RIA in molecular weight fractions between 80 and 195 kD. TNF-α could not be detected consistently by conventional Western blotting or cytotoxic assays. Although immunoreactive bands were detected by a Western blot-125I protein A technique in TNF-α-positive fractions from gel filtration, those bands proved to be nonspecific. TNF-α in milk was reliably quantified by the competitive RIA. Those studies revealed that the concentrations of TNF-α in milk were 620 ± 183 pg/mL. Although RNA to TNF-α was detected in milk leukocytes by Northern blotting, little TNF-α was found in those cells before or after stimulation with N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine or 4β-phorbol-12β-myristate-13α-acetate. The origin of this cytokine in human milk remains unclear. Nevertheless, this study suggests that TNF-α is present in early human milk in sufficient quantities to exert possible biologic effects upon the mammary gland of the mother or the immune system of the infant.
91 CHARACTERIZING THE NORMAL HEART USING QUANTITATIVE THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.

Background Normative data provide a baseline from which deviation due to pathology can be measured. Multiple cardiac parameters have been shown to be good indicators of prognosis and of cardiac function. Previously published normative values differ based on modality. This present study presents data on a wide variety of cardiac parameters and attempts to provide rational explanations for the observed differences between our data and published norms. Study Design and Methods Using 3-D echocardiography (3-DE) with the piecewise smooth surface subdivision (PSSS) reconstruction technique three-dimensional reconstructions of the left and right ventricular (LV and RV) endocardium and the mitral and tricuspid annuli (MA and TA) were obtained for 67 normal subjects or subsets thereof. Custom software was used to evaluate the volume, dimensions, and shape of these heart reconstructions. Results In the combined, mixed-gender group we found LV end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) volumes/body surface area (BSA) of 76.5 ± 16.8 mL/m2 and 35.3 ± 14.1 mL/m2, respectively, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 56.1 ± 9.93%, RV ED and ES volumes/BSA of 93.2 ± 20.0 mL/m2 and 49.9 ± 13.5 mL/m2, respectively, and a RVEF of 47.3 ± 7.69%. We also present data on the geometry and shape of the LV, RV, mitral annulus, and tricuspid annulus. There was no clear pattern of understatement or overstatement of volumes or dimensions compared with data from other modalities. Conclusion Data obtained on cardiac parameters through 3-DE and the PSSS reconstruction method are generally consistent with those obtained through other imaging modalities, and observed variance in data can largely be accounted for through examination of the physics or protocol of each modality.
Maroon and Leftist Praxis in Historical Archaeology

In this chapter, I make central the concept of praxis in explorations of Maroon social histories and in our own politically engaged archaeology. I argue that as archaeologists adopt praxes and critically evaluate their own roles as politically motivated researchers, they can actively explore sites and people of the past who also lived praxis-grounded lives. In not espousing a passive approach to the idea that the past informs the present and future, I advocate here a politically strategic approach to site and historical-foci selection among practicing leftist archaeologists. I use my work in the Great Dismal Swamp, specifically on communities of praxis-driven communities in which African American Maroons lived, to highlight and flesh out key elements of my position. I suggest that the time is upon us where we must use archaeology to actively transform the immediate future—archaeology is not a means of leftist activism, per se, but is activism in itself when used as a part of one’s praxis.
Multiple myeloma--recent developments in molecular and cellular biology.

Multiple myeloma (MM) belongs to a group of monoclonal B cell malignancies affecting mainly the elderly, more males than females and causing symptoms both directly by way of tumor mass effects and indirectly by secretion of a variety of cytokines by both tumor and normal cells in response to tumor cell cytokines1.
The Moneyball Problem: What is the Best Way to Present Situational Statistics to an Athlete?

Athletes in most sports now have access to an abundance of information about the situational tendencies of their opponent(s) but it is currently unclear how effectively this information can be used or how to best present it. Three different methods for presenting situational information about a baseball pitcher were compared for college baseball players hitting in a batting simulator: Build-Up (shown cumulative pitch distributions), Full (shown complete distributions) and Control (shown no distributions). Initially, both the Build-Up and Full groups had significantly higher batting averages than the control group, however, the Full group had significantly lower batting performance when the pitcher was changed. Providing situational probability information gives a significant advantage to a batter, however, there is a trade-off (between short-term effectiveness and negative transfer) which depends on how the information is presented.
Balance and Mobility in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Effect of Daytime Sleepiness.

Objectives To examine the effect of self-reported daytime sleepiness on performance-based balance measures and self-reported balance confidence in community-dwelling older adults. Design Cross-sectional secondary analysis of an observational cohort study designed to develop and refine measures of balance and mobility in community-dwelling older adults. Setting Community. Participants Older adults (aged 78.2 ± 5.9) (n = 120). Measurements The performance-based gait and balance measures included gait speed, double support time, and step width. Narrow walk, obstacle walk, and timed standing balance were also assessed. The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale was included as a self-reported measure. Daytime sleepiness was defined as an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 9 or greater. Body mass index, fall-related comorbidities, and use of central nervous system (CNS) medications were considered as covariates. Results Forty-five percent of participants reported daytime sleepiness. Participants reporting daytime sleepiness differed significantly from those without in gait speed (adjusted difference (standard error (SE)) −0.09 (0.04) m/s, P = .03), step width (adjusted difference (SE) 0.02 (0.01), P = .03), and self-reported balance confidence (adjusted difference (SE) −1.02 (0.38), P = .01) even after adjusting for covariates. Two-way analysis of variance of CNS medication use and daytime sleepiness showed no significant interaction effects. Conclusion Self-reported daytime sleepiness is associated with slower gait speed and poor balance confidence in community-dwelling older adults. Subjective sleep assessment should be considered when assessing balance and implementing interventions for improving balance in older adults. Further study is needed to examine the role of CNS medication use.
A Behavioral Finance Approach to Decision Making in Entrepreneurial Finance

Three central decisions in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial finance – entry/seed funding, financing/investment, and growth/exit – are discussed and case is made for applying the behavioral finance theories and concepts to better understand the involved decision processes, and consequently, to help improve the decision-making process for both entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. The behavioral finance approach is important because the traditional finance has remained silent on the first issue, and the Agency Theory (financial contracting), which is effectively the only theory that is applicable to issues in entrepreneurial finance, has produced mixed empirical results. (See for example Bitler et al. [Bitler MP, Moskowitz T J, Vissing-Jorgensen A (2009) Why do entrepreneurs hold large ownership shares? Testing agency theory using entrepreneur effort and wealth. Working Paper. Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago].) Attempts are also made in this chapter to introduce some new concepts – “Perception Asymmetry,” “Resident Risk,” and a preliminary behavioral risk framework – that as complements to the existing constructs could be used in discussions on decision making under risk and uncertainty. Although the focus is on individual decision making under highly uncertain entrepreneurial environments, the suggested risk framework and the related discussions can be extended to decision making in other uncertain environments.
Theoretical investigation of enzymatic hydrolysis of polypeptides in nanofluidic channels

Label-free detection of enzymes using nanofluidic channels requires enzymes to diffuse into a nanochannel and react with substrates already immobilized on the nanochannel surfaces. A theoretical model is necessary to predict the reaction progress in the confined space and translate it to the electrical readouts of the nanochannel. In this paper, enzymatic hydrolysis of polypeptides in nanofluidic channels is considered and a 1-D model is developed that accounts for various reaction kinetics, enzyme diffusion and non-specific adsorption. The polypeptides have multiple cleavage sites which can be cleaved in different orders depending on the type of enzyme. Here it is shown that this process creates two types of reaction fronts inside the nanochannel which advance linearly with time once they are fully developed. Such constant reaction rates can be predicted by an analytical model. The numerical simulations are validated against the experimental results of trypsin–polylysine reaction in nanochannels, and a good agreement between the two is observed. This study deepens our understandings of enzymatic reactions in nanoscale-confined spaces and can guide the development of a fast-response, label-free enzyme sensor based on nanochannels.
Design of self-assembling transmembrane helical bundles to elucidate principles required for membrane protein folding and ion transport.

Ion transporters and channels are able to identify and act on specific substrates among myriads of ions and molecules critical to cellular processes, such as homeostasis, cell signalling, nutrient ...
Evidence of Social Norm Deficits in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (P5.194)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have social cognition limitations using the Social Norms Questionnaire (SNQ). BACKGROUND: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is predominantly considered a Parkinson-Plus movement disorder that may additionally present with cognitive limitations such as mental rigidity. However, the relative deficits of social dysfunction have been under investigated. In contrast, Parkinson’s disease (PD) shares many movement features of PSP but typically has sparing of social cognitive features. We present a comparative study to evaluate whether there is evidence of a specific social impairment in PSP. DESIGN/METHODS: We evaluated 24 PSP, 23 PD (including PD with mild cognitive impairment and dementia), and 20 healthy controls (HC). Social deficits were measured using the SNQ, a questionnaire that measures whether an individual can appreciate widely accepted social boundaries. We report the Total Score (SNQ-T) that measures an individuals overall accuracy at interpreting a social norm, the Overadherence Score (SNQ-O) that measures whether an individual interprets social norms too rigidly, and the Break Score (SNQ-B) that indicates whether an individual has difficulty identifying socially unacceptable behavior. RESULTS: PSP patients had impaired SQN-T scores relative to HC (U=106; p=0.001) and relative to PD patients (U=182; p=.041). PSP also had impaired SNQ-O scores relative to HC (U=123; p=0.005) and PD patients (U=166; p=.017). PD patients, however, did not differ from controls on both SNQ-T and SNQ-O (all p>0.1) and no group differences were observed for SQN-B (all p>0.1). CONCLUSIONS: We observe a specific overall impairment of social norm limitations in PSP, a PD-Plus syndrome, but not in PD. In particular, while PSP can appreciate socially inappropriate behaviors (e.g., SNQ-B) they have an overly rigid interpretation of social norms. These social deficits should be considered in the management and care of PSP. STUDY SUPPORT: NIH (AG0435043,AG017586,NS044266,NS088341), Dana Foundation, and Wyncote Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Halpin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rascovsky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Massimo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Irwin has nothing to disclose. Dr. McMillan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grossman has received personal compensation for activities with GE Whitney Symposium as an invited speaker. Dr. Grossman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology.
Induced Aberrant Organisms with Novel Ability to Protect Intestinal Integrity from Inflammation in an Animal Model

Robust and balanced gut microbiota are required to support health and growth. Overgrowth of gut microbial or pathogens can change ecosystem balance, and compromise gut integrity to initiate gastrointestinal (GI) complications. There is no safe and effective modality against coccidiosis. Antibiotic additives routinely fed to food animals to protect against infection, are entered into the food chain, contaminate food products and pass to the consumers. Hypothesis: induced aberrant organisms possess distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated by immunodeficient-animals yet are non-pathogenic, but immunogenic in various strains of chicks to act as a preventive (vaccine) and eliminating the needs for antibiotic additives. Methods: cyclophosphamide-immunodeficient and immune-intact-chicks were inoculated with induced aberrant or normal Coccidal-organisms. Immune-intact-chicks were immunized with escalating-doses of organisms. Results: Aberrant organisms showed distinct ultrastructure with 8-free-sporozoites which lacked sporocysts walls and veils. Immunodeficient-chicks inoculated with normal-organisms developed severe GI complications but tolerated aberrant-organisms (p < 0.001) while they had no detectable antibodies. Naive-animals challenged with a pathogenic-dose showed GI complications, bloody diarrhea, severe lesions and weight loss. Immune-intact-animals immunized with aberrant forms were protected against high dose normal-pathogenic-challenge infection and gained more weight compared to those immunized with normal-organisms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Aberrant organisms possess a distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated in immunodeficient-chicks, yet provide novel immune-protection against pathogenic challenges including diarrhea, malnutrition and weight loss in immune-intact-animals to warrant further investigations toward vaccine production.
Theoretical and empirical distributions of the p value

The use of p values in null hypothesis statistical tests (NHST) is controversial in the history of applied statistics, owing to a number of problems. They are: arbitrary levels of Type I error, failure to trade off Type I and Type II error, misunderstanding of p values, failure to report effect sizes, and overlooking better means of reporting estimates of policy impacts, such as effect sizes, interpreted confidence intervals, and conditional frequentist tests. This paper analyzes the theory of p values and summarizes the problems with NHST. Using a large data set of public school districts in the United States, we demonstrate empirically the unreliability of p values and hypothesis tests as predicted by the theory. We offer specific suggestions for reporting policy research.
Co-Existence Ecology of Large Predators in Belize

Jaguars, pumas, and ocelots are the main large predators within Belize, Central America that co-exist together and compete for resources. This study focused on determining whether the occurrence and/or detection of smaller predators (ocelots and pumas) is influenced by larger, more dominant predators (jaguars) across the landscape. Additionally, within this study we examined the influence of habitat-type and individual species sex on co-existence ecology utilizing data collected from non-invasive trail cameras in Belize. We formatted raw photo data into “capture histories” for three target species at each camera station across four study sites, and calculated the species interaction factors (SIFs) through co-occurrence modeling in program PRESENCE. Data analysis is currently on-going, but we hypothesize that the top-down control hypothesis, which states top predators will negatively influence space use and/or detection by smaller predators. We expect this will lead to negative SIFs in pairwise comparison indicating avoidance of top predators by smaller ones. Within each species, our preliminary results for the first of four study show that males tend to occur at a camera station shortly after females. Thus we expect this to lead to positive SIF values (indicating attraction) between the sexes of the same species. While analyses are not yet complete, we expect our results to give insight into species co-existence among competitors and also provide a greater understanding to whether sex and/or habitat influences competing species interactions.
Teamführung – das Team leistet mehr als die Summe der einzelnen Teammitglieder

Das ist unsere Arbeitswelt heute: immer schneller und komplexer, viel mehr Moglichkeiten und uberall mehr Konkurrenz. Wir konnten diese Liste beliebig verlangern. Keine Frage: Im Alleingang ist eine solche Dynamik langst nicht mehr zu bewaltigen. Teamarbeit uber Abteilungsgrenzen und sogar Zeitgrenzen hinweg ist die Antwort. Noch fallt es vielen schwer, sich vom Mythos des genialen Einzelgangers zu verabschieden, doch selbst Nobelpreistrager bekennen heute, dass sie ihre Forschungsergebnisse nur mit Hilfe weltweit agierender Teams erzielen konnten.
Economic impact of regulating the use of amalgam restorations.

Objective.This article estimates the financial impact of a ban on amalgam restorations for selected population groups: the entire population, children, and children and women of childbearing age.Me...
Postload plasma glucose concentration and 27-year prostate cancer mortality (United States).

Objective: Findings from epidemiologic studies on the association between diabetes and prostate cancer risk are inconsistent. However, data from at least three studies suggest that the direction and strength of this association differs according to duration of diabetes. To determine the potential effects of early-stage abnormal glucose metabolism on risk, we assessed the relationship of postload glycemia in the absence of self-reported diabetes with risk of prostate cancer mortality.
Old and New Approaches for the Repair of Redundant Memories

This paper describes some approaches for repairing memories. Repair is implemented by deletion of either rows and/or columns on which faulty cells lie. These devices are commonly referred as redundant memories, because columns and rows are added as spares. Existing repair approaches are reviewed. New repair techniques and algorithms are proposed. The first algorithm is based on a fault counting technique with a reduced covering approach. The innovative feature is that reduced covering permits an heuristic, but efficient criterion to be included in the selection of the rows and/or columns to be deleted for repair of a memory die. This feature retains the independence of the repair process on the distribution of faulty cells in memory, while it allows a good repairability/unrepairability detection. The second approach, namely the Faulty Line Covering Technique, is a refinement of the Fault-Driven approach. This approach generates all possible repair-solutions within a smaller number of iterations than the Fault-Driven algorithm. It is proved that the Faulty Line Covering technique will execute faster under most fault distributions. This approach is perfect. The third approach exploits a heuristic criterion in the generation of the repair-solution. The criterion is based on the calculation of efficient coefficients for the rows and columns of the memory. Two techniques for coefficient selection are proposed. It is proved that these techniques require very little additional testing hardware while still providing fast (and generally good) repair-solutions. Comparative analysis with existing approaches is presented. Early-abort techniques are discussed. An adaptive repair technique which can be run in parallel with memory testing, is also analyzed. Illustrative examples and simulation results are provided to substantiate the validity of the proposed repair techniques.
9/11, Religion and Stress

The 9/11 attack is intimately associated with the subject of stress and religion because the bombing of the World Trade Center was perpetrated by Islamic extremists in the name of the Muslim religion. Ironically, 9/11 caused stress among other Muslims, who became the subject of suspicion after 9/11 and were occasionally subjected to psychological or physical abuses. PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) after 9/11 was particularly prevalent among New Yorkers who lived nearer to Ground Zero. Because the historically Jewish “Lower East Side” is geographically close to Ground Zero, it is possible that those Jewish residents were made more susceptible to PTSD because they were reminded of the Nazi-era Holocaust and because they feared the directly anti-Zionist and anti-Jewish threats made by 9/11 perpetrators.
Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Sepsis Shock by Combining Static and Dynamic Information Using Convolutional-LSTM

Deep neural network models, especially Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), have shown great success in analyzing Electronic Health Records (EHRs) due to their ability to capture temporal dependencies in time series data. In this paper, we proposed a general deep neural network framework which incorporates two additional components with the aim of improving LSTM. The first component, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), is added before LSTM to obtain local characteristics of EHRs. The second component, a fully connected neural network (FC), introduces static information (e.g., age) to LSTM, which is applied to handle dynamic information (e.g., lab result). The medical condition we aim to predict is septic shock – it is the most advanced complication of sepsis and is due to severe abnormalities in circulation and/or cellular metabolism. Our proposed framework was evaluated for two experimental tasks: visit level early diagnosis (left align) and event level early prediction (right align). Our results show that for visit level early diagnosis, by incorporating both CNN and static information, our framework consistently outperforms the original LSTM. For event level early prediction, the same outcome is observed when predicting < 5 hours into the future, however, when predicting ≥ 5 hours into the future, the addition of the CNN component alone obtains the best results.
Design of Energy Efficient SRAM Cell Based on Double Gate Schottky-Barrier-Type GNRFET with Minimum Dimer Lines

The Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) consumes a significant amount of energy in any digital design. Therefore, it is necessary to design an energy efficient SRAM cell to improve overall energy consumption of the system. This paper evaluates the energy efficiency of double gate SB-GNRFET based 6T SRAM cell and compare to 10nm FinFET based 6T SRAM cell. It is observed that the double gate SB-GNRFET based SRAM consumes 1.35E+03 times less energy compared to the 10nm FinFET based SRAM during write. However, during read double gate SB-GNRFET based SRAM consume slightly more energy than FinFET based SRAM. It is also observed that GNRFET based SRAM is more stable and reliable than FinFET based SRAM. The paper also presents stability analysis of GNRFET based SRAM circuit under process variation to determine the robustness.
Long-axis view for ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement via the internal jugular vein.

Background In modern practice, real-time ultrasound guidance is commonly employed for the placement of internal jugular vein catheters. With a new tool, such as ultrasound, comes the opportunity to refine and further optimize the ultrasound view during jugular vein catheterization. We describe jugular vein access techniques and use the long-axis view as an alternative to the commonly employed short-axis cross-section view for internal jugular vein access and cannulation. Conclusion The long-axis ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein approach for internal jugular vein cannulation is a useful alternative technique that can provide better needle tip and guidewire visualization than the more traditional short-axis ultrasound view.
Introduction: Revisiting “Truth” in an Era of “Post-Truth”

Several strands of academic discourse have introduced post-truth as a descriptive concept characteristic of the era in which we find ourselves. This special issue examines the meaning and psycholog...
The Use of Evidence for Process Improvement

The shift from long length of stays after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) to rapid recovery total joint arthroplasty has been made possible by significant advances in process improvement. Patient selection and preoperative optimization remain critical for rapid recovery TJA. Intraoperative measures such as the administration of preoperative antibiotics, multimodal analgesia and anesthesia, tranexamic acid, and betadine lavage have all reduced complications and optimized functional outcomes. These changes in TJA are the result of research that has allowed clinicians to make incremental improvements in post-operative recovery following joint arthroplasty. This chapter will discuss how evidence has led to process improvements following joint replacement surgery by expanding on the aforementioned topics.
ECG Signal Analysis Using 2-D Image Classification with Convolutional Neural Network

Cardiovascular diseases, listed as the underlying cause of death, accounted for approximately 836,546 deaths in the United States in 2018. Statistics show that almost one of every three deaths in the US is a result of heart disease. Nearly 2,300 Americans die of cardiovascular disease each day, an average of one death every 38 seconds. This is while quick and immediate action at the onset of such heart conditions can save many lives. To this end, ample research has been reported in the literature on Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal analysis to determine arrhythmia and other cardiac conditions. However, more accurate and near real-time techniques are still under investigation. This work introduces a classifier that will detect abnormalities of the ECG signal with its analysis as a 2-D image fed to a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier. The proposed method classifies the ECG signal as normal or abnormal by transforming the single-lead ECG signal into images and then applying CNN classification. Images are taken from the European ST-T dataset on PhysioNet databank. Our method yields an accuracy of 97.47%.