cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on Modular Product Family Model

An assembly model is added to four-view model of product family.Then,the five-view model of product family,which included request model,function model,working principle model,structure model and assembly model,is obtained.Three multi-view model of modular product family,which considerd into three types of product design,is proposed.Each modle in multi-view model is divided into currency chunk,change chunk and customization chunk.Through considering all factors of product lifecyle,the product family is divided into modules in structure model.The modular product family is gained.Finally,an example is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the related approaches proposed.
A Quantitative Model of the Hoffmann Reflex

Electrical stimulation of the human posterior tibial nerve elicits two separate electromyographic responses. The shorter latency response results from electrical activation of motor axons and is termed the direct motor (M) response, while the longer latency response results from activation of stretch receptor afferents of the monosynaptic reflex arc and is termed the Hoffmann (H) reflex. At high stimulus intensities, the H reflex is either greatly reduced in size or completely extinguished, presumably by antidromic impulses elicited by stimulation of the motor nerve. In most subjects, a simple quantitative model appears to account for this extinction. In this model: (1) the M response is used to estimate the number of antidromic impulses; (2) the H reflex is used to estimate the number of orthodromic impulses which escape collision; (3) the maximum size of the M response is used to indicate the size of the motoneuron pool; and (4) it is assumed that antidromic impulses collide in a random fashion with orthodromic impulses in the motor nerve.
Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A1 in human serum and urine using single-molecule array method

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most poisonous substances ever known. It is produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism, a persistent paralysis of peripheral nerve termini. Clostridium botulinum bacteria, the source of BoNTs, are widely distributed in the environment. BoNT poses a significant risk as a bioweapon and is classified as a Category A agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention because of its ready availability and extreme potency. In this paper, a rapid and ultrasensitive method using a single-molecule array assay was developed for the quantitative analysis of BoNT serotype A1 (BoNT/A1), the most common toxin serotype. This method can detect as little as 400 fg/mL of solid powder toxin resulting in a broad quantitation range from 0.4 to 100 pg/mL and can be accomplished in approximately an hour. Additionally, to show that it would be useful for clinical samples during a potential exposure and to test for any possible matrix interference, the method was applied to the analysis of spiked human serum and urine samples. The limits of detection were 200 fg/mL for serum (in 25 % dilution) and 1.00 pg/mL for urine (in 10 % dilution), with sample quantitation ranges from 0.8 to 400 and from 10 to 1000 pg/mL, respectively.
Hole spins in an InAs/GaAs quantum dot molecule subject to lateral electric fields

There has been tremendous progress in manipulating electron and hole-spin states in quantum dots or quantum dot molecules (QDMs) with growth-direction (vertical) electric fields and optical excitations. However, the response of carriers in QDMs to an in-plane (lateral) electric field remains largely unexplored. We computationally explore spin-mixing interactions in the molecular states of single holes confined in vertically stacked InAs/GaAs QDMs using atomistic tight-binding simulations. We systematically investigate QDMs with different geometric structure parameters and local piezoelectric fields. We observe both a relatively large Stark shift and a change in the Zeeman splitting as the magnitude of the lateral electric field increases. Most importantly, we observe that lateral electric fields induce hole-spin mixing with a magnitude that increases with increasing lateral electric field over a moderate range. These results suggest that applied lateral electric fields could be used to fine tune and manipulate, in situ, the energy levels and spin properties of single holes confined in QDMs.
Anxiety Mediates Perceived Discrimination and Health in African-American Women.

OBJECTIVE We examined the mediational role of symptoms of anxiety in accounting for the association of discrimination and chronic health conditions among African-American women. METHODS Participants were 646 African-American women who completed self-report measures of perceived racial discrimination, symptoms of anxiety, and diagnosed chronic health problems. RESULTS We examined the mediation hypothesis using a path analytic procedure. Mediational analyses indicated that, above and beyond symptoms of depression, age, and education status, anxiety symptoms were associated with both racial discrimination (β = .03, SE = .01, p < .001) and chronic health problems (β = .33, SE = .09, p < .001) and significantly mediated the discrimination-health association (β = -.01, SE = .01, p = .16). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the potentially vital role of symptoms of anxiety in the process that occurs from an individual's perception of discrimination to reported chronic health outcomes. Future research expanding our understanding of the interconnection of psychosocial stressors, discrimination, and their biological sequelae is needed.
Analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns of blue ACTFEL devices for flat panel displays using synchrotron radiation

X-ray diffraction from synchrotron radiation is used to characterize the entire stack of layers that form a blue AC thin-film electroluminescence (ACTFEL) display device for flat panels. This technique allows characterization of all the individual layers within the context of the fabricated device, providing greater insight into device structure and performance. A designed experiment with eight samples was performed in order to investigate what factors and factor values can improve the blue-light emission of these ACTFEL display devices. It was found that the factor that correlated best with device performance was the uncontrolled concentration in the final device of strontium oxide from the strontium sulfide source material. No other variable correlated as well. This result shows the power of the synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction technique as a characterization tool for ACTFEL display devices, and it shows that SrSO4 may be limiting device performance of blue display devices.
Dating fluvial terraces with and profiles: application to the Wind River, Wyoming

Abstract Fluvial strath terraces provide a record of river incision and the timing of climatic perturbations to the fluvial system. Dating depositional surfaces like terraces that are older than the range of 14 C , however, is difficult. We employ a cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) profile technique that addresses a major problem of CRN dating on such surfaces: nuclide inheritance. By measuring 10 Be and 26 Al profiles, we constrain the exposure age and the mean CRN inheritance for the deposit. The CRN profile also yields a self-check on the assumptions underlying the method. We report our attempts to date terraces along the Wind River, WY. Like many sequences of western North American fluvial terraces, these are inferred to reflect oscillation between glacial and interglacial conditions in the headwaters. Previous dating of some of these terraces and the associated terraces and glacial deposits makes this a unique location to compare dating methods. Dates from five sites along the Bull Lake-glacial correlative terrace (WR-3) are ∼118–125 ka, which agrees with dates on Bull Lake-age moraines and independent age estimates on the terrace, and is consistent with the model of terrace–glacial relationship. CRN inheritance is significant and highly variable, requiring it be considered despite the additional sampling complexity. Assuming all inheritance in WR-3 deposits arises during exhumation in the headwaters, we obtain minimum mean rates of exhumation of ∼13–130 m/My for the source rocks. Alternatively, assuming the CRNs are inherited during clast transport, the time of fluvial transport from source to terrace is >∼10 ka; it increases downstream and is lower for sand than cobbles. The CRN ages for older terraces (WR-7=∼300 ka and WR-15=∼510 ka) are lower by ∼50% than previous estimates based on tephrochronology; the most plausible explanation is eolian deflation of a once thicker loess cover on the terrace surfaces. Mean thicknesses of loess of ∼0.5–1.5 m are required to reconcile these concentrations of CRN with the previous estimates of age. Difficulty in dating the older terraces emphasizes that geologic caution, independent estimates of age, and multiple sample sites should still be part of dating depositional surfaces with CRNs, even when employing the inheritance-correction technique.
Abstract 394: E2F1 Suppresses Cardiac Neovascularization by Downregulating VEGF and PlGF Expression

Objective: The E2F transcription factors are best characterized for their roles in cell-cycle regulation, cell growth, and cell survival. Here we investigated the potential role of E2F1 in cardiac neovascularization. Methods and Results: Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in WT and E2F1 -/- mice. Compared to observations in WT mice, cardiac function, capillary density, and endothelial-cell (EC) proliferation were greater (P -/- mice. Blockade of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling with the selective inhibitor SU5416 or with the VEGFR2-blocking antibody DC101 abolished the differences between E2F1 -/- mice and WT mice in cardiac function, infarct size, capillary density, EC proliferation, and EC apoptosis. Hypoxia-induced VEGF and PlGF upregulation was significantly greater in E2F1 -/- than in WT cardiac fibroblasts, and E2F1 overexpression suppressed PlGF upregulation in both WT and p53 -/- cells; however, VEGF upregulation was suppressed only in WT cells. E2F1 interacted with and stabilized p53 under hypoxic conditions, and both E2F1:p53 binding and the E2F1-induced suppression of VEGF promoter activity were absent in cells that expressed an N-terminally truncated E2F1 mutant. Conclusions: E2F1 limits cardiac neovascularization and functional recovery after MI by suppressing VEGF and PlGF upregulation through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively.
What Does It Mean To Be Critical? On Literary and Social Critique in Walter Benjamin

If critical theory is to claim its place in philosophy as not merely an attitude or a set of alliances, but also as a coherent philosophy, then what is necessary most of all is to specify the nature of what it means to be critical in a manner that is both methodically concrete and original to this movement. This chapter proposes turning to the early and middle writings of Walter Benjamin in order to give such a formulation. The concept of critique or criticism (Kritik) points toward the inner core of early critical theory’s development because it cuts across two of the central concerns of the first generation of critical theory: art criticism and social critique. Walter Benjamin’s work has an especially strong significance in helping us understand the entwinement between these two dimensions of the concept of critique. This is because, the author argues, critique is ultimately for Benjamin an epistemological category that cuts across both the reception of art and the participation in political life.
The US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation on Screening for Asymptomatic Celiac Disease: A Dearth of Evidence.

In this issue of JAMA, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) critically examines screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic adults, adolescents, and children.1,2 Celiac disease, one of the most common lifelong disorders in the United States, exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical presentations from subtle or no symptoms to severe malabsorption. The rate of diagnosis of celiac disease has substantially increased over the past 30 years, in part explained by increased awareness but perhaps also by a true increase in the disease. The current prevalence of celiac disease is estimated at 0.71% among US adults and 0.76% among US children.3 However, most celiac disease in the population remains undetected, despite wide availability of accurate serologic tests for the disease. Screening could be one option to detect this condition, especially among populations at high risk of celiac disease but who have not yet developed symptoms. The USPSTF, having set an appropriately high bar, concludes that “the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic persons (I statement)”1 and has recommended that more research is needed in this area.
From Lew Alcindor to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Race, Religion, and Representation in Basketball, 1968–1975

From 1968 to 1975, Lew Alcindor/Kareem Abdul-Jabbar traveled a turbulent personal path toward self-discovery. His journey had profound implications for the larger cultural landscape of race, sport, politics, and religion. As he became professional basketball's chief superstar, he was framed by the press as sullen and solitary, and he served as the villain in a media-driven storyline informed by popular prejudices. Yet for many African Americans and other progressive fans, he exemplified the ideals that made black power uplifting and affirmative, rather than threatening. His conversion to Islam and his name change further shaped new cultural and political territory for the black athlete. It highlighted a personal struggle within Abdul-Jabbar – he sought a kind of personal freedom, even as he revealed a tendency to subsume himself before strong authority figures. He nevertheless stood, in this period, as the nation's most prominent face of classical Islam. His religious conversion further distanced him from much of the American public, but over time he presented an effective, progressive narrative about the place of Islam in American life.
PupilNet, Measuring Task Evoked Pupillary Response using Commodity RGB Tablet Cameras: Comparison to Mobile, Infrared Gaze Trackers for Inferring Cognitive Load

Pupillary diameter monitoring has been proven successful at objectively measuring cognitive load that might otherwise be unobservable. This paper compares three different algorithms for measuring cognitive load using commodity cameras. We compare the performance of modified starburst algorithm (from previous work) and propose two new algorithms: 2 Level Snakuscules and a convolutional neural network which we call PupilNet. In a user study with eleven participants, our comparisons show PupilNet outperforms other algorithms in measuring pupil dilation, is robust to various lighting conditions, and robust to different eye colors. We show that the difference between PupilNet and a gold standard head-mounted gaze tracker varies only from -2.6% to 2.8%. Finally, we also show that PupilNet gives similar conclusions about cognitive load during a longer duration typing task.
Development and Implementation of an Inexpensive, Easily Producible, Time Efficient External Ventricular Drain Simulator Using 3-Dimensional Printing and Image Registration.

Background External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is one of the most commonly performed procedures in neurosurgery, frequently by the junior neurosurgery resident. Simulators for EVD placement are often costly, time-intensive to create, and complicated to set up. Objective To describe creation of a simulator that is inexpensive, time-efficient, and simple to set up. Methods This simulator involves printing a hollow head using a desktop 3-dimensional (3D) printer. This head is registered to a commercially available image-guidance system. A total of 11 participants volunteered for this simulation module. EVD placement was assessed at baseline, after verbal teaching, and after live 3D view instruction. Results Accurate placement of an EVD on the right side at the foramen of Monro or the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle increased from 44% to 98% with training. Similarly, accurate placement on the left increased from 42% to 85% with training. Conclusion During participation in the simulation, accurate placement of EVDs increased significantly. All participants believed that they had a better understanding of ventricular anatomy and that this module would be useful as a teaching tool for neurosurgery interns.
Arousal and Sleep

A living nervous system is inherently active. Spontaneous signaling between neurons begins as soon as the first synapses are formed in the womb. In addition to a widespread tendency for spontaneous activity, the fully developed human brain contains populations of neurons that are dedicated to a pacemakerlike function; they can sustain a generalized level of brain activity or selectively augment the activity in specific brain circuits. Such neuronal populations reside mainly in the brain stem reticular formation and are relatively immediate recipients of incoming sensory signals. The sensory data serve to modulate the baseline activity in these systems in order to elevate the responsiveness of the brain. This knowledge that brains are intrinsically active leads us as neuroscientists to reject Cartesian rationalism and instead declare to the contrary, “sum ergo cogito”!
A physical assessment tool to evaluate functional status compared to ECOG scores in cancer outpatients.

135Background: Individuals with cancer may experience loss of function, disability and fatigue. There is interest in team-based functional and physical assessment as part of a comprehensive oncolog...
Examining the reliability, correlation, and validity of commonly used assessment tools to measure balance.

Objectives The Biodex SD Stability System has been shown to be a reliable assessment tool for postural stability. However, its ability to provide an accurate representation of balance has not been compared with functional performance measures such as the four-square step test (FSST) and timed-up-and-go test (TUG). The purpose of this study was to investigate reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of FSST, TUG, and Biodex SD (limits of stability [LOS] and modified Clinical Test of Sensory Organization and Balance [m-CTSIB]). Methods An observational reliability and validity study was conducted. A convenience sample of 105 healthy adults, 77 females and 28 males, mean age 24.5 years old (± 4.66 SD) performed balance assessments including the FSST, TUG, Biodex SD LOS, and m-CTSIB. For LOS, the overall percentage and test duration were recorded. For m-CTSIB, the overall Sway Index was recorded. Condition 1 of the m-CTSIB represented simple postural stability. Results The Biodex SD LOS overall percentage, TUG, and FSST showed strong to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC [3, 1] = .83 [mean 1: 58.14, mean 2: 60.54], .88 [mean 1: 6.98 seconds, mean 2: 6.91 seconds], .92 [mean 1: 6.29 seconds, mean 2: 6.14 seconds], respectively), while the Biodex SD m-CTSIB overall percentage demonstrated strong test-retest reliability (ICC [3, 1] = .75 [mean 1: 1.18, mean 2: 1.18]). The LOS test duration showed moderate test-retest reliability (ICC [3, 1] = .58 [mean 1: 38.55 seconds, mean 2: 37.10 seconds]), while the m-CTSIB condition 1 showed poor test-retest reliability (ICC [3, 1] = .24 [mean 1: 0.63, mean 2: 0.66]). Weak construct validity was found between TUG, FSST, and Biodex SD measures of LOS and m-CTSIB (r values = -0.15-0.22). Conclusion It is suggested that clinicians use more than one measure to assess different aspects of a patient's balance deficits to better guide treatment and intervention.
The Epidemiology of “Regrettable Kinship”: Gender, Epidemic, and Community in Todd Haynes' [Safe] and Richard Powers' Gain

In “The Epidemiology of ‘Regrettable Kinship’: Gender, Epidemic, and Community in Todd Haynes' [Safe] and Richard Powers' Gain,” the author analyzes two contemporary cultural texts about women and environmentally-linked illnesses to rethink commonplace understandings of the relationship between gender, disease, and community formation. By reading these narratives side by side, Lynch is able to address difficult issues about gendered subjectivity and the fragile construction of collective political identity. While the female protagonists in the texts Lynch examines relate differently to their illnesses, both portray the ways in which women negotiate the potential and limitations of “illness communities.”
Analysis and Modeling of UAV Power System Architectures

This paper establishes a comprehensive modeling framework for vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicles (VTOL UAVs). An example UAV platform is designed to demonstrate applications of the model. Power system architectures are compared based on power losses, craft mass and flight-time. A realistic mission profile is used to examine power system losses and required input energy over various flight stages. Simulation shows a hybrid fuel cell stack and battery architecture allows for a heavier craft payload or increased maximum flight-time compared to conventional battery supplied power systems. Optimization plots demonstrate the usefulness of the model in UAV power system design.
A UAV Resolution and Waveband Aware Path Planning for Onion Irrigation Treatments Inference

In the past few years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also called drones, have been widely used in precision agriculture applications, such as water stress estimation, pest monitoring, and crop yield estimation, because of the development of UAV technology and remote sensing sensors. However, how to collect data effectively can still be a big challenge. Many UAV tunable parameters can have significant impact on data quality and the data analysis, such as flight height, flight time, overlapping, and airspeed. And, little work has been done regarding to how to extract high-resolution multispectral or thermal images with limited ground-truth measurements. Therefore, in this paper, a UAV resolution and waveband aware design was conducted in order to optimally collecting remote sensing aerial images with drones. Then, the flight mission design was tested in an onion field at USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) during the growing season in 2017. Based on the research results, drones successfully provide farmers and researchers the fundamental knowledge of irrigation management to identify irrigation non-uniformity. Using multispectral and thermal images collected by drones, we are able to apply supervised learning methods to find the relationship between image features and onions irrigation treatments. It also found out that how drones flight height or resolution settings affect the accuracy of estimating onions irrigation treatment. Different spectral bands combination also has effect on onion irrigation treatment prediction.
Prosecutors and Police: An Unholy Union

In mid-December 2018, assistant prosecutors of St. Louis County in Missouri voted to join their local police union, the St. Louis Police Officers Association. This move has been largely interpreted as a sign of opposition to new elected prosecutor and reformer Wesley Bell, who opposes the death penalty and has expressed a desire to eliminate cash bail. This complete and public union of prosecutorial and police interests represents a collapse not only of prosecutorial ethical standards, but also a very real threat against democratically elected prosecutors who would seek to enact the reforms that their constituents desire. Such unions between prosecutors and police must, if not categorically prohibited, be viewed with great suspicion and caution for a number of reasons, including 1) anti-reformist political lobbying that prosecutors frequently engage in but frequently deny exists; 2) conflicts of interest, and 3) what might be characterized as horizontal separation of powers problems. It is not, however, only formalized labor unions comprised of police and prosecutors that should be causes of concern. Many scholars, both legal and criminological, have focused on the power of both police and prosecutors and their inimical influence on the criminal justice system and on the communities that they often detrimentally harm. This Article is not only the first to examine the unionization of prosecutors and police, but also the first to contextualize such a formalized relationship in a spectrum including other, more casual connections, such as job affiliation groups, friendships, and even romantic liaisons. This Article also proposes a novel approach to prosecutorial cultural change, looking to examples from industries such as aerospace and medicine for interventions and inspiration. Future Articles will explore in greater depth why allowing prosecutors to unionize, even apart from involvement of other public safety unions, would have a negative impact on the public interest, and why prosecutors and police forming tighter bonds may negatively impact case investigation and operational policy.
Recombinant human ADAMTS13 treatment and anti-NET strategies enhance skin allograft survival in mice.

Enhancing skin allograft longevity lessens the need for new allografts before optimal intervention is available. Reduced activity of ADAMTS13 (an enzyme that cleaves the pro-thrombotic and proinflammatory von Willebrand factor) and presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in liver and lung allograft failures. The effect of ADAMTS13 treatment and the impact of NETs on skin allografts, however, remain unexplored. Here, we adopted a murine model of complete mismatch full-thickness skin transplant by grafting dorsal skin from BALB/c mice to C57BL/6J background mice. Recombinant human ADAMTS13 (rhADAMTS13) treatment of graft recipients increased allograft survival. Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of NETs in allografts of vehicle, but surprisingly, not in rhADAMTS13-treated mice, 3 days after surgery. Recapitulating the observations in mice, NETs were also observed in all the examined allografts from burn patients. Intriguingly, knocking out peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4, a key enzyme for NET formation) or DNase 1 treatment (which cleaves NETs) also prolonged allograft survival. In summary, rhADAMTS13 lessens inflammation in allografts by reducing NET burden, resulting in enhanced allograft survival. RhADAMTS13 and anti-NET treatments could be new therapeutic strategies to promote skin allograft longevity and, hence, the survival of patients with severe burns.
Chemically Reacting Fluid Flows: Strong Solutions and Global Attractors

In this paper we consider the existence and properties of strong solutions for a model of incompressible chemically reacting flows where reactants enter the domain, react, and then leave the domain. We show results which exactly parallel those of the Navier–Stokes equations, i.e., in two dimensions strong solutions exist for all time, and in three dimensions we show existence only for small times. In two dimensions, we also show the existence of global attractors which are compact in L 2. Rather than considering a specific set of boundary conditions, we instead state our results based on a series of assumptions, which would be proved using the boundary conditions. This allows our results to be applied directly to the two sets of boundary conditions which appear in the literature.
Expanded Imaging Classification of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Background The Mayo Clinic imaging classification of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) uses height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) and age to identify patients at highest risk for disease progression. However, this classification applies only to patients with typical diffuse cystic disease (class 1). Because htTKV poorly predicts eGFR decline for the 5%-10% of patients with atypical morphology (class 2), imaging-based risk modeling remains unresolved. Methods Of 558 adults with ADPKD in the HALT-A study, we identified 25 patients of class 2A with prominent exophytic cysts (class 2Ae) and 43 patients of class 1 with prominent exophytic cysts; we recalculated their htTKVs to exclude exophytic cysts. Using original and recalculated htTKVs in association with imaging classification in logistic and mixed linear models, we compared predictions for developing CKD stage 3 and for eGFR trajectory. Results Using recalculated htTKVs increased specificity for developing CKD stage 3 in all participants from 82.6% to 84.2% after adjustment for baseline age, eGFR, BMI, sex, and race. The predicted proportion of class 2Ae patients developing CKD stage 3 using a cutoff of 0.5 for predicting case status was better calibrated to the observed value of 13.0% with recalculated htTKVs (45.5%) versus original htTKVs (63.6%). Using recalculated htTKVs reduced the mean paired difference between predicted and observed eGFR from 17.6 (using original htTKVs) to 4.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for class 2Ae, and from -1.7 (using original htTKVs) to 0.1 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for class 1. Conclusions Use of a recalculated htTKV measure that excludes prominent exophytic cysts facilitates inclusion of class 2 patients and reclassification of class 1 patients in the Mayo classification model.
Critique of Larson et al. (2019), Differences in Stubble Height Estimates Resulting from Systematic and Random Sample Designs

Larsen et al. (2019) found stubble heights measured at a systematic interval resulted in higher variability and lower stubble heights than samples collected at random. As the authors do not suggest an environmental mechanism for these outcomes, their conclusions likely reflect differences in the number of plants evaluated at each plot and the low number of independent observers rather than the sample design.
Dimensions of Sense of Membership in a Sport Fan Community: Factors, Outcomes, and Social Capital Implications:

Through developing the Sport Fan Sense of Community (SFSC) scale, this study examined the factors that would constitute a sense of membership in a sport fan community, the impact of these factors o...
Vienna and Value Theory

This chapter describes how Robert Eisler came of age in the same Jewish cultural milieu that produced the philosophers of the Vienna Circle, the poet and librettist Hugo von Hofmannsthal, and the father of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, all of whom were connected to Eisler in one way or another. The focus is on Eisler’s early work with the Second Austrian School of Value, influenced by Christian von Ehrenfels, Alexius von Meinong, and Franz Brentano. Collins also discusses Eisler’s first treatment of the philosophical problem of masochism and the beginning of his interest in mythology as a way to reconstruct ancient worldviews.
Inclusion of Pesticide Transformation Products Is Key to Estimating Pesticide Exposures and Effects in Small U.S. Streams.

Improved analytical methods can quantify hundreds of pesticide transformation products (TPs), but understanding of TP occurrence and potential toxicity in aquatic ecosystems remains limited. We qua...
What's New in Orthopaedic Trauma.

The following update provides a summary of selected studies related to orthopaedic trauma that were published mainly in 2015. Methods (→), results (◊), and take-home points (₪) are presented in an abridged fashion. → In a retrospective, single-center study that included 235 consecutive patients over a 9-year period who were treated with primary plate fixation (superior placement only) for a substantially displaced midshaft clavicular fracture with shortening and/or deformity, the authors evaluated 20 potential risk factors for reoperation related to implant removal or nonunion, infection, or fixation failure1. ◊ Among the 65% of patients who had 2-year follow-up, 38% (58) underwent reoperation. ₪ Intraoperative plate contouring and a patient height of 55 years and alcohol use (>15 drinks per week); the presence of both factors led to a 78% reoperation risk. → In a prospective study, 76 consecutive Workers’ Compensation patients with displaced middle-third clavicular fractures were randomized to conservative treatment (n = 42) or surgical anatomic plate fixation (n = 34)2. ◊ Computed tomography (CT) scans at 6 and 12 weeks revealed advanced healing in the surgical treatment group: 24.1% at 6 weeks and 81% at 12 weeks versus 5.3% and 16.7%, respectively, in the conservative treatment group. The time from discharge to the return to full occupational duties was 3.7 ± 1.1 months in the conservative treatment group and 2.9 ± 0.8 months in the surgical treatment group. Four patients in the conservative treatment group experienced nonunion requiring surgery compared with no patient in the surgical treatment group. The reoperation rate …
ClusterMI: Building Probabilistic Models Using Hierarchical Clustering and Mutual Information

Genetic Algorithms are a class of metaheuristics with applications in several fields including biology, engineering and even arts. However, simple Genetic Algorithms may suffer from exponential scalability on hard problems. Estimation of Distribution Algorithms, a special class of Genetic Algorithms, can build complex models of the iterations among variables in the problem, solving several intractable problems in tractable polynomial time. However, the model building process can be computationally expensive and efficiency enhancements are oftentimes necessary to make tractable problems practical. This paper presents a new model building approach, called ClusterMI, inspired both by the Extended Compact Genetic Algorithm and the Dependency Structure Matrix Genetic Algorithm. The new approach has a more efficient model building process, resulting in speed ups of 10 times for moderate size problems and potentially hundreds of times for large problems. Moreover, the new approach may be easily extended to perform incremental evolution, eliminating the burden of representing the population explicitly.
Kinetics of appearance and disappearance of classes of bacterial ice nuclei support an aggregation model for ice nucleus assembly.

Abstract The kinetics of appearance and disappearance of three classes of ice nuclei in Pseudomonas syringae was investigated under conditions where high-level expression of the ice nucleation phenotype was obtained. The appearance of types 1, 2, and 3 ice nuclei, catalyzing nucleation at -2 to -5, -5 to -7, and -7 to -10 degrees C, respectively, was investigated during low-temperature induction in wild-type strains and in a unique, detergent-sensitive mutant that contained no type 3 ice nuclei when grown at 32 degrees C. Nuclei appeared in the following order: type 3, then type 2 and type 1. The disappearance of classes of ice nuclei was monitored during high-temperature treatment of fully induced cells; nuclei disappeared in the order type 1, type 2, and type 3. Although analysis of nucleation events is complicated by masking and unmasking of ice sites in the same cells, these temporal sequences of ice nucleus appearance or disappearance are consistent with an aggregation model for ice nucleus assembly (A. G. Govindarajan and S. E. Lindow, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1334-1338, 1988; G. Warren and P. Wolber, Mol. Microbiol. 5:239-243, 1991).
Valley density-wave and multiband superconductivity in iron-based pnictide superconductors

The key feature of the Fe-based superconductors is their quasi-two-dimensional multiband Fermi surface. By relating the problem to a negative $U$ Hubbard model and its superconducting ground state, we show that the defining instability of such a Fermi surface is the valley density-wave (VDW), a combined spin/charge density-wave at the wave vector connecting the electron and hole valleys. As the valley parameters change by doping or pressure, the fictitious superconductor experiences ``Zeeman splitting,'' eventually going into a nonuniform ``Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinikov'' (FFLO) state, an itinerant and often incommensurate VDW of the real world, characterized by the metallic conductivity from the ungapped remnants of the Fermi surface. When Zeeman splitting exceeds the ``Chandrasekhar-Clogston'' limit, the ``FFLO'' state disappears and the VDW is destabilized. Near this point, the VDW fluctuations and interband pair repulsion are essential ingredients of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity in Fe pnictides.
Remodeling Your Way out of Cell Cycle

Throughout development, proliferative progenitors lose their mitotic potential, exit the cell cycle, and differentiate. In this issue, Ruijtenberg and van den Heuvel identify an important lineage-specific role for a SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex that collaborates with core cell-cycle regulators to promote cell-cycle exit and terminal muscle cell differentiation.
Circle Packing and Discrete Analytic Function Theory

Abstract Circle packings – configurations of circles with specified patterns of tangency – came to prominence with analysts in 1985 when Thurston conjectured that maps between such configurations would approximate conformal maps. The proof by Rodin and Sullivan launched a topic which has grown steadily as ever more connections with analytic functions and conformal structures have emerged. Indeed, the core ideas have matured to the point that one can fairly claim that circle packing provides a discrete analytic function theory .
Urinary Vaginal Reflux in Children

The method of collection of urine for bacteriologic investigation is of utmost importance. Catheterization and midstream collection* are both acceptable and widely employed methods of obtaining urine from the female child for colony counts. Nonetheless, neither is practical nor possible in many instances. Often urine must be collected by having the child void into a sterile container after thorough cleansing of the area. Frequently, in such instances, evidence of bacteriuria is found which may be puzzling in the absence of symptoms or other evidence of urologic disease. Contamination in such cases is a likely source and we wish to point out what is considered a significant observation that may have important influence on the method of collection of urine.
Release of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity from the lower gut.

Abstract The present study describes the effect of the instillation of a nutrient-containing hyperosmolar volume load into the lower ileum upon plasma levels of somatostatin-like immune-reactivity. The baseline levels of SLI in the mesenteric vein were significantly higher than those in the inferior vena cava and rose significantly in both veins in response to the nutrient load. SLI levels in the venous effluent of the pancreas and stomach did not rise. Mesenteric vein SLI was similar in molecular size to the SLI in the gastric and pancreatic veins and to synthetic somatostatin. The results suggest that the lower gut may contribute to the basal circulating SLI levels and that it is released from the lower gut in response to a nutrient-containing hyperosmolar volume load.
Bacterial Infection of Biomaterials

Some of the more common reactor systems and novel diagnostic tools employed in the study of bacterial cell adhesion and biofilm formation have been described. Sampling and experimental requirements are shown to greatly influence the design and construction of a biofilm reactor. As analytical techniques evolve, the capability to non-invasively follow the development of biofilms and to assess the attached cell reactivity has increased. Both non-invasive and invasive diagnostic methods affect the type and design of biofilm flow reactor with both types of analyses providing complementary information on biofilm processes. To correctly interpret the contribution of a specific rate process to the net accumulation of cells at a substratum, one requires a reactor system devoid of any mass transfer limitations and a process analysis approach to allow for the correct collection and analysis of data.
Production of biodiesel from microalgae oil (Chlorella protothecoides) by non-catalytic transesterification in supercritical methanol and ethanol: Process optimization

Abstract Production of biodiesel through non-catalytic transesterification of microalgae oil in supercritical methanol and ethanol was studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a five-parameter-five-level central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the (270–350 °C), pressure (80–200 bar), alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (10:1–42:1), residence time (10–50 min) and water content (0–10 wt%). Thirty-two experiments were designed and conducted for each alcohol species. Quadratic models were built based on the yields of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). Optimal conditions and yields for FAMEs and FAEEs were predicted with the models, and model predictions were verified by additional independent experiments conducted under predicted optimal conditions. Optimal biodiesel yields obtained in this work were 90.8% and 87.8% with methanol and ethanol, respectively. The significance of the parameters was evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The effects of single parameters and the interacted parameters on the biodiesel yield were also discussed.
An evaluation of a process-oriented instructional program in mathematical problem solving in Grades 5 and 7.

This paper provides an overview of a process-oriented instructional program and reports the results of an evaluation of that program. Twelve fifth-grade and 10 seventh-grade teachers implemented the Mathematical Problem Solving program for 23 weeks. Eleven fifth-grade and 13 seventh-grade teachers taught control classes. The experimental classes scored significantly higher than the control classes on measures of ability to understand problems, plan solution strategies, and get correct results. Trend analyses showed different student growth patterns for the three measures of problem-solving performance. Data from interviews with teachers supported the results of the quantitative analysis and suggested that both students and teachers had changed positively with respect to attitudes toward problem solving. In addition, teachers gained confidence in their ability to teach problem solving.
Evolutionary rate variation in Old World monkeys.

We analysed over 8 million base pairs of bacterial artificial chromosome-based sequence alignments of four Old World monkeys and the human genome. Our findings are as follows. (i) Genomic divergences among several Old World monkeys mirror those between well-studied hominoids. (ii) The X-chromosome evolves slower than autosomes, in accord with ‘male-driven evolution’. However, the degree of male mutation bias is lower in Old World monkeys than in hominoids. (iii) Evolutionary rates vary significantly between lineages. The baboon branch shows a particularly slow molecular evolution. Thus, lineage-specific evolutionary rate variation is a common theme of primate genome evolution. (iv) In contrast to the overall pattern, mutations originating from DNA methylation exhibit little variation between lineages. Our study illustrates the potential of primates as a model system to investigate genome evolution, in particular to elucidate molecular mechanisms of substitution rate variation.
Relational and Social Aggression and Reflective Processing in a University Sample

This study examined whether the dimension of reflective processing (e.g., deep and elaborative processing) was connected to the use of relational aggressions, social aggression, or both. A convenience sample of 629 college students (66% female, 91.6% White) was surveyed to ascertain the relation between self-reported relational and social aggression and deep and elaborative processing. The overall multivariate regression model was significant, Wilks’s λ = .12, F(4, 2162) = 1010.80, p < .001. Univariate results were used to show that the two predictors (relational and social aggression) significantly and strongly positively predicted the use of deep processing, R2 = .81, p < .001, as well as the use of elaborative processing, R2 = .87, p < .001. In summary, higher levels of social and relational aggression were related to higher levels of deep and elaborative processing. Implications for these findings are presented.
Epoxidation of Aldrin and Heptachlor in Soils As Influenced by Autoclaving, Moisture, and Soil Types

Aldrin was applied to Quartz sand, Plainfield sand, Carrington loam and muck soils in order to study its persistence and epoxidation. In addition autoclaved-wet and nonautoclaved dry sand and loam soils were used. Aldrin was readily transformed into dieldrin in a wet-nonautoclaved Carrington loam, but less rapidly so in a muck soil. The amounts of aldrin and dieldrin recovered from aldrin-treated Carrington loam soils were equal 3.3 months after treatment under laboratory conditions at 37• C. and 16 months after treatment under field conditions. In soils containing a low number of microorganisms (autoc1aved loam, Plainfield sand) or in dry soils the amount of dieldrin formed was small. After heptachlor had been applied to a Carrington loam it was found that this insecticide persisted slightly longer than aldrin, but the amount of heptachlorepoxide formed was smaller than that of dieldrin. A similar study on lindane persistence in a Miami silt loam is also reported.
Low‐temperature amorphous silicon p–i–n photodiodes

Amorphous silicon p–i–n photodiodes are important for image sensors and solar cells. The paper describes the properties of photodiodes fabricated below 200 °C on flexible plastic substrates. The increased defect density of the low-temperature growth increases the reverse saturation current but the forward characteristics are largely unchanged. The role of the dangling bond defects in the diode characteristics is discussed.
Sp1 is essential for estrogen receptor α gene transcription

The exact molecular mechanisms regulating estrogen receptor (ER)alpha expression in breast tumors are unclear, but studies suggest that the regulation is at least partly transcriptional. We therefore undertook a detailed analysis of ERalpha promoter activity in a number of breast cancer cell lines. We find that the majority of ERalpha promoter activity lies within the first 245bp of the 5'-flanking region of the gene. Three elements essential for full ERalpha promoter transcriptional activity were identified within the -245 to -192bp region in transient transactivation assays using linker-scanner mutation analysis. These three elements include two binding sites for the Sp1 family of transcription factors as well as a non-consensus E box. We show that both Sp1 and Sp3 bind to this region using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Exogenous expression of Sp1 or Sp3 in Sp1/3-negative Drosophila Schneider SL2 cells results in transactivation of the -245 to +212bp fragment of the ERalpha promoter. These data demonstrate that transcription of ERalpha is dependent upon the expression of members of the Sp1 family.
Identifying bright kindergartners at risk for learning difficulties: Predictive validity of a kindergarten screening tool

Abstract This study examined the ability of the Kindergarten Screening Battery (KSB) to predict first-grade reading placement, first-grade reading and math achievement, and second-grade reading, math, and listening comprehension achievement. The subjects were bright kindergartners (mean Full Scale IQ = 132.7 ± 7.3) from families of high socioeconomic status. The results indicated that the KSB was an effective predictor of the first and second grade criteria and that the KSB would be a useful adjunct to intelligence tests when intellectually gifted populations are screened for other special educational needs.