cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulating Production of Pigment-Type Secondary Metabolites from Soft Rotting Wood Decay Fungi ("Spalting" Fungi).

A small group of soft rotting wood decay fungi produce extracellular pigments as secondary metabolites in response to stress and as a means of resource capture. These fungi are collectively known as “spalting fungi” and have been used in wood art for centuries. The pigments produced by these fungi are finding increasing usage in industrial dye applications and green energy but remain problematic to grow in batch culture. Additionally problematic is that the pigments, especially the blue-green pigment known as xylindein, produced by Chlorociboria species, have yet to be fully synthesized. In order to further research development of these pigments and find success in areas such as textile and paint dyeing, wood UV protection, and organic photovoltaic cells, methods must be developed to mass produce the pigments. To date, three distinct methods have been developed, with varying degrees of success depending upon the fungal species (amended malt agar plates, shake liquid culture, and stationary liquid culture). This chapter details these three methods, their history, advantages and disadvantages, as well as their potential for industrial scale-up in the future.
Alcohol Control Policy in the United States

Few policies of governments have aroused as much interest and generated as much debate as those controlling alcohol use and misuse. In the nineteenth century, social reformers such as Dr. Benjamin Rush urged support for a campaign against spirits in order to “save our fellow men from being destroyed by the great destroyer of their lives and souls” (quoted in Levine, 1978). The Temperance Movement which evolved from that period regarded liquor as a powerful substance that needed to be controlled, if not eliminated altogether by governmental regulations. Support for the prohibition of alcohol production and sales increased during the first two decades of the twentieth century and resulted in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment. The subsequent repeal of national prohibition in 1933 because of problems of enforcement and changes in the attitudes of the population did not end government alcohol control policies or the controversy over them.
High-Spatial-Resolution Multi-Omics Atlas Sequencing of Mouse Embryos via Deterministic Barcoding in Tissue

SUMMARY Spatial gene expression heterogeneity plays an essential role in a range of biological, physiological and pathological processes but it remains a scientific challenge to conduct high-spatial-resolution, genome-wide, unbiased biomolecular profiling over a large tissue area. Herein, we present a fundamentally new approach – microfluidic Deterministic Barcoding in Tissue for spatial omics sequencing (DBiT-seq). Parallel microfluidic channels (10μm, 25μm, or 50μm in width) are used to deliver molecular barcodes to the surface of a formaldehyde fixed tissue slide in a spatially confined manner. Crossflow of two sets of barcodes A1-A50 and B1-B50 followed by ligation in situ yields a 2D mosaic of tissue pixels, each containing a unique combination of full barcode AiBj (i=1-50, j=1-50). It permits simultaneous barcoding of mRNAs, proteins, or even other omics on a fixed tissue slide, enabling the construction of a high-spatial-resolution multi-omics atlas by NGS sequencing. Applying it to mouse embryo tissues revealed all major tissue types in early organogenesis, distinguished brain microvascular networks, discovered new developmental patterning in forebrain, and demonstrated the ability to detect a single-cell-layer of melanocytes lining an optical vesicle and asymmetric expression of Rorb and Aldh1a1 within it, presumably associated with the onset of retina and lens, respectively. Automated feature identification using spatial differential expression further identified dozens of developmental features. DBiT-seq is a highly versatile technology that may become a universal method for spatial barcoding and sequencing of a range of molecular information at a high resolution and the genome scale. It can be readily adopted by biologists with no experience in microfluidics or advanced imaging, and could be quickly disseminated for broader impacts in a variety of fields including developmental biology, cancer biology, neuroscience, and clinical pathology.
Undergraduate-Led Survey Class to Improve CS Education for New Students

Many first-year undergraduate students do not have sufficient breadth of technical knowledge about subjects in Electrical Engineering (EE) and Computer Science (CS) to make informed choices toward their education. By the time students are exposed to subjects they may be interested in, the cost of switching areas of focus may be too high. With undergraduate enrollment in CS more than doubling in the past decade, many institutions lack adequate staff and infrastructure to address students' needs. To help newly enrolled students make better decisions with limited departmental resources, we present a first-semester, low-overhead survey course that covers a wide variety of topics. The class has been offered for five consecutive semesters by upper-class undergraduate volunteers with minimal faculty involvement. We report the format, content, and student feedback for the course. Our results suggest that such a class can provide new students with valuable guidance and better prepare them for an education in CS and EE.
Distributed Tracking and Circumnavigation Using Bearing Measurements

This paper is concerned with the problem of bearings based multi-agent circumnavigation of a maneuvering target. Agents are assumed to have access to their own individual bearing measurements as well as the ones from their immediate neighbors. The aim is to devise a distributed algorithm to estimate the position of the maneuvering target and drive the agents to circumnavigate the target while forming a regular polygon and keeping a desired distance from the target. Analytic results show that the algorithm attains exponential convergence of the agents to a neighborhood of the desired polygon, where the neighborhood size depends on the target speed. Simulation results illustrate the efficacy of the approach.
Best practices in Analytic Network Process studies

Abstract It has been more than 20 years since the appearance of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) in the scientific literature. Since that time, this method has been used to address complex decision-making situations and capture the dependency and feedback among the different elements in the decision model. Yet, a review of ANP studies published in 2015 shows that the reports of these studies are either deficient or incomplete in the analysis or reporting to the point that it casts a shadow on the validity of their conclusions. We propose, to our knowledge for the first time, a set of best practices to conduct, analyze and report ANP studies.
Extracellular Matrix Rigidity Modulates Human Cervical Smooth Muscle Contractility—New Insights into Premature Cervical Failure and Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality, must involve premature cervical softening/dilation for a preterm vaginal delivery to occur. Yet, the mechanism behind premature cervical softening/dilation in humans remains unclear. We previously reported the non-pregnant human cervix contains considerably more cervical smooth muscle cells (CSMC) than historically appreciated and the CSMC organization resembles a sphincter. We hypothesize that premature cervical dilation leading to sPTB may be due to (1) an inherent CSMC contractility defect resulting in sphincter failure and/or (2) altered cervical extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity which influences CSMC contractility. To test these hypotheses, we utilized immunohistochemistry to confirm this CSMC phenotype persists in the human pregnant cervix and then assessed in vitro arrays of contractility (F:G actin ratios, PDMS pillar arrays) using primary CSMC from pregnant women with and without premature cervical failure (PCF). We show that CSMC from pregnant women with PCF do not have an inherent CSMC contractility defect but that CSMC exhibit decreased contractility when exposed to soft ECM. Given this finding, we used UPLC-ESI-MS/MS to evaluate collagen cross-link profiles in the cervical tissue from non-pregnant women with and without PCF and found that women with PCF have decreased collagen cross-link maturity ratios, which correlates to softer cervical tissue. These findings suggest having soft cervical ECM may lead to decreased CSMC contractile tone and a predisposition to sphincter laxity that contributes to sPTB. Further studies are needed to explore the interaction between cervical ECM properties and CSMC cellular behavior when investigating the pathophysiology of sPTB.
Cysteine residues in the C-terminal tail of connexin32 regulate its trafficking

Gap junctions (GJ)s are formed by the assembly of constituent transmembrane proteins called connexins (Cxs). Aberrations in this assembly of Cxs are observed in several genetic diseases as well as in cancers. Hence it becomes imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying such assembly defect. The polarized cells in the epithelia express Connexin32 (Cx32). The carboxyl-terminal tail (CT) of Cx32 orchestrates several aspects of GJ dynamics, function and growth. The study here was aimed at determining if post-translational modifications, specifically, palmitoylation of cysteine residues, present in the CT of Cx32, has any effect on GJ assembly. The CT of Cx32 was found to harbor three cysteine residues, which are likely to be modified by palmitoylation. The study here has revealed for the first time that Cx32 is palmitoylated at cysteine 217 (C217). However, it was found that mutating C217 to alanine affected neither the trafficking nor the ability of Cx32 to assemble into GJs. Intriguingly, it was discovered that mutating cysteine 280 and 283 in combination, blocked the transport of Cx32 from the Golgi to the cell surface. Overall, the findings reveal the importance of the two terminal cysteine residues of Cx32 in regulating its trafficking and stability and hence is ability to assemble into GJs, possibly as being part of a CAAX motif in its CT.
Breast Cancer Staging: Updates in the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th Edition, and Current Challenges for Radiologists, From the AJR Special Series on Cancer Staging.

The standardization of the AJCC TNM staging system for breast cancer allows physicians to evaluate patients with breast cancer using standard language and criteria, assess treatment response, and c...
A Generalized Multi-Scale Approach for the Design of Novel UHPC

This paper presents a novel strategy to design the binder phase of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) from commonly available cement replacement (fly ash, slag, microsilica, metakaolin) and fine filler (limestone) materials. A packing algorithm is used to extract the number density, mean centroidal distance, and coordination number of the microstructure. Similarly,rheological studies on the pastes provide yield stress, plastic viscosity, and mini-slump spread. The selection criteria involves using the three microstructural and three rheological parameters individually or in combination to define packing and flow coefficients. The selection criteria is flexible enough to allow users modify the constraints depending on the application. The binder with the desired packing and rheological features is combined with aggregate sizes and amounts chosen from a compressible packing model based on maximum packing density. A fiber volume fraction of 1% is also used, along with accommodations for wall and loosening effects. The model is programmed in a user-friendly environment to enable engineers select aggregates from locally available materials. Compressive strengths greater than 150 MPa are obtained for the selected UHPC mixtures after 28 days of moist curing. The strength-normalized cost of such mixtures is only a fraction of that of proprietary UHPCs.
Youth Can Promote Marine Debris Concern and Policy Support Among Local Voters and Political Officials

Many of the most sweeping social movements throughout history have been youth-led, including those related to environmental challenges. Emerging research suggests youth can build environmental concern among parents via intergenerational learning, in some cases overcoming socio-ideological differences that normally stymie attempts at collective action. What has not been studied is the potential for youth to also influence adults outside their immediate families. This study based in North Carolina, USA, explores the potential of today’s young people as environmental change-agents in their communities on the topic of marine debris. Specifically, this evaluation examines responses from voters and local officials after participating in youth-led civic engagement events. After engaging with a youth-led civic engagement event, voters and local officials completed a retrospective pretest survey that asked questions about levels of marine debris concern and their likelihood of supporting a local marine debris ordinance. Young people encouraged both concern and policy support among both voters and officials, and that concern and policy support increased independently of whether adults were voters or officials, liberals or conservatives, or knew the students personally. Further, participation in the youth-led engagement event reduced political differences in marine debris concern. This study suggests youth can play a critical role addressing marine debris challenges by promoting support for marine debris management policy, and doing so across political barriers.
A fast sparse QR factorization for solving linear least squares problems in graphics

A wide range of problems in computer graphics and vision can be formulated as sparse least squares problems. For example, Laplacian mesh deformation, Least Squares Conformal Maps, Poisson image editing, and as-rigid-as-possible (ARAP) image warping involve solving a linear or non-linear sparse least squares problem. High performance is crucial in many of these applications for interactive user feedback. For these applications, we show that the matrices produced by factorization methods such as QR have a special structure: the off-diagonal blocks are low-rank. We leverage this property to produce a fast sparse approximate QR factorization, spaQR, for these matrices in near-linear time. In our benchmarks, spaQR shows up to 57% improvement over solving the normal equations using Cholesky and 63% improvement over a standard preconditioner with Conjugate Gradient Least Squares (CGLS).
Kronecker products of Perron similarities

An invertible matrix is called a Perron similarity if one of its columns and the corresponding row of its inverse are both nonnegative or both nonpositive. Such matrices are of relevance and import in the study of the nonnegative inverse eigenvalue problem. In this work, Kronecker products of Perron similarities are examined and used to to construct ideal Perron similarities all of whose rows are extremal.
Changes in Cerebral Cortical Aquaporin-1 Expression in Multiple Sclerosis

According to the National Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Society, MS, a demyelinating brain disease, affects approximately 2.3 million people worldwide. MS affects AfricanAmericans, Asians and Hispanics, but predominantly Caucasians of northern European ancestry. Women are three times more likely to be diagnosed with this disease, and individuals from populations with low vitamin D levels are more likely as well to develop the disease. Currently, there is no cure for MS, although some moderately effective treatments are available to slow some forms of disease progression. However, our understanding of the cause of MS, which would greatly facilitate treatment, remains very incomplete. One clue may be found in the presence of circulating antibodies to a brain protein, aquaporin-4, in the serum of patient with a form of MS, neuromyelitis optica, which affects chiefly the spinal cord and optic nerves. In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to determine abnormalities of this and a related protein, aquaporin 1, in brain tissues of deceased patients who were diagnosed with MS in comparison to control patients with normal brain tissues. Although MS affects mostly white matter, we found increased expression of aquaporin-1 in gray matter in the vicinity of demyelinated plaques in patients with MS compared to unaffected areas of brain in both MS and control patients. In contrast, expression of aquaporin-4 was relatively unchanged in these areas. We determined that increased aquaporin-1 expression was due to a change in the phenotype of astrocytes, a support cell of the brain, in the cerebral cortex in and near demyelinated areas in MS. This change in astrocytes may underlie some of the brain dysfunction observed in patients with MS.
A complex signaling cascade links the serotonin2A receptor to phospholipase A2 activation: the involvement of MAP kinases.

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that in NIH3T3–5HT2A cells, 5-HT-induced AA release is PLA2-coupled and independent of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated PLC activation. Although 5-HT2A receptor-mediated PLC activation is known to be Gαq-coupled, much less is understood about 5-HT2A receptor-mediated PLA2 activation. Therefore, the studies presented here were aimed at elucidating the signal transduction pathway linking stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor to PLA2 activation. By employing various selective inhibitors, toxins, and antagonistic peptide constructs, we propose that the 5-HT2A receptor can couple to PLA2 activation through two parallel signaling cascades. Initial experiments were designed to examine the role of pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, namely Gαi/o, as well as pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins, namely Gα12/13, in 5-HT-induced AA release. Furthermore, inactivation of both Gβγ heterodimers and Rho proteins resulted in decreased agonist-induced AA release, without having any effect on PLC-IP accumulation. We also demonstrated 5-HT2A receptor-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1,2 and p38. Moreover, pretreatment with selective ERK1,2 and p38 inhibitors resulted in decreased 5-HT-induced AA release. Taken together, these results suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor expressed in NIH3T3 cells can couple to PLA2 activation though a complex signaling mechanism involving both Gαi/o-associated Gβγ-mediated ERK1,2 activation and Gα12/13-coupled, Rho-mediated p38 activation.
(f72)7,0−2 configuration high-spin states in 60Co strongly excited in the 62Ni(d, α) reaction

Abstract The 62 Ni ( d , α) 60 Co reaction has been studied with 78 MeV vector polarized deuterons. Angular distributions of the differential cross section and vector analyzing power have been measured for strongly populated states in 60 Co up to an excitation energy of 5 MeV. The transferred orbital and total angular momenta L and J were determined from the characteristic shapes of the differential cross sections and vector analyzing powers yielding a number of new spin assignments. The J π = 7 + stretched [( 62 Ni g.s. ) 0 + ⊗(1 f 7 2 ) 7,0 −2 ] configuration was found to be distr least over nine states located at 1.51, 3.09, 3.46, 3.67, 3.78, 4.04, 4.55, 4.70 and 4.80 MeV.
A Comparative Study of Cache-Coherent Nonuniform Memory Access Systems

We present a comparative study of three important CC-NUMA implementations—Stanford DASH, Convex SPP1000, and SGI Origin 2000—to find strengths and weaknesses of current implementations. Although the three systems share many similarities, they have significant architectural differences that translate into large performance differences. These include the number of processors per node, cache configuration, memory consistency model, location of memory in the node, and cache-coherence protocol. In this study, we evaluate the effects of these differences on cache misses, miss time, and local and internode traffic.
Tay-Sachs disease: the search for the enzymatic defect.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the search for enzymatic defect in Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) with a simple galactose tolerance test in a patient with Gaucher disease. Patients with this disorder accumulated a sphingoglycolipid called “glucocerebroside” and major sphingolipid of brain, called the “galactocerebroside”. Numerous attempts were made to assess glucocerebroside catabolism using: (1) unlabeled natural material; (2) radioactive glucocerebroside prepared biosynthetically; (3) and 3 H-glucocerebroside prepared by the Wilzbach isotope-exchange procedure, no significant progress was made until this compound was chemically synthesized with 14 C in specific portions of the molecule. Ganglioside G M2 is branched in the terminal portion of its molecule, its catabolism could theoretically begin, either through the action of a hexosaminidase-cleaving N-acetylgalactosamine or by a neuraminidase that catalyzed the cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid. Not only was there ample hexosaminidase activity present in the brain of Tay-Sachs patients measured by this procedure, but it was actually increased over that in control human brain specimens. The metabolic defect in Tay-Sachs disease was thereby established using authentic labeled ganglioside G M2 . Most testing for Tay-Sachs homozygotes and heterozygotes is performed with artificial substrates such as 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N-acetylglucosaminide. There is an extraordinarily large discrepancy between the activities of purified hexosaminidase A with artificial substrates and the natural ganglioside G M2 , even in the presence of detergents.
Nodal computation approximations in asynchronous cognitive models

We are interested in an asynchronous graph based model, $\boldsymbol {\mathcal {G}(N,E)}$ of cognition or cognitive dysfunction, where the nodes N provide computation at the neuron level and the edges E i→j between nodes N i and node N j specify internode calculation. We discuss how to improve update and evaluation needs for fast calculation using approximations of neural processing for first and second messenger systems as well as the axonal pulse of a neuron. These approximations give rise to a low memory footprint profile for implementation on multicore platforms using functional programming languages such as Erlang, Clojure and Haskell when we have no shared memory and all states are immutable. The implementation of cognitive models using these tools on such platforms will allow the possibility of fully realizable lesion and longitudinal studies.
Fast Far-field computations for finite element domain decomposition method

Often the end product of an electromagnetic simulation is a far-field quantity such as antenna gain, radiated power or radar cross section (RCS). When the underlying CEM solver is a frequency domain domain decomposition finite element method (DD-FEM) which solves for the near-field electric fields, an extra near-to-far-field transformation step must be invoked for each frequency and excitation. Traditionally this step involves the integration of equivalent electric and magnetic currents over a surface enclosing the object under investigation. However, the challenge of evaluating such radiation integrals is two-fold: (1) The presence of the curl operator in the evaluation of the equivalent electric currents reduces its effective approximation order leading to inaccuracies; (2) The numerical integration of the radiation integrals could be time consuming since the integration work for a single observation direction scales quadratically with electric size, i.e. O(kd)2 and the angular sampling of the Ewald sphere increases linearly O(kd), leading to a total of O(N2) operations (where N is the number of equivalent surface current samples). These effects are further exacerbated over wide bandwidths, and multi-port excitations, severely slowing down computations.
Plasma hyperosmolality attenuates skin sympathetic nerve activity during passive heat stress in humans

Key points Plasma hyperosmolality delays the onset for sweat production and cutaneous vasodilatation during heat stress in humans; however, the mechanism by which hyperosmolality exerts this effect remains unknown. This study examined if plasma hyperosmolality exerts a central and/or peripheral modulation of thermoregulatory function in humans. The main findings are that plasma hyperosmolality delays the increase in skin sympathetic nerve activity during whole-body passive heat stress in humans. In contrast, local intradermal infusion of hyperosmotic saline did not affect sweating or cutaneous vasodilatation. These results suggest that plasma hyperosmolality delays the onset threshold for sweating and cutaneous vasodilatation by inhibiting efferent thermoregulatory activity in humans. Abstract In humans, plasma hyperosmolality delays the onset of sweating and cutaneous vasodilatation during heat stress. However, it remains unknown if hyperosmolality exerts this effect through a central (i.e. CNS) and/or peripheral (i.e. effector organ) modulation of thermoregulatory activity. We examined if intravenous infusion of hyperosmotic saline affects skin sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA) during whole-body passive heating in healthy humans. Furthermore, we examined if local intradermal infusion of hyperosmotic saline affects sweating and cutaneous vasodilatation during passive heating. Following intravenous infusion of either 0.9% (ISO) or 3.0% (HYPER) NaCl saline, 12 subjects were passively heated until core temperature increased by ∼0.6°C. During each condition, sweating and cutaneous vascular conductance were measured over two intradermal microdialysis probes, one perfused with ISO saline and the other with HYPER saline. Intravenous infusion of HYPER saline increased plasma osmolality (294 ± 3 to 316 ± 5 mOsm kg–1 H2O, P ≤ 0.01), which remained greater than ISO throughout heating. Plasma hyperosmolality delayed the mean body temperature onset of sweating (+1.24 ± 0.18 vs. +1.60 ± 0.18°C, P ≤ 0.01) and cutaneous vasodilatation (+1.15 ± 0.18 vs. +1.53 ± 0.22°C, P ≤ 0.01), and attenuated the increase in SSNA during heating (+147 ± 178 vs. +427 ± 281%, P ≤ 0.01). Intradermal infusion of HYPER saline increased baseline cutaneous vascular conductance (P ≤ 0.01), which did not increase further during the subsequent heating period (P = 0.11). In contrast, intradermal infusion of HYPER saline did not affect sweating (P = 0.99). These results provide direct evidence that plasma hyperosmolality exerts a central modulatory effect governing efferent thermoregulatory activity in humans.
The separation of partially oxidized hemoglobins

Hemoglobin from human hemolysate was partially oxidized and then fractionated by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. Four fractions were consistently obtained. Of these, oxyhemoglobin (α2β2) and ferrihemoglobin (α+2β+2) were readily separated and easily identified by their spectra and isoelectric points. Midway between these bands were two sharp intermediate bands (IBI, IBII) which had very similar isoelectric points. The spectra of these components indicated that they were each half oxidized. They are probably α2β+2 and α+2β2. The same pattern was observed in all solutions tested, whether the hemoglobin was oxidized by chemical agents such as ferricyanide or nitrite or by auto-oxidation. Partial oxidation of deoxyhemoglobin by ferricyanide also gave similar results. IBI and IBII were also seen after fractionation of a mixture composed of equal parts oxyhemoglobin and ferrihemoglobin. The relative distribution of the two intermediate bands (IBI/IBII) was pH dependent, but was unaffected by the presence of organic or inorganic phosphates.
Normalization of the norepinephrine kinetic response to orthostatic stress after cardiac transplantation

Abstract In summary, we have demonstrated through the use of forearm venous NE kinetic methodology that plasma NE and NE spillover increase normally in response to orthostatic stress after cardiac transplantation. These findings suggest that, in the absence of ventricular afferents, systemic arterial baroreflexes respond in a compensatory manner to activate the sympathetic nervous system.
Rapid identification of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae by detection of beta-lactamase in urethral exudates.

Abstract The production of fluorescent end-products with ampicillin as substrate can be used to detect β-lactamase activity in biological fluids. A fluorescent spot test was evaluated as a rapid method of detecting β-lactamase in the urethral exudates of men infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Thailand. Among 208 men with culture-proven gonococcal urethritis, the fluorescent spot test was positive in 92 of 101 men from whom penicillinase-producing N gonorrhoeae (PPNG) were isolated and in 4 of 107 men from whom non-PPNG were isolated. The fluorescent spot test is a rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive method to detect PPNG and may be valuable in determining appropriate treatment for patients with gonococcal urethritis.
Wilderness Event Medicine

Objectives Wilderness Event Medicine (WEM), that is, the care of large groups of people participating in events in remote areas, is a rapidly growing subspecialty of wilderness medicine. Our goals are to report the injury rates from one wilderness event and to suggest ways to advance this emerging field. Methods We describe a 1-day wilderness hike and compare the injury rates from this one event with rates from other urban and wilderness events. Results Of the total 350 hikers, 6 persons presented for medical evaluation (5 dehydration and 1 orthopedic), yielding a rate of 17 evaluations per 1000 person-days of exposure. Only 1 person (or 2.9 per 1000) required medical assistance beyond oral rehydration. These rates are comparable to rates reported for urban events and other wilderness activities. Conclusions According to very limited reports, the rates of injuries in wilderness events are similar to those for urban events. We recommend defining a wilderness event as an event with more than 200 participants and where the time from injury to care at a medical facility is likely to be greater than 1hour. We also suggest the creation of a database of wilderness events, including standardized terms for the descriptions of activities, terrain, injuries, and medical response. Such a database could be used to help event planners anticipate and perhaps prevent injuries and to prepare effectively for those injuries that do occur.
Do cartoons feel pain?: using the virtual hand illusion to test human response to degrees of realism

Virtual reality has reached the consumer market and exhibited the potential to become a large social and commercial platform for mainstream markets. New, low-cost devices for virtual reality or mixed reality such as the Oculus Rift, Sony's Project Morpheus, or Microsoft's HoloLens are already available or have been announced and might even outperform previous high-cost systems [Young et al. 2014]. Techniques to measure hand motions are in the making with the goal of being able to control virtual hands using one's own hand movements as well as interact with objects in virtual reality applications. Prototypes such as the combination of the Leap Motion Controller and the Oculus Rift are already available. Applications for these devices will certainly follow.
Constructing spiritually modified interventions: Cognitive therapy with diverse populations

EnglishAlthough cognitive therapy is widely used, little attention has been given to the value assumptions embedded in the self-statements that are at the heart of the change process. Constructing statements that have been repackaged with values drawn from clients' spiritual belief systems may increase their effectiveness with a variety of populations. FrenchBien que la therapie cognitive soit largement utilisee, trop peu d'attention a ete portee aux jugements de valeur inclus dans les auto-evaluations au cœur du processus de changement. La construction d'evaluations ayant ete "reconfigurees" a partir des valeurs issues des systemes de croyance spirituelle des usagers peut accroitre leur effectivite pour populations. SpanishA pesar de que la terapia cognitiva es ampliamente utilizada, se le ha prestado poca atencion a las suposiciones de valor que estAn arraigadas a las declaraciones propias que estAn en el corazon del proceso de cambio. Construir declaraciones que han sido"reempacadas" con valores extrai...
Tva's Photovoltaic Activities

This paper describes the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) current photovoltaic (PV) activities. These include four roof-mounted 4 kWp residential arrays (which are also Southeast Residential Experiment Station field sites) and two 5-6 kWp commercial sites, all grid connected with no battery storage. Also included are approximately 30 kWp of non-grid-connected remote sites with storage (remote lighting, weather stations, etc.). Monitoring results from the two "online" residential systems are presented. Finally, TVA's future PV plans are discussed, both with respect to interfacing with a multitude of residential and commercial cogenerators and with regard to possible TVA PV central station plans.
A high-yield sampler for toxicological characterization of complex mixtures in combustion effluents.

Combustion sampling for toxicological assessment often requires that large (greater than 100 mg) lots of complex organic mixtures of wide volatility range be rapidly recovered from high temperature...
Using Active Learning Techniques in Mixed Undergraduate / Graduate Courses (Abstract Only)

Active learning techniques are increasingly used in lower-level Computer Science courses. This work explores the use of active learning techniques in a graduate Computer Science course on computer architecture, where the course enrollment is composed of both undergraduates and graduate students. Initial results are presented on how the two groups of students respond differently to the techniques. In particular, the study includes the effect of using POGIL in place of a subset of lectures, measured through both student responses and test scores.
Labor Supply by Farm Operators Under ''Decoupled'' Farm Program Payments*

As part of 1996 legislation, the U.S. began paying farmers production flexibility contract payments designed to be somewhat ''decoupled'' from current production decisions. In the labor-leisure model, decoupled payments would be expected to only have a wealth effect, but coupled payments would be expected to have both a substitution and a wealth effect. In this paper, the impacts of the decoupled payments and other government payments on both farm and off-farm labor allocations for farm operators are considered using data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS). Results indicate that government payments tend to increase the hours operators work on their farm and decrease the hours they work off the farm. This is true whether the payments come from programs which tie payments to current year production, or not.
The effect of a neurotoxin (benzalkonium chloride) on the lower esophagus.

Achalasia of the esophagus may be associated with abnormalities of the myenteric plexus (hypo- and anganglionosis). This report evaluates this relationship by studying the effect of benzalkonium chloride (BK, a topical neurotoxin) on the lower esophagus. Following midline laparotomy, topical BK (0.5%) was applied to the muscularis of the lower 1.0 cm of the esophagus for 30 min in 38 Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g). Thirty-eight additional rats acted as controls (unoperated, n = 19; sham laparotomy, n = 19). At 1 and 3 months animals were evaluated for weight gain, daily food intake (g/100 gm body wt), lower esophageal sphincter (LES) manometry, and contrast esophagram. At 3 months, the esophagus was evaluated for histologic study and acetylcholinesterase staining. Esophagram showed distal narrowing with proximal dilatation in BK rats (inner diameter 4.71 ± 0.61 vs 6.17 ± 0.58 in controls, P < 0.001). Daily food intake was significantly less in BK rats (5.57 ± 0.41 g vs controls 7.69 ± 0.33 g P < 0.001). Daily weight gain was also less in BK rats (1.13 ± 0.34 vs controls 1.83 ± 0.25, P < 0.001). An increased LES pressure was noted in BK rats (5.45 ± 0.89 mmHg vs controls 4.04 ± 1.04 mmHg; P < 0.1). A histologic study showed aganglionosis in BK rats with positive cholinesterase staining fibers compared to controls. Topical BK results in distal esophageal aganglionosis characterized by distal narrowing, proximal dilatation, decreased food intake, and limited weight gain when compared to controls. These findings are similar to those observed in achalasia and support a primary neurogenic cause for its etiology.
Distribution of cadmium and lead in a stream ecosystem

Cadmium and lead were detected in all components of the stream that were examined. Cadmium was present in similar concentrations in both fishes and sediments. Aquatic insects, however, exhibited higher concentrations of cadmium than did sediments. Lead concentrations in sediments and aquatic insects were similar, but higher than concentrations in fishes. Snails contained the highest level of lead and had noticeably greater amounts of the metal than did aquatic insects. In general, concentrations of both metals increased successively from water to fish to sediments to aquatic invertebrates.
Conceivability and defeasible modal justification

This paper advances the thesis that we can justifiably believe philosophically interesting possibility statements. The first part of the paper critically discusses van Inwagen’s skeptical arguments while at the same time laying some of the foundation for a positive view. The second part of the paper advances a view of conceivability in terms of imaginability, where imaginging can be propositional, pictorial, or a combination of the two, and argues that conceivability can, and often does, provide us with justified beliefs of what is metaphysically possible. The notion of scenarios is developed, as is an account of how filling out scenarios can uncover a defeater or, in many cases, strengthen the justification for the relevant possibility statement.
Famous Myths of "Fiat Money"

The paper re-evaluates the conventional wisdom regarding the existence of moneys that supposedly circulated without any legal status or intrinsic value. Economists call these objects "fiat money." I re-examine the most famous examples of such objects from primitive societies, such as the stone money of Yap and seashells, which have been cited by some of the most prominent monetary economists. I find that actually none of these cases is an evidence of "fiat money." A general conclusion is that one needs to seriously study the society in question before making a claim that it has used "fiat money."
Ulnar Impaction Syndrome

Although Palmer's classification of TFCC lesions differentiates post-traumatic central perforations (IA tears) from degenerative tears secondary to ulnocarpal impaction (IIC) [3], the distinction is not always clear clinically. In the final analysis, the literature suggests that as many as 25% of wrists with TFCC tears have residual symptoms following arthroscopic debridement alone [23], and it is likely that static or dynamic ul-nar positive variance plays a role [2,5,17,25]. The authors' results suggest that combined arthroscopic TFCC debridement and wafer resection are feasible and efficacious as treatment for all stages of ulnar impaction syndrome. When class II A and B changes are observed, that is, when a TFCC perforation has not yet developed, the authors have observed favorable results in most patients following arthroscopic TFCC central disc excision and wafer resection as an alternative to ulnar shortening osteotomy [33] or open wafer excision [10].
The worldviews of small states: A content analysis of 1995 UN speeches

(1999). The worldviews of small states: A content analysis of 1995 UN speeches. Geopolitics: Vol. 4, Geopolitics at the end of the Twentieth Century, pp. 17-33.
An investigation of the nervous system as a possible factor in the regulation of ciliary activity of the lamellibranch gill

Certain variations of ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill occur which are an intrinsic part of the gill tissue and which are due to causes other than environmental changes. Experimental and morphological evidence indicates that the central nervous system is not involved in the production of these variations. A comparative study of laterofrontal and lateral ciliated cells leads to the conclusion that the coordination impulse passes through the cytoplasm of the cell and that the velocity of the propagation wave is influenced by the number of cell walls per unit length through which it passes. It is suggested that the ciliary rootlets in the laterfrontal cells, due to their arrangement bring the impulse simultaneously to both rows of cilia within a single cell.
SELECTIVE ELEVATION OF SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN AN ANIMAL MODEL OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR PPHN

SELECTIVE ELEVATION OF SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN AN ANIMAL MODEL OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR PPHN
"Having Lived Close Beside Them All the Time": Negotiating National Identities Through Personal Networks

Applications for naturalization in late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century Britain reveal the ways migrants and natives defined and articulated British nationality. The demand that candidates produce British-born referees made relations between these individuals and the state contingent on prior relationships with neighbors, co-workers, and local states, while it simultaneously drew native-born Britons into collusion with this nation-building project. This evidence sheds light on migrants' social networks: neighbors, friends, spouses, employers, business and religious contacts, landlords, and the "customary practices" through which outsiders became British. These stories show that naturalization was not simply an objective, legal, and secular contract between an individual and the state, but also a personal, subjective, and collective process in which native Britons as well as migrants played decisive roles. British nationality formed in asymmetrical dialogue between local and national, migrants and natives, state and society.
Amperometric hydrogen sensor for high-temperature water

An amperometric sensor is described for monitoring hydrogen in situ in high-temperature high-pressure aqueous solutions (T < 300 °C). For a constant cell voltage, the current is found to vary linearly with the square root of the hydrogen concentration in the water. This dependence may be rationalized by assuming that the rate-determining step is the oxidation of atomic hydrogen on the platinum surface. A modification of this sensor is suggested to permit the monitoring of hydrogen at temperatures above 300 °C.
Simultaneous vehicle routing and charging station siting for commercial Electric Vehicles

As organizations electrify their vehicle fleets in order to lower costs, reduce emissions, and improve their public image, they face the problem of providing charging access to their vehicles on the road. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a much shorter driving range than comparable gasoline-powered vehicles, and without charging capabilities away from the depot, an EV's route length is constrained by its battery capacity. This is especially problematic if customers are located far from the depot, since it may not be possible to visit a customer and return to the depot on a single charge. Because public charging access is not usually available for EVs, the fleet owner may need to install or rent charging stations away from the depot for the EVs to use.
Fine structure of the kinetochores in vinblastine sulfate-treated cells

Cells arrested in mitosis by vinblastine sulfate (Velban, Lilly) have prominent kinetochores or centromeres showing details of fine structure usually not seen in untreated dividing cells. In many of these cells 250–300 A wide bands of electron-dense material surrounded by and separated from the chromatin by fine fibrous or amorphous, light-stained material are seen in the kinetochore region. In some sections these dense bands are as long as 4500 , and often more than one band can be seen in the kinetochore region. In suitable sections, the median dense band is seen to consist of two apparent subunits which are 100 A wide and separated by a 50–60 A space.
EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR DRY INOCULATION of BACTERIAL CULTURES

An effective way for inoculation of bacteria into dry foods/ingredients that gives a uniform mixture was developed. In the first part of this experiment, Salmonella typhimurium was successfully inoculated into chalk. Chalk tubes were weighed then soaked in a broth with S. typhimurium and allowed to dry back to their original weight. the dried chalk was made into a powder form. A viable cell count of this chalk, using a selective media for S. typhimurium, showed that the organism survived the drying while entrapped in the chalk. the “charged” chalk was used in an experiment as a dry inoculum where it was mixed with a low-moisture poultry feed. In comparison to a liquid inoculum, the “charged” chalk was a superior way of inoculating into dry particles because it created a more homogenous mixture with the feed without altering any properties of the feed itself. the second part of this experiment entailed a shelf-life study of the “charged” chalk. the same procedures for inoculating chalk were done using ten different cultures including Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus plantarum, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis. Data showed that the cultures are stable in the chalk for at least six months.
A note on harmonic maps

Abstract In this note, we construct a homeomorphism from the unit sphere to itself such that its harmonic extension is not one to one. The relevance to the grid-folding problem is discussed.
On the consistency of the MMPI in borderline personality disorder.

Summary.-14 patients diagnosed as having Borderline Personality Disorder were examined on two separate occasions with the MMPI. Results strongly suggest that, as a group, borderline patients are quite consistent responders on the MMPI under test-retest conditions (1 to 58 mo.). The frequenq distribution of scale elevations and code types was also examined which showed the often-noted heterogeneity of profile code types within this population. Thus, a note of caution is advised for those investigators who assume that a prototypical borderline MMPI profile exists. Specifically. considerable heterogeneity is seen among this sample of patients with respect to a two-point coding strategy, and individual codes change over time. A number of authors have commented on the validity and utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) when diagnosing DSMI11 Borderline Personality Disorder (Abramowitz, Carroll, &,Schaffer, 1984; Gustin, Goodpaster, Sajadi, Pitts, LaBasse, & Snyder, 1984; Patrick, 1984). Most researchers agree that the responses given by borderline patients on the MMPI suggest clinical symptoms of excessive anger, somatization, emotional lability, and occasionally, vulnerability to brief psychotic episodes. These characteristics are consistent with the clinical description of borderline patients, given independent of psychometric assessment. Little information, however, is available on the consistency of the MMPI response of borderline patients under test-retest conditions. Several investigators have commented that considerable heterogeneity may exist in borderline patients on psychological test measures (Widiger, 1982; Andrulonis, Glueck, Stroebal, & Vogel, 1982 ) , including the MMPI, and consequently group profiles often mask the extreme individual test variability witnessed in this population. A test-retest analysis seems in order not only to provide valuable clinical data regarding potential changes in the patient's self-reported level of distress, but such an investigation would also lend much needed information on the testretest relationships of the MMPI with this population. Sufficient data already exist oh the test-retest reliability of individual scales of the MMPI indicating that repeated administration of the test among normal