cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of one-dimensional complex-permittivity profiles: a feasibility study

Abstract This paper examines the feasibility of using the frequency responses of parallel-plate and interdigital-electrode structures to determine the one-dimensional complex-permittivity distribution of heterogeneous materials. This is achieved by relating the complex capacitance of these structures to the complex-permittivity distribution in a material. For parallel-plate structures, it is shown that the temporal frequency response provides, at most, information about the dispersive nature of the complex permittivity averaged over the thickness of the material. Similarly, the temporal frequency response of interdigital-electrode structures yields a nonunique distribution for piecewise-homogeneous materials in which the spatial variation in the complex permittivity is a perturbation about a uniform value. For these same materials, the spatial frequency response of interdigital-electrode structures, obtained by means of electrode structures with multiple wavelengths, is shown to yield a unique complex-permittivity distribution.
Forensic mental health professionals in the immigration process

This article adds to the existing literature on the role of mental health professionals in assisting attorneys in the asylum and refugee determination process primarily in the United States. The authors describe the legal context for asylum and refugee processing, challenges in conducting evaluations, diagnostic considerations, and specific competencies needed for mental health evaluators. Various cases are presented to illustrate key points. These cases purposely do not include any identifying information of any specific client, yet they are representative of the range and scope of issues that arise in this context.
Comparison of Ellipsoidal and Parabolic Mirror Systems in Fluorimetry and Room Temperature Phosphorimetry

The use of ellipsoidal and parabolic mirrors to increase the collection efficiency of sample luminescence is demonstrated for small volume samples. The results indicate that the real value of such systems is in the cases in which dilution to larger volumes is not desirable.
Combinatorial manifold mesh reconstruction and optimization from unorganized points with arbitrary topology

In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to reliably reconstruct the geometric shape of a physically existing object based on unorganized point cloud sampled from its boundary surface. The proposed approach is composed of two steps. In the first step, triangle mesh structure is reconstructed as a continuous manifold surface by imposing explicit relationship among the discrete data points. For efficient reconstruction, a growing procedure is employed to build the 2-manifold directly without intermediate 3D representation. Local and global topological operations with ensured completeness and soundness are defined to incrementally construct the 2-manifold with arbitrary topology. In addition, a novel criterion is proposed to control the growing process for ensured geometric integrity and automatic boundary detection with a non-metric threshold. The reconstructed manifold surface captures the object topology with the built-in combinatorial structure and approximates the object geometry to the first order. In the second step, new methods are proposed to efficiently obtain reliable curvature estimation for both the object surface and the reconstructed mesh surface. The combinatorial structure of the triangle mesh is then optimized by changing its local topology to minimize the curvature difference between the two surfaces. The optimized triangle mesh achieves second order approximation to the object geometry and can serve as a basis for many applications including virtual reality, computer vision, and reverse engineering.
Understanding the wearability of head-mounted devices from a human-centered perspective

Extensive efforts have been dedicated to developing wearables, but existing solutions focus mainly on feasibility and innovation. Thus, although many devices are named 'wearable', users face some wearability issues. Previously adopted trial and error approaches have effectively produced wearables, but not focusing on human factors. Through an extensive analysis of online comments about head-mounted devices, this paper presents their problem space from a human perspective. The analysis of online comments from existing and potential users enabled us to identify key aspects of the wearability of head-mounted devices, bridging the gap between design decisions and users' requirements.
Test structure, circuits and extraction methods to determine the radius of infuence of STI and polysilicon pattern density

Advanced CMOS processes need new methodologies to extract, characterize and model process variations and their sources. Most prior studies have focused on understanding the effect of local layout features on transistor performance; limited work has been done to characterize medium-range (≈ 10µm to 2mm) pattern density effects. We propose a new methodology to extract the radius of influence, or the range of neighboring layout that should be taken into account in determining transistor characteristics, for shallow trench isolation (STI) and polysilicon pattern density. A test chip, with 130k devices under test (DUTs) and step-like pattern density layout changes, is designed in 65nm bulk CMOS technology as a case study. The extraction result of the measured data suggests that the local layout geometry, within the DUT cell size of 6µm × 8µm, is the dominant contributor to systematic device variation. Across-die medium-range layout pattern densities are found to have a statistically significant and detectable effect, but this effect is small and contributes only 2–5% of the total variation in this technology.
The Effects of Topography on the Atmospheric Energetics in. a Low-Resolution General Circulation Model

Abstract An analysis is made of the effect of orography on the atmospheric energetics in a low-resolution general circulation model to determine the temporal and scale dependency of these effects. The numerical model is a global, spectral, primitive equation model of the atmosphere with five equally spaced sigma levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. A one-year seasonal simulation of the general circulation without mountains is compared to the results from a five-year seasonal simulation of the general circulation with mountains. The statistical significance of the topographic effects is evaluated by comparing them to magnitudes of model interannual variability determined from the five-year control simulation. A small, but important, portion of the changes due to topography are significant. At northern extratropical latitudes, the increases of eddy activities and baroclinic instability in summer resulting from incorporation of the effect of the mountains give ...
Thomas Morris Chester, Black Civil War Correspondent: His Dispatches from the Virginia Front

In 1864 the Philadelphia Press commissioned Thomas Morris Chester, son of an ex-slave to cover the activities of black troops on the Virginia front. The only black correspondent for a major daily during the Civil War, Chester covered the crucial final year of the war around Richmond. His dispatches constitute the most sustained and extensive first-hand account of black soldiers in existence. As the war came to a close, Chester richly described the responses of Confederate troops and civilians to encounters with black soldiers, as he joined the black troops of the 25th Army Corps as they led the victorious Union forces into Richmond. In this volume, R.J.M. Blackett provides a concise biography of Chester and reproduces in annotated form his Civil War dispatches, which are remarkable for their detail and their graphic accounts of the destruction, the excitement and the liberation of theCivil War experience.
Inferring species trees from gene trees in a radiation of California trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus).

Author(s): Satler, Jordan D; Starrett, James; Hayashi, Cheryl Y; Hedin, Marshal | Abstract: BackgroundThe California Floristic Province is a biodiversity hotspot, reflecting a complex geologic history, strong selective gradients, and a heterogeneous landscape. These factors have led to high endemic diversity across many lifeforms within this region, including the richest diversity of mygalomorph spiders (tarantulas, trapdoor spiders, and kin) in North America. The trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus encompasses twelve described species, eleven of which are endemic to California. Several Aliatypus species show disjunct distributional patterns in California (some are found on both sides of the vast Central Valley), and the genus as a whole occupies an impressive variety of habitats.Methodology/principal findingsWe collected specimens from 89 populations representing all described species. DNA sequence data were collected from seven gene regions, including two newly developed for spider systematics. Bayesian inference (in individual gene tree and species tree approaches) recovered a general "3 clade" structure for the genus (A. gulosus, californicus group, erebus group), with three other phylogenetically isolated species differing slightly in position across different phylogenetic analyses. Because of extremely high intraspecific divergences in mitochondrial COI sequences, the relatively slowly evolving 28S rRNA gene was found to be more useful than mitochondrial data for identification of morphologically indistinguishable immatures. For multiple species spanning the Central Valley, explicit hypothesis testing suggests a lack of monophyly for regional populations (e.g., western Coast Range populations). Phylogenetic evidence clearly shows that syntopy is restricted to distant phylogenetic relatives, consistent with ecological niche conservatism.Conclusions/significanceThis study provides fundamental insight into a radiation of trapdoor spiders found in the biodiversity hotspot of California. Species relationships are clarified and undescribed lineages are discovered, with more geographic sampling likely to lead to additional species diversity. These dispersal-limited taxa provide novel insight into the biogeography and Earth history processes of California.
Morphology of sea-floor landslides on Horizon Guyot: application of steady-state geotechnical analysis

Abstract Mass movement and erosion have been identified on the pelagic sediment cap of Horizon Guyot, a seamount in the Mid-Pacific Mountains. Trends in the size, shape and preservation of bedforms and sediment textural trends on the pelagic cap indicate that bottom-current-generated sediment transport direction is upslope. Slumping of the sediment cap occurred on and that the net bedload transport direction is upslope. Slumping of the sediment cap occurred on the northwest side of the guyot on a 1.6° to 2.0° slope in the zone of enhanced bottom-current activity. Submersible investigations of these slump blocks show them to be discrete and to have a relief of 6–15 m, with nodular chert beds cropping out along the headwall of individual rotated blocks. An evaluation of the stability of the sediment cap suggests that the combination of the current-induced beveling of the sea floor and infrequent earthquake loading accompanied by cyclic strength reduction is responsible for the initiation of slumps. The sediment in the area of slumping moved short distances in relatively coherent masses, whereas sediment that has moved beyond the summit cap perimeter has fully mobilized into sediment gravity flows and traveled large distances. A steady-state geotechnical analysis of Horizon Guyot sediment indicates the predisposition of deeply buried sediment towards disintegrative flow failure on appropriately steep slopes. Thus, slope failure in this deeper zone would include large amounts of internal deformation. However, gravitational stress in the near-surface sediment of the summit cap (sub-bottom depth
Semantic annotation of morphological descriptions: an overall strategy

Large volumes of morphological descriptions of whole organisms have been created as print or electronic text in a human-readable format. Converting the descriptions into computer- readable formats gives a new life to the valuable knowledge on biodiversity. Research in this area started 20 years ago, yet not sufficient progress has been made to produce an automated system that requires only minimal human intervention but works on descriptions of various plant and animal groups. This paper attempts to examine the hindering factors by identifying the mismatches between existing research and the characteristics of morphological descriptions. This paper reviews the techniques that have been used for automated annotation, reports exploratory results on characteristics of morphological descriptions as a genre, and identifies challenges facing automated annotation systems. Based on these criteria, the paper proposes an overall strategy for converting descriptions of various taxon groups with the least human effort. A combined unsupervised and supervised machine learning strategy is needed to construct domain ontologies and lexicons and to ultimately achieve automated semantic annotation of morphological descriptions. Further, we suggest that each effort in creating a new description or annotating an individual description collection should be shared and contribute to the "biodiversity information commons" for the Semantic Web. This cannot be done without a sound strategy and a close partnership between and among information scientists and biologists.
Handling Sparsity for Verb Noun MWE Token Classification

We address the problem of classifying multiword expression tokens in running text. We focus our study on Verb-Noun Constructions (VNC) that vary in their idiomaticity depending on context. VNC tokens are classified as either idiomatic or literal. Our approach hinges upon the assumption that a literal VNC will have more in common with its component words than an idiomatic one. Commonality is measured by contextual overlap. To this end, we set out to explore different contextual variations and different similarity measures handling the sparsity in the possible contexts via four different parameter variations. Our approach yields state of the art performance with an overall accuracy of 75.54% on a TEST data set.
Three Things You Can Do Today to Get Your Library Ready for the Mobile Experience

Affordable mobile devices are becoming ubiquitous. As a result, much of the World Wide Web is evolving into a mobile-optimized platform that allows users to gain instant access to information via their mobile devices. All libraries should be ready for this increase in use and plan accordingly. This article highlights three things that libraries can do to get ready for the mobile experience including creating a mobile-optimized Web site, using Quick Response (QR) codes, and implementing Google Voice for a free text messaging reference service.
Total Milk Production as Affected by Time of Milking after Application of a Conditioned Stimulus

Summary An experiment was conducted to determine whether there was any difference in production when cows were milked at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 minutes after a conditioned stimulation, as compared with 2 minutes after stimulation. There was a highly significant decrease in production when cows were milked 12 or more minutes after a conditioned stimulation.
Tolerance Intervals for Hypergeometric and Negative Hypergeometric Variables

Tolerance intervals for discrete variables are widely used, especially in industrial applications. However, there is no thorough treatment of tolerance intervals when sampling without replacement. This paper proposes methods for constructing one-sided tolerance limits and two-sided tolerance intervals for hypergeometric and negative hypergeometric variables. Equal-tailed tolerance intervals (i.e., tolerance intervals that control the percentages in both tails) are studied followed by a small adjustment to the nominal coverage level to obtain tolerance intervals that control a specified inner percentage of the sampled distribution. The tolerance interval calculations implicitly use confidence bounds for M, the unknown number of elements possessing a certain attribute in the finite population of size N. Three different methods for obtaining such confidence bounds are suggested: a large sample approach, an approach with a continuity correction, and an exact method based on nonrandomization. The intervals are examined for desirable coverage probabilities and expected widths. The methods are also illustrated using some examples.
The propagation of surge voltages through turbo-alternators with concentric-conductor-type windings

The study of the propagation of surge voltages in conventional types of alternator winding is modified to be applicable to the concentric-conductor type of winding used for some machines having a terminal voltage of 22 or 33kV. The theoretical analysis shows that the wave entering the winding at the machine terminal sets up series of travelling waves between each pair of adjacent conductors in the bars. The travelling waves have different velocities, which are characteristic of the conductors. The waves in the outer conductor travel slowest, owing to the presence of the iron core which forms the return circuit. The waves are reflected and refracted at the junction of the various sections of the winding. Test results on a typical machine are given, and the initial voltage distribution is explained in terms of the theoretical travelling waves. Measured values for the winding surge impedance are compared with those deduced theoretically from the various circuit parameters.
The Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Glycine Containing Polyphosphazenes: A Comparative study in Bone

Polyphosphazenes have gained considerable attention as biomaterials for use in tissue engineering and orthopaedic reconstruction. In this paper we examined the polyphosphazenes’ in vivo biocompatibility and degradation by studying their ability to repair bone in a rabbit metaphyseal distal femur defect model. Matrices constructed from poly[(50% p-methylphenoxy)-(50%ethyl glycinato) phosphazene] (PPHOS-50) and poly[bis(ethyl glycinato) phosphazene] (PPHOS-100), were surgically implanted into a metaphyseal rabbit defect of the distal femur as constructs for tissue regeneration. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA) implants, which are the biodegradable polymers most widely used clinically, and defects without polymers were used as controls in this experiment. Histological studies demonstrated that both PPHOS-50 and PPHOS-100 appeared to support bone growth comparable to the control PLAGA. By 12 weeks, femurs with polyphosphazene implants showed evidence of bone in-growth and a mild fibrous response. The PPHOS-50 implants were found to have a local tissue response that was more favorable than PPHOS-100 and similar to PLAGA. Biodegradable polyphosphazenes are a novel class of polymers which have been observed to facilitate bone growth in vivo.
Acetaldehyde adsorption on nitrogen-containing activated carbons

Two samples of activated carbons were used in this study: one of coal origin and one of wood origin. The initial samples were modified by impregnation with urea followed by heat treatment at 450 and 950 °C. The pore structure and surface chemistry of the initial and modified samples were characterized by using sorption of nitrogen, Boehm and potentiometric titration, and thermal analysis. The results showed differences in structural characteristics and in the surface chemical inventory. Gas chromatography at infinite dilution was used to study the adsorption of acetaldehyde. The isosteric heats of adsorption were calculated from the values of the retention volumes. After urea modification, which resulted in an increase in the total number of surface groups and a decrease in the surface area and the micropore volume, the strength of the interactions of acetaldehyde with the carbon surface decreased. The adsorption forces are strong in small pores, and their volume governs the amount adsorbed. This amount ...
Extremum-Seeking-Based Receding-Horizon Optimal Control of Plasma Current Profile in the DIII-D Tokamak

Abstract A key goal in the control of a magnetic fusion reactor is to maintain current profiles that are compatible with a high fraction of self-generated non-inductive current as well as with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability at high plasma pressure. This enables high fusion gain and noninductive sustainment of plasma current for steady-state operation. The approach taken toward establishing such plasma current profiles at the DIII-D tokamak is to create the desired profile during the plasma current ramp-up and early flattop phases. The evolution in time of the current profile is related to the evolution of the poloidal flux, which is modeled in normalized cylindrical coordinates using a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) usually referred to as the magnetic diffusion equation. We propose, and test in simulations, an extremum-seeking-based, receding-horizon, diffusivity-interior-boundary control scheme designed to match as close as possible a desired current profile within a prespecified time interval.
Carbonization of wood for advanced materials applications

Abstract A unique process for conversion of monolithic wood structures to carbons that retain the cellular structure of the wood without the formation of cracks and other defects associated with charcoal materials is described. A variety of wood species are carbonized to produce the materials which are characterized using TGA, density, dimensional changes, acoustic velocity, SEM and mechanical testing. We demonstrate that through controlled pyrolysis monolithic carbonized wood can be produced without the macro-cracks normally associated with charcoal. A linear relationship is established between the bulk densities of wood and carbonized wood which spans the entire range of species. For the conditions presented, the carbonized wood had 82% of the bulk density of the precursor wood. Carbonized wood acoustic velocity ranged from 4.7 to 1.3 mm/μs for Tilia americana and Ochroma pyramidale , respectively. Carbonization resulted in decreased acoustic velocity in the axial principal direction and increases in the radial and tangential directions. Acoustic anisotropy was retained through carbonization, but reduced in magnitude. Mechanical testing showed the carbonized wood to be 28% stronger than the precursor. The cellular morphology of the porous carbonized wood is described and compared to carbon foams.
Managing a Criminal Justice Crisis: An Organizational Justice Understanding of Change in a Sheriff’s Office

The research related to organizational justice in criminal justice agencies has specifically examined the police departments and prisons, but sheriff’s offices have been absent from examination. This study’s data come from a sheriff’s office in California after a significant organizational change instigated by the implementation of Assembly Bill 109. Similar to most organizational change, this modification was instigated by the administration without seeking employee input. For this study, a total N of 229 employees (92 % of employees) responded to a survey instrument. Using measures of procedural justice as the independent variable and distributive and interactional justice measures as the control variables, the findings demonstrate employees furthest from the organizational decision-making are least likely to support the change. Measures of distributive justice were non-significant in all models and measures of interactional justice were uneven in different models. This research addresses a gap in the current literature by examining a sheriff’s office, but generalizablility of the findings are limited.
Temporal trends and predictors of perioperative chemotherapy use in elderly patients with resected nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the U.S., with 174,470 new diagnoses and 163,460 deaths in 2006.1 The majority of patients with lung cancer have nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).2 The most effective treatment for stage I, II, and IIIA NSCLC is surgical resection. Despite surgical resection, from 50% to 60% of patients relapse and die from their lung cancer.3 Systemic recurrence has been reported as the most frequent type of failure in patients with NSCLC,4 and it is postulated that >75% of deaths are related to disease relapse, especially distant metastases.5 Because of these recurrences, the 5-year survival rate of patients with early-stage NSCLC, despite complete resection, ranges from 45% to 70%.5,6 After other solid cancers (ie, breast, colon), effective adjuvant therapy theoretically should include systemic chemotherapy. Many attempts have been made in the past to reduce the risk of relapse and death from lung cancer by administering adjuvant chemotherapy to patients after surgical resection. In 1995, a meta-analysis of postoperative chemotherapy in NSCLC by the British Medical Council indicated a 13% reduction in the hazard of death, leading to a 5% absolute improvement in survival 5 years after the start of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy compared with observation only.7 Although this trend did not reach statistical significance, the findings led to multiple national and international trials that were powered adequately to find an absolute benefit of 5% at 5 years. Results of these trials have been reported in the last 5 years.8–16 In 2003, the abstract of the International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial (IALT) study, which was presented at the Annual Meeting of American Society of Clinical Oncology, first demonstrated a survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy.8 In 2004, chemotherapy became the standard of care in the U.S., when the IALT trial demonstrated that, compared with surgery alone, cisplatin-based adjuvant therapy improved the 5-year survival rate by 40% to 44.5% in patients with resected NSCLC.9 To our knowledge, there is little information regarding the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with resectable NSCLC outside clinical trials. It is known that the elderly are underrepresented in clinical trials.17 For example, the median age in the IALT trial was 59 years (range, 27–77 years).8,9 We used data from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database to study the trend in receipt of chemotherapy during the decade from 1992 to 2002 to investigate factors associated with use of perioperative chemotherapy among elderly patients with resected NSCLC.
Total synthesis of the marine sponge pigment fascaplysin

Abstract Fascaplysin (1), an antimicrobial and cytotoxic red pigment from the marine sponge Fascaplysinopsis sp., has been synthesized in seven steps from indole (65% yield). The pivotal intermediate in the synthesis is diindole 3 which is induced to undergo acid-catalyzed cyclization and dehydrogenation to afford the desired pentacycle 2 in > 90% yield. Peracid oxidation of 2 yields fascaplysin.
Naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde as an electrophilic fluorogenic moiety for affinity labeling: application to opioid receptor affinity labels with greatly improved fluorogenic properties.

To develop ligands with fluorogenic properties amenable for following the kinetics of cross-linking to receptors, a naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde moiety has been attached to an opiate pharmacophore 2 and evaluated in μ opioid receptors. The fluorescence of the benzo[f]isoindole formed upon cross-linking of μ opioid receptors by 2 permitted the time-course of covalent bonding to be followed. This demonstrated proof-of-concept suggests the usefulness of naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde-containing affinity labels as kinetic probes.
Characterization of electron cyclotron resonance plasmas for diamond deposition

ABSTRACTLangmuir probe measurements and optical emission spectroscopy were employed to characterize electron cyclotron resonance plasmas with two different magnetic field configurations. The plasma tern-perature was directly measured by a thermocouple immersed inside the plasmas. To deposit diamond atlow pressure(  lOOmTorr) it is required for the feed sources to contain a large amount of carbon as wellas OH radicals. However, the C, H, and 0 ratios still fall into the "diamond domain" of Bachmann's dia-gram. The oxygen addition to the CHiJH2 plasma leads to the improvement of diamond films prepared at 800mTorr, which is due to the OH radicals formed in the plasma. The addition of oxygen does not increase the plasma temperature. Our results of ECR diamond deposition under various pressures supportthat neutral-neutral reactions dominate in diamond growth process. 1. INTRODUCTION It is technologically important and scientifically interesting to synthesize diamond thin films by elec-tron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma-assisted CVD. The diffused plasma at low pressure of theECR process makes diamond growth possible on large areas and at relatively low temperatures. ECR-PACVD is also a promising technique for the growth of c-BN and thus can be used to grow c-BN/dia-mond heterostructures.Hiraki's group1 at Osaka university first studied ECR-PACVD using various sources including CH/H2, CO2IH2,
Large-scale patterns and variability of snowmelt and parameterized surface Albedo in the Arctic basin

Abstract Visible-band satellite imagery is used to manually map surface brightness changes over sea ice throughout the Arctic Basin from May to mid-August over a 10-yr period. These brightness changes are primarily due to snowmelt atop the ice cover. Using image processor techniques, parameterized albedos are estimated for each brightness class. Snowmelt begins in May in the marginal seas, progressing northward with time, finally commencing near the pole in late June. large year-to-year differences are found in the timing of melt, exceeding one month in some regions. Parameterized albedo for most regions of the pack ice exceed 0.70 during May, declines rapidly during June, and reaches a seasonal low of between 0.40 and 0.50 by late July. For August, regional albedos, which also include areas of open water beyond the southern pack ice limit, are up to 0.16 lower than the corresponding values for pack ice areas only.
Strength of Rennet Curd Made from Milk and Chemically Modified Soy Proteins

Abstract Strength of curd and concentration of protein in whey were used to study effects of adding native soy protein and chemically modified soy proteins to milk used to make rennet curd. An Instron food testing system was used to measure curd strength 15min after addition of rennet to reconstituted nonfat dry milk mixtures with glucono-δ-lactone. Clarified whey, collected after extrusion testing, was tested for protein content by measured absorbancy at 280nm. Soy protein, added as 20% of the total protein, lowered curd strength compared with strength of curd of reconstituted nonfat milk. This treatment also increased protein in the whey to .60% compared with .48% in the control that contained water instead of soy protein solution. Curd strength was decreased further and losses of protein were increased when added soy proteins were modified by acetylation, succinylation, or alkylation. Bulky and neutral reagents, N-ethylmaleimide, glycine methyl ester, and carbodiimide had a similar effect. Decreasing the negative charge on soy protein or treating it with alkali had the opposite effect. We speculated that soy protein in milk interfered with electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions among rennet-treated casein micelles.
The non-trusty clown attack on model-based speaker recognition systems

Biometric detectors for speaker identification commonly employ a statistical model for a subject’s voice, such as a Gaussian Mixture Model, that combines multiple means to improve detector performance. This allows a malicious insider to amend or append a component of a subject’s statistical model so that a detector behaves normally except under a carefully engineered circumstance. This allows an attacker to force a misclassification of his or her voice only when desired, by smuggling data into a database far in advance of an attack. Note that the attack is possible if attacker has access to database even for a limited time to modify victim’s model. We exhibit such an attack on a speaker identification, in which an attacker can force a misclassification by speaking in an unusual voice, and replacing the least weighted component of victim’s model by the most weighted competent of the unusual voice of the attacker’s model. The reason attacker make his or her voice unusual during the attack is because his or her normal voice model can be in database, and by attacking with unusual voice, the attacker has the option to be recognized as himself or herself when talking normally or as the victim when talking in the unusual manner. By attaching an appropriately weighted vector to a victim’s model, we can impersonate all users in our simulations, while avoiding unwanted false rejections.
On the best uniform ε-interpolation operator

In this paper we generalize the problem of approximation with interpolatory constraints in C[a, b]. This also extends the e-interpolation approximation problem. Using a perturbation technique, we show that this problem can be reduced to ordinary best approximation from a fixed finite-dimensional closed convex set. The main advantage of our technique is that it allows us to prove that the best uniform e-interpolation operator is (pointwise) Lipschitz continuous without restrictins its domain.
A tunable distance measure for coloured solid models

Abstract People are willing to rank simple objects of different shape and colour on the basis of “similarity”. If machines are to reason about structure, this comparison process must be formalized. That is, a distance measure between formal object representations must be defined. If the machine is reasoning with information to be presented to a human, the distance measure needs to accord with human notions of object similarity. Since our perception of similarity is subjective and strongly influenced by situation, the measure should be tunable to particular users and contexts. This paper describes a distance measure between solid models which incorporates heuristics of the mental mappings humans use to compare objects. The first step is to formally represent objects in a way that reflects human visual segmentations. We use a modified boundary representation scheme in colour + physical space. The next step is to define a family of maps between these representations, motivated by considerations of how humans match shapes. The distance between two objects is essentially the cost of the lowest-cost map between them. The cost of a map incorporates a geometric measure of the smooth deformation required of edges and faces, a feature measure based on visually significant singular points, and a topological measure based on correspondence of visually significant vertices, edges and faces. Tunable features of the match are: the relative cost of ignoring parts of objects; the treatment of colour; and whether or not the distance measure is required to be rotation invariant. An important application for such distance measures is to the development of user-friendly query of CAD and image databases. Query-by-example depends on implementation of a concept of likeness between object models in the database which, to be useful, must reflect the user's concepts. Another important application for distance measures is in automatic recognition of objects into classes whose members are not identical, so that the concept that “this object is like object X ” is required. In the common situation that classes are based on human perceptions of visual similarity, the distance measure between the class prototype and the object to be classified should reflect those human perceptions.
Popular fiction and brain science in the late nineteenth century

Introduction: cerebral localization and the late Victorian Gothic romance Part I. Reactionaries: 1. Robert Louis Stevenson's Jekyll and Hyde and the double brain 2. Bram Stoker's Dracula and cerebral automatism Part II. Materialists: 3. Photographic memory in the works of Grant Allen Part III. Visionaries: 4. H. G. Wells and the evolution of the mad scientist 5. Marie Corelli and the neuron Epilogue Looking forward.
Effects of intracerebral quinpirole on locomotion in rats.

Abstract The effects of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (LY 171555) on locomotor activity and margin time (thigmotaxis or wall-hugging) were measured for 2 h in rats injected either s.c. (vehicle, 0.02, 2.0 mg/kg) or directly into either the dorsal striatum or nucleus accumbens (vehicle, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 20 or 40 μg bilaterally in each site). In all groups, margin time decreased as drug dose increased. As in previous research, quinpirole given s.c. decreased locomotor activity at a low dose and had a biphasic effect on locomotor activity at the high dose. Both of these effects were also elicited by quinpirole injected directly into the dorsal striatum; 10 and 20 μg decreased locomotion immediately, while 40 μg led to both the immediate decrease and a later increase. In contrast, the lowest doses of quinpirole (0.1 and 1.0 μg) injected into the nucleus accumbens led to an increase in locomotion from 20 to 60 min, while the higher doses led only to the early decrease. Thus, both the locomotor activating and inhibiting effects of quinpirole are found in both the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal striatum, but the differing dose-response relationships indicate that the mechanisms are not the same in these two brain regions.
A Role for Src in Signal Relay by the Platelet-derived Growth Factor α Receptor

Previous studies have shown that Src is required for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-dependent cell cycle progression in fibroblasts. Since fibroblasts usually express both PDGF receptors (PDGFRs), these findings suggested that Src was mandatory for signal relay by both the alpha and betaPDGFRs. In this study, we have focused on the role of Src in signal relay by the alphaPDGFR. In response to stimulation with PDGF-AA, which selectively engages the alphaPDGFR, Src family members (Src) associated with the alphaPDGFR and Src kinase were activated. A mutant receptor, in which tyrosines 572 and 574 were replaced with phenylalanine (F72/74), failed to efficiently associate with Src or activate Src. The wild type (WT) and F72/74 receptors induced the expression of c-myc and c-fos to comparable levels. Furthermore, an equivalent extent of PDGF-dependent soft agar growth was observed in cells expressing the WT or the F72/74 alphaPDGFR. Comparing the ability of these two receptors to initiate tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling molecules indicated that both receptors mediated phosphorylation of the receptor itself, phospholipase Cgamma 1, and SHP-2 to similar levels. In contrast, the F72/74 receptor triggered phosphorylation of Shc to 1 and 20% of the WT levels for the 55- and 46-kDa Shc isoforms, respectively. These findings indicate that after exposure of cells to PDGF-AA, Src stably associates with the alphaPDGFR, and Src activity is increased. Furthermore, Src is required for the PDGF-dependent phosphorylation of signaling molecules such as Shc. Finally, activation of Src during the G0/G1 transition does not appear to be required for latter cell cycle events such as induction of c-myc or cell proliferation.
Social Software in Academic Libraries for Internal Communication and Knowledge Management: A Comparison of Two Reference Blog Implementations

This article investigates the adoption of new innovations for internal reference desk communication and knowledge management in academic libraries, specifically the use of social software tools. Actual implementations of the free blog software Wordpress from two university libraries are described including charts detailing advantages and disadvantages of the methods. In the context of the diffusion of innovation and organizational lag theories, the analyzed outcomes confirm that while social software tools are being used, relatively few institutions have exploited them for improving in-house processes. Without clearly articulated long-term gains, adoption of administrative innovations will follow the pattern of organizational lag.
Mesozooplankton of Shelikof Strait, Alaska: abundance and community composition

Zooplankton was sampled in Shelikof Strait and some of the surrounding shelf waters from March to October 1985, and then in Shelikof Strait during spring 1986–1989, using 150 and 333 μm mesh nets. The median integrated abundance of copepods in spring was 1–2 orders of magnitude greater in the Strait (maximum depth >250 m) than over shallower, adjacent regions of continental shelf. Zooplankton fauna was a mixture of oceanic and continental shelf taxa, and among the copepods was strongly influenced by abundance of two deep-water species,Neocalanus plumchrus andMetridia pacifica Seasonal development of the copepod community in Shelikof Strait followed similar patterns over the 5-year period. Biomass of copepods showed some large interannual differences related mostly to abundance of the oceanic taxa. Large interannual differences were found for some of the other zooplanktonic taxa as well, but there did not appear to be any correspondence between the patterns shown by these groups and those shown by the copepods. Although euphausiids were not quantitatively sampled, the taxonomic composition and relative abundance and seasonality of species within this group are reported.
Spectroscopic studies of liquid solutions of R6G laser dye and Ag nanoparticle aggregates

We have found that R6G laser dye in a concentration of 0.1 g l−1 mixed with a solution of aggregated silver nanoparticles exhibits a new emission band with a maximum at 612 nm. This band does not exist in pure dye of comparable concentration or in a mixture of dye with a solution of single silver nanoparticles. A qualitatively similar red-shifted emission band is observed in pure R6G dye at very high concentration (3.8 or 16.7 g l−1). In both cases, no changes occur to the shapes of the absorption spectra of the dye. We explain the observed spectral changes in terms of J-aggregates of R6G molecules whose formation is probable in the presence of Ag aggregates with a complicated surface structure and is much less likely in the case of adsorption of dye molecules on single Ag nanoparticles. Alternatively, many features observed in the experiment can be explained by an enhancement of the rates of spontaneous radiative transitions in the proximity of metallic particles, which is due to a modification of the local density of electromagnetic modes in the vicinity of metal surfaces at energies resonant with surface plasmon resonances.
Rugged Justice: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the American West, 1891-1941

Few chapters in American judical history have enjoyed as colourful a past as has the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Created in 1891, its jurisdiction now encompasses California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, Hawaii, and Alaska. David Frederick has mined archival sources including court records and legal papers throughout the West and in Washington, D.C., to document the Ninth Circuit's first fifty years. His findings are more than just a record of the court, they also provide a unique social and cultural history of the West. During these years, the court heard key cases involving railroads , the gold rush, Chinese immigration, organized labour, and use of natural resources. Many of the decisions from this period foreshadowed issues that are with us today. Frederick also documents the court's part in western development and in issues relating to World War I, Prohibition, New Deal legislation, and the evolving role of federal judges. Frederick portrays the West's most important judicial institution with clarity and intelligence, reminding us that the evolution of the Ninth Circuit both reflected and the dramatic changes occurring in the West during its early years. This is a book that will appeal not only to lawyers, but to historians, sociologists, and general readers as well.
Lessons about virtual environment software systems from 20 years of ve building

What are desirable and undesirable features of virtual environment (VE) software architectures? What should be present (and absent) from such systems if they are to be optimally useful? How should they be structured? In order to help answer these questions, we present experience from application designers, toolkit designers, and VE system architects along with examples of useful features from existing systems. Topics are organized under the major headings of 3D space management, supporting display hardware, interaction, event management, time management, computation, portability, and the observation that less can be better. Lessons learned are presented as discussion of the issues, field experiences, nuggets of knowledge, and case studies.
Model construct and calibration of an integrated water quality model (LM2-Toxic) for the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Project

Abstract The Lake Michigan Mass Balance Project (LMMBP) was a part of the Enhanced Monitoring Plan (EMP) for Lake Michigan ( McCarty et al., 2006 ). PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) were one of the targeted pollutants studied in the project. As one of the components in the overall LMMBP modeling framework, the LM2-Toxic model was developed to simulate fate and transport of PCB congeners in the Lake Michigan ecosystem. The purpose of the LM2-Toxic model was to address the relationship between sources of PCBs and their resultant concentrations in water and sediments of Lake Michigan and identify key environmental processes that strongly influence mass fluxes of the targeted pollutants in the lake. The model is sophisticated and is an extension of the widely used WASP model in terms of describing physical and biochemical processes within an aquatic system. Three organic carbon sorbents (biotic carbon, particulate detrital carbon, and dissolved organic carbon) and 54 PCB congeners were simulated as individual state variables. Using 1994 and 1995 project-generated field data, the organic carbon solids dynamics were calibrated first. This was followed by the calibration of PCB dynamics. The model construct and calibration results demonstrated significant improvements over historical mass balance models applied to the Lake Michigan ecosystem. The model results indicate that air–water exchange and interaction between the water column and sediment are the most important processes for PCBs in Lake Michigan.
TRANSVERSE BEAM STABILITY WITH AN ELECTRON LENS

This article is devoted to stability analysis of the antiproton beam interacting with an electron beam in an {open_quotes}electron lens{close_quotes} setup for beam-beam compensation in the Tevatron collider. Electron space charge forces cause transverse {open_quotes}head-tail{close_quotes} coupling within antiproton bunch which may lead to a transverse mode coupling instability (TMCI). We present a theory, analytical studies, and numerical simulations of this effect. An estimate of threshold longitudinal magnetic field necessary to avoid the instability is given. Dependence of the threshold on electron and antiproton beam parameters is studied. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}