cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of tumor emboli within a vessel model reveals dependence on the magnitude of mechanical constraint.

Tumor emboli-aggregates of tumor cells within vessels-pose a clinical challenge as they are associated with increased metastasis and tumor recurrence. When growing within a vessel, tumor emboli are subject to a unique mechanical constraint provided by the tubular geometry of the vessel. Current models of tumor emboli use unconstrained multicellular tumor spheroids, which neglect this mechanical interplay. Here, we modeled a lymphatic vessel as a 200 μm-diameter channel in either a stiff or soft, bioinert agarose matrix to create a vessel-like constraint model (VLCM), and we modeled colon or breast cancer tumor emboli with aggregates of HCT116 or SUM149PT cells, respectively. The stiff matrix VLCM constrained the tumor emboli to the cylindrical channel, which led to continuous growth of the emboli, in contrast to the growth rate reduction that unconstrained spheroids exhibit. Emboli morphology in the soft matrix VLCM, however, was dependent on the magnitude of mechanical mismatch between the matrix and the cell aggregates. In general, when the elastic modulus of the matrix of the VLCM was greater than the emboli (EVLCM/Eemb > 1), the emboli were constrained to grow within the channel, and when the elastic modulus of the matrix was less than the emboli (0 < EVLCM/Eemb < 1), the emboli bulged into the matrix. Due to a large difference in myosin II expression between the cell lines, we hypothesized that tumor cell aggregate stiffness is an indicator of cellular force-generating capability. Inhibitors of myosin-related force generation decreased the elastic modulus and/or increased the stress relaxation of the tumor cell aggregates, effectively increasing the mechanical mismatch. The increased mechanical mismatch after drug treatment was correlated with increased confinement of tumor emboli growth along the channel, which may translate to increased tumor burden due to the increased tumor volume within the diffusion distance of nutrients and oxygen.
Dynamic Revenue Maximization: A Continuous Time Approach ∗

Abstract We characterize the revenue-maximizing mechanism for time separable allocation problems in continuous time. The willingness-to-pay of each agent is private information and changes over time. We derive the dynamic revenue-maximizing mechanism, analyze its qualitative structure and frequently derive its closed form solution. In the leading example of repeat sales of a good or service, we establish that commonly observed contract features such as flat rates, free consumption units and two-part tariffs emerge as part of the optimal contract. We investigate in detail the environments in which the type of each agent follows an arithmetic or geometric Brownian motion or a mean-reverting process. We analyze the allocative distortions and show that depending on the nature of the private information the distortion might increase or decrease over time.
The Dissemination of Criminological and Criminal Justice Knowledge and Practice: A Profile of People's Republic of China Scholars Who Earn Doctorates in the United States

Policies and practices in countries do not exist in a vacuum. There are many sources of ideas for change. One of the most important is exposure to foreign ideas through international scholarly exchange. This article briefly reviews the history and causes that have contributed to this process with scholars from the People’s Republic of China who have chosen to obtain doctorates in the United States and study Criminology and/or Criminal Justice. In particular, over the past two decades, close to two dozen scholars have come to the United States to earn masters and PhD degrees in the fields of Criminology/Criminal Justice or related fields. This article uses a survey methodology to understand this complex process.
Personal Relevance and Mental Simulation Amplify the Duration Framing Effect

Abstract Different framing of the same duration (one year, 12 months, 365 days) can influence consumers' impressions of subjective duration, thereby affecting their judgments and decisions. The authors propose that, ironically, self-relevance amplifies this duration framing effect. Consumers for whom a particular self-improvement domain is personally relevant are less likely to adopt a one-year self-improvement plan as compared with a 12-month plan because they perceive it as longer and more difficult. This bias is more likely to manifest in consumers who report that the task is highly personally relevant to them, who are making predictions for themselves (vs. others), and who have high (vs. low) task involvement. Personal relevance amplifies this effect because it prompts process-focused simulation of the plan, consequently increasing susceptibility to spurious duration and difficulty cues embedded in frames.
Vertical Alignment Between Hospitals and Physicians as a Bargaining Response to Commercial Insurance Markets

The relationship between physicians and hospitals has dramatically changed over the last decade, with the employer–employee model supplanting the traditional model of private physicians with hospital admitting privileges. We examine the motivation for this form of vertical integration by considering physician–hospital alignment as a tool to increase bargaining power with private insurers. We find a positive and significant relationship between private insurance concentration on physician–hospital alignment, which is driven predominantly by for-profit hospitals.
Whole-Distribution Statistical Process Control in High-Frequency Trading

High-frequency trading enables real-time control of outputs. However, sampling techniques in traditional statistical process control (SPC) may be too slow to detect rapid changes in market structure. The authors develop statistical tests that examine each event using the generalized lambda distribution. They demonstrate the manner in which this provides a more descriptive and quicker-reacting method of process control than that of traditional SPC.
The determinants of the amount of information disclosed about corporate restructurings

This paper examines the information voluntarily disclosed about corporate restructurings. In 1995 the FASB’s Emerging Issues Task Force reached a consensus opinion about mandatory restructuring disclosures. I use these requirements to construct a statistic that measures the amount of information voluntarily disclosed for a sample of firms from 1990–1993. Disclosure levels increased dramatically when the SEC targeted restructurings as an area for increased oversight in late 1993. Controlling for this SEC action, I document a positive association between the amount of information disclosed and increased monitoring by shareholders, suggesting that monitoring complements disclosure rather than substitutes for it. The amount disclosed is negatively related to the appointment of a new CEO prior to the restructuring, perhaps reflecting the use of the restructuring charge to manage earnings for these firms.
The Help America Vote Act: Unmet Expectations?

Federal involvement in state election law matters did not begin with an infamous 2000 Florida case. Congress and our courts have been entangled in the political thicket of election law issues since at least the early 1960's, as evidenced by congressional legislation that supports fair voting practices and equal access to voting processes, as well as United States Supreme Court cases that have rearranged the United States electoral landscape. Without the aftermath of the 2000 Presidential election, however, there would have been no urgency in passing the Help America Vote Act 2002 (HAVA).
Disputing over embryos: of contracts and consents.

Infertile couples seeking assistance in reproduction frequently cryopreserve embryos for future implantation. When these couples divorce, one spouse may seek custody of the embryos for implantation, while the other seeks their destruction. To date, courts and most commentators have presumed that prior agreements regarding disposition of frozen embryos in the event of divorce should be enforced. The presumption holds true, even where such agreements are embedded in informed consent documents provided by fertility clinics as a precursor to obtaining treatment, rather than in contracts entered into by the couple for the express purpose of determining embryo disposition. This article argues that dispositional agreements should not be tucked into informed consent documents, considered as an adjunct to the main event of obtaining treatment. Drawing on the literature of informed consent, both generally and in the infertility context, as well as unconscionability doctrine, this article argues that only embryo disposition agreements that have been taken out of informed consent documents and located in a separate agreement deserve judicial endorsement.
RPM as Exclusion: Did the U.S. Supreme Court Stumble upon the Missing Theory of Harm?

Until the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision in the Leegin case, resale price maintenance (RPM) had been per se illegal in the US for nearly 100 years. It continues to be illegal under Sec. 61 of the Competition Act. Despite this record, economic analyses of RPM have generally found it to be a benign method for inducing retailer marketing effort. Arguments for its harm have been based on its potential value as a tool for protecting collusion among manufacturers or among intrabrand retailers—a theory with few if any known examples. In Leegin, however, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a sentence, and virtually out of nowhere, invoked a different theory—that RPM might be an exclusionary device for inducing retailers not to carry competing products. Recent analyses of exclusionary conduct generally as the monopolization of distribution, retailing, or other complement or input markets are applied to RPM to see whether there are any circumstances necessary or sufficient for RPM to be a means for exclusion rather than for facilitating collusion. Such theories differ from arguments that RPM enforces implicit contracts with retailers to deny access to rivals.
Protecting the Least Respected: The Girl Child and the Gender Bias of the Vienna Convention's Adoption and Reservation Regime

Professor Linda Malone reviews contrasting opinions, found in two articles, one the Women’s Convention and the Children’s Convention. The first article, by Professor William Schabas, shows that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’ reservation regime has weakened the effectiveness of both Conventions. Wheras the second article, by Cynthia Price Cohen, demonstrates the importance of the Children’s Convention as a “feminist landmark.” Both suppositions are proven, representing one of a multitude of human rights law paradoxes.
Got Information? Investor Response to Form 10-K and Form 10-Q EDGAR Filings

This study examines the investor response to Form 10-K and 10-Q reports filed between 1996 and 2001. The samples comprise essentially the entire body of EDGAR filings, including the small business (SB) versions of each filing type. The study documents that the absolute value of excess return is reliably greater on the day of and on the one or two days immediately following the filing date. The response is stronger around a 10-K date than a 10-Q date, more elevated for delayed filers, and increases significantly over the study period for both filing types. A regression analysis indicates that differences in response due to filing delay and year of filing are not subsumed by other attributes of the information environment, such as changes in industry composition, day of week, market capitalization, and shares held by institutions.
Gender pay gap

The article explains the origins of the gender pay gap as a Nash equilibrium of a game with incomplete information about women's work at home and in the marketplace based on the earlier results of Chichilnisky (2005, 2008a, 2008b). Expectations about women's lower market wages leads to the over utilisation of women in the household, and this, in turn, leads to lower productivity and lower wages for women in the marketplace. The situation is rational, but (as the prisoner's dilemma) it is generally Pareto inferior. Inequity at home breeds inequity in the marketplace and reciprocally, leading to a persistent gender gap. With learning by doing, at high levels of skill there is a Pareto superior equilibrium where men and women share efforts equally at home and receive the same pay in the marketplace, firms enhance their profits, and there is additionally more welfare at home. Updated Family Law and appropriate contracts can help resolve this Pareto inferior situation as well as increase productivity and economic growth in the economy as a whole (Pyle, 1990).
Seeking Inconsistency: Advancing Pluralism in International Criminal Sentencing

that murder should be severely punished, and even, perhaps, that murder justifies the harshest punishment that a criminal justice system can impose.1 But what if the murderer was provoked? Or what if the murderer faced peer or societal pressure to commit the crime? Empirical research suggests that any cross-cultural consensus that might have existed on initial, big-picture questions breaks down when such real-world circumstances are introduced. 142 Moreover, divergences in opinion are apt to become more dramatic when the circumstances in question extend beyond those ordinarily arising from domestic crimes. 143 So, for instance, what if the murder victim is a civilian killed during an armed conflict? Should the punishment for that crime vary depending on whether the murderer is a soldier in the army that illegally launched the conflict rather than a soldier in the army defending against the illegal aggression? Does it matter if the murder takes place in the context of widespread persecution against members of the murderer's ethnic group? Individuals from different cultures, ethnic groups, and nations answer these questions differently. Indeed, the very fact that the sentencing provisions of domestic criminal justice systems diverge so dramatically 144 suggests that the prospect of developing truly shared global norms of sentencing is a distinctly
Addressing Imperfections in the Tax System: Procedural or Substantive Reform?

* Visiting William W. Oliver Professor of Tax Law, Indiana University School of Law Bloomington and Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. A.B. 1987, Bryn Mawr College; J.D. 1990, New York University; LL.M. (Taxation) 1993, New York University. Ed. The authors would like to thank Ajay Mehrotra for helpful comments on a prior draft of this Review; Craig Lerner for helpful discussions; Brian Glazer for research assistance; and the Indiana University School of Law Bloomington and the University of Kansas School of Law for financial support.
Can the Sauvegarde Reform Save French Bankruptcy Law?: A Comparative Look at Chapter 11 and French Bankruptcy Law from an Agency Cost Perspective

This paper aims to cast Chapter 11 as concerned primarily with the agency problems and conflicts that inhere in the bankruptcy context. Chief among these problems is management's increased appetite for risk and the urge for management to wait out financial difficulties to the detriment of the firm as a whole. Chapter 11 mitigates these agency conflicts and their concomitant costs by ceding control - and in some cases cash or securities - to managers who timely file for bankruptcy protection. Since the agency problem is impossible to avoid altogether, Chapter 11 is likely to remain useful in this context, despite its drawbacks (e.g., increased cost of capital due to the impairment of the contractual rights of lenders and debtholders). French bankruptcy law is undergoing a dramatic development at the moment, and is moving towards a Chapter 11 framework where managers have an integral role in the reorganization process. The paper argues the former French bankruptcy regime was ineffectual largely as a result of its embedded misconception of the fundamental agency conflicts that insolvent firms undergo. The new sauvegarde procedure is considered and described as a welcome step for French bankrupts, workers, and most commercial parties.
Tax Reporting Aggressiveness and Its Relation to Aggressive Financial Reporting

ABSTRACT: We investigate the association between aggressive tax and financial reporting and find a strong, positive relation. Our results suggest that insufficient costs exist to offset financial and tax reporting incentives, such that nonconformity between financial accounting standards and tax law allows firms to manage book income upward and taxable income downward in the same reporting period. To examine the relation between these aggressive reporting behaviors, we develop a measure of tax reporting aggressiveness that statistically detects tax shelter activity at least as well as, and often better than, other measures. In supplemental stock returns analyses, we confirm that the market overprices financial reporting aggressiveness. We also find that the market overprices tax reporting aggressiveness, but only for firms with the most aggressive financial reporting.
Hot and cold hands on the PGA Tour: Do they exist?

In this paper, we develop a test for the "hot hand" effect on the PGA Tour using data from the 2014 season. We define "hot hand" in golf as having a greater probability of recording a birdie or better on a hole immediately following a birdie or better, rather than if the golfer recorded a par or worse. The test, based on the Poisson binomial distribution, takes into account each hole's relative difficulty and each player's propensity to record a birdie or better on similar types of holes. Our results seem to agree with most of the related work on hot hand effects in basketball, golf, and other sports; namely that it does not exist over the course of a season. We do, however, see that golfers may get hot in a tournament and go on what is commonly referred to in the golf parlance as a "birdie barrage".
Toward the Viability of State-Based Legislation to Address Workplace Captive Audience Meetings in the United States.

The U.S. Supreme Court has long interpreted the National Labor Relations Act as permitting employers to hold workplace captive audience meetings with their employees on labor-oriented issues. Employees must attend these meetings at pain of discharge and may not be able to leave these meetings, ask questions, or espouse pro-union views. Under Worker Freedom Act legislation percolating presently in a number of state legislatures, employers would not only be prohibited from holding mandatory sessions during work to express opinions on labor-related, political, and religious issues, but would be liable for retaliating against workers who reported the holding of such sessions. The focus of this essay is whether Worker Freedom Act legislation would be preempted by federal labor law. This essay answers this question in two ways. First, under current labor preemption doctrine and Supreme Court precedent interpreting rights of states to continue to regulate property and contract rights in the labor relations context, courts should find that such state laws are not preempted by the NLRA. Second, this essay renews the call for a reconceptualization of labor preemption doctrine by the Supreme Court to place such legislation on a more sound doctrinal foundation. Under this new conception, once federal labor law is satisfied by permitting the free exchange of ideas on unionization between employers and their employees, state should then be able to go beyond that floor and provide additional protections to employees to be free from mandatory indoctrination sessions by their employers at work.
Heterogeneity in Smokers' Responses to Tobacco Control Policies

This paper uses unconditional quantile regression to estimate whether smokers' responses to tobacco control policies change across the distribution of smoking levels. I measure smoking behavior with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and also with serum cotinine levels, a continuous biomarker of nicotine exposure, using individual-level repeated cross-section data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. I find that the cigarette taxes lead to reductions in both the number of cigarettes smoked per day and in smokers' cotinine levels. These reductions are most pronounced in the middle quantiles of both distributions in terms of marginal effects, but most pronounced in the lower quantiles in terms of tax elasticities. I do not find that higher cigarette taxes lead to statistically significant changes in the amount of nicotine smokers ingest from each cigarette. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Value of Confession: Admitting Mistakes to Build Reputation

ABSTRACT: Often, firms reveal oversights and bad decisions publicly through their financial reporting (for instance, restating earnings, impairing goodwill, etc.). These “confessions,” which usuall...
Does Ineffective Internal Control over Financial Reporting affect a Firm's Operations? Evidence from Firms' Inventory Management

ABSTRACT: We investigate whether ineffective internal control over financial reporting has implications for firm operations by examining the association between inventory-related material weaknesse...
Institutional investors as monitors of corporate diversification decisions: Evidence from real estate investment trusts

Abstract Determining whether diversification adds or destroys value is notoriously difficult, leaving open the question of the degree to which any diversification discount can be affected by management quality and oversight. This study uses the unique setting of real estate investment trusts (REITs), which can diversify over property types as well as locations, to examine this issue. We find that REITs that diversify by investing in more locations tend to be valued lower than REITs with a tighter geographical focus. More importantly, our results suggest that the diversification discount is lower for firms with more institutional ownership, especially institutional types that tend to be more active monitors.
Dan Freed: My Teacher, My Colleague, My Friend

At a recent meeting of the National Association of Sentencing Commissions, Yale professor Dan Freed was honored during a panel discussion titled "Standing on the Shoulders of Sentencing Giants," Dan Freed is indeed a sentencing giant. but he is the gentlest giant of all. It is hard to imagine that a man as mild-mannered, soft-spoken, and self-effacing as Dan Freed has had such a profound impact on federal sentencing law and so many other areas of criminal justice policy, Yet he has.I've been in many rooms with Dan Freed over the years -- classrooms, boardrooms, dining rooms, and others. Dan is usually a light and gentle participant, even in discussions he is leading. Yet time and again, he silences the gathering with his rare ability to synthesize arguments, convey important thoughts persuasively, and, above all, ask the right questions.
Incitement, Threats, and Constitutional Guarantees:First Amendment Protections pre- and post-Elonis

The First Amendment‘s protection of free expression does not extend to true threats. In Elonis v. United States, the Court had a golden opportunity to clarify true threat jurisprudence, especially in light of the standards that must be met when the state seeks to punish other (possibly terrifying) language such as that involved in incitement. Regrettably, the Elonis Court not only made the jurisprudence murkier but also cast into doubt the mens rea requirements of other federal statutes. The Court has almost guaranteed confusion in the lower courts about a variety of matters and has failed to take advantage of a great opportunity to provide direction with respect to the regulation of internet postings.
Reinventing Consumer Protection

Consumer fraud presents a continual puzzle. We have significant enforcement and education mechanisms, yet we continue to endure ever-evolving consumer fraud. I contend that the incidence of consumer fraud can be reduced through creative, efficient, non-traditional instruments of deterrence. This article proposes a plan for re-approaching consumer protection through selection of a protected group and a concentrated reallocation of resources. Specifically, I argue that enhancing sanctions for a vulnerable, reluctant-to-report consumer group will shift fraud perpetrators toward targets that are better able to defend themselves. Additionally, fraud perpetrators will have to operate with extra caution in their schemes to ensure that they will not inadvertently ensnare a member of the protected class. This measure would accomplish further protection of the selected group and moderately increase deterrence throughout the rest of the economy. However, I argue that this measure should be supplemented with another initiative. If we create a group consisting of randomly selected consumers and provide the members of that group with significant extra protection through higher sanctions and concentrated consumer education, fraud incidence will drop even more significantly. The concealed nature of the randomly protected consumer creates a general aura of deterrence. In this environment, fraud perpetrators never know whether a potential victim carries specially protected status - this elevates the risk of detection and the expected sanction for all consumers. Group protection enables enforcement to achieve deterrence without having to provide incremental, expensive protection to the entire population. Understanding how the perpetrators and consumers make decisions about engaging in transactions is the key to unlocking efficient methods, like those described, for achieving the objective of efficiently reducing incidence of consumer fraud.
Soft Shareholder Activism

This paper studies communications between investors and firms as a form of corporate governance. Activist investors cannot force their ideas on companies; they must persuade the board or other shareholders that implementing these ideas is beneficial to the firm. I show that the threat of voice (i.e., launching a public campaign) facilitates communication, whereas the option to exit facilitates communication if and only if the proposal is risky relative to the status quo or voice is ineffective as a governance mechanism. The analysis identifies factors that contribute to successful dialogues between investors and firms.ReceivedMay 31, 2017; editorial decision September 4, 2018 by Editor Francesca Cornelli.
Growth, agglomeration, and urban congestion

Abstract We consider a microfounded urban growth model with two regions and a mass of mobile workers to study interactions among growth, agglomeration, and urban congestion. Unlike previous research in the urban growth literature, we formulate the model as a one-shot game and take an evolutionary game-theoretic approach for stability analysis. Our approach enables us to analyze stability of nonstationary equilibria in which populations of each region are not constant over time. We show that if both the expenditure share for housing and inter-regional transport cost are small, a stable stationary equilibrium does not exist. Moreover, in such a case, we show that there can exist a stable nonstationary equilibrium in which mobile workers agglomerate in one region at first but some of them migrate to the other region later. We argue that such a nonstationary location pattern is related to return migration.
The Role of Facilitation in Praxis

Notice: This is the author’s version of a work accepted for publication by Elsevier. Changes resulting from the publishing process, including peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms, may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in:
The Effects of Product Liability Litigation on the Value of Firms

We use event study methodology to examine the effects of product liability litigation on firms in the automobile and pharmaceutical industries. We find that the filing of a lawsuit, or news stories that subsequently lead to the filing of a lawsuit, is associated with significant losses in firm value. These losses are approximately equal to the upper bound of the direct loss in value of the firms involved. This means that there may also be some reputation effect from litigation events. We also find that in the automobile industry competitors lose when one firm is sued, but in the pharmaceutical industry a lawsuit against one firm leads to an increase in value of other firms.
Persuading Risk-Conscious Agents: A Geometric Approach.

We consider a persuasion problem between a sender and a non-expected utility maximizing receiver whose utility may be nonlinear in her belief; we call such receivers risk-conscious. Such utility models arise, for example, when the receiver exhibits sensitivity to the variance of the payoff on choosing an action (e.g., uncertainty-aversion when waiting for a service). Due to this nonlinearity, the revelation principle fails and action recommendations no longer suffice for optimal persuasion. To overcome this challenge, we develop an optimization framework using the underlying geometry of the persuasion problem to pose it as a convex optimization program. We use this approach to analyze the setting of binary persuasion, where the receiver has two actions and the sender prefers one of them over the other in every state. Under a mild convexity assumption, we reduce the persuasion problem to a linear program, and establish a canonical basis for the set of signals in an optimal signaling scheme. The signals in this canonical set either reveal the state, or induce in the receiver uncertainty between two states. Finally, we apply our methods to optimally share waiting time information in a queueing system with uncertainty-averse customers.
Commodity Index Investing: Speculation or Diversification?

A number of seemingly unrelated commodities experienced simultaneous price spikes in 2007 and 2008. Congress investigated the increase in prices and concluded that the price increases were attributable not to supply and demand fundamentals but rather excessive speculation from commodity index investing. In this article, the authors evaluate whether commodity index investing is a disruptive force in commodity futures markets. Using the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s Commitments of Traders reports, the authors conclude that because of its passive, long-only nature, commodity index investing is not speculation. In addition, the authors conclude that commodity index flows, whether due to rolling over existing futures positions or establishing new ones, have little impact on futures prices.
It's Baaaack: Zeroing, the US Department of Commerce, and US‒Shrimp II (Viet Nam)

In its Final Modification for Reviews the US DOC announced on 14 February 2012 that it would cease the use of zeroing in the calculation of anti-dumping (AD) margins in all reviews as of 16 April 2012. However, it did not pertain to targeted dumping. In its Final Rule of 22 April 2014, it codified substantial discretion in calculating AD duties, including the use of zeroing, in targeted dumping. Thus the panel in US‒Shrimp II (Viet Nam) erred in not finding ‘as such’ inconsistency by the US with the AD Agreement, despite this not being a targeted dumping complaint. Given the record of the US in complying with zeroing petitions, it should have incurred the burden of proof, which is not satisfied by these pronouncements. Market structure should be used by panels in ‘as applied’ inconsistency determinations. Viet Nam should have included an Article 3 violation in its complaint.
Models and perspectives on stage: remarks on Giere’s Scientific perspectivism

Abstract Ron Giere’s recent book Scientific perspectivism sets out an account of science that attempts to forge a via media between two popular extremes: absolutist, objectivist realism on the one hand, and social constructivism or skeptical anti-realism on the other. The key for Giere is to treat both scientific observation and scientific theories as perspectives , which are limited, partial, contingent, context-, agent- and purpose-dependent, and pluralism-friendly, while nonetheless world-oriented and modestly realist. Giere’s perspectivism bears significant similarity to earlier ideas of Paul Feyerabend and John Dewey. Comparing these to Giere’s work not only uncovers a consilience of ideas, but also can help to fill out Giere’s account in places where it is not fully developed, as well as helping us understand the work of these earlier authors and their continuing relevance to contemporary concerns in philosophy of science.
Conflicting Logics? A Multidimensional View of Industrial and Academic Science

A growing body of research views industrial and academic science as characterized by conflicting institutional logics. However, other scholars have long claimed that stark differences between the two sectors exist in theory but not in practice. Drawing on both views and the broader organizational literature, we develop a conceptual framework to compare and contrast industrial and academic science along four interdependent dimensions: 1 the nature of work, 2 characteristics of the workplace, 3 characteristics of workers, and 4 the disclosure of research results. We then employ detailed survey data on a sample of more than 5,000 research-active life scientists and physical scientists to examine key aspects of the framework empirically. Our results suggest that the conflicting logics view tends to overstate differences across sectors while ignoring important heterogeneity within sectors. We further advance the understanding of institutional logics by examining the relationships among dimensions of science, including the degree to which differences in the nature of work explain differences in how work is organized and results are disclosed. We discuss directions for future research on the institution of science as well as implications for managers and policy makers concerned with scientific activity within and across sectors.
Net selectivity revisited: An extension

In this critique of Kochman and Badarinathi's study (1993) of net selectivity, mutual funds are not found to have a return distribution exhibiting limited semivariance when monthly return data are used. Several funds are overrated, however, in the sense that they have negative semivariance-adjusted excess returns, despite having positive beta-adjusted excess returns. Similar results are obtained using the Standard and Poor's 500 Index, which was employed by Kochman and Badarinathi, and the Wilshire 5000.
Apportionment, Allegiance, and Birthright Citizenship

Trump v. New York appears to present the Supreme Court with a simple question of statutory construction: do federal statutes allow the President to exclude unlawfully resident aliens from the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives? The President claims that they do. A three-judge District Court ruled that they do not. However, many arguments for the President go further and assert that the Constitution supports or even compels the exclusion. Some are historical, like the argument that no federal law restricted immigration before 1875, or that apportionment historically included aliens only because they were on a path to citizenship. Others assert that unlawfully present aliens should not be counted because they are outside the allegiance, jurisdiction, and polity of the United States. Some even utilize discredited theories that reject birthright citizenship for U.S.-born children of aliens. This Article rebuts those arguments and shows constitutional history supporting inclusion in the decennial apportionment. It demonstrates that the arguments ignore early federal, state, and colonial restrictions on immigration and naturalization and are inconsistent with fundamental constitutional principles governing apportionment, liability for treason, and birthright citizenship. Because these arguments reach far beyond the apportionment issue and threaten to surreptitiously alter longstanding constitutional law, the Court should disregard them and decide the case on statutory rather than constitutional grounds. If instead the Court addresses these arguments, it should reject them and reaffirm longstanding principles governing apportionment, liability for treason, and birthright citizenship.
Who Decides Who Decides in International Investment Arbitration

The past twenty years have witnessed a dramatic rise in international adjudication, and especially in international investment arbitration. As international investment arbitration has become more prominent and pervasive, one of its fundamental tenets has come under fire: the practice of having the parties themselves nominate one or more of the arbitrators. Critics contend that party-appointed arbitrators are inherently biased and thus propose eliminating party-appointments altogether. In this article, I argue that moving away from party-appointed arbitrators is unwarranted and unwise, and would too radically transform international investment arbitration. Instead, I propose a simpler solution: adopting stricter arbitrator challenge rules and enlarging the pool of arbitrators. There is no need to gut the arbitration selection system to fix it. Instead, the solution lies in improving the process of deciding who decides the world’s international investment disputes. * Assistant Professor of Law, University of Richmond School of Law; LLM, JSD (Yale). This paper benefitted from suggestions made at the International and Comparative Law Colloquium at George Washington School of Law, the European Society of International Law Research Forum, the Faculty Exchange Colloquium at Temple University Beasely School of Law and the Faculty Workshop at Richmond University School of Law. I am particularly grateful to Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Jeffrey L. Dunoff, Susan Karamanian, Pieter Jan Kuijper, Sean Murphy, Catherine Rogers, Jeremy Sharpe, Guglielmo Verdirame, Santiago Villalpando, Michael Waibel, and to my colleagues Corinna Lain and Jim Gibson for their valuable comments. Fatema Munis provided excellent research assistance. 1 Giorgetti: Who Decides Who Decides in International Investment Arbitration? Published by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository, 03_GIORGETTI_3.13.14 (DO NOT DELETE) 3/13/2014 11:49 AM 432 U. Pa. J. Int’l L. [Vol. 35:2
Virtual Liberty: Freedom to Design and Freedom to Play in Virtual Worlds

Regulation of virtual worlds has become an important issue in cyberspace law as more and more people spend increasing amounts of their lives in these spaces. This essay discusses the basic questions of freedom and regulation in virtual environments. There are three kinds of freedom in virtual worlds. The first is the freedom of the players to participate in the virtual world through their in-game representations, or avatars. This is the freedom to play. The second is the freedom of the game designer to plan, construct, and maintain the virtual world. This is the freedom to design. A third is the collective right of the designers and players to build and enhance the game space together. This is the freedom to design together. These rights overlap in important respects with the constitutional rights of freedom of speech, expression and association. Virtually all activity in virtual worlds must begin as some form of expression, and therefore virtually all forms of legally redressable injury in virtual worlds will be some form of communications tort. However, the law of the First Amendment, as it currently exists, does not adequately protect many important features of the rights to design and play. Many virtual spaces are rapidly becoming sites of real world and virtual world commerce. In the future game designers will likely attempt to invoke the First Amendment to avoid regulation of their business practices. However, game designers will lose First Amendment protection to the extent that they encourage real-world commodification of virtual items. The article concludes by discussing different models of regulation of virtual worlds, including the model of consumer protection, the virtual world as company town, and virtual worlds as places of public accommodation.
The Stealth Press Clause

III. THE STEALTH PRESS CLAUSE 736 A. PRESS-SPECIFIC CASES 736 1. Taxation of the Press Cases 737 2. Daily Mail Principle Cases 738 3. Editorial Discretion Cases 740 B. PRESS-FOCUSED CASES 741 1. Prior Restraint Cases 742 2. Defamation Cases 744 C. THE LANGUAGE OF A UNIQUE “PRESS” 746 1. It’s the “Other” 746 2. It’s Not Just Printing Technology 747 3. It’s Interchangeable With News Media 748
INCENTIVE EFFICIENT PRICE SYSTEMS IN LARGE INSURANCE ECONOMIES WITH ADVERSE SELECTION

We decentralize incentive efficient allocations in large adverse selection economies by introducing a competitive market for mechanisms, that is, for menus of contracts. Facing a budget constraint, informed individuals purchase (lottery) tickets to enter mechanisms, whereas firms sell tickets and supply slots at mechanisms at given prices. Beyond optimization, market clearing, and rational expectations, an equilibrium requires that firms cannot favorably change, or cut, prices. An equilibrium exists and is incentive efficient. An equilibrium can be computed as the solution to a programming problem that selects the incentive efficient outcome preferred by the highest type within an appropriately defined set. For two-types economies, this is the only equilibrium outcome.
Variable Selection in Seemingly Unrelated Regressions with Random Predictors

This paper considers linear model selection when the response is vector-valued and the predictors, either all or some, are randomly observed. We propose a new approach that decouples statistical inference from the selection step in a “post-inference model summarization” strategy. We study the impact of predictor uncertainty on the model selection procedure. The method is demonstrated through an application to asset pricing.
Optimal Export Policy for a New-Product Monopoly: Comment

Disputes Bagwell’s (1991) proposition that export subsidies are welfare enhancing under certain conditions, claiming that it can be generalized do domestic and non‐monopolistic situations and, established products, and that it should take into account externalities, economic welfare, the infant industry argument and bankruptcy.
Response times in economics: Looking through the lens of sequential sampling models

Abstract Economics is increasingly using process data to make novel inferences about preferences and predictions of choices. The measurement of response time (RT), the amount of time it takes to make a decision, offers a cost-effective and direct way to study the choice process. Yet, relatively little theory exists to guide the integration of RT into economic analysis. This article presents a canonical process model from psychology and neuroscience, the Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM), and shows that many RT phenomena in the economics literature are consistent with the predictions of the DDM. Additionally, use of the class of sequential sampling models facilitates a more principled consideration of findings from cognitive science and neuroeconomics. Application of the DDM demonstrates the rich inference made possible when using models that can jointly model choice and process, highlighting the need for more work in this area.
Attorneys as Arbitrators

Abstract We study the role of attorneys as arbitrators in securities arbitration. We find that arbitrators who also represent brokerage firms or brokers in other arbitrations award significantly less compensation to investor‐claimants than do other arbitrators. We find no significant effect for attorney‐arbitrators who represent investors or both investors and brokerage firms. The relation between representing brokerage firms and arbitration awards remains significant even when we control for political outlook. Arbitrators who donate money to Democratic political candidates award greater compensation than do arbitrators who donate to Republican candidates. We also study the dynamics of panel interaction. We find that the position of chair is an important factor in assessing an arbitrator’s influence, although the financial relationships of other arbitrators may also affect arbitration awards. Coalitions with the other arbitrators are also important. If the chair and another panelist possess a common attri...
A Model of Technological Progress in the Microprocessor Industry

This paper develops a model of technological progress in the microprocessor industry that connects the seemingly disparate engineering and economic measures of technological progress. Technological progress in the microprocessor industry is driven by the repeated adoption of higher quality vintages of capital equipment produced by the upstream semiconductor equipment industry. The model characterizes the optimal adoption decision of a microprocessor firm and the resulting rate of technological progress. In conjunction with parameters estimated using a new dataset of the microprocessor industry, the model suggests explanations for the acceleration in technological progress during 1990-2000 and the subsequent slowdown.
Mergers, Taxes, and Historical Materialism

In the last few years, corporate mergers and acquisitions witnessed explosive growth. Although more recent market conditions have halted the latest merger movement, scholars and commentators have used the earlier rise in merger activity to reevaluate the preferential tax treatment granted to those mergers and acquisitions that fall under the U.S. tax law’s definition of a corporate “reorganization.” Under the current Internal Revenue Code, neither shareholders nor corporations recognize gain or loss on the exchange of stock or securities in transactions that qualify as a “corporate reorganization.” The significance of this tax rule raises a central question: why does this tax preference exist? Since its statutory inception in 1919, numerous scholars have debated the theoretical justifications for this tax law. Few, however, have sought to move beyond intellectual and conceptual origins to address the more pertinent question of institutional development: how and why has this tax benefit become a deeply entrenched part of American corporate tax law? This Article mainly addresses this second question. It contends that historically constituted political and economic interests have gradually transformed this law from its beginnings as a limited statutory exception into a modern version of voluntary corporate welfare. This transformation can be explained less by resort to timeless economic logic or legal doctrine than by reference to the institutional dynamics and the unfolding of concrete economic, political, and social processes. In chronicling the early phases of this gradual transformation, this Article has two interrelated objectives. First, it seeks to historicize the prehistory, the statutory origins, and the early liberalization of this corporate tax law. Second, this Article highlights the chronological and contingent development of the reorganization