cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing Bargaining Solutions in the Shadow of Conflict: How Norms against Threats Can Have Real Effects☆

Abstract In many economic environments agents make costly and irreversible investments (in “guns”) that may enhance their respective threat payoffs but also shrink the utility possibilities set. In such settings, with variable threats and a variable utility possibilities set, it becomes possible to rank different bargaining solutions in terms of efficiency. We compare bargaining solutions within a class in which the influence of the threat point on the bargaining outcome varies across solutions. Under symmetry, we find that the solution in which the threat point is least influential—the equal sacrifice solution—Pareto-dominates the other solutions. Since the equal sacrifice solution puts the least weight on the threat point, norms against threats (that can be seen in many seemingly rhetorical pronouncements in adversarial relations) can mitigate some of the costs of conflict and therefore have efficiency-enhancing effects. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C78, D30, D70, D72, K42.
An integrating-sphere reflectometer for the determination of absolute hemispherical spectral reflectance.

Integrating sphere reflectometer for measuring absolute hemispherical spectral reflectance of surfaces
Nature of Strong Radio Sources

The possibility is examined that masses of gas, l0/sup 5/ to 10/sup 8/ sun masses, may accumulate at the center of galaxies and may behave as stars. The existence of such objects is supported theoretically by the energy requirements of strong radio galaxies that seem to demand large aggregations that either draw on nuclear energy or on the very consideiable gravitational energy that can arise in a massive body of stellar dimensions. Observations on the Seyfert galaxies are reviewed in support of this theory. (C.H.)
Towards a Coherent Theory of Physics and Mathematics: The Theory–Experiment Connection

The problem of how mathematics and physics are related at a foundational level is of interest. The approach taken here is to work towards a coherent theory of physics and mathematics together by examining the theory experiment connection. The role of an implied theory hierarchy and use of computers in comparing theory and experiment is described. The main idea of the paper is to tighten the theory experiment connection by bringing physical theories, as mathematical structures over C, the complex numbers, closer to what is actually done in experimental measurements and computations. The method replaces C by C n which is the set of pairs, R n ,I n , of n figure rational numbers in some basis. The properties of these numbers are based on those of numerical measurement outcomes for continuous variables. A model of space and time based on R n is discussed. The model is scale invariant with regions of constant step size interrupted by exponential jumps. A method of taking the limit n→∞ to obtain locally flat continuum-based space and time is outlined. Also R n based space is invariant under scale transformations. These correspond to expansion and contraction of space relative to a flat background. The location of the origin, which is a space and time singularity, does not change under these transformations. Some properties of quantum mechanics, based on C n and on R n space are briefly investigated.
Gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular amination of allylic alcohols with alkylamines.

A 1:1 mixture of (1)AuCl [1 = P(t-Bu)2o-biphenyl] and AgSbF6 catalyzes the intramolecular amination of allylic alcohols with alkylamines to form substituted pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives. Gold(I)-catalyzed cyclization of (R,Z)-8-(N-benzylamino)-3-octen-2-ol (96% ee, 95% de) led to isolation of (R,E)-1-benzyl-2-(1-propenyl)piperidine in 99% yield with 96% ee, consistent with the net syn addition of the amine relative to the departing hydroxyl group.
Semianalytical Correlations for NOx, CO, and UHC Emissions

To meet the future goals of reduced emissions produced by gas turbine combustors, a better understanding of the process of formation of various pollutants is required. Both empirical and analytical approaches are used to provide the exhaust concentrations of pollutants of interest such as NOx , CO, and unburned hydrocarbon with varying degrees of success. In the present investigation, an emission model that simulates the combustor by a number of reactors representing various combustion zones is proposed. A detailed chemical kinetic scheme was used to provide a fundamental basis for the derivation of a number of expressions that simulate the reaction scheme. The model addresses the combined effects of spray evaporation and mixing in the reaction zone. The model validation included the utilization of a large data base obtained for an annular combustor of a modern turbopropulsion engine. In addition to the satisfactory agreement with the measurements, the model provided insight into the regions within the combustor that could be responsible for the excessive formation of emissions. Methods to reduce the emissions may be implemented in light of such information.
Superconducting NbTi and Pb(Cu) bandpass filters

Superconducting Nb 0.45 >Ti 0.55 and Pb electroplated on Cu bandpass microwave filters have been constructed to investigate their low loss properties at 4.7 K. An interdigital stripline filter configuration was selected as the optimum structure for future applications. The filter was designed to operate at 8.45 GHz with an equal ripple bandwidth of 0.15 GHz. The insertion loss and the noise temperature contribution were measured at 4.7 K. In addition, the insertion loss was studied as a function of out-of-band power (up to 1 watt) and temperature (4.7 K to T c ). Results on an OFHC Cu filter are included for comparison.
The Causal Meaning of Genomic Predictors and How It Affects Construction and Comparison of Genome-Enabled Selection Models

The term “effect” in additive genetic effect suggests a causal meaning. However, inferences of such quantities for selection purposes are typically viewed and conducted as a prediction task. Predictive ability as tested by cross-validation is currently the most acceptable criterion for comparing models and evaluating new methodologies. Nevertheless, it does not directly indicate if predictors reflect causal effects. Such evaluations would require causal inference methods that are not typical in genomic prediction for selection. This suggests that the usual approach to infer genetic effects contradicts the label of the quantity inferred. Here we investigate if genomic predictors for selection should be treated as standard predictors or if they must reflect a causal effect to be useful, requiring causal inference methods. Conducting the analysis as a prediction or as a causal inference task affects, for example, how covariates of the regression model are chosen, which may heavily affect the magnitude of genomic predictors and therefore selection decisions. We demonstrate that selection requires learning causal genetic effects. However, genomic predictors from some models might capture noncausal signal, providing good predictive ability but poorly representing true genetic effects. Simulated examples are used to show that aiming for predictive ability may lead to poor modeling decisions, while causal inference approaches may guide the construction of regression models that better infer the target genetic effect even when they underperform in cross-validation tests. In conclusion, genomic selection models should be constructed to aim primarily for identifiability of causal genetic effects, not for predictive ability.
Cooperative synapse formation in the neocortex

Neuron morphology plays an important role in defining synaptic connectivity. Clearly, only pairs of neurons with closely positioned axonal and dendritic branches can be synaptically coupled. For excitatory neurons in the cerebral cortex, such axo-dendritic oppositions, termed potential synapses, must be bridged by dendritic spines to form synaptic connections. To explore the rules by which synaptic connections are formed within the constraints imposed by neuron morphology, we compared the distributions of the numbers of actual and potential synapses between pre- and postsynaptic neurons forming different laminar projections in rat barrel cortex. Quantitative comparison explicitly ruled out the hypothesis that individual synapses between neurons are formed independently of each other. Instead, the data are consistent with a cooperative scheme of synapse formation where multiple-synaptic connections between neurons are stabilized while neurons that do not establish a critical number of synapses are not likely to remain synaptically coupled.
Synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-N9-(4-hydroxy-1-buten-1-yl)adenine - new unsaturated analogues of adenosine

Abstract The title 1-butenols 5b and 6b were obtained by isomerization of 2-butenols 2b and 3b catalyzed by potassium tert-butoxide ( tBuOK) in dimethylformamide ( DMF). Reaction of Z-olefin 2b was highly stereoselective to give E-isomer 5b whereas E-olefin 3b afforded predominantly Z-isomer 6b. Compounds 5b and 6b are substrates for adenosine deaminase, 6b being substantially less active than 5b.
Hecke-symmetry and rational period functions

In this paper, we continue our work in the direction of a characterization of rational period functions on the Hecke groups. We examine the role that Hecke-symmetry of poles plays in this setting, and pay particular attention to non-symmetric irreducible systems of poles for a rational period function. This gives us a new expression for a class of rational period functions of any positive even integer weight on the Hecke groups. We illustrate these properties with examples of specific rational period functions. We also correct the wording of a theorem from an earlier paper.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Transient Two-Phase Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs

This paper presents a new method of analyzing the performance of a flowing well. The method uses a thermodynamic property known as the ''availability function.'' The advantage of the availability-function method of analysis is that it allows the calculation of the thermodynamic efficiency of all processes, including not only those that are large work producers or consumers but also those that do not have work production or consumption as their goal. The efficiency of a process indicates how closely the process reaches its ultimate performance. It can be used as a tool to compare various processes and to make a sound decision on where improvements are possible. The model developed in this study is capable of handling a single-component, single-phase or two-phase flow. The fluid-flow equations provide the thermodynamic properties--energy, enthalpy, entropy, and the fluid velocity--for use in the calculations of the theoretical maximum reversible work, the useful energy used to lift the hydrocarbon fluid from the bottom of the well to the surface, and the energy lost because of irreversibilities. Results obtained from this study show that (1) a considerable fraction of the fluid energy is lost because of irreversibilities, especially at the early stages of production, and (2)more » the thermodynamic efficiency of fluid production would be greatly improved by minimizing wellbore heat loss.« less
Curiosity, Interest and Engagement in Technology-Pervasive Learning Environments: A New Research Agenda

This paper identifies the need for developing new ways to study curiosity in the context of today’s pervasive technologies and unprecedented information access. Curiosity is defined in this paper in a way which incorporates the concomitant constructs of interest and engagement. A theoretical model for curiosity, interest and engagement in new media technology-pervasive learning environments is advanced, taking into consideration personal, situational and contextual factors as influencing variables. While the path associated with curiosity, interest, and engagement during learning and research has remained essentially the same, how individuals tackle research and information-seeking tasks and factors which sustain such efforts have changed. Learning modalities for promoting this theoretical model are discussed leading to a series of recommendations for future research. This article offers a multi-lens perspective on curiosity and suggests a multi-method research agenda for validating such a perspective.
On the fate of ingested pectin.

In the dog, when 140 gm. of pectin was fed with a mixed diet over a period of seven days, an average of 90 per cent of the pectin was decomposed; when fed during fasting an average of only 50 per cent was decomposed. During fasting decomposition of the pectin depended on the rate of passage through the gastro-intestinal tract, for in the dogs which defecated frequently the recovery of pectin ranged from about 75 to 96 per cent, while in the dogs which defecated but once during the absorption period the recovery ranged from 2 to 30 per cent. In other words, decomposition may be furthered if the pectin fed is retained for longer periods. In addition, the results indicate that the decomposition is carried further when pectin is added to a mixed diet than when given alone. The results obtained with humans, when fed similar quantities of pectin with a mixed diet, did not differ from those of the dog, for here too decomposition of about 90 per cent took place. However, when pectin was fed alone the recovery from human feces averaged less than in the case of the dog, indicating that the fasting man is capable of decomposing more pectin than the fasting dog. Our ileostomy experiments show both in the human and the dog that break down occurs chiefly in the colon and not in the upper intestine, and that bacterial enzymes are involved rather than the enzymes of the animal organism. We wish to thank Drs. P. Thorak and A. A. Goldsmith for permission to study their ileostomy cases.
The plasma display panel: a digitally addressable display with inherent memory

Despite a growing interest in graphic communication in computer systems and a rapidly developing computer technology, the cathode ray tube remains the most useful of available display devices. Its limitations, however, are serious, particularly in systems with many display terminals. Other than phosphorescence it has no memory. Its images, therefore, must be regenerated continually, and to avoid flicker they must be transmitted at video bandwidths. Furthermore, as an analog device in a digital environment the cathode ray tube requires signal conversion circuits that are both complex and expensive. Other limitations such as high voltage and space requirements are less serious but are still significant.
Choosing subsets: a size-independent probabilistic model and the quest for a social welfare ordering

“Subset voting” denotes a choice situation where one fixed set of choice alternatives (candidates, products) is offered to a group of decision makers, each of whom is requested to pick a subset containing any number of alternatives. In the context of subset voting we merge three choice paradigms, “approval voting“ from political science, the “weak utility model” from mathematical psychology, and “social welfare orderings” from social choice theory. We use a probabilistic choice model proposed by Falmagne and Regenwetter (1996) built upon the notion that each voter has a personal ranking of the alternatives and chooses a subset at the top of the ranking. Using an extension of Sen's (1966) theorem about value restriction, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for this empirically testable choice model to yield a social welfare ordering. Furthermore, we develop a method to compute Borda scores and Condorcet winners from subset choice probabilities. The technique is illustrated on an election of the Mathematical Association of America (Brams, 1988).
A material frame approach for evaluating continuum variables in atomistic simulations

We present a material frame formulation analogous to the spatial frame formulation developed by Hardy, whereby expressions for continuum mechanical variables such as stress and heat flux are derived from atomic-scale quantities intrinsic to molecular simulation. This formulation is ideally suited for developing an atomistic-to-continuum correspondence for solid mechanics problems. We derive expressions for the first Piola-Kirchhoff (P-K) stress tensor and the material frame heat flux vector directly from the momentum and energy balances using localization functions in a reference configuration. The resulting P-K stress tensor, unlike the Cauchy expression, has no explicit kinetic contribution. The referential heat flux vector likewise lacks the kinetic contribution appearing in its spatial frame counterpart. Using a proof for a special case and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that our P-K stress expression nonetheless represents a full measure of stress that is consistent with both the system virial and the Cauchy stress expression developed by Hardy. We also present an expanded formulation to define continuum variables from micromorphic continuum theory, which is suitable for the analysis of materials represented by directional bonding at the atomic scale.
Why Company-Specific Risk Changes over Time

Company-specific risk climbed steadily between 1962 and 1999 in the U.S. market but fell sharply between 2000 and 2003. This article explores the hypothesis that three factors are primarily responsible for observed changes in company-specific risk: changes in the market weights of “riskier” industries, changes in the relative role of small-capitalization stocks in the market, and measurement error associated with changes in within-industry concentration. Empirical tests reveal that each factor contributes to changes in company-specific risk over time and that, combined, these three factors largely explain changes in company-specific risk over the past 40 years.
Physically detached 'compact groups'

A small fraction of galaxies appear to reside in dense compact groups, whose inferred crossing times are much shorter than a Hubble time. These short crossing times have led to considerable disagreement among researchers attempting to deduce the dynamical state of these systems. In this paper, we suggest that many of the observed groups are not physically bound but are chance projections of galaxies well separated along the line of sight. Unlike earlier similar proposals, ours does not require that the galaxies in the compact group be members of a more diffuse, but physically bound entity. The probability of physically separated galaxies projecting into an apparent compact group is nonnegligible if most galaxies are distributed in thin filaments. We illustrate this general point with a specific example: a simulation of a cold dark matter universe, in which hydrodynamic effects are included to identify galaxies. The simulated galaxy distribution is filamentary and end-on views of these filaments produce apparent galaxy associations that have sizes and velocity dispersions similar to those of observed compact groups. The frequency of such projections is sufficient, in principle, to explain the observed space density of groups in the Hickson catalog. We discuss the implications of our proposal for the formation and evolution of groups and elliptical galaxies. The proposal can be tested by using redshift-independent distance estimators to measure the line-of-sight spatial extent of nearby compact groups.
Characteristics of currently available small digital computers

The purpose of this paper is to survey a rather well-defined group of computing machines. No attempt will be made to place these machines in order with respect to certain applications. However, a listing of their pertinent characteristics will be given.
Global energy and electricity futures

Abstract By the middle of the next century, global energy demand, driven by population and economic growth, will be in the range of 2–4 times the present level, depending on the effectiveness of energy efficiency and conservation globally. Even with maximum realistic conservation, the electricity component will be more than 4 times present usage. A massive expansion of non-fossil sources would be needed to slow the future annual increase in carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. At best, the contribution of the environmental trinity, solar, wind, and biomass, is not likely to exceed one-third of the electricity supply due to practical limitations. The bulk of the electricity will necessarily come from fossil fuels and from non-fossil sources such as hydro, nuclear, and geothermal energy. The annual carbon dioxide emissions will undoubtedly increase for the foreseeable future, even with intensive global conservation and efficiency efforts, unless the present constraints on a major expansion of these non-fossil sources are moderated.
Psychological issues in training for research in psychiatry

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the psychological issues in training for research in psychiatry. The traits of curiosity, psychological-mindedness, and a capacity to maneuver oneself into a properly receptive frame of mind should be present at least to some degree in all who undertake a research career in psychiatry. The major problem is first to detect young investigators who possess these traits and then to nurture and develop them to their fullest capacity, remembering that they can probably be easily squelched. This aspect of the problem emphasizes the importance of the training environment, the desirability of providing an environment in which originality can thrive. Such an environment implies training in asking questions and in the habits of reflection. The training environment should provide the models of investigators with these very qualities and must provide reinforcement and reward for curiosity and receptivity. It is also most desirable for training to take place in a multi-disciplinary setting where there is exposure to multiple approaches to the questions in the field. Seminars, conferences, and problem-solving workshops and retreats are of great importance; retreats being particularly helpful as they provide an atmosphere in which people have a chance to pursue problems in a continuing informal way, unrestrained by fixed agenda and rules of procedure.
On the convergence of regular families of cardinal interpolators

In this article, we develop a one parameter family of cardinal interpolants associated to a function ?. The main theorem gives conditions on ? and the parameter that allow Paley-Wiener functions to be recovered from their samples on the integer lattice ? n $\mathbb {Z}^{n}$ . Our methods unify previous work done on splines and the Gaussian and provide new examples of this phenomenon, including two families of multiquadrics.
A note on Farey fractions with odd denominators

Abstract In this paper we examine the subset F Q, odd of Farey fractions of order Q consisting of those fractions whose denominators are odd. In particular, we consider the frequencies of the values taken on by Δ=qa′−aq′ where a/q F Q, odd . After proving an asymptotic result for these frequencies, we generalize the result to the subset of elements of F Q, odd formed by restriction to a subinterval [α,β]⊆[0,1].
Deinking selectivity (Z-factor): a new parameter to evaluate the performance of flotation deinking process

Abstract This study proposes a deinking selectivity concept that considers both ink removal and fiber yield in determining the performance of deinking operations. The defined deinking selectivity, or Z-factor, is expressed by the ratio of ink removal expressed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) brightness gain or the reduction in relative effective residual ink concentration (ERIC) and the relative fiber (oven-dry basis) rejection loss. For most flotation processes, typical brightness Z-factor is on the order of unit value and ERIC Z-factor is on the order of 10 units. Therefore, the Z-factor weighted brightness gain and ERIC reduction have relevance to ISO brightness and ordinary ERIC reduction. Pilot-scale flotation deinking experiments showed that Z-factor weighted brightness gain and ERIC reduction are good indicators of deinking process efficiency. The period or stage Z-factors are good indicators of the efficiency of the periods or stages of a deinking process. The ERIC Z-factor can be directly related to the separation factor defined in chemical engineering science. A simple criterion developed using the stage Z-factor concept was applied to both pilot-scale experiments and an industrial recycling mill operation for determining the economics of a given period or stage in a flotation deinking operation.
Solving quantified verification conditions using satisfiability modulo theories

First-order logic provides a convenient formalism for describing a wide variety of verification conditions. Two main approaches to checking such conditions are pure first-order automated theorem proving (ATP) and automated theorem proving based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). Traditional ATP systems are designed to handle quantifiers easily, but often have difficulty reasoning with respect to theories. SMT systems, on the other hand, have built-in support for many useful theories, but have a much more difficult time with quantifiers. One clue on how to get the best of both worlds can be found in the legacy system Simplify which combines built-in theory reasoning with quantifier instantiation heuristics. Inspired by Simplify and motivated by a desire to provide a competitive alternative to ATP systems, this paper describes a methodology for reasoning about quantifiers in SMT systems. We present the methodology in the context of the Abstract DPLL Modulo Theories framework. Besides adapting many of Simplify's techniques, we also introduce a number of new heuristics. Most important is the notion of instantiation level which provides an effective mechanism for prioritizing and managing the large search space inherent in quantifier instantiation techniques. These techniques have been implemented in the SMT system CVC3. Experimental results show that our methodology enables CVC3 to solve a significant number of quantified benchmarks that were not solvable with previous approaches.
Chemistry of electron-rich conjugated polyenes (II)Synthesis of 1,1-dimethoxy- and 1,1,4-trialkoxy-1,3-butadienes and of 1,1,6,6-tetramethoxy-1,3,5-hexatriene†

Several poly-unsaturated, conjugated ketene acetals (Table I) have been obtained by 1,2- or 1,4-elimination of alcohol with potassium amide from unsaturated acetals or ortho-esters having hydrogen in an allylic position. The products have properties similar to simple electron-rich olefins as is apparent from their smooth addition reactions with alcohols.
Copper mediated oxidation of amides to imides by Selectfluor

The combination of Selectfluor and copper(I) bromide has shown a strong oxidation ability, readily oxidizing amides into the corresponding imides in acetonitrile at room temperature in less than 1 h. This transformation under mild conditions gives good to excellent chemical yields. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Market Structure and Innovation

I. Introduction, 395.—II. The model, 397.—III. Competitive entry and long-run equilibrium, 402.—IV. Welfare analysis of industry equilibria, 405.—V. Conclusion, 408.
A simple aqueous metathesis reaction yields new lanthanide monothiophosphates

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of two, new rare earth monothiophosphate materials, LaPO{sub 3}S.xH{sub 2}O and NdPO{sub 3}S.yH{sub 2}O, and their properties in comparison to the corresponding orthophosphates prepared by a similar aqueous metathesis reaction. Each of these new materials was found to exist in an amorphous phase similar to a corresponding orthophosphate mineral. The new rhabdophane-type oxythiophosphates were found to display reversible dehydration and rehydration under mild conditions. The materials were found to be thermally unstable. Disproportionation was found to occur at less than 450 deg. C under vacuum. Sulfur is lost during heating in air between 450 and 650 deg. C, according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments, yielding the orthophosphate. The monothiophosphate hydrates display broad photoluminescence in the visible under excitation by a 325 nm laser. The compounds were also analyzed using differential thermal analysis, FT-IR and UV/vis/NIR spectroscopy. - Graphical abstract: This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of two, new rare earth monothiophosphate materials, LaPO{sub 3}S.xH{sub 2}O and NdPO{sub 3}S.yH{sub 2}O. Each of these was found to exist in a phase similar to the orthophosphate mineral, rhabdophane. The monothiophosphate hydrates displayed broad photoluminescence in the visible under excitation by a 325 nm laser.
On Ginzburg’s lagrangian construction of representations of $GL(n)$

In 1991 V. Ginzburg observed that one can realize irreducible representations of the group $GL(n,C)$ in the cohomology of certain Springer's fibers for the group GL(d) (for all natural d). However, Ginzburg's construction of the action of GL(n) on this cohomology was a bit artificial (he defined the action of Chevalley generators of the Lie algebra gl(n) on the corresponding cohomology by certain explicit correspondences, following the work of A. Beilinson, G. Lusztig and R. MacPherson, who gave a similar construction of the quantum group $U_q(gl(n))$). In this note we give a very simple geometric definition of the action of the whole group GL(n,C) on the above cohomology and simplify the Ginzburg's results.
Review: Aspirin reduces vascular events but increases bleeding in primary and secondary prevention

Source Citation Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from random...
Inefficient Dynamic Portfolio Strategies or How to Throw Away a Million Dollars in the Stock Market

A number of portfolio strategies followed by practitioners are dominated because they are incompletely diversified over time. The Payoff Distribution Pricing Model is used to compute the cost of following undiversified strategies. Simple numerical examples illustrate the technique, and computer-generated examples provide realistic estimates of the cost of some typical policies using reasonable parameter values. The cost can be substantial and should not be ignored by practitioners. A section on generalizations shows how to extend the analysis to term structure models and other general models of returns.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
AutoSynch: an automatic-signal monitor based on predicate tagging

Most programming languages use monitors with explicit signals for synchronization in shared-memory programs. Requiring programmers to signal threads explicitly results in many concurrency bugs due to missed notifications, or notifications on wrong condition variables. In this paper, we describe an implementation of an automatic signaling monitor in Java called AutoSynch that eliminates such concurrency bugs by removing the burden of signaling from the programmer. We show that the belief that automatic signaling monitors are prohibitively expensive is wrong. For most problems, programs based on AutoSynch are almost as fast as those based on explicit signaling. For some, AutoSynch is even faster than explicit signaling because it never uses signalAll, whereas the programmers end up using signalAll with the explicit signal mechanism.AutoSynch} achieves efficiency in synchronization based on three novel ideas. We introduce an operation called closure that enables the predicate evaluation in every thread, thereby reducing context switches during the execution of the program. Secondly, AutoSynch avoids signalAll by using a property called relay invariance that guarantees that whenever possible there is always at least one thread whose condition is true which has been signaled. Finally, AutoSynch uses a technique called predicate tagging to efficiently determine a thread that should be signaled. To evaluate the efficiency of AutoSynch, we have implemented many different well-known synchronization problems such as the producers/consumers problem, the readers/writers problems, and the dining philosophers problem. The results show that AutoSynch is almost as efficient as the explicit-signal monitor and even more efficient for some cases.
Global Effects of Local Sound-Speed Perturbations in the Sun: A Theoretical Study

We study the effect of localized sound-speed perturbations on global mode frequencies by applying techniques of global helioseismology to numerical simulations of the solar acoustic wave field. Extending the method of realization-noise subtraction (e.g., Hanasoge, Duvall, and Couvidat, Astrophys. J. 664, 1234, 2007) to global modes and exploiting the luxury of full spherical coverage, we are able to achieve very highly resolved frequency differences that are then used to study sensitivities and the signatures of the thermal asphericities. We find that i) global modes are almost twice as sensitive to sound-speed perturbations at the bottom of the convection zone in comparison to anomalies well inside the radiative interior (r≲0.55R ⊙), ii) the m degeneracy is lifted ever so slightly, as seen in the a coefficients, and iii) modes that propagate in the vicinity of the perturbations show small amplitude shifts. Through comparisons with error estimates obtained from Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI; Scherrer et al., Solar Phys. 162, 129, 1995) observations, we find that the frequency differences are detectable with a sufficiently long time series (70 – 642 days).
Thriving in the post‐crisis economy: managing a nexus of capabilities

Purpose – The aim of this viewpoint is to highlight new management thinking for achieving growth in a difficult economic environment.Design/methodology/approach – The recent financial crisis has presented challenges for organizations to achieve growth while remaining sensitive to the needs of multiple stakeholders. These challenges were discussed in depth by senior executives attending a recent management conference. This summary is provided by a professor whose teaching and research focus on strategy and innovation, and distills the findings of the conference down to a guideline for strategic action.Findings – Executives discuss the need for more integrative thinking and coordinated practice, creating more meaning within their organizations, connecting more substantively with external constituencies, and moving beyond mostly short term performance measures. Managing the company as a “nexus of capabilities” provides important competitive benefits while meeting these needs.Practical implications – Strategi...
Beam energy dependence of the expansion dynamics in relativistic heavy ion collisions: Indications for the critical end point?

Abstract The flow harmonics v n and the emission source radii R out , R side and R long are studied for a broad range of centrality selections and beam collision energies in Au+Au ( s NN = 7.7 – 200 GeV ) and Pb+Pb ( s NN = 2.76 TeV ) collisions at RHIC and the LHC, respectively. They validate the acoustic scaling patterns expected for hydrodynamic-like expansion over the entire range of beam energies studied. The combined data sets allow estimates for the s NN dependence of the mean expansion speed 〈 c s 〉 , emission duration 〈 Δ τ 〉 and the viscous coefficients 〈 β ″ 〉 that encode the magnitude of the specific shear viscosity 〈 η / s 〉 . The estimates indicate initial-state model independent values of 〈 η / s 〉 which are larger for the plasma produced at 2.76 TeV (LHC) compared to that produced at 200 GeV (RHIC) ( 〈 4 π η / s 〉 LHC = 2.2 ± 0.2 and 〈 4 π η / s 〉 RHIC = 1.3 ± 0.2 ). They also show a non-monotonic s NN dependence for 〈 β ″ 〉 , 〈 c s 〉 and 〈 Δ τ 〉 , with minima for 〈 β ″ 〉 and 〈 c s 〉 , and a complimentary maximum for 〈 Δ τ 〉 . These dependencies signal a significant change in reaction dynamics in a narrow span of s NN , which may be linked to reaction trajectories close to the critical end point (CEP) in the phase diagram for nuclear matter.
Energy efficient scheduling for real-time embedded systems with QoS guarantee

While the dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) techniques are efficient in reducing the dynamic energy consumption for the processor, varying voltage alone becomes less effective for the overall energy reduction as the static power is growing rapidly. On the other hand, Quality of Service (QoS) is also a primary concern in the development of today's pervasive computing systems. In this paper, we propose a dynamic approach to minimize the overall energy consumption for soft real-time systems while ensuring the QoS-guarantee. The QoS requirements are deterministically quantified with the window-constraints, which require that at least m out of each non-overlapped window of k consecutive jobs of a task meet their deadlines. Necessary and sufficient conditions for checking the feasibility of task sets with arbitrary service times and periods are developed to ensure that the window-constraints can be guaranteed in the worst case. And efficient scheduling techniques based on pattern variation and dynamic slack reclaiming extensions are proposed to combine the task procrastination and dynamic slowdown to minimize the energy consumption. In contrast to the previous leakage-aware dynamic reclaiming work which never scales the job speed below the critical speed, we will show that it can be more energy efficient to reclaim the slack with speed lower than the critical speed when necessary. Through extensive simulations, our experiment results demonstrate that the proposed techniques significantly outperformed the previous research in both overall and idle energy reduction.
Recent methodologies toward the synthesis of valdecoxib: A potential 3,4-diarylisoxazolyl COX-II inhibitor

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammation, pain and fever. Cyclooxygenase catalyzes the initial step of biotransformation of arachidonic acid to prostanoids, and exist as three distinct isozymes; COX-I, COX-II and COX-III. Selective COX-II inhibitors are a class of potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drugs with reduced gastrointestinal (GI) side effects compared to nonselective inhibitors. 3,4-Diarylisoxazole scaffold is recurrently found in a wide variety of NSAIDs, protein kinase inhibitors, hypertensive agents, and estrogen receptor (ER) modulators. In the present review, we document on the recent synthetic strategies of 3,4-diarylisoxazolyl scaffolds of valdecoxib and its relevant structural analogues.
Infrared Radiative Properties of Heavily Doped Silicon at Room Temperature

This paper describes an experimental investigation on the infrared radiative properties of heavily doped Si at room temperature. Lightly doped Si wafers were ion-implanted with either boron or phosphorus atoms, with dosages corresponding to as-implanted peak doping concentrations of 10 20 and 10 21 cm -3 ; the peak doping concentrations after annealing are 3.1 × 10 19 and 2.8 × 10 20 cm -3 , respectively. Rapid thermal annealing was performed to activate the implanted dopants. A Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer was employed to measure the transmittance and reflectance of the samples in the wavelength range from 2 μm to 20 μm. Accurate carrier mobility and ionization models were identified after carefully reviewing the available literature, and then incorporated into the Drude model to predict the dielectric function of doped Si. The radiative properties of doped Si samples were calculated by treating the doped region as multilayer thin films of different doping concentrations on a thick lightly doped Si substrate. The measured spectral transmittance and reflectance agree well with the model predictions. The knowledge gained from this study will aid future design and fabrication of doped Si microstructures as wavelength selective emitters and absorbers in the midinfrared region.
Combinatorics of the Toric Hilbert Scheme

The toric Hilbert scheme is a parameter space for all ideals with the same multigraded Hilbert function as a given toric ideal. Unlike the classical Hilbert scheme, it is unknown whether toric Hilbert schemes are connected. We construct a graph on all the monomial ideals on the scheme, called the flip graph, and prove that the toric Hilbert scheme is connected if and only if the flip graph is connected. These graphs are used to exhibit curves in P 4 whose associated toric Hilbert schemes have arbitrary dimension. We show that the flip graph maps into the Baues graph of all triangulations of the point configuration defining the toric ideal. Inspired by the recent discovery of a disconnected Baues graph, we close with results that suggest the existence of a disconnected flip graph and hence a disconnected toric Hilbert scheme.
Joint optimization of pavement maintenance and resurfacing planning

This paper presents an analytical approach for joint planning of pavement maintenance and resurfacing activities that minimizes pavement lifecycle costs, including user, maintenance and resurfacing costs, for an infinite time horizon. The optimization problem is formulated as a nonlinear mathematical program with continuous pavement state and continuous time, and optimality conditions are derived. Managerial insights and practical implications are drawn from two realistic application scenarios, where the maintenance cost is either independent of or linearly dependent on pavement condition, to address impacts of routine maintenance activities on pavement resurfacing planning decisions. Numerical examples demonstrate clear trade-offs between maintenance and resurfacing activities in terms of both pavement improvement effectiveness and costs. This paper shows that maintenance activities, if applied optimally, have the potential to significantly prolong pavement service life between consecutive rehabilitations and reduce overall pavement lifecycle costs.
Designing a wireless network with directional antennas: frequency division issue

We design a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), where nodes are equipped with several multi-beam adaptive array (MBAA) systems. Such devices provide a great advantage for both space and frequency freedom, and produce a much better network throughput than traditional systems based on single frequency, omnidirectional transmission. A license-free bandwidth up to 7 GHz is available centered at 60 GHz. The problem to divide this bandwidth into several channels is described as frequency division issue in this paper. We have provided a possible solution for such a problem in our paper, formulated as a (K, M) list-coloring problem of the associated graph. Major results are presented based on two different models for connection requests. In addition, a numerical test is performed to verify the analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Hydride Reduction

The first enantioselective organocatalytic hydride reduction has been accomplished. The use of iminium catalysis has provided a new organocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective reduction of β,β-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to generate β-stereogenic aldehydes. The use of imidazolidinone 2 as the asymmetric catalyst has been found to mediate the transfer of hydrogen to a large class of enal substrates from ethyl Hantzsch ester. The capacity of catalyst 2 to accelerate E−Z isomerization prior to selective E-olefin reduction allows the implementation of geometrically impure enals in this operationally simple protocol.
Legal research for non-law librarians

Abstract Questions requiring access to legal publications are often asked in academic and public libraries, as well as in law libraries. Library users ask for information from statutes, codes, administrative regulations, and court reports. Though some questions should be referred to appropriate legal aid services, many can be satisfied by leading the patron to relevant legal publications. Some familiarity with legal publications and with the basics of legal research enables the librarian to serve library users effectively, and to decide when and where to refer the patron to another source of information.
Distributed Combustion Effects on Particle Damping

Virtually all solid propellants contain metal or metallic compounds as additives. A lack of mechanistic understanding is particularly evident in combustion instability work where typical acoustic analyses assume that all particulate combustion occurs at the propellant surface. Although it is widely accepted that this assumption is not physically accurate, there has been little previous effort to mathematicall y model the interactive effects of distributed combustion with the acoustic wave. This paper presents a model for calculating the effect of distributed combustion on viscous particle damping due to an acoustic wave. The model accounts for the changing particle size of burning aluminum for both original aluminum particles and agglomerated aluminum, burning to either oxide smoke or an oxide cap of specified size. The calculations have been compared to experimental data for a typical aluminized composite propellant. The calculated results show that significant combustion of the metal can occur relatively far from the burning surface and that the assumption that acoustic particle damping is constant for a given frequency is not valid. The calculated particle damping changed by a factor of two over a typical range of conditions used in T-burners.
Comparison of the battles at the Little Bighorn and at Isandhlwana. Medicolegal and forensic aspects.

Compared are two great and remarkably similar battles that occurred less than 3 years apart: the U.S. Cavalry versus the Plains Indians in the battle at the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory of the United States, and the British-Zulu battle at Isandhlwana in the Natal Province of South Africa. Computer evaluation, which was especially helpful in evaluating artifacts at the Montana site, could be an excellent tool to use in other such large-scale investigations.
The Galaxy Content of SDSS Clusters and Groups

Imaging data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey are used to characterize the population of galaxies in groups and clusters detected with the MaxBCG algorithm. We investigate the dependence of brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) luminosity, and the distributions of satellite galaxy luminosity and satellite color, on cluster properties over the redshift range 0.1 {<=} z {<=} 0.3. The size of the data set allows us to make measurements in many bins of cluster richness, radius and redshift. We find that, within r {sub 200} of clusters with mass above 3 x 10{sup 13} h {sup -1} M {sub sun}, the luminosity function (LF) of both red and blue satellites is only weakly dependent on richness. We further find that the shape of the satellite LF does not depend on cluster-centric distance for magnitudes brighter than {sup 0.25} M{sub i} - 5log{sub 10} h =-19. However, the mix of faint red and blue galaxies changes dramatically. The satellite red fraction is dependent on cluster-centric distance, galaxy luminosity, and cluster mass, and also increases by {approx}5% between redshifts 0.28 and 0.2, independent of richness. We find that BCG luminosity is tightly correlated with cluster richness, scaling as L {sub BCG} {approx} Mmore » {sup 0.3} {sub 200}, and has a Gaussian distribution at fixed richness, with {sigma}{sub logL} {approx} 0.17 for massive clusters. The ratios of BCG luminosity to total cluster luminosity and characteristic satellite luminosity scale strongly with cluster richness: in richer systems, BCGs contribute a smaller fraction of the total light, but are brighter compared to typical satellites. This study demonstrates the power of cross-correlation techniques for measuring galaxy populations in purely photometric data.« less