cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the electronic structure of organic Schottky contacts by photoemission spectroscopy

The alignment of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) of the organic luminescent semiconductor Gaq 3 relative to the Fermi level of Au was determined by depositing a Gaq 3 thin film in a multi-step growth procedure on an Au foil. Before growth and after each deposition step the sample was characterized by combined x-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS, UPS) measurements. Such measurements offer a direct way to determine the electronic structure of the interface. Our experiments demonstrate that this method allows distinguishing between band bending, charging and interface dipole related shifts in the UP-spectra. The additional XPS measurements allow the precise determination of the band bending occurring across the interface while comparison between XPS and UPS work function measurements allows one to pinpoint the organic film thickness dependent onset of charging phenomena. Our results show that the interface dipoles at Gaq 3 Schottky contacts with Au, Pt and Ag amount to 0.6 - 0.7 eV. Our experiments also show that final state screening shifts can be dismissed as insignificant in such orbital line-up measurements. This was shown at the chloroindium phthalocyanine (ClInPc)/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface where no such shifts were observed.
Backpressure with Adaptive Redundancy (BWAR)

Backpressure scheduling and routing, in which packets are preferentially transmitted over links with high queue differentials, offers the promise of throughput-optimal operation for a wide range of communication networks. However, when the traffic load is low, due to the corresponding low queue occupancy, backpressure scheduling/routing experiences long delays. This is particularly of concern in intermittent encounter-based mobile networks which are already delay-limited due to the sparse and highly dynamic network connectivity. While state of the art mechanisms for such networks have proposed the use of redundant transmissions to improve delay, they do not work well when the traffic load is high. We propose in this paper a novel hybrid approach that we refer to as backpressure with adaptive redundancy (BWAR), which provides the best of both worlds. This approach is highly robust and distributed and does not require any prior knowledge of network load conditions. We evaluate BWAR through both mathematical analysis and simulations based on a cell-partitioned model. We prove theoretically that BWAR does not perform worse than traditional backpressure in terms of the maximum throughput, while yielding a better delay bound. The simulations confirm that BWAR outperforms traditional backpressure at low load, while outperforming a state of the art encounter-routing scheme (Spray and Wait) at high load.
History of Psychology

Introduction Chapter 1 Psychology and the Ancients Chapter 2 Philosophical and Scientific Antecedents of Psychology Chapter 3 Early Studies of the Central Nervous System Chapter 4 Wilhelm Wundt and the Founding of Psychology Chapter 5 Edward Titchener and Hugo Munsterberg Chapter 6 German Psychologists of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Chapter 7 Gestalt Psychology in Germany and the United States Chapter 8 The History of Clinical Psychology and the Development of Psychoanalysis Chapter 9 Darwin, Galton, Cattell, James, and Hall Chapter 10 Functionalism at the University of Chicago and Columbia University Chapter 11 Historical Uses and Abuses of Intelligence Testing Chapter 12 The Research of Ivan Pavlov and the Behaviorism of John B. Watson Epilogue
The construction of stationary two-dimensional Markoff fields with an application to quantum field theory

Abstract It is shown that if φ ( f )  ∝ R d φ ( y ) f ( y ) dy is a Markoff random field and X α are multiplicative functionals of φ (with E ( X α ) = 1) which converge locally in L 1 , then there exists a locally Markoff random field φ ∗ such that E(exp(iφ ∗ (f))) = lim α E(X α exp (iφ(φ))) . We choose φ to be the two-dimensional generalization of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck velocity process and take X α proportional to exp(−λ∝ R 2 : P ( φ ( y )) : g α ( y ) dy ), where: P ( φ ( y )) : is a regularized even degree polynomial in φ ( y ). It is then proved that for an appropriate choice of g α → 1 and small λ, { X α } does converge locally in L 1 and that the corresponding φ ∗ is stationary.
Recent trends in meningococcal epidemiology and current vaccine recommendations

Purpose of review In 2005, a new meningococcal vaccine, tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) was approved for use. This review discusses the population for whom it is recommended and the logic underlying these recommendations. Recent findings The older meningococcal vaccine, composed of capsular polysaccharide, had limited use in civilian populations. The Centers for Disease Control and the American Academy of Pediatrics now recommend the routine vaccination of adolescents with MCV4. This recommendation is largely based on newer epidemiologic data showing a considerable risk of meningococcal disease in late adolescence, most of which is preventable with vaccine. Conclusion The new MCV4 vaccine should be used in primary-care practices for the immunization of all adolescents and high-risk children and adults. In the future, further studies are likely to show it to be safe and effective for younger children too.
A new perspective on antebellum slavery: Public policy and slave prices

Modern economic historians have focused their attention on the supervision and productivity of slavery and have largely ignored the roles that public policy and slave security played in the profitability of antebellum slavery. Other scholars have focused on the public security policy in the slave codes, but only as a determinant of the legal status of slaves, not their economic value. This paper investigates the relationship between slave prices and two public policies that enhanced slave security: manumission laws and slave patrol statutes. The evidence suggests that these policies were associated with slave prices and that public policy did play a significant role in the security of slave property and, thus, the viability and profitability of slavery in the Antebellum South.
Evaluation of neighborhood treatment systems for potable water supply

Piped water is available in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, but residual disinfectant is not reliably found in the public drinking water supply. Lack of confidence in the public supply leads many residents to rely on bottled water. To provide consistent disinfection, two health clinics were equipped with ultraviolet disinfection systems, and neighboring households were encouraged to obtain their drinking water from the treatment systems. Use of the treated water declined from 62% of self-selected study participants at the time of the first visit to 40% at the second visit. During the first visit, diarrhea prevalence was similar among households using treated water and other water sources yet diarrhea prevalence was higher among households using the treated water during the second visit. Microbiological quality of the treated water in the homes was not demonstrably superior to that of other sources.
Segmentation by visitor motivation in three Kenyan national reserves

Abstract This study addresses the needs of three national reserves in north central Kenya for developing a tourism strategy aimed at enhancing tourist opportunities at the reserves. In order to adequately address visitor needs, the reserve managers must first understand the motivations for different types of visitors. A factor-cluster approach was employed to identify visitor segment profiles based on their motivations for visiting the reserves. A principal components analysis of motivations revealed eight motivation factors, and three distinct visitor segments were identified using an ipsative clustering method. These segments included Escapists, Learners and Spiritualists. Understanding the differences in these visitor segments will help managers of the reserves better provide alternative activities and services to tourists. Management recommendations include providing scenic and expansive landscape viewing opportunities and developing a more competent and knowledgeable ranger corps capable of visitor education and outreach initiatives.
Reducible Galois Representations and the Homology of GL(3, ℤ)

Let Fp be an algebraic closure of a finite field of characteristic p. Let ρ be a continuous homomorphism from the absolute Galois group of Q to GL(3, Fp) which is isomorphic to a direct sum of a character and a two-dimensional odd irreducible representation. Under the condition that the Serre conductor of ρ is squarefree, we prove that ρ is attached to a Hecke eigenclass in the homology of an arithmetic subgroup Γ of GL(3,Z). In addition, we prove that the coefficient module needed is, in fact, predicted by the main conjecture of [3].
Preparation of chemically etched piezoelectric resonators for density meters and viscometers

Abstract Photolithography and chemical etching were investigated as a potential means of fabricating miniature piezoelectric devices. Among the acids studied, concentrated HCl demonstrated the fastest etching of PZT disks over a wide temperature range. HCl also proved to be compatible with some commercially available photoresists and so could be incorporated into a simple processing procedure for delineating and etching patterns in the ceramic. Using this technique, flexural mode resonators similar to tuning forks were generated with fundamental resonances between 10 and 115 kHz. These devices were then used to provide simultaneous measurements of the density and viscosity of liquids by monitoring the position of the resonance frequency and the width of the resonant peak, respectively.
L-dopa: Centrally mediated emission of seminal fluid in male rats

Abstract In male rats, various doses of l -dopa (i.p.) consistently induce emission of seminal fluid. The effect is potentiated by peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibition and is antagonized by central dopa decarboxylase inhibition with a high dose of RO 4-4602. Intracisternal injections of l -dopa, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine induce an emission of seminal fluid, while norepinephrine is ineffective. The l -dopa effect is antagonized by 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor blockers but not by α- and β-adrenergic receptor blockers, dopamine or cholinergic receptor blockers. Pituitary hormones and melatonin are not involved in the drug effect as hypophysectomy and variation in the lighting conditions did not alter l -dopa-induced emission. It is concluded that the l-dopa elicited emission of seminal fluid is centrally mediated through serotonergic mechanisms.
Bank Capital Requirements, Capital Structure and Regulation

This paper studies the impact of capital requirements, deposit insurance and franchise value on a bank’s capital structure. We find that properly regulated banks voluntarily choose to maintain capital in excess of the minimum required. Central to this decision is both firm franchise value and the ability of regulators to place banks in receivership stripping equity holders of firm value. These features of our model help explain both the capital structure of the large mortgage Government Sponsored Enterprises and the recent increase in risk taking through leverage by financial institutions. The insights gained from the model are useful in guiding the discussion of financial regulatory reforms.
METABOLIC STUDIES WITH I131 LABELED THYROID COMPOUNDS: COMPARISON OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND FATE OF RADIOACTIVE d-l-THYROXINE AFTER ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION IN THE HUMAN*

WE have been investigating the metabolism of thyroid compounds in the human by radioisotopic methods (1, 2, 3, 4). At the outset of our studies, the nature of circulating thyroid hormone was still uncertain and consequently we employed several different calorigenic compounds. These compounds were labeled with I131, and physiologic doses were administered orally to myxedematous patients both while they were hypothyroid prior to treatment and while they were euthyroid after adequate replacement therapy with unlabeled calorigen. Serial measurement of urinary and fecal elimination of I131, serial determinations of organic and of inorganic I131 in the blood, and serial in vivo measurements over several areas of the body were made. The nature of the radioiodine compounds in the urine was also studied. Three compounds—radioiodocasein, radiothyroglobulin and radiothyroxine—have been studied in this manner, and in each instance the behavior of labeled sodium iodide, equal in iodine content to the respective calori...
Direct Effects of Nerve Growth Factor on Thecal Cells from Antral Ovarian Follicles

TrkA, the nerve growth factor (NGF) tyrosine kinase receptor, is expressed not only in the nervous system, but also in nonneural cells, including discrete cellular subsets of the endocrine and immune system. In the rat ovary, trkA receptor abundance increases strikingly in thecal-interstitial cells during the hours preceding the first ovulation. Blockade of either trkA transducing capacity or NGF biological activity inhibited ovulation, suggesting a role for NGF in the ovulatory process of this species. To identify some of the processes that may be affected by trkA activation in the thecal compartment, we used purified thecal cells/thecal fibroblasts from bovine ovaries (heretofore referred to as thecal cells). Ribonuclease protection assays employing bovine-specific cRNA probes demonstrated the presence of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding NGF and its receptors, p75 NTR and trkA, in the thecal compartment of small, medium, and large antral follicles and showed that trkA mRNA is also expressed in granulosa cells. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical examination of intact ovaries confirmed these cellular sites of NGF and trkA synthesis. TrkA mRNA, but not NGF mRNA, was lost within 48 h of placing thecal cells in culture. Thus, to study trkA-mediated actions of NGF on these cells we transiently expressed the receptor by transfection with a vector containing a full-length rat trkA complementary DNA under transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. Because ovulation is preceded by an LH-dependent increase in androgen and progesterone production, the ability of NGF to modify the release of these steroids was determined in freshly plated cells still containing endogenous trkA receptors and in cells undergoing luteinization in culture that were transiently transfected with the trkA-encoding plasmid. NGF stimulated both androgen and progesterone release in freshly plated thecal cells, but not in luteinizing cells provided with trkA receptors. As ovulation in rodents requires an increased formation of PGE2 and has been shown to be antedated by proliferation of thecal fibroblasts, we determined the ability of NGF to affect these parameters in trkA-transfected thecal cells. The neurotrophin rapidly stimulated PGE2 release and amplified the early steroidal response to hCG in trkA-expressing cells, but not in cells lacking the receptor. Likewise, NGF stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into trkA-containing cells, but not into cells that had lost the receptor in culture. Induction of ovulation in immature rats by gonadotropin treatment verified that an increased cell proliferation in the thecal compartment, determined by the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into cell nuclei, occurs 4-5 h before ovulation in this species. These results suggest that the contribution of NGF to the ovulatory process includes a stimulatory effect of the neurotrophin on steroidogenesis, PGE2 formation, and proliferative activity of thecal compartment cells.
Rhenium, an in situ pressure calibrant for internally heated diamond anvil cells

The rheologic, chemical, thermal, and electrical properties of rhenium make it an excellent choice for containing and heating samples to very high pressures and temperatures in diamond anvil cells (DACs). In many experimental configurations, e.g., the internally heated diamond anvil cell (IHDAC), the rhenium parts are at or close to the pressure and temperature conditions of the sample. Because the pressure and temperature of the rhenium container are close to those of the specimen, rhenium offers an attractive means for determining pressure at high temperatures in x-ray diffraction experiments without the requirement of adding an additional material to the intricate and cluttered sample assembly. For this reason, we set out to determine an equation of state (EOS) of rhenium. We combine the isothermal equation of state of rhenium at ambient temperature with volume data collected at randomly distributed, simultaneous high pressure-temperature conditions. A linear dependence of thermal pressure on temperatu...
Plant demography, land-use history, and the commercial use of forests

Recently, a paper describing the long-term floristic effects of forest cutting in the southern Appalachians (Duffy & Meier 1992) appeared in this journal followed by a firestorm of criticism. The volume and venom of criticism surprised me because the paper's findings are not very exceptional; similar historical effects have been reported for a variety of European and American forest communities (e.g., Oosting & Humphreys 1940; Rackham 1975; Peterken & Game 1984; Whitney & Foster 1988; Dzwonko & Loster 1989; and others). In general, second growth woodlands tend to be impoverished in forest interior species relative to old growth stands on comparable sites, an effect that may last decades or even centuries after site abandonment. Impoverishment has been best documented in herbaceous plant species, but similar effects probably occur in many taxa (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team 1993). Examples of long-lived historical effects in forest floras are sufficiently numerous and sufficiently diverse that the existence of such effects should be beyond debate. Indeed, the impact of historical land use is so obvious that any observant person who visits the eastern deciduous forest will be aware of it. Unfortunately, simple correlations of stand history and species composition do not suggest useful strategies for forest management. Effective management requires a finer understanding of how individual forest species live in the forest environment. In particular it requires a careful demographic description of forest populations in the context of natural and human-mediated disturbance. As
Generic rebooting scheme and model-based probabilistic pruning algorithm for tree-like structure tracking

Tree-like vessel structures are an information-rich source for many image analysis tasks. Hence tracking algorithms extracting such structures have wide applicability. However, due to image artifacts and the minute nature of vessels, these algorithms face several challenges; two of the most common ones are 1) early termination, where tracking stops before the structure ends and 2) leaking, where tracking leaks into nearby closed organs or irrelevant structures. To address these issues, this paper makes two main contributions: a generic rebooting scheme that identifies early terminations and then restarts tracking to track objects in their entirety and a modelbased pruning algorithm that uses global optimization to identify and mitigate leaking. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by tracking coronary arteries on 3D cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) data from 28 human subjects. Our methods dramatically improve tracking results by detecting and recovering from early terminations and identifying and removing leaking in 98% (63 of 64) branches, with a single erroneously removed valid branch.
The role of atmospheric multiple scattering in the transmission of fluorescence light from extensive air showers

The contribution of multiply scattered photons to the air fluorescence signal from extensive air showers (EAS) is examined in this paper. A laser measurement, made with the Pierre Auger Observatory fluorescence detectors, is given as an example of the effect of atmospheric multiple scattering. Failure to account for multiple scattering can lead to errors in estimating the primary cosmic-ray energy and mass. Results from Monte Carlo simulations of multiple scattering are presented. Based on these simulations, the multiply scattered light fraction is parameterized in terms of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere and the geometry of the EAS. The application of this parameterization to beamed light sources, such as lasers and Cherenkov light, is also examined.
Legal Representation and Dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation: Implications for Claimant Adjustment

This study examined relationships between attorney retention and adjustment outcomes for Workers’ Compensation low back claimants at post-settlement (N = 1,464; 21 months post-claim settlement) and long-term follow-up (N = 371; 72 months post-claim settlement). Claimants were classified into three groups: those who had not retained an attorney (no attorney group, 15%); those who had retained an attorney, but for reasons other than dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation medical treatment (attorney group, 31%); and those who had retained an attorney specifically because of dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation medical treatment (dissatisfied/attorney group, 54%). Groups were compared on demographic characteristics, Workers’ Compensation variables, and adjustment indicators of pain intensity, pain-related disability, general physical and mental health status, and pain catastrophizing. Relative to the no attorney and attorney groups, claimants in the dissatisfied/attorney group were younger, had longer time to settlement, and reported greater post-settlement socioeconomic stress and catastrophizing. At long-term follow-up, the dissatisfied/attorney group reported higher levels of disability and catastrophizing, as well as lower levels of mental health status, relative to the other groups. The results suggest that attorney retention that is motivated by dissatisfaction with Workers’ Compensation medical care is a significant risk factor for poor adjustment, not only in the intermediate time frame following claim settlement, but also over the long term. Findings are discussed in the context of “perceived injustice” in the Workers’ Compensation system and the mechanisms by which dissatisfaction and attorney retention may impact adjustment.
Link state distribution rate scaling for maintaining topology in mobile wireless networks

In some current mobile ad hoc network designs, we have observed that the link state update protocol may take up all the network throughput and leave little to no capacity for data transmission. In this paper we explore the throughput scaling necessary to maintain an updated topology in a fixed rate mobile infrastructureless wireless network. We use a mobility model where each node travels along a random chord on the circle formed by the maximum transmission radius of the fixed rate system. Combined with a constant velocity and assuming independent movement, this allows us to determine a distribution for the time tos disconnection in the network, or link coherence time. For all-to-all topology updates, where after each link disconnect every node updates every other node of its link state, we show that the per node throughput for maintaining topologyscales as Ω(η2). We then develop numeric results for rate scaling using IP packets sized for Ethernet, that is 12 kbit (1.5 kbyte) packets. For this random chord mobility model, we show throughput scaling for networks of 10 to 1000 nodes. We plot results for 95%, 99%, and 99.9% probabilities of successful protocol distribution (based on the link coherence time distribution and the throughput) and for ratios of transmission range to velocity of 1, 10, and 100. We show that even for networks where the ratio of transmission range to velocity is 100 (that is, the transmission range is 100 times the velocity), the throughput scales on the order of Mb/s for networks with more than 100 nodes. For a 99.9% probability of successful protocol distribution, a network of 100 nodes with a ratio of transmission range to velocity of 100 requires a throughput per node of over 220 Mbps. For the same network with 1000 nodes, a throughput per node of over 23 Gbps is necessary.
Effect of gonadotropins on ovulation and ovarian histology in the immature Mongolian gerbil.

The present study is an analysis of the effects of super-ovulatory doses of gonadotropins on the rate and time of ovulation and ovarian histology in immature gerbils. Groups were treated with various combinations of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The maximum superovulatory response followed treatment with 10 IU PMSG and 20 IU HCG. High dosages of PMSG inhibited superovulation, as did some combinations involving the highest dose of HCG. Entrapment of ova within corpora lutea was common in groups receiving high doses of either gonadotropin. Luteal regression, appearing by day 3, occurred often in groups receiving high doses of HCG. A dose of 10 IU PMSG and 5 IU HCG resulted in both a near maximal superovulatory response and the least abnormal ovarian alteration.
Subharmonic generation of edge waves by nonuniform incident waves

Subharmonic resonance of edge waves by incident and reflected waves on a plane beach has been studied thus far either without any long-shore modulation or with long-shore modulation on the scale O(kϵ)−1 where k is the wave number of the edge wave and ϵ the characteristic wave slope. In the former case, the evolution equation of the edge wave amplitude is an ordinary differential equation involving a cubic term; in the latter it becomes coupled partial differential equations of the cubic Schrodinger type. We study here yet another kind of long-shore modulation as a result of nonuniformity in the envelope of the incident/reflected waves. In addition to the initial growth, nonlinear forced evolution is also examined. It is shown that incident reflected wave packet of long-shore width on the scale O(kϵ3)−1 or longer will essentially leak O(1) subharmonic progressive edge waves from the sides.
A potential role for the estrogen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast carcinogenesis.

Purpose. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a critical role in the oxidative metabolism of a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including drugs. Although intermediate CYP metabolites are believed to play a role in carcinogenesis, little is known about tissue-specific CYP expression and the role of local activation in breast carcinogenesis. The goals of this study are to identify CYPs expressed in breast tissue by measuring mRNA levels and to determine whether there are differences in mRNA levels between breast tumors and histologically-normal adjacent breast tissue. Experimental design. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was used to quantitate mRNA expression levels of 11 CYPs in 29 human breast tumor and non-tumor adjacent tissue pairs. The CYPs examined included: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5. Results. Only four CYPs were detected in breast tumor or adjacent tissue: CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2C9, CYP3A4. Each of these CYPs was expressed in at least 75% of the samples. Three of these CYPs are involved in estradiol hydroxylation (CYP1A1, 2-OH; CYP1B1, 4-OH; CYP3A4, 2- and 16-OH). CYP2C9 is involved in the conversion of estrone sulfate to the 16-hydroxy sulfate metabolite. Higher levels of CYP1B1 and 3A4 were found more often in non-tumor tissue than in tumor tissue (P < 0.04). CYP1A1 was elevated in non-tumor tissue only among pairs in which the tumor expressed the estrogen receptor (ER+, P < 0.03). All of these results were independent of recorded clinical–pathological covariates. Conclusions. CYPs involved in estrogen metabolism are expressed in both tumor and non-tumor breast tissue. Local activation of estrogen to potentially reactive metabolites by the CYPs in breast tissue may play a role in initiating and promoting the carcinogenic process.
Metabolism: 'channeling' Hans Krebs.

The physical arrangement of enzymes within native metabolic pathways is emerging as an important but underexplored area of molecular biology. Recent advances in mass spectrometry enabled confirmation of the proposal that the Krebs cycle enzymes form a complex and suggest that substrate channeling is the most likely benefit to this structural arrangement.
"How should I go from ___ to ___ without getting killed?": motivation and benefits in open collaboration

Many people rely on open collaboration projects to run their computer (Linux), browse the web (Mozilla Firefox), and get information (Wikipedia). While these projects are successful, many such efforts suffer from lack of participation. Understanding what motivates users to participate and the benefits they perceive from their participation can help address this problem. We examined these issues through a survey of contributors and information consumers in the Cyclopath geographic wiki. We analyzed subject responses to identify a number of key motives and perceived benefits. Based on these results, we articulate several general techniques to encourage more and new forms of participation in open collaboration communities. Some of these techniques have the potential to engage information consumers more deeply and productively in the life of open collaboration communities.
Gas Injection for Upstructure Oil Drainage

Oil recovery from high-relief reservoirs can be increased by down-structure gas injection. In this process, often called Attic Oil Recovery, gas is injected in the structurally highest well in the reservoir. The injected gas well migrate up-structure, forming a secondary gas cap and displacing oil downward. Many authors have reported on field applications of the Attic Oil Recovery process. In 1971, Combs and Knezek published theoretical guildelines and field data concerning the maximum gas/oil segregation rate and the minimum and actual gas requirements to recovery one barrel of oil. This work presents results of a numerical model study of an Attic Oil Recovery process and defines the variables that control the reservoir performance of a successful project. A method is presented to calculate the required gas injection volumes. 15 references.
Continuous mappings between general systems

The concept of S-continous mapping from general systems into general systems is introduced. This concept turns out to unify the concept of continuous mappings in topology, the concept of homomorphisms in algebra, etc.. Some mapping properties of S-continuous mappings, constructions of S-continuous mappings, and hierarchies of systems with S-continuous linkage mappings are studied. The controllability of the pre-image system of a controllable system is shown to be controllable.
Turner's syndrome associated with bilateral retinal detachments

Purpose To report a case of Turner's syndrome associated with bilateral funnel-shaped retinal detachments. Methods We examined a 2-month-old female infant with Turner's syndrome who was referred with a diagnosis of bilateral leukocoria. Results Clinical examination showed bilateral funnel-shaped retinal detachments resembling stage V retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusion Bilateral retinal detachments should be added to the list of ocular findings in Turner's syndrome. Patients with Turner's syndrome need early ophthalmologic examinations not only to treat common strabismus abnormalities but also to diagnose and treat posterior segment abnormalities.
Open Trade, Closed Borders: Immigration in the Era of Globalization

What explains variation in immigration policy, especially policy regulating low-skill workers? A common argument invokes prejudice against foreigners as an explanation for why nations close their economies to immigrants. This prejudice has been ubiquitous throughout history even as immigration policies changed. Social theories of this sort may be descriptively true but are not helpful in predicting variation in policy. Other scholars have turned to the role that native labor plays in protecting its interests against immigration, but they have not explained why labor is able to restrict immigration when it has not been able to restrict trade, even though open trade has wreaked as much, if not more, havoc on labor. A third group of scholars focuses on states' concerns about the fiscal costs of immigrants as an explanation for the changes in policy over time. While fiscal costs are likely to play a role, this argument cannot explain exclusion prior to the creation of the modern welfare state in the early twentieth century. Finally, a fourth group of scholars has examined the power of immigrants themselves. While immigrants clearly affect immigration policy in democracies, they have never been a sufficiently large plurality of the polity to be able to change policy on their own, and they have less voice in autocracies where they can more easily be deported.
System for Calibration of Spear Transport Line Toroids

A one nanosecond pulse generator has been developed for calibration of the intensity monitors (toroids) in the SPEAR transport lines. The generator, located at the toroid, is simple, low cost and resistant to radiation. This paper describes the generator, and its connection to the standard SLAC toroid calibration system.
Structure of floral nectaries of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in relation to nectar production.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants differ in nectar volume production per floret. These differences are heritable, but no information is available on what type of structural variation may be responsible for these differences. One high, one intermediate, and on'e low nectarvolume-producing clone was selected from each of two alfalfa cultivars. Results from light and scanning electron microscopy indicated that alfalfa has an annular nectary located on the staminal column and primarily on the receptacle. It is composed of several cell layers subtended by vascular bundles containing both xylem and phloem. Vascular tissue does not extend into nectariferous tissue. Permanently open stomata are present in the epidermal layer and are thought to function in nectar secretion. These stomata did not respond to stimuli known to affect leaf stomata. Number of stomata per nectary among the six clones ranged from 24.7 + 1.9 to 6.8 + 0.5. Nectar-reservoir diameters among clones ranged from 1.07 + 0.09 mm to 0.70 ? 0.01 mm. Clones producing the most nectar were characterized by a large nectar reservoir and moderate to high numbers of stomata. ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) is a major nectar source for honey production in the United States. Barnes and Furgala (1978) described the variability in nectar production among germplasm sources of M. sativa, and suggested it should be possible to develop alfalfa cultivars with increased nectar production. Although it has been recognized for many years that alfalfa genotypes vary in nectar production per floret, there are no reports in the literature on the morphology of the alfalfa nectary or its associated structures. Fahn (1953) reported
Outcomes associated with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal surface disease and hepatic metastases

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery (CS) and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (IPHC) can improve outcomes for selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from colorectal cancer. The presence of parenchymal hepatic metastases (HM) is considered a relative contraindication for CS and IPHC. The purpose of the current study was to compare the overall survival of patients with HM to those without and to examine predictive factors. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients undergoing CS and IPHC between 1991 and 2007. Clinicopathologic information was obtained from a prospectively collected database and electronic medical records. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate variables predictive for overall survival. RESULTS: There were 142 patients who underwent CS and IPHC for PC from colorectal cancer, with 14 (9.9%) patients noted to have concurrent HM. The median number and size of the liver lesions was 1 (range, 1-7 lesions) and 3.0 cm (range, 0.4 cm-12 cm), respectively. The median overall survival for patients with HM was 23.0 months. Two-year and 4-year survival rates were 43.3% and 14.4%, respectively. Patients without HM had 2-year and 4-year survival rates of 36.8% and 17.4%, respectively. Overall survival was not significantly different for patients with and without HM (log-rank P = .39). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HM undergoing CS and IPHC for colorectal cancer were found to have no significant difference in overall survival compared with those without HM. Most patients had a single small lesion treated with a minor hepatic resection. Further study is indicated to define which patients with HM benefit most from this multimodality approach. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Gamete frequencies at two sex-linked loci in random mating age-structured populations

Abstract A study is made of the change with time of frequencies of gametic types with one or two sex-linked loci in an infinite random mating age-structured population. Recurrence equations for these gamete frequencies are derived under the assumptions that all matings of adults are equally fertile and the number of matings at any time is proportional to the number of mature females at that time. These generalize others in the literature. It is shown that gamete frequencies approach their limiting values at geometric rates in the long run. This implies that the asymptotic behavior of the gamete frequencies is like what it is in populations with discrete generations if the unit of time is replaced by an appropriately chosen generation interval. With either one locus or two loci, the generation interval is bounded below by an analogous measure from standard demographic theory. This result also holds when there are two autosomal loci. In numerical examples from both this paper and a previous one by Pollak and Callanan, the lower bound is a good estimate of the generation interval.
Beta2 microglobulin in multiple myeloma

Serum beta 2 microglobulin levels (B2M) were evaluated before and during chemotherapy in 97 previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Pretreatment values were useful in confirming tumor mass grade, and marked reductions following chemotherapy correlated well with the onset of remission. No gain was evident from correcting the B2M for the level of serum creatinine. A pretreatment B2M value greater than 6 mg/L correlated with a low response rate and was the most important variable that predicted a short survival time.
Desorption of carbon dioxide molecules from a Pt(111) surface: A stochastic classical trajectory approach

Abstract The generalized Langevin equation (GLE) formalism is used to study the dynamics of CO 2 desorption from a Pt(111) surface. Our trajectory calculations indicate a non-statistical channeling of the CO+O reaction exothermicity into the various internal energy modes of the desorbed CO 2 . This conclusion is supported by: (1) three distinct vibrational temperatures of the desorbed CO 2 are realized; (2) the vibrational temperatures are dependent on the configuration of the activated complex. Quantitative agreement between the calculated and experimental angular distribution, translational and vibrational temperature is attained. The computer simulation suggests that the transition state is thermally hot and its geometry is bent.
A risk assessment for selected lead-induced health effects: an example of a general methodology.

The research described here is part of a larger risk assessment project to aid the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its review of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for lead. The methodology can be applied to many situations in which a policy decision about a toxic substance is required in the face of incomplete data. Numerical results are presented for three potentially adverse lead-induced effects of interest to EPA: elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), hemoglobin (Hb) decrement, and intelligence quotient (IQ) decrement.
Dissolved combined amino acids: Chemical form and utilization by marine bacteria

The chemical form and bacterial utilization of dissolved combined amino acids (DCAA) were studied in the Delaware estuary and coastal waters. Concentrations of DCAA estimated after vapor-phase hydrolysis were 1.1-2.5-fold higher than those estimated after liquid-phase hydrolysis; concentrations ranged from 40 to 1,490 ,ug liter-'. Protein concentrations estimated by the bicinchoninic acid method were within 13% of DCAA measured by liquid-phase hydrolysis, suggesting that liquid-phase hydrolysis recovers primarily protein. Vapor-phase hydrolysis apparently recovers protein and an unknown component of DCAA because protein concentrations were only 30-80% of vapor-phase DCAA. Kinetic assays were used to estimate the amount of protein susceptible to bacterial degradation. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPcase) was used as a model protein because its uptake into biomass was inhibited by adding other proteins, including that extracted from the dominant phytoplankton in the estuary. Bacteria recognized only 1-10% of the DCAA as RuBPcaselike protein. Nearly half of the DCAA was kinetically similar to protein modified by abiotic glucosylation; the remaining DCAA was kinetically undefined. Competition studies showed that bacteria were capable of discriminating between protein and protein that had been glucosylated. Tumover times of protein and glucosylated protein averaged 4 ? 8 (SD) and 288 ? 344 h. We suggest that the DCAA pool is comprised of at least three pools: "fresh" protein that is assimilated rapidly; "modified" protein kinetically similar to glucosylated protein and utilized more slowly than fresh protein; and combined amino acids that are not in protein and may be present as amino acids sorbed to clays or associated with humic materials. The sources, dynamics, and sinks of dissolved combined amino acids (DCAA) in marine ecosystems are not well understood even though DCAA is one of the largest identified components of dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON) (Sharp 1983; Keil and Kirchman 199 la). Phytoplankton and other microorganisms contain large amounts of protein (Wheeler 1983), suggesting that protein input to the DCAA pool is large, although the portion of DCAA that is proteinaceous in marine waters is not well known. Indirect evidence suggests that protein is the dominant form of DCAA in eutrophic waters (Billen 1991). In marine sediments, only a small amount (< 25%) of the total combined amino acid pool is protein I Current address: School of Oceanography, WB- 10,
A NOTE ON BOND DEFEASANCE

This paper provides an after-tax cash flow analysis of insubstance defeasance versus open market debt repurchase under the current tax law. Depending upon interest rates, term to maturity, and the riskiness of the corporate bond issue that managers with to remove from the balance sheet, defeasance may be the cheapest restructuring alternative available. Managers must consider all these factors before reaching a decision that is consistent with the maximization of shareholder wealth.
Lessons for Africa from urban climate change resilience building in Indonesia

Cities in Asia are at risk from climate change, amplifying current hazards and introducing sea-level rise. Various efforts mitigating these challenges are framed in the context of building resilience. A challenge is that effort is directed at technical solutions, failing to recognize governance gaps that slow or prevent ‘mainstreaming’ resilience into government functions. Experience from Indonesia's malleable governance frameworks demonstrates that resilience-building measures need to be addressed as a long-term process based on alignment with government priorities and planning cycles. Resilience projects are milestones on the road toward effective resilience building. These issues are not restricted to Asia and learning on how to address such problems are applicable for urban climate change resilience practitioners in Africa and beyond.
An experimental investigation of dispersion in layered porous media

Experiments were run in three linear, homogeneous, nonuniform porous media constructed in lucite columns using spherical glass beads. The columns were also joined end to end to create an in series layered heterogeneous porous media. Each column, all combinations of columns and several permutations were studied with a factorial experimental design to determine the effects of porosity, permeability, velocity, length, and column order upon dispersion. Attempts to predict the heterogeneous results from the homogeneous results were made, and a statistical regression based on the factorial design was calculated. Results showed that no simple averaging procedure accurately predicted the heterogeneous results. The statistical regression showed permeability, velocity, viscosity, length and column order to be significant.
Imposing precedence constraints on NC punch press sequences

SUMMARY A few years ago D. Dornfeld, R. Gil and I addressed the problem of numerically controlled punch press sequencing, but did not formally treat the obstacle of how to impose precedence constraints on the sequences (Svestka et al. 1981). This has been accomplished by partitioning the problem into smaller problems and patching them together to satisfy the constraints, or by direct construction of such sequences, usually involving the closest unvisited city (CUC) heuristic. However, these approaches do have some difficulties. For example, the CUC heuristic can fail to generate a feasible solution for such problems even though solutions can be shown to exist. Here, we introduce a new method for imposing precedence constraints, which either finds a feasible solution or shows that there are none. The method can also be more efficient that CUC, for problems with more than 30 hits.
Fatigue Life Prediction for Caliper Guide Pin under Random Vibrational Loading

A fatigue life prediction tool was developed for caliper guide pins under random vibrational loading. The Pie-Slice model was designed to provide detailed information about the failure location, orientation, and damage magnitude. A component test fixture was developed to determine the strain-life curve for a given guide pin design. Statistical analysis was conducted to insure the repeatability of the failure mode and the robustness of the setup. Weibull analysis was performed to the measured guide pin strain-life in order to insure that the developed strain-life data to insure that developed strain-life curve will account for all the manufacturing process variations, from a component, assembly, and a system level to a certain level of reliability and confidence. Rainflow cycle count was used to bin the damaging and non-damaging cycles based on their stain level. Fatigue life calculation was performed using the Smith-Watson-Topper strain-life approach. The predictive tool was able to accurately estimate the cumulative fatigue damage for guide pins under random loading conditions. The Pie-Slice model was also able to predict the failure location and orientation of a crack, as well as the damage magnitude. Both tools were validated using a pre-designed random block-load sequence at constant amplitude..
Calcium entry blocking activity of adenosine potentiating compounds in guinea pig taenia coli

Abstract Calcium entry blocking activities of adenosine and its potentiating drugs, dilazep, lidoflazine and dipyridamole, were studied in potassium (100 mM)-depolarized guinea pig taenia coli, and compared with nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem. The potency ratio of calcium entry blocking effect of nifedipine, diltiazem, lidoflazine and dilazep to verapamil was 158.5, . 1 1.1 , 1 15.8 and 1 81.3 , respectively. Dipyridamole and adenosine had negligible calcium entry blocking effects.