cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of flow pattern and heat transfer associated with a bubble sliding on downward facing inclined surfaces

Abstract During boiling, heat transfer can be significantly enhanced by motion of the bubbles sliding along the heater surface. In the present study, sliding bubble dynamics and associated flow pattern and heat transfer over a downward facing inclined heater surface were experimentally investigated in the subcooled and nearly saturated high performance liquid PF-5060. The heat transfer surface was a polished silicon wafer of a width 49.5 mm and a length of 185 mm. It is found that bubbles change shape from a sphere at the initial position to an elongated spheroid or ellipsoid at the upper end of the inclined plate. Between the sliding bubble and the heater surface a wedge-like liquid gap and thin liquid film are observed to form. The angle and the length of the wedge are found to be a function of plate inclination angle θ and bubble size. Holographic interferometry was used to obtain non-intrusively the temperature field in the liquid. In subcooled liquid, the formation and shedding of vortices in the bubble wake are the typical flow patterns associated with sliding bubble. The enhanced convection lasted during most of the interval between two consecutive bubbles accompanied with an increased temperature gradient in the liquid very close to the surface and a wall temperature drop. Contributions to heat transfer due to bubble sliding motion have been quantified. For bubble duration less than 1% of the total time at a location heat transfer rate is increased for about 10%. At inclinations close to vertical, bubbles hopped along the heater surface. Series of bubbles generated at higher frequency induced changes in flow pattern in bulk liquid at small Rayleigh numbers.
Effects of training on suicide risk assessment

Objective: This study evaluated the impact of structured training in evidence-based risk assessment for suicide. Methods: Forty-five psychiatry and psychology trainees participated in a workshop on evidence-based risk assessment. A comparison group of ten psychiatry trainees participated in a different workshop on the application of evidence-based medicine to psychiatry that was not focused specifically on risk assessment. Before and after each workshop, participants rated their skills in assessing patients’ risk of suicide and wrote progress notes regarding clinical vignettes that included the assessment of and plan regarding suicide risk. Researchers systematically rated the progress notes. Results: Participation in risk assessment training predicted improvement on specific indicators of documentation quality, ratings of the overall quality of documentation of suicide risk, and selfrated competence in suicide risk assessment. Conclusions: Structured clinical training in evidence-based risk assessment can improve documentation of assessment and management of pa
Neighborhood social cohesion and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community-based sample: findings from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study.

Purpose Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common and debilitating. Although research has identified individual-level risk factors for PTSD, the role of macro-social factors in PTSD etiology remains unknown. This study tests whether perceived neighborhood social cohesion (NSC), measured at the both the individual and neighborhood levels, plays a role in determining past-year risk of PTSD among those exposed to trauma.
The kinetics of generation of influenza-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor cells.

Abstract A dramatic increase in the number of restimulatable (memory) cytolytic T-cell precursors (CTLps) has been demonstrated to occur 2 to 4 days postimmunization. By 4 or at the latest 6 days following in vivo priming, the frequency of restimulatable influenza-specific CTLps has reached that characteristic of a memory response. This indicates that the proliferative events which give rise to memory CTLps occur earlier than might have been expected and in fact are completed prior to the cessation of the primary CTL response. Such information may have important significance to future immunomodulatory efforts aimed at perturbing the establishment of T-Cell memory in Vivo .
Large-Scale Test of Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland with Nosema locustae

Nosema locustae Canning was applied to rangeland by aircraft at dosage rates of 2.1 × 109 and 2.1 × 108 spores per ha when the major grasshopper species, Melanoplus Sanguinipes (F.), were mostly 3rd instars. These treatments were compared with a standard rangeland insecticide treatment with 560 ml of 95% technical malathion per ha, and compared with no treatment. Each plot was 2,332 ha, and each treatment was replicated four times. The high level of N. locustae caused significant reductions in grasshopper densities during the season of treatment (1975). A panzootic among grasshoppers caused by the fungus Entomophthora grylli Fresenius occurred early in the second season and reduced the potential for expression of subsequent effects by N. locustae . Nevertheless, the high level caused significant reductions, and the low level appeared to cause slight but not significant reductions in grasshopper densities during the two subsequent seasons (1976 and 1977). Parasitism of grasshoppers by entomophagous flies and nematodes decreased sharply in malathion plots, but tended to increase in N. locustae and untreated plots.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL EVIDENCE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN SUBJECTS WITH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

ABSTRACTPurpose:: We quantified differences in somatic and visceral sensation in healthy subjects and subjects with interstitial cystitis (IC).Materials and Methods:: A total of 13 subjects with IC and 13 healthy subjects answered psychological questionnaires and underwent psychophysical testing of thermal and pressure thresholds for sensation as well as the ischemic forearm test of pain tolerance. A subset of subjects also underwent bladder sensory testing with the determination of 3 consecutive cystometrograms. Ratings of intensity and unpleasantness were determined.Results:: Subjects with IC were significantly more sensitive to deep tissue measures of sensation related to pressure, ischemia and bladder than healthy subjects. Cutaneous thermal pain measures were similar in the 2 groups. Psychological measures indicated higher reactivity in subjects with IC.Conclusions:: Similar to other visceral pain disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, hypersensitivity to somatic stimuli was noted in subjects w...
Extending the validity of lumped capacitance method for large Biot number in thermal storage application

In a typical thermal energy storage system, a heat transfer fluid is usually used to deposit/extract heat when it flows through a packed bed of solid thermal storage material. A one-dimensional model of the heat transfer and energy storage/extraction for a packed-bed thermal storage system has been developed previously by the authors. The model treats the transient heat conduction in the thermal storage material by using the lumped capacitance method, which is not valid when the Biot number is large. The current work presents an effective heat transfer coefficient between the solid and fluid for large Biot numbers. With the corrected heat transfer coefficient, the lumped capacitance method can be applied to model the thermal storage in a wide range of Biot numbers. Four typical structures for the solid thermal storage material are considered. Formulas for the effective heat transfer coefficient (and effective Biot number) are presented. To verify the prediction by the lumped capacitance method using the effective heat transfer coefficient, we compare the results to the corresponding analytical solutions. The results are in very good agreement. The effective heat transfer coefficient extended the validity of the lumped capacitance method to large Biot numbers, which is of significance to the analysis of thermal energy storage systems.
Sperm-specific surface antigenicity common to seven animal phyla

While studying the plasma membrane of sperm of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, we developed an antiserum that exhibits unusual reactivity—it cross-reacts with the surfaces of spermatozoa of 28 species representing seven phyla of the animal kingdom. A negative cross-reaction has not been found. This suggests the possible existence of common antigenic determinants on the surface of all animal sperm. We report these preliminary results here because of the broad implications common sperm-surface antigenicity has for the potential development of immunocontraceptive methods.
Admission Values of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Interleukin-18 Do Not Predict Worsening Renal Function

day1 (r50.81) and day3 (r50.79) (both p!0.0001). However, the correlation between the change in sCr and CysC from day1 to day3 was less robust (r50.47). WRFsCr and WRFCysC occured in 14/121 (12%) and 15/121 (12%) patients respectively. However, only 4 patients experienced WRF by both definitions.Conclusions: There is a poor agreement between WRF defined by a sCr rise or a CysC rise. This observation raises questions regarding the reliability of current definitions of WRF as it may vary by the renal indices to which the changes were determined.
Comparative Study of Different Weave Architectures of Woven Textile Composites Under Low Velocity Impact Loading

Fiberglass epoxy laminates are strong in out-of-plane loading such as low velocity impact. Woven textile composites have better properties in mutually orthogonal and out of plane directions than the unidirectional laminates. Along with the improvement in properties, they have low manufacturing cost since much of the fabrication can be automated. In the present study, different weave architectures such as basket weave, twill weave, 4 harness satin and 8 harness satin were studied numerically for response under low velocity impact loading. Main consideration was given to the maximum load carrying capacity and maximum energy absorbed by the laminates. All numerical investigations were performed using LS-DYNA® software. The laminates were modeled in VPG using 3D solid elements in a mosaic fashion to represent different weave patterns. Mechanical properties were calculated by classical micro-mechanical theory and assigned to the elements.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Characterization of allelic replacement in Streptococcus parasanguis: Transformation and homologous recombination in a nontransformable streptococcus

We have obtained transformants of Streptococcus parasanguis FW213 containing allelic replacements in several chromosomal loci. Transformation occurred following electroporation with nonreplicating plasmids carrying two antibiotic-resistance-encoding genes, one of which is inserted into DNA homologous to the chromosomal target. In contrast with other streptococci, S. parasanguis FW213 is not transformed by linear DNA. Mutations in nonreplicating plasmid DNA preferentially replaced their homologues in the S. parasanguis FW213 chromosome by a double-crossover homologous recombination event, as shown by the fact that over 90% of transformants were sensitive to the vector-coded antibiotic marker. Southern blot analysis of these transformants showed that three of the five target loci had been mutated, and that the wild-type sequence had been replaced by the mutated sequence carried on the transforming plasmid. This bias toward homologous replacement rather than integration of the entire transforming plasmid DNA simplifies site-specific mutagenesis and genetic analysis of the streptococcal chromosome.
Health concerns of school-age children.

Little research has been conducted with school-age children regarding their health perceptions and their health concerns. In this paper, children's perceptions of health-related behaviors are described. Areas of health concerns for the school-age child are delineated. Gender and age differences are highlighted as appropriate for the health concerns.
Life After Deregulation: The Motor Carrier Environment

The signing of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 has brought a temporary reduction in the rhetoric for or against motor carrier deregulation. Although the final Bill was a long way from totally deregulating the motor carrier industry, it does mark the continuation of a trend toward less regulation by the Federal Government. Since other countries have liberalised or completely removed their transportation regulations, it is reasonable to assume that legislation further reducing motor carrier regulation will be enacted if even a small measure of success can be attributed to The Motor Carrier Act of 1980. The period of uncertainty just before this Bill was signed into law encouraged motor carrier executives to think about life in a deregulated enviroment. This study attempts to examine their conceptions of the changes that would occur and make a comparison with what has actually happened during the 25 years since inter‐state surface transportation was regulated in Australia.
Evaluation of macro finite elements for use in global/local analysis of textile composites:

Textile composites are ideal candidates for global/local finite element analysis because the global response of composites is so dependent on the complex microstructure of the weave. However, most ...
Design of a high-gain laser diode-array pumped Nd:YAG alternating precessive slab amplifier (APS amplifier)

In the design of space-qualifiable laser systems for ranging and altimetry, such as NASA's geodynamic laser ranging system (GLRS), the transmitter must be kept small, powerful yet efficient, and must consist of as few components as possible. The author reports on a unique preamplifier design which satisfies these requirements, and is suitable as the first amplifier stage following a laser, with an output of 1 mJ per pulse. It requires no external beam-steering optics, yielding a compact component with simple alignment procedures. The gains achieved are comparable to multipass zigzag amplifiers using two or more sets of external optics for extra passes through the amplifying medium. >
Towards Optimal Bidding Strategy for Amazon EC2 Cloud Spot Instance

With the recent introduction of Spot Instances in the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), users can bid for resources and thus control the balance of reliability versus monetary costs. Mechanisms and tools that deal with the cost-reliability trade-offs under this schema are of great value for users seeking to lessen their costs while maintaining high reliability. In this paper, we propose a set of bidding strategies to minimize the cost and volatility of resource provisioning. Essentially, to derive an optimal bidding strategy, we formulate this problem as a Constrained Markov Decision Process (CMDP). Based on this model, we are able to obtain an optimal randomized bidding strategy through linear programming. Using real Instance Price traces and workload models, we compare several adaptive check-pointing schemes in terms of monetary costs and job completion time. We evaluate our model and demonstrate how users should bid optimally on Spot Instances to reach different objectives with desired levels of confidence.
Neutrino pair bremsstrahlung in neutron star crusts: A reappraisal

We demonstrate that band-structure effects suppress bremsstrahlung of neutrino pairs by electrons in the crusts of neutron stars at temperatures of the order of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ K and below. Taking this into account, together with the fact that recent work indicates that the masses of neutron star crusts are considerably smaller than previously estimated, we find neutrino pair bremsstrahlung to be much less important for the thermal evolution of neutron stars than earlier calculations suggested.
Limits to Infants' Knowledge of Objects: The Case of Magical Appearance

Young infants have an impressive knowledge of material objects. They appreciate that distinct objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time, are internally cohesive units that maintain their boundaries, and exist continuously in space and time. We report a surprising limit to this body of understanding: Although 8-month-olds responded to the “magical” disappearance of an object as an unexpected event, they did not so respond to a magical appearance. These results suggest that infants' understanding of objects differs from adult cognition in important respects. We discuss four possible ways in which this finding can be reconciled with evidence that infants appreciate the spatiotemporal continuity of objects.
Carboxyl-coated magnetic nanoparticles for mRNA isolation and extraction of supercoiled plasmid DNA

Carboxyl-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used to demonstrate dual functionality: isolation of messenger RNA (mRNA) from mammalian cells and extraction of the supercoiled (sc) form of plasmid DNA (pDNA) from agarose gel. These MNPs were attached with 5'-NH(2)-tagged oligo-(dT)(25) primer and were used to isolate mRNA from breast cancer cells. The isolated mRNA was used for amplification of beta-actin to confirm the compatibility. These MNPs were also used to extract the sc form of pDNA from agarose gel. The compatibility of the pDNA was demonstrated by restriction digestion. Both of these methodologies are simple, inexpensive (compared with existing kits), and efficient.
Pediatric Discharge Content: A Multisite Assessment of Physician Preferences and Experiences

Background and Objectives: Professional medical societies endorse prompt, consistent discharge communication to primary care providers (PCPs) on discharge. However, evidence is limited about what clinical elements to communicate. Our main goal was to identify and compare the clinical elements considered by PCPs and pediatric hospitalists to be essential to communicate to PCPs within 2 days of pediatric hospital discharge. A secondary goal was to describe experiences of the PCPs and pediatric hospitalists regarding sending and receiving discharge information. Methods: A survey of physician preferences and experiences regarding discharge communication was sent to 320 PCPs who refer patients to 16 hospitals, with an analogous survey sent to 147 hospitalists. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and χ[2][1] analyses were performed. Results: A total of 201 PCPs (63%) and 71 hospitalists (48%) responded to the survey. Seven clinical elements were reported as essential by >75% of both PCPs and hospitalists: dates of admission and discharge; discharge diagnoses; brief hospital course; discharge medications; immunizations given during hospitalization; pending laboratory or test results; and follow-up appointments. PCPs reported reliably receiving discharge communication significantly less often than hospitalists reported sending it (71.8% vs 85.1%; P < .01), and PCPs considered this communication to be complete significantly less often than hospitalists did (64.9% vs 79.1%; P < .01). Conclusions: We identified 7 core clinical elements that PCPs and hospitalists consider essential in discharge communication. Consistently and promptly communicating at least these core elements after discharge may enhance PCP satisfaction and patient-level outcomes. Reported rates of transmission and receipt of this information were suboptimal and should be targeted for improvement. * Abbreviations: PCP : primary care provider TOCC : Transitions of Care Collaborative VIP : Value in Inpatient Pediatrics [1]: #ref-2
Stemness in human thyroid cancers and derived cell lines: the role of asymmetrically dividing cancer stem cells resistant to chemotherapy.

Context: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the ability to self-renew through symmetric and asymmetric cell division. CSCs may arise from mutations within an embryonic stem cell/progenitor cell population or via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and recent advances in the study of thyroid stem cells have led to a growing recognition of the likely central importance of CSCs in thyroid tumorigenesis. Objective: The objectives of this study were to establish the presence of a stem cell population in human thyroid tumors and to identify, isolate, and characterize CSCs in thyroid cancer cell lines. Results: 1) Human thyroid cancers (n = 10) and thyroid cancer cell lines (n = 6) contained a stem cell population as evidenced by pluripotent stem cell gene expression. 2) Pulse-chase experiments with thyroid cancer cells identified a label-retaining cell population, a primary characteristic of CSCs, which at mitosis divided their DNA both symmetrically and asymmetrically and included a population of cells express...
Knowledge of oral cancer risk factors and diagnostic concepts among North Carolina dentists. Implications for diagnosis and referral.

ABSTRACT Background Dentists play a critical role in the early detection of oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC). The authors administered a survey that assessed the level of knowledge among dentists regarding risk factors and diagnostic concepts. Methods In 2002, the authors mailed a 38-item, pretested survey to a random sample of 1,115 licensed dentists practicing in North Carolina. Three-level (low, medium, high) composite index scores for knowledge of risk factors and diagnostic concepts were created using previously developed scales. The authors formulated multivariable models for risk factor and diagnostic knowledge indexes. Results Of the 584 respondents, only 181 (31 percent) had consistent medium-to-high levels of knowledge on both highly correlated indexes. Dentists who had higher risk factor and diagnostic knowledge scores were significantly ( P Conclusions More education is needed in dental schools, postgraduate programs and continuing education programs to enhance dental professionals' knowledge of OPC risk factors and diagnostic concepts. Such programs should include information about adjunctive diagnostic aids. Practice Implications Greater knowledge of risk factors and diagnostic concepts may result in more frequent patient referrals, biopsy procedures or both, thus aiding in the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with OPC.
Computer-Aided Assessment of the Adverse Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs

Knowledge-based diagnostic computer systems can be used to differentiate disease manifestations from adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are a frequent source of significant ADRs. Computer programs for the diagnosis of anticonvulsant ADRs must be proficient both in measuring common dose-dependent toxicity as well as warning about serious allergic or idiosyncratic reactions. The Clinical Ratings System from the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study (VACS) on the Efficacy and Toxicity of Antiepileptic Drugs was expanded to add coverage for valproic acid ADRs. A notebook computer system is utilized to administer the new VACS algorithm. This system is used to measure the balance between seizures and drug toxicity during an Epilepsy Clinic visit. This antiepileptic ADR diagnostic system will also be employed to determine the pattern, frequency, and prevalence of anticonvulsant ADRs in ambulatory adult epileptics.
LARGE SAMPLE AND OTHER MULTIPLE COMPARISONS AMONG MEANS

If the number of multiple comparisons for K large samples is limited to the (k/2) differences between pairs of means plus ‘a few’ for possible post hoc multiple comparisons, one can frequently obtain shorter confidence intervals using a t statistic than through the use of Marascuilo's procedure (1966) for large samples. The savings in the length of the confidence interval increase with the number of samples and with the confidence level. The length of the t intervals is compared with the length of Marascuilo's intervals under various conditions in Tables 1–6. Modifications are given for use in the case of moderate and small samples. A numerical example (Marascuilo's Example 1 (1966)) is presented, and two non-parametric analogues of the procedure are given.
A nonequilibrium stage model of multicomponent separation processes. Part II: Comparison with experiment

A nonequilibrium stage model of countercurrent separation processes is used to predict composition and temperature profiles during binary and multicomponent distillation in wetted-wall and bubble-cap-tray columns. The profiles predicted by the model are compared with experimental data for the binary systems benzene-toluene, ethanol-water, and acetone-chloroform and for the ternary systems benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene, acetone-methanol-water, methanol-isopropanol-water, acetone-methanol-ethanol, and benzene-toluene-m-xylene. The model does a very commendable job of predicting the composition profiles measured for these systems; average absolute differences between predicted and measured mole fractions are seldom greater than 4 mole percent and are often very much less.
A simple energy model for wireless microsensor transceivers

The paper describes the modelling of short-range transceivers for microsensor applications. A simple energy model is derived and used to analyze the transceiver battery life. This model takes into account energy dissipation during the start-up, receive, and transmit modes. It shows that there is a significant fixed cost in the transceiver energy consumption and this fixed cost can be driven down by increasing the data rate of the transceiver.
The Improvement of Digital HF Communication Through Coding: II--Tandem Interleaved Cyclic Coding

In previous work the technique of error correction of digital data through the use of interleaved cyclic codes and a set of probability functions for the evaluation of error patterns have been presented. In Part I of this paper [1] the performance of a wide range of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes and PMsymbol codes was evaluated on representative portions of the data. Here a method (identified as tandem interleaved cyclic coding) will be presented which allows for a significant increase in error-rate improvement at a reduction in the delay time introduced into the channel. It is demonstrated that it is possible to get almost I00 percent error correction for delays under three seconds for all channel conditions measured.
Information theoretic comparison of MIMO wireless communication receivers in the presence of interference

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication provides a number of potential advantages over traditional single-input single-output (SISO) approaches, including increased data rates for a given total transmit power and improved robustness to interference. In this paper, the details of a variety of receivers are incorporated into the effects of the channel so that information-theoretic performance bounds can be exploited to evaluate receiver approaches. Two classes of environments are considered: first, channel complexity, characterized by the distribution of the narrowband channel-matrix singular values and second, external interference. Receiver approaches discussed in this paper include minimum-mean-squared error, minimum-interference, as well as an iterative receiver that incorporates estimation subtraction, denoted here as multichannel multiuser detection (MCMUD). Various assumptions are made about the limitations on channel and interference estimation. Receiver performance implications are also demonstrated using experimental data.
Movement patterns of endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex)

Using mark-recapture methods, we studied movements of endangered Roanoke logperch (Percina rex Jordan & Evermann), a benthic darter, at 12 riffle-run sites over a 9-year-long period in the Roanoke River, Virginia, USA. Our primary objective was to characterise movements among transects within sites, but we opportunistically recorded two between-site movements as well. Our recapture rate was low (22 of 485 marked fish), but most recaptured fish exhibited movements between tagging and recapture, relocating either to another transect within a site (12 fish) or to another site altogether (two fish). Within sites, Roanoke logperch exhibited fidelity over time to the areas in which they were initially marked. These restricted areas were lengthier than transects (>15 m) but shorter than entire riffle-runs (<150 m). The two between-site movements were extensive (3.2 and 2.5 km), observed over a long mark- recapture interval (2 and 5 years, respectively), and may have represented migratory or dispersal movements. Their detection required an unusually extensive study design. Both small- and large-scale movements fulfil important ecological functions for Roanoke logperch, and greater study of such movements in this and other darter species is needed to inform conservation choices.
Sepsis Downregulates Myostatin mRNA Levels Without Altering Myostatin Protein Levels in Skeletal Muscle

Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass and has been reported to be upregulated in several conditions characterized by muscle atrophy. The influence of sepsis on myostatin expression and activity is poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sepsis upregulates the expression and downstream signaling of myostatin in skeletal muscle. Because sepsis-induced muscle wasting is at least in part regulated by glucocorticoids, we also determined the influence of glucocorticoids on myostatin expression. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture and control rats were sham-operated. In other experiments, rats were injected intraperitoneally with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) or corresponding volume of vehicle. Surprisingly, myostatin mRNA levels were reduced and myostatin protein levels were unchanged in muscles from septic rats. Muscle levels of activin A, follistatin, and total and phosphorylated Smad2 (p-Smad2) were not influenced by sepsis, suggesting that myostatin downstream signaling was not altered during sepsis. Interestingly, total and p-Smad3 levels were increased in septic muscle, possibly reflecting altered signaling through pathways other than myostatin. Similar to sepsis, treatment of rats with dexamethasone reduced myostatin mRNA levels and did not alter myostatin protein levels. Fasting, an additional condition characterized by muscle wasting, reduced myostatin mRNA and activin A protein levels, increased myostatin protein, and did not influence follistatin and p-Smad2 levels. Of note, total and p-Smad3 levels were reduced in muscle during fasting. The results suggest that sepsis and glucocorticoids do not upregulate the expression and activity of myostatin in skeletal muscle. The role of myostatin may vary between different conditions characterized by muscle wasting. Downstream signaling through Smad2 and 3 is probably regulated not only by myostatin but by other mechanisms as well.
The Neurobiology of Stereotyping and Prejudice

Recent advances in neuroimaging have allowed researchers to begin to examine the neural substrates of social cognition and behavior. While this research is nascent, researchers have begun applying it toward understanding the areas of the brain associated with prejudice and stereotyping. While some reliable findings have implicated particular brain structures associated with thinking about stereotyped outgroups, the conclusions we can draw from these studies are thus far limited and tempered with the limitations of neuroimaging and the complexity of mapping this onto precise cognition and behaviors. This chapter explores this growing research area, and discusses the advantages and limitations of using neuroimaging to answer questions about social cognition and behavior as it applies to prejudice.
Genes, exercise, growth, and the sedentary, obese child

It is still not possible to provide an evidence-based answer to the question of whether regular exercise is essential for normal growth. It is also unclear whether very low levels of exercise resul...
Optimizing Checkpoints Using NVM as Virtual Memory

Rapid checkpointing will remain key functionality for next generation high end machines. This paper explores the use of node-local nonvolatile memories (NVM) such as phase-change memory, to provide frequent, low overhead checkpoints. By adapting existing multi-level checkpoint techniques, we devise new methods, termed NVM-checkpoints, that efficiently store checkpoints on both local and remote node NVM. The checkpoint frequencies are guided by failure models that capture the expected accessibility of such data after failure. To lower overheads, NVM-checkpoints reduce the NVM and interconnect bandwidth used with a novel pre-copy mechanism, which incrementally moves checkpoint data from DRAM to NVM before a local checkpoint is started. This reduces local checkpoint cost by limiting the instantaneous data volume moved at checkpoint time, thereby freeing bandwidth for use by applications. In fact, the pre-copy method can reduce peak interconnect usage up to 46%. Since our approach treats NVM as memory rather than as 'Ramdisk', pre-copying can be generalized to directly move data to remote NVMs. This results in 40% faster application execution times compared to asynchronous approaches not using pre-copying.
Double longing: the return home in South Korean women's documentaries

ABSTRACTBringing together Gina Kim's Faces of Seoul (Seo-ul eui eolgul, 2009), with Cho Sung-hyung's Home from Home (original German title, Endstation der Sehnsuchte; Korean title, Dogil Ma-eul, 2009) and Hong Hyung-sook's Border City (Gyeonggye Dosi, 2002), this paper argues that these documentary narratives, focused in varying degrees on the female returnee, belabor an alternative reading of nostalgia for a sense of presence and truth that had been elusive to women under South Korea's patriarchal history. They reach to identify the limits of nostalgia's preferred forms and frames as it relates to notions of home, as well as to dislodge in the example of nostalgia for home South Korean cinema's ‘male-suprematist', formative hold over affective forms.
"Without Evidence, there is No Answer": Uncertainty and Scientific Ethos in the Silent Spring(s) of Rachel Carson

The 50 th year anniversary of Rachel Carson's monumental Silent Spring invites reflection on how the controversy over chemical pesticides shaped environmental discourse in the modern era. This essay focuses on uncertainty as a boundary device that shapes scientific ethos in crucial ways and negotiates a relationship between technical science and public deliberation. Situated in rhetorical analysis, the author takes a comparative approach towards the use of uncertainty and scientific ethos in the Silent Spring controversy. Drawing from Carson's published book, and from the famous CBS Reports investigative television program seven months after the book's publication, this essay demonstrates how CBS Reports directly received, and amplified, Carson's uncertainty frameworks, and used them to drive the public evaluation of scientific ethos. This analysis reveals three ways uncertainty shapes scientific ethos: uncertainty as a probability (ethos of expertise), as a moral certainty (ethos of civic participant), and as an unknown or unconcern (ethos of ignorance). Finally, the author suggests that the circulation of these uncertainty frameworks of scientific ethos helped drive the momentum from the books' publication, to public evaluation, to policy-making, and suggests these uncertainty frameworks are enduring forces in debates about the role of experts in scientific controversies.
Irrigation Management—A Tool for Agribusiness

Irrigation Management is a tool whereby timely application of water can improve irrigation efficiencies. Irrigation Management has been made possible by adaptation of a computer program to the Jensen-Haise method of computing crop consumptive use. A daily soil moisture level balance is available by inserting climatic parameters for a computer printout at a specific time. These printouts are presented to irrigators and they can be shown when the next irrigation application will be required for a specific field. This will improve irrigation efficiencies because the water will be applied when the soil moisutre level is deficient. Data previously collected indicated that irrigators were unaware of soil mosture levels when applying water. Irrigation Management Services being conducted by Bureau of Reclamation personnel in Kansas and Wyoming are presented in this publication. Data for the Irrigation Management have been analyzed showing results during 1971. The future of Irrigation Management is exploited and incorporated with operation of irrigation systems.
Zinc Transporter Mutations and Human Growth

Twenty-four zinc transporter genes control zinc homeostasis in mammals, and mutations in many of these genes have been shown to profoundly affect growth and differentiation in mouse models and in lower eukaryotes. Our understanding of the genetics of zinc transporters in human growth is a rapidly expanding field. Herein we present a brief overview of our current understanding of mechanisms of zinc homeostasis and the functions of zinc in growth followed by a discussion of three zinc transporters which have recently been shown to play important roles in human health. The pseudoautosomal dominant disease acrodermatitis enteropathica is caused by the loss of function of one or both Zip4 (Slc39a4) alleles which leads to diminished uptake of dietary zinc, increased sensitivity to zinc deficiency, and severe growth retardation unless treated by the continual administration of exogenous zinc. Spondylocheiro dysplastic form of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease caused by homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the Zip13 (Slc39a13) gene. This leads to altered intracellular zinc distribution, impaired development, and diminished collagen crosslinking by osteoblasts, chondrocytes, odontoblasts, and dermal fibroblasts which results in growth retardation and stunting, among a plethora of other symptoms. This disease cannot be ameliorated by the lifelong administration of exogenous zinc. Transient neonatal zinc deficiency is a very rare autosomal dominant disease that can be caused by a mutation in one ZnT2 (Slc30a2) allele. This mutation leads to diminished zinc content in breast milk during the period soon after birth which causes transient growth retardation and dermatitis in the nursing child. This disorder can be ameliorated by the administration of exogenous zinc to the baby until weaning. Zinc transporter knockout mouse models suggest that in the future other members of the Zip and ZnT gene families will be found to play important roles in human growth.
Rating Scales in Schizophrenia

In the field of schizophrenia treatment and research, psychiatric symptom rating scales have served to evaluate and elucidate the value of antipsychotic medications and psychosocial interventions in treating this disorder. Useful scales have also been developed to assist in measuring side effects of medications, to assess areas of cognitive functioning, to evaluate quality of life, and to monitor medication treatment compliance. In this chapter, the following commonly used “gold standard” scales to assess important domains of schizophrenia are described: the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS), the Quality of Life Scale (QLS), the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS), the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Additional important domains to assess are also discussed, and scales to evaluate these areas are recommended.
Fabrication of ultra-thin strained silicon on insulator

A bond and etch back technique for the fabrication of 13-nm-thick, strained silicon directly on insulator has been developed. The use of a double etch stop allows the transfer of a thin strained silicon layer with across-wafer thickness uniformity comparable to the as-grown epitaxial layers. Surface roughness of less than 1 nm was achieved. Raman analysis confirms strain remains in the thin silicon layers after the removal of the SiGe that induced the strain. Ultra-thin strained silicon-on-insulator (SSOI) substrates are promising for the fabrication of ultra-thin body and double-gate, strained Si metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
Communicating Information beyond the Tax Footnote: An Empirical Examination of Effective Tax Rate Forecasts in the MD&A

I investigate management’s decision to voluntarily provide an effective tax rate (ETR) forecast in the Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) section of form 10-K. Consistent with my expectations, I find managers initially disclose an ETR forecast in the MD&A when the ETR reported in the current 10-K deviates from the prior year (or years) or when the following year’s ETR is more uncertain. Specifically, I find disclosure of an ETR forecast is more likely when the firm has (1) greater foreign operations, (2) prior period M&A activity, and/or (3) special items. These results are consistent with managers providing additional information in the MD&A when there is more demand from financial statement users for such information. In addition, although I find that managers’ MD&A ETR estimates are conservative, I find that they are superior to forecasts generated using information from current and prior year ETRs. Accordingly, these results lead to a better understanding of firms’ use of the MD&A to communicate tax-related information incremental to the income tax footnote.
A Combined Experimental and Computational Thermodynamic Investigation of the U–Th–O System

Here, the thermodynamics of the U–Th–O system have been assessed using the Calphad method. The compound energy formalism (CEF) and a partially ionic two-sublattice liquid model (TSLM) were used for the fluorite U1–yThyO2±x, γ-(U,Th)4O9, and the U–Th–O melt. The O2 activity of fluorite U1–yThyO2±x with temperature and composition was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Thermodynamic studies for the Th–O binary and U–Th–O ternary available in the open literature were critically reviewed. A self-consistent data set was selected and compiled with the equilibrium oxygen pressures determined by thermogravimetry in order to optimize the adjustable parameters of models selected to represent the phases in the Th–O and U–Th–O systems.
Frequency of Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor, Races in Field Populations

Five races of Mayetiola destructor (Say) collected in 19 localities in 5 States had varying ability to survive on wheat cultivars: Vermillion (a soft wheat in which the source of resistance has not been identified), Monon with the H3 gene, and Knox 62 with the H6 gene. Race B, which is capable of infesting Vermillion and cultivars having the H3 gene, has replaced Race A as the predominant race in Indiana. This major change appears to be associated with the wide-spread use of resistant cultivars since 1955. Race D, a highly virulent race capable of infesting Vermillion and cultivars having either the H3 or the H6 genes, also was discovered in Indiana wheat fields for the first time. Race A was the predominant race in other eastern fields where soft wheat is grown and where the acreage of resistant cultivars is low. In these fields, Race B and Race C (capable of infesting Vermillion and cultivars having the H6 gene) were seldom found. In the hard-wheat region of Kansas, the Great Plains race that cannot live on any resistant cultivars predominated in 2 populations; few members of Race A occurred and Races B, C, and D were not found.
Uneven distribution of glycogen in the liver.

SummaryGreat caution is warranted in judging the metabolic state of the liver on the basis of the glycogen content of biopsies since variations exceeding several 100% may be observed in simultaneous biopsies taken from the same lobe of the rabbit's liver.
67 ABNORMAL CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE PRODUCTION IN HUMAN CORTICAL FRAGILE X NEURAL TISSUE: A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE STUDY.

Fragile X syndrome, the most common inheritable cause of mental retardation, is due to a CGG trinucleotide amplification on the X chromosome (Xq27.3) in the 59 untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) that suppresses production of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Based on a decade of studies by Berry-Kravis who established the cyclic AMP (cAMP) cascade as dysfunctional in fragile X using a variety of non-neuronal cell types and who identified a direct relationship between levels of FMRP expression and cAMP levels in a mouse neural cell line overexpressing FMRP (Berry-Kravis and Ciurlionis, 1998), we hypothesized that human fragile X neural tissue would produce less cyclic AMP upon stimulation. Using an assay in which reductions in fluorescence intensity are associated with increasing cAMP levels (Mediomics, LLC), we quantified cAMP levels in neurospheres (NS) and differentiated cells (DC) from the human cortical fragile X (M049) and control (M037, M045, M046) fetal stem cell lines incubated with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methyl≠xanthine) in the presence or absence of forskolin, an adenylate cyclase agonist. As hypothesized, the fragile X differentiated cell line (fractional decrease in raw fluorescence [FDRF] = 0.32) shows a stimulated cAMP production that is reduced relative to the three differentiated control stem cell lines (mean FDRF ± SD = 0.70 ± 0.09). When differentiated cells are compared to neurospheres, all three control cell lines showed a marked increase in the levels of cAMP production in differentiated cells compared to undifferentiated neurospheres (mean FDRF difference [DC-NS] = 0.52); however, stimulated cAMP levels in differentiated cells and neurospheres are comparable in the fragile X line (FDRF difference [DC-NS] = 0.05). To our knowledge, these results are the first demonstration of an altered cAMP cascade in human fragile X neural tissue and suggest a developmental role for FMRP in the cAMP cascade. With only one human fragile X fetal stem cell line available, these results require replication with more fragile X neural tissue samples as they become available. Nevertheless, this proof of principle study identifies the human fragile X cAMP cascade as a potentially useful pharmacotherapeutic target that deserves further investigation.
DFT-Derived Force Fields for Modeling Hydrocarbon Adsorption in MIL-47(V).

Generic force fields such as UFF and DREIDING are widely used for predicting molecular adsorption and diffusion in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), but the accuracy of these force fields is unclear. We describe a general framework for developing transferable force fields for modeling the adsorption of alkanes in a nonflexible MIL-47(V) MOF using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. By calculating the interaction energies for a large number of energetically favorable adsorbate configurations using DFT, we obtain a force field that gives good predictions of adsorption isotherms, heats of adsorption, and diffusion properties for a wide range of alkanes and alkenes in MIL-47(V). The force field is shown to be transferable to related materials such as MIL-53(Cr) and is used to calculate the free-energy differences for the experimentally observed phases of MIL-53(Fe).
Brotherhood and College Latinos A Phenomenological Study

An understudied topic is the social experiences of college Latinos. In this study, six men shared their experience of brotherhood or hermandad. Individual interviews yielded qualitative data that were subjected to inductive coding resulting in seven descriptive themes conveying the essence of brotherhood. The findings and implications are discussed in light of extant literature. Study limitations precede discussion on future scholarship that is focused on the postsecondary success of a highly underrepresented student population.
The Clinical Spectrum of Benign Penetrating Barrett’s Ulcers

There is considerable controversy regarding the appropriate treatment of Barrett’s esophagus in the absence of severe dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. A specific focus of this controversy involves the management of benign ulcers in the columnar lined esophagus. We have reviewed our experience with penetrating Barrett’s ulcers to provide guidelines for management of these difficult problems.