cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E-beam lithography at low voltages

Electron beam lithography for the fabrication of 1X x-ray masks and optical lithography system such as Markle-Dyson system requires precision of edge placement of mask less than 100 nm. In this paper we report experimental results with low voltage exposures (2 keV). 100 nm features were delineated in 66 nm resist in both sparse and dense patterns on bare silicon and 300 nm Au/Si confirming the predicted dramatic reduction in proximity effects. In addition, both sparse and dense 100 nm patterns were resolved over doses from 16 to 28 (mu) C/cm2 on bare silicon and 14 to 27 (mu) C/cm2 on gold substrate illustrating the high dose tolerance enjoyed at low voltages. Electromagnetic interference and the lower electron beam brightness are not limiting factors for the low voltage exposure.
CO Oxidation on the Pd(111) Surface

Under technologically relevant oxygen-rich conditions, the reaction mechanism of CO oxidation over transition metals can be complicated by the formation of oxides. Questions of whether the active surface for CO oxidation is a pristine metal, a surface oxide, or a bulk oxide is still under active debate. In this study, density functional theory calculations are used to model CO oxidation on the Pd(111) surface. Our results show that a thin layer of Pd5O4 surface oxide is stable under catalytically relevant gas-phase conditions. Three-fold oxygen atoms in the surface are found to react with gas-phase CO molecules following an Eley–Rideal reaction mechanism. Such CO oxidation reduces the surface oxide, but the oxide can be replenished by O2 dissociation. Kinetic analysis shows that experimentally observed reaction conditions, that are uninhibited by CO and limited only by mass transfer, correspond to a surface oxide phase with CO oxidation occurring though the Eley–Rideal mechanism. Under steady-state operat...
Concurrent Henoch-Schönlein purpura and papular-purpuric gloves-and-socks syndrome.

The case of a young teenager with manifestations consistent with both Henoch-Schonlein purpura and papular-purpuric gloves-and-socks syndrome is described. The illness was associated with acute parvovirus infection. Similarities and differences among the two conditions are discussed.
A NEW TYPE OF CERENKOV DETECTOR FOR THE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE VELOCITY AND DIRECTION

Abstract A new type of Cerenkov radiation detector is proposed, in which the light emitted by a single particle traversing a radiator is imaged, by means of a lens or mirror focused at infinity, on the cathode of an image-intensifier tube. The image is a ring, whose diameter measures accurately the Cerenkov cone angle, and thus the particle velocity. In addition the coordinates of the center of the circular image accurately indicate the orientation of the particle trajectory (though not its position). The sensitivity of presently available systems of cascaded image-intensifier tubes allows the photographic recording of the image produced by a single particle. The system is inherently insensitive to background noise. It can observe simultaneously several incident particles whose directions span a wide angle. It may be gated with microsecond coincidence resolving times. It can use condensed of gaseous radiators; with the former, chromatic dispersion is likely to limit the accuracy. For gas radiators, the attainable accuracy of velocity determination is estimated as Δβ = ± 0.0002 or better; the accuracy of track orientation ± 0.001 radians. The range of velocity and orientation simultaneously observable depends on the angular field of view of the objective. Sources of error, the precision attainable, the design of practical systems and some possible applications are discussed.
The Programming Language Aspects of ThingLab, a Constraint-Oriented Simulation Laboratory

The programming language aspects of a graphic simulation laboratory named ThingLab are presented. The design and implementation of ThingLab are extensions to Smalltalk. In ThingLab, constraints are used to specify the relations that must hold among the parts of the simulation. The system is object-oriented and employs inheritance and part-whole hierarchies to describe the structure of a simulation. An interactive, graphic user interface is provided that allows the user to view and edit a simulation.
The ANSI binding of SQL to ADA

This paper describes the binding of the Ada programming language and the SQL database language which is specified in ANSI standard X3.168-1989. Background information is provided on the SQL standard and its language bindings followed by information regarding the history of the Ada binding and the specific goals and values realized by that binding. The procedural binding is described in detail and an overview is provided of the embedded binding. Related efforts to build more abstract bindings are described followed by a brief status of standardization and implementation.
Polarographic reduction of aqueous sulfur dioxide

Abstract Direct- and alternating-current polarograms of aqueous SO2 · OH2 solutions show four reduction waves, more than previously reported. Waves I and II probably result from the electroreduction of SO2 · OH2 and HSO−3, respectively; these two waves completely overlap at pH 1 but are partially resolved at higher pH values due to different pH dependence. Reduction of SO2 · OH2 involves two electrons and two H+ ions and the initial product is probably sulfoxylic acid, H2SO2. This product can disproportionate to S0 and SO2 · OH2 in very acidic media (pH ≤ 1) and, in the limit, double the reduction current of SO2 · OH2. Reduction of HSO−3 appears to occur via two paths: one is a two-electron three-H+ ion path and the other is a one-electron one-H+ ion path. The former dominates at pH ≤ 3 and probably produces H2SO2; the latter dominates at pH > 4 and may produce SO−2. H2SO2 in less acidic media can react with HSO−3 to yield dithionite species (such as H2S2O4, HS2O−4 and S2O2−4) and HSO2 and SO−2 by dissociation of the dithionite species. Waves III and IV are believed to result from reduction of HSO2 and SO−2, respectively, to H2SO2 species.
Transport and distribution of trace elements and other selected inorganic constituents by suspended particulates in the Salton Sea Basin, California, 2001

In order to examine the transport of contaminants associated with river-derived suspended particles in the Salton Sea, California, large volume water samples were collected in transects established along the three major rivers emptying into the Salton Sea in fall 2001. Rivers in this area carry significant aqueous and particulate contaminant loads derived from irrigation water associated with the extensive agricultural activity, as well as wastewater from small and large municipalities. A variety of inorganic constituents, including trace metals, nutrients, and organic carbon were analyzed on suspended material isolated from water samples collected at upriver, near-shore, and off-shore sites established on the Alamo, New, and Whitewater rivers. Concentration patterns showed expected trends, with river-borne metals becoming diluted by organic-rich algal particles of lacustrine origin in off-shore stations. More soluble metals, such as cadmium, copper, and zinc showed a more even distribution between sites in the rivers and off-shore in the lake basin. General distributional trends of trace elements between particulate and aqueous forms were discerned by combining metal concentration data for particulates from this study with historical aqueous metals data. Highly insoluble trace metals, such as iron and aluminum, occurred almost entirely in the particulate phase, while major cations and approximately 95% of selenium were transported in the soluble phase. Evidence for greater reducing conditions in the New compared to the Alamo River was provided by the greater proportion of reduced (soluble) manganese in the New River. Evidence of bioconcentration of selenium and arsenic within the lake by algae was provided by calculating “enrichment” concentration ratios from metal concentrations on the algal-derived particulate samples and the off-shore sites.
Bead compacts. I. Effect of compression on maintenance of polymer coat integrity in multilayered bead formulations.

AbstractLittle information is available on the comparability of beads for oral sustained-release dosage forms. It is known that polymer-coated beads may fuse together to produce a non-disintegrating controlled-release matrix tablet when compressed. This study evaluates the effect of compression on beads with multiple layers of polymer and drug coat, and the effect of cushioning excipients and compaction pressure on drug release from compressed bead formulations. The multilayered beads consist of several alternating layers of acetaminophen (APAP) and polymer coats (Aquacoat®) with an outer layer of mannitol as a cushioning excipient. Percent drug release versus time profiles showed that the release of drug decreases from noncompacted beads as the amount and number of coatings increases, with only 43% of drug released in 24 hr for coated beads with 10 layers. It was shown that the compacted multilayered beads will disintegrate in gastrointestinal fluids, providing a useful drug release pattern. It was shown...
Two-fluid nonequilibrium simulation of hydrogen arcjet thrusters

A detailed numerical model has been developed to study the gasdynamic flow in an electrothermal arcjet thruster. This two-temperature Navier-Stokes model consistently incorporates viscosity, heat conduction, ohmic dissipation, collisional energy transfer between electrons and heavy species, ambipolar diffusion, nonequilibrium dissociation and ionization, and continuum radiation. The fluid equations are solved by MacCormack's method while an iterative procedure is used to relax an electric potential equation, from which the current distribution in the thruster is obtained. Using hydrogen propellant, solutions are achieved for a range of input parameters and the underlying physics and internal structures of these arcjet flows are revealed. In particular, a mechanism for self-sustaining anodic arc attachment is identified. Numerical solutions are compared with experimental results from the Stuttgart TT1 radiation-cooled arcjet thruster. Calculated discharge voltage is within 1-10% of experimental measurements, and predicted specific impulse is within 5-10% agreement. In addition, flow solutions are used to explain observed trends in performance as quantities such as the specific energy and mass flow rate are varied.
Role of wetting in sintering and redispersion of supported metal crystallites

Abstract Sintering and redispersion of crystallites on a substrate are examined in terms of the thermodynamics of wetting, on the basis of the free energy of formation σ( h ) of a thin film of thickness h on a substrate. Conditions are identified under which sintering by migration of crystallites or by Ostwald ripening occurs. One concludes, among others, that a necessary condition for sintering to take place via Ostwald ripening is the change of the sign of σ( h ) from positive to negative values when h decreases and becomes sufficiently small. If σ( h ) is positive for any value of h , then migration and coalescence is the only mechanism of sintering.
Ethical Lapses in Dermatologic Research

A number of months ago in the ARCHIVES, Dr Philip C. Anderson, in a discussion of the state of contemporary medical ethics, urged his colleagues, We must truly be moral. In an effort to meet a higher standard of reliability and morality, Dr Anderson counseled dermatologists to look at our failures even more closely than ... our successes. As we look back on this century, it is obvious that a number of vulnerable populations have been subjected to abuse by physicians and scientists engaged in research. For example, from the 1930s to the 1970s, physicians of the US Public Health Department used hundreds of black sharecroppers in Macon County, Alabama, for a study of syphilis in which the syphilitics among them went untreated. 2 In 1963, cancer researchers used 2 dozen senile hospital patients for studies of immunity, (personal interview with Dr Chester Southam, June, 1998) and in 1946, atomic scientists used nearly 2 dozen unwitting hospital patients for experiments that used plutonium to explore the impact of radioactivity on humans. 3 Experiments by American doctors on vulnerable subjects were used as a defense by Nazi doctors on trial at Nuremberg in 1947. 4 How could Americans sit in judgment of German physicians, they wanted to know, when physicians in the United States had for years been using prisoners for experiments, some of which were potentially lethal?
Passive microwave fiber-optic links with gain and a very low noise figure

It is shown experimentally and theoretically that it is possible to construct a passive microwave fiber-optic link (defined as one without active electrical or optical amplification) exhibiting an RF throughput gain of up to 50 dB and a noise figure approaching 0 dB. The key ingredients are quantum well gain-lever laser transmitters and proper impedance matching. Disregarding the optical transmission aspect of the link, it can be regarded as an RF low-noise preamplifier with performances competitive with conventional microwave amplifiers. >
Does legal education have undermining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values, and well-being.

We evaluated changes in subjective well-being (SWB), motivation, and values occurring over the law-student career. In study 1, law students began with levels of SWB higher than a comparison sample of undergraduates, but by the end of the first year their SWB had plummeted. These changes were correlated with the sample-wide decreases in intrinsic motivation over the first year, and were also correlated with increases in appearance values and decreases in community service values. Those with the most intrinsic motivations attained the highest grades, but, ironically, high grades in turn predicted shifts in career preferences towards ‘‘lucrative’’ and higher-stress law careers, and away from ‘‘service’’-oriented and potentially more satisfying law careers. The declines persisted over the second and third years of law school. In study 2, the basic effects were replicated for a different sample of first-year students at a different law school. Implications for legal education and the legal profession are discussed. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legal abortions and trends in fetal and infant mortality rates in the United States

Using states as the units for analysis, we found no evidence that during the early 1970s in the United States the legalization of abortions influenced trends in infant mortality rates. If fetal deaths were reduced by legal abortions during that period then the influence was modest and brief. These conclusions differ substantially from all earlier studies of the relationship between legal abortions and pregnancy outcomes in the United States which examined trends in areas with many legal abortions while ignoring areas with relatively few legal abortions.
Emerging Trends in Public Labor Policies and Union-Government Relations in Asia and Africa

New patterns of union-government relationships are emerging in Africa and Asia which range from outright control of labor movements (and repression of "uncooperative unions") to eliciting union support of government by more subtle means.
Low Mass X-ray Binaries and Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies

Chandra observations have allowed the detection of a large number of low mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) in early-type galaxies. Comparison to catalogs of globular clusters (GCs) from Hubble Space Telescope observations have shown that a high fraction of the LMXBs in early-type galaxies are associated with GCs. The fraction of LMXBs associated with globular clusters increases along the Hubble sequence from spiral bulges to S0s to Es to cDs. On the other hand, the fraction of globular clusters which contain X-ray sources appears to be roughly constant ( $\sim$ 4% for $L_X \gtrsim 10^{38}$ ergs/s, $\sim$ 10% for $L_X \gtrsim 10^{37}$ ergs/s). There is a strong tendency for the X-ray sources to be associated with the optically more luminous GCs. There is a trend for the X-ray sources to be found preferentially in redder, more metal-rich GCs, which is independent of optical luminosity correlation. The relative role of formation of LMXBs in GCs and in situ formation in the field is uncertain. One of the best ways to study this is to compare the spatial distribution of GC-LMXBs, field LMXBs, GCs, and optical light in the galaxies. Theoretical models and results of fits to the observed distributions are presented.
Sexual Harassment as Aggressive Behavior: An Actor-Based Perspective

In research on sexual harassment, authors have given little attention to sexual harassers. The authors of this article present an actor-focused model of sexual harassment interactions. In the model, which is based on interpersonal aggression research, the authors frame sexual harassment as one form of behavior an actor might choose for pursuing valued goals. The model is interactive, in that the authors discuss the effects of sexually harassing actions on the target's perceptions, motives, and behavioral response choice. They also provide propositions to guide future research.
Louis T Wright, MD, FACS (1891 to 1952), and the Integration of American Medicine.

Louis T Wright, MD, (1891 to 1952, Fig. 1) was the most prominent African-American surgeon of the first half of the 20th century. Growing up in the Jim Crow South, training in medicine at Harvard, and practicing as the country’s most prominent black surgeon during theHarlemRenaissance, he faced racial animus throughout his life. He advanced racial integration of all hospitals, medical schools, and training programs. He opposed accommodation to segregation, especially all-black hospitals. With a commanding personality and in key positions in both medicine and racial politics, he shaped the integration of US medicine. His legacy came 12 years after his death, when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination on the basis of race in all public and federally supported facilities, including hospitals. Despite his impact, Wright is not widely known in medical history. Most of the material in this article draws from recent summaries of his work with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) by physician-historian P Preston Reynolds and a selfpublished biography by Robert C Hayden, not widely circulated but available through an internet vendor. Wright became the second African-American Fellow of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and brought other qualified black surgeons into the organization, 2 important stories reviewed by others and not included in this article.
Security compliance: the next frontier in security research

Practitioners as well as researchers have repeatedly deplored that IT security research has failed to produce practical solutions to growing security threats. This paper attributes this failure to the fact that IT departments no longer invest in security as an ideal. Rather, money is being spent on technologies that enable compliance with security requirements. Academia has not embraced this shift in perspective and still tries to "sell" security when organizations seek to "buy" compliance. This disconnect has lead to research that fails to improve real-world security because it is not embraced in the market place. The conclusion drawn in this paper is that academia needs to complement current security research by additional research into security compliance. To encourage more work in this relatively new direction, the paper describes the major compliance research challenges that await solutions.
Melatonin's role in vertebrate circadian rhythms.

The circadian secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland and retinae is a direct output of circadian oscillators and of the circadian system in many species of vertebrates. This signal affects a broad array of physiological and behavioral processes, making a generalized hypothesis for melatonin function an elusive objective. Still, there are some common features of melatonin function. First, melatonin biosynthesis is always associated with photoreceptors and/or cells that are embryonically derived from photoreceptors. Second, melatonin frequently affects the perception of the photic environment and has as its site of action structures involved in vision. Finally, melatonin affects overt circadian function at least partially via regulation of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its homologues. The mechanisms by which melatonin affects circadian rhythms and other downstream processes are unknown, but they include interaction with a class of membrane-bound receptors that affect intracellular processes through guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein second messenger systems. Investigation of mechanisms by which melatonin affects its target tissues may unveil basic concepts of neuromodulation, visual system function, and the circadian clock. (Chronobiology International, 15(5), 457473, 1998)
History of the Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society

The history of the Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society is outlined. Consideration is given to the publications of the Society, the conferences sponsored by the Society, its technical and administrative committees and the people volunteering in the committees. >
Physiological Control of Smooth Muscle-specific Gene Expression through Regulated Nuclear Translocation of Serum Response Factor

Prolonged serum deprivation induces a structurally and functionally contractile phenotype in about 1/6 of cultured airway myocytes, which exhibit morphological elongation and accumulate abundant contractile apparatus-associated proteins. We tested the hypothesis that transcriptional activation of genes encoding these proteins accounts for their accumulation during this phenotypic transition by measuring the transcriptional activities of the murine SM22 and human smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoters during transient transfection in subconfluent, serum fed or 7 day serum-deprived cultured canine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Contrary to our expectation, SM22 and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain promoter activities (but not viral murine sarcoma virus-long terminal repeat promoter activity) were decreased in long term serum-deprived myocytes by at least 8-fold. Because serum response factor (SRF) is a required transcriptional activator of these and other smooth muscle-specific promoters, we evaluated the expression and function of SRF in subconfluent and long term serum-deprived cells. Whole cell SRF mRNA and protein were maintained at high levels in serum-deprived myocytes, but SRF transcription-promoting activity, nuclear SRF binding to consensus CArG sequences, and nuclear SRF protein were reduced. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry revealed extranuclear redistribution of SRF in serum-deprived myocytes; nuclear localization of SRF was restored after serum refeeding. These results uncover a novel mechanism for physiological control of smooth muscle-specific gene expression through extranuclear redistribution of SRF and consequent down-regulation of its transcription-promoting activity.
Standardized probe-directed sentinel node dissection in melanoma.

Abstract Background: Radiopharmaceutical agents appear to improve the accuracy of sentinel node (SN) identification in patients with early-stage melanoma, but the optimal radiopharmaceutical agent and its timing from injection to surgery remain controversial. We undertook this investigation to examine the utility of 3 methods of intraoperative lymphatic mapping with radiopharmaceutical-directed sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL). We suspected that concurrent injection of radiopharmaceutical and blue-dye would lead to the greatest success of SN identification. Methods: The study was composed of 247 consecutive patients who had American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I or II melanoma. Before LM/SL, all patients underwent cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy by 1 of 3 techniques: technetium 99m (Tc 99m) human serum albumin (HSA) injected at least 24 hours before LM/SL (124 patients), Tc 99m filtered sulfur colloid (SC) injected no more than 4 hours before LM/SL (same-day SC, 95 patients), or Tc 99m SC injected at least 18 hours before LM/SL (prior-day SC, 28 patients). At the time of LM/SL, isosulfan blue dye was injected alone (SC groups) or with a second dose of HSA (HSA group). A hand-held gamma probe was used to determine the radioactive (hot) counts of blue-stained and nonstained nodes, and the in vivo and ex vivo node-to-background count ratios of the nodes were compared. Results: Preoperative LS identified 299 drainage basins; LM/SL identified at least 1 SN in 119 (98%) of 121 basins using same-day SC, 142 (97%) of 146 basins using HSA, and 32 (100%) of 32 basins using prior-day SC. There was no difference ( P =.62) in the accuracy rate between the 3 techniques. The total number of SNs was 463. Same-day SC yielded higher intraoperative node-to-background count ratios than did either of the other techniques ( P P P =.05). Conclusions: LS and LM/SL performed on the same day with a single injection of filtered Tc 99m SC serves as the most useful method for probe-directed LM/SL. This technique demonstrated the highest in vivo and ex vivo count ratios, fall-off of radioactivity between the excised nodes and post-excision basin, and concordance between blue dye and hot nodes. It should be recommended as the method of choice for probe-directed LM/SL. (Surgery 2000;26-31.)
State Power and the Structure of International Trade

The structure of international trade, identified by the degree of openness for the movement of goods, can best be explained by a state-power theory of international political economy. This theory begins with the assumption that the nature of international economic movements is determined by states acting to maximize national goals. Four goals—aggregate national income, political power, social stability, and economic growth—can be systematically related to the degree of openness in the international trading system for states of different relative sizes and levels of development. This analysis leads to the conclusion that openness is most likely to exist when there is a hegemonic distribution of potential economic power. Time-series data on tariff levels, trade proportions, regional concentration, per capita income, national income, share of world trade, and share of world investment are then presented. The first three are used to describe the degree of openness in the trading system; the last four, the distribution of state power. The data suggest that the state-power theory should be amended to take into consideration domestic political constraints on state action.
Assessing Usual Care in Clinical Trials

Researchers designing clinical trials often specify usual care received by participants as the control condition expecting that all participants receive usual care regardless of group assignment. The assumption is that the groups in the study are affected similarly. We describe the assessment of usual care within the 16 studies in Multisite Adherence Collaboration in HIV (MACH 14), a multisite collaboration on adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Only five of the studies in MACH 14 assessed usual care. Assessment protocols varied as did the timing and frequency of assessments. All usual care assessments addressed patient education focused on HIV, HIV medications, and medication adherence. Our findings support earlier work that calls for systematic assessments of usual care within the study design, inclusion of descriptions of usual care in reports of the study, and the influence of usual care on the experimental condition in clinical trials.
“I Think About Oprah” Social Class Differences in Sources of Health Information

Health information influences an individual's health outcomes. Indeed, researchers have found that communication inequalities contribute to health inequalities. We do not have a clear understanding of why and how the communication disparities exist, however, particularly the social forces behind such differences. The qualitative nature of this article reveals the nuances of health information seeking using the case of infertility. Through 58 in-depth interviews, I demonstrate how differences in social and cultural capital between women of low and high socioeconomic status (SES) result in different ways of learning about health. Women of high SES have access to support groups, physicians, and the Internet, whereas women of low SES do not discuss their health problems with their peers, and lack access to and distrust physicians. I explore how these differences in health information shape the illness experience. I conclude with policy implications.
Decentralized cooperative control for multivehicle formation without velocity measurement

This paper addresses formation control problems using nonlinear cooperative control theory. In particular, incorporating with the inherent passivity of the tracking error dynamics associated with a general vehicle model, the decentralized formation control algorithms are developed for both leaderless and leader-follower formation scenarios. The proposed control algorithm can ensure the desired formation behavior with an intermittently available, time-varying, and uniformly sequentially complete topology. Furthermore, to facilitate the practical implementation, an auxiliary filter is introduced to develop a control input eliminating the velocity measurement, and accounting for the actuator saturation as well. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Ancient Church History

The problem of writing and teaching Church History is being discussed in this journal and elsewhere, and it is obviously related to the more general problem treated by Mr. Harbison in the last number: the “meaning of history” and the writing et history. In the case of Ancient Church History it is especially difficult. “The problem of defining ‘Church’” may seem simpler because of the rigidity of the ecclesiastical organization developed in the early centuries and not broken by the year 800; but, given the fact that it did develop only gradually, how is the historian to treat gnosticism, Montanism, even Arianism? Is he always to say, “the Church was right”? If he says so, how is he to treat the elements of rightness in what came to be regarded as heresies? Or should he make value judgments other than tentative ones? To what extent is his history art and interpretation and to what extent is it science?
The possible impact of gamma-ray burst detector thresholds on cosmological standard candles

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) satellites are relatively inefficient detectors of dim, hard bursts because they trigger on photon counts, which are number-biased against hard photons. Therefore, for example, given two bursts of identical peak luminosity near the detection threshold, a dim, soft burst will be preferentially detected over a dim, hard burst. This detector bias can create or skew an apparent correlation where increasingly hard GRBs appear increasingly bright. Although such correlations may be obfuscated by a middle step where GRBs need to be bright enough to have their actual redshifts determined, it is found that the bias is generally pervasive. This result is derived here through simulations convolving a wide variety of possible GRB brightnesses and spectra with the BATSE Large Area Detectors' detection thresholds. The presented analyses indicate that the rest-frame vF v spectrum peak energy of long-duration GRBs, E p, int , is not a good cosmological standard candle without significant corrections for selection effects. Therefore, the appearance of E p,int in seeming correlations such as the Amati (E iso -E p,int ), Ghirlanda (E γ -E p,int ) and L iso -E p,int relations is statistically real but strongly influenced by so far uncalibrated GRB detector thresholds.
Information Embedding in Degraded Broadcast Channels

We consider information embedding (IE) in a degraded broadcast scenario in which two independent messages (w1, w2) are embedded into a given host sequence sn under the condition that the distortion between the embedded sequence x n and the host sequence satisfies a distortion constraint Delta. We consider four cases: A) lossless recovery of the host sequence at neither of the decoders, B) lossless recovery of the host sequence at the better decoder only, C) lossless recovery of the host sequence at both decoders, and D) lossless recovery of the host sequence at the worse decoder only. In all of the above cases, we consider decoding of the messages (w1, w2) at the better decoder and decoding of the message w2 at the worse decoder. We develop inner and outer bounds for the broadcast IE capacity regions in cases A and B, and determine the broadcast IE capacity regions in cases C and D
An abnormal floating gate interference and a low program performance in 2y nm NAND flash devices

We have investigated a mechanism for an abnormally large floating gate (FG) interference reported in 2y nm NAND flash device. Based on the experimental and simulation results, we have found that the root cause is attributed to a depletion of polysilicon (poly-Si) layer for the control gate (CG). It was also found that the poly-Si depletion gives deterioration in the program performance. This work suggests that the poly-Si depletion of the CG should be controlled and considered utilizing a full 3-dimensional (3D) TCAD process and device simulations to improve the FG interference and the performance of NAND flash device beyond 2y nm technology.
How Venture Capitalists Influence Innovation Novelty at Different Venture Stages

We explore how and under what conditions venture capital (VC) funding affects a new venture’s propensity to generate novel innovations. Drawing on behavioral agency perspective, we suggest that ven...
Interfaith Dialogue in Lebanon: Between a Power Balancing Act and Theological Encounters

This essay explores trends and directions of interfaith dialogue in Lebanon with a special focus on developments since the Ta'if Agreement (1989) signed at the end of the civil war. While viewing the encounters of interfaith dialogue in Lebanon against the background of political and social developments, the particular focus of this study is the ventures and potential of “inter-theological dialogue.” In particular, it explores the new initiatives whose focus is on theological and spiritual dialogue, since they seem to have been virtually ignored by recent studies in the field, even though inter-theological discussions have constituted an important part of inter-religious dialogue in Lebanon. The article proposes that theological dialogue in Lebanon is necessary in order to reach true taʿāyush (living together), particularly because politics and religion are intricately intertwined. Focusing on two initiatives within the past 15 years, it shows how they strive to make theological discourse – sometimes a me...
A review of the genus Chaeridiona Baly, 1869 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

The genus Chaeridiona Baly is reviewed. All species, except Ch. pseudometallica Basu 1999, are redescribed and illustrated. Chaeridiona tuberculata Chen & Yu 1964, a homonym of Ch. tuberculata Uhmann 1961, is transferred to Prionispa and renamed Prionispa cheni, nom. novum. Chaeridiona clavata Yu, 1992 is transferred to Prionispa. Chaeridiona cupreovirida Gressitt is removed from synonymy. Chaeridiona angulata, new species, is described from Laos. A key to the species is provided.
Reproductive Consequences of Dietary Specialization and Switching in an Ecological Generalist

The foraging behavior of animals in complex environments is affected by conflicting demands (cf. Sih 1980, Martindale 1982, 1983, Cerri & Fraser 1983) and may be dependent on more than one aspect of prey quality (Pulliam 1975, Westoby 1978, Nicotri 1980, Breitwisch et al. 1984). Various currencies have been suggested that could affect the dietary selection of a foraging animal. These include energy intake per unit of time (Schoener 1971), maximizing intake of an essential nutrient (Goss-Custard 1981), and mixing nutrient intake to ensure adequate nutrition (Westoby 1978, Nicotri 1980).
Arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes in 60- to 69- vs. 18- to 36-yr-old humans

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that aging diminished baroreflex function during central hypovolemia. Eleven healthy young and eleven older (age 60-69 yr) individuals were assessed by using heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to neck pressure and suction during rest and lower body negative pressure (LBNP) of -15 Torr. The slope of forearm vascular resistance to central venous pressure during low-level LBNP was assessed as the index of cardiopulmonary baroreflex sensitivity. Baseline cardiovascular variables were not significantly different between the groups. In addition, there was no group difference in cardiopulmonary baroreflex (-3.6 vs. -3.7 units/mmHg for young vs. older, respectively) or carotid baroreflex (-0.39 vs. -0.35 beats.min-1.mmHg-1 and -0.26 vs. -0.35 mmHg/mmHg, for young vs. older, respectively) sensitivity. LBNP did not affect either HR or MAP, whereas it decreased CVP and increased FVR in both groups. LBNP significantly augmented the carotid-HR (-0.47 +/- 0.03 beats.min-1.mmHg-1) and carotid-MAP (-0.42 +/- 0.04 mmHg/mmHg) reflex gains in the young subjects only. We concluded that there was no difference in the discrete baroreflex function between the two age groups; however, the interaction of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors with carotid baroreflex function was absent in the older subjects, suggesting that the central integration of afferent neural inputs from the discrete baroreceptors was altered with aging.
The Influence of Experience With a Set of Simulated Patients on Diagnosis of Simulated Patients Not Previously Diagnosed

Background and Purpose. Diagnoses, to be useful, should be accurate. The purpose of this study using fictitious patients and student judges was to test the theory that diagnostic errors would occur when students saw simulated patients who were similar to previously seen simulated patients. Subjects. Sixty physical therapist (PT) students and 60 non–physical therapist (NPT) students were studied. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Methods. Instructions to the three groups differed in terms of rules provided for diagnoses and instructions to remember the patients. Students first diagnosed the same eight fictitious patients five times. The students then diagnosed eight new patients with similar characteristics interspersed with the original eight patients. Half of the new patients had a diagnosis different from that of the most similar old patient. Results. Students who were given a rule for diagnosis made fewer errors than students who were not given a rule. Students in the PT group took longer but made fewer errors on the critical opposite-diagnosis new cases than did students in the NPT group. Conclusion and Discussion. The results do not provide support for the theory that diagnostic errors would occur when students saw patients who were similar to previously seen patients. Students in the PT group appeared to emphasize accuracy at the expense of speed in making their diagnoses. Given the nature of the simulated patient information and the mode of presentation used in the experiment, however, the conclusion that therapists in actual practice do not make errors because of the similarity between new and previously seen patients is not yet warranted.
Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question

The question whether or not “viruses are alive” has caused considerable debate over many years. Yet, the question is effectively without substance because the answer depends entirely on the definition of life or the state of “being alive” that is bound to be arbitrary. In contrast, the status of viruses among biological entities is readily defined within the replicator paradigm. All biological replicators form a continuum along the selfishness-cooperativity axis, from the completely selfish to fully cooperative forms. Within this range, typical, lytic viruses represent the selfish extreme whereas temperate viruses and various mobile elements occupy positions closer to the middle of the range. Selfish replicators not only belong to the biological realm but are intrinsic to any evolving system of replicators. No such system can evolve without the emergence of parasites, and moreover, parasites drive the evolution of biological complexity at multiple levels. The history of life is a story of parasite-host coevolution that includes both the incessant arms race and various forms of cooperation. All organisms are communities of interacting, coevolving replicators of different classes. A complete theory of replicator coevolution remains to be developed, but it appears likely that not only the differentiation between selfish and cooperative replicators but the emergence of the entire range of replication strategies, from selfish to cooperative, is intrinsic to biological evolution.
Mechanical Design and Fabrication of a Low-Cost, Modular, Mobile Gantry for Non-Invasive Medical Applications

This paper details the design and development of a low-cost, human-sized, mobile, mechanical gantry for potential use in non-invasive medical imaging procedures. The gantry features two independently-actuated aluminum rings, each capable of supporting a variety of different medical instruments. The gantry described herein was designed to integrate with an existing flat-panel Volume Computed Tomography (CT) scanner to create a hybrid Optical Tomography/Computed Tomography setup to facilitate image coregistration. However, the gantry also has potential utility in MRI coregistration, low-cost CT, laser therapy, and any other applications that necessitate precise, stepwise 360-degree rotary motion around a patient. The total production cost for the gantry, including stock, labor, and assembly, was ∼$15,000. Preliminary tests show that the gantry in open-loop has a positional repeatability to within 70 μm.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
X-ray diffraction analysis of the strain of SiGeC/(100)Si alloys

Samples of Si1-x-YGexCy were analyzed with a triple axis high resolution x-ray diffractometer to produce reciprocal space maps. Films with compositions of approximately Si0.77Ge0.20C0.01 vvith thicknesses ranging from 120 nm to 750 nm were found to be pseudomorphic with a tetragonal distortion, eT, near 1%. The tetragonal distortion in pseudomorphic samples with compositions near Si0.47Ge0.50C0.03 with thicknesses ranging from 61 nm to 115 nm was found to be near 2%. The strain increased linearly with Ge concentration even though the Ge:C ratio remained nearly constant. The strain in samples with similar compositions was not a function of thickness. These strain measurements correlated well with results from ion channeling analysis.
Point Separating Algebras of Polynomials

For a given collection of polynomials one would like to know whether all other polynomials are obtainable from them by polynomial operations. For this to hold it is clearly necessary that the collection separate points (including "infinitely close" points).Very often in approximation problems this separation condition is also sufficient, see e.g., [1], and it is natural to ask whether it is in our case. There is quite a different answer to this question depending on whether we construe "polynomial" to mean a polynomial in 1-variable or in several variables. In several variables polynomials have a complicated behavior at oo (unlike the situation for 1-variable) and one can give counter-examples based on this behavior. This will be shown below where we shall also obtain the affirmative result in the case of 1-variable. Our proof of this is fairly elementary, but we must mention that a much shorter proof is possible, based on local rings and a theorem of Nakayama. Before turning to the precise statements and proofs, however, allow us to make one curious observation. If our collection consisted of two polynomials, p(x) and q(x) say, then the point separation condition would amount to the fact that the system
Preventing Capability Leaks in Secure JavaScript Subsets.

Publishers wish to sandbox third-party advertisements to protect themselves from malicious advertisements. One promising approach, used by ADsafe, Dojo Secure, and Jacaranda, sandboxes advertisements by statically verifying that their JavaScript conforms to a safe subset of the language. These systems blacklist known dangerous properties that would let advertisements escape the sandbox. Unfortunately, this approach does not prevent advertisements from accessing new methods added to the built-in prototype objects by the hosting page. In this paper, we show that onethird of the Alexa US Top 100 web sites would be exploitable by an ADsafe-verified advertisement. We propose an improved statically verified JavaScript subset that whitelists known-safe properties using namespaces. Our approach maintains the expressiveness and performance of static verification while improving security.
Angiography of Skeletal Disease

Recent technical advances have produced two new applications for arteriography in the management of patients with bone tumors: angiography can be used in the planning of free vascularized grafts and in interventional radiologic therapy for bone tumors. Also discussed is the role of angiography in trauma.
Narrative uses of the U̱t-Ma'in (Kainji) Bare Verb form*

In Ut-Ma'in (Benue-Congo, Kainji), the temporal interpretation of a Bare Verb stem is based on the discourse context established by something other than the verb form itself. Contexts in which this verb form occurs vary. Adverbials and overt verbal morphology on other verbs are among the devices used to establish the conceptual/mental space within which each Bare Verb form is understood. Depending on context, tense-aspect interpretations of the Bare Verb may cover a range of notions, including ‘past’, ‘present’, and ‘habitual’. Once a conceptual space has been established, the Bare Verb can be used to express sequential main events; but its use is not limited to this function.
Introduction: Melodrama, Power, and Girl Culture

This chapter makes a case for a theory of melodrama in girl culture, justifying the use of Twilight texts as a vehicle for the investigation. Beginning with Twilight’s relationship to Jane Eyre, the saga’s predecessor and most dominant intertext, I develop a definition of the distinctive nineteenth-century melodrama, which gave rise to a mode that still pervades popular culture today. I discuss the mode’s relationship to girls in the context of feminist theories of melodrama and power, then focus more specifically on Victorian and contemporary girlhood, defining what I mean by “postfeminism” when it comes to discursive constructions of girlhood. I conclude by situating Twilight in a trajectory of melodrama in popular girl culture, a survey that reinforces Twilight’s relationship to girl culture from the nineteenth century to today.
Understanding Barriers to Linking High Risk Heterosexual African American Women to Care in the Upper South

As part of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) HIV prevention strategic plan through 2010,1 4 national goals were identified to reduce by half the new HIV infections in the United States. One of the 4 goals is to strengthen the national capacity to monitor the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic to better direct and evaluate prevention efforts. In response to these goals, the CDC awarded funds to state health departments to develop and implement a surveillance system to monitor behaviors that put people at risk for HIV infection in metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) with high incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Three target populations making up the majority of HIV/AIDS cases were selected for surveillance including: men who have sex with men, injection drug users and heterosexuals living in high risk areas (defined by poverty and HIV/AIDS incidence). Each year a different population was interviewed and analyzed in a 3 year rotating cycle.