cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instability in Fermi-Ulam `ping-pong' problem

The motion of a classical particle bouncing elastically between two parallel walls, with one of the walls undergoing a periodic motion is considered. This problem, called Fermi-Ulam `ping-pong', is known to possess only bounded solutions if the motion of the wall is sufficiently smooth , where p(t) is the position of the wall. It is shown that the stability result does not hold if p(t) is just a continuous function by providing two examples of instability. The second example also answers the question posed in Levi M and Zehnder E (1995 Boundedness of solutions for quasiperiodic potentials SIAM J. Math. Anal. 26 1233-56) about instability in the `squash player's' problem. Both examples are constructed for an equivalent system with motionless walls. The reduced system is obtained using the transformation, developed in the heat equation theory to solve the moving boundary problem.
Thalamic taste nuclei lesions and taste aversion

Abstract Rats with thalamic taste nuclei lesions were adapted to a 23 hr 50 min deprivation schedule and then presented with 0.125 percent saccharin followed by an injection of LiCl or saline. When retested with saccharin, animals with lesions showed a marked attenuation in taste aversion as compared to controls.
Phenotypic and microarray gene expression analysis of tri-dimensional raft-modeled human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives To describe the phenotypic and gene expression differences in monolayer and tri-dimensional cultures systems. Methods Normal oral epithelial cells (NOEC), primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and HNSCC cell lines were used to create and study modeled tri-dimensional tissue. Using cDNA microarray analysis, monolayer and raft-modeled tri-dimensional HNSCC cell lines were compared. Results NOEC, HNSCC, and both together can be modeled with tri-dimensional differentiation and cytokeratin characteristics analogous to in vivo tissue. Modeling of primary HNSCC resulted in a morphology of invasive HNSCC with areas of direct collagen invasion and MMP2 expression. Gene array analysis suggests that the individual cell lines themselves are the primary gene expression predictor and not the presence of tri-dimensional tissue architecture. Conclusions This tissue culture modeling system approximates the differentiation and tri-dimensional structure of in vivo tissues, and that raft modeled tri-dimensional HNSCC does not have a significantly different gene expression profile than the corresponding monolayer culture.
Identification of language-impaired children on the basis of rapid perception and production skills

Discriminant function analysis was used to determine whether performance on temporal perception and production tasks alone could correctly classify children as language-impaired or normal. The analysis identified six variables, all of which assessed temporal perceptual and production abilities, which taken in combination correctly classified 98% of participating subjects. None of these variables assess the higher-level linguistic abilities (semantic, syntactic, pragmatic) that have classically been considered to be deficient in language-impaired children, or have been used to diagnose them clinically.
SU‐FF‐T‐597: Dosimetric Characterization of Whole Brain Radiotherapy (WBRT) Using Helical Tomotherapy

Purpose: To investigate the dependency of pitch and field width on the quality of whole brainradiotherapy (WBRT) treatment plans using helical tomotherapy and to compare the dosimetric quality of tomotherapy to conventional WBRT techniques. Method and Materials: Five (n=5) previously irradiated patients were retrospectively planned using the helical tomotherapy (TomoTherapy, Inc. Madison WI) treatment planning system (TPS). For each patient, four plans were generated with the following field width (FW) and pitch (P) parameters: (i) FW:5.0cm/P:0.86 (ii) FW:5.0cm/P:0.433 (iii) FW:5.0cm/P:0.287, and (iv) FW:2.5cm/P:0.433. Conventional lateral field plans were generated using Pinnacle3 TPS. All treatment plans were prescribed and normalized so that 95% of the PTV received at least 30.0Gy in 10 fractions. Dose calculations were performed with a nominal 4.0 × 4.0 mm2dose grid. Plan comparison metrics utilized were dose sparing to the OARs and the PTV homogeneity index (HI). Results: Significant sparing to the left and right eyes occurs when using tomotherapy. For the left eye, a mean reduction among all patients of 41.7% and 32.2% for the D2% and Dmean, respectively, was noted. Similarly, for the right eye, a mean reduction among all patients of 38.1% and 16.9% for the D2% and Dmean, respectively, was noted. PTV homogeneity improved by 2.3 and 4.9 times relative to conventional plan when using a 5.0cm and 2.5cm FW, respectively. Mean treatment times using a FW of 2.5cm and 5.0cm were 462.1s and 253.0s, respectively. Conclusion: Our results indicate that tomotherapy, on average, reduces the mean (∼25%) and maximum (∼40%) dose to the eyes as well as improves the homogeneity to the PTV by a factor of 2.3 relative to conventional WBRT. Using a FW of 5.0cm and pitch of 0.86, plans may be generated and treated quickly by reducing the beamlet calculation and radiation delivery times.
Improving science education in the United States: A paper presented at the commonwealth conference on the teaching of science in schools. Ceylon, December 9–21, 1963

At the invitation of the Commonwealth Education Liaison Committee of the United Kingdom, Dr. Claude Gatewood and Dr. Ellsworth Obourn of the National Science Foundation and the United States Office of Education, respectively, prepared a major document describing science education in the United States for presentation at the Commonwealth Conference on the Teaching of Science in Schools. Their paper is a remarkably complete statement of the situation in the United States at the present time and as such it will be of great interest to students of science education throughout the world. The Editorial Advisory Board, in view of the unusual nature of the document and of the world-wide importance of the Ceylon Conference at which it was presented, has agreed to make it possible for this paper to be brought to the attention of science educators throughout the world. In this way, the Journal can help to fulfill one of the purposes for which it was established—that of promoting increased understanding of science education and, through this, the improvement of science teaching. Reprints will be available from the Editor, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Department of Science Education, Florida Slate University, Tallahassee, Florida, at a cost of $0.50 per copy.
A spinal projection of serotonergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in the cat.

Abstract A series of studies were done on adult cats to determine if the serotonergic neurons, reported in the nucleus locus coeruleus of that species, project to the lumbar spinal cord. The animals first were injected with 0.2 μl of Evans blue into the ventral horn of the lumbar cord. Four days later the animals were perfused and prepared for fluorescence microscopic examination. The presence of Evans blue in both noradrenergic and serotonergic cells of the locus coeruleus was clearly evident in animals in which the injection was confined to the ventral horn area. In cat, the monoamine coerulospinal projection to the ventral horn of the lumbar cord arises from both norepinephrine and serotonin-containing neurons.
A diamond-like carbon film for wear protection of steel

Abstract We have deposited diamond-like carbon (DLC) and amorphous SiN films on a tool steel coupon. In order to make the DLC adhere to the metal, we used an interlayer of amorphous SiN, taking advantage of the fact that the SiN coating adheres to the metal and the DLC adheres to the SiN. The DLC/SiN-coated substrate showed a significant reduction in friction compared with either uncoated or SiN-coated substrates in our laboratory bench tester after lubricated sliding for 30 h. In addition, on the basis of surface profilometry analysis, the DLC/SiN-coated plate showed less wear and a much smoother surface. The films were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and sputter depth profiling. Our results suggest that DLC is a promising coating for wear protection.
Enhancement of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced large bowel tumorigenesis in Balb/c mice by corn, soybean, and wheat brans

This study was designed to determine the effects of four well-characterized dietary brans on large bowel tumorigenesis induced in mice with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Eight-week-old barrier-derived male Balb/c mice were fed a semisynthetic diet with 20% bran added (either corn, soybean, soft winter wheat, or hard spring wheat) or a no-fiber-added control diet. Half of each group was given DMH (20 mg/kg body weight/week, subcutaneously for 10 weeks) beginning at 11 weeks of age. Surviving mice were killed 40 weeks after the first DMH injection. Tumors were not found in mice not subjected to DMH. In DMH-treated mice, tumors were found almost exclusively in the distal colon. Tumor incidences were as follows: controls, 11%; soybean group, 44%; soft winter wheat group, 48%; hard spring wheat group, 58%; and corn group, 72%. Tumors per tumor-bearing mouse ranged from 1.4 to 1.6, except in the corn group, which had 2.1. A positive correlation was found between percentage of neutral detergent fiber in the brans and tumor incidences but not between the individual components of cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin. The enhancement of DMH-induced large bowel tumorigenesis by all four bran types may reflect a species and/or mouse strain effect that is bran-source related. These data emphasize the importance of using well-defined bran in all "fiber" studies.
Rapid change in strontium isotopic composition of sea water before the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary

A CRITICAL aspect of the debate over the origin of the chemical, biological and climatological perturbations that characterize the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary (K/T boundary) is the timescale and detailed pattern of the extinctions and geochemical changes. Whether the development of the anomalies was catastrophic (over tens to hundreds of years) or more gradual (103 to 106 years), whether the anomalies occur exactly at the boundary or precede it, and whether the chemical and biological signatures represent one event or can be resolved into several discrete events, are issues fundamental to identifying the cause of the marked changes. To determine the timing and rate of change of strontium isotope evolution of sea water during the five million years preceding the K/T boundary, we analysed foraminifera from an exceptionally thick, palaeontologically well-characterized marine K/T section exposed at Bidart, southwest France. We found a rapid increase in 87Sr/86Sr of ocean water 1.5 to 2.3 Myr before the boundary. The increase may be explained by a 10% increase in continental strontium flux to the oceans over a period of about 1 Myr.
The growth of gypsum crystals on barite and calcite

Abstract The kinetics of crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate on barite and calcite seed materials have been studied at 25°C. The grown solid phases have also been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area measurements, and by x-ray diffraction.
Calorimetric study of the austenite: pearlite transformation

Abstract A high temperature, continuously recording, constant heat-flow calorimeter was used to measure the specific heats of austenite and pearlite in eutectoid plain carbon and alloy steels and the enthalpy of the pearlite-austenite transformation as a function of alloy content. The precision of the present method is estimated to be ±5 per cent. The specific heats of austenite and pearlite of eutectoid composition are reported from 400 to 850°C. The addition of 0.80 per cent carbon causes an increase in specific heat relative to pure iron. Small additions of manganese, molybdenum, or cobalt and variation of pearlite spacing, have no appreciable effect on specific heat. The enthalpy of the austenite : pearlite transformation for a plain carbon eutectoid steel was found to be 19.6 cal gm−1 at the eutectoid temperature of 727°C. This is in good agreement with the value of 20.0 cal gm−1 calculated from the thermodynamic tables of Darken and co-workers. Additions of manganese (1.85 per cent) or molybdenum (0.51 per cent) lower the enthalpy of transformation to 18 cal gm−1 and cobalt (1.91 per cent) increases it to 23 cal gm−1. The free energy of the transformation was calculated from the calorimetric data. The free-energy change is decreased by manganese and molybdenum and increased by cobalt. The effect of these alloying elements is in accord with Zener's prediction and is of some consequence in the theory of pearlite growth.
Comparing Faunal Remains and Subsistence Technology at CA-SMI-507: A 9,000-Year-Old Paleocoastal Shell Midden on San Miguel Island, California

ABSTRACT Data from many early California shell middens suggest that shellfish and plant foods were economic staples that provided early coastal people with a balanced diet rich in calories and complete proteins. Along the mainland coast, fish, land mammals, sea mammals, and birds were all exploited by early foragers, but the dominance of shellfish and plant foods is supported by both faunal and artifact assemblages. Faunal remains from most early Channel Island sites confirm this pattern, but most reconstructions have been based on small samples in which artifacts and vertebrate remains are often poorly represented. We examine human subsistence at CA-SMI-507, a ∼9,000-year-old shell midden where our test excavations and intensive surface collections recovered samples of artifacts and faunal debris. The faunal remains are dominated by shellfish remains, but numerous bifaces from the site suggest a substantial investment in hunting activities not represented in midden samples. When studying early island sit...
Immunohistochemical features of lacrimal gland epithelial tumors.

Purpose To investigate the immunohistochemical features of ocular adnexal pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Design Retrospective clinicopathologic study. Methods Clinical records and microscopic slides of 7 cases of each tumor type were reviewed. Immunohistochemical probes for Ki-67 and p53, and newer nuclear markers MYB for adenoid cystic carcinoma and PLAG1 for pleomorphic adenoma, were employed. Results Pleomorphic adenomas were asymptomatic, whereas adenoid cystic carcinomas were painful. No pleomorphic adenomas recurred; 4 adenoid cystic carcinomas recurred, resulting in 3 deaths. Unusual histopathologic variants for which immunohistochemistry proved useful included a myoepithelioma, an atypical pleomorphic adenoma, tubular and solid/basaloid variants of adenoid cystic carcinoma, and a morphologically heterogeneous adenoid cystic carcinoma of a Wolfring gland. For the pleomorphic adenomas, the average Ki-67 proliferation index was 3.8%; p53 was weakly staining, with an average positivity of 18.5%; PLAG1 was strongly positive in all cases; MYB was negative in 5 cases and weakly focally positive in 2 cases. For the adenoid cystic carcinomas, the average Ki-67 proliferation index was 29.1%; p53 stained positively and strongly with an average of 39%; none stained positively for PLAG1; and 6 out of 7 were MYB positive. Conclusions Between pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, there was no overlap in Ki-67 positivity. Positivity for p53 showed overlap in only one lesion of each type. PLAG1 and MYB positivity were highly discriminating between pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis should be investigated further for its role in the evaluation of pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma.
Metastatic papillary cancer of the neck: A diagnostic dilemma

The finding of papillary carcinoma in a neck mass usually leads to the presumptive diagnosis of metastatic thyroid carcinoma, with total thyroidectomy revealing the primary tumor. We report five cases of metastatic papillary carcinoma of the neck. The primary tumor in three of the cases was found to be nonthyroidal; two being discovered only after total thyroidectomy failed to reveal a primary cancer. In the two thyroidal neoplasms, pathologic examination of the thyroid demonstrated only minimal tumor in one case and no detectable tumor in the other. These cases illustrate the pitfalls of diagnosis and treatment of these tumors and the utility of antithyroglobulin immunostaining in such cases.
The rise of information in an evolutionary universe

This paper outlines the grand scenario of cosmic evolution by examining the ongoing changes among radiation, matter and life in standard, big‐bang cosmology. Using aspects of non‐equilibrium thermodynamics and information science, we argue that it is the contrasting temporal behavior of various energy densities that have given rise to the environments needed for the emergence of galaxies, stars, planets, and life forms. We furthermore argue that a necessary (though perhaps not sufficient) condition—a veritable prime mover—for the emergence of such ordered structures of growing complexity is the expansion of the Universe itself. Neither demon‐strably new science nor appeals to non‐science are needed to explain the impressive hierarchy of developmental change, from quark to quasar, from microbe to mind.
A membraneless microscale fuel cell using non-noble catalysts in alkaline solution

Abstract This paper presents the development of a novel liquid-based microscale fuel cell using non-noble catalysts in an alkaline solution. The developed fuel cell is based on a membraneless structure. The operational complications of a proton exchange membrane lead the development of a fuel cell with the membraneless structure. Non-noble metals with relatively mild catalytic activity, nickel hydroxide and silver oxide, were employed as anode and cathode catalysts to minimize the effect of cross-reactions with the membraneless structure. Along with nickel hydroxide and silver oxide, methanol and hydrogen peroxide were used as a fuel at anode and an oxidant at cathode. With a fuel mixture flow rate of 200 μl min −1 , a maximum output power density of 28.73 μW cm −2 was achieved. The developed fuel cell features no proton exchange membrane, inexpensive catalysts, and simple planar structure, which enables high design flexibility and easy integration of the microscale fuel cell into actual microfluidic systems and portable applications.
Choroidal melanoma invading the optic nerve head

Abstract Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor, however, involvement of the optic nerve is rare. This case report presents a patient with an amelanotic juxtapapillary malignant choroidal melanoma with secondary optic disc invasion. The clinical signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, management and prognosis for survival are discussed.
Time domain dielectric spectroscopy of crayfish tail muscle, measured in vivo

We measured the dielectric spectra of crayfish tail muscle, in vivo, in both the time and frequency domains. We inserted a linear array of four needle electrodes (denoted 1, 2, 3 and 4) into the tail muscle. For time domain dielectric spectroscopy (TDDS), we used the MacADIOS data acquisition system to apply a voltage step of amplitude V 0 and to sample the resulting voltages across electrodes 1 and 2 and also across 3 and 4 as well as the current, I, that flowed through a series resistor during polarization and depolarization. Fourier transformation of the variation of the conductance between 2 and 3 with time yielded the capacitance and conductance spectra of the muscle from about 1 kHz down to 0.1 Hz with electrode effects presumably eliminated. A Hewlett-Packard 4192A low-frequency impedance analyzer (IA) measured directly the capacitance and conductance spectra between electrodes 2 and 3 from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The TDDS results exhibited a strong dispersion for frequencies on the order of 10 Hz that could be characterized by a KWW response (T ∼ 0.1 s and β ∼ 0.8). We modeled the IA results as a Cole-Cole dispersion with n = 0.5. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of Peer Victimization on Psychological and Academic Adjustment in Early Adolescence

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effects of frequency of peer victimization experiences on psychological and academic adjustment during early adolescence, with a focus on testing psychological adjustment as a mediator, as well as differences based on gender and type of victimization. The sample in this short-term longitudinal design study consists of 7th and 8th graders (n = 670, 50% male) from an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse middle school. Victimization was measured using 10 items that assessed frequency of verbal, physical, and relational victimization experiences, and outcomes were assessed with the Behavior Assessment System for Children (2nd ed.) and school records. There was support for gender differences in frequency of peer victimization experiences based on type of victimization. More specifically, boys reported higher levels of physical and verbal victimization, and girls reported higher levels of relational victimization. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between boys and girls on the relation between victimization and anxiety, attendance, and grades, with girls experiencing more maladjustment than boys in response to peer victimization. Finally, results demonstrated no gender differences in indirect effects of psychological adjustment on the relation between peer victimization and academic outcomes, whether victimization was physical, verbal, and relational. These findings highlight the importance of addressing social-emotional functioning as well as peer victimization in the schools for both boys and girls, as both affect students' academic functioning.
Mass spectrometric analysis of spatio-temporal dynamics of crustacean neuropeptides

Neuropeptides represent one of the largest classes of signaling molecules used by nervous systems to regulate a wide range of physiological processes. Over the past several years, mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategies have revolutionized the discovery of neuropeptides in numerous model organisms, especially in decapod crustaceans. Here, we focus our discussion on recent advances in the use of MS-based techniques to map neuropeptides in the spatial domain and monitoring their dynamic changes in the temporal domain. These MS-enabled investigations provide valuable information about the distribution, secretion and potential function of neuropeptides with high molecular specificity and sensitivity. In situ MS imaging and in vivo microdialysis are highlighted as key technologies for probing spatio-temporal dynamics of neuropeptides in the crustacean nervous system. This review summarizes the latest advancement in MS-based methodologies for neuropeptide analysis including typical workflow and sample preparation strategies as well as major neuropeptide families discovered in decapod crustaceans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in Neuroscience and Neurology.
Adding reactivity to structure-reaction dynamics in a nanometer-size oxide ion in water

We examine oxygen-isotope exchanges in a nanometer-size oxide molecule in water and, separately, both its rates ot dissociation and molecular products. This molecule, the decaniobate ion ([H x Nb 10 O 28 ] (6-x) , is at the same size scale as geochemically interesting features on minerals, such as surface polymers and kink sites on growth steps, although it is structurally quite dissimilar. Unlike mineral surface structures, however, we have complete confidence in the aqueous structure of this molecule and it yields a clear spectroscopic signature as it reacts. We thus can follow proton-enhanced isotope exchanges and base-induced dissociation in unprecedented detail and clarity. The results are surprising and require new thinking about geochemical reactions at the molecular scale. For example, base-induced dissociation of the molecule, which is unprotonated, causes rates of oxygen-isotope exchanges of all structural oxygens to accelerate dramatically. Similarly, protonation of the molecule causes sets of oxygens to react, although protonation is limited. In general, all reactions are via concerted motions of many atoms and the reactivities vary as though the entire structure was responding to changes in solution composition. The site reactivities could not be inferred from the stable structure of the decaniobate molecule because so much of the structure is involved in each exchange event. Thus, computational models must be structurally faithful to an extraordinary degree, and inherently dynamic, or they will miss the essential chemistry.
Disability‐friendly university environments: Conducting a climate assessment

Campus assessment instruments can explore the campus climate for students, faculty, and staff with disabilities, contributing useful insights for services and program development.
Quantum Monte Carlo study of hole binding and pairing correlations in the three-band Hubbard model

We simulated the three-band Hubbard model using the constrained-path Monte Carlo (CPMC) method in search for a possible superconducting ground state. The CPMC is a ground-state method that is free of the exponential scaling of computing time with system size. We calculated the binding energy of a pair of holes for systems up to $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4$ unit cells. We also studied the pairing correlation functions versus distance for both the $d$-wave and extended $s$-wave channels in systems up to $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6$. We found that holes bind for a wide range of parameters and that the binding increased as the system size is increased. However, the pairing correlation functions decay quickly with distance. For the extended $s$ channel, we found that as the Coulomb interaction ${U}_{d}$ on the Cu sites is increased, the long-range part of the correlation functions is suppressed and fluctuates around zero. For the ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ channel, we found that the correlations decay rapidly with distance towards a small positive value. However, this value becomes smaller as the interaction ${U}_{d}$ or the system size is increased.
Counterparty Credit Risk

Counterparty Credit Risk is a must-read for anyone interested or involved in counterparty credit risk (CCR); it is one of the first comprehensive, well-written books on this topic, which has become...
Sulfur Site Iodine Adduct of a Nickel Thiolate Complex.

The interaction of I2 with the nickel dithiolate Ni-1* yields a charge-transfer complex of I2 in which the nucleophilic metal thiolate donates electron density into the I2 σ* LUMO. In the solid-state structure, the I−I bond is elongated from that of free I2 (3.03 A vs 2.72 A), and conductance measurements indicate that the I−I bond is heterolytically cleaved in solution. The new molecular iodine adduct is compared to I2 adducts of PPh3 and R2S.
Purification and reconstitution into proteoliposomes of the F1F0 ATP synthase from the obligately anaerobic gram-positive bacterium Clostridium thermoautotrophicum.

The proton-translocating F1F0 ATP synthase from Clostridium thermoautotrophicum was solubilized from cholate-washed membranes with Zwittergent 3-14 at 58 degrees C and purified in the presence of octylglucoside by sucrose gradient centrifugation and ion-exchange chromatography on a DEAE-5PW column. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed ATP at a rate of 12.6 micromol min(-1) mg(-1) at 58 degrees C and pH 8.5. It was composed of six different polypeptides with molecular masses of 60, 50, 32, 19, 17, and 8 kDa. These were identified as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, and c subunits, respectively, as their N-terminal amino acid sequences matched the deduced N-terminal amino acid sequences of the corresponding genes of the atp operon sequenced from Clostridium thermoaceticum (GenBank accession no. U64318), demonstrating the close similarity of the F1F0 complexes from C. thermoaceticum and C. thermoautotrophicum. Four of these subunits, alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon, constituted the F1-ATPase purified from the latter bacterium. The delta subunit could not be found in the purified F1 although it was present in the F1F0 complex, indicating that the F0 moiety consisted of the delta and the c subunits and lacked the a and b subunits found in many aerobic bacteria. The c subunit was characterized as N,N9-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide reactive. The F1F0 complex of C. thermoautotrophicum consisting of subunits alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, and c was reconstituted with phospholipids into proteoliposomes which had ATP-Pi exchange, carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone-stimulated ATPase, and ATP-dependent proton-pumping activities. Immunoblot analyses of the subunits of ATP synthases from C. thermoautotrophicum, C. thermoaceticum, and Escherichia coli revealed antigenic similarities among the F1 subunits from both clostridia and the beta subunit of F1 from E. coli.
Endophyte-infected tall fescue diet alters gene expression in heifer luteal tissue as revealed by interspecies microarray analysis

Cattle consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue grass have an associated reduction in circulating progesterone and reduced reproductive rates. In this study, commercially available rat microarrays were used to analyze the gene expression in luteal tissues from heifers fed endophyte-free fescue, endophyte-infected fescue, or endophyte-infected fescue supplemented with the dopamine (DA) antagonist, domperidone. The number of hybridized spots represented approximately 40% of the total 10,000 rat genes/ESTs evaluated. Each luteal sample was analyzed in triplicate, resulting in within treatment correlation coefficients of >/=0.98. Median values of mRNA abundance from luteal tissue taken from the endophyte-infected fed heifers revealed 598 genes and ESTs that were down regulated and 56 genes and ESTs that were upregulated compared with luteal mRNA values from the endophyte-free treatment. There were fewer comparative differences between median values from luteal mRNA from the endophyte-free versus feeding endophyte-infected plus domperidone treated heifers. Only 19 genes and ESTs were upregulated and two were down-regulated.
Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases.

Objective To examine trends in outcomes of patients undergoing resection at a single tertiary care referral center over a 16-year period. Background Data Hepatic resection is considered the treatment of choice in selected patients with colorectal metastasis confined to the liver. Although a variety of retrospective studies have demonstrated improvements in short-term outcomes in recent years, changes in long-term survival over time are less well-established. Methods Data from 226 consecutive patients undergoing potentially curative liver resection for colorectal metastases between 1984 and 1999 were analyzed. Actuarial survival rates related to prognostic determinants were analyzed using the log-rank test. Results The median survival for the entire cohort was 46 months, with 5- and 10-year survival rates of 40% and 26% respectively. Ninety-three patients operated on between 1984 and 1992 were found to have an overall survival of 31% at 5 years, compared to 58% for the 133 patients operated on during the more recent period (1993-1999). Both overall and disease-free survival were significantly better in the recent time period compared with the earlier period on both univariate and multivariate analyses. Other independent factors associated with improved survival included number of metastatic tumors ≤ 3, negative resection margin, and CEA < 100. Comparisons were made between time periods for a variety of patient, tumor and treatment-related factors. Among all parameters studied, only resection type (anatomical versus nonanatomical), use of intraoperative ultrasonography, and perioperative chemotherapy administration differed between the early and recent time periods. Conclusions Long-term survival following liver resection for colorectal metastases has improved significantly in recent years at our institution. Although the reasons for this survival trend are not clear, contributing factors may include the use of newer preoperative and intraoperative imaging, increased use of chemotherapy, and salvage surgical therapy.
Strain and strain-rate hardening effects in punch stretching of 5182-0 aluminum at elevated temperatures

The influences of material properties on stretch forming are often studied by testing a wide variety of materials. However, differences in texture, fracture strain, and crystal structure are not taken into account. These material differences are eliminated in the present study by performing tests on a single material (5182-0 aluminum alloy) in which strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, and limit strain vary in a precise manner with temperature and strain-rate. This allows a comparison to be made between experimental results and analytical calculations to separate the contributions of these two types of hardening in distributing strain during elevated temperature forming. Furthermore, the influence of a change in limit strain to overall formability can be assessed since the hardening phenomenon is better understood. The strain distributions developed during forming over a spherical punch are calculated using the finite element method and material properties obtained from tensile tests at 25, 130, and 200°C at varying strain rates. These are compared to experimental strain distributions over the same temperature range. Measurements of limit strains are taken from forming limit diagrams. This research demonstrates that formability is improved at elevated temperatures through increases in both strain-rate hardening and limit strains.
De Facto Congregationalism and the Religious Organizations of Post-1965 Immigrants to the United States : A Revised Approach

Arguments about de facto congregationalism dominate recent research about the religious organizations started and attended by post-1965 immigrants to the United States. These arguments are limited in scholars' failures to consistently define the organizational field, and to recognize variation in what forms organizations take and what processes account for their developments. Due to these limitations, I argue that current conceptions of de facto congregationalism are best conceived of as propositions about what features immigrants' religious organizations might share rather than as assertions about actual similarities. I develop this argument by expanding the existing theoretical approaches and by analyzing the case of Thai Buddhist temples in America. I suggest that immigrants' religious organizations are more organization-ally diverse than previously imagined and that the processes through which immigrants adapt their organizations to the American religious context are multidimensional rather than linear, including a phase in which diverse organizational forms exist side by side.
Trust and Reciprocity

This survey explores the contributions of behavioral economics, laboratory experiments, and field experiments to our understanding of the economics of trust, trustworthiness, and reciprocal behavior. A general summary presenting the evolution of trust and reciprocity, departing from pure self-interest in the understanding of "homo economicus", begins the discussion. Next, an exploration of the games and academic contributions that isolate preferences (including social preferences, altruism, inequality aversion, and guilt aversion) from pledges of trust and from reciprocal behavior provides a foundation for behavior that is often misidentified as trust or conditional upon the actions of another. The survey concludes with a summary of theory and experiments that have identified trust and reciprocity in economics and human behavior.
Suicide Among Patients in the Veterans Affairs Health System: Rural–Urban Differences in Rates, Risks, and Methods

Objectives. Using national patient cohorts, we assessed rural–urban differences in suicide rates, risks, and methods in veterans.Methods. We identified all Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients in fiscal years 2003 to 2004 (FY03–04) alive at the start of FY04 (n = 5 447 257) and all patients in FY06–07 alive at the start of FY07 (n = 5 709 077). Mortality (FY04–05 and FY07–08) was assessed from National Death Index searches. Census criteria defined rurality. We used proportional hazards regressions to calculate rural–urban differences in risks, controlling for age, gender, psychiatric diagnoses, VA mental health services accessibility, and regional administrative network. Suicide method was categorized as firearms, poisoning, strangulation, or other.Results. Rural patients had higher suicide rates (38.8 vs 31.4/100 000 person-years in FY04–05; 39.6 vs 32.4/100 000 in FY07–08). Rural residence was associated with greater suicide risks (20% greater, FY04–05; 22% greater, FY07–08). Firearm deaths were...
Rural Revolutions in Southern Ukraine: Peasants, Nobles, and Colonists, 1774–1905 – By Leonard G. Friesen

This is a richly detailed, meticulously researched study of social and economic transformations in what became Southern Ukraine, a territory north of the Azov and Black Seas. Initially home to scat...
Science and shock: A clinical perspective

In spite of all the scientific and technical advances in recent years, shock that is not rapidly correctable with fluid can have a morbidity rate exceeding 80%. Consequently awareness of such precipitating factors as sepsis and early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Treatment should be rapid and should follow a previously outlined protocol. Such protocols should include correction of the precipitating problem and aggressive resuscitation to assure adequate ventilation and oxygenation of the blood and optimal oxygen delivery to the tissues. Fluid and blood should be given as needed until filling pressures begin to rise rapidly with further fluid infusion. With hemorrhagic shock in previously healthy individuals, a hemoglobin level of 10.0 g/dL is usually adequate. In older, septic, or cardiogenic shock patients, a hemoglobin level of 12.5 to 14.0 may be preferable. If an optimal preload does not increase cardiac output to normal or higher levels, inotropic agents should be used. If shock still persists, one must be sure that the arterial pH is not excessively high or low. Glucocorticoids may then be given in low dose (200 mg hydrocortisone) in case some degree of adrenal insufficiency is present. They can also be given in high doses (equivalent to 150 mg/kg hydrocortisone) early in septic shock primarily to prevent excess complement activation and to preserve membrane integrity. Vasopressors may occasionally be required if there is excessive vasodilation, especially if there is persistent hypotension in the presence of high-grade coronary or cerebral artery stenosis. Vasodilators may be used to try to correct myocardial ischemia (nitroglycerin), excessive preload (nitroglycerin), or excessive afterload (nitroprusside or hydralazine). Combinations of vasodilators and inotropic agents may be required in some patients with high systemic vascular resistance and persistently low cardiac outputs. Mechanical assist with IABP can be of great value in persistent cardiogenic shock. Diuretics may occasionally help prevent renal failure in patients who are persistently oliguric after blood flow and pressure are restored. Heparin is occasionally of value if DIC develops with no concomitant fibrinolysis. Antibiotics are important in septic shock and may also be important if persistent shock has reduced gastrointestinal mucosal integrity so that bacteria and bacterial products can enter the portal system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Interactions of acyl carnitines with model membranes

Esterification of fatty acids with the small polar molecule carnitine is a required step for the regulated flow of fatty acids into mitochondrial inner matrix. We have studied the interactions of acyl carnitines (ACs) with model membranes (egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles) by 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Us- ing AC with 13 C-enrichment of the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chain, we detected NMR signals from AC on the inside and outside leaflets of the bilayer of small unilamellar vesi- cles prepared by cosonication of PC and AC. However, when AC was added to the outside of pre-formed PC vesicles, only the signal for AC bound to the outer leaflet was observed, even after hours at equilibrium. The extremely slow trans- membrane diffusion ("flip-flop") is consistent with the zwit- terionic nature of the carnitine head group and the known requirement of transport proteins for movement of ACs through the mitochondrial membrane. The partitioning of ACs (8-18 carbons) between water and PC vesicles was studied by monitoring the ( 13 C)carbonyl chemical shift of ACs as a function of pH and concentration of vesicles. Significant partitioning into the water phase was detected for ACs with chain lengths of 12 carbons or less. The effect of ACs on the integrity of the bilayer was examined in vesicles with up to 25 mol% myristoyl carnitine; no gross disruption of the bi- layer was observed. We hypothesize that the effects of high levels of long-chain AC (as found in ischemia or in certain diseases) on cell membranes result from molecular effects on membrane functions rather than from gross disruption of the lipid bilayer.— Ho, J. K., R. I. Duclos, Jr., and J. A. Hamilton. Interactions of acyl carnitines with model mem- branes: a 13 C-NMR study. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 1429-1439.
Effect of species and proportion of legume on herbage yield and nitrogen concentration of legume‐grass mixtures

This study evaluated the relationships between legume proportion and dry matter (DM) yield, N yield, and herbage N concentration for three binary legume-grass mixtures In Uruguay. Two identical trials were established, one in 1983 (Trial 1) and another in 1984 (Trial 2) and were evaluated for 2 years. Treatments were white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (WC), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (RC), and birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) (BT), each grown with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) (TF) at four legume proportions, plus pure stands of TF. In Trial 1, annual DM yields of RC-TF were greater than yields of WC-TF or BT-TF and in Trial 2 RC-TF and BT-TF yielded more than WC-TF. The N concentration of either the legume or TF components usually was greater for WC-TF than other mixtures in both trials. Annual DM yields in Trial 1 were optimized by legume proportions of 47 to 59% for WC, 62 to 67% for RC-TF, and 57 to 100% for BT-TF; and N yields were optimized by 70% of WC or RC, and by 100% BT. In Trial 2, which had greater soil-N availability than Trial 1, optimum DM or N yields were achieved at lower WC proportions than in Trial 1. Changes in legume proportion did not affect legume N concentrations, but N concentration of TF in mixture was always positively and linearly related with legume proportion. It is concluded that DM yields for the first 2 years after seeding were greater for RC-TF and BT-TF than for WC-based mixtures. Herbage DM and N yields of WC-TF were optimized by lower legume proportions than for RC-TF and BT-TF. The N concentration of TF increased linearly with increasing proportions of any of the three legumes.
Carboxyhemoglobin levels in medical intensive care patients

We read with interest the study by Fazekas and colleagues demonstrating that lower levels of carboxyhemoglobin are associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients [1]. Th is observation is of interest since prior studies have shown that carbon monoxide (CO), the silent killer, may actually have therapeutic applications. CO suppresses infl ammation and apoptosis, reduces pulmonary hypertension and potentially protects against multiple organ injury in animal models [2]. Th e fact that average carboxyhemoglobin levels are slightly lower in ICU nonsurvivors compared with survivors (1.5% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.003) supports the fi ndings of animal studies. However, an important confounding factor deserves consideration. ICU nonsurvivors are sicker and therefore likely to receive a higher FiO 2 than ICU survivors. Most hospitals supply oxygen from liquid oxygen, whereas medical air is supplied by compressing fi ltered environmental air. Previous work at Pittsburgh has shown that nitric oxide (NO) contamination of compression medical air resulted in a clinically detectable diff erence in NO levels that directly altered oxygenation [3]. Th e air in most major cities is also contaminated with CO [4] consequent to fossil fuel combustion. Medical air thus contains varying amounts of CO, as well as other pollutants. Patients receiving a higher FiO 2 receive less medical air, and are therefore exposed to less occult CO. Th is reduction in medical air might explain the small diff erences in carboxyhemoglobin seen in the present study, just as it explained the lower NO levels. Until this confounding infl uence is accounted for, the prior observations may merely refl ect this CO washout phenomenon.
Transition between two sections in a linear induction launcher (LIL)

In the linear induction launcher (LIL), the barrel is divided into sections, and each one is energized in polyphase fashion by discharging a capacitor bank through the drive coils. The capacitor voltages and the frequency of the currents in the drive coils progressively increase along the barrel, from breech to muzzle. In this paper, the transition between the sections of a two-section launcher, designed for a muzzle velocity of 500 m/s, is investigated with the aid of a computer simulation, previously validated. It is shown that the velocity is relatively insensitive to the location of the projectile at the transition when the second section is energized; i.e., it is insensitive to the time of energization. Also, the transitions between sections of a multi-section 2 km/s launcher, where the frequencies are much higher, are studied with respect to their influence on overall performance. Here again it is shown that the muzzle velocity is insensitive to the firing times of the individual sections, and to several other changes in the operating conditions of the launcher. >
RETHINKING JUDICIAL PATERNALISM: Gender, Work-Family Relations, and Sentencing

Many scholars think that women are sentenced more leniently than men because judges are paternalistic toward women. In this article, I suggest that paternalism is a multilayered concept and that it is important to distinguish between judicial concerns for protecting women and those for protecting children and families. To learn what factors judges consider in sentencing and whether these differ for men and women defendants, I interviewed 20 men and 3 women judges in two state criminal courts. I learned that the primary objects of judicial protection were not women, but children, and men's and women's economic support or care for families. However, there was a labor hierarchy in the judges' minds in that they believed that care giving was more important than wage earning for the maintenance of families. Interactive influences among the defendant's gender, familial status, race or ethnicity, and the nature of the offense charged are discussed.