cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methods to assess water column primary production in wetlands

Abstract We compared a number of techniques to measure water column autotroph production in a shallow, hypereutrophic wetland: diurnal oxygen changes; light and dark bottle incubations; chlorophyll a concentrations; daily changes in pH; and algal volume. Productivity from diurnal oxygen changes calculated at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h intervals give similar estimates, but not ∼12 h intervals (dawn-dusk-dawn). Net productivity in bottles was slightly lower than that indicated by diurnal oxygen changes, and gross productivity in bottles was much lower than diurnal changes. Changes in pH correlated well with gross and net productivity measurements, as well as algal volume. Chlorophyll a is correlated with diurnal and bottle net productivity measurements and pH changes, but not algal volume. Since daily pH flux and oxygen changes provide a better overall assessment of ecosystem processes than standing crop or bottle incubations, they could be useful measurements for ecological engineers interested in assessing the ecosystem function.
Oxide VCSEL reliability qualification at Agilent Technologies

In the past two years, Agilent Technologies has had a unique opportunity to study the reliability of VCSELs from most major manufacturers. We report on our methodology for qualifying prospective VCSEL suppliers, and briefly discuss our findings. The expected use environment for VCSELs is covered, along with VCSEL reliability limitations with existing technology. Differences between maverick and wearout failures are discussed, and examples of each are shown; VCSEL failure analysis is also briefly touched on. Finally, recent challenges in using oxide VCSELs in non-hermetic packaging, and 10 Gb/s operation, are briefly covered. In this evaluation, we tested VCSELs from three different outside vendors. We have also examined detailed reliability reports from other suppliers under non-disclosure agreements. In addition, internal designs were developed for each of the product opportunities, and thoroughly tested. In this paper, we will discuss our qualification procedure, then provide a brief discussion of the results, and how they have compared. We will then describe a few of the more common VCSEL failure mechanisms, and finally talk about the primary challenges for the future. 2. CUSTOMER ENVIRONMENT Understanding customer expectations and actual usage patterns is one of the most critical, but often the most overlooked, steps in making a reliable part. We start by studying the thermal environment of the product. Over the past two years, the level of effort on thermal engineering of products has significantly increased. Detailed thermal models, with verification by infrared cameras and extensive thermocouple measurements, have been added as part of the routine development process. This will continue to become more critical, as the heat loading per square centimeter of board space continues to increase in new customer applications. We show in Table 1 a few applications that we believe are typical of the range of uses of datacom products. These tend to be on the "challenging side" of what we expect to see, but we expect applications to become more challenging in the coming years as port density continues to increase. The first and second columns are in air-conditioned equipment rooms, while the third column is in an uncooled equipment closet. The mission lifetimes, and air inlet temperatures, were supplied by our customers. Name
Transfer to Neonatal Chickens of the Primary Antibody Response initiated in vitro

THERE are numerous reports on the formation of antibody by neonatal animals which had been injected with homologous spleen and lymph node cells mixed in vitro with bacterial antigens1–3. Transfer to neonatal recipients of a primary response to serum protein antigens under similar conditions has often met with failure or with poor antibody responses3. The latter has been attributed either to the unsuitability of the neonatal environment for the cells4,5 or to the possibility that soluble proteins have a longer induction period, and as a consequence the homograft reaction results in damage of the cells before antibody is demonstrated6. To obviate this, Holub and Řiha utilized diffusion chambers which protected the transferred adult cells from the rejection mechanism. The present report summarizes further attempts to initiate an antibody response by in vitro mixing of chicken spleen cells with either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or with BSA–anti-BSA complexes, and subsequent transfer to neonatal chickens.
The Effects of US Hospital Consolidations on Hospital Quality

Abstract The spate of hospital consolidations that occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s had a profound impact on the US hospital industry. However, only two published studies using data from five states examined the effects of these consolidations on inpatient quality of care. This paper examines the impacts of hospital consolidations that occurred in 1999 and 2000 in 16 states on 25 measures of quality using pre–post, difference‐in‐differences models. We categorize hospitals participating in consolidations as acquiring institutions, target institutions, or participants in a “merger of equals”. We find that the quality effects of consolidations differ by the hospital’s role and the quality measure used. Acquiring hospitals experienced significantly improved quality with respect to iatrogenic pneumothorax and postoperative hemorrhage or hematoma, but the quality impacts for target hospitals and “mergers of equals” were mixed. Hospital consolidations appear to have complex, inconsistent effects on qua...
Nanoscale PtSi Tips for Conducting Probe Technologies

A method to improve the conduction and wear properties of nanometric conducting tips by forming silicides of Pt at the tip apex is presented. Tips with PtSi apexes are fabricated in conjunction with standard Si tips. Wear measurements are carried out on both tip types of similar geometries, and a one-on-one comparison between Si and PtSi at the nanoscale is shown for the first time. Both the wear properties on tetrahedral amorphous carbon and the conduction on Au of the PtSi tip apexes are shown to be superior to the Si tips.
Connectedness and the Sociopolitical Involvement of Same-gender-loving Black Men:

Employing a national sample of over 800 same-gender-loving black men, we explore the relative impact of community-level support/comfort and the importance of sexual orientation and racial identity on two dependent variables—sociopolitical involvement within lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities and sociopolitical involvement within people of color (POC) communities. Findings indicate that feelings of connectedness to LBGT communities is the most important predictor of sociopolitical involvement within both LGBT and POC communities; while, counterintuitively, being comfortable within the LGBT community had a negative impact on the sociopolitical involvement of these men. Further, the impact of the importance of identity was negligible.
The relationship of maternal position to the results of brief nonstress tests: A randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine whether maternal posture (left lateral recumbent vs semi-Fowler position) had any effect on nonstress test results when the test was performed for a shortened period (10 minutes). Study Design: In this randomized clinical trial of 108 patients with singleton pregnancies at 32 to 42 weeks' gestation, patients were randomly assigned to a "sitting first" (semi-Fowler position) or a "supine first" (left lateral recumbent position) group at the initial visit. The order of position was alternated at subsequent visits. Ten minutes of fetal heart rate monitoring was performed in each position at each visit. Computer analysis of the nonstress test was used to interpret each 10-minute segment for reactivity. Statistical analyses were performed on the paired nonstress test unit (sitting and supine). Results: There were no adverse clinical outcomes among the participants. Logistic regression analysis showed that both the sequence of the nonstress test and the position were significant and independent factors related to nonstress test reactivity. Tests performed during the second 10 minutes and tests performed with the patient in the semi-Fowler position were more likely to have reactive results. Conclusion: The semi-Fowler position is a superior position for conductinng a nonstress test in a shor period. Use of this position could decrease the need for prolonged monitoring, thus leading to a more time-effective evaluation of patients at risk. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1070-2.)
Relaxation of stress-split orthoexcitons in Cu 2 O

By applying Hertzian stress fields up to $1.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$ along a (100) direction we break the cubic crystal symmetry of a cuprite crystal causing the triply degenerate orthoexciton level to split into a singlet and doublet. The interconversion rate between the singlet and lower-lying doublet is measured as a function of stress at $T=2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ by using subnanosecond time-resolved luminescence. Based on the experimentally observed stress dependence, we propose that this transition occurs via exciton and TA-phonon scattering associated with the off-diagonal shear tensor field (abbreviated ``shear scattering''), in contrast to the axial vector field scattering (abbreviated ``rotational scattering'') mechanism for the ortho-para conversion.
Use of lithium aluminium hydride in the study of carbohydrates

STRUCTURAL studies of polysaccharides containing uronic acid residues involve the identification of the uronic acid and the determination of the manner in which it is joined to other sugar residues in the polysaccharide1,2. The identification of the uronic acid usually presents little difficulty if the modified methods of hydrolysis3,4, coupled with chromatographic analysis5,6, are applied. The nature of the linkage between the uronic acid residue and the other sugar components has been ascertained by periodate oxidation7 and by methylation studies. The former method is of limited application whereas the latter, which involves the identification of a methyl derivative of the uronic acid, has been widely employed2,8,9,10. The identification can be time-consuming when reference substances are not available, and occasionally it presents difficulty inasmuch as removal of the glycosidic methyl group, which often forms part of the identification procedure, is accompanied by decarboxylation and decomposition.
Dark septate endophytes – are they mycorrhizal?

Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are a miscellaneous group of ascomycetous anamorphic fungi that colonize root tissues intracellularly and intercellularly. The limited selection of studies quoted here exemplifies the range of host responses to symbiotic DSE fungi. Like mycorrhizal associations, DSE associations vary from negative to neutral and positive when measured by host performance or host tissue nutrient concentrations. This range of host responses is partially attributable to variation between different fungus taxa and strains. Similarly, hosts differ in their responses to a single DSE strain. Experimental conditions may also govern the nature of the symbiotic association. It is concluded that DSE are capable of forming mutualistic associations functionally similar to mycorrhizas. If the variation in host response to mycorrhizal fungi is considered to represent a continuum ranging from parasitism to mutualism, DSE symbiosis must be considered mycorrhizal, at least under some conditions.
Modeling economies of scale: the case of US electric power companies

Modeling and validating the existence of technical progress within the neoclassical production function specification has been facilitated through the translog functional form. However, attempts to separate out the effects of technical progress and returns to scale has been limited. This study develops and presents a model for testing the existence of these two separate effects using data from a sample of US electric power companies. The analysis found that for these electric utilities there existed increasing returns to scale and technical progress that was energy using but capital-neutral. However, scale effects were found to be a dominant factor in lessening the impact of declining average productivity.
On global feedback stabilization of decentralized formation control

We address the problem of global stabilization in decentralized formation control. Formation control is concerned with problems in which autonomous agents are required to stabilize at a given distance of other agents. In this context, a graph associated to a formation encodes both the information flow in the system and the distance constraints, by fixing the lengths of the edges. While globally stabilizing control laws for the case of n = 3 agents in a cyclic formation have been proposed, the case of n = 4 agents has so far resisted attempts to obtain globally stabilizing control laws. We show that a large class of control laws, including all control laws shown to work in the three agents case, cannot satisfactorily stabilize a four agents formation. The proof relies on applying ideas from singularity theory and dynamical systems theory which can be used to address global stabilization of a broad class of decentralized control systems.
LIII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CXXVIII

(1931). LIII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CXXVIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 7, No. 42, pp. 529-536.
DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENCY STRUCTURES

A dependency structure is a set of relationships which indicate which variables of a system are statistically dependent upon which others, A simple method for discovering this structure is described and refinements based on statistical considerations are discussed. The result is a simple procedure which is illustrated by several examples. A substantial number of experiments with the method have been performed, all with satisfactory results.
Choroid plexus tumors in the breast cancer-sarcoma syndrome.

Choroid plexus neoplasms are rare epithelial tumors of the central nervous system. A carcinoma of the choroid plexus occurred in a child from a family with the breast cancer-sarcoma syndrome (Li-Fraumeni or SBLA syndrome), an inherited condition characterized by the development of diverse neoplasms (sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumors, leukemia, adrenal cortical carcinoma, and others). Choroid plexus carcinomas were identified in two kindreds previously reported with the syndrome. The literature contains reports of choroid plexus neoplasms occurring in families and in individuals with multiple primary tumors. Choroid plexus neoplasm may be a manifestation of the inherited proclivity to tumor development in the breast cancer-sarcoma syndrome. Cancer 66:2658-2660,1990. FAMILIAL SYNDROME has been previously described A with an autosomal dominant pattern of breast cancers in young women and diverse neoplasms in childhood (Li-Fraumeni or SBLA syndrome). 1,2 Our recent finding of a childhood choroid plexus tumor in a candidate family with the syndrome led us to note this association in two reported kindreds and to review the literature on choroid plexus tumor in cancer families.
An efficient algorithm for demodulating narrow-band AM signals: Theory and implementation

Abstract Theory and implementation of an efficient algorithm for demodulating narrow-band Amplitude Modulated (AM) signals are described. Theoretical formulations are presented for the purpose of obtaining accurate and rapid Discrete Fourier Analyses (DFA) for real-time extractions of the Fourier components of narrow-band AM signals. These formulations were undertaken for demodulating such signals as would be expected with the operation of a model helicopter rotor impedance test facility. The sampling frequency is a very important factor for determining the efficiency, i.e. speed and accuracy, of this algorithm. The selection of the optimal sampling frequency is made on the basis of computer simulations in which the product of CPU time and computational error is employed as an index of algorithm efficiency. The primary finding of this study is that the division of the carrier period into eight exact time intervals helps to minimize leakage problems: that is, it minimizes the defined index. The successful implementation of the algorithm with a digital low-pass filter and the basic DFA formulations on a specific microprocessor, the Texas Instruments TMS32010 digital signal processor, is also described. The results of implementing the demodulation algorithm on a simple instrumentation set-up (consisting of a TMS32010 microprocessor operating within an IBM PC host computer) are given and demonstrate that both speed (approximately 80 μs) and accuracy (approximately 0·4%) are excellent. This set-up demonstrated a demodulation system which can be applied to a variety of research areas, e.g., structural vibration or acoustic testing, for real-time demodulation of narrow-band AM signals.
The Necessity and Limit of a Contextual Theology

Contextual theology is a necessity, but it also has limits. This is the thesis of Craig L. Nessan in this article. It is a necessity because of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ and the sacramental nature of Christian life. God is always revealed in particular times and places. Nevertheless, argues Nessan, contextual theology is limited by the consistency of God's character and activity. "While it is vital to pay attention to the particularity of God's revelation within a given context, it is equally necessary to affirm the coherence of God's characteristic way of becoming revealed." Careful reflection on the development of Christian doctrine demonstrates the value of attending both to its contextuality and its consistency. Doctrinal expression of faith provides the particularity of contextual expression (a certain language, culture, period) on the one hand, and provides the parameters of orthodoxy (the church's faith) on the other.
Only one pRNA hexamer but multiple copies of the DNA-packaging protein gp16 are needed for the motor to package bacterial virus phi29 genomic DNA.

Abstract A common feature in the maturation of linear dsDNA viruses is that the lengthy viral genome is translocated with remarkable velocity into a limited space within a preformed protein shell using ATP as motor energy. Most biomotors, such as myosin, kinesin, DNA-helicase, and RNA polymerase, contain one ATP-binding component that acts processively. An examination of the well-studied dsDNA viruses reveals that DNA packaging motors involve two nonstructural components. Which component of the motor is the integrated processive factor to turn the motor has not been identified. In bacterial virus phi29, these two components consist of a gp16 protein and an RNA molecule called pRNA. We have previously predicted and recently confirmed that gp16 binds ATP. It is generally believed that gp16 serves as an ATP-binding and processive component to drive the motor. In this article, phi29 DNA-packaging intermediates were purified in quantity and examined to differentiate the role between gp16 and pRNA. It was found that the pRNA hexamer is an integral motor component, while gp16 is not stably bound. Only one pRNA hexamer, but multiple copies of gp16, were needed to accomplish DNA packaging. pRNA functions continuously during the entire DNA translocation process, suggesting that pRNA is a vital part of the DNA packaging motor.
Transition radiation from lithium foils

Abstract The yield of transition radiation is expected to be higher for a low- Z material because of low absorption. Yields of transition radiation from lithium foils have been measured using multiwire proportional chambers and using a thin NaI counter in a beam of electrons and pions from 0.5 to 3.5 GeV/ c . The transition radiator consisted of 1000 foils of 2 mil lithium spaced at 20 mils. Results from a lithium radiator are compared with those of Mylar-foil radiators, and the advantages of lithium radiators in applications are discussed.
Thermal Decomposition Pathways and Rates for Dimethylaluminum Hydride

Calculations have been carried out for the thermal decomposition of dimethylaluminum hydride (DMAlH). For each decomposition pathway, the stationary point geometries and harmonic frequencies were characterized using complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF)/derivative methods and the correlation consistent polarized valence double-ζ (cc-pVDZ) basis set. Accurate energetics were obtained by combining the coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbational estimate of triples [CCSD(T)] results using the cc-pVTZ basis set with an extrapolation to the basis set limit using the cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and cc-pVQZ basis sets at the Moller−Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2) level. The geometries, energetics, and harmonic frequencies were used to obtain rate constants using conventional transition state theory. It was found that the lowest energy pathway leads to CH3AlCH2 + H2 with a barrier of 71.1 kcal/mol, which is below the first product resulting from direct bond breaking (CH3Al + CH3 at...
What is Integrative Oncology and Can It Help My Patients

Integrative oncology lends itself to the comprehensive practice of gynecologic oncology with multiple tools and interventions that can impact on QoL and survival. However, there remains a paucity of well-designed, well-powered randomized control trials on various CAM modalities for gynecologic cancer patients. The reasons for the lack of level 1 evidence include the nascent state of integrative medicine as a science, the limitations on CAM funding, the relative lack of integration of CAM practitioners into the oncology community, and absence of strict regulation of herbs and supplements by the US FDA. The use of CAM as adjunctive therapies will likely continue given the patient-driven trends to date, and given the evidence for at least safety and potentially efficacy, our patients deserve our willingness to use all possible approaches to improving their outcomes. Continued evolution of our ability to specifically measure and describe QoL will further our ability to hone in on domains most important to patients and their survival and allow practitioners to make patient-specific recommendations. Multimodal programs that include physical activity, stress management, and diet have the potential to address demonstrated deficits in PWB and FWB in ovarian cancer patients which suggests a model of collaborative gynecologic oncology care). Integrative oncology represents a holistic approach to patient care whose goal is maximization of patient quantity and quality of life. Patients can achieve this optimal outcome through the synergy of conventional care, integrative modalities, lifestyle modifications, and supportive care. Refer to Table 4 for a listing of integrated medicine Internet resources.
Comment [on “The Parker Challenge”]

Fundamental to considering the relative merits of a (B, V) versus an (E, j) description of a plasma, one must first define the bulk fluid velocity and characterize the dissipation mechanism responsible for fluid cohesion. While the equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) owe a heritage to studies of Coulomb-collisionally dominated plasma, many geospace regions of interest are, in fact, Coulomb-collisionless. Yet, the fluid equations of collisional MHD give a remarkably good and predictive description of this plasma. Still, collisionless plasma have qualities not captured by the collisional MHD paradigm, and their recognition requires an interpretation of the bulk fluid velocity that distinguishes the frozen-in frame and the flux-defined fluid velocity of conventional MHD.
Energetics of large lattice strains: Application to silicon

We discuss the mathematical formalism of physically allowed lattice-invariant strains. When coupled with first-principles calculations of the energy as a function of strain, this approach becomes a powerful tool for understanding large lattice strains in solids. We also present an application of this tool to explore deformations of silicon, which predicts, to our knowledge, a previously unknown metastable structure. The physical properties of this structure are described and a method for obtaining it experimentally is explicitly provided.
Arthroscopic Assisted Fracture Reduction of Distal Radius Fractures

It has been shown that the quality of reduction achieved with the surgical treatment of distal radius fractures is of significant importance in the clinical outcome achieved as well as in reducing the long term incidence of post traumatic arthrosis. Our study demonstrates that arthroscopic assisted fracture reduction of distal radius fractures is not only feasible, but allows for superior fracture reductions of distal radius fractures and also allows for a thorough assessment of concomitant ligamentous and soft tissue injuries in the wrist. This article discusses the indications, contraindications, and goes through a very detailed description of the surgical technique involved in the arthroscopic treatment of distal radius fractures.
Regressor diagnostics for the classical errors-in-variables model

Abstract A series of diagnostics are developed which can be used to probe the sensitivity of regression coefficient estimates to measurement error in each regressor when all the regressors may be measured with error. The diagnostics are based on the large-sample properties of the classical errors-in-variables model. The diagnostics provide information about the bounds on the measurement error variances of the regressors needed to bound any coefficient to a desired interval. Algorithms to compute the diagnostics are provided and the use of the diagnostics is illustrated in an example.
The effective rotation-bending Hamiltonian of a triatomic molecule, and its application to extreme centrifugal distortion in the water molecule

Abstract This paper is concerned with the determination of the shape of the potential energy surface of a triatomic molecule over a wide range of values for the bending coordinate, and numerical integration of the wave equation is used in order to relate the shape of the potential surface directly to the rotation-bending energies. The rotation-vibration Hamiltonian that is used was derived by Hougen, Bunker, and Johns [ J. Mol. Spectrosc. 34 , 136 (1970)] in a manner that allowed explicitly for the dependence of the inverse moment of inertia tensor elements on the bending angle. We now treat the stretching vibrational coordinates in this Hamiltonian by Van Vleck perturbation theory to obtain the effective rotation-bending Hamiltonian. We call this Hamiltonian the nonrigid bender Hamiltonian, in contrast to the simpler rigid-bender Hamiltonian used by Bunker and Stone [ J. Mol. Spectrosc. 41 , 310 (1972)]. The Hamiltonian is used to calculate the energies of the higher rotational energy levels ( J ≅ 10) of the v 2 = 0 and 1 states of H 2 O, D 2 O, and HDO from the equilibrium structure and force constants of the water molecule, and a slight refinement of the structure and force field has been possible. The fit is at the level where any further improvement will necessitate considering the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation among other higher-order corrections. Many of the ideas developed here can be applied to the treatment of the rotation-vibration problem in any molecule having a large amplitude coordinate, or a coordinate on which a moment of inertia element strongly depends.
Transport in one dimensional Coulomb gases: From ion channels to nanopores

Abstract We consider a class of systems where, due to the large mismatch of dielectric constants, the Coulomb interaction is approximately one-dimensional. Examples include ion channels in lipid membranes and water filled nanopores in silicon films. Charge transport across such systems possesses the activation behavior associated with the large electrostatic self-energy of a charge placed inside the channel. We show here that the activation barrier exhibits non-trivial dependence on the salt concentration in the surrounding water solution and on the length and radius of the channel.
Integrated wavelength tunable filters based on resonant Mach-Zender interferometer

We present a novel wavelength tunable filter based on a resonant Mach-Zehnder interferometer using an electric thermo-optic phase shifter.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
How many normal measures can w1+1 carry?

Relative to the existence of a supercompact cardinal with a measurable cardinal above it, we show that it is consistent for @1 to be regular and for @!1+1 to be measurable and to carry precisely ? normal measures, where ? ‚ @!1+2 is any regular cardinal. This extends the work of [2], in which the analogous result was obtained for @!+1 using the same hypotheses.
Endoscopic sphincterotomy: Indications, techniques, and adverse events

Abstract After selective deep ductal cannulation, mastering different sphincterotomy techniques is a fundamental skill for the safe and effective practice of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In this review, we will discuss the indications, techniques, challenges, alternatives, and adverse events of endoscopic sphincterotomy, with a special focus on techniques.
Safety Belt Use, Ejection and Entrapment

One in every five occupants thrown from a car receives fatal injuries. A motorist who uses a safety belt, in all probability, will not be thrown from the car during a crash. The rate of fatal injury for ejected occupants was found to be 40 times the rate for occupants not thrown from their cars, as determined from national accident sampling data. These data refute the popular notion that "being thrown clear" has survival benefit. In addition, there was no evidence that wearing a safety belt increased fatality risk from vehicle fire or submersion.
Street View Challenge: Identification of Commercial Entities in Street View Imagery

This paper presents our submission to the Street View Challenge of identifying commercial entities in street view imagery. The provided data set of the challenge consists of approximately 129K street view images tagged with GPScoordinates. The problem is to identify different types of businesses visible in these images. Our solution is based on utilizing the textual information. However, the textual content of street view images is challenging in terms of variety and complexity, which limits the success of the approaches that are purely based on processing the content. Therefore, we use a method which leverages both the textual content of the images and business listings, in order to accomplish the identification task successfully. The robustness of our method is due to the fact that the information obtained from the different resources is cross-validated leading to significant improvements compared to the baselines. The experiments show approximately 70% of success rate on the defined problem.
Glutamine Synthetase in Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes: New Biochemical and Immunocytochemical Evidence

: The results of recent immunocytochemical experiments suggest that glutamine synthetase (GS) in the rat CNS may not be confined to astrocytes. In the present study, GS activity was assayed in oligodendrocytes isolated from bovine brain and in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons isolated from rat forebrain, and the results were compared with new immunochemical data. Among the cells isolated from rat brain, astrocytes had the highest specific activities of GS, followed by oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes isolated from white matter of bovine brain had GS specific activities almost fivefold higher than those in white matter homogenates. Immunocytochemical staining also showed the presence of GS in both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in bovine forebrain, in three white-matter regions of rat brain, and in Vibratome sections as well as paraffin sections.
Management of surgical procedures common in men. Part 2: orthopedic procedures

Abstract Musculoskeletal disorders and injuries are common in men and often result in the need for surgical procedures. Orthopedic procedures rank in the top ten of the most common surgerical procedures performed in men. This article outlines the surgical and anesthetic implications and management of common orthopedic surgical procedures including: lumbar laminectomy, lumbar spinal fusion, shoulder arthroplasty, hip arthroplasty, and knee arthroplasty.
The community of an individual: implications for the community concept

The concept of the ecological community is examined from the perspective of its criteria and domain. The multiple definitions and uses of this concept indicate a variety of scales and approaches. In this paper, a core definition of the minimal criteria and domain is proposed. Using those criteria, a model of the ecological community is developed based on a focal individual and its interactions with other individuals. In order to increase the scale of the domain of this approach, additional criteria are required. This model is used to explore characteristics of the minimum domain and larger scales of the community concept. The structure that emerges emphasizes context dependency and the potential for indeterminacy for most types of interactions. A prominent historical argument, the nature of boundaries between communities, has no relevance in this model.
Effect of Localized Heating on Three-Dimensional Flat-Plate Oscillating Heat Pipe:

An experimental investigation was conducted, both thermally and visually, on a three-dimensional flat-plate oscillating heat pipe (3D FP-OHP) to characterize its performance under localized heat fl...
SYNOVIOCYTES SYNTHESIZE, BIND, AND RESPOND TO BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease characterized by the destructive proliferation of synovial tissue. It has been suggested that this proliferative lesion resembles a malignancy. Although polypeptide growth factors have been implicated in malignant cell growth, their role in the pathogenesis of proliferative but non-neoplastic diseases such as RA has not been extensively studied. We tested the hypothesis that the synoviocyte itself may be a source of growth factor activity. We demonstrated that culture supernatants from synoviocytes obtained from patients with RA, osteoarthritis, and traumatic joint disease contain mitogenic activity. This activity has biologic properties identical to those of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Specifically, the mitogenic activity is synergistic with insulin and binds to heparin-agarose, but elutes with 2.0M NaCl. In addition, synoviocyte extracts contain a peptide with a molecular weight of ∼ 16,000, which reacts with antibody specific for bFGF. Cultured synoviocytes express the bFGF gene, express receptors for bFGF, and proliferate in response to bFGF. We conclude that bFGF derived from the synoviocytes themselves may play a role in stimulating their proliferation in an autocrine manner in disease states such as RA.
Components, platforms and possibilities: towards generic automation for MDA

Model-driven architecture (MDA) is a model-based approach for engineering complex software systems. MDA is particularly attractive for designing embedded systems because models can be easily evolved as hardware and software requirements evolve. However, efforts to apply MDA in industrial settings expose several open problems surrounding tooling: Engineers need automated techniques that are scalable, general, and extensible. In this paper we describe the formula framework as a novel approach towards general automation for MDA. We develop a running example and benchmarks to compare our tools with other state-of-theart approaches.
The thermodynamics of ion concentration by living plant cells

1. The method is briefly outlined for calculating the free energy change of ion concentration by living plant cells from the thermodynamic viewpoint, in which ionic strengths and activity coefficients are employed. 2. ForNitella under three different conditions and forValonia under natural conditions, theΔF per mol, the corresponding E.M.F., and theΔF per liter of sap are calculated for each important ion from ionic activities, as well as from molalities. 3. Comparisons are made between the results of the two methods of calculation and the importance of activity considerations is emphasized. 4. Comparisons of these data are made between ions, between plants, and betweenNitella cells under different conditions. 5. Some approximate data onMacrocrystis are given. 6. The radioactive energy of K+ is shown to be inadequate for ion concentration purposes. 7. The approximate amounts of glucose required by the plants to supply energy for ion concentration are given. 8. Electromotive force is discussed as a possible factor in ion concentration.
THE CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE OF CONNECTIONIST MENTAL STATES: A REPLY TO FODOR AND PYLYSHYN

The primary purpose of this article is to reply to the central point of (1988) critique of connectionism. The direct reply to their critique comprises Section 2 of this paper. In short, I argue that Fodor and Pylyshyn are simply mistaken in their claim that connectionist mental states lack the necessary constituent structure, and that the basis of this mistake is a failure to appreciate the significance of distributed representations in connectionist models. Section 3 is a broader response to the bottom line of their critique, which is that connectionists should re-orient their work towards implementation of the classical symbolic cognitive architecture. I argue instead that connectionist research should develop new formalizations of the fundamental computational notions that have been given one particular formal shape in the traditional symbolic paradigm.
Changing Sources of Suburban Support for Local Growth Controls

Surveys conducted over time in the Orange County, CA, suburban region are used to test hypotheses about the predictors of support for local growth controls. Between 1982 and 1993, public support for local growth controls first increased and then declined. Negative community perceptions are consistently related to support for local growth controls, while higher municipal growth rates are never significant. Higher socio-economic status is related to support for stricter growth controls only at the early stage, while perceived rapid growth is a significant factor at later times. Personal characteristics that have been related to environmentalism (i.e. age, liberalism) become significant predictors of perceiving rapid growth in the latest stage. The changing sources of suburban support for local growth controls help to explain why previous studies taken at one point in time have contradictory findings.
Quantifying the gap between embedded control models and time-triggered implementations

Mapping a set of feedback control components to executable code introduces errors due to a variety of factors such as discretization, computational delays, and scheduling policies. We argue that the gap between the model and the implementation can be rigorously quantified leading to predictability if the implementation is viewed as a sequence of control blocks executed in statically allocated time slots on a time-triggered platform. For linear systems controlled by linear controllers, we show how to calculate the exact error between the model-level semantics and the execution semantics of an implementation, allowing us to compare different implementations. The calculated error of different implementations is demonstrated using simulations on illustrative examples
What to do when stopping over: behavioral decisions of a migrating songbird during stopover are dictated by initial change in their body condition and mediated by key environmental conditions

The behavioral decisions of migratory songbirds during migration stopovers can markedly influence the pace, efficiency, and success of migration. An individual’s fuel stores are considered in theory to directly dictate subsequent stopover behavior (e.g., extent of foraging or vigilance, when to depart), although such decisions at stopover must also consider atmospheric factors (e.g., wind, precipitation) that influence the energetic costs of migration. We conducted the first study to date that directly manipulated the fuel stores of newly arrived songbirds at a stopover site, evaluated their effect on movement behavior and departure decisions, and assessed how atmospheric factors mediated these behavioral decisions. Hermit thrushes (Catharus guttatus) captured during fall migration at a southern New England, USA, offshore island stopover site and subsequently released with increased fuel stores moved less and made more tortuous movements, were more likely to depart on a given night and regularly resumed migration earlier and in a seasonally appropriate direction relative to individuals released with little change in fuel stores. The importance of fuel stores in modifying behavioral decisions increased throughout the migration period, presumably in response to declining food abundance. Precipitation suppressed migrant movements during stopover and precluded departure. Migrants departed in light winds with little respect to wind direction. The pervasive influence of fuel stores on migrant stopover behavior underscores the central role of fuel acquisition in the dynamics, speed, and success of migration, as well as the importance of quality stopover sites to migratory birds.
Carbon nanotube quantum resistors

The conductance of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was found to be quantized. The experimental method involved measuring the conductance of nanotubes by replacing the tip of a scanning probe microscope with a nanotube fiber, which could be lowered into a liquid metal to establish a gentle electrical contact with a nanotube at the tip of the fiber. The conductance of arc-produced MWNTs is one unit of the conductance quantum G0 5 2e 2 /h 5 (12.9 kilohms) ‐1 . The nanotubes conduct current ballistically and do not dissipate heat. The nanotubes, which are typically 15 nanometers wide and 4 micrometers long, are several orders of magnitude greater in size and stability than other typical room-temperature quantum conductors. Extremely high stable current densities, J . 10 7 amperes per square centimeter, have been attained.
Safety Belt Fit, Comfort, and Contact Pressure Based on Upper Anchorage Location and Seat Back Angle

This paper presents a seat belt usability study to investigate the factors associated with seat belt comfort and convenience related to shoulder belt contact pressure, shoulder belt fit, and seat belt upper anchorage location. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the shift in the contact pressure while changing the seat back angle and seat belt attachment points / B-pillar location by utilizing a body pressure measurement system and (2) to identify how seat belt contact pressure and fit affect users’ subjective feeling of comfort.
Inverse Association of Eosinophil Count with Colorectal Cancer Incidence: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background: Allergic conditions are associated with reduced risk of several malignancies. We hypothesized that blood eosinophil count, a marker for allergic disorders, is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities prospective cohort. To our knowledge, the association between blood eosinophil count and cancer risk has not been investigated before. Methods: Relative eosinophil and total leukocyte counts were measured in blood at baseline. Absolute eosinophil counts were calculated by multiplying relative count by the total leukocyte count. Proportional hazards regression provided HRs and 95% CIs of CRC in relation to eosinophil count. Results: From 1987–2006, 242 incident CRC cases (187 colon and 56 rectal) occurred in 10,675 initially cancer-free participants. In a multivariate-adjusted model, HRs were 1.0, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.50–0.98) and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.40–0.83) across tertiles of absolute eosinophil count ( P trend = 0.003). A similar inverse association was observed for relative eosinophil count. Age, sex, race, or smoking status did not modify associations. Conclusions and Impact: We observed an inverse association between blood eosinophil count and CRC risk. This novel finding supports the hypothesis that allergies are protective for CRC, as an increased eosinophil count correlates with allergy in the developed world. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(9); 1861–4. ©2011 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 1807][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/20/1807?iss=9
The Flavonoid Luteolin Worsens Chemical-Induced Colitis in NF-κBEGFP Transgenic Mice through Blockade of NF-κB-Dependent Protective Molecules

Background The flavonoid luteolin has anti-inflammatory properties both in vivo and in vitro. However, the impact of luteolin on experimental models of colitis is unknown. Methodology/principal findings To address the therapeutic impact of luteolin, NF-kappaB(EGFP) transgenic mice were fed a chow diet containing 2% luteolin- or isoflavone-free control chow (AIN-76), and acute colitis was induced using 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Additionally, development of spontaneous colitis was evaluated in IL-10(-/-);NF-kappaB(EGFP) transgenic mice fed 2% luteolin chow diet or control chow diet. Interestingly, NF-kappaB(EGFP) transgenic mice exposed to luteolin showed worse DSS-induced colitis (weight loss, histological scores) compared to control-fed mice, whereas spontaneous colitis in IL-10(-/-);NF-kappaB(EGFP) mice was significantly attenuated. Macroscopic imaging of live resected colon showed enhanced EGFP expression (NF-kappaB activity) in luteolin-fed mice as compared to control-fed animals after DSS exposure, while cecal EGFP expression was attenuated in luteolin-fed IL-10(-/-) mice. Interestingly, confocal microscopy showed that EGFP positive cells were mostly located in the lamina propria and not in the epithelium. Caspase 3 activation was significantly enhanced whereas COX-2 gene expression was reduced in luteolin-fed, DSS-exposed NF-kappaB(EGFP) transgenic mice as assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro, luteolin sensitized colonic epithelial HT29 cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis, caspase 3 activation, DNA fragmentation and reduced TNFalpha-induced C-IAP1, C-IAP2 and COX-2 gene expression. Conclusions/significance We conclude that while luteolin shows beneficial effects on spontaneous colitis, it aggravates DSS-induced experimental colitis by blocking NF-kappaB-dependent protective molecules in enterocytes.
Counseling the Oncology Patient

Abstract:The clinical pharmacist of today has developed a broad knowledge base in the areas of cancer chemotherapy and the associated ancillary therapies. In spite of this expertise, most are ill-prepared for a face-to-face interaction with the cancer patient. Difficult situations may tempt the pharmacist to avoid contact with the cancer patient and confine his talents to areas in which he feels more comfortable. However, the pharmacist is in a unique situation in that he is accessible, informed, and respected by the patient. Pharmacists must assume the responsibility of ensuring that the cancer patient receives the full benefit of this expertise, which can only be accomplished through appropriate communication skills.This editorial explores some of the techniques and common pitfalls that await the pharmacist in his day-to-day practice.