cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory-based mesoscale to microscale coupling for wind energy applications

Abstract The coupling of mesoscale and microscale simulation methods represents a significant challenge of wind energy research. Conventional approaches used to address this problem often combine Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES) equation elements, which has two significant disadvantages. First, Wyngaard’s Terra Incognita challenge cannot be addressed because there is no reflection of the amount of flow resolution in such equations. Second, (because of the lack of theoretical guidance) there is a relatively large number of influence factors that can affect such simulations. The study of implications of such options continues for decades, and (following the same approach) it is likely that this will go on for a long time. Substantial progress in this regard requires a novel simulation concept that provides strong theoretical guideline via solving Wyngaard’s Terra Incognita challenge. The paper shows that the latter can be accomplished by applying new simulation concepts developed for engineering flows to the problem considered. Essential advantages compared to existing mesoscale to microscale couplings are described.
Identification of Liver Cancer Stem Cell Stemness Markers Using a Comparative Analysis of Public Data Sets.

Purpose Comparative reanalysis of single-cell transcriptomics data to gain useful novel insights into cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a rare subset of cells within tumors, characterized by their capability to self-renew and differentiate, and their role in tumorigenicity. Patients and methods This project utilized publically available liver single-cell RNA-seq datasets of liver cancer and liver progenitor cell types to demonstrate how shared large amounts of data can generate new and valuable information. The data were analyzed using EdgeR differential expression analysis, with focus on a set of 34 known stemness markers. Results We showed that the expression of stemness markers SOX9, KRT19, KRT7, and CD24, and Yamanaka factors Oct4 and SOX2 in CSCs was significantly elevated relative to progenitor cell types, potentially explaining their increased differentiation and replication potential. Conclusion These results help to further document the complementary expression changes that give CSCs their distinct phenotypic profile. Our findings have potential significance to advance our knowledge of the important genes relevant to CSCs.
Hawaii Rules of Evidence Handbook

This handbook is a complete copy of the Hawaii Rules of Evidence (HRE), and it also contains a series of short appendices: 1) The history of the rules of evidence and restyling efforts, 2) Case law diversions from the language of the rules, 3) Differences between the Hawaii Rules of Evidence and the Federal Rules of Evidence, and 4) A list of Hawaii Rules of Evidence that do not appear in the Federal Rules.
"If I could survive without eating, it would be a huge relief": Development and initial validation of the Fear of Food Questionnaire.

Abstract Background Fear of food and behavioral avoidance of specific foods, food groups, and food related social situations can substantially reduce health related quality of life in individuals with a wide range of conditions that affect appetite, eating behavior, and digestion, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), vomit and choking phobias, and food allergies/sensitivities. When this avoidance leads to weight/nutritional and/or psychosocial impairment, the diagnostic criteria for Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) are met. Fear of food is an important target for interventions designed to improve psychosocial functioning and quality of life in such individuals. The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a novel measure of fear of food. Methods Participants (n = 1138) were recruited from ongoing clinical trials for both IBD and IBS, from Amazon's Mechanical Turk, from Reddit support forums for IBS, IBD, and vomit phobia, and from an undergraduate subject pool. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's correlations, one-way ANOVA, and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the validity and reliability of the Fear of Food Questionnaire. Results The final 18 item questionnaire showed excellent internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminative (known groups) validity, as well as good factor structure. Fear of food was highly correlated with visceral hypersensitivity, catastrophizing, GI symptom severity and health related quality of life, as well as with self-reported Fear-ARFID symptoms. Individuals meeting study criteria for Fear-ARFID reported the highest scores relative to control and other analogue clinical groups. Conclusion The Fear of Food Questionnaire appears to be reliable and valid across populations and may be a valuable tool in the assessment and treatment of Fear-ARFID.
Modeling Protein Stability As Heteropolymer Collapse

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a simple model for the stabilities of globular proteins, called the heteropolymer collapse (HPC) model. It assumes that protein stability predominantly arises from the collapse of heteropolymeric chains of nonpolar and polar amino acids in water. The burial of nonpolar groups is opposed by configurational entropies and by electrostatic repulsions when proteins are in acids or bases. Although the model neglects helical propensities, ion pairing and other specific interactions, side-chain entropies and packing interactions, and—in its present version—burial of polar monomers, it predicts at least qualitatively several general properties of protein stability, including the dependences on temperature, denaturants, pH, and salts and radii of denatured states. For apomyoglobin, it predicts the phase boundaries for the three stable states-native, highly unfolded, and compact denatured states, as functions of temperature, pH, and salt. The model goes beyond isomer counting for chain entropies and beyond the assumption that denatured states are highly solvated random flights.
Some Issues in the Theory of Artifacts: Defining ‘Artifact’ and Related Notions

L'A. developpe une theorie des artefacts qui propose une definition du terme artefact fondee sur une hierarchie des notions elementaires d'instrument et outil de la connaissance qui refletent notre developpement cognitif
Dethiobiotin Synthesis from 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid in Cell-free Extracts of a Biotin Auxotroph of Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract Dethiobiotin synthesis from 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid was demonstrated in cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli bioA mutants. The biosynthetically formed dethiobiotin was identified by its avidin combinability, by various chromatographic techniques, and by its differential growth response for several biotin auxotrophs. Requirements for the reaction include bicarbonate, ATP, and Mg2+, as well as 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid. The ureido carbonyl group of dethiobiotin was exclusively labeled when the reaction was carried out in the presence of NaH14CO3. The enzyme was absent from a mutant deleted for the entire bioA operon and from mutants which map within one bioA cistron. The dethiobiotin and 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid synthetase enzymes were found to be coordinately repressed by biotin.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Pathways and the Risk of Cancers Other Than Breast or Ovarian

OBJECTIVE Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose women to breast and ovarian cancer. Female carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations have very high lifetime risks for breast and ovarian cancers. Genetic abnormalities occur in all cancers, so BRCA-related pathways are critical because they serve to safeguard genetic content. Although protecting genetic information is a general function, BRCA-related pathways seem largely specific to preventing breast and ovarian cancer. The objective of this study was to resolve this difference between the theoretical functions of BRCA genes and their specific clinical effects. DATA SOURCES, DATA EXTRACTION, DATA SYNTHESIS The author collected data published in > 30 epidemiologic studies on the incidence of cancers other than breast or ovarian in mutation carriers and in large populations eligible for mutation testing. Data were extracted and used directly as published whenever possible with a minimum of statistical manipulation. CONCLUSIONS Although mutations target breast and ovary, a broader spectrum of cancers also occur with statistically significant elevated frequencies. Risks for "all cancers except breast or ovary" are elevated, with some population subgroups differing with regard to how frequently elevated risks were found at individual sites. Additional sites at risk included stomach, pancreas, prostate, and colon. The increased risk ranged from about 20% to 60%, with the greatest increases in risk in stomach and pancreas. The collected data show BRCA-pathway functions are probably required at multiple sites, not just in breast or ovary. Known interactions and relationships among BRCA-related pathways strongly support the idea that their inactivation provides growth or survival advantages for a variety of cancers. The data suggest applying an increased level of clinical alertness to those with defects in BRCA-related pathways. Identifying molecules that confer growth or survival advantages to BRCA-related cancers may provide broadly useful targets for chemotherapy or chemoprevention.
Using a geometric-based sketch recognition approach to sketch Chinese radicals

Unlike English, where unfamiliar words can be queried for its meaning by typing out its letters, the analogous operation in Chinese is far from trivial due to the nature of its written language. One approach for querying Chinese characters involve referencing their dictionary component called radicals. This is advantageous since users would not need to know their pronunciation nor their stroke-order, a requirement in other querying approaches. Currently though, sketching a character’s radical for querying is an unsupported capability in existing systems. Using the geometric-based LADDER sketching language combined with the Sezgin lowlevel recognizer, we were able to construct an application which can first recognize handwritten sketches of Chinese radical, and then output candidate Chinese characters which contain that radical. Thus, we were able to demonstrate that a geometric-based sketch recognition approach can be used to easily build applications for recognizing symbols related to Chinese characters while having reasonable recognition rates. Unlike current image-based recognition systems, our system also maintains stroke order information of characters. Since stroke order is important in written Chinese, our system can be easily expanded for use in Chinese language education by providing visual feedback to students on correct stroke order.
The Impact of Competition on Technology Adoption: An Apples-to-PCs Analysis

We study the effect of market structure on a personal computer manufacturer’s decision to adopt new technology. This industry is unusual because there exist two horizontally segmented retail markets with different degrees of competition: the IBM-compatible (or PC) platform and the Apple platform. We first document that, relative to Apple, producers of PCs typically have more frequent technology adoption, shorter product cycles, and steeper price declines over the product cycle. We then develop a parsimonious vintage-capital model that matches the prices and sales of PC and Apple products. The model predicts that competition is the key driver of the rate at which technology is adopted.
Improving software quality with programming patterns

Software systems and services are increasingly important, involving and improving the work and lives of billions people. However, software development is still human-intensive and error-prone. Established studies report that software failures cost the global economy $312 billion annually and software vendors often spend 50-75% of the total development cost for finding and fixing bugs, i.e. subtle programming errors that cause software failures. People rarely develop software from scratch, but frequently reuse existing software artifacts. In this dissertation, we focus on programming patterns, i.e. frequently occurring code resulted from reuse, and explore their potential for improving software quality. Specially, we develop techniques for recovering programming patterns and using them to find, fix, and prevent bugs more effectively. This dissertation has two main contributions. One is Graph-based Object Usage Model (GROUM), a graph-based representation of source code. A GROUM abstracts a fragment of code as a graph representing its object usages. In a GROUM, nodes correspond to the function calls and control structures while edges capture control and data relationships between them. Based on GROUM, we developed a graph mining technique that could recover programming patterns of API usage and use them for detecting bugs. GROUM is also used to find similar bugs and recommend similar bug fixes. The other main contribution of this dissertation is SLAMC, a Statistical Semantic LAnguage Model for Source Code. SLAMC represents code as sequences of code elements of different roles, e.g. data types, variables, or functions and annotate those elements with sememes, a text-based annotation of their semantic information. SLAMC models the regularities over the sememe sequences code-based factors like local code context, global concerns, and pair-wise associations, thus, implicitly captures programming idioms and patterns as sequences with high probabilities. Based on SLAMC, we developed a technique for recommending most likely next code sequences, which could improve programming productivity and might reduce the odds of programming errors. Empirical evaluation shows that our approaches can detect meaningful programming patterns and anomalies that might cause bugs or maintenance issues, thus could improve software quality. In addition, our models have been successfully used for several other problems, from library adaptation, code migration, to bug fix generation. They also have several other potential applications, which we will explore in the future work.
Creative Problem Solving (CPS)

Was this easy? Some parts of it probably seemed obvious. For example, it makes sense to choose a solution after you generate possible solutions, so however else you ordered these steps, you probably put Idea-Finding before Solution- Finding.
Nutrient variability for distillers grains plus solubles and dry matter determination of ethanol by-products1

ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to evaluate nutrient content and DM determination methods of dry milling byproducts. In Exp. 1, nutrient composition was determined for wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) and modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) from 6 ethanol plants with 10 samples collected per day, across 5 d, and sampling was repeated over 4 separate months. Mean composition was 31.0% CP, 11.9% fat, 0.84% P, and 0.77% S (DM basis). Coefficients of variation for DM content were greater for some plants than others, and variation occurred within and across days. Variability was small for CP and P, whereas fat differed among ethanol plants. Large variation in means and CV were observed for S in period 1, but variation subsequently decreased. Coefficients of variation for S were similar for samples collected within the same day and across days. In Exp. 2, samples of WDGS, MDGS, Dakota Bran Cake, and distillers solubles were used to determine DM content by drying samples at 105°C for 3, 8, and 24 h and 60°C for 24 and 48 h, vacuum oven drying, toluene distillation, and Karl Fischer titration. Compared with toluene distillation, drying at 105°C resulted in less DM (P ≤ 0.10) and vacuum drying and Karl Fischer titration resulted in greater DM (P
Wavelet-based image analysis system for soil texture analysis

Soil texture is defined as the relative proportion of clay, silt and sand found in a given soil sample. It is an important physical property of soil that affects such phenomena as plant growth and agricultural fertility. Traditional methods used to determine soil texture are either time consuming (hydrometer), or subjective and experience-demanding (field tactile evaluation). Considering that textural patterns observed at soil surfaces are uniquely associated with soil textures, we propose an innovative approach to soil texture analysis, in which wavelet frames-based features representing texture contents of soil images are extracted and categorized by applying a maximum likelihood criterion. The soil texture analysis system has been tested successfully with an accuracy of 91% in classifying soil samples into one of three general categories of soil textures. In comparison with the common methods, this wavelet-based image analysis approach is convenient, efficient, fast, and objective.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of a 26 S Protease Subunit Enriched in Dileucine Repeats

The 26 S protease is a multisubunit enzyme required for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Recently, we identified a 50-kDa subunit (S5) of this enzyme that binds ubiquitin polymers (Deveraux, Q., Ustrell, V., Pickart, C., and Rechsteiner, M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 7059-7061). We have now isolated, sequenced, and expressed a cDNA encoding a novel 50-kDa subunit of the 26 S protease. The recombinant protein does not bind ubiquitin polymers. Two-dimensional electrophoresis reveals that two subunits of the 26 S protease have apparent molecular masses of 50 kDa. Antibodies specific for the recombinant protein recognize the more basic of the two subunits (S5b), whereas the more acidic subunit (S5a) binds ubiquitin chains. Thus, the 26 S protease contains at least two distinct subunits with apparent molecular masses of 50 kDa.
Advanced staring Si PIN visible sensor chip assembly for Bepi-Colombo mission to Mercury

The planet Mercury, by its near proximity to the sun, has always posed a formidable challenge to spacecraft. The Bepi-Colombo mission, coordinated by the European Space Agency, will be a pioneering effort in the investigation of this planet. Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) has been given the opportunity to develop the radiation hardened, high operability, high SNR, advanced staring focal plane array (FPA) for the spacecraft destined (Fig. 1) to explore the planet Mercury. This mission will launch in 2013 on a journey lasting approximately 6 years. When it arrives at Mercury in August 2019, it will endure temperatures as high as 350°C as well as relatively high radiation environments during its 1 year data collection period from September 2019 until September 2020. To support this challenging goal, RVS has designed and produced a custom visible sensor based on a 2048 x 2048 (2k2) format with a 10 μm unit cell. This sensor will support both the High Resolution Imaging Camera (HRIC) and the Stereo Camera (STC) instruments. This dual purpose sensor was designed to achieve high sensitivity as well as low input noise (<100 e-) for space-based, low light conditions. It also must maintain performance parameters in a total ionizing dose environment up to 70 kRad (Si) as well as immunity to latch-up and singe event upset. This paper will show full sensor chip assembly data highlighting the performance parameters prior to irradiation. Radiation testing performance will be reported by an independent source in a subsequent paper.
A physical interpretation of the correlation between canopy albedo and nitrogen using hyperspectral data

Recent studies have shown that there is a high correlation between canopy nitrogen and NIR reflectance and subsequently canopy albedo. We provide a physical explanation for the correlation using the spectral invariants of the radiative transfer. The spectral invariant approach allows for a very accurate parameterization of the canopy reflectance in terms of the wavelength dependant single scattering albedo and two spectrally invariant and structurally varying parameters-recollision and escape probabilities. The spectral invariant parameters depend on macro-scale structural features such as crown shape and size, the proportion of sunlit and shaded leaves and ground cover, as well as micro-scale information such as within crown foliage distribution. We retrieve the spectral invariant parameters from Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) hyperspectral data for 3 sites in New England and 2 sites in the southeastern United States for which ground data on mass-based foliar %N were available. Theoretical and statistical analyses showed that canopy structure is highly correlated to canopy albedo, R2=94, suggesting that canopy structure is a dominant factor causing observed variation in NIR albedo. We therefore hypothesize that the amount of canopy nitrogen may have an indirect impact on NIR albedo through the formation of macro-scale features. Finally we show that we can predict the amount of canopy nitrogen more accurately using the macro-scale features than canopy albedo indicating that competing factors at the leaf and canopy scales are imbued in the measured albedo signal.
X-ray laser-induced time-of-flight photoelectron spectroscopy

ABSTRACT X-ray laser induced time-of-flight photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to probe the core-level andvalence band electronic structure of room-temperature bulk materials with picosecond time resolution.The LLNL COMET compact tabletop x-ray laser source provides the necessary high photon flux, highenergy, monochromaticity, picosecond pulse duration, and coherence for probing ultrafast changes inthe chemical and electronic structure of these materials. Valence band and core-level spectra wererecorded for transition metal surfaces. In-situ sputter etching with Ar ions at 30i incidence will beimplemented to improve the surface purity and consequently increase core-level and valence-bandphotoemission intensity. This work demonstrates a powerful new technique for probing reactiondynamics and for probing changes of local order on surfaces on their fundamental timescales. Futurework will include the study of fundamental phenomena such as non-thermal melting, chemical bondformation, intermediate reaction steps, and the existence of transient reaction products.Keywords: time-of-flight photoemission, x-ray laser
Boundaries of Socio-Technical Systems and IT for Knowledge Development in Military Environments

This article explores the boundaries of socio-technical IT systems for knowledge development, using military environments in a case study approach. The need to examine the effects of socio-technical convergence of human systems and computer systems is emerging in many fields. The article examines both the risks and the potential in military critical-environments for early adoption of socio-technical systems. The author addresses risks for creative knowledge creation by too-early adoption of information technology and the effects on socio-technical systems and sense-making. Such risks are more easily highlighted in a critical, stressful environment (stressful for man, machine, and their co-operation) with high-stakes. However, examined military environments are proposed as point of reference leading to further research in other sectors. The author argues for a socio-technical analysis before, during, and after adoption of new systems, especially those relating to knowledge development, reviewing boundaries created. Finally, the author discusses the future promise of socio-technical convergence of man-machine for knowledge development.
Holdup measurements on an SRNL Mossbauer spectroscopy instrument

Gamma-ray holdup measurements of a Mossbauer spectroscopy instrument are described and modeled. In the qualitative acquisitions obtained in a low background area of Savannah River National Laboratory, only Am-241 and Np-237 activity were observed. The Am-241 was known to be the instrumental activation source, while the Np-237 is clearly observed as a source of contamination internal to the instrument. The two sources of activity are modeled separately in two acquisition configurations using two separate modeling tools. The results agree well, demonstrating a content of (1980 ± 150) μCi Am-241 and (110 ± 50) μCi of Np-237.
Security in the residential network

Since the widespread outbreak of Internet worms in fall 2003, residential institutions have been scrambling to provide better security and management approaches for their residence hall networks. This study looks at some of the common and unique problems confronting residence hall network (ResNet) managers, particularly in smaller institutions, and presents potential and recommended solutions.
Prognostic comparison of Behçet's disease with or without HLA-Bw 51 antigen.

To know the prognosis of Behcet's disease with HLA-Bw 51 antigen, comparison studies of 24 cases of Behcet's disease were investigated. The sex distribution was 14 males (58%) and 10 females (42%). The patients were grouped into three clinical types: the complete type with 11 cases (45%), the incomplete type with eight cases (33%) and the suspect type with five cases (22%), according to the criteria established by the Behcet's Disease Research Committee in Japan (1982). They were also divided into three ocular types according to the location of the inflammation: the anterior segment type, the fundus type and the mixed type. They were divided into 10%, 10% and 60% in HLA-Bw 51 negative group and 14%, 22% and 64% in HLA-Bw 51 positive group, respectively. Skin lesions observed in 30% of the HLA-Bw 51 negative group and 70% of the HLA-Bw 51 positive group, which was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The other general symptoms and the visual acuity between the two groups were not statistically significant (p greater than 0.1).
Neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. I. Changes in venules, leucocytes and epithelial cells.

This study was done to characterize the morphological changes in the respiratory mucosa that occur in neurogenic inflammation, which is a type of inflammation mediated by substances released from sensory nerves. Neurogenic inflammation was produced in the trachea and bronchi of atropine-treated Long-Evans rats by electrically stimulating the left or right superior laryngeal and vagus nerves. This procedure is known to increase vascular permeability in the airways, presumably as a consequence of antidromic activation of sensory vagal axons (Lundberg & Saria, 1982). By using a particulate tracer (Monastral blue, 30 mg kg-1 i.v.) that does not cross the walls of normal tracheal blood vessels but does cross the endothelium of abnormally permeable vessels, it was possible to identify which blood vessels were affected in neurogenic inflammation. Light and electron microscopic examination of tracheas prepared after 2 or 5 min of vagal stimulation revealed that postcapillary venules and collecting venules 7-80 micron in diameter were labelled by extravasated Monastral blue but capillaries, arterioles, and larger venules were not. Venules from which the extravasation occurred had gaps as wide as 1.5 micron between endothelial cells. Most of the abnormally permeable venules were located just beneath the airway epithelium in regions between the cartilaginous rings. Extravasation also occurred from venules in the mucosa overlying the posterior membrane of the extrathoracic trachea, but little occurred in the posterior membrane of the intrathoracic trachea. After unilateral vagal stimulation, vascular permeability was increased on both sides of the trachea; it was also increased in first through fourth order bronchi but only on the side of stimulation. Leucocytes (principally monocytes and neutrophils) were adherent to the endothelium of some of the abnormally permeable venules. Erythrocytes and platelets also were adherent to the walls of some venules. These changes in venules were accompanied by a degranulation of epithelial secretory cells, widening of the spaces between tracheal epithelial cells, and probably an increase in epithelial permeability. Neurogenic inflammation in the trachea and bronchi of rats is thus characterized by increased permeability of postcapillary venules and collecting venules in specific regions of the respiratory mucosa as well as adherence of leucocytes, erythrocytes and platelets to the endothelium of these venules and prominent changes in the respiratory epithelium.
Examining interdisciplinary collaboration within an expanded school mental health framework: a community–university initiative

This article describes a pilot study on interdisciplinary collaboration within an expanded school mental health (ESMH) framework using a community–university model in three elementary schools in a high-needs small urban district in the northeastern USA. This 2-year qualitative study explores the experiences of the interdisciplinary team directly involved in implementing this project. The goal of this research was to deepen the current knowledge base about the benefits and challenges of this innovative model by learning from practicing implementers' perspectives. Findings are discussed in terms of literatures relevant to advancing children's educational progress, physical and mental health with an emphasis on the collaborative process. This article also identifies next steps useful to professionals and scholars interested in initiating or studying interdisciplinary collaboration within an ESMH framework using a community–university model.
Calcium Antagonists and the Renal Hemodynamic Response to Vasoconstrictors

These findings demonstrate that calcium antagonists reverse renal vasoconstriction in a variety of settings. The ability of calcium antagonists to augment GFR of the vasoconstricted kidney is striking and has also been demonstrated in a number of in vivo settings. These observations and others raise the possibility that calcium antagonists have potential utility in the treatment of a number of disorders characterized by renal ischemia and consequent renal insufficiency. Further studies to evaluate this possibility are required. The unique effects of calcium antagonists on GFR reflect a regional heterogeneity within the renal microcirculation and a preferential action of calcium antagonists on the afferent arteriole. Final resolution of the pharmacological basis for the renal hemodynamic actions of calcium antagonists will require a more complete understanding of the divergent activating mechanisms within the renal microcirculation.
Effect of surgical or photoperiodic castration, testosterone replacement or pinealectomy on male hamster running rhythmicity

Abstract Five experiments involving castration, hormone replacement and pinealectomy were performed on photoperiod insensitive or sensitive male hamsters housed in constant darkness (DD). The results showed that photoperiodic or surgical castration of animals prior to running wheel access induced large increases in the variation of wheelrunning onset. Generally, there was also a decrease in minutes of running per day, a decrease in the number of activity bouts longer than 60 min, an increase in the number of activity bouts less than 6 min in duration, and an increase in the number of total activity bouts and a lengthening of the activity phase of locomotion compared to results from groups of animals with mature testes or testosterone replacement. Pinealectomy prevented DD-induced gonadal atrophy and the associated behavioral changes seen in sham-pinealectomized DD-exposed animals, changes which are best explained by the loss of testicular androgens in the latter animals. When the endocrine manipulations were performed sequentially in animals with prior access to wheels the effects of castration or hormone therapy on the above measures were not as obvious as when the manipulations occurred prior to wheel access. Access to wheels may have influenced the behavioral response to hormones, with some animals tending to persist in the pattern which existed at the time of manipulation. Androgen did not appear to affect the circadian period of wheelrunning. The data suggest that if testicular hormones affect the activity rhythm system of male hamsters, they do so by tightening the constraints on the activity phase, perhaps by slight changes in the phases of multiple oscillators regulating the locomotor rhythm.
Stereo matching by energy function minimization

In this paper we develop a coherent theory for stereo matching. Unlike previous theories of stereo vision which use either image brightness or features such as edges but not both we combine these primitives for stereo matching. We establish a coherent theory by defining an energy functional for the disparity field and matching elements. By minimizing the energy functional we are able to solve for the disparity field of the stereo pair.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiparticle Schrödinger Hamiltonians with point interactions

We construct the resolvent for a nonrelativistic multiparticle Schr\"odinger Hamiltonian having point interactions, and accommodating annihilation and creation of, at most, three particles. The construction is similar to that for the simple point-interaction (pseudopotential) case and leads to Skorniakov-Ter Martirosian-type integral equations. Unlike the Skorniakov-Ter Martirosian equations, however, the integral equations considered here have a unique solution and, moreover, the resulting Hamiltonian is bounded below. Scattering theory for the operator is discussed briefly.
Naphthol metabolism: Glucuronide conjugation and transport by the rat intestine in vitro

Abstract [ 14 C]Naphthol was converted to water-soluble 14 C-labeled metabolites by everted sacs of rat small intestine. The extent of conversion to metabolites and release to the bathing medium was greater for sacs from cranial (80%) than for sacs from caudal (60%) small intestine. The concentration of metabolites was always greater in serosal than in mucosal fluids. This concentration gradient increased from the cranial to the caudal end of the intestine. Net 14 C transport to the serosal fluid was entirely as metabolites and was associated with the volume of water transported. The principal metabolites were glucuronide conjugates of naphthol which were hydrolyzed by β- d -glucuronidase. Naphthyl-β- d -glucuronide appeared to be the principal metabolite in the recovered mucosal and serosal fluids and tissues. The quantities of metabolites synthesized by sacs from the various regions of the intestine were not notably different when either pH 7.4 or pH 6.5 medium was used. The tissue concentration of 14 C and quantity of metabolite transferred to serosal fluid in the pH 7.4 and pH 6.5 media were slightly different. The mechanism for the apparent uphill transport of metabolites was not apparent. The results have been compared to those from previous investigations where [ 14 C-naphthyl] N -methylcarbamate was studied and provide greater insight into the intestinal metabolism of this naphthol-containing pesticide.
Canopy damage to conifer plantations within a large mixed-severity wildfire varies with stand age

Abstract The 2002 Biscuit Fire burned at mixed-severities encompassing over 200,000 ha of publicly owned forestland, including more than 8300 ha of conifer plantations. We used pre- and post-fire digital aerial photography to examine how the level of canopy damage varied within these plantations in relation to topography, weather, vegetation-cover, and management history, with an emphasis on the age of the plantation. We examined 198 plantations that varied widely in age (5–47 years), size (1.25–47 ha), and landscape context. The average level of canopy damage within the plantations was 77%. Based on Random Forest variable importance values, plantation age was the best predictor of canopy damage. Average annual precipitation, elevation and topographic position were ranked second, third, and fourth, respectively. A model selection procedure, using geo-statistical regression models and Akaike’s information criterion, corroborated the importance of plantation age relative to the other predictors tested and also suggested that the influence of age varied over time. The top ranked regression model indicated that the level of canopy damage reached its maximum around age 15 and stayed relatively high until age 25 before declining.
How can motor systems retain performance over a wide temperature range? Lessons from the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system

Marine invertebrates, such as lobsters and crabs, deal with a widely and wildly fluctuating temperature environment. Here, we describe the effects of changing temperature on the motor patterns generated by the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab, Cancer borealis. Over a broad range of “permissive” temperatures, the pyloric rhythm increases in frequency but maintains its characteristic phase relationships. Nonetheless, at more extreme high temperatures, the normal triphasic pyloric rhythm breaks down, or “crashes”. We present both experimental and computational approaches to understanding the stability of both single neurons and networks to temperature perturbations, and discuss data that shows that the “crash” temperatures themselves may be environmentally regulated. These approaches provide insight into how the nervous system can be stable to a global perturbation, such as temperature, in spite of the fact that all biological processes are temperature dependent.
Biosaline Research: The Use of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms in Food and Feed Production

All food production ultimately depends on photosynthetic organisms and through them, upon solar energy. Since ancient times man has primarily tapped solar energy through land agriculture. Agricultural production is limited by the availability of arable land, fresh water, light and nutrients.
Predicting Maximum Oxygen Uptake from a Modified 3-Minute Step Test

(2003). Predicting Maximum Oxygen Uptake from a Modified 3-Minute Step Test. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 110-115.
Naturalistic Conceptions of Morality: A Question‐Answering Approach

Psychological research on morality has been based on researchers' definitions of morality or on philosophical theories. The present study examined naturally occurring conceptions of morality by using a knowledge-structure methodology borrowed from cognitive psychology. Subjects generated statements in response to a question designed to expose generic knowledge about their concept of morality. Answer frequency and conceptual clustering results suggested that a variety of diverse concepts undergirded subjects' moral thinking and revealed a person-based rather than a philosophy-based pattern for commonly held conceptions of morality. A three-dimensional scaling solution of the responses suggested that conceptions of morality were characterized by individual-social, general-specific, and absolute-relative distinctions. These findings raise questions about assumptions underlying previous theories of morality. Moreover, the present methodology offers a basis for developing a more representative account of moral thought that depends less on the beliefs of researchers.
Heart-Lung Transplantation In Situs Inversus Totalis

Situs inversus totalis is a condition with left-to-right reversal of the viscera combined with dextrocardia. It has long been regarded a contraindication for thoracic transplantation. Reconstruction of the mirror-image systemic venous pathways to accommodate normal donor organs remains the main surgical challenge. Here we present our simplified surgical technique for combined heart-lung transplantation and provide a concise review of the literature.
Dynamics of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: a model

We have developed a model to simulate the dynamics of C, N, P, and S in cultivated and uncultivated grassland soils. The model uses a monthly time step and can simulate the dynamics of soil organic matter over long time periods (100 to 10,000 years). It was used to simulate the impact of cultivation (100 years) on soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient mineralization, and plant production and to simulate soil formation during a 10,000 year run. The model was validated by comparing the simulated impact of cultivation on soil organic matter C, N, P, and S dynamics with observed data from sites in the northern Great Plains. The model correctly predicted that N and P are the primary limiting nutrients for plant production and simulated the response of the system to inorganic N, P, and S fertilizer. Simulation results indicate that controlling the C:P and C:S ratios of soil organic matter fractions as functions of the labile P and S levels respectively, allows the model to correctly simulate the observed changes in C:P and C:S ratios in the soil and to simulate the impact of varying the labile P and S levels on soil P and S net mineralization rates.
Compiling a collective, searchable list of full text titles for multiple databases

ABSTRACT This article discusses the compilation of collective lists of titles available in various online databases into one comprehensive list using Microsoft Excel. Methodology includes modifying the lists to reflect only titles available in full text. Web site addresses that link to downloadable lists from several common database vendors are listed. It includes the code for a C.G.I, script written in the Perl computer programming language that can be used to keyword search and list matches for use with an electronic form of the compiled list via the World Wide Web. Implementation of the script is discussed. Limitations of the method and materials are also discussed, as well as possible additional uses of such a collective full text availability list.
Immunosuppressant effect of salicylate and quinine on antibody forming cells

Abstract Salicylate and quinine, alone and in combination, were added to suspensions of sensitized mouse spleen cells and analyzed for hemolysin plaque forming cells according to the Jerne localized hemolysin-in-gel technique. The in vitro results of this study indicated a suppression of hemolysin plaque forming cells by both agents. Serum hemolysin titers, on the other hand, were not affected by the in vitro addition of either drug. In vivo, salicylate was effective in reducing the response to sheep erythrocyte antigen as determined by the hemolysin plaque forming cell assay; quinine had no effect. Drug administration had no effect on the animals' serum hemolysin titers. Treatment with a combination of the two agents gave results which indicated a possible synergism.
Interactive remote instruction: lessons learned

This paper describes experiences with the use of the Interactive Remote Instruction (IRI) System which was used to teach a computer science graduate course at Old Dominion University during the Fall 1995 semester. Through the use of high-speed networks and high performance workstations, IRI creates a virtual classroom so that geographically dispersed students can fully participate in a class. Central to this system is the availability to each and every student a personal workstation through which the class is taken. Placing a workstation at each student''s disposal opens the opportunity for student interaction and group collaboration. We compare this approach with other educational settings and describe lessons learned from instructor, student and technical perspective. We also describe changes we are putting in place for an expanded usage in the coming fall semester using fiberoptic cable supporting a WAN internet protocol.
Educational Model and Expansion of Enrollments in Sub-Saharan Africa

This article relies on the concept of educational model to explain why African countries that were colonized by Britain and France experienced significantly different forms of educational expansion...
Fractal models of elastic-perfectly plastic contact of rough surfaces based on the Cantor set

Abstract The objective of this study was to formulate discrete and continuous models to describe the elastic-perfectly plastic deformation of two rough surfaces in contact. The two surfaces in contact are assumed to exhibit fractal behavior and are modeled as an effective fractal surface compressed into a smooth rigid substrate. The rough self-affine fractal structure of the effective surface is approximated using a Cantor set representation. Both of the proposed models admit analytical solutionś for the cases when the plastic deformation is volume conserving or not. Results are presented that illustrate the effects that volume conservation and initial surface structure have on the elastic-perfectly plastic deformation process. The results from the continuous model are compared with the results obtained from the discrete model, and also with existing experimental load displacement results for the deformation of a ground steel surface.
Radiochemical sensor system for the analysis of 99Tc(VII) in groundwater

Direct determination of 99Tc in groundwater using a sensor device represents a substantial challenge due to the short range of beta-particles, the presence of radiological interferences, and low-level detection requirements. This paper describes a radiochemical sensing method for selective detection of 99Tc(VII) in water. The sensing approach uses a dual-function composite sensor microcolumn that incorporates both selective sorption and scintillating properties. Analyte detection is carried out in a reagentless equilibration sensing regime using chemically unmodified groundwater. The sensor method was implemented in a prototypical probe device that integrates the sensor element, scintillation detection, data acquisition, and instrument control components in a single functional instrument compatible with a 3.5" well casing geometry. The feasibility of rapid 99Tc analysis in Hanford groundwater (Hanford Site, USA) below regulatory drinking water level of 33 Bq/l was demonstrated.
Monodisperse polymer beads as packing material for high‐performance liquid chromatography. Preparation of macroporous poly(2,3‐epoxypropyl vinylbenzyl ether‐co‐divinylbenzene) beads, their properties, and application to HPLC separations

In search for HPLC separation media with new surface chemistries, a styrene-based monomer, 2,3-epoxypropyl vinylbenzyl ether, containing reactive epoxide groups has been syn-thesized and copolymerized with divinylbenzene in a suspension polymerization. The process involves the use of size monodisperse particles that are swollen with monomer and then polymerized in the presence of a porogenic diluent consisting of a mixture of 4-methyl-2-pentanol and octane. The effect of concentration of divinylbenzene on the pore size dis-tribution and the specific surface area of the resulting uniformly sized porous poly(2,3-epoxypropyl vinylbenzyl ether-co-divinylbenzene) beads has been studied. The epoxide groups of the copolymer have been hydrolyzed and the beads used for reversed-phase chro-matography of both small molecules and proteins to show the effect of hydrophobicity of the matrix on the separation properties. Reversed-phase chromatography of alkylbenzenes follows the expected pattern while for proteins the hydrolyzed beads with the highest content of the crosslinking monomer exhibit a remarkable deviation from the predicted retention characteristics. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nitrite anions induce nitrosative deamination of peptides and proteins

In the present study, reactions of sodium nitrite with proteins/peptides were characterized with mass spectrometry. The reaction generates two major products: replacement of the amino group by a hydroxyl group and formation of an alkene derivative by loss of a NH3 group at the N-terminus and the side chain of lysine residues of proteins/peptides. The reaction proceeds rapidly in weak acidic solution and at 37 degrees C in the presence of a millimolar concentration of nitrite, demonstrating that nitrite induces nitrosative deamination in proteins and peptides. The facile nitrite-induced modification of amino groups of protein/peptides changes the chemical nature of proteins and may have various applications in peptide synthesis, analytical chemistry, and protein engineering. It also provides information to enhance our understanding of functions of nitrite ions in biology and food preservation.