cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Cerebral Edema After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Frequency, Predictors, and Impact on Outcome

Background and Purpose — Cerebral edema visualized by CT is often seen after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Inflammatory or circulatory mechanisms have been postulated to explain this radiographic observation after SAH. We sought to determine the frequency, causes, and impact on outcome of early and delayed global cerebral edema after SAH. Methods — We evaluated the presence of global edema on admission and follow-up CT scans in 374 SAH patients admitted within 5 days of onset to our Neurological Intensive Care Unit between July 1996 and February 2001. Using multivariate analysis, we identified predictors of global cerebral edema and evaluated the impact of global edema on outcome 3 months after onset with the modified Rankin Scale. Results — Global edema was present on admission CT scans in 8% (n=29) and developed secondarily in 12% (n=44) of the patients. Global edema on admission was predicted by loss of consciousness at ictus and increasing Hunt-Hess grade. Delayed global edema was predicted by aneurysm size >10 mm, loss of consciousness at ictus, use of vasopressors, and increased SAH sum scores. Thirty-seven percent (n=137) of the patients were dead or severely disabled (modified Rankin Scale 4 to 6) at 3 months. Death or severe disability was predicted by any global edema, aneurysm size >10 mm, loss of consciousness at ictus, increased National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and older age. Conclusions — Global edema is an independent risk factor for mortality and poor outcome after SAH. Loss of consciousness, which may reflect ictal cerebral circulatory arrest, is a risk factor for admission global edema, and vasopressor-induced hypertension is associated with the development of delayed global edema. Critical care management strategies that minimize edema formation after SAH may improve outcome.
Identity and Activism in Heritage Language Education

In contrast with the field of second language acquisition (SLA), where until recently sociocultural concerns were largely unaddressed (Block, 2007), identity has always been at the core of heritage language (HL) education. The present article highlights this often overlooked history and presents action research centering on a Spanish critical service-learning program stressing identity and social activism in HL education. The article begins with an examination of the constructs of identity, agency, and advocacy in Spanish HL education and critical pedagogy. Stressing that critical pedagogy seeks not only to promote agency but also to contribute to social justice outside of the classroom, we provide an overview of our critical service-learning program melding university HL education with community language activism. The program builds upon HL speakers' classroom-based learning of critical language awareness by providing community-based opportunities to enact and strengthen identities as language experts and to contribute to positive social change. Next, we present and analyze qualitative data gathered in order to investigate the emergence of expert and activist identities among program participants who worked to counteract school-based subordination of Spanish by running an after-school Spanish class for HL speakers at a local elementary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Virtual gene: using correlations between genes to select informative genes on microarray datasets

Gene Selection is one class of most used data analysis algorithms on microarray datasets. The goal of gene selection algorithms is to filter out a small set of informative genes that best explains experimental variations. Traditional gene selection algorithms are mostly single-gene based. Some discriminative scores are calculated and sorted for each gene. Top ranked genes are then selected as informative genes for further study. Such algorithms ignore completely correlations between genes, although such correlations is widely known. Genes interact with each other through various pathways and regulative networks. In this paper, we propose to use, instead of ignoring, such correlations for gene selection. Experiments performed on three public available datasets show promising results.
High-dose circumferential chemodenervation of the internal anal sphincter: A new treatment modality for uncomplicated chronic anal fissure: A retrospective cohort study (with video).

Abstract Background Botulinum toxin injection into the internal anal sphincter is gaining popularity as a second line therapy for chronic anal fissures if medical therapy fails. The dosage of botulinum toxin reported ranged from 20 to 50 IU with no more than 3 injection sites and results in a healing rate of 41%–88% at 3 months. We propose a new injection method of high-dose circumferential chemodenervation of 100 IU in treating chronic anal fissure. Methods This was a retrospective review at a single academic center. 75 patients (50 women and 25 men) with uncomplicated chronic anal fissures underwent high-dose circumferential chemodenervation-internal anal sphincter (100 IU). We measured fissure healing, complication, and recurrence rates at 3 and 6 months post injection. Results Of the 75 patients, healing rate was 90.7% at 3 months follow up with the first injection and 81.3% with the second injection. The recurrence rates were 20.6% and 12.5% at 6 months after the 1st and 2nd injections respectively. Excluding 5 patients who lost follow up, the total healing rate of the study cohort was 100%. At 2 weeks and 3 months, there were no major complications including hematoma, infection, flatus, fecal, and urinary incontinence. Conclusions High-dose circumferential chemodenervation-internal anal sphincter (100 IU) is a safe and effective method for uncomplicated chronic anal fissure.
Expression Level, Evolutionary Rate, and the Cost of Expression

There is great variation in the rates of sequence evolution among proteins encoded by the same genome. The strongest correlate of evolutionary rate is expression level: highly expressed proteins tend to evolve slowly. This observation has led to the proposal that a major determinant of protein evolutionary rate involves the toxic effects of protein that misfolds due to transcriptional and translational errors (the mistranslation-induced misfolding [MIM] hypothesis). Here, I present a model that explains the correlation of evolutionary rate and expression level by selection for function. The basis of this model is that selection keeps expression levels near optima that reflect a trade-off between beneficial effects of the protein's function and some nonspecific cost of expression (e.g., the biochemical cost of synthesizing protein). Simulations confirm the predictions of the model. Like the MIM hypothesis, this model predicts several other relationships that are observed empirically. Although the model is based on selection for protein function, it is consistent with findings that a protein's rate of evolution is at most weakly correlated with its importance for fitness as measured by gene knockout experiments.
Photo-induced chemisorption on insulating CdS crystals☆

Abstract Substantial reversible changes in the photoconductive gain and response time have been observed in certain insulating CdS crystals as a result of varying the partial pressure of an electronegative ambient (oxygen and iodine vapor). Only crystals showing no red sensitivity display the effect. Both the gain and the response time increase as the partial pressure of the gas is lowered. The atmosphere dependence of the gain is ascribed to a photo-induced chemisorption process similar to the mechanism proposed for semiconductors. The rate of adsorption of oxygen follows the Elovich equation d q d t = a exp(−bq) where q is the adsorbate concentration and a and b are constants. The change in the response time, which can be as large as a factor of 105 for an accompanying change in the gain by a factor of 35, is related to chemisorption as well as to the existence of traps which increase in number as the partial pressure of the gas is reduced. Although these traps are too numerous to be associated with the geometric surface, their number is determined by surface conditions. Their physical origin is not understood. The absence of the atmosphere effect in red sensitive crystals is related to the migration of excitation energy away from the illuminated surface by reabsorption in the bulk of the luminescence produced in the surface region by the band-gap light.
Toward integrated digital control of the DIII-D tokamak

An integrated digital controller for the DIII-D tokamak is being developed to simultaneously control plasma equilibrium parameters using modern multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques. It is anticipated that this controller will eventually replace the current mixed analog and digital controller, allowing all aspects of DIII-D plasma control to be incorporated into a single digital system. In this paper, we describe the technical approach and engineering problems associated with development of a digital controller using modern control techniques. The hardware capability to apply modern control methods is enabled by recent development of a real-time digital data acquisition and control system for DIII-D. Recent work in simulating plasma control with MIMO techniques has demonstrated that such methods can be successfully applied to the control of tokamak plasmas. Perturbed equilibrium techniques have been shown to provide accurate and rapidly computable estimates of the linear, axisymmetric, ideal magnetohydrodynamic plasma response. Integration of these hardware and analytical capabilities will produce a uniquely flexible, accurate, and robust plasma control system which can be readily applied to high performance next-generation tokamaks. The DIII-D device itself provides an ideal testbed for implementation and evaluation of multivariable tokamak control strategies.
The Process of Therapeutic Reading: Opening Doors for Counselor Development

In this study, the authors examined the therapeutic reading process with graduate counseling students. Journals completed by 21 students participating in a graduate counselor education elective course, Creativity in Counseling, were examined. Phenomenological data analysis approaches were employed. Emergent themes suggested that therapeutic reading opened doors for insight, action, connection, communication, building relationships, and growth as professional counselors. Implications for counselor education, practice, and research are provided.
A morphologically distinct strain of Aspergillus nomius

DNA polymorphisms were used to infer relationships of a morphologically distinct new strain of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus to other members of Aspergillus sect. Flavi. The new strain produced b...
Piezoelectric Technology for Pediatric Autologous Cranioplasty

Objective: Pediatric patients with skull defects larger than available sources for splitting bicortical bone have limited options for autogenous cortical bone cranioplasty. Piezoelectric instruments allow donor bone to be chosen based on the best possible contour rather than the presence of bicortical bone. We present the use of piezoelectric technology to split thin unicortical calvarium for autogenous cranioplasty in a series of pediatric patients. Design: Retrospective review of a series of pediatric patients requiring reconstruction for skull defects. Patients/Intervention: Our series included a 2-year-old with a parietal skull tumor and resultant 3 × 3-cm defect after craniectomy, a 2-year-old with a 3 × 3-cm defect after excision of an occipital skull tumor, a 10-year-old with a 4 × 5-cm skull defect after excision of an occipital skull tumor, and a 13-year-old who suffered a gunshot to the forehead with a 12 × 7-cm frontal skull defect. We used a piezoelectric saw to precisely and safely split unic...
FIBER COMPONENTS‐QUANTITATION AND RELATIONSHIP TO CAKE QUALITY

Cereal and legume brans were fractionated to measure individual dietary fiber components. Wheat brans were similar in dietary fiber content, showing values of approximately 0.8% pectin, 26% water insoluble hemicellulose, 8% cellulose, and 4% lignin. The dietary fiber content of soy, oat, and corn brans varied widely. Oat bran was lowest in most fiber components. Soy hulls was the only bran containing a substantial quantity of pectin. Corn bran contained the largest quantity of water-insoluble hemicellulose. Fiber components could be used to partially predict the following parameters of cake quality: tenderness, volume, viscosity, cell size, cell wall thickness, and grain. Hemicelluloses appeared to have a large effect on cake quality.
On community outliers and their efficient detection in information networks

Linked or networked data are ubiquitous in many applications. Examples include web data or hypertext documents connected via hyperlinks, social networks or user profiles connected via friend links, co-authorship and citation information, blog data, movie reviews and so on. In these datasets (called "information networks"), closely related objects that share the same properties or interests form a community. For example, a community in blogsphere could be users mostly interested in cell phone reviews and news. Outlier detection in information networks can reveal important anomalous and interesting behaviors that are not obvious if community information is ignored. An example could be a low-income person being friends with many rich people even though his income is not anomalously low when considered over the entire population. This paper first introduces the concept of community outliers (interesting points or rising stars for a more positive sense), and then shows that well-known baseline approaches without considering links or community information cannot find these community outliers. We propose an efficient solution by modeling networked data as a mixture model composed of multiple normal communities and a set of randomly generated outliers. The probabilistic model characterizes both data and links simultaneously by defining their joint distribution based on hidden Markov random fields (HMRF). Maximizing the data likelihood and the posterior of the model gives the solution to the outlier inference problem. We apply the model on both synthetic data and DBLP data sets, and the results demonstrate importance of this concept, as well as the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Evaluation of bendectin embryotoxicity in nonhuman primates. II: Double-blind study in term cynomolgus monkeys

The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of Bendectin was assessed in this double-blind study in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Bendectin was administered orally at doses approximately two, five, and 20 times the human dose equivalent from 22 +/- 2 through 50 days of gestation. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section near term and examined for malformations. There was no maternal toxicity as evidenced by maternal weights and physical signs. There was no correlation between dosage and the number of prenatal deaths. No significant abnormalities related to treatment were observed in postdelivery physical examinations, placental evaluations, external and internal gross examinations, or from radiographs of the neonates. Under the conditions of this study the treatment of pregnant cynomolgus monkeys with Bendectin produced no evidence of teratogenicity or embryo-, or fetal-, or maternal toxicity.
Using Home Learning Tool Kits to Facilitate Family Involvement

It is a widely held belief that increased family involvement enhances student academic achievement. When considering children with special needs, involvement is not only beneficial; it is often an essential ingredient in a child's success. Families of children with special needs are often limited by time constraints that inhibit school involvement. This leads to the need to extend learning opportunities to families of children with special needs as a means of increasing levels of involvement in their children's education. This article describes a collaborative project between teachers at a local elementary school in North Carolina and members of their Parent-Teacher Association. The Home Learning Tool Kit served as a bridge between home and school, thereby assisting in educating families about their children's academic progress. The project focused on extending learning opportunities to families as a means of increasing their levels of involvement in their children's education.
A statistically rigorous approach for improving simulation methodology

Due to cost, time, and flexibility constraints, simulators are often used to explore the design space when developing new processor architectures, as well as when evaluating the performance of new processor enhancements. However, despite this dependence on simulators, statistically rigorous simulation methodologies are not typically used in computer architecture research. A formal methodology can provide a sound basis for drawing conclusions gathered from simulation results by adding statistical rigor, and consequently, can increase confidence in the simulation results. This paper demonstrates the application of a rigorous statistical technique to the setup and analysis phases of the simulation process. Specifically, we apply a Plackett and Burman design to: (1) identify key processor parameters; (2) classify benchmarks based on how they affect the processor; and (3) analyze the effect of processor performance enhancements. Our technique expands on previous work by applying a statistical method to improve the simulation methodology instead of applying a statistical model to estimate the performance of the processor.
Impurity-induced bound states in iron-based superconductors with s-wave cos kx·cos ky pairing symmetry

Using both the self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes formulation and non-self-consistent $T$-matrix approach, we perform a comprehensive investigation of the in-gap bound states induced by a localized single impurity in iron-based superconductors. We focus on studying signatures associated with the unconventional sign-changed $s$-wave pairing symmetry. For a nonmagnetic impurity, we find that there are two in-gap bounds, symmetric with respect to zero energy, only in the sign-changed $s$-wave pairing state, not in the sign-unchanged $s$-wave state, due to the existence of nontrivial Andreev bound states caused by the sign change. For a magnetic impurity, we find that due to the breakdown of the local time-reversal symmetry, there exist only bound-state solutions (with orbital degeneracy) carrying one of the electron-spin polarizations around the impurity. As increasing the scattering strength, the system undergoes a quantum phase transition (level crossing) from a spin-unpolarized ground state to a spin-polarized one. While the results for the magnetic impurity are qualitatively similar in both the sign-changed and sign-unchanged $s$-wave superconducting (SC) states, the bound states in the first case are more robust and there is no $\ensuremath{\pi}$ phase shift of the SC gap near the impurity in the strong scattering regime.
Layar-ed places: Using mobile augmented reality to tactically reengage, reproduce, and reappropriate public space

As augmented reality (AR) is becoming technologically possible and publicly available through mobile smartphone and tablet devices, there has been relatively little empirical research studying how people are utilizing mobile AR technologies and forming social practices around mobile AR. This study looks at how mobile AR can potentially mediate the everyday practices of urban life. Through qualitative interviews with users of Layar, a mobile AR browser, we found several emerging uses. First, users are creating content on Layar in ways that communicate about and through place, which shapes their relationship and interpretations of places around them. Second, we found a growing segment of users creating augmented content that historicizes and challenges the meanings of place, while inserting their own narratives of place. Studying emerging uses of AR deepens our understanding of how emerging media may complicate practices, experiences, and relationships in the spatial landscape.
Prediction of HIV-1 virus-host protein interactions using virus and host sequence motifs

Host protein-protein interaction networks are altered by invading virus proteins, which create new interactions, and modify or destroy others. The resulting network topology favors excessive amounts of virus production in a stressed host cell network. Short linear peptide motifs common to both virus and host provide the basis for host network modification.
Existence of codes with constant PMEPR and related design

Recently, several coding methods have been proposed to reduce the high peak-to-mean envelope ratio (PMEPR) of multicarrier signals. It has also been shown that with probability one, the PMEPR of any random codeword chosen from a symmetric quadrature amplitude modulation/phase shift keying (QAM/PSK) constellation is logn for large n, where n is the number of subcarriers. Therefore, the question is how much reduction beyond logn can one asymptotically achieve with coding, and what is the price in terms of the rate loss? In this paper, by optimally choosing the sign of each subcarrier, we prove the existence of q-ary codes of constant PMEPR for sufficiently large n and with a rate loss of at most log/sub q/2. We also obtain a Varsharmov-Gilbert-type upper bound on the rate of a code, given its minimum Hamming distance with constant PMEPR, for large n. Since ours is an existence result, we also study the problem of designing signs for PMEPR reduction. Motivated by a derandomization algorithm suggested by Spencer, we propose a deterministic and efficient algorithm to design signs such that the PMEPR of the resulting codeword is less than clogn for any n, where c is a constant independent of n. For symmetric q-ary constellations, this algorithm constructs a code with rate 1-log/sub q/2 and with PMEPR of clogn with simple encoding and decoding. Simulation results for our algorithm are presented.
Enhancing Informal Learning Experiences with Affect-Aware Technologies

Although institutions of informal learning, such as museums, science centers, and zoos, seek to convey knowledge, they also seek to influence visitors’ interest, attitudes, and feelings about the topics they address. Upon entering an informal learning environment, visitors are surrounded by choices: they decide what to see, where to invest their time, and how long to stay. The quality of the experiences depends on many factors, including the content and design of the exhibits, the ability of exhibits to promote sustained engagement, and the nature of the conversations visitors have with each other and staff. To succeed, it is critical that visitors have meaningful experiences that simultaneously have educational value. In this chapter, we discuss the role of emotions during informal learning experiences and discuss how affect-aware technologies could be used to enhance cognitive and affective outcomes. Four potential application areas are presented for the use of affect- and user-sensing technologies: (1) automation of evaluation tasks for informal learning, (2) to spark visitor interest and magnify the attracting power of exhibits, (3) to deepen engagement during learning activities, and (4) to promote productive conversational behaviors in groups as well as single visitors (with virtual agents). Key challenges for the future include the development of robust detection algorithms for noisy environments like museums, addressing privacy concerns, tracking visitors beyond single exhibits, and integrating heterogeneous sources of information into useful estimates of visitors’ knowledge, emotions, and goals.
Adaptation of an Inexpensive Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer for Enzyme Kinetic Work

A Perkin-Elmer Model 202 spectrophotometer was modified to permit sensitive recording of absorbance changes with time by installing a retransmitting slidewire internally. The slidewire, which may be of a standard commercial type, was supplied with an exciting voltage from a battery-powered external circuit consisting of a fixed resistor and two ten-turn potentiometers to permit the use of a variable scale expansion. The output of the slidewire was connected directly to a self-balancing recording potentiometer of a type in common use. This adaptation makes possible an amplification of pen response by a factor of more than four without exceeding the capabilities of the spectrophotometer, It does not interfere with the normal function of the instrument in recording spectra. The modified instrument has been used in the kinetic analysis of several enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Erratum for Brown-Elliott et al., Utility of Sequencing the erm(41) Gene in Isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus with Low and Intermediate Clarithromycin MICs.

Volume 53, no. 4, p. [1211–1215][1], 2015. Page 1211, left column, second paragraph, lines 2 and 3: “397-bp deletion” should read “274-bp deletion.” [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/JCM.02950-14
In-Space Structural Assembly: Applications and Technology

As NASA exploration moves beyond earth's orbit, the need exists for long duration space systems that are resilient to events that compromise safety and performance. Fortunately, technology advances in autonomy, robotic manipulators, and modular plug-and-play architectures over the past two decades have made in-space vehicle assembly and servicing possible at acceptable cost and risk. This study evaluates future space systems needed to support scientific observatories and human/robotic Mars exploration to assess key structural design considerations. The impact of in-space assembly is discussed to identify gaps in structural technology and opportunities for new vehicle designs to support NASA's future long duration missions.
Design and Realization of OpenVPN Test Scheme Based on Message Simulation

It studied the SSL protocol and the principle of OpenVPN,design a hardware-based encryption access system of OpenVPN,which drawn the block diagram of design structure.In view of the problem of OpenVPN concurrent test,general concurrent test adopt the mechanism based on the recording and playback,constitute a single process by recording and realize by playback.However,the OpenVPN access system based on SSL protocol,due to the encryption protocol security design,especially hardware encryption packet not be copied features,proposed a concurrent test scheme which based on IP message simulation and solved the problem of OpenVPN access system concurrent test,which provided a good inspiration for the next step more in-depth study.
Risks and Benefits of Culdoscopic Female Sterilization

The risks and benefits of the culdoscopic approach to female sterilization are reviewed in an analysis of 2153 culdoscopic sterilization procedures (1123 Pomeroy or modified Pomeroy method 143 fimbriectomy/salpingectomy 766 tantalum clip and 113 tubal ring) performed at 11 centers in 9 countries (Asia Middle East and the Caribbean). Inability to occlude the tubes as planned was reported for approximately 6.0% of the cases including 1.4% in which 1 or both tubes could not be occluded by any technique. Surgical difficulties were reported for about 13.0% of the procedures and surgical complications of which the most frequent was torn or bleeding tubes occurred in 2.0% of the cases. At 7-21 days follow-up complications had occurred for a significantly higher proportion of fimbriectomy patients (11.7%) than for Pomeroy (4.0%) tantalum clip (5.0%) and tubal ring (6.5%) patients. There were technical failures for 76 (6.8%) of Pomeroy procedures 18 (2.3%) of the tantalum clip procedures and 3 (2.7%) for the tubal ring procedures. These failures were most often related to difficulties at surgery (3.7%) than to surgical complications (1.1%). Pregnancy rates were significantly higher for patients whose tubes were occluded by tantalum clips (7.7/100 women at 12 months) indicating that this is not the preferred technique of tubal occlusion; the 12-month life table pregnancy rates were .1/100 women for tubal ring and .0/100 for Pomeroy and fimbriectomy. Comparison of these data with similar pooled data on laparoscopy and minilaparotomy indicates that culdoscopy is associated with greater technical difficulty and mobidity. Thus abdominal procedures will continue to be preferred for use in most large-scale programs.
An analysis of tidal strain observations from the United States of America: I. The laterally homogeneous tide

abstract Tidal strain observations from seven observatories in the continental United States have been analyzed and the results compared with the tide predicted for a radially stratified earth model. Included in the predicted tide are the effects of ocean-tide loading for all of the major oceans. We find that on average the load strains contribute 44 per cent of the total M 2 tidal strain and 13 per cent of the total O 1 tidal strain. The differences between the predictions of the radially stratified earth model and the observations are significant. We conclude that: (1) Love numbers deduced from most strain observations are not representative of average earth properties. (2) The phase of the areal strain is neither independent of the tidal loading nor of the local geological structure. Hence, to use such phase observations as a measure of the anelastic properties of the Earth is incorrect.
CYP2B6 Genotype Guided Dosing of Propofol Anesthesia in the Elderly based on Nonparametric Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations.

Objective The primary aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that nonparametric pharmacometric modeling will accurately identify CYP2B6 genotype subgroups based on data from a study that reported results based on parametric pharmacokinetics (PK). Methods Propofol concentration-time data were originally reported in the Kansaku et al. 2011 publication. Nonparametric Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling (NLME) was conducted using the PMETRICS R package while population pharmacokinetic model parameters were estimated using a FORTRAN compiler. Finally, model-based dosing simulations were conducted in the MATLAB Simbiology. Results A total of 51 patients were included in the final PK analysis. A two-compartment gamma multiplicative error model adequately described the propofol concentration-time data. The precision of the goodness-of-fit plots resulted in an R2 of 0.927 and an R2 of 0.992 for the population prediction and individual predictions, respectively. Neither the UGT1A9 nor the CYP2B6 G516T gene variants resulted in statistically significant PK parameter differences while the CYP2B6 A785G gene variants resulted in statistically significant differences for the elimination rate. Model-based dosing-simulations comparing patients with the CYP2B6 AA & AG genotypes to both GG genotypes and patients from a multicenter trial suggest a 50% decrease in propofol infusion dose, to 25mg/kg/min, be made to result in approximately equivalent drug exposures. Conclusion Based on the pharmacometric modeling and simulation, if no dosage adjustments are made for the elderly CYP2B6 AA and AG genotypes, a 250% higher propofol blood exposure will be evident within 1-hour from the start of the infusion. Thus, based on the pharmacokinetic model, genotyping elderly patients for the CYP2B6 AA and AG gene variants will decrease the total propofol blood exposure during anesthesia and sedation when an infusion dose adjustment is made to 25mg/kg/min.
Encapsulation of grape seed extract in polylactide microcapsules for sustained bioactivity and time-dependent release in dental material applications.

Abstract Objective To sustain the bioactivity of proanthocyanidins-rich plant-derived extracts via encapsulation within biodegradable polymer microcapsules. Methods Polylactide microcapsules containing grape seed extract (GSE) were manufactured using a combination of double emulsion and solvent evaporation techniques. Microcapsule morphology, size distribution, and cross-section were examined via scanning electron microscopy. UV–vis measurements were carried out to evaluate the core loading and encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules. The bioactivity of extracts was evaluated after extraction from capsules via solvent partitioning one week or one year post-encapsulation process. Fifteen human molars were cut into 7 mm × 1.7 mm × 0.5 mm thick mid-coronal dentin beams, demineralized, and treated with either encapsulated GSE, pristine GSE, or left untreated. The elastic modulus of dentin specimens was measured based on three-point bending experiments as an indirect assessment of the bioactivity of grape seed extracts. The effects of the encapsulation process and storage time on the bioactivity of extracts were analyzed. Results Polynuclear microcapsules with average diameter of 1.38 μm and core loading of up to 38 wt% were successfully manufactured. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean fold increase of elastic modulus values among the samples treated with encapsulated or pristine GSE (p = 0.333), or the storage time (one week versus one year storage at room temperature, p = 0.967). Significance Polynuclear microcapsules containing proanthocyanidins-rich plant-derived extracts were prepared. The bioactivity of extracts was preserved after microencapsulation.
Diffusion in High-Tc Superconductors

The tracer diffusion of oxygen has been measured in the high Tc superconductors La2−xSrxCuO4 (x = 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) and in YBa2Cu3O7−δ, using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain the depth profiles. The diffusion coefficients in La2−xSrxCuO4 decrease with increasing x, a result that is explained on the basis of a simple defect model, which also provides an explanation for the peak in the plot of Tc vs. x. The depth profiles for YBa2Cu3O7−δ require two volume diffusion terms for a good fit, and this is explained in terms of the anisotropy of diffusion in this structure. The results are compared to values in the literature, and analyzed in terms of the theories of Bakker et al., Tu et al., and Ronay and Nordlander.
Beer and Wine

Alcoholic beverages are produced by fermentation of sugars to ethanol. Starting materials range from simple sugars to complex carbohydrates that are reduced to simple sugars by hydrolytic cleavage of starches and dextrins. Beer and wind represent direct products from fermentation whereas vodka, rum, whiskey and other distilled spirits and a distillation step.
Ultra High-Speed Reconstruction Processors for X-Ray Computed Tomography of the Heart and Circulation

Present commercial x-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners are capable of producing single cross section images of the head, thorax, or abdomen which exhibit both high spatial and halftone resolution as described by Brooks and DiChiro (1976). However, the operational flexibility of these devices is restricted by their inability to record sufficient x-ray transmission data to reconstruct more than a single 5–15mm thick cross section of tissue during one scan and the relatively long duration (2–60s) for each scan. This renders such systems incapable of “freezing” the motion of rapidly moving structures, e.g., the beating heart and breathing lungs. Thus, the single cross sections generated in this manner cannot provide clinical diagnostic or biomedical research data concerning the true anatomic shape and dynamic changes in the structural dimensions of several important organ systems.
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

This article describes the sociocultural theory introduced by the Russian psychologist Lev S. Vygotsky (1896–1934), which emphasizes the contributions of the social and cultural world to cognitive development. Following a brief description of Vygotsky’s life and the context in which he developed his ideas, the essay describes the distinction made by Vygotsky between elementary and higher mental functions that is important for understanding his approach. It then discusses three critical aspects of the approach: the role of mediational means in higher psychological functioning, the contributions of social and cultural experience in providing and supporting the development and use of these mediational means, and the primacy of the developmental or, in Vygotsky’s terminology, genetic method. This article concludes with discussion of the contemporary influence of these ideas on the study and practice of developmental psychology.
Pathologic findings in progeria: myocardial fibrosis and lipofuscin pigment.

The pathologic findings in two patients with progeria are described. The two patients had several features in common: the history of congestive heart failure preceding death, the pathologic findings of interstitial and focal myocardial fibrosis and necrosis, and intracellular accumulation of lipofuscin pigment in many organs. One patient also had chronic glomerulonephritis. A common belief has been that the cardiac lesion in progeria is typical myocardial infarction. However, even in the absence of significant coronary artery disease, focal myocardial fibrosis has been noted in previous cases as well as in the patients in this report, and, therefore, it is clear that both types of lesions occur in progeria. Finally, lipofuscin accumulation has not been noted previously in progeria. This finding lends support to the concept of progeria as a syndrome of premature aging.
Classification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children

The correct phenotyping and classification of children with inflammatory bowel disease remains problematic, especially for the child with IBD limited to the colon. In a child presenting with bloody diarrhea and endoscopic evidence of colitis, even an experienced clinician may have trouble distinguishing acute self-limited colitis (ASLC) from inflammatory bowel disease, or ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease. This chapter will review, in sequence, the diagnostic evaluation of IBD; the differentiation of ASLC from Crohn disease; the differentiation of ulcerative colitis from IBD; the classification of ulcerative colitis into subtypes; and the classification and phenotyping of Crohn disease.
Simulations of Glass Surfaces: Structure and Adsorption

The molecular dynamics computer simulation technique has been used to study the atomistic structure of silicate glass surfaces and the effect this surface structure has on adsorption. Simulation results are compared to data obtained from experimental studies using IR, Raman, NMR, ESR, and EXAFS techniques. The simulations correspond both qualitatively and quantitatively to the interpretations of the experimental data. For glasses formed in a perfect vacuum, the simulations show the presence of small membered rings and undercoordinated species. Formation of the surfaces in the presence of a water vapor causes formation of silanols (Si-OH) via preferential removal of the most strained defects and undercoordinated species.
Task Scheduling in Big Data - Review, Research Challenges, and Prospects

In a Big data computing, the processing of data requires a large amount of CPU cycles and network bandwidth and disk I/O. Dataflow is a programming model for processing Big data which consists of tasks organized in a graph structure. Scheduling these tasks is one of the key active research areas which mainly aims to place the tasks on available resources. It is essential to effectively schedule the tasks, in a manner that minimizes task completion time and increases utilization of resources. In recent years, researchers have discussed and presented different task scheduling algorithms. In this research study, we have investigated the state-of-art of various task scheduling algorithms, scheduling considerations for batch and streaming processing, and task scheduling algorithms in the wellknown open-source big data platforms. Furthermore, this study proposes a new task scheduling system to alleviate the problems persists in the existing task scheduling for big data.
Development of an attenuation correction method for direct x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging utilizing gold L-shell XRF photons

Purpose This work proposes a semiempirical correction method for attenuation of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) photons and/or an excitation beam during direct XRF imaging (i.e., mapping) of gold nanoparticle (GNP) distribution utilizing gold L-shell XRF photons. Methods The current method was first devised by finding the two following relationships: (a) ratio of gold XRF peak intensity (Lα at ~9.7 keV and Lβ at ~11.4 keV) vs pathlength of XRF photons; (b) XRF photon counts produced (Nxrf ) vs scattered photon counts produced (Nscat ). Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the Geant4 tool kit to characterize the aforementioned relationships for different tissue-like media. The applicability of the method was tested experimentally by acquiring 2D L-shell XRF images of custom-made phantoms using an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography setup. Results The results show that the ratio of gold L-shell XRF peak intensities allowed an estimation of the pathlength of XRF photons, thus can be utilized to correct for attenuation of XRF photons after emission. The results also demonstrate that Nscat , through a proportionality N xrf ∝ N scat T where the exponent T depends on the energy of scattered photons, could be used to correct for attenuation of an excitation beam prior to producing XRF photons. The corrected XRF signal was found independent of the densities of tissue-like media present along the passage of an excitation beam or emitted XRF photons. Conclusions The current results suggest that the developed attenuation correction method plays an essential role for the detection of GNPs on the order of parts-per-million, and also for the determination of GNP concentration/location within the imaging object made of tissue-like media, without any prior knowledge of the imaging object shape, under the conditions deemed relevant to biomedical applications of gold L-shell XRF-based imaging.
Examples of GREBE’s Legal Analysis

This chapter presents examples of GREBE’s legal analysis. The first section continues the analysis of Jarek’s Case, which was begun in Chapter 4. The second section sets forth GREBE’s analysis of four closely related cases, illustrating how small changes in facts can yield significant differences in analysis. Appendix B contains a brief summary of the precedent cases used by GREBE in the analyses of these cases.
Algebras having bases that consist solely of strongly regular elements

Abstract “Locally invertible” algebras, those algebras which have a basis consisting solely of strongly regular elements, are introduced as a generalization of “invertible algebras,” that is, algebras which have a basis consisting solely of units. While this new family properly contains the family of (necessarily unital) invertible algebras, its definition does not assume the existence of a multiplicative identity. Because of this, we consider both unital and non-unital examples of locally invertible algebras. In particular, we show that under a mild condition on the basis of a not necessarily unital R-algebra A, the R-algebras M n ( A ) of finite matrix rings over the R-algebra A. Furthermore, many infinite matrix algebras are also locally invertible, but not all. Also it is shown that all semiperfect D-algebras over a division ring D are locally invertible.
Central Nervous System Normal Structures

Recent developments in radiation and neuro-oncology provide the ability to deliver required radiation dose to target volumes for pediatric brain tumors while avoiding sensitive normal central nervous system (CNS) structures uninvolved by tumor. Many CNS target volumes are smaller than in previous years due to better understanding of areas at risk for recurrence or involvement and patterns of spread for given diagnoses. Advances in neuroimaging and treatment planning software allow for better delineation of tumors and normal neuroanatomy. Utilization of these advances requires accurate delineation of avoidance structures. For optimal avoidance as well as accurate reporting of normal structure tolerance, it is of paramount importance to contour these structures properly. Neuroanatomy is complex and formal education in this area is not at present formally taught in radiation oncology training. This chapter is included to provide guidance for contouring of pediatric CNS structures.
Comparison of Fixed Diameter-Limit and Selection Cutting in Northern Conifers

Diameter-limit cutting is a common type of harvest in which all merchantable trees above specific size thresholds are removed. Despite a long history of application, controlled experiments of these harvests are rare and the cumulative effects of repeated diameter-limit cuts are largely unknown. The Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine is the location of a long-term USDA Forest Service experiment in which both fixed diameter-limit and selection cutting have been applied at 20-year intervals since the early 1950s.
A comparison study of additive manufacturing techniques applied to chalcogenide glass

We show successful printing of chalcogenide glass using two different techniques. Additive manufacturing is still a fairly new field, but is increasing rapidly. We compare some of the first tests of selective laser melting and direct laser processing techniques to chalcogenide glass.
‘One Ought To Do What One Can for People in His Circ’: Patronage and Affinity among Irish Military Elites

This chapter surveys the British officer corps as an institution and explores the social dynamics that governed officer candidates’ success in getting in, getting on, and getting out of a career in the British Army, while preserving their socially advantageous position. The differences in prestige and class structure of different army regiments are examined and the ‘typical’ curriculum vitae of the Irish officer is described, with indicative examples of officers from diverse backgrounds explored at various stages of their careers.
Leaving Group Effects in a Series of Electrosprayed C c H h N 1 Anthracene Derivatives.

We investigate the gas-phase structures and fragmentation pathways of model compounds of anthracene derivatives of the general formula CcHhN1 utilizing tandem mass spectrometry and computational methods. We vary the substituent alkyl chain length, composition, and degree of branching. We find substantial experimental and theoretical differences between the linear and branched congeners in terms of fragmentation thresholds, available pathways, and distribution of products. Our calculations predict that the linear substituents initially isomerize to form lower energy branched isomers prior to loss of the alkyl substituents as alkenes. The rate-determining chemistry underlying these related processes is dominated by the ability to stabilize the alkene loss transition structures. This task is more effectively undertaken by branched substituents. Consequently, analyte lability systematically increased with degree of branching (linear < secondary < tertiary). The resulting anthracen-9-ylmethaniminium ion generated from these alkene loss reactions undergoes rate-limiting proton transfer to enable expulsion of either hydrogen cyanide or CNH. The combination of the differences in primary fragmentation thresholds and degree of radical-based fragmentation processes provide a potential means of distinguishing compounds that contain branched alkyl chain substituents from those with linear ones.
Sanctuary, Temporary Protected Status, and Catholic Social Teaching

In Part I of this Article, I discuss the treatment (or lack of) the concept of sanctuary in Catholic Social Teaching and what obligations members of the Roman Catholic Church have to provide sanctuary to those in need. In Part II, I segue into a discussion of how Catholic Social Teaching is instructive for responding to the revocation of TPS from Nicaraguan and Haitian citizens. In Part III, I analyze how the concept of sanctuary can be employed by individuals, communities, and organizations to protect these vulnerable people in their time of crisis as a response to the communities affected by the termination of their TPS. Finally, I conclude with a discussion about the future of TPS and those whose TPS has been revoked. may avail themselves of the ability to lawfully remain in the United States in the future.