cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal generator of six-stance electromagnetic sensitivity position system

In order to solve the sequential control excursion and signal degradation of six-stance electromagnetic sensitivity position system caused by temperature influence,a sequential sine signal generator based on direct digital frequency synthesis and CPLD(complex programmbale logic device) digital control technology was designed.This circiut can generate high steady and precise sine signal.The resolution of kHz sine signal is 1 Hz.The fequency can be changed by program without maladjustment.The phase of this sine signal is continuous.The resolution of the high steady sequential control signal generated by digital control technology is nonesecond.These advantages improve the calculation precision of this system.The measuring error of distance is less than 1 cm and the measuring error of angle is less than 1°.
MR IMAGING OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

The use of T1-weighted sequences with reduced artifacts such as breath-hold gradient echo and fat-suppressed spin echo imaging has rendered MR imaging an effective technique for the evaluation of bowel disease. Various malignancies are depicted on MR images with diagnostic information comparable to CT images; concurrent evaluation for liver metastases are better performed by MR imaging. The high sensitivity for uptake of intravenous gadolinium suggests that MR imaging may play an important role in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease.
An improved compressed air apparatus for exfoliative cytology of the stomach.

Exfoliative cytology of the stomach is simplified by a collection method which uses a compressed air apparatus to deliver 300 ml of fluid to the gastric mucosa in 15 to 30 sec with a pressure of 15 to 20 psi; retrieval of the fluid is accomplished within 30 to 60 sec with slight negative pressure. The mucosa is lavaged 8 to 12 times within a period of 10 to 12 min while the patient is seated comfortably. The test can be performed by technicians instructed in gastric intubation techniques but without cytology training. No adverse reactions followed the use of this method in more than 500 tests; its simplicity results in greater use of gastric exfoliative cytology without loss of diagnostic accuracy.
Environmental Reviews & Case Studies: Evaluation of Coastal Ocean Discharges and Environmental Impacts in Southeast Florida

This article outlines the current literature regarding anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and microorganisms into the coastal oceans. The concern about nutrients and microorganisms in coastal marine waters is that they may cause a shift in local populations of organisms and encourage invasive algae and coral diseases. The lack of baseline data on marine populations makes it difficult to determine the source of marine population shifts. This report focuses on the question of whether there is sufficient data to implicate coastal ocean outfall discharges of secondary treated wastewater effluent in southeast Florida as a causative agent in impacts to coastal communities. The literature does not appear to support evidence of population shifts from any particular source.Environmental Practice 12:285–303 (2010)
An Architecture for Cognitive Diversity

To build systems as resourceful and adaptive as people, we must develop cognitive architectures that support great procedural and representational diversity. No single technique is by itself powerful enough to deal with the broad range of domains every ordinary person can understand— even as children, we can effortlessly think about complex problems involving temporal, spatial, physical, bodily, psychological, and social dimensions. In this chapter we describe a multiagent cognitive architecture that aims for such flexibility. Rather than seeking a best way to organize agents, our architecture supports multiple ‘ways to think’, each a different architectural configuration of agents. Each agent may use a different way to represent and reason with knowledge, and there are special ‘panalogy’ mechanisms that link agents that represent similar ideas in different ways. At the highest level, the architecture is arranged as a matrix of agents: Vertically the architecture divides into a tower of reflection including the reactive, deliberative, reflective, self-reflective, and self-conscious levels; Horizontally the architecture divides along ‘mental realms’ including the temporal, spatial, physical, bodily, social, and psychological realms. Our goal is to build an AI system resourceful enough to combine the advantages of many different ways to think about things, by making use of many types of mechanisms for reasoning, representation, and reflection.
Simulation of a spacecraft electrical power distribution system

For any electrical power distribution system a method of testing the design before implementing the hardware must be developed. An integrated Power and Attitude Control System (IPACS) experiment is under development and will be conducted on the Agile Multi-Purpose Satellite Simulator (AMPSS) at the Air force Research Laboratory (AFRL). An Electrical Power Distribution Syslcin (EPDS) is also under dcvctopmcnt to support the IPACS experiment. A sinidation is being used for developing the mode logic; understanding the system's power flow characteristics, and understanding the interaction between the flywheels and the EPDS.
Label-Free Biological and Chemical Sensing Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Resonators: Past, Present, and Future

Sensitive and rapid label-free biological and chemical sensors are needed for a wide variety of applications including early disease diagnosis and prognosis, the monitoring of food and water quality, as well as the detection of bacteria and viruses for public health concerns and chemical threat sensing. Whispering gallery mode optical resonator based sensing is a rapidly developing field due to the high sensitivity and speed of these devices as well as their label-free nature. Here, we describe the history of whispering gallery mode optical resonator sensors, the principles behind detection, the latest developments in the fields of biological and chemical sensing, current challenges toward widespread adoption of these devices, and an outlook for the future. In addition, we evaluate the performance capabilities of these sensors across three key parameters: sensitivity, selectivity, and speed.
Continuous epidural infusion versus programmed intermittent epidural bolus for labor analgesia: optimal configuration of parameters to reduce physician-administered top-ups.

AbstractBackground and objectives: Programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) is a delivery mode associated with decreased local analgesia dosing, motor block, and physician-administered top-ups (PATUs) during labor analgesia. We hypothesized that PIEB delivery at different settings will result in fewer PATUs for labor analgesia than the same hourly volume of a continuous epidural infusion (CEI).Methods: “Before and after” study design of combined spinal–epidural (CSE) for labor, with bupivacaine 0.0625%–fentanyl 2 mcg/ml and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA; 5 ml bolus with 10 min lock-out). The “before” group (N = 120) received a CEI at 10 ml/hour. PIEB groups received a programmed bolus of 10 ml: every 60 min (PIEB60, N = 120), every 45 min (PIEB45, N = 140), or every 45 min with high flow (500 ml/hour) (PIEB45HF, N = 25).Main outcome measures: Number of women requesting a PATU, time intervals from CSE to PATU and to delivery, and obstetric outcomes.Results: There was no difference in the...
Multilevel mesh workflows towards CONUS scale watersheds: How small should triangles be to capture stream curvature for hydrological modeling?

Abstract Generating quality meshes for hydrological modeling is challenging. This article demonstrates using mesh workflows to incorporate national stream networks into very large dynamic meshes for distributed High Performance Computing (HPC). A multilevel quadtree is used to partition watersheds and merge stream networks ranging from hill-slope to four level-4 Hydrological Unit Code (HUC) scales, generating mesh sizes from hundreds to tens of millions of triangles. By using a mesh workflow, it is demonstrated how users control mesh quality, including triangle sizes, and the removal of small triangles and slivers. Four watersheds are studied, ranging in scale from Shale Hills (hill-slope) to the Chesapeake Bay (177,968 sq. km.) and are used to compare mesh characteristics with user parameters and different elevation sources to generate a spectrum of multilevel quadtree meshes. By using triangles to represent land surface and stream networks, stream curvature is lost and the mesh workflow is used to demonstrate what parameters are important to maintain stream characteristics. To meet HPC constraints, the multilevel quadtree is demonstrated by picking quadtree tiles along a storm path to show how users can combine quadtree tiles at multiple levels to concentrate HPC resources for hydrological science research.
Optimal Sythesis of Planar Six-Link Chains Using Least-Squares Gradient Search*

The approximate dimensional synthesis of three basic forms of the planar six-link chain as function generators is formulated as a mathematical optimization problem. Least-squares gradient search sc...
An epistemology for clinically significant trends

We have written a computer program called TrenDx for automated trend detection during process monitoring. The program uses a representation called trend templates that define disorders as typical patterns of relevant variables. These patterns consist of a partially ordered set of temporal intervals with uncertain endpoints. Attached to each temporal interval are value constraints on real-valued functions of measurable parameters. As TrenDx receives measured data of the monitored process, the program creates hypotheses of how the process has varied over time. We introduce the importance of a distinct trend representation in knowledge-based systems. Then we demonstrate how trend templates may represent trends that occur at fixed times or at unknown times, and their utility for domains that are quantitalively both poorly and well understood. Finally we present experimental results of TrenDx diagnosing pediatric growth disorders from heights, weights, bone ages, and pubertal data of twenty patients seen at Boston Children's Hospital.
Dynamic Computed Tomography of Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis represents a spectrum of inflammatory diseases ranging from acute edematous pancreatitis to hemorrhagic or necrotic pancreatitis. As the severity of the inflammatory process increases, the associated morbidity and mortality also increase. Thus, precise diagnosis, staging, and detection of complications are important for appropriate patient management. Dynamic computed tomography (DCT) is currently the most accurate single imaging modality for diagnosis, for staging the severity of the inflammatory process, and for detection of complications of acute pancreatitis [1, 2].
Urolithin A and Ellagic Acid Inhibit Prostate Cancer Through Different Molecular Mechanisms: Implications of Gut Microbiome Metabolism for Cancer Prevention

There is an increased interest in the production by the gut microbiome of metabolites of phytochemicals with chemorpreventive activities. More information is needed on the mechanisms of action of t...
Perspectivist Ontology and de re Knowledge

Nietzsche deliberated, in his mature work, about a perspectivist ontology according to which the world is composed of quanta of power to each of which, and to each society of which, there is coupled a perspective. In what follows, I outline some relations between that perspectivist ontology and Nietzsche’s perspectivist epistemology. But there are ambiguities here — many relations between Nietzsche’s ontology and epistemology might be discussed, but only some will be discussed in this essay. One issue that will not be addressed here is the epistemological considerations that led Nietzsche to a perspectivist ontology. Another is the compatibility of a perspectivist ontology with an antecedent commitment to a perspectivist epistemology. I will instead focus on a third issue, viz., some of the drastic implications a perspectivist ontology has for de re knowledge.1
Incubators in Rural Environments: A Preliminary Analysis

State policy makers and local leaders have long placed a high priority on local economic development (Isserman 1993; Pulver 1989; Ekstrom and Leistritz 1988), but the changing structure of traditional industries and the impact of those changes on local communities have challenged the efficacy of established policies and strategies. Many of the forces responsible for past economic changes continue to have an impact. One of these changes was the emergence of computer-based technology in production, administration and information, which has reduced the role of economies of scale in many sectors. Studies by Loveman and Sengenberger (1991) and Acs and Audretsch (1993), for example, have shown a shift in industry structure toward decentralization and an increased role for small firms. This was mainly due to changes in production technology, consumer demand, labor supply, and the pursuit of flexibility and efficiency. These factors led to the restructuring and downsizing of large enterprises and the entry of new firms. Brock and Evans (1989) provide extensive documentation of the changing role of small businesses in the US economy, which are likely the result of responses to structural adjustments.
Validation of a Role for Endogenously Produced IFNγ in Resolution of Listeria Monocytogenes Infection in Mice

It is now well recognized that activated macrophages can express enhanced levels of cytocidal activity toward a variety of microbial targets and neoplastic cells (1–6). Three to five years ago, work from several laboratories indicated that IFNγ was one of the major classes of lymphokines capable of activating macrophages under well-defined in vitro conditions (7–14). Recently, there has been an explosive growth of experiments directed at defining IFNγ’s mechanism of action at the molecular level. These investigations have led to the identification and characterization of a specific IFNγ receptor on the macrophage plasma membrane (15–17), have provided insights into the mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction, (18–20), and have elucidated the ultimate fate of receptor bound ligand (16,21).
The In Vitro Metabolic Fate of (S)-Nicotine

The primary in vitro metabolic transformations for the tobacco alkaloid (S)-nicotine proceed by N’-oxidation, oxidative N-dealkylation and ring α-carbon oxidation. The aldehyde oxidase catalyzed oxidation of the unstable Δ1′,5′-iminium intermediate formed by ring α-carbon oxidation generates (S)-cotinine which in turn is bio-oxidized in vivo to a variety of metabolites. This paper reviews these pathways and presents recent findings on the interaction of the Δ1′,5′ -iminium intermediate with monoamine oxidase B and the fate of the resulting pyrrolic metabolite β-nicotyrine.
Stress and Strain Rate Effects on Incipient Spall in Tantalum

Spall fracture is a high-rate tensile damage phenomenon associated with impulsive and shock-load events. Typically, the material undergoes a sequence of compression followed by release into high rate (on the order of 104 s-1 and up) tension, causing voids to nucleate and grow, which can then coalesce into a crack and the material fails. We present a series of experiments on high purity, well characterized tantalum samples subjected to shock-loading via gas-gun plate impact. Through careful selection of the flyer-plate velocity and material we have independent control over the peak compressive stress and the tensile strain rate in the sample. At all times, the spall damage remains incipient, i.e. in the early stages of void formation and the material does not fully fracture. Velocimetry was used on the rear of the sample to record the wave-profiles and determine spall strength. Soft recovery and sectioning of the samples allowed the internal damage to be observed, quantifying the damage amount, distribution, and relationship to microstructural features with both optical and electron based microscopy.
Bail, Jail, and Pretrial Misconduct: The Influence of Prosecutors

Courts routinely use low cash bail as a financial incentive to ensure that released defendants appear in court and abstain from crime. This can create burdens for defendants with little empirical evidence on its efficacy. We exploit a prosecutor-driven reform that led to a sharp reduction in low cash bail and pretrial supervision, with no effect on pretrial detention, to test whether such incentive mechanisms succeed at their intended purpose. We find no evidence that financial collateral has a deterrent effect on failure-to-appear or pretrial crime. This paper also contributes to the literature on the role of prosecutors in criminal justice reform. We show that discretionary reforms dilute impacts and can lead to racial disparities in implementation.
Is Decision-Making of Women Concerning Their Violent Relationships Truly Nonlinear …and Why Is That?

We understand little of women’s action-taking about their violent relationships other than it is qualitatively nonlinear. Nonlinearity could be due to: (1) nonlinearity of underlying violence, (2) the presence of multiple, interdependent predictors or (3) circularly-causal predictors, or (4) an underlying cusp catastrophic phenomenon where the relationship between violence burden and readiness-for-action is distorted by factors affecting the relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine whether women’s perceived needs-for-help, legal action, or leaving concerning her violent relationship very nonlinear and the source of that nonlinearity.
School Counselors Talk Program Evaluation in a Class-Based Qualitative Research Project:

Students in a master’s-level graduate course in school counseling program evaluation conducted a qualitative research study to investigate school counselors’ experiences with evidence-based program...
Chapter 3 – Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Publisher Summary There is a higher prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in African-American children than in Caucasian children. Although no socioeconomic group is spared, the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia is inversely proportional to economic status. Peak prevalence occurs during late infancy and early childhood due to rapid growth with exhaustion of gestational iron, low levels of dietary iron, complicating effect of cow's milk-induced exudative enteropathy due to whole cow's milk ingestion. A second peak is seen during adolescence due to rapid growth and suboptimal iron intake. This is amplified in females due to menstrual blood loss. Iron deficiency is a systemic disorder involving multiple systems rather than exclusively a hematologic condition associated with anemia. This chapter also outlines the diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies for iron deficiencies.
Self-Assembly of Gamma-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids into Complex Nanostructures in Organic Solvent Mixtures

Current strategies in DNA and RNA nanotechnology enable the self-assembly of a variety of nucleic acid nanostructures in aqueous or substantially hydrated media. In this article, we describe detailed protocols that enable the construction of nanofiber architectures in organic solvent mixtures through the self-assembly of uniquely addressable, single-stranded, gamma-modified peptide nucleic acid (γPNA) tiles. Each single-stranded tile (SST) is a 12-base γPNA oligomer composed of two concatenated modular domains of 6 bases each. Each domain can bind to a mutually complimentary domain present on neighboring strands using programmed complementarity to form nanofibers that can grow to microns in length. The SST motif is made of 9 total oligomers to enable the formation of 3-helix nanofibers. In contrast with analogous DNA nanostructures, which form diameter-monodisperse structures, these γPNA systems form nanofibers that bundle along their widths during self-assembly in organic solvent mixtures. Self-assembly protocols described here therefore also include a conventional surfactant, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), to reduce bundling effects.
$H_{2}-H_{\infty}$ Model Reference Adaptive Control of Tethered Satellite System

This study aims to investigate the control of a triangular configuration and triple mass tethered satellite system using a novel robust $H_{2}-H_{\infty}$ Model Reference Adaptive Control (HMRAC) scheme. The system is actuated by thrusters to generate control forces. The dynamical model of the semi-ideal system, which acts as a reference model is described with a known external disturbance, called the $J_{2}$ perturbation. The proposed MRAC design methodology is based on the stable semi-ideal nonlinear reference model, which is regulated by a state feedback controller using $H_{2}-H_{\infty}$ State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) techniques. Then, the real system with the unknown disturbances is controlled by the feedback of the reference model control scheme. The main benefit of using the HMRAC is having robustness of the reference model, which decreases the computational burden of the classical MRAC. The numerical simulation results are presented and compared with the Linear Quadratic Regulator to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method. Also, the effectiveness of the proposed controller in improving attitude maneuverability is demonstrated.
Repertoire-scale determination of class II MHC peptide binding via yeast display improves antigen prediction

CD4+ helper T cells contribute important functions to the immune response during pathogen infection and tumor formation by recognizing antigenic peptides presented by class II major histocompatibility complexes (MHC-II). While many computational algorithms for predicting peptide binding to MHC-II proteins have been reported, their performance varies greatly. Here we present a yeast-display-based platform that allows the identification of over an order of magnitude more unique MHC-II binders than comparable approaches. These peptides contain previously identified motifs, but also reveal new motifs that are validated by in vitro binding assays. Training of prediction algorithms with yeast-display library data improves the prediction of peptide-binding affinity and the identification of pathogen-associated and tumor-associated peptides. In summary, our yeast-display-based platform yields high-quality MHC-II-binding peptide datasets that can be used to improve the accuracy of MHC-II binding prediction algorithms, and potentially enhance our understanding of CD4+ T cell recognition.
Spatiotemporal strategies to identify aggressive biology in precancerous breast biopsies

Over 90% of breast cancer is cured; yet there remain highly aggressive breast cancers that develop rapidly and are extremely difficult to treat, much less prevent. Breast cancers that rapidly develop between breast image screening are called "interval cancers." The efforts of our team focus on identifying multiscale integrated strategies to identify biologically aggressive precancerous breast lesions. Our goal is to identify spatiotemporal changes that occur prior to development of interval breast cancers. To accomplish this requires integration of new technology. Our team has the ability to perform single cell in situ transcriptional profiling, noncontrast biological imaging, mathematical analysis, and nanoscale evaluation of receptor organization and signaling. These technological innovations allow us to start to identify multidimensional spatial and temporal relationships that drive the transition from biologically aggressive precancer to biologically aggressive interval breast cancer. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Computational Models Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Cancer > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
Biomechanical properties of acellular scar ECM during the acute to chronic stages of myocardial infarction.

Abstract: After myocardial infarction (MI), the infarcted tissue undergoes dynamic and time-dependent changes. Previous knowledge on MI biomechanical alterations has been obtained by studying the explanted scar tissues. In this study, we decellularized MI scar tissue and characterized the biomechanics of the obtained pure scar ECM. By thoroughly removing the cellular content in the MI scar tissue, we were able to avoid its confounding effects. Rat MI hearts were obtained from a reliable and reproducible model based on permanent left coronary artery ligation (PLCAL). MI heart explants at various time points (15 min, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks) were subjected to decellularization with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution for ~1–2 weeks to obtain acellular scar ECM. A biaxial mechanical testing system was used to characterize the acellular scar ECM under physiologically relevant loading conditions. After decellularization, large decrease in wall thickness was observed in the native heart ECM and 15 min scar ECM, implying the collapse of cardiomyocyte lacunae after removal of heart muscle fibers. For scar ECM 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks post infarction, the decrease in wall thickness after decellularization was small. For scar ECM 12 weeks post infarction, the reduction amount of wall thickness due to decellularization was minimal. We found that the scar ECM preserved the overall mechanical anisotropy of the native ventricle wall and MI scar tissue, in which the longitudinal direction is more extensible. Acellular scar ECM from 15 min to 12 weeks post infarction showed an overall stiffening trend in biaxial behavior, in which longitudinal direction was mostly affected and manifested with a decreased extensibility and increased modulus. This reduction trend of longitudinal extensibility also led to a decreased anisotropy index in the scar ECM from the acute to chronic stages of MI. The post-MI change in biomechanical properties of the scar ECM reflected the alterations of collagen fiber network, confirmed by the histology of scar ECM. In short, the reported structure-property relationship reveals how scar ECM biophysical properties evolve from the acute to chronic stages of MI. The obtained information will help establish a knowledge basis about the dynamics of scar ECM to better understand post-MI cardiac remodeling.
Conformational behavior of naphtho-merocyanine dimers on Au(111)

Abstract Thin film growth of molecules on substrates are governed by the convolution of inter-molecular forces and template-adsorbate interactions. Often the initial dimer formation plays a crucial role in the outcome of the molecular structure on the surface. Here, the behavior of naphtho-merocyanine on an Au(111) substrate was investigated using computational chemistry methods and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. The experiments show a strong preference of dimer formation of the merocyanine molecules. Topographical measurements are used to identify two distinguished configurations, an elongated/oval dimer and a compact/rectangular dimer. With the addition of computational chemistry calculations including Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular Mechanics calculations using the AMBER 3 force field, these two configurations of two specific merocyanine conformers, namely CTC and CTT, could be identified. Intermolecular binding energy calculations could be performed. This is a first step in understanding the possible island/thin film growth of naphtho-merocyanine and subsequently possible pathways toward the switching behavior of merocyanine and spiropyran on this substrate.
Lost in Translation? A Review of Popular-press Claims about Organizational Creativity and Innovation

The disconnect between research and practice in applied psychology, or the research–practice gap, has been discussed as an important issue for decades, but the discussion of this divide has yet to ...
Regional Reductions in the Frequency of Vascular Dementia Were Detected in the West Amongst Patients Included in the National Inpatient Sample Database from 2006–2014 (4827)

Objective: Our goal was to determine if frequency of vascular dementia (VD) has declined regionally between 2006 to 2014. Background: It is unclear if success of reduction in stroke rates has also translated to reductions in VD in the United States (US), and if there are regional differences in rates of VD. Design/Methods: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database from 2006–2014 was used for analysis. Primary and secondary VD diagnoses were identified using ICD-9 codes (290.40, 290.41, and 290.43). The Kendall trend test was used to assess for differences in VD frequency over time and regionally (Northeast, Midwest, South, versus West). Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for demographic variables and risk factors of VD. Results: The total NIS 20% sampling included 69,273,455 patients. The median age of the total was 53 (interquartile range 27 – 72), 55% female, and 34% non-Caucasian. Mean frequency of VD in the entire cohort as a primary diagnosis was 0.03% and 0.21% as a secondary diagnosis. Trend analysis did not detect a significant decrease in VD diagnosis over-time within the total NIS sample as a primary (p=0.15) or secondary diagnosis (p=0.21). The West was the only region with significant change over time, which decreased both as primary (p=0.0491) and secondary diagnosis (p=0.0013). After controlling for race, age, gender, insurance type, median income of zip code, diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and presence of atherosclerosis, the difference in VD rate as a primary diagnosis in the West was significantly lower (p Conclusions: The frequency of VD decreased only in the West. Causes for the regional differences should be further investigated to determine if factors influencing the downward trajectory in the West can reduce rates of VD throughout the US. Disclosure: Dr. Simpkins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Youn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kelly has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khanna has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wilson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hogan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nagaraja has nothing to disclose.
EITC and Marriage

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) could either penalize or subsidize marriage. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and controlling for individual fixed effects and the ...
A discontinuous Petrov-Galerkin methodology for adaptive solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

The discontinuous Petrov-Galerkin methodology with optimal test functions (DPG) of Demkowicz and Gopalakrishnan 18,20 guarantees the optimality of the solution in an energy norm, and provides several features facilitating adaptive schemes. Whereas Bubnov-Galerkin methods use identical trial and test spaces, Petrov-Galerkin methods allow these function spaces to differ. In DPG, test functions are computed on the fly and are chosen to realize the supremum in the inf-sup condition; the method is equivalent to a minimum residual method. For well-posed problems with sufficiently regular solutions, DPG can be shown to converge at optimal rates-the inf-sup constants governing the convergence are mesh-independent, and of the same order as those governing the continuous problem 48. DPG also provides an accurate mechanism for measuring the error, and this can be used to drive adaptive mesh refinements.We employ DPG to solve the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions, building on previous work on the Stokes equations, and focusing particularly on the usefulness of the approach for automatic adaptivity starting from a coarse mesh. We apply our approach to a manufactured solution due to Kovasznay as well as the lid-driven cavity flow, backward-facing step, and flow past a cylinder problems.
Lifting Burdens: Proof, Social Justice, and Public Assistance Administrative Hearings

This article was selected as a lead article of the Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary(NAALJ), and is being reprinted from its original publication in the New York University Review of Law & Social Change, 32 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 131 (2008). NAALJ is the largest professional organization devoted exclusively to administrative adjudication within the executive branch of government. In Lifting Burdens: Proof, Social Justice, and Public Assistance Administrative Hearings, Lisa Brodoff describes the administrative hearing system for public assistance recipients and applicants, and asserts that it is the primary social justice system for the poor. She discusses why public assistance appellants are always placed at a significant disadvantage in this system. The article proposes that the best way to even out the inequities in adjudications is to always place the burdens of production and persuasion by clear and convincing evidence on the government in these hearings. She argues that policy, efficiency, and fairness require a consistent and heavy burden on the state when it attempts to take away or deny brutal needs benefits. This article examines other administrative substantive areas where the burden is placed on the government in hearings, and shows why the policies behind the changed burden in those areas apply with equal force to public benefits hearings. She demonstrates why a new and heavy burden on the agency will not only result in more equitable adjudications but also lead to better managed public assistance programs. Finally, she suggests ways in which to implement this change.
Atomic absorptions of two coherent light beams

Coherent light beams provide a new way to probe atomic absorption. Atomic absorption can be a coherent process, which depends on the relative amplitude, phase and intersection angle of coherent beams. A study of dependences leads to a mechanism for revealing the phase of the two-photon Doppler-free transition amplitude.
The Importance of Providing Stereoscopic Vision in Training for Nap-of-the-Earth (NOE) Flight

Nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight in Army tactical helicopter operations necessitates high speed visual-motor coordinations in order to avoid obstacles in the flight path while making maximal use of the terrain for cover and concealment from enemy air defense weapon systems. The development of simulators for training pilots in NOE flight involves the design of visual display systems which provide all the important optical information available in actual flight. At the present time, however, there is insufficient information on the role of stereopsis in NOE flight to determine whether fully binocular displays must be designed into training simulators. This paper describes results from two preliminary studies which examined the importance of binocular disparity for the perception of three-dimensional layout of the terrain in NOE flight. In the first experiment, it was determined that stereoscopic movies taken from the cockpit of a helicopter in NOE flight produce more compelling impressions of three-dimensionality than a non-disparate bioptic display. The results of the second experiment show that simple reaction times for detection of three-dimensionality in static binocular displays were substantially longer than for detection of fusibility of otherwise identical bioptic displays. Additionally, it was found that detection of fusibility required much more time than detection of a light flash. These results are interpreted as inconclusive with respect to the desirability of stereoptic displays for NOE flight training simulators, and a program of further research needed to settle this issue is discussed. Language: en
Determinants of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Children Newly Diagnosed With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Objective To examine the degree to which nonmedical factors explain additional variance in parent proxy report and child self-report of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among newly diagnosed children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) after accounting for medical factors. Methods Parents (of children ages 2–16 years; n = 230) and patients (ages >5 years; n = 180) diagnosed within the previous 6 months completed surveys to assess medical (clinical parameters and functional status) and nonmedical (self-efficacy, coping, barriers to adherence, social support, parental distress, and access to care) factors and HRQOL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales). Physician-rated global assessment of disease activity, active joint count, and select laboratory variables (rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) were recorded. Results Nonmedical factors, including self-efficacy, coping with pain, barriers to adherence, social support, and parental distress, explained additional variance in HRQOL total, physical functioning, and psychosocial functioning scales (R2 increases of 6%, 1%, and 13% for parent proxy report and 16%, 7%, and 30% for self-report, respectively). Parental distress was uniquely associated with parent proxy-report HRQOL, while child self-efficacy and social support were uniquely associated with self-report HRQOL. Conclusion Nonmedical factors are associated with HRQOL in newly diagnosed patients with JIA after accounting for medical variables, particularly for psychosocial functioning.
Microcavity threshold reduction in an external-cavity surface-emitting laser

The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) is both a natural tool for the investigation of micro cavity physics and a technologically important device.
The role of MNCs and information flow on institutional change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of large business corporations, particularly media corporations, such as television (e.g. satellite networks), newspapers and social media (e.g. Facebook), on institutional change in the Arab world, which directly impact political and civil liberties in the region. Design/methodology/approach – Although there are several methods to measure institutional change, this paper relied on Kaufmann et al. (2010)’s governance indicators that capture, historically, how authority is exercised in a nation state. As the focus of this paper is on how information flows have empowered citizens in the Arab world, we built a panel database around one relevant governance indicator: “Voice and Accountability”. As a measure of governance, “Voice and Accountability” summarizes the condition of political, civil and human rights such as freedom of expression and freedom of association in a given country. This indicator takes scores ranging from 2.5, corresponding t...
Early Postoperative Outcomes of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty After Solid Organ Transplantation in the United States, 1998-2011.

Abstract This review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998–2011) examined trends in solid organ transplant patients who received a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to determine whether length of stay (LOS), cost, and perioperative complications differed from non-transplant peers. Primary TKA patients (n=5,870,421) were categorized as: (1) those with a history of solid organ transplant (n=6104) and (2) those without (n=5,864,317). Propensity matching was used to estimate adjusted effects of solid organ transplant history on perioperative outcomes. The percentage of TKA patients with a transplant history grew during the study period from 0.069% to 0.103%. Adjusted outcomes showed patients with a transplant had a 0.44day longer LOS, $962 higher cost of admission, and were 1.43 times more likely to suffer any complication ( P =0.0002).
Family Planning as a Christian Global Health Agenda

The Christian Journal for Global Health is coming at an opportune time in terms of looking at issues of global health and development. In the next year we will be coming to the end of the period of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for 2015 and will be looking forward to the challenges of the post-2015 development agenda. Although this is a secular agenda it is consistent with the Christian values of global poverty alleviation and the improvement of the health and welfare of the disadvantaged peoples around the world. Christian organizations and individuals will be active participants in contributing to these new goals as they have been with the MDGs. In this context I would like to highlight one of the most cost-effective public health interventions available that should be an integral part of every Christian health program. This is family planning - as defined by Christian Connections for International Health (CCIH - a network of over 170 Christian organizations) to mean “…enabling couples to determine the number and timing of their pregnancies including voluntary use of methods for preventing pregnancy not including abortion harmonious with their values and religious beliefs.” (excerpt)
Functional complementarity in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

The causes and consequences of biodiversity are central themes in ecology. Perhaps one reason for much of the current interest in biodiversity is the belief that the loss of species (by extinction) or their gain (by invasion) will significantly influence ecosystem function. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are components of most terrestrial ecosystems and, while many research programs have shown that variability among species or isolates of AM fungi does occur (Giovannetti & Gianinazzi-Pearson, 1994), the basis for this variability and its consequences to the function of communities and ecosystems remains largely unexplored. Smith et al. (pp. 357–366 in this issue) now show clearly that ecologically significant functional diversity exists among AM fungal species in the regions of the soil from which they absorb phosphate, and their results suggest that such diversity may have significant ecological consequences.
III-V HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS FOR HIGH-SPEED APPLICATIONS

Recent advances in communication, radar and computational systems demand very high performance electronic circuits. Heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have the potential of providing a more efficient solution to many key system requirements through intrinsic device advantages than competing technologies. This paper reviews the present status of GaAs and InP-based HBT technologies and their applications to digital, analog, microwave and multifunction circuits. It begins with a brief review of HBT device concepts and critical epitaxial growth parameters. Issues important for device modeling and fabrication technologies are discussed. The paper then highlights the performance and the potential impact of HBT devices and integrated circuits in various application areas. Key prospects for future HBT development are also addressed.
Patterns of Care for Dysphagic Patients with Degenerative Neurological Diseases

Several of the most common neurodegenerative conditions associated with dysphagia are Parkinsons's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, postpolio syndrome, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The best clinical practices for treating dysphagic patients with these common conditions are discussed in relation to medication, surgery, diagnosis, and clinical management. Best practice patterns are explained as they relate to the following concepts of care, including comprehension and cognition; interaction with caregivers; dependence-independence during therapy; matching treatment plans to changes in physiology; and establishing realistic expectations including consideration of personal, cultural, and family needs for continuance or termination of care.
Reconfigurable gate array architecture for logic functions in tunneling transistor technology

This work describes the design of a reconfigurable logic gate array composed of single-electron tunneling (SET) transistors currently under investigation as potential post-CMOS candidates for future nano-scale integrated circuits for use in low-power embedded systems. A layer in the proposed array consists of a SET summing-inverter block replicated in subsequent blocks and extended to implement flexible logic functions in terms of the sum-of-products (SoP) and products-of-sum (PoS) forms. The reconfiguring of the array can be accomplished through the alteration of a block's logic function by way of a control voltage. The reconfigurable array can work normally at room temperature and can flexibly realize functions with better performance at lower power compared with pure MOSFET circuits.
Effect of preschool education on receptive vocabulary

Abstract The effect of preschool education on the receptive vocabulary of four year old kindergarten children was investigated. Statistical analyses of raw score and mental age data obtained from the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) revealed that significantly more improvement was made by the experimental group than was made by the control group. The findings give additional support to the contention that preschool education increases the rate of development of language functions in young children.
PAROTID MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA FOLLOWING CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA

Primary parotid gland tumors are rare during childhood; however, these tumors are more common as second malignant neoplasms following radiation therapy. The authors report a case of secondary parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma after chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Effects of cocaine and corticotropin-releasing factor on pulsatile ACTH and cortisol release in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys

Cocaine stimulates ACTH secretion by a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-dependent mechanism in male rats, rhesus monkeys, and humans. To determine the generality of this effect, we examined the effects of acute cocaine administration on the pulsatile release of ACTH and cortisol in three ovariectomized (OVX) rhesus monkeys and compared its effects to stimulation with CRF. Venous blood samples were collected at 2-min intervals for 60 min before and after iv administration of cocaine (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) and CRF (1.0 and 10 micrograms/kg). Cluster analysis procedures were used to evaluate the pulsatile characteristics of ACTH and cortisol release. After placebo administration, an ACTH pulse frequency of 3 peaks/h was detected. After cocaine administration, plasma cocaine levels peaked at 92 +/- 3.0 and 201 +/- 60 ng/mL within 2 min. However, in contrast to normal intact males, cocaine did not stimulate the pulsatile release of ACTH in OVX females. Cocaine (0.4 mg/kg) decreased ACTH incremental peak heigh...