cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site Factors Affecting Growth of Loblolly Pine in the Post Oak Belt

A study was conducted in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas to determine which site factors affected height growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Height/age pairs were developed from stem analysis. Nonlinear regression was implemented to develop generalized height-age model. After curves were developed, stepwise r gression was used to determine if an environmental variable impacted height growth. Environmental factors correlated with height growth included A horizon depth and those related to moisture relations including seasonar precipitation, average daily temperature, and texture of the A horizon. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):197-200 The Post Oak Belt of East Texas hes to the west of the natural range of southern pines (LBJ School of Public Affairs 1978). Although a number of pine plantations, more than 300, have been established throughout he area, there are few evaluation data available. The work by Sternitzke (1967) suggested that the 11 eastern-most counties from the Post Oak Belt have the best potential for pine plantation establishment. Sanders (1980) reported that pine converNote: This study was funded in part by McIntire-Stennis funds. W. David Hacker's present address: Uplands Research Lab, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Rt. 2, Box 260, Gatlinburg, TN 37738. sion was successful on mesic sites, but on sites with low moisture regimes, pine plantation establishment failed. Survival of southern pines was found to be quite good north of the Navasota River (Hansen 1986). Use of plant indicators has been suggested to determine where pine could be successfully grown in this zone (Silker 1963). Studies conducted in the controlled environment of the greenhouse have shown that 1oblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.) survived almost as well on soils from the Post Oak Belt as on soils from the Pineywoods (Bilan and Stransky 1966). Average temperature as well as frequency and intensity of precipitation during the summer months were found to be significant factors in limiting loblolly pine to its present range (Hocker 1956). Hansen (1986) attempted to quantify survival and growth of all four species of commercial southern pine growing in the Post Oak Belt north of the Navasota River. He found the most critical factor in establishing southern pine plantations appeared to be the initial survival of planted seedlings. Once seedlings had survived the first 3 to 5 years, growth was found to be comparable to sites in the pinemixed hardwood forest to the east. Site index curves developed by Hacker and Bilan (1991) indicated favorable height growth patterns for 1oblolly and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.). There are no long-term data available to document which environmental factors are most critical for successful height growth of loblolly pine in the Post Oak Belt. The objectives of this study are to develop a generalized height growth model of loblolly pine and to determine the site variables that may affect height growth.
The Practice: Reversing Denial of a Class Certification

Commentary and analysis of a decision from the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversing the denial of a class certification by the lower federal district court in a RICO-based class action. Most appellate decisions relating to district court orders granting class certification result in reversals, effectively ending the class litigation. It is a rare event, then, when an appellate court reverses a district court's denial of class certification, in essence signaling that the court should allow the class litigation to proceed. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit did precisely that when it ruled that a Georgia federal district court erred in misapplying class certification standards to determine whether employees could maintain a class action for injunctive and compensatory relief. Williams v. Mohawk Industries Inc., 2009 WL 1476702 (11th Cir. May 28, 2009). The Eleventh Circuit reversed the denial of class certification and remanded to the district court for further proceedings. In reversing the district court's denial of class certification, the Eleventh Circuit reaffirmed its prior precedents indicating that conspiracy class claims under the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) are more easily susceptible to common proof that will support class certification, citing Klay v. Humana Inc., 382 F.3d 1241, 1257 (11th Cir. 2004). Hence, in a federal environment increasingly restrictive of class certification, the Eleventh Circuit has a firm jurisprudence supporting class certification based on conspiracy allegations under RICO and state conspiracy statutes. Moreover, the Eleventh Circuit has resuscitated the "hybrid" class action that combines the possibility of class certification under Rule 23(b)(2) for injunctive relief and (b)(3) for compensatory relief. The court believed that the district court failed to give sufficient consideration to the possibility of a hybrid class in denying class certification.
The B cell response to Salmonella enteric ser. Typhimurium: promiscuous B cell recruitment for early Ab followed by extrafollicular affinity maturation (MPF6P.743)

We have investigated the unconventional B-cell response to Salmonella typhimurium (Stm). Stm engenders a sustained IgM and IgG extrafollicular plasmablast response, with AFC numbers increasing by >100-fold, but no notable germinal centers. To investigate the properties of this response, we screened large panels of plasmablast-derived mAbs for Stm specificity, using ELISA, flow cytometry, and antigen microarray. To our surprise, the majority of the response (>98%) appeared to be non-specific. Polyclonal B-cell activation via TLRs was an intriguing possibility but excluded based on the identical response in MyD88-deficient mice. Conversely, BCR specificity was important, as infection of BCR transgenic mice with limited repertoire led to a >10-fold loss of AFCs. We thus hypothesized that the initial response was specific, but of such low affinity that Ag-binding could not be detected. Indeed, analysis of the somatic hypermutation (SHM) pattern of specific mAb V regions suggested that SHM was necessary for detectable Ag binding. This was confirmed by reverting mAbs to germline, which caused stepwise loss of reactivity. Strikingly, laser microdissection of extrafollicular plasmablast patches demonstrated robust SHM occurring outside of GCs. These results suggest a revised vision of how clonal selection and affinity maturation operate in the response to bacteria: starting affinities are virtually undetectable, yet eventually improve by SHM occurring during the plasmablast response.
Boosting with side information

In many problems of machine learning and computer vision, there exists side information, i.e., information contained in the training data and not available in the testing phase. This motivates the recent development of a new learning approach known as learning with side information that aims to incorporate side information for improved learning algorithms. In this work, we describe a new training method of boosting classifiers that uses side information, which we term as AdaBoost+. In particular, AdaBoost+ employs a novel classification label imputation method to construct extra weak classifiers from the available information that simulate the performance of better weak classifiers obtained from the features in side information. We apply our method to two problems, namely handwritten digit recognition and facial expression recognition from low resolution images, where it demonstrates its effectiveness in classification performance.
Implementing EDI X12 book acquisitions at a medium-sized university library

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the EDI (electronic data interchange) X12 ordering and invoicing implementation at Sims Memorial Library. The paper will allow practitioners at academic libraries to understand the implementation process, the types of problems and resolutions encountered during the project and the time and potential cost-saving benefits of EDI X12 book acquisitions. Design/methodology/approach – A team of LOUIS (the Louisiana Library Network consortium) consultants and a SirsiDynix manager helped librarians at Sims Library to implement EDI X12 ordering using Yankee Book Peddler (YBP)’s GobiExport Plus service. Vendor and report templates with mapping configurations were established, and tests were conducted until a successful outcome was achieved. Findings – EDI X12 ordering and invoicing significantly streamlined the acquisitions workflow at Sims Memorial Library. A substantial amount of time is saved compared to the previous method of manually creating purc...
Using concept-based indexing to improve language modeling approach to genomic IR

Genomic IR, characterized by its highly specific information need, severe synonym and polysemy problem, long term name and rapid growing literature size, is challenging IR community. In this paper, we are focused on addressing the synonym and polysemy issue within the language model framework. Unlike the ways translation model and traditional query expansion techniques approach this issue, we incorporate concept-based indexing into a basic language model for genomic IR. In particular, we adopt UMLS concepts as indexing and searching terms. A UMLS concept stands for a unique meaning in the biomedicine domain; a set of synonymous terms will share same concept ID. Therefore, the new approach makes the document ranking effective while maintaining the simplicity of language models. A comparative experiment on the TREC 2004 Genomics Track data shows significant improvements are obtained by incorporating concept-based indexing into a basic language model. The MAP (mean average precision) is significantly raised from 29.17% (the baseline system) to 36.94%. The performance of the new approach is also significantly superior to the mean (21.72%) of official runs participated in TREC 2004 Genomics Track and is comparable to the performance of the best run (40.75%). Most official runs including the best run extensively use various query expansion and pseudo-relevance feedback techniques while our approach does nothing except for the incorporation of concept-based indexing, which evidences the view that semantic smoothing, i.e. the incorporation of synonym and sense information into the language models, is a more standard approach to achieving the effects traditional query expansion and pseudo-relevance feedback techniques target.
Renouvellement poétique dans le lai de Piramus et Tisbé (ca. 1150)

Among the stories of antiquity translated into the vernacular in the twelfth century, Ovid's myth of Pyramus and Thisbe was of singular importance in the schools. This article studies the translation process whereby an anonymous poet transformed the Latin myth into a French lay of 920 lines, almost eight times longer than the original. Through an analysis of the rhetorical and poetic figures, and the techniques of gloss, adaptation, and reshaping of the text, the article aims to show how the author utilizes the techniques taught in the schools to renew Ovid's myth.ResumeParmi les histoires antiques traduites en langue vernaculaire au XIIe siecle, le mythe ovidien de Pyramus et Thisbe jouissait d'une importance primordiale dans les ecoles. Cet article se propose d'etudier le processus de traduction par lequel un poete anonyme transforme le mythe latin en un lai francais de 920 vers, presque huit fois plus long que l'original. Au moyen d'une analyse des figures rhetorico-poetiques, ainsi que des techniques de glose, d'adaptation et de remaniement du texte, l'article veut montrer comment l'auteur utilise les techniques enseignees dans les ecoles pour renouveler le mythe d'Ovide.
The Supersymmetric Muon Anomaly

A brief review of the muon anomaly in supersymmetric models is given. The review includes a discussion of the supersymmetric effects on gμ−2 in N=1 supersymmetric models and the effect of CP violating phases on the muon anomaly. The effects of Kaluza-Klein excitations of the W and Z bosons and of the photon on gμ−2 are also discussed as a possible background to the supersymmetric contribution. In the near future the Brookhaven experiment E821 is expected to increase the sensitivity of the gμ−2 measurements by a factor of 20 and test the supersymmetric contribution.
Characterization of the viral inhibitory factor (VIF) demonstrable in adenovirus-induced tumor and transformed cells: I. Effect on DNA and viral capsid protein synthesis

Abstract The mode of action of the viral inhibitory factor (VIF) demonstrated in homogenates of type 12 adenovirus (Ad12)-induced hamster tumor cells has been further characterized with respect to its effect on synthesis of type 2 adenovirus (Ad2) DNA and capsid proteins. The overall rate of DNA synthesis in infected cells was reduced in the presence of the inhibitor, and analysis by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation confirmed that viral DNA synthesis was markedly reduced. It was found, in addition, that the rate of uninfected cell DNA synthesis was reduced by the tumor cell extracts but, because of the complexity of the cell homogenate, it is not known whether the same factor is responsible for inhibition of both viral and cellular DNA synthesis. Virus capsid antigens, as detected by immunofluorescence, were delayed in their appearance in VIF-treated, Ad2-infected cells, but none was completely missing. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis confirmed that all peptides were synthesized but at a greatly reduced rate. These results are consistent with the observation of reduced viral DNA synthesis and suggest that: (i) VIF acts either on DNA replication itself or at a step in replication prior to DNA synthesis; (ii) whatever the primary site of action, the inhibition is not complete but permits reduced virus replication in all VIF-treated cells, rather than totally eliminating it in some cells.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor/leukemia inhibitory factor/interleukin 6/oncostatin M family of cytokines induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a common set of proteins overlapping those induced by other cytokines and growth factors.

Abstract Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), and interleukin-6 (IL6) compose a family of distantly related cytokines that initiate signaling by inducing either homodimerization of the "beta" signal transducing receptor component gp130 (in the case of IL6) or heterodimerization between gp130 and the gp130-related LIFR beta (in the case of CNTF, LIF, and OSM); dimerization of beta receptor components in turn activates members of the Jak/Tyk family of receptor-associated tyrosine kinases. Here we report that CNTF, LIF, OSM, and IL6 induce most of the same protein tyrosine phosphorylations, regardless of the cell type assayed or whether they initiate signaling by inducing homo- or heterodimerization of beta components. Although several of the protein tyrosine phosphorylations induced by the CNTF/LIF/OSM/IL6 family of factors may correspond to novel tyrosine kinase targets, we have been able to demonstrate the involvement of known signaling molecules, such as phospholipase C gamma, phosphoinositol 3-kinase, phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP1D), pp120, SHC, GRB2, STAT91, Raf-1, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2, revealing substantial convergence not only between the pathways activated by this cytokine family and other cytokines, but with pathways previously known to be activated only by factors that utilize receptor tyrosine kinases. Our data suggest the beta receptor components can form complexes with some of the signaling proteins identified and may play some role in their recruitment.
Efficient secure multicast with well-populated multicast key trees

Secure group communications is the basis for many recent multimedia and Web technologies. In order to maintain secure and efficient communications within a dynamic group, it is essential that the generation and management of group key(s) be secure and efficient with realtime response. Typically, a logical key hierarchy is used for distribution of group keys to users so that whenever users leave or join the group, new keys are generated and distributed using the key hierarchy. In this paper, we propose well-populated multicast key tree (WPMKT), an efficient technique to handle group dynamics in the key tree and maintain the tree balanced with minimal cost. In WPKT, subtrees are swapped in a way that keeps the key tree balanced and well populated. A t the same time, rekeying overhead due to reorganization is kept at a minimum. Another advantage of WPKT is that rebalancing has no effect on the internal key structure of the swapped subtrees. Results from simulation studies show that under random user deletion, our approach achieves one order of magnitude in overhead less than existing approaches. Under clustered sequential user deletion, our approach achieves almost a linear growth with tree size under individual rebalancing. For periodic rebalancing, we achieved almost half the overhead introduced by other approaches.
Connections in Networks: Hardness of Feasibility Versus Optimality

We study the complexity of combinatorial problems that consist of competing infeasibility and optimization components. In particular, we investigate the complexity of the connection subgraph problem, which occurs, e.g., in resource environment economics and social networks. We present results on its worst-case hardness and approximability. We then provide a typical-case analysis by means of a detailed computational study. First, we identify an easy-hard-easy pattern, coinciding with the feasibility phase transition of the problem. Second, our experimental results reveal an interesting interplay between feasibility and optimization. They surprisingly show that proving optimality of the solution of the feasible instances can be substantially easier than proving infeasibility of the infeasible instances in a computationally hard region of the problem space. We also observe an intriguing easy-hard-easy profile for the optimization component itself.
Event-free survival following CRT with surgically implanted LV leads versus standard transvenous approach.

Background: While surgical epicardial lead placement is performed in a subset of cardiac resynchronization therapy patients, data comparing survival following surgical versus transvenous lead placement are limited. We hypothesized that surgical procedures would be associated with increased mortality risk. Methods: Long-term event-free survival was assessed for 480 consecutive patients undergoing surgical (48) or percutaneous (432) left ventricle (LV) lead placement at our institution from January 2000 to September 2008. Results: Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics were similar between groups. While there was no statistically significant difference in overall event-free survival (P = 0.13), when analysis was restricted to surgical patients with isolated surgical lead placement (n = 28), event-free survival was significantly lower in surgical patients (P = 0.015). There appeared to be an early risk (first approximately 3 months postimplantation) with surgical lead placement, primarily in LV lead-only patients. Event rates were significantly higher in LV lead-only surgical patients than in transvenous patients in the first 3 months (P = 0.006). In proportional hazards analysis comparing isolated surgical LV lead placement to transvenous lead placement, adjusted hazard ratios were 1.8 ([1.1,2.7] P = 0.02) and 1.3 ([1.0,1.7] P = 0.07) for the first 3 months and for the full duration of follow-up, respectively. Conclusions: Isolated surgical LV lead placement appears to carry a small but significant upfront mortality cost, with risk extending beyond the immediate postoperative period. Long-term survival is similar, suggesting those surviving beyond this period of early risk derive the same benefit as coronary sinus lead recipients. Further work is needed to identify risk factors associated with early mortality following surgical lead placement. (PACE 2011; 34:490–500)
Academic Advising During Program Discontinuance

Academic program closure is explored and student advising needs that emerged in 3 stages of program decline and discontinuation are identified. Data from interviews and advising communication of 20 graduate students enrolled in a master of education program targeted for discontinuation were qualitatively analyzed within a framework of an organizational death model. Findings indicate that program decline and discontinuation require academic advisors to understand and respond to a range of advising needs that vary with the phase of program closure: addressing students' emotional responses of grief, anger, and betrayal as well as managing student concerns over the loss of professional identity and lack of a professional network. Recommendations are offered for faculty advisors caught in the midst of program discontinuation. Relative emphasis: practice, research, theory
Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and ultimately fatal neurological disorder for which there is no effective treatment at present. The disease is characterized pathologically by cerebral plaques that contain the amyloid-beta peptide and thread-like neuronal structures composed of the microtubule-associated protein TAU. Both amyloid-beta and TAU are thought to be crucial to pathogenesis, but compelling evidence supports amyloid-beta as the 'prime mover'. The main efforts for developing therapeutics are therefore focused on preventing amyloid-beta production, aggregation or downstream neurotoxic events. The progress of these and other approaches raises the hope that effective agents for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease will be available in the near future.
Coencapsulation of Arsenic‐ and Platinum‐based Drugs for Targeted Cancer Treatment

Arsenic- and platinum-based drugs are highly potent but also toxic agents used in cancer therapy.[1, 2] Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox®, As2O3) is a front-line drug for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia[3] and is in clinical trials for treatment of other malignancies, including multiple myeloma.[4] However, clinical outcomes of As2O3 in solid tumors have been poor in many cases,[1, 5] mainly due to limited bioavailability of the drug in the tumor site. Clinical application to solid tumors is also impeded by toxicity including neutropenia, liver failure and cardiac toxicity[1, 6] at higher doses.[7] Cisplatin (cis-diamine dichloroplatinumII, cisPt, Figure 1a) is commonly used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors, including lung, ovarian, bladder, and testicular cancer.[2] The active intracellular species appear to be the hydrolyzed monoaqua- and diaqua-cisplatin (aqua-cisPt, Figure 1a).[8] Broader therapeutic applications of cisPt are limited by serious systemic toxicities, development of drug resistance, and rapid inactivation of the drug due to complexation with plasma and tissue proteins.[2, 8] These problems can be reduced by using a drug delivery system that prevents drug deactivation, extends the circulation time of drug in blood and increases its accumulation at tumor sites.[9] Lipid-based carriers have been successfully applied in clinics for improving the therapeutic efficacy of numerous drugs, such as liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®),[10] mainly via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects.[9]
Examining the Effect of Causal Focus on the Option Generation Process: An Experiment Using Protocol Analysis

Abstract An experiment using protocol analysis found that information providing different causal foci resulted in (1) the generation and selection of different types of causal hypotheses and (2) the generation and selection of different types of options. These "framing" effects were found for an ill-structured problem with multiple causes and a wide range of viable options. These findings extend previous research on problem solving and decision making under uncertainty which has used different types of tasks and not focused on option generation per se. In addition, they extend previous research on option generation, which has not examined the effect of causal focus on option generation or selection. Additional analyses suggest that the option generation process can be represented as a cycle of option generation, clarification, and evaluation against certain criteria specified by the frame, with periodic breaks for considering data and to a lesser extent, the causes of it. The selected options tended to be those that had been evaluated, clarified, and generated again (i.e., regenerated) more often during the course of the option generation process. To use an analogy, the causal focus pointed the option generation rifle; option evaluation, clarification, and generation pulled the trigger.
Parallel programming with transactional memory

While still primarily a research project, transactional memory shows promise for making parallel programming easier.
Small early tubular adenomas and mixed colonic polyps found on screening flexible sigmoidoscopy do not predict proximal neoplasia in males

Abstract Background & Aims: Distal colonic adenomas found on flexible sigmoidoscopy are associated with proximal neoplasias, thus requiring a complete colonoscopic examination, but data regarding the association of distal mixed polyps with proximal neoplasia are lacking. We conducted this study to elucidate the significance of distal mixed colonic polyps in predicting proximal neoplasia. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent a flexible sigmoidoscopic examination for colorectal cancer screening and a follow-up colonoscopic examination because of distal colonic polyps. Distal index polyps were classified by a pathologist as early tubular adenoma (ETA), serrated, or true mixed categories. Index polyps also were immunostained with a monoclonal antibody, Adnab-9, a marker for the colorectal adenoma carcinoma sequence. Results: In 636 patients with distal index polyps, 6% were malignant, 55% were adenomas, 13% were ETAs, 6% were serrated, 4% were true mixed, and 17% were hyperplastic. Compared with distal hyperplastic index polyps, distal malignant polyps ( P = 0.0006) and adenomas ( P = 0.001) were associated with a significantly increased number of synchronous proximal neoplasia, but the small distal mixed, serrated, or ETA did not predict the increased incidence of proximal neoplasia. Large distal polyps of each category were significantly associated with an increased number of synchronous proximal neoplasias. In support of these findings, immunostaining of distal polyps with Adnab-9 showed predictability for proximal neoplasia only in the adenoma category ( P
Defining Treatment Response and Remission in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Signal Detection Analysis of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale

Objective To examine the optimal Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) percent reduction cutoffs for predicting treatment response and clinical remission among children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method Youth with OCD (N = 109; range 7 to 19 years) received 14 sessions of weekly or intensive family-based CBT as part of previously published studies or through the standard clinical flow at our facility. Assessments were conducted before and after treatment and included the CY-BOCS, response and remission status on the Clinical Global Impressions Scale, and the Child Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale. Results Maximally efficient CY-BOCS cutoffs were observed at a 25% reduction for treatment response, a 45% to 50% reduction for symptom remission, and a CY-BOCS score of 14 when considering raw scores. OCD-related impairment improved as a function of treatment response and symptom remission. Conclusions These data indicate that a CY-BOCS reduction of 25% appears to be optimal for determining treatment response, a reduction of 45% to 50% appears to be optimal for detecting symptom remission, and a CY-BOCS raw score of 14 best reflects remission after treatment. Clinical trials should employ a consistent definition of treatment response for cross-study comparability. Clinicians can use these values for treatment planning decisions.
3-Amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid synthase, the terminal enzyme in the formation of the precursor of mC7N units in rifamycin and related antibiotics

The biosynthesis of ansamycin antibiotics, like rifamycin B, involves formation of 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) by a novel variant of the shikimate pathway. AHBA then serves as the starter unit for the assembly of a polyketide which eventually links back to the amino group of AHBA to form the macrolactam ring. The terminal enzyme of AHBA formation, which catalyzes the aromatization of 5-deoxy-5-amino-3-dehydroshikimic acid, has been purified to homogeneity from Amycolatopsis mediterranei, the encoding gene has been cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme, a (His)6 fusion protein, as well as the native one, are dimers containing one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate per subunit. Mechanistic studies showed that the enzyme-bound pyridoxal phosphate forms a Schiff's base with the amino group of 5-deoxy-5-amino-3-dehydroshikimic acid and catalyzes both an alpha, beta-dehydration and a stereospecific 1,4-enolization of the substrate. Inactivation of the gene encoding AHBA synthase in the A. mediterranei genome results in loss of rifamycin formation; production of the antibiotic is restored when the mutant is supplemented with AHBA.
Industrial—Urban Development and Rural Farm Income Levels

The question as to why some rural communities are poverty-stricken while others are prosperous has engaged the interests of economists for some time. And, given the current "War on Poverty," the question is of interest also to policy makers and program administrators. The answer is important in deciding the optimal program mix in poverty-stricken areas. Specifically, what is the appropriate combination of investments in the area, investments in the area's people, and transfer payments? The analysis in this paper provides some information relevant to these issues. The industrial-urban development hypothesis, together with hypotheses about the effects of local characteristics, is employed to explain intercounty differences in the per capita income of rural farm people in 1959. Data from the 1959 Census of Agriculture [13] and the 1960 Census of Population [12] were used to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of thirteen regions in the coterminous United States.
Comparative study of intrusion detection system and its Recovery mechanism

Organizations require flexible and adaptable intrusion detection systems to combat increasing internal and external threats. To meet organizational objectives and requirements the intrusion detection systems must be effective. This paper analyzes Intrusion Detection Systems ability to detect the intrusions in computer systems after a thorough comparative theoretical study. Different security threats are made on the networks and are caused by the intruders who either misuse the assigned privileges or access the systems via internet. Conclusive analysis of this paper indicates that security can be best achieved by using anomaly detection mechanism in Host Based IDS with Centralized Strategy. Proposed analysis is based on necessary security objectives required by different organizations and the variety of security threats which we encounter in our every daily life. Paper also highlights the mechanism of data recovery from corrupted processes, which can be incorporated in any Intrusion detection system.
Scalable scheduling of building control systems for peak demand reduction

In large energy systems, peak demand might cause severe issues such as service disruption and high cost of energy production and distribution. Under the widely adopted peak-demand pricing policy, electricity customers are charged a very high price for their maximum demand to discourage their energy usage in peak load conditions. In buildings, peak demand is often the result of temporally correlated energy demand surges caused by uncoordinated operation of subsystems such as heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems and lighting systems. We have previously presented green scheduling as an approach to schedule the building control systems within a constrained peak demand envelope while ensuring that custom climate conditions are facilitated. This paper provides a sufficient schedulability condition for the peak constraint to be realizable for a large and practical class of system dynamics that can capture certain nonlinear dynamics, inter-dependencies, and constrained disturbances. We also present a method for synthesizing periodic schedules for the system. The proposed method is demonstrated in a simulation example to be scalable and effective for a large-scale system.
The Children's Vaccine Initiative

In November 1991, the United Nations declared and celebrated the success of its universal childhood immunization campaign. Seventeen years after the Expanded Program on Immunization began by capitalizing on investments in the global smallpox eradication campaign, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) achieved their goal. Over 80% of children born in the world in 1990 received the six standard vaccines (against tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles). The United Nations Children's Fund estimates that over 3.2 million children's lives are saved annually.1Yet infectious diseases continue to kill children in developing countries. We are not getting the full benefits of the six Expanded Program on Immunization vaccines. Measles account for the death of almost 1 million children each year. There are 500 000 neonatal deaths related to tetanus each year and 400 000 to pertussis according to UNICEF. In Africa, Latin America, and
Size distribution of Ni precipitates in AgNi alloys determined by maximum entropy analysis of magnetization curves

Abstract Supersaturated Ag-Ni solutions containing approximately 5 at.% Ni are produced by electron-beam co-evaporation onto cold glass substrates. The magnetization of samples annealed to various temperatures is measured at room temperature as a function of applied field in a vibrating sample magnetometer. The magnetization curves of as-deposited samples show superparamagnetic behavior. On annealing, the Ni precipitates completely and coarsens. The volume distribution function of these superparamagnetic Ni particles is extracted from the magnetization curve by applying the maximum entropy method in which the magnetization is modeled as a weighted superposition of Langevin functions. The results are consistent with direct observations in the transmission electron microscope.
The use of motor activity as an index of curiosity in children

The curiosity of 120 elementary school children, aged five through thirteen years, was assessed by three measures: (1) the amount of coordinated sensory-motor activity directed toward designated objects in a waiting room environment during a 10-minute waiting period, (2) the number of unsolicited questions asked within the same time period and environment, and (3) teacher ratings, where classroom teachers estimated children's curiosity based on their normal classroom behavior. In a three-way analysis of variance, the amount of curiosity expressed through motor activity was found significantly related to groups based on racial-ethnic origins, but not to groups based on age or sex. The amount of curiosity expressed through motor activity was negatively correlated with teacher ratings in one class but not significantly correlated in three other classes. Children who asked most questions were rated highest in curiosity by their teachers, but exhibited least curiosity through motor activity in the waiting room.
Estimating standard errors for life expectancies based on complex survey data with mortality follow-up: A case study using the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files.

Life expectancy is an important measure for health research and policymaking. Linking individual survey records to mortality data can overcome limitations in vital statistics data used to examine differential mortality by permitting the construction of death rates based on information collected from respondents at the time of interview and facilitating estimation of life expectancies for subgroups of interest. However, use of complex survey data linked to mortality data can complicate the estimation of standard errors. This paper presents a case study of approaches to variance estimation for life expectancies based on life tables, using the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files. The approaches considered include application of Chiang's traditional method, which is straightforward but does not account for the complex design features of the data; balanced repeated replication (BRR), which is more complicated but accounts more fully for the design features; and compromise, ‘hybrid’ approaches, which can be less difficult to implement than BRR but still account partially for the design features. Two tentative conclusions are drawn. First, it is important to account for the effects of the complex sample design, at least within life-table age intervals. Second, accounting for the effects within age intervals but not across age intervals, as is done by the hybrid methods, can yield reasonably accurate estimates of standard errors, especially for subgroups of interest with more homogeneous characteristics among their members. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recombinant antibodies to small analytes and prospects for deriving them from synthetic combinatorial libraries

During the past 4 years, several laboratories have developed new methods of cloning antibody combining site genes from hybridomas or B‐lymphocytes, and functionally expressing them in bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells or plants. At least three research groups have also constructed ‘antibody display’ libraries with vastly diverse sequence permutations of combining site genes in bacteriophage. These semi‐synthetic combinatorial libraries present an antibody repertoire orders of magnitude greater than that accessed by conventional hybridoma technology. They may yield antibodies not obtainable through conventional immunization. We have cloned the immunoglobulin genes from a hybridoma specific for the phenylurea herbicide, diuron, into a phage display vector. The cloned antibody fragments (Fabs) were as sensitive as the parent monoclonal antibody for detecting free diuron in competition enzyme immunoassays. We also derived diuron hapten‐specific clones from synthetic combinatorial phage libraries, but only a fe...
Motivational interviewing in pediatric practice.

Motivational Interviewing (MI), which historically has been used with problem drinkers, has increasingly been adapted successfully for use in primary care settings. Recent investigations have shown that MI is an effective strategy for decreasing adolescent substance use, decreasing health-risk behaviors, and increasing adherence to treatment regimens. Given the increased interest in using MI in pediatric health settings and the relative effectiveness of such approaches, a review of MI studies with particular attention to its application to pediatric practice seems warranted. In this article, we will present the theory and background of MI and review the literature regarding the use of MI with adolescents and, specifically, its application by physicians in pediatric settings. We conclude with a review of basic techniques in applying MI and provide two case examples to demonstrate examples of MI’s practical application.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF THE CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF CONTINUOUS CHARACTERS: A SIMULATION STUDY

We use computer simulation to compare the statistical properties of several methods that have been proposed for estimating the evolutionary correlation between two continuous traits, and define alternative evolutionary correlations that may be of interest. We focus on Felsenstein's (1985) method and some variations of it and on several "minimum evolution" methods (of which the procedure of Huey and Bennett (I9871 is a special case), as compared with a nonphylogenetic correlation. The last, a simple correlation of trait values across the tips of a phylogeny, virtually always yields inflated Type I error rates, relatively low power, and relatively poor estimates of evolutionary correlations. We therefore cannot recommend its use. In contrast, Felsenstein's (1 985) method yields acceptable significance tests, high power, and good estimates of what we term the input correlation and the standardized realized evolutionary correlation, given complete phylo- genetic information and knowledge of the rate and mode of character change (e.g., gradual and proportional to time ("Brownian motion") or punctuational, with change only at speciation events). Inaccurate branch length information may affect any method adversely, but only rarely does it cause Felsenstein's (1985) method to perform worse than do the others tested. Other proposed methods generally yield inflated Type I error rates and have lower power. However, certain min- imum evolution methods (although not the specific procedure used by Huey and Bennett (1987)) often provide more accurate estimates of what we term the unstandardized realized evolutionary correlation, and their use is recommended when estimation of this correlation is desired. We also demonstrate how correct Type I error rates can be obtained for any method by reference to an empirical null distribution derived from computer simulations, and provide practical suggestions on choosing an analytical method, based both on the evolutionary correlation of interest and on the availability of branch lengths and knowledge of the model of evolutionary change appropriate for the characters being analyzed. Computer programs that implement the various methods and that will simulate (correlated) character evolution along a known phylogeny are available from the authors on request. These programs can be used to test the effectiveness of any new methods that might be proposed, and to check the generality of our conclusions with regard to other phylogenies.
Raman and Brillouin scattering in diamond

The first order Raman line and the prominent features in the second order Raman spectrum of diamond crystals interpreted on the basis of polarization selection rules and symmetry provide energies of the critical points of the phonon dispersion curves with considerable precision. Similarly elastic constants are deduced from Brillouin shifts with high precision. Absolute Ra cross-sections are accessible from a simultaneous observation of the Raman spectrum and Brillouin components. Diamond films can be characterized on the basis of this body of information. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
UDP-3-O-((R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine Deacetylase Functions through a General Acid-Base Catalyst Pair Mechanism

UDP-3-O-((R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a zinc-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the deacetylation of UDP-3-O-((R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine to form UDP-3-O-(R-hydroxymyristoyl)glucosamine and acetate. The structural similarity of the active site of LpxC to metalloproteases led to the proposal that LpxC functions via a metalloprotease-like mechanism. The pH dependence of k(cat)/Km catalyzed by Escherichia coli and Aquifex aeolicus LpxC displayed a bell-shaped curve (EcLpxC yields apparent pKa values of 6.4+/-0.1 and 9.1+/-0.1), demonstrating that at least two ionizations are important for maximal activity. Metal substitution and mutagenesis experiments suggest that the basic limb of the pH profile is because of deprotonation of a zinc-coordinated group such as the zinc-water molecule, whereas the acidic limb of the pH profile is caused by protonation of either Glu78 or His265. Furthermore, the magnitude of the activity decreases and synergy observed for the active site mutants suggest that Glu78 and His265 act as a general acid-base catalyst pair. Crystal structures of LpxC complexed with cacodylate or palmitate demonstrate that both Glu78 and His265 hydrogen-bond with the same oxygen atom of the tetrahedral intermediate and the product carboxylate. These structural features suggest that LpxC catalyzes deacetylation by using Glu78 and His265 as a general acid-base pair and the zinc-bound water as a nucleophile.
The salivary secretome of the biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. Many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about Culicoides genomics and proteomics. Detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding Dipteran families, including those of mosquito (Culicidae) and black fly (Simuliidae), have shown that protein components within the insect's saliva facilitate the blood feeding process. To determine the protein components in Culicoides sonorensis midges, secreted saliva was collected for peptide sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry. Forty-five secreted proteins were identified, including members of the D7 odorant binding protein family, Kunitz-like serine protease inhibitors, maltase, trypsin, and six novel proteins unique to C. sonorensis. Identifying the complex myriad of proteins in saliva from blood-feeding Dipteran species is critical for understanding their role in blood feeding, arbovirus transmission, and possibly the resulting disease pathogenesis.
Coupled heat transfer and thermal stress in high-Tc thin-film superconductor devices

Abstract A coupled heat transfer and thermal stress analysis is developed for a thin-film high- T c superconductor device. The thermal boundary resistance between the film and substrate, which is modelled as a function of interfacial peeling stress, is used to couple the structural and thermal sides of the model. The thermal stress generated from the temperature reduction from room to cryogenic operating temperatures, and the temperature field due to uniform Joule heating in the normal-state film, are calculated using finite element analysis. The resulting peeling stress, that is the normal stress at the film/substrate interface, and peeling stress intensity factor, are calculated for different substrate materials, different YBCO film lattice direction combinations, and different current densities. The finite element analysis demonstrates the importance of considering the thermal boundary resistance when calculating the peeling stress, although the peeling stress/thermal boundary resistance coupling is relatively insignificant for determining the resulting stress and temperature fields. The report suggests that a polycrystalline YBCO thin film with small grain size deposited on an MgO substrate is a good choice, since it has smaller stress in the film and better heat dissipation ability.
Collisional-radiative average-atom model for hot plasmas

A collisional-radiative {open_quotes}average-atom{close_quotes} (AA) model is presented for the calculation of opacities of hot plasmas that are not in the condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The electron impact and radiative rate constants are calculated using the dipole oscillator strengths of the average atom. A key element of the model is the photon escape probability, which at present is calculated for a semi-infinite slab. The Fermi statistics renders the rate equations for the AA level occupancies nonlinear, which requires iterations until the steady-state AA level occupancies are found. Detailed electronic configurations are built into the model after the self-consistent non-LTE AA state is found. The model shows a continuous transition from the non-LTE to the LTE state depending on the optical thickness of the plasma. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}