cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clustering Function-Based Failure Analysis Results to Evaluate and Reduce System-Level Risks

For complex, safety-critical systems failures due to component faults and system interactions can be catastrophic. One aspect of ensuring a safe system design is the analysis of the impact and risk of potential faults early in the system design process. This early design-stage analysis can be accomplished through function-based reasoning on a qualitative behavior simulation of the system. Reasoning on the functional effect of failures provides designers with the information needed to understand the potential impact of faults. This paper proposes three different methods for evaluating and grouping the results of a function failure analysis and their use in design decision-making. Specifically, a method of clustering failure analysis results based on consequence is presented to identify groups of critical failures. A method of clustering using Latent Class Analysis provides characterization of high-level, emergent system failure behavior. Finally, a method of identifying functional similarity provides lists of similar and identical functional effects to a system state of interest. These three methods are applied to the function-based failure analysis results of 677 single and multiple fault scenarios in an electrical power system. The risk-based clustering found three distinct levels of scenario functional impact. The Latent Class Analysis identified five separate failure modes of the system. Finally, the similarity grouping identified different groups of scenarios with identical and similar functional impact to specific scenarios of interest. The overall goal of this work is to provide a framework for making design decisions that decrease system risks.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Spectral effects on three-dimensional reconstruction from x-rays

Continuous bremsstrahlung spectra were calculated for 120 kVp for constant and sinusoidal potentials. Fluorescent radiation for the tungsten target was added to the bremsstrahlung, and the spectra were attenuated through various filter materials. A drawing of an object to be scanned was divided into an array of small squares in which the composition was assumed to be constant. Transmission data for 120 rays at each of 120 angles spanning a range of 180$sup 0$ were calculated. Two algorithms for the reconstruction of attenuation coefficients from projection data, an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and the convolution method, were utilized to reconstruct effective coefficients. The effect of spectral filtration on the quality of the reconstruction was evaluated. Lightly filtered x-ray beams give rise to severe distortions in image quality, with values of the reconstructed coefficients rising toward the periphery of the object. Highly filtered beams give rise to images with less pronounced distortion. (AIP)
Physiologic Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus in Newborn Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants Is Associated with Decreased Left Middle Cerebral Artery End-Diastolic Blood Flow Velocity

Physiologic Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus in Newborn Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants Is Associated with Decreased Left Middle Cerebral Artery End-Diastolic Blood Flow Velocity
Leader or left behind: national and international policies related to breastfeeding.

The U.S. and international breastfeeding policies over the past 80 years present a pattern of increased protection for women and children that influences breastfeeding acceptance. These begin with the Maternity Protection Convention of the International Labor Organization in 1919 and continue through the relatively recent establishment of the US. Breastfeeding Committee. State and U.S, federal laws lag well behind international action, and the U.S. record on adopting international initiatives is poor. Nurses can play an influential role in consciousness raising, policy development, and advocacy for breastfeeding support.
Evidence that a membrane bound lectin mediates fusion of L6 myoblasts.

Abstract The external membranes of L 6 myoblasts are shown to posses lectin activity which resides in protein molecules. Thiodigalactoside blocks agglutination of formalinized, trypsin treated rabbit red blood cells caused by the lectin. Thiodigalactoside at a concentration which neither inhibits cell division nor decreases cell yield prevents fusions of myoblasts. It is suggested that this protein which has lectin activity also is an essential participant in the membrane events which cause fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes.
NO activation of fos promoter elements requires nuclear translocation of G-kinase I and CREB phosphorylation but is independent of MAP kinase activation.

We have shown that nitric oxide (NO) regulates c-fos gene expression via cGMP-dependent protein kinase (G-kinase), but NO's precise mechanism of action is unclear. We now demonstrate that: (1) NO targets two transcriptional elements in the fos promoter, i.e., the fos AP-1 binding site and the cAMP-response element (CRE); (2) NO activation of these two enhancer elements requires the CRE binding protein CREB because a dominant negative CREB fully inhibits NO transactivation of reporter genes whereas dominant negative Fos or CCAAT enhancer binding proteins have no effect; (3) CREB is phosphorylated by G-kinase in vitro and its phosphorylation increases in vivo when G-kinase is activated either directly by cGMP or indirectly by NO via soluble guanylate cyclase; (4) NO activation of fos promoter elements requires nuclear translocation of G-kinase but not activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
In Situ Study of Polymer Brushes as Selective Barriers to Diffusion

Using the quartz crystal microbalance, we studied the formation of polymer brushes and the penetration of these brushes by chemically identical free chains. The systems studied were composed of thiol-end-functionalized polystyrene chains, toluene, and gold. Brushes were exposed to dilute solutions of free chains of molecular weight both greater than and less than that of the chains of the brush. Only the free chains of lower molecular weight penetrated the brush. These chains diffused all the way to the underlying gold surface and became grafted, while chains of larger molecular weight did not penetrate the brush to any extent whatsoever.
Viscosity of Normal Human Synovial Fluid

Conclusions1. The viscosity of normal human knee joint fluid is greater than thatof fluid found in most pathological conditions. 2. The decreased viscosity of joint fluids found in pathologiczl ytates may be clue to one of two factors or to both. (a) dilution with extracellular water. (b) depolymerization or dissociation of a highly polymerized hyaluronic acid by hyaluronidase.
Infrared spectra of MF2, MF2+, MF4-, MF3, and M2F6 molecules (M = Sc, Y, La) in solid argon.

Reactions of laser-ablated Sc, Y and La atoms with F2 in excess argon gave new absorptions in the M−F stretching region, which are assigned to metal fluoride neutral species MF2 and MF3 and ions MF2+ and MF4−. Dibridged MF3 dimers, M2F6, were also identified through terminal M−F and bridge M−F−M stretching modes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations substantiated the experimental assignments. Mulliken and natural charge distributions indicate significant electron transfer from metal d orbitals to F ligands that increase from Sc to La, suggesting that strong participation of La 5d orbital hybridization drives the F−La−F bond angle below 120°.
The RatS-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase Promoter

The 1.2-kb DNA sequence flanking the transcription start of the AdoHcy hydrolase gene was cloned into the luciferase reporter plasmid pGL3-basic, and promoter activity was measured in transiently transfected CHO cells. Deletion analysis showed that most promoter activity was located within a 153 bp fragment immediately upstream from the predominant transcription start. The 153 bp fragment includes sites for AP-2, glucocorticoid-responsive element, SP-1, and a TATA-like sequence TATTTAAA. Mutational analysis demonstrated that the SP-1 site nearest the start of transcription contributed significantly to promoter activity, whereas, the other elements, including the appropriately positioned TATTTAAA sequence, had little affect on promoter activity.
Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and free oxygen in a microbial mat

Complete budgets for carbon and oxygen have been constructed for cyanobacterial mats dominated by Microcoleus chthonoplastes from the evaporating ponds of a salt works. We infer from the data the various sinks for O2 as well as the sources of carbon for primary production. Although seasonal variability exists, a major percentage of the O2 produced during the day did not diffuse out of the mat but was used within the mat to oxidize both organic carbon and the sulfide produced by sulfate reduction. At night, most of the O2 that diffused into the mat was used to oxidize sulfide, with O2 respiration of minor importance. During the day, the internal mat processes of sulfate reduction and O2 respiration generated as much or more inorganic carbon (DIC) for primary production as diffusion into the mat. Oxygenic photosynthesis was the most important process of carbon fixation. At night, the DIC lost from the mat was mostly from sulfate reduction. Elemental fluxes across the mat/brine interface indicated that carbon with an oxidation state of greater than zero was taken up by the mat during the day and liberated from the mat at night. Overall, carbon with an average oxidation state of near zero accumulated in the mat. Both carbon fixation and carbon oxidation rates varied with temperature by a similar amount.
Evaluating and improving service-oriented campus child care: A case study

This paper proposes four basic structural forms of campus-based child care and discusses methods for evaluating such programs, particularly service-oriented models. The paper then reviews program evaluation carried out in Spring 1982 of the Carlow College “Playroom” and summarizes resulting recommendations that aim to improve program quality. Methods and strategies used in this evaluation may be implemented on other campuses that provide similarly service-oriented programs.
The period clock locus of D. melanogaster codes for a proteoglycan

Abstract The period ( per ) gene of D. melanogaster is involved in the generation of biological rhythms. The most striking feature of the predicted coding sequence, corresponding to the key 4.5 kb transcript from this locus, is an extensive run of alternating Gly-Thr residues. This is homologous to a series of Gly-Ser repeats in a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. To determine whether the per transcript codes for a proteoglycan, a region of its coding sequence was expressed (in bacteria) as part of a fusion protein, which was used to immunize rabbits. When the resultant immune sera were used to probe fly protein preparations, they detected an antigen that is present in wild-type flies and absent in a per − mutant. Biochemical characterization of this antigen indicated that it is indeed a proteoglycan.
Locating key views for image indexing of spaces

Image is a dominant medium for visualizing spatial environment and creating virtual access on the Internet. Where to capture images is however subjective and relies on artistic sense of photographers so far. In this paper, we will not only visualize areas with images, but also determine where the most distinct viewpoints should be located. Starting from elevation data of an area, we present spatial and content information in ground based images such that (1) a given number of images can have maximum coverage on informative scenes; (2) a sequence of views can be concatenated with minimum continuity along most-exposed-paths. According to scene visibility, continuity, and data redundancy we evaluate viewpoints numerically with an object-emitting illumination model. Our view exploration may eventually reduce data to archive and transmit, facilitate image acquisition, indexing and interaction, and enhance human perception of spaces. Real images are captured based on our planned key positions to form a visual network to index the area.
Concurrent Validity of the Classroom Strategies Scale for Elementary School—Observer Form

The present study is an initial investigation of the concurrent validity of a new assessment, the Classroom Strategies Scale (CSS version 2.0) for Elementary School—Observer Form. The CSS assesses ...
The syndrome of 17,20 lyase deficiency.

Context: Disorders of steroidogenesis have been instrumental in delineating human steroidogenic pathways. Each genetic disorder seemed to correspond to a different steroidogenic activity, helping to identify several enzymes. Beginning in 1972, several patients have been reported as having “17,20 lyase deficiency,” but there have been inconsistent genetic findings. Objective: This manuscript reviews the biochemistry, genetics, and clinical disorders of 17,20 lyase activity, which converts 21-carbon precursors of glucocorticoids to 19-carbon precursors of sex steroids. Findings: A single enzyme, cytochrome P450c17, catalyzes both 17α-hydroxylase activity and 17,20 lyase activity. The 17,20 lyase activity is especially sensitive to the activities of the accessory proteins P450 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. The first cases of genetically and biochemically proven 17,20 lyase deficiency were reported in 1997, in which specific P450c17 mutations were identified that lost 17,20 lyase activity but not 17α-hydr...
Comments on "tagged semaphores"

Modifications are made to a proposed solution for a specialized synchronization problem. These changes remove inconsistent semaphore usage and preclude the possibility of deadlock that is present in the proposed solution.
Mass transfer and drag coefficients of bubbles rising in dilute aqueous solutions

The effects of aliphatic alcohols on mass transfer and drag coefficients of a carbon dioxide bubble were investigated in very dilute aqueous solutions. A high speed photography technique provided an almost continuous record of the bubble volume, shape, and oscillation, as related to the height of the bubble in the liquid and the time elapsed from the moment of its release. The results showed that the concentration, molecular size, and structure of the investigated alcohols have a pronounced effect on mass transfer as well as drag coefficients of the rising bubble. The significance of these effects with respect to idealized models of a highly circulating bubble and a solid sphere was considered, and a functional relationship was found to exist. This relationship may be applied to systems more complex than a single bubble.
A temperature sensitive nonsense mutation affecting the synthesis of a major protein of Escherichia coli K12.

A temperature sensitive nonsense (TSN) mutant of E. coli K12 has been isolated in which a major bacterial protein is not synthesized at 42° C. This protein is found in the parental strain at 42° C and in cells rendered temperature resistant due to the insertion of a number of different nonsense suppressors or the normal allele of the mutant locus.
Fatigue of ThO2 dispersion strengthened nickel alloy with surface modification by Al+ ion implantation

On montre qu'une modification de surface par implantation d'ions ameliore la duree de vie en fatigue dans les systemes chimiquement similaires, mais qui different en ce qui concerne le taux de durcissement cyclique subi, l'homogeneite du glissement cyclique, et le niveau des contraintes de saturation atteint pendant la fatigue oligocyclique
Recurrent hiatal hernia repair after sleeve gastrectomy.

A 47-year-old woman was referred with symptoms of GERD and chronic nausea. In 2004, she had a laparoscopic adjustable gastric band placed, resulting in a 45-kg weight loss. In 2007, her stomach prolapsed through the band. At the time of band removal, SG and repair of HH were performed. Concomitant repair of HH at the time of SG provides good control and management of GERD in obese patients [2]. She did well until 1 year before referral when she began to experience symptoms of acid reflux and nausea, which severely limited her ability to maintain oral intake, resulting in dehydration and malnutrition. Her workup included esophagogastroduodenoscopy and upper gastrointestinal radiography, both of which were significant for a moderate sized HH. Entry was made into the abdomen using a spring-loaded needle, and pneumoperitoneum was achieved. A moderate sized HH was found. The distal esophagus was mobilized circumferentially using ultrasonic shears until at least 5 cm of esophagus was freely mobile. Mediastinal structures, including
Adaptation of the P-N Junction Burnout Model to Circuit Analysis Codes

Transient electrical pulses impressed upon a circuit containing semiconductors subject the semiconductors to a thermal transient. Potential burnout of the parts is of particular interest and concern. A model is presented which permits the calculation of the transient temperature throughout the semiconductor given the instantaneous power dissipation within the device. The basic technique is to mathematically partition the device by isothermal surfaces, and construct the corresponding RC circuit. Lateral dispersion of the heat (two dimensional heat flow) is included as part of the model. The model has been compared to theory and test. The model is simple and can easily be programmed as a subroutine and attached to existing TREE circuit analysis programs. This permits efficient calculations from the applied electrical pulse to the internal temperature of the semiconductor for prediction of burnout. A demonstration computer solution is shown, and the memory size and run times are given.
Towards exaflop servers and supercomputers: The roadmap for lower power and higher density optical interconnects

In the last 10 years interconnects in many high performance servers and supercomputers transitioned from copper interconnects to optical interconnects. In this presentation a technological roadmap towards will be reviewed, focusing on the evolution of interconnect power and density efficiencies.
Ecdysone- and NO-Mediated Gene Regulation by Competing EcR/Usp and E75A Nuclear Receptors during Drosophila Development

The Drosophila ecdysone receptor (EcR/Usp) is thought to activate or repress gene transcription depending on the presence or absence, respectively, of the hormone ecdysone. Unexpectedly, we found an alternative mechanism at work in salivary glands during the ecdysone-dependent transition from larvae to pupae. In the absense of ecdysone, both ecdysone receptor subunits localize to the cytoplasm, and the heme-binding nuclear receptor E75A replaces EcR/Usp at common target sequences in several genes. During the larval-pupal transition, a switch from gene activation by EcR/Usp to gene repression by E75A is triggered by a decrease in ecdysone concentration and by direct repression of the EcR gene by E75A. Additional control is provided by developmentally timed modulation of E75A activity by NO, which inhibits recruitment of the corepressor SMRTER. These results suggest a mechanism for sequential modulation of gene expression during development by competing nuclear receptors and their effector molecules, ecdysone and NO.
Modeling of UV dose distribution in a thin-film UV reactor for processing of apple cider

A numerical model, i.e. dispersed phase model (DPM), has been developed to describe the particle phase flow patterns and particle residence times in thin-film UV reactor Cider Sure 1500. This model, along with UV intensity model, has been used to simulate processing of apple cider. Fluent 5 CFD code was used to solve all the governing equations. The physical properties of the apple cider such as density, viscosity, total solid weight fraction and solid phase characteristics (particle size, shape, size distribution and volume fraction) were measured. These properties were included to our numerical model as inputs. The results of our simulations for the UV reactor were compared with experimental biodosimetry data. Reasonable agreement was observed between simulation and experimental UV dose values. The model also predicted that most of the particles were received UV dose less than the average value reported by manufacturer of the UV lamps. Based on the simulations and the experimental observations, the modification of the design of the UV reactor Cider Sure 1500 were suggested.
Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of the major mononucleotides of ribonucleic acid.

THIN-LAYER chromatography, by virtue of its convenience, sensitivity, and short developing time, is useful for the separation and quantitation of many types of nucleic acid derivatives1–3. This communication describes the method used by this laboratory for the separation of the products of alkaline hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid.
Assessment of floodplain vulnerability during extreme Mississippi River flood 2011.

Regional change in the variability and magnitude of flooding could be a major consequence of future global climate change. Extreme floods have the capacity to rapidly transform landscapes and expose landscape vulnerabilities through highly variable spatial patterns of inundation, erosion, and deposition. We use the historic activation of the Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway during the Mississippi and Ohio River Flooding of 2011 as a scientifically unique stress experiment to analyze indicators of floodplain vulnerability. We use pre- and postflood airborne Light Detection and Ranging data sets to locate erosional and depositional hotspots over the 540 km2 agricultural Floodway. While riparian vegetation between the river and the main levee breach likely prevented widespread deposition, localized scour and deposition occurred near the levee breaches. Eroded gullies nearly 1 km in length were observed at a low ridge of a relict meander scar of the Mississippi River. Our flow modeling and spatial mapping anal...
Experimental Dynamic Analysis of Magneto-Rheological Tuned Vibration Absorbers

The primary purpose of this study is to experimentally evaluate the dynamics of a Magneto-Rheological Tuned Vibration Absorber (MR TVA) with several semi-active control schemes. A test rig was built to represent a two-degree of freedom primary structure model coupled with an MR TVA, and four semi-active control policies were considered. The four control policies include: velocity-based, on-off groundhook control (on-off VBG); velocity-based, continuous groundhook control (continuous VBG); displacement-based, on-off groundhook control (on-off DBG); and displacement-based, continuous groundhook control (continuous DBG). Using the test apparatus, a series of tests were conducted to investigate the dynamics of the MR TVA with each control policy. The performances of each of the cases were then analyzed along with the equivalent passive TVA. The performance index was the transmissibility between the input and the output displacement of the structure. The experimental results indicated that the MR TVA with all of the semi-active control policies, outperformed the passive TVA in reducing structural vibrations. Furthermore, the displacement-based groundhook control policies perform better in reducing the resonant vibrations of the primary structure than the velocity-based groundhook control schemes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Hypermanganesemia in an Acute Care Setting

Hypermanganesemia has recently been reported in long-term home parenteral nutrition patients receiving routine trace element supplementation. Because the regulation of manganese involves intestinal absorption and biliary excretion, patients receiving parenteral nutrition, especially those with hepatic dysfunction, may be at risk for manganese toxicity. This case study describes a patient in an acute care setting who had been receiving parenteral nutrition for 7 months. When neurologic symptoms developed, she was found to have a whole blood manganese level almost 3 times normal. Manganese was eliminated from the trace element solution, and a whole blood level was rechecked 3 months later, showing a significant decrease and a marked improvement in facial paralysis and headaches.
A note on Köthe spaces

Let E be a locally compact space which can be expressed as the union of an increasing sequence of compact subsets Kn (n =1, 2, …) and let μ be a positive Radon measure on E. Ω is the space of equivalence classes of locally integrable functions on E. We denote the equivalence class of a function f by and if is an equivalence class then f denotes any function belonging to f. Provided with the topology defined by the sequence of seminormsΩ is a Frechet space. The dual of Ω is the space φ of equivalence classes of measurable, p.p. bounded functions vanishing outside a compact subset of E. For a subset Γ of Ω, the collection Λ of all ∊Ω, such that for each g∊Γ the product fg is integrable, is called a Kothe space and Γ is said to be the denning set of Λ. The Kothe space Λx which has Λ as a denning set is called the associated Kothe space of Λ. Λ and Λx are put into duality by the bilinear form
Perceptions of labor market variables by college students in business, education, and psychology

Abstract The perceptions of psychic and economic rewards available in different occupations, the perceptions of psychic and economic costs of preparing for these occupations, and the perceived availability of jobs for college majors in business, education, and psychology is examined. The findings indicate that these different majors have quite similar perceptions of these variables despite major differences in occupational choices. Further analysis examines the relationships of these variables to occupational choice for these three groups of college majors. Although the perceptions of rewards and costs have limited independent relations to measures of occupational choice, benefits-to-costs comparisons are highly related to occupational choice for all three groups of college majors.
Relationships Among Zoobenthos, Sediments, and Organic Matter in Littoral Zones of Western Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay

Zoobenthos and sediments from the littoral zones in western Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay were sampled. Littoral zones were inhabited mostly by infaunal species of Tubificidae and Chironomidae. Particle size and organic content of sediments were highly and significantly correlated with abundance and mean size of zoobenthic groups; weight and mean size of zoobenthos were greatest in organically rich silts and clays, and least in organically poor sands. Relative abundance and mean size of zoobenthos in sands were greatly influenced by the proximity of fine-grained sediments. Sandy sediments next to muddy sediments had zoobenthic groups with weights and mean size similar to those in adjacent muddy sediments. Low to moderate densities of submerged macrophytes on muddy sediments had a small, non-significant (p>.05) impact on zoobenthic abundance and composition compared to similar sediments without macrophytes. In well-mixed littoral zones, with sediments of diameters less than 1.5 mm, particle size and organic matter in sediment may serve as a reliable index to standing stocks of zoobenthos.
Downward export of carbon by diel migrant mesozooplankton in the central equatorial Pacific

Abstract Using data collected during cruises of the JGOFS equatorial Pacific Study in March/April and October of 1992 at the equator (140°W), we examine the downward transport of carbon by three size classes of die] migrant mesozooplankton (200–500 gm, 500–1000 μm and 1000–2000 gm). In addition to respiratory carbon flux, we consider the flux due to mortality of migrators below the euphotic zone. Diel migrant mesozooplankton biomass was estimated from the difference between nighttime and daytime biomass within the euphotic zone. Except for a four-day period early in the March/April cruise, mesozooplankton nighttime biomass was significantly larger than daytime biomass within the euphotic zone during both cruises. We estimate that the downward flux of carbon from the euphotic zone due to mesozooplankton die] vertical migrators was an average of 0.6 mmol Cm −2 d −1 and 1.1 mmol C m −2 d −1 during the March/April and October cruises, respectively. Addition of this flux to the gravitational particle sinking flux estimated from 234 Th measurements during the same period results in a 31 % increase in the carbon export flux from the euphotic zone in the equatorial Pacific during the March/April cruise and a 44% increase in the October cruise. The migratory flux is strongly dependent on whether feeding takes place below the euphoric zone, the length of time migrators spend in the deep waters, and the mortality rate of migrators.
Probing Intra- versus Interchain Kinetic Preferences of L-Thr Acylation on Dimeric VibF with Mass Spectrometry

We present a method to probe intra- and interchain activities within dimeric nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Utilizing domain inactivation and analytical mass mutants in conjunction with rapid-quench, mass spectrometry, and a probabilistic kinetic model, we have elucidated the pre-steady-state intra- and interchain rates and the corresponding flux of the acylation of L-Thr onto VibF. Although the intra rate is significantly faster than the inter rate, the data are most consistent with an even flux of covalent substrate loading where neither pathway dominates. These pre-steady-state results confirm previous steady-state in vitro mutant complementation studies of VibF. Extension of this methodology to other dimeric nonribosomal peptide synthetases, and to the related fatty acid and polyketide synthases, will further our biophysical understanding of their acyl-intermediate-processing pathways.
An Overview of Current Guidelines for Commercial Support of Continuing Medical Education.

Concern about commercial companies inappropriately influencing CME activities has resulted in the development of several new sets of interrelated guidelines concerning commercial support for CME. National guidelines have been produced by the Task Force on CME Provider-Industry Collaboration, the AMA, the AAMC, the ACCME, the PMA, and the FDA. The various sets of guidelines each apply to different constituencies: accrediting bodies, institutions accredited to provide CME, academic faculty who present CME, physicians who attend CME, and commercial companies who support CME. The guidelines have been developed in coordination with each other, providing interrelated guidance for all constituencies involved in commercially supported CME.
Is quantum mechanics useful

A transistor, despite its roots in energy band structure, does not invoke quantum mechanically coherent transmission between terminals. The impressive progress in the past decade in mesoscopic physics, when combined with studies that have analyzed a totally quantum mechanical computational process, suggest that we may be ready to move toward more quantum mechanical procedures for information processing. I believe that this possibility is beset by problems. The case can be made via two separate but complementary arguments. On the one hand we can analyze proposals which have been made, invoking some sort of specific machinery. The extended companion paper [1] does that in some detail, expanding on earlier related discussions [2]. The other critique of totally quantum mechanical computation proceeds by an analysis of the existing discussions that describe Hamiltonians (not apparatus) which can accomplish computation. That portion of Ref. [1] summarizes the earlier conclusions of Ref. [3–5] and will be taken up in more detail elsewhere [6].
Algebraic automata and context-free sets

The concepts of “equational≓ and “recognizable≓ are defined for sets of elements of an arbitrary abstract algebra. Context-free languages and finite-state languages become realizations of the same general concept (of equational sets) when the proper algebra is specified. A principal objective of the paper is to establish in the context of abstract algebra, relationships between such concepts as equational and recognizable sets.
Drug release from pH-responsive thermogelling pentablock copolymers

A novel pH-dependent injectable sustained delivery system was developed by utilizing a cationic pentablock copolymer that exhibits a thermoreversible sol-gel transition. Aqueous solutions of the pentablock copolymer, consisting of poly(2-diethylaminoethyl-methyl methacrylate)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(2-diethylaminoethyl-methyl methacrylate) (PDEAEM(25)-PEO(100)-PPO(65)-PEO(100)-PDEAEM(25)) exhibit temperature and pH dependent micellization due to the lower critical solution temperature of the PPO blocks and the polyelectrolyte character of the PDEAEM blocks, respectively. Aqueous solutions of the copolymers above 12 wt % are free flowing liquids at room temperature and form elastic physical hydrogels reversibly above 37 degrees C. Hydrophobic probe absorbance studies indicate that pentablock copolymer micelles increase the solubility of sparingly soluble drugs. Solutions of the pentablock copolymer that form gels at body temperature exhibit sustained zero-order release in in vitro experiments. The release rates of model drugs and proteins were significantly influenced by the pH of the release media, thereby making these polymers ideal candidates for modulated drug delivery.
The City of Cinema: Interpreting Urban Images on Film

To augment the economic and political analysis of cities which is the traditional content of urban planning curricula, the authors developed a course titled Cinema City. The objective of the course is to expand the students' understanding of both how people respond to life in cities and how this response is in fact influenced by the images they see depicted in film. Striking arguments can be made that our willingness to address urban problems is influenced by our history of such popular images. This paper outlines the authors' experience with the course, indicating both the pedagogical benefits and scholarly value of such an approach.
The Division of Labor in Distribution and Industry Growth

Abstract This article develops a theory of vertical integration of the distribution function by taking into account distribution and transaction costs. It investigates the implications for distribution channel structure of Adam Smith's theorem that the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market. Hypotheses are developed linking industry growth and other market characteristics to choice of distribution channel structure, i.e., whether to go to market using vertically integrated direct or independent indirect channelsof distribution. The empirical analysis includes market structure characteristics such as seller concentration, economies of scale, product differentiation, buyer and supplier structure, capital intensity, and standardization in addition to demand growth, and is carried out for (1) all industries, (2) producer goods industries, and (3) consumer goods industries. The results indicate that in producer as well as consumer goods industries, vertical integration of distribution increas...
Negative Affect and Barriers to Exercise Among Early Stage Breast Cancer Patients

Objective To assess the relative frequency of and barriers to exercise among women with breast cancer while controlling for cancer-relevant and demographic factors. Design The present study employed concurrent samples, correlational research design. Main outcome measures Exercise frequency and its association with negative affect and barriers to exercise, independent of cancer treatment, among women (N=176) with Stage I or II breast cancer who were 3, 6, and 12 months postsurgery. Results After accounting for cancer-relevant and control variables, degree of negative affect and frequency of perceived barriers were significantly inversely associated with exercise. Conclusion These findings suggest that attention to both emotional factors and psychosocial barriers to exercise may be warranted to further understand exercise among women with early stage breast cancer.
Ultimate wind loads and direction effects in non‐hurricane and hurricane‐prone regions

We use ‘peaks over threshold’ approach to estimate extreme wind loads calculated by taking into account the directional dependence of both the aerodynamic coefficients and the extreme wind climate. Our interest is focused primarily on ultimate wind loads, that is, loads that are sufficiently large to cause member failure. For non-hurricane regions (1) we comment on issues raised by the fact that directional data published by the National Weather Service are incomplete, and (2) note that, owing to the relatively small sizes of the data samples, results on directional effects for mean recurrence intervals longer than a few hundred years are inconclusive. For hurricane-prone regions we show that, on average, the common practice of disregarding wind directionality effects is conservative for 50-year wind loads. However, according to our results, the degree of conservatism decreases as the mean recurrence interval increases. While individual estimates of speeds with very long mean recurrence intervals are unreliable, statistics based on estimates obtained from large numbers of records can provide useful indications of average trends and suggest that, for mean recurrence intervals associated with ultimate wind loads, the favorable effect of wind directionality tends to be marginal. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transitional-Age Youths: Barriers to Accessing Adult Mental Health Services and the Changing Definition of Adolescence

This article examines the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which can be difficult for many youth, more so for those with mental health issues. Youth typically age out of the children's mental health system at 18 years, yet adult services often fail to meet the unique needs of “Transitional Aged Youth” (TAY). Given the changing demands of society, traditional milestones and roles associated with becoming an adult have now been pushed into mid-20s. This requires a changing definition of adolescence with expanded services to match this population's needs. Existing TAY programs along with theoretical and clinical recommendations are discussed.
Democracy and state environmental commitment to international environmental treaties

One of the current research endeavors in international environmental politics is understanding the link between democracy and international environmental protection. Scholars in the field seek to identify the international and domestic factors that increase state commitment to international environmental treaties and agreements. Counter to the traditional literature on international environmental commitment, this paper reconceptualizes both traditional and alternative theories in order to identify domestic institutional factors that may increase state cooperation with international environmental agreements. In particular, this study posits that democratic governments in comparison to authoritarian governments increase state compliance with international environmental agreements; however, there may be domestic environmental conditions, such as limited access to clean water that may constrain democracies in participating in international environmental agreements. This study presents a quantitative analysis measuring the effects of democracy on state compliance behaviors with international environmental agreements. The results of the study provide support for an alternative bottom-up theoretical framework focusing on domestic environmental politics in addressing international environmental agreements.
Novel scheme for delaying reverse‐flow reactor runaway

The reverse-flow packed-bed reactor has been proposed for use in the chemical process industries because of its ability to store thermal energy within the bed (Boreskov and Matros, 1983). During periods of high fuel concentration, large thermal spikes may form within the reactor upon flow reversal. If the duration of high fuel concentration is large, thermal runaway may result since the spikes grow in magnitude upon each other. A new scheme is proposed which strategically reduces the flow reversal time with each half-cycle in order to utilize the entire bed to store thermal spike energy. Alternatively, the principle outlined in this paper can be used to reduce the startup time of reverse-flow reactors.
On the computability of agent-based workflows

Workflow research is commonly concerned with optimization, modeling, and dependency. In this research, we however address a more fundamental issue. By modeling humans and machines as agents and making use of a theoretical computer and statecharts, we prove that many workflow problems do not have computer-based solutions. We also demonstrate a sufficient condition under which computers are able to solve these problems. We end by discussing the relationships between our research and Petri Nets, the multi-agent framework in the literature, linear programming and workflow verification.
SU‐FF‐T‐339: Pediatric Sarcoma Radiotherapy: Target Coverage and Normal Tissue Sparing in 66 Patients Treated with External‐Beam Photon Techniques

Purpose: To investigate the variation in target coverage, normal tissuedosimetry, and treatment planning statistics for pediatric sarcoma patients treated with external‐beam radiation therapy(EBRT) and develop a baseline for future comparison of new methods and modalities such as proton and intensity‐modulated arc therapy. Methods: From January 2003 to July 2005, 66 pediatric patients (1.4–21.6 years old, median 11.6) with soft‐tissue and bone sarcomas were prospectively treated on an institutional phase II protocol using EBRT that included forward planned multi‐segment 3‐dimensional conformal (FPMS‐RT) or inverse‐planned intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) with or without low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy. Results: Beam arrangement consisted of 2‐field (11%), multifield coplanar (49%), and noncoplanar (40%). Fields per fraction averaged 7 (2–19) utilizing 6MV (88%) and 6/15MV (12%) photons. MU per fraction averaged 333 (252 for FPMS‐RT and 478 for IMRT). PTV ranged from 35 cm3 to 4657 cm3. Total delivered radiationdoses ranged from 41.4Gy to 70.2Gy (median, 50.4Gy). Beam delivery time for each fraction (including inter‐field beam‐off) averaged 9 minutes (5.2 minutes non‐IMRT, 17 minutes IMRT with a range of 7–45 minutes). Median PTV D95 and V95 were, respectively, 93.4% of the prescribed dose and 94.6% of the target volume for the initial phase and 97.8% and 99.2% for a reduced volume phase. The spinal cord dose exceeded 45 Gy and was limited to 52 Gy ( 95%) for some patients does not appear to result in significant risk of early local recurrence.
The effect of visual angle on global and local reaction times depends on the set of visual angles presented.

It has been shown that there is a transition from a global to a local advantage in reaction time as visual angle increases (Kinchla & Wolfe, 1979), and it has been assumed that this transition reflects lower level (e.g., retinal) processes. In three experiments, we examined whether higher level (e.g., attentional) processes play a role in this transition. In each experiment, subjects received a different stimulus set in each of two blocks of trials. In Experiment 1, stimuli subtending 1.5°, 3°, 4.5°, or 6° of visual angle vertically (small-stimuli set) were randomly presented in one block, while the other block consisted of random presentations of 3°, 6°, 9°, or 12° stimuli (large-stimuli set), The subjects’ task was to identify targets that appeared randomly at either the local or the global level. It was found that the transition from a global to a local reaction-time advantage took place at a larger visual angle for the large-stimuli set than for the small-stimuli set. The same effects of stimulus set were found in Experiment 2, in which the small-stimuli set included 1.5°, 3°, or 6° stimuli while the large-stimuli set included 3°, 6°, or 9° stimuli. In Experiment 3, eye position was monitored to rule out the possibility that subjects adopted different fixation strategies depending on which stimulus set was being presented. The findings suggest that attention plays a major role in determining the relative speed of processing of local-and global-level information.
Coassembly and Complementation of Gag Proteins from HIV-1 and HIV-2, Two Distinct Human Pathogens

Approximately one million people in the world are dually infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2. To identify potential interactions between these two human pathogens, we examined whether HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag proteins can coassemble and functionally complement each other. We generated HIV-1- and HIV-2-based vectors with mutations in Gag; compared with wild-type vectors, these mutants had drastically decreased viral titers. Coexpression of the mutant HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag could generate infectious viruses; furthermore, heterologous complementation in certain combinations showed efficiency similar to homologous complementation. Additionally, we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis to directly demonstrate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag can interact and coassemble. Taken together, our results indicate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag polyproteins can coassemble and functionally complement each other during virus replication; to our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of its kind. These studies have important implications for AIDS treatment and the evolution of primate lentiviruses.
Flight test and simulation results of an integrated dual airborne laser scanner (DALS)/INS navigator

This paper discusses the simulation and flight test results of an integrated dual airborne laser scanner (DALS)/inertial navigation system (INS) navigator onboard Ohio University's DC-3 aircraft over Athens, Ohio. The use of two airborne laser scanners, integrated with an INS form an alternative means of navigation in non-GPS and unknown terrain environments. In these environments the usual integration of GPS and INS will no longer be a viable option. This paper will address both a feed-forward and a feedback coupled method without an available terrain database and show flight test results onboard Ohio University's DC-3.
Bilateral temporofrontal projections in the squirrel monkey: origin, distribution and pathways.

Abstract In the chloralose-anesthetized squirrel monkey, electrical stimulation of the lateral aspect of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) near the lateral sulcus elicited prominent positive-negative responses bilaterally in a wide area of dorsal frontal lobe centered around the arcuate sulcus ( i.e. , in areas 6 and 8). Stimulation at the same voltage of other parts of lateral STG was less effective. Stimulation of primary auditory cortex at the same voltage elicited no frontal response. Stimulation of white matter in STG and anteriorly along the lower part of the extreme and internal capsules (CEx-CE) and dorsal uncinate fasciculus (Un) elicited similar responses; stimulation of other subcortical structures did not. Lesions of this subcortical area (CEx-CE, Un) abolished the frontal responses to STG stimulation bilaterally; lesions elsewhere did not. The contralateral responses were abolished by cutting the genu of the corpus callosum but not by transection of its posterior part, nor by section of the anterior commissure. They persisted after removal of frontal cortex on the stimulated side. It thus appears that the system studied consists of a bundle of small fibers (since conduction velocities were less than 5 m/sec), originating in auditory association cortex (probably area 22) but not in primary auditory cortex, and passing forward in the CE-CEx-Un region en route to the vicinity of the arcuate dimple ipsilaterally, as well as crossing to the same area contralaterally via the genu of the corpus callosum.