cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chinch bug on sorghum: chemical control, economic injury levels, plant resistance

Foliar applications of ethyl parathion, carbaryl, carbofuran, and Penncap M® (0-0-Dimethyl O-P-nitrophenylphosphorothioate) significantly reduced numbers of Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) on sorghum. Granular phorate and carbofuran applied in the soil successfully controlled chinch bugs in laboratory tests but were not to effective in one field test. Thirty adult chinch bugs/plant killed 75–125 mm sorghum plants in 6–7 days and fewer caused death or severe stunting, depending on plant size. More than 1700 chinch bugs/plant at bloom stage significantly reduced sorghum yields. ‘Early Sumac’ was significantly more resistant to chinch bugs than ‘Honey’, ‘Redlan’, or ‘Spanish Broomcorn’, which were almost equally susceptible.
Detection of the presence and location of residual hydrogen in perfluorinated polyalkylether fluids using polarization transfer 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract A series of perfluorinated polyalkylether (PFPE) fluids was analyzed for residual hydrogen bonded to the polymeric backbone and the specific site of this bonded hydrogen in the molecular framework. Residual hydrogen bound to carbon within the predominantly perfluorinated molecular structure has been associated with thermooxidative instability [1] and is therefore of interest as a potential indicator of stability among samples. Application of an 1 H to 13 C polarization-transfer Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique provides spectra which contain peaks arising only for carbon atoms with directly bonded hydrogen. Such simplified spectra enable detection and unambiguous assignment of hydrogen atom binding site(s) using carbon-fluorine scalar couplings, and thereby provide a means of potentially assessing thermooxidative instability due to residual hydrogen. The relative concentration of carbon with attached hydrogen among samples was then estimated from the normalized peak intensities in the proton-decoupled 13 C spectra using the assignments from the polarization- transfer experiment.
An empirical comparison of monitoring algorithms for access anomaly detection

One of the major disadvantages of parallel programming with shared memory is the nondeterministic behavior caused by uncoordinated access to shared variables, known as access anomalies. Monitoring program execution to detect access anomalies is a promising and relatively unexplored approach to this problem. We present a new algorithm, referred to as task recycling, for detecting anomalies, and compare it to an existing algorithm. Empirical results indicate several significant conclusions: (i) While space requirements are bounded by O(T × V), where T is the maximum number of threads that may potentially execute in parallel and V is the number of variable monitored, for typical programs space requirements are on average O(V). (ii) Task recycling is more efficient in terms of space requirements and often in performance. (iii) The general approach of monitoring to detect access anomalies is practical.
The Writing on the Wall: Doctoral Education in Texas and Elsewhere

(2006). The Writing on the Wall: Doctoral Education in Texas and Elsewhere. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 42-48.
A Relaxation Theorem for a Banach-Space Integral-Inclusion with Delays and Shifts

Abstract We consider the following integral-inclusion x(t) = ∫ t a ƒ(t, s, u(s), u(t − d 1 ), ..., u(t − d k )) ds + Q(t) u(t) ∈ F(t, ξ(x)(t)) a.e. in T in Banach space which, in particular, includes a control system defined by partial differential equations with delayed or shifted controls and an ordinary differential inclusion as special cases. We prove a relaxation theorem for this integral-inclusion and discuss some properties of its relaxed solution set which include conditions under which the set of relaxed solution is closed or compact as well as continuous dependence of the set of relaxed solutions on various parameters.
Optical and electro-optical architectures for the compression and encryption of discrete signals and imagery: 3. Optical computation over compressed data

Due to a reduced space requirement, the output of compressive transformations can generally be processed with fewer operations than are required to process uncompressed data. Since 1992, we have published theory that unifies the processing compressed and/or encrypted imagery, and have demonstrated significant computational speedup in the case of compressive processing, In this paper, the third of a series, we extend our previously reported work in optical processor design based on image algebra to include the design of optical processors that compute over compressed data. Parts 1 and 2 describe optical architectures that are designed to produce compressed or encrypted imagery.
Changes in adsorption free energy and speciation during competitive adsorption between monovalent cations at the muscovite (001)-water interface

Abstract The relationships between the adsorption free energy and speciation of monovalent cations (Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + ) at the muscovite (0 0 1)-solution interface were investigated using in situ resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity. The Gibbs free energies of adsorption ( Δ G ads o ) for the cations and the changes in adsorbed Rb + speciation during competitive adsorption were measured by monitoring changes in the coverage of reference-cation Rb + as a function of molar ratio between Rb + and other cations in binary solutions at fixed ionic strengths (0.003 m and 0.03 m ). Larger adsorption free energies ( Δ G ads o = −22.2 ± 0.7, −23.5 ± 0.6, and −21.2 ± 0.8 kJ/mol, respectively) were observed for K + , Rb + , and Cs + , which form mainly inner-sphere (IS) complexes at the interface, compared to those for more strongly hydrated cations Na + and Li + ( Δ G ads o = −16.7 ± 0.6 and −14.3 ± 0.8 kJ/mol, respectively) which form dominantly outer-sphere (OS) complexes. The relative coverage of OS Rb + with respect to IS Rb + increased with increasing adsorbed coverages of the competing cation. This effect depends on the competing ion, with a larger increase in OS:IS ratio observed with Li + or Cs + compared to that with Na + or K + . The change in proportions of OS to IS Rb + is explained by systematic perturbation of the interfacial water structure caused by different hydration free energy and hydration structures of the competing cation. These results illustrate the complexity in the speciation and thermodynamics of cation adsorption in natural aqueous systems, and are discussed in the context of the Hofmeister effect.
Pulmonary valvular and infundibular atresia with intact ventricular septum.

Abstract This case is one of combined infundibular and valvular pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in which virtual absence of the tricuspid valve and a normal sized right ventricle were associated. Of particular interest was the presence of an endothelial-lined blind infundibular chamber. This finding, never previously reported, complicated surgical repair.
Effects of dietary choline on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain

THE administration of choline by injection1 or diet2 increases the concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. Choline also increases the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase3 (TOH) in dopaminergic neurones of the caudate nucleus that receive cholinergic inputs. This response can be blocked by atropine, indicating that it is due to the post-synaptic action of ACh. The post-synaptic alteration of TOH activity suggests that the level of ACh also regulates the concentration of ACh receptors (AChR). To produce large differences in brain ACh, we have studied two groups of rats, one deprived of choline and the other loaded with choline. We found high concentrations of ACh in the brain associated with increased amounts of nicotinic AChR.
Viscosity of turkey blood: rheology of nucleated erythrocytes.

Abstract Viscosity measurements were made on suspensions of turkey erythrocytes in plasma, serum, and Ringer solution at shear rates from 0.01 to 208 sec−1 and with cell percentages varying from 0–85%. Erythrocyte aggregation by plasma proteins was absent in 13 of 16 turkeys studied, but present in three turkeys with elevated fibrinogen and β-globulin concentrations. The deformability of turkey erythrocytes has been demonstrated by comparing the viscosity of Ringer suspensions before and after hardening in aldehyde. At 85% cells, the viscosity of Ringer suspension of turkey erythrocytes is higher than the values obtained in mammalian species, suggesting a lower deformability of the nucleated turkey erythrocytes.
Practical prediction of cyclic humidity effect in creep and shrinkage of concrete

The previously published BP Model for prediction of concrete creep and shrinkage is generalized to cover the increase of creep caused by the cyclic component of environmental relative humidity. A simple formula, which is partly empirical, partly based on the diffusion theory, is proposed and is calibrated by comparisons with test data from the literature.
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OF SLICES AND HOMOGENATES OF LIVER FROM THYROXINE INJECTED RATS.

Abstract The rates of anaerobic lactate and total acid production from glucose by liver slices of normal and thyroxine-injected rats have been determined and compared. The results indicate that observed differences in slice glycolytic response were due to changes in liver glycogen content and not to the thyroid state of the animal. On the other hand, the potential anaerobic glycolytic rate of hyperthyroid livers as measured by the homogenate technique has been shown to be 30% greater than normal when fructose-1,6-diphosphate (HDP) is the substrate, and 60% greater than normal when both HDP and glucose are present as substrates. With glucose alone as substrate, the glycolytic activity of both types of homogenates is less than one-tenth that found when HDP is the sole substrate. The presence of a rate-limiting enzymatic step in the breakdown of glucose, located between the latter and HDP, must therefore be considered when either a normal or hyperthyroid liver homogenate is employed.
Commentary: the rising tide of cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia - author's reply.

Bj€orck and colleagues raise an important point by discussing the potential impact of obesity on gall-bladder structure and/or function, which could contribute to increased cholecystectomy rates. 2 Administrative data banks such as the National In-patient Sample cannot directly address this interesting point. However, several findings argue against obesity as the primary culprit. First, obesity rates in children and adolescents are comparable for boys and girls, while cholecystectomies are preferentially performed in girls and women. Second, time trends in the United States show a relatively stable obesity rate with only minor increases for boys and no significant changes for girls between 1999 and 2010. The data stand in stark contrast to cholecystectomies for biliary dyskinesia, which increased more than sixfold within the same time, again mostly for girls. Third, large epidemiological studies have demonstrated that obesity is a major risk factor for gallstone formation and cholecystectomy in men and women. However, admission rates for acute complications of cholelithiasis decreased between 1997 and 2010, while obesity rates unfortunately did not decline, remaining well above 30% for women and men within the United States. Lastly, if obesity indeed caused clinically relevant gallbladder dysfunction, similar trends should be seen in Sweden where the prevalence of overweight children and adults is admittedly lower than in the United States, but has been climbing within the last decade. Yet, the data presented by Bj€orck and colleagues show a stable and low number of cholecystectomies for presumed functional gall-bladder disorders, thus lending additional support to the conclusion that socio-economic factors play an important role in decisions about gall-bladder surgery.
Linux Bugs: Life Cycle and Resolution Analysis

Efforts to improve application reliability can fade if the reliability of the underlying operating system on which the application resides is not seriously considered. An important first step in improving the reliability of an operating system is to first gain insights into why and how the bugs originate, contributions of the different modules to the bugs, their distribution across severities, the different ways in which the bug may be resolved and the impact of bug severity on the resolution time. To gain this insight we conducted an extensive analysis of the publicly available bug data on the Linux kernel over a period of seven years. Our observations suggest that the Linux kernel may draw significant benefits from the continual reliability improvement efforts of its developers. These efforts, however, are disproportionately targeted towards popular configurations and hardware platforms, due to which the reliability of these configurations may be better than those that are not commonly used. Thus, a key finding of our study is that it may be prudent to restrict to using common configurations and platforms when using open source systems such as Linux in applications with stringent reliability expectations.
Multiple-quantum NMR dynamics in the quasi-one-dimensional distribution of protons in hydroxyapatite

Abstract Multiple-quantum NMR dynamics are reported for the quasi-one-dimensional distribution of uniformly spaced proton spins in hydroxyapatite, Ca 5 (OH)(PO 4 ) 3 , using a phase-incremented even-order selective time-reversal pulse sequence. The initial increase of the effective size N with the preparation time for creation of multiple-quantum coherences is linear, in qualitative (but not quantitative) agreement with calculations based upon an “incremental shell” model recently developed by Levy and Gleason. An upward curvature observed at longer preparation times is qualitatively ascribed to the incomplete isolation of the linear chains. Slight deficiencies of hydroxyl groups in the linear chain lead to a measurable decrease in the slope of the linear portion of the curve.
Papillary Variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising on the Gingiva: 61 Cases Reported from Within a Larger Series of Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (PSCCA) is a rarely occurring variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) with distinctive exophytic and papillary features and a more favorable prognosis than conventional SCCA. The larynx is the most commonly affected site in the head and neck. The oral cavity, oropharynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx are also affected. Within the oral cavity cases have been reported on the alveolar ridge, oral mucosa, floor of the mouth, ventral tongue, and rarely other areas. We identified 61 cases of gingival PSCCA within the parameters of a larger study of 519 cases of gingival SCCA. We evaluated the clinical and histologic features of these lesions. The average age of the PSCCA patient was 74 years, with a very slight male predominance of 1.2:1. The mandible was affected nearly twice as often (64 %, n = 39) as the maxilla (35 %, n = 21, and 1 % of cases unspecified), and the most common location by far was the mandibular posterior region (52 %, n = 32). Most lesions were reportedly present over 2 months in duration (48 %, n = 29) prior to biopsy but a significant amount of clinicians were unsure of the duration of the lesion as well (36 %, n = 22). Only 10 cases (16 %) were reportedly present less than 2 months. The most common clinical presentation was that of an erythematous or mixed white and red exophytic mass (74 %, n = 45). 62 % (n = 38) of submitting clinicians considered a malignant or premalignant lesion in their differential diagnosis, but other clinical impressions included papillomas, reactive gingival lesions, and fungal infections. Histologically, 88 % (n = 52 of 59 cases graded) of the lesions were either well or moderately-well differentiated. PSCCA is a rare subtype of SCCA which has been reported infrequently involving the gingiva or alveolar ridges but should be considered by clinicians for the differential diagnosis of papillary gingival masses.
Physiological model for the pharmacokinetics of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (DDP) in the tumored rat.

A physiological model has been developed to describe the disposition of cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum(II) (DDP) following i.v. dosing in the female rat bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma. The model simulates concentrations of DDP and its mobile and fixed metabolites in plasma, liver, gut, skin, muscle, tumor, carcass, and kidney, and DDP and mobile metabolite excretion following a 4 mg/kg dose. In the kinetic model, DDP binds irreversibly to low MW nucleophiles and macromolecules (largely proteins) within the plasma and tissue compartments to form mobile and fixed metabolites, respectively. Reaction rates for the formation of each metabolite are tissue/organ specific. The rate constant for the biotransformation of DDP to fixed metabolite in plasma (k2P = 0.0082 min-1) was determined from in vitro incubation studies. This rate was used as the basis for estimating the biotransformation rate constants for DDP to fixed and mobile metabolites in other compartments. Both DDP and mobile metabolite are assumed to follow flow-limited transport, to freely traverse compartmental barriers, and to partition equally in all compartments. Both are excreted in the urine, the major route of Pt elimination. Urinary excretion is modeled as a linear process involving filtration only; an assumption based on a calculated renal clearance of 1.1 ml/min, a value very similar to the estimated GFR. Biliary excretion is a minor route of mobile metabolite elimination and is modeled as a linear process occurring in the liver. Four hours after dosing, approximately 60% of the administered Pt remains in the tissues and plasma. Of this, over 75% of the plasma Pt and 90% of the metal ion in every other compartment is fixed (protein bound). Fixed Pt can be eliminated from a compartment only after its biotransformation to mobile metabolite. In most compartments this rate of elimination corresponds closely to the average rate of protein turnover in that compartment.
Structure of DL -Serine Phosphate Monohydrate: an Intermediate Phosphate Bonding System exhibiting Very Short Hydrogen Bonds

SERINE phosphate is one of the most widespread of amino-acid phosphates found in living systems. The phosphoproteins, casein (from milk) and vitellin (from egg yolk), contain large amounts of serine phosphate. The phosphodiester of serine, phosphatidylserine, is an important phospholipid found in cell membranes. Thus serine is probably the only amino-acid found incorporated both in the membrane lipids and membrane proteins. The suggestion has been made that this versatility of serine is a result of its β-hydroxyamine structure, which appears to be a common structural feature of the major phospholipids and spbingolipids1. Furthermore, it has been found that the β-hydroxyamine chain, , assumes a gauche conformation in crystal structures. This structure determination was undertaken as part of a series of studies on the structures of biological phosphates. The results of this work show that DL-serine phosphate is also in the gauche conformation. An outstanding feature of this structure is the presence of two very short hydrogen bonds between symmetry-related phosphate groups.
Nonvolatile Memories as the Data Storage System for Implantable ECG Recorder

In this article, we propose a data storage system with the emerging nonvolatile memory technologies used for the implantable electrocardiography (ECG) recorder. The proposed storage system can record the digitalized real-time ECG waveforms continuously inside the implantable device and export the stored data to external reader periodically to obtain a long-term backup. Spin transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) and spintronic memristor are selected as the storage elements for their nonvolatility, high density, high reliability, low power consumption, good scalability, and CMOS technology compatibility. The new read and write schemes of STT-RAM and spintronic memristors are presented and optimized to fit the specific application scenario. The tradeoffs among data accuracy, chip area, and read/write energy for the different technologies are thoroughly analyzed and compared. Our simulation results show the configuration with a data sampling rate (e.g., 128 Hz) and a quantization resolution (e.g., 12 bits) can record 18-hour real-time data within ~ 3.6-mm2 chip area when the data storage is built with single-level cell (SLC) STT-RAMs. Daily energy consumption is 5.46 mJ. Utilizing the multilevel cell (MLC) STT-RAMs or the spintronic memristors as the storage elements can further reduce the chip area and decrease energy dissipation.
Construction and basic properties of Gaussian measures on Fréchet spaces

We generalize the Gross' method of the construction of a Gaussian probability measure μ in the sense of Bernstein on infinite dimensional Banach spaces to an arbitrary separable Frechet space M. Next we describe basic properties of the constructed measure and discuss analogies between Gaussian measures in Banach and Frechet spaces. We investigate, among other things, the Hilbert space H of admissible shifts for the measure μ and show that the closed unit ball in H is a compact subset of M. Finally, we prove a generalized version of the Brunn-Minkowski inequality for Gaussian measures in Frechet spaces, which is the main tool in the proof of strong limit theorems for sums of Gaussian random elements in Frechet spaces.
The Competencies Needed for Teaching Hearing-Impaired Students: A Comparison of Elementary and Secondary School Teacher Perceptions.

Many hearing-impaired students demonstrate difficulty in academically measuring up to their hearing peers. The deficiencies become especially obvious during their secondary school years. This study surveyed a national sample of elementary and secondary level teachers of the hearing impaired to compare their perceptions of the competencies needed to work with hearing-impaired students. The results suggest that teachers at both levels believe that some skills are fundamental for all teachers of the hearing-impaired, regardless of the age level of the students. However, the data also suggest there are some important differences. Concerns about state certification procedures and current practices in teacher training programs are discussed.
17Beta-estradiol confers a protective effect against transforming growth factor-beta2-induced cataracts in female but not male lenses.

Abstract Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) induces anterior subcapsular cataracts, with a marked increase in cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). It has been shown that 17beta-estradiol (E2) can prevent TGF-β2-induced cataracts in lenses from ovariectomized female rats. The purpose of the current study was to extend this finding by testing whether E2 can prevent TGF-β2-induced cataracts and inhibit the induction of αSMA gene expression in normal male and normal, non-ovariectomized female rats. Sex-specific differences were observed in 17-week-old rat lenses incubated in 0·15 ng ml −1 TGF-β2 and in 10 −8 M E2 plus TGF-β2. TGF-β2 induced approximately twice as many anterior subcapsular plaques and 1·5 times the level of αSMA transcripts in male lenses compared to female lenses. Notably, E2 inhibited plaque formation and the induction of αSMA transcripts in female rat lenses but not in male rat lenses. E2 also inhibited the induction of αSMA in TGF-β2-incubated lenses from ovariectomized female rats. E2 prevented lens opacification and the induction of αSMA gene expression in female, but not male, lenses. This sex-specific difference may have implications for studies on the therapeutic use of estradiol for treatment of secondary cataract.
Voucher-based reinforcement of opiate abstinence during methadone detoxification

Abstract Methadone detoxification is often used in the treatment of opiate dependence. This procedure, however, is frequently associated with continued opiate use, and high rates of attrition and relapse. In this study, a 90-day methadone detoxification was enhanced by adding voucher-based reinforcement of opiate abstinence before, during and after the dose tapering schedule. After 4 weeks of standard methadone maintenance (baseline), subjects were randomized to either the abstinence (n=26), or attendance reinforcement (n=22) condition. During the remaining 22 weeks of the study, the abstinence reinforcement group could receive vouchers with monetary value three times per week for providing opiate-negative urine specimens, while subjects in the attendance reinforcement group received vouchers of equal value for attending the clinic, regardless of urinalysis results. Methadone maintenance continued during weeks 5–10, dose tapering was implemented during weeks 11–23, and during weeks 24–26 the voucher schedule remained in effect but no medication was provided. Fifty percent of clients in both groups completed dose tapering, and 40% completed the vouchers-only phase. Subjects in the abstinence as compared with the attendance reinforcement group had lower rates of opiate use during the maintenance and detoxification phases, and longer periods of opiate abstinence during the detoxification phase. Cocaine use was also lower in the abstinence than the attendance reinforcement group during the maintenance and detoxification phases. In addition, abstinence as compared with attendance reinforcement subjects reported significantly fewer intravenous injections during the detoxification phase. Voucher-based reinforcement procedures could be useful for successfully transitioning patients into opiate antagonist therapy, or drug-free treatments.
The effects of capsaicin on reflux, gastric emptying and dyspepsia

Aims: To evaluate capsaicin’s effects on heartburn, dyspepsia, gastric acidity and emptying, and gastro-oesophageal reflux, and to test the hypothesis that capsaicin induces heartburn and exacerbates symptoms by sensitizing the oesophagus. Methods: Eleven heartburn sufferers underwent two separate pH monitoring sessions and assessments of gastric emptying (13C-octanoic acid breath test), heartburn and dyspepsia (100 mm VAS) after a non-irritant meal. The meal consisted of a sausage biscuit with egg, cheese and 30 g raw onion, 8 oz chocolate milk and a peppermint patty. Thirty minutes prior to meal consumption, subjects were administered a placebo capsule. On visit 1, subjects consumed the meal containing 100 μl 13C-octanoic acid cooked in the egg, over 15 min. On visit 2, subjects consumed the meal plus 5 mg capsaicin in gelatin capsules. Results: Oesophageal and gastric pH profiles and gastric emptying were not different between meals. Capsaicin did not alter mean heartburn and dyspepsia scores (P > 0.05), but significantly decreased time to peak heartburn (120 min vs. 247 min; P 0.05). Conclusion: Capsaicin enhances noxious postprandial heartburn, presumably by direct effects on sensory neurons.
THE INTRACELLULAR POTENTIAL OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM.

A microelectrode technique was used to investigate the potential difference across the epithelial cells of the cornea. This potential was found to be negative and increased as the microelectrode penetrated through the epithelium, the maximum value being obtained at an average depth of 53 μ ± 1 μ. On penetrating the stroma, the potential dropped sharply, but still remained negative. A positive potential was never obtained. Attempts to extend the measurement of the potential to the interior of the stroma were not successful with the present technique. The magnitude of the maximum potential increased with time after enucleation. It increased on cooling and returned to the normal level when warmed. The finding that the potential of the stroma immediately underlying the epithelium is negative with respect to the tear film is in contrast with the measurements obtained by Potts and Modrell (1957) , Donn, Maurice and Mills (1959) , and Friedman and Kupfer (1960) , using other techniques. Probable reasons for these differences are discussed.
Women and the Nobel Prize for peace

The Nobel Prize for Peace has been awarded for over 100 years. While the formal criteria for selection have not changed, there has been an evolution in the kind of choices made. To better understand those choices I have grouped individual winners into five distinct categories. The two largest groups are national leaders working within the international legal system and peace activists. The other three are: opponents capable of exercising force who agree to stop using it; individuals pursuing justice, freedom and/or rights nonviolently as a prelude to peace; and those offering selfless service. Some winners have focused on ending conflict. This kind of peace is sometimes called `negative'. Others have sought a `positive' peace, one based on justice. While at least one woman falls into each of the categories, those which involve the application of law and/or force have only one woman each. Women are primarily peace activists. They won in ten of the seventy-one years that individuals won. Three won in the fi...
Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development

Info the 1870s, Republican Leaders were preoccupied with the danger that a Southern re-entry into the political system might produce an overthrow of their coalition at the polls and a restoration of the Jacksonian coalition to its former dominance. Nor was this a chimera: the success of the Republican revolution in national policy-making had been predicated upon enormous artificial majorities that were produced in a Congress in which the Southern states were not represented. Indeed, the Republican fears were partially realized after 1872. Southern “Redemption” and the persistence of traditional Northern support for the Democrats resulted in a unique period of partisan deadlock which lasted from 1874 until Republican capture of all branches of the federal government in 1896.
Concurrent hyperthermia estimation schemes based on extended Kalman filtering and reduced-order modelling

The success of treating cancerous tissue with heat depends on the temperature elevation, the amount of tissue elevated to that temperature, and the length of time that the tissue temperature is elevated. In clinical situations the temperature of most of the treated tissue volume is unknown, because only a small number of temperature sensors can be inserted into the tissue. A state space model based on a finite difference approximation of the bioheat transfer equation (BHTE) is developed for identification purposes. A full-order extended Kalman filter (EKF) is designed to estimate both the unknown blood perfusion parameters and the temperature at unmeasured locations. Two reduced-order estimators are designed as computationally less intensive alternatives to the full-order EKF. Simulation results show that the success of the estimation scheme depends strongly on the number and location of the temperature sensors. Superior results occur when a temperature sensor exists in each unknown blood perfusion zone, ...
Development of a computer program to teach patent searching

Abstract The increase in the use of patents by both engineers and the general public at the McKinney Engineering Library, University of Texas at Austin, threw a great strain on the library staff in meeting demands for help in accessing the patent files. This prompted development of an extremely user-friendly computer program which would lead inexperienced users towards the answers to their problems. Work began in September 1986 and the project took 1 man-year to complete. Results have been very encouraging and considerable savings in library staff time have been achieved.
Efficient Configurable Decoder Architecture for Nonbinary Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes

Nonbinary LDPC codes are effective in combating burst errors. This paper presents an efficient architecture for implementing nonbinary LDPC decoders. The Galois field power representation is used to organize the a priori, a posteriori, and extrinsic messages involved in decoding. The power representation in conjunction with the barrel shifter and multithreaded pipelining yields an efficient implementation. The proposed decoder is configurable, in the sense that a single decoder can be used to decode any code of a given field size. The decoder supports both regular and irregular nonbinary QC-LDPC codes. Using a practical metric of throughput per unit area, the proposed implementation outperforms the best implementations published in research literature to date.
Switching emergency contraception to over-the-counter status.

Hormonal emergency contraception is safe, effective, and available by prescription in the United States. This article explains why dropping the prescription requirement for emergency contraception would pose no risk to women and would improve public health by preventing unintended pregnancies. The author points out that over-the-counter sale of emergency contraceptive products is appropriate, because women are easily able to determine when and how to use them.
Electrical Contact Resistance at the Carbon Nanotube/Pd and Carbon Nanotube/Al Interfaces in End-Contact by First-Principles Calculations

Reported in this paper is a quantum mechanics study on the electronic structure and contact resistance at the interfaces formed when an open-end single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) is in end-contact with aluminum (Al) and palladium (Pd), respectively. The electronic structures are computed using a density functional theory (DFT), and the transmission coefficient is calculated using a nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) in conjunction with the DFT. The current–voltage relation of the simulating cell is obtained by using the Landauer–Buttiker formula, from which the contact resistance can be determined. Our results show that the electronic structure and electron transport behavior are strongly dependent on the electrode. It is found that the CNT/Pd interface has a weaker bond than the CNT/Al interface. However, the CNT/Pd interface shows a lower electrical contact resistance.
ARF1, a Transcription Factor That Binds to Auxin Response Elements

The plant hormone auxin regulates plant physiology by modulating the interaction of transcription factors with auxin response elements (AuxREs) of the affected genes. A transcription factor, Auxin Response Factor 1 (ARF1), that binds to the sequence TGTCTC in AuxREs was cloned from Arabidopsis by using a yeast one-hybrid system. ARF1 has an amino-terminal DNA-binding domain related to the carboxyl terminus of the maize transactivator Viviparous-1. Sequence requirements for ARF1 binding in vitro are identical to those that confer auxin responsiveness in vivo. The carboxyl terminus of ARF1 contains two motifs found in the Aux/IAA class of proteins and appears to mediate protein-protein interactions.
Spectral dimension of the universe in quantum gravity at a lifshitz point.

We extend the definition of ``spectral dimension'' ${d}_{s}$ (usually defined for fractal and lattice geometries) to theories in spacetimes with anisotropic scaling. We show that in gravity with dynamical critical exponent $z$ in $D+1$ dimensions, the spectral dimension of spacetime is ${d}_{s}=1+\frac{D}{z}$. In the case of gravity in $3+1$ dimensions with $z=3$ in the UV which flows to $z=1$ in the IR, the spectral dimension changes from ${d}_{s}=4$ at large scales to ${d}_{s}=2$ at short distances. Remarkably, this is the behavior found numerically by Ambj\o{}rn et al. in their causal dynamical triangulations approach to quantum gravity.
WITHIN-POND PARAMETERS AFFECTING OVIPOSITION BY WOOD FROGS AND SPOTTED SALAMANDERS

Previous research on habitat associations of pond-breeding amphibians has used community assemblages as response variables because the intensive labor required to quantify population size is usually prohibitive. However, wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) oviposit egg masses that can be surveyed rapidly; thus, we were able to quantify the influence of within-pond parameters on their annual breeding effort. During 2000–2001, we assessed the effects of hydroperiod, within-pond vegetation, canopy closure, hydrologic isolation, fish occurrence, and pond size on egg mass counts of wood frogs and spotted salamanders at 124 ponds in western Rhode Island. Study sites were stratified by road density, which served as an indirect measure of non-breeding habitat quality and quantity. Hydroperiod had a significant influence on annual breeding effort. Egg masses of both species were most abundant in seasonal ponds that dried between 1 August and 30 November. Breeding populations of spotted salamanders were smaller in ponds that dried before the end of July, whereas breeding populations of wood frogs were reduced in ponds that did not dry during our two-year study. Both species usually attached egg masses to shrubs or branches in shallow water near the water surface, which may explain why both species oviposited more egg masses in ponds with substantial vegetation complexity, including extensive coverage by shrubs and persistent non-woody vegetation. Although wood frogs were more likely than spotted salamanders to avoid ovipositing in ponds with fish, egg mass counts of both species were substantially reduced in ponds containing fish. Numbers of egg masses for spotted salamanders and wood frogs were similar between larger ponds and those as small as 0.05 ha and 0.15 ha, respectively. Previously, researchers proposed protecting isolated wetlands > 0.2 ha to sustain populations of pond-breeding amphibians, but our research suggests that wetlands as small as 0.05 ha may provide critical breeding habitat for some species in southern New England.
Effects of Improper Characterization of Aquifer Thickness on Estimates of Hydraulic Conductivity from Pumping Tests

Pumping test data for surficial aquifers are commonly analyzed under the assumption that the base of the aquifer corresponds to the bottom of the test wells (i.e., the aquifer is truncated). This practice can lead to inaccurate hydraulic conductivity estimates, resulting from the use of low saturated thickness values with transmissivity estimates, and not accounting for the effects of partially penetrating wells. Theoretical time-drawdown data were generated at an observation well in a hypothetical unconfined aquifer for various values of saturated thickness and were analyzed by standard curve-matching techniques. The base of the aquifer was assumed to be the bottom of the pumping and observation wells. The overestimation of horizontal hydraulic conductivity was found to be directly proportional to the error in assumed saturated thickness, and to the (actual) ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kv/Kh). Inaccurately high estimates of hydraulic conductivity obtained by aquifer truncation can lead to overestimates of ground water velocity and contaminant plume spreading, narrow capture zone configuration estimates, and overestimates of available ground water resources.
Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains

Drawing on behavioral research, we construct a multi-period model with which to examine the role of trust and other social characteristics in a supply chain. Specifically, we focus on trust building in the context of a salesperson who acts as a representative of a manufacturer and shares demand forecast information with a retailer. The actions of the salesperson affect both her immediate economic gain and her future credibility as determined by retailer's trust. Our analysis reveals that, in such environments, although salespersons of widely varying types (e.g., honest, self-serving, benevolent, loyal) lie some extent about their forecast information, they tend to be trusted in long relationships, provided their forecasting accuracy is higher than that of the retailer. Furthermore, while the presence of a salesperson can improve the profits of both the retailer and manufacturer, there are cost structures under which the manufacturer is better off without a salesperson. Finally, we make the general observation that the appropriate salesperson compensation scheme depends on her social characteristics, and the specific observation that when the salesperson cares for the retailer, the linear compensation scheme commonly suggested in the literature as the optimal compensation scheme for the salesperson is no longer optimal.
Modeling of single junction anisotype dilute nitride multi quantum well solar cell for improvement in efficiency

III-V Dilute Nitride solar cells have recently shown great promise for achieving high efficiency, and the inclusion of multi-quantum wells in a p-i-n system has previously been explored as a viable option. In this work, multi-quantum wells of different elemental compositions (AlAsN, GaAsN, GaSbN) with an anisotype AlGaAs(p)/ GaAs(i)MQW/GaAs(n) provides an increase of extraction below the band-gap, while retaining the immunity to short diffusion lengths. Determination of the compositions and QW structure was followed by optimization in the 5 parameter space of the emitter-base thicknesses and the number of QW's of the three dilute nitrides. The results estimate an increase in overall efficiency to 32.5% of a single junction cell under AM0 1 sun concentration.
Cytochromes and the succinic acid oxidase system of poky strains of Neurospora.

Recent investigations in this laboratory (1) have demonstrated that in Neurospora crassa growth characteristics representing at least two stable states are possible with the same constitution of nuclear genes. If a slow growing strain, designated poky, functions in a cross to wild type as the “maternal” or protoperithecial parent, then all progeny from the cross exhibit the poky character. If the cross is made in the reverse, or reciprocal manner, that is, with the wild type strain functioning as a protoperithecial parent, then all progeny are normal in growth rate. During the course of the work on inheritance it was observed that mycelial pads from poky were characterized by a red color reminiscent of that of the heme pigments. Examinations of suspensions and extracts of the mold with a spectroscope yielded the information that poky mycelium contains large quantities of a substance having the absorption spectrum characteristic of cytochrome c, whereas the bands corresponding to cytochromes a and b were not visible. All three of these components were detected easily in the wild type strain. The experimental results presented here provide more precise information on the similarities and differences between these two strains with respect to the cytochrome and the succinic acid oxidase systems. Preliminary observations suggested that poliy in Neurospora is analogous to petite in yeast (2) in which abnormalities in the succinic acid oxidase system have been reported, but this analogy is shown here to be only a partial one.
Hospital Readmission and Morbidity Following Early Newborn Discharge

To examine causes of newborn hospital readmission and morbidity related to early nursery discharge, we reviewed the charts of 664 newborns readmitted from home under the age of 15 days, between 1993 and 1995. Early discharge (ED) was defined as nursery length of stay of 20 mg/dL (340 mumol/L), or dehydration following poor breastfeeding since birth. Seventeen percent of all readmitted infants had ED-related morbidity; 9% had major morbidity. Onset of symptoms prior to the age of 3 days occurred in 43% of ductal-dependent cardiac lesions, intestinal obstruction, seizures, and major infections. Morbidity was less pronounced in infants who were followed up within 2 days following ED. Specific findings related to subsequent morbidity were identified in the perinatal history of infants who were readmitted with major infections and with hyperbilirubinemia. Our findings suggest that: (1) close to half of the cases with acute-onset major morbidity can be identified within 3 days of birth, and (2) attention to the perinatal history and timely follow-up will contribute to a reduction in both morbidity and complications.
Treatment Manual for Anorexia Nervosa (2nd ed.)

Lock and le Grange's Treatment Manual for Anorexia Nervosa is the second edition of a treatment manual initially published in 2002 that introduced an empirically supported family-based approach to ...
THE BLACKER THE BERRY Gender, Skin Tone, Self-Esteem, and Self-Efficacy

Using data from the National Survey of Black Americans, this study examines the way in which gender socially constructs the importance of skin tone for evaluations of self-worth and self-competence. Skin tone has negative effects on both self-esteem and self-efficacy but operates in different domains of the self for men and for women. Skin color is an important predictor of self-esteem for Black women but not Black men. And color predicts self-efficacy for Black men but not Black women. This pattern conforms to traditional gendered expectations of masculinity and femininity. Moreover, there are conditions of success that allow women to escape the effects of colorism. The impact of skin tone on self-esteem was much weaker for women from higher social class. Those who had lower self-esteem scores were dark-skinned women from working classes and dark-skinned women who were judged unattractive.
Densest Packing of Equal Spheres in Hyperbolic Space

Abstract. We propose a method to analyze the density of packings of spheres of fixed radius in the hyperbolic space of any dimension m≥ 2 , and prove that for all but countably many radii, optimally dense packings must have low symmetry.
Schistosoma mansoni: genetic non‐response to p40, the major protein antigen of the egg, reveals a novel mechanism enhancing IgM production during infection

Summary p40 is the major protein antigen in eggs and miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni. Immunization with recombinant p40 produced in bacteria and with p40 from miracidia reveals a conventional immune response gene effect in which H-2b mice fail to produce antibody against p40. This is true when either denatured recombinant p40 and non-denatured miracidial p40 are used as immunogens. In contrast, during infection all strains of mice produce antibodies to p40. However, non-responder H-2b mice produce only IgM to p40 and never any IgG. Thus, H-2b mice appear to be producing specific IgM to p40 in the absence of MHC-restricted T-cell help. The mechanism revealed in these non-responder mice might play an important role in stimulating the production of IgM ‘blocking’ antibodies to antigens from schistosomula which cross-react with egg antigens.
Magnetic iron oxide–fluorescent carbon dots integrated nanoparticles for dual-modal imaging, near-infrared light-responsive drug carrier and photothermal therapy

Multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles (NPs, ∼100 nm) that combine magnetic Fe3O4 nanocrystals and fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) in porous carbon (C) were successfully synthesized using a one-pot solvothermal method by simply increasing the H2O2 concentration. The resultant Fe3O4@C-CDs hybrid NPs not only demonstrate excellent magnetic responsive properties (Ms = 32.5 emu g−1) and magnetic resonance imaging ability (r*2 = 674.4 mM−1 s−1) from the Fe3O4 nanocrystal core, but also exhibit intriguing photoluminescent (quantum yield ∼6.8%) properties including upconversion fluorescence and excellent photostability from the CDs produced in the porous carbon. The hybrid NPs can enter the intracellular region and illuminate mouse melanoma B16F10 cells under different excitation wavelengths. Meanwhile, the mesoporous carbon shell and hydrophilic surface functional groups endow the hybrid NPs with high loading capacity (835 mg g−1) for the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin and excellent stability in aqueous solutions. More importantly, the hybrid NPs can absorb and convert near-infrared (NIR) light to heat due to the existence of CDs, and thus, can realise NIR-controlled drug release and combined photothermo/chemotherapy for high therapeutic efficacy. Such nanostructured Fe3O4@C-CDs hybrid NPs demonstrate great promise towards advanced nanoplatforms for simultaneous imaging diagnostics and high efficacy therapy.