cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROTEOLYTIC CONTROL OF COLLAGEN BREAKDOWN

Abstract: Collagenase has been implicated in the metabolic breakdown of collagen in normal turnover and in many disease states. The involuting rat uterus has been studied because of its extremely rapid breakdown of collagen and its high activity of collagenase. Collagen breakdown in the uterus is inhibited by treatment with 100 μg estradiol or 100 mg progesterone per day. This inhibition is paralleled by a corresponding reduction in collagenase activity. A second form of control is demonstrated by the finding of a zymogen form of collagenase. This form, having a molecular weight of roughly 76,000, is converted to an active form (MW 58,000) by trypsin or by a trypsin-like protease found in the uterus. The trypsin-like protease is inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, DFP, Trasylol, and leupeptin; but not by TLCK, ovomucoid or EACA. Hormone treatments reduce the total level of zymogen plus active collagenase in the uterus.
Temporal Geo-Social Personalized Search Over Streaming Data

The unprecedented rise of social media platforms, combined with location-aware technologies, has led to continuously producing a significant amount of geo-social data that flows as a user-generated data stream. This data has been exploited in several important use cases in various application domains. This paper supports geo-social personalized queries in streaming data environments that have not been addressed in the existing literature. We define two temporal geo-social queries that provide users with real-time personalized answers based on their social graph. Then, we propose an indexing framework that provides lightweight and effective real-time indexing to digest geo-social data in real time. The framework distinguishes highly-dynamic data from relatively-stable data and uses appropriate data structures and storage tier for each. Based on this framework, we propose a novel geo-social index and adopt two baseline indexes to support the addressed queries. The query processor then employs different types of pruning to efficiently access the index content and provide real-time query response. The extensive experimental evaluation based on real datasets has shown the superiority of our proposed techniques to index real-time data and provide low-latency queries compared to existing competitors.
Antidialectics: Vodou and The Haitian Revolution inOpposition to The African AmericanCivil Rights Movement

The dialectical integration of black Americans into the Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism of the West via slavery, the African American civil rights movement, and globalization marks the end of black American history as a distinct African worldview manifesting itself onto the world.
The economic impact of changing the environment for innovation in Argentina—Applying the lessons of Asia to Latin America

This article discusses the potential impact of reforming Argentina's innovation policy on innovative and economic activity, drawing from evidence of case study markets. We review existing evidence on the relationship between changes in innovation policy and innovative activities to develop an analytical framework. Using the framework, we compare innovative activity in Argentina to other Latin American markets and case-study markets in Asia that have experimented with innovation policy. Drawing on a statistical analysis of the impact of these policies on innovative and economic activity in the case-study markets, we develop a scenario-based model on the potential innovative growth in Argentina, focusing on the pharmaceutical industry. These results are particularly relevant for Argentina, as a market with a strong resource base to undertake innovation, but which has underperformed in terms of innovative activity. Strengthening the policy environment could unlock Argentina's potential and support a step change in innovative activity and the transition to a more knowledge-intensive pharmaceutical industry. This could be achieved by strengthening intellectual property rights relevant to the pharmaceutical and biotech industry and by providing regulatory data protection.
Risk of preventable injuries associated with Halloween.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the potential health risks associated with Halloween festivities. Study design This was a retrospective, population health study using insurance claims data between 2003-2014 representing more than 150 million unique Americans. Methods We analyzed the entire spectrum of external cause of injuries and quantified the relative risk associated with Halloween celebrations by comparing the observed diagnosis rate during Halloween week with its statistical expectation. We further used the closest federal holiday in October, Columbus Day, as a comparison to further corroborate the effects of Halloween. Results Our results indicate that no significant difference in relative risk for most conditions, like vehicle accidents, accidental poisoning and drowning, and adverse drug effects, during the Halloween season, when compared to the statistical expectation. However, we noticed a significant increase in the relative risk of accidental fall, self-inflicted injury, and injury inflicted by others, notably among young males. Conclusion Halloween is an exciting time of year for kids, families, and the entire community. A more vigilant approach toward celebration, including attempts to prevent fights and brawls, would help everyone have a safe and harmonious Halloween.
Urban Flood Mapping With Bitemporal Multispectral Imagery Via a Self-Supervised Learning Framework

Near realtime flood mapping in densely populated urban areas is critical for emergency response. The strong heterogeneity of urban areas poses a big challenge for accurate near realtime flood mapping. However, previous studies on automatic methods for urban flood mapping perform infeasible in near realtime or fail to generalize well to other floods, for several reasons. First, multitemporal pixel-wise flood mapping requires accurate image registration, hindering the efficiency of large-scale processing. Although automatic image registration has been investigated, precisely coregistered multitemporal image sequence requires time-consuming fine tuning. Additionally, the floods may lead to the loss of many corresponding image points across multitemporal images for accurate coregistration. Second, existing unsupervised methods generally rely on hand-crafted features for floodwater detection. Such features may not well represent the patterns of floodwaters in different areas due to inconsistent weather conditions, illumination, and floodwater spectra. This article proposes a self-supervised learning framework for patch-wise urban flood mapping using bitemporal multispectral satellite imagery. Patch-wise change vector analysis is used with patch features learned through a self-supervised autoencoder to produce patch-wise change maps showing potentially flood-affected areas. Postprocessing including spectral and spatial filtering is applied to these patch-wise change maps to remove nonflood related changes. Final flood maps and parameter sensitivities were evaluated using several performance metrics. Two flood events from areas with differing degrees of urbanization were considered: Hurricane Harvey flood (2017) in Houston, Texas, and Hurricane Florence flood (2018) in Lumberton, North Carolina. The proposed method shows strong performance for self-supervised urban flood mapping.
The impact of expanded bank powers on loan portfolio decisions

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of the integration of traditional and nontraditional banking activities on loan portfolio management at the consolidated level. The increased risk exposure to nontraditional banking assets, e.g., trading and merchant banking assets, has a nontrivial impact on traditional loan portfolios and, in particular, on the supply of short-term credits. The findings show that confronted with the market-wide shock of the financial crisis, commercial-focused banks which hold larger amounts of risky nontraditional banking assets gravitate their loan portfolios away from business and consumer loan sectors. The results from a quasi-natural experiment reveal that in response to an exogenous regulatory shock of FAS No. 166 and 167, which required banks to transfer off-balance sheet securitized loans onto bank balance sheets, securitizer banks tend to reduce business credits substantially more due to their pre-existing exposures to nontraditional assets.
Setting the Stage for a Chino Basin Management Program: Changes in Water Use, and the Third Santa Ana River Litigation, 1960–1969

Through the 1960s urbanization advanced rapidly throughout the region, which increased water demands but also paved over land surfaces and storm water channels that had previously allowed precipitation and runoff to percolate into the groundwater basin. Imported water became an important element of water supplies within Chino Basin, but overdrafting of groundwater supplies continued as established agricultural enterprises and expanding municipal and industrial users competed for the limited supply. Another lawsuit from Orange County – the third in four decades – produced new arrangements governing water outflow from the upper area of the Santa Ana River watershed (including Chino Basin) to the lower area (Orange County). The resulting Santa Ana River Judgment in 1969 layered another set of institutions on the landscape and also spurred the initiation of a concerted effort to develop groundwater governance and management arrangements in Chino Basin.
Intensity uniformity optimization in spatial-light-modulator-based multifocal microscope

Multifocal microscopes (MFMs) are becoming increasingly popular in fluorescence microscopy due to their high speed three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities. Conventional MFMs use a fixed fabricated grating as the multifocal grating but these are limited to a restricted wavelength range and a fixed object-plane separation. Spatial light modulators (SLMs) represent an alternative to fabricated gratings due to their real-time programmability, providing complete control over emission wavelength range and object plane separations. However, algorithms commonly used to obtain multifocal grating patterns which provide uniform intensity across the subimages are not directly applicable to SLM-based MFMs due to inherent pixel-to-pixel crosstalk effects present in the SLM chip. We recently developed an in-situ iterative algorithm which generates grating patterns that provide near-uniform illumination of the subimages in SLM-based MFMs. This algorithm is universal across wavelengths, object-plane separations, and SLM manufacturers. As part of our efforts to develop an SLM-based MFM that can respond rapidly to changing experimental parameters, we implement a gradient descent-based optimization method. We evaluate its performance in comparison with a grid search based routine. Experimental results obtained on a custom-made SLM-based MFM indicate that the grid-search optimized grating patterns provide superior subimage intensity uniformity versus the gradient-descent method. These experiments also provide an insight into the energy landscape involved in these optimizations. This study increases the utility of SLM-based MFMs in high-speed imaging.
The Single-Subject Rule: Uncertain Solution for Omnibus Legislation

The requirement found in many constitutions of the states of the United States that a legislative bill must be limited to a single subject has been proposed as a means of preventing legislatures from passing omnibus laws. This chapter reviews the experience of American state courts in enforcing single-subject requirements. Courts have had difficulty defining and applying the concept of “subject” or the allied idea of germaneness. Proposals to apply the rule to logrolls or riders have, similarly, had difficulty in determining whether a provision is a logroll or rider or simply the product of legitimate legislative compromise. Single-subject rule cases have been marked largely by a mix of judicial deference and intermittent, sometimes inconsistent, enforcement. In short, the American states’ experience has been that the single-subject rule does not provide an effective, judicially-enforceable tool against omnibus legislation.
A Bayesian Multivariate Mixture Model for Spatial Transcriptomics Data

Abstract High throughput spatial transcriptomics (HST) is a rapidly emerging class of experimental technologies that allow for profiling gene expression in tissue samples at or near single-cell resolution while retaining the spatial location of each sequencing unit within the tissue sample. Through analyzing HST data, we seek to identify sub-populations within a tissue sample that reflect distinct cell types or states. Existing methods either ignore the spatial heterogeneity in gene expression profiles, fail to account for important statistical features such as skewness, or are heuristic network-based clustering methods that lack the inferential benefits of statistical modeling. To address this gap, we develop SPRUCE: a Bayesian spatial multivariate finite mixture model based on multivariate skew-normal distributions, which is capable of identifying distinct cellular sub-populations in HST data. We further implement a novel combination of Polya–Gamma data augmentation and spatial random effects to infer spatially correlated mixture component membership probabilities without relying on approximate inference techniques. Via a simulation study, we demonstrate the detrimental inferential effects of ignoring skewness or spatial correlation in HST data. Using publicly available human brain HST data, SPRUCE outperforms existing methods in recovering expertly annotated brain layers. Finally, our application of SPRUCE to human breast cancer HST data indicates that SPRUCE can distinguish distinct cell populations within the tumor microenvironment.
Distinguishing ambivalence from indifference: A study of attitudes toward land trusts among members and nonmembers

Private, not-for-profit land trusts have become major players in U.S. conservation efforts in the last 50 years. During this period membership in land trust organizations has grown. Despite the expansion of land trusts and land trust membership, little is known about public attitudes and beliefs about these organizations. To address this gap, we fielded a mail survey to members of a regional land trust in Indiana and a sample of nonmembers that reside in the areas served by that organization. In addition to examining differences in land trust members and nonmembers in terms of their demographic characteristics, recreation habits, awareness and use of land trust properties; we examined land trust beliefs and attitudes. Drawing from recent developments in attitude theory, the study employed a two-dimensional/bivariate model that allowed us to assess attitudes and distinguish between two forms of neutral attitudes toward land trusts – ambivalence (equal positive and negative feelings) and indifference (lack of any feelings). The study results indicated that, on average, land trust members were slightly older, better educated, and had lived in the area for shorter period of time than nonmembers. Members were also more likely to engage in non-consumptive outdoor activities like hiking and bird watching, while nonmembers were more likely to fish and hunt. Members also tended to have more positive attitudes toward land trusts and were more likely to express positive associations with land trusts. Nonmember attitudes demonstrated greater variability; specifically compared to members, nonmembers were more like to hold indifferent, ambivalent, or negative attitudes toward land trusts. Additional analysis comparing these three non-member groups provided insight into differences in their behaviors, knowledge, and underlying beliefs. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for organizational policy and outreach efforts.
Alpha-phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone as antioxidant for low density lipoproteins.

Publisher Summary The initiation of atherosclerosis is related to free radical reactions, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins (LDL). Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is chemotactic for monocytes; it may recruit monocytes into the subendothelial space. Ox-LDL is cytotoxic, which may explain the endothelial damage occurring during atherogenesis. A prominent feature of atherosclerotic lesions is the cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cell. During the progression of atherosclerosis, circulating monocytes adhere to the endothelium, penetrate the vessel wall, differentiate into macrophages, and become cholesterol-loaded foam cells. This chapter describes the spin-trapping agent α-phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) that offers protection by trapping free radicals during ischemia-reperfusion-mediated injury to the heart and brain of experimental animals. Thus, it has been of considerable interest to establish whether it also exhibits antioxidant activity toward LDL by scavenging free radicals. Using an enzymatic system for LDL oxidation, the possible capacity of PBN is investigated to inhibit the oxidation of LDL. The chapter also describes the analyses of molecular species of neutral lipids
Laser/Light Application in Ophthalmology: Control of Intraocular Pressure

The term “glaucoma” refers to a group of disorders that share common phenotypes. There are over 20 different subtypes of glaucoma. The glaucomas are defined by a characteristic loss of retinal ganglion cell axons leading to a progressive optic neuropathy that is related to intraocular pressure (IOP). If untreated, glaucoma can cause visual disability and even blindness. Although elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is no longer formally part of the definition, it is recognized as the major risk factor for progression of the disease.
CREB DNA binding activity is inhibited by glycogen synthase kinase-3β and facilitated by lithium

The regulatory influences of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3 beta) and lithium on the activity of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) were examined in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Activation of Akt (protein kinase B) with serum-increased phospho-serine-9-GSK3 beta (the inactive form of the enzyme), inhibited GSK3 beta activity, and increased CREB DNA binding activity. Inhibition of GSK3 beta by another paradigm, treatment with the selective inhibitor lithium, also increased CREB DNA binding activity. The inhibitory regulation of CREB DNA binding activity by GSK3 beta also was evident in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, indicating that this regulatory interaction is maintained in non-proliferating cells. These results demonstrate that inhibition of GSK3 beta by serine-9 phosphorylation or directly by lithium increases CREB activation. Conversely, overexpression of active GSK3 beta to 3.5-fold the normal levels completely blocked increases in CREB DNA binding activity induced by epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, forskolin, and cyclic AMP. The inhibitory effects due to overexpressed GSK3 beta were reversed by treatment with lithium and with another GSK 3beta inhibitor, sodium valproate. Overall, these results demonstrate that GSK3 beta inhibits, and lithium enhances, CREB activation.
Domain specificity in face perception

Is face perception carried out by modules specialized only for processing faces? Or are faces perceived by domain-general mechanisms that can also operate on non-face stimuli? Considerable evidence supports the domain-specific view.
Electron spin resonance of Gd x La 1-x Pd 3 intermetallic compounds

We have extended our ESR study of Gd in the intermetallic compound Gd/sub x/La/sub 1-x/Pd/sub 3/ to samples annealed at 940 /sup 0/C and cooled rapidly to room temperature. We have measured the ESR linewidths and g shifts as a function of temperature and concentration of Gd. They were found to exhibit Korringa-like thermal broadening between 6 and 40 /sup 0/K. We have deduced the average value of J/sub eff/ for the effective-exchange integral to be 0.24 +- 0.03 eV. We have calculated also the magnitudes of the conduction-electron relaxation rates to the lattice, (i) due to the undisturbed host lattice, (ii) by spin-flip scattering due to the magnetic impurity Gd, and (iii) by spin-flip scattering due to the nonmagnetic impurity Th.
Structural dynamics of piping with stable cracks: Some simple models

Abstract The effects of cracks on structural response are illustrated through simple analytical models for cracked elastic and rigid-perfectly plastic beams. Such models can capture-essential mechanical phenomena and enable generic problems to be studied in order to identify worst-case scenarios. Stable cracks are shown to alter not only the magnitude of response but also the modes of plastic deformation. The effects of boundary conditions, as well as crack location and size, are shown to be amenable to study via simple models.
Flat Spacetime Gravitation with a Preferred Foliation

Paralleling the formal derivation of general relativity as a flat spacetime theory, we introduce in addition a preferred temporal foliation. The physical interpretation of the formalism is considered in the context of 5-dimensional “parametrized” and 4-dimensional preferred frame contexts. In the former case, we suggest that our earlier proposal of unconcatenated parametrized physics requires that the dependence on τ be rather slow. In the 4-dimensional case, we consider and tentatively reject several areas of physics that might require a preferred foliation, but find a need for one in the process (“flowing”) theory of time. We then suggest why such a foliation might reasonably be unobservable.
Experiments in Automated Deduction with Condensed Detachment

This paper contains the results of experiments with several search strategies on 112 problems involving condensed detachment. The problems are taken from nine different logic calculi: three versions of the two-valued sentential calculus, the many-valued sentential calculus, the implicational calculus, the equivalential calculus, the R calculus, the left group calculus, and the right group calculus. Each problem was given to the theorem prover Otter and was run with at least three strategies: (1) a basic strategy, (2) a strategy with a more refined method for selecting clauses on which to focus, and (3) a strategy that uses the refined selection mechanism and deletes deduced formulas according to some simple rules. Two new features of Otter are also presented: the refined method for selecting the next formula on which to focus, and a method for controlling memory usage.
SymSim: symbolic fault simulation of data-flow data-path designs at the Register-Transfer level

This paper presents a technique and tool (SymSim) for symbolic fault-simulation of data-paths specified at the Register-Transfer Level (RTL) constrained by specific control sequences. SymSim achieves this using a symbolic value system suitable for RTL simulation. It also computes and maintains input dependency information at each node in the design using a novel artifact called Dependency Set which at any time-frame contains all primary input symbols that effect the current value on that node. Symbolic fault-simulation can be used along with a symbolic test-generator to detect multiple faults with a single test to reduce test length and and generation time.
Study on the Characteristic Stress-Life Curve of Different Materials and Failure Modes

The effective flaw model is developed to describe the S-N curves of different materials and failure modes. By introducing the concepts of the “equivalent static loading” and the “equivalent number of cycles,” a new data fitting technique suggested by the present paper has some physical meaning. Using the simplified form of the present characterization, only a few tests are required to describe the sketch of unknown material S-N curve under the fatigue loading.
Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist

This study sought to examine the usefulness, reliability, and validity of the Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (Teri et al., 1992). Analyses included data from 952 patients. Cron-bach...
The role of short-limb Roux-en-Y reconstruction for failed antireflux surgery: a single-center 5-year experience

Revisionary fundoplication is the mainstay of treatment for failed previous fundoplication, but is not always feasible. We report our experience with use of short-limb Roux-en-Y (RNY) reconstruction for failed antireflux procedures. Prospectively collected data were retrospectively analyzed for morbidity, mortality, pre- and postprocedure symptom scores (scale 0–3), body mass index (BMI), and patient satisfaction (scale 1–10). Seventy-two patients with 1–4 (median 1) previous antireflux procedures underwent RNY reconstruction, either to gastric pouch (n = 64) or to the esophagus (n = 8). There were 37 laparoscopic, 24 open abdominal, and two combined thoracic–abdominal procedures. Nine additional patients underwent conversion from laparoscopy to open surgery. Mean follow-up of 20.7 months (±12.9 months) was available in 63 (88%) patients. The overall median scores for heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, and nausea were 0 or 1. There were 72 major and minor complications noted that affected 33 (46%) patients, with no in-hospital or 30-day mortality observed. The most common complications were anastomotic strictures, bowel obstructions, respiratory complications, and dumping. Mean postoperative BMI was 24.6 (±4.4) kg/m2 compared with preoperative BMI of 31.4 (±6.1) kg/m2. Mean reported satisfaction score was 8.2 (±2.1), and 89% of the patients would recommend the procedure to a friend. Pre- and postoperative symptoms could be compared in 57 patients, and significant decrease in median symptom scores for heartburn (2–0, P < 0.05), regurgitation (1–0, P < 0.05), and dysphagia (2–0, P < 0.05) was confirmed. There was an increase in reported nausea (0–1, P < 0.05). Short-limb RNY reconstruction is an effective remedial procedure for a subset of patients with failed antireflux surgery, but morbidity is significant.
On the relationship between ink-jet printing quality of pigment ink and the spreading behavior of ink drops

In this research, we studied the relationship between ink-jet printing quality of lines and the spreading behavior of millimeter-sized ink drops on different types of untreated fabrics. We observed that printing quality depends, to a significant extent, on the spreading behavior of ink, which in turn is influenced by the nature of capillaries present in the yarns. In addition to nature of capillaries, the wettability and bulk structure of the fabric were found to influence drop spreading. Very good correlation was observed between excess line widths of the printed lines and the normalized spreading distance, d/φ∗ (where d is the drop spreading distance, and φ∗ is the effective porosity of the fabric). Correlation studies showed that the spreading behavior of millimeter-sized drops can be effectively used to predict the excess line width on transverse threads, which is mainly responsible for poor ink-jet printing quality.
Estimating the Anthropometry of International Populations Using the Scaling Ratio Method

Appropriate anthropometric data is a critical ingredient to good ergonomic design. For many populations, the available anthropometric data is severely limited; often just weight and stature is available. This study measured twenty key dimensions of the Colombian population to establish preliminary anthropometric measures in anticipation of a wider study, and evaluated the ability of the Scaling Ratio method to predict these data from anthropometric data of other populations. Results suggested that prediction errors are generally small when the reference population is similar in age, size, and ethnicity to the target population. However, the errors of some dimensions will be sufficiently large to prescribe that caution must be exercised in the use of any estimated data. The Colombian data was also compared to the U.S. civilian data which is currently used to design Colombian products (when anthropometric criteria are used at all). In terms of stature, when designing for ninety percent of the US population,...
Sample size calculations for crossover thorough QT studies: satisfaction of regulatory threshold and assay sensitivity.

The cost for conducting a “thorough QT/QTc study” is substantial and an unsuccessful outcome of the study can be detrimental to the safety profile of the drug, so sample size calculations play a very important role in ensuring adequate power for a thorough QT study. Current literature offers some help in designing such studies, but these methods have limitations and mostly apply only in the context of linear mixed models with compound symmetry covariance structure. It is not evident that such models can satisfactorily be employed to represent all kinds of QTc data, and the existing literature inadequately addresses whether there is a change in sample size and power for more general covariance structures for the linear mixed models. We assess the use of some of the existing methods to design a thorough QT study through data arising from a GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)-conducted thorough QT study, and explore newer models for sample size calculation. We also provide a new method to calculate the sample size require...
Epitaxial GaAs Kinetic Studies: {001} Orientation

Gallium arsenide deposition rate studies were conducted with an open tube, chloride transport system which permitted independent control of the reactant input partial pressures. A recording microbalance was adapted to the deposition apparatus so that the epitaxial growth rates could be continuously measured during the actual deposition process. At low temperatures and high reactant partial pressures the process appears to be kinetically controlled. The rate then becomes inversely proportional to the gallium monochloride partial pressure and may indicate the presence of a competitive adsorption process. At high temperatures and low partial pressures the rates may be described in terms of a "quasi‐equilibrium" model where a fraction of the incoming gas stream equilibrates with the condensed phase.
Erosion Study of Poly(ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) (Tefzel) by Hyperthermal Atomic Oxygen

In this study the erosion of poly(ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) (Tefzel) by hyperthermal atomic oxygen (AO) has been examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Initially, the Tefzel film had F/C and O/C atom ratios of 0.74 and 0.04, which decrease to 0.17 and 0.01, respectively, after a 2 h exposure to a flux of 2 × 10 15 atoms/(cm 2 s) AO with an average kinetic energy of 5 eV. The F/C atom ratio is further reduced to 0.02 with longer AO exposures, essentially producing a graphitic or amorphous carbon-like layer with a carbon content greater than 90 at. %. Longer AO exposures do not alter the composition of this layer significantly. Exposure of the AO-damaged surface to O 2 or air nearly doubles the oxygen content in the near-surface region. This is due to dissociative oxygen adsorption at reactive sites formed at the polymer surface during AO exposure. Further exposure to AO removes this chemisorbed oxygen. C-H bonds are important sites for attack during erosion by hyperthermal AO.
U.S. consumer attitudes and home-heating conservation behavior: A multiattribute longitudinal model

Abstract The study reports a longitudinal analysis of residential energy conservation by residents in a medium size U.S. metropolitan community. Mail panel surveys were conducted during winter months of 1979, 1980, and 1981. The results are presented in the form of a multivariate causal model with cross-lagged correlations over time. Perceptual, attitudinal, and behavioral variables were found to be the major causal factors with certain other variables having secondary effects. Demographic variables were not significant in explaining actual conservation. The model presented is a rotational, parsimonious model which suggests several avenues for public policy including indications of potentially effective conservation messages, audience segmentation and time required for such interventionist strategies to show results.
Anticoccidial drugs and their effects upon the development of immunity to Eimeria infections in poultry

The long-held view that anticoccidial drugs, to a greater or lesser extent, interfere with the development of immunity to Eimeria species may no longer be correct because few drugs, if any, are capable of preventing some degree of parasite multiplication. Acquisition of immunity is, therefore, a real possibility, providing sufficient parasites are present in the environment. Immunity is an important consideration during the rearing of replacement layers, broiler breeders, turkeys, and gamebirds, but little research has been carried out on the effects of drugs on immunity development in these categories of stock. In recent years, there has been a change in the perception of the significance of immunity in broilers, and some broiler producers have taken this into consideration when designing drug programs for use in the field. Studies in floor pens and the field indicate that broilers given various drug programs can develop immunity when exposed to natural infections but that this process takes time: solid immunity not developing until birds are 6 to 7 weeks of age. This suggests that drugs should not be withdrawn from the feed prematurely since birds may not have had time to develop adequate immunity.
A technique to shift an eigenvalue of a complex matrix to accelerate convergence of the power and inverse power method

Abstract A technique is presented to shift an eigenvalue of a complex matrix. It can be used in the power and inverse power method to accelerate convergence to a single eigenvalue or to eliminate an eigenvalue degeneracy. Error bounds are presented that indicate how the remaining eigenvalues are perturbed with each shift.
Cryptographic primitives for building secure and privacy respecting protocols

Using the Internet and other electronic media for our daily tasks has become common. Thereby a lot of sensitive information is exchanged, processed, and stored at many different laces. Once released, controlling the dispersal of this information is virtually impossible. Worse, the press reports daily on incidents where sensitive information has been lost, stolen, or misused - often involving large and reputable organizations. Privacy-enhancing technologies can help to minimize the amount of information that needs to be revealed in transactions, on the one hand, and to limit the dispersal, on the other hand. Many of these technologies build on common cryptographic primitives that allow for data to be authenticated and encrypted in such a way that it is possible to efficiently prove possession and/or properties of data revealing the data or side-information about it. Proving such statements is of course possible for any signature and encryption scheme. However, if the result is to be practical, special cryptographic primitives and proof protocols are needed.In this talk we will first consider a few example scenarios and motivate the need for such cryptograph building block before we then present and discuss these. We start with efficient discrete logarithms based proof protocols often referred to as generalized Schnorr proofs. They allow one to prove knowledge of different discrete logarithms (exponents) and relations among them. Now, to be able to prove possession of a (valid) signature and a message with generalized Schnorr proofs, it is necessary that the signature and the message signed are exponents and that no hash-function is used in the signature verification. Similarly, for encryption schemes, the plain text needs to be an exponent. We will present and discuss a number of such signature and encryption schemes.To show the power of these building blocks, we will consider a couple of example protocols such as anonymous access control and anonymous polling. We then conclude with a discussion on security definition and proofs. We hope that the presented building blocks will enable many new privacy-preserving protocols and and applications in the future.
The Case of the Missing Hegemon: British Nonintervention in the American Civil War

Balance of power theories have come roaring back into prominence in recent years as international relations theory grapples with new developments, including offshore balancing and soft balancing. R...
Computing the Parallax of the Pleiades from the Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometry Data: An Alternative Approach

The inconsistency between the mean parallax of the Pleidaes open cluster from the Hipparcos catalog and that obtained from the stellar evolution theory and photometric measurements is probed by recomputing the Hipparcos data in a different way that reduces the propagation of the along-scan attitude errors. This is achieved by coupling observations of stars made nearly simultaneously in the two separate fields of view of the telescope. A direct calculation of astrometric quantities of 54 Pleiades members by the new method, based on the Intermediate Astrometry Data, provides a correction of -0.71 ± 0.14 mas to the weighted mean parallax of the cluster. The mean corrected parallax of the Pleiades is 7.75 ± 0.20 mas.
Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Exploration in Japan: ABSTRACT

Deposition of marine sediments has occurred in different parts of Japan and its offshore areas at intervals from early Paleozoic time to the present. Most rocks of the Paleozoic sedimentary basins are now complex in structure and many have been metamorphosed; no indications of oil have been discovered in these rocks and they hold little promise for the future. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are also complex in structure. Although no oil has been produced from them, a limestone of Jurassic age is slightly petroliferous and oil seeps are known from Cretaceous rocks in Hokkaido. During Tertiary time thousands of meters of marine sediments were deposited in a geosyncline which extended along the western part of northern Japan. In late Pliocene and Pleistocene time crustal movements separated the Tertiary rocks into several basins. Petroleum exploration is presently concentrated in these Tertiary basins and their extensions offshore beneath the Japan Sea. Most oil so far discovered is trapped in small anticlinal structures which trend north-northeast. Oil production in Japan was first officially, recorded in 1874. Production in 1891 was 63,523 barrels. Development continued and in 1936 production reached 2,457,503 barrels. Much of this oil came from the Yabase field which was discovered in 1934. After 1939 production fell. Exploration received new impetus during the American Occupation of Japan, especially through the leadership of Hubert G. Schenck. Deeper producing horizons were discovered in old fields, including the Yabase, and study and exploration of untested areas, particularly in Hokkaido, were undertaken. Current exploration is carried on principally by the Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd., and the Teikoku Oil Co. The former is drilling anticlinal structures that were located by seismic surveys off the northwestern coast of Honshu. Tests of an offshore well completed in 1960 produced 1,800 b/d. Teikoku Oil Co. has concentrated its exploration program on the extension of proved fields. Total production has increased and 3,675,047 barrels of petroleum were produced in 1960. Future exploration will include additional offshore drilling, testing of deeper formations in proved fields, and further exploration of unproved areas of Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 267------------
A comparison of yield strength effects on brittle transgranular and intergranular fatigue crack growth rates

Abstract Transgranular ductile, transgranular cyclic cleavage, and intergranular fatigue crack propagation modes were observed in Fe-3% Ni and Fe-5% Ni alloys at 77 and 198 K. The transgranular growth rates whether by a ductile mechanism or by cyclic cleavage, correlate with each other and with rates previously obtained for these materials at 298 K when compared on the basis of yield strength. Furthermore, the yield strength dependence is essentially the same as that previously observed for iron and FeMo alloys over the same temperature range. In contrast, intergranular fatigue crack growth rates were accelerated and relatively independent of strength level.
Conjugate unsteady heat transfer from a spherical droplet at low Reynolds numbers

Abstract The phenomena of conjugate unsteady heat transfer from a spherical droplet or particle moving in a continuous fluid medium is numerically investigated. The energy equation is solved for a spherical droplet using the implicit, finite-difference method of alternating directions (ADI). In this study, the volumetric heat capacities of the two phases are of comparable magnitude but not necessarily equal to each other and the value of the thermal diffusivities of the two phases are set equal to each other. The range of Peclet numbers investigated are : 50⩽ Pe ⩽ 1000, with ratios of volumetric heat capacities, (interior to exterior) varying between 0.333 and 3.0. The velocities used in the convective terms are those corresponding to low Reynolds number flow. It was found that the dimensionless temperature profile asymptotically approaches a steady-state value that is independent of the initial profile in the droplet.
Psychosocial Outcomes for Preschool Children and Families After Surgery for Complex Congenital Heart Disease

The purpose of the current study was to assess the psychosocial outcomes of preschool-aged survivors (ages 3–6 years) of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS; n = 13) and transposition of the great arteries (TGA; n = 13). Parents completed the following measures: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Impact on the Family Scale, Parenting Stress Index, Parent Behavior Checklist, and Child Behavior Checklist. Quality of life scores did not differ from those of healthy controls. Parents of children with HLHS reported more negative impact of the child’s illness on the family and more parenting stress than parents of children with TGA. Parents of both groups of children were more permissive in their parenting style than parents of healthy controls. Children with HLHS had higher rates of attention and externalizing behavior problems than children with TGA. The results highlight the need for practitioners working with these children and families to ask about parental stress, family functioning, and behavioral expectations for the child in the context of routine medical/cardiac follow-up.
The legitimization of headache medicine.

Simultaneous with the drive to ensure the acceptance of headache disorders as “real diseases,” the field of headache medicine has strived for recognition as a subspeciality with itself. Efforts to gain such recognition eventually came to fruition in 2005.
Validation of the Orthogonal Dimensions Underlying the ICL and the Octant Constellations Assumed to be Their Measure

Summary Validity of the ICL's octant constellations and underlying interpersonal dimensions was investigated by inferential design. Four role-played videotapes were produced so that the interpersonal behavior of the main character would illustrate the four poles of the ICL's two bipolar dimensions. Ss were asked to view one of four tapes and describe the main character by using an ICL form IV. Resulting profiles from Ss seeing the same tape were pooled to form four groups, then statistically compared. Results support the original formulations of LaForge and Suczek.
Hoarding of food and non-food items in blind, anosmic and intact albino rats

Abstract Hoarding was studied in anosmic, blind, and sham-operated rats. It was found that: (1) blindness had little effect on hoarding, while anosmia led to increased hoarding in both ad lib and food-deprived conditions; (2) during ad lib feeding, blind and sham-operated animals showed a preference for wooden blocks over food pellets. During deprivation the reverse occurred. The anosmic animals did not display any consistent preference during ad lib feeding, but behaved like the other groups during deprivation; and (3) anosmic rats showed an initial increase in both latency to emerge from the home cage and time spent in the cage. It is concluded that (1) neither olfactory nor visual cues are necessary to elicit any of the behaviors which are involved in hoarding; (2) the increased hoarding of anosmic rats may be related to increased shyness; and (3) the preference for wooden blocks over food pellets during ad lib feeding may be related to gnawing.
A thermodynamic study of materials representable by integral expansions

Abstract A thermodynamic formulation is developed for nonlinear compressible viscoelastic materials and is used to quantitatively study the thermodynamic states associated with fracture. The Helmholtz free energy is assumed to be approximated by a fourth order multiple integral expansion on the histories of the Lagrangian strain tensor and temperature, and the first and second laws are then utilized to develop a constitutive equation and dissipation function for the material. Simplified expressions are obtained for the special cases of slow motions and long term steady flows. An experimental study is then made on equi-temperature metamorphosed snow, a nonlinear viscoelastic material, to determine the states associated with fracture for a variety of deformation paths. In view of the experimental study, the author is able to conclude that this approach to fracture investigation can produce much insight on the strength properties and may be instrumental in the formulation of a useful fracture criterion of materials for which the fracture condition is history dependent. Additionally, due to the thermodynamic nature of this approach, the information gathered could be useful in investigations of crack growth in nonlinear viscoelastic materials such as snow or even in the formulation of structural constitutive equations.
Blends of metal acetates and polyurethanes containing pyridine groups II. SAXS and EXAFS studies

Polyurethanes containing pendant pyridine units were blended with various metal acetates and studied by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) to better understand the microscopic effect of blending on these materials. An earlier investigation found a dramatic enhancement in mechanical properties after blending, which suggests at least two pyridine units were coordinating to a single cation. This coordination would enable the cation to act as a cross-linking site, which could then cause the observed changes in mechanical properties. To determine the effect of complexation on the microphase-separated domain structure, small-angle x-ray scattering patterns were collected. Neutralization with a metal acetate increased the scattered intensity, which can be explained by an increase in electron density contrast but may also have been due to an improvement in phase separation. The distance between lamellar domains was basically unaffected by the addition of metal acetate, with the exception of nickel acetate. In this instance the distance decreased, which was caused by an improvement of packing inside the hard segments. EXAFS at the nickel and zinc edges indicated that the same qualitative changes occurred in the local environments around both cations after blending versus the unblended acetates. The magnitude of the first shell peak in the radial structure function (RSF) increased significantly upon blending, a result that is difficult to rationalize. The higher shell peaks exhibited significant changes in position and magnitude upon blending, which indicates substantial local rearrangement around the metal cation These fundamental changes in the EXAFS spectra may have been due to complexation between the cation and the pyridine group, but the results were not conclusive. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.