cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visitor experiences across recreation settings: A management or measurement issue?

Abstract The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) has been widely applied; however, studies that have examined setting–experience relationships have found mixed results. When studies found significant relationships, they often measured preferences for settings across visitors grouped by similar motivations, whereas studies not finding a relationship often tested motivation scores across ROS classes at the study site. These contradictory results might be a methodological issue. Through an onsite survey at a winter recreation area with distinct ROS-based management areas, we blended aspects of the two approaches by incorporating experience at the site and normative definitions of crowding into our operationalization of experience. Only one of the nine Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scales varied across the three ROS classes at our site, but with a small effect size (.06). However, visitors with higher levels of previous visits were more likely to choose more primitive ROS settings. Analysis of encounters and perceived crowding suggested those preferring the more developed ROS classes had higher normative standards for crowding. Results suggest that while the means of the REP scales might not vary across ROS classes, the desired experience is setting dependent. Future research conducted with site-specific studies should continue to focus on refining the operationalization of experience. Management implications The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) has been widely applied as a zoning, inventory, planning and management tool, and is a fundamental concept for Experience-Based Management to provide opportunities for a diversity of recreation experiences. Yet research comparing evaluations of the [subjective] experience between users of different zones has produced few significant differences. Our results provide an explanation of previous contradictory findings. Despite the physical differences between ROS classes, users perceive the outcomes remarkably similar, but the production of the experiences is as intended by the management. • Results confirmed the utility of the ROS as a management tool. • Monitoring should expand in scope beyond one single dimension of defining the experience.
Early recurrence of arrhythmia in patients taking amiodarone or class 1C agents for treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter

Amiodarone use for the prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter requires drug loading over a period of several days to weeks, whereas class 1C agents do not. Three hundred thirty-nine patients were evaluated during drug loading with amiodarone or class 1C agents, and it was found that recurrent arrhythmia was common, usually not persistent, and frequently asymptomatic. Recurrent arrhythmia was not more common with amiodarone.
Comparative study of different Copper wire decapsulation techniques for failure analysis

Copper wire bonded products have brought difficulty to the failure analysis process, mainly because the existing decapsulation methods are not effective to preserve the physical properties of copper. This pushes the analysts to explore other techniques in order to improve the Copper decapsulation capability. There are a few decapsulation methods available for Copper wire package, all of which are known to mitigate degradation of Copper wires. However these methods need to be evaluated to fully understand the viability in failure analysis. The paper aims to evaluate and outline the advantages and disadvantages of different decapsulation techniques, namely, Electro-Chemical Immersion, Low Temperature Jet Etch, and Laser Ablation techniques. The paper also aims to provide comparative and feasibility data for failure analysis use.
A penalty for concave minimization derived from the tuy cutting plane

A wide variety of optimization problems have been approached with branch-and-bound methodology, most notably integer programming and continuous nonconvex programming. Penalty calculations provide a means to reduce the number of subproblems solved during the branch-and-bound search. We develop a new penalty based on the Tuy cutting plane for the nonconvex problem of globally minimizing a concave function over linear constraints and continuous variables. Computational testing with a branch-and-bound algorithm for concave minimization indicates that, for the problems solved, the penalty reduces solution time by a factor ranging from 1.2 to 7.2. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sentencing risk: history of incarceration and HIV/STD transmission risk behaviours among Black men who have sex with men in Massachusetts

This study investigated the role of incarceration in HIV/STD risk among 197 Black men who have sex with men in Massachusetts, USA. More than half (51%) reported a history of incarceration (28% < 90 days in jail/prison; 23% ≥ 90 days in jail/prison). Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age and sexual orientation examined associations between demographic, behavioural, social-psychological and cultural factors and incarceration history. Factors associated with < 90 days of incarceration were: unprotected sex with a man, STD history, injection drug use and substance abuse treatment. Factors associated with ≥ 90 days of incarceration were: unprotected sex with a woman, crack use during sex, STD history, injection drug use, substance abuse treatment, depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms, HIV fatalism and social capital. Black men who have sex with men with incarceration histories may be at increased risk for HIV/STDs compared to those without such histories. HIV prevention effor...
Target signature-constrained mixed pixel classification for hyperspectral imagery

Linear spectral mixture analysis has been widely used for subpixel detection and mixed pixel classification. When it is implemented as constrained LSMA, the constraints are generally imposed on abundance fractions in the mixture. In this paper, we consider an alternative approach, which imposes constraints on target signature vectors rather than target abundance fractions. The idea is to constrain directions of target signature vectors of interest in two different ways. One, referred to as linearly constrained minimum variance approach develops a linear filter to constrain these target signature vectors along preassigned directions using a set of specific filter gains while minimizing the filter output variance. Another, referred to as the linearly constrained discriminant analysis (LCDA), is derived from Fisher's linear discriminant analysis, but constrains the Fisher's discriminant vectors along predetermined directions to improve classification performance. Recently, Bowles et al. introduced another target signature-constrained approach, referred to as filter-vectors method, which requires a linear mixture model to implement constraints on target signature vectors. Interestingly, it turns out that the filter-vectors method can be considered as a special version of both linearly constrained minimum variance and linearly constrained discriminant analysis approaches.
The University of California Institute of Environmental Stress marathon field studies

In 1973, the Institute of Environmental Stress of the University of California-Santa Barbara, under the direction of Steven M. Horvath, began a series of field and laboratory studies of marathon ru...
Endogenous gibberellins in Arabidopsis thaliana and possible steps blocked in the biosynthetic pathways of the semidwarf ga4 and ga5 mutants.

Abstract Twenty gibberellins (GAs) have been identified in extracts from shoots of the Landsberg erecta line of Arabidopsis thaliana by full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Kovats retention indices. Eight of them are members of the early-13-hydroxylation pathway (GA53, GA44, GA19, GA17, GA20, GA1, GA29, and GA8), six are members of the early-3-hydroxylation pathway (GA37, GA27, GA36, GA13, GA4, and GA34), and the remaining six are members of the non-3,13-hydroxylation pathway (GA12, GA15, GA24, GA25, GA9, and GA51). Seven of these GAs were quantified in the Landsberg erecta line of Arabidopsis and in the semidwarf ga4 and ga5 mutants by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring (SIM) using internal standards. The relative levels of the remaining 13 GAs were compared by the use of ion intensities only. In comparison with the Landsberg erecta line, the ga4 mutant had reduced levels of the 3-hydroxy- and 3,13-dihydroxy-GAs, and it accumulated the 13-hydroxy-GAs, except GA53, and the non-3,13-hydroxy-GAs, except GA12. The GA4 gene encodes, therefore, a protein with 3 beta-hydroxylation activity. The ga5 mutant had reduced levels of the C19-GAs, which indicates that the product of the GA5 gene catalyzes the elimination of C-20 at the aldehyde level. The ga5 mutant also had increased levels of certain C20-GAs, which indicates existence of an additional control, possibly hydroxylation of C-20. The growth-response data, as well as the accumulation of GA9 in the ga4 mutant, indicate that GA9 is not active in Arabidopsis, but it must be 3 beta-hydroxylated to GA4 to become bioactive. It is concluded that the reduced levels of the 3 beta-hydroxy-GAs, GA1 and GA4, are the cause of the semidwarf growth habit of both mutants.
Unsupervised classification of scattering behavior using radar polarimetry data

The use of an imaging radar polarimeter data for unsupervised classification of scattering behavior is described by comparing the polarization properties of each pixel in an image to that of simple classes of scattering such as even number of reflections, odd number of reflections, and diffuse scattering. For example, when this algorithm is applied to data acquired over the San Francisco Bay area in California, it classifies scattering by the ocean as being similar to that predicted by the class of odd number of reflections, scattering by the urban area as being similar to that predicted by the class of even number of reflections, and scattering by the Golden Gate Park as being similar to that predicted by the diffuse scattering class. It also classifies the scattering by a lighthouse in the ocean and boats on the ocean surface as being similar to that predicted by the even number of reflections class, making it easy to identify these objects against the background of the surrounding ocean. >
REVISIONISM REVISITED, MODERNISM REVISED

Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society by Robert L. Herbert, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988, 324 pp., 249 col. plates, 63 b. & w. illus., £29.95
Hemagglutination with reoviruses

Abstract Hemagglutination (HA) of human “O” erythrocytes by reoviruses was found to be similar to that of enteroviruses in its nonenzymatic character and in its inhibition by treatment of the virus with p -hydroxymercuribenzoate (PMB). This inhibiting effect of PMB was reversed by reduced glutathione (GSH). Infectivity and HA declined after incubation of the viruses with PMB and were restored by GSH. Treatment of reoviruses with alkaline N -ethylmaleimide (NEM) did not alter subsequent HA, differing in this respect from results with enteroviruses. Infective reovirus types 1 and 3, but not type 2, were incompletely eluted from erythrocytes after incubation for 48 hours at 20°C. Trypsin treatment of reovirus type 1, but not of reoviruses types 2 or 3 or Coxsackie B5, markedly increased titers of HA and infectivity. The red cell receptor for reovirus HA was removed by incubation with trypsin or periodate but was unaltered by PMB, receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE), or NEM. It is concluded that reovirus-erythrocyte union involves mucoproteins on the surface of each reactant; those on the virus contain SH groups but those of the red cell do not, and, therefore, the essential bond between them may not be SH in nature.
Osseous Autografts: III. Comparison of Osseous Coagulum‐Bone Blend Implants with Open Curettage.

A clinical investigation was undertaken to compare regeneration of osseous defects following either osseous coagulum-bone blend grafts or open debridement procedures. Seventy-five sites in 28 patients were treated by the two procedures. The average fill in the 37 intraosseous defects treated by graft procedures (initial average depth = 4.22 mm, S.D. 1.73) was 2.98 mm, S.D. 1.44. The average fill in the 38 intraosseous lesions treated by open debridement procedure (initial average depth = 3.03 mm, S.D.0.80) was 0.66 mm, S.D. 0.80. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P greater than 0.01) in fill patterns between the bone blend and open debridement responses in favor of graft treated sites. Therefore greater levels of osseous regeneration apparently took place in our cases following osseous coagulum-bone blend autogenous graft procedures than following open debridement procedures in all types of defects studies.
Event knowledge and early language acquisition

The role of event knowledge in early language acquisition was investigated. Thirteen two-year-olds were observed interacting with their mothers over a five-week period. During weekly observational sessions, dyads interacted in both a familiar-event context and an unfamiliar-event context. Events were represented by complex toys (e.g. airport, marina, etc.). In the familiar-event, dyads interacted with the same event-toy during each observation period. In the unfamiliar-event, these same dyads interacted with a different novel toy during each observation period. The results indicated that children's increasing event knowledge facilitated their language development. Specifically, children's lexical type use, action verb use, and MLU increased in the familiar-event, but remained unchanged in the unfamiliar-event. Event knowledge also facilitated children's lexical token use. Results are discussed in terms of the role of event knowledge in language acquisition.
Effects of hydrostatic pressure on isothermal curing of an epoxy resin–amine system

Overall isothermal curing reaction is accelerated by pressure. The gelification and vitrification is modifying by the pressure. The glass transition temperature of pressure-cured samples measured at atmospheric pressure increases by about 10°C. This is probably due to increase in the crosslink density of the gel phase in pressure-cured samples.
Decentralized detection using noncoherent modulation: Is MAC that good?

In this paper we study the decentralized detection problem in wireless sensor networks when the sensors' observations have to be communicated to a fusion center through a fading channel subject to an energy constraint. We analyze the noncoherent case based on a simple on/off scheme combined with optimal sensor “censoring”. Interestingly we find that neither the PAC (parallel-access channel) nor the MAC (multiple-access channel) based transmission scheme is always optimal. Our results show that in large sensor networks, for reliable observations at the sensors an optimal limited number of sensors should be queried using PAC, while for weak sensors' observations the MAC scheme is preferrable.
An adaptive front-end readout system for radiation detection

A design of adaptive front-end preamplifier for measurement of optical response of epitaxial photodiode, registering light produced by semiconductor scintillator, is presented. A time constant of continuous-time based pulse shaping filter is adaptively determined to achieve optimal sensitivity for variable parameters of photodetector and readout electronics. Experimental prototype was designed in 0.5µm CMOS process.
Surgical Management of Facial Skin Cancer

Surgical excision is the gold standard for management of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Surgical management of nonmelanotic facial skin cancer requires preoperative planning and an in-depth understanding of reconstructive techniques, including primary closure, skin grafting, and local tissue flaps. The decision regarding the method of treatment of nonmelanotic skin cancer is highly individualized and depends on patient age, cancer size, histologic subtype, and site. No single therapy or technique can be used in every situation. The goals of treatment include complete removal of the lesion with preservation of normal tissue, function, and cosmesis. In this article we discuss the principles and techniques of surgical excision and reconstruction of site-specific facial skin cancers.
Object Naming at Multiple Hierarchical Levels: A Comparison of Preschoolers With and Without Word-Finding Deficits.

According to the storage hypothesis (Kail & Leonard, 1986), wordfinding deficits in young children are not the direct result of deficient retrieval strategies; they are a manifestation of a general delay in language development that aects lexical storage. In the current study, we explored one aspect of lexical storage, the hierarchical organization of the semantic system, in 13 preschoolers with word-finding deficits (WF) and 13 preschoolers with normal language abilities (ND), ranging in age from 3;3 to 6;7. The children named a series of objects at multiple levels of the noun hierarchy in response to contrast questions (e.g. for rose they were asked, ‘Is this an animal?’ to elicit plant [superordinate]; ‘Is this a tree?’ to elicit flower [basic]; ‘Is this a dandelion?’ to elicit rose [subordinate]). Both groups readily named at multiple levels, providing evidence of hierarchical organization of the lexicon. However, there were several dierences between WF and ND groups that suggested that WF children did not have enough stored information to discriminate between similar semantic neighbours. We conclude (1) that hierarchical organization of the semantic lexicon is a robust developmental phenomenon, apparent in both ND and WF preschoolers and (2) that the word-finding deficits of preschoolers appear to reflect insucient depth and breadth of storage elaboration rather than deficits in hierarchical semantic organization.
Branch and bound tree search for assigning cooperating UAVs to multiple tasks

This paper describes a branch and bound optimization algorithm for assigning cooperating homogeneous uninhabited aerial vehicles to multiple tasks. The combinatorial optimization problem is posed in the form of a decision tree, the structure of which enforces the required group coordination and precedence for cooperatively performing the multiple tasks. For path planning a Dubin's car model is used so that the vehicles' dynamic constraint, of minimum turning radius, is taken into account. The proposed optimization algorithm is initialized by a best-first search and candidate optimal solutions serve as a monotonically decreasing upper bound for the assignment cost. Euclidean distances are used for estimating the path length encoded in branches of the tree that have not yet been evaluated by the computationally intensive Dubin's optimization subroutine. This provides a lower bound for the cost of unevaluated assignments. We apply these upper and lower bounding procedures iteratively on active subsets within the feasible set, enabling efficient pruning of the solution tree. Using Monte Carlo simulations the performance of the search algorithm is analyzed for two different cost functions. It is shown that the algorithm's convergence rate is dependent on the optimized cost function of the cooperative mission.
Inventory models with the demand rate dependent on stock and shortage levels

This paper investigates an inventory system in which the demand rate during stockout periods differs from that during the in-stock period by a given amount. The previous analysis conducted in this area formulated the model as a cost-minimization model. This type of formulation will intentionally try to decrease demand, by increasing the stockout period, in order to decrease costs. This paper appropriately considers the model as a profit-maximization model and develops a closed-form solution. The model is then further generalized to incorporate the effect of stock-level-dependent demand rates and considers initial-stock-dependent demand as well as instantaneous-stock-dependent demand rates.
Switching LPV control design for magnetic bearing systems

In this paper, a new LPV control design approach is proposed for magnetic bearing (AMB) systems. The motivation of gain-scheduled control for AMB is based on the fact that rotor dynamics have strong dependency on its rotating speed. However, previous study has shown that standard LPV control design was conservative due to large variations of rotor speed. The improvement of gain scheduled controller can be achieved from two aspects: introduce the bound for rotor variation rate into the control synthesis stage; design multiple LPV controllers over different operating ranges and provide a switching scheme for stability guarantee. These features will be demonstrated through a detailed AMB controller design example. This design procedure can also be extended to high-performance control of turbo-machinery problems.
Wavelet-encoded MR imaging.

Wavelet encoding is presented and compared to phase encoding. In wavelet encoding a distribution of spins is excited by a slice selective RF pulse; for each repetition time the distribution excited has the profile of a wavelet at different scale and translation. The spin density can be reconstructed with an inverse wavelet transform. Wavelet encoding has three advantages over phase encoding: (1) there is no Gibblquot's ringing from partial volume effects, (2) the effective repetition time can be 36 times the repetition time for a 256 × 256 image, and (3) motion artifacts are local and dramatically reduced. Using wavelet encoding, a 256 × 256 T2-weighted projection image can be acquired in 33s. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Ethical Issues and Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Therapies

Healthcare providers in the NCCU render care to a population of patients who are at risk for imminent death as well as for life-altering neurologic disability When rendering that care, it is important for providers to maintain respectable standards of ethics and to be compassionate toward critically ill patients and their families
Radiation Nephritis in Adults and Children; Effects Ofradiation on Growing Bones

With the increasing use of megavoltage radiation therapy, malignant tissues and adjoining normal structures deep within the body are being subjected to much higher doses of radiation than was previously possible with orthovoltage techniques. To evaluate this problem, two groups of patients were compared to determine what effects x radiation had upon the kidneys of adults and the growing spine and kidneys of children. The groups were adult males (66) given radiation therapy to the upper and lower abdomen and the ingunal regions in the treatment of testis tumors, and children (15) with Wilms tumor surviving more than 1 yr after radiotherapy was administered to the corresponding renal fossa. In 23 adult cases (34%), urinary abnormality or hypertension developed following radiotherapy after a latent period varying from 1 month to 1 yr. In the children irradiated, abnormal urinary findings subsequent to irradiation and nephrectomy developed in 5 (33%), after a latent period of several months to a year. Radiation injury to growing bones developed in two children (11%). This complication became manifest only after a latent period of more than a year. The literature relating to clinical and experimental aspects of renal radiation injury is discussed, and findings in previousmore » clinical reports are compared with the present findings. (BBB)« less
The putative impacts of the non-native seaweed Sargassum muticum on native communities in tidepools of Southern California and investigation into the feasibility of local eradication

The ecological impacts of introduced seaweeds have been relatively understudied. Current research suggests that seaweed invasions often result in alterations of native marine communities and disruptions of normal ecosystem functioning, but the effects on native communities can vary among invasive seaweed species, among habitats and over small and large spatial scales. In this study, the impacts of Sargassum muticum, a non-native brown alga introduced into southern California, USA, several decades ago, were examined by comparing community structure in rocky inter-tidal pools with and without the seaweed. Sargassum muticum appeared to have little impact on the native community despite measures revealing changes in the abiotic conditions of pools, with S. muticum presence reducing light penetration and ameliorating pool temperature changes during low tides. In other regions and habitat types, S. muticum presence often, but not consistently, resulted in declines in macrophyte diversity and/or abundance and increases in faunal assemblages. The lack of effects of S. muticum in this study, combined with variable impacts by S. muticum and other invasive seaweeds worldwide, suggests that predicting the effects of introduced seaweeds is problematic and warrants further research. Regardless of the effects on native communities, there is often a desire to eradicate or control the spread of non-native seaweeds. In this study, localized S. muticum eradication attempts, including manipulations of a native canopy and herbivorous urchins, proved unsuccessful as full recovery occurred in ~9 months. While eradication efforts conducted worldwide have resulted in mixed success, there is a trend that early detection and rapid response can increase success, highlighting a need for systematic monitoring and establishment of regional rapid response plans.
Multiple pass cavities for high pulse energy/compact femtosecond lasers

Multiple pass cavities (MPC) can be used to dramatically enhance the pulse energy performance of femtosecond lasers as well as to make very compact laser designs. This presentation describes fundamental design principles and experimental results for several femtosecond lasers including high pulse energy, low threshold, and compact laser designs.
Bayesian Modeling for Decentralized UAV Control and Task Allocation

The current research represents a first step towards developing a decentralized network of small autonomous, intelligent and inexpensive unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), which could be used for a variety of scientific missions where measurements from a distributed network of nodes could significantly improve the assessment. The paper presents an adaptive airborne sensing platform (e.g., UAV) that could be used to fuse the information acquired through multiple sensing modalities (obtained from sensors located close to or inside the phenomena) to monitor environmental processes over space and time. The sensing platform is able to continuously reconfigure its trajectory according to the circumstances (e.g., continuously evolving scientific phenomena) to optimize the location of individual sensing waypoints. As proof of concept and validation, we will apply the proposed sensing approach to monitoring volcanic plumes. The paper focuses on (i) developing a Bayesian statistical method to create sensor fusion algorithms that is used to model the plume and guide the UAV in an optimal way (ii) implementing a distributed task allocation scheme which is able guide all the UAVs efficiently and optimize the UAV paths for various criteria.
Can continuing medical education prepare the current practitioner for the 21st century

The traditional approach to continuing medical education (CME) will be inadequate to prepare the practicing pathologist for the 21st century. Seminars at regional or national meetings, audiovisual presentations, and similar CME activities are useful to provide updates or to fill in more detailed information in the basic knowledge that all pathologists must acquire during their training. Different, more imaginative approaches will be necessary for the pathologist wishing to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to utilize the newly developing techniques in pathology, such as flow cytometry, image analysis, and the myriad diagnostic procedures based on molecular biology. Self-directed learning will continue to be an essential approach to CME, and the availability of computer programs, including videodisks, will be increasingly effective. However, it should be acknowledged that self-directed learning has been available since the invention of the printing press. The current pressure for public accountability of medical practitioners clearly indicates that pathologists must accept the reality that CME will not be recognized unless it is provided by an accredited organization and attendance is documented. Pathologists should anticipate institution of recertification procedures involving peer review, which will require documentable CME. This CME will be based on needs assessment, educational objectives, more effective formats, and evaluation of whether CME, in fact, improved the pathologist's effectiveness in practice. The academicians have their sabbaticals to refresh their knowledge and explore new fields; perhaps minisabbaticals should be arranged for both the academicians and the practicing pathologist who cannot be away from his or her responsibilities for 6 months or 1 year. The medical specialty societies are the most suitable groups for organizing these programs, although the actual programs must be provided in the laboratories that actually perform the procedures.
Thermodynamics of agonist and antagonist interactions with mammalian beta-adrenergic receptors.

The thermodynamic parameters associated with the interactions of agonists and antagonists with β-adrenergic receptors on membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, heart, and lung were determined. The binding of [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol (IHYP) and the inhibition of IHYP binding by agonists and antagonists were examined at temperatures between 50 and 25°C. The density of receptors was not affected by the temperature at which the incubation was performed but the affinity of the receptor for agonists and antagonists increased as the temperature of the assay was decreased. The change in the affinity of the receptor for agonists was greater in magnitude than was the change in the affinity of the receptor for antagonists. The binding of antagonists was characterized by small decreases in enthalpy and substantial increases in entropy. The thermodynamic changes associated with agonist interactions with β-adrenergic receptors were characterized by large decreases in enthalpy and thermodynamically unfavorable decreases in entropy. In heart, lung, and cerebellum the affinities of agonists were decreased when assays were carried out in the presence of GTP. This nucleotide had no effect on the affinity of the β-adrenergic receptor in the cerebral cortex for agonists or for antagonists in any of the tissues examined. In tissues where binding of agonists was affected by the presence of GTP, the changes in enthalpy and entropy were less negative in the presence of GTP than in its absence.
Negative pressures generated by different caliber syringes used for liposuction

It is believed that small syringes exert less negative pressure than large ones, and that syringe liposuction exerts less negative pressure than vacuum suction pumps. We evaluated the negative pressures generated by syringes of 1, 3, 6, 12, 30, and 60 mL connected to a vacuum pressure gauge. The pressures correlated directly to the number of cubic centimeters aspirated, independent of syringe caliber. The number of milliliters pulled back by the plunger seems to be the primary determinant of negative pressures generated by syringes. Any size syringe used correctly may harvest adipose tissue at low or high desired negative pressures. A graph is provided to help gauge negative pressure generated by milliliters pulled back.
Topaz II Reactor Control Unit Development at Phillips Laboratory

Abstract The overall purpose of the TOPAZ II Controller Development effort is to provide a "proof-of-principle" reactor control unit (RCU) that is ready to test on a TOPAZ II space power system at the TSET facility by early 1995r utilizing available on-site resources. This effort is being conducted as part of the TOPAZ International Program at the US Air Force Phillips Laboratory.
Oral Sucrose for Pain Relief During Clubfoot Casting: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND Idiopathic clubfoot treatment is treated by manipulation and casting utilizing the Ponseti technique which can make the infant fussy and irritable. The goal of this study was to determine which intervention could decrease this pain response in infants undergoing Ponseti casting for idiopathic clubfeet. Our hypothesis was that the administration of oral sucrose solution or milk would be the most effective in accomplishing that goal. METHODS We conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled trial at a tertiary pediatric orthopaedic center on 33 children (average age=17.94 d; SD=20.51 d) undergoing clubfoot manipulation and casting and their guardians. Each cast was considered a new event and was randomized to an oral 20% sucrose solution (S), water (W), or milk (M) in a bottle (breast or nonbreast). We assessed the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), heart rate, and oxygen saturation before, during, and after the casting. RESULTS A total of 131 casts were randomized and 118 analyzed (37 M, 42 S, 39 W). Each child underwent an average of 3.97 casts (SD=1.74). There were no significant differences seen between the groups before casting in their mean NIPS score (M=2.2; SD=2.38, S=1.84, SD=2.18, W=1.61, SD=2.12). However during casting, mean NIPS score for both milk, 0.91 (SD=1.26, P=0.0005) and sucrose, 0.64 (SD=1.27, P<0.0001) were significantly less than water, 2.27 (SD=2.03) but not different from each other (P=0.33). Postcasting, the sucrose NIPS score, 0.69 (SD=1.53) continued to be significantly less than milk, 2.11 (SD=2.37, P=0.0065. There was no correlation between heart rate or oxygen saturation and NIPS. CONCLUSIONS Sucrose solution and milk during Ponseti casting and manipulation were effective in decreasing the pain response in children undergoing manipulation and casting for clubfeet. The sucrose solution administration continued the pain relief into the postcasting period. In addition to the benefits of improving the patient experience during casting, a less irritable child may result in better casting. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 1 evidence.
Using street protests and national commemorations for nation-building purposes: the campaign for the independence of Catalonia (2012–2014)

ABSTARCTThis article analyses how mass demonstrations can be used for nation-building purposes. In particular, it shows how, in this digital and discorporate era, the occupation of the streets by large numbers of people is still a powerful strategic communication tool with strong political implications. It reveals how traditional propaganda, mass media campaigns and grassroots lobbying organisations can work together with great effectiveness to effect political change. The Catalan case, which concerns the claim by the regional Catalan government of a referendum for independence, shows how the occupation of the streets by citizens can still be highly relevant for political change.
Total-Ionizing-Dose Effects on Resistance Stability of Programmable Metallization Cell Based Memory and Selectors

In this paper, the operation and effects of radiation on Programmable Metallization Cells (PMC) memory and selector devices are analyzed and discussed. The Ag- or Cu-Ge30Se70 devices demonstrate non-volatile memory switching characteristics while the Ag- or Cu-SiO2 devices show a volatile threshold switching property. The impact of total ionizing dose from gamma-ray irradiation on both device types is investigated experimentally. It is found that the virgin and high-resistance state of Ge30Se70 memory devices degrade after gamma-ray exposure while they are well preserved in SiO2 selector devices.
Increased Dose Rituximab Followed by Maintenance Rituximab As Initial Therapy for Indolent B Cell Lymphomas: A Phase II Trial,

Abstract Abstract 3716 Background: Rituximab monotherapy as initial treatment for low-grade B-cell lymphomas produces responses in approximately 70% of patients with one third achieving a complete response, and progression-free survival (PFS) of approximately 2 years. Maintenance rituximab appears to prolong initial remissions after rituximab alone. Current dosing for rituximab is largely empiric, so we sought to investigate whether increased doses of rituximab induction would increase the complete response rate (CRR) over that expected from standard dose rituximab. We also sought to assess whether high-dose induction followed by standard maintenance would produce a PFS comparable with that of combination chemoimmunotherapy strategies. Methods: We conducted a phase II trial of increased-dose rituximab monotherapy induction, followed by a standard maintenance schedule. Eligible patients were adults with previously untreated low-grade B-cell lymphomas with measurable disease >2cm and were not candidates for potentially curative radiotherapy to localized disease. Subjects were treated with induction rituximab at a dose of 750 mg/m2 on days 1,8,15, and 22. Patients without progressive disease were then treated with maintenance rituximab at 375mg/m2 every 3 months for 8 doses or until disease progression. The primary end point was CRR as defined by the International Workshop Response Criteria (1999). Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), PFS, and toxicity. The study was designed with 90% power to show a 50% CRR, with a 30% CRR considered unworthy of further study. Results: Between August 2009 and August 2010, 40 eligible subjects were enrolled (31 grade 1–2 follicular lymphomas, 4 marginal zone lymphomas, 3 small lymphocytic lymphomas, and 2 indolent B cell lymphoma not otherwise specified). The median age was 60 (range 36–88) All subjects had advanced Ann Arbor stage disease. Twenty-two subjects (55%) had involvement of >4 nodal sites, 6 (15%) had a Hgb fig. 1 ). The PFS at 12 months was 89% [95% CI, 73– 96]. A total of 5 subjects progressed during maintenance therapy, 2 subjects after 3 cycles, 1 after 2 cycles and 2 after 1 cycle. Treatment was well tolerated with only 3 cases (7.5%) of grade 3/4 neutropenia. Twenty three (58%) subjects had allergic reactions with infusions but only 2 (5%) were grade 3 reactions. Download : Download high-res image (34KB) Download : Download full-size image Fig. 1 . Conclusions: Increased dose rituximab monotherapy is well tolerated, but does not improve the CRR compared to what would be expected from rituximab at standard doses. Significant improvement in the CRR occurred with ongoing maintenance therapy, and the vast majority of patients remain in remission after 1 year. Ongoing follow-up will determine whether this approach produces a PFS comparable to a chemoimmunotherapy treatment program. Disclosures: Hochberg: Genentech: Consultancy. Fisher: Genentech: Consultancy. Abramson: Genentech: Consultancy.
Lumbar decompression in the elderly: increased age as a risk factor for complications and nonhome discharge

OBJECTIVE With improving medical therapies for chronic conditions, elderly patients increasingly present as candidates for operative intervention for degenerative diseases of the spine. To date, there is a paucity of studies examining complications in lumbar decompression, without fusion, that include patients older than 80 years. Using a multicenter national database, the authors of this study evaluated lumbar decompression in the elderly, including octogenarians, to evaluate for associations between age and patient outcomes. METHODS The 2011-2013 American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set was queried for patients 65 years and older with diagnosis and procedure codes inclusive of degenerative spine disease and lumbar decompression without fusion. Morbidity and mortality within the 30-day postoperative period were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes of interest included unplanned readmission within 30 days or discharge to a nonhome facility. Outcomes and operative characteristics were compared using chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 8744 patients were identified; of these patients 4573 (52.30%) were 65 years and older. Elderly patients were stratified into 3 age categories: 85 years or older (n = 314), 75-84 years (n = 1663), and 65-74 years (n = 2596). Univariate analysis showed that, compared with age younger than 65 years, increased age was associated with the number of levels (≥ 3), readmissions within 30 days, nonhome discharge, any complication, length of stay, and blood transfusion (all p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis and with younger than 65 years as the reference, increased age was associated with any minor complication (p < 0.001; ≥ 85 years: OR 3.47, 95% CI 1.69-7.13; 75-84 years: OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.45-3.78; and 65-74 years: OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.94-2.20), as well as discharge location other than home (p < 0.001; ≥ 85 years: OR 13.59, 95% CI 9.47-19.49; 75-84 years: OR 5.64, 95% CI 4.33-7.34; and 65-74 years: OR 2.61, 95% CI 2.05-3.32). CONCLUSIONS The authors' high-powered, multicenter analysis of lumbar decompression without fusion in the elderly, specifically including patients older than 80 years, demonstrates that increased age is associated with more extensive operations, resulting in longer hospital stays, increased rates of nonhome discharge, and minor complications.
Empirical relationship between gas composition and thermal maturity in Eagle Ford Shale, south Texas

Organic-rich and carbonate-rich Eagle Ford Shale is a self-sourced oil and gas reservoir with little alteration of gas chemistry as might be affected by petroleum expulsion and migration. As such it provides an ideal natural laboratory to quantify the compositional variation of gases generated from oil-prone type II kerogen during thermal maturation. The chemical composition of the gas released from rock crushing was conducted and integrated with Rock-Eval pyrolysis to define the empirical relationship between gas compositional parameters and thermal maturity in this study. From 10 wells in the Eagle Ford Shale in south Texas, we collected 74 core samples having a range of thermal maturity (the measured maximum temperature [Tmax] values of hydrocarbons generated in Rock-Eval pyrolysis range from 427°C to 494°C [800°F to 921°F], and the calculated equivalent vitrinite reflectance (Roe) values range from 0.51% to 1.73% based on Tmax values). Total organic carbon content ranges from 0.3% to 8.53%, with an average of 3.12% (standard deviation of 1.77%). Burial depth is from 2989.6 to 13,827.3 ft (911.2 to 4214.6 m). Our results showed that gas composition in the Eagle Ford Shale is mainly controlled by thermal maturity, and three stages of gas generation are identified based on the C1 and C2 concentrations of the gases released by rock crushing from Eagle Ford Shale core samples. The three stages of gas generation correspond to the following processes of organic matter conversion: (1) kerogen and bitumen thermal cracking to crude oil, (2) bitumen and heavy crude oil thermal cracking to light oil, and (3) light oil cracking to gas. Methane-rich gas and an abundance of branched butane and pentane are generated in light oil cracking to gas, resulting in high C1/C2, C1/(C2 + C3), i-C4/n-C4, and i-C5/n-C5 ratios. Increased cracking of normal alkanes such as n-butane and n-pentane occurs in the light oil cracking to gas. Empirical equations between gas compositional parameters and thermal maturity (Tmax or Roe) are obtained for oil-prone type II. The C1, C2, C1/C2, C1/C2 + C3, and i-C4/n-C4 ratios are the five best parameters for determining thermal maturity with an exponentially derived R2 value of 0.74. The composition of gas produced from the Eagle Ford Shale following hydraulic fracturing is used to validate the empirical equations. Calculated thermal regime for the oil production based on the produced gas is located at the peak of oil generation and the beginning of light oil cracking to gas, corresponding to Tmax from 454°C to 464°C (849°F to 867°F) or at an Roe ranging from 1.01% to 1.19%. Empirical equations provide a basis for interpretation of mud gas logging data and produced gas composition.
Strong-motion accelerograms of the Oroville aftershocks and peak acceleration data

abstract In the 90 days following the Oroville, California, earthquake (August 1, 1975; M L = 5.7), 313 positively identified strong-motion accelerograms were obtained for 86 different aftershocks. This set of records samples a wide range of magnitude (1.8 ≦ M L ≦ 5.2), focal depth (2 ≦ h ≦ 12 km), and site conditions (Holocene alluvium to Mesozoic crystalline basement). Most of these records were written at hypocentral distances R ≦ 15 km, a distance range for which relatively few strong-motion accelerograms had previously been available. Equally significant is the completeness of coverage (seven or more positively identified records) available for each of 12 well-recorded aftershocks (2.8 ≦ M L ≦ 4.9). One hundred and sixty-five peak acceleration values at 6.7 ≦ R ≦ 15 km for 33 aftershocks (3.0 ≦ M L ≦ 4.9) are the basis of an investigation of the dependence of peak acceleration on magnitude at R ≃ 10 km. These observations are supplemented with one datum for the main shock, 6 observations for two M L ≧ 5 aftershocks, and 61 null observations. Peak accelerations at sites on bedrock or minor sedimentary thicknesses are consistently higher than those at sites on several hundred meters or more of sedimentary rocks. Mean values for both site classes of data increase fairly rapidly with magnitude for 3 ≦ M L M L ≧ 5 suggest this magnitude dependence abruptly terminates at M L ≃ 5. The magnitude dependence of the sedimentarysite data is apparently stronger than for the bedrock-site data. Much if not all of the apparent magnitude dependence of these data can be attributed to properties of the path and not the source, consistent with the hypothesis that the amplitude of the peak acceleration phase, as it leaves the source region, does not depend on source strength although the predominant frequency of this phase increases as the duration and magnitude of the earthquake decreases.