cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple linear regression is a useful alternative to traditional analyses of variance

Physiologists often wish to compare the effects of several different treatments on a continuous variable of interest, which requires an analysis of variance. Analysis of variance, as presented in most statistics texts, generally requires that there be no missing data and often that each sample group be the same size. Unfortunately, this requirement is rarely satisfied, and investigators are confronted with the problem of how to analyze data that do not strictly fit the traditional analysis of variance paradigm. One can avoid these pitfalls by recasting the analysis of variance as a multiple linear regression problem. When there are no missing data, the results of a traditional analysis of variance and the corresponding multiple regression problem are identical; when the sample sizes are unequal or there are missing data, one can use a regression formulation to analyze data that cannot be easily handled in a traditional analysis of variance paradigm and thus overcome a practical computational limitation of traditional analysis of variance. In addition to overcoming practical limitations of traditional analysis of variance, the multiple linear regression approach is more efficient because in one run of a statistics routine, not only is the analysis of variance done but also one obtains estimates of the size of the treatment effects (as opposed to just an indication of whether such effects are present or not), and many of the pairwise multiple comparisons are done (they are equivalent to t tests for significance of the regression parameter estimates). Finally, interaction between the different treatment factors is easier to interpret than it is in traditional analysis of variance.
Spontaneous recanalization after complete occlusion of the common carotid artery with subsequent embolic ischemic stroke.

Introduction: Acute carotid artery occlusion carries a high morbidity and mortality. Acute angioplasty and stenting is a feasible option with little known about the long term outcome. Limiting factor for this approach is hyperperfusion syndrome or hemorrhagic infarction. Spontaneous early or late recanalization for extracranial vessel is in the range of 5% -30%, with no well defined clinical outcome data. We describe a case of spontaneous common carotid recanalization. Case Report: An 88 year old man presented with right sided weakness, global aphasia and visual field loss and was discovered to have common carotid occlusion at its origin. Within 12 hours of symptom onset patient improved neurologically to his baseline exam and repeat imaging demonstrated spontaneous recanalization. This was followed symptomatic occlusion of left middle cerebral artery The patient was treated with multimodality approach resulting in complete revascularization of the middle cerebral artery and angioplasty and stent placement of the internal carotid artery. Patient had a good neurological outcome at 3 months followup. Conclusion: The present case report demonstrates the risk of spontaneous recanalization acutely in patients presenting with common carotid artery occlusion and associated risk of embolic strokes. In such a patient,concomitant treatment for intracranial occlusion and extracranial high grade stenosis may be performed safely after 30 hours from the initial symptom onset.
AXIAL FLOW BETWEEN ECCENTRIC CYLINDERS

Plastic pipe production must use annular dies with eccentricity to compensate for gravity flow in the cooling chamber. Here an algebraic analytic solution is obtained in bipolar cylindrical coordinates for Newtonian and power-law liquids. Dimensionless average velocity profiles around eccentric dies are provided to help plastic pipe engineers determine the needed eccentricity. In curved hose manufacture, the die centerpiece is made eccentric to cause curvature. Dimensionless radii of curvature are plotted to help curved hose manufacturers select proper die eccentricity.
Guidelines for Working with Rodents Potentially Infected with Hantavirus

Because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and the possibility of aerosol transmission of hantaviruses, persons handling known reservoir species in the field, laboratory, or classroom should take special precautions to minimize the risk of infection. We provide specific guidelines for personal safety while trapping, handling and releasing, transporting, sampling, and performing necropsy on potentially infected rodents or teaching field classes in areas occupied by reservoir species. Special consideration should be given to respiratory protection, choice and use of disinfectants, decontamination of instruments and traps, proper disposal of infectious wastes, and preservation and shipment of samples intended for hantavirus testing. Precautionary testing of wild rodents used to start laboratory colonies is recommended. Although we specifically address hantaviruses, the procedures described are applicable for any study of populations of small mammals when an infectious zoonotic agent transmissible by aerosol and capable of causing high morbidity and mortality is involved.
Sex-related Differences in Spatial Ability: What Every Geography Educator Should Know

Abstract This paper focuses on how geography teachers might contribute to two national goals: attracting more women into scientific and technical fields, and helping domestic students of both sexes acquire the spatial abilities and knowledge required to make them first in the world in science and mathematics achievement. Study in the general sciences and in engineering often demands a high degree of spatial competence. This paper explores the nature of the relationship between sex and spatial competence, generally emphasizing some of the scientific components of geography. It seeks first to identify key spatial abilities needed to excel in various science, technical, and some social science and humanities disciplines. It further seeks to answer the question of whether males possess superior spatial ability, as has been reported in a number of disciplinary literatures, or whether male dominance in spatial ability generally has been overestimated. Finally, it suggests areas where there is potential for geog...
Sequential auctions with imperfect quantity commitment

This paper studies sequential second price auctions with imperfect quantity commitment in environments involving single-unit demands, independent private values, and non-decreasing marginal costs. The paper characterizes the symmetric equilibrium strategy and demonstrates that the equilibrium price sequence is conditionally non-increasing, showing a downwards drift in cases in which the marginal cost exceeds the reserve price with positive probability. The paper also argues that unlike a strong seller who sets reserve prices strictly above marginal costs, a weak seller will typically prefer to commit to such inefficiently low reserve prices.
Enhancement by Nalidixic Acid of the Thermal Susceptibility of the Ts-7 Mutant of Escherichia Coli TAU-Bar

Nadilidixic acid at 5 x 10(-6) M produced a substantial increase in thermal susceptibility of Ts-7, suggesting either that the thermal and nalidixic acid targets are identical or closely interdependent.
Evolutionists and creationists at the dinner table

The evolutionist and creationist debate about human origins has contested the content of textbooks, what is taught in classrooms, and what is discussed on the Internet. The controversy has spawned public-interest groups that continue to frame the debate. The National Center for Science Education monitors attempts to incorporate creationism into the classroom and textbooks. The Institute for Creation Research and the Discovery Institute have invested heavily in pushing for changes in the curriculum by teaching creationism as an alternative to evolution. While this dispute usually focuses on the reality of the fossil evidence for human evolution, a less formal battle is now being waged at the proverbial dinner table.
Detecting infections of chickens with recent Salmonella pullorum isolates using standard serological methods

Despite extensive testing for Salmonella pullorum infections in commercial poultry, occasional outbreaks of pullorum disease still occur. In some recent instances, questions have been raised about whether standard serological assays, which employ antigen strains selected several decades ago, are still able to detect currently prevalent S. pullorum strains. The present study evaluated the ability of standard rapid whole-blood plate agglutination test and serum tube agglutination test antigens to detect infection in Single Comb White Leghorn hens inoculated with large oral doses of six recent S. pullorum isolates. Two commercially available plate test antigens were obtained and three tube test antigens were prepared. All five antigens identified most inoculated hens as seropositive, although some differences in sensitivity were evident between the two assay types and between the two plate test antigens. The antigenic composition of the tube test antigens did not affect their ability to detect infections with the various inoculum strains. Regardless of the antigen used, hens infected with antigenically intermediate or variant S. pullorum strains were detected as seropositive less often than were hens infected with antigenically standard strains. Positive culturing results for S. pullorum in the livers and ovaries of infected hens were nearly always predicted by positive serological test results.
Does fluid amount and choice influence urinary stone formation in persons with spinal cord injury

Abstract Chen Y, Roseman JM, DeVivo MJ, Funkhouser E. Does fluid amount and choice influence urinary stone formation in persons with spinal cord injury? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1002-8. Objective: To examine the effects of fluid intake and beverage type on stone formation in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: A matched case-control study. Setting: A rehabilitation center within a university hospital. Patients: Forty-one patients with SCI who were diagnosed with urinary stones between 1992 and 1998 (stone cases) and 171 age- and duration-matched controls were interviewed by telephone. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Urinary stones. Results: Stone cases were more likely than controls to be white, to be current smokers, to be users of indwelling catheterization, and to have a lower body mass index (kg/m 2 ), worse renal function, and higher urine specific gravity ( P 207mL/d) was associated with a 70% decreased risk (odds ratio=0.3; 90% confidence interval, 0.1–1.0). An interesting, but not significant ( P =.15), increased risk for coffee consumption was observed. There was no association for total fluid intake. Conclusion: Total fluid intake does not appear to determine stone occurrence; however, fluid type may influence stone formation in persons with SCI. Further study is required to verify these findings, thus possibly leading to an effective fluid regimen for stone prophylaxis. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Preparation and anticancer activity of 2-Diethylaminoethyl-cis- and -trans-methylcyclohexanecarboxylates

Pure cis- and trans-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acids and their 2-diethylaminoethyl esters have been prepared. The latter were isolated as crystalline hydrochloride salts. They were tested for possible anticancer activity.
47: Early and late effects of neonatal cortisone on growth of rats

Corticosteroids are being used to prevent or ameliorate respiratory distress syndrome. An evaluation of possible deleterious effects was undertaken in Caeserian-derived Sprague-Dawley rats by giving 1.25mg of cortisone acetate I.M. on the 4th day of life to 20 pups; 25 controls received 0.05ml saline. This dose is equivalent to approximately 70 mg/M2 of prednisone. Pups were reared in litters of 8 (all treated or all control); terramycin was added to the drinking water. At age 21 days body weight, stem-length and tibia length were all less in the cortisone treated animals than the same measurements in the controls, but skeletal maturation was advanced in the treated animals. At age 12 weeks, decreased body weight (male p 0.01 0.001;female p 0.02 .01) and bone length (male p 0.10 .05; female p 0.05 0.02) were still evident but the number of eplphyseal fusions was the same in treated and control animals. These findings have implications for the future growth of infants given corticosteroids because reduced linear growth and accelerated skeletal maturation will eventuate in short stature.
Formation of Sertoli cell-enriched tissue constructs utilizing simulated microgravity technology.

: Cell transplantation therapy for diabetes and Parkinson's disease offers hope for long-term alleviation of symptoms. However, successful protocols remain elusive due to obstacles, including rejection and lack of tropic support for the graft. To enhance engraftment, testis-derived postmitotic Sertoli cells have been cotransplanted with islets in the diabetic rat (Db) and neurons in the Parkinsonian rat (PD). Sertoli cell tropic, regulatory, and nutritive factors that nourish and stimulate germ cells also support isolated neurons and islets in vitro. Likewise, immunosuppressive properties of Sertoli cells, extant in the testis, are expressed by extratesticular Sertoli cells evidenced by allo- and xenograft immunoprotection of grafts in both the CNS (in the PD model) and the periphery (in the Db model). On this basis, we have created Sertoli islet cell aggregates (SICA) and Sertoli neuron aggregated cells (SNAC) using simulated microgravity culture technology developed by NASA. Isolated rat and pig Sertoli cells were cocultured with neonatal pig islets (SICA) and with immortalized N-Terra-2 (NT2) neurons (SNAC) in the HARV biochamber. Formed aggregates were assayed for desirable functional and structural characteristics. Cell viability in SICA and SNAC exceeded 90% and FasL immunopositive Sertoli cells were present in both. Sertoli cells did not interfere with insulin secretion by SICA and promoted differentiation of NT2 cells to the dopaminergic hNT cell type in SNAC. Addition of Matrigel resulted in structural reorganization of the aggregates and enhanced insulin secretion. We conclude that SICA, SNAC, and Matrigel-induced islet- and neuron-filled “Sertoli cell biochambers” are suitable for long-term transplantation treatment of Db and PD.
Will radioimmunotherapy replace TBI

Comment on Nademanee et al, page [2896][1] Radioimmunoconjugates that target lymphoma-associated antigens may be safely combined with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. The most effective and easiest approach for widespread application remains to be determined.
Effects of the antiestrogens tamoxifen and clomiphene on bone resorption in vitro

The in vitro effect of the nonsteroidal antiestrogens tamoxifen (TAM) and clomiphene (CLO) on bone resorption was investigated. TAM (100 microM) and CLO (100 microM) completely blocked PTH (2 nM)-induced resorption; 10 microM TAM was ineffective in blocking resorption, while 40-50 microM partially inhibited the response. TAM (100 microM) also completely blocked prostaglandin E2 (30 nM)- and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (0.5 nM)-induced bone resorption. A 16-h pretreatment with TAM blocked subsequent stimulation of resorption by PTH, whereas 3.5- or 7-h pretreatment with antiestrogen was ineffective in blocking the response. Both protein and DNA syntheses were inhibited by continuous treatment (48 h) with the antiestrogens. When antiestrogen-pretreated (16 h) bones were transferred to fresh medium not containing antiestrogen, protein and DNA syntheses recovered to approximately half the control (nonantiestrogen-treated) values within 48 h. Bone resorption, however, was still completely inhibited even though macromolecular synthesis had substantially recovered. Thus, mechanisms other than macromolecular synthesis inhibition could be involved in the inhibition of bone resorption by the nonsteroidal antiestrogens TAM and CLO.
Repeated high-intensity Wingate cycle bouts influence markers of lymphocyte migration but not apoptosis.

Studies have shown significant changes in lymphocytes during continuous exercise, but little has been shown on the effect of repeated high intensity bouts. This study was designed to examine the effect of repeated intermittent bouts on lymphocyte subset cell count, apoptosis, and migration. A series of 6 Wingate anaerobic cycle tests were performed by participants (N = 8) with blood samples attained before, immediately following, and after a designated recovery period (excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)) to observe lymphocyte changes. Lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD4/CD45RA+, CD8+, CD8+/CD45RA+, CD19+) were assessed for apoptosis (annexin V+) and cellular migration (CX3CR1). Our results indicate that the CD8+ and CD8+/CD45RA+ subsets were significantly influenced by the repetitive Wingate cycling protocol such that cell counts increased with exercise, and then decreased at EPOC termination (p = 0.016). The observed postexercise decrease in CD8+ and CD8+/CD45RA+ cells was accompanied by a significa...
Treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Background:Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy impairs quality of life and can be difficult to treat.Objective:To discuss current treatment recommendations for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Study design:Literature review.Methods:Systematic review of the literature discussing treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Existing treatment guidelines were studied and compared.Results:Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy occurs in about one in six people with diabetes. This condition impairs quality of life and increases healthcare costs. Treatment recommendations exist, but individual patient therapy can require a trial-and-error approach. Many treatment options have adjuvant benefits or side effects which should be considered prior to initiating therapy. Often, a combination of treatment modalities with various mechanisms of action is required for adequate pain control. Adequate medication titration and a reasonable trial period should be allowed.Conclusion:The treatment of painful di...
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in larvae of the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania)

Abstract Aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) activity in midgut microsomes of southern armyworm ( Spodoptera eridania ) larvae was induced 11-fold and 5.6-fold respectively following three days of feeding on diets containing pentamethylbenzene or naphthalene (both 0.2% w/v). β-Naphthoflavone and Aroclor 1254 were less effective inducers of AHH activity, phenobarbital was only slightly active and 3-methylcholanthrene caused a decrease in enzyme activity. AHH activity in microsomes from untreated and induced larvae was susceptible to inhibition by α-naphthoflavone, 1-phenylimidazole and piperonyl butoxide. Equilibrium dialysis studies with 1-(4′- 3 H-phenyl)imidazole showed that control and induced armyworm midgut microsomes contained a class of cytochrome(s) P-450 with a uniformly high affinity for phenylimidazole. It is concluded that AHH activity in the armyworm is catalyzed by a class of cytochrome(s) P-450 with characteristics intermediate between mammalian cytochrome(s) P-450 and P-448.
Inhibition of Murine Sarcoma Cell Adherence to Polystyrene Substrata by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Evidence for Fibronectin-Mediated Direct Antitumor Activity of BCG

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) inhibited adherence of S180 mouse sarcoma cells and WI38 human diploid fibroblasts to the polystyrene substratum of 24-well cluster dishes in a dose-dependent manner. This property was retained by washed or heat-killed bacilli, but not by the vaccine filtrate or by the spent bacterial culture medium. Adhesion of bacilli to nonadherent S180 cells was demonstrated by light and scanning electron microscopy, but was not seen after trypsinization of adherent cells, indicating that bacilli bind to cell-surface adhesins. Preincubation of bacilli with human fibronectin abolished their ability to inhibit S180 adherence, suggesting that the phenomenon may be mediated by interaction of bacilli with cell-surface fibronectin. Fibronectin pretreatment of the bacteria also decreased their inhibition of S180 tumor growth in vivo, indicating that this mechanism may be at least partly responsible for BCG vaccine's observed antineoplastic activity.
Can engine effects be separated from lubricant effects

In this paper, it is argued that, at high precision, it is impossible to separate the effects of lubricant rheology from engine geometry. Correlations based upon such a separation have little intrinsic value.
The Research of Blood Glucose Monitoring System Based on Biosensor

The detection of blood glucose concentration plays an important role in diabetes treatment. This paper proposes a design which is compatible with finger blood signal acquisition and dynamic blood sugar monitoring in real time. It mainly studies different biosensors which are used to do the glucose signal acquisition. Then we discuss the processing methods of human blood glucose signal using the sensors we studied. This paper outlines the hardware implementation and software management. Based on the core of STM32 embedded microprocessor, the system can achieve glucose signal acquisition, LCD display, historical records restore, data transmission by USB and wireless transmission through Bluetooth. At last, system functions are tested. It is proved that the system is reliable and performs well.
Response of chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina to UV and visible irradiations.

We have previously investigated the response mechanisms of photosystem II complexes from spinach to strong UV and visible irradiations (Wei et al J Photochem Photobiol B 104:118–125, 2011). In this work, we extend our study to the effects of strong light on the unusual cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina, which is able to use chlorophyll d (Chl d) to harvest solar energy at a longer wavelength (740 nm). We found that ultraviolet (UV) or high level of visible and near-far red light is harmful to A. marina. Treatment with strong white light (1,200 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) caused a parallel decrease in PSII oxygen evolution of intact cells and in extracted pigments Chl d, zeaxanthin, and α-carotene analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, with severe loss after 6 h. When cells were irradiated with 700 nm of light (100 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) there was also bleaching of Chl d and loss of photosynthetic activity. Interestingly, UVB radiation (138 μmol quanta m−2 s−1) caused a loss of photosynthetic activity without reduction in Chl d. Excess absorption of light by Chl d (visible or 700 nm) causes a reduction in photosynthesis and loss of pigments in light harvesting and photoprotection, likely by photoinhibition and inactivation of photosystem II, while inhibition of photosynthesis by UVB radiation may occur by release of Mn ion(s) in Mn4CaO5 center in photosystem II.
Magnetic susceptibility study of magnetic properties in low stage FeCl3 intercalated graphite

Abstract Measurement of the ac susceptibility of well characterized ferric chloride intercalated graphite compounds both parallel and perpendicular to the basal plane, shows that the stage 1 and 2 compounds undergo a magnetic phase transition at 4.3 ± 0.2 K and 1.3 ± 0.2K respectively.
Experimental test for CP noninvariance and neutral kaon ''charge''

We discuss a theory of $\mathrm{CP}$ noninvariance in which the interaction is completely determined by the principle of gauge invariance. We also discuss its experimental test by observing anomalous phenomena of ${K}^{0}$ decay in the electric field. Moreover, the experimental result can also determine an accurate upper limit for the neutral kaon charge (which has never been directly measured) if the predicted phenomena are not observed.
Evaluation of Escherichia coli K-12 343/113 and derived strains for microbial mutagenicity assays.

Abstract Several characteristics of the E. coli K-12 mutagenicity tester strains 343/113 and 343/120 have been investigated for their effects on induced mutagenesis using the arg 56 and nad 113 genes, and resistance to valine. We found, as have earlier authors, that the nad 113 marker is relatively specific for detecting frameshift-inducing mutagens and relatively insensitive to agents that cause point mutations. In contrast, both the Arg and Val markers are primarily specific for reversion (or mutation) induction by point mutagens. In all cases tested, the Arg and Val markers respond to mutagens in a qualitatively similar manner. We have enhanced the sensitivity of this tester system to a wide variety of mutagens by permeabilization of the tester cell population using Tris-EDTA treatment. This treatment prior to mutagen exposure enables the detection of mutagenicity of several compounds that are weakly mutagenic or nonmutagenic in untreated cells. We have also increased the mutagenicity of some chemicals by preincubating with rat-liver S9 at pH values other than 7.4. For diethylnitrosamine, for instance, maximal induction occured at pH 6.5, and for benzo[ a ]pyrene, maximal induction was at pH 6.8.
The Effect of an Arginine–Glycine–Aspartic Acid Peptide and Hyaluronate Synthetic Matrix on Epithelialization of Meshed Skin Graft Interstices

Keratinocytes and fibroblasts interact with proteins of the extracellular matrix such as fibronectin and vitronectin through RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) cell-attachment sequences. This study evaluated the ability of a provisional synthetic matrix composed of an RGD peptide and hyaluronic acid to accelerate the epithelialization of the interstices of meshed, human, split-thickness skin when placed on full-thickness wounds of athymic mice. Full-thickness skin defects, sparing the panniculus carnosus, were created on athymic mice and 3:1 meshed, human skin was placed on them. The grafts had four central, isolated interstices, which epithelialized by migration of human keratinocytes. Conditions were either the addition to the wound of the synthetic matrix or a matrix of hyaluronic acid alone. The time to closure of the graft interstices was decreased (p < 0.02) in the wounds treated with the RGD peptide-hyaluronic acid provisional matrix. The resultant epithelium of the closed interstices was significantly thicker 8 days after surgery for the RGD-treated wounds. Basement membrane proteins (laminin and type IV collagen) were also found to be present at the dermoepidermal junction earlier in the RGD-treated wounds. These results imply that use of the RGD peptide conjugate to effect cell-matrix interactions may have clinical significance in the field of wound healing.
Rectifiability of the singular set of energy minimizing maps

The regularity theory of Schoen and Uhlenbeck [SU] for energy minimizing maps u from a domain ~2 C R n (equipped with any smooth Riemannian metric) into a compact smooth Riemannian target manifold N , established that the singular set s ingu always has Hausdorff dimension _ 0, where ~ s denotes s-dimensional Hausdorff measure. Similar results were obtained independently by Giaquinta and Giusti [GG] in the case when the image is contained in a coordinate chart. In case the target manifold N is real analytic, the main theorems of this paper (Theorems 1-3 below) establish rectifiability properties for such singular sets in the dimension n 3, and in other dimensions m < n 3 in case N happens to be such that all energy minimizing maps u into N have dim sing u < m. Recall that a subset A C R n is said to be m-rectifiable if ,~flm(A) < oo, and if A has an approximate tangent space a.e. in the sense that for ~ m a . e . z E A there is an m-dimensional subspace Lz such that
Probabilistic recovery of neuroendocrine pulsatile, secretory and kinetic structure: An alternating discrete and continuous scheme

The brain (hypothalamus) directs hormone secretion by the pituitary gland via burst-like (pulsatile) release of specific peptides at inferentially random times. These pulsatile signals supervise growth, reproduction, lactation, stress adaptations, water balance and immune responses. However, hypothalamic molecules are diluted > 3000-fold in systemic blood, leaving pituitary-hormone pulses as measurable surrogates. The latter (roughly) mirror hypothalamic peptide bursts on a 1:1 basis, albeit being observed in a noisy environment. As a window to the brain, one must accurately recover the pulse (onset) times, and thereby estimate hormone secretion and kinetic parameters (0 ∈Θ) without distortion. Based upon limited observed data, one would like to obtain probability statements about underlying pulsatility, secretion and kinetics. Moreover, to be applicable in today's clinical setting, it is important that any such procedure require minimal or no human input. We propose and justify the following method. First, the data (a pituitary hormone concentration time-profile) is "selectively smoothed" by a nonlinear diffusion equation, whose diffusion coefficient is inversely related to the degree of rapid increase. This procedure generates a collection of potential pulse time sets (T). Then, via an algorithm which alternates between a Metropolis algorithm on T and a time-homogeneous diffusion process on Θ, a compact manifold with boundary, simulation from an appropriately formulated (posterior) probability measure is achieved. The method is applied to recover the underlying structure of brain-pituitary regulation in disease and aging.
Functional ability and work status in patients with fibromyalgia

To assess functional ability in fibromyalgia patients, we examined 28 patients during the performance of five standardized work tasks (SWT), and compared their performance to 26 RA patients and 11 healthy community controls. Fibromyalgia patients performed 58.6% and RA patients 62.1% of the work done by normals. Work performance was strongly associated with pretest Stanford Health Assessment Disability Index (HAQ) scores (r = 0.705), but also with pain, global severity, and psychologic status in both RA and fibromyalgia groups. We also examined work status in 176 fibromyalgia patients. Sixty percent were employed, 9.6% considered themselves disabled, but only 6.2% received disability payments (none for the specific diagnosis of fibromyalgia). Thirty percent of patients had changed jobs because of this illness. Functional ability is impaired in Fibromyalgia. SWT and the HAQ disability instrument may be effective in the clinical assessment of fibromyalgia.
The Language Patterns of Preschool Children in the Computer Environment.

Abstract This article describes the language patterns of eight preschool students in a computer environment. Videotaped interactions at the computer center were analyzed to examine the nature of the verbal interaction that took place among peers. Using Halliday's functional framework, the authors found that regulatory was the most popular language pattern, followed by heuristic and representational. The results of this study reveal the scope and variety of preschool children's language in the computer environment and may help early childhood educators understand how preschool children use language to interact with each other.
Concise, regioselective synthesis of the ABC tristetrahydropyran of thyrsiferol and venustatriol.

The ABC tristetrahydropyran substructure 1 of the natural products thyrsiferol (2) and venustatriol (3) has been synthesized in 14 steps from farnesyl acetate, with effective control of all aspects of regio- and stereoselectivity in the formation of each tetrahydropyran ring.
Fluoroscopic radiation and risk of primary lung cancer following pneumothorax therapy of tuberculosis.

Fluoroscopic Radiation and Risk of Primary Lung Cancer following Pneumothorax Therapy of Tuberculosis
Prevention of chronic rejection by pravastatin in a rat kidney transplant model.

Background. Pravastatin when administered with cyclosporine (CsA) has been shown to ameliorate transplant vasculopathy in the clinical setting. Previously we showed that pravastatin prevents chronic rejection in rat cardiac and liver transplant models. Here we determine whether pravastatin prevents chronic rejection in a rat renal allograft model. Methods. Orthotopic renal transplantations were performed using Fisher 344 rats as donors and Lewis rats as recipients. Recipients were treated with low-dose CsA for 10 days to prevent acute rejection. Recipients were divided into three groups: CsA, CsA + pravastatin, and syngeneic. Renal function was assessed by serum creatinine level at day 130. Allografts were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of alloantibodies were measured by flow cytometry. Intragraft cytokine mRNA expression was determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Intragraft levels of the antiapoptotic Bag-1 gene were measured by Western blot. Results. Unlike allografts from the pravastatin group, control allografts demonstrated glomerulosclerosis, vascular obliteration, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Serum creatinine levels and graft infiltration of T cells and macrophages in the pravastatin-treated animals were significantly lower. Intragraft cytokines showed a T helper 2 polarization and decreased transforming growth factor-β in the pravastatin group. Intragraft expression of Bag-1 was increased in the pravastatin group. Conclusion. This study demonstrates the ability of pravastatin to inhibit chronic rejection in rat renal allografts. Pravastatin's pleiotropic effects of reducing intragraft inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting immune cell infiltration, and causing up-regulation of the antiapoptotic gene Bag-1 suggest that its ability to prevent transplant chronic rejection may be multifactorial.
Some Design Considerations for Planetary Relay Communications Satellites

Items affecting information transmitted from payload landed on remote planet to earth via communications satellite including orbit, transmission policy and orbit injection error effect on communication capability
Xenografts faithfully recapitulate breast cancer-specific gene expression patterns of parent primary breast tumors

Though xenografts are used extensively for drug development in breast cancer, how well xenografts reflect the breadth of primary breast tumor subtypes has not been well characterized. Moreover, few studies have compared the gene expression of xenograft tumors to the primary tumors from which they were derived. Here we investigate whether the ability of human breast tumors (n = 20) to create xenografts in immune-deficient mice is associated with breast cancer immunohistochemical (IHC) and intrinsic subtype. We also characterize how precisely the gene expression of xenografts reprises that of parent breast tumors, using hierarchical clustering and other correlation-based techniques applied to Agilent 44K gene expression data from 16 samples including four matched primary tumor-xenograft pairs. Of the breast tumors studied, 25 % (5/20) generated xenografts. Receptor and intrinsic subtype were significant predictors of xenograft success, with all (4/4) triple-negative (TN) tumors and no (0/12) HR+Her2- tumors forming xenografts (P = 0.0005). Tumor cell expression of ALDH1, a stem cell marker, trended toward successful engraftment (P = 0.14), though CDK5/6, a basal marker, did not. Though hierarchical clustering across the 500 most variable genes segregated human breast tumors from xenograft tumors, when clustering was performed over the PAM50 gene set the primary tumor-xenograft pairs clustered together, with all IHC subtypes clustered in distinct groups. Greater similarity between primary tumor-xenograft pairs relative to random pairings was confirmed by calculation of the within-pair between-pair scatter ratio (WPBPSR) distribution (P = 0.0269), though there was a shift in the xenografts toward more aggressive features including higher proliferation scores relative to the primary. Triple-negative breast tumors demonstrate superior ability to create xenografts compared to HR+ tumors, which may reflect higher proliferation or relatively stroma-independent growth of this subtype. Xenograft tumors' gene expression faithfully resembles that of their parent tumors, yet also demonstrates a shift toward more aggressive molecular features.
Lexical and Sublexical Feedback in Auditory Word Recognition

Abstract Currently, there are two qualitatively different model classes in the field of spoken language understanding. Autonomous models allow only bottom-up information flow, whereas interactive models allow higher level representations (e.g., lexical) to affect processing at lower levels (e.g., phonemic). Part 1 of the present study included a test of a prediction that differentiates the two model classes: Is phoneme monitoring faster for targets in real words than in pseudowords, even before the word could in principle be recognized? The results indicate that this lexical advantage does occur, in accord with the predictions of interactive models. In Part 2, speech compression and expansion were used to assess the sufficiency or necessity of bottom-up evidence and of processing time in accomplishing lexical access. The results of Parts 1 and 2 suggested that in addition to the lexical effects posited by current models, sublexical activation may also play an important role. Data are presented in Part 3 that support this interpretation Collectively, the results in the current study support interactive models of lexical processing, but require additional sublexical processes as well.
Effects of the brain parasite Myxobolus arcticus on sockeye salmon

Parasitism with Myxobolus arcticus did not affect smolt size of sockeye salmon or their osmocompetence, but had a deleterious effect (P<0.001) on the swimming speed of naturally infected smolts. Parasitized fish had a mean swimming speed of 2.89 fork length s−1 (LF s−1) compared with 4.37 LF s−1 for unparasitized fish. The parasite probably impairs swimming ability by affecting the central nervous system, but this effect does not appear severe enough to limit the parasite's usefulness in stock separation.
Patterns of patient care reported by nephrologists : Implications for nephrology training

Abstract The recent estimate of the nephrology workforce indicates that more nephrologists must be trained to care for the increasing number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This conclusion was based on a 1996 survey indicating that nephrologists devote an average of 35% of their activities caring for ESRD patients. We compared data in that survey with those from a 1991 survey of members of the American Society of Nephrology to determine similarities between the different periods. The 1,590 responders in the 1991 survey (35% of the American Society of Nephrology membership) indicated that 50% devoted more than 75% of their effort to patient care, predominately for patients with general nephrology and hypertension problems. Approximately 69% of respondents cared for fewer than 50 hemodialysis patients, and the majority of respondents felt the maximum number of dialysis patients for whom they could provide adequate medical care would be 50. Most respondents felt that there would be a deficiency of nephrologists in their community within 5 years. Results from both the 1991 and 1996 surveys indicate that practice patterns have not changed markedly; combining results from the two surveys makes it clear that more nephrologists are needed to care for the projected increase in dialysis patients. Because nephrologists should be involved in the management of the pre-ESRD patient, training programs will have to broaden the preparation of future nephrologists. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Oct;32(4):551-6)
Reverse transcriptase activity associated with maturase-encoding group II introns in yeast mitochondria

Abstract Group II introns al1 and al2 of the yeast mtDNA cox1 gene encode reverse transcriptase-like proteins that function in RNA splicing and may play a role in intron mobility and excision. We find that ribonucleoprotein particles from yeast mitochondria contain a reverse transcriptase activity that is likely encoded by al1 and al2 and is highly specific for the introns and their flanking exons. Using a mutant strain with elevated activity, we show that the reverse transcriptase uses either excised intron RNA or cox1 pre-mRNA as template and initiates cDNA synthesis near the 3′ end of al2 and immediately downstream in E3. Our results suggest that introns al1 and al2 are retroelements, which encode reverse transcriptases that have adapted to function in RNA splicing.
Manageable One-Time Password for Consumer Applications

One-time password (OTP) typically provides a better security protection than static password. However, a hindrance to consumer experience is the OTP manageability: users may need to store many secret values when they use OTP for authentication of distinct websites. In this paper, we extend the password generator technique to add the manageability to OTP authentication while retaining the computation and communication efficiency. Under the proposed scheme, a user, memorizing one password, can perform OTP authentication with various websites. Furthermore, the manageability for authentication servers is also improved, as the proposed scheme enables servers to infer the security status of client devices based on the received one-time passwords.
Laser-Generated Waves and Wakes in Rotating Ion Crystals

Locally excited plasma waves are generated in a Coulomb crystal by ``pushing'' with radiation pressure on a rotating cloud of laser-cooled ${}^{9}{\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ ions. The waves form a stationary wake that is directly imaged through the dependence of the ion fluorescence on Doppler shifts, and theoretical calculations in a slab geometry are shown to accurately reproduce these images. The technique demonstrates a new method of exciting and studying waves in cold ion clouds.
Folate Receptor: A Macrophage “Achilles' Heel”?

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide.[1][1] Atherosclerosis, the underlying inflammatory disease, develops through the progressive accumulation of lipids and leukocytes in the vessel wall. Over the past 30 years, lesional macrophages have emerged as central
Shigella Effector OspB Activates mTORC1 in a Manner That Depends on IQGAP1 and Promotes Cell Proliferation

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Shigella infects and spreads through the human intestinal epithelium. Effector proteins delivered by Shigella into cells promote infection by modulating diverse host functions. We demonstrate that the effector protein OspB interacts directly with the scaffolding protein IQGAP1, and that the absence of either OspB or IQGAP1 during infection leads to larger areas of S. flexneri spread through cell monolayers. We show that the effect on the area of bacterial spread is due to OspB triggering increased cell proliferation at the periphery of infected foci, thereby replacing some of the cells that die within infected foci and restricting the area of bacterial spread. We demonstrate that OspB enhancement of cell proliferation results from activation of mTORC1, a master regulator of cell growth, and is blocked by the mTORC1-specific inhibitor rapamycin. OspB activation of mTORC1, and its effects on cell proliferation and bacterial spread, depends on IQGAP1. Our results identify OspB as a regulator of mTORC1 and mTORC1-dependent cell proliferation early during S. flexneri infection and establish a role for IQGAP1 in mTORC1 signaling. They also raise the possibility that IQGAP1 serves as a scaffold for the assembly of an OspB-mTORC1 signaling complex.
Component-based embedded database for mobile embedded systems

Recent developments in portable devices and growing wireless communication networks have evolved mobile computing during the last few years. Mobile computing enlarges the usability of computers by allowing low powered mobile devices to query the database over the wireless network, but also raises some demanding challenges such as slow expensive connection, frequent line disconnection, limited host bandwidth, location dependent data etc. This database should not only handle transactions with temporal constraints and maintain consistency, but also use small memory footprint. The database should use the resources more efficiently, port on various operating systems, minimize CPU usage, run for long period of time without any user intervention, secure and flexible enough to work with different applications with no or less tailoring. The database should be generic and can be tailored so that the application designer can get fully functional and flexible database for mobile embedded systems. This paper proposes a mobile embedded database, which will resolve some of the important issues caused by the mobile computing environment using a component based approach.
An empirical evaluation of the determinants of tourist's hurricane evacuation decision making

Tourists are vulnerable in the event of a crisis. This article is focused on examining aspects of tourists that potentially influence whether or not they evacuate in the event of a hurricane. In general the results of this study suggest that individual characteristics (risk belief, connectedness, knowledge, and past experience with hurricanes), travel related variables and the socio-demographic characteristics of tourists influence their decision regarding whether or not to evacuate in the event of a hurricane, with tourists who are not local showing higher risk beliefs regarding hurricanes, with low connectedness and knowledge about hurricanes, without past experience with hurricane impacts, traveling with a larger party, traveling with children, traveling for the first time to the destination, traveling by plane and personal vehicle, older age groups, female, with an annual income more than $125,000 are more likely to evacuate. Managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
A Descriptive and Comparative Cohort Analysis of High School Delinquency in a Small Town

Police contact with two small, male high school cohorts from a rural county is described and cautiously com pared with police contacts in the larger, urban male cohort study by Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin. High school-aged males in both studies seem to have similar characteristics, particularly in regard to the amount of "harm" inflicted by officially recorded acts. In the present study, about one boy in four has at least one officially recorded police contact during high school. Some juvenile justice policy implications (involving desistance rates) are discussed. The problems associated with cohort research based on official records and comparisons between cohorts are addressed.