cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How and why community hospital clinicians document a positive screen for intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional study

This two-part study examines primary care clinicians' chart documentation and attitudes when confronted by a positive waiting room screen for intimate partner violence (IPV). Patients at community hospital-affiliated health centers completed a screening questionnaire in waiting rooms that primary care providers (PCPs) were subsequently given at the time of the visit. We first reviewed the medical records of patients who screened positive for IPV, evaluating the presence and quality of documentation. Next we administered a survey to PCPs that measured their knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding IPV. Seventy-two percent of charts contained some documentation of IPV, however only 10% contained both a referral and safety plan. PCPs were more likely to refer patients (p < .05) who screened positively for mood or anxiety disorders, disclosed that they feared for their safety or were economically disadvantaged. Those that feared for their safety or endorsed mood or anxiety disorders were more likely to have notation of a safety plan in their records. When surveyed, 81.6% of clinicians strongly agreed that it is their role to inquire about IPV, but only 68% expressed confidence in their ability to manage it. In contrast, 93% expressed confidence in managing depression. Sixty-seven percent identified time constraints as a barrier to care. Predictors of PCP confidence in treating patients who have experienced IPV (p < .05) included hours of recent training and clinical experience with IPV. Mandatory waiting room screening for IPV does not result in high levels of referral or safety planning by PCPs. Despite the implementation of a screening process, clinicians lack confidence and time to address IPV in their patient populations suggesting that alternative methods of training and supporting PCPs need to be developed.
Does Institutional Investor Behavior Influence the Market Reaction to Going Concern Audit Reports

We investigate the incremental market reaction to first-time going concern audit reports (GCARs) relative to similarly distressed non-GCAR firms. We utilize a matched-sample research design to show that first-time GCARs are associated with incremental negative abnormal returns and increases in market-adjusted share turnover at the annual report filing date. Moreover, our results indicate that greater net selling by institutional investors (i.e., institutional flight) during the fiscal year increases the magnitude of these associations. We also find that first-time GCARs signal an increased likelihood of bankruptcy and weaker operating performance in the subsequent year, and that institutional flight prior to the GCAR moderates the severity of these signals. Taken together, our findings provide new evidence that first-time GCARs are incrementally informative beyond other financial statement information, and that the informativeness of the auditor’s GCAR decision is moderated by the observed trading decisions of institutional investors.
Anthracene photoinduced toxicity to plhc-1 cell line (Poeciliopsis lucida) and the role of lipid peroxidation in toxicity

Many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are acutely toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms in the presence of solar ultraviolet radiation (SUVR) of environmentally realistic intensities. In the present study, the photoinduced toxicity of a PAH (anthracene; ANT) to topminnow hepatoma cell line (PLHC-1) was assessed. After the toxicity was characterized, the role of lipid peroxidation in PAH photoinduced toxicity was examined by measuring lipid peroxidation products and by assessing the effect of lipid peroxidation antagonist (Trolox) treatment. In cytotoxicity tests using two assays (MTT, neutral red), the SUVR/ANT treatment elicited toxicity to PLHC-1 cells in a concentration- and SUVR (exposure duration and intensity)-dependent pattern. As found in previous organism-level studies, no significant cytotoxicity was observed in the cells exposed either to fluorescent light/ANT or to SUVR only. The SUVR/ANT treatment elicited the lipid peroxidation process and Trolox pretreatment significantly reduced SUVR/ANT-induced cell mortality. Microscopic observation showed that Trolox pretreatment relieved the SUVR/ANT-inflicted damage, such as cell shrinkage and membrane disruption. Together with a recent finding in our lab that increased production of superoxide anion and a lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde) was found in SUVR/ANT-treated fish microsomes, the present study suggests that reactive oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation is an important factor in PAH photoinduced toxicity to fish.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF NEXUSES IN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT HUMAN CERVICAL EPITHELIUM

An estimate is made of the frequency of occurrence of nexuses ("gap junctions") in a spectrum of human cervical epithelia, ranging from normal to malignant, since a deficiency of nexuses may be important in abnormal cell-to-cell communication in malignant tissues. The normal cervical epithelium has approximately ten nexuses per cell in the basal layer of proliferating cells and 200 nexuses per cell in the more differentiated intermediate zone. Nexuses are rare between invasive malignant epithelial cells (carcinoma cells). In many areas of cell proliferation near the edge of the tumor mass, fewer than one nexus per cell is present. However, up to four nexuses per cell can be found in some well differentiated regions of invasive carcinoma. Preinvasive malignant epithelia (severe dysplasia and carcinoma- in situ ) have as few nexuses as invasive carcinoma. In abnormal but benign epithelia (squamous metaplasia and mild dysplasia), nexuses are abundant. The data indicate that a decrease in number of nexuses correlates with the severity of the morphological alteration in the dysplastic epithelium. Also the deficiency of nexuses in groups of carcinoma cells can occur many cell generations before the development of invasion of the malignant epithelium into the connective tissue. The diminution of nexuses before invasion suggests that a deficiency of nexuses may be one of the important factors in eventually permitting the development of the diffusely infiltrating type of invasion which is characteristic of highly malignant tumors such as squamous carcinomas.
Atrazine biodegradation to deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine in coastal sediments of different land uses

Atrazine, a triazine herbicide widely used in the United States, contributes to surface-water and groundwater contamination, as can deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and deethylatrazine (DEA), two of its microbial degradation products. Production of DIA and DEA by native bacteria in aquatic sediments has not been investigated thoroughly. We assessed atrazine and production of DIA and DEA over time in coastal aquatic sediments associated with different land uses including creeks from an undeveloped preserve and a suburban development, a golf course drainage ditch, and a contaminated commercial harbor. Sediments were incubated in microcosms, spiked with U-14C-atrazine, extracted, and analyzed for 14C in a liquid scintillation counter. Atrazine, DIA, and DEA also were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The amount of 14C recovered varied at each site as a function of the sediment organic carbon content and decreased significantly over time. Both DEA and DIA were measured primarily in the aqueous phase. Transformation was more extensive to DIA than to DEA. The ratio of DIA to atrazine recovered from the undeveloped preserve was as high as 0.13. In contrast, the golf course had limited biotransformation, and had the greatest atrazine recoveries so atrazine, not DEA and DIA, may have a greater impact at this site.
Development of a resource tool to assist children to adjust emotionally to the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes

Our previous work has shown that children recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) have difficulty expressing the grief and despair that they feel in the immediate period following diagnosis. Further, many children describe feelings of isolation with their diabetes and are eager to connect with peers in a similar situation. A children’s book was therefore developed for children with newly diagnosed T1DMand their carersaimedto: 1. Create a platformfor these children to enable them to express their emotions in a safe environment with parental support. 2. To read how other children in their situation have adjusted to life with T1DM. Over a 24 month period, approximately 60 children aged 8-12 years with T1MD attended monthly Therapeutic Support Groups at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead. The emotions and experiences during the period of T1DM were recorded as direct quotes and drawings. From this data, unique insights shed light on the complexity of the psychological process experienced by children during the time of diagnosis through exploration of specific examples it became clear that emotions such as anger, sadness and isolation were strong themes throughout the journey of diagnosis and were chosen for inclusion in the book. The collated materialprovides a greater understanding forchildren and their carersof the emotional journey experienced when first diagnosed with T1DM. The children discuss feelings and strategies regarding how to cope with injections, finger pricks, what friends can do, tips for parents and stories of hope. The gathering of material resulted in a children’s book being published which enablesthe child to read how other children managedtheir diagnosis ofT1DM and endeavours to encourage other children to reflect. Throughout the book there are opportunities for the child to draw pictures and write how they navigated their feelings with diabetes. In conclusion the book has been trialled by a number of Social Workers and other disciplines over the past 6 months with positive feedback from health professionals and patients. It has been used in the initial newly diagnosed sessions, counselling and groups at camps. This free book could be beneficial for rural communities who have limited psychological support as it may offer the child to feel understood while reading other children’s similar experiences.
Effects of PEG on detergent micelles: implications for the crystallization of integral membrane proteins.

The solubilization of integral membrane proteins with detergents produces protein–detergent complexes (PDCs). Interactions between the detergent moieties of PDCs contribute significantly to their behavior. The effects of the precipitating agent polyethylene glycol (PEG) upon these detergent–detergent interactions have been examined, focusing on the detergent system used to crystallize the bacterial outer membrane protein OmpF porin. Static and dynamic light scattering were used to assess the effects of temperature and concentration upon the hydrodynamic size distribution and the aggregation state of detergent micelles and a phase diagram for micellar solutions was mapped. Estimates of the second osmotic virial coefficient obtained from static light-scattering measurements on micelles were shown to accurately reflect the thermodynamic quality of the solvent. Solvent quality decreases as the consolute boundary is approached, suggesting micelle–micelle attractive forces help to organize PDCs into crystalline aggregates near the cloud point. An apparent increase in micelle mass is observed as the solution approaches the cloud point. These results raise the possibility that the detergent-mediated aggregation of PDCs and/or slight changes in micelle geometry may prove to be important in the nucleation of membrane protein crystals.
Surveillance of surgical wound infections following open heart surgery.

Objective: To define accurate wound infection rates for the cardiac surgery service based on site of infection and characterization as “deep” or “incisional” and to determine whether a correctable cause for an apparent increase in deep wound infection rates existed. Design: Observational. Setting: Tertiary-care teaching hospital. Participants: All adults undergoing open heart surgery in 1988 and 1989. Interventions: Changed from razor to clipper preoperative hair removal in January 1989. Results: Deep sternotomy wound infections decreased significantly from 1.2% in 1988 to 0.2% in 1989 (p=.010) and deep venectomy (vein donor site) wound infections declined from 1.6% to 0.4% (p=.014) during the same time period. Incisional wound infection rates did not change. Patients with deep infections more likely required readmission or operation to treat their infection than those with incisional wound infections. The percentage of gram-negative organisms causing wound infections decreased from 56.3% in 1988 to 34.7% in 1989 (p= ,017). Conclusions: Preoperative hair removal using a clipper appears to have decreased the risk of deep wound infection compared with razor preparation. The dichotomous wound classification of “deep” and “incisional” distinguished between patients who required additional interventions for treatment of wound infections.
Local Data Assimilation in Specification of Open Boundary Conditions

Abstract A data assimilation approach to specify open boundary conditions is proposed. The boundary values are determined from the solution of the special optimization problem: minimization of the difference between the model and reference boundary values under the integral constraints on the open boundary. These constraints represent the energy, momentum, and mass fluxes through the open boundary. Reference values represent the a priori knowledge about the boundary values. They might be derived from observations, results of another model run, or from another approach to the specification of open boundary conditions. Optimized open boundary conditions are presented in detail for the barotropic case and when only one integral constraint is considered: energy flux through the open boundary. It is shown that well-known radiation-type boundary conditions introduced by Reid and Bodine, and Flather, are special cases of the derived optimized conditions. The results of application of the proposed boundary condit...
Donor bone marrow transplantation: Chimerism and tolerance

Infusion of donor bone marrow (DBM)-derived cells continue to be tested in clinical protocols intended to induce specific immunologic tolerance. Central clonal deletion of donor-specific alloreactive cells associated with mixed chimerism reliably produced long-term graft tolerance. In this setting, depletion of recipient T cells by antilymphocyte antibodies and subsequent repopulation by donor hematopoietic cells after donor bone marrow infusion (DBMI) are prerequisites for tolerance induction. Major advances have been made in animal models and in pilot clinical trials and the key questions with the future perspectives are presented in this article.
Prevalence of Self-Reported Food Allergy in Lebanon: A Middle-Eastern Taste

Background. Food allergy (FA) is an important health problem in Western countries but there is limited data on the prevalence of food allergy in the Middle East. The main objective of our study is to assess the prevalence of self-reported food allergy in Lebanon. Methods. The survey was conducted by Telephone Calls questionnaire through random selection of landline phone numbers from the white pages all over Lebanon. A study questionnaire addressing the main objectives of the study was filled during the telephone call conversation. Results. Food allergy prevalence is estimated to be 4.1% in infants and children and 3.2% in adults. 65% of patients suffering from food allergy are females and 35% are males. Skin reactions are the most common symptoms among food allergy sufferers, reported in 86% of the cases. Signs of anaphylaxis appeared in 10.8% of cases. Fruits were the most common allergens at 35%, followed by eggs (19%) and nuts (16%). Cow's milk and spices ranked fourth (14%). Only half of food allergy sufferers sought medical advice. Allergists, dermatologists, gastroenterologists, or GPs (general practitioners) were consulted. Blood testing for specific IgE was the main diagnostic tool used by physicians. Conclusion. This is a pilot study of self-reported food allergy prevalence in Lebanon based on telephone survey. General prevalence is estimated to be 4.1% in infants and children and 3.2% in adults. Our study may improve awareness for proper diagnosis, food elimination, and acquisition of epinephrine autoinjectors in this part of the world.
Phase-change materials for Group-IV electro-optical switching and modulation

This paper reviews the invention, design and theoretical simulation of 2 x 2 and 1 x 4 optical routing switches. Insertion loss and crosstalk performance in the 1.55 to 3.0 μm wavelength range are predicted. The electrically actuated optical layer is a thin film of Ge2Sb2Te5 or GeTe or GeSe whose thickness is in the 10 to 100-nm range. This film was embedded at the centerline of an SOI, SON, or GeOI channel waveguide structure for MZI and directional-coupler switching Alternatively, to switch free-space light beams, Ge prisms sandwiching the film were employed. Devices are self-sustaining in each of their two states. Experiments are needed to confirm assumptions made in the theory about voltage requirements, speed, PCM index, and manufacturing techniques.
Parallel Transistor-Level Circuit Simulation

With the advent of multi-core technology, inexpensive large-scale parallel platforms are now widely available. While this presents new opportunities for the EDA community, traditional transistor-level, SPICE-style circuit simulation has unique parallel simulation challenges. Here the Xyce Parallel Circuit Simulator is described, which has been designed from the “from-the-ground-up” to be distributed memory-parallel. Xyce has demonstrated scalable circuit simulation on hundreds of processors, but doing so required a comprehensive parallel strategy. This included the development of new solver technologies, including novel preconditioned iterative solvers, as well as attention to other aspects of the simulation such as parallel file I/O, and efficient load balancing of device evaluations and linear systems. Xyce relies primarily upon a message-passing (MPI-based) implementation, but optimal scalability on multi-core platforms can require a combination of message-passing and threading. To accommodate future parallel platforms, software abstractions allowing adaptation to other parallel paradigms are part of the Xyce design.
Lesion recovery of two scleractinian corals under low pH conditions: Implications for restoration efforts

Some coral restoration efforts are involving cultivation of coral microfragments in land-based pools under controlled conditions until they reach viable size for outplanting. However, gaps in knowledge with these efforts include effects of changing pH on regeneration rates of tissue lesions and other physiological responses on different size fragments. To address this, two fragment sizes of Porites porites and Porites astreoides were artificially inflicted with lesions and incubated in two pH treatments to follow effects on recovery and physiological performance. Recovery was significantly reduced at reduced pH for P. porites in both fragment sizes; while recovery of P. astreoides was reduced only in the larger fragments. Different responses were also seen for Symbiodinium density and total protein with pH and fragment size. Effects on lesion recovery rate from pH and fragment size were species specific and may be related to morphology and/or energetic constrains.
Drosophila Dunc-115 mediates axon projection through actin binding

A central step in organizing the central nervous system development is the growth cone of an axon navigating through guidance cues to reach its specific target. While a great deal of this process has been understood especially in identifying the extracellular guidance cues and their membrane receptors, much less is known about how guidance signals are further relayed to the actin filaments that are central to the mobility of the growth cone. The previous results from our laboratory have shown that Drosophila gene dunc-115 regulates axon projection in the eye and the central nervous system. Furthermore, Dunc-115 has a villin-headpiece (VHD) domain, implying the possibility of binding to actin. To further characterize Dunc-115’s functions, we have identified the isoform Dunc-115L as a possible downstream target in relaying guidance cues further down to the cytoskeleton. Specifically, we have shown that Dunc-115 regulates neural connections in both the eye and the central nervous system in Drosophila and that Dunc-115 contains an actin-binding domain potentially capable of binding to actin filaments. In this report, we show that Dunc-115 binds to actin via its VHD domain directly, suggesting a possible mechanism for how Dunc-115 relays guidance signals.
Predicting Organic Crystal Lattice Energies with Chemical Accuracy

A fast, fragment-based hybrid many-body interaction model is used to optimize the structures of five small-molecule organic crystals (with fixed experimental lattice parameters) and predict their lattice energies with accuracies of ∼2−4 kJ/mol compared to experiment. This model treats individual molecules in the central unit cell and their short-range two-body interactions quantum mechanically, while long-range electrostatics and many-body induction are treated with a classical polarizable force field. For the hydrogen bonded ice, formamide, and acetamide crystals, MP2 calculations extrapolated to the complete-basis-set limit provide good accuracy. However, MP2 exhibits difficulties for crystals such as benzene and imidazole, where π-stacking dispersion interactions are important, and post-MP2 corrections determined from small-basis-set CCSD(T) calculations are required to achieve chemical accuracy. Using these techniques, accurate crystal lattice energy predictions for small-molecule organic crystals are...
On a theorem of buck and pollard

A short proof is given for the following theorem proved first by Buck and Pollard: Let {S {s k} be a (C, 1) summable sequence, for which $$\sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {\frac{{S_k^2 }}{{k^2 }} < \infty holds} $$ holds. Then almost all subsequences of {S {s k} are (C, 1)-summable and the (C, 1)-limit of almost all subsequences is the same as that of the original sequence. Here “almost all∝ means the following: Let t be a real number with the dyadic expansion $$t = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {\varepsilon _k } (t) 2^{ - k} , \varepsilon _k (t) = 0$$ and consider, together with {s k} the sequence $$(*) \{ S_{\lambda _k (t)} \} (k = 1,2,...),$$ where λk(t) is the index of the k-th 1 in the sequence {ɛk}. Then all sequences (*) are (C, 1) summable, except for a set measure zero in t. The proof is based on the strong law of large numbers by Kolmogorov.
A Comparison of Standard-Dose and High-Dose Epinephrine in Cardiac Arrest outside the Hospital

Abstract Background. Experimental and uncontrolled clinical evidence suggests that intravenous epinephrine in doses higher than currently recommended may improve outcome after cardiac arrest. We conducted a prospective, multicenter study comparing standard-dose epinephrine with high-dose epinephrine in the management of cardiac arrest outside the hospital. Methods. Adult patients were enrolled in the study if they remained in ventricular fibrillation, or if they had asystole or electromechanical dissociation, at the time the first drug was to be administered to treat the cardiac arrest. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 0.02 mg of epinephrine per kilogram of body weight (standard-dose group, 632 patients) or 0.2 mg per kilogram (high-dose group, 648 patients), both given intravenously. Results. In the standard-dose group 190 patients (30 percent) had a return of spontaneous circulation, as compared with 217 patients (33 percent) in the high-dose group; 136 patients (22 percent) in the stan...
Clinical Manifestation and Pathological Changes of Coronary Arteries in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Atrial Fibrillation

Objective:To observe the clinical manifestation and pathological changes of coronary arteries in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) complicated with atrial fibrillation.Methods: 706 cases of AMI were hospitalized.From them 91 proved to have AMI complicated with atrial fibrillation.The comparisons were conducted in the clinical manifestation,the pathological changes of coronary arteries,the position and the frequency of atrial fibrillation between the group with atrial fibrillation and group without atrial fibrillation.The difference in the infarction position was also compared between both the subgroups of premature and late atrial fibrillation in accordance with the atrial fibrillation time.In addition,the AMI position in the deaths of atrial fibrillation group was analysed.Results:The incidences of heart failure and shock of cardiac origin were higher and the pathological change of coronary arteries was more serious in the group of AMI complicated with atrial fibrillation(P0.05),the myocardial infarction in the lower wall occured mostly in the subgroup of premature atrial fibrillation(P0.05),but that in the anterior wall occured mostly in the subgroup of late atrial fibrillation(P0.05).The incidence of atrial fibrillation in the anterior wall was the highest and the motality of these patients was also higher(P0.05).Conclusion:The condition of AMI patients with atrial fibrillation is serious,and the incidence of AMI occuring in the anterior wall in these patients is the highest and the short-term prognosis is bad.
264 BÂRRX ABLATION OF SHORT- VERSUS LONG-SEGMENT BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS.

Background BÂRRX Medical has developed a promising new balloon-based electrode device for ablation of Barrett9s esophagus (BE) using rapid circumferential radiofrequency energy. Aims To assess the safety, tolerability, and response associated with BÂRRX ablation of short-segment (SSBE) versus long-segment Barrett9s esophagus (LSBE). Methods Prospective trial in patients followed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center with non-dysplastic intestinal metaplasia confirmed by biopsy on prior EGD within the last year. Patients are assigned to either the SSBE ( Results 7 of 50 planned patients (4 male, mean age 53.4, 5 with LSBE, mean length 5.7 cm, range 2-10 cm) have been enrolled and treated. One patient refused follow-up EGD and dropped out of the study. Three-month follow-up EGD is pending for two patients. Among the four patients (1 SSBE and 3 LSBE) who have already returned for 3-month follow-up EGD, none had endoscopic evidence of residual BE, except for one patient with LSBE (5 cm). Only the patient with SSBE (2 cm) had CR, while all three of the patients with LSBE had IR. The percentage of negative biopsies at 3 months after one treatment was 100% for the SSBE group and 61% for the LSBE group, with a mean of 71% for all four patients. Among all seven patients enrolled, the procedure was better tolerated by the patients with SSBE (mean 2/10 symptom score) versus patients with LSBE (mean 7/10 symptom score). The most frequently reported post-procedure symptoms were odynophagia and nausea. There were no strictures, perforations, or other serious complications. Conclusions Preliminary data suggest that BÂRRX ablation is safe, well tolerated, and effective at clearing SSBE (
Determination of monensin in edible bovine tissues and milk by liquid chromatography

A method is described for detection and quantitation of monensin in bovine tissues by liquid chromatography (LC) with postcolumn derivatization (PCD) with vanillin. Monensin is extracted from the tissues by homogenization with methanol-water and is isolated and concentrated by liquid-liquid partition and sorbent extraction with silica gel. Monensin is mixed postcolumn with vanillin under acidic conditions and heated, and the resulting products are measured by a variable-wavelength detector at 520 nm. The method has a limit of quantitation of 5 ppb monensin in milk and 25 ppb monensin in bovine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. Standard recovery over the levels and matrixes tested ranged from 80 to 88%. The method is an improvement in specificity, accuracy, and analysis time over existing monensin residue methods for bovine tissues.
Calcium antagonists and vasospasm.

A critical review of the clinical data supports the conclusion that nimodipine decreases the severity of neurologic deficits and improves outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The mechanisms by which mortality and morbidity are reduced are still controversial. First, the frequency of vasospasm is not altered (Figs. 5 and 6). Second, the consistent reversal of vasospasm once present has not been demonstrated either angiographically or by noninvasive cerebral blood flow studies. These observations suggest that there is either modification of microcirculatory flow (i.e., dilation of pial conducting vessels or decreased platelet aggregation) or a direct neuronal protective effect. As suggested previously, support for either mechanism is not resolute, and further investigation is necessary. Currently, nimodipine has been the most thoroughly investigated calcium antagonist both from an experimental and clinical perspective. Oral administration has had few reported complications. Therefore, the benefit/risk ratio clearly supports the prophylactic use of this calcium antagonist in patients of all clinical grades after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Evidence also indicates that starting nimodipine after the onset of delayed ischemic deficits is of benefit. Finally, it can be predicted that in the future additional calcium antagonists with more selective vascular or neuronal effects will be developed for use in neurologic disorders.
Deontological evidentialism, wide-scope, and privileged values

Deontological evidentialism (DE) is the claim that we ought to form and maintain our beliefs in accordance with our evidence. In this paper, I criticize two arguments in its defense. I begin by discussing Berit Broogard’s use of the distinction between narrow-scope and wide-scope requirements against W.K. Clifford’s moral defense of (DE). I then use this very distinction against a defense of (DE) inspired by Stephen Grimm’s more recent claims about the moral source of epistemic normativity. I use this distinction once again to argue that Hilary Kornblith’s criticism of Richard Feldman’s defense of (DE) is incomplete. Finally, I argue that Feldman’s defense is insensitive to the relation between normative requirements and privileged values: values that have normative authority over us.
Fluorinated pyrimidines. XL. The reduction of 5-fluorouridine 5'-diphosphate by ribonucleotide reductase.

A preparation of ribonucleotide reductase from Ehrlich ascites cells, free of thymidine kinase activity, catalyzes the formation of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine 59-monophosphate from enzymatically synthesize 5-fluorouridine 59-diphosphate. The product of the reaction was identified by paper chromatography before and after dephosphorylation with snake venom. The Km for 5-fluorouridine 59-diphosphate in the reactions is 0.072 mM. Experiments with several cell lines in culture reported here, as well as studies reported earlier, provide supporting evidence that, in some cells, the biosynthesis of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine 59-monophosphate from 5-fluorouracil involves the initial formation of ribonucleotides, followed by reduction to the deoxyribonucleotide by ribonucleotide reductase.
India’s New Economy: Competition and Decentralization

Three principles are important for India’s new economy, the three C’s: the principle of Competence, the principle of Competition and the principle of Comparative advantage in trade. Each of these principles emphasizes the role of economic efficiency and productivity improvement in stimulating growth. The first principle deals with organizational efficiency: how to improve economic efficiency through restructuring of organizations and realigning managerial skills. The second emphasizes the efficiency gains from competition through market enhancing and cost effectiveness. Borrowing the best practice technology from abroad and adapting it to the domestic framework are possible strategies by which firms can gain market efficiency here. Finally, the comparative advantage principle emphasizes how to maximize economic gains from international trade by taking advantage of its comparative advantage in some goods and services. For example, India currently has a comparative advantage in IT goods and services such as body shopping and IT consulting, since it is relatively intensive in the supply of skilled IT manpower. However competition from other NICs in Asia is intensifying and there is a great need now for India to restructure its exportable services toward applied business applications and software package development.
Obtaining and Indexing Parallel-Beam Diffraction Patterns

The core strength ofTEMis that you can obtain both a DP and an image from the same part of your specimen (not to mention various spectra). To obtain the crystallographic data, a method for interpreting and indexing the DP is essential and this aspect is the theme for the next four chapters. We’ll start in this chapter by considering classic selected-area diffraction (SAD) patterns (SADPs) and how to index them, but also introduce other related, if less widely used, parallel-beam diffraction methods.
Chapter 2 The Critical and Rhetorical Modes of Philosophy

The two modes stem from two distinct tasks for philosophy in Cicero: to search for the truth and to guide and comfort in life (consolatory mode). The tensions between these tasks are explored, and Cicero’s use of mixed modes is brought out. The reconciliation of those tasks is found in Cicero’s Socratic model, developed with attention to the Socratic method and irony. The reconciliation, perfecta philosophia, is more complex than simply seeing rhetoric as a servant of philosophy. Here, there is much use of Cicero’s De Oratore, De Finibus, and the Tusculans. Socratic realization of philosophy’s aspirations in a way of life marked by virtue is appropriated by Cicero for his Roman literary vocation.
Increased Echocardiographic Pulmonary Pressure in HIV-infected and -uninfected Individuals in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study.

Rationale: The epidemiology and prognostic impact of increased pulmonary pressure among HIV-infected individuals in the antiretroviral therapy era is not well described.Objectives: To examine the p...
Mechanical hysteresis in actin networks

Understanding the response of complex materials to external force is central to fields ranging from materials science to biology. Here, we describe a novel type of mechanical adaptation in cross-linked networks of F-actin, a ubiquitous protein found in eukaryotic cells. We show that shear stress changes the network's nonlinear mechanical response even long after that stress is removed. The duration, magnitude and direction of forcing history all change this mechanical response. While the mechanical hysteresis is long-lived, it can be simply erased by force application in the opposite direction. We further show that the observed mechanical adaptation is consistent with stress-dependent changes in the nematic order of the constituent filaments. Thus, this mechanical hysteresis arises from the changes in non-linear response that originates from stress-induced changes to filament orientation. This demonstrates that F-actin networks can exhibit analog read-write mechanical hysteretic properties, which can be used for adaptation to mechanical stimuli.
Defining behavioral components of social functioning in adults with autism spectrum disorder as targets for treatment

There is increasing recognition that adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) would benefit from treatment to improve social functioning, a key factor in adults' overall quality of life. However, the various behavioral components of social functioning (i.e., categories of behaviors underlying social functioning), including social motivation, social anxiety, social cognition, and social skills, have not all been assessed together in any sample of adults with ASD, making it difficult to know the relative levels of impairment in these various categories, the relationships among these categories, or promising targets for treatments. We hypothesized there would be significant correlations among measures within the same category, but fewer correlations of measures between categories, indicating the heterogeneity of impairments in adults with ASD. Twenty-nine adults with ASD without co-occurring intellectual disability completed multiple assessments measuring social motivation, social anxiety, social cognition, and social skills, as well as measures of overall ASD symptom levels and community functioning. Results revealed significant positive correlations among measures within most categories; positive correlations between measures of social motivation and all other categories, except for social cognition; as well as positive cross-domain correlations between measures of anxiety and ASD phenotype; measures of social skills and community functioning; and measures of social skills and ASD phenotype. Further studies are warranted to determine causal relationships among these behavioral categories, across developmental stages. However, the lack of correlations between many categories suggests the potential importance of multidimensional treatments that target the particular components of social functioning most in need of improvement in individuals. Autism Res 2018, 11: 488-502. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Lay summary The goal of this study was to measure behaviors that contribute to social functioning difficulties in adults with ASD, with the ultimate goal of guiding treatment development. We found that motivation to interact with others was significantly related to social anxiety and social skill. Our results suggest that motivation may be important to target in treatment, and that treatments should be tailored to the areas most in need of improvement in each individual.
Can Urea Be a Seed for Aerosol Particle Formation in Air

Urea is ubiquitous in rainwaters and aqueous aerosols in different environments. However, its atmospheric fate and the exact mechanism on how it influences new particle formation remain completely unexplored. Herein, we have used quantum chemical calculations and Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations to explore the potential role of urea in the particle formation events. The results suggest that urea binds more strongly to common acidic precursors than ammonia or monoamines and is capable of binding at most two molecules of an acidic precursor or hydroperoxyl radical via hydrogen bonding interactions. The molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the complex of urea with an acidic precursor or hydroperoxyl radical on the water droplet is stabilized by intermolecular and interfacial hydrogen bonding interactions over the simulation time scale of 10–15 ps. An important implication of these results is that urea may contribute toward the particle formation in marine environments as well as in Asia...
Li+-ligand binding energies and the effect of ligand fluorination on the binding energies.

Abstract The Li + -ligand binding energies are computed for seven ligands and their perfluoro analogs using Density Functional Theory. The bonding is mostly electrostatic in origin. Thus the size of the binding energy tends to correlate with the ligand dipole moment, however, the charge-induced dipole contribution can be sufficiently large to affect the dipole-binding energy correlation. The perfluoro species are significantly less strongly bound than their parents, because the electron withdrawing power of the fluorine reduces the ligand dipole moment.
Making an impact: The effects of game making on creativity and spatial processing

Abstract For decades, researchers have tried to understand how to guide students to both pursue and excel in a career in the fields science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Recently, creativity has been recognized as being important in STEM-based fields and some researchers have even suggested a shift from STEM to STEAM to account for the artistic side of science ( Boy, 2013 ; Henriksen, 2014 ). Creative capacities augment scientific endeavors given the role these capacities play in problem-solving and innovation. Our work focuses on identifying a method to improve both creativity and spatial abilities, as spatial ability predicts the likelihood to succeed in a STEM field ( Wai et al., 2009 ). Some scientists found that making computer games provides students with an introduction to computer science and technology through an engaging, self-driven platform. While this technique has been successful in sparking interest in STEM careers ( Javidi & Sheybani, 2010 ; Robertson & Howells, 2008 ), little research has been conducted on how it impacts STEM success. We examined if game-making could lead to cognitive improvement in creativity and spatial abilities in addition to its attitudinal effects. Using a longitudinal, pretest/post-test design, we found that making levels in Portal 2 improved creative and spatial abilities over a control. Participants who made levels also reported being more interested and confident in a variety of STEM-related activities. We conclude that game-making can be used as an engaging way to not only encourage students to pursue, but prepare them to succeed in STEM careers.
Substance Use and Psychosocial Functioning in a Sample of Liver Transplant Recipients with Alcohol-Related Liver Disease.

Abstract Despite the frequency of liver transplantation in alcoholic recipients, the burden of co-occurring psychosocial comorbidities remains poorly defined. Methods A survey study was conducted to examine demographic, substance use, mental health, and social support variables among liver transplant (LT) recipients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) (LT-ALD: n = 67). Survey completers (n = 67) were compared to a sample of liver transplant recipients without ALD (LT: n = 134). Results Survey participants (n = 67) were predominately male, in their mid-fifties, and were retired or on disability. Alcohol consumption during the 6 months prior to transplant was reported by more than a third of participants. Alcohol consumption post-transplant was reported by 21.2% of respondents, with 4.5% of participants reporting “at-risk” levels of post-transplant alcohol use. Illicit drug use prior to transplant was reported by nearly half of participants (47.8%), and 16.4% reported illicit drug use post-transplant. Approximately half of the sample reported a history of cigarette smoking, and one-third of respondents (29.2%) reported current cigarette smoking. Participants frequently endorsed mental health symptoms consistent with moderate to severe depression (22.4%) and anxiety (17.9%). Conclusions Despite relatively low rates of problematic alcohol use post-transplant, there is a significant burden of disability, substance use, and psychiatric symptomatology in this population.
Dynamic condensates activate transcription

Every aspect of human function, from proper cell differentiation and development to normal cellular maintenance, requires properly timed activation of the necessary genes. This requires transcription of genomic DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA), accomplished by RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II), which initiates transcription at gene promoters. This highly regulated process requires hundreds of proteins that must go to the promoter in a coordinated manner. Although many of these proteins are already organized into large and stable protein complexes, and so travel as a group, the process still requires coordination of many individual proteins and preformed complexes so that they are all in the same place on genomic DNA at the same time. This problem has been appreciated for years and has led to models such as “transcription factories,” where components are organized and ready to act on a gene that goes to the cellular location of the factory ( 1 ). On pages 378, 379, and 412 of this issue, Chong et al. ( 2 ), Sabari et al. ( 3 ), and Cho et al. ( 4 ), respectively, argue that special protein domains, which interact with each other to form fleeting or more persistent interactions, form biomolecular condensates that concentrate the transcription machinery. Some of these condensates might even form droplets, generating a liquid phase separated from the rest of the nucleus. Phase separation is a phenomenon familiar to anyone who has made a salad dressing: The oil and vinegar exist as two separated liquids. Phase separation in cells creates membraneless organelles that, in this case, provide the organization necessary for productive transcription ( 5 ).
Which patients with a parapneumonic effusion need a chest tube

Hospitalized patients with pneumonia who develop a complicated effusion or empyema need one.
Fintech and Procurement Finance 4.0

The future of procurement finance is connected to the digital transformation, which in the case of procurement finance is a digital revolution connected with Business 4.0. The correct concept is to consider procurement finance 4.0 as a platform, with several actors—proprietors, providers, producers, and purchasers—with interchangeable roles. Fintech organizations are and will play more and more an important role in this new vision. At the same time, the technological solution which can make all this possible is blockchain, whose characteristics are more and more appreciated around the world. The digital transformation can gain a lot also from artificial intelligence and mobility.
Bluetooth Intrusion Detection System (BIDS)

With the rapid deployment of IOT devices, Bluetooth networks, which form Personal Area Networks(PAN), have become the wireless network of choice for small range/indoor communications networks. Bluetooth is widely used to deliver audio streams (e.g.: Bluetooth headphones, Music systems in cars), connecting peripherals devices to more powerful devices (e.g.: keyboards to computers), connecting wearable technology like smart watches, heart monitors and fitness trackers. It's imperative that Bluetooth networks (like other wireless networks) are secure against cyberattacks such as Man In The Middle Attacks(MITM), Denial of Service attacks(DoS), etc. Moreover, Bluetooth is used heavily in mobile devices/ sensors, and consequently they become sensitive to battery utilization attacks; this type of attacks requires the Bluetooth devices to be secure against different battery draining attacks. As a part of this paper we present an anomaly-based intrusion detection system for Bluetooth networks; Bluetooth IDS (BIDS). The BIDS use an n-gram based approach to characterize the normal behavior of the Bluetooth protocol. Smoothing techniques like Jelinek-Mercer smoothing was used to improve the machine learning algorithm used for detecting abnormal Bluetooth operations. Machine learning algorithms like C4.5, AdaBoostMl, SVM, Naive Bayes, RIPPER, Bagging were used to build the behavior models for the Bluetooth protocol. The developed models had high accuracy with precision up to 99.6% and recall up to 99.6%.
Gene driving the farm: who decides, who owns, and who benefits?

Since the mid-1990s, the emphasis of genetic engineering in agriculture has been squarely on the crops and livestock that farmers long ago domesticated and now cultivate. With CRISPR-Cas9, the modi...