cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration of cultured fetal spinal cord astrocytes into adult host cervical cord and medulla following transplantation into thoracie spinal cord

Cell suspensions from 14-day-gestation rat spinal cord, which had previously been soaked for 1 hr in a 2 micrograms/ml solution of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL), were cultured on collagen gels containing laminin for 2 weeks. Pieces of the gel and attached cells were then transplanted into the dorsal column of adult host thoracic spinal cord. At 1, 2, and 3 months postimplantation (MPI), animals were sacrificed, and the spinal cords were removed, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 8 micron for immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level. Sections were double labeled for PHAL and utilized as a marker for transplant-derived cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker for astrocytes. Transplant-derived astrocytes (PHAL-GFAP positive cells) migrated from the transplantation site in both rostral and caudal directions and were observed within the host dorsal column ipsilateral to the transplantation site. At 2 months, lateral migration into the contralateral dorsal column and ipsilateral dorsal horn was observed. At 3 MPI transplant-derived astrocytes were observed in host medulla (nucleus gracilis). Transplant-derived astrocytes were also observed on the glial limitans as far as nucleus gracilis. A migration rate of 0.72 mm/day was calculated, assuming a 14-day delay in the initiation of migration. The ramifications of such extensive migration are discussed with regard to return of function and amelioration of lesion-induced deficits.
Cerebral oximetry: Three questions to ask

Cerebral oximetry based on near-infrared spectroscopy can non-invasively measure hemoglobin oxygen saturation in mixed arterial, venous and capillary blood in the brain. In order to determine if this is a clinically desirable monitor, we need to answer three questions in order. The first question is if cerebral oximetry monitors an important aspect of physiology. The second question is if the physiology can be optimized based on this monitor. The third question is if the outcome can be improved based on cerebral oximetry-guided clinical care. In this review, we share our answers to these three questions.
The Sherman Act Its Design and Its Effects

Purpose of Sherman Act, — Diverse interests affected, 5. — I. Producer interests: indirectly protected by (a) raising standards of managerial responsibility, (b) affording various classes of producers the opportunity for prudential cooperation, 8. — Inadequacy of security afforded producers under Sherman Act, 14. — II. Interests of potential producers, 15; directly protected against (a) predatory methods of competition, 19, (b) trade boycotts, 20, (c) labor conspiracies to restrict sales and employer combinations to blacklist, 21. — Evidence of rigorous effectiveness of Sherman Act in safeguarding freedom of enterprise, 21. — III. Consumer interests: directly protected by penalization of concerted efforts to curtail supply or raise prices, (a) Trade agreements for these objects absolutely illegal, 24, but trade cooperation to control conditions of competition not hindered, 26. (b) Corporate mergers, originally held beyond the reach of the law, were later, so it appeared, absolutely condemned, 31. Present interpretation more liberal, 36. — Is there justification for a legal distinction between business mergers and associations? 38. — IV. Conclusion, that experience has vindicated the general policy of the Sherman Act, 39. — Contrast with British experience, 40. — Direction in which anti-trust laws need to be supplemented, 43.
An improved bile duct T-cannula for studies on Fasciola hepatica

Abstract 1. Assembly of a short-armed T-cannula and its surgical implantation into the bile duct are described. 2. The method has a number of advantages over previously described cannulations including the possibility for long-term studies. 3. Experiments with T-cannulated rats indicate that infection with the bile duct fluke, Fasciola hepatica , does not significantly alter the rate of bile flow (0·81 ± 0·129 cm 3 bile/hr), and rates of flow with the T-cannula are within the range reported for other techniques.
744-6 Impaired Arteriolar Responsiveness to Endothelin-1 in Septic Rats is Reversed by NG-Methyl-L-Arginine

Persistent vasodilation refractory to pressor agents is a characteristic hemodynamic abnormality in septic shock. Induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by cytokines has been hypothesized to playa role in this refractory vasodilation. To investigate this pathogenetic mechanism, we used in vivo videomicroscopy to measure responses of resistance arterioles (15–20 μ m) to topical suffusion of the endogenous vasoconstrictor, endothelin-l (ET). Rats made septic by cecal ligation and puncture were compared to controls that underwent sham ligation. Responses to topically suffused ET were assessed in rat cremaster muscle of septic and control rats before and after superfusion of the muscle with the NOS inhibitor N G– methyl-L-arginine (NMA). Arteriolar Vasoconstriction (% maximal contraction) Group ET 1 nM ET 10 nM ET 100 nM Sham 12.0 ± 3.7 28.9 ± 9.5 89.6 ± 7.2 Septic 3.2 ± 1.7 * 8.3 ± 2.7 * 40.9 ± 8.8 * Sham + NMA 10.6 ± 2.8 28.5 ± 3.3 912 ± 5.8 Septic + NMA 9.7 ± 1.9 31.2 ± 4.5 78.3 ± 7.2 Septic + NMA + L-arginine 1.8 ± 1.2 * 6.1 ± 2.5 * 32.4 ± 11.2 * * p l 0.05 compared to Sham and Septic + NMA groups. n = 8 rats/group Vascoconstriction in response to ET in resistance arterioles in vivo was decreased in septic rats compared to sham controls. Taken together with similar results using norepinephrine in this model, these findings suggest a generalized abnormality in vasoconstrictor responsiveness of resistance arterioles in sepsis. Vascular responsiveness to ET in septic rats was restored by NOS inhibition, and the effect was reversed with superfusion of excess (1 mM) L-arginine. These studies suggest that nitric oxide may represent the common mechanism of the refractory vasodilation seen in patients with septic shock.
Hotnets 2012 highlights

This article captures some of the discussion and insights from this year's ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-XI).
Adenovirus-based Prime-boost Immunization for Rapid Vaccination Against Anthrax

Prime-boost vaccination using plasmid DNA and replication-defective adenovirus vectors has emerged as a highly effective strategy for vaccinating against viral pathogens. However, its ability to provide protection against bacterial disease has never been assessed. Here we evaluate prime-boost vaccination approaches for immunizing against anthrax. We show that mice primed with DNA and boosted with an adenovirus vector, both expressing domain four of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA), have higher antibody and toxin-neutralizing titers than mice immunized with either single modality alone. DNA-primed/adenovirus–boosted mice also had significantly higher antibody and toxin-neutralizing titers than mice immunized with Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed. High levels of antigen-specific interferon-gamma-secreting cells were present in vaccinated mice indicating that a cell-mediated immune response had also been stimulated. Both DNA-primed/adenovirus–boosted and adenovirus-primed/adenovirus–boosted mice were fully protected from Sterne strain spore challenge. We also show that a single injection with an adenovirus vector-expressing domain four of PA can provide partial protection from spore challenge 2 weeks after immunization and full protection 3 weeks after immunization. These results demonstrate that adenovirus-based prime-boost vaccination can provide rapid protection from anthrax and that this approach may be an effective strategy for immunizing against bacterial as well as viral pathogens.
Outpatient cochlear implantation in the pediatric population

Studies have shown that the incidence of complications in pediatric cochlear implant surgery is related to the age of the child, with a higher complication rate in younger patients. Consequently, many surgeons advocate admitting these children overnight. We began our pediatric cochlear implant program starting in June 1991 using the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant. To date, 65 children have undergone implantation, all on an outpatient basis. To evaluate safety, complication rate, and patient satisfaction, we gave the parents of the patients a questionnaire survey to complete. All patient charts were also retrospectively reviewed. More than 90% of parents surveyed responded that they were satisfied with the outpatient treatment of their children. There were no perioperative complications or readmissions. Cochlear implantation can be safely and effectively performed on an outpatient basis without an increase in morbidity. Day surgery reduces hospital costs at least $2500.
Mathematics anxiety and mathematics teacher efficacy in elementary pre‐service teachers

This study investigated the relationship between mathematics anxiety and mathematics teacher efficacy among 156 elementary pre‐service teachers from a university in the southeastern United States. Data sources included the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS), Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument, and pre‐service teacher interviews. Findings revealed a significant, negative relationship between mathematics anxiety and mathematics teachers’ efficacy (r = −.475, p<.05). Specifically, the pre‐service teachers with the lowest degree of mathematics anxiety had the highest levels of mathematics teacher efficacy. Interviews with pre‐service teachers indicated that their mathematics anxiety is associated with efficaciousness toward mathematics teaching practices and is the basis for their mathematics teaching efficacy beliefs.
Sulfur segregation in titanium and selected titanium alloys

Abstract The segregation of S in electrotransport-purified polycrystalline α-Ti and in several polycrystalline Ti alloys has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy and ion scattering spectroscopy in the temperature range extending from 20 to 1000°C. The chemisorbed oxygen and carbon on Ti were observed to disappear at T ≈ 400°C after which the S signal increased to levels approaching 0.5 monolayer. At lower temperatures the presence of the surface oxygen and carbon appeared to inhibit the segregation, presumably because there were no available surfaces sites for the S emerging from the bulk. The activation energy for the S segregation in pure polycrystalline Ti was determined to be 16.7 kcal/mol, which, when compared to S segregation from single-crystal Ti, is quite small and suggest grain boundary or defect diffusion segregation kinetics. In the Ti-aluminide alloys, the presence of Al appeared to enhance the retention of surface oxygen which, in turn, substantially reduced the S segregation. The γ alloy, with its high Al content, exhibited the greatest retention of surface oxygen and the smallest quantity of S segregation ( T ≈ 1000°C). On the other hand, the β-21S alloy exhibited a greater segregation rate for the S than did α-Ti.
The Impact of WTO Accession on Russia's Agriculture

The article analyzes the impact of WTO accession on Russia's agricultural sector. Three aspects of WTO rules that will affect Russian agriculture are examined: (1) financial support from the Russian government, (2) market access for foreign imports, and (3) market access for Russia's food exports. Addressing the question of positive and negative impacts on Russia's agricultural sector, the article asks if a pessimistic view that sees primarily negative consequences as a result of accession is justified. Claims made by skeptics who are dismissive of the impact WTO entry will have on Russian agriculture are also considered.
Predictors of fatigue in healthy young adults: moderating effects of cigarette smoking and gender.

Fatigue is a common complaint of patients seen in primary care. Factors that contribute to fatigue in a patient population include poor health status, psychological stress, poor nutrition, and preg...
Dynamic and Uncertain Pathways between Early Childhood Inclusion Policy and Practice

In the United States, early childhood inclusion dates back to the civil rights movement with the 1954 case of Brown v. The Board of Education, an issue of segregation by race in schools and followed by the Americans for Disability Act (ADA). A Free Appropriate Education (FAPE) in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE), from Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has influenced inclusive practices. Both the IDEA and the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) provide language supporting early childhood inclusion, but the implementation of inclusion has been uneven. Many factors influence practice, including changes overtime in the interpretation of existing laws, definitions of what is inclusion and research outcomes of inclusive practices. Local infrastructure for serving young children, funding, qualified personnel, motivated leadership and teachers, and informed parents are also factors impeding or facilitating early childhood inclusion. The complexity involved suggests a dynamic process with uncertain pathways from policy to practice.
Morphological differences elicited by two weak acids, retinoic and valproic, in rat embryos grown in vitro.

We compared in rat whole-embryo culture the morphological changes elicited by valproic acid (VPA) with those elicited by trans-retinoic acid (RA). Rat embryos explanted on day 9.5 of gestation were treated on day 10 with RA or VPA at concentrations producing equivalent reductions in embryonic protein. The concentrations selected for morphological assessment by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, 2.3 and 800 microM, respectively, for RA and VPA, produced approximately a 50% incidence of abnormally open anterior neuropores in initial range-finding experiments in the culture system. Protein and DNA analyses were also performed on corresponding groups of embryos at three different doses. With concurrent control groups used as reference standards, the two treatment groups were compared for differences in external and internal morphology, protein and DNA contents, and growth indices. While certain variables responded similarly in the two treatment groups, e.g., the growth variables, protein and DNA contents, each drug produced selective morphological effects. Whereas treatment with RA produced underdeveloped branchial arches, symmetrically cleft cranial defects resulting in openings in rhombencephalic and prosencephalic regions, and exteriorized neural tissue in the caudal neuropore region, VPA produced irregular clefts with wavy margins along the entire length of the neural tube, and an open caudal neuropore without eversion of the neuroepithelium, while producing no detectable effect on the branchial arches. The similar effects of these two drugs on protein and DNA contents suggest comparable degrees of overall toxicity; however, the dissimilar effects on neural tube and branchial arches, coupled with the large difference in concentration of the drug required to produce the effects, add to the evidence that their mechanisms for elicitation of abnormal development are qualitatively different.
Knowing how to behave under the threat of disaster: can it be explained

The widely held premise that providing people with information and education on emergencies, such as natural disasters, will reduce losses is examined in this article. The results of an empirical study to ascertain the relationship between information, education, and knowledge about adaptive responses in a threatening situation are presented. These results indicate a poor statistical relationship between knowledge and a number of explanatory factors suggested by previous research. The study indicates that the process of acquiring information on hazards is variable among individuals and poorly understood. Overall, the ways in which people learn about hazards appear to be as fragmented as existing policies to disseminate hazard information.
Unique lithiation and delithiation processes of nanostructured metal silicides.

We report that TiSi2 nanonet exhibits considerable activities in the reversible lithiation and delithiation processes, although bulk-sized titanium silicide is known to be inactive when used as an ...
Composition analysis of beef rib sections by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used as a non-invasive method to measure composition of 9, 10,11 - rib sections obtained from 80 beef carcasses. The weights of the rib sections ranged from 2986 g to 6394 g. Each rib section was scanned twice by DXA, once in a horizontal or standing rib position (DXA-1) and once in a vertical position (DXA-2). After scanning, each rib section was dissected into fat, muscle and bone. The intramuscular fat content of the longissimus muscle was measured chemically. Dissected lean and fat values were adjusted for the amount of intramuscular fat. DXA lean values were adjusted for amount of bone (less bone mineral content). Both DXA measurements consistently overestimated the amount of fat relative to dissection. The DXA-1 scan position measured more lean and less fat than did DXA-2. The correlation (r) between the amount of dissected lean and DXA-1 and DXA-2 lean was 0.91 and 0.85, respectively and between the amount of dissected fat and DXA-1 and DXA-2 fat was 0.94 and 0.92, respectively. The high correlations between DXA and dissection results indicate that DXA could be used as a non-destructive method for evaluating composition of cuts of beef; however, attention must be given to orientation of the cut during the DXA scan.
A Study of Copper Oxide Films Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Copper oxide films were grown using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method with either a copper metal or a copper oxide target. A variety of deposition pressures of oxygen (0.001–0.3 torr) and temperatures (350, 450, and 550°C) were explored. From x-ray diffraction analysis, epitaxial CuO films were observed at 450°C and either at 0.01 or 0.1 torr for the CuO and the Cu targets, respectively. Deposition rates were measured for the two targets (Cu and CuO) as a function of laser fluence and background gas pressure and enabled a morphological study of films prepared at different laser fluences but of similar film thickness (∼0.3 μm). The number density of particulates as well as the smoothness of the underlying film surface of the CuO films varied significantly with the target composition. The CuO films from the Cu target were the smoothest and had the fewest particulates.
Reward size effects in the double runway

Rats received one of three sizes of reward or no reward in the first goal box of a double runway. Reward size had some effect on Runway-1 running and goal speeds, but never-rewarded Ss did give acquisition curves for these measures and start scores. The only Runway-2 effect was a temporary depression of start speed for Ss given the smallest reward. Open-field pretesting did not affect speeds.
Development of size labelling systems for women's garments

This paper reviews the development of size labelling systems for women's garments sold in the U.S.A. The review shows that three trends are evident: (1) a continuous decrease in the numerical codes of sizes; (2) an emphasis on large and petite sizes; and (3) the introduction of split sizes. Problems with the size labelling systems currently in use in the U.S.A. are also discussed. A survey of consumers' preferences regarding various size labelling system is recommended.
Nietzsche, eristic, and the rhetoric of the possible: A commentary on the Whitson and Poulakos “aesthetic view” of rhetoric

Rejetant la critique de la rhetorique epistemique developpee par S. Whitson et J. Poulakos a partir de leur propre interpretation de la critique nietzscheenne de la philosophie, l'A. definit leur position, ainsi que celle de Nietzsche, comme une eristique dont il mesure forces et faiblesses. L'A. tire les consequences d'une telle conception esthetique de la rhetorique du point de vue de la theorie et de la pratique de l'art
A review of thermionic energy conversion

A brief description will be given of a thermionic converter and its operation. It is a high temperature heat engine with the "cold" temperature about 1000°K. Because of the high reject heat temperature thermionic converters appear attractive for static electric generators for space and as topping devices for steam turbines in central station nuclear power plants. To indicate the present state of development, a review will be given of the International Conference on Thermionic Electric Power Generation held in London, Sept. 20-24.
Viable Influenza A Virus in Airborne Particles from Human Coughs

Patients with influenza release aerosol particles containing the virus into their environment. However, the importance of airborne transmission in the spread of influenza is unclear, in part because of a lack of information about the infectivity of the airborne virus. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of viable influenza A virus that was expelled by patients in aerosol particles while coughing. Sixty-four symptomatic adult volunteer outpatients were asked to cough 6 times into a cough aerosol collection system. Seventeen of these participants tested positive for influenza A virus by viral plaque assay (VPA) with confirmation by viral replication assay (VRA). Viable influenza A virus was detected in the cough aerosol particles from 7 of these 17 test subjects (41%). Viable influenza A virus was found in the smallest particle size fraction (0.3 μm to 8 μm), with a mean of 142 plaque-forming units (SD 215) expelled during the 6 coughs in particles of this size. These results suggest that a significant proportion of patients with influenza A release small airborne particles containing viable virus into the environment. Although the amounts of influenza A detected in cough aerosol particles during our experiments were relatively low, larger quantities could be expelled by influenza patients during a pandemic when illnesses would be more severe. Our findings support the idea that airborne infectious particles could play an important role in the spread of influenza.
Testing the validity of the effective rate constant approximation for surface reaction with transport

Abstract When one incorporates transport effects into a surface-volume reaction, an integrodifferential equation for the bound state concentration occurs. Such a form is inconvenient for data analysis. An effective rate constant approximation for the solution is correct to O(Da2) as the Damkohler number Da → 0. A numerical simulation of the integrodifferential equation is performed which shows that the effective rate constant approximation is useful even outside this regime.
Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of a low-dose oral contraceptive in women with chronic renal failure undergoing peritoneal dialysis

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral administration of a 35 µg ethinyl estradiol, 1 mg norethindrone pill in peritoneal dialysis patients and normal women. STUDY DESIGN: A single-dose study was performed with five patients and four controls, followed by a multiple-dose study with five subjects in each group. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis and statistical analysis performed with Mann-Whitney U testing. RESULTS: There is no difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters for norethindrone in peritoneal dialysis patients compared with normal women. During multiple dosing an increased area under the concentration curve and decreased apparent oral clearance was observed for ethinyl estradiol in peritoneal dialysis patients compared with normal women. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal dialysis patients have decreased apparent oral clearance of ethinyl estradiol, leading to slightly higher serum concentrations compared with women with normal renal function. The clearance of norethindrone is the same in peritoneal dialysis patients and normal women.
Sequence alteration and restoration related to sequenced parts delivery on an automobile mixed-model assembly line with multiple departments

A mixed-model assembly line is commonly used in the automobile industry. When there are multiple departments on an assembly line, there are usually different sequencing considerations from various departments. Intentional sequence alteration to accommodate a different sequencing consideration can be needed for a downstream department. Unintentional sequence alteration may also take place due to rework or equipment breakdowns. There is also an increasingly common practice in automobile assembly to have parts sequenced before delivering to the final assembly line. To achieve sequenced parts delivery, the sequence needs to be known in advance. Thus, addressing sequence alteration and restoration becomes more relevant for an automobile mixed-model assembly line. A number of sequence alteration methods to accommodate a downstream department's sequencing considerations are presented. One method easily supports sequence restoration of the sequence altered by the method. Two sequence restoration methods for resto...
The Progress of Hybrid Proton Exchange Membranes Prepared by SPAEKs for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

This review summarizes efforts in developing proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with excellent electrochemical fuel cell performance prepared by SPAEK in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. Over the past few decades, much polyelectrolyte has been extensively studied to improve the properties as alternatives with lower cost and considerable performances for PEMFC. Sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) (SPAEK), fell into this category, which offers the attribute of adjustable proton conductivity, excellent mechanical and thermal stability. The discussion will cover crosslinking, organic-inorganic nanocomposite, layer-by-layer approaches.
From Taoism to Turing

On the back cover of Edward C. Rosenthal's The Era of Choice is a promotional statement from Barry Schwartz: ‘Edward Rosenthal makes a challenging argument that the hallmark of modernity is that ‘choice’ has been extended to every corner of our lives… To make his case, he discusses…everything!’ There aren't many books that include Taoism, the Ellsberg Paradox, Freud, game theory, Alan Turing, and existentialism. Rosenthal's book includes these and much more, and it is this feature that comprises both its strength and weakness.
A priori dietary ω-3 lipid supplementation results in local pancreatic macrophage and pulmonary inflammatory response attenuation in a model of experimental acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP)

Background: Acute pancreatitis is often complicated by multiorgan dysfunction, which is postulated to occur in part by macrophage infiltration into the pancreas. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an ω-3 fatty acid, is the principal biologic component of fish oil and has clinically and experimentally been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory. We hypothesized that dietary EPA supplementation before the induction of pancreatitis would attenuate both Mϕ-mediated local pancreatic and systemic pulmonary inflammatory response in an in vivo model of acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pretreated 2 times per day with oral gavage with EPA (ω-3 fatty acid; 5 mg/kg/dose) or ω-6 fatty acid control (5 mg/kg/dose) or saline (equal volume) for 2 weeks. AEP was induced in ω-3, ω-6, and saline pretreated rats by 5 hourly subcutaneous (SC) injections of cerulein. Pancreas, lung, and serum were harvested 3 hours after the last cerulein injection. Severity of pancreatitis was confirmed b...
Self-encoded spread spectrum with iterative detection under pulsed-noise jamming

Self-encoded spread spectrum (SESS) is a novel modulation technique that acquires its spreading code from a random information source, rather than using the traditional pseudo-random noise (PN) codes. In this paper, we present our study of the SESS system performance under pulsed-noise jamming and show that iterative detection can significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance. The jamming performance of the SESS with correlation detection is verified to be similar to that of the conventional direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system. On the other hand, the time diversity detection of the SESS can completely mitigate the effect of jamming by exploiting the inherent temporal diversity of the SESS system. Furthermore, iterative detection with multiple iterations can not only eliminate the jamming completely but also achieve a gain of approximately 1 dB at 10 BER as compared with the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) system under additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) by effectively combining the correlation and time diversity detections.
Maternal employment, morale and parenting style: Social class comparisons

The relationships linking mothers' employment, emotional well-being, and parenting style were examined, with attention to social-class differences in a sample of 365 mothers of third- and fourth-grade children in an industrialized Midwestern city. In the working class, full-time homemakers obtained higher depressive mood scores than employed mothers, and depressive mood mediated their higher scores on permissive parenting and partially mediated their higher scores on authoritarian parenting. The employment/depression relationship was not moderated by marital status, fathers' help, number of children, or presence of a preschooler. It was mediated by locus of control but not by financial concerns or loneliness. In the middle class, employment was not related to mood, authoritative or permissive parenting, but homemakers indicated more authoritarian parenting orientations. The middle-class employment/depression relationship was moderated by number and age of children: fewer children and no preschooler were associated with higher depression for homemakers and lower depression for employed mothers. The effect of depressed mood on parenting orientations was moderated by education and parental commitment, but only in the middle class.
Carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ increase in single neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: effects of ethanol

The effect of ethanol on the characteristics of carbachol-stimulated release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores was studied in single SH-SY5Y cells. Stimulation with carbachol, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, elicited a rapid Ca2+ increase in SH-SY5Y cells peaking within seconds after addition of maximal agonist concentration. The Ca2+ response pattern in single cells resembled the population response, and there was no evidence of oscillatory changes in cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i). However, cell-to-cell variability could be detected in the magnitude and the latency time of the response, and in the rate of [Ca2+]i increase. In a carbachol dose-response analysis, the EC50 for the number of responsive cells and for the peak [Ca2+]i response was lower than that for carbachol-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation by a factor of 5 to 50. Ethanol (100 mM) caused a significant suppression of the number of responsive cells, but only when cells were stimulated with nonsaturating carbachol concentrations (1 and 10 microM). The suppression by ethanol was evident primarily in those cells that gave a Ca2+ response after several seconds of stimulation, whereas cells that responded within the initial seconds of receptor stimulation remained relatively unaffected. In responding cells stimulated with 10 microM carbachol, ethanol exposure also suppressed the maximal Ca2+ increase primarily in those cells that responded late. We suggest that ethanol suppression of muscarinic receptor-mediated signal transduction through the phospholipase C pathway may depend on the potentiation of feedback inhibition that requires receptor stimulation.
Real-time T≠0 computations in string theory

Abstract Introducing an “improved” integral representation for the real-time T ≠0 space-time propagator of string theory, we develop a straightforward computational algorithm enabling us to obtain closed-form expressions for any finite temperature quantities from the knowledge of the zero temperature ones and which are also suitable for regularization. All calculations follow the same series of standard steps. As practical examples, we recalculate the closed bosonic string free energy and obtain a closed-form expression for the massless vector boson self-energy of the bosonic open string in the one-loop approximation.
Assessment of chronic neck pain and a brief trial of cervical strengthening.

Objective: To determine the relationship among pain, disability, range of motion, isometric strength, and muscle tenderness in persons with chronic nonradicular neck pain and to compare them with healthy controls without neck pain. Design: Cross-sectional study of 30 subjects with and 14 without chronic neck pain. All subjects were administered pain scales, the neck disability index, isometric cervical strength, cervical range of motion, and a quantitated muscle tenderness measure. In addition, an uncontrolled trial of neck strengthening was performed on a subset of 14 subjects with the same outcome variables. Results: Tenderness correlated with pain, neck disability index, and headache in the pain group, and statistically, significantly differed from the subjects without neck pain. Males were stronger than females. Strength was less in the group with neck pain, but did not reach statistical significance. Range of motion was less in the group with pain. Neither range of motion nor strength correlated with neck disability index or pain scores in the neck pain group. In the strengthening trial, strength in left and right rotation significantly improved. Range of motion, pain, and neck disability index changed in a positive direction, but did not reach statistical significance. Muscle tenderness did not change. Conclusions: Muscle tenderness and disability (but not range of motion or muscle strength) is closely related to average pain in the previous week in neck pain subjects. Neck flexor muscle strengthening resulted in positive changes in pain, neck disability index, range of motion, and strength, but not tenderness.
Outcomes of patients with n3 neck nodes treated with chemoradiation.

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with N3 neck nodes treated with definitive chemoradiation. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: Thirty-two patients with nonmetastatic locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and N3 neck disease treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy were evaluated. Overall survival, disease- free survival, locoregional control, and distant control were recorded. Results: Median follow-up for surviving patients was 25 (range, 3–93) months. Seventeen of 32 (53%) patients failed, 13 in distant sites only, 2 in the neck only, 1 in the neck and a distant site, and 1 in the neck and primary site. The absolute rates of locoregional control and distant control were 88% and 56%, respectively. Actuarial overall survival and disease-free survival at 2 years were 51% and 29%, respectively. Conclusion: Patients with N3 neck disease treated with chemoradiation experience a very high rate of distant failure. Future studies investigating the role of additional systemic therapy in these patients are warranted.
USING FLUORESCENCE OF BONES AND TEETH TO DETECT REMAINS OF THE EASTERN FOX SQUIRREL (SCIURUS NIGER) IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS

AbstractSkeletal remains of the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the eastern fox squirrel (S. niger) are relatively common in archaeological deposits in the eastern United States. However, the teeth and skeletons of eastern fox squirrels are very similar to those of eastern gray squirrels, which has complicated or prevented definitive assignment of these remains to the species level. As part of a comprehensive study of Pleistocene and Holocene ecology and evolution in these two species, we sought a method to assign remains to S. niger easily and definitively in mixed assemblages. Here we describe a technique (using pink fluorescence under ultraviolet [UV] light) to assign teeth and skeletons to S. niger. We examined faunal deposits from several archaeological sites and confirmed that UV fluorescence can be detected in ancient S. niger remains. This method is effective even for isolated elements (e.g., a single incisor tooth), elements that have been burned, and those that have been extreme...
Proton (Heavy Ion) Radiography in Medical Diagnosis

Beams of sub-atomic particles, particularly of protons and other heavy ions, may be used for safe, noninvasive diagnosis in medicine. These radiations supplement those of the electromagnetic spectrum and of sound. With their aid radiographs of unusually high contrast are obtained for the visualization and differentiation of the body tissues at very low doses. The method appears practical for use in hospitals and has potential for screening purposes. This report sumarizes the basic aspects of the method and some results obtained by its use, with comments on its potential.
Cues reduce direction uncertainty and enhance motion detection

Previous work has shown that detectability of motion is better when the observer knows ahead of time the direction of that motion (“certainty”) than when he does not know the direction (“uncertainty”). We now report attempts to reduce this performance decrement associated with direction uncertainty. In these experiments, a briefly flashed, oriented line cued the observer to the direction of motion that might occur. When the cue appeared before the moving target, detectability increased; when the cue appeared after the moving target, performance dropped below that for no cue at all. In addition, we examined the effect of cue reliability, varying the relation between cue orientation and actual direction of target motion. The more accurate the cue is, the larger the performance increment. When the cue indicated a direction more than 90 deg from the actual target direction, performance was worse than when there was no cue. Results are discussed with regard to the feasibility of reducing uncertainty in real-world situations.
New perspectives in the prevention and treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced systolic function

Abstract Key Words: Heart failure; systolic dysfunction; angiotensin II receptor antagonists. *This activity is supported by an unrestricted educational grant from AstraZeneca.
Alterations of plasma volume, electrolytes and volume of distribution of sodium thiocyanate induced by electroshock.

SummarySeverely electroshocked dogs exhibit a striking fall in plasma volume, a sharp rise in plasma Na, blood sugar, muscle and plasma lactate but the hematocrit and hemoglobin show only moderate increases. The hypernatremia is fleeting in character and is largely, if not completely, independent of the decline in plasma volume; there is no evidence that water is shifted into cells causing shrinkage of the extracellular compartment. The increased concentration of the cation apparently results directly from electrostimulation of unknown neurogenic, Na regulating mechanisms in the central nervous system. The evanescent fall in plasma volume and simultaneous contraction of thiocyanate space in immediate post shocked dogs is not reflected by comparable changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin and is attributed to intense vasoconstriction due to sudden, violent shock to the brain and sympathetic nervous system with sequestration and trapping of large volumes of blood in the minute vessels at the vascular periphery...
NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining of suction rectal biopsies in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease and allied disorders

The purpose of this study was to investigate the specificity and sensitivity of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-D) staining in suction rectal biopsies (SRB) to determine whether it can be used as a diagnostic test for Hirschsprung's disease (HD) and related disorders. We studied SRB material in 80 patients suspected of having such disorders taken at 3, 5, and 7 cm above the pectinate line. Eight-micron sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and NADPH-D histochemistry. Normal biopsy specimens demonstrated strong NADPH-D reactivity in the submucosal ganglia and a large number of NADPH-D-positive fibers in the muscularis mucosae (MM). In contrast, there were no NADPH-D-positive fibers in the MM in patients with HD and hypertrophic nerve trunks stained weakly. Patients with hypoganglionosis (HYPG) demonstrated only a few NADPH-D-positive fibers in the MM and scant submucosal ganglia. Our results show that it is possible to diagnose HD and HYPG in mucosal rectal biopsies containing MM only and stained by NADPH-D histochemistry. As there is no background staining in NADPH-D histochemistry, it is easy to detect NADPH-D-positive fibers. NADPH-D histochemical staining may be an important additional technique for diagnosing HD and related disorders.
Terminal Oxidase of Orchard Grass

The response of infiltrated surviving green leaves to HCN, 1-phenyl-2-thiourea, and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is consistent with a functional role for cytochrome oxidase in respiration. Polyphenol oxidase does not function as a terminal oxidase in orchard grass.
Body size, duration of parental care, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase in eutherian and metatherian mammals.

The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m), conception to weaning time (t cw), age of first reproduction (tmat), and components of fecundity were compared between ecologically similar groups of 42 metatherian (=marsupial) and 42 eutherian mammals. Marsupial t cw s average 50% longer than those of eutherians. Small marsupials (<400 g) mature later, and have lower and r ms than eutherians; large marsupials (>10,000 g) do not mature later but also have lower r ms. At body sizes of 1,000–3,500 g, marsupials and eutherians have similar t mat s and t cw s but marsupials have greater r ms. Marsupials compensate for their longer t cw s by a variety of methods including embryonic diapause, larger litter sizes, and short periods between weaning and maturity. Although the greatest similarities in marsupial and eutherian life histories are at body sizes of 1–5 kg, compensation for long t cw may be seen at any marsupial body size. Other ecological factors not withstanding, marsupial reproduction is neither inherently inferior to that of eutherians nor obviously more advantageous in unpredictable environs.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors: volumetric analysis in 17 patients.

Objective Stereotactic radiosurgery has been used increasingly for the treatment of glomus jugulare tumors. The authors report their experience treating these tumors using gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS), documenting the clinical and radiological outcome. Methods A retrospective analysis identified 17 patients with glomus jugulare tumors who underwent GKRS. Besides analysis of clinical outcome, a radiological volumetric analysis was also performed after treatment. Results There were 15 women and two men (average age, 63.1 yr) with a median follow-up period of 48 months. The median radiosurgical dose to the tumor margin was 15 Gy (range, 13-18 Gy). Eight patients (47.1%) improved clinically, two (11.8%) worsened, and seven (41.2%) were unchanged. No relationship between internal auditory canal dose and hearing loss was recorded. Tinnitus and otalgia were the symptoms that responded most favorably to GKRS. No patients experienced new lower cranial nerve palsies after GKRS. Tumor volume showed a transient increase in seven patients. Analysis of tumor volume at the time of the last magnetic resonance imaging scan recorded a decrease in eight patients, an increase in four patients, and no change in five patients. Conclusion GKRS is a safe, effective treatment for glomus jugulare tumors, particularly in patients with preserved glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve function, after surgical recurrence, in the elderly, and in patients with serious preexisting medical conditions. Longer follow-up periods are required to assess long-term effects.
Persistence of micronuclei in peripheral blood normochromatic erythrocytes of subchronically benzene-treated male mice.

The kinetics of micronucleus (MN) induction and decline in blood normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) of mice subchronically exposed to benzene was investigated during and after exposure. Swiss (ICR) male mice (10/group) were given 0.0, 36.6, 73.2, and 146.4 mg/kg body weight benzene by gavage daily for 14 days, except for days 5 and 10. The frequency of MN increased significantly (P less than .001) during benzene treatment as a function of both concentration and time. Eleven days after exposure the levels of MN were higher than those observed at the end of exposure. After an initial rapid decline in the frequency of MN from 11 to 18 days postexposure, the decline became linear with time through 60 days postexposure. Using linear regression analysis, the MN level in each treatment group was predicted to reach control levels by approximately 85 days post-treatment. Dose-dependent suppression and recovery of erythropoiesis, estimated by polychromatic erythrocyte frequency, were observed in the 1st and 2nd weeks of exposure, respectively. Red blood cell (RBC) production was markedly increased in the first 3 weeks after benzene treatment. At later times the rate of production of the RBC returned to normal and may account for the linear decline observed in MN frequency. This research indicates that the frequency of MN is dose and duration dependent, while the decline in MN frequency after the end of benzene exposure can be related to changes in the kinetics of erythropoiesis.
Tetrabenazine in the treatment of severe pediatric chorea

Tetrabenazine (TBZ) is widely used to treat adults with hyperkinetic movement disorders; however, published experience with the drug in pediatric patients is limited. We report on 5 children with severe chorea who were treated with TBZ. TBZ effectively controlled chorea in 4 patients, and despite the need for relatively high doses, it was well tolerated.
Effect of near-interfacial nitrogen on the oxidation behavior of ultrathin silicon oxynitrides

Medium energy ion scattering has been used to study the role of nitrogen in the thermal oxidation kinetics of ultrathin silicon oxynitrides. Oxynitride films with different amounts of nitrogen near the SiOxNy/Si interface and pure (control) SiO2/Si films were reoxidized in dry 18O2 under equivalent conditions. The spatial distribution of 18O incorporated into the films was analyzed by high-resolution depth profiling methods. Analogous to the pure SiO2 case, we observed two distinct regions where oxygen incorporation into the oxynitride films occurs: at/near the interface and near the outer oxide surface. The (near) interface oxide growth reaction is found to be significantly retarded by the presence of near-interfacial nitrogen (with a higher degree of the retardation for higher concentrations of nitrogen). The presence of nitrogen near the interface does not affect the surface exchange reaction.
Borel quasi-orderings in subsystems of second-order arithmetic

Abstract We study the provability in subsystems of second-order arithmetic of two theorems of Harrington and Shelah [6] about Borel quasi-orderings of the reals. These theorems turn out to be provable in ATR 0 , thus giving further evidence to the observation that ATR 0 is the minimal subsystem of second-order arithmetic in which significant portion of descriptive set theory can be developed. As in [6] considering the lightface versions of the theorems will be instrumental in their proof and the main techniques employed will be the reflection principles and Gandy forcing.