cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of unilateral brain damage on the control of goal-directed hand movements

Insight into the functional neural substrates associated with the control of goal-directed purposive movements can be obtained through the study of the performance of individuals with brain damage. The control of rapid reciprocal aiming was investigated by comparing ipsilateral limb performance of subjects with unilateral brain damage to that of controls performing with the same limb. Thirty right-hand-dominant individuals, ten with right hemisphere stroke, ten with left hemisphere stroke, and ten age-matched controls performed unconstrained alternating tapping movements under three conditions of task complexity. The path of the stylus was recorded by video using two-dimensional kinematic techniques. Key kinematic features of the vertical and horizontal components of the trajectories were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. All subjects with brain damage showed prolonged movement times; however, the locus of the slowing depended on lesion side. Specifically, subjects with left stroke showed deficits in the open-loop component of the movement across all three conditions of task complexity, and a prolonged reversal phase surrounding target impact, particularly in the most complex condition. In contrast, subjects with right stroke showed deficits in the closed-loop phase of the movement prior to target impact, particularly in the most complex condition when visual information was necessary for accuracy. Together, these results suggest that for the control of rapid goal-directed aiming movements, the left hemisphere is dominant for task-relevant aspects of processing associated with the ballistic component and the timing or triggering of sequential movements. In contrast, the right hemisphere is dominant for processing associated with rapid, on-line visual information even when target location is known and direction is certain.
Ten-megawatt load-levelling lead/acid battery project

Abstract To demonstrate the economic and operational feasibility of using lead/ acid batteries for load management by electric utilities, a 10 MW/40 MW h battery energy storage plant is being constructed at the 12 kV substation of Southern California Edison Company in Chino, California. This U.S. $13 million project is a cooperative effort by Edison, Electric Power Research Institute, and International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. The design, construction and operation of this plant are presented. The Chino facility is scheduled to begin load-levelling duties in April, 1988. Several related projects in other areas of the world are also described briefly.
Evaluating Access to Primary Health Care Among Older Women and Men in Barbados Using Preventable Hospitalization

We evaluated access to primary health care for older women and men in Barbados, a developing country, using a widely accepted access indicator, hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Using 2003–2008 data, we calculated gender-specific total annual population-based rates of these hospitalizations per 1,000 older women and men and individual rates for the six most prevalent conditions. Across the 6 years, these hospitalizations increased 33.6% for women, 30.6% for men (both P < .0001). However, the average rate for diabetes fell 32% for women, 36% for men. Findings suggest an opportunity to improve access to primary health care, particularly for older women.
Spatial and temporal variability of total organic carbon along 140°W in the equatorial Pacific Ocean in 1992

Total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed on four transects along 140°W in 1992 using a high temperature combustion/discrete injection (HTC/DI) analyzer. For two of the transects, the analyses were conducted on-board ship. Mixed-layer concentrations of organic carbon varied from about 80 μM C at either end of the transect (12°N and 12°S) to about 60 μM C at the equator. Total organic carbon concentrations decreased rapidly below the mixed-layer to about 38–40 μM C at 1000 m across the transect. Little variation was observed below this depth; deep water concentrations below 2000m were virtually monotonic at about 36 μM C. Repeat measurements made on subsequent cruises consistently found the same concentrations at 1000 m or deeper, but substantial variations were observed in the mixed-layer and the upper water column above 400 m depth. Linear mixing models of total organic carbon versus σθ exhibited zones of organic carbon formation and consumption. TOC was found to be inversely correlated with apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) in the region between the mixed-layer and the oxygen minimum. In the mixed-layer, TOC concentrations varied seasonally. Part of the variations in TOC at the equator was driven by changes in the upwelling rate in response to variations in physical forcing related to an El Nino and to the passage of tropical instability waves. TOC export fluxes, calculated from simple box models, averaged 8±4 mmol C m−2day−1 at the equator and also varied seasonally. These export fluxes account for 50–75% of the total carbon deficit and are consistent with other estimates and model predictions.
Unusual thermal polymerization of 1,4-bis-5-(4,4'-dialkyl-2,2'-bithiazolyl)-1,3-butadiynes : Soluble polymers from diacetylenes

The syntheses of the 1,4-bis-5-(4,4‘-dialkyl-2,2‘-bithiazole)-1,3-butadiynes, ABDs, (6a−c) are reported. The crystal and molecular structure of the butyl derivative was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The BBD (the 4,4‘-di-n-butyl ABD) molecules are properly aligned in the solid state for topotactic 1,4-polymerization to occur, but these materials do not undergo such polymerization under a variety of conditions. The lack of topotactic polymerization is attributed to the rigidity of the aromatic groups directly bonded to the butadiyne. These compounds do polymerize in the molten state to give soluble polymers that are characterized by UV−vis, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. Molecular modeling was also used to explore some representative conformation space. These data suggest that the polymerization occurs primarily via 1,2-addition, but some 1,4-addition also occurs.
Effect of void fraction covariance on relative velocity in gas-dispersed two-phase flow

Abstract In the two-fluid model the dependence between the phases is given in the field equations by interaction terms which become a key focus for improving the overall model performance. Of the interfacial terms in the one-dimensional two-fluid model, the most important is the constitutive relation for the interfacial momentum transfer, specifically the steady-state drag force. The one-dimensional steady-state drag force is a function of area-averaged local relative velocity. This area-averaged local relative velocity can be derived from the drift-flux general expression and the relation between drift velocity and relative velocity. However, due to area averaging there is a void fraction covariance which current and past researchers have assumed to be one. Similarly, in the one-dimensional modified two-fluid model which divides the gas phase into two-groups (i.e. spherical/distorted bubbles as group-1, and cap/slug/churn-turbulent bubbles as group-2) the group-1 and group-2 area-averaged local relative velocity is required for the group-1 and group-2 steady-state drag force. These relative velocities introduce three covariance terms: group-1 void fraction, group-2 void fraction, and an inter-group covariance between group-1 and group-2 void fraction. The covariance terms have been analyzed with a substantial database from the literature including upward flow in pipe diameters of 1.27 cm–15.2 cm, downward flow in pipe diameters of 2.54 cm and 5.08 cm, and upward flow in a 1.90 cm hydraulic diameter annulus channel. Simple relations are proposed to specify the covariance in order to improve the prediction of area-averaged local relative velocity in the classical two-fluid model and the modified two-fluid model. These relations are shown to have good agreement with the experimental data in predicting the effect on the area-average relative velocity with an average relative error of 5% over the data range.
Quartz resonator as sensor for viscous/conductive liquids

A theoretical and experimental study of an AT-cut quartz crystal resonator as a sensor for viscous conductive liquids has been performed. A novel continuous-flow cell system and an 11 MHz quartz crystal were used for the experiments. Results are presented for aqueous dilute solutions of potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium nitrate (KNO3).
Biochemical methane potential and biodegradability of complex organic substrates

The biomethane potential and biodegradability of an array of substrates with highly heterogeneous characteristics, including mono- and co-digestion samples with dairy manure, was determined using the biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay. In addition, the ability of two theoretical methods to estimate the biomethane potential of substrates and the influence of biodegradability was evaluated. The results of about 175 individual BMP assays indicate that substrates rich in lipids and easily-degradable carbohydrates yield the highest methane potential, while more recalcitrant substrates with a high lignocellulosic fraction have the lowest. Co-digestion of dairy manure with easily-degradable substrates increases the specific methane yields when compared to manure-only digestion. Additionally, biomethane potential of some co-digestion mixtures suggested synergistic activity. Evaluated theoretical methods consistently over-estimated experimentally-obtained methane yields when substrate biodegradability was not accounted. Upon correcting the results of theoretical methods with observed biodegradability data, an agreement greater than 90% was achieved.
Synthesis of metal dithiolene complexes by Si-S bond cleavage of a bis(silanylsulfanyl)alkene

Abstract A new method for the synthesis of metal dithiolenes with alkyl-substituted chelate rings has been investigated. The utility of the protected ene-1,2-dithiolate 3,4-bis-triisopropylsilanyl-sulfanyl-hex-3-ene as a precursor in reactions with metal halide and oxyhalide complexes was examined. Reaction conditions involve a 2:1 or 3:1 mol ratio of reactants in acetonitrile/THF or toluene at 50–80 °C for 24–36 h. Complex formation was observed as a result of Si–S bond cleavage by bound or free halide and oxo ligands. Members of four major structural families of dithiolene complexes were prepared in ca. 25–70% yields, including planar [Ni(S2C2Et2)2], square pyramidal [MI(S2C2Et2)2] (M = Co, Fe), [Fe(py)(S2C2Et2)2]1−, and [ReO(S2C2Et2)2]1−, centrosymmetric [M2(S2C2Et2)4]2− (M = Co, Mn), [M(S2C2Et2)3]1− (M = V, Nb), and trigonal prismatic [M(S2C2Et2)3] (M = Mo, W). Seven X-ray structure proofs are provided. It is concluded that the method is feasible and potentially extendable to other ring substituents, whose primary effects are on solubility and modulation of redox potentials.
The Hearing Aid Effect in African American and Caucasian Males as Perceived by Female Judges of the Same Race.

Prior studies have proven the existence of the "hearing aid effect" when photographs of Caucasian males and females wearing a body aid, a post-auricular aid (behind-the-ear), or no hearing aid were...
Magnetic Susceptibilities of Gadolinium Orthophosphate (GdPO4)

Gadolinium orthophosphate (GdPO4) follows the Curie-Weiss law in the paramagnetic region. It becomes antiferromagnetic at 225°K, and exhibits weak ferromagnetism at lower temperatures. The origin of weak ferromagnetism is attributed to anisotropic exchange. A model of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic linkages of varied strengths fits qualitatively the magnetic properties of GdPO4. Gadoliniumorthophosphat (GdPO4) folgt im paramagnetischen Bereich dem Curie-Weiss'schen Gesetz. Bei 225°K wird es antiferromagnetisch und zeigt schwachen Ferromagnetismus bei niedrigeren Temperaturen. Die Ursache des schwachen Ferromagnetismus wird einer anisotropen Austauschwechselwirkung zugeschrieben. Ein Modell von ferromagnetischen und antiferromagnetischen Verkettungen von verschiedener Starke beschreibt qualitativ die magnetischen Eigenschaften von GdPO4.
Reversal of the activity of chlorguanide against Plasmodium gallinaceum by free or conjugated p-aminobenzoic acid

Abstract Among twenty-three compounds tested for their ability to reverse the antimalarial activity of chlorguanide against Plasmodium gallinaceum in the chick, only pteroylglutamic acid, calcium leucovorin (synthetic citrovorum factor), p -aminobenzoylglutamic acid, and p -aminobenzoic acid were found to be effective. None of the reversals were complete.
Mentors and Proteges: Establishing Systems of Assisted Performance in Preservice Teacher Education.

The purpose of this study was to extend understand of mentor‐protege relationships, mentoring practice, mentor characteristics, and factors that influence development of mentor‐protege relationships. The effect of long‐term placement with its built‐in opportunities for mediated learning, was also examined. Open‐ended questionnaires were administered to 26 mentor‐protege pairs who had been together for three semesters in a preservice teacher program. Three categories of important mentor characteristics were identified; mentor as nurturer, expert colleague, and role model. Mentors and proteges felt that long‐term placement had allowed time for development of their relationship, which they described as a close friendship characterized by honesty, mutual respect, and professionalism. Vygotskian principles regarding the sociocultural context of learning were discussed within the context of mentor‐protege relationships. Findings from this study suggest that long‐term placement with a mentor can provide opportun...
Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase from spinach. II. Requirement of enzyme for photochemical accumulation of reduced pyridine nucleotides.

Abstract Experiments designed to elucidate the mechanism of photochemical reduction of pyridine nucleotides have yielded the following results: ( a ) In the presence of excess PPNR, the rate of photochemical reduction of TPN is stimulated by the addition of transhydrogenase. ( b ) Inclusion of antibody to the transhydrogenase enzyme in the reaction mixture inhibited completely the accumulation of either TPNH or DPNH in the presence of illuminated chloroplasts (or grana). This inhibition is reversed by the addition of the purified transhydrogenase enzyme, ( c ) The photochemical reduction of DPN proceeds in the absence of exogenous or added TPN and requires both enzymes, ( d ) The antibody to transhydrogenase is without effect on the photolytic activity of the chloroplasts (or grana). These results are explained by a proposed mechanism wherein the PPNR catalyzes the reduction of bound TPN, bound in the chloroplasts or grana, and the transhydrogenase catalyzes the transfer of hydrogen from the bound reduced TPN to free TPN. DPN is reduced in this system by substituting for TPN as the hydrogen acceptor in the transhydrogenase reaction. Consistent with this hypothesis is the earlier observation that the transhydrogenase from spinach is a TPN-specific enzyme.
Catholicism and Politics in Socialist Yugoslavia

(1982). Catholicism and Politics in Socialist Yugoslavia. Religion in Communist Lands: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 256-274.
Vulnerabilities of RFID systems in infant abduction protection and patient wander prevention

This paper presents penetration attacks and abduction drills conducted in a healthcare facility relying on RFID security system to prevent infant abduction and patient wander. The objective is to provide a better understanding to the limitations and weaknesses existing in the current used technology that is applied in different hospitals, and to provide guidelines for healthcare facility administration to change their policies in a way that cover vulnerabilities that exist in the current RFID security systems.
Legislation proposed to enhance high school science labs

At an 8 March hearing, the U.S. House of Representatives Science and Technology Subcommittee on Research and Education began consideration of new legislation intended to improve high school science laboratories. The bill, H.R. 524, would create a $5 million program at the U.S. National Science Foundation that would provide grants to improve high school science laboratories. The grants could be used to purchase or rent equipment and instrumentation, maintain or renovate facilities, train teachers, or design hands-on laboratory experiences.
The Spatial Incidence of Local Retail Taxation

This paper examines the effects of local retail taxation in two simple models of spatial competition. Suppose that a suburb or central city imposes an excise tax (or subsidy) on a particular commodity, such as gasoline, liquor, restaurant meals, or groceries, or imposes a general sales tax that affects many commodities simultaneously. To what extent does this lead to higher prices within the jurisdiction and in neighboring jurisdictions? Section II presents the basic model of spatial competition that forms a component of the fixed-locations model of Section III and the entry model of Section IV. Infinitely many stores are located along an infinite line, and demand density is completely inelastic and uniform along the line. The main endogenous variables of interest are the prices charged by the different stores. Throughout the paper a Nash equilibrium in prices is assumed.' Section III presents the fixed-locations model, in which the tax is imposed after stores have already established themselves. Store locations are fixed due to location-specific sunk costs. If a suburb containing a single store imposes an excise tax on a commodity, the store that is taxed and its first, second, and third nearest neighbors on each side increase their prices by 57.7 percent, 15.5 percent, 4.2 percent, and 1.1 percent of the tax, respectively. This result is independent of the spacing of the stores and independent of whether or not they are evenly spaced. If a suburb containing several stores imposes an excise tax, the changes in price follow directly by adding the effects of taxes on several adjacent stores. If a central city taxes all stores on the right half line, the results are given by (12): the taxed and untaxed stores closest to the boundary
Carbohydrates in aquatic plants and associated sediments from two Minnesota lakes

Abstract Carbohydrate materials wore studied in aquatic plants, lake waters, and lake sediments of two eutrophic-alkalitrophic lakes of central Minnesota. Both free sedimentary sugars and sugars liberated on treatment with mineral acid were recovered. They were identified by specific reactions and by paper chromatography. Glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose were the dominant sugars in order of decreasing abundance in aquatic plants of the two lakes. Maxima and minima in these sugars, as well as the content of cellulose and hemicellulose (determined by a colorimetric technique), show little relation to time of collection and appear to be a function of individual plant species. Evidence indicates that aquatic plants and algae are not the only important source of carbohydrates in lake sediments. Acid hydrolysis of near-surface lake bottom sediments gave rise to eight sugars, arabinose, xylose, galactose, glucuronic acid, glucose, rhamnose, mannose and ribose, in concentrations ranging from 19·1 to 0·1 mg/g of dry weight sediment. The variety and amount of these carbohydrate substances demonstrate the importance of microorganisms in altering the carbohydrate fraction prior to stabilization and preservation within the sediment. Acid hydrolysis of lake sediments from a deep core from Blue Lake, Minnesota, furnished in order of decreasing abundance the eight sugars, xylose, glucose, arabinose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose and glucuronic acid. Sucrose, glucose, mannose and xylose were recovered from Blue Lake waters as free sugars. Mannose and xylose have not previously been reported. Evidence was obtained for the presence of the free (sedimentary) sugars, maltose, sucrose, lactose, glucose, galactose, xylose and mannose in aqueous extracts of sediment. Mannose and lactose are previously unrecorded; however, this report of lactose needs to be confirmed by characterization. A natural stability series for carbohydrates in the lacustrine environment is: fairly stable: xylose, glucose, rhamnose, arabinose; moderately stable: ribose. mannose; fairly unstable: galactose; very unstable: glucuronic acid.
Web-traveler policies for content on social networks

Web 2.0 revolutionizes how people store and share personal data and contents today. Today, sharing of personal information and documents on the web is pervasive, from sites like flickr.com for photo sharing to myspace.com for profile sharing and blogger.com or twitter.com for opinion sharing [6]. These sites form a part of what are referred to as social networking sites (SNs) and provide individuals with the ability to host and share a variety of personal content. These sites have an overwhelming impact on the way information is shared. Not only do these sites allow a user to share information with thousands of people, but they allow for this information to be spread very quickly in way of messages, posts and comments.
Isometric shifts on (c⊕X)∞

Abstract Let c be the set of all convergent sequences with the sup norm and X a strictly convex Banach space. Let Q be the natural projection from ( c ⊕ X ) ∞ to X and let T be an isometric shift on ( c ⊕ X ) ∞ . We prove the following: (1) The restriction of Q ∘ T to X is a surjective isometry. (2) T maps c into c and the restriction of T to c is an isometric shift. We also show that the space ( c ⊕ l 1 ) ∞ admits an isometric shift.
Formation of atomic beams and dynamics of in situ superconducting film growth by pulsed-laser deposition

Abstract Various issues on the in situ formation of superconducting YBaCuO (YBCO) thin films by pulsed-laser deposition are discussed. In particular, the formation of the various atomic beams by the pulsed laser, the question of oxygen incorporation during film growth, the transformation from the tetragonal to the orthorhombic phase, the nucleation dynamics and the nature of the interface layers between the YBCO film and the substrates are addressed. The availability of a strong oxygen atomic beam coming from both the target and the O 2 ambient is a unique feature of pulsed-laser deposition. However, most of the physics of the dynamics in situ film formation, the tetragonal-to-or-thorhombic transformation and interface reactions are also valid for other types of thin film and other deposition methods as well. It is shown that the technique of in situ resistance measurement is very powerful in obtaining information about the dynamics of the oxygenation process and the mechanisms of thin film growth and interface reactions. In particular, it yields information about the interface compound which is not achievable with other techniques.
Editorial: nanostructured aerosol particles: fabrication, pulmonary drug delivery, and controlled release

Pulmonary drug delivery is the preferred route of administration in the treatment of respiratory diseases and some nonrespiratory diseases. Recent research has focused on developing structurally stable high-dosage drug delivery systems without premature release. To maximize the deposition in the desired lung regions, several factors must be considered in the formulation. The special issue includes seven papers deal with aerosol-assisted fabrication of nanostructured particles, aerosol deposition, nanoparticles pulmonary exposure, and controlled release.
Expression of galactose genes in mammalian cells. I. Galactose enzymes in Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrids.

Galactokinase and galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase activities have been studied in several Chinese hamster ovary clonal lines following hybridization of two glycine-requiring mutants. Initially, the hybrids have about twice the parental activity of both enzymes. However, with time, there is a further increase beyond this activity, especially for the transferase enzyme, followed by a decline and a leveling off. The final average kinase activity in the hybrids is about 1.2 times the parental kinase, while the final average transferase is about 1.9 times the parental amount. The cultures lose about 10% of their chromosomes during the period under study; however, there is no obvious correlation between gross chromosome loss and enzyme activity. Protein calculated on a per chromosome basis (to correct for chromosome loss) behaves in a manner similar to the enzyme activities. One possible interpretation of the results is that, following hybridization, there is a derepression of some activities followed by repression during which time new levels of cellular parameters become established.
Lifetime Maximization Based on Coverage and Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider information retrieval in a wireless sensor network deployed to monitor a spatially correlated random field. We address optimal sensor scheduling and information routing under the performance measure of network lifetime. Both single-hop and multi-hop transmissions from sensors to an access point are considered. For both cases, we formulate the problems as integer programming based on the theories of coverage and connectivity in sensor networks. We derive upper bounds for the network lifetime that provide performance benchmarks for suboptimal solutions. Suboptimal sensor scheduling and data routing algorithms are proposed to approach the lifetime upper bounds with reduced complexity. In the proposed algorithms, we consider the impact of both the network geometry and the energy consumption in communications and relaying on the network lifetime. Simulation examples are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms as compared to the lifetime upper bounds.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E7 Induces Prolonged G2 following S Phase Reentry in Differentiated Human Keratinocytes

The productive program of human papillomaviruses occurs in differentiated squamous keratinocytes. We have previously shown that HPV-18 DNA amplification initiates in spinous cells in organotypic cultures of primary human keratinocytes during prolonged G2 phase, as signified by abundant cytoplasmic cyclin B1 (Wang, H. K., Duffy, A. A., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T. (2009) Genes Dev. 23, 181–194). In this study, we demonstrated that the E7 protein, which induces S phase reentry in suprabasal cells by destabilizing the p130 pocket protein (Genovese, N. J., Banerjee, N. S., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T. (2008) J. Virol. 82, 4862–4873), also elicited extensive G2 responses. Western blots and indirect immunofluorescence assays were used to probe for host proteins known to control G2/M progression. E7 expression induced cytoplasmic accumulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 in the suprabasal cells. The elevated cdc2 had inactivating phosphorylation on Thr14 or Tyr15, and possibly both, due to an increase in the responsible Wee1 and Myt1 kinases. In cells that harbored cytoplasmic cyclin B1 or cdc2, there was also an accumulation of the phosphatase-inactive cdc25C phosphorylated on Ser216, unable to activate cdc2. Moreover, E7 expression induced elevated expression of phosphorylated ATM (Ser1981) and the downstream phosphorylated Chk1, Chk2, and JNKs, kinases known to inactivate cdc25C. Similar results were observed in primary human keratinocyte raft cultures in which the productive program of HPV-18 took place. Collectively, this study has revealed the mechanisms by which E7 induces prolonged G2 phase in the differentiated cells following S phase induction.
Linux XIA: An Interoperable Meta Network Architecture to Crowdsource the Future Internet

With the growing number of proposed clean-slate redesigns of the Internet, the need for a medium that enables all stakeholders to participate in the realization, evaluation, and selection of these designs is increasing. We believe that the missing catalyst is a meta network architecture that welcomes most, if not all, clean-state designs on a level playing field, lowers deployment barriers, and leaves the final evaluation to the broader community. This paper presents Linux XIA, a native implementation of XIA~\cite{xia-nsdi-2012} in the Linux kernel, as a candidate. We first describe Linux XIA in terms of its architectural realizations and algorithmic contributions. We then demonstrate how to port several distinct and unrelated network architectures onto Linux XIA. Finally, we provide a hybrid evaluation of Linux XIA at three levels of abstraction in terms of its ability to: evolve and foster interoperation of new architectures, embed disparate architectures inside the implementation's framework, and maintain a comparable forwarding performance to that of the legacy TCP/IP implementation. Given this evaluation, we substantiate a previously unsupported claim of XIA: that it readily supports and enables network evolution, collaboration, and interoperability --- traits we view as central to the success of any future Internet architecture.
Ultrasonic detection of resonant cavitation bubbles in a flow tube by their second-harmonic emissions

Abstract During low-power exposures, biophysical effects of ultrasonic cavitation are induced primarily by resonant bubbles, and there is a need for a new method of detecting these small bubbles. Bubble pulsation theory indicates that second-harmonic emissions emanate from resonant bubbles even at low amplitudes. A device was constructed to detect resonant bubbles passing through it in a flowing liquid by monitoring second-harmonic responses to a low amplitude, 1.64 MHz ultrasonic field. During testing, 4.2 μm diameter resonant bubbles produced signals 40 times larger than 500 μm diameter bubbles, and this technique was much better than a first-harmonic scattering technique for counting resonant bubbles.
THE ACUTE PAIN SERVICE

The often inadequate treatment of acute pain is more often due to improper application of available therapies than to the unavailability of effective drugs and techniques. In our institution, the establishment of an acute pain service has improved the safety and efficacy of postoperative pain control. This has been achieved not simply through the immediate availability of a group of specialist physicians and nurses, but also through staff education. The latter has addressed many of the misconceptions preventing proper and safe use of potent analgesic agents. Although provision of intravenously administered patient-controlled analgesia appears not to influence patient outcome, it can result in improved analgesia and patient satisfaction when used properly. Epidurally administered patient-controlled analgesia, on the other hand, appears to provide superior relief of activity pain and earlier resolution of postoperative ileus. The administration of local anesthetic agents, in particular, may reduce reflex diaphragmatic dysfunction following thoracoabdominal surgery and decrease the incidence of graft occlusion following lower extremity vascular procedures. Epidural catheter placement, however, is not without risk, especially in subjects with an established or potential coagulopathy.
Evaluating the oligomeric state of SecYEG in preprotein translocase

SecA insertion and deinsertion through SecYEG drive preprotein translocation at the Escherichia coli inner membrane. We present three assessments of the theory that oligomers of SecYEG might form functional translocation sites. (i) Formaldehyde cross‐ linking of translocase reveals cross‐links between SecY, SecE and SecG, but not higher order oligomers. (ii) Cross‐linking of membranes containing unmodified SecE and hemagglutinin‐tagged SecE (SecE HA ) reveals cross‐links between SecY and SecE and between SecY and SecE HA . However, anti‐HA immunoprecipitates contain neither untagged SecE nor SecY cross‐linked to SecE. (iii) Membranes containing similar amounts of SecE and SecE HA were saturated with translocation intermediate (I 29 ) and detergent solubilized. Anti‐HA immunoprecipitation of I 29 required SecYE HA G and SecA, yet untagged SecE was not present in this translocation complex. Likewise, anti‐HA immunoprecipitates of membranes containing equal amounts of SecY and SecY HA were found to contain SecY HA but not SecY. Both immunoprecipitates contain more moles of I 29 than of the untagged subunit, again suggesting that translocation intermediates are not engaged with multiple copies of SecYEG. These studies suggest that the active form of preprotein translocase is monomeric SecYEG.
Were the Physiognomists Right? Personality Correlates of Facial Babyishness

Research has revealed that feature babyishness exerts a powerful impact on perceptions of faces. Whereas previous work has focused on the perceptual consequences of such variations in facial configuration, the present study examined the psychological ramifications of exhibiting a particular facial appearance. Specifically, we asked whether baby faced adults perceive themselves in the same way that others do. Facial photographs of 24 male and 24 female stimulus persons were rated on babyishness, physical attractiveness, and several trait dimensions. Facial babyishness was positively correlated with appearance-based perceptions of physical and social weakness and approachability. The stimulus persons also completed several personality scales and rated their own facial babyishness and attractiveness. Relationships between objective and self-ratings of baby facedness and personality measures were revealed, and these paralleled impressions formed about the stimulus persons on the basis of facial appearance alo...
Hydrogen and self-interstitial interactions with edge dislocations in Ni: atomistic and elasticity comparisons

The interactions of hydrogen interstitial and self-interstitial with dissociated Shockley partial dislocations in fcc Ni were studied with embedded atom method calculations and the results were compared with those obtained from elasticity solutions. Such cross-correlations are important for efficient and accurate inclusion of the point defects into the dislocation dynamics simulations that are usually based on elasticity theories. The simulations were carried out using a dipole dislocation cell having periodic boundaries. The size effect, tetragonal distortions and the modulus effect were considered in the elasticity analysis. The results indicate that the elasticity solutions compare well with the atomistic results for the regions outside the Shockley partial cores, even though the interaction energies differed by approximately one order of magnitude for these two types of point defects. The range where the elasticity description of the interstitial–dislocation interaction breaks down was identified. In the self-interstitial case, the core reaction with the interstitial was observed, resulting in a larger core interaction range.
Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Aging and Anti-Tumor Effects of Lithocholic Bile Acid

Bile acids are cholesterol-derived bioactive lipids that play essential roles in the maintenance of a heathy lifespan. These amphipathic molecules with detergent-like properties display numerous beneficial effects on various longevity- and healthspan-promoting processes in evolutionarily distant organisms. Recent studies revealed that lithocholic bile acid not only causes a considerable lifespan extension in yeast, but also exhibits a substantial cytotoxic effect in cultured cancer cells derived from different tissues and organisms. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the robust anti-aging and anti-tumor effects of lithocholic acid have emerged. This review summarizes the current knowledge of these mechanisms, outlines the most important unanswered questions and suggests directions for future research.
Modeling the Effects of Biaxial Stress on Magnetic Properties of Steels with Application to Biaxial Stress Nde

This paper reviews recent work on the effect of biaxial stress on magnetic properties obtained from hysteresis loops. Both experimental and theoretical work are discussed. Biaxial stress measuremen...
Long-term results of the lateral tunnel Fontan operation

Objectives: Completion of a total cavopulmonary anastomosis with an intra-atrial lateral tunnel is known to yield good early and midterm results. In this study, we sought to determine the long-term outcome (10 years) after a lateral tunnel Fontan procedure. Methods: Between October 1987 and December 1991, 220 patients (aged 11 months to 32 years) with a wide range of underlying diagnoses underwent a fenestrated or nonfenestrated lateral tunnel Fontan procedure at our institution. Current follow-up information was available for 196 patients (94%, mean follow-up = 10.2 ± 0.6 years). Risk factor analysis included patient-related and procedure-related variables, with death, failure, and bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia as outcome parameters. Results: There were 12 early deaths (<30 days or hospital death), 7 late deaths, 4 successful takedown operations, and 4 heart transplantations. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival was 93% at 5 years and 91% at 10 years, and freedom from failure was 90% at 5 years and 87% at 10 years. Freedom from new supraventricular tachyarrhythmia was 96% at 5 years and 91% at 10 years; freedom from new bradyarrhythmia was 88% at 5 years and 79% at 10 years. Three patients had evidence of protein-losing enteropathy. Multivariable risk factors for development of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia included heterotaxy syndrome, atrioventricular valve abnormalities, and preoperative bradyarrhythmia. Risk factors for bradyarrhythmia included systemic venous anomalies. The sole risk factor for late failure was a previous coarctation repair. Conclusion: The lateral tunnel Fontan procedure results in excellent long-term outcome even when used in patients with diverse anatomic diagnoses. The incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmia is low and mainly depends on the underlying cardiac morphology and preoperative arrhythmia. The good long-term outcome after an intracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan procedure should serve as a basis for comparison with other surgical alternatives. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:28-41)
Identifying Long-Term High-Bandwidth Flows at a Router

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for identifying long-term high-rate flows at a router. Identifying the long-term high-rate flows allows a router to regulate flows intelligently in times of congestion. We employ a limited amount of state to record the arrivals of packets of individual flows. The state is managed as an LRU cache. The LRU cache self converges to hold only the flows that are high rate. The size of the cache need not depend on the number of flows at the router. We analyze a number of internet packet traces to show the effectiveness of this LRUbased cache. It is shown that this scheme is highly scalable since a few flows contribute a significant fraction of the traffic at a router.
Electing a global mediator in a three-layer mediation architecture

The authors' ongoing research project is a system that mediates access to heterogeneous multi-media sources while considering the quality of service to clients. Several intermediate mediator components are involved in the delivery of data. One of the mediators is responsible for assuring the quality of presentation of the mediated information. In this paper, we present the algorithm used to elect this global-mediator.
Evaluation of a symptom diagram for identifying carpal tunnel syndrome

Background Hand symptom diagrams (HSDs) for rating the distribution of paraesthesias are proposed for use in epidemiological studies of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Aim To assess the validity of HSDs in a working population of manufacturing and service workers participating in a prospective study of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods Assessment of each subject involved completing a HSD, a heath assessment and electrodiagnostic studies (EDSs). HSDs were rated for CTS blinded to the health assessment and EDS results. The validity assessments of HSD used EDS as the sole confirmatory standard for CTS. Results A total of 733 subjects (65% of those eligible) participated in the study and 720 underwent EDSs. Dominant hand prevalence of a positive HSD and delayed nerve conduction studies in this working population was 9.2 per 100 workers. The sensitivity of a positive HSD for all workers was 0.28. By restricting the population to those workers with any current hand symptoms or to any worker with neuropathic hand symptoms, the sensitivities of HSD improved to 0.61 and 0.79, respectively. The positive predictive value of a HSD, with our study prevalence, was 0.48. Conclusions The HSD classification schema has poor validity when applied to a general working population but improves when applied to workers with current neuropathic symptoms. The high number of false-negative HSDs in the general study population is most likely to be due to the inadequacies of using EDS as the confirmatory test. With a low prevalence of CTS, the positive predictive value for HSDs is poor.
Identification of soil bacteria susceptible to TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles.

Because soil is expected to be a major sink for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) released to the environment, the effects of ENPs on soil processes and the organisms that carry them out should be understood. DNA-basedfingerprinting analyses have shown that ENPs alter soil bacterial communities, but specific taxon changes remain unknown. We used bar-coded pyrosequencing to explore the responses of diverse bacterial taxa to two widely used ENPs, nano-TiO2and nano-ZnO, at various doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg g 1 soil for TiO2; 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg g 1 soil for ZnO) in incubated soil microcosms. These ENPs significantly altered the bacterial communities in a dose-dependent manner, with some taxa increasing as a proportion of the community, but more taxa decreasing, indicating that effects mostly reduced diversity. Some of the declining taxa are known to be associated with nitrogenfixation (Rhizobiales,Bradyrhizobiaceae, andBradyrhizobium) and methane oxidation (Methylobacteriaceae), while some positively impacted taxa are known to be associated with the decomposition of recalcitrant organic pollutants (Sphingomonadaceae) and biopolymers including protein (Streptomycetaceae andStreptomyces), indicating potential consequences to ecosystem-scale processes. The latter was suggested by a positive correlation between protease activity and the relative abundance ofStreptomycetaceae (R0.49,P0.000) andStreptomyces(R0.47,P0.000). Our results demonstrate that some metal oxide nanoparticles could affect soil bacterial communities and associated processes through effects on susceptible, narrow-function bacterial taxa.
Borrelia burgdorferi Linear Plasmid 28-3 Confers a Selective Advantage in an Experimental Mouse-Tick Infection Model

Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, has a unique segmented genome consisting of numerous linear and circular plasmids and a linear chromosome. Many of these genetic elements have been found to encode factors critical for B. burgdorferi to complete the infectious cycle. However, several plasmids remain poorly characterized, and their roles during infection with B. burgdorferi have not been elucidated. To more fully characterize the role of one of the four 28-kb linear plasmids, lp28-3, we generated strains specifically lacking lp28-3 and assayed the contribution of genes carried by lp28-3 to B. burgdorferi infection. We found that lp28-3 does not carry any genes that are strictly required for infection of a mouse or tick and that lp28-3-deficient spirochetes are competent at causing a disseminated infection. Interestingly, spirochetes containing lp28-3 were at a selective advantage compared to lp28-3-deficient spirochetes when coinjected into a mouse, and this advantage was reflected in the population of spirochetes acquired by feeding ticks. Our data demonstrate that genes carried by lp28-3, although not essential, contribute to the fitness of B. burgdorferi during infection.
MARKET TRADE IN DECENTRALIZED DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF CAJAMARCA, PERU *

Decentralized development views market trade and market towns as part of a comprehensive strategy to divert economic development away from major metropolitan areas. Seventy-one traders were surveyed in the central market of Cajamarca, Peru in 1981. Most are women earning minimal incomes, primarily because of price controls and expensive credit. Stimulating market trade as it is currently organized seems unlikely to assist migrants in secondary towns or to stimulate agricultural development in their hinterlands.
Spatial, Temporal and Frequency Based Climate change Assessment in Columbia River Basin Using Multi Downscaled-Scenarios

Uncertainties in climate modelling are well documented in literature. Global Climate Models (GCMs) are often used to downscale the climatic parameters on a regional scale. In the present work, we have analyzed the changes in precipitation and temperature for future scenario period of 2070–2099 with respect to historical period of 1970–2000 from statistically downscaled GCM projections in Columbia River Basin (CRB). Analysis is performed using two different statistically downscaled climate projections (with ten GCMs downscaled products each, for RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, from CMIP5 dataset) namely, those from the Bias Correction and Spatial Downscaling (BCSD) technique generated at Portland State University and from the Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA) technique, generated at University of Idaho, totaling to 40 different scenarios. The two datasets for BCSD and MACA are downscaled from observed data for both scenarios projections i.e. RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Analysis is performed using spatial change (yearly scale), temporal change (monthly scale), percentile change (seasonal scale), quantile change (yearly scale), and wavelet analysis (yearly scale) in the future period from the historical period, respectively, at a scale of 1/16th of degree for entire CRB region. Results have indicated in varied degree of spatial change pattern for the entire Columbia River Basin, especially western part of the basin. At temporal scales, winter precipitation has higher variability than summer and vice versa for temperature. Most of the models have indicated considerate positive change in quantiles and percentiles for both precipitation and temperature. Wavelet analysis provided insights into possible explanation to changes in precipitation.
Diffraction-limited beams and their applications for ultrasonic imaging and tissue characterization (Invited Paper)

Diffraction-limited beams were first discovered by Durnin in 1987. These beams are pencil- like and have very large depth of field. Recently, we have discovered new families of diffraction-limited beams which contain some of the diffraction-limited beams known previously, such as, the plane wave and Durnin's Bessel beams, in addition to an infinite variety of new beams, such as X waves. In this paper, we generalize the new diffraction- limited beams to n-dimensional space, review the recent development of the diffraction-limited beams, and describe their applications to medical ultrasonic imaging, tissue characterization and nondestructive evaluation of materials. Advantages and disadvantages of these beams are discussed and their possible applications to other wave related fields are addressed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.