cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative effects of using list items as recall cues

It is proposed that recall of an item from a free recall list interferes with subsequent retrieval of other list items. Experiments by Slamecka (Journal of Experimental Psychology 1968, 76, 504–513) showing that providing part of a free recall list at the time of test impaired recall of the remaining list items illustrate this effect. Two experiments were performed examining the decrement in recall resulting from providing various numbers of list items to the subject at the time of test. Both studies found a negative relationship between the number of items given and the recall probability of the remaining list items. A model combining a general organizational structure of memory with a retrieval process and a rule for terminating recall is proposed and the way in which this model accounts for the obtained data is described.
Gastric Rupture Complicating Post-Extubation Laryngeal Edema and the Use of a Manual Resuscitation Bag

This report describes a patient who developed gastric rupture as a result of post-extubation laryngeal edema and the use of a manual resuscitation bag. The association between oxygen administration and gastric rupture is reviewed.
Cancer et métabolisme protéique

Resume Nous avons passe en revue les donnees qui indiquent que la depletion proteique est un probleme important chez le patient cancereux. Incomplete, mais utile, une idee des mecanismes sousjacents prend corps. Un apport nutritionnel adequat peut avoir un effet benefique chez les cancereux comme le montrent les travaux recents consacres aux aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs des apports caloriques et azotes. Enfin, nous examinons les donnees relatives aux micronutriments qui affectent le metabolisme azote: l'influence de ces substances sur le metabolisme tumoral et sur celui de l'hote n'est pas connu. Les regimes traditionnels bases sur les besoins de sujets sains ou de patients non cancereux, peuvent ne pas etre adaptes aux besoins des patients cancereux. Ceci pourrait expliquer en partie l'echec des essais therapeutiques realises pour demontrer un benefice de l'assistance nutritionnelle chez le cancereux. Dans ce domaine, comme dans celui du metabolisme et de l'utilisation tumorale des micronutriments, des experiences supplementaires sont necessaires.
Maternal hormonal manipulations in rats cause obesity and increase medial hypothalamic norepinephrine release in male offspring

In previous work it has been shown that adult male, but not female, offspring of rats that have either been injected with Protamine Zinc Insulin on days 15-20 gestation, or undernourished during the first 2 weeks of gestation, develop significant obesity commencing at about 50 days of age. The present experiment examines the question of whether rats with these two forms of obesity display neurochemical abnormalities in areas of the brain known to influence food intake and body weight. Twenty-one gauge stainless steel guide shafts were surgically implanted using standard stereotaxic procedures. One week later 26 ga microdialysis probes were lowered into the medial hypothalamus. Dialysates collected from male offspring in the two experimental conditions contain significantly higher norepinephrine (NE) levels than did controls. It would appear that in addition to sharing a similar time course of onset and a sex dependent expression of obesity, both of these models are also characterized by elevated medial hypothalamic NE. Since this obesity appears only in males, and at a time when testosterone levels are rapidly rising in males, and since testosterone has been shown to elevate food intake and body weights in rats, we also investigated whether gonadal weights or circulating testosterone levels were differentially elevated by our manipulations.
TU‐C‐12A‐01: Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes Using in Vivo Proton MR Spectroscopy

Purpose: To quantify and compare the intramyocellular (IMCL), extramyocellular (EMCL) lipids and total fat fraction in human vastus lateralis (VL) muscle between lean controls and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects using long echo time in vivo proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) Methods: 1H-MRS single voxel (15 × 15 × 15 mm3) stimulated acquisition mode (STEAM) was performed in right vastus lateralis m. on 10 lean controls (age: 28.3±3.94 yrs, BMI: 24.25±3.20 kg/m2) and 7 type 2 diabetic (age: 54.28±6.42 yrs, BMI: 31.34±3.13 kg/m2) subjects with Siemens 3T MRI and four-channel flex coil. Unsuppressed water spectra (NSA = 16) with TR/TE = 3000/30 msec, TM = 10 msec, BW = 2000 Hz, and water-suppressed spectra (NSA = 128) with TR/TE = 3000/270 msec, TM = 10 msec, and fixed water suppression BW = 50 Hz were acquired. Spectral intensity ratios of IMCL-CH2, EMCL-CH2 and total lipid (IMCL + EMCL) with unsuppressed water signal (W) were converted into absolute concentrations expressed in mmol/kg. Fat fraction (100 × F/(W+F)) was calculated, where F includes the signal intensities of IMCL and EMCL methylene (CH2)n, peaks only. Results: Comparison of IMCL (controls: 11.70 ± 6.7, T2DM: 21.74 ± 10.2, p ≤ 0.01), EMCL (controls: 22.89 ± 18.42, T2DM: 77.21 ± 33.4, p ≤ 0.001) and total lipid (64.35 mmol/kg less in controls, p ≤ 0.001) showed statistical significance using two-tailed student t-test. Fat fraction (%) exhibited considerable inter-individual variability for controls (3.14 ± 2.09; range: 1.34 - 7.04) and T2DM (9.34 ± 2.88; range: 4.15 - 13.67) and deemed significant (p ≤ 0.05 Conclusion: Single voxel STEAM 1H-MRS at long TE provides a robust non-invasive method for characterizing lipids within localized muscle regions, with well-resolved IMCL/EMCL peak separation. Regional lipid estimate and fat fraction in VL m. was significantly different in T2DM compared to lean controls. American Heart Association Southwest Affiliate Pre-doctoral Fellowship
Taming complex bioinformatics workflows with weaver, makeflow, and starch

In this paper we discuss challenges of common bioinformatics applications when deployed outside their initial development environments. We propose a three-tiered approach to mitigate some of these issues by leveraging an encapsulation tool, a high-level workflow language, and a portable intermediary. As a case study, we apply this approach to refactor a custom EST analysis pipeline. The Starch tool encapsulates program dependencies to simplify task specification and deployment. The Weaver language provides abstractions for distributed computing and naturally encourages code modularity. The Makeflow workflow engine provides a batch system agnostic engine to execute compiled Weaver code. To illustrate the benefits of our framework, we compare implementations, show their performance, and discuss benefits derived from our new workflow approach relative to traditional bioinformatics development.
The Impact of Quality of Life on Recruitment and Retention of Key Personnel

Business retention and expansion are pointed to in the literature as being more effective economic development policy in comparison to business recruitment. The ability of a business to attract and...
A new role for the brain in metabolic control

Central nervous system (CNS) control of systemic nutrient homeostasis is a crucial but poorly understood metabolic regulatory axis. A new study (484–492) shows that rat insulin promoter (RIP)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus regulate peripheral metabolic responses to both normal and high-fat diets through anti-inflammatory effects mediated by vagal innervation of the spleen.
In vitro somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from Carica papaya L. ovular callus

Abstract Carica papaya L. ovules were cultured on sterile White's medium modified by the addition of 60 g/l sucrose, 400 mg/l glutamine, 20% (v/v) filter-sterilized coconut milk and 8 g/l agar. Compact highly embryogenic calli were obtained from 10–20% of the cultured ovules after several weeks and were subcultured either on the same medium or on medium without coconut milk. Somatic embryogenesis occurred on both media, but at a much greater frequency on solid or in liquid White's medium without coconut milk. Efficient precocious germination of somatic embryos was dependent on the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the growth medium. Plants have been successfully established in the greenhouse.
Scaling rules for quintic refractive index matching semi-infinite-band antireflection coatings

An inhomogeneous refractive index layer that follows a specific quintic (fifth-order polynomial) profile that smoothly matches the two-media interface is known to drastically reduce the nominal Fresnel reflection at this interface. There is so short wavelength cutoff for a quintic (or quintic-like) layer, as the reflectance continues to decrease with decreasing wavelength. Thus the quintic matching layer is a semi-infinite band antireflection coating. Furthermore, at the long wavelength end of the spectra the reflectance never rises above that of the Fresnel reflection at the bare interface, a feature not shared by multilayers optimized over specific bandwidths. A scaling relationship that relates the long wave cutoff of the total optical thickness of the quintic layer needed for a given reflectance level and for a given difference in media refractive index is described. For example, a quintic layer whose optical thickness is two waves or four halfwaves (at the longest wavelength of the band) will reflect at least four orders of magnitude less than the reflectance of the bare interface for all lower wavelengths. This paper also compares a quintic layer which is inhomogeneous to a needle-optimized multilayer design.
Biophysical Characterization of the Signature Domains of Thrombospondin-4 and Thrombospondin-2

Abstract The signature domain of thrombospondins consists of tandem epidermal growth factor-like modules, 13 calcium-binding repeats, and a lectin-like module. Although very similar, the signature domains of thrombospondin-1 and -2 differ in several potentially important ways from the domains of thrombospondin-3, -4, and -5. We have compared matching recombinant segments representing the signature domains of thrombospondin-2 and -4. In the presence of 2 mm CaCl2, the far UV circular dichroism spectra of thrombospondin-2 and -4 constructs contain a strong negative band at 202 nm, but only the thrombospondin-2 construct has a band at 216 nm. Chelation of calcium shifted the negative bands to lower magnitudes. Titrations of the spectra demonstrated lower cooperativity and affinity for binding of calcium to thrombospondin-4 compared with thrombospondin-2. Atomic absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that the thrombospondin-4 constructs bind seven less calcium than the thrombospondin-2 construct at 0.6 mm CaCl2. In 2 mm CaCl2, the near UV circular dichroism spectra of thrombospondin-2, but not thrombospondin-4, contain a positive band at 292 nm that disappears upon calcium chelation. Intrinsic fluorescence spectra for both proteins were also sensitive to calcium, but the changes were simpler and more marked for thrombospondin-2 than for thrombospondin-4. In differential scanning calorimetry, the thrombospondin-2 construct melted in two distinct transitions at 53.5 and 81.8 °C, whereas the first transition for thrombospondin-4 constructs was observed at 63.5 °C. Thus, the studies revealed significant differences between the signature domains of thrombospondin-2 and thrombospondin-4 in calcium binding, fine structure, and inter-modular interactions.
Natriuretic and antialdosterone actions of chronic oral NEP inhibition during progressive congestive heart failure

Natriuretic and antialdosterone actions of chronic oral NEP inhibition during progressive congestive heart failure. Background Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) degrades atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) that via cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is natriuretic and aldosterone-inhibiting. We hypothesized that chronic oral NEP inhibition (NEPI), initiated in early experimental congestive heart failure (CHF), would delay onset of decreases in sodium excretion during the progression of CHF and, in the severe phase, suppress aldosterone activation and reduce the magnitude of sodium retention. We also hypothesized that chronic NEPI during progressive CHF (PCHF) would improve the natriuretic response to acute volume expansion. Methods In a novel canine model that progresses over 38 days from early to moderate and finally severe CHF, we defined the actions of chronic NEPI (candoxatril, 10 mg/kg, orally, twice a day) upon cardiorenal and neurohumoral function as well as the clinical well being of treated and untreated dogs in CHF. Results From baseline through the moderate phase of CHF, NEPI maintained sodium excretion. In contrast, in moderate CHF, sodium excretion was reduced compared to the early phase in the controls. In severe CHF, sodium excretion was higher with NEPI compared to control. Chronic NEPI also resulted in lower plasma aldosterone as compared to controls. In severe CHF, the natriuretic response to acute saline volume expansion was enhanced with oral NEPI as compared to control. Conclusion This study supports the conclusion that chronic oral NEPI delays the onset of reduction in sodium excretion during the transition from early to severe CHF in this model of PCHF. This therapeutic strategy also improved the natriuretic response to acute volume expansion in severe CHF while enhancing ANP and suppressing aldosterone activation. Thus, these studies demonstrated a selective renal and adrenal action of chronic NEPI in heart failure indicating a therapeutic potential.
Ion-exclusion chromatography of ethanolamines on an anion-exchange resin by elution with polyols and sugars

Abstract Ion-exclusion chromatography of mono-, di- and triethanolamines of different basicity (pKb) and hydrophobicity was investigated on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB)-based strongly basic anion-exchange resin in the OH− form. Conductivity detection and UV detection at 200 nm were used. When water was as an eluent, the ethanoamines were separated from strong base (NaOH) but the resolution was low and some peaks were fronted. This is due mainly to adsorption as a side-effect in the ion-exclusion chromatography. To improve the peak shape and the peak resolution, aqueous eluents containing polyols or sugars with 1–8 alcoholic OH groups (methanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, fructose, sorbitol and sucrose) were tested for the ion-exclusion chromatographic separation of ethanolamines. When aqueous eluents containing polygols or sugars were used, peak fronting was decreased drastically by increasing a number of OH groups in the polyols and sugars. This is due mainly to the increase in the hydrophilicity of the PS-DVB surface by the OH groups. When an aqueous fructose eluent was used, fructose was strongly adsorbed on the resin surface. By this permanent coating method, the ion-exclusion chromatographic separation of ethanolamines was accomplished successfully by elution with water with reasonable resolution and highly sensitive UV and conductimetric detection.
An enhancing effect of albumin on the determination of cold hemagglutinins.

. Serum from a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia was found to have a cold agglutinin titer of 128 when diluted in saline and 131,000 when diluted in 22% bovine serum albumin. Human Serum albumin and a non-protein-containing commercial agglutination potentiator had similar enhancing properties. A degree of albumin enhancement of cold agglutination was observed in approximately 25% of normal and patient sera examined. The mechanism of enhancement and the possible clinical significance of the phenomenon are not yet known.
Changes in the SF-12 among Depressed Elders Six Months after Discharge from an Inpatient Geropsychiatric Unit

Using the SF-12 to measure physical and mental functioning, the authors examine the intra-individual changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) 6 months post-discharge for depressed older adults. In addition, they examine three sets of predictors that might influence these changes. The sample of depressed older adults was recruited from an inpatient geropsychiatry unit. Although their physical and mental health scores on the SF-12 were lower than comparable norms, the sample showed an average increase in their mental functioning but a decrease in the physical functioning over the 6 months. Negative life-events were significant predictors of people who reported no change in their mental health functioning and decreases in their physical health functioning. Interestingly, those who experienced positive life events were more likely to report declines and younger participants were more likely to report no change in their physical functioning. The findings indicate that the effects of depression on HRQOL can have enduring effects on a sample of previously hospitalized older adults. The significance of life event changes might signify the importance of taking into account non-traditional areas of medical interventions. Further, the findings indicate the usefulness of the SF-12 quantifying HRQOL outcomes.
Robustness of extended least squares based adaptive control

The authors show that the popular extended least-squares-based one-step ahead adaptive tracking algorithm is robust to both the presence of small unmodeled dynamics and violation of the stochasticity assumption on the noise. Specifically, the noise is allowed to be any bounded sequence. The only modification used is a projection of the parameter estimates. The adaptive control algorithm is a weighted extended least-squares type noninterlaced adaptation law with projection. Assuming the nominal plant to be minimum-phase, without the small unmodeled dynamics, it is proved that all the signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly bounded. >
Glycosylation of Asn397 or Asn418 is Required for Normal Insulin Receptor Biosynthesis and Processing

Two N-linked sites of glycosylation in the insulin receptor were examined for their contribution to insulin binding, tyrosine kinase activity, and receptor biosynthesis. Asn397 and Asn418 were replaced by Gln using site-directed mutagenesis either as single mutations, i.e., Q-397 and Q-418, or as a double mutation in which both sites were removed (Q-D). The mutations were transiently expressed in COS cells and the findings compared with cells that transiently expressed the wild-type human insulin receptor. Q-397 and Q-418 mutant insulin receptors had insulin-binding characteristics similar to the wild-type human insulin receptor, whereas no insulin-binding activity could be detected above the control level in cells transfected with Q-D. Flow cytometry with antibodies against the human insulin receptor indicated the presence of Q-397, Q-418, and wild-type human insulin receptors in the surface of COS cells and failed to demonstrate a Q-D receptor. Insulin-induced autophosphorylation was similar in Q-397, Q-418, and wild-type human insulin receptors as was their ability to phosphorylate an artificial substrate, poly Glu-Tyr (4:1). Our inability to detect Q-D receptors was not caused by a lack of Q-D mRNA. COS cells transfected with Q-D cDNA generated as much Q-D mRNA as the amount of wild-type human insulin receptor mRNA present in cells transfected with wild-type receptor cDNA. Finally, pulse-chase experiments with [35S]Met were able to detect 190,000-M(r) proreceptors and the alpha-subunits for Q-397, Q-418, and wild-type human insulin receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ten Years of Computer Simulation

The past and present of computer simulation are examined, and on that basis some predictions for the future are made. Deploring the analog vs digital concept fostered by some, the author stresses the complementary aspects of the two methods. Then, drawing heavily on the experience of others as well as his own, the more important improvements in simulation techniques and equipment of the past ten years are discussed. The two approaches to analog-digital simulation?the hybrid-computer in which both techniques are combined in one machine, and the combined-simulation in which relatively pure analog and digital computers are connected to operate together?are both viewed as attempts to capitalize on the unique advantages inherent in each method, and as presenting common problems. The requirement for better education, not only of the potential user?the scientist, the engineer, and the researcher in other fields such as biology and medicine?but of the undergraduate and the public, is found to be the greatest need. Improved equipment having greater reliability?for somewhat less money?is also needed. But it is predicted that that will come. It is the need for education which demands the attention of all who are interested in the furture of computer simulation.
Qualitative Modeling for Requirements Engineering

Acquisition of "quantitative" models of sufficient accuracy to enable effective analysis of requirements tradeoffs is hampered by the slowness and difficulty of obtaining sufficient data. "Qualitative" models, based on expert opinion, can be built quickly and therefore used earlier. Such qualitative models are nondeterminate which makes them hard to use for making categorical policy decisions over the model. The nondeterminacy of qualitative models can be tamed using "stochastic sampling" and "treatment learning". These tools can quickly find and set the "master variables" that restrain qualitative simulations. Once tamed, qualitative modeling can be used in requirements engineering to assess more options, earlier in the life cycle.
Measures of adiposity in two cohorts of Hawaiian school children.

Background: Native Hawaiians have high rates of obesity and obesity-related diseases compared with non-Hawaiians in Hawaii, and the relation between this ethnic disparity in adiposity and socioeconomic status (SES) in children is unclear.Aim: The present study compared measures of adiposity in two cohorts of school children residing in the Hilo area of Hawaii and related these measures to parental reports of ethnicity, household income and parent educational attainment.Subjects and methods: All children in either Kindergarten (mean age 5.6 years) or third grade (mean age 8.7 years) in eight elementary schools in the Hilo area were invited to participate. A total of 125 children had anthropometric, bioelectric impedance and air displacement plethysmography measurements taken and their parents answered questions about household income, parental educational attainment and genealogical background that included ethnicity of ancestors.Results: Boys and girls in both cohorts had stature approximately at the 50th...
Kolmogorov-Kraichnan scaling in the inverse energy cascade of two-dimensional plasma turbulence.

Turbulence in plasmas that are magnetically confined, such as tokamaks or linear devices, is two dimensional or at least quasi two dimensional due to the strong magnetic field, which leads to extreme elongation of the fluctuations, if any, in the direction parallel to the magnetic field. These plasmas are also compressible fluid flows obeying the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. This Letter presents the first comprehensive scaling of the structure functions of the density and velocity fields up to 10th order in the PISCES linear plasma device and up to 6th order in the Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST). In the two devices, it is found that the scaling of the turbulent fields is in good agreement with the prediction of the Kolmogorov-Kraichnan theory for two-dimensional turbulence in the energy cascade subrange.
Updated Precipitation Frequency Estimates for Kansas City: Comparison with TP-40 and HYDRO-35

This paper summarizes methods and results for a recent precipitation frequency study of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The study was motivated by prevalent concern that frequency estimates used for hydrologic design and analysis are based on studies published decades ago. Data currently used for design were extracted from National Weather Service (NWS) rainfall atlases TP-40 and HYDRO-35, published in 1961 and 1977, respectively. Results of this study are compared to those two atlases and a third regional study published by Huff and Angel in 1992. In general, the rainfall depths predicted by this study are higher than TP-40 and HYDRO-35 for return periods longer than 10 years , yet for short durations and low return periods, the converse is true. For the most part, rainfall depths from this study are within a few percent of NWS estimates.
Japan’s return to gold: Turning points in the value of the yen during the 1920s

Abstract We identify turning points in the value of the yen during the 1920s to determine which factors were perceived by market participants as affecting Japan’s probability of returning to the gold standard. The 1920s were marked by military expansionism, political turmoil, and other dramatic political and institutional events. We conclude that changes of power between the Kenseikai and Seiyukai parties and worsening diplomatic relations with China were primarily responsible for turning points in the value of the yen. The democracy movement and the associated expansion of suffrage seem not to have been viewed as important by contemporaries.
Effects of Yoga on Arm Volume among Women with Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema: A Pilot Study

Lymphedema affects 3-58% of survivors of breast cancer and can result in upper extremity impairments. Exercise can be beneficial in managing lymphedema. Yoga practice has been minimally studied for its effects on breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of yoga on arm volume, quality of life (QOL), self-reported arm function, and hand grip strength in women with BCRL. Six women with BCRL participated in modified Hatha yoga 3×/week for 8 weeks. Compression sleeves were worn during yoga sessions. Arm volume, QOL, self-reported arm function, and hand grip strength were measured at baseline, half-way, and at the conclusion of yoga practice. Arm volume significantly decreased from baseline (2423.3 ml ± 597.2) to final measures (2370.8 ml ± 577.2) (p = .02). No significant changes in QOL (p = .12), self-reported arm function (p = .34), or hand grip strength (p = .26) were found. Yoga may be beneficial in the management of lymphedema.
The Singular Planes of the Articulated Arm Subassembly

A generic representation of arm-subassembly singularities is possible through the use of singular planes. These singular planes are the loci of instantaneously singular points on the terminal link. The singular planes have been revealed previously, albeit through some relatively sophisticated methods. The purpose of this paper is to redevelop these singular planes for the articulated arm-subassembly using simple kinematic concepts which should be well-known to the general robotics community, entry-level graduate students and upper level undergraduates. The intention is to make the concept of singular planes better understood and more useful as a tool for learning about and understanding the kinematic singularities of industrial manipulators.
Interdiffusion and Reaction between Pure Magnesium and Aluminum Alloy 6061

Using solid-to-solid couples investigation, this study characterized the reaction products evolved and quantified the diffusion kinetics when pure Mg bonded to AA6061 is subjected to thermal treatment at 300°C for 720 hours, 350°C for 360 hours, and 400°C for 240 hours. Characterization techniques include optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Parabolic growth constants were determined for γ-Mg17Al12, β-Mg2Al3, and the elusive e-phase. Similarly, the average effective interdiffusion coefficients of major constituents were calculated for Mg (ss), γ-Mg17Al12, β-Mg2Al3, and AA6061. The activation energies and pre-exponential factors for both parabolic growth constant and average effective interdiffusion coefficients were computed using the Arrhenius relationship. The activation energy for growth of γ-Mg17Al12 was significantly higher than that for β-Mg2Al3 while the activation energy for interdiffusion of γ-Mg17Al12 was only slightly higher than that for β-Mg2Al3. Comparisons are made between the results of this study and those of diffusion studies between pure Mg and pure Al [1] to examine the influence of alloying additions in AA6061.
Packet coalescing for dual-mode energy efficient ethernet: a simulation study

Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) is a standard that introduces a Low Power Idle (LPI) mode to Ethernet links to reduce their power consumption between packet transmissions. An EEE link can transition to LPI when there are no packets in its buffer to transmit -- idle periods. Transition times to and from LPI are significantly high, which prevents EEE from taking full advantage of the link's idle periods. Packet coalescing is to collect multiple packets before sending them on a link as a burst of back-to-back packets. By coalescing packets into bursts, the overhead of transition times can be reduced and nearly energy-proportional operation can be achieved. Only one LPI mode as described above is defined for Ethernet links with the capacity of 10 Gb/s and lower. However, two modes of low-power operation are defined for EEE links at 40 Gb/s and higher; Fast Wake and Deep Sleep. The Dual-Mode EEE can achieve significant savings that may not be achievable with a single LPI mode. In this paper, applying packet coalescing to Dual-Mode EEE is studied. Performance evaluation using simulation shows that packet coalescing can result is nearly energy-proportional operation in Dual-Mode EEE for 40 Gb/s and above, albeit with some modifications and trade-offs.
Hydration of Guanidinium: Second Shell Formation at Small Cluster Size

The structures of hydrated guanidinium, Gdm+(H2O)n, where n = 1–5, were investigated with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and with theory. The spectral bands in the free O–H (∼3600–3800 cm–1) and free N–H (∼3500–3600 cm–1) regions indicate that, for n between 1 and 3, water molecules bind between the NH2 groups in the plane of the ion forming one hydrogen bond with each amino group. This hydration structure differs from Gdm+ in solution, where molecular dynamics simulations suggest that water molecules form linear H-bonds with the amino groups, likely a result of additional water–water interactions in solution that compete with the water–guanidinium interactions. At n = 4, changes in the free O–H and bonded O–H (∼3000–3500 cm–1) regions indicate water–water H-bonding and thus the onset of a second hydration shell. An inner shell coordination number of n = 3 is remarkably small for a monovalent cation. For Gdm+(H2O)5, the additional water molecule forms hydrogen bonds to other water molecules and n...
2-Deoxyglucose; a metabolic block for glucose.

Summary2-deoxyglucose rapidly enters the cells of the extrahepatic tissues in the absence of insulin. Insulin appears to accelerate the intracellular transfer. The intracellular transfer of 2-deoxy...
Effect of Colloidal Particle Size on Adsorbed Monodisperse and Bidisperse Monolayers

Coating hydrogel films or microspheres by an adsorbed colloidal shell is one synthesis method for forming colloidosomes. The colloidal shell allows control of the release rate of encapsulated materials, as well as selective transport. Previous studies found that the packing density of self-assembled, adsorbed colloidal monolayers is independent of the colloidal particle size. In this paper we develop an equilibrium model that correlates the packing density of charged colloidal particles in an adsorbed shell to the particle dimensions in monodisperse and bidisperse systems. In systems where the molar concentration in solution is fixed, the increase in adsorption energy with increasing particle size leads to a monotonic increase in the monolayer packing density with particle radius. However, in systems where the mass fraction of the particles in the adsorbing solutions is fixed, increasing particle size also reduces the molar concentration of particles in solution, thereby reducing the probability of adsorption. The result is a nonmonotonic dependence of the packing density in the adsorbed layer on the particle radius. In bidisperse monolayers composed of two particle sizes, the packing density in the layer increases significantly with size asymmetry. These results may be utilized to design the properties of colloidal shells and coatings to achieve specific properties such as transport rate and selectivity.
Testing Immigrant Social Ties Explanations for Latino Health Paradoxes: The Case of Social Support and Depression Symptoms

We tested the immigrant social ties hypothesis for Latino health outcomes by examining whether positive social support from, and negative interactions with, spouses/partners, friends/relatives, and children accounted for the differences in depression symptoms between immigrant and U.S.-born Latinos. We analyzed data from the 2001–2003 Chicago Community Adult Health Study. Immigrants and U.S.-born Latinos reported similar levels of positive support from spouses/partners and children, but the U.S.-born reported higher levels of positive support from friends/relatives. At the same time, U.S.-born Latinos reported higher levels of negative interactions with friends/relatives, spouses/partners, and children. For the full sample and the sample with children, U.S.-born Latinos show higher levels of depression symptoms when compared to immigrant Latinos, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. However, no differences on depression symptoms were found when the sample was restricted to married ...
Extended “Visiting Hours” Deconstructing Identity in Netflix’s Promotional Campaigns for Orange Is the New Black

This article interrogates Netflix’s use of unconventional marketing strategies for season 2 of Orange Is the New Black (OITNB), and argues that the company takes a mixed approach to cast a wider net for potential subscribers. One campaign emphasizes stereotypes that the program itself problematizes, and another humanizes the images of real-life incarcerated women. Using feminist textual analysis, we explore these campaigns in relation to intersectionality and analyze the construction of intersectional identities within Netflix’s two promotional campaigns: The New York Times’ paid promotional content “Women Inmates: Why the Male Model Doesn’t Work” and the “Crazy Pyes” food truck campaign. Applying theoretical work from scholars such as Lotz and Gray, we discuss the ideological messaging of the campaigns, and examine how Netflix commodifies images of OITNB’s incarcerated, female characters, and also images of actual incarcerated women—and how these images function in exchange for viewership for Netflix and...
Neutrophil recruitment as a factor limiting injury or promoting recovery from acute lung injury.

We studied 1) neutrophil mobilization in sheep given endotoxin (10 ng.kg-1.min-1, n = 5) for 4 h, 2) surviving (n = 17) and nonsurviving sheep (n = 8) during a 12-h infusion of endotoxin, and 3) adult sheep (n = 8) or lambs (n = 8) infused with endotoxin for 12 h. Bone marrow cells of sheep declined from a baseline value of 10,533 +/- 1,784 to 5,966 +/- 1,980 cells/microliter (P < 0.05) 4 h after endotoxin. After 12 h of endotoxin infusion, circulating neutrophils remained reduced from baseline values of 2,000-4,000 cells/microliter to 343 +/- 70 in lambs and 484 +/- 236 in nonsurviving sheep, while beginning to recover in surviving sheep to 1,838 +/- 467 cells/microliter. In lambs and nonsurviving sheep, a 12-h infusion of endotoxin increased lung lymph protein clearance tenfold compared with a fivefold increase in surviving sheep. Neutrophils cultured from sheep bone marrow exposed to lamb postendotoxin plasma failed to increase in cell number (609 +/- 229 to 610 +/- 182 cells/microliter), whereas similar cells exposed to adult sheep postendotoxic plasma showed a significant increase in cell number (1,069 +/- 101 to 2,293 +/- 448 cells/microliter, P < 0.05). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ability to recruit neutrophils to the circulation during periods of inflammation is important in limiting the severity of acute lung injury.
Recent developments in support of the shattered pellet technique for disruption mitigation

The technology for producing, accelerating, and shattering large pellets (before injection into plasmas) for disruption mitigation has been under development at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for several years, including a system on DIII-D that has been used to provide some significant experimental results. The original proof-of-principle testing was carried out using a pipe gun injector cooled by a cryogenic refrigerator (temperatures ∼8 to 20 K) and equipped with a stainless steel tube to produce 16.5 mm pellets composed of either pure D2, pure Ne, or a dual layer with a thin outer shell of D2 and core of Ne. Recently, significant progress has been made in the laboratory using that same pipe gun and a new injector that is an ITER test apparatus cooled with liquid helium. The new injector operates at ∼5 to 8 K, which is similar to temperatures expected with cooling provided by the flow of supercritical helium on ITER. An alternative technique for producing/solidifying large pellets directly from a pre-mixed gas has now been successfully tested in the laboratory. Also, two additional pellet sizes have been tested recently (nominal 24.4 and 34.0 mm diameters). With larger pellets, the number of injectors required for ITER disruption mitigation can be reduced, resulting in less cost and a smaller footprint for the hardware. An attractive option is longer pellets, and 24.4 mm pellets with a length/diameter ratio of ∼3 have been successfully tested. Since pellet speed is the key parameter in determining the response time of a shattered pellet system to a plasma disruption event, recent tests have concentrated on documenting the speeds with different hardware configurations and operating parameters; speeds of ∼100 to 800 m/s have been recorded. The data and results from laboratory testing are presented and discussed.
Tearing Resistance of Advanced Double Hulls

This paper studies the cutting by a wedge of advanced double hull (ADH) small-scale models. A total of six cutting experiments were performed with six different wedge geometries. Complex deformation patterns observed in the damaged specimens were simplified to obtain a closed-form upper bound for the steady-state cutting force. The ADH steady-state cutting force solution varied from 6% above to 12% below the experimental mean steady-state force. The absolute average error is 5%.
Peak season carbon exchange shifts from a sink to a source following 50+ years of herbivore exclusion in an Arctic tundra ecosystem

Summary To date, the majority of our knowledge regarding the impacts of herbivory on arctic ecosystem function has been restricted to short-term (<5 years) exclusion or manipulation experiments. Our understanding of long-term responses of sustained herbivory and/or herbivore exclusion on arctic tundra ecosystem function is severely limited. Recent evidence suggests lemming population outbreaks, which have historically been common in tundra regions, have become less frequent and in some cases disappeared. Here, we evaluate how 50+ years of lemming absence have impacted ecosystem carbon and energy exchange in an Arctic tundra region near Barrow, Alaska, using some of the oldest herbivore exclosures in the Arctic. We show that sustained lemming absence dramatically altered peak growing season ecosystem function (i.e. thaw depth, water table, NDVI, albedo, and land-atmosphere CO2 and CH4 exchange) in all land cover types (i.e. wet, moist, and dry) investigated but was most profound in wet tundra, where the long-term absence of lemmings altered the largest carbon sink during peak growing season into a source to the atmosphere. Landscape-level analysis suggests the long-term absence of lemmings may increase peak growing season albedo by +6% and decrease net ecosystem exchange, CH4 flux, and the combined radiative forcing potential by -96, -79, and -104%, respectively. Identified long-term functional responses to herbivory differed from many short-term exclusion studies, as we found higher rates of carbon uptake where herbivores are present, associated with a shift in plant community composition (i.e. graminoid to moss), while short-term studies typically report a reduction in carbon uptake where herbivores are present, associated with defoliation events that decrease aboveground biomass/photosynthesis. Synthesis: This work highlights the long-term impact of herbivory on ecosystem function, which suggests 1) the measured response of arctic tundra to herbivory may be dependent on the duration of experimental observation, and 2) if negative trends in lemming populations persist in arctic tundra regions, the historically strong carbon sink capacity may be severely reduced. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The redox mechanism for vascular barrier dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders: Glutathionylation of Rac1 in endothelial cells.

Abstract Background Oxidative stress is implicated in increased vascular permeability associated with metabolic disorders, but the underlying redox mechanism is poorly defined. S-glutathionylation, a stable adduct of glutathione with protein sulfhydryl, is a reversible oxidative modification of protein and is emerging as an important redox signaling paradigm in cardiovascular physiopathology. The present study determines the role of protein S-glutathionylation in metabolic stress-induced endothelial cell permeability. Methods and results In endothelial cells isolated from patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, protein S-glutathionylation level was increased. This change was also observed in aortic endothelium in ApoE deficient (ApoE -/- ) mice fed on Western diet. Metabolic stress-induced protein S-glutathionylation in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) was positively correlated with elevated endothelial cell permeability, as reflected by disassembly of cell-cell adherens junctions and cortical actin structures. These impairments were reversed by adenoviral overexpression of a specific de-glutathionylation enzyme, glutaredoxin-1 in cultured HAECs. Consistently, transgenic overexpression of human Glrx-1 in ApoE -/- mice fed the Western diet attenuated endothelial protein S-glutathionylation, actin cytoskeletal disorganization, and vascular permeability in the aorta. Mechanistically, glutathionylation and inactivation of Rac1, a small RhoGPase, were associated with endothelial hyperpermeability caused by metabolic stress. Glutathionylation of Rac1 on cysteine 81 and 157 located adjacent to guanine nucleotide binding site was required for the metabolic stress to inhibit Rac1 activity and promote endothelial hyperpermeability. Conclusions Glutathionylation and inactivation of Rac1 in endothelial cells represent a novel redox mechanism of vascular barrier dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders.
Efficient and low noise single-photon-level frequency conversion interfaces using Si 3 N 4 microrings

Optical frequency conversion is an essential building block of nanophotonics, whose application ranges from tunable light sources for classical on-chip communications to miniaturized telecommunications-band interfaces for quantum information science [1]. In the widely-used silicon photonics platform (including silicon nitride and silicon dioxide), a majority of reported frequency conversion experiments have used a degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) process called parametric amplification (PA), as χ(2) is absent due to the crystalline centrosymmetry and χ(3) is the dominant nonlinearity [1]. While PA-based frequency conversion works well for many classical applications, it offers a limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when it comes down to the single-photon-level input light, largely because of the amplified vacuum fluctuation noise [2]. Alternatively, there is another FWM process, termed four-wave-mixing Bragg scattering (FWMBS), that has been shown to be of low noise both theoretically [2] and experimentally [3]. The FWM-BS process is non-degenerate, and is typically operated in the normal dispersion region so it does not amplify vacuum fluctuations. Here we report our recent progress in developing an efficient and low-noise frequency conversion interface for single-photon-level inputs based on the FWM-BS process using silicon nanophotonics [4, 5]. For the demonstration purpose, the 1550nm band and 980nm band are chosen due to their relevance to low-loss transmission through optical fibers and quantum light generation by InAs/GaAs quantum dots, respectively. A compact silicon nitride microring resonator is employed (footprint 25%. Next, we demonstrate wideband frequency conversion from the 1550nm band to the 980nm band (upconversion) and the 980nm band to the 1550nm band (downconversion), with one strong pump in each band. For both the upconversion and downconversion cases, the spectral translation is around 600 nanometer and the conversion efficiency is > 60%. To characterize the noise property of the FWM-BS process, we measure the background noise for both the 980nm intraband conversion and the wideband 980nm to 1550nm downconversion using single-photon-level inputs, which is found to be on the fW and pW level, respectively. In addition, we have adopted simulation techniques based on the Lugiato-Lefever equation, which has been typically used for microresonator frequency combs, for the FWM-BS process, and quantitative agreements with measurements have been obtained.
Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-transmitted alphavirus. Following inoculation into the skin, CHIKV replicates locally and ultimately produces a high titer viremia that facilitates a human–mosquito–human transmission cycle. Symptoms and signs of CHIKV infection include high fever, severe joint pain, muscle pain, and rash. The acute phase of CHIKV infection typically lasts a few days to a couple of weeks. In many individuals, the musculoskeletal pain and inflammation associated with acute CHIKV infection becomes chronic and may last for months to years. In addition, atypical outcomes of CHIKV infection, including neurological involvement and death, can occur in the elderly, the young, and in the presence of certain comorbidities.
Enhanced Coupling Strength Gratings for Couplers in III–V Compound Dielectric Waveguides

The use of a thin, low-index liner layer over a surface grating covered by a high-index cover layer in a III-V alloy waveguide significantly improves the coupling efficiency of grating couplers, and therefore, reduces the length of such couplers by an order of magnitude. The same low-index liner and high-index cover layer can also reduce losses between transition sections of photonic integrated circuits or between a laser region and a distributed Bragg reflector or grating coupler region.