cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deterrence Now: Collective actor deterrence

We turn now to a topic seldom addressed in analyses of deterrence. Few analysts who examine collective actor peacekeeping and peace enforcement endeavors employ a deterrence perspective. Until recently those endeavors were typically confined to interventions with which the conflicting parties concurred and the coercive measures were limited to sanctions. Now we have a global system and several regional systems where forceful security management by collective actors is prominent and promises to grow in importance, management with a deterrence component. It seems worthwhile to begin exploring the features of deterrence when used by collective actors. Collective actors A collective actor is a cluster of states established and designed to decide and act for the general welfare. The term is awkward since alliances are – in a sense – collective actors and I do not mean to discuss alliances here. My target is actors constructed and charged to act for the general welfare, the collective good, as opposed to pursuing member interests only. The topic is the use of deterrence by such actors in attempting to maintain peace and security for an international system (regional or larger). This can include the use of force when deterrence fails and threats must be implemented. There is now a notable level of this multilateralism, including threats to induce acceptable behavior and force to compel it. The contemporary epitome at the global level is the UN Security Council, an institutionalized great-power concert charged with maintaining peace and security.
Suppression of experimental atherosclerosis in dogs by dietary linoleic acid.

SummarySevere atherosclerotic lesions were induced in 4 months in dogs fed a diet restricted in linoleic acid content and supplemented with cholesterol and thiouracil. Only one minor lesion was found in a group of dogs fed a similar diet supplemented with cholesterol and thiouracil which was isocaloric in fat but contained a high concentration of linoleic acid. In the low linoleic acid group, serum total cholesterol increased to high levels within 2 months and remained constant for the remainder of the feeding period. In the high linoleic acid group, serum total cholesterol levels increased more slowly reaching levels compatible with the group fed low linoleic acid diets at the end of 4 months. Less than 25% of the serum esterified cholesterol was bound to linoleic and arachidonic acids in dogs fed diets low in linoleic acid, whereas this value was 75% in dogs fed high linoleic acid diets. It is concluded that dietary linoleic acid retards lesions in dogs by promoting cholesterol excretion.
On Jaynes’s Unbelievably Short Proof of the Second Law

This article investigates Jaynes’s “unbelievably short proof” of the second law of thermodynamics. It assesses published criticisms of the proof and concludes that these criticisms miss the mark by demanding results that either import expectations of a proof not consistent with an information-theoretic approach or would require assumptions not employed in the proof itself, as it looks only to establish a weaker conclusion. Finally, a weakness in the proof is identified and illustrated. This weakness stems from the fact the Jaynes’s assumption of unitary evolution is too strong given his perspective, rather than too weak to provide the desired results.
On Information Technology and Organization Structure

One of the most important developments on the industrial scene in the past decade has been the advancement in information technology. Probably no other time in history has been characterized by suc...
The Influence of Perioperative Effective Health Education on the Quality of Life after Total Pneumonectomy

Objective: To evaluate the influence of effective health education in Peroperative Period on the quality of life(QOL)after total pneumonectomy. Methods: 100 patients after pneumonectomy were divided into two groups randomly, the patients and their families received the effective health education intervention and non-intervention respectively. The Chinese version of The EORTC QLQ-C30(European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire, EORTC QLQ-C30)was used to assess the patient's quality of life. The EORTC QLQ-C30 scores of preoperative and postoperative 1, 3, 6 and 12 months were compared to each other and compared with the reference value. Results: 1)There was no statistical difference between two groups of patients with postoperative functional scores of long-term quality of life.(P0.05). 2) The dyspnea and pain aggravated obviously after pneumonectomy; the fatigue and economical burden after the six mouth had increased significantly; the economic condition had been improved after12 mouths but had no statistical difference compared with pre-operative; 3)The non-intervention group's socres had significantly reduced compared with the effective health education group in physical function, role function, emotional function and the overall QOL situation.4) The nonintervention group's QOL socres is lower than the effective health education intervention group in fatigue and dyspnea after surgery and has statistical difference(P0.05),but there is no statistical difference after 12 mouths and even the patients almost recovered(P0.05). Conclusions: The effective health education in Peroperative Period on the patient who received pneumonectomy can significantly improve the quality of life, comparing the quality of life of two kinds of postoperative nursing method, the effective health education group can recovere more rapidly in functional domain and had less bad symptoms.
“Impact of Institutional Changes Felt by Faculty Members”: A Study with Reference to Management Institutes in Pune City

Management Institutes are changing over the last decade because of competition, changes in technology, teaching pedagogy, and placement expectations from students and value for money for their parents. The next decade will bring even greater change impacting on all facets of the management institutes including major changes in infrastructure facilities, role of director, faculty members, and students of the management institutes.Changes may take place because of placement of students, faculty member’s attitude toward students and institute etc. It is up to the management of the institute to see how effectively and smoothly these changes could be done to face competition. In this research paper an attempt has been made to know the need and types of changes required, effect of changes on faculty members and management institutes, and understanding and solving the difficulties in implementing changes in the management institutes.For this research paper 60 faculty members were covered from management institut...
Nutritional Support in the Critically Ill Surgical Patient

Aggressive nutritional support is essential in the critically ill patient if improved outcome is to be realized. An understanding of the metabolic alterations of trauma and sepsis provides the foundation for an individual nutritional prescription. Careful assessment and titration of fluids, electrolytes, and micronutrients; provision of adequate calories and nitrogen to meet metabolic demands; and selective use of specialized formulations are important
Ca++ and pancreatic amylase release.

The effects of Ca'++ on release of amylase by mouse pancreas in vitri was studied.The cholinergic agonist bethanechol was depressed about 50% in O Ca'++ medium.When pancreatic fragments were superf...
Intimate Partner Violence Against HIV-Positive Women is Associated with Sub-Optimal Infant Feeding Practices in Lusaka, Zambia.

Objectives The aim of this study is to determine how intimate partner violence against HIV-positive women affects safe infant feeding practices in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods A cross-sectional face-to-face survey was conducted with 320 married postpartum women at a large public health center in Lusaka, Zambia, in 2014. Variables were measured using previously validated instruments from the Demographic and Health Survey. Data were analyzed using simple and multivariate logistic regression in Stata 12. Results Thirty-seven percent of women report early mixed infant feeding prior to six months. Women who experienced intimate partner violence have 2.8 higher adjusted odds of early mixed infant feeding (p < 0.001). Women who experienced emotional violence, specifically, have 1.9 higher adjusted odds of early mixed infant feeding (p < 0.05), while women who experienced sexual violence have 2.3 higher adjusted odds (p < 0.01). There is also a dose-response relationship between IPV and early mixed infant feeding (p < 0.05). Lastly, disclosing one's HIV-positive status to the husband is associated with at least 67 % lower adjusted odds of early mixed feeding (p < 0.05). Conclusions Intimate partner violence against HIV-positive women, in particular emotional and sexual violence, increases the likelihood of early mixed infant feeding, putting infants at greater risk for both mother-to-child transmission of HIV and other infant morbidities. Intimate partner violence should thus be given increased attention within the context of infant feeding and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
21 Tesla Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer Greatly Expands Mass Spectrometry Toolbox.

We provide the initial performance evaluation of a 21 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer operating at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The spectrometer constructed for the 21T system employs a commercial dual linear ion trap mass spectrometer coupled to a FTICR spectrometer designed and built in-house. Performance gains from moving to higher magnetic field strength are exemplified by the measurement of peptide isotopic fine structure, complex natural organic matter mixtures, and large proteins. Accurate determination of isotopic fine structure was demonstrated for doubly charged Substance P with minimal spectral averaging, and 8158 molecular formulas assigned to Suwannee River Fulvic Acid standard with root-mean-square (RMS) error of 10 ppb. We also demonstrated superior performance for intact proteins; namely, broadband isotopic resolution of the entire charge state distribution of apo-transferrin (78 kDa) and facile isotopic resolution of monoclonal antibody under a variety of acquisition parameters (e.g., 6 s time-domains with absorption mode processing yielded resolution of approximately 1 M at m/z = 2700). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
A review of spaced based RF propagation experiments and examination of a new interest in W/V band (40–110 GHz) studies

V and W band frequencies are becoming increasingly more interesting to system designers as the demand for communications bandwidth continues to grow. Regulated applications of the RF spectrum in these bands are few and provide an opportunity for new applications at high data rates. We review the current interest at these frequencies and the previous orbital experiments designed to conduct long term RF attenuation measurement studies. Lastly, we discuss the outstanding research questions in V and W band necessary for future communication system development.
Life-course socioeconomic status and breast and cervical cancer screening: analysis of the WHO's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE).

Objectives Socioeconomic differences in screening have been well documented in upper-income countries; however, few studies have examined socioeconomic status (SES) over the life-course in relation to cancer screening in lower-income and middle-income countries. Here, we examine individual, parental and life-course SES differences in breast and cervical cancer screening among women in India, China, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. Setting Data from the WHO9s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) 2007–2008 data were used for survey-weighted multivariable regression analysis. We examined the association between individual, parental and life-course SES in relation to breast and cervical cancer screening using education-based and employment-based measures of SES. Participants 22 283 women aged 18–65 years, recruited from China, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. Results Having a college degree (OR 4.18; 95% CI 2.36 to 7.40) increased the odds of breast cancer screening compared with no formal education. Women with higher parental SES were almost 10 times more likely to receive breast cancer screening (OR 9.84; 95% CI 1.75 to 55.5) compared with women with low parental SES. Stable higher life-course (OR 3.07; 95% CI 1.96 to 4.79) increased breast cancer screening by threefold and increased cervical cancer screening by more than fourfold (OR 4.35; 95% CI 2.94 to 6.45); however, declining life-course SES was associated with reduced breast cancer screening (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.79) compared to low life-course SES. Conclusions Higher individual, parental and life-course SES was positively associated with breast and cervical cancer screening, although education-based SES measures were stronger predictors of screening compared with employment-based measures. Improving knowledge of the benefits of cancer screening and integrating cancer screening into routine healthcare practice for low SES women are actionable strategies that may significantly improve screening rates in low-income and middle-income countries.
A comparative review of gerontological nursing citation data.

Background Gerontological nursing is a highly interdisciplinary specialty. English-language bibliometric research is scarce. Objectives Study gerontological nursing literature to identify journals useful for nurses and researchers working with older adults, help librarians assist gerontological nursing authors to find publication outlets and make library collection decisions. Methods Using a combination of methods, the authors identified cited journals in the Journal of Gerontological Nursing (JGN) and Geriatric Nursing (GN) from 2008 to 2010 using part of the Nursing and Allied Health Resources (NAHRS) Section protocol. A list was generated and compared to the results of an earlier unpublished NAHRS study and an earlier review article. A second list was developed following set criteria of bibliometric indicators and journal lists. Results Zone 1 showed 28 journals, and Zone 2 had 1472 titles. Zone 1 journals were examined further based on the inclusion of certain bibliometrics and journal lists. Discussion Providing insight into the complementary use comparative review and citation mapping, this study reports an increase in gerontological nursing research from 2008 to 2010 across a diverse group of highly cited journals. Conclusion A list of new journal titles is presented to aid collection development and suggestions of places to publish gerontological research.
Why Do Parotid Pleomorphic Adenomas Recur? A Systematic Review of Pathological and Surgical Variables.

BACKGROUND The recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma has been extensively debated, mostly in relation to the extent of parotidectomy METHODS A systematic review was undertaken to clarify the surgical and pathological variables related to pleomorphic adenoma recurrence. Inclusion criteria were: English literature, prospective or retrospective studies. Exclusion criteria were: single case reports, reviews and lack of pleomorphic adenoma recurrence data. RESULTS Pathology related variables associated with recurrence include the histological subtype, the thickness and incompleteness of the tumor capsule, pseudopodia, and satellite nodules. Surgery related variables associated with recurrence are the presence of intact margins and tumor puncture or spillage. Other factors are the size of the tumor and the age of patient. Myxoid subtypes of pleomorphic adenoma tend to have incomplete and thinner capsules and to recur more frequently. Surgical variables related to recurrence include positive margins and tumor spillage. CONCLUSIONS Myxoid and/or large pleomorphic adenoma, especially in young patients, should be approached more cautiously to avoid recurrences.
Outcomes of Infants Who Failed to Extubate despite Systemic Corticosteroids

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the outcomes of preterm infants who failed to extubate following initial treatment with steroids. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of ventilator-dependent preterm infants treated with first course of systemic steroids to facilitate extubation. Outcomes of infants who successfully extubated were compared with infants who failed to extubate. Results In this study, 74 infants (mean gestation 25.4 ± 1.4 weeks and mean birth weight 764 ± 163 g) met inclusion criteria. Of these, 41 (55%) were successfully extubated and 33 (45%) were not. Baseline demographics were similar between the two groups. The primary outcome of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death at 36 weeks was higher among infants who failed to extubate (94 vs. 63%, p = 0.002). Severe BPD remained significantly higher even after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratio: 12.2, 95% confidence interval: 2.1–70.5, p = 0.005). Extubation failure was also associated with substantially higher rate of tracheostomy (32 vs. 5%, p = 0.003) and gastrostomy tube placement (61 vs. 22%, p = 0.001), as well as longer days of hospitalization (179 ± 72 vs. 129 ± 44 days, p = 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (112 ± 89 vs. 52 ± 42 days, p Conclusion Failure to extubate after first course of systemic steroids for BPD is associated with poor prognostic implications.
Applications: Disaster-Related Mortality Surveillance: Challenges and Considerations for Local and State Health Departments

Abstract An accurate enumeration of decedents after a disaster can provide insight into the severity of the event and its burden on the affected population. Mortality information provides health departments with data to promptly identify ongoing lethal hazards in the community and to appropriately target prevention strategies. Ultimately, mortality information can support preparedness policies and assist planning at local, state, and federal levels for future disasters. This chapter discusses key challenges to developing a disaster-related mortality surveillance plan and solutions to these challenges. The challenges are further elucidated in three case studies.
Who Responds to Follow-up Studies?:

Agencies frequently mail a follow-up questionnaire to clients who have received service. But some kinds of clients are more likely to respond than others. A study examining the factors that influen...
Efficient synthesis of 3-sulfolenes from allylic alcohols and 1,3-dienes enabled by sodium metabisulfite as a sulfur dioxide equivalent

We present herein an efficient and practical method for a gram scale synthesis of 3-sulfolenes using sodium metabisulfite as a safe, inexpensive, and easy to handle sulfur dioxide equivalent. Diversely-substituted 3-sulfolenes can be prepared by reacting a variety of 1,3-dienes or allylic alcohols with sodium metabisulfite in aqueous hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or in aqueous methanol in the presence of potassium hydrogen sulfate. Advantageously, the method enables conversion of allylic alcohols directly to 3-sulfolenes, bypassing intermediate 1,3-dienes.
Genetic Enhancement of Sorghum for Biomass Utilization

Biomass produced from sorghum can be utilized as forage and silage to feed ruminant animals and as feedstock for biofuels and bio-based products. The efficiency of biomass utilization is a function of biomass composition and plant architecture. This chapter provides a description of the cell wall polymers that make up the bulk of sorghum biomass, along with information on the genes involved in their biosynthesis. The close evolutionary relationships among the grasses makes it possible to infer gene function across species. Newly developed genomics and bioinformatics resources offer exciting opportunities for the genetic enhancement of sorghum as a biomass crop.
A Sociological Theory of Scientific Revolution

The intellectual structure of science is affected by both large and small changes. In his ‘postscript’ Kuhn (1970) moved his conception of ‘revolutionary’ science from its prior focus on the massive and heroic shifts of the Galileian, Newtonian and Einsteinian examples to one emphasizing the aggregation of changes in the ‘paradigms’ held by groups of scientists. This paper investigates the intellectual and social pre-conditions for the aggregation of changes in modern science. It also discusses the processes that allow aggregated, small changes to be perceived by most scientists as a single block of changes — a revolutionary change in paradigm.
The Element-by-Element Conjugate Gradient Method

Application of the finite element method to a continuum problem results in a linear system of algebraic equations. The system can be solved by using either direct elimination methods or iterative methods.
Menopause and Stress

Menopause signifies the end of reproduction, is a prominent marker in the aging process, and leads to certain physiological symptoms and changes. Early medical literature regarded menopause as a significant event in women's lives giving rise to many stereotyped, and often erroneous, beliefs. Well-designed epidemiological studies during the past two decades have led to a better understanding of menopause. The relation between menopause and stress can be examined from several perspectives: (1) how menopause is a potentially stressful event in women's lives, (2) how stress impacts menopause symptomatology (i.e., hot flashes and night sweats), and (3) the potential relation between stress and ovarian function.
Urban regeneration in Latin America

After more than a half century of suburbanisation in US and Latin American cities, many of the old ‘first suburbs’ are now experiencing many of the social and urban redevelopment problems formerly confronting the ‘inner cities’. Yet, these ‘innerburbs’ are rarely the focus of housing analysis and public policy formulation. This article explores emerging research about the first suburbs in the United States and compares them with their low-income formerly irregular and spontaneous settlements in which families have self-built and consolidated their homes over 30–40 years. In contrast to US cities where location and changing lifestyles are leading to population turnover and new population pressures as people turn back to the city, in Latin America there is little population turnover and mobility with the original households remaining in their self-built homes. Here the principal challenge is to retrofit and rehabilitate existing housing stock.
AIDS and Women of Color

The challenges involved in meeting the service needs of HIV-infected persons have changed dramatically over the past decade. In the past several years, HIV/AIDS has had a particularly devastating i...
The wavenumber spectra of aero-optical phase distortions by weakly compressible turbulence.

Optical distortions caused by turbulent airflow surrounding an aircraft, known as aero-optical phenomena, are a major impediment to applications of airborne laser systems. To better understand the spectral properties of aero-optical distortions, a general expression for the wavenumber spectrum of the refractive index is derived from the ideal-gas law and Gladstone-Dale relation. The derived index-of-refraction spectrum accounts for changes in air density due to both temperature and pressure fluctuations and is used to calculate the phase-distortion spectrum of an optical beam propagating through a weakly compressible, turbulent flow field. Numerical simulations of weakly compressible, temporally evolving shear layers are used to verify theoretical results and confirm that if the log slope of the one-dimensional density spectrum in the inertial subrange is −mρ, the optical phase distortion spectral slope is given by −(mρ + 1). The value of mρ is shown to be dependent on the ratio of shear-layer free-stream densities and bounded by the spectral slopes of temperature and pressure fluctuations.
Spectrum Occupancy Prediction in Coexisting Wireless Systems Using Deep Learning

In future wireless systems, efficient spectrum usage enabled by technologies such as cognitive radio (CR), dynamic spectrum access, non-orthogonal multiuser within licensed and unlicensed band requires knowledge of prevalence situation in a frequency band through learning. It is critical for wireless devices to identify the type and number of users and their waveforms in a frequency band at a given time. In this paper, this problem is formulated as a multi-class classification problem for accurate spectrum situation prediction under complicated coexistence scenarios. Deep learning is chosen for obtaining the statistics of the different coexisting wireless systems through learning from superimposed radio frequency (RF) data. Specifically, Deep Neural Network (DNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) are adopted and designed. They are trained using real RF traces for different coexisting scenarios collected from a USRP based testbed to identify the presence of signals with varying levels of Signal to Noise Ratio, even when the signal is superimposed with other signals as sources of interference. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of deep learning for spectrum situation prediction under complicated coexistence scenarios.
Numerical analysis and wave tank validation on the optimal design of a two-body wave energy converter

Abstract To improve the performance of a ‘point absorber’ type wave energy converter (WEC), an additional submerged body can be deployed. The submerged body can be used to increase the equivalent excitation force on the WEC, as well as provide resonance tuning. This paper presents numerical analysis and experimental validation of a two-body point absorber type WEC using a mechanical motion rectifier (MMR) based power takeoff. The two-body point absorber consists of a floating buoy connected to a neutrally buoyant submerged body via the power-takeoff. The mechanical motion rectifier and a ball screw translate the relative heave motion of the two bodies into unidirectional rotation, which in turn spins a generator. Frequency domain analysis suggests there is an optimal submerged body mass for maximum WEC power absorption. Regular wave simulations in the time domain are compared to the results obtained in the frequency domain. While the time domain and frequency domain results predict the same optimal mass ratio, time domain analysis provides a more complex and accurate power result. To validate the time domain model, experimental wave tank testing is conducted using a 1:30 scale model WEC. The experiment shows the two-body WEC can produce twice the amount of power as the single-body WEC with same floating buoy and can be further increased by PTO design and power electronics optimization. Wave tank testing also shows the two-body WEC has a capture width ratio up to 58% at 59 kW/m and 51% at 36 kW/m.
HERMIT in action: succinct secondary indexing mechanism via correlation exploration

Database administrators construct secondary indexes on data tables to accelerate query processing in relational database management systems (RDBMSs). These indexes are built on top of the most frequently queried columns according to the data statistics. Unfortunately, maintaining multiple secondary indexes in the same database can be extremely space consuming, causing significant performance degradation due to the potential exhaustion of memory space. However, we find that there indeed exist many opportunities to save storage space by exploiting column correlations. We recently introduced Hermit, a succinct secondary indexing mechanism for modern RDBMSs. Hermit judiciously leverages the rich soft functional dependencies hidden among columns to prune out redundant structures for indexed key access. instead of building a complete index that stores every single entry in the key columns, Hermit navigates any incoming key access queries to an existing index built on the correlated columns. This is achieved through the Tiered Regression Search Tree (TRS-Tree), a succinct, ML-enhanced data structure that performs fast curve fitting to adaptively and dynamically capture both column correlations and outliers. In this demonstration, we showcase Hermit's appealing characteristics. we not only demonstrate that Hermit can significantly reduce space consumption with limited performance overhead in terms of query response time and index maintenance time, but also explain in detail the rationale behind Hermit's high efficiency using interactive online query processing examples.
Orofacial Granulomatosis in a Child

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare, idiopathic disorder of the orofacial region. It is clinically characterized by persistent and/or recurrent enlargement of the soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region, often manifesting as labial enlargement and swelling of intraoral sites such as the gingiva, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Full-thickness mucosal biopsy reveals noncaseating granulomatous inflammation, similar to Crohn's disease and sarcoidosis. Thus, OFG must be distinguished from other chronic granulomatous disorders. We report a case of a young female patient who presented with labial and maxillary gingival enlargement without any identifiable systemic causes, with suggested involvement of environmental triggers.
Mycoplasma genitalium on the Loose: Time to Sound the Alarm.

Mycoplasma genitalium has been receiving increasing attention over the years, in part due to the recognition that it is strongly associated with male and female reproductive tract disease syndromes,1,2 and in part due to the increasing spread of antibiotic resistance.3 The latter is reflected in two
A Narrative-Style Exploration of Undergraduate Engineering Students’ Beliefs about Smartness and Identity

This Full Research Paper reports findings from a narrative-style study about undergraduate engineering students’ beliefs about smartness and identity. Extant research has demonstrated that conceptions of smartness and ability impact students as they navigate engineering at the collegiate level. Through our work, we aimed to better understand the nuanced interaction between these constructs to better support students through their undergraduate experience. For this work, we utilized narrative-style interviews to collect students’ stories about their experiences and struggles in school. Interviews were conducted with seven participants, all of whom indicated on a recruitment survey that they had experienced academic struggle in their first year of an undergraduate engineering program. We analyzed the interviews using three-limits of-and developed a resistance part analytical memos and thematic analysis to identify emergent themes. Through our analysis, we aimed to address the research question: How do undergraduate engineering students describe their educational trajectories with respect to beliefs about smartness and identity?Three major findings of this study are; 1.) messages about smartness in educational systems have implications for students’ identity as smart and beliefs about smartness, 2.) social experiences have a significant impact, particularly for the female students, on identity and beliefs about smartness, and 3.) students recognize the limits of-and developed a resistance to-normative indicators of ability (i.e., GPA). Our research contributes a more holistic understanding of the formation of beliefs about smartness and identity in the educational trajectories of undergraduate engineering students along with insight into the complex interaction between beliefs about smartness and identity. An implication of this study is that given the pervasiveness of identity and beliefs about smartness, they are almost never explicitly addressed in formal undergraduate engineering education and therefore should be considered by engineering education professionals when developing undergraduate engineering courses and curricula.
On the Role of Sampling in Underdetermined Tensor Decomposition with Kronecker and Khatri-Rao Structured Factors

This paper introduces the problem of learning Khatri- Rao structured dictionaries for tensor data, which is inspired from the CANDECOMP/PARAFAC decomposition of tensors. Unlike Kronecker-structured dictionaries which have recently been shown to be locally identifiable under a separable sparsity assumption on coefficient vectors, we show that Khatri-Rao dic tionaries are globally identifiable for arbitrary sparsity patterns. We provide the expected sample complexity to learn Khatri-Rao structured dictionaries and conduct numerical experiments which agree with the theoretical results.
Injuries in the Competitive Pediatric Motocross Athlete

Purpose Motocross is a high impact sport popular amongst the pediatric population with the potential for severe injury. Unlike other contact sports, little has been studied about the injuries sustained by children while participating in competitive motocross. The purpose of this study is to identify the epidemiological factors and injuries related to competitive motocross racing in the pediatric population in order to identify aspects of the sport that can be modified to improve its overall safety. Methods An IRB approved, retrospective study of pediatric trauma activations sustained during competitive motocross racing …
COVID-19 cytokines and the hyperactive immune response: Synergism of TNF-α and IFN-γ in triggering inflammation, tissue damage, and death.

SUMMARY The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is a critical shortage of proven treatment options and an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of multi-organ failure and lung damage. Cytokine storm is associated with severe inflammation and organ damage during COVID-19. However, a detailed molecular pathway defining this cytokine storm is lacking, and gaining mechanistic understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 elicits a hyperactive inflammatory response is critical to develop effective therapeutics. Of the multiple inflammatory cytokines produced by innate immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we found that the combined production of TNF-α and IFN-γ specifically induced inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, characterized by gasdermin–mediated pyroptosis, caspase-8–mediated apoptosis, and MLKL–mediated necroptosis. Deletion of pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis mediators individually was not sufficient to protect against cell death. However, cells deficient in both RIPK3 and caspase-8 or RIPK3 and FADD were resistant to this cell death. Mechanistically, the STAT1/IRF1 axis activated by TNF-α and IFN-γ co-treatment induced iNOS for the production of nitric oxide. Pharmacological and genetic deletion of this pathway inhibited pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis in macrophages. Moreover, inhibition of PANoptosis protected mice from TNF-α and IFN-γ–induced lethal cytokine shock that mirrors the pathological symptoms of COVID-19. In vivo neutralization of both TNF-α and IFN-γ in multiple disease models associated with cytokine storm showed that this treatment provided substantial protection against not only SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also sepsis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and cytokine shock models, demonstrating the broad physiological relevance of this mechanism. Collectively, our findings reveal that blocking the COVID-19 cytokine-mediated inflammatory cell death signaling pathway identified in this study may benefit patients with COVID-19 or other cytokine storm-driven syndromes by limiting inflammation and tissue damage. The findings also provide a molecular and mechanistic description for the term cytokine storm. Additionally, these results open new avenues for the treatment of other infectious and autoinflammatory diseases and cancers where TNF-α and IFN-γ synergism play key pathological roles.
Intra-Industry Reactions to Stock Split Announcements

We examine whether favorable information conveyed by stock split announcements transfers to nonsplitting firms within the same industry. On average, nonsplitting firms' shareholders experience significant positive abnormal returns at the stock split announcements of their industry counterparts. In addition, industrywide and firm-specific characteristics are important determinants in explaining nonsplitting firms' stock returns. These firms' earnings increase significantly and the earnings changes are positively related to the stock price reactions. Finally, we find no evidence that investors revise the value of nonsplitting firms because they anticipate a decline in earnings volatility.
Morphological Landscapes from High Content Imaging Identify Optimal Priming Strategies that Enhance MSC Immunosuppression

Abstract Successful clinical translation of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) products has not been achieved in the United States and may be in large part due to MSC functional heterogeneity. Efforts have been made to identify ‘priming’ conditions that produce MSCs with consistent immunomodulatory function; however, challenges remain with predicting and understanding how priming impacts MSC behavior. The purpose of this study was to develop a high throughput, image-based approach to assess MSC morphology in response to combinatorial priming treatments and establish morphological profiling as an effective approach to screen the effect of manufacturing changes (i.e. priming) on MSC immunomodulation. We characterized the morphological response of multiple MSC lines/passages to an array of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) priming conditions, as well as the effects of priming on MSC modulation of activated T cells and MSC secretome. Although considerable functional heterogeneity, in terms of T cell suppression, was observed between different MSC lines and at different passages, this heterogeneity was significantly reduced with combined IFN-γ/TNF-α priming. The magnitude of this change correlated strongly with multiple morphological features and was also reflected by MSC secretion of immunomodulatory factors e.g. PGE2, ICAM-1, and CXCL16. Overall, this study further demonstrates the ability of priming to enhance MSC function, as well as the ability of morphology to better understand MSC heterogeneity and predict changes in function due to manufacturing.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Education of Pediatric Oncology Providers Before and After an Embedded Pediatric Palliative Oncology Clinic.

PURPOSE:Most pediatric palliative care (PPC) education is trainee-directed, didactic, or simulation-based and therefore limited in scope, realism, and audience. We explored whether an embedded pedi...
Enhanced Recovery after Surgery: Benefits for the Fetal Surgery Patient.

Background The fetoscopic approach to the prenatal closure of a neural tube defect (NTD) may offer similar advantages to the newborn compared to prenatal open closure of a NTD, with a reduction in maternal risks. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have been applied to different surgical procedures with documented advantages. We modified the perioperative care of patients undergoing in utero repair of myelomeningocele with the goal of enhancing the recovery. A retrospective study comparing traditional management to the ERAS protocol was conducted. Aims Primary aim was to evaluate the length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included pain scores, time to oral intake, opioid-induced side effects, and respiratory complications. Methods Thirty patients who underwent a mid-gestation fetoscopic closure of a NTD were included. Data analyzed include demographics, comorbidities, LOS, anatomical location of the NTD, magnesium sulfate doses and duration of administration, oxygen requirements, duration of the postoperative epidural infusion, duration of surgery and anesthesia, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, respiratory complications, time to oral intake, pain scores, and sedation scores. Differences between the treatment groups were compared using the independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney Ʋ test. Results Of the 30 patients, 10 patients were managed according to the ERAS protocol and 20 patients according to the traditional management (1:2 ratio). The mean gestational age at the time of intervention for the traditional and ERAS groups was 24.9 ± 0.5 weeks and 24.8 ± 0.5 weeks, respectively. Compared to the traditional group, the LOS was reduced in the ERAS group to 112.5 ± 12.6 h (4.7 ± 0.5 days) from 179.7 ± 87.9 h (7.5 ± 3.7 days) (p = 0.012). The time to oral intake was also shorter 502.6 ± 473.4 min versus 1015.6 ± 698.2 min; p = 0.049. Oxygen requirements were prolonged in the traditional group (1843.7 ± 1262.6 min vs. 1051.7 ± 1078.1 min p = 0.052). The total duration of magnesium sulfate was longer for patients in the traditional group (2125.6 ± 727.1 min vs. 1429.5 ± 553.8 min; p = 0.006). No statistically significant difference in pain scores was observed between the groups. Conclusions Establishing an ERAS protocol for fetoscopic in utero repair of NTDs approach is feasible with the advantages of decreased postoperative LOS, reduced oxygen requirements, lower duration of magnesium sulfate infusion, and facilitation of earlier oral intake without compromising the pain scores.
Pre-placement evaluation of Standard Cell Library compliance to Process Density constraints

Improving design manufacturability and yield requires microchip designs to satisfy process density constraints for pre-defined windows in the die. Iterations in DFM convergence poses a key challenge to physical verification which heavily depends on the compliance of standard cell library to process density requirements. The proposed novel technique involves training a classifier model using supervised reinforced learning to evaluate layer wise density margin as a function of cell area, process window overlaps and usage at block-level thus facilitating ease of use. Process density compliance is analyzed for library offerings on Intel 10nm node demonstrating 85% success in predicting failing cells
Altered Excretion of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid and Glycine in Patients with the Lesch-Nyhan Disease

Mizuno and Yugari (1,2) reported that 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) given orally at 1–8 mg/kg/day was effective in preventing self-mutilation in four patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The proposed mechanism of action was through alteration of seretonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels in the brain.
PERIODIC DISTURBANCE REJECTION WITH AN INTERNAL MODEL-BASED H2 OPTIMAL CONTROLLER

In this paper a method is proposed to design an optimal controller that uses an internal model and an additive noise model to reject periodic disturbances. The proposed design method allows for the design of a feedback controller that rejects periodic disturbances in the presence of random noise. An active noise cancellation application for an HP DL380 G3 rack server cooling fan is presented to demonstrate the efiectiveness of the proposed design method. System identiflcation techniques are used to flnd a model of the non-periodic disturbances. The feedback controller was implemented in real-time to show the efiectiveness of periodic blade pass frequency sound reduction. Copyright c ∞ 2005 IFAC.
Detecting pathogens in cattle and meat.

Publisher Summary Salmonella spp. , Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter spp. , Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica are some of the major foodborne bacterial pathogens that are found associated with cattle, other food animals, and foods of animal origin. E. coli O157:H7 has caused major outbreaks associated with foods of bovine origin and E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella , Y. enterocolitica, and Campylobacter spp. have been associated with outbreaks caused by consumption of pasteurized and un-pasteurized milk. The intestinal contents of cattle and dirty hides are the major contributors to carcass and meat contamination. There is a zero tolerance policy for E. coli O157:H7 in non-intact fresh beef products, such as ground beef; therefore, methods should have the ability to detect one Colony Forming Unit (CFU) in the sample being analyzed. Food analysis, however, is not free of limitations. Testing for zoonotic bacterial pathogens in animal production farms requires the analysis of a variety of sample types, including feces, manure, feed, water, insects, and wildlife, such as rodents, raccoons, deer, and birds, and no standard methods for detection of particular pathogens currently exist. This chapter discusses the methods developed or in development that are applicable for testing meat, carcasses, or other types of samples and the limitations of those methods.
Behavioral Decision Research

The rational model of Decision-Making is based on a set of assumptions prescribing how a decision should be made rather than describing how a decision is made. Keywords: behavioral decision research
Witchcraft and Colonial Rule in Kenya, 1900–1955: The Wakamba Witch Trials

Throughout the colonial era, the “supernatural” state of Kenya was one of conflicting codes and contested justice. The contentious nature of justice, law, and order in Kenya emerges in high relief in cases of witch-killing. In the course of investigating and adjudicating such cases, state authorities aimed simultaneously to discipline and deny local “witchcraft” practices and beliefs while African actors asserted the efficacy and legitimacy of their communities’ approaches to witchcraft. Accordingly, this chapter analyzes the most high profile witch-killing case in colonial Kenya – that of Mwaiki, a Kamba woman killed in 1931 by a group of men from her community who believed her to have bewitched a neighbor woman. Mwaiki’s case, officially known as Rex v. Kumwaka s/o of Mulumbi and 69 Others , achieved international recognition when it was tried in the Supreme Court of Kenya and sixty of the seventy defendants were sentenced to death. These sentences were upheld by the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa and ultimately commuted by the Governor of Kenya. Rex v. Kumwaka brought to bear imperial anthro-administrative networks of knowledge about witchcraft and engendered vociferous debates in Kenya and the metropole about what made British justice in the African Empire.
Immediate skin reactivity induced in atopic and nonatopic persons following injection of emulsified pollen extracts: Clinical, immunologic, and serum studies

Abstract A group of 20 volunteers from a penal institution consisting of allergic and nonallergic individuals were treated with pollen antigen extracts in emulsion. It was shown that atopic individuals can develop immediate skin reactivity to an antigen to which they were not previously sensitive. Four of five of the sera of these subjects sensitized nonallergic skin. The serum factor producing a positive transfer was heat labile, persisted at the skin site for at least 2 weeks, was neutralized by specific antigen, and did not produce a precipitin reaction on double gel diffusion or PCA reactions in the guinea pig.
Body and Lighting ECU (Key‐less Entry, Sonar, HID, LED Usage for Lamps)

Although door locks and windows were originally designed to be operated manually, automation through simple switch operation was introduced from the 1970s using motors, solenoids, and controlling ECUs. Since then, in addition to the adoption of automatic switch operations, various body control products have also been developed that fully replace manual operation. These have contributed to improving the comfort, usability, and safety of vehicles. This chapter describes the ECUs that play a central role in body controls and outlines some of the typical ECUs used in body systems. Keywords: body control; integrated body ECU ; sonar; ultrasound; headlamps; LED ; HID ; discharge; ballast; AFS ; swivel; auto-leveling