cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunable infrared laser desorption and ionization of fullerene films

Abstract Infrared laser excitation/desorption of thin film samples or powders containing fullerenes was observed to produce efficient ionization of both the fullerene and other molecules mixed into the sample. Both cations and anions were produced. The ions produced by this IR laser desorption ionization (IR-LDI) process were detected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mechanism of this IR-LDI process was investigated with mass spectra under different conditions, delayed pulse acceleration experiments, and IR wavelength dependence studies, employing either a fixed frequency CO2 laser (10.6 μm) or an IR optical parametric oscillator (2000–4500 cm−1; 5.0–2.2 μm). The mechanism of fullerene IR-LDI was found to involve both direct emission of electrons from alkali-fulleride impurities in the sample and multiple photon-induced thermionic (delayed) emission of electrons from hot fullerenes. In both cases, the electrons produced are accelerated by the source fields resulting in electron impact ionization of, or electron attachment to, neutral species in the outgoing plume of desorbed material. The IR-LDI process is enhanced on resonance with fullerene vibrations, suggesting the possibility of a new kind of laser-thin film spectroscopy.
One-dimensional hierarchical composite materials based on ZnO nanowires and electrospun blend nanofibers

We employed a combination of two simple and effective methods – electrospinning and hydrothermal synthesis – for fabrication of a novel hierarchical composite material composed of radially oriented ZnO nanowires grown around electrospun blend nanofibers. First, continuous, cylindrical, and randomly oriented nanofibers with diameters of 471 ± 117 nm were electrospun on glass slides from cellulose acetate/polyvinyl acetate/polyethylene glycol blend. ZnO nanocrystals from the seed solution were then deposited over the prepared fibers that will serve as the nucleation sites for the subsequent radially aligned growth of ZnO nanowires. The amount of ZnO nanowires grown over electrospun nanofibers was determined as 53.4% by weight. Only single crystalline wurtzite nanowires with clear cut hexagonal facets were observed with the length of 329 ± 38 nm and diameter of 30.4 ± 6.5 nm. This novel hierarchical nanocomposite exhibited strong UV absorption and photoluminescence in the deep UV region. ZnO nanowires grown on electrospun fibers were found to be highly effective photocatalysts, as indicated by the almost complete removal of the model compound methylene blue in 30 min. In contrast, only 43% of the MB underwent photodegradation in the absence of the catalyst over that period. The pseudo-first order kinetics of the MB photocatalytic degradation is almost ten times faster with the reported material than that without it under UV irradiation.
Oxygen consumption of a polypropylene-covered galvanic cell.

(1978). Oxygen consumption of a polypropylene-covered galvanic cell. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 31-33.
Measurement of low sidelobe antennas in far-field test ranges

Recently, there is a renewed interest in measuring low side-lobe antennas in indoor far-field test ranges. Indoor far-field ranges can be grouped in to two categories: direct illumination and in-direct illumination ranges. In this paper, we compare the performance of two direct illumination antenna test ranges with a compact antenna test range using a two-meter linear phased array antenna. The antenna is designed to operate at 3 GHz and can be scanned +/- 30 degrees off the broadside direction. The inter-element spacing is approximately 0.4lambda and the amplitude of the various antenna elements is adjusted to achieve different side-lobe level. Uniform, Hanning (Hann) and Hamming amplitude distributions will be used in this presentation. The geometry of the three test ranges and some sample results are given below.
Echo-enabled Harmonic Generation Free Electron Laser

In this paper, we systematically study the echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) free electron laser (FEL). The EEHG FEL uses two modulators in combination with two dispersion sections that allow to generate in the beam a high harmonic density modulation starting with a relatively small initial energy modulation of the beam. After presenting analytical theory of the phenomenon, we address several practically important issues, such as the effect of incoherent synchrotron radiation in the dispersion sections, and the beam transverse size effect in the modulator. Using a representative realistic set of beam parameters, we show how the EEHG scheme enhances the FEL performance and allows to generate a fully (both longitudinally and transversely) coherent radiation. As an example, we demonstrate that 5 nm coherent soft x-rays with GW peak power can be generated directly from the 240 nm seeding laser using the proposed EEHG scheme.
Pathologic Classification of Rhabdomyosarcomas and Correlations with Molecular Studies

Rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common soft-tissue malignancy of childhood and adolescence, comprises a group of differing pathobiologic entities linked by their common propensity for formation of neoplastic skeletal muscle, a feature that results from biological forces related to aberrant transcription signals and the resultant production of myogenic proteins. At a molecular level, however, rhabdomyosarcomas form a heterogeneous group that can be subdivided into distinct clinicopathologic entities based on morphologic appearance and genetic makeup. These differing morphologic features were recognized in the mid-1900s by Horn and Enterline with their division of rhabdomyosarcomas into embryonal, alveolar, botryoid, and pleomorphic subtypes. More recent histologic and biologic studies have resulted in description of additional entities, such as spindle cell and anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma, and refinements in recognition of the original entities, such as solid-alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Familiarity with newer classifications and their relationship to molecular aberrations is key to stratifying patients on current therapeutic protocols and proposed innovative genetic therapies.
The involvement of prostaglandins in the contractile function of the aorta by aldosterone

Background Aldosterone, one of the major culprits associated with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), is significantly elevated following high salt administration in Dahl rats. Since we have previously demonstrated that aldosterone (ALDO) upregulates cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in the kidney, the present study was design to assess whether prostaglandin release is involved in the effects of chronic aldosterone treatment on vascular function of the aorta from nonhypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Internal hydrogen supersaturation produced by dislocation transport

A quantitative model is presented for the generation of internal supersaturations of hydrogen by kinetic rather than thermodynamic means. The maximum brittleness and slow strain rate limit is treated. The process invoked assumes hydrogen transport to deposition sites by dislocation drag, and reemission of the hydrogen by diffusion. The kinetic supersaturation is calculated from a balance between hydrogen arrival and departure rates, for internal and external hydrogen sources, and for smooth section and crack geometries. When applied to ferritic and austenitic steels, the model predicts that the kinetic supersaturations are extremely small in all realistic situations.
Rubber Erasures, Rubber Producing Rights: Making Racialized Territories in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

This article makes connections between often-disparate literatures on property, violence and identity, using the politics of rubber growing in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as an example. It shows how rubber production gave rise to territorialities associated with and productive of ethnic identities, depending on both the political economies and cultural politics at play in different moments. What it meant to be Chinese and Dayak in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia, as well as how categories of subjects and citizens were configured in the two respective periods, differentially affected both the formal property rights and the means of access to rubber and land in different parts of West Kalimantan. However, incremental changes in shifting rubber production practices were not the only means of producing territory and ethnicity. The author argues that violence ultimately played a more significant role in erasing prior identity-based claims and establishing the controls of new actors over trees and land and their claims to legitimate access or ‘rightfulness’. Changing rubber production practices and reconfigurations of racialized territories and identity-based property rights are all implicated in hiding the violence.
Dental Extraction in the Thrombocytopenic Patient Is Safe and Complications Are Easily Managed

Purpose To characterize bleeding risk and management of bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients undergoing dental extraction. Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study included 68 patients with hematologic disease and concomitant thrombocytopenia undergoing dental extractions. The inclusion criterion was a platelet count of 100,000/μL or less at the time of consultation or extraction. Patients using anticoagulation therapy were excluded from the study. Predictors measured were age, gender, platelet count, platelet transfusion before or during surgery, local hemostatic measurements at the time of surgery (absorbable hemostat or antifibrinolytic rinse), number of teeth extracted, diagnosis, and extraction type. The primary outcome was postoperative bleeding requiring intervention. A secondary outcome was surgical site infection. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed and the P value was set at .05. No logistic regression was used based on the distribution of outcomes. Results Sixty-eight patients underwent extraction of 200 teeth. Five (7.4%) had postoperative bleeding that was always controlled with routine intervention. Mean platelet count was 44,647/μL. Bleeding was more frequent with lower platelet levels ( P = .048). Thirty-two patients received platelet transfusion and 26 received local measures. Platelet transfusion and local hemostatic measures had no effect on bleeding outcomes. Conclusion Surgical and routine extractions are safe procedures in patients with thrombocytopenia, and postoperative bleeding is typically well handled with simple local measures. The benefits of pre- or intraoperative platelet transfusion are unclear in this population. Likewise, the benefit of prophylactic local hemostatic measures is unclear and should be based on the surgeon's discretion and experience.
The irritable colon of childhood (chronicnonspecific diarrhea syndrome)

Case histories of 186 children in whom the diagnosis of chronic nonspecific diarrhea had been made were examined retrospectively. In 90 per cent, despite management without medication or dietary restrictions, diarrhea disappeared by 39 months of age. Between the initial visit and clearing of symptoms the children did no worse, and frequently better, than with various treatments with drugs or restrictive dietary regimens. Limited numbers of laboratory studies, the clinical pattern and character of stools, and the normal growth and development of the children indicate that this benign condition is not caused by gastrointestinal infection nor is it a form of malabsorption. The relationship between this condition and the irritable colon syndrome seen in adults is discussed.
Greenland ice10Be concentrations and average precipitation rates north of 40°N to 45°N

Abstract A model of 10 Be deposition within the subarctic and arctic is developed based on the behavior of 90 Sr in the troposphere. Measured 10 Be fluxes, based on analyses of 10 Be in one year's snow fall (1979–1980) from the Dye-3 site in southwest Greenland and on published data, and predicted 10 Be fluxes, based on the 10 Be deposition model, agree. These results indicate that with regard to 10 Be, the troposphere north of 40°N to 45°N presently behaves as if it is well-mixed and that the average precipitation rate within that reservoir controls in large part the concentration of 10 Be in Greenland ice. Inversion of the Greenland ice core 10 Be concentration record with the aid of the model indicates: (1) that the average precipitation rate in the subarctic and arctic was lower than the present rate during the Maunder minimum of solar activity, and higher than the present rate during the Wolf and Sporer solar activity minimums; and (2) that during the Wisconsin-Holocene transition the average precipitation rate in the subarctic and arctic was about one third the present precipitation rate.
Effects of drought and root injury on plant-generated CS2 emissions in soil

Conditions under which some plants emit carbon disulfide (CS2) in the soil are unknown. A pot assembly was constructed to measure soil CS2 emissions by Mimosa pudica under conditions of undisturbed growth, root injury, and drought stress. When M. pudica was grown without disturbance, soil CS2 emissions were below the limit of detection (≤0.1 ng CS2 mL−1) for the entire 8-wk sampling period. However, when the roots of 6-wk-old M. pudica plants were cut to a depth of 10 cm, a maximum of 0.5 and 0.4 ng CS2 mL−1 was emitted within minutes at the 5- and 10-cm depths, respectively. These emissions declined slowly to undetectable levels after 50 min. No detectable CS2 emissions were observed at the 0- and 15-cm depths. No CS2 was emitted when 6-wk-old M. pudica plants were subjected to drought stress, however, when the same plants were watered, a maximum of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 ng CS2 mL−1 was emitted within minutes at the 5-, 10- and 15-cm depths, respectively. These emissions were detectable for at least 2 hr at the 10- and 15-cm depths. No detectable CS2 emissions were observed at the 0-cm depth after watering. No detectable CS2 emissions were observed at any depth under any conditions of undisturbed growth, root injury, or drought stress followed by watering for assemblies containing either no plants or Albizia julibrissin, a plant that is closely related to M. pudica but does not emit CS2. Mimosa pudica emitted detectable CS2 under conditions of root injury and rewetting of dry soil but not under conditions of undisturbed growth. Release of such a biocidal sulfide only during conditions of root injury or rewetting of dry soil would be advantageous to M. pudica.
On the kinetics of carbon (Char) gasification: Reconciling models with experiments

Abstract The gasification reactivity profiles of different carbons (chars) are analyzed from both a theoretical and an experimental point of view. The virtues of and/or problems with utilizing the concepts of total surface area (TSA), active surface area (ASA), and reactive surface area (RSA) to explain or predict gasification rate variations with conversion are discussed. An analysis of several models of char gasification kinetics which predict the evolution of TSA with conversion revealed that the experimentally observed reactivity variations with conversion in carbon dioxide may be explained using just the initial properties of the char. An experimental investigation of char gasification in carbon dioxide using the transient kinetics approach gave a direct measurement of RSA. Gasification rates normalized with respect to RSA were essentially constant over the entire conversion range. A temperature-programmed desorption technique was also used to determine the amount of reactive surface intermediate formed on these chars during gasification in carbon dioxide; the results were in agreement with those obtained from transient kinetics. The application of these two independent but complementary techniques provided the heretofore elusive quantitative experimental explanation of reactivity variations with conversion for char gasification in carbon dioxide.
Comparisons of individual and cultural response hierarchies based on continued association

Individual response protocols of eight associations to each of eight stimulus words (Buffalo sample) were compared with cultural response hierarchies (Pittsburgh sample). The number of individual responses which matched responses in the top eight hierarchy positions (HPs) of the norms was related to the rank of those responses in the norms. Cultural hierarchies, derived in different ways, were similar and did not differ in degree of individual-cultural response agreement. It was concluded that prediction of individual responses, but not their HPs, is possible on the basis of the top ranking responses from norms.
Comment on "Origin of the excess wing and slow beta relaxation of glass formers: a unified picture of local orientational fluctuations".

In a recent paper [], Tanaka commented on an old coupling model interpretation of the Johari-Goldstein (JG) secondary relaxation []; namely, that it implies not all molecules contribute to the JG relaxation. In this Comment, I point out to the readers that this old interpretation has been revised in recent publications [; ; ; ]. In the new interpretation, essentially all molecules contribute to the JG relaxation. Another comment of Tanaka that applies to both the old and the new interpretation is discussed and shown to be of no practical significance.
Antecedents and consequences of brand love

This article focuses on a new consumer behavior and marketing concept: brand love. The primary purpose of the article is to identify the antecedent and consequences of brand love. On the basis of an extensive literature review, the article offers a series of research propositions to explicate the interrelationships between antecedents of brand love on the one hand, and brand love and its consequences on the other. A theoretical framework capturing the proposed relationships is also offered. The managerial implications of brand love for developing marketing strategy are discussed.
SUBSEQUENT FERTILITY AMONG URBAN FATHERS: THE INFLUENCE OF RELATIONSHIP CONTEXT

Using a longitudinal sample of 2,417 fathers from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, we examine interactive and structural dimensions of men’s relationships associated with their decision to father a subsequent birth (with the same partner or a different partner). Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicate that fathers reporting higher relationship satisfaction had greater odds of a subsequent birth with the same partner compared with no birth or a birth with a different partner. Fathers reporting lower conflict also had greater odds of a subsequent birth with the same partner versus no birth. Unmarried men and men in unstable relationships had increased odds of a subsequent birth with a different partner versus the same partner, whereas men in more stable relationships had higher odds of a birth with the same partner. Findings suggest that men’s relationships influence their subsequent fertility.
Regulation of Kinases: 1 Billion Years of Evolution

Protein phosphorylation is an essential regulatory mechanism that affects all aspect of cellular life from division and growth to aging and death. Misregulation of the signaling cascades leads to severe detrimental effects, and in humans often associated with cancer and other diseases. Phosphorylation is performed by a class of protein called kinases. Activation and deactivation of kinases is normally under tight control and is regulated via different mechanisms that are incredibly complex. In this work we combine phylogenetic resurrection techniques with biophysical and chemical approaches to analyze the regulatory mechanisms of modern tyrosine oncokinases Src and Abl, their common ancestor and the common ancestors between several other families of tyrosin kinases. Our results show how the regulatory elements appeared and developed throughout the evolution enabling selective regulation of complex modern cascades.
Personal reflections on the high cost of American medical care: many causes but few politically sustainable solutions.

At the start of his campaign for health care reform, President Barack Obama acknowledged a painful truth: to expand coverage without bankrupting the country would require bending the curve of health care expenditures. Unfortunately, while the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 1 makes substantial expansions of health insurance, it will probably do little to slow rising health care expenditures. As an early combatant in the battle to restrain excessive medical care spending—services that bring minimal or no health benefit—I was not surprised that the country is unprepared to heed the president's message, nor that political opportunists would use outrageous fear tactics, such as suggesting that giving people information on palliative care was tantamount to establishing death panels. To place cost containment efforts in historical context, I share my experiences and reflections, beginning early in my career at a time—1971—when the amount spent on medical care caused alarms because it had risen to 7.5% of gross domestic product and was headed for an "unsustainable" 10%. (It is now over 17%.) For a period of 3 decades, first as medical director of the George Washington University (GWU) medical outpatient clinics and health maintenance organization (HMO), later at the Institute for Health Policy Studies and the Division of General Internal Medicine at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and subsequently as president of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), I observed and studied a variety of factors causing why the United States is such a big spender on medical care and why it is so hard to "bend" the curve of escalating medical expenditures.
Mislocalization of diplopic images

When observers dichoptically view bar stimuli at disparities beyond the fusion limit, the bars are perceived as being closer together than they really are. When 6.0-cycle/deg vertical derivative-of-Gaussian bars are adjusted into apparent alignment with binocularly presented spots, the mislocalization of each bar’s half-image is typically 2–5 arcmin for disparities below 60 arcmin. The effect does not generalize to an additional monocular probe bar at more-eccentric locations, thus excluding reflex vergence eye movements as an explanation. Instead, the results indicate a process of interocular matching that seeks to attribute similar directions as well as depths to matching half-images.
Broiler breeder egg shape. 1. Characterization of pole distinguishable and pole indistinguishable eggs.

Abstract To properly set an egg one must be able to recognize the air cell pole (ACP) from the nonair cell pole (NACP). The incidence of ACP distinguishable (D) and ACP indistinguishable (ID) eggs determined by visual inspection of 436 eggs from 430 mature broiler breeder hens was 87.6% and 12.4%, respectively. Upon setting, 31.5% of the ID eggs were set improperly (ACP down). Seven measurements of shape were made on each of these eggs and on an additional 39 ID eggs from the same hens. These measurements were used to generate five egg shape indices comparing 1) height to length; 2) diameters measured at .5 and 1.0 cm from each pole of the egg; 3) curvatures near the two poles of the egg; and 4) width to length. The ID eggs were significantly more symmetrical and spherical than D eggs. Eighty-eight percent of these eggs were correctly classified as D or ID by nonvisual means using a maximized linear discriminant function that included only the index comparing diameters 1.0 cm from each pole. Repeatability estimates for shape indices determined from 4 eggs from each of 40 hens ranged from .0.3 to .63. Over 60% of the ID eggs used in the repeatability analysis came from 7 hens.
Ties That No Longer Bind? The Patterns and Repercussions of Age-Articulated Migration

Rates of geographical mobility vary greatly, and fairly predictably, across the life course. Our analysis of special county-to-county migration tabulations of Census 2000 data discloses that, when flows are disaggregated by age, radically different patterns of net population redistribution are taking place upward and downward within the national urban hierarchy. The movements at the late-career, empty-nester, and retirement stage are the most “demographically effective” or unidirectional. The elderly fleeing large metropolitan areas have been congregating in micropolitan and rural counties with special climatic and other natural amenities. The opposite net flow is found for younger adults, who have been flocking into megametropolitan conurbations. At the midcareer stage, the net movement is from larger to medium metropolitan areas. We detail the age articulation of county-to-county migration flows with novel graphical portrayals and statistical measures. We give some thoughts on the relationship between i...
Three-dimensional modeling of three phase imbibition and drainage

This paper investigates three phase flow in water-wet porous media. From considerations of capillary equilibrium and an analysis of micromodel experiments, the pore scale displacement mechanisms are described. The stability of layers of NAPL between water and gas has an important impact upon the recovery of NAPL to low saturation. The displacement mechanisms and the effects of NAPL layers are incorporated into a three-dimensional network model. The network model calculates capillary pressure, relative permeability, and NAPL recovery. Several types of displacement are analyzed by specifying a series of changes in capillary pressure. Different capillary pressure paths result in drastically different relative permeabilities and NAPL recoveries. In ideal circumstances, the ultimate recovery of NAPL can be virtually 100%, but the recovery time is governed by flow through NAPL layers, which is shown to be very strongly influenced by the boundary condition at the fluid interfaces. The relative permeabilities and capillary pressures we calculate cannot be adequately represented by current empirical models.
Preface. Major issues and future prospects in the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents to the respiratory tract

Abstract The purpose of this special issue on Lung Delivery was firstly to publish reviews on those recent developments in basic Biomedical Sciences which are likely to influence directly and significantly the research on drug delivery to, and through, the respiratory tract. The second type of reviews in the issue is concerned with the latest advances in pulmonary drug delivery systems and the future prospects in these areas. The related field of targeting of diagnostic agents to the respiratory tract is also briefly reviewed.
“A Lingering Whiff of Descartes in the Air”: From Theoretical Ideas to the Messiness of Clinical Participation: Commentary on Paper by the Boston Change Process Study Group

From a perspective in recognition of my unconscious attachment to their theoretical conceptualizations as well as intrinsic blind spots to both their and my conceptualizing, I offer a consideration of the clinical assistance and difficulty created by the Boston Change Process Study Group's formulation of the reflective, the implicit and the disjunction between the two as an “intention unfolding process.” I first consider how their conceptualizations can either clarify or obscure organizing experience for the analyst trying to make sense of what is going on between her and her analysand. Then I consider how these ideas might guide or mislead the analyst's active participation in the micromoment process flow of clinical interaction. The impact of dissociation is recognized as constitutive of a messiness and uncertainty that accompanies, and often can undermine, the adoption of any theoretical “idea,” including these, for clinical organizing and intervening activity.
Benchmark of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations Using Temperatures Measured Within Enclosed Vertical and Horizontal Array of Heater Rods

Experiments and computational fluid dynamics/radiation heat transfer simulations of an 8×8 array of heated rods within an aluminum enclosure are performed with nitrogen and helium as backfill gases in both horizontal and vertical orientations. This configuration represents a region inside the channel of a boiling water reactor fuel assembly between two consecutive spacer plates. The rods can be oriented horizontally or vertically to represent transport or storage conditions. The measured and simulated rod temperatures are compared for three different rod heat generation rates to assess the accuracy of the simulation technique. Simulations show that temperature gradients in the air are much steeper near the enclosure walls than they are near the center of the rod array. The measured temperatures of rods at symmetric locations are not identical, and the difference is larger for rods close to the wall than for those far from it. Small but uncontrolled deviations of the rod positions away from the design locations may cause these differences. The simulations reproduce the measured temperature profiles. For nitrogen experiment in horizontal orientation and a total rod heat generation rate of 500 W, the maximum rod-to-enclosure temperature difference is 138°C. The maximum measured heater rod and enclosure wall temperatures 375°C and 280°C, are measured in 2-inch insulated, nitrogen backfill vertical experiment for 1 atm internal pressure. Linear regression shows that the simulations slightly but systematically under predict the hotter rod temperatures but accurately predict the cooler ones. For all rod locations, heat generation rates, nitrogen and helium backfill gases, and apparatus orientations, 95% of the simulated temperatures are within 11°C of the correlation values. These results can be used to assess the accuracy of using simulations to design spent nuclear fuel transport and storage systems.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Antagonism between Ena/VASP Proteins and Actin Filament Capping Regulates Fibroblast Motility

Cell motility requires lamellipodial protrusion, a process driven by actin polymerization. Ena/VASP proteins accumulate in protruding lamellipodia and promote the rapid actin-driven motility of the pathogen Listeria. In contrast, Ena/VASP negatively regulate cell translocation. To resolve this paradox, we analyzed the function of Ena/VASP during lamellipodial protrusion. Ena/VASP-deficient lamellipodia protruded slower but more persistently, consistent with their increased cell translocation rates. Actin networks in Ena/VASP-deficient lamellipodia contained shorter, more highly branched filaments compared to controls. Lamellipodia with excess Ena/VASP contained longer, less branched filaments. In vitro, Ena/VASP promoted actin filament elongation by interacting with barbed ends, shielding them from capping protein. We conclude that Ena/VASP regulates cell motility by controlling the geometry of actin filament networks within lamellipodia.
Electron microscopy of the novel barley yellow streak mosaic virus.

Abstract Unique particles of barley yellow streak mosaic virus (BYSMV) were detected in diseased barley, wheat, and several species of grass. They appeared to be about 64 nm in width and from 127 nm to an astonishing 4000 nm in length. Individual particles were circular in transverse section. The outermost layer of each particle seemed to be a membrane-like envelope. The internal structure of many particles was bead-like. Some particles had centers that were translucent. The BYSMV particles were distributed throughout the leaf, sheath, root, and own organs of barley. Virus particles were present in all cell types of the epidermis, mesophyll, phloem, and xylem. However, mesophyll cells contained the greatest number of particles. Most BYSMV particles occurred in large clusters of quasi-parallel arrays. Both individual and groups of particles were located within the cavities of ER elements. Ribosomes were attached to some outer surfaces of the ER bounding membrane. BYSMV particles are unique because they do not resemble any in presently classified groups or families of plant viruses: they are, however, similar to those of some unclassified viruses that infect insects.
Calcium evoked release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the brain of the unanesthetized cat.

Kalzium-Ionen wurden mittels lokaler Perfusion im Hypothalamus von Katzen vermehrt. Der 5-HT-Gehalt der Durchstromungsflussigkeit nahm im Verhaltnis zur Konzentration der Kalzium-Ionen zu.
The Ionic Mechanisms of Hyperpolarizing Responses in Lobster Muscle Fibers

Lobster muscle fibers develop hyperpolarizing responses when subjected to sufficiently strong hyperpolarizing currents. In contrast to axons of frog, toad, and squid, the muscle fibers produce their responses without the need for prior depolarization in high external K+. Responses begin at a threshold polarization (50 to 70 mv), the potential reaching 150 to 200 mv hyperpolarization while the current remains constant. The increased polarization develops at first slowly, then becomes rapid. It usually subsides from its peak spontaneously, falling temporarily to a potential less hyperpolarized than at threshold for the response. As long as current is applied there can be oscillatory behavior with sequential rise and subsidence of the polarization, repeating a number of times. Withdrawal of current leads to rapid return of the potential to the resting level and a small, brief depolarization. Associated with the latter, but of longer duration, is an increased conductance whose magnitude and duration increase with the antecedent current. Hyperpolarizing responses of lobster muscle fibers are due to increased membrane resistance caused by hyperpolarizing K inactivation. The oscillatory characteristic of the response is due to a delayed superimposed and prolonged increase in membrane permeability, probably for Na+ and for either K+ or Cl-. The hyperpolarizing responses of other tissues also appear to result from hyperpolarizing K inactivation, on which is superimposed an increased conductance for some other ion or ions.
The Ded1/DDX3 subfamily of DEAD-box RNA helicases

In eukaryotic organisms, the orthologs of the DEAD-box RNA helicase Ded1p from yeast and DDX3 from human form a well-defined subfamily that is characterized by high sequence conservation in their helicase core and their N- and C- termini. Individual members of this Ded1/DDX3 subfamily perform multiple functions in RNA metabolism in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Ded1/DDX3 subfamily members have also been implicated in cellular signaling pathways and are targeted by diverse viruses. In this review, we discuss the considerable body of work on the biochemistry and biology of these proteins, including the recently discovered link of human DDX3 to tumorigenesis.
Basophilic leukocytes in the hyperlipemic rabbit.

In rabbits of three different strains, more cholesterol, β-lipoprotein, white cells, and basophils were found in the blood of 16 rabbits fed 0.5 g of cholesterol daily for 60 days than in the blood of 18 controls.
The concentration profile of heavy metals in an urban forest

Abstract The concentration profile of copper and lead in the soil and foliage of an urban forest in Cincinnati, Ohio, was examined. The relationship of the profile to tree type, location, and vegetation, soil and site attributes was also studied. Results showed an elevated metal level near the forest edge and highway. Sites located in the forest interior had a much lower metal burden. Pine needles retained more metals, suggesting that they may be a good repository for airborne particles. Significant relationships between the foliar copper loadings with site aspect, elevation and slope angle were also identified.
One-way functions are necessary and sufficient for secure signatures

Much research in theoretical cryptography has been centered around finding the weakest possible cryptographic assumptions required to implement major primitives. Ever since Diffie and Hellman first suggested that modern cryptography be based on one-way functions (which are easy to compute, but hard to invert) and trapdoor functions (one-way functions which are, however, easy to invert given an associated secret), researchers have been busy trying to construct schemes that only require one of these general assumptions. For example, pseudorandom generators at first could only be constructed from a specific hard problem, such as discrete log IBM2]. Later it was shown how to construct pseudo-random generators given any one-way permutation [Y], and from other weak forms of one-way functions [Le, GKL]. Finally JILL] proved that the existence of any one-way function was a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of pseudo-random generators. Similarly, the existence of trapdoor permutations can be shown to be necessary and sufficient for secure encryption schemes. However, progress on characterizing the requirements for secure digital signatures has been slower in coming. We will be interested in signature schemes which are secure agMnst existential forgery under adaptive chosen message attacks. This notion of security, as well as the first construction of digital signatures secure in this sense was provided by [GMR]. Their scheme was based on factoring, or more generally, the existence of clawfree pairs. More recently, signatures based on any trap*supported in p a r t b y a N a t i o n a l Science F o u n d a t i o n G r a d u a t e Fellowship, D A R P A c o n t r a c t N00014-80-C-0622, a n d Air Force G r a n t A F S O R - 8 6 - 0 0 7 8
Robust stability of interval matrices : a computational approach

A simple computational procedure is given to determine the robust stability of matrices containing interval parameter uncertainty. The computation consists of determining the maximal phase difference of the characteristic polynomial, evaluated over the vertices of the uncertain parameter set at each point of the stability boundary, and verifying that this maximal phase difference is less than π radians. This follows as a direct application of the ‘mapping theorem’, which allows us effectively to treat rank-one perturbations of matrices. We discuss the conservatism of the method and show how the solution may be improved to any desired level of accuracy. We give several numerical examples of systems with state-space perturbations, and compare our results with those obtained by other methods.
User Intention-Based Traffic Dependence Analysis for Anomaly Detection

This paper describes an approach to enforce dependencies between network traffic and user activities for anomaly detection. We present a framework and algorithms that analyze user actions and network events on a host according to their dependencies. Discovering these relations is useful in identifying anomalous events on a host that are caused by software flaws or malicious code. To demonstrate the feasibility of user intention-based traffic dependence analysis, we implement a prototype called CR-Miner and perform extensive experimental evaluation of the accuracy, security, and efficiency of our algorithm. The results show that our algorithm can identify user intention-based traffic dependence with high accuracy (average 99:6% for 20 users) and low false alarms. Our prototype can successfully detect several pieces of HTTP-based real-world spy ware. Our dependence analysis is fast with a minimal storage requirement. We give a thorough analysis on the security and robustness of the user intention-based traffic dependence approach.
Effects of toxin magnitude on taste aversion and taste-potentiated aversion to visual cues in chicks (Gallus domesticus).

Abstract Franchina, J. J., C. Moon and S. Peters. Effects of toxin magnitude on taste aversion and taste-potentiated aversion to visual cues in chicks (Gallus domesticus). Physiol Behav 62(3) 605–609, 1997.—Chicks ( n = 208) received CS solutions of red water, red 2.0% vinegar, clear water, or clear 2.0% vinegar, followed by an IP injection of 0.4 M lithium chloride at 0.2% or 0.5% body weight, and then received 2 test trials with red water or clear 2.0% vinegar. In testing with red water, measures of latency to start drinking, latency to make 9 more drinks after the first, and amount drunk provided reliable evidence of potentiated aversion to visual cues with a greater magnitude of potentiation shown following the 0.2% injection than the 0.5% injection. In testing with clear vinegar, the “9-drink” latency measure and amount drunk yielded reliable evidence of taste aversion, with greater aversion shown following the 0.5% injection than the 0.2% injection. Findings are discussed in terms of associative and taste primacy views of potentiation effects.
Synthesis of oligonucleotides containing 3'-alkyl amines using N-isobutyryl protected deoxyadenosine phosphoramidite

Abstract Oligonucleotides were synthesized using the N -isobutyryldeoxyadenosine protected β-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite, 9 . The oligonucleotides that were synthesized using 9 can be deprotected using concentrated NH 4 OH at 55°C in 2 h. No depurination was detected via anion exchange HPLC. The N -isobutyryl protected deoxyadenosine did not undergo transamidation with nucleobase and phosphate protected oligonucleotides containing primary alkyl amines, and will be useful in the synthesis of bioconjugates using protected biopolymers.
Long-Term Agroecosystem Research in the Central Mississippi River Basin: SWAT Simulation of Flow and Water Quality in the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed.

Starting in 1971, stream flow and climatologic data have been collected in the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed, which is part of the Central Mississippi River Basin (CMRB) Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) site. Since 1992, water quality and socio-economic data have complemented these data sets. Previous modeling efforts highlighted the challenges created by the presence of a claypan. Specific changes were introduced in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) (i) to better simulate percolation through and saturation above the claypan and (ii) to simulate the spatial and temporal distributions of the timing of field operations throughout the watershed. Our objectives were to document the changes introduced into the code, demonstrate that these changes improved simulation results, describe the model’s parameterization, calibration, and validation, and assess atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N¢-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine] management practices in the hydrologic context of claypan soils. Model calibration was achieved for 1993 to 2010 at a daily time step for flow and at a monthly time step for water quality constituents. The new percolation routines ensured correct balance between surface runoff and groundwater. The temporal heterogeneity of atrazine application ensured the correct frequency of daily atrazine loads. Atrazine incorporation by field cultivation resulted in a 17% simulated reduction in atrazine load without a significant increase in sediment yields. Reduced atrazine rates produced proportional reductions in simulated atrazine transport. The model can be used to estimate the impact of other drivers, e.g., changing aspects of climate, land use, cropping systems, tillage, or management practices, in this context.
The majority rule game

All knownvon Neumann-Morgenstern solutions to the majority rule game, (n, k), wheren/2<k⩽n, are discussed. The partitioning and discrimination to the limit solutions are expanded. The problem of interpreting experimental outcomes to games is discussed. We introduce the notion of a historical context of a conflict situation to aid in the prediction and explanation of solutions. Experimental results for the (4, 3) and (5, 3) games are used in our discussion.
The effects of fluoride on bone and implant histomorphometry in growing rats.

The effects of fluoride at concentrations of 2.0 and 4.5 mM in drinking water on growth rate, vitamin D, water and mineral metabolism, bone histomorphometry, and osteoinduction of demineralized allogenic bone matrix (DABM) were compared in the rat. Whereas fluoride did not influence fluid intake or growth rate at the lower concentration, it increased fluid intake and inhibited growth rate at the higher concentration. Fluoride produced dose-related increases in serum fluoride and alkaline phosphatase but did not alter serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Serum calcium and phosphate were reduced by fluoride at concentrations of 2.0 mM but not 4.5 mM. Cancellous bone fractional area was increased by fluoride at 2.0 mM and was reduced by fluoride at 4.5 mM. Fluoride had no effect on cancellous bone surface length or the percentage surface lined by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Fluoride increased medullary area and decreased the endosteal bone formation rate. Fluoride increased periosteal bone formation and apposition rates at concentrations of 2.0 mM but not 4.5 mM. Fluoride inhibited mineralization in DABM implants, and at the higher concentration, fluoride increased the formation of new bone matrix. These results indicate that in the rat, fluoride increases cortical and trabecular bone at therapeutic doses and reduces trabecular bone at toxic doses. The serum concentration of flouride at therapeutic doses in the rat is similar to that in patients with osteoporosis who are on treatment with fluoride. In the rat, there is a narrow range between toxic and therapeutic doses.
A Key Role for Protein Kinase A in Homologous Desensitization of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor Pathway in S49 Lymphoma Cells

We have used a [3H]forskolin binding assay to assess Gs-adenylyl cyclase interactions in intact wild-type (WT) and kin− S49 cells under conditions that desensitize the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) system. This assay provides a measurement of Gαs-adenylyl cyclase interaction that does not rely on the determination of second messenger accumulation or enzyme activity in broken cells. Kin− S49 cells lack protein kinase A (PKA) activity and provide a unique system in which to study the relative importance of this enzyme in β2-AR desensitization. Although both WT and kin− S49 cells display similar kinetics of cAMP accumulation and agonist-induced cell-surface β2-AR loss, we found that these cell types exhibited very different extents of desensitization of forskolin binding following agonist treatment. Specifically, 10 μM isoproterenol (37°C, 30 min) induced the loss of 70% of [3H]forskolin binding sites in WT cells but only 30% in kin− cells. This loss of sites in WT cells displayed a t1/2 of ≈7 min, was agonist concentration-dependent (EC50≈ 60 nM), was not mimicked by 8-Br-cAMP, and could be blocked by the PKA inhibitor, H89. The difference between WT and kin− cells in agonist-induced desensitization of the β2-AR pathway was also noted in studies of cAMP accumulation in cells. In addition, preincubation of intact cells with isoproterenol did not inhibit guanine nucleotide-dependent [3H]forskolin binding in permeabilized cells. Overall, data obtained from [3H]forskolin binding assays demonstrate the involvement of PKA in the agonist-dependent uncoupling of β2-AR and Gs; thus we conclude that PKA plays an important role in the homologous desensitization of the β2-AR-Gs-adenylyl cyclase pathway in intact cells.
Routes to Scholarly Success in Public Administration: Is There a Right Path?

The Successful Scholars Project examined the determinants of successful public administration scholars. We surveyed the top 89 public administration scholars alive today (nominated by leaders of five national organizations) and asked them to rank a set of characteristics and behaviors that may have helped them achieve their success. We then analyzed the curricula vitae of 63 of the scholars. This article reports our study's findings and the recommendations of our successful scholars. Scholars heralded good methodological training and quality mentoring as significant. For research, choosing important, cutting-edge issues to write about, not following fads, being oneself, and publishing quality works were touted as important. Presenting research at national conferences also was highly recommended (while chairing committees and serving as discussants were not). Most scholars recommended steering away from administrative positions and university politics. We conclude with lessons for budding public administration scholars as well as lessons for designing public administration doctoral programs.