cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor Factory Control and Optimization

The sections in this article are 1 Control in Breadth 2 Generic Model of the Elements of a Controller 3 Control in Depth 4 Change Management 5 Statistical Process Control 6 Run-to-Run Model-Based Process Control 7 Equipment Signal Monitoring, Real-Time Fault Detection and Classification 8 Sensors 9 In Situ Particle Monitors 10 In-Line Defect Monitoring and Contamination Control 11 Wafer Position Tracking 12 Data Mining and Data Warehousing 13 Parametric and Yield Outlier Control 14 Wafer Level Reliability Control 15 Multivariate SPC, Especially for Equipment Signal Monitoring 16 Acknowledgments
An introduction to the joint principles for data citation

EDITOR'S SUMMARY While the conventions of bibliographic citation have been long established, the sole focus is on reference to other scholarly works. Access to the data serving as the basis for scholarly work has been limited. Data citation extends important access to material that has been largely unavailable for sharing, verification and reuse. The Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles, finalized in February 2014, is a formal statement pulling together practices used in the research and publishing arenas and in common use. The declaration encompasses eight principles that stress the importance and legitimacy of data, the need to give scholarly credit to contributors and the importance of data as evidence. Cited data should have unique and persistent identifiers, and the citation should facilitate human and machine access and support verification and interoperability. The principles are expected to have broad impact on research, recognition and scholarly publishing.
Interactions between NK cells and B lymphocytes.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on interactions between natural killer (NK) Cells and B Lymphocytes. Through studies of the extent of NK cell participation during the early phases of infection by a number of organisms, NK cells have long been well established as being an important element of innate immunity that can boost immune resistance before the development of specific immunity. They are also important in shaping the nature of the B- and T-cell responses. Natural killer cells constitute one of the key components of the innate immune system in that they can be rapidly activated without the need for expansion of antigen-specific clones. B lymphocytes, by contrast, are important constituents of the specific immune system because of the presence of clonally distributed antigen receptors and the persistence of the progeny of specific clones that can continue to produce the relevant antibodies. The most direct way of demonstrating that NK and B cells can interact is to isolate purified populations of each cell type, coculture them, and determine the effect of these interactions on parameters of cellular activation, such as induction of activation markers, proliferation, cytokine production, and in the case of B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin secretion, and isotype switching.
African-American Pioneers in Anthropology

African-American Pioneers in Anthropology. Ira E. Harrison and Faye V. Harrison. eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. 296 pp.
Branched-chain amino acid interactions with reference to amino acid requirements in adult men: leucine metabolism at different valine and isoleucine intakes

Recent estimates of the leucine requirement of adult men based on 13C-tracer studies are substantially higher than those proposed by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985). To explore whether leucine oxidation and requirements are affected by the dietary amount of valine. 11 healthy young adult men received, in random order, for 5 d, one of four L-amino acid diets providing 40 or 15 mg leucine.kg-1.d-1 together with variable amounts mg.kg-1.d-1 of valine and isoleucine in the following combinations (Val:Ile): 80:62 and 20:62 (six subjects; phase 1); 20:62 and 20:20 (five subjects, phase 2). On the morning of day 6, a continuous intravenous infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine was given for 7-8 h; the subject was in the fasting state for the initial 2.5 or 3 h and in the fed state for the remainder of the time. Also, [2H3]leucine was added to the diet. Leucine oxidation was similar for all diet groups in the fasted state. During the fed state, leucine oxidation was not affected by the Val:Ile pattern. Thus, changes in the pattern of branched-chain amino acid intake within a physiological range do not affect isotopically derived estimates of the leucine requirement.
Ice Crystallization in Ice Cream Manufacturing by Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Population Balance Method

Freezing is the single most influential step of ice cream manufacturing. During freezing, multiphase flow, ice crystal nucleation and growth, phase change, and viscous shearing all play roles in ice cream crystallization. In this work, ice crystallization of a sucrose solution is investigated using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and population balance method. The dynamic freezing process that takes place in a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) is simulated using a sucrose solution as a model material. Ice crystal nucleation and growth kinetics are described by population balance equations. Effects of multiphase, phase change, and shearing from scraping in a continuous freezer on ice cream formation are investigated, and the fluid flow, temperature distribution and ice crystal size are predicted. The method predicts trends similar to experimental observations, and provides insight into how processing conditions affect ice cream manufacturing.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Chaotic Results for a Triangular Map of the Square

(2000). Chaotic Results for a Triangular Map of the Square. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 13-20.
Modulation of vitamin D receptor and estrogen receptor by 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 in T-47D human breast cancer cells.

Abstract 1,25(OH) 2 -Vitamin D 3 inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation through interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Regulation of VDR is under the influence of several factors which include the functional ligand for this receptor (1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 ) as well as heterologous steroid hormones. We evaluated the nature of homologous regulation in T-47D human breast cancer cells with a radiolabelled ligand binding assay and a ribonuclease protection assay for VDR. Significant VDR up-regulation, as measured by hormone binding assays, occurred with pre-incubations with 10 −9 M through 10 −6 M 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 ( P −8 M 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 occurred at 4 h treatment and was not associated with an increase in VDR mRNA expression on ribonuclease protection assay. This supports the hypothesis that up-regulation of VDR is probably the result of ligand-induced stabilization of pre-existing receptor. All- trans -retinoic acid, the progesterone analog R-5020, and prednisone were found to induce heterologous up-regulation of the VDR. We then determined with ligand binding assays whether 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 could influence receptor levels for another hormone in a manner analogous to the heterologous regulation of VDR. Regulation of estrogen receptor (ER) by 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 was studied in T-47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Incubation of T-47D cells, which are ER (+), with 10 −8 M 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 did not result in up-regulation of ER. Yet estrogen binding was significantly up-regulated in a cell line that is ER (−), MDA-MB-231. The increased estrogen binding was associated with a shift in binding affinity and ribonuclease protection assay showed absence of ER mRNA in these cells, suggesting an up-regulation of estrogen binding proteins and not of the ER itself.
Homocysteine-induced convulsions in the rat: protection by homoserine, serine, betaine, glycine and glucose.

Intraperitoneal injection into rats of 5.5 mM/kg ofdl-homocysteine (free base) ordl-homocysteine thiolactone · HCl resulted in violent convulsions (approx. 50%) and some fatalities (approx. 15%), following a short, initial period of depressant activity. Metabolically related metabolites (viz. methionine, serine, homoserine, cysteine and homocystine) showed no convulsant activity and virtually no lethal effects at doses as high as 7.4 mM/kg. At 7.4 mM/kg, homocysteine and its lactone resulted in 95% convulsions and 90% fatalities. These obervations point to a structural factor for convulsant activity indl-homocysteine not found in the related methionine metabolites tested. The half-maximal convulsant dose (CD50) was 750 (698–806) mg/kg and the half-maximal lethal dose (LD50) was 840 (794–889) mg/kg, both values having Litchfield-Wilcoxon confidence limits of 19/20. Prior intraperitineal injection of large doses (14.8 mM/kg) of homoserine, serine, betaine, glycine and glucose protected against convulsions and death induced by the CD50 dose (i.e. 750 mg/kg) ofdl-homocysteine. Our findings indicate that, of all the major metabolites of methionine tested, homocysteine would seem to be the only one which is epileptogenic and the most toxic (to the point of lethality).
Morphological differences between, and reproductive isolation of, two populations of the jellyfish Cyanea in Long Island Sound, USA

Two populations of Cyanea, one in the Niantic River estuary and the other in the adjacent Niantic Bay portion of Long Island Sound, were studied for more than a decade. The estuary and the bay are connected by a narrow channel: this and hydrographic features constrain transport between them. Specimens from each site exhibit morphological and seasonal differences comparable to those which distinguish C. capillata from C. lamarckii in European waters. Reproducing River medusae never co-occurred with reproducing Bay medusae. Estuarine jellyfish are sometimes found in the Bay, but reproducing individuals have not been seen there. Reproductively mature Bay jellyfish occasionally appear in the River, but benthic samples show that they do not deposit planulae at this site and thus do not contribute to the next generation of medusae in the River. Such differences suggest an absence of gene flow between these two populations, indicating that the River medusae and Bay medusae might be separate species.
Functional morphology of the forelimb of tupaiids (Mammalia, Scandentia) and its phylogenetic implications.

In this study, the forelimb of 12 species of tupaiids was analyzed functionally and compared to that of other archontan mammals. Several differences that relate to differential substrate use were found in the forelimb morphology of tupaiids. These differences included shape of the scapula, length and orientation of the coracoid process, size of the lesser tuberosity, shape of the capitulum, length of the olecranon process, and shape of the radial head and central fossa. The forelimb of the arboreal Ptilocercus lowii, the only ptilocercine, is better adapted for arboreal locomotion, while that of tupaiines is better adapted for terrestrial (or scansorial) locomotion. While the forelimb of the arboreal Ptilocercus appears to be habitually flexed and exhibits more mobility in its joints, a necessity for movement on uneven, discontinuous arboreal supports, all tupaiines are characterized by more extended forelimbs and less mobility in their joints. These restricted joints limit movements more to the parasagittal plane, which increases the efficiency of locomotion on a more even and continuous surface like the ground. Even the most arboreal tupaiines remain similar to their terrestrial relatives in their forelimb morphology, which probably reflects the terrestrial ancestry of Tupaiinae (but not Tupaiidae). The forelimb of Urogale everetti is unique among tupaiines in that it exhibits adaptations for scratch-digging. Several features of the tupaiid forelimb reflect the arboreal ancestry of Tupaiidae and it is proposed that the ancestral tupaiid was arboreal like Ptilocercus. Also, compared to the forelimb character states of tupaiines, those of Ptilocercus are more similar to those of other archontans and it is proposed that the attributes of the forelimb of Ptilocercus are primitive for the Tupaiidae. Hence, Ptilocercus should be considered in any phylogenetic analysis that includes Scandentia.
Developmental trends in proxemic spacing behavior between surrounding companions and strangers in casual groups

This study examined age differences in the pattern of proxemic behavior observed in casual groups frequenting public environments. Observations were made in the corridors of large shopping malls and along sidewalks of small towns. The relative positions of all walking subjects were inconspicuously recorded in photographs, and interpersonal distances were measured by projecting slides on a calibrated grid. Distances to first, second, and third nearest companions and first, second, and third nearest strangers were computed for subjects in six age classes: preschool children, grade school children, teenagers, young adults, middle adults, and senior adults. All classes showed significant age differences in the distances maintained to companions (p = .00001), but only senior adults differed in their spacing toward strangers, by maintaining significantly closer distances than the other age groups (p < .01). Tests of spatial patterns showed significant aggregations between first, second, and third nearest companions, and essentially random spacing toward first nearest strangers in all age groups. Senior adults showed a significant tendency to aggregate with their second and third nearest surrounding strangers. These results are discussed in the light of oer research and in the context of the ecology and development of proxemic behavior.
The relationship of Clark L. Hull's hypnosis research to his later learning theory: the continuity of his life's work.

What has been missing in previous historical accounts of Clark L. Hull is a view of his life's work as an integrated whole. This paper contributes to that end by relating his hypnosis research and theory during the years 1921 to 1933 to the developing behavioral orientation of his learning theory. In addition, this paper relates his work historically and conceptually to the theory of idemotor action endorsed by William James and a number of other nineteenth-century psychologists, and transmitted by Hull into the stimulus-response terminology of the 1930s.
Lived experiences, values, and behavior of effective nurse faculty

This study explored the lived experiences of effective female nurse faculty. The study was guided by a feminist framework. A field study was the specific qualitative approach employed. The research addressed the question: What are the lived experiences of effective female nurse faculty? In addition, four subquestions related to the conceptual framework were explored. The sample was composed of 11 women from National League for Nursing-accredited baccalaureate and higher-degree nursing programs in Virginia who were identified by their peers as being effective in the nurse faculty role. Data were collected through use of unstructured interviews, passive participant observations, and document review. The study yielded themes related to values and effective teaching behaviors. Conclusions of the study were: (1) the feminist framework developed for the study was generally helpful for understanding the women studied; (2) effective female nurse faculty are a work in progress; (3) because they value hard work, caring, interaction, a sense of humor, the worth of others, and learning, subjects were able to develop into effective female nurse faculty; and (4) these women maintain their effectiveness by constantly growing and changing as well as by finding a sense of fit between organizational values and personal values.
Detection of distinct glycosylation patterns on human γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 using antibody-lectin sandwich array (ALSA) technology

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase 1 (GGT1) is an N-glycosylated membrane protein that catabolizes extracellular glutathione and other γ-glutamyl-containing substrates. In a variety of disease states, including tumor formation, the enzyme is shed from the surface of the cell and can be detected in serum. The structures of the N-glycans on human GGT1 (hGGT1) have been shown to be tissue-specific. Tumor-specific changes in the glycans have also been observed, suggesting that the N-glycans on hGGT1 would be an important biomarker for detecting tumors and monitoring their progression during treatment. However, the large quantities of purified protein required to fully characterize the carbohydrate content poses a significant challenge for biomarker development. Herein, we investigated a new antibody-lectin sandwich array (ALSA) platform to determine whether this microanalytical technique could be applied to the characterization of N-glycan content of hGGT1 in complex biological samples. Our data show that hGGT1 can be isolated from detergent extracted membrane proteins by binding to the ALSA platform. Probing hGGT1 with lectins enables characterization of the N-glycans. We probed hGGT1 from normal human liver tissue, normal human kidney tissue, and hGGT1 expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The lectin binding patterns obtained with the ALSA platform are consistent with the hGGT1 N-glycan composition obtained from previous large-scale hGGT1 N-glycan characterizations from these sources. We also validate the implementation of the Microcystis aeruginosa lectin, microvirin, in this platform and provide refined evidence for its efficacy in specifically recognizing high-mannose-type N-glycans, a class of carbohydrate modification that is distinctive of hGGT1 expressed by many tumors. Using this microanalytical approach, we provide proof-of-concept for the implementation of ALSA in conducting high-throughput studies aimed at investigating disease-related changes in the glycosylation patterns on hGGT1 with the goal of enhancing clinical diagnoses and targeted treatment regimens.
Isolation of cloned DNA sequences containing ribosomal protein genes from saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Yeast mRNA enriched for ribosomal protein mRNA was obtained by isolating poly(A) + small mRNA from small polysomes. A comparison of cell-free translation of this small mRNA and total mRNA, and electrophoresis of the products on two-dimensional gels which resolve most yeast ribosomal proteins, demonstrated that a 5–10 fold enrichment for ribosomal protein mRNA was obtained. One hundred different recombinant DNA molecules possibly containing ribosomal protein genes were selected by differential colony hybridization of this enriched mRNA and unfractionated mRNA to a bank of yeast pMB9 hybrid plasmids. After screening twenty-five of these candidates, five different clones were found which contain yeast ribosomal protein gene sequences. The yeast mRNAs complementary to these five plasmids code for 35 S-methionine-labeled polypeptides which co-migrate on two-dimensional gels with yeast ribosomal proteins. Consistent with previous studies on ribosomal protein mRNAs, the amounts of mRNA complementary to three of these cloned genes are controlled by the RNA2 locus. Although two of the five clones contain more than one yeast gene, none contain more than one identifiable ribosomal protein gene. Thus there is no evidence for "tight" linkage of yeast ribosomal protein genes. Two of the cloned ribosomal protein genes are single-copy genes, whereas two other cloned sequences contain two different copies of the same ribosomal protein gene. The fifth plasmid contains sequences which are repeated in the yeast genome, but it is not known whether any or all of the ribosomal protein gene on this clone contains repetitive DNA.
Contribution of craniofacial risk factors in increasing apneic activity among obese and nonobese habitual snorers.

Study objective To determine the role of craniofacial risk factors in increasing apneic activity between nonobese and obese habitual snorers. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Care-seeking volunteers identified through advertisements, and referral-based volunteers from two sleep centers serving the greater Cleveland area. Patients The study included 142 habitual snorers (mean±SD, 45.5±10.6 years, 68% men; 20% African-Americans) Measurements and results Apneic activity was determined using unattended home sleep monitoring to assess the respiratory disturbance index (RDI). Independent variables included body mass index, cranial index, facial index, and 13 anatomic variables (lateral and frontal cephalometric radiographs were used to characterize craniofacial hard and soft tissues). A linear regression model explained approximately 54% and 53% of the variation in RDI (log transformed) scores for the nonobese and obese groups, respectively. The largest predictor of RDI in the nonobese group was tongue length, followed by alignment of the middle cranial fossa, and age. In the obese group, the largest predictor of RDI was hyoid to mandibular plane, followed by tongue length. Conclusions Measurements of soft tissues of the oropharynx (especially the tongue) are more closely associated with increased apneic activity. In addition, the hard tissue anatomic limits of the oropharynx may place nonobese individuals in the at-risk group. Therefore, anatomic relationships that are temporally stable may be useful to predict apneic activity in later years.
Quantitative Assessment of Early and Discontinuous Estradiol-Induced Effects on Ventromedial Hypothalamic and Preoptic Area Proteins in Female Rat Brain

In this study, changes in individual proteins in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN) and the preoptic area (POA) of the female rat brain were quantitatively assessed following either a short treatment
Capillary Column Gas Chromatography of Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

The methodologies are described for isolating clean fractions of polycyclic aromatic compounds from diverse environmental samples such as air particulate matter, sediments, and fish tissue. The common step in all procedures is the separation of the polycyclic aromatic compound fraction into well-defined chemical classes by adsorption chromatography on an alumina column. These procedures greatly facilitate the detailed characterization of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur heterocycles, and nitrogen heterocycles by capillary column gas chromatography.
Gastric accommodation in non-ulcer dyspepsia and the roles of Helicobacter pylori infection and vagal function.

Background—The pathophysiological mechanisms in non-ulcer dyspepsia are incompletely understood. Aims—To compare gastric motor and sensory functions in Helicobacter pylori positive or negative patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Patients—Seventeen patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and 16 asymptomatic controls. Methods—The following were evaluated: gastrointestinal symptoms; gastric emptying and orocaecal transit of solids; abdominal vagal function; gastric compliance; fasting and postprandial gastric tone and phasic contractions; symptoms during ingestion of cold water and during the distension of an intragastric bag; and somatic sensitivity and personality profile (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI). Results—Gastric accommodation was reduced in H pylori negative dyspeptics relative to controls; the degree of accommodation was unrelated to H pylori status in dyspeptics. Increased postprandial gastric sensation was more frequent among H pylori positive patients (4/5 H pylori positive versus 4/12 H pylori negative patients). Intragastric meal distribution and orocaecal transit were normal; gastric emptying at four hours was abnormal in 4/17 patients. Vagal dysfunction was rare. Eight of 17 patients had somatisation or depression on MMPI. Conclusion—Impaired gastric accommodation is frequent in non-ulcer dyspepsia and seems to be unrelated to vagal efferent dysfunction. H pylori infection does not seem to influence gastric accommodation, but is associated with heightened sensitivity in dyspeptics. Therapeutic approaches that restore normal postprandial accommodation and gastric sensitivity should be tested in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Keywords: non-ulcer dyspepsia; Helicobacter pylori; vagal function
Excess body weight and four‐year function outcomes: Comparison of African Americans and whites in a prospective study of osteoarthritis

Objective We evaluated whether African Americans in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) have a greater risk (versus whites) of poor 4-year function outcome within strata defined by sex, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Methods Using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function, 20-meter walk, and chair stand performance, poor outcome was defined as moving into a worse function group or remaining in the 2 worst groups over 4 years. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between racial group and outcome within each stratum, adjusting for age, education, and income, and then further adjusting for BMI, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, physical activity, knee pain, and osteoarthritis (OA) severity. Results In 3,695 persons with or at higher risk for knee OA, higher BMI and large waist circumference were each associated with poor outcome. Among women with high BMI and among women with large waist circumference, African Americans were at greater risk for poor outcome by every measure, adjusting for age, education, and income. From fully adjusted models, potential explanatory factors included income, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, pain, and disease severity. Findings were less consistent for men, emerging only for the 20-meter walk or chair stand outcomes, and potentially explained by age and knee pain. Conclusion Among OAI women with excess body weight, African Americans are at greater risk than whites for poor 4-year outcome. Modifiable factors that may help to explain these findings in the OAI include comorbidity, depressive symptoms, and knee pain. Targeting such factors, while supporting weight loss, may help to lessen the outcome disparity between African American and white women.
Localization of immunogenic domainson the rabies virus glycoprotein

Resume Induire une reponse immunitaire a des virus rabiques est la fonction primordialed'un vaccin antirabique, qu'il s'agisse d'un traitement preventif chez les animaux et les humains ou d'un traitement en post-exposition pour l'homme. Le pic de surface de la glycoproteine des virus rabiques, principal responsable de cette induction, a ete etudie dans le but de definir les regions responsables de cette activite immunogenique et antigenique sur la molecule. Il a ete mis en evidence que la region N-terminale de la glycoproteine est capable de stimuler l'activite des lymphocytes T vis-a-vis du virus rabique, in vitro . Tandis que des peptides synthetiques etaient utilises dans le but de stimuler la multiplication des lymphocytes T in vitro , seules certaines sequences derivees de la region N-terminale de la glycoproteine se montraient actives. Ainsi la presence d'un determinant essentiel des lymphocytes T a pu etre miseen evidence au niveau de l'extremite C-terminale de 44 fractions situees dans la region N-terminale de la molecule. Des acides amines, capables d'agir soit en tant que fractions de contact au niveau des epitopes (sites permettant la reaction virus-anticorps neutralisant) sur la glycoproteine, soit en provoquant des changements conformationnels, ont ete identifies chez des virus dont la partie antigenique de la glycoproteine est alteree. La region active du site antigenique III a tout particulierement ete etudiee.Ainsi des substitutions provoquant des charges locales et des changements conformationnels seront decrites en tant que variants antigeniques permettant de tracer le site antigenique III.
High strain rate constitutive modeling of pure titanium using the taylor impact test

High strain rate mechanical properties of this material are required for the structural design of ship components for advanced naval applications. Taylor cylinder specimens were machined from pure titanium plate stock proposed for use in ship building. Since the specimens were machined from plate stock, it was assumed that the processing of the plate induced anisotropic behavior. To assure that all the effects would be captured by the tests, specimens were machined in the rolling direction, transverse direction, and 45° to the rolling direction in the plane of the plate. Indeed, distinct differences were observed in the rolling and transverse directions. Specimens in the 45° direction also showed the unsymmetrical deformation field that is associated with anisotropy. There was modest anisotropy in the thickness direction. However, the analysis of the data from the tests required corrections to accommodate this effect.Data from these tests can be reduced using two distinct methods; a one-dimensional theory and a finite element analysis with a conventional constitutive model adjusting the free parameters until the specimen geometry is matched. While the second method usually produces excellent results, we will employ a one-dimensional analysis that was proposed several years ago by one of the authors in this paper. In order to effectively apply such a theory, very low scale specimens, in this case 0.164-inch diameter, are required. The use of such low diameter specimens demands accurate measurement of the specimen profile. The recovered specimens were measured with a laser micrometer and the results were used to find estimates of quasi-static compressive stress and compressive stress at strain rates exceeding 104/sec.Some scatter in the data from these tests was observed. This was mostly due to some variations in the initial specimen diameter. Pure titanium presents a machining challenge for conventional equipment, when a tolerance of a thousandth of an inch is required. The scatter in Taylor cylinder data can be mitigated by conducting a large number of tests. However, in this case, many of the specimens that did not meet the criteria for success were discarded. Nevertheless, the results are very convincing.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Analysis of temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics for CIGSSe and CZTSSe thin film solar cells from nanocrystal inks

Thin film solar cells with CIGSSe and CZTSSe absorber layers fabricated from nanocrystal inks represent economically scalable technologies for alternative sources of energy. Although these two materials share similar properties important to functioning as a photovoltaic absorber, lab scale CIGSSe devices have achieved power conversion efficiencies 1.5 to 2 times higher than their CZTSSe counterparts. In the current work, CIGSSe and CZTSSe devices similarly processed from nanocrystal inks and exhibiting efficiencies of 14.2% and 9.2%, respectively, are characterized by temperature-dependent current-voltage (IVT) analysis to reveal limitations to CZTSSe device performance compared to CIGSSe.
Effect of Co- and Counterswirl on Noise from Swirling Flows and Flames

Overall and spectral sound pressure levels radiating from swirling flows and flames were measured and correlated with simultaneous plenum pressure fluctuations measurements. Single swirler and co- and counter-rotating double swirlers were used. Generic radial-entry swirlers with straight vanes and a convergent-divergent nozzle were employed. At the same Reynolds number and Mach number, precessing-vortex-core frequency, spectral amplitude at that precessing-vortex-core frequency, and overall sound pressure levels for flows were the highest for the single swirler, followed by the co- and counter-rotating double swirlers. Rates of increase in precessing-vortex-core frequency and overall sound pressure levels with Reynolds number and Mach number were also in the same order. Sound spectra for single and corotating double swirlers contained precessing-vortex-core-related strong tonal components. However, for counter-rotating double-swirler flows, amplitude of the tonal component was reduced considerably. Double-swirler configurations exhibited dual precessing-vortex-core frequencies. The addition of a second swirler slowed down precessing-vortex-core and reduced its upstream transmission to the plenum and the transmission of plenum modes to the sound field. The counter-rotation configuration was more effective in slowing down the precessing vortex core and acting as a transmission barrier than the corotation configuration. Compared to flow, partially premixed flame,Φ=1.15, produced 5-10 dB higher overall sound pressure levels. However, the flame had a lower Mach number exponent than the flow. Flames inhibited the transmission of high-frequency tones across them. At the sameΦand Reynolds number, the corotating flame was the least noisy and the counter-rotating flame was the noisiest. Premixed flames withΦ= 0.98 were compared with the flows by keeping an identical pressure differential across the premixer. The counter-rotating double swirlers produced higher overall sound pressure levels than the corotating double swirlers, which generated more overall sound pressure levels than the single swirler.
33S NMR shieldings and chemical bonding in compounds of sulfur

Sulfur nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shieldings have been determined at the correlation-including density functional theory scaled B3LYP/6-311+G(nd,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and modified MP2/6-311+G(nd,p) estimated infinite order Moller-Plesset levels with n = 2 for sulfur. The calculations span the range of sulfur shieldings and show agreement with experiment of about 3% of the shielding range. The atoms-in-molecules delocalization index and a covalent bond order from specific localized orbitals in the DFT approach are used to characterize sulfur's bonding and to relate it, where possible, to the calculated shieldings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:216–224, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20000
Purification and characterization of a soluble DNA-dependent chloroplast RNA polymerase from Pisum sativum

Abstract A chloroplast DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been purified 43 000-fold from pea leaves. The purification procedure includes: 100 000× g centrifugation, DE-52 ion-exchange chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephacryl-300 gel filtration and two FPLC Mono-Q columns. The native molecular mass of the purified enzyme is ≈620 000 based on gel filtration chromatography, and 669 000 based on non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme is separated into ten polypeptides of 120, 110, 95, 84, 81, 75, 54, 51, 42, and 35 kDa during SDS-PAGE. The enzyme is completely dependent on an exogenous DNA template for activity. The 110 kDa polypeptide binds nucleoside triphosphates. The 42 kDa polypeptide cross-reacts with antiserum raised to the plastid encoded rpoA gene product. The K m value is 0.1 mM for GTP and the V max is 200 pmol/min per mg. The optimum conditions for maximum enzyme activity are 2 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl 2 (or MnCl 2 ), 40°C, and pH 7.9. Enzyme activity is inhibited by added (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , tagetitoxin and heparin. The purified soluble RNA polymerase selectively initiates transcription from chloroplast mRNA promoters of higher plant and the Euglena chloroplast tRNA Phe promoter.
FTIR electronic spectra of Fe2P2S6 and Co2P2S2: Trigonal field splitting and lithium intercalation effects

The FTIR electronic absorption spectra of single crystals of Fe,P,S,, Co,P,S, and their lithium intercalation compounds have been obtained. The spectrum of Fe, P2 S, exhibits a broad, weak absorption feature at 1885 cm-' and a second, stronger band at 8870 cm-'. These are assigned to transitions between the 'EC (ground state) and the 5A,, and 5E, trigonal crystal-field components of the Fez+ free-ion 5D ground term. The broad absorption bands in the spectrum of Co,P,S, are assigned to the transitions between the "A, (ground state) and the 4E, (1224 cm-') and 4A,, (7124 LXX-') trigonal crystal-field components of the Co2+ free-ion 4Fground term. A point-charge crystal-field model was used to relate the crystal-field splitting parameters (Dq and Cp) to the trigonal lattice distortion. Lithium intercalation completely suppresses the trigonal field transition in Co,P,S, and causes a dramatic shift of the absorption edge to lower frequencies. However, lithium intercalation has little effect upon the spectrum of Fe,P,S,.
Linking Physiological Responses, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Hyperspectral Imagery to Detect Salinity Stress Using the Physiological Reflectance Index in the Coastal Shrub, Myrica cerifera

Abstract Measurements of physiology, chlorophyll fluorescence and hyperspectral reflectance were used to detect salinity stress in the evergreen coastal shrub, Myrica cerifera on Hog Island, Virginia. Two experimental sites were used in our study, the oceanside of a M. cerifera thicket, which is exposed to sea spray, and the protected, leeside of the thicket. Using the physiological reflectance index (PRI), we were able to detect stress at both the canopy and landscape level. Monthly variations in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and relative water content indicated a strong summer drought response that was not apparent in chlorophyll fluorescence or in the water band index (WBI) derived from canopy and airborne reflectance measurements. In contrast, there were significant differences in both physiological measurements and tissue chlorides between the two sites used in the study, indicating salinity stress. This was reflected in measurements of PRI. There was a positive relationship between PRI measured at the canopy-level and light-adapted fluorescence (ΔF/F′m; r2 = 0.69). PRI was significantly lower on the oceanside of the Myrica cerifera thicket. PRI was not significantly related to NDVI (r2 = 0.01) at the canopy-level and only weakly related (r2 = 0.04) at the landscape-level, suggesting that the indices are independent. The chlorophyll index (CI) did not show any significant changes between the two sites. Frequency histograms of pixels sampled from airborne hyperspectral imagery revealed that the distribution of PRI was shifted to the right on the backside of the thicket relative to the oceanside and there was a significant difference between sites. These results suggest that PRI may be used for early identification of salt-stress and to identify areas across the landscape where community structure may change due to sea-level rise.
A Comparison of Polysaccharides of Hypnea musciformis and Chondrus crispus

A REVIEW of the literature gives some evidence which indicates that the polysaccharides of Hypnea species and Chondrus crispus (carrageenin) are identical. Clingman's study of H. specifera1 showed these polysaccharides to contain D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose, the same basic components found on analysis of Chondrus extracts2. Hypnea extractives have a potassium-sensitive fraction (termed the ϰ-fraction3), as does Chondrus3, which are degraded by a cell-free bacterial preparation from Pseudomonas carrageenovora. This preparation is reported to be specific not just for carrageenin but for its ϰ-fraction4.
THE ROLE OF AROMATIC AND ACIDIC AMINO ACIDS IN THE ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTION CATALYZED BY SPINACH FERREDOXIN-DEPENDENT GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE

Treatment of the ferredoxin-dependent, spinach glutamate synthase with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) modifies 2 mol of tryptophan residues per mol of enzyme, without detectable modification of other amino acids, and inhibits enzyme activity by 85% with either reduced ferredoxin or reduced methyl viologen serving as the source of electrons. The inhibition of ferredoxin-dependent activity resulting from NBS treatment arises entirely from a decrease in the turnover number. Complex formation of glutamate synthase with ferredoxin prevented both the modification of tryptophan residues by NBS and inhibition of the enzyme. NBS treatment had no effect on the secondary structure of the enzyme, did not affect the Kms for 2-oxoglutarate and glutamine, did not affect the midpoint potentials of the enzyme's prosthetic groups and did not decrease the ability of the enzyme to bind ferredoxin. It thus appears that the ferredoxin-binding site(s) of glutamate synthase contains at least one, and possibly two, tryptophans. Replacement of either phenylalanine at position 65, in the ferredoxin from the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120, with a non-aromatic amino acid, or replacement of the glutamate at ferredoxin position 94, decreased the turnover number compared to that observed with wild-type Anabaena ferredoxin. The effect of the change at position 65 was quite modest compared to that at position 94, suggesting that an aromatic amino acid is not absolutely essential at position 65, but that glutamate 94 is essential for optimal electron transfer.
Comparison of methyltrienolone and dihydrotestosterone binding and metabolism in human genital skin fibroblasts

Abstract We compared the characteristics of the specific binding to the androgen receptor and the metabolism of methyltrienolone (R1881) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. Both R1881 and DHT bound to the intracellular androgen receptor with high affinity and low capacity, with maximum binding achieved by 20 min at 37°C. From 12 Scatchard analyses of whole cell binding in six different newborn foreskin fibroblast strains, the maximum binding capacity ( B max ) expressed as mol × 10 −18 /μg DNA for R1881 was 758 ± 50 (SEM) and for DHT was 627 ± 103 (SEM) while the binding affinity ( K d ) expressed as 10 −9 M for R1881 was 0.56 ± 0.06 (SEM) and for DHT was 0.72 ± 0.11 (SEM). Neither steroid was specificially bound within genital skin fibroblasts of patients with receptor (−), androgen insensitivity. From competition studies, the relative binding affinity of R1881 was 1.5–2.0 fold higher than for DHT. However, the dissociation rate of R1881 ( t 1 = 68 h) from the androgen receptor was nearly twice as fast as for DHT ( t 1 ) = 111 h). The macromolecular steroid complex with R1881 or DHT sedimented similarly at approximately 3S in linear sucrose density gradients. Nuclear bound steroid represented about half of the total cellular androgen binding with one-third of the nuclear steroid resistant to extraction by 0.5 M KCl and sonication. R1881 was not metabolized by foreskin fibroblasts nor did it alter the rate of testosterone and DHT transformation. R1881 was not appreciably bound ( 90% of the testosterone or DHT present over the same steroid concentration range. In summary, R1881 binds to the androgen receptor of genital skin fibroblasts with high affinity and specificity, but exhibits some molecular properties which differ from endogenous androgens.
Shear flow over a rotating plate

A shear flow interacts with a rotating boundary. The three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations reduce to a set of ninth order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equations which are partially decoupled. Universal similarity velocity profiles are found by numerical integration. If the shear is high enough, reverse flow occurs and the mean drag may be negative. The solution is a rare exact similarity solution of the Navier-Stokes equations.
The impact of injury severity and transfer status on reimbursement for care of femur fractures

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the impact of injury severity, patient origin, and payer on charges and payments associated with treatment of femoral fractures at a Level I trauma center. We hypothesized that transfer patients and patients with minor injury would be underinsured, whereas reimbursement rate would be higher for patients with severe injury. METHODS: Medical and financial records of 420 adult patients treated for femoral fractures at a public, urban Level I trauma center were reviewed. Facility and professional charges and payments were determined. Reimbursement rate was defined as the ratio of payment to charge. Payer groups included Medicare, Medicaid, commercial, managed care, workers' compensation, and self-pay. Severe injury was defined by Injury Severity Score of 18 or higher. RESULTS: Patients with Injury Severity Score of less than 18 were more often uninsured compared with the severe injury group (25% vs. 14%, p = 0.005). Patients with severe injury had higher facility (0.47 vs. 0.39, p = 0.005) and total reimbursement rates (0.41 vs. 0.34, p = 0.002) compared with patients with minor injury. Likewise, transfer patients trended toward higher overall reimbursement rate compared with nontransfer patients (0.42 vs. 0.37, p = 0.056). Patients with severe injury were more likely to have commercial insurance (28 vs. 20%, p = 0.06), and transferred patients were more likely to have insurance (88% vs. 79%, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: The higher proportion of self-pay in the nontransfer group may be caused by the large population of uninsured patients in the area surrounding our trauma center. Favorable payer mix and higher facility reimbursement rate for patients with severe injury may be an incentive for trauma centers to continue providing care for patients with multiple injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III. Economic analysis, level IV. Language: en
Planting the seeds … Tending the Garden … Cultivating the Student: Early Childhood Preservice Teachers as Literacy Researchers Exploring Beliefs about Struggling Readers and Diversity

This articles describes a qualitative research project investigating the effects of participation by preservice teachers in a literacy tutorial early intervention program that was based on a constructivist model utilizing self-reflection and inquiry. Seven recurring themes emerged from the data analysis providing little evidence of growth in culturally responsive teaching. The tutors, however, did learn valuable lessons about effective teaching of struggling readers in culturally diverse settings.
Changes in gene expression associated with aging commonly originate during juvenile growth

In mammals, proliferation is rapid in many tissues during early postnatal life, causing rapid somatic growth. This robust proliferation is then suppressed as the animal approaches adult size, bringing many tissues to a quiescent state where proliferation occurs only as needed to replace dying cells. Recent evidence suggests that the mechanism responsible for this decline in proliferation involves a multi-organ genetic program. We hypothesized that this genetic program continues to progress into later adult life, eventually suppressing proliferation to levels below those needed for tissue renewal, thus contributing to aging. We therefore used expression microarray to compare the temporal changes in gene expression that occur in adult mouse organs during aging to those occurring as juvenile proliferation slows. We found that many of the changes in gene expression that occur during the aging process originate during the period of juvenile growth deceleration. Bioinformatic analyses of the genes that show persistent decline in expression throughout postnatal life indicated that cell-cycle-related genes are strongly over-represented. Thus, the findings support the hypothesis that the genetic program that slows juvenile growth to limit body size persists into adulthood and thus may eventually hamper tissue maintenance and repair, contributing to the aging process.