cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracardiac left-to-right shunt with pulmonic stenosis.

Abstract 1. 1. The clinical features of ten children with left-to-right intracardiac shunt associated with moderate pulmonic stenosis are reviewed. Six had auricular defects, three ventricular defects, and one an ostium auriculoventriculare commune. 2. 2. The relationship between the degree of stenosis, the right ventricular pressure, and the size of the left-to-right shunt is discussed. 3. 3. The nature of the pulmonic stenosis is discussed. It is suggested that in some instances it is relative to enlargement of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. 4. 4. The surgical implications of the pulmonic stenosis and of the left-to-right shunt are considered.
Circuit demonstrations in a GaAs BiFET technology

Abstract In this paper, wer present several circuits demonstrating the versatility of our GaAs BiFET technology. Among the circuits presented here are a 360 ps access time SRAM, a 2 GHz 2-bit single-chip DRFM, a reduced power laser driver at 1.5 GHz, and an OEIC suitable for 4 Gb/s systems. This technology will have a significant impact on many areas of circuit research such as delta-sigma analog to digital convertors and mixed-mode applications.
An improved methodology for selecting similar working days for measured mile analysis

Abstract Quantifying economic losses on construction projects caused by labor inefficiencies is often a difficult and tedious task. A widely accepted way to quantify such losses is by using the “measured mile” approach. This technique compares the productivity achieved during an unimpacted or minimally impacted time period with productivity realized during an impacted period. The dependability of the periods that are chosen is vital and plays a key role in the determination of merit, liability and quantum. The work performed during the measured mile period should be substantially similar to the work that was affected. As currently practiced though, choosing the periods for measured mile analysis is usually made in a largely subjective manner. The objective of this article is to introduce and illustrate the statistical clustering method as a tool for selecting the similar working periods. This new approach is advocated because it determines similarity of work condition using objective criteria. The method is agile and can be easily applied in practice by project managers or construction consultants. In this paper the factors that affect the similarity of work are identified, and the clustering procedure is developed. An example is also included to show how the method works in practice.
Adaptive design of Petri net controllers for error recovery in automated manufacturing systems

The concept of Petri net controllers is extended to include automatic error recovery and adaptive design. In the Petri net controller considered, a place that represents an operation or a state of a machine is attached to two functions and a constant so that it can represent a system working with both normal states and abnormal states. In addition, it is possible to detect an error with the controller using watchdog timers. Four basic Petri net augmentation methods for error recovery are investigated: input conditioning, alternate path, feedback error recovery, and forward error recovery. The authors demonstrate that when these methods are used to augment the Petri net controller, some important properties of the controller are guaranteed to be preserved. These properties include boundedness or safety, liveness, reversibility and the essentially decision-free property. An example of augmentations for error recovery for a piston insertion cell with two robots is given. >
The Incremental Utility of Behavioral Rating Scales and a Structured Diagnostic Interview in the Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The current study examined the incremental utility of rating scales, a structured diagnostic interview, and multiple informants in a comprehensive assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample included 185 children with ADHD (Mage = 9.22, SD = 0.95) and 82 children without ADHD (Mage = 9.24, SD = 0.88). Logistic regressions were used to examine the incremental contribution of each method within an assessment of ADHD. Results indicated that information collected from a structured diagnostic interview was unable to significantly improve a prediction model including parent and teacher ratings (Block χ2 = 0.91, ρ = .64). Teacher ratings on symptom-based scales resulted in significant model improvement beyond parent ratings alone (Block χ2 = 48.47, ρ < .001). Exploratory analyses indicated that using behavioral rating scales correctly classified all participants by diagnosis. Clinical implications are highlighted, and future research directions are discussed.
Information technology model for evaluating emergency medicine teaching

This paper describes work in progress to develop an Information Technology (IT) model and supporting information system for the evaluation of clinical teaching in the Emergency Medicine (EM) Department of North Shore University Hospital. In the academic hospital setting student physicians, i.e. residents, and faculty function daily in their dual roles as teachers and students respectively, and as health care providers. Databases exist that are used to evaluate both groups in either academic or clinical performance, but rarely has this information been integrated to analyze the relationship between academic performance and the ability to care for patients. The goal of the IT model is to improve the quality of teaching of EM physicians by enabling the development of integrable metrics for faculty and resident evaluation. The IT model will include (1) methods for tracking residents in order to develop experimental databases; (2) methods to integrate lecture evaluation, clinical performance, resident evaluation, and quality assurance databases; and (3) a patient flow system to monitor patient rooms and the waiting area in the Emergency Medicine Department, to record and display status of medical orders, and to collect data for analyses.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Local variations in the micromechanical properties of mouse femur: the involvement of collagen fiber orientation and mineralization

In this study we sought to understand the material level basis for local variations in the uniaxial micromechanical properties of mouse cortical bone. It was hypothesized that the opposing anterior and posterior quadrants will significantly differ in terms of their mechanical function, such that, the anterior portion will be stronger in tension whereas the posterior quadrant will be stronger in compression. Mechanical properties were assessed via microtensile and microcompressive tests of standardized coupon-shaped specimens from femurs of Swiss Webster mice (9 weeks). The mineralization and mineral quality was assessed via Raman spectroscopy and the overall collagen orientation was investigated with quantitative polarized imaging. Micromechanical tests demonstrated that the modulus, yield stress, maximum stress and fracture energy of the posterior quadrant was 66%, 53%, 42% and 31% of anterior quadrant; however, the compressive properties did not differ between the two quadrants. Raman microspectroscopic analysis indicated that the mineral matrix ratio, mineral crystallinity and carbonation did not vary between the quadrants. However, the collagen fibers in the anterior quadrant were significantly (p<0.05) more oriented along the longer axis of the diaphyseal shaft than the collagen fibers of the posterior quadrant. Therefore, we concluded that the orientation of collagen fibers with respect to the anatomical loading axis has a profound effect on the uniaxial mechanical function of murine bone. It will be a matter of further research to reveal the role of local variations in the mode of stress on this material level dichotomy in tissue organization and mechanical function.
Leveling the nipples.

Reduction mammaplasty is one of the most common procedures in plastic surgery.1 Patient satisfaction is correlated with the aesthetic result, which in turn is highly dependent on placement of proper preoperative markings. These markings are critical for the success of the procedure but are subject to various measurement errors. As a result, postoperative nipple asymmetry is common. Aesthetically, a height difference of even a few millimeters is noticeable. Preoperative markings are often placed by the surgeon, in a hurried fashion, when the patient is in the holding area. The new nipple position is a critical mark, commonly placed 18 to 22 cm below the …
Lloyd Interferometer Applied to Flatness Testing

Lloyd's mirror experiment is applied to testing flatness of large surfaces. Because of the grazing incidence, even rough surfaces provide the characteristic interference pattern. In the case of a perfectly flat surface, that pattern consists of narrowly and equally spaced two beam interference fringes. Departures from flatness are reflected in changes of the fringe spacing. Moire techniques are used for visualizing and measuring these changes in the deviation from straightness of the Moire fringes. Qualitative examples are given.
Memory for Intentions Screening Test: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Evidence

As the field of prospective memory (ProM) research has expanded, recognition of the need to make a clinical diagnosis of ProM difficulties has also increased. In addition, there is increasing interest in understanding in more detail the ways in which ProM deficits differ in populations with different underlying neurological dysfunctions. While questionnaires, naturalistic studies and laboratory studies have all been invaluable in furthering our understanding of ProM, until recently there has not been a standardised clinical measure. The Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST) was designed to be a relatively brief clinical measure of ProM in clinical populations. The MIST allows for comparisons of performance with event-based and time-based cues. The MIST also has some items with a short (2-minute) and some with a long (15-minute) delay period. Finally, the MIST contains items that require a verbal response as well as items that require an action response. The MIST has now been used in studies of normal ageing as well as a range of clinical populations, including individuals with traumatic brain injury, individuals with HIV infection and individuals with schizophrenia. The psychometric properties of the MIST have been found to be acceptable. Data from each of the clinical populations that have been administered the MIST demonstrate good specificity and sensitivity of the measure as well as the ability to begin to make comparisons about different patterns of performance between disease types.
Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Determining Tissue Physiology Quantitatively Using Optical Spectroscopy

The accuracy of quantifying optical properties using optical spectroscopy and a Monte Carlo model of light transport was assessed. We show accurate extractions from single and multi-absorber phantoms, independent of probe and instrument.
A real-time single sperm tracking, laser trapping, and ratiometric fluorescent imaging system

Sperm cells from a domestic dog were treated with oxacarbocyanine DiOC2(3), a ratiometrically-encoded membrane potential fluorescent probe in order to monitor the mitochondria stored in an individual sperm's midpiece. This dye normally emits a red fluorescence near 610 nm as well as a green fluorescence near 515 nm. The ratio of red to green fluorescence provides a substantially accurate and precise measurement of sperm midpiece membrane potential. A two-level computer system has been developed to quantify the motility and energetics of sperm using video rate tracking, automated laser trapping (done by the upper-level system) and fluorescent imaging (done by the lower-level system). The communication between these two systems is achieved by a networked gigabit TCP/IP cat5e crossover connection. This allows for the curvilinear velocity (VCL) and ratio of the red to green fluorescent images of individual sperm to be written to the hard drive at video rates. This two-level automatic system has increased experimental throughput over our previous single-level system (Mei et al., 2005) by an order of magnitude.
Simplified analysis method for multistorey base‐isolated structures on viscoelastic halfspace

A simplified procedure for the analysis of single-storey base-isolated structures on a viscoelastic halfspace is extended to multistorey structures. Results of displacements and base shear obtained by this procedure compare favourably to exact results obtained by a computer program that has been developed.
Molecular Mechanisms of Host Cell Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is an obligate intracellular protozoan pathogen. Overlapping mechanisms ensure successful infection, yet the relationship between these cellular events and clinical disease remains obscure. This review explores the process of cell invasion from the perspective of cell surface interactions, intracellular signaling, modulation of the host cytoskeleton and endosomal compartment, and the intracellular innate immune response to infection.
Comparative Grief experiences of bereaved twins and other bereaved relatives

Abstract The nature of grief experienced by bereaved twins and other bereaved individuals was examined with reference to their relatedness to the deceased. Two-hundred and seventy-nine bereaved twins completed the Grief Experience Inventory (GEI) as part of an ongoing study of twin loss. Twins' scores on all GEI scales significantly exceeded those of 102 non-twin individuals who experienced relatively recent bereavement. Organizing this early bereavement group by relationship to the deceased, scores of a subset of recently bereaved twins exceeded those of bereaved children and spouses, and were slightly higher than those of bereaved parents. However, the majority of twins' scores were significantly higher than those of parents in a different group, who had lost sons during military service. GEI scale scores of surviving monozygotic (MZ) twins generally exceeded those of surviving dizygotic (DZ) twins, with differences reached significance on five of nine scales. The implications of genetic and social relatedness between survivor and deceased are examined with respect to theoretical and applied aspects of bereavement research and counseling.
Spatial variation in electronic structure for electrochemically plated hydroxyaniline thin films

Abstract Nanometer-scale spatial variations in the electronic structure of electrochemically plated films of hydroxyaniline were studied using the technique of tunneling spectroscopy. The film was observed to be composed of small, nanometer-sized bundles which exhibited metallic-like conductive features. Many differing intragap density-of-states structures were observed, including direct evidence of a 0.8 eV wide band centered at Ef, attributable to a polaron band.
Disease and colony foundation in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis: The survival advantage of nestmate pairs

To determine the impact of inbreeding and outbreeding on disease resistance and survival during colony foundation, nestmate (NM) and non-nestmate (NON) primary reproductives of the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis were exposed to a single or double dose of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Male and female primary reproductive pairs originating from the same parent colony had higher survivorship than NON pairs in control and conidia-exposure treatments. The survival advantage of NM primary reproductives increased with the intensity of pathogen challenge and was significantly greater in the single- and double-dose treatments than in the controls. Although NM pairs had significantly lower mortality than NON pairs, the survivorship of colonies stabilized as they matured and inbred and outbred colonies did not differ in offspring production. These results demonstrate that colony foundation by NON male and female reproductives may have a disease-related survival cost during this critical phase of their life cycle. There may also be a cost associated with lower offspring heterozygosity, but in the first generation this does not appear to significantly impact colony growth.
Twelve issues for Cognitive Science

I am struck by how little is known about so much of cognition. One goal of this paper is to argue for the need to consider a rich set of interlocking issues in the study of cognition. Mainstream work in cognition—including my own—ignores many critical aspects of animate cognitive systems. Perhaps one reason that existing theories say so little relevant to real world activities is the neglect of social and cultural factors, of emotion, and of the major points that distinguish an animate cognitive system from an artificial one: the need to survive, to regulate its own operation, to maintain itself, to exist in the environment, to change from a small, uneducated, immature system to an adult, developed, knowledgeable one. Human cognition is not the same as artificial cognition, if only because the human organism must also be concerned with the problems of life, of development, of survival. There must be a regulatory system that interacts with the cognitive component. And it may well be that it is the cognitive component that is subservient, evolved primarily for the benefit of the regulatory system, working through the emotions, through affect. I argue that several concepts must become fundamental parts of the study of cognition, including the roles of culture, of social interaction, of emotions, and of motivation. I argue that there are at least 12 issues that should comprise the study of cognition, and thereby, the field of Cognitive Science. We need to study a wide variety of behavior before we can hope to understand a single class. Cognitive scientists as a whole ought to make more use of evidence from the neurosciences, from brain damage and mental illness, from cognitive sociology and anthropology, and from clinical studies of the human. These must be accompanied, of course, with the study of language, of the psychological aspects of human processing structures, and of artificially intelligent mechanisms. The study of Cognitive Science requires a complex interaction among different issues of concern, an interaction that will not be properly understood until all parts are understood, with no part independent of the others, the whole requiring the parts, and the parts the whole.
Zur struktur von mit divinylbenzol vernetzten polystyrol-lonenaustauschern

Es wird ein raumliches Molekulmodell vorgeschlagen, aus welchem der mittlere Durchmesser der die Diffusion von Ionen begrenzenden Strukturen berechnet werden kann. Elektronenoptische Aufnahmen an Dunnschnitten von lonenaustauschern werden gezeigt, welche die regelmasige Netzstruktur klar erkennen und ausmessen lassen. Das Modell liefert eine grosenordnungsmasige Ubereinstimmung sowohl mit den bei hoheren Vernetzungsgraden aus Diffusionsversuchen bekannten begrenzenden Durchmessern als auch mit den bei niedrigen Vernetzungsgraden aufgenommenen Aufnahmen. A model for the molecular structure of DVB-crosslinked polystyrene ion exchangers is suggested which serves to calculate the distances within the structure limiting ion diffusion through the ion exchanger particle. Electron micrographs are presented of ultramicrotome slices showing details of the regular net structure of sectioned ion exchangers. For high crosslinkages the limiting diameters according to the model agree well with what is known from diffusion studies. Direct evidence from electron micrographs with low crosslinked material again yield the same order of magnitude as the model.
Thermal modelling of an AMTEC recirculating cell

A modeling program was developed to determine the impact of various design parameters on the operation of an AMTEC system. Temperature profiles generated by the modeling program were compared to actual experimental data to verify the model accuracy. The model was then extended to predict the impact of device design on operational performance. The effect of heat loss from the liquid sodium supply end was studied for this paper.
Comparison of cervical spine kinematics using a fluoroscopic model for adjacent segment degeneration. Invited submission from the Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2007

Object In this cervical spine kinematics study the authors evaluate the motions and forces in the normal, degenerative, and fused states to assess how alteration in the cervical motion segment affects adjacent segment degeneration and spondylosis. Methods Fluoroscopic images obtained in 30 individuals (10 in each group with disease at C5–6) undergoing flexion/extension motions were collected. Kinematic data were obtained from the fluoroscopic images and analyzed with an inverse dynamic mathematical model of the cervical spine that was developed for this analysis. Results During 20° flexion to 15° extension, average relative angles at the adjacent levels of C6–7 and C4–5 in the fused patients were 13.4° and 8.8° versus 3.7° and 4.8° in the healthy individuals. Differences at C3–4 averaged only about 1°. Maximum transverse forces in the fused spines were two times the skull weight at C6–7 and one times the skull weight at C4–5, compared with 0.2 times the skull weight and 0.3 times the skull weight in the h...
Gold wall ablation and hohlraum filling measurements of vacuum and gas-filled hohlraums

An understanding of the timing and dynamics of hohlraum filling by laser-induced gold wall ablation is critical to the performance of indirectly-driven fusion ignition designs for the National Ignition Facility [E. Moses and C. Wuest, Fusion Science and Technology, 43 , 420 (2003)]. Hohlraum wall ablation negatively affects ignition hohlraum performance by (1) reducing laser coupling by increasing backscatter by laser plasma instabilities, e.g., stimulated Brillouin scattering, (2) altering where lasers couple by moving the critical surface away from the walls and changing the refractive index, and (3), in the case of vacuum hohlraums, ablating directly into contact with the ablation layer of the fuel capsule. We report on measurements of gold-filling of hohlraums from a series of OMEGA laser [T.R. Boehly, R.L. McCrory, C.P. Verdon et al., Fusion Engineering and Design, 44, 35 (1999)] experiments involving vacuum and gas-filled hohlraums. On-axis x-ray imaging of gold self-emission shows delayed filling for gas-filled hohlraums, as expected. In addition, we present data on the hohlraum temperature penalty incurred with the use of a 1-atmosphere methane-fill. We discuss data and simulation predictions for 1-atmosphere neopentane filled hohlraums driven with a modified laser pulse.
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography with induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade in surgical patients

Abstract Study Objectives: To evaluate the cerebral vascular effects of cis-atracurium and rocuronium given after thiopental induction of anesthesia. Design: Randomized, single-blinded study. Setting: University-affiliated hospital Patients: 39 adult ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing nonintracranial procedures. Interventions: Patients received intravenously (IV), either saline placebo, cis-atracurium, or rocuronium after induction of general anesthesia with thiopental sodium. Measurements: The right middle cerebral artery was insonated using a pulsed-wave range-gated transcranial Doppler, and data were recorded at preinduction, immediately postinduction, at injection of the study drug, and at 15-second intervals for 3 minutes thereafter. The variables recorded for each subject included the systolic, diastolic, and mean flow velocity, as well as pulsality index, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration. Main Results: No significant differences between the groups were present in the postanesthetic induction maximal or minimal mean flow velocity. Conclusions: cis-Atracurium and rocuronium, administered after thiopental, do not produce clinically relevant changes in cerebral blood flow velocity.
Peroxide variations in the Sargasso Sea

Abstract This paper presents a time series study of H 2 O 2 distributions and variability at an oligotrophic station in the North Atlantic. Hydrogen peroxide was examined over eleven consecutive days at 1 and 3 m. The average concentration exceeded 100 nM with daily variations of about 40 nM at both depths. Surface water peroxide concentrations increased following an evening rain shower and remained elevated by about 40 nM throughout the remainder of the study. Atmospheric input of H 2 O 2 appears to represent a disturbance to the kinetic balance of H 2 O 2 production and loss and thus produces long term H 2 O 2 trends while the system approaches the steady state concentrations dictated by mixing regime and in situ processes. Vertical profiles showed H 2 O 2 distributions which closely follow density profiles with concentrations dropping rapidly to less than 5 nM below the thermocline when a distinct seasonal mixed layer was present. Results suggest H 2 O 2 as a useful tracer for freshwater input and mixing processes in the upper ocean.
Adaptive 1-D and 2-D Filtering with Internally Passive Structures

Summary Internally passive filters such as wave digital filters (WDF) and orthogonal filters, which have desirable properties, are developed as filter structures for adaptive filters. The equations for updating the multiplier coefficients as well as for computing the gradients are derived for these filters. The stability monitoring during the adaptation process for these filters is simple to implement. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the capability of these filters in system identification and noise cancellation. Moreover, motivated by applications of multidimensional adaptive filters in video compression and image enhancement, the proposed adaptive wave digital filters have been extended to two dimensions and applied as adaptive fan filters. Computer simulations are also conducted to show their potential applications to two-dimensional system identification and image enhancement.
Interfacial shear strength estimates of NiTi–Al matrix composites fabricated via ultrasonic additive manufacturing

Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand and improve the interfacial shear strength of metal matrix composites fabricated via ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM). NiTi–Al composites can exhibit dramatically lower thermal expansion compared to aluminum, yet blocking stresses developed during thermal cycling have been found to degrade and eventually cause interface failure in these composites. In this study, the strength of the interface was characterized with pullout tests. Since adhered aluminum was consistently observed on all pullout samples, the matrix yielded prior to the interface breaking. Measured pullout loads were utilized as an input to a finite element model for stress and shear lag analysis. The aluminum matrix experiences a calculated peak shear stress near 230 MPa, which is above its ultimate shear strength of 150–200 MPa thus corroborating the experimentally-observed matrix failure. The influence of various fiber surface treatments and consolidation characteristics on bond mechanisms was studied with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and focused ion beam microscopy.
Size, Power, and Electoral Systems: Exogenous Determinants of Legislative Procedural Choice

I tested hypotheses about the relationship between exogenous institutions and legislative procedural choice using a unique cross-sectional approach and a dataset gleaned from 55 legislative bodies from around the world. I focused on three entrenched characteristics of legislative bodies that we have theoretical reason to think will shape procedures: size, the relative power of the chamber, and the method by which its members are selected. Relatively small and powerful bodies generally have decentralized procedures. To a lesser extent, we can say the same of chambers that have electoral systems that incentivize the personal vote.
Onboard and self-contained landing site selection for planetary landers/hoppers

This paper describes an operational concept for planetary landing site selection using a long range optical method to do gross site selection, and a short range LIDAR for detailed landing aim point selection. The paper describes the operational concept using the two complementary methods. Simulation and field test results are provided for the proof-of-concept.
Navigating Over Space and Time: Fishing Effort Allocation and the Development of Customary Norms in an Open-Access Mangrove Estuary in Ecuador

Fisheries are increasingly understood as complex adaptive systems; but the cultural, behavioral, and cognitive factors that explain spatial and temporal dynamics of fishing effort allocation remain poorly understood. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a visualization tool, this paper combines catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and ethnographic data on the Ecuadorian mangrove cockle fishery to explore patterns in fishing effort and the social production of fishing space. I argue that individual decisions about where, when, and how to fish result in spatial and temporal patterns in effort allocation, ultimately regulating open-access fisheries that typically operate on a first-come, first-served basis. These emergent patterns in the fishing effort are explained by individual-level preferences and adaptations; the development of knowledge and customary norms through the habitual use of resource space by individuals and groups; ecological conditions; and access. New adaptive challenges threaten to undermine such self-organization of open-access systems on larger spatial and temporal scales prompting a likely re-allocation of the fishing effort in the future.
Constraints on egg masses. I. Retarded development within thick egg masses

Embryos deep within gelatinous egg masses of the cephalaspidean gastropod Melanochlamysdiomedea (Bergh) and the nereid polychaete Nereis vexillosa Grube develop more slowly than embryos near the surface of the egg mass. The onset of asynchronous development in egg masses of Melanochlamysdiomedea is earlier at some field sites than others. Asynchrony in egg masses of M. diomedea is especially pronounced in still water in the laboratory, and synchrony is greater and hatching completed earlier when the egg mass is divided. Development is synchronous in the thin gelatinous egg ribbons of the cephalaspidean Haminoea vesicula (Gould) from the same field sites and habitat as the thicker and asynchronously developing spheroidal egg masses of Melanochlamys diomedea. Form and size of egg masses affect rates of development, but this effect has not been included in models of life history adaptations.
Envelope-Flip Dynamics in CpCo(Diene) Complexes: an ab Initio Quantum Mechanical Study

Ab initio quantum mechanical methods are brought to bear on the problem of syn/anti isomerization of the terminal hydrogens in (η5-C5H5)Co(η4-1,3-cis-butadiene) by an envelope-flip process. The first experimentally determined barrier to pairwise syn/anti interconversion in a group VIII highly substituted metal−diene complex is reported. Remarkable agreement between computational and experimental barriers is obtained. A path of stereoisomerization involving two discrete steps, ring flipping and inversion of pyramidality at cobalt, is elucidated in preference to a planar envelope-flip transition state. These results clarify the stereospecific rearrangement observed in two substituted diene derivatives.
Heat Resistance of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, and Listeria innocua M1, a Potential Surrogate for Listeria monocytogenes, in Meat and Poultry: A Review

The heat-resistance data in meat and poultry for various strains of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 as well as Listeria innocua M1 are summarized. Heat resistance of these organisms is affected by many factors. Different strains of the same organism have different responses to heat. Heat resistance can also be influenced by the age of the culture, growth conditions, pH, and numerous other factors. Data from this review may prove useful to processors in validating their times and temperatures for thermal processing of meat and poultry. The obvious gaps in the data will provide researchers opportunities to fill those gaps. In addition, it will encourage the development of surrogates, whether biological or otherwise, that will be able to be used in an actual processing environment.
Inhibition of bladder cancer development by allyl isothiocyanate

Bladder cancer is one of the common human cancers and also has a very high recurrence rate. There is a great need for agents capable of inhibiting bladder cancer development and recurrence. Here, we report that allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), an ingredient of many common cruciferous vegetables, potently inhibited the proliferation of bladder carcinoma cell lines in vitro [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.7–3.3 μM], which was associated with profound G2/M arrest and apoptosis. In contrast, AITC was markedly less toxic to normal human bladder epithelial cells (IC50 of 69.4 μM). AITC was then evaluated in two rat bladder cancer models in vivo (an orthotopic model and a subcutaneous model). The orthotopic model closely mimics human bladder cancer development and recurrence. We show that a low oral dose of AITC (1 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the development and muscle invasion of the orthotopic bladder cancers but was ineffective against the subcutaneous xenografts of the same cancer cells in the same animals. This differential effect was explained by our finding that urinary levels of AITC equivalent were two to three orders of magnitude higher than that in the plasma and that its levels in the orthotopic cancer tissues were also three orders of magnitude higher than that in the subcutaneous cancer tissues. Moreover, we show that AITC is a multi-targeted agent against bladder cancer. In conclusion, AITC is selectively delivered to bladder cancer tissue through urinary excretion and potently inhibits bladder cancer development and invasion.
The measurement and structure of human rights attitudes.

Abstract To investigate the structure of attitudes toward human rights, the authors developed the Human Rights Questionnaire (HRQ) and administered it to two North American samples; the first sample included 365 college students, and the second included 212 college students and 42 adults. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on the data from the first sample, and four factors were extracted and rotated: Social Security, Civilian Constraint, Equality, and Privacy. This exploratory factor analysis was validated on the second sample, and the factor structures were compared across the two samples. Four subscales were created from the four factors; these subscales were then correlated with measures of nationalism, patriotism, internationalism, belief in world government, and support for civil liberties. Validity of the four human rights subscales was ascertained, and differences in human rights attitudes across demographic groups, such as gender and political affiliation, were tested. Results are discusse...
Bounds on global dynamic topography from Phanerozoic flooding of continental platforms

The movement of continents with respect to a large-scale pattern of dynamic topography and geoid, imposed by convection in the mantle, must contribute to the flooding of continental platforms. Here I investigate this phenomenon, using a one-dimensional model in which a continent moves from a high to a low of dynamic topography (and geoid), and in the process is partially exposed and then flooded. If the dynamic topography is greater than about 150 metres, the model continent is flooded by more than 3 0%—the maximum amount of flooding experienced by North America during the entire Phanerozoic eon1. The model suggests that a large-scale pattern of dynamic topography must have an amplitude of less than 150 metres, and that the admittance, the ratio of geoid to dynamic topography, may be greater than 0.3. Recent models of global mantle dynamics 2,3 which predict the long-wavelength geoid from mantle seismic structure are apparently inconsistent with Phanerozoic flooding.
Pheochromocytoma presenting as a giant cystic tumor of the liver.

CASE REPORT A 49-year-old woman who underwent renal transplantation 3 years before admission was found to have an asymptomatic palpable right upper quadrant abdominal mass during a routine examination. Her medical history was significant for systemic lupus erythematosus with lupus nephritis and end-stage renal disease, hypertension for 3 years (which was controlled with 2 medications), and borderline diabetes mellitus. She took cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone for immunosuppression. She had no family history of hypertension or endocrine tumors. An abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography scan (Fig 1) both revealed a complex 15-cm cystic mass with septations and thick irregular walls in the right lobe of the liver, consistent with a biliary cystadenoma or biliary cystadenocarcinoma. There were no signs or symptoms to suggest a hepatic abscess. Laboratory data ruled out amoeba, and serology ruled out Echinococcus. A formal right hepatic lobectomy was performed. The 15 × 12 × 12-cm cystic mass (Fig 2) was fused to the infrahepatic inferior vena cava, necessitating removal of a small piece of the front wall of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava with the cystic tumor. The right native kidney was densely adherent to the mass. The right adrenal gland was not identified but was thought to be within the hypervascular tissue removed with the specimen. During the procedure, the patient initially became hypertensive and was treated with labetalol while the cystic mass and the right hepatic lobe were being manipulated. After ligation of the short hepatic veins, the patient became hemodynamically unstable, with episodes of Pheochromocytoma presenting as a giant cystic tumor of the liver
High-attenuation mucus plugs on MDCT in a child with cystic fibrosis: potential cause and differential diagnosis

High-attenuation mucus plugging is a rare finding in both adults and children. When it occurs, the field of differential diagnoses is typically quite small and includes acute hemorrhage, aspiration of radiodense material, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The last of these three diagnoses is the most difficult to make, although ABPA is more commonly seen in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) or asthma. ABPA is radiographically characterized by recurrent mucus plugging, atelectasis, and central bronchiectasis. Thus far, high-attenuation mucus plugs have only been reported in adults. We report a rare case of a child with CF who had high-attenuation mucus plugs and atelectasis that raised the possibility of ABPA. We discuss the differential diagnoses of this finding and the role of multidetector CT in these children.
Characterization of Glucose-Induced In Situ Protein Kinase C Activity in Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

The VSMC is an important target for the injurious effects of hyperglycemia in vivo. PKC plays a key role in the regulation of VSMC contraction and growth. This study examines whether elevated extracellular glucose concentrations (10–30 mM [180–540 mg/dl]) activate PKC in cultured rat VSMCs in vitro. A new, rapid, and highly specific assay was used to determine in situ PKC activity in digitonin-permeabilized VSMCs. PKC activity in VSMCs responded rapidly to variations in extracellular glucose concentrations. PKC was activated significantly within 10 min of exposure to D-glucose (20 mM) versus glucose (5 mM). Moreover, with continued exposure to D-glucose (20 mM), PKC activation was sustained for up to 48 h. Reducing D-glucose concentrations to 5 mM restored PKC activity to control values within 1 h. PKC activation was also glucose-concentration dependent. A threshold of only 15 mM (270 mg/dl) was required to significantly and maximally activate PKC in VSMC. PKC was not activated in the presence of osmotic control media that contained either elevated mannrtol or L-glucose concentrations. In marked contrast to the sustained PKC activation induced by D-glucose in VSMCs, the normal physiological PKC response to the pressor hormones, All and AVP, was short-lived and returned to base line within minutes. Sustained PKC activation in the presence of elevated D-glucose concentrations in vitro could disturb the normal physiological regulation of VSMC function and growth and thereby may contribute to the apparent vasotoxicity of hyperglycemia in vivo.
Supernovae, the Lensed Cosmic Microwave Background, and Dark Energy

Supernova distance and primary cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy measurements provide us with powerful probes of the dark energy evolution in a flat universe, but they degrade substantially once curvature is marginalized. We show that lensed CMB polarization power spectrum measurements, accessible to next generation ground-based surveys such as SPTpol or QUIET, can remove the curvature degeneracy at a level sufficient for the SNAP and Planck surveys and allow a measurement of σ(wp) = 0.03, σ(wa) = 0.3 jointly with σ(ΩK) = 0.0035. This expectation assumes that the sum of neutrino masses is independently known to better than 0.1 eV. This assumption is valid if the lightest neutrino has negligible mass in a normal neutrino mass hierarchy and is potentially testable with upcoming direct laboratory measurements.
Pathogenesis of giant colonic diverticula

The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings of 3 patients with giant colonic diverticula are presented. Although several theories have been proposed for the formation of these diverticula, they have not been fully documented. One of our cases illustrates the evolution of this disorder following typical colonic diverticulitis. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this unusual entity are discussed.
Mean value estimates in lattice point theory

LetQ(u) be a positive definite quadratic form inr≥2 variables with a real symmetric coefficient matrix of determinantD. Given a real vectorb with 0≤bj 0 letA(x) be the number of lattice points in the ellipsoidQ(u+b)≤x, letV(x) be the volume of this ellipsoid andP(x)=A(x)−V(x). Let\(M(x) = \int\limits_0^x {P^2 (y)dy} \). By introduction of a parameter ϖ we shall show how the treatment of estimates onP(x) and onM(x) can be unified.
Galerkin finite element method for a class of porous medium equations

We study the numerical approximation of the Saturation Equation which arises in the formulation of two phase fluid flow through porous media, idealized as either a convex bounded polyhedral domain or a domain with smooth boundary. This equation is degenerate and the solutions are not guaranteed to be sufficiently smooth for direct numerical approximation. Through regularization, a family of approximate non-degenerate problems is considered along with their numerical approximations. Error estimates are established for appropriately transformed continuous Galerkin approximations, followed by corresponding error estimates for a fully discretized Galerkin method for this class of problems.
Machine Vision-Based Concrete Surface Quality Assessment

Manually inspecting concrete surface defects (e.g., cracks and air pockets) is not always reliable. Also, it is labor-intensive. In order to overcome these limitations, automated inspection using i...
The JPL electronic nose: Monitoring air in the U.S. Lab on the International Space Station

An electronic nose with a sensor array of 32 conductometric sensors has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to monitor breathing air in spacecraft habitat. The Third Generation ENose is designed to operate in the environment of the U.S. Lab on the International Space Station (ISS). It detects a selected group of analytes at target concentrations in the ppm regime at an environmental temperature range of 18 – 30 °C, relative humidity from 20 – 75% and pressure from 530 to 760 torr. The monitoring targets are anomalous events such as leaks and spills of solvents, coolants or other fluids. The JPL ENose operated as a technology demonstration for seven months in the U.S. Laboratory Destiny during 2008–2009. Analysis of ENose monitoring data shows that there was regular, periodic rise and fall of humidity and occasional releases of Freon 218 (perfluoropropane), formaldehyde, methanol and ethanol. There were also several events of unknown origin, half of them from the same source. Each event lasted from 20 to 100 minutes, consistent with the air replacement time in the U.S. Lab.
Clarifying the Links Between Grandiose Narcissism and Parenting

ABSTRACT This study investigated the links between parenting and grandiose narcissism in hopes of clarifying recent empirical discrepancies. One-hundred forty-five participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and reported about their parents’ support, coldness, monitoring, psychological control, and overvaluation. Psychological control was associated positively with narcissism, whereas monitoring and coldness were associated negatively. Overvaluation and parental support showed no reliable associations with narcissism. Analysis of the components of narcissism further elucidated these links. The results are interpreted in light of previous findings and as consistent with social learning and psychodynamic theories regarding the origins of narcissism.
Heat Transfer over Roughness Elements Larger than the Boundary Layer

*† ‡ The development of an ice feather growth model requires some insight into the effects of roughness on heat transfer. The objective of this study was to find the heat enhancement caused by the acceleration of the flow over an isolated roughness element in laminar flow. The temperature and heat transfer were calculated in 2D along a flat plate and along the roughness element for values of k/δ 0.5 to 3.0 and Re from 200 to 2000. The problem was then extended to 3D turbulent flow.
The Problem with Teaching “Ethics”

It seems that everyone is in favor of teaching “ethics.”? However, too often ethics—or at least what passes itself off as such—is overly narrow in scope, self-serving, premised on empirical error, and subject to change simply based on location. Thus, the fear is that teaching ethics can itself be unethical.