cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of the statistical aggregation by categorization in the SM3 system

To perform a statistical aggregation operation over a large file often requires that the records of the file be divided into categories based on the values of the attribute(s) over which some statistical computation is to be performed. It is rather inefficient to perform the necessary data transfer, categorization and statistical computation using a single processor Parallel algorithms designed for multiprocessor systems have been proposed and their performance improvement over the conventional systems has been demonstrated. It is shown in this paper that three to four times performance improvement can be further gained by using a dynamically partitionable multicomputer system with switchable main memory modules (SM3).
Comment on “Formation of nanoporous pyrobitumen residues during maturation of the Barnett Shale (Fort Worth Basin)” by Bernard et al. (2012)

Abstract In their 2012 paper discussing the character of pores and organic matter in the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Bernard et al. (2012) identified only nonporous kerogen and nonporous solid bitumen in oil-window-maturity samples, but nanoporous pyrobitumen in gas-window-maturity samples. Our examination of samples from the same wells shows that pores are also present in organic matter from oil-window-maturity samples. We also argue that some of the pores we identified in gas-window-maturity samples are developed in organic matter that is unlikely to be pyrobitumen.
Data-Driven Channel Modeling Using Spectrum Measurement

Dynamic spectrum access has been a subject of extensive study in recent years. The increasing volume of literature calls for better understanding of the characteristics of current spectrum utilization as well as better tools for analysis. A number of measurement studies have been conducted recently, revealing previously unknown features. On the other hand, analytical studies largely continues to rely on standard models like the two-state Markov (Gilbert-Elliot) model. In this paper, we present an alternative, stochastic differential equation (SDE) based spectrum utilization model that captures dynamic changes in channel conditions induced by primary users’ activities. The SDE model is in closed form, can generate spectrum dynamics as a temporal process, and is shown to provides very good fit for real spectrum measurement data. We show how synthetic spectrum data can be generated in a straightforward manner using this model to enable realistic simulation studies. Moreover, we show that the SDE model can be viewed as a more general modeling framework (continuous in time and continuous in value) than commonly used discrete Markovian models: it is defined by only a few parameters but can be used to obtain the transition matrix of any $N$ -state Markov model. This is verified by comparing the two-state GE model generated by the SDE model and that trained directly from the data. We show that the GE model is a good fit for the (quantized) data, thereby a fine choice when binary descriptions of the channel condition is sufficient. However, when highly resolution (in channel condition) is needed, the SDE model is much more accurate than an $N$ -state model, and is much easier to train and store.
Discriminative stimulus properties of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol and its metabolites.

Abstract The discriminative stimulus properties of l -α-acetylmethadol (LAAM), its metabolites l -α-acetyl-N-normethadol (NorLAAM) and l -α-acetyl-N,N-dinormethadol (DiNorLAAM), and methadone were evaluated in rats trained to discriminate between saline and morphine in a two-choice discrete-trial avoidance paradigm. All four compounds produced dose-related increases in the number of trials completed on the morphine-appropriate choice lever after either SC or oral administration indcating that the discriminative stimulus properties of the four compounds and morphine are qualitatively similar. LAAM and DiNorLAAM had a slow onset and long duration of action, and an oral: parenteral potency ratio of 1:3. NorLAAM had a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action and was more potent following SC administration than either LAAM or DiNorLAAM; its oral: parenteral potency ratio was 1:10. These results are consistent with evidence from other studies that the pharmacologic activity of LAAM is dependent upon the conversion of LAAM to an active metabolite, probably NorLAAM. The similarities between DiNorLAAM and LAAM suggest that the discriminative stimulus effects of the former compound are also attributable to a metabolite.
Ion conductors derived from biogenic amines, bile acids, and amino acids.

A family of conjugates has been synthesized from spermine, putrescine, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, sarcosine, cholic acid, glycocholic acid, 3α,7α-dihydroxycholic acid, and 3α,12α-dihydroxycholic ...
Hybrid Organic−Inorganic Nanocomposites: Exfoliation of Magadiite Nanolayers in an Elastomeric Epoxy Polymer

A newly developed class of paraffin-like organomagadiite intercalates, interlayered by primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary onium ions, has been used to form elastomeric polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites by in situ polymerization during the thermoset process. Depending on the nature of the onium ions, intercalated or exfoliated magadiite nanocomposites were obtained. The exfoliated nanocomposites were typically disordered, but a new type of exfoliated structure also was observed in which the nanolayers were regularly spaced over long distances (e.g., ∼80 A Bragg spacings). The tensile properties of the polymer matrix were improved greatly by the reinforcement effect of the silicate nanolayers. Exfoliated silicate nanolayers were more effective than intercalated assemblies of nanolayers in optimizing reinforcement. Interestingly, organomagadiite exfoliation in the rubbery epoxy matrix improves the elongation-at-break while improving tensile strength, which is opposite to the behavior of conve...
Mitochondrial β-Oxidation Enzymes Are Regionally Expressed in the Mouse Brain † 1856

Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation produces acetyl-CoA that is utilized by the enzymes of the Kreb's cycle in the generation of NADH and FADH2. The enzymes involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids are very active in the heart, skeletal muscle, small intestine, kidney and liver. Information is lacking about their expression in the brain. To answer this question, we generated rabbit antibodies specific for purified recombinant very long and long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (VLCAD, LCAD), long and short chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (LCHAD, SCHAD) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. The specificity of each antibody was confirmed by Western blot, and immunocytochemistry was performed to detect the expression in the adult mouse brain. Only neurons and endothelial cells in the choroid plexus were labeled by all the antibodies. Glial cells were not immunoreactive. In the cerebellum, Purkinje neurons and basket and stellate cells in the molecular layer were heavily stained. Although granule cells were not stained, 'rosette-like' structures were observed in the neuropil surrounding these cells. A small number of large neurons was stained in cortical layers IV and V. In the hippocampus, Ca1 and Ca3 pyramidal neurons were intensely stained, but protein expression was not detected in adjacent interneurons. Granule neurons in the dentate gyrus and interneurons located in the stratum moleculare expressed all the enzymes for fatty acid β-oxidation. These results suggest that neurons in these brain areas have the enzymatic machinery necessary to metabolize fatty acids of all lengths and use them as an alternative source of acetyl-CoA molecules for the Kreb's cycle. It is also likely that the expression of these enzymes reflects the unique energy requirements of these neurons and possibly their selective susceptibility to ischemic/hypoxic insults.
The measurement and decomposition of nonuse values: A critical review

We critically review the literature that claims that existence values, or nonuse values in general, are a large and measurable component of total value for certain environmental resources. Our concern is not with the question “do nonuse values exist?” For some individuals they surely do. Rather, our concern is with two interrelated questions: are there operationally meaningful theorems which might lead to the specific measurement of nonuse values, and do we in fact have a body of credible evidence which shows that nonuse values, particularly components of any nonuse value, are “large”? We find nothing in the way of operationally meaningful hypotheses which would permit the estimation of values attributable to specific motives of individuals. We find no credible basis for claims related to either the measurement of existence and other motive-related values or claims for the “large” relative size of such values. In short, we question the conventional wisdom that such values are measurable and that they are significant as a component of total value.
Histologic and biochemical study of the brain, heart, kidney, and liver in asphyxia caused by occlusion of the umbilical cord in near-term fetal lambs.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the relationship between the degree of histologic changes in the brain, heart, kidney, and liver in fetal lambs after severe asphyxia and to analyze the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of fetal multiple organ failure. STUDY DESIGN: Eight chronically instrumented near-term fetal lambs were asphyxiated by partial umbilical cord occlusion for approximately 60 minutes until the fetal arterial pH reached <6.9 and the base excess reached <-20 mEq/L. An additional 6 fetuses were used as sham-asphyxiated controls. Fetal heart rates, blood pressure, fetal breathing movements, and arterial blood gases and acid-base states were serially monitored. The brain, heart, kidney, and liver were collected 72 hours after asphyxia, processed, and histologically examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Fetal brain histologic features were classified into 5 grades, with 5 being the most severe damage. The other organs were examined histologically by pathologists who were blinded to the treatment. Each organ was assayed for tissue concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, lactate, and glucose. RESULTS: Myocardial changes of necrosis, phagocytosis, and contraction bands occurred in only 2 of the most severely (grade 5) brain-damaged fetuses. The same 2 cases showed fatty changes and congestion in the liver. In the kidney all asphyxiated cases showed tubular necrosis, but glomeruli were generally spared. Of the measures of oxidative stress, only liver tissue levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and superoxide dismutase were significantly higher in the asphyxiated group than in the control group, but there was no correlation with the degree of damage. Lactate level was higher only in the heart in the asphyxiated fetuses. CONCLUSION: Renal tubular damage was seen with all degrees of asphyxia, despite variable brain damage. Histologic changes in the myocardium and liver were seen only with the most severe brain damage. Oxidative stress appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of liver damage.
Measurement of hydrogen solubility in liquid iron alloys employing a constant volume technique

The solubility of hydrogen in liquid pure iron and in several liquid binary iron alloys at steelmaking temperatures has been determined by measuring changes in hydrogen pressure in a constant volume system. The solubility of hydrogen corrected to one atmosphere pressure was found to be 27.70 ± 1.28 cc (STP)/100 grams in liquid pure iron at 1600°C with a temperature coefficient of solubility of 2.9 x 10-2 cc (STP)/°C. This solubility decreases with increasing concentrations of aluminum, boron, or silicon; slightly increases with increasing concentrations of chromium, nickel, and niobium; and is almost independent of the concentrations of copper or sulfur. The data are compared with those of previous investigators who employed the more conventional Sieverts’ or sampling techniques.
The use of various vitamin supplements in rations for laying and breeding hens.

Abstract DRIED skimmilk and alfalfa leaf meal have been used as the primary sources of water soluble vitamins in laying and breeding rations that are composed largely of grains, grain by-products and high protein feeds. The scarcity and cost of these materials, the milk products in particular, makes it essential that we evaluate other supplements as possible sources of water soluble vitamins for poultry rations. Fish solubles, a by-product of the fishing industry, is one such product. Riboflavin is also now available in crystalline form and the proper way to use this vitamin should be determined. Clandinin, Traves and Henderson (1942) reported that crystalline riboflavin satisfactorily replaced dried buttermilk in breeding rations composed of ground cereals, cereal by-products, alfalfa meal, fish meal, mineral sources and fish oil. Bird and Marvel (1943) have also reported that riboflavin is the only supplement essential in a breeding ration composed of ground cereal, cereal by-products, . . .
The gingival biopsy in the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Abstract Gingival biopsy specimens from five patients with a clinical diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) were reviewed. All biopsy specimens demonstrated the characteristic histologic lesion associated with TTP. Review of the literature showed an average diagnostic yield of 37% ( 30 81 ) for this procedure. The increase in diagnostic correlation in this study may be explained in part by the marked degree of disease expression in the patients who underwent gingival biopsy. Three of the five patients who underwent gingival biopsies ultimately died of their disease. In addition, a persistent search through multiple serial sections for the characteristic lesion, beyond the usual three levels, was performed. Despite the disparity in diagnostic yield, we consider the gingival biopsy to be a safe diagnostic correlate of TTP because of easy access, rich vascularity, and low surgical morbidity. Furthermore, we recommend biopsy, as Goodman and colleagues have, only in areas of the gingiva that appear clinically normal and free of inflammation in order to reduce misinterpretation as a consequence of false-positive intraluminal fibrin thrombi that may occur with inflammation.
3D reconstruction of the carotid artery from two views using a single centerline

Abstract Three-dimensional vascular information can facilitate carotid and cranial interventions. We have developed a system for providing 3D vascular data from biplane angiograms. These data could provide in-room quantitation and visualization of the 3D vasculature and complement pre-existing tomographic 3D vascular data when available. After biplane images are acquired, centerlines of vessels of interest are indicated. The biplane imaging geometry is refined based on the indicated centerlines, after which the correspondences along the centerlines are established using epipolar constraints. The corresponding points are triangulated using the calculated imaging geometry to generate 3D centerlines. We have installed the system at a local hospital and routinely generate 3D vessel data from clinical studies. The generated 3D data are in good agreement with the projection images and reveal the out-of-plane paths of the vessel. We believe these data will provide valuable information during interventional procedures and serve as a basis for subsequent quantitative/interactive analysis of the carotid artery.
Screening hydrolysis products of sulfur mustard agents by high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection

Sulfur mustard (HD), bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, is one of a class of mustard agents which are chemical warfare agents. The main chemical warfare hydrolysis degradation products of sulfur mustards are: thiodiglycol, bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)methane, 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane, 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)propane, and 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)butane. The aim of this study is to identify these five hydrolysis degradation products utilizing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for element-specific sulfur detection using a collision/reaction cell and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to confirm the identification. To date, this is the first study utilizing ICP-MS with 32S element-specific detection for the analysis of vesicant chemical warfare agent degradation products.
Experimental studies of electrokinetic conversions in fluid‐saturated borehole models

Experimental and theoretical studies show that there are electromagnetic (EM) fields generated by seismic waves with two kinds of conversion mechanisms in a fluid‐saturated, porous medium. Within a homogeneous formation, the seismic wave generates a seismoelectric field that exists only in the area disturbed by the seismic wave and whose apparent velocity is that of the seismic wave. At an interface between differing formation properties, the generated seismoelectric wave is a propagating EM wave that can be detected everywhere. An electrode, used as a receiver on the ground surface, can detect the propagating EM wave generated at an interface, but cannot detect the seismoelectric field generated in a homogeneous formation. When the electrode is in a borehole and close to a porous formation, it can detect both the EM waves and the seismoelectric field. In this paper, electrokinetic measurements are performed with borehole models made of natural rocks or artificial materials. Experimental results show that...
On crack identification and characterization in a beam by non-linear vibration analysis

The weakly non-linear character of a cracked vibrating beam is exploited for the purpose of determining crack location, depth and opening load. The approach is motivated by examining the response of a bilinear spring-mass system to excitation at two frequencies, such that the difference between the two frequencies is the resonant frequency of the system. The numerically generated steady state response of the system clearly betrays the presence of the bilinear spring, even if the difference between the compressive and tensile stiffness is very small. The same idea is applied to a cracked beam forced at two frequencies, with the crack providing a local bilinear stiffness in the beam. The numerically generated steady state response shows the effect of the opening and closing of the crack. The prominence of this non-linear effect is then correlated with crack position and depth. It is shown that the non-linear effect is maximized if a static load is also placed on the beam that would cause the crack to be on the verge of opening, thus determining the opening load.
A non-linear regression method for calculating surface tension and contact angle from the shape of a sessile drop

A non-linear regression calculation procedure has been developed which permits calculation of surface tension and contact angle for any sessile drop shape with a contact angle greater than zero. Initial estimates of the drop shape and size parameters (β, b) are needed to start the calculation. Many points on the drop surface are measured, and a minimum sum of squares fit between the measured and calculated coordinates is obtained. No special attention must be given to any one point as is necessary when using the tables of Bashforth and Adams. Accuracy is improved by a factor of two compared to the classical calculation procedure. A computer program has been written to perform all necessary operations. Surface tension and contact angle data for the lead-bismuth eutectic on 316 stainless steel are reported.
Classification of Coastal and Marine Environments

Marine and coastal areas are classified in this paper according to attributes of the physical environment and by the faunal assemblages involved. Oceanic and coastal-margin realms are defined and mapped with the marginal seas and archipelagos named according to their connections to oceanic realms. There are seven types of ocean realms and thirteen types of coastal-margin realms. Latitudinal symmetry is present between hemispheres and from ocean basin to ocean basin. The defining characteristics for these realms are the seasonal variations in ocean surface currents and the companion seasonal variations in the main wind-currents of the atmosphere.Forty faunal provinces are indicated on the six maps of the oceanic and coastal realms. As sufficient database for their inclusion is not yet available, coastal marine and coastal terrestrial floristics and vegetation are not considered in this classification.While the boundaries between faunal provinces do not always match boundaries between ocean and coastal realms, the foundation is laid for a binominal designation system with the coastal or oceanic realm as ‘genus’ and the faunal province as the ‘epithet’—e.g. Western Subtropical—Cortezian. With this system, global intercomparisons become manageable. For example, the Western Subtropical-Cortezian can be directly contrasted with the Western Subtropical—Louisianian and the Western Subtropical—Southwestern Australian.
Influence of a Large-scale Removal of an Invasive Plant (Melaleuca quinquenervia) on Home-range Size and Habitat Selection by Female Florida Panthers (Puma concolor coryi) within Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida

Abstract The control of invasive exotic plants is often deemed important for managing native wildlife, but surprisingly little research exists that evaluates benefits to wildlife, including species of conservation concern. Melaleuca quinquenervia (Melaleuca) is an invasive, non-native, broad-leaved tree that aggressively displaces native plant communities in south Florida. We used land-cover maps to document changes in plant communities and radio-telemetry data to compare habitat selection and mean home-range size of the endangered Puma concolor coryi (Florida Panther) within Big Cypress National Preserve (BCNP) during a Melaleuca removal project's removal phase (1991–1997) and the ensuing maintenance and habitat recovery phase (1998–2006). During the removal phase, Panthers incorporated areas infested by Melaleuca as components of their home range. Following >99.9% removal of Melaleuca, we documented pronounced increases in total cover of native upland forest (227%), wetland forest (211%), and prairie (5...
Theory of the von Weimarn rules governing the average size of crystals precipitated from a supersaturated solution

More than 75 years ago, von Weimarn summarized his observations of the dependence of the average crystal size on the initial relative concentration supersaturation prevailing in a solution from which crystals were growing. Since then, his empirically derived rules have become part of the lore of crystal growth. The first of these rules asserts that the average crystal size measured at the end of a crystallization increases as the initial value of the relative supersaturation decreases. The second rule states that for a given crystallization time, the average crystal size passes through a maximum as a function of the initial relative supersaturation. Using a theory of nucleation and growth due to Buyevich and Mansurov, we calculate the average crystal size as a function of the initial relative supersaturation. We confirm the von Weimarn rules for the case where the nucleation rate is proportional to the third power or higher of the relative supersaturation.
Antimicrobial peptides from platelets.

Abstract The fact that platelets play a key role in host defense against infection has been demonstrated by the following observations 1 : (a) platelets rapidly respond to sites of endovascular trauma and chemotactic stimuli associated with microbial colonization, and they are the earliest and predominant cells at sites of microbial colonization of vascular endothelium; (b) platelets have surface receptors and cytoplasmic granules comparable in structure and function to those of neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages; (c) platelets adhere directly to, and may internalize, microbial pathogens, thereby enhancing their clearance from the bloodstream and limiting their potential for hematogenous dissemination; (d) bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens are damaged or killed by activated platelets in vitro; (e) platelets are capable of initiating or amplifying complement fixation in the presence of microorganisms; (f) platelets generate oxygen metabolites which likely contribute to their antimicrobial activity; (g) platelets and leukocytes interact synergistically to exert enhanced antimicrobial functions in vitro; (h) thrombocytopenia increases susceptibility to and severity of certain infections. Importantly, rabbit and human platelets are now known to contain and release microbicidal proteins (termed platelet microbicidal proteins [PMPs] or thrombin-induced PMPs [tPMPs]) when stimulated with microorganisms or platelet agonists associated with infection in vitro. It is hypothesized that these microbicidal peptides accumulate locally at sites of endovascular damage or infection. Recent investigations have confirmed that tPMP-susceptible pathogens are less capable of proliferation or hematogenous dissemination in vivo as compared with their isogenic counterpart strains that are resistant to PMPs. Collectively, the above observations strongly suggest that platelets play key and multi-faceted roles in antimicrobial host defense which appear to be significantly mediated by PMPs and tPMPs.
Eliot, Borges, Tradition, and Irony

(2006). Eliot, Borges, Tradition, and Irony. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 237-255.
Calibration and data retrieval algorithms for the NASA Langley/Ames Diode Laser Hygrometer for the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) mission

[1] This paper describes the procedures and algorithms for the laboratory calibration and field data retrieval of the NASA Langley/Ames Diode Laser Hygrometer as implemented during the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission during February–April 2000. The calibration is based on a National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable dew point hygrometer using relatively high humidity and short optical path length. Two near-infrared water vapor absorption lines of widely different strengths are used to increase the dynamic range of the instrument in the course of a flight. The laboratory results are incorporated into a numerical model of the second harmonic spectrum for each of the two spectral window regions using spectroscopic parameters from the HITRAN database and other sources, allowing water vapor retrieval at upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric temperatures and humidity levels. The data retrieval algorithm is simple, numerically stable, and accurate. A comparison with other water vapor instruments on board the NASA DC-8 and ER-2 aircraft is presented.
Definitions and Applications of Mean Transit and Residence Times in Reference to the Two-Compartment Mammillary Plasma Clearance Model

The mean transit time (MTT) and the mean residence time (MRT) values of a linear two-compartment plasma clearance model were evaluated using definitions originally proposed by Rescigno and Gurpide. The MRT of the total body (MRTB) can be viewed as comprising the MRT in the central compartment (MRTc) and the MRT in the peripheral tissue compartment (MRTT). The MTT and MRT of each compartment can be envisioned as the average interval of time spent by a drug particle during a single passage and in all passages through it. Hence, the MRT is the product of MTT and the mean number of passages of a drug particle through the central (R + 1) or tissue (R) compartments. Physiologically, each MTT parameter is related to its apparent volume divided by all its clearance processes, reversible and irreversible (if any exist). Each MRT parameter is related to its apparent volume divided by only the sum of irreversible exit clearances. Applications of the five MTT/MRT parameters were made to disposition data for digoxin and gentamicin to assess their use as indicators of tissue persistency. This report provides additional physiological and pharmacokinetic insights into the disposition properties of drugs and reconciles various treatments of the two-compartment model using rate constants, volume/clearance terms, and transit/residence times.
Pharmacy student training in United States hospices.

Hospice is a quickly growing field in health care in the United States. As the pharmacist’s role in providing patient care to persons at the end of life increases, considerations should be given for training pharmacy students in this area. The objectives of this study were to examine the frequency of pharmacy student education and training among United States hospice organizations as well as to describe factors of hospice organizations that are associated with pharmacy student training. This is the first study of which we are aware to address the availability of experiential rotations for pharmacy students in hospice programs. A one-page questionnaire was mailed to 3,762 hospice organizations with addresses obtained from the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO). Following two mailings, eight weeks apart, 907 responses were obtained. Ninety-four (10 percent) hospices trained pharmacy students, 246 (27 percent) trained medical students, 357 (39 percent) trained social work students, and...
Camurati-engelmann disease: Unique variant featuring a novel mutation in TGFβ1 encoding transforming growth factor beta 1 and a missense change in TNFSF11 encoding RANK ligand

We report a 32-year-old man and his 59-year-old mother with a unique and extensive variant of Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) featuring histopathological changes of osteomalacia and alterations within TGFβ1 and TNFSF11 encoding TGFβ1 and RANKL, respectively. He suffered leg pain and weakness since childhood and reportedly grew until his late 20s, reaching 7 feet in height. He had deafness, perforated nasal septum, torus palatinus, disproportionately long limbs with knock-knees, low muscle mass, and pseudoclubbing. Radiographs revealed generalized skeletal abnormalities, including wide bones and cortical and trabecular bone thickening in keeping with CED, except that long bone ends were also affected. Lumbar spine and hip BMD Z-scores were + 7.7 and + 4.4, respectively. Biochemical markers of bone turnover were elevated. Hypocalciuria accompanied low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels. Pituitary hypogonadism and low serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 were present. Karyotype was normal. Despite vitamin D repletion, iliac crest histology revealed severe osteomalacia. Exon 1 of TNFRSF11A (RANK), exons 2, 3, and 4 of LRP5, and all coding exons and adjacent mRNA splice junctions of TNFRSF11B (OPG), SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), and TNSALP (tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) were intact. His asymptomatic and less dysmorphic 5′11″ mother, also with low serum 25(OH)D, had milder clinical, radiological, biochemical, and histopathological findings. Both individuals were heterozygous for a novel 12-bp duplication (c.27_38dup, p.L10_L13dup) in exon 1 of TGFβ1, predicting four additional leucine residues in the latency-associated-peptide segment of TGFβ1, consistent with CED. The son was also homozygous for a single base transversion in TNFSF11, predicting a nonconservative amino acid change (c.107C > G, p.Pro36Arg) in the intracellular domain of RANKL that was heterozygous in his nonconsanguineous parents. This TNFSF11 variant was not found in the SNP Database, nor in published TNFSF11 association studies, but it occurred in four of the 134 TNFSF11 alleles (3.0%) we tested randomly among individuals without CED. Perhaps the unique phenotype of this CED family is conditioned by altered RANKL activity. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The effect of internal oxidation on the stored energy and recrystallization of copper single crystals

A calorimetric study of the effect of internal oxidation on the stored energy and recrystallization kinetics of high-purity (112)[11[bar 1]] copper single crystals has been performed as a function of rolling strain, and the following conclusions were reached: (1) internal oxidation does not change the stored energy of deformation after rolling, in agreement with some earlier work but in disagreement with other work. (2) internal oxidation lowers the recrystallization temperature of copper crystals. The effect is most dramatic at lower strains ( 300%). The effect has been ascribed to the gettering of residual solute.
Significant Publications for Pharmacy Nutrition Support Practice in 2013

Purpose: To assist the pharmacy clinician engaged in nutrition support in staying current with the most pertinent literature. Methods: Several experienced board-certified clinical pharmacists in nutrition support compiled a list of publications published in 2013 that they considered to be important to their practice. The citation list was compiled into a Web-based survey whereby pharmacist members of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.), GI-Liver-Nutrition Practice Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, and the Pharmacy and Pharmacology Section of the Society of Critical Care Medicine were asked to rank each article according to level of importance in their practice. Results: A total of 30 articles were identified by the author group. Thirty-six participants responded to the survey. The top-ranked papers by participants from the Web-based survey were reviewed by the authors. Due to its high level of importance, the parenteral nutrition safety conse...
O(3P) versus O(1D) reaction dynamics with n-pentane: a crossed-beam imaging study

Abstract We present crossed-beam scattering results for reaction of ground state O(3P) and electronically excited O(1D) with n-pentane at a collision energy of 13 kcal/mol. The results were obtained using velocity map imaging with 157 nm single-photon ionization of the products. Using this probe, the only reaction channel observed was that producing the hydrocarbon radical and OH. The results show dramatically contrasting dynamics, with backward-sideways scattering dominating the ground state triplet reaction and isotropic/forward scattering for the singlet reaction.
A new class of harmonic components for millimeter‐wave applications

This article presents several new harmonic components for millimeter-wave applications. These components include a commonly used patch antenna and a bandpass filter operating at 35 GHz. The components have the advantages of easier fabrication and feeding compared with the commonly used traditional components operating at fundamental frequencies. The harmonic components are also used to build an antenna array. Good performance is obtained from these harmonic components in comparison with the traditional components. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2008.
Severity of rhinovirus infection in hospitalized adults is unrelated to genotype.

Objectives: To determine whether rhinovirus (RV) species is associated with more severe clinical illness in adults. Methods: Seventy-two RV-positive viral respiratory samples from adult patients were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically after reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of the region spanning the VP4 gene and 5′ terminus of the VP2 gene. The clinical features and severity of illness associated with the different RV species were compared. Results: Phylogenetic analysis identified three distinct clusters as RV-A (54%), B (11%), or C (35%) species. In an unadjusted model, patients with RV-B infection were significantly more likely to have the composite outcome variable of death or intensive care unit admission (P = .03), but this effect diminished when controlling for patient sex. A logistic model of the relationship between RV species and adverse outcomes produced nonsignificant odds ratios when controlling for patient sex. Conclusions: Infection with RV-A or RV-B was associated with greater severity of illness in our adult population; however, the association disappeared after controlling for confounders.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Adsorption of Catechol and Related Phenolic Compounds to Alumina Surfaces

We performed atomistically detailed molecular dynamics simulations to study adsorption behaviors of catechol, which is a key functional group in marine bioadhesives, to two different alumina surfaces in both anhydrous and aqueous conditions. In anhydrous conditions, without competing interactions from water molecules, catechol adsorbed to both hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated alumina surfaces. In aqueous conditions, catechol and several analogous phenolic compounds displaced water molecules and were strongly attracted to the nonhydroxylated alumina surface, which is more hydrophobic. When comparing the phenolic moieties near the hydroxylated alumina surface in aqueous conditions, the catechol molecules displayed the strongest adsorptions mainly through cooperative hydrogen bonding interactions of two neighboring hydroxyl groups with the surface hydroxyl groups of alumina as evidenced by the longer hydrogen bonding lifetimes and the larger number of adsorbed molecules near the surface. Insights gained from...
Glycolytic overload and the genesis of breast cancer

It is suggested that the development of breast cancer is due to overloading of the glycolytic pathways. An excess of substrates or an excessive delivery rate of substrates to the Krebs Cycle is believed to result in the formation of acetyl CoA. Feedback mechanisms controlling the conversion of acetyl CoA to cholesterol may be overcome; the resulting high concentration of cholesterol induces the formation of pregnenolone which may then be converted into androgens, estrogens and progesterone. These steroids are in addition to those produced by gonads and adrenal glands. Glycolytic overload is also associated with an increase in fat stores which have been shown to be the site of interconversion of sex hormones. Excess sex hormones or abnormal sex hormones are believed to be the cause of breast cancer. The hypothesis presented links glycolytic overload with clinical biochemical phenomena and explains some of the anomalies observed in breast cancer experience in different ethnic groups. Changes in dietary habits during the history of man resulting in " gorging " and the consumption of highly refined sugars are possible causes of glycolytic overload. So, also, is impaired thermogenesis due to Brown Fat deficits in certain ethnic groups.
Creep behavior of a continuous strand, swirl mat reinforced polymeric composite in simulated automotive environments for durability investigation: Part I: experimental development and creep-rupture

Experimental methods were developed to simulate automotive environments and investigate the creep-rupture behavior of an isocyanurate base polyurethane matrix with a continuous strand, swirl mat E-glass reinforcement. The material under stress was exposed to various simulated automobile service conditions to test its creep-rupture properties. Results showed that environment had substantial effects on its creep strength durability. The resulting data were analyzed for deriving experimental based equations. Proposed guidelines and stress reduction factors were developed for automotive structural design applications.
Electromechanical Resonators from Graphene Sheets

Nanoelectromechanical systems were fabricated from single- and multilayer graphene sheets by mechanically exfoliating thin sheets from graphite over trenches in silicon oxide. Vibrations with fundamental resonant frequencies in the megahertz range are actuated either optically or electrically and detected optically by interferometry. We demonstrate room-temperature charge sensitivities down to 8 × 10 –4 electrons per root hertz. The thinnest resonator consists of a single suspended layer of atoms and represents the ultimate limit of two-dimensional nanoelectromechanical systems.
Cytochrome P450 ω-Hydroxylase Pathway of Tocopherol Catabolism NOVEL MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF VITAMIN E STATUS

Postabsorptive elimination of the various forms of vitamin E appears to play a key role in regulation of tissue tocopherol concentrations, but mechanisms of tocopherol metabolism have not been elucidated. Here we describe a pathway involving cytochrome P450-mediated ω-hydroxylation of the tocopherol phytyl side chain followed by stepwise removal of two- or three-carbon moieties, ultimately yielding the 3′-carboxychromanol metabolite that is excreted in urine. All key intermediates of γ-tocopherol metabolism via this pathway were identified in hepatocyte cultures using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. NADPH-dependent synthesis of the initial γ- and α-tocopherol 13′-hydroxy and -carboxy metabolites was demonstrated in rat and human liver microsomes. Functional analysis of several recombinant human liver P450 enzymes revealed that tocopherol-ω-hydroxylase activity was associated only with CYP4F2, which also catalyzes ω-hydroxylation of leukotriene B4 and arachidonic acid. Tocopherol-ω-hydroxylase exhibited similar binding affinities but markedly higher catalytic activities for γ-tocopherol than α-tocopherol, suggesting a role for this pathway in the preferential physiological retention of α-tocopherol and elimination of γ-tocopherol. Sesamin potently inhibited tocopherol-ω-hydroxylase activity exhibited by CYP4F2 and rat or human liver microsomes. Since dietary sesamin also results in elevated tocopherol levels in vivo, this pathway appears to represent a functionally significant means of regulating vitamin E status.
Comparative effects of muscle work and insulin upon plasma amino acids in eviscerated rats.

SummaryStimulation of muscle has an insulin-like effect upon the glucose tolerance of the eviscerate rat. In the rat the effect upon glucose tolerance of a combination of muscle work and of optimal doses of insulin is greater than of either one alone. Insulin suppresses the rise in plasma amino acids following evisceration of the rat but muscle work does not.
Wide‐field radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for patients with Hodgkin disease in relapse after initial combination chemotherapy

Background. Patients with Hodgkin disease who have relapses after initial chemotherapy (CT) appear to have a poor prognosis, especially if the duration of the first complete remission (CR) was short. The authors performed a retrospective analysis of patients with Hodgkin disease whose relapse after combination CT was limited to nodal sites; their aim was to study the prognosis of this selected subgroup of patients. Methods. In 28 patients with Hodgkin disease who had relapses in nodal sites after combination CT alone, the disease was restaged carefully to rule out simultaneous extranodal recurrences. Then the patients were treated with wide-field, high-dose radiation therapy (RT) with or without additional CT with curative intent between 1971 and 1987 at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Fourteen patients were in first relapse and were treated with combination CT followed by RT. The remaining 14 patients (8 who were in first relapse and 6 who were in second relapse) were treated with RT alone. RT techniques were similar to those recommended for early-stage disease. Results. The 7-year actuarial freedom from relapse and survival rates for the patients retreated with CT and RT were 93% and 85%, respectively, as compared with 36% and 36% for patients retreated with RT alone. There was a significant difference for freedom from relapse (P = 0.002) and survival (P = 0.03), favoring patients retreated with both CT and RT. Conclusions. This retrospective study demonstrates that RT combined with second-line CT can result in a high percentage of durable remissions in patients who have relapses primarily in nodal sites after original treatment with combination CT alone. These durable remissions are seen even in patients who have only a brief CR after initial CT. Cancer 1993; 72:207–12.
Probing the Structure of Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Hot Spots

We present here a detailed study of the specific nanoparticle structures that give rise to single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SMSERS). A variety of structures are observed, but the simplest are dimers of Ag nanocrystals. We chose one of these structures for detailed study using electrodynamics calculations and found that the electromagnetic SERS enhancement factors of 109 are easily obtained and are consistent with single-molecule SERS activity.
Thomas Szasz' «critical reflections on child psychiatry»: an alternative view through a systemic lens

Abstract In “Critical Reflections on Child Psychiatry,” Thomas Szasz (1979) argues that children are without the rights afforded adults, that children are often coerced into therapy, and that most children do not appear to benefit from psychotherapy. Szasz raises many pertinent questions for mental health professionals working with children. However, his arguments appear to be based on literature limited to traditional psychodynamic approaches. His position also neglects to consider literature in the developmental psychology and legal fields. This paper, written from the cognitive developmental and the family systems perspective, provides another examination of the important issues raised by Thomas Szasz.
Making sense of teaching through metaphors: a review across three studies

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize findings from three studies that have addressed the conceptualization and application of the metaphor construct to the study of teachers and teaching. With respect to the perspectives of elementary and secondary preservice teachers, we specifically examined how the particular metaphors they used indicated conceptualizations of and orientations to classroom life, and how these metaphors influenced teachers' approaches to teaching, curriculum, and their work with pupils. We frame the discussion in light of the larger literature on the relationship of teachers' beliefs and practices as it relates to learning to teach and teacher education. The paper provides implications for linking the research reported with contemporary ideas for teaching and teacher preparation.
Direct Wafer Bonded Abrupt Junction Tunnel Diodes

Abrupt junction tunnel diodes have been fabricated using hydrophobic direct wafer bonding to join together highly n- and p-type doped wafers. Low reverse resistance backward diodes were achieved. The reverse bias behavior of the diodes is purely ohmic with a total reverse resistance of 0.0015 Ω cm 2 , which produces a reverse voltage of 150 mV at 100 A/cm 2 . Although Esaki tunneling is observed under forward bias, there is no observed negative differential resistance due to high excess current. The current work is the first step in creating low-loss stacked diode structures for high blocking voltage electric power applications.
Funtionalized Sol−Gels for Selective Copper(II) Separation

Inorganic−organic hybrid SiO2 sol−gels anchored with amino (NH2−CH2CH2−NH-, TMSen, and −NH−CH2CH2−NH-, Bis-TMSen) and mercapto (HS-) ligands have been studied as new sorbents for Cu2+ separation. T...