cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Calculus Under Weak Formulation

The fully nonlinear theory will be built on the canonical space under weak formulation, which has many advantages both in theory and in applications. In this chapter we present some basic materials crucial for the theory. While we will try our best to make the presentation self-contained, due to the limit of the pages we will have to borrow some results from the standard literature of stochastic calculus, e.g., Karatzas & Shreve [117] and Revuz & Yor [206].
Opposing collicular influences on the parafascicular (Pf) and posteromedial (POm) thalamic nuclei: relationship to POm-induced inhibition in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR)

The superior colliculus activates the zona incerta (ZI), which sends GABAergic projections to the posteromedial (POm) thalamic nucleus. Consistent with this circuit, we previously showed that stimulation of the superior colliculus activates ZI and causes inhibition of neuronal activity in POm (Watson et al., J Neurosci 35:9463-9476, 2015). Other studies, however, have shown that collicular stimulation activates the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. The present study extends these reports by showing that unilateral collicular stimulation causes bilateral activation of Pf that is concomitant with bilateral inhibition of POm. The opposing influences of the superior colliculus on Pf and POm are significant, because both these thalamic nuclei innervate the striatum, which is involved in behavioral selection. In view of data indicating that thalamostriatal projections from Pf and other intralaminar nuclei increase the sensitivity of the indirect pathway to corticostriatal inputs (Ding et al., Neuron 67:294-307, 2010), we tested whether POm stimulation might exert an opposing influence on the basal ganglia circuitry. Consistent with POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), which is necessary for the expression of sensorimotor habits, we found that POm stimulation activates DLS and causes inhibition of neuronal activity in the lateral part of the substantia nigra pars reticulata, which is a major target of DLS and the direct pathway. These findings are discussed with respect to clinical reports indicating that deep brain stimulation in ZI is effective in reducing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Polarization correlation signal processing: Determination of the complete stokes vector

The polarization of a signal represents an additional degree of freedom in the collection of discrimination techniques available to radar and communications engineers. Use of waveforms polarized in a certain way that are optimized for discrimination of a given target represent an unexploited capability in signal processing. In this paper we describe two methods of discrimination based on polarization. The first is based on an optical technique called channeled polarimetry and makes use of optical components to generate a spectrum of polarization for a return signal. The Stokes parameters are then determined by calculating the Fourier transform of this spectrum followed by calculating the Fourier transform of the individual peaks of the spectrum. The second method uses the same optical elements but effects discrimination by comparing the polarization spectrum to those of known targets in a correlator. Both of these methods are discussed in detail and some sample calculations are presented.
Identifying critical autonomous systems in the Internet

The Internet not only facilitates our daily activities, such as communication, entertainment and shopping but also serves as the enabling technology for many critical services, including finance, manufacturing, healthcare and transportation. On the other hand, a wide spectrum of attacks targets its communication infrastructure to disable or disrupt the network connectivity and traffic flow until recovery processes take place. Attacking all autonomous systems (ASes) in the Internet is typically beyond the capability of an adversary. Therefore, targeting a small number of ASes which results in the highest impact is the best strategy for attackers. Similarly, it is important for network practitioners to identify, fortify and secure those critical ASes to mitigate the impact of the attacks. In this study we introduce an intuitive and effective measure, IP address spatial path stress centrality, to assess and identify the critical ASes in the Internet. We compare IP address spatial path stress centrality to the three well-known and widely used centrality measures, namely customer-cone size, node degree and betweenness. We demonstrate that the proposed measure incorporates business relations and IP address spaces to achieve a better measure for identifying the critical ASes in the Internet.
An exploratory analysis of phrases in text retrieval

Phrases are used in both commercial and experimental search engines. Despite the large amount of work in the area results remain mixed. It is still not clear whether phrases can be used to improve retrieval effectiveness. In this paper, we examine phrases and their properties independently of any specific retrieval approach. We explore phrase usage in text corpora and relevance patterns related to phrase usage. The result is not only a better understanding of phrases, but a better method by which phrases and phrase techniques may be evaluated. With this method we can directly determine the value of various phrase formulations for information retrieval.
Kidney Cell Cultures in Hormonally Defined Serum-Free Medium

Renal cell growth and function may be studied in vitro using both established kidney cell lines and primary kidney cultures. To a major extent, in vitro studies concerning renal functions have been primarily concerned with two established kidney epithelial cell lines, Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and the pig kidney cell line LLC-PK1. These two cell lines are well characterized with regard to their transport properties. However, in vitro studies concerning hormonal regulation of growth and transport have not been extensive. The hormonally defined, serum-free culture media for these cell lines should facilitate such studies. Furthermore, hormonally defined serum-free culture media should also prove to be invaluable in the study of primary kidney cultures.
Unwed Teenage Pregnancy: Family Relationships with the Father of the Baby:

The author presents prospective data from a small-scale study of 15 families experiencing an unmarried teenage pregnancy. During and after the pregnancy, the adolescents and their parents were inte...
Commentary: Campylobacter and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

There are reports in the literature stating that Campylobacter infections can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); however, a mechanism for how Campylobacter induces HUS has not been proposed by investigators. The most common bacterial inducer of HUS is the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and a few cases of HUS are induced by an invasive Shigella dysenteriae or Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Campylobacter spp. have not been shown to produce Shiga toxin (Stx) nor do they possess genetic elements capable of producing a Stx-like toxin. The neuraminidase associated with pneumococcal HUS has not been observed in Campylobacter. Therefore, in the absence of a well-defined toxic mechanism, it not clear that Campylobacter actually causes HUS.
HEMOGLOBIN–MYOGLOBIN TEAMWORK

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the hemoglobin–myoglobin teamwork in steady-state oxygen supply. It is proposed that myoglobins significance be measured in terms of the blood flow necessary to sustain oxidative metabolism in the presence and absence of diffusible myoglobin. The effect of varying the p50 values of both myoglobin and hemoglobin is examined and it is found that there exist optimal p50 values of both heme proteins, which minimize the required blood flow. The gradient in O2 tension from capillary to extremity of tissue is decreased to an extent that varies directly with the corresponding gradient in myoglobin saturation, as well as with DMb and CMb. The lower the p value, the lower the demand placed upon the heart. These results reaffirm the possibly significant role of myoglobin in steady-state O2 transport as well as the need to determine such elusive quantities as Pmin and DMb.
Moringa isothiocyanate-1 is bioaccessible and bioavailable as a stable unmodified compound

Abstract Moringa oleifera Lam. is a widely cultivated subtropical tree with a variety of documented medicinal properties. An ethanolic moringa seed extract (MSE) was shown to contain high concentrations of the stable moringa isothiocyanate-1 (MIC-1, 1). Compound 1 has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties but has not been characterized metabolically. The objective of this study was to understand its bioaccessibility using a human intestinal model and bioavailability using serum from treated rats. Bioaccessibility of 1, using the TNO Intestinal Model (TIM-1), was determined to be 61% and 62% in the fasted and fed states respectively. Compound 1 from the serum of treated animals was measured directly without prior chemical or enzymatic digestion. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 50 mg/kg of 1, either intravenously with pure 1, or orally gavaged with MSE or 1. Serum levels of 1 were 6 to 12 times higher in animals dosed intravenously than in animals dosed by gavage with a half-life of about 2 h. Serum levels of 1 dropped to zero between 8 and 24 h for all three treatments. These results suggest 1 remains largely unmodified during uptake, unlike other isothiocyanates, and has favorable bioaccessibility and bioavailability characteristics for a potential therapeutic agent.
Assessing perceived driving difficulties under emergency evacuation for vulnerable population groups

Abstract The devastating impacts of natural hazards, including loss of lives and properties, underline the importance of efficient hazard preparedness, especially in the areas with frequent hazard occurrence. Several studies indicated that driving during emergency evacuation is quite challenging due to dense traffic flow, inclement weather conditions, and unexpected maneuvers of other evacuees. However, limited research has been directed towards assessing the perceived driving difficulties of individuals, including vulnerable population, under emergency evacuation. This study deploys a driving simulator in order to emulate realistic emergency evacuation scenarios and to quantify the perceived driving difficulties of individuals under emergency evacuation. Based on the data, collected using a driving simulator, a number of statistical models are proposed to determine a set of performance indicators, including the mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration, experienced by individuals as a result of emergency evacuation. The statistical models also capture a variety of different driver characteristics, traffic characteristics, driving conditions, and evacuation route characteristics. The analysis results suggest that the considered performance indicators are significantly influenced with a number of factors, including age, gender, education, race, presence of chronic diseases, and self-reported driving ability. The insights from the conducted research can be applied at the hazard preparedness stage to mitigate the perceived driving difficulties of individuals under emergency evacuation and ensure their safety.
Interrelations between Maternal and Neonatal Health and Family Planning: Conceptualization of the Theme

When the “Health Theme in Family Planning” was formulated by this author ten years ago (l)f most of the data came from the more developed countries. Evidence for the theme, based on data from developing countries, became available or newly discovered during the decade of the seventies. Furthermore, several major studies in the less developed countries were carried out and provided additional support for the theme. One prominent example is the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored collaborative study of family planning and health in ten countries. The report on studies in India, Iran, Lebanon, Philippines and Turkey was published by WHO in 1976 (2). The report on studies in Colombia, Egypt, Pakistan and Syria was published in 1981 (3), while the Taiwan report is soon to be published by the Provincial Institute of Maternal and Child Health (4). Another prominent example is the study in several Latin American countries by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in 1975 (5). Furthermore, analysis of data collected by the International Fertility Research Program (IFRP) has provided additional support (6).
Daubechies' scaling function on [0, 3]

Abstract . We construct Daubechies' scaling function supported on [0, 3] from first principles and prove that it is continuous everywhere, left-differentiable at dyadic rationals and nowhere right-differentiable on dyadic rational on [0, 3). Furthermore, we prove that its integer translates are orthonormal and that its definite integral equals one. This scaling function is one of an infinite class of scaling functions introduced by Daubechies in [1] for the purpose of constructing orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. The particular scaling function studied in this paper is distinguished from the others by the property that it is the simplest scaling function which can be used to construct a complete orthonormal wavelet basis of L 2 (R) whose primary wavelet is continuous.
Ventilatory drive and the apnea-hypopnea index in six-to-twelve year old children

We tested the hypothesis that ventilatory drive in hypoxia and hypercapnia is inversely correlated with the number of hypopneas and obstructive apneas per hour of sleep (obstructive apnea hypopnea index, OAHI) in children. Fifty children, 6 to 12 years of age were studied. Participants had an in-home unattended polysomnogram to compute the OAHI. We subsequently estimated ventilatory drive in normoxia, at two levels of isocapnic hypoxia, and at three levels of hyperoxic hypercapnia in each subject. Experiments were done during wakefulness, and the mouth occlusion pressure measured 0.1 seconds after inspiratory onset (P0.1) was measured in all conditions. The slope of the relation between P0.1 and the partial pressure of end-tidal O2 or CO2 (PETO2 and PETCO2) served as the index of hypoxic or hypercapnic ventilatory drive. Hypoxic ventilatory drive correlated inversely with OAHI (r = -0.31, P = 0.041), but the hypercapnic ventilatory drive did not (r = -0.19, P = 0.27). We also found that the resting PETCO2 was significantly and positively correlated with the OAHI, suggesting that high OAHI values were associated with resting CO2 retention. In awake children the OAHI correlates inversely with the hypoxic ventilatory drive and positively with the resting PETCO2. Whether or not diminished hypoxic drive or resting CO2 retention while awake can explain the severity of sleep-disordered breathing in this population is uncertain, but a reduced hypoxic ventilatory drive and resting CO2 retention are associated with sleep-disordered breathing in 6–12 year old children.
Oestradiol-Dependent and -Independent Modulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA Levels in Subpopulations of A1 and A2 Neurones with Oestrogen Receptor (ER)α and ERβ Gene Expression

Oestradiol (E2) induces luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) hypersecretion, thereby triggering LH surge release in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Neural signals responsible for the surge are marked by a morning increase in LHRH gene expression and an afternoon increase in LHRH release. Evidence suggests that subpopulations of noradrenergic neurones may be responsible for one or both of these signals. To further investigate this issue, we examined effects of E2 on the activity of A1 and A2 noradrenergic neurones, as reflected in changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression, on the day of LH surge release. We then used dual-label in situ hybridization to determine whether E2-induced changes occurred primarily in A1 and A2 subdivisions wherein most noradrenergic neurones expressed oestrogen receptor (ER)alpha and/or ER beta mRNA. We found that in all subdivisions, levels of TH mRNA were higher in E2- than oil-treated rats at 12.00 h. These differences resulted from a decline in TH mRNA expression in oil-treated rats, as well as a rise in levels in E2-treated rats between 10.00 h and 12.00 h. During the afternoon, TH mRNA expression in most A1 and A2 subdivisions peaked at 14.00 h when LH surge release began. However, in all but the middle and caudal A2 subdivisons, levels were similar in E2-treated and control rats at this time. This was attributable to a widespread increase in TH mRNA expression between 12.00 h and 14.00 h in OVX rats. There was no evidence that E2 induced changes in TH mRNA expression preferentially in regions wherein most neurones contained ER alpha or ER beta mRNA. Our findings suggest that E2 activation of middle and caudal A2 neurones, in conjunction with the widespread E2-independent activation of noradrenergic neurones in other subdivisions, may play a role in the induction of LH surge release.
Ensemble-Averaged Large Scale Structure in the Turbulent Mixing Layer

Earlier work by Winant and Browand (1974), at Re ≈ 103, has suggested that the large scale structure in the mixing layer consists of lumps of vorticity, or simply vortices, aligned across the flow. The vortices arise initially from instability of the laminar flow, and thereafter interact by rolling around one another and coalescing in pairs to form a disturbance with twice the spacing and half the frequency. After four such sequential pairings in a distance of 1.5 meters, the mixing layer has grown in thickness by a factor of 16 and is no longer thin compared to the scale of the apparatus.
The Caenorhabditis elegans lin-12 gene mediates induction of ventral uterine specialization by the anchor cell

The anchor cell (AC) of the Caenorhabditis elegans gonad has a critical role in the development of a functional egg-laying system, which is accomplished through cell-cell interactions. Lateral inhibitory lin-12-mediated signaling among two bipotential cells causes one to adopt the ventral uterine precursor (VU) cell fate while the other becomes the AC. The AC then induces formation of vulval tissue. We find that the AC also induces a particular ventral uterine intermediate precursor fate (pi) by a mechanism that is genetically and temporally distinct from vulval induction. This process requires lin-12, but unlike previously described lin-12-mediated decisions, signaling is unidirectional, is between dissimilar cells and does not involve lateral inhibition. The pi fates are necessary for egg laying and appear to produce a distinct specialized cell type. Thus, patterning of the ventral uterus by the AC is crucial to the development of a functional egg-laying system.
DECLINE AND RECOVERY OF SMALL MAMMALS AFTER FLOODING: IMPLICATIONS FOR PEST MANAGEMENT AND FLOODPLAIN COMMUNITY DYNAMICS

Floodplains often are managed both for agriculture and as habitat for native species. On the Sacramento River, farmers have expressed concern that natural areas may harbour small mammals in greater abundance than occurs on farms, which could make them sources of pests to adjoining farmlands. Concern over this has generated some opposition to riparian restoration. To better understand the issue, we studied small mammals at agricultural sites, young and older riparian restoration sites and remnant natural areas through live trapping and visual surveys over three successive years. Significant flooding occurred during the second winter of the study. We found that young riparian restoration sites (3–4 years since planting) did not harbour agricultural pests (e.g. California ground squirrel, Botta's pocket gopher) in greater abundance than agricultural sites, with the exception of California voles. Although voles were common at young sites, they declined dramatically as the sites matured, and neither 12- to 15-year-old sites nor remnant riparian habitats had higher abundances of any small mammal pest species than agricultural sites. All species except the arboreal western gray squirrel experienced significant population declines following the flood and remained at depressed levels for at least a full year thereafter. Native species were not less susceptible to flooding than exotic species. California vole was the first species to recover. Our study suggests that frequent winter flooding may be desirable from an agricultural pest management perspective. It illustrates a valuable ecosystem service, small mammal pest control, which is provided by flooding, an important natural disturbance process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1/f noise in electron devices due to temperature fluctuations in heat condition

It is shown that power dissipation in electron devices will result in temperature fluctuations which are frequency dependent and consequently l/f noise. As an example, application of this theory to diode and laser diodes with significant power dissipation is considered. The latter are of interest since it has been previously reported that the spectral intensity of the l/f noise varies linearly with the applied DC current and not as is usual in most electron devices as the square of the DC voltage or current as described by Hooge's empirical relationship. We will show results on a simple diode where the mean square noise voltage at low frequency varies linearly with the applied DC current. The results have also been applied to describe measurements on resistive filaments in vacuum such as in light bulbs or vacuum tube devices where there is significant power dissipation and heat conduction. Temperature fluctuations in heat conduction result in l/f fluctuations in resistance of the filament. These results might well do much to clarify the long lack of understanding of l/f noise in vacuum tube devices.
Depolarization of cell membrane is associated with an increase in ciliary beat frequency (CBF).

We hypothesize that activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors depolarizes the cell membrane of the mammalian ciliated cells which in turn causes an increase of CBF. To test this hypothesis, a di-8-ANEPPS fluorescence photon counting and nonstationary heterodyne laser light scattering system was developed to measure cell membrane potential (ψ) and CBF in cultured ovine tracheal ciliated cells simultaneously. Carbachol dose dependently depolarized the cell membrane with a corresponding stimulation of CBF. The carbachol induced depolarization of cell membrane and increases of CBF were inhibited by prior application of either atropine or verapamil or amiloride. These novel data suggest that depolarization of the cell membrane and the corresponding stimulation of CBF caused by the activation of muscarinic receptors of the mammalian ciliated cells are dependent on the influx of either extracellular Ca2+ or Na+.
The looming maladaptive style predicts shared variance in anxiety disorder symptoms: further support for a cognitive model of vulnerability to anxiety

Looming vulnerability pertains to a distinct cognitive phenomenology characterized by mental representations of dynamically intensifying danger and rapidly rising risk as one projects the self into an anticipated future [J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 79 (2000) 837]. While looming appraisals can be experienced as state elicitation, some individuals are hypothesized to develop an enduring cognitive pattern of cross-situational looming appraisals, the looming maladaptive style (LMS), which functions as a cognitive vulnerability to anxiety. In the present study, we examined the extent to which the LMS predicts common variance in numerous anxiety disorder symptoms, independent of the potentially confounding effects of current depressive symptoms. Specifically, we hypothesized that controlling for depressive symptoms, LMS would predict shared variance in a latent factor comprised of indicators of five anxiety disorder symptoms: obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobic fears. Measures of these anxiety disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, and looming vulnerability were administered to unselected college student population. Structural equations modeling analyses provided support for our hypothesis that LMS predicts shared variance in anxiety disorder symptoms and suggest that this cognitive style may be an overarching dimension of vulnerability to anxiety.
Distribution and properties of flavokinase in the developing chick embryo.

Abstract 1. 1. Localization of flavokinase was studied in the nonembryonic portions of the chicken egg, in embroys at various stages of development, and in the adult hen. 2. 2. Embryonic biosynthesis of flavin nomonucleotide (FMN) increases with increasing protein synthesis. 3. 3. In the embryo, higher activity of flavokinase was observed in intestine, heart, liver, and yolk sac. 4. 4. Lower activity was observed in allantoic membrane and fluid. 5. 5. No significant activity was measured in yolk. 6. 6. Both specific and total flavokinase activities in organs of the more aerobic and metabolically active adult chicken are considerably greater than those of embryo organs. 7. 7. Flavokinase from embryonic liver was enriched by affinity chromatography by using N-10- flavinyl agarose. 8. 8. The partially purified enzyme has properties generally similar to other animal flavokinases.
Complete 360° circumferential SSOCT gonioscopy of the iridocorneal angle

The ocular iridocorneal angle is generally an optically inaccessible area when viewed directly through the cornea due to the high angle of incidence required and the large index of refraction difference between air and cornea ( n air = 1.000 and n cornea = 1.376) resulting in total internal reflection. Gonioscopy allows for viewing of the angle by removing the aircornea interface through the use of a special contact lens on the eye. Gonioscopy is used clinically to visualize the angle directly but only en face. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been used to image the angle and deeper structures via an external approach. Typically, this imaging technique is performed by utilizing a conventional anterior segment OCT scanning system. However, instead of imaging the apex of the cornea, either the scanner or the subject is tilted such that the corneoscleral limbus is orthogonal to the optical axis of the scanner requiring multiple volumes to obtain complete circumferential coverage of the ocular angle. We developed a novel gonioscopic OCT (GOCT) system that images the entire ocular angle within a single volume via an “internal” approach through the use of a custom radially symmetric gonioscopic contact lens. We present, to our knowledge, the first complete 360° circumferential volumes of the iridocorneal angle from a direct, internal approach.
Comparison Of Translocation Of Different Types Of Microorganisms From The Intestinal Tract Of Burned Mice

The aim of this study was to compare the ability of various microorganisms to translocate from the intestine to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), liver, and spleen in a burned mouse model. Balb/c mice were gavaged with 1 x 10(9) or 1 x 10(10) of one of 11 different microorganisms. All animals were then given a 20% burn. Survival after 10 days showed no significant difference between any of the groups at the 10(10) dose. At the 10(9) dose, significantly higher survival rates were found in three of the 11 strains. Microbial translocation (gavage of 10(10) 111In-labeled organisms) and host's ability to kill translocated bacteria (viable bacteria in tissues) were measured followed by burn injury and sacrifice four hours later. Translocation and killing of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli was high in the MLNs compared with all other groups but translocation was lower to the liver. Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Serratia translocated more evenly to all the tissues. However, these groups showed very high clearance of bacteria in the liver and spleen except for Klebsiella and one strain of Pseudomonas in the spleen. Candida showed poor translocation to all of the tissues and high clearance. It is concluded that various strains of bacteria translocate from the intestine to a similar degree after injury, but the tissues to which they translocate and the rate at which they are killed are somewhat strain dependent.
E-Cadherin Protein Expression Predicts Prostate Cancer Salvage Radiotherapy Outcomes

Purpose: Radiotherapy for biochemical prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy achieves durable salvage rates of only 40% to 50%. Improved methods of identifying patients unlikely to benefit from salvage radiotherapy are needed. Altered expression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin may be associated with the invasive and metastatic phenotype. We examined the relationship between E-cadherin expression and outcomes after salvage radiotherapy.Materials and Methods: E-cadherin expression was examined by immunohistochemistical analysis of a tissue microarray of prostatectomy tissues from patients who underwent salvage radiotherapy. The relation between E-cadherin staining, other risk factors and biochemical failure after salvage radiotherapy was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods.Results: Of 37 analyzable cases 25 showed aberrant E-cadherin expression, while the remainder had normal expression. At a median clinical followup of 40 months univariate analysis demonstrated that E-cadheri...
Impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on the electric power system in Illinois

Future impacts on the electric power system in Illinois due to additional load from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are analyzed. The operation of the state's electric power system was simulated under a baseline scenario (i.e., without PHEVs) and three scenarios with PHEVs. The latter scenarios assumed different time periods throughout the day when PHEVs would be charging. The study assumed that PHEVs comprised 10% of the total number of light-duty vehicles on the road in 2020. Results of the simulations are presented, and the potential impacts of PHEV charging on the power system's generation mix and transmission network are identified. While the conclusions drawn are specific to the features of Illinois, the tools and methodologies employed can be applied to the study of power systems in other geographic areas.
Introduction to GPU programming for EDA

Advances in GPU technology have propelled the GPU into arenas far afield from the traditional, isolated roles they have previously played. With hundreds of processing units in a single GPU, substantial speedups can be achieved by harnessing their power to augment the performance of the traditional single- or multi-core CPU on certain compute-intensive applications. However, utilizing the GPU requires both a change in the programmer's traditional algorithmic model as well as a judicious selection of algorithm being used for the problem. This paper reviews the GPU architecture and the tools available to utilize this valuable resource. It also provides insight into the type of problem best suited for the GPU as well as programming styles required to fully harness the power of the GPU. We present examples of specific EDA algorithms that can benefit from GPU acceleration, using both the CUDA and OpenCL environments.
Predictive engineering for aging infrastructure

This paper presents an overview of the emerging field of predictive engineering. This is an integrated approach to life-cycle analysis, system monitoring, and management and usable-life prediction that is built on life assurance methodologies, measurements, data analysis and the application of predictive models applied to critical structures and systems. The science and technology that is now becoming predictive engineering has been developing over a period of nearly 30 years. Research is currently in progress to develop predictive engineering for application to critical defense infrastructure and systems, including units in the national conventional munitions stockpile, and to extend its application to elements in the critical national infrastructure.
Neuropsychological resiliency after treatment for advanced stage neuroblastoma

The purpose of this study was to describe the neuropsychological functioning of survivors of advanced stage neuroblastoma. In all, 16 survivors, diagnosed at a median of 2.8 years, who had received intensive chemotherapy and surgical treatments, were identified; 11 had received myeloablative consolidation therapy, eight with total body irradiation (TBI). All patients were evaluated with a neuropsychological assessment battery at a median age of 8.8 years. Analyses included comparison of the performances of the TBI group vs the no-TBI group; determination of whether the proportion of individuals with impaired or superior performance on each measure exceeded normative expectations; and performance indexes reflecting patterns of performance. Results indicate no significant deleterious impact of TBI and/or presence or absence of myeloablative therapy on neurocognitive and neurobehavioral functioning. For this cohort, resilience to neuropsychological vulnerability was observed, which included the emergence of a profile of full-scale IQ, verbal IQ, and mathematical achievement well above average expectations. We concluded that the results document a lack of neuropsychological morbidity among this cohort of survivors of advanced stage neuroblastoma, regardless of the inclusion of TBI. Moreover, a striking pattern of excellent neurocognitive functioning with intact neurobehavioral functioning was observed.
Alkaline lipolytic activity of rabbit adipose tissue: genotypes and their inheritance.

A genetic variant of alkaline lipolytic activity (ALA), a soluble esterase found in mammalian adipose tissue, has previously been described. This “slow” variant was characterized by slower migration during starch gel electrophoresis, a decreased tendency to dimerize, and reduced enzymatic activity in constrast to the “fast” electrophoretic phenotype. The present paper identifies a homozygous (FF) and a heterozygous (Ff) “fast” phenotype which are differentiated after starch gel electrophoresis by the presence or absence of a slow band identical to that of the homozygous “slow” (ff)/it phenotype. In addition, ALA of homozygous and heterozygous “fast” rabbits differed in total enzymatic activity and its tendency to dimerize. The inheritance of this variant was proven to be Mendelian.
Police misconduct and minority citizens: Exploring key issues

This manuscript provides a review of the literature concerning key issues associated with acts of police misconduct and minority citizens in the United States. First, the issue of what types of behaviors are defined as ‘police misconduct’ is explored. Second, the level of police misconduct is discussed. Finally, the question of whether or not minority citizens are targeted for harassment and abuse is addressed.
Specific, irreversible antagonism of histamine receptors in the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens by 4(5)-[5-(4-azido-2-nitroanilino)ethyl] imidazole, a photoaffinity analog of histamine

Photolysis of 4(5)-[2-(4-azido-2-nitroanilino)ethyl] imidazole (AAH) in organ chambers containing isolated guinea-pig vas deferens resulted in an irreversible antagonism of histamine-induced contractions of the smooth muscle. A similar antognism was found in the presence of non-photolyzed AAH, and was reversible if not irradiated. After photolysis, AAH had no effect on tissue responses to KCl, norepinephrine and MgATP; responses to acetylcholine were only slightly reduced. The tissues were protected from the antagonistic effect of photolyzed AAH if diphenhydramine, an H1-histamine receptor antagonist, was also present during photolysis. Conversely, histamine provided no such protection while cimetidine, an H2-histamine receptor antagonist, was weakly protective. The results indicate that AAH is a specific and irreversible histamine photoaffinity antagonist. It satisfies the chemical and pharmacological criteria for such an antagonism. The antagonism appears to result from a covalent attachment of the compound to an H1-histamine receptor-antagonist binding site.
Optimal power allocation for layered multimedia transmission via broadcast over rayleigh fading channels

We consider a multimedia transmission scheme that is based on the combination of layered source coding with successive refinement and on using a broadcast strategy to send the layers over Rayleigh fading channels. We optimize the power allocated to each layer in order to maximize the average user satisfaction defined by a utility function of the total decoded rate. This optimization problem is non-convex, and hence difficult to solve. However, in this paper, we build up on our recently proposed mathematical framework, and we describe, as the main contribution, an efficient algorithm to solve this problem. Using numerical examples, we show that significant gains in the outage probability can be achieved by applying our proposed algorithm.
MOLECULAR ORBITAL CALCULATIONS ON THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF Q3 T-(OH) SPECIES AND THE HYDROLYSIS OF A THREE-MEMBERED ALUMINOSILICATE RING

Abstract Force constant analyses of the molecules [(H 3 SiO) 3 Al-(OH)] 1- , Na + [(H 3 SiO) 3 Al-(OH)] 1- , [((OH) 3 SiO) 3 Al-(OH)] 1- [(H 3 SiO) 3 Si-(OH)],[((OH) 3 SiO) 3 Si-(OH)],[((OH) 3 SiO) 2 ((OH) 3 A10)Si(OH)] 1- and Na + [(H 3 SiO ) 2 (H 3 Al0) Si- (OH)] 1- have been performed with ab initio molecular orbital calculations to determine the frequencies and H-D shifts of T- (OH) vibrations in Q 3 T- (OH) species where T is a So 4+ or Al 3+ . Calculated Q 3 Si-(OH) vibrations are close to the observed value in H 2 O-bearing Si0 2 glass. The theoretical Al-(OH) stretching frequency in Na + [ (H 3 SiO) 3 A1-(OH)] 1- matches the 880 cm − shoulder in the vibrational spectra of hydrous albitic glasses within experimental error. Isotopic substitution of deuterium for hydrogen in the T-(OH) bond results in frequency shifts of less than 25 cm −1 in all cases consistent with the small H-D frequency shifts observed in silica (Mysen and Virgo, 1986) and Na-aluminosilicate glasses (McMillan et al., 1993). Hydrolysis of a three-membered aluminosilicate ring into a trimeric chain (i.e., [H 6 SiAl 2 0 9 ] 2- + H 2 O → [H 8 SiAl 2 0 10 ] 2- ) was also calculated. Hydrolysis occurs through a pentavalent Al 3+ transition state complex. Calculated energies of the reactants and product in the above reaction predict that the chain configuration is in a marginally lower potential energy state (−36 kJ/mol) than the H 2 O-ring dimer. An activation energy of + 171 kJ/mol is predicted between the two species for hydrolysis and +207 kJ/mol for the reverse reaction.
The association of brain structure with gait velocity in older adults: a quantitative volumetric analysis of brain MRI

While cortical processes play an important role in controlling locomotion, the underlying structural brain changes associated with slowing of gait in aging are not yet fully established. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between cortical gray matter volume (GM), white matter volume (WM), ventricular volume (VV), hippocampal and hippocampal subfield volumes, and gait velocity in older adults free of dementia. Gait and cognitive performance was tested in 112 community-residing adults, age 70 years and over, participating in the Einstein Aging Study. Gait velocity (cm/s) was obtained using an instrumented walkway. Volumetric MRI measures were estimated using a FreeSurfer software. We examined the cross-sectional relationship of GM, WM, VV, and hippocampal total and subfield volumes and gait velocity using linear regression models. In complementary models, the effect of memory performance on the relationship between gait velocity and regional volumes was evaluated. Slower gait velocity was associated with smaller cortical GM and total hippocampal volumes. There was no association between gait velocity and WM or VV. Among hippocampal subfields, only smaller presubiculum volume was significantly associated with decrease in gait velocity. Addition of the memory performance to the models attenuated the association between gait velocity and all volumetric measures. Our findings indicate that total GM and hippocampal volumes as well as specific hippocampal subfield volumes are inversely associated with locomotor function. These associations are probably affected by cognitive status of study population.
Natural Convection of Liquid Metals in Vertical Cavities

Abstract A combined experimental and numerical study is reported of natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in vertical cavities filled with liquid metals. Experiments are performed in two different test cells with two opposing side walls held at constant but different temperatures and the remaining walls well insulated. Tin and gallium are used as the fluids inside these cavities. Temperature measurements are employed to deduce the significance of natural convection in the liquid metals as well as to verify the results of numerical simulations of the experiments. The flow structure is visualized by the predicted streamlines. For various values of the governing dimensionless parameters, it is found that the natural convection patterns in liquid metals are considerably different from those found in fluids of high Prandtl number. The flow is characterized by a large convection cell in the center and small recirculation cells in the corners of the cavity. The heat fluxes at the hot and cold vertical walls show a variation reflecting the complicated flow patterns. The need for highly accurate three-dimensional numerical simulations is emphasized.
Rapid quantitative capillary zone electrophoresis method for monitoring the micro-heterogeneity of an intact recombinant glycoprotein

A simple high-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method capable of rapidly assessing the micro-heterogeneity of a 24 kDa molecular weight glycoprotein, has been developed. Separation is carried out using a bare silica capillary at a pH of 2.5 in a commercially available electrophoresis buffer system composed of triethanolamine and phosphoric acid. Over 30 peaks were detected within a run time of 15 min using a 27 cm capillary and approximately 60 peaks were detected using a 77 cm capillary. Although most of the peaks arise from differences in the oligosaccharide structures present on the one glycosylation site on this molecule, other forms of micro-heterogeneity due to the presence of the nonglycosylated form of this glycoprotein and various types of chemical degradation, e.g., deamidation, are also responsible for the multitude of peaks observed. Although the exact chemical identity of each peak in the resulting electropherogram of this glycoprotein is not known, useful information can be obtained for assessing comparability, stability, and batch consistency. Factors impacting the resolution, precision, accuracy, and robustness of the assay are also discussed along with inherent advantages and limitations associated with measuring the micro-heterogeneity of intact glycoproteins.
A re-evaluation of Fusarium moniliforme var. fici, the causal agent of fig endosepsis

The fungus causing fig endosepsis was named Fusarium moniliforme var. fici nearly 65 yr ago based on certain morphological characteristics. We compared isolates of Fusarium moniliforme from maize ( Zea mays ) and F. moniliforme var. fici from figs ( Ficus carica ) for characteristics such as growth rate, size of microconidia, length of microconidiophores, arrangement of microconidia, colour of the colonies in culture, presence or absence of sporodochia, macroconidia, chlamydospores, and production of sclerotia. The isolates were also compared for cross pathogenicity. No morphological characteristics were unique to the fig isolates of F. moniliforme ; corn isolates caused fig endosepsis and, conversely, fig isolates caused kernel rot in corn. The fig isolates also caused fruit rot in Prunus persica var. nectarina and P. salicina . Overlapping morphological characteristics and lack of host specificity do not support retention of the variety fici for the fig endosepsis pathogen, Fusarium moniliforme .
Crustal influence in the generation of continental flood basalts

The suggestion that primordial undifferentiated material may exist in the earth's mantle has recently been revived on the strength of Nd isotope data for two types of young continental rocks - flood basalts and kimberlites. The limited published data show a clustering of Nd isotopic compositions close to those for meteorites with chondritic relative rare-earth (REE) abundance. In contrast, data are presented for samples from the Columbia flood basalt province of the northwestern United States which show large isotopic variability suggestive of mixing processes acting after the separation of the primary magmas from their mantle source.
FREEDOM, MODERNITY, AND MASS CULTURE

In Reforming Hollywood, William D. Romanowski defends mainline Protestants from the charge that they acted like bluenose censors during the movie controversies of the twentieth century. In fact, he claims, they consistently supported free expression even as they fought to make Hollywood acknowledge and give scope to moral values beyond the profit motive. Unlike these mainline Protestant “structuralists,” who sought to morally elevate the broader society, both Catholics in the earlier part of the century and evangelicals in the latter took a “pietistic” approach that emphasized individual morality and sought to censor obscenity, blasphemy, and ideological unorthodoxy in film. While structuralists (whom the author often simply identifies as liberals) wanted to cooperate with Hollywood in campaigns of “movie betterment,” pietists (conservatives) wanted to rein in the moviemakers and cleanse the screen of “unwholesome” content.
Vinyl C−H Activation Reactions of Vinyl Esters Mediated by B(C6F5)3

B(C6F5)3 reacts with simple vinyl esters by electrophilic addition to the CC bond and subsequent proton transfer and elimination of C6F5H to yield the chelated vinylborane products (C6F5)2B{κ2-CHCH...
Non-linear dynamics of flexible multi-bearing rotors

Abstract A general analysis has been developed to computer simulate steady state and transient vibration phenomena of complex rotor-bearing-support systems. A central feature of this analysis is a proper handling of various highly non-linear effects (most notably journal bearings) which dominate the dynamic phenomena encountered during large amplitude rotor-bearing vibrations. There are a number of potential causes of large amplitude rotor vibration, such as high rotor imbalance (e.g., loss of turbine blades at running speed), critical speed operation, journal bearing dynamic instability (oil whip), earthquakes, and shock. Failure mode analysis requires the evaluation and understanding of such potentially large dynamic forces and displacements. The paper presents development of the analysis, comparison with experiment and examples of its use in industrial applications.
In-Hand Dexterous Manipulation of Piecewise-Smooth 3-D Objects:

We present an algorithm called finger tracking for in-hand manipulation of three-dimensional objects with independent robot fingers. We describe and analyze the differential control for finger trac...
Changing roles of institutional research in strategic management

A college driven by a broad vision cannot effectively realize its desired future within a rigid, formal, and centralized decision process, because such processes prohibit the institution from competing effectively in a rapidly changing environment. This paper examines both the theoretical models and a case study of phased evolution of planning process—from short-term static process to vision-driven strategic management phase—and suggests a parallel progression in institutional research has shifted its focus from attention to data, to issue-driven analysis, to framework-guided synthesis. Institutional researchers are urged to reconceptualize their framework and meteorologies in order to more effectively support strategic management.