cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Perspective on the Regulation of Antimicrobial Residues in Food in the United States

In the US, antimicrobials used in animals for both therapeutic and growth promotion purposes are considered animals drugs. Antimicrobial drugs are used in animals to treat and prevent disease, and to increase production. Before any animal drug can be legally marketed in the US, the drug’s sponsor must have a New Animal Drug Application (NADA) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Within FDA, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is responsible for determining when an animal drug is effective and safe for the animal, the environment and can be manufactured to uniform standards of purity, strength and identity. When the animal drug is intended for use in food-producing animals, the drug sponsor must also demonstrate that edible products from the treated animals are safe for consumers (1). While CVM is responsible for performing the safety assessment for animal drug residues, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food Safety Inspection Service is responsible for testing the meat supply for microbiological contamination and animal drug residues. Both FDA and USDA have extensive programs to ensure that meat, milk and other animal products are safe and wholesome.
The Plugged-in Reference Librarian: Who Do We Think We Are?

In recent years, academic reference librarians often find themselves working in closer proximity to computer workstations, labs, and information commons. They are spending a greater portion of their time assisting library users with the vast array of software and hardware used to access library resources. This study examines whether an increased demand for technological knowledge and proficiency is reflected in job expectations for academic reference librarians. Researchers compared randomly chosen academic reference librarian job advertisements from 1999 to those from 2011, examining both job responsibilities and candidate qualifications. Results were mixed, with some variables gaining prominence but others declining. There was no apparent increase in demand for technological skills and responsibilities overall.
Perception Disorders in Hyperactive Children and Delinquent Adolescents Exploring a New Material

The perception activities in the ADHD syndrome and delinquency are disturbed and disorganised related to cognitive and behavior dysfunctions. In both disorders, the impulsivity with its effects on the sustained attention, memory, motor tasks, disinhibition, thought problems, can conduct to general cognitive disabilities. More than a mental construction, the perception is an engagement which demands a kind of framework for secure feeling and action. When a subject is prepared to execute some tasks, we suppose that he is able to have a motor schema (6). This motor schema is a kind of cognitive model which can be possible to set up a program for the execution of a particular movement. The attentional preparation corresponds to a pre-programation for a movement (6). We consider that the hyperactive and delinquent subjects have some type of mobilization (because of impulsivity) which cannot complete the realization of a motor movement (coloring a frame or a space) and refrain their cognitive potential for task’s acheivement. In the situation of focusing attention, their cognitive resources are unable to be deployed for long moments, which can reduce the performance’s level (7). An excessive weariness associated to continuous distraction was observed in a situation which has some particular characteristics or indicators. In the ADHD syndrome, the frontal lobe involvement is supported by clinical findings of executive function deficits such as increased spontaneity, the inability to operate in favour of a remote or abstract reward, a decreased capacity to self monitor behavior, a decreased ability to respond to stimuli or follow commands and difficulty maintaining sustained attention (8). Evidence is being accumulated that the problems with inhibiting impulsive actions and difficulty in focusing and sustaining attention may be due to impulsivity mediated by a high activity level. The attentional deficit in ADHD is seen clinically as the inability to stay on task, to treat some indicators or focus attention for a prolonged period of time (9).
Perceiving one's heart condition to be cured following hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes: Implications for patient-provider communication

Abstract Objective We examined the proportion of patients perceiving their heart condition to be cured following hospitalization for ACS and identified characteristics associated with these perceptions. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults hospitalized with ACS ( N =396). Patient interviews during hospitalization and one week post-discharge provided demographic and psychosocial characteristics. Medical records provided clinical characteristics. At one week, patients who rated "My heart condition is cured" as "definitely true" or "mostly true" were considered to perceive their heart condition cured. Results Participants were aged 60.7 (SD:11.0) years, 26.5% female, and 89.0% non-Hispanic white; 16.7% had unstable angina, 59.6% NSTEMI, and 23.7% STEMI. One week post-discharge, 30.3% perceived their heart condition to be cured. Characteristics associated with cure perceptions were older age (OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.2–4.0 for ≥65 years vs Conclusion One week post-discharge, 3 in 10 patients perceived their heart condition to be cured. Practice Implications Conversations with patients should frame ACS as a chronic disease and dispel cure perceptions.
Closure Properties of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Finite Automata with Unique Membership Transitions on an Input Symbol

An intuitionistic fuzzy finite state automaton assigns a membership and nonmembership values in which there is a unique membership transition on an input symbol (IFA-UM) is considered. It is proved that the fuzzy behaviors of IFA-UM is closed under union, product, intersection and reversal.
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) Inhibits Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Liver and Fatty Acid Oxidation in Adipocytes

The transcription factor STAT1 plays a central role in orchestrating responses to various pathogens by activating the transcription of nuclear-encoded genes that mediate the antiviral, the antigrowth, and immune surveillance effects of interferons and other cytokines. In addition to regulating gene expression, we report that STAT1-/- mice display increased energy expenditure and paradoxically decreased release of triglycerides from white adipose tissue (WAT). Liver mitochondria from STAT1-/- mice show both defects in coupling of the electron transport chain (ETC) and increased numbers of mitochondria. Consistent with elevated numbers of mitochondria, STAT1-/- mice expressed increased amounts of PGC1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. STAT1 binds to the PGC1α promoter in fed mice but not in fasted animals, suggesting that STAT1 inhibited transcription of PGC1α. Since STAT1-/- mice utilized more lipids we examined white adipose tissue (WAT) stores. Contrary to expectations, fasted STAT1-/- mice did not lose lipid from WAT. β-adrenergic stimulation of glycerol release from isolated STAT1-/- WAT was decreased, while activation of hormone sensitive lipase was not changed. These findings suggest that STAT1-/- adipose tissue does not release glycerol and that free fatty acids (FFA) re-esterify back to triglycerides, thus maintaining fat mass in fasted STAT1-/- mice.
Asset Pricing With Heterogeneous Risk Aversion and Portfolio Constraints

This paper analyzes the effects of portfolio constraints on asset returns and volatility. Portfolio constraints may arise due to minimum capital requirement regulations, margin requirements or leverage constraints on portfolio managers. We analyze how cross-sectional heterogeneity in preferences affect the equilibrium stock price, returns and volatility in the presence of portfolio constraints. We show that portfolio constraints can simultaneously produce high equity Sharpe ratio and low interest rates in equilibrium. Moreover, the stock returns volatility decreases when the constraint binds. The negative effect of the constraint on stock returns volatility is most pronounced when the constraint binds in the bad state of the economy and the unconstrained investor is poorer than the constrained investor. In our model the constraint binds more frequently in the bad states of the economy. Given the empirical evidence in support of the stylized fact that stock returns volatility is counter-cyclical, our findings therefore suggest that margin requirements are indeed effective in mitigating the wild fluctuations in the stock market volatility when prices go low. We also perform a welfare analysis and show that the unconstrained investor is made better off while the constrained is worse off when the constraint binds.
Sustaining Culture with Sustainable Stoves: The Role of Tradition in Providing Clean-Burning Stoves to Developing Countries

The focus of climate change mitigation is on greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, but there is another form of carbon that contributes greatly to climate change and that, if cleaned up, seems to be a quick and easy way to slow climate change. This is black carbon, or soot, and the majority of the world's black carbon comes from the basic cooking stoves of poor people in developing countries. These same stoves also pose significant health risks to their users, and many researchers and philanthropists are working to put cleaner stoves in their kitchens. This quick fix is not so easy, though. In the quest for the perfect stove, a key detail is left out: the cooks do not want to give up their old stoves. This study juxtaposes the research of stove engineers with ethnographies of rural communities, writings on women's rights, and theories of imperialism, to explore the complex cultural obstacles to the success of clean stove programs in developing countries. Author’s Note Britta graduated in 2010 from Princeton University‟s Anthropology and Environmental Studies departments, for which a version of this piece was written as her senior thesis. She currently works for the International Waters Cluster of the United Nations Office for Project Services in Copenhagen, Denmark, protecting the world‟s oceans and missing the water back home in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.
Sine–Gordon modulation solutions: Application to macroscopic non-lubricant friction

Abstract The Frenkel–Kontorova (FK) model and its continuum approximation, the sine–Gordon (SG) equation, are widely used to model a variety of important nonlinear physical systems. Many practical applications require the wave-train solution, which includes many solitons. In such cases, an important and relevant extension of these models applies Whitham’s averaging procedure to the SG equation. The resulting SG modulation equations describe the behavior of important measurable system parameters that are the average of the small-scale solutions given by the SG equation. A fundamental problem of modern physics that is the topic of this paper is the description of the transitional process from a static to a dynamic frictional regime. We have shown that the SG modulation equations are a suitable apparatus for describing this transition. The model provides relations between kinematic (rupture and slip velocities) and dynamic (shear and normal stresses) parameters of the transition process. A particular advantage of the model is its ability to describe frictional processes over a wide range of rupture and slip velocities covering seismic events ranging from regular earthquakes, with rupture velocities on the order of a few km/s, to slow slip events, with rupture velocities on the order of a few km/day.
An Italian in Paris. De Amicis, the World Exposition of 1878, and the New Culture of Industrial Modernity

This essay explores the relationship between Italy and a new global culture developed in the nineteenth century through world’s fairs. It reconstructs the aspirations, reactions, and fears of a young nation on the eve of its industrialization through a report about the Paris Exposition of 1878, entitled Ricordi di Parigi (1879), by the Italian writer Edmondo De Amicis. In introducing Italian readers to a new cosmopolitan culture, De Amicis’s text expresses Italy’s ambiguous position towards modernity — simultaneously striving to participate on the world stage, and to affirm its radical difference from it — and creates a narration of the 1878 event that successfully combines marginal and global points of view. By building a strong connection between Italian and French culture (notably through interviews with Hugo and Zola) and by engaging in a reflection on Paris as the alluring/deceiving symbol of a new city-world, De Amicis expands the journalistic scope of his book, turning it into an intellectual testi...
Alteration of Air Composition in Containers as a Result of the Extended Holding of Poultry Offal

Abstract Broiler offal, in its normal composition ratio, was collected and placed in 20-cm diameter, cylindrical containers (40-liter) half covered and half uncovered. Containers were held at 21.0 C or in a field house at temperatures cycled from 21.0 to 29.5 C. The ratio of poultry offal weight to container volume was 1:35 (w/v). The air near the center of the containers was sampled and analyzed with various Kitagawa gas detector tubes and with an Orsat gas analysis apparatus after 0, 2, 4, and 6 days of holding. With the presence of offal, the oxygen in the containers decreased continuously as the holding time increased. After 4 days, the oxygen in the container held at 21.0 C decreased to 8.00 and 12.80% for those with and without lids; in hot summer (cycled 21.0 to 29.5 C) conditions, these oxygen values were 6.36 and 11.88%, respectively. Free ammonia in the covered containers increased from nondetectable to 232.0 and 310.8 ppm after 4 days of holding at 21.0 and in 21.0 to 29.5-cycled conditions, respectively. However, little or no free ammonia was detected from the containers without lids. An increase in hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide contents was also observed in the covered containers. Results suggested that the residues of offal in the transporting container could be a hazard for public safety during the hot summer season.
Spontaneous emission in cavity QED with a terminated waveguide

We investigate the effects of a nanophotonic boundary on the spontaneous emission properties of an excited two-level atom in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) geometry. We show that a boundary provides temporally delayed interference, which can be either constructive or destructive. Consequently, the decay of the atomic excitation can be either increased or greatly inhibited. As a concrete example, we investigate the spontaneous emission process in cavity QED with a terminated line-defect waveguide, and show the rich behavior of the atomic response due to the boundary. We also show that the output photonic wave form is strongly influenced by the boundary.
The Tragedy of the Unexamined Cat: Why K–12 and University Education Are Still in the Dark Ages and How Citizen Science Allows for a Renaissance

At the end of the dark ages, anatomy was taught as though everything that could be known was known. Scholars learned about what had been discovered rather than how to make discoveries. This was true even though the body (and the rest of biology) was very poorly understood. The renaissance eventually brought a revolution in how scholars (and graduate students) were trained and worked. This revolution never occurred in K–12 or university education such that we now teach young students in much the way that scholars were taught in the dark ages, we teach them what is already known rather than the process of knowing. Citizen science offers a way to change K–12 and university education and, in doing so, complete the renaissance. Here we offer an example of such an approach and call for change in the way students are taught science, change that is more possible than it has ever been and is, nonetheless, five hundred years delayed.
Assessment on Control Effect of Occupational Hazard in the Organic Silicon Construction Project

Objective To identify and analyze the occupational hazard in the newly-built organic silicon construction project with thirty thousand tons annual output,evaluate the control effect.Methods Worksite investigation,safety checklist and chemical analysis were used to evaluate the occupational hazards.Results The main occupational hazard factors were controlled under the national occupational health standard except the noise in some monitoring point exceeded national standard.Conclusion The status of occupational safety and hygiene in the project basically meet the national occupational standards,and the control strategies were effective.However,noise control in some worksite should be strengthened.
Current challenges in the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis

Abstract Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), an inflammatory disease of the pancreas first described in Japan, is characterized by a tumefactive lesion in the pancreas, thus clinically resembling pancreatic cancer. Currently, it is classified into two variants – type 1 AIP and type 2 AIP, each with distinct clinico-pathologic and epidemiologic features. Type 1 AIP is a part of IgG4 related disease, a generalized multi-systemic disease, and recapitulates its clinical and pathologic features. Type 2 AIP is an isolated pancreas-centric disease, and is not associated with elevated tissue or serum IgG4. Histologically, type 1 AIP is characterized by storiform-type fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis, while type 2 disease shows granulocytic epithelial lesions. Even when AIP is suspected, a diagnosis should seldom be made in isolation, but should be rendered only after collating clinical and radiologic data. Steroids remain the mainstay of treatment for both variants of AIP, although other immunosuppressive drugs like rituximab have proven successful. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of this entity and discuss diagnostic challenges, with particular emphasis on the interpretation of needle biopsies. Recognition of AIP as a mimic of pancreatic cancer is imperative to reduce unnecessary morbidity and mortality associated with pancreatic surgery.
Diphenyldihaloketones CLEFMA and EF24 target RPN13 for pharmacotherapy of gut barrier dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock

Multiorgan failure in hemorrhagic shock is triggered by gut barrier dysfunction and resultant enabling of proinflammatory macromolecules to infiltrate the systemic space. Provided the mechanisms re...
The curse of legitimacy

During the 1920s, theatre flourished as never before during its long history in the United States. Broadway was the vibrant centre of theatrical activities, a ‘paradise for playwrights’, in Brenda Murphy’s words.1 On the average, more than 200 new productions opened each year on the Great White Way.2 By 1927, there were 76 theatres in New York City used for plays and musical comedies, twice as many as had been available only 12 years before.3 Although playwrights such as Elmer Rice, Philip Barry and George S. Kaufman became certified Broadway favourites, they all were overshadowed by a relative newcomer, Eugene O’Neill, who was repeatedly singled out, even during the 1920s, as the inheritor of the mantle of Shakespeare, Ibsen and Shaw, and the chief native architect of what one well-regarded critic, Walter Prichard Eaton, called ‘the true theatre, the true spoken drama’.4 O’Neill, more than any other playwright, succeeded in establishing ‘America’s kinship’, in the words of one of his earliest champions, ‘with the stage of the modern world’.5 With O’Neill’s long string of Broadway successes during the 1920s, from Beyond the Horizon to Strange Interlude, ‘American drama’, Barnard Hewitt announced, finally ‘came of age’.
A compact field-portable double-pulse laser system to enhance laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

This paper reports the development of a compact double-pulse laser system to enhance laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for field applications. Pumped by high-power vertical-surface emitting lasers, the laser system that produces 16 ns pulse at 12 mJ/pulse with total weight less than 10 kg is developed. The inter-pulse delay can be adjusted from 0μs with 0.5μs increment. Several LIBS experiments were carried out on NIST standard aluminum alloy samples. Comparing with the single-pulse LIBS, up to 9 times enhancement in atomic emission line was achieved with continuum background emission reduced by 70%. This has led to up to 10 times improvement in the limit of detection. Signal stability was also improved by 128% indicating that a more robust and accurate LIBS measurement can be achieved using a compact double-pulse laser system. This paper presents a viable and field deployable laser tool to dramatically improve the sensitivity and applicability of LIBS for a wide array of applications.
Healing of canine skin incisions made with monopolar electrosurgery versus scalpel blade.

Objective To determine the influence of monopolar electrosurgery in cutting mode set at 10, 20, or 30 W on surgery time, hemostasis, and healing of cutaneous wounds compared to scalpel incisions. Study design Randomized blinded control trial. Animals Dogs (n = 15). Methods Four skin incisions were created on either side of the dorsal midline with a scalpel, or monopolar electrosurgery at 10, 20, and 30 W. Surgical time and incisional bleeding were measured. Each incision was assessed daily for edema, erythema and discharge, and complications. Healing was evaluated via histology at 7 days. Results were analyzed for significance at P ≤ .05. Results Surgical time and hemostasis were improved in all electrosurgery groups. Erythema was reduced in all electrosurgical incisions for days 1-4, but was greater in wounds created via electrosurgery at 20 W than those made with a scalpel blade by day 7. No difference was noted in the degree of edema or presence of wound discharge. All histologic variables of tissue healing were lower in electrosurgical incisions than scalpel incisions (P < .001). Ten incisional complications occurred, all associated with electrosurgery. Conclusions The use of monopolar electrosurgery at 10, 20, and 30 W in a cutting waveform improved hemostasis and surgical time when incising canine skin, but delayed healing and increased complications within the first 7 days compared to scalpel incisions.
A new soybean rust resistance allele from PI 423972 at the Rpp4 locus

Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a fungal pathogen and the cause of Asian soybean rust. P. pachyrhizi was first detected in the continental USA in 2004 and has since been a threat to the soybean industry. There are six described loci that harbor resistance to P. pachyrhizi (Rpp) genes. The resistance of PI 423972 was previously shown to be within 5 cM of the Rpp4 locus of PI 459025B, yet had differential reactions when challenged with P. pachyrhizi isolates India 1973 and Taiwan 1972. In this study, the resistance of PI 423972 was mapped to a 187.5 kb interval between the SNP markers GSM0543 and GSM0387 on chromosome 18 (51,397,064 to 51,584,617 bp, Glyma.Wm82.a2) that overlaps the interval for Rpp4 and is designated as Rpp4-b. A unique haplotype is described for PI 423972 that separates it from PI 459025B, 32 North American soybean ancestors, and all described sources of Rpp gene resistance.
The Perception of Teamwork With an Autonomous Agent Enhances Affect and Performance Outcomes

Among groups of humans, the team structure has been argued to be the most effective way for people to organize to accomplish work. Research suggests that humans and autonomous agents can be more effective when working together. However, the drive toward capable autonomous teammates has focused on design characteristics while ignoring the importance of social interactions between teammates. In the present study we created team structure though task interdependence and observed teamwork outcomes in the form of affect, behavior, and performance outcomes. A team structure resulted in improved affect and performance outcomes relative to a non-team structure. However, team structure did not elicit significant behavioral differences. Human partners received higher affect ratings and elicited significantly more communication from the participant than an autonomous partner. These findings suggest that social interactions between humans and autonomous teammates should be an important design consideration. While the...
Measuring Risky Driving Behavior Using an mHealth Smartphone App: Development and Evaluation of gForce

Background: Naturalistic driving studies, designed to objectively assess driving behavior and outcomes, are conducted by equipping vehicles with dedicated instrumentation (eg, accelerometers, gyroscopes, Global Positioning System, and cameras) that provide continuous recording of acceleration, location, videos, and still images for eventual retrieval and analyses. However, this research is limited by several factors: the cost of equipment installation; management and storage of the large amounts of data collected; and data reduction, coding, and analyses. Modern smartphone technology includes accelerometers built into phones, and the vast, global proliferation of smartphones could provide a possible low-cost alternative for assessing kinematic risky driving. Objective: We evaluated an in-house developed iPhone app (gForce) for detecting elevated g-force events by comparing the iPhone linear acceleration measurements with corresponding acceleration measurements obtained with both a custom Android app and the in-vehicle miniDAS data acquisition system (DAS; Virginia Tech Transportation Institute). Methods: The iPhone and Android devices were dashboard-mounted in a vehicle equipped with the DAS instrumentation. The experimental protocol consisted of driving maneuvers on a test track, such as cornering, braking, and turning that were performed at different acceleration levels (ie, mild, moderate, or hard). The iPhone gForce app recorded linear acceleration (ie, gravity-corrected). The Android app recorded gravity-corrected and uncorrected acceleration measurements, and the DAS device recorded gravity-uncorrected acceleration measurements. Lateral and longitudinal acceleration measures were compared. Results: The correlation coefficients between the iPhone and DAS acceleration measurements were slightly lower compared to the correlation coefficients between the Android and DAS, possibly due to the gravity correction on the iPhone. Averaging the correlation coefficients for all maneuvers, the longitudinal and lateral acceleration measurements between iPhone and DAS were rlng=0.71 and rlat=0.83, respectively, while the corresponding acceleration measurements between Android and DAS were rlng=0.95 and rlat=0.97. The correlation coefficients between lateral accelerations on all three devices were higher than with the corresponding longitudinal accelerations for most maneuvers. Conclusions: The gForce iPhone app reliably assessed elevated g-force events compared to the DAS. Collectively, the gForce app and iPhone platform have the potential to serve as feature-rich, inexpensive, scalable, and open-source tool for assessment of kinematic risky driving events, with potential for research and feedback forms of intervention. [JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018;6(4):e69]
Wireless Motility Capsule in Gastroparesis

Capsule technology has opened up a new era in the evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract, being an alternative to more invasive conventional methods. Wireless motility capsule (WMC) is a device able to provide internal physiologic parameters as pressure, pH, and temperature of GI tract. WMC has demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity diagnosing gastroparesis and could serve an alternative to GES in appropriate cases, providing standardized, ambulatory, noninvasive, nonradiation, and convenient way to assess gastric and small bowel motility. Additional data, provided by this multisensor device, reveals that not only gastric transit time is delayed in patients with gastroparesis, but also other motility parameters as gastric contractility, pH profile of GI tract, and colon transit time are abnormal. WMC gives us important new insights into the pathophysiology of gastroparesis and potentially can make clinical management of these patients more efficient.
Verfassungsrechtliche Vorgaben für die Traditionspflege der Bundeswehr

Abstract Die Bundeswehr ist als Armee auf eine Traditionspflege angewiesen. Allerdings unterliegt sie darin verfassungsrechtlichen Vorgaben, die sich aus ihrer besonderen Stellung im Vergleich zu Vorlauferarmeen ergeben. Daher darf sie sich nur in diesem Rahmen an historischen Vorlaufern orientieren. Institutionell kann die Bundeswehr an keine ihrer Vorlauferarmeen anschliesen, die in ganz anderen Staatsformen existierten und einer weit geringeren parlamentarischen Kontrolle und rechtlichen Bindung unterlagen als die Bundeswehr als „Parlamentsarmee“ nach Art. 87a GG: Weder die Armee des Kaiserreichs, noch die Reichswehr der Weimarer Republik, gar die Wehrmacht des „Dritten Reichs“ oder die Nationale Volksarmee der DDR sind deswegen als Organisation vorbildgebend. Strategisch, operativ und taktisch kann sie in begrenztem Umfang an historische Vorbilder anknupfen, soweit ihre Vorlauferarmeen nicht einen der Bundeswehr nach Art. 26 GG verbotenen Angriffskrieg fuhrten: So war die Kriegsfuhrung der Wehrmacht g...
Divergent rates of change between tree cover types in a tropical pastoral region

Forest cover change analyses have revealed net forest gain in many tropical regions. While most analyses have focused solely on forest cover, trees outside forests are vital components of landscape integrity. Quantifying regional-scale patterns of tree cover change, including non-forest trees, could benefit forest and landscape restoration (FLR) efforts. We analyzed tree cover change in Southwestern Panama to quantify: (1) patterns of change from 1998 to 2014, (2) differences in rates of change between forest and non-forest classes, and (3) the relative importance of social-ecological predictors of tree cover change between classes. We digitized tree cover classes, including dispersed trees, live fences, riparian forest, and forest, in very high resolution images from 1998 to 2014. We then applied hurdle models to relate social-ecological predictors to the probability and amount of tree cover gain. All tree cover classes increased in extent, but gains were highly variable between classes. Non-forest tree cover accounted for 21% of tree cover gains, while riparian trees constituted 31% of forest cover gains. Drivers of tree cover change varied widely between classes, with opposite impacts of some social-ecological predictors on non-forest and forest cover. We demonstrate that key drivers of forest cover change, including topography, road distance and historical forest cover, do not explain rates of non-forest tree cover change. Consequently, predictions from medium-resolution forest cover change analyses may not apply to finer-scale patterns of tree cover. We highlight the opportunity for FLR projects to target tree cover classes adapted to local social and ecological conditions.
Statistical Inference for Engineers and Data Scientists

This book is a mathematically accessible and up-to-date introduction to the tools needed to address modern inference problems in engineering and data science, ideal for graduate students taking courses on statistical inference and detection and estimation, and an invaluable reference for researchers and professionals. With a wealth of illustrations and examples to explain the key features of the theory and to connect with real-world applications, additional material to explore more advanced concepts, and numerous end-of-chapter problems to test the reader's knowledge, this textbook is the 'go-to' guide for learning about the core principles of statistical inference and its application in engineering and data science. The password-protected solutions manual and the image gallery from the book are available online.
X-ray crystallography and electrochemistry reveal electronic and steric effects of phosphine and phosphite ligands in complexes RuII(κ4-bda)(PR3)2 and RuII(κ3-bda)(PR3)3 (bda = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylato)

Abstract We have examined coordination of PR3 = triphenylphosphine, triethylphosphine, triisopropyl phosphite, trimethyl phosphite, and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) to the fragment RuII(bda) to better understand how different phosphine and phosphite ligands influence the electronic and structural properties of the RuII complexes. PTA and P(OMe)3 afforded complexes with three phosphorus ligands bound to Ru, with the bda being tridentate (κ3-N,N,O) in complexes 4 and 5; for the other three phosphorus ligands, even in the presence of >2 equiv, only RuII(κ4-bda)(PR3)2 species 1–3 were seen. Both experimental and computational methods were used to study the complexes. Steric effects are the main factor determining whether bis- or tris(PR3) complexes are formed. Cyclic voltammetry studies of the complexes revealed an increase in RuIII/II potential upon having another phosphorus ligand in the equatorial position. Computational studies predict that the additional phosphine ligand in the equatorial plane of 4 engages in significant orbital mixing with the ruthenium center that results in lower energy bonding as compared to the axial phosphine ligands. This work provides the first evaluation of phosphorus ligand steric and electronic effects on the RuII(bda) fragment.
Several Orders-of-Magnitude Enhancement of Multiphoton Absorption Property for CsPbX3 Perovskite Quantum Dots by Manipulating Halide Stoichiometry

Two-photon absorption (2PA) and three-photon absorption (3PA) processes feature many technological applications for fluorescence microscopy, photodynamic therapy, optical data storage, and so on, Herein, we reveal that the giant 2PA and 3PA properties for all-inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I, and mixed Cl/Br and Br/I) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) can be enhanced several orders of magnitude, respectively, by simply changing the halide stoichiometry at the X site. Notably, reported data show excellent 2PA and 3PA properties for CsPbI3 (σ2 ∼ 2.1 × 106 GM and σ3 ∼ 1.1 × 10–73 cm8 s3/photon3), which is 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional red-emitting QDs and 5–7 orders of magnitude higher than well documented organic molecules. Experimental results show multiphoton absorption (MPA) cross sections can be adjusted 2–3 orders of magnitude by band gap engineering in a predictable manner, via increasing the Pauling electronegativity of the halide. Two-photon luminescence imaging data show tha...
Enhanced laser crystallization of thin film amorphous molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by means of pulsed laser ultrasound.

Experimental evidence is presented that pulsed laser generated ultrasound can reduce the power necessary to phase convert a nm-scale amorphous film into the crystalline phase. The amount of energy carried by pulsed ultrasound is scant when compared to the CW laser power used to crystallize but the effect is substantial. The evidence points to the extra-ordinary effects possible when a small energy perturbation is applied at a critical juncture in dynamical systems. The candidate system is MoS2 (10 nm) sputtered on yttrium-stabilized zirconia single crystal substrate. A focused CW laser elevates the film – initially in a metastable disordered phase – to the order-disorder conversion (crystallization) temperature. Approximately 25 spot sizes removed from the heating source is a second, high repetition rate laser that induces ultrasonic excitation within the film/substrate via thermoelastic action. The processing is done on a moving stage with direct write patterning control. High resolution ex situ Raman spectroscopy, optical profilometry, and TEM are used to characterize the converted material. For this experimental configuration, we measure a 10% reduction in the heating power required to initiate crystalline formation. The measured phenomenon cannot be attributed to excess thermal energy supplied by the ultrasonic laser.
Interactive Maps for UNOS Data Visualization

Purpose In the United States, heart allocation is administered by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). UNOS collects demographics and clinical data for all transplant candidates, donors, and recipients listed since 1995. While the data is available to the public upon requests; it has been used predominately for research rather than clinical decision making, transplant patient use and policy makers. The aim of this project is to build a web application to visualizes UNOS data and promote easy access to summary statistics for diverse members of the transplant community. Methods This highly interactive web application was developed using the UNOS data between 2006 and 2014 using modern Javascript-based technologies such as Vue.js and Google Maps to show graphs, choropleth and kriging maps. The application is made publicly available on the internet to allow the users to visualize different statistics for different geographic granularity level, (i.e., Transplant center, OPO's donor service area and UNOS region) either by directly selecting locations on the USA map or by selecting an option from a drop-down menu. Several statistics are visualized for different years and for heart-alone or multi-organ transplants. A general map of the US is visible to show the data at the national and OPO levels to give an overall view of the geographic differences across the US states. Drop-down menus are available to select the preferred statistics and indicators by transplant center or UNOS region. Results Several statistics are displayed for different geographic levels and for each year between 2006 and 2014. The set of statistics includes: Probability of receiving a donor heart, % of declined offers because of quality reasons, % of accepted offers of low/medium/high quality, Average cold-ischemic time of the transplanted organs, Average waiting time of a recipient, 1-year, 3-years, 5-years post-transplant mortality rate, 1-year, 3-years, 5-years post-transplant graft failure rate, % of unused organs, % of declined offers because of quality reasons. Conclusion The web application creates maps of several statistics summarizing the available data to provide a useful tool to support decisions for a general audience. The provided interactive maps are a useful tool for improved visual understanding of the heart transplant information for abroad audience, including, patients, OPOs, transplant surgeons and policy makers.
Nonworksite Interventions to Reduce Sedentary Behavior among Adults: A Systematic Review.

Purpose Sedentary behavior has been identified as a major health risk. While interventions to reduce time spent sedentary have become increasingly prevalent, the vast majority of this work in adults has been focused on workplace sedentary behavior, and often pairs sedentary reduction interventions with increasing physical activity. As research designed to specifically decrease sedentary time that is not limited to the workplace becomes available, identifying strategies and approaches, along with feasibility and efficacy of these interventions, is warranted. Methods Electronic databases were searched for sedentary interventions with eligibility criteria including: (a) interventions designed to explicitly reduce sedentary behavior that were not limited to the workplace, (b) outcomes specific to sedentary behavior, (c) adults aged at least 18 years, and (d) written in English. Results A total of 767 full-text manuscripts were identified, with thirteen studies meeting all eligibility criteria. While intervention characteristics and methodological quality varied greatly among studies, ten of the thirteen studies observed a significant reduction in objectively measured sitting time post-intervention. In those studies that collected participant feasibility/acceptability data, all reported that the intervention was viewed as "favorable to very favorable," would use again, and that participant burden was quite low, suggesting that these interventions were feasible. Conclusion Sedentary behavior interventions not limited to the workplace appear to be largely efficacious. While results varied with respect to the magnitude of the decrease in time spent sedentary, they are encouraging. However, due to the small body of evidence and the variability of study designs, our ability to make overarching statements regarding "best practices" at this time is limited. Well-controlled trials of longer duration with larger samples, using theoretically-based interventions with consistent prescriptions for limiting sedentary time are needed.
Novel yamane technique modification for haptic exposure after glued intrascleral haptic fixation

The field of intraocular lens fixation in the setting of inadequate capsular support is a dynamic one as surgical approaches are constantly evolving. There has been a paradigm shift towards the use of sutureless methods of scleral fixation to avoid suture-related complications. In the latest described style of scleral fixation, IOLs can be secured without suture or "glue", and rather with the creation of a flange on each haptic that allows for firm intrascleral fixation. We describe a modification of the flange technique to refixate patients with glued IOLs who developed haptic extrusion and required surgical intervention.
Summary of Gateway Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) Studies

NASA's Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) is based on a joint industry/NASA demonstration of an advanced solar electric propulsion powered spacecraft to meet commercial and NASA objectives. The PPE can establish the initial presence in cislunar space for the Gateway through initial operations and the subsequent deployment of additional partner-provided elements for the cislunar platform. Five commercial vendors were selected to conduct PPE studies which addressed key drivers for PPE development and support for the Gateway concept formulation. The study vendors focused on their performance trades and assessing their strategic capabilities, leveraging their existing and planned capabilities for PPE development. The industry studies examined differences between prior Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) mission concepts, expected industry capabilities, and potential needs supporting NASA's Gateway concept. These studies provided data on commercial capabilities relevant to NASA's exploration needs and reduced risk for a new, powerful, and efficient SEP-based PPE spacecraft.
Alterations of the human skin microbiome after ocean water exposure.

Skin is the body's first line of defense against invading microorganisms. The skin microbiome has been shown to provide immunity against exogenous bacterial colonization. Recreational water exposures may alter the skin microbiome and potentially induce skin infections. This study explored the link between ocean water exposures and the human skin microbiome. Skin microbiome samples were collected, using swabs, from human participants' calves before and after they swam in the ocean, and at 6 hour and 24 hour post-swim. Genomic analysis showed that skin microbiomes were different among individuals before swimming. But after swimming, microbial communities were no longer different, which was demonstrated by a decrease in inter-sample diversity. Taxonomic analysis showed that ocean bacteria, including potential pathogens, replaced the native skin bacteria and remained on the skin for at least 24 hour post-swim. This research provides insight into the relationship between the human skin microbiome and the environment.
Probing Electrochemical Mg-Ion Activity in MgCr2–xVxO4 Spinel Oxides

Mg migration in oxide spinels is impeded by strong affinity between divalent Mg and oxygen, suggesting a necessity of exploring new chemistry of solid lattices for functional Mg-ion electrode mater...
In vitro shear bond strength of 2 resin cements to zirconia and lithium disilicate: An in vitro study.

Abstract Statement of problem There is little evidence on how the multiple layers of zirconia (ZrO2) or glazed material will affect the shear bond strength (SBS) of different resin cements. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the SBS of 2 resin cements with the different layers of a monolithic polychromatic ZrO2 ceramic, both glazed and nonglazed, and a lithium disilicate (LDS) ceramic. Material and methods One hundred and sixty-eight composite resin cylinders and 48 monolithic polychromic ZrO2 plates were prepared. Twenty-four were milled and sintered, and 24 were milled and sintered and had a glaze cycle applied with no liquid glaze. These plates and 12 LDS plates were mounted in autopolymerized acrylic resin. Bonding surfaces were polished, airborne-particle abraded, and cleaned ultrasonically. The different layers (cubic, hybrid, and tetragonal) of the ZrO2 plates were identified and marked. The plates were assigned to 2 cement groups: a self-adhesive, autopolymerized resin cement, and a dual-polymerizing, adhesive resin cement (DPRC). Bonding surfaces were cleaned and treated according to the cement manufacturer’s instructions. Three composite resin cylinders were luted to the ZrO2 plates at the appropriate layer, and 2 cylinders were luted to each LDS plate. The specimens were stored in a moist environment for 24 hours at 37 °C. The SBS test was performed with a universal testing machine. Visual inspections of the debonded surfaces were compared under magnification. The data were analyzed with a 2-way ANOVA and a subsequent Student t test (α=.05). Results The 2-way ANOVA found no difference among luting agent and LDS and ZrO2. The SBSs of the nonglazed tetragonal and cubic layer to the ZrO2 were higher than to the surface exposed to a glazing cycle (P=.001). The bonded surfaces were examined tactilely and under ×3.5 magnification, followed by light and scanning electron microscopy and recorded as either adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. Almost all failures in the glazed ZrO2 were mixed and cohesive. However, more adhesive failures were observed in the DPRC group of nonglazed ZrO2. Conclusions No differences were found between the 2 luting agents for the LDS. For the ZrO2 cubic and tetragonal layers, the DPRC had higher bond strengths to the nonglazed surfaces.
Sapien Pulmonary Valve Replacement following Infective Endocarditis in Patient with Contegra Conduit and DiGeorge Syndrome Diagnosis

A 25-year-old male with complex congenital heart disease presents with lethargy, fever, and halitosis. History is significant for Tetralogy of Fallot variant status-post Blaylock-Taussig Shunt as newborn and Medtronic Contegra Conduit at age 17. At age 23, he developed infective endocarditis treated with an extended course of antibiotics at an outside hospital. He underwent a dental procedure four weeks prior, and it is unknown if antibiotic prophylaxis was used. Physical examination reveals both systolic and diastolic murmurs. Blood cultures show persistent positivity for coagulase-negative staphylococcus for four days despite starting …
Parks and Underserved Audiences: An Annotated Literature Review:

In the 1970s, there began to be a realization that parks, monuments, and other recreational areas were not visited by people from minority racial and ethnic groups in proportion to their representa...