cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalizing Social Justice Education: The Case of The Global Solidarity Network Study e-Broad Program

Abstract This paper documents the development, implementation, and evaluation of The Global Solidarity Network Study e-Broad Program ( GSNSeBP ), an online social justice educational program that is blended into an onsite academic course. This global electronic program, which was developed through a partnership between Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and three Catholic higher education institutions, enhances the traditional relationship by better connecting students and faculty to those who work on the front lines of social injustice in the developing world. At the same time it disrupts the relationship because it introduces a new form of engagement into the global education arena (e.g. classes study ebroad not abroad). Evaluation findings suggest the program resulted in educational benefits at individual (issue knowledge, compassion, feelings of advocacy etc.), course (course concepts, quality, alignment with the university mission etc.) and social levels (network effect of involving others in social justice issues and causes). A number of information and communications technology effectiveness (ICTe) influences accounted for differences in participant engagement and the perceived impact of the program lending support for the claim that success needs to be managed. The paper concludes with the question of the risk of not managing the program for effectiveness. At this stage of the digital and global education revolution in Catholic higher education, a low level of effectiveness is a relatively low level problem. However, for institutions with a global engagement agenda, being digitally deficient puts them at a disadvantage in achieving their goals relative to those who have successfully globalized academic education. Moreover, it is our belief that left unmanaged there will be a widening of the digital effectiveness divide (DED) that is, the creation of a new type of “disadvantaged” academic institution, one that lacks the capacity to use modern tools to develop culturally competent global citizens.
Evaluation of self-contained PACS viewers on CD-ROM.

Providing patients and clinicians with self-contained PACS viewer on CD format is a common and necessary tool to share vital imaging data. However, to be useful, this tool should be reliable, robust, and convenient. Numerous PACS viewer options are available, often without empirical data to guide in choosing one for routine use. To assist in making a standardized choice for our institution, we chose four common viewers, benchmarked on four different workstations reflecting the variety of environments used by non-radiologist clinicians who would receive a CD. Four CD-based DICOM viewers from eFilm, Philips, Pacsgear Gearview, and iSite were examed on two radiology PACS workstations, a standard desktop computer, and a laptop using a test case consisting of a multi-series CTA with 13 series and 3,035 total images. Multiple objective measures, subjective measures, and presence of key features were evaluated including program time to load, image time to load, cine/movie mode, ability to adequately window and level, pan and zoom functionality, basic measurement tools, and perceived lag when scrolling through a multi-image series. Substantial differences in speed of operation and behavior on multiple systems were documented, which could potentially add several minutes to the time required to open and view a patient’s imaging data. The eFilm and iSite viewers operated consistently and reliably across all tested computer environments. The iSite viewer, having among the quickest load times in the group tested and consistently low subjective scroll lag during series viewing, and also beneficially allowing partial viewing while images load in the background, was found to generate the best overall user experience. Because of these significant differences, we have recommended that our institution standardize all patient imaging CD creation using the iSite viewer.
Federal contract policy and management: the small business administration 8(A) program

The federal Small Business Administration's 8(a) program raises issues of minority business empowerment and effective policy implementation. Given the role of enterprise in both addressing the hist...
The Control of Aircraft in Terrain-Following and Formation-Flight Applications

This paper is devoted to the mathematical and philosophical development of control laws which form the foundation of a new approach to the control of aircraft in terrain-following and formation-flight modes of operation. The somewhat similar problems of terrain-following and formation flight are attacked thru the solution of the well known Euler-Poisson equation for an applicable definition of an optimal integral error criterion. The approach is compared to past and present methods of control law formulation to perform the tasks of terre. in-following and formation-flight.
In vitro binding of salicylates to saliva proteins

A method has been developed whereby the in vitro binding of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, and salicylamide to saliva proteins, may be easily determined. It was found, using gel filtration, that salicylates added to saliva are bound to the saliva proteins to the extent of from 35 to 50% after a contact time of from 0.5 to 2.0 hr. at 37°.
Evidence of a stable uranyl site in ancient organic-rich calcite

The mechanism of uranium (U) incorporation into calcite (calcium carbonate) is of fundamental importance to the fate and transport of U at the surface and in the shallow subsurface and has implications for (a) the accuracy of U−Pb and U-series isotope ratio methods used to determine the ages of ancient deposits and (b) potential remediation strategies based on sequestration of U in the subsurface. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy is uniquely suited to the study of U−calcite systems. The sensitivity of the EXAFS spectrum to the local atomic Ca coordination about U(VI) in the calcite structure results in an increase in the number and amplitude of Ca signals as the U(VI) becomes more ordered within the crystal structure. Our X-ray microprobe (10-μm) measurements of an ancient 298 million-year-old organic-rich calcite (calcrete) clearly revealed three coordination shells of Ca atoms, defining a well-ordered calcite structure about uranyl to a distance of ∼6.5 A. These results indi...
Digoxin and Atrial Fibrillation

Excerpt To the editor: I very much enjoyed reading the recent article on the use of digoxin for converting recent-onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm (1). The authors addressed an important p...
Optimal discrete-time control system with cost for observation

The problem of how to select the total number and the spacings of the observations optimally when a constant cost is incurred for each observation taken is discussed. Approximate expressions for the criterion function with a fixed number of observations are obtained and are used to determine the optimal total number of observations. For a class of multidimensional systems with a dominant eigenvalue, the problem is shown to reduce to that for scalar systems. Detailed discussion is then carded out for scalar systems including some sensitivity study.
On the Aromaticity of Square Planar Ga42- and In42- in Gaseous NaGa4- and NaIn4- Clusters

We investigated the electronic structure and chemical bonding of two bimetallic clusters NaGa4- and NaIn4-. Photoelectron spectra of the anions were obtained and compared with ab initio calculations. We found that the ground state of the two anions contains a square planar dianion interacting with a Na+ cation. The Ga42- and In42- dianions both possess two delocalized π electrons and are considered to be aromatic, similar to that recently found in Al42-. Using calculations for a model compound, we showed that a recently synthesized Ga4−organometallic compound also contains an aromatic −Ga42-− unit, analogous to the gaseous clusters.
Scalable coupling of multi-scale AEH and PARADYN impact analyses

This work describes scalable coupling of two stand alone computer codes for multiscale impact analysis of composites. An asymptotic expansion homogenization (AEH) based microstructural code available for modeling microstructural aspects of modern armor materials is coupled with PARADYN, a parallel explicit Lagrangian finite element code. The first code enables modeling of material microstructures in simple loading situations in stand-alone form. The coupling of this code to PARADYN, which is a parallel version of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)'s serial DYNA3D, enables a micro-macro type multiscale analysis of large elastic-plastic deformation response of structures under generalized three dimensional impact conditions. Three sets of results are presented to demonstrate: 1) the verification of the AEH-PARADYN model coupling to PARADYN, 2) validation of the AEH, and 3) the scalability of the coupled model.
An approximation concepts method for space frame synthesis

A method is presented for the minimum mass design of three dimensional space frames constructed of thin walled rectangular cross-section members. Constraints on nodal displacements and rotations, material stress, local buckling, and cross sectional dimensions are included. A high quality separable approximate problem is formed in terms of the reciprocals of the four section properties of the frame element cross section, replacing all implicit functions with simplified explicit relations. The cross sectional dimensions are efficiently calculated without using multilevel techniques. Several test problems are solved, demonstrating that a series of approximate problem solutions converge rapidly to an optimal design.
The synthesis of polymers for use as reverse osmosis membranes-I

Abstract Criteria have been established for the synthesis of new polymer systems, suitable for use in connection with the preparation of reverse osmosis membranes. Using these criteria, a number of systems has been studied; the most satisfactory of these has been shown to behave in a comparable way to cellulose acetate in terms of flux characteristics, but with improved resistance to alkaline degradation. Cellulose acetate is the only polymer, discovered empirically, which is at present capable of being used commercially as a membrane for the removal of sodium chloride from saline solutions, and so the present observations are of considerable relevance to the design of new and improved systems. The practical behaviour of any membrane depends both on its chemical and physical structure. The present paper is concerned with establishing inherent behaviour for a range of chemically different polymers, and includes data obtained on standard physical structures, utilizing homogeneous, porefree membranes. In practice these membranes are slow, and the problem of obtaining high-flux versions of these polymers based on suitably modified physical structures, is dealt with in a later paper.
The Consumer Adoption of Sustainability-Oriented Offerings: Toward a Middle-Range Theory

Despite claims of environmental sensitivity and an increase in sustainability-oriented offerings' availability in the marketplace, such offerings often receive a lukewarm reception. Given the risk associated with their introduction, and heterogeneous findings on adoption-influencing factors, a discovery-oriented investigation of barriers and enablers of consumer adoption contributes to theory and practice. Drawing on interviews and the literature, a middle-range theory is developed, suggesting that consumers' dispositions and perceptions of offerings' characteristics thwart adoption, whereas perceptions of marketers' competencies and consumer benefits engender adoption. Sustainability-oriented marketers should, therefore, avoid green-gouging, ensure product availability, clearly articulate adoption benefits, and develop offerings that are functionally and environmentally sound.
Potential for Using 3D Technology to Image the Origins of the Coronary Arteries

When young patients present to the echocardiography laboratory with chest pain, one consideration is that there may be an anomalous coronary artery. For this reason, it is critical that the sonographer evaluate the origins of the coronary arteries and map them with color Doppler flow to ensure that the blood is going in the correct direction. Although this may sound simple, not all sonographers have been trained to image the coronary arteries in detail and map them as far as possible. This pilot study investigated the feasibility of using volume acquisition from the parasternal short-axis and apical views. The results demonstrated that coronary artery origins can be successfully identified in adults using reconstruction of 3D volume data sets without adding significant time to the examination.
Antistreptococcal, neuronal, and nuclear antibodies in Tourette syndrome

Previous studies have suggested associations between Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and antistreptococcal antibodies and between Tourette syndrome and antinuclear antibodies. In this study, antistreptolysin O, antideoxyribonuclease B, antinuclear, and antineuronal antibodies were measured in 41 children with Tourette syndrome and 38 controls, selected without regard to history of streptococcal infection. Results revealed that mean antistreptococcal titers did not differ between diagnostic groups. In addition, multiple regression analysis was unable to predict antistreptococcal antibody titers according to age and diagnosis. The frequency of elevated antistreptolysin O titers, based on a cutoff of 1:240, was significantly higher (P = 0.04) in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (64%) than in the group without attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (34%) but not when dichotomized according to age-matched normal values. No analysis of antideoxyribonuclease B titers identified any differences between groups. Antinuclear antibody titers were at least 1:160 in three of 33 Tourette syndrome patients; only one subject manifested a homogeneous staining pattern. Multiple regression analyses were unable to predict antinuclear, antineuronal, or anti-HTB-10 antibody titers according to the combination of age, diagnosis, and antistreptococcal titer. We suggest that longitudinal rather than single-point-in-time laboratory measurements be evaluated before definitive conclusions are drawn on associations between the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorders and antistreptococcal or antinuclear antibody titers.
Modelling of temperature lag of thermocouples attached to lightweight test objects in low heat flux environments

A two-dimensional axisymmetric model of fine wire thermocouples attached to light weight fabric type material has been developed. The model includes insulated lead wires, a beaded thermocouple junction, and a bond attachment of the themocouple to the fabric. Boundary conditions were radiation from the face of the exposed fabric to a constant effective space temperature of 180 K. Parameter studies have been performed to investigate the effects on the temperature lag of lead wire length, diameter, and insulation; bond thickness and thermal properties; and attachment of the thermocouple with a Ni pad. 5 refs.
A Current Reconstruction Scheme for Low-Cost PMSM Drives Using Shunt Resistors

This paper presents a novel phase current reconstruction scheme using the information obtained from shunt resistors (in series with low-side switches in a conventional three-phase inverter) for closed-loop current control in low-cost PMSM drives. A state observer is developed for reconstructing phase currents when they cannot be directly measured only in a portion of fundamental period due to the limitation of the bandwidth of signal conditioning circuits and minimum turn-on time of low-side switches. The observer is adaptive to variation of motor parameters and operation condition. By means of an integrating approach, i.e. using direct measurement at low MI and estimated currents from the observer at high MI, the reconstructed current feedback is sufficiently accurate for closed-loop current regulation. In addition, a fuzzy logic function is designed to achieve smooth transitions using trapezoidal weighting functions based on the instantaneous duty ratio of each phase, i.e. switching function. The proposed reconstruction algorithm is verified by experimental testing.
Benefits of a Male's Presence in the Classroom.

An administrator for Family Services, Inc., an organization that serves Forsyth, Stokes, and Davie Counties in North Carolina, asks about the benefits of males in classrooms for young children. This dialogue addresses this question by explaining the general effects that males have on early childhood and by exploring the literature on fathers and their unique contributions to children. Next, the article examines specifically how a teacher's gender may affect children's learning experience by exploring the theoretical literature on gender matching supported by some school systems. The article concludes that having a man's presence in an educational setting would be beneficial, particularly for children who may have little male interaction elsewhere.
The role of hyperthermia in optimizing tumor response to regional therapy

Purpose: To discuss the role of hyperthermia in optimizing the response to regional therapy for cancer. Methods: A review of the current literature discussing mechanism of action, experimental models and prospective, randomized trials was performed. Results: The mechanism of action of hyperthermia in combination with radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy at the cellular and tissue levels is described. Data supporting the benefit of hyperthermia in conjunction with both regional, infusional chemotherapy, and locoregional radiation therapy is demonstrated. Several different histologic tumor types are covered, all with prospective evidence supporting the benefit of hyperthermia. Conclusions: Although delivery methods for hyperthermia can be complex and difficult to implement, the data support its benefit and further endeavors to include hyperthermia as a component of regional therapy should be encouraged.
Female steroid hormones regulate production of pro-inflammatory molecules in uterine leukocytes

Abstract Estrogens and progesterone could be among the environmental signals that govern uterine immune cell synthesis of pro-inflammatory substances. In order to investigate this possibility, we first mapped expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) genes in the leukocytes of cycling and pregnant mouse uteri, then tested the ability of estradiol-17β (E 2 ) and progesterone to influence gene expression. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and other experimental approaches, revealed that the iNOS and TNF-α genes are expressed in mouse uterine mast cells, macrophages and natural killer cells (uNK). Gene expression in each cell type was noted to be dependent upon stage of the cycle or stage of gestation, implying potential relationships with levels of female hormones and state of cell differentiation or activation. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that individual hormones have cell type-specific effects on synthesis of iNOS and TNF-α that are exerted at the level of transcription. In uterine mast cells, iNOS and TNF-α are promoted by E 2 whereas preliminary studies in macrophages suggest that transcription and translation of the two genes are unaffected by E 2 but are inhibited by progesterone. Uterine NK cell production of iNOS and TNF-α is strongly related to cell differentiation, which is initiated and sustained by progesterone. Collectively, the results indicate that regulation of synthesis of pro-inflammatory molecules by hematopoietic cells in cycling and pregnant uterus comprises a new and potentially critical role for female steroid hormones.
Automation in the food processing industry: distributed control systems

Abstract The demand for high-quality product, the flexibility to share equipment to manufacture several products and other factors have moved the food industries towards increased automation. Control system vendors have responded to these needs by providing appropriate hardware and modular software capability so the process engineer can concentrate on the process control strategy rather than the control system design. Also, the development of sensors that measure product quality and subjective properties such as taste, smell, etc., is providing new vistas in automation. This paper reviews the trends in sensors and control systems for the food processing industry. The advantages offered by the distributed control system (DCS) so far enjoyed by large, continuous process plants are now available to small users and to batch processing industries. Examples of DCS applications in the food industry are described.
Geomagnetic storms could alter near‐Earth radiation environment

Potentially hazardous space weather could affect satellites traversing the inner radiation zone, closer to Earth than previously thought, a new study shows. The Earth's radiation belts have a two-layer structure, and it had been thought that most geomagnetic storms, which are triggered by solar activity, affected only the outer belt. However, simulations by Shprits et al. show that during a very large geomagnetic storm, electrons could actually be accelerated in the inner radiation belt layer. Changes in the near-Earth radiation environment could then persist for several years after a large geomagnetic storm. High-energy electrons can damage satellites, and the altered radiation environment near Earth could significantly reduce the lifetime of satellites in that zone. The authors suggest that a large geomagnetic storm that reached the inner radiation belt could have potentially devastating economic impacts. (Space Weather, doi:10.1029/2011SW000662, 2011)
Microcomputer Editing of M-Mode Echocardiograms for Semi-Automatic Analysis

A microcomputer system of modest proportions may be used with long M-mode echocardiograph records stored on video tape to generate abridged echocardiograms showing only those segments satisfying appropriate selection criteria. By storing signals rather than displays, this technique permits considerable flexibility in selection methods and display formatting.
Bogoliubov theory for a many-boson system

Presently there are two distinct classes of microscopic theories which describe a system of many identical spinless bosons. One is the Bogoliubov theory, which places special emphasis on the occupation of the zero-momentum state and as such depends explicitly on the number of particles in this state, ${N}_{0}$. The other depends on density fluctuations to describe the fluid. In this work, we derive a modified version of the Bogoliubov theory which results in a number-conserving Hamiltonian with no explicit dependence on ${N}_{0}$. The ground- and first-excited-state energies evaluated through second order in $\frac{1}{{N}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$ are equivalent to the results of a variational-perturbative procedure based on the method of correlated basis functions in the uniform limit.
Large format two-color CMOS ROIC for SLS detectors

Abstract The ISC0905 is a 640 × 512, large format, two-color CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) designed for strained-layer superlattice (SLS) detectors. The detector interface is supported through one input pad in each 30 μm pixel. One bit in the serial control word programs the chip to automatically adjust all biases and timing to allow for the integration of either electrons or holes. This feature allows users to easily operate this ROIC with a wide variety of p-on-n or n-on-p detectors. The ROIC has been specifically designed to allow for both polarities of detectors to be placed back-to-back and to connect to the ROIC through a single input pad to obtain a two-color image. The two-color image is achieved by switching the ROIC mode between the two colors on a per frame basis. This paper will describe the interface, design and features of the ISC0905 ROIC as well as a summary of the characterization test results.
The effect of complement on specific precipitation with particular reference to the soluble antigen excess zone.

Abstract A complement component present in the serum of various animals has a marked effect in increasing specific precipitin formation over a wide range of antigen additions. The addition of complement to a soluble antibody-antigen complex results in the formation of a precipitate. Anticomplementary γ-globulins decrease this effect.
Code calibration program in support of the Aeroassist Flight Experiment

The code calibration program for the Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm to be used as support for the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) is discussed. Comparisons between experimental data and numerical simulations are made which focus on perfect-gas tests involving a scale model of the AFE. Aspects of the thermochemical nonequilibrium model are called into question by the results of ground tests performed in a ballistic range and in a shock tunnel.
F1F0-ATP Synthase: BINDING OF δ SUBUNIT TO A 22-RESIDUE PEPTIDE MIMICKING THE N-TERMINAL REGION OF α SUBUNIT

Abstract The stator in F1F0-ATP synthase resists strain generated by rotor torque. In Escherichia coli theb 2δ subunit complex comprises the stator, bound to subunit a in F0 and to α3β3 hexagon of F1. Proteolysis and cross-linking had suggested that N-terminal residues of α subunit are involved in binding δ. Here we demonstrate that a synthetic peptide consisting of the first 22 residues of α (“αN1–22”) binds specifically to isolated wild-type δ subunit with high affinity (K d = 130 nm), accounting for a major portion of the binding energy when δ-depleted F1 and isolated δ bind together (K d = 1.4 nm). Stoichiometry of binding of αN1–22 to δ at saturation was 1/1, showing that in intact F1F0-ATP synthase only one of the three α subunits is involved in δ binding. When αN1–22 was incubated with δ subunits containing mutations in helices 1 or 5 on the F1-binding face of δ, peptide binding was impaired as was binding of δ-depleted F1. Residues α6–18 are predicted to be helical, and a potential helix capping box occurs at residues α3–8. Circular dichroism measurements showed that αN1–22 had significant helical content. Hypothetically a helical region of residues αN1–22 packs with helices 1 and 5 on the F1-binding face of δ, forming the α/δ interface.
Analysis of periodicities in human reaction times.

In this paper a method is presented which allows one to determine whether or not reaction times distributions reflect oscillatory mechanisms and which also allows one to estimate occuring periodicities
Dipolar emitters at nanoscale proximity of metal surfaces: Giant enhancement of relaxation in microscopic theory

Recently, there has been explosive growth of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanosystems possess unique properties different from those of macroscopic materials when characteristic lengths governing their properties ~e.g., electron mean-free path l tr , the exciton Bohr radius, Debye radius r D , etc.! become comparable to geometric sizes of the particles or distances between them. Then macroscopic description of nanostructured system may not be applicable even on the order of magnitude. In this Rapid Communication, we consider a dipole emitter @semiconductor quantum dot ~QD!, dye molecule, atom, or rare-earth ion# at a nanometer-scale distance from the surface of a metal. We treat the metal microscopically in local random-phase approximation ~LRPA!. We found giant enhancement of the nonradiative decay of excitations in such emitters due to Coulomb interaction with electrons in the metal. In a nanometer-scale proximity to metal, this enhancement is an order of magnitude greater than in the existing theory, 1‐3 that treats the metal as dielectric medium. We call such an approach, where the dielectric function possesses temporal but not spatial dispersion, as dielectric medium approximation ~DMA!. Unique properties of QD’s make them attractive candidates for various optical applications from optical amplification and lasing 4,5 to fluorescence tagging. 6 While some ap
Purification of chloroplast DNA from Euglena gracilis

Abstract A procedure is described for purification of chloroplast DNA from Euglena gracilis. This procedure differs from previous procedures in utilization of differential detergent extraction. Deoxycholate preferentially solubilizes most of the cellular DNA but leaves the chloroplast DNA bound to particulate material. Final purification of the chloroplast DNA is accomplished by equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation.
Molecular heterogeneity of Acinetobacter baumanii isolates during seasonal increase in prevalence.

Objective:To study the epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumanii during a period of increased seasonal prevalence.Design:Descriptive molecular and clinical epidemiologic study of A baumanii isolates from 1990 through 1992.Setting:A 770-bed urban, acute, tertiary-care university hospital.Results:During 1990 through 1992, the rate of A baumanii isolations was 30.4 per 1,000 culture isolations during the summer, compared to 12.6 per 1,000 culture isolations during the fall, winter, and spring (P<.000001). There were 320 isolates identified among 260 patients during this time. Eighty-one patients with isolates available were identified for evaluation; they ranged in age from 2 months to 95 years. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing showed that 59 (83%) of 71 typed isolates had distinct PFGE patterns. There were three small clusters of isolates with the same PFGE patterns, suggesting cross-transmission in those instances.Conclusions:A seasonally increased prevalence of A baumanii largely associated with device-related nosocomial infections in severely ill patients was noted over a 3-year period. Although there were isolated instances of cross-transmission, most isolates had distinct PFGE patterns. Clonal dissemination of a single strain was not responsible for the seasonal increased prevalence of A baumanii. PFGE typing was useful in directing control efforts.
A hybrid approach for large-scale optimizations of medium frequency propagation in coal mines

A method to analyze and optimize medium frequency (MF) wave propagation in coal mines is introduced. Specifically, a hybrid approach using ideal transmission line (TL) models in conjunction with strategically placed full-wave sections is demonstrated. This hybrid approach provides for a computationally efficient and accurate alternative to typical numerical methods. Specifically, this work demonstrates that conduction paths between transmitter and receiver can be accurately modeled with the hybrid approach, resulting in significantly improved computation speeds relative to full-wave simulations. With this hybrid approach, the complex propagation networks of coal mines can be analyzed, facilitating the optimization of conductor and/or antenna placement for improved performance of MF communication systems.
Modular design for distributed systems and network security courses in computer science curriculum

In this project, we have developed five curricular modules on distributed systems, performability, security, modern networks and distributed applications. Our objective has been to design these modules in a flexible way so that they can be synthesized suitably to develop courses and educational workshops on distributed systems and network security for a variety of audience including computer science undergraduates and the invited participants of our faculty enhancement workshops. The five curricular modules have been used to construct four new courses on "distributed systems and applications", "computer network protocols and analysis", "cryptography", and "computer network security". The five modules have also been used to develop faculty enhancement workshops. The success of the new courses and faculty enhancement workshops has given us good confidence in the soundness of the modular design approach.
Halogenated Nucleic Acids: Biochemical and Biological Properties of Fluorinated Polynucleotides

The biological and biochemical properties of base-fluori-nated polyribonucleotides and constituents are determined in vitro. The biological studies include antiviral activity on herpes simplex virus (type 1), and cytotoxicity on mouse leukemia cells (L1210), human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) and monkey kidney cells (CV-1). The biochemical studies determine the susceptibility of fluorinated polynucleotide degradation by snake venom phosphodiesterase, bovine spleen phosphodiesterase, and micrococcal nuclease. The biological results indicate that some fluorinated polymers have more biological activity than the same material in monomeric form while with other fluorinated polymers the reverse is observed. In those cases where the polymeric form is more active than the monomeric form, the polymeric form also varies in activity depending on the molecular weight of the polymer. These results indicate that selective fluorinated polynucleo-tides may be useful chemotherapeutic alternatives to their monomeric constituents.
Ammonoid growth rhythms

Determination of ammonite growth rate and longevity is an intriguing but difficult problem. Doguzhaeva (1982) made an exciting contribution through her study of ‘growth rings’ and their distribution on a variety of ammonite shells. She postulated a fortnightly or lunar monthly periodicity for chamber formation and a daily periodicity for growth line secretion on the outer shell. Before these suppositions become doctrine, however, a measure of skepticism seems warranted. Some of the relevant remarks run over familiar ground and were raised in response to Kahn & Pompea (1978), who assumed that growth increments on the outer shell of Nautilus are daily and septal deposition lunar monthly. Criticisms of their work focused on the nature of their data and the lack of a basis for the initial time assumptions (Jones & Thompson 1979; Saunders & Ward 1979). These criticisms apply to Doguzhaeva's study because her approach is similar and because Nautilus is the best living analog for ammonite growth.
Mobile IP throughput studies on a wireless LAN

The evolution of TCP has been primarily geared to support wired networks. With the increased usage and popularity of wireless networks, it is prudent to examine the effect of these modifications on wireless data transfers. This project studies the effect of some of the different flavors of TCP on the throughput of FTP data to a Mobile node. The Mobile IP protocol is the mobility mechanism used in this simulation. The NS2 simulator is programmed to use a wired-cum-wireless network topology. Many variants of TCP are used for the simulation and the data transferred and signaling traffic generated are recorded. Two base stations act as agents for the mobile node. It was shown that delayed acknowledgments offered the best throughput in the simulation whereas the Vegas implementation of rep exhibited the least.
Behavioral audiograms of homozygous medJ mutant mice with sodium channel deficiency and unaffected controls

Complete behavioral audiograms were determined for med(J) mice (F1 offspring of C57BL/6JxC3HeB/FeJ) and unaffected controls from the same F1 background. The med(J) mutation results in greatly reduced levels of Scn8a voltage-gated sodium channels, which causes abnormal conduction of action potentials throughout the nervous system and may account for the virtual absence of spontaneous bursting activity in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. The med(J) mice also have tremors, display dystonic postures, and drag their hind legs. The mice were tested using a conditioned suppression/avoidance procedure, with minor modifications of the apparatus made to accommodate the motor-impaired med(J) mice. Thresholds were repeatedly obtained up to the age of 50 weeks to determine if the animals developed a hearing loss with age. The results indicate that med(J) mice have normal thresholds, with the first signs of hearing loss (detectable at 80 kHz) appearing for both the med(J) and normal mice by 48 weeks. Neither the med(J) nor the normal mice could hear below 1 kHz, indicating that house mice fall into the group of mammals with poor low-frequency hearing. The results also demonstrate that the conditioned suppression/avoidance procedure is well suited for assessing hearing in severely impaired, as well as normal, mice and that it can provide for the rapid determination of thresholds necessary to follow changes in hearing that may occur as the result of age, disease, mutation, or drugs.
Addressing application integrity attacks using a reconfigurable architecture

Growing concerns regarding application security and software piracy have motivated research in systems that ensure an increased level of tamper resistance while limiting the effectiveness of malicious attacks. These approaches have ranged from simple code restructuring techniques containing run-time checks to complex cryptographic systems. In this work we propose a reconfigurable software protection architecture that places an FPGA between the highest level of on-chip cache and main memory. Instructions requested by the processor are passed through the FPGA component after being fetched from memory. The task of the FPGA is to validate and also possibly transform the instructions in some fashion before sending them back to the processor. As the FPGA configuration can be customized to individual applications, the resultant system can be flexible in meeting both security and performance requirements. Our initial results show that a strong level of security can be obtained with only a limited performance overhead.
Tumor recurrence after radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatic tumors: spectrum of findings on dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT.

OBJECTIVE. We conducted this study to determine the spectrum of CT findings of tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of primary and secondary malignant hepatic tumors.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty-five patients, 10 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 15 patients with metastases who developed tumor recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of hepatic neoplasms, formed the study population. Three observers reviewed the CT scans of these patients and evaluated the location (local intrahepatic, remote intrahepatic, or extrahepatic) of all recurrent lesions and the morphology and enhancement characteristics of local intrahepatic recurrences.RESULTS. Local intrahepatic recurrences were seen in nine patients (90%) and 11 patients (73%); remote intrahepatic recurrences, in five patients (50%) and seven patients (45%); and extrahepatic recurrences, in zero and six patients (40%) with recurrent HCC and recurrent metastases, respectively. Of the 12 nodules of local intrahepatic recurrences in HCC and the...
Acute Renal Endothelial Injury During Marrow Recovery in a Cohort of Combined Kidney and Bone Marrow Allografts

An idiopathic capillary leak syndrome ('engraftment syndrome') often occurs in recipients of hematopoietic cells, manifested clinically by transient azotemia and sometimes fever and fluid retention. Here, we report the renal pathology in 10 recipients of combined bone marrow and kidney allografts. Nine developed graft dysfunction on day 10-16 and renal biopsies showed marked acute tubular injury, with interstitial edema, hemorrhage and capillary congestion, with little or no interstitial infiltrate (≤10%) and marked glomerular and peritubular capillary (PTC) endothelial injury and loss by electron microscopy. Two had transient arterial endothelial inflammation; and 2 had C4d deposition. The cells in capillaries were primarily CD68(+) MPO(+) mononuclear cells and CD3(+) CD8(+) T cells, the latter with a high proliferative index (Ki67(+) ). B cells (CD20(+) ) and CD4(+) T cells were not detectable, and NK cells were rare. XY FISH showed that CD45(+) cells in PTCs were of recipient origin. Optimal treatment remains to be defined; two recovered without additional therapy, six were treated with anti-rejection regimens. Except for one patient, who later developed thrombotic microangiopathy and one with acute humoral rejection, all fully recovered within 2-4 weeks. Graft endothelium is the primary target of this process, attributable to as yet obscure mechanisms, arising during leukocyte recovery.
Polite theories revisited

The classic method of Nelson and Oppen for combining decision procedures requires the theories to be stably-infinite. Unfortunately, some important theories do not fall into this category (e.g. the theory of bit-vectors). To remedy this problem, previous work introduced the notion of polite theories. Polite theories can be combined with any other theory using an extension of the Nelson-Oppen approach. In this paper we revisit the notion of polite theories, fixing a subtle flaw in the original definition. We give a new combination theorem which specifies the degree to which politeness is preserved when combining polite theories. We also give conditions under which politeness is preserved when instantiating theories by identifying two sorts. These results lead to a more general variant of the theorem for combining multiple polite theories.
Linear equalization combined with multiple symbol decision feedback detection for differential space-time modulation

Differential space-time modulation (DSTM) for multiple antenna communication systems has been recently proposed for frequency-nonselective fading channels. In broadband multirate systems, frequency-selective fading may occur. In this paper, the DSTM in frequency-selective fading channels is considered. A linear equalizer for the DSTM is proposed over frequency-selective fading channels. Furthermore, the multiple symbol decision feedback detection is used to improve the performance of the linear equalizer.
Software: Integration, Collaboration, Standards, Progress

Any discussion of the software standards for microcomputer-based laboratories (MBL) must take into account the proliferation of technological tools for use in physics. Among these are: spreadsheet physics, microcomputer-based laboratories, programming for problem solving, videotapes, videodiscs, CD-ROMs, simulations, symbolic mathematics, and modeling [1]. We must avoid the trap of becoming “the person with a hammer to whom all things look like a nail.”
Bovine serum albumin adsorption on a water/nitrobenzene interface

Abstract The electrochemical properties of an interface between two immiscible solutions of electrolytes are investigated as the interface is altered by adsorption of the water soluble protein bovine serum albumin. Cyclic voltammetry and electrical impedance spectrum analysis are employed as the tools of this study. The impedance behavior in the presence of bovine serum albumin shows that the protein macromolecule is adsorbed at the interface. The imaginary impedance of the interface increases with increasing concentration of bovine serum albumin to about 10 ppm, suggesting that the adsorbed monolayer forms gradually, which causes the interfacial capacitance to decrease. The impedance behavior has been analyzed as a function of applied interfacial potential. The potential of zero charge of the interface was obtained for different concentrations of bovine serum albumin. The impedance behavior is further discussed as a function of pH and temperature.
Detection of Information Flows

The detection of information flows by timing analysis is considered. Given transmission timestamps of monitored nodes, the problem is to decide whether there is an information flow through these nodes by analyzing the transmission patterns. Due to constraints that packets from an information flow need to be delivered within certain delay or the relay nodes have bounded memory, transmission patterns of an information flow are statistically different from those of independent traffic. The main result of this paper is a tight characterization of the maximum amount of chaff noise such that Chernoff-consistent detection is achievable. The direct part of the result is an explicit construction of a detector that has vanishing false alarm and miss probabilities as the sample size increases whenever the noise level is below certain threshold. Conversely, when the noise level is above this threshold, there exist means to hide the information flow such that it is indistinguishable from independent traffic. Explicit characterization of the noise threshold is provided for Poisson transmission schedules. It is also shown that while information flows can be hidden among chaff noise for a small number of hops, the rate of information flow diminishes as the number of hops increases.
Optical Method of Measuring Temperature in Hot Glass

An optical method of temperature measurement, developed for semitransparent media, was tested using molten glass. The beam from a helium-neon laser was passed through glass, and the attenuation of the beam was measured. Since the monochromatic absorptivity of the glass was a monotonic function of temperature, the attenuation of the beam indicated the temperature of the glass. The optical method was used to measure the one-dimensional temperature profile in a slab of molten glass with an accuracy of ±5°F. The temperature gradient within the slab was of the order of 200°F/in. The method is useful when the medium is isothermal along the length of the laser beam, the medium does not significantly scatter radiation, and the monochromatic transmissivity of the medium based on the laser path length is 0.1.
Field testing of a spread spectrum acoustic modem with sparse channel estimation

This paper describes the field testing of an underwater acoustic (UWA) modem in three distinct underwater environments: in the 5-7 m depth waters off the Goleta Pier in California, in the shallow 2-5 m depth waters of Viapahu Lagoon of Moorea, French Polynesia, and in a coral bommies field in Viapahu Lagoon. The modem employs M-ary direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) signaling, with joint detection and channel estimation performed by the matching pursuit (MP) algorithm. Our programmable DSP implementation of MP is shown to effectively estimate sparse multipath in real time. The current design employs a 24 kHz carrier and 7.8 kHz bandwidth to achieve a 161 bps data rate. Field tests show bit error-rates (BERs) les 10-2 are achievable in varied underwater environments at up to 440 m range with multipath spreads on the order of 9 msec.
Imaging findings of the developing temporal bone in fetal specimens

PURPOSE To trace the development of the normal fetal temporal bone by means of plain radiography, MR, and CT. METHODS Eighteen formalin-fixed fetal specimens, 13.5 to 24.4 weeks9 gestational age, were examined with a mammographic plain film technique, CT, and MR imaging at 1.5 T. Temporal bone development and ossification were assessed. RESULTS The membranous labyrinth grows with amazing rapidity and attains adult size by the middle of the gestation period. The cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals are very prominent and easily recognized on MR images. The otic capsule develops from a cartilage model. Ossification of the otic capsule proceeds rapidly between 18 and 24 weeks from multiple ossification centers that replace the cartilaginous framework. The mastoid, internal auditory canal, vestibular aqueduct, and external auditory canal continue to grow after birth. CONCLUSION The study of fetal developmental anatomy may lead to a better understanding of congenital disorders of the ear. Faster MR scanning techniques may provide a method for in utero evaluation of the fetal temporal bone.
Fractional flow reserve from 3-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography: fresh light through an old window.

In this issue of JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions , Tu et al. [(1)][1] report on an initial validation study for a less-invasive approach to derive fractional flow reserve (FFR) based on the coronary angiogram. The investigators should be congratulated on developing an innovative means to expand