cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying Automatic Differentiation to the Community Land Model

Earth system models rely on past observations and knowledge to simulate future climate states. Because of the inherent complexity, a substantial uncertainty exists in model-based predictions. Evaluation and improvement of model codes are one of the priorities of climate science research. Automatic Differentiation enables analysis of sensitivities of predicted outcomes to input parameters by calculating derivatives of modeled functions. The resulting sensitivity knowledge can lead to improved parameter calibration. We present our experiences in applying OpenAD to the Fortran-based crop model code in the Community Land Model (CLM). We identify several issues that need to be addressed in future developments of tangent-linear and adjoint versions of the CLM.
What does the crowd think? How online comments and popularity metrics affect news credibility and issue importance:

Online comments hold the potential to promote positive deliberative outcomes, although past work has also shown that comments can have undesired effects when the sentiment of the crowd turns negative. Does the presence of comments possibly bolster or interfere with the reception and traditional functions of news media? Informed by the Modality-Agency-Interactivity-Navigability (MAIN) model, an online experiment tested the effect of reader comments (positive vs negative), number of “re-tweets” and “likes” (low vs high), and coverage frequency (infrequent vs frequent) on news credibility and issue importance. Negative reader comments (relative to positive comments) decreased message credibility and issue importance through the sequential indirect pathway of bandwagon perceptions, attention, and construct accessibility. Study results suggest that the traditional functions of news media may be hindered by audience incivility.
Short-Course Vs Long-Course Radiotherapy: Pros and Cons

Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer, which can be delivered with short-course (SC) fractionation, 25 Gy in 5 fractions, or in a conventionally fractionated, long-course (LC) schedule over 25–30 fractions with concurrent chemotherapy. The merits of each approach are discussed and appropriate patient selection is recommended. Head-to-head randomized trials have shown little or no significant difference between SC and LC regimens in terms of local control or overall survival; LC results in more pathologic downstaging, but without improvement in sphincter preservation. Both treatment schedules remain viable options depending on the clinical scenario, with SC recommended for expedited treatment and LC when downstaging is needed. Future efforts aim to identify the optimal combination and timing of neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well as the optimal delay until surgery to maximize response and disease outcomes. Given its shorter course, similar outcomes, and acceptable toxicity profile, SC radiation is likely to become increasingly prevalent as new neoadjuvant regimens are identified.
Immersive virtual reality in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A literature review.

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States with its sequelae often affecting individuals long after the initial injury. Innovations in virtual reality (VR) technology may offer potential therapy options in the recovery from such injuries. However, there is currently no consensus regarding the efficacy of VR in the setting of TBI rehabilitation. Objective The aim of this review is to evaluate and summarize the current literature regarding immersive VR in the rehabilitation of those with TBI. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Review using the search terms "virtual reality," "traumatic brain injury," "brain injury," and "immersive." Results A total of 11 studies were evaluated. These were primarily of low-level evidence, with the exception of two randomized, controlled trials. 10 of 11 studies demonstrated improvement with VR therapy. VR was most frequently used to address gait or cognitive deficits. Conclusions While the current literature generally offers support for the use of VR in TBI recovery, there is a paucity of strong evidence to support its widespread use. The increasing availability of immersive VR technology offers the potential for engaging therapy in TBI rehabilitation, but its utility remains uncertain given the limited studies available at this time.
Hyperglycemia potentiates a shift from apoptosis to RIP1-dependent necroptosis.

Apoptosis and necroptosis are the primary modes of eukaryotic cell death, with apoptosis being non-inflammatory while necroptosis is highly inflammatory. We previously demonstrated that, once activated, necroptosis is enhanced by hyperglycemia in several cell types. Here, we determine if hyperglycemia affects apoptosis similarly. We show that hyperglycemia does not enhance extrinsic apoptosis but potentiates a shift to RIP1-dependent necroptosis. This is due to increased levels and activity of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL, as well as decreased levels and activity of executioner caspases under hyperglycemic conditions following stimulation of apoptosis. Cell death under hyperglycemic conditions was classified as necroptosis via measurement of markers and involvement of RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL. The shift to necroptosis was driven by RIP1, as mutation of this gene using CRISPR–Cas9 caused cell death to revert to apoptosis under hyperglycemic conditions. The shift of apoptosis to necroptosis depended on glycolysis and production of mitochondrial ROS. Importantly, the shift in PCD was observed in primary human T cells. Levels of RIP1 and MLKL increased, while executioner caspases and PARP1 cleavage decreased, in cerebral tissue from hyperglycemic neonatal mice that underwent hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury, suggesting that this cell death shift occurs in vivo. This is significant as it demonstrates a shift from non-inflammatory to inflammatory cell death which may explain the exacerbation of neonatal HI-brain injury during hyperglycemia. These results are distinct from our previous findings where hyperglycemia enhanced necroptosis under conditions where apoptosis was inhibited artificially. Here we demonstrate a shift from apoptosis to necroptosis under hyperglycemic conditions while both pathways are fully active. Therefore, while our previous work documented that intensity of necroptosis is responsive to glucose, this work sheds light on the molecular balance between apoptosis and necroptosis and identifies hyperglycemia as a condition that pushes cells to undergo necroptosis despite the initial activation of apoptosis.
The influence of social and family backgrounds on college transition experiences of foster youth

Familial and social experiences shape college transitions of first‐year, first‐generation college students who are foster youth. This chapter describes these experiences and offers recommendations to enhance support for foster youth in college.
Abstract 16025: Aldosterone Induces Autophagy via an ERK-JNK/Phospho-Bcl-2/Beclin-1 Dependent Pathway in Isolated Adult Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Background: Aldosterone induces left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure (HF). Aldosterone increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mediates its effects through JNK-MAPK signaling. Autophagy plays a role in the pathogenesis of LV remodeling and HF, but it is unknown whether aldosterone causes cardiac autophagy. We hypothesized that aldosterone induces cardiomyocyte autophagy in vitro . Methods: Isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVMs) were exposed to aldosterone (1µM/18hrs). Autophagy related proteins and intracellular signaling molecules were measured by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Results: Aldosterone increased LC3II expression by 39±4% (p Conclusion: Aldosterone induces cardiomyocyte autophagy independent of mTOR but via an ERK/JNK - pBcl-2 - Beclin-1 dependent pathway.
Achieving Maximum Reliability Growth in Newly Designed Systems

Newly designed systems often have unexpectedly high failure rates which can be reduced by successive redesign until the system achieves an acceptable failure rate. Reliability can grow at the maximum possible rate if the causes of all the failures that occur are identified and removed without introducing new failure modes. Typically, the expected failures are random, infrequent, and need not be corrected. But there are many causes of early and unexpected failures that do require correction. New systems may have incorrect specifications, design oversights, or unanticipated environmental or operational challenges. These occur during the “infant mortality” phase and correcting such unexpected problems as soon as they are observed can produce large early reliability growth.
Colorectal cancer progression is marked by overexpression and activation of splicing variants of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase

4138 RON is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the MET proto-oncogene family. Altered expression and activation of RON and its variants results in cell dissociation, migration, and invasion, and has been implicated in the invasive growth and metastasis of cancer. The purpose of the present study was to determine the pathogenic roles of splicing RON variants such as RONΔ160 and short form (sf)-RON in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. By Western blot analysis, primary CRC (n=35), hepatic metastasis (n=10), and adenoma (n=13) specimens were examined for expression and activation of RON, RONΔ160, and sf-RON. RON was detected in all of the primary CRC samples and overexpressed in 89%, sf-RON was overexpressed in 37%, and RONΔ160 in 26%. Analysis of hepatic metastases also revealed overexpression of RON (80%), sf-RON (30%), and RONΔ160 (70%). In contrast, RON and sf-RON were not overexpressed in any of the adenoma specimens, and RONΔ160 was not detected at all. RONΔ160 is highly phosphorylated in the primary and metastatic colon tissues in which it’s expressed, and E-cadherin, an important cellular adhesion molecule, is decreased. To study sf-RON and RONΔ160 in more detail, they were stably transfected into AAC1 human colon adenoma cells. AAC1 cells expressing the RON variants displayed a more fibroblast-like morphology and contributed to cell survival when exposed to a thiol-reducing agent. Furthermore, Western blotting revealed constitutive activation of RONΔ160 and sf-RON with decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expression compared to AAC1 and AAC1-RON cells. These results suggest that sf-RON and RONΔ160 may contribute to an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in colon adenoma cells. Taken together, the overexpression of sf-RON and RONΔ160 is an important step in the progression of colorectal cancer toward a more malignant phenotype. * This research was partially supported by NIH R01 91980 and the Amarillo Area Foundation.
Tethering towards number: synthesizing cognitive variability and stage-oriented development in children’s arithmetic thinking

Differing research worldviews have typically resulted in interpretations at odds with one another. Yet, leveraging distinct perspectives can lead to novel interpretations and theoretical construction. Via an empirically grounded research commentary, we describe the value of such activity through the lens of previously reported findings. This synthesis of research from dissimilar scholarly traditions is one example of how paradigms in related but sometimes disconnected fields were used to provide a more comprehensive model of foundational numeracy development. While critique and skepticism may be valuable scholarly tools, we argue that such practices should be balanced with openness and belief towards ideas from worldviews different than our own. This balance can provide new and creative interpretations and extend our collective research power.
Ambulance diversions following public hospital emergency department closures.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether hospitals are more likely to temporarily close their emergency departments (EDs) to ambulances (through ambulance diversions) if neighboring diverting hospitals are public vs private. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING Ambulance diversion logs for California hospitals, discharge data, and hospital characteristics data from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development and the American Hospital Association (2007). STUDY DESIGN We match public and private (nonprofit or for-profit) hospitals by distance and size. We use random-effects models examining diversion probability and timing of private hospitals following diversions by neighboring public vs matched private hospitals. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS N/A. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Hospitals are 3.6 percent more likely to declare diversions if neighboring diverting hospitals are public vs private (P < 0.001). Hospitals declaring diversions have lower ED occupancy (P < 0.001) after neighboring public (vs private) hospitals divert. Hospitals have 4.2 percent shorter diversions if neighboring diverting hospitals are public vs private (P < 0.001). When the neighboring hospital ends its diversion first, hospitals terminate diversions 4.2 percent sooner if the neighboring hospital is public vs private (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Sample hospitals respond differently to diversions by neighboring public (vs private) hospitals, suggesting that these hospitals might be strategically declaring ambulance diversions to avoid treating low-paying patients served by public hospitals.
Moral Responsibility in a Time of War

N A DAILY BASIS, MOST OF US MAKE ETHICAL1 JUDGMENTS ALL THE TIME IN RELATION to private action. We make moral judgments about individuals who murder, cheat, lie, and steal. We expect that individuals will act on "universal" principles in their treatment of others independent of race, gender, sexuality, and class. At the national level, appeals to the public good and the responsibilities and duties of public office are also based on ethical judgments. I am concerned with levels of moral responsibility and accountability. In large bureaucracies (corporations, governments, and universities), it is often difficult to attribute moral responsibility to anyone. Dennis Thompson calls this the problem of "many hands." When an action of the government causes harm to innocents, it is often difficult to trace the "fingerprints of responsibility" to individual actors. There is a tendency to deny the responsibility of an individual person, instead attributing blame abstractly to "the system," the government, or "the state." Citizens often feel unable to connect criticisms of the government with the actions of individuals inside the structures of the state (Thompson, 1987: 5-6). The decisions leading to the war and occupation of Iraq were ultimately made at the highest levels of the U.S. and British governments. Legal and moral respon? sibility lies with the president, prime minister, and their cabinets, since hierarchical responsibility does coincide with moral responsibility. Yet, can an ethical analysis of the war stop with the actions of the president, prime minister, and their princi? pal advisers? Should others in the government also be held to standards of moral accountability?
4R nutrient stewardship in fruit crops

Abstract The 4R Nutrient Stewardship concept represents the “four rights” of nutrient management and provides a science-based framework for farmers, consultants, and others on using the “right” source of nutrients for crop production at the “right” rate, time, and place. The goal is to increase on-farm production and profitability while minimizing the loss of nutrients and other natural resources. The concept is backed by years of research and applicable to many cropping systems worldwide, including those used for fruit production. With help from their stakeholders, many farmers are beginning to implement the 4R concept into practice and are reaping benefits, including higher yields and better crop quality, fewer input costs, reduced labor requirements, less soil erosion and nutrient leaching, and greater financial gains.
Utility of CT Angiography for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Compression in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement.

Objectives:We aimed to evaluate the utility of computed tomography angiography (CTA) for coronary compression (CC) prediction in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing balloon-expandable...
Stimulated Desorption as a Potential Damage Mechanism in Ultraviolet Laser Optical Components

It is well-known that substrates and thin-film coatings for ultraviolet optical components are damaged by intense laser radiation, and widely believed that radiation-enhanced or even plasma chemistry in the laser environment exacerbates the damage problem. Unlike laser damage at infrared wavelengths, which is largely thermal, the damage morphology in UV optical materials exhibits both thermal and non-thermal characteristics. However, the fundamental physics leading to optical damage remains largely unexplored even in a qualitative way [1], despite the significant negative impact of low damage thresholds on laser systems cost, reliability and engineering.
Diagnosis of depression in multiple sclerosis is predicted by frontal-parietal white matter tract disruption.

Persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) are at an elevated risk of depression. Decreased Conscientiousness may affect patient outcomes in PwMS. Low Conscientiousness has a strong correlation with depression. Previous work has also reported that white matter (WM) tract disruption in frontal–parietal networks explains reduced Conscientiousness in PwMS. We hypothesized that Conscientiousness-associated WM tract disruption predicts new-onset depression over 5 years in PwMS and evaluated this by assessing the predictive power of mean Conscientiousness associated frontal–parietal network (CFPN) disruption in PwMS for clinically diagnosed depression over 5 years. This longitudinal retrospective analysis included 53 PwMS who were not previously diagnosed as depressed. All participants underwent structural MRI. Medical records were reviewed to evaluate diagnosis of depression for these patients over 5 years. WM tract damage between pairs of gray matter regions in the CFPN was measured using diffusion imaging. The relationship between CFPN disruption and depression was analyzed using logistic regression. Participants with MS had a mean age of 46.0 years (SD = 11.2). 22.6% (n = 12) acquired a diagnosis of clinical depression over the 5-year period. Baseline disruption in the CFPN was a significant predictor (ROC AUC = 61.8%). of new-onset clinical depression, accounting for age, sex, lateral ventricular volume, disease modifying treatment, and lesion volume. Baseline CFPN disruption is associated with progression to clinical depression over 5 years in PwMS. Development of new WM pathology within this network may be a risk factor for depression.
Conceptualizing culture in research on parenting and child development: carving, categorizing, and communicating pathways

In this paper, I propose a conceptualization of culture as a set of processes involving pathways of acting in the world. These cultural processes are: (1) choosing existing pathways or carving out ...
Framing the fight: Food, history, and meaning in the mess

First paragraph: Issues of food systems can be cast in a glaring light that obscures nuance and polarizes dia­logue. We get closer to the truth when we pull back from our present constructions of the issues and allow ourselves to experience the dynamic, marvelously complicated stories of how they have formed, what forces drove them, and how those forces affect us still. Such histories entail tension and convergence, missed opportunities, best-laid plans, and unintended consequences. The under­standable impulse may be to avoid dif­ficult and even painful realizations of how entan­gled food has become with larger issues of class, identity, and political economy. The authors of Food Fights do not let us off the hook. They invite us instead to walk back through these issues more deeply, more critically, using a historical frame that allows us to see the issues, if not more clearly, at least more honestly. . . .
Sustainable Food Consumption: The Influence of Governmental Assistance Programs on Low-Income Consumers’ Decision-Making: An Abstract

The food industry is expanding quantitatively and qualitatively, with consumer trends changing all the time (Costa and Jongen 2006). One consumer trend growing over the years is food consumption, especially in sustainable food consumption (Vermeir and Verbeke 2006). As with the theme of the conference highlighting enlightened marketing during challenging times, the paradigm of consumption has changed due to the increase in consumers’ interest in food consumption. Food consumption has moved past the concept of just nutrient intake. Nowadays, food consumption is intertwined with the environment, society, and culture (Duchin 2005). For example, Subway used to be a leading retailer in food retailing; however, nowadays, that is not enough. Subway is losing sales as other restaurants that focus more holistically on sustainable food consumption are increasing in market share (Taylor 2018). This is not only affecting consumers at restaurants but also in-home food consumption. Reflecting this belief, the World Summit on Sustainable Development conducted by the United Nations emphasized sustainable food consumption as a concept of food consumption that considers various qualitative factors (WSSD 2002). Sustainable food consumption is defined as economic development through food choices beneficial to individuals, society, and the environment, and that can enhance the quality of life for consumers. It refers to food consumption that minimizes environmental pollution and social problems (Sustainable Development Commission 2005). This is related to eco-friendly food consumption because it considers the consumers’ health and the environment. However, sustainable food consumption can be influenced by socio-cultural factors (Verbeke 2005). The specific content ensures that consumers are consuming stable and nutritious food. It can contribute to public social interest, including satisfying the needs of low-income families (Johnston et al. 2014). Overall, the results of our study confirm our three hypotheses, that consumers getting food assistance from governmental programs the findings show that consumers on governmental food assistance programs are more likely to suffer from emotional health issues, are more likely to consume fewer fruits and vegetables, and are more likely not to limit their caloric food intake, compared to consumers who do not get assistance from governmental programs. As research has shown, consumers on governmental assistance programs are those who are in lower-income brackets (Cutler and Katz 1992; Duchin 2005). Therefore, our findings illustrate that, unfortunately, sustainable food consumption is harder for consumers with lower incomes. Since, our findings illustrate that, unfortunately, sustainable food consumption is harder for consumers with lower incomes, marketers must know how to communicate healthy and sustainable food choices effectively to consumers of all income levels, and to those who use or do not use governmental assistance programs to help buy food.
RESEARCH GUIDELINES TO SOUND WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT

WATERSHED RESEARCH STUDIES MAY BE (1) EXPERIMENTAL, CHOSEN AND INSTRUMENTED FOR STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA, OR (2) REPRESENTATIVE, SELECTED TO REPRESENT A LARGER AREA. RESEARCH EMPHASIS HAS BEEN ON THE LATTER. SINCE 1935, HUNDREDS OF WATERSHEDS HAVE BEEN STUDIED. MANY PROVED UNPRODUCTIVE OR OBSOLETE, AND WERE DISCONTINUED. THE MAJOR REASON FOR PROJECT FAILURES IS RELATIVELY CRUDE EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH GENERAL UNDERSTANDING ESSENTIAL TO DETECT EFFECTS OF INDUCED CHANGES IN LAND-USE PRACTICES IS LACKING. MOST SUCCESSFUL STUDIES ARE RELATED TO LAND-USE OR STRUCTURE- EFFECTS ON SEDIMENTATION. LESS SUCCESS HAS ACCOMPANIED MEASURING EFFECT OF LAND-USE OR MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WATER YIELD. DETERMINATION OF DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS FROM UPSTREAM LAND-USE OR STRUCTURAL MEASURES HAVE BEEN GENERALLY UNSUCCESSFUL. COSTLINESS AND LENGTHY DURATION ACCOUNT FOR SOME DISCOURAGING RESULTS. MANY FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR DIFFICULTIES IN APPLYING RESULTS TO OTHER AREAS LIE BELOW GROUND SURFACE. SOUND GUIDELINES FOR THE FUTURE INCLUDE: GEOLOGY AND SOILS SHOULD BE AS UNIFORM AS POSSIBLE, A SINGLE LAND-USE OR MANAGEMENT PRACTICE SHOULD PREVAIL, AND COMPLETE PHYSICAL MAKEUP AND ENTIRE WATER MOVEMENT SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY UNDERSTOOD AND INSTRUMENTED. /ASCE/
Gene knockout studies of Ca2+‐transporting ATPases

The biochemical functions of intracellular and plasma membrane Ca2+-transporting ATPases in the control of cytosolic and organellar Ca2+ levels are well established, but the physiological roles of specific isoforms are less well understood. There appear to be three different types of Ca2+ pumps in mammalian tissues: the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs), which sequester Ca2+ within the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum, the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCAs), which extrude Ca2+ from the cell, and the putative secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA), the function of which is poorly understood. This review describes the results of recent analyses of mouse models with null mutations in the genes encoding SERCA and PMCA isoforms and genetic studies of SERCA and SPCA dysfunction in both humans and model organisms. These studies are yielding important insights regarding the physiological functions of individual Ca2+-transporting ATPases in vivo.
A Neo No-Fault Contract in Lieu of Tort: Preaccident Guarantees of Postaccident Settlement Offers

The present method of compensating accident victims is both wasteful and ineffectual. Litigation is staggeringly costly for litigants and for society as a whole. Nonetheless, each year the volume of litigation increases, leading to a clogged court system. It can often take several years to resolve a case, and accident victims are often desperately in need of money during that time. When a case is finally resolved by the courts, there is no guarantee of a just outcome. Who, indeed, has the capacity to decide with precision the vague, complex, or hotly contested issues that accident cases typically present? The upshot is that such cases are often not disposed of on the basis of actual fault or need. As a result, pretrial settlement operates inefficiently because both sides must base planning decisions on the predicted results of inherently unpredictable court trials. One might be willing to overlook some of these shortcomings of the current fault-based system if it operated efficiently or produced just results. It does neither. The purpose of this Article is to suggest a scheme that would partially replace the existing regime. Under my proposal, accident victims would be compensated through preaccident nofault agreements.
Jump Bidding and Budget Constraints in All-Pay Auctions and Wars of Attrition

We study all-pay auctions (or wars of attrition), where the highest bidder wins an object, but all bidders pay their bids. We consider such auctions when two bidders alternate in raising their bids and where all aspects of the auction are common knowledge including bidders' valuations. We analyze how the ability to "jump-bid," or raise bids by more than the minimal necessary increment affects the outcome of the auction. We also study the impact of budget caps on total bids. We show that both of these features, which are common in practice but absent from the previous literature, matter signi cantly in determining the outcome of the auctions.
Wintering North Pacific black-legged kittiwakes balance spatial flexibility and consistency

Marine environments are inherently dynamic, yet marine predators are often long-lived and employ strategies where consistency, individual specialization, routine migrations, and spatial memory are key components to their foraging and life-history strategies. Intrinsic determinates of animal movements are linked to physiological and life-history traits (e.g. sex, colony, experience), while extrinsic influences occur as the result of an animal’s interactions with either other animals or the environment (e.g. prey availability, weather, competition). Knowledge of the factors affecting animal movements is critical to understand energetic bottlenecks and population dynamics. Here, we attempt to understand the interaction of some of these factors on the winter distributions of a surface-feeding seabird in the North Pacific. Between 2008 and 2011, we tracked 99 black-legged kittiwakes breeding at St. Paul and St. George in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska using geolocation loggers. We tested for colony and sex differences in winter distributions, and individual spatial fidelity over two consecutive winters of 17 individuals. Then we linked tracking data to associated environmental conditions as proxies of prey availability (e.g. sea surface temperature, mesoscale eddies, chlorophyll a, and wind) to understand their influence on kittiwake space use at an ocean basin scale. Black-legged kittiwakes from both Pribilof Islands primarily wintered in pelagic sub-arctic waters, however, distributions spanned seven ecoregions of the North Pacific. There was a high degree of similarity in area use of birds from the two closely situated colonies and between sexes. Birds tracked for two consecutive years showed higher fidelity to wintering areas than occurred at random. Annual changes were apparent, as distributions were further north in 2009/10 than 2008/09 or 2010/11. This occurred because 70 % of birds remained in the Bering Sea in the fall of 2009, which corresponded with lower October sea surface temperatures than the other two years. Although individuals returned to wintering areas in consecutive years, our results suggest that under current conditions individual black-legged kittiwakes have a high capacity to alter winter distributions.
An improved isotopic method for partitioning net ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 exchange

Abstract Stable carbon isotopes can be used to partition the net ecosystem–atmosphere exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) into its photosynthetic and respiratory components, but the method has not been generally adopted due to instrumental and theoretical limitations. Here, motivated by recently improved instrumentation, we extend the theory of isotopic flux partitioning to include photorespiration, foliar daytime ‘dark’ respiration, and other refinements, arriving at a general yet practical formulation from which all previous formulations can be derived as simplifying approximations. We use a full growing season of isotopic eddy covariance flux data from a temperate deciduous forest to demonstrate the method, quantify its uncertainties, and determine biases associated with previously published formulations. We find that when δ13C of CO2 is acquired with high precision (0.02‰ RMSE for 100 s integration times), the statistical uncertainty in the partitioned fluxes is comparable to that in NEE itself—i.e., as good as practicably possible. Assessable systematic uncertainty is ±17% of gross ecosystem production (GEP), due mostly to uncertainty in the isotopic fractionation by carboxylation. Additional, currently unquantifiable systematic uncertainty is associated with treating the canopy as a single “big leaf”. Both sources of systematic uncertainty could be greatly reduced by feasible supporting leaf-level measurements. Our extended theory corrects systematic biases in previous isotopic approaches, including overestimation (by 13%) of GEP due to the omission of photorespiration. The partitioning determines the isotopic signature of photosynthesis, which we find to vary seasonally between −24 and −28‰ such that the isotopic disequilibrium between ecosystem carbon input and output remains stable at approximately −0.5‰ through most of the growing season. The key advantage of isotopic partitioning over standard, regression-based partitioning is that it enables controls on the ecosystem-scale photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes to emerge from observations, without having to assume functional relations to environmental drivers a priori. As an example, we show how isotopic partitioning reveals certain large variations in daytime NEE to be caused by shifts in the flux tower sampling footprint between regions of high and low respiratory flux—a finding unobtainable by standard partitioning. For this reason, isotopic partitioning can be more precise than standard partitioning for quantifying environmental controls on NEE.
Using social media to learn and communicate: it is not about the tweet

Social media can be defined as the use of media to interact with social networks. Social media is not about the content of the tweet, inasmuch as the technologies and social media platforms influence how content is generated, disseminated, and used. Social media is not dead, but rather it offers rapid incoming and outgoing forms of communication, which may be utilized in a variety of "use cases" in medicine and oncology.
Recent progress on highly nonlinear fibers

Recent evolution of silica-based nonlinear fibers and their applications are reviewed. Important design issues of the fiber in order to enhance the nonlinearity and tailor the dispersion performance are discussed. In addition, recent demonstration results such as ultra-broadband wavelength conversion and supercontinuum generation experiments are also introduced in this paper.
Selecting moisture reference years using a Moisture Index approach

Abstract Recent history has documented the premature failures of building envelopes in various regions—in North America most notably on the West Coast and the East Coast. The MEWS Consortium, a project undertaken by IRC and its partners, has addressed this issue in detail. The strategy for answering these questions was based on predicting the moisture management performance of wall systems as a function of climate, wall construction, and material properties through mathematical modeling. A key task was to determine what years to use as input for the simulations. Moisture Reference Years were selected using a Moisture Index approach developed for MEWS. This paper will develop the approach and compare it with other methods of selecting moisture reference years for hygrothermal simulations.
SU‐FF‐J‐120: Assessing Intrafraction Motion for Cranial Tumor Patients Treated with Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy Using Repeated Imaging

Purpose: To assess intra‐fraction motion of patients treated for braincancer using hypofractionated treatment, to optimize the frequency of patient imaging, and to determine whether treatment margins are appropriate or not. Material and methods: Intra‐fraction patient displacement data for twenty braincancer patients were analyzed retrospectively. Patient imaging for setup correction is done at three stages. The first set of images was taken before the patient treatment. The second set of images was taken after one third of the treatment is delivered, and the third imaging set was taken after two thirds of the treatment is delivered. During each imaging stage, two stereoscopic x‐ray images are acquired using the ExacTrac imaging system. All images were automatically fused with digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) determine patient displacement from the planning isocenter. Displacements were quantified in terms of position changes as a function of time between each two consecutive sets of stereotactic images.Results: The average patient displacements were 0.86 ± .66 mm, 1.15 ± 1.08 mm, and 0.86 ± 0.79 mm in the lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions respectively. During the first one third of the treatment, the average patient displacements were: 0.68 ± 0.62 mm, 0.83 ± 0.66 mm, and 0.65 ±0.78 mm. During the second third of the treatment, the average patient displacements were: 0.57 ± 0.64 m, 0.92 ± 1.08 mm, and 0.69 ±0.79 mm in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions respectively. Conclusions: The majority of positioning errors in this study are within the safety margin of 3 mm. Without patient displacement correction, higher margins may be necessary. Because the average patient displacement during the first one third of the treatment is comparable to the patient displacement during the second third of the treatment, it may not be necessary to increase the frequency of patient imaging.
The Mannose 6-Phosphate/Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Receptor Is a Substrate of Type V Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor

Abstract The type V transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor (TβR-V) is a ligand-stimulated acidotropic Ser-specific protein kinase that recognizes a motif of SXE/S(P)/D. This motif is present in the cytoplasmic domain of the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II (Man-6-P/IGF-II) receptor. We have explored the possibility that the Man-6-P/IGF-II receptor is a substrate of TβR-V. Purified bovine Man-6-P/IGF-II receptor was phosphorylated by purified bovine TβR-V in the presence of [γ-32P]ATP and MnCl2with an apparent K m of 130 nm. TGF-β stimulated the phosphorylation of the Man-6-P/IGF-II receptor at 0 °C in mouse L cells overexpressing the Man-6-P/IGF-II receptor and in wild-type mink lung epithelial (Mv1Lu cells) metabolically labeled with [32P]orthophosphate. The in vitro andin vivo phosphorylation of the Man-6-P/IGF-II receptor occurred at the putative phosphorylation sites as revealed by phosphopeptide mapping and amino acid sequence analysis. TGF-β stimulated Man-6-P/IGF-II receptor-mediated uptake (∼2-fold after 12 h treatment) of exogenous β-glucuronidase in Mv1Lu cells and type II TGF-β receptor (TβR-II)-defective mutant cells (DR26 cells) but not in type I TGF-β receptor (TβR-I)-defective mutant cells (R-1B cells) and human colorectal carcinoma cells (RII-37 cells) expressing TβR-I and TβR-II but lacking TβR-V. These results suggest the Man-6-P/IGF-II receptor serves as an in vitroand in vivo substrate of TβR-V and that both TβR-V and TβR-I may play a role in mediating the TGF-β-stimulated uptake of exogenous β-glucuronidase.
The sex pheromone glands ofDermacentor variabilis (Say) andDermacentor andersoni stiles : Sex pheromone stored in neutral lipid.

Evidence is presented indicating the presence of the tick sex pheromone, 2,6-dichlorophenol in lipid droplets in the foveal glands ofDermacentor variabilis (Say) andDermacentor andersoni Stiles. The pheromone appears to be dissolved in the lipid droplets. The droplets consist of neutral lipids, mostly triacylglycerides and cholesterol esters. The esterified fatty acid profiles of foveal gland triacylgylcerides are different from those of other tissues examined or reported for other ticks. The percentage of shorter chain, mostly saturated fatty acids were decreased, while the longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased. The biological advantages of lipid solution for storage, translocation, and release of the sex pheromone from the female tick are discussed.
The Synthesis and Superconducting Behavior of Crystalline Superlattices: (TiSe2)m(NbSe2)n

A series of kinetically stable, crystalline superlattices containing an integral number of intergrown TiSe2 and NbSe2 layers have been synthesized by controlled crystallization of elementally modulated reactants. Theta-theta and rocking curve data were collected to study the evolution of the initially layered reactants into the crystalline superlattices as a function of temperature. Nucleation of the dichalcogenide structure occurs upon annealing at temperatures above 200°C with the c-axis oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface. The [00l] diffraction linewidths decrease with increased annealing time and temperature suggesting growth of thec-axis domain size. High qualityc-axis oriented dichalcogenide crystalline superlattices result from extended annealing at the relatively low annealing temperature of 500°C. The large number of well resolved [00l] Bragg diffraction peaks confirm the well developed crystal structure of the product superlattices in this direction. Four probe electrical conductivity measurements were used to determine the variation of the superconducting critical temperature as a function of the number of TiSe2 and NbSe2 layers in the superlattice.
Agreement and thinking alike: ingredients for poor decisions

Executive Overview People frequently believe that conflict is to be avoided in organizations. They think that meetings and decisions should reflect agreement and consensus. This article suggests that fostering disagreement in a structured setting may actually lead to better decisions. Two techniques for programming conflict into the decision-making process are suggested—the devil's advocate decision program (DADP) and the dialectic method (DM). In particular, evidence indicates that larger firms operating in uncertain environments benefit from encouraging structured conflict in decision-making. This article challenges managers to consider either the devil's advocate or dialectic methods to program conflict into important organizational decisions.
Trace forms of abelian extensions of number fields of type (1, 0)

This article is concerned with describing certain bilinear forms associated with finite abelian extensions N|K of an algebraic number field K. These abelian trace forms are described up to Witt equivalence, that is, they are described as elements in the Witt ring W(K). When the base field K has exactly one dyadic prime and no real embeddings, it is shown that the Witt class of every abelian trace form over K is a product of Witt classes of five specified types.
Application of nitrous acid deamination of hexosamines to the simultaneous GLC determination of neutral and amino sugars in glycoproteins.

Abstract A method is described for simultaneous gas chromatographic analysis of neutral sugars and hexosamines in glycoproteins. Sugars are hydrolyzed with the aid of Dowex 50-X2 (H + ) resin and the resin bound glucosamine and galactosamine are deaminated with NaNO 2 to the coresponding neutral 2,5-anhydrohexoses. Hexoses and 2,5-anhydrohexoses are then quantitated as the corresponding alditol acetates. Application of the procedure to several different glycoproteins is presented.
Compensation and Corrective Action as the BP Response to the Deepwater Horizon Incident

The April 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon deep-sea drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico killed 11 people working on the rig, and resulted in substantial economic and environmental damage to nearby U.S. states. BP responded to the crisis with an ineffective public relations (PR) strategy that focused on describing their efforts to resolve the problem and their attempts to compensate the victims. Their response temporarily shifted when the response received attention from President Obama in the United States, but it otherwise stayed consistent for 6 months before largely ending. This study applies Benoit's Image Repair Theory to BP press releases concerning the Deepwater Horizon explosion and spill, and judges that Benoit's work provides a strong framework for understanding the PR response to this crisis. The study also comments on the appropriate unit of analysis for capturing a corporate PR response using Benoit's framework.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a patient-centered care model for management of psoriasis

Introduction Cost-effectiveness analyses help policymakers make informed decisions regarding funding allocation of health care resources. Cost-effectiveness analysis of technology-enabled models of health care delivery is necessary to assess sustainability of novel online, patient-centered health care models. Objective We sought to compare cost-effectiveness of conventional in-office care with a patient-centered, online model for follow-up treatment of patients with psoriasis. Methods Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from a societal perspective on a randomized controlled trial comparing a patient-centered online model with in-office visits for treatment of patients with psoriasis during a 24-week period. Quality-adjusted life expectancy was calculated using the life table method. Costs were generated from the original study parameters and national averages for salaries and services. Results No significant difference existed in the mean change in Dermatology Life Quality Index scores between the two groups (online: 3.51 ± 4.48 and in-office: 3.88 ± 6.65, P value = .79). Mean improvement in quality-adjusted life expectancy was not significantly different between the groups ( P value = .93), with a gain of 0.447 ± 0.48 quality-adjusted life years for the online group and a gain of 0.463 ± 0.815 quality-adjusted life years for the in-office group. The cost of follow-up psoriasis care with online visits was 1.7 times less than the cost of in-person visits ($315 vs $576). Limitations Variations in travel time existed among patients depending on their distance from the dermatologist's office. Conclusion From a societal perspective, the patient-centered online care model appears to be cost saving, while maintaining similar effectiveness to standard in-office care.
Oxygen reservoirs in the early solar nebula inferred from an allende CAI

Ultraviolet laser microprobe analyses of a calcium-aluminum–rich inclusion (CAI) from the Allende meteorite suggest that a line with a slope of exactly 1.00 on a plot of δ17O against δ18O represents the primitive oxygen isotope reservoir of the early solar nebula. Most meteorites are enriched in 17O and 18O relative to this line, and their oxygen isotope ratios can be explained by mass fractionation or isotope exchange initiating from the primitive reservoir. These data establish a link between the oxygen isotopic composition of the abundant ordinary chondrites and the primitive 16O-rich component of CAIs.
Effects of rotating flows on combustion and jet noise.

Experimental investigations of combustion in rotating (swirling) flow have shown that the mixing and combustion processes were accelerated, flame length and noise levels significantly decreased, and flame stability increased relative to that obtained without rotation. Unsteady burning accompanied by a pulsating flame, violent fluctuating jet, and intense noise present in straight flow burning were not present in rotating flow burning. Correlations between theory and experiment show good agreement. Such effects due to rotating flows could lead to suppressing jet noise, improving combustion, reducing pollution, and decreasing aircraft engine size. Quantitative analysis of the aero-acoustic relationship and noise source characteristics are needed.-
Computing multiple modulo summation (abstract only): a new algorithm, its VLSI designs and applications

@tj mod M, which is the fundamental operation in residue arithmetic. In addition, two hardware designs for efficient implementation of the algorithm and an application to Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) are developed. The proposed algorithm is fast and simple since it eliminates modulo arithmetic and the requirement of “whole word comparisons” in the operations. Instead, we take advantage of conventional binary carry save adders, simple bit checking, and dropping the overflow bits to efficiently implement the algorithm.We also introduced the use of carry save adders as our basic operation, thus shortening the iteration delays to a constant factor. Two hardware designs of the algorithm were discussed. The first approach uses minimal hardware resources with a time complexity of O(n), where the time unit is the delay of two carry save adders. The second hardware design is a tree structured systolic network which takes advantage of n duplicated cells to perform the same problem in O(log n) time. The CRT problem can be transformed into the problem of multiple summation modulo M by the table lookups with small address. Therefore it also can be computed in O(log n) time units by the tree structured systolic network where n is the number of moduli of the residue system.