cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Relations Among Drinking and Hookup Motives, Consequences, and Depressive Symptoms in College Students.

In this longitudinal study (N = 98), we examined whether drinking for suppression reasons moderated the relation between depressive symptoms and hooking up for self-affirmation reasons and negative hookup consequences. No moderation was found for hooking up for self-affirmation reasons, but the effect for negative hookup consequences approached significance. When drinking for suppression reasons is low, participants with fewer depressive symptoms reported more negative consequences, and participants with more depressive symptoms reported fewer negative consequences 2 months later. Results are discussed within the context of sex education and mental health programming for young adults.
A Renewed Sense of Purpose in Life through Unexpected Friendship.

A Man Called Ove is full of profound themes about community, aging, grief, and loss experienced by an extremely stubborn, socially-isolated old man in Sweden. An important subtheme is how immigration can develop a community for the better. Clint Eastwood's Gran Torino is a U.S. film with similar themes of aging and focus on an immigrant Hmong community. This review addresses how these stories can be used for instructional purposes in classrooms and for professional development.
Patterns of family-based nature activities across the early life course and their association with adulthood outdoor participation and preference

This study explored how family-based nature activities (FBNA) change in frequency and activity type over time across five developmental periods (early childhood [EC], middle childhood [MC], early a...
Vaccines for immunoprevention of cancer

The immunoprevention of cancer and cancer recurrence is an important area of concern for the scientific community and society as a whole. Researchers have been working for decades to develop vaccines with the potential to alleviate these health care and economic burdens. So far, vaccines have made more progress in preventing cancer than in eliminating already established cancer. In particular, vaccines targeting oncogenic viruses, such as the human papillomavirus and the hepatitis B virus, are exceptional examples of successful prevention of virus-associated cancers, such as cervical cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer-preventive vaccines targeting nonviral antigens, such as tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens, are also being extensively tested. Here, we review the currently approved preventive cancer vaccines; discuss the challenges in this field by covering ongoing preclinical and clinical human trials in various cancers; and address various issues related to maximizing cancer vaccine benefit.
The Effects of Personal and Farm Characteristics Upon Grain Marketing Practices

A survey of Kansas, Texas, and Iowa agricultural producers was taken to examine the factors affecting their grain marketing practices. Sales indices models and models of qualitative choice are used to determine whether marketers' choices of cash market, forward contract, or futures and options oriented marketing practices are significantly affected by their personal and farm business characteristics. Results indicate that geographic location, farm size, grain enterprise specialization, farming experience, use of grain storage, and use of crop insurance have significant effects upon the respondents' choice of grain marketing practices. Key Words: agricultural options, cash marketing, forward contracts, futures, grain marketing practices, multinomial logit, Tobit.
Bidirectional imputation of spatial GPS trajectories with missingness using sparse online Gaussian Process.

OBJECTIVE: We propose a bidirectional GPS imputation method that can recover real-world mobility trajectories even when a substantial proportion of the data are missing. The time complexity of our online method is linear in the sample size, and it provides accurate estimates on daily or hourly summary statistics such as time spent at home and distance traveled. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To preserve a smartphone's battery, GPS may be sampled only for a small portion of time, frequently <10%, which leads to a substantial missing data problem. We developed an algorithm that simulates an individual's trajectory based on observed GPS location traces using sparse online Gaussian Process to addresses the high computational complexity of the existing method. The method also retains the spherical geometry of the problem, and imputes the missing trajectory in a bidirectional fashion with multiple condition checks to improve accuracy. RESULTS: We demonstrated that (1) the imputed trajectories mimic the real-world trajectories, (2) the confidence intervals of summary statistics cover the ground truth in most cases, and (3) our algorithm is much faster than existing methods if we have more than 3 months of observations; (4) we also provide guidelines on optimal sampling strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Our approach outperformed existing methods and was significantly faster. It can be used in settings in which data need to be analyzed and acted on continuously, for example, to detect behavioral anomalies that might affect treatment adherence, or to learn about colocations of individuals during an epidemic.
Family outcomes in alternative response: A multilevel analysis of recurrence

Abstract Alternative response (AR) is preventative, family-centered, strengths-based approach within child protective services (CPS). When AR is offered it typically creates a two-track system where low- to moderate-risk families are not subjected to a traditional, fact-finding response that concludes with a determination of child abuse/neglect. One area that continues to concern child welfare administrators and researchers is recurrence, or when a family returns to CPS. Yet, it is unclear whether AR families have the same or different predictors of recurrence than TR families. Using a multilevel analytic approach, the present study followed 17,741 families in one mid-Atlantic state for 18-months post-response to determine what child, family, and county-level predicted a reported re-investigation and a substantiated re-investigation. We found few differences in predictors at the child and family level but found distinct differences at the county level for AR families. Recommendations are provided for policy, practice, and research, including a suggestion for further inquiry on what makes an optimal AR track.
Developmental Issues in Behavioral Pediatrics

Ideally, behavioral pediatrics should derive a substantial portion of its data base from studies of developmental issues as they present in children and adolescents, if for no other reason, by virtue of the very nature of whom the field serves. Yet this has not always been the case. Instead, the clinical assessment and treatment considerations applied to children have often been developmentally insensitive downward extensions of adult models (Ferrari, 1986; Harris & Ferrari, 1983). In recent years, however, this state of affairs seems to be changing. Indeed, as we look at the development of the disciplines of pediatric medicine and child psychology, we see that, increasingly, developmental factors have been emphasized (Richmond, 1985; Richmond & Janis, 1983; Roberts, 1986). Of course, there are many reasons for this changing emphasis (Green, 1985). Varni (1983) suggested that the practice of pediatrics itself has changed from a focus on acute infectious diseases to chronic diseases and problems in which “somatic factors represent only one component of comprehensive care” (p. 3). Pediatricians now practice in an era characterized by lower morbidity in children with decreased risk of infections and nutritional problems, increased prevalence of chronic conditions, and higher percentages of ambulatory care and partial hospital services (Friedman, Phillips, & Parrish, 1983; Green, 1985).
Global Approaches to the Bacterial Cell as an Integrated System

New technologies made possible by this sequence data, such as DNA microarrays, in combination with the small size and ease of genetic manipulation of bacteria, now make it possible to identify the complete genetic regulatory circuitry that controls the bacterial cell. Analysis of the global gene expression profile of the bacterial cell during its cell cycle, under conditions of environmental challenge, and during pathogen invasion of host organisms will provide an unprecedented understanding of the bacterial cell as an integrated system. This chapter addresses the use of microarrays for study of a wide range of microbiological problems with emphasis on the profoundly different results that this genome-wide technique provides relative to the analysis of single genes and conventional forward genetics. By assaying the response of all genes to a given genetic or environmental perturbation in parallel and simultaneously, the microarray results identify whole pathways or subroutines of the organism’s genetic regulatory circuitry. The immobilized arrays, or spots, of DNA are typically the products of PCR that generate amplicons ranging from a few hundred base pairs to several kilobases in length. Application of microarray-based genomic analysis to study the cell cycle of Caulobacter crescentus, has recently led to a dramatic increase in one's understanding of regulation of the bacterial cell cycle. Although microarrays were initially developed to analyze RNA levels, they can also be used to examine DNA samples.
The amniotic duct as the key structure in the determination of the direction of growth of the human placenta and its orientation in the uterus.

G ENERAL inspection of the human placenta has led to the opinion of its radial growth from a fixed center (Strassmann). This is based primarily upon the central insertion of the umbilical cord. The exceptions to this rule are, however, so numerous that they need no comment, being represented by all. gradations from marginal to velamentous insertion. The point of reference forming the basis for most of the discussion is the body stock since this structure eventually materializes as the umbilical cord. An examination of the vascular bed of the placenta shows, however, that it is bilaterally symmetrical with the right and left umbilical arteries distributed according to a definite basic pattern consisting of an anterior, lateral, and posterior branch on either side. Furthermore, right and left may be recognized by the fixed relationship of the umbilical vein which lies anterior to the cross anastomosis between the two arteries (Fig. 1). Tha,t this condition is basic is indicated by the fact that it can be identified in the vesicle of the 3 mm. embryo, i.e.> at the time the definitive vascular bed is first established. . This basic plan is more fundamental than that of Shordania, who, recogsized a master, dispersed a special type of placenta based on the vascularity. Bacsich and Smout identify five types, all of which, however, may be seen to he bilateral. In view of the fact that the body stock becomes invaded by an allantois, the human placenta has been generally interpreted as a precocious allantoic placenta in which the chorion has taken over the allantoic vessels. It is further assumed that the human allantois spreads out in the chorionic plate in a radial direction and simulates the condition noted in Tarius. For a complete phylogenetic development of the placenta reference may he made to the monograph of Mossman. The radial spread of t,he functioning allantois from t,he outer end of the umbilical cord in the lower forms naturally leads to the concept of a. radial growth of the placenta about t,he umbilical cord insertion. In t,he human being, however, the allantois remains a blind, atrophic stock extending forward only to the chorial plate at the time of vasculat,ure is differentiated and established (Fig. 4). The steps in this process may be followed in the Mateer specimen and the Innalls embryo.
Optimal design of lower dimensional processor arrays for uniform recurrences

The authors present a parameter-based approach for synthesizing systolic architectures from uniform recurrence equations. The scheme presented is a generalization of the parameter method proposed by G.J. Li and B.W. Wah (1985). The approach synthesizes optimal arrays of any lower dimension from a general uniform recurrence description of the problem. In other previous attempts for mapping uniform recurrences into lower-dimensional arrays, optimality of the resulting designs is not guaranteed. As an illustration of the technique, optimal linear arrays for matrix multiplication are given. A detailed design for solving path-finding problems is also presented. >
Hydrodynamics of Pumps

The subject of this monograph is the fluid dynamics of liquid turbomachines, particularly pumps. Rather than attempt a general treatise on turbomachines, we shall focus attention on those special problems and design issues associated with the flow of liquid through a rotating machine. There are two characteristics of a liquid that lead to these special problems, and cause a significantly different set of concerns than would occur in, say, a gas turbine. These are the potential for cavitation and the high density of liquids that enhances the possibility of damaging unsteady flows and forces.
Degrees of Inequality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream

Suzanne Mettler, the Clinton Rossiter Professor of American Institutions in the Government Department at Cornell University, provides a penetrating analysis of the U.S. higher education crisis. Acc...
A study of model covariances in amplitude seismic inversion

Here, I presented a study on model covariances in the inversion of seismic amplitudes. For simple examples I compared inversion results when model covariances were built taking into account statistical considerations about the underlying model with Tikhonov regularized solutions. Although mathematically similar, both approaches are fundamentally different. In the Bayesian approach, we are able to incorporate data-independent information into the inverse process via covariance matrices or more general a priori probability distributions. In the Tikhonov regularization method we aim at estimating functionals of the subsurface parameters (in this work averages), that should be consistent with the data according to some criterion.
Retirement Intentions Of Female Versus Male Physicians

Since the percentage of active female physicians in the United States is increasing rapidly, their retirement behavior will represent an important organizational and policy consideration in years to come. The present study, is the first to explore possible differences in retirement intentions among female versus male physicians. Findings are based on data obtained from a random national survey of nearly four thousand physicians regarding factors potentially relevant to their retirement. Our empirical analysis identifies several factors that are correlated with male and female physicians retirement intentions. Significant factors affecting male physicians retirement decisions include: expected social security income, pension income, the availability of early retirement incentives, decreasing annual income, current age, the existence of dependents in the family, years of service as a physician, the health status of ones spouse, stress/burnout, personal interests, the availability of part-time jobs, and general working conditions. In the case of female physicians significant variables are: other expected income, perceived adequacy of retirement income, current age, years of service, work stress/burnout, the availability of part-time jobs, and the employment setting. An understanding of these factors is potentially important for healthcare administrators in dealing with the retention and retirement issues of the female and male physicians and may lead to more effective institutional decision making in this regard.
Opinion dynamics in gendered social networks: an examination of female engagement teams in afghanistan

International forces in Afghanistan have experienced difficulties in developing constructive engagements with the Afghan population, an experience familiar to a wide range of international agencies working in underdeveloped and developing nations around the world. Recently, forces have begun deploying Female Engagement Teams, female military units who engage directly with women in occupied communities, resulting inmore positive relationships with those communities as a whole. In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that the structure of community-based social networks strongly contributes to the effectiveness of the Female Engagement Team strategy, specifically considering gender-based differences in network community structure. We find that the ability to address both female and male network components provides a superior ability to affect opinions in the network, and can provide an effective means of counteracting influences from opposition forces.
Body weight supported treadmill training at very low treatment frequency for a young adult with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury

Introduction: Body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT) using high treatment frequency has been shown to improve gait after spinal cord injury (SCI). This case report describes the use of BWSTT at a very low treatment frequency. Subject: The subject was a 19 y.o. female with an incomplete C6 SCI, one year post-injury, with multiple gait deficits. Intervention: BWSTT was combined with conventional rehabilitation. Mean treatment frequency was 1.16 days/wk over 28.5 wks. A BWSTT progression algorithm based on observational gait analysis guided progressive changes in support levels, treadmill speed, and session length. Outcomes: During the first 3 sessions, the subject tolerated an average of 15.7 minutes of BWSTT with 26% BWS at 0.8 m/s, improving to an average of 28 minutes of BWSTT with 10% BWS at 1.6 m/s in the last 3 sessions. Following 28.5 wks of very low frequency BWSTT, the subject displayed improved kinematics, walking speed, endurance, and distance during overground gait. Conclusion: Very low frequency BWSTT combined with conventional treatment improved quality and endurance of walking for a person with incomplete cervical SCI. Further work is needed to evaluate the long-term outcome of very low frequency BWSTT and the interaction of BWSTT with other interventions.
Thermal Degradation of Cable and Wire Insulations

Corrosive products produced during thermal degradation of insulating materials in air and nitrogen were measured. The effects of heating rate on modes of degradation as well as a heat-release-rate calorimeter were surveyed. Results indicate that both neoprene and PVC samples form considerable amounts of HCl even at low heating rates and low irradiance levels. However, if CaCO/sub 3/ or MgCO/sub 3/ is included in polymer formulations, generated HCl will react with these fillers and does not escape from the material. Experiments confirmed that decomposition modes are influenced by antioxidants, plasticizers, stabilizers and flame retardants used in plastic formulations. Exposure radiant flux levels also control decomposition kinetics. Irradiance levels as low as 2.5 W/cm/sup 2/ produce predominantly low concentrations of cyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbons. At 5.0 W/cm/sup 2/, a great variety of compounds ranging from acids and simple saturated hydrocarbons to complex polycyclic compounds are formed. When neoprene and PVC are subjected to a flux of 8.0 W/cm/sup 2/, the degradation products consist mainly of HCl, unsaturated hydrocarbons and polycyclic hydrocarbons. Thermal measurements showed that common insulating materials are not easily ignited and that they burn with relatively little heat output and slow flame spread.
Visual Search among Items of Different Salience: Removal of Visual Attention Mimics a Lesion in Extrastriate Area V4

In more than one respect, visual search for the most salient or the least salient item in a display are different kinds of visual tasks. The present work investigated whether this difference is primarily one of perceptual difficulty, or whether it is more fundamental and relates to visual attention. Display items of different salience were produced by varying either size, contrast, color saturation, or pattern. Perceptual masking was employed and, on average, mask onset was delayed longer in search for the least salient item than in search for the most salient item. As a result, the two types of visual search presented comparable perceptual difficulty, as judged by psychophysical measures of performance, effective stimulus contrast, and stability of decision criterion. To investigate the role of attention in the two types of search, observers attempted to carry out a letter discrimination and a search task concurrently. To discriminate the letters, observers had to direct visual attention at the center of the display and, thus, leave unattended the periphery, which contained target and distractors of the search task. In this situation, visual search for the least salient item was severely impaired while visual search for the most salient item was only moderately affected, demonstrating a fundamental difference with respect to visual attention. A qualitatively identical pattern of results was encountered by Schiller and Lee (1991), who used similar visual search tasks to assess the effect of a lesion in extrastriate area V4 of the macaque.
COMPASS| How Safe are Safe Harbors? The Difficulties of Self-Regulatory Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act Programs

As communication technology continues to evolve, legal landscapes shift in an attempt to regulate new and emerging media. One pervasive public concern in the digital age is the regulation of online collection of private data. This is by no means a novel concern; for decades academics and practitioners have debated the advantages and disadvantages (and all that falls between) of technological advancement, surveillance, privacy rights, and so forth (Campbell & Carlson, 2002; Dinev, Hart, & Mullen, 2008; Fuchs et al., 2013; Kearns, 1999; Southard IV, 1989). Communication scholarship has been particularly bountiful on these topics because data collection on the Internet is intimately intertwined with questions of communication patterns (Fuchs, 2013; Krontiris, Langheinrich, & Shilton, 2014; Park, 2011). Although concerns over online data collection are varied, the issue of children’s information privacy is of particular concern for legal practitioners, communication scholars, and the public at large.
The Guildhall Library, Robert Bale and the writing of London history†

The careers of four of London's late medieval chroniclers – Robert Bale, Richard Arnold, Robert Fabyan and Edward Hall – show the entree to City administration that facilitated the writing of the City's narrative. More importantly, points of connection among these writers suggest the borrowings, physical and intellectual, that the presence of London's administrative library at the Guildhall made possible. This article focuses in particular on Robert Bale (c.1410–73), correcting some errors in his biography, and on his personal compilation (now Trinity College Dublin, MS. 509), its movements and its possible influence on other London chronicles.
Correction to “new fast optimal white-noise estimators for deconvolution”

In the above paper,1 the following references were inadvertently left off the list of references.
Unsustainable development: Alternative food networks and the Ecuadorian Federation of Cocoa Producers, 1995–2010

Abstract Although alternative trade have become a de facto prescription for any location where there is a need to conciliate economic interest with conservation imperatives, the discursive concept of equalitarian partnerships hides the fact that what for consumers is a matter of choice, for producers is a matter of survival. Producers must meet the demands of their partners to gain access to capital and markets. We explore the results of these unequal alliances with a case study centered on the experiences of the Ecuadorian Federation of Cocoa Producers (FEDECADE) and its 15 years long experience with alternative trade/sustainable development projects focused on the shade-grown fine cocoa variety known as “Nacional.” We found that the external agencies that implemented alternative trade in FEDECADE made assumptions, none of which were fully meet at the end of the projects. Our findings point out to the paradoxical nature of alternative trade schemes, because the success of a scheme ultimately leads to loss of profitability from a farmer's perspective.
Histochemical differentiation between esterases.

SummaryDifferences in the behavior of esterases (Iipases) from various sources towards activator and inhibitor substances, similar to those found previously in in vitro experimen ts, can be observed also in tissue sections stained for lipase.
The continuing search for antitumor agents from higher plants

Plant secondary metabolites and their semi-synthetic derivatives continue to play an important role in anticancer drug therapy. In this short review, selected single chemical entity antineoplastic agents from higher plants that are currently in clinical trials as cancer chemotherapy drug candidates are described. These compounds are representative of a wide structural diversity. In addition, the approaches taken toward the discovery of anticancer agents from tropical plants in the laboratory of the authors are summarized. The successful clinical utilization of cancer chemotherapeutic agents from higher plants has been evident for about half a century, and, when considered with the promising pipeline of new plant-derived compounds now in clinical trials, this augurs well for the continuation of drug discovery research efforts to elucidate additional candidate substances of this type.
Effect of acid concentration of electrolytes on oxidation behavior of iodide at tin oxide electrodes

Abstract Iodide gave two anodic waves at a tin oxide electrode. Soaking of the electrodes in acidic iodide solutions improved the activity of the electrodes for oxidation reactions. Acid concentration of the electrolytes also influenced dramatically the oxidation behavior of iodide. From semiquantitative estimation of the effective surface area, it was concluded that the effective surface area increased with increasing acid concentration of the electrolyte as well as by soaking of the electrode. The nature of the effective sites is discussed.
Systematic localization of Oct-3/4 to the gastrulating mouse conceptus suggests manifold roles in mammalian development.

Oct-3/4 was localized to the mouse conceptus between the onset of gastrulation and 16-somite pairs (-s; ∼6.5–9.25 days postcoitum, dpc). Results revealed Oct-3/4 in a continuum of morphologically distinct epiblast-derived embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. In the allantois, distal-to-proximal diminution in the Oct-3/4 domain over time and co-localization with Flk-1 in angioblasts accorded with a role in vascular differentiation and the presence of a stem cell reservoir. In addition, visceral endoderm exhibited a dynamic salt-and-pepper distribution, which, combined with previous results of fate mapping and gene expression, suggested that Oct-3/4 is involved in the genesis of definitive endoderm. By 8-s, Oct-3/4 was globally down regulated in all but putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) and some allantoic cell clusters. Taken together, Oct-3/4's expression profile suggests unexpected and potentially far more versatile roles in development than have been previously appreciated. Developmental Dynamics 237:464–475, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Alterations in regulatory T cell subpopulations seen in preterm infants.

Regulatory T cells are a population of CD4+ T cells that play a critical role in peripheral tolerance and control of immune responses to pathogens. The purpose of this study was to measure the percentages of two different regulatory T cells subpopulations, identified by the presence or absence of CD31 (Recent thymic emigrants and peripherally induced naive regulatory T cells), in term and preterm infant cord blood. We report the association of prenatal factors, intrauterine exposure to lipopolysaccharide and inflammation and the percentages of these regulatory T cell subpopulations in term and preterm infants. Cord blood samples were collected from both term and preterm infants and mononuclear cells isolated over a Ficoll-Hypaque cushion. Cells were then stained with fluorochrome-labeled antibodies to characterize regulatory T cell populations and analyzed with multi-color flow cytometry. Cord blood plasma C-reactive protein, and lipopolysaccharide were also measured. Placental pathology was also examined. We report a gestational age-dependent difference in the percentage of total regulatory T cells, in which preterm infants of lower gestational ages have an increased percentage of regulatory T cells. We report the presence of two populations of regulatory T cells (CD31+ and CD31-) in cord blood of term and preterm infants and their association with different maternal and fetal characteristics. Factors associated with differences in the percentage of CD31- Tregs included the use of prenatal antibiotics, steroids and magnesium sulfate. In addition, the percentage of CD31- Tregs was significantly higher in cord blood of preterm pregnancies associated with inflammation and prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure. The peripheral Treg pool of preterm infants could be altered by prenatal exposure to inflammation and chorioamnionitis; however, the clinical implications of this finding are not yet understood.
Evolution of storage facilities in AIX Version 3 for RISC System/6000 processors

This paper discusses how the AIX Version 3 storage facilities include features not found in other implementations of the UNIX operating system. Maximum virtual memory is more than 1000 terabytes and is used pervasively to access all files and the meta-data of the file systems. Each separate file system (subtree) of the file name hierarchy occupies a logical disk volume, composed of space from possibly several disks. Database memory (a variant of virtual memory) and other database techniques are used to manage file system meta-data. These features provide the capacity to address large applications and many users, simplified program access to file data, efficient file buffering in memory, flexible management of disk space, and reliable file systems with short restart times.
Building self-control strength: Practicing self-control leads to improved self-control performance

Self-control performance may be improved by the regular practice of small acts of self-control. Ninety-two adults' self-control capacity was assessed using the stop signal paradigm before they started practicing self-control and again at the end of two weeks. Participants who practiced self-control by cutting back on sweets or squeezing a handgrip exhibited significant improvement in stop signal performance relative to those who practiced tasks that did not require self-control. Participants who did not practice self-control believed that the tasks should improved self-control, engaged in tasks that were effortful and made self-control salient, but did not actually require self-control. Supplemental analyses suggested that only practicing self-control built self-control capacity; the improved outcomes cannot be explained by self-fulfilling prophecies, increased self-efficacy or awareness of self-control. The results may have implications for understanding the development of self-control in both children and adults, as well as clinical implications for treating disorders that involve low self-control.
Fractures Resulting From Inflicted Trauma: Assessing Injury and History Compatibility

Fractures are the second most common presentation of child abuse and may be a marker of an especially volatile and high-risk form of abusive trauma. Abuse is an escalating form of trauma: once a child sustains a fracture, regardless of intentionality, it is highly likely that further harm will occur. Up to 50% of children diagnosed with abusive trauma have healing fractures. The possibility of concomitant injuries of the brain or abdomen must also be considered, even in the absence of symptoms, because of a high incidence of occult injuries in the abused patient. This article will provide an overview of fractures resulting from inflicted trauma in young children and will address the issue of assessing injury and history compatibility. Fact-based cases are provided for illustrative purposes.
Managing Food Allergies in Schools and Camps

Managing food allergy in school and camp environments involves creating an individualized plan that addresses safety, and supports growth and development of the food-allergic child. The result is a dynamic strategy that meets the needs of a food-allergic child and promotes the development of a food-allergic adolescent.
Enhanced Purkinje cell survival but compromised cerebellar function in targeted anti-apoptotic protein transgenic mice

Regulation of Purkinje cell (PC) number is critical for proper assembly and function of the cerebellum. Murine cerebellar neurogenesis yields supernumerary populations of cells that are subject to programmed cell death during development and aging. This study focuses on the control of mouse PC number during development and the consequences of interrupting normal cell death. Purkinje cell-specific regulatory elements from the pcp2 gene were employed to target expression of two anti-apoptotic proteins, human BCL-2 and adenovirus E1B 19k to the PCs of transgenic mice. Comparative morphometric analyses indicated no significant difference in PC numbers in the strongest BCL-2 expressing line, while a 14.2% increase was noted in the pcp2/E1B 19k transgenic line. The temporal transgene expression patterns of several mouse lines indicated that PC numbers are normally adjusted during the first postnatal week. Crossbreeding studies demonstrated that both Bcl-2 and E1B 19k transgenes provided Purkinje cell protection from SV40 Tag-induced cell death. Interestingly, RotaRod behavioral analysis demonstrated that 'rescued' Purkinje cells degrade cerebellar function. Furthermore, aged E1B 19k and Bcl-2 mice exhibited decreased RotaRod performance despite increased PC numbers. These findings have implications regarding neuronal death during development and aging as well as cellular and genetic strategies to circumvent neuronal degeneration.
The Pittsburgh-Florida State Universities γ detection array

Abstract A γ detector array for studying high-spin structure in nuclei has been constructed by combining detectors from two universities. The system contains 11 high-resolution Ge detectors with BGO Compton-suppression shields and 28 low-resolution BGO scintillators to provide multiplicity and sum energy information. A unique feature of the array is the heterogeneous nature of the detectors which were not originally purchased for such a system.
The perception of change in university departments

The purpose of this study is to identify perceptual differences between hierarchical levels in organizations in general and in university departments in particular, and to analyze their consequences on the relationships between the need for change, the implementation of change, and the assessment of the success of change.
Hypertension in the Metabolic Syndrome

Increased blood pressure is considered an important component of metabolic syndrome. More than 85% of those with metabolic syndrome, even in the absence of diabetes, have elevated blood pressure (BP) or hypertension. The association of elevated BP with the metabolic syndrome is strongly linked through the causative pathway of obesity. Hypertension is the leading metabolic syndrome risk factor that predisposes to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and is additionally an important risk factor for development of chronic kidney disease in the presence of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and microalbuminuria. Control of blood pressure in persons with the metabolic syndrome may prevent a significant number of coronary heart disease events. The primary modality of treatment is lifestyle intervention with reduced caloric intake and increased physical activity. Pharmacologic intervention is indicated on the basis of the severity of BP elevation, associated cardiovascular risk factors, and the presence of target organ damage.
Simple Solutions of the Torrey–Bloch Equations in the NMR Study of Molecular Diffusion

Abstract A simple technique for solving the Torrey–Bloch equations appearing in the calculation of the NMR signal under gradient fields is presented. It is applicable to arbitrary time dependence of the gradient field to arbitrary initial distribution of spins, and to spin motion on discrete lattices as well as in the continuum under conditions of unrestricted diffusion. Known results are recovered as particular cases and new results are presented. The discrete lattice results are shown to be similar to known results for restricted diffusion in the continuum. Also presented is a surprising equivalence between results for a simple two-site hopping model and earlier expressions for the NMR signal for spins undergoing restricted diffusion in a continuum.
The sternoclavicular joint: can imaging differentiate infection from degenerative change?

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if there are imaging and clinical findings that can differentiate a septic sternoclavicular joint from a degenerative one.
A simple coding method for computer storage and handling of drug information.

Abstract An ever-growing body of knowledge in pharmacology has created a need for devising improved methods for handling drug information. We have developed an eleven digit comprehensive cardiovascular number to represent vital information on the effects of a drug on the cardiovascular system. Each digit of the number signifies an important cardiovascular phenomenon, and can vary from 0 to 9. This coding method provides a simmple technique for computer handling of vital information on the effects of pharmacoactive agents in a semi-quantitative manner. Using this procedure, similar numbers for neuromuscular and immune systems can be easily developed.
The effect of parental mental health on proxy reports of health-related quality of life in children with sickle cell disease.

Background The objectives of this study were to evaluate factors that influence agreement between parent-proxy and child self-report of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in sickle cell disease. We hypothesized that the mental health of the parent, parental HRQL and child characteristics would affect agreement. Procedure In a cross-sectional study of children with sickle cell disease, HRQL of the child and the parent's HRQL and mental health were assessed. The effect of parent and child characteristics on agreement between parent-proxy and child self-report of HRQL were determined. Results Rates of agreement between parent-proxy and child self-report of HRQL ranged between 42% and 49%. Parents with increased symptoms of distress had an increased odds of reporting a worse physical (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.12) and psychosocial HRQL (OR 1.10) compared to the child's self-report. Severe sickle cell disease was associated with an increased odds of the parent reporting the child's physical HRQL was worse, (OR 4.68) compared to the child's self-report. Conclusions Greater symptoms of distress in the parent are associated with worse parent-proxy report of the child's HRQL. Severe sickle cell disease is associated with greater disagreement between parent-proxy and child self-report of HRQL. These findings broaden our understanding of factors that influence proxy-reporting of a child's HRQL. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:714–721. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A study on the channel and BER-SNR performance of ultra wide band systems applied in commercial vehicles

The applications of ultra wideband (UWB) systems in commercial vehicles are increasingly attracting attention recently. This paper aims to lay a solid foundation for the use of UWB radio in vehicular environments by measuring both intra-vehicle and inter-vehicle UWB channels. At first, a comprehensive measurement campaign was conducted to gather a set of channel impulse responses of UWB channels under several typical scenarios. The UWB vehicular channel is analyzed and compared with the IEEE 802.15.3a indoor model. Next, the bit error rate (BER) against signal to noise ratio (SNR) curves of UWB systems applied in commercial vehicles are presented, analyzed and compared to the performance of indoor UWB systems based on the IEEE 802.15.3a model.
Secondary Effects in Ionization by Hard Gamma-Rays

The observations presented in this paper show that the ionization produced in a counting chamber by gamma-rays from a given source depends in a complicated way upon: (a) the nature (atomic) and thickness of the walls of the chamber; (b) the nature, amount, and distribution of matter in the neighborhood of the chamber. When the walls are sufficiently thick to stop the secondary beta-particles (the actual effective ionizing agencies) the secondary influences from the outside are greatly reduced, and the uncertainties involved among measurements with different thicknesses of the same wall material may be no more than a few percent. The results emphasize the effects of nuclear scattering of the secondary beta-particles. This action is effective in any material from which beta-rays may pass to the gas of the chamber, and consequently, the atomic properties of any such materials must be considered in interpreting ionization measurements. The following effects of nuclear scattering are discussed in their relation to ionization measurements: (1) equilibrium conditions between primary and secondary radiation with attention to the effects of "filtering"; (2) reflection of the secondaries by the wall material; (3) the dependence of the "stopping power" for electrons, of the wall on the atomic number of the material. In the second part of the paper, the front and back wall effects are treated separately. Transition effects between different materials on the front wall are shown. These transition curves are discussed in connection with "stopping power," equilibrium conditions, and photoelectric conversion of the gamma-radiation. The bearing of these phenomena on measurements of gamma-radiation with different counting chambers is discussed.
A posteriori error estimation for two level discretizations of flows of electrically conducting, incompressible fluids

Abstract We develop a posteriori error estimates for two finite element discretizations of a model, due to Peterson [1], describing the flow of an electrically conducting, viscous incompressible fluid. The model involves five equations for the fluid velocity u, the pressure p and the electric potential. Estimates are derived for both the usual finite element method as well as a two level Newton finite element discretization.
Detection-dependent kinetics as a probe of folding landscape microstructure.

The folding landscapes of polypeptides and proteins exhibit a hierarchy of local minima. The causes range from proline isomerization all the way down to microstructure in the free energy caused by residual frustration inherent in even the best 20 amino acid design. The corresponding time scales range from hours to submicroseconds. The smallest microstructures are difficult to detect. We have measured the folding/unfolding kinetics of the engineered trpzip2 peptide at different tryptophan fluorescence wavelengths, each yielding a different rate. Wavelength-dependent folding kinetics on 0.1−2 μs time scales show that different microstructures with a range of solvent exposure and local dynamics are populated. We estimate a lower limit for the roughness of the free energy surface based on the range of rates observed.
Routine prenatal screening for HIV infection.

Abstract Guidelines in most developed countries for testing pregnant women for HIV infection recommend that screening should be directed to groups with acknowledged risk factors for infection. Our prospective study of HIV seroprevalence among 2724 pregnant women in an inner-city area of Baltimore, USA, showed that if these guidelines had been applied only 57% of HIV-seropositive women would have been detected. By offering counselling and HIV testing to all pregnant women, the detection rate was raised to 87%. We conclude that screening directed at women who admit risk factors is not effective in identifying HIV-infected women and that routine HIV screening should be offered to all pregnant women.
Increasing the Number of Replications in Item Response Theory Simulations: Automation Through SAS and Disk Operating System

In item response theory (IRT) simulation research, it is often necessary to use one software package for data generation and a second software package to conduct the IRT analysis. Because this can substantially slow down the simulation process, it is sometimes offered as a justification for using very few replications. This article provides researchers with simple Disk Operating System code that can be used through SAS to automate the process of data generation, analysis, and organization. By using these techniques, IRT simulation researchers can use a robust enough number of replications to be better able to generalize their findings.
The Impact of Legislative Tenure and Seniority on General Election Success: Econometric Evidence from U.S. House Races

The last four election-cycles in the U.S. House of Representatives (2004–2010) witnessed two shifts in political party control of that legislative body—from the Republicans to the Democrats in 2006 and then back to the Republicans in 2010. Nevertheless, U.S. House incumbents of both parties running for re-election tended to enjoy a sizeable advantage over their general-election challengers during the period. The advantage is even greater for incumbents who are members of the leadership, key committees, or have lengthy tenure. Our results show that, ceteris paribus, membership in the House leadership is worth on average 6.8 percentage points towards the incumbent’s expected vote-share, and that membership in either of the two top committees is worth an additional 1.3 such percentage points. A ten-term incumbent can expect another 2.0 percentage points of vote share. Lastly, our results also indicate the existence of a wave effect favoring Democratic incumbents in 2006, and a slightly smaller wave effect favoring Republican incumbents in 2010.
5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride inhibits amino acid release from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex: role of Na+-H+ exchange.

The effect of the selective Na+/H+ antiporter inhibitor 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA) on amino acid release from the ischemic/reperfused rat cerebral cortex was investigated using a cortical cup technique. EIPA (25 microM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid), applied topically, inhibited the ischemia-reperfusion evoked efflux of aspartate, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, taurine and phosphoethanolamine. Reductions in the ischemia-evoked releases of these amino acids suggest that ischemia precipitates acidosis, Na+/H+ exchange and cell swelling with amino acid release as the cells mount a regulatory volume decrease response. EIPA, by blocking Na+/H+ exchange, would reduce cell swelling and the resulting amino acid release.