cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling analysis of electrode fouling during electrolysis of phenolic compounds

Abstract During the electrochemical analysis or disposal of most of phenolic compounds, insulated polymeric substrates are created and cover the electrode surface. This can cause the signal current to decay over time, which is called electrode fouling or electrode passivation. This paper describes a model based on the potential drop across the fouling layer that is helpful for deeper understanding of the mechanism of electrode fouling/passivation. Copper deposition and a controlled fouling process were used to verify this model and quantitatively determine the potential drop. This model successfully fitted the experimental data and describes how fouling can occur.
Crystal plasticity-based finite element analysis of deformation and fracture of polycrystalline lamellar γ-TiAl + α2-Ti3Al alloys

Deformation behavior of fully-lamellar polycrystalline γ-TiAl + α2-Ti3Al alloys has been analyzed using a finite element method. A three-dimensional rate-dependent, finite-strain, crystal-plasticity based materials constitutive model is used to represent the deformation behavior of the bulk material. The constitutive behavior of γ-TiAl/γ-TiAl lamellar interfaces and lamellae-colony boundaries, on the other hand, are modeled using a cohesive-zone formulation. The interface/boundary potentials used in this formulation are determined through the use of atomistic simulations of the interface/boundary decohesion. The constitutive relations for both the γ-TiAl + α2-Ti3Al bulk material and the lamellar interfaces and colony boundaries are implemented in the commercial finite element program Abaqus/Standard within which the material state is integrated using an Euler-backward implicit formulation. The results obtained show that plastic flow localizes into deformation bands even at an overall strain level of only 0.5% and that incompatibilities in plastic flow between the adjacent colonies can give rise to high levels of the hydrostatic stress and, in turn, to intercolony fracture. Furthermore, it is found that when lamellar interfaces are admitted into colonies, fracture is delayed and the materials fail in a more gradual manner.
Photoconductivity of carbon aerogels

Photoconductivity was measured on a series of carbon aerogels to investigate their electronic properties. Carbon aerogels are a special class of low-density microcellular foams, consisting of interconnected carbon particles (∼120 A diameter) and narrow graphitic ribbons (∼25 A width) intertwined within each particle. Both the dark- and photoconductivities show drastic changes in the temperature range 5–300 K, which are similar to those in a-Si and chalcogenide photoconductors. At high temperatures, the photoconductivity is dominated by the carrier recombination within each particle. The photoconductivity at low temperatures is dominated by the same carrier transport mechanism as that for the dark conductivity, which is based on hopping and tunneling transport. The activation energy values for transport and recombination identify the electronic structure of the particles among samples of different bulk density. The long decay time of the photoconductivity suggests a relaxation mechanism associated with the dangling bonds.
The dilated urinary tract in children. Prospective analysis with correlation of radiological, isotope, pressure perfusion and surgical findings.

Summary— Moderate and even severe dilatation of the urinary tract in the absence of vesicoureteric reflux may remain stable or show spontaneous resolution. Two such cases are described. Twenty-five children with dilated urinary systems were studied to correlate the radiological, isotope, pressure perfusion and surgical findings. A positive Whitaker test correlated well with the surgical findings and post-operative improvement in renal function in all patients with pelviureteric junction (PUJ) and vesicoureteric junction (VUJ) obstruction. High flow rates of 8.6 and 12 ml are required even in neonates and infants in order to demonstrate obstruction by Whitaker testing.
Tax Concessions and Foreign Direct Investmentin the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union

Tax concessions have been employed as a central component of the development strategy in the small island states comprising the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union. This paper compares the costs of concessions in terms of revenues forgone with the benefits in terms of increased foreign direct investment. The costs are very large, while the benefits appear to be marginal at best. Forgone tax revenues range between 9½ and 16 percent of GDP per year, whereas total foreign direct investment does not appear to depend on concessions. A rethinking of the use of concessions in the region is needed urgently.
Therapeutic effects of heat, cold, and stretch on connective tissue

The anatomic architecture of connective tissue is dependent on the stresses associated with motion. Immobilization results in stress deprivation, causing structural changes in the tissue matrix. The structural changes that occur are due to the remodeling of tissue to its new resting length while being held immobile. The goal of remodeling stiffened, shortened tissues is to regain tissue length and promote unrestricted tissue gliding. The article reviews studies that examine the viscoelastic response of connective tissue to heat, cold, and stretch. An understanding of connective tissue response to these therapeutic interventions will enable clinicians to choose the appropriate modality and apply stretching techniques in a safe, efficient manner to enable patients to regain mobility.
A hierarchical approach for scaling forest inventory and fuels data from local to landscape scales in the Davis Mountains, Texas, USA

This study combined hierarchical cluster analysis and classification and regression tree algorithms to quantify vegetation and fuel characteristics and to generate spatially explicit vegetation and fuels maps for forest and fire management in the Davis Mountains of west Texas, USA. We used field data, landscape metrics derived from digital elevation models, and spectral information from remotely sensed imagery to (1) determine recent changes in forest stand structure in relation to historical fire exclusion, (2) quantify the effects of fire exclusion on fuel accumulation patterns, and (3) develop predictive vegetation and fuels maps for our study area. Four vegetation types were identified by cluster analysis including: mesic woodlands, pinyon pine forests, alligator juniper forests, and gray oak forests. Vegetation types varied by elevation, landform type, potential relative radiation (PRR), and spectral signature. Age data suggested that the majority of pines in the Davis Mountains established near 1920, just after the widespread 1916 fire and favorable climatic conditions in 1919. Three fuel types were identified that also varied by elevation, landform type, PRR and spectral characteristics, although the importance of these variables in distinguishing fuel types differed from the environmental variables that discerned the vegetation types. Forest stand densities and fuel accumulations were high in the Davis Mountains, which was probably the result of fire exclusion from grazing activities beginning in the early 1900s. Results from this study will be used to implement forest and fire management activities directed toward ecosystem restoration and maintenance.
Variable effect of streptozotocin-diabetes on the growth of hamster pancreatic cancer (H2T) in the Syrian hamster and nude mouse

Abstract Background: Streptozotocin-diabetes prevents induction of pancreatic tumors in several animal models and inhibits the growth of established human pancreatic cancer implants in nude mice. However, it also promotes growth of the hamster pancreatic cancer cell line, H2T, in the Syrian hamster. To test the hypothesis that these contradictory effects are due to tumor host differences, the growth of the H2T cell line was examined in the streptozotocin-diabetic nude mouse. Methods: H2T cells were implanted subcutaneously into streptozotocin-diabetic nude mice (n = 10) and untreated control mice (n = 10). After 21 days, tumors were excised and weighed. Plasma insulin and somatostatin were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: After 3 weeks, tumors in the control group weighed 118 mg and tumors in the diabetic group weighed 28 mg (p
Experiential variables influencing play, foot-clasp mounting and adult sexual competence in male rhesus monkeys.

Abstract (1) It is concluded that foot-clasp mounting, rather than social play, by juvenile rhesus monkeys is the appropriate index of the affectional development essential for normal adult heterosexual behavior in the male monkey. (2) The opportunity for continuous social interaction with peers, lasting at least three months, resulted in increased frequencies of display of foot-clasp mounts and decreased frequencies of social play by juvenile rhesus monkeys. (3) When the opportunity for continuous social experience was provided during the first year of life, the behavioral changes were manifested immediately and when this opportunity was delayed until late in the second year of life, changes in the frequency of play and mounting were correspondingly delayed. (4) Adult heterosexual competence was greatest in males that had the earliest opportunity for continuous social experience, intermediate in males with delayed social experience, and least in males with no opportunity for continuous social experience with peers. (5) Rearing conditions that produced the highest frequencies of foot-clasp mounting were associated with the highest adult heterosexual competence and rearing conditions that produced the highest frequencies of social play were associated with the lowest adult heterosexual competence.
O(n) algorithms for load balancing in distributed computing systems

Abstract The problem of optimally balancing a given workload among identical processors with preassigned loads is considered. An improved algorithm which solves the problem in O(n) time under both cases—the case where perfect load balancing is possible and the case where only approximate load balancing is possible—are presented. Properties used to develop the algorithm are also provided. Finally, it is shown how this algorithm can be modified for the case in which the processing rates are not equal.
The effect of proteolytic enzymes on the tensile strength of whole aorta and isolated aortic elastin

Abstract 1. 1. Rings of pig aorta were digested with several proteolytic enzymes before submission to tensile strength measurements and light microscopy. The same procedures were also used on rings of isolated aortic elastin, the residues of formic acid digestion. 2. 2. The tensile strength of intact aorta was weakened in the decreasing order: papain and pepsin (100%) > pronase, elastase and collagenase (90%)>chymotrypsin (65%)>trypsin (50% loss of strength). 3. 3. The effect on isolated aortic elastin was uniformly high, with the exception of collagenase and trypsin which produced no significant weakening. 4. 4. Microscopically only collagenase produced apparent lysis of the collagen moiety, but elastase, pronase and papain all appeared to lyse elastin. Although tinctorically normal, both collagen and elastin in most instances were affected by the enzymes, as judged by tensile strength measurements. 5. 5. The persistence of normal staining collagen with reduced tensile strength is explained on the basis of enzymatic excision of NH2-terminal telopeptide regions on which cross-linking and tensile properties depend, and an absence of effect on the collagen helix, which provides the stainable fiber. 6. 6. Additional studies revealed significant weakening of aorta by non-proteolytic bacterial α-amylase, which suggests a role for glycoproteins in tensile strength, but more probably indicates contamination by a protease.
Light does not induce an increase in cyclic-GMP content of squid or Limulus photoreceptors

Both slices of squid (Loligo) retinas and Limulus ventral photoreceptors, with or without prior stimulation by flashes of bright light, were rapidly frozen and analysed for cyclic-GMP content by radioimmunoassay. Measurement of the freezing process indicated that freezing occurred at about 100 msec after the light flash. No significant changes in cyclic-GMP content were induced by light in either tissue. These data do not confirm previous reports that cyclic-GMP content of invertebrate photoreceptors is markedly increased by illumination.
Chromosomal Abnormalities and Oral Anomalies

W ITH the discovery that man has not fortyeight but forty-six chromosomes [I], interest in human chromosomes and the conditions that arise from their abnorma1 behavior has mushroomed.. (The reader is referred to severa exceIlent reviews of the present status of the knowledge of human chromosomes [~-IO].) There are severa autosoma1 and sex chromosome syndromes in which there is at Ieast some evidence of ora anomaIies and, in a11 probabiIity, more wiI1 be discovered. It had been thought unti1 recentIy that the presence of an extra autosome in the chromosoma compIement of forty-six wouId be IethaI; but with the discovery that mongoIism was associated with an extra autosome in the 21 to 22 group, this concept was shown to be erroneous [II]. Now that technics for chromosome counting have become considerabIy easier and are more frequentIy performed on periphera1 bIood {rz-141 or skin [r5,r6], use of the various technics is becoming widespread. SeveraI surveys, such as that of Gustavson and ikesson [17], have shown that many of these syndromes are more common than heretofore supposed. In newborns, the XXY or KIinefeIter syndrome is present in 0.3 per cent of the cases, the X0 chromatin-negative Turner syndrome* in 0.03 per cent and the XXX syndrome in 0.13 per cent. In institutionaIized individuaIs the incidence is 1.0, 0.05 and 0.4 per cent, respectiveIy [IS]. Trisomy 21 (mongoIism) accounts for at Ieast IO per cent of institutionaIized individuaIs.
Experimental evidence for the existence of duoselective (Type III) enantiomer separations in the capillary electrophoretic analysis of chiral weak acids

Abstract Experimental evidence has been found for the existence of the theoretically predicted duoselective (Type III) enantiomer separations in the capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis of chiral weak acids. The mobilities of the enantiomers of 3,5-dinitrobenzamido phenylalanine were determined in the pH 3–6 range using constant ionic strength ϵ-amino-n-caproic acid background electrolytes and β-cyclodextrin as resolving agent. The complex formation constants and ionic mobilities of the free and complexed enantiomers were determined using the multiple equilibria-based electrophoretic mobility model. The extended peak resolution equation of CE was then used to calculate the peak resolution surfaces as a function of the pH and the β-cyclodextrin concentration of the background electrolyte, the dimensionless electroosmotic flow coefficient, and the effective portion of the applied potential. Though the observed peak resolution values were lower than predicted by the theory due to the presence of electromigration dispersion, the predicted and observed loci of the extrema of the resolution surface agreed well. The desionoselective/ionoselective/duoselective (DID) separation selectivity model and the peak resolution model permit the rational optimization of the CE separation of weak acid enantiomers.
Leukemia does not live by 1 lesion alone

Comment on Kornblau et al, page [2358][1] Kornblau and colleagues find that activation of multiple signal transduction pathways confers a poor clinical outcome in AML. Leukemias are characterized by dysregulation of proliferation, differentiation, and the balance between cell life and death,
Techniques for assessing spatial heterogeneity of carbonate δ13C values: Implications for craton‐wide isotope gradients

The sedimentary record of carbonate carbon isotopes (δ13Ccarb) provides one of the best methods for correlating marine strata and understanding the long-term evolution of the global carbon cycle. This work focuses on the Late Ordovician Guttenberg isotopic carbon excursion, a ca 2·5‰ positive δ13Ccarb excursion that is found in strata globally. Substantial variability in the apparent magnitude and stratigraphic morphology of the Guttenberg excursion at different localities has hampered high-resolution correlations and led to divergent reconstructions of ocean chemistry and the biogeochemical carbon cycle. This work investigates the magnitude, spatial scale and sources of isotopic variability of the Guttenberg excursion in two sections from Missouri, USA. Centimetre-scale isotope transects revealed variations in δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb greater than 2‰ across individual beds. Linear δ13Ccarb to δ18Ocarb mixing lines, together with petrographic and elemental abundance data, demonstrate that much of the isotopic scatter in single beds is due to mixing of isotopically distinct components. These patterns facilitated objective sample screening to determine the ‘least-altered’ data. A δ18Ocarb filter based on empirical δ18Ocarb values of well-preserved carbonate mudstones allowed further sample discrimination. The resulting ‘least-altered’ δ13Ccarb profile improves the understanding of regional as well as continental-scale stratigraphic relations in this interval. Correlations with other Laurentian sections strongly suggest that: (i) small-scale variability in Guttenberg excursion δ13Ccarb values may result in part from local diagenetic overprinting; (ii) peak-Guttenberg excursion δ13Ccarb values of the Midcontinent are not distinct from their Taconic equivalents; and (iii) no primary continental-scale spatial gradient in δ13Ccarb (for example, arising from chemically distinct ‘aquafacies’) is required during Guttenberg excursion-time. This study demonstrates the importance of detailed petrographic and geochemical screening of samples to be used for δ13Ccarb chemostratigraphy and for enhancing understanding of epeiric ocean chemistry.
Professional networks, scientific collaboration, and publication productivity in resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country

We test the hypothesis that scientific collaboration is associated with increased publication productivity. We differentiate our approach from other studies by (a) incorporating professional networks in the productivity model, (b) casting productivity and collaboration as distinct phenomena, and (c) examining these phenomena in the context of resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country. We use survey data and employ negative binomial regression models. Results indicate that publication productivity is significantly linked to professional network factors, but there is no evidence of any association with scientific collaboration. We observe that most scientists collaborate in research projects despite coordination difficulties, and without any measurable impact on their productivity. Our interviews reveal that a possible answer to this puzzle appears to be rooted in a practice that views collaborative research projects not mainly as a means to producing knowledge and gaining recognition, but for acquiring professional opportunities and extrinsic rewards. Our findings suggest a new way of modeling publication productivity, with implications for science and innovation policy in both the developed and the developing world.
Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in cervical, endometrial, and ovarian malignancies

Objective: This study was undertaken to compare the presence of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels between normal and malignant cervix, endometrium, and ovary. Study Design: Semiquantitative immunofluorescent assays for COX-2 were performed on sections of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (n = 12), endometrial adenocarcinoma (n = 13), and ovarian serous adenocarcinoma (n = 9). Levels of immunofluorescence for each sample were objectively measured, categorized as high, moderate, or negative expression and compared with normal cervical (n = 14), endometrial (n = 15), and ovarian (n = 13) tissue with the Fisher exact test. Results: Normal cervical tissue expressed COX-2 more frequently than cervical cancer (50% vs 23%), but the difference was not significant (P =.247). COX-2 was rarely present in normal endometrium (7%) and normal ovarian epithelium (0%) and was usually present in endometrial adenocarcinoma (69%, P <.001) and ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (89%, P <.001). Conclusion: In this cohort, COX-2 expression is significantly more common in endometrial adenocarcinoma and ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, but not in cervical squamous carcinoma, compared with normal tissue. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1174-6.)
Angiotensin II antagonists block ethanol effects on the aerial righting reflex

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of an angiotensin II (AII) AT1 antagonist, losartan 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg IP, and the AII AT2 antagonist, PD 123319, 20 mg/kg IP on ethanol (EtOH) intoxication as measured by the aerial righting reflex in male rats. EtOH (25%), 2.0 g/kg, was administered by stomach tube under mild metaphane anesthesia and the aerial righting reflex was determined at 30-min intervals for 3.5 h. The AII antagonists were administered IP 2 h before the EtOH. There were six groups of 10 rats each: EtOH alone, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg losartan plus ethanol, 20 mg/kg losartan plus 20 mg/kg PD 123319 plus EtOH, and 20 mg/kg losartan alone. Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor, time. Results show a clear intoxicating effect of ethanol on the aerial righting reflex that was blocked significantly by losartan in a dose-dependent way. Losartan alone had no observable effect. The administration of both antagonists, losartan and PD 123319 injected IP in two different sites, completely blocked the EtOH effect on the aerial righting reflex. The involvement of AII in the mediation of EtOH intoxication effects on the aerial righting reflex supports results of our previous studies on the effects of EtOH on open field behavior, AII impairment of the retention of an inhibitory shock avoidance response, and AII inhibition of hippocampal granule cell long-term potentiation, all of which can be blocked by losartan.
Ethanol and behavioral variability in the radial-arm maze.

Ethanol (0.75, 1.5, 2.0 g/kg ethyl alcohol) consistently and profoundly narrowed three independent dimensions of behavioral variability (BV) exhibited by rats in an eight-arm radial maze. Thie was true for all doses except the lowest. Rats were run with a replacement procedure wherein rewards (two food pellets) were replaced after they were taken. With no constraints against where, how, or by what route rewards could be taken, the three indices of spontaneous BV recorded were the number of different arms chosen, the sequence of visitation, and instances of deviations from goal-directed activity. The behavior of saline and low-dose groups was widely variable in form and place; and the sequence of behavior was relatively unpredictable from trial to trial and from session to session. Medium and high doses of ethanol exerted a marked organizing influence on behavior. Superfluous topographies were eliminated, sequences became highly, and in many cases perfectly predictable, and spatial BV declined. The considerable promotion of stereotypy by ethanol helps to explain many effects of the drug, e.g., how the drug can in some instances impair, and in others facilitate performance. We propose that the scores from tasks whose mastery entails repetition, few topographies, and rigid structure will be improved by ethanol, but that those requiring change and the sampling of new strategies with be impaired.
P01-01 The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in school children: A highly consanguineous community

Objective The objective of the present study was to find the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) symptoms in a highly consanguineous community. Design A cross sectional study was conducted during October 2006 - January 2007. Subjects and methods A total of 2500 primary school students, aged 6-12 years were randomly selected from the government primary schools and 1869 students (74.8%) gave consent to participate in this study. Results Of the students surveyed, 50.7% were boys and 49.3% girls. The data revealed that 158 boys [16.7%; 95%CI (14.4-19.2] and 50 girls [5.4%;95%CI (4.1-7.1)] scored above the cut-off (≥15) for ADH symptoms, thus giving an overall prevalence of [11.1%; 95%CI (9.7-12.6)]. The Children who had higher score for ADH symptoms were in the age group 6-9 years. Children who had higher score for ADH symptoms had school performance poorer than those with lower scores (P=0.002). 200 children (96.2%) with ADH were disobedient, 60.6% noisy and hyperactive, 36.5% very cranky, 37.5% troublesome and 37.9% nervous. The logistic regression identified in our study that socio-economic condition, number of children, school performance and poor relationship between parents were the main contributors for ADH. This shows that the consanguinity has no impact on ADH children. Conclusion The study revealed that ADH symptoms are found to be a common problem among the school children in Qatar. A significant difference was found between children with and without ADHD for their behaviour.
Parallel synthesis of peptide libraries using microwave irradiation

The application of microwave irradiation to solid-phase peptide synthesis increases product purity and reduces reaction time. Parallel synthesis in 96-well polypropylene filter plates with microwave irradiation is an efficient method for the rapid generation of combinatorial peptide libraries in sufficient purity to assay the products directly for biological activity without HPLC purification. In this protocol, the solid-phase support is arrayed into each well of a 96-well plate, reagents are delivered using a multichannel pipette and a microwave reactor is used to complete peptide coupling reactions in 6 min and Fmoc-removal reactions in 4 min under temperature-controlled conditions. The microwave-assisted parallel peptide synthesis protocol has been used to generate a library of difficult hexa-β-peptides in 61% average initial purity (50% yield) and has been applied to the preparation of longer α- and β-peptides. Using this protocol, a library of 96 different hexapeptides can be synthesized in 24 h (excluding characterization).
Improvement of restrictive and obstructive pulmonary mechanics following laparoscopic bariatric surgery

Morbidly obese patients often have impaired respiratory mechanics leading to restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. Weight loss after bariatric surgery has been shown to improve or resolve many obesity-related comorbidities. However, few studies have examined long-term changes in pulmonary mechanics after bariatric surgery. We hypothesize that pulmonary function improves after surgically induced weight loss. We examined the pulmonary function of 104 morbidly obese patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass or gastric banding. Pulmonary studies, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory volume at midexpiratory phase (FEV25–75%) were measured preoperatively and at 3-month intervals. All results are expressed as a percentage of the baseline values. There were 80 females and 24 males with a mean age of 41 years. The mean body mass index was 48 kg/m2. The mean percentage of excess body weight loss at 12 months was 54%. At 12 months postoperatively, restrictive pulmonary mechanics significantly improved as demonstrated by an increase in the FEV1 to 112% of baseline value, increase in the FVC to 109% of baseline value, increase in the PEF to 115% of baseline value, and increase in the FEV25–75% to 130% of baseline value. Additionally, the percentage of patients with obstructive lung pattern (FEV1/FVC ratio less than 0.8) decreased from 9.6% preoperatively to 1.9% postoperatively (p = 0.03). Weight loss after laparoscopic gastric bypass significantly improves restrictive and obstructive respiratory mechanics. The improvements were observed as early as 3 months postoperatively.
First-Forbidden Transitions in Parity-Nonconserving Beta Decay

Our previous work on beta-gamma directional correlations is extended to phenomena of nonconservation of parity in beta decay. The parameters, ${{b}_{L{L}^{\ensuremath{'}}}}^{(n)}$, which express the beta-ray angular distributions, are given for first-forbidden transitions of a general interaction, $\mathrm{STPVA}$, where we assume no interferences between $\mathrm{STP}$ and $\mathrm{VA}$. All of the possible interferences among the six nuclear matrix elements, $\mathfrak{M}(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{r})$, $\mathfrak{M}(\ensuremath{\beta}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5})$, $\mathfrak{M}(\ensuremath{\beta}\mathrm{r})$, $\mathfrak{M}(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\alpha})$, $\mathfrak{M}(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sigma}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{r})$, and $\mathfrak{M}({{B}_{\mathrm{ij}}}^{\ensuremath{\beta}})$ for $\mathrm{STP}$ (and the corresponding matrix elements for $\mathrm{VA}$) are taken into account. By using these ${{b}_{L{L}^{\ensuremath{'}}}}^{(n)}'\mathrm{s}$, it is easy to express the correction factor of beta spectra, the beta-ray angular distributions from oriented nuclei, and the angular correlations between beta rays and circularly polarized gamma rays from unoriented nuclei in double and triple cascade transitions. The experimental data on the beta decays of ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{124}$ and ${\mathrm{Au}}^{198}$ are analyzed.
Roots of Revolution: Radical Thought in Cuba

Roots of Revolution: Radical Thought in Cuba. Sheldon B. Liss. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. xxvi. 269 pp. $21.95 (cloth), $9.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8032-2873-2, ISBN 0-8032-7920
Surgery for Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of thyroid cancer, particularly papillary thyroid cancer, is rising at an epidemic rate. The mainstay of treatment of most patients with thyroid cancer is surgery. Considerable controversy exists about the extent of thyroid surgery and lymph node resection in patients with thyroid cancer. Surgical experience in judgment and technique is required to achieve optimal patient outcomes.
SU-E-T-453: Optimization of Dose Gradient for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.

Purpose: The goals of stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) are the ablation of target tissue and sparing of critical normal tissue. We develop tools to aid in the selection of collimation and prescription (Rx) isodose line to optimize the dose gradient for single isocenter intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) with GammaKnife 4C utilizing the updated physics data in GammaPlan v10.1. Methods: Single isocenter intracranial SRS plans were created to treat the center of a solid water anthropomorphism head phantom for each GammaKnife collimator (4 mm, 8 mm, 14 mm, and 18 mm). The dose gradient, defined as the difference of effective radii of spheres equal to half and full Rx volumes, and Rx treatment volume was analyzed for isodoses from 99% to 20% of Rx. Results: The dosimetric data on Rx volume and dose gradient vs. Rx isodose for each collimator was compiled into an easy to read nomogram as well as plotted graphically. The 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm collimators have the sharpest dose gradient at the 64%, 70%, 76%, and 77% Rx isodose lines, respectively. This corresponds to treating 4.77 mm, 8.86 mm, 14.78 mm, and 18.77 mm diameter targets with dose gradients radii of 1.06 mm, 1.63 mm, 2.54 mm, and 3.17 mm, respectively. Conclusion: We analyzed the dosimetric data for the most recent version of GammaPlan treatment planningsoftware to develop tools that when applied clinically will aid in the selection of a collimator and Rx isodose line for optimal dose gradient and target coverage for single isocenter intracranial SRS with GammaKnife 4C.
Immunohistochemical Detection of p63 and XIAP in Thymic Hyperplasia and Thymomas

We subjected 23 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (11 cases of thymic hyperplasia and 12 thymomas [3 encapsulated, 8 with capsular invasion, and 1 atypical]) to incubation with monoclonal anti-X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and monoclonal anti-p63 (4A4, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA). Granular or heterogeneous cytoplasmic XIAP staining and nuclear p63 staining were considered positive. We compared thymic hyperplasia with thymoma and capsulated thymoma with thymoma with capsular invasion or atypia. p63 was positive in virtually all thymic epithelial cells in hyperplasia and thymoma. XIAP was negative in all hyperplasia cases except one. Of 12 thymomas, 9 were XIAP+ with focal/weak to diffuse/strong positivity: 2 of 3 encapsulated and 7 of 8 thymomas with capsular invasion were XIAP+. One atypical thymoma was XIAP-. XIAP expression differed significantly between hyperplasia and thymoma (P = .0007) but not between capsulated and invasive thymomas (P = .3797). p63 is consistently positive in nonneoplastic and neoplastic thymic epithelium. XIAP expression in thymoma suggests a possible role in the pathogenesis of thymoma and may be helpful in differentiating thymic hyperplasia from thymoma, especially in small biopsy specimens. However, the level of expression does not correlate with capsular invasion or atypia.
Structure-Function Analysis of Human Glucose-6-phosphatase, the Enzyme Deficient in Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a

Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) is the enzyme deficient in glycogen storage disease type 1a, an autosomal recessive disorder. We have previously identified six mutations in the G6Pase gene of glycogen storage disease type 1a patients and demonstrated that these mutations abolished or greatly reduced enzymatic activity of G6Pase, a hydrophobic protein of 357 amino acids. Of these, four mutations (R83C, R295C, G222R, and Q347X) are missense and one (Q347X) generates a truncated G6Pase of 346 residues. To further understand the roles and structural requirements of amino acids 83, 222, 295, and those at the carboxyl terminus in G6Pase catalysis, we characterized mutant G6Pases generated by near-saturation mutagenesis of the aforementioned amino acids. Substitution of Arg-83 with amino acids of diverse structures including Lys, a conservative change, yielded mutant G6Pase with no enzymatic activity. On the other hand, substitution of Arg-295 with Lys (R295K) retained high activity, and R295N, R295S, and R295Q exhibited moderate activity. All other substitutions of Arg-295 had no G6Pase activity, suggesting that the role of Arg-295 is to stabilize the protein either by salt bridge or hydrogen-bond formation. Substitution of Gly-222, however, remained functional unless a basic (Arg or Lys), acidic (Asp), or large polar (Gln) residue was introduced, consistent with the hydrophobic requirement of codon 222, which is predicted to be in the fourth membrane-spanning domain. It is possible that Arg-83 is involved in stabilizing the enzyme (His)-phosphate intermediate formed during G6Pase catalysis. There exist 9 conserved His residues in human G6Pase. His-9, His-119, His-252, and His-353 reside on the same side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as Arg-83. Whereas H119A mutant G6Pase had no enzymatic activity, H9A, H252A, and H353A mutant G6Pases retained significant activity. Substitution of His-119 with amino acids of diverse structures also yielded mutant G6Pase with no activity, suggesting that His-119 is the phosphate acceptor in G6Pase catalysis. We also present data demonstrating that the carboxyl-terminal 8 residues in human G6Pase are not essential for G6Pase catalysis.
Multiple Types of Immune Complexes in Patients with Mixed Cryoglobulinemia

The sera of 13 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia were examined for the presence of circulating immune complexes with the 125I-C1q binding assay before and after precipitation of cryoglobulins. All 13 patients had increased C1q binding activity(>10%) prior to cryoprecipitation (mean C1q binding activity =69%) and 10 of 13 had increased C1q binding activity after precipitation and removal of cryoglobulin (mean C1q binding activity = 41%). Decrements in serum C1q binding activity caused by cryoprecipitation ranged from minimal to marked (1–73%). Since all of these sera contained IgM rheumatoid factor, 7 were treated with 2-mercaptoethanol, known to dissociate 19S IgM into its subunits, and then tested for C1q binding activity and rheumatoid factor. 2-mercaptoethanol eliminated rheumatoid factor activity in all cases, but C1q binding activity remained elevated in 6 to 7 sera, thus indicating the presence of immune complexes distinct form 19S IgM rheumatoid factor complexes. By contrast absorption of 9 mixed cryoglobulinemia sera with solid-phase protein A resulted in the disappearance of immune complex-like material from the test sera, suggesting that IgG is a major constituent of the C1q binding material. Addition of eluate from the solid phase protein A to normal sera resulted in the appearance of increased C1q binding activity. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in the protein A eluate of two of six patient tested, and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in the protein A eluate of a third patient. These findings indicate that in addition to cryoglobulins patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia have circulating immune complexes that are noncryoprecipitable. The immune complexes contain predominantly IgG and are, in most cases, distinct form 19S IgM rheumatoid factor complexes. In some cases the immune complexes may contain hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody.
Auditory and Visual Semantic Priming in Lexical Decision: A Comparison Using Event-related Brain Potentials

Abstract This study compared and contrasted semantic priming in the visual and auditory modalities using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioural measures (errors and reaction time). Subjects participated in two runs (one visual, one auditory) of a lexical decision task where stimuli were word pairs consisting of “prime” words followed by equal numbers of words semantically related to the primes, words unrelated to the primes, pseudo-words, and nonwords. Subjects made slower responses, made more errors, and their ERPs had larger negative components (N400) to unrelated words than to related words in both modalities. However, the ERP priming effect began earlier, was larger in size, and lasted longer in the auditory modality than in the visual modality. In addition, the lateral distribution of N400 over the scalp differed in the two modalities. It is suggested that there may be overlap in the priming processes that occur in each modality but that these processes are not identical. The results a...
Digital fourier techniques in the diagnosis and quantification of aortic stenosis with pulsed‐Doppler echocardiography

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography and digital Fourier analysis were utilized to examine flow distal to the aortic valve and to quantify aortic stenosis. A graphic index of parameters derived from velocity spectrum patterns generated by Fourier analysis was regressed against mean systolic pressure gradients in 21 adults with clinical evidence of aortic stenosis who underwent catheterization studies and five normal adults (r = .82). Correlation improved in the absence of regurgitation (r = .92). Sensitivity for detecting gradients greater than 30 mmHg was 86%; specificity was 90%. Doppler spectral analysis shows promise in alleviating the need for many invasive studies.
Grid-based methods for diatomic quantum scattering problems III: Double photoionization of molecular hydrogen in prolate spheroidal coordinates

Our previously developed finite-element/ discrete variable representation in prolate spheroidal coordinates is extended to two-electron systems with a study of double ionization of H$_2$ with fixed-nuclei. Particular attention is paid to the development of fast and accurate methods for treating the electron-electron interaction. The use of exterior complex scaling in the implementation offers a simple way of enforcing Coulomb boundary conditions for the electronic double continuum. While the angular distributions calculated in this study are found to be completely consistent with our earlier treatments that employed single-center expansions in spherical coordinates, we find that the magnitude of the integrated cross sections are sensitive to small changes in the initial-state wave function. The present formulation offers significant advantages with respect to convergence and efficiency and opens the way to calculations on more complicated diatomic targets.
Comparison of Vaccine Subpopulation Selection, Viral Loads, Vaccine Virus Persistence in Trachea and Cloaca, and Mucosal Antibody Responses After Vaccination with Two Different Arkansas Delmarva Poultry Industry–Derived Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccines

SUMMARY Factors responsible for the persistence of Arkansas Delmarva Poultry Industry (ArkDPI)-derived infectious bronchitis vaccines in commercial flocks and the high frequency of isolation of ArkDPI-type infectious bronchitis viruses in respiratory cases are still unclear. We compared dynamics of vaccine viral subpopulations, viral loads, persistence in trachea and cloaca, and the magnitude of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)-specific antibody induction after vaccination with two commercial ArkDPI-derived Arkansas (Ark) serotype vaccines. One of the vaccines (coded vaccine B) produced significantly higher vaccine virus heterogeneity in vaccinated chickens than the other vaccine (coded A). Chickens vaccinated with vaccine B had significantly higher viral loads in tears at 5 days postvaccination (DPV) than those vaccinated with vaccine A. Vaccine B also induced a significantly higher lachrymal immunoglobulin M response at 11 DPV, an earlier peak of IBV-specific lachrymal immunoglobulin A, and higher seru...
Discussion of “A Model of Coupled Heat and Moisture Transport in an Annular Clay Barrier” by L. Rossi, H. I. Inyang, J. Graham-Eagle, and S. Pennell

I would like to offer several observations, comments, requests for clarification, and analyses of certain facets of the article, primarily in order of appearance. Eq. 1 is an energy conservation equation that differs in several ways from the energy equation of deVries 1958 , which also deals with coupled heat and water flow in soil. The energy equation of deVries 1958 is a more detailed version of the energy portion of the theory advanced by Philip and deVries 1957 . The 1957 theory has achieved a dominant position with respect to this topic in soil physics. Milly 1984 discussed this theory as applied to thermal vapor diffusion effects on evaporation from land. The authors’ paper states that Eq. 1 neglects advection of thermal energy with the fluid flow. It is in contrast to the deVries 1958 theory and means, most important, that the latent heat of vaporization carried by water vapor is neglected. Vapor latent heat is an important factor in some situations, particularly heat pipes, where the vapor latent-heat effect accounts for the exceptionally large effective thermal conductivity of these devices. Also not accounted in the time-derivative part of Eq. 1 but appearing in deVries 1958 are heat capacity and latent heat of water vapor, as well as heat of wetting. The right-hand side of Eq. 1 represents the rate of energy conversions because of evaporation and condensation as a function of water content and temperature offsets from an equilibrium state. In deVries 1958 , however, instantaneous equilibrium of liquid and vapor is assumed and vaporization is constrained by requiring the sum of volume fractions of liquid, solid, and gas to equal one. Eq. 2 states a linear relationship between w unusual notation for volumetric water content and “thermal diffusivity K w .” The term “diffusivity” usually implies a diffusion coefficient with units of L2 /T. Units on the right-hand side of Eq. 2 , W / mK , make it clear that K w is a conductivity. Also, assuming a strictly linear relationship, as in Eq. 2 , is incorrect. The highly nonlinear and temperature-dependent conductivity functions as in Fig. 4 of Milly 1984 represent the true nature of soil thermal conductivity, as verified in many experimental studies. They are needed in this article for reasonable accuracy. Eq. 3 defines the equilibrium vapor content Veq that also appears in Eqs. 1 , 4 , 13 , and 14 . These equations and their context are consistent with Veq meaning the volume of liquid water per unit of total volume of barrier, which is equivalent to water as vapor within the same total volume. The description of er Eq. 1 is inconsistent
Interoperability of visualization software and data models is not an achievable goal

Author(s): Bethel, E. Wes | Abstract: The scientific visualization community faces a crisis: there exist many individual tools that can be used to perform visualization, but there is little, if any, hope of being able to use tools from different sources as part of a single application. As a result, our community is fractured, and can be characterized as "islands of capability." The purpose of this panel is to probe the issues that prevent such interoperability, and engage in frank discussion about how our community can rectify these maladies. The issues to be discussed include but are not limited to: (1)lack of "standards" for data storage and modelling of N-dimensional scientific data, similar to those used for raster image files; (2)lack of "standard" interfaces for common visualization tools; (3)the visualization needs of the computational science research community, who are the primary consumers of technology from the visualization community; (4)lack of organization within our community to push for definition and adoption of such "standards;" (5)lack of organization within our community to serve as a "broker" and "promoter" for tools that might conform to even the weakest of standards. The panelist lineup represents a diverse cross-section of expertise and opinions about the panel topic. The panelists themselves are in disagreement about the severity of the problem, and potential solutions. The topic of this panel is highly germane to future growth of visualization as a science, and promises to be highly engaging for panelists and audience members alike.
In vitro circadian rhythms: imaging and electrophysiology

In vitro assays have localized circadian pacemakers to individual cells, revealed genetic determinants of rhythm generation, identified molecular players in cell-cell synchronization and determined physiological events regulated by circadian clocks. Although they allow strict control of experimental conditions and reduce the number of variables compared with in vivo studies, they also lack many of the conditions in which cellular circadian oscillators normally function. The present review highlights methods to study circadian timing in cultured mammalian cells and how they have shaped the hypothesis that all cells are capable of circadian rhythmicity.