cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust multi-product newsvendor model with uncertain demand and substitution

Abstract This work studies a Robust Multi-product Newsvendor Model with Substitution (R-MNMS), where the demand and the substitution rates are stochastic and are subject to cardinality-constrained uncertainty sets. The goal of this work is to determine the optimal order quantities of multiple products to maximize the worst-case total profit. To achieve this, we first show that for given order quantities, computing the worst-case total profit, in general, is NP-hard. Therefore, we derive the closed-form optimal solutions for the following three special cases: (1) if there are only two products, (2) if there is no substitution among different products, and (3) if the budget of demand uncertainty is equal to the number of products. For a general R-MNMS, we formulate it as a mixed-integer linear program with an exponential number of constraints and develop a branch and cut algorithm to solve it. For large-scale problem instances, we further propose a conservative approximation of R-MNMS and prove that under some certain conditions, this conservative approximation yields an exact optimal solution to R-MNMS. The numerical study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approaches and the robustness of our model.
Predicting Individual Task Contrasts From Resting-state Functional Connectivity using a Surface-based Convolutional Network

Abstract Task-based and resting-state represent the two most common experimental paradigms of functional neuroimaging. While resting-state offers a flexible and scalable approach for characterizing brain function, task-based techniques provide superior localization. In this paper, we build on recent deep learning methods to create a model that predicts task-based contrast maps from resting-state fMRI scans. Specifically, we propose BrainSurfCNN, a surface-based fully-convolutional neural network model that works with a representation of the brain’s cortical sheet. Our model achieves state of the art predictive accuracy on independent test data from the Human Connectome Project and yields individual-level predicted maps that are on par with the target-repeat reliability of the measured contrast maps. We also demonstrate that BrainSurfCNN can generalize remarkably well to novel domains with limited training data.
Sildenafil Citrate and Risk of Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Radiation Therapy: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background Sildenafil citrate has been shown to be protective of sexual function when given concurrently and following prostate radiation therapy (RT), but some evidence suggests an increased biochemical recurrence (BCR) risk in patients taking sildenafil after radical prostatectomy. Aim To evaluate whether sildenafil use is associated with increased risk of BCR in patients receiving prostate RT, we performed a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial (RPCT) that compared sildenafil citrate to placebo during and after prostate RT. Methods The study population consisted of prostate cancer patients who initiated radiation treatment at our institution and participated in our multi-institutional RPCT that compared 6 months of sildenafil 50 mg once a day to placebo with a 24-month follow-up. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was allowed. Prostate cancer prognostic risk grouping was not an exclusion criterion, but most study participants had low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank testing. Outcomes The primary outcomes of this report were biochemical recurrence and overall survival rates, where BCR was defined according to the Phoenix definition. Results Data of 162 men were analyzed. Nine men had inadequate PSA follow-up and the remaining 153 men were included in the final report. Median age was 61 years. At a median follow-up of 8.3 years (range: 3.0–12.2), 5/94 (5.3%) and 2/59 (3.4%) patients developed BCR in the sildenafil and placebo groups, respectively. The 6-year BCR-free survival was 98.8% for all patients, 98.1% for the sildenafil cohort, and 100% for the placebo cohort. The 10-year BCR-free survival was 94.4% for all patients, 95.6% for the sildenafil cohort, and 92.9% for the placebo cohort. There was no difference in BCR-free survival between the sildenafil and placebo groups by log-rank comparison (p = 0.36). Clinical implications This analysis informs clinical decision making about the safety of using sildenafil during and after prostate RT. Strengths and limitations This study included patients who were treated in the setting of a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial, and who attained high medication compliance. However, the study was limited by the post-hoc nature of the analysis, use of ADT in some patients, inadequate study power to detect a difference in BCR between sildenafil and placebo groups. Conclusion Prophylactic sildenafil citrate was not associated with biochemical recurrence risk in prostate cancer patients treated with radiation. However, the study was inadequately powered to definitively conclude a negative finding. Haseltine JM, Hopkins M, Schofield E, et al. Sildenafil Citrate and Risk of Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Radiation Therapy: Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sex Med 2021;18:1467–1472.
Use of stereology to derive a new kinetic equation for mean curvature driven grain growth

Abstract The idea that normal grain growth driven by surface tension may be described theoretically by the hypothesis that the local velocity of an element of grain boundary is proportional to its local mean curvature dates back more than half a century. von Neumann was the first to derive this relation and used it to predict the rate of evolution of a two dimensional cell structure. MacPherson and Srolovitz extended this development to describe growth in three dimensions; however, their result was couched in terms that did not facilitate tests of the theory. In this paper expected value theorems established in stereology are invoked to extend their result to provide a new equation that predicts the rate of change of volume of grains in a microstructure which, while preserving the rigor and generality of the result, expresses it in terms of quantities that can be measured in microstructures. This is illustrated with a set of measurements based upon the theory derived from a grain growth simulation that successfully tests its predictions. It is interesting that this result also exhibits an “ n -6 rule” that is similar to, but not identical with, that contained in von Neumann’s theory.
A fMRI Evaluation of Lamotrigine for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain: Pilot Study

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods, we evaluated the effects of lamotrigine vs placebo in a double-blind 1:1 randomized trial. Six patients with neuropathic pain were recruited for the study. All subjects had baseline pain >4/10 on a visual analog scale (VAS) and allodynia to brush as inclusion criteria for the study. Patients underwent two fMRI sessions, with half of the subjects receiving placebo first and half receiving drug first (based on the blinding protocol). Lamotrigine decreased their average pain intensity level from 5.6 to 3.5 on a VAS. All subjects had brush, cold, and heat applied to the affected and mirror-unaffected sides of their face. The results show: 1) in a small cohort, lamotrigine had a significant effect on heat VAS but not on the other stimuli; and 2) contrast analysis of fMRI results for heat stimuli applied to the affected face for lamotrigine vs placebo produced an overall decrease in blood oxygen dependent level signal, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect of the drug on predominantly cortical regions (frontal, parietal, and temporal).
INTRAUTERINE VISUALIZATION BY MEANS OF A HYSTEROSCOPE.

Abstract Sixteen patients have been subjected to hysteroscopy with the Silander hysteroscope. No contraindications were found and good visualization was possible. Bleeding from the endometrial surface presented no problem and the uterine cavity was easily distended with the saline-filled rubber balloon. No postoperative complications referrable to hysteroscopy were evident. Good correlation between hysteroscopic and operative findings were evident. Future investigations are underway to widen the usefulness of the hysteroscope and an attempt is being made to photograph the interior of the uterine cavity through this instrument. The future possible uses of this instrument were discussed and the plans of study outlined.
Theatre and Citizenship: The History of a Practice by David Wiles

The focused monograph, rather than the survey, is the dominant mode in theatre studies so it is surprising to see David Wiles bring erudition from political theory, aesthetic philosophy, and histor...
Expression of microRNAs in response to a TLR dependent adjuvant PorB from Neisseria meningitidis (VAC6P.943)

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-translational modulation of gene expression. Not much is known about the role of miRs in vaccine adjuvant activity. In this study, we investigated miRs elicited by PorB, a TLR2 dependent adjuvant from N. meningitidis, in vivo and in vitro. Mice (WT) were immunized 3 times, 2 weeks apart with Ova +/- PorB. Splenic RNA was obtained 24 hours after each immunization and analyzed by microarrays. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from WT, MyD88 or TLR2 knock out mice were stimulated with PorB, RNA was isolated and miRs expression was determined by RT-PCR. The in vivo study revealed that miR505 and miR15a expression was increased, while miR689 and miR666 expression was decreased when PorB was included in the vaccine preparation. Interestingly the differential expression of these miRs were seen after the 2nd but not after the 1st or 3rd immunization, suggesting that the regulatory events driven by PorB occurred after the 2nd immunization. We also observed a high increase in the expression of miR155 upon stimulation with PorB in vitro, however the miR155 expression was dampened in BMDM from TLR2 knock out mice and completely abrogated in MyD88 knock out mice. PorB seems to be able to induce high level of miR155 in a TLR2 independent as well as TLR2 dependent mechanism. These data increase our understanding of the association of miR expression and PorB adjuvant activity.
Automatic allograph categorization based on stroke clustering for online handwritten Japanese character recognition

For the construction of a recognition dictionary that includes various writing styles, an automatic method for categorizing writing styles of characters (allographs) is proposed. In the first step of allograph categorization, handwritten strokes contained in training data are categorized to obtain prototype strokes. These strokes are used to categorize handwritten characters and thus obtain allographs. In this approach, allographs share common prototype strokes. This makes it possible to reduce the dictionary size and computation time needed for recognition. Allograph dictionaries for 2321 categories were experimentally constructed by using handwritten characters produced by 121 writers. Recognition experiments using these dictionaries were carried out to determine the relationship between the number of allographs and the recognition accuracy.
Brachial plexopathy after prone positioning

Two cases of brachial plexus injury after prone position in the intensive care unit are described. Mechanisms of brachial plexus injury are described, as are methods for prevention of this unusual complication.
Insulin dose changes in children attending a residential diabetes camp.

Diabet. Med. 28, 480–486 (2011) Abstract Aims To examine the effects of insulin dose adjustments on rates of hypoglycaemia for school-aged children with Type 1 diabetes attending camp. Methods Camp records for 256 children aged 7–15 years (55% on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) attending a week-long residential summer camp were analysed. Results In anticipation of increased physical activity, basal insulin was decreased for all children on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and injection therapy by 10% upon arrival at camp. During the first day, children on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion received 11.1 ± 6.3% less basal insulin than home doses, whereas children on injections decreased intermediate/long-acting insulin by 8.2 ± 12.8%. Despite these decreases, 60% had at least one blood sugar level < 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/l) during the first day. Children on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion were more likely to have hypoglycaemia during the first day than those on injections. The number of episodes of hypoglycaemia increased with increasing camper age. Overall, children did not have further significant reductions in their total daily insulin dose by the last day of camp. However, on the last day, children had fewer episodes of hypoglycaemia than during the first day (0.7 ± 0.9 vs. 1.1 ± 1.2, P < 0.001) and 51% had no low blood sugar levels that day. Conclusions An empiric 10% reduction in basal insulin appears reasonable, as nearly equal numbers of children required dose increases as dose decreases as camp progressed. However, hypoglycaemia was still common in all age groups. Prospective studies characterizing individual variables are needed in order to facilitate tailored insulin dose adjustments that minimize glycaemic variability while optimizing control in the diabetes camp setting.
Hyponatremia in Kawasaki disease.

This letter provides the unfortunate follow-up to the case presented in our paper "Pulmonary Artery Sling: A New Diagnostic Tool and Clinical Review."1 Thirteen months following pulmonary artery reimplantation the infant was seen again with increasing stridor and respiratory distress. The chest radiograph showed narrowing of the intrathoracic portion of the trachea and the main bronchi. The position of the carina was inferior to that normally seen. The child underwent bronchoscopy which demonstrated marked tracheal stenosis secondary to complete tracheal rings.
Discriminative Capacity of Biomarkers for Acute Stroke in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background: Acute ischemic stroke remains largely a clinical diagnosis. Objective: To assess the potential of several biomarkers to distinguish acute ischemic stroke from mimics in the emergency department (ED). Methods: In this prospective study, 63 patients with suspected acute stroke were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at ED presentation and assayed for B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), D-dimer, and protein S100B. Final diagnosis of stroke was rendered by blinded independent stroke experts after review of all clinical, imaging, and conventional laboratory data during admission. Logistic regression and bootstrapping models were used to evaluate the association between biomarker values and acute stroke. Results: Thirty-four patients had a final diagnosis of stroke and 29 with mimics. The initial ED values of CRP, MMP-9, and S100B (C-indices of 0.808, 0.811, and 0.719, respectively) and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (C-index 0.887) predicted acute cerebral ischemia. CRP levels added discriminative value over clinical variables alone in the diagnosis of stroke. When the levels of CRP were added to the NIHSS, the combination was highly predictive of stroke (bootstrap mean C-index 0.951, 90% Confidence Interval 0.903–0.991, likelihood test p = 0.004). Conclusions: Biomarker testing with CRP and potentially MMP-9 and S100B, may add valuable and time-sensitive diagnostic information in the early evaluation of patients with suspected stroke in the ED. Future prospective evaluations are necessary to validate the diagnostic capability of these biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke in the ED before they should be considered for use in clinical practice.
Sequence comparisons of three wild-type Bronze-1 alleles from Zea mays

We have sequenced genomic clones of two wild-type Bronze-1 (Bz1) alleles, and a cDNA clone from a third wild-type Bz1 allele from maize. Two overlapping transcripts initiate at least 250 bp apart. The first AUG codon after the shorter and more abundant transcript cap site(s) begins the longest open reading frame. The transcript is preceded by a putative TATA box, but not a recognizable CAAT box. The bz1 gene contains a single intron, and exhibits a strong bias for codons with the highest G+C content. Sequence polymorphisms among the Bz1 alleles include deletions/additions, a transposable element insertion, and single base pair substitutions.
On global forces of nature driving the Earth’s climate. Are humans involved?

The authors identify and describe the following global forces of nature driving the Earth’s climate: (1) solar radiation as a dominant external energy supplier to the Earth, (2) outgassing as a major supplier of gases to the World Ocean and the atmosphere, and, possibly, (3) microbial activities generating and consuming atmospheric gases at the interface of lithosphere and atmosphere. The writers provide quantitative estimates of the scope and extent of their corresponding effects on the Earth’s climate. Quantitative comparison of the scope and extent of the forces of nature and anthropogenic influences on the Earth’s climate is especially important at the time of broad-scale public debates on current global warming. The writers show that the human-induced climatic changes are negligible.
Epoxy systems for low temperature applications

Epoxy-based formulated products are finding increased utility in a wide variety of structural and electrical applications that are required to operate in low temperature environments. Cryogenic technology is accelerating the growth in these fields. This versatile thermosetting polymer offers many attractive features such as high mechanical strength, outstanding dielectric characteristics, excellent adhesive properties, very good chemical resistance and excellent thermal endurance. Such features make them materials of choice for high and medium voltage electrical apparatus that operate in below zero Celsius environments. At lower operating temperatures, many factors come into play affecting overall performance. Among these factors are: speed and effectiveness of cure, fracture toughness characteristics, and thermal expansion properties.
Detection of Radio Emission from GX9 + 1

Detection of a variable radio source in association with the X-ray source GX9+1, using the NRAO three-element interferometer at frequencies of 2695 and 8085 MHz. This radio source appears unresolved at all spacings, and must therefore be smaller than 1 arc sec. Two other celestial X-ray sources, GX349+2 and GX340+0 were also observed for radio emission during the same period of observations of GX9+1. These two sources should be good candidates for radio emission.
Bounding on rough terrain with the LittleDog robot

A motion planning algorithm is described for bounding over rough terrain with the LittleDog robot. Unlike walking gaits, bounding is highly dynamic and cannot be planned with quasi-steady approximations. LittleDog is modeled as a planar five-link system, with a 16-dimensional state space; computing a plan over rough terrain in this high-dimensional state space that respects the kinodynamic constraints due to underactuation and motor limits is extremely challenging. Rapidly Exploring Random Trees (RRTs) are known for fast kinematic path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces in the presence of obstacles, but search efficiency degrades rapidly with the addition of challenging dynamics. A computationally tractable planner for bounding was developed by modifying the RRT algorithm by using: (1) motion primitives to reduce the dimensionality of the problem; (2) Reachability Guidance, which dynamically changes the sampling distribution and distance metric to address differential constraints and discontinuous motion primitive dynamics; and (3) sampling with a Voronoi bias in a lower-dimensional âtask spaceâ for bounding. Short trajectories were demonstrated to work on the robot, however open-loop bounding is inherently unstable. A feedback controller based on transverse linearization was implemented, and shown in simulation to stabilize perturbations in the presence of noise and time delays.
VEGETATIVE AND FERTILE STRUCTURES OF CYATHOTHECA VENTILARIA FROM THE UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN OF THE APPALACHIAN BASIN

Permineralized stems, leaves and a fertile structure assignable to Cyathotheca Taylor are described from the Late Pennsylvanian Duquesne Coal of eastern Ohio. The new material, C. ventilaria sp. nov., provides the first evidence of vegetative structures for the genus. Vegetative parts are referred to the fertile fragments based upon distinctive vascular morphology, common histological features, and close association. Stems are up to 5.0 mm in diam and have an apparently endarch dictyostele with scalariform metaxylem tracheids. Secondary xylem consists of tracheids with bordered pitting and uniseriate, parenchymatous rays 1-9 cells high. Leaves are arranged in a 3/8 pattern. They are small, pinnately-lobed, and vascularized by an U-shaped bundle. Distal to divergence, one of the apparent leaf traces becomes radial to resemble the base of a fertile structure. This implies a mode of attachment for the fructification and suggests evidence to interpret its homologies. The fertile specimen consists of laminae that diverge from a short stalk, and bifurcate distally. Laminae bear sporangia 0.6-0.7 mm in diam attached adaxially by vascularized pedicels. Spores average 36 ,um in diam and are of the Kewaneesporites type. The combination of features now known for Cyathotheca exclude it from assignment to a currently-recognized major group of vascular plants, thus emphasizing that the Pennsylvanian coal swamp flora included a greater diversity than commonly is interpreted. THE GENUS Cyathotheca was proposed by Taylor (1972) for small, cuplike fertile structures of uncertain affinity recovered from Middle Pennsylvanian coal balls of the Illinois basin. Cyathotheca tectata consists of a whorl of fertile laminae that are fused together proximally, and that probably arise from a small stalk. Sporangia are borne on elongate pedicels extending to the inside of the cup-shaped fructification, and contain spores of the Kewaneesporites Peppers (1970) type (Taylor, 1972, 1973). No vegetative material was found. The present study describes material of Cyathotheca that is preserved in a Late Pennsylvanian coal ball from the Appalachian Basin. Among the new specimens are stems and leaves that provide the first information about the vegetative structure of Cyathotheca. A
Multi-component perfusion chromatography in fixed bed and periodic counter current column operation

Abstract A mathematical model of multi-component dynamic adsorption in columns with spherical perfusive and spherical purely diffusive adsorbent particles with a bidisperse porous structure is constructed, solved, and used to study the performance of a binary adsorption system in a single-column fixed-bed process and in a two-column periodic counter-current process in which the adsorbent is equally distributed over two beds. The total length of the two-column periodic counter-current system is equal to the length of the single-column fixed-bed system. The performance of fixed-bed and periodic counter-current systems with both perfusive and purely diffusive adsorbent particles is examined for different values of the macropore void fraction, ϵ p , the particle diameter, d p , the inlet concentration of the least pereferentially absorbed component 2, C d2,in , and the superficial velocity, V f . For the binary adsorption system studied in this work, the results show that the adsorption column must be operated in the periodic counter-current mode at low values of the superficial velocity, V f , in order to achieve high relative separation efficiency decreases somewhat and is no longer independent of ϵ p and does not depend upon ϵ p or d p . The relative separation efficiency decreases somewhat and is no longer independent of ϵ p and d p when V f is increased moderately. At high values of V f , the relative separation efficiency is unsatisfactory for all cases. The performance of systems with perfusive adsorbent particles is slightly better than the performance of systems with purely diffusive adsorbent particles for some values of V f .
The use of a cognitive task analysis-based multimedia program to teach surgical decision making in flexor tendon repair.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare the surgical knowledge of residents before and after receiving a cognitive task analysis–based multimedia teaching module. Methods Ten plastic surgery residents were evaluated performing flexor tendon repair on 3 occasions. Traditional learning occurred between the first and second trial and served as the control. A teaching module was introduced as an intervention between the second and third trial using cognitive task analysis to illustrate decision-making skills. Results All residents showed improvement in their decision-making ability when performing flexor tendon repair after each surgical procedure. The group improved through traditional methods as well as exposure to our talk-aloud protocol ( P > .01). After being trained using the cognitive task analysis curriculum the group displayed a statistically significant knowledge expansion ( P Conclusions Residents receiving cognitive task analysis–based multimedia surgical curriculum instruction achieved greater command of problem solving and are better equipped to make correct decisions in flexor tendon repair.
Pelvic Fractures in Women of Childbearing Age

Background Pelvic fractures represent major injury. Women of childbearing age who have sustained pelvic fractures question whether they can have children and what type of delivery will be possible.
Determination of multiple mycotoxins in dietary supplements containing green coffee bean extracts using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).

An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 34 mycotoxins in dietary supplements containing green coffee bean (GCB) extracts was developed, evaluated, and used in the analysis of 50 commercial products. A QuEChERS-like procedure was used for isolation of target analytes from the examined matrices. Average recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 75–110%. The precision of the method expressed as relative standard deviation was below 12%. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 1.0 to 50.0 μg/kg and from 2.5 to 100 μg/kg, respectively. Due to matrix effects, the method of standard additions was used to ensure accurate quantitation. Ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, fumonisin B1 and mycophenolic acid were found in 36%, 32%, 10%, and 16% of tested products, respectively. Mycotoxins occurred in the following concentration ranges: ochratoxin A, <1.0–136.9 μg/kg; ochratoxin B, <1.0–20.2 μg/kg; fumonisin B1...
The Crystal Structure of the Hydrolase Domain of 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase: MECHANISM OF HYDROLYSIS AND ITS INTERPLAY WITH THE DEHYDROGENASE DOMAIN *

10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH) converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, a precursor for nucleotide biosynthesis, to tetrahydrofolate. The protein comprises two functional domains: a hydrolase domain that removes a formyl group from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate and a NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase domain that reduces the formyl to carbon dioxide. As a first step toward deciphering the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme, we have determined the crystal structure of the hydrolase domain of FDH from rat, solved to 2.3-A resolution. The structure comprises two domains. As expected, domain 1 shares the same Rossmann fold as the related enzymes, methionyl-tRNA-formyltransferase and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase, but, unexpectedly, the structural similarity between the amino-terminal domain of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and methionyl-tRNA-formyltransferase extends to the C terminus of both proteins. The active site contains a molecule of β-mercaptoethanol that is positioned between His-106 and Asp-142 and that appears to mimic the formate product. We propose a catalytic mechanism for the hydrolase reaction in which Asp-142 polarizes the catalytic water molecule and His-106 orients the carbonyl group of formyl. The structure also provides clues as to how, in the native enzyme, the hydrolase domain transfers its product to the dehydrogenase domain.
Linguistic purism in action: How auxiliary tun was stigmatized in Early New High German. By Nils Langer. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001. Pp. 312. Hardcover. $97.80

Nils Langer wrote this book with one major aim: to explore whether prescriptive grammarians influenced the formation of standard German. He does this by comparing language use and metalinguistic comments in the Early New High German period and by eliminating other factors, including “… system-internal reasons (as illustrated by an analysis of ENHG language use), sociolinguistic identification (as illustrated by distributional patterns of language use, e.g., with regard to text type)” (4), or random variation. Langer aims to establish that certain constructions disappeared from standard-language use after prescriptive grammarians' objections. He does not claim that grammarians are the major “creators” of standard German, but that we must assume a certain degree of influence for certain constructions, in particular when it comes to excluding features from the standard language. With this aim in mind, he investigates the use of periphrastic tun and to a lesser degree polynegation and double perfect constructions.
Single nucleotide polymorphism arrays complement metaphase cytogenetics in detection of new chromosomal lesions in MDS.

Single nucleotide polymorphism arrays complement metaphase cytogenetics in detection of new chromosomal lesions in MDS
Histone H2A subtypes associate interchangeably in vivo with histone H2B subtypes

Abstract The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two primary sequence subtypes of histone H2B (H2B1 and H2B2) and of H2A (H2A1 and H2A2). Mutants in each of the H2B subtypes have been used to show previously that yeast cells lacking one or the other, but not both, of the H2B proteins are viable. Because H2A protein interacts in the nucleosome with H2B, we wished to determine whether specific H2A subtypes must interact with specific H2B subtypes. We describe experiments in which frameshift mutations were introduced into both of the H2A genes in vitro and the mutant genes integrated into the yeast genome, replacing the wild-type H2A genes by a subsequent recombination. Using these mutant (hta1- and hta2-) strains we find that neither H2A gene has a unique essential function during any phase of the yeast life cycle, although strains homozygous for hta1- grow more slowly. However, one functional H2A gene is required for viability because cells mutant in both H2A genes arrest at spore germination prior to bud separation. By combining these H2A mutations with the H2B mutations obtained previously, we show that all combinations of H2A and H2B subtypes produce viable cells. From these genetic experiments and electrophoretic analysis of the histone proteins of these mutants we conclude that the H2A subtypes can associate interchangeably with the H2B subtypes.
Chronic disease evolution and human aging: A general model for assessing the impact of chronic disease in human populations

A general model of the effects of physiological aging changes and systematic selection due to death or to morbid changes in a human population is presented. Parameter estimation is conducted on large longitudinal data bases. Assuming the availability of such estimates, the model is developed in a form suitable for implementation on a microcomputer. Consideration is given to simulating the effects of chronic disease on a human population using estimated parameter values and using alternative values selected to reflect various assumptions about possible interventions. An example is developed using data from the Framingham Study of cardiovascular disease.
Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): biochemical and organ weight changes.

Abstract 1. 1. Adult Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus ) were acclimated to 5 ± 1, 24 ± 1 and 34 ± 1°C for 6–8 weeks. 2. 2. Body weights of temperature acclimated gerbils did not differ significantly from controls. Organ wt/body wt ratios of liver, kidney and heart increased in cold-acclimated and decreased in heat-acclimated gerbils. Adrenal wt/body wt ratio increased in the cold and was unchanged in the heat. Relative weights of brain, spleen, lungs, brown fat and ovaries + uterus did not change with temperature acclimation. 3. 3. Cold acclimation produced significant increases in specific and total activity of brown fat αGPO and liver SO and AAO and in total activity of kidney SO; a significant decreases in liver mitochondrial ADP/O ratio with succinate as substrate; and no change in brown fat SO or liver αKGO. 4. 4. Heat acclimation produced significant decreases in specific and total activity of liver and kidney SO, and in total activity of brown fat SO and αGPO, and liver AAO and αKGO. 5. 5. The combined biochemical and organ wt changes seen in temperature-acclimated gerbils suggest that this species is capable of altering its metabolic thermogenic potential in response to a wide range of ambient temperatures.
Computational model of an integrated vision system

This paper reports progress in the development of an integrated computational model of visual perception. Ultimately, the system is planned to include as many of the stages of perceptual processing as possible. The portions described in this report include a powerful texture segmenter based on the spatial averaging of the outputs of a cluster of fallible texture analyzers, the reconstruction of three dimensional forms from sparse point samples, and the location, magnification, and rotation invariant recognition of forms based on both their local features and the arrangement of the local features.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of total lymphoid irradiation (tli) on the primary and secondary antibody response to sheep red blood cells.

Abstract The effect of total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) on the primary and secondary hemagglutinin response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied in BALB/c mice. The primary response was eliminated for 1 month and began to return by Day 44. The latter response was IgM, and the IgG response did not return until approximately 200 days after TLI. The prolonged immunosuppression required inclusion of the thymus in the radiation field. Mice treated with single-dose whole-body irradiation (WBI) regained a normal IgG response within 28 days after irradiation. Immunization of mice prior to treatment with TLI or WBI resulted in a vigorous IgG response when mice were boosted 1 month after irradiation.
Clavicular eosinophilic granuloma causing adult shoulder pain

Though rarely reported, neoplasms of the clavicle occur, and their symptoms can be mistaken for more common shoulder conditions. We present the case of a benign clavicular neoplasm, rarely seen in adults, presenting with pain, and eventual pathologic fracture in a 49 year-old. A 49 year-old male firefighter underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for shoulder pain after magnetic resonance imaging revealed supraspinatus tendon tear. The patient's pain persisted after surgery, and was described as routine until he developed severe pain after minor blunt trauma. A local Emergency Room performed the first x-rays, which revealed a pathologic fracture of the distal clavicle through a destructive lesion. The patient was referred to an orthopedic oncologist, who performed incisional biopsy, which initially diagnosed osteomyelitis. The patient was subsequently taken to surgery for debridement. Pathology then yielded the diagnosis of eosinophilic granuloma. The patient was taken back to surgery for formal curettage with open reduction and internal fixation. The patient's pain resolved, the pathologic fracture fully healed, and the patient returned to full time work as a firefighter. Though workup for common shoulder conditions often identifies incidental benign lesions of bone, the converse can be true. Persistent pain despite intervention should raise concern for further investigation. An x-ray alone can reveal a destructive bone lesion as the source of shoulder pain.
Improved molecular diagnosis by the detection of exonic deletions with target gene capture and deep sequencing.

We aimed to demonstrate the detection of exonic deletions using target capture and deep sequencing data. Sequence data from target gene capture followed by massively parallel sequencing were analyzed for the detection of exonic deletions using the normalized mean coverage of individual exons. We compared the results with those obtained from high-density exon-targeted array comparative genomic hybridization and applied similar analysis to examine samples from patients with pathogenic exonic deletions. Thirty-eight samples, each containing 2,134, 2,833, or 4,688 coding exons from different panels, with a total of 103,863 exons, were analyzed by capture–massively parallel sequencing and array comparative genomic hybridization. Ten deletions detected by array comparative genomic hybridization were all detected by massively parallel sequencing, whereas only two of three duplications were detected. We were able to detect all pathogenic exonic deletions in 11 positive cases. Thirty-one exonic copy number changes from nine perspective clinical samples were also identified. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of using the same set of sequence data to detect both point mutations and exonic deletions, thus improving the diagnostic power of massively parallel sequencing–based assays. Genet Med 17 2, 99–107.
Repetitive sequences found in the chromosome of the myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens are similar to msDNA: a possible retrotransposition event in bacteria

The first reverse transcriptase (RT) to be found in a prokaryotic cell is encoded by an element called a retron which resides in the chromosome of many different bacteria. In addition, all retrons code for a functionally obscure RNA–DNA satellite molecule called msDNA. msDNA is synthesized from an RNA template by the retron-encoded RT. An unusual retron element is described here from the myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens. This retron does not appear to have a typical RT gene in close proximity (1 kb) to the gene msd (which encodes the DNA strand of msDNA). The gene msr (which encodes the RNA strand of msDNA) appears to be duplicated and flanks both sides of the msd gene. Also discovered throughout the chromosome of this bacterium is a set of repeated sequences related to msDNA. These repeat sequences match only part of the sequence of msDNA and may have become incorporated into the chromosome of this bacterium by reverse transcription.
Dynamic minority-carrier storage in TRAPATT diodes

Abstract The occurrence of a dynamic storage of minority carriers in the highly-doped boundary regions of a TRAPATT diode and the subsequent release of these carriers into the diode's depletion region is verified for the first time in detailed computer simulations of the diode's internal dynamics. The simulations were carried out by numerical solution of the carrier transport equations in a p+−n−n+ silicon diode having a deep-diffused doping profile typical of experimental devices. The results show that it is this storage process, and not thermal generation, that controls the carrier avalanche even in very gradually graded structures. The dynamics of this phenomenon are described in detail and the implications of the results on TRAPATT oscillator performance are discussed.
Meeting Scheduling Guaranteeing n/2-Privacy and Resistant to Statistical Analysis (Applicable to any DisCSP)

Distributed problems raise privacy issues. The user would like to specify securely his constraints (desires, availability, money) on his computer once. The computer is expected to compute and communicate for searching an acceptable solution while maintaining the privacy of the user. Even without computers infested with spy viruses that capture the interaction with the user, most agent based approaches reveal parts of one agent's secret data to its partners in distributed computations [Using privacy loss to guide decisions in distributed CSP search]. Some cryptographic multi-party computation protocols [Completeness theorems for non-cryptographic fault-tolerant distributed computating] succeed to avoid leaking secrets at the computation of some functions with private inputs. They have been applied to find the set of all solutions for the meeting scheduling problem [On securely scheduling a meeting]. However, nobody yet succeeded to apply those techniques for finding a random solution to the meeting scheduling problem. Note that revealing all solutions, when you only need a single one, leaks a lot of data about when others are, or are not, available. Some answers were proposed in our previous approaches to distributed constraint problems [Solving a distributed CSP with cryptographic multi-party computations, without revealing constraints and without involving trusted servers]. They guarantee that no agent can infer with certitude a secret from the identity of the solution of the problem (other than the acceptance of the solution), but guarantee nothing about inference of probabilistic information about secrets. Our new technique answers this problem, too.
CAMHS dependency scoring: clarity and clinical relevance of the CAMHS-AID.

Aim A dependency measure (the CAMHS-AID) was developed in Birmingham and Manchester to support more accurate decisions about whether a young person can be accommodated on a child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) inpatient unit. This study aimed to test the content and face validity of the scale. Method Eighty-six nursing staff were provided with booklets of the randomly ordered CAMHS-AID items and asked to rate the clarity of the items and how well they reflected clinical practice on a 5-point scale. Results The majority of the items were given a score of four or five, indicating that the majority of the CAMHS nurses felt that the CAMHS-AID items were very clear and understandable and accurately reflected clinical practice. There was greater variance when rating the clinical relevance of the items; the higher the grade of nurse the more likely they were to rate the items a 5 for clinical relevance. Conclusion The CAMHS-AID has good content and face validity. We are continuing to investigate other aspects of validity and reliability of this context specific dependency scoring tool.
A New Approach to an Accurate Wind Chill Factor.

Abstract Winter weather often shows a severity marked by low dry-bulb temperature combined with high wind speed. The wind chill factor is now a standard meteorological term to express this severity. This factor, or more appropriately the wind chill temperature, represents that air temperature without wind that would effect the same heat loss rate from bare human skin as that due to the actual combined dry-bulb temperature and wind. Currently used wind chill factors derive from a study conducted by the U.S. Antarctic Service over 50 years ago. The data then collected was used to develop a cooling rate as a function of wind speed, which in turn was used to formulate an equation still in use today. The equation is based on primitive experiments with a container of freezing water and an unrealistically high human skin temperature. A more appropriate estimate of the thermal properties of the skin and implementation of modern heat transfer theory can provide a more realistic wind chill factor. Recent research s...
On the demise of European socialism: Andre Gunder Frank and international political economy

Thousands of works will be written on the demise of 'real, existing socialism' in Europe. The mere trickle we now see is best explained by the fact that theories of international politics and political economy are unequal to the task. The various missions, political and economic, making pilgrimages to the East carry with them 'solutions' based on theoretical frameworks that could not enlighten us as to the timing or in many cases the reasons for the crisis. The rest of the academy remains strangely quiet. Few predicted this turn of events, and popular/ ideological pronouncements provide little basis for analysis. A few representatives of major schools of thought are proclaiming some form of victory, though they do so neither loudly nor clearly. Into the muddle steps Andre Gunder Frank with a world system explanation of 'what went wrong'. Frank's perspective includes a single world system driven by capital accumulation, bifurcated into center and periphery, and punctuated by economic cycles of prosperity and crisis, and political cycles of hegemonic leadership and rivalry. Rejecting arguments based on ideological differences, Frank suggests that the socialist bloc adopted much the same strategy for economic growth as the rest of the periphery, and subsequently fell prey to a global economic crisis. As Latin American, African and some Asian countries declined, so did those of Eastern Europe. The USSR was affected through its relations with Eastern Europe, through the crisis-driven arms race that began in 1979, and by policy miscalculations in places like Afghanistan. Frank's analysis is superior to those offered by other major schools of thought, none of which fared as well as world system analysis. Frank's identification of historical continuities also provides a sense of perspective missing from other analyses. In the areas of crisis dynamics, of the similarities between eastern and southern economic policies, and as regards linkages between global and local phenomena, Frank's arguments are in need of additional support. Finally, I take issue with the four
Causal pathways for CCR5 genotype and HIV progression

Summary: A homozygous 32-bp deletion in the gene encoding CCR5, a major coreceptor for HIV-1, leads to resistance to infection with HIV-1, and heterozygosity for the deletion is associated with delayed disease progression in persons infected with HIV-1. We investigated the effect of CCR5 heterozygosity on disease progression as measured by both CD4+ T-cell count decline and the occurrence of clinical AIDS symptoms. Using a unified statistical model for CD4 count progression and AIDS development, we examined whether the effect of CCR5 heterozygosity on clinical AIDS is direct or indirect through its effect on CD4 counts. Based on data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, we noted a protective effect of CCR5 heterozygosity on both CD4 cell count progression and on AIDS occurrence. Furthermore, we found that this protective effect on the occurrence of AIDS was completely mediated through an effect on the CD4 marker. Additional adjustment for the effect of an initial viral load measurement indicate that CCR5 heterozygosity did not have predictive value for either CD4 progression or the development of AIDS beyond its association with early viral load.