cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimuli-responsive petroleum cement composite with giant expansion and enhanced mechanical properties

Abstract Shrinkage, as an inherent property of cement during the curing process, has been a concern in the oil & gas industry for centuries. Therefore, expansive cement has been studied for many decades, primarily through incorporation of expansive additives. Nevertheless, traditional expansive additives are not able to achieve the required expansive ratio or maintain a good mechanical property for the cement composite at extreme underground condition. Accordingly, a new generation of expansive additive, which not only has the required expansion, but also work at the downhole high temperature and high pressure environment, and maintain or even enhance the mechanical property, is highly desired. In this study, a high enthalpy storage shape memory polymer (SMP) as a new class of expansive additive is investigated. It is found that the cement composite achieves 1.4% circumferential expansion by only 6% by weight of SMP additives. The compressive strength and flexural strength are also enhanced at the same time, which is hardly achievable by other expansive additives with the same concertation. Good pumpability is also proved by rheological study. The mechanism controlling the enhanced properties is reveled through morphological study and element mapping analysis at the SMP/cement interface.
School-Level Efforts to Address Sexual Health and Risky Sexual Behavior Among Students in Texas Alternative High Schools.

We compared sexual/reproductive health services and sexuality education topics provided in Texas alternative high schools (AHSs) with the prevalence of sexual risk behaviors among students in AHS. ...
The role of heat treatment in light oxidation of fluid milk.

ABSTRACT Light-oxidized flavor (LOF) resulting from photooxidation of riboflavin following light exposure is one of the most common off-flavors in fluid milk. The sensory perception of LOF has been studied extensively in high temperature, short time pasteurized (HTST) milk, but few studies have evaluated ultrapasteurized (UP) milk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of heat treatment in the development of LOF in UP fluid skim milk. Skim milk was processed by HTST or by direct steam injection (DSI-UP) and subsequently exposed to 2,000-lx light-emitting diode light for various times. Sensory properties were monitored by descriptive analysis and threshold tests, and volatile compounds were evaluated by solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dissolved oxygen and riboflavin were determined at each time point using an oxygen meter and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector, respectively. The entire experiment was performed in triplicate. Typical cardboard and mushroom flavors (LOF) were detected by trained panelists in HTST milk after 3.5 h of light exposure. In contrast, LOF was not detected by trained panelists in UP milk until 36 h of light exposure. Similarly, the best estimate threshold for LOF from untrained consumers (n = 101) was higher for DSI-UP milk (61.0 h) than for HTST milk (15.2 h). Milks with LOF were characterized by higher relative abundance of the lipid oxidation compounds hexanal and heptanal. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and riboflavin concentrations decreased with increased light exposure time, and the decrease was slower in UP milk compared with HTST milk. Initial DO concentration was investigated as a possible influence in LOF development because DSI-UP milks had lower initial DO concentrations than HTST milks. However, follow-up evaluations of deaerated HTST milks suggested that DO was not a significant factor in LOF development. These results demonstrate that UP milk is less sensitive to LOF than HTST milk, possibly due to sensory masking effects or antioxidant effects of volatile sulfur compounds. An enhanced understanding of light and storage effects on milks will assist with best practices when transporting and displaying fluid milk products for sale.
Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry of kynurenine pathway metabolites

Abstract Few articles are reported for the simultaneous separation and sensitive detection of the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites. This work describes a capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry (CEC-MS) method using acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) functionalized stationary phase. The AMPS column was prepared by first performing silanization of bare silica with gamma-maps, followed by polymerization with AMPS. The CEC-MS/MS methods were established for six upstream and three downstream KP metabolites. The simultaneous separation of all nine KP metabolites is achieved without derivatization for the first time in the open literature. Numerous parameters such as pH and the concentration of background electrolyte, the concentration of the polymerizable AMPS monomer, column length, field strength, and internal pressure were all tested to optimize the separation of multiple KP metabolites. A baseline separation of six upstream metabolites, namely tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (HKYN), kynurenic acid (KA), anthranilic acid (AA), and xanthurenic acid (XA), was possible at pH 9.25 within 26 min. Separation of six downstream and related metabolites, namely: tryptamine (TRPM), hydroxy‑tryptophan (HTRP), hydroxyindole-3 acetic acid (HIAA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), picolinic acid (PA), and quinolinic acid (QA), was achieved at pH 9.75 in 30 min. However, the challenging simultaneous separation of all nine KP metabolites was only accomplished by increasing the column length and simultaneous application of internal pressure and voltage in 114 min. Quantitation of KP metabolites in commercial human plasma was carried out, and endogenous concentration of five KP metabolites was validated. The experimental limit of quantitation ranges from 100 to 10,000 nM (S/N = 8–832, respectively), whereas the experimental limit of detection ranges from 31 to 1000 nM (S/N = 2–16, respectively). Levels of five major KP metabolites, namely TRP, KYN, KA, AA, and QA, and their ratios in patient plasma samples previously screened for inflammatory biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] was measured. Pairs of the level of metabolites with significant positive correlation were statistically evaluated.
Real-world concordance between tumor mutational burden (TMB) from blood (circulating tumor DNA) and tissue in lung cancer.

e20522Background: Tumor mutational burden (TMB) level is associated with response to immunotherapy in lung cancer. However, tissue TMB can be difficult to obtain, as tissue samples obtained from bi...
Measurement to Improve Treatment Delivery: A Commentary on the HiTOP Measure Development Project.

The focus on this commentary will be on how dimensional models of psychopathology, particularly HiTOP model, have the potential to significantly streamline treatment efforts and increase the likeli...
THE ADMISSIBILITY OF REPUDIATION: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DUTCH, FRENCH AND BELGIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

This article reports on the most recent developments in Dutch, French and Belgian private international law concerning the problem of the recognition of repudiation. The comparison among the three systems—Dutch, French and Belgian—points to a noticeable disparity: France and Belgium have recently opted to strengthen their treatment of foreign repudiation. In 2005 the Netherlands decided to take a less strict approach. We review here in turn the French, Belgian, and Dutch positions.
A Capture-Recapture Approach to Estimation of Refugee Populations

The debate over immigration continues to be one of the most politically charged policy issues in the United States (US). Given the charged nature of this topic, it is vitally important to have reliable data on not only the number of US foreign nationals but also the characteristics of this extremely heterogeneous group – a population comprised not only of immigrants but also of refugees. There exist a small number of data sources for informing policy and practice at the national level. However, such data are often lacking for smaller geographical areas. This paper describes a recent effort to generate serviceable data on the immigrant and refugee population for a medium-sized metropolitan area in the US. The objectives of this research were twofold. Our first goal was to provide local stakeholders with information to assist them with resettling and obtaining funding for immigrants and refugees. The second aim was to develop better techniques for tabulating diverse refugees and immigrants in a medium-sized community. By comparing and contrasting three data sources – that is, refugee services, public schools and a local health plan – we are able to generate estimates of the local refugee and immigrant population. During the period from 2005 to 2007, we estimate the total number of immigrants and refugees in the community to be somewhere between 10,938 and 13,282. Although perhaps a bit on the high end due to methodological assumptions, these estimates seem plausible, based on previously cited figures for the region. While such estimates are valuable, a number of shortcomings related to the data prevent us from painting a more complete picture of these populations. We conclude this paper with a number of recommendations that will assist others in planning research designed to inform migration policy and practice in medium-sized metropolitan areas.
Characterization of Mild Thermal Stress in Pseudomonas fluorescens and Its Repair

The exposure of exponentially growing Pseudomonas fluorescens P7 cells to heating at 36 C for 2 h in a defined medium, followed by cooling to 25 C and further incubation at this, the optimal growth temperature, resulted in the apparent death of approximately 99% of the cells, as determined by their inability to form colonies on Trypticase soy agar. Continued incubation at 25 C resulted in an extremely rapid increase in the Trypticase soy agar count, demonstrating that the phenomenon observed was not death but rather injury. Presumptive evidence of heat-stimulated ribonucleic acid (RNA) degradation and membrane damage was provided by the observed loss of 260-nm absorbing materials. Confirmation of RNA degradation was obtained by colorimetric analysis. Ribosomal RNA from normal and injured cells, which was electrophoretically separated on polyacrylamide gels, revealed that the 23S and 16S species were only partially destroyed. Inhibitor studies demonstrated, however, that RNA synthesis was necessary for recovery. The unusual accumulation of 17S RNA during recovery pointed to the presence of a heat-induced lesion in the RNA maturation process. A thermally induced membrane lesion is also discussed.
Censorship resistance revisited

“Censorship resistant” systems attempt to prevent censors from imposing a particular distribution of content across a system. In this paper, we introduce a variation of censorship resistance (CR) that is resistant to selective filtering even by a censor who is able to inspect (but not alter) the internal contents and computations of each data server, excluding only the server's private signature key. This models a service provided by operators who do not hide their identities from censors. Even with such a strong adversarial model, our definition states that CR is only achieved if the censor must disable the entire system to filter selected content. We show that existing censorship resistant systems fail to meet this definition; that Private Information Retrieval (PIR) is necessary, though not sufficient, to achieve our definition of CR; and that CR is achieved through a modification of PIR for which known implementations exist.
The Evolution of the Public Trust Doctrine and the Degradation of Trust Resources: Courts, Trustees and Political Power in Wisconsin

The public trust doctrine is rooted in ancient Roman law and the Wisconsin Constitution. Ancient Roman jurists believed that the natural law concept that the waters are common to all was not subject to the changing whims of legis- latures. Similarly, modern theorists assert that a constitutionally-based doctrine will be more insulated from politics. This Comment demonstrates the limits of these theories. The trust doctrine is not immutable. Based on interviews with the trustees of Wisconsin's water resources, this Comment uncovers the constraints on the trustees. It shows that trust resources are at risk due to politically-motivated decisions and lax enforcement.
A Comparative Study of Dent Resistance Incorporating Forming Effects

Dent resistance is an important attribute in the automotive panel design, and the ability to accurately predict a panel's dentability requires careful considerations of sheet metal properties, including property changes from stamping process. The material is often work-hardened significantly during forming, and its thickness is reduced somewhat. With increased demand for weight reduction, vehicle designers are seriously pushing to use thinner-gauged advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) as outer body panels such as fenders, hoods and decklids, with the expectation that its higher strength will offset reduced thickness in its dentability. A comparative study is conducted in this paper for a BH210 steel fender as baseline design and thinner DP500 steel as the new design. Forming effects are incorporated in the dent resistance analysis for both designs and results are presented to demonstrate the importance of considering forming effects in dentability simulation, especially for AHSS which tend to exhibit more rapid hardening than traditional steels. A detailed DOE study investigates effects of work-hardening, thickness-change, and bake-hardening on the denting simulation results. Important parameters affecting CAE denting results are identified, which in turn provides guidelines for production applications.
Die gerade Linie

Es sei g eine beliebige Gerade und P ein beliebiger Punkt auf g mit den Koordinaten (x; y).
Endoscopic facial rejuvenation.

The endoscopic facial rejuvenation approach allows for repositioning of the forehead, brows, and periorbital and malar tissues. Through minimal incisions and using magnification for soft-tissue dissections, the endoscopic approach allows surgeons to reach areas that are otherwise difficult to approach with the open face technique, maintaining a normal plane of cleavage and protecting structures (motor branches of facial nerves) while allowing wide soft-tissue mobilization. These procedures are indicated for forehead periorbital and upper face rejuvenation with minimal to moderate improvement of the jaw area. It can be performed alone or in conjunction with the open approach for correcting lower face and neck aging. Indications, advantages, and complications are discussed in this article.
Modeling the potential public health impact of prepregnancy obesity on adverse fetal and infant outcomes.

Objective: Approximately one-third of US reproductive-aged women are obese, and prepregnancy obesity is a strong risk factor for adverse fetal and infant outcomes. The annual number of preventable adverse fetal and infant outcomes associated with prepregnancy obesity in the US was estimated. Design and Methods: Adverse fetal and infant outcomes for which statistically significant associations with prepregnancy obesity had been reported by peer-reviewed meta-analyses, which included fetal deaths and nine different major birth defects, were assessed. The true prevalence of prepregnancy obesity was estimated by multiplying self-reported prepregnancy obesity by a bias factor based on the difference between measured and self-reported obesity in US adult women. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was used to model the attributable fraction and preventable number, accounting for uncertainty in the estimates for: [1] strength of the association with obesity, [2] obesity prevalence, and [3] outcome prevalence. Results: Eliminating the impact of prepregnancy obesity would potentially prevent the highest numbers of four outcomes: fetal deaths (6,990; uncertainty interval [UI] 4,110-10,080), congenital heart defects (2,850; UI 1,035-5,065), hydrocephalus (490; UI 150-850), and spina bifida (405; UI 305-505). If 10% of women with prepregnancy obesity achieved a healthy weight before pregnancy or otherwise mitigated the impact of obesity, nearly 300 congenital heart defects and 700 fetal deaths per year could potentially be prevented. Conclusion: This simulation suggests that effective prevention strategies to reduce prepregnancy obesity or the risk associated with obesity could have a measurable impact on infant health in the US.
The teaching of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)

MEMS technology is now where integrated circuit technology was about 30 years ago. It is clearly going to be pervasively important. Both commercial volume and patents on MEMS are growing at rates exceeding 20% annually. The teaching of MEMS technology, now in its early stages, must keep pace. Most universities with an engineering program will have to teach MEMS technology starting within the next decade. This paper summarizes the state of the MEMS instruction regarding available texts and other materials, and especially current short courses and ordinary university courses. Two courses on the production and applications of MEMS, which are planned for the George Washington University (USA) in the coming academic year, are outlined. Possibilities for laboratory courses on MEMS are also presented.
Age-associated changes in cognitive function in highly educated adults : Emerging myths and realities

The effects of education and continued intellectual engagement on age-associated cognitive change were investigated in a sample of 102 members of the professional and college communities in the metro Atlanta Georgia area (ages 30-76). All participants were administered a 60-minute battery that measured different aspects of memory, intelligence and cognitive performance. Age-associated declines in performance were detected on the digit symbol measure of intelligence. Conversely, positive but non-significant trends were detected on the picture completion, arithmetic and similarities subtests. Age effects were also noted on some measures of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and both versions of the Trail Making Test. The findings suggest that at least among the highly educated, certain cognitive abilities may receive some degree of amelioration as a consequence of continued intellectual engagement. However, the effects may be associated more with compensation rather than protection against the effects of ageing.
Implantation profiles of 18O in Al, Si, Mg, Al2O3, MgO and MgAl2O4

Abstract Oxygen of isotopic mass 18 was implanted at energies of 2 MeV, 900 keV and 250 keV into aluminum, silicon, magnesium, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and magnesium aluminate spinel. Following implantations near room temperature, implantation profiles of 18O in each material were measured by nuclear reaction analysis using the 18O (p, α) 15N reaction. The mean projected range, range straggling and skewness were extracted from the implantation profiles by statistical analysis and compared with the range moments predicted by the simulation codes TRIM and E-DEP-1. The measured mean projected ranges and range stragglings were found to agree well with the calculated values. Less agreement existed between measured and theoretical values of the skewness.
The nuclear physics of hyperfine structure in hydrogenic atoms

Abstract The theory of QED corrections to hyperfine structure in light hydrogenic atoms and ions has recently advanced to the point that the uncertainty of these corrections is much smaller than 1 part per million (ppm), while the experiments are even more accurate. The difference of the experimental results and the corresponding QED theory is due to nuclear effects, which are primarily the result of the finite nuclear charge and magnetization distributions. This difference varies from tens to hundreds of ppm. We have calculated the dominant nuclear component of the 1s hyperfine interval for deuterium, tritium and singly ionized helium, using a unified approach with modern second-generation potentials. The calculated nuclear corrections are within 3% of the experimental values for deuterium and tritium, but are roughly 20% discrepant for helium. The nuclear corrections for the trinucleon systems can be qualitatively understood by invoking SU(4) symmetry.
Challenges in structure prediction of oligomeric proteins at the united-residue level: searching the multiple-chain energy landscape with CSA and CFMC.

A revised version of the Conformational Space Annealing (CSA) global optimization method is developed, with three separate measures of structural similarity, in order to overcome the inability of a single distance measure to evaluate multiple-chain protein structures adequately. A second search method, Conformational Family Monte Carlo (CFMC), involving genetic-type moves, Monte Carlo-with-minimization perturbations, and explicit clustering of the population into conformational families, is adapted to treat multiple-chain proteins. These two methods are applied to two oligomeric proteins, the retro-GCN4 leucine zipper and the synthetic domain-swapped dimer. CFMC proves superior to CSA in its search for low-energy representatives of its conformational families, but both methods encounter difficulty in finding the native packing arrangements in the absence of native-like symmetry constraints, even when native monomers are present in the population. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers: 318–332, 2003
Cellular uptake mechanisms of novel anionic siRNA lipoplexes.

To investigate cellular uptake pathways of novel anionic siRNA-lipoplexes as a function of formulation composition. Anionic formulations with anionic lipid/Ca2+/siRNA ratio of 1.3/2.5/1 (AF1) and 1.3/0.3/1 (AF2) were utilized. Uptake mechanisms were investigated using uptake inhibition and co-localization approaches in breast cancer cells. Actin-mediated uptake was investigated using actin polymerization and rearrangement assays. Silencing efficiency and endosomal escaping capability of lipoplexes were evaluated. The cationic formulation Lipofectamine-2000 was used as a control. Anionic lipoplexes entered the breast cancer cells via endocytosis specifically via macropinocytosis or via both macropinocytosis and HSPG (heparin sulfate proteoglycans) pathways, depending on the Ca2+/siRNA ratio. Additionally, uptake of these lipoplexes was both microtubule and actin dependent. The control cationic lipid-siRNA complexes (Lipofectamine-2000) were internalized via both endocytic (phagocytosis, HSPG) and non-endocytic (membrane fusion) pathways. Their uptake was microtubule independent but actin dependent. Silencing efficiency of the AF2 formulation was negligible mainly due to poor endosomal release (rate-limiting step). Formulation composition significantly influences the internalization mechanism of anionic lipoplexes. Uptake mechanism together with formulation bioactivity helped in identification of the rate-limiting steps to efficient siRNA delivery. Such studies are extremely useful for formulation optimization to achieve enhanced intracellular delivery of nucleic acids.
Ground and excited state structural isomers in trans-[Ru(bpy)2(L)2](PF6)2

Abstract Spectroscopic evidence is presented for different structural isomers of trans -[Ru(bpy) 2 (L 1 )(L 1 )] 2+ (L 1 or L 2 =4-Etpy ( 1 ), py-PTZ) in which bpy is planar or nonplanar compared to cis -[Ru(bpy) 2 (py) 2 ] 2+ or [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ in which bpy is planar. The nonplanar form is dominant in the ground states in low temperature glasses. The two forms appear to be in a temperature dependent equilibrium in 4:1 (v/v) ethanol/methanol at higher temperatures. The nonplanar form is converted into the planar form in the MLCT excited state(s) of 1 .
ADDIMER DIFFUSIION ON THE Si(100) SURFACE

Diffusion of silicon addimer along the trough and from the trough to the top of dimer row on the Si(100) surface are investigated by tight-binding molecular dynamics calculations using the environment-dependent tight-binding silicon potential and by ab initio calculations using the Car–Parrinello method. The studies discover new diffusion pathways consisting of rotation of addimer. These new pathways have energy barriers in excellent agreement with experiment data and are more energetically favorable than other diffusion pathways studied previously.
Heptavax-B in pediatric dialysis patients: effect of systemic lupus erythematosus

Twenty-three pediatric dialysis patients 16 hemodialysis (HD) and 17 peritoneal dialysis (PD)], with a mean age of 13.9 years, were vaccinated against hepatitis B virus and their seroconversion rates were analyzed. There was no significant difference in the mean duration of dialysis between the HD and PD groups, or between responders and nonresponders to the vaccine. In the HD group, there was a response rate of 83.3% while the PD patients had a response rate of 88.2%. The only patients failing to seroconvert after the three vaccine series all had systemic lupus erythematosus and were taking oral corticosteroids.
The role of Src family kinases in the normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal tract

Src family kinases are a group of non-receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate signal transduction pathways involved in the growth and differentiation of normal tissues. Considerable evidence exists for a role of these proteins in neoplastic progression in various organ systems including the nervous, hematopoietic and skeletal systems. In addition, the role of the Src kinase family has been characterized for colon cancer, but only limited progress has been made in delineating the role of Src kinases in the normal gastrointestinal (GI) tract and extracolonic GI cancers. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of the Src family kinases in the normal and neoplastic GI tract.
Deformation Limits in Shape-Memory Polymers

This paper examines the link between polymer structure, temperature, and thermomechanics of shape-memory polymer networks. Strain to failure of the networks was extremely dependent on test temperature and reached a significant maximum near the onset of glass transition; a phenomenon denoted the deformability peak. A new protocol for maximizing stored strain in shape-memory polymers is presented and the results are discussed in regards to biomedical applications.
Stimulus Sampling and Social Psychological Experimentation

The authors discuss the problem with failing to sample stimuli in social psychological experimentation. Although commonly construed as an issue for external validity, the authors emphasize how failure to sample stimuli also can threaten construct validity. They note some circumstances where the need for stimulus sampling is less obvious and more obvious, and they discuss some well-known cognitive biases that can contribute to the failure of researchers to see the need for stimulus sampling. Data are presented from undergraduate students (N = 106), graduate students (N = 72), and psychology faculty (N = 48) showing insensitivity to the need for stimulus sampling except when the problem is made rather obvious. Finally, some of the statistical implications of stimulus sampling with particular concern for power, effect size estimates, and data analysis strategies are noted.
Theoretical Study of a New Transition Sequence in III-V Compounds: High-Pressure Phases of InSb

A detailed study of the pressure-induced phase transitions at zero temperature in InSb up to 40 GPa using a first-principles pseudopotential total-energy method is presented. In addition to InSb(I) (cubic) and (II) (polar β-Sn), we identify InSb(III) as a hexagonal phase (found earlier for GaSb) and (VI) as a polar bcc phase in agreement with recent experiments. New structural models, orthorhombic polar β-Sn and bodycentered orthorhombic, are proposed as candidates for the InSb(IV) and (V) phases based on total-energy minimizations. These findings are compared with recent results for GaAs to illustrate the trends in transition paths among III–V compounds.
A rapidly activating type of outward rectifier K+ current and A-current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones

1. The properties of calcium-independent (i.e. persisting in the absence of external calcium) depolarization-activated potassium currents in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurones (n = 75) were studied under voltage-clamp conditions with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in rat hypothalamic slices (150-175 microns). 2. Two distinct types of potassium currents were found. One was a rapidly activating and slowly inactivating type of outward rectifier (named IK(FR) for fast rectifier potassium current), similar to a potassium current described in cardiac muscle, and the other was a transient A-current (IA). 3. The rates of activation and deactivation of IK(FR) were voltage dependent. Time constants of activation fitted to n4 kinetics and declined from 3.5 ms (at -20 mV) to 1.1 ms (at 60 mV). Inactivation had a biexponential time course with voltage-independent time constants of 0.3 s (minor component) and 3.0 s (major component) between 10 and 50 mV. IK(FR) was activated above -40 mV with a V1/2 (membrane potential at half-maximal activation) of 14 +/- 2 mV and slope factor of -17 +/- 1 mV reaching a conductance (not maximal) of 10.8 +/- 1.7 nS at 60 mV. Steady-state inactivation had a slope factor of 11 +/- 1 mV. 4. IK(FR) was highly selective for K+ (PNa/PK = 0.002). Tetraethylammonium (TEA) reduced IK(FR) reversibly (IC50 = 20 mM), while 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) at 10 mM had little effect. The remaining current in 30 mM TEA was similar to that in control conditions, indicating that TEA reduced IK(FR) rather than revealed an additional TEA-resistant current. 5. The rate of IA activation was voltage dependent with time to peak declining from 8.5 ms (at -40 mV) to 3.6 ms (at 60 mV). Inactivation had a biexponential time course with voltage-dependent and voltage-independent time constants. The two components were similar in amplitude. IA was activated above -60 mV, reaching a maximal conductance of 3.6 +/- 0.4 nS at above 20 mV. Steady-state inactivation was complete above -10 mV. Rates of onset of inactivation (at -40 mV) and recovery from inactivation (at -100 mV) were similar with time constants of 39 +/- 5 and 41 +/- 9 ms, respectively. 6. IK(FR) and IA were found in every neurone tested in the SCN and in all locations throughout the nucleus. The possible function of these currents is discussed, particularly in relation to the circadian rhythm of firing rate in the SCN.
Inhibition of the bioenergetic functions of isolated rat liver mitochondria by polyamines

Abstract The abilities of the naturally occuring polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, to affect variables related to the bioenergetic functions of isolated rat liver mitochondria were studied. At concentrations comparable to those present intracellularly, the polyamines inhibited state 4 respiration, but they had much less effect on state 3 or uncoupled respiration. The concentrations required to produce 25% inhibition (I25) of state 4 respiration varied according to the polyamine, with putrescine being least effective (I25, 20mM) and spermidine and spermine being more effective and comparable (I25, 7.5 and 7.0mM respectively). This inhibition was antagonized by 15 mM potassium and enhanced by valinomycin and 4 mM magnesium. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme of outer mitochondrial membrane, was also observed to occur. Addition of polyamines to mitochondrial suspensions caused an increase in the optical density and protected against the swelling effects of sublytic concentrations of Triton X-100. By electron microscopy, polyamines were found to cause the outer mitochondrial compartment to collapse bringing the inner and outer membranes into apparent contact with one another. The electrophoretic mobility of mitochondria toward the anode was markedly slowed by polyamines (i.e. 50% by 1.25 mM spermine), indicating surface binding and neutralization of the negative surface charge. In almost all of the above mitochondrial effects, spermine and spermidine were similar in effectiveness and putrescine was less effective. It is suggested that polyamines may be capable of modulating respiration of isolated mitochondria by binding to non-specific anionic sites at the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Neutralization of the net negative surface potential may interfere with cation fluxes across the membrane, particularly those of potassium.
DNA-Mediated Signaling

Many experiments have now shown that double helical DNA can serve as a conduit for efficient charge transport over long distances. We have seen, for example, that oxidative damage to DNA can be promoted from a distance as a DNA-mediated redox process. Photophysical, electrochemical and biochemical experiments have been conducted to characterize this chemistry. Uniquely, this chemistry is exquisitely sensitive to perturbations in the DNA base stack, such as arise with base mismatches, lesions, and protein binding. We have explored how this chemistry may be used within the cell for long range signaling. Studies are described where DNA charge transport is utilized in signaling DNA-bound proteins, both to regulate transcription and to activate repair of base lesions under conditions of oxidative stress. DNA charge transport chemistry provides an opportunity to carry out redox chemistry at a distance.
Prolonged survival of adrenalectomized-nephrectomized rats on a low potassium diet.

SummaryAdrenalectomized-nephrectomized rats fed a chow diet before operation have a high mortality rate. If the animals are prepared preoperatively for 3 days on a lowpotassium diet, the adrenalectomized animals survive longer than rats with intact adrenals. The rate of production of urea is normal immediately after adrenalectomy, and fails to accelerate in the manner characteristic of rats which intact adrenals subjected to starvation and uremia. The blood urea nitrogen level at death is lower in adrenalectomized than in control animals. Administration of adrenal ccrtical extract to adrenalectomized-nephrectomized rats tends to restore the survival time and terminal blood urea nitrogen level to control values.
Minimal genus of abelian actions on Klein surfaces with boundary

For a finite group G, the Hurwitz problem is to determine the genera of the surfaces which admit an effective G-action. (For a closed surface, genus means the number of handles, in the orientable case, or the number of crosscaps, in the nonorientable case. For a punctured or bounded surface, it means the algebraic genus, which is the rank of the fundamental group as a free group, or equivalently the first Betti number of the surface.) When the surface has negative Euler characteristic, various uniformization theorems allow one to assume that the action is conformal with respect to some Riemannian structure, dianalytic with respect to some dianalytic structure (i.e. Kleinian structure, see [A-G]), or isometric with respect to some complete hyperbolic structure with geodesic boundary (see Chap. 13 of [T1]). When the surfaces are Riemann surfaces, the problem is often considered for conformal (hence orientation-preserving) actions, but in the present work we make no restriction on orientability of the surface or the action. Although there are some results which concern the "s table" Hurwitz problem the determination up to finitely many cases of the genera admitting G-actions [K], [M-M] most attention has been focused on the determination of the minimal genus (g>2) admitting a G-action. Hurwitz [H2] found the general
11 The Effect of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) on Red Cell Glucose Metabolism

HGH has been found to inhibit glucose consumption in the intact erythrocyte and in hemolysates. The inhibition is dose dependent and species specific. Inhibition of glucose consumption is associated with a rise in red cell levels of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate and with an increase in the % of the glucose metabolized via the pentose pathway. These effects suggest that HGH may alter red cell glucose consumption by inhibition of phosphofructokinase activity. Incubation of crude HGH in a final concentration of 128 μg/ml produced a 55.1±4.7 % decrease in red cell glucose consumption in 21 normal adults. Red cells from premature infants showed a 37.5 % inhibition, term infants 45.9 %, children 3 months to 12 years 51.2 %, and individuals over age 65 only 17.0 %. Five patients with hypopituitarism responded in a normal fashion—52.4% inhibition while 3 patients of short stature with normal levels of HGH showed responses of only 19.9, 18.2 and 12.3 % and one of these individuals showed no growth response after 3 months of HGH therapy. The decreased inhibitory effect observed in the erythrocytes of premature infants, the aged, and in certain individuals with short stature may reflect end organ unresponsiveness. This simple in vitro test may be useful in predicting HGH responsiveness and in further defining the mechanism of action of this hormone in a cell that metabolizes only carbohydrates. (SPR)
Shying away from the Trojan horse

‘Thus, you are going to see a retreat by American companies overseas. Unless a business can stand the test of profitability it is not going to be expanded and, indeed, it might be restricted.’
Growth, fabrication, and testing of bismuth tri-iodide semiconductor radiation detectors

Abstract Bismuth tri-iodide (BiI 3 ) is an attractive material for high energy resolution radiation detectors. For the purpose of this research, detectors were fabricated using single crystals grown from ultra-pure BiI 3 powder; synthesized by the Physical Vapor Transport (PVT) technique. This technique yielded powder with total impurity level of 7.9 ppm. Efforts were also made to purify commercial BiI 3 powder using a custom-built Traveling Zone Refining (TZR) system. Initial trial runs were successful in reducing the total impurity level of the commercial powder from 200 ppm to less than 50 ppm. Using the modified vertical Bridgman technique and a customized sharp tip ampoule, a large BiI 3 single crystal was grown. The crystal had a surface area of 2.2 cm 2 and a thickness of 0.8 cm, which corresponds to a volume of 1.78 cm 3 . Radiation detectors were fabricated and then tested by measuring their electrical characteristics and radiation response. An alpha particle spectrum (using a 241 Am α -source) was recorded at room temperature with a BiI 3 detector 0.09 cm thick and with a surface area of 0.16 cm 2 . The electron mobility was estimated to be 433 ± 79 cm 2 /V.
Airline safety: Perceived and actual

This study investigated how the American traveler perceives U.S. and foreign airlines in terms of safety, and compared that perception to the actual safety records of the same airlines. In addition, the relation of the respondents' ethnic origin and safety perceptions was examined. Results indicate that 1) there is a substantial portion of the population that favors U.S. airlines regardless of individual ethnic origin, 2) of those individuals who do not favor U.S. airlines there is a significant relationship between ethnic origin and the carrier's country of origin, and 3) there exists a considerable misperception of airline safety.
Experimental papilledema in the dog induced by a salicylanilide

Abstract Dogs given 3–11 doses po of 100 mg/kg/day of rafoxanide [3,5-diiodo-3′-chloro-4′-( p -chlorophenoxy) salicylanilide] developed bilateral equatorial cataracts, papilledema, vacuolation of the optic nerve, optic chiasma, white matter of the brain and spinal cord and focal vacuolation of sciatic nerve. Other toxicologic manifestations included increased glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum alkaline phosphatase, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, focal hepatic necrosis and lymphoid necrosis in lymph nodes and the intestine. The pathogenesis of the ocular and neural lesions was related to increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure probably due to an increased amount of fluid in the cranial cavity, brain swelling and meningeal inflammation around optic nerve and optic chiasma.
Silent ischemia: to treat or not.

Abstract As worded, the question “Should silent ischemia be treated?” needs to be examined carefully, assuming that silent ischemia is even the correct topic of the question. The way the question is phrased influences the answer. The more the question's permutations are examined, the clearer it becomes that the problem is one of definition. Our conceptualization of the ischemic process is still incomplete, and the question of whether to treat silent ischemia remains. Ultimately, the decision will depend on demonstrable benefit for prognosis. Every acute ischemic syndrome is indicative of poor prognosis, independent of other factors associated with adverse outcome and of the method of measurement. The true determinant of the need to treat is the total ischemic pattern, and how silent ischemia and angina fit within that context is not yet known.
The Social Desirability of Trait Descriptive Terms: Preliminary Norms and Sex Differences

(1961). The Social Desirability of Trait Descriptive Terms: Preliminary Norms and Sex Differences. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 225-233.
Detecting bottlenecks in serial production lines – a focus on interdeparture time variance

This work addresses an important problem in industry – locating the bottleneck in a production line – and suggests a practical approach to accomplish that end. We describe and validate, using discrete event simulation, a novel method of bottleneck detection in open, asynchronous serial production lines with finite buffers. The technique uses a single measure – station interdeparture time variance – to locate the system bottleneck. The proposed method is compared to other bottleneck detection approaches and it is shown that the proposed method performs as well and sometimes better than other methods. We conclude that the proposed approach has a number of significant advantages. It is easy to use and implement, not requiring data about failure and repair times, raw process times, buffer sizes, etc., but instead uses a single piece of easily obtained real-time production line data – station work-in-process (WIP) interdeparture time. The proposed method can identify production constraints without the need to ...
Expression of p53, transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, and c-erbB-2 in endometrial carcinoma and correlation with survival and known predictors of survival.

Abnormal expression of p53, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and c-erbB-2 occurs in a variety of cancers and in some cases is associated with poor prognosis. Immunoperoxidase staining using these markers in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded endometrial carcinoma tissue was performed to determine whether immunoreactivity correlates with survival and known prognostic variables. Cases included 84 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, five adenoacanthomas, 12 adenosquamous carcinomas, 11 serous carcinomas, 15 clear cell carcinomas, and one carcinosarcoma for a total of 128 cases. Frequencies of immunoreactivity were as follows: p53, 37 of 128 (29%); TGF alpha, strong (2+) 23 of 128 (18%) and intermediate (1+) 26 of 128 (20%); EGFR, strong (3+) 21 of 128 (16%) and intermediate (2+ or 1+) 83 of 128 (65%); and c-erbB-2, strong (2+) four of 128 (2%) and intermediate (1+) three of 128 (1%). p53 and TGF alpha staining showed statistically significant correlations with decreased length of survival (P < .0017 and P < .0013, respectively, generalized Savage [Mantel Cox]). p53 immunoreactivity correlated with tumor types, grade, and stage. Transforming growth factor alpha staining correlated with increased depth of invasion and presence of vascular invasion. Epidermal growth factor receptor staining did not correlate with length of survival or known prognostic variables. c-erbB-2 staining correlated with tumor type. In the multivariate analysis p53 and TGF alpha staining were not independent predictors of survival when other variables were taken into account, including grade, stage, tumor type, presence of vascular invasion, and depth of invasion. Grade and stage were the only independent predictors of survival when used in combination in a Cox proportional hazards model.
Acceptability of Fat Supplements in Four Dairy Herds

Abstract Intake of three granular fat supplements, sodium-alginate encapsulated dry tallow, calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids, prilled long-chain fatty acids, and tallow were compared using 209 dairy cattle from four dairy herds. Cows were presented with 454 g of fat for 15 min either alone, top-dressed, mixed with grain, or alone following a 1-wk adaptation to the fat. Intake was qualitatively scored at the end of the 15-min period as 0 = no, 1 = partial, or 2 = total consumption of the 454 g of fat, and when possible, intake was determined quantitatively. When feeding fat alone without prior adaptation, tallow had a greater qualitative intake score than other fats, but the difference between tallow and prilled long chain fatty acids was not significant. Following adaptation, intake of calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids was lower than for other fats, which reflected an inability of cows to adapt to this fat relative to the others. Qualitative intake scores of the three granular fats were similar when they were top-dressed, and intake of encapsulated dry tallow was significantly greater than for tallow. No significant differences in intake among fats were observed when they were presented as part of a grain mix. Relative acceptability of fats varied among herds. To minimize the likelihood of reductions in feed intake when fat is introduced into dairy rations, cows should be adapted to the fat, and if possible, the fat should be diluted with other feed ingredients.
Investigating impacts of forest fires in Alaska and western Canada on regional weather over the northeastern United States using CAM5 global simulations to constrain transport to a WRF‐Chem regional domain

An aerosol-enabled globally driven regional modeling system has been developed by coupling the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem). In this modeling system, aerosol-enabled CAM5, a state-of-the-art global climate model is downscaled to provide coherent meteorological and chemical boundary conditions for regional WRF-Chem simulations. Aerosol particle emissions originating outside the WRF-Chem domain can be a potentially important nonlocal aerosol source. As a test case, the potential impacts of nonlocal forest fire aerosols on regional precipitation and radiation were investigated over the northeastern United States during the summer of 2004. During this period, forest fires in Alaska and western Canada lofted aerosol particles into the midtroposphere, which were advected across the United States. WRF-Chem simulations that included nonlocal biomass burning aerosols had domain-mean aerosol optical depths that were nearly three times higher than those without, which reduced peak downwelling domain-mean shortwave radiation at the surface by ~25 W m-2. In this classic twin experiment design, adding nonlocal fire plume led to near-surface cooling and changes in cloud vertical distribution, while variations in domain-mean cloud liquid water path were negligible. The higher aerosol concentrations in the simulation with the fire plume resulted in a ~10% reduction in domain-mean precipitation coincident with an ~8% decrease in domain-mean CAPE. A suite of simulations was also conducted to explore sensitivities of meteorological feedbacks to the ratio of black carbon to total plume aerosols, as well as to overall plume concentrations. Results from this ensemble revealed that plume-induced near-surface cooling and CAPE reduction occur in a wide range of conditions. The response of moist convection was very complex because of strong thermodynamic internal variability. Key Points Nonlocal fire emissions resulted in ~10% precipitation reduction Nonlocal fire emissions reduced peak surface shortwave radiation at by 25 W m-2 An aerosol-enabled globally driven regional modeling system is developed ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.