cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIMULATION OF PLANAR SOFT TISSUES USING A STRUCTURAL CONSTITUTIVE MODEL: FINITE ELEMENT IMPLEMENTATION AND VALIDATION

Abstract Computational implementation of physical and physiologically realistic constitutive models is critical for numerical simulation of soft biological tissues in a variety of biomedical applications. It is well established that the highly nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical behaviors of soft tissues are an emergent behavior of the underlying tissue microstructure. In the present study, we have implemented a structural constitutive model into a finite element framework specialized for membrane tissues. We noted that starting with a single element subjected to uniaxial tension, the non-fibrous tissue matrix must be present to prevent unrealistic tissue deformations. Flexural simulations were used to set the non-fibrous matrix modulus because fibers have little effects on tissue deformation under three-point bending. Multiple deformation modes were simulated, including strip biaxial, planar biaxial with two attachment methods, and membrane inflation. Detailed comparisons with experimental data were undertaken to insure faithful simulations of both the macro-level stress–strain insights into adaptations of the fiber architecture under stress, such as fiber reorientation and fiber recruitment. Results indicated a high degree of fidelity and demonstrated interesting microstructural adaptions to stress and the important role of the underlying tissue matrix. Moreover, we apparently resolve a discrepancy in our 1997 study ( Billiar and Sacks, 1997 . J. Biomech. 30 (7), 753–756) where we observed that under strip biaxial stretch the simulated fiber splay responses were not in good agreement with the experimental results, suggesting non-affine deformations may have occurred. However, by correctly accounting for the isotropic phase of the measured fiber splay, good agreement was obtained. While not the final word, these simulations suggest that affine fiber kinematics for planar collagenous tissues is a reasonable assumption at the macro level. Simulation tools such as these are imperative in the design and simulation of native and engineered tissues.
Technetium‐99m‐sestamibi Redistribution after Exercise Stress Test Identified by a Novel Cardiac Gamma Camera: Two Case Reports

Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) employing technetium-99m (Tc-99m)-based imaging tracers is the mainstay of nuclear cardiology for the detection of myocardial ischemia. Current guidelines for same day rest/stress Tc-99m-sestamibi SPECT MPI recommend image acquisition 15-60 minutes after the stress testing. A novel sensitive SPECT imaging technique, D-SPECT, allows fast acquisition of images and captures rapid changes in radiotracer distribution. Here we report 2 cases of SPECT MPI in patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD) where Tc-99m-sestamibi exhibited marked redistribution between early (6-8 min) and late (60-70 min) post-stress imaging leading to an underestimation of the extent and severity of ischemia on late images. These observations suggest that early imaging maybe more sensitive for CAD detection. Fast SPECT imaging techniques, such as D-SPECT, will facilitate similar studies in the future as they will allow fast image acquisition at several time points after the stress test.
Density functional theory on the larger active site models for [NiFe] hydrogenases : Two-state reactivity?

Abstract The mechanism for H 2 activation catalyzed by [NiFe] hydrogenases is investigated with a series of models for the Ni(II) and Ni(III) forms in both high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) states by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) calculations. The geometry optimizations include unconstrained models, partially constrained (to the crystal structure parameters) models and models with addition of nearby protein residues. Several uncertainties concerning the mechanism are addressed in our study: (1) the oxidation state of the active species that binds and cleaves H 2 ; (2) the structures and spin states prevalent in active site forms; (3) the influence of the surrounding protein environments on the active site. Adding the nearby protein residues to a fairly rigid active site framework stablizes the LS Ni(II) species. Although models for Ni–SI forms, with a vacant binding site, still prefer HS, addition of H 2 or CO stablizes the LS form. Thus, access to this LS state and two-state reactivity may play a role in the mechanism. Furthermore, the more complete protein models show that the energetic preference for the binding site for both H 2 and CO changes from Fe to Ni. This change brings the computational results in closer accord with the experimental ones.
New Ways to Promote Proenvironmental Behavior: Human Nature and Environmentally Responsible Behavior

This article constitutes a search for a people-oriented approach to encouraging environmentally responsible behavior. It attempts to provide a source of motivations, reduce the corrosive sense of helplessness, and generatesolutions to environmental problems that do not undermine the quality of life of the people who are affected. The altruism-centered approach currently popular in the academic literature, by contrast, is seen as contributing to helplessness and focusing on sacrifice rather than quality-of-life-enhancing solutions. An alternative, the Reasonable Person Model, offers an evolutionary/cognitive/motivational approach to understanding human nature.
Inherited ophthalmoplegia with intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Abstract A new inherited neuromuscular disease was identified in 4 patients (1 male, 3 females), offspring of consanguineous marriages, belonging to the same kindred. The proband was a 24-year-old female with history of ptosis and ophthalmoplegia since childhood and progressive intestinal pseudo-obstruction for the last 4 years of her life. A sural nerve biopsy showed axonal and demyelinating neuropathy. Muscle biopsies of pectoral and gastrocnemius revealed myopathic alterations with marked variation in muscle fiber size, atrophy of both fiber types and normal mitochondria. An upper gastrointestinal study showed barium in the stomach after 8 h and jejunal diverticula. Tests for absorption of fat, protein, carbohydrate, folic acid and vitamin B12 were normal. Serum levels of vitamin A and lipoproteins were also normal. The patient underwent partial gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy. Postoperatively, she developed severe pancreatitis, sepsis, peritonitis and expired. Tissue samples from the proband and from her brother, revealed normal mucosa, but degeneration of smooth muscle of the stomach and small intestine. The myenteric plexus and vagus nerves were normal. The biochemical studies of contractile proteins (myosin, actin, tropomyosin) in the fresh and cultured smooth muscle cells of the proband obtained at the time of gastrectomy showed a 50–75% decrease in the synthesis of different contractile proteins. Turnover of contractile proteins and synthesis and turnover of collagen showed normal values. The reduction in synthesis of contractile proteins may account for the weak peristalsis and be a factor in the pathogenesis of the intestinal pseudo-obstruction.
Terrestrial age measurements using natural thermoluminescence of a drained zone under the fusion crust of Antarctic ordinary chondrites

— Miono et al. (1990) and Miono and Nakanishi (1994) have proposed that the build-up of natural thermoluminescence (TL) in a drained layer directly below the meteorite fusion crust can be used to determine terrestrial ages of meteorites in the 40 to 200 ka range. We have measured the natural TL of the drained layer of 15 meteorites. The data indicate that this technique could be used to determine terrestrial ages of meteorites with ages <200 ka, after which TL equilibrium is reached. Comparison of TL build-up with terrestrial ages for a suite of Antarctic meteorites suggests that the meteorites have been exposed to temperatures of 0 to 5 °C. The close correspondence between natural TL levels and surface exposure TL growth curves suggest that Allan Hills meteorites with ages <200 ka have spent a significant portion of their terrestrial history exposed on the ice surface, rather than being buried in the ice sheet. The technique is, however, sensitive to thermal history; and, for Antarctic meteorites with terrestrial ages <200 ka, natural TL of the drained zone largely reflects exposure on the ice surface.
STICKY BUT CLEAN

![Figure][1] How cool would it be to climb smooth vertical walls with ease? Geckos accomplish this phenomenal feat with their phenomenal feet. On the bottoms of gecko toes one can observe row upon row of overlapping pads known as lamellae. Magnification reveals that each lamella consists of
Subcooled boiling heat transfer and dryout on a constant temperature microheater

Abstract An experimental study of single-bubble subcooled boiling heat transfer (ΔTsub=31.5 K) on a small heater with constant wall temperature has been performed to better understand the boiling heat transfer associated with this unique configuration. The heater of 0.27 mm × 0.27 mm is set at different superheats to generate vapor bubbles on the microheater surface. For each superheat, the heater temperature is maintained constant by an electronic feedback control circuit while its power dissipation is measured at a frequency of 4.5 kHz. The single-bubble boiling is characterized by a transient bubble nucleation–departure period and a slow growth period. For the superheat range of 34–114 K in this study, at wall superheats below 84 K, the heater remains partially wetted following bubble departure and subsequent nucleation, and this period is characterized by a heat flux spike. At wall superheats above 90 K, the heater is blanketed with vapor following bubble departure and the heat flux experiences a dip during this period. At all superheats, the slow growth period is characterized by an almost uniform heat flux, and it has been observed that the heater surface is mostly covered by vapor. The unique heat transfer processes associated with boiling on this microheater are considerably different than those typically observed during boiling on a large heater.
Millipore filter cell block preparation: an alternative to cell block in nongynecologic specimens of limited cellularity

The use of membrane filters to concentrate cytology specimens was first described by Seal (Cancer 1956; 9:866-868). We report on a technique in which a portion of Papanicolaou-stained Millipore filter (Millipore Corp, Bedford, MA) preparation can be converted into a paraffin block for hematoxylin-eosin (HE 2) clean background; 3) preservation of cytology specimens for future studies.
Induction Motor Starting in Islanded Microgrids

Motor loads require high amount of reactive power for a short period during their startup. The high reactive power drawn from the system causes voltage dips at startup time and potentially overvoltage after motor startup is over. The voltage dip and overvoltage may cause the relays to trip and the system to go unstable. This phenomenon is more challenging in weak distribution systems and isolated systems such as microgrids due to the limited inertia of the master generator. This paper presents a dynamic voltage controller that coordinates all the reactive power sources in the system to provide the necessary reactive power during motor startup. The presented Model Predictive Control (MPC) based dynamic Volt/Var Control (VVC) scheme considers the dynamics of the microgrid in the VVC formulation to overcome the voltage dip caused by motor startup. This method uses predictions of voltage behavior of the system based on a simplified system model and tries to eliminate the effect of motor startup by coordinating the reactive power sources in the system.
Let-7 microRNAs and opioid tolerance

This chapter will focus on the role of microRNAs (miRs) in regulating the actions of opioid drugs through the opioid receptors. Opioids, such as morphine, are analgesics that are used for treating many forms of acute and chronic pain. However, their chronic use is limited by undesirable effects such as opioid tolerance. The µ opioid receptor (MOR) is the primary receptor responsible for opioids’ analgesia and antinociceptive tolerance. The long 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of MOR mRNA is of great interest since this region may contain elements for the post-transcriptional regulation of receptor expression, such as altering the stability of mRNA, influencing translational efficiency and controlling mRNA transport. Indeed, it was reported that human MOR expression was increased after a 712 bp sequence, immediately downstream of the stop codon, was removed. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that exert their functions through base-pairing with partially complementary sequences in the 3’-UTR of target mRNAs, resulting in decreased polypeptide formation from those mRNAs. Since the discovery of the first miR, lin-4 in C. elegans, hundreds of miRs have been identified from humans to viruses, which have provided a crucial and pervasive layer of post-transcriptional gene regulation. The nervous system is a rich source of miR expression, with a diversity of miR functions in fundamental neurobiological processes including neuronal development, plasticity, metabolism and apoptosis. Recently, the let-7 family of miRs is found to be a critical regulator of MOR function in opioid tolerance. Let-7 is the first identified human miR. Its family members are highly conserved across species in sequence and function. In the review, we will present a brief review of the opioid receptors, their regulation, and opioid tolerance as well as an overview of miRs and a perspective how miRs may interact with MOR and serve as a regulator of opioid tolerance.
Analysis of California's State Hospital population by year of first admission

Summary On June 30, 1961, some 48,000 patients were on the active records of California State mental hospitals. This paper describes an analysis of this population based on its distribution by year of first admission, from 1893 through 1961. The approach differs in some respects from the follow-up technique usually employed in the analysis of mental hospital population movement. The data illustrate the fact that a hospital population is composed of two different groups—recent admissions, and the accumulated chronic residuals of admissions in earlier years. One half of the patients on the records of California State mental hospitals were first admitted prior to 1955. When these data were plotted by year of first admission, similarities were noted between the resident population and the population in family care, suggesting that the two statuses have certain resemblances. The population on home leave and the population on unauthorized absence were likewise found to have similar patterns. The ratio of patients in family care to patients resident in the hospitals increases with each succeeding decade of admissions. The paper closes with some suggestions for further research, derived from these preliminary data.
A survey of night sky brightness at College, Alaska

The results of a series of night sky brightness determinations, made by means of the NRL Photometer Model 2, No. 3, are given. Data are compiled as mean values of brigthness in mμL for specific points in the sky over a period of several weeks. Observations were made on clear, moonless nights in both the presence and absence of visible aurorae. A brightness contour map of the compiled data is presented.
Comparison of chronic administration of haloperidol and the atypical neuroleptics, clozapine and raclopride, in an animal model of tardive dyskinesia

Abstract Rats were administered haloperidol, clozapine, raclopride, or no drug for either 28 days or 8 months and then withdrawn from drug treatment for 3 weeks. Oral movements were repeatedly recorded, both by a human observer and by a computerized video analysis system which determined mouth openings and closings, or computer-scored movelets (CSMs). Four weeks of neuroleptic administration produce no changes in CSMs in any drug-treated group. Long-term administration induced distinctively different patterns of oral activity in the three drug groups, both in number of CSMs and the form of these movements. The oral movements which developed in the haloperidol-treated rats fit a previously described syndrome of late-onset oral dyskinesias which increased upon drug withdrawal. The clozapine- and raclopride-treated rats did not show the increased oral movements seen in the haloperidol animals, but each exhibited uniquely different CSM characteristics compared to controls. The results from this rodent model imply that haloperidol, but not clozapine or raclopride, produces late-onset oral dyskinesias in rats that fit the pattern expected for tardive dyskinesia.
Relationships between protein-encoding gene abundance and corresponding process are commonly assumed yet rarely observed

For any enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur, the corresponding protein-encoding genes and transcripts are necessary prerequisites. Thus, a positive relationship between the abundance of gene or transcripts and corresponding process rates is often assumed. To test this assumption, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relationships between gene and/or transcript abundances and corresponding process rates. We identified 415 studies that quantified the abundance of genes or transcripts for enzymes involved in carbon or nitrogen cycling. However, in only 59 of these manuscripts did the authors report both gene or transcript abundance and rates of the appropriate process. We found that within studies there was a significant but weak positive relationship between gene abundance and the corresponding process. Correlations were not strengthened by accounting for habitat type, differences among genes or reaction products versus reactants, suggesting that other ecological and methodological factors may affect the strength of this relationship. Our findings highlight the need for fundamental research on the factors that control transcription, translation and enzyme function in natural systems to better link genomic and transcriptomic data to ecosystem processes.
Visualization of the Hybrid State of tRNA Binding Promoted by Spontaneous Ratcheting of the Ribosome

A crucial step in translation is the translocation of tRNAs through the ribosome. In the transition from one canonical site to the other, the tRNAs acquire intermediate configurations, so-called hybrid states. At this stage, the small subunit is rotated with respect to the large subunit, and the anticodon stem loops reside in the A and P sites of the small subunit, while the acceptor ends interact with the P and E sites of the large subunit. In this work, by means of cryo-EM and particle classification procedures, we visualize the hybrid state of both A/P and P/E tRNAs in an authentic factor-free ribosome complex during translocation. In addition, we show how the repositioning of the tRNAs goes hand in hand with the change in the interplay between S13, L1 stalk, L5, H68, H69, and H38 that is caused by the ratcheting of the small subunit.
Scanning angle Raman spectroscopy measurements of thin polymer films for thickness and composition analyses

Abstract Scanning angle (SA) Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the thickness and composition of polystyrene films. A sapphire prism was optically coupled to a sapphire substrate on which 6–12% (w/v) polystyrene in toluene was spin coated. Raman spectra were collected as the incident angle of the p-polarized, 785-nm excitation laser was varied from 56 to 70°. These angles span above and below the critical angle for a sapphire/polystyrene interface. The thickness of the polystyrene film was determined using a calibration curve constructed by calculating the integrated optical energy density distribution as a function of incident angle, distance from the prism interface and polymer thickness. The calculations were used to determine the incident angle where waveguide modes are excited within the polymer film, which is the angle with the highest integrated optical energy density. The film thicknesses measured by SA Raman spectroscopy ranged from less than 400 nm to 1.8 μm. The average percent uncertainty in the SA Raman determinations for all films was 4%, and the measurements agreed with those obtained from optical interferometery within the experimental uncertainty for all but two films. For the 1270-nm and 580-nm polystyrene films, the SA Raman measurements overestimated the film thickness by 5 and 18%, respectively. The dependence of the calibration curve on excitation polarization and composition of the polymer and bulk layers was evaluated. This preliminary investigation demonstrates that scanning angle Raman spectroscopy is a versatile method applicable whenever the chemical composition and thickness of interfacial polymer layers needs to be measured.
Viviendo en lo global: una identidad vasca en Bernardo Atxaga

In The Son of the Accordion Player, novelist Bernardo Atxaga proposes a new model of Basque identity for the 21st century, a model that distances itself from Romantic notions of identification linked to language, land, and ethnicity. David, the protagonist of the novel, is immersed in a long process of self and collective discovery, one that puts him at first on the road to political violence in the name of Basque identity if only to “survive” this terror and discover through the power of writing a more subdued and tranquil cultural identity that he then learns to pass on. This new model he discovers wrestles with the violences of the Spanish Civil War and of the Franco dictatorship in order to put them to rest. Writing, the writing of The Son of the Accordion Player, becomes a site for a version of memory free from melancholia and of impossible redemption.
Prospective studies of diet and breast cancer.

To avoid biases due to control selection and the retrospective reporting ofdiet that may occur in case-control studies, a series of large prospective studies have been started since about 1980 to examine the relationship between fat intake and breast cancer risk. Relative risks for the highest versus lowest categories of energy-adjusted fat intake in the six published studies have all been nonsignificant and close to 1.0: California Seventh-Day Adventists Study (215 cases), relative risk (RR)=1.21; Nurses'Health Study (1439 cases), RR=0.90; Canadian Breast Cancer Screening Study (592 cases), RR=1.30; Iowa Women's Study (408 cases), RR=1.13; New York State Cohort (359 cases), RR=1.00; and the Dutch Cohort (471 cases), RR=1.11
The influence of steam on mullite formation from sol-gel precursors

The effect of steam on the reaction kinetics of both mullite and metastable spinel formation from sol-gel precursors, having an Al/Si atomic ratio of 3/1, was studied using dynamic x-ray diffraction (DXRD) coupled with differential thermal analysis (DTA). Steam was observed to accelerate the nucleation of tetragonal mullite in single phase gels at ~980 °C. When single phase gels are formed with a faster hydrolysis step, the presence of steam also increases the nucleation of metastable spinel at this temperature, possibly due to the in situ formation of boehmite in locally enriched alumina regions at <300 °C. In addition, steam also enhances the decomposition of metastable spinel in single phase gels and transient alumina in the diphasic gel at ~1200 °C, probably as a result of surface interactions of water with spinel or transient alumina grains. There was no observable effect of steam on second stage mullite formation (~1250 °C) in either the single or diphasic gels. This is attributed to the hypothesis that the rate-limiting step at this stage might be the dissolution of alumina into the silica-rich amorphous matrix, a step that is unaffected by the presence of steam.
A dynamic system model of testosterone transport and metabolism in normal man.

A nonlinear model is proposed for testosterone (T) transport and metabolism in the normal adult male. The model structure consists of 2 pools: one which includes plasma distribution, direct disposal, and the binding ofT to three plasma proteins; and a second pool for distribution and other disposal ofT. Nonlinearities in the model are manifest in the mass action law dynamics of binding to plasma proteins. A directed random search algorithm was employed to estimate model parameters. The model was fitted to real data by minimization of the least squares output error. The real data consisted of discrete samples of radioactively labeledT in blood following a rapid, pulse injection of labeledT. A quadratic approximation for unboundT in terms of totalT concentration was derived by application of the mass action principle to the multiple hormone-protein binding relationships. This approximation permitted the two model state variables to be expressed as totalT concentration in each pool. This choice guarantees a linear measurement or output model. The model was completely quantified, including a relationship and estimate for the unmeasurable concentration ofT in the lumped intracellular space. These results indicate that: (1) 98% ofT is cleared directly from plasma; (2) the lumped phase boundary between the intra- and extravascular spaces is nearly isotropic toT; and (3) the average steady state intracellular totalT concentration is only 30% of the corresponding plasma totalT concentration in normal man. The predictive value of the model also was explored by performing three simulated experiments, each representing pathologic possibilities. When simulatedT secretion was decreased by 75%, the plasmaT decreased by 70%. When simulated protein concentrations were changed significantly, in opposite directions, the plasmaT concentration fell well below the normal level; but theT concentration in the outer pool remained normal. When the parameter representing transport ofT to the outer pool was decreased, plasmaT did not change, but the outer poolT decreased. Among other things, these results suggest that the plasmaT concentration does not always reflect changes in distribution and disposal; and plasma totalT concentration is not by itself a reliable indicator of system pathologies. Also, low plasmaT concentration and normalT secretion can be consistent with normal concentrations ofT in tissue and hence the target organs for testosterone action.
On the origin and evolution of electrical signals during frictional stick slip in sheared granular material

Electromagnetic signals have been reported in association with geophysical phenomena including earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic events. Mechanisms that suggested to explain seismoelectrical signals include triboelectricity, piezoelectricity, streaming potentials, and the migration of electron holes, yet the origin of such phenomena remains poorly understood. We present results from laboratory experiments regarding the relationship between electrical and mechanical signals for frictional stick-slip events in sheared soda-lime glass bead layers. The results are interpreted in the context of lattice defect migration and granular force chain mechanics. During stick-slip events, we observe two distinct behaviors delineated by the attainment of a frictional stick-slip steady state. During initial shear loading, layers charge during stick-slip events and the potential of the system rises. After steady state stick-slip behavior is attained, the system begins to discharge. Coseismic signals are characterized by potential drops superimposed on a longer-term trend. We suggest that the observed signal is a convolution of two effects: charging of the forcing blocks and signals associated with the stress state of the material. The long-term charging of the blocks is accomplished by grain boundary movement during the initial establishment of force chain networks. Short-term signals associated with stick-slip events may originate from produced electron holes. Applied to tectonic faults, our results suggest that electrical signals generated during frictional failure may provide a way to monitor stress and the onset of earthquake rupture. Potential changes could produce detectable signals that may forecast the early stages of failure, providing a modest warning of the event.
Tumor metastasis is not due to adaptation of cells to a new organ environment

Murine B16 melanoma cells were adapted for lung survival and growth by allowing them to attach to Bio-Carrier beads and injecting the beads intravenously into normal mice. The beads lodged mechanically in the microcirculation of the lung. When the melanoma cells had grown into visible tumors from the arrested beads, the tumors were removed and the cells were dispersed, cultured to remove normal cells, and reattached to new beads. The process was repeated nine times. Previously another B16 subline was injected intravenously as a suspension of separate tumor cells. Those cells that survived and colonized the lungs were harvested, cultured, and injected again. This selection process was also repeated nine times. Only the subline that was injected in suspension was more metastatic than the parental line, indicating that metastasis involves selection of preexistent metastatic cells and is not an adaptive process by which all cells gradually acquire the ability to grow at particular organ sites.
Optimistic outlook regarding maternity protects against depressive symptoms postpartum

The transition to motherhood is a time of elevated risk for clinical depression. Dispositional optimism may be protective against depressive symptoms; however, the arrival of a newborn presents numerous challenges that may be at odds with initially positive expectations, and which may contribute to depressed mood. We have explored the relative contributions of antenatal and postnatal optimism regarding maternity to depressive symptoms in the postnatal period. Ninety-eight pregnant women underwent clinician interview in the third trimester to record psychiatric history, antenatal depressive symptoms, and administer a novel measure of optimism towards maternity. Measures of depressive symptoms, attitudes to maternity, and mother-to-infant bonding were obtained from 97 study completers at monthly intervals through 3 months postpartum. We found a positive effect of antenatal optimism, and a negative effect of postnatal disconfirmation of expectations, on depressive mood postnatally. Postnatal disconfirmation, but not antenatal optimism, was associated with more negative attitudes toward maternity postnatally. Antenatal optimism, but not postnatal disconfirmation, was associated with reduced scores on a mother-to-infant bonding measure. The relationships between antenatal optimism, postnatal disconfirmation of expectations, and postnatal depression held true among primigravidas and multigravidas, as well as among women with prior histories of mood disorders, although antenatal optimism tended to be lower among women with mental health histories. We conclude that cautious antenatal optimism, rather than immoderate optimism or frank pessimism, is the approach that is most protective against postnatal depressive symptoms, and that this is true irrespective of either mood disorder history or parity. Factors predisposing to negative cognitive assessments and impaired mother-to-infant bonding may be substantially different than those associated with depressive symptoms, a finding that merits further study.
Copernicus, Darwin, and Human Embryos

This article explores the impact of the Copernican and Darwinian revolutions on our view of human-kind’s place in the universe and locates the current debates about stem cell research within this l...
Synthesis of a guanidino-sugar as a glycosyl cation mimic

Abstract The synthesis of a guanidine threose (1a) is described. Under basic conditions, compound 1a equilibrates to tetrahydropyrimidine form 1b which acts as a transition-state inhibitor for green coffee bean galactosidase.
Metabolism of estrone and progesterone in vitro in human saliva.

Abstract [2,4,6,7 -3 H]-estrone and [1,2,6,7 -3 ]-progesterone were found to be metabolized by saliva of patients with chronic gingival inflammation. No metabolites were detected in saliva of subjects with clinically normal gingiva. By paper and thin-layer chromatography, isotope dilution, and the preparation of acetates and methoximes, the following metabolites were identified: estradiol-17β as the only metabolite of estrone; 5α- and 5β-pregnanediones as metabolites of progesterone.
Direct jet reconstruction in p+p and Cu + Cu collisions at PHENIX

Abstract Direct jet reconstruction in heavy ion collisions is an important probe for the in-medium parton energy loss and jet–medium interactions and reconstructed jets provide additional constraints to characterize the underlying mechanisms. However, traditional jet reconstruction algorithms operating in the large soft background at RHIC produce fake jets well above the intrinsic production rate of high- p T hard scattering, thus impeding the detection of the low cross section jet signal at RHIC energies. We developed a jet reconstruction algorithm that locates and reconstructs the jet energy using a Gaussian filter. This algorithm is combined with a fake jet rejection scheme that provides efficient jet reconstruction with acceptable fake rate in a background environment up to the central Au + Au collision at s NN = 200 GeV . We present results of its application in p + p and Cu + Cu collisions using data from the PHENIX detector, including jet spectrum up to 60 GeV/c, nuclear modification factor, and fragmentation function.
Of Maps and Imaginations: Sociology Confronts the Genome

Se demandant d'ou vient le social, l'A. analyse les pensees patriarchales et matriarchales sur l'origine de l'etre humain, de sa procreation. L'A. critique le projet sur le genome humain et presente la sociobiologie, l'identification genetique, la genetique medicale, le « filtrage » professionnel et le diagnostic prenatal, tous issus de la recherche genetique qui sort les « graines » du corps, graines a l'origine de l'etre humain
Congressional Voting On the Nuclear Freeze Resolutions

This study compares the relative utility of ideology, party, presidential support, and regionalism in understanding congressional voting on several nuclear freeze proposals in 1982 and 1983. Both ideology and presidential support provide good explanations for freeze voting over these years, whereas region and party prove to be relatively less important. Because both types of models are so closely related, and because both seem to be tapping an underlying ideological dimension, it is difficult to distinguish fully between them. Nevertheless, this analysis suggests that the ideological models (as measured by ADA scores) prove to be more parsimonious than the presidential support models (as measured by support for President Reagan). On balance, this research provides additional evidence for the importance of ideology in understanding critical American foreign policy decisions.
Centralized vote-trading

This paper presents a model of centralized vote-trading in a legislature. In this model, legislators trade only with party leaders, who set prices at which they will buy needed vote-changes and sell promises to pass or defeat particular bills. Each legislator trades away votes on bills of little concern to him and of high concern to leaders, and purchases promises from the leaders to pass (or defeat) particular bills of high concern to the legislator, relative to the price the leguslator must pay.
Effects of process history and aging on the properties of polyimide films

Polyimide is used extensively in a variety of integrated circuit packaging applications. It is a good dielectric material with excellent planarizing capabilities, but like most polymers, it absorbs moisture. This hygroscopic behavior can lead to reliability problems in integrated circuit packages. The effects of variations in process history on moisture uptake are examined using gravimetric measurement techniques. In particular, the effects of cure schedule and exposure to high temperature/high humidity environments (85 °C/85% RH) on steady state moisture uptake are reported. Steady state moisture uptake is shown to be a decreasing function of cure temperature. Samples cured at 250 °C absorb 25% more moisture by weight than do samples cured at 400 °C. Moreover, the steady state moisture uptake in polyimide is greater after the samples have been “aged” in a high temperature and humidity ambient. The bulk and surface chemical composition are also monitored as a function of aging using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), respectively. The PI surface chemistry degrades after 700 h in an 85 °C/85% RH environment. The bulk chemical composition appears to be unaffected.
Interaction of a rat kidney endoplasmic reticulum fraction with glycolytic enzymes

Abstract The effects of glycolysis of a rat-kidney microsomal membrane preparation have been studied. The membrane preparation stimulates glycolytic activity more than 50%. The site of this stimulation is shown to be the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase reaction. Evidence is presented that the stimulation is due to ATPase activity of the membrane interacting with ATP associated with the kinase enzyme. The membrane preparation is shown to oxidize DPNH generated by glycolysis. The observed interaction between enzymes glycolysis and the membrane is interpreted as a channeling of metabolic energy into the membrane for active transport and demonstrates one mechanism whereby active transport stimulates a metabolic pathway.
Yield of tissue sampling for submucosal lesions evaluated by EUS.

Abstract Background: Evaluation of submucosal nodules or large gastric folds is a common indication for EUS. Establishing a tissue diagnosis is challenging because the yield of forceps biopsies is low. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic yield of EUS-guided endoscopic submucosal-mucosal resection and forceps biopsy for submucosal nodules and large gastric folds. Methods: Patients who underwent EUS from March 1997 through January 2002 for evaluation of submucosal nodules or large gastric folds were identified, and the procedure and pathology reports reviewed. Patients were included who underwent endoscopic submucosal-mucosal resection (n = 45) or large-capacity ("jumbo") biopsy (n = 36) of submucosal lesions (arising from third endosonographic layer) or large gastric folds. Endoscopic submucosal-mucosal resection was performed with an electrosurgical snare or with a cap-fitted endoscopic mucosal resection device. Results: Sixty-six patients (62% men; mean age, 61 years; range 27-80 years) underwent 69 EUS procedures to obtain tissue samples of subepithelial lesions. Diagnostic yields were as follows: endoscopic submucosal-mucosal resection 40/45 (89%; 95% CI [80%, 98%]), jumbo biopsy 15/36 (42%; 95% CI [26%, 58%]) ( p Conclusions: For submucosal lesions and large gastric folds, endoscopic submucosal-mucosal resection has a better diagnostic yield than the jumbo biopsy, but may have a higher complication rate. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:68-72.)
Semi-supervised multi-label learning by constrained non-negative matrix factorization

We present a novel framework for multi-label learning that explicitly addresses the challenge arising from the large number of classes and a small size of training data. The key assumption behind this work is that two examples tend to have large overlap in their assigned class memberships if they share high similarity in their input patterns. We capitalize this assumption by first computing two sets of similarities, one based on the input patterns of examples, and the other based on the class memberships of the examples. We then search for the optimal assignment of class memberships to the unlabeled data that minimizes the difference between these two sets of similarities. The optimization problem is formulated as a constrained Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) problem, and an algorithm is presented to efficiently find the solution. Compared to the existing approaches for multi-label learning, the proposed approach is advantageous in that it is able to explore both the unlabeled data and the correlation among different classes simultaneously. Experiments with text categorization show that our approach performs significantly better than several state-of-the-art classification techniques when the number of classes is large and the size of training data is small.
Studies on fluids and their mixtures using the Born-Green-Yvon integral equation technique

We have developed the Bom-Green-Yvon (BGY) integral equation theory for investigating the equilibrium properties of fluids and their mixtures both on the lattice and in the continuum. Using the continuum theory we have studied hard sphere fluids over a range in density having chain lengths between one and fifty sites. We have also investigated the collapse transition of a square well chain and a square well ring, each having up to four hundred sites, and have predicted the theta temperature for these systems. Turning to the case of a dilute (hard-sphere) solution we have been able to show the effect of solvation on a hard sphere chain, and captured the dependence of this effect on the ratio of hard sphere diameters of the solvent and chain segments. In all the continuum studies we have found good to excellent agreement with simulation results. We have also derived a lattice BGY theory which, while less sophisticated than the continuum version, has the advantage of producing simple closed-form expressions for thermodynamic properties of interest. This theory is capable of exhibiting the full range of miscibility behaviour observed experimentally, including upper and lower critical solution temperatures and closed-loop phase diagrams. We find that the theory does an excellent job of fitting to different kinds of experimental data and, making use of the parameters derived from fits to pure component data alone, we have been able to predict properties ranging from pure fluid vapour pressures and critical temperatures to changes in the volume and enthalpy on mixing as well as coexistence curves for solutions.
Phantom spiral aftereffect: Evidence for global mechanisms in perception

The existence of phantom motion aftereffects (MAEs) makes it difficult to explain normal MAEs in terms of the activity of simple motion detectors. The alternative is to assume that MAEs are mediated by larger structures that respond more broadly to stimulus input. In this view, normal and phantom MAEs are manifestations of activation of a single structure and, therefore, should not differ in their qualitative and quantitative properties. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments, one that used experienced subjects and one that used naive subjects. The adapting stimulus was the upper half of a rotating spiral. Normal spiral aftereffects (SAEs) were observed over the upper half of a set of concentric circles; phanton SAEs were observed over the lower-half semicircles. Subjects continuously rated the strength of the aftereffect on an 11-point scale. The ratings were recorded every 5 sec. All subjects reported seeing normal and phantom SAEs in the appropriate respective directions. Rates of recovery from adaptation were remarkably similar. The results support the hypothesis that normal and phantom SAEs are a manifestation of activity in a structure larger than a simple motion detector.
PIRL1 and PIRL9, encoding members of a novel plant-specific family of leucine-rich repeat proteins, are essential for differentiation of microspores into pollen

Plant intracellular Ras-group-related leucine-rich repeat proteins (PIRLs) are a plant-specific class of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins related to animal and fungal LRRs that take part in developmental signaling and gene regulation. As part of a systematic functional study of the Arabidopsis thaliana PIRL gene family, T-DNA knockout mutants defective in the closely related PIRL1 and PIRL9 genes were identified and characterized. Pirl1 and pirl9 single mutants displayed normal transmission and did not exhibit an obvious developmental phenotype. To investigate the possibility of functional redundancy, crosses to generate double mutants were carried out; however, pirl1;pirl9 plants were not recovered. Reciprocal crosses between wild type and pirl1/PIRL1;pirl9 plants, which produce 50% pirl1;pirl9 gametophytes, indicated male-specific transmission failure of the double-mutant allele combination. Scanning electron microscopy and viability staining showed that approximately half of the pollen produced by pirl1/PIRL1;pirl9 plants was inviable and severely malformed. Tetrad analyses with qrt1 indicated that pollen defects segregated with the double-mutant allele combination, thus demonstrating that PIRL1 and PIRL9 function after meiosis. Pollen development was characterized with bright field, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Pirl1;pirl9 mutants stopped growing as microspores, failed to initiate vacuolar fission, aborted, and underwent cytoplasmic degeneration. Development consistently arrested at the late microspore stage, just prior to pollen mitosis I. Thus, PIRL1 and PIRL9 have redundant roles essential at a key transition point early in pollen development. Together, these results define a functional context for these two members of this distinct class of plant LRR genes.
Effects of injury on the biokinetics of the lumbar spine

In vitro experiments used to investigate the three-dimensional kinetics of the intact, normal ligamentous human lumbar spine and the changes due to injuries are described. A major objective was to assess the extent of injury and the necessity for surgery. The analysis of the data is described, and the results are discussed. The utility of the method is assessed and compared with that of in vivo studies. The experimental technique has enabled the injury types that are likely to induce spinal instability to be identified. >
Effect of Chilling in the Presence of Polyphosphates on the Characteristics of Mechanically Deboned Fowl Meat

Abstract Spent fowl were processed using a subscald temperature. Treatments utilized included normal ice-slush chilling and 6 percent polyphosphate (mixture of sodium polyphosphates supplied by Merck and Company under the trademark of Kena) ice slush chilling overnight. After chilling, the carcasses were immediately deboned through a Beehive model BX-66 mechanical deboner. Emulsification capacity, emulsification stability and pH were determined. TBA values of the raw meat were measured after 0, 4 and 8 weeks of frozen storage at −29°C. Polyphosphate treatment significantly increased emulsification stability as measured by fat and gel-water release. Emulsification capacity of the meat from polyphosphate-treated birds was significantly higher than that observed from the untreated controls. TBA values of mechanically deboned meat from the untreated controls increased significantly during the 8 week storage period. Polyphosphate treated mechanically deboned meat was observed to have significantly lower TBA values than that found from the controls at all storage periods. Polyphosphate treatment prior to mechanically deboning protects the product against oxidative changes during the deboning cycle and during subsequent frozen storage.