cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Citations to Web Pages in Scientific Articles: The Permanence of Archived References

Study objective We validate the use of archiving Internet references by comparing the accessibility of published uniform resource locators (URLs) with corresponding archived URLs over time. Methods We scanned the "Articles in Press" section in Annals of Emergency Medicine from March 2009 through June 2010 for Internet references in research articles. If an Internet reference produced the authors' expected content, the Web page was archived with WebCite (http://www.webcitation.org). Because the archived Web page does not change, we compared it with the original URL to determine whether the original Web page had changed. We attempted to access each original URL and archived Web site URL at 3-month intervals from the time of online publication during an 18-month study period. Once a URL no longer existed or failed to contain the original authors' expected content, it was excluded from further study. The number of original URLs and archived URLs that remained accessible over time was totaled and compared. Results A total of 121 articles were reviewed and 144 Internet references were found within 55 articles. Of the original URLs, 15% (21/144; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9% to 21%) were inaccessible at publication. During the 18-month observation period, there was no loss of archived URLs (apart from the 4% [5/123; 95% CI 2% to 9%] that could not be archived), whereas 35% (49/139) of the original URLs were lost (46% loss; 95% CI 33% to 61% by the Kaplan-Meier method; difference between curves P Conclusion Archiving a referenced Web page at publication can help preserve the authors' expected information.
Investigation of UO 2+ 2 Binding Sites on Datura innoxia Using UO 2+ 2 Luminescence

A pulsed tunable dye laser has been used to obtain the emission spectra and fluorescence decay curves of solid UO2+2-Datura innoxia and a series of UO2+2-containing complexes at liquid nitrogen temperature. The decay curves of UO2+2-Datura exhibited a bi-exponential decay, suggesting that at least two different binding sites are present on the walls of nonliving D. innoxia cells. The model solutions containing carboxyl, amine, hydroxyl, phosphoryl, sulfate, and sulfonate functionalities have been utilized to identify the functionalities involving in the binding of UO2+2 to nonliving D. innoxia cell walls. Phosphoryl and dicarboxyl groups have beer demonstrated to be the dominant functional groups responsible for the binding of uranyl ions on D. innoxia cell walls.
PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TARSKI'S WORK

In his published work and even more in conversations, Tarski emphasized what he thought were important philosophical aspects of his work. The English translation of his more philosophical papers [56m] was dedicated to his teacher Tadeusz Kotarbinski, and in informal discussions of philosophy he often referred to the influence of Kotarbinski. Also, the influence of Leśniewski, his dissertation adviser, is evident in his early papers. Moreover, some of his important papers of the 1930s were initially given to philosophical audiences. For example, the famous monograph on the concept of truth ([33m], [35b]) was first given as two lectures to the Logic Section of the Philosophical Society in Warsaw in 1930. Second, his paper [33], which introduced the concepts of ω-consistency and ω-completeness as well as the rule of infinite induction, was first given at the Second Conference of the Polish Philosophical Society in Warsaw in 1927. Also [35c] was based upon an address given in 1934 to the conference for the Unity of Science in Prague; [36] and [36a] summarize an address given at the International Congress of Scientific Philosophy in Paris in 1935. The article [44a] was published in a philosophical journal and widely reprinted in philosophical texts. This list is of course not exhaustive but only representative of Tarski's philosophical interactions as reflected in lectures given to philosophical audiences, which were later embodied in substantial papers. After 1945 almost all of Tarski's publications and presentations are mathematical in character with one or two minor exceptions. This division, occurring about 1945, does not, however, indicate a loss of interest in philosophical questions but is a result of Tarski's moving to the Department of Mathematics at Berkeley. There he assumed an important role in the development of logic within mathematics in the United States.
The reaction of tetra(μ-trifluoroacetato)dimolybdenum with trimethylchlorosilane and propionitrile: products with novel stereochemistries

Abstract Treatment of a solution of Mo2(O2CCF3)4 in toluene with (CH3)3SiCl and C2H5CN at −78° to 0°C affords red-orange crystals of composition Mo2(O2CCF3)2(C2H5CN)2Cl2·Mo2(O2CCF3)3(C2H5CN)Cl. This compound contains two different dinuclear molecules linked by three Cl⋯Mo bridges (2.894–3.005 A) and O⋯Mo bridge (3.053 A) into infinite chains in which the two dinuclear units alternate. It crystallizes in space group Cc with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 22.324(5) A, b = 12.640(4) A, c = 17.547(8) A, β = 113.41(5)°, V = 4543(6) A3. With Z = 4, no crystallographic symmetry is imposed. Molecule a. Mo2(O2CCF3)2(C3H5CN)2Cl2, has an MoMo distance of 2.127(2) A, while that in molecule b, Mo2(O2CCF3)3(C2H5CN)Cl, is 2.134(2) A. The CF3CO2 groups in a are cis and the other ligands alternate around the rectangle they define so that the symmetry of a is C2. Molecule b has a virtual mirror plane containing one CF3CO2 ligand, two Mo atoms and the C2H5CN and Cl ligands.
Static Power Limits of Synchronous Machines

THIS paper presents an analysis of the determination of static power limits of power systems and offers an accurate method considering resistance, shunt loads, saliency, and saturation. The conventional methods of determining the static power limits of systems composed of synchronous machines and shunt loads based on unsaturated cylindricalrotor theory give only approximate results. It is fortunate that the actual maximum power transfer is generally larger than the calculated value obtained from the customary analysis. Machine saturation and saliency increase the power limit, the difference decreasing with increased system impedance. The validity of the method is shown by the check between experimental values obtained from three small machines and theoretical curves. It was found that errors due to neglecting saturation are more significant than those due to neglecting saliency.
How Educational Systems Form and Reform

The first steps toward the development of mass systems of basic education are generally believed to have occurred in the Nordic countries. For example, in Sweden, the national church, with the urging of the king, exhorted parents and communities to foster popular literacy, and the literacy rate is believed to have increased from 20% in the seventeenth century to 80% by the early nineteenth century (Johansson 1981). But, this was largely accomplished through home education stimulated by church examinations of each family’s progress; in other words, the literacy improvement was not accompanied by the development of an elaborated educational system, and partly for that reason, it did not gain as much international recognition as subsequent reforms in Germany and France. Table 1 shows that the respective year’s basic education was made compulsory in selected states.
Human Centric Environmentalism: Opportunities for the Human Factors Community to Contribute to Global Environmental Solutions

Previous psychological research into human induced causes of environmental change has stemmed largely from a behavior modification approach and has shown only modest results. We suggest that the lack of long term success in this area may be due to the lack of attention toward the underlying design dimensions to these problems. In this paper, we attempt to illustrate that by using our understanding of design principles related to human behavior and performance, the human factors community has the unique potential to make significant strides in improving these underlying design dimensions. Along these lines, applicable research areas include cognitive decision making, product design, surface transportation, and environmental design. We argue that, by shaping technologies in a way that is both user friendly and environmentally benign, the science of human factors has the potential to grow in new areas of research – areas that are not only theoretically relevant but also of societal importance.
Foam cell formation inhibits growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae but does not attenuate Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

Background— It has not yet been determined whether lipid-loaded macrophages (foam cells), a major cellular component of atherosclerotic lesions, have the capacity to support growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae and be activated to secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to C pneumoniae infection. Methods and Results— Lipid loading of RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages with either oxidized or acetylated LDL significantly inhibits the growth of C pneumoniae. Modified forms of LDL are not directly toxic to C pneumoniae and do not inhibit either the initial binding or internalization of C pneumoniae by macrophages. Lipid loading does not reduce infection of macrophages with Chlamydia trachomatis. Treatment of lipid-loaded macrophages with live, heat-killed, or UV-inactivated C pneumoniae stimulates secretion of cytokines. C pneumoniae also induces expression of the mRNA for tumor necrosis factor-α in foam cells despite inhibition of nuclear factor-κB binding to DNA by prior treatment with oxidiz...
Cathodic Protection with Parallel Cylinders

This paper reports that anodes should be placed so as to supply a uniform current density to the surface of the protected cathode to maintain it within a specified potential range relative to the adjacent electrolytic medium. Analysis of two or more parallel circular cylinders is carried out by solving Laplace's equation with the uniform current density on the cathode. The computer is used to sum terms in a solution by separation of variables, and results show the potential variation and average potential drop as functions of the distance of separation. Potential-contour plots compare the extent of significant electric fields for one and for two anodes.
Spitzer's model for dealing with the end of the cryogenic mission

The Spitzer Space Telescope is a cryogenically cooled telescope operating three instruments in wavelengths ranging from 3.6 microns to 160 microns. Spitzer, the last of NASA's Great Observatories, was launched in August 2003 and has been operating for 4.5 years of an expected 5.5 year cryogen mission. The highly efficient Observatory has provided NASA and the science community with unprecedented data on galaxies, star formation, interstellar medium, exoplanets, and other fundamental astronomical topics. Spitzer's helium lifetime is predicted to end on April 18, 2009, with an uncertainty of +/- 3 months. Planning for this cryogen end involves many diverse areas of the project and is complicated due to the uncertainty in the actual date of helium depletion. This paper will describe how the Spitzer team is accommodating the unknown end date in the areas of observation selection, planning and scheduling, spacecraft and instrument monitoring, data processing and archiving, and finally, budgeting and staffing. This work was performed at the California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Development of the SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism

Abstract An updated version of the SAPRC-99 gas-phase atmospheric chemical mechanism, designated SAPRC-07, is described. The rate constants and reactions have been updated based on current data and evaluations, the aromatics mechanisms have been reformulated and are less parameterized, chlorine chemistry has been added, the method used to represent peroxy reactions has been reformulated to be more appropriate for modeling gas-phase secondary organic aerosol precursors, and representations for many types of VOCs have been added or improved. This mechanism was evaluated against the result of ∼2400 environmental chamber experiments carried out in 11 different environmental chambers, including experiments to test mechanisms for over 110 types of VOCs. The performance in simulating the chamber data was generally satisfactory for most types of VOCs but some biases were seen in simulations of some types of experiments. The mechanism was used to derive updated MIR and other ozone reactivity scales for almost 1100 types of VOCs, though in most cases the changes in MIR values relative to SAPRC-99 were not large. This mechanism update results in somewhat lower predictions of ozone in one-day ambient model scenarios under low VOC/NOx conditions. The files needed to implement the mechanism and additional documentation is available at the SAPRC mechanism web site at http://www.cert.ucr.edu/∼carter/SAPRC .
Information Technology and Computer Science Programs: How Do We Relate?

In this panel session, the relationship between computer science programs and information technology programs at universities that house both will be explored. People outside the computing disciplines often find the distinction between these programs confusing. The panelists, who have experience with both types of program, will discuss strategies for differentiating the programs in the eyes of administrators, for advising students into the correct program, and for maintaining focus and excellence in both computer science and information technology programs.
ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR IN THE PURPLE MARSH CRAB, SESARMA RETICULATUM SAY (DECAPODA, GRAPSIDAE)

Le comportement acoustique du crabe semi-terrestre, Sesarma reticulatum, a ete observe dans le milieu naturel, puis en laboratoire. Pendant la saison de reproduction les crabes de marais mâles defendent activement leur terriers et les occupants mâles repondent souvent a l'intrusion en produisant un son de tapement. La production du son n'a jamais ete observee chez les crabes femelles et le son est limite d'habitude aux interactions uni-sexuelles dans le terrier. Un crabe mâle produit le son en frappant plusieurs fois une pince contre l'autre. Les sons enregistres sur magnetophone au laboratoire consistaient en 6 a 29 tapements (contacts des pinces) et il y avait un intervalle d'un tiers de seconde environ entre les tapements.
The Effect of Lubricant Chemistry on Wear and Scuffing of Coated Surfaces

This study focuses on the effect of lubricant chemistry on wear and scuffing of coated surfaces. The coated surfaces in the present work include TiAlN, TiN, and CrN in the presence of different lubricants including high-oleic sunflower oil, high-oleic corn oil, fully-formulated sunflower oil, fully-formulated corn oil, and a synthetic base oil. The tests are conducted using the four-ball wear test to study the wear and scuffing properties. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope with MicroXAMR are used to study the wear mechanism. The study shows that coatings do not affect the friction coefficient at severe test conditions. However, some coatings, TiN and CrN, improve the wear properties even in base fluids without additives. All coatings improve the scuffing properties and increase the contact severity index. The vegetable-based lubricants perform comparably to commercially available synthetic lubricants.© 2003 ASME
Comparative biochemistry of mammalian arylsulfatases A and B.

1. 1. Arylsulfatases A and B occurred as a major anionic and cationic isozyme, respectively, among eleven eutherian mammalian species. 2. 2. Minor anionic arylsulfatase B isozymes were observed in rodents, dog, whale and pig, and were either monomeric (vole, Mr = 67 ± 2 kDa), an apparent aggregate (dog, whale, pig; Mr = 192 ± 10 kDa), or both (rat, mouse; monomeric Mr = 57 ± 2 kDa; apparent dimeric Mr = 114 ± 3 kDa). 3. 3. Minor cationic arylsulfatase A isozymes were isolated from the deer, whale and pig. 4. 4. Opossum arylsulfatase A and B were both anionic, had similar relative molecular weights, were not inhibited by silver, and were not precipitated by anti-murine arylsulfatase B nor anti-bovine arylsulfatase A IgG preparations.
Case report 652

A case of primary liposarcoma of bone involving the glenoid region of the right scapula in a 57-year-old man is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by open biopsy. The differential diagnoses have been considered. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first reported case of primary liposarcoma of bone in the scapula.
Multispectrum analysis of self- and N2-broadening, shifting and line mixing coefficients in the ν6 band of 12CH3D

Abstract A multispectrum nonlinear least-squares fitting technique has been applied to determine accurate zero-pressure line center positions, Lorentz self- and N2-broadening coefficients and self- and N2-induced pressure shift coefficients of transitions in the ν6 (E) perpendicular band of 12CH3D between 1035 and 1270 cm −1 . Seventeen high-resolution (0.002– 0.006 cm −1 ) room temperature absorption spectra recorded with two Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) were analyzed together. Self-broadening coefficients for over 700 transitions and self-shift coefficients for more than 600 transitions were determined. Measurements of nitrogen-broadening coefficients for more than 480 transitions and nitrogen pressure induced shift coefficients for nearly 430 transitions were also made. The measurements include transitions with rotational quantum numbers as high as J″=18 and K″=15 and several forbidden transitions. The measurements were made in all six sub-bands ( P P , P Q , P R , R P , R Q and RR). The measured self-broadening coefficients vary from 0.025– 0.096 cm −1 atm −1 at 296 K and the N2-broadening coefficients from 0.02 to 0.08 cm −1 atm −1 at 296 K . Self-induced-shift coefficients range from −0.014 to +0.004 cm −1 atm −1 while the nitrogen-induced-shift coefficients vary from −0.013 to +0.008 cm −1 atm −1 . Very few of the measured pressure-shift coefficients were positive, and the positive shift coefficients were mostly associated with the J″=K″ transitions in the PQ sub-bands. The off-diagonal relaxation matrix element coefficients of a number of transitions with K″=3 doublets for both self- and N2-broadening were also obtained. The results obtained with the two different broadening gases are compared and discussed. Comparisons with previous values from the literature are also made.
Holographic Raman sensor for process-control application

Holographic Optical Components including the Holographic Notch and SuperNotchTM Filter, Holographic Bandpass Filter and the Holographic Transmission Grating have been developed to meet the needs of Raman spectroscopy applications. Combined as an integrated assembly, these holographic components in conjunction with a laser diode, CCD array or discrete detector and suitable collection and imaging optics form the basis of a new type of compact, robust and cost effective Holographic Raman Sensor suitable for process monitoring and control applications.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract B54: Role of inverted Alu repeats in triggering TMPRSS2-ERG fusions in prostate cancer following irradiation

Radical Prostatectomy and radiation therapy are the two most common treatments for primary prostate cancer (PCa). However, patients treated with radiotherapy are at greater risk for metastases compared to those treated with radical prostatectomy. Among other factors regulating biochemical or clinical recurrence is the formation of gene fusions. Ionizing radiation (IR) can trigger formation of TMPRSS2-ERG in PCa which may facilitate the development of more aggressive clones, especially in men with an intact androgen axis. Bioinformatics analysis has indicated that breakpoint regions of TMPRSS2 and ERG are rich in Alu elements, including inverted Alu repeat that are inherently unstable when in close proximity. Previous work in multiple cell lines showed that adjacent inverted Alu repeats, but not tandem or single Alu's, are recombinationally unstable subsequent to IR exposure. Based on these results, we hypothesize that regions containing inverted Alu repeats in the prostate genome are vulnerable to DNA strand breaks and rearrangements in hormone naive PCa patients undergoing IR therapy. As gene fusions require each gene to be broken prior to fusion, the effect of irradiation on ERG fragmentation was studied using ligation mediated-PCR. Data from two androgen-sensitive PCa cell lines, PC-346C and LNCaP, showed that after irradiation DNA breaks were introduced preferentially in proximity to an Alu inverted repeat, Alu-Y pair, in intron 3 of ERG . To determine if the enhanced fragmentation observed in this region is translated into rearrangements, FISH (fluorescence in-situ hybridization) probes were designed to bracket the area of interest in ERG . In addition, the same region has been analyzed by inverse-PCR to detect ERG rearrangements. Application of these techniques will enable a better understanding of those mechanisms driving the formation of fusion genes in the proximity of Alu repeats.
METABOLIC STUDIES ON RENAL HOMOGRAFT PATIENTS.

Summary Five renal homotransplant patients on the Metabolic Ward of the University of Colorado Medical Center were studied preoperatively and postoperatively. Nitrogen balance data accumulated on these patients indicated that azathioprine had no notable effect upon the balance. These patients were severely depleted prior to therapy. Prednisone administration resulted in an increased nitrogen excretion; however, the patients returned to a stable nitrogen balance near equilibrium despite the continued administration of rather massive daily doses of prednisone. The findings indicate that a gain in protein stores rather than continual depletion is possible even with long term massive prednisone and azathioprine therapy. Evidence is also presented that prednisone exerted a rather significant catabolic effect upon endogenous protein stores in homograft patients in addition to any anti-anabolic effect it may have exerted. Finally, it was noted that with the massive nitrogen intakes, the patients exhibited an apparent decrease in efficiency of absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, the fecal nitrogen output was found to be well in excess of normal values.
Interoceptive conditional response in cortical neurones.

IT has previously been reported1 that, by presenting simultaneous visceral (splanchnic) and somatic (sciatic) afferent stimuli, evoked potentials can be conditioned in the sensorimotor cortex of the cat. As a continuation of these investigations, we examined cortical units during the same classical interoceptive conditioning procedure to demonstrate the possibility of this type of conditioning in the neurones of the sensorimotor cortex. There are data in the literature on response patterns of cortical units during exteroceptive conditioning in experiments with differing goals2–4.
Diagnosis of autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis with mutations in the TGM1 gene.

Background Autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis (ARLI) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. In many cases, mutations in the transglutaminase 1 gene (TGM1) have been identified, however, other clinically indistinguishable cases have been linked to chromosomes 2, 3 and 19. Previous studies have failed to establish any correlation between clinical characteristics and genetic mutations. Objectives To investigate the molecular basis of ARLI in 10 patients with the typical clinical presentation of the disorder. Methods We performed polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing-based mutation screening in all of these patients, and TGM1 immunofluorescence microscopy and in vitro enzyme activity assays in selected patients. Results Mutation screening revealed 14 mutations, four of which have been previously described. While immunofluorescence microscopy was negative in patients with non-sense mutations or out-of-frame insertions or deletions, the results were variable in cases with mis-sense mutations and in cases with no mutations in the TGM1 gene. In vitro enzyme activity assays gave results consistent with the mutation data. Conclusions Our findings support the importance of mutation screening in the evaluation of ARLI.
Choosing a fellow or fellowship: a survey of pediatric otolaryngologists.

Importance The numbers of pediatric otolaryngology fellowship programs and applicants have increased over the past 5 years. However, the qualities desired in programs and applicants have not been explored. Objective To determine the factors that fellowship program directors and applicants believe to be most important in choosing a fellow and the factors most important to fellowship applicants in choosing a program. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort study using an anonymous online survey of 2012 pediatric otolaryngology fellowship program directors and applicants. Respondents were asked to rank a list of 10 qualities from most to least important for judging the strength of a fellowship applicant. Applicants also assessed the importance of factors in choosing a fellowship. Main Outcomes and Measures Rank of each factor by members of each group. Results Thirty-two of 47 applicants (68%) and 15 of 31 fellowship directors (48%) completed the survey. For applicants, the most important factors when choosing a fellowship program were gaining strong experience in airway management and otology, faculty reputation, and location, whereas Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accreditation, fellowship longevity, and salary were less important. For choosing an applicant, applicants indicated that the interview, prior applicant knowledge (trusted recommendation), and letters of recommendation, sequentially, should be given the greatest weight. Directors reported that they used the same top 3 factors to rank applicants, but knowledge or trusted recommendation of the applicant ranked first. Applicants who successfully matched interviewed at (mean, 9.5 vs 3.0; P = .003), applied at (mean, 11.6 vs 4.3; P = .02), and ranked (mean, 8.3 vs 2.3; P Conclusions and Relevance Personal knowledge or a trusted colleague’s recommendation may be the most important determinant when pediatric otolaryngology fellowship programs choose an applicant. When fellows choose a program, the opportunity to gain surgical experience in both otology and airway management is crucial, but ACGME accreditation status seems less important. Successful applicants ranked and interviewed at more fellowship programs than nonmatching applicants.
Bone morphogenetic proteins-signaling plays a role in tendon-to-bone healing: a study of rhBMP-2 and noggin.

BackgroundSuccessful anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction requires secure healing between tendon and bone.HypothesisBone morphogenetic protein-signaling plays an important role in tendon-to-bone healing. rhBMP-2, a powerful osteoinductive agent, can improve tendon-bone interdigitation.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsThe study was designed in 2 phases: Phase I consisted of a dose-response study where 21 New Zealand White rabbits underwent bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Rabbits received either rhBMP-2 (11.5, 50, or 115 µg) or noggin (10, 15, 30, or 100 ng) (a potent bone morphogenetic proteins inhibitor) delivered in an injectable calcium phosphate matrix. Animals were sacrificed at 2 weeks and histomorphometric analyses were performed. In phase II, 60 rabbits underwent bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions and were assigned to 3 groups rhBMP-2 (115 µg), noggin (30 ng) in a calcium phosphate carrier, and calcium phosphate carrier alone. Animals were ...
Using consumer profiles to increase the U.S. market for seafood: implications for aquaculture

Abstract A turnaround in U.S. seafood marketing occurred in the late 1980's. Per capita consumption declined following 1987 and prices weakened. Worsening market conditions led the Southeast and Northeast Regional Aquaculture Centers to undertake market studies. This study's early-1988 “baseline” results correspond within a few months of the peaking of consumer seafood demand in 1987. Cluster analysis characterized 5 distinct consumer profiles. The two most favorable profiles toward seafood were differentiated by alternative views of fish pricing: one group found fish inexpensive, the other, expensive. Another profile was identified by its dislike of sensory characteristics such as “boniness” and difficulty of preparation. The broad characterization that fish were nutritious and healthy was shared by 4 of the 5 consumer profiles, and represents a major marketing advantage for aquaculture producers. Frequent purchase behavior was shown to be critically important to sales of seafood, both for at-home and restaurant consumption. Patterns of frequent purchase differed by inland versus coastal regions. Logit regression analysis suggested that aquaculturalists target specific consumer profiles by recognizing unique characteristics of consumers, including income level, family size and presence of children, seasonality preferences, and other demographic factors. Consumer concerns about availability of fish and seafood indicate that supplying multiple species would likely be a marketing advantage. The study suggests that aquaculture firms will increasingly need to offset the widespread perception that fish have become “expensive” by highlighting nutritional value and other value-added attributes such as freshness, availability and quality.
Electrical Effect on the Adhesion Force at MEMS Contact Interfaces

A special microdevice was designed and tested to characterize electrical effects on interfacial adhesion in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The adhesion force was measured as a function of the voltage applied across the contact interface. An increase in the adhesion force was attributed to electrostatic attraction resulting from trapped charges. A thermal effect at contacting asperities enhanced the adhesion force significantly. At a critical voltage, microwelding at asperity contacts caused the surfaces to adhere strongly to each other. The adhered device could not be released within its operation limits, indicating the development of a very high adhesion force.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Theory of a Fermi glass

We construct a theory for localized electrons in disordered solids similar in spirit and intent to the Fermiliquid theory of Landau. That is, for low temperatures and excitation energies small compared to the Fermi energy, the electrons may be viewed as forming a gas of localized quasiparticles. The phenomenological theory is presented and applications are made to both equilibrium and time-dependent properties of the glass. A microscopic justification of the quasiparticle picture is made by an examination of the single-particle Green's function of the interacting system. The collective properties of the glass are examined by studing the Bethe-Salpeter equation satisfied by the four-point vertex for particle-hole scattering. This leads to the identification of the phenomenological effective interaction between quasiparticles with a certain limit of the four-point vertex and to a microscopic justification of the phenomenological transport equation used to study time-dependent phenomena.
In vitro studies on the chemical reactivity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl-S-acyl-CoA thioester.

Abstract 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used broadleaf herbicide that has been associated with acute liver toxicity in exposed humans or animals. Chemically reactive metabolites of 2,4-D are proposed as mediators of 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate a novel reactive metabolite of 2,4-D, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl-S-acyl-CoA (2,4-D-CoA), and to determine its involvement in 2,4-D covalent adduct formation. Thus, incubations of synthetic 2,4-D-CoA (106 μM) with GSH (1 mM) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) showed 2,4-D-CoA to be able to transacylate the cysteine sulfhydryl of GSH, resulting in the formation of 2,4-D-S-acyl-glutathione (2,4-D-SG) thioester and reaching a concentration of 65 μM after 1 h of incubation. Under similar conditions, 2,4-D-CoA was shown to covalently bind to nucleophilic groups on human serum albumin (HSA, 30 mg/ml), resulting in time-dependent 2,4-D-HSA covalent adduct formation that reached a maximum of 440 pmol/mg HSA after 1 h of incubation. In addition to these studies, incubations of [1-14C]2,4-D (1 mM) with rat hepatocytes showed a time-dependent covalent binding of 2,4-D to hepatocyte protein. Inhibition of acyl-CoA formation by trimethylacetic acid (2 mM) decreased the amount of covalent binding to protein in rat hepatocytes by 50%. These results indicate that 2,4-D-CoA thioester is a reactive metabolite of 2,4-D that may contribute to 2,4-D-protein adduct formation in vivo and therefore the associated hepatotoxicity.
Positive feedbacks and bistability associated with phosphorus–vegetation–microbial interactions

Abstract Phosphorus (P) availability in soils can be a major factor limiting vegetation growth. Vegetation has adapted to this limitation by efficiently cycling P. Under conditions of limited P, microbes aid in mitigating P losses and enhancing P availability. Deforestation adversely impacts microbial populations. In turn, the loss of microbial biomass increases P losses and decreases P availability. This is important because P is not replenished biologically. Hence, when lost from the system, P only becomes available for uptake over geologic time scales. While vegetation clearly affects the microbial community and P cycling, it is not well-understood whether a loss of vegetation could lead to state changes in the vegetation dynamics. We develop a modeling framework and apply it to a P-limited cerrado ecosystem in Brazil with high intra-annual rainfall variability to examine whether deforestation can lead to a shift to a stable tree-less state. Following deforestation, we observed a decline in the microbial pool, a reduction in immobilization, and an increase in P losses. Although vegetation recovered from deforestation, a significant decline in the recalcitrant organic P pool occurred. A larger reduction in this pool led to a state change to the bare state from which the vegetation and microbial biomass did not recover. Results suggest that systems most susceptible to state changes may be those which have been previously deforested or those where the amount of P stored in the recalcitrant organic pool is low or becomes available very slowly.
The selective advantage of complex language

Abstract The progressive evolution of the biological capacity to learn and use highly complex language is unlikely to be explained primarily by any subsistence or technological advantages that language offers. Rather, language probably served social purposes. In particular, two relationships could have driven selection in favor of increasingly complex language. First, in most or all societies, those who rise to positions of leadership tend to be recognized as having high languistic skills. Second, in the kinds of society in which language must be presumed to have evolved, leaders tend to raise more children to maturity than do other people. Together, these two relationships would give a long-term selective advantage to increasingly skillful speakers.
A new class of exponential propagation iterative methods of Runge-Kutta type (EPIRK)

We propose a new class of the exponential propagation iterative methods of Runge-Kutta-type (EPIRK). The EPIRK schemes are exponential integrators that can be competitive with explicit and implicit methods for integration of large stiff systems of ODEs. Introducing the new, more general than previously proposed, ansatz for EPIRK schemes allows for more flexibility in deriving computationally efficient high-order integrators. Recent extension of the theory of B-series to exponential integrators [1] is used to derive classical order conditions for schemes up to order five. An algorithm to systematically solve these conditions is presented and several new fifth order schemes are constructed. Several numerical examples are used to verify the order of the methods and to illustrate the performance of the new schemes.
Stress and glucocorticoid

In his Perspective “Why stress is bad for your brain” ([1][1]), Robert M. Sapolsky concludes that glucocorticoid (GC) excess, sometimes a result of sustained stress, is a “likely culprit in causing [hippocampal] atrophy [in humans].” Although the data demonstrating reduced hippocampal volume
The Structure and Frictional Properties of Aluminum Alloy Anodic Oxide Film

Anodic oxide films were prepared firstly on the surface of a 2024 aluminum alloy. Then the effect of different heat-treatment temperatures on the structure and properties of the films was studied. The results indicate that the construction units of Al2O3 oxide film were composed of tubules less than 100nm in external diameter, and the film became more compact and uniform as a result of the increased temperature after the heat treatments of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400°C under the protection of a H2 atmosphere. The hardness of the films increased linearly with the increase of heat treatment temperature; whereas the wear loss tended to decrease first and then increase. After being treated at the temperature of 250°C, the hardness reaches 606HV, the wear loss is a minimum of 11mg. The structure of the film heat-treated at 250°C has a compact structure, higher hardness, and the best wear resistance.
Inaccuracy of the administrative database: comparative analysis of two databases for the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

Objective Administrative databases of hospital admissions are increasingly being used, mostly without validation, for epidemiological and clinical outcomes studies. Although it has been difficult to assess the true accuracy of administrative databases, we have identified an opportunity to directly compare the State of Maryland administrative database against a prospectively maintained departmental database at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Methods Data for patients with the diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over a 17-year period were compared in the State of Maryland administrative database and the neurosurgery departmental database. Discrepancies were clarified by review of the original medical records. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of each database were calculated. Results The administrative database missed 16% of all cases and was significantly inaccurate in 10 of 12 categories. It had particularly low values in the specificity regarding surgical treatment (67%), the sensitivity regarding endovascular treatment (48%), and the positive predictive value regarding endovascular treatment (30%). By contrast, the lowest score of the departmental database in any category was 97%. Conclusion We show that this representative administrative database is significantly flawed. Given the exponentially increasing number of research studies based on administrative databases, the pitfalls of research based solely on these need to be recognized. Strong criteria requiring accurate data validation are critical to justify the conclusions of these studies, regardless of their large numbers and complex statistics.
On the oscillation of a second-order delay equation

Abstract The oscillatory nature of two equations ( r ( t ) y ′( t ))′ + p 1 ( t ) y ( t ) = f ( t ), ( r ( t ) y ′( t ))′ + p 2 ( t ) y ( t − τ ( t ))= 0, is compared when positive functions p 1 and p 2 are not “too close” or “too far apart.” Then the main theorem states that if h ( t ) is eventually negative and a twice continuously differentiable function which satisfies ( r ( t ) h ′( t ))′ + p 1 ( t ) h ( t ) ⩾ 0, then this inequality is necessary and sufficient for every bounded solution of ( r ( t ) y ′( t ))′ + p 2 ( t ) y ( t − τ ( t )) = 0 to be nonoscillatory.
Mutational analysis of the mitochondrial copper metallochaperone Cox17.

Abstract The copper metallochaperone Cox17 is proposed to shuttle Cu(I) ions to the mitochondrion for the assembly of cytochromec oxidase. The Cu(I) ions are liganded by cysteinyl thiolates. Mutational analysis on the yeast Cox17 reveals three of the seven cysteinyl residues to be critical for Cox17 function, and these three residues are present in a Cys-Cys-Xaa-Cys sequence motif. Single substitution of any of these three cysteines with serines results in a nonfunctional cytochrome oxidase complex. Cells harboring such a mutation fail to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources and have no cytochrome c oxidase activity in isolated mitochondria. Wild-type Cox17 purified as untagged protein binds three Cu(I) ions/molecule. Mutant proteins lacking only one of these critical Cys residues retain the ability to bind three Cu(I) ions and are imported within the mitochondria. In contrast, Cox17 molecules with a double Cys → Ser mutation exhibit no Cu(I) binding but are still localized to the mitochondria. Thus, mitochondrial uptake of Cox17 is not restricted to the Cu(I) conformer of Cox17. COX17 was originally cloned by virtue of complementation of a mutant containing a nonfunctional Cys → Tyr substitution at codon 57. The mutant C57Y Cox17 fails to accumulate within the mitochondria but retains the ability to bind three Cu(I) ions. A C57S Cox17 variant is functional, and a quadruple Cox17 mutant with C16S/C36S/C47S/C57S substitutions binds three Cu(I) ions. Thus, only three cysteinyl residues are important for the ligation of three Cu(I) ions. A novel mode of Cu(I) binding is predicted.
Characteristics Associated with Sex After Periods of Abstinence Among Sexually Experienced Young Women

CONTEXT:Adolescent pregnancy prevention is difficult because adolescent sex is intermittent. Understanding why sexually experienced adolescents have sex after a period of abstinence will help clinicians to tailor counseling. METHODS:For up to 4.5 years between 1999 and 2006, a sample of 354 adolescent women recruited at urban primary care clinics were interviewed and tested for STDs every three months, and were asked to complete three months of daily diaries twice a year. Survival analyses were used to estimate associations between intrapersonal, relationship and STD-related characteristics and the risk of ending an abstinence period with sex. RESULTS:Participants reported 9,236 abstinence periods, which averaged 31 days. The risk that an abstinence period ended with sex increased steeply for periods of fewer than 17 days (short), rose less steeply for 17–39-day (intermediate) periods and was fairly steady for longer periods. For short periods, the risk increased with age, sexual interest, positive mood, partner support, relationship quality and history of STD diagnosis more than three months ago (hazard ratios, 1.02–1.2); it decreased as negative mood increased (0.98) and was reduced among adolescents with a recent STD diagnosis (0.9). For intermediate periods, the association with a recent STD diagnosis became positive (1.4). For long periods, sex was associated only with age, sexual interest and relationship quality. CONCLUSIONS:To provide targeted and timely sexual health counseling, clinicians may want to ask adolescents not only whether they are sexually active but also when they last had sex.
Radiation Damage and Recovery in Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, and Ta

The electric resistivity changes induced by the 12-Mev deuteron bombardment of Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, and Ta foils were determined as functions of the integrated flux. Bombardments were carried out at about -140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and -150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and differences in the two sets of measurements were traced to a thermal recovery process which was proceeding with measurable velocity even at -165\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This low temperature reaction was characterized by an activation energy of 0.2,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 ev for Cu, Ag, and Au, and one of 0.3, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 ev for Ni and Ta. It is suggested that the migration of vacancy pairs offers a reasonable model for the initial recovery process, although other mechanisms are also discussed.
Two-spectator quasifree processes

Abstract Two-spectator quasifree processes (graphs with two spectator particles) for the 3 He( 3 He, dd)pp reaction at the symmetric angle pairs θ = 30.1° at E 3 He = 50 MeV and θ = 37° at E 3 He = 78 MeV are investigated. The theoretical cross sections are calculated with the PWIA model. The measured cross sections are smaller but have shapes which are in good agreement with the calculation. The ratio N = experiment/theory is approximately 0.05 at 50 MeV and 0.1 at 78 MeV. The reaction 2 H(d, pp)nn also was studied at the symmetric angle pair θ = 34.8° and E 2 H = 34.7 MeV and the ratio is about 0.14.
Interface reactions and grain growth processes in poly-GaAs deposited on molybdenum substrates by the organometallic process

Abstract This paper describes grain growth processes for polycrystalline gallium arsenide on molybdenum substrates. Growth was carried out by the pyrolytic decomposition of trimethylgallium and arsine in hydrogen. The ability of the organometallic process to allow the growth of gallium arsenide over a wide temperature range is exploited in the initial nucleation and growth phase to obtain full coverage of the substrate. A heat treatment step is used to provide grain expansion and results in a surface with a rippled character. We propose that this comes about by the dissociation of GaAs at the interface, due to strong Mo-As reactions at the annealing temperature, resulting in regrowth of GaAs from a liquid-like phase. Eventual growth of a device quality, active layer is accomplished by conventional CVD growth at 650–700°C, resulting in an average grain size of 6 μm for a 6–7 μm thick overall structure.
The functional significance of velocity storage and its dependence on gravity

Research in the vestibular field has revealed the existence of a central process, called ‘velocity storage’, that is activated by both visual and vestibular rotation cues and is modified by gravity, but whose functional relevance during natural motion has often been questioned. In this review, we explore spatial orientation in the context of a Bayesian model of vestibular information processing. In this framework, deficiencies/ambiguities in the peripheral vestibular sensors are compensated for by central processing to more accurately estimate rotation velocity, orientation relative to gravity, and inertial motion. First, an inverse model of semicircular canal dynamics is used to reconstruct rotation velocity by integrating canal signals over time. However, its low-frequency bandwidth is limited to avoid accumulation of noise in the integrator. A second internal model uses this reconstructed rotation velocity to compute an internal estimate of tilt and inertial acceleration. The bandwidth of this second internal model is also restricted at low frequencies to avoid noise accumulation and drift of the tilt/translation estimator over time. As a result, low-frequency translation can be erroneously misinterpreted as tilt. The time constants of these two integrators (internal models) can be conceptualized as two Bayesian priors of zero rotation velocity and zero linear acceleration, respectively. The model replicates empirical observations like ‘velocity storage’ and ‘frequency segregation’ and explains spatial orientation (e.g., ‘somatogravic’) illusions. Importantly, the functional significance of this network, including velocity storage, is found during short-lasting, natural head movements, rather than at low frequencies with which it has been traditionally studied.
Advancing the chromatography of GC/FT‐IR to WCOT capillary columns

By the use of a wide-bore WCOT capillary column, it was possible to obtain the first on-the-fly GC/FT-IR spectra with a WCOT column. This wide-bore WCOT column gave improved separation, as compared to a SCOT column, and yielded identifiable infrared spectra for a real sample.