cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instructional technology outreach and metrics: building a bridge

At Williams College, self-selected faculty take full advantage of the Instructional Technology (ITech) training, resources, and services while other faculty remain under-informed and underserved. The mission of ITech is to provide leadership, encouragement, and support for faculty utilizing technology to achieve academic objectives; create and maintain environments for media development, presentation, and the exploration of new technologies; and to evaluate emerging instructional technologies and facilitate their implementation. Incidental statistics relating to resource use are collected and reported. However, there is no system of metrics directly tied to the ITech mission. This situation does not seem to be unique to Williams College. Discussions at a National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education sponsored conference on Instructional Technology in 2008 revealed that Instructional Technologists at many institutions were grappling with the same issue [1]. How do you set meaningful goals for measuring leadership, encouragement, and support of faculty without a system for measuring efforts in these areas? What would such a system look like?The author collected six years of data on his own interactions with faculty at Williams College as a way to measure his own progress toward meeting the duties and responsibilities of a Williams College Instructional Technology Specialist. This paper explores the process of developing a system of metrics tied to faculty outreach and the resulting challenges and rewards that come from implementing such a system.
Oncofetal antigen expression in head and neck carcinoma.

Oncofetal antigens (OFA) are proteins expressed during periods of embryonal/fetal development and on malignant cells. Previous investigations detected the presence of phase-specific 44-and 200-kd OFA, using a monoclonal antibody (MoAb 115). This study will determine if primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas express the 44-kd OFA, and will assess the possible role of OFA in oncogenesis. Fifteen primary human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and six HNSCC cell lines were tested for OFA expression. Thirteen primary cancers and three cell lines demonstrated various degrees of OFA positivity. Oncofetal antigens are proposed to represent a proto-oncogene active during fetal development and malignant growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.
Cat gene frequencies in the San Francisco Bay region, California

A recent cat gene frequency survey undertaken in the San Francisco Bay region has not reconciled all the discrepancies in the two previous studies reported from this area. The only mutants for which reliable frequency estimates exist are long hair, dominant white and piebald spotting. For several alleles, the reasons for the dissimilar results reported by different workers are not clear.
Penitential Theology in East Late Antiquity: Talmudic, Zoroastrian, and East Christian Reflections

The study attempts to situate the Talmudic theological discussion of repentance—particularly in its Babylonian representations—within the context of Zoroastrian and East Christian traditions. In this regard, the study seeks to provide a cultural framework, in light of which the Talmudic theology of repentance can be seen in the broader context of the penitential discourses that pervaded the cultures of East Late Antiquity. The study focuses on two issues in particular, which underscore the congruent theological engagement of the rabbis and their East Christian and Zoroastrian interlocutors in penitential theology: 1) the relative status of the penitent as opposed to the perfectly righteous. 2) The relative roles of psychological repentance and objective measures of penance and expiation in the process.
Infinite-dilution activity coefficients from computer simulation

Abstract We report a method to calculate the infinite-dilution activity coefficients from computer simulation. The method is based on Widom's potential distribution theorem and can yield accurate activity coefficients with little additional computer time.
The preparation and reactions of esters of dichloromethaneboronic acid

Abstract Dichloromethaneboronic acid is obtained in impure form from the reaction of dichloromethyllithium with trimethylborate. Reaction with the appropriate alcohols furnishes the 1,3 propandiol ester and the diisopropyl ester. Diisopropyldichloromethaneboronate reacts with organolithium or organomagnesium reagents to give substitution products which can be oxidized to aldehydes.
Effects of maternal magnesium sulfate administration on intestinal blood flow velocity in preterm neonates.

Background: Antenatal MgSO4 administration is used extensively as a tocolytic agent and to treat preeclampsia. Various effects on the fetus and newborn have been reported, and MgSO4 has well-documented vasoactive effects. Objective: To determine if antenatal MgSO4 administration affects intestinal blood flow velocity in newborn preterm infants. Methods: Peak, mean and end-diastolic velocities in the superior mesenteric artery were measured on day 1 of life. Maternal medical records were reviewed to identify infants whose mothers had been administered MgSO4 for preterm labor or preeclampsia within 24 h of delivery. Result: Fifty-six infants were studied: 27 were exposed and 29 were not exposed to antenatal MgSO4. Mean birth weight (1,371 ± 349 and 1,401 ± 469 g, respectively), gestational age (29.7 ± 2.0 and 30.0 ± 2.9 weeks, respectively) and infant hemodynamic and clinical variables (other than clinical indication for antenatal MgSO4 administration) were similar between groups. There were no significant differences between the exposed and unexposed groups in intestinal blood flow velocities. For the exposed group, however, there was a significant negative correlation between mean velocity and the number of hours from birth to the time superior mesenteric artery blood flow velocity measurements were made (p = 0.002); there was no correlation for the unexposed group (p = 0.852). Conclusion: Group mean values indicate that antenatal exposure to MgSO4 does not significantly affect intestinal blood flow velocity in newborn preterm infants. However, the significant negative relationship between mean blood flow velocity and time from birth to blood flow velocity measurement in exposed infants suggests that there may be measurable effects of MgSO4 exposure within the hours immediately after birth. Trials that prospectively evaluate the development of intestinal blood flow velocities are needed to further clarify potential effects of antenatal MgSO4 on the gastrointestinal tract of preterm infants.
Functional-morphological and biochemical correlations of the keratinized structures in the African Grey Parrot, Psittacus erithacus (Aves)

Keratinized structures from the African Grey Parrot (feather, down, claw, scale, rhamphotheca, soft lingual epithelium, and lingual nail) were compard by combining biochemical and functional-morphological approaches. At the molecular level, the keratinized structures of Psittacus erithacus are organized essentially like those of other avian species. Correlations were established (or verified) between the mechanical properties of the tissues and the molecular size of the keratin monomers, between the mechanical properties and the x-ray diffraction patterns of the tissues, and between the Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) patterns of the keratins and certain aspects of growth patterns of the structures. The keratin proteins of the lingual nail, described here for the first time, resemble those of the claw and rhamphotheca. Morphological, biochemical and functional differences between the lingual nail and the rest of the lingual epithelium were established.
Actively Guided Practice Enhances Kinesthetic Memory Development

In traditional weld training novice students often have their hands guided by their instructor, however due to class ratios this kind of guidance is very limited in traditional training scenarios. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of providing automated movement guidance similar to that which would be provided by a master instructor. The author hypothesized that such a system would in enhancing kinesthetic memory development and by so doing increase student performance. Sixteen welding students participated in this study. These students were trained to weld under different protocols: free-hand (traditional group) and guided (machine group). The tradition group was trained by a certified welding inspector and given physical guidance intermittently. In the machine group, participants were given guidance via a kinesthetic weld trainer (KWT) (designed by the author) that required participants to actively repeat a specific welding angle and speed. The results showed with such guidance,...
Distribution of Foraminifera in the Gulf of Thailand Sediments: ABSTRACT

The area investigated is mainly a shallow shelf environment including the Gulf of Thailand and part of the South China Sea. Large amounts of precipitation and runoff cause marked seasonal variations in the temperatures and salinities of the sea water in the area. The Gulf sediments are dominated by olive brown muds, and the shelf sediments are dominated by yellow-brown sands. The foraminiferal number, species number, and the percentage of planktonic Foraminifera increase with depth and distance off shore and toward mid-gulf. Species of Globigerina constitute the eurythermal planktonic fauna and are relatively common in the End_Page 1770------------------------------ inner shelf. Below 54 m. a diverse planktonic fauna, including the many warm water species, appears in the sediments. Hyaline Foraminifera compose fifty per cent or more of the benthic population in all but the two stations which are located near large rivers. The beach fauna is dominated by Ammonia beccarii sobrina and various species of Elphidium. The inner shelf fauna has an abundance of various Ammonia species, Hanzawaia nipponica, and Rotorbinella versiformis. The outer shelf fauna consists largely of Bolivina robusta, Cibicides haidingeri pacificus, and Epistominella pulchra. The dominant upper bathyal species are Cassidulina subglobosa, Cibicides pseudoungerianus, and Gumbelitria vivans. Size measurements of a few species indicated a tendency toward dwarfism in the fauna of the closed basin in the Gulf. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1771------------
Two surgeons who popularized spinal anesthesia.

Abstract Abstract: Because of the significant mortality associated with general anesthesia in the early decades of the 20th century, two US surgeons-George Pitkin and Wayne Babcock-suggested suitable alternatives. Believing in the greater manageability and safety of regional and spinal anesthesia, each investigated these techniques, employing them for surgery and went on to popularize the rational use of regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:278-282.
Studies on detection and synthesis of prostaglandins in tail skin of the rat.

Studies are reported on the detection and in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins of the E type in the tail skin of male Sprague-Dawley rats. It was found that strips of skin were preferred to other techniques of skin preparations, such as mincing or homogenization for the assay of endogenous prostaglandins. Each strip of tail skin could be used at least twice, each time in fresh buffer to obtain additional release of endogenous prostaglandins. The skin was stripped from a longitudinal incision in the tail in one piece and cut into four parallel strips lengthwise. Each strip of skin was incubated singly and the prostaglandins were extracted with ethyl acetate. The detection and analysis of prostaglandins of the E type were carried out by standard procedures on the residue of this extract dissolved in 95% ethanol. By means of this technique, endogenous prostaglandins were detected in the tail skin of rats. Little or no prostaglandins were extracted by organic solvents directly from the tissue, and the yields were low when the tissue was minced. The results indicate the possibility that endogenous prostaglandins may be synthesized during incubation in buffer or may be released from binding with other cellular components. The major prostaglandin of this tissue was PGE2; prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was also detected. Using the same procedure, the presence of a prostaglandin synthetase system in the tail skin was demonstrated by the conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
The influence of affect on self-focused attention: Conceptual and methodological issues

Abstract A number of investigators have suggested that affective states influence the focus of attention. One recent proposal is that negative moods increase self-focus. This review considers the evidence that bears on this hypothesis. Conceptual issues pertaining to the construct of self-focus are discussed first. Next, the various parameters that influence attentional focus are presented in order to provide a way of organizing the mood/selffocus literature. Studies that have used state measures of mood and self-focus are considered in this context. Methodological limitations of existing studies are discussed and directions for future work provided.
Charge exchange and ion diffusion for thermal nonequilibrium conditions

Ion-neutral atmosphere diffusion coefficient for resonance charge exchange obtained for thermal nonequilibrium conditions, discussing effect on F 2 region structure
Reference-driven performance anomaly identification

Complex system software allows a variety of execution conditions on system configurations and workload properties. This paper explores a principled use of reference executions--those of similar execution conditions from the target--to help identify the symptoms and causes of performance anomalies. First, to identify anomaly symptoms, we construct change profiles that probabilistically characterize expected performance deviations between target and reference executions. By synthesizing several single-parameter change profiles, we can scalably identify anomalous reference-to-target changes in a complex system with multiple execution parameters. Second, to narrow the scope of anomaly root cause analysis, we filter anomaly-related low-level system metrics as those that manifest very differently between target and reference executions. Our anomaly identification approach requires little expert knowledge or detailed models on system internals and consequently it can be easily deployed. Using empirical case studies on the Linux I/O subsystem and a J2EE-based distributed online service, we demonstrate our approach's effectiveness in identifying performance anomalies over a wide range of execution conditions as well as multiple system software versions. In particular, we discovered five previously unknown performance anomaly causes in the Linux 2.6.23 kernel. Additionally, our preliminary results suggest that online anomaly detection and system reconfiguration may help evade performance anomalies in complex online systems.
Home Monitoring Musculo-skeletal Disorders with a Single 3D Sensor

We address the problem of automated quantitative evaluation of musculo-skeletal disorders using a 3D sensor. This enables a non-invasive home monitoring system which extracts and analyzes the subject's motion symptoms and provides clinical feedback. The subject is asked to perform several clinically validated standardized tests (e.g. sit-to-stand, repeated several times) in front of a 3D sensor to generate a sequence of skeletons (i.e. locations of 3D joints). While the complete sequence consists of multiple repeated Skeletal Action Units (SAU) (e.g. sit-to-stand, one repetition), we generate a single robust Representative Skeletal Action Unit (RSAU) which encodes the subject's most consistent spatio-temporal motion pattern. Based on the Representative Skeletal Action Unit (RSAU) we extract a series of clinical measurements (e.g. step size, swing level of hand) which are crucial for prescription and rehabilitation plan design. In this paper, we propose a Temporal Alignment Spatial Summarization (TASS) method to decouple the complex spatio-temporal information of multiple Skeletal Action Units (SAU). Experimental results from people with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and people without Parkinson's Disease (non-PD) demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology which opens the way for many related applications.
Simple low power analogue MOS voltage adder

A simple, low power, NMOS analogue voltage adder, suitable for VLSI implementation is presented. It is based on the inherent square law of MOS transistors operating in saturation mode. Using a 3.3 V source, the circuit's input voltage range is /spl plusmn/3 V, with an error less than 0.3% compared with the ideal sum of the inputs. The power consumption is <0.5 mW and THD <-36 dB for the full range of operation.
Interannual Variability of the Upper Ocean in the Southeast Pacific Stratus Cloud Region

Persistent stratus/stratocumulus cloud decks in the southeast Pacific near the coasts of Peru and northern Chile play an important role in regional and global climate variability. Interannual variability of the upper ocean under stratus cloud decks in the southeast Pacific is investigated using ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiments. The model was first forced with daily surface fluxes based on the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis and satellite-derived surface shortwave and longwave radiation for the period of 1979‐2004. Gridded surface heatflux estimatesused in the model integration agree well with those based on Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution(WHOI)ImprovedMeteorology(IMET)buoymeasurementsat208S,858W.Also, the OGCM is able to reproduce well the observed interannual SST and sea surface height variations in this region. The results suggest that the interannual variation of the upper ocean north of 208S is mostly associated with ENSO variability. Additional model experiments were conducted to examine the relative importance of ocean dynamics and surface heat fluxes in determining the interannual variation in SST. The results of these experiments indicatethat upper-ocean dynamics play a dominant role in controlling the interannual variation of SST north of 208S in the stratus cloud region. The upper-ocean heat budget analysis shows that meridional heat advection associated with ENSO events primarily controls the interannual SST variation in the stratus cloud region north of 208S.
Identification of structurally constrained second-order Volterra models

Continuing advances in industrial control hardware and software have increased interest in the identification of nonlinear dynamic models from chemical process data. Two practically important issues are those of nonlinear model structure selection and input sequence design for adequate model identification. While the "general nonlinear model identification problem" is intractably complex, we may obtain useful insights into both of these issues by restricting our attention to special cases, building incrementally on our "linear intuition". We consider the special case of second-order Volterra models, focusing on the effects of structural restrictions and non-Gaussian input sequences on the model identification problem. The results presented build on the work of Powers and his co-workers, who considered the unconstrained Gaussian problem, certain constrained special cases (e.g., the Hammerstein model), and identification using non-i.i.d. input sequences. Besides extending these results to a wider class of model structure constraints and input sequences, the results presented yield some useful insights into the issue of input sequence design.
Microstructure of wheat flour tortillas: effects of soluble and insoluble fibres / Microestructura de tortillas de harina de trigo: éfectos de la adición de fibra soluble e insoluble

Soluble and insoluble fibres influenced both the quality and microstructure of dough and wheat flour tortillas. Doughs containing 8% soluble fibre had poor gluten development and extensive starch gelatinization during baking. This resulted in a tortilla with a dense, pasty crumb. Doughs containing 8% insoluble fibre had better gluten structures than those prepared using soluble fibres. Strands of insoluble fibre particles, however, physically disrupted the gluten network, causing the air bubbles to collapse, and decreased the shelf-stability of tortillas. It appears that soluble and insoluble fibres weaken the gluten matrix by different mechanisms.
Polarization stability of circularly polarized laser pulses propagating in non-birefringent single-mode optical fibers

The polarization state of circularly and linearly polarized picosecond laser pulses propagating through nonbirefringent single-mode optical fibers have been studied. It was found that circularly polarized laser pulses were less sensitive to the intensity than that of linearly polarized laser pulses. A model using self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) has been proposed to explain the measured preservation of the circular polarization state and the depolarization of linear polarization state in optical fibers. The model is in good agreement with the experimental results. >
Synergism of EGFR and c-Met pathways, cross-talk and inhibition, in non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: c-Met and EGFR receptors are widely expressed on cancer cells; they are implicated in the development and progression of cancer through a plethora of effects on cell cycle progression, apoptosis, motility and metastasis and are potential targets for combination therapy. EGFR receptor tyrosine kinases are currently being targeted in a number of malignancies. Methods: Apoptosis was studied by FACS analysis using propidium iodide. EGF and HGF signaling intermediates were studied by western blotting. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assays. Cell motility was done by time lapse confocal microscopy. Results: c-Met and EGFR were both expressed in A549, H1838, H2170, SW900, SW1573, H358, SKLU-1, and H1993 non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Both EGF and HGF at 100 ng/ml in medium showed a synergistic effect on cell proliferation at 48-72 h as seen by a proliferation assay in A549, H1838, and SKMES cells. In A549 and H1838 cell lines, HGF (40 ng/ml) and EGF (5 ng/ml) induced synergistic phosphorylation on c-Met (Tyr 1003/1230/1234/1235). Additionally, synergistic phosphorylation of Akt (Ser-473) and phospho-ERK1+ERK2 (Thr202/Tyr204) was also seen indicating that EGF and HGF could induce synergistic phosphorylation of important signaling intermediates. Treatment with EGF and HGF at 100 ng/ml for 2 h also leads to an additive effect in inducing cell motility (especially membrane ruffling) in H1993 cells. A novel c-Met small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU11274 and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors Tyrphostin AG1478 and gefitinib (Iressa) were tested to study their effect in combination on proliferation and apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Interestingly, a synergistic effect on inhibition of cell proliferation was seen in the presence of SU11274 and Tyrphostin AG1478. 0.5 µM Tyrphostin AG1478 and 2 µM SU11274 inhibited growth by 21% and 25%, respectively; a combination of both tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibited growth by 65%. Interestingly, EGFR inhibitor (gefitinib, Iressa) and c-Met inhibitor (SU11274) also had a synergistic effect on apoptosis in H358 cells. Conclusion: There was a synergistic effect of EGF and HGF on proliferation, downstream activation of signal transduction and an additive effect seen on motility. These studies show that a combination of HGF and EGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors on NSCLC, could potentially be targeted in a synergistic fashion.
Why The Brain Separates Face Recognition From Object Recognition

Many studies have uncovered evidence that visual cortex contains specialized regions involved in processing faces but not other object classes. Recent electro-physiology studies of cells in several of these specialized regions revealed that at least some of these regions are organized in a hierarchical manner with viewpoint-specific cells projecting to downstream viewpoint-invariant identity-specific cells [1]. A separate computational line of reasoning leads to the claim that some transformations of visual inputs that preserve viewed object identity are class-specific. In particular, the 2D images evoked by a face undergoing a 3D rotation are not produced by the same image transformation (2D) that would produce the images evoked by an object of another class undergoing the same 3D rotation. However, within the class of faces, knowledge of the image transformation evoked by 3D rotation can be reliably transferred from previously viewed faces to help identify a novel face at a new viewpoint. We show, through computational simulations, that an architecture which applies this method of gaining invariance to class-specific transformations is effective when restricted to faces and fails spectacularly when applied to other object classes. We argue here that in order to accomplish viewpoint-invariant face identification from a single example view, visual cortex must separate the circuitry involved in discounting 3D rotations of faces from the generic circuitry involved in processing other objects. The resulting model of the ventral stream of visual cortex is consistent with the recent physiology results showing the hierarchical organization of the face processing network.
The Simplification of Multiple-Output Switching Networks Composed of Unilateral Devices

The purpose of this paper is to show that two-level (no more than two gates in cascade) multiple-output switching networks composed of unilateral switching devices such as diodes can be simplified or minimized in much the same manner as single-output networks. This is accomplished by extending the notation and techniques used in the simplification of two-level single-output switching networks to multiple-output switching networks. A simple procedure for identifying multiple-output prime implicants is devised and, as a final result, an algorithm is presented which can be used to minimize the switching network corresponding, to a number (q) of given Boolean expressions of the same variables. This algorithm is based on the Quine rules but has been modified to take advantage of the so-called ``don't care'' conditions which occur because some inputs are forbidden or because some outputs are of no concern. This algorithm can readily be programmed on a digital computer if desired.
Anniversary Article: Decision Analysis in Management Science

As part of the 50th anniversary ofManagement Science, the journal is publishing articles that reflect on the past, present, and future of the various subfields the journal represents. In this article, we consider decision analysis research as it has appeared inManagement Science. After reviewing the foundations of decision analysis and the history of the journal's decision analysis department, we review a number of key developments in decision analysis research that have appeared inManagement Science and offer some comments on the current state of the field.
Model of the home food environment pertaining to childhood obesity

The home food environment can be conceptualized as overlapping interactive domains composed of built and natural, sociocultural, political and economic, micro-level and macro-level environments. Each type and level of environment uniquely contributes influence through a mosaic of determinants depicting the home food environment as a major setting for shaping child dietary behavior and the development of obesity. Obesity is a multifactorial problem, and the home food environmental aspects described here represent a substantial part of the full environmental context in which a child grows, develops, eats, and behaves. The present review includes selected literature relevant to the home food environment's influence on obesity with the aim of presenting an ecologically informed model for future research and intervention in the home food environment.
Stratified Flow along a Corrugated Slope: Separation Drag and Wave Drag

Abstract Lee wave generation and horizontal flow separation in stratified flow along a slope, with corrugations or a ridge running directly downslope, are explored using analytical and numerical methods. Both of these processes are important to the drag on alongslope currents. The analytical solution for steady wave generation by stratified flow along a corrugated slope is extended to the evanescent flow regimes. There are two evanescent regimes, having intrinsic frequencies either above the buoyancy frequency N (fast flow), or below N sin(a) (slow flow), for nonrotating fluid and slope angle, a. Streamlines of the low speed evanescent solution tend to follow isobaths, while those of wave solutions tend to flow up over ridges and down in canyons. An analytical expression is developed for the wave drag felt by an isolated ridge on a slope. For a Gaussian ridge of alongslope length L, the drag becomes small when U/LN > 1 (the fast flow regime), or when U/(LN sin a) < 1/2 (the slow flow regime). Numerical ex...
Atomic-level characterization of transport cycle thermodynamics in the glycerol-3-phosphate:Phosphate antiporter

Membrane transporters actively translocate their substrate by undergoing large-scale structural transitions between inward- (IF) and outward-facing (OF) states ('alternating-access' mechanism). Despite extensive structural studies, atomic-level mechanistic details of such structural transitions, and as importantly, their coupling to chemical events supplying the energy, remain amongst the most elusive aspects of the function of these proteins. Here we present a quantitative, atomic-level description of the functional thermodynamic cycle for the glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter GlpT by using a novel approach in reconstructing the free energy landscape governing the IF↔OF transition along a cyclic transition pathway involving both apo and substrate-bound states. Our results provide a fully atomic description of the complete transport process, offering a structural model for the alternating-access mechanism and substantiating the close coupling between global structural transitions and local chemical events.
Optimizing Economic Return on Highway Investment

Methodology currently in use for economic analysis of highways does not readily lend itself to formulation of an optimal program. Benefit/cost ratios or rates of return are meaningful only in comparison with a specific mutually exclusive alternative. Use of the net present value method and dynamic programming permits selection of the combination of projects and alternatives that will provide the maximum economic benefit, given a limitation on the amount of investment capital. This method also permits an analyst to identify that level of total investment for highways beyond which marginal returns tend to diminish.
Albumin outflow into deep cervical lymph from different regions of rabbit brain.

Dynamics and pathways of 125I-labeled albumin (RISA) outflow from brain to deep cervical lymph have been studied in anesthetized rabbits between 4 and 25 h after microinjection of 1 microliter RISA into the internal capsule or midbrain. Lymph from the jugular lymph trunks was collected for periods of 2-11 h. RISA was cleared from brain with half-times of disappearance from internal capsule and midbrain of 18.2 and 11.9 h, respectively. RISA was distributed in high concentration to subarachnoid arteries that supplied the tissue injection site; this was consistent with RISA drainage from brain via perivascular spaces. Outflow through lymph rose to a maximum value 15-20 h after tracer injection. Mean recovery of RISA from lymph over the 25-h collection period accounted for 22% of total loss from internal capsule and 18% from midbrain. This result compares with mean recoveries from caudate nucleus and cerebrospinal fluid of 47% and 30%, respectively [M.W.B. Bradbury, H.F. Cserr, and R.J. Westrop, Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 9): F329-F336, 1981]. These are minimal estimates of total outflow to lymph because of the 15- to 20-h delay in RISA passage from brain to lymph.
CONDUCTING PHYLOGENETIC COMPARATIVE STUDIES WHEN THE PHYLOGENY IS NOT KNOWN

A method is proposed to conduct phylogenetic analyses of comparative or interspecific data when the true phylogeny is not known. Standard models of speciation and/or extinction or other methods are used to generate a sample from the set of all possible phylogenies for the measured species. The comparative data are then analyzed on each of the possible trees to obtain a distribution of possible evolutionary statistics for these data. The mean of this distribution is proposed as a reasonable estimate of the true evolutionary statistic of interest. Ways of obtaining confidence intervals and of developing hypothesis tests for this mean statistic are also proposed. The method can be used with any comparative method or phylogenetic analysis technique when phylogenetic relationships among species are not known or when branch lengths for a phylogeny in units of expected character change (as required by most methods) are not available. Computer programs to conduct the analyses are available on request.
A Physics-Based Improved Cauer-Type Thermal Equivalent Circuit for IGBT Modules

A physics-based Cauer-type thermal equivalent circuit (TEC) can be constructed for an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module based on its geometry. In the conventional Cauer-type TEC, each layer of the IGBT module is modeled as a lump with the uniformly distributed temperature. However, this method oversimplified the transient thermal behavior of the IGBT module, leading to unsatisfactory transient junction temperature estimation. Based on a new concept of lumped-capacitance approximation error, this letter proposes a method to determine the number of sublayers that a layer in an IGBT module should be subdivided. For the bulky-baseplate layer, an analytical expression of its thermal impedance is derived and simplified to a first-order transfer function, which can be represented by a thermal resistance and capacitance pair in the TEC. The proposed Cauer-type TEC model is much more accurate than the conventional Cauer-type TEC model for the transient junction temperature estimation of IGBT modules with a slightly increased order only. The improvement of the proposed model over the conventional Cauer-type TEC model is validated by comparing with a finite element analysis model for a commercial IGBT module using simulation studies.
Endotoxin fever and tolerance in totally adrenalectomized rabbits.

SummaryThe initial febrile response, the acquisition of pyrogenic tolerance, and the titer of anti-“0” antibody to a Boivin preparation of E. coli endotoxin was not significantly altered in totally adrenalectomized rabbits maintained healthy with DOCA.
Analysis of the blood lead test result of 140302 children patients in Harbin

Objective To understand the status of blood lead level of children in Harbin,and prevent lead poisoning.Methods We analyzed the result of blood lead level of 140 320 patients from Jan 2009 to Nov 2010,and used BH-2100 automatic absorption spectrometer and special diluent to tested the content of blood lead.Results The blood lead level 10 μg/dL was set as the abnormal determination standard.According to the analysis,we learned that the blood lead level of people had the close relationship with their ages and gender(P0.05).Conclusion The lead poisoning of the children has the great harm for their growth,so the effective prevention and early treatment are crucial.
Influence of brewing process on the physiochemical index and higher alcohol content of rice wine

Higher alcohols are by-products of yeast metabolism during Chinese rice wine fermentation,as well as one of the main flavor substances in rice wine.However,the superfluous content of higher alcohols would lead to "headache" after drinking.Analysis of the physiochemical index during fermentation and the gas chromatographic analysis shows that total sugar consumption and alcohol production are similar in kinds of fermentation process,while the amino state nitrogen and biomass in samples by fermentation and saccharification simultaneously were higher than those by first saccharification followed by fermentation process.At the end of the fermentation,the sample which was fermented by the first saccharification and fermentation process,the content of the higher alcohol were 329.26 mg/L and 399.45 mg/L,respectively in final products produced by fermentation and saccharification simultaneously and first saccharification followed by fermentation.Therefore,process of first saccharification followed by fermentation is beneficial for lowering higher alcohol content.
3435 High resolution endoscopic imaging of the gastrointestinal tract using optical coherence tomography and high frequency catheter probe endoscopic ultrasonography.

Both OCT and CPEUS are candidates for high resolution imaging of the GI wall but their potential roles in clinical practice have not been investigated. It is unknown whether imaging data provided by the 2 modalities are complementary or duplicative. Aim: To determine the relative roles of OCT and CPEUS imaging. Methods: OCT and CPEUS were used to image normal appearing GI wall at same anatomic sites (random sequence) in patients undergoing elective procedures. Images were obtained using an OCT probe (2.4 mm in dia, 0.5 mm focal distance). CPEUS was done using a 20 MHz or a new 30 MHz catheter probe (UMS20 20R, XUM S30 25 R, Olympus) and water-filled balloon sheaths. Digitally captured images were rated for clarity, resolution, identification of layers of the wall and ability to identify microscopic structures. Results:To test depth of penetration and resolution in vitro , simultaneous OCT and CPEUS images were obtained in a phantom using a water submerged chamber and 3 monofilament fibers placed exactly at 1, 3 and 4 mm from the probes. CPEUS visualized all 3 fibers (estimated depth of penetration >8 mm). OCT imaged the center and both sides of the nearest fiber (estimated penetration depth 1 mm). 44 histologically confirmed normal sites (10 esophagus, 9 stomach, 7 duodenum, 7 rectum, 11 colon) in 27 patients were evaluated. With OCT, mucosa and muscularis mucosa were clearly seen at all sites. Except for stomach, part of the submucosa was seen in all sites. OCT penetration ranged from from 0.7 to 0.9 mm; thickness of the mucosal layer varied from 0.4 mm (esophagus) to 0.5 mm (colon). Microscopic structures viz. esophageal glands, intestinal villi, colonic crypts and blood vessels were easily identified. CPEUS penetration ranged from 10 mm to 20 mm and 5 - 7 distinct layers were discerned. But, both mucosa and submucosa were seen as thin layers with no microscopic details. OCT was easier to perform because it does not require acoustic coupling. Conclusion: OCT resolution is superior to high frequency CPEUS, but depth of penetration is limited to mucosa and submucosa (mucosa only in stomach). OCT images the major structural components of the mucosa and submucosa whereas CPEUS does not. CPEUS images the full thickness of the gut wall, but the resolution is much less than OCT. Potentially, OCT and high frequency CPEUS could be complementary for clinical imaging.
Abstract 2022: Twist1 regulates UVB-induced epidermal cell proliferation in non-melanoma skin cancer

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer and consists of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCC metastases account for up to 20% of all deaths from skin cancer. The major risk factor for the development of NMSC is solar ultraviolet radiation (UV). UVA and UVB both function as initiators and promoters in carcinogenesis and possess immunosuppressive activity. Given the prevalence of this disease, there remains a pressing need for the development of novel prevention and treatment strategies for NMSC. In a recent study (Srivastava et al. 2015. Mol. Carcinog. doi:10.1002/mc.22335), we evaluated the effect of Twist1, a transcription factor that is known to play a role in tumor progression, during epithelial carcinogenesis. Using the two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model, we identified that BK5.Cre x Twist1 flox/flox mice, which have a keratinocyte-specific Twist1 knockout (Twist1 KO), developed significantly reduced numbers of papillomas (70% reduction) and SCCs (75% reduction) as well as delayed tumor latency compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Twist1 KO mice also exhibited significantly reduced epidermal proliferation in response to chemical promotion that correlated with reduced levels of cell cycle regulators and increased levels of p53 and p21. In further studies, we have begun analyzing the effects of UVB irradiation in Twist1 KO mice. Specifically, Twist1 KO mice exhibited heightened sensitivity to UVB-induced apoptosis and decreased epidermal proliferation as compared to similarly exposed WT mice. In addition, the accumulation of mast cells in the skin was significantly decreased in Twist1 KO mice as compared to WT mice. Further preliminary experiments showed that the protein expression levels of c-Myc, phospho-p65 (S536) and phospho-p50 (S337) decreased following UVB irradiation whereas levels of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 exhibited an increased expression in Twist1 KO mice as compared to WT mice. Further experiments have suggested that Twist1 may play a pivotal role in the proliferation/migration of bulge region keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) following exposure to UVB. These and other results from ongoing experiments will be presented. Collectively, these findings suggest that Twist1 may have a novel role in UVB-induced epithelial carcinogenesis by regulating proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and KSCs. Research supported by CPRIT RP150346, CPRIT RP140108, and NIH T32 ES007247. Citation Format: Jaya Srivastava, Okkyung Rho, John DiGiovanni. Twist1 regulates UVB-induced epidermal cell proliferation in non-melanoma skin cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2022.
Synthesis and assembly of ZnO nanorods grown by ALD for biosensor application

There is great interest in fabrication of semiconducting and piezoelectric nano-scale structures such as nanowires, nanorods and nanotubes [1–3]. These find applications ranging from sensors to sub-micron electronic devices such as field effect transistors (FET), switches, memory elements, logic arrays and MEMS. In all of these diverse applications nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) materials attract broad attention. This ongoing attention is justified by several unique multifunctional properties of ZnO [1]. Moreover, ZnO nanostructures such as quantum dots, wires, belts and nanotubes can be easily fabricated using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) over a wide range of templates such as nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO).
Sm-p80-Based Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Preparation for Human Clinical Trials

Mass antiparasitic drug administration programs and other control strategies have made important contributions in reducing the global prevalence of helminths. Schistosomiasis, however, continues to spread to new geographic areas. The advent of a viable vaccine and its deployment, coupled with existing control efforts, is expected to make significant headway towards sustained schistosomiasis control. In 2016, Science ranked the schistosomiasis vaccine as one of the top 10 vaccines that needs to be urgently developed. A vaccine that is effective against geographically distinct forms of intestinal/hepatic and urinary disease is essential to make a meaningful impact in global reduction of the disease burden. In this opinion article, we focus on salient features of schistosomiasis vaccines in different phases of the clinical development pipeline and highlight the Sm-p80-based vaccine which is now being prepared for human clinical trials.
Linking Composite Scores: Effects of Anchor Test Length and Content Representativeness

The nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) design is frequently used in test score equating or linking. One important assumption of the NEAT design is that the anchor test is a miniversion of the 2 tests to be equated/linked. When the content of the 2 tests is different, it is not possible for the anchor test to be adequately representative of both tests. Lin and Dorans conducted a simulation study in 2010 to investigate the effect of content representativeness of the anchor test on linking via different linking methods when the 2 tests are nonparallel in content structure in the unique case where the groups are equivalent. The current study extends the Lin and Dorans study to the case with nonequivalent group data. Specifically, the current study investigates the impact of content representativeness and length of anchor test on linking when the 2 tests are multidimensional and nonparallel in content structure. The NEAT design was employed. The linking results from 3 classic linear equating methods—Levine observed score, Tucker equating, and chained linear—were examined. The results from the study indicated that equating the tests with different structure should be avoided. For equatings with anchor test, additional bias is likely to be introduced by using an inadequate anchor test.
Talking Science- It’s Not Elementary! Improving Elementary Pre-service Teacher Discourse Skills through a Scaffolded “Science Talks” Assignment

Learning science requires communication between participants, however creating effective discourse for elementary classrooms has shown to be a difficult task. In this article, we highlight an assignment given to undergraduate elementary pre-service teachers concentrating in elementary science. Transcripts of elementary pre-service teachers’ (EPST) “Science Talks” have been reviewed and, over the course of three semesters of implementation, scaffolds have been put in place to provide EPSTs with strategies and tools necessary to better plan, implement, and evaluate science discourse. Initial findings, which point to the effectiveness of this assignment and the additional scaffolding, will be discussed. These findings have potential applications for teacher education programs as well as for in-service teacher professional development.
Clean slate: Land-use changes in San Francisco after the 1906 disaster

Abstract The 1906 San Francisco fire, which destroyed thousands of buildings, provided a blank canvas upon which to reshape the city. After reconstruction, and at a time of immense growth in the city, developers shifted land out of residential uses and into nonresidential uses in burned areas relative to unburned areas. They facilitated this transition by rebuilding far fewer single-family dwellings compared to other types of housing, which suggests that houses inhibited the conversion of land to nonresidential uses before the fire. Aside from these broad effects, the fire also released new economic potential in areas that had shown little indication of shifting into nonresidential land uses before 1906, thereby creating new clusters of business activity. These impacts of the fire are still evident today—in roughly the same magnitudes and places—which suggests that the economic benefits realized upon reconstruction continue to drive the city's land-use patterns.