cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hematological status of rats fed oxidized beef lipids.

Hemoglobin, hematocrit, total iron binding capacity, and erythrocyte thiobarbituric acid (TBA) numbers were measured in blood from rats given a diet containing 52.7% cooked ground beef which was fed as freshly cooked beef (control), or after refrigerated storage (5°C) for 1, 3 or 8 days. Rats were maintained on the experimental diets for 6 wk. As the level of oxidation increased in the meat, erythrocyte TBA numbers also increased and were significantly different among groups. There was a drop in the erythrocyte TBA numbers for rats consuming beef stored for 8 days, suggesting that a level of rancidity was reached that was adequate to induce synthesis of enzymes that metabolize free radicals such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase.
Are there salinity stress proteins

Abstract To establish whether osmotic stress can be separated from possible toxicant stress in Eurytemora affinis , protein synthesis was analyzed under various conditions of temperature and osmotic stress. Individual adult copepods raised at 10 ppt and 15 °C were exposed for 5 h to different temperature and salinity regimes. Newly synthesized proteins were separated and identified using SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Copepods exposed to lower (2 and 5 ppt) and higher (15 and 20 ppt) salinities showed differences in the up- and down-regulation of specific proteins. Concurrent heat stress changed these protein patterns. These results suggest that protein profiles might be used to distinguish the effect of toxicants in a salinity gradient such as the Chesapeake Bay or in the Baltic region.
Clinical Outcomes for Gastric Cancer following Adjuvant Chemoradiation Utilizing Intensity Modulated versus Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy

Purpose/Objective(s): To determine if intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the post-operative setting for gastric cancer was associated with reduced toxicity compared to 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT). Materials/Methods: This retrospective study includes 24 patients with stage IB-IIIB gastric cancer consecutively treated from 2001–2010. All underwent surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiation. Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of 5-FU/ leucovorin (n=21), epirubicin/cisplatin/5FU (n=1), or none (n=2). IMRT was utilized in 12 patients and 3DCRT in 12 patients. For both groups, the target volume included the tumor bed, anastomosis, gastric stump, and regional lymphatics. Results: Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 19 months (range 0.4–8.5 years), and 49 months (0.5–8.5 years) in surviving patients. The 3DCRT group received a median dose of 45 Gy, and the IMRT group received a median dose of 50.4 Gy (p=0.0004). For the entire cohort, 3-year overall survival (OS) was 40% and 3-year disease free survival (DFS) was 41%. OS and DFS did not differ significantly between the groups. Acute toxicity was similar. Between 3DCRT and IMRT groups, during radiotherapy, median weight lost (3.2 vs. 3.3 kg, respectively; p=0.47) and median percent weight loss were similar (5.0% vs. 4.3%, respectively; p=0.43). Acute grade 2 toxicity was experienced by 8 patients receiving 3DCRT and 11 receiving IMRT (p=0.32); acute grade 3 toxicity occurred in 1 patient receiving 3DCRT and none receiving IMRT (p=1.0). No patients in either cohort experienced late grade 3 toxicity, including renal or gastrointestinal toxicity. At last follow up, the median increase in creatinine was 0.1 mg/dL in the IMRT group and 0.1 mg/dL in the 3DCRT group (p=0.78). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that adjuvant chemoradiation for gastric cancer with IMRT to 50.4 Gy was welltolerated and compared similarly in toxicity with 3DCRT to 45 Gy.
Direct effects of CO2 and temperature on silicate weathering: Possible implications for climate control

A critical uncertainty in models of the global carbon cycle and climate is the combined effect of organic activity, temperature, and atmospheric CO2 on silicate weathering. Here we present new dissolution rates of anorthite and augite which indicate that silicate weathering in organic-rich solutions is not directly affected by soil CO2 but is very sensitive to temperature. Apparently CO2 accelerates silicate weathering indirectly by fertilizing organic activity and the production of corrosive organic acids. The weathering dependencies highlight the ability of silicate weathering to act as a global thermostat and damp out climate change, when used as input in steady-state carbon cycle and climate models.
Design of Technical Support System for Dispatching and Control Integration in Adaptation to Integrated Operation System

This paper analyzes the necessity of constructing integrated operation system as well as the current situation and development goal of substation operation management, it proposes the design of technical support system for dispatching and control integration that adapts to integrated operation system, it demonstrates the support system’s structure, basic technical requirements and key technologies and introduces practical applications of integrated dispatching and control system, providing a reference for the construction of integrated operation system.
Statin Safety: Lessons from New Drug Applications for Marketed Statins

Safety has become a central issue in the management of dyslipidemia with statins. A review of New Drug Applications (NDAs) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web site was conducted for all 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, with a major focus on cerivastatin and rosuvastatin. The findings provide insight into the incidence of adverse events for this class of drugs and support the significant benefits of statins relative to associated risks. These data delineate the nature of statin associated liver, muscle, and renal adverse events. Although transaminase levels increase in a dose-related fashion with statins, a definitive correlation between statin therapy and hepatotoxicity is not supported by statin NDA data. Statin-induced myopathy is a relatively rare event (1 in 1,000) and rhabdomyolysis is even rarer (1 in 10,000). The cerivastatin NDA, along with its supplementary NDA, was the first to demonstrate a clear statin dose-response relation with myopathy and a threshold effect above which myotoxicity increases significantly. Proteinuria was identified as a consequence of statin therapy with data from the rosuvastatin NDA, and subsequent analysis suggests a class effect that is dose related but transient. Studies in cell culture suggest the mechanism is a pharmacologic effect on the proximal renal tubule. The available evidence suggests no clear renal toxicity with currently approved statins, because no declines in renal function or glomerular filtration rate have been documented over time. Overall, currently marketed statins have a very favorable benefit-to-risk relation with respect to liver, muscle, and renal issues.
Verbal control of nonverbal behavior

Abstract The command, “Push the bar all the way down and hold it down” was given to 47 children 2–7 years of age. In Part 1 the command was given three times at 3-minute intervals. Results showed that all S s did depress the lever completely but that younger S s gradually let up more than did older S s. In Part 2 for two groups the same verbal command was given over a 5-minute period either periodically at 15-second intervals or contingent on S′ s letting up on the lever. For two other groups the content of the command was ascribed to the sound of a buzzer with the buzzer then used in the periodic or contingent manner. Results showed that older S s maintained their performance under both the verbal and buzzer conditions but that younger S s were able to do so under the verbal condition only. No differences were found due to periodic or contingent presentation.
Abundance and Spatiotemporal Distribution of the Non-Native House Mouse in Native Tallgrass Prairie

We have sampled small mammals on the Konza Prairie Biological Station, in eastern Kansas, from autumn 1981 through the present. One part of this effort has involved sampling rodents and shrews on 14 permanent traplines (20 stations, 15-m interstation intervals and 4 consecutive nights) situated in native tallgrass prairie during each of 29 autumns and 29 springs as well as 6 summers. In these permanent sites, house mice (Mus musculus) were extremely uncommon as illustrated by average abundances of 0.023 mice/100 trap nights (TN) in autumn, 0.022 mice/100 TN in summer and 0.000 mice/100 TN in spring. Precipitation in summer influenced autumn use of tallgrass prairie by house mice; captures only occurred in autumn when precipitation was ≥300 mm in the previous summer. House mice were slightly more likely (though not significantly) to be captured in lowland than upland or hill slope prairie. The distribution of occurrence was not influenced by fire (burned or unburned) or grazing history (grazed or ungrazed)...
Myths as Normative Frames for Qualitative Interpretation of Life Stories

Myths offer a source of norms against which contemporary life events can be interpreted in the ancient tradition of meaning making. The author uses his son’s initiation in the Grand Canyon to illustrate the normative use of myth for qualitative inquiry and interpretation. Ancient and cross-cultural coming of age myths, especially the Grail Legend, provided the lens through which their experiences became focused and illuminated. Enduring archetypal myths are inherently normative, both descriptively and prescriptively. By using them to interpret modern life events, one reconnects contemporary qualitative inquiry with its ancient predecessor forms of meaning making.
Teaching thermal analysis: Flash® virtual instruments and movies

Abstract Using the computer and Internet to teach and train students is becoming increasingly more popular. Nevertheless, the number of faculty who take full advantage of the inherent power of the computers is limited, even in science and engineering disciplines. This paper describes movies and virtual instruments (VIs) developed by the author using Flash ® , in particular in the thermal analysis area. Flash ® movies have been available for some time but it is only relatively recently that the scripting ability of Flash ® has been recognized as a route to VIs. Up to this point Labview ® has been the primary tool for preparing such VIs. This paper also compares the relative utility of Flash ® and Labview ® in this regard.
A new method for resolution of two- and three-component mixtures of fluorophores by phase-sensitive detection of fluorescence

We describe a new method for the analysis of phase-sensitive fluorescence emission spectra. This method permits the resolution of three-component mixtures using spectra measured at a single modulation frequency. Phase-sensitive spectra are recorded using one modulation frequency, at a number of arbitrary detector phase angles. It is not necessary to suppress any one component. The spectra are then used to estimate the component lifetimes and steady-state fractional intensities using a nonlinear least-squares analysis procedure. The only requirement for the analysis is the knowledge of the steady-state spectra of the individual components. This procedure allowed the resolution of a two-component mixture of 9-methylanthracene (4.5 ns) and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (5.9 ns). It should be noted that resolution of two lifetimes which differ by only 30% is a difficult task. Additionally, we resolved a three-component mixture with lifetimes that differed fourfold: p-bis[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]benzene (1.3 ns), 9-methylanthracene (4.5 ns), and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (5.9 ns). Conveniently, the technique utilizes a commercially available fixed-frequency phase fluorometer.
Influence of pelvic position and vibration frequency on muscle activation during whole body vibration in quiet standing

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle activation related to postural stability depending on the pelvic position and frequency of whole body vibration (WBV) during quiet standing, and to identify the most effective training conditions that elicit the highest neuromuscular responses. [Subjects and Methods] Eighteen healthy subjects voluntarily participated in this single-group, repeated-measures study in which surface electromyography (EMG) data for the upper trapezius, rectus abdominis, external oblique abdominis, erector spinae, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, and medial gastrocnemius were collected at three frequencies (0 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz) of WBV and three pelvic positions (neutral, anterior tilt, posterior tilt) for each subject during quiet standing. [Results] The EMG activities of all the recorded muscles showed significant differences between the three frequencies of WBV and three pelvic positions during quiet standing. [Conclusion] The study findings suggest that a higher WBV frequency (20 Hz) should be used to strengthen most muscles, and that using the posterior pelvic tilt during WBV is much more effective at strengthening and training muscles related to core stability.
Economic Resources and Political Power at the Local Level in Post‐Soviet Russia

In the 1990s in local government in Russia, the dominant trends might be described as neo-Soviet because of their apparent continuity with patterns that prevailed before the end of communist rule in that country. The promise of independence for “local self-government,” as set forth in the Russian Constitution of 1993 and subsequent legislation, largely has been frustrated. The tendency of privatized economic enterprises to divest themselves of responsibility for social benefits, and the lack of an adequate base for financial independence for local governments, have made it necessary for local officials to rely heavily on the regional authorities for support. Within local government, the elected legislature usually is subordinate to a dominant executive leadership. Those features of contemporary local government in Russia are explained by the consequences of decisions adopted by the country's post-Communist leadership, including the method and content of economic reform. The results are unfavorable both for the resurgence of the local economy and the growth of democracy at the local level.
Pretreatment plasma HVA and haloperidol response in acute mania.

Abstract Introduction: Pretreatment plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) levels have been reported to be a correlate of clinical response to typical antipsychotics for schizophrenic, bipolar manic, and mixed groups of psychotic patients. Biological markers of clinical response to antipsychotics could be useful for optimizing drug treatment. Method: Thirty-one consenting acute inpatient subjects between ages 19 and 66 years with a DSM-III-R clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder, manic with psychotic features were entered into this double-blind study and were randomly assigned to receive either haloperidol 25 mg/day or haloperidol 5 mg for the 3-week study. Subjects also received one of the following concomitant medications: standard lithium, lorazepam 4 mg/day, or placebo. Results: The primary multiple regression analysis, including all subjects on both haloperidol doses, yielded a significant main effect for pretreatment plasma HVA ( n =31, F =5.7, P =0.025), indicating that higher pretreatment plasma HVA was predictive of better clinical response. In addition, the interaction between haloperidol dose and pretreatment plasma HVA was also significantly associated with clinical response ( F =12.59, P =0.0015). When the two haloperidol doses were analyzed separately, we found that pretreatment plasma HVA was only correlated with clinical response in the low haloperidol 5 mg/day group ( n =18, F =11.73, P =0.0038) and was unrelated to clinical response to the high haloperidol 25 mg/day group. Limitations: The sample size was small. Results may have been confounded by prior antipsychotic treatment and concomitant use of lithium or lorazepam. Discussion: These results suggest that pretreatment plasma HVA could be useful for dosing antipsychotics. Patients with high plasma HVA levels would be good candidates for low-dose treatment because they are more likely to improve on such a dose, while patients with low plasma HVA levels might warrant more rapid dosage escalation.
"Learning by Doing" and "Investment in Training": A Synthesis of Two "Rival" Models of the Life Cycle

This paper provides a theoretical synthesis of recent discussions of "learning by doing" and "investment in training" as alternative forms of human capital accumulation. These theoretical notions relate to essentially different phenomena; in particular, pace Becker and Mincer, "investment in training" does not completely encompass "learning by doing". The paper then develops a model in which human capital accumulation occurs via both "training" and "learning by doing". The joint training-learning model, since it is more general then "pure" models in which all accumulation occurs via either training or learning, avoids certain restrictive and seemingly implausible implications of either kind of "pure" model. However, the joint model also has implications that, while compatible with stylized facts about the life cycle, are sharper than those of either kind of pure model. (For example, the joint model implies that market time and earnings must rise early in the life cycle, while neither pure model without "corners" does so.) Finally, the notion of learning by doing provides a rationale for an empirical finding that has recently received attention, to the effect that the rate of depreciation of human capital is not constant, but rather depends on the extent to which it is used in market activities.
Assessing deep-seated dissolution-subsidence hazards at radioactive-waste repository sites in bedded salt

Abstract Deep-seated salt dissolution and associated subsidence have occurred in many salt-bearing sedimentary basins. Because of its capacity for brea hing the hydrologic integrity of a thick salt unit, the dissolution-subsidence process is a potential hazard requiring thorough assessment at proposed radioative-waste repository sites in bedded salt. In order to develop a better understanding of this potential hazard, a combination of field studies and theoretical analyses are used to delineate the physical processes that control dissolution and subsidence. This information is used, in turn, to develop strategies for assessing this hazard at any given bedded salt repository site. A generalized hydrogeological model of dissolution has been developed consisting of a salt unit separated from an underlying aquifer by a low-permeability unit. This model suggests that local salt-removal rates can vary over many orders of magnitude, from microns per year to meters per year, depending on the hydrogeologic conditions beneath the salt unit. Salt deformation is strongly rate-sensitive, so the rate of salt removal strongly influences the structural form of subsidence. Low salt-removal rates produce predominantly ductile subsidence, which is characterized by the gradual formation of a braod shallow depression that is narrower and deeper in successively lower horizons. On the other hand, high salt-removal rates produce predominantly brittle subsidence, which is characterized by the formation of a steep-walled chimney, filled with down-dropped, brecciated rock. Ductile subsidence depressions and brittle subsidence chimneys most likely represent the endpoints of a continuous range of structural forms. Assessing potential dissolution-subsidence hazards at a given repository site begins with the identification and characterization of existing dissolution-subsidence features in the site area. Studies of existing features should be complemented by an evaluation of the potential for undetected or future dissolution activity, based on the deep hydrogeologic conditions at the site. Potential salt-removal rates predicted by this analysis are then used as an analysis of the structural character and timing of potential subsidence.
Topological closed-string interpretation of Chern-Simons theory.

The exact free energy of SU(N) Chern-Simons theory at level k is expanded in powers of (N+k${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. This expansion keeps rank-level duality manifest, and simplifies as k becomes large, keeping N fixed (or vice versa)---this is the weak-coupling (strong-coupling) limit. With the standard normalization, the free energy on the three-sphere in this limit is shown to be the generating function of the Euler characteristics of the moduli spaces of surfaces of genus g, providing a string interpretation for the perturbative expansion. A similar expansion is found for the three-torus, with differences that shed light on contributions from different spacetime topologies in string theory.
Who Pays for Drug Quality

This study examines how pharmaceutical costs for higher quality drugs are shared between insurers and consumers. Who bears these costs has important implications for patient access to better drugs, and for differences in access to higher quality pharmaceuticals. We investigate these issues using data from two large drug product classes: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antidepressants. We find that insurers shift the drug costs associated with higher quality onto consumers for antidepressants but share in the costs of higher quality for NSAIDs. This suggests that patients’ cost burden, hence access, to higher quality drugs may vary across drug product classes.
46 USE OF GRF(1–29) FOR GROWTH HORMONE STIMULATION

Eleven healthy volunteers (20-30 yrs.) were given 1 μg/kg BW as an i.v. bolus of both GRF(1-40) and GRF(1-29) (KabiVitrum AB/Sweden). Conditions were standardized and blood was sampled at -15, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. After GRF(1-29) flush was observed in 10 cases, while after GRF(1-40) in two cases. No other side reactions were noted. Maximal GH increments above basal levels were not different (GRF(1-29): x=36.7 ng/ml (range: 9.0-114.1 ng/ml); GRF(1-40): X=31.1 ng/ml (range: 8.3-98.2 ng/ml)), but were significantly correlated (r=0.71; p 9 ng/ml (14.6, 9.1, 35.8) in 3 cases. Thus, GRF(1-29) is suitable for GH testing. Easier synthesis makes it also appear to be a favourable alternative for attempts to treat hypothalamic growth hormone deficiency.
Association/dissociation of the nucleotide-binding domains of the ATP-binding cassette protein MsbA measured during continuous hydrolysis

In ATP-binding cassette proteins, the two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) work as dimers to bind and hydrolyze ATP, but the molecular mechanism of nucleotide hydrolysis is controversial. It is still unresolved whether hydrolysis leads to dissociation of the ATP-induced dimers or partial opening of the dimers such that the NBDs remain in contact during the hydrolysis cycle. We studied the bacterial lipid flippase MsbA by luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET). The LRET signal between optical probes reacted with single-cysteine mutants was employed to follow NBD association/dissociation in real time. The intermonomer distances calculated from LRET data indicate that the NBDs separate completely following ATP hydrolysis, even in the presence of mm MgATP, and that the dissociation occurs following each hydrolysis cycle. The results support association/dissociation, as opposed to constant contact models, for the mode of operation of ATP-binding cassette proteins.
And Then They Behaved: Examining the Institutional Misconduct of Adult Inmates Who Were Incarcerated as Juveniles

Research indicates that juveniles in adult prisons are more disruptive than adults. This study extends current understanding by examining their misconduct after they reach adulthood. Bivariate analyses revealed that adults initially incarcerated as juveniles (n = 173) were significantly more likely than adults initially incarcerated as adults (n = 10,950) to have committed all types of misconduct. However, these findings were largely unconfirmed at the multivariate level. A significant difference existed between the two groups in only one regression model. Findings suggest that in regard to the nature of misconduct, inmates who were initially incarcerated as juveniles become indistinguishable over time from other inmates.
Acquisition of time-lapse, 6-component, P- and S-wave, crosswell seismic survey with orbital vibrator and of time-lapse VSP for CO2 injection monitoring

Using an orbital vibrator source (2-components), and a 40 level 3-component geophone string, a 6-component crosswell survey was acquired before and after a CO2 injection in a saline aquifer. Decomposition of the two source components and component rotation of both source and sensors created good separation of P- and S-wave energy allowing independent analysis of travel time and reflectivity. A time-lapse VSP was also acquired.
Plasma ketone, glucose, lactate, and alanine levels in the vascular supply to and from the brain of the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias)

Paired, serial blood samples were collected for a minimum of 6 hr to a maximum of 15 days from cannulae chronically placed in the internal carotid artery (A) to the brain and the anterior cardinal sinus (V) from the brain of the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias). Previously fed animals were fasted for either 3 to 8 days (short-fasted) or 20 to 29 days (long-fasted) before the surgery to implant the cannulae and during the subsequent sampling periods. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, glucose, lactate, and alanine levels were measured by standard enzymatic procedures. The internal carotid artery plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate levels were in the approximate ratio of 4 to 6:1, were greater in the long-fasted than in the short-fasted animals, and both ketones increased throughout the observation periods. In contrast, plasma lactate and alanine levels declined by postoperative day 2 to levels that, like glucose, remained relatively stable and were characteristic of the individual animal. The A-V metabolite differences between the short- and long-fasted animals were not significantly different and the data from the two groups of animals were combined for purpose of analysis. β-Hydroxybutyrate was extracted from the plasma by the brain during both the surgery and recovery period (⩽ 2 days) and the “normal” under the observational conditions period (> 2 days). The small negative A-V differences in acetoacetate during both periods, and in glucose during the > 2 day period, were not statistically significant. There were no evident A-V differences in plasma alanine. Lactate was released by the brain during both the ⩽ 2 days and > 2 day periods. The uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate and the release of lactate indicate that the spiny dogfish brain used both β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose during the observation periods. The data suggest that the plasma was the immediate source of β-hydroxybutyrate, but, as proposed by previous authors, the proximate glucose source may have been provided by the mobilization of endogenous brain glycogen stores. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Twice-Daily Cysteamine Bitartrate Therapy for Children with Cystinosis

Objective Cystinosis causes renal and other organ failure. Regular 6-hourly cysteamine bitartrate (Cystagon; Mylan, Morgantown, West Virginia) reduces intracellular cystine and the rate of organ deterioration. A formulation of cysteamine requiring less frequent dosing may improve compliance and possibly patient outcome. Methods Enteric-release cysteamine was prepared. For a period of 1 month, patients received their regular cysteamine dose every 6 hours (stage I). The patients then underwent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies following washout periods using single-doses of cysteamine and enteric-release cysteamine (stage II). Finally, the patients commenced regular enteric-release cysteamine therapy (stage III). Weekly trough white blood cell (WBC) cystine levels were recorded. Results Seven children with cystinosis (mean age, 11.8 years; range, 8-17 years) who received cysteamine and enteric-release cysteamine (mean dose, 45 and 28.8 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively) had mean WBC cystine levels of 0.7 ± 0.3 and 0.41 ± 0.22 nmol half-cystine/mg protein in study stages I and III, respectively. Study stage II showed that the mean time (Tmax) to reach the maximum plasma cysteamine level (Cmax) was longer for enteric-release cysteamine than for cysteamine (176 minutes vs 60 minutes; P = .001), but the mean Cmax at the same dose was similar. Mean serum gastrin levels were similar after ingestion of cysteamine and enteric-release cysteamine. Conclusions Twelve-hour enteric-release cysteamine, given at approximately 60% of the previous daily dose of cysteamine, was effective in maintaining trough WBC cystine levels within a satisfactory range.
J&: nested intersection for scalable software composition

This paper introduces a programming language that makes it convenient to compose large software systems, combining their features in a modular way. J& supports nested intersection, building on earlier work on nested inheritance in the language Jx. Nested inheritance permits modular, type-safe extension of a package (including nested packages and classes), while preserving existing type relationships. Nested intersection enables composition and extension of two or more packages, combining their types and behavior while resolving conflicts with a relatively small amount of code. The utility of J& is demonstrated by using it to construct two composable, extensible frameworks: a compiler framework for Java, and a peer-to-peer networking system. Both frameworks support composition of extensions. For example, two compilers adding different, domain-specific features to Java can be composed to obtain a compiler for a language that supports both sets of features.
The economic context of drug and non-drug reinforcers affects acquisition and maintenance of drug-reinforced behavior and withdrawal effects

The focus of this review is to examine the effect of non-drug alternative reinforcers on drug-reinforced behavior. An increasing number of animal laboratory as well as human clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of non-drug reinforcers in reducing steady-state levels of drug self-administration. One goal of this review was to determine what behavioral economic conditions are optimal for reducing drug-reinforced behavior. Variables such as price of the drug and non-drug reinforcer have been manipulated by changing fixed-ratio (FR) value of these commodities. Income has been changed by limiting the amount of access to the commodities or by changing session length. Substitution was evaluated by determining whether decreased demand for a drug (due to increased price) was related to increased demand for a non-drug reinforcer. A second goal of this review was to investigate transition states in the drug addiction process with respect to the role of alternative non-drug reinforcers. Animal models of acquisition and withdrawal were examined to identify behavioral economic conditions under which acquisition may be prevented or withdrawal effects (and potential for relapse) may be alleviated.
Mars Global Surveyor Measurements of the Martian Solar Wind Interaction

The solar wind at Mars interacts with the extended atmosphere and small-scale crustal magnetic fields. This interaction shares elements with a variety of solar system bodies, and has direct bearing on studies of the long-term evolution of the Martian atmosphere, the structure of the upper atmosphere, and fundamental plasma processes. The magnetometer (MAG) and electron reflectometer (ER) on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) continue to make many contributions toward understanding the plasma environment, thanks in large part to a spacecraft orbit that had low periapsis, had good coverage of the interaction region, and has been long-lived in its mapping orbit. The crustal magnetic fields discovered using MGS data perturb plasma boundaries on timescales associated with Mars' rotation and enable a complex magnetic field topology near the planet. Every portion of the plasma environment has been sampled by MGS, confirming previous measurements and making new discoveries in each region. The entire system is highly variable, and responds to changes in solar EUV flux, upstream pressure, IMF direction, and the orientation of Mars with respect to the Sun and solar wind flow. New insights from MGS should come from future analysis of new and existing data, as well as multi-spacecraft observations.
CONOPT: A GRG code for large sparse dynamic nonlinear optimization problems

The paper presents CONOPT, an optimization system for static and dynamic large scale nonlinearly constrained optimization problems. The system is based on the GRG algorithm. All computations involving the Jacobian of the constraints use sparse matrix algorithm from linear programming modified to take optimal advantage of the nonlinearity. The paper presents the main features of the system, especially the inversion routines and their data structures, the dynamic setting of tolerances in Newton's algorithm, and the user features in the overall packaging. Computational experience with some medium to large models is presented.
Advanced stage pancreatic cancer: novel therapeutic options

Despite advances in our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of pancreatic cancer, it continues to be a therapeutic challenge. Gemcitabine approved by FDA in 1997, offers modest improvement of tumor-related symptoms and marginal advantage of survival. Many chemotherapeutic agents have been compared against or combined with gemcitabine in randomized Phase III trials and no drug was shown to be superior to single-agent gemcitabine except FOLFIRINOX and nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. On the other hand, efforts to integrate targeted agents such as BAY 12-9566, SCH 66336, bevacizumab, cetuximab, axitinib and sorafenib have been quite dismal despite extensive pre-clinical and clinical research over the last decade in the field of novel agents. To date, erlotinib remains the only biological agent that has demonstrated a small, but significant, added benefit to single agent gemcitabine. However, numerous new agents, including monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are currently being tested in an attempt to achieve better response, while maintaining a safe toxicity profile. In this article, the author discusses the management of advanced pancreatic and the current role of novel agents in this setting.
Understanding Interactions between Manganese Oxide and Gold That Lead to Enhanced Activity for Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation

To develop active nonprecious metal-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a limiting reaction in several emerging renewable energy technologies, a deeper understanding of the activity of the first row transition metal oxides is needed. Previous studies of these catalysts have reported conflicting results on the influence of noble metal supports on the OER activity of the transition metal oxides. Our study aims to clarify the interactions between a transition metal oxide catalyst and its metal support in turning over this reaction. To achieve this goal, we examine a catalytic system comprising nanoparticulate Au, a common electrocatalytic support, and nanoparticulate MnOx, a promising OER catalyst. We conclusively demonstrate that adding Au to MnOx significantly enhances OER activity relative to MnOx in the absence of Au, producing an order of magnitude higher turnover frequency (TOF) than the TOF of the best pure MnOx catalysts reported to date. We also provide evidence that it i...
Treating ALK-positive lung cancer—early successes and future challenges

Rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene occur infrequently in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but provide an important paradigm for oncogene-directed therapy in this disease. Crizotinib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of ALK, provides significant benefit for patients with ALK-positive (ALK+) NSCLC in association with characteristic, mostly mild, toxic effects, and this drug has been approved by the FDA for clinical use in this molecularly defined subgroup of lung cancer. Many new ALK inhibitors are being developed and understanding the challenges of determining and addressing the adverse effects that are likely to be ALK specific, while maximizing the time of benefit on targeted agents, and understanding the mechanisms that underlie drug resistance will be critical in the future for informing the optimal therapy of ALK+ NSCLC.
Remote synchronization of high-frequency chaotic signals in semiconductor lasers for secure communications

Abstract We show that a solitarily-stable remote semiconductor laser can be driven into a chaotic state synchronized with the chaotic dynamics of a local master laser. The master laser, which is also solitarily stable, acquires its own chaotic dynamics when laterally coupled with other semiconductor lasers. Synchronization between the chaotic states of two remotely located lasers is robust for a wide range of parameter values. Transients towards synchronization take place within a time of the order of 10 ns.
Primary vs. post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in patients with presence of teratoma at orchiectomy

Abstract Objective The presence of teratoma in the primary orchiectomy specimen creates controversies for subsequent management. Although predominant teratoma is less likely to metastasize, teratoma in the retroperitoneum may be less amenable to chemotherapy. In order to elucidate the issues about teratoma in the primary tumor, we reviewed differences between primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (P-RPLND) vs. post-chemotherapy RPLND (PC-RPLND) in patients with teratoma at orchiectomy. Materials and methods Patients who had undergone RPLND at our institution from 2001 to 2008 were identified, and clinical charts reviewed. Eighty-three patients with teratoma at orchiectomy were identified and perioperative data were obtained. Results Of the 83 patients with teratoma at orchiectomy who underwent RPLND, 44 (53%) and 39 (47%) underwent primary and PC-RPLND, respectively. Median follow-up was 1.4 years. Of the 83 patients with primary teratoma at orchiectomy, there were 7 (8%) patients with pure teratoma and 76 (92%) patients with mixed histology. Of the patients with mixed histology, 72 (87%) patients had embryonal carcinoma and 36 (43%) had LVI. There were 19 (43%) positive lymph nodes for P-RPLND, of which 13 (30%) contained teratoma. For the PC-RPLND group, 30 (77%) of lymph nodes were positive, of which 28 (72%) contained teratoma. There were 3 (4%) recurrences overall, all of which recurred in the PC-RPLND group. There were 11 (13%) perioperative complications total. There were no deaths in either group. Conclusions Patients with teratoma at orchiectomy were associated with other high risk features and are at significant risk for metastatic disease. Patients with post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal findings are at significant risk for viable GCT and/or teratoma and should undergo PC-RPLND.
Highly miniaturized low-VHF folded dipole antenna for compact, mobile communication applications

For short range communications in the complex environments such as caves, urban and indoor settings, the main concern is to achieve reliable communication over wireless links since large number of scatterers in the communication channel at the conventional microwave radio bands lead to excessive signal attenuation and fast fading. One solution to mitigate such adverse effects is to use radios at much lower frequencies (e.g. HF and Low-VHF) since the signal can penetrate significantly through manmade and natural obstacles while reflection, scattering, and diffraction are far less than those observed at higher frequencies. In order to realize compact, mobile communication systems operating at the low frequencies, however, several challenges, especially in terms of antenna size, are encountered. One issue pertains to design of antennas with small form factors that can provide moderate radiation efficiency and bandwidth. It is noted that antennas with lower gain (efficiency) are tolerable as such drop in gain can easily be more than compensated for by the reduction in the path loss.
Effect of postradiotherapy neck dissection on nonregional disease sites.

Importance After chemoradiation for head and neck cancer, more than 90% of patients who achieve a complete clinical response on imaging have their disease regionally controlled without postradiotherapy neck dissections (PRNDs). Because several groups have reported that lymph node involvement also predicts failure at both the primary and distant sites, the extent to which PRND affects nonregional sites of disease remains unclear. Objective To evaluate how PRND affects local control (LC) and distant control in patients who achieve a complete clinical response. Design, Setting, and Participants We retrospectively reviewed 287 patients (74 of whom underwent PRND) from the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center who were treated for stage III/IV disease with definitive chemoradiation from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2012. Interventions Chemoradiation followed by lymph node dissection or observation. Main Outcomes and Measures End points evaluated included LC, regional control, freedom from distant metastasis, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival using first-failure analysis. Results Patients with advanced nodal disease (stage N2b or greater; n = 176) had improved PFS (74.6% vs 39.1%; P P P P = .03), and overall survival (84.5% vs 61.7%; P = .004) but not regional control (96.9% vs 90.1%; P = .21). The benefit in LC (87.4% vs 66.2%; P = .02) and PFS (80.7% vs 53.4%; P = .01) persisted for those with negative posttreatment imaging results who underwent PRND. On univariate analysis, PRND, alcohol use, nodal stage, and chemoradiation significantly affected 2-year LC and/or PFS. On multivariate analysis, PRND remained strongly prognostic for 2-year LC (hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07-0.54; P P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance Postradiotherapy neck dissection improved control of nonregional sites of disease in patients with advanced nodal disease who achieved a complete response after chemoradiation. Thus, PRND may affect the control of nonnodal sites through possible mechanisms, such as clearance of incompetent lymphatics and prevention of reseeding of the primary and distant sites.
Correspondence between stream macroinvertebrate assemblages and 4 ecoregions of the southeastern USA

AbstractBenthic invertebrates were quantified at summer baseflow from 30 streams draining largely forested watersheds within 7 river catchments (Coosa, Tallapoosa, Tennessee, Black Warrior, Conecuh, Altamaha, Chattahoochee) of 4 Level III ecoregions (Blue Ridge, Southwestern [SW] Appalachians, Piedmont, Southeastern [SE] Plains) of the southeastern USA. The study 1) compared invertebrate distributions classified by large-scale ecoregions against those of small-scale river catchments, and 2) assessed if taxonomic resolution of invertebrate identification (family vs genus/morphospecies) influenced relative classification strength of ecoregions and catchments. Principal components analysis indicated that environmental differences across catchments and ecoregions were associated more with variation in baseflow water chemistry (e.g., total alkalinity, conductivity) than with geomorphic or geographic variables. Using simple community presence/absence measures, richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichopt...
Continuing studies of feline sarcoma virus induced tumors in newborn lambs and in kittens: A model to study comparative neoplasia☆

Abstract Two-day-old lambs were inoculated with transformed sheep fetal (SF) cells replicating Feline sarcoma virus (FeSV), or cell-free FeSV derived from FeSV transformed SF cells. Some received autochthonous transformed SF cells replicating FeSV and others, allogeneic transformed SF cells and/or cell-free virus. Undifferentiated sarcomas occurred at every inoculation site. Tumors were usually characterized by a short latent period (4–6 days) rapid growth to peak size of 2–8 cm in maximum dimension (10–15 days) and rapid regression (21–28 days in most lambs). Variations in sizes and duration of tumors were seen in some lambs being noted even in dizygotic twins given similar inocula. Cell-free FeSV was as effective in tumor induction as were transformed allogeneic and autochthonous SF cells replicating virus. Lymphocytic infiltrations were consistently observed in all regressive tumors and regression was coincident with development of cytotoxic complement-dependent antibody and tumor associated transplantation antigen.
Fatty-acid conjugation with cyclamate metabolites as a possible mechanism for ultimate retention.

Abstract In an in vitro rat-liver microsomal system fortified with coenzyme A, palmitic acid was found to conjugate at the nitrogen moiety of the cyclamate metabolite cyclohexylamine (CHA) and at both the nitrogen and oxygen moieties of its metabolite N-cyclohexylhydroxylamine (CHHA). The fatty acid was preferentially conjugated at or preferentially retained to the nitrogen moiety of CHHA. Stearic acid was also shown to conjugate with CHA. Amines may thus be another class of compounds that, like hydroxylated compounds, are retained in vivo as fatty-acid conjugates in lipid-containing tissues of animals.
High‐pressure—temperature bioreactor for studying pressure—temperature relationships in bacterial growth and productivity

Thermophilic organisms offer many potential advantages for biotechnological processes; however, realization of the promise of thermophiles will require extensive research on bacterial thermophily and high-temperature cultivation systems. This article describes a novel bioreactor suitable for precise studies of microbial growth and productivity at temperatures up to 260 degrees C and pressures up to 350 bar. The apparatus is versatile and corrosion resistant, and enables direct sampling of both liquids and gases from a transparent culture vessel without altering the reaction conditions. Gas recirculation through the culture can be controlled through the action of a magnetically driven pump. Initial studies in this bioreactor of Methanococcus jannaschii, an extremely thermophilic methanogen isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, revealed that increasing the pressure from 7.8 to 100 bar accelerated the production of methane and cellular protein by this archaebacterium at 90 degrees C, and raised the maximum temperature allowing growth from 90 to 92 degrees C. Further increases in pressure had little effect on the growth rate at 90 degrees C.
The Sacred Journey in Dynastic Egypt: Shamanistic Trance in the Context of the Narcotic Water Lily and the Mandrake

Contemporary reference to the role of water lilies and mandrakes (Nymphaea and Mandragora, respectively) in ancient Egyptian healing, and subsequent research on the iconography of the water lily in Mayan shamanistic ritual, suggest the possible importance of these plants as adjuncts to shamanistic healing in dynastic Egypt. Although the usual interpretation of the water lily and the mandrake has been that of a part of ritual mourning, the present article revises this notion. Based on an extensive review of these two powerful narcotic (i.e., hypnotic) plants in iconography and ritual, it is argued that the dynastic Egyptians had developed a form of shamanistic trance induced by these two plants and used it in medicine as well as healing rituals. Analysis of the ritual and sacred iconography of dynastic Egypt, as seen on stelae, in magical papyri, and on vessels, indicates that these people possessed a profound knowledge of plant lore and altered states of consciousness. The abundant data indicate that the shamanistic priest, who was highly placed in the stratified society, guided the souls of the living and dead, provided for the transmutation of souls into other bodies and the personification of plants as possessed by human spirits, as well as performing other shamanistic activities.