cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Completed Suicides: Correlates of Choice of Method:

The relationship between social and psychological correlates of youthful suicide victims and methods of lethality is examined. Data on those who commit suicide are also used to explore the suicide intent hypothesis, and the findings are discussed in light of recent claims that choice of method of lethality is useful for understanding completed suicide. The results suggest that a wide range of factors may be related to youthful intent and suicidal behavior, but only minor differences are observed among a single cohort of committers.
Human lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward human erythrocytes.

This study demonstrates that all three Fc receptor bearing leukocytes (monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes) are capable of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity toward normal O+ (R 1 R 2 ) and -D- red cells coated with certain antibodies. ADCC was temperature dependent, rapid and positively related to the effector/target ratio for all three effectors. In this system, lymphocytes and granulocytes required greater amounts of antibody for optimal ADCC as compared to monocytes. Gamma globulin inhibition of ADCC occurred at low concentration with granulocytes (1 g/ml), intermediate with monocytes (5 g/ml) and high concentration with lymphocytes (500 g/ml). No evidence for a soluble mediator of red cell lysis was found with any effector cell system. We suggest that this experimental system which involves three Fc receptor bearing human leukocytes and identical target cell and antibody preparations provides a new and unique method for studying the ADCC event.
Clinical and therapeutic aspects of adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and its adult variant adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) are X-linked diseases in which a deficiency of lignoceroyl-CoA ligase, a peroxisomal enzyme needed for the degradation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), has been reported. The responsible gene recently has been cloned; it codes for a peroxisomal membrane protein, ALDP, which is a member of the ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter superfamily. Elevations in VLCFA, particularly C24 and C26, have proven useful in the diagnosis of the childhood, adolescent and adult cerebral forms and AMN. ALD and AMN commonly coexist in the same families; the same VLCFA elevations and gene mutations have been recognized in both ALD and AMN. This phenotypic heterogeneity suggests the influence of an autosomal modifier gene. Dietary manipulation using glyceryl trioleate-trieurucate oil (Lorenzo's oil) has been highly successful in lowering VLCFA, but not in affecting the rate of neurologic deterioration in symptomatic ALD boys or AMN adults. Dietary pretreatment of neurologically asymptomatic ALD patients may have some benefit and is advisable at the present time. Currently, we recommend bone marrow transplantation for those patients who show evidence of early cerebral involvement and for whom a well-matched donor is available. A drug therapy trial utilizing beta interferon and thalidomide is underway.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Metabolic Stability of Porphyrin−Peptide Conjugates Bearing Bifunctional Signaling Sequences

A series of four porphyrin−peptide conjugates bearing one linear bifunctional sequence containing a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) were synthesized and their in vitro biological and stability properties investigated. All conjugates accumulated within human HEp2 cells to a significantly higher extent than their porphyrin−PEG precursor, and the extent of their uptake and cytotoxicity depends on the nature and sequence of the amino acids. Conjugates 2 and 5 bearing a NLS-CPP accumulated the most within cells and were the most phototoxic (IC50 ≈ 7 µM at 1 J/cm2). All conjugates localized preferentially within the cell lysosomes, and in addition, conjugate 2 was also found in the ER. All conjugates were highly stable under nonenzymatic conditions, but their peptide sequences were cleaved to some extent (ca. 50% after 24 h) by proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsin B, cathepsin D, prolidase, and plasmin.
The effect of smoking cigarettes on the peripheral blood flow

Abstract The effect of smoking cigarettes on the peripheral blood flow was studied by means of a method with which the average amount of blood allotted to the periphery can be measured in c.c./M2/Min. Peripheral blood flow was measured in ten normal male subjects. Effects on the electrocardiogram, basal metabolic rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate were also recorded. Studies were made before, during, and after the smoking of regular cigarettes, commercially denicotinized cigarettes, and cigarettes made from cornsilk. Observations were made on ten male subjects whose ages ranged from 19 to 36 years. Four observations relating to fully denicotinized cigarettes were made on three of the subjects. Measurements were made also when two of the subjects smoked cigarettes through a water pipe. 1. 1. As a result of smoking, a decrease in peripheral blood flow occurred in every instance, regardless of the type of cigarette smoked. After cessation of smoking, the peripheral blood flow continuedto decrease in some cases and began to return toward control levels in others. In all, a return toward normal had begun by the end of thirty minutes after smoking had stopped. 2. 2. An increase in blood pressure and pulse rate of essentially the same magnitude and duration resulted from smoking every type of cigarette. 3. 3. The average skin temperature decreased in all but five experiments. The hand temperature fell in every instance except two. The foot temperature always decreased. The decrease in foot temperature was greater than that in hand temperature on all but two occasions. 4. 4. Rapid reses in rectal temperature occurred in all experiments except one. These rapid rises in rectal temperature were considered an important index to peripheral blood flow. 5. 5. As the result of smoking, small increases in basal metabolic rate were observed about twice as often as small decreases. The change had no relationship to the kind of cigarette, and was of about the same amount and duration as the changes which occur when normal subjects lie in bed for the same length of time without smoking. 6. 6. The changes in the electrocardiogram were slight and probably of no significance. 7. 7. Since these changes occur after smoking cigarettes which do not contain nicotine as well as those which do, they are not to be attributed to nicotine. It is suggested that sympathetic stimulation brought about by the irritating effect of smoke upon the respiratory tract may be responsible for the changes we have observed. 8. 8. It appears that smoking not only regular cigarettes, but also denicotinized cigarettes or cigarettes of any type should be avoided in the presence of peripheral vascular disease.
Temperature dependence of the differential conductance at a normal: Superconductor interface

Measurements of differential resistance as a function of voltage bias for normal: superconductor point contacts of Ag:Nb, Cu:Nb and Al:Nb were made as a function of temperature. Andreev reflection of the charge carriers at the normal: superconductor interface is clearly observed. Good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained in the point contact (metallic microstriction) range.
fMRI of fearful facial affect recognition in panic disorder: the cingulate gyrus-amygdala connection.

Abstract Background This study investigated cingulate cortex (CC) and amygdala response to fearful facial affect recognition in patients with panic disorder (PD) as measured by BOLD fMRI during the presentation of static facial images. Methods Eight patients with PD and eight controls were studied. Scanning was performed on a GE Signa 1.5-T scanner. Echo planar and high-resolution MR images were acquired. Results Controls produced greater CC activation compared to patients with PD in response to fearful faces. Furthermore, patients with PD produced less amygdala activation than controls in response to fearful faces. During the neutral face condition, overall activation for the CC was significantly greater in PD patients although anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation was not as markedly different between both groups. There were no between group differences in amygdala activation on exposure to the neutral face. Only left CC activation was significantly correlated negatively with HAM-A in PD patients in the fearful facial affect condition. Limitations Although comparable to similar studies, the sample size is small enough to warrant further investigation. Also, the effects of medication need to be considered when interpreting these results. Conclusions Patients with PD activate the ACC and amygdala significantly less than controls when asked to identify fearful facial affect during fMRI. The higher the anxiety, the lower the left CC activation. Thus, chronic hyperarousal in PD may diminish attentional resources and emotional response reflected in reduced ACC and amygdala activation. Even if these are medication effects, the differences from controls are clinically relevant.
A test suite for magnetohydrodynamical simulations

A collection is presented of MHD problems that will provide researchers who have interests in modeling MHD phenomena with a battery of tests (a 'test suite') for calibrating their numerical algorithms. Use of these tests will provide a common reference for comparison of different numerical MHD algorithms. The test suite includes both 1D and 2D problems. Taken together, these problems test the abilities of a numerical method to propagate accurately all of the MHD wave families in moving and stationary media, to capture MHD shocks and contact discontinuities, and to model accurately Lorentz force terms in multiple dimensions. An example solution of each test problem is presented. Diagnostic convergence-testing procedures that provide a quantitative evaluation of MHD algorithms are demonstrated.
Strategy as Action: From Porter to Anti-Porter

In the post-crisis era new concepts are emerging, while some old and dysfunctional ones are being discarded. Strategy is about making series of decisions that drive corporate action under specific coupling with company's environment and context. Because decisions are actions, so the strategy itself is action, not just a description of action. In the area of traditional strategy, descriptions (information) have replaced action (knowledge), talk has replaced walk. We start from the premise that strategy is what company does, and what company does is its strategy. One cannot run a company just on descriptions and framed mission statements. The role of customers is crucial: the customer shapes strategy and triggers corporate action. Without respecting the customer there is no viable strategy. This is why we label the action-based strategic thinking as "Anti-Porter": consumers do not want tradeoffs and so truly effective strategy cannot be rooted in Porter's tradeoffs.
Autonomic blockade does not prevent learned heart rate attenuation during exercise

Abstract Each of three monkeys was operantly conditioned to slow its heart, to exercise (lift weights) and to attenuate the tachycardia of exercise by combining these two skills. Each was further tested during β-adrenergic blockade (atenolol), combined α-adrenergic blockade (prazosin) and β-adrenergic blockade, or cholinergic blockade (methylatropine). During all experiments heart rate, stroke volume, intraarterial blood pressure, O2 consumption, and CO2 production were recorded on a beat-to-beat basis. Each animal was able to attenuate the tachycardia of exercise under each of the drug conditions, indicating that “central command” is not the expression of fixed, cardiovascular and pulmonary reflexes elicited by somato-motor commands, but rather is an adaptive behavior, determined by environmental contingencies and mediated by cardiovascular and pulmonary as well as somato-motor commands. The ability of the animals to perform with greater cardiac efficiency during the combined exercise and heart rate slowing task relative to the exercise-only task was not affected by sympathetic blockade; however, parasympathetic blockade did reduce cardiac efficiency.
IL-33 stimulates CXCL8/IL-8 secretion in goblet cells but not normally differentiated airway cells.

SummaryBackground IL-13, a helper T cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine, transforms cultured airway epithelial cells to goblet cells, and this is not inhibited by corticosteroids. IL-33 stimulates Th2 cytokines and is highly expressed in airways of persons with asthma. The effect of IL-33 on goblet cell differentiation and cytokine secretion has not been described. Objective We examined the effect of IL-33 on CXCL8/IL-8 secretion from goblet or normally differentiated human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and signalling pathways associated with IL-33 activation in these cells. Methods Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were grown to goblet or normally differentiated ciliated cell phenotype at air–liquid interface in the presence or absence of IL-13. After 14 days, differentiated cells were exposed to IL-33 for 24 h. Results CXCL8/IL-8 secretion into the apical (air) side of the goblet cells was greater than from normally differentiated cells (P < 0.01), and IL-33 stimulated apical CXCL8/IL-8 release from goblet cells, but not from normally differentiated cells (P < 0.01). IL-33 increased ERK 1/2 phosphorylation in goblet cells (P < 0.05), and PD98059, a MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor, attenuated IL-33-stimulated CXCL8/IL-8 secretion from goblet cells (P < 0.001). IL-13 induced ST2 mRNA (P < 0.02) and membrane-bound ST2 protein expression on the apical side surface of goblet cells compared with normally differentiated cells, and neutralization with anti-ST2R antibody attenuated IL-33-induced apical CXCL8/IL-8 secretion from goblet cells (P < 0.02). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Goblet cells secrete CXCL8/IL-8, and this is increased by IL-33 through ST2R-ERK pathway, suggesting a mechanism for enhanced airway inflammation in the asthmatic airway with goblet cell metaplasia.
Spontaneous Fibril Formation by Polyalanines; Discontinuous Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Fibrillary protein aggregates rich in beta-sheet structure have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we investigate the formation of fibrils by performing discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations on systems containing 12 to 96 model Ac-KA(14)K-NH(2) peptides using our newly developed off-lattice, implicit-solvent, intermediate-resolution model, PRIME. We find that, at a low concentration, random-coil peptides assemble into alpha-helices at low temperatures. At intermediate concentrations, random-coil peptides assemble into alpha-helices at low temperatures and large beta-sheet structures at high temperatures. At high concentrations, the system forms beta-sheets over a wide range of temperatures. These assemble into fibrils above a critical temperature which decreases with concentration and exceeds the isolated peptide's folding temperature. At very high temperatures and all concentrations, the system is in a random-coil state. All of these results are in good qualitative agreement with those by Blondelle and co-workers on Ac-KA(14)K-NH(2) peptides. The fibrils observed in our simulations mimic the structural characteristics observed in experiments in terms of the number of sheets formed, the values of the intra- and intersheet separations, and the parallel peptide arrangement within each beta-sheet. Finally, we find that when the strength of the hydrophobic interaction between nonpolar side chains is high compared to the strength of hydrogen bonding, amorphous aggregates, rather than fibrillar aggregates, are formed.
Latent Heat Release as a Possible Forcing Mechanism for Atmospheric Tides

Abstract The consequences of the hypothesis of Lindzen (1978) that latent heat release may be a significant excitation mechanism for the semidiurnal atmospheric tide are examined in some detail. Harmonic analysis of hourly rainfall data from 79 tropical stations shows that the semidiurnal variation of rainfall in the tropics is ∼1 mm day−1 and has a phase near 0300 LST, just as Lindzen's theory requires. Analysis of data at 85 midlatitude stations shows that the sermidiurnal rainfall oscillation there has its phase rather later (about 0600). The results of simple classical tidal theory calculations which indicate that the geographical distribution of the surface pressure response to latent heat forcing largely follows that of the forcing itself are presented. This result is then used to suggest a plausible explanation for the observed seasonal cycle of the semidiurnal pressure oscillation in midlatitudes. Further calculations show that the magnitude of the non-migrating components of the semidiurnal barom...
POSTER: Toward Energy-Wasting Misbehavior Detection Platform with Privacy Preservation in Building Energy Use

Energy-wasting behavior is a big concern as it wastes around 1/3 of all energy consumption in buildings. Current solutions to address this issue either rarely offer privacy preservation or cannot satisfy occupants' comfort in an acceptable level. In this paper, we first propose an energy-wasting behavior detection platform. Based on that, we address a couple of privacy-related challenges in our platform through utilizing functional encryption to hide video data and by introducing noise disturbance which is mixed with metering data e.g. A/C power consumption signatures. In a privacy framework we proposed, we further quantify the privacy leakage by a set of theoretical models e.g. Hidden Markov model and differential privacy. Since our paper is still at its start phase, we plan to further extend our privacy evaluation model, assess privacy leakage on real-world dataset and accomplish experiments and we wish it could inspire colleagues' interests in this area.
Tracing the Triple Helix: The Reformed and Ecumenical Shape of David Kelsey’s Theological Anthropology

Abstract David Kelsey develops a theological anthropology in Eccentric Existence whose structure proves distinctly Reformed, though in a methodologically innovative way. Precisely this “Reformed” structure serves to open up ecumenically fruitful dimensions to his constructive proposal. After providing in broad strokes a sketch of the dense yet expansive theological anthropology advanced in Eccentric Existence, this essay homes in on a key image Kelsey implements to represent the shape of his account of human being, namely the image of the triple helix, by introducing its methodological underpinnings and basic structure. It then uses this image as a lens by which to bring into focus the unique location of Eccentric Existence in the larger contexts of Kelsey’s work and the Reformed and ecumenical Christian traditions.
H. Halobium: I. In vitro studies

Summary o 1. Purple membrane fragments (PM) from H. halobium were incorporated into lipid membranes either directly or via liposomes. A photoresponse was detected when liposomes containing PM were fused with lipid membranes. Low-resistance membranes or membranes shunted with an external resistor of 109 ohms showed decay of the initial light response to some equilibrium value in the light in both presence and absence of octa decylamine. The light response could be abolished by the addition of a sufficient amount of triethylamine to either side of the membrane. 2. The photovoltage action spectra of bilayer lipid membranes containing PM either directly or via liposomes were measured, and found to follow the absorption spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin. 3. Liposomes containing bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in PM extract ofH. halobium were fused to one side of planar lipid membranes. The photopotential resulting from flash excitation rose and fell as the sum of three exponentials with time constants for the leading edge of 30±10 μs and 35±10 ms. The decay time constant of the photopotential was 840 ms, a value consistent with the membrane time constant given by the membrane dark resistance and capacitance.
Metabolic Effects of High Doses of Manganese in Rats

The effects of acute manganese (Mn) toxicity on tissue manganese concentrations and on plasma glucose levels were investigated in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Manganese injection in all tissues analyzed was reflected by a significant increase in Mn concentration that was transitory. Changes in the molecular localization of Mn in liver following injection include both increases in protein-bound Mn and low molecular weight Mn complexes. A rapid, dose-responsive rise in blood glucose followed Mn injection, whereas circulating insulin levels decreased after injection. These data show that acute changes in tissue Mn levels can have a pronounced effect on carbohydrate metabolism.
Infrared laser ablation and ionization of water clusters and biomolecules from ice

Abstract We demonstrate the direct desorption and ionization of angiotensin II from frozen water ice samples without supplementary matrix, using a pulse train of approximately 340 intense (∼109 W/cm2) picosecond pulses from a tunable, mid-infrared free-electron laser, at a wavelength of 5.9 μm. The pulse train was delivered at equally spaced intervals over a total duration of 120 ns. Ions thus formed were detected using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Single-shot ablation at spatially separated locations on the ice surface produced parent ions as well as Na and K adducts. Multiple pulse impact at a single location on the ice generated the parent ion signal and also protonated water clusters of the form (H2O)n−1H3O+. Investigations of clusters produced by infrared laser ablation of frozen trifluoroacetic acid solution support a mechanism involving electrostatic ejection of pre-formed ions.
The motion of gaseous streams in the binary system.

Angular momentum rate change, rotating gaseous rings, and statistical property of Jacobian constants during particle collision in gaseous flow in closed binary system
North China Villages During the Republican Period: Socioeconomic Relationships

Most students of modern Chinese history have always viewed landlord and tenant relationships as oppressive and exploitative, especially for those who farmed the land and paid rent for its use. A rural oligarchy of landlords, merchants, and moneylenders allegedly held enough economic power to fix market prices of goods, credit, labor, and land at variance with the prices which would normally have occurred had highly competitive market conditions existed. This oligarchy supposedly used its economic power to amass fortunes from the weaker and less fortunate. The entry of Western businessmen and diplomats on the scene changed nothing except to make exploitation even more effective. This view recently has been modified by the insight that Chinese tenants in early twentieth century held certain rights and expected these rights to be upheld by the groups with which they had dealings.'
Schedule-dependent recovery of barpressing performance in frontal rats*

Rats with bilateral frontal cortical ablations showed early postoperative rate decrements on either a FI 15 or FR 30 schedule of barpressing for water. Although the performance of all frontal rats recovered to some extent during a month of postoperative testing, complete recovery occurred only in rats tested on the FI 15 schedule. Observations of barpressing behavior indicated that FR 30 barpressing required a degree of bimanual motor coordination not required in normal FI 15 barpressing. A persistent disruption of such coordination by frontal cortical lesions appeared to account for the differential recovery of barpressing rates on the two schedules.
Sound polymorphic type inference for objects

A polymorphic, constraint-based type inference algorithm for an object-oriented language is defined. A generalized form of type, polymorphic recursively constrained types, are inferred. These types are expressive enough for typing objects, since they generalize recursive types and F-bounded polymorphism. The well-known tradeoff between inheritance and subtyping is mitigated by the type inference mechanism. Soundness and completeness of type inference are established.
Essential tremor: mild olfactory dysfunction in a cerebellar disorder.

Abstract Olfactory dysfunction has been reported to occur in patients with cerebellar disorders, including degenerative ataxias and essential tremor (ET). Previous studies have not considered the effects of mild cognitive deficits, which can occur in ET, and could explain the lower olfaction test scores in ET cases. We more than doubled our initial sample (37 ET cases and 37 controls) [Louis ED, Bromley SM, Jurewicz EC, Watner D. Olfactory dysfunction in essential tremor: a deficit unrelated to disease duration or severity. Neurology 2002;59:1631–3. [1] ] and made adjustments for the mini mental status test score. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test score remained lower in 87 ET cases compared to 92 controls after adjustment for mini mental status test score and other potential confounders ( p =0.04). These findings: suggest that olfactory dysfunction in ET patients occurs independently of mild cognitive deficits and support recent work that the cerebellum may play a role in central olfactory processing.
Use of pressure fluctuations to validate hydrodynamic similitude in fluidized media: bubbling beds

Principles of dynamic similitude have been used over the last few years to develop hydrodynamic scaling laws for fluidized beds. The present study is a comprehensive evaluation of dynamic scaling in bubbling fluidized beds using pressure fluctuation data from model and prototype beds for 27 distinct operating conditions. Pressure spectra were quantitatively compared by presenting the data as Bode plots and analyzing the plots as linear, dynamical systems. Characteristic frequencies and damping constants for up to three oscillatory phenomena were determined from the Bode plots and compared between model and prototype beds. Comparison of pressure fluctuations between model and prototype bubbling fluidized beds suggest that hydrodynamic similitude can be achieved for a wide range of operating conditions. However, measurements should be made away from the surface of the bed and caution should be exercised in using very small diameter tubes for the model bed.
Parent reflections of experiences of participating in a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorders

Background:Despite the mounting evidence of efficacy of early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders, there is little research that considers the various perceptions and resources with which parents respond to the pressures and opportunities associated with participation in early intervention. Research is particularly lacking surrounding experiences of parents with infants who are at risk of autism spectrum disorders but do not (yet) have a diagnosed condition.Objectives:This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of caregivers following their participation in a randomized controlled trial of Adapted Responsive Teaching, a parent–infant relationship-focused intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorders in a community sample. Parents were randomized into either the treatment group, in which they participated in the Adapted Responsive Teaching intervention, or the community services group, in which they were provided with information regarding local early interv...
Exercise studies in patients with transposition of the great arteries after atrial repair operations (Mustard/Senning): a review.

Exercise evaluation studies of patients after atrial repair surgery for transposition of the great arteries, as in tetralogy of Fallot, represent only a small fraction of the 3970 Medline references (1966 to mid-1997) concerning this congenital heart lesion. We have abstracted data from 27 studies from 20 institutions reporting on measurements during exercise on work capacity, heart rate response, respiratory gas exchange, or radionuclide/radiographic systemic ventricular ejection fraction measurements in addition to resting pulmonary function measurements. These studies provide almost uniform general conclusions that even after 20 or more years of follow-up (1) most patients ``report'' that they are asymptomatic in performing usual levels of physical activities; (2) significant abnormalities are present, often in more than half of the patients studied, in one or more of the exercise measurements when compared to control subjects; and (3) the diminished exercise performance is related to a diminished cardiac output, results from diminished stroke volume but is also related to a blunted heart rate response.
Osmotic control of luminescence and growth in Photobacterium leiognathi from ponyfish light organs.

Osmolarity was found to control the luminescence and growth of Photobacterium leiognathi strain LN-1a isolated from the light organ of the ponyfish Leiognathus nuchalis (family Leiognathidae). Low osmolarity (ca. 400 mOsm) stimulated luminescence per cell 80 to 100-fold to a level (ca. 2.0 X 10(4) quanta . s-1 . cell-1) equal to that of bacteria taken directly from the light organ and increased the level of luciferase per cell 8 to 10-fold compared to high osmolarity (ca. 800 mOsm). Conversely, high osmolarity stimulated oxygen uptake and growth rate 2 to 4-fold compared to low osmolarity. Of 21 additional tested strains of P. leiognathi from light organs of 9 other ponyfish species, all responded similarly. Low osmolarity may be a host control factor that functions to stimulate the luminescence and restrict the growth of ponyfish light organ bacteria in situ.
Converting dependency structures to phrase structures

Treebanks are of two types according to their annotation schemata: phrase-structure Treebanks such as the English Penn Treebank [8] and dependency Treebanks such as the Czech dependency Treebank [6]. Long before Treebanks were developed and widely used for natural language processing, there had been much discussion of comparison between dependency grammars and context-free phrase-structure grammars [5]. In this paper, we address the relationship between dependency structures and phrase structures from a practical perspective; namely, the exploration of different algorithms that convert dependency structures to phrase structures and the evaluation of their performance against an existing Treebank. This work not only provides ways to convert Treebanks from one type of representation to the other, but also clarifies the differences in representational coverage of the two approaches.
Carbonyls and non-methane hydrocarbons at a rural mountain site in northeastern United States.

Abstract Measurements of carbonyls and C2–C6 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were made in ambient air at a rural site at the summit of Whiteface Mountain (WFM) in New York State. Alkanes dominated in the samples, with ethane and propane making up about 55% of the total on a carbon-atom basis. Ethane, the longest-lived of the NMHCs, showed a mixing ratio in the range of 0.86–2.1 ppbv. Photochemical ageing analysis indicated an anthropogenic influence on the NMHC levels. The photochemical reactivity of the hydrocarbons, calculated in terms of propylene-equivalent concentration, was dominated by alkenes (propene and ethene), which accounted for 74% of the total NMHC sum. Air mass back-trajectories have been used to investigate the origin of the observed NMHCs and carbonyls. Higher concentrations were found when air masses arrived from the midwestern US corridor. Acetone was the most abundant species, comprising from 31% to 53% of the total detected carbonyls, followed by MEK (15–53%), HCHO (7–39%), and CH3CHO (7–19%). Average concentrations were determined to be 1.61 ppbv for CH3C(O)CH3, 1.40 ppbv for MEK, 1.16 ppbv for HCHO, and 0.49 ppbv for CH3CHO. The variations in carbonyl concentrations were observed to follow patterns similar to variations in O3 concentrations, typical of secondary products. Correlations and statistical analysis of the carbonyls and NMHCs were performed, and showed that most of the compounds derived from mixing and photochemical transformation of long-range transported pollutants from the major source areas. Ranking of the carbonyls with respect to removal of the OH radical showed HCHO to be the most important species, followed by CH3CHO, MEK, and CH3C(O)CH3.
A preliminary report: Cementless trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty

Abstract A cementless ball and socket trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty was used for the treatment of Eaton and Littler stage II and III trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis. Forty-two joints were placed in 36 patients between 1986 and 1992. Five joints in 4 patients required revision. Thirty-four joints in 30 patients were evaluated with a mean follow-up period of 47 months (range, 15–86 months). Of the 33 monitored patients (39 joints), 79% reported good to excellent pain relief and excellent functional improvement and 12% reported poor to fair pain relief and functional improvement. Five joints required revision surgery and constituted 13% of the original arthroplasties. Thirty-three functional tests were graded before and after surgery and improvement was noted in all categories. Dramatic improvement was noted in the typical complaints for trapeziometacarpal joint disease, which are encountered in the activities of daily living. Radiolucent lines were present in 13 of 25 implants (52%), which were radiographically monitored. Radiographic loosening was present in 32%; 12 were around the trapezial component and 1 was around the metacarpal component. Radiographic loosening did not correlate with less satisfactory clinical results. Cementless trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty provides an operative alternative to arthrodesis in properly selected patients with trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis. This joint is not intended to replace excisional or ligament reconstruction tendon interposition arthroplasty in lower demand patients or in those with pantrapezial arthritis. It also is not recommended in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or poor bone stock. It offers the advantages of maintaining excellent motion and stability. The cementless arthroplasty failures can be effectively salvaged by converting them to ligament reconstruction tendon interposition arthroplasty. (J Hand Surg 1999;24A:92–101. Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Hydrogen atom abstraction by a chromium IV oxo complex derived from O2.

The Cr(III) hydroxide [TptBu,MeCr(OH)(pz‘H)] BARF (1) is produced by reaction of [TptBu,MeCr(pz‘H)]BARF with [TptBu,MeCr(O2)(pz‘H)]BARF or oxygen atom donors ONMe3 or PhIO in Et2O. However, reaction of [TptBu,MeCr(pz‘H)]BARF with PhIO in pure CH2Cl2 yields the Cr(IV) oxo complex [TptBu,MeCr(O)(pz‘H)]BARF (2). 2 abstracts hydrogen atoms from organic molecules with weak C−H bonds to form 1. Both 1 and 2 have been structurally characterized.
AB initio calculation of the two-photon absorption cross section of the X 1 Σg+ → (E,F) 1 Σg+ IN H2

Abstract The two-photon absorption cross section of X 1 Σ g + → 1 Σ g + of H 2 has been computed using near full Cl wavefunctions. The convergence of the two-photon transition amplitude is achieved by enforcing the variational wavefunctions to satisfy the off-diagonal S (O) and S (−1) sum rules. The theoretical cross section agrees well with experiment.
Reusing commercial SERS substrate by gold/silver coating

We investigate commercial nano-engineered SERS (surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy) substrates for the possibility of recycling them and using them multiple times. Klarite TM is a commercial SERS substrate fabricated by nanoscale lithographic patterning technique on silicon wafer before being coated with a thin layer of Gold. It has been widely reported that, this substrate results in more reproducible surface enhanced Raman signals. However, it is designed only for a single measurement and disposable use. In this work, we report a method for recycling one substrate for multiple SERS measurements by coating a thin layer of Gold/Silver after each application of the substrate. The results obtained using reprocessed substrates are comparable to the measurements recorded using fresh substrates.
Raman Scattering Study of the Alpha-Beta Phase Transition in Quartz

The Raman spectrum of crystalline quartz has been studied at temperatures between -196 and 615\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. A weak mode of symmetry ${A}_{1}$ with room-temperature Raman shift of 147 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is found to grow in intensity and move towards zero Raman shift as the alpha-beta transition is approached. This mode, rather than the 207-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ mode, appears to play the fundamental role in the phase transition. The temperature dependence of the Raman shift of the new mode is given by ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}\ensuremath{\sim}{|T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}|}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ with $0.4l~\ensuremath{\gamma}l~0.5$.
Extracellular heat shock protein HSP90β secreted by MG63 osteosarcoma cells inhibits activation of latent TGF-β1

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) is secreted as a latent complex, which consists of latency-associated peptide (LAP) and the mature ligand. The release of the mature ligand from LAP usually occurs through conformational change of the latent complex and is therefore considered to be the first step in the activation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. So far, factors such as heat, pH changes, and proteolytic cleavage are reportedly involved in this activation process, but the precise molecular mechanism is still far from clear. Identification and characterization of the cell surface proteins that bind to LAP are important to our understanding of the latent TGF-beta activation process. In this study, we have identified heat shock protein 90 beta (HSP90beta) from the cell surface of the MG63 osteosarcoma cell line as a LAP binding protein. We have also found that MG63 cells secrete HSP90beta into extracellular space which inhibits the activation of latent TGF-beta1, and that there is a subsequent decrease in cell proliferation. TGF-beta1-mediated stimulation of MG63 cells resulted in the increased cell surface expression of HSP90beta. Thus, extracellular HSP90beta is a negative regulator for the activation of latent TGF-beta1 modulating TGF-beta signaling in the extracellular domain.
Indoleacetic acid complementation and its relation to host range specifying genes on the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Host range variations were noted when 23 wildtype strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were tested on 27 different plant species. Because we have shown previously that host range specificity is conferred by the pTi plasmid, these variations in host specificity implicated genetic differences among p Ti plasmids within the A. tumefaciens population that was tested. Host specificity was independent of the type of opine utilized and biotype of the strain used. These data suggested that separate genetic determinants operate for host specificity. This hypothesis was confirmed by Tn5 mutagenesis of the pTi plasmid, which generated mutants affected in host specificity. The regions of host specifying genes were located by displacement analysis of mutant pTi-plasmid-DNA restriction fragments. There are at least two sites on the pTiC58 plasmid: one within the T-region and the other about 75–77 kb to the right of this region. Mutations within the T-region were chemically complemented by indoleacetic acid, which restored the host range of the mutants. Such complementations were not observed with mutants outside the T-region.
Distributed directory tags

This paper concerns a new directory scheme that can be used as an alternative to the current three types of directory schemes; direct mapped, set associative and fully associative. Both direct mapped and fully associative cache directories can be considered as a special case of the set associative directory since in the direct mapped case there are N congruent classes with a set size of 1 while in the fully associative case there are N sets and only 1 congruent class. However, irrespective of which class of directory scheme is used, since memory or cache directories generally provide a many-to-one mapping of a large address space to a small fast storage, a tag field must be associated with each element to identify one of the many addresses which actually map to the current value in the cache element. Thus, there are as many tags as there are total elements in the directory. The Distributed Directory Tag scheme described here uses the direct mapping of the addresses and distribution of the tags over the directory elements and thereby reduces the storage requirement for the directory tags by a significant factor. Our early findings indicate that addresses from application programs follow a particular distribution, with a strong bias towards less frequent change in the higher order bits. It is this observation that is exploited in the scheme described in this paper. The actual savings depend on the particular distribution chosen for an implementation, but in general, a factor of three reduction can be obtained while providing a hit ratio comparable to the other directory schemes. This savings in the tag bits is achieved while still providing set associativity within each congruent class. This scheme is particularly useful when cost/performance tradeoffs are a consideration. Thus, this novel directory design adds another type to the three existing cache directory schemes.
Developments in US Anti-terrorism Law Checks and Balances Undermined

The thesis of this update on developments in US anti-terrorism law since 9/11 is that the system of checks and balances among the several branches of the government, executive, judicial and legislative, has been undermined by the deferral and avoidance of key decisions by each of the branches and the withdrawal of authority by one branch from another. Examples are drawn from four Supreme Court decisions handed down since 9/11; the use of sunset clauses in the USA PATRIOT Act; the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005; the use of torture in interrogating suspected terrorists; National Security Agency electronic surveillance; extraordinary renditions of suspected terrorists; and the Military Commissions Act of 2006.
Pericardial effusion in a dog with rhabdomyosarcoma in the right ventricular wall

A seven-year-old male labrador retriever presented in right heart failure with weak femoral pulses, and pleural, abdominal and mild pericardial effusion. No diagnosis could be established initially. Two days later, the dog developed severe pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade. A tumour in the right ventricular wall was visualised on ultrasonographic examination. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed and biopsies of the mass submitted for histopathological examination. A diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma arising from the myocardium was established. Cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma has been reported in only two dogs. Neither report was associated with pericardial effusion.
The Metal Vapor Vacuum ARC (MEVVA) High Current Ion Source

An ion source is described in which a metal vapor vacuum arc is used to create the plasma from which the ions are extracted. Beams of a variety of ions have been produced, ranging from lithium up to uranium. At an extraction voltage of 25 kV we've measured an ion beam current of over 1 Ampere, with over 550 ema of the beam in an emittance of 0.07 ? cm. mradians (normalized). The ion charge state distribution varies with cathode material and with arc power; for uranium a typical distribution is peaked at U5+, with up to 40% of the beam current in this charge state.
Zebrafish hox Clusters and Vertebrate Genome Evolution

HOX genes specify cell fate in the anterior-posterior axis of animal embryos. Invertebrate chordates have one HOX cluster, but mammals have four, suggesting that cluster duplication facilitated the evolution of vertebrate body plans. This report shows that zebrafish have seven hox clusters. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic mapping suggest a chromosome doubling event, probably by whole genome duplication, after the divergence of ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes but before the teleost radiation. Thus, teleosts, the most species-rich group of vertebrates, appear to have more copies of these developmental regulatory genes than do mammals, despite less complexity in the anterior-posterior axis.
Damping Loss Factor Estimation for Coupled Plates Using Experimental Transient Statistical Energy Analysis

Damping loss factors and coupling loss factors are estimated for two sets of coupled plates, one set joined along a line and the other joined at a point. Two levels of damping, achieved with constrained layer treatments are considered. For the more highly damped plates, the differences between estimations using transient force versus persistent force are small. As expected serious differences in estimated loss factor are found for lightly-damped plates, that is, with loss factors below 0.01 (1%).
An Ultrastructural Study of Phytomonas davidi Lafont (Trypanosomatidae)1

Phytomonas davidi (Trypanosomatidae) possesses typical trypanosomatid organelles: subpellicular microtubules, kinetoplast-mitochondrial complex, K-DNA, and four subflagellar pocket microtubules. A greater concentration of subpellicular microtubules was observed in the latex forms than in those found in the salivary glands of its insect vector. Only in the latex flagellates (the stage with postnuclear torsion) were subpellicular microtubules interconnected by crossbridges observed. Morphology and development of mitochondrial aristae varied according to the source of the flagellates. Organisms taken from culture medium had extensively developed plate-like cristae; sparse tubular cristae were observed in the latex forms; and highly developed tubular cristae were seen in flagellates from the lumen of the vector's salivary glands, though organisms in the salivary gland channels had few or none.
GOING BEYOND A FIRST READER: A MACHINE LEARNING METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZING COST AND PERFORMANCE IN BREAST ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSIS

The goal of this study was to devise a machine learning methodology as a viable low-cost alternative to a second reader to help augment physicians' interpretations of breast ultrasound images in differentiating benign and malignant masses. Two independent feature sets consisting of visual features based on a radiologist's interpretation of images and computer-extracted features when used as first and second readers and combined by adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) and a pruning classifier resulted in a very high level of diagnostic performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.98) at a cost of pruning a fraction (20%) of the cases for further evaluation by independent methods. AdaBoost also improved the diagnostic performance of the individual human observers and increased the agreement between their analyses. Pairing AdaBoost with selective pruning is a principled methodology for achieving high diagnostic performance without the added cost of an additional reader for differentiating solid breast masses by ultrasound.
Chemical Destruction of Aspergillus niger Conidiospores

SUMMARY: Destruction of A. niger conidiospores at 20°C (68°F) by 20 ppm NaClO and 20 ppm iodine as iodophor yielded D values of 0.61 min and 0.86, respectively at pH 3.0 and 1.31 and 2.04 min, respectively at pH 7.0. On the basis of mojar concentrations, iodine was slightly more effective than chlorine. A D value of 0.026 min was obtained with 4% NaOH at 60°C (140°F) indicating 4% NaOH at 60°C to be far more germicidal than 20 ppm of either halogen compound at 20°C. One per cent NaOH at 30°C resulted in an immediate and rapid release of amino acids presumably from the spore wall during the first 2 min of contact and a slower rate of release of RNA, with DNA released at the slowest rate.