cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of connected-component labeling algorithms for distributed-memory systems

Introduces a graph contraction based distributed-memory connected component algorithm.Four alternative distributed-memory connected component algorithms are presented.Theoretical and experimental analysis is presented for the five algorithms.Classes of problems under which the algorithms are most applicable are identified.Novel algorithm shows better scalability across the range of scientific computing graphs used herein. Connected component labeling is a key step in a wide-range of applications, such as community detection in social networks and coherent structure identification in massively-parallel scientific simulations. There have been several distributed-memory connected component algorithms described in literature; however, little has been done regarding their scalability analysis. Theoretical and experimental results are presented for five algorithms: three that are direct implementations of previous approaches, one that is an implementation of a previous approach that is optimized to reduce communication, and one that is a novel approach based on graph contraction. Under weak scaling and for certain classes of graphs, the graph contraction algorithm scales consistently better than the four other algorithms. Furthermore, it uses significantly less memory than two of the alternative methods and is of the same order in terms of memory as the other two.
Non-similar normal oscillations in a strongly non-linear discrete system

Abstract The free oscillations of a strongly non-linear, discrete oscillator are examined by computing its “non-similar non-linear normal modes.” These are motions represented by curves in the configuration space of the system, and they are not encountered in classical, linear vibration theory or in existing non-linear perturbation techniques. The Mikhlin-Manevich asymptotic methodology is used for solving the singular functional equation describing the non-similar modes and approximate, analytical expressions are derived. For an oscillator with weak coupling stiffness and “mistuning,” both localized and non-localized modes are detected, occurring in small neighborhoods of “degenerate” and “global” similar modes of the “tuned” system. When strong coupling is considered, only non-localized modes were found to exist. An interesting result of this work is the detection of mode localization in the “tuned” periodic system, a result with no counterpart in existing theories on linear mode localization. As a check of the analytical results, numerical integrations of the equations of motion were carried out and the existence of the theoretically predicted non-similar modes was verified.
Assays of Endogenous Caspase Activities: A Comparison of Mass Spectrometry and Fluorescence Formats

This paper describes a label-free assay for measuring endogenous caspase protease activities in cell lysates. The assay format, termed SAMDI-MS (self-assembled monolayers for matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry), is based on the enzymatic modification of peptides immobilized to monolayer substrates, followed by direct detection of the products with mass spectrometry. Monolayers presenting peptide substrates for either caspase-3 or -8 were treated with lysates from Jurkat cells that were stimulated with staurosporine and SKW6.4 cells that were stimulated with LzCD95L. In both cases, the SAMDI assays reported on the activation of endogenous caspase enzymes with levels of detection that are similar to those observed using the commonly employed fluorogenic assays. The use of longer peptide substrates, which are not compatible with the fluorogenic assays, provided for a better resolution of the two caspase activities. This work is significant because it demonstrates tha...
Responding to Bullying: Language Socialization and Religious Identification in Classes for Sikh Youth.

Drawing from ethnography of communication and language socialization approaches, this paper examines classes on bullying held for Sikh middle school students at a Sikh religious institution in California. Sikh educational programs play an important role in socializing youth into Sikh teachings, practices, and community perspectives. Due to one practice in particular, wearing a dastaar (turban), some Sikh youth have been harassed by their non-Sikh peers. After discussing the significance of the dastaar in Sikh life, this paper analyzes interactions in classes on bullying in which Sikh youth enacted role-plays provided by the teachers. In the discussions that followed the role-plays, teachers and students evaluated the actions of the bullying victim and weighed the consequences of a wide range of interactional moves in reacting to harassment. Participants’ assessments of bullying-response strategies reveal the tensions and challenges that Sikh youth face in managing the process of religious identification i...
Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with entomogenous nematodes (Nematoda: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Various species and strains of entomophagous nematodes were assessed in the laboratory for their potential to infect black cutworm larvae, Agrotis ipsilon: Steinernema feltiae (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae) strains Mexican and Kapow, S. bibionis and Heterorhabditis heliothidis. Based on LD50 values, rates of mortality, and storage considerations, S. feltiae Mexican strain was chosen for additional evaluation. When incorporated into wheat-bran pellets and calcium alginate capsules, nematode dauerlarvae were able to escape and cause infection of cutworms, but wheatbran pellets allowed more rapid escape. Cutworms consumed wheat-bran pellets as readily as corn seedlings, but more readily than calcium alginate capsules. Addition of wheat bran to calcium alginate capsules did not enhance consumption by cutworms. Field studies suggested no value of wheat-bran bait formulation, relative to aqueous suspension, for delivering nematodes. Significant reduction in corn seedling damage by cutworms in plots inoculated with aqueous suspension of dauerlarvae was demonstrated. Application of nematodes at rates of about 5 × 105/m2 provided over 50% reduction in plant damage in some treatments.
Fluid inclusion evidence for minimum 11 km vertical offset on the Wasatch fault, Utah

The footwall of the Wasatch fault in the Corner Creek area near Salt Lake City is hydrothermally altered and deformed quartz monzonite of the Oligocene Little Cottonwood stock. Secondary fluid inclusions are associated with hydrothermal alteration minerals and structural deformation. Thermometric measurements of fluid inclusion characteristics indicate entrapment of a CO2-H2O-NaCl fluid at minimum temperatures of 223–353 °C and minimum fluid pressures of 900–2800 bar. The 2800-bar fluid pressure is near lithostatic pressure at a depth of 11 km, the minimum displacement of the fault that is required for exhumation of the observed alteration and fluid inclusions and more than three times greater than most previous estimates. The large displacement estimate is supported by the occurrence of pyrophyllite in shales in the footwall, by the petrology of metamorphosed shale surrounding an unroofed pluton in the footwall, and by geologic reconstruction of the eroded footwall.
Supporting the emotional and psychological well being of sexual minority youth: Youth ideas for action

Abstract Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) populations are susceptible to stress-related mental health disorders because of daily imposed stigma and prejudice. Yet minimal information exists from the perspective of sexual minority youth about how to support them in managing a challenging social environment during critical stages of development. Through the lens of youth from two geographic communities this study examined what is needed to support GLBT adolescent mental health. The study employed inductive secondary analysis of qualitative and quantitative data gathered through Concept Mapping needs assessments. Findings include 61 unduplicated ideas for support across the two groups of youth; 14 primary themes emerged with 22 stated needs common among both groups. Areas of need in multiple service systems are identified. The importance of the supports for meeting youths' emotional needs varied between the two communities. Ideas generated represent youth ideas for improving conditions which contribute to disparate community supports needed to develop positive emotional and psychological well being. The findings are conceptualized with regard to psychological and physical safety; community impact on emotional well being; schools and psychosocial supports; and access to relevant mental health and health care. Discussion includes implications for practice and policy.
The Purse Strings of Peace

This article examines how commerce promotes peace between states. It diverges from the commercial peace literature and its predominant focus on international trade by looking inside the domestic economy to see how its structure influences conflict. Drawing on selectorate theory, I argue that substantial quantities of public property generate fiscal autonomy for governments, strengthen their hold on the domestic reigns of power, and create opportunities to pursue more aggressive foreign policies. A series of statistical tests shows that greater quantities of publicly held assets increase the likelihood that a state will participate in military conflict. Given that the predominance of privately held property is one of the defining institutions of capitalism, these results support the claim that capitalism promotes peace.
EQUITY AND SOCIAL POLICY: CONCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY IN WELFARE CRITERIA

Efficiency, equity, equality and parity all have shortcomings in both procedural and substantive values. The primary readjustment required is to re‐stress political analysis, even though it may deal with fluid concepts such as power and values. Secondly, there is a need to reverse the apparent tendency among policy analysts to reduce real political and social conflicts to the level of technological problems which only need more resources or technological innovations in order to be “solved”. The fluidity of values such as equity, equality and parity means that they are malleable and can be changed over time via education; social policies can thus be re‐shaped.
Multicolor Live-Cell Chemical Imaging by Isotopically Edited Alkyne Vibrational Palette

Vibrational imaging such as Raman microscopy is a powerful technique for visualizing a variety of molecules in live cells and tissues with chemical contrast. Going beyond the conventional label-free modality, recent advance of coupling alkyne vibrational tags with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy paves the way for imaging a wide spectrum of alkyne-labeled small biomolecules with superb sensitivity, specificity, resolution, biocompatibility, and minimal perturbation. Unfortunately, the currently available alkyne tag only processes a single vibrational “color”, which prohibits multiplex chemical imaging of small molecules in a way that is being routinely practiced in fluorescence microscopy. Herein we develop a three-color vibrational palette of alkyne tags using a 13C-based isotopic editing strategy. We first synthesized 13C isotopologues of EdU, a DNA metabolic reporter, by using the newly developed alkyne cross-metathesis reaction. Consistent with theoretical predictions, the mono-13C (13C≡12C) and...
Temperature profile in the entrance region of an annular passage considering the effects of turbulent convection and radiation

Abstract The influence of the absorption of radiation on the temperature profile and heat transfer to an absorbing medium flowing in an annulus has been examined analytically. In the analysis, a turbulent, non-gray gas stream with variable density and temperature-dependent absorptioncoefficients are considered. The results of the analysis are compared with those of an experiment performed with steam flowing at Reynolds numbers near 20 000 at pressures of 1.0 and 3.22 atm in an annulus with a radius ratio of 0.2. The analytical result agrees with the experimental result that for an inner wall temperature of 2000°R and apressure of 3.22 atm the absorption of radiation increases the temperature slightly (about 7 per cent). This result is also in qualitative agreement with results of Viskanta's analysis for a stagnant fluid in a plane parallel geometry.
SU‐GG‐T‐89: Real‐Time Intraoperative Planning Is Not Required to Achieve Consistent High Quality Implants for Prostate Brachytherapy

Purpose: Recently reported concerns in quality assurance (QA), has called into question the “pre‐planning” approach for prostate brachytherapy. The purpose of this study was to determine if a high‐quality implant, as defined by the amount of activity preplanned versus the amount of activity implanted, could be consistently delivered if the patient volume study and treatment planning were performed prior to entering the operating room at a single tertiary cancer center. Methods: Medical records of 100 patients prospectively treated on an IRB approved protocol on monotherapy for selective intermediate‐risk patients were reviewed. At least 10 days prior to their implant, all patients underwent a simulation, in the dorsal‐lithotomy position with a urinary catheter, consisting of a volume study and pubic arch study. Planning was performed using the Variseed treatment planning system. All patients underwent an I‐125 implant using stranded seeds to a prescribed dose of 145 Gy (0.391 mCi/seed). Pre‐plan parameters were as follows; V100 > 95%, V150 < 60%, V200 < 20%, U200=0, and R100 < 1cc. A Day 30 CT scan and MRI were obtained for QA to evaluate post‐implant dosimetry. The amount of activity was determined for each patient and statistical analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: The number of planned and implanted I‐125 seeds, were almost identical for each patient (Average: pre‐plan = 83.04; post‐plan=83.22) and had a correlation value of 0.999. The average prostate V100 for the pre‐plan and post‐implant was 99.99% and 98.64% respectively. The average prostate D90 for the pre‐plan was 186.3 and the post‐implant D90 was 185.2. The average rectum R100 for the pre‐plan and post‐implant were 0.4 and 0.31 respectively. Conclusion: Consistent high‐quality implants can be achieved using a “pre‐planning” approach. However, QA measures are required during the simulation, treatment planning, implant, and post‐implant evaluation to achieve this consistency.
Catalytic inactivation of bacteria using Pd-modified titania

Abstract Pd and Pt-modified TiO 2 were compared with un-modified TiO 2 for the photocatalytic sterilization of Escherichia coli in water. Pd/TiO 2 was found to work significantly faster than Pt/TiO 2 , and was also active in the absence of light; indicating an alternative mechanism to conventional titania photocatalysis. The Pd/TiO 2 catalyst temporarily lost bactericidal activity after each use, but was re-activated by exposure to air prior to reuse. A direct correlation between oxidation state and antimicrobial activity was indicated for Pd/TiO 2 . XPS analysis confirmed the oxidation of Pd on the catalyst after exposure to air and the subsequent reduction when immersed in water.
Effects of motion on perceived pointing of ambiguous triangles.

Two experiments investigated the effects of the direction of straight-line motion on the perceived pointing of moving ambiguous (equilateral) triangles. Experiment 1 used a “preference” paradigm in which observers reported the direction in which they first saw a moving triangle point, and Experiment 2 used a performance-oriented “interference” paradigm based on a discrimination task. Results from both tasks showed systematic biases due to the relation between the direction of motion and the structure of the triangle: Motion along an axis of symmetry (parallel to a possible direction of pointing) facilitated perceived pointing along that axis. However, motion along a side of the triangle (perpendicular to a possible direction of pointing) produced no such facilitative effect, in contrast to analogous perpendicular effects in previous studies using static patterns (Palmer, 1980; Palmer & Bucher, 1981, 1982). These results are interpreted as evidence that event symmetry is an important stimulus characteristic underlying directional biases due to motion. Response compatibility was also found to affect performance on both tasks.
Optimized signal constellations for ultra-high-speed optical transport

The joint optimization of coding and modulation formats would provide significant receiver sensitivity improvement due to the increased Hamming distance of codes. By applying Arimoto-Blahut algorithm to maximize mutual information, optimized coded-modulation has been found out together with optimized bit-mapping rule. Simulated channel capacity shows that optimized coded modulation could outperform its counterparts, such as regular qaudrature-amplitude modulation, by around 0.3dB up to about 0.9 coding rate. The improvement is found to be larger in higher modulation formats. Optimal coded-8QAM modulation has been further verified in experiment, where 40Tb/s over 6787km is demonstrated by transmitting 200G per wavelength thanks to the better receiver sensitivity of optimal coded modulation.
Network analyzer calibration using offset shorts

Microwave network analyzer accuracy enhancement by offset shorts is investigated. Usable calibration bandwidth and accuracy limitations are determined by applying a previously published model by L.A. Glasser (1978) to the case of a reference short and two offset shorts. Data necessary to emulate the HP 8510 scalar network analyzer are derived and used in the model to provide realistic projections. Convenient techniques for optimizing experimental accuracy and for obtaining an estimate of the uncertainty in actual short circuit and offset short calibration standards are also presented. >
Effect of Pitting Corrosion in NaCl Solutions on the Statistics of Fracture of Beryllium

The effect of pitting corrosion, occurring in NaCl solutions, on the bending behavior of commercial beryllium was studied. Three concentrations of NaCl solutions (0.01, 0.1, and 1 M) were used in the experiments. Bend specimens were exposed to these solutions for a total of 168 hours. Weibull statistics were used to analyze the experimental bend-strength data and were applied to the failure strength, displacement to failure, and yield strength. Samples exposed to the 1 M NaCl solution exhibited a high Weibull modulus, with a higher retained mean failure strength and displacement to failure. On the other hand, the samples exposed to the 0.01 and 0.1 M NaCl solution exhibited significantly lower mechanical property values and Weibull moduli, accompanied by a larger scatter in the failure strength and displacement to failure. The engineering yield strength of the samples did not change significantly with exposure to the NaCl solutions, although there was an increase in the scatter of the values. These effects on the mechanical properties were attributed to a decreasing propensity for the formation of localized deep pits and an increasing propensity for uniform shallow pitting with increasing NaCl concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was primarily used for quantifying these corrosion pitting effects. In addition, atomic-force microscopy (AFM) and potentiodynamic polarization experiments were also conducted to provide supportive evidence for the differences in the pitting behavior of the beryllium with different NaCl concentrations.
Predicting high school student use of learning strategies: the role of preferred learning styles and classroom climate

This study investigated the predictiveness of preferred learning styles (competitive and cooperative) and classroom climate (teacher support and disciplinary climate) on learning strategy use in mathematics. The student survey part of the Programme for International Student Assessment 2003 comprising of 4633 US observations was used in a weighted ordinary least squares multiple regression framework to predict learning strategy from preferred learning styles and classroom climate while controlling for self-efficacy and demographic variables. The results showed that preferred learning styles were the most important predictors of learning strategies used in mathematics. Educational implications were discussed.
High-performance liquid chromatography of nucleotides and nucleosides using outersphere and innersphere metal—solute complexes

Abstract A new bonded phase, containing a Co(en)33+ moiety, was prepared in order to study the chromatographic behavior of solutes capable of forming outersphere complexes with cobalt compounds. The test solutes were nucleotides and nucleosides. It was found that solute—statoinary phase interactions could be quite strong resulting in long retention times. This was particularly so with triphosphate nucleotide. To overcome this difficulty Mg(II) was added to the mobile phase. Under these conditions selectivities, efficiencies and analysis times were greatly improved. The behavior of the Co(en)33+ phase was compared to that of a C18 column and a diamine system. The importance of adding Mg(II) to the mobile phase is demonstrated on all systems.
Sex Differences in Patient Acceptance of Cardiac Transplant Candidacy

Background The overwhelming majority of cardiac transplant recipients are men. This can be partially explained by the earlier age at which heart failure develops in men. However, an underrepresentation of women also may reflect physician referral or selection biases or differences in patients’ access to or acceptance of heart transplantation. Methods and Results We investigated whether sex bias occurred in the transplant candidate selection process at a single cardiac transplant center. We prospectively evaluated 386 individuals <70 years of age (295 men, 91 women) referred for management of moderate to severe heart failure and/or cardiac transplant evaluation. Age, race, sex, heart failure type, New York Heart Association class, left ventricular ejection fraction, peak exercise oxygen consumption, disease duration, resting hemodynamic measurements, comorbidity index score, health insurance coverage, and estimated household income were recorded. For patients not accepted for transplantation, the reason for rejection was also obtained. Univariable and multivariable (logistic regression) analyses were performed comparing men and women and patients accepted and those not accepted for cardiac transplantation. Female sex was independently associated with rejection for cardiac transplantation (odds ratio, 2.57; P =.01). However, the reason for rejection was more likely to be patient self-refusal for women than for men (29% versus 9%), and female sex was independently associated with patient self-refusal (odds ratio, 4.68; P =.003). When patients who refused transplant were reclassified as accepted for transplant, female sex was no longer associated with nonacceptance. However, lower patient income was associated with nonacceptance for transplant. Conclusions We found no evidence of sex bias in the selection of cardiac transplant recipients at our center. These findings suggest that the underrepresentation of women among cardiac transplant recipients may result, in part, from a sex difference in treatment preference, with a decreased willingness of women to undergo transplantation. The reasons for the difference in acceptance rates between men and women need to be elucidated.
The pure and the impure: Codes and constructs

(1981). The pure and the impure: Codes and constructs. Women's Studies: Vol. 8, Charting Colette, pp. 335-357.
Optogenetics, Sex, and Violence in the Brain: Implications for Psychiatry

Pathological aggression and the inability to control aggressive impulses takes a tremendous toll on society. Yet aggression is a normal component of the innate behavior repertoire of most vertebrate animal species as well as of many invertebrates. Progress in understanding the etiology of disorders of aggressive behavior, whether genetic or environmental in nature, therefore requires an understanding of the brain circuitry that controls normal aggression. Efforts to understand this circuitry at the level of specific neuronal populations have been constrained by the limited resolution of classical methodologies, such as electrical stimulation and electrolytic lesion. The availability of new, genetically based tools for mapping and manipulating neural circuits at the level of specific, genetically defined neuronal subtypes provides an opportunity to investigate the functional organization of aggression circuitry with cellular resolution. However, these technologies are optimally applied in the mouse, where there has been surprisingly little traditional work on the functional neuroanatomy of aggression. Here we discuss recent, initial efforts to apply optogenetics and other state-of-the-art methods to the dissection of aggression circuitry in the mouse. We find, surprisingly, that neurons necessary and sufficient for inter-male aggression are located within the ventrolateral subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, a structure traditionally associated with reproductive behavior. These neurons are intermingled with neurons activated during male–female mating, with approximately 20% overlap between the populations. We discuss the significance of these findings with respect to neuroethological and neuroanatomical perspectives on the functional organization of innate behaviors and their potential implications for psychiatry.
Neurosyphilis: is it still a clinically relevant form of dementia?

Though syphilis was thought by many to be a disease on the verge of distinction, a resurgence of cases since the 1980s has proven that this is not so. With this return of ‘the great imitator,’ a resurgence of neurosyphilis may soon be on its way. Relatively insensitive testing and more atypical presentations mean clinicians should continue to be vigilant for neurosyphilis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of syphilis and where neurosyphilis fits in the picture. It also reviews treatment options and recent guidelines submitted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Woven by the Grandmothers

Woven by the Grandmothers: Nineteenth-Century Navajo Textiles from the National Museum of the American Indian. The Heard Museum, Phoenix, Arizona, February 1-April 26,1998. Woven by the Grandmothers: Nineteenth-Century Navajo Textiles from the National Museum of the American Indian. Eulalie H. Bonar. ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996. 214 pp.
Controlability and observability of composite systems

This paper studies the controllability and observability of the parallel and the tandem connection of two linear time-invariant differential systems; it uses the Jordan form representation; it does not assume that the eigenvalues of each representation are simple nor that the two sets of the eigenvalues are disjoint. The controllability and observability of the composite representations require only testing the linear independence of some constant vectors. Some sufficient conditions require just the transfer function matrices.
Parallelizing multidimensional index structures

Indexing multidimensional data is inherently complex leading to slow query processing. This behavior becomes more pronounced with the increase in database size and/or number of dimensions. In this paper we address this issue by processing an index structure in parallel. First, we study different ways of partitioning an index structure. We then propose efficient algorithms for processing each query in parallel on the index structure. Using these strategies, we parallelized two multidimensional index structures-R* and LIB and evaluated the performance gains for the Gazetteer and the Catalog data of the Alexandria Digital Library on the Meiko CS-2.
Ecogeographic isolation and speciation in the genus Mimulus.

AbstractDespite a long history of examining the geographic context of speciation, differences in geographic range have rarely been considered a legitimate isolating mechanism. This likely results from the complex relationship between historical and ecological processes in determining the spatial distribution of species. Ecogeographic isolation is the proportion of geographic isolation that results from genetically based ecological differences between taxa and should therefore be measured as an isolating mechanism under the biological species concept. In this study, species distribution modeling was used to evaluate the potential ranges of 12 recently diverged pairs of species in the genus Mimulus. Variation in the distribution models showed that these species differ significantly in the niches they occupy. These differences result in substantial ecogeographic isolation, with an average strength of 0.67, revealing that, on average, Mimulus species exhibit only 33% overlap in the extent of suitable habitat ...
The Scope of Spatial Econometrics

In this first chapter in Part I, I outline the scope of the book in more detail, and describe the meaning of some important terms in an informal manner.
The distribution of species of the genus Thermocyclops (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) in the western hemisphere, with description of T. parvus, new species

The distribution and ecology of species of cyclopoid copepods of the genusThermocyclops in the western hemisphere are reviewed. These are:Thermocyclops brehmi (Kiefer),T. crassus (Fischer),T. decipiens (Kiefer),T. hastatus antillensis Herbst,T. inversus (Kiefer),T. minutus (Lowndes),T. tenuis (Marsh),T. tenuis longifurcatus Pesce, andT. parvus, new species.T. brehmi is known from microlimnotopes in a restricted region in northern Argentina and Uruguay, whileT. crassus has been reliably recorded only from small ponds in Costa Rica.T. decipiens, with many records from northern Argentina to Costa Rica, Guatemala and the Antilles, is often numerous in mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. The range ofT. minutus extends over tropical and subtropical lowlands of South America from northern Argentina to Venezuela; this species prefers oligotrophic and mesotrophic conditions in larger lakes.T. inversus may prefer mildly carbonate waters and inhabits large and small reservoirs, natural lakes, ponds, wells and caves from northeastern Brazil to Mexico and the Antilles.T. tenuis ranges from northern Argentina to the Antilles and the southern United States, inhabiting large and small, natural and artificial bodies of water.T. tenuis longifurcatus is known only from two wells on Bonaire,T. hastatus antillensis from a well on the island of Guadeloupe, andT. parvus only from plankton samples from the Florida Everglades. Knowledge of population dynamics, feeding and reproductive biology of several planktonic species is reviewed.
Identity formation and accommodation: Sequential and simultaneous relations

Trudgill argues cogently against identity and in favor of automaticity as the primary basis for accommodation in koine formation. I agree with the general thrust of his arguments, and below offer qualifications and evidence that support them, but I also present caveats and alternative views, particularly with regard to the ordering relations between identity (or identity formation) and accommodation.
Controlling Energy-Level Alignments at Carbon Nanotube/Au Contacts

The properties of the contacts between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and Au electrodes are studied using scanning Kelvin probe and electrostatic force microscopies. Contact potential differences and local dipoles at the SWNT/Au interface are determined under various conditions involving gas adsorption and surface passivation. In particular, the effects of the coadsorption of alkanethiol, S, and O2 are explored in detail. We find that the coadsorbates alter the energy-level line-up at the contacts and induce significant shifts of the SWNT bands relative to the metal Fermi level. This behavior is explained by considering the response of the local Au work function to the presence of the nanotube and of the coadsorbates as well as the effects of the adsorbate dipoles near the contacts. Finally, we use coadsorption to control the Schottky barrier height at the nanotube-Au contacts.
Influence of elevated CO2 and nitrogen nutrition on photosynthesis and nitrate photo-assimilation in maize (Zea mays L.)

Measurements of CO 2 and O 2 gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence were used to test the hypothesis that elevated atmospheric CO 2 inhibits nitrate (NO 3 ‐ ) photo-assimilation in the C 4 plant, maize ( Zea mays L.). The assimilatory quotient ( AQ ), the ratio of net CO 2 assimilation to net O 2 evolution, decreases as NO 3 ‐ photo-assimilation increases so that the difference in AQ between the ammonium- and nitrate-fed plants ( D D D AQ ) provided an in planta estimate of NO 3 ‐ photo-assimilation. In fully expanded maize leaves, NO 3 ‐ photo-assimilation was detectable only under high light and was not affected by CO 2 treatments. Furthermore, CO 2 assimilation and O 2 evolution were higher under NO 3 ‐ than ammonia (NH 4 + + + ) regardless of CO 2 levels. In conclusion, NO 3 ‐ photo-assimilation in maize primarily occurred at high light when reducing equivalents were presumably not limiting. Nitrate photo-assimilation enhanced C 4 photosynthesis, and in contrast to C 3 plants, elevated CO 2 did not inhibit foliar NO 3 ‐ photo-assimilation.
SENSORY QUALITY AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF THREE HAWAIIAN FRUITS TREATED BY X-IRRADIATION

Papayas, rambutans, and Kau oranges were irradiated at 0 (control) and 0.75 (irradiated) kGy and stored for 2 and 9 days to determine the effect of X-irradiation on objective and sensory quality attributes. Irradiation at 0.25 kGy, as a minimum dose, has been approved as a quarantine treatment for the export of tropical fruits grown in Hawaii. The effects of irradiation and storage on specific sensory attributes were dependent on the specific fruit. Aroma and flavor tended to be more intense in the irradiated fruit. Firmness decreased as a result of irradiation and storage, though significant only in rambutans. The color of the rambutans and oranges were significantly affected by irradiation. Irradiation did not contribute to significant changes in the ascorbic acid and carotenoid contents, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids. Adaptation of X-ray irradiation as a quarantine treatment should enhance the marketability of tropical fruits.
Molecular Shaping of the Beak

Beak shape is a classic example of evolutionary diversification. Beak development in chicken and duck was used to examine morphological variations among avian species. There is only one proliferative zone in the frontonasal mass of chickens, but two in ducks. These growth zones are associated with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) activity. By "tinkering" with BMP4 in beak prominences, the shapes of the chicken beak can be modulated.
An Investigation of the Products and Impact of Graduate Student SoTL Programs: Observations and Recommendations from a Single Institution

This study offers an investigation of three graduate-level SoTL programs offered since 2007 at a mid-size, highly selective, private, research-intensive university in the southeastern United States. We identify patterns in these early experiences with the scholarship of teaching and learning, specifically the choices made while carrying out their first SoTL projects and their perceptions of the impact of the program. We analyzed 72 project posters and 39 impact survey responses. Drawn from the rich particularities of a single institution, this study offers insight into novice SoTL work and recommendations for developing introductory SoTL programs on other campuses.
Decreased mitochondrial function in quiescent cells isolated from multicellular tumor spheroids

Cells in the inner region of multicellular spheroids markedly reduce their oxygen consumption rate, presumably in response to their stressful microenvironment. To determine the mechanism behind this metabolic adaptation, we have investigated relative mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial function in cells isolated from different regions of tumor spheroids by using a combination of mitochondrial-specific fluorescent stains and flow cytometric analysis. Uptake of rhodamine 123 (R123) is driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential and thus reflects mitochondrial activity. Uptake of 10-nonyl-acridine orange (NAO) reflects total mitochondrial mass independently of activity because this compound binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. NAO fluorescence per unit cell volume only decreased 10–20% for cells from the inner spheroid region compared with those near the surface. There was greater than a twofold reduction in R123 fluorescence in the inner region cells, however. Thus, tumor cells in spheroids alter their rate of respiration predominately by downregulating mitochondrial function as opposed to degradation of mitochondria. There was a correlation between R123 staining per unit cell volume and the growth fraction of the cells from spheroids, but not for monolayer cultures. We also show a linear correlation between R123 staining and the rate of oxygen consumption for both monolayer- and spheroid-derived cells. After separating the inner region cells from the spheroid and replating them in monolayer culture, the R123 uptake recovered to normal levels prior to entry of the cells into S-phase. This reduction in mitochondrial function in quiescent cells from spheroids can explain the long period required for these cells to re-enter the cell cycle and may have important implications for the regulation of tumor cell oxygenation in vivo. J. Cell. Physiol. 176:138–149, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design criteria of high-Voltage lateral RESURF JFETs on 4H-SiC

Integrated power electronics on SiC have great potential in future power electronics applications. In this paper, a novel vertical channel lateral junction field-effect transistor structure with reduced surface electric field effect is proposed for the first time on 4 H-SiC to address existing challenges in lateral power devices on SiC. Based on an experimentally proven channel design, the detailed design procedure of such a device has been investigated. Design criteria to optimize device forward blocking as well as conduction characteristics are studied. Parameter tolerance and design windows are discussed considering practical issues in device fabrication. Designs that will lead to an optimized tradeoff between device breakdown voltage and specific on-resistance are shown. With an 8-/spl mu/m-long drift region, a 1535-V breakdown voltage and 3.24 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/ specific on-resistance can be achieved. This represents a figure-of-merit of 737 MW/cm/sup 2/, about 100 times higher than that of the best normally off lateral power devices reported in the literature. The proposed device can be an attractive candidate for power integrated circuit on SiC.
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL POPULATION TRENDS IN THE USSR, 1979–89: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE 1989 CENSUS

This article investigates national, macroregional, and economic regional population trends in the USSR during the 1979–89 intercensal period based on preliminary results from the 1989 census. The national total population growth rate during 1979–89 was roughly similar to that of 1970–79. However, the urban growth and urbanization processes slowed, while the rate of rural population change increased due chiefly to reduced rural-urban migration. Regional variations in rates of total, urban, and rural population change generally resembled those of 1970–79. Central Asia continued to exhibit the most rapid overall growth, although Siberia experienced a resurgence.
Influence of Colistin Dose on Global Cure in Patients with Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial infections accounts for increased morbidity and mortality of such infections. Infections with MDR Gram-negative isolates are frequently treated with colistin. Based on recent pharmacokinetic studies, current colistin dosing regimens may result in a prolonged time to therapeutic concentrations, leading to suboptimal and delayed effective treatment. In addition, studies have demonstrated an association between an increased colistin dose and improved clinical outcomes. However, the specific dose at which these outcomes are observed is unknown and warrants further investigation. This retrospective study utilized classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to determine the dose of colistin most predictive of global cure at day 7 of therapy. Patients were assigned to high- and low-dose cohorts based on the CART-established breakpoint. The secondary outcomes included microbiologic outcomes, clinical cure, global cure, lengths of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and 7- and 28-day mortalities. Additionally, safety outcomes focused on the incidence of nephrotoxicity associated with high-dose colistin therapy. The CART-established breakpoint for high-dose colistin was determined to be >4.4 mg/kg of body weight/day, based on ideal body weight. This study evaluated 127 patients; 45 (35%) received high-dose colistin, and 82 (65%) received low-dose colistin. High-dose colistin was associated with day 7 global cure (40% versus 19.5%; P = 0.013) in bivariate and multivariate analyses (odds ratio [OR] = 3.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37 to 8.45; P = 0.008). High-dose colistin therapy was also associated with day 7 clinical cure, microbiologic success, and mortality but not with the development of acute kidney injury. We concluded that high-dose colistin (>4.4 mg/kg/day) is independently associated with day 7 global cure.
Intrinsic Structural Disorder and Radiation Response of Nanocrystalline Gd2(Ti0.65Zr0.35)2O7 Pyrochlore

Isometric pyrochlore, A2B2O7, has been extensively studied as a phase for the incorporation of actinides because of its use as an inert matrix nuclear fuel and waste form. A critical issue is the effect of cation and anion disordering on the accumulation of radiation damage due to the alpha decay of actinides. The degree of disordering of A- and B-site cations, as well as oxygen vacancies, in nanocrystalline Gd2(Ti0.65Zr0.35)2O7 pyrochlore was tailored by mechanical milling with subsequent thermal treatments and quantified by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Annealing experiments at 1000 and 1200 °C for different times showed that the nanocrystalline Gd2(Ti0.65Zr0.35)2O7 displayed a gradual decrease in resistance to radiation-induced amorphization that correlates with the increasing degree of ordering of the cations and anion vacancies, highlighting the effect of disordering on the radiation response of nanocrystalline pyrochlore. These results illustrate that the pyrochlore structure type can be...
Birth Weight and Smoking During Pregnancy-Effect Modification by Maternal Age

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is an important, avoidable factor associated with low birth weight. Maternal age is also associated with variations in birth weight. Using birth certificate data from all 347,650 singleton births for which maternal age and birth weight were recorded during 1984-1988 in Washington State, this study investigated birth weight and smoking during pregnancy (yes/no) for mothers of different ages. In multiple linear regressions adjusted for race, marital status, parity, adequacy of prenatal care, and urban/rural residence, the decrement in mean birth weight associated with smoking grew steadily from 117 g for the youngest mothers (age less than 16 years) to 376 g for the oldest (age 40 years or more). Similarly, the adjusted relative risk of having a low weight birth (less than 2,500 g) for smokers compared with nonsmokers was lowest for mothers aged 16-17 years, at 1.43 (95% confidence interval 1.22-1.68), and increased steadily to 2.63 (95% confidence interval 1.77-3.90) for mothers aged 40 or more. This result suggests that the effect of exposure to cigarette smoking during pregnancy is modified by advancing maternal age. Further research using data that more precisely measure the exposure (cigarettes per day, years smoked) could help further clarify this issue and better address the public health question of whether smoking cessation programs ought to focus limited resources more selectively toward pregnant smokers in particular age groups.
Synthetic and nature-derived lipid nanoparticles for neural regeneration.

Challenges and opportunities in nerve regeneration: The central nervous system (CNS) has a limited ability to regenerate. Subsequent to spinal injury, glial scar formation, created by fibroblasts, neuroglia, monocytes, and endothelial cells, inhibits regeneration of the injured nerve. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a greater regeneration potential than the CNS; however, the current gold standard of treatment for a large nerve defect is still autologous nerve grafts, which require multiple surgeries. For this reason, researchers have been trying to regenerate nervous tissues, including brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, for decades.
Long-term Limnological Data from the Larger Lakes of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Long-term limnological data from the four largest lakes in Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone, Lewis, Shoshone, Heart) are used to characterize their limnology and patterns of temporal and spatial variability. Heart Lake has distinctively high concentrations of dissolved materials, apparently reflecting high thermal inputs. Shoshone and Lewis lakes have the highest total SiO2 concentrations (averaging over 23.5 mg L-'), apparently as a result of the rhyolitic drainage basins. Within Yellowstone Lake spatial variability is low and ephemeral for most measured variables, except that the Southeast Arm has lower average Na concentrations. Seasonal variation is evident for Secchi transparency, pH, and totalSiO2 and probably reflects seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and productivity. Total dissolved solids (TDS) and total-SiO2 generally show a gradual decline from the mid-1970s through mid-1980s, followed by a sharp increase. Ratios of Kjeldahl-N to total-PO4 (KN:TP) suggest that the lakes, especially Shoshone, are often nitrogen limited. Kjeldahl-N is positively correlated with winter precipitation, but TP and total-SiO2 are counterintuitively negatively correlated with precipitation. We speculate that increased winter precipitation, rather than watershed fires, increases N-loading which, in turn, leads to increased demand for TP and total SiO2.
Synthetic biology meets bioprinting: enabling technologies for humans on Mars (and Earth)

Human exploration off planet is severely limited by the cost of launching materials into space and by re-supply. Thus materials brought from Earth must be light, stable and reliable at destination. Using traditional approaches, a lunar or Mars base would require either transporting a hefty store of metals or heavy manufacturing equipment and construction materials for in situ extraction; both would severely limit any other mission objectives. Long-term human space presence requires periodic replenishment, adding a massive cost overhead. Even robotic missions often sacrifice science goals for heavy radiation and thermal protection. Biology has the potential to solve these problems because life can replicate and repair itself, and perform a wide variety of chemical reactions including making food, fuel and materials. Synthetic biology enhances and expands life's evolved repertoire. Using organisms as feedstock, additive manufacturing through bioprinting will make possible the dream of producing bespoke tools, food, smart fabrics and even replacement organs on demand. This new approach and the resulting novel products will enable human exploration and settlement on Mars, while providing new manufacturing approaches for life on Earth.