cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Template-based education toolkit for mobile platforms

Nowadays mobile phones are the most widely used portable devices which evolve very fast adding new features and improving user experiences. The latest generation of hand-held devices called smartphones is equipped with superior memory, cameras and rich multimedia features, empowering people to use their mobile phones not only as a communication tool but also for entertainment purposes. With many young students showing interest in learning mobile application development one should introduce novel learning methods which may adapt to fast technology changes and introduce students to application development. Mobile phones become a common device, and engineering community incorporates phones in various solutions. Overcoming the limitations of conventional undergraduate electrical engineering (EE) education this paper explores the concept of template-based based education in mobile phone programming. The concept is based on developing small exercise templates which students can manipulate and revise for quick hands-on introduction to the application development and integration. Android platform is used as a popular open source environment for application development. The exercises relate to image processing topics typically studied by many students. The goal is to enable conventional course enhancements by incorporating in them short hands-on learning modules.
Dirofilaria immitis: ultrastructural aspects of oocyte development and zygote formation

Abstract Ultrastructural observations of the ovary and uterus of Dirofilaria immitis reveal some characteristics of oogonia, oocytes, and uterine sperm. Oogonia are confined to the distal portion of the ovary including a blind tip, where a morphologically distinct terminal cap cell was not observed. These cells contain a nucleus with a nucleolus, numerous dense bodies, scanty ribosomes, lipid droplets, and an occasional mitochondrion. Endoplasmic reticulum is lacking and Golgi complexes were observed only in fully grown oogonia. Primary oocytes located in the middle portion of the ovary are large, elongate, and have a complete set of organelles including many small mitochondria, fragmentary endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complexes, and very few dense bodies. These cells are arranged into many rosettes about central cytoplasmic masses, the rachises, to which they maintain cytoplasmic continuity by pseudopodlike processes. The rachises contain no organelle except a few dense granules and are bound by winding membranes. Oocytes from the proximal portion differ from those of the middle portion of the ovary in their larger size, round shape, absence of many organelles, presence of small dense granules, and lacking a rachis. Dense bodies are specific to the oogonia and exhibit DNase susceptibility and a positive reaction for a mitochondrial enzyme. These findings together with their decreased number and a concomitant increase of mitochondria in the oocytes suggest a relationship between these bodies and mitochondria. Uterine sperm of D. immitis are of the amoeboid type and contain several chromatin masses without a nuclear envelope, many mitochondria, and specialized membranous organelles referred to as mesosomelike vesicles. The vesicles are probably originated from the sperm plasma membrane. Upon fertilization, the entire spermatozoon penetrates the oocyte and its contents are gradually dissolved in the ooplasm with a simultaneous appearance of large numbers of ribosomes at the site of dissolution. Ribosomes were later found in the nucleus. A pronucleus was not observed. These findings are basically in agreement with those described for Ascaris but differ in the morphologic features and number of rachises, presence of dense bodies, absence of refringent granules in the oocytes and the absence of a refringent body and presence of several chromatin masses in the sperm.
A polynomial time exact algorithm for self-aligned double patterning layout decomposition

Double patterning lithography (DPL) technologies have become a must for today's sub-32nm technology nodes. There are two leading DPL technologies: self-aligned double patterning (SADP) and litho-etch-litho-etch (LELE). Among these two DPL technologies, SADP has the significant advantage over LELE in its ability to avoid overlay, making it the likely DPL candidate for the next technology node of 14nm. In any DPL technology, layout decomposition is the key problem. While the layout decomposition problem for LELE has been well-studied in the literature, only few attempts have been made to address the SADP layout decomposition problem. In this paper, we present the first polynomial time exact (optimal) algorithm to determine if a given layout has an overlay-free SADP decomposition. All previous exact algorithms were computationally expensive exponential time algorithms based on SAT or ILP. Other previous algorithms for the problem were heuristics without having any guarantee that an overlay-free solution can be found even if one exists.
Analysis of sesquiterpene emissions by plants using solid phase microextraction

Abstract Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was characterized for the sampling and analysis of sesquiterpenes (SQTs) emitted by plants. Constant mixing ratio SQT standards were produced using a capillary diffusion system. Polydimethylsiloxane SPME fibers were characterized with respect to relative absorption of SQTs, and the effects of sample linear velocity and sample relative humidity on SQT absorption. SPME was then utilized to measure SQT emissions from gray pine (Pinus sabiniana) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Total SQT emission rates at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1200 μmol m−2 s−1 and 28 °C ranged 0.025–0.050 μgC m−2 h−1 (α-farnesene) and 0.450–3.325 μgC m−2 h−1 (α-farnesene, β-farnesene, and α-bergamotene) for gray pine and ponderosa pine, respectively.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA: A PROPOSED HYPOTHESIS AND CRITICAL EVALUATION

AbstractPurpose: We used expanding observations regarding effects of testicular epididymal plasma and nonandrogenic testis factor(s) (NATF) on prostate growth to propose and evaluate a hypothesis regarding the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in man.Materials and Methods: Current experimental data regarding the presence of NATF were reviewed. The potential for their exposure to the prostate by various routes was assessed. These observations were coupled with recognized anatomical, histological and epidemiological characteristics of BPH to construct a hypothesis regarding its pathogenesis.Results: In vivo observations in man, rats and dogs supported the systemic secretion of NATF. These factors probably are, at least in part, spermatogenesis related. In vitro evaluation of the effect of spermatocele derived testicular epididymal plasma on human prostate stromal cells indicated the presence of androgen independent and androgen synergistic stromal growth promoters. These factors have potenti...
Camptothecin: A Promising Antiretroviral Drug.

The plant alkaloid camptothecin (CPT) has demonstrated the ability to inhibit replication of the equine anemia virus (E1AV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in infected cells in culture. Further, CPT prevented the development of lymphoma and erythroleukemia in mice infected with the Moloney murine leukemia virus and the Friend erythroleukemia virus, respectively, as assessed by prevention or reduction of splenomegaly. These results were observed at concentrations that had no apparent toxic effects on the mice. It has been suggested that the antiretroviral activity of CPT is mediated by the host cell's enzyme topoisomerase I. Taken collectively, the findings indicate that CPT analogues may develop into potent drugs against various human and animal diseases caused by diverse retroviruses.
“Honey, I shrunk the database”: footprint, mobility, and beyond

The small-scale mobile computing market (palmtops, handhelds, smartphones, smartcards, etc.) is showing the most explosive growth in the history of computing. Within the last year, most database vendors have announced plans to build “small footprint” versions of their DBMS products to run on these small and mobile platforms. What are the real database systems issues? What are the likely markets? What are the challenges, and the dangers? Every specific vendor seems to have a different answer to these questions. They all agree on only one thing: there is a tremendous opportunity here. Our motivation for this panel is to get a number of the central decision-makers into a room and debate the issues.
Fluoride bioavailability — Nutritional and clinical aspects

Abstract Dietary fluoride obtained from food and water is efficiently absorbed from both the stomach and small intestine without regulation. A variety of dietary factors have been identified that either decrease or increase fluoride absorption and utilization. About half of absorbed fluoride is quickly taken-up by developing bone and teeth, and the remainder is excreted in the urine. The amount of fluoride excreted in the urine increases as bone growth slows. nearly all of total body fluoride, which is second among the trace elements only to iron, is found in the skeleton. Although fluoride's unique role in mineralization provides the basis for its recognition as a beneficial trace element for dental health of humans, a more subtle role of fluoride in the mineralization of bone is also likely to exist. As with other essential trace elements, fluoride's action is biphasic in nature in that toxicity (fluorosis) can occur. Therapeutic effects of fluoride in the treatment of osteoporosis continue to be studied, and recent developments in this area point to a mitogenic role of fluoride in osteoblast cell proliferation. Recognition of fluoride essentiality for human health, rather than just being classified as beneficial, is likely to be forthcoming especially if reduction of a chronic disease is added to the criteria that establish a recommended dietary allowance.
Crossing the boundary between the Bα and Bβ mating-type loci in Schizophyllum commune

In this study, genes of the Schizophyllum commune Balpha and Bbeta mating-type loci are shown to be within a few kilobases of each other. The region between the nearest Balpha and Bbeta genes contains many short direct repeats. Predicted amino acid sequences and activity spectra of three pheromones encoded in the Balpha3 mating-type specificity are presented along with a re-evaluation of pheromone activity of many previously reported S. commune lipopeptide pheromones. This analysis showed that S. commune pheromones belong to five subtypes. Several pheromones activate both a Bbeta receptor and a Balpha receptor, a phenomenon previously unrecognized. Clues from mating tests and DNA hybridization led to the cloning of bar8, the gene encoding the Balpha8 pheromone receptor, Bar8. Bar8 is similar in sequence to Bbr1, the Bbeta1 pheromone receptor, and functionally identical to it. These data begin to elucidate the enigmatic recombination patterns previously encountered at the B mating-type complex.
The effects of caffeine, deoxyribose nucleic acid and insulin on the metabolism of glucose by adipose tissue in vitro

Abstract The main effects and interactions of caffeine, DNA and insulin have been studied in the isolated rat epididymal fat pad, utilizing a 2 3 factorial design, with balanced segments from 5 groups of 4 rats each. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance. Insulin has the expected stimulatory effect, DNA no effect, and caffeine an inhibitory effect on C 14 O 2 production and C 14 lipid incorporation from glucose-1-C 14 in a Krebs bicarbonate buffer. Both DNA and insulin were significantly antagonistic to caffeine in this system, and this was also true of DNA and insulin together in the presence of caffeine. Possible explanations and significance of these findings are discussed.
Current State and Prospects for Development of Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Detailed analysis of the current status and prospects of development of devices for phototherapy of neonatal hyper-bilirubinemia (jaundice) is discussed. It is shown that the presence in the emission spectrum of ultraviolet and infrared lamps of components absent in the absorption spectrum of bilirubin led to adverse side effects on neonates. It is shown that both in terms of improving the efficacy of phototherapy and reducing the adverse effects, as well as increasing the reliability and ease of use, there is no alternative to super-bright LED sources emitting in blue and blue-green spectral range for the treatment of neonatal jaundice.
Ovarian Cancer: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of the Disease and its Recurrence. Molecular Mechanisms and Personalized Medicine Meeting Report

Objective To review the current understanding of the underlying molecular, biologic, and genetic mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer development and how these mechanisms can be targets for prevention, detection, and treatment of the disease and its recurrence. Methods In May 2012, we convened a meeting of researchers, clinicians, and consumer advocates to review the state of current knowledge on molecular mechanisms and identify fruitful areas for further investigations. Results The meeting consisted of 7 scientific sessions ranging from Epidemiology, Early Detection, and Biology to Therapeutics and Quality of Life. Sessions consisted of talks and panel discussions by international leaders in ovarian cancer research. A special career development session by the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Academy as well as an oral abstract and poster session showcased promising new research by junior scientists. Conclusions Technological advances in the last decade have increased our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in a host of biological activities related to ovarian cancer. Understanding the role these mechanisms play in cancer initiation and progression will help lead to the development of prevention and treatment modalities that can be personalized to each patient, thereby helping to overcome this highly fatal malignancy.
CONTINUOUS ESTIMATION OF A TIME-VARYING PROBABILITY

This experiment examines the human ability to give a direct magnitude estimate of a time-varying probability. The subject positioned a ‘ tracking ’ lever at his estimate of the current mean of a sequentially displayed binary distribution. The distribution samples were presented at a fixed rate by two lights. The distribution mean changed in step increments of varying size and spacing. The experimental variables included flash rate and a constraint on the randomness of the flash series Detailed measures were made of both the transient and static responses to each stop change. The transient response was more rapid and consistent than had been anticipated. The average static response showed no systematic bias as a function of probability A descriptive model is derived which satisfies some basic properties of the task behaviour
Development and Application of Dabber Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Repair of Aircraft Engine, Seal Teeth

Dabber TIG welding can be defined as a modification of an automatic TIG welding system. Modifications, both mechanical and electronic, combine to cause an intermittent filler wire feed to the molten weld puddle. This interrupted action allows for momentary cooling of the weld puddle. Energy input, as heat, for a given time span is reduced by this action. In addition the interruption allows solidification of the puddle with resultant narrow, uniform bead. This weld mode is characterized by shallow heat affected zones and precise weld build up configurations. This paper describes the application of this procedure to Gas Turbine Seals.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Properties of palmityl-CoA: L-α-glycerolphosphate acyl transferase from bovine mammary microsomes

Palmityl-coenzyme A: L-α-glycerolphosphate acyltransferase is the most active acyltransferase of bovine mammary microsomes, with a specific activity ranging from 8–20 nmoles min−1 mg−1 protein. Corresponding acylation rates of 2.2, 1.4, 2.1, and 0.6 nmoles min−1 mg−1 were obtained for myristyl-, stearyl-, oleyl- and linoleyl-coenzyme A, respectively. Optimum pH of palmityltransferase was 7.7, and activity was not affected by buffer molarity in range 25–150 mM. Inhibitory effects of palmityl-coenzyme A (10 μM/0.1 mg microsomal protein) was relieved by bovine serum albumin. Sonication magnesium and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid enhanced activity. Delipidation of microsomes reduced activity by 84%; restoration of extracted lipids achieved 70% of original activity. Apparent Km and Vmax values of 4.1 and 260 μM and 9.5 and 8.2 nmole min−1 mg−1 were determined for palmityl-coenzyme A and D,L-α-glycerolphosphate, respectively, using untreated microsomes. The enzyme was stable as lyophilized microsomes when stored at −30 C. Phosphatidic acid was the major product and marked quantities of diglycerides were formed, especially when microsomal protein was increased.
Ethically challenging situations encountered by school psychologists

The present study provides a description of the kinds of situations school psychology practitioners find ethically challenging. Members of the National Association of School Psychologists (N = 1,025) were asked to describe an ethically troubling or challenging incident encountered in the past two years. Respondents (N = 226) identified 222 ethically challenging incidents. The incidents were classified into one of 19 categories. Frequencies of various kinds of dilemmas were reported along with illustrative incidents. Most of the incidents described by respondents (82%) concerned difficult situations rather than clear-cut violations of the specific rules for professional conduct outlined in professional codes of ethics. Ethical tugs were created by situations involving competing ethical principles, conflicts between ethics and law, dilemmas inherent in the dual roles of employee and pupil advocate, conflicting interests of multiple clients (e.g., pupil, parents, classmates), and poor educational practices resulting in potential harm to students. Implications for training and directions for future research were identified. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Infrared and 23Na Double Rotation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies for Intrazeolite Anchoring of Rhodium Carbonyl Clusters

The synthesis of intra-Na56Y zeolite anchoring of [Rh6(CO)12(μ3-CO)4] involves the deposition of [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 vapor into the Na56Y cavities followed by reductive carbonylation under a mixed CO and H2O atmosphere. The physicochemical characterization was based on a multianalytical approach, including Fourier transform infrared and 23Na double rotation (DOR) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and CO gas chemisorption. The decarbonylated species of the intrazeolitic [Rh6(CO)12(μ3-CO)4] is proposed to contain a Rh4 cluster, which reacts with CO at low temperature, generating [Rh4(CO)9(μ2-CO)3] clusters, and with CO and H2O at high temperature to form [Rh6(CO)12(μ3-CO)4] clusters. 23Na DOR NMR signal shifts of the site II Na+ cations in the Na56Y supercages and infrared band shifts of bridging CO ligands in the [Rh6(CO)12(μ3-CO)4]−Na56Y provide complementary evidence for the anchoring of [Rh6(CO)12(μ3-CO)4] inside the supercages. These patterns suggest that a strong interaction occurs between the ...
Novel Family of Thermogelling Materials via C−C Bonding between Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)

Pluronic poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO−PPO−PEO) block copolymers are copolymerized with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) by a one-step free-radical polymerization of acrylic acid with the chain transfer to the Pluronic dissolved in the acrylic acid. Exponential increase of branching and cross-linking in the resulting Pluronic−PAA copolymers is observed at high degrees of conversion of acrylic acid. The solutions show reversible gelation within a narrow temperature range, with a gelled state resembling that of permanently cross-linked gels. Onset of thermogelation in Pluronic−PAA solution coincides with augmentation of light-scattering intensity of large scatterers and approaches the critical micellization temperature of the parent Pluronic. Effects of the overall PEO content and the length of the PPO segment in the parent Pluronic on the properties of copolymers are revealed.
Immunological Significance of Lysosomes within Lymphocytes in vivo

RECENT reports1,2 have demonstrated the presence of lysosome-like particles in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and have shown that these increase in size and number in tissue culture following stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin. These changes appear to precede the transformation of the small lymphocytes into cells which synthesize RNA and eventually undergo mitosis. In both these reports1,2 it is suggested that these lysosomes are in some way involved in the initiation of cell division.
Epidemiology of Heart Failure and Scope of the Problem

Heart failure (HF) is typically a chronic disease, with progressive deterioration occurring over a period of years or even decades. HF poses an especially large public health burden. It represents a new epidemic of cardiovascular disease, affecting nearly 5.8 million people in the United States, and over 23 million worldwide. In the present article, our goal is to describe the most up-to-date epidemiology of HF in the United States and worldwide, and challenges facing HF prevention and treatment.
Accidents and Nostalgia: A Coda

Now is clearly a time for memories. I've been associated with this wonderful Journal since its inception, thanks to George Psathas' kindness in asking me to join his Editorial Board. Then, when he retired from full-time editorship several years ago, of all things Lenore Langsdorf took over-Lenore, whom I've also known for many years, who studied with me at both Texas and Stony Brook, and whose remarkable dissertation I directed. Then, to fuel further the furious rush of memories, I had decided last Spring, 2001, that it was time to leave Vanderbilt University?first by going on a sabbatical that began last July and will soon end, and, with its end, my own: I retire effective July 1, 2002. Memories pile on top of memories.... In the midst of all this change, at about the time that decision became clear to me, came Fran Waksler's invitation to participate in the celebratory issue of Human Studies ? a chore I both welcomed but at the time thought I had to decline, so discombobulated had my soul become as my wife and I tried to wind up more than twenty years at Vanderbilt and set up a new home close to Houston. Although I've done much leaving in my professional life, I must say that this time has been in many ways the most difficult. Beyond the usual unsettlements of any major move, it has been very hard to leave my two fine colleagues, Mark Bliton and Stuart Finder, and the program at Vanderbilt which, eventually together, we got going despite always bedevilling obsta? cles. But, the deed is done; dies are cast; there's no turning back; and memo? ries pile up. ... And now, and here, I sit at a new desk in a new house and a new locale, not yet well-enough buried by old and true things to be quite at ease, trying my best to write about old, true, and endearing people, things, events. The new desk just doesn't seem up to the task, nor is the new computer very coopera? tive ? like the old one always seemed to be, practically writing on its own whatever needed writing and when I couldn't get the contrary muses to help. All that by way of some sort of preface (I keep dear Kurt Wolff, whom George discovered to me, close to my soul when writing any more: so much do I have yet to learn from him), a pre-facing for what's to come, and what's to come here, and now, can only be woefully brief, terribly meager, when
Row-Column Soft-Decision Feedback Algorithm for Two-Dimensional Intersymbol Interference

We present a novel iterative row-column soft decision feedback algorithm (IRCSDFA) for detection of binary images corrupted by 2-D intersymbol interference and additive white Gaussian noise. The algorithm exchanges weighted soft information between row and column maximum a posteriori (MAP) detectors. Each MAP detector exploits soft-decision feedback from previously processed rows or columns. The new algorithm gains about 0.3 dB over the previously best published results for the 2times2 averaging mask. For a non-separable 3times3 mask, the IRCSDFA gains 0.8 dB over a previous soft-input/soft-output iterative algorithm which decomposes the 2-D convolution into 1-D row and column operations.
Enhanced metal depletions and interstellar H 2 abundances

THE OAO 3 Copernicus ultraviolet satellite has provided important new data on the abundances of elements in the interstellar gas in the direction of many O and B-stars along lines of sight of low optical depth1–4. This information may make it possible to choose between the following theories of molecular hydrogen formation in interstellar clouds: (1) physical adsorption of H-atoms on to cold dielectric grains and their subsequent recombination and desorption5; (2) H2 recombination on graphite grains6; and (3) hydrogen recombination by non-activated chemisorption on transition metal grains7. Indirect methods of testing the above theories are essential because there is a glaring lack of experimental data, especially for processes (1) and (2). Also, it does not seem possible that in the near future radio astronomers will be able to measure the abundances of the various hydrogen ions (such as H2+ and H3+) that the above theories predict8.
Nonlinear elastomer analysis—survey of computer codes and case study for caliper seal

Abstract A comprehensive survey of three commercially available finite element codes on the rubber analysis capabilities is provided. In addition, a nonlinear procedure is investigated to stimulate the responses of rubber seals under prescribed boundary motions. The resultant shearing load-displacement relationships for several design changes are examined in this paper.
Inhibition of L-type calcium current in rat ventricular cells by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein and its inactive analog, daidzein.

Abstract Effects of genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, on the l -type Ca 2+ channels were examined in freshly isolated young (days 10–18) rat ventricular cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Bath application of genistein decreased the l -type Ca 2+ current [I Ca(L) ] in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximal inhibition of I Ca(L) was about 40% (attained at concentrations above 100 μ m ); the concentration for half-inhibition (IC 50 ) was 11 μ m . The effect of genistein (applied for about 5 min) was poorly reversible after washout for up to 5 min. The potential for half-inhibition (V h ) of the steady-state inactivation curve was shifted in the negative direction by 7 mV (at 100 μ m ) by genistein, and the slope factor was also slightly changed; the activation curve was not affected. Daidzein, which is structurally related to genistein, but has little inhibitory effect on tyrosine kinase activity (of the EGF receptor), unexpectedly had almost the same inhibitory effect on I Ca(L) . These observations suggest two possibilities for modulation of I Ca(L) in rat ventricular cells by genistein: (a) phosphorylation of the slow Ca 2+ channels by tyrosine kinase; and (b) direct inhibition of the slow Ca 2+ channels (i.e. independent of inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity).
Fully Distributed Coordination of Multiple DFIGs in a Microgrid for Load Sharing

When wind power penetration is high, the available generation may be more than needed, especially for wind-powered microgrids working autonomously. Because the maximum peak power tracking algorithm may result in a supply-demand imbalance, an alternative algorithm is needed for load sharing. In this paper, a fully distributed control scheme is presented to coordinate the operations of multiple doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) in a microgrid. According to the proposed control strategy, each bus in a microgrid has an associated bus agent that may have two function modules. The global information discovery module discovers the total available wind generation and total demand. The load sharing control module calculates the generation reference of a DFIG. The consensus-based algorithm can guarantee convergence for microgrids of arbitrary topologies under various operating conditions. By controlling the utilization levels of DFIGs to a common value, the supply-demand balance can be maintained. In addition, the detrimental impact of inaccurate and outdated predictions of maximum wind power can be alleviated. The generated control references are tracked by coordinating converter controls and pitch angle control. Simulation results with a 5-DFIG microgrid demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Do juries meet our expectations

Surveys of public opinion indicate that people have high expectations for juries. When it comes to serious crimes, most people want errors of convicting the innocent (false positives) or acquitting the guilty (false negatives) to fall well below 10%. Using expected utility theory, Bayes' Theorem, signal detection theory, and empirical evidence from detection studies of medical decision making, eyewitness testimony, and weather forecasting, we argue that the frequency of mistakes probably far exceeds these “tolerable” levels. We are not arguing against the use of juries. Rather, we point out that a closer look at jury decisions reveals a serious gap between what we expect from juries and what probably occurs. When deciding issues of guilt and/or punishing convicted criminals, we as a society should recognize and acknowledge the abundance of error.
Conformationally constrained farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists: Naphthoic acid-based analogs of GW 4064

Starting from the known FXR agonist GW 4064 1a, a series of stilbene replacements were prepared. The 6-substituted 1-naphthoic acid 1b was an equipotent FXR agonist with improved developability parameters relative to 1a. Analog 1b also reduced the severity of cholestasis in the ANIT acute cholestatic rat model.
Using Bacteria to Determine Protein Kinase Specificity and Predict Target Substrates

The identification of protein kinase targets remains a significant bottleneck for our understanding of signal transduction in normal and diseased cellular states. Kinases recognize their substrates in part through sequence motifs on substrate proteins, which, to date, have most effectively been elucidated using combinatorial peptide library approaches. Here, we present and demonstrate the ProPeL method for easy and accurate discovery of kinase specificity motifs through the use of native bacterial proteomes that serve as in vivo libraries for thousands of simultaneous phosphorylation reactions. Using recombinant kinases expressed in E. coli followed by mass spectrometry, the approach accurately recapitulated the well-established motif preferences of human basophilic (Protein Kinase A) and acidophilic (Casein Kinase II) kinases. These motifs, derived for PKA and CK II using only bacterial sequence data, were then further validated by utilizing them in conjunction with the scan-x software program to computationally predict known human phosphorylation sites with high confidence.
Cyclicity in Upper Tertiary Basin-Margin Deposits of California Coast Ranges: ABSTRACT

Upper Tertiary marginal-marine sedimentary rocks of California are important reservoirs and have been studied extensively. However, they have been difficult to analyze in detail in terms of reservoir-scale genetic rock units because of the lack of a conceptual and fine stratigraphic framework for paleoecologic analysis and because sedimentation along the tectonically active Pacific Coast was dissimilar to that along the Gulf Coast where our modern depositional models have been largely generated. Detailed study of Pliocene and Miocene strata of the Coalinga region, integrating both macrofossil and lithologic evidence, indicates that basin-edge sediments were deposited during well-defined transgressive-regressive cycles. The thickness of strata deposited during the cycles and the proportion that was deposited during the transgressive phase of each cycle are proportional to the slope of the surface that was being transgressed. The Pliocene depositional slope in the Kettleman Hills area was very low (many cycles are represented by less than 100 ft of strata), and sedimentation occurred primarily during regression. In the Miocene examples, the depositional slope was greater, the cyclic units are thicker and probably represent longer periods, and much of the deposition occurred dur ng transgression. Cyclicity in the marginal marine strata provides finer subdivision and more precise correlation than has been possible by use of either fossils or lithology. It also provides the conceptual framework within which genetic rock units can be distinguished at reservoir scale. Positions of shoreline, loci of deltaic deposition, and environmental gradients within the shallow-marine deposits can be discriminated in the Kettleman Hills on layer maps representing subdivisions within individual cycles. End_of_Article - Last_Page 561------------
Quadrilateral mesh simplification

We introduce a simplification algorithm for meshes composed of quadrilateral elements. It is reminiscent of edge-collapse based methods for triangle meshes, but takes a novel approach to the challenging problem of maintaining the quadrilateral connectivity during level-of-detail creation. The method consists of a set of unit operations applied to the dual of the mesh, each designed to improve mesh structure and maintain topological genus. Geometric shape is maintained by an extension of a quadric error metric to quad meshes. The technique is straightforward to implement and efficient enough to be applied to real-world models. Our technique can handle models with sharp features, and can be used to re-mesh general polygonal, i.e. tri- and quad-dominant, meshes into quadonly meshes.
Hospital admission decision for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: variability among physicians in an emergency department.

Study objective We examine variability among emergency physicians in rate of hospitalization for patients with pneumonia and the effect of variability on clinical outcomes. Methods We studied 2,069 LDS Hospital emergency department (ED) patients with community-acquired pneumonia who were aged 18 years or older during 1996 to 2006, identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision coding and compatible chest radiographs. We extracted vital signs, laboratory and radiographic results, hospitalization, and outcomes from the electronic medical record. We defined "low severity" as PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio greater than or equal to 280 mm Hg, predicted mortality less than 5% by an electronic version of CURB-65 that uses continuous and weighted elements (eCURB), and less than 3 Infectious Disease Society of America-American Thoracic Society 2007 severe pneumonia minor criteria. We adjusted hospitalization decisions and outcomes for illness severity and patient demographics. Results Initial hospitalization rate was 58%; 10.7% of patients initially treated as outpatients were secondarily hospitalized within 7 days. Median age of admitted patients was 63 years; median eCURB predicted mortality was 2.65% (mean 6.8%) versus 46 years and 0.93% for outpatients. The 18 emergency physicians (average age 44.9 [standard deviation 7.6] years; years in practice 8.4 [standard deviation 6.9]) objectively calculated and documented illness severity in 2.7% of patients. Observed 30-day mortality for inpatients was 6.8% (outpatient mortality 0.34%) and decreased over time. Individual physician admission rates ranged from 38% to 79%, with variability not explained by illness severity, time of day, day of week, resident care in conjunction with an attending physician, or patient or physician demographics. Higher hospitalization rates were not associated with reduced mortality or fewer secondary hospital admissions. Conclusion We observed a 2-fold difference in pneumonia hospitalization rates among emergency physicians, unexplained by objective data.
N‐Methyl‐N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimidium Iodide

[36049-77-1] C14H25IN2 (MW 348.31) InChI = 1S/C14H25N2.HI/c1-16(14-10-6-3-7-11-14)12-15-13-8-4-2-5-9-13;/h13-14H,2-11H2,1H3;1H/q+1;/p-1 InChIKey = LRUDWUSDXIPMDX-UHFFFAOYSA-M (conversion of alcohols to iodides) Physical Data: colorless hygroscopic crystals; mp 111–113 °C. Preparative Method: 1,3-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (42 g, 0.204 mol) was dissolved in a large excess of Iodomethane (90 mL, 1.45 mol) and stirred at 70 °C for 3 days under a nitrogen atmosphere. The excess MeI was removed by distillation under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in dry toluene (150 mL) at 40 °C. The resulting crystalline mass was filtered off under an inert atmosphere and the crystals were washed with cold, dry toluene until colorless. The product was dried under vacuum (0.1 mmHg) at rt to provide 35 g (75%) of colorless crystals. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the compound should be stored under an inert atmosphere at refrigerator temperatures, where it is reputed to be stable for several months.
Ultrastructure of duvernoy's gland from the wandering garter snake, Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Serpentes, Colubridae).

In addition to the supralabial glands (strips of glandular tissue lying along the maxilla), most snakes of the family Colubridae possess an enlarged oral gland lying behind the eye and emptying near the rear maxillary teeth, the Duvernoy's gland. Duvernoy's gland is most probably homologous to the venom gland of viperid and elapid snakes, and occasionally has been implicated in cases of human envenomation. Although of possible medical concern, there is reason to believe that secretion from this gland serves a biological role different from that of the venom gland, namely a role primarily in digestion rather then largely in rapid prey immobilization. The parenchyma of the Duvernoy's gland comprise two cell types, a serous cell containing numerous, electron-dense secretory granules, and myoepithelial cells. There are no mucous cells in the parenchyma; instead cells of this type are located exclusively in the lining epithelium of the main duct. Numerous unmyelinated nerves pass between secretory acini. Observations of the supralabial gland reveal that this gland, in addition to serous cells, also contains mucous cells and a putative third cell type we designate as an intermediate cell. In cellular morphology, Duvernoy's gland is closest to the venom gland of elapids, and least like the venom gland of viperids. Compared to the venom glands in both families of venomous snakes, Duvernoy's gland lacks a large luminal secretory reservoir. Emptying of Duvernoy's gland is thought to involve release of secretion granules into the lumen, and movement of the secretory product from there may be supplemented by mechanical pressure exerted externally by nearby contracting striated mucles. These differences in structure and mechanism of secretion release are taken as evidence that although they are homologous, the two types of glands, Duvernoy's and venom glands, are functionally distinct.
FERROELECTRIC CHARGE TRANSFER DEVICE USING POLARIZATION-ASSISTED TUNNELING FOR SINGLE TRANSISTOR NONVOLATILE MEMORIES

ABSTRACT In this work we announce a ferroelectric charge transfer device that uses a high-k buffer layer underneath the ferroelectric layer as a tunnel oxide, where the high electric field required for Fowler-Nordheim charge tunneling through the buffer layer is provided by the polarized ferroelectric. This device exhibits data retention of 10 years at room temperature while retaining the properties of fast write and low voltage operation. Since the electric field across a buffer layer due to the ferroelectric polarization surface charge is ∼E = P r /ϵ0 ϵ ox then with Pr on the order of 10 μ C/cm2 and ϵ ox for a high k dielectric is ∼20, we have an electric field of 5.6 MV/cm which is sufficient to generate significant tunnel currents across a high–k buffer layer. Charges tunneling from the Si substrate are trapped in the interface between the high-k buffer and the ferroelectric and only detrap thermally; this leads to the long data retention observed on these devices. Despite the fact that charge transfe...
The effects of age and lifetime flight behavior on flight capacity in Drosophila melanogaster.

The effects of flight behavior on physiology and senescence may be profound in insects because of the extremely high metabolic costs of flight. Flight capacity in insects decreases with age; in contrast, limiting flight behavior extends lifespan and slows the age-related loss of antioxidant capacity and accumulation of oxidative damage in flight muscles. In this study, we tested the effects of age and lifetime flight behavior on flight capacity by measuring wingbeat frequency, the ability to fly in a hypo-dense gas mixture, and metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, 5-day-old adult flies were separated into three life-long treatments: (1) those not allowed to fly (no flight), (2) those allowed – but not forced – to fly (voluntary flight) and (3) those mechanically stimulated to fly (induced flight). Flight capacity senesced earliest in flies from the no-flight treatment, followed by the induced-flight group and then the voluntary flight group. Wingbeat frequency senesced with age in all treatment groups, but was most apparent in the voluntary- and induced-flight groups. Metabolic rate during agitated flight senesced earliest and most rapidly in the induced flight group, and was low and uniform throughout age in the no-flight group. Early senescence in the induced-flight group was likely due to the acceleration of deleterious aging phenomena such as the rapid accumulation of damage at the cellular level, while the early loss of flight capacity and low metabolic rates in the no-flight group demonstrate that disuse effects can also significantly alter senescence patterns of whole-insect performance.
Self-manslaughter and the forensic classification of self-inflicted death

By emphasising the intentions underlying suicidal behaviour, suicidal death is distinguished from accidental death in standard philosophical accounts on the nature of suicide. A crucial third class of self-produced deaths, deaths in which agents act neither intentionally nor accidentally to produce their own deaths, is left out by such accounts. Based on findings from psychiatry, many life-threatening behaviours, if and when they lead to the agent's death, are suggested to be neither intentional nor accidental, with many apparently suicidal behaviours being of this sort, especially the so-called "cries for help". This category may be usefully analogised to the existing legal category of manslaughter.
Photochromatic Interval during Dark Adaptation and as a Function of Background Luminance

Achromatic and chromatic thresholds for a 535-nm stimulus were determined during dark adaptation and against background luminances varying over a range of 2 × 107. In contrast to light thresholds, which decrease from photopic to scotopic values, curves for color thresholds first fall, then rise until they reach a steady level. The change of trend occurs before or at the transition from cone to rod function. The resulting increase of the photochromatic interval with dark adaptation and decreasing background luminance is described by a sigmoid function. The increment of color thresholds after the initial decline is tentatively attributed to chromatic desaturation caused by rod intrusion.
A New Team, A New Vision: One Library's Adventures in Outreach

What can a medium-sized academic library accomplish in terms of campus outreach? Quite a lot, as it turns out! The David L. Rice Library at the University of Southern Indiana focuses its outreach activities in three major areas: events and promotions held during the academic year, such as Banned Books Week and Blind Date With A Book; dedicated spaces within the library, such as the Info Wall and displays; and partnerships between the library and other departments on campus. With our outreach activities, we hope to reach more students and potential patrons; to make contact with them in ways that are meaningful; to help individuals and campus groups feel more comfortable with the library and its staff; and to promote reading as well as increase literacy. This article will detail the library’s outreach activities; the creation of a committee to support publicity, outreach, and marketing; the outreach process; new approaches to reaching the library’s community; and ideas for forming partnerships with other on-campus entities.
Experimental design, statistical analysis and modelling of dietary nutrient requirement studies for fish: a critical review

A limited survey of published reports on dietary nutrient requirement estimates for fish (three journals, 46 papers) indicates that broken-line analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are often used to estimate nutrient requirements from dose‐response data. The application of regression models using published treatment mean values to re-evaluate estimates was possible using 33 of these reports. Re-evaluation suggests that the broken-line method and ANOVA frequently underestimate the requirement. Regression produced estimates that averaged approximately twice, but were up to five times the published requirement. Additional problems that prevented re-evaluation or produced errors in the original estimates were: failure to include nutrient levels high enough to produce a maximum response, failure to space nutrient input levels closely enough to adequately model the dose‐response relationship, an apparent failure to screen data before analysis, and insuAcient model diagnosis. Examples from the literature are presented to illustrate how design, method of analysis and the choice of model aAect the requirement estimate. The eAects of measurement frequency and the experiment duration on the resulting requirement estimate are discussed. A set of protocols is presented to help improve nutrient requirement estimates.
Biology, ecology and ultrastructure of Ascobotryozyma and Botryozyma, unique commensal nematode-associated yeasts.

Ascobotryozyma (anamorph Botryozyma) is an ascomycetous yeast genus characterized by its unusual morphology and ability to attach to free-living nematodes in the genus Panagrellus. Other than species descriptions for four taxa little is known about these yeasts. Investigations were carried out to determine the ecological relationship and specificity with nematodes in addition to examining basic cell structure, thallus development and sexual reproduction. Based on previous examinations of the yeast and nematode it was hypothesized the fungus did not parasitize the nematode but instead remained attached to nematodes for dispersal. Electron micrographs supported our hypotheses and revealed a specialized cell wall and mucilage that aid in attachment to the nematode cuticle. Tests to determine the ability of Ascobotryozyma and Botryozyma to attach to different nematode taxa revealed that attachment varies across taxonomic groups. Examinations of thallus cells, thallus growth, cell fusion and ascosporogenesis a...