cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized crossing changes in satellite knots

We show that if K is a satellite knot in the 3-sphere S3 which admits a generalized cosmetic crossing change of order q with |q| ≥ 6, then K admits a pattern knot with a generalized cosmetic crossing change of the same order. As a consequence of this, we find that any prime satellite knot in S3 which admits a torus knot as a pattern cannot admit a generalized cosmetic crossing change of order q with |q| ≥ 6. We also show that if there is any knot in S3 admitting a generalized cosmetic crossing change of order q with |q| ≥ 6, then there must be such a knot which is hyperbolic.
Determination of compressor in-stall characteristics from engine surge transients

A technique for extracting the in-stall pumping characteristics for an axial flow compressor operating in an engine system environment is developed. The technique utilzes a Hybrid computer simulation of the compressor momentum equation in which actual transient data are used to provide all terms but the desired compressor characteristic. The compressor force characteristic as a function of corrected flow and speed results from the computation. The critical problem of data filtering is addressed. Results for a compressor operating in a turbofan engine are presented and comparison is made with the conventional compressor map. The relationship of the compressor surge charcteristic with its rotating stall characteristic is explored. Initial interpretation of the measured results is presented. Previously announced in STAR as N84-22566
High resolution analytical electron microscopy

Abstract In analytical electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy are used to determine the local composition of specimen areas whose structure is determined by electron imaging and diffraction. In this paper an introduction to the spectroscopy methods for local composition determination is given, and illustrated with some applications from structural ceramics research. The imaging and diffraction performance to be expected from analytical electron microscope, particularly the convergent beam capability, is discussed and illustrated with results from silicon research.
Results from past performance assessments for the Yucca Mountain disposal system for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste

Abstract This paper summarizes the progression of results through four early performance assessments (PAs) conducted to support selection and to evaluate feasibility and three major PAs conducted to evaluate viability, recommend the site, and assess compliance of a repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The early PAs in 1984, 1991, 1993, and 1995 evaluated cumulative release over 104 yr at a 10-km or 5-km boundary as specified in the draft and final 1985 radiation protection standard, respectively. During the early PAs, the fission products 99Tc, 129I, and activation products 14C, and 36Cl were identified as important radionuclides at the beginning of the regulatory period. The actinide, 237Np, often dominated at the end of the regulatory period. Package and repository design options were evaluated during the early PAs but modeling did not identify strong preferences. In 1992 Congress mandated a change to a dose measure. Dose at a 20-km boundary from the repository was evaluated through 106 yr for the undisturbed scenario class via the groundwater pathway for the Congressionally mandated viability assessment in 1998. For the assessment for the site recommendation in 2000, doses from igneous eruption dominated in the first ~3000 yr, doses from igneous intrusion between ~3000 yr and ~40,000 yr, and doses from the undisturbed scenario class through 106 yr. The 2008 compliance assessment for the license application incorporated the influence of the seismic scenario class on waste package performance. The compliance assessment found that doses from the igneous intrusive scenario class and the combined undisturbed and seismic scenario class were important contributors at the ~18-km boundary. In the compliance PA, 99Tc and 129I fission products and 14C activation product were important in the first 104 yr. Beyond 104 yr, actinides 239Pu, 242Pu, 237Np, and 238U decay product 226Ra were important. In all PAs, parameters of the natural barrier were important, but in the three latter PAs, the slow degradation of the large, in-drift container had an important role in explaining the uncertainty in the peak dose.
Serious Bleeding Events due to Warfarin and Antibiotic Co-prescription In a Cohort of Veterans

Abstract Background Antibiotics may interact with warfarin, increasing the risk for significant bleeding events. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of veterans who were prescribed warfarin for 30 days without interruption through the US Department of Veterans Affairs between October 1, 2002 and September 1, 2008. Antibiotics considered to be high risk for interaction with warfarin include: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, fluconazole, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. Low-risk antibiotics include clindamycin and cephalexin. Risk of bleeding event within 30 days of antibiotic exposure was measured using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and receipt of other medications interacting with warfarin. Results A total of 22,272 patients met inclusion criteria, with 14,078 and 8194 receiving high- and low-risk antibiotics, respectively. There were 93 and 36 bleeding events in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. Receipt of a high-risk antibiotic (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.19) and azithromycin (HR 1.93; 95% CI, 1.13-3.30) were associated with increased risk of bleeding as a primary diagnosis. TMP/SMX (HR 2.09; 95% CI, 1.45-3.02), ciprofloxacin (HR 1.87; 95% CI, 1.42-2.50), levofloxacin (HR 1.77; 95% CI, 1.22-2.50), azithromycin (HR 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.33), and clarithromycin (HR 2.40; 95% CI, 1.16-4.94) were associated with serious bleeding as a primary or secondary diagnosis. International normalized ratio (INR) alterations were common; 9.7% of patients prescribed fluconazole had INR value >6. Patients who had INR performed within 3-14 days of co-prescription were at a decreased risk of serious bleeding (HR 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42-0.88). Conclusions Warfarin users who are prescribed high-risk antibiotics are at higher risk for serious bleeding events. Early INR evaluation may mitigate this risk.
Legitimate Authority Without Political Obligation

It is commonly supposed that citizens of a reasonably just state have a prima facie duty to obey its laws. In recent years, however, a number of influential political philosophers have concluded that there is no such duty. But how can the state be a legitimate authority if there is no general duty to obey its laws? This article is an attempt to explain how we can make sense of the idea of legitimate political authority without positing the existence of a general duty to obey the law. The explanation makes use of a distinction between laws of general application, on one hand, and on the other the particularized, directed efforts by state officials to channel and resolve disputes (including those arising from violations of the law). A state's legitimate authority entails a general duty to cooperate in the latter type of effort, rather than upon a dubious general duty to obey the law.
Infrastructure in a Structural Model of Economic Growth

Abstract Researchers, commentators, and politicians have devoted steadily more attention to infrastructure in response to claims that inadequate accumulation of public capital has contributed to substandard US economic growth. Despite this, the link between infrastructure and productivity growth remains controversial. In this regard, it is somewhat surprising that infrastructure research has developed in isolation from the large literature on economic growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model that explicitly incorporates infrastructure and is designed to provide a tractable framework within which to analyze the empirical importance of public capital accumulation to productivity growth. We find little support for claims of a dramatic productivity boost from increased infrastructure outlays. In a specification designed to provide an upper bound for the influence of infrastructure, we estimate that raising the rate of infrastructure investment would have had a negligible impact on annual productivity growth between 1971 and 1986.
A class of hybrid finite element methods for electromagnetics: a review

Integral equation methods have generally been the workhorse for antenna and scattering computations. In the case of antennas, they continue to be the prominent computational approach, but for scattering applications the requirement for large-scale computations has turned researchers' attention to near neighbor methods such as the finite element method, which has low O(N) storage requirements and is readily adaptable in modeling complex geometrical features and material inhomogeneities. In this paper, we review three hybrid finite element methods for simulating composite scatterers, conformal microstrip antennas, and finite periodic arrays. Specifically, we discuss the finite element method and its application to electromagnetic problems when combined with the boundary integral, absorbing boundary conditions, and artificial absorbers for terminating the mesh. Particular attention is given to large-scale simulations, methods, and solvers for achieving low memory requirements and code performance on parallel computing architectures.
The TRENDS High-contrast Imaging Survey. IV. The Occurrence Rate of Giant Planets around M Dwarfs

Doppler-based planet surveys have discovered numerous giant planets but are incomplete beyond several AU. At larger star–planet separations, direct planet detection through high-contrast imaging has proven successful, but this technique is sensitive only to young planets and characterization relies upon theoretical evolution models. Here we demonstrate that radial velocity measurements and high-contrast imaging can be combined to overcome these issues. The presence of widely separated companions can be deduced by identifying an acceleration (long-term trend) in the radial velocity of a star. By obtaining high spatial resolution follow-up imaging observations, we rule out scenarios in which such accelerations are caused by stellar binary companions with high statistical confidence. We report results from an analysis of Doppler measurements of a sample of 111 M-dwarf stars with a median of 29 radial velocity observations over a median time baseline of 11.8 yr. By targeting stars that exhibit a radial velocity acceleration ("trend") with adaptive optics imaging, we determine that 6.5% ± 3.0% of M-dwarf stars host one or more massive companions with 1 < m/M_J < 13 and 0 < a < 20 AU. These results are lower than analyses of the planet occurrence rate around higher-mass stars. We find the giant planet occurrence rate is described by a double power law in stellar mass M and metallicity F ≡ [Fe/H] such that f(M, F) = 0.039^+0.056)_(-0.028)M^(0.8)^(+1.1)_(-0.9) 10^(3.8±1.2). Our results are consistent with gravitational microlensing measurements of the planet occurrence rate; this study represents the first model-independent comparison with microlensing observations.
Counterexamples to the Sonic Criterion

We consider self-similar (pseudo-steady) shock reflection at an oblique wall. There are three parameters: wall corner angle, Mach number, angle of incident shock. Ever since Ernst Mach discovered the irregular reflection named after him, researchers have sought to predict precisely for which parameters the reflection is regular. Three conflicting proposals—the detachment, sonic and von Neumann criteria—have been studied extensively without a clear result. We demonstrate that the sonic criterion is not correct. We consider polytropic potential flow and prove that there is an open nonempty set of parameters that admit a global regular reflection with a reflected shock that is transonic. We also provide a clear physical reason: the flow type (sub- or supersonic) is not decisive; instead the reflected shock type (weak or strong) determines whether structural perturbations decay towards the reflection point.
Linear theory and velocity correlations of clusters

Linear theory provides a reasonable description of the velocity correlations of biased tracers both perpendicular and parallel to the line of separation, provided one accounts for the fact that the measurement is almost always made using pair-weighted statistics. This introduces an additional term which, for sufficiently biased tracers, may be large. Previous work suggesting that linear theory was grossly in error for the components parallel to the line of separation ignored this term.
The effect of crown-ether on the palladium-catalyzed Ullmann-type coupling mediated by zinc in air and water

Abstract In the presence of a catalytic amount of 18-crown-6, palladium-catalyzed reductive coupling of aryl halides mediated by zinc was found effective in water alone, at ambient temperature, and under an atmosphere of air to give improved isolated yield of the Ullmann-type reaction products.
Missile Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms

The use of pareto genetic algorithms (GAs)to determine high-efe ciency missile geometries is examined, and the capabilityofthesealgorithmstodeterminehighlyefe cientandrobustmissileaerodynamicdesignsisdemonstrated, given a variety of design goals and constraints. The design study presented documents both thelearning capability of GAs and the power of such algorithms for multiobjective optimization. Results indicate that the GA is clearly capable of designing aerodynamic shapes that perform well in either single or multiple goal applications.
PACS Data Base Design

Abstract A PACS database must manage three different types of data; structured data in the form of patient /exam identificationinformation, and unstructured data in the form of text and images. Queries based on the content of text documents as well asthe content of images must be suported, in addition to those based on standard, well structured keys such as name, age and sex.We model the PACS database as three logically distinct databases, each supporting one of these data types, with mappingstructures relating all three. Several design issues which have a hearing, both on these models and on physical implemtations,are discussed. Because image database systems are the least understood at this time, most of the paper focusses on the them.We briefly discuss current trends in structured and text databases, without discussing commercial systems, and then presentsome current methods of implementing image database systems. Introduction Although a PACS database must maintain all image and text data associated with a patient, initial queries of the databasemay be very simple, based on such well structured data keys as patient name, date of procedure, or sex. This is the extent ofmost `queries' of current film based file rooms, or of the tape racks associated with each imaging system. It is not difficult toenvision, however, the evolution of much more complex queries, given the availability of such a complete and flexible database.Such queries may be based on the text content of the diagnostic report, or on the shapes and sizes of regions on the actualimages, which may have been previously outlined and annotated, or which may be located by pattern /image recognitiontechniques. Two aspects make the PACS database interesting to study; the need for queries based jointly on image and textdata `content', and the large volume of data anticipated.In the first section, the requirements of a PACS database, and the anticipated volume of data from a 700 bed hospital over10 years is discused. The data volumes are seen to be 5.4x10'°`7 bytes of structured data (10'° "6 items), 2.4x10 " *9 bytes of textdata (4x10 * *6 documents), and 10"14 bytes of image data (5x10 "*7 images). This includes the standard kinds of patient andexam identification information, all text documents related to the patient, and all images entered into or generated within thePACS. The next section provides a general look at three classes of database systems; one for each of these data types. It isseen that the image database is the least understood. The third section provides (hopefully) insight into just what image dataand an image - database is. Even though images may be viewed as descriptors, they generally belong to the signal domain;symbolic information must be abstracted from them. In section four, we first present a user level conceptual model of thePACS database, as three separate but linked databases, without suggesting any particular data model or implementation.Next, some design issues, which have a bearing both on the conceptual models as well as physical implementations, are
Edge-sealed PLZT shutters for operation in high-humidity/temperature environments

Abstract Present PLZT lenses degrade significantly in the presence of high humidity. Two methods were developed to seal the lenses to overcome this problem. The design and fabrication of the first edge-sealed PLZT lens assemblies are described, and data is presented showing performance differences between non-sealed and sealed lens assemblies following exposure to high-humidity/temperature environments.
Seeking an even-parity mass term for 3-D gauge theory

Abstract Mass-gap calculations in three-dimensional gauge theories are discussed. Also we present a Chern-Simons-like mass-generating mechanism which preserves parity and is realized non-perturbatively.
Aircraft accident flight path simulation and animation

During 1987, Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashed in Detroit in the summer, and Continental Airlines Flight 1713 crashed in Denver in the winter. This article will describe the reconstruction, simulation, and animation of the time dependent flight path for each accident through a process known as forensic engineering. Forensic engineering is the application of scientific and engineering knowledge to legal matters, such as accident reconstruction. The flight paths were reconstructed as an aid in visualizing the sequence of events and the factors involved in each accident.
The synthesis of allyl- and allyloxycarbonyl-protected RNA phosphoramidites. Useful reagents for solid-phase synthesis of RNAs with base-labile modifications

Abstract The synthesis of allyl- and allyloxycarbonyl (AOC)-protected RNA phosphoramidites is reported. The use of allyl and AOC groups allows the chemistry of solid-phase RNA synthesis to be expanded to include base-labile modified nucleosides, such as acetylcytidine. The allyl- and AOC-protective chemistry can be further expanded for the construction of RNAs on solid supports and affinity columns.
Harm reduction, human rights, and access to information on safer abortion

A harm reduction and human rights approach, grounded in the principles of neutrality, humanism, and pragmatism, supports women's access to information on the safer self- use of misoprostol in diverse legal settings. Neutrality refers to a focus on the risks and harms of abortion rather than its legal or moral status. Humanism refers to the entitlement of all women to care and concern for their lives and health, to be treated with respect, worth, and dignity, and to the empowerment of women to participate in decision-making and political action. Pragmatism accepts the historical reality that women will engage in unsafe abortion, including self-induction, while addressing factors that render them vulnerable to this reality, and requires assessment of interventions to reduce abortion-related harms on evidence of their real rather than intended effect. Criminal law reform is a necessary conclusion to a harm reduction and human rights approach.
Salud Bucodental de Postrados Severos

El proposito de esta investigacion fue describir la salud oral en base a COP, PSR, desdentamiento, lesiones de mucosa, uso de protesis e higiene bucal en pacientes postrados. Se realizo un estudio transversal con una muestra probabilistica con afijacion proporcional, segun distribucion geografica y sexo, obtenida del listado de los inscritos en el Programa de Atencion Domiciliaria a Postrados de la Corporacion Municipal de Valparaiso. A los pacientes se les sometio a una entrevista y un examen bucodentario. Se examinaron 78 pacientes postrados severos, 64,1% mujeres y 35,9% hombres de una edad promedio 83,9 y 79,7 anos respectivamente. El COP registrado fue 29,91(±2,52) (IC del 95%= [29,06 - 30,76]); con un indice de cariados 1,60; obturados 0,51; y perdidos, 27,79. El estado periodontal encontrado fue altamente deteriorado con 78,8% de dientes con perdida de insercion clinica mayor a 3,5 mm, 15,2% de codigo 4; 36,5% de codigo 3; y 48,5% de codigo 2 de PSR. Las lesiones de tejidos blandos afectaron al 52,5% de la muestra, siendo mas prevalente el tipo vascular (lago venoso) con un 25%, seguida por 23,21% de estomatitis subprotesica. El 51,3% fue desdentado total. En cuanto a distribucion dentaria, en maxilar y mandibula, el hallazgo mas frecuente fue Clase I de Kennedy (50% maxilar y 63,9% mandibular). Solo el 43,6% usaba sus protesis, la mayoria totales acrilicas (77,8% maxilar y 54,5% mandibular). Se encontro un estado extremadamente deteriorado de salud bucal en este grupo, con escasas posibilidades de ser recuperado, principalmente debido a las disminuidas condiciones sistemicas que presentan y a la falta de cobertura de los programas de salud bucal para estas personas.
Non-AIDS-defining cancers and HIV infection

With fewer patients now succumbing to infectious complications of AIDS, other HIV-related morbidities, such as malignancies, have become increasingly important. Apart from Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and cervical cancer, which are considered as AIDS-defining, several additional cancers, referred to as non-AIDS-defining cancers, are also statistically increased in HIV-infected persons. These include Hodgkin’s disease, anal carcinoma, lung cancer, nonmelanomatous skin cancer, and testicular germ cell tumors, among others. However, the types of cancer observed at an increased frequency and the relative risks reported vary widely among studies. Although immunosuppression is consistently associated with an increased risk of AIDS-related malignancies, the role of immunosuppression in the pathogenesis of non-AIDSdefining cancers is controversial. Although data regarding the optimal management of these cancers are lacking, current studies suggest that patients with HIV-associated malignancies should be treated with similar approaches to those of their counterparts in the general population.
On the black hole background of two-dimensional string theory

Abstract The classical black hole background of two-dimensional string theory is examined after including the effect of the tachyon field. Keeping all terms upto O(T2) and making no other approximations, the only consistent classical solution to the resulting dilaton-graviton theory is found to be flat spacetime with a nontrivial dilaton.
Defense in depth: laser safety and the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the largest and most energetic laser in the world contained in a complex the size of a football stadium. From the initial laser pulse, provided by telecommunication style infrared nanoJoule pulsed lasers, to the final 192 laser beams (1.8 Mega Joules total energy in the ultraviolet) converging on a target the size of a pencil eraser, laser safety is of paramount concern. In addition to this, there are numerous high-powered (Class 3B and 4) diagnostic lasers in use that can potentially send their laser radiation travelling throughout the facility. With individual beam paths of up to 1500 meters and a workforce of more than one thousand, the potential for exposure is significant. Simple laser safety practices utilized in typical laser labs just don't apply. To mitigate these hazards, NIF incorporates a multi layered approach to laser safety or "Defense in Depth."
CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES OF THE LEO II DWARF GALAXY

We use previously published moderate-resolution spectra in combination with stellar atmosphere models to derive the first measured chemical abundance ratios in the Leo II dwarf Spheroidal (dSph) galaxy. We find that for spectra with signal-to-noise ratio greater than 24, we are able to measure abundances from weak Ti, Fe, and Mg lines located near the calcium infrared triplet (CaT). We also quantify and discuss discrepancies between the metallicities measured from Fe I lines and those estimated from the CaT features. We find that while the most metal-poor ([Fe/H] <–2.0]) Leo II stars have Ca and Ti abundance ratios similar to those of Galactic globular clusters, the more metal-rich stars show a gradual decline of Ti, Mg, and Ca abundance ratio with increasing metallicity. Finding these trends in this distant and apparently dynamically stable dSph galaxy supports the hypothesis that the slow chemical enrichment histories of the dSph galaxies is universal, independent of any interaction with the Milky Way. Combining our spectroscopic abundances with published broadband photometry and updated isochrones, we are able to approximate stellar ages for our bright red giant branch stars to a relative precision of 2-3 Gyr. While the derived age-metallicity relationship of Leo II hints at some amount of slow enrichment, the data are still statistically consistent with no enrichment over the history of Leo II.
On Self-Associated Sets of Points in Small Projective Spaces

We study moduli of “self-associated” sets of points in P n for small n. In particular, we show that for n = 5 a general such set arises as a hyperplane section of the Lagrangian Grassmanian LG(5,10) ⊂ P 15. For n = 6, a general such set arises as a hyperplane section of the Grassmanian G(2,6) ⊂ P 14. We also make a conjecture for the next case n = 7. Our results are analogues of Mukai's characterization of general canonically embedded curves in P 6 and P 7, respectively.
Exploring complex phenomena using ultracold atoms in bichromatic lattices

With an underlying common theme of competing length scales, we study the many-body Schrodinger equation in a quasiperiodic potential and discuss its connection with the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) problem of classical mechanics. We propose a possible visualization of such connection in experimentally accessible many-body observables. Those observables are useful probes for the three characteristic phases of the problem: the metallic, Anderson and band insulator phases. In addition, they exhibit fingerprints of nonlinear phenomena such as bifurcations and devil's staircases. Our numerical treatment is complemented with a perturbative analysis which provides insight on the underlying physics. The perturbation theory approach is particularly useful in illuminating the distinction between the Anderson insulator and the band insulator phases in terms of paired sets of dimerized states.
Comparison of Implicit Schemes for the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

For a computational flow simulation tool to be useful in a design environment, it must be very robust and efficient. To develop such a tool for incompressible flow applications, a number of different implicit schemes are compared for several two-dimensional flow problems in the current study. The schemes include Point-Jacobi relaxation, Gauss-Seidel line relaxation, incomplete lower-upper decomposition, and the generalized minimum residual method preconditioned with each of the three other schemes. The efficiency of the schemes is measured in terms of the computing time required to obtain a steady-state solution for the laminar flow over a backward-facing step, the flow over a NACA 4412 airfoil, and the flow over a three-element airfoil using overset grids. The flow solver used in the study is the INS2D code that solves the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using the method of artificial compressibility and upwind differencing of the convective terms. The results show that the generalized minimum residual method preconditioned with the incomplete lower-upper factorization outperforms all other methods by at least a factor of 2.
Why are early maturing girls less active? Links between pubertal development, psychological well-being, and physical activity among girls at ages 11 and 13

Previous research has shown that early maturing girls at age 11 have lower subsequent physical activity at age 13 in comparison to later maturing girls. Possible reasons for this association have not been assessed. This study examines girls' psychological response to puberty and their enjoyment of physical activity as intermediary factors linking pubertal maturation and physical activity. Participants included 178 girls who were assessed at age 11, of whom 168 were reassessed at age 13. All participants were non-Hispanic white and resided in the US. Three measures of pubertal development were obtained at age 11 including Tanner breast stage, estradiol levels, and mothers' reports of girls' development on the Pubertal Development Scale (PDS). Measures of psychological well-being at ages 11 and 13 included depression, global self-worth, perceived athletic competence, maturation fears, and body esteem. At age 13, girls' enjoyment of physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and their daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were assessed using objective monitoring. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess direct and indirect pathways between pubertal development at age 11 and MVPA at age 13. In addition to a direct effect of pubertal development on MVPA, indirect effects were found for depression, global self-worth and maturity fears controlling for covariates. In each instance, more advanced pubertal development at age 11 was associated with lower psychological well-being at age 13, which predicted lower enjoyment of physical activity at age 13 and in turn lower MVPA. Results from this study suggest that programs designed to increase physical activity among adolescent girls should address the self-consciousness and discontent that girls' experience with their bodies during puberty, particularly if they mature earlier than their peers, and identify activities or settings that make differences in body shape less conspicuous.
ICRF HEATING IN TOKAMAKS

The current status of ICRF heating of Tokamak plasmas is described. Two aspects of the subject are discussed: the physics of wave damping and the evaluation of ion heating. Recent experiments in several Tokamak devices at the second harmonic of the deuteron cyclotron frequency have exhibited large discrepancies between the observed and predicted wave damping. A possible explanation, based upon enhanced cyclotron harmonic damping due to the proximity of the two-ion hybrid and cyclotron resonance layers, is discussed. The boundary value problem for fast wave propagation in an inhomogeneous two-ion plasma has been solved explicitly to obtain the wave field structure. For modest proton concentrations (less than 5 percent) a steep gradient in the left-hand polarized electric field is found in the region between the hybrid and cyclotron resonant layers. This gradient appears to provide sufficient enhancement of the second harmonic damping strength to account for the observed discrepancies. However, a reliable measurement of the proton concentration is needed to choose between the two possibilities. Ion heating was examined in detail in recent experiments in the ATC device. It is shown that ICRF heating can heat the bulk of the ions in the core of a Tokamak plasma with efficienciesmore » ranging from 10 to 40 percent, without causing any significant change in the ion energy confinement.« less
Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective hydroamination of N-allenyl carbamates.

Treatment of the N-4,5-hexadienyl carbamate 2a with a catalytic 1:2 mixture of [(S)-1]Au2Cl2 [(S)-1 = (S)-3,5-t-Bu-4-MeO-MeOBIPHEP] and AgClO4 in m-xylene at −40 °C for 24 h led to isolation of 2-vinylpyrrolidine 3a in 97% yield with 81% ee. Gold(I)-catalyzed enantioselective hydroamination was effective for a number of carbamate groups and tolerated terminal disubstitutution of the allenyl moiety.
Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines via the Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Amino Acid Derivatives

Protected homoallylic amines are synthesized by the decarboxylative coupling of α-amino acid derivatives. The catalytic C−C bond-forming reaction relies on the bioinspired decarboxylative metalation of α-amino acids to produce α-amino anion equivalents. The α-amino anion equivalents are intercepted by π-allyl palladium electrophiles to produce substituted homoallylic amines.
The Evolving Role of the Courts in Educational Policy: The Tension Between Judicial, Scientific, and Democratic Decision Making in Kitzmiller v. Dover:

In Kitzmiller v. Dover (2005), a court defined science to decide the legitimacy of teaching intelligent design to high school biology students. This study analyzes Kitzmiller in light of the complex and interrelated tensions between judicial, scientific, and democratic decision making that lie at the heart of modern educational governance. This study particularly explores how these tensions become more acute where the meaning of science itself is contested and examines how these tensions can be structured and balanced in a nuanced way in the institutional setting of the courts. Based on this examination, this study highlights major issues that bear upon an analysis of when it is appropriate for governmental entities to define science for educational policy purposes.
Proof of the Julia–Zee Theorem

It is a well accepted principle that finite-energy static solutions in the classical relativistic gauge field theory over the (2 + 1)-dimensional Minkowski spacetime must be electrically neutral. We call such a statement the Julia–Zee theorem. In this paper, we present a mathematical proof of this fundamental structural property.
Seasonal salt budget in the northeast Pacific Ocean

[1] The mixed layer salinity budget in the northeastern subarctic Pacific is evaluated using 5 years (2003–2007) of Argo profiling float data, precipitation and evaporation, geostrophic velocity data, and wind stress observations. In this region the mixed layer salinity has a strong seasonal cycle, driven by seasonality in precipitation, evaporation, Ekman advection, and entrainment. Geostrophic advection effects show relatively little seasonal variability. Precipitation and Ekman effects in this area generally result in net decreases in salinity, while the evaporation, geostrophic advection, and entrainment terms yield increases. Within an annual cycle, the salinity tendency is positive during winter and fall, balanced by surface fluxes (evaporation and precipitation), entrainment, and geostrophic advection. The salinity tendency is negative during spring and summer. During these two seasons, it appears that salinity is controlled by precipitation, evaporation, and geostrophic advection. Overall, the precipitation term makes the largest contribution to the seasonal salinity budget, and the entrainment is especially important in autumn and winter.
Synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, and glycolipids

Abstract Some novel concepts and recent developments in oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate synthesis are presented and discussed. The selective activation of one of a mixture of two or more glycosyl donors provides access to oligosaccharides while minimizing the number of manipulations required at the anomeric centers. A new method for sialylation using glycosyl phosphites is also presented. Developments in enzymatic glycosylation include in situ cofactor regeneration and the synthesis of unnatural glycosides. Recent applications of the above methods are the synthesis of sially Lewis X, ciclamycin O, and calicheamicin and the development of a strategy for polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis. Some recently reported methods for synthesizing glycosylamino acids as structural subunits of glycopeptides are also discussed.
Atmospheric Sulfur Photochemistry on Hot Jupiters

We develop a new one-dimensional photochemical kinetics code to address stratospheric chemistry and stratospheric heating in hot Jupiters. Here we address optically active S-containing species and CO2 at 1200 ≤ T ≤ 2000 K. HS (mercapto) and S2 are highly reactive species that are generated photochemically and thermochemically from H2S with peak abundances between 1 and 10 mbar. S2 absorbs UV between 240 and 340 nm and is optically thick for metallicities [S/H]>0 at T ≥ 1200 K. HS is probably more important than S2, as it is generally more abundant than S2 under hot Jupiter conditions and it absorbs at somewhat redder wavelengths. We use molecular theory to compute an HS absorption spectrum from sparse available data and find that HS should absorb strongly between 300 and 460 nm, with absorption at the longer wavelengths being temperature sensitive. When the two absorbers are combined, radiative heating (per kg of gas) peaks at 100 μbars, with a total stratospheric heating of ~8 × 104 W m–2 for a jovian planet orbiting a solar-twin at 0.032 AU. Total heating is insensitive to metallicity. The CO2 mixing ratio is a well behaved quadratic function of metallicity, ranging from 1.6 × 10–8 to 1.6 × 10–4 for –0.3 < [M/H] < 1.7. CO2 is insensitive to insolation, vertical mixing, temperature (1200 < T < 2000), and gravity. The photochemical calculations confirm that CO2 should prove a useful probe of planetary metallicity.
Deterministic Algorithms for 2-d Convex Programming and 3-d Online Linear Programming

We present a deterministic algorithm for solving two-dimensional convex programs with a linear objective function. The algorithm requiresO(klogk) primitive operations forkconstraints; if a feasible point is given, the bound reduces toO(klogk/loglogk). As a consequence, we can decide whetherkconvexn-gons in the plane have a common intersection inO(klognmin{logk, loglogn}) worst-case time. Furthermore, we can solve the three-dimensional online programming problem ino(log3n) worst-case time per operation.
Gerstmann's Syndrome

• Recent case reports describe the occurrence of a more or less pure Gerstmann syndrome in association with a focal lesion in the posterior perisylvian territory of the brain's left hemisphere. In addition, an electrocortical stimulation study reported the Gerstmann symptom combination and a number of other symptom combinations on stimulation of small areas in the left posterior parietotemporal cortex. The neuropsychological implications of these and other recent findings are considered in light of the variety of "syndromes" produced by lesions in this region, the rare occurrence of Gerstmann's syndrome, and its appearance as a consequence of lesions in diverse cerebral areas.
De novo asymmetric synthesis of anthrax tetrasaccharide and related tetrasaccharide.

A de novo asymmetric approach to the natural product anthrax tetrasaccharide 1 and an analogue 2 with an anomeric hexyl azide group has been developed from acetylfuran. The construction of the tetr...
Vortex fluctuations in the critical Casimir effect of superfluid and superconducting films

Vortex-loop renormalization techniques are used to calculate the magnitude of the critical Casimir forces in superfluid films. The force is found to become appreciable when the size of the thermal vortex loops is comparable to the film thickness, and the results for T T(c). When applied to a high-T(c) superconducting film connected to a bulk sample, the Casimir force causes a voltage difference to appear between the film and the bulk, and estimates show that this may be readily measurable.
Oxidatively induced reductive elimination. A novel titanium complex resulting from C–F bond activation

Reaction between bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanacyclobutanes (1) and tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopentadienone (2) results in formal reductive elimination of cyclopropanes and activation of an sp3 C–F bond in (2) to afford the novel organometallic product (3)(structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography).
Efficient synthesis of N-2-aryl-1,2,3-triazole fluorophores via post-triazole arylation.

Efficient post-triazole regioselective N-2 arylation was developed from C-4, C-5 disubstituted-1,2,3-NH-triazoles. Three different approaches had been investigated, including SNAr, Cu(I) catalyzed aryl amidation and Cu(II) mediated boronic acid coupling. The N-2-aryl triazoles were successfully synthesized with excellent yields. The structures were characterized by X-ray crystallography and some N-2-triazole products gave strong fluorescence with various emission controlled by the C-5 groups.
A new approach to compiling adaptive programs

Abstract An adaptive program can be understood as an object-oriented program where the class graph is a parameter, and hence the class graph may be changed without changing the program. The problem of compiling an adaptive program and a class graph into an object-oriented program was studied by Palsberg et al. (1995). Their compiler is efficient but works only in special cases. In this paper we present and prove the correctness of a compiler that handles the general case. The compiler first computes a finite-state automaton and then uses it to generate efficient code.
Guaranteed scheduling for switches with configuration overhead

We present three algorithms that provide performance guarantees for scheduling switches, such as optical switches, with configuration overhead. Each algorithm emulates an unconstrained (zero overhead) switch by accumulating a batch of configuration requests and generating a corresponding schedule for a constrained switch. Speedup is required both to cover the configuration overhead of the switch and to compensate for empty slots left by the scheduling algorithm. Scheduling algorithms are characterized by the number of configurations N/sub s/ they require to cover a batch of requests and the speedup required to compensate for empty slots S/sub min/. Initially, all switch reconfiguration is assumed to occur simultaneously. We show that a well-known exact matching algorithm, EXACT, leaves no empty slots (i.e., S/sub min/=1), but requires N/sub s//spl ap/N/sup 2/ configurations for an N-port switch leading to high configuration overhead or large batches and, hence, high delay. We present two new algorithms that reduce the number of configurations required substantially. MIN covers a batch of requests in the minimum possible number of configurations, N/sub s/=N, but at the expense of many empty slots, S/sub min//spl ap/4log/sub 2/N. DOUBLE strikes a balance, requiring twice as many configurations, N/sub s/=2N, while reducing the number of empty slots so that S/sub min/=2. Loosening the restriction on reconfiguration times, the scheduling problem is cast as an open shop. The best known practical scheduling algorithm for open shops, list scheduling (LIST), gives the same emulation requirements as DOUBLE. Therefore, we conclude that our architecture gains no advantages from allowing arbitrary switch reconfiguration. Finally, we show that DOUBLE and LIST offer the lowest required speedup to emulate an unconstrained switch across a wide range of port count and delay.
Shale/mud inhibition defined with rig-site methods

The successful drilling of troublesome shale requires evaluation of the shales and muds during the drilling process so that the proper methods and muds can be selected. With rig-site testing in mind, six tests were studied for their usefulness in defining the severity of the shale/mud chemical reaction. All tests showed some value in the analysis of wellbore problems and solutions; however, the swelling, rolling, and cation-exchange-capacity (CEC) tests proved most useful. The swelling test uses a newly developed device to describe the early-time sealing properties of native or recompacted shale and provides an analytical method for classifying shales according to their reaction rates. In general, soft shales have a short reaction time, which increases with its hardness. This test also shows the inhibition state of a mud and can therefore be used in mud monitoring and mud-treatment design. The rolling test provides useful information on the dispersion tendencies of a shale-cutting/mud mixture, and the CEC test provides basic information on the effective clay content of a shale. This paper discusses techniques used to evaluate shales and muds at the rig site and presents the procedures, results, and parameters that affect each technique. Information concerning a new device for measuringmore » shale swelling and the procedure for reconstituting shale cuttings is given.« less
Velocity analysis using weighted semblance

Increasing the resolution of semblance-based velocity spectra, or semblance spectra, is useful for estimating normal moveout velocities, as increased resolution can help to distinguish peaks in the spectra. The resolution of semblance spectra depends on the sensitivity of semblance to changes in velocity. By weighting terms in the semblance calculation that are more sensitive to changes in velocity, we can increase resolution. Our implementation of weighted semblance is a straightforward extension of conventional semblance. Somewhat surprisingly, we increase resolution by choosing an offset-dependent weighting function that minimizes semblance. We test our method on synthetic and field data, and our tests confirm that weighted semblance provides higher resolution than conventional semblance.
Information Retrieval and the Philosophy of Language.

L'A. met en avant les implications de la philosophie du langage pour la recherche d'information, notamment en ce qui concerne les difficultes de la description des contenus intellectuels. Les echecs du processus de recherche d'information sur le plan linguistique se situent aux niveaux de la description et de la discrimination, et dans l'equilibre entre resultat (recall) et precision. L'A. rappelle l'impact des travaux de L. Wittgenstein sur la theorie du langage et plus particulierement sur le sens linguistique : les mots nomment des objets, chaque mot a un sens, le sens d'un mot est independent du contexte, le sens des phrases est constitue du sens des mots. La theorie externaliste des echaffaudages (scaffolding) devrait avoir un impact important sur la description et la classification en recherche d'information. La part de la philosophie du langage dans la litterature sur la recherche d'information demeure toutefois modeste.
Effects of mass motions on solar emission measures inferred from transition-region emission lines

Extreme ultraviolet emission line intensities predicted by a numerical model which includes nonequilibrium ionization balance are used as input 'observational' intensities to calculate volume emission measures following a standard method which assumes ionization equilibrium. These 'observational' emission measures are then compared with the actual emission measure distribution in the atmospheric model. For static equilibrium models, the two sets of emission measures are in good agreement. When mass motions are present, the emission measures calculated from the line intensities differ significantly from the actual values.
Dynamic stopwording for story link detection

Carnegie Mellon University entered two systems in the Story Link Detection track of the 2001 Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT) evaluation. These systems were one of our systems from the 1999 TDT evaluation [1], retuned for the new corpus, which had the third-best cost measure; and a new system that adds clustering and dynamically-generated stopwording, which had the best cost measure among all submissions for the default evaluation condition. This paper describes the enhancements which were made and some which were attempted but not used in the evaluation.