cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early identification of patients at risk for symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE To develop a scheme for early identification of individuals at risk for symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). DESIGN Analysis of prospectively collected data from the placebo-treated group in a multicenter clinical trial. SETTINGS Fifty-four neurosurgical centers in North America. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified independent predictors of symptomatic vasospasm using stepwise logistic regression analysis from demographic, clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging characteristics of the participants. We developed a scoring system (symptomatic vasospasm risk index) based on a combination of these predictors. Out of 283 patients in the analysis (all treated with oral nimodipine), 93 (33%) developed symptomatic vasospasm within 14 days after SAH. There were four independent predictors of symptomatic vasospasm: thickness of subarachnoid clot on computed tomographic scan (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-10.0); early rise in middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity (MCA-MFV), defined as a value > or =110 cm/sec recorded on or before post-SAH day 5 (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3), Glasgow Coma Scale score <14 (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1); and rupture of anterior cerebral or internal carotid artery aneurysm (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0-3.4). The probability of identifying patients who would develop symptomatic vasospasm (percentage of area under receiver operating characteristics curve +/- SEM) was higher with symptomatic vasospasm risk index (68%+/-8%) compared with thickness of clot (62%+/-8%; p = .08) or MCA-MFV (45%+/-7%, p < .05) criteria alone. CONCLUSIONS Patients at high risk for symptomatic vasospasm can be identified early in the course of SAH using a risk index. A risk index based on a combination of variables may represent a predictive paradigm superior to conventionally used criteria based on clot thickness or MCA-MFV criteria.
Raman spectra of polyglycines

The laser-excited Raman spectrum of helical polyglycine II has been obtained. Oligomers of polyglycine are in the planar zigzag conformation and their Raman spectra are indicative of the spectrum of polyglycine I. The Raman spectra of polyglycines have bands complementary to the infrared which are sensitive to the conformation of the chain. The spectra of the oligomers have bands sensitive to the length of the polyglycine. The Raman spectra of di- and triglycine in aqueous solution suggest the conformation is neither planar nor helical.
Evaporation from groundwater discharge playas, Estancia Basin, central New Mexico

Abstract Bowen ratio meteorological stations have been deployed to measure rates of evaporation from groundwater discharge playas and from an adjacent vegetated bench in the Estancia Basin, in central New Mexico. The playas are remnants of late Pleistocene pluvial Lake Estancia and are discharge areas for groundwater originating as precipitation in the adjacent Manzano Mts. They also accumulate water during local precipitation events. Evaporation is calculated from measured values of net radiation, soil heat flux, atmospheric temperature, and relative humidity. Evaporation rates are strongly dependent on the presence or absence of standing water in the playas, with rates increasing more than 600% after individual rainstorms. Evaporation at site E-12, in the southeastern part of the playa complex, measured 74 cm over a yearlong period from mid-1997 through mid-1998. This value compares favorably to earlier estimates from northern Estancia playas, but is nearly three times greater than evaporation at a similar playa in western Utah. Differences in geographical position, salt crust composition, and physical properties may explain some of the difference in evaporation rates in these two geographic regions.
A geometry for non-abelian tensor gauge fields

Abstract A new geometrical construction is given which permits the construction of theories involving antisymmetric tensor fields valued in the Lie algebra of SU(N). A construction is given of actions invariant under an extended Lie algebra of transformations involving both ordinary gauge transformations and gauge transformations parameterized by one forms valued in SU(N).
Entanglement induced by nonadiabatic chaos

We investigate entanglement between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom for a model nonadiabatic system. We find that entanglement (measured by the von Neumann entropy of the subsystem for the eigenstates) becomes nearly maximum when the system shows 'nonadiabatic chaos' behavior which was found in our previous work [Phys. Rev. E 63, 066221 (2001)], but the reverse is not necessarily the case.
BACKGROUND FLUORESCENCE VALUES AND MATRIX EFFECTS OBSERVED USING SMART PROTOCOLS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN AND GULF OF MEXICO

ABSTRACT For a 6-month period between May and September 1999, the staff and crew of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research ship R/V Ferrel augmented their activities to support a baseline fluorometry study for NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration (ORR dispersed oil is not in true soluti...
A Denotative and Connotative Study in Communication

The purposes of this study were to investigate: (1) the definitions of communication preferred among 150 randomly selected members of the National Society for the Study of Communication; (2) the respondents' “ideal” referent or symbol when naming the dynamics of the interpersonal sending-receiving process. A questionnaire was sent to the above individuals, asking them to; (1) rank-order twelve definitions of communication (from most to least preferred)—this was the denotative phase of the study; (2) rate the concepts “Communication,”“Speech,” and “Persuasion” on three linear-graphic scales (of the Osgood, Suci, Tannenbaum type). The first scale measured the respondents' evaluative feelings of these three concepts (“Good to Bad” continuum). The second scale measured their feelings on the potency of the three concepts (“Strong to Weak” continuum). The third scale measured their orientation of the three concepts as to the complexity or simplicity of the terms when used to describe the process (“Complex to Simple” continuum)—this was the connotative phase of the study. Results were based on a 41% return (62 of 150); no follow-ups were made to contact the non-respondents. (1) Over-all rankings for the denotative phase of the study indicated that respondents preferred the communication definitions of: J. Ruesch and G. Bateson, first; W. Weaver, second; L. Thayer, third; S. Stevens, fourth; C. Hovland, fifth; C. Cherry, sixth; P. Tompkins, seventh; W. C. Redding, eighth; W. Schramm, ninth; T. Newcomb, tenth; E. Sapir, eleventh; and G. Miller, twelfth. Analysis of variance indicated the rankings to be significant at the .001 level. (2) The profile of mean scores in the connotative phase of the study indicated that respondents evaluated the concept “Communication” to be much better than the concepts “Speech” or “Persuasion.” The mean scores of the oriented activity scales indicated that “Communication” was perceived by the subjects to be “extremely complex,” whereas “Speech” and “Persuasion” were both viewed as being only “moderately complex.” Results from both the denotative and connotative phases of this study strongly suggested that there was much disparity among the respondents' rankings of communication definitions and ratings of concepts.
A retrospective analysis of proceduralist-directed, nurse-administered propofol sedation for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator procedures.

RESULTS Of 582 patients (age 64 14 years, 72.3% males) undergoing ICD-related procedures using PDNAPS, 58 (10.0%) patients had serious adverse events with no procedural death and 225 (38.7%) had nonserious adverse events. Longer procedure duration (relative risk [RR] 2.1 per hour; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6 –2.8; P .001) and biventricular implant (RR 2.7; CI 1.4 –5.3; P .003) were independent predictors of serious adverse events. A longer procedure duration (RR 1.4 per hour; CI 1.1–1.7; P .001), heart failure class (RR 1.4 per 1 class; CI 1.1–1.7; P .002), and use of propofol infusion (RR 3.5; CI 2.2–5.7; P .001) were independent predictors of nonserious adverse events. CONCLUSION PDNAPS for shorter ICD procedures including single- and dual-chamber implants, generator changes, and defibrillation threshold testing have acceptable rates of serious adverse events and manageable nonserious adverse events and should be considered for further study. Biventricular implants and other complex procedures should be done with an anesthesiologist.
Small Serotonin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Pancreas Associated With Pancreatic Duct Obstruction

OBJECTIVE. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors expressing serotonin (carcinoid tumors) account for a small portion of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The purpose of this study was to describe cases of small serotonin-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors associated with pancreatic duct obstruction. CONCLUSION. Serotonin produced by pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors can induce fibrosis and pancreatic duct obstruction. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors should be considered when CT shows a small hypervascular mass associated with upstream pancreatic duct dilatation or atrophy. Evidence of small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors should be sought in cases of idiopathic pancreatic duct stenosis.
Theory of the spontaneous buckling of doped graphene

Graphene is a realization of an uncommon class of materials---electronic crystalline membranes. We study the interplay between the free electrons and the two-dimensional crystal and find that it induces a substantial effect on the elastic structure of the membrane. For the hole-doped membrane, in particular, we predict a spontaneous buckling. In addition, an attenuation of elastic waves is expected due to the effect of corrugations on the bulk modulus. These discoveries have a considerable magnitude in graphene, affecting both its mesoscopic structure and its electrical resistivity, which has an inherent asymmetry between hole- and electron-doped graphene.
The cotton fiber transcriptome

Among the longest cell types known in plants, cotton fibers are economically important seed trichomes that provide a unique single-celled model system for studying fundamental biological processes. Functional genomic approaches have served to characterize dynamic changes to the cotton fiber transcriptome in response to developmental signals that control fiber morphogenesis at the level of a single cell. The genetic complexity of the fiber transcriptome is very high and accounts for as much as 45-50% of the genes in the cotton genome. In addition to a large diverse group of constitutively expressed genes, expression profiling of the transcriptome revealed two developmentally regulated stage-specific expression patterns that define rapid cell elongation during primary cell wall (PCW) synthesis relative to secondary cell wall biogenesis. In developing cotton fibers, many fiber genes involved in PCW synthesis and turgor-driven cell expansion are differentially expressed in a manner that parallels the growth rate. Characterization of the cotton fiber transcriptome has immediate applications in agricultural biotechnology and molecular breeding programs geared toward the genetic improvement of yield and fiber quality.
The non-existence of certain regular graphs of girth 5

For certain positive integers k it is shown that there is no k-regular graph with girth 5 having k’ + 3 vertices. This provides a new lower bound for the number of vertices of girth 5 graphs with these valences. Letf‘(k, g) be the minimum number of vertices that a graph with valency k and girth g can have. The results of Hoffman and Singleton [3] included f(k. 5) > k* + 1 for all k. except k = 2, 3, 7, 57 (it is unknown if the statement is true for k = 57). Brown proved in [2] that f(k, 5) > k2 + 2 for all k with the above exceptions; this statement is contained in a far more general theorem that has recently been proven by Bannai and Ito [ 1 ]. Robertson (5 ] constructed a 4-regular graph with girth 5 having 4* + 3 = 19 vertices. Wegener [7] showed f(5,5) > 5* + 3 and f(6,5) > 6* + 3 was independently proved by O’Keefe and Wong [4] and by Spill 161. In this paper we show f(k, 5) > k2 + 3 for infinitely many valences k.
African American and White Differences in the Impacts of Monetary Policy on the Duration of Unemployment

An emerging literature documents monetary policy’s impacts on labor market outcomes. For example, Willem Thorbecke (200 ) and Seth B. Carpenter and William M. Rodgers III (2004) find that recursive vector autoregressions (VAR) and autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) models indicate that the response of the employmentpopulation-ratio, unemployment rate, and labor force participation rate to increases in the federal funds rate follows the hump-shaped pattern in which the peak impact occurs several quarters after the initial shock (Carl E. Walsh 2003). An interesting dynamic occurs. The drop in aggregate demand reduces the number of available jobs. This reduction lengthens job search, but not to the extent that job seekers leave the labor force. An extension of this work is to identify the type of unemployment that contractionary monetary policy generates. Is the unemployment short or long term? To answer this question, Rodgers (2007) uses published Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data on unemployment duration and type of unemployment to estimate models to assess whether job loss is concentrated among shortor long-term spells, or whether a ripple
Buckling of dielectric elastomeric plates for soft, electrically active microfluidic pumps

Elastic instabilities, when properly implemented within soft, mechanical structures, can generate advanced functionality. In this work, we use the voltage-induced buckling of thin, flexible plates to pump fluids within a microfluidic channel. The soft electrodes that enable electrical actuation are compatible with fluids, and undergo large, reversible deformations. We quantified the onset of voltage-induced buckling, and measured the flow rate within the microchannel. This embeddable, flexible microfluidic pump will aid in the generation of new stand-alone microfluidic devices that require a tunable flow rate.
3D induced-polarization data inversion for complex resistivity

The conductive and capacitive material properties of the subsurface can be quantified through the frequency-dependent complex resistivity. However, the routine three-dimensional (3D) interpretation of voluminous induced polarization (IP) data sets still poses a challenge due to large computational demands and solution nonuniqueness. We have developed a flexible methodology for 3D (spectral) IP data inversion. Our inversion algorithm is adapted from a frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) inversion method primarily developed for large-scale hydrocarbon and geothermal energy exploration purposes. The method has proven to be efficient by implementing the nonlinear conjugate gradient method with hierarchical parallelism and by using an optimal finite-difference forward modeling mesh design scheme. The method allows for a large range of survey scales, providing a tool for both exploration and environmental applications. We experimented with an image focusing technique to improve the poor depth resolution of surface data sets with small survey spreads. The algorithm's underlying forward modeling operator properly accounts for EM coupling effects; thus, traditionally used EM coupling correction procedures are not needed. The methodology was applied to both synthetic and field data. We tested the benefit of directly inverting EM coupling contaminated data using a synthetic large-scale exploration data set. Afterward, we further tested the monitoring capability of our method by inverting time-lapse data from an environmental remediation experiment near Rifle, Colorado. Similar trends observed in both our solution and another 2D inversion were in accordance with previous findings about the IP effects due to subsurface microbial activity.
Chemistry and Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Temperate Coniferous Forest on Andic Soils: Effects of Litter Quality

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in transporting carbon and nitrogen from forest floor to mineral soils in temperate forest ecosystems. Thus, the retention of DOM via sorption or microbial assimilation is one of the critical steps for soil organic matter formation in mineral soils. The chemical properties of DOM are assumed to control these processes, yet we lack fundamental information that links litter quality, DOM chemistry, and DOM retention. Here, we studied whether differences in litter quality affect solution chemistry and whether changes in litter inputs affect DOM quality and removal in the field. The effects of litter quality on solution chemistry were evaluated using chemical fractionation methods for laboratory extracts and for soil water collected from a temperate coniferous forest where litter inputs had been altered. In a laboratory extraction, litter type (needle, wood, root) and the degree of decomposition strongly influenced solution chemistry. Root litter produced more than 10 times more water-extractable dissolved organic N (DON) than any other litter type, suggesting that root litter may be most responsible for DON production in this forest ecosystem. The chemical composition of the O-horizon leachate was similar under all field treatments (doubled needle, doubled wood, and normal litter inputs). O-horizon leachate most resembled laboratory extracts of well-decomposed litter (that is, a high proportion of hydrophobic acids), in spite of the significant amount of litter C added to the forest floor and a tendency toward higher mean DOM under doubled-Litter treatments. A lag in DOM production from added litter or microbial modification might have obscured chemical differences in DOM under the different treatments. Net DOM removal in this forest soil was strong; DOM concentration in the water deep in the mineral soil was always low regardless of concentrations in water that entered the mineral soil and of litter input manipulation. High net removal of DOM from O-horizon leachate, in spite of extremely low initial hydrophilic neutral content (labile DOM), coupled with the lack of influence by season or soil depth, suggests that DOM retention in the soil was mostly by abiotic sorption.
Advertising at war: business, consumers and government in the 1940s

Advertising at war: business, consumers and government in the 1940s, edited by Inger L. Stole, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2012, 188 pp., $30.00, ISBN 978-0-252-07865-1 “What might have b...
The mixing transition in turbulent flows

Data on turbulent mixing and other turbulent-flow phenomena suggest that a (mixing) transition, originally documented to occur in shear layers, also occurs in jets, as well as in other flows and may be regarded as a universal phenomenon of turbulence. The resulting fully-developed turbulent flow requires an outer-scale Reynolds number of Re = U[delta]/v [greater, similar] 1–2 × 104, or a Taylor Reynolds number of ReT = u[prime prime or minute] [lambda]T/v [greater, similar] 100–140, to be sustained. A proposal based on the relative magnitude of dimensional spatial scales is offered to explain this behaviour.
Tools to predict beam breakup in recirculating linacs

An important limitation on the maximum beam current in a recirculating linac is due to beam breakup caused by higher order modes (HOM) excited in the RF cavities. A HOM delivers a transverse kick to a beam bunch, the bunch on the next pass can then drive the HOM and cause it to grow until the beam is lost. Two codes, MATBBU and TDBBU, have been written to estimate the threshold current for a set of HOMs and accelerator optics. The relative merits and limitations of each is discussed in detail.
A Systems Engineering Framework for R&D Organizations

Research and development (R&D) organizations such as the U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories span the spectrum of R&D from basic science to operational support. They must address a wide range of project types (e.g., projects that produce knowledge as their primary product or that develop a first-of-a-kind system), technology readiness levels, and client demands. Application of formal systems engineering processes (such as those supporting U.S. Department of Defense acquisitions) is often not warranted or affordable, particularly where it is uncertain whether a technology can meet key performance goals. To address these challenges, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed and is implementing a systems engineering framework that is highly tailorable and adaptable for the wide range of R&D that the laboratory executes. The framework applies the concepts of systems development-related risk and technology maturity levels to tailor the systems engineering effort. This paper describes the framework and its implementation.
MPDopt: A versatile toolbox for adjoint-based model predictive control of smooth and switched nonlinear dynamic systems

Over the years, adjoint-based model predictive control (MPC) has proven to be a viable and effective tool for both offline and online optimization of control sequences for dynamic systems governed by differentiable nonlinear equations. This paper extends this versatile method to a class of nonsmooth systems in which the dynamical equation governing the physical system experiences sudden "switches" when the system changes operational modes. This extension involves only minimal alteration of the basic adjoint-based MPC algorithm. We then further improve this algorithm by introducing control trajectory smoothing via state augmentation. Finally, we present a new Matlab toolbox we have developed, MPDopt, that incorporates all of these developments while being user friendly, easily extensible, and capable of offline trajectory planning for wide range of smooth and switched systems of the present class.
On the upper bounds of the equivalent oscillator and notch-filter circuits: a non-commutative group theoretic approach

It is shown that the problem of synthesizing equivalent oscillators and notch filters from the knowledge of a given parent circuit is identical to that of finding the isomorphisms of a noncommutative group. It is also shown that many of the results established by earlier methods can easily be explained using the theory developed. The results derived show that earlier results do not lead to the best possible upper bound. The corrected upper bound is derived by counting the numbers of the noncommutative group. A well-known family of circuits is used to illustrate the theory developed. >
Ratchet nanofiltration of DNA

The DNA nanofilter is a microfabricated electrophoretic separation device consisting of a periodic array of thin slits (circa 60 nm) separated by deeper wells (circa 320 nm). We demonstrate that this device can act as a tuneable, clog-free filter when operating in a low frequency, asymmetric field inversion mode. This filtration occurs by using asymmetric field inversion to achieve bi-directional migration of short (less than 1000 bp) DNA. Moreover, similar ratchet-type operation can improve separations when compared to a constant field separation in the same device. These modes of operation enhance the utility of the DNA nanofilter as a component of integrated lab-on-a-chip devices. The experimental data confirm theoretical predictions for the bidirectional transport of DNA in entropy-based separations.
Rethinking Mobile Delivery: Using Quick Response Codes to Access Information at the Point of Need

This article covers the use of Quick Response (QR) codes to provide instant mobile access to information, digital collections, educational offerings, library website, subject guides, text messages, videos, and library personnel. The array of uses and the value of using QR codes to push customized information to patrons are explained. A case is developed for using QR codes for mobile delivery of customized information to patrons. Applications in use at the Libraries of the University of Utah will be reviewed to provide readers with ideas for use in their library.
Occurrence and Significance of Early Periosteal Proliferation in the Diaphyses of Premature Infants

Summary. The majority of prematurely born infants show at an early age, 4–6 weeks, at a stage when there are no signs of rickets at the epiphysis, a greater or lesser degree of periosteal proliferation at the diaphysis of the long bones, especially of the tibia. Reasons are advanced to support the view that this pathologic feature is a sign of vitamin D deficiency and is to be regarded as the earliest roentgenologic evidence of rickets, often appearing 4–6 weeks before the epiphyseal changes.
Realistic and Efficient Multi-Channel Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper demonstrates how to use multiple channels to improve communication performance in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). We first investigate multi-channel realities in WSNs through intensive empirical experiments with Micaz motes. Our study shows that current multi-channel protocols are not suitable for WSNs, because of the small number of available channels and unavoidable time errors found in real networks. With these observations, we propose a novel tree-based multichannel scheme for data collection applications, which allocates channels to disjoint trees and exploits parallel transmissions among trees. In order to minimize interference within trees, we define a new channel assignment problem which is proven NP- complete. Then we propose a greedy channel allocation algorithm which outperforms other schemes in dense networks with a small number of channels.We implement our protocol, called TMCP, in a real testbed. Through both simulation and real experiments, we show that TMCP can significantly improve network throughput and reduce packet losses. More importantly, evaluation results show that TMCP better accommodates multi-channel realities found in WSNs than other multi-channel protocols.
Differential responses to x-irradiation of subpopulations of two heterogeneous human carcinomas in vitro

Abstract The responses of two heterogeneous human cancer cell lines and their derivative clones to graded single doses of X-rays were examined in vitro . One system consisted of the human colon carcinoma line DLD-1 and two subpopulations (clones A and D). The second system consisted of the human lung carcinoma line (LX1) and four subpopulations (LX1-1, LX1-2, LX1-3, and LX1-9). These subpopulations have previously been shown to be markedly heterogeneous in terms of such characteristics as karyotype, morphology, drug sensitivity, tumorigenicity, and expression of membrane glycoproteins (such as carcinoembryonic antigen and tumor colonic mucoprotein antigen). Exponentially growing cultures were irradiated with graded single doses of 100-kVp X-rays. Survival was assessed using colony formation as the end point, and responses from multiple experiments were fitted to the single-hit, multitarget equation of cell survival. Values for the mean lethal dose ( D o , grays), quasithreshold dose ( D q , grays), and extrapolation number ( n ) were obtained. For the human colon adenocarcinoma system, these values for the three tumor lines were: DLD-1, 0.95, 2.34, and 11.7; clone A, 1.06, 2.23, and 8.20; and clone D, 1.08, 1.89, and 5.80. For the human lung carcinoma system, these values for the five sublines were: LX1, 1.14, 0.19, and 1.20; LX1-1, 0.96, 2.06, and 8.54; LX1-2, 0.96, 0.88, and 2.48; LX1-3, 0.68, 2.05, and 20.3; and LX1-9, 1.12, 0.00, and 1.00. These two human tumor systems therefore exhibit variability in their intrinsic sensitivity to X-irradiation. The data indicate that failure of some human carcinomas to respond to physical treatment modalities can be due to preexisting resistant subpopulations.
Mössbauer scattering evidence of soft modes near the martensitic transformation in Fe–28Ni

The experiments reported here on iron base alloys near 28 at % Ni, are carried out to test a prediction of the localized soft mode theory of martensitic nucleation in systems with first order transformations. That prediction is that localized strained regions around special lattice defects will exhibit vibrational instabilities of large amplitude (soft modes) prior to the nucleation event. It is also predicted that the density of these special lattice defects will be substantially greater near a free surface than in the bulk. The Mossbauer recoilless fraction is measured over a range of temperature in both the bulk and surface regions, via transmission and back reflection experiments, respectively. From the relation between recoilless fraction and mean square amplitude of atomic vibration, it is possible to infer for both alloys examined that in the surface regions substantial increases in vibrational amplitude occur prior to nucleation events. For the bulk measurements, one alloy shows some precursor “softening” (although not as marked as for the surface region of the same sample), whereas the second alloy appears to show an anomalous “hardening” precursor behavior. Des experiences sur des alliages de fer contenant 28 at % de Ni, ont ete faites pour eprouver une prediction de la theorie de modes douces localizees de nucleation martensitique dans des systemes de transformation de premier ordre. Cette prediction est que des regions tendues localizees autour de defauts speciaux du reseau exhibiterant des instabilites de vibration de grandes amplitude modes douces avant l'evenement de nucleation. Il a aussi ete predit que la densite de ces defauts speciaux du reseau sera beaucoup plus grande pres d'une surface libre que dans l'interieur. La fraction sans recul de Mossbauer a ete mesuree pour une variation de temperatures a l'interieur et pres des surfaces, par des experiences de transmission et de reflection a l'arriere, respectivement. Par la relation entre la fraction sans recul et l'amplitude moyenne de vibrations atomiques, on a pu infere pour les deux alliages examines que dans regions de la surface, des augmentations substantielles dans l'amplitude de vibration ont ete lieu avant les evenements de nucleation. Pour les mesures a l'interieur, un des alliages a montre un peu de doucissement prealable (mais pas autant que dans les regions de surface du měme alliage) cependant le second alliage a montre un doucissement anomal prealablement.
CONTRASTING STRATEGIES FOR ANOXIC BRAIN SURVIVAL - GLYCOLYSIS UP OR DOWN

Anoxia-tolerant turtles and carp (Carassius) exhibit contrasting strategies for anoxic brain survival. In the turtle brain, the energy consumption is deeply depressed to the extent of producing a comatose-like state. Brain metabolic depression is brought about by activating channel arrest to reduce ion flux and through the release of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the upregulation of GABAA receptors. Key glycolytic enzymes are down-regulated during prolonged anoxia. The result is a suppression of neurotransmission and a substantial depression in brain electrical activity. By contrast, Carassius remain active during anoxia, though at a reduced level. As in the turtle, there is an adenosine-mediated increase in brain blood flow but, in contrast to the turtle, this increase is sustained throughout the anoxic period. Key glycolytic enzymes are up-regulated and anaerobic glycolysis is enhanced. There is no evidence of channel arrest in Carassius brain. The probable result is that electrical activity in the brain is not suppressed but instead maintained at a level sufficient to regulate and control the locomotory and sensory activities of the anoxic carp. The key adaptations permitting the continued high level of glycolysis in Carassius are the production and excretion of ethanol as the glycolytic end-product, which avoids self-pollution by lactate produced during glycolysis that occurs in other vertebrates.
Sublingual testosterone replacement improves muscle mass and strength, decreases bone resorption, and increases bone formation markers in hypogonadal men - A clinical research center study

To study the effects of androgen replacement therapy on muscle mass and strength and bone turnover markers in hypogonadal men, we administered sublingual testosterone (T) cyclodextrin (SLT; 5 mg, three times daily) to 67 hypogonadal men (baseline serum T, ~8.4 nmol/L) recruited from 4 centers in the U.S.: Torrance (n = 341, Durham (n = 121, New York (n = 91, and Salem (n = 12). Subjects who had received prior T therapy were withdrawn from injections for at least 6 weeks and from oral therapy for 4 weeks. Body composition, muscle strength, and serum and urinary bone turnover markers were measured before and after 6 months of SLT. We have shown previously that this regimen for 60 days will maintain adequate serum T levels and restore sexual function. Total body (P = 0.0104) and lean body mass (P = 0.007) increased with SLT treatment in the 34 subjects in whom body composition was assessed. There was no significant change in total body fat or percent fat. The increase in lean body mass was mainly in the legs; the right leg lean mass increased from 8.9 2 0.3 kg at 0 months to 9.2 t 0.3 kg at 6 months (P = 0.0008). This increase in leg lean mass was associated with increased leg muscle strength, assessed by leg press (0 months, 139.0 2 4.0 kg; 6 months, 147.7 2 4.2 kg; P = 0.0038). SLT replacement in hypogonadal men led to small, but significant, decreases in serum Ca (P = 0.0029) and the urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (P = 0.0066), which were associated with increases in serum PTH (P = 0.0001). At baseline. the urinarv tvne I collagen-cross linked N-telopeptideslcreatinine ratio [75.6 + 7:9 nmol bonecollagen equivalents (BCE)/mmoll was twice the normal adult male mean (41.0 t 3.6 nmol BCE/mmol) and was significantly decreased in response to SLT treatment at 6 months (68.2 ? 7.7 nmol BCE/mmol; P = 0.0304) without significant changes in urinary creatinine. Serum skeletal alkaline phosphatase did not change. In addition, SLT replacement caused significant increases in serum osteocalcin (P = 0.0001) and type I procollagen (P = 0.0012). Bone mineral density did not change during the 6 months of SLT treatment. We conclude that SLT replacement therapy resulted in increases in lean muscle mass and muscle strength. Like estrogen replacement in hypogonadal postmenopausal females, androgen replacement therapy led to decreased bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. Moreover, androgen replacement therapy may have the additional benefit of increasing bone formation. A longer term study for several years duration would be necessary to demonstrate whether these changes in bone turnover marker levels will result in increased bone mineral density, decreased fracture risks, and reduced frailty in hypogonadal men.
Recent Developments in Islamic Monetary History

In the 30 years since scholarship in Islamic numismatics was last surveyed, the field has expanded well beyond the identification of coins to include discussions of monetary circulation and wider monetary history. Crucial to this process has been the growth of coin archives, primarily through the appearance of sylloges and digital publications. Numerous specialized studies have also appeared, drawing particular attention to issues of new theoretical approaches to monetary valuation and circulation and to the important matter of Islamic metrology and metrological systems.
Combining variable selection with dimensionality reduction

This paper bridges the gap between variable selection methods (e.g., Pearson coefficients, KS test) and dimensionality reduction algorithms (e.g., PCA, LDA). Variable selection algorithms encounter difficulties dealing with highly correlated data, since many features are similar in quality. Dimensionality reduction algorithms tend to combine all variables and cannot select a subset of significant variables. Our approach combines both methodologies by applying variable selection followed by dimensionality reduction. This combination makes sense only when using the same utility function in both stages, which we do. The resulting algorithm benefits from complex features as variable selection algorithms do, and at the same time enjoys the benefits of dimensionality reduction.
Fatigue crack propagation and cryogenic fracture toughness behavior in powder metallurgy aluminum-lithium alloys

Fatigue crack propagation and cryogenic fracture toughness properties of powder metallurgy (P/M) aluminum-lithium alloys have been examined by studying the behavior in mechanically alloyed (MA) Al−4.0Mg−1.5Li−1.1C−0.8O2 (IN-905XL) and rapid solidification processed (RSP) Al−2.6Li−1.0Cu−0.5Mg−0.5Zr (Allied 644-B) extrusions. Results are presented as a function of microstructure, mean stress, and specimen orientation and are compared with previous data on equivalent high-strength aluminum alloys fabricated by both ingot metallurgy (I/M) and P/M methods. It is found that the fatigue crack propagation resistance of the RSP Al−Li alloy is superior to traditional RSP aluminum alloys without lithium and even comparable to I/M Al−Li alloys, particularly at near-threshold and intermediate stress intensity levels. In contrast, crack growth rates in MA 905XL P/M extrusions are nearly three orders of magnitude faster and do not show benefits of alloying with lithium. Growth rate behavior in both alloys, however, is anisotropic; for example, crack growth rates in RSP 644-B alloy are up to three orders of magnitude faster in theT-L, compared toL-T, orientation. However, when characterized in terms of a closure-corrected near-tip “driving force,” ΔKff such differences are reduced. With respect to toughness, plane strainKIc values (L-T orientation) in the RSP alloy are observed to increase with decrease in temperature from 298 to 77 K; conversely, the MA alloy shows a small decrease inKIc at 77 K. Such results are interpreted in terms of the micromechanisms influencing fatigue and fracture behavior in Al−Li alloys, specifically involving the microstructural role of hardening mechanism, slip mode, grain structure, and texture on the development of crack tip shielding (crack path deflection and crack closure) and short-transverse delamination cracking.
Combined Axial and Bending Stiffness in Interval Finite-Element Methods

This paper presents a new approach for the treatment of parameter uncertainty for linear static structural mechanics problems. Parameter uncertainties are introduced as interval numbers. Interval arithmetic is applied to finite-element method to analyze the structural responses due to uncertain loading, axial and bending stiffness. However, a naive use of interval arithmetic in the formulation of finite-element method, i.e., replacing the deterministic parameters with corresponding interval ones, will result in meaningless wide results due to the so-called dependency problem. In the present approach, an element-by-element technique is used to reduce the overestimation and compatibility conditions are ensured by a penalty method. With the newly developed overestimation control, most sources of overestimation are eliminated and a very sharp enclosure for the system response is obtained. A number of numerical examples are introduced.
Oligosaccharide Structures of the Low-molecular-weight Salivary Mucin from a Normal Individual and one with Cystic Fibrosis

Studies were begun to compare the oligosaccharide structures of the low-molecular-weight mucin purified from the submandibular-sublingual saliva of a normal individual with that from one with cystic fibrosis. Following alkaline/borotritide cleavage, neutral and sialic acid-containing chains were purified by a combination of gel filtration, paper chromatography, and high-voltage paper electrophoresis. Oligosaccharides ranged in size from a disaccharide to a heptasaccharide. Approximately 80% of the oligosaccharides were GalB1, 3 GalNAc; Fucα1,2GalB1,3GalNAc; and NeuAcα2,3GalB1, 3GalNAc. The other structures were Fucα1,2GalB1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAcB1,6 (GalB1,3)GalNAc or GalB1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAcB1,6(Fucα1,2GalB1, 3)GalNAc; GalB1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAcB1,6(NeuAcα2,3GalB1,3)GalNAc; and Fucα1,2GalB1,4(Fucα1,3)GlcNAcB1,6 (NeuAcα2,3Gal-B1,3)GalNAc. There were no apparent qualitative differences in the neutral and sialic acid-containing units recovered from the normal and cystic fibrosis samples.
Searching for Success: Narrative Accounts of Legal and Institutional Reform in Developing Countries

This is an edited volume published by the International Development Law Organization that relates to the topic of legal reform in developing countries. The book seeks to identify legal reform success stories and try to understand what accounts for the favorable outcomes. Nine leading practitioners in the field are represented in the volume and they reflect the diversity of approaches, methodologies, and factors contributing to legal change.
Abstract 435: Differential mRNA and MicroRNA Expression is Influenced by Race in Hypertensive and Non-hypertensive Women

Systemic arterial hypertension occurs more frequently among African Americans (AA) than any other population sub-group, has earlier onset, and more frequently results in end-organ complications. In addition, AA women have the highest incidence and hospitalization rates for hypertension. Previous data suggests that gene expression patterns may increase individual susceptibility to selected chronic diseases. Therefore, we hypothesized that differential gene expression may influence the disproportionate incidence and prevalence of hypertension among AAs. Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AA or White, normotensive or hypertensive females identified thousands of mRNAs differentially expressed by race or presence of hypertension. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known post-transcriptional regulators of mRNA expression levels, and recent data indicates that miRNAs play an important role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, we wanted to examine whether changes in ...
Discrete metric design and discrete tangent bundles: from surfaces to 3-manifolds

One of the fundamental tasks in geometric modeling and computer graphics is to study shapes, such as surfaces and volumes, and differential objects associated with them, such as vector fields. For the study of shapes, the challenge in many cases comes from the need of a parameter domain that has a canonical and simple shape, which is equivalent to designing a metric of special properties. For differential objects, a fundamental problem is how to represent tangent bundles in a discrete setting, so that covariant differentiation and connections can be computed accordingly. This dissertation aims to design rigorous and practical methods to deal with both tasks. For discrete metric design, a global parameterization method, called slit map, is designed for genus zero surfaces with multiple holes using discrete differential forms. A second method is designed to map volumetric handle bodies to direct product domains. A third method is designed to compute constant curvature metrics for hyperbolic 3-manifolds using a discrete curvature flow. For discrete tangent bundles, we propose discrete constructions using tetrahedral meshes to represent unit tangent bundles for various surfaces, including topological disks and closed orientable surfaces of arbitrary genus. All the proposed methods are based on solid results from topology and differential geometry, and are adapted with best efforts to engineering problems ranging from surfaces to 3-manifolds.
Biofeedback in Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren: Correlations Between Subjective and Objective Measures

Research shows that 20% of grandmothers raising grandchildren experience stress and depression. Heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback may help grandmothers track and regulate their physiological response to stress. This study therefore examined correlations between coherence scores reflecting HRV and self-report measures of stress, negative emotions, and depressive cognitions in 20 grandmothers raising grandchildren. Higher coherence scores were inversely and significantly correlated with self-report measures, suggesting the need to examine the effects of HRV biofeedback on biomarkers reflecting stress and depression.
DRM Interoperability

The use of Digital Rights Management (DRM) technologies for the enforcement of digital media usage models is currently subject of a heated debate. Consumer organizations and national governments claim that DRM technology interferes with basic personal rights, such as the right to make copies for personal use or the right to use content on any platform of choice. This issue has lately gained increased attention by a trend in some European countries to force DRM vendors and online media stores to open up their respective DRM technologies, i.e. make them interoperable. In the first part of this talk we discuss the many obstacles to DRM interoperability, both technological, legal and business wise. In the second part we discuss discuss some potential solutions to the DRM interoperability problem. In particular, we present the Coral DRM interoperability framework that allows multiple DRM systems to seamlessly work together while at the same time requiring minimal modification to existing DRMs.
Size and Temperature Dependence of Electron Transfer between CdSe Quantum Dots and a TiO2 Nanobelt

Understanding charge transfer reactions between quantum dots (QD) and metal oxides is fundamental for improving photocatalytic, photovoltaic, and electronic devices. The complexity of these processes makes it difficult to find an optimum QD size with rapid charge injection and low recombination. We combine time-domain density functional theory with nonadiabatic molecular dynamics to investigate the size and temperature dependence of the experimentally studied electron transfer and charge recombination at CdSe QD–TiO2 nanobelt (NB) interfaces. The electron injection rate shows strong dependence on the QD size, increasing for small QDs. The rate exhibits Arrhenius temperature dependence, with the activation energy of the order of millielectronvolts. The charge recombination process occurs due to coupling of the electronic subsystem to vibrational modes of the TiO2 NB. Inelastic electron–phonon scattering happens on a picosecond time scale, with strong dependence on the QD size. Our simulations demonstrate t...
Imaging Seismic Velocity Changes Caused By Mining Using Underground And Surface Sources

The process of mining causes changes in the seismic velocity of the rocks in the vicinity of the openings. Two effects are present: First, increased stress in the rockmass results in an increase in seismic velocity. Second, regions where the rock is highly fractured show lower seismic velocity and higher attenuation. Mapping the seismic velocity distribution and changes in velocity caused by mining could have two immediate benefits: mining-induced seismic events could be more accurately located, allowing their use in assessment of rockburst hazard; and the zones of high stress and fracture could potentially be directly imaged. A geophone array installed on the surface above a longwall coal mine was used to record seismic signals from the shearer as it cut coal. Major differences in velocity were seen for regions in front of the mining face compared to the highly fractured and caved zones behind the face. In order to test the viability of imaging this caved zone behind the face, a sledgehammer source was used in an underground roadway to augment the data from the shearer, and refracted arrivals were generated using surface sources. Images produced from this data repeatedly show, not only a low-velocity caved zone behind the face, but also a highvelocity region in front of the face which could be caused by increased stress in this region. The conclusion is that seismic changes caused by mining are large enough to be detected and imaged.