cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Study of Adjuvant Erlotinib and Capecitabine with Concurrent Radiation in Resected Pancreatic Cancer

BACKGROUND: Erlotinib is approved for the treatment of advanced pancreas cancer. We conducted a prospective trial to determine the safety profile and recommended phase 2 dose of erlotinib and capecitabine given concurrently with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in resected pancreatic cancer patients. The pharmacokinetic profile of this combination was also evaluated. METHODS: Patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma received erlotinib and capecitabine concurrently with IMRT delivered at 1.8 Gy daily in 28 fractions (total = 50.4 Gy). The starting dose level (DL 1) was erlotinib 150mgdaily and capecitabine 800 mg/m2 twice daily without interruption. The next lower dose level (DL -1) was erlotinib 100 mg daily and capecitabine 800 mg/m2 twice daily (Monday to Friday). Plasma samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were enrolled in total. At DL 1, six of the seven treated patients were evaluable for toxicities. Four completed planned treatment, but all required treatment interruption or dose reduction. The dose-limiting toxicities were neutropenia, diarrhea, and rash. Six patients were subsequently enrolled to and completed planned treatment in DL-1. Themost common toxicities were fatigue, elevated liver enzymes, and anorexia. The pharmacokinetic parameters of erlotinib and OSI-420 were not significantly different in the presence or absence of capecitabine and were consistent with historical controls. CONCLUSIONS: When administered concurrently with IMRT, erlotinib 100 mg daily and capecitabine 800 mg/m2 twice daily (Monday to Friday) can be administered safely in resected pancreas cancer patients, and is the recommended regimen for efficacy studies using this regimen.
The diagnostic value of historical features in primary headache syndromes : A comprehensive review

Background Existing criteria for the diagnosis of headache do not indicate which clinical features are most important to establish or exclude primary headache diagnoses. Objective To determine the value of history taking in the evaluation of patients with primary headache syndromes. Methods A MEDLINE search of English-language studies published since 1966 and a hand search of bibliographies from retrieved articles. Included studies cited the sensitivity of clinical and historical features for the diagnosis of migraine, tension-type, and cluster headaches. Studies were classified according to their use of the International Headache Society criteria or other criteria as the reference standard for diagnosis. Results The features most predictive of migraine, when compared with tension-type headache, are nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and exacerbation by physical activity. Positive likelihood ratios (95% confidence intervals) are 19.2 (15.0-24.5), 5.8 (5.1-6.6), 5.2 (4.5-5.9), and 3.7 (3.4-4.0), respectively. Headache precipitants are present equally in patients with migraine and tension-type headache, with the exception of food triggers, which confer a positive likelihood ratio of 3.6 (2.8-4.6) for the diagnosis of migraine. Visual aurae are present in 84% of patients with migraine with aura. Cluster headache is strictly unilateral, is periorbital in 80% of patients, and lasts less than 1 hour in 54% of patients. Conclusions The features most predictive of the diagnosis of migraine, when compared with tension-type headache, are nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, exacerbation by physical activity, and an aura. Cluster headache is a distinct clinical syndrome.
Reactivity of radical-anions and dianions derived from electrochemical reduction of tetraphenylbutatriene and 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene

Abstract Cyclic voltammograms recorded at a hanging mercury drop in dimethylformamide containing tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate show that tetraphenylbutatriene and 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene are each reduced in stepwise fashion to a radical-anion and to a dianion. For the first stage of reduction, the radical-anion derived from each compound is chemically stable for sweep rates ranging from 50 mV s −1 to 100 V s −1 and the heterogeneous electron-transfer process is reversible. Dianions generated from the starting materials react with proton donors in the medium, but the electron-transfer process involving the radical-anion and dianion can be rendered reversible at sweep rates larger than 1 V s −1 for tetraphenylbutatriene and 20 V s −1 for 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene. Experimentally acquired cyclic voltammograms agree well with those calculated by means of digital simulation if a diffusion-controlled comproportionation reaction is included in the mechanism for reduction of each compound. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for protonation by the medium of the dianions derived from tetraphenylbutatriene and 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene are 22 and 200 s −1 , respectively. Addition of excess phenol causes the first voltammetric wave to increase in magnitude at the expense of the second wave, and the behavior of each compound changes from that of an EE mechanism to that of a DISP1 scheme where the second electron is transferred homogeneously in solution by the radical-anion to the neutral radical at a diffusion-controlled rate. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for protonation of the radical-anions formed by reduction of tetraphenylbutatriene and 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene in the presence of a ten-fold excess of phenol are 0.8 and 11.3 s −1 , respectively.
Mechanistic interpretations of vibrational dephasing processes in 1,1,1‐trichloroethane by spontaneous Raman spectroscopy

The Raman signals from modes ν1, ν2, ν3, 2ν2, and 2ν8, of 1,1,1-trichloroethane have been examined by varying the concentration of this molecule in several solvents. In addition temperature studies were conducted, including data from the disordered solid phase of the neat sample. The results of these studies show that (a) the fundamentals (ν1, ν2, and ν3) are involved in a dephasing process controlled by the intramolecular potential function, (b) dephasing processes of the overtones are dominated by intermolecular processes and (c) the ν2 and ν3 modes of this molecule show very little dilution effects (some broadening), whereas the same modes of the structurally similar molecule CH3I show a definite narrowing in similar solvents. The theoretical model, proposed by Rothschild, is used to strengthen the interpretative case offered for the mechanistics of the dephasing processes of the fundamental modes.
HIV: Seeking ultimate victory

HIV variants that have mutated to escape T-cell immune responses dominate the latent viral reservoir in most patients on antiretroviral therapy. This finding will need to guide therapeutic approaches targeting reactivated virus. See Letter p.381
Association of peripheral vertical meniscal tears with anterior cruciate ligament tears

The purpose of this article is to describe a type of meniscal tear seen on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the peripheral vertical tear, and to determine the prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in knees with this type of meniscal tear compared to knees with other types of meniscal tears. Following Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective review of 200 knee MR examinations with imaging diagnoses of ‘meniscal tear’ was performed to assess the location and morphology of the meniscal tear, and to assess the status of the ACL. Nineteen peripheral vertical meniscal tears were identified in 17 patients, 14 of whom had acute ACL tears, prior ACL reconstruction, or chronic ACL deficiency. Three peripheral vertical tears were seen in the setting of a normal ACL. Of the 183 examinations with other types of meniscal tears, there were 17 cases with acute ACL tears, prior ACL reconstruction, or chronic ACL deficiency. The difference in the prevalence of ACL tear, reconstruction, or deficiency in knees with meniscal tears of the peripheral vertical type (82.4%) compared with the prevalence of ACL tear, reconstruction, or deficiency in knees with other types of meniscal tears (9.3%) was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The calculated specificity of the presence of peripheral vertical tear morphology in detecting an ACL injury in patients with meniscal tears was 98.2%. Peripheral vertical meniscal tears, particularly when involving the posterior horn, are highly associated with ACL tear, deficiency, or reconstruction. The finding of this type of tear on knee MR imaging should prompt close inspection of the ACL for evidence of acute or chronic injury, and its presence may help make the diagnosis of ACL tear in equivocal cases.
Force prediction by fingernail imaging using active appearance models

This paper investigates the effect of two different parameters on the registration and force prediction accuracy of using Active Appearance Models (AAM) to align fingernail images. First, the color channel used to form the AAM is varied between (1) an averaged grayscale image, (2) the red channel, (3) the green channel and (4) the blue channel. Second, the number of landmark points used to create the AAM is varied between 6 and 75. The color channel is found to have an effect on the registration accuracy and the force prediction error. The green, blue and grayscale images are approximately equivalent, while the red images have a larger error across all metrics used. The number of landmark points may be reduced to 25 with no significant effect on either the registration accuracy or the force prediction error, though further reduction has shown some effect. With this information, a simpler registration model can be used that requires fewer calculations.
Developmental Programming: Impact of Prenatal Testosterone Excess on Insulin Sensitivity, Adiposity, and Free Fatty Acid Profile in Postpubertal Female Sheep

Prenatal T excess causes reproductive and metabolic disruptions including insulin resistance, attributes of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. This study tested whether increases in visceral adiposity, adipocyte size, and total free fatty acids underlie the insulin resistance seen in prenatal T-treated female sheep. At approximately 16 months of age, insulin resistance and adipose tissue partitioning were determined via hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and computed tomography, respectively, in control and prenatal T-treated females. Three months later, adipocyte size and free fatty acid composition were determined. Results revealed that at the postpubertal time points tested, insulin sensitivity was increased, visceral adiposity and adipocyte size in both the sc and the visceral compartments were reduced, and circulating palmitic acid was increased in prenatal T-treated females relative to controls. In parallel studies, 20-month-old prenatal T-treated females tended to have increased basal insulin to glucose ratio. Relative to earlier findings of reduced insulin sensitivity of prenatal T-treated females during early life and adulthood, these findings of increased insulin sensitivity and reduced adiposity postpubertally are suggestive of a period of developmental adaptation. The disruption observed in free fatty acid metabolism a few months later correspond to a time point when the insulin sensitivity indices of prenatal T-treated animals appear to shift toward insulin resistance. In summary, current findings of improved insulin sensitivity and reduced visceral adiposity in postpubertal prenatal T-treated sheep relative to our earlier findings of reduced insulin sensitivity during early postnatal life and adulthood are indicative of a period of developmental adaptation.
Pharmacy students’ experiences with herbals and their perceived importance of the topic in pharmacy education

Abstract Objectives The study objectives were to (1) assess students’ experiences with herbals and their perceptions of the importance of herbals in professional education and pharmacy practice and (2) determine if experiences and perceptions differed based on students’ demographics and background characteristics. Design This study employed an electronic survey sent to 500 pharmacy students enrolled in one college of pharmacy. Results A total of 158 surveys were analyzed (31.6% response rate) using descriptive statistics. Students were interested (mean = 3.78 (out of five) ± 1.0) in knowing more about herbal supplements. Students believed that herbals should be taught in pharmacy school (4.45 ± 0.7) and that pharmacists should be able to advise patients who use herbals (4.5 ± 0.8). Students’ perceptions differed based on their demographics and background characteristics. Conclusions As future practitioners, pharmacy students acknowledged the need to learn more about herbal supplements and recognized that pharmacists should know how to advise patients who use herbals in order to more effectively care for this patient population.
Cloning and structure of the hemA gene of Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract An Escherichia coli gene, which complements two independent hemA mutants of E. coli, has been cloned onto a multi-copy plasmid and both its strands have been sequenced. Both complemented mutants produce 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and display fluorescence after 24 h. The cloned sequence appears to encode a 46-kDa protein, which when produced in the maxicell procedure is processed to a 41-kDa protein as determined by sodium dodecyi sulfate-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The amino acid sequence of the cloned gene product shows no significant homologies with any cloned ALA synthase, nor with any protein, in two E. coli databanks. A second cloned gene fragment, which has its coding region 34 bp away from the coding region of the gene that complements hemA, has been identified as part of protein release factor l (RF1), thus confirming the location of hemA at min 26.7 and mapping it precisely near RF1. We have shown that E. coli utilizes the intact five-carbon chain of glutamate for the synthesis of ALA.
Preparation of polymer colloids by chemical reactions in aerosols. I. Poly(p-tertiarybutylstyrene)†

A procedure was developed by which polymer colloids can be prepared by polymerizing aerosol droplets of monomers with an initiator in the vapor state. This work describes the formation of poly(p-tertiarybutylstyrene) particles by exposing the corresponding monomer droplets to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. It was found that the monomer-to-initiator mass ratio is the critical factor in determining the uniformity and morphology of the particles. Under ideal conditions spheres of narrow size distribution are obtained. Otherwise porous particles or soft particles with whiskers may develop. The aerosol was prepared in a falling film generator, but other procedures for producing monomer droplets may be used.
AGER/RAGE-mediated autophagy promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis and bioenergetics through the IL6-pSTAT3 pathway.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is a complex disease that arises in the setting of genetic alterations (KRAS, BRCA1, SMAD4, CDKN2A/p16INK4a and TP53), epigenetic perturbations (MIR155, acetylation and methylation) and epicellular events (diabetes and inflammation). We have demonstrated that the advanced glycation end product-specific receptor (AGER, also called RAGE) contributes to pancreatic tumorigenesis. Targeted ablation of AGER diminishes the amount of autophagic flux and attenuates the development of early pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in a murine model of KRAS-drivien carcinogenesis. Autophagy (programmed cell survival), a metabolic process of lysosome-mediated self-digestion, promotes pancreatic cancer growth. In pancreatic tumor cell lines, AGER-mediated autophagy promotes interleukin-6 (IL6)-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) and mitochondrial localization of pSTAT3. Enhanced mitochondrial pSTAT3 increases the pool of available ATP and increases cellular proliferation. Moreover, we observed a positive feedback loop between activation of autophagy and the IL6-pSTAT3 pathway, perhaps different from the role of cytosolic nonphosphorylated STAT3, which has been reported to inhibit autophagy. These AGER-dependent changes were found during the earliest stages of pancreatic cancer development. These observations of inflammation and altered metabolism in PDA provide a pathological link to early precursor lesion development. Thus, AGER is an important inflammatory mediator that modulates crosstalk between prosurvival pathways, IL6-pSTAT3 and autophagy, in PDA tumor cells, and contributes to early PanIN formation.
Microscopic Colitis and Medication Use

Background: The incidence of microscopic colitis (MC) is increasing, but its etiology remains unknown. Case reports and limited controlled data suggest that commonly prescribed drugs may be triggers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of selected medication use [Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)] in patients with MC compared to ‘random controls’ and ‘diarrhea controls.’ Methods: All patients were selected from primary care practices of a university health system during 2002 to 2007. Patients with biopsy proven lymphocytic or collagenous colitis were identified as cases. Diarrhea controls consisted of a 10:1 random sample of patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colon biopsies. Ten random controls were matched to each case on sex and index date (date of biopsy proven diagnosis). Drugs prescribed within the year prior to the index date were collected from the electronic medical record system. Results: 26 cases (median age 68.9 yrs), 259 random, and 259 diarrhea controls were identified. The adjusted ORs for PPI, SSRI, and statin prescription within 12 months of diagnosis of MC between cases and diarrhea controls were 0.28 (0.07–1.07), 0.87 (0.28–2.64), 1.12 (0.34–3.71) respectively. Use of PPI and statins was less common in MC patients than in random controls (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). Conclusions: While prior data suggest that PPIs, statins, and SSRIs may be etiologically related to MC, our study found no increased association with these drugs.
Cation exchange equilibria of cesium and strontium with K-depleted biotite and muscovite

Abstract Cation exchange selectivity for Cs + and Sr 2+ with K-depleted biotite (Na-biotite) and K-depleted muscovite (Na-muscovite) was determined with equilibration for 4 weeks at room temperature. The cation exchange isotherms and Kielland plots indicated that both K-depleted micas show high selectivity for Cs + at low equivalent fraction of Cs + on solid. The K-depleted micas took up Cs up to approximately 50% of their theoretical cation exchange capacities. The XRD patterns after Na + → Cs + exchange reactions with K-depleted biotite showed that the d (001)-spacings collapsed from ~ 12.2 to ~ 11.2 A with high Cs + concentrations. This collapse suggests that K-depleted biotite is able to immobilize or fix Cs ions in the interlayers. In case of 2Na + → Sr 2+ exchange, K-depleted biotite showed high selectivity for Sr ions at low equivalent fraction of Sr 2+ on solid. The XRD patterns showed that the main d (001)-spacing of the K-depleted biotite slightly increased from 12.16 A to ~ 12.3 A after the exchange reactions with the high Sr 2+ concentrations. These results suggest that K-depleted biotite could be used as an ion exchanger to remove radioactive 137 Cs as well as 90 Sr from groundwater.
Designing Fluent Human-Robot Collaboration

Within the next few years, personal robots are expected to enter our homes, offices, schools, hospitals, construction sites, and workshops. For these robots to play a successful role in people's professional and personal lives, they need to display the kind of efficient and satisfying interaction that humans are accustomed to from each other. Designing this human-robot interaction is a multifaceted challenge, balancing requirements of the robot's appearance and behavior. A robot's appearance evokes interaction affordances and triggers emotional responses; its behavior communicates internal states, and can support action coordination and joint planning. Good HRI design should enlist both facets to enable untrained humans to work fluently and intuitively with the robot. In this talk I will present the approach we have been using in the past decade to develop several non-anthropomorphic robotic systems. The underlying principles of both appearance and behavioral design are movement, timing, and embodiment, acknowledging that human perception is highly sensitive to spatial cues, physical movement, and visual affordances. We design our robots' appearance using techniques from 3D animation, sculpture, industrial, and interaction design. Gestures and behaviors drive decisions on the robot's appearance and mechanical design. Starting from freehand sketches, the robot's personality is built as a computer animated character, setting the parameters and limits of the robot's degrees of freedom. Then, material and form studies are combined with functional requirements to settle on the final system design. I will exemplify this process on the design of several robots. On the behavioral side, we design around the notion of human-robot fluency---the ability to accurately mesh the robot's activity with that of a human partner. I present computational architectures rooted in timing, joint action, and embodied cognition. Specifically, I discuss anticipatory action for collaboration, and a model of priming through perceptual simulation. Both systems have been shown to have significant effects on the fluency of a human-robot team, and on humans' perception of the robot's intelligence, commitment, and even gender. I then describe an interactive robotic improvisation system that uses embodied gestures for simultaneous, yet responsive, joint musicianship.
Inhibition of cytolytic T lymphocyte activity by oxysterols

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oxysterols (OS), namely 5α-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol, 6-ketocholestanol and 25-hydroxycholesterol, on specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity by C57BL/6 spleen cells against P815-X2 (a DBA/2 mastocytoma) target cells. Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated by intraperitoneally injecting C57BL/6 mice with P815-X2 tumor cells 10 d prior to the cytotoxicity experiments. Preincubation of CTL with 10−5 M 5α-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol and 6-ketocholestanol for 45 min in lipoprotein-depleted medium resulted in an inhibition of cytolytic activity (73 and 43%, respectively) as measured by 4-h51Cr release. At a concentration of 5×10−6 M, 5α-hydroxy-6-ketocholestanol inhibited CTL activity by 65%, whereas 6-ketocholestanol did not elicit any inhibition. By contrast, 25-hydroxycholesterol did not inhibit CTL at either concentration, although it is known to be a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. When CTL were preincubated with OS in lipoprotein-replete medium, there was no inhibition of CTL activity at the respective concentrations. The results suggest that the inhibition of CTL activity upon short-term incubation with OS is not due to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, but may be due to the insertion of OS into the plasma membrane to replace cholesterol and alteration of membrane physical properties.
Design and Operation of a MEMS-Based Material Testing System for Nanomechanical Characterization

In situ mechanical characterization of nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes and metallic nanowires, in scanning and transmission electron microscopes is essential for the understanding of material behavior at the nanoscale. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and operation of a novel microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS)-based material testing system used for in situ tensile testing of nanostructures. The device consists of an actuator and a load sensor with a specimen in between. Two types of actuators, in-plane thermal and comb drive actuators, are used to pull the specimens in displacement control and force control modes, respectively. The load sensor works based on differential capacitive sensing, from which the sensor displacement is recorded. By determining sensor stiffness from mechanical resonance measurements, the load on the specimen is obtained. Load sensors with different stiffness were fabricated. The best resolutions were achieved with load sensors that are designed for testing nanotubes, reaching 0.05 fF in capacitance, 1 nm in displacement, and 12 nN in load. For the first time, this MEMS-based material testing scheme offers the possibility of continuous observation of the specimen deformation and fracture with subnanometer resolution, while simultaneously measuring the applied load electronically with nano-Newton resolution. The overall device performance is demonstrated by testing freestanding cofabricated polysilicon films and multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
Models for the production and acoustics of stop consonants

Abstract Stop consonants are produced by forming a closure in the vocal tract, building up pressure in the mouth behind this closure, and releasing the closure. Models of the mechanical, aerodynamic, and acoustic events in the vicinity of the stop consonant are described, and examples of calculations of the airflow and of various components of the radiated sound are given. At the consonantal release, these components of the sound include an initial transient, a burst of frication noise, and an interval in which there is a sound source at the glottis and transitions in the formants. The models predict the absolute levels of these components for different places of articulation for the consonants.
Template-assisted assembly of metal binding sites on a silica surface

Abstract Tridentate templates were synthesized to introduce three organized amino groups on the surface of silica gel. The template-assisted modification generates a monolayer of tris-aminopropyl sites that can be further modified to construct various metal binding sites. Bipyridyl and pyridyl aldehydes were reacted with the modified silica surface followed by NaBH 4 reduction. Iron(II) and copper(II) complexes of these surface-bound ligands were characterized by UV and XPS spectroscopies. A library of metal binding ligands could be constructed by the reaction of the modified silica gel with a combination of different monodentate ligands.
Effect of magnetic nanoparticle heating on cortical neuron viability.

AbstractPurpose: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are currently approved for use as an adjunctive treatment to glioblastoma multiforme radiotherapy. Radio frequency stimulation of the nanoparticles generates localised hyperthermia, which sensitises the tumour to the effects of radiotherapy. Clinical trials reported thus far are promising, with an increase in patient survival rate; however, what are left unaddressed are the implications of this technology on the surrounding healthy tissue.Methods and materials: Aminosilane-coated iron oxide nanoparticles suspended in culture medium were applied to chick embryonic cortical neuron cultures. Cultures were heated to 37 °C or 45 °C by an induction coil system for 2 h. The latter regime emulates the therapeutic conditions of the adjunctive therapy. Cellular viability and neurite retraction was quantified 24 h after exposure to the hyperthermic events.Results: The hyperthermic load inflicted little damage to the neuron cultures, as determined by calcein...
Trip Report: Moscow and Krasnoiarsk, Russia, October 1–12, 2010

In this article, the author describes his participation in a conference in Krasnoiarsk on Gennadii Vasil'evich Iudin; in a meeting in Moscow on the Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Collection of color photographs; and in a meeting on Russian emigre publications at the Russkoe zarubezh'e [Russian emigration] library in Moscow.
Solubilities of the fatty acids in organic solvents at low temperatures

A considerable series of pure fatty acids has been prepared and their solubilities have been determined at temperatures down to −70° in acetone, methanol and Skellysolve B. Solubility ratios have also been determined for oleic to palmitic acid and linoleic to oleic acid in a number of additional solvents at certain temperatures.
Government‐operated public broadcast stations and candidates' access to political debates

Under the Communications Act's equal opportunity requirement and FCC interpretations of that provision, licensees can choose which political candidates to include in a broadcast debate. However, a 1994 decision by a federal appellate court has clouded the ability of public broadcast stations licensed to government entities to exclude particular candidates. According to the court, such stations, as a form of state action, generate a limited First Amendment right on the part of candidates to demand inclusion in a broadcast debate. This article examines the unique constitutional questions raised by the court's decision. An assessment of the competing rights and interests of candidates, stations licensed to government entities and the public indicates that such stations should provide access to political debates.
Childhood chondrosarcoma : MR imaging with gadolinium-DTPA

The radiologic, CT, MR, and histological features of a case of chondrosarcoma of the femur presenting in childhood are reported. This case emphasizes the use of correlative imaging in establishing the diagnosis as well as the value of MR supplemented by Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement in disclosing abundant necrosis within the tumor.
Passive smoke exposure trends and workplace policy in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1985-2001).

Objective There has been reduced active smoking, decreased societal acceptance for smoking indoors, and changing smoking policy since the mid-1980s. We quantified passive smoke exposure trends and their relationship with workplace policy.
Practical implementation of a planar micro-optic solar concentrator

CPV optics typically have multiple discrete apertures which each focus sunlight directly onto an associated PV cell. Waveguide based CPV systems instead couple light from multiple small apertures through a shared slab waveguide, avoiding individual optical alignment and electrical connection of multiple PV cells. We previously demonstrated the design and fabrication of a planar micro-optic waveguide concentrator, where incoming sunlight is focused through millimeter pitch lenslets onto mirrored micro-prisms which couple light into a slab waveguide toward common PV cells. This enables an efficient high concentrator system with a compact geometry. However, this design has the typical CPV limitation of low angular acceptance, requiring precise two-axis large-scale mechanical tracking. Here, we present the results of a design study to adapt the planar micro-optic design for use in combination with a one-dimensional mechanical tracker, tilted at latitude, to provide azimuthal alignment and altitude bias. Lateral mechanical micro-tracking can accommodate the residual altitude misalignment. The design shows that this relatively simple system can still provide over 72% annual optical efficiency for a 50x concentrator. Replacing the micro-tracking with passive optical altitude alignment further reduces system complexity, but also reduces efficiency. These waveguide based concentrators have primarily been designed for use with photovoltaic cells, which are index matched onto the waveguide either directly, or through output couplers. For concentrating solar power systems, sunlight is focused onto thermally isolated devices which can not be in direct contact. We will also present alternative output coupler designs, which allow extraction of light from the waveguide to an air or vacuum isolated coupler. The loss associated with these couplers is substantially identical to the reflection losses of one additional mirror.
Direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 over Pd–Pt/SiO2 bimetallic catalysts in a H2SO4/ethanol system

Abstract The effect of adding Pt to a Pd/SiO 2 catalyst for the direct formation of H 2 O 2 in ethanol that contains H 2 SO 4 and halide ions (Cl − or Br − ) has been investigated. The addition of only 5 atom% Pt to a catalyst that contained 0.5 wt.% Pd resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the rate of peroxide formation with only a small decrease in selectivity. The addition of substantially more Pt caused a decrease in the selectivity; whereas, the peroxide formation rate depended on the amount of Pt, as well as the type and amount of the halide. The Pt had no significant effect on the particle size distribution of the supported bimetallic catalysts. The positive role of Pt on the rate of H 2 O 2 formation can be understood in terms of an electronic modification through which Pt partially reverses the negative influence that the halides have on hydrogen activation.
Propargite Resistance in Pacific Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae): Stability and Mode of Inheritance

A colony of the Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor, collected from California almond orchards during 1984 was found to be resistant (R) to propargite. This propargite-resistant colony was selected 25 times with propargite for 25 mo to ensure a homogeneous colony for mode of inheritance tests. Results of these tests were generally consistent with a model in which propargite resistance in this colony is primarily determined by a major semirecessive gene. Lines for the reciprocal F1, females (RS, SR) were not different, and dominance (D) was estimated to be –0.356 and –0.315, suggesting there were no maternal effects. Greenhouse populations held for 5 mo without selection with propargite retained their original resistance levels, as indicated by the percentage of survival of colonies initiated from RR (resistant), SR, and RS females and complete concentration-mortality lines conducted at the end of the experiment. Negative fitness did not appear to be associated with the resistance allele(s) under these conditions.
Some Images of Creation in Music of the Viennese Classical School

In the Adagio-Allegro gambit that opens his String Quartet in C Major, K. 465 ("Dissonance"), of 1785, Mozart established an archetypal cluster of musical procedures that, whatever their manifold representa tional potentialities, could also serve to evoke ideas of universal crea tion. Of course, Mozart's innovative archetype may legitimately be understood in a variety of other ways; at the least, common informed opinion has accepted it as a special kind of slow introduction in a churchly style or as a musical metaphor for every sort of progression from obscurity to clarification (Ex. 1). The opening of the "Dissonance" Quartet can also be regarded simply as a set of simultaneous transitions?from Adagio to Allegro, from an indeterminate key to an unmistakable one, from an arduous and gnarled rhetorical texture to an open and unobstructed musical vista (Ex. 2). But the archetype is not unitary, inflexible, or monolithic; indeed, its very openness encouraged later composers to enter the lists with variant approaches to the issues, hoping to develop implications that Mozart may have overlooked or considered extraneous. Whatever their similarities, later attempts differ from Mozart's model in crucial details; and these perhaps constitute the hallmarks by which we can recognize each composer's enrichment of the archetype, an expansion of its scope. What they retain are such prominent features of the original as the slow introduction, an austere rhythmic pace, an ambiguous initial tonality, a variety of chromaticized harmonic progressions, and an ultimate arrival at a simple open texture and an unmistakable primary tonality. The "Dissonance" Quartet does not open with a dissonance. Instead, its first measure establishes the opportunity for dissonance by sounding an uninflected, repeated C-natural in the cello, marked piano. These four Cs may imply a state of undisturbed simplicity or potentiality, a condition that is as yet undefined, one that will not last a full measure, for on the fifth eighth note the music plunges into deep ambiguity and
How Not to Criticize Rational Choice Theory: Pathologies of "Common Sense"

Critique de l'ouvrage de D. Green et I. Shapiro intitule «Pathologies of rational choice theory: a critique of application in political science» (1994) qui, au lieu de chercher le remede aux pathologies methodologiques qui creusent l'abime entre l'aspect theorique et l'aspect pratique de la recherche du choix rationnel, tente de definir ce que peut etre une bonne science sociale au regard du sens commun
Effect of surface tension on swell-induced surface instability of substrate-confined hydrogel layers

Swell-induced surface instability has been observed experimentally in rubbers and gels. Here we present a theoretical model that predicts the critical condition along with a characteristic wavelength for swell-induced surface instability in substrate-confined hydrogel layers. The effect of surface tension is found to be critical in suppressing short-wavelength modes of instability, while the substrate confinement suppresses long-wavelength modes. Together, an intermediate wavelength is selected at a critical swelling ratio for the onset of surface instability. Both the critical swelling ratio and the characteristic wavelength depend on the initial thickness of the hydrogel layer as well as other material properties of the hydrogel. It is found that the hydrogel layer becomes increasingly stable as the initial layer thickness decreases. A critical thickness is predicted, below which the hydrogel layer swells homogeneously and remains stable at the equilibrium state.
Survival Implications of Cervical Lymphadenectomy in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Cancer

The relationship between extent of cervical lymphadenectomy along with the number of involved lymph nodes (LNs) removed and overall survival has not been well documented in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). This study investigates whether the overall number of LNs removed and the number of metastatic LNs are independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Data from patients with MTC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry database were examined. After categorizing the study population based on the number of overall LNs examined and the number of metastatic LNs, survival estimates were compared. The total number of examined LNs and their histopathological status were analyzed for their prognostic value in estimating overall survival. 593 patients were included in this study. Those with all negative LNs had the best overall survival; those with LNs examined and at least one positive LN had worst overall survival (p < 0.0001). The total number of examined LNs for both groups with negative and positive LNs was not associated with improved survival outcome (p = 0.41). In node-positive patients, each additional positive LN was significantly associated with an increase in overall mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–1.08]. Cervical LN metastases conferred an independent risk for worse survival rate in MTC. Cervical lymphadenectomy is important for staging and regional disease control, however the extent of lymph node dissection, the overall number of lymph nodes removed along with removal of an increased number of involved lymph nodes do not confer a survival advantage. Future prospective studies are needed.
The Association Between Abdominal Muscle and Type II Diabetes Across Weight Categories in Diverse Post-Menopausal Women

Context: Despite the key role of muscle in glucose regulation, little is known about the association between muscle area and prevalence of metabolic disorders, or the role low muscle may play in normal weight metabolic obesity. Objective: The objective was to assess the independent associations between both abdominal muscle and fat depositions (measured by computed tomography) and the prevalence of type II diabetes, and to explore the modifying role of weight category. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2001–2002 visit for the Rancho Bernardo Study, Filipino Women's Health Study, and Health Assessment Study of African American Women. Setting and Participants: Participants were 392 community-dwelling older women (mean age = 64) free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome was prevalence of type II diabetes, defined as use of anti-diabetes medication, fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, and/or OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL. Results: Adjusting for demographics, hyper...
Rigorous Photogrammetric Processing of HiRISE Stereo Imagery for Mars Topographic Mapping

High-resolution (submeter) orbital imagers have opened up new possibilities for Mars topographic mapping with unprecedented precision. While the typical sensor model for Martian orbiters has been the linear-array charge-coupled device (CCD), the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) instrument is based on a more complicated structure involving a combination of 14 separate linear-array CCDs. To take full advantage of this high-resolution capability without compromising imaging geometry, we have developed a rigorous photogrammetric model for HiRISE stereo image processing in which third-order polynomials are used to model the change in exterior-orientation parameters over time. A coarse-to-fine hierarchical matching approach was developed, and its performance was evaluated based on manually matched image points and manually measured features for a test area at the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit landing site. Using automatically selected tie points, we performed bundle adjustment (BA) to improve the accuracy of image pointing data and remove or reduce inconsistencies between the stereo pair and inconsistencies between overlapping CCDs in the same image mosaic. A method for the incorporation of jitter terms into the BA was developed and proved to be effective. We created a 1-m-resolution digital elevation model and an orthophoto using this methodology and compared them with topographic products from the U.S. Geological Survey.
A Multidimensional Spectral Description of Ocean Variability

AbstractAn updated empirical, analytical model for the frequency and wavenumber distribution of balanced motion in the ocean is presented. The spectrum model spans periods longer than the inertial but shorter than a decade and wavelengths between 100 and 10 000 km. Assuming geostrophic dynamics, a spectrum model for the streamfunction is constructed to be consistent with a range of observations, including sea surface height from satellite altimetry, velocity from moored and shipboard instruments, and temperature from moorings. First-order characteristics of the observed spectra, including amplitude and spectral moments, vary slowly geographically. The spectrum model is horizontally anisotropic, accommodating observations that zonal wavenumber–frequency spectra are dominated by a “nondispersive line.” Qualitative and quantitative agreement is found with one-dimensional frequency and wavenumber spectra and observed vertical profiles of variance. Illustrative application is made of the model spectrum to obse...
Noncommutative Geometry: Fuzzy Spaces, the Groenewold-Moyal Plane ?

In this talk, we review the basics concepts of fuzzy physics and quantum field theory on the Groenewold-Moyal Plane as examples of noncommutative spaces in physics. We introduce the basic ideas, and discuss some important results in these fields. At the end we outline some recent developments in the field.
The future of semiconductor manufacturing

This paper addresses the evolving requirements for factory integration and automation solutions that are being targeted to address the scale and complexity of the factories of the future. These requirements drive the need for real breakthrough solutions. More than ever before, there must be a strong focus on developing integrated solutions, using mainstream computer communications standards and protocols, so that development and implementation time is minimized and the software solutions are extendible as information technology evolves over time. The volume of manufacturing, process, yield, inspection, quality, and other critical data continues to exponentially increase with each new technology; therefore, its collection, storage, access, sharing, analysis, and retention methods have become a major challenge as well as a strategic competitive advantage for each company. Developing a flexible information systems architecture, with security features taking center stage to thwart possible virus infections, has also become an absolute necessity. Reduction of factory cycle times has become an important priority, as increased inventory (due to larger wafers) of the ''wrong" products in an everchanging marketplace results in a high risk of product obsolescence and loss of revenue. Other equally important business drivers facing the new generation of fabs also will be covered in this article
Phylogenetic placement of pelican spiders (Archaeidae, Araneae), with insight into evolution of the “neck” and predatory behaviours of the superfamily Palpimanoidea

Phylogenetic relationships among archaeid spider lineages, as well as the placement of archaeids within the Araneomorphae, present a problem in the systematics of spiders. We investigate these relationships by broadly sampling taxa from the Araneomorphae and superfamily Palpimanoidea, as well as from extant and fossil archaeid lineages. Using parsimony and Bayesian methods we perform a total-evidence analysis that includes 126 morphological characters and over 4000 bases from one mitochondrial and three nuclear molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis results in a delimitation of the superfamily Palpimanoidea to contain five families: Archaeidae, Mecysmaucheniidae, Stenochilidae, Palpimanidae and Huttoniidae. We also find the extant archaeids, which are restricted to the southern hemisphere, to be monophyletic, with the fossil archaeids paraphyletic. This phylogenetic framework is then used to interpret a novel morphological character, the highly modified and elevated cephalic area and elongated chelicerae (jaws), coupled with prey choice observations in the field and observations of chelicerae movements during predatory attacks. We conclude that the evolution of the elevated cephalic area, which reoriented the chelicerae muscles, led to highly manoeuvrable chelicerae and associated novel prey capture strategies. All members of Palpimanoidea appear to have modifications to the cephalic area, such as a diastema or sclerotization around the chelicerae bases, and furthermore, members appear to have evolved prey specialization.
Direct observation of fast protein conformational switching

Folded proteins can exist in multiple conformational substates. Each substate reflects a local minimum on the free-energy landscape with a distinct structure. By using ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo chemical-exchange spectroscopy, conformational switching between two well defined substates of a myoglobin mutant is observed on the ≈50-ps time scale. The conformational dynamics are directly measured through the growth of cross peaks in the 2D-IR spectra of CO bound to the heme active site. The conformational switching involves motion of the distal histidine/E helix that changes the location of the imidazole side group of the histidine. The exchange between substates changes the frequency of the CO, which is detected by the time dependence of the 2D-IR vibrational echo spectrum. These results demonstrate that interconversion between protein conformational substates can occur on very fast time scales. The implications for larger structural changes that occur on much longer time scales are discussed.