cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subsets of real world knowledge

Subjects were presented with real world fact(s) about a famous person and then were asked to respond “true” or “false” to a target fact about that person. Results showed that priming with facts from the same hierarchical cluster as the target led to faster verification of the target fact than did priming with facts from a different hierarchical cluster. However, increasing the number of priming sentences did not increase the resulting effect. These results are explained in terms of knowledge subsets, in which any particular knowledge domain can be partitioned into subsets. Verification occurs more rapidly when the target and prime are from the same subset than when they are from different subsets. Because an increase in the number of primes did not have an effect on verification time, however, the priming process appears to be automatic.
Building Blocks for Effective Macroprudential Policies in Latin America: Institutional Considerations

An increasing number of countries - including in Latin America - are reforming their financial stability frameworks in the aftermath of the financial crisis, in order to establish a stronger macroprudential policy function. This paper analyzes existing arrangements for financial stability in Latin America and examines key issues to consider when designing the institutional foundations for effective macroprudential policies. The paper focuses primarily on eight Latin American countries, where the institutional arrangements for monetary and financial policies can be classified in two distinct groups: the "Pacific" model that includes Chile, Colombia, Peru, Costa Rica, and Mexico, and the "Atlantic" model, comprising Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.
Why Does Depression Hurt? Ancestral Primary-Process Separation-Distress (PANIC/GRIEF) and Diminished Brain Reward (SEEKING) Processes in the Genesis of Depressive Affect

(2011). Why Does Depression Hurt? Ancestral Primary-Process Separation-Distress (PANIC/GRIEF) and Diminished Brain Reward (SEEKING) Processes in the Genesis of Depressive Affect. Psychiatry: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 5-13.
Connective tissue diseases: What does the death of Riquent ™ hold for the future of SLE?

In clinical trials testing new treatments for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the failure of the 15-year drug development program for riquent (abetimus sodium) is the latest in a string of disappointments for a disease that has seen no new drugs approved in over 50 years.
Evidence for arsenic essentiality.

Although numerous studies with rats, hamsters, minipigs, goats and chicks have indicated that arsenic is an essential nutrient, the physiological role of arsenic is open to conjecture. Recent studies have suggested that arsenic has a physiological role that affects the formation of various metabolites of methionine metabolism including taurine and the polyamines. The concentration of plasma taurine is decreased in arsenic-deprived rats and hamsters. The hepatic concentration of polyamines and the specific activity of an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of spermidine and spermine, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, are also decreased in arsenic-deprived rats. Thus, evidence has been obtained which indicates that arsenic is of physiological importance, especially when methionine metabolism is stressed (e.g. pregnancy, lactation, methionine deficiency, vitamin B6 deprivation). Any possible nutritional requirement by humans can be estimated only by using data from animal studies. The arsenic requirement for growing chicks and rats has been suggested to be near 25 ng g−1 diet. Thus, a possible human requirement is 12 μg day−1. The reported arsenic content of diets from various parts of the world indicates that the average intake of arsenic is in the range of 12–40 μg. Fish, grain and cereal products contribute most arsenic to the diet.
Fractals and the analysis of waveforms

Waveforms are planar curves--ordered collections of (x, y) point pairs--where the x values increase monotonically. One technique for numerically classifying waveforms assesses their fractal dimensionality, D. For waveforms: D = log(n)/(log(n) + log(d/L], with n = number of steps in the waveform (one less than the number of (x, y) point pairs), d = planar extent (diameter) of the waveform, and L = total length of the waveform. Under this formulation, fractal dimensions range from D = 1.0, for straight lines through approximately D = 1.15 for random-walk waveforms, to D approaching 1.5 for the most convoluted waveforms. The fractal characterization may be especially useful for analyzing and comparing complex waveforms such as electroencephalograms (EEGs).
Modem IC Supports Three 1200 BPS Standards

The popularity of personal computers have created a greater need for more efficient and inexpensive communication methods between computers. The existence of different protocols made the problem more complex. This paper recommends a solution by using an IC modem device that supports the three major 1200 bps protocols. This paper also discusses the design flexibility achieved by using such a modem device.
A Convenient Synthesis of t-butyl p-Aminobenzoate

Abstract A convenient one-pot synthesis of t-butyl p-aminobenzoate is described which involves treatment of p-aminobenzoic acid with thionyl chloride, followed by reaction of the resulting p-sulfinylaminobenzoyl chloride with t-butanol.
Absolute elastic differential electron scattering cross sections for He - A proposed calibration standard from 5 to 200 eV

Absolute differential, integral, and momentum-transfer cross sections for electrons elastically scattered from helium are reported for the impact energy range of 5 to 200 eV. Angular distributions for elastically scattered electrons are measured in a crossed-beam geometry using a collimated, differentially pumped atomic-beam source which requires no effective-path-length correction. Below the first inelastic threshold the angular distributions were placed on an absolute scale by use of a phase-shift analysis. Above this threshold, the angular distributions from 10 to 140 deg were fitted using the phase-shift technique, and the resulting integral cross sections were normalized to a semiempirically derived integral elastic cross section. Depending on the impact energy, the data are estimated to be accurate to within 5 to 9%.
Radio communication with orthogonal time functions

Communication systems using orthogonal time functions for the transmission of information over radio links are characterized by the following properties: 1. The same amount of information may be transmitted per unit (pu) bandwidth and pu time with double-sideband modulation as with single-sideband modulation. 2. No phase lock between the carriers produced at the transmitter and at the receiver is necessary for detection by correlation. Hence, communication is less affected by rapid phase changes of the carrier than in systems requiring phase lock. 3. It is possible to operate under conditions of large Doppler shift without changing the frequency of the carrier produced at the receiver, provided the Doppler shift varies sufficiently slowly.
An epidemic of attempted suicide

Summary The occurrence of attempted suicide in an isolated command of United States Marine Corps troops was observed over a 12 month period. It is suggested that the higher rate of attempts during a particular two months period amounted to an epidemic. In explaining such an occurrence one must consider both individual and group levels of human organization. * *Opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Navy Department.
Antiphospholipid syndrome treatment beyond anticoagulation: are we there yet?

Persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies in association with thromboses and/or pregnancy morbidity is the hallmark of the antiphospholipid syndrome. The management of antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients has been focused on utilizing anti-thrombotic medications such as heparin or warfarin. Given that our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombosis has been growing, it is highly likely that the current ‘anti-thrombotic’ approach to these patients will be replaced by an ‘immunomodulatory’ approach in the near future. This review article will address the experimental and/or clinical evidence behind some of these potential ‘immunomodulatory’ approaches (tissue factor inhibition, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition, nuclear factor-κB inhibition, platelet glycoprotein receptor inhibition, hydroxychloroquine, statins, inhibition of β2GPI and/or anti-β2GPI binding to target cells, complement inhibition, and B cell inhibition) in antiphosph...
The clinical significance of focal active colitis

Focal crypt injury by neutrophils (cryptitis/crypt abscesses), or focal active colitis (FAC), is a common isolated finding in endoscopic colorectal biopsies. Focal active colitis is often thought of as a feature of Crohn's disease, but may also be seen in ischemia, infections, partially treated ulcerative colitis, and as an isolated finding in patients undergoing endoscopy to exclude neoplasia. Clinical, endoscopic, and pathological data were retrospectively reviewed from 49 patients with focal active colitis, who had no other diagnostic findings on colorectal biopsy and no history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The histological findings were correlated with clinical diagnoses. Follow-up information was available for 42 of 49 focal active colitis patients. None developed inflammatory bowel disease; however, 19 patients had an acute self-limited colitis-like diarrheal illness, 11 had incidental focal active colitis (patients without diarrhea that were endoscoped to exclude colonic neoplasia and found to have asymptomatic FAC), 6 had irritable bowel syndrome, 4 had antibiotic-associated colitis, and 2 had ischemic colitis. Twenty patients were immunosuppressed, and 19 were taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. No histological features predicted final diagnoses. FAC did not predict the development of chronic colitis, even when mild crypt distortion or slight basal plasmacytosis was present. The preponderance of acute self-limited colitis and antibiotic-associated colitis among the FAC patients, along with the high number of immunosuppressed patients, support the conclusion that most FAC cases are infectious. The incidental detection of FAC in patients undergoing endoscopy to exclude colonic neoplasia was not clinically significant. The role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in FAC deserves further study.
Evidence for magnetic coupling in the thermal boundary resistance between liquid helium-3 and platinum

The first measurements showing that the thermal boundary resistance between a metal and liquid /sup 3/He depends on the applied magnetic field are reported. The resistance, which is not affected by pressure changes or superfluidity of the liquid, is insensitive to fields less than 2 kG, but decreases by a factor of 3 when the field is increased to 8 kG. The experimental results are explained by a model which assumes that the thermal transfer between the Pt and /sup 3/He is due to a magnetic coupling between the magnetic moments of conduction electrons in the metal and the nuclear spins of the solid /sup 3/He layer on the Pt surface.
EMG-force relations of a single skeletal muscle acting across a joint: Dependence on joint angle.

Abstract The electromyogram (EMG)-force relations of a single skeletal muscle (soleus) acting on a joint set isometrically at various flexion angles was studied using electrical nerve stimulation as the experimental method. The EMG-force relationships were linear at extremes of joint extension and became progressively nonlinear as the flexion angle increased. Joint angles at extreme extension showed the least passive and active force whereas their corresponding EMG versus force relations were linear. At extremes of joint flexion large passive force was accompanied by minimal active force. The largest active forces were recorded at midrange of the joints' excursion (90°). The source of the increasing nonlinearity was traced to large variability in the active and passive muscle forces as a function of joint angle, excluding all but minor variability in the EMG with joint position. We concluded that length-dependent variations of active and passive forces of the muscle (length-tension relations) compounded with the variation of its moment arm when acting across the joint require major consideration in biomechanical studies in which EMG is used to represent muscle force indirectly.
Hydrothermal synthesis and structure of [VO2(terpy)][(VO2)2(PO4)], a novel network material (terpy=2,2′:6′,2″ terpyridine)

The hydrothermal reaction of Na 3 VO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , 2,2':6',2-terpyridine and water in the mole ratio 2.73 : 10.1 : 1.00 : 1220 provided orange crystals of [VO 2 (terpy)][(VO 2 ) 2 (PO 4 )] in good yield. The structure consists of {(VO 2 ) 2 (PO 4 )} -n n layers with charge-compensating {VO 2 (terpy)} 3+ molecular cations occupying the interlamellar regions. The layer structure consists of a network constructed from chains of corner-sharing {VO 5 } square pyramids, linked through {PO 4 } 3- tetrahedra. The layer is characterized by cyclic eight polyhedra connects producing sixteen member rings {V 6 P 2 O 8 } which fuse to produce the two-dimensional connectivity. Crystal data: C 15 H 11 N 3 O 10 PV 3 , monoclinic, C2/c, a = 12.315(1), b = 10.835(1), c = 29.181(3) A, β = 101.618(2)°, V = 3814.2(6) A 3 , Z = 8, D calc = 2.010 g cm -3 .
Interactions of electron beams with surfaces of MgO crystals

Abstract The strong interaction of electrons with the flat surfaces of small crystals has been investigated by high resolution CTEM and STEM instruments. When cubic crystals of MgO smoke with edges 20–300 nm are oriented so that the ⇇001↩ or ⇇011↩ zone axis is parallel to the optical axis, then two kinds of external fringes are observed at (100) surfaces. One kind is parallel to the surface, having spacings up to 0.4 nm. These are caused by interference among the electron channelled along the surface. Fresnel-diffracted ones and the remnant of the incident beam. Fringes of the other kind, which appear as fine structure in the first kind of fringes, are perpendicular to the crystal edge. When an electron beam is parallel to the ⇇011↩ axis, the second kind of fringe, whose spacing is 0.3 nm corresponding to d 011 , shows the difference of the surface potential between magnesium atoms and oxygen atoms. Selected area diffraction patterns and microdiffraction patterns also show the same periodicities as in the two kinds of fringes. Simulated images, using the scattering amplitudes for ions, are compared with observations.
Orientational disorder and motion of weakly attached cross-bridges.

In a relaxed muscle fiber at low ionic strength, the cross-bridges may well be in states comparable to the one that precedes the cross-bridge power stroke (Schoenberg, M. 1988. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 226:189–202). Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and (saturation transfer) electron paramagnetic resonance (ST-EPR) techniques on fibers labeled with maleimide spin label, under low ionic strength conditions designed to produce a majority of weakly-attached heads, we have established that (a) relaxed labeled fibers show a speed dependence of chord stiffness identical to that of unlabeled, relaxed fibers, suggesting similar rapid dissociation and reassociation of cross-bridges; (b) the attached relaxed heads at low ionic strength are nearly as disordered as in relaxation at physiological ionic strength where most of the heads are detached from actin; and (c) the microsecond rotational mobility of the relaxed heads was only slightly restricted compared to normal ionic strength, implying great motional freedom despite attachment. The differences in head mobility between low and normal ionic strength scale with filament overlap and are thus due to acto-myosin interactions. The spectra can be modeled in terms of two populations: one identical to relaxed heads at normal ionic strength (83%), the other representing a more oriented population of heads (17%). The spectrum of the latter is centered at approximately the same angle as the spectrum in rigor but exhibits larger (40 degrees) axial probe disorder with respect to the fiber axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the human β-microseminoprotein gene

Abstract β-microseminoprotein (MSP) is a small protein (94 amino acids) synthesized by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland and secreted into the seminal plasma. Restriction endonuclease mapping of human genomic DNA with a human MSP cDNA probe identified a 19 kilobase (Kb) hybridizing band in both EcoRI and BamHI digestions. Subsequently, the 19 Kb EcoRI fragment of human genomic DNA containing the MSP gene was isolated and cloned into an EMBL4 phage vector. Screening of the recombinant phages resulted in the isolation of one clone containing the MSP gene. Restriction endonuclease mapping and sequence analysis of this clone revealed the human MSP gene of approximately 15 Kb in length. The gene contains four exons and three large introns of approximately 6, 1, and 7 Kb.
The Role of Substrate in the Hypoxic Response of the Pulmonary Artery

Present data suggest that acute hypoxia has, indeed, a [See Table in the PDF File] direct effect on the isolated pulmonary vascular smooth muscle preparation. Substrate dependency of pulmonary artery during acute hypoxia reveals an important link between the production of energy and smooth muscle tone. The maintenance of anaerobic glycolysis appears to be necessary for the preservation of resting tone of pulmonary artery. In spite of tissue calcium accumulation during acute anoxia, pulmonary artery in substraterich medium does not increase its tone. The initial tension appears to be the important factor affecting the hypoxic response of isolated pulmonary artery.
Microthermal analysis of rubber-polyaniline core-shell microparticles using frequency-dependent thermal responses

Abstract Alternating current (ac) thermal microscopy and microthermal analysis have been utilized for the investigation in the surface thermal conductivity imaging and local thermal analysis (LTA) of polybutadiene–polyaniline core-shell microparticles. The significant variances of thermal conductivity and stiffness between rubber and conducting polymer revealed the remarkable responses in the microthermal analysis. The depth-dependent thermal microscopy controlled by the heating frequency distinguished the rubber core, which was buried under few micron thickness of polyaniline out layer. Local thermal analysis also demonstrated the heat penetration-dependent sensor response from the rigid polyaniline shell to soft polybutadiene core. These experimental results confirmed the core-shell structure of these microparticle materials, as well as the continuous conducting phase of polyaniline.
Atmospheric corrections to satellite radiometric data over rugged terrain

Radiometric measurements from satellites in the solar portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can be converted to measurements of surface exitance. Over rugged terrain, the satellite image must be precisely registered to a terrain data set. For small areas a first-order polynomial interpolation scheme is generally satisfactory for the geometric rectification. If there are saturated pixels, a nearest-neighbor procedure is used for the interpolated satellite radiance numbers; otherwise a cubic-convolution algorithm is used. Path radiance and path transmittance are calculated with a simple spectral model, which requires an estimate of the water vapor and aerosol content of the atmosphere.
Lindgomyces angustiascus, (Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), a new lignicolous species from freshwater habitats in the USA

In this paper, we describe and illustrate a new species, Lindgomyces angustiascus, from submerged wood in lotic and lentic habitats from Florida, North Carolina and Wisconsin, USA. The new species is characterized by black, partially immersed, flattened, globose ascomata; fissitunicate, long, slender, obclavate asci; and one-septate, hyaline, fusiform ascospores with bipolar appendages, each covered with a gelatinous cap. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of partial 18S nrDNA and 28S nrDNA, as well as the entire nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) region support the placement and establishment of this new species in the Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Chemical analysis of the organic extract of L. angustiascus revealed the presence of 6E,9E-octadecadienoic acid and ergosterol peroxide as major secondary metabolites.
One Man's Pleasure is Another Woman's Abuse: Analyzing the Global Sex Industry from a Feminist Perspective

Prior to the publication of the text, The Industrial Vagina, no selection of literature had so broadly analyzed the intricately intertwined facets of the global sex industry. This salient text dist...
ANO1 taking center stage: blood pressure regulation in SHRs.

Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) were first described in 1981, when injection of Ca2+ or Ca2+ ionophore into Rana pipiens eggs initiated a transient shift to positive membrane potentials in a chloride-dependent manner [1]. Major biophysical features of CaCCs include: 1) ability of being activated by cytosolic Ca2+ in the submicromolar range; 2) outward rectification at low intracellular Ca2+ but display a linear current-voltage relationship at higher intracellular Ca2+ concentrations; 3) preference to permeate large anions [2]. CaCCs have been implicated in important physiological functions, such as olfactory transduction [3], taste adaptation [4], photosensing [5], fluid secretion [6], synaptic response in neurons [7], cardiac excitability [8], and smooth muscle contraction [9].
Information fractals in evidential reasoning

Evidential reasoning based on a fractal model of belief is outlined. The specific focus is on the fractal modeling of belief functions. After a qualitative justification and interpretation of this model, several concepts and tools needed for its incorporation into evidential reasoning are formally defined. A particularly important concept is that of conductivity, as it provides the basis of partial evidential matching in the present approach to reasoning by analogy. A conductivity analysis algorithm is derived, and it is illustrated by an application to a simple object classification problem. The fractal model provides potentially powerful mechanisms for a quantitative measure of relevance of a piece of evidence to a knowledge base, and a systematic approach to the coarsening and refining of frames of discernment. The proposed model is motivated by applications to the design of intelligent systems, such as sensor-based dexterous manipulators that must operate in unstructured environments in the presence of high levels of uncertainty. >
Fast learning of document ranking functions with the committee perceptron

This paper presents a new variant of the perceptron algorithm using selective committee averaging (or voting). We apply this agorithm to the problem of learning ranking functions for document retrieval, known as the "Learning to Rank" problem. Most previous algorithms proposed to address this problem focus on minimizing the number of misranked document pairs in the training set. The committee perceptron algorithm improves upon existing solutions by biasing the final solution towards maximizing an arbitrary rank-based performance metrics. This method performs comparably or better than two state-of-the-art rank learning algorithms, and also provides significant training time improvements over those methods, showing over a 45-fold reduction in training time compared to ranking SVM
Elder Abuse: Research, Practice, and Health Policy. The 2012 GSA Maxwell Pollack Award Lecture

Elder abuse, also called elder mistreatment or elder maltreatment, includes psychological, physical, and sexual abuse, neglect (caregiver neglect and self-neglect), and financial exploitation. Evidence suggests that 1 out of 10 older adults experiences some form of elder abuse, and only a fraction of cases are actually reported to social services agencies. At the same time, elder abuse is independently associated with significant morbidity and premature mortality. Despite these findings, there is a great paucity in research, practice, and policy dealing with this pervasive issue. In this paper, I review the epidemiology of elder abuse as well as key practical issues in dealing with the cases of elder abuse. Through my experiences as a Congressional Policy Fellow/National Health and Aging Policy Fellow, I highlight key previsions on 2 major federal legislations dealing with the issues of elder abuse: Older Americans Act (OAA) and Elder Justice Act (EJA). Lastly, I highlight major research gaps and future policy relevant research directions to advance the field of elder abuse. Interdisciplinary and community-based efforts are needed to devise effective strategies to detect, treat, and prevent elder abuse in our increasingly diverse aging populations. Collective advocacy and policy advances are needed to create a national infrastructure to protect the vulnerable older adults.
Characterization of the electromechanical properties of ionomeric polymer-metal composite (IPMC)

IPMC is an electroactive polymer (EAP) that has been the subject of research and development since 1992. The advantages of IPMC in requiring low activation voltage and the induced large bending strain led to its consideration for various potential applications. However, before the benefits of IPMC can be effectively exploited for practical use, the electromechanical behavior of this group of EAP materials must be properly understood and quantified. An experimental setup was developed for data acquisition from IPMC strips that are subjected to various tip mass load levels. This data acquisition setup was used to measure the displacement and curvature of IPMC as a function of the input signal. Sample strips were immersed in water to minimize the effect of moisture content. In order to avoid electrolysis, the samples were subjected to 1-V square wave with either positive or negative polarity. Experiments have shown that IPMC has history dependence and the characteristics response is dominated by the backbone (e.g., Nafion, Flemion, etc.) and ionic content (e.g., Na+, Li+, etc.).
That's What I Thought I Wanted? Miswanting and Regret for a Standard Good in a Mass-Customized World

How can a standardized product survive in a mass-customized world? This requires understanding that consumers often experience problems predicting their future hedonic reactions to new experiences (such as custom products), leading to feelings of regret. This form of regret occurs not because the custom product differs from specifications, but because consumers miswanted the design they ordered. Our analytic model shows that regret aversion induces consumers to design custom products to reflect the attributes of the available standard products. Consequently, regret-averse consumers may choose the standard product rather than place a custom order. The number of available standard products, however, moderates both these effects. Two experiments empirically substantiate the key predictions of the analytical model: (a) the custom product's resemblance to the standard product grows with regret aversion associated with miswanting, (b) there exists a segment of “regretfully loyal consumers” for the standard product in a mass-customized world and it expands with regret aversion, (c) both the above effects are weakened by the presence of a second standard product, and (d) the custom product can increase its market share when the number of standard products increases.
An epithelial tissue in Dictyostelium challenges the traditional origin of metazoan multicellularity

A simple epithelium consists of a two-dimensional sheet of structurally and functionally polarized cells that are often organized into a tube, and is a defining feature of animal body plans. An epithelium (the trophectoderm) is the first differentiated tissue formed during embryogenesis, and many adult tissues are composed of epithelia [1, 2]. Epithelial cells have a polarized organization of the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic organelles [2, 3]. The apical plasma membrane faces the lumen of an organ or the outside of the organism, while the basal (or basolateral) membrane contacts the underlying tissue. Polarized epithelial sheets regulate the directional absorption and secretion of proteins and other solutes, an essential physiological function that is often disrupted in human disease [1]. In addition, the polarized organization of cytoskeletal components in epithelial cells contributes to tissue shape changes during embryonic morphogenesis [4]. Despite the diversity of body plans and lifestyles, all metazoans share an epithelial tissue as their basic unit of organization, suggesting that the development of epithelial cell polarity was a very early event in metazoan evolution [5, 6]. Genetic, cell biological and molecular studies in a variety of metazoans have shown that the formation and maintenance of polarized epithelial cells require cell-cell adhesion mediated by the cadherin-catenin complex [7]. Cadherins are transmembrane receptors that form homophilic adhesive interactions with cadherins on adjacent cells, providing a spatial cue that initiates cell polarity [8]. β-Catenin and α-catenin are cyotosolic binding partners of cadherin that transduce this adhesive cue and mediate cell polarity, in part by directing the reorganization of the cytoskeleton [8, 9]. Consistent with its fundamental role in epithelial organization, the cadherin-catenin complex is conserved in all metazoans. Phylogenetically, metazoans belong to the unikonts, a group that also includes fungi, social amoebae and a number of unicellular or colonial protists (see Figure 2) [10, 11]. Historically, it was thought that multicellularity evolved independently in animals, fungi and social amoebae, and that epithelial tissue was a unique feature of animals [11–14]. However, two recent studies have established the existence of polarized epithelial tissue in the non-metazoan social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum [15, 16]. This finding calls into question the notion of an independent origin of multicellularity in animals and social amoebae. Here, we propose and discuss the alternative hypothesis that animals evolved from an ancestor with a simple multicellular organization. Figure 2 Conservation of epithelial characters in unikonts
An in vivo evaluation of the effect of repeated administration and clearance of targeted contrast agents on molecular imaging signal enhancement.

Competitive inhibition diminishes ligand adhesion as receptor sites become occupied with competing ligands. It is unknown if this effect occurs in ultrasound molecular imaging studies where endothelial binding sites become occupied with adherent bubbles or bubble fragments. The goal of this pilot study was to assess the effect that repeated administration and clearance of targeted agents has on successive adhesion. Two groups of animals were imaged with 3-D ultrasonic molecular imaging. Injections and imaging were performed on Group 1 at time 0 and 60 minutes. Group 2 received injections of microbubbles at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes with imaging at 0 and 60 minutes. At 60 minutes, Group 1 targeting relative to baseline was not significantly different from Group 2 (1.06±0.27 vs. 1.08±0.34, p=0.93). Data suggest that multiple injections of targeted microbubbles do not block sufficient binding sites to bias molecular imaging data in serial studies.
An ordering algorithm for pattern presentation in fuzzy ARTMAP that tends to improve generalization performance

We introduce a procedure, based on the max-min clustering method, that identifies a fixed order of training pattern presentation for fuzzy adaptive resonance theory mapping (ARTMAP). This procedure is referred to as the ordering algorithm, and the combination of this procedure with fuzzy ARTMAP is referred to as ordered fuzzy ARTMAP. Experimental results demonstrate that ordered fuzzy ARTMAP exhibits a generalization performance that is better than the average generalization performance of fuzzy ARTMAP, and in certain cases as good as, or better than the best fuzzy ARTMAP generalization performance. We also calculate the number of operations required by the ordering algorithm and compare it to the number of operations required by the training phase of fuzzy ARTMAP. We show that, under mild assumptions, the number of operations required by the ordering algorithm is a fraction of the number of operations required by fuzzy ARTMAP.
Morphologic, stereologic, and morphometric evaluation of the nervous system in young cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) following maternal administration of tanezumab, a monoclonal antibody to nerve growth factor.

Tanezumab, an antibody to nerve growth factor, was administered to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys at 0, 0.5, 4, and 30 mg/kg weekly, beginning gestation day (GD) 20 through parturition (� GD165). Maternal tanezumab administration appeared to increase stillbirths and infant mortality, but no consistent pattern of gross and/or microscopic change was detected to explain the mortality. Offspring exposed in utero were evaluated at 12 months of age using light microscopy (all tissues), stereology (basal forebrain cholinergic and dorsal root ganglia neurons), and morphometry (sural nerve). Light microscopy revealed decreased number of neurons in sympathetic ganglia (superior mesenteric, cervicothoracic, and ganglia in the thoracic sympathetic trunk). Stereologic assessment indicated an overall decrease in dorsal root ganglion (thoracic) volume and number of neurons in animals exposed to tanezumab 4 mg/kg (n ¼ 9) and 30 mg/kg (n ¼ 1). At all tanezumab doses, the sural nerve was small due to decreases in myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Existing axons/ myelin sheaths appeared normal when viewed with light and transmission electron microscopy. There was no indication of tanezumab-related, active neuron/nerve fiber degeneration/necrosis in any tissue, indicating decreased sensory/ sympathetic neurons and axonal changes were due to hypoplasia or atrophy. These changes in the sensory and sympathetic portions of the peripheral nervous system suggest some degree of developmental neurotoxicity, although what effect, if any, the changes had on normal function and survival was not apparent. Overall, these changes were consistent with published data from rodent studies.
10. Karl W. Deutsch. 1961. “Social Mobilization and Political Development.” American Political Science Review 55 (September): 634–47 Cited 380 times.

I believe that the high rank of this article both indicates its importance for a transnational generation of scholars of comparative politics and international relations and reflects the enormous influence of Karl Deutsch's other writings from that time.
Role of Microbial Risk Assessment in Food Safety

Worldwide, food contamination (intentional or unintentional) leading to foodborne diseases is a major public health concern. Over the past 20 - 30 years there has been a major change in the epidemiology of foodborne illness, with global spread of existing and new pathogens.
What Worried the Crows

A well-known epigram by Callimachus on the philosopher Diodorus Cronus (fr. 393 Pfeiffer) reads as follows:The question of the third line, while perhaps recondite from a contemporary perspective, was clear in antiquity. The crows are asking ‘What follows (from what)?’, in allusion to the Hellenistic disputes concerning the truth conditions of conditional propositions (συνημμ⋯να), disputes in which the views of Diodorus figured prominently.I agree with Sedley that the question of the last line is ‘much more problematic’. The common interpretation has been to read the αὖθι as a form of αὖθις and to interpret it temporally. The result, in Pfeiffer's estimation, is ‘quomodo posthac erimus?’.This interpretation derives from Sextus Empiricus' discussion at M. 1.309–12 of the last two lines of the epigram. After crediting the grammarian with the ability to understand the allusion in the crows' first question (M. 1.310: κα⋯ μ⋯χρι τούτου συνήσeι τ⋯ κα⋯ παιδίοις γνώριμον), he proceeds to argue that the philosopher has a better chance than the grammarian of understanding the second question. But, to quote Sedley, Sextus ‘makes a ghastly mess of it’ when he attempts his own elucidation. According to an argument of Diodorus, a living thing does not die in the time in which it lives nor in a time in which it does not live. Hence, Sextus concludes, it must be the case that it never dies and, ‘if this is the case, we are always living and, according to him, we shall come to be hereafter (αὖθις γeνησόμeθα)’ (M. 1.312).
Urban residents' priorities for neighborhood features. A survey of New Orleans residents after Hurricane Katrina.

Background Efforts to promote physical activity through environmental changes in low-income, urban, and minority areas should be informed by an understanding of the value that residents place on different neighborhood features and characteristics. Methods Neighborhood rebuilding preferences among 442 New Orleans residents after the damage from Hurricane Katrina were assessed by a random-digit-dialed telephone survey conducted between April 25, 2006 and May 2, 2006. The survey instrument assessed the importance (on a 5-point Likert-type scale on which 1=not at all important and 5=extremely important) for 24 neighborhood features and characteristics. Ratings of neighborhood features were compared by race and income. Results Overall, residents rated most highly the features that reflected low levels of neighborhood crime and disorder. There was moderate support for features that promote physical activity, specifically sidewalks and crosswalks, neighborhood grocery stores, and parks or playgrounds. Blacks rated more highly than whites 13 neighborhood features such as good schools, lack of noise, a park or playground, affordable housing, health clinics, and the absence of liquor stores. The low-income group rated the following features as being more important than the high-income group: affordable housing, a bus or streetcar line, and the presence of a corner store. Conclusions New Orleans residents’ top neighborhood priority is reducing crime and disorder, but all groups otherwise support neighborhood features that promote physical activity.
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Evolutionary Analysis of a Declining Alphavirus Based on Complete Genome Sequences

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an arbovirus from the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, which circulates in North America between birds and mosquitoes, occasionally causing disease in humans and equids. In recent decades, human infection has decreased dramatically; the last documented human case in North America occurred in 1994, and the virus has not been detected in mosquito pools since 2008. Because limited information exists regarding the evolution of WEEV, we analyzed the genomic sequences of 33 low-passage-number strains with diverse geographic and temporal distributions and performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses. Our results indicated that WEEV is a highly conserved alphavirus with only approximately 5% divergence in its most variable genes. We confirmed the presence of the previously determined group A and B lineages and further resolved group B into three sublineages. We also observed an increase in relative genetic diversity during the mid-20th century, which correlates with the emergence and cocirculation of several group B sublineages. The estimated WEEV population size dropped in the 1990s, with only the group B3 lineage being sampled in the past 20 years. Structural mapping showed that the majority of substitutions in the envelope glycoproteins occurred at the E2-E2 interface. We hypothesize that an event occurred in the mid-20th century that resulted in the increased genetic diversity of WEEV in North America, followed by genetic constriction due to either competitive displacement by the B3 sublineage or stochastic events resulting from a population decline. IMPORTANCE Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) has caused several epidemics that resulted in the deaths of thousands of humans and hundreds of thousands of equids during the past century. During recent decades, human infection decreased drastically and the virus has not been found in mosquito pools since 2008. Because limited information exists regarding the evolution of WEEV, we analyzed 33 complete genome sequences and conducted comprehensive phylogenetic analyses. We confirmed the presence of two major lineages, one of which diverged into three sublineages. Currently, only one of those sublineages is found circulating in nature. Understanding the evolution of WEEV over the past century provides a unique opportunity to observe an arbovirus that is in decline and to better understand what factors can cause said decline.
Hand Shape Representations in the Human Posterior Parietal Cortex

Humans shape their hands to grasp, manipulate objects, and to communicate. From nonhuman primate studies, we know that visual and motor properties for grasps can be derived from cells in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Are non-grasp-related hand shapes in humans represented similarly? Here we show for the first time how single neurons in the PPC of humans are selective for particular imagined hand shapes independent of graspable objects. We find that motor imagery to shape the hand can be successfully decoded from the PPC by implementing a version of the popular Rock-Paper-Scissors game and its extension Rock-Paper-Scissors-Lizard-Spock. By simultaneous presentation of visual and auditory cues, we can discriminate motor imagery from visual information and show differences in auditory and visual information processing in the PPC. These results also demonstrate that neural signals from human PPC can be used to drive a dexterous cortical neuroprosthesis.
Ontogeny and geographic variation of a new species of the corynexochine trilobite Zacanthopsis (Dyeran, Cambrian)

Assessment of ontogenetic and geographic variation can have substantial influence on species delimitation and thereby on perceived patterns of species-level morphological variation and diversity in space and time. Here we describe the ontogeny and intraspecific variation of the early Cambrian trilobite, Zacanthopsis palmeri n. sp., based on silicified material from east-central Nevada, USA. Zacanthopsis palmeri is the oldest documented Cambrian corynexochine to shift from possessing a fused rostal-hypostomal plate to a functional hypostomal suture in mature specimens during ontogeny. Six geographically distinct samples of mature Z. palmeri from a single silicified limestone bed traceable over tens of kilometers in east-central Nevada permit exploration of geographic variation within this species using geometric morphometric methods. No one sample encompasses all of the shape variation expressed by Z. palmeri and several geographically segregated samples show some degree of morphological separation in pairwise comparison. Nonetheless, these samples are not qualitatively or quantitatively different from one another when all samples are taken into account. The degree of variation within Z. palmeri is similar in magnitude to the differences between other species in the genus known from much less material.
Optimal design for the worst case scenario

The talk discusses a problem of robust optimal design of elastic structures when the loading is unknown, and only an integral constraint for the loading is given [1]. The optimal design problem is formulated as minimization of the principal compliance of the domain equal to the maximum of the stored energy over all admissible loadings. The principal compliance is the maximal compliance under the extreme, worst possible applied force [2]. The robust optimal design is a min-max problem for the energy stored in the structure. The minimum is taken over the design parameters, while the maximum of the energy is chosen over the constrained class of loadings. It is shown that the problem for the extreme loading is reduced to an elasticity problem with mixed nonlinear boundary conditions; the last problem may have multiple stationary solutions. The optimization takes into account the possible multiplicity of extreme loadings and designs the structure to equally resist all of them. Continuous change of the loading constraint causes bifurcation of the solution of the optimization problem. It is shown that an invariance of the constraints under a symmetry transformation leads to a symmetry of the optimal design. Examples of optimal design are investigated; symmetries and bifurcations of the solutions are discussed.
Assessment of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress in long-term care veterans: preliminary data on psychometrics and post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence.

ABSTRACT This article reports preliminary data on trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence, as well as test psychometrics, among 35 cognitively intact veterans residing in long-term care settings. Participants received a traumatic event screening, the Mini-Mental Status Examination, Combat Exposure Scale (CES), PTSD Checklist (PCL), and Mississippi Combat PTSD Scale (M-PTSD). Results demonstrated adequate reliability for the CES, PCL, and M-PTSD for use in these settings, with several significant intercorrelations. A high prevalence of trauma exposure was found, in particular combat. Based on the PCL and M-PTSD, although most veterans did not meet full PTSD diagnostic criteria, a moderate proportion met partial criteria. The need for assessment and treatment of trauma exposure and PTSD in Veterans Affairs long-term care settings is emphasized.
Lymphocytic mastopathy. An autoimmune disease of the breast

Eight cases are reported of an unusual breast lesion consisting of dense intralobular, perilobular, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates associated with lobular atrophy and sclerosis. Immunologic studies on paraffin-embedded tissue (seven cases) and frozen tissue (two cases) demonstrated a predominance of B-cells and expression of HLA-DR antigen in involved lobular epithelium. The immunologic features of this lesion are reminiscent of lymphoepithelial lesions of salivary glands and other sites. A possible autoimmune pathogenesis is suggested.
Emotional dysregulation, internalizing symptoms, and self-injurious and suicidal behavior: Structural equation modeling analysis

This study used structural equation modeling to examine the relationships between emotion dysregulation, internalizing symptoms, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide. One hundred forty-eight undergraduates completed a brief structured interview and self-report measures of emotion dysregulation, internalizing symptoms, and NSSI and suicidal behaviors. Results indicated a significant indirect effect of emotion dysregulation on NSSI via internalizing symptoms and on suicide attempts via NSSI. Findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the indirect association between emotion dysregulation and NSSI and suicidal behaviors. Implications for the potential utility of targeting internalizing symptoms as well as emotion dysregulation in interventions addressing NSSI and suicidal behaviors are discussed.
Relationship Between Health Literacy and Unintentional and Intentional Medication Nonadherence in Medically Underserved Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between health literacy and overall medication nonadherence, unintentional nonadherence, and intentional nonadherence. Limited h...
Defensive Secretions of Cychrine Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Defensive secretions of 4 species of Scaphinotus were found to contain a mixture of methacrylic and tiglic acids. Temporal variation in the percent composition of each acid in the secretion may be controlled by diet. Such variation indicates that caution should be used in characterizing species by the composition of their defensive secretion.