cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis causes systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs

The postulate that the hemodynamic changes produced by isoflurane (1.5%) involve release of nitric oxide (NO) was examined. Fifteen dogs were anesthetized with thiamylal (15 mg/kg) and ventilated with isoflurane and oxygen. Catheters were inserted for measurement of aortic pressure, pulmonary artery pressures, and determination of cardiac output. Left thoracotomy was performed and complete heart block was induced by injection of 37% formaldehyde (0.3 mL) into the atrioventricular node; ventricular rate was fixed at 100 beats/min by external pacing. An apical microtransducer was inserted into the left ventricle (LV) via the apex for measurement of left ventricular pressure (LVP) and its first derivative (dP/dt). Flow probes were mounted on the left circumflex (Cx) and anterior descending (AD) coronary arteries. Measurements were obtained before (control period) and during NO inhibition using IV NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) by a 50 mg/kg bolus plus 1 mg/kg/min. Infusion of l-NAME caused immediate and sustained increases in mean arterial pressure to 145 ± 3% (P < 0.001), mean pulmonary arterial pressure to 128 ± 5% (P < 0.001), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure to 144 ± 8% (P < 0.001), coronary perfusion pressure to 163 ± 4% (P < 0.001), systemic vascular resistance to 209 ± 9% (P < 0.001), pulmonary vascular resistance to 142 ± 12% (P < 0.005), anterior descending flow to 115 ± 4% (P < 0.005), and circumflex flow to 113 ± 3% (P < 0.01) of control levels. Decreases in cardiac output to 73 ± 2% (P < 0.001), anterior descending conductance to 71 ± 3% (P < 0.001), and circumflex conductance to 70 ± 3% (P < 0.001) of control, were also observed; LV dP/dt and end-diastolic pressure were unchanged. Inhibition of NO caused systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction and depression of cardiac output. Responses to NO inhibition unmasked an intense background vasoconstriction during isoflurane, yet coronary blood flow increased due to an increase in perfusion pressure. It is concluded that NO plays a significant role in the systemic and pulmonary vasomotor and cardiac responses during isoflurane anesthesia. On the other hand, the coronary vasomotor effects appear to be mediated indirectly through changes in coronary perfusion pressure (ie, autoregulatory) rather than directly through withdrawal of NO activity.
Outsourcing library technical services – what we think we know, and don’t know

While a considerable amount has been spoken and written about the subject of outsourcing, or contracting out, of technical services in libraries, there is little consensus on even the definition of the phenomenon, or its history. The available research shows that arguments in favour of outsourcing are based on supposed cost and time savings, while opposition tends to emphasise quality issues. Evidence as to whether outsourcing in general in fact saves money or time tends to be spotty, while there is some data supporting concerns about a decline of quality in many outsourcing projects.
Replication of bacteriophage lambda DNA associated with the host cell membrane.

Abstract Infecting parental λ DNA becomes associated with the host cell membrane in lytic infections, but most of the membrane-associated parental λ DNA is released into the cell cytoplasm during the course of the infection process. Equal quantities of both the H and L parental λ DNA strands are released into the cell cytoplasm during replication, a fact which suggests that either, or both, of the parental DNA strands may be attached to the cell membrane replication apparatus. Vegetative λ DNA made during lytic infections is synthesized in association with the host cell membrane, but a part of the nascent λ DNA is subsequently released into the cell cytoplasm. Superinfecting λ DNA becomes associated with cell the membrane of an immune lysogen. Superinfecting λ DNA becomes circularized while associated with the cell membrane, but is not semiconservatively replicated until induction of the prophage, when the circular component II species of superinfecting λ DNA is released into the cell cytoplasm.
Influence of Cotton Microhabitat on Temperature and Survival of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) within Cardboard Capsules

Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the most suitable release sites in cotton for inundatively released encapsulated Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner. Atypical applications of a plant growth regulator, mepiquat chloride (Pix), were used to manipulate cotton plant size and canopy closure to produce a range of plant sizes that might be present in North Carolina when Trichogramma releases for suppression of third-generation (F3) heliothines were made. Pix treatments had a significant effect on canopy closure, which significantly influenced the number of hours soil surface temperatures between rows were ≥35°C. The mean daily number of hours temperatures were ≥35°C was greatest on the soil surface between rows, followed by in the canopy, then soil surface within rows. A significant correlation between the number of hours preimaginal Trichogramma were exposed to temperatures ≥35°C and Trichogramma emergence was found in 1997. Consequently, suitability of the soil surface as a release site for Trichogramma capsules depended significantly on the level of canopy closure, location of capsules relative to the center of rows, and length of time capsules remained in the field before parasitoid emergence. Our results indicate that these factors should be considered when implementing augmentative releases of Trichogramma wasps in cotton.
Coupling and switching in optically resonant periodic electrode structures

This paper describes coupling and switching of optical radiation using metal-semiconductor- metal (MSM) structures, specifically in a metal-on-silicon waveguide configuration. These structures have the special advantage of being VLSI-compatible. Three different designs were successfully used to examine modulation and optical switching based upon nonlinear interactions in the silicon waveguide; a traditional Bragg reflector design and a phase-shifted structure were used to observe thermally-tunable switching of nanosecond-regime Nd:YAG pulses. Finally, a normal-incidence structure was examined which exhibited nonlinear reflectivity modulation.
Multivariate geostatistical trend detection and network evaluation of space-time acid deposition data—II. Application to NADP/NTN data

Abstract A multivariate geostatistical technique was presented in the first part of this paper (Rouhani et al., 1992, Atmospheric Environment 26A, 2603–2614) with the objective of addressing two key issues of trend detection and network evaluation of the acid deposition data. The investigated data include weekly reported SO42− concentrations and depositions from 34 level-1 stations of the NADP/NTN. The duration of the available data ranges from 6 to 10 years. In order to extract the maximum amount of information from these relatively short time series, it is imperative to avoid any data reduction, such as integrating the data into seasonal or annual series. Direct quadratic spectrum estimation is applied to the data, which clearly indicates the presence of annual cycles in a large number of stations. Based on these preliminary results, measurement stations are grouped into three main eco-regions, including the Northeast/central, the West and the Midwest/Gulf regions. While the first two regions exhibit significant annual periodicities, the latter region does not show any significant cyclic characteristics. This analysis is followed by multi-scale temporal variography that further confirms the presence of periodic trends. Two types of time series are generated by co-kriging: (1) the non-periodic components at each station, and (2) the non-periodic regionalized factors for each region. Kendall's test for trend detection is applied to all generated time series, as well as to the original data. The results indicate that by geostatistical filtering of periodic components, the proposed procedure offers an efficient technique for trend detection. Using the estimated coregionalization matrices, spatial correlograms are generated for various temporal scales and regions. Viewing the estimated integral scale of each spatial correlogram as an indicator of the radius of information-influence of each measurement station, the NADP/NTN network is evaluated for its adequacy of coverage under different temporal scales.
Capacity fade analysis of a battery/super capacitor hybrid and a battery under pulse loads - full cell studies

A detailed analysis of the capacity fade of a battery/supercapacitor hybrid and a battery alone has been carried out at 55 °C by discharging them at three different pulse rates. The applied peak current amplitudes were 5C (7 A), 3C (4.2 A), and 1C (1.4 A), respectively. The results indicated that for hybrids the pulse discharge run time was extended for all pulse discharge rates. The ohmic resistances estimated as a function of the pulse discharge rates were smaller for hybrids when compared with those for batteries. The variation of the ohmic resistance under pulse discharge with cycling, irrespective of the pulse discharge rate was smaller for hybrids than that for the batteries. The batteries and hybrids cycled at the lowest pulse discharge rate (high pulse discharge time) have larger capacity fade when compared with the capacity fade of the batteries and the hybrids discharged using higher discharge rates (low pulse discharge time). Impedance, cyclic voltammogram, and the rate capability studies were carried out on batteries cycled alone and on batteries cycled as part of the hybrid. The battery showed larger increase in the interfacial impedance with cycling when compared with the hybrid system.
MODEL-BASED CONTROL OF CAVITY OSCILLATIONS, PART II: SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

Experiments using active control to reduce oscillations in the flow past a rectangular cavity have uncovered surprising phenomena: in the controlled system, often new frequencies of oscillation appear, and often the main frequency of oscillation is split into two sideband frequencies. The goal of this paper is to explain these effects using physics-based models, and to use these ideas to guide control design. We present a linear model for the cavity flow, based on the physical mechanisms of the familiar Rossiter model. Experimental data indicates that under many operating conditions, the oscillations are not self-sustained, but in fact are caused by amplification of external disturbances. We present some experimental results demonstrating the peak-splitting phenomena mentioned above, use the physics-based model to study the phenomena, and discuss fundamental performance limitations which limit the achievable performance of any control scheme.
Diurnal variation in palatal tissue thickness.

Abstract A small micrometer, attached to an acrylic resin hood or bridge which straddled the upper arch and which fitted the occlusal surfaces of the molar and premolar teeth exactly, was used to measure diurnal changes in palatal tissue topography. The palatal tissues of three men were measured seven times on each of three different days, in a total of fourteen palatal positions level with the first molar teeth. The results indicate that the palatal tissues were thickest when the subjects were lying in bed after a full night's sleep. Upon arising, there was an immediate and rapid shrinkage of the tissues which tapered off in the afternoon (Fig. 5). There appeared to be a slight increase in tissue thickness again throughout the evening before retiring, and a further increase in thickness when the subjects lay down for the night, but the tissues were thinner at this time than they had been in the morning. In another study, the palatal tissues of ten men, 25 to 35 years of age, were measured at two palatal locations each morning and afternoon for ten days. The results indicate that, in general, the palatal tissues shrink from morning to afternoon. The mean shrinkage in the midline was 0.0023 inches (0.0584 mm.) and on the right palatal slope 0.0045 inches (0.1143 mm.). However, the shrinkage found in the various subjects was significantly different, so the mean is not applicable to any individual.
Co-occurring species differ in tree-ring δ18O trends

The stable oxygen isotope ratio (delta(18)O) of tree-ring cellulose is jointly determined by the delta(18)O of xylem water, the delta(18)O of atmospheric water vapor, the humidity of the atmosphere and perhaps by species-specific differences in leaf structure and function. Atmospheric humidity and the delta(18)O of water vapor vary seasonally and annually, but if the canopy atmosphere is well mixed, atmospheric characteristics should be uniform among co-occurring trees. In contrast, xylem water delta(18)O is determined by the delta(18)O of water being drawn from the soil, which varies with depth. If co-occurring trees draw water from different soil depths, this soil-water delta(18)O signal would be manifest as differences in delta(18)O among the trees. We examined the variation in tree ring delta(18)O, over eight decades during the 20th Century, among three species co-occurring in natural forest stands of the northern Rocky Mountains in the USA. We sampled 10 Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca), 10 ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and seven western white pines (Pinus monticola Dougl.). As expected, variation in atmospheric conditions was recorded in the delta(18)O of the cellulose produced in a given year, but observed climatic correlations with delta(18)O were weak. Significant correlations with June climate data included: daily maximum temperature (r = 0.29), daily minimum temperature (r = -0.25), mean temperature (r = 0.20), mean daily precipitation (r = -0.54), vapor pressure deficit (r = 0.32) and solar radiation (r = 0.44). Lagged effects were observed in Douglas-fir and western white pine. In these species, the delta(18)O of a given annual ring was correlated with the delta(18)O of the previous ring. Ponderosa pine showed no significant autocorrelation. Although the species means were correlated among years (r = 0.67 to 0.76), ponderosa pine was consistently enriched in delta(18)O relative to the other species; differences were close to 2 per thousand and they are steadily increasing. Relative to the mean for the three species, ponderosa pine is becoming steadily more enriched (-1.0 per thousand). In contrast, Douglas-fir is being steadily depleted and western pine is intermediate, with an enrichment of 0.5 per thousand. Because all trees were exposed to the same atmospheric conditions, the differences in delta(18)O observed between species are likely due either to differences in the depth of water extraction or leaf function. If the former, presumably ponderosa pine has steadily taken up more water from near the soil surface and Douglas-fir has shifted uptake to a greater depth. If the latter, we suggest the pronounced changes in leaf-water delta(18)O are a result of changes in leaf structure and function with tree size and age.
Role Perceptions of Hispanic Young Adults

Three studies explored the role perceptions of samples of Hispanic Navy recruits. Three different methods were used: (1) role differentials, in which a role, such as son-mother; and behaviors, such as "tells secrets to," were presented to subjects who estimated the frequency of the behavior on a ten-point scale ranging from never to always; (2) behavior differentials, in which stimuli, such as father, and behaviors that the subjects themselves engage in were presented to subjects who indicated whether they would engage in such behaviors, and (3) attribute ratings in which the subjects were presented with a stimulus person and were asked to indicate the probability of certain attributes being characteristic of the stimulus (e.g., fathers are tough). There was some convergence across methods. The total pattern of results across studies suggested that subjects from the U.S. general population experience a push out of the family, a pull toward the family, and a pull toward work roles, the total sum of these f...
Recent progress from the DIII-D program

Significant progress has been made in a number of key scientific and engineering areas that are critical to advanced tokamak operation on the DIII-D tokamak. Improved error field correction coupled with plasma rotation has resulted in a passive wall stabilized discharge at twice the no-wall beta limit. Active feedback stabilization of the resistive wall mode (RWM) has been improved using newly installed internal magnetic sensors and external control coils. A set of internal control coils for RWM feedback has been designed that should permit operation at close to the ideal limit. Real-time stabilization of the neoclassical tearing mode has been achieved using a new "search and suppress" control algorithm coupled with electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD). The ECCD system is routinely providing in excess of 2 MW of power for 2 s pulses. Modeling predicts that measured efficiencies of ECCD are consistent with future, fully non-inductive AT target discharges. Massive injection of Ar gas has resulted in successful mitigation of disruptions in high performance discharges without producing high energy runaway electrons. Finally, an upgraded digital plasma control system will provide significantly more capability to provide real time measurement and control of plasma profiles and instabilities.
Financial supply chain management

To effectively manage a supply chain, we should no longer focus on physical flow and informational flow only, but also the financial flow. The financial supply chain management (FSCM) extracts capital tied to the raw material, work-in-process, inventory in transit, and accounts receivable (accounts payable). In this paper we review a set of supply chain financing solutions tailored by the financial institutions, and introduce a few quantitative works from the operations research society. The survey reveals the benefits of actively managing the financial supply chain and highlights the quantitative decision-making process in FSCM. Moreover, we propose several interesting problems in FSCM which are remained to be explored.
Human and machine consonant recognition

Three traditional ASR parameterizations matched with Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are compared to humans for speaker-dependent consonant recognition using nonsense syllables degraded by highpass filtering, lowpass filtering, or additive noise. Confusion matrices were determined by recognizing the syllables using different ASR front ends, including Mel-Filter Bank (MFB) energies, Mel-Filtered Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), and the Ensemble Interval Histogram (EIH). In general the MFB recognition accuracy was slightly higher than the MFCC, which was higher than the EIH. For syllables degraded by lowpass and highpass filtering, automated systems trained on the degraded condition recognized the consonants as well as humans. For syllables degraded by additive speech-shaped noise, none of the automated systems recognized consonants as well as humans. The greatest advantage displayed by humans was in determining the correct voiced/unvoiced classification of consonants in noise.
Pay-for-performance in pediatrics: proceed with caution.

In response to overwhelming evidence of significant quality problems within adult and pediatric health care, pay-for-performance programs have proliferated rapidly in adult care settings and are beginning to spread into pediatrics.1–6 Outpatient pediatric health care is being targeted by performance incentives in all 11 of the state Medicaid programs that currently use performance-incentive strategies and 33 of the 93 performance-incentive programs listed in the Leapfrog Compendium (the largest publicly available listing of performance-incentives programs in the country).7,8 We recognize that the current payment system contributes to our problems with quality, and we agree with the cautionary tone and measured approach suggested by Profit et al9 in the May 2007 issue of Pediatrics when considering whether performance incentives, in the form of pay-for-performance and/or public reporting, should be implemented to promote the quality of care provided by NICUs. Because these programs require tremendous effort on the part of a wide variety of stakeholders (employers, health plans, health care organizations, and physicians), it is important to consider whether they are worth the effort. Current evidence indicates that performance incentive strategies may only be modestly effective,10–12 are not … Address correspondence to Alyna T. Chien, MD, MS, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: alyna_chien{at}yahoo.com
Decreased immediate inflammatory gene induction in activating transcription factor-2 mutant mice.

Transcription factor activating transcription factor (ATF)-2 is activated by inflammatory signals transduced by the JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways. To better define the role of ATF-2 in inflammation, adult mice expressing small amounts of a mutant ATF-2 protein were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), anti-CD3 antibody or virus. Withi n3ho fchallenge by LPS, ATF-2 mutant mice had decreased induction of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, P-selectin and VCAM-1 as well as the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β and IL-6 compared with control mice. Stimulation of T lymphocytes by anti-CD3 antibody also showed less induction of IL-1 and IL-6 in ATF-2 mutant tissues. ATF-2 mutant thymocytes treated with anti-CD3 antibody in vitro demonstrated reduced induction of c-Jun, JunB, JunD and Fra-2. However, similar to what was observed after p38 kinase inhibition in normal mice, relative ATF-2 deficiency did not prevent the development of a mononuclear cell infiltrate in the week following an inflammatory stimulus. ATF-2 mutant mice proved more susceptible to death than control mice from LPS plus D-galactosamine injection or Coxsackievirus B3 infection and had a higher incidence of mononuclear pulmonary infiltrates after exposure to Herpes simplex virus-1. ATF-2 is essential for maximal immediate induction of adhesion molecules and cytokine genes, but at later time points may even protect against overactive immune responses.
Multicenter outcome research

Perioperative cardiovascular morbidity represents a major health-care challenge. Morbidity after coronary artery surgery annually consumes $750 million in health-care resources in-hospital and about $500 million in posthospitalization care. Of the 25 million patients who undergo noncardiac surgery annually in the United States, more than 1 million suffer postsurgical cardiovascular morbidity. The annual in-hospital cost of this morbidity is $10 billion, with posthospitalization care costing $12 billion more. Early efforts to reduce perioperative cardiovascular and central nervous system morbidity focused largely on the development and use of technologies designed to achieve earlier detection of end-point surrogates. However, despite advances in the early detection of infarction surrogates, perioperative heart and brain infarctions remain urgent problems. Future advances in perioperative care will require large-scale therapeutic trials of agents intended to alter outcome. The McSPI Research Group is a unique international, multicenter research organization focused on the problems of heart attack and stroke, with the goals of identifying not only effective therapies, but also developing the academic careers of clinical investigators.
PCM/FM aeronautical telemetry in frequency selective multipath interference

The performance of PCM/FM using a delay-line detector in multipath interference is analyzed. In aeronautical telemetry applications, the multipath interference causes a null in the signal spectrum which is web modeled by a channel composed of a line-of-sight signal and a strong specular reflection with magnitude /spl Gamma/ and excess delay less than a bit time. Analysis shows that the bit error probability is strongly dependent on the location of the null within the spectrum. The bit error probability averaged over the null location is also analyzed. For the case of no predetection filtering, the average bit error probability is dependent on the depth of the null but not on the width. The loss in performance (relative to the AWGN environment) is bounded by (1-/spl Gamma/)/sup -2/ which is the depth of the null. For the case of predetection filtering, the average bit error probability is dependent on both the width and depth of the null. The performance loss is bounded by (1-/spl Gamma/)/sup -2/spl Gamma// which is less than that for the case of no predetection filtering.
Graph Embeddings and Simplicial Maps

An undirected graph is viewed as a simplicial complex. The notion of a graph embedding of a guest graph in a host graph is generalized to the realm of simplicial maps. Dilation is redefined in this more general setting. Lower bounds on dilation for various guest and host graphs are considered. Of particular interest are graphs that have been proposed as communication networks for parallel architectures. Bhatt et al. provide a lower bound on dilation for embedding a planar guest graph in a butterfly host graph. Here, this lower bound is extended in two directions. First, a lower bound that applies to arbitrary guest graphs is derived, using tools from algebraic topology. Second, this lower bound is shown to apply to arbitrary host graphs through a new graph-theoretic measure, called bidecomposability. Bounds on the bidecomposability of the butterfly graph and of the k-dimensional torus are determined. As corollaries to the main lower bound theorem, lower bounds are derived for embedding arbitrary planar graphs, genus g graphs, and k-dimensional meshes in a butterfly host graph.
The effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone infusion on subsequent pituitary response in the sheep fetus

It is not known whether activation of the fetal adrenal gland can inhibit pituitary adrenal responses to stress. Therefore we treated 14 chronically cannulated sheep fetuses (gestational age range, 109 to 129 days) with an adrenocorticotropic hormone infusion of 5 ng/kg per minute or vehicle solution at similar rates for 2.5 hours and then subjected them to a 10-minute period of hypotension. Resting mean arterial blood pressures were similar for both control and adrenocorticotropic hormone infusion groups and decreased similarly after administration of sodium nitroprusside. Resting fetal plasma cortisol levels (11.6 ± 3.3 ng/ml) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (42 ± 15 pg/ml) concentrations were not different in the two groups. In the control group fetal plasma cortisol concentrations rose from 12.1 ± 1.7 to 35.7 ± 8.0 ng/ml after hypotension ( p p p p > 0.05).
Variant and invariant characteristics of the sit-to-stand task in healthy elderly adults

The purpose of this study was to identify kinetic, kinematic, and electromyographic (EMG) characteristics during sit-to-stand (STS) in healthy elderly subjects that were affected by changes in movement speed or initial starting position. Eight healthy elderly adults performed the STS movement at natural and fast speeds. Their ankles were placed in either 5 degrees or 18 degrees of dorsiflexion prior to the movement. A motion analysis system, single force plate, and EMG equipment were used to collect data on ankle, knee, and hip movement, vertical ground reaction forces, vertical and horizontal velocity of the head, and EMG activity from selected muscles. The data were further described according to three specific phases of the STS movement. Two-way analyses of variance for repeated measures were used to determine which of the kinematic, kinetic, and timing variables were affected by changing the speed of the movement or the initial ankle position. When asked to stand as fast as possible, muscle onsets and movement phases were shortened. However, when expressed as a percent of total movement time, normalized extensor muscle onsets were found to be earlier during fast movement of the task, whereas the other variables were not different. Changing the initial ankle position affected muscle onsets, duration of movement phases, and joint excursion. We conclude from these data that many of the characteristics of the sit-to-stand movement are speed invariant and therefore the STS movement is for the most part programmed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Agrarian Image of the Large Corporation, 1879–1920: A Study in Social Accommodation

For many years a relatively small number dominated the private sector of the American of the American economy. Most of the nation's goods and a substantial part of its services are produced and distributed by very large corporations. Of late, most Americans seem unconcerned about this fact. They regard big business with equanimity, even approval, and as Richard Hofstadter points out, antitrust has become “one of the faded passions of American reform.”
The Modern World-System and Evolution

The concept of evolution is ambiguous. Sometimes it only means those changes that have historically ocurred. In other cases it has a more teleological aspect, as in the claim that acorns evolve into oaks. In that meaning, the end result is the normal outcome of a pattern inscribed in the inner structure of the entity under discussion... I consider it important to distinguish three processes in the historical life of of any system: its genesis; its relatively long period of normal functioning; and its demise (the result of birfurcation), which can also be thought of as the period of transition to a new historical system or systems. It is only about the period of normal functioning that it seems useful to apply the term of evolution, and it is to this period that I shall restrict the discussion.
Join size estimation subject to filter conditions

In this paper, we present a new algorithm for estimating the size of equality join of multiple database tables. The proposed algorithm, Correlated Sampling, constructs a small space synopsis for each table, which can then be used to provide a quick estimate of the join size of this table with other tables subject to dynamically specified predicate filter conditions, possibly specified over multiple columns (attributes) of each table. This algorithm makes a single pass over the data and is thus suitable for streaming scenarios. We compare this algorithm analytically to two other previously known sampling approaches (independent Bernoulli Sampling and End-Biased Sampling) and to a novel sketch-based approach. We also compare these four algorithms experimentally and show that results fully correspond to our analytical predictions based on derived expressions for the estimator variances, with Correlated Sampling giving the best estimates in a large range of situations.
Optical Imaging of PARP1 in Response to Radiation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Targeting and inhibiting DNA repair pathways is a powerful strategy of controlling malignant growth. One such strategy includes the inhibition of PARP1, a central element in the intracellular DNA damage response. To determine and visualize the expression and intercellular distribution of PARP1 in vivo, and to monitor the pharmacokinetics of PARP1 targeted therapeutics, fluorescent small probes were developed. To date, however, it is unclear how these probes behave in a more realistic clinical setting, where DNA damage has been induced through one or more prior lines of therapy. Here, we use one such imaging agent, PARPi-FL, in tissues both with and without prior DNA damage, and investigate its value as a probe for PARP1 imaging. We show that PARP1 expression in oral cancer is high, and that the uptake of PARPi-FL is selective, irrespective of whether cells were exposed to irradiation or not. We also show that PARPi-FL uptake increases in response to DNA damage, and that this increase is reflected in higher enzyme expression. Our findings provide a framework for measuring exposure of cells to external beam radiation, and could help to elucidate the effects of such treatments non-invasively in mouse models of cancer.
Genomic footprinting of a yeast tRNA gene reveals stable complexes over the 5'-flanking region.

Abstract We have shown by genomic footprinting that the 5'-flanking region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNASUP53 gene is protected from DNase I digestion. The protected region has a 5' boundary at -40 (relative to the transcription initiation site) and extends into the coding region of the gene, with a 3' boundary at approximately +15. Although the DNase I protection over this region was much greater than at the A- and B-box internal promoters, point mutations within the A or B box that reduced transcription in vitro eliminated the upstream DNase I protection. This implies that formation of a stable complex over the 5'-flanking region is dependent on interaction of the gene with transcription factor IIIC but that stability of the complex may not require continued interaction with this factor. The DNase I protection under varied growth conditions further suggested that the upstream complex is composed of two or more components. The region over the transcription initiation site (approximately +15 to -10) was less protected in stationary-phase cultures, whereas the more upstream region (approximately -10 to -40) was protected in both exponential- and stationary-phase cultures.
Effect of ultraviolet on electrical properties of nerve.

SummaryUltraviolet irradiation of nerve at 2537A leads to a fall in action potential, a depolarization and a prolongation of the relative refractory period. A slight fall in threshold was observed.
Using Motan to Measure Global Accelerations of the CCGS TERRY FOX During Bergy Bit Trials

The whole-ship motions of the CCGS TERRY FOX were measured for more than 150 controlled impacts with small pieces of glacial ice, or bergy bits. The impacts were conducted at speeds up to 14 kt. This paper uses global ship accelerations measured during three different impact events to demonstrate proof of concept for an inertial measurement system called MOTAN.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A System Favoring the Evolution of Holometabolous Development

A system for evolving holometabolous development from more direct types of metamorphosis is presented. The basis for the model is a contrast of the modes of habitat selection in a spatially heterogeneous environment, a priori habitat selection by the ovipositing adults or a posteriori habitat selection by the migrating immatures. The mathematical formulation predicts that under these conditions natural selection will favor increased habitat discrimination by the reproductive phase and a loss of migratory ability in the immatures. The result is a fissioning of direct development into distinct components typical of holometaboly. Weaknesses of the hypothesis are discussed as well as alternative theories.
Regulation of renal epithelial cell endocytosis of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

The earliest events in the formation of kidney stones are unknown. The most common crystal in kidney stones, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), when added to cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line), was internalized by 19% of the cells after 30 min. COM crystal endocytosis was enhanced by serum, ADP, and epidermal growth factor, which are potent mitogens for these cells. Endocytosis of COM crystals was inhibited by diverse molecules including Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), the tetrapeptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine, fibronectin, transforming growth factor-beta 2, and heparin. The capacity of THP, fibronectin, or heparin to inhibit endocytosis was mediated by an interaction of these molecules with cells, not by coating the crystals. Thus renal epithelial cell endocytosis of COM crystals can be regulated by diverse molecules including THP, the most common protein found in human urine. Crystal endocytosis and subsequent cellular responses could be important pathogenic steps in nephrolithiasis.
Practice and Educational Gaps in Dermatology: Disorders of the Hair

Clinical practice gaps exist in the care of hair patients. Attitude gaps include a relative lack of dermatologists interested in caring for patients with hair complaints, a potential underestimation of the effect of hair disorders on the quality of patients' lives, and potential failure to recognize the presentation of body dysmorphic disorder among patients with hair complaints. Knowledge gaps regarding the prevalence and presentation of hair loss disorders may lead to a delay in diagnosis and treatment of hair patients. Skill gaps in physical examination, particularly with dermoscopy of the scalp and hair, may affect the care of hair patients.
Effects of Sialic Acid Modifications on Virus Binding and Infection

Sialic acids (Sias) are abundantly displayed on the surfaces of vertebrate cells, and particularly on all mucosal surfaces. Sias interact with microbes of many types, and are the targets of specific recognition by many different viruses. They may mediate virus binding and infection of cells, or alternatively can act as decoy receptors that bind virions and block virus infection. These nine-carbon backbone monosaccharides naturally occur in many different modified forms, and are attached to underlying glycans through varied linkages, creating significant diversity in the pathogen receptor forms. Here we review the current knowledge regarding the distribution of modified Sias in different vertebrate hosts, tissues, and cells, their effects on viral pathogens where those have been examined, and outline unresolved questions.
The Word On the Street: Gossip’s Contributions to Knowledge

Gossip’s specific contributions to knowledge are demonstrated; it helps people select ideas or hypotheses from a host of possibilities, and it helps synthesize apparently disconnected ideas or information.
Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment

Melanomas arise in a complex microenvironment composed of tumor cells, cellular and soluble stroma, and immune cells. The dynamic interactions and crosstalk between these elements drive tumor initiation, progression, invasiveness, and immunity. Melanoma is considered the prototypical “immunogenic” tumor since the immune system can often recognize and occasionally reject established tumors. There is now evidence that the complex tumor microenvironment often establishes an immune suppressive state that blocks tumor eradication. In this chapter we describe the cellular and noncellular factors within the tumor microenvironment that modulate local antitumor immunity. The chapter also highlights several current therapeutic strategies in clinical development that target various elements of the tumor microenvironment to restore effective antitumor immunity.
Ruminal bacteria and protozoa composition, digestibility, and amino acid profile determined by multiple hydrolysis times

Microbial samples from 4 independent experiments in lactating dairy cattle were obtained and analyzed for nutrient composition, AA digestibility, and AA profile after multiple hydrolysis times ranging from 2 to 168 h. Similar bacterial and protozoal isolation techniques were used for all isolations. Omasal bacteria and protozoa samples were analyzed for AA digestibility using a new in vitro technique. Multiple time point hydrolysis and least squares nonlinear regression were used to determine the AA content of omasal bacteria and protozoa, and equivalency comparisons were made against single time point hydrolysis. Formalin was used in 1 experiment, which negatively affected AA digestibility and likely limited the complete release of AA during acid hydrolysis. The mean AA digestibility was 87.8 and 81.6% for non-formalin-treated bacteria and protozoa, respectively. Preservation of microbe samples in formalin likely decreased recovery of several individual AA. Results from the multiple time point hydrolysis indicated that Ile, Val, and Met hydrolyzed at a slower rate compared with other essential AA. Singe time point hydrolysis was found to be nonequivalent to multiple time point hydrolysis when considering biologically important changes in estimated microbial AA profiles. Several AA, including Met, Ile, and Val, were underpredicted using AA determination after a single 24-h hydrolysis. Models for predicting postruminal supply of AA might need to consider potential bias present in postruminal AA flow literature when AA determinations are performed after single time point hydrolysis and when using formalin as a preservative for microbial samples.
Prolonging herd immunity to cholera via vaccination: Accounting for human mobility and waning vaccine effects.

Background Oral cholera vaccination is an approach to preventing outbreaks in at-risk settings and controlling cholera in endemic settings. However, vaccine-derived herd immunity may be short-lived due to interactions between human mobility and imperfect or waning vaccine efficacy. As the supply and utilization of oral cholera vaccines grows, critical questions related to herd immunity are emerging, including: who should be targeted; when should revaccination be performed; and why have cholera outbreaks occurred in recently vaccinated populations? Methods and findings We use mathematical models to simulate routine and mass oral cholera vaccination in populations with varying degrees of migration, transmission intensity, and vaccine coverage. We show that migration and waning vaccine efficacy strongly influence the duration of herd immunity while birth and death rates have relatively minimal impacts. As compared to either periodic mass vaccination or routine vaccination alone, a community could be protected longer by a blended “Mass and Maintain” strategy. We show that vaccination may be best targeted at populations with intermediate degrees of mobility as compared to communities with very high or very low population turnover. Using a case study of an internally displaced person camp in South Sudan which underwent high-coverage mass vaccination in 2014 and 2015, we show that waning vaccine direct effects and high population turnover rendered the camp over 80% susceptible at the time of the cholera outbreak beginning in October 2016. Conclusions Oral cholera vaccines can be powerful tools for quickly protecting a population for a period of time that depends critically on vaccine coverage, vaccine efficacy over time, and the rate of population turnover through human mobility. Due to waning herd immunity, epidemics in vaccinated communities are possible but become less likely through complementary interventions or data-driven revaccination strategies.
Hormones Rule the Roost: Hormonal Influences on Sex Ratio Adjustment in Birds and Mammals

In previous chapters, I have provided evidence that both birds and mammals skew offspring sex ratios in response to environmental and social conditions and that, in each group, there are several mechanistic targets at which such manipulation of offspring sex may occur. What we still don’t know, however, is how those environmental and social conditions are transduced into physiological signals that will ultimately influence the process of sex determination. Hormones are excellent candidates for this job because they are, by nature, transducers of environmental information that trigger appropriate physiological responses. The sex and stress steroids, in particular, emerge in both birds and mammals as likely mediators of sex ratio adjustment. In this chapter, I discuss the roles of both stress and sex steroids in mammalian and avian sex ratio adjustment and also introduce some additional hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, which have gone unstudied as mediators of sex ratio adjustment in these systems.
Broadband ion mobility deconvolution for rapid analysis of complex mixtures

High resolving power ion mobility (IM) allows for accurate characterization of complex mixtures in high-throughput IM mass spectrometry (IM-MS) experiments. We previously demonstrated that pure component IM-MS data can be extracted from IM unresolved post-IM/collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS data using automated ion mobility deconvolution (AIMD) software [Matthew Brantley, Behrooz Zekavat, Brett Harper, Rachel Mason, and Touradj Solouki, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 2014, 25, 1810–1819]. In our previous reports, we utilized a quadrupole ion filter for m/z-isolation of IM unresolved monoisotopic species prior to post-IM/CID MS. Here, we utilize a broadband IM-MS deconvolution strategy to remove the m/z-isolation requirement for successful deconvolution of IM unresolved peaks. Broadband data collection has throughput and multiplexing advantages; hence, elimination of the ion isolation step reduces experimental run times and thus expands the applicability of AIMD to high-throughput bottom-up proteomics. We demonstrate broadband IM-MS deconvolution of two separate and unrelated pairs of IM unresolved isomers (viz., a pair of isomeric hexapeptides and a pair of isomeric trisaccharides) in a simulated complex mixture. Moreover, we show that broadband IM-MS deconvolution improves high-throughput bottom-up characterization of a proteolytic digest of rat brain tissue. To our knowledge, this manuscript is the first to report successful deconvolution of pure component IM and MS data from an IM-assisted data-independent analysis (DIA) or HDMSE dataset.
Shrimp genomics: development of a genetic map to identify QTLs responsible for economically important traits in Litopenaeus vannamei

Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) have devastated the Litopenaeus vannamei industry in the western hemisphere and highlighted the need to better understand the mechanisms that regulate the immune system response, disease resistance and/or tolerance in shrimp. In order to develop shrimp lines that are resistant to diseases and grow fast under different environmental conditions (i.e. low salinity, low temperature, closed recirculation systems, high levels of pollutants, etc.), the genes responsible for these traits need to be first identified. Working towards this goal, a genetic map (ShrimpMap) for L. vannamei is being developed based on both Type I and Type II markers. We present here an update of progress made on development and application of microsatellites for L. vannamei, Penaus monodon and Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Microsatellite sequences were identified either by probe hybridization or direct sequencing. Polymorphic markers are being used for mapping in reference and resource families developed by the US Marine Shrimp Farming Program. These markers are also used for tracking pedigrees, genetic diversity analyses and tracing the origin of commodity shrimp. Variable tandem pentanucleotides (TAACC/TTAGG)n were identified at high frequency in L. vannamei genome. ESTs are being isolated from cDNA libraries of L. vannamei juveniles challenged with TSV and WSSV, showing fast growth and broodstock with high cadmium levels. Many ESTs contain simple sequence repeats suitable for mapping. The ultimate goal is to use the map to increase the rate of genetic improvement of shrimp by markerassisted selection.
Effects of Ethanol on Nutritional Status

Ethanol may affect nutritional status in diverse ways which stem from the many levels at which alcohol and nutrition interact. Ethanol may directly alter the level of nutrient intake through its effect on appetite, displacement of food in the diet, or by virtue of its deleterious effects at almost every level of the gastrointestinal tract. Through its effect on multiple organs, especially the liver, ethanol alters the transport, activation, catabolism, utilization, and storage of almost every nutrient studied. Alcoholism remains one of the major causes of nutritional deficiency syndromes in our society. Ethanol is directly toxic to many tissues of the body, and this effect may be potentiated by concomitant nutritional deficiencies. The resulting pathologic alterations represent an enormous medical burden requiring complex nutritional therapy. Thus, because of its widespread use and multiple effects, ethanol has a major impact on the overall nutritional status.
Radiation therapy and low dose doxorubicin in thyroid cancer: A phase II study.

6100Background: The role of external beam radiation therapy has remained controversial in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). There is an absence of prospective studies in this a...