cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent Racial Differences in the Commutes of Kansas City Workers

An extensive body of research shows significant racial differences in work travel patterns (e.g., see Holzer, 1991, for a review). In the past, much of the studies on racial differences in commuting focused on men and excluded women. However, the increase in women's labor force participation has been accompanied by an increase in studies devoted to gender differences in the journey to work (e.g., Madden, 1981). Early studies concluded that women work closer to home than do men, but many studies generally assumed that working women of all racial groups have shorter work trips than do men (see Sanders, 1990, for a critique). This assumption was unfounded because research exists that documents racial differences in commuting. In light of the documented evidence on both racial and gender differences in access to employment and housing (e.g., Bullard, 1990; Darden, 1990), it is imperative that research studies should differentiate between White and nonWhite males and females when studying commuting behavior. Studies that investigate racial differences in locational access to employment can inform analysts and policy makers about the impact of past and continuing employment suburbanization on the socioeconomic well-being of African American men and women. Research on racial differences in locational access to employment falls under the umbrella of the spatial mismatch hypothesis.
SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF TYPE-I GERANYLGERANYLTRANSFERASE IN VITRO AND IN WHOLE CELLS BY CAAL PEPTIDOMIMETICS

In this paper we describe the synthesis of a family of CAAL peptidomimetics as GGTase-I inhibitors. These inhibitors lack the central dipeptide AA in the key CAAL carboxy terminal sequence of geranylgeranylated proteins and are more selective for GGTase-I over FTase. In whole cells, these compounds are very potent inhibitors of the processing of the geranylgeranylated protein Rap1A without affecting the farnesylated protein H-Ras. One derivative, GGTI-298, inhibited cell division by blocking cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Intra- and extracellular proteins in human normal and polycystic kidney epithelial cells

Intra- and extracellular proteins in human normal and polycystic kidney epithelial cells. A tissue culture method was established for the continuous growth of epithelial cells from the cortex of human normal kidney (HNC) and from the epithelial layer of kidney cysts from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. Primary cells were grown to 80 to 90% confluency from 1mm 2 slices of tissue, and subcultured up to 10 times. The subcultured HNC and ADPKD cells retained characteristic epithelial polygonal and elongated shape and positive immunofluorescent staining for cytokeratin. The cell doubling time for both HNC and ADPKD epithelia was three to four days at a fetal calf serum (FCS) concentration of 5%. Using these culturing procedures 1 to 5 × 10 9 epithelial cells could be obtained from each kidney specimen. Profiles of 35 S-methionine radiolabeled intracellular proteins of HNC and ADPKD cells qualitatively demonstrated a high degree of similarity, thus confirming a similarity of epithelial origin and protein biosynthesis. Both the underexpression of three proteins (a) protein p2, M r ∼ 47 kDa, pI ∼ 6.0; b) protein p3, M r ∼ 50 kDa, pI ∼ 5.9; and c) protein p4, M r ∼ 44 kDa, pI ∼ 5.8) and the overexpression of several proteins (including: a) p5, M r ∼ 56 kDa, pI ∼ 7.3; b) protein p6, M r ∼ 32 kDa, pI ∼ 7.3; c) protein p7, M r ∼ 33 kDa, pI ∼ 5.3; d) protein p8, M r ∼ 45 kDa, pI ∼ 6.9; e) protein p9, M r ∼ 35 kDa, pI ∼ 6.7; and f) protein p10, M r ∼ 30 kDa, pI ∼ 6.6) were found in ADPKD cells. In addition, primary ADPKD cells, but not primary HNC cells, produced three extracellular proteins: M r ∼ 220, 170 and 45kDa. Upon subculturing, identical extracellular proteins were biosynthesized by both HNC and ADPKD cells. This subculturing system provides an important methodological tool for the study of the molecular and biochemical abnormalities of ADPKD.
Evolutionary computation and structural design: A survey of the state-of-the-art

Evolutionary computation is emerging as a new engineering computational paradigm, which may significantly change the present structural design practice. For this reason, an extensive study of evolutionary computation in the context of structural design has been conducted in the Information Technology and Engineering School at George Mason University and its results are reported here. First, a general introduction to evolutionary computation is presented and recent developments in this field are briefly described. Next, the field of evolutionary design is introduced and its relevance to structural design is explained. Further, the issue of creativity/novelty is discussed and possible ways of achieving it during a structural design process are suggested. Current research progress in building engineering systems' representations, one of the key issues in evolutionary design, is subsequently discussed. Next, recent developments in constraint-handling methods in evolutionary optimization are reported. Further, the rapidly growing field of evolutionary multiobjective optimization is presented and briefly described. An emerging subfield of coevolutionary design is subsequently introduced and its current advancements reported. Next, a comprehensive review of the applications of evolutionary computation in structural design is provided and chronologically classified. Finally, a summary of the current research status and a discussion on the most promising paths of future research are also presented.
Experiencing and Measuring the Unteachable: Achieving AACSB Learning Assurance Requirements in Business Ethics

The AACSB requires continuous improvement of business school outcomes through a comprehensive Assurance of Learning program. Measuring ethical decision making poses an interesting challenge for schools making it central to their mission. The authors provide an innovative and effective approach to assessing ethical decision making and closing the loop for continual improvement. Using a web-based simulation, results from 2 cohorts suggest that improvements based on shortcomings of one cohort can impact decision-making behaviors of subsequent cohorts.
Mapping the Great Recession: A Reader's Guide to the First Crisis of 21st Century Capitalism

Commentators agree that the crisis that boiled to a bubble in the fall of 2008 (“the Great Recession”) is the gravest downturn since the depression of the 1930s. That makes it one of the two greatest crises in the history of capitalism. And plainly, the crisis continues, yielding severe joblessness and a growing danger of government defaults, bank failures, and stock market crashes. Hundreds of commentators have sought to explain the crisis. Yet much remains murky, even paradoxical. This essay attempts to put the crisis in perspective by mapping the universe of crisis literature. It begins by framing some of the key questions posed in this literature. Next it offers sharply etched reviews of thirteen key books. The result is a multi-faceted portrait of a crisis that is still unfolding.
Liquid chromatography—thermospray mass spectrometric study of N-acylamino dilactones and 4-butyrolactones derived from antimycin A

Abstract Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography—thermospray mass spectrometric (HPLC—MS) characteristics of four sets of lactonic complexes (one 4-butyrolactones and three dilactone complexes) derived from antimycin A were investigated. Three types of 8-hydroxy analogues were also included in the study. Pairs of a–b structures isomeric at the 8-acyloxy ester side-chains were best separated with a high-efficiency octadecylsilica column prior to analysis by HPLC—MS. Mass spectra of the a–b pairs each with identical molecular weights exhibited virtually indistinguishable fragmentation patterns, although their relative intensities were not superimposable. In some cases, HPLC—MS of the title compounds yielded mass chromatograms showing the minor components more easily recognizable than the HPLC—UV counter parts because of the apparent higher ionization efficiency of the minor isomers and increased resolution of subcomponents in the MS system. Under the mobile phase conditions employed, analyte ionization occurred with variable degrees of gas phase ammonolysis depending upon the ammonia concentration of the buffer. Potential applicability of the on-line HPLC—MS technique for the characterization of components in mixtures of antimycin analogues and isomers is demonstrated.
ACT 3D exercise targets gravity-induced discoordination and improves reaching work area in individuals with stroke

Abnormal upper extremity coordination can be expressed in the form of atypical muscle synergies that result in limited and stereotypic movement patterns when an individual with hemiparetic stroke attempts to support the arm against gravity. These movement constraints are functionally disabling. We have developed and are employing the Arm Coordination Training 3D Device (ACT3D). This report documents evidence supporting the efficacy of an impairment-specific dynamic reaching protocol for a group of individuals with chronic stroke and was taken as part of a larger randomized controlled trial (RCT). Six individuals with stroke were trained to actively support their arm while reaching to various outward targets over a period of eight weeks. The intervention was progressed by increasing the level of required active limb support or gravitational loading experienced by the participant during reaching repetitions as performance improved. Reaching work area was evaluated pre-and post-intervention for ten different support levels along with a battery of clinical assessments performed by a blinded physical therapist. There was a significant effect of session (pre vs. post) with an increase in reaching work area and a concurrent significant improvement on some of the clinical impairment assessments. This data suggests that specifically targeting the abnormal joint torque coupling impairment is an effective strategy for improving reaching work area following hemiparetic stroke. Following the completion of this study physical therapists will have new evidence supporting the application of an intervention employing rehabilitation robotics for individuals with chronic and severe hemiparetic stroke.
Medical Group Visits: A Feasibility Study to Manage Patients with Chronic Pain in an Underserved Urban Clinic:

Background:Chronic pain affects millions of racially diverse Americans. Evidence suggests that group medical visits are effective for treating chronic pain; similarly, a number of studies demonstra...
Forskolin evokes extracellular adenosine accumulation in rat cortical cultures

Abstract In this study, the effect on extracellular adenosine concentration of direct activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin was investigated using rat cortical cultures. Forskolin evoked intracellular and extracellular cAMP accumulation as well as extracellular adenosine accumulation. The accumulation of adenosine in response to forskolin could be blocked by the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-[(3-butoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-imidazolidinone (RO 20-1724; 180 μM), but not isobutylmethylxanthine (100 μM). The accumulation of adenosine in response to forskolin could be blocked by the 5′-ectonucleotidase inhibitor guanosine 5′-monophosphate. These results demonstrate that forskolin can increase extracellular adenosine levels, and that this adenosine is ultimately derived from cAMP.
Electrical Properties of PrFeO3 and Pr2NiO4

The electrical conductivity of PrFeO3 and Pr2NiO4 was investigated at 300° thd 1000°C and at oxygen partial pressures of 1 to 10−20 atm and the phase relations and nonstoichiometry of these materials were studied. The results suggest that PrFeO3 is a semiconductor exhibiting intrinsic behavior at T>300°C and Po2>10−5 atm. The conductivity of Pr2NiO4 depends on Po2 and is thus related to deviations from stoichiometry. These results for Pr2NiO3 raise questions about the validity of the suggested semiconductor-to-metal transition model for explaining the electrical properties of La2NiO3 and Nd2Ni04.
The Self in Cultural-Historical Activity Theory Reclaiming the Unity of Social and Individual Dimensions of Human Development

This paper suggests a framework in which the importance of the individual dimension and agency can be reclaimed within a profoundly social and relational view of the self. Juxtaposed with recent research on the self, cultural-historical activity theory is discussed, including its foun- dational premises formulated by Vygotsky and its conception of the self articulated by Leontiev. Expanded in a number of ways proposed in this paper, this theory helps to theorize the self (a) in its practical relevance, as a lawful and necessary moment in human collective practices, (b) as endowed with the capacity to generate new cycles of practice, and (c) as immanent in activities that position individuals to contribute to mean- ingfully changing the world. The concept of 'self as a leading activity' is discussed as a way to capture what the self is, where it is located, and what its purpose and relation to society are.
Geometric, variational integrators for computer animation

We present a general-purpose numerical scheme for time integration of Lagrangian dynamical systems---an important computational tool at the core of most physics-based animation techniques. Several features make this particular time integrator highly desirable for computer animation: it numerically preserves important invariants, such as linear and angular momenta; the symplectic nature of the integrator also guarantees a correct energy behavior, even when dissipation and external forces are added; holonomic constraints can also be enforced quite simply; finally, our simple methodology allows for the design of high-order accurate schemes if needed. Two key properties set the method apart from earlier approaches. First, the nonlinear equations that must be solved during an update step are replaced by a minimization of a novel functional, speeding up time stepping by more than a factor of two in practice. Second, the formulation introduces additional variables that provide key flexibility in the implementation of the method. These properties are achieved using a discrete form of a general variational principle called the Pontryagin-Hamilton principle, expressing time integration in a geometric manner. We demonstrate the applicability of our integrators to the simulation of non-linear elasticity with implementation details.
Copy cataloguers and their changing roles at the Ohio State University Library: a case study

The Ohio State University Libraries began the process of restructuring the Technical Services Department in early 1995. Changes that were introduced as a result of this process had a profound effect on the roles of professional and para‐professional staff in the organisation. The author of this paper will outline the process of revamping the organisational structure of a large department in an academic library and will discuss the impact it had on the traditional roles assigned to librarians and staff in such a setting. The study will concentrate on copy cataloguers and their changing role in Technical Services.
EXTRA-ARTICULAR EXTRUSION OF AN OSTEOCHONDRAL FRAGMENT OF THE TALAR DOME

Osteochondral fractures of the talus are uncommon. They are classified according to Berndt and Harty, as progressing in severity through four stages. This classification, however, does not address extra-articular extrusion of the osteochondral fragment. We report an osteochondral lesion of the talar dome which presented as an extruded extra-articular fragment in a closed injury of the ankle. This type of lesion may offer a continuation to the four original stages. Clinicians should be aware that this pattern of fracture can occur, and thus allow a more accurate diagnosis and the provision of some aid in the treatment of these injuries.
Why Pharmacists Belong In The Medical Home

Pharmacists can affect the delivery of primary care by addressing the challenges of medication therapy management. Most office visits involve medications for chronic conditions and require assessment of medication effectiveness, the cost of therapies, and patients' adherence with medication regimens. Pharmacists are often underused in conducting these activities. They perform comprehensive therapy reviews of prescribed and self-care medications, resolve medication-related problems, optimize complex regimens, design adherence programs, and recommend cost-effective therapies. Pharmacists should play key roles as team members in medical homes, and their potential to serve effectively in this role should be evaluated as part of medical home demonstration projects.
Is reoperation still a risk factor in coronary artery bypass surgery

Background Hospital mortality for reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is approaching that of primary CABG. This raises two questions: (1) has experience neutralized the risk of reoperation attributable to its greater difficulty, or (2) has experience neutralized the risk attributable to the higher-risk profile of reoperative patients? Methods From 1990 to 2003, 21,568 CABG procedures were performed, of which 4,518 (21%) were reoperations: 3,919 first, 552 second, 43 third, 3 fourth, and 1 fifth. Reoperative patients had a higher-risk profile than primary patients, with more vascular disease, left ventricular dysfunction, and coronary artery disease (all p Results Hospital mortality was 4.3% (168 of 3,919) for first reoperation, 5.1% (28 of 552) for second, and 6.4% (3 of 47) for third or more, compared with 1.5% (263 of 17,050) for primary operations. Risk of both primary and reoperative CABG decreased with experience ( p > 0.0002); however, reoperative risk fell markedly in the mid-1990s. In both the overall and matched-pairs analyses, reoperation was a risk factor before 1997 ( p ≤ 0.008), but not after ( p = 0.2). Reoperation within 1 year of previous CABG increased risk ( p p = 0.05). Conclusions Hospital mortality for reoperative CABG has been consistently higher than for primary operation, but this difference has narrowed considerably. Patient characteristics, not reoperation itself, now have greater influence.
Asymptotic analysis of lubricated heavily loaded point contacts with skewed direction of entrained lubricant

The paper is devoted to the application of the early developed asymptotic approach to solution of the steady isothermal problem of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) for heavily loaded point contacts with skewed direction of entrained lubricant. It is shown that the whole contact region can be subdivided into three subregions: the central one, which is far away from the other two regions occupied by the ends of the horseshoe-shaped pressure/gap distribution. The central region, in turn, can be subdivided into the Hertzian region and two adjacent boundary layers — the inlet and exit zones. Moreover, in the central region in the inlet and exit zones, the EHL problem can be reduced to asymptotically valid equations identical to the ones obtained in the inlet and exit zones of heavily loaded line EHL contacts. These equations can be analytically analysed and numerically solved on the basis of the stable methods using a specific regularization approach, which were developed for lubricated line contacts. Cases of pre-critical and over-critical lubrication regimes are considered. The by-product of this asymptotic analysis is an easy analytical derivation of formulas for the lubrication film thickness for pre-critical and over-critical starved and fully flooded lubrication regimes. The latter allows for simple analysis of the film thickness as a function of the contact eccentricity and the direction of the entrained lubricant at the inlet in the contact. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale‐dependent desorption of uranium from contaminated subsurface sediments

[1] Column experiments were performed to investigate the scale-dependent desorption of uranyl [U(VI)] from a contaminated sediment collected from the Hanford 300 Area at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford Site, Washington. The sediment was a coarse-textured alluvial flood deposit containing significant mass percentage of river cobble. U(VI) was, however, only associated with its minor fine-grained (<2 mm) mass fraction. U(VI) desorption was investigated both from the field-textured sediment using a large column (80 cm length by 15 cm inner diameter) and from its <2 mm U(VI)-associated mass fraction using a small column (10 cm length by 3.4 cm inner diameter). Dynamic advection conditions with intermittent flow and stop-flow events of variable durations were employed to investigate U(VI) desorption kinetics and its scale dependence. A multicomponent kinetic model that integrated a distributed rate of mass transfer with surface complexation reactions successfully described U(VI) release from the fine-grained U(VI)-associated materials. The field-textured sediment in the large column displayed dual-domain tracer-dependent mass transfer properties that affected the breakthrough curves of bromide, pentafluorobenzoic acid (PFBA), and tritium. The tritium breakthrough curve showed stronger nonequilibrium behavior than did PFBA and bromide and required a larger immobile porosity to describe. The dual-domain mass transfer properties were then used to scale the kinetic model of U(VI) desorption developed for the fine-grained materials to describe U(VI) release and reactive transport in the field-textured sediment. Numerical simulations indicated that the kinetic model that was integrated with the dual-domain properties determined from tracer PFBA and Br best described the experimental results. The kinetic model without consideration of the dual-domain properties overpredicted effluent U(VI) concentrations, while the model based on tritium mass transfer underpredicted the rate of U(VI) release. Overall, our results indicated that the kinetics of U(VI) release from the field-textured sediment were different from that of its fine-grained U(VI)-associated mass fraction. However, the desorption kinetics measured on the U(VI)-containing mass fraction could be scaled to describe U(VI) reactive transport in the contaminated field-textured sediment after proper consideration of the physical transport properties of the sediment. The research also demonstrated a modeling approach to integrate geochemical processes into field-scale reactive transport models.
Resolving the mechanisms of current gain increase under forward current stress in poly emitter n-p-n transistors

The mechanisms behind moderate bias current gain ( beta ) increase of n-p-n transistors under forward current stress are investigated in polysilicon emitter transistors processed with different dopant impurities and concentrations, and with different amounts of hydrogen plasma treatment. The results suggest that transport of atomic hydrogen toward the poly/monosilicon interface region and its subsequent passivation of dangling bonds at both poly grain boundaries and the poly/monosilicon interface are responsible for the moderate bias beta increase. To alleviate the beta instability, elimination of hydrogen involvement and/or a higher doping concentration inside the poly emitter in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) processes are/is recommended. >
The effects of nitrate loading on the invasive macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata and two common, native macrophytes in Florida

Abstract Rising nitrate concentrations in the water column and the spread of invasive, non-native macrophytes are two major threats to Florida's oligotrophic, freshwater ecosystems. We used a replicated mesocosm experiment to test the effects of elevated nitrate concentrations in the water on the growth of the invasive macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata and two common, native submerged macrophytes Vallisneria americana and Sagittaria kurziana. Results from this study indicate that nitrate concentrations of 1.0 mg L−1 NO3-N in the water increased the final dry-weight biomass of H. verticillata by 2.75 times, while having no statistical effect on the growth of the two native species. Additionally, H. verticillata grew at a faster rate than the two native species in the low nitrate treatments accounting for 82% of the total biomass, indicating that it may have the capacity to invade relatively pristine communities. In waters where nitrate concentrations continue to rise, the cost of control efforts for H. verticillata may substantially increase in the future.
Performance analysis of a fault-tolerant B-tree ATM switch

The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) has become the subject of intense interest across all segments of the telecommunications and computer industry. State-of-the-art multiplexing and switching technologies form the basis of ATM's ability to deliver different types of information (e.g., voice, data, audio, video and graphics) at gigabit speeds. ATM networks rely heavily on the efficiency and speed of their switching fabrics. In the last few years, heavy research has been conducted in the design of new ATM switching fabrics. We examine the B-tree fault-tolerant ATM switch, acknowledged to be one of the most efficient ATM switch. We show several of its shortcomings, one of which is that it does not resolve internal conflicts of data packets. We (1) extensively study the B-tree switch (2) analyze the different buffering methods that would be suitable for our design, (3) analyze the different traffic models to reflect real-time traffic, (4) exploit the information from above to design a more fault-tolerant switch, and (5) conduct extensive simulation to prove the efficacy of our design.
Bayesian Forecasting in Multi-vehicle Search Operations

This paper discusses robust UAV search operations in the context of decisionmaking under uncertainty and presents a new metric called the modifled Bayes Factor (MBF) that encompasses the notion of uncertainty and can be used for robust planning. Various results are shown with the MBF embedded in our planning schemes. This paper also presents a new approach to predict the value of future information by evaluating the most likely future measurements by using Bayesian forecasting, and using these pseudomeasurements to calculate the expected MBF or reduction in variance if additional observations were available. Numerical results are shown that demonstrate the improvement that can be obtained when comparing these robust approaches to nominal ones in a poorly known environment. Key beneflts are also demonstrated with the use of Bayesian forecasting in predicting the most likely locations for improvement in information.
Changing Temperature Inversion Characteristics in the U.S. Southwest and Relationships to Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

AbstractContinental temperature inversions significantly influence air quality, yet little is known about their variability in frequency and intensity with time or sensitivity to dynamical changes with climate. Inversion statistics for six upper-air stations in the American Southwest are derived for the period 1994–2008 from radiosonde data reported by the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), which use different significant level standards. GTS data indicate that low-level elevated inversions have increased in frequency at four of six sites, consistent with enhanced regional stagnation projected by models. NCDC data, in contrast, show remarkable declines in weak, near-surface inversions through 2001, indicating local surface conditions may counteract atmospheric dynamics in regulating inversion activity and air quality. To further test the sensitivity of inversion activity to climate, associations between wintertime inversion frequency and large-scale circulation...
Personality and Organization Structure: Staff Models and Behavioral Patterns

Students of organization long have raised questions about orthodox line-staff arrangements in organizations, but little of the literature is consciously oriented toward the testing of hypotheses ne...
Identification of Cotton Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) Host Plants in Central Texas and Compendium of Reported Hosts in the United States

The cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), is an early-season pest of developing cotton in Central Texas and other regions of the Cotton Belt. Cotton fleahopper populations develop on spring weed hosts and move to cotton as weed hosts senesce or if other weed hosts are not readily available. To identify weed hosts that were seasonably available for the cotton fleahopper in Central Texas, blooming weed species were sampled during early-season (17 March-31 May), mid-season (1 June-14 August), late-season (15 August-30 November), and overwintering (1 December-16 March) periods. The leading hosts for cotton fleahopper adults and nymphs were evening primrose (Oenothera speciosa T. Nuttall) and Mexican hat [Ratibida columnifera (T. Nuttall) E. Wooton and P. Standley], respectively, during the early season. During the mid-season, silver-leaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium A. Cavanilles) was consistently a host for fleahopper nymphs and adults. Woolly croton (Croton capitatus A. Michaux) was a leading host during the late season. Cotton fleahoppers were not collected during the overwintering period. Other suitable hosts were available before previously reported leading hosts became available. Eight previously unreported weed species were documented as temporary hosts. A compendium of reported hosts, which includes >160 plant species representing 35 families, for the cotton fleahopper is provided for future research addressing insect-host plant associations. Leading plant families were Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Onagraceae. Results presented here indicate a strong argument for assessing weed species diversity and abundance for the control of the cotton fleahopper in the Cotton Belt.
Inactivation of Chibby affects function of motile airway cilia

Chibby (Cby) is a conserved component of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway. Cby physically interacts with β-catenin to repress its activation of transcription. To elucidate the function of Cby in vertebrates, we generated Cby−/− mice and found that after 2–3 d of weight loss, the majority of mice die before or around weaning. All Cby−/− mice develop rhinitis and sinusitis. When challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, Cby−/− mice are unable to clear the bacteria from the nasal cavity. Notably, Cby−/− mice exhibit a complete absence of mucociliary transport caused by a marked paucity of motile cilia in the nasal epithelium. Moreover, ultrastructural experiments reveal impaired basal body docking to the apical surface of multiciliated cells. In support of these phenotypes, endogenous Cby protein is localized at the base of cilia. As the phenotypes of Cby−/− mice bear striking similarities to primary ciliary dyskinesia, Cby−/− mice may prove to be a useful model for this condition.
Isolated Trapezoid Fractures A Case Report with Compilation of the Literature

Isolated fractures of the trapezoid bone have been rarely reported in the literature, the mechanism of injury being an axial or bending load transmitted through the second metacarpal. We report a case of an isolated, nondisplaced trapezoid fracture that was sustained by direct trauma and subsequently treated successfully in a short-arm cast. Diagnostic and treatment strategies for isolated fractures of the trapezoid bone are reviewed as well as the results of operative and nonoperative treatment.
The Transformation of European Trading States

This chapter argues that much of contemporary state transformation is driven not by socialization, nor by trade liberalization in the abstract, but by the particular legal-institutional form of trade liberalization since 1948. Contemporary trade liberalization has been a product of US (and, later, US-European) power, exercised through the creation and operation of the GATT and its successor, the WTO, and reflected in the GATT/WTO's substantive rules. The particular form and processes of trade liberalization have entailed not just the abandonment of certain national policies, but also shifts of authority within the state, the creation of new kinds of state capacities, and new processes of policy-making. European state transformation is part of this story. The changing organization of Western European states and EU institutions can not be fully understood without considering the exigencies of partnering with the United States to govern the institutions of the global trading system. For the EU to join the United States in governing the GATT/WTO required changes in the organization of the European state: shifting authority upward within states and to the Commission, expanding state capacity within states and at the European level, and changing processes of member-state and European trade policy-making. Europe chose to transform along lines that have enabled it to co-govern the world trading system. European-US governance of the world trading system has, in turn, favored changes in the organization of the state in third countries toward a Western industrialized model of the state.
Noninflammatory Vascular Disease of the Kidney

The kidneys are highly vascularized organs that normally receive 20%–25% of the cardiac output. The arterial network of the kidney is highly specialized and is adapted to the regulatory functions of this organ. It is not unusual, therefore, to encounter functional and structural changes in the kidneys in diseases of the vasculature of any etiology. The compromise in renal function that ensues adversely affects, in turn, the course of the primary vascular disease. Conversely, the successful therapy of either the underlying vascular disease or the consequent deterioration of renal function will favorably alter the course of the other. This chapter deals only with the noninflammatory vascular diseases that compromise renal blood flow and alter renal function. The specific entities to be covered are high blood pressure, malignant hypertension, renovascular hypertension, scleroderma, embolic diseases, and renal vein thrombosis.
GE-29EXPRESSION SUBCLASS PROFILE IN PSEUDOPROGRESSION AND TRUE PROGRESSION IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED GBM

INTRODUCTION: The hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is its penchant for relentless progression. Pseudoprogression describes a post-treatment reaction demonstrating increased edema and contrast enhancement similar to typical tumor progression except that on subsequent imaging without escalation of antitumor therapy these changes stabilize or revert [1]. Accurate identification of pseudoprogression has important implications for therapy and research and potentially prognosis as well. Increased cellular proliferation (Ki-67 indices) and the presence of a methylated O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter have been associated with higher rates of pseudoprogression [2,3]. However, more sensitive and specific biomarkers of pseudoprogression are needed. This study seeks to identify novel indicators of pseudoprogression. METHODS: Patients were identified using the Hermelin Brain Tumor Center database at Henry Ford Hospital. Tissues from 52 patients with newly diagnosed GBM between 1992 and 2011 were gathered and whole genome sequencing and subtyping was performed by The Cancer Genome Atlas researchers. Retrospective chart review was carried out. Patients were assigned to either pseudoprogression (PP) or true progression (TP) groups based on whether changes suggestive of disease progression on MRI within 2 months of post-operative therapy initiation regressed without additional antitumor therapy during the ensuing 4 months. The incidence of pseudoprogression and GBM subclass were correlated using Fisher's Exact Test. RESULTS: Forty-one of 52 (79%) cases were identified as TP while 11/52 (21%) were found to have PP. In our study population, PP was associated with significantly increased median survival compared with TP (735 versus 313 days, respectively, p < 0.0012). The molecular subclass profile for both groups included a predominance of Mesenchymal and Neural subtypes, revealing no correlation between GBM subclass and the risk of pseudoprogression (p < 0.8069). CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoprogression correlated with improved survival. Interestingly, Mesenchymal and Neural GBM subclasses predominated in our PP group, suggesting a factor independent of molecular subclassification may predict pseudoprogression.
Taxonomic Studies on the Genus Arthrobotrys Corda

Some 20 species of Arthrobotrys Corda have been listed in the literature. In this study, 8 have been studied from fresh material and the remainder from literary discussions. I have concluded that 1...
Endobronchial valve placement for intractable airleaks

Prolonged alveolo-pleural and broncho-pleural airleaks can be vexing problems for Thoracic Surgeons and arise after pulmonary procedures or spontaneously: often in the setting of underlying lung disease or infection. Patients with debilitation, HIV infection, end stage lung disease or following lung transplantation may be poor candidates for surgical intervention. Bronchoscopic treatment with Endobronchial valves can shorten the duration of air-leaks, reducing hospital stay with an associated improvement in quality of life.
Redox-responsive gels with tunable hydrophobicity for controlled solubilization and release of organics.

The hydrophobicity of the chemical environment within a redox-responsive polymer gel synthesized by copolymerization of hydroxybutyl methacrylate (HBMA) and vinylferrocene (VF) can be controlled by tuning the oxidation state of the redox-responsive moiety, ferrocene. When ferrocene is in the uncharged reduced state, the gel is hydrophobic and selectively extracts butanol from aqueous solution. Upon oxidation to ferricenium ions, charge is induced at the ferrocene sites making the gel hydrophilic, with a reduced capacity for butanol relative to water. Equilibrium distribution coefficients and separation factors provide quantitative evidence for this changing preference for butanol depending on oxidation state. The selection of the monomer constituting the polymer backbone, HBMA, was based on an initial screening using the Hansen solubility parameters of commercially available monomers. The effect of the various constituents of the gel on the gel’s butanol extraction ability has been ascertained experimentally.
Influence of Inner- and Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer Mechanisms during Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is generally considered to be more facile in alkaline media compared to its acidic counterparts. The fundamental reasoning for this statement has been quite elusive and not understood very well. A pertinent review of the literature in alkaline media on noble and non-noble metal electrocatalysts is presented here along with experimental results to investigate the rationale behind the so-called kinetic facility in alkaline media. Increasing the pH from 0 to 14 has several effects on the electrode–electrolyte interface in terms of the working electrode potential range, the strength of adsorption of the reaction intermediates, and spectator species. Besides these, the reasons for kinetic facility are investigated from the perspective of the changes in the double layer structure and electrochemical reaction mechanisms in transitioning from acidic to alkaline environment. In this context, specifically adsorbed hydroxyl species are found to promote an outer-sphere electron transfe...
Residential water demand analysis of a Low‐Income Rate Assistance Program in California, United States

This paper presents a statistical analysis of residential water demand in a Low-Income Rate Assistance (LIRA) Program. A comparison of 10 years of monthly household level water use data (2002–2011) for LIRA versus non-LIRA customers revealed significant differences in water use patterns in four of the five study cities. In addition, seasonal index (averages summer versus winter water use) were investigated for LIRA versus non-LIRA. There was a statistically significant difference for some cities; however, the level of difference was not large enough to conclusively demonstrate an outstanding difference between the two groups. Finally, the peaking factor approach coupled with the statistical modelling of demand elaborated in this paper will provide a more realistic way of representing residential water demand variations in system performance assessment/evaluations.
Determination of Lead in Food Additive by Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish method for lead determination in food additive by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.[Methods]Atomic fluorescence method was adopted for lead determination.After digested at constant temperature,samples were determined for the concentration of lead under optimal conditions of the instrument and determination.[Results]The lead showed liner relationship in the range of 0.00～50.00 μg/L;the correlation coefficient was 0.998 3;the detection limit was 0.40 μg/L;the relative standard deviation was 2.4%～2.8%,the recovery ranged from 94.4%～100.7%.[Conclusion]This method is simple,rapid,sensitive and accurate,and suitable for lead determination in food additive.
Practicing Cognitive Strengthening: Understanding Unhealthy Thinking Patterns (Session 6 of the Treatment Manual)

Session 6 focuses on practicing cognitive strengthening and understanding unhealthy thinking patterns. It is followed by Session 7, which focuses on learning effective thinking strategies and consolidating skills development. When working with Asian heritage clients, the emphasis on cognitions is a cultural adaptation and purposefully placed after problem-solving. This important modification was implemented because many clients come into therapy wanting to actively address their problems. Emphasizing changing the way clients think too early in the treatment process can be incongruent with the client’s goals. In fact, during the clinical trial, many clients in the nonadapted cognitive-behavioral therapy condition stated that their thinking is not the problem, and wanted to focus on changing other people and their life situation—which were perceived as the real problem. After the client has gone through the process of trying to solve their problems, they are more willing to cognitively reframe and change the way they think.
The Importance of Animal Source Foods for Nutrient Sufficiency in the Developing World : The Zambia Scenario

There have been successful interventions fortifying staple foods to mobilize micronutrients as well as agricultural efforts to raise yields of staple foods to increase food availability. Zambia serves as an interesting case study because since 1961 there has been a notable decline in the availability of animal source foods (ASFs) and pulses and a significant increase in the supply of cassava and vegetable oils. The shift in food availability was partly attributed to the agricultural success in high-yielding and drought-resistant varieties that made cassava and oil crops more affordable and readily available. In this research, we explore another policy strategy that involves ASF as a mechanism to help remedy micronutrient inadequacies in a population. A scenario modeling analysis compares the changes in the nutrient profile of the Zambian diet through adding either staple plant source foods (PSFs) or ASFs. The scenarios under study involve the addition of (1) 18 fl oz of whole cow's milk; (2) 60 g of beef, 30 g of chicken, and 5 g of beef liver; (3) milk plus meat; or (4) 83 g of maize flour, 123 g of cassava, and other staple PSF, that is, isocaloric to the "milk + meat" group. The findings alert program planners and policy makers to the value of increasing the availability, accessibility, and utilization of ASF to simultaneously address multiple nutrient deficiencies, as well as the nutrition challenges that remain when expanding the availability of plant-based staples.
A Memory and Time Scalable Parallelization of the Reptile Error-Correction Code

This paper details a distributed memory implementation of Reptile, a scalable and accurate spectrum based error-correction method. Reptile uses both k-mer and adjoining k-mers (called tiles) information along with the quality scores of bases to correct substitution-based errors from next generation sequencing machines. Previous approaches to parallelize Preptile have replicated the spectrums on each node which can be prohibitive in terms of memory needed for huge datasets. Our approach distributes both the k-mer and the tile spectrum amongst the processing ranks, relying on message passing for error correction. This allows hardware with any memory size per node to be employed for error-correction using Reptile's algorithm, irrespective of the size of the dataset. As part of our implementation, we have also implemented several heuristics which can be used to run the algorithm optimally based on the advantages of the hardware used. We present our results on IBM's BlueGene/Q architecture for the E.Coli, Drosophila and the human datasets showing excellent scalability with increasing number of nodes. Using 256 nodes of BlueGene/Q, we are able to error correct E.Coli and Drosphila datasets in less than 200 seconds and 600 seconds respectively. The human dataset consisting of 1.55 billion reads is corrected in a little more than two hours using 1024 nodes of BlueGene/Q. All three datasets are corrected with Reptile's memory intensive algorithm with less than 512 MB per process.
Effect of Pore Wall Charge and Probe Molecule Size on Molecular Motion inside Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been widely used as molecular containers. Properties of molecules trapped in the pores of the nanoparticles are not yet comprehensively understood. This work quantitatively studied molecular motions of guest compounds in mesoporous silica nanoparticles by calculating rotational correlation times from spin–lattice relaxation measured using solid-state NMR. The effect of pore wall charge and probe molecule size on molecular motion inside nanoparticles was proven to significantly change the molecular dynamics in a confined space.
The Economics of Sex Offender Policy and Prevention

In the face of national budgetary concerns and questions about the effectiveness of sex offender policies, increased attention has been given to the long-term viability of current efforts to reduce sex offending. With finite resources available, it is imperative that investments in sexual violence prevention focus on practices that make the greatest impact. The following chapter examines the contribution of economic perspectives in evaluating sex offender policy efforts. The first section provides background on economic analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of a program. Topics covered in this section include an introduction to Return on Investment (ROI) analysis, calculating costs and benefits, a review of ROI analyses of behavioral health programs, and additional considerations for economic investigations related to behavioral health. An overview of sex offender policy efforts follows, with focus on three widespread policies that proliferated in the 1990s: Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) commitment, Registration and Community Notification Laws (RCNLs), and Residence Restrictions. Discussion of each policy includes an overview of the nature and aims of the policy, summary of known implementation and maintenance costs, review of the empirical literature (with an emphasis on outcome studies), and insight into the policy’s current economic effectiveness. Additional efforts with encouraging results—those rooted in treatment of criminogenic needs and prosocial development—are then reviewed. The chapter concludes with a summary of the (poor) economic effectiveness of current sex offender policy efforts, with additional considerations for comprehensive, informed economic analysis aimed at strengthening current efforts to address sexual offending.
It’s the Audience: Differences in Social Support Across Social Media:

Responding to recent calls to transcend social media platforms when examining media effects, and using the social information processing model to predict and explain results, this multi-method stud...