cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transpiration of cottonwood/willow forest estimated from sap flux

Cottonwood/willow forests in the American Southwest consist of discrete, even-aged vegetation patches arranged in narrow strips along active and abandoned stream channels of alluvial flood plains. We used the heat-pulse velocity technique in this study to estimate transpiration in 12 such forest patches along a perennially flowing reach of the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona, USA during five periods from April to October 1997. Transpiration per unit sapwood area was consistently higher for the larger cottonwood trees found on outer secondary channels compared to that of smaller cottonwood trees along the active channel, but statistically significant differences were found only in August and October. Conversely, transpiration per unit sapwood area in willow was markedly higher for trees along the primary channel than for those few larger trees that were sampled on the outer margins of the forest. Average daily transpiration at the canopy scale among the patches in July was 4:8 0:7 mm per day and ranged from 5:7 0:6 mm per day in young forest patches adjacent to the primary stream channel to 3:1 0:6 mm per day in more successionally advanced patches on secondary channels. Differences in our estimates of transpiration between forest patches along primary and secondary stream channels were related to differences in the ratio of sapwood area to ground area of the forest patches, and leaf area index. Estimates of transpiration from this forest type, and projections of transpiration and groundwater flux over larger areas on the San Pedro River, should take into account structural variation in these forests that relate to population dynamics of dominant trees. © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Re: The study of the relation between maternal occupational exposure to solvents and birth defects should include oxygenated solvents (authors’ response)

We appreciate the interest of Dr Garlantezec et al in our article on the association between maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents (chlorinated, aromatic and Stoddard) and birth defects.1 We reported a positive association between chlorinated solvents and neural tube defects, particularly spina bifida; we did not observe an association between solvent exposure and orofacial clefts.2 As noted in their comment, our …
Consent and Compliance in Chemoprevention Trials

AbstractIn determining the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids, or any other chemoprevention agent in reducing risk for breast cancer, women must be willing to participate in clinical trials and fully adhere to the medication regimen. Little information is known regarding what types of women at risk for breast cancer are likely to participate in such trials and how they will adhere to a long-term chemoprevention regimen. One component of the Breast Cancer Prevention Program at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center was designed to investigate psychosocial factors associated with consent and adherence to a chemoprevention regimen.
Evaluating phase change memory for enterprise storage systems: a study of caching and tiering approaches

Storage systems based on Phase Change Memory (PCM) devices are beginning to generate considerable attention in both industry and academic communities. But whether the technology in its current state will be a commercially and technically viable alternative to entrenched technologies such as flash-based SSDs remains undecided. To address this it is important to consider PCM SSD devices not just from a device standpoint, but also from a holistic perspective.This paper presents the results of our performance study of a recent all-PCM SSD prototype. The average latency for a 4 KiB random read is 6.7 µs, which is about 16× faster than a comparable eMLC flash SSD. The distribution of I/O response times is also much narrower than flash SSD for both reads and writes. Based on the performance measurements and real-world workload traces, we explore two typical storage use-cases: tiering and caching. For tiering, we model a hypothetical storage system that consists of flash, HDD, and PCM to identify the combinations of device types that offer the best performance within cost constraints. For caching, we study whether PCM can improve performance compared to flash in terms of aggregate I/O time and read latency. We report that the IOPS/$ of a tiered storage system can be improved by 12-66% and the aggregate elapsed time of a server-side caching solution can be improved by up to 35% by adding PCM.Our results show that - even at current price points - PCM storage devices show promising performance as a new component in enterprise storage systems.
A randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine in migraine with prolonged aura

Objective: The aim of our study was to test the hypothesis that ketamine would affect aura in a randomized controlled double-blind trial, and thus to provide direct evidence for the role of glutamatergic transmission in human aura. Methods: We performed a double-blinded, randomized parallel-group controlled study investigating the effect of 25 mg intranasal ketamine on migraine with prolonged aura in 30 migraineurs using 2 mg intranasal midazolam as an active control. Each subject recorded data from 3 episodes of migraine. Results: Eighteen subjects completed the study. Ketamine reduced the severity ( p = 0.032) but not duration of aura in this group, whereas midazolam had no effect. Conclusions: These data provide translational evidence for the potential importance of glutamatergic mechanisms in migraine aura and offer a pharmacologic parallel between animal experimental work on cortical spreading depression and the clinical problem. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that intranasal ketamine is effective in reducing aura severity in patients with migraine with prolonged aura.
Transforming Potential of Herpes Simplex Viruses and Human Cytomegalovirus

The herpesviruses comprise one of the most diverse groups of DNA-containing viruses. Although the details of their replication cycles significantly differ, viruses within this family share not only physical characteristics but also the same range of host cell—virus interactions. Infection of cells in culture with any of the human herpesviruses leads to one of three biological consequencesL lytic growth, latency or persistence, or, less frequently, acquisition of a transformed phenotype. AT the level of the infected host these interactions are manifested as pathogenesis, a reservoir for recurrent infection and potential for malignancy. At least four human herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and Epstein—Barr virus (EBV), have been implicated in the etiology of human neoplasia.
/sup 45/Sc(. cap alpha. , d)/sup 47/Ti reaction

Using a split-pole magnetic spectrograph, the /sup 45/Sc(..cap alpha.., d)/sup 47/Ti reaction was studied at E (..cap alpha..) =25 MeV and with a range of angles from 7degree to 50degree. These measurements are compared with results we obtained using the /sup 45/Sc(/sup 3/He, p)/sup 47/Ti reaction. One result of this comparison is the identification of candidates for states with high spin. The major emphasis of this paper is the study of such states. Two-particle spectroscopic amplitudes are calculated using an (f/sub 7///sub 2/)/sup 7/ model, assuming an inert /sup 40/Ca core. Zero-range distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations are then performed with these amplitudes. A comparison between these shell-model calculations and the experimental results indicates that the states at 4.506 and 3.583 MeV have J/sup pi/'s of 19/2/sup -/ and 17/2/sup -/. A second result of the comparison between the (..cap alpha.., d) and (/sup 3/He, p) reactions concerns the nature of the 3.22-MeV state in /sup 47/Ti. It is strongly populated with an orbital angular momentum transfer of 0 by the (/sup 3/He, p) reaction and only weakly populated by the (..cap alpha.., d) reaction, suggesting that it is formed by the transfer of a neutron-proton pair with S=0, T=1. This ismore » similar to the transfer forming the state at 7.346 MeV, the analog of the /sup 47/Sc ground state. (AIP)« less
The Strawberry Root-Weevil, Brachyrhinus (Otiorhynchus) Ovatus as a Conifer Pest

Apparently there has developed a distinct race of the strawberry root-weevil, Brachyrhinus ovatus , the larvae of which feed only on the root systems of two- and three-year-old conifer seedlings growing in seed beds. The infestation has built up among growing conifers for a quarter of a century or more in a comparatively restricted area. The larvae in the soil can be killed by the use of carbon disulphide emulsion used at the same strength recommended for the control of the Japanese beetle. The adults can be killed by the use of poisoned bran bait, made according to the same formula recommended for the control of cutworms, except that oil of apples in place of amyl acetate should be used as an attractant. When the three-year-old seedlings are removed from the seed-beds in the early spring and transplanted to clean soil, the loss will be reduced.
Antisera specific for human amyloid reactive with conformational antigens.

SummaryAntisera reactive specifically with DAM (degraded amyloid) and amyloid and unreactive with any serum proteins appear to be directed to conformational antigenic determinants since they no longer react with DAM after complete reduction and alkylation.
[3H] sertraline binding to rat brain membranes.

Tritiated sertraline, a radiolabeled form of a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake, was found to bind with high affinity to rat whole brain membranes. Characterization studies showed that [3H] sertraline binding occurred at a single site with the following parameters:Kd 0.57 nM,Bmax 821 fmol/mg protein,nh 1.06. This binding was reversible; the dissociation constant calculated from kinetic measurements (Kd 0.81 nM) agreed with that determined by saturation binding experiments. [3H] Sertraline binding in the presence of serotonin, paroxetine, fluoxetine or imipramine suggested competitive inhibition of binding (large increase inKd with little change inBmax). The rank order of potency of inhibition of [3H] sertraline binding was similar to that of inhibition of serotonin uptake for known uptake inhibitors and the 1-amino-4-phenyltetralin uptake blockers. A marked decrease in ex vivo [3H] sertraline binding in the brain of rats 7 days after treatment withp-chloroamphetamine was consistent with the loss of serotonin uptake sites induced by this agent. The results of our study indicated that [3H] sertraline labels serotonin uptake sites in rat brain.
Without Distinguishing Color or Profession: Culture, Vatican II and the Long-Term Development of Credit Institutions in Bolivia

By the late 20th and early 21st century, credit institutions in Bolivia had become more complex, resilient and popular that at any time previously in its history. Traditional economics analyses emphasize incentives created by laws such as those promulgated by the Kemmerer mission in Bolivia in the 1920s and 30s, or material factors, such as transportation costs. Yet neither of these explanations offers a compelling explanation for the magnitude of the flourishing of popular and complex credit institutions in Bolivia after the 1960s. Cultural changes, however, might offer a compelling complement to legal and material explanations of credit development. Vatican II represented an important mass change in Bolivian culture, and institutions associated with these reforms ushered in a new era of credit institution development in the country.
Are Food Deserts Also Play Deserts

Although food deserts are areas that lack easy access to food outlets and considered a barrier to a healthy diet and a healthy weight among residents, food deserts typically comprise older urban areas which may have many parks and street configurations that could facilitate more physical activity. However, other conditions may limit the use of available facilities in these areas. This paper assesses the use of parks in two Pittsburgh food desert neighborhoods by using systematic observation. We found that while the local parks were accessible, they were largely underutilized. We surveyed local residents and found that only a minority considered the parks unsafe for use during the day, but a substantial proportion suffered from health limitations that interfered with physical activity. Residents also felt that parks lacked programming and other amenities that could potentially draw more park users. Parks programming and equipment in food desert areas should be addressed to account for local preferences and adjusted to meet the needs and limitations of local residents, especially seniors.
1H and 31P NMR and EPR of Pentaammineruthenium(III)Complexes of Endocyclically Coordinated Nucleotides, Nucleosides, and Related Heterocyclic Bases. Autoxidation of [(GuoκN7)(NH3)5RuIII] (Guo = Guanosine). Crystal Structure of [7MeGuaκN9 (NH3)5Ru]Cl3·3H2O

The (1)H-NMR spectra of complexes involving the paramagnetic metal center [(NH(3))(5)Ru(III)] coordinated at ring nitrogens have been examined with pyridine, purine, nucleoside, and nucleotide ligands along with (31)P-NMR of the nucleotide complexes and EPR of representative complexes. Variations in the spectra have been investigated as a function of the coordination site and pH. Pseudocontact and contact shifts have been calculated for various protons, and an attempt has been made to correlate sugar conformations in coordinated 5'GMP, 5'IMP, Guo, and Ino with paramagnetically induced shifts. The compound [(7MeGuakappa(N9))(NH(3))(5)Ru]Cl(3).3H(2)O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2(1) with cell parameters a = 25.375(4) A, b = 11.803(4) A, c = 6.958(2) A, Z = 4, and R = 0.042. The autoxidation of [L(NH(3))(5)Ru(III)], where L = Guo, dGuo, and 1MeGuo, to the corresponding 8-oxo complexes under atmospheric oxygen is first order in the complex and [OH(-)]. For L = Guo, k = 6.6 x 10(-5) M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH = 58 kJ/mol, and DeltaS = -124 J/(mol K).
“Because we are all people”: outcomes and reflections from young people's participation in the planning and design of child-friendly public spaces

ABSTRACTChild-Friendly Cities were conceived as a means to integrate children's rights into city decision-making and governance. Participatory research about child-friendly cities consistently finds overarching themes across ages and regions: children desire access to services, nature, and play; freedom from physical danger; and opportunities for inclusion within the city. This article explores a two-year visioning and participatory design process that engaged approximately 225 young people, aged 4–16, in the planning and design of a prominent public space in the City of Boulder. While participatory research with children has received much attention in the academic literature, much less attention has been given to what can be achieved through sustained integration of children into municipal planning processes, particularly in the USA. This paper thus moves children's participation beyond rhetoric and into the challenging reality of planning a city with children as a valued constituent.
Mediastinal mass diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound as recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in a post-liver transplantation patient.

Objective:We presented a rare case of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplant manifested as an isolated mediastinal mass.Methods:A 62-year-old man was referred for evaluation of a...
A Method for Reinsertion of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon

A method of repair following rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii is described. This method has two advantages. First, it restores the tendon to its anatomical insertion and the biceps to its function as a supinator as well as a flexor of the forearm. Second, the use of two approaches obviates the difficulties and dangers of exposing the radial tuberosity through the anterior approach.
Correction of Mass Discrimination for Measuring Ru Isotope Abundance by MC-ICP-MS

The large mass bias was corrected during the measurement of Ru isotope abundance by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(MC-ICP-MS).A natural RuCl3 sample was determined by isoprobe MC-ICP-MS.The power law,exponential law and generalised power law(GPL)were adopted to correct the mass discrimination.The results show that if 100Ru/102Ru,104Ru/102Ru ratio are adopted to be the normalization,the mass bias can be well corrected by GPL.The correcting values of isotopic abundance ratios of Ru agree with the natural values at the level of(20—650)×10-6.
Correlation, coherence and context

The modern theory of coherence is based on correlation functions. A generic example could be written , denoting an average of products of the values of a signal V(t) at two specified times. Here we infer that t is a degree of freedom that the signal depends on. Typically, physical variables depend on more than one degree of freedom, and recognition of this has prompted attention to some interesting questions for the correlation functions and the several coherences that can be attributed to the same optical field. We examine some of the questions arising from the standpoint of experimental contexts. Degree of polarizability and degree of entanglement (classical non-separability) can serve as starting points for quantitative assignments.
Two EF-hand motifs in ryanodine receptor calcium release channels contribute to isoform-specific regulation by calmodulin

The mammalian ryanodine receptor Ca2+ release channel (RyR) has a single conserved high affinity calmodulin (CaM) binding domain. However, the skeletal muscle RyR1 is activated and cardiac muscle RyR2 is inhibited by CaM at submicromolar Ca2+. This suggests isoform-specific domains are involved in RyR regulation by CaM. To gain insight into the differential regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle RyRs by CaM, RyR1/RyR2 chimeras and mutants were expressed in HEK293 cells, and their single channel activities were measured using a lipid bilayer method. All RyR1/RyR2 chimeras and mutants were inhibited by CaM at 2μM Ca2+, consistent with CaM inhibition of RyR1 and RyR2 at micromolar Ca2+ concentrations. An RyR1/RyR2 chimera with RyR1 N-terminal amino acid residues (aa) 1-3725 and RyR2 C-terminal aa 3692-4968 were inhibited by CaM at <1μM Ca2+ similar to RyR2. In contrast, RyR1/RyR2 chimera with RyR1 aa 1-4301 and RyR2 4254-4968 was activated at <1μM Ca2+ similar to RyR1. Replacement of RyR1 aa 3726-4298 with corresponding residues from RyR2 conferred CaM inhibition at <1μM Ca2+, which suggests RyR1 aa 3726-4298 are required for activation by CaM. Characterization of additional RyR1/RyR2 chimeras and mutants in two predicted Ca2+ binding motifs in RyR1 aa 4081-4092 (EF1) and aa 4116-4127 (EF2) suggests that both EF-hand motifs and additional sequences in the large N-terminal regions are required for isoform-specific RyR1 and RyR2 regulation by CaM at submicromolar Ca2+ concentrations.
College-conocimiento: toward an interdisciplinary college choice framework for Latinx students

AbstractThis paper builds upon Perna’s college choice model by integrating Anzaldua’s theory of conocimiento to propose an interdisciplinary college choice framework for Latinx students. Using previous literature, this paper proposes college-conocimiento as a framework that contextualizes Latinx student college choices within the inequitable distribution of institutional resources in the K-12 system. In particular, the framework centers on the notion that a lack of adequate college guidance can influence a cyclical Latinx college choice process. College-conocimiento is defined as a serpentine process where Latinx students reflect on the college information that they receive, in relation to their intersectional identities when preparing for college. The pathway of college-conocimiento entails seven cyclical spaces and aims for students to develop a reflective college consciousness, exemplified through self-advocacy and supporting peers with the college choice process. This paper challenges college choice a...
Stress Facilitates the Development of Cognitive Dysfunction After Chronic Ethanol Exposure.

Background Chronic exposure to stress or alcohol can drive neuroadaptations that alter cognition. Alterations in cognition may contribute to alcohol use disorders by reducing cognitive control over drinking and maintenance of abstinence. Here we examined effects of combined ethanol (EtOH) and stress exposure on prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognition. Methods Adult male C57BL/6J mice were trained to drink EtOH (15%, v/v) on a 1 h/d 1-bottle schedule. Once stable, mice were exposed to cycles of chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) or air-control vapor exposure (Air), followed by test cycles of 1 h/d EtOH drinking. During test drinking, mice received no stress (NS) or 10 minutes of forced swim stress (FSS) 4 hours before each test. This schedule produced 4 experimental groups: control, Air/NS; EtOH-dependent no stress, CIE/NS; nondependent stress, Air/FSS; or EtOH-dependent stress, CIE/FSS. After 2 cycles of CIE and FSS exposure, we assessed PFC-dependent cognition using object/context recognition and attentional set shifting. At the end of the study, mice were perfused and brains were collected for measurement of c-Fos activity in PFC and locus coeruleus (LC). Results CIE/FSS mice escalated EtOH intake faster than CIE/NS and consumed more EtOH than Air/NS across all test cycles. After 2 cycles of CIE/FSS, mice showed impairments in contextual learning and extradimensional set-shifting relative to other groups. In addition to cognitive dysfunction, CIE/FSS mice demonstrated widespread reductions in c-Fos activity within prelimbic and infralimbic PFC as well as LC. Conclusions Together, these findings show that interactions between EtOH and stress exposure rapidly lead to disruptions in signaling across cognitive networks and impairments in PFC-dependent cognitive function.
Uniform sparse bounds for discrete quadratic phase Hilbert transforms

For each \(\alpha \in \mathbb {T}\) consider the discrete quadratic phase Hilbert transform acting on finitely supported functions \(f : \mathbb {Z} \rightarrow \mathbb {C}\) according to $$\begin{aligned} H^{\alpha }f(n):= \sum _{m \ne 0} \frac{e^{i\alpha m^2} f(n - m)}{m}. \end{aligned}$$ We prove that, uniformly in \(\alpha \in \mathbb {T}\), there is a sparse bound for the bilinear form \(\left\langle H^{\alpha } f , g \right\rangle \) for every pair of finitely supported functions \(f,g : \mathbb {Z}\rightarrow \mathbb {C}\). The sparse bound implies several mapping properties such as weighted inequalities in an intersection of Muckenhoupt and reverse Holder classes.
Effect of virtual reality headset for pediatric fear and pain distraction during immunization.

Aim Fear of needles is a well-known phobia among children and adults. This study presents the rationale, feasibility and results of a pilot study applying a virtual reality (VR) headset as a fear reduction and pain distraction during immunizations. Patients & methods 17 subjects and 17 parents rated their fear and pain level pre- and postimmunization using Wong-Baker pain scale and McMurtry children's fear scale. Immunization was provided, while subject was wearing a VR headset. Results Ratings of anticipated versus actual fear and pain due to immunizations improved following use of the VR headset in 94.1% of pediatric subjects. Conclusion The use of a VR headset was well received and reduced overall fear and pain in children receiving immunizations.
Band splitting in overloaded isocratic elution chromatography I. The experimental evidence

A series of samples of increasing volume (from 0.001 to 4.0 cm3), containing the same constant concentration (40 g/l) of two simple compounds, ethylbenzoate and 4-tert.-butylphenol were injected on a Kromasil-C18 column with methanol-water (62:38. v/v) as the mobile phase. Complex band profiles were observed when the volume of the sample became large enough and strong band interference took place. The analysis of the fractions collected during the elution of the mixed band demonstrates that, for samples larger than 2 cm3, the band of 4-tert.-butylphenol is split into two separate bands, one eluted before and the other eluted after the band of ethylbenzoate. Such a phenomenon has never been observed yet in RPLC, under isocratic elution conditions.
Caching and Distribution Issues for Streaming Content Distribution Networks

This chapter presents an overview of the state of the art in caching and distribution techniques for streaming media content. A content distribution network (CDN)—an overlay network of proxy servers—is typically employed for this purpopse. We present techniques for caching entire files as well as caching partial content at each proxy in a streaming CDN. We then present techniques for designing a cooperative cluster of streaming proxies as well as techniques for streaming using peer-to-peer networks.
Use of speckle-strain in a multiparametric approach to dyssynchrony imaging.

Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.—Albert Einstein ([1][1]) The literature on response failure of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has identified a number of potential contributors, including excessive left ventricular (LV) remodeling, location of the pacing
Surgical management of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Strategies in the treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolism.

Abstract We report the vascular surgical strategies and results in 13 patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and describe useful in vitro techniques for the evaluation of anticoagulant therapy. Thirteen of 40 patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia had 18 cardiovascular procedures done to save life or limb. Greenfield filters were placed in eight patients to prevent pulmonary embolism. Eight patients had 10 arterial procedures, with alternative anticoagulation that used dextran or warfarin in five cases. In three cases iloprost, a derivative of prostacyclin and a potent platelet inhibitor, was infused intraoperatively and heparin was given. Both the use of alternative anticoagulants and platelet suppression by iloprost were clinically effective strategies. The concurrent measurement of plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin and fibrinopeptide A in two patients confirmed that both approaches can successfully prevent activation of platelets and plasma coagulation during arterial surgery. One operative death occurred; all vascular reconstructions remained patent at 3 to 6 months. In two patients who received heparin alone for arterial surgery, both procedures resulted in thrombosis and limb loss. When major venous thromboembolism is complicated by heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, insertion of a Greenfield vena cava filter should be considered if there is significant risk of pulmonary embolism. When necessary, arterial surgery is feasible in patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia if alternative anticoagulation or adequate suppression of platelet reactivity can be achieved. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:395-401.)
Experimental Investigation of Seismic Surface Waves in the Seafloor

The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is a nonintrusive seismic method which has been used on land to determine shear modulus profiles of geotechnical sites. The method involves field measurement of surface wave dispersion. Application of the method offshore is being investigated both analytically and experimentally. The experimental work has involved measurements in a small-scale facility in which bottom materials and water depths were varied. A “stiff’ seafloor was modelled with a cured concrete while a ”soft“ seafloor was modelled with curing concrete, soft limestone, and lightly cemented sand. Wave velocities in the ”soft“ bottom were those of Scholte waves which agrees with analytical results presented in a companion paper. For the ”stiff’ bottom, wave velocities for both Scholte and pseudo-Rayleigh waves were measured, depending on the source/receiver arrangement.
On the stability of a class of distributed, sampled-data nonlinear systems

Distributed sampled-data control systems with memoryless nonlinear feedback element, deriving frequency domain stability criterion
Introduction to Programming in C

The aims of the chapter are: to look at a simple example, initially running from a DOS box or console session and then using Developer Studio; to look at simple text I/O; to look at simple numeric I/O.
Design of experiment study on hardness variations in friction stir welding of AM60 Mg alloy

Abstract Identification of process parameters, their effects and contributions to the outcomes of the system using experimental approach could be a daunting, time consuming, and costly course. Using proper statistical methods, i.e., Taguchi method, could significantly reduce the number of required experiments and statistical significance of the parameter can be identified. Friction stir welding is one of those welding techniques with many parameters which have different effects on the quality of the welds. In friction stir welding the tool rotational speed (RPM) and transverse speed (mm/min) influence the strength (i.e., hardness distribution) of the stirred zone. In this study, these two factors are investigated to determine the effect they will have on the hardness in the stirred zone of the friction stir welds and how the two factors are related to one another for as-cast magnesium alloy AM60 with nominal chemical composition of Mg- (5.5–6.5) Al- (0.24–0.6) Mn- 0.22Zn–0.1Si. Experimental data was taken at three different tool rotational speeds and three different transverse speeds. The data obtained was then analyzed using a 32 factorial design to find the contribution of these parameters. It was determined that both tool rotational speed and transverse speed possess significant effects on the stir zone hardness. Also, the interactions between the two factors were statistically assessed.
Cross-Cover Documentation: Multicenter Development of Assessment Tool for Quality Improvement.

AbstractConstruct: We aimed to develop an assessment tool to measure the quality of electronic health record inpatient documentation of cross-cover events. Background: Cross-cover events occur in h...
Diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma: a systematic review of the utility of CSF screening and the role of early brain biopsy.

Background Because less-invasive techniques can obviate the need for brain biopsy in the diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), it is common practice to wait for a thorough initial work-up, which may delay treatment. We conducted a systematic review and reviewed our own series of patients to define the role of LP and early brain biopsy in the diagnosis of PCNSL. Methods Our study was divided into 2 main sections: 1) systematic review assessing the sensitivity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis on the diagnosis of PCNSL, and 2) a retrospective, single-center patient series assessing the diagnostic accuracy and safety of early biopsy in immunocompetent PCNSL patients treated at our institution from 2012 to 2018. Results Our systematic review identified 1481 patients with PCNSL. A preoperative LP obviated surgery in 7.4% of cases. Brain biopsy was the preferred method of diagnosis in 95% of patients followed by CSF (3.1%). In our institutional series, brain biopsy was diagnostic in 92.3% of cases (24/26) with 2 cases that required a second procedure for diagnosis. Perioperative morbidity was noted in 7.6% of cases (n = 2) due to hemorrhages after stereotactic brain biopsy that improved at follow-up. Conclusions The diagnostic yield of CSF analyses for PCNSL in immunocompetent patients remains exceedingly low. Our institutional series demonstrates that early biopsy for PCNSL is safe and accurate, and may avert protracted work-ups. We conclude that performing an early brain biopsy in a suspected case of PCNSL is a valid, safe option to minimize diagnostic delay.
Reputation, Malpractice Liability, and Medical Error

Health care providers have strong feelings about medical malpractice litigation, feelings that often seem at odds with measurable characteristics of the malpractice system. These (mis)perceptions influence the delivery of health care, and are therefore socially important notwithstanding their subjectivity. This speculative essay traces such paradoxes of malpractice policy to the concept of reputation, examining both historical trends and potential future developments such as enterprise liability.
Lattice hardening due to vacancy diffusion in (GeTe)mSb2Te3 alloys

GeTe-Sb 2Te 3 alloys have been widely studied for use in rewritable media, and in recent years, they have emerged as excellent thermoelectric materials, with reports of zT>2 for Ge-rich compositions. GeTe-Sb 2Te 3 alloys exhibit a solid-state phase transition from a layered structure with rhombohedral symmetry to a cubic rocksalt structure, which plays an important role in their thermoelectric behavior. Here, we investigate the impact of the phase transition on the thermal expansion and elastic moduli of (GeTe) 17Sb 2Te 3 using high-temperature X-ray diffraction and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The high-temperature elastic moduli of GeTe, Sb2Te3, and Bi 2Te 3 were also measured for comparison. While it is typical for materials to soften with increasing temperature due to thermal expansion, our study reveals anomalous hardening of the elastic moduli in (GeTe) 17Sb 2Te 3 at temperatures below the phase transition, followed by further hardening at the transition temperature. In contrast, the elastic moduli of GeTe, Sb 2Te 3, and Bi 2Te 3 soften with increasing temperature. We attribute the anomalous hardening of (GeTe) 17Sb 2Te 3 to the gradual vacancy diffusion accompanying the transition from a layered to a cubic structure. The stiffening elastic moduli lead to increasing speed of sound, which impacts the lattice thermal conductivity by flattening the temperature dependence.
Dimension reduction for the conditional mean and variance functions in time series

This paper deals with the nonparametric estimation of the mean and variance functions of univariate time series data. We propose a nonparametric dimension reduction technique for both mean and variance functions of time series. This method does not require any model specification and instead we seek directions in both the mean and variance functions such that the conditional distribution of the current observation given the vector of past observations is the same as that of the current observation given a few linear combinations of the past observations without loss of inferential information. The directions of the mean and variance functions are estimated by maximizing the Kullback–Leibler distance function. The consistency of the proposed estimators is established. A computational procedure is introduced to detect lags of the conditional mean and variance functions in practice. Numerical examples and simulation studies are performed to illustrate and evaluate the performance of the proposed estimators.
Postcolonial polar cities? New indigenous and cosmopolitan urbanness in the Arctic

The arrival into geography, and especially urban geography, of a frame of questioning coming from postcolonial studies has contributed to a fascinating debate about what a “postcolonial” city is an...
Ultra-Broadband Interleaver for Extreme Wavelength Scaling in Silicon Photonic Links

We demonstrate an ultra-broadband silicon photonic interleaver capable of interleaving and de-interleaving frequency comb lines over a 125 nm bandwidth in the extended C- and L-bands. We use a ring-assisted asymmetric Mach Zehnder interferometer to achieve a flat-top passband response while maintaining a compact device footprint. The device has a 400 GHz free spectral range to divide an optical frequency comb with 200 GHz channel spacing into two output groups, each with a channel spacing of 400 GHz, yielding a potential capacity of 78 total wavelength-division multiplexed channels between 1525 nm and 1650 nm. This device represents an important step towards realizing highly parallel integrated optical links with broadband frequency comb sources within the silicon photonics platform.
Predictors of Mental Health Crises Among Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Enrolled in the START Program

Objective:Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities disproportionately use emergency psychiatric services compared with their neurotypical peers, suggesting that such individuals...
EEG biomarkers of free recall

Brain activity in the moments leading up to successful verbal recall provide a window into the cognitive processes underlying memory retrieval. But these same recordings also subsume neural signals unrelated to mnemonic retrieval, such as response-related motor activity. Here we examined spectral EEG biomarkers of successful recall under an extreme manipulation of mnemonic demands: subjects either recalled items after a few seconds or several days. This manipulation isolated EEG components specifically re- lated to episodic retrieval. Theta and gamma power (4-8 Hz and 40-128 Hz respectively) increased immediately prior to long-delay recall, whereas 8-20 Hz power decreased. A direct comparison of long-delay and immediate recall revealed a nearly identical pattern, indicating that these spectral biomarkers of successful retrieval reflect memory-specific processes. Ruling out a confound of motor related activity, these results identify theta and gamma activity as biomarkers of successful episodic memory retrieval.
Un-silencing an Experimental Technique: Listening to the Electrical Penetration Graph:

In scientific work, sonification (i.e., the use of nonspeech audio to convey information) is primarily thought of as a novel way to communicate post hoc research findings to lay audiences but only ...
A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors that Affect Outcomes in Bovine Cesarean Sections (1998-2003)

Bovine cesarean sections are one of the most commonly performed procedures in bovine practice with a variety of outcomes. A number of risk factors that affect outcomes have been proposed, but substantiated by clinical impression alone. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether there was a difference between elective, emergency non-emphysematous and emergency emphysematous presentations. The objective was to compare whether the ability to exteriorize the uterus during fetal delivery and/or calf viability at the time offetal delivery have effects on outcome.
On the Evaluation of Behaviorally Informed Interventions

In evaluating behaviorally informed interventions, policymakers should consider both their welfare effects (including, for example, their potentially negative effects on subjective well-being) and their effects on distributive justice (including, for example, their potentially negative effects on those at the bottom of the economic ladder). Four specific questions are relevant: (1) What are the aggregate effects on social welfare? For purposes of evaluation, it is tempting to focus on increases in participation rates or on cost-effectiveness. The welfare question is much more important, though it raises serious normative, conceptual, and empirical challenges. (2) Who is likely to be helped and who is likely to be hurt? This is a plea for a distributional analysis of the effects of behaviorally informed interventions. (3) What are the expected effects on the least well-off? It is important to ask whether the relevant interventions help or hurt those who have the least, defined in terms of welfare, a point that is connected with “prioritarianism.” (4) Do the benefits to those who are helped exceed the costs to those who are hurt? If the gainers gain more than the losers lose, we have a strong point in favor of the intervention. But the point might not be decisive if, for example, the gainers are well-off to begin with, and the losers are not. The four questions are meant as an objection to efforts to evaluate behaviorally informed interventions in terms of (for example) effects on participation rates; as a plea for analysis of the distributive effects of such interventions; and as a plea for specification and investigation of their welfare effects.
Standardization of Pest Assessment1

The first need in forecasting, in decision making in pest management on an economic base, for research and in breeding for resistance, is a good method of pest or disease assessment. This should be standardized, quantitative, repeatable, quick and simple, and give details of the signs of attack and effect on the crop. Examples of this approach from drafted or published FAO Crop Loss Assessment Methods are given, one for assessment of nymphs and bugs of the Sunn pest complex on cereals, one on Dacus fly on olives, and one on Aonidiella scale on citrus leaves. The need for continued international cooperation in developing, publishing and testing assessment methods is stressed. Une methode fiable d'avaluation de L'incidence des ravageurs et des maladies constitue l'element fondamental sur lequel doivent pouvoir s'appuyer les previsions, la selection de cultivars resistants et toute autre decision prise dans le cadre dun systeme de lutte integree. Les techniques normalisees, simples et rapides, mises en ceuvre pour apprecier la signification des depredateurs, devraient egalement faire etat de la symptomatologie et de L'effet que ceux-ci exercent sur la culture. L'auteur cite des exemples de methodes d'valuation des pertes de recoltes publicees par I'OAA ou en voie d'etude en se referant plus particulierement au denombrement des nymphes et des adultes de differentes especes d'Eurygaster et Aelia sur cereales, et a ceiui de Dacus oleue sur olivier et d'anonidiella aurantii sur feuilles d'agrumes. Le developpement, la publication et l'evaluation des methodes exigent une cooperation internationale suivie.
A taxonomy of visual processes

Originally published in 1981, this third volume deals with the empirical data base and the theories concerning visual perception – the set of mental responses to photic stimulation of the eyes. As the book develops, the plan was to present a general taxonomy of visual processes and phenomena. It was hoped that such a general perspective would help to bring some order to the extensive, but largely unorganized, research literature dealing with our immediate perceptual responses to visual stimuli at the time. The specific goal of this work was to provide a classification system that integrates and systematizes the data base of perceptual psychology into a comprehensive intellectual scheme by means of an eclectic, multi-level metatheory invoking several different kinds of explanation.
Geometric Folding Algorithms: Linkages, Origami, Polyhedra

How can linkages, pieces of paper, and polyhedra be folded? The authors present hundreds of results and over 60 unsolved 'open problems' in this comprehensive look at the mathematics of folding, with an emphasis on algorithmic or computational aspects. Folding and unfolding problems have been implicit since Albrecht Drer in the early 1500s, but have only recently been studied in the mathematical literature. Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in these problems, with applications ranging from robotics to protein folding. A proof shows that it is possible to design a series of jointed bars moving only in a flat plane that can sign a name or trace any other algebraic curve. One remarkable algorithm shows you can fold any straight-line drawing on paper so that the complete drawing can be cut out with one straight scissors cut. Aimed primarily at advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics or computer science, this lavishly illustrated book will fascinate a broad audience, from high school students to researchers.
Slow differential rotation of the Earth's inner core indicated by temporal changes in scattering

The finding that the Earth's inner core might be rotating faster than the mantle1 has important implications for our understanding of core processes, including the generation of the Earth's magnetic field2,3. But the reported signal is subtle—a change of about 0.01 s per year in the separation of two seismic waves with differing paths through the core. Subsequent studies of such data have generally supported the conclusion that differential rotation exists4,5,6, but the difficulty of accurately locating historic earthquakes7 and possible biases induced by strong lateral variations in structure near the core–mantle boundary8 have raised doubt regarding the proposed inner-core motion9. Also, a study of free oscillations10 constrained the motion to be relatively small compared to previous estimates and it has been proposed that the interaction of inner-core boundary topography and mantle heterogeneity might lock the inner core to the mantle11. The recent detection of seismic waves scattered in the inner core12 suggests a simple test of inner-core motion. Here we compare scattered waves recorded in Montana, USA, from two closely located nuclear tests at Novaya Zemlya, USSR, in 1971 and 1974. The data show small but coherent changes in scattering which point toward an inner-core differential rotation rate of 0.15° per year—consistent with constraints imposed by the free-oscillation data10.
A hierarchical distributed object-oriented architecture for energy management system

This paper presents a novel hierarchical distributed architecture for energy management systems that is based on resource management in real-time systems. The foundation of this architecture is an object-oriented model of the entire power system. The overall framework for the architecture has been developed through the application of algorithms that exploit the inherent parallelism between objects in scheduling object-oriented tasks in real-time. In this research an attempt has been made to provide a new perspective for the problem of designing efficient information/communication architecture for energy management systems by viewing it as one of efficient resource management in real-time systems. This paper presents the detailed description of the proposed framework, along with an illustration of the key aspects through an example power system application.
Key Roles of Information Granulation and Fuzzy Logic in Human Reasoning, Concept Formulation and Computing with Words

In our quest for machines which could be called intelligent, we are developing a better understanding of how humans reason, form concepts and make rational decisions in an environment of uncertainty and imprecision. What is becoming increasingly clear is that information granulation plays an essential role in human cognition and that it underlies the remarkable human ability to employ words rather than numbers in the solution of imprecisely defined problems.
Exploring Wikipedia and DMoz as Knowledge Bases for Engineering a User Interests Hierarchy for Social Network Applications

The outgrowth of social networks in the recent years has resulted in opportunities for interesting data mining problems, such as interest or friendship recommendations. A global ontology over the interests specified by the users of a social network is essential for accurate recommendations. We propose, evaluate and compare three approaches to engineering a hierarchical ontology over user interests. The proposed approaches make use of two popular knowledge bases, Wikipedia and Directory Mozilla, to extract interest definitions and/or relationships between interests. More precisely, the first approach uses Wikipedia to find interest definitions, the latent semantic analysis technique to measure the similarity between interests based on their definitions, and an agglomerative clustering algorithm to group similar interests into higher level concepts. The second approach uses the Wikipedia Category Graph to extract relationships between interests, while the third approach uses Directory Mozilla to extract relationships between interests. Our results show that the third approach, although the simplest, is the most effective for building a hierarchy over user interests.