cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Top-Level Considerations for Planning Lunar/Planetary Habitat Structures

This paper highlights important considerations to guide overall planning and element design of lunar/planetary surface habitat structures. Driving influences include stringent launch/landing payload limitations; high costs of human time for surface deployment and operational readiness; influences of the harsh environment on structures, devices and crews; and a paucity of equipment and human and consumable resources that necessitates extreme economies. General habitat concept options are proposed along with desired attributes for comparative assessments of figure of merit (FOM) rankings. Eight broad FOM categories are applied as a basis for top-level option evaluations: (1) launch optimization features, (2) landing optimization features, (3) habitat capacity and functionality, (4) environmental factors and features, (5) deployment and operational readiness, (6) reliability and maintainability, (7) commonality with other surface systems, and (8) pathways and potentials for growth. Much of the content of thi...
Navigating to Multiple Horizons: Toward a Geography of Ocean-Space

While the ocean traditionally has attracted little attention within geography, we are now entering an era when marine research is increasingly technologically feasible and, at the same time, human interactions with ocean-space are ever more intense and complex. In response to these changes, a number of geographers ranging from critical development theorists to scholars of global environmental change to biogeographers have turned their attention to the study of marine areas. This article (and the articles that follow in this focus section) brings the ocean to the attention of human and physical geographers, both as an object of study in its own right and as a space for interpreting global social and physical processes and developing geographic techniques that span the land-sea divide.
End-to-end laser radar range code for coherent cw lasers

A user friendly modular computer code is described for CW coherent laser radar which includes all relevant physical effects needed to evaluate the probability of detection versus time after launch for ballistic missiles or other targets of interest. The beginning point of the code is the conventional laser radar range equation. Atmospheric attenuation is determined from an integral FASCODE calculation, and the laser radar range equation is solved for a curved-earth geometry including free air turbulence induced beam spreading. Several different atmospheric turbulence models are selectable. Target cross-sections can be input into the code as a function of aspect angle Coherence time and transverse coherence length limits are included in the code. Beam jitter effects are also calculated. The carrier-to-noise ratio is calculated including all of these (complicated) variables and degradations. The code then calculates the probability of detection of the target as a function of time using incoherent integration of coherent sub-pulses. The governing equations and practical results are presented for detection and tracking of long range theater ballistic missiles from airborne surveillance platforms. The use of CW lasers requires increased measurement times compared to pulsed lasers and results in an averaging of the target fading statistics.
New techniques in rock mass classification: application to welded tuffs at the Nevada Yucca Mountain

Many rock mass classification systems exist to assist the engineer in assessing the rock support requirements for underground design. On-going research in this area is directed at attempting to utilize the fractal dimension and the acoustic emission response of the tuffs at the Nevada Yucca Mountain to further aid in rock mass classification. Acoustic emission response is shown to be correlated with the porosity of the sample. Engineering behaviour of the rock varies dramatically with porosity; events and peak amplitude offer a means to distinguish between fracture porosity and pore porosity and consequently the engineering behaviour of the rock. Fractal dimension is used to characterize the roughness of fracture surfaces. Two fractal dimension calculation methods, one based on the semi-variogram for the surface and the other based on the use of dividers, are applied for this purpose. The divider method is shown to resolve deviation from a straight line; the semi-variogram method is shown to identify statistical similarity to various types of noise.
THE METABOLISM OF 1-DEHYDRO-17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS

EVEN though the l-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosteroids (Δ1-17-OHCS) have been in clinical use for some time and have proved to be effective in much smaller doses than the 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (cortisone, cortisol), only one brief article (1) has appeared concerning their metabolism in human subjects. In this paper we wish to present studies on the metabolism of 1-dehydrocortisol (Δ1-F) and 1-dehydrocortisone (Δ1-E) in man, with particular emphasis on the differences observed when compared with the metabolism of cortisone and cortisol.1 The metabolism of 4-C14-1-dehydrocortisol will be the subject of a separate report. METHODS Patients of botli sexes between the ages of 7 and 66 years were hospitalized on the Metabolic Ward and given steroids by oral ingestion (10–240 mg. per day) or by intravenous injection (1 mg. per Kg. body weight). The oral steroids were given in tablet form as prednisone (Aleticorten) or prednisolone (Meticortelone). The intravenous steroids were injected either as the hemisuccinat...
Gamma-Ray-Burst Afterglow: Supporting the Cosmological Fireball Model, Constraining Parameters, and Making Predictions

Cosmological fireball models of γ-ray bursts (GRBs) predict delayed emission, "afterglow," at longer wavelengths. We present several new results regarding the model predictions and show that X-ray to optical observations of GRB 970228 and GRB 970402 are naturally explained by the model. The scaling of flux with time and frequency agrees with model predictions and requires a power-law distribution of shock-accelerated electrons d log Ne/d log γe = -2.3 ± 0.1 (implying, and consistent with the observed, t-1 decline of flux observed at a given frequency). The absolute flux value agrees with that inferred through the model from observed γ-ray fluence. The future afterglow emission of these bursts is predicted. The observations indicate that the ratio of magnetic field to equipartition value and the fraction ξe of dissipated kinetic energy carried by electrons are not much smaller than 1. More frequent observations at a single wavelength or a wide spectrum at a single time would put strong constraints on these parameters. We show that inverse Compton emission dominates at delays t < tIC = 10(ξe/0.3)4 hr and may suppress X-ray/optical emission for several hours. The X-ray detection of GRB 970228 implies that ξe ≤ 0.6. Stronger constraints may be obtained from X-ray/optical observations at time delays of ~1 hr. For ξe ~ 0.2, inverse Compton emission dominates during the first 2 hr, producing photons of more than 1 GeV and providing a natural explanation to the delayed giga-electron-volt emission observed in several strong bursts.
Millimeter-scale MEMS enabled autonomous systems: system feasibility and mobility

Millimeter-scale robotic systems based on highly integrated microelectronics and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) could offer unique benefits and attributes for small-scale autonomous systems. This extreme scale for robotics will naturally constrain the realizable system capabilities significantly. This paper assesses the feasibility of developing such systems by defining the fundamental design trade spaces between component design variables and system level performance parameters. This permits the development of mobility enabling component technologies within a system relevant context. Feasible ranges of system mass, required aerodynamic power, available battery power, load supported power, flight endurance, and required leg load bearing capability are presented for millimeter-scale platforms. The analysis illustrates the feasibility of developing both flight capable and ground mobile millimeter-scale autonomous systems while highlighting the significant challenges that must be overcome to realize their potential.
Cyclic AMP in the regulation of exocytosis in the rat parotid gland: evidence obtained with cholera toxin

Abstract The effects of cholera toxin on rat parotid gland functions were determined in order to further characterize the relationship between cyclic AMP and exocytosis in this tissue. Cholera toxin induced the release of α-amylase from rat parotid minces in vitro. This release was accompanied by an activation of adenylate cyclase, elevated cyclic AMP levels, an elevated protein kinase activity ratio, and changes in the degree of phosphorylation of three endogenous phosphoproteins. Two of the phosphoproteins became more phosphorylated upon cholera toxin stimulation while the phosphorylation of the other decreased. The effects of cholera toxin on endogenous phosphoprotein labelling appeared to mimic those of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol but were of a smaller magnitude. These results are consistent with cyclic AMP functioning as a major mediator of exocytosis in this gland exerting its effects, at least in part, via activation of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase. The mechanism by which an increased cyclic AMP level results in the decreased phosphorylation of an endogenous phosphoprotein is not known.
Microbiology and chemistry of acid lakes in Florida: I. Effects of drought and post-drought conditions

Short term changes in acid loading and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content were studied in relation to water column bacteria of ten acid lakes on the Katharine Ordway Preserve, Florida. Five clear oligotrophic lakes and five dark dystrophic lakes were sampled during and after a drought period in July and September, 1985. Water column bacterial densities, light extinction, chlorophyll a, DOC, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and other chemical variables were measured. Significant positive correlations existed among DOC, chlorophyll a, pH, and water column bacterial densities during the drought period. There were no significant changes in water column bacterial densities or pH of clear lakes in the post-drought period, despite a 4.6 fold increase in acid loading from rainfall. A 3 fold increase of DOC, a decline in pH, and decreased bacterial densities in dark lakes suggested inhibition of bacteria by DOC and pH. A decrease in the relationship of DOC to bacterial numbers in all lakes was also noted. The correlations among DOC, chlorophyll a, and pH were no longer significant. Using data from both time periods significant polynomial regressions were observed between DOC and bacterial density and DOC and chlorophyll a. Maximum bacterial numbers occurred at 20 mg C 1−1 of DOC. Above this bacterial numbers decreased also suggesting an inhibitory effect of DOC. Because pH was lower after DOC had increased in the dark lakes, the increase in acid conditions may have enhanced this inhibitory effect. The short term effects of DOC on the dark-lake bacteria greatly exceeded the influence of acid loading on clear-lake bacteria.
Idiopathic, nonobstructive cardiomyopathy in children.

Abstract Eight cases of idiopathic, nonobstructive cardiomyopathy in children have been studied; 7 were of the congestive (pulsus alternans) type and 1 of the restrictive type. The congestive cases were characterized by moderate to marked cardiac enlargement, pulsus alternans and, in 3, cerebral emboli. The electrocardiograms indicated left ventricular hypertrophy in 5, anterolateral myocardial necrosis in 1, and suggested anterior myocardial necrosis in 2. The case of the restrictive type had impaired right and left ventricular filling due to marked biventricular hypertrophy. The atria were greatly enlarged and the ventricular cavities small. Of the 8 patients, 4 died. When last seen, 1 in whom the heart size had returned to normal and 1 with slight cardiac enlargement were asymptomatic and 1 other was moderately symptomatic, with cardiac enlargement. One was lost to follow-up study. Autopsies were performed in 3 cases, and right ventricular biopsy in 1. Interstitial and endocardial fibrosis and mild, focal myocardial fiber degeneration were characteristic. Left ventricular thrombi were observed at autopsy in 2 cases. The clinical picture seems sufficiently characteristic to enable a clinical diagnosis of cardiomyopathy to be made, and the congestive and restrictive forms to be distinguished.
The relationship between violence in Northern Mexico and potentially avoidable hospitalizations in the USA–Mexico border region

BACKGROUND: Substantial proportions of US residents in the USA-Mexico border region cross into Mexico for health care; increases in violence in northern Mexico may have affected this access. We quantified associations between violence in Mexico and decreases in access to care for border county residents. We also examined associations between border county residence and access. METHODS: We used hospital inpatient data for Arizona, California and Texas (2005-10) to estimate associations between homicide rates and the probability of hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) conditions. Hospitalizations for ACS conditions were compared with homicide rates in Mexican municipalities matched by patient residence. RESULTS: A 1 SD increase in the homicide rate of the nearest Mexican municipality was associated with a 2.2 percentage point increase in the probability of being hospitalized for an ACS condition for border county patients. Residence in a border county was associated with a 1.3 percentage point decrease in the probability of being hospitalized for an ACS condition. CONCLUSIONS: Increased homicide rates in Mexico were associated with increased hospitalizations for ACS conditions in the USA, although residence in a border county was associated with decreased probability of being hospitalized for an ACS condition. Expanding access in the border region may mitigate these effects by providing alternative sources of care. Language: en
Use of Quantitative Risk Assessment in Structural Design

Civil engineers, in particular, have the primary responsibility for the design and planning of civil structures, including protective systems to minimize losses of lives and economies during extreme hazard events. Structural failures in recent earthquakes and hurricanes have exposed the weakness of current design procedures and shown the need for new concepts and methodologies for building performance evaluation and design. Although the uncertainty of seismic load has been well recognized by the profession, the incorporation of uncertainty in most building code procedures have been limited to the selection of design loads based on return period. To strike a balance between the possible high initial cost and potential large losses over the structure’s lifetime, the life-cycle cost and the uncertainty in the hazards and system capacity need to be carefully considered. Moreover, to strictly enforce performance goals, the target probabilities need to be set directly for the limit states rather than for the design earthquake or hurricane etc. Therefore, the total cost over the life time of the structure should be considered when optimizing the design for natural hazard. The future or damage cost of the structure due to natural hazard is calculated based on quantitative risk assessment (QRA). This paper presents a methodology for the design optimization based on the QRA. A case study for a three story residential wood building is presented in order to demonstrate the concept.
Against Satisficing Consequentialism

The move to satisficing has been thought to help consequentialists avoid the problem of demandingness. But this is a mistake. In this article I formulate several versions of satisficing consequentialism. I show that every version is unacceptable, because every version permits agents to bring about a submaximal outcome in order to prevent a better outcome from obtaining. Some satisficers try to avoid this problem by incorporating a notion of personal sacrifice into the view. I show that these attempts are unsuccessful. I conclude that, if satisficing consequentialism is to remain a position worth considering, satisficers must show (i) that the move to satisficing is necessary to solve some problem, whether it be the demandingness problem or some other problem, and (ii) that there is a version of the view that does not permit the gratuitous prevention of goodness.
The need for critical curricula

The following article is one of an ever‐growing series on the question of the proper curriculum for training professional broadcasters. R. Franklin Smith earned his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, has had commercial radio and television experience, and is currently assistant professor of speech at Western Michigan University, in charge of the broadcasting instructional area.
The fermentation of L-sorbose by Gluconobacter melanogenus. I. General characteristics of the fermentation.

Growing cultures, washed cells, and cell-free preparations of Gluconobacter melanogecnus IFO 3293 converted L-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, to D-sorbitol (which was metabolized further) and to 5-keto-D-fructose.
Hepatotoxicity after Short-Term Trazodone Therapy:

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of severe hepatotoxicity from a four-day course of trazodone in a patient being treated according to protocol in a detoxification center.CASE SUMMARY:A 46-year-old HIV-positive man with a past medical history of intravenous drug abuse and hepatitis C, who was well controlled with HIV medications, was admitted for cocaine withdrawal. The patient was started on a standard protocol at the detoxification center with methadone 50 mg/d, clonidine 0.1 mg twice daily for four days, and trazodone 200 mg/d for four days. Laboratory results showed acute hepatitis and cholestasis five days following admission. Trazodone and clonidine were discontinued at that time. His methadone and HIV regimens remained unchanged. Liver function test results were greatly improved 10 days after trazodone and clonidine discontinuation.DISCUSSION:This is the first case report of trazodone-induced liver damage after only a few days of therapy. Previous reports describe hepatitis developing after weeks to month...
On Alex Careys Radical Criticism of The Hawthorne Studies: Comment

The article reports the author's opinions regarding the comment “On Alex Carey's Radical Criticism of the Hawthorne Studies,” by Jon M. Shepard. Topics discussed include employee motivation and org...
Microwave Filters to Combat RF Interference

Microwave filters are useful to combat radio-frequency interference. A large variety of filter structures and design techniques are now available to the designer. The purpose of this paper is to review these filter types, both for high-power and low-power applications.
A review of the biology and ecology of Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum)

Abstract Florida beggarweed is native to the Western Hemisphere but is naturalized around the world. During the last century, the mechanization of agriculture has transitioned Florida beggarweed from an important forage component to a weed of significance in the coastal plain of the southeast United States. This herbaceous annual is naturalized and found in fields and disturbed areas throughout the southern United States. The characteristics that made Florida beggarweed a good forage crop also make it a formidable weed. This review describes the importance of Florida beggarweed as a weed in the southern United States and the taxonomy of this species and details the distribution throughout the world and within the United States. The ecology of Florida beggarweed and its interactions with crop plants, insects, nematodes, and plant pathogens also are summarized. Finally, management of Florida beggarweed in agricultural systems using cultural practices and herbicides is reviewed. Nomenclature: Florida beggarw...
Automatic Partitioning of Parallel Loops for Cache-Coherent Multiprocessors

This paper presents a theoretical framework for automatically partitioning parallel loops to minimize cache coherency traffic on shared-memory multiprocessors. While several previous papers have looked at hyperplane partitioning of iteration spaces to reduce communication traffic, the problem of deriving the optimal tiling parameters for minimal communication in loops with general affine index expressions and multiple arrays has remained open. Our paper solves this open problem by presenting a method for deriving an optimal hyperparallelepiped tiling of iteration spaces for minimal communication in multiprocessors with caches. We show that the same theoretical framework can also be used to determine optimal tiling parameters for data and loop partitioning in distributed memory multiprocessors without caches. Like previous papers, our framework uses matrices to represent iteration and data space mappings and the notion of uniformly intersecting references to capture temporal locality in array references. We introduce the notion of data footprints to estimate the communication traffic between processors and use lattice theory to compute precisely the size of data footprints. We have implemented a subset of this framework in a compiler for the Alewife machine.
PDAs in medical settings: the importance of organization in PDA text design

This article reports on the utility of personal digital assistants (PDAs) for processing information needed in coordinated, team-based medical work. The author first presents results from a survey of medical professionals, which reveal that medical professionals read PDA-based texts nonlinearly, in short bursts, and without need of a narrative-based organization. The respondents also reported using PDAs to support a range of team-based activities. The author then presents results of a case study of veterinary students using PDAs on clinical rotations. He discusses how the PDA affords uses of text-based information that are suited to medical work that is carried out with the cooperative assistance of people and technologies. After discussing how veterinary students used PDAs to organize information into ad hoc texts, he concludes with challenges and information design guidelines for professional writers in the medical field.
Novel Proteins Required for Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA and siRNA Generation in Neurospora crassa

During meiosis in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, unpaired genes are identified and silenced by a process known as meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD). Previous work has uncovered six proteins required for MSUD, all of which are also essential for meiotic progression. Additionally, they all localize in the perinuclear region, suggesting that it is a center of MSUD activity. Nevertheless, at least a subset of MSUD proteins must be present inside the nucleus, as unpaired DNA recognition undoubtedly takes place there. In this study, we identified and characterized two new proteins required for MSUD, namely SAD-4 and SAD-5. Both are previously uncharacterized proteins specific to Ascomycetes, with SAD-4 having a range that spans several fungal classes and SAD-5 seemingly restricted to a single order. Both genes appear to be predominantly expressed in the sexual phase, as molecular study combined with analysis of publicly available mRNA-seq datasets failed to detect significant expression of them in the vegetative tissue. SAD-4, like all known MSUD proteins, localizes in the perinuclear region of the meiotic cell. SAD-5, on the other hand, is found in the nucleus (as the first of its kind). Both proteins are unique compared to previously identified MSUD proteins in that neither is required for sexual sporulation. This homozygous-fertile phenotype uncouples MSUD from sexual development and allows us to demonstrate that both SAD-4 and SAD-5 are important for the production of masiRNAs, which are the small RNA molecules associated with meiotic silencing.
AC effects in IC reliability

Reliability phenomena are usually studied as DC effects at first. AC effects become important to setting realistic reliability acceptance criteria and predicting circuit reliability as technology scaling gradually erodes the margin of safety. This paper reviews the AC effects in hot-electron effect, electromigration, and gate oxide breakdown and stability.
Feminism and Sociology in 2005: What Are We Missing?

, Vol. 53, Issue 4, pp. 479–482, ISSN 0037-7791, electronic ISSN 1533-8533. © 2006 by Society for the Study of Social Problems, Inc. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website, at http://www. ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. Feminism and Sociology in 2005: What Are We Missing?
Using Kernel Density Classifier with Topic Model and Cost Sensitive Learning for Automatic Text Categorization

This paper proposes a novel framework for automatic text categorization problem based on the kernel density classifier. The overall goal is to tackle two main issues in automatic text categorization problems: the interpretability and the performance. Specifically, to solve the interpretability issue, the Latent Semantic Analysis technique is used to construct a topic space, in which each dimension represents a single topic. The text features are extracted directly from this topic space. To solve the performance issue, classifiers’ parameters are optimized for either cost-sensitive or non-cost-sensitive categorization. We have experimentally evaluated the proposed framework by using a corpus of twenty newsgroups. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the framework to utilize the features from the topic model for cost-sensitive categorization.
Bayesian Sampling Using Stochastic Gradient Thermostats

Dynamics-based sampling methods, such as Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) and Langevin dynamics (LD), are commonly used to sample target distributions. Recently, such approaches have been combined with stochastic gradient techniques to increase sampling efficiency when dealing with large datasets. An outstanding problem with this approach is that the stochastic gradient introduces an unknown amount of noise which can prevent proper sampling after discretization. To remedy this problem, we show that one can leverage a small number of additional variables to stabilize momentum fluctuations induced by the unknown noise. Our method is inspired by the idea of a thermostat in statistical physics and is justified by a general theory.
Using network traffic to passively detect under utilized resources in high performance cluster grid computing environments

In this paper we propose a technique for detecting under utilized resources (less than 70% memory utilization) due to memory bound processes by passively monitoring network traffic produced by the resource. To our knowledge, this is the first approach of its kind. One application of this technique is dynamic resource discovery (detection of resources with under utilized memory) in a High Performance Desktop or Cluster Grid computing environment confined to a low latency Local Area Network (LAN). Our method removes the need to communicate directly with resources to determine if their memory is under utilized, thus reducing traffic on the network. This is very important in a High Performance computing environment since data or computational intensive applications may be present. The proposed method creates a delay sensitive profile generated by the analysis of monitored network traffic due to High Performance UDP based services such as file transfer applications (FOBS, Tsunami, UDT, SABUL, etc.), message passing platforms (MPICH-G2/Score, etc.), and many more. An energy value is derived from the delay sensitive profile, which represents the state (over utilized memory or under utilized memory) of the resource of interest. Then a simple threshold is applied to the energy value to identify the state of the resource. Several scenarios have been investigated to determine the feasibility of the proposed technique. Results suggest that the proposed technique can use network traffic to extract delays associated with a resources' memory utilization and accurately determine the state of the resource.
Theory of thermoelectric effects in metals and alloys

The electron-diffusion Seebeck coefficient of metals and dilute alloys is investigated in a simple model in which free electrons are scattered by phonons or by substitutional impurities bound in the lattice. Second-order corrections to the $T$ matrix for electron scattering involving intermediate virtual phonon states are found to be of small magnitude but to have a very strong energy dependence. They thus make a large contribution to the thermoelectric coefficients while leaving the conductivities essentially unaltered. The pronounced temperature dependence of these second-order contributions allows an interpretation of experimental results that relies less on the phonomenon of phonon drag then has previously been the case.
The use of a constrained acetabular component to treat instability after total hip arthroplasty

Background: Recurrent dislocation after total hip arthroplasty is a disabling complication that can be difficult to treat and may not be amenable to nonoperative management. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome associated with the use of a constrained acetabular component as a salvage treatment for instability after hip arthroplasty. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiographic outcome of 110 arthroplasties, in 109 patients, that had been performed with use of a single design of constrained acetabular component. In seventy-nine hips the constrained component was implanted for the treatment of recurrent instability, and in thirty-one hips it was implanted because of absent or grossly deficient soft-tissue attachments that were believed to be associated with a high risk for subsequent instability. Results: The constrained acetabular device eliminated or prevented hip instability in all patients except two, who continued to have sensations of subluxation. The mean Harris hip score improved significantly, from 62.7 points preoperatively to 76.4 points at the time of the latest follow-up (p < 0.0001). There were no instances of dislocation or disassembly of the hip components. Radiographic analysis revealed radiolucent lines around the cup in fifteen hips (14%). There was a total of nine revisions: six for deep infection, two for acetabular component loosening, and one for a periprosthetic fracture of the femur. Conclusions: A constrained acetabular component reliably restores and maintains hip stability in patients with recalcitrant recurrent instability and can dependably prevent dislocation in those who are at high risk because of absent or deficient soft tissues about the hip. However, because of the early appearance of radiolucent lines around some components and concerns about long-term fixation, the use of these devices should be reserved for situations in which other methods are inadequate or have already failed. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series [no, or historical, control group]). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Anomalous Origin of Coronary Artery From Main Pulmonary Artery in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

We report a case of anomalous origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from the main pulmonary artery in a child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (mitral atresia/aortic atresia). Mechanical circulatory support was necessary because of the inability to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after the Norwood procedure. The patient died at 4 months of age having continued depressed right ventricular function. The diagnosis was made during a catheterization performed 6 weeks after surgery because of concern for stenosis of Blalock-Taussig shunt. We believe his prolonged postoperative recovery and eventual demise can partially be attributed to lack of cardioplegia to the anomalous LAD territory during surgery.
Direct Versus Video Laryngoscopy for Intubating Adult Patients with Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Introduction Video laryngoscopy (VL) has been advocated for several aspects of emergency airway management; however, there are still concerns over its use in select patient populations such as those with large volume hematemesis secondary to gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds. Given the relatively infrequent nature of this disease process, we sought to compare intubation outcomes between VL and traditional direct laryngoscopy (DL) in patients intubated with GI bleeding, using the third iteration of the National Emergency Airway Registry (NEARIII).
Competitive effects of fire‐resistant saplings on their fire‐sensitive neighbors are greater than the reverse

Although repeated fires are generally thought to reduce competition, direct tests of this hypothesis are rare. Furthermore, recent theory predicts that fires can increase competitive effects of fire-resistant species on fire-sensitive species and thus create stable assemblages dominated by the former. In this study, I quantified competition between saplings of fire-resistant oaks and their fire-sensitive non-oak neighbors in adjacent, repeatedly-burned and unburned 1-ha plots following damage by a tornado that reduced canopy cover to 60%. Using field experiments with established in situ saplings, I tested the hypothesis that competition was greater in an unburned plot than in a repeatedly burned plot by examining both the effects of sapling neighbor identity and experimental sapling neighbor reduction (repeated clipping) on the growth of fire-resistant oak saplings. To test whether competition was increased by fire, I measured diameter growth responses of fire-sensitive non-oaks to repeated clipping and topkill of neighbors by fire. Oaks, which generally had higher diameter:height ratios, were more resistant to topkill than were non-oaks. Although diameter growth of both oaks and non-oaks was greater in the burned than in the unburned plot, growth of oak saplings was not influenced by neighbors in either plot in a year with or without fire. In contrast, competitive effects of non-topkilled saplings (the vast majority of which were oaks) on topkilled non-oaks were significant in the burned plot in 2014. Growth of topkilled non-oak saplings was significantly greater in pairs in which the neighbor had been clipped or topkilled by fire than in pairs in which the neighbor had neither been clipped nor topkilled. Hence, the lower incidence of topkill in oaks in the burned plot after repeated fires increased their competitive effects on their non-oak neighbors in the burned plot. Growth of non-oaks did not increase with oak neighbor reduction in a year without fire. Because avoidance of topkill by fire was positively related to diameter, results suggest that repeated fires could generate a positive feedback between greater fire tolerance by oak saplings and increased competitive effects on their non-oak sapling neighbors.
Role of catecholamines in regulating ovine median eminence blood flow

Blood flow was measured in the ovine median eminence and neural lobe before and after the intravenous infusion of dopamine (n = 7), the D1 agonist SKF 38393 (n = 4), the D2 agonist bromocriptine (n = 4), and the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (n = 5). It was also measured before and after the intracarotid infusion of dopamine into eight naive sheep and seven sheep pretreated with phenoxybenzamine. Radiolabeled microspheres were used to determine regional cerebral and regional neurohypophysial blood flows (RNHBF) in these 35 adult female sheep anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Samples for serum prolactin measurement by radioimmunoassay were obtained before and after drug infusion. Intravenous dopamine infusion did not change median eminence or neural lobe blood flow (RNHBF) but increased renal and choroid plexus blood flow. Intravenous haloperidol caused a significant fall in RNHBF and blood flow in choroid plexus, caudate nucleus, and kidneys. Intracarotid dopamine infusion decreased RNHBF but increased choroid plexus blood flow. RNHBF was significantly greater in the seven sheep pretreated with phenoxybenzamine than in the eight naive sheep. These findings do not support a role for dopamine in the regulation of median eminence blood flow. The last observation does add support to the hypothesis that norepinephrine or epinephrine interaction with alpha-receptors plays a role in the control of ovine median eminence blood flow and hence in the regulation of delivery of humoral messages from the brain to the anterior pituitary gland.
Does Reproductive Investment Decrease Telomere Length in Menidia menidia

Given finite resources, intense investment in one life history trait is expected to reduce investment in others. Although telomere length appears to be strongly tied to age in many taxa, telomere maintenance requires energy. We therefore hypothesize that telomere maintenance may trade off against other life history characters. We used natural variation in laboratory populations of Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) to study the relationship between growth, fecundity, life expectancy, and relative telomere length. In keeping with several other studies on fishes, we found no clear dependence of telomere length on age. However, we did find that more fecund fish tended to have both reduced life expectancy and shorter telomeres. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between telomere maintenance and reproductive output.
Achieving energy-efficiency on MPSoCs: performance and power optimizations

Increasing computation demands with limited power budget require more energy-efficient designs without performance degradation in embedded systems and mobile computing platforms. Reconfigurable computing is an alternative to optimize both performance and power consumption. However, due to the complexity of hardware design, implementing dedicated accelerators usually lacks flexibility and productivity. In this work, our previous hybrid parallel co-design framework is extended. By using the partial reconfiguration technique, a dynamic reconfiguration scheme is presented to optimize both performance and power consumption without losing the programming flexibility. In addition, spin-torque transfer magnetoresistive RAM (STT-MRAM) LUTs are exploited to replace traditional SRAMbased LUTs for further reducing the static power consumption. The results show that dynamic scheduling with hardware kernels implemented in STT-MRAM LUTs is 7.7 times better than the purely software implementation in terms of the product between the performance and the energy. Besides, when comparing STTMRAM and SRAM hardware kernels, the STT-MRAM kernels have significant advantages over SRAM ones on the power consumption, especially the static power consumption.
A feasibility study of automated plug-load identification from high-frequency measurements

Plug-meters benefit many grid and building-level energy management applications like automated load control and load scheduling. However, installing and maintaining large and/or long term deployments of such meters requires assignment and updating of the identity (labels) of electrical loads connected to them. Although the literature on electricity disaggregation and appliance identification is extensive, there is no consensus on the generalizability of the proposed solutions, especially with respect to the features that are extracted from voltage and current measurements. In this paper, we begin to address this problem by comparing the discriminative power of commonly used features. Specifically, we carry out tests on PLAID, a publicly available high-frequency dataset of hundreds of residential appliances. By examining how the classification accuracy changes with sampling frequency, we also explore the computational complexity of these techniques to understand the feasibility and design of a hardware setup that can perform these calculations in near real-time.
The Planimeter as an Example of Green's Theorem

(1981). The Planimeter as an Example of Green's Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 88, No. 9, pp. 701-704.
Impact of 3D polarization profiles on spin-dependent measurements in colliding beam experiments

We derive the effect of 3-dimensional polarization profiles on the measured polarization in polarimeters, as well as the observed polarization and the polarization-weighted luminosity (figure of merit) in single and double spin measurements in colliding beam experiments.
Neurodevelopment and schizophrenia

The evidence of neuroleptics' antipsychotic action due to their antagonism of dopamine receptors led to the hyperdopaminergic theory of schizophrenia. But the functional disturbance of the dopamine neurons should explain the increase and the reduction of some symptoms at the same time through the D2 receptors blockade. The prodromical manifestations of schizophrenia include abnormal movements which precede and predict the beginning of the disease. They also suggest a dopamine deficit. An injury in the mesocortical dopamine projection during the neural development could result in a functional impairment of the prefrontal cortex which causes the cognitive deficit symptoms. It would result also in an excessive compensatory subcortical dopamine activity which would cause the psychotic symptoms. The evidence in behalf of this physiopathology is complex. The mechanism of the subcortical compensation of the prefrontal dopamine deficit remains unknown. It is necessary to find out which is the exact mechanism of the injury that causes the mesocortical projection loss in the schizophrenia. We have suggested that the injury would depend on the excitotoxicity induced by the perinatal hypoxia which would provoke the selective death of a dopamine neurons subset which are very sensitive during the critical period of the mesencephalic development.
Genome-Wide Transposon Mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans

Transposon mutagenesis is an effective method for generating large sets of random mutations in target DNA, with applicability toward numerous types of genetic screens in prokaryotes, single-celled eukaryotes, and metazoans alike. Relative to methods of random mutagenesis by chemical/UV treatment, transposon insertions can be easily identified in mutants with phenotypes of interest. The construction of transposon insertion mutants is also less labor-intensive on a genome-wide scale than methods for targeted gene replacement, although transposon insertions are not precisely targeted to a specific residue, and thus coverage of the target DNA can be problematic. The collective advantages of transposon mutagenesis have been well demonstrated in studies of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the related pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, as transposon mutagenesis has been used extensively for phenotypic screens in both yeasts. Consequently, we present here protocols for the generation and utilization of transposon-insertion DNA libraries in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. Specifically, we present methods for the large-scale introduction of transposon insertion alleles in a desired strain of S. cerevisiae. Methods are also presented for transposon mutagenesis of C. albicans, encompassing both the construction of the plasmid-based transposon-mutagenized DNA library and its introduction into a desired strain of Candida. In total, these methods provide the necessary information to implement transposon mutagenesis in yeast, enabling the construction of large sets of identifiable gene disruption mutations, with particular utility for phenotypic screening in nonstandard genetic backgrounds.
Effects of age‐based movement on the estimation of growth assuming random‐at‐age or random‐at‐length data

Simulation methods were used to generate paired data from a simulated population that included the age-based process of movement and the length-based process of gear selection. The age-based process caused bias in the estimates of growth parameters assuming random at length, even when relatively few age classes were affected. Methods that assumed random at age were biased by the subsequent inclusion of the length-based process of gear selection. Additional knowledge of the age structure of the sampled area is needed to ensure an unbiased estimate of the growth parameters when using the length-conditional approach in the presence of age-based movement. Estimates of the variability in the length-at-age relationship were better estimated with the length-conditional than the traditional method even when the assumptions of random at length were violated. Inclusion of paired observations of length and associated age inside the population dynamics model may be the most appropriate way of estimating growth.
A Large Scale Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Immune and Inflammation Genes and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Background: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a malignancy of lymphocytes, and may develop in the setting of inflammation and immune dysfunction. Small scale evaluations have suggested that common genetic variation in candidate genes related to immune function may predispose to the development of NHL. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of variants within genes associated with immunity and inflammation and risk of NHL. Methods: We used ParAllele’s Immune and Inflammation panel of 9,412 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 1,450 immune/inflammation genes as a discovery tool in a clinic-based study of 458 NHL cases and 484 frequency matched controls seen at the Mayo Clinic from 2002–2005. The panel included 537 coding non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs), with the remainder of the SNPs selected as tags from HapMap (tagSNPs) to provide coverage of the candidate genes (r 2 = 0.8 and minor allele frequency >0.05). To assess the association of individual SNPs with risk of NHL, we calculated Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for age and gender. The most prevalent homozygous genotype was used as the reference group, and each polymorphism was modeled individually as having a log-additive effect in the regression model. Associations between haplotypes from each gene and the risk of NHL were calculated using a score test implemented in HAPLO.SCORE. We also modeled the main effects for all independent (r 2 Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 60 years for cases and 58% were male; in controls the mean age at enrollment was 61.6 years and 55% were male. In the gene analyses, the strongest findings (p≤0.001 from multiple SNP logistic regression or haplotype analysis) were for cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 ( CREB1 ; p=0.0004), fibrinogen alpha chain ( FGA ; p=0.0006), TNF receptor-associated factor 1 ( TRAF1 ; p=0.001), dual specificity phosphatase 2 ( DUSP2 ; p=0.001), and fibrinogen gamma chain ( FGG ; p=0.001). In the nsSNP analyses, the strongest findings (p≤0.01) were for integrin β 3 ( ITGB3) L59P (OR=0.64, 0.50–0.83), Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3 ( B3GNT3 ) H328R (OR=0.72, 0.57–0.91), transporter 2, ATP-binding cassette ( TAP2 ) T665A (OR=1.32, 1.07–1.63), HLA-B associated transcript 2 ( BAT2 ) V1895L (OR=0.60, 0.42–0.85), and complement component 7 ( C7 ) T587P (OR=1.39, 1.07–1.80). Conclusions. Our results suggest that genetic variability in genes associated with antigen processing ( CREB1 and TAP2 ), lymphocyte trafficking ( B3GNT3 ), immune activation ( TRAF1, BAT2 ), complement and coagulation pathways ( FGA, FGG, ITGB3, C7 ), and MAPK signaling (DUSP2) may be important in the etiology of NHL, and should be pursued in replication studies.