cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amygdalar Gating of Early Sensory Processing through Interactions with Locus Coeruleus

Fear- and stress-induced activity in the amygdala has been hypothesized to influence sensory brain regions through the influence of the amygdala on neuromodulatory centers. To directly examine this relationship, we used optical imaging to observe odor-evoked activity in populations of olfactory bulb inhibitory interneurons and of synaptic terminals of olfactory sensory neurons (the primary sensory neurons of the olfactory system, which provide the initial olfactory input to the brain) during pharmacological inactivation of amygdala and locus coeruleus (LC) in mice. Although the amygdala does not directly project to the olfactory bulb, joint pharmacological inactivation of the central, basolateral, and lateral nuclei of the amygdala nonetheless strongly suppressed odor-evoked activity in GABAergic inhibitory interneuron populations in the OB. This suppression was prevented by inactivation of LC or pretreatment of the olfactory bulb with a broad-spectrum noradrenergic receptor antagonist. Visualization of synaptic output from olfactory sensory neuron terminals into the olfactory bulb of the brain revealed that amygdalar inactivation preferentially strengthened the odor-evoked synaptic output of weakly activated populations of sensory afferents from the nose, thus demonstrating a change in sensory gating potentially mediated by local inhibition of olfactory sensory neuron terminals. We conclude that amygdalar activity influences olfactory processing as early as the primary sensory input to the brain by modulating norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus into the olfactory bulb. These findings show that the amygdala and LC state actively determines which sensory signals are selected for processing in sensory brain regions. Similar local circuitry operates in the olfactory, visual, and auditory systems, suggesting a potentially shared mechanism across modalities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The affective state is increasingly understood to influence early neural processing of sensory stimuli, not just the behavioral response to those stimuli. The present study elucidates one circuit by which the amygdala, a critical structure for emotional learning, valence coding, and stress, can shape sensory input to the brain and early sensory processing through its connections to the locus coeruleus. One function of this interaction appears to be sensory gating, because inactivating the central, basolateral, and lateral nuclei of the amygdala selectively strengthened the weakest olfactory inputs to the brain. This linkage of amygdalar and LC output to primary sensory signaling may have implications for affective disorders that include sensory dysfunctions like hypervigilance, attentional bias, and impaired sensory gating.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of ionized calcium and phosphate in the blood and extracellular fluids. It binds to and signals through a G protein-coupled receptor, the PTH-1 receptor, on bone and kidney cells. The first 34 amino acids of PTH determine its biological activity. Abnormalities in PTH secretion or action result in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia; PTH can have anabolic effects on bone and thus holds promise for the treatment of osteoporosis.
domestic legal infrastructures and member state observations

We investigate the role of domestic legal infrastructures on Member State behavior at the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Article 234 cases from 1961 to 2006. The ECJ issues preliminary rulings on the interpretation of European Union (EU) law when requested to do so by national judges, which promotes consistent application of EU law within national legal orders as well as a larger legal discourse about the scope and boundaries of integration. Scholarly interest in Article 234 observations arises from the consequences of these cases for both Member State compliance and European integration. Using a new data set of Member State observations, we demonstrate that the number of observations submitted by non-party Member States is affected by the strength and weaknesses of domestic legal infrastructures that facilitate cases being brought before the Court.
Practical F18-sodium fluoride PET/CT imaging and interpretation

1075 Learning Objectives 1. Illustrate the differences in the interpretation of F-18 NaF PET/CT vs. Tc-99m bone scans, including quantitative data analysis. 2. Become familiar with the appearance of select benign and malignant lesions on F-18 NaF PET/CT bone scans. 3. Emphasize the effect that the time acquisition protocol can have on image interpretation of F-18 NaF PET/CT scans. 4. Illustrate the need for careful clinical and CT correlation of F-18 NaF findings. F-18 NaF PET/CT is an attractive alternative to the conventional Tc-99m MDP (methyl diphosphonate) bone scan agent because it offers volumetric imaging and improved spatial resolution with better target to background ratio, shorter uptake period, and the ability to make quantitative comparisions over serial images. Furthermore, low dose CT attenuation correction is adequate for characterization of most bone lesions and therefore increases interpretive accuracy. Objective/Aim: To provide an overview of F-18 NaF PET/CT bone imaging including physiology, dosimetry, acquisition parameters and clinical findings. Content and Organization: 1. F-18 NaF PET agent background and history. 2. Imaging procedure, interpretation and quantification data analysis 3. Illustrate the differences between F-18 NaF PET/CT and conventional Tc-99m MDP bone scans. 4. A display of F-18 NaF PET/CT images depicting a range of bone pathology will be presented. Challenges and tips. Clinical/pathological correlation will be presented when available. Research Support Center for Cancer Research/NCI Intramural progra
Lake-level stratigraphy and geochronology revisited at Lago (Lake) Cardiel, Argentina, and changes in the Southern Hemispheric Westerlies over the last 25 ka

Abstract Paleoshorelines around Lago (Lake) Cardiel in southern Argentina (S48.9°, W71.3°; ∼275 m) record substantial changes in lake area over the past 25 ka. Our results combined with previous research show that during the last glacial maximum (or LGM, 23–21 ka), the lake stood at near modern levels, but had nearly dried up by ∼13 ka. Between 11.3 and 10.1 ka the lake reached its highest point (+54–58 m) and greatest extent in at least the last 40 ka. Lake levels dropped thereafter and experienced two lower-lake periods: 8.5–7.5 ka and 5–3.3 ka; and two higher-lake periods: 7.4–6 and ∼5.2 ka. In the last 3.5 ka, the lake has remained generally near or slightly above its present level. The depth and surface area of Lago Cardiel are controlled mainly by precipitation onto the lake and surrounding catchment, air and water temperature, and wind-speed related to local strength of the Southern Hemispheric Westerlies (SHW). Our lake-level reconstruction combined with evidence from other studies suggest that on average the core of the SHW was located well to the north ( 55°S?) during the hydrologic maximum of Cardiel in the early Holocene. The lower phases of the lake at 20.0–11.5, 8.5–7.5, and 5.0–3.3 ka generally correspond to cold conditions in other records, when we infer that the SHW were strongly focused around the latitudes of Cardiel at 49°S.
From the discourse of the university to the discourse of analysis

This article examines Lacan’s critique of American culture and contemporary psychoanalysis through his theory of the discourse of the university. Of special importance is Lacan’s analysis of scientism, consumerism, and the post-postmodern culture of narcissism. Lacan’s style and the history of his reception inside and outside the APCS are also addressed.
Validation of a Standardized Patient Checklist for Patient-Centered Communication: The G-PACER.

This study sought to validate the Georgetown PAtient-CEnteredness Rating Scale (G-PACER) standardized patient (SP) checklist as a measure of patient-centered communication in patient-provider interactions. Patient centeredness is associated with improved doctor-patient communication and better health outcomes. Simulated medical encounters using SPs are an important way to teach and evaluate provider communication skills, yet validated SP scales that focus on patient-centered communication are limited. Two versions of an SP checklist of provider interaction behaviors, the G-PACER, were developed as part of a training designed to improve relationships between providers and patients who have experienced trauma. Concurrent validity of the G-PACER was assessed with Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) summary scores, particularly the patient centeredness summary score. Item-total correlations were conducted to determine which items should be retained for future versions of the scale. Scores on the G-PACER were significantly correlated with the RIAS patient centeredness score. Correlation analysis also revealed significant associations between G-PACER total score and RIAS global affect ratings. The 12-item version of the G-PACER was performed at a commensurate level with the longer version; thus, its use is recommended in future research. This study represents an important step in the development of reliable, valid, and efficient tools to add to those available for evaluating patient-provider interactions from the SP perspective.
It’s Time to Include Suppliers in the Product Innovation Charter (PIC)

The role of supply chain relationships in innovation is being recognized and researched increasingly in recent times. However, the focal buying firm that is trying to innovate for New Product Development (NPD) does not seem to have specific guidelines on how and when to involve suppliers in innovation. The Product Innovation Charter (PIC) is the mission statement of innovation that can offer guidelines to the managers in the buying organization about how and when to involve suppliers in innovation. The chapter explains the PIC and builds the argument that suppliers need to be explicitly mentioned. Such mention should consider the role and capability of new and existing suppliers for innovation that is radical or incremental, early stage versus later stage NPD while defending the intellectual property of the innovating focal organization. Guidelines for mentioning the supplier in the PIC are offered.
Cost-effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage breast cancer.

e18887Background: The NCCN recommends several adjuvant chemotherapies for Her2-negative early stage breast cancer (ESBC) that have shown similar efficacy but lack direct comparisons in randomized c...
Spine-Pelvis-Hip Relationship in the Functioning of a Total Hip Replacement.

Spine-pelvis-hip motion is normally coordinated to allow balance of the mass of the trunk and hip motion with standing and sitting.Normal motion from standing to sitting involves hip flexion of 55° to 70° and pelvic posterior tilt of 20°. Because the acetabulum is part of the pelvis, as the pelvis t
What matters for patients with vasculitis

Advances in clinical care for patients with vasculitis have improved survival rates and created new challenges related to the ongoing management of chronic disease. Lack of curative therapies, burden of disease, treatment-related side effects, and fear of relapse contribute to patient-perceived reduction in quality of life. Patient-held beliefs about disease and priorities may differ substantially from the beliefs of their health care providers, and research paradigms are shifting to reflect more emphasis on understanding vasculitis from the patient's perspective. Efforts are ongoing to develop disease outcome measures in vasculitis that better represent the patient experience. Health care providers who care for patients with vasculitis should be sensitive to the substantial burdens of disease commonly experienced by patients living with the disease and should strive to provide comprehensive care directed towards the medical and biopsychological needs of these patients.
A computationally designed hemagglutinin stem-binding protein provides in vivo protection from influenza in the ferret model.

Influenza viruses cause thousands of deaths worldwide and remain a prominent public health issue. Currently, the influenza vaccine is the best tool available at protecting against infection, but the correct strains are hard to predict and the vaccines do not always work. More effective antiviral drugs are needed. Protection against influenza by broadly neutralizing antibodies targeted to a highly conserved region in the hemagglutinin (HA) stem shows great potential for immunotherapy. We have investigated the protective efficacy of an engineered protein, HB36.6, that was computationally designed to bind with high affinity to the same region in the HA stem as targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Studies in the mouse model demonstrated that intranasal delivery of HB36.6 affords protection in mice lethally challenged with diverse strains of influenza, both when administered as a single dose of 6.0 mg/kg up to 48 hrs prior to challenge and significantly reduces disease when administered as a daily therapeutic after challenge. The current study was designed to evaluate HB36.6 in the ferret model, comparing prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of this new antiviral against high dose influenza aerosol challenge. Similar to data obtained in the mouse model, results from these studies demonstrated significant reduction in viral load and clinical signs of disease in ferrets treated with HB36.6 compared to untreated controls or ferrets treated with Tamiflu. Together, these results show that binding of HB36.6 to the influenza HA stem region alone was sufficient to reduce the viral infection and disease process in vivo. These studies demonstrate a potential new class of antivirals for influenza.
Iliopsoas Abscess Presenting With Sacral Fracture and Gluteal Abscess: A Clinical Conundrum.

Abscess of the iliopsoas muscle is a rare condition that requires a high degree of clinical suspicion for diagnosis. High mortality rates highlight the need for prompt recognition. We report the case of a 26-year-old man, with a history of intravenous drug use, who was referred from an outside facility with sacral fracture and gluteal abscess. Sacral trauma occurred 3 weeks before presentation, with progressive worsening of buttock pain. The patient was treated with irrigation and debridement of the gluteal abscess. Follow-up MRI revealed a communicating iliopsoas abscess that initially had been undiagnosed. After a prolonged hospital stay requiring additional irrigation and debridement procedures, the patient was discharged in a stable condition. Five-month follow-up has demonstrated no evidence of recurrence of infection. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Staphylococcus aureus gluteal abscess with pelvic extension into the iliopsoas secondary to sacral trauma and intravenous drug use.
Temporary balloon occlusion of atrial septal defects in suspected or documented left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: Hemodynamic and clinical findings.

Objective To review our experience with balloon testing prior to atrial septal defect (ASD) closure in adults with left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction. Background ASD closure in patients with LV diastolic dysfunction may precipitate LV failure. Temporary ASD occlusion has been used in this scenario but data are limited. Methods Retrospective review of 27 patients age ≥ 50 years undergoing temporary ASD balloon occlusion between 2000 and 2018 for suspected LV diastolic dysfunction or elevated LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Results Median age was 72 years (IQR 66.7; 75.2). Atrial fibrillation was seen in 58% of patients, hypertension in 58%, and coronary artery disease in 26%; 52% were females. Median ASD size was 13 mm (10; 18) and Qp/Qs 1.8 (1.6; 2.2). Median LVEDP was 14 mmHg (12; 22); pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) 12 mmHg (9; 16.5) and left atrial pressure (LAP) 13.5 mmHg (8; 16.3). After a median of 5 min (3; 10) of balloon occlusion, patients with baseline LVEDP ≥15 mmHg had more significant increases in LVEDP (9 [6; 12] vs. 2 mmHg [0.5; 5]; p = 0.03) and LAP/PAWP (10.5 [8.3; 16.3] vs. 1.5 mmHg [-1.5; 3]; p = 0.0003) than those with baseline LVEDP 15 mmHg during balloon testing compared to 92% of patients with a baseline LVEDP ≥15 mmHg. Conclusion LVEDP might be used to predict LAP post-ASD closure. Comorbidities typically associated with LV diastolic dysfunction are common in these patients and should be considered in their management.
Anderson Localization for Better Thermoelectrics

Solid-state thermoelectrics are of great interest because they directly convert between thermal and electrical energy. However, wider application of thermoelectrics is dependent upon improving their performance. Anderson localization of charge carriers has been generally perceived as detrimental to thermoelectrics, but in their paper in this issue of ACS Nano, Lee et al. propose a concept of using selective charge Anderson localization for synergetic enhancement of thermoelectric performance. To facilitate discussions and research on Anderson localization to improve thermoelectrics, this Perspective shares potential directions to explore the viability of using Anderson localization or related strategies to drive thermoelectric performance.
A salty solution for storage

Stationary storage in buildings can help make better use of intermittent renewable power, but safer and cheaper alternatives to lithium-ion batteries are needed to accelerate deployment. Now, demonstration of an aqueous potassium-ion full cell offers a way forward.
Nitric oxide releasing two-part creams containing S-nitrosoglutathione and zinc oxide for potential topical antimicrobial applications

Abstract Currently, most antimicrobial topical treatments utilize antibiotics to prevent or treat infection at a wound site. However, with the ongoing evolution of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains, there is a high demand for alternative antimicrobial treatments. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous gas molecule with potent antimicrobial activity, which is effective against a wide variety of bacterial strains. In this study, the potential for creating NO releasing creams containing the naturally occurring NO carrier, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), are characterized and evaluated. GSNO is shown to have prolonged stability (>300 days) when mixed and stored within Vaseline at 24 °C. Further, enhanced proliferation of NO from GSNO using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) is demonstrated. Triggering NO release from the GSNO/Vaseline mixture using a commercial zinc oxide-containing cream exhibits first-order NO release kinetics with the highest %NO release over the first 6 h. Significant killing effects against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa are demonstrated for the GSNO/Vaseline/ZnO cream mixtures in a proportional manner dependent upon the concentration of GSNO in the final mixture.
A Case Study of Complementary-multiply-with-carry Method on OpenCL FPGA

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are becoming a promising heterogeneous computing component for scientific computing. The emerging high-level synthesis tools provide a streamlined design flow to facilitate the use of FPGAs for researchers who have little FPGA development experience. In this paper, we present our implementations of a pseudorandom number generator in a high-level programming language OpenCL, and evaluate its performance and performance per watt on an Arria10-based FPGA platform. We describe the complementary-multiply-with-carry method, and explore its OpenCL implementations under the constraint of hardware resources on the target device. The experimental results show that the raw performance of the implementations on an Intel Arria 10 GX1150 FPGA is 15X lower than that on an Intel Xeon 16-core CPU, but the dynamic power consumption on the FPGA is 60X lower than that on the CPU. For large data size, the performance per watt on the FPGA is 6.7X higher than that on the CPU.
Treatment at Academic Centers Decreases Insurance-Based Survival Disparities in Colon Cancer

Abstract Background Although insurance and race-based survival disparities in colon cancer are well studied, little is known regarding how these survival disparities are impacted by type of treating facility. Materials and methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 433,997 patients diagnosed with colon adenocarcinoma using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Using Cox proportional hazard analyses, we assessed overall survival (OS) as a function of race, insurance status, and treating facility, after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. We also assessed differences in OS according to race and insurance status stratified by treating facility type. Results OS was significantly diminished for blacks (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.10; P Conclusions Other race, private insurance, and treatment at AC were independently associated with improved OS in patients with colon cancer. Medicaid-based, but not race-based, survival disparities are reduced at ACs compared with other facilities.
Amending conservation programs through expanding choice architecture: A case study of forestry and livestock producers

Abstract Incentives designed to spur the adoption of agroforestry practices by farmers across the United States have largely been ineffective. Unfortunately, most Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts are composed of temporary grassland conversions, not permanent forest land conversions. Using data collected from forestry and livestock producers, we estimate the minimum payment necessary for producers to adopt the agroforestry practice of silvopasture. Results indicate that CRP contracts based on silvopasture or other integrated systems may be a more efficient alternative than contracts based on complete conversion to forest land. However, successful implementation of such a policy requires a well-informed producer base whose behavior can be nudged towards integrated systems.
Maternal Weight Gain and Infant Birth Weight in Women with Class III Obesity.

Objective The aim of this study is to describe the impact of maternal weight gain on infant birth weight among women with Class III obesity. Study Design Retrospective cohort of women with body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 at initial prenatal visit, delivered from July 2013 to December 2017. Women presenting 14/0 weeks of gestational age (GA), delivering preterm, or had multiples or major fetal anomalies excluded. Maternal demographics and complications, intrapartum events, and neonatal outcomes abstracted. Primary outcomes were delivery of large for gestational age or small for gestational age (SGA) infant. Bivariate statistics used to compare women gaining less than Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations (LTR) and women gaining within recommendations (11–20 pounds/5–9.1 kg) (at recommended [AR]). Regression models used to estimate odds of primary outcomes. Results Of included women (n = 230), 129 (56%) gained LTR and 101 (44%) gained AR. In sum, 71 (31%) infants were LGA and 2 (0.8%) were SGA. Women gaining LTR had higher median entry BMI (46 vs. 43, p 0.99). After controlling for confounders, the AOR of an LGA baby for LTR women was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.4–1.4). Conclusion In this cohort of morbidly obese women, gaining less than IOM recommendations did not impact risk of having an LGA infant, without increasing risk of an SGA infant.
CHAPTER 19 – Vulvovaginal Complaints

Publisher Summary Atrophic changes of the vulva, vagina, and lower urinary tract can detract from the quality of life of menopausal women. Vulvovaginal symptoms, in contrast to vasomotor disturbances, are usually progressive in nature and do not ameliorate with time from the menopausal transition. The patient may initially attribute the symptoms of atrophy to other vulvovaginal conditions. Embarrassment arising from cultural or religious beliefs can prevent the patient from openly discussing problems related to sexual function. Sensitive questioning and thorough evaluation will correctly identify the pattern of changes as those caused by the loss of estrogen. Hormonal and nonhormonal treatments can provide patients with relief and a return to their previous level of function. Because these atrophic changes respond favorably to estrogen therapy, no reason exists for older women to suffer from urogenital atrophy symptoms. In addition to vulvar dystrophies, vulvovaginal complaints in postmenopausal women not related directly to estrogen loss also include a variety of systemic and chronic conditions such as diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and urinary incontinence.
Endocrine Tumor Board: Ten Years' Experience of a Multidisciplinary Clinical Working Conference

Introduction Advances in specialized medical areas and updated clinical guidelines show a need for a focused approach for patients with specific disorders. Objective To describe a multidisciplinary tumor board for patients with endocrine tumors. Methods We established an endocrine tumor board at a large health maintenance organization and studied cases presented between September 2007 and August 2017. To resolve diagnostic and/or therapeutic questions, a multidisciplinary team of specialists discussed patients' clinical presentations. Cases were broken down into diagnostic categories, demographic characteristics (age, sex), and need for repeated presentations to the board. Results We included 608 patients: 401 female (66%) and 207 male (34%). Ages ranged from teens to more than 90 years, with the peak decade 50 to 59 years (26%). Although most patients needed only 1 presentation to the board, 151 (25%) required representation, for a total of 853 presentations. The diagnoses reflected the workup status with tumor identification and localization at the initial case presentation. Diagnoses included thyroid cancer (234 patients, 38.4%), adrenal mass (165 patients, 27.1%), primary hyperparathyroidism (120 patients, 19.7%), thyroid nodule (95 patients, 15.6%), and extrathyroidal mass (23 patients, 3.8%). Other diagnoses composed the remaining 14.6%. Tumor board attendees overwhelmingly supported the meetings' benefits, with all clinicians reporting frequently changing patient management because of the meetings. Conclusion Patients with endocrine tumors may benefit from a specialized approach to care. A multidisciplinary tumor board can focus discussions efficiently, provide a forum to advance care, apply endocrine-related clinical guidelines, and lead to recommendations that clinicians often employed.
Comment on "Surface Pair-Density-Wave Superconducting and Superfluid States".

The claim in Barkman et al [Physical Review Letters {\bf 122}, 165302 (2019)] that pair-density wave (PDW) superconductivity in magnetic field is more stable near surface than in bulk, is not supported by microscopic theory.
Compliance With Standards for STARD 2015 Reporting Recommendations in Pathology.

OBJECTIVES Lack of experimental reproducibility has led to growing interest in guidelines to enhance completeness and transparency in research reporting. This retrospective survey sought to determine compliance with Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) 2015 statement in the recent pathology scientific literature. METHODS Two raters independently scored 171 pathology diagnostic accuracy studies for compliance with 34 STARD items and subcomponents. Overall adherence was calculated as a proportion after excluding nonapplicable items. RESULTS After excluding nonapplicable items, there was 50% overall adherence to STARD reporting recommendations. In total, 15.44 ± 3.59 items were reported per article (range, 4-28 out of maximum possible of 34). There was substantial heterogeneity in individual item reporting, with greater than 75% reporting in eight of 34 items and less than 25% reporting in 11 of 34 items. Less than 10% of articles reported hypotheses, subgroup analyses for confounding, sample size calculations, subject flow diagrams, study registrations, and links to full study protocols. Significantly more items were reported in articles from journals that endorsed STARD (16.14 vs 14.84, P = .0175). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate incomplete reporting of essential items in pathology diagnostic accuracy studies. More vigorous enforcement of reporting checklists might improve adherence to minimum reporting standards.
Stem cell treatments for oropharyngeal dysphagia: Rationale, benefits, and challenges

Dysphagia, defined as difficulty swallowing, is a common symptom negatively impacting millions of adults annually. Estimated prevalence ranges from 14 to 33 percent in those over age 65 to over 70 percent in a nursing home setting. The elderly, those with neurodegenerative diseases, head and neck cancer patients, and those with autoimmune conditions such as Sjogren's syndrome are disproportionately affected. Oropharyngeal dysphagia refers specifically to difficulty in initiating a swallow due to dysfunction at or above the upper esophageal sphincter, and represents a large proportion of dysphagia cases. Current treatments are limited and are often ineffective. Stem cell therapy is a new and novel advancement that may fill a much-needed role in our treatment regimen. Here, we review the current literature regarding stem cell treatments for oropharyngeal dysphagia. Topics discussed include tissue regeneration advancements as a whole and translation of these principles into research surrounding tongue dysfunction, xerostomia, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, and finally an overview of the challenges and future directions for investigation. Although this field of study remains in its early stages, initial promising results show potential for the use of stem cell-based therapies to treat oropharyngeal dysphagia and warrant further research.
Hydrodynamic interactions significantly alter the dynamics of actin networks and result in a length scale dependent loss modulus

Abstract Actin, the primary component of the cytoskeleton, is the most studied semiflexible filament. Yet, the dynamics of actin filamentous network is still a subject of debate. Here we show that hydrodynamic interactions may significantly alter the time scale of actin network deformation. The alteration may be easily in the range of 2–20 fold depending on the structural conformations and scales of interest. We show that for a single fiber, hydrodynamic interactions between the cytoskeletal mesh-sized segments can change the net force by up to 7 folds. We also demonstrate that cytoskeletal relaxation times are underestimated if hydrodynamic interaction effects are ignored, but bending mode shapes are not appreciably influenced. Ignoring hydrodynamic interactions can result in up to 20-fold overestimation of shear loss modulus in the 2 μm range we investigated. Moreover, in agreement with experimental studies, our models explain a highly length scale dependent loss modulus. Taken together, our data suggest that including hydrodynamic interactions is key to proper modeling and analysis of actin dynamics at any scales and dimensions, and therefore must not be neglected in future models and experimental analyses of cytoskeletal dynamics.
Introduction to Essential Oils and Essential Oil Processing

In the treatment of acne and rosacea, several essential oils may play a therapeutic role via both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory pathways. The particular microbial target in acne vulgaris appears to be the Cutibacterium acnes bacterium. Essential oils investigated for this review include tea tree oil, Oregon grape root oil, pomegranate seed oil, rosemary oil, witch hazel, rose oil, rosehip oil, orange/citrus oil, Korean fir oil, frankincense oil, chamomile oil, clary sage oil, lavender oil, ylang-ylang oil, juniper berry oil, and clove basil oil. Many of these essential oils need a carrier oil to avoid evaporation, and carrier oils reviewed here include olive oil, jojoba, coconut, sesame seed, grape seed, sweet almond, and sunflower seed oil. Of those listed, tea tree oil is the most common and well-known essential oil with evidence available in both acne and rosacea treatments.
Disruption of long-chain base hydroxylation alters growth and impacts sphingolipid synthesis in Physcomitrella patens

Sphingolipids have roles as membrane structural components and as bioactive molecules in plants. In Physcomitrella patens, 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine, t18:0) is the predominant sphingolipid long-chain base (LCB). To assess the functional significance of t18:0, CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis was used to generate mutant lines lacking the sole SPHINGOID BASE HYDROXYLASE (SBH) gene encoding the hydroxylase responsible for converting sphinganine (d18:0) to t18:0. Total sphingolipid content in sbh protonemata was 2.4-fold higher than in wild-type. Modest changes in glycosyl inositolphosphorylceramide (GIPC) glycosylation patterns occurred. Sphingolipidomic analyses of mutants lacking t18:0 indicated modest alterations in acyl-chain pairing with d18:0 in GIPCs and ceramides, but dramatic alterations in acyl-chain pairing in glucosylceramides, in which 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2) was the principal LCB. A striking accumulation of free and phosphorylated LCBs accompanied loss of the hydroxylase. The sbh lines exhibited altered morphology, including smaller chloronemal cell size, irregular cell shape, reduced gametophore size, and increased pigmentation. In the presence of the synthetic trihydroxy LCB t17:0, the endogenous sphingolipid content of sbh lines decreased to wild-type levels, and the mutants exhibited phenotypes more similar to wild-type plants. These results demonstrate the importance of sphingolipid content and composition to Physcomitrella growth. They also illuminate similarities in regulating sphingolipid content but differences in regulating sphingolipid species composition between the bryophyte P. patens and angiosperm A. thaliana.
Integrating Distributed Energy Resources into the Independent System Operators’ Energy Market: a Review

In recent years, the rapid growth of distributed energy resources (DER) is bringing up a future of coexisting opportunities and challenges to independent system operators (ISO) as well as DER aggregators as market participants. This paper intends to overview the integration of DERs into the ISO’s energy market from three aspects of (i) ISOs’ existing DER integration programs, (ii) DER aggregators, and (iii) transmission system operator (TSO) and distribution system operator (DSO) coordination. ISOs and academic researchers have been actively preparing to embrace a high DER penetration future. ISOs’ current programs do not fully consider the interaction and coordination with distribution systems, which otherwise could accommodate an even deeper DER integration. Academia has done a lot of research on this aspect, while practical applicability and jurisdiction considerations are still among the important aspects to be further explored. Small scales and dispersed locations of DERs make DER aggregation and TSO-DSO coordination inevitably a focus of research, which has been receiving more and more attentions with the increasing of DERs.
L. Ray Patterson: Copyright (and Its Master) in Historical Perspective

The title of this tribute to the late L. Ray Patterson of the University of Georgia School of Law is a play on the title of Patterson’s magisterial study of the history, and pre-history, of Anglo-American copyright law: Copyright in Historical Perspective. Patterson’s central idea in that work was that copyright is a creature not of natural law but of positive law—not a proprietary right but a species of trade regulation. The tribute includes not only many glowing assessments of Patterson’s body of work in copyright by his peers, but also ringing quotes from his own voluminous publications. The author concludes with a toast he offered to Professor Patterson face-to-face, at an event purportedly convened for other purposes, shortly before he died: “To PROFESSOR PATTERSON. Copyright Hero. Model. Scholar. Activist. Radical. Teacher. And may I add with the greatest pride on this very special occasion: Friend.
Enterprise Integrative Management

In the Preface it was stated that the accelerating pace of change is the single most important factor shaping all aspects of contemporary society from economics to communications, from the way products are produced to the way they are bought. Without a doubt, business logistics functions stand as one of the pivotal factors enabling this explosion in social, economic, and cultural change. Whereas it is true that technology has revealed exciting new methods of designing and producing products and communicating them to potential consumers, it is through the activity of distribution that products reach the marketplace and the exchange process is determined. Throughout history, businesses have been faced with the problem that demand for goods often extended far beyond the location where they were made and that products were not always available at the time when customers wanted them. Where the capabilities of logistics have been limited, people live close to the source of production and have access to a limited range of goods. On the other hand, societies that possess highly complex and inexpensive logistics systems are marked by production efficiencies, a wide spectrum of available products, the rapid exchange of goods, and accelerating standards of living. Efficient and constantly developing logistics systems enable the enterprise to leverage and focus productive functions while extending the reach of their products to meet national and international demand. In today’s marketplace, distribution provides the bridge linking products to distant markets separated by global time and distance.
Die symbolische Konstruktion von Räumen. Sozialkonstruktivistisch-diskursanalytische Perspektiven

Seit einiger Zeit nutzt die Raum- und Stadtforschung den Diskursbegriff im Sinne der aktuellen Diskursforschung. Eine Stichwortrecherche im Fachjournal „Urban Studies“ zeigt, dass auch schon in alteren Ausgaben zwar das Wort „discourse“ fallt, jedoch eher im Rahmen von Buchbesprechungen oder zur Bezeichnung einer Rede, einer Position oder einer einzelnen thematischen Abhandlung. Doch 1993 taucht eine etwas andere Akzentuierung auf. Im Rahmen eines Textes uber Stadtmarketing ist hier von Diskursen die Rede. Zunehmend wird gesehen, dass Stadte auch von ihrer symbolischen Konstruktion, ihrem Image leben und leben mussen. 1999 widmet „Urban Studies“ dann ein ganzes Schwerpunktheft der Bedeutung von Diskursen fur die Raum- und Stadtforschung, und seitdem sind etliche Studien entstanden, die sich mit Diskursen uber die Stadt im Allgemeinen, einzelne Stadte im Besonderen oder auch innerhalb von Stadtteilen beschaftigen.
Understanding the Demonologies of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Accomplishments and Directions for the Future

This essay examines scholarship on the demonology of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS). It places a special focus on how the notions of evil spirits found in the Book of Watchers (1 Enoch 1–36) were adopted, adapted, and reconfigured in various ways in the scrolls. Concepts crucial to many groups within Second Temple Judaism (impurity, dualism, apocalypticism, and monotheism) functioned to influence how the evolving concept of demonic beings was received and deployed in Hellenistic Jewish thought. The DSS provide the largest and most significant data set for analyzing these developments. The essay concludes by suggesting a critical methodological issue for future research on Jewish demonology.
Comparison of Simultaneous CO2 and H2O Observations of Venus

Results are reported for 115 pairs of CO2 and H2O abundance determinations made with the coude scanner of a 2.7 m reflector. The pairs of observations were made over the same area of the illuminated disk of Venus with the guiding, seeing and slit-placement errors less than 15 per cent of the disk diameter. A correlation analysis of the pairs of observations grouping them into eight periods of time which corresponded to telescope observing runs or periods of similar phase angle shows a lack of correlation in all except one period. For this set, the H2O abundances were positively correlated with the relative CO2 line strengths for measurements of the 8689-A and 7820-A CO2 bands made on the same day. Comparison of abundances on some 25 individual days shows a positive correlation on one day and a marginal negative correlation on two days, with no correlation on the remaining 22 days. On the basis of the lack of correlations, it is concluded that either the H2O level of line formation does not fluctuate in phase with the observed CO2 absorption fluctuations or the horizontal distribution of the H2O vapor must be inhomogeneous.
Seasonality of South African rainfall: a note on its regional delimitation using spectral analysis

Spectral analysis of extended monthly series of rainfall totals is suggested as a method of regional classification of rainfall regimes. By mapping both the variance associated with specific rainfall oscillations and the cross-spectral characteristics of observed rainfall series with that of a reference series of known phase, it is shown that the rainfall climatology of large areas can be precisely described in a quantitative manner. That this is so for South Africa is illustrated by the analysis of fifty years of monthly rainfall at 322 stations; the regional variation of rainfall regimes is clearly demonstrated.
Journalism's Moral Sentiments: Negotiating between freedom and responsibility

Philosophers since Adam Smith and David Hume have theorized that emotions play a role in ethical decision making. The most recent findings in neuroscience suggest that moral action does not occur without a firm handshake with the emotions. This paper explores the connection between emotions, bounded rationality and professional ethical decision making, specifically journalistic negotiation between freedom and responsibility. Based on the findings of neuroscience and coupled with feminist ethics and the concept of proto-norms as outlined by Christians, journalists’ moral sentiments regarding these core concepts are linked to the development of a moral imagination that seeks both professionally sound and morally creative alternatives to difficult ethical choices. A case study of one documentary film maker illustrates the theory.
A laboratory investigation of Alfvén wave refraction in a parallel gradient

[1] We present a laboratory investigation of Alfven wave refraction due to a gradient in the plasma beta along the magnetic field. Theoretically, it is expected that perpendicular wave refraction occurs when the Alfven wave changes from kinetic to inertial, as occurs along a typical auroral field line. The change in propagation characteristics is expected to produce a focusing of the wave energy. In the Earth's magnetosphere it is thought that this refractive property may play a key role in the field line resonance process. This effect is observed in the laboratory by creating a plasma with a parallel gradient of 100 per 105 Debye lengths. An Alfven wave is then launched with an antenna, and the field patterns of the wave are observed at several axial locations.
Improved insulin sensitivity after weight loss and exercise training is mediated by a reduction in plasma fatty acid mobilization, not enhanced oxidative capacity

Obesity is characterized by excessive rates of plasma fatty acid mobilization and uptake, which play a key role in mediating insulin resistance. While weight loss via diet-only or a diet + exercise program clearly improves insulin sensitivity, the precise mechanisms modulating this improvement are not completely understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of the reduced fatty acid mobilization and uptake after weight loss in obese women who were randomly assigned to lifestyle interventions of either weight loss without exercise (WL) (n= 7) or a weight loss + exercise program (WL + EX) (n= 10). Before and after losing 12% of their body weight, we measured insulin sensitivity (SI), systemic fatty acid rate of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd), oxidative capacity, and markers for pro-inflammatory pathways in skeletal muscle. Fatty acid Ra and Rd were reduced by ∼30% after both interventions (P < 0.05). While oxidative capacity increased 25% in WL + EX (compared with no increase after WL), the improvement in SI was identical in both groups (∼60%; P < 0.05), and skeletal muscle pro-inflammatory pathways were reduced (P < 0.05) similarly in both groups. When we artificially increased fatty acid mobilization after weight loss to pre-weight-loss levels via an overnight lipid infusion, the improvement in SI was almost completely reversed. Importantly, WL + EX did not protect against this lipid-induced reversal in SI despite a significant increase in resting whole-body fat oxidation and a marked increase in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. In conclusion, reduced fatty acid mobilization and uptake appears to be a primary mediator of improved insulin sensitivity after weight loss. Moreover, enhancing fatty acid oxidative capacity via exercise training is not sufficient to prevent the insulin resistance caused by high fatty acid mobilization, such as that found in obesity.
NASA and the phenomenology of discovery: Vigilance, work conditions, and a renewed space policy

Abstract As NASA works to redefine the meaning of its mission, two social scientists apply tools from phenomenology to explore how an agency, on the cusp of new thought, is tasked with discovery. Sources for the analysis include interviews, observations, case files and documents before and after a site visit to Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Findings suggest that NASA should consider creating an internal office of phenomenological inquiry designed to recognize phenomenology at work as a fundamental approach for discovery. A special note of appreciation is extended to NASA for fostering and encouraging access to their organization to observe operations at the side of astronauts in training, engineers and scientists at work, and managers overseeing a Space Shuttle mission.
Differentiation of Human Marrow Stromal Precursor Cells: Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 Increases OSF2/CBFA1, Enhances Osteoblast Commitment, and Inhibits Late Adipocyte Maturation

Because regulation of the differentiation to osteoblasts and adipocytes from a common progenitor in bone marrow stroma is poorly understood, we assessed effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on a conditionally immortalized human marrow stromal cell line, hMS(2-6), which is capable of differentiation to either lineage. BMP-2 did not affect hMS(2-6) cell proliferation but enhanced osteoblast differentiation as assessed by a 1.8-fold increase in expression of OSF2/CBFA1 (a gene involved in commitment to the osteoblast pathway), by increased mRNA expression and protein secretion for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I procollagen and osteocalcin (OC) (except for OC protein), and by increased mineralized nodule formation. Transient transfection with Osf2/Cbfa1 antisense oligonucleotide substantially reduced BMP-2-stimulated expression of ALP mRNA and protein. The effects of BMP-2 on adipocyte differentiation varied: expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (a gene involved in commitment to the adipocyte pathway) was unchanged, mRNA expression of the early differentiation marker, lipoprotein lipase, was increased, and mRNA and protein levels of the late differentiation marker, leptin, and the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets were decreased. Thus, by enhancing osteoblast commitment and by inhibiting late adipocyte maturation, BMP-2 acts to shunt uncommitted marrow stromal precursor cells from the adipocyte to the osteoblast differentiation pathway.