cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Demands and Requirements of Computer Programming: A Literature Review:

This review discusses recent literature on computer programming. It focuses on psychological studies of programming and selected issues related to instruction in programming. The purpose is to inform computer educators about the nature of the cognitive processes involved in programming, and the potential benefits to be gained from learning programming. Concerns relevant to pre-college students of programming are emphasized. The literature reviewed includes empirical studies of programming, rational analyses of the programming task by computer scientists, and expository essays by educators and psychologists. The literature is presented to illuminate three major issues: 1) what are the cognitive demands of programming and what are the possible cognitive outcomes? 2) how does instruction influence learning? 3) who benefits, and in what ways, from instruction?
SPAD electronics for high-speed quantum communications

We discuss high-speed electronics that support the use of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in gigahertz singlephoton communications systems. For InGaAs/InP SPADs, recent work has demonstrated reduced afterpulsing and count rates approaching 500 MHz can be achieved with gigahertz periodic-gating techniques designed to minimize the total avalanche charge to less than 100 fC. We investigate afterpulsing in this regime and establish a connection to observations using more conventional techniques. For Si SPADs, we report the benefits of improved timing electronics that enhance the temporal resolution of Si SPADs used in a free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) system operating in the GHz regime. We establish that the effects of count-rate fluctuations induced by daytime turbulent scintillation are significantly reduced, benefitting the performance of the QKD system.
Dates of Publication of Scientific Books

I HAVE just bought a copy of “A Treatise on Slate and Slate Quarrying, Scientific, Practical, and Commercial,” by D. C. Davies, F.G.S., fourth edition, dated 1899 (Crosby Lockwood and Son).
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES ON DISCRIMINATION LEARNING BY INSTITUTIONALIZED MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN

Summary.-Institutionalized mentally recarded children performed on a twochoice discrimination task under one of 6 conditions of reward (response-contingent consumable, rcsponse-contingent nonconsumable, token-consumable, token-nonconsumable, token, social). The results indicated that response-contingent nonconsumable rewards were not more distracting than response-contlngent consumablz rewards nor was the presentation of material rewards by the token-reinforcement procedure less distracting than the response-contingent reinforcement procedure. Further, social reinforcement was less effective than response-contingent nonconsumable rewards; however, no differences were found between social reinforcement and the other material rewards regardless of reinforcement procedure. Previous research on the relative effectiveness of different types of reinforcers on the discrimination learning of mentally retarded children has frequently used response-contingent consumable rewards (Mas, small hardcoated chocolates presented after each correct response) as the only type of material reinforcement and reinforcement procedure (e.g., Baldwin, 1967; Horowitz, 1963; Insalaco, 1970; Srivastava, 1968; Tramontana, 1972). The investigations which have used nonconsumable material rewards (toys and trinkets) for retarded children have comistently utilized token reinforcement (an object such as a bean or marble presented after each correct response to be exchanged for a reward after the task is learned) rather than response-contingent reinforcement (e.g., Locke, 1969; Talkington, 1971; Zigler 8r deLabry, 1962). The reinforcement procedures for delivering these different types of material rewards suggest that response-contingent consumable rewards would not be more distracting to the child's efficient learning of a task than a token-reinforcement procedure for presenting consumable rewards. However, response-contingent nonconsumable rewards would be more distracting than the presentation of nonconsumable rewards by a token-reinforcement procedure. In addition, the presentation of response-contingent nonconsumable rewards would be more distracting than response-contingent consumable rewards. The major purpose of the present investigation was to assess the distractibility and effectiveness of presenting consumable and nonconsumable rewards by the respnse-contingent and token-reinforcement procedures in dis'Grateful acknowledgment is extended to Barbara Coleman who served as E and to the ward staff at Plymouth State Home and Training School, Plymouth, Michigan, for their cooperation and assistance.
Altimeter observations of the Peru‐Chile countercurrent

Data from Geosat and TOPEX altimeters are used to infer the structure of the Peru-Chile Countercurrent, a jet that flows from at least as far north as 10 deg S (historical data suggest 7 deg S) to 35 deg - 40 deg S, maintaining its position between approximately 100-300 km offshore. Although the annual mean current cannot be determined from altimeter observations, the nearly antisymmetric patterns in spring and fall, combined with historical observations, suggest that the countercurrent is poleward at most times and is maximum in spring and minimum in fall. Previous studies have linked the offshore countercurrent at 7 deg S to the Equatorial Undercurrent west of the Galapagos Islands, suggesting that the countercurrent is part of a continuous flow that extends from the western equatorial Pacific to the region off Chile between 35 deg - 40 deg S.
A Novel Visuospatial Priming Task for Rats with Relevance to Tourette Syndrome and Modulation of Dopamine Levels

Individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) exhibit deficits in inhibitory information processing which may reflect impaired neural mechanisms underlying symptoms and which can be detected using a negative priming (NP) task. NP is the normal reduction of performance when identifying target stimuli that appear where non-target stimuli appeared previously. TS subjects exhibit diminished NP and their NP levels predict their response to behavioral therapy. Here we review relevant literature on this issue and also report a novel rat NP task. In the latter, rats respond to target stimuli (continuous light) while ignoring non-target stimuli (blinking light). Each trial was preceded by a prime in which target and non-target stimuli were briefly presented. Performance was challenged by shortening prime duration and by administering amphetamine. During the short prime challenge, rats exhibited lower accuracy in NP vs. baseline trials, indicative of inhibitory information processing. Modulation by amphetamine administration indicates that this drug had rate-dependent effects. Evidence is provided of individual differences in NP and response to the drug, with priming being reduced in high NP rats, while it was increased in low NP subjects. The rat NP task represents a novel and suitable tool for investigating the neural bases of inhibitory information processing and its dysfunction in TS.
StreetConnect: SMS announcements for homeless people

Cellular phones are bringing computing to underserved communities. As people in these communities across the globe lack access to information, but do own cellular phones, apps are filling the gap by delivering meaningful information to improve lives. In this paper, we present StreetConnect, a tool created by students from Santa Clara University to serve the homeless population in our area. This tool provides a way for organizations serving the homeless to send announcements to registered users via text message, and for registered users to filter the messages they receive based on their interests, such as employment, food, or shelter. The tool has been deployed at a local organization and has the potential to be generalized and used in other scenarios as well.
Polymerizable Vancomycin Derivatives for Bactericidal Biomaterial Surface Modification: Structure−Function Evaluation

Surface modification of implantable biomaterials with biologically active functionalities, including antimicrobials, has wide potential for addressing implant-related design problems. Here, four polymerizable vancomycin derivatives bearing either acrylamide or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-acrylate were synthesized and then polymerized through a surface-mediated reaction. Functionalization of vancomycin at either the V(3) or the X(1) position decreased monomeric activity by 6-75-fold depending on the modification site and the nature of the adduct (P < 0.08 for all comparisons). A 5000 Da PEG chain showed an order of magnitude decrease in activity relative to a 3400 Da counterpart. Molecular dynamics computational simulations were used to explore the mechanisms of this decreased activity. Assays were also conducted to demonstrate the utility of a living radical photopolymerization to create functional, polymeric surfaces with these monomers and to demonstrate surface-based activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis . In particular, the vancomycin-PEG-acrylate derivatives demonstrated a 7-8 log reduction in bacterial colony forming units (CFU) with respect to nonfunctionalized control surfaces.
Induction of chromosome loss in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D61.M by selected benzimidazole compounds.

Twenty-two benzimidazole compounds were tested for induction of chromosome loss (CHRL) in the diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D61.M. Six compounds tested positive for CHRL induction: mebendazole, albendazole, RS-9237-000, fenbendazole, 2-benzimidazolylacetonitrile, and thiabendazole. Mebendazole, albendazole, RS-9237-000, and fenbendazole were strongly positive only after modified testing media were used to enhance solubility. The compounds that tested negative for CHRL were 2-phenylbenzimidazole, 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, benzimidazole, 2-aminobenzimidazole, 2-amino-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 2-(aminomethyl)benzimidazole dihydrochloride hydrate, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, 2-guanidinobenzimidazole, 2-methylbenzimidazole, 2-(methylmercapto) benzimidazole, 1-methyl-2-phenylbenzimidazole, 2-benzimidazolylurea, RS-65255-000, oxibendazole, and RS-95005-000. One chemical, cambendazole, tested negative or only marginally positive. Modified testing medium was also used to enhance the solubility of 2-phenylbenzimidazole, oxibendazole, and RS-95005-000. Because no toxicity was observed with oxibendazole or RS-95005-000, the negative results obtained with these two compounds could not be considered definitive.
NMR spectra of 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene and its bromo-derivatives

Abstract The proton NMR spectrum of 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene (I) exhibits an unusual second-order effect whose analysis is presented; this analysis and that of analogous compounds are used to interpret the NMR spectra of the bromination products of I.
Gain and loss of protein in explanted chick embryos

Abstract Attempts were made to relate net growth of chick embryo explants to the gain and loss of proteins. Chick embryo explants maintained in the presence of fluorophenylalanine show a significantly greater inhibition of the protein increase than of incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins. Chick embryo explants in which growth (net protein increase) is almost completely suppressed by addition of an amino acid analog or by limiting supply of nutrients lose significant quantities of labeled amino acids from their proteins. Explants with rapid growth show no such loss. It is concluded that loss of protein may play a small but significant role under conditions of greatly reduced growth and a much smaller and perhaps negligible role under conditions of rapid growth.
Situational Strength as a Means of Conceptualizing Context

RUSTIN D. MEYERPurdue UniversityREESHAD S. DALALGeorge Mason UniversityKanfer (2009) argues that ‘‘context’’ is animportantconsiderationinthestudyofmoti-vated behavior, but our knowledge of con-textualconstructsisimmatureandinneedofconsiderable development. We agree andbuild on her position by proposing that situ-ational strength (Hough & Oswald, 2008;Mischel, 1977) has the potential to helpconceptualize what Johns (2006) calls ‘‘dis-crete context’’ (i.e., the particular task,social, and physical variables that influencemotivation, attitudes, and behavior). Thepresent article briefly describes situationalstrength, discusses its operationalizationand measurement, explores its implicationsfor practice, and describes two researchquestionsthatfallwithinPasteur’sQuadrant(Stokes, 1997).Situational Strength‘‘Strong’’ situations restrict the expressionand, therefore, criterion-related validity ofnonability personality traits by providinginformation about the most appropriatecourse(s) of action (Weiss & Adler, 1984).Thus,instrongsituations,motivated behaviorsare more homogenous than would bepredicted on the basis of motivational traitsalone. For example, when provided withexternal incentives to do so, unconscientiousemployees are as likely as their conscientiouspeers to remain focused on tasks (Fleeson,2007). It is, therefore, unsurprising that situa-tional strength is viewed as an importantconsideration in person-centric formulationsof motivation (Kanfer, Chen, & Pritchard,2008), a major reason for the disappointinglylow relationship between personality andjob performance (Murphy & Dzieweczynski,2005), and the single most important situa-tional force influencing the predictive powerof dispositional variables (Snyder & Ickes,1985). In other words, situational strength isa lens through which the interplay betweenthe context and the content of motivation(i.e.,twoofKanfer’s‘‘threeCs’’)canbeviewed.Although situational strength is a well-accepted idea and has been used in severalrecent studies, a lack of theoretical andempirical development has forcedresearch-ers to use avarietyof adhocoperationaliza-tions of it. Examples include task structure,choice of responses to a problem situation,situationalconstraints,situationalambiguity/uncertainty, metafeatures of the HumanResource Management (HRM) system (e.g.,consistently enforced rules), climate strength,and transformational leadership (cf. Meyer,
Water relations and growth of three grasses during wet and drought years in a tallgrass prairie.

The water relations and growth of three tallgrass prairie species Panicum virgatum, Andropogon gerardii and A. scoparius were examined in irrigated and unwatered prairie in eastern Kansas (USA). Measurements of the osmotic potential at full turgor, ψ π 100 , at zero turgor, ψ0, and growth of vegetative and reproductive tillers were made in a year with above-normal precipitation and a drought year to evaluate: 1) the ability of these grasses to osmotically adjust in response to water stress and 2) the effect of drought or supplemental water on growth of these species. Although these grasses adjusted osmotically even in the wet year, the degree of adjustment of ψ π 100 and ψ0 in the drought year was relatively large (0.60–0.78 MPa and 0.88–1.34 MPa, respectively) compared to reports for other species. Seasonal minimum values of ψ π 100 and ψ0 for these grasses in the drought year were lower than in most mesic species and seasonal fluctuations in ψ π 100 and ψ0 were greater than reported for most mesic or xeric species. The relatively frequent occurrence of drought in sub-humid tallgrass prairies may partially explain the greater than expected magnitude of osmotic adjustment in these grasses.
Occupational lung disease

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on occupational lung diseases. The interaction of cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure in causing of lung cancer has been a subject of interest. It has been clear for some time that asbestos workers who smoke are at a great risk of developing lung cancer. Asthma occurs in a proportion, usually a minority, of those exposed; it develops only after an initial symptom-free period of exposure, which can vary from weeks to years. Occupational asthma can be defined as variable airway narrowing related to exposure to airborne pollutants in the working environment. The relationship between asthma and the specific occupational exposure that causes it can be validated by inhalation testing. Exposure of the affected individual to the specific agent provokes an asthmatic reaction. Lung function measurements made in relation to periods of occupational exposure may demonstrate work-related airway narrowing. Skin tests, where available, can provide evidence of a specific immunological reaction to the causal agent. Such measurements of lung function made before and after a working shift may show that airway narrowing has developed during the working day, but such measurements are often unhelpful and can be misleading.
Vertical charge imbalance effect on 600 V-class trench-filling superjunction power MOSFETs

600V-class superjunction (SJ) MOSFETs fabricated by trench-filling process are investigated by analytical and numerical solutions with experimental results. The careful consideration on the effects of trench taper and p-column profile is given for accurate charge control. The breakdown voltage (V b ), specific on-resistance (R onAa ), and gate-to-drain charge (Q gd ) of 736 V, 16.4 mΩ-cm2, and 6 nC, respectively, have been achieved for the fabricated SJ-MOSFET.
Water administration of the medium-chain fatty acid caprylic acid produced variable efficacy against enteric Campylobacter colonization in broilers

ABSTRACT Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness, and poultry are considered a primary source of Campylobacter infections. Caprylic acid, an 8-carbon fatty acid, has been shown in previous studies to reduce enteric cecal Campylobacter concentrations in poultry when administered in the feed. For greater ease of application for producers, a water-soluble form of caprylic acid, sodium octanoate, was evaluated for efficacy against enteric Campylobacter. The first trial consisted of 70 birds in 7 groups (n = 10 chicks/group): an untreated control and 6 other groups that were challenged with Campylobacter at d 3 and that received 0, 0.175, 0.35, 0.7, 1.4, or 2.8% water-soluble caprylic acid in water 3 d before necropsy at d 14. The second trial consisted of 80 birds in 8 groups (n = 10 chicks/group): an untreated negative control and 7 other groups, all of which were challenged with Campylobacter at d 3 and received 0, 0.044, 0.088, 0.175, 0.35, 0.7, or 1.4% water-soluble caprylic acid for 3 d before necropsy at d 14. In trial 1, only the 0.175% dose caused a reduction in cecal Campylobacter counts in comparison with the positive control (approximately a 3-log reduction). In trial 2, no treatment reduced Campylobacter counts compared with the positive control. Unlike the efficacy of caprylic acid in feed, treatment with caprylic acid in water had an inconsistent effect on intestinal Campylobacter counts.
Coagulation Factor XIa Cleaves the RHDS Sequence and Abolishes the Cell Adhesive Properties of the Amyloid β-Protein

Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is the major constituent of senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease and is proteolytically derived from its transmembrane parent protein the amyloid β-protein precursor (AβPP). Although the physiological role(s) of secreted AβPPs are not fully understood, several potential functions have been described including the regulation of hemostatic enzymes factors XIa and IXa and a role in cell adhesion. In the present study, we investigated the proteolytic processing of AβPP by factor XIa (FXIa). Incubation of the human glioblastoma cell line U138 stably transfected to overexpress the 695 isoform of AβPP with FXIa (2.5-5 nM) resulted in proteolytic cleavage of secreted AβPP. Higher concentrations of FXIa (>25 nM) resulted in loss in cell adherence. Coincubation of FXIa with purified, recombinant Kunitz protease inhibitor domain of AβPP blocked both the proteolytic processing of AβPP and the loss of cell adhesion. The RHDS cell adhesion site of AβPP resides within residues 5-8 of the Aβ domain. Incubation of synthetic Aβ1-40 peptide with increasing concentrations of FXIa resulted in cleavage of Aβ between Arg5 and His6 within the cell adhesion domain of the peptide. FXIa-digested Aβ1-40 or AβPP695 lost their abilities to serve as cell adhesion substrates consistent with cleavage through this cell adhesion site. Together, these results suggest a new potential biological function for FXIa in the modulation of cell adhesion. In addition, we have shown that FXIa can proteolytically alter Aβ and therefore possibly modify its physiological and perhaps pathological properties.
Spatial distribution of environmental stress indicators in Concord grape vineyards

Concord grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) in Washington, USA suffer from ‘blackleaf’ disorder, which darkens the foliage to purplish-brown and black in sun-exposed leaves of the outer canopy. Recently, blackleaf has been related to ultraviolet radiation in combination with water-deficit stress, although blackleaf development varies within and among vineyards. This study used digital image analysis, mapping, and semivariogram models to determine if blackleaf or its reciprocal greenness, demonstrates spatial variability within Washington vineyards, and if so, to characterize development of that spatial structure throughout the growing season. In 1998, digital color images were taken in one commercial and one research vineyard. Images taken directly above the vines were captured at key phenological stages (fruit set, veraison, and harvest). Individual images were analyzed for blackleaf symptoms, demonstrated by a low proportion of greenness, and each measurement was associated with a vine location for use in geostatistical procedures and mapping. Declines in greenness occurred throughout the growing season in both vineyards. Spatial auto-correlation was strongest early in the season with 39–51% of the variation explained by spatial location. Results suggest greenness is spatially dependent early in the season, but as the season progresses and the canopy expands, greenness loses its association with spatial location until blackleaf expression becomes more pervasive late in the season. This research presents insight into the seasonal and spatial development of blackleaf in an agroecosystem. It also presents a method for detecting and mapping early to mid-season indications of environmental stress to facilitate site-specific management practices. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Exploiting Matrix Symmetry to Improve FPGA-Accelerated Conjugate Gradient

In this paper we describe a new approach for accelerating the Conjugate Gradient (CG) method using an FPGA co-processor. As in previous approaches, our co-processor performs a double-precision sparse matrix-vector multiplication. However, our implementation doubles the amount of computation per unit of input data by exploiting the symmetry of the input matrix and computing the upper and lower triangle of the input matrix in parallel. Using a Virtex-2 Pro 100 FPGA, we have achieved an observed computational throughput of 1155 MFLOPS.
Using evolutionary computation to facilitate development of neurocontrol

The field of neurocontrol, in which neural networks are used for control of complex systems, has many potential applications. One of the biggest hurdles to developing neurocontrollers is the difficulty in establishing good training data for the neural network. We propose a hybrid approach to the development of neurocontrollers that employs both evolutionary computation (EC) and neural networks (NN). The survivors of this evolutionary process are used to construct a training set for the NN. The NN learns the training set, is able to generalize to new system states, and is then used for neurocontrol. Thus the EC/NN approach combines the broad, parallel search of EC with the rapid execution and generalization of NN to produce a viable solution to the control problem. This paper presents the EC/NN hybrid and demonstrates its utility in developing a neurocontroller for the pole balancing problem.
Planning and control of a nonholonomic unicycle using ring shaped local potential fields

Existing approaches for control of mobile robots using potential theory emphasize construction of local minimum free navigation functions in the configuration space. This is generally analytically complex and fails when nonholonomic constraints are introduced for a finite sized mobile robot. This paper approaches the issue by decoupling the problem into two parts: (1) generating a non-analytical local minimum free navigation function based on the workspace obstacles. (2) Trapping the nonholonomic unicycle in a local virtual potential field and then moving this local field along the path generated in the first step. This results in the trapped robot following the generated path. The emphasis here is on following a geometric path. No explicit parameterization of this path to a time-trajectory is done. Convergence and stability issues due to the presence of nonholonomic constraints are addressed. Simulation and experimental results are provided.
Efficacy of inferior oblique anterior transposition placement grading for dissociated vertical deviation

Abstract Objective To determine if graded anterior placement of a transposed inferior oblique muscle is beneficial for treating variable amounts of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). Design Retrospective, consecutive, comparative case series. Participants Patients who underwent inferior oblique muscle anterior transposition (IOAT) for DVD at one institution between 1991 and 1999. Methods Chart review. All patients had IOAT procedures of graded placement at 1, 2, or 3 mm anterior to the inferior rectus muscle insertion or standard placement at the level of the inferior rectus muscle insertion. Main outcome measures The effect of graded and standard placement was assessed by measuring the difference between preoperative and postoperative DVD and was defined as DVD correction. The success of surgery was judged by the residual DVD at long-term follow-up of 6 months or more. Excellent, fair, and poor outcomes were defined as residual DVD of 0 to 5 prism diopters (PD), 6 to 12 PD, and 13 or more PD, respectively. Results Fifty-five patients (106 eyes) underwent IOAT for DVD. The comparison of DVD correction for the standard versus graded group yielded significance at long-term follow-up ( P = 0.001). This result became nonsignificant after adjusting for preoperative DVD ( P = 0.178). The power to detect a 5-PD difference between graded and standard placement was 90%. The surgical success was similar for patients receiving graded and standard IOAT. Patients with 0 to 15 PD of preoperative DVD fared better than those with more than 15 PD of preoperative DVD. Conclusions This study does not demonstrate increased correction of DVD with graded IOAT versus standard IOAT. We do not recommend placement of the inferior oblique muscle anterior to the inferior rectus muscle insertion. Inferior oblique muscle anterior transposition for DVD was clinically more effective for smaller amounts of DVD.
High-throughput fabrication of plasmonic nanoantenna arrays using nanostencils for spectroscopy and biosensing

We demonstrate a novel approach for high-throughput and high-resolution fabrication of engineered infrared plasmonic antenna arrays with reusable nanostencils for vibrational spectroscopy. Optical responses of these antennas are identical to ones fabricated by electron-beam lithography.
Geometry and mechanisms of fluid flow at 15 to 45 kilometer depths in an Early Cretaceous Accretionary Complex

The Catalina Schist (southern California), contains variably metamorphosed mafic, sedimentary, and ultramafic rocks that were accreted at depths of 15 to 45 km during early Cretaceous subduction. Fluid flow in the Catalina Schist was concentrated along fractures and shear zones, as indicated by the textures and abundance of veins and evidence in melange zones for metasomatism and homogenization of stable isotope compositions. Slab-parallel orientations of major melange zones with enhanced permeability may dictate that the majority of fluid released by devolatilization at depths >15 km in subduction zones moves updip toward the seafloor. Such transport could contribute to fluid budgets in shallower parts of accretionary wedges and facilitate large-scale mass and energy transfer in forearc regions.
Linear change of variable in normal systems

Linear transformations of variable in differential correction processes cannot always be accomplished in the equations of condition, yet may be desirable to reduce high correlations. The means by which this may be accomplished in the system of normal equations is derived and the process reduced to a very simple computational algorithm.
Abnormal Skeletal Strength and Microarchitecture in Women With Celiac Disease.

Context: Osteoporosis is often a presenting sign of celiac disease (CD). Whether skeletal fragility in CD is associated with microarchitectural abnormalities is not known. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate microarchitecture and biomechanical properties of bone in CD. Design: This was a case-control study. Setting: The study was conducted at a university hospital outpatient facility. Patients: Patients included premenopausal women with newly diagnosed CD (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 33). Main Outcome Measures: Areal bone mineral density by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was measured as was trabecular and cortical volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral computed tomography of the distal radius and tibia. Whole-bone stiffness estimated by finite element analysis. PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and bone turnover markers were also measured. Results: Groups had similar age, race, and body mass index. Both groups had sufficient 25-hydroxyv...
Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli

Emotional reactions to naturally occurring sounds (e.g., screams, erotica, bombs, etc.) were investigated in two studies. In Experiment 1, subjects rated the pleasure and arousal elicited when listening to each of 60 sounds, followed by an incidental free recall task. The shape of the two-dimensional affective space defined by the mean ratings for each sound was similar to that previously obtained for pictures, and, like memory for pictures, free recall was highest for emotionally arousing stimuli. In Experiment 2, autonomic and facial electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded while a new group of subjects listened to the same set of sounds; the startle reflex was measured using visual probes. Listening to unpleasant sounds resulted in larger startle reflexes, more corrugator EMG activity, and larger heart rate deceleration compared with listening to pleasant sounds. Electrodermal reactions were larger for emotionally arousing than for neutral materials. Taken together, the data suggest that acoustic cues activate the appetitive and defensive motivational circuits underlying emotional expression in ways similar to pictures.
Diamagnetic Levitation for Passive Tilt Sensors

When diamagnetic materials are exposed to an external magnetic field, a weak magnetic field in the opposite direction to the external field is induced and a magnetic force is generated causing diamagnetic materials to be expelled from the external magnetic field. The magnitude of the force increases with increase of the magnitude of diamagnetic susceptibility, χ m . In this study, the levitation of graphite in the magnetic field was investigated.
Rapid Authoring of Intelligent Tutors for Real-World and Experimental Use

Authoring tools for Intelligent Tutoring Systems are especially valuable if they not only provide a rich set of options for the efficient authoring of tutoring systems but also support controlled experiments in which the added educational value of new tutor features is evaluated. The Cognitive Tutor Authoring Tools (CTAT) provide both. Using CTAT, real-world "Example-Tracing Tutors" can be created without programming. CTAT also provides various kinds of support for controlled experiments, such as administration of different experimental treatments, logging, and data analysis. We present two case studies in which Example-Tracing Tutors created with CTAT were used in classroom experiments. The case studies illustrate a number of new features in CTAT: Use of Macromedia Flash MX 2004 for creating tutor interfaces, extensions to the Example-Tracing Engine that allow for more flexible tutors, a Mass Production facility for more efficient template-based authoring, and support for controlled experiments.
Correlation of mechanical properties within the equine third metacarpal with trabecular bending and multi-density micro-computed tomography data.

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) data can be employed with respect to determining mechanical properties and has been used to predict parameters such as elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength of intact bone. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) possesses the resolution capable of detecting apparent bone density in extremely local regions and can characterize the trabecular structure. It has been asserted that this micro-structure is susceptible to micro-buckling and bending, which has a controversial role in predicting the global mechanical properties of bone. The current study measured the mechanical properties of relatively high apparent density bone from the equine distal third metacarpal. The mechanical properties were correlated with trabecular morphology parameters and apparent densities of localized regions obtained with μCT. These data were used to test two hypotheses: (1) accounting for trabecular bending using trabecular morphology parameters would provide better global mechanical property predictions than using only apparent density, and (2) regions of low apparent density dominate the overall mechanical behavior and provide greater correlation to the measured mechanical properties than regions of high apparent density. The data indicated that accounting for trabecular bending with morphological parameters resulted in stronger correlations to mechanical properties than correlations that relied only on apparent density (r2 = 0.91 versus r2 = 0.81). Low apparent density regions were more strongly correlated with mechanical properties than high apparent density regions (r2 = 0.85 versus r2 = 0.77), demonstrating the importance of selecting appropriate regions when attempting to predict mechanical properties from CT data.
Not Enough Precision to Accurately Measure the Effect of CNT Functionalization on the Thermal Conductivity of PDMS/CNT Composite Under Strain Using Stepped-Bar Apparatus

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit extraordinary mechanical and thermal properties and as such have become the subject of large research interest. Furthermore, CNTs in a polymer matrix have been shown to significantly enhance the thermal conductivity of the polymer/CNT composite in some cases. A few areas of application for this work are thermal interface materials, thermally conductive composites used in aerospace applications, and polymer heat exchangers. In each of these applications the purpose of the polymer or epoxy is to take advantage of the mechanical properties or chemical inertness. The current issue with their adoption is still the poor thermal conductivity. One approach to overcoming this issue is to embed thermally conductive materials into the host material in low concentrations to enhance the effective thermal conductivity. There has been a significant amount of work in this area, but we are far from an understanding that allows us to design a nanocomposite that gives the desired thermal conductivity (specifically in the high thermal conductivity range). This work explores the role that chemical modification (functionalization) of the CNT can play in tailoring thermal transport properties of the composite under strain. It is expected that the functionalization process would have some effect on conduction between the CNT and the polymer matrix and therefore either increase or decrease the ability of the composite to transport thermal energy. This paper focuses on three different functionalizations of CNT and explores the thermal conductivity of a polymer/CNT composite that uses polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the matrix. The three functionalizations of CNTs considered are that of unfunctionalized, functionalized with a carboxyl group (-COOH), and functionalized with a hydroxyl group (-OH). The CNTs used in this study are strictly multi-walled carbon nanobutes (MWCNTs) purified to 95%. The effect of these three functionalizations on the overall thermal conductivity of the composite is evaluated through experimental methods with a stepped bar apparatus at various levels of strain on the composite sample. Results show that, while functionalization of the CNT may affect the CNT/PDMS bond, the stepped bar apparatus does not provide enough precision on the level of strain placed on the sample for a comparison across functionalizations. Future work will try to elucidate both the effect of strain and functionalization using multiple thermal conductivity measurement techniques.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Nanoreactors for Studying Single Nanoparticle Coarsening

The ability to observe intermediate structures as part of coarsening processes that lead to the formation of single nanoparticles (NPs) is important in gaining fundamental insight pertaining to nanostructure growth. Here, we use scanning probe block copolymer lithography (SPBCL) to create “nanoreactors” having attoliter volumes, which confine Au NP nucleation and growth to features having diameters <150 nm on a substrate. With this technique, one can use in situ TEM to directly observe and study NP coarsening and differentiate Ostwald ripening from coalescence processes. Importantly, the number of metal atoms that can engage in coarsening can be controlled with this technique, and TEM “snapshots” of particle growth can be taken. The size of the resulting nanostructures can be controlled in the 2–10 nm regime.
PARLIAMENTARY CONFIDENTIALITY AND FREE SPEECH: A LEGAL VIEW

(1977). PARLIAMENTARY CONFIDENTIALITY AND FREE SPEECH: A LEGAL VIEW. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 35-45.
Optimized Fuzzy Market-Based Solution to the Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem using Particle Swarm Optimization

The Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem (MTSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem, in which a set of locations is to be visited exactly once by a collection of traveling agents. The goal is to either minimize the sum of all tour lengths or the longest tour. This problem has high sensitivity to the perfect knowledge of city locations; however, in many applications, e.g. military or search missions, locations of the tasks is known only up to some level of accuracy. We solve the MTSP using a market-based solution (MBS) in which agents bid for tasks and trade them amongst themselves based on the additional cost of traveling to an additional location. By using a fuzzy cost instead of an crisp cost, taking into account the level of uncertainty in the locations, the sensitivity of the problem to task locations can be reduced. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used for optimizing the membership functions of the fuzzy cost used in the MBS. We show that the results of the optimized fuzzy market are better than using a crisp cost.
Study of Vaccine Immunity in Patients Wounded by Dog in Longlin County

Objective Thisstudywastoevaluate the immunity effectofhydrophobic rabies vaccine, so as to provide some references for the scientific control and prevention against rabies. Methods Indirect ELISA was applied to detect the serum antibody in 1646samples drawn from people who were vaccinated by Rabies vaccine during 2010-2012 in Longlin County. Results 94.53% of 1646samples was positive. Most samples were from subjects under 10-year-old. Among the subjects, the youngest was 6-month old and the eldest was 84 years old. Overall, the positive rate of antibody became lower with the increase in age with statistically significant difference(χ2=44.00, P0.05). The antibody positive rates differ with the approaches of immunization: 92.41%(required immunization), 99.36%(required immunization after HRIG), 96.86%(booster immunization), and the difference is statistically significant(χ2=44.0, P0.05). The group without following diet restrictions accounted for the majority of negative results 32.22%(29/90), where more significant effect was shown to the male subjects. The second highest incidence of negative result 23.33%(21/90) occurred to thegroup whoreceived earlyordelayed vaccination ormissed doses ofvaccination. Among the female subjects with negative results,31.25%(10/32)ofthemwereaffected bytheirhealth situation ormedication. Nosignificantinfluencefromseasonalfactorsand gender was observed(P0.05). Conclusions Timely vaccination with full doses of vaccines will effectively protect our health. For patients with heavy injuries, full vaccine after HRIG can achieve good immunity. Diet, wound treatments, poor physique or the use of vaccine in hibitor have negative effects on immunity.
XACML policy evaluation with dynamic context handling

We provided an XACML-based implementation of a semantic-based privacy management framework that incorporates context into dynamic rule evaluation and decision enforcement. Our evaluation results are promising, and we believe that future enhancements on the current implementation can provide a foundation for modern health records infrastructures and inspire collaborative data sharing.
Organoselenium and Organosulfur Phytochemicals from Genus Allium Plants (Onion, Garlic): Relevance for Cancer Protection

The chemistry of sulfur- and selenium-containing natural products from genus Allium plants is briefly reviewed. We have used coupled gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) for identification of natural abundance organoselenium compounds in garlic and onion volatiles or extracts. Thus, naturally occurring organosulfur-selenium volatiles have been characterized in the headspace above cut Alliums and in human garlic breath, while selenoamino acids have been characterized in intact Allium plants. We will consider the relationship of these compounds and other genus Allium flavorants compounds to cancer prevention.
Physics design of the in-vessel collection optics for the ITER electron cyclotron emission diagnostic

Measurement of the electron cyclotron emission (ECE) is one of the primary diagnostics for electron temperature in ITER. In-vessel, in-vacuum, and quasi-optical antennas capture sufficient ECE to achieve large signal to noise with microsecond temporal resolution and high spatial resolution while maintaining polarization fidelity. Two similar systems are required. One views the plasma radially. The other is an oblique view. Both views can be used to measure the electron temperature, while the oblique is also sensitive to non-thermal distortion in the bulk electron distribution. The in-vacuum optics for both systems are subject to degradation as they have a direct view of the ITER plasma and will not be accessible for cleaning or replacement for extended periods. Blackbody radiation sources are provided for in situ calibration.
Garnets from Delaware County, Pennsylvania

(1987). Garnets from Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 175-178.
Deriving economic and social indicators from imagery

The application of remote sensing to the social sciences is an emerging research area. People's behavior and values shape the environment in which they live. Similarly, values and behaviors are influenced by the environment. This study explores the relationship between features observable in overhead imagery and direct measurements of attitudes obtained through surveys. We focus on three topic areas: (1) Income and Economic Development (2) Centrality and Decision Authority (3) Social Capital Using commercial satellite imagery data from rural Afghanistan, we present an exploration of the direct and indirect indicators derived from the imagery. We demonstrate a methodology for extracting relevant measures from the imagery, using a combination of human-guided and automated methods. These imagery observables indicate characteristics of the villages which will be compared to survey data in future modeling work. Preliminary survey modeling, based on data from sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that modeling of the Afghan data will also demonstrate a relationship between remote sensing data and survey-based measures of economic and social phenomena. We conclude with a discussion of the next steps, which include extensions to new regions of the world.
Complications and other concerns with intralesional injection therapy with collagenase clostridium histolyticum for Peyronie's disease.

The article by Yafi et al . reports on a well-designed survey of Sexual Medicine Society of North America members regarding complications following intralesional injection with collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) for Peyronie’s disease (PD) (1).
The Internet as a structure of feeling: 1992–1996

ABSTRACTBetween 1992 and 1996, the Internet went from being an experiment in connecting computers to being the inevitable next step in delivering the digital “revolution.” This change in perception was not just a recognition. It was an act of social construction, setting the stage for the major reorganisation of global communications over the next two decades. The Internet as we know it was constructed with a species of elite cultural imagination. Building on earlier work, this essay elaborates the causes and character of the particular “structure of feeling” that emerged during this period. The resulting habits of thought can be seen in a number of subsequent developments, from the rapid build out of Internet infrastructure in the late 1990s, to the net neutrality debates and to design choices favouring intense, always-connected interaction. The essay concludes by suggesting that technologies are best understood, not so much as agents in their own right, but as thought-objects for the collective enactmen...
DNA Methylation in Memory Formation

The mechanism by which behavioral memories are able to endure in a structure as dynamic as the brain is a long-standing mystery of cognition. For example, a memory must survive, by some mechanism, the ongoing replacement of the proteins that were initially responsible for its formation. In this review I describe the beginning of work designed to test the hypothesis that the brain utilizes DNA methylation as a mechanism to contribute to the stable maintenance of memories. Decades ago, both Francis Crick and Robin Holliday speculated that DNA methylation might be a self-perpetuating mechanism involved in memory storage. Ongoing studies in a number of laboratories are testing the idea that learning-induced epigenetic modifications in the cortex can serve as stable alterations in brain cells, contributing to the support of memory stability. Thinking in analogy to developmental biology, oncogenesis, and cellular differentiation, investigators in this area have begun to pursue the possibility that chromatin- and DNA-modifying molecular mechanisms might play a role in memory in the adult CNS.
Subsurface oxide plays a critical role in CO2 activation by Cu(111) surfaces to form chemisorbed CO2, the first step in reduction of CO2

A national priority is to convert CO2 into high-value chemical products such as liquid fuels. Because current electrocatalysts are not adequate, we aim to discover new catalysts by obtaining a detailed understanding of the initial steps of CO2 electroreduction on copper surfaces, the best current catalysts. Using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy interpreted with quantum mechanical prediction of the structures and free energies, we show that the presence of a thin suboxide structure below the copper surface is essential to bind the CO2 in the physisorbed configuration at 298 K, and we show that this suboxide is essential for converting to the chemisorbed CO2 in the presence of water as the first step toward CO2 reduction products such as formate and CO. This optimum suboxide leads to both neutral and charged Cu surface sites, providing fresh insights into how to design improved carbon dioxide reduction catalysts.