cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional patterns in hydrologic response, a new three-component metric for hydrograph analysis and implications for ecohydrology, Northwest Volcanic Aquifer Study Area, USA

Abstract Study Region Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada and Utah Study Focus Spatial patterns of hydrologic response were examined for the Northwest Volcanic Aquifer Study Area (NVASA). The utility of established hydrograph-separation methods for assessing hydrologic response in permeable volcanic terranes was assessed and a new three-component metric for hydrograph analysis was developed. The new metric, which partitions streamflow into subcomponents defined by the timescales of hydrologic response (e.g., fast-runoff, intermediate-interflow and slow-baseflow), was used to gain a fundamental understanding of the regional hydrology, investigate sub-regional differences, influencing factors, and ecohydrological implications. New Hydrological Insights The combined effects of NVASA’s physiography, climate and geology create a strongly coupled surface-groundwater system that produces copious baseflow and limited quantities of runoff and interflow. Patterns of hydrologic response are influenced by the type and rate of precipitation and permeability of the underlying geology. Under variable precipitation conditions the hydrologic response of volcanic terranes with similar permeability and subsurface-storage capacity can be significantly different. From a water management and ecohydrology perspective, understanding regional patterns of hydrologic response and sub-regional differences is fundamental. Results indicate that minimum-flow methods provide the most conservative estimate of baseflow and may be the most robust for filtering out snowmelt bias in baseflow estimates. Baseflow contributes ∼75% of the perennial streamflow across the NVASA and represents a critical component of the regional water supply that provides critical cold-water habitat.
Kickstart my market: exploring an alternative method of raising capital in a new media sector

Competitive videogames (esports) are an exciting new media format, affording experiences that are dynamic, ephemeral, immersive, social, mobile, and escapist. Instantaneous digital distribution and...
Abstract 555: Mitochondrial fusion exerts KRAS-dependent therapeutic synergy with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is driven by activating Kras mutations which cause a fragmented mitochondrial phenotype. We recently demonstrated that leflunomide, an FDA-approved drug for rheumatoid arthritis, could be repurposed for pancreatic cancer therapy. The mode of action is through the activation of mitochondrial fusion, which inhibits PDAC growth in a KRAS-dependent fashion. Leflunomide also has the off-target effect of inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), which is critical for pyrimidine biosynthesis. Gemcitabine is part of the standard of care for pancreatic cancer and also inhibits nucleoside biosynthesis. Accordingly, we hypothesized that leflunomide might synergize with gemcitabine chemotherapy to further improve outcomes. In this pre-clinical study, we attempt to provide proof-of-concept for combining leflunomide with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel, the current gold standard for PDAC, in order to characterize a synergistic effect and to provide evidence for potentially repurposing the drug for clinical use. Methods: We heterotopically implanted patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines with an activating KRAS mutations (MDA-PATC148) or WT KRAS (MDA-PATC153) into the flanks of immunocompromised (NOD-SCID) mice. The tumors were grown to 5mm in size then assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) vehicle control, (2) gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel only, and (3) leflunomide + gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel. Leflunomide was dosed at 20 mg/kg and given concurrently with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel. Gemcitabine was administered IP 2x/week at 100 mg/kg and nab-paclitaxel given once per week by tail vein at 10 mg/kg. Results: The combination of leflunomide with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel synergistically impeded tumor proliferation and reduced the median tumor volume by more than 50% when compared to vehicle (102.6 vs. 294.8 mm3, ****P-value Conclusions: Leflunomide exhibits therapeutic synergy with standard-of-care gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel in patient-derived PDAC lines that harbor KRAS mutations, but are ineffective in KRAS WT lines, suggesting that this combination might be effective not only in PDAC, but in other cancer with mutant KRAS, such as cancers of colon, lung, or bile ducts. Citation Format: Nicholas D. Nguyen, Meifang Yu, Tara N. Fujimoto, Abagail Delahoussaye, Yanqing Huang, Manuel A. Estrada, Cullen M. Taniguchi. Mitochondrial fusion exerts KRAS-dependent therapeutic synergy with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 555.
Insomnia, fatigue and psychosocial well-being during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of hospital nursing staff in the United States

Aims and objectives To describe the levels of insomnia, fatigue and intershift recovery, and psychological well-being (burnout, post-traumatic stress and psychological distress), and to examine differences in these measures based on work-related characteristics among nursing staff during COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Background The COVID-19 pandemic has created a major physical and psychological burden on nursing staff in the United States and worldwide. A better understanding of these conditions will lead to tailored support and resources for nursing staff during and after the pandemic. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Hospital nurses and nursing assistants (N = 587) were recruited online between May-June 2020. The survey included measures on insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index) fatigue and intershift recovery (Occupational Fatigue and Exhaustion Recovery-15), burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey), post-traumatic stress (Short Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview) and psychological distress (Patient Health Questionnaire-4), and questions on work and demographics. The STROBE checklist was followed for reporting. Results The sample had subthreshold insomnia, moderate-to-high chronic fatigue, high acute fatigue and low-to-moderate intershift recovery. The sample experienced increased emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, increased personal accomplishment, moderate psychological distress and high post-traumatic stress. Nurses who cared for COVID-19 patients had significantly scored worse on almost all measures than their co-workers. Certain factors such as working hours per week and the frequency of 30-min breaks were significant. Conclusion Nursing staff experienced poor sleep, fatigue and multiple psychological problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, staff who were involved in the care of COVID-19 patients, worked more than 40 h per week and skipped 30-min breaks showed generally worse self-reported outcomes. Relevance to clinical practice Nursing administration is recommended to monitor for fatigue and distress on nursing units, re-visit current scheduling practices, reinforce rest breaks and provide access to mental health and sleep wellness resources with additional support for their front-line nursing groups.
Associations of Multiple Chronic Conditions With Physical Performance and Falls Among Older Adults With Back Pain: A Longitudinal, Population-based Study

Abstract Objective To determine the association of chronic conditions measured at baseline with physical performance and falls over time among older adults with back pain. We examined both number and type (depression, anxiety, arthritis) of chronic conditions. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting National Health and Aging Trends Study. Participants A total of 2438 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years with bothersome back pain (N=2438). The sample was mostly female (62%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 59%-64%) and aged 65-74 years (56%; 95% CI, 53%-58%). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (range, 0-12, lower indicates worse function) and recurrent falls measured annually over 6 years. Results Multiple chronic conditions were highly prevalent (82%; 95% CI, 79%-84%) among those reporting back pain. Adjusted regressions using survey weights with Taylor series linearization method and containing interaction terms for comorbidity and time showed having 2-3 chronic conditions vs 0-1 was associated with lower SPPB scores, and differences grew over time (for example 0.61 points lower [95% CI, −0.88 to −0.34] and 1.22 points lower [95% CI, −1.76 to −0.67] in rounds 3 and 6, respectively). Having ≥4 chronic conditions was associated with lower SPPB scores at all time points vs 0-1 (point estimate range, −1.72 to −2.31). Arthritis alone; the combination of arthritis with depression; and the triad of arthritis, depression, and anxiety were associated with lower SPPB scores at all time points. Logistic regression models showed presence of 2-3 and ≥4 chronic conditions was associated with increased odds of recurrent falls in any given year (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.35-2.69 and odds ratio, 3.92; 95% CI, 2.81-5.46, respectively). Those with the triad of arthritis, depression, and anxiety had greater odds of recurrent falls vs none or 1 condition. Conclusions Among older adults with back pain, those with multiple chronic conditions, including co-occurrence of arthritis, depression, and anxiety, have greater risk for poor physical functioning and falls over time.
Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Bones and Their Link to Submicroscopic Vascularization Network: NMR Assignment and Relaxation Studies under Magic Angle Spinning Conditions in Intramuscular Bones of Atlantic Herring Fish

The long-lasting proton signals in bones are identified as long-chain fatty acids, including saturated, mono-, and di-unsaturated fatty acids, with direct nuclear magnetic resonance evidence. We used intramuscular bones from Atlantic Herring fish to avoid interference from lipid-rich marrows. The key is to recognize that these signals are from mobile phase materials and study them with J-coupled correlation spectroscopies under magic angle spinning conditions. We kept extensive 1H-spin-echo records that allowed us to examine the effect of magic angle spinning on the transverse relaxation time of water and lipids over time. While it is impossible to distinguish based on chemical shifts, the relaxation data suggest that the signals are more consistent with the interpretation of phospholipid membranes than triglycerides in lipid droplets. In particular, the simultaneous T2 changes in water and lipids suggest that the centrifugal impact of magic angle spinning alters the lipid's structure in very tight spaces. Additional evidence of phospholipid membranes came from the choline-γ resonance at 3.2 ppm in fresh samples, which disappears with magic angle spinning. Thus, the fatty acid signals are at least partially from membrane bilayer structures, and we propose that they are linked to the submicroscopic vascularization channels similar to the dense canaliculi network in mammalian bones. Our detection of phospholipids from bones depended critically on two factors: (1) the elimination of the overwhelming triglyceride signals from marrows and (2) the preservation of water that biomembranes require. The relaxation data reveal aspects of lipid fluidity that have not been elucidated by previous order parameter studies on model membranes. Relaxation times have long been considered difficult to interpret. A robust and renewed understanding may be beneficial.
The Impact of Maternity Leave on Postpartum Mood and Anxiety Disorders

In the past, it was unknown whether maternity leave and postpartum mood and anxiety disorders were linked. After reviewing national surveys and research studies, a direct relationship has been found. The length of maternity leave has been found to impact the mental health of a postpartum mother.
Intraarticular Matrix Metalloproteinases and Aggrecan Degradation Are Elevated After Articular Fracture.

Background Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA) is a variant of OA that can develop after articular injury. Although the mechanism(s) of posttraumatic OA are uncertain, the presence and impact of postinjury proteolytic enzymes on articular cartilage remain unknown. To our knowledge, there are no studies that evaluate the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or aggrecan degradation after articular fracture.
A survival guide for generalist physicians in academic fellowships. Part 1 : Getting started

Successful transition from general medicine fellowship to junior faculty requires careful, strategic planning. Fellows should present their work at meetings and write manuscripts as early as possible, in order to demonstrate productivity. Mentors should help fellows decide whether or not to apply for grants during the training period. Finally, although securing a junior faculty position is an exciting process, it is also time-consuming; fellows should begin thinking about what type of job they want and searching for that job early during the final year of their program. We hope that a better understanding of these issues will aid fellows as they pursue their goals in academic general medicine.
A Space-Time Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Elastodynamic Analysis

We present a new space-time discontinuous Galerkin formulation for elastodynamics. The method allows for jumps in the field variables across inter-element boundaries with arbitrary orientation. The resulting method is locally conservative and admits a direct element-by-element solution procedure.
Modest Pressure Natriuresis and Autoregulation during Water Diuresis in Dogs

The effects of renal arterial pressure change on renal output of sodium and volume were measured during water diuresis in 25 chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Conditions included a minimal invasive stress
Two-weight norm inequalities for Cesàro means of Laguerre expansions

Two-weight LP norm inequalities are proved for Cesaro means of Laguerre polynomial series and for the supremum of these means. These extend known norm inequalities, even in the single power weight and "unweighted" cases, by including all values of p > 1 for all positive orders of the Cesaro summation and all values of the Laguerre parameter a > -1. Almost everywhere convergence results are obtained as a corollary. For the Cesaro means the hypothesized conditions are shown to be necessary for the norm inequalities. Necessity results are also obtained for the norm inequalities with the supremum of the Cesaro means; in particular, for the single power weight case the conditions are necessary and sufficient for summation of order greater than one sixth.
Regulation of glutamate transporter GLT-1 by MAGI-1.

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 833–840. Abstract The sodium-dependent glutamate transporter, glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1) is one of the main glutamate transporters in the brain. GLT-1 contains a COOH-terminal sequence similar to one in an isoform of Slo1 K+ channel protein previously shown to bind MAGI-1 (membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted orientation protein-1). MAGI-1 is a scaffold protein which allows the formation of complexes between certain transmembrane proteins, actin-binding proteins, and other regulatory proteins. The glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay demonstrated that MAGI-1 was a binding partner of GLT-1. The interaction between MAGI-1 and GLT-1 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Immunofluorescence of MAGI-1 and GLT-1 demonstrated that the distribution of MAGI-1 and GLT-1 overlapped in astrocytes. Co-expression of MAGI-1 with GLT-1 in C6 Glioma cells resulted in a significant reduction in the surface expression of GLT-1, as assessed by cell-surface biotinylation. On the other hand, partial knockdown of endogenous MAGI-1 expression by small interfering RNA in differentiated cultured astrocytes increased glutamate uptake and the surface expression of endogenous GLT-1. Knockdown of MAGI-1 increased dihydrokainate-sensitive, Na+-dependent glutamate uptake, indicating that MAGI-1 regulates GLT-1 mediated glutamate uptake. These data suggest that MAGI-1 regulates surface expression of GLT-1 and the level of glutamate in the hippocampus.
Simple optical processing of moiré-grating photographs

The three fundamental optical phenomena of diffraction, two-beam interference, and transformation by a lens form the basis of modern moire strain-measurement techniques. The improved understanding of diffraction by superimposed gratings and optical spatial filtering leads to a general gain of freedom in designing moire experiments. Benefits characteristic of refined but very simple optical-data-processing techniques include simpler apparatus, less-demanding procedure, possible large gains in sensitivity, and the ability to choose certain moire parameters, such as sensitivity,after an experiment is concluded and the raw data stored. Sample results from a study of strains near cold-worked holes demonstrate that acceptable results can be had with elementary apparatus and systematic exploitation of optical-data processing.
Do hurricanes cause significant interannual variability in the air-sea CO2 flux of the subtropical North Atlantic?

[1] Observations at Bermuda and in the Caribbean Sea indicate that hurricanes influence surface ocean pCO2 (pCO2ocean) and air-sea CO2 fluxes at short time scales. We use a regional version of the MIT ocean general circulation model to study impacts on interannual variability in air-sea CO2 fluxes in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (25–40N). Consistent with observations, enhanced wind speeds dominate the hurricane's effect on the flux, driving CO2 out of the ocean due to the negative air-sea gradient in pCO2 (pCO2atm < pCO2ocean) that occurs in response to warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during hurricane season. With a storm, vertical mixing causes negative SST anomalies that depress pCO2ocean, but not enough to reverse the gradient. Though hurricanes drive a substantial local CO2 efflux, we find no evidence for a relationship between year-to-year variability in hurricane frequency and variability in basin-integrated air-sea CO2 fluxes across the subtropical North Atlantic.
Suppression of a conditional mutation in alpha-tubulin by overexpression of two checkpoint genes.

To identify proteins that regulate microtubule assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we screened for multicopy suppressors of a conditional mutation in alpha-tubulin. Cells expressing the recessive allele tub1-729 as their sole alpha-tubulin gene grow normally at permissive temperature. However, at 15 degrees C the cells lose viability and arrest primarily with large buds and quantitatively diminished microtubule structures. Transformation of mutant cells with genomic libraries repeatedly identified three different suppressors: the two wild-type alpha-tubulin genes, TUB1 and TUB3; and BUB3. BUB3 is a checkpoint gene that permits entry into mitosis depending upon the assembly state of microtubules. Excess BUB3 rescues both the loss of viability and microtubule defects but not the benomyl supersensitivity associated with tub1-729. The suppression is specific for the mutation ALA422VAL in TUB1, and does not affect several other mutations in TUB1 that produce the ‘no microtubule’ phenotype. Overexpression of BUB1, which interacts genetically with BUB3 and which is involved in the same checkpoint pathway, also rescues the cold sensitivity of tub1-729, but another checkpoint gene, MAD2, does not. Overexpression of BUB3 in wild-type cells has no detectable growth or microtubule defect, but disruption of the BUB3 gene produces slow growth and benomyl supersensitivity. Our results suggest that BUB1 and BUB3 overexpression modulate an event required for mitotic spindle function which is rate limiting for tub1-729 cells at the restrictive temperature.
Relationship between amygdala and hypothalamus in the control of eating behavior

Abstract Continuous, bilateral stimulation of the cortico-medial-pyriform transition zone of the amygdala was shown to suppress food intake in deprived rats. The effect of various bilateral lesions on this phenomenon was tested, each in a different group of animals. Destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus or severance of the stria terminalis prevented the suppression of eating by amygdaloid stimulation. Lesions in the tail of the caudate nucleus or the dorsal fornix had no effect on suppression of eating. The hypothesis is made that amygdaloid stimulation suppresses food intake by acting via the stria terminalis and the ventromedial nucleus to suppress activity in the lateral hypothalamic area, causing a reduction in food intake.
Measurement scales and the age-complexity hypothesis

The influences of the measurement scale on interpretations of age-related slowing are discussed. Although the customary practice is to describe performances as response latencies (sec/response), a plausible alternative is to describe performances as response speeds (responses/sec). Different scales may lead to contradictory conclusions because nonlinear transformations of time (such as speed) reduce or remove age x complexity interactions. Reconciliation is difficult because choice of measure appears more dependent on theoretical than psychometric considerations. Certain assumptions of cognitive theory require that untransformed response latencies serve as the dependent measure, whereas those of behavioral-learning approaches suggest scales that give increasing weight to latency reductions.
Semimicro spectrophotometric determination of nitroglycerine in propellants by use of 2,4-xylenol

Abstract A semimicro spectrophotometric method using 2,4-xylenol is proposed for the determination of nitroglycerine in propellants. The propellant is extracted with methylene chloride, the extract is diluted, and a 10-ml aliquot is evaporated just to dryness. Then 2,4-xylenol reagent and 63% v/v sulphuric acid are added to hydrolyse the nitroglycerine to nitrate and form 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol which is steam-distilled in a Parnas-Wagner Kjeldahl distillation apparatus into a water—ammonia—isopropyl alcohol mixture. The absorbance of the yellow solution of the anion of the 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol is measured. The calibration curve is prepared from potassium nitrate and an empirical factor (5.50) is used to convert from nitrogen content to nitroglycerine (the theoretical factor is 5.40). The 2,4-xylenol should be added before the sulphuric acid in order to prevent interference from diphenylamine and ethyl centralite. The method is designed for the usual nitrocellulose double-base propellants containing 8–50% of nitroglycerine.
Attitudes towards risk and the optimal exploitation of an exhaustible resource

Abstract The exploitation of a nonrenewable natural resource, such as petroleum or mineral ores, is analyzed in a stochastic framework with price uncertainty. The market setting may be either monopolistic or competitive. We demonstrate that the rate of extraction varies directly with the resource owner's willingness to accept risk. Rish-preferring owners use the resource more rapidly than risk-neutral owners, who in turn deplete the resource more rapidly than risk-averse owners. It is also seen that the usual practice of increasing the discount rate to account for risk induces a more rapid rate of resource use, when in fact a slower rate of depletion is desired.
Type and frequency of praise as determinants of favorability of self‐image: An experiment in a field setting1

Summary An experiment was conducted in a skills training center with a sample of 28 Black female trainees The effects of variations in type (person- vs. achievement-oriented) and frequency (75% vs. 25%) of praise were ascertained on favorableness of selfimage and task performance. It was found that, in general, lower frequencies of praise produced more positive self-evaluations than high frequencies of praise, and that person-oriented praise was more effective than achievement-oriented praise in enhancing self-evaluation A significant interaction found for “myself as male friends see me” demonstrated that (a) at a 75 percent frequency of reinforcement, person-oriented praise was significantly more effective than performance-oriented praise, and (b) performance-focused praise delivered at a 25 percent frequency enhanced subjects' self-image significantly more than performance-oriented praise given at a 75 percent level. No significant effects were found for the accuracy-type tasks (work recognition, visual perceptiveness) On the task which involved a simple, speeded response (manual dexterity) there were significant effects (a) achievement-oriented praise was more effective than person-oriented praise, (b) a significant interaction between type and frequency of praise occurred, indicating that performance-oriented praise is most effective when given at a 25 percent level
Genetically Engineering Plants for Crop Improvement

Dramatic progress has been made in the development of gene transfer systems for higher plants. The ability to introduce foreign genes into plant cells and tissues and to regenerate viable, fertile plants has allowed for explosive expansion of our understanding of plant biology and has provided an unparalleled opportunity to modify and improve crop plants. Genetic engineering of plants offers significant potential for seed, agrichemical, food processing, specialty chemical, and pharmaceutical industries to develop new products and manufacturing processes. The extent to which genetically engineered plants will have an impact on key industries will be determined both by continued technical progress and by issues such as regulatory approval, proprietary protection, and public perception.
Neuroimaging of Sleep and Sleep Disorders

Herein are presented the results of research in the area of sleep neuroimaging over the past year. Significant work has been performed to clarify the basic mechanisms of sleep in humans. New studies also extend prior observations regarding altered brain activation in response to sleep deprivation by adding information regarding vulnerability to sleep deprivation and regarding the influence of task difficulty on aberrant responses. Studies in sleep disorder medicine have yielded significant findings in insomnia, depression, and restless legs syndrome. Extensive advances have been made in the area of sleep apnea where physiologic challenges have been used to probe brain activity in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea syndrome.
Architecture and Identity at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona

In the southwestern United States, Pueblo migration traditions hold the key to understanding the identity of migrants in what Bernardini (2005) calls "serial migrations." Using data from Grasshopper Pueblo, this study assesses the concept of serial migration by focusing on four layers of identity: the community, the dual division between locals and non-locals, lineages, and households. These four layers of identity are explored by focusing on the building behaviors of these various groups as they settled into the Grasshopper community in the early part of the fourteenth century AD. This paper demonstrates that the concept of serial migration, combined with a focus on the architectural correlates of social group identity, helps to explain the formation of large aggregated communities in late Southwest prehistory.
VITAMIN A SERUM LEVELS AND DIETARY VITAMIN A INTAKE IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS

Summary Clinical and experimental evidence indicates a possible role for vitamin A deficiency in the pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma. We, therefore, measured serum vitamin A levels in 67 newly diagnosed non-resectable lung cancer patients. In 43 of these patients daily vitamin A intake was also determined. Serum vitamin A levels were within the normal range of the general population in 66 of the 67 patients. Eighteen of 43 patients had daily vitamin A intakes less than 5000 IU/day while 25 patients had daily intake above this level. The serum vitamin A level did not correlate with histologic subtype, extent of disease or presence or absence of hepatic metastases. While these data suggest that vitamin A deficiency was not implicated in pulmonary carcinogenesis, more definitive conclusions await prospective evaluation of high risk individuals followed serially for many years.
Quantitative changes in lactate and malate dehydrogenases following metamorphosis in two species of Ambystoma

Abstract 1. 1. Induced metamorphosis in Ambystoma nuxicanum and spontaneous metamorphosis in A. tigrinum produce qualitatively similar effects on LDH activity, viz., no change in skeletal muscle and an increase in dorsal skin. 2. 2. Following metamorphosis in A. nuxicanum there is an increase in the relative proportion of those LDH isozymes which are inhibited by high concentrations of substrate. 3. 3. In A. tigrinum, metamorphosis effects an increase in MDH activity in both skeletal muscle and dorsal skin. 4. 4. In the adult liver of A. tigriman the reduction in the specific activity of both LDH and MDH is inversely proportional to the increase in protein content so that no significant change is apparent when activity is expressed on a wet-weight basis.
SPATIAL SCALING OF AVIAN POPULATION DYNAMICS: POPULATION ABUNDANCE, GROWTH RATE, AND VARIABILITY

Synchrony in population fluctuations has been identified as an important component of population dynamics. In a previous study, we determined that local-scale (<15-km) spatial synchrony of bird populations in New England was correlated with synchronous fluctuations in lepidopteran larvae abundance and with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Here we address five questions that extend the scope of our earlier study using North American Breeding Bird Survey data. First, do bird populations in eastern North America exhibit spatial synchrony in abundances at scales beyond those we have documented previously? Second, does spatial synchrony depend on what population metric is analyzed (e.g., abundance, growth rate, or variability)? Third, is there geographic concordance in where species exhibit synchrony? Fourth, for those species that exhibit significant geographic concordance, are there landscape and habitat variables that contribute to the observed patterns? Fifth, is spatial synchrony affected by a species' lif...
Silylation processes for 193-nm excimer laser lithography

A silylation process for novolac-based resins was developed which results in positive-tone imaging. This process is based on 193nminduced crosslinking followed by a low temperature silylation step. Novolac resin without diazoquinone additives may also be used as positive-tone resists. Typical conditions were exposure to dimethylsilyldimethylainine vapor at 10 Torr for 1 minute at 100 °C. This incorporates silicon in the upperniost 100 to 1000 nn of the film, depending on the resist. Etch selectivities in a 10 rnTorr oxygen reactive ion etching plasma with a bias voltage of -200 V were typically 30:1. Resolution below 0.3 m has been demonstrated with this technique.
Femtosecond laser induced optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for harsh environment sensing applications

FBGs made with femtosecond lasers have shown promise for sensing in extreme environments like high temperature, pressure or ionizing radiation. This presentation will give a review of some of the more recent developments.
The effect of mixing conditions on the material properties of an agar gel—microstructural and macrostructural considerations

Abstract The effect of mixing on the properties of agar gels was investigated with consideration being given to both macrostructural and microstructural characteristics of the gel through rheological techniques that include conventional and ultrasound based methods and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Agar gels of 1 and 3% concentrations were prepared. The gels were subjected to three different mixing conditions: no mix, slow mix (400 rpm), and fast mix (900 rpm). A pulse echo ultrasound technique was utilized to obtain velocity measurements and these velocity measurements were used to obtain ultrasound derived mechanical modulus values. A controlled-stress rheometer was used to obtain rheological properties of the gel as well. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine thermal transitions of the various systems studied in order to obtain information on the degree of microstructural association of the agarose fractions. Mixing speed affected the degree of porosity induced in the system, by incorporation of the air bubbles, and the rheology of the system. Both ultrasound derived mechanical properties and those obtained in a conventional rheometer showed that mixed gels were stronger than the no mix gels in spite of the no mix gels exhibited negligible porosity, i.e. they did not have bubbles that could weak the macrostructure of the gels. In addition, DSC results indicated that gels mixed at different conditions exhibited thermal transitions at different temperatures. These results showed that material properties of agar gels might be more sensitive to changes in the microstructure than the macrostructure of these systems. This highlights the importance on preparation conditions and utility of an agar gel.
Microstructural response of variably hydrated Ca-rich montmorillonite to supercritical CO2.

First-principles molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to explore the mechanistic and thermodynamic ramifications of the exposure of variably hydrated Ca-rich montmorillonites to supercritical CO2 and CO2–SO2 mixtures under geologic storage conditions. In sub- to single-hydrated systems (≤1W), CO2 intercalation causes interlamellar expansion of 8–12%, while systems transitioning to 2W may undergo contraction (∼7%) or remain almost unchanged. When compared to ∼2W hydration state, structural analysis of the ≤1W systems, reveals more Ca-CO2 contacts and partial transition to vertically confined CO2 molecules. Infrared spectra and projected vibrational frequency analysis imply that intercalated Ca-bound CO2 are vibrationally constrained and contribute to the higher frequencies of the asymmetric stretch band. Reduced diffusion coefficients of intercalated H2O and CO2 (10–6–10–7 cm2/s) indicate that Ca-montmorillonites in ∼1W hydration states can be more efficient in capturing CO2. Simulations includi...
The easy lie and the role of gifted education in school excellence

American schools, as they are now constructed, often fail to provide opportunities for students at the highest levels of excellence in a given talent area to test their ceilings of performance. Gifted education provides an essential voice addressing the importance of recognizing and developing “apex talent” in American education.
Ultraviolet resonance Raman study of side chain electrostatic control of poly-l-lysine conformation

We used 204 nm excitation UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy to examine the role of side chain electro- static interactions in determining the conformation of poly-L- lysine(PLL).WeexaminedthepHandionicstrengthdependence ofthe UVRR.ThepHdependence ofPLL UVRRspectra between pH 7.1 and 11.7 cannot be described by a two-state model but requiresatleastoneadditionalstate.TheAmIII3region fittingwith pH 7.1 and 11.7 basis spectra reveals a small pH-induced decrease in the relative fraction of the 2.51-helix conformation compared to the PPII conformation. We performed a 2D general correlation analysis on the PLL pH dependence UVRR spectra. The asyn- chronous spectrum shows enhanced spectral resolution. The 2D asynchronous spectrum reveals multiple components in the CRH b band and the AmII band whose origins are unclear. The cross peaks in the 2D asynchronous spectrum between the AmIII band and the other bands reveals that increasing pH induces three new structures: π-helix,R-helix,andsometurnstructure.We findthat2.5MNaCldoesnotchangetheequilibriumbetweenthePPIIand 2.51-helixconformationsbyscreeningsidechainelectrostaticrepulsion.TheresultindicatesthatNaCldoesnotpenetratetheregion betweenthesidechainandthepeptidebackbone.WealsocomparedPLLconformationsinducedbyhighpHtothatinducedby0.8 M ClO4 � . Both conditions induceR-helix-like conformations. ClO4 � (0.8 M) induces 6% more R-helix-like conformations than at
Effects of Poultry Manure Moisture and Poultry House Construction Materials on Movements of the Lesser Mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a Structural Insect Pest in High Rise Caged Layer Houses

Abstract Observations were made on the effect of manure moisture and high rise caged layer house manure pit wall construction on adult and larval lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) dispersal behavior. Larvae preferred to remain in manure habitats of 30 and 40% moisture, and dispersal from the manure significantly increased when manure moisture was increased to 50 and 60% levels. Adults were more active than larvae in the 30 and 40% manure moisture treatments, and the adult rate of dispersal also significantly increased with increased manure moisture levels. Larvae could climb a significantly greater distance up a vertical wooden surface than up a vertical concrete block surface. These data suggest that high rise houses built with wood pit walls and support beams that are set directly into the ground are predisposed to greater levels of insulation damage than houses built with concrete block foundations.
USE OF THE K MATRIX IN NUCLEAR REACTION THEORIES.

In the original article the formal solution to the integral equation for the reactance operator $K$ was found and shown to differ from the generally accepted form. The incorrect expression for $K$ has been used in projection-operator formalisms for nuclear reactions by Bloch and Gillet (BG) and by MacDonald and Mekjian (MM). We applied these scattering formalisms to a simple soluble model. The discrepancy arising from the use of the incorrect $K$ was found to have no observable consequences for the MM treatment. We did not succeed in finding an explicit expression for the discrepancy between the BG prediction and the exact result for the simple scattering model. In this addendum the discrepancy of the BG formalism for the simple scattering model is found. This discrepancy is found to be nonzero at all energies. In the neighborhood of certain energies for zero-range potential scattering, the BG discrepancy can become very large. In addition, by examining the explicit expression for the $K$ matrix for zero-range potential scattering, we are able to provide a simple interpretation of the difference between the correct form of the reactance operator and the generally accepted incorrect form.
Jobshop-Like Queueing Systems

(This article originally appeared in Management Science, November 1963, Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 131-142, published by The Institute of Management Sciences.) The equilibrium joint probability distribution of queue lengths is obtained for a broad class of jobshop-like "networks of waiting lines," where the mean arrival rate of customers depends almost arbitrarily upon the number already present, and the mean service rate at each service center depends almost arbitrarily upon the queue length there. This extension of the author's earlier work is motivated by the observation that real production systems are usually subject to influences which make for increased stability by tending, as the amount of work-in-process grows, to reduce the rate at which new work is injected or to increase the rate at which processing takes place.
A normal scale mixture representation of the logistic distribution

Abstract In this paper it is shown that the logistic distribution can be represented as a scale mixture of the standard normal distribution where the mixing density is related to the Kolmogorov—Smirnov distribution. Two derivations of the theorem are presented that give rise to two different representations of the Kolmogorov—Smirnov distribution. The induced identity is of independent interest and is not widely published nor easily derived directly.
Oxidized phospholipids, isolevuglandins, and atherosclerosis

Autoxidation of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PCs) generates isolevuglandins (isoLGs) through rearrangements of isoprostanoid endoperoxides. Within seconds, isoLGs are sequestered by covalent adduction with proteins. Murine plasma isoLG-protein levels increased at least 2.5-fold in response to inflammation. IsoLG-protein adducts accumulate in vivo providing a convenient dosimeter of oxidative stress. Elevated blood isoLG-protein levels present in atherosclerosis (AS) patients point to an independent defect that is not associated with total cholesterol levels, which results in an abnormally high level of oxidative injury in AS. Protein adduction and cross-linking caused by isoLGs can obstruct protein function. For example, it interferes with proteosomal degradation of proteins and, consequently, may result in apoptotic death of smooth muscle cells and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Phospholipid autoxidation also generates biologically active oxidatively truncated PCs through fragmentation of dihydroperoxydienes that can be promoted by α-tocopherol. The oxidatively truncated PCs in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) contribute to the etiology of AS by inhibiting enzymatic activities required for normal processing of oxLDL by macrophages. They promote interactions of monocytes with endothelial cells that may foster migration of monocytes into the subendothelial space. They are also ligands for unregulated receptor-mediated uptake of oxLDL by monocyte macrophages leading to foam cell formation.
Patient perspectives of medical confidentiality: a review of the literature.

Medical confidentiality, despite its diminished state, remains important to doctors and patients.1 Effective treatment requires accurate information. Patients are most likely to provide this information when they are not worried about public exposure. Organized medicine has begun to take seriously the need to respond officially to patient concerns.2,3 An AMA task force has issued guidelines for health care organizations and experts have emphasized the urgent need to take seriously these patient concerns.2,3 The federal government has sought to reinforce deteriorating confidentiality protections by limiting some secondary uses of medical information.4 At the same time, however, new regulations permit or simplify access to medical information for insurers, practitioners, researchers, and law enforcement.4 Whether the combined effects of these provisions will be to increase, decrease, or bypass patient confidentiality concerns is unpredictable. A more certain consequence may be that patients will be confused about their rights to, and the scope of, medical confidentiality protection. Guiding patients through these changes and preserving the benefits of medical confidentiality will not be easy. A greater awareness of how patients understand medical confidentiality and what they are likely to do when they believe confidentiality protections are inadequate is essential. A shift in perspective can facilitate the process. Instead of analyzing medical confidentiality from the physician's perspective as a professional and bureaucratic responsibility, we look at how patients understand and use it. However, although patient interests are at the core of medical confidentiality policy, patient views are at the margins of scholarly attention. This review has collected what research is available and analyzes it to inform physicians about important, and some unexpected, patient concerns.
Communicating climate change risks in a skeptical world

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been extraordinarily successful in the task of knowledge synthesis and risk assessment. However, the strong scientific consensus on the detection, attribution, and risks of climate change stands in stark contrast to widespread confusion, complacency and denial among policymakers and the public. Risk communication is now a major bottleneck preventing science from playing an appropriate role in climate policy. Here I argue that the ability of the IPCC to fulfill its mission can be enhanced through better understanding of the mental models of the audiences it seeks to reach, then altering the presentation and communication of results accordingly. Few policymakers are trained in science, and public understanding of basic facts about climate change is poor. But the problem is deeper. Our mental models lead to persistent errors and biases in complex dynamic systems like the climate and economy. Where the consequences of our actions spill out across space and time, our mental models have narrow boundaries and focus on the short term. Where the dynamics of complex systems are conditioned by multiple feedbacks, time delays, accumulations and nonlinearities, we have difficulty recognizing and understanding feedback processes, underestimate time delays, and do not understand basic principles of accumulation or how nonlinearities can create regime shifts. These problems arise not only among laypeople but also among highly educated elites with significant training in science. They arise not only in complex systems like the climate but also in familiar contexts such as filling a bathtub. Therefore they cannot be remedied merely by providing more information about the climate, but require different modes of communication, including experiential learning environments such as interactive simulations.
Natural killer (NK) cell deficiency associated with an epitope-deficient Fc receptor type IIIA (CD16-II)

Susceptibility to herpes virus infections has been described in experimental animals depleted of NK cells and in patients with defective NK cell function. We have identified a child with recurrent infections, especially with herpes simplex virus, who had a decreased number of CD56(+)CD3(-) NK cells in circulation. Her NK cells expressed an altered form of the Fc receptor for IgG type IIIA (Fc gamma RIIIA or CD16-II) which was not reactive with the anti-CD16-II MoAb B73.1. Sequence analysis revealed the patient to be homozygous for a T to A substitution at position 230 of CD16-II cDNA, predicting a Leu(66) to His(66) change in the first immunoglobulin domain of CD16-II at the B73.1 recognition site. Spontaneous NK cell activity of the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was markedly decreased, while antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was unaffected. These results suggest that this child suffers from a defect affecting the development and function of NK cells, resulting in NK cytopenia and clinically significant immunodeficiency. The role of the CD16-II mutant in the pathogenesis of the patient's NK cell deficiency is discussed.
Moral sanctuary in business: A comment on the possibility

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibility of a moral sanctuary existing in the field of business. It seeks to add to the discussion begun by Professors Konrad and Roberts in recent studies. After some preliminary discussion on the nature of a moral sanctuary, the paper contends that from an Aristotelian-Thomistic perspective it is impossible for sanctuary from moral rules to exist in any area of life, including business. Even games are regulated by principles of Justice and Do No Harm. And the claim that ethics is too complicated to be figured out by the average business person simply does not make sense. In business as in any other human activity human values must be respected.