cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healing the Masses: Cuban Health Politics at Home and Abroad

How has Cuba, a small, developing country, achieved its stunning medical breakthroughs? Hampered by scarce resources and a long-standing U.S. embargo, Cuba nevertheless has managed to provide universal access to health care, comprehensive health education, and advanced technology, even amid desperate economic conditions. Moreover, Cuba has sent disaster relief, donations of medical supplies and technology, and cadres of volunteer doctors throughout the world, emerging, in Castro's phrase, as a 'world medical power'. In her significant and timely study, Julie Feinsilver explores the Cuban medical phenomenon, examining how a governmental obsession with health has reaped medical and political benefits at home and abroad. As a result of Cuba's forward strides in health care, infant mortality rates are low even by First World standards. Cuba has successfully dealt with the AIDS epidemic in a manner that has aroused controversy and that some claim has infringed on individual liberties - issues that Feinsilver succinctly evaluates. Feinsilver's research and travel in Cuba over many years give her a unique perspective on the challenges Cuba faces in this time of unprecedented economic and political uncertainty. Her book is a must-read for everyone concerned with health policy, international relations, and Third World societies.
Electron Microscopy Characterization of Low-Temperature Growth Zn-doped TiO2 Nanowires

We report the synthesis of Zn-doped TiO2 nanowires by a solution-based process. The synthesis takes place at 200°C in an alkali solution and results in both nanowire and nanoparticle precipitates. Several transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the resulting precipitates: diffraction patterns and high resolution phase contrast images provided identification of the crystalline phase of the material as well as insights into the resulting lattice parameters, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy allowed identification of constituent elements, and electron energy loss spectroscopy permitted quantification of relative concentrations of hydroxyl and lattice-type oxygen bonding. In addition, scanning electron microscope images provide overall perspective of the growth uniformity and morphology.
Fate and residues of [4-14C]estradiol-17 beta after intramuscular injection into Holstein steer calves.

Radiocarbon-labeled estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17 beta-diol [4-14C-estradiol-17 beta; beta-estradiol] was suspended in commercial peanut oil and administered to each of three Holstein steer calves (142 to 170 kg body weight) by deep injection into neck muscle via 2.0 ml peanut oil carrier. The dosages were equivalent to .27 to .29 mg beta-estradiol/kg body weight. After dosing, radiocarbon was rapidly and almost totally eliminated in urine and feces. Most of the administered radiocarbon had been eliminated after 2 d, and by 11 d after treatment no radiocarbon was detectable in urine or feces of any calf. Of the total dose, 42.1 +/- 3.8% was excreted in urine and 57.7 +/- 5.2% was eliminated in feces. Analysis of noninjection site tissue samples (blood, brain, fat, kidney, liver and muscle) collected at sacrifice 14 d after treatment showed that none contained detectable radiocarbon residues, with the sensitivity limit for most tissues being 6 ppb beta-estradiol equivalent. Certain sections of muscle taken from the injection site area did contain detectable radiocarbon residues (as much as 69 ppb beta-estradiol equivalent), but total injection site area residues in each calf comprised less than .07% of the total administered dose. Radiocarbon in urine consisted primarily of alpha-estradiol, with much lesser amounts of estrone. Both compounds occurred as nonconjugates and as glucuronides. beta-Estradiol was not detected in urine. Radiocarbon in feces included primarily alpha-estradiol but also beta-estradiol and estrone, each in non-conjugated form. The fact that most of the intramuscular-administered beta-estradiol was eliminated in the feces strongly suggests a major role for biliary excretion in the disposition of this steroid by steer calves.
GATA1 and the BET Family Protein Brd3 Form a Mitotic Bookmarking Complex

Abstract 282 Erythroid-specific transcription patterns are maintained throughout cell division. During mitosis, transcription is silenced globally. This raises the question whether mechanisms are in place that ensure the spatially and temporally correct reassembly of transcriptional regulators and thus maintain lineage fidelity. We recently found that, in contrast to most nuclear regulators, the master hematopoietic regulator GATA1 remains associated at a subset of its targets within mitotic chromosomes in erythroid cells (Kadauke et al., Cell 2012). GATA1 appears to function by creating an epigenetic “bookmark” to facilitate timely post-mitotic transcription reactivation of its mitotic target genes. GATA1 is acetylated at two lysine-rich domains near its zinc finger domains. We recently discovered that acetylated GATA1 recruits the double bromodomain protein Brd3 to erythroid target genes (Lamonica et al., PNAS 2011). Brd3 interacts with acetylated GATA1 via its first bromodomain, and Brd3 recruitment to GATA1 target sites is critically required for induction of terminal erythroid target genes such as α- and β-globin. Notably, Brd3 belongs to a family of proteins (called the BET family) of which two members (Brd2 and Brd4) are known to be retained on mitotic chromosomes. We now find by immunofluorescence and live cell confocal imaging that Brd3 globally binds to mitotic chromosomes. ChIP-seq experiments demonstrate a high degree of co-localization of Brd3 and GATA1 genome-wide both in interphase and in mitosis. We further demonstrate that GATA1 directly recruits Brd3 to mitotic GATA1 target sites. Transient mitosis-specific disruption of the Brd3-GATA1 interaction using the small molecule BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 removed Brd3, but not GATA1, from mitotic binding sites and led to a profound delay in the reactivation of GATA1-bookmarked genes. This suggests that Brd3 is an integral component of GATA19s bookmarking function. In concert, these studies support a requirement of mitotic bookmarking by a GATA1/Brd3 complex for the propagation of lineage-specific transcription programs in dividing erythroid cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Dry eye syndromes: treatment and clinical trials.

The evaluation of treatments in medicine has progressed at an accelerated pace in the last half century. No development has been more central to this progress than the advent of the randomized controlled clinical trial. Sir Austin Bradford Hill, who was the father of this scientific genre was judged by the President of the Royal College of Physicians to have made a contribution to medicine “as important and valuable as the discovery of penicillin.”1
Electron Microscopy of Fission Yeast.

Fission yeast cells can be prepared for electron microscopy (EM) in the frozen-hydrated state. This eliminates the requirement for dehydration and heavy metal staining when preparing samples for EM. As with room temperature imaging, however, the yeast must be sectioned to make them thin enough for transmission of the electron beam. Cutting sections of vitreous ice with a microtome is challenging. An alternative method that uses a focused ion beam to make a thin sample by milling away much of the sample at liquid nitrogen temperatures is under development but is not yet available for routine use. Imaging frozen-hydrated samples by EM is also a challenge. The technique involves battling low image contrast, high sensitivity to the electron beam, and mechanical distortions produced during the sectioning process. When used successfully, however, the method holds promise of providing excellent molecular detail without the disruption characteristic of dehydration or isolating a structure from its cellular environment. Cryo-EM of tilted views can be used to examine small structures and macromolecular complexes in their native cellular environment. If a structure exists in multiple copies, or has a repeating unit, it can be investigated at higher resolution using subvolume averaging. This protocol focuses on the preparation of cells for cryo-EM.
Pediatric Moyamoya Disease: Indirect Revascularization

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is an idiopathic, chronic, occlusive cerebrovascular disease that involves bilateral stenosis or occlusion of the terminal internal carotid or proximal middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Development of basal collateral channels, including hypertrophy of the lenticulostriate and thalamoperforating arteries, results in characteristic “moyamoya vessels.” It is from the angiographic appearance of these vessels that the name moyamoya is derived, meaning “haziness” or “puff of smoke” in Japanese [1, 2]. Patients with moyamoya syndrome (MMS) present with identical clinical and angiographic features as those with MMD, but have an underlying associated condition, such as Down’s syndrome, neurofibromatosis, sickle cell disease, primordial dwarfism, or previous cranial irradiation [3].
Misonidazole Clinical Trials in the United States Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)

This paper presents a review of the progressive clinical trials of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, misonidazole, in the United States. Presentation is made of all the schemas of the recently completed and currently active Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Phase II and Phase III studies. Detailed information is presented on the clinical toxicity of the Phase II trials, specifically regarding neurotoxicity. With limitations in drug total dose, a variety of dose schedules have proven to be tolerable, with a moderate incidence of nausea and vomiting and mild peripheral neuropathy, and a low incidence of more severe peripheral neuropathy or central neuropathy. No other organ toxicity has been seen, specifically no liver, renal or bone marrow toxicities. The clinical pharmacologic monitoring of misonidazole blood levels has been satisfactory with good correlation between the group-wide (Phase II) UV values and the HPLC values from the Phase I study. The patient accrual of the trials has been rapidly increasing and an early analysis suggests efficacy which is better when compared to previous radiation experience. A series of eight Phase III trials are currently underway or proposed in the RTOG and the results of these are pending. An additional Phase III malignant glioma trial in the Brain Tumor Study Group is described.
The correlation between Paired-like homeodomainl (PITX1) gene mutation and congenital talipes equino-varus

Objective To investigate the relationship between Paired-like homeodomainl（Pitxl） gene mutation and congenital talipes equinovarus （CTEV）. Methods Pitxl gene of gastrocnemius muscles was detected using RTPCR assay in 55 patients with CTEV（CTEV group） and 34 normal children （control group）. The gene sequencing of Pitxl was performed and the data was analyzed using Blast software. All the data were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test. Results Fourteen out of 55 patients had the Pitxl gene mutation with the guanine replaced by a adenine at the 781 st base, while no mutation was found in the control group （x2 = 10. 27, P〈0. 05）. In 14 patients with the gene muta- tion,7 had bilateral clubfoot,6 had right clubfoot and the other 1 had left clubfoot. Conclusions The Pitxl gene mutation may be involved in the pathogenesis of CTEV. Key words: Clubfoot; Genes; Mutation
Michael addition-based probes for ratiometric fluorescence imaging of protein S-depalmitoylases in live cells and tissues.

The reversible modification of cysteine residues through thioester formation with palmitate (protein S-palmitoylation) is a prevalent chemical modification that regulates the function, localization, and stability of many proteins. Current methods for monitoring the “erasers” of S-palmitoylation, acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), rely on destructive proteomic methods or “turn-on” probes, precluding deployment in heterogeneous samples such as primary tissues. To address these challenges, we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Ratiometric Depalmitoylation Probes (RDPs). RDPs respond to APTs with a robust ratiometric change in fluorescent signal both in vitro and in live cells. Moreover, RDPs can monitor endogenous APT activities in heterogeneous primary human tissues such as colon organoids, presaging the utility of these molecules in uncovering novel roles for APTs in metabolic regulation.
Short poly(A) tails are a conserved feature of highly expressed genes

Poly(A) tails are important elements in mRNA translation and stability, although recent genome-wide studies have concluded that poly(A) tail length is generally not associated with translational efficiency in nonembryonic cells. To investigate whether poly(A) tail size might be coupled to gene expression in an intact organism, we used an adapted TAIL-seq protocol to measure poly(A) tails in Caenorhabditis elegans. Surprisingly, we found that well-expressed transcripts contain relatively short, well-defined tails. This attribute appears to be dependent on translational efficiency, as transcripts enriched for optimal codons and ribosome association had the shortest tail sizes, whereas noncoding RNAs retained long tails. Across eukaryotes, short tails were a feature of abundant and well-translated mRNAs. This seems to contradict the dogma that deadenylation induces translational inhibition and mRNA decay and suggests that well-expressed mRNAs accumulate with pruned tails that accommodate a minimal number of poly(A)-binding proteins, which may be ideal for protective and translational functions.
Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation

Atypical small-cell acinar proliferation (ASAP) has been reported in approximately 5–6 % of all of the prostate biopsies and is a clinically controversial diagnosis. Surveys have shown that many clinicians might not fully appreciate its definition finding it equivalent to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the definition of ASAP, its histological findings, and clinical consequences. We propose a new follow-up approach following the diagnosis of ASAP, by increasing the number of repeat biopsies with consecutive negative results from two to three.
Algebraic Flows and Time-Cost Tradeoff Problems

In this paper we introduce a project crashing model where the problem is formulated as an algebraic optimization model. By exploiting the underlying network structure of the problem, the model is transformed into a sequence of algebraic network flow problems. An efficient algebraic maximal flow algorithm is implemented to obtain the algebraic minimal cuts at each step to determine the activities to be modified. Different selections of algebraic structures yield different objective functions which have interesting meanings in real life situations.
Prolegomenon to a Theory of Speaker Reference

As there were two approaches to natural language which we noted in Chapter One, there are roughly two seemingly opposing camps regarding the notion of reference. For convenience I shall again label these the logician’s view and the speech act theorist’s view. According to the logician’s view, reference is a relation between words and the world; however the link may be forged, there is a link between certain expressions of the language and certain entities. ‘Nine’ refers to the number nine, ‘Bertrand Russell’ to Bertrand Russell, and so on. This picture appears to be muddied a bit by the last-mentioned philosopher, who held that definite descriptions weren’t really referring expressions at all, but denoting expressions, expressions that disappear at the level of logical analysis. But as we saw in the final section of Chapter 1, this is really part and parcel of the same view, since the claim is that sentences containing expressions of the form ‘the (ϕ’ link up with objects in a certain way too — it’s just that the linkage is different from the one that operates with names.
Other Self-Critical Patterns

In this chapter, three additional patterns of pathological self-criticism and their consequences will be described. These include (1) perfectionistic scenarios in which individuals employ humanly impossible standards as criteria of adequacy; (2) “hanging judge” patterns characterized by excessively vindictive, hateful, and unjust self-punitive reactions; and (3) eternal penance scenarios wherein persons endlessly resurrect old wrongdoings, punish themselves anew for them, and never forgive themselves.
The Relation of Locus of Control, Anger, and Impulsivity to Boys' Aggressive Behavior

This study attempted to discover how anger, locus of control, and impulsivity are related to aggression. Two pathways to aggression were examined: a cognitive/schema pathway and an emotion/impulsiv...
How Emotional Dynamics Maintain and Destroy White Supremacist Groups

In this article, we explore emotions as a relational mechanism that affects the stability of political movement groups by activating or weakening identities, social ties, and movement boundaries. O...
Quantitative magnetic resonance evaluation of the trigeminal nerve in familial dysautonomia.

Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that affects the development of sensory and autonomic neurons, including those in the cranial nerves. We aimed to determine whether conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could detect morphologic changes in the trigeminal nerves of these patients. Cross-sectional analysis of brain MRI of patients with genetically confirmed FD and age- and sex-matched controls. High-resolution 3D gradient-echo T1-weighted sequences were used to obtain measurements of the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerves. Measurements were obtained using a two-reader consensus. Twenty pairs of trigeminal nerves were assessed in ten patients with FD and ten matched controls. The median (interquartile range) cross-sectional area of the trigeminal nerves in patients with FD was 3.5 (2.1) mm2, compared to 5.9 (2.0) mm2 in controls (P < 0.001). No association between trigeminal nerve area and age was found in patients or controls. Using conventional MRI, the caliber of the trigeminal nerves was significantly reduced bilaterally in patients with FD compared to controls, a finding that appears to be highly characteristic of this disorder. The lack of correlation between age and trigeminal nerve size supports arrested neuronal development rather than progressive atrophy.
Transferring dentofacial analyzer into analog workflow with CAD digitization: A dental technique

Abstract With the transition to digital workflows, moving from a digital platform to an articulator for laboratory procedures such as adding porcelain or luting titanium abutments is sometimes required. This report describes a technique to facilitate the transfer of jaw-relation records to a digital mounting template. Once digitally mounted, the casts can be printed with mounting plates attached to the temporomandibular joints in the appropriate orientation. They can then be placed in an articulator and used for layering porcelain or luting titanium abutments for screw-retained restorations.
Integrating four-dimensional ontology and systems requirements modelling

Ontology has many applications to engineering but is not easily taken up by engineers. For example, specifying products in space and time together (four dimensions) enables more reliable modelling ...
Chronic pseudomonas osteomyelitis. Report on the use of gentamicin sulphate in three cases.

Three patients with chronic osteomyelitis and wound infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa were recently seen at Boston City Hospital. Each of them had previously undergone internal fixation for femoral fracture which was complicated by postoperative wound infection requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy. Two of the patients were treated by removal of the internal fixation devices and given large total doses of gentamicin sulphate; six to eight months later the bone lesions had healed well, and the patients were convalescing satisfactorily. The third patient was given a short course of gentamicin and the internal fixation device was left in place; four months after discharge the condition of this patient was essentially unchanged. No evidence of gentamicin toxicity was observed in any of the patients. Gentamicin appears to warrant further trials in the treatment of osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is resistant to other less toxic antibiotics.
Chapter 12 – Myoclonus

Myoclonus can arise from pathological processes in the cerebral cortex, subcortical regions, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, and sometimes peripheral nerves. Both idiopathic disorders and symptomatic conditions can cause myoclonus. In children, myoclonus most commonly manifests with epilepsy, encephalopathy, or other symptoms. Isolated myoclonus is not a common chief complaint in children treated by pediatric neurologists or movement disorder specialists. Thus, clinicians may use the presence of myoclonus as one of several key factors in diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. This chapter encompasses diseases and disorders resulting in clinical syndromes that include prominent myoclonus.
Tau and apolipoprotein E modulate cerebrovascular tight junction integrity independent of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction Cerebrovascular pathologies including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation are prominent features in the majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. Methods We performed neuropathologic and biochemical studies on a large, neuropathologically confirmed human AD cohort (N = 469). Amounts of endothelial tight junction proteins claudin-5 (CLDN5) and occludin (OCLN), and major AD-related molecules (amyloid beta [Aβ40], Aβ42, tau, p-tau, and apolipoprotein E) in the temporal cortex were assessed by ELISA. Results Higher levels of soluble tau, insoluble p-tau, and apolipoprotein E (apoE) were independently correlated with lower levels of endothelial tight junction proteins CLDN5 and OCLN in AD brains. Although high Aβ40 levels, APOE e4, and male sex were predominantly associated with exacerbated CAA severity, those factors did not influence tight junction protein levels. Discussion Refining the molecular mechanisms connecting tau, Aβ, and apoE with cerebrovascular pathologies is critical for greater understanding of AD pathogenesis and establishing effective therapeutic interventions for the disease.
To stage or not to stage: determining the true clinical significance of the biopsy tract through perinephric fat in assessing renal cell carcinoma.

AIMS Perinephric fat invasion (PFI) is a key component of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) staging, but there are limited data pertaining to biopsy tract seeding (BTS) resulting in perirenal tissue involvement [BTS with perinephric fat invasion (BTS-P)].The aim is to correlate clinical outcomes with pathologic stage to determine whether the presence of BTS-P should be considered a criterion to stage RCC as part of the pT3a category in the absence of any other upstaging variables. MATERIALS AND RESULTS We identified 304 renal biopsies from patients with subsequent nephrectomies for RCC; 33 of the tumours contained PFI. Each case was reviewed to determine the presence of BTS-P and other forms of invasion [e.g. non-BTS-P PFI, sinus fat invasion (SFI), and/or renal vein invasion (RVI)], and these findings were compared with survival outcomes. Ten (30%) of 33 tumours with PFI showed BTS-P as the only finding, and were otherwise pT1 tumours; six (60%) patients were alive without disease (AWOD) (mean, 77.5 months), three were lost to follow-up (LTF), and one died of other disease (DOOD). Two patients showed true PFI plus BTS-P; one was LTF and one is AWOD at 107 months. Ten (43%) of 23 patients with tumours with true invasion (PFI ± SFI and/or RVI) are AWOD (mean, 97.7 months), eight (35%) died of disease (DOD), four were LTF, and one DOOD. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the cancer-specific survival was significantly worse in patients with true invasion (P = 0.044) than in those with BTS-P as the sole finding. CONCLUSION Patients with tumours showing BTS-P only appear to have better outcomes than those with other non-PFI invasion, suggesting that this finding should not be upstaged to pT3a. Additional studies are needed to corroborate the significance of our observations.
“When I Least Expected It”: an Autoethnography of Reporting Workplace Sexual Harassment and Compassionate Bystanders”:

I present an evocative autoethnographic account of reporting workplace sexual harassment that illustrates the decision-making and satisfaction (or lack thereof) with reporting and interactions with...
The Strange Career of the Three-Judge District Court: Federalism and Civil Rights, 1954-76

The three-judge district court has had a long and strange career in the history of the federal court system. Congress created the court in 1910 as a response to the canonical decision of Ex parte Young two years earlier, which permitted federal court suits against state officials to facilitate constitutional challenges to state laws. The three-judge court statute was a reaction by Progressive Era politicians to such perceived judicial overreach, and required any such challenges to be brought before a specially convened trial court of three judges, with a direct appeal to the Supreme Court available. First established as a presumed limit on judicial activism, decades later plaintiffs in the Civil Rights Era came to see the court as advancing their agenda. Particularly in the South, some plaintiffs preferred to have their suits decided by three judges rather than the usual one, with a direct appeal available to a relatively friendly Warren Court. For that and other reasons, the total number of such cases in the district courts, and direct appeals to the Supreme Court, swelled in the 1960s and 1970s. But at the same time the court came to be seen by many as administratively burdensome and unnecessary, and Congress in 1976 severely restricted the jurisdiction of the court, limiting it to hearing only reapportionment cases. Analysis of the three-judge district court has so far largely relied on anecdotal evidence, and limited empirical studies, to examine whether some plaintiffs in the Civil Rights Era were correct to consider the court as friendly to their interests, as compared to a typical single district judge with the normal appeal process. This article breaks new ground and extends those studies by systematically reexamining these assumptions through a unique, nationwide database of 885 three-judge district court decisions, regarding constitutional challenges to state laws, handed down from 1954 (the start of the Warren Court) to 1976 (when Congress limited the Court’s jurisdiction). The study provides greater and more complete information on the number, types and results of cases litigated in the court, as well as on the dispositions of appeals to the Supreme Court. Among our findings are that such court decisions were disproportionately in favor of plaintiffs, both in and outside the South, and that there was a high rate of appeal to the Supreme Court. We then consider how the decisions of the three-judge court, and its direct appeal mechanism, affected jurisprudential developments in several areas of civil rights litigation, including reapportionment and judicial abstention. We also address how these decisions impact the Judicial Capacity model, which posits that the sheer number of cases that come to the Court for review affects doctrinal developments. The study situates the three-judge district court in a richer historical context, and sheds light on the continued use of the court in more limited contexts to the present day.
Passive multichannel analysis of surface waves using 1D and 2D receiver arrays

ABSTRACTWe use the seismic multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method, which originally used active sources (i.e., controlled by users), to present a new alternative technique for surface...
Industry Adaptability Index in Q2 2017: 'Normal' Assessments

The final evaluation of the Industry Adaptability (‘Normality’) Index (IAI) for Q2 2017 has produced exactly the same results as our previous estimates: the Russian industrial sector has been increasingly adapting to the sluggish recovery from the crisis of 2015–2016. The IAI has come to rest at an absolute (1994–2017) peak of 76%. Therefore, more than one fourth of Russian industrial enterprises have confirmed that their current state is ‘normal’.
The Arab Spring: Explaining Arab Military Behavior Through State Security Apparatuses

Across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) four countries (Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen) experienced regime change during the Arab Spring uprisings. Scholars argue that a primary reason why regime change occurred was due to the behavior of the military (Barany 2011; Bellin 2012; Lutterbeck 2012). When a government faced mass political protest did the military support the incumbent regime or the protestors? What caused this variation in military behavior? Recent literature has pointed to multiple factors causing this variation including economic self-interests (Goldstone 2011), the size of the social movement (Bellin 2012), ethnic affiliation (Barany 2011) and international actors (Nepstad 2013; Goldstone 2013). While these previous explanations are informative I argue that in order to more fully understand Arab military behavior during the Arab Spring it is important to also examine the relationship between the military and internal security forces (ISF) and the role of the military in relation to the entire state security apparatus. I broadly define security apparatuses as the entire collection of a state’s security forces that range from external security, internal security, intelligence, paramilitary and policing. I argue that across the region the relationship between the military and the larger state security apparatus varies and that different security apparatus structures help explain the divergent behavior demonstrated by Arab militaries during the Arab Spring. I posit that certain security apparatus structures allowed some militaries to more easily defect against the regime and support protestors, whereas other security apparatus structures made it institutionally difficult and costly for militaries to defect against the regimes.
Good Sport, Good Student: Teaching Political Science through Sports

Political Science can be instructed to college students using examples from sports. Newspaper articles that report on sports, players, and other related information act as a useful framework to study and teach political participation and process. Sport articles also provide valuable insight as a methodological resource to educate college students on general American Political Process/Political Science curriculum and citizenship. Examples of real-world discourse on political participation and decision-making can be transformed from the sports page (e.g. contracts, lock-out, personal conduct, win/loss) to lectures on political science (e.g. participation, first amendment, ideology, campaign). Feedback indicates that most students enjoy sports examples as a method to learn political concepts. This paper seeks to affirm politics is not only a subject in which sports articles can be used as a tool in instructing on the subject of political science, but that sports is political.
The Causes and Cures of Unethical Business Practices – A Jewish Perspective

The workplace seems increasingly characterized by unethical practices between and among employers, employees, customers, competitors and others, despite the fact that most leading religious traditions proscribe such conduct and many of the actors self-identify as religious. This paper examines this phenomenon through the prism of Jewish tradition. It identifies specific Jewish teachings that explain many types of misconduct and, where appropriate, it cites modern secular experiments that confirm these Judaic insights. Based on these teachings, the paper prescribes a series of steps that, if implemented, could enhance the integrity of business and financial actors.
Is the perfect the enemy of the good

Much of the genetic programming literature compares techniques using counts of ideal solutions found. These counts in turn form common comparison measures such as Koza's Computational Effort or Cumulative Probability of Success. The use of these measures continues despite past warnings that they are not statistically valid. In this paper we too criticize the measures for serious statistical problems, and also argue that their motivational justification is faulty. We then present evidence suggesting that ideal-solution counts are not necessarily positively related to best-fitness-of-run statistics: in fact they are often inversely correlated. Thus claims based on ideal-solution counts can mislead readers into thinking techniques will provide superior final results, when in fact the opposite is true.
Analysis of the metal requirement of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli

The three isozymes of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase from Escherichia coli were overproduced, purified, and characterized with respect to their requirement for metal cofactor. The isolated isozymes contained 0.2-0.3 mol of iron/mol of enzyme monomer, variable amounts of zinc, and traces of copper. Enzymatic activity of the native enzymes was stimulated 3-4-fold by the addition of Fe2+ ions to the reaction mixture and was eliminated by treatment of the enzymes with EDTA. The chelated enzymes were reactivated by a variety of divalent metal ions, including Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. The specific activities of the reactivated enzymes varied widely with the different metals as follows: Mn2+ greater than Cd2+, Fe2+ greater than Co2+ greater than Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ much greater than Ca2+. Steady state kinetic analysis of the Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ forms of the phenylalanine-sensitive isozyme (DAHPS(Phe)) revealed that metal variation significantly affected the apparent affinity for the substrate, erythrose 4-phosphate, but not for the second substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, or for the feedback inhibitor, L-phenylalanine. The tetrameric DAHPS(Phe) exhibited positive homotropic cooperativity with respect to erythrose 4-phosphate, phophoenolpyruvate, and phenylalanine in the presence of all metals tested.
q-Apéry Irrationality Proofs byq-WZ Pairs

Using WZ pairs, Apery-style proofs of the irrationality of theq-analogues of the Harmonic series andLn(2) are given. For theq-analogue ofLn(2), this method produces an improved irrationality measure.
Anthropometric and Densitometric Responses of Women to Specific and General Exercise

Abstract The viability of the “spot reduction” hypothesis was evaluated by investigating the anthropometric and densitometric effects of two types of exercise programs in a 10-week study using 56 college women. The 27 women assigned to the localized exercise regimen performed calisthenic-type activities concentrated on the abdomen, hips, and thighs while the generalized exercise group (n = 29) participated in a variety of typical aerobic activities. Exercise sessions for both groups were conducted 3 days per week for 30 minutes. The intensity of exercise was equated on the basis of exercise pulse rates. A total of 12 skinfold, girth, densitometric, and derived variables were assessed before and after the experimental period. Application of multivariate and univariate ANOV As revealed significant pre- to posttest changes; however, there was not a significant difference between groups. Therefore, the results indicate that although either general aerobic or localized exercises are effective in altering the a...
Filamentation of Volcanic Plumes on the Jovian Satellite IO

Volcanic plumes on the Jovian satellite Io may be a visible manifestation of a plasma-arc discharge phenomenon. The amount of power in the plasma arc (~ 1011 W) is not enough to account for all the energy dissipated by the volcanoes. However, once a volcano is initiated by tidal and geologic processes, the dynamics of the volcanic plumes can be influenced by the plasma arcs. As initially pointed out by Gold (1979), plasma arcs are expected because of ~ 106 A currents and 400 potentials generated by the flow past Io of a torus of relatively dense magnetospheric plasma. We utilize our experience with laboratory plasma arcs to investigate the plume dynamics. The filamentation in the plume of the volcano Prometheus and its cross-sectional shape is quantitatively consistent with theories developed from laboratory observation.
Serial vs. Concurrent Scheduling of Transmission and Processing Tasks in Collaborative Systems

In collaboration architectures, a computer must perform both processing and transmission tasks. Intuitively, it seems that these independent tasks should be executed in concurrent threads. We show that when multiple cores are not available to schedule these tasks, a sequential scheme in which the processing (transmission) task is done first tends to optimize feedback (feedthrough) times for most users. The concurrent policy gives feedback and feedthrough times that are in between the ones supported by the sequential policies. However, in comparison to the process-first policy, it can noticeably degrade feedback times, and in comparison to the transmit-first policy, it can noticeably degrade feedthrough times without noticeably improving feedback times. We present definitions, examples, and simulations that explain and compare these three scheduling schemes for centralized and replicated collaboration architectures using both unicast and multicast communication.
Starlight pointing subsystem for the formation interferometer testbed (FIT)

StarLight is a NASA/JPL sponsored mission that will be the first spaceborne stellar interferometer. The objective of the mission is to develop and test technologies for performing interferometric observations in space and for the extremely precise formation flying required to make the instrument work. The Formation Interferometer Testbed (FIT) is a ground based prototype of the two spacecraft StarLight instrument. In this paper a complete model of the FIT pointing system is characterized that includes backlash in the siderostat (SD), hysteresis in the PZT actuators of the fast steering mirrors (FSM), time delays, and air path disturbances. Based on this model, a dual stage pointing controller is designed that achieves a bandwidth sufficient to satisfy the pointing requirement. Simulated and experimental results are given that validate the performance of the pointing system.
Interpolating helicity spinors between the instant form and the light-front form

We discuss the helicity spinors interpolating between the instant form dynamics (IFD) and the front form dynamics, or the light-front dynamics (LFD), and present the interpolating helicity amplitudes as well as their squares for the scattering of two fermions, and the annihilation of fermion and antifermion. We parametrize the interpolation between the two dynamics, IFD and LFD, by an interpolation angle and derive not only the generalized helicity spinors in the $(0,J)\ensuremath{\bigoplus}(J,0)$ chiral representation that links naturally the two typical IFD vs LFD helicity spinors but also the generalized Melosh transformation that relates these generalized helicity spinors to the usual Dirac spinors. Analyzing the directions of the particle momentum and spin with the variation of the interpolation angle, we inspect the whole landscape of the generalized helicity intermediating between the usual Jacob-Wick helicity in the IFD and the light-front helicity in the LFD. Our analysis clarifies the characteristic difference of the helicity amplitudes between the IFD and the LFD. In particular, we find that the behavior of the angle between the momentum direction and the spin direction bifurcates at a critical interpolation angle and the IFD and the LFD separately belong to the two different branches bifurcated at this critical interpolation angle. This finding further clarifies any conceivable confusion in the prevailing notion of the equivalence between the infinite momentum frame and the LFD. The existence of the universal J-curve found in our previous works of scalar field theory and the sQED theory is confirmed in the present work of interpolating helicity amplitudes for the fermion scattering and annihilation processes. In conjunction with the bifurcation of branches, the two boundaries appear in the interpolating helicity amplitudes and interestingly the J-curve persists within these two boundaries.
Adaptive genetic programming applied to classification in data mining

Classification is a data mining method that assigns items in a collection to target classes with the goal to accurately predict the target class for each item in the data. Genetic programming (GP) is one of the effective evolutionary computation techniques to solve classification problems, however, it suffers from a long run time. In addition, there are many parameters that need to be set before the GP is run. In this paper, we propose an adaptive GP that automatically determines the best parameters of a run, and executes the classification faster than standard GP. This adaptive GP has three variations. The first variant consists of an adaptive selection process ensuring that the produced solutions in the next generation are better than the solutions in the previous generation. The second variant adapts the crossover and mutation rates by modifying the probabilities ensuring that a solution with a high fitness is protected. And the third variant is an adaptive function list that automatically changes the functions used by deleting the functions that do not favorably contribute to the classification. These proposed variations were implemented and compared to the standard GP. The results show that a significant speedup can be achieved by obtaining similar classification accuracies.
A 7.5-kbp region of the maize (T cytoplasm) mitochondrial genome contains a chloroplast-like trnI (CAT) pseudo gene and many short segments homologous to chloroplast and other known genes

The DNA sequence of a 7.5-kbp region from the maize cmsT mt genome was determined. Nucleotide-sequence analysis of this region reveals the presence of a ct-like trnI (CAT) gene, orf31 and orf48 which are respectively homologous to the trnI (CAT) gene in the maize and rice chloroplast genomes, and to orf28 and orf64 in the rice chloroplast genome. Northern-blot analysis indicates that the ct-like trnI (CAT) gene is likely to be a pseudo gene in the maize cmsT mt genome because it is not transcribed. A nucleotide-sequence homology search of this 7.5-kbp region reveals several short segments homologous to portions of chloroplast (ct), mitochondrial (mt) and other known genes. These segments range from 17 bp to 187 bp in length with homology from 71 to 100%. These observations also suggest that the transfer of DNA fragments from the ct genome to the mt genome may have occurred at different times during the evolution of the maize mt genome, and that multiple recombination events and rearrangements in both mt and ct genomes have occurred after the transfer of DNA fragments from the ct to the mt genome. A few segments were identified by their homology to be portions of genes from sources other than the ct genome. While it is known that large fragments of ctDNA have been transferred to maize mt genomes, this is the first report of the presence of numerous short ctDNA, or other foreign DNA segments, in the maize cmsT mt genome. These segments may provide valuable information regarding the evolution of plant mt genomes.
Ronald Fisher and Gertrude Cox: Two Statistical Pioneers Sometimes Cooperate and Sometimes Collide

Ronald Fisher was probably the greatest statistician of the twentieth century. Gertrude Cox was an expert on experimental designs and an outstanding administrator and developer of statistical departments, first in North Carolina and then worldwide. These two associated in various roles for thirty years, on U.S. campuses and at international statistical associations. They were both founding members of the international Biometric Society in 1947. A major collision came in 1953, when Cox was editor of Biometrics. Fisher submitted an article critical of four contemporary statisticians and did not want to change it. Cox published his article and comments by the four, all in the same issue. There was deep underlying respect, however, and Fisher lectured and taught for Cox in North Carolina afterward. They continued to correspond, and to meet occasionally, until Fisher’s death in 1962.
Determination of constraint limits for cleavage initiated toughness data

Abstract The proper constraint limits for cleavage initiated toughness data within the ductile-to-brittle transition regime have been studied extensively using both numerical analysis and analysis of experimental data. Historically, the experimentally based constraint limits have supported less conservative limits. This study conducts analysis of existing and new experimental data developed using data sets targeted to exhibit constraint loss toughness enhancement. Constraint herein is quantified in terms of the scaled specimen deformation level, more commonly known as M . It is expected that data with low M values will exhibit the greatest affect of constraint loss. Large data sets are therefore developed and extracted from the literature that include data with a large range of M levels and at least the required number of uncensored results with M > 30 for valid T 0 measurement as per ASTM E1921-02. Differences in the calculated T 0 values using censoring limits of 5–500 are then determined. The onset of T lim differences due to constraint loss is examined by simply increasing the censoring limit, M lim , utilized in determining the indexing temperature, T lim , and evaluating differences between T 0 and the T lim values obtained using higher constraint limits. Bias resulting from this censoring procedure is examined using a Monte-Carlo analysis and shown to be small. Measurement of a high constraint T 0 in bend specimens is shown to require M lim > 200. As M lim increases from 30 to 200 in bend specimens, the corresponding T lim can increase by approximately 15 °C. Further increases in M lim do not result in substantial increases in T lim . This evolution buttresses previous numerical findings by Dodds and co-workers [Specimen size requirements for fracture toughness testing in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime, J Test Eval 1991;191:123–34; Size and deformation limits to maintain constraint in K Ic and J c testing of bend specimens. In: Kirk M, Ad Bakker, editors. Constraint effects in fracture theory and applications: second volume. ASTM STP 1244, 1995; Numerical investigation of 3-D constraint effects on brittle fracture in SE(B) and C(T) specimens, Int J Fract 1995;74:131–61] and provides a strong justification for changes to ASTM E1921-02 if a conservative, geometry insensitive, and transferable reference temperature, T 0 , is to be determined using this standard. Possible short-term changes to ASTM E1921-02 could include raising M lim and requiring an upward shift of SE(B) T 0 values. A more desirable solution is to adjust individual K Jc toughness values before evaluation of T 0 to eliminate specimen geometry bias.