cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A dynamic analysis of the radiation excitation from the activation of a current collecting system in space

Current collecting systems moving in the ionosphere will induce electromagnetic wave radiation. The commonly used static analysis is incapable of studying the situation when such systems undergo transient processes. A dynamic analysis has been developed, and the radiation excitation processes are studied. This dynamic analysis is applied to study the temporal wave radiation from the activation of current collecting systems in space. The global scale electrodynamic interactions between a space-station-like structure and the ionospheric plasma are studied. The temporal evolution and spatial propagation of the electric wave field after the activation are described. The wave excitations by tethered systems are also studied. The dependencies of the temporal Alfven wave and lower hybrid wave radiation on the activation time and the space system structure are discussed. It is shown that the characteristics of wave radiation are determined by the matching of two sets of characteristic frequencies, and a rapid change in the current collection can give rise to substantial transient radiation interference. The limitations of the static and linear analysis are examined, and the condition under which the static assumption is valid is obtained.
Deposition and characterization of multicomponent oxide films and multilayers from aqueous solution

Uniform films of rare-earth-doped zirconia and yttrium aluminum garnet have been deposited from aqueous solutions of stoichiometric mixtures of the precursor metal nitrates to which an organic complexant such as the simple amino acid glycine has been added. The presence of glycine prevents precipitation by trapping metal cations and nitrate anions in the evolving glassy matrix as water evaporates during spin casting of films. Subsequent thermal processing above 200°C generates the target oxide composition. High index films with a nanosize grain morphology result. The resident small crystalline grains aid in stabilizing a particular phase of the oxide. The presence of the Sm3+ dopant in the films facilitates phase identification through analysis of the fluorescence emission spectrum. This technique complements X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements which are used routinely to identify crystalline phases and evaluate phase homogeneity in optical films. The fluorescence measurement technique is a rapid non-destructive approach for investigating the influence of processing variables on the resulting crystalline phase and phase stability during subsequent annealing.
MeCP2 is required for global heterochromatic and nucleolar changes during activity-dependent neuronal maturation

Mutations in MECP2, encoding methyl CpG binding protein 2, cause the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome. MeCP2 is an abundant nuclear protein that binds to chromatin and modulates transcription in response to neuronal activity. Prior studies of MeCP2 function have focused on specific gene targets of MeCP2, but a more global role for MeCP2 in neuronal nuclear maturation has remained unexplored. MeCP2 levels increase during postnatal brain development, coinciding with dynamic changes in neuronal chromatin architecture, particularly detectable as changes in size, number, and location of nucleoli and perinucleolar heterochromatic chromocenters. To determine a potential role for MeCP2 in neuronal chromatin maturational changes, we measured nucleoli and chromocenters in developing wild-type and Mecp2-deficient mouse cortical sections, as well as mouse primary cortical neurons and a human neuronal cell line following induced maturation. Mecp2-deficient mouse neurons exhibited significant differences in nucleolar and chromocenter number and size, as more abundant, smaller nucleoli in brain and primary neurons compared to wild-type, consistent with delayed neuronal nuclear maturation in the absence of MeCP2. Primary neurons increased chromocenter size following depolarization in wild-type, but not Mecp2-deficient cultures. Wild-type MECP2e1 over-expression in human SH-SY5Y cells was sufficient to induce significantly larger nucleoli, but not a T158M mutation of the methyl-binding domain. These results suggest that, in addition to the established role of MeCP2 in transcriptional regulation of specific target genes, the global chromatin-binding function of MeCP2 is essential for activity-dependent global chromatin dynamics during postnatal neuronal maturation.
107 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 RECEPTOR INTERNALISATION INTO HUMAN PLATELETS

Specific IGF-1 binding has been demonstrated on isolated human platelets. Maximal specific binding activity of J-125-recomb.-IGF-1 was measured after 8 h incubation at 10°C in 0.1 M Hepes-buffer pH 7.4 (cont. electrolytes). For 4×10(7) platelets maximum specific binding of J-125-IGF-1 was 1.6% with an unspec. binding of 0.3%. 1/2 max.binding was shown at 20 ng/ml IGF-1, the affinity constant was 0.67×10 (9)xM(−1). IGF-1 internalisation experiments were performed by preincubation with J-125-IGF −1 and dissociation of labeled hormone after cell placement into IGF-1 free medium or displacement by inactive IGF-1. Increasingly incomplete dissociation of J125-IGF-1 was demonstrated for preincubation times > 1h. These results are confirmed by diminished displacement of cell-bound J-125-IGF-1 by unlabeled hormone after a preincubation period of >1h. Preliminary results indicate that lysed platelets contain remarkable amounts of IGF-1. - It has to be considered that platelets serve as a reservoir from which IGF-1, following a local injury, is released after aggregation, and together with PDGF might stimulate fibroblast growth in wound healing.
Evidence for absence of ascorbic acid in human saliva.

Abstract l -Ascorbic acid was sought in parotid and whole saliva utilizing the standard 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine colourimetric technique and a quantitative procedure involving paper chromatographic separation and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. The colourimetric technique indicated the presence of measurable levels. However, no ascorbic acid was found after chromatographic separation from interfering substances. The absence of ascorbic acid persisted unfailingly even with supplemental ascorbic acid dosage. The findings indicate that ascorbic acid is not present in saliva in measureable amounts.
Microsurgical clipping of large and giant cerebral aneurysms: A single-center contemporary experience

Abstract Several treatment strategies are available to manage large and giant cerebral aneurysms, including surgical, endovascular and combined approaches. We present our experience with microsurgical clipping of large and giant aneurysms. A total of 138 patients with 139 aneurysms of which 128 were large (⩾10 mm) and 11 were giant (⩾25 mm) were treated at our institution between 2004 and 2011. Data were collected from a prospectively maintained neurovascular database. Of 138 patients, 53 (38.4%) patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Peri-operative complications occurred in 16.7% of patients causing permanent morbidity in 4.4% and death in 0.7%. Complete occlusion, as evident on intra-operative angiography, was achieved in all clipped aneurysms (100%). Long-term follow-up angiography showed no recurrence (mean follow-up time, 43.9 months; range: 1–72 months). Favorable outcomes at discharge (Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4 or 5) were noted in 64.1% of SAH patients and 93% of non-SAH patients. Favorable outcomes at follow-up (mean follow up time, 42.5 months) were seen in 96% of patients. In our experience, microsurgical clipping of large and giant aneurysms carries low rates of morbidity and mortality with high rates of favorable outcomes. The excellent durability of surgical treatment stands in stark contrast with the high recurrence rates observed with coiling for this subset of aneurysms. These data suggest that microsurgical clipping continues to be a viable option that can be offered for patients with large and giant aneurysms.
Exogenous mycoplasmal p37 protein alters gene expression, growth and morphology of prostate cancer cells

We previously showed that the Mycoplasma hyorhinis-encoded protein p37 can promote invasion of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, an effect that was blocked by monoclonal antibodies specific for p37. In this study, we further elucidated changes in growth, morphology and gene expression in prostate cancer cell lines when treated with exogenous p37 protein. Incubation with recombinant p37 caused significant nuclear enlargement, denoting active, anaplastic cells and increased the migratory potential of both PC-3 and DU145 cells. Microarray analysis of p37-treated and untreated cells identified eight gene expression clusters that could be broadly classified into three basic patterns. These were an increase in both cell lines, a decrease in either cell line or a cell line-specific differential trend. The most represented functional gene categories included cell cycle, signal transduction and metabolic factors. Taken together, these observations suggest that p37 potentiates the aggressiveness of prostate cancer and thus molecular events triggered by p37 maybe target for therapy.
Application of a banded matrix iterative approach to monte carlo simulations of scattering of waves by a random rough surface: TM case

A banded matrix iterative approach is applied to study scattering of a TM incident wave from a perfectly conducting one-dimensional random rough surface. It is much faster than the full matrix inversion approach. When compared to the Kirchoff iterative approach, it is of comparable CPU time, is more accurate, and works for cases when the Kirchoff iteration fails. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
P-glycoprotein Retains Drug-stimulated ATPase Activity upon Covalent Linkage of the Two Nucleotide Binding Domains at Their C-terminal Ends

P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a member of the ABC transporter family, functions as an ATP hydrolysis-driven efflux pump to rid the cell of toxic organic compounds, including a variety of drugs used in anti-cancer chemotherapy. We have recently obtained EM projection images of lipid-bound Pgp without nucleotide and transport substrate that showed the two halves of the transporter separated by a central cavity (Lee, J. Y., Urbatsch, I. L., Senior, A. E., and Wilkens, S. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 40125–40131). Addition of nucleotide and/or substrate lead to a close association of the two halves of the transporter, thereby closing the central cavity (Lee, J. Y., Urbatsch, I. L., Senior, A. E., and Wilkens, S. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 5769–5779). Here, we used cysteine-mediated disulfide cross-linking to further delineate the structural rearrangements of the two nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2) that take place during catalysis. Cysteines introduced at or near the C-terminal ends of NBD1 and NBD2 allowed for spontaneous disulfide cross-linking under nonreducing conditions. For mutant A627C/S1276C, disulfide formation was with high efficiency and cross-linked Pgp retained 30–68% drug-stimulated ATPase activity compared with reduced or cysteine-less Pgp. Two other cysteine pairs (K615C/S1276C and A627C/K1260C) also formed a disulfide but to a lesser extent, and the cross-linked form of these two mutants had lower drug-stimulated ATPase activity. The data suggest that the C-terminal ends of the two NBDs of Pgp are not required to undergo significant motion with respect to one another during the catalytic cycle.
An overview of progress in childhood cancer survival.

Survival for children with cancer has continued to improve over the past 20 years, with 5-year survival rates now approaching 80% and with an increasing number of children surviving into adulthood. In recognition of the need to address important issues for survivors of childhood cancer, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has supported the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) since 1993. The CCSS has established a cohort of over 14,000 5-year survivors of childhood cancer initially diagnosed between 1970 and 1986 and has obtained comprehensive summaries of treatment received by these survivors through abstraction of medical records for chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical procedures. Survivors in the CCSS cohort completed a baseline questionnaire and follow up questionnaires to provide information about their current status. The CCSS collected buccal cells for DNA isolation from members of the survivor cohort to allow evaluations of the contribution of genetic factors to long-term sequelae of c...
Purified human α-fetoprotein inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated estradiol production by porcine granulosa cells in culture

Abstract We have investigated the effects of purified α-fetoprotein (AFP) on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-stimulated estradiol production by porcine granulosa cells in monolayer culture. Granulosa cells isolated from small follicles of prepubertal pigs were cultured for 2 days in 5% fetal bovine serum for attachment and incubated for 3 days in medium containing androstenedione and various treatments. The media were then collected and assayed for estradiol by radioimmunoassay. Human AFP significantly (P
Intravesical oxybutynin for spinal cord injury patients

The treatment of choice for the failure to restore neurogenic bladder dysfunction, managed with clean intermittent catheterization program with incontinence, is anticholinergic medication. The goal is to increase bladder capacity, and decrease intravesical pressure in order to maintain continence between catheterizations. The most commonly used anticholinergic medication in the United States is Oxybutynin. Previous clinical studies have shown that 61% of the patients on oral Oxybutynin report adverse systemic side effects and are noncompliant in taking it. In 48% of the patients, possibly due to their noncompliance, oral Oxybutynin Hydrochloride is ineffective.1,2 In this study, 13 spinal cord injured patients with a failure to restore bladder dysfunction were treated with intravesical Oxybutynin. Nine patients improved on the regimen while one patient underwent surgical bladder augmentation. Postoperatively, this patient continued to be incontinent between catheterizations. Reinstitution of intravesical Oxybutynin stabilized the patient's bladder with clean intermittent catheterization without further intervention. After 3 months post instillation in the urodynamic studies, the mean bladder capacity increased, the mean volume at first contraction increased and the leak point pressure decreased. The decrease in leak point pressure was statistically significant. Leak point pressure is one of the most important parameters we monitor to preserve upper urinary tract function. We recommend the trial of intravesical Oxybutynin for patients who fit the criteria of the protocol prior to surgical bladder augmentation.
Permeable collagen-glycosaminoglycan cross-linked copolymers for the study of biological responses of cocultured Sertoli and spermatogenic cells.

A novel collagen-glycosaminoglycan (C-GAG) substrate was developed to overcome the optical opacity of a HATF nitrocellulose substrate and to provide a more physiological permeable substrate for cocultured Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. Cocultures were prepared on optically transparent C-GAG discs attached to a polyester mesh to facilitate handling. Sertoli cells displayed a cuboidal-to-columnar shape; a large number of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes connected by intercellular bridges were associated with basolateral and apical surfaces of Sertoli cells up to 12 days after plating. Rat Sertoli-spermatogenic cell cocultures have been used for testing the effect of toxicants on rat spermatogenesis in vitro. In our initial studies, we tested the effects of the toxicant gossypol on spermatogenic cells cocultured with Sertoli cells on nonpermeable (plastic) and permeable substrates (HATF nitrocellulose) under both standard culture conditions and during perifusion after achieving a continuous electrical-resistant cell monolayer. A selective mitochondrial structural damage was observed in spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia and spermatocytes) but not in the coexisting Sertoli cells. This damage was time- (15–60 min) and dose-dependent (0.1–10µM) and developed more rapidly under perifusion conditions. Similar mitochondrial damage was reported in the intact animal but required higher concentrations (mg) and longer administration time (months) for detection. Studies are in progress to evaluate the effect of additional toxic chemical agents on functional properties of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells in cocultures prepared on various classes of C-GAG substrates.
Quantitative characterization of the acid-base properties of solvents, polymers, and inorganic surfaces

The growing realization of the importance of intermolecular acid-base interactions in promoting the solubility, adsorption, and adhesion of polymers to other materials has caused a demand for the quantitative characterization of the acid-base properties of the commonly used solvents, polymers, and inorganic fillers and substrates. There have been several recent advances in the measurement techniques for such determinations, especially in the fields of inverse gas chromatography, microcalorimetry, ellipsometry, FTIR, NMR, and XPS spectroscopy, all leading to the capability of determining the Drago E and C constants or the Gutmann acceptor numbers (AN) or donor numbers (DN) for the acidic or basic sites of solvents, polymers, or inorganic surfaces. In the last year, new studies have also allowed the characterization of the specific acid-base cohesive interactions in solvents and polymers, and the determination, from contact angle measurements on polymers, of the surface concentration and strength of acidic ...
Obesity in India: Opportunities for clinical research

Obesity is a complex disease with a multifactorial aetiology and is linked with numerous adverse health conditions. Obesity research in the past several decades has generated considerable information about various aspects of obesity, including genetics, physiology, biochemistry and socio-epidemiology. However, effective strategies for obesity prevention, or long-term weight loss and maintenance, have remained elusive, as evident from the global presence of obesity. Traditionally, obesity took a backseat in India, when debilitating infections and undernutrition dominated public health concerns. It is now evident that an urgent and effective response is needed for treating and preventing obesity in India and health care professionals and researchers are stepping up to the new challenge. It appears that obesity in the Indian context offers unique attributes that could be investigated to develop obesity-management modalities of relevance to the Indian subcontinent. Even if India was somewhat late in joining the global obesity research efforts, it may be a blessing in disguise. It is not necessary to repeat research studies or approaches that have already shown limited value in controlling obesity at the population level. Instead, it may be wise to build on what has been learned about obesity. Some clinical research possibilities are discussed.
Automatic structuring and retrieval of large text files

In many operational environments, large text files must be processed covering a wide variety of different topic areas. Aids must then be provided to the user that permit collection browsing and make it possible to locate particular items on demand. The conventional text analysis methods based on preconstructed knowledge-bases and other vocabulary-control tools are difficult to apply when the subject coverage is unrestricted. An alternative approach, applicable to text collections in any subject area, is introduced which uses the document collections themselves as a basis for the text analysis, together with sophisticated text matching operations carried out at several levels of detail. Methods are described for relating semantically similar pieces of text, and for using the resulting hypertext structures for collection browsing and information retrieval.
Individual Differences in Fashion Orientation and Cognitive Complexity

Individual differences in cognitive complexity, innovativeness in fashion, and fashion-opinion leadership were investigated. 50 undergraduate women completed scales on innovativeness in fashion and fashion-opinion leadership. Each subject's level of cognitive complexity was measured by the Paragraph Completion Method. In accord with predictions an inverse relationship was found between fashion-opinion leadership and cognitive complexity. Fashion-opinion leaders functioned at lower levels of cognitive complexity than nonleaders. Partial correlation analysis indicated a small positive relationship between cognitive complexity and innovativeness in fashion, with fashion-opinion leadership removed. Finally, a moderate correlation was found between fashion-opinion leadership and innovativeness in fashion, replicating previous research.
Cost-Effectiveness of Tolvaptan in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

A previous randomized trial showed that tolvaptan reduced kidney volume growth and loss of kidney function over 3 years in persons with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. This modeling s...
A runtime supervisor to support Ada tasking: rendezvous and delays

This paper describes a simple and efficient approach to implementing the Ada operations of entry calls, conditional and timed entry calls, accept statements, selective wait statements and delay statements. This is accomplished by describing the tasking supervisor -- a collection of programs which control the tasking operations. Ada definitions of the data structures and the supervisor procedures are given. The semantics of the Ada tasking operations are related to the supervisor by following the description of tasking in chapter 9 of the Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language (1983). The structure of the object code for various Ada source language constructs is given. The interaction between the Ada object code and the run-time supervisor is described in detail. The remaining tasking opertions are described in Part 1 of this report (Riccardi and Baker 1984).
High-performance capillary electrophoresis: Protein charge estimations and peptide mapping by complexation electrophoresis

Abstract Two high-performance capillary electrophoretic (HPCE) methods are presented: The first methodology provides a procedure for estimating the isoelectric points of proteins in the absence of chaotropic agents with charge reversal Micro-Coat capillaries. The second method provides an optimized peptide mapping methodology for protein characterization that employs ion-pairing reagents to optimize the HPCE separation. Advantages and limitations of each methodology are discussed in terms of theory and practical experience. Both methodologies are applicable to a variety of proteins and both enhance our ability to characterize proteins on a molecular level.
InterQuad: An interactive quad tree based procedure for solving the discrete alternative multiple criteria problem

Abstract In this paper an interactive procedure based upon a data structure called a quad tree is developed for solving the discrete alternative multiple criteria problem. Called InterQuad, the procedure has been designed with large discrete alternative problems in mind. InterQuad takes advantage of the ability of a quad tree to identify, store, and retrieve nondominated criterion vectors. Then, the user interacts with the nondominated criterion vectors stored in the quad tree in a fashion similar to that of the Combined Tchebycheff/Aspiration Criterion Vector Procedure of Steuer, Silverman and Whisman.
Timescales of degassing and crystallization implied by 210Po–210Pb–226Ra disequilibria for andesitic lavas erupted from Arenal volcano

Abstract Disequilibrium between 210 Po, 210 Pb, and 226 Ra was measured on whole rocks and plagioclase mineral separates erupted between 1968 and 2003 from Arenal volcano with a goal of monitoring the volatile fluxing and crystallization in the decades and years leading up to eruption. Degassing during the eruption was found to remove nearly all 210 Po from Arenal lavas, which appears to be true of lava eruptions in general. Most of Arenal's lavas have ( 210 Pb)/( 226 Ra) ratios within 20% of equilibrium, indicating that most of the magmas involved in this eruption did not have strong, persistent fluxes of 222 Rn in or out of the system during the decades leading to eruption. This is consistent with a time-frame of differentiation from basalt to basaltic andesite exceeding a century. Lava erupted in 1971 had ( 210 Pb) in excess of ( 226 Ra) by as much as a factor of 2. These lavas were the first to mark the change in geochemical trends that were likely caused by the arrival of a new magma at the surface at Arenal [Ryder, C.H., Gill, J.B., Tepley III, F., Ramos, F., Reagan, M., this issue. Closed to open system differentiation at Arenal Volcano (1968–2003). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research.], suggesting that the 210 Pb excess was related to the first appearance of this magma. The high ( 210 Pb)/( 226 Ra) ratio in this lava apparently reflects Rn-degassing from large volumes of underlying magma and/or extraction of Rn from conduit-area rocks or fluids due to deformation and heating. Plagioclase mineral separates had 210 Po– 210 Pb– 226 Ra disequilibrium patterns suggesting a growth period stretching over a period of more than 50 years up to the time of eruption.
Quantitative optical determination of segregation in doped silicon: A comparative analysis with spreading resistance measurements

Abstract The net free charge carrier distribution in Sb-doped silicon, on a microscale, was quantitatively determined through near infrared transmission measurements. This data is compared with those computed from spreading resistance measurements; the two free charge carrier profiles are found to be in excellent agreement with each other. The data based on optical measurements reflect increased spatial resolution.
Book Review Essay: Building Trust Through Effective Governance—Three Perspectives of Organizational Leadership

The article reviews the books “The Trusted Leader: Bringing Out the Best in Your People and Your Company,” by Robert M. Galford and Anne Seibold Drapeau, “A Company of Citizens: What the World's First Democracy Teaches Leaders About Creating Great Organizations,” by Brooke Manville and Josiah Ober, and “At Any Cost: Jack Welch, General Electric, and the Pursuit of Profit,” by Thomas O'Boyle.
A study of long-term thermal annealing on lexan plastic track detector

ABSTRACT We have investigated the long-term effects of temperature on stopping-Fe tracks in Lexan track detector. Partial annealing has been observed at 50° C after one week and 40° C after four weeks' storage in dry air. We also annealed Lexan prior to exposure and found no effect on its ability to record tracks.
Scanning electron microscopy of soybean protein bodies

Protein bodies prepared from defatted soybean flour contained numerous spherical particles 1–3 µ in diameter, plus amorphous material, when examined in a scanning electron microscope. Full-fat and defatted soybean flours contained particles 1–10 µ in diameter. The larger protein bodies apparently disrupted during isolation. The scanning technique is a simple and rapid method for observing the effects of various treatments on subcellular seed particles of this size.
Cis-platinum ototoxicity after radiation treatment: an animal model

The chemotherapeutic agent cis-platinum has been used effectively as a treatment for many tumors. One of the most common toxic effects caused by this treatment is ototoxicity. More severe hearing loss has been reported in patients who had received cranial radiation prior to chemotherapy with cis-platinum. The present laboratory study was undertaken with chinchillas to determine whether ototoxicity is potentiated by cis-platinum administration after cochlear irradiation. Results support the clinical observation that cranial radiation prior to administration of an ototoxic chemotherapeutic agent can have a synergistic effect of increased susceptibility to the ototoxic potential of the agent.
Three-color quantum dots in a well infrared photodetector

A three color normal incidence quantum dots in a well (DWELL) operating in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR), long wave infrared (LWIR) and very long wave infrared (VLWIR) are reported. The peak operating wavelengths are at ~ 6 mm, ~10.5 mm and ~ 23.2 mm. We believe that the shorter wavelength response (6 mm and 10.5 mm) are due to bound-to-continuum and bound-to-bound transitions between the states in the dot and states in the well, whereas the longer wavelength response (23.2 mm) is due to intersubband transition between dot levels. A bias dependent activation energy ~ 100 meV was extracted from the Arrhenious plots of the dark currents, which is a factor of three larger than that observed in quantum well infrared photodetectors operating at comparable wavelengths.
Long-term left internal mammary artery graft patency for coronary artery disease associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare, inherited connective tissue disorder with numerous systemic manifestations that include premature coronary artery disease. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is known to be beneficial in patients with PXE-related coronary artery disease. In these patients, however, the suitability of arterial conduits, including the internal mammary artery, has been controversial. We present a patient with PXE-related coronary artery disease who has had long-term patency of a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft after an off-pump CABG procedure in which LIMA and bilateral radial artery conduits were used.
Neutron-Deuteron Scattering at High Energy

The neutron-deuteron total scattering cross section at high energy has been calculated by expressing it as a sum over two-particle states over a wide range of energy. A sum rule was then applied to give the total cross section, that is, the elastic and inelastic cross sections. The calculations were performed with a Serber type exchange force for the neutron-proton force in agreement with present neutron-proton scattering data and a neutron-neutron force of arbitrary depth and exchange character. The neutron-neutron well depth was then determined for an ordinary, Serber type and pure exchange force between the two neutrons by making use of the experimental neutron-deuteron total cross section. The neutron-deuteron elastic scattering was then calculated for the three different types of neutron-neutron exchange and was found to agree best with the experimental value for the Serber type exchange (no force in odd states). The cross section for production of low energy protons was also calculated and confirmed the Serber type exchange force between the two neutrons when compared with the experimental value. Finally, a qualitative discussion of the angular and energy distribution of the low and high energy protons was given.
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1 and caspase-1 in HIV-1 encephalitis

Inflammatory cytokines and enzymes such as IL-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia, a condition associated with infection of the CNS cells by the HIV-1. In this report, we investigated the expression of iNOS, IL-1, and caspase-1 (interleukin-1 converting enzyme) in HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) by immunocytochemistry and analyzed their expression with respect to HIV-1 infection and glial activation. In HIVE, all three molecules were expressed at high levels in areas of HIV-1 infection (microglial nodules with HIV-1 p24 immunoreactivity) and in areas of diffuse white matter gliosis. Expression was cell-type specific, with IL-1 and caspase-1 being expressed in macrophages and microglia, and iNOS in activated astrocytes. Multinucleated giant cells, a hallmark of virally infected cells, showed intense staining for both IL-1 and caspase-1, suggesting induction of these molecules by HIV-1. Double immunocytochemistry demonstrated a regional co-localization of astrocyte iNOS and microglial IL-1 and caspase-1. These results support the notion that autocrine and paracrine interactions between HIV-1 infected macrophages and microglia, activated microglia, and astrocytes lead to expression of proinflammatory and neurotoxic molecules. iNOS and caspase-1 may provide additional therapeutic targets for HIVE.
Use of the Electrocardiogram in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Objective: To ascertain the quality of electrocardiogram (ECG) use in a pediatric emergency department (PED). Research Design: Patient series. Setting: Pediatric emergency department in a university-based hospital. Participants: Seventy patients, aged 2 months to 22 years. Measurements: All ECGs obtained in the PED were received by the Division of Pediatric Cardiology during the 15-month study period. The charts of all patients were then reviewed to determine the (1) indications for obtaining an ECG; (2) accuracy of documentation; (3) impact of ECG results on the treatment of patients; and (4) concordance between PED and pediatric cardiologists in ECG interpretation. Results: Chest pain was the most commonly documented indication, accounting for 54% of the ECGs obtained. Other indications were suspected arrhythmias (11%), seizure and syncope (11%), drug exposure (8%), and miscellaneous (16%). Twelve charts (17%) lacked documentation of ECG results. Ten ECGs (14%) were performed improperly. Twenty three (32%) were interpreted differently by the pediatric cardiologists; 14 ECGs (20%) had potential clinical relevance. Thirty-seven (52%) ECGs were useful in patient care; this was significantly associated with the presence of a PED attending (P=.03 by Fisher's Exact Test). Conclusion: We recommend education of pediatric residents in ECG interpretation and subsequent review by a pediatric cardiologist of each ECG performed in the PED. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:184-188)
“Cleaning” of nanoparticle inhibitors via proteolysis of adsorbed proteins

Cytochrome c adsorbed to anionic nanoparticles is selectively proteolyzed by trypsin, providing a mechanism for the catalytic degradation of proteins.
Random Walks On Finite Groups With Few Random Generators

Let $G$ be a finite group. Choose a set $S$ of size $k$ uniformly from $G$ and consider a lazy random walk on the corresponding Cayley graph. We show that for almost all choices of $S$ given $k = 2a\, \log_2 |G|$, $a>1$, this walk mixes in under $m = 2a \,\log\frac{a}{a-1} \log |G|$ steps. A similar result was obtained earlier by Alon and Roichman and also by Dou and Hildebrand using a different techniques. We also prove that when sets are of size $k = \log_2 |G| + O(\log \log |G|)$, $m = O(\log^3 |G|)$ steps suffice for mixing of the corresponding symmetric lazy random walk. Finally, when $G$ is abelian we obtain better bounds in both cases.
PIECEWISE-LINEAR CHAOTIC SYSTEMS WITH A SINGLE EQUILIBRIUM POINT

As a unique paradigm for chaos, the various versions of Chua's circuits and equations consists of a three-dimensional autonomous system with a three-segment piecewise-linear function which gives rise to three equilibrium points. This paper considers the possibility of simplifying the system configurations of piecewise-linear chaotic systems based on the structures of Chua's systems. We study a new class of piecewise-linear three-dimensional autonomous system with a three-segment piecewise-linear function. However, unlike Chua's systems, the systems we study in this paper have only single equilibrium points. To find chaotic attractors from this class of systems, we use a systematic random-search process to search the parameter space. The searching process consists of three stages. For the first stage, we simply count the number of points on a Poincare section and find candidates for chaotic attractors. At the second stage, Lyapunov exponents are calculated for selecting chaotic attractors from the candidates. Finally, bifurcation diagrams constructed around the located chaotic attractors are used to find different types of chaotic attractors. Many qualitatively different chaotic attractors of this class of systems had been found and presented in this paper. Another method to simplify the configurations of a piecewise-linear chaotic system is to reduce the number of segments of the piecewise-linear function. We have developed some chaotic systems with a two-segment piecewise-linear function and which gives rise to two equilibrium points. Many color illustrations of chaotic attractors and bifurcation diagrams are presented.
Pearlite in ultrahigh carbon steels: Heat treatments and mechanical properties

Two ultrahigh carbon steel (UHCS) alloys containing 1.5 and 1.8 wt pct carbon, respectively, were studied. These materials were processed into fully spheroidized microstructures and were then given heat treatments to form pearlite. The mechanical properties of the heat-treated materials were evaluated by tension tests at room temperature. Use of the hypereutectoid austenite-cementite to pearlite transformation enabled achievement of pearlitic microstructures with various interlamellar spacings. The yield strengths of the pearlitic steels are found to correlate with a predictive relation based on interlamellar spacing and pearlite colony size. Decreasing the pearlite interlamellar spacing increases the yield strength and the ultimate strength and decreases the tensile ductility. It is shown that solid solution alloying strongly influences the strength of pearlitic steels.
The clinical application of proteomics

Abstract Background Proteomics is defined as a scientific approach used to elucidate all protein species within a cell or tissue, and many researchers are taking advantage of proteomic technology to elucidate protein changes between healthy and diseased states. Methods The application of proteomic techniques and strategies to the field of medicine is slowly transforming the way biomarker discovery is conducted. However, the complexity of serum is the source of both its promise to clinical applications and its challenge to proteomic analysis. Like any new technology when it is first introduced, proteomics has been touted with much hope and promise. Results and conclusions We provide a review of the clinical application of proteomics with the emphasis on current practical issues and challenges facing proteomic research.
Central nervous system glucose utilization rate during oxygen-induced respiratory changes at 2 atmospheres oxygen in the rat

Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) at pressures higher than 3 atmospheres absolute (ATA) primarily affects the CNS, while at lower pressures, the respiratory functions are predominantly changed. Due to the outstanding respiratory manifestations of HBO at pressures lower than 3 ATA O2, the possible overlapping neurological effects of oxygen toxicity may not be easily identified. However, rats exposed for 1 and 4 h to 2 ATA O2 have shown increases in the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) when neither visible signs of respiratory nor nervous distress were observed. The purpose of the present study was to differentiate between the CNS and the respiratory effects of HBO at 2 ATA during development of the early signs of the respiratory distress. Changes in the rCMRgl measured by [14C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic technique and respiratory frequency (Rf) were used as criteria for determination of CNS and respiratory effects of HBO, respectively. The results demonstrate no differences in the rCMRgl (28 major structures examined) among 3 groups of conscious rats exposed to 2 ATA O2 and normoxia at 1 and 2 ATA. At the same time a significant reduction was found in the Rf of the oxygen-exposed rats. In conclusion the respiratory system at 2 ATA O2 is apparently affected earlier than, and independent from the CNS. However, due to limited resolution power of the [14C]2-DG technique, the effect of HBO on certain undetected central respiratory control centers cannot yet be ruled out.
Opposite effects of intraventricular serotonin and bufotenin on rat startle responses.

Abstract Rat startle responses to air puffs were monitored in a stabilimeter during the intraventricular infusion of various doses of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or the putative hallucinogenic congener of 5-HT, 5-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-HDMT) or saline. Qualitatively opposite effects were observed, with 5-HT producing a dose-dependent decrease in responsivity and 5-HDMT increasing the magnitude of startle responses. No specific effects of either compound could be demonstrated on the presumably separable processes of sensitization and habituation. The results are discussed in the context of a central serotonergic system which facilitates behavioral inhibition and which antagonized by indoleamine hallucinogens.
Standards of the Present for People of the Past: Height, Weight, and Mortality among Men of Amherst College, 1834–1949

Data for 2500 male students attending Amherst College Massachusetts during the nineteenth century are used to examine whether the anthropometric-mortality relationships that have been found in present-day populations also characterized populations in the past. "This article finds U-shaped body mass index (BMI)-mortality risk relationships among nineteenth-century men that were similar to such relationships as found in twentieth-century men. No relationship between height and mortality could be detected. This article infers from the socioeconomic homogeneity of the sample that the BMI-mortality risk relationship although apparently invariant with respect to time is driven by noneconomic factors." (EXCERPT)
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS, regulates renal hemodynamics in the postnatal developing piglet

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS, regulates renal hemodynamics in the postnatal developing piglet
Large electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric polymers near room temperature.

Applying an electrical field to a polar polymer may induce a large change in the dipolar ordering, and if the associated entropy changes are large, they can be explored in cooling applications. With the use of the Maxwell relation between the pyroelectric coefficient and the electrocaloric effect (ECE), it was determined that a large ECE can be realized in the ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer at temperatures above the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition (above 70°C), where an isothermal entropy change of more than 55 joules per kilogram per kelvin degree and adiabatic temperature change of more than 12°C were observed. We further showed that a similar level of ECE near room temperature can be achieved by working with the relaxor ferroelectric polymer of P(VDF-TrFE-chlorofluoroethylene).
Effect of a preoperative self-catheterization video on anxiety: a randomized controlled trial

Introduction and hypothesis The purpose of this study was to determine if a clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC) instructional video could improve anxiety in women undergoing prolapse and/or incontinence surgery.
THE HEART OF FACTORIZATION

Factorization is at the heart of nearly any calculation in pertubative QCD. It follows from the universal behavior of gauge theories in soft and collinear limits. This talk gives a summary of recent progress on producing a more transparent understanding of factorization and connecting traditional approaches to those of Soft-Collinear Effective Theory. The main result is the formulation and proof, at tree-level, of a factorization formula in QCD. The proof exploits the many advantages of spinor helicity methods, but does not use any effective field theory tricks. Once the factorization formula is proven, the transition to an effective theory description is effortless.
Classical limit of Klein-Gordon theory in the coherent-state representation

It is shown that holomorphic solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation concentrate around the classical world-line in the limit ħ→0.
Large Residual Strains are Present in the Intervertebral Disc Annulus Fibrosus in the Unloaded State

Abstract The intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus (AF) is subjected to high circumferential tensile stresses resulting from nucleus pulposus pressurisation under axial compression. In other pressure containing tissues, such as blood vessel walls, residual compressive stresses along the inside surface of the tissues without pressurisation reduce peak tensile stresses under pressurisation. This study hypothesised that similar patterns of residual stress exist in the annulus fibrosus. Accurate characterisation of residual stresses is essential for both the incorporation of nonlinear material descriptions into models of the disc as well as the design of effective annulus repair strategies. By imaging nine bovine caudal discs before and after the release of residual stresses via incision, we measured a mean residual stretch of 0.86±0.13 at the inner AF and 1.02±0.08 at the outer AF. These stretch values were used to calculate a gradient of residual stress ranging from −230±22 kPa of compression at the inner AF to 54±0.2 kPa of tension at the outer AF. Material models of AF have assumed that the AF was in a stress free reference state when there are no external loads. However, this study documents that there are large residual stresses in the AF even without external loads. The release of residual tension in the outer AF by herniation, needle injection or incisions makes closure difficult and may accelerate degeneration of the surrounding tissue. Retention of these residual stresses may be essential to maintaining disc mechanical function and to producing viable AF repair techniques.
Normal Modes of Prion Proteins: From Native to Infectious particle

Prion proteins (PrP) are the infectious agent in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (i.e., mad cow disease). To be infectious, prion proteins must undergo a conformational change involving a decrease in α-helical content along with an increase in β-strand content. This conformational change was evaluated by means of elastic normal modes. Elastic normal modes show a diminution of two α-helices by one and two residues, as well as an extension of two β-strands by three residues each, which could instigate the conformational change. The conformational change occurs in a region that is compatible with immunological studies, and it is observed more frequently in mutant prions that are prone to conversion than in wild-type prions because of differences in their starting structures, which are amplified through normal modes. These findings are valuable for our comprehension of the conversion mechanism associated with the conformational change in prion proteins.
Experimental and theoretical analysis of the right angle extrusion of polyethylene at room temperature

In order to obtain high-performance polymer and products, processing of crystalline polymers below their softening temperature has been employed and studied in recent years. It has gathered attention, for example, in the area of producing high-strength polymer rods and filaments of higher cross-sectional area for special applications. Die drawing and extrusion techniques dominate the processes used to achieve these products. Extrusion is primarily achieved by forcing the polymer through converging dies of circular and other cross-sections. The methods of solid-state extrusion processing practiced are primarily ram extrusion and hydrostatic extrusion. In this study, we investigate the process of producing cylindrical rods by ram extrusion of plastics at room temperature. Instead of using a converging die, right angle dies of varying extrusion ratios are employed to extrude three commercial grades of polyethylene. A theoretical analysis is also performed to predict the forces required during extrusion. The theoretical analysis closely follows the methodology presented by Coates et al. for the circular extrusion of polymers below their softening temperatures. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.