cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a plant kinase that phosphorylates the bacterial effector AvrPtoB

Abstract A critical component controlling bacterial virulence is the delivery of pathogen effectors into plant cells during infection. Effectors alter host metabolism and immunity for pathogen benefit. Multiple effectors are phosphorylated by host kinases, and this posttranslational modification is important for their activity. We sought to identify host kinases involved in effector phosphorylation. Multiple effector phosphorylated residues matched the proposed consensus phosphorylation motif of the plant calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and Snf1-related kinase (SnRK) superfamily. The conserved Pseudomonas effector AvrPtoB acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and promotes bacterial virulence. We identified a member of the Arabidopsis SnRK family, SnRK2.8, that associated with AvrPtoB in yeast and in planta. SnRK2.8 was required for AvrPtoB virulence functions, including facilitating bacterial colonization, suppression of callose deposition, and targeting the plant defense regulator NPR1 and flagellin receptor FLS2. Mass spectrometry revealed AvrPtoB was phosphorylated at multiple serine residues in planta, with S258 phosphorylation reduced in the snrk2.8 knockout. AvrPtoB phospho-null mutants exhibited compromised virulence functions and were unable to suppress NPR1 accumulation, FLS2 accumulation, or inhibit FLS2-BAK1 complex formation upon flagellin perception. These data identify a conserved plant kinase utilized by a pathogen effector to promote disease.
Chapter 116 – Hearing

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sense of hearing among insects. Using sound, vertebrates and insects are often capable of sensing, identifying, and locating their predators, prey, conspecific rivals, and mates by hearing their intentional or unintentional acoustic signals. Natural selection has shaped the form and function of hearing organs (ears) in insects over evolutionary time. In this respect, the ears of insects show much greater diversity than those of vertebrates, for reasons that will be apparent in our discussion. There is tremendous morphological diversity of insect ears. The multitude of different ear designs and locations reflects the unique physical and behavioral challenges faced by each insect. Yet despite their many differences, most ears follow a similar morphological plan. Each typically consists of three identifiable substructures: a tympanal membrane, a tracheal air chamber, and a chordotonal sensory organ. Ears of many nocturnal Lepidoptera, for example, are so thin that they are transparent. Such fragile membranes are typically protected within body cavities or by external flaps of cuticle. In contrast, the thicker, opaque tympanal membranes of some diurnal butterflies or grasshoppers are conspicuously positioned on the outer surface of the body.
Taking a Stance: Teacher Researchers’ Historical and Political Positioning

With teacher walkouts and other forms of protest on the rise, EdD programs are beginning to frame practitioner-scholars’ work as activism. The purpose of this article is to explore and complicate that trend by interpreting data from oral history interviews with three long-term teacher researchers, alongside shifting historical scholarship on civil rights activism. Each participant cites civil rights activism as an inspiration and positions the rise of neoliberal education reform as a backlash to the 1960s that threatens the so-called teacher research movement. However, historians challenge the dominant narrative of the 1960s, highlighting behind-the-scenes conservative activism that did not garner the same media attention as liberal marches and boycotts. Consequently, while the participants’ stories offer abundant insight for practitioner-scholars as well as for the teacher educators who guide them, this article ultimately argues EdD activists should take a schoolhouse-to-statehouse approach.
Research on two Key Issues of Settlement in the Transitional Period of Spot Market Construction

In the transitional period of China's power market construction from planned mode to marketization mode. Focus on the problem of mid-long term deviation settlement when spot market operation intermittently in the month, two assessment methods are proposed, i.e. net electricity assessment method and full electricity assessment method, and the application scenarios of the methods are analysed. Focus on the problem of dual-track fluctuating electricity caused by different liberalization degrees of the generation and demand side, based on the basic principle of “demand determine the generation”, a base contract double-correction settlement method is proposed, and thus fluctuating electricity is segmented accurately on both the day-ahead market and the real-time market. Finally, case study is conducted to verify the proposed method.
Gender differences in the relationship between prescription opioid misuse and depressive symptoms and suicidality among US High School Students.

Abstract Background Prescription opioid misuse and suicide among adolescents are significant health challenges. Purpose This study investigated whether effects of prescription opioid misuse on depressive symptoms and suicidality are greater among female than male students. Methods Using the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 14,765), this research estimated additive interactions using risk differences as well as multiplicative interactions using odds ratios. Discussion Results showed prescription opioid misuse was associated with significantly greater risks among females than males for depressive symptoms (31.1% vs. 20.8%), suicidal ideation (27.3% vs. 19.1%), suicide attempts (18.1% vs. 11.9%) and suicide attempts requiring treatment (8.5% vs. 4.4%). In contrast, multiplicative interactions using odds ratios were all nonsignificant. Conclusions Among students who misused prescription opioids, females compared to males had much higher average predicted margins of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide attempts requiring treatment. Screening for depression and suicidality among adolescents who misuse prescription opioids, and vice versa, is paramount.
What Did It Look Like: A service for creating website timelapses using the Memento framework.

Popular web pages are archived frequently, which makes it difficult to visualize the progression of the site through the years at web archives. The What Did It Look Like (WDILL) Twitter bot shows web page transitions by creating a timelapse of a given website using one archived copy from each calendar year. Originally implemented in 2015, we recently added new features to WDILL, such as date range requests, diversified memento selection, updated visualizations, and sharing visualizations to Instagram. This would allow scholars and the general public to explore the temporal nature of web archives.
Association of Socioeconomic Disadvantage With Long-term Mortality After Myocardial Infarction: The Mass General Brigham YOUNG-MI Registry.

Importance Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with poor health outcomes. However, whether socioeconomic factors are associated with post–myocardial infarction (MI) outcomes in younger patient populations is unknown. Objective To evaluate the association of neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage with long-term outcomes among patients who experienced an MI at a young age. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study analyzed patients in the Mass General Brigham YOUNG-MI Registry (at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts) who experienced an MI at or before 50 years of age between January 1, 2000, and April 30, 2016. Each patient’s home address was mapped to the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) to capture higher rates of socioeconomic disadvantage. The median follow-up duration was 11.3 years. The dates of analysis were May 1, 2020, to June 30, 2020. Exposures Patients were assigned an ADI ranking according to their home address and then stratified into 3 groups (least disadvantaged group, middle group, and most disadvantaged group). Main Outcomes and Measures The outcomes of interest were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Cause of death was adjudicated from national registries and electronic medical records. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to evaluate the association of ADI with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results The cohort consisted of 2097 patients, of whom 2002 (95.5%) with an ADI ranking were included (median [interquartile range] age, 45 [42-48] years; 1607 male individuals [80.3%]). Patients in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to be Black or Hispanic, have public insurance or no insurance, and have higher rates of traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Among the 1964 patients who survived to hospital discharge, 74 (13.6%) in the most disadvantaged group compared with 88 (12.6%) in the middle group and 41 (5.7%) in the least disadvantaged group died. Even after adjusting for a comprehensive set of clinical covariates, higher neighborhood disadvantage was associated with a 32% higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.60;P = .004) and a 57% higher cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.17-2.10;P = .003). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that, among patients who experienced an MI at or before age 50 years, socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality even after adjusting for clinical comorbidities. These findings suggest that neighborhood and socioeconomic factors have an important role in long-term post-MI survival.
Health of Newborn Holstein Calves in Severe Cold

Morbidity and mortality among calves is a major concern of livestock producers, veterinarians, and animal health researchers world-wide. Notwithstanding use of the newest antibiotics and vaccines, death among neonatal calves has continued virtually unabated.1 In an effort to combat these losses many producers raise calves individually in calf hutches2 which serve to isolate calves from each other and from older cattle which act as carriers of disease organisms.1
OMRT-7. Angiogenesis inhibitors strongly synergize with therapeutics targeting tumor metabolism

Angiogenesis inhibition has become a mainstay of oncology despite having fallen short of its early promise. As originally envisioned, angiogenesis inhibition would cut off the blood supply, deprive tumor cells of key nutrients, leading to their death. In practice, while there is evidence that tumors under angiogenesis treatment do in fact exhibit some degree of metabolic stress, this is stress is not sufficient to induce significant cancer cell death. We posit that the full potential of angiogenesis inhibition can be realized by the combination of angiogenesis inhibition with emerging tumor metabolism targeting therapies. Because tumors under angiogenesis inhibition are already in a state of nutrient stress, the effects of metabolically targeted therapies such as amino acid depletion (e.g. asparginase, methionine restriction), inhibitors of stress adaption (AMPK and GCN2 inhibitors) or energy metabolism (e.g. IACS-010759, Metformin, POMHEX) stand to dramatically increase in potency whilst remaining selective for (angiogenic) tumor versus (non-angiogenic) normal tissue. Here, we provide proof-of-principal for this thesis. First, we performed metabolomic profiling of angiogenesis-inhibited tumors, which corroborates a state of nutrient stress in angiogenesis-inhibited tumors. Second, we demonstrate dramatic anti-neoplastic synergy (effectively curing of xenografted tumor-bearing mice, irrespective of initial tumor size), without enhanced adverse toxicities, between the OxPhos inhibitor IACS-010759 and the angiogenesis tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Tivozanib. The same results were recapitulated with the anti-VEGFA antibody, Avastin, and the OxPhos inhibitor could be substituted with the Enolase inhibitor HEX, with similar effects. The synergy was observed in a broad range of tumor types, even those without clear genetic susceptibilities. Together, these results suggest that angiogenesis inhibitors synergize broadly with cancer therapies targeting metabolism, allowing the realization of the full potential of these previously disappointing drugs. Our results warrant systematic combination clinical trials between angiogenesis inhibitors and established, as well as emerging anti-metabolic cancer therapies.
Unconstrained Direct Optimization of Spacecraft Trajectories Using Many Embedded Lambert Problems

Direct optimization of many-revolution spacecraft trajectories is performed using an unconstrained formulation with many short-arc, embedded Lambert problems. Each Lambert problem shares its terminal positions with neighboring segments to implicitly enforce position continuity. Use of embedded boundary value problems (EBVPs) is not new to spacecraft trajectory optimization, including extensive use in primer vector theory, flyby tour design, and direct impulsive maneuver optimization. Several obstacles have prevented their use on problems with more than a few dozen segments, including computationally expensive solvers, lack of fast and accurate partial derivatives, unguaranteed convergence, and a non-smooth solution space. Here, these problems are overcome through the use of short-arc segments and a recently developed Lambert solver, complete with the necessary fast and accurate partial derivatives. These short arcs guarantee existence and uniqueness for the Lambert solutions when transfer angles are limited to less than a half revolution. Furthermore, the use of many short segments simultaneously approximates low-thrust and eliminates the need to specify impulsive maneuver quantity or location. For preliminary trajectory optimization, the EBVP technique is simple to implement, benefiting from an unconstrained formulation, the well-known Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno line search direction, and Cartesian coordinates. Moreover, the technique is naturally parallelizable via the independence of each segment’s EBVP. This new, many-rev EBVP technique is scalable and reliable for trajectories with thousands of segments. Several minimum fuel and energy examples are demonstrated, including a problem with 6143 segments for 256 revolutions, found within 5.5 h on a single processor. Smaller problems with only hundreds of segments take minutes.
The influence of frailty on postoperative complications in geriatric patients receiving single-level lumbar fusion surgery

This study evaluates the influence of patient frailty status on postoperative complications in those receiving single-level lumbar fusion surgery. The nationwide readmission database was retrospectively queried between 2016 and 2017 for all patients receiving single-level lumbar fusion surgery. Readmissions were analyzed at 30, 90, and 180 days from primary discharge. Demographics, frailty status, and relevant complications were queried at index admission and all readmission intervals. Complications of interest included infection, urinary tract infection (UTI), posthemorrhagic anemia, inpatient length of stay (LOS), and adjusted all-payer costs. Nearest-neighbor propensity score matching for demographics was implemented to identify non-frail control patients with similar diagnoses and procedures. The analysis used nonparametric Mann–Whitney U testing and odds ratios. Comparing propensity-matched cohorts revealed significantly greater LOS and total all-payer inpatient costs in frail patients than non-frail patients with comparable demographics and comorbidities (p < 0.0001 for both). Furthermore, frail patients encountered higher rates of UTI (OR: 3.97, 95%CI: 3.21–4.95, p < 0.0001), infection (OR: 6.87, 95%CI: 4.55–10.86, p < 0.0001), and posthemorrhagic anemia (OR: 1.94, 95%CI: 1.71–2.19, p < 0.0001) immediately following surgery. Frail patients had significantly higher rates of 30-day (OR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.02–1.51, p = 0.035), 90-day (OR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.17–1.63, p < 0.001), and 180-day (OR: 1.55, 95%CI: 1.30–1.85, p < 0.0001) readmissions. Lastly, frail patients had higher rates of infection at 30-day (OR: 1.61, 95%CI: 1.05–2.46, p = 0.027) and 90-day (OR: 1.51, 95%CI: 1.07–2.16, p = 0.020) readmission intervals. Patient frailty status may serve as an important predictor of postoperative outcomes in patients receiving single-level lumbar fusion surgery.
Reframing Policy Discourse on the School-to-Prison Pipeline

This work selects a political cite in which the state policy reform occurs to examine reasons and underlying ideologies for some consensus on the debates regarding the need to criminalize or decriminalize truancy. Studying the legislation help to unpack the nature of relationships in social systems, with the purpose of eliminating unbalanced power relations in the politics of school discipline policy reform. Embedding whiteness as a grounded lens, we conducted critical discourse analysis and critical policy analysis to deconstruct one bill to capture major competing political discourses pertinent to school disciplinary policy reform the Texas State Legislature. Although the counter-discourse of the reform shows resistance toward change, findings reflect widespread concerns across broad constituencies about the injustice of school disciplinary policy, the necessity of decriminalizing students, and the ideologies of discipline and control. The rich discourses reveal tensions of opponents’ political stances on the issues of school-to-prison pipeline at the macro-level. With an eye toward reframing the academic discourse with respect to school disciplinary issues, we further discuss the language used in describing truancy issues and offer an in-depth understanding of the dominant discourse of discipline policy reform.
Phenylpropanolamine-induced psychosis: Potential predisposing factors

Abstract Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a sympathomimetic drug contained in numerous over-the-counter and prescription decongestants and appetite suppressants. A range of adverse effects have been reported, including neuropsychiatric reactions in patients known to be taking recommended doses. Given that psychiatric symptoms are not included in the manufacturer's lists of adverse drug reactions, the incidence may be significantly higher. We report a case of paranoid psychosis following use of a decongestant containing PPA and summarize the case report literature of psychiatric adverse effects to PPA in which doses were known and stated to be within recommended guidelines. A pattern of possible risk factors emerges from these reports. These may include 1) symptoms or history of mood spectrum disorder, 2) history of psychosis, 3) female sex, 4) family history of psychiatric disorder. The possibility that a higher incidence of adverse events occurs in a vulnerable population has not been systematically addressed, and seems called for. We recommend that physicians specifically inquire about patients' use of decongestants and diet aids. In half of the above cases, symptoms resolved without the use of antipsychotics.
New class of potent catalysts of O2˙− dismutation. Mn(III)ortho-methoxyethylpyridyl- and di-ortho-methoxyethylimidazolylporphyrins

Three new Mn(III) porphyrin catalysts of O2˙− dismutation (superoxide dismutase mimics), bearing ether oxygen atoms within their side chains, were synthesized and characterized: Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[N-(2-methoxyethyl)pyridinium-2-yl]porphyrin (MnTMOE-2-PyP5+), Mn(III)5,10,15,20-tetrakis[N-methyl-N′-(2-methoxyethyl)imidazolium-2-yl]porphyrin (MnTM,MOE-2-ImP5+) and Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[N,N′-di(2-methoxyethyl)imidazolium-2-yl]porphyrin (MnTDMOE-2-ImP5+). Their catalytic rate constants for O2˙− dismutation( disproportionation) and the related metal-centered redox potentials vs. NHE are: log kcat = 8.04 (E1/2 = +251 mV) for MnTMOE-2-PyP5+, log kcat = 7.98 (E1/2 = +356 mV) for MnTM,MOE-2-ImP5+ and log kcat = 7.59 (E1/2 = +365 mV) for MnTDMOE-2-ImP5+. The new porphyrins were compared to the previously described SOD mimics Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP5+), Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-n-butylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTnBu-2-PyP5+) and Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N,N′-diethylimidazolium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTDE-2-ImP5+). MnTMOE-2-PyP5+ has side chains of the same length and the same E1/2, as MnTnBu-2-PyP5+ (kcat = 7.25, E1/2 = + 254 mV), yet it is 6-fold more potent a catalyst of O2˙− dismutation, presumably due to the presence of the ether oxygen. The log kcatvs. E1/2 relationship for all Mn porphyrin-based SOD mimics thus far studied is discussed. None of the new compounds were toxic to Escherichia coli in the concentration range studied (up to 30 μM), and protected SOD-deficient E. coli in a concentration-dependent manner. At 3 μM levels, the MnTDMOE-2-ImP5+, bearing an oxygen atom within each of the eight side chains, was the most effective and offered much higher protection than MnTE-2-PyP5+, while MnTDE-2-ImP5+ was of very low efficacy.
Depression as a risk factor for coronary artery disease: evidence, mechanisms, and treatment.

Objective The present paper reviews the evidence that depression is a risk factor for the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods MEDLINE searches and reviews of bibliographies were used to identify relevant articles. Articles were clustered by theme: depression as a risk factor, biobehavioral mechanisms, and treatment outcome studies. Results Depression confers a relative risk between 1.5 and 2.0 for the onset of CAD in healthy individuals, whereas depression in patients with existing CAD confers a relative risk between 1.5 and 2.5 for cardiac morbidity and mortality. A number of plausible biobehavioral mechanisms linking depression and CAD have been identified, including treatment adherence, lifestyle factors, traditional risk factors, alterations in autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, platelet activation, and inflammation. Conclusion There is substantial evidence for a relationship between depression and adverse clinical outcomes. However, despite the availability of effective therapies for depression, there is a paucity of data to support the efficacy of these interventions to improve clinical outcomes for depressed CAD patients. Randomized clinical trials are needed to further evaluate the value of treating depression in CAD patients to improve survival and reduce morbidity.
Estimation of Time of Arrival for Rectangular Pulses

We consider the performance of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the time of arrival of a rectangular pulse in additive white Gaussian noise. Upper and lower bounds are derived for the mean square error. These bounds are tight for both medium and large energy-to-noise ratios.
GE-31DECONSTRUCTING TUMOR HETEROGENEITY THROUGH DIFFERENTIAL GENE COEXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF SERIAL SECTIONS (DGCASS)

Gliomas are a common type of brain tumor accounting for ∼80% of malignant brain tumors. Low-grade gliomas have better prognosis than high-grade gliomas but inevitably recur at higher grades, highlighting the need for improved understanding of molecular mechanisms of disease progression. Recent advances in molecular profiling of tumors have raised hopes for the development of targeted therapeutics based on specific genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic patterns. However, these efforts are complicated by the highly heterogeneous nature of glioma and the fact that tumor classification can depend on sampling strategy. Therefore, it is important to develop new tools to assess the full extent of tumor heterogeneity in a systematic and unbiased manner. Here we present an approach for deconstructing tumor heterogeneity using common laboratory equipment called Differential Gene Coexpression Analysis of Serial Sections (DGCASS). DGCASS combines a novel sampling strategy of serial cryo-sections with unbiased gene coexpression analysis to reveal patterns of gene activity that are shared or unique within tissue samples. We apply DGCASS to a single grade II oligoastrocytoma and identify groups of genes whose expression patterns are highly correlated within the tumor but not within normal human brain samples. In parallel, we employ a combination of exome sequencing, amplicon deep-sequencing, and droplet-digital PCR to identify and quantify the frequencies of somatic mutations over serial sections of the same tumor sample, revealing the existence of distinct clonal populations within the tumor. We show that specific clonal populations are associated with specific aberrant patterns of gene activity within the tumor. Our results indicate that DGCASS is an effective strategy for identifying the transcriptional consequences of specific mutations (or combinations thereof) within a single tissue sample, and suggest a simple and generalizable approach for deconstructing heterogeneity in other solid tumors.
MACBETH IN THE HANDS OF FRENCH AND SPANISH TRANSLATORS

Author's Summary.— Translation into poetic language, preserving the meanings and subtleties of the original is one of the fine arts, and is truly scholarly production. The difficulties encountered in interpreting and adequately translating Shakespeare are illustrated by comparisons of representative translations into French and Spanish, of passages from Macbeth.
Applicability of Rayleigh–Gans Scattering to Spherical Particles

Exact computations of scattering functions for spheres are compared with those obtained from the Rayleigh-Gans theory of scattering of electromagnetic radiation. The range of validity for spheres as a guide for non-homogeneous particles and other geometries. This study is limited to non-absorbing particles with real indices of refraction. (C.E.S.)
An improved upper bound for the pebbling threshold of the n-path

Given a configuration of t indistinguishable pebbles on the n vertices of a graph G, we say that a vertex v can be reached if a pebble can be placed on it in a finite number of "moves". G is said to be pebbleable if all its vertices can be thus reached. Now given the n-path Pn how large (resp. small) must t be so as to be able to pebble the path almost surely (resp. almost never)? It was known that the threshold th(Pn) for pebbling the path satisfies n2clgn≤th(Pn)≤n22lgn, where lg=log2 and c 1 is arbitrary.
Electrical Circuit Model and Dynamic Analysis of Implantable Enzymatic Biofuel Cells Operating In Vivo

This paper presents an electric circuit model and a dynamic analysis of enzymatic biofuel cells. The model is consistent with classical double-layer capacitance electrode behavior, fuel cell polarization models, and fuel diffusion limits, and may be extracted from commonly used electrochemical measurements. It is shown to accurately predict the observed experimental behavior of implantable enzymatic biofuel cells operating in vivo. The model is analyzed under various power loading conditions to consider runtime and fuel replenishment implications. A case study for powering a pacemaker is considered; and the results and SPICE simulations are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental observations. The model can be used to identify areas for future biofuel cell improvement and to provide insight into critical electrical interface and system-level issues that must be addressed to advance the adoption of in vivo application of biofuel cells.
MIMO Systems with Arbitrary Antenna Array Architectures: Channel Modeling, Capacity and Low-Complexity Signaling

The focus of this work is on multi-antenna systems with arbitrary antenna array architectures. First, we propose a multi-antenna channel model that encompasses many of the existing models and study the capacity of such systems. We show that capacity is achieved by pre-nulling the input signals along the transmit array manifold with a transmit-SNR dependent rank and power control. The rank of the optimal signaling scheme is monotonically non-decreasing as SNR increases. Thus our results generalize many known results in this area. Further, we compute two explicit SNR values, rholow below which rank-1 signaling and rhohigh above which full-rank signaling are near-optimal, respectively. Finally, with a focus on low-complexity scalar signaling schemes, we propose a sub-optimal beamforming approach that minimizes the statistical feedback necessary to implement such schemes. While almost all works in this area assume a genie-aided statistics acquisition process, we show that the proposed scheme trades-off performance with statistical feedback overhead attractively.
Electron-Electron Scattering in the Transport Coefficients of Simple Metals

The parametrization of simple-metal Fermi surfaces by a set of band gaps leads to a model for umklapp electron-electron (Coulomb) scattering and its contribution to electrical resistivity. We discuss transport coefficients in general, but emphasize electrical resistivity, which would vanish without umklapp processes. We treat deviations from Matthiessen's rule resulting from the energy dependence of the deviation function, for the case in which both electron-electron and electron-impurity scattering are present. The resulting ${T}^{2}$ power law is too small to be seen in polyvalent metals. In potassium, the ${T}^{2}$ term is comparable to the phonon contribution at about 2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
ON THE EXTERIOR CRACK WITH CONTACT ZONES

The paper discusses the exterior crack with possible contact zones, and shows by an example that contact between the crack faces exists for most combinations of the stress resultants applied at infmity.
The Effect of Lubricant Inertia Near the Leading Edge of a Plane Slider Bearing

Effets de l'inertie du lubrifiant au voisinage de l'entree dans un patin de glissement plan
Deletion of the nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial citrate transport protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial citrate transport protein (i.e., CTP1) has been deleted from a haploid yeast strain. The stable yeast deletion strain was constructed by homologous recombination of the HIS3 gene at the CTP1 gene locus. Deletion of the CTP was confirmed by PCR. Immunoblot analysis provided the first quantitative estimate of the level of the CTP in wild-type yeast mitochondria and indicated the absence of expressed CTP in mitochondria isolated from the deletion strain. Deletion of CTP1 did not lead to a phenotype on any carbon source tested, indicating that CTP1 is not an essential gene. This suggests that either known alternative pathways are able to produce sufficient acetyl-CoA to support biosynthetic reactions, or there exists a second CTP gene. The ability of the deletion strain to serve as a host for the correct targeting and overexpression of a mutated CTP was then demonstrated. These studies provide a system which permits the use of site-directed mutagenesis to examine both CTP targeting to mitochondria, as well as the molecular basis underlying CTP function. Moreover, this system will not only facilitate the study of the yeast CTP, but also CTPs expressed from the cDNAs of higher eukaryotes.
Violence and Sexual Minority Youth

Among the most maligned and harassed students in high schools are those who are perceived not to fit the norms for sexual behavior. These include gay and lesbian students, bisexual students, transgendered students, effeminate heterosexual males, and masculine-acting heterosexual females. Together these students are the targets of a wide range of negative behaviors from subtle exclusion to physical assault. In addition, many develop negative attitudes towards themselves which put them at increased risk for self-harm and suicide. The origin of these attitudes and behaviors is societal homophobia that fuels social aggression against this stigmatized group. Although challenging, educators can assist in undermining the effects of homophobia on sexual minorities through teaching tolerance, sponsoring support groups that address these issues, and providing educational opportunities about sexual minority youth.
Dynamic analysis of high speed gears by using loaded static transmission error

Abstract A single degree of freedom non-linear model is used for the dynamic analysis of a gear pair. Two methods are suggested and a computer program is developed for calculating the dynamic mesh and tooth forces, dynamic factors based on stresses, and dynamic transmission error from measured or calculated loaded static transmission errors. The analysis includes the effects of variable mesh stiffness and mesh damping, gear errors (pitch, profile and runout errors), profile modifications and backlash. The accuracy of the method, which includes the time variation of both mesh stiffness and damping is demonstrated with numerical examples. In the second method, which is an approximate one, the time average of the mesh stiffness is used. However, the formulation used in the approximate analysis allows for the inclusion of the excitation effect of the variable mesh stiffness. It is concluded from the comparison of the results of the two methods that the displacement excitation resulting from a variable mesh stiffness is more important than the change in system natural frequency resulting from the mesh stiffness variation. Although the theory presented is general and applicable to spur, helical and spiral bevel gears, the computer program prepared is for only spur gears.
Lysosomal changes in the gut of rats after chronic treatment with phenobarbital.

Abstract Significant increases in lysosomal enzyme activities in the intestine of rats were observed 1 and 2 months after daily oral administration of 100mg/kg of phenobarbital. As early as 1 month after daily treatment, α-glucosidase, gb-galactosidase, β - N -acetyl-galactosaminidase, β - N -acetyl-glucosaminidase, β-xylosidase, acid phosphatase, and cathepsin-like and trypsin-like activities were increased, while α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase activity increased only after the second month. Ultrastructural changes—increased agranular endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomal particles and increase in acid phosphatase-positive dense bodies and coated vesicles in the absorptive cell of the intestine—were observed in the phenobarbital-treated rats. Mucosal transport of 14 C-methionine and 14 C- d -xylose was not altered.
The Effects of NPY and Insulin on Food Intake Regulation in Fish

Synopsis. Recent abundant studies report that in rodents starvation induces increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression and peptide secretion in the hypothalamus which reduces autonomic nervous activity and promotes food intake, and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NPY has potent orexigenic effects. Conversely, the effect of insulin in the central nervous system is to inhibit food intake and NPY biosynthesis and secretion. In mammals body fatness is regulated and insulin acts as one intake inhibitory signal related to fatness. In salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) we have demonstrated a rise in NPY-like mRNA expression and a coincident decrease in plasma insulin levels during 2 to 3 weeks of starvation. Additionally, experimentally manipulating body fatness with high and low fat diets has demonstrated that body fatness affects food intake in teleost fishes, raising the possibility that NPY and insulin act to regulate their food intake. Therefore, we hypothesized that as in rodents, ICV treatment with ...
Controversies about Controversial Issues in Democratic Education

I a recent study of Americans’ beliefs about how government should work, political scientists John Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse (2002) painted a depressing picture of a populace that does not care much about political issues and policies. Contrary to the view that people yearn for greater and more meaningful involvement in self-governance, their research showed that the vast majority of Americans purposely avoid political participation, and that many actually recoil from a system they perceive as driven by narrow self-interest and rancorous conflict. Hibbing and Theiss-Morse are not the only researchers documenting the low level of political engagement in the United States. Their study is particularly important, though, because it links declines in political engagement to the views that many hold regarding conflict and controversy. They identified a vexing paradox: While Americans generally like conflict and controversy (e.g., their addiction to watching competitive sports and reality shows on television), they generally dislike contentious disputes about politics, policy issues, and governance. Hibbing and TheissMorse advocate teaching the populace to accept the inevitability, that there is “disagreement among Americans on how to resolve issues that are important to them and to accept that there is disagreement on which issues deserve to be on the political agenda in the first place” (2002, 223). One way they suggest changing Americans’ views toward political conflict is to revamp what students in elementary and secondary schools are taught about the nature of democracy and democratic participation. They advocate loading the civic education curriculum with hotly debated political issues in order to teach young people that controversy is not an unfortunate byproduct of democracy, but one of its core and vital elements. The idea that controversial political issues should be a central feature of a school-based democratic education program is not new. In an influential report about social studies issued in 1916, schools were encouraged to create “Problems of Democracy” courses that emphasized contemporary political issues (U.S. Bureau of Education). Enthusiasm for this approach continues today among some educators as evidenced by the recently released Civic Mission of the Schools Report (2002), which endorses covering political controversies in the curriculum. Specifically, it recommends that schools:
Ribbing disease: radiographic and biochemical characterization, lack of response to pamidronate.

Abstract Ribbing disease is a rare form of sclerosing dysplasia characterized by benign endosteal and periosteal bone growth confined to the diaphyses of the long bones, usually the tibiae and femora. The onset is usually after puberty and the most common presentation is pain that is usually self-limited, but may progress. The etiology and optimal treatment for the disease are unknown. We present the case of a 39-year-old Hispanic man with clinical and radiological manifestations of Ribbing disease. Radiographs and CT imaging demonstrated typical cortical thickening in the mid-diaphyses of the tibiae bilaterally that correlated with intense tracer uptake on 99mTc-MDP bone scans. MRI demonstrated cortical thickening and abnormal marrow signal consistent with marrow edema. Bone marrow edema may explain the pain frequently associated with the disease. Multiple serum and urine markers of bone metabolism were within normal limits. In an effort to ameliorate pain, the patient was treated with the bisphosphonate, pamidronate. In spite of treatment, pain increased, requiring additional and larger doses of analgesics. Serial radiographs, CT, bone scans, and MRI all demonstrated disease progression with pamidronate treatment. In this report we present for the first time the finding of bone marrow edema with MRI as well as disease progression during intravenous pamidronate treatment.
Appetitive conditioning in neonatal rats: Conditioned orientation to a novel odor

These experiments document a form of early appetitive learning in rats obtained using classical conditioning procedures. Some of the special determinants of this conditioning are described, as well as ontogenetic changes in the effectiveness of training procedures. Learning was apparent when deprived 3- and 6-day old rats oriented to and maintained contact with a novel and normally aversive odor after this odor had been paired with oral infusions of milk (Experiment I). The effectiveness of the conditioning procedures depended on the temperature at which pups were trained (Experiment IB). Moreover, the reinforcing properties of milk infusions depended on deprivation (Experiment IC). This conditioned change in responsiveness to odor was specific to the odor that had been paired with milk (Experiment II) and was retained for at least 24 hr (Experiment III).
Taste preferences and sensory perceptions in female varsity swimmers

Taste preferences and sensory estimates of sweetness and fat content of 16 dairy stimuli with varying levels of fat (0%, 3·5%, 10·5% and 37·6%) and sucrose (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%) were compared in members of a Division I college women's swim team and women who did not engage in any organized sports. No differences in taste preferences or sensory estimates were observed for swimmers across the athletic season. However, swimmers had significantly lower preference ratings for high-sucrose and high-fat stimuli than controls. Controls who reported exercising more than 3 h a week also displayed decreased preference ratings for high-sucrose and high-fat stimuli relative to controls who reported exercising less than 3 h a week. With respect to sensory estimates, swimmers reported that high-sucrose stimuli were sweeter, low-fat stimuli were less fatty, and high-fat stimuli were more fatty than controls. The preference ratings and sensory estimates of these athletes were similar to those previously seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
Phase equilibria among acid calcium phosphates

The stable ternary system H3PO4-Ca(OH)2-H2O has been established further by determining the equilibria among the acidic calcium phosphates. In particular, equilibria involving CaHPO4·2H2O, CaHPO4, Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O, and Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O have been established. In contrast to earlier opinions, Ca(H2PO4)2 is not a stable phase in this system at any temperature below 100°C. Ca(H2PO4)2 can be made only in boiling H3PO4 liquors at 130°C or by dehydration of Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O. Ca(H2PO4)2 converts to Ca(H2PO4)2H2O upon equilibration in calcium phosphate solutions. A liquid region seems to exist between H3PO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O. Therefore, the related invariant point between H3PO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O does not exist at 25°C. The most soluble point lies between Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O and H3PO4. The invariant point involving the solids Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O and CaHPO4 is outside its compatibility triangle, and Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O dissolves incongruently. Furthermore, the compatibility line between H2O and Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O intersects the solubility curve of hydroxyapatite, suggesting Ca(H2PO4)2H2O dissolution can form hydroxyapatite initially. The dissolution of Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O in deionized water forms CaHPO4·2H2O, having a very-thin-plate morphology below 55°C, and CaHPO4, having a rectangular-block morphology above 55°C. Over time CaHPO4·2H2O converts to CaHPO4 at temperatures above 36°C. The data obtained in this study have been combined with published data to construct a more complete H3PO4–Ca(OH)2-H2O diagram at 25°C.
The effect of auditory hallucinations on loudness of verbal report

The loudness of verbal reports by three very hypnotizable, highly trained Ss were rated during both hypnotic auditory hallucinations and real sound changes. Loudness of voice varied significantly as a function of actual sound level but apparently not at all as a function of hallucinated level. This result accords with the “skeptical” position on hallucinations and other hypnotic phenomena and, in particular, with the evidence from studies of auditory hallucinations involving suppression of previously conditioned responses or of the disruptive effects of delayed auditory feedback.
Electrodeposited Biaxially Textured Ni Layer for YBCO Superconductor Oxide Films

Nonvacuum electrodeposition was used to prepare biaxially textured Ni coatings on Ni-W substrates. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (including θ/2θ, pole figures, omega scans, and phi scans), and atomicforce microscopy. Pole-figure scans show that electrodeposited (ED) Ni on textured Ni-W (3 atom %) is 99.3% cube textured. Full width at half-maximum values of the ω scan and Φ scan of the electrodeposited Ni layers were comparable to the Ni-W base substrates, indicating good biaxial texturing. The buffer structures were completed on these types of seed ED-Ni layers by pulsed-laser-deposited (PLD) CeO 2 /YSZ/CeO 2 . We obtained a critical current density of 1.8 MA/cm 2 at 75.2 K in 600 Gauss magnetic field for PLD YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - δ /CeO 2 /YSZ/CeO 2 /ED-Ni/Ni-W.
Diagnostic Characteristics of Late-Night Salivary Cortisol Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the diagnostic performance of a commercially available late-night salivary cortisol (NSC) assay using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods: We retrospectively identified 90 patients who had one or more NSC determinations: 52 patients in whom Cushing syndrome (CS) was excluded or could not be confirmed [group 1 (G1)] and 38 patients in whom CS was confirmed [group 2 (G2)]. Eighteen healthy volunteers served as controls. Results: Baseline demographics in all groups were similar with regards to age, ethnicity, gender, and body mass index. NSC levels [median (range)] were higher in G2, 381 (64–13,500) ng/dl [10.51 (1.77–372.46) nmol/liter], compared with controls, 19.3 (2.1–416) ng/dl [0.53 (0.06–11.48) nmol/liter], and G1, 26 (4–176) ng/dl [0.72 (0.11–4.86) nmol/liter, P < 0.001]. The highest combined sensitivity (92%) and specificity (92%) was achieved at a cut point of 107 ng/dl (2.95 nmol/liter). Two or more NSCs were done in 32 of 5...
Bridging the gap between X(5) and the interacting boson model

Phase transitional behavior in the evolution of nuclear structure from spherical to deformed shapes is often investigated in two seemingly different contexts: within the framework of the interacting boson approximation (IBA) model, or using a geometric approach such as the X(5) or E(5) solutions. To study the connection between these two different models, two-parameter IBA-1 calculations were performed and compared to the parameter-free predictions of the X(5) model. The results show that the X(5) solution cannot be exactly reproduced by any point in the two-parameter space and that the best agreement is close to, but does not coincide with, the phase transitional region for a finite number of particles. Comparison of these two approaches with experimental data on X(5)-type nuclei shows that while X(5) and the two-parameter IBA can reproduce characteristic energy ratios in these nuclei, the IBA calculations give better agreement with the experimental electromagnetic transition strengths.
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Refractory or Poor-Risk Relapsed Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Effect of the Specific High-Dose Chemotherapy Regimen on Outcome

Abstract More active high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) regimens are needed for refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). We report a cohort analysis of 180 consecutive patients with primary refractory or poor-risk relapsed HL treated with busulfan-melphalan (Bu-Mel) (n = 39), gemcitabine-busulfan-melphalan (Gem-Bu-Mel) (n = 84), or BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, ara-C, melphalan; n = 57) between 2005 and 2010. Their pre-HDC positron emission tomography (PET) scans were interpreted prospectively. Despite more prevalent poor-risk features in the Gem-Bu-Mel cohort, such as PET-positive tumors at HDC, tumors growing at HDC, extranodal disease, or bulky tumors at prior relapse, this cohort had improved outcomes compared with the Bu-Mel and BEAM cohorts, with event-free survival (EFS) rates of 57%, 33%, and 39%, respectively (P = .01), at median follow-up of the whole population of 36 months (range, 3 to 72). Their respective overall survival (OS) rates were, respectively, 82%, 52%, and 59% (P = .04). Secondary acute myelogenous leukemia was seen in 5 patients after BEAM but was not seen in Gem-Bu-Mel and Bu-Mel cohorts (P = .004). Multivariate analyses showed independent adverse effects of an HDC regimen different from Gem-Bu-Mel (hazard ratio [HR] for EFS = 2.3, P = .0008; HR for OS = 2.7, P = .0005), positive PET at HDC (HR for EFS = 2.2, P = .004, HR for OS = 3.1, P = .0001), and >1 previous salvage line (HR for EFS = 1.9, P = .008, HR for OS = 1.8, P = .07). Gem-Bu-Mel improved outcomes in this cohort analysis of patients with refractory/poor-risk relapsed HL and merits evaluation in randomized phase III trials.