cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic and Institutional Foundations of Turkish Cypriot Governance and the ‘ITEM’ Law

This chapter offers the institutional and political developments of Turkish Cypriot governance in the light of clientelism and rentierism. Backgrounds on the key political parties—CTP, UBP, TKP and DP—are presented, and the general structure of the state is also discussed. The chapter addresses the abiding issue of the ‘resettlement’ of Turkish Cypriots which included the allocation of immovable property to refugees, under the ITEM law, of those who had left their homes in the south of the island in the 1974 period, as well as migrants who were subsequently brought from Turkey to settle in the north. The author details the relevant laws in this regard and introduces data on the issues.
ReMiND: Improving Emotional Awareness for Persons in Recovery

This paper introduces ReMiND, a wearable for emotional awareness and mindfulness that targets individuals in recovery. Through a human-centered design process, working in conjunction with twelve-step fellowship groups, we conceived ReMiND as a tool to help those in recovery improve emotional awareness, reduce isolation, form new habits, and positively cope with new challenges.
Rural access to MAT in Pennsylvania (RAMP): a hybrid implementation study protocol for medication assisted treatment adoption among rural primary care providers

The continued escalation of opioid use disorder (OUD) calls for heightened vigilance to implement evidence-based care across the US. Rural care providers and patients have limited resources, and a number of barriers exist that can impede necessary OUD treatment services. This paper reports the design and protocol of an implementation study seeking to advance availability of medication assisted treatment (MAT) for OUD in rural Pennsylvania counties for patients insured by Medicaid in primary care settings. This project was a hybrid implementation study. Within a chronic care model paradigm, we employed the Framework for Systems Transformation to implement the American Society for Addiction Medicine care model for the use of medications in the treatment of OUD. In partnership with state leadership, Medicaid managed care organizations, local care management professionals, the Universities of Pittsburgh and Utah, primary care providers (PCP), and patients; the project team worked within 23 rural Pennsylvania counties to engage, recruit, train, and collaborate to implement the OUD service model in PCP practices from 2016 to 2019. Formative measures included practice-level metrics to monitor project implementation, and outcome measures involved employing Medicaid claims and encounter data to assess changes in provider/patient-level OUD-related metrics, such as MAT provider supply, prevalence of OUD, and MAT utilization. Descriptive statistics and repeated measures regression analyses were used to assess changes across the study period. There is an urgent need in the US to expand access to high quality, evidence-based OUD treatment—particularly in rural areas where capacity is limited for service delivery in order to improve patient health and protect lives. Importantly, this project leverages multiple partners to implement a theory- and practice-driven model of care for OUD. Results of this study will provide needed evidence in the field for appropriate methods for implementing MAT among a large number of rural primary care providers.
ON THE THEME OF LIBERATED LOVE AND GLOBAL FEMINIST DISCOURSE

My exploration of the work of Pamela Sue Anderson focuses on what she calls “a philosophical imaginary” in her article “Towards a New Philosophical Imaginary,” in which she responds to Judith Butle...
An analyse of quality of life of elderly person in community and influencing factors

Objective To understand the quality of life of elderly person living at community,and to find out the related influencing factors and thus to provide references for policies makers to improve the of life quality of the elderly person.Methods To investigate quality of life for elderly person living at community in Minhang district of Shanghai by adopting SF-36 form. Meanwhile,to find out the principal influencing factors on quality of life by adopting both single-factor and multiple-factor analysis.Results The score of life quality of senior citizen in local was as following 71.94±23.29(Physical Function),73.64±43.03(Role Physical),80.24±20.25(Bodily Pain),53.20±19.07(General Health),70.40±15.67(Vitality),83.79±20.24(Social Function),81.13±37.16(Role Emotional),78.14±15.43(Mental Health),74.06±17.49(Weighted average).There were two aspects of the factors that influencing elderly persons' the quality of life:disease-related (coronary heart disease,arthritis,diabetes mellitus,cerebrovascular accident,cataract,gall-stone and chronic bronchitis) and non-disease-related (habitation,physical exercise,age,gender,entertainment and record of employment). Conclusions The controllable factors that impact on quality of life of elderly living at community is habitation,physical exercise,entertainment and disease. Key words: Community; Elderly; Quality of life; SF-36; Influencing factor
Are teeth superior to implants? A mapping review

Abstract Statement of problem There is a long-held assumption that teeth are superior to implants because the periodontal ligament (PDL) confers a preeminent defense against biologic and mechanical challenges. However, adequate analysis of the literature is lacking. As a result, differential treatment planning of tooth- and implant-supported restorations has been compromised. Purpose Given an abundance and diversity of research, the purpose of this mapping review was to identify basic scientific gaps in the knowledge of how teeth and implants respond to biologic and mechanical loads. The findings will offer enhanced evidence-based clinical decision-making when considering replacement of periodontally compromised teeth and the design of implant prostheses. Material and methods The online databases PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science were searched. Published work from 1965 to 2020 was collected and independently analyzed by both authors for inclusion in this review. Results A total of 108 articles met the inclusion criteria of clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies in the English language on the periradicular and peri-implant bone response to biologic and mechanical loads. The qualitative analysis found that the PDL's enhanced vascularity, stem cell ability, and resident cells that respond to inflammation allow for a more robust defense against biologic threats compared with implants. While the suspensory PDL acts to mediate moderate loads to the bone, higher compressive stress and strain within the PDL itself can initiate a biologic sequence of osteoclastic activity that can affect changes in the adjacent bone. Conversely, the peri-implant bone is more resistant to similar loads and the threshold for overload is higher because of the absence of a stress or strain sensitivity inherent in the PDL. Conclusions Based on this mapping review, teeth are superior to implants in their ability to resist biologic challenges, but implants are superior to teeth in managing higher compressive loads without prompting bone resorption.
Modeling the frequency and number of persons to test to detect and control COVID-19 outbreaks in congregate settings

Abstract Background Congregate settings are at risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks. Diagnostic testing can be used as a tool in these settings to identify outbreaks and to control transmission. Methods We used transmission modeling to estimate the minimum number of persons to test and the optimal frequency to detect small outbreaks of COVID-19 in a congregate facility. We also estimated the frequency of testing needed to interrupt transmission within a facility. Results The number of people to test and frequency of testing needed depended on turnaround time, facility size, and test characteristics. Parameters are calculated for a variety of scenarios. In a facility of 100 people, 26 randomly selected individuals would need to be tested at least every 6 days to identify a true underlying prevalence of at least 5%, with test sensitivity of 85%, and greater than 95% outbreak detection sensitivity. Disease transmission could be interrupted with universal, facility-wide testing with rapid turnaround every three days. Conclusions Testing a subset of individuals in congregate settings can improve early detection of small outbreaks of COVID-19. Frequent universal diagnostic testing can be used to interrupt transmission within a facility, but its efficacy is reliant on rapid turnaround of results for isolation of infected individuals.
Arbitrary but predictive cues support attention to overlooked features

Abstract As children learn words, they develop attentional biases that support word learning but are hard to overcome. Predictive contextual cues may help increase attention to non-biased, or overlooked, features. This study sought to direct 3-year-old children’s attention to texture, a feature typically overlooked when categorizing new words early in development. During training, half of the children learned novel shape (a biased feature) and texture (an overlooked feature) categories with predictive cues, and half of the children learned the same categories with non-predictive cues. Children were then tested in a categorization task with novel texture words. The cues were present at test in Experiment 1 (N = 63) and absent in Experiment 2 (N = 37). Children in the predictive cue condition consistently chose the texture match more often than children in the non-predictive cue condition. These results inform our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to word learning.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related thrombocytopenia: incidence, risk factors and effect on survival

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are associated with unique immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Immune-related thrombocytopenia (irTCP) is an understudied and poorly understood toxicity; little data are available regarding either risk of irTCP or the effect of irTCP on clinical outcomes of patients treated with ICI. We conducted a retrospective review of sequential cancer patients treated with ICI between 2011 and 2017 at our institution. All patients who received ICI alone or in combination with other systemic therapy in any line of treatment were included; those with thrombocytopenia ≥ grade 3 at baseline were excluded. We calculated the incidence of ≥ grade 3 irTCP and overall survival (OS). Patient factors associated with irTCP were assessed. We identified 1,038 patients that met eligibility criteria. Overall, 89 (8.6%) patients developed grade ≥ 3 thrombocytopenia; eighteen were attributed to ICI (1.73% overall). Patients who developed grade ≥ 3 irTCP had worse overall survival compared to those whose thrombocytopenia was unrelated to ICI (4.17 vs. 10.8 month; HR. 1.94, 95% CI 1.13, 3.33; log-rank p = 0.0164). Patients with grade ≥ 3 irTCP also had worse survival compared to those without thrombocytopenia (4.17 vs. 13.31 months; HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.36, 3.62; log-rank p = 0.001). The incidence of irTCP appeared lowest among those treated with PD-1/L1 monotherapy (p = 0.059) and was not associated with cancer type, smoking status, age, gender, race, or line of therapy. Unlike other irAEs, we found that irTCP was associated with worse overall survival. The incidence of irTCP appeared lowest among those treated with PD-1/L1 monotherapy.
Histologic Detection of Fat Emboli

We describe a procedure for detection of fat emboli in formalin fixed tissue using osmium tetroxide postfixation. Intravascular fat in tissue postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in epoxy or paraffin, and stained with toluidine blue, hematoxylin, or Oil Red O is more easily visualized than in frozen tissue that is stained with Oil Red O. With these methods, fat emboli may be detected years after the initial autopsy.
Toward an historical archaeology of the Intermountain West

Since the 1970s, the amount of historic sites research in the Intermountain West has increased dramatically on a wave of mining and exploration for gas and oil. The conduct of historical archaeology in the region, however, continues to be site-specific and serendipitous without the benefit of regional research strategies. Several interpretive themes that might provide a regional framework are considered in this paper, including the evolution of hydraulic society, uncertain enterprises and boom-bust cycles, the legacy of conquest, frontier urbanism, and dependency upon the federal government.
South to A New Place: Region, Literature, Culture

Taking Albert Murray's South to a Very Old Place as a starting point, contributors to this exciting collection continue the work of critically and creatively remapping the South through their freewheeling studies of southern literature and culture. Appraising representations of the South within a context that is postmodern, diverse, widely inclusive, and international, the essays present multiple ways of imagining the South and examine both new places and old landscapes in an attempt to tie the mythic southern balloon down to earth. In his foreword, an insightful discussion of numerous Souths and the ways they are perceived, Richard Gray explains one of the key goals of the book: to open up to scrutiny the literary and cultural practice that has come to be known as ""regionalism."" Part I, ""Surveying the Territory,"" theorizes definitions of place and region, and includes an analysis of southern literary regionalism from the 1930s to the present and an exploration of southern popular culture. In ""Mapping the Region,"" essayists examine different representations of rural landscapes and small towns, cities and suburbs, as well as liminal zones in which new immigrants make their homes. Reflecting the contributors' transatlantic perspective, ""Making Global Connections"" challenges notions of southern distinctiveness by reading the region through the comparative frameworks of Southern Italy, East Germany, Latin America, and the United Kingdom and via a range of texts and contexts, from early reconciliation romances to Faulkner's fictions about race to the more recent parody of southern mythmaking, Alice Randall's The Wind Done Gone. Together, these essays explore the roles that economic, racial, and ideological tensions have played in the formation of southern identity through varying representations of locality, moving regionalism toward a ""new place"" in southern studies.
M.P. Appell's Function and Vector Bundles of Rank 2 on Elliptic Curves

This paper is devoted to the function introduced by M.P. Appell in connection with decomposition of elliptic functions of the third kind into simple elements. We show that this function is related to global sections of rank-2 vector bundles on elliptic curves. We derive analogues of theta-identities for this function and prove the divisibility property for the action of the modular group, that should be considered as a replacement of the functional equation.
The Two Majors Cope: The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia

THE 1750S BEGAN OMINOUSLY IN Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1750 a company of French soldiers constructed a fort in a disputed border region on the northern side of the isthmus of Chignecto. The British built a semi-permanent camp only a few hundred yards away. The two armies faced each other nervously, close enough to smell each other's food. In 1754 a similar situation near the Ohio River led to an imperial war. But the empires were not yet ready for war in 1750, and the stand-off at Chignecto lasted five years. i In the early months of the crisis an incident occurred which illustrates many of ' * the problems I want to discuss in this essay. On an autumn day in 1750, someone (the identity of this person remains in dispute) approached the British fort waving a white flag. The person wore a powdered wig and the uniform of a French officer. He carried a sword in a sheath by his side. Captain Edward Howe, the commander of the British garrison, responded to the white flag as an invitation to negotiations and went out to greet the man. Then someone, either the man with the flag or a person behind him, shot and killed Captain Howe. According to three near-contemporary accounts of these events, the man in the officer's uniform was not a Frenchman but a Micmac warrior in disguise. He put on the powdered wig and uniform in order to lure Howe out of his fort. The British officer would trust a Frenchman who invited him to talks. The warrior doubted that Howe would trust a Micmac, and so pretended to be French. As the British officer approached, the man with the flag shouted a greeting in perfect French, but he accompanied his words with gestures and expressions that no Frenchman would ever use. Howe stopped walking, and looked closely at the face of the man in front of him. He was turning to run when he was shot.2
Compassionate care enhancement: benefits and outcomes

This review of outcome studies demonstrates that compassionate care benefits patients with regard to elected treatment adherence, wound healing, satisfaction, and well-being; it benefits physicians with regard to lowered depression rates, elevated meaning, lower burnout, and more diligent technical care; it benefits healthcare systems that establish reputational gains at no greater use of time or resources; it benefits medical students with regard to their diminished complaints of abusive clinical environments and maladaptive team interactions. There is no doubt that compassionate care has many dimensions of beneficial impact.
Controversies regarding choice of vasopressor therapy for management of septic shock in animals

Objective To review and appraise common vasopressor drugs used to treat septic shock-induced hypotension in volume replete animals. Data Sources Human and animal publications were searched using PubMed without time limits and the following keywords were used: “vasopressor,” “septic shock,” “norepinephrine,” “dopamine,” “epinephrine,” and “vasopressin.” Human Data Synthesis The choice of vasopressor drug is unlikely to have a marked impact on outcome, but the incidence of adverse events (eg, tachycardia) varies greatly between the various treatment options. In agreement with the 2012 Cochrane Database consensus, norepinephrine is the first-choice vasopressor to maintain a mean arterial pressure ≥65 mm Hg. If an additional agent is required, epinephrine should be administered. Low-dose vasopressin can be added to norepinephrine to either increase the arterial blood pressure to the target goal value or decrease the norepinephrine dose, but should not be used as the initial vasopressor. Dopamine is not recommended except in highly selected circumstances. Veterinary Data Synthesis There is insufficient evidence to make definitive conclusions regarding the treatment of naturally occurring septic shock, but clinical studies are underway to provide further data. Conclusions The treatment of hypotension in people or animals with septic shock is challenging and vasopressor therapy is associated with a variety of adverse effects. Further research is warranted in dogs and cats to establish evidence-based guidelines.
Patshilik Resei zhanye Kenges Imperialarining Kazakstandagi Ruhani Otarlau Sayasatining Zardaptari (XIX gasirding 70-80 zhildari – XXI gasirding basi) [Consequences of the policies of spiritual colonization in Kazakhstan under the Russian and Soviet empires (1870–80s to the beginning of the twenty-first century)]

This Kazakh-language work by a father-daughter team of Kazakh scholars makes a formidable contribution to (1) Kazakh and broader Central Eurasian, (2) late Tsarist, Soviet, and broader Western impe...
The New Guy

Victor raked his fork over his dinner of eggs and potatoes while making a conscious effort to estab?sh himself body and soul within the stillness of the apartment and leave his office work behind at last. Mariana asked him how many tortillas he wanted, and since he didn't respond, she put four into the warming dish. "And how did it go for you today?" "Oh, fine," he responded. "For me, you know it's always fine." After a while Mariana turned off the oven and put the hot tort?las on the table. She turned on the TV and waited for a few moments until the screen came aUve. The first image was a cosmetics commercial. Victor looked up, not to miss a single detail of the model. She turned it off again, disgusted, and he went back to his eggs and potatoes. "You aren't going to watch your soap opera?" Tm tired of it." "Then put on the news." "I'd rather watch the soap." And even though the TV stayed off, both of them kept looking fixedly at the screen. The silence aUowed a burst of laughter to drift in from the adjoin ing apartment, along with the sound of water running through the pipes. Then it was the squeaking of the fork being drawn over the plate as Victor tried to pick up the last trace of egg. It seemed to him that laughter was such a bothersome noise if he didn't have anything to laugh about. "They've already hired the new guy," he spoke as if responding to an interrogation. "Really?" Mariana asked absently while she stood up to coUect the dinner things from the table. She noticed that there was still a Uttle milk in the glass, so she left it where it was.
Managing population and drought risks using many-objective water portfolio planning under uncertainty

[1] This study contributes a many-objective analysis of the tradeoffs associated with using the portfolio planning approach for managing the urban water supply risks posed by growing population demands and droughts. The analysis focuses on four supply portfolio strategies: (1) portfolios with permanent rights to reservoir inflows, (2) adaptive options contracts added to the permanent rights, (3) rights, options, and leases, and (4) rights, options, and leases subject to a critical reliability constraint used to represent a maximally risk averse case. The portfolio planning strategies were evaluated using a 10 year Monte Carlo simulation of a city in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) within Texas. Our solution sets provide the tradeoff surfaces between portfolios' expected values for cost, cost variability, reliability, surplus water, frequency of using leases, and dropped (or unused) transfers of water. Using an additional severe drought scenario, this work shows that leases and options can reduce the potential for critical supply failures when urban supply systems must contend with unexpected and severe extremes in both demand and water scarcity. In summary, this paper contributes a framework that couples interactive visualization and many-objective optimization to innovate urban water portfolio planning under uncertainty. The many-objective analysis of the LRGV case study shows that effective water portfolio planning can simultaneously improve the costs, efficiency, and reliability of urban water supply while ensuring adaptability and resiliency to future changes.
Abraham Lincoln, Esq.: The Legal Career of America's Greatest President – Edited by Roger Billings and Frank J. Williams

On September 25, 1860, Republican Party presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln answered some mail. He wrote to John M. Brockman, who had written Lincoln asking him about “the best modes of obtainin...
Managing hyperglycemia and diabetes in patients receiving enteral feedings: A health system approach

Evidence of poor outcomes in hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia has led to new and revised guidelines for inpatient management of diabetes. As providers become more aware of the need for better blood glucose control, they are finding limited guidance in the management of patients receiving enteral nutrition. To address the lack of guidelines in this population, Duke University Health System has developed a consistent practice for managing such patients. Here, we present our practice strategies for insulin use in patients receiving enteral nutrition. Essential factors include assessing the patients’ history of diabetes, hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia and timing and type of feedings. Insulin practices are then designed to address these issues keeping in mind patient safety in the event of abrupt cessation of nutrition. The outcome of the process is a consistent and safe method for glucose control with enteral nutrition.
Pulsed mid-infrared laser ablation of tissue: Photomechanical and photoacoustic effects

We have conducted experiments to investigate the impulse momentum coupling and cavitation induced photomechanical and photoacoustic effects in tissue during mid-infrared laser tissue interaction. We used free-running CTH:YAG and Er:YAG lasers that delivered laser pulses of 250-300 /spl mu/sec duration. The measured pressures in human lenses of various grades for Er:YAG pulse laser emulsification are presented. Flash photographic studies reveal that cavitation bubble dynamics is dependent on laser wavelength, pulse energy and duration, and the physical properties of the fluid in which cavitation takes place. >
Feeding by Pseudocalanus copepods in the Bering Sea: Trophic linkages and a potential mechanism of niche partitioning

Abstract Pseudocalanus copepods are small, abundant zooplankton in the Bering Sea ecosystem that play an important role in transferring primary production to fish and other higher trophic-level predators. Four morphologically cryptic species, the primarily arctic Pseudocalanus minutus and Pseudocalanus acuspes , and the more temperate Pseudocalanus newmani and Pseudocalanus mimus , are found within the Bering Sea. Pseudocalanus are generally considered phytoplanktivores. However, their feeding is poorly known, despite their importance to the ecosystem. In situ feeding by the three most abundant Pseudocalanus congeners, P. minutus , P. newmani , and P. acuspes , was investigated by sequencing partial 18S rDNA (ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acid) of gut contents from 225 individuals sampled from 8 stations across the Bering Sea in May and June of 2010. The 28,456 prey 18S rDNA sequences obtained clustered into 138 distinct prey items with a 97% similarity cut-off, and included diatoms, dinoflagellates, microzooplankton, mesozooplankton, and vascular plants. Pseudocalanus diets reflected variations in the environment, with phytoplankton sequences relatively more abundant in copepods from stations with higher water-column chlorophyll a concentrations. Feeding differences were observed between species. P. acuspes diet contained relatively more heterotrophic dinoflagellate sequences, and was significantly different from that of P. minutus and P. newmani, both of which contained relatively more diatom sequences, and between which no significant difference was observed. Feeding differences between the two primarily arctic species may be a mechanism of niche partitioning between these spatially co-located congeners and may have implications for the effects of climate change on the success of these abundant zooplankters and their many predators in this ecosystem.
Laparoscopic Surgical Staging of Ovarian Cancer

The feasibility of laparoscopic staging in patients with ovarian cancer was undertaken prospectively to determine the ability to adequately evaluate both the intraperitoneal cavity and the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Two groups of ovarian cancer patients were evaluated: those with optimally debulked advanced disease undergoing second-look procedures and those with presumed stage I disease undergoing surgical staging. Twenty-four of the 44 laparoscopic second-look procedures (56%) were positive for persistent disease. Five of these patients had microscopic disease only, in the omentum, washings, pelvic peritoneum, and in para-aortic lymph nodes (2 patients). In the group of 14 patients undergoing staging for presumed early ovarian carcinoma, metastatic disease was discovered in 8 (57%) patients. Two patients had peritoneal washings positive for adenocarcinoma; 3 had pelvic disease, 1 confined to a fallopian tube and 2 to the pelvic peritoneum; and 3 patients had para-aortic lymph nodes positive for metastatic adenocarcinoma. There were no serious complications in this category. The average hospital stay was 1.6 days. Laparoscopic staging appears to be an accurate staging technique, and further investigation into the validity of this approach is warranted.
Counterpoint. Cancer vaccines: single-epitope anti-idiotype vaccine versus multiple-epitope antigen vaccine

Anti-idiotype (Id) vaccine therapy has been tested and shown to be effective, in several animal models, for triggering the immune system to induce specific and protective immunity against bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The administration of anti-Id antibodies as surrogate tumor-associated antigens (TAA) also represents another potential application of the concept of the Id network. Limited experience in human trials using anti-Id to stimulate immunity against tumors has shown promising results. In this “counterpoint” article, we discuss our own findings showing the potential of anti-Id antibody vaccines to be novel therapeutic approaches to various human cancers and also discuss where anti-Id vaccines may perform better than traditional multiple-epitope antigen vaccines.
Fractals and model catalysts

A brief outline of the application of fractals to porous solids is given. The variation of porosity and surface area as functions of particle size and pore size are discussed. For F-20 Alcoa alumina most of the surface is contained in pores of radius near 20 A. However, fractal behavior is observed if probe molecules are used that are too large to fit into pores of radius near 20 A. For some zeolites, fractal behavior can be observed if probe molecules are used that are smaller than the largest openings in the microcrystalline structure. Neither conventional materials like alumina, nor zeolites, should be considered to be fractals (approximants), but each may sometimes exhibit fractal behavior over a certain range of probe sizes.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice: encephalitogenicity of mouse central myelin basic proteins

Two co-extractable myelin basic proteins (MBP) were isolated and purified from mouse brain and designated: large (L), estimated to be composed of 160-164 amino acid residues, and small (S), estimated to contain 114-115 residues. The two proteins migrate separately in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in a pattern similar to rat MBP-S and MBP-L; mouse MBP-L resembles rat MBP-L, human, bovine and guinea pig MBP by PAGE and by amino acid analysis. This report demonstrates for the first time that mouse MPB-L alone, and not mouse MBP-S, is encephalitogenic for guinea pigs and mice.
Is the Maunder Minimum real

Criticisms of well-established scientific doctrine can be stimulating and productive even if done by a single individual or a small group. Such criticisms, however, must meet the usual standards of scientific work. Since the concept of prolonged solar activity minima was resurrected by Eddy [1976], a small number of publications have argued for the nonexistence of the Maunder Minimum (approximately 1645–1715), and, by implication, of other prolonged solar minima [e.g., Schroder and Treder, 1993]. In this paper, I shall briefly try to clarify the points of apparent disagreement, concerning myself primarily with auroral data. I conclude that there is, at this time, no real disagreement and that the apparent differences deal more with the nature of the minima rather than the existence of the minima.
The organisational climate of sustainability: a survey

This study describes three dimensions of the climate of sustainability and the development of a survey for assessing these dimensions. The authors report the results of two studies conducted to measure the climate of sustainability dimensions of sensitivity to sustainability (six items), motivation for sustainability (six items), and responsibility for sustainability (five items). Results support that the climate of sustainability is a reliable instrument and demonstrate the convergent and discriminant validity of each survey dimension. Furthermore, results show the criterion-related validity of the climate of sustainability with respect to innovation strategy and employee attitudes including satisfaction and turnover intentions. Implications and suggestions for the use of this survey in future research are discussed.
Diverticular Disease: Reconsidering Conventional Wisdom

Colonic diverticula are common in developed countries and complications of colonic diverticulosis are responsible for a significant burden of disease. Several recent publications have called into question long-held beliefs about diverticular disease. Contrary to conventional wisdom, studies have not shown that a high-fiber diet protects against asymptomatic diverticulosis. The risk of developing diverticulitis among individuals with diverticulosis is lower than the 10% to 25% proportion that commonly is quoted, and may be as low as 1% over 11 years. Nuts and seeds do not increase the risk of diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding. It is unclear whether diverticulosis, absent diverticulitis, or overt colitis is responsible for chronic gastrointestinal symptoms or worse quality of life. The role of antibiotics in acute diverticulitis has been challenged by a large randomized trial that showed no benefit in selected patients. The decision to perform elective surgery should be made on a case-by-case basis and not routinely after a second episode of diverticulitis, when there has been a complication, or in young people. A colonoscopy should be performed to exclude colon cancer after an attack of acute diverticulitis but may not alter outcomes among individuals who have had a colonoscopy before the attack. Given these surprising findings, it is time to reconsider conventional wisdom about diverticular disease.
A paradigm for ribosome fidelity modulation in protein synthesis

Abstract The ribosome, an integral component of the protein synthetic apparatus, plays a role in mediating the fidelity of the translation of genetic information. It is proposed here that ribosome fidelity modulation can be achieved in part through ribosomal RNA interactions with messenger RNA. These nucleic acid interactions generate alterations in the configuration of the ribosome which enhance the particles affinity for classes on specific transfer RNAs. These changes are directly related to the information content of a given messenger RNA which is being translated and yield an increase in the fidelity of translation. The molecular mechanism for effecting the ribosomal structural changes in response to the genetic code is described and correlated with the properties of ribosomal proteins and transfer RNAs.
Wave profile modification (optical guiding) induced by free-electron laser interaction.

Modification of the transverse intensity profile of a single electromagnetic waveguide mode during the free-electron laser (FEL) interaction has been measured. This effect is the waveguide analog to free-space optical guiding. The studies were carried out at microwave frequencies (8--12 GHz) in a FEL with use of a mildly relativistic electron beam of \ensuremath{\simeq}200 kV energy and \ensuremath{\simeq}1.0 A current. The probing of the rf fields was accomplished by small electric dipole antennas inserted in the interaction region. The observed intensity profiles are compared with the measured FEL-induced phase shifts (wave refractive index).
A potential role for epidermal growth factor/α-transforming growth factor in human parturition

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)/alpha-transforming growth factor (alpha-TGF) concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid by radioreceptor assay in non-laboring and laboring patients at term. The median concentrations of EGF/alpha-TGF were 1.28 ng/ml and 5.0 ng/ml in non-laboring and laboring patients respectively (p less than 0.05, Wilcoxon test). EGF was then incubated with amnion cells in monolayer culture to ascertain the effect of this hormone on the release of prostaglandin E2. Experiments were carried out in quadruplicate in 11 separate primary amnion-cell cultures (EGF was used at 1 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml, respectively). An increased release of prostaglandin E2 into the media was found. The response was concentration-dependent (p less than 0.01). We suggest that there may be a role for EGF in the mechanism of human parturition.
Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Background A 41-year-old, previously healthy woman presented with chest pain, fevers, arthritis, facial rash, pericarditis, proteinuria and a positive antinuclear antibody; she was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). She initially responded well to steroids, azathioprine and hydroxychloroquine; however, disease manifestations subsequently worsened in the setting of erratic medical compliance. During this time she participated in an observational study to evaluate risk factors for the development of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with SLE. Investigations Physical examination, laboratory and serologic evaluations, echocardiography, serial carotid artery ultrasonography for detection of atherosclerotic plaque, chest CT, thoracentesis, pleurodesis, and lymphnode biopsy. Diagnosis Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in the setting of active SLE. Management Over the course of 7 years the patient received prednisone, azathioprine, hydroxychloroquine, low-dose aspirin, NSAIDs including celecoxib, meloxicam and ibuprofen, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate. Ultimately the patient was prescribed mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone, but she was lost to follow-up.
Evaluation of Transitional and Maintenance Bilingual Programs

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effect of transitional (TBE) and maintenance (MBE) bilingual instructional programs on the development of native (LI) and English (L2) oral-language proficiency. The sample populations included TBE-instructed Vietnamese (n = 125) and MBE-instructed Hispanic (n = 298) children enrolled in kindergarten through second grade during 1984 through 1987. The study also examined change in LI and L2 oral-language proficiency across grades K-2 for TBE and MBE programs and the subsequent bilingualism of participants. These variables were analyzed for three linguistically homogeneous groups of TBE and MBE subjects who were classified in kindergarten as (a) the most limited English proficient (LEP), (b) fluent in their LI, or (c) nearly fluent in their LI. The most significant overall findings emerging from the study related to positive (additive) and negative (subtractive) effects of TBE and MBE programs on their respective participants' oral L1, L2, and...
Comparison of residual defect structures in explosive shock-hardened Inconel 600 and Chromel-A by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Sheet samples of Inconel 600 alloy (76% Ni, 16% Cr, 7% Fe) and Chromel-A alloy (78% Ni, 20% Cr) were simultaneously shock-loaded in sandwich assemblies at pressures of 80, 180, 240 and 460 kilobars. The residual defect structures in Inconel 600 and Chromel-A were characterised by planar dislocation arrays exhibiting a prominence of dislocation loops and dipoles. Deformation twins having an average width of 150A were observed to nucleate in the shock-loaded Inconel 600 in the pressure range 200–240kb, while the critical twinning pressure for the Chromel-A was roughly 240kb. Twin volume densities at 240kb were observed to be 14 and 5 per cent for the Inconel and Chromel respectively, and at 460kb the corresponding volume density of twinned material was 24 and 18 per cent respectively. A detailed comparison of the microstructures revealed that prismatic dislocations in the Inconel and Chromel are the most likely sources of deformation microtwins for shock pressures above the critical twinning pressure. This evidence suggests that a pole mechanism for twin formation is increasingly prominent in shock deformed materials of high stacking-fault energy (> 25ergs/cm2), and that twinning in shock-loaded nickel is probably completely dependent upon prismatic twin sources.
5,17‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐di­hydroxy­calix­[4]­arene

Half of the title compound, C38H44O2, makes up the asymmetric unit; the whole mol­ecule possesses inversion symmetry. The calix­[4]­arene conformation is similar to the unsubstituted calix­[4]­arene. Only one intermolecular interaction is noted.
Retained intraocular foreign bodies and endophthalmitis

Retained intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) are associated with endophthalmitis in approximately 7 to 13% of cases. The role of prompt surgical removal of the foreign body along with the use of intravitreal antibiotics in reducing this figure is uncertain. Retained IOFBs presenting to The Medical College of Wisconsin between July 1986 and June 1989 were reviewed. A total of 27 cases were evaluated and surgically treated. None of the 27 cases presented with or developed clinical signs of endophthalmitis, yet bacterial cultures of the removed intraocular material were positive in seven cases (foreign body in 5 cases, the aqueous fluid and the vitreous fluid in 1 case each). All eyes presenting within 24 hours of injury underwent immediate surgery (average, 4.5 hours after presentation). Of the seven eyes with positive intraocular cultures, all had pars plana vitrectomy removal of the IOFB and three of these eyes received intravitreal antibiotics at the time of surgery over concern of a high risk of infection. Two of these eyes eventually grew out the Bacillus sp. All eyes received subconjunctival antibiotics and postoperative topical and systemic antibiotics. Even after the positive cultures, no signs of clinical infection developed in any of the eyes. All seven eyes retained excellent visual acuity of 20/70 or better at an average of 10 months' follow-up. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 31 months. Prompt surgical intervention, the use of intravitreal antibiotics in high-risk-type injuries, and the possible use of vitrectomy surgery may reduce the incidence and severity of endophthalmitis.
Magnetic flux patterns in the superconducting intermediate state

Abstract The problem of the flux penetration of an infinite square plate of type I superconductor in a perpendicular magnetic field is analyzed perturbatively via the Ginzburg-Landau equations. It is shown that Landau's classic 1937 textbook model is at best a qualitative guide to the expected flux patterns. If the plate thickness d is near a critical scale dc, the pattern periodicity p diverges as p $ ∥d − d c ∥ −0.5 . For somewhat larger values of d, essentially all periods occur. It is also shown how the vertical and horizontal coordinates of the plate act like Fourier conjugates, so that the squared superconductor order parameter is similar to a probability distribution in a quantum “phase space”.
Preparation of soluble and insoluble polymer supported IBX reagents

A series of soluble and insoluble polymer supported versions of the versatile oxidizing reagent IBX has been prepared. Each of the reagents were evaluated for their efficiency in the conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Results from this study were that the soluble, non-crosslinked polystyrene supported IBX reagent gave the best rate of conversion to benzaldehyde, while the macroporous polymer supported IBX resin provided a superior rate of conversion to benzaldehyde when compared with a gel type resin. The macroporous IBX reagent was also shown to convert a series of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones.
Land use and forest habitat distribution in the hinterland of(r)a large city

The cumulative effect of many local forest disturbances can be estimated from an analysis of forest distribution at the scale of the entire landscape. To gauge the regional impact of forest clearance and regeneration, a history of forest cover was compiled for the twentieth century in the hinterland of a large city (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.). Forest distribution and character were described by point sampling of historical aerial photographs. Environmental features were measured on visits to sample points in the field. Regional forest coverage has grown from c. 5% in 1890 to 22% in 1990. Most modern stands are <60 years old; only 2.5% of the modern landscape is in forest more than 100 years old. Since 1890, patterns of clearance and regeneration have caused a proportional shift in forest cover from uplands to lowlands and flood plains. Older stands are found on rock fields and steep slopes, indicating abandonment from agriculture according to the quality of local sites. Residential development has been concentrated in uplands, precluding regeneration of forest in that landscape position. In general, land use turnover reflects the character of the local site; there is no evidence of region-wide gradients of regeneration or clearance. Modern forest is concentrated along steep-sided stream valleys and away from roads. The great majority of forest lies within 50 m of a forest margin placing it in the microclimatic and vegetational edge zone. Although most forest is within 200 m of a residence, pedestrian traffic appears to have had only a minor impact in the biological community. By contrast, widespread species impoverish- ment is suggested by the overwhelming youthfulness of modern forest and the low degree of connectedness of forest within the landscape. Management for biological conservation should focus on protection of remnant primary forest, rather than relying on succession to restock secondary stands.
Platinum intermetallic resistors for GaAs-based circuits

A simple technique for making intermetallic resistors of sheet resistance around 25 ?/? is described. The resistors were formed by reacting a 300 A film of platinum with underlying GaAs to completion. PtGa, PtGa2 and PtAs2 phases were identified in the temperature range of 450°C to 550°C investigated. The temperature coefficient of resistivity was of the order of +9.2×10?4°C?1 at 25°C and the resistors appeared to be stable up to current densities of 105 A/cm2.
Effects of Daily Morphine Administration and Deprivation on Choice and Demand for Remifentanil and Cocaine in Rhesus Monkeys.

Choice procedures have indicated that the relative reinforcing effectiveness of opioid drugs increases during opioid withdrawal. The demand curve, an absolute measure of reinforcer value, has not been applied to this question. The present study assessed whether mild morphine withdrawal would increase demand for or choice of remifentanil or cocaine. Four rhesus monkeys chose between remifentanil and cocaine during daily sessions. Demand curves for both drugs were subsequently obtained. The effects of daily injections of 3.2 mg/kg morphine on both choice and demand for these drugs was assayed 3 and 20.5 hr after each morphine injection, and then during a postmorphine period. Three hours following morphine injections, choice of remifentanil over cocaine decreased and demand for remifentanil—but not cocaine—became more elastic. During morphine withdrawal (20.5 hr postinjection), choice of remifentanil increased and remifentanil demand became more inelastic in 3 of 4 monkeys. Cocaine demand also became more inelastic during this period. Four to five weeks following the morphine regimen, demand for both drugs was more inelastic relative to the initial determination. The results suggest that both the relative and absolute reinforcing effectiveness of remifentanil decreased following morphine administration and increased during morphine withdrawal. The absolute reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine also increased during morphine withdrawal. In addition, extended exposure to drug self-administration and/or exposure to the morphine regimen produced long-term increases in demand for both drugs.