cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrepancy of death diagnosis in gynecology oncology

Abstract Objective. The medical records, death certificates, and autopsy reports of patients have important medical, legal, and economic implications. This study evaluated the discrepancy between premortem diagnoses (as documented in the medical record and on death certificates) and postmortem diagnoses in a cohort of gynecological cancer patients. Methods. The records of all patients with a diagnosis of gynecological cancer who were followed by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Texas Medical Branch and who died between January 1, 1988 and January 1, 2000 were evaluated. All patients who were admitted initially to Obstetrics and Gynecology service were included, even if they were transferred to a different service after admission. Patients with incomplete charts or in which the death certificate could not be obtained were excluded. The cause of death as recorded in the clinical progress note, death certificate, and autopsy was examined. Each record was evaluated independently by two of the authors to document the cause of death for each patient. The immediate and underlying causes of death were recorded. Results. One hundred and seventy eight OB/GYN patients died in the Hospital within the study period. Twelve charts were incomplete or the death certificates could not be identified. The majority of the deaths (91%) occurred on the Gynecologic Oncology service of which 29% (44/151) underwent postmortem examination. All patients in this subgroup had diagnosis of gynecologic malignancy. Twelve patients died while admitted to the Obstetrics service of which 7 underwent autopsy, and 3 patients died while admitted to the Gynecology service of which one patient underwent postmortem examination. The immediate cause of death was most commonly due to sepsis. We found a 66% discrepancy rate between the cause of death recorded in the medical record and/or death certificate and the postmortem diagnosis. Conclusions. Multiple studies have documented significant discordance between the medical record, the death certificate, and the postmortem diagnosis in reporting the cause of death. Our findings further confirm the importance of the postmortem examination in determining an accurate cause of death.
The interaction of the K88 antigen with porcine intestinal epithelial cell brush borders

Abstract The interaction of 125I-labelled K88 antigen with brush borders of the epithelial cells of the pig small intestine has been studied. The iodinated antigen bound avidly to the brush borders prepared from adhesive (receptor-positive) pigs even after pretreatment of the brush borders with formaldehyde, whereas the brush borders from non-adhesive (receptor-negative) pigs failed to bind the antigen under these conditions. Treatment with glutaraldehyde rapidly destroyed the ability of both types of brush border to bind the K88 antigen. Studies on the binding of antigen to brush borders revealed the presence of high affinity receptors, but the non-linearity of the Scatchard plot could be explained by cooperative-like interactions, which view was supported by dissociation experiments. Rapid dissociation only in the presence of unlabelled K88 antigen suggested the existence of receptor site interactions of the negatively cooperative type. Attemps to inhibit the binding of 125I-labelled K88 with simple monosaccharides and oligosaccharides suggested that the binding of antigen to brush borders involves complex interactionns and that galactosyl residues may be important.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF KLEPTOCHTHONIUS FROM INDIANA (PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA, CHTHONIIDAE)

Abstract New records and supplemental data are given for the troglobitic species Kleptochthonius packardi; and two new epigean or troglophilic species are described, K. griseomanus and K. lewisorum. Some comments are made on the status of the genus.
KINETICS OF THE BLOCK BY INTRACELLULAR MG2+ OF THE NMDA-ACTIVATED CHANNEL IN CULTURED RAT NEURONS

1. Single-channel currents activated by the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were recorded from outside-out patches of cultured rat cortical neurons in the presence of intracellular Mg2+ (Mgi2+). The rate constants of the block by Mgi2+ were measured using amplitude distribution analysis. 2. At a membrane potential of 0 mV, the blocking rate constant (k+) of Mgi2+ was estimated to be 2.1 x 10(7) M-1 S-1 and the unblocking rate constant (k-) 1.7 x 15(5)s-1. The very fast rate constants of the block by Mgi2+ explain why channel flicker was not fully resolvable during block of the NMDA-activated single-channel current by Mgi2+. 3. The blocking rate constant of Mgi2+ increased with increasing concentrations of Mgi2+. The unblocking rate constant was Mgi2+ concentration independent. 4. The blocking rate constant increased e-fold per 64 mV depolarization, whereas the unblocking rate constant decreased e-fold per 133 mV depolarization. The dissociation constant (KD) calculated from the blocking rates (k-/k+) decreased e-fold per 43 mV depolarization, and had a value at 0 mV of 7.8 mM. These values are consistent with previous estimates obtained from the voltage-dependent inhibition of the single-channel current amplitude. Both results predict, based on the Woodhull model, that Mgi2+ traverses about one-third of the membrane field to reach its blocking site. 5. The unblocking rate constant of Mgi2+ is one to two orders of magnitude faster than the previously reported unblocking rate constant of extracellular Mg2+ (Mgo2+) in the physiological voltage range, and their voltage dependencies are of opposite signs. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there are separate binding sites in the channel for Mgi2+ and Mgo2+. 6. Based on the blocking kinetics of Mgi2+ and Mgo2+, an energy profile of three barriers and two binding sites for Mg2+ is proposed.
Separation and quantitative determination of lactic, pyruvic, fumaric, succinic, malic, and citric acids by gas chromatography.

Abstract A method for the esterification, extraction, and quantitative gas-liquid chromatography of lactic, pyruvic, fumaric, succinic, malic, and citric acids has been described. The effect of temperature variation on extraction is discussed and optimum conditions necessary for extraction are given. The quantitative conversion of pyruvic acid to methyl 2,2-dimethoxypropionate and its chromatographic characteristics are reported.
Endocytic sorting of lipid analogues differing solely in the chemistry of their hydrophobic tails.

To understand the mechanisms for endocytic sorting of lipids, we investigated the trafficking of three lipid-mimetic dialkylindocarbocyanine (DiI) derivatives, DiIC16(3) (1,1′-dihexadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), DiIC12(3) (1,1′- didodecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), and FAST DiI (1,1′-dilinoleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), in CHO cells by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. All three DiIs have the same head group, but differ in their alkyl tail length or unsaturation; these differences are expected to affect their distribution in membrane domains of varying fluidity or curvature. All three DiIs initially enter sorting endosomes containing endocytosed transferrin. DiIC16(3), with two long 16-carbon saturated tails is then delivered to late endosomes, whereas FAST DiI, with two cis double bonds in each tail, and DiIC12(3), with saturated but shorter (12-carbon) tails, are mainly found in the endocytic recycling compartment. We also find that DiOC16(3) (3,3′- dihexadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate) and FAST DiO (3,3′-dilinoleyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate) behave similarly to their DiI counterparts. Furthermore, whereas a phosphatidylcholine analogue with a BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) fluorophore attached at the end of a 5-carbon acyl chain is delivered efficiently to the endocytic recycling compartment, a significant fraction of another derivative with BODIPY attached to a 12-carbon acyl chain entered late endosomes. Our results thus suggest that endocytic organelles can sort membrane components efficiently based on their preference for association with domains of varying characteristics.
Rheological behavior of chain-straightened poly(α-olefin)s

A chain-straightened poly(α-olefin) series was prepared via the use of a Ni(II) α-diimine catalyst. The resulting polymers are structurally nearly equivalent to ethylene−propylene copolymers with the exception that methyl groups can be evenly spaced along the polymer main chain. The monomers used ranged from ethylene to 1-decene (excluding 1-heptene and 1-nonene). With the exception of 1-decene, the polyolefins prepared have similar plateau moduli, ∼1.5 MPa at 323 K. This is comparable with values determined over the last 40+ years for copolymers formed using conventional Ziegler−Natta catalysis. Thus, the chain-straightening polymerization systems yield amorphous ethylene−propylene like polymers from single, or mixed, α-olefin monomer feeds. Using this unique type of polymerization allows for the avoidance of ambient temperature gaseous ethylene and propylene while permitting the use of higher molecular weight α-olefins that are both abundant and inexpensive.
Congenital Complete Heart Block: Fetal Management Protocol, Review of the Literature, and Report of the Smallest Successful Pacemaker Implantation

Fetuses with complete heart block have an increased mortality with most deaths occurring in utero or during infancy. The cardiac evaluation of these fetuses is difficult since the ventricular rate is low and the heart is dilated. We have implemented a strategy that includes the biophysical profile, which assesses fetal well-being, in combination with the cardiovascular profile that assesses cardiac function and the circulation. We present two cases of fetal complete heart block in which early delivery was recommended due to worsening cardiovascular profile scores. Biophysical profile scores were normal. Both babies were successfully treated, despite having risk factors that predicted poor outcomes. We hypothesize that our management protocol initiated intervention before fetal compromise, hydrops, and myocardial damage occurred. We recommend an evaluation of heart function in addition to an assessment of fetal well-being in fetuses with complete heart block. Early delivery should be considered if there is evidence of distress and/or deteriorating cardiac function.
Distribution of Epichloë Typhina (Ascomycetes) and Its Parasitic Fly

Fresh and dried stromata of Epichloe typhina, the cause of choke disease of grasses, were examined for infections by a host-specific fly, Phorbia phrenione. Over 35% of 4,685 stromata from 17 count...
Calcium-dependent Binding of HCN1 Channel Protein to Hair Cell Stereociliary Tip Link Protein Protocadherin 15 CD3

The cytoplasmic amino terminus of HCN1, the primary full-length HCN isoform expressed in trout saccular hair cells, was found by yeast two-hybrid protocols to bind the cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal domain of a protocadherin 15a-like protein. HCN1 was immunolocalized to discrete sites on saccular hair cell stereocilia, consistent with gradated distribution expected for tip link sites of protocadherin 15a. HCN1 message was also detected in cDNA libraries of rat cochlear inner and outer hair cells, and HCN1 protein was immunolocalized to cochlear hair cell stereocilia. As predicted by the trout hair cell model, the amino terminus of rat organ of Corti HCN1 was found by yeast two-hybrid analysis to bind the carboxyl terminus of protocadherin 15 CD3, a tip link protein implicated in mechanosensory transduction. Specific binding between HCN1 and protocadherin 15 CD3 was confirmed with pull-down assays and surface plasmon resonance analysis, both predicting dependence on Ca(2+). In the presence of calcium chelators, binding between HCN1 and protocadherin 15 CD3 was characterized by a K(D) = 2.39 x 10(-7) m. Ca(2+) at 26.5-68.0 microm promoted binding, with K(D) = 5.26 x 10(-8) m (at 61 microm Ca(2+)). Binding by deletion mutants of protocadherin 15 CD3 pointed to amino acids 158-179 (GenBank accession number XP_238200), with homology to the comparable region in trout hair cell protocadherin 15a-like protein, as necessary for binding to HCN1. Amino terminus binding of HCN1 to HCN1, hypothesized to underlie HCN1 channel formation, was also found to be Ca(2+)-dependent, although the binding was skewed toward a lower effective maximum [Ca(2+)] than for the HCN1 interaction with protocadherin 15 CD3. Competition may therefore exist in vivo between the two binding sites for HCN1, with binding of HCN1 to protocadherin 15 CD3 favored between 26.5 and 68 microm Ca(2+). Taken together, the evidence supports a role for HCN1 in mechanosensory transduction of inner ear hair cells.
Computational Determination of Heats of Formation of Energetic Compounds

A recently-developed density functional procedure for computing gas phase heats of formation is briefly described and results for several categories of energetic compounds are summarized and discussed. Liquid and solid phase values can be obtained by combining the gas phase data with heats of vaporization and sublimation estimated by means of other relationships. Some observed functional group effects upon heats of formation are noted.
Do crowding and prestige explain why organizations collaborate

The article examines the effects of crowding and prestige on the formation of alliances in the semiconductor industry. Another author, Toby E. Stuart, has suggested that strategic alliances actually result from a firm's position within its competitive environment. Stuart believes that there are two dimensions to a firm's competitive environment, crowding and prestige. Crowding implies that firms are technologically similar to each other and share the same technological focus. Prestige occurs when firms develop technological breakthroughs, which are followed by imitation by other firms. Stuart found that collaboration between companies aids in lowering crowding, while adding to prestige. This helps increase the firm's position within its competitive environment.
From Margin to Center: On the “Other” Side of the Curriculum Renaissance

An essay review of Canal Town Youth: Community Organization and the Development of Adolescent Identity, by J. Hall, Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 2001, Just Schooling: Exploration in the Cultural Politics of Teaching, by T. Gale and K. Densmore, Buckingham, Open University Press, 2000, Students on the Margins: Education, Stories, Dignity, by J. Hutchinson, Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1999, Lost Subjects, Contested Objects: Toward a Psychoanalytic Inquiry of Learning, by D. Britzman, Albany, NY, SUNY Press, 1998, and The Gender of Racial Politics and Violence in America: Lynching, Prison Rape, and the Crisis of Masculinity, by W. Pinar, New York, Peter Lang, 2001.
Circular Polarized LCD

Abstract Novel LCD, which transmits circularly polarized light, is reported. The circular polarized light enables us to see the LCD screen through polarized sunglasses. It is developed for outdoor application, such as mobile computing, car navigator, and so on. The circular light is achieved by placing additional quarter wave film upon the screen.
Preoperative and postoperative adjuvant combination chemotherapy for adults with high grade soft tissue sarcoma.

BACKGROUND Patients with high grade soft tissue sarcoma greater than or equal to 10 cm have a 3-year disease-free survival of approximately 30%. There is no convincing evidence, however, that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is beneficial. Preoperative chemotherapy has theoretical advantages over postoperative chemotherapy. METHODS Twenty-nine evaluable patients with primary or recurrent high grade, nonmetastatic, soft tissue sarcoma were treated with two preoperative cycles of cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, doxorubicin 60 mg/m2, and DTIC 1000 mg/m2 before definitive surgery and radiation. Clinical and radiologic assessment of response to chemotherapy was performed preoperatively, and the resected specimen was examined for treatment effects. Patients who did not progress during preoperative therapy were eligible to receive four additional cycles of chemotherapy. Disease-free and overall survival rates of study patients were compared with two cohorts of historic controls. RESULTS Although subjective changes in the firmness of some tumors were observed, only one patient met the criteria for partial response (3%, 2-sided 95% confidence interval = < 1-17%). Intratumoral hemorrhage, cystic necrosis, and liquefaction were observed regularly, and three tumors were more than 90% necrotic. Toxicity of the chemotherapy was acceptable, but patients were reluctant to receive postoperative therapy. The median time free from distant metastasis was 28 months; median survival was 35 months. These results were not superior to the experience with no chemotherapy, or with postoperative doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with soft tissue sarcoma remains investigational. There is a strong rationale, however, for continued investigation of preoperative chemotherapy for high risk patients using doxorubicin and ifosfamide with colony stimulating factor support. Development of sensitive and specific methods to assess response to preoperative chemotherapy is needed.
A Comprehensive Study of Infrared OH Prompt Emission in Two Comets. I. Observations and Effective g-Factors

We present high-dispersion infrared spectra of hydroxyl (OH) in comets C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) and C/2004 Q2 (Machholz), acquired with the Near Infrared Echelle Spectrograph at the Keck Observatory atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Most of these rovibrational transitions result from photodissociative excitation of H_2O giving rise to OH "prompt" emission. We present calibrated emission efficiencies (equivalent g-factors, measured in OH photons s^(-1) [H_2O molecule]^(-1)) for more than 20 OH lines sampled in these two comets. The OH transitions analyzed cover a broad range of rotational excitation. This infrared database for OH can be used in two principal ways: (1) as an indirect tool for obtaining water production in comets simultaneously with the production of other parent volatiles, even when direct detections of H_2O are not available; and (2) as an observational constraint to models predicting the rotational distribution of rovibrationally excited OH produced by water photolysis.
Combined heat and mass transfer natural convection between vertical parallel plates

Abstract A numerical analysis of developing laminar flow between vertical parallel plates is presented for combined heat and mass transfer natural convection with uniform wall temperature and concentration boundary conditions. For long channels (low Rayleigh numbers) the numerical solutions approach the fully developed flow analytical solution. At higher Rayleigh numbers, the present results are compared with the available experimental data and numerical solutions for natural convection heat transfer in channels, and with external combined heat and mass transfer free convection similarity solutions for a single plate. At intermediate Rayleigh numbers, the parallel plate heat and mass transfer is higher than that for a single plate, similar to previous results for heat transfer only.
Exploring barriers that lead to the glass ceiling effect for women in the U.S. hospitality industry.

Women have played an integral role in the workforce throughout history; however, they have been dramatically underrepresented in upper management. The hospitality industry is recognized for its importance to many national economies, including that of the United States. In recent years, the increased number of women in the U.S. hospitality industry and their underrepresentation in top management positions has made their status in the industry a great concern. What is limiting women from breaking the glass ceiling effect in the hospitality industry? This study explores the barriers that could lead to the glass ceiling for women in the U.S. hospitality industry.
Determinations of focal depths of earthquakes associated with the bending of oceanic plates at trenches

Abstract The earthquakes examined in this paper are all within the oceanic lithosphere and are associated with the bending of plates before subduction. Accurate determinations of the depth of these earthquakes are needed to study the stress pattern within a bending plate. Routinely-determined depths of shallow sub-oceanic earthquakes published in bulletins are unreliable. The depths can be accurately determined to within a few kilometers if the original seismograms from these events are studied. In some cases, the reflected phases pP and pwP can be clearly identified. There exists the possibility that the wave reflected at the water-air interface, pwP, may be misidentified as pP, leading to erroneous estimates of depth. Additional methods of analysis, such as surface wave radiation patterns or the apparent frequency-dependence of reflection at the crust-water interface, can remove this possible source of confusion. One of the most powerful techniques for depth analysis is the modelling of long-period waveforms. The pattern of stresses within the bending oceanic lithosphere revealed by the depths and focal mechanisms of these intraplate earthquakes is one of horizontal, deviatoric tension down to a depth of about 25 km, with horizontal compression at greater depths.
Non-equilibrium statistical thermodynamics

Abstract By suggesting that gas kinetic collisions are the source of irreversibility, Boltzmann's kinetic equation leads to a paradox. In a monograph entitled Non-equilibrium statistical thermodynamics, applied to fluid dynamics and laser physics the author developed an original alternative theory. The fundamental ideas supporting this new approach are traced in the present paper. It is shown that the source of irreversibility resides in the recurrent interaction of the macroscopic systems under investigation with the surroundings. This is investigated using a generalized Massieu function as the most convenient thermodynamic tool. The traditional macroscopic variables are replaced by a complete set of intensities conjugate to the extensive mechanical properties. The predictive value of the new method is illustrated by the example of heat flow driven by a temperature gradient.
Immunologic studies of the Caddis fly: I. Preparation and characterization of extracts

Abstract 1.1. A method of Caddis fly extraction was developed which was superior in quantity and specific activity to the more laborious methods previously advocated using defatting procedures, and equally potent, compared to the acetone product. This has been termed the direct method. 2.2. Prolonged defatting during production of Caddis fly extracts decreases their allergenic activity. 3.3. By the in vivo neutralization technique, there appeared to be additional allergenic components in the direct extract in comparison with the others. 4.4. Extinction coefficients were determined for the Caddis fly extract and found to be 14.1 by ultraviolet, 2.2 by biuret, and 1.8 by Folin reactions. Using these values, one can employ light absorption readings to determine protein concentrations. 5.5. Ultracentrifugal data on the direct Caddis fly extract reveal a major symmetrical peak with a sedimentation rate of approximately 1.0 S. The minor component exhibited a sedimentation constant of 4.5 to 4.8 S. 6.6. Optical electrophoresis of the direct extract revealed a series of overlapping peaks. The major component had a mobility of −4.8 × 10 −5 cm. 2 per volt per second.
Erratum to “p–n junction organic photovoltaics fabricated by all solution processing” [Synth. Met. 161 (23–24) (2012) 2798–2802]

of original article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2011.10.022.Corresponding author at: Institute for NanoEnergy, Department of Physics, 617 Science & Research Building 1, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.Tel.: +1 832 461 5278; fax: +1 713 743 3589.E-mail address: xzhang3@mail.uh.edu (X. Zhang).0379-6779/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.06.004
Simultaneous Detection of Reverse Transcriptase and High Molecular Weight RNA Unique to Oncogenic RNA Viruses

The simultaneous assay of the reverse transcriptase and 60S to 70S RNA of oncogenic RNA viruses is described. The virus can be detected at low concentrations in biological fluids containing enzymatically active cell fragments or other contaminants. The fact that two features diagnostic of the oncornaviruses are used in the tests increases the certainty with which a positive outcome can be interpreted.
Differences in clinical decision making: a comparison between specialists and general dentists.

Objective The aim of this study was to compare clinical decision making choices of general dentists, prosthodontists, endodontists, oral surgeons,and periodontists when presented with endodontics-related patient scenarios. Study design A survey instrument with 5 patient scenarios was mailed to 1,250 randomly selected dentists, 250 in each group noted above. The participants were asked to choose from different treatment options and to assess the difficulty of making their choice. The answers were analyzed to identify differences in clinical decision making between groups. Results A total of 293 surveys were returned, for an overall response rate of 23.4%. Significant differences in treatment planning decisions between the 5 groups were found. Practitioners expressed more difficulty and more variation in making treatment recommendations in cases involving previously endodontically treated teeth than initial treatment scenarios. Conclusions Dental specialty status has a significant influence on a clinician's recommendation to perform root canal therapy or extract a tooth.
Disinhibitory effects of LY354740, a new mGluR2 agonist, on behaviors suppressed by electric shock in rats and pigeons

Compounds which affect glutamate transmission are reported as anxiolytic in a number of animal models. In the present studies, we evaluated the anxiolytic effect of a new mGluR2 agonist, LY354740, in rats and pigeons. LY354740 was evaluated in three different rat punished responding assays, using different levels of shock intensity. LY354740 and its racemate, LY314582, were generally ineffective at increasing rates of responding suppressed by electric shock. However, both compounds did increase responding during time-out periods between scheduled components, and both increased responding during a punishment extinction assay. LY354740 was also evaluated in two separate pigeon punished responding procedures. LY354740 was ineffective at increasing punished responding under one schedule, but increased punished responding in the second assay, when shock was not delivered coincident with reinforcement. Clearly, LY354740 was effective in attenuating suppressed responding in some cases, but not all. LY354740 appears to produce a disinhibitory effect on behaviors with low baseline rates of responding (in rats), and a disinhibitory effect on punished behaviors in schedules with less stringent punishment conditions (in rats and pigeons). These results suggest that LY354740 may be useful as a clinically effective anxiolytic. Drug Dev. Res. 47:37–44, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimized running conditions and sensitivity for direction sensitive detectors of WIMP dark matter

Abstract Optimum fill pressures for direction-sensitive dark matter detectors based on tracking in gases are considered. Given the minimum resolvable track length and the gas fill, the Lindhard–Scharf stopping model leads to the existence of an optimum pressure which maximizes the specific event rate R (event rate per unit detector volume). In addition, maximizing the detectibility of the recoil nucleus diurnal asymmetry is considered. Optimum fill pressures are calculated for Ar, CF4, CS2 and Xe gas fills, as a function of the WIMP mass and the minimum resolvable track length. The associated minimum target volumes required to achieve currently competitive WIMP-nucleon cross-section sensitivity are also calculated. The standard isothermal sphere model of the galactic WIMP halo is used throughout, but the method could be extended to use any desired WIMP distribution function.
Hydrogels at critical conditions. Part 1. Thermodynamics and swelling behavior

Abstract The expansion or collapse of hydrophilic networks exhibiting an upper critical miscibility temperature is described near their critical conditions in terms of thermodynamic theories of phase separation. The volume swelling ratio is expressed in terms of the normalized temperature change away from the critical temperature, and the molecular weight between successive junctions (cross links) of the network. The overall swelling or syneresis behavior can thus be predicted for various hydrogels at different temperatures.
Hippocampal and Cerebellar Single-Unit Activity During Delay and Trace Eyeblink Conditioning in the Rat

In delay eyeblink conditioning, the CS overlaps with the US and only a brainstem-cerebellar circuit is necessary for learning. In trace eyeblink conditioning, the CS ends before the US is delivered and several forebrain structures, including the hippocampus, are required for learning, in addition to a brainstem-cerebellar circuit. The interstimulus interval (ISI) between CS onset and US onset is perhaps the most important factor in classical conditioning, but studies comparing delay and trace conditioning have typically not matched these procedures in this crucial factor, so it is often difficult to determine whether results are due to differences between delay and trace or to differences in ISI. In the current study, we employed a 580-ms CS-US interval for both delay and trace conditioning and compared hippocampal CA1 activity and cerebellar interpositus nucleus activity in order to determine whether a unique signature of trace conditioning exists in patterns of single-unit activity in either structure. Long-Evans rats were chronically implanted in either CA1 or interpositus with microwire electrodes and underwent either delay eyeblink conditioning, or trace eyeblink conditioning with a 300-ms trace period between CS offset and US onset. On trials with a CR in delay conditioning, CA1 pyramidal cells showed increases in activation (relative to a pre-CS baseline) during the CS-US period in sessions 1-4 that was attenuated by sessions 5-6. In contrast, on trials with a CR in trace conditioning, CA1 pyramidal cells did not show increases in activation during the CS-US period until sessions 5-6. In sessions 5-6, increases in activation were present only to the CS and not during the trace period. For rats with interpositus electrodes, activation of interpositus neurons on CR trials was present in all sessions in both delay and trace conditioning. However, activation was greater in trace compared to delay conditioning in the first half of the CS-US interval (during the trace CS) during early sessions of conditioning and, in later sessions of conditioning, activation was greater in the second half of the CS-US interval (during the trace interval). These results suggest that the pattern of hippocampal activation that differentiates trace from delay eyeblink conditioning is a slow buildup of activation to the CS, possibly representing encoding of CS duration or discrimination of the CS from the background context. Interpositus nucleus neurons show strong modeling of the eyeblink CR regardless of paradigm but show a changing pattern across conditioning that may be due to the necessary contributions of forebrain processing to trace conditioning.
Variability of snow accumulation and isotopic composition on Nevado Sajama, Bolivia

[1] High-elevation ice caps develop an archive of atmospheric constituents and properties through the accumulation of snowfall. The timing of precipitation events, therefore, fundamentally governs the environmental information that ice core records can provide. These events are often highly seasonal, as are various postdepositional processes influencing the snow's physical and chemical properties. Knowledge of climatic conditions at an ice core site is essential to a full understanding of the ice core record. This work reports on 4 years of meteorological measurements near the summit of Nevado Sajama, an ice-capped peak rising ∼2500 m above the South American Altiplano (elevation 6542 m), from which a 25,000-year ice core record was recovered in 1997. On-site measurements were combined with National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis results and Altiplano station data to reconstruct 50-year time series of air temperature, snowfall, and net accumulation at the summit. These time series were examined in the context of the Sajama δ18O profile over the same time interval. A strong relationship exists between Sajama δ18O and precipitation; both snowfall and net accumulation explain nearly half of the isotopic variance. In contrast, no significant association exists between air temperature and δ18O over this time period. The Sajama ice core record represents a relatively short proportion of time centered on the months of January or February, when net accumulation takes place, and cannot be interpreted in terms of annual mean conditions. On Sajama, interannual δ18O variability provides a sensitive measure of interannual precipitation variability, closely tied to ENSO and conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Progress toward making lightweight 8-m mirrors of short focal length

A technique has been developed for casting glass in the form of a honeycomb structure possessing good stiffness despite its low weight, and facilitating thermal control via forced ventilation of the honeycomb cells. To date, 3.5 m diameter mirrors of this type have been successfully cast; fully 8 m diameter mirrors are expected to be cast by 1992. No mirror of diameter as large as 8 m has ever been polished, however, and the difficulties which will be encountered shall be compounded by the shorter focal lengths required for advanced telescopic optics. A novel method, designated 'stressed lap polishing', has been developed to address these problems.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Prevalence of Carbon-13 in Respiratory Carbon Dioxide As an Indicator of the Type of Endogenous Substrate : The change from lipid to carbohydrate during the respiratory rise in potato slices

Isotope discrimination is a common feature of biosynthesis in nature, with the result that different classes of carbon compounds frequently display different 13C/12C ratios. The 13C/12C ratio of lipid in potato tuber tissue is considerably lower than that for starch or protein. We have collected respiratory CO2 from potato discs in successive periods through 24 hr from the time of cutting—an interval in which the respiration rate rises 3–5-fold. The 13C/12C ratio of the evolved CO2 was determined for each period, and compared with the 13C/12C ratios of the major tissue metabolites. In the first hours the carbon isotope ratio of the CO2 matches that of lipid. With time, the ratio approaches that typical of starch or protein. An estimation has been made of the contribution of lipid and carbohydrate to the total respiration at each juncture. In connection with additional observations, it was deduced that the basal, or initial, respiration represents lipid metabolism—possibly the α-oxidation of long chain fatty acids—while the developed repiration represents conventional tricarboxylic acid cycle oxidation of the products of carbohydrate glycolysis. The true isotopic composition of the respiratory CO2 may be obscured by fractionation attending the refixation of CO2 during respiration, and by CO2 arising from dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate preexisting in the tuber. Means are described for coping with both pitfalls.
Role of diffusion in the kinetics of reversible enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

The accurate expression for the steady-state velocity of an irreversible enzyme-catalyzed reaction obtained by Shin and co-workers (J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 1455) is generalized to allow for the rebinding of the product. The amplitude of the power-law () relaxation of the free- and bound-enzyme concentrations to steady-state values is expressed in terms of the steady-state velocity and the intrinsic (chemical) rate constants. This result is conjectured to be exact, even though our expression for the steady-state velocity in terms of microscopic parameters is only approximate.
A quantitative synthesis of literature on work status and subjective well being.

Abstract Metanalytic techniques were used to synthesize results of studies on the relation of work status (retired, employed part time, employed full time) and subjective well being (SWB). The weighted mean of the work status/SWB relation across all studies was .18. When zero-order associations between work status and SWB were used as dependent variables, significant predictors of that relation were the way in which work status was operationalized, ratings of quality of study, year of publication for studies, and age midrange of samples. Gender was not a significant predictor of the work status/SWB relation.
New and Familiar Roles for Clinical Psychologists in the Effective Treatment for Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Abstract Alongside the increased prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), there is a greater likelihood of clinical psychologists having a role in the treatment of children with these disorders. Population heterogeneity with respect to ASD-specific symptomatology, comorbid medical and psychiatric issues, level of cognitive functioning, and presence of adaptive behaviors, all add to the complexity of providing treatment to this population. Consequently, psychologists often find themselves in multiple roles in order to effectively manage treatment for children with ASD and their families. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness of three major roles for clinical psychologists working with this population: assisting families with treatment coordination, identifying and treating comorbid psychopathology, and addressing parental stress.
Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-reserpine

A catalytic, enantioselective synthesis of (+)-reserpine is reported. The route features a highly diastereoselective, chiral catalyst-controlled formal aza-Diels–Alder reaction between a 6-methoxytryptamine-derived dihydro-β-carboline and an enantioenriched α-substituted enone to form a key tetracyclic intermediate. This approach addresses the challenge of setting the C3 stereogenic center by using catalyst control. Elaboration of the tetracycle to (+)-reserpine includes an intramolecular aldol cyclization and a highly diastereoselective hydrogenation of a sterically hindered enoate.
Sources of error in planetary photoclinometry

A quantitative analysis of error sources in 1D planetary photoclinometry is presented. The technique is affected by error sources arising from the spacecraft image, the planetary body, and the scan line orientation. Slope errors are calculated for each of these sources, using examples of Voyager imaging of Ganymede and Viking orbiting imaging of Mars. Slope errors are investigated for a variety of viewing and lighting geometries, slope angles, and slope orientations. The results are broken down into nonsystematic and systematic errors. Derivations that allow the calculation of photoclinometric slope errors for any photometric function are presented, and the implications of these results for 2D photoclinometric techniques are discussed.
Microscopic steady streaming eddies created around short cylinders in a channel: Flow visualization and Stokes layer scaling

Microscale steady streaming eddies created using low-intensity fluid oscillations offer appealing options for controlling fluids in microfluidic systems. We describe the three-dimensional (3D) steady streaming flow formed in a small channel containing single fixed cylinders when the channel fluid is oscillated at low intensity. Experiments include three cylinder sizes (length 1.5mm; radii a=125, 250, and 500μm) within identical channels (height 2h=1.5mm; width 4mm) over a range of oscillation frequencies (40⩽ω⩽1000Hz). The size of key flow features is measured from steady particle pathline images recorded within three flow symmetry planes. The resulting 3D streaming exhibits two distinct recirculating flows that are governed by the Stokes layer thickness δAC and geometric length scales. Four symmetric recirculating eddies are created adjacent to the cylinder far from channel walls, and their size is governed by δAC∕a as described by steady streaming theory for a 2D geometry. The cylinder/wall boundary lay...
Transient-regime grain growth in nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia annealed without and with a DC electric field

Grain size exponents considerably larger than normally reported occurred for grain growth in nanoscale 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia annealed without and with a DC electric field at 1300 and 1400 °C. It is shown that the large exponents correspond to the transition regime predicted by solute drag theory. The observed smaller grain growth rate with an electric field compared to without is in keeping with a reduction in the capillary driving force.
Approximation algorithms for supply chain planning and logistics problems with market choice

We propose generalizations of a broad class of traditional supply chain planning and logistics models that we call supply chain planning and logistics problems with market choice. Instead of the traditional setting, we are given a set of markets, each specified by a sequence of demands and associated with a revenue. Decisions are made in two stages. In the first stage, one chooses a subset of markets and rejects the others. Once that market choice is made, one needs to construct a minimum-cost production plan (set of facilities) to satisfy all of the demands of all the selected markets. The goal is to minimize the overall lost revenues of rejected markets and the production (facility opening and connection) costs. These models capture important aspects of demand shaping within supply chain planning and logistics models. We introduce a general algorithmic framework that leverages existing approximation results for the traditional models to obtain corresponding results for their counterpart models with market choice. More specifically, any LP-based α-approximation for the traditional model can be leveraged to a $${\frac{1}{1-e^{-1/\alpha}}}$$ -approximation algorithm for the counterpart model with market choice. Our techniques are also potentially applicable to other covering problems.
Relation of Surface Structure of Glass to HF Acid Attack and Stress State

The surfaces of commercial glasses (mainly borosilicate glasses) were investigated by HF etching and surface-stress measurement. The HF etch rate was slow at the surface for some phase-separated glasses, which was attributed to excess alumina in the surface layer produced during the glass manufacture. After heat treatment of the glass rods, either with or without the as-Received surfaces, compressive (tangential) stresses were observed in all the glasses studied. These stresses were probably caused by evaporation of water from the surface during heat treatment.
Joint maximum-likelihood source localization and unknown sensor location estimation for near-field wideband signals

In this paper, we derive the maximum-likelihood (ML) location estimator for wideband sources in the near-field of a passive array. The parameters of interest are expanded to include the source range in addition to the angles in the far-field case. The ML estimator is optimized in a single step as opposed to many that are optimized separately in relative time-delay and source location estimations. The ML method is capable of estimating multiple source locations, while such case is rather difficult for the time-delay methods. To avoid a multi-dimensional search in the ML metric, we propose an efficient alternating projection procedure that is based on sequential iterative search on single source parameters. In the single source case, the ML estimator is shown to be equivalent to maximizing the sum of the weighted cross-correlations between time shifted sensor data. Furthermore, the ML formulation can expand the parameters to include the distance of a source to a sensor with unknown location. This provides inputs to our online unknown sensor location estimator, which is based on a least-squares fit to observations from multiple sources. The proposed algorithm has been shown to yield superior performance over other suboptimal techniques, and is efficient with respect to the derived Cramer-Rao bound. From the Cramer-Rao bound analyses, we find that better source location estimates can be obtained for high frequency signals than low frequency signals. In addition, large range estimation error results when the source signal is unknown, but such unknown parameter does not have much impact on angle estimation.
The planform of epeirogeny: vertical motions of Australia during the Cretaceous

Estimates of dynamic motion of Australia since the end of the Jurassic have been made by modeling marine flooding and comparing it with palaeogeographical reconstructions of marine inundation. First, sediment isopachs were back stripped from present-day topography. Dynamic motion was determined by the displacement needed to approximate observed flooding when allowance is made for changes in eustatic sea-level. The reconstructed inundation patterns suggest that during the Cretaceous, Australia remained a relatively stable platform, and flooding in the eastern interior during the Early Cretaceous was primarily the result of the regional tectonic motion. Vertical motion during the Cretaceous was much smaller than the movement since the end of the Cretaceous. Subsidence and marine flooding in the Eromanga and Surat Basins, and the subsequent 500 m of uplift of the eastern portion of the basin, may have been driven by changes in plate dynamics during the Mesozoic. Convergence along the north-east edge of Australia between 200 and 100 Ma coincides with platform sedimentation and subsidence within the Eromanga and Surat Basins. A major shift in the position of subduction at 140 Ma was coeval with the marine incursion into the Eromanga. When subduction ended at 95 Ma, marine inundation of the Eromanga also ended. Subsidence and uplift of the eastern interior is consistent with dynamic models of subduction in which subsidence is generated when the dip angle of the slab decreases and uplift is generated when subduction terminates (i.e. the dynamic load vanishes). Since the end of the Cretaceous, Australia has uniformly subsided by about 250 m with little apparent tilting. This vertical subsidence may have resulted from the northward migration of the continent from a dynamic topography high and geoid low toward lower dynamic topography and a higher geoid.