cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diktuon: Link Resolvers for Theological Libraries

Theological libraries often play bit parts in library technology decisions. Divinity school libraries usually get the technology selected by university libraries; free-standing seminary libraries often get technology through consortia or simply do not have the resources for advanced library technology. This review is for the theological librarian using a link resolver and other library systems he or she did not directly select and perhaps does not maintain.
Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct and Cochlear Implants: The Effect of Early Counseling on the Length of Time Between Candidacy and Implantation.

Objective To determine if discussing cochlear implantation (CI) with patients with enlarged vestibular aqueducts (EVA) and their families before reaching audiological criteria for CI candidacy effects the length of time between reaching audiological candidacy and CI surgery, and to describe the universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) results and communication modality in this sample. Patients Forty-two patients (25 females) with confirmed EVA and cochlear implants. Intervention(s) Diagnostic CI visit. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure is the difference in length of time between reaching audiological candidacy for CI and surgical implantation between those who had preliminary discussions regarding CI with their medical and healthcare providers before reaching audiological candidacy versus who had discussions after reaching candidacy. The secondary outcome measure is the result of the UNHS and primary mode of communication used by each patient. Results Discussing CI before reaching audiological candidacy was associated with a significantly shorter duration between reaching audiological candidacy and receiving CI (median = 3.1 mo; interquartile range [IQR] = 1.7-5.4) as compared with discussing CI after reaching candidacy (median = 5.8 mo; IQR = 3.2-11.2; p = 0.012). Participants born after the implementation of the UNHS, 16 of 24 patients referred on one or both ears. Communication modalities were evenly divided between utilizing sign-support English and oral/aural communicators only. Conclusions Discussion of CI in patients with EVA before reaching audiological candidacy reduces the amount of time the child is without adequate auditory access and contributes to a constructive and interactive preparatory experience.
Natural and synthetic arsenic sulfide pigments in Japanese woodblock prints of the late Edo period

We recently described the use of an artificial arsenic sulfide pigment in Japanese woodblock prints from the Meiji period (1868–1912): we now expand on our previous work by investigating arsenic sulfide pigments used in Japanese woodblock prints of the late Edo period (1615–1868) and early Meiji period. The series of eight prints A Tour of the Waterfalls in Various Provinces (Shokoku Taki Meguri), by Katsushika Hokusai, issued between 1833 and 1834 is known to have been reproduced from entirely new blocks at some point during the late Edo or early Meiji periods. The two sets, original and copies are characterized by visually distinct color palettes as well as several differences in the image. Two such sets in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were analyzed with particular attention to the yellow, orange, and green printed areas. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Raman microspectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed the use of natural orpiment in the original set and of artificial arsenic sulfide pigments in the reproduction set. In addition, the reproduction set features extensive use of ultramarine blue, the synthetic equivalent to lapis lazuli. This pigment, available commercially in Europe from 1830 onward has been documented in Japanese art so far only in a handful of late Edo period paintings. The results of our comparative analysis further highlight differences in pigment use between Edo and Meiji periods, and point to arsenic sulfide pigments as useful markers for the date of original production for popular prints of the Edo period.
Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapies for Anxiety

The ubiquity of anxiety to the human existence is obvious in the poetry, philosophical essays, religious tomes, and clinical/empirical literature of our society. From the standpoint of existential philosophy, anxiety is seen as a natural, multifaceted response to both the freedom and the responsibility associated with making daily choices about how to live one’s life. However, from a traditional mental health perspective, the universally human experience of anxiety can prompt a cascade of responses that signal the presence of a psychological disorder. Specifically, significant distress may emerge as a secondary response to fear and anxiety and impairment in important domains of life functioning can occur as an individual attempts to avoid situations that elicit fear and anxiety.
The Current State of the 0+5 Integrated Vascular Surgery Residency Training Paradigm: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Background The 0+5 integrated vascular surgery residency program (IVSR) was introduced as a training model toward board certification in vascular surgery over 10 years ago. The pros and cons of this training model have been debated. Objective The purpose of this review is to investigate, using qualitative methods, what is known about the development, implementation, and outcomes of the IVSR paradigm. Design A systematic search of the literature pertaining to the IVSR training model was conducted to include literature from 2005 to 2016. A search strategy involving use of 4 literature databases, 4 search terms, and 4 inclusion criteria was used. Three independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts for inclusion. Data abstraction was performed by 1 reviewer. Qualitative content analysis was completed using the method of constant comparative analysis associated with a grounded theory design by all 3 reviewers. Results Of 890 articles initially identified, 33 articles were found to meet inclusion criteria for full review. Nineteen (57%) were research articles with an average Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument score of 6.3 out of 18. The remaining articles were categorized as editorials, presidential addresses, invited commentaries, and historical summaries. Three major themes related to the IVSR program were identified: context of program development, processes of the program once implemented, and outcomes. Conclusions The literature on the IVSR paradigm reflects contextual, process, and outcome issues. Research articles are of generally low quality and there is a paucity of analyses of outcome issues. Further research is recommended to identify and understand the outcomes of the model.
A sensitive array-based assay to identify multiple TMPRSS2:ERG fusion variants in prostate cancer

3653 The presence of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene has been demonstrated in approximately half of all prostate cancers. This genomic rearrangement is very likely associated with prostate cancer development. The majority of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion junctions are between exons 1 or 2 of TMPRSS2, and exons 2-5 of ERG. It has been suggested that certain fusion variants are associated with disease progression. In addition, it is common to find multiple fusion variants in prostate tumor samples. We have established a simple and sensitive microarray-based assay that is able to simultaneously determine multiple fusion variants using a single RT-PCR reaction. The assay detected TMPRSS2:ERG fusion transcripts with a detection sensitivity of 32 pg of total RNA (an equivalent to 1-3 cells) from the VCaP cell line in the presence of more than 3000 fold (100 ng of total RNA) excess of HeLa RNA. To test the ability of the exon mapping array to detect and characterize TMPRSS2:ERG fusion transcripts in clinical samples, we isolated total RNA from frozen unpurified primary prostate tissues obtained during surgery. Total RNA (5-50 ng) from prostate cancers (n = 20) and non-malignant hyperplastic prostate tissues (n = 10) were subjected to RT-PCR labeling and array hybridization. The results showed that 7/20 cancer but 0/10 non-malignant samples had TMPRSS2:ERG fusion genes. Many of these tumors samples contained a substantial fraction of normal stromal cells. One of the 7 positive tumor samples contained only 1% cancer cells. Multiple fusion variants were found in 4/7 positive samples. To confirm the presence of the gene fusion, direct sequencing was performed on the 7 fusion positive samples. The sequencing data confirmed the findings revealed by the array assay. The same strategy can be applied to detect other less prevalent fusion transcripts (TMPRSS2:ETV1 and TMPRSS2:ETV4) in prostate cancer. Eventually, they can be integrated into a single assay. The technology described here should allow larger scale investigation to determine whether there is a correlation between the aggressiveness of the disease and the presence of various fusion genes.
Clinical effectiveness of an outpatient pathway for low-risk chest pain emergency department visits

Studies suggest that patients who present with atypical chest pain and are low or low-intermediate risk can safely undergo a rapid rule-out for cardiac ischemia with serial ECGs and cardiac biomarkers followed by additional testing as needed. We sought to evaluate a novel Emergency Department (ED) protocol for patients to undergo their additional functional testing as an outpatient. Patients presenting to the ED with atypical chest pain, normal ECG, and negative cardiac troponin felt to be low risk were referred for outpatient stress testing within 72 hours of presentation as part of a pilot program. We analyzed test characteristics, length of stay, and 30-day return visits to ED in the pilot group and compared results to a similar cohort assessed in the ED by a traditional chest pain observation protocol. A total of 156 patients were included over a 5-month period with 29.5% not returning for testing. There was a 70% reduction in length of stay for outpatient stress test protocol patients. All-cause and cardiac return visits to the ED were not significantly different between the outpatient cohort and the traditional chest pain unit group and were reduced by 47 and 75%, respectively, in patients who completed their outpatient testing. The provisional injection protocol resulted in a 81% reduction in radiation exposure when compared to traditional MPI stress protocols due to a greater utilization of exercise treadmill tests without imaging. Outpatient stress testing is a reliable alternative to traditional chest pain observation with a significantly shorter length of stay, reduced healthcare costs, and improved radiation safety profile for patients when compared to traditional inpatient observation.
Breast tissue engineering: implantation and three-dimensional tissue test system applications

Abstract Breast tissue engineering may provide a biologically based method for reconstruction following breast cancer surgery (mastectomy or lumpectomy) or for cosmetic augmentation of breast tissue. Breast tissue engineering also may provide a method to develop a personalized benchtop tissue test system that can be used to study key aspects of normal processes, a disease, to assess integrated tissue and organ systems, to screen drugs or vaccines or test therapies. This chapter focuses on breast cancer–related tissue engineering. Regardless of the endpoint, in vitro or in vivo, certain common approaches and challenges exist in engineering breast tissue. The ability to construct three-dimensional (3D) tissue requires the appropriate selection of cells and biomaterials and the ability to perfuse the tissue. Although early tissue-engineering approaches focused largely on implantation of differentiated cells, equal emphasis has been placed on stem or stem-like cells. A wide variety of biomaterial chemistries have been assessed, including naturally derived and synthetic materials, as have a wide variety of formulations and presentations, including injectable and noninjectable ones. Breast tissue engineering for in vivo application has more design constraints than breast tissue engineering for benchtop use; indeed, 3D benchtop tissue systems can be built to replicate aspects of a complex disease state, including integration of multiple engineered tissues or organs. In addition, benchtop systems may be used to evaluate and improve tissue-engineering systems for reconstruction, or other medical implants. A large focus is on developing high-throughput, high-resolution means of building key aspects of these complex benchtop tissue systems. It is now widely recognized that 3D test systems may provide a missing bridge to the better design and understanding of implantable systems and disease states.
Nationalist archaeology and foreign oil exploration in El Tajín, Mexico, 1935–1940

This article discusses the American Compania Stanford’s efforts to drill an oil well on the outskirts of the archaeological site of El Tajin, Mexico, during the 1930s. Drawing on recent scholarly efforts to think beyond archaeology and the nation state, this article problematizes the notion of a unitary state behind the concept of nationalist archaeology, the constitution of archaeology and extractive industry as separate spheres, and their apparent mutual exclusivity. Exploring the negotiations between site guards, archaeologists, inspectors, oil company officials and labourers shows that different state actors worked at cross-purposes, and that the nominally separate spheres of nationalist archaeology and foreign oil extraction were in fact characterized by the sharing of infrastructure, equipment, expertise and labour. Consequently, this article advocates for close attention to the administration and management of archaeology in specific historical contexts, demonstrating that it is more reasonable to assume archaeology’s imbrications with the nation state and extractive industries.
The halo occupation distribution of black holes

We investigate the halo occupation distribution (HOD) of black holes (BHs) within a hydrodynamic cosmological simulation that directly follows BH’s growth. Similar to the HOD of galaxies/subhaloes, we find that the occupation number of a BH can be described by the form NBH∝ 1 + (MHost)α, where α evolves mildly with redshift indicating that a given mass halo (MHost) at low redshift tends to host fewer BHs than at high redshift (as expected as a result of galaxy and BH mergers). We further divide the occupation number into contributions from BHs residing in central and satellite galaxies within a halo. The distribution of MBH within haloes tends to consist of a single massive BH (distributed about a peak mass strongly correlated with MHost) and a collection of relatively low-mass secondary BHs, with a weaker correlation with MHost. We also examine the spatial distribution of BHs within their host haloes and find that they typically follow a power-law radial distribution (i.e. much more centrally concentrated than the subhalo distribution). Finally, we characterize the host mass for which BH’s growth is feedback dominated (e.g. star formation quenched). We show that haloes with MHost > 3 × 1012 M⊙ have primary BHs that are feedback dominated by z∼ 3, with lower mass haloes becoming increasingly more affected at lower redshift.
Turning Neighbors into Nuisances

A reckoning for single-family zoning is underway. From Minnesota to California, cities and states are looking for ways to compel the densification of neighborhoods long devoted to large lots and detached homes. The bitter debates occasioned by these efforts expose a common source of homeowner opposition: worries about multifamily housing and, specifically, the apartment building. In that regard, little about land use law seems to have changed. The apartment was cited as an evil in the case that upheld zoning as a legitimate use of the state’s regulatory power nearly a century ago. Beginning the story there, however, misses an important chapter. For decades prior, judges routinely declined to consider apartments undesirable neighboring uses that existing owners could prevent through private law. The legal history of the apartment demonstrates the important interplay between private forms of land use law — nuisance and deed restrictions or covenants — and the ways that these private land use controls influence the evolution of public regulation. This Article uses a forgotten period in urban development to illustrate the critical interactions among forms of private and public law in identifying the proper subjects of land use control. In the early nineteenth century, a tool blending contract and tort proliferated: the nuisance covenant, a promise transmitted through deeds not to engage in specific noxious uses — an expanding list ranging from slaughterhouses to circuses to tenements — or any use deemed noxious in the future. This innovation offered benefits over covenant and nuisance law independently, as drafters were able to tailor the definition of nuisance while preserving flexibility to prevent unanticipated activities. And yet, the arrival of the apartment exposed the strong pull of traditional nuisance law: judges were hesitant to interpret restrictions to ban this new form of housing associated with the middle and upper classes. Lawyers and developers worked to identify apartments as problematic through newly drafted covenants and the concept of near-nuisance, paralleling arguments that would reemerge decades later as the proponents of zoning contended that it was within the state’s police power to limit apartment construction. Nuisance and covenant law influenced how judges and other parties came to see uses as harmful and anticipated debates about the appropriate scope of regulation. This dialogue between private and public law is echoing in the twenty-first century, and private law continues to form an important, lurking limitation on land use reform.
Outpatient and Inpatient Structures: What Does It Need to Integrate Palliative Care Services?

How to organise comprehensive cancer care from the onset of metastatic disease to the end of life is debated. Arguments exist for full integration of palliative services into general oncology care, and some studies have shown that oncologists having insight and knowledge about palliative care result in improved collaboration and early referral (Kaasa 2013). There is strong evidence underscoring the importance of integrating palliative care across the trajectory of cancer (Shin and Temel 2013; Bakitas et al. 2009; Alt-Epping et al. 2012). Recommendations for such integration have been made by oncological societies, among others, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (Smith et al. 2012), and by authors of comprehensive review articles on this matter (Gaertner et al. 2013; Greer et al. 2013). These include triangular cooperation between cancer specialists, primary care services and specialist palliative care teams; communication, congruity and continuity of care; and coordination, cooperation contracts and collegiality. A qualitative study among oncologists showed that they believed that integrating palliative care enhanced patient care, complemented their own practice and enabled them to ‘share the load’ (Bakitas et al. 2013).
Medical Interpreting and Cross-cultural Communication: California Hope: a public hospital in changing times

To encompass in research the process of a given thing's development in all its phases and changes – from birth to death – fundamentally means to discover its nature, its essence, for “it is only in movement that a body shows what it is.” Thus, the historical study of behavior is not an auxiliary aspect of theoretical study, but rather forms its very base. Lev Vygotsky, Mind in Society (1978: 64–5) Understanding the complexities of medical interpreting and the different roles interpreters play requires contextualized study of naturalistic data over an extended period of time. This chapter will describe how these topics are explored through an ethnography performed in a public hospital. The first part of the chapter will explain the reasons for choosing a medical setting over any other. Next, the process of obtaining consent will be described. Then, the study itself will be presented, beginning with a brief description of the city in which the site is found, the site at large (California Hope), and the informants at the specific site (the interpreters at Interpreting Services). Finding a study site In choosing a site, the next logical step was to look for one in which access to a wide array of interpreted medical interactions would be available. In this sense, California Hope (CH) emerged as a unique site, since the number of ICEs (both face-to-face and over-the-speakerphone) carried out per day at CH is astonishingly high.
Mechanism of action of malt beta-glucanases: 9. The structure of barley beta-d-glucan and the specificity of A11-endo-beta-glucanase

Abstract Several concentrations of periodate were used to oxidize barley beta- d -glucan. Measurement of the periodate consumed and Chromatographic examination of the products indicated that the beta- d -glucan was linked by 70% (1 → 4)-bonds and 30% (1 → 3)-bonds. There were no adjacent (1 → 3)-bonds in the beta- d -glucan. The action of A 11 -endo-beta-glucanase, a germinated barley enzyme which hydrolyzes beta- d -glucan, was tested on compounds containing a variety of beta-glucosidic linkages. The enzyme was unable to hydrolyze laminarin, carboxymethyl cellulose, oligosaccharides containing consecutive (1 → 3)-bonds, consecutive (1 → 4)-bonds, 4-0-beta- d -laminaribiosyl- d -glucose, 4-0-beta- d -laminaribiosyl- d -cellobiose, 3-0-beta- d -cellobiosyl- d -glucose, 3-0-beta- d -cellotriosyl- d -glucose, or two other more complex beta-linked glucose oligosaccharides whose structures are not completely established.
Midsagittal cerebral anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging The importance of slice position and thickness

Several recent studies of psychiatric patients have relied upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to demonstrate features of cerebral anatomy in the midsagittal plane. Methodologies have varied somewhat in relation to thickness and position of planes of view. Due to concerns over the effects of slice thickness and position on measurements, the authors used a multislice thin plane method to assess these effects in 143 individuals (34 controls, 58 schizophrenics, and 51 with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder). Substantial variance in area measurements attributable to slice position emerged, especially in ventricular, cerebral and cerebellar area. Of greater importance would be the demonstrated interaction of position with diagnosis and sex in measures of several regions. The implications of these findings for MRI studies are discussed.
Time-domain analog wavelet transform in real-time

This paper presents a time-domain approach for the implementation and continuous generation of wavelet transform coefficients. The wavelet generation relies on amplitude modulation techniques. This approach offers two extra degrees of freedom through the appropriate use of the modulation index and the selected envelope signal. The added flexibility opens the possibility to create new families of wavelets which are specially suitable for analog implementations. The theoretical fundamentals for the generation of wavelets using the amplitude modulation scheme are presented. Simulated and experimental results for our hardware prototype are presented.
Is a Closed‐Suction Drain Advantageous for Penile Implant Surgery? The Debate Continues

ABSTRACT Introduction The debate about leaving a closed‐suction drain during penile implant surgery remains unsolved. What is the current thinking about the pros and cons of leaving a scrotal drain for inflatable penile implant (IPP) surgery? Aims The aim of this study is to explore the fund of existing information, and formulate a point and counterpoint debate analyzing the drain issue for implant surgery. Methods Two differing points of view are given to answer the question of benefit vs. risk drains in implant patients. Main Outcome Measures To facilitate the debate about a longstanding urologic question. Results There are two conflicting points presented in this manuscript, one supporting drain placement, the other opposing it in light of the risks and benefits. Conclusions Without prospective randomized controlled trials specifically looking at drain placement following IPP, it is unclear whether or not this intervention is beneficial. Until a study of this type is performed, leaving a drain will largely remain a surgeon preference. Kramer A, Goldmark E, and Greenfield J. Is a closed‐suction drain advantageous for penile implant surgery? The debate continues. J Sex Med 2011;8:601–606.
Robustness of model reference adaptive controllers: input-output properties

A description is given of a general input-output approach that can be used in the analysis and design of adaptive control systems. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated in an application to the model reference adaptive control problem. A sufficient condition for the closed-loop stability is developed. It is based on quantities that can be calculated in a straightforward procedure and allows the study of the effects that the design parameters have on the robustness of the adaptive controller. The results indicate a direction toward a unified, systematic, and quantitative theory of adaptive control. >
5 The Origins of Bipedal Locomotion

Bipedalism is a highly specialized and unusual form of primate locomotion that is found today only in modern humans. The majority of extinct taxa within the Hominini were bipedal, but the degree to which they were bipedal remains the subject of considerable debate. The significant discoveries of fossil hominin that remains in the last 40 years have resulted in this debate becoming increasingly focused on how bipedal certain fossil taxa were, rather than on the overall process. Although the early hominin fossil record remains poor, evidence points to at least two distinct adaptive shifts. First, there was a shift to habitual bipedalism, as typified by certain members of Australopithecus, but possibly including earlier genera such as Ardipithecus and Orrorin. Such taxa were bipedal, but also retained a number of significant adaptations to arboreal climbing. The second shift was to fully obligate bipedalism and coincides with the emergence of the genusHomo. By the Early Pleistocene, certain members of Homo had acquired a postcranial skeleton indicating fully humanlike striding bipedalism. The final part of this chapter reviews why bipedalism was selected for. There have been many theoretical explanations, and the most robust remain those linked to the emergence of more varied habitats. Such an environmental shift would have involved strong selection for new behavioral strategies most likely linked to the efficient procurement of food.
Leading the e-Learning Transformation of Higher Education: Meeting the Challenges of Technology and Distance Education by Gary Miller, Meg Benke, Bruce Chaloux, Lawrence C. Ragan, Raymond Schroeder, Wayne Smutz, and Karen Swan

Leading the e-Learning Transformation of Higher Education is written by academics and professionals who are leaders in online learning. The authors, with a wealth of experience in the distance educ...
Scale Invariance of Earthquakes

If the model of self-organized criticality (SOC) yields power law distributions [1–5], does it follow that the well-known power-law distribution of earthquake energies [6–8] imply that the earthquake process is SOC? I show below that the earth is not SOC and that there are alternatives to understand the power law.
Space-time spectral studies of global stratospheric temperature fields

A method proposed by Salby for computing the zonal space-time Fourier transform of asynoptically acquired satellite data has been tested and applied to soundings of brightness temperature taken by polar-orbiting satellites. The technique, which yields the exact transform of the data with no distortions of fast-moving waves, is found to be robust under reasonable conditions of randomly varying signals, sampling errors and missing data points. In addition, when applied to measurements from instruments with multiple scan tracks, a large number of latitudinally closely-spaced spectra results, which enables one to average over latitude instead of or in addition to conventional frequency averaging to achieve greater statistical reliability and better signal-to-noise ratio. Some results of applying the method to real data are presented. Several well-known waves are identified, as well as two previously unreported small-amplitude spectral peaks corresponding to waves in the Southern summer stratosphere having wavenumber 7 and a period of 2.09-2.97 d westward, and wavenumber 6 with a period of 4.17-5.90 d eastward.
The Status of Hidden-Variable Theories

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses status of hidden-variable theories. The three motivations make different demands upon a hidden-variable theory. The first evidently demands determinism, a particular consequence of which is that the outcome of every measurement is in principle definite: the value of an observable A being measured by a given apparatus is unequivocally determined by the states λand λ' of the object and the apparatus, respectively. The second motivation demands a hidden-variable theory with no action-at-a-distance, but it allows a stochastic hidden-variable theory, in which the complete specification of the states of object and apparatus determine only a statistical distribution of the outcomes of measurement. The third motivation permits either deterministic or stochastic, and either local or nonlocal theories. One can also classify hidden-variable theories as “noncontextualistic” or “contextualistic.” A noncontextualistic hidden-variable theory makes a kind of intrinsic ascription to each observable of the system when the state λ is specified.
Stenting Versus Aggressive Medical Management for Symptomatic Vertebral Artery Stenosis.

Posterior circulation strokes account for 20% of all strokes (2). Traditional studies cite a 5-year stroke rate ranging from 22%e 35% following an initial vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke (11, 14). Contrary to traditional beliefs, the overall risk of recurrent stroke in the posterior circulation is similar to the risk after an anterior circulation stroke, and likely higher in the acute phase (8). In one pooled analysis of 359 patients experiencing vertebrobasilar territory TIA or stroke, the 90-day risk of stroke after the presenting event was 9.6% in patients with vertebrobasilar stenosis versus 2.8% in those without (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.2e11.0, P 1⁄4 0.012) (9). The authors noted a trend that this risk was higher with intracranial vertebrobasilar stenosis than extracranial vertebral stenosis (P 1⁄4 0.06). To mitigate this risk, aggressive medical management incorporating diet and lifestyle modification, control of hypertension, and the usage of statins and antiplatelet agents may be used (3, 5, 16). In addition, multiple individual case series have suggested that stenting vertebrobasilar lesions may be associated with a low-risk profile and subsequently low rates of referable TIAs or strokes (1, 10, 12, 13, 15). A systematic review of stenting symptomatic, atherosclerotic vertebrobasilar disease reported periprocedural TIA, stroke, and death rates of 1.6%, 1.3%, and 0.3%, respectively, across 313 cases with proximal vertebral artery disease (6). Over a mean follow-up period of 14.2 months, the post-treatment annual rate of TIA or stroke in the vertebrobasilar territory was 0.6%. Interestingly, for 283 cases of distal vertebrobasilar stenting, the periprocedural TIA, stroke, and death rates were 0.7%, 10.6% and 3.2%, respectively (6). The annual rate of subsequent vertebrobasilar stroke over a mean follow-up of 13 months after treatment was 1.9%. Thus although patients with symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar stenosis may have a greater risk of TIA or stroke without treatment (9), the risk of stenting may also be higher in this group (6). However, more specifically, a subgroup analysis from the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial demonstrated significantly higher periprocedural ischemic events in patients undergoing stenting of the basilar artery as compared with those undergoing stenting of the intracranial internal carotid, middle cerebral, or vertebral artery (7). Before the Vertebral Artery Stenting Trial (VAST) (3), subgroup analyses of 2 randomized control trials comparing stenting of symptomatic arterial stenosis to best medical management demonstrated no benefit of stenting for patients with vertebral artery stenosis (4, 5). In the Carotid And Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS), 16 patients with
Contributions of Studies on Experimental Forests to Hydrology and Watershed Management

The link between healthy forests and watersheds and healthy streamflow and quality water is universally recognized. The major rivers of the USA originate in the forested mountains of the western and eastern USA and the glaciated regions of the Lake States and Great Plains and produce almost two-thirds of the nation’s clean water supply. Original logging and mismanagement of upstream forested watersheds often resulted in degradation of land and water resources and adversely impacted aquatic and human populations. During the 30-year period, between the 1930s and 1960s, experimental forests, ranges, and watersheds were established on national forests and adjacent lands to study the impacts of land conditions on water yield, stormflow, water quality, and nutrient cycling. While the impact of sustained timber production was an original research focus, current efforts include research on nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, climate change, fire effects, and the impacts of insects and diseases. The experimental forest network of long-term meteorological and biological records is invaluable for evaluations of potential climate change and its consequences on the forests and water resources. This chapter reviews hydrology and watershed management research at a sample of experimental forests and areas from throughout the USA. The chapter includes studies conducted in the forests near the Fort Valley Experimental Forest and on the Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest in Arizona, on the Fraser Experimental Forest in Colorado, and the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon. In the East, research at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in North Carolina, the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, and the Marcell Experimental Forest in Minnesota is reviewed.
Interpolation method for treatment of mutual kinetic effects

Abstract An interpolation method for resolution of binary mixtures subject to mutual kinetic effects is reported. For a mixture of two components A and B reacting under pseudo-first-order conditions with a reagent to yield the same product, the determination of the concentration of A is based on obtaining several calibration graphs from plots of final absorbance of component B in the presence of different known amounts of A. The slope of these plots is dependent on the concentration of component A. The concentration of B is calculated from the plots of the difference in the initial rates of the concentration/time curves for the sample and several reference solutions vs. the concentration of B. The method is accurate for the resolution of binary mixtures subject to synergic effects. Fast, direct complex-formation reactions between cobalt and nickel with pyridoxal thiosemicarbazone are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method with use of a home-made stopped-flow mixing module. The determination of cobalt/nickel mixtures is feasible in the weight ratio range 2.5:1.0 to 1.0:5.0, in the μg ml −1 region with an accuracy and precision less than 5 and 2%, respectively.
The role of adenosine in regulation of cerebral blood flow during hypoxia in the near-term fetal sheep.

The aim of this study was to determine in the near-term ovine fetus the role of adenosine in the basal regulation of cerebral blood flow and in the increases in cerebral blood flow in response to acute hypoxic insult. We measured cerebral blood flow in chronically instrumented fetal sheep (127-135 days gestation, term ≈145 days) using laser Doppler flowmetry probes implanted in the parietal cortices. Hypoxia was administered for 30 min by lowering the ewe's inspired oxygen to 10–12 % during an infusion of either saline or theophylline, a non-specific adenosine receptor antagonist. The theophylline infusion was begun 30 min prior to and ended 30 min after the completion of the hypoxic insult. The administration of theophylline had no significant effect on cerebral blood flow during the baseline period. During control hypoxic periods, cerebral blood flow increased by ≈45 %. During theophylline experiments, however, there was no significant increase in cerebral blood flow during hypoxia. In the control experiments, cerebral blood flow returned to baseline levels during the recovery period, while in the theophylline experiments cerebral blood flow fell below baseline levels. We conclude that, in the near-term ovine fetus, adenosine plays a minimal role in the regulation of basal cerebral blood flow. However, these data are strong evidence for the involvement of adenosine in increased fetal cerebral blood flow during an acute hypoxic insult. Finally, adenosine may also play an important role in the maintenance of fetal cerebral blood flow immediately following hypoxic insult.
Delayed irritation: Hexanediol diacrylate and butanediol diacrylate

Ephemeral topical contact with hexanediol diacrylate and butanediol diacrylate may cause delayed irritant dermatitis. During 4 years' observation of 20 workers utilizing these substances in the electron beam coming department of a door factory, contact sensitization did not occur. The characteristics of delayed contact irritancy are enumerated. The disease must be distinguished from allergic contact dermatitis, acute irritant dermatitis and cumulative irritant dermatitis.
Group 14 triple-decker cations.

The triple-decker cations trans-[(Cp*Sn)2(μ-η5:η5-Cp*)]+ and trans-[(Cp*Pb)2(μ-η5:η5-Cp*)]+ have been prepared and structurally characterized as their [B(C6F5)4]− salts from the reactions of [Cp*M][B(C6F5)4] (M = Sn, Pb) with the appropriate decamethylmetallocene. Both triple-decker cations adopt a cisoid arrangement of terminal Cp* groups, whereas the two known triple-decker main-group anions possess a transoid arrangement of terminal Cp groups. The reason for this conformational difference has been probed on the basis of DFT calculations.
English Language Learners Left Behind in Arizona: The Nullification of Accommodations in the Intersection of Federal and State Policies

Abstract Current educational reform efforts in Arizona involve three major federal and state language and assessment policies: (a) AZ LEARNS (2001), Arizona's high-stakes testing and school accountability program; (b) No Child Left Behind (2002); and (c) Proposition 203 (2000), which places restrictions on programs for English language learner (ELL) students. Each policy calls for the full inclusion of ELLs in statewide high-stakes testing. These policies are analyzed from frameworks of educational language policy. The findings reveal that these school reform efforts function as restrictedoriented language policies, particularly as the three policies intersect. Furthermore, it is found that most of the accommodations for ELLs called for within these policies are nullified in the intersection, especially at the level of interpretation and implementation. The remaining accommodation-oriented policies are less helpful to ELLs, and may in fact be more beneficial to state policy actors by masking the harmful e...
Postoperative Complications after Thoracic Surgery in the Morbidly Obese Patient

Little has been recently published about specific postoperative complications following thoracic surgery in the morbidly obese patient. Greater numbers of patients who are obese, morbidly obese, or supermorbidly obese are undergoing surgical procedures. Postoperative complications after thoracic surgery in these patients that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stay, and increased cost of care are considered. Complications include difficulties with mask ventilation and securing the airway, obstructive sleep apnea with risk of oversedation, pulmonary complications related to reduced total lung capacity, reduced functional residual capacity, and reduced vital capacity, risks of aspiration pneumonitis and ventilator-associated pneumonia, cardiomyopathies, and atrial fibrillation, inadequate diabetes management, positioning injuries, increased risk of venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. The type of thoracic surgical procedure may also pose other problems to consider during the postoperative period. Obese patients undergoing thoracic surgery pose a challenge to those caring for them. Those working with these patients must understand how to recognize, prevent, and manage these postoperative complications.
The lunar orbit in the late Precambrian and the Elatina sandstone laminae

The discovery of layered sediments of the Elatina Formation of South Australia has attracted intense speculation regarding their origin1,2. The formation 10-m layer of graded sandstone, consists of a pattern of light bands of periodically varying thickness3. A sequence of dark bands separates, on average, 11.6 light bands; the spacing of these dark bands exhibits a rich and complex spectrum. Previously, the periodicity has been attributed to the sunspot cycle and unassigned but putative solar periods. Prompted by a letter from G. E. Williams, summarizing new field data from the Adelaide region, South Australia, which imply that the Elatina varves may be tidal, we re-examined the dark-band spectrum and propose a luni-solar tidal interaction model as the source of the laminae.
Testing a taphonomic predictive model of edge damage formation with Middle Stone Age points from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B and Die Kelders Cave 1, South Africa

The interpretation of taphonomic and behavioral lithic edge wear formation is complicated by equifinality of edge damage morphologies. Rejecting hypotheses that edge damage originates from taphonomic processes is standard practice for many archaeological analyses and should be incorporated into lithic use-wear more explicitly. Quantitative hypothesis testing is advocated here, and facilitated by recording edge wear observations in an image referenced GIS spatial environment. A taphonomic predictive model was generated using trampling and flint-knapping experiments. Trampling experiments were conducted to determine how edge damage is distributed along tool edges due to non-use related, taphonomic processes. Experiments designed to test the assumption that undisturbed flakes do not preferentially orient either surface side-up (dorsal or ventral) were performed. Furthermore, it is argued that artifact orientation data, if available, can also be used to assess whether the frequency of edge damage is correlated with the degree of disturbance. This taphonomic predictive model is then statistically compared with frequency and distribution edge damage data from two South African Middle Stone Age sites. The research presented here illustrates the usefulness of edge damage distribution analysis for accounting for taphonomic processes as causal agents of edge damage formation, and strengthening behavioral interpretations regarding tool function. Bringing tool wear observations into a uniform spatial structure is one avenue for standardization of lithic use-wear analysis.
Some Sufficient Conditions for Oscillation of Symmetric Cellular Neural Networks with Delay

In this paper, we introduce sufficient conditions for oscillation of symmetric cellular neural networks with delay (DCNNs). These conditions impose constrains on the system of dynamic state equations when the cells are working in linear region , where the coefficients and are real matrix , , and are the state vector and its derivative at time .
mRNA localization: assembly of transport complexes and their incorporation into particles

Localization of mRNAs to subcellular domains can enrich proteins at sites where they function. Coordination with translational control can ensure that the encoded proteins will not appear elsewhere, an important property for factors that control cell fate or body patterning. Here I focus on two aspects of mRNA localization. One is the question of how mRNAs that undergo directed transport by a shared mechanism are bound to the transport machinery, and why localization signals from these mRNAs have very diverse sequences. The second topic concerns the role of particles, in which localized mRNAs often appear. Recent evidence highlights the importance of such assemblies, and the possibility that close association of mRNAs confers community effects and a novel form of regulation.
Managing & protecting our water resources

A number of factors have an impact on the quantity and quality of freshwater, particularly global population growth and economic development. In the U.S., the electric utility industry is a large consumer of water resources. Understanding the factors which affect water resource management is important for sustainable development as well as ecosystem management. The effects of past and anticipated legislation in the U.S. addressing clean water issues important to the electric utility industry are discussed.
Generalized Tests for Selection Effects in Gamma-Ray Burst High-Energy Correlations

Several correlations among parameters derived from modeling the high-energy properties of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been reported. We show that well known examples of these have common features indicative of strong contamination by selection effects. We focus here on the impact of detector threshold truncation on the spectral peak versus isotropic equivalent energy release (E pk-E iso) relation, extended to a large sample of 218 Swift and 56 HETE-2 GRBs with and without measured redshift. The existence of faint Swift events missing from pre-Swift surveys calls into question inferences based on pre-Swift surveys which must be subject to complicated incompleteness effects. We demonstrate a generalized method for treating data truncation in correlation analyses and apply this method to Swift and pre-Swift data. Also, we show that the E pk-E γ ("Ghirlanda") correlation is effectively independent of the GRB redshifts, which suggests that its existence has little to do with intrinsic physics. We suggest that a physically based correlation, manifest observationally, must show significantly reduced scatter in the rest frame relative to the observer frame and must not persist if the assumed redshifts are scattered. As with the E pk-E γ correlation, we find that the pre-Swift, bright GRB E pk-E iso correlation of Amati does not rigorously satisfy these conditions.