cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of [Cp*Rh] and [Cp*Ir] Species into Heterobimetallic Complexes via Protonolysis Reactivity and Dioximato Chelation.

The synthesis of multimetallic compounds can enable the placement of two or more metals in close proximity, but efforts in this area are often hindered by reagent incompatibilities and a lack of selectivity. Here, we show that organometallic half-sandwich [Cp*M] (M = Rh, Ir) fragments (where Cp* is η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) can be cleanly installed into metallomacrocyclic structures based on the workhorse diimine-monooxime-monooximato ligand system. Six new heterobimetallic compounds have been prepared to explore this synthetic chemistry, which relies on in situ protonolysis reactivity with precursor Ni(II) or Co(III) monometallic complexes in the presence of suitable [Cp*M] species. Solid-state X-ray diffraction studies confirm installation of the [Cp*M] fragments into the metallomacrocycles via effective chelation of the Rh(III) and Ir(III) centers by the nascent dioximato site. Contrasting with square-planar Ni(II) centers, the Co(III) centers prefer octahedral geometry in the heterobimetallic compounds, promoting bridging ligation of acetate across the two metals. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies reveal subtle influences of the metals on each other's properties, consistent with the moderate M'···M distances of ca. 3.6-3.7 A in the modular compounds. Taken together, our results show that heterobimetallic complexes can be assembled with organometallic [Cp*M] fragments on the diimine-dioximato platform.
Developing a synthetic control group using electronic health records: Application to a single-arm lifestyle intervention study

Abstract The electronic health records (EHR) infrastructure offers a tremendous resource for identifying controls who match the characteristics of study participants in a single-arm trial. The objectives are to (1) demonstrate the feasibility of curating a synthetic control group for an existing study cohort through EHR data extraction and (2) evaluate the effect of a lifestyle intervention on selected cardiovascular health metrics. A total of 711 university employees were recruited between 2008 and 2012 to participate in a health partner intervention to improve cardiovascular health and were followed for five years. Data of nearly 8000 eligible subjects were extracted from the EHR to create a synthetic control cohort during the same study period. To minimize confounding, crude comparison, exact matching, propensity score matching, and doubly robust estimation were used to compare the selected cardiovascular health metrics at 1 and 5 years of follow-up. Blood pressure and body mass index improved in the intervention group compared to the EHR synthetic controls. The findings of changes in lipid measurements were somewhat unexpected. When analyzing the subgroup without lipid-lowering medications, the intervention group exhibited better control of cholesterol levels over time than did our synthetic controls. Some measurements in the EHR system may be more robust for synthetic selection than others. EHR synthetic controls can provide an alternative to estimate intervention effects appropriately in single-arm studies for these measurements.
The female nude : art, obscenity and sexuality

List of Plates Introduction Part One: Theorizing the Female Nude 1. Framing the Female Body 2. A Discourse on the Naked and the Nude 3. A Study of Ideal Art 4. Aesthetics and the Female Nude 5. Obscenity and the Sublime Part Two: Redrawing the Lines 1. 'The Damaged Venus' 2. The Framework of Tradition 3. The Lessons of the Life Class 4. Art Criticism and Sexual Metaphor 5. Breaking Open the Boundaries 6. Redrawing the Lines Part Three: Cultural Distinctions 1. Sacred Frontiers 2. Pure and Motivated Pleasure 3. Policing the Boundaries 4. Displaying the Female Body 5. Erotic Art: A Frame for Desire List of Works Cited Index
Mobilization of volatile toxic components from petroleum product-contaminated soils by TCLP

Two different types of soil contaminated at several levels with unleaded gasoline, diesel fuel, and No. 6 fuel oil were subjected to the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). One soil (Kaw) was sandy-silty, with low organic carbon content (0.6%). The other (Action) was silty-clayey with a higher organic carbon content (2.3%). The TCLP leachates and neat fuels were analyzed by GC/MS for volatile organic analytes. Leaching of the volatile organic contaminants from the Action soil resembled Freundlich-type isotherms, whereas for the Kaw soil, the isotherms were almost linear. This suggests sorption from the gasoline in the Action soil and no retention in the Kaw soil. Diesel- and fuel oil-contaminated soils showed no significant differences in the concentrations of volatiles in the leachates of the two types of soil. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the leaching efficiency of TCLP which depended on soil characteristics and extent of contamination.
TU-F-CAMPUS-I-02: Contrast Enhanced Cone Beam CT Imaging with Dual- Gantry Image Acquisition and Constrained Iterative Reconstruction-a Simulation Study for Liver Imaging Application

Purpose: Contrast time-density curves may help differentiate malignant tumors from normal tissues or benign tumors. Repetitive scans using conventional CT or cone beam CT techniques, which Result in unacceptably high dose, may not achieve the desired temporal resolution. In this study we describe and demonstrate a 4D imaging technique for imaging and quantifying contrast flows requiring only one or two 360° scans. Methods: A dual-gantry system is used to simultaneously acquire two projection images at orthogonal orientations. Following the scan, each or both of the two 360° projection sets are used to reconstruct an average contrast enhanced image set which is then segmented to form a 3D contrast map. Alternatively, a pre-injection scan may be made and used to reconstruct a pre-injection image set which is subtracted from the post-injection image set to form the 3D contrast map. Each of the two 360° projection sets is divided into 12 subsets, thus creating 12 pairs of 30° limited angle projection sets, each corresponding to a time spanning over 1/12 of the scanning time. Each pair of the projection sets are reconstructed as a time specific 3D image set with the maximum likelihood estimation iterative algorithm using the contrast map as the constraint. As a demonstration, a 4D abdominal phantom was constructed from clinical CT images with blood flow through the normal tissue and a tumor modeled and imaging process simulated. Results: We have successfully generated a 4D image phantom, and calculated the projection images. The time density curves derived from the reconstructed image set matched well with the flow model used to generate the phantom. Conclusion: Dual-gantry image acquisition and constrained iterative reconstruction algorithm may help to obtain time-density curves of contrast agents in blood flows, which may help differentiate malignant tumors from normal tissues or benign tumors.
Domestic violence in Iowa: Exploring the experiences of Latinas with organizational response

This feminist narrative study was designed to explore Latina victims’ experiences and perceptions of current organizational and advocacy responses to domestic violence interventions. Understanding how cultural and social factors influence Latina victims’ experiences with partner abuse is essential for the development of interventions and policies culturally appropriate to meet their particular needs. The primary data-collection method for this study was in-depth interviews, with a focus group used as a supportive method. The purposefully selected sample was composed of 10 Latina victims of partner abuse who had previously contacted an anti-violence organization in Iowa and had used its services. The data were coded and organized according to the research questions. Analysis and interpretation of results were organized by way of three categories based on the study’s literature review and theoretical framework: (a) barriers influencing immigrant Latina victims’ help-seeking behaviors, (b) immigrant Latina victims’ perceptions about and experiences with advocacy services, (c) perceptions of immigrant Latina victims about how advocacy services need to change so victims of domestic violence can satisfy their full range of needs. Findings demonstrate immigration status, fear of partner and the inability to understand domestic violence given cultural norms, as major barriers keeping them from seeking help from formal advocacy agencies. Other impediments included the lack of knowledge of resources, lack of language proficiency in mainstream institutions, isolation and feelings of shame. In addition, results indicate that anti-violence services for Latina victims meet their full range of needs, yet there is a need for the development of more programs and services focusing on providing education/job-skill training to victims so they can achieve work and education-based self-sufficiency.
Microsomal electron transport reactions. II. The use of reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide and-or reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide for the oxidative N-demethylation of aminopyrine and other drug substrates.

Abstract The ratio of formaldehyde formed to TPNH oxidized during aminopyrine oxidative demethylation as catalyzed by rabbit liver microsomes was found to be about 0.5. This is less than the expected 1:1 ratio for a mixed function oxidase reaction and may reflect the oxidation of TPNH by other reactions. Similar results were obtained when measuring the oxidative demethylation of codeine and ethylmorphine. In all cases the addition of DPNH significantly increased the yield of formaldehyde formed in the presence of TPNH. The stimulatory effect of DPNH was a linear function of the DPNH concentration added until the initial concentrations of DPNH and TPNH were equal. Increasing the DPNH concentration above a DPNH:TPNH ratio of 1:1 had no further effect upon the final concentration of formaldehyde formed. This observation, as well as the inhibition of DPNH-supported aminopyrine metabolism by TPN+, argue against the role of a transhydrogenase mechanism for the DPNH effect. The rate of DPNH oxidation catalyzed by liver microsome was also observed to increase markedly in the presence of TPNH.
Analysis of a Fusion Method for Combining Marginal Classifiers

The use of multiple features by a classifier often leads to a reduced probability of error, but the design of an optimal Bayesian classifier for multiple features is dependent on the estimation of multidimensional joint probability density functions and therefore requires a design sample size that, in general, increases exponentially with the number of dimensions. The classification method described in this paper makes decisions by combining the decisions made by multiple Bayesian classifiers using an additional classifier that estimates the joint probability densities of the decision space rather than the joint probability densities of the feature space. A proof is presented for the restricted case of two classes and two features; showing that the method always demonstrates a probability of error that is less than or equal to the probability of error of the marginal classifier with the lowest probability of error.
IT service management automation: an automation centric approach leveraging configuration control, audit verification and process analytics

People, processes, technology and information are the service provider's resources for delivering IT services. Process automation is one way in which service providers can reduce cost and improve quality by automating routine tasks thereby reducing human error and reserving people resources for those tasks which require human skill and complex decision making. In this paper we propose a conceptual methodology for IT service management process automation in the area of configuration control, audit verification, and process analytics. We employ a complexity model to assist in identifying the opportunities for process automation. We recommend and outline an automated approach to the complex task of variance detection of the hierarchically defined Configuration Items in a Configuration Management Database (CMDB) against the Configuration Items in the IT environment. We also recommend the integration of this automated detection with human centric remediation for resolving the variances detected and outline an automated approach to the variance detection.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors

The incidence of brain tumors has increased over the past 20–30 years, though part of the increase may be attributed to increasingly sophisticated imaging techniques. Although brain tumors account for only 2% of all cancers, they contribute disproportionately to cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Prognosis remains grim for patients with malignant brain tumors despite some recent advances in therapy. Increasing interest has focused on epidemiologic studies of brain tumors given the significant impact this disease has on patients and their families. Unfortunately, there is still little consensus on risk factors and the extent of their contribution to the development of brain tumors. Discrepancies between studies result from variations in methodology, variable use of proxies, inconsistencies in pathological diagnoses, and heterogeneity of these tumors. With new advances in genetics and molecular biology, there is a renewed focus on the epidemiology of brain and central nervous system tumors.
Detection of impaired coronary flow reserve in coronary artery disease using transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of coronary sinus blood flow

In order to establish whether coronary flow reserve (CFR) can be measured by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with pulse wave Doppler echocardiography, 14 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 12 normal subjects were studied. Coronary sinus blood flow was measured at rest and 2 minutes after intravenous injection of 0.56 mg/kg dipyridamole (DP). CFR was calculated as the DP to rest flow ratio. Patients with CAD were found to have significantly decreased CFR when compared to normal subjects. These findings suggest that TTE may be useful in diagnosing CAD.
Frege's Changing Conception of Number

I trace changes to Frege's understanding of numbers, arguing in particular that the view of arithmetic based in geometry developed at the end of his life (1924-1925) was not as radical a deviation from his views during the logicist period as some have suggested. Indeed, by looking at his earlier views regarding the connection between numbers and second-level concepts, his under- standing of extensions of concepts, and the changes to his views, firstly, in between Grundlagen and Grundgesetze, and, later, after learning of Russell's paradox, this position is natural position for him to have retreated to, when properly understood.
Autonomous expression of a noncatalytic domain of the focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase pp125FAK.

Abstract Integrins play a central role in cellular adhesion and anchorage of the cytoskeleton and participate in the generation of intracellular signals, including tyrosine phosphorylation. We have recently isolated a cDNA encoding a unique, focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase (FAK) that is a component of an integrin-mediated signal transduction pathway. Here we report the isolation of cDNAs encoding the C-terminal, noncatalytic domain of the FAK kinase, termed FRNK (FAK-related nonkinase). Both the FAK- and FRNK-encoded polypeptides, pp125FAK and p41/p43FRNK, are expressed in normal chicken embryo cells. pp125FAK and p41/p43FRNK were localized to focal adhesions, suggesting that pp125FAK is directed to the focal adhesions by sequences within its C-terminal domain. We also show that the fibronectin-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of pp125FAK is accompanied by a concomitant posttranslational modification of p41FRNK.
Simulated acidosis does not impair 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production by cultured kidney cells.

Cultured mouse kidney cells grown in serum-free medium were used to assess the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the presence of simulated metabolic acidosis. Kidney epithelial cells isolated from 4–6 week old mice were grown to confluence in a defined serum-free medium at pH 7.4. The confluent monolayers were incubated with tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 6 hours, the samples were extracted, and vitamin D metabolites were separated and quantitated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pH of the incubation medium was set at 6.9, 7.1, 7.4, or 7.7 by adjusting the bicarbonate concentration, using chloride as the balancing anion at constant Pco2. When pH was altered at the beginning of the 6 hour assay, production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was the same at each pH. More prolonged pH perturbation for a total of 30 hours likewise had no influence on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. These results confirm that intact mammalian kidney cells in serum-free culture possess an active 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase and that the activity of the enzyme is unaffected by pH over the range 6.8–7.7. In experiments where acidosis has been shown to alter 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production, the mechanism was probably indirect.
Bacteriophage T4 internal protein mutants: isolation and properties.

Abstract Mutants defective in synthesis of the three phage T4 internal proteins (IPs), IPI, IPII, and IPIII, were isolated by an immunological screening procedure. Crosses between these chain termination mutants, as well as the use of deletions through gene e (lysozyme) which also block synthesis of one or more of the IPs, allow their structural genes to be located on the genetic and physical maps of phage T4. These locations are in good agreement with the known transcription properties of the internal protein genes: Regulation of transcription from this region of the T4 genome is discussed. A triple mutant, IP o , which lacks all three internal proteins is viable, and therefore these internal proteins found in the mature T4 head are not required for DNA condensation or head formation. Early events in phage growth, including T4 DNA injection and expression, occur normally in IP o infected Escherichia coli B E cells, but phage formation is affected, with reduced head assembly and incomplete head protein maturation. This appears to be due primarily to the absence of IPIII, since mutants lacking IPIII are similar to IP o in assembly defectiveness. These results are discussed in terms of an assembly-core model for T4 head formation ( Showe and Black, 1973 ).
Silica aerogel films prepared at ambient pressure by using surface derivatization to induce reversible drying shrinkage

HIGHLY porous inorganic films have potential applications as dielectric materials, reflective and anti-reflective coatings, flat-panel displays, sensors, catalyst supports and super-insulating architectural glazings1–3. Aerogels4 are the most highly porous solids known, and can now be prepared from inorganic5 and organic6,7 precursors with volume-fraction porosities of up to 99.9% (ref. 8). Aerogels are normally prepared by supercritical extraction of the pore fluid from a wet gel1, which prevents the network collapse that is otherwise induced by capillary forces. But supercritical processing is expensive, hazardous and incompatible with the processing requirements of many potential applications,thus severely restricting the commercial exploitation of aerogels. Here we describe a means of preparing aerogels by a simple dip-coating method at ambient pressure without the need for supercriti-cal extraction. We add surface groups to the inorganic gel which make drying shrinkage reversible9: as the solvent is withdrawn, the gel springs back to a porous state. We can generate aerogel films with 98.5% porosity using this approach. We anticipate that it will greatly expand the commercial applications of these materials.
Novel therapies in breast cancer: what is new from ASCO 2008

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common female cancer and the second most common cause of female cancer-related deaths in the United States. World-wide, more than one million women will be diagnosed with breast cancer annually. In 2007, more than 175,000 women were diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States. However, deaths due to breast cancer have decreased in the recent years in part because of improved screening techniques, surgical interventions, understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, and utilization of traditional chemotherapies in a more efficacious manner. One of the more exciting areas of improvement in the treatment of breast cancer is the entrance of novel therapies now available to oncologists. In the field of cancer therapeutics, the area of targeted and biologic therapies has been progressing at a rapid rate, particularly in the treatment of breast cancer. Since the advent of imatinib for the successful treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in the 2001, clinicians have been searching for comparable therapies that could be as efficacious and as tolerable. In order for targeted therapies to be effective, the agent must be able to inhibit critical regulatory pathways which promote tumor cell growth and proliferation. The targets must be identifiable, quantifiable and capable of being interrupted. In the field of breast cancer, two advances in targeted therapy have led to great strides in the understanding and treatment of breast cancer, namely hormonal therapy for estrogen positive receptor breast cancer and antibodies directed towards the inhibition of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2. These advances have revolutionized the understanding and the treatment strategies for breast cancer. Building upon these successes, a host of novel agents are currently being investigated and used in clinical trials that will hopefully prove to be as fruitful. This review will focus on novel therapies in the field of breast cancer with a focus on metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and updates from the recent annual ASCO meeting and contains a summary of the results.
Fear of death in parachute jumpers

I r ha k e n suggrrred (Fcifel, ct 01.. 1967) rhzr srrlrudrr ron,ard dearh may partially derrrmine choicr of occupation. An activlry may be engaged in ro gain and arscrr mastery over rhe fear. In line wirh rhls conccprualizarion. Feifel, el a1 noted rhar doctors had a higher consciour fear of dcarh rhan comparison groups. The presenr rrudy roughr ro examine the fear of dearh in rhorc engagcd i n rhe high risk rporr of parachute jumping. Sr were 31 sky divers and 15 Sr rraining ro sky dive, from t w o clubs i n uprrare New York. Flfrrrn Sr had nor yet jumped. 15 had made 25 or fewer free-fall jumpr, and 16 had made from 25 ro 350 free-fall jumpr. Of she 31 Sr 10 wcrc female; rhe mcdian age was 21 yr. (rangc 18 to 49). Each S was mnrchcd for age and scx wirh a srudcnr at on? of raro collegcs in upstare Ncw York Each S war adminlrrerrd nvo fear o f denrh rcalcs (Collerr & Lerrrr. 1969; Lcrr~r . 1967) and rhe remanric dlfferenrial on whlch Sr rarcd the concrprs of rhrill, desrh, life, suicide, and fear on the mndard rcalcr. Eighteen of rhr sky divrrs were rested ar rhr airport and 13 compler~d rhe quesrionnalrr ar homc. Control Ss wrre tested whilc at college. The rhrcc sky-drving groups were compared on all mcasurps using one-way analys~s of variance. No rignificnnr dlfferencer were found (rhc largerr F = 2.46, dt = 2 / 4 3 ) . A l l sky divers were combined and compared wirh conrrol Sr by mcanr of r r e r u Again. no rigniiicanr differences were found on any mesrurc (rhr largerr t = 0.85, dt = 90) Producr-momenr correlations were computed krween measures of the [ear of dearh and rhe n u m h r of free-fall jumps. On rhe subrcales of rhe Collerrlcrrer scaler. 6 of the 8 corcelar~ons wcre negative bur only one rrrchcd signifxcance: for rhe rnexperienced lumprrs, rhere was a greater fcar of dearh of self in chore with fewer free.fall lumps ( r = -0.70. one-railed p < 0.005). The present dara rhowed icw dtfferencer bctwcen sky divers and conrrol $5, rhough rhc lone rignlficant rerulr d ~ d supporr rhe guidlng concrptualizarion. I r may be rhar, as Frnz (1964) hnr ruggerred. denial is a malor defcnse mechanism i n sky diverr and rhir serve, ro obrcurr daffercncer in conscious fear of dearh. If rhlr be $0, subsequent rcsearch should cry ro tap non-conrcious mrarures of dearh anxiery, such as perceprual drfense rcch. niqucr (Lester & Lerrer. 1970).
Uncertainty Analysis and Characterization of the SOFAST Mirror Facet Characterization System

Sandia Optical Fringe Analysis Slope Tool (SOFAST) is a mirror facet characterization system based on fringe reflection technology that has been applied to dish and heliostat mirror facet development at Sandia National Laboratories and development partner sites. The tool provides a detailed map of mirror facet surface normals as compared to design and fitted surfaces. In addition, the surface fitting process provides insights into systematic facet slope characterization, such as focal lengths, tilts, and twist of the facet. In this paper, a preliminary analysis of the sensitivities of the facet characterization outputs to variations of SOFAST input parameters is presented. The results of the sensitivity analysis provided the basis for a linear uncertainty analysis which is also included here. Input parameters included hardware parameters and SOFAST setup variables. Output parameters included the fitted shape parameters (focal lengths and twist) and the residuals (typically called slope error). The study utilized empirical propagation of input parameter errors through facet characterization calculations to the output parameters, based on the measurement of an Advanced Dish Development System (ADDS) structural gore point-focus facet. Thus, this study is limited to the characterization of sensitivities of the SOFAST embodiment intended for dish facet characterization. With reasonably careful setup, SOFAST is demonstrated to provide facet focal length characterization within 0.5% of actual. Facet twist is accurate within ± 0.03 mrad/m. The local slope deviation measurement is accurate within ± 0.05 mrad, while the global slope residual is accurate within ± 0.005 mrad. All uncertainties are quoted with 95% confidence.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pineal calcification and subtypes of tardive dyskinesia

There is evidence that reduced melatonin secretion is associated with the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia (TD). To investigate the relationship between melatonin secretion and TD, I evaluated scores of subtypes of TD with CT scan measurements of pineal calcification (PC) size in 77 chronic institutionalized schizophrenic and bipolar patients. There was a significantly greater incidence of pathologically enlarged calcified pineal glands (> 1 cm in diameter) in the patients (18.1%) compared to the reported incidence in the literature in nonpsychiatric subjects (1%). In addition, there was a significant association between scores of limb-axial (but not orofacial) dyskinesias and the presence of pathologically enlarged PC (p < 0.05). These findings support the notion that the pathophysiology of orofacial dyskinesias may be distinct from limb-axial dyskinesias. In addition, since it is possible that a pathologically enlarged clarified pineal gland is associated with reduced melatonin secretion, these fin...
Iatrogenic hypocalcemic tetany

The treatment of a patient with hypocalcemic tetany secondary to sodium phosphate enemas is reported. The patient presented with a serum calcium level of 5.2 mg/dL and a phosphate level of 17.5 mg/dL. Physical manifestations included tetanic contraction of the muscles of the legs and arms. There was rapid symptomatic resolution with IV calcium. The electrolyte imbalance normalized over the next two days with oral calcium supplementation.
A Unifying Construction for Difference Sets

We present a recursive construction for difference sets which unifies the Hadamard, McFarland, and Spence parameter families and deals with all abelian groups known to contain such difference sets. The construction yields a new family of difference sets with parameters (v,k,?,n)=(22d+4(22d+2?1)/3, 22d+1(22d+3+1)/3, 22d+1(22d+1+1)/3, 24d+2) ford?0. The construction establishes that a McFarland difference set exists in an abelian group of order 22d+3(22d+1+1)/3 if and only if the Sylow 2-subgroup has exponent at most 4. The results depend on a second recursive construction, for semi-regular relative difference sets with an elementary abelian forbidden subgroup of orderpr. This second construction deals with all abelian groups known to contain such relative difference sets and significantly improves on previous results, particularly forr>1. We show that the group order need not be a prime power when the forbidden subgroup has order 2. We also show that the group order can grow without bound while its Sylowp-subgroup has fixed rank and that this rank can be as small as 2r. Both of the recursive constructions generalise to nonabelian groups.
Transaction cost economics in practice: Applications and evidence

Transaction cost economics (TCE) has been criticized for presenting an undersocialized view of human nature, for confusing cause and effect, and for being ad hoc. This article attempts to rebut the last charge by reviewing a large body of empirical evidence on contracting and economic organization. Specifically, we maintain that enough empirical work has been carried out to shift the burden of persuasion to TCE's skeptics. As we show, the empirical evidence lines up remarkably well with the logic of organization described by TCE. After a conceptual and methodological review, we survey a range of studies on vertical integration (including forward integration into marketing and distribution), complex contracts and “hybrid” modes of organization, transfer pricing, and multinational corporations. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of TCE for business organization.
Helium-3 from the Mantle: Primordial Signal or Cosmic Dust?

Helium-3 in hotspot magmas has been used as unambiguous evidence for the existence of a primordial, undegassed reservoir deep in the Earth's mantle. However, a large amount of helium-3 is delivered to the Earth's surface by interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). Recycling of deep-sea sediments containing these particles to the mantle, and eventual incorporation in magma, can explain the high helium-3/helium-4 ratios of hotspot magmas. Basafts with high helium-3/helium-4 ratios may represent degassing of helium introduced by ancient (probably 1.5 to 2.0 billion years old) pelagic sediments rather than degassing of primordial lower mantle material brought to the surface in plumes. Influx of IDPs can also explain the neon and siderophile compositions of mantle samples.
Prehension stability: experiments with expanding and contracting handle.

We studied adjustments in digit forces and moments during holding a vertically oriented handle under slow, externally imposed changes in the width of the grasp. Subjects (n = 8) grasped a customize...
Characteristics of amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram in premature infants.

The aim of this study is to evaluate and characterize amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram tracings in preterm infants at varying gestational ages. Eighty-six amplitude-integrated electroencep...
Buck raising in a small academic library: endowed book funds are an answer

Fund‐raising has become a more important part of the job of academic library directors. Small college libraries with small staffs must devise methods to raise funds, which are not burdensome for any one staff member. Endowed book funds are described here as such a vehicle for fund‐raising. The case described, now 25 years in place, has raised an endowment of over $6 million.
Transcription, splicing and editing of plastid RNAs in the nonphotosynthetic plant Epifagus virginiana

Expression of the vestigial plastid genome of the nonphotosynthetic, parasitic flowering plant Epifagus virginiana was examined by northern analysis and by charaterization of cDNAs. Probes for each of 12 plastid genes tested hybridized to all lanes of northern blots containing total RNA prepared from stems and fruits of Epifgus and from leaves of tobacco. Certain transcript patterns in Epifagus plastids are highly complex and similar to those of tobacco operons. In contrast, genes such as rps2, which have become orphaned in Epifagus as a result of evolutionary loss of formerly cotranscribed genes, show simpler transcript patterns in Epifagus than in tobacco. Sizing and sequencing of cDNAs generated by reverse transcriptase-PCR for three genes, rps12, rpl2, and clpP, show that their transcripts are properly cis-and/or trans-spliced at the same five group II intron insertion sites used in photosynthetic plants. A single, conventional C→U edit in rps12 was found among the total of 1401 nucleotides of cDNA sequence that was determined for the three genes. An octanucleotide sequence identical to putative guide RNA of plant organelles and perfectly complementary to the rps12 edit site itself was identified just 200 bp upstream of the edit site. These data, together with previous results from the complete sequencing of the Epifagus plastid genome, provide compelling evidence that this degenerate genome is nonetheless expressed and functional. Analysis of the putative maturase MatK, encoderd by the group II intron of trnK in photosynthetic land plants but by a freestanding gene in Epifagus, leads us to hypothesize that it acts ‘in trans’ to assist the splicing of group II introns other than the one in which it is normally encoded.
Effect of temperature gradients on cure and stress gradients in thick thermoset castings

The temperature gradient developed during casting of an unsaturated polyester for which the kinetics of reaction and the heat capacities, thermal conductivities, and densities were known from earlier work was measured experimentally as a function of time in a thick casting and compared with predicted values calculated from a mathematical model. Agreement was excellent. The castings were sectioned and the sections were examined by birefringence. These examinations show good agreement between the temperature gradient developed during cure and the residual stress gradient. This work demonstrates that the extent of cure as a function of position can be predicted from heat transfer calculations if the reaction kinetics and thermal properties are known and that the residual stress gradient is dependent upon the temperature gradient developed.
A Bayesian Approach to a Logistic Regression Model with Incomplete Information

We consider a set of independent Bernoulli trials with possibly different success probabilities that depend on covariate values. However, the available data consist only of aggregate numbers of successes among subsets of the trials along with all of the covariate values. We still wish to estimate the parameters of a modeled relationship between the covariates and the success probabilities, e.g., a logistic regression model. In this article, estimation of the parameters is made from a Bayesian perspective by using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm based only on the available data. The proposed methodology is applied to both simulation studies and real data from a dose-response study of a toxic chemical, perchlorate.
Defining flexible vs. inherent promoter architectures: the importance of dynamics and environmental considerations.

The degree to which nucleosome positioning regulates transcription is an ongoing debate. To address this question, we recently followed dynamic changes in nucleosome occupancy, transcription factor binding and gene expression in yeast cells responding to oxidative stress. Integrating across these dynamic processes revealed new insights into the functions of nucleosome reorganization. Here, we used our data to address the extent to which upstream promoter architecture is a static feature inherent to specific genes vs. a dynamic platform that changes across conditions. Our results argue that, while some aspects of promoter architecture are fixed across environments, the level to which promoters are “open” or “covered” by nucleosomes depends on the conditions investigated.
Localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina: a light and electron microscopic study.

Immunohistochemistry was utilized to examine the light and electron microscopic localization of enkephalin-like (enk) immunoreactive amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina. The vast majority of enk-immunoreactive cells were typical amacrine cells whose round or oval cell bodies (14–16 μm) were situated in the innermost cell row of the inner nuclear layer. A relatively small number of enk-stained oval cell bodies (14–22 μm) were located in the ganglion cell layer and were designated as those of displaced amacrine cells. Enkephalin immunostaining was observed in the inner plexiform layer as a fine plexus in sublamina 1 and as a dense network of fibers in sublamina 5. In both the center and periphery of the retina the density of typical enk-amacrine cells was determined to be 250 ± 16.36 cells per mm2 surface area of the retina. At the ultrastructural level typical enk-stained amacrine cells possessed a round, indented nuclear membrane. Enk-immunoreactive processes sometimes contained dense-core vesicles (60–115 nm) in addition to a rather homogeneous population of small, round, agranular synaptic vesicles (25–35 nm). In sublamina 1 the processes of enk-amacrine cells were presynaptic to amacrine and bipolar cells. They also contacted processes devoid of synaptic vesicles which possibly arise from ganglion cells. As the postsynaptic element in sublamina 1, they received synaptic input from amacrine cells. In sublamina 5 the processes of enk-amacrine cells were presynaptic to amacrine cells, bipolar cells, and the somas of cells situated in the ganglion cell layer. They also formed synaptic contacts onto processes devoid of synaptic vesicles, which may originate from ganglion cells. As the postsynaptic member in sublamina 5, the processes of enk-amacrine cells received synapses from amacrine cells and bipolar cells.
Microbubbles during radiofrequency catheter ablation: composition and formation.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to measure tissue temperatures associated with microbubble formation during radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Background Microbubble formation visualized by echocardiography has been used to indicate excessive tissue heating during RF pulmonary vein isolation. However, little is known about the tissue temperatures associated with microbubble formation. Methods Optical fluorometric thermometry probes were used to record tissue temperatures in isolated porcine atrium overlying either lung or esophageal tissue in a saline bath. RF energy was delivered through an irrigated ablation electrode during echocardiographic monitoring for microbubble formation. Results The maximal recorded tissue temperatures were 81.0 ± 5.0°C and 88.3 ± 8.1°C at the time of intermittent (type 1) microbubble formation for lung and esophageal preparations, respectively. During continuous (type 2) microbubble formation, the temperatures were 91.4 ± 8.2°C and 99.2 ± 7.8°C, respectively (both P 100°C at the time of "pops." The maximal recorded temperature occurred up to 4 mm deep in the tissues and frequently occurred external to the atrial tissue. The total RF lesion volumes for lung and esophageal preparations were related to the pattern of microbubble formation but not to total power delivered. After generation of type 1 bubbles, up to 60% reductions in RF energy were needed to restore target tissue temperatures of 65°C. Gas chromatographic analysis of the microbubbles was consistent with steam formation. Conclusions Microbubble formation during RF ablation represents excessive tissue heating to the point of steam formation. Maximal tissue heating may occur in the adjacent lung and esophagus during cooled ablation.
REDUCTION OF NO WITH NH3 ON Fe-Cr OXIDES CATALYST

A catalyst consisting of a mixture of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 (5/1 atomic ratio of Fe:Cr) supported on alumina pellets was examined for the complete reduction of NO with NH3 to N2 in an isothermal flow reactor. The reduction of NO was determined at various inlet concentrations of NO (approximating utility boiler emissions) and NH3, and catalyst bed temperatures. In the absence of O2, NO reduced completely to N2 without N2O formation. Correlation of the kinetic data considering both external and internal reactant mass transfer provided the following rate expression for the reduction of NO, r = 7.71 × 104 exp. ( − 12,300/RT) P0.9 NO P0.1 NH3, moles / g.cat-sec atm.
Minimum energy-per-bit wireless multi-hop networks with spatial reuse

In this paper, a tradeoff between the total energy consumption-per-bit and the end-to-end rate under spatial reuse in wireless multi-hop network is developed and analyzed. The end-to-end rate of the network is the number of information bits transmitted (end-to-end) per channel use by any node in the network that is forwarding the data. In order to increase the bandwidth efficiency, spatial reuse is considered whereby simultaneous relay transmissions are allowed provided there is a minimum separation between such transmitters. The total energy consumption-per-bit includes the energy transmitted and the energy consumed by the receiver to process (demodulate and decoder) the received signal. The total energy consumption-per-bit is normalized by the distance between a source-destination pair in order to be consistent with a direct (single-hop) communication network. Lower bounds on this energy-bandwidth tradeoff are analyzed using convex optimization methods. For a given location of relays, it is shown that the total energy consumption-per-bit is minimized by optimally selecting the end-to-end rate. It is also demonstrated that spatial reuse can improve the bandwidth efficiency for a given total energy consumption-per-bit. However, at the rate that minimizes the total energy consumption-per-bit, spatial reuse does not provide lower energy consumption-per-bit compared to the case without spatial reuse. This is because spatial reuse requires more receiver energy consumption at a given end-to-end rate. Such degraded energy efficiency can be compensated by varying the minimum separation of hops between simultaneous transmitters. In the case of equi-spaced relays, analytical results for the energy-bandwidth tradeoff are provided and it is shown that the minimum energy consumption-per-bit decreases linearly with the end-to-end distance.
Myocardial AKT: The Omnipresent Nexus

One of the greatest examples of integrated signal transduction is revealed by examination of effects mediated by AKT kinase in myocardial biology. Positioned at the intersection of multiple afferent and efferent signals, AKT exemplifies a molecular sensing node that coordinates dynamic responses of the cell in literally every aspect of biological responses. The balanced and nuanced nature of homeostatic signaling is particularly essential within the myocardial context, where regulation of survival, energy production, contractility, and response to pathological stress all flow through the nexus of AKT activation or repression. Equally important, the loss of regulated AKT activity is primarily the cause or consequence of pathological conditions leading to remodeling of the heart and eventual decompensation. This review presents an overview compendium of the complex world of myocardial AKT biology gleaned from more than a decade of research. Summarization of the widespread influence that AKT exerts upon myocardial responses leaves no doubt that the participation of AKT in molecular signaling will need to be reckoned with as a seemingly omnipresent regulator of myocardial molecular biological responses.
More sweetness than light? A search for the causes of diabetic vasculopathy.

Diabetes affects a large and growing number of individuals in industrialized countries worldwide; in the USA, over 16 million people suffer from diabetes, and even more show clinical features associated with prediabetic states (1). Vascular diseases represent an important cause of the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes, and a very large body of experimental work has sought to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this important pathophysiological process. One of the hallmarks of diabetic vascular disease is endothelial dysfunction, which may be functionally defined as the failure of the vascular endothelium to subserve its normal role in vasodilation and/or vascular homeostasis.
Use of Sirolimus in Lung Transplantation: A Single Center Experience

Purpose Sirolimus is an effective immunosuppressive agent in solid organ transplantation although its use in lung transplant recipients is limited to patients more than 3 months after the procedure due to the risk of anastamotic dehiscence. Sirolimus is used as an alternative immunosuppressant in our program for the treatment of refractory rejection, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), and calcineurin renal intolerance. Our experience with the use of this agent is described. Methods and Materials Patients transplanted from 2000-2011 who were converted to sirolimus post-transplant were evaluated in a retrospective fashion. All patients initially received a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), an antiproliferative agent, and prednisone. Variables examined included baseline characteristics, reason to initiate sirolimus, adverse effects (AEs), and renal function. Results 49 of 345 (14%) patients transplanted between 2000-2011 were converted to sirolimus post-transplant. Reasons for converting included development of BOS (55%), AEs of CNI (hyperkalemia, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity)(22%), worsening renal function (12%), leucopenia (8%), and acute rejection (2%). Median time to conversion was 945 days (79-3756 days). Sirolimus was combined with a CNI in 47% of patients. Patients remained on sirolimus for a median of 135 days (1-3013 days). Sirolimus was discontinued in 42 patients (86%) due to AEs (55%), death (24%), infection (9%), or other reasons (12%). Most common AEs leading to discontinuation were suspected pulmonary toxicity (48%), thrombocytopenia (13%), anemia (9%), and delayed wound healing (9%). Renal function declined after the initiation of sirolimus to its discontinuation (mean 62 ml/min v. 58 ml/min (sirolimus alone) and 56 ml/min (sirolimus with CNI)). Conclusions Our single center experience demonstrates a high discontinuation rate of sirolimus in lung transplant recipients due to its numerous adverse effects. The utility of sirolimus for preventing allograft rejection is overshadowed by its toxicity which should be considered prior to its initiation.
Alterations in nociception following adrenal medullary transplants into the rat periaqueductal gray.

Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells were transplanted to the midbrain periaqueductal gray, a region known to play a primary role in the modulation of nociception. Chromaffin cells were chosen for transplantation since they contain several neuroactive substances (e.g. catecholamines, opioid peptides, other neuropeptides) whose release can be stimulated by pharmacological agents such as nicotine. Both dissected adult rat adrenal medullary tissue and bovine chromaffin cells served as graft tissue in the periaqueductal gray region of adult rats. When stimulated with a low dose of nicotine, potent analgesia was induced in the these animals as assessed by tail flick, paw pinch and hot plate tests. The bovine chromaffin cell implants were more effective in inducing this response. The analgesia induced by nicotine stimulation in rats with adrenal medullary implants was partially attenuated by both opiate antagonist naloxone, and adrenergic antagonist phentolamine. These results suggest that the implantation of cells which release neuroactive substances can produce reductions in pain sensitivity.