cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MUTATIONS AFFECTING HETEROKARYOSIS IN SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE

Mutations that affect the basic characteristics of heterokaryons of S. commune occur spontaneously and are preferentially selected in the common-A heterokaryon and in its homokaryotic mimics, strains carrying a mutated B factor or strains disomic for heteroallelic B factors. Nine independent mutations were compared: all segregate independently of A and B incompatibility factors, and at least 3 distinct loci, of which 2 are linked, are involved. None of the mutations is phenotypically expressed in the homokaryon or in the common-AB heterokaryon. All 9 mutations increase vegetative vigor of the common-A heterokaryon and cause pseudoclamp connections at most septa. In compatible matings, 1 mutation (type I) has no effect; the other 8 mutations (type II) cause disruption of the dikaryotic nuclear distribution, pseudoclamping, vegetative instability, and inability to fruit. The type-I mutation is epistatic to type-Il mutations in the compatible heterokaryon. Otherwise, the effects of all the mutations are additive in both heteroallelic and homoallelic combinations. At least 1 type-II mutation also affects nuclear distribution in common-B heterokaryons. Type-II mutations appear to reduce common-A, common-B, and compatible heterokaryons to a single type unlike any of the normal heterokaryons. Pseudoclamping often persists for extended periods in modified homokaryons isolated from modified heterokaryons. Several cases of somatic recombination have been observed among components of modified heterokaryons.
Analysis of [hmim][PF6] and [hmim][Tf2N] ionic liquids as absorbents for an absorption refrigeration system

Abstract The performance of ionic liquids, [hmim][PF 6 ] and [hmim][Tf 2 N], as absorbents in an absorption refrigeration system with 1,1,1,2-tetrafluroethane (R134a) as the refrigerant was modeled. The Redlich–Kwong equation-of-state and two-phase pressure drop model were used to compute the thermodynamic conditions and performance of the working fluid pairs. The effects of the desorber and absorber temperatures, solution heat exchanger, and accessibility of waste heat on the system performance were evaluated. [hmim][Tf 2 N] showed higher system efficiency compared to [hmim][PF 6 ] except for cases where the solubility difference between the absorber and desorber converged to zero.
Vortex-Induced Heating to Cone Flaps at Mach 6

Discussion of the local heating effect on the lee-side control flaps of supersonic configurations due to the interaction between vortices and leeward control surfaces at an angle of attack. Considerations are given for an appropriate positioning of control flaps to alleviate such interactions and the resulting thermal effect. Tests are carried out on a sharp right circular cone with two types of flap configurations in a study of oil flow patterns about the cone at selected angles of attack. Splitting of flaps and moving them to positions away from the symmetry plane did reduce the heating but also reduced the average flap pressure and increased flow complexity.
Mannheimia haemolytica Leukotoxin Activates a Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Cascade in Bovine Leukocytes, Which Induces Biological Effects

The leukotoxin (LktA) produced by Mannheimia haemolytica binds to bovine lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and induces biological effects in bovine leukocytes in a cellular and species-specific fashion. We have previously shown that LktA also binds to porcine LFA-1 without eliciting any effects. These findings suggest that the specificity of LktA effects must entail both binding to LFA-1 and activation of signaling pathways which are present in bovine leukocytes. However, the signaling pathways leading to biological effects upon LktA binding to LFA-1 have not been characterized. In this context, several reports have indicated that ligand binding to LFA-1 results in activation of a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) signaling cascade. We designed experiments with the following objectives: (i) to determine whether LktA binding to LFA-1 leads to activation of NRTKs, (ii) to examine whether LktA-induced NRTK activation is target cell specific, and (iii) to determine whether LktA-induced NRTK activation is required for biological effects. We used a biologically inactive mutant leukotoxin (DeltaLktA) for comparison with LktA. Our results indicate that LktA induces tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) of the CD18 tail of LFA-1 in bovine leukocytes. The DeltaLktA mutant does not induce TP of the CD18 tail, albeit binding to bovine LFA-1. LktA-induced TP of the CD18 tail was attenuated by an NRTK inhibitor, herbimycin A; a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor, wortmannin; and a Src kinase inhibitor, PP2, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, LktA induces TP of the CD18 tail in bovine, but not porcine, leukocytes. Moreover, LktA-induced intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) elevation was also inhibited by herbimycin A, wortmannin, and PP2. Thus, our data represent the first evidence that binding of LktA to bovine LFA-1 induces a species-specific NRTK signaling cascade involving PI 3-kinase and Src kinases and that this signaling cascade is required for LktA-induced biological effects.
Subcortical mechanisms in language: lexical-semantic mechanisms and the thalamus.

Four previously published cases of dominant thalamic lesion in which the author has participated are reviewed to gain a better understanding of thalamic participation in lexical-semantic functions. Naming deficits in two cases support Nadeau and Crosson's (1997) hypothesis of a selective engagement mechanism involving the frontal lobes, inferior thalamic peduncle, nucleus reticularis, and other thalamic nuclei, possibly the centromedian nucleus. This mechanism selectively engages those cortical areas required to perform a cognitive task, while maintaining other areas in a state of relative disengagement. Deficits in selective engagement disproportionately affect lexical retrieval based on semantic input, as opposed to lexical and sublexical processes, because the former is more dependent upon this attentional system. The concept of selective engagement is also useful in understanding thalamic participation in working memory, as supported by data from one recent functional neuroimaging study. Other processes also may be compromised in more posterior thalamic lesions which damage the pulvinar but not other components of this selective engagement system. A third case with aphasia after a more superior and posterior thalamic lesion also had oral reading errors similar to those in neglect dyslexia. The pattern of deficits suggested a visual processing problem in the early stages of reading. The fourth case had a category-specific naming deficit after posterior thalamic lesion. Taken together, the latter two cases indicate that the nature of language functions in more posterior regions of the dominant thalamus depends upon the cortical connectivity of the thalamic region. Together, findings from the four cases suggest that thalamic nuclei and systems are involved in multiple processes which directly or indirectly support cortical language functions.
The *M-ary tree and *Ternary hillsort

Sorting is a significant activity for which better methods are always sought. In many computing scenarios, sorting must be done with the majority of data items remaining on an auxiliary storage device. This paper introduces a new data structure, the *M-ary tree, which improves external sorting. The recent adaptation of the heapsort to an external sorting strategy, called the Hillsort, combined with the *M-ary tree structure allow the development of the *Ternary Hillsort. The *Ternary Hillsort is an external heapsort, which has superior performance over the external heapsort, Hillsort. The *Ternary Hillsort executes faster than Hillsort. The *ternary tree, a variant of a ternary tree, allows the *Ternary Hillsort to exist since parent/child and sibling relationships are easily calculated, as opposed to an ordinary ternary tree.
Epilepsy in Systemic Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmunity and inflammation have been implicated as causative factors of seizures and epilepsy. Autoimmune disorders can affect the central nervous system as an isolated syndrome or be part of a systemic disease. Examples of systemic autoimmune disorders include systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatic arthritis, and Sjogren syndrome. Overall, there is a 5-fold increased risk of seizures and epilepsy in children with systemic autoimmune disorders. Various etiologic factors have been implicated in causing the seizures in these patients, including direct inflammation, effect on blood vessels (vasculitis), and production of autoantibodies. Potential treatments for this autoimmune injury include steroids, immunoglobulins, and other immune-modulatory therapies. A better understanding of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases could lead to targeted treatments and better outcomes.
Analysis of T Cells Using Flow Cytometry

T cells are an essential cellular component of the immune system. When T cells encounter antigen and receive co-stimulatory signals, they become activated, proliferate and produce cytokines. Flow cytometry is a valuable research tool in analyzing T cell functions including proliferation, survival and cytotoxicity as well as cytokine production and cell signaling. This article has reviewed the utility of flow cytometry in evaluating T cell functions.
Mortality, Symptoms, and Functional Impairment in Late‐Life Depression

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether depressive symptoms measured at baseline are associated with mortality and to describe the course of depressive symptoms and their relation to physical decline in patients over a 6-year period.
Preclinical neonatal rat studies of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in protection of the intestines from necrotizing enterocolitis.

We have previously demonstrated that enterally administered heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) produced in Escherichia coli decreases the incidence and severity of intestinal injury in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In preparation for upcoming human clinical trials, large-scale production of HB-EGF according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) has been successfully accomplished using a Pichia pastoris yeast system. The current studies used a neonatal rat model of NEC to elucidate several important preclinical characteristics of HB-EGF therapy. We found that enteral administration of HB-EGF (800 μg/kg/dose) four times a day effectively reduced the incidence and severity of NEC, that Pichia-derived HB-EGF was not significantly different from E. coli-derived HB-EGF in preventing NEC, that EGF was not superior to HB-EGF in preventing NEC, and that prophylactic administration of HB-EGF added to formula starting with the first feed or 12 h later significantly reduced the incidence of NEC, with no change in the incidence of NEC noted if HB-EGF was added to the formula starting 24, 48, or 72 h after birth. Thus, large-scale production of GMP-grade HB-EGF in Pichia pastoris yeast produces a biologically active molecule suitable for human clinical trials.
Hybridization, Resistance, and Compliance: Negotiating Policies to Support Literacy Achievement

This article discusses a veteran teacher’s literacy pedagogy in response to policies at the district, state, and national level. The yearlong ethnographic case study analyzed the teacher’s resistance, compliance, and innovative hybridization of both “official” and “unofficial” curriculum. The author collected data through weekly co-planning sessions with the teacher and intern, field observations, analysis of policy documents and curricular frameworks, and formal and informal interviews. Findings showed that the teacher’s hybridized literacy pedagogy engaged students and yielded significant growth in literacy as measured by authentic and standardized assessments. The paper concludes by offering implications for teacher educators and K-12 practitioners.
15-YEAR EXPERIENCE WITH THE MANAGEMENT OF EXTRINSIC URETERAL OBSTRUCTION WITH INDWELLING URETERAL STENTS

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed the success of retrograde placement of indwelling ureteral stents in the management of ureteral obstruction due to extrinsic compression.Materials and Methods: Between ...
Software Agents in Industrial Automation Systems

Agent orientation is moving from its origins in computer science into applied automation systems engineering. The main benefit of using software agents in industrial automation is the combined application of agent-oriented software engineering with growing fields such as semantic technologies. Software agents also provide flexibility, which is often the key requirement for creating software system architectures that can evolve at runtime.
Brassinosteroids regulate dissociation of BKI1, a negative regulator of BRI1 signaling, from the plasma membrane

Brassinosteroids, the steroid hormones of plants, are perceived at the plasma membrane by a leucine-rich repeat receptor serine/threonine kinase called BRI1. We report a BRI1-interacting protein, BKI1, which is a negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling. Brassinosteroids cause the rapid dissociation of BKI1-yellow fluorescent protein from the plasma membrane in a process that is dependent on BRI1-kinase. BKI1 is a substrate of BRI1 kinase and limits the interaction of BRI1 with its proposed coreceptor, BAK1, suggesting that BKI1 prevents the activation of BRI1.
Uncertainty in the price of gasoline and the automobile manufacturers' 1990 retooling decision

Abstract We present an analysis of the retooling decision of a full-line automobile manufacturer facing large uncertainty in the price of gasoline. The paper focuses on the appropriate mix of five car classes to be produced in 1990. By calculating the severity of a possible market mismatch problem with different retooling decisions, we show the effect of different strategies that could minimize the adverse effects of world oil price uncertainty. The manufacturer's retooling decision is considered with 1. (1) no competition, 2. (2) competition from another full-line company, and 3. (3) competition from another full-line company and a limited-line foreign manufacturer. Of particular interest is whether the market risks are so great that government intervention is required to assist the manufacturers in planning for an uncertain future. Specifically, we question whether the corporate average fuel efficiency standards should be extended past 1985 to encourage automobile manufacturers to retool for increased fuel efficiency in the face of highly uncertain gasoline prices.
A Burkean analysis of the rhetorical dimensions of a multiple murder and suicide

The documented facts of an actual multiple murder and suicide are presented. The case is then analyzed through melding Kenneth Burke's theory with his critical calculus, the hexad. Example of the Agent acting out and personifying principles of Burkean theory are presented and analyzed. It is suggested that such pathological, dysfunctional rhetoric become an area of study for theorists.
Adapting the ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer for walking/climbing robotic applications

Future NASA's missions include the search for past and existing life in the Universe and evidence on how the planets in the Solar system formed and evolved. In order to fulfill these goals sampling systems that meet the stringent requirements of the various environments are required to be developed. To support these objectives an ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer (USDC) device has been developed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to allow drilling and coring rocks for in-situ planetary analysis [Bar-Cohen et al, 2001]. The site location and method of sampling are of vital importance to scientists. Surface rocks abrasion, small depth soil drilling, and deep drilling have been proposed. It has been suggested that another possible source of mineralogical or astrobiological information can be found by exploring the sidewall of canyons. The exploration of such sites requires the development of a limbed robotic system capable of walking and climbing slopes up to and including vertical faces and overhangs. An anchor/drilling mechanism is currently under development and is being installed on each leg of the four-legged Steep Terrain Access Robot (STAR). This paper presents the modeling, design, and preliminary testing results of the USDC for use as end-effectors of walking/climbing robots.
Ethnic differences in low-density lipoprotein particle size in hypertensive adults

Abstract Background Hypertensive African Americans have higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) than their non-Hispanic white counterparts, despite having higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and lower triglyceride levels. Objective The goal of the present study was to assess whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, a correlate of the above lipid traits and a risk factor for CHD, differs between hypertensive African Americans and whites. Methods Participants included 1,177 hypertensive African Americans from Jackson, MS (60 ± 7 years, 72.4% women) and 860 hypertensive whites from Rochester, MN (58 ± 7 years, 56.7% women). LDL particle size was measured by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Within each gender, we assessed whether ethnicity was significantly associated with differences in LDL particle size after adjustment for CHD risk factors (age, total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, history of smoking, body mass index), statin use, and estrogen use (in women), and lifestyle variables (physical activity and alcohol intake). Results Although HDL-C levels were higher and triglyceride levels lower in African Americans, LDL particle size (adjusted for CHD risk factors) was lower ( P Conclusion Hypertensive African-American men and women have lower LDL particle size than their white counterparts, despite having higher HDL-C and lower triglycerides.
Estimation of road friction for enhanced active safety systems: Algebraic approach

Frictional coefficient between tire and road is difficult to detect but crucial for vehicle active safety systems. Several approaches for friction coefficient estimation were developed based on various vehicle dynamic phenomena. This paper suggests nonlinear state observers that use vehicle dynamics, steering system dynamics, and tire force dynamics as a viable approach. The stability of the observer highly relies on observer gains. We present two different ways to select the gains and discuss the stability of the observer. Furthermore, we introduce a hybrid estimator which uses a nonlinear observer and a nonlinear least square method which provides enhanced performances. These estimators are verified using the commercial software, Carsim, under various scenarios.
A Modular Implementation of Wii Remote Head Tracking for Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) environments based on interactive rendering of 3D computer graphics often incorporate the use of position and orientation tracking on the user’s head, hands, and control devices. The Wii Remote game controller is a massmarket peripheral that can provide a low-cost source of infrared point tracking and accelerometer data, making it attractive as a PC-based virtual reality head tracking system. This paper describes the development of an extension to the Virtual Reality Peripheral Network (VRPN) software to support the use of the Wii Remote game controller as a standard tracker object in a wide range of VR software applications. This implementation permits Wii Remote-based head tracking to directly substitute for more costly commercial trackers through the VRPN and VR Juggler Gadgeteer tracker interfaces. The head tracker provides up to 100Hz of head tracking input. It has been tested in a variety of VR applications on both Windows and Linux. The discussed solution has been released as open-source software.
“It's Not the English Thing”: Bringing Reading Research Into the ESL Classroom

Recent L2 reading research suggests that readers' metacognitive awareness of their reading processes and strategies enhances proficiency. This article presents a retrospective account of an undergraduate ESL reading course that takes the implications of this research one step further by bringing the research process directly into the ESL classroom: In this course, students were trained to investigate their own reading as part of the pedagogical process and invited to apply what they discovered to their reading. The article presents an overview of the course design and pedagogical processes, the ways students were involved in inquiry, and their findings. Students' voices are integrated throughout the article as they reflect on changes in their strategies, conceptions, awareness, and feelings about reading in English. Their findings are corroborated by evidence from pre- and postcourse interviews, think-aloud protocols, and comprehension tests. Taken together, these findings suggest that transferring L2 research tools into the hands of learners and inviting them to reflect critically on their own reading can not only increase their metacognitive awareness and control in L2 reading but also significantly increase their enjoyment of English reading.
A rapid radioimmunoassay for the detection of Mansonia antigen (Diptera: Culicidae): its potential use as a sensitive method for studying predator- prey relationships

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed that utilizes 125 I-linked Protein A as a tracer to detect the presence of antibodies to an antigen of Mansonia larvae. Antiserum was made by periodic injections of ground gut of fourth-instar larvae of M. dyari Belkin, Heinemann & Page into a rabbit, bleeding the rabbit by cardiac puncture and separating the serum. Using the rabbit antiserum at various dilutions, the specificity of the antibody to Mansonia was examined in tests with seven other mosquito species of different genera. Although there was low-level cross-reactivity with all the other species, the differences in reactivity between those and Mansonia larvae ranged between 2·5 and 8·4-fold; therefore, positive identification was possible. Furthermore, one fourth-instar Mansonia larva could be detected within a predator (fourth-instar larvae of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Coquillett) 48 h after consumption using the RIA.
Alternative programs to presynchronize estrous cycles in dairy cattle before a timed artificial insemination program1

Abstract The objective was to test potential presynchronization programs applied to cows before a timed artificial insemination (TAI) program to increase the percentage of cows ovulating in response to both GnRH injections of a TAI program and having a functional corpus luteum before the first GnRH injection of the TAI program. At calving, cows were blocked by lactation (1 vs. 2+) and assigned randomly to receive 1 of 5 presynchronization treatments. Two variants of the standard Presynch program were tested in which 2 injections of PGF 2α were administered 14 d apart with either 14 d (Pre14; n=122), 12 d (Pre12; n=123), or 10 d (Pre10; n=151) intervening before a TAI program was initiated. Two other presynchronization programs consisted of administering a progesterone-releasing controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert for 7 d plus PGF 2α administration at insert removal. Insert removal occurred either 10 d (CIDR10; n=157) or 3 d (CIDR3; n=117) before a TAI program was initiated. The TAI program was a standard Cosynch program [injection of GnRH 7 d before (GnRH-1) and 72h after (GnRH-2) PGF 2α with TAI administered 72h after PGF 2α ). Cosynch served as the control (n=157), and cows were assumed to be starting this program at random stages of the estrous cycle. From a subset of cows per treatment (ranging from 49 to 51 cows each), blood samples were collected from coccygeal vessels by using evacuated tubes at d −28, −14, 0 (onset of TAI program), 7, 9, 14, and 21. Ovarian scans were conducted on d 0, 7, 9, 14, and 21 by transrectal ultrasonography. Diameters of follicles and corpus luteum were measured at each exam, and ovulation was determined on d 7 (response to GnRH-1 on d 0) and d 14 (response to GnRH-2 on d 10). Ovulatory incidence after GnRH-1 (47.1 to 67.3%) and GnRH-2 (78 to 90.2%) varied but did not differ among treatments. Before GnRH-1, progesterone concentrations were less in the CIDR3 treatment than in all other treatments. Before GnRH-2, progesterone was greater in the CIDR3 treatment than in all other treatments. Luteal regression and synchronization rate (successful luteolysis and ovulation after GnRH-2) did not differ among treatments. Pregnancy rate per AI at 32 and 60 d post TAI was less in CIDR3 cows than in cows in all other treatments. None of the Presynch treatments improved key responses (ovulation, luteolysis, and synchronization rate) known to improve fertility compared with a standard Cosynch program without presynchronization.
Effects of interfacial surfactant contamination on bubble gas transfer

Surface active agents depress gas transfer at gas-liquid interfaces. They are present as measurable trace contaminants at all environmental and at most industrial interfaces. An experimental apparatus to concurrently measure dynamic surface tension and mass transfer was constructed and tested for single-bubble and multi-bubble experiments. In this work, the parameters describing time-dependent bubble surface contamination were characterized. The application of a Ward-Tordai transient model and of a Langmuir saturation model showed that for fine-bubbles in low molecular weight surfactant solutions the interfacial surfactant accumulation equilibrates before bubble detachment. This is reflected in the bubbles behaving as solid-spheres, which is shown in our dimensionless results. For a given contamination, interfaces with higher renewal rates have higher mass transfer. At higher renewal rates, the variation due to different contamination is smaller than the variation at lower renewal rates, concluding that higher interfacial flow regimes can offset contamination. Our experimental evidence shows a gas transfer reduction of 30-70% of pure water values in surfactant solutions, which confirms full-scale field measurements. Results are consistent with expectations and correct previous Frossling-like dimensionless correlations for pure water systems. Our results offer a tool for mass transfer prediction from flow regime and surfactant properties. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Current-driven electrostatic dust-cyclotron instability in a collisional plasma

Abstract Electrostatic dust-cyclotron (EDC) waves can be excited in a collisional, magnetized, dusty plasma by passing a current along the magnetic field, B, permeating the plasma. The minimum B field-aligned electric field required for excitation of the EDC waves is typically several times smaller than the one required for excitation of dust-acoustic (DA) waves. Two dusty plasmas are considered in more detail, namely (a) a comet tail plasma, and (b) one which may be produced in a laboratory device of the type described by Xu et al. (1992).
Bayesian inference for causal mediation effects using principal stratification with dichotomous mediators and outcomes

Most investigations in the social and health sciences aim to understand the directional or causal relationship between a treatment or risk factor and outcome. Given the multitude of pathways through which the treatment or risk factor may affect the outcome, there is also an interest in decomposing the effect of a treatment of risk factor into "direct" and "mediated" effects. For example, child's socioeconomic status (risk factor) may have a direct effect on the risk of death (outcome) and an effect that may be mediated through the adulthood socioeconomic status (mediator). Building on the potential outcome framework for causal inference, we develop a Bayesian approach for estimating direct and mediated effects in the context of a dichotomous mediator and dichotomous outcome, which is challenging as many parameters cannot be fully identified. We first define principal strata corresponding to the joint distribution of the observed and counterfactual values of the mediator, and define associate, dissociative, and mediated effects as functions of the differences in the mean outcome under differing treatment assignments within the principal strata. We then develop the likelihood properties and calculate nonparametric bounds of these causal effects assuming randomized treatment assignment. Because likelihood theory is not well developed for nonidentifiable parameters, we consider a Bayesian approach that allows the direct and mediated effects to be expressed in terms of the posterior distribution of the population parameters of interest. This range can be reduced by making further assumptions about the parameters that can be encoded in prior distribution assumptions. We perform sensitivity analyses by using several prior distributions that make weaker assumptions than monotonicity or the exclusion restriction. We consider an application that explores the mediating effects of adult poverty on the relationship between childhood poverty and risk of death.
Decomposition of Sources of Errors in Monthly to Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts in a Rainfall-Runoff Regime

AbstractDespite considerable progress in developing real-time climate forecasts, most studies have evaluated the potential in seasonal streamflow forecasting based on ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) methods, utilizing only climatological forcings while ignoring general circulation model (GCM)-based climate forecasts. The primary limitation in using GCM forecasts is their coarse resolution, which requires spatiotemporal downscaling to implement land surface models. Consequently, multiple sources of errors are introduced in developing real-time streamflow forecasts utilizing GCM forecasts. A set of error decomposition metrics is provided to address the following questions: 1) How are errors in monthly streamflow forecasts attributed to various sources such as temporal disaggregation, spatial downscaling, imprecise initial hydrologic conditions (IHCs), climatological forcings, and imprecise forecasts? and 2) How do these errors propagate with lead time over different seasons? A calibrated Variable Infil...
Constructing a Way Out of the Liberal Predicament

Professor Bruce Ackerman's Reconstructing American Law is about lawyering in the modern activist state (ch. 1).' The activist state, a child of the New Deal,2 is a place where government is both a valued and a feared participant in the lives of its citizens. Proponents of the activist state, Ackerman and other liberals included, believe that government is necessary to guarantee basic rights and freedoms and redistribute power. Simultaneously, they believe that government threatens those very rights and freedoms and unfairly concentrates power. Lawyers, the leading architects of the activist state, are called on to monitor government and to check institutional abuses while protecting liberties. This mediating role assigned to lawyers is no small task given the complexities of modern society, such as vast amounts of legislation, a proliferation of agencies administering to perceived social and economic ills, correspondingly arcane bureaucratic regulations, and a market economy in which the line between government regulation and private enterprise grows increasingly blurry. To meet the challenge, Ackerman argues that lawyers need a new philosophy, and Reconstructing American Law is an initial attempt to meet this need.
[6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl-3H] neonicotinoids as high-affinity radioligands for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: Preparation using NaB3H4 and LiB3H4

NaB 3 H 4 and LiB 3 H 4 at 78% and 97% isotopic enrichments, respectively, were used in the synthesis of 1 H-labeled 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)-methyl-2-nitromethyleneimidazolidine (CH-IMI) and N'-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N-cyano-N'-methylacetamidine (acetamiprid) (two very potent insecticides) and of 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (desnitro-IMI) (a metabolite of the commercial insecticide imidacloprid). 6-chloronicotinoyl chloride was treated with either NaB 3 H, in methanol or LiB 3 H 4 in tetrahydrofuran and the resulting alcohol transformed to 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine, which was then coupled to N-cyano-N'-methylacetamidine to give [ 1 H] acetamiprid (45 Ci/mmol). 2-Chloro-5-chloro[ 3 H]methylpyridine was also reacted with ethylenediamine and the product was either refluxed in absolute ethanol with 1,1-bis(methylthio)-2-nitro-ethylene to provide [ 2 H]CH-IMI or reacted in toluene with a solution of cyanogen bromide to produce [ 3 H]desnitro-IMI (each 55 Ci/mmol)
Agenda driven mobility modelling

Mobility modelling is an essential component of wireless and mobile networking research. Our proposed Agenda Driven Mobility Model takes into consideration a person's social activities in the form of agenda (when, where and what) for motion generation. The model provides a framework for translating social agendas into a mobile world. Using the data from National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) of the US Department of Transportation, our simulation results suggest that social roles and agenda activities tend to cause geographic concentrations and significantly impact network performance. The model is in a position of better reflecting real world scenarios.
Locally corrected semi-Lagrangian methods for Stokes flow with moving elastic interfaces

We present a new method for computing two-dimensional Stokes flow with moving interfaces that respond elastically to stretching. The interface is moved by semi-Lagrangian contouring: a distance function is introduced on a tree of cells near the interface, transported by a semi-Lagrangian time step and then used to contour the new interface. The velocity field in a periodic box is calculated as a potential integral resulting from interfacial and body forces, using a technique based on Ewald summation with analytically derived local corrections. The interfacial stretching is found from a surprisingly natural formula. A test problem with an exact solution is constructed and used to verify the speed, accuracy and robustness of the approach.
YopM inhibits platelet aggregation and is necessary for virulence of Yersinia pestis in mice

In Yersinia pestis KIM there are 11 Yops (yersinial outer membrane proteins) encoded by the low-Ca2+ response virulence plasmid pCD1. Only YopM and YopN are found in easily detectable amounts in the culture medium. In our previous work, we characterized the yopM gene. In the present study, we constructed a YopM- mutant to elucidate the role of YopM in the virulence of Y. pestis. A lacZYA sequence was inserted 126 base pairs downstream from the start codon of the yopM gene in pCD1. The YopM- mutant had the same growth properties as the parent, Y. pestis KIM5-3001. The inserted lacZ gene was regulated by the promoter of the yopM gene. Accordingly, it was expressed strongly at 37 degrees C in the absence of Ca2+ and was decreased in expression when Ca2+ was present. Northern blot (RNA blot) analysis revealed that the yopM gene was in a monocistronic operon, suggesting that the yopM insertion mutation was unlikely to have polar effects on other genes. The YopM- mutant had strongly decreased virulence in mice, with a 50% lethal dose of 3.4 x 10(5) CFU. Virulence was restored by the cloned yopM-containing 5.5-kilobase HindIII F fragment of pCD1. However, supplying a cloned 1.57-kilobase fragment containing little more than the yopM structural gene caused the yopM mutant to significantly overexpress YopM and failed to restore virulence. The infection kinetics of the YopM- mutant revealed growth in both spleens and livers from days 2 to 4 after infection, followed by a precipitous clearance of the bacteria. YopM-containing supernatant proteins of Y. pestis inhibited thrombin- or ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, whereas there was no inhibition by supernatant proteins from the YopM- Y. pestis mutant. Accordingly, YopM may prevent platelet-mediated events and serve as an important strategy for the yersiniae in the initial stages of a plague infection.
Windstorms along the Western Side of the Washington Cascade Mountains. Part I: A High-Resolution Observational and Modeling Study of the 12 February 1995 Event

Abstract This paper describes the leeside wind event of 12 February 1995 in which a swath of strong low-level easterly flow, with gusts to 35–40 m s−1, extended downwind of a major gap in the Cascade Mountains. Over the Puget Sound lowlands, low-level easterly flow approaching the Olympics was decelerated to less than 5 m s−1, resulting in enhanced (over 30 cm) snowfall along the windward side of the barrier. In addition to conventional synoptic observations, high-resolution data sources were utilized: profilers on both sides of the Cascades, a WSR-88D Doppler radar located in northern Puget Sound, and nonhydrostatic model simulations down to 1-km resolution. With the exception of underpredicting heavy snowfall to the east of the Olympics, many of the mesoscale features of this event were realistically simulated, including cold-air damming over eastern Washington, strong winds downwind of the gaps, a mountain wake downstream of Mount Rainier, and flow splitting around the Olympics. A major objective of th...
KILLDEER POPULATION TRENDS IN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract Killdeers (Charadrius vociferus) are considered a common species that inhabits a wide range of wetland and upland habitats throughout much of North America, yet recent information suggests that they may be declining regionally, if not throughout much of their range. To address this issue, we examined population trends of this species at multiple spatial and temporal scales using data from two major avian survey efforts, the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and Christmas Bird Count (CBC). A summary of BBS trends indicates significant long-term (1966–1996) declines in breeding populations across North America. Geographic regions driving this decline were Canada, western survey regions of the continent, and select southeastern states. In contrast, over the same time period, Killdeer populations increased in some midwestern states, particularly those in the Great Lakes region. Recent BBS trends (1986–1996) indicate highly significant declines across most areas of North America surveyed. Trends from CBC dat...
Angiotensin II-induced relaxation of fowl aorta

Angiotensin II (ANG II) decreases blood pressure of fowl. To characterize the vasodilating action of ANG II and its underlying mechanisms, we examined the effect of [Asp1, Val5]ANG II (fowl ANG II) on isometric tension of fowl aortic rings. [Val5]ANG II (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) produced rapid, reversible, dose-dependent relaxation of aortas precontracted with phenylephrine. [Sar1,Ile8]ANG II blocked ANG II-induced relaxation; propranolol, atropine, methysergid, pyrilamine, and cimetidine did not. Endothelium removal abolished relaxation responses to ANG II and acetylcholine but not to isoproterenol or sodium nitroprusside. Inhibitors of phospholipase or arachidonic acid metabolism (quinacrine, indomethacin, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, hydroquinone, metyrapone, SKF 525A) and a calcium channel blocker (verapamil) did not inhibit ANG II-induced relaxation, whereas indomethacin nearly completely blocked arachidonic acid-induced dilation of aortas with or without endothelia. Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the aorta increased 15 s after ANG II application. Aortic relaxation was caused by 8-bromo-cGMP with or without intact endothelium. These results suggest that ANG II-induced relaxation of fowl aortas involves 1) an endothelium-dependent mechanism and 2) cGMP but not arachidonic acid metabolites.
Necessity’s Potion: Inorganic Ions and Small Organic Molecules in the Epididymal Lumen

The epididymal microenvironment continuously changes as the sperm move from the proximal to the distal epididymis (Turner, 1991). At any point along the duct, the luminal environment is the result of net secretory and absorptive activities of the epithelium, both at that point and at all proximal points. The microenvironment consists of water, inorganic ions, small organic molecules, and organic macromolecules (proteins). The present chapter focuses on the inorganic ions and small organic molecules; a separate chapter addresses epididymal proteins (see Chapter by Dacheux and Dacheux). Also, separate chapters on ion transport systems (see Chapter by Wong et al.) and reactive oxygen ions (see Chapter by Aitken) will cover these aspects; these will not be discussed here.
Improved survival with primary sclerosing cholangitis. A review of clinicopathologic features and comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

Abstract The clinicopathologic features and natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis were reviewed in 53 patients followed at the Yale Liver Center during the past 30 yr. At presentation, the mean age of patients was 46 yr, and the male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Biliary sclerosis was limited to the intrahepatic ductal system in 21% of the patients. Fiftythree percent of the patients had mild disease without portal hypertension at presentation, and 25% had no symptoms attributable to their liver disease. Long-term follow-up was available for 42 patients and averaged 56 mo. Over this period, 16 patients remained mildly symptomatic, and 11 were asymptomatic. Survival was calculated by a Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis and demonstrated that 75% of the patients were alive 9 yr after the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. A multivariate analysis of clinical features revealed that hepatomegaly and a serum bilirubin level >1.5 mg/dl at the onset of disease were independent discriminators of a poor prognosis. Patients referred to this university medical center displayed different clinical characteristics than previously reported in primary sclerosing cholangitis. A higher percentage were older, female, and asymptomatic, and more had disease limited to the intrahepatic ductal system. Survival was also considerably improved in this group of patients and suggests that the long-term prognosis for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis may be considerably better than previously believed.
2-[2-(Trimethyl-silyl)eth-yl]isoindoline-1,3-dione.

In the course of our studies of silicon-containing anti­cancer compounds, the title compound, C13H17NO2Si, was synthesized. The geometrical parameters including the geometry about the Si atom are typical. The mol­ecules form dimers via a weak C—H⋯O inter­action described by the graph set R22(10). The dimers are assembled in rows stacked in the crystallographic b-axis direction via π–π inter­actions with a 3.332 (3) A separation between the rows.
Allergy to cow's milk in infants with severe malnutrition

There is much evidence to indicate that under certain conditions the intestinal tract of infants is permeable to slightly altered or unaltered protein.This has been demonstrated to be true of egg protein by Lust, Hyashi, Schloss and Worthen and others and for the proteins of cow's milk by Modigliani and Benini and Schloss and Worthen. These investigations were based on the demonstration of the protein in the blood or urine by means of precipitin tests or anaphylactic tests on guinea pigs. Such passage of unaltered or partially digested protein is especially apt to occur in malnourished infants or in those suffering from diarrhea.The investigations cited all show the possibility of foreign protein entering the blood stream through the intestinal wall. If this were a frequent occurrence it would seem of interest to determine whether the entrance of foreign protein under these conditions provoked the production of antibodies. This question is probably of more than academic importance. Moro found precipitines...
Modular growth in verticillate podetia of Cladonia

Verticillate proliferations are characteristic of the podetia in certain species of Cladonia section Cladonia that have been informally classified in the Cladonia cervicornis group. The proliferations form at the center of the closed scyphus and they usually give rise to further tiers of central proliferations. They are initially formed from meristematic tissue that persists in the upper layer of the scyphus, which becomes surrounded by nonmeristematic tissue dur- ing widening of the scyphus. Once the supporting scyphus attains a certain width, this meristematic tis- sue becomes active, producing a vertical prolifera- tion. The proliferation, which starts as an indistinct mass of fungal tissue, later becomes lichenized and differentiates into a characteristic podetial morphol- ogy that includes a stipe and scyphus. The vertical proliferation represents a new module of the pode- tium.
A Time Domain Analysis of Compressible Dynamic Stall by Implementation of Chirp Signal Pitch Excursions

a∞ Freestream speed of sound, m/s c Chord length, m Cm Non-dimensional quarter chord pitching moment, M/qc Cw Non-dimensional work per cycle, ∮ CmRdαR f Pitch frequency, Hz k Reduced frequency, πfc/U∞ M∞ Freestream Mach number, U∞/a∞ q Freestream dynamic pressure, 1/2ρ∞U 2 ∞ Rec Reynolds number based on airfoil chord, U∞c/ν s Span length, m t Time, s u′ Fluctuating velocity, m/s U∞ Freestream flow speed, m/s α Angle of attack, deg. α1 Constant pitch oscillation amplitude, deg. ψ Phase relationship, rad ν Kinematic viscosity, m/s φ Phase parameter, rad ρ Density, kg/m ω Circular frequency, rad/s
Evaluation of a Serotyping Scheme Using a Combination of an Antibody-Based Serogrouping Method and a Multiplex PCR Assay for Identifying the Major Serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes

To evaluate a simplified serotyping scheme, we used a combination of an antibody-based serogrouping assay that identified only type 1 and type 4 strains and a multiplex PCR–based serogrouping assay to analyze 362 L. monocytogenes isolates collected over more than 20 years. The multiplex PCR assay also incorporated a set of primers specific for L. monocytogenes hlyA gene to verify the species identification of these isolates. A subset (n = 120) of these isolates were also serotyped with the Denka Seiken serotyping scheme, which is often considered the “gold standard” for serotyping of L. monocytogenes. The results indicate that the multiplex PCR–based assay, in combination with an antibody-based serogrouping assay, correctly identified serotypes of 96% of the previously serotyped isolates. Compared with the Denka Seiken method, the combination method also performed better in identifying serotypes of 120 previously unserotyped L. monocytogenes isolates. Thus, the combination scheme appears to be a simple an...
Insulin increases sympathetic nerve activity in part by suppression of tonic inhibitory neuropeptide Y inputs into the paraventricular nucleus in female rats

Following binding to receptors in the arcuate nucleus (ArcN), insulin increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and baroreflex control of SNA via a pathway that includes the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Previous studies in males indicate that the sympathoexcitatory response is mediated by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which binds to PVN melanocortin type 3/4 receptors (MC3/4R). The present study was conducted in α-chloralose-anesthetized female rats to test the hypothesis that suppression of inhibitory neuropeptide Y (NPY) inputs to the PVN is also involved. In support of this, blockade of PVN NPY Y1 receptors with BIBO 3304 (NPY1x), ArcN insulin nanoinjections, and PVN NPY1x followed by ArcN insulin each increased lumbar SNA (LSNA) and its baroreflex regulation similarly. Moreover, prior PVN injections of NPY blocked the sympathoexcitatory effects of ArcN insulin. Finally, PVN nanoinjections of the MC3/4R inhibitor SHU9119 prevented both the acute (15 min) and longer, more slowly developing (60 min), increases in LSNA in response to ArcN insulin. In conclusion, in females, ArcN insulin increases LSNA, in part, by suppressing tonic PVN NPY inhibition, which unmasks excitatory α-MSH drive of LSNA. Moreover, the steadily increasing rise in LSNA induced by ArcN insulin is also dependent on PVN MC3/4R.