cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All CO2-processed fluoropolymer-containing photoresist systems

Currently, the microlithography industry creates large amounts of organic and aqueous wastes in the production of semiconductors. Using carbon dioxide can possibly eliminate the majority of these waste solvents as well as eliminate the image collapse problems shown with aqueous base development. We will discuss the use of carbon dioxide to replace the most solvent intensive steps of the microlithography process, spin coating, developing, and stripping. However, before CO 2 can replace conventional solvents, photoresist systems must be designed and synthesized to be compatible with CO 2 . These photoresist systems must be soluble in liquid CO 2 to insure that thin-uniform coatings can be produced by spin coating while maintaining characteristics of conventional resist systems such as low absorbance, high sensitivity, solubility contrast, good resolution, and etch resistance. Using our CO 2 compatible resist system, we will demonstrate the ability of CO 2 to spin coat uniform thin-films which (after exposing and PEB) can be developed using scCO 2 to produce lithography features that may be stripped in CO 2 . Thus, revealing the enormous potential of CO 2 to provide the microlithography industry an opportunity to escape its water and organic solvent dependence as it moves toward 157nm lithography.
AN EAST-WEST COMPARISON OF MIGRATION IN NORTH AMERICAN WOOD WARBLERS

Abstract That western and eastern songbird migration routes are distinct ecological systems has been proposed for over 100 years. Nonetheless, this distinction has not been widely recognized nor have there been any comparative studies that quantitatively evaluate the differences and similarities between western and eastern songbird migration systems. We drew from previously published research on wood warblers to highlight patterns in stopover ecology that suggest fundamental differences between western and eastern migrants. In particular, we compared biogeography, evolutionary relationships, and stopover ecology of wood warblers from western and eastern North America and found: (1) multiple lines of evidence that indicate western wood warblers are geographically isolated from eastern conspecifics or congeners throughout the annual cycle, (2) eastern and western wood warbler taxa are distinct evolutionary units, (3) migrant wood warblers captured in the Southwest tended to carry lower fat loads and be comp...
Seasonal thermoelastic strain and postseismic effects in Parkfield borehole dilatometers

Abstract Strainmeter records in three 176–323 m deep boreholes near Parkfield, CA, are dominated by seasonal fluctuations. We show that a significant part of the seasonal data may result from thermoelastic strain induced by atmospheric temperature variations. We test this hypothesis by computing thermoelastic strain in an elastic half-space covered by a thin unconsolidated layer from atmospheric temperature and comparing the results to the borehole strain records. The strain at depth is produced by the temperature field at the bottom of the unconsolidated layer. The model provides reasonable fits to the amplitudes and phases of the seasonal borehole signals. The two key model parameters, thickness of the unconsolidated layer (∼0.3–1.2 m at the used sites) and wavelength of the temperature field (3 km), are sufficiently plausible to support the physical validity of the model. Two instances with persistent deviations between the trends of the predicted thermoelastic strain and observed records may reflect shallow postseismic effects of M ⩾ 4 nearby earthquakes.
Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1, and Interleukin-6 in Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is an acute viral disease caused by hantavirus. On the basis of clinical observation, the illness is divided into five sequential stages: febrile, hypotensive, oliguric, diuretic, and convalescent. Because interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are mediators responsible for fever, septic shock, and acute phase protein induction, we examined, using ELISA, the presence of these three cytokines in 276 sera collected during the Korean Conflict from 110 patients. Detectable levels (> 20 pg/ml) of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 occurred in 14, 14, and 33% of these samples, respectively. There was a significant correlation between serum levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), IL-1 beta and IL-6 (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), and IL-6 and TNF-alpha (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). The pathophysiologic processes of HFRS do not have clear or consistent correlations with alterations in the levels of the cytokines studied.
Nonisothermal turbulent boundary-layer adverse pressure gradient large scale thermal structure measurements

Hot-wire anemometry measurements in an incompressible turbulent boundary-layer flow over a heated flat plate under equilibrium adverse-pressure-gradient conditions (beta = 1.8) were made for two different temperature difference cases (10 and 15 C) between the wall and the freestream. Space-time correlations of temperature fluctuations (T`) were obtained with a pair of subminiature temperature fluctuation probes. The mean convection velocities, the mean inclination angles, and coherence characteristics of the T` large-scale structure were determined. The present temperature structures measurements for a nonisothermal boundary layer are compared to the zero-pressure-gradient case with identical temperature differences previously reported, in which the mean convection velocity of the T` structure was a function of position y(sup +) and independent of the limited temperature-difference cases tested. The three major findings of the present study, as compared to the zero-pressure-gradient case, are (1) the mean convection speed of the T` structure under beta = 1.8 pressure-gradient conditions was found to be substantially lower in the logarithmic core region than the zero-pressure-gradient case. Additionally, the mean convection speed is felt by the authors to be a function of pressure-gradient parameter beta; (2) the mean inclination angle of the T` structure to the wall under the adverse-pressure-gradient flow wasmore » 32 deg, which compares favorably to the 30-deg value of the zero-pressure-gradient case; and (3) the limited data suggests that the mean convection velocity of the T` structure is a function of y(sup +) and independent of the limited temperature-difference cases tested. 11 refs.« less
What Influences Changing Practice to Evidence‐Based Care in Individual Providers?

Paper Presentation Objective To explore the experiences of maternity care professionals (midwives and physicians) who changed a practice to one with more scientific support. For the purpose of having the providers share a common phenomenon, the change from early to delayed cord clamping was chosen. Design This qualitative study was conducted using a constructivist, grounded theory approach. Setting Participants were interviewed by phone. Practice settings ranged from home birth to freestanding and in‐hospital birth centers to the hospital, which was the most common setting with eight of the 17 subjects providing care there. Sample The sample was made up of 17 providers (12 midwives and five physicians) from throughout the United States. Participants were in active clinical practice or had been within the past 3 years. They practiced early cord clamping for at least 6 months, changed to delayed cord clamping, and then practiced that for at least 6 months. Methods Participant interviews were recorded with permission and then transcribed. Coding and data management was conducted using ATLAS.ti Version6.1. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of George Washington University with multiple steps taken to protect the participants during analysis. Results Five emergent themes acting as drivers of change included trusting colleagues, believing the evidence, honoring mothers and families, knowing with personal certainty, and protecting the integrity of the mother and the baby. Three domains of influence developed from the background of the stories of change: personal, professional, and institutional. From the findings, the Evolution to Provider Change Model was developed. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice In maternity care, a number of current practices are not evidence based while many of those that are supported by evidence remain underutilized. Studies investigating efforts to incorporate evidence into practice reveal that at the organizational level, many initiatives are unsuccessful. Research into provider change at the level of the individual has been sparse in all medical fields. This study provides new understanding about how individual maternity care professionals change practice. A new theoretical model is proposed that may be used in future nursing research on improving practice. Focusing on individual versus group change and on learning from those who have successfully changed practice toward more evidence‐based care offers fertile ground for further study.
On the infinitesimal limits of the Schur complements of tridiagonal matrices

Abstract In this paper we consider diagonally dominant tridiagonal matrices whose diagonals come from smooth functions. It is shown that the Schur complements or pivots that arise from Gaussian elimination of these matrices can be given point-wise limits on a grid as the matrices grow in size to infinity. Numerical results are presented to verify the theory.
Relative deprivation and referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice effects

Abstract In the terms of referent cognitions theory, high-justification procedures are those sufficiently appropriate to inhibit resentment regardless of the outcomes they produce. With low-justification procedures, however, resentment is predicted to increase the more unfavorably actual outcomes compare with those that would have resulted from using other procedures instead. The ordinary-context conditions of an experiment in which subjects had been instructed that their responses were used merely to index typical reactions to experiments produced such results. But within endorsement-context conditions in which subjects thought their responses were used to determine whether their experimenter would be hired as someone placed in charge of conducting research subjects expressed uniformly greater resentment in the low-justification conditions than in the high-justification conditions regardless of how favorable their outcomes might have been otherwise. The results are discussed in terms of reasons why the appropriateness of procedures sometimes becomes a predominant concern.
Development of status epilepticus, sustained calcium elevations and neuronal injury in a rat survival model of lethal paraoxon intoxication

Paraoxon (POX) is an active metabolite of organophosphate (OP) pesticide parathion that has been weaponized and used against civilian populations. Exposure to POX produces high mortality. OP poisoning is often associated with chronic neurological disorders. In this study, we optimize a rat survival model of lethal POX exposures in order to mimic both acute and long-term effects of POX intoxication. Male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with POX (4mg/kg, ice-cold PBS, s.c.) produced a rapid cholinergic crisis that evolved into status epilepticus (SE) and death within 6-8min. The EEG profile for POX induced SE was characterized and showed clinical and electrographic seizures with 7-10Hz spike activity. Treatment of 100% lethal POX intoxication with an optimized three drug regimen (atropine, 2mg/kg, i.p., 2-PAM, 25mg/kg, i.m. and diazepam, 5mg/kg, i.p.) promptly stopped SE and reduced acute mortality to 12% and chronic mortality to 18%. This model is ideally suited to test effective countermeasures against lethal POX exposure. Animals that survived the POX SE manifested prolonged elevations in hippocampal [Ca(2+)]i (Ca(2+) plateau) and significant multifocal neuronal injury. POX SE induced Ca(2+) plateau had its origin in Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) stores since inhibition of ryanodine/IP3 receptor lowered elevated Ca(2+) levels post SE. POX SE induced neuronal injury and alterations in Ca(2+) dynamics may underlie some of the long term morbidity associated with OP toxicity.
Partial nephrectomy: Mayo clinic experience 1957–1977

Three hundred and six partial nephrectomies were performed at Mayo Clinic between 1957 and 1977. Operative and postoperative risks were analyzed according to the indication for surgery, type of partial nephrectomy performed, and other factors. The results demonstrate that partial nephrectomy performed by modern techniques is safe, with acceptable operative time, operative blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay. Complications encountered also were investigated. One death occurred, 8 delayed nephrectomies were required, in 2 patients delayed renal hemorrhage developed, 10 had urinary fistulas or urinomas, and in 16 patients wound infections developed. Study of the techniques used in those cases with postoperative complications suggests several approaches to reduce still further the morbidity of partial nephrectomy.
Functions for interneuronal nets in the hippocampus.

Ce texte resume l'avancement des connaissances sur la physiologie des interneurones hippocampiques. Les resultats suggerent que compte tenu de leur interconnectivite, les interneurones inhibiteurs peuvent maintenir des oscillations d'amplitude importante et couvrant une large plage de frequences (bandes de frequences theta, gamma, 200 Hz). Nous suggerons que des reseaux d'intemeurones inhibiteurs localises dans le cerveau anterieur dictent le « contexte » oscillatoire qui est approprie au « contenu » vehicule par les reseaux de cellules principales. Ces reseaux inhibiteurs oscillatoires pourraient fournir la structure temporelle precise necessaire pour que des groupes de neurones puissent effectuer des fonctions specifiques, notamment la formation de engrammes et la lecture de l'information. De plus, il appert que l'inhibition synaptique reduit la retropropagation somato-dendritique de spikes sodiques et previent l'apparition de spikes calciques dans les dendrites. Ces observations indiquent que les interneurones sont probablement en mesure de reguler la plasticite neuronale et d'assurer une transmission synaptique avec ou sans modification a long terme du potentiel synaptique.
THE DATA BANK CONCEPT: A DISSIDENT POINT OF VIEW

As a discussant on this panel, I am at a distinct advantage due to having attended the Harvard Conference on data banks and am familiar with the stance of the preceding speakers. I should also like to remind the reader that the title of the present symposium was "The Data Bank Concept: Problems and Prospects for Educational Research Utilizing Data Collected for Other Purposes," which to this author represents a misconception as to the role of data banks in research. Therefore, the following remarks are divided into two sections, the first which discusses the pitfalls of the data bank concept and the second which presents this author's point of view of what one can legitimately do with data banks.
Computational characterization of substrate binding and catalysis in S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.

S-Adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of AdoHcy to adenosine (Ado) and homocysteine (Hcy), playing an essential role in modulating the cellular Hcy levels an...
Protection induced by commercially available live-attenuated and recombinant viral vector vaccines against infectious laryngotracheitis virus in broiler chickens

Viral vector vaccines using fowl poxvirus (FPV) and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) as vectors and carrying infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) genes are commercially available to the poultry industry in the USA. Different sectors of the broiler industry have used these vaccines in ovo or subcutaneously, achieving variable results. The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of protection induced by viral vector vaccines as compared with live-attenuated ILTV vaccines. The HVT-LT vaccine was more effective than the FPV-LT vaccine in mitigating the disease and reducing levels of challenge virus when applied in ovo or subcutaneously, particularly when the challenge was performed at 57 days rather than 35 days of age. While the FPV-LT vaccine mitigated clinical signs more effectively when administered subcutaneously than in ovo, it did not reduce the concentration of challenge virus in the trachea by either application route. Detection of antibodies against ILTV glycoproteins expressed by the viral vectors was a useful criterion to assess the immunogenicity of the vectors. The presence of glycoprotein I antibodies detected pre-challenge and post challenge in chickens vaccinated with HVT-LT indicated that the vaccine induced a robust antibody response, which was paralleled by significant reduction of clinical signs. The chicken embryo origin vaccine provided optimal protection by significantly mitigating the disease and reducing the challenge virus in chickens vaccinated via eye drop. The viral vector vaccines, applied in ovo and subcutaneously, provided partial protection, reducing to some degree clinical signs, and challenge VIRUS replication in the trachea.
Fine structure of a second kind of thyroid follicle in the C3H mouse.

In addition to the usual functional follicles, thyroid glands of normal C 3H mice contain a second kind of follicle distinguished by heterogeneous, “foamy” colloid, by ciliated epithelial cells, and by previously unreported epithelial cells, termed AR cells, with distinctive abundant agranular reticulum. Flecks of immiscible substance of low density impart the foamy appearance to the colloid and often adhere to the surfaces of the epithelial cells. The ciliated cells possess a uniform array of apical cilia and a scattering of long, branched microvilli; their cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria but is otherwise sparsely populated with agranular reticulum, nondilated granular reticulum, and free ribosomes. The AR cells, in addition to their prominent agranular reticulum, contain numerous large mitochondria and occasionally glycogen, presumed secretory globules, and nondilated granular reticulum. Approximately half of the epithelial cells in this second class of follicles are indistinguishable from typi...
Identifying inhibitors of queuine modification of tRNA in cultured cells

Abstract Altered queuine modification of tRNA has been associated with cellular development, differentiation, and neoplastic transformation. Present methods of evaluating agents for their ability to induce queuine hypomodification of tRNA are tedious, time-consuming, and not readily amenable to examining cell-type or tissue specificity. Therefore, a rapid, small-scale assay was developed to identify agents that alter queuine modification of tRNA in cultured cells. Monolayer cultures (2 cm2) of Chinese hamster embryo cells depleted of queuine for 24 h were evaluated for their ability to incorporate [3H]dihydroqueuine into acid precipitable material (tRNA) in the presence and absence of potential inhibitors. Known inhibitors of the queuine modification enzyme tRNA-guanine ribosyltransferase (e.g., 7-methylguanine, 6-thioguanine, and 8-azaguanine) were very effective in blocking incorporation of the radiolabel, and the dose-dependent results exhibited small standard deviations in independent experiments. The data indicate that the method is rapid, reliable, and potentially useful with a variety of cell types.
Thermal resistance at a surface in contact with fluidized bed particles

Abstract While most investigators agree that heat transfer from the dense phase of a fluidized bed is the dominant mode of heat transfer from bed to surface, models of the process have taken many disparate forms. The differences among these models are most evident with beds of large particles and at short dense phase residence times. An experimental apparatus has been developed which permits measurement of the thermal resistance between a surface and adjacent particles during a rapid transient process. Meaningful results are obtainable for periods as short as 10 ms. Large heat transfer coefficients for particles with diameters between 0.65 and 1.0 mm were observed in the initial 20 ms. During an ensuing period of about 80 ms the measured heat transfer coefficients were lower and nearly invariant with time. After that the coefficients began to decline. This behavior is most consistent with a discrete particle model with initial heat transfer by asperities in direct contact with the surface followed by heat transfer through gas layers in areas adjacent to the contact points. No significant difference was observed between minimally fluidized and packed beds of the same batch of particles, refuting the notion of a gas layer separating the particles from the surface in fluidized beds.
Suppression of Plasma Immunoreactive Insulin in Rats given D-Mannoheptulose

SIMON and co-workers1–3 produced marked hyperglycaemia in the fasting rat with a single injection of D-mannoheptulose, a seven carbon sugar found in avocados. Their work suggests that heptulose blocks normal pancreatic secretion of insulin in response to glucose and that it induces gluconeogenesis. Coore et al.4 have demonstrated in rabbit pancreas slices that mannoheptulose blocks the glucose-stimulated release of insulin. The present investigation provides evidence that in the intact rat mannoheptulose suppresses the increase in plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) normally elicited by hyperglycaemia.
The effects of sexual and/or aggressive film exposure on helping, hostility, and attitudes about the sexes

Abstract After viewing an aggressive, sexually aggressive, erotic heterosexual, or control film, 129 females and 135 males expressed their willingness to help and hostility toward the male or female experimenter. Males extended the least help to the experimenter following the aggressive film and expressed more positive affect than females. Erotophilic males expressed slightly less hostility toward a female than a male experimenter. Erotophiles expressed more positive attitudes toward women and toward men after viewing either the rape film shown by a male experimenter or the erotic film shown by a female experimenter, compared to erotophobes. Among erotophobes, these two experimental conditions generally produced the most negative effects on general attitudes about the sexes. Affective responses to sex variations in dominant status and to aggressivity were employed to provide explanations for these results.
Predicting Turbulent Boundary Layer Wall Pressure Fluctuations in Adverse Pressure Gradients

A physics-based approach is employed and a new prediction tool is developed to predict the wavevector-frequency spectrum of the turbulent boundary layer wall pressure fluctuations for subsonic airfoils under the influence of adverse pressure gradients. The prediction tool uses an explicit relationship developed by D. M. Chase, which is based on a fit to zero pressure gradient data. The tool takes into account the boundary layer edge velocity distribution and geometry of the airfoil, including the blade chord and thickness. Comparison to experimental adverse pressure gradient data shows a need for an update to the modeling constants of the Chase model. To optimize the correlation between the predicted turbulent boundary layer wall pressure spectrum and the experimental data, an optimization code (iSIGHT) is employed. This optimization module is used to minimize the absolute value of the difference (in dB) between the predicted values and those measured across the analysis frequency range. An optimized set of modeling constants is derived that provides reasonable agreement with the measurements.© 2005 ASME
Density functional study of the L10–αIrV transition in IrV and RhV

Abstract Both IrV and RhV crystallize in the αIrV structure, with a transition to the higher symmetry L1 0 structure at high temperature, or with the addition of excess Ir or Rh. Here we present evidence that this transition is driven by the lowering of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level of the αIrV structure. The transition has long been thought to be second order, with a simple doubling of the L1 0 unit cell due to an unstable phonon at the R point (0 1/2 1/2). We use first-principles calculations to show that all phonons at the R point are, in fact, stable, but do find a region of reciprocal space where the L1 0 structure has unstable (imaginary frequency) phonons. We use the frozen phonon method to examine two of these modes, relaxing the structures associated with the unstable phonon modes to obtain new structures which are lower in energy than L1 0 but still above αIrV. We examine the phonon spectra of these structures as well, looking for instabilities, and find further instabilities, and more relaxed structures, all of which have energies above the αIrV phase. In addition, we find that all of the relaxed structures, stable and unstable, have a density comparable to the L1 0 phase (and less than the αIrV phase), so that any transition from one of these structures to the ground state will have a volume change as well as an energy discontinuity. We conclude that the transition from L1 0 to αIrV is probably weakly first order. We also examine the behavior of similar compounds, and show that the αIrV structures of both IrTi and RhTi are lower in energy than the experimentally observed high-temperature L1 0 structure.
Assaulting the English governing classes: Strategy and radical ideology in John Bright's Trent Affair speech

John Bright's speech on the “Trent Affair” in December of 1861 instantiates Victorian radical ideology in mid‐century. A careful reading of the speech reveals the ideological dimension that not only helps account for the ultimate success of the Union cause in Great Britain, but also demonstrates the ways in which the rhetorical depiction of the American war served radical efforts to align the respectable notion of “progress” with democratic values. Further, the speech illustrates the democratic strain in radical rhetoric that contributed to the impetus for political reform following the Northern victory in the American Civil War.
An Adaptive Amplitude-Based Self-Sensing Piezoelectrically-Driven Microcantilever Sensor

This paper presents an adaptive amplitude-based self-sensing strategy for ultrasmall tip mass estimation utilizing piezoelectrically-driven microcantilevers. The proposed configuration overcomes the inherent shortfalls (e.g., thermal drifts, electronic noise, and restriction to use in liquid media) currently exist in conventional systems. The microcantilever operates in self-sensing mode utilizing a piezoelectric patch deposited on the cantilever surface. The piezoelectric patch actuates the beam and at the same time senses the beam vibration through inverse and direct piezoelectric effects, respectively, which enables measurement of the surface induced stress. To remedy the measurement limitation at the microscale due to lack of sensitivity and temperature dependency of piezoelectric, an advanced auto-tunable self-sensing controller is proposed which balances the capacitance bridge network. Moreover, an optimization strategy is developed to minimize the error of the output voltage considering the fact that the individual time dependent coordinates are not measurable. Mathematical models and equations of motion are obtained using the Hamilton’s principle treating the microcantilever as a distributed-parameters system. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Real Teens, Real Tours: Teen Engagement Strategies for the One-Time Visit.

The teen behavior typically exhibited in school visit groups is often read by museum teachers as resistance or disengagement, when the opposite is more likely the case. This paper attempts to dispel some of the myths around teen behavior and serve as a practical guide to museum educators who desire a deeper, more successful engagement with teen groups visiting their museums. The strategies provided are the result of workshops with members of the Institute of Contemporary Art Boston's Teen Arts Council, teens who lead tours of teens themselves, and Tour Guides, our volunteer docent corps.
Proneural enhancement by Notch overcomes Suppressor-of-Hairless repressor function in the developing Drosophila eye

Abstract Background: The receptor protein Notch plays a conserved role in restricting neural-fate specification during lateral inhibition. Lateral inhibition requires the Notch intracellular domain to coactivate Su(H)-mediated transcription of the Enhancer-of-split Complex. During Drosophila eye development, Notch plays an additional role in promoting neural fate independently of Su(H) and E(spl)-C, and this finding suggests an alternative mechanism of Notch signal transduction. Results: We used genetic mosaics to analyze the proneural enhancement pathway. As in lateral inhibition, the metalloprotease Kuzbanian, the EGF repeat 12 region of the Notch extracellular domain, Presenilin, and the Notch intracellular domain were required. By contrast, proneural enhancement became constitutive in the absence of Su(H), and this led to premature differentiation and upregulation of the Atonal and Senseless proteins. Ectopic Notch signaling by Delta expression ahead of the morphogenetic furrow also caused premature differentiation. Conclusions: Proneural enhancement and lateral inhibition use similar ligand binding and receptor processing but differ in the nuclear role of Su(H). Prior to Notch signaling, Su(H) represses neural development directly, not indirectly through E(spl)-C. During proneural enhancement, the Notch intracellular domain overcomes the repression of neural differentiation. Later, lateral inhibition restores the repression of neural development by a different mechanism, requiring E(spl)-C transcription. Thus, Notch restricts neurogenesis temporally to a narrow time interval between two modes of repression.
Comparing requirements from multiple jurisdictions

Increasingly, information systems are becoming distributed and pervasive, enabling organizations to deliver services remotely to individuals and to share and store personal information worldwide. However, system developers face significant challenges in identifying and managing the many laws that govern their services and products. To address this challenge, we investigate a method to codify, analyze, and trace relationships among requirements from different regulations that share a common theme of data breach notification. To measure gaps and overlaps between regulations, we applied previously validated requirements metrics. Our findings include a formalization of the legal landscape using operational constructs for high- and low-watermark practices, which business analysts and system developers can use to reason about compliance trade-offs based on perceived businesses costs and risks. We discovered and validated these constructs using five U.S. state data breach notification laws that govern transactions of financial and health information of state residents.
A simple empirical equation for the prediction of the activity-coefficient value of each component in aqueous electrolyte mixtures containing a common ion

A simple empirical equation is presented for the prediction of the mean ionic activity coefficient of each component in aqueous electrolyte mixtures containing a common ion. The results obtained in a variety of two- and three-electrolyte mixtures show that in most cases logγ values predicted by this equation are consistent with values predicted using an elaborate ion-component model.
Tracking the role of alternative prey in soybean aphid predation by Orius insidiosus: a molecular approach

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a pest of soybeans in Asia, and in recent years has caused extensive damage to soybeans in North America. Within these agroecosystems, generalist predators form an important component of the assemblage of natural enemies, and can exert significant pressure on prey populations. These food webs are complex and molecular gut-content analyses offer nondisruptive approaches for examining trophic linkages in the field. We describe the development of a molecular detection system to examine the feeding behaviour of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) upon soybean aphids, an alternative prey item, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and an intraguild prey species, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Specific primer pairs were designed to target prey and were used to examine key trophic connections within this soybean food web. In total, 32% of O. insidiosus were found to have preyed upon A. glycines, but disproportionately high consumption occurred early in the season, when aphid densities were low. The intensity of early season predation indicates that O. insidiosus are important biological control agents of A. glycines, although data suggest that N. variabilis constitute a significant proportion of the diet of these generalist predators. No Orius were found to contain DNA of H. axyridis, suggesting intraguild predation upon these important late-season predators during 2005 was low. In their entirety, these results implicate O. insidiosus as a valuable natural enemy of A. glycines in this soybean agroecosystem.
Predicting U.S. food demand in the 20th century: a new look at system dynamics

The paper describes a new methodology for predicting the behavior of macroeconomic variables. The approach is based on System Dynamics and Fuzzy Inductive Reasoning. A four- layer pseudo-hierarchical model is proposed. The bottom layer makes predications about population dynamics, age distributions among the populace, as well as demographics. The second layer makes predications about the general state of the economy, including such variables as inflation and unemployment. The third layer makes predictions about the demand for certain goods or services, such as milk products, used cars, mobile telephones, or internet services. The fourth and top layer makes predictions about the supply of such goods and services, both in terms of their prices. Each layer can be influenced by control variables the values of which are only determined at higher levels. In this sense, the model is not strictly hierarchical. For example, the demand for goods at level three depends on the prices of these goods, which are only determined at level four. Yet, the prices are themselves influenced by the expected demand. The methodology is exemplified by means of a macroeconomic model that makes predictions about US food demand during the 20th century.
Energetics of Adsorbed Methanol and Methoxy on Pt(111) by Microcalorimetry

The heat of adsorption and sticking probability of methanol were measured on clean Pt(111) at 100, 150, and 210 K and on oxygen-precovered Pt(111) at 150 K by single-crystal adsorption calorimetry (SCAC). On clean Pt(111) at 100 K, the heat of methanol adsorption was found to be 60.5 ± 0.8 kJ/mol in the limit of low coverage, resulting in a standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH(f)°) of CH(3)OH(ad) of -263 ± 0.8 kJ/mol. The results at 150 and 210 K on clean Pt(111) were indistinguishable from the energetics measured at 100 K in the same coverage range. Calorimetry of methanol on oxygen-precovered Pt(111) at 150 K yielded the energetics of adsorbed methoxy, giving ΔH(f)°[CH(3)O(ad)] = -170 ± 10 kJ/mol and a CH(3)O-Pt(111) bond enthalpy of 187 ± 11 kJ/mol. By use of these enthalpies, the dissociation of adsorbed methanol on Pt(111) to form methoxy and a hydrogen adatom is found to be uphill by +57 kJ/mol. At coverages below 0.2 monolayer (ML), the sticking probability for methanol on both surfaces at or below 150 K was >0.95. At 210 K, ∼80% of the methanol beam pulse transiently adsorbs to clean Pt(111) with a surface residence time of 238 ms and heat of adsorption of 61.2 ± 2.0 kJ/mol, giving a prefactor for methanol desorption of 4 × 10(15±0.5) s(-1). These measured energetics for methoxy and methanol were compared to density functional theory (DFT) calculations from previous literature, showing DFT to routinely underestimate the bond energy of both adsorbed methanol and methoxy by 15-52 kJ/mol.
Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism:

This article takes a closer look at the relationship between democracy and transnational terrorism. It investigates what it is about democracies that make them particularly vulnerable to terrorism from abroad. The authors suggest that states that exhibit a certain type of foreign policy behavior, regardless of their regime type, are likely to attract transnational terrorism. States that are actively involved in international politics are likely to create resentment abroad and hence more likely to be the target of transnational terrorism than are states that pursue a more isolationist foreign policy. Democratic states are more likely to be targeted by transnational terrorist groups not because of their regime type per se but because of the type of foreign policy they tend to pursue. The empirical analysis provides support for the argument.
Historical quantification of the biological effects of estradiol benzoate on the gingiva and gential mucosa of castrated rabbits

The biological effects of castration and estrogen replacement therapy were studied in the gingiva of adult female rabbits. Measurements were made to hislologically quantitate changes induced by estrogen on the gingiva when compared to the well established effects which occur in the reproductive tract of the female rabbit. Parentally administered esradiol benzoate resulted in significant changes within the uterus and vagina. No corresponding changes were detected in the gingiva.
The effect of blended instruction on accelerated learning

While online instructional technologies are becoming more popular in higher education, educators’ opinions about online learning tend to be generally negative. Furthermore, many studies have failed to systematically examine the features that distinguish one instructional mode from another, which weakens possible explanations for why online instructional technology can be beneficial. The current study isolates three benefits of the authors’ particular online instructional technology: (1) providing flexibility in how students learn, (2) offering immediate and targeted feedback and (3) increasing student participation and engagement with instructional material. Maximum benefits were observed when students used the online instructional technology to prepare for their face-to-face class – that is, students with this blended instruction learned twice as much content in the same amount of time in comparison to students with face-to-face instruction alone, without creating an atypically high workload.
Innate immunity and alcoholic liver fibrosis

The hepatic innate immune system consists of predominant innate immunity, which plays an important role in innate defense against infection and tumor transformation. Emerging evidence suggests that innate immunity also contributes to liver injury, repair, and fibrosis. The present review summarizes the recent findings on the role of innate immunity in liver fibrosis. In general, Kupffer cells stimulate liver fibrosis via production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas natural killer (NK) cells inhibit liver fibrosis by directly killing activated hepatic stellate cells and production of γ-interferon (IFN-y). Complement components, interferons, and Toll-like receptors have also been shown to regulate liver fibrosis. Recent evidence also suggests that modulation of innate immunity by alcohol plays an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver fibrosis. These include alcohol amplification of the profibrotic effects of Kupffer cells and suppression of the antifibrotic effects of NK/IFN-y.
The Impact of Significant Others in Motivational Enhancement Therapy: Findings from Project MATCH

Background: Social network support for abstinence has been associated with improved treatment outcomes among samples of individuals with alcohol use disorders. As a result, research studies have focused on the inclusion of significant others (SOs) in the treatment process. Nonetheless, little is known about 1) the specific influence SOs may have on clients during treatment sessions or 2) whether SO within-session behaviors have any relationship to client post-treatment drinking. Method: In the current study, Motivational Enhancement Therapy sessions in which a SO was present were coded using a behavioral coding system designed to measure SO and client within-session language. Results: Relationships were observed between SO and client within-session language. Furthermore, some specific SO categories of language predicted post-treatment client drinking. Conclusions: This study is the first systematic evaluation of SO contributions in substance abuse treatment sessions. Future research examining SO language in the treatment of alcohol use disorders might allow clinicians to avoid contributions from SOs that are associated with poorer drinking outcomes. Language: en
Field-programmable analog arrays enable mixed-signal prototyping of embedded systems

The field of embedded systems is an increasingly popular area of focus for industry and academia alike. In typical embedded systems, analog circuitry is often limited to the input and output sensors with analog-to-digital (A/D) converters and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters placed as close to the sensors as possible leaving the majority of the system completely digital. Although this is understandable given the reprogrammable nature of digital technologies and ease of design, it is unfortunate since many embedded systems are battery powered and could benefit from low-power analog circuitry. To increase the influence of analog circuitry into mainstream embedded system design, reprogrammable analog devices, dubbed field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs), need to be integrated with reprogrammable digital hardware to form a mixed-signal rapid prototyping platform. Such a system will enable embedded system designers to develop and evaluate mixed-signal systems with greater ease and encourage the use of more analog computational hardware when it is deemed best for the overall system.
Approximate solution of hyper-sensitive optimal control problems using finite-time Lyapunov analysis

Solving optimal control problems by an indirect method is often abandoned in favor of a direct method due to hyper-sensitivity with respect to unknown boundary conditions for the Hamiltonian boundary-value problem that represents the first-order necessary conditions. Yet the hyper-sensitivity may imply a manifold structure for the flow in the Hamiltonian phase space, structure that provides insight regarding the optimal solutions and suggests a solution approximation strategy that avoids the hyper-sensitivity. This paper concerns the development of a solution approximation method based on finite-time Lyapunov exponents and vectors. The focus is on determining the unknown boundary conditions such that the solution end points lie on certain invariant manifolds. Using kinematic eigenvalues, a systematic approach to determine the appropriate finite-time for the Lyapunov analysis is presented. A simple example is used to illustrate the approximation method and its implementation.
The effect of force saturation on the haptic perception of detail

This paper presents a quantitative study of the effects of maximum capable force magnitude of a haptic interface on the haptic perception of detail. Specifically, the haptic perception of detail is characterized by identification, detection, and discrimination of round and square cross-section ridges, in addition to corner detection tests. Test results indicate that performance, measured as a percent correct score in the perception experiments, improves in a nonlinear fashion as the maximum allowable level of force in the simulation increases. Further, all test subjects appeared to reach a limit in their perception capabilities at maximum-force output levels of 3-4 N, while the hardware was capable of 10 N of maximum continuous force output. These results indicate that haptic interface hardware may be able to convey sufficient perceptual information to the user with relatively low levels of force feedback. The data is compiled to aid those who wish to design a stylus-type haptic interface to meet certain requirements for the display of physical detail within a haptic simulation.
mu -definable sets of integers

The mu -calculus is a language consisting of standard first-order finitary logic with a least fixed-point operator applicable to positive inductive definitions. The main theorem of this study is a set-theoretic characterization of the sets of integers definable in the mu -calculus. Another theorem used but not proved is a prenex normal form theorem for the mu -calculus. >
Precautionary Saving and Precautionary Wealth

This is an entry for The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Tracheotomy Outcomes and Complications: A National Perspective

Objectives/Hypothesis: To provide national level data on frequency of tracheotomy and complication rate and in-hospital mortality following tracheotomy. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using a public national database, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2006. Results: There were 113,653 tracheotomies performed in patients 18 years or older in 2006. The overall complication rate was 3.2%, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 19.2%. The data suggest that in-hospital mortality is usually due to the underlying illness rather than the tracheotomy. Mortality was higher in patients older than 50 years, those with cardiac conditions, particularly congestive heart failure, those with public insurance, and patients in Northeast hospitals. Patients with neurologic conditions, trauma, and upper airway infection are more likely to survive to discharge. In-hospital mortality is slightly higher in nonteaching hospitals. Conclusions: This database study determined baseline data for the rate of complications (3.2%) for patients undergoing tracheotomy; it showed that only 80% of adult patients who underwent tracheotomy in the United States survived to discharge. Patients located in the Northeast, patients more than 50 years old, and patients with cardiac conditions were at particularly high risk for mortality. This study provides normative data for these outcomes for patient counseling and planning future quality improvement initiatives in this patient population.Laryngoscope, 122:25–29, 2012
Still the Age of the State? Organized Social Participation and Civil Society Development in Urban China

Today, China is seeing a vibrant dynamism of grassroots voluntary activities, which increases expectations for the rise of a civil society. However, despite the increase of non-governmental organizations, the government still occupies a key role in the sphere of the citizens' organized social participation. In urban China, mass organizations and residents' committees help the state to reach out to the mass and to permeate society. The transformation of state–society relations is deeply impacted by the totalitarian legacy of mass control and mobilization.