cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soft error resilience in Big Data kernels through modular analysis

The shrinking processor feature and operating voltages of processor circuits are making them increasingly vulnerable to soft faults, which calls for fault resilience techniques at both the software and hardware levels under the big data context. To assist software developers in writing fault-resilient big data applications, we propose the tool ErrorSight, which helps them to focus their efforts on code regions and data structures that are most vulnerable to soft errors, understand how numerical errors propagate through the program, and apply fault resilience techniques effectively. ErrorSight achieves this through efficient generation of error profiles leveraging the predictive power of the Boosted Regression Tree model. We use four big data kernels to illustrate the modular analysis mechanism of ErrorSight and show its usefulness in the development of numerical fault-resilience in Big Data.
THE ARABIC FREUD: THE UNCONSCIOUS AND THE MODERN SUBJECT

This essay considers how Freud traveled in postwar Egypt through an exploration of the work of Yusuf Murad, the founder of a school of thought within the psychological and human sciences, and provides a close study of the journal he co-edited, Majallat ʿIlm al-Nafs. Translating and blending key concepts from psychoanalysis and psychology with classical Islamic concepts, Murad put forth a dynamic and dialectical approach to selfhood that emphasized the unity of the self, while often insisting on an epistemological and ethical heterogeneity from European psychoanalytic thought, embodied in a rejection of the dissolution of the self and of the death drive. In stark contrast to the so-called “tale of mutual ignorance” between Islam and psychoanalysis, the essay traces a tale of historical interactions, hybridizations, and interconnected webs of knowledge production between the Arab world and Europe. Moving away from binary models of selfhood as either modern or traditional, Western or non-Western, it examines the points of condensation and divergence, and the epistemological resonances that psychoanalytic writings had in postwar Egypt. The coproduction of psychoanalytic knowledge across Arab and European knowledge formations definitively demonstrates the outmoded nature of historical models that presuppose originals and bad copies of the global modern subject—herself so constitutively defined by the presence of the unconscious.
Low Calcium Rickets in the Guinea Pig.

SummaryTypical rachitic changes in bones and teeth have been produced in young guinea pigs by a diet low in calcium and in vitamin D. In older animals the changes in the bones were obscured by arrested skeletal growth, but those in the teeth were constant.
IBT in Retrospect

A wealth of data has amassed since the IBT study was completed. Some of the data from that study have forced a reconsideration of traditional concepts of alcoholism. While the IBT study will probably be remembered for its controlled drinking treatment goal, several other findings emerged which also merit discussion. Although questions about the value of particular IBT components can be answered only by future studies designed to compare and contrast various aspects of the IBT procedures, we can provide some insight into the effectiveness of these various components as seen through the eyes of the subjects themselves.
An Evaluation of the Research Chefs Association’s Bachelor of Science in Culinology® Core Competencies

ABSTRACTCulinology® is the blending of culinary arts and food technology (RCA, 2010). As of 2016, there are 16 RCA-approved Culinology® degree programs, but there has been no research conducted on the effectiveness of the Culinology® competencies in preparing graduates for employment in the food product development industry. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Culinology® core competencies prepared graduates for successful employment in the food industry. A sequential explanatory design was used for this research. In the first stage, a survey was used to measure the graduates’ and employers’ perceptions of the importance and frequency of use for each competency. In the second stage, interviews with selected graduates and employers were conducted to gain more insight on the results of the first stage. The results indicated that a gap existed between what the employers and graduates perceived as the most important competency, and graduates are not fully prepared for employment in the food...
Abl suppresses cell extrusion and intercalation during epithelium folding

Apical constriction drives tissue folding or cell extrusion in different contexts, but the mechanisms that dictate the specific outcomes are poorly understood. Live imaging shows that Abl has a cri...
The genetics of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in upper airway innate immunity and implications for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objective Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) refractory to therapeutic intervention may involve a particularly resistant infection known as a bacterial biofilm. Critical to biofilm formation is the microbial process of quorum sensing whereby microbes secrete factors that regulate the expression of microbial genes involved in biofilm formation, persistence, and virulence. Here, we review recent work demonstrating that the bitter taste receptor T2R38, expressed on the apical surface of the sinonasal epithelium, serves a sentinel role in eavesdropping on microbial quorum-sensing communications and regulates localized innate biocidal defenses. Furthermore, studies investigating whether cilia are necessary for T2R38 expression and function in the upper airway are presented. Methods Primary human sinonasal air–liquid interface cultures were used to elucidate cellular pathways responsive to quorum-sensing molecules, whereas clinical studies investigated the contribution of T2R38 polymorphisms to recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis. Results T2R38 is stimulated by acyl-homoserine lactones, gram-negative quorum-sensing molecules, and subsequently activates nitric oxide-dependent innate immune responses. The formation of mature cilia is necessary for T2R38 expression and function, and polymorphisms that underlie T2R38 functionality appear to be involved in susceptibility to upper respiratory infection and recalcitrant CRS. Conclusion Taste receptors are emerging as critical components of early-phase respiratory innate immunity, detecting molecules used by microbes to communicate and stimulating localized host defenses. Genetic polymorphisms are very common within the taste receptors, and recent linkage studies have demonstrated associations of taste receptor genetics with CRS. Lastly, ciliogenesis, which is often impacted in CRS, is critical for the functional expression of T2R38. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 2016
Digital anthropomorphic phantoms of non-rigid human respiratory and voluntary body motions: A tool-set for investigating motion correction in 3D reconstruction

Patient respiratory and body motions occurring during emission tomography create artifacts in the images, which can mislead diagnosis. For example, in myocardial-perfusion imaging these artifacts can be mistaken for perfusion defects. Various software and hardware approaches have been developed to detect and compensate for motion. A practical way to test these methods is to simulate realistic motion with digital anthropomorphic phantoms. However, simulated motions often do not correspond to real patient motions. In this study, we are creating XCAT phantoms based on real body and respiratory motion data acquired from MR scans of volunteers. We are exploring different MRI acquisition methods to allow respiratory amplitude-binned modeling of both inspiration and expiration, which portrays both non-rigid motion and motion hysteresis during breathing. Simultaneous to MRI, the positions of reflective markers placed on the body-surface are tracked in 3D via stereo optical imaging. This enables correlation of the internal organ motion (e.g. heart, liver etc.) in our models with external marker-motion as would be observed during clinical imaging. Our digital anthropomorphic phantoms can serve as a realistic dataset with known truth for investigating motion correction in 3D iterative reconstructions.
Intraoperative use of ultrasound to document proper plaque placement in treating choroidal melanoma

Echography has been used to document proper radioactive plaque placement in the treatment of ocular melanomas. We have used echography to help diagnose and compute dimensions of intraocular tumors. In addition to accurate height measurement, we have used contact B-scan echography to help establish or confirm the basal diameter of tumors. We will discuss our methods of using intraoperative contact B-scan echography to ensure proper placement of iodine-125 plaques.
Detection of prognostically distinct subpopulations in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors

18178 Hypothesis: In patient survival curves that follow 1st order kinetics, prognostically distinct subpopulations will be identified by inflection points in plots of log % survival vs time. Progn...
Automatic logic generation for reconfigurable cell-based manufacturing systems

Abstract This paper presents a method to automatically generate the control logic for manufacturing cell controllers, using Modular Finite State Machines (MFSMs). Using the proposed method models can be automatically created upon choice of specifications, and used to run as controllers. They are based on a specified behavior between the cell controller and its supervisor, and are verifiably correct from their construction. The method has been implemented on a small manufacturing test bed at the University of Michigan.
Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers: Where Are We and Where Do We Go Next?

Background Objective measures of Parkinson's disease (PD) are needed for purposes of diagnosis and prognostication, as well as identification of those at risk of PD. In this qualitative review, we provide an overview of the current state of the field of PD biomarker development, delineate challenges, and discuss how the field is evolving. Methods A search of PubMed was conducted for articles pertaining to objective biomarkers for PD. Articles were selected based on relevance and methodology; where available, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and comprehensive qualitative review articles were preferentially referenced. Results There are several potential sources of objective PD biomarkers including biofluids, peripheral tissue, imaging, genetics, and technology based objective motor testing. Approaches to biomarker identification include the candidate biomarker approach and unbiased discovery methods, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Several emerging techniques hold promise in each of these areas. Advances in technology and bioinformatics, and the increasing availability of biobanks, are expected to facilitate future PD biomarker development. Conclusions The field of objective biomarkers for PD has made great progress but much remains to be done in translating putative biomarkers into tools useful in the clinic and for research. Multimodal biomarker platforms have the potential to capitalize on the utility and strengths of individual biomarkers. Rigorous methodology and standards for replication of findings will be key to meaningful progress in the field.
Application of Voting Theory to the Float Ownership Problem

AbstractA longstanding contentious question in construction scheduling is who owns float: the owner or general contractor. Float is the ability of scheduled activities to absorb delays by their fle...
The past, present, and future of UX empirical research

Rethinking UX requires mapping trends in empirical research to find out how the field has developed. This study addresses that need by analyzing over 400 academic empirical studies published between 2000--2016. Our research questions are, "How have the artifacts, analysis, and methods of UX research changed since the year 2000?" and "Do scholars use research questions and hypotheses to ground their research in UX?" Our research found that services, websites, and imagined objects/prototypes were among the most frequently studied artifacts, while usability studies, surveys, and interviews were the most commonly used methods. We found a significant increase in quantitative and mixed methods studies since 2010. This study showed that only 1 out of every 5 publications employed research questions to guide inquiry. We hope that these findings help UX as a field more accurately and broadly conceive of its identity with clear standards for evaluating existing research and rethinking future research opportunities as a discipline.
Functional Dissection of a cAMP-Response Element Using Recombinant Mutations

The human CG-a gene expressed in the placenta is transcriptionally activated by cAMP. Two copies of a palindrome, 5′-TGACGTCA-3′, similar to sequences in other cAMP-responsive genes, reside within two identical 18-bp sequences arranged as adjacent direct repeats in the CG-a 5′-flanking region. DNase footprint and gel mobility shift analyses identify interactions of binding proteins with the 18-bp repeats at -146 to -111, with a more upstream expression sequence (UES) at -178 to -156, and with a more downstream sequence, including a CCAAT-box-like element (DES) at -100 to -72. One or two synthetic copies of the 18-bp sequence fused to the CG-a promoter enhance transcription of a reporter chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene in placental choriocarcinoma (JEG-3) cells when inserted in either orientation, both 5′ to the cap site or 3′ of the coding sequence. When paired with the CGa promoter the 18-bp enhancer exhibits strong preference for JEG-3 cells. Transcription of fusion genes containing the 18-bp enhancer is stimulated 30- to 40-fold by 8-br-cAMP, indicating that the 18-bp enhancer is a cAMP-responsive enhancer (CRE). A single CRE stimulates transcriptional activity 10-fold less than the double CRE and 100-fold less than the double CRE fused to the UES; the transcriptional enhancement of the two CREs and the UES are synergistic and not additive. Synthetic oligonucleotide expression cassettes encompassing the single CRE, double CRE and UES sequences were used to assess the effects of mutations on the individual functional elements. Mutations of sequences adjacent to, as well as point substitutions and deletional mutations within the CRE indicate that the octamer motif is essential for expression and cAMP responsivity but that synergistic transcriptional responses are highly dependent upon the surrounding contextual sequences. Co-transfection and expression of a-gene CAT reporters with increasing amounts of specific competitor DNA sequences localize the interaction of rate-limiting stimulatory transacting factors predominantly to the region containing the CREs and UES (-236 to -100). Saturation expression and competitive inhibition of expression were indistinguishable in the presence and absence of 8-br-cAMP, suggesting that the cAMP-mediated enhancement of transcription does not alter affinities of the binding of factors to the DNA but rather increases the efficiency of transcription. These studies indicate that the cooperative cis-trans interaction of cAMP-responsive enhancer-like elements with the homologous promoter and an upstream element in a constrained cis-context mediated by transacting DNA binding proteins, represents part of the mechanism of cell-specific expression of the CG-a gene.
EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF LIQUID METAL AND MOLTEN SALT HEAT EXCHANGERS

Heat transfer and pressure drop test data were obtained on liquid metal-to-molten salt heat exchangers and on liquid metal-to-air radiators. The data were correlated to permit predictions of the he...
Assessment of Programs Aimed to Decrease or Prevent Mistreatment of Medical Trainees

Importance Mistreatment of medical students is pervasive and has negative effects on performance, well-being, and patient care. Objective To document the published programmatic and curricular attempts to decrease the incidence of mistreatment. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, ERIC, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, andMedEdPORTALwere searched. Comprehensive searches were run on “mistreatment” and “abuse of medical trainees” on all peer-reviewed publications until November 1, 2017. Study Selection Citations were reviewed for descriptions of programs to decrease the incidence of mistreatment in a medical school or hospital with program evaluation data. A mistreatment program was defined as an educational effort to reduce the abuse, mistreatment, harassment, or discrimination of trainees. Studies of the incidence of mistreatment without description of a program, references to a mistreatment program without outcome data, or a program that has never been implemented were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis Authors independently reviewed all retrieved citations. Articles that any author found to meet inclusion criteria were included in a full-text review. The data extraction form was developed based on the guidelines for Best Evidence in Medical Education. An assessment of the study quality was conducted using a conceptual framework of 6 elements essential to the reporting of experimental studies in medical education. Main Outcomes and Measures A descriptive review of the interventions and outcomes is presented along with an analysis of the methodological quality of the studies. A separate review of theMedEdPORTALmistreatment curricula was conducted. Results Of 3347 citations identified, 10 studies met inclusion criteria. Of the programs included in the 10 studies, all were implemented in academic medical centers. Seven programs were in the United States, 1 in Canada, 1 in the United Kingdom, and 1 in Australia. The most common format was a combination of lectures, workshops, and seminars over a variable time period. Overall, quality of included studies was low and only 1 study included a conceptual framework. Outcomes were most often limited to participant survey data. The program outcome evaluations consisted primarily of surveys and reports of mistreatment. All of the included studies evaluated participant satisfaction, which was mostly qualitative. Seven studies also included the frequency of mistreatment reports; either surveys to assess perception of the frequency of mistreatment or the frequency of reports via official reporting channels. Five mistreatment program curricula fromMedEdPORTALwere also identified; of these, only 2 presented outcome data. Conclusions and Relevance There are very few published programs attempting to address mistreatment of medical trainees. This review identifies a gap in the literature and provides advice for reporting on mistreatment programs.
Age-related Changes in Globe Position.

Purpose To longitudinally evaluate for changes in globe position as part of the natural aging process. Methods A Cleveland Clinic Foundation imaging database of all head imaging scans performed from 1995 to 2017 was used to identify adults with normal orbits undergoing imaging studies at least 20 years apart. A total of 100 patients (200 globes) who had CT or MRI scans were studied. Globe position was determined by measuring the distance from the anterior aspect of the cornea to the zygomaticofrontal processes baseline. Clinically significant changes in globe position were defined as changes of ≥2 mm posteriorly (enophthalmos) or anteriorly (exophthalmos). Results On average, globe projection decreased by 0.25 ± 2.3 and 0.26 ± 2.2 mm in the right and left eyes, respectively. Clinically significant enophthalmos with age was measured in 55 (27.5%) globes in 35 (35%) individuals, while clinically significant exophthalmos with age was measured in 43 (21.5%) globes in 26 (26%) individuals. The proportion of cases that developed enophthalmos, exophthalmos, or experienced no change were not significantly different from each other (p = 0.26). No patients developed clinically significant enophthalmos in one eye and exophthalmos in the other. Conclusions Adults may develop clinically significant enophthalmos, exophthalmos, or no change in globe position over a 20-year period. This lack of uniform change in globe position with age impacts surgical considerations for treatment of the aging periocular region.
Preconditioning the uterine unfolded protein response maintains non-apoptotic Caspase 3-dependent quiescence during pregnancy

The prevention of apoptotic caspase 3 activation through biological preconditioning, mediated through the modulation of the unfolded protein response has been demonstrated to ameliorate multiple pathophysiologies. The maintenance of non-apoptotic caspase 3 activity by the unfolded protein response within the pregnant uterus has previously been proven to be critical in inhibiting uterine myocyte contractility during pregnancy. Here we report that the pregnant uterus utilizes an unfolded protein response-preconditioning paradigm to conserve myometrial caspase 3 in a non-apoptotic state in order to effectively inhibit uterine contractility thereby preventing the onset of preterm labor. In the absence of appropriate endogenous preconditioning during pregnancy, uterine caspase 3 is transformed from a non-apoptotic to an apoptotic phenotype. Apoptotic caspase 3 activation results in the precocious triggering of local uterine inflammatory signaling and prostaglandin production, consequently resulting in an increased incidence of preterm birth. These findings represent a paradigm shift in our understanding of how preconditioning promotes the maintenance of uterine non-apoptotic caspase 3 action during pregnancy preventing the onset of premature uterine contraction and therefore defining the timing of the onset of labor.
Acquiring External Human Capital-Based Capabilities Through M&A Versus Hiring

Human capital based capabilities (HCCs) are critical knowledge assets for generating competitive advantage in Knowledge Based Service Firms (KBSFs). Development of new HCCs often means that KBSFs m...
Wellness and Burnout Prevention: Perceptions of a Group Supervision Intervention

Professional counseling associations emphasize the importance of holistic well- being and self-care for counselors and counselors-in-training. In the current study, we utilized a phenomenological a...
Show Me Criminal Procedure

Note: A newer version of this book, called “Criminal Procedure: A Free Law School Casebook,” was published by CALI in summer 2020. Free downloads are available at https://www.cali.org/books/criminal-procedure-trachtenberg-alexander Show Me Criminal Procedure is a criminal procedure casebook available at no charge under a Creative Commons license. An open educational resources (OER) book funded by grants from the University of Missouri System, the book was written by two professors at the University of Missouri School of Law. Ben Trachtenberg teaches criminal procedure, evidence, and professional responsibility. Anne Alexander is director of the law school’s legal research and writing program. The book is designed for the “investigations” criminal procedure class commonly taught at American law schools. It focuses on the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. Fourth Amendment topics include definitions of “search” and “seizure,” probable cause, warrants, exceptions to the warrant requirement (e.g., plain view, consent, automobiles), stop & frisk, and arrests. Moving to interrogations, the book covers due process and the voluntariness requirement, the Miranda Rule, and the Massiah doctrine. Next the book covers the exclusionary rule, including doctrines about standing and exceptions. Other chapters cover the right to counsel (including ineffective assistance and self-representation), witness identifications, and—briefly—electronic surveillance and the “war on terror.” Like many criminal procedure casebooks, Show Me Criminal Procedure takes most of its words from Supreme Court opinions interpreting the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. When possible, it links to sources that it cites, such as court opinions and scholarly commentaries. Note: Faculty considering assigning the book to students should feel free to contact Professor Trachtenberg about teaching materials.
Combining Renewable Solar and Open Air Cooling for Greening Internet-Scale Distributed Networks

The widespread adoption and popularity of Internet-scale Distributed Networks (IDNs) has led to an explosive growth in the infrastructure of these networks. Unfortunately, this growth has also led to a rapid increase in energy consumption with its accompanying environmental impact. Therefore, energy efficiency is a key consideration in operating and designing these power-hungry networks. In this paper, we study the greening potential of combining two contrasting sources of renewable energy, namely solar energy and Open Air Cooling (OAC). OAC involves the use of outside air to cool data centers if the weather outside is cold and dry enough. Therefore OAC is likely to be abundant in colder weather and at night-time. In contrast, solar energy is correlated with sunny weather and day-time. Given their contrasting natures, we study whether synthesizing these two renewable sources of energy can yield complementary benefits. Given the intermittent nature of renewable energy, we use batteries and load shifting to facilitate the use of green energy and study trade-offs in brown energy reduction based on key parameters like battery size, number of solar panels, and radius of load movement. We do a detailed cost analysis, including amortized cost savings as well as a break-even analysis for different energy prices. Our results look encouraging and we find that we can significantly reduce brown energy consumption by about 55% to 59% just by combining the two technologies. We can increase our savings further to between 60% to 65% by adding load movement within a radius of 5000kms, and to between 73% to 89% by adding batteries.
Modulation of excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic inputs in the mouse primary motor cortex in the late phase of motor learning

Motor skill training induces functional and structural changes in the primary motor cortex. New dendritic spines are formed with training and the horizontal connections in the layer II/III area of the primary motor cortex are strengthened. Here we investigated the functional synaptic properties of pyramidal neurons following motor skill training. We trained mice on a single forelimb-reaching task for five days and performed whole cell recordings from layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the forelimb representation area of the primary motor cortex in the ipsilateral (untrained) and contralateral (trained) hemispheres in acute brain slices. Success rate in the forelimb-reaching task rapidly improved over the first 3 days and stabilized on subsequent days. After five days of training, a time at which learning has peaked and synaptic strengthening with field potential recordings show enhancement, we observed an increase in mEPSC frequency while increases in mEPSC amplitudes was only observed in 20% of the cells. Increase in excitatory synaptic properties were correlated with improved motor skill. Measurement of miniature IPSC (mIPSC) after five days of training showed no difference in either frequency or amplitude between the trained and untrained hemispheres. Our present results indicate dynamic changes in excitatory but not inhibitory synapses in M1 layer II/III pyramidal neurons at the late stages of motor skill learning.
Niobium isocyanide complexes, Nb(CNAr)6, with Ar = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl (Xyl), a diamagnetic dimer containing four reductively coupled isocyanides, and Ar = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl (Dipp), a paramagnetic monomer analogous to the highly unstable hexacarbonylniobium(0)

Treatment of bis­(mesitylene)niobium(0) with 6–7 equivalents of 2,6-di­methyl­phenyl isocyanide (CNX­yl) affords two products with the empirical formula Nb(CNX­yl)n (n = 7 or 6), which have been shown to be the diamagnetic dimers bis­[μ-N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetra­kis­(2,6-di­methyl­phen­yl)squaramidinato(2−)]bis­[penta­kis­(2,6-di­methyl­phenyl isocyanide)niobium(I)], [Nb2(C9H9N)10(C36H36N4)] or [Nb(CNX­yl)5]2[μ-C4(NX­yl)4]·xSolvent, 1, and bis­[μ-N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetra­kis­(2,6-di­methyl­phen­yl)squaramidinato(2−)]bis­[tetra­kis­(2,6-di­methyl­phenyl isocyanide)niobium(I)] tetra­hydro­furan trisolvate, [Nb2(C9H9N)8(C36H36N4)]·3C4H8O or [Nb(CNX­yl)4]2[μ-C4(NX­yl)4]·3THF (THF = tetra­hydro­furan), 2. Each contains NbI bound to either five or four terminal isocyanides, respectively, and to an unprecedented bridging tetra­aryl­squaramidinate(2−) unit, coordinated as a bidentate ligand to each niobium center, symmetrically due to the crystallographic inversion center that coincides with the centroid of the central C4 unit. Thus, in the presence of CNXyl, the bis­(mesitylene)niobium(0) is oxidized to nio­bium(I), resulting in the facile loss of both mesitylene groups and the reductive coupling of two CNXyl groups per niobium to provide the first examples of tetra­aryl­squaramidinate(2−) ligands, [cyclo-C4N4Ar4]2−, coordinated to metals. In contrast, bis­(mesitylene)niobium(0) reacts with the more crowded 2,6-di­iso­pro­pyl­phenyl isocyanide (CNDipp) to afford the paramagnetic monomer hexa­kis­(2,6-diisopropyl­phenyl isocyanide)niobium(0), [Nb(C13H17N)6] or Nb(CNDipp)6, 3, the first zero-valent niobium isocyanide analog of the highly un­stable Nb(CO)6, which is presently only known to exist in an argon matrix at 4.2 K.
Controlled Delivery of 80 mg Aerosol Furosemide Does Not Achieve Consistent Dyspnea Relief in Patients.

Aerosol furosemide may be an option to treat refractory dyspnea, though doses, methods of delivery, and outcomes have been variable. We hypothesized that controlled delivery of high dose aerosol furosemide would reduce variability of dyspnea relief in patients with underlying pulmonary disease. Seventeen patients with chronic exertional dyspnea were recruited. Patients rated recently recalled breathing discomfort on a numerical rating scale (NRS) and the multidimensional dyspnea profile (MDP). They then performed graded exercise using an arm-ergometer. The NRS was completed following each exercise grade, and the MDP was repeated after a pre-defined dyspnea threshold was reached. During separate visits, patients received either aerosol saline or 80 mg of aerosol furosemide in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. After treatment, graded exercise to the pre-treatment level was repeated, followed by completion of the NRS and MDP. Treatment effect was defined as the difference between pre- and post-treatment NRS at end exercise, expressed in absolute terms as % Full Scale. “Responders” were defined as those showing treatment effect ≥ 20% of full scale. Final analysis included 15 patients. Neither treatment produced a statistically significant change in NRS and there was no significant difference between treatments (p = 0.45). There were four “responders” and one patient whose dyspnea worsened with furosemide; two patients were responders with saline, of whom one also responded to furosemide. No adverse events were reported. High dose controlled delivery aerosol furosemide was not statistically different from saline placebo at reducing exercise-induced dyspnea. However, a clinically meaningful improvement was noted in some patients.
Invited Talk 1: The Future of Parallel Computing

Solving the biggest challenges in science, industry, and society requires dramatic increases in computing efficiency.
A novel platform to accelerate antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Neisseria gonorrhoeae using RNA signatures

The rise of antimicrobial resistant pathogens can be attributed to the lack of a rapid pathogen identification (ID) or antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), resulting in delayed therapeutic decision at the point of care. Gonorrhea is usually empirically treated with no AST results available before treatment, thus contributing to rapid rise in drug resistance. Herein we present a rapid AST platform using RNA signatures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). RNA-seq followed by bioinformatic tools were applied to explore potential markers in transcriptome profile of NG upon minutes of azithromycin exposure. Validation of candidate markers using PCR showed that two markers (arsR (NGO1562) and rpsO) can deliver accurate AST results across 14 tested isolates. Further validation of our cutoff in comparison to MIC across 64 more isolates confirmed reliability of our platform. Our RNA markers combined with emerging molecular point-of-care systems has the potential to greatly accelerate both ID and AST to inform treatment.
Big in the Big Ten: Highly Cited Works and Their Characteristics

For this study, the 100 most highly cited items from Scopus were examined for each Big Ten Academic Alliance school (plus University of Chicago) to determine format use, subjects covered, citation ...
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy Versus Whole Breast Radiation for Early-Stage Breast Cancer Treatment in Rural Appalachia:

BackgroundIntraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is an alternate accelerated form of radiation following breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Lack of data regarding long-term outcomes has limited adop...
Development and Initial Implementation of a Machine-Learning-Based Predictive Index for Critical Deterioration among Hospitalized Children

Background: Inpatient critical deterioration is a severe worsening of a hospitalized child’s condition that warrants initiation of life support systems to prevent death. Many episodes of critical deterioration are preventable, yet objective indicators of impending deterioration are often unrecognized or underappreciated. Structured data continuously captured in the electronic health record (EHR), such as laboratory values, vital signs and nursing assessments, can be used to ascertain the severity of a patient’s condition. Recognizing that clinicians are only able to synthesize EHR information streams episodically, we aimed to augment our institution’s existing surveillance systems by creating an acuity index to provide a continuous, probabilistic assessment of the likelihood of critical deterioration among inpatient children. Methods: Conceptualization of the acuity index adhered to the Littenberg framework …
A Security Architecture for Domain Isolation in Multi-Tenant Cloud FPGAs

Cloud and data centers continuously increase FPGA presence in their pools of computing resources. As we head towards FPGA multi-tenancy in the cloud, there are rising security concerns. Space-sharing FPGAs between tenants may jeopardize the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of FPGA-accelerated applications. In this work, we present a hardware/software security architecture for domain isolation in clouds provisioning multi-tenant FPGAs. We focus on software-based attacks aiming unauthorized access and information leakage. We verify the proposed security architecture using Computational Tree Logic and prototype on a cloud set up. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture preserves domain isolation and protects against software attacks with minimal area, and communication overhead.
Examining the Instrumental Use of Pro Bono Projects by Law Firms: Preliminary Evidence

The reasons that law firms undertake pro bono representations are underexplored. Law firms may act out of a desire to fulfill the need for legal services of those who otherwise may lack access to it, or they also may do so instrumentally, to train young lawyers, to recruit lawyers, and to garner favorable publicity. This Paper takes a preliminary empirical look at the question by examining the extent of law firm pro bono practices, and of law firm profits. We find that the correlation between law firm pro bono hours and profits per partner is steady, with perhaps a slight increase over time. We also find geographic variation in law firms’ investment in pro bono activities. Note to Referee: The authors believe this paper might be especially appropriate for the poster session.
Integrating learning and engagement in narrative-centered learning environments

A key promise of narrative-centered learning environments is the ability to make learning engaging However, there is concern that learning and engagement may be at odds in these game-based learning environments and traditional learning systems This view suggests that, on the one hand, students interacting with a game-based learning environment may be engaged but unlikely to learn, while on the other hand, traditional learning technologies may promote deep learning but provide limited engagement This paper presents findings from a study with human participants that challenges the view that engagement and learning need be opposed A study was conducted with 153 middle school students interacting with a narrative-centered learning environment Rather than finding an oppositional relationship between learning and engagement, the study found a strong positive relationship between learning outcomes and increased engagement Furthermore, the relationship between learning outcomes and engagement held even when controlling for students' background knowledge and game-playing experience.
Solid-State Microelectrochemical Devices: Transistor and Diode Devices Employing a Solid Polymer Electrolyte

Not long ago, this group first described microelectrochemical devices, which are based on microfabricated arrays of electrodes, connected by electroactive materials.1 Because the active components of these devices are chemical in nature, many of these devices are chemically sensitive, and comprise a potentially useful class of chemical sensors. Devices showing sensitivity to pH, O2, H2, Li+ and Na+ have been demonstrated.2,3 These devices are, typically, operated in fluid solution electrolytes. If this class of devices is to be useful as gas sensors, systems which are not dependent on liquid electrolytes need to be developed. We have recently reported solid state microelectrochemical transistors, which replace conventional liquid electrolytes with polymer electrolytes based on polyethyleneoxide (PEO) and polyvinylalcohol (PVA).4 In this report, we discuss additional progress toward solid-state devices by employing a new polymer ion conductor based on the polyphosphazene comb-polymer, MEEP5 (shown below). By taking advantage of polymer ion conductors, we have developed microelectrochemical devices, where all of the components of the device are confined to a chip.
Pcc4azal teratocarcinoma stem cell differentiation in culture. II. Morphological characterization.

Abstract The ultrastructural morphology of the PCC4azal embryonal carcinoma cells and their differentiated counterparts, endoderm-like cells and giant cells, was characterized and compared with that of the cells of embryoid bodies. The ultrastructure of the PCC4azal embryonal carcinoma cells is similar to that of the embryonal carcinoma cells of the embryoid body. These cells are small, with a large nucleus and relatively few cytoplasmic organelles. Gap junctions and modified adherens junctions are formed at some areas of intercellular contact between the embryonal carcinoma cells. The differentiated PCC4azal endoderm-like cells have a more developed cytoplasm, containing an extensive endoplasmic reticulum with large Golgi regions. Most striking is the de novo appearance of epithelial-like junctional complexes which join the apical borders between the endoderm-like cells, thus polarizing the cell monolayer. The zonula occludens junctions of the junctional complex are extensive, consisting of six or more strands of tight junctional ridges. Terminal webs are present in the apical regions that are inserted into the zonula adherens region of the junctional complex. Gap junctions continue to join neighboring cells, and some gap junctions are intercalated within tight junctional ridges. The ultrastructure of the differentiated endodermal cells of the embryoid bodies is very similar to that of the PCC4azal endoderm-like cells. The embryoid body endodermal cells form similar junctional complexes which also contain continuous belts of tight junctions that are intercalated with gap junctions. As the PCC4azal endoderm-like cells are transformed to giant cells, a massive cytoskeleton is formed, consisting of a large complex system of 10-nm filaments, microtubules, and 7-nm microfilaments. The junctional complexes that were present during the endodermal stage are partially disassembled as the giant cells migrate apart. Thus, the differentiation process in this system is characterized by significant and distinctive morphological changes.
The HISS TPC

Studies with 47π detectors at the Bevalac (the Streamer Chamber [1] and the Plastic Ball [2]) have opened a major new field of nuclear physics - the study of the dynamics of nuclear matter under extreme conditions, where baryon and meson degrees of freedom are excited. The first indications of the behavior of the nuclear matter equation of state under such conditions have been obtained. The energy regime of the Bevalac is optimally suited to such studies, yielding nuclear densities 2–4 times that of ground-state nuclear matter, with substantial excitation of low-lying hadronic states such as the Δ-resonance. However, only a modest number of such states are excited, so that microscopic analyses of the reaction dynamics can be attempted in parallel with the macroscopic analyses most directly related to questions of the equation of state. A complete understanding of the dynamics will require a consistent treatment of relativistic effects and of density-dependent and velocity-dependent forces, as well as an understanding of the time dependence of quasi-equilibrium processes. Such investigations are of fundamental interest, and are also essential for an understanding of supernova explosions and of neutron star structure. For the last several years one of the crucial questions for supernova calculations has been whether the nuclear equation of state is “soft” as predicted by most extrapolations from low energy nuclear structure physics, or “hard” as implied by observations made so far at the Bevalac.
Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) heterozygosity results in a cell-autonomous growth advantage for astrocytes.

Individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) develop low-grade astrocytomas at an increased frequency. To gain insight into the function of the Nf1 gene product as a growth regulator for astrocytes, we examined mice heterozygous for a targeted Nf1 mutation. In our previous studies, we demonstrated increased numbers of proliferating astrocytes in Nf1 heterozygote (Nf1+/−) mice in vivo. We now show that cultured Nf1+/− astrocytes exhibit a cell-autonomous growth advantage in vitro associated with increased p21-ras pathway activation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Nf1+/−;wild-type N-ras mice have a similar astrocyte growth advantage in vitro and in vivo as either oncogenic N-ras or Nf1+/−;oncogenic N-ras mice. Lastly, mice heterozygous for targeted defects in both Nf1 and p53 as well as Nf1 and Rb exhibit 3- and 2.5-fold increases in astrocyte proliferation in vivo, respectively, suggesting that abnormalities in Nf1- and p53/Rb-regulated pathways cooperate in the heterozygous state to confer a growth advantage for brain astrocytes. Collectively, these results provide evidence for a cell-autonomous growth advantage in Nf1+/− astrocytes and suggest that some of the brain pathology in individuals with NF1 might result from reduced, but not absent, NF1 gene function. GLIA 33:314–323, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Histological localization of methylmercury in mouse brain and kidney by emulsion autoradiography of 203Hg.

Some investigators have abandoned the use of 203Hg emulsion autoradiography in favor of chemical methods of microscopic localization of mercury. However, recent studies indicate that the latter methods identify only inorganic mercury, or some product of inorganic mercury, making them of little or no value for studies of methylmercury toxicity. Doubts about the use of 203Hg for microscopic localization arose because of the high maximum energy of its emissions and the concern that its latent images might be confounded with silver grains produced by chemical reactions between tissue Hg and the silver supplied by photographic emulsions. Examination of the spectrum of emissions from 203Hg demonstrates that its maximum energy emissions are rare. The mean energy of 203Hg emissions is in the 50-keV range and the modal emissions are close to 0 keV, indicating sufficient low energy emissions for autoradiography. In preliminary experiments, methylmercury content of mouse brain was shown to be stable through the steps of tissue processing for plastic sections. A direct comparison of autoradiographic grain counts from tissue treated with “cold” or “hot” methylmercury demonstrated that no grains above background were produced in the absence of nuclear emissions—only “hot” samples affected emulsion. In the kidneys of mice killed 24 hr after dosing, grains were most numerous over cortical tubules and significantly less numerous over glomeruli. In the cerebellum, the molecular layer was significantly more heavily labeled than the granular layer. The number of grains was greatly increased in every region by increasing the specific activity of the methylmercury dosing solution while holding the dose of methylmercury constant. Like the differential effect of “hot” vs “cold” tissue, the differential effect of low vs high specific activity confirms that the grain counts reflect nuclear emissions from the sample tissues, rather than a chemical effect dependent only on mercury content. Grain counts provided a measure of methylmercury content that matched the content measured by atomic absorption (AA). For example, the ratio of kidney/brain content was 32 by AA and 31 by grain counts in one experiment. Thus, 203Hg emulsion autoradiography appears to be a useful approach to localization of methylmercury in tissue sections processed for light microscopy.
The influence of external potassium ions upon lens conductance characteristics investigated using a voltage clamp technique.

An intracellular voltage clamp technique for the lens is described. Using this technique, it was possible to describe directly the conductance-voltage relationship of the lens over a wide range of lens potentials. The influence of potassium-rich solutions on lens conductance and 42K efflux rate was examined under conditions where the voltage clamp prevented changes in the lens potential. Under these conditions, potassium-rich solutions caused a reduction in lens conductance and a fall in the 42K efflux rate. These observations suggest that, at the resting potential, potassium-rich solutions influence conductance by decreasing lens potassium permeability. However, when the lens is not voltage clamped, the reduction of lens conductance is masked because the depolarization of lens potential increases the voltage-dependent conductance component, leading to an overall increase in the conductance of the lens.
Detection of atomic oxygen by intracavity spectroscopy

Atomic oxygen generated in a discharge flow tube is detected at 630.03 and 636.38 nm using intracavity dye-laser spectroscopy. This is the first reported observation of these highly forbidden transitions in absorption. It is demonstrated that absolute concentration measurements can be made with intracavity spectroscopy. The intracavity sensitivity relative to that of conventional absorption spectroscopy is enhanced by factors ranging from 3500 to 17,000, depending on the laser power. At the highest sensitivity, atomic oxygen should be detectable in a 5-cm path length at densities of 10(15)-10(16)/cm(3).
Direct numerical simulation of passive heat transfer in a turbulent channel flow

Abstract A direct numerical simulation of fully developed turbulent channel flow is used to study fully developed passive heat transfer between the channel walls. The time-dependent, three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation and the advection-diffusion equation are solved numerically with 1064960 grid points. No subgrid point modeling is used since all the important turbulence scales are resolved. The Reynolds number, based on the channel half-width and the bulk velocity, is 2262, and the Prandtl number is 1.