cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Literacy Instruction and Evaluation among Secondary School Students

Abstract Background: Tobacco use, poor eating habits, and physical inactivity are the modifiable risk behaviors most associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Because these risk behaviors are established during adolescence, the nation's schools are uniquely positioned to develop health literacy in students. Purpose: The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate textbook-based health literacy instruction on the acquisition of health concepts and skills, and (2) to use the Health Education Assessment Project (HEAP) database items to assess changes in the concepts and skills associated with risk behaviors. Methods: The study participants consisted of 669 secondary students. Items were selected from the database to measure students’ achievement in concepts and skills related to tobacco, nutrition, and physical activity. Results: Results indicated significant improvements in concepts and skills scores from pretest to post-test in the treatment group when compared to ...
The oscillatory trace element zoning of augite phenocrysts

Abstract Oscillatory trace element zoning is described in a sector-zoned augite phenocryst in an alkaline basalt from Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea, using an ion-microprobe. The oscillations of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Sr and Zr concentrations show large ranges: Cr varies from 91 to 3995 ppm (a factor of 44), Zr from 3.9 to 106 ppm (a factor of 27), V from 81.9 to 623 ppm (a factor of 7.6), Ti from 1229 to 7824 ppm (a factor of 6) and Sr from 88.4 to 288 ppm (a factor of 3.3). These oscillatory variations, observed within 350 microns in a phenocryst, may have occurred in as little as 5 days, and are difficult to reconcile with surface equilibrium-based crystal growth mechanisms. Regular antithetic variations between compatible and incompatible elements suggest that the observed oscillations resemble plagioclase oscillatory zoning and could be interpreted using a reaction-transport kinetics modeling approach.
Verifying RLC Power Grids With Transient Current Constraints

Vectorless power grid verification is a powerful method that evaluates worst-case voltage noises without detailed current waveforms using optimization techniques. It is extremely challenging when considering RLC power grids because inductors are difficult to tackle and multiple time steps should be evaluated after the discretization of the system equation. In this paper, we study integrated RLC power grids with both VDD and GND networks, and introduce transient constraints to restrict the waveform of each current source for sign-off verification. We rigorously prove that the vectorless verification can be decomposed into two subproblems-the well-studied power grid transient analysis problem and a linear programming (LP) problem that optimizes an affine function of currents under current constraints-and propose to verify the power grid by transient simulation and noise optimization. A variable reduction algorithm is further proposed to generate reduced-size LP problems with a user-specified error tolerance, so that the conservative bounds of voltage noises can be computed efficiently. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves significant speedup (e.g., up to more than 100t with 5 mV error) over the standard LP solver in solving the LP problems, and the proposed transient constraints make the noise estimations more realistic.
Average Relationship Within a Herd

Summary Methods have been developed, based on the use of variances and covariances, for obtaining coefficients of inbreeding and relationship. These have been extended to the problem of estimating average values of the coefficient within a herd, and they also enable interherd coefficients of relationship to be calculated. Results are given of an analysis made of a sample of 17 purebred Jersey herds in New Zealand, using these methods. The mean inbreeding coefficient for a herd was 1.6%, and the mean coefficient of relationship was 0.078.
Picosecond infrared study of vibrational dependent electron transfer rates

Photoinduced electron transfer and thermal back electron transfer in the inorganic donor- acceptor contact ion-pair {Cp2Co+Co(CO)4-} have been observed in solution with picosecond time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy. Optical excitation of a charge transfer band created by cobalt interaction causes an immediate electron transfer to form a neutral pair, and the spontaneous return electron transfer is followed by monitoring the CO stretching frequencies of the Co(CO)4- and Co(CO)4 molecules. We have observed the back electron transfer decay for up to 3 quanta of the CO stretching mode in the neutral pair for dichloromethane solvent. The arrival kinetics into the ion pair and ion pair vibrational relaxation rates for final return to the vibrationless level have been studied for up to 4 quanta of vibration. These are the first measurements of an electron transfer process with vibrational resolution, and comparison to models is in progress.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The adsorption of nitric oxide on iron oxides

Abstract Adsorption isotherms and rates were measured for NO chemisorption on supported and unsupported samples of Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 in the 26–150 °C temperature range. The adsorption behavior is well described by Freundlich isotherms in the pressure range from 1 to 200 Torr. Monolayer coverage is attained at 500 Torr for the reduced samples and at 25000 (by extrapolation) on the oxidized samples. Kinetic measurements were evaluated using the Elovich equation. These plots were monotonic in the case of supported Fe 2 O 3 and showed a sharp discontinuity in the case of supported Fe 3 O 4 at θ = 0.5. A close parallelism is noted with previously studied chemisorption behavior on reduced and oxidized supported chromium oxide.
Impacts of Media Depth on Effluent Water Quality and Hydrologic Performance of Undersized Bioretention Cells

Fill media and excavation volume are the main costs in constructing bioretention cells, but the importance and impact of media depth in these systems is relatively unknown. Two sets of loamy-sand-filled bioretention cells of two media depths (0.6 m and 0.9 m), located in Nashville, North Carolina, were monitored from March 2008 to March 2009 to examine the impact of media depth on their performance with respect to hydrology and water quality. Construction and design errors resulted in the surface storage volume being undersized for the design event (2.5 cm). The actual surface storage volume was only 28% and 35% of the design volume for the 0.6-m and 0.9-m media depth cells, respectively. Overflow (bypass) occurred at least three times more frequently than intended. The exfiltration volume was much higher in the deeper media cells, presumably because of greater storage volume in the media and more exposure to side walls. Evapotranspiration (ET) plus exfiltration accounted for 42% of the inflow runoff in t...
Interlayer coupling and magnetoresistance of multilayered structures

Abstract The spin polarization of conduction electrons in paramagnetic layers due to adjacent magnetic layers has been recently observed for copper spacer layers, and in a chromium wedge-like film on top of an iron whisker. Also, we explain the relation of this spin polarization to the indirect coupling of the magnetic layers through paramagnetic spacer layers. We show that the effect of spin-dependent potentials in magnetic multilayers is far more pronounced for CPP-MR than for CIP-MR. This can add to the difference between CIP-MR and CPP-MR that is due to the spin-dependent scattering in the multilayers.
The Role of Hydrogen Ion Concentration in the Regulation of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure Observations in a Patient with Hypoventilation and Obesity

The relative importance of arterial oxygen tension and hydrogen ion concentration in regulating pulmonary arterial pressure was evaluated in a 43-year-old woman with hypoventilation and obesity. It was shown that hydrogen ion concentration played a dominant role in the regulation of her pulmonary circulation.
Generation of oxygen radicals and mechanisms of injury prevention.

Exposure to crystalline silica can result in damage to the lung parenchyma and scarring that can lead to fibrosis. Pulmonary damage may be the direct consequence of toxic interaction between quartz particles and cell membranes, or it may be due to silica-induced production of oxidant species by pulmonary phagocytes, that in turn overwhelms pulmonary antioxidant systems and causes lung injury. Data indicate that grinding or fracturing quartz particles breaks Si-O bonds and generates .Si and Si-O. radicals on the surface of the cleavage planes. Upon contact with water, these silica-based radicals can generate hydroxyl radicals (.OH). These surface radicals decay as fractured silica dust is aged. Freshly fractured quartz is significantly more potent than aged silica in directly causing lipid peroxidation, membrane damage, and cell death. Furthermore, freshly ground silica is a more potent stimulant of alveolar macrophages than aged silica. This silica-induced activation results in the production of superoxide (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO.), and other oxidant species that can damage lung cells. Tetrandrine, an herbal medicine that exhibits antifibrotic activity in rat models of silicosis, effectively blocks the ability of quartz to stimulate oxidant release from pulmonary phagocytes.
Spacing modulation of a slider flying across a transition between landing and data zones

The spacing modulation of a sub-25 nm fly height slider flying across a transition zone is studied in this paper. It is shown that the maximum spacing reduction occurs at the outer rail trailing edge when the slider climbs up the transition zone. The transition zone induced spacing reduction increases as the slope of the transition zone surface increases. The combination that produces the least spacing modulation is increased zone width, decreased zone height, and constant slope plane.
On the maximum likelihood method of identification

The maximum likelihood principle of estimation applied to the linear black-box identification problem gives models with theoretically attractive properties. Also, the method has been applied to industrial data (various processes in paper production) and proved able to work in practice.This paper presents further developments of the method in the case of a single output. The reliability and speed of the identification algorithm have been improved, and the method has been made easier to use. A rather sophisticated computer program, however, was needed. It employs a generalized model structure, an improved hill-climbing algorithm, and an automatic procedure for determining model orders and transport delays. Some statistics from performance tests of the program are presented.
Tissue-Specific Effects of Loss of Estrogen during Menopause and Aging.

The roles of estrogens have been best studied in the breast, breast cancers and in the female reproductive tract. However, estrogens have important functions in almost every tissue in the body. Recent clinical trials such as the Women’s Health Initiative have highlighted both the importance of estrogens and how little we know about the molecular mechanism of estrogens in these other tissues. In this review, we illustrate the diverse functions of estrogens in the bone, adipose tissue, skin, hair, brain, skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system, and how the loss of estrogens during aging affects these tissues. Early transcriptional targets of estrogen are reviewed in each tissue. We also describe the tissue-specific effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) used for the treatment of breast cancers and post-menopausal symptoms.
Effect of soil microbiota on germination of Bipolaris victoriae conidia

Fungistasis was generated in a sand substratum by saturation with soil suspensions. Fungistasis was then reduced by addition of vancomycin, chloramphenicol or rifampin, or by reduction of the number of soil particles (microbes) in the soil suspension by dilution, centrifugation or ultrafiltration. Forty-nine bacterial isolates of different origin were inoculated individually into sand saturated with sterilized soil extract. Most isolates, regardless of origin, inhibited germination of Bipolaris victoriae conidia. Prior colonization of the sand substratum was not required for suppression of conidial germination. Results indicated that fungistasis was caused non-specifically by the bacteria. There was no evidence that inhibitory substances (antibiotics or other inhibitory compounds, either volatile or non-volatile) caused fungistasis.
Quantifying Rapid Changes in Coastal Topography using Modern Mapping Techniques and Geographic Information System

Innovative methodology based on a combination of real-time kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK-GPS), light detection and ranging (lidar), and open-source Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to gain a better understanding of rapid changes in coastal topography. Improved spatial interpolation techniques were implemented to produce detailed topographic surfaces from lidar and RTK-GPS data. The methodology is demonstrated for two North Carolina areas: Jockey's Ridge State Park and Bald Head Island. The Jockey's Ridge study quantifies recent dune movement and identifies areas of elevation loss and rapid horizontal migration that threaten existing infrastructure. The Bald Head Island study examines pre- and post-nourishment beach evolution. The dynamics of beach topography, its geometric properties, and estimates of both eroded and deposited sand volumes were determined by combining lidar elevation data (1997–2000) with quarterly RTK-GPS measurements. Spatio-temporal analysis confirms the relative stability of the central ‘pivot point’ beach section and reveals that the beach changed its shape from convex west of the pivot point to concave east of the pivot point during the period of 1997 to 1998 and reversed shapes during year 2000. The pivot point also divides the beach into two sections that exhibit markedly different responses to nourishment. Although the entire length of nourished beach retreated, the analysis reveals that in the western section, all nourished sand off-shore was lost, whereas in the eastern section, significant sand volume was pushed up onto the beach, creating potential for recovery.
On carbonyl participation in solvolyses of α-keto mesylates

Abstract α-Amido mesylates generally solvolyze giving α-keto cations, bypassing cyclic ions derived from carbonyl (kΔ) participation. A possible exception is the N,N-dimethylamido mesylate derived from (S)- mandelic acid in trifluoroacetic acid which gives a small amount (9%) of retained product.
Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities1

S OCIOLINGUISTICS has been described as the study of verbal behavior in terms of the social characteristics of speakers, their cultural background, and the ecological properties of the environment in which they interact (Hymes 1962; Ervin-Tripp 1964). In this paper we will explore some of the formal aspects of this relationship. We will examine the language usage of specific groups and attempt to relate it to linguistically distinct dialects and styles on the one hand and variables employed in the study of social interaction on the other. The raw material for our study is the distribution of linguistic forms in everyday speech. As is usual in descriptive analysis, these forms are first described in terms of their own internal patterning at the various strata (phonemic, morphemic, etc.) of linguistic structure (Lamb 1964; Gleason 1964). Ultimately, however, the results of this analysis will have to be related to social categories. This condition imposes some important restrictions on the way in which data are gathered. Since social interaction always takes place within particular groups, linguistic source data will have to be made commensurable with such groups. We therefore choose as our universe of analysis a speech community: any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction over a significant span of time and set off from other such aggregates by differences in the frequency of interaction. Within this socially defined universe forms are selected for study primarily in terms of who uses them and when, regardless of purely grammatical similarities and differences. If two grammatically distinct alternatives are employed within the same population, both will have to be included. On the other hand, in those cases where socially significant differences in behavior are signaled by grammatically minor lexical or phonemic correlates, the latter cannot be omitted from consideration.
An Unusual Cause of Facial Rash

A 53-year-old male presented with a chronic facial rash. He reported having several painless nodules on his face since infancy, which had remained relatively stable in size. Family history was non-contributory. Physical examination revealed multiple soft, bluish, compressible swellings of various sizes around the mouth and on the oral mucosa (Fig. 1). He denied hematemesis, melena, or hemoptysis. Laboratory analysis and colonoscopy were unremarkable. A clinical diagnosis of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) was made, and no intervention was undertaken. BRBNS is a rare vascular disorder resulting in venous malformations in the skin and viscera. The pathogenesis remains unclear. Cutaneous lesions are usually present since childhood, are asymptomatic, and do not usually require treatment. Histological findings include venous dilatations, but a biopsy is not needed for diagnosis. The differential diagnosis includes Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, Peutz Jeghers syndrome, venous lakes, and Kaposi sarcoma. Gastrointestinal involvement is common, and evaluation with a stool guaiac test or colonoscopy should be considered as chronic gastrointestinal blood loss can result in iron deficiency anemia. Therapeutic options include surgical or endoscopic intervention, although several anti-angiogenic drugs have been used successfully in reports.
Onset of superfluidity far from equilibrium: dynamical effects on the correlation length

Abstract Nonlinear heat conduction has recently been measured near the superfluid transition in pure 4He at very low heat flux Q. Since both dynamic effects and gravity limit the divergence of the superfluid correlation length near the transition at low-Q, these measurements must be repeated in the microgravity environment in order to observe the dynamic effects in isolation. Comparison of the microgravity data to similar data obtained on Earth will provide experimental insight into the effect of gravity on this nonlinear conduction region at low heat flux where theoretical predictions are lacking. While some measurement advantages exist in the microgravity laboratory, it is the study of the direct effect of gravity on the nonlinear conduction measurements that motivate the microgravity need.
Efficient and color-tunable oxyfluoride solid solution phosphors for solid-state white lighting.

A solid solution strategy helps increase the efficiency of Ce{sup 3+} oxyfluoride phosphors for solid-state white lighting. The use of a phosphor-capping architecture provides additional light extraction. The accompanying image displays electroluminescence spectra from a 434-nm InGaN LED phosphor that has been capped with the oxyfluoride phosphor.
Ar 3s, 3p satellite lines studied by fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract The fluorescent radiation emitted by the Ar 3s, 3p satellite states (observed by photoelectron spectroscopy) has been recorded in the wavelength range between 400 and 780 A with an energy resolution ranging from 50 to 100 mV. The fluorescence was stimulated by use of undispersed synchrotron radiation.
In situ Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopic studies of glucose oxidation on platinum in acid

Abstract Electrochemical oxidation of α-D( + )-glucose on a polycrystalline platinum electrode in 0.1 M HC1O4 was studied in situ by Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy. The spectra showed unambiguously that the major adsorbate on the platinum surface during the glucose oxidation over the potential range −0.20 to +0.40 V vs. a saturated calomel reference electrode is linearly adsorbed CO. The strong adsorption of this species inhibits the electrode reaction. The oxidation products in the solution were found to be gluconolactone, carboxylic acids and CO2 whose formation occurred to the greatest extent in the platinum oxide region.
Walk in the gardens

An Introduction to the Physical Chemistry of Biological Organization. By A.R. Peacocke. Clarendon: 1983. Pp.302. 35, 65.
Filtration and phototactic behavior as indices of chronic copper stress in Daphnia magna straus.

Filtration rate and negative phototactic behavior ofDaphnia magna were evaluated as potential predictors of the chronic no-effect copper concentration. The effects of copper on filtration and phototactic behavior were compared to the effects of chronic copper exposure on survivorship, number of juvenile molts, age at reproductive maturity, and neonate body length. Animals exposed to copper concentrations ⩾20μg/L exhibited reductions in filtration rate, negative phototaxis, body length of neonates and survival time. Animals exposed to 10μg/L exhibited a reduction in filtration rate, negative phototaxis and body length of neonates, but not in survival time. Number of juvenile molts, age at reproductive maturity, and mean brood size each responded erratically to copper exposure and are poor indices of copper stress. Since phototactic behavior, filtration rate, and neonate body length were all reduced at copper concentrations which did not reduce longevity or reproduction, bioassays in which only the latter are examined may underestimate the toxicity of copper and other chemicals. This may occur if bioassays are conducted for the frequently chosen 21-day interval.
ACTH and thyroid hormone regulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human fetal adrenocortical cells

Abstract The regulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Δ 4,5 -isomerase (3β-HSD) and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (HST) activities by ACTH and thyroid hormones was investigated in cell cultures from the fetal zone or definitive zone of the human fetal adrenal cortex, using a serum-free, defined medium. ACTH alone maximally stimulated the 3β-HSD activity several-fold, whereas triiodothyronine (T 3 ) alone had no effect on this enzyme activity in cell cultures from each zone. However, treatment of cultures with maximal concentrations of 10 nM ACTH plus 1 nM T 3 significantly increased the 3β-HSD activity an additional 59–115% over that for ACTH alone, without alteration of the ACTH ED 50 (0.3 nM). The T 3 ED 50 was 31 pM for this interaction with ACTH. Thyroxine at a reduced sensitivity had the same interaction with ACTH. T 3 similarly increased the stimulation of 3β-HSD activity by the steroidogenic agents, cholera toxin and a cAMP analog. The HST activity was not affected by T 3 alone but was stimulated by ACTH alone. This stimulation was an order of magnitude less than that for the 3β-HSD activity in the same cultures. ACTH plus T 3 did not have the synergistic effect on HST activity as observed for the 3β-HSD activity. These studies show an interaction between ACTH and thyroid hormone for the stimulation of 3β-HSD activity in cell cultures of the human fetal adrenal cortex.
Oceanic regulation of the atmospheric Walker circulation

Abstract A coupled theory is proposed to account for the magnitude of the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific. It is suggested that the Pacific Walker circulation is at a saturation state, at which the zonal sea surface temperature difference is bounded by about a quarter of the latitudinal difference of the radiative–convective equilibrium sea surface temperature.
A model of efficiency: stress tolerance by Streptococcus mutans

The complete genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans, a bacterial pathogen commonly associated with human dental caries, was published in 2002. The streamlined genome (2.03 Mb) revealed an organism that is well adapted to its obligately host-associated existence in multispecies biofilms on tooth surfaces: a dynamic environment that undergoes rapid and substantial fluctuations. However, S. mutans lacks many of the sensing systems and alternative sigma factors that bacteria often use to coordinate gene expression in response to stress and changes in their environment. Over the past 7 years, functional genomics and proteomics have enhanced our understanding of how S. mutans has integrated the stress regulon and global transcriptional regulators to coordinate responses to environmental fluctuations with modulation of virulence in a way that ensures persistence in the oral cavity and capitalizes on conditions that are favourable for the development of dental caries. Here, we highlight advances in dissection of the stress regulon of S. mutans and its intimate interrelationship with pathogenesis.
A factorial study of auditory function

Tests of auditory function in the fields of pitch, loudness, quality (timbre), and time, auditory analysis, synthesis, and memory, together with age, intelligence, and four tests of visual memory, were studied factorially. The subjects were 200 high-school students. The intercorrelations were factored to nine factors by a modification of the centroid technique and rotated to an oblique simple structure. No general auditory factor appeared. Instead there appeared group factors tentatively identified as pitch-quality discrimination, loudness discrimination, “auditory integral for perceptual mass,” auditory resistance (synthesis and analysis), speed of closure, auditory span formation, memory span (auditory and visual), memory or incidental closure and an unidentifiable residual plane. The average intercorrelation among the primary vectors was low, only one intercorrelation being greater than .34. A number of queries are answered by the interpretation of the results.
Estimating advertising effects on sales in a competitive setting

Over the last several decades, advertising effects on sales have been studied without appropriately taking into consideration competitors' advertising activities. As a result, advertisers often instinctively match competitors' spending proportionately when it is monitored. The weakness of such a competitive parity approach is that they implicitly assume zero-sum competition only. This study identifies a variety of competitive conditions under which better budgeting strategies can be formulated. Specifically, four types of competition are conceptualized based on how an advertiser and its competitors affect each other's sales according to level of media advertising spending. In addition, appropriate strategies for setting advertising budgets to deal with each situation are discussed. A mathematical method is developed to measure advertising effectiveness for both the advertiser and competitors on sales of a focal brand. The method computes current and carryover effects, identifies in which type of competition the advertiser is operating, and, accordingly, determines which budgeting strategy best suits the situation. In an empirical illustration, the method was applied to data collected monthly over eight years. The analyzed product was Scotch whisky sold in Thailand.
Empirical Identification of Key Sectors: Some Further Evidence

Techniques for the identification of key sectors have been developed in recent years. This paper proposes improvements in these methods of calculation and provides an illustration of these techniques.
Flight software application framework simplifies development for RBSP spacecraft

With the trend in spacecraft flight software systems toward the use of message-based architectures, flight software systems are being decomposed into several discrete applications each with a relatively narrow focus. These applications, however, share several common requirements for initialization, command processing, parameter management and telemetry generation. Even with a single common design, if each of these functions were left up to individual application developers, there would be multiple implementations. Each of these implementations would require testing and maintenance, which increases the overall development and maintenance costs and also increases the potential for bugs. In lieu of leaving these functions up to each individual developer of the applications the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) Flight Software development team has isolated the commonality across all of the flight software applications and created an application framework. This framework separates the software functions that are common to all applications and the software functions that give a particular application its unique personality. An application deployment tool was also created that allows a developer to create a new application using this framework and insert it into a flight software system in a matter of minutes. The use of an application framework and deployment tool speeds up software development by enabling the creation of an executable application that can receive commands and generate basic telemetry in minutes. This approach, through the separation of the common application code and specific application code allows all applications to use the same overall design while enabling the batch maintenance of the common functionality. This paper discusses the design of the RBSP application framework, deployment tools, the flight software maintenance model, as well as the impact on the flight software development cycle.
Triterpenols from sediments of Santa Monica Basin, Southern California Bight, U.S.A.

The triterpenol geochemistry of the Santa Monica Basin from the Southern California Borderland, off the U.S.A., is described from the study of two sets of trap deployments, five box cores (≈30 cm) and a hydroplastic core (≈1 m). The biogenic sources and diagenetic stability of the triterpenols are discussed. The 17β(H), 21β(H)-hopanols (22R isomer) occur in the carbon number range from 30 to 32 and their abundance is nearly uniform in the shallow sediment sections. However, the three hopanols follow the order of abundance, C32 > C31 ≅ C30, in deeper sections. Their concentrations spans from trace levels to 156 μg/g organic carbon (<15 ng to 7 μg/g dry sediment). Tetrahymanol (gammaceran-3β-ol) has been identified in all the samples except in one set of trap particles collected at 100 m water depth, from trace level (<1 μg) to 215 μg/g organic carbon (<20 ng to 9 μg/g dry sediment). Diplopterol is also detected in trace amounts in some samples. The triterpenols in the trap material generally increase with the water column depth and decrease with the subbottom depth in the sediment cores. The extended hopanols are either degradation products of polyhydroxybacteriohopanes or are biosynthesized by bacteria. Tetrahymanol is probably the only suggested biological precursor of gammacerane (the reduced counterpart of tetrahymanol), which has been recognized in numerous crude oils and lithified sediments. Although it has been reported earlier from Green River Shale and from a residual Pleistocene lake sediment, tetrahymanol has so far been positively identified from recent marine sediments only in two recent studies. The decreasing content of tetrahymanol in sedimentary depth profiles in the Santa Monica Basin would favor an origin for this compound in the water column or at the sediment surface. The ubiquitous occurrence of this compound throughout the study area suggests that this triterpenol most probably originates from primitive organisms (protozoa, bacteria?), hitherto not identified or, more likely, not yet analyzed for their lipid composition.
Transplantation of single pediatric kidneys into adult recipients.

Aim. To evaluate the outcome of single pediatric kidneys transplanted into adult recipients. Methods. A retrospective single-center review was performed of transplants from donors less than 5 years of age. Outcomes were compared with recipients of grafts from donors 18 to 45 years transplanted during the same time period. Results. Thirty single renal transplants from pediatric donors and 117 transplants from adult donors between 18 and 45 years of age were performed during the study period. The mean age of the pediatric donors was 2.9 ± 0.8 years versus 31.5 ± 8.9 years for adult donors (P <.001). The mean age of the recipients of pediatric donors was 41.9 ± 13 years versus 48 ± 12.6 years for recipients of adult grafts (P =.020). The mean recipient weight of pediatric donors was 55.9 ± 7.8 kg versus 78.0 ± 17.7 kg for recipients of adult donors (P <.001). Sixty-six percent of pediatric donor recipients were of female gender compared to only 36% of adult donor recipients (P =.005). Death-censored actuarial graft survivals at 1 and 4 years for recipients of pediatric donor grafts were 90% and 85% compared to 93% and 85% for recipients of adult donor grafts (P = NS). The mean calculated creatinine clearances of adult donor graft recipients at 1 and 4 years posttransplantation were 70.8 ± 26.5 and 73.7 ± 27.2 mL/min, respectively, compared to 50.3 ± 20.1 and 56.3 ± 21.4 mL/min for pediatric donor grafts (P <.01 at 1 and 4 years). Conclusion. The use of single pediatric donor kidneys provides an excellent opportunity to safely expand the donor pool.
Tennis Anyone? A Case Study of Inaccurate Patron Referrals.

This case study examines how analyzing inaccurate referrals can provide key insights into managing change. Challenges in six operational areas are explored along with suggestions for alternate ways to respond.
Shearographic Monitoring of Time-Dependent Thermoelastic Deformations

The potential for performing quantitative analysis of photothermally induced deformations using electronic shearography is investigated. A temporally modulated laser source is used to heat the surface of a material and the resulting thermoelastic deformations are monitored using shearographic methods. Calculated and experimental results are reported for thermally and elastically thick materials in which the sample dimensions do not affect the recorded response. Additional results are given for thin-plate structures where significant geometric effects related primarily to specimen thickness are noted. Using experimental and calculation-based results, it is shown that the temporal evolution of shearographic fringe patterns may be related to thermal diffusion in the structures investigated. For thin-plate structures, through-thickness thermal diffusion dictates the temporal behavior of the deformations such that the corresponding time-dependent shearographic measurements may be related to the plate thickness.
Terahertz shielding of carbon nanomaterials and their composites – A review and applications

Abstract Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding reduces coupling between signals, crosstalk among electrical components, noise in cables and communication systems, etc. With the increasing speed of terahertz (THz) electronic circuits and systems, THz EMI shielding is becoming increasingly more important. We review recent and pioneering studies on shielding property–structure characterization and applications of carbon nanocomposite materials in the THz frequency domain. The theory of EMI shielding by nanocomposite materials is summarized first. A description of relevant fabrication methods follows, along with structural characterization details. THz probing and characterization of carbon nanofillers and their composites as EMI shielding and attenuation materials is presented next. Finally, the application of these materials in quasi-optical THz components, including polarizers and potentially mesh filters, as well as related manufacturing techniques are reviewed and discussed. Specific examples are presented in some detail to introduce the reader to this exciting and rapidly evolving technological area.
Impact of detraining on bone loss in former collegiate female gymnasts.

Undesirable changes in health-related parameters are thought to occur in retiring female athletes, but this has not been examined in longitudinal studies. The purpose of this study was to examine longitudinal changes in bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, and dietary intake in gymnasts and controls. Nonathletic, college-age women (n = 9) were selected as a control group for comparison to the gymnasts (n = 10). Initial BMDs for the gymnasts were determined by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar, DPX) at the beginning of their final competitive year. Initial BMDs for the controls were measured during a similar time-frame. Follow-up measurements were made at least 1-year after the initial measurement. Gymnasts had significantly greater BMD of the femoral neck (1.262 versus 1.058 g/cm2, respectively), Ward’s triangle (1.230 versus 1.008 g/cm2), greater trochanter (1002 versus 0.822 g/cm2), and total body (1.232 versus 1.145 g/cm2) than controls while still competing (P < .05). Following retirement from competition, (mean years of retirement, 4 years), BMD of the gymnasts remained significantly greater than controls at total body, femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward’s triangle (P < .05). Significant declines in femoral neck, Ward’s triangle, and greater trochanter BMD were found in both gymnasts and controls (0.72% to 1.9% per year), but only gymnasts had a significant decline at the lumbar spine (0.87% per year). In conclusion, BMD changes in former gymnasts appear to be site-specific, and gymnasts continue to have greater proximal femur BMD than controls, despite their decreased exercise, which may help postpone or prevent osteoporosis later in life.
Individual differences in play inMacaca fuscata: The role of maternal status and proximity

Dominant and subordinate Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)females displayed differential treatment of offspring with respect to play. Offspring of more dominant females were more often observed in play than the offspring of a lowranking female. The levels of play in all juveniles varied as a function of the distance from the mother; play was more likely to occur at distances of greater than 3 m from the mother than at closer distances. Unlike the dominant females, the subordinate female maintained excessive contact with and proximity to her offspring. Mothers determined the complexity of the social environment in which their offspring matured by influencing the extent and nature of the peer play experiences of their offspring.
Tagging video: conventions and strategies of the YouTube community

This poster summarizes the results from a quantitative analysis of the tags and associated metadata used to describe more than one million videos by 537,246 contributors at the YouTube video sharing site. Results from this work suggest methodological and design considerations that could enhance the effectiveness of sharing within communities devoted to online video.
Disease severity and functional factors associated with walking performance in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between measures of disease severity, impairment, and ambulation ability in persons with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (PFD). A cross-sectional sample of 81 patients (ages 5-57) with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia was evaluated as part of an ongoing study. Subjects were scored on the Skeletal Disease Burden Score (SDBS), completed a 9-minute walk test (9MW), manual muscle testing (MMT), and measurements of range of motion (ROM). Correlations between continuous variables were calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient and ordinal variables by Spearman correlation coefficient. It was found that subjects with more severe disease walked slower than those with less skeletal disease, with the exception of the youngest subjects. Walking velocity was faster in subjects with better hip strength and range of motion and slower in those with bilateral coxa vara. Those subjects with more severe disease had less range of motion, were weaker at the hips, and more likely to have leg length discrepancy. Skeletal disease severity was associated with hip weakness, leg length discrepancy, and loss of range of motion. In most cases, findings did not differ in the presence or absence of associated endocrinopathies. Skeletal disease severity, MMT and ROM each has an impact on walking efficiency in persons with PFD. These findings suggest that treatment focused on strategies to improve or, at least, maintain hip strength and range of motion, correct leg length discrepancies and hip malalignment may help preserve ambulation ability in persons with PFD and that treatment should begin at a young age.
Fission yeast shelterin regulates DNA polymerases and Rad3(ATR) kinase to limit telomere extension.

Studies in fission yeast have previously identified evolutionarily conserved shelterin and Stn1-Ten1 complexes, and established Rad3ATR/Tel1ATM-dependent phosphorylation of the shelterin subunit Ccq1 at Thr93 as the critical post-translational modification for telomerase recruitment to telomeres. Furthermore, shelterin subunits Poz1, Rap1 and Taz1 have been identified as negative regulators of Thr93 phosphorylation and telomerase recruitment. However, it remained unclear how telomere maintenance is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle. Thus, we investigated how loss of Poz1, Rap1 and Taz1 affects cell cycle regulation of Ccq1 Thr93 phosphorylation and telomere association of telomerase (Trt1TERT), DNA polymerases, Replication Protein A (RPA) complex, Rad3ATR-Rad26ATRIP checkpoint kinase complex, Tel1ATM kinase, shelterin subunits (Tpz1, Ccq1 and Poz1) and Stn1. We further investigated how telomere shortening, caused by trt1Δ or catalytically dead Trt1-D743A, affects cell cycle-regulated telomere association of telomerase and DNA polymerases. These analyses established that fission yeast shelterin maintains telomere length homeostasis by coordinating the differential arrival of leading (Pole) and lagging (Polα) strand DNA polymerases at telomeres to modulate Rad3ATR association, Ccq1 Thr93 phosphorylation and telomerase recruitment.
Transcriptional control of gonococcal pilE expression: involvement of an alternate sigma factor.

Abstract The pilE gene encoding Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gc) pilin contains two putative promoter sequences 5' to the transcription start point (tsp), a Pribnow box and an RpoN-binding consensus sequence. Sequence analysis shows that the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the pilE promoter region is completely conserved among eight different Gc isolates. Using a pilE::lacZ transcriptional fusion, we demonstrate that the RpoN σ factor can function in Escherichia coli to increase pilE transcription when the NifA activator from Klebsiella is present in trans. In addition, over-production of the native pilin protein using RpoN and NifA is lethal to E. coli. Finally, we show that the RpoN σ factor decreases the basal expression of pilE when an activator is not present. These results suggest that, in Gc, pilE transcription may be regulated by RpoN in conjunction with an activator and that σ70 can also act to direct transcription of pilE.
γ-Aminobutyric acid transporter-mediated current from bipolar cells in tiger salamander retinal slices

Abstract About 10% of bipolar cells in salamander retina synthesize and take up γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA), and may use GABA as a neurotransmitter. As GABA uptake is electrogenic, bipolar cells expressing GABA transporters (GATs) should give transport current ( I GAT ) to extracellular GABA. Using whole-cell patch recording, 28 bipolar cells responded to 30–200 μM GABA puffed to the axon terminals with a picrotoxin (PTX)-sensitive chloride current ( I Cl ) only. Another three bipolar cells had, in addition to I Cl , a PTX-resistant, sodium-dependent current that was completely and reversibly blocked by NO-711, an I GAT inhibitor, indicating that this component was an I GAT . This finding provides further support for a subset of GABAergic bipolar cells in the salamander retina.
Physical analog modeling of pull-apart basin evolution

Abstract Pull-apart basins are structural depressions formed by localized extension along strike-slip fault systems, typically at releasing bends or steps in the fundamental strike-slip system. Analog modeling is used to evaluate the sequence of structural evolution of pull-apart basins and factors that control their degree of structural asymmetry and geometry. Basin evolution, internal structure and overall symmetry are investigated for oblique releasing step angles and with varying rates of displacement between brittle and ductile crust on opposing sides of the strike-slip system, while maintaining relative rates between brittle crust on opposing sides of the basin. Pull-apart basin evolution is separated into three stages: incipient, early, and mature. Incipient pull-apart basins are characterized by formation of a normal-fault bounded graben or half-graben parallel to the oblique step between main strike-slip zones. In the early stage of formation, additional normal faults form toward the basin interior from the original bounding faults, and cross-basin strike-slip faults cut diagonally across the basin interior; basin-bounding normal fault systems are characterized by lateral variations of fault throw and localized relay ramps. In the mature stage of evolution, strike-slip and normal faults join to completely bound the pull-apart basin. Analog model results indicate that displacement associated with cross-basin faults causes development of a through-going strike-slip fault that links the two main strike-slip displacement zones, ultimately resulting in a decline in normal fault activity. Asymmetric, symmetric, and hybrid pull-apart basins all follow the same overall deformation sequence just described. The asymmetry of a pull-apart basin is controlled by the degree of decoupling between brittle and ductile crust beneath the two crustal blocks in relative motion. This is modeled by maintaining a constant relative rate of motion between opposing fault blocks in all models, but varying the rate between the blocks and the fixed (model) basement (‘absolute’ rate). Models in which one side of the detachment is fixed with respect to the basement form asymmetric pull-apart basins defined by a half-graben with the master fault on the mobile side. In models where opposing sides of the fault system are equally decoupled from the basement, symmetrical pull-apart basins form, defined by horst and graben structures and master fault dominance switching sides along the length of the basin. Fault segmentation associated with relatively immature pull-apart basins may be capable of arresting earthquake rupture. Late linkage of main strike-slip zones by a cross-basin fault could extend potential rupture area, dramatically increasing the possibility for large-magnitude earthquakes.