cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupational Hazards in Energy-saving Lamp Rough-tube Manufacture Enterprises of A City

[Objective] To understand occupational hazards in energy-saving lamp rough-tube manufacture enterprises, and put forward measures for further control of occupational hazards.[Methods]Onset occupational health field investigation and occupational hazards detection method were applied.[Results]Early preventions against occupational hazards had not been implemented, preventive measures of the occupational health were not fulfilled perfectly, some faults existed in occupational health management, the monitoring qualified rates of occupational hazards in workplace were 77.14% of mercury, 80.65% of acetic acid, 92.94% of dust, 85.4% of noise.[Conclusion]Occupational hazards in energy-saving lamp rough-tube manufacture enterprises of the city are severe.
Seasonal patterns in diet composition of adult shovelnose sturgeon in a free-flowing river

ABSTRACTThe relationship between seasonal diet composition of shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque) and water discharge has not been described in large unimpounded rivers that are connected to their floodplains. We sampled adult shovelnose sturgeon from a commercially exploited population in the free-flowing Wabash River, Illinois/Indiana, USA to determine the seasonal variation in diet structure. Prey items were observed in a large proportion of individuals (97.8%), suggesting that appropriate prey taxa were widely available to shovelnose sturgeon throughout the year. Overall, Hydropsychidae, Chironomidae, Potamanthidae, and Elmidae were the most important prey taxa with winter, summer, and fall samples dominated by Hydropsychidae larvae (58.9%, 63.8%, and 73.7% by number, respectively) and spring samples dominated by Chironomidae larvae (85.9%). Remains of bony fish were observed in a few spring and winter samples. Fall and winter samples had the highest and lowest proportions of...
Tissue deposition and toxicological effects of commercially significant rare earth oxide nanomaterials: Material and physical properties

Rare earth oxide (REO) materials are found naturally in earth's crust and at the nanoscale these REO nanoparticles exhibit unique thermal, electrical, and physicochemical properties. REO nanoparticles are widely used in different industrial sectors for ceramics, glass polishing, metallurgy, lasers, and magnets. Recently, some of these REO nanoparticles have been identified for their potential application in medicine, including therapy, imaging, and diagnostics. Concurrent research into the REO nanomaterials' toxicities has also raised concern for their environmental impacts. The correlation of REO nanoparticles mediated toxicity with their physiochemical properties can help to design nanoparticles with minimal effect on the environment and living organisms. In vitro assay revealed toxicity toward Human squamous epithelial cell line (CCL30) and Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) at a concentration of 100 µM and higher. In vivo results showed, with the exception of CeO2 and Gd2 O3 , most of the naoparticles did not clear or had minimum clearance (10-20%) from the system. Elevated levels of alanine transferase were seen for animals given each different nanoparticle, however the increases were not significant for CeO2 and Dy2 O3 . Nephrotoxicity was only seen in case of Dy2 O3 and Gd2 O3 . Lastly, histological examination revealed presence of swollen hepatocytes which further confirms toxicity of the commercial REO nanomaterials. The in vivo toxicity is mainly due to excessive tissue deposition (70-90%) due to the commercial REO nanoparticles' poor physical properties (shape, stability, and extent of agglomeration). Therefore, optimization of nanoparticles physical properties is very important. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 904-917, 2017.
Factors Affecting the Biocontrol of AgrobacteriumTumefaciens by K-84

The effectiveness of K-84 as a biocontrol agent for crown gall disease was influenced by factors such as the period of time elapsing before K-84 was applied to inoculated tissues, temperature, the particular strain of agrocin insensitive strain of A. tumefaciens used in the test, inoculum concentration of K-84, and plant host. These parameters were investigated in studying the role of agrocin elaboration by K-84 in the biocontrol process. For comparative purposes, several pseudomonads and a facultative anaerobe that colonize plant wounds in nature were tested for their potential to control crown gall disease. Although several of these strains approached the effectiveness of K-84 when coinoculated with a pathogen into tomato, only K-84 prevented gall development when a pathogen was inoculated 24-48 h in advance. The latter, however, was dependent upon temperature of incubation, usually at <21 C. This was unexpected since transformation of plant cells by A. tumefaciens reportedly occurs during this time period. Some agrocin resistant strains of A. tumefaciens were completely controlled by K-84, whereas the incidence of gall formation with other resistant strains was reduced 50% by using greater inoculum concentrations of K-84. This was dependent upon the host.
An unsettling picture emerges from population genomic studies of Plasmodium vivax

Two new studies confirm that Plasmodium vivax populations are more diverse than Plasmodium falciparum and identify signs of recent selection at many loci, including those for drug resistance. P. vivax shows a trend of regional adaptations that poses challenges to global efforts to control and eliminate this major cause of relapsing malaria.
Performance analysis of cell cooperative algorithm for small-cell enhanced LTE network

D to growth of heavy traffic, small cell enhancements have been discussed in LTE Release 12 since December 2012. In this paper, a cell cooperative algorithm (CCA) is presented for small-cell enhanced LTE network. The deployment scenario that a user equipment (UE) within coverage of both the macro cell and the small cell simultaneously considered in 3GPP TR36.932, is focused in this article. In the proposed CCA, the connectivity of a UE to a macro cell or a small cell is mainly depended on speed of the UE that resides in the coverage of a small cell. In other words, a low-speed UE receives heavy and high priority traffic by a small cell, and a high-speed UE receives data through a macro cell to reduce frequent handover. For the purpose of performance evaluation, a simulation model is composed of multiple UEs which uniformly distribute and randomly move in enhanced small cells within a macro cell. Simulation results show that the UE speed and QoS class identifier (QCI) need to be taken into account so that the performance such as throughput and session drop probability with CCA are better than that without CCA.
Ergosterol replacement of tetrahymanol in Tetrahymena membranes.

Abstract The naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene alcohol of Tetrahymena pyriformis , tetrahymanol, is replaced by ergosterol as a result of supplementation of the growth medium with that sterol. Since tetrahymanol is not metabolized by the ciliate, loss of tetrahymanol from sterol-supplemented cells appears to occur through dilution during growth. Ergosterol-grown cells are at least 20 times more sensitive to polyene antibiotics than normal cells. The substitution of ergosterol for tetrahymanol observed in whole cells is also reflected in isolated cilia and ciliary membrane preparations. In these membranes, the phospholipid/tetrahymanol ratio in normal cells is similar to the phospholipid/ergosterol ration in ergosterol-grown cells.
Increased DNA Methylation Is Associated with Good Prognosis in AML.

DNA methylation of CpG islands at transcriptional start sites (TSS) is an epigenetic modification that leads to permanent gene silencing and plays an important role in cancer development and progression. To better understand its significance in AML, we analyzed DNA methylation in bone marrow cells collected at diagnosis in two subsets of patients with AML distinguished by a long survival duration (group A, 33 patients, median, 90 months [range, 13–249+ months]) or short survival (group B, 32 patients, median, 7 months, [range, 2–12 months]). We quantitatively measured DNA methylation using bisulfite pyrosequencing of CpG islands at TSS of genes frequently methylated in leukemic cell lines: NOR1, CDH13, p15, NPM2, OLIG2, PGR, HIN1, and SLC26A4. We also studied FLT3-ITD and NPM1 mutations as the most frequent genetic changes in leukemia. We compared these results with cytogenetic abnormalities, clinical data, and the AML outcome, and statistically analyzed the data with nonparametric tests and the Cox multivariate analysis. The patients in group A were significantly younger (median, 46 years, [range, 18–78 years]) than those in group B (median, 61 years, [range, 17–77 years]; p=0.02). We noted no significant differences between these groups according to gender, FAB classification, blast count, WBC, Hgb, platelet count, LDH and the frequency of NPM1 mutations and FLT3-ITD. The patients in the longer living group A had significantly lower levels of β2-microglobulin, better cytogenetic classification, and less frequent deletions of chromosome 5 and/or 7 than did those in group B; p Download : Download high-res image (106KB) Download : Download full-size image DNA methylation and Survival
Modes of governance in India's hydropower development

This paper takes a qualitative, context-specific approach to governance in hydropower development in India by identifying and describing three modes that are important to planning and operations in this sector. Attention is given to the role of documents and citizen actions in the courts, expanding the coverage of water informality in India. Rent-seeking is also identified as a mode of governance. This qualitative examination draws from policy and official documents, testimonies, and citizen-justice interactions to shed light on cultural practices and rules that are opaque to the outsider. Analysis of the interplay of these modes of governance forms a deeper understanding of the human dimensions of hydroclimatic challenges across the Himalayas. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Feedback-Sensitive and Closed-Loop Solutions

Treatment options for medically refractory epilepsy mainly include brain surgery, but electrical brain stimulation might be an option when surgery is not feasible or has already failed. Early experience with open-loop stimulation, i.e., either continual or scheduled stimulation, has shown effectiveness in seizure control. This mode of stimulation however is inefficient, nonspecific, and might lead to adverse effects such as depression. In contrast, stimulation delivered in response to specific electrophysiologic triggers is effective in seizure control, efficient, and delivers less current density to the brain. Recently approved responsive neurostimulation has shown efficacy at reducing seizure frequency and severity and is now in clinical use. Emerging methods of seizure detection contribute to establishing feedback loops that can trigger interventions that reduce cerebral excitability and ultimately achieve more effective seizure control for this subset of patients with epilepsy.
Organized and Unstructured Activity Participation Among Adolescents Involved with Child Protective Services in the United States

Many adolescents are referred to Child Protective Services for possible maltreatment every year, but not much is known about their organized and unstructured activity participation. The purposes of this study are to provide a description of organized and unstructured activity participation for adolescents who were possible victims of child maltreatment, and evaluate the demographic, family-related, and maltreatment-specific variables associated with participation. Data came from 2776 youth ages 11–17 who participated in the National Study of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Responses to the Youth Behavior Checklist from the Youth Self Report were grouped into five organized activities and seven unstructured activities. Descriptions of participation in activity types for the population were estimated using percentages. Logistic regression was used to test for associations of demographics and maltreatment experiences with participation. Relatively low percentages of the population were engaged in organized activities (e.g., 13% in organized sports activities, 10% in mentored groups, and 6% in art and music organized activities), compared to unstructured activities (e.g., 91% in unstructured sports, 34% in games and hobbies, and 23% in computer games). Using English, attending school, having married caregivers, and living at home predicted more engagement in certain types of organized activities. Unstructured activity participation was mostly explained by demographic characteristics such as sex, age, and ethnicity. Future research should explore if increasing accessibility to existing school- or community-based organized activities improves well-being for adolescents at risk for maltreatment.
Revelando uma narratlva ou uma narrativa sem o seu véu - sobre Boots (2003) de Tacita Dean

The installation “Boots” is made out of three 16mm colour anamorphic films, with optical sound: English version; French version; German version. Each one has approximately twenty minutes and is spoken in the original language. The set up of the installation requires one room per film.Tacita Dean (1965, Canterbury, UK) shot the films that compose the installation Boots in 2002, in Casa de Serralves, Porto, Portugal. This text is related to the theme of an undergoing practice-led research project – “The Impossibility of Non-Narrative” – and its development highlights the parallelisms between Tacita Dean’s oeuvre and the author’s research work. This text is in development and will result in a longer version to be published in English.
Development and validation of an algorithm to complete colonoscopy using standard endoscopes in patients with prior incomplete colonoscopy

Background and study aims Incomplete colonoscopy may occur as a result of colon angulation (adhesions or diverticulosis), endoscope looping, or both. Specialty endoscopes/devices have been shown to successfully complete prior incomplete colonoscopies, but may not be widely available. Radiographic or other image-based evaluations have been shown to be effective but may miss small or flat lesions, and colonoscopy is often still indicated if a large lesion is identified. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an algorithm to determine the optimum endoscope to ensure completion of the examination in patients with prior incomplete colonoscopy. Patients and methods This was a prospective cohort study of 175 patients with prior incomplete colonoscopy who were referred to a single endoscopist at a single academic medical center over a 3-year period from 2012 through 2015. Colonoscopy outcomes from the initial 50 patients were used to develop an algorithm to determine the optimal standard endoscope and technique to achieve cecal intubation. The algorithm was validated on the subsequent 125 patients. Results The overall repeat colonoscopy success rate using a standard endoscope was 94 %. The initial standard endoscope specified by the algorithm was used and completed the colonoscopy in 90 % of patients. Conclusions This study identifies an effective strategy for completing colonoscopy in patients with prior incomplete examination, using widely available standard endoscopes and an algorithm based on patient characteristics and reasons for prior incomplete colonoscopy.
Hormone receptors and the control of cyclic AMP metabolism in parental and hybrid somatic cells.

Publisher Summary The study of cyclic AMP (cAMP) metabolism and its regulation by hormones in clonal cultured cell systems offers advantages over investigations in more heterogeneous preparations. Cultured cell lines that display differentiated functions pertinent to the cAMP regulation are readily available. The conventional biochemical and pharmacological experimentation is facilitated because these clones are genetically homogenous. Furthermore, the opportunity exists to manipulate the genetic composition of such replicating cell lines. Thus, attempts are being made in several laboratories to dissect the cAMP system using hybrid somatic cells and the selection of mutant or variant cell clones with specific alterations in the response pathway. This chapter reviews the study of effects of β -adrenergic agents and prostaglandins on cAMP synthesis in parental cell clones and hybrid cells formed by fusion of appropriate parental strains. It defines the relationship between receptors for these agents and adenylate cyclase. The chapter also analyzes responses of hybrid cells to catecholamines and PGE 1 , the β -adrenergic receptor, effects of guanine nucleotides on binding to β -adrenergic receptors, PGE 1 binding activity, and receptor binding in cell lines lacking adenylate cyclase activity.
Studies on the Tribological Behavior of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite

The gradual development of asbestos in automotive friction materials in many parts of the world has sparked the onset of extensive research and development into safer alternatives. The development of green friction products for automotive application is important to minimize the environmental impacts caused by asbestos-based products. Natural fibers have been used to reinforce materials for over thousand years. More recently, they have been employed in combination with plastics. Natural fibers are environmentally friendly, fully biodegradable, abundantly available, renewable and cheap and have low density. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have emerged as a potential environmentally friendly and cost-effective option to synthetic fiber reinforced composites. The availability of natural fibers and ease of manufacturing have tempted researchers to study their feasibility of reinforcement and to what extent they satisfy the required specifications for good reinforced polymer composite for tribological applications. In this study, a review on the tribological behavior of natural fiber reinforced composites was made to understand their usability for various automotive applications.
Voltage and reactive power regulation by photovoltaics in distribution systems

This research focuses on the design and implementation of two novel controllers within rooftop photovoltaic (PV) inverters. The main objective of the first control scheme is to eliminate the voltage violation (induced voltage rise due to reverse power flow) and to maintain the voltages within acceptable bounds, at essentially no extra investment cost to the PV owner. The second controller can significantly reduce real energy losses in the distribution feeder and reactive energy demand at the substation. Besides, reducing reactive demand at substation leads to loss reduction of substation transformer and transmission network. It can also relieve congestion in transmission network and improve the voltage stability. A significant advantage of the proposed controllers is that they do not require communication or cooperation with other PV inverters. The control objectives are attained by exploiting the inherent reactive power capability of the inverters and the dispatch of their reactive power is calculated in an autonomous fashion. In this context, important theoretical aspects of control design are investigated and a general framework for stability analysis of these types of systems is established. In addition, this work reports on the development of a distribution test feeder with smart-grid functionality. The test feeder is based on an actual distribution feeder. Case studies involving simulations of real (the developed feeder) and realistic distribution feeders with hundreds of households and their appliances modeled in high detail are performed to study the impacts of the proposed controllers on the distribution system. It is shown that implementation of these controllers could have a significant beneficial impact upon the efficiency and operation of the power grid.
Botulinum Toxin Injections

Botulinum toxin injection is helpful for a number of dystonias that the physiatrist may encounter. This article covers patient assessment, proper handling of the drug, deciding which muscles to inject, injection technique, and follow-up. Botulinum toxin injection, when used appropriately in the right patients, is a highly effective medication with predictable responses and minimal adverse effects.
Cellular Response to Metabolic Stress in Hibernating Mammals

Changes in blood flow during torpor-arousal cycles in mammalian hibernators could increase the risk of oxidative stress to sensitive tissues. We used thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) to determine the effect of hibernation on glutathione (GSH) redox balance and immune cell populations in the intestine, a tissue highly susceptible to oxidative stress secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ratios of reduced:oxidized GSH were lower in intestine of hibernators compared with summer-active squirrels, an effect most pronounced for torpid animals. Numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased in torpid hibernators compared with summer squirrels or hibernators undergoing arousal or interbout euthermia. These results suggest that intestinal GSH redox balance is altered during the hibernation season to a more oxidized state, and this is accompanied by changes in intestinal mucosal immune cells that may play a protective role for stressed enterocytes.
The Relationship Between Developmental Functioning and Screening Outcome for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Because early intervention often leads to the best outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is important that these children are identified as early as possible. Therefore, exploration of tools that could be used to identify at-risk children at an early age is needed. Such a tool could assist health professionals and their decision about whether to refer an individual for a full diagnostic assessment for ASD. Several studies have demonstrated and supported the use of screening algorithms created from measures of developmental functioning. The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between a measure of developmental functioning and screening outcome in infants and toddlers screened for ASD. Participants were 13,781 infants and toddlers screened for ASD. Results demonstrated that the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2) Total Developmental Quotient and Domain scores were statistically significant predictors of screening outcome for both younger and older infants and toddlers. This suggests that the BDI-2 can be a useful tool in the screening of ASD among infants and toddlers seeking and/or receiving early intervention services.
Giant reed (Arundo donax) responses to herbicides in a greenhouse study

Giant reed recently was promoted as a biofuel crop in Oregon. Because giant reed is a highly invasive plant in North American rivers, the planting of this species in Oregon is a cause for concern to scientists and local land managers. However, some growers in the area were interested in producing giant reed as a rotational crop. To find potential herbicides to control the giant reed or to control it as a volunteer, 13 foliar and 13 cut-and-spray herbicide treatments were preevaluated in greenhouse studies. We chose 10% and 85% reduction in aboveground biomass for either crop safety or control, respectively. When applied at the standard rates, acetochlor and dimethenamid-p reduced aboveground dry biomass of the crop by 10% or less. Acetochlor+atrazine, atrazine, flufenacet, and mesotrione reduced aboveground biomass of the crop by at least 85%, indicating that these compounds have the potential to serve as controls against giant reed.
Reward strategy spillover effects on observer cooperation in business networks

Drawing on social comparison and equity theory, this study examines the influence of reward strategies a manufacturer in a focal dyad employs on the cooperative behaviors of other observing firms in a dealer network. We test the hypotheses using a survey of 234 auto manufacturer–dealership relationships. The results reveal that (1) reward observation frequency has a negative effect on the cooperation of observers, (2) observer network centrality amplifies the negative effect of reward observation frequency on the cooperation of observers, and (3) network density dampens the negative effect of reward observation frequency on the cooperation of observers. The findings suggest that managers must be aware of the nuanced consequences of this “spillover” effect of rewards in shaping their influence strategies within the context of the larger business network.
Associations between preexisting nociplastic pain and early discontinuation of aromatase inhibitor therapy in breast cancer.

12068Background: Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are recommended for at least five years to reduce risk of breast cancer recurrence in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive disease. Despite...
Gender, activity areas, and homelots in the 17th-century Chesapeake region

The colonial enterprise in the Chesapeake Tidewater region was first and foremost economic in nature, with the household as its primary unit of tobacco production. Each household, for the most part comprised of both women and men, occupied a homelot surrounded by fields. The economic roles of women and men on the homelot are most easily seen in the archaeological record in terms of activity areas, and it is from such a vantage point that an ethnography of 17th-century gender roles can be approached. Activity areas are documented for three 17th-century homelot sites from two tobacco plantations in southern Maryland with the aid of computer-assisted simulation maps of plow zone artifacts. The range of women’s and men’s activities and their spatial organization are related to differences in household wealth and to the structure of the colonial economy.
Plastic Hinging in Reinforced Concrete

The complete load-deflection history of 18 beams tested during 1952-54 and 18 beams tested during 1959-61 at the Univ. of Ill. allowed a study of the factors which contribute to ductility. All tests involved simple spans with load applied through a column stub at midspan to simulate the beam-column connection in a reinforced concrete frame. This study involved only beams without axial load. Primary variables studied included depth, compression steel ratio, concrete strength, amount of transverse reinforcement, and ratio of compression steel area to tension steel area. The tests indicate clearly the contribution of compression steel to ductility of reinforced concrete beams. The modes of failure reflected the importance of confinement of concrete in the compression zone in insuring the capacity for large plastic rotation at the joint. In all cases the first crushing of concrete (ϵ c = 0.004), usually considered as ultimate, was found to be associated with a deflection much smaller than that corresponding to the ultimate load. For beams with compression steel the reverse ductility beyond first crushing was large, the deflection at ultimate load in some cases being more than ten times the first crushing deflection.
Phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Drosophila melanogaster. Purification and properties.

Abstract Phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Drosophila melanogaster has been purified 1400-fold over a crude 230,000 g supernatant fraction. The optimum activity of the enzyme occurs at magnesium concentrations above 10 m m at 37 °C and pH 7.5. At a 50 m m Mg 2+ concentration, NH 4 + stimulates the ATP-PP 1 exchange reaction as much as 2-fold. Ammonium chloride causes an increase in the V with no change in the K m with phenylalanine as substrate. Homologous ( Drosophila ) tRNA, in the presence of NH 4 + , further stimulates the ATP-PP i , exchange reaction but inhibits the reaction in the absence of NH 4 + . In the presence of its substrates the enzyme is inactivated by NEM to varying degrees depending upon the substrate or combinations of substrates used. In the presence of phenylalanine the enzyme is partially protected but both ATP and tRNA make the enzyme more susceptible to inactivation. NEM together with ATP and tRNA or all three substrates results in near-total inactivation.
Does the Federal Government Own the Pore Space Under Private Lands in the West? Implications of the Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916 for Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide

This paper establishes that pursuant to the mineral reservation contained in the Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916 (SRHA), as well as U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence that has further defined the scope of that reservation, the federal government likely holds title to some 70 million acres of subsurface pore space located under private land in the West. In addressing the issue of pore space ownership, scholars and regulators have focused on the question of who owns the pore space when the mineral estate has been severed from the surface estate. This approach, however, overlooks the critical fact that for the approximately 70 million acres of land patented under the SRHA, the U.S. federal government held the original fee simple absolute, and conveyed the land while retaining “all the coal and other minerals in the lands.” In Watt v. Western Nuclear (1983), the Supreme Court delineated a four-part test for determining if something falls within the scope of the SRHA’s mineral reservation — a test that was further explicated by the Court’s decision in Bedroc Limited v. United States (2004). This paper analyzes this jurisprudence vis-a-vis the question of whether or not pore space falls within the scope of the SRHA’s mineral reservation. Based on a detailed analysis of the history of the SRHA and relevant jurisprudence by the Supreme Court and other federal and state courts, we conclude that the federal government likely owns the pore space for those lands patented under the SRHA. This conclusion has far reaching policy implications. For instance, states that have statutorily determined that ownership of the pore space is vested in the surface owner are now confronted by the prospect that these statutes are preempted by federal law when dealing with land originally conveyed by the SRHA. Moreover, given the significant acreage covered by the SRHA, federal ownership of pore space could arguably reduce the transaction costs associated with project development, thereby facilitating the rapid scaling of commercial geologic carbon storage projects.
Metabolism of naturally occurring homopolymers: I. The isolation and metabolism of adenine-rich polynucleotides of mouse liver

Abstract A method, which permits the isolation of polyadenylic acid and of polyguanylic acid from extracts of mouse liver, is described. This method, which involves a controlled nuclease digestion and subsequent chromatography on polystyrene columns, was used in a study of the metabolism of naturally occurring adenine-rich polynucleotides of cellular fractions of mouse liver. In the nuclei, these purine polynucleotides are synthesized in concert with bulk RNA. In the ribosomes, the purine polynucleotides are characterized by a more rapid labeling of the adenine-rich fraction than the guanine-rich fraction. In the membrane fraction derived by deoxycholate treatment of microsomes, these purine polynucleotides are predominantly adenine-rich and form a substantial part of the bulk RNA of this fraction. The synthesis of the membrane polynucleotides is actinomycin D-resistant.
A low power integrated bowel sound measurement system

Bowel signal monitoring finds numerous applications in medical and pathological fields. A portable bowel sound monitoring system requires front end amplifiers, data converters, signal processors and power efficient operation. In this paper, a low power integrated bowel sound monitoring system has been proposed and implemented. The system consists of a tunable charge amplifier, a feature extraction block, a bowel sound detection unit and a bowel sound occurrence rate count block. The system is implemented in a standard 6 metal 1 poly 180nm CMOS process. The developed integrated system consumes 52µW of power from a 1V supply.
Public service communications

The purpose of the paper is to construct, for detailed analysis, satellite and terrestrial communications delivery system models. Attention is given to the Public Service Communications Delivery System Architectural Study, that takes advantage of the extensive experience which exists among the public service experimenters. The Application Test Pilot is examined, which is a program designed to help awareness, in a practical sense, of the technology available and by the users innovative talents, adapts the technology to solve their problems.
Opioids regulation of human chorionic gonadotropin release from trophoblast tissue is mediated by gonadotropin releasing hormone.

In the hypothalamic-pituitary axis opioid regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion occurs via gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH). Trophoblast gonadotropic hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and locally produced GnRH in human placenta are similar in structure and biological functions to luteinizing hormone and GnRH from hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In addition, placental kappa receptors mediate opioid regulation of hCG release from trophoblast tissue in vitro and placental GnRH plays a role in regulation of hCG secretion as well. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether opioids regulation of hCG release from trophoblast tissue is mediated by GnRH. Opioid agonists at their concentrations causing maximal release of hCG from the tissue also stimulated GnRH secretion. Antagonists inhibited the release of hCG and GnRH and totally reversed the effect of agonists, i.e., their effect is kappa receptor mediated. GnRH antagonist inhibited both opioids and GnRH stimulation of hCG release from trophoblast tissue. Neither GnRH nor its antagonist bind to placental kappa receptors. These data suggest that in vitro opioids regulation of hCG release from term trophoblast tissue is mediated by GnRH.
An autonomous sensor and telemetry system for low-level pCO2measurements in seawater

The measurement of low-level dissolved CO2 using a fiber-optic sensor is described. The sensor, based on the Severinghaus CO2 electrode principle, consists of a CO2-sensitive bicarbonate buffer solution containing the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye carboxy-SNAFL-1 immobilized at the end of an optical fiber using a gas-permeable membrane. The sensor is used in a ratiometric mode and has a reversible working dynamic range between 200 and 1000 ppm pCO2 and a sensitivity ±1 ppm. Results are presented for the sensor calibration, effects of temperature, and response time characteristics. An integrated measurement system with electrooptic and data acquisition modules coupled to a satellite transmission system was tested in Vineyard Sound, MA, and data are presented that demonstrate continuous monitoring of pCO2 in surface seawater.
Large deformation plasticity and the Poynting effect

Abstract The aims of this paper are fourfold: (1) To develop a set of constitutive equations that are applicable to isotropic inelastic materials with large elastic and plastic strains using the multiconfigurational framework (Rajagopal, K.R., Srinivasa, A.R. Int. J. Plasticity 14 (1998) 945; Rajagopal, K.R., Srinivasa, A.R. Int. J. Plasticity 14 (1998), 948), in such a way as to generalize the central ideas (such as isotropy, constant elastic modulii, quadratic yield surfaces and non-hardening behavior) of the Prandtl–Reuss theory to finite deformations, (2) to examine the consequences of using a physically plausible criterion of maximum rate of mechanical dissipation, (3) to examine the relationship of the resulting models to the classical Prandtl–Reuss theory as well as other possible formulations (specifically those that rely on the use of a maximum plastic work postulate), and (4) to consider the effect of finite elastic strains on the response of the material subject to some simple homogenous deformations. By considering the response under simple shear, it is shown that the elastic-plastic counterpart of the well known Poynting effect in finite elasticity has a profound influence on the post-yield behavior of such materials. In particular, it is shown that this gives rise to a strain softening effect even though the overall response is that of a non-hardening material.
Interferon β–mediated vessel stabilization improves delivery and efficacy of systemically administered topotecan in a murine neuroblastoma model☆

Abstract Background We have recently demonstrated that continuous delivery of interferon β (IFN- β ) stabilizes solid tumor vasculature and improves tumor perfusion. In this study, we have further investigated the functional consequences of this effect by assessing delivery and efficacy of conventional chemotherapy against neuroblastoma xenografts when used in combination with IFN- β . Methods Mice with established retroperitoneal tumors received adeno-associated virus vector encoding IFN- β (AAV IFN- β ) or control vector. One week later, at 1 hour before sacrifice, a 1 mg/kg IV bolus of topotecan (TPT) was given. Intratumoral levels of TPT were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and then standardized to plasma levels to determine tumor TPT penetration. Subsequent experiments evaluated the antitumor efficacy of topotecan alone or in combination with AAV IFN- β . Results As observed in prior experiments, AAV IFN- β resulted in a marked increase in tumor vessel association with stabilizing perivascular smooth muscle cells. These more "matured" vessels facilitated improved tumor TPT penetration (51.2% ± 4.2%) compared with controls (30.8% ± 4.7%, P = .004). In additional cohorts of mice, this resulted in an improved antitumor effect. Mice with established tumors (301.8 ± 18.1 mm 3 ) were treated with TPT (1 mg/kg daily for 5 days for 2 consecutive weeks) either alone or in combination with AAV IFN- β (5 × 10 10 vector particles per mouse). Topotecan monotherapy resulted in a reduction in mean tumor volume of 12% (264.2 ± 65.8 mm 3 , P = .66). However, when the same regimen was administered to mice receiving continuous IFN- β therapy, a 61% (118.9 ± 42.3 mm 3 , P = .004) reduction in mean tumor volume was achieved. Conclusion Interferon β –mediated vessel stabilization resulted in improved intratumoral delivery of systemically administered TPT, enhancing its antitumor efficacy. This approach of altering the tumor vasculature provides a strategy to help overcome solid tumor resistance to traditional cytotoxic agents.
TASSEL-GBS: a high capacity genotyping by sequencing analysis pipeline

Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a next generation sequencing based method that takes advantage of reduced representation to enable high throughput genotyping of large numbers of individuals at a large number of SNP markers. The relatively straightforward, robust, and cost-effective GBS protocol is currently being applied in numerous species by a large number of researchers. Herein we describe a bioinformatics pipeline, tassel-gbs, designed for the efficient processing of raw GBS sequence data into SNP genotypes. The tassel-gbs pipeline successfully fulfills the following key design criteria: (1) Ability to run on the modest computing resources that are typically available to small breeding or ecological research programs, including desktop or laptop machines with only 8–16 GB of RAM, (2) Scalability from small to extremely large studies, where hundreds of thousands or even millions of SNPs can be scored in up to 100,000 individuals (e.g., for large breeding programs or genetic surveys), and (3) Applicability in an accelerated breeding context, requiring rapid turnover from tissue collection to genotypes. Although a reference genome is required, the pipeline can also be run with an unfinished “pseudo-reference” consisting of numerous contigs. We describe the tassel-gbs pipeline in detail and benchmark it based upon a large scale, species wide analysis in maize (Zea mays), where the average error rate was reduced to 0.0042 through application of population genetic-based SNP filters. Overall, the GBS assay and the tassel-gbs pipeline provide robust tools for studying genomic diversity.
The loops on U ( n )/ O ( n ) and U (2 n )/ Sp ( n )

In [6] and [9] the second author and Bill Richter showed that the natural ‘degree’ filtration on the homology of ΩSU(n) has a geometric realization, and that this filtration stably splits (as conjectured by M. Hopkins and M. Mahowald). The purpose of the present paper is to prove the real and quaternionic analogues of these results. To explain what this means, consider the following two ways of viewing the filtration and splitting for ΩSU(n). When n = ∞, ΩSU = BU. The filtration is BU(1)⊆BU(2)⊆… and the splitting BU≅ V1≤<∞is a theorem of Snaith[14]. The result for ΩSU(n) may then be viewed as a ‘restriction’ of the result for BU. On the other hand there is a well-known inclusion ℂPn−1. This extends to a map ΩΣℂPn−1→ΩSU(n), and the filtration (or splitting) may be viewed, at least algebraically, as a ‘quotient’ of the James filtration (or splitting) of ΩΣℂPn−1. It is now clear what is meant by the ‘real and quaternionic analogues’. In the quaternionic case, we replace BU by BSp=Ω(SU/SP), ΩSU(n) by Ω(SU(2n)/SP(n))and ℂPn−1 by ℍPn−1. The integral homology of Ω(SU(2n)/SP(n)) is the symmetric algebra on the homology of ℍPn−1, and may be filtered by the various symmetric powers. We show that this filtration can be realized geometrically, and that the spaces of the filtration are certain (singular) real algebraic varieties (exactly as in the complex case). The strata of the filtration are vector bundles over filtrations of Ω(SU(2n−2)/SP(n−1)), and the filtration stably splits. See Theorems (1·7) and (2·1) for the precise statement. In the real case we replace BU by Ω(SU/SO), Ω(SU(n)/SO(n)) and ℂPn−1 by ℝPn−1. Here integral homology must be replaced by mod 2 homology, and splitting is only obtained after localization at 2. (Snaith's splitting of BO in [14] can be refined [2, 8] so as to be exactly analogous to the splitting of BU:BO≅V1≤<∞MO(k).)
Automated requirements-based test case generation

Black-box testing is a technique in which test cases are derived from requirements without regard to the internal structure of the implementation. In current practice, the black-box test cases are derived manually from requirements. Manually deriving test cases from requirements is a costly and time consuming process. In this paper, we present the notion of autogenerating black-box test cases from requirements, that can result in dramatic time and cost savings.To accomplish this, we use requirements formalized as temporal logic properties. We define coverage metrics directly on the structure of the formalized requirements, and use an automated test case generation tool, like the model checker, to generate test cases from formal requirements that satisfy the desired criteria. To evaluate the effectiveness of black-box test suites generated in this manner, we measure the implementation coverage achieved by the test suites, and their fault-finding effectiveness. In [11], we conducted a preliminary investigation using a close to production model of a Flight Guidance System developed at Rockwell Collins Inc. We autogenerated requirements-based test suites for three different requirements coverage criteria and evaluated them by measuring the implementation coverage achieved.
Global R&D through the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) program

The industry-led, international intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS) program provides a special vehicle for joint research and development between government, industry and academia in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and Europe. Since its beginning in 1989, the IMS program has progressed through a feasibility phase which demonstrated that international legal barriers, trade issues, and intellectual property problems could be overcome. The program is constructed to provide higher quality design, customized products, shorter delivery cycles and lower costs. Interactions between partner companies have led to new business opportunities for mutual profit and some claim to have learned strategic information about their international competitors. The IMS program is growing through the participation of hundreds of corporate and university partners who share responsibilities in specific projects and jointly reap benefits for their manufacturing products and processes. The logic for choosing or not choosing the IMS mechanisms will be discussed and R and D projects will be identified.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparisons of Numerical Simulations of the Planetary Boundary Layer by a Mixed-Layer and a Multi-Level Model

Abstract A series of increasingly complicated meteorological circulations is modeled by a two-dimensional, multi-level primitive equation model (MLM) and a one-dimensional mixed-layer model (XLM) in order to determine the extent to which the simple mixed-layer model can provide accurate predictions of the mean structure of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Under horizontally homogeneous conditions, the PBL structure in the XLM agreed closely with the average structure in the MLM. When horizontal inhomogeneities associated with differential heating over complex terrain and across a land-water boundary were introduced, the XLM solutions became less accurate when compared to the MLM solutions. For these conditions a multi-level model appears to be essential to the correct prediction of flow within the PBL, because mass-wind adjustments in the flow above the PBL produce important changes on the pressure gradient within the PBL.
Memory for prose in korsakoff and schizophrenic populations

Twelve alcoholic Korsakoff patients, their 12 alcoholic controls, and 27 institutionalized schizophrenics and their 19 controls, recalled two stories. The clinical populations recalled approximately half as much as their controls, yet recalled the same parts of the stories as their controls. For both groups the ability to process simple prose does not seem to be severely impaired when what is recalled rather than how much is recalled is measured.
The Binding of Mercury by the Yeast Cell in Relation to Changes in Permeability

Yeast cells exposed to mercuric chloride suffer irreversible damage to the membrane, resulting in a loss of potassium and cellular anions to the medium. The maximal loss of K+, but not the time course of K+ loss is related to the mercury concentration, the relationship following a normal curve on a graph of log-concentration versus effect. It is concluded that the response is all or none for individual cells, and that with increasing concentrations of metal, the threshold is exceeded in an increasing proportion of the cells. Parallel studies of the binding of mercury by the cells indicate two distinct phases, only one of which is associated with the physiological response. The binding process is relatively slow but reaches an equilibrium state. Desorption is markedly dependent on temperature. No simple stoichiometric relationship exists between the binding of mercury and the physiological response (K+ loss).