cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
En route vers le Petawatt

Des impulsions d'une duree de 1 ps ont ete amplifiees jusqu'au niveau du terawatt par un systeme tres compact a verre dope au neodyme base sur l'utilisation de la technique d'amplification des impulsions a derive de frequence. La divergence du faisceau est egale a deux fois la limite de la diffraction, donnant a cette source une brillance de 2 x 10+ 18 W/(cm 2. sr), ce qui constitue la brillance la plus elevee jamais reportee a ce jour. La technique d'amplification d'impulsions a derive de frequence rend possible l'extraction de l'energie de maniere efficace dans des systemes d'amplification extremement compacts. L'amplification des impulsions a derive de frequence a ete demontree sur neuf ordres de grandeur, du nanojoule jusqu'au niveau du joule. En utilisant une chaine d'amplification a verre au neodyme de grandes dimensions, il devrait etre possible d'etendre cette technique a l'amplification d'impulsions de cent femtosecondes jusqu'au niveau d'une centaine de joules, generant ainsi une puissance instantanee de l'ordre du petawatt. La focalisation ulterieure de ces impulsions pourrait alors donner naissance a des intensites de l'ordre de 1023 W/cm2, 5 ordres de grandeurs au-dessus des performances actuelles.
Empire of Letters: Letter Manuals and Transatlantic Correspondence, 1680–1820

Empire of Letters: Letter Manuals and Transatlantic Correspondence, 1680–1820, by Eve Tavor Bannet, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 347 pp., $106.00, ISBN 0-52-185618-3 Historians and l...
Novel anti-diabetic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a mini-review

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum that ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to cirrhosis. The recommended treatment for this disease includes measures that target obesity and insulin resistance. The present review summarizes the role of newer anti-diabetic agents in treatment of NAFLD. Data Sources PubMed, MEDLINE and Ovid databases were searched to identify human studies between January 1990 and January 2013 using specified key words. Original studies that enrolled patients with a diagnosis of NAFLD or NASH and involved use of newer classes of anti-diabetic agents for a duration of at least 3 months were included. Results Out of the screened articles, four met eligibility criteria and were included in our review. The classes of newer anti-diabetic medications described were dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues. Conclusions Liraglutide and Exenatide showed improvement in transaminases as well as histology in patients with NASH. Sitagliptin showed improvement in transaminases but limited studies are there to access its effect on histology. Further studies are needed to support use of newer anti-diabetic medications in patients with NAFLD.
The effects of name and recipe on the perceived ethnicity and acceptability of selected Italian foods by British subjects

Abstract Tomato sauce, meat, cheese, and butter (recipe variable), and product names (name variable) from four pasta samples were manipulated to study their effects on the ratings of perceived ethnicity and acceptability by British subjects. The addition of an Italian name significantly increased perceived Italian ethnicity and lowered British ethnicity. Adding meat and/or cheese increased British ethnicity. Changing recipes was more effective than adding Italian names for increasing hedonic responses for these items. The development of a perceived ethnicity scale for use in studies of ethnic food identification is discussed.
Computer-Aided Design of Interpenetrated Tetrahydrofuran-Functionalized 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks for CO2 Capture

Using computer-aided design, several interpenetrated imine-linked 3D covalent organic frameworks with diamondoid structures were assembled from tetrakis-4-formylphenylsilane as the tetrahedral node, and 3R,4R-diaminotetrahydrofuran as the link. Subsequently, the adsorption capacity of CO2 in each framework was predicted using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. At ambient conditions, the 4-fold interpenetrated framework, with disrotatory orientation of the tetrahedral nodes and diaxial conformation of the linker, displayed the highest adsorption capacity (∼4.6 mmol/g). At lower pressure, the more stable 5-fold interpenetrated framework showed higher uptake due to stronger interaction of CO2 with the framework. The contribution of framework charges to CO2 uptake was found to increase as the pore size decreases. The effect of functional group was further explored by replacing the ether oxygen with the CH2 group. Although no change was observed in the 1-fold framework, the CO2 capacity at 1 bar decrease...
Retention index-structure relationships for alcohols using factor analysis

Abstract The technique of factor analysis is applied to a data matrix composed of the retention indices of twenty-six saturated and unsaturated alcohols measured on twenty-five solvents. Five factors were found sufficient to span the data space of saturated alcohols, while six factors were required when unsaturated alcohols were included in the data matrix. Successful rotations were made into the following chemically and physically significant solute parameters: (1) unity, (2) molecular weight, (3) molar refraction, (4) carbon number, (5) boiling point (°K), (6) placement of hydroxyl group, (7) ln vapor pressure and (8) molar heat of vaporization. Then, restricting the data matrix to saturated alcohols only, various combinations of five out of the eight identified parameters were used in an attempt to best span the space, the criteria of best fit being the mean error between experimental and predicted retention indices. Using the “best set”, equations were developed which permitted the retention index of a new alcohol to be predicted on any of the twenty-five solvents, knowing only the five parameters of that solute. The resulting equations were successfully tested on four alcohol solutes which were not included in the original data matrix but for which experimental retention index data were available.
Effects of structural defects in sonicated phospholipid vesicles on fusion and ion permeability.

ULTRASONICATED lecithin–water dispersions, consisting of single-walled bilayer vesicles, are used as a model for the phospholipid bilayer in biomembranes and have the unique advantage of a well-defined inside and outside1,2. The system is well suited, therefore, for studies of transport of solutes across the bilayer membrane3. Fusion of these structures may also be used as a model for cell fusion, endocytosis and related phenomena4,5.
Extent of pervasive fracturing around underground nuclear explosions

Abstract A compilation of fracture data around underground nuclear explosions is presented. Horizontal fracture radii, as judged by in situ permeability measurements, observed microfracturing in postshot cores, chimney pressurization tests, and macrofracturing in cores and tunnels, tend to be 2.7–3.5 r c (cavity radius) in competent rocks. Pervasive fracturing below the shot point is on the order of 2.0 r c . Brittle rock whose Hugoniot elastic limit has been exceeded are intensely fractured (crushed). The degree of fracturing falls off sharply at peak radial pressures less than this amount. A least-squares fit of measured chimney height for rock other than alluvium gives the relation h c = 0.88 r c 1.5 . As predicted by Butkovich and Cherry, h c corresponds to the limit of shear failure, which is sensitive to the strength properties of the media, overburden pressure and yield of the explosion.
Plasticity models and nonlinear semigroups

Abstract The evolution of an elastic-plastic material is modeled as an initial boundary value problem consisting of the dynamic momentum equation coupled with a constitutive law for which the hysteretic dependence between stress and strain is described by a system of variational inequalities. This system is posed as an evolution equation in Hilbert space for which is proved the existence and uniqueness of three classes of solutions which are distinguished by their regularity. Weak solutions are obtained in a very general situation, strong solutions arise in the presence of kinematic work-hardening or viscosity, and the solution is even more regular under a stability assumption connecting the constraint set with the divergence operator.
Curling's ulcer: a rare condition.

A case of Curling's ulceration of the duodenum in a child with 50 per cent burns, requiring operative arrest of the bleeding, is reported, and this condition is reviewed. Inquiry among the surgical units treating burns in Great Britain showed that only 18 cases of alimentary bleeding had been seen in the course of treating some 32 500 patients. The incidence in Europe and Australia appears to be of the same order, bur there is a much higher incidence in some burns units in North America. Possible reasons for these differences are examined. The occurrence and treatment of Curling's ulcer in childhood are considered.
Sea level side loads in high-area-ratio rocket engines

An empirical separation and side load model to obtain applied aerodynamic loads has been developed based on data obtained from full-scale J-2S (265K-pound-thrust engine with an area ratio of 40:1) engine and model testing. Experimental data include visual observations of the separation patterns that show the dynamic nature of the separation phenomenon. Comparisons between measured and applied side loads are made. Correlations relating the separation location to the applied side loads and the methods used to determine the separation location are given.
A NeHe gas purification system for large flash chambers

Abstract A gas purification system for use with a neutrino detector constructed of extruded polypropylene flash chambers is described. A volume of 90% Ne10% He gas equivalent to the total volume of the detector (50 m 3 ) can be purified every thirty minutes.
Digitally Controlled Pulse Width Modulator for On-Chip Power Management

A digitally controlled current starved pulse width modulator (PWM) is described in this paper. The current from the power grid to the ring oscillator is controlled by a header circuit. By changing the header current, the pulse width of the switching signal generated at the output of the ring oscillator is dynamically controlled, permitting the duty cycle to vary between 25% and 90%. A duty cycle to voltage converter is used to ensure the accuracy of the system under process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. A ring oscillator with two header circuits is proposed to control both duty cycle and frequency of the operation. Analytic closed-form expressions for the operation of a PWM are provided. The accuracy and performance of the proposed PWM is evaluated with 22-nm CMOS predictive technology models under PVT variations. An error of less than 3.1% and 4.4% in the duty cycle, respectively, with and without constant frequency control is reported for the PWM. A constant operation frequency with less than 1.25% period variation is demonstrated. The proposed PWM is appropriate for dynamic voltage scaling systems due to the small on-chip area and high accuracy under PVT variations.
Toxic contributions of specific drilling mud components to larval shrimp and crabs

Abstract We investigated the toxicities of six drilling muds, toxicities of mud fractions (supernatants and suspensions) and the toxicities of common mud components—barite and bentonite (particulates) and ferrochrome lignosulfonate (soluble)—to the stage I larvae of six species of shrimp and crab. The drilling muds we tested were not very toxic to these larvae: LC50's for supernatants ranged from 0·6 to 82% (vol/vol). Shrimp larvae were slightly more sensitive than crab larvae. Drilling muds were not rapidly toxic, in contrast to toxicants such as the water-soluble fractions of oil. Supernatants, prepared by centrifuging whole muds, were mildly toxic. Suspensions were more toxic than supernatants and toxicity was greatest when particulates remained suspended: for example, used Cook Inlet mud suspensions were about seven times more toxic than supernatants. The toxicity of used Cook Inlet mud was therefore primarily due to suspended solids (88%) rather than chemical toxicity: ferrochrome lignosulfonate was relatively toxic alone, but accounted for only about 6% of the toxicity of used Cook Inlet mud suspensions. Contributions of particulates to mud toxicities varied considerably. Barite and bentonite were not very toxic when tested alone. The toxicity of one mud was caused by its high alkalinity.
Early Policy Responses to the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in the United States, 2006–2010

Abstract Purpose To examine the policies state governments pursued and enacted across the United States in the 5-year period after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration licensed the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 2006, including the timing and number of bills introduced, the policies proposed, and the legislative success of HPV vaccine policy proposals. Methods Content abstraction and analysis of state-level HPV vaccine–related bills across the 50 states and the District of Columbia introduced between 2006 and 2010. Results All but five states (Alaska, Delaware, Idaho, New Hampshire, and Wyoming) introduced HPV vaccine bills between 2006 and 2010. Two-thirds of all bills were introduced in 2007. In all, 141 bills were introduced and 23% or 32 bills were enacted. Of the bills that were enacted, 43.8% provided information for parents and schools about the vaccine; 37.5% provided public financing for HPV vaccines; 34.4% were classified as other policies; 25% created awareness campaigns; 25% required private insurance coverage of the HPV vaccination; 12.5% included voluntary vaccination, and 9.4% mandated vaccination for school entry. One bill reversed prior mandatory vaccination policies. Overall, 91% of enacted HPV vaccine bills did not refer to mandated vaccinations but adopted alternate policy strategies in response to the availability of the new HPV vaccine. Conclusions Nationwide, states responded to the new HPV vaccine by introducing policies designed to increase the availability of information about the vaccine, provide funding, and regulate private insurance coverage rather than require vaccination for school entry.
Control Rod Signal Multiplexing

This paper describes an application of multiplexing and system self-testing to the rod control and status-monitoring system of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). The approach uses modularity at the field sensors with minimum interconnecting cables to the control room. The coding of the signal words employs error-detecting techniques to improve system reliability and availability. Fault diagnostics and identification improve the maintainability of the system.
Composition of carbonate overgrowths produced on Iceland spar calcite crystals buried in bahamian carbonate-rich sediments

Abstract High-magnesium calcite overgrowths were precipitated on Iceland spar calcite crystals buried in Bahamian sediments. Their composition was within the range of carbonate cements in this area. The precipitation rate of the overgrowths was slower and the magnesium content higher than predicted from laboratory experiments, possibly due to adsorption of organic compounds.
The Hourglass: A Conceptual Framework for the Transport of Biologically Active Compounds from Agricultural Landscapes†

Recent research has suggested that the fate of biologically active compounds (BACs) originating from point sources such as wastewater treatment plants is fundamentally different from that of similar compounds released from nonpoint sources through runoff from agricultural landscapes. Downstream from wastewater treatment plants, BACs will degrade via a variety of mechanisms; however, their concentration in the water adjacent to the point of discharge may not decrease over time, as the compounds are continually released. In contrast, in agricultural systems, BACs are episodically introduced to surface water during snowmelt and rainstorm events, and under these circumstances, may be found in water for only hours or days after a storm event. Recent research in our laboratories as well as others, has suggested that sediments play an important role in the persistence of herbicides and steroids in watersheds after nonpoint source loading events. Conceptually, the sediment serves as both a sink and a source, equilibrating with BACs during storm events then slowly releasing them back into the water over time, long after the initial pulse of chemicals has moved downstream.
Do Emotions Play a Constitutive Role in Moral Cognition

Recent behavioral experiments, along with imaging experiments and neuropsychological studies appear to support the hypothesis that emotions play a causal or constitutive role in moral judgment. Those who resist this hypothesis tend to suggest that affective mechanisms are better suited to play a modulatory role in moral cognition. But I argue that claims about the role of emotion in moral cognition frame the debate in ways that divert attention away from other plausible hypotheses. I suggest that the available data may be more plausibly explained by appeal to predictive and evaluative mechanisms, which are neither wholly affective nor straightforwardly cognitive. By recognizing this fact, we can begin to see why questions about the role of emotion in moral psychology are likely to be empirically misguided.
Locus of selectivity in a visual memory task using a color value indicator

Selection of high vs low valued letters from a briefly presented visual array was investigated. An indicator specifying the value of letters occurred before or after the array. Selection could occur during input to memory or during output from memory in the before condition, but only at output in the after condition. Previous research using an alphabetic instruction, which required letter identification prior to selection, attributed selection to output. A color instruction in the -present experiment, not requiring letter identification, showed the locus of selection to be at input. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and used an interference technique to add further support. In addition, contrary to previous findings, these results indicated that the selection process caused no deficit in overall recall.
Implementing national copyright laws: a Jordanian case study

Intellectual property is a major commodity being produced and shared throughout the world. Advancements in technologies coupled with globalization efforts have allowed such property to easily cross geographical boundaries. Various international treaties and national laws have been set in place to ensure intellectual property owners of their rights. This paper reports the results of an exploratory investigation into the major challenges and returns resulting from the implementation of a national copyright law in Jordan. The paper begins by providing the reader with an overview of Jordan in relation to copyrights. This study relied on both primary and secondary data. The challenges associated with such a law were categorized into implementation, cultural, and socio-economic factors. Respondents identified monetary returns, strategic outcomes, and creative stimulation as key returns resulting from enforcing the law. Finally, the data illustrated that public education and awareness campaigns, and training programs are essential to the success of such a law.
Magnetic reconnection flux and coronal mass ejection velocity

We explore the relationship between the total reconnection flux ψrec estimated from flare observations and the velocity VCME of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed with the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) Experiment. Our study includes 13 events with varying magnetic configurations in source regions. It is shown that VCME is proportional to ψrec, with a linear cross-correlation of 89% and confidence level greater than 99.5%. This result confirms the importance of magnetic flux transferred by magnetic reconnection in the early stage of fast CMEs. On the other hand, the CME velocity and kinematic energy are probably independent of magnetic configurations of source regions.
Electric breakdown waves: Exact solutions. Part II

The methods of numerical solution of the electron fluid dynamical equations that govern wave breakdown, and were described in a previous paper, are applied here to the various situations under which these waves have been observed. Samples of the detailed structures of the waves are presented. Solutions have been investigated for both negatively and positively driven waves, into both ionized and nonionized media, and for waves followed by a large current as in a lightning return stroke.
Electron-stimulated desorption and thermal desorption spectrometry of H2O on nickel (111)

The adsorption of H2O at low temperature on clean and oxygen dosed nickel (111) has been studied using thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) and electron-stimulated desorption (ESD). Both the single and multilayer H2O regimes have been investigated. For first layer chemisorbed water, the thermal desorption data can be modeled well assuming first order kinetics with a desorption energy of about 9.8 kcalmol. For ice multilayers, a leading edge analysis gives a desorption energy of 11.5 ± 0.5 kcalmol. ESD measurements detected both H+ and H2O+ ions, and several types of ESD measurements were made: determination of ion yield versus electron beam energy, determination of ion kinetic energy distribution curves (lEDC's), and determination of the temperature dependence of the ion yield (TDIY) at fixed excitation energy. The latter measurements show a correlation with the thermal desorption data: TDIY of H2O+ during desorption of multilayer H2O films gives 11.0 ± 0.5 kcalmol for the desorption energy, in excellent agreement with the TDS results. Additional features are resolved in the temperature dependence of the ESD signal which are absent in the TDS spectra. Characteristic ion yield and ion kinetic energy distribution curves are given for adsorbed layers on the clean surface in both the single and ice multilayer regime. For the oxygen predosed surface, TDS was used to isolate a H2O desorption state at higher temperature which is due to dissociative recombination, and ESD was used to characterize the ion yields and IEDC's of H+ from hydroxyl groups adsorbed on this type of surface. Comparison of the data for H+ ions from adsorbed water and hydroxyls indicates that ESD in this case is sensitive primarily to the local parent O-H bond, and insensitive to secondary chemical bonds.
THE EFFECTS OF EMASCULATION IN RELATION TO NITROGEN SUPPLY DURING THE ONTOGENY OF THE GHERKIN

distal buds of the second branch. The inhibiting effect of the terminal bud is transmitted proximally and affects the buds below, but it was not observed to exert its effect upon the axillary buds of an adjacent member of a forked pair. The inhibiting effect of the terminal bud is also interrupted by a girdle. It is emphasized that induction and floral differentiation in the mango is frequently very late and may begin as late as March, and that the process begins shortly before the inflorescence is clearly discernible.
Posttreatment human papillomavirus testing for recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review

Objective We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the characteristics of human papillomavirus testing, particularly Hybrid Capture 2, in follow-up evaluations after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia for the detection of residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade ≥ 2. Study Design Medline was searched for relevant studies that were published between 1992 and September 2007. Of the 1107 citations that were identified, 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results Studies that used polymerase chain reaction testing were too heterogeneous to combine. We identified 5 studies that performed both Hybrid Capture 2 and colposcopy. Pooled sensitivity for Hybrid Capture 2 was 90.7% (95% CI, 75.4-96.9%), and pooled specificity was 74.6% (95% CI, 60.4-85.0%). Pooled sensitivity for cervical cytologic testing was 76.6% (95% CI, 62.0-86.8%), and pooled specificity was 89.7% (95% CI, 22.7-99.6%). Conclusion Hybrid Capture 2 testing can identify approximately 91% of women with residual or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade ≥ 2; however, approximately 30% of women would undergo colposcopy in follow-up evaluation.
Linking Access and Vulnerability: Perceptions of Irrigation and Flood Management in Pakistan

This article reports the results of a survey conducted in four villages in central Pakistan regarding people's perceptions about irrigation- and flood-related issues. The article uses the perception studies methodology from the human ecology school to address the political ecology agenda in resource and hazards geography. The log-linear analysis of the survey data shows that people are knowledgeable about social power differentials and interactions between various social factors in influencing their access to resources and vulnerability to floods. The article further demonstrates that water users and vulnerable populations are much more likely to suggest social explanations than naturalistic or fatalistic explanations for their differential access to irrigation water and vulnerability to flood hazard.
Expression of two-pore domain potassium channels in nonhuman primate sperm

Objective Two-pore domain potassium channels (K 2P ) play integral roles in cell signaling pathways by modifying cell membrane resting potential. Here we describe the expression and function of K 2P channels in nonhuman primate sperm. Design Experimental animal study, randomized blinded concentration-response experiments. Setting University-affiliated primate research center. Animal(s) Male nonhuman primates. Intervention(s) Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis of epididymal sperm samples. Kinematic measures (curvilinear velocity and lateral head displacement) and acrosome status were studied in epididymal sperm samples exposed to K 2P agonist (docosahexaenoic acid) and antagonist (gadolinium). Main Outcome Measure(s) Semiquantitative protein expression and cellular localization and quantitative changes in specific kinematic parameters and acrosome integrity. Result(s) Molecular analysis demonstrated expression and specific regional distribution of TRAAK, TREK-1, and TASK-2 in nonhuman primate sperm. Docosahexaenoic acid produced a concentration-dependent increase in curvilinear velocity ( P P =.005). Gadolinium reduced velocity measures ( P Conclusion(s) The results demonstrated expression and function of K 2P potassium channels in nonhuman primate sperm for the first time. The unique, discrete distributions of K 2P channels in nonhuman primate sperm suggest specific roles for this subfamily of ion channels in primate sperm function.
A note on the sequential probability ratio test

Link and Heath [1975] have analysed a random walk model for two-choice reaction time on the assumption that the two probability density functions (p.d.f.s) of the step-size, each p.d.f. corresponding to one stimulus, are mirror reflections of each other; and they have demonstrated the critical role played by the symmetry of the moment generating function (m.g.f.) of the step size in the determination of whether or not error and correct reaction times are equal. It is shown here that, given reflection symmetry, m.g.f. symmetry is necessary and sufficient for the random walk model to be equivalent to a sequential probability ratio test.
Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Cystic Fibrosis

We have confirmed heterogenity in CF using a different combination of primary clinical variables than those used in previous studies. Subgroupings of individuals with similar levels of sweat chloride were independent of the clustering based on level of pancreatic enzyme supplementation and degree of pulmonary involvement. Data from families with multiple CF children are consistent with the hypothesis that the genetic etiology of CF involves two or more genes that modify the expression of the primary gene defect.
Continuous postoperative lavage in the treatment of peritoneal sepsis

The problem of peritonitis after perforation or trauma to the colon continues to be an important one for colon and rectal surgeons. Treatments vary, but mortality and morbidity have always been high. For these reasons, the usefulness of continuous peritoneal lavage as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of peritonitis was examined. Twenty patients with gross peritoneal contamination were treated with continuous postoperative peritoneal irrigation for 17 to 72 hours. No patient died of sepsis or developed an intra-abdominal abscess. Three patients died: two of advanced cancer and one of a pulmonary embolus. Three additional patients developed complications: mild congestive heart failure in two and transient respiratory failure in one.
ON CERTAIN ELEMENTARY TRILINEAR OPERATORS

where the Sj : R → R are surjective linear mappings. In this paper we focus primarily on the trilinear case m = 3. Writing S0(x, t) ≡ x, we exclude degenerate cases by assuming always that for any two indices i = j, the mapping (x, t) → (Si(x, t), Sj(x, t)) is invertible; in that case we say that {Sj : 0 ≤ j ≤ 3} is nondegenerate. Under these hypotheses, for m = 3, T (F ) is well-defined as a measurable function of x ∈ R, for all F = (f1, f2, f3) belonging locally to L ⊗ L ⊗ L, provided that p ≥ 3/2. Indeed, it follows directly from Fubini’s theorem that T maps L ⊗L1 ⊗L∞ to L, and L ⊗L∞ ⊗L∞ to L∞, and that the same holds if the roles of the functions fj are interchanged in an arbitrary way. Multilinear interpolation then yields the conclusion that T maps Lp⊗Lp⊗Lp to L, whenever 1 + q−1 = 3p−1 and 3/2 ≤ p ≤ 3. Our main result specifies which trilinear expressions (1) are well defined on L ⊗Lp ⊗Lp for some p 3, which presents further complications and is not yet resolved. Standard arguments fail to apply when q < 1. For instance, since L is not locally convex, one cannot dualize to convert the problem to estimation of a multilinear scalar-valued form I(f0, f1, f2, f3) = ∫ T (f1, f2, f3)(x) f0(x) dx;
Optical properties of DC arc-discharge plasma CVD diamond

Mid-infrared transmission and absorption in polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond films has been studied. Free-standing films were grown in a DC arc-discharge plasma torch apparatus. The intensity of a band near 3.5 micrometers , which was assigned in previous work to a C-H bond-stretching mode, correlates with the hydrogen concentration. One symmetric and one antisymmetric stretching mode were observed, with frequencies corresponding to an sp 3 -bonded CH 2 species. In some films, the hydrogen-related absorption was reduced below 1 cm -1 . A broadband at 8 micrometers scales in intensity with the 3.5-micrometers band, suggesting its association with hydrogen as well. A sharp feature at 1,330 to 1,335 cm -1 tentatively is assigned to defect-activated absorption by O((Gamma) ) phonons.
Vascular Access Salvage Using a Balloon-Assisted Puncture Technique

The cases presented here demonstrate that singlesession PMT can be used safely and effectively to treat extensive, acute iliofemoral DVT in pregnant patients. With proper technique, single-session PMT limits the exposure of both the mother and the fetus to thrombolytic agents and immediately restores venous flow, theoretically decreasing the risk of maternal postthrombotic syndrome. A recent study by Herrera et al (2) reports good outcomes after endovascular and surgical thrombus removal in pregnant patients with DVT; however, 10 of 11 pregnant patients treated with CDT or PMT in this study required prolonged, overnight rt-PA infusion. With an approach more committed to
Demonstration of Net Gain in an Erbium Chloride Silicate Single Nanowire Waveguide

Absorption coefficient of erbium chloride silicate nanowire is studied by monitoring the decay of upconversion emission from a single nanowire waveguide. 30 dB/cm low bound for the net gain is demonstrated for erbium chloride silicate.
Friction and wear of tough and brittle zirconia in nitrogen, air, water, hexadecane and hexadecane containing stearic acid

Abstract The friction and wear of zirconia sliding on zirconia at low speed (1 mm s−1) and moderate load (9.8 N) were studied with a pin-on-disk machine. Two materials were investigated, a brittle (2.5 MPa m 1 2 ), cubic phase doped with 5.5 mass% yttria and a tough (11.6 MPa m 1 2 ), tetragonal phase stabilized with 3 mass% yttria. Sliding occurred in dry nitrogen, where mechanical effects alone are expected, in laboratory air (relative humidity, 50% ± 10%), in water, in pure hexadecane and in hexadecane containing 0.5 wt.% stearic acid. Friction coefficients ƒ depend on the environment and somewhat on toughness ( ƒ = 0.1 in hexadecane containing stearic acid, 0.15 in pure hexadecane, 0.3–0.6 in air, 0.7 in water and 1.0 in dry N2). All wear rates decrease with increasing sliding distance. They are in the range 10−5-3 × 10−4mm3N−1m−1 for the tough material. Environmental effects are strong; they are compatible with stress corrosion cracking and not with the tribochemistry that governs environmental effects in non-oxide ceramics such as Si34. For the tough zirconia, the wear rate is lowest in dry nitrogen. For the other environments, it increases in the following order: hexadecane, hexadecane containing stearic acid, air, water. With the brittle material, wear is lowest in hexadecane and highest in air. The results are analyzed with the help of a model that relates the wear rate to the local contact stresses.
Graph-Based User Behavior Modeling: From Prediction to Fraud Detection

How can we model users' preferences? How do anomalies, fraud, and spam effect our models of normal users? How can we modify our models to catch fraudsters? In this tutorial we will answer these questions - connecting graph analysis tools for user behavior modeling to anomaly and fraud detection. In particular, we will focus on the application of subgraph analysis, label propagation, and latent factor models to static, evolving, and attributed graphs. For each of these techniques we will give a brief explanation of the algorithms and the intuition behind them. We will then give examples of recent research using the techniques to model, understand and predict normal behavior. With this intuition for how these methods are applied to graphs and user behavior, we will focus on state-of-the-art research showing how the outcomes of these methods are effected by fraud, and how they have been used to catch fraudsters.
Effect of transforming growth factor beta on synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by human lung fibroblasts.

The processes of lung growth, injury, and repair are characterized by alterations in fibroblast synthesis and interstitial distribution of extracellular matrix components. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), which is postulated to play a role in modulating lung repair, alters the distribution of several matrix components such as collagen and fibronectin. We studied the effect of TGF-beta on the synthesis and distribution of the various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and whether these effects may explain its role in lung repair. Human diploid lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) were exposed to various concentrations of TGF-beta (0-5 nM) for variable periods of time (0-18 h). Newly synthesized GAGs were labeled with either [3H]glucosamine or [35S]sulfate. Individual GAGs were separated by size exclusion chromatography after serial enzymatic and chemical digestions and quantitated using scintillation counting. There was a dose-dependent increase in total GAG synthesis with maximal levels detected after 6 h of expos...
Supraorbital ridge and masticatory apparatus II: Humans (Eskimos)

Thirteen adult male skulls of St. Lawrence Island Eskimos were studied to determine the factor or factors responsible for the development of the supraorbital ridges. Results showed that the determining factor is the ratio of the power arm to the load arm of the mandible. The smaller this ratio, the greater the traction force exerted by the anterior temporalis muscle and the greater the supraorbital ridge. Pearson’s correlation coefficient shows two positive correlations, i.e. between the anterior temporalis muscle and the ridge and between the ridge/sinus and the anterior/whole temporalis muscle. Conversely, there is a negative correlation between the power/load arm and the muscle ratio as well as between the power/load arm ratio and the ridge/sinus ratio.
Chronic polyarthritis as the first manifestation of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of chronic polyarthritis in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) and to describe the manifestations, treatments, and outcomes in these patients.Methods...
Microstructural and microhardness characteristics of laser-synthesized Fe-Cr-W-C Coatings

The effects of laser-processing parameters on the microstructure and microhardness of Fe-Cr-W-C quaternary alloy coatings were investigated experimentally. The coatings were developed by laser processing a powder mixture of Fe, Cr, W, and C at a weight ratio of 10:5:1:1 on a low-carbon steel substrate using a 10 kW continuous wave CO2 laser. Depending on the processing parameters, either hypoeutectic or hypereutectic microstructures were produced. The hypoeutectic microstructures comprised primary dendrites of nonequilibrium face-centered cubic (fcc) austenite γ phase and eutectic consisting of pseudohexagonal close-packed (hcp) M7C3 (M = Cr, Fe, W) carbides and fcc γ phase. The hypereutectic microstructures consisted of hcp M7C3 primary carbides and eutectic similar to that in the hypoeutectic microstructures. The formation of hypoeutectic or hypereutectic microstructures was influenced by the alloy composition, particularly the C concentration, which depends on the amount of powder delivered into the melt pool and the extent of substrate melting. The enhancement of the lattice parameter of the γ phase is associated with the significant dissolution of alloying elements and lattice strains resulting from rapid quenching. The higher hardness of the hypereutectic microstructures is principally attributed to the formation of hcp M7C3 primary carbides. The relatively lower hardness of the hypoeutectic microstructures is related to the presence of y phase in the primary dendrites, excessive dilution from the base material, and relatively low concentrations of Cr and C. The results provide insight into the significance of laser-processing conditions on the composition and hardness of Fe-Cr-W-C alloy coatings and associated solidification characteristics.
The construct(ion) of validity as argument

The author presents an interpretive/constructivist perspective on outcome evaluation and on the warrants for our outcome-evaluation conclusions. The perspective underscores the importance of developing warrants through argumentation, in addition to selected empirical evidence. Congruencies with Don Campbell's visions of validity are noted. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Acoustically steered and rotated (ASTRO) optoelectronic 2D true-time-delay generation

A new 2-D true time delay (TTD) generation system architecture for phased array antennas is described. The method uses fiber chirp gratings and acousto-optic beam deflectors. By combining free-space optics and guided optics, the device complexity in conventional TTD systems has been significantly reduced. A proof-of-concept experimental results are demonstrated.
Importance of Correlation in Determining Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Activity on Cobalt Oxides

Co-based oxides are suitable electrode materials for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with promising activity and stability, in addition to being widely available and relatively cheap. We investigate OER on Co3O4(001) and β-CoOOH (0112) surfaces using density functional theory calculations (DFT). We construct surface Pourbaix diagrams and investigate the theoretical overpotential for the elementary steps involved in OER on these surfaces. We show that inclusion of the Hubbard-U correction to DFT (DFT+U) is necessary to recover experimentally observed trends in the activity for the strongly correlated cobalt oxides. We find that the inclusion of the Hubbard-U correction lowers the activity of both Co3O4(001) and β-CoOOH(0112) when compared to results from pure DFT. In addition, the Hubbard-U correction shifts the location of Co3O4 and β-CoOOH from the strong binding leg to the weak binding leg of the OER volcano plot. The calculations also suggest that the theoretical overpotentials f...
Managing massive time series streams with multi-scale compressed trickles

We present Cypress, a novel framework to archive and query massive time series streams such as those generated by sensor networks, data centers, and scientific computing. Cypress applies multi-scale analysis to decompose time series and to obtain sparse representations in various domains (e.g. frequency domain and time domain). Relying on the sparsity, the time series streams can be archived with reduced storage space. We then show that many statistical queries such as trend, histogram and correlations can be answered directly from compressed data rather than from reconstructed raw data. Our evaluation with server utilization data collected from real data centers shows significant benefit of our framework.
Other primary malignancies in breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy.

Background Our purpose was to examine the incidence and impact on survival of other primary malignancies (OPM) outside of the breast in breast cancer patients and to identify risk factors associated with OPM.
Role of directed van der Waals bonded interactions in the determination of the structures of molecular arsenate solids

Bond paths, local energy density properties, and Laplacian, L(r) = -wedge(2)rho(r), composite isosurfaces of the electron density distributions were calculated for the intramolecular and intermolecular bonded interactions for molecular solids of As(2)O(3) and AsO(2) composition, an As(2)O(5) crystal, a number of arsenate molecules, and the arsenic metalloid, arsenolamprite. The directed intermolecular van der Waals As-O, O-O, and As-As bonded interactions are believed to serve as mainstays between the individual molecules in each of the molecular solids. As-O bond paths between the bonded atoms connect Lewis base charge concentrations and Lewis acid charge depletion domains, whereas the O-O and As-As paths connect Lewis base pair and Lewis acid pair domains, respectively, giving rise to sets of intermolecular directed bond paths. The alignment of the directed bond paths results in the periodic structures adopted by the arsenates. The arrangements of the As atoms in the claudetite polymorphs of As(2)O(3) and the As atoms in arsenolamprite are similar. Like the As(2)O(3) polymorphs, arsenolamprite is a molecular solid connected by relatively weak As-As intermolecular directed van der Waals bond paths between the layers of stronger As-As intramolecular bonded interactions. The bond critical point and local energy density properties of the intermolecular As-As bonded interactions in arsenolamprite are comparable with the As-As interactions in claudetite I. As such, the structure of claudetite I can be viewed as a stuffed derivative of the arsenolamprite structure with O atoms between pairs of As atoms comprising the layers of the structure. The cubic structure adopted by the arsenolite polymorph can be understood in terms of sets of directed acid-base As-O and base-base O-O pair domains and bond paths that radiate from the tetrahedral faces of its constituent molecules, serving as face-to-face key-lock mainstays in forming a periodic tetrahedral array of molecules rather than one based on some variant of close packing. The relatively dense structure and the corrugation of the layers in claudetite I can also be understood in terms of directed van der Waals As-O bonded interactions. Our study not only provides a new basis for understanding the crystal chemistry and the structures of the arsenates, but it also calls for a reappraisal of the concept of van der Waals bonded interactions, how the structures of molecular solids are viewed, and how the molecules in these solids are bonded in a periodic structure.
Strong fault-secure and strongly self-checking domino-CMOS implementations of totally self-checking circuits

The totally self-checking (TSC) concept is well established for applications in the area of online error-indication. TSC circuits can detect both transient and permanent faults. They consist of a functional circuit with encoded inputs and outputs and a checker which monitors these outputs. The TSC concept can be generalized for the functional circuits using the strongly fault-secure (SFS) concept. Here, the concept of strongly self-checking (SSC) circuits, which is a generalization from TSC circuits, is introduced. Most of the TSC circuits presented in the literature are designed at the logic gate level using the stuck-at fault model. However, this fault model is inadequate for MOS technologies. Here, it is shown that a TSC gate-level functional circuit can be implemented in the domino-CMOS technology as an SFS circuit, while a TSC gate-level checker can be implemented as an SSC checker. For the domino-CMOS implementation the fault model is enlarged to stuck-at, stuck-open, and stuck-on faults. It is shown that domino-CMOS is much more suitable for implementation of self-checking circuits than static CMOS. >
The Role of Atmosphere on Phase Transformations and Magnetic Properties of Ulvospinel

We have synthesized the antiferromagnetic mineral ulvospinel, Fe2TiO4, in Ar to assess the role of inert atmosphere on phase formation and magnetic properties. We report the role of atmosphere on a possible phase transition and the magnetic properties of this mineral. Atmosphere dependent transformations of ulvospinel are observed with increasing temperature. Oxidation of ulvospinel to form metastable titanomaghemite is shown to occur at 300° in atmospheric conditions. Only slight titanomaghematitzation was observed in samples transformed under pressure in in situ temperature dependent X-ray experiments. Formation of ilmenite and hematite from ulvospinel was observed under high temperature, high pressure, and low oxygen atmosphere conditions.
Software security checklist for the software life cycle

A formal approach to security in the software life cycle is essential to protect corporate resources. However, little thought has been given to this aspect of software development. Traditionally, software security has been treated as an afterthought leading to a cycle of 'penetrate and patch.' Due to its criticality, security should be integrated as a formal approach in the software life cycle. Both a software security checklist and assessment tools should be incorporated into this life cycle process. The current research at JPL addresses both of these areas through the development of a Software Security Assessment Instrument (SSAI). This paper focuses on the development of a Software Security Checklist (SSC) for the life cycle. It includes the critical areas of requirements gathering and specification, design and code issues, and maintenance and decommissioning of software and systems.