cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Roles of Flame Propagation, Turbulent Mixing, and Volumetric Heat Release in Conventional and Low Temperature Diesel Combustion

In this work, a multi-mode combustion model, that combines a comprehensive kinetics scheme for volumetric heat release and a level-set-based model for turbulent flame propagation, is applied over the range of engine combustion regimes from non-premixed to premixed conditions. Model predictions of the ignition processes and flame structures are compared to measurements from the literature of naturally occurring luminous emission and OH planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). Comparisons are performed over a range of conditions from conventional diesel operation (i.e., short ignition delay, high oxygen concentration) to a low temperature combustion mode (i.e., long ignition delay, low oxygen concentration). The multi-mode combustion model shows excellent prediction of the bulk thermodynamic properties (e.g., rate of heat release), as well as local phenomena (i.e., ignition location, fuel and combustion intermediate species distributions, and flame structure). The results of this study show that even in the limit of mixing controlled combustion, the flame structure is captured extremely well without considering sub-grid scale turbulence-chemistry interactions. The combustion process is dominated by volumetric heat release in a thin zone around the periphery of the jet. The rate of combustion is controlled by transport of reactive mixture to the reaction zone and the dominant mixing processes are well described by the large scale mixing and diffusion. As the ignition delay is increased past the end of injection (i.e., positive ignition dwell), both the simulations and optical diagnostics show that the reaction zone spans the entire jet cross-section. In this combustion mode the combustion rate is no longer limited by transport to the reaction zone, but rather by kinetic timescales. Although comparisons of results with and without consideration of flame propagation show very similar flame structures and combustion characteristics, the addition of the flame propagation model reveals details of the edge or triple-flame structure in the region surrounding the diffusion flame at the lift off location. These details are not captured by the purely kinetics based combustion model, but are well represented by the present multi-mode model.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Volatile acid production from threonine, valine, leucine and isoleucine by clostridia

The amounts of the volatile acids produced from thereonine, valine, leucine and isoleucine by growing cultures of clostridia have been measured. The species used were Clostridium sporogenes; C. caloritolerans; C. botulinum proteolytic type A; C. botulinum proteolytic type B; C. botulinum proteolytic type F; C. botulinum proteolytic type G; C. putrificum; C. difficile; C. ghoni; C. bifermentans; C. sordellii; C. mangenoti; C. cadaveris; C. lituseburense; C. propionicum; C. sticklandii; C. scatologenes; C. subterminale; C. putrefaciens; C. histolyticum; C. tetanomorphum; C. limosum; C. lentoputrescens; C. tetani; C. melanomenatum; C. cochlearium; C. sporospheroides. Most of the species tested gave increased yields of propionic acid when grown in the threonine medium; in addition, some species resembled C. propionicum and produced n-butyric acid when grown in this medium. C. histolyticum produced only acetic acid in the basal medium; all seven strains of this species produced more acetic acid when grown in the threonine medium than in the basal medium. Species which oxidize valine to iso-butyric acid also oxidize leucine to 3-methyl butyric acid and isoleucine to 2-methylbutyric acid. The iso-caproic fraction produced by some species is shown to be derived from leucine. The identitity of the branched-chain acids produced by C. sporogenes has been confirmed by gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
The influence of indexing practices and weighting algorithms on document spaces

Index modeling and computer simulation techniques are used to examine the influence of indexing frequency distributions, indexing exhaustivity distributions, and three weighting methods on hypothetical document spaces in a vector-based information retrieval (IR) system. The way documents are indexed plays an important role in retrieval. The authors demonstrate the influence of different indexing characteristics on document space density (DSD) changes and document space discriminative capacity for IR. Document environments that contain a relatively higher percentage of infrequently occurring terms provide lower density outcomes than do environments where a higher percentage of frequently occurring terms exists. Different indexing exhaustivity levels, however, have little influence on the document space densities. A weighting algorithm that favors higher weights for infrequently occurring terms results in the lowest overall document space densities, which allows documents to be more readily differentiated from one another. This in turn can positively influence IR. The authors also discuss the influence on outcomes using two methods of normalization of term weights (i.e., means and ranges) for the different weighting methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiance stabilization of a calibration sphere source using two spectral bands

In order to increase the repeatability of a radiance calibration sphere source we have developed a technique to digitally control the light source so as to maintain a constant radiance output. In this experiment a data acquisition system was used to read the photocurrents from two detectors that monitor the radiance at different wavelengths, the required change in the lamp current needed to maintain constant radiance was then calculated. Three different radiance control algorithms were tested: single band control, two-band minimum difference control and two-band spectral shape control. An electronic circuit using two moderate precision, digital-to-analog converters and a voltage-controlled power supply was developed to stabilize a small spherical integrating source. The test data show that two (or, by inference, more) spectral bands can be used in the radiance control of a sphere source with different algorithms for calculating the radiance stabilization correction function.
Return to duty after type III open tibia fracture

Abstract : Introduction: Despite the high incidence of battlefield orthopaedic injuries, long term outcomes and return to duty (RTD) status have rarely been studied. Our purpose was to determine the RTD rate for soldiers who sustained Type III open tibia fractures in active combat. Methods: One hundred fifteen soldiers who sustained battle related Type III open tibia fractures were retrospectively reviewed. The Army Physical Evaluation Board database was reviewed to determine which soldiers were able to RTD and the disability ratings of those not able to RTD. Results: The overall RTD rate was 18%, isolated open fractures had a RTD rate of 22%, salvaged extremities had a RTD rate of 20.5%, and amputees had a RTD rate of 12.5%. Older age and higher rank were both significant factors in increasing the likelihood of RTD and amputees had significantly higher disability ratings than those with salvaged extremities. Conclusion: Despite the severe nature of combat extremity wounds, 20% of patients with salvaged Type III open tibia fractures and 22% with isolated injuries were able to return to active duty. These rates are similar to those reported for civilian amputees. Amputees in our cohort were less likely to RTD.
A rule engine based classification algorithm for detection of illegal consumption of electricity

Total losses in transmission and distribution (T&D) of electricity includes nontechnical losses (NTL). Illegal consumption of electricity constitutes a major portion of NTL. NTL affects good interests of utility companies and its customers. In this context, importance of customer load profile evaluation for detection of illegal consumers has been explained. In this paper, an encoding technique has been implemented to reduce the number of data points to be evaluated by the rule engine. In addition, rule engine algorithm has been proposed and implemented to classify customers based on their energy consumption. This paper presents synopsis of those rules, and elucidates the overall encoding and classification procedure. From the obtained results, it is evident that the rule engine yielded appreciable classification accuracy in significantly less CPU time. Results demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of this procedure in identifying illegal consumers.
Maximal Exercise Systolic Pressure, Exercise Training, and Mortality in Myocardial Infarction Patients

The relation of maximal exercise systolic pressure to physical conditioning and to mortality was determined in 641 men with ≥1 myocardial infarctions. Each performed a standardized multistage exercise test before randomized assignment either to an exercise group or a control group and at scheduled periodic intervals over 3 years. This study compares 123 men with maximal exercise systolic pressures (MESP) of ≤140 mm Hg with 518 men whose maximal exercise systolic pressure was ≥140 mm Hg. At baseline, the 2 groups were comparable for age, entry time since the occurrence of the qualifying cardiac event, and reported use of antihypertensive medications. Men with low MESP used more β blockers, had lower systolic pressure measurements at rest and by definition at maximal exercise, and lower work capacity than men with higher levels of MESP. Men with low MESP experienced: (1) no reduction in mortality with exercise conditioning (p <0.86), and (2) a significantly higher mortality rate over 3 years (p <0.003) compared with men with higher levels of MESP. The relation of a low MESP to mortality persisted: (1) whether MESP or work capacity increased from the baseline exercise test to the last performed exercise test, and (2) whether it was measured at low (<6 METs) or high (≥6 METs) levels of work capacity. We conclude that low maximal exercise systolic blood pressure is a predictor of mortality and is associated with an ineffective training response in men with myocardial infarction.
Transduction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter into human chromosomal DNA by adeno-associated virus: effects on promoter activity

Transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome takes place after integration of the provirus into human chromosomal DNA. HIV transcription is known to be modulated by viral and cellular factors but the influence of flanking chromosomal sequences on proviral gene expression has not been well defined. To investigate the activity of the integrated HIV promoter, we exploited the ability of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV-2) to transfer and stably integrate genes into the human genome at random or site-specifically. Chimeric AAV vectors were constructed containing an HIV-CAT reporter cassette; some vectors also contained the neomycin resistance gene to facilitate the isolation of positive clones. HeLa cells were infected with recombinant AAV, in some instances together with wild-type virus as a source of AAV rep function. We isolated 25 clones of G418-resistant cells which carried the integrated HIV-CAT cassette, generally occupying unique sites that did not correspond to the AAV-specific region of chromosome 19. The HIV promoter was transcriptionally active in most of the clones. Basal promoter activity varied substantially among the clones, and its responsivity to the HIV transactivator Tat was also variable. The integrated HIV promoter was transactivated to comparable degrees by the one-exon form and two-exon form of Tat. These findings provide evidence that the transcriptional activity of the HIV promoter can be greatly influenced by the site of proviral insertion.
Including Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Education Programs: Individualizing Developmentally Appropriate Practices

(2006). Including Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Education Programs: Individualizing Developmentally Appropriate Practices. Childhood Education: Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 92-98.
The importance of affect, perceived risk and perceived benefit in understanding support for fuels management among wildland–urban interface residents

One factor that is critical to human judgments about risk, and was often overlooked in past research on public support for fuels treatment, is affect or the largely unconscious negative or positive feelings invoked by a stimulus (in this case, fuels management). This study aims to test a model for public support based on individual knowledge, exposure, affective response, perceived risk and perceived benefit associated with fuels management. Data collection occurred in residential communities throughout the Lake Tahoe Basin, located in the intermountain western region of the United States. Path analyses indicated that support for both prescribed burning and mechanical thinning is driven largely by the perceived benefits of the technique and affective responses (negative or positive reactions to the images automatically associated with a specific technique). Affect also has a significant influence on perceived risk for prescribed burning, whereas perceived risk, in turn, has a significant influence on support for prescribed burning. The results suggest that communication efforts aimed at building support should focus on the benefits to forest health and future fire risk reduction, as these were the most prevalent positive affective associations and the primary benefits of the techniques. For prescribed burning, emphasising the degree of control that managers have over the technique could also counteract negative affective associations and decrease perceived risk. Language: en
Ovarian and uterine disease in women with colorectal cancer

Objective To identify the nature of adnexal and uterine disease in women with a history of colorectal adenocarcinoma who develop new pelvic masses or uterine cancers during follow-up. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of the Memorial Hospital Gynecology Service database and identified 50 women, each with a history of colorectal carcinoma who underwent a hysterectomy or adnexectomy between January 1, 1977, and February 29, 1996. Subject characteristics, indications for re-operation, and findings at surgery were recorded. Results The mean age at re-operation was 66 years (range, 37–76), with a median interval from initial diagnosis to re-operation of 25 months (range, 3–444). Indications for re-operation were: 1) new pelvic mass in 35 women, and 2) cancer on endometrial or cervical biopsy in 15. Twenty-six of the 35 (74%) women who presented with a pelvic mass had a malignancy in the ovary, with metastatic colon cancer noted in 20 of 26 (77%) women, and epithelial ovarian cancer in six of 26 (23%). The mean ovarian tumor size for metastatic colorectal carcinoma, ovarian cancer, and benign tumors was 15, 8, and 6 cm, respectively. Fifteen women underwent hysterectomy for a newly diagnosed cancer in the uterus, with the majority, 11 (73%), having endometrial adenocarcinoma, followed by metastatic colon cancer to the endometrium or cervix in three (20%) women, and primary cervical carcinoma in one. Conclusion Women with a history of colorectal cancer who underwent adnexectomy for a new pelvic mass had metastatic colon cancer to the ovary in 57%, benign ovarian neoplasm in 26%, and primary ovarian cancer in 17% of cases. Women who underwent hysterectomy for a newly diagnosed carcinoma in the uterus had primary endometrial adenocarcinoma in 73% and metastatic colon cancer in 20% of cases.
Characterization of low Lewis number flames

Abstract A recent numerical study of turbulence–flame interactions in lean premixed hydrogen, where the Lewis number was approximately 0.36, observed that flames at different equivalence ratios presented significantly different behavior despite having the same Karlovitz and Damkohler numbers. This differing behavior is due to the thermodiffusively-unstable nature of low Lewis number flames. In more than one dimension, differential diffusion focuses fuel into hot regions increasing the local burning rate, which was found to affect the leaner hydrogen flames more significantly. Ultimately, this difference between idealized flat flames and freely-propagating flames undermines the characterization of turbulent flames through Karlovitz and Damkohler numbers based on flat laminar quantities. This paper considers refining the definitions of these dimensionless numbers by replacing the flat laminar flame values with freely-propagating values. In particular, we perform three-dimensional simulations of freely-propagating flames over a range of equivalence ratios, and use data from those simulations to define modified Karlovitz and Damkolher numbers. This provides a framework to classify low Lewis number turbulent flames in the context of the premixed combustion regime diagram that eliminates anomalies with the traditional definitions for low Lewis number flames. We then perform a series of turbulent flame simulations that show that our new definitions effectively eliminate the dependence on fuel equivalence ratio.
Effects of Pacific Spider Mite on Physiological Processes of Almond Foliage

Leaves of potted almond trees were exposed to varied population levels of Tetranychus pacificus McGregor. An inexpensive portable reflectance meter was used to nondestructively estimate chlorophyll concentrations of intact leaves. Chlorophyll content of the leaves was negatively correlated with the number of mite-days per leaf and positively correlated with the mean percent of unscarred surface area as determined visually. Gas exchange data were obtained under field conditions with a portable dual isotope (3H2O and 14CO2) porometer which allowed simultaneous estimation of photosynthesis and transpiration on the same intact leaves. The number of mite-days per leaf and visual estimates of damage were well correlated, negatively, with Ps and Ts rates. Photosynthetic rates were positively correlated with chlorophyll content of leaves. No gross physiological changes which could not be explained by mechanical damage were observed.
The Decline of marital fertility in Japan

Summary Studies concerning the demographic history of Tokuwara and Meiji Japan suggest that fertility rose substantially before declining during the twentieth century. Were the motivations and circumstances which held down natality during the feudal period similar to those which account for the modern fertility decline and the low birth rate obtaining in the Japan of to-day? The thesis of this paper is that the pre-modern situation was fundamentally different from the modern one. During the Tokugawa era infanticide and abortion were used, independently of parity, to eliminate weak offspring whose chances of survival were deemed poor. Desired natality generally exceeded natural fertility. With the rise of income per head during the Meiji period the population's need for these desparate practices vanished. To-day parity-specific control characterizes fertility. Parityspecific control was diffused throughout Japan in response to declining desired fertility. Desired fertility fell significantly below natural ...
The biochemistry and molecular biology of the dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel

Abstract Calcium channels are known to exist in muscle, neuronal and secretory cells. The 1,4-dihydropyridines are potent blockers of L-type Ca 2+ channels, and have been used as specific probes in the study of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca 2+ channels. The receptor for the 1,4-dihydropyridines has been purified from skeletal muscle in order to characterize the biochemistry and molecular biology of the dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca 2+ channel. This review summarizes recent findings on the subunit composition of the dihydropyridinesensitive Ca 2+ channel, and discusses the structure and possible function of the individual subunits.
Graft/host relationships in the developing and regenerating CNS of mammals.

A new light was shed on the utility of neural grafts when it was rec- ognized that donor tissues and cells offer more than a source of immature pro- genitors potentially capable of cell replacement: First, they have the inherent capacity to produce multiple trophic and tropic factors promoting cell survival and tissue plasticity often characteristic of the immature central nervous sys- tem (CNS). Second, by their interaction with the host microenvironment via cell/cell and cell/ECM interactions, these grafts are capable of re-establishing homeostasis, which can be, for example, reflected in rescue and protection of host elements from harmful influences. This second capacity of donor cells re- lies, in part, also on a "dormant" but still present regenerative capacity of ma- ture or even aged CNS and on the possibility of its mobilization in the damaged nervous system by neural grafts. For this to occur efficiently after transplanta- tion, a bi-directional dialogue between donor and host cells must gradually be established, in which both "partners" transmit signals (cell/cell contact, molec- ular messengers), "listen to" and "understand" each other and are able to react by modifying their own plasticity- and development-related programs. Thus, for the best possible recovery of functionality in the injured adult and aged nervous system, neurotransplantation must always try to find optimal condi- tions for all three of the mentioned qualities of neural grafts, especially for the protection and/or reactivation of neural circuitry embedded in non-neurogenic CNS areas. Once fully understood, this newly recognized aspect of neurotrans- plantation (and topic of this review) might, someday, even allow the recovery of systems that would otherwise be doomed, such as cognition- and experience- related circuitry.
Lines and osculating lines of hypersurfaces

We define systems of partial differential equations that govern the infinitesimal variation of lines, and osculating lines, through a point of a hypersurface in projective space. The work answers questions posed by J.-M. Hwang.
The Effect of Corona Current on the Cooling of a Hot Wire

This article describes an experimental study of the cooling of a hot wire in air, when the air is disturbed by a corona discharge to the wire. With a copper wire, No. 30 B. S. gauge, in still air, no effect was found with corona current less than 3 microamperes per cm of wire; but beginning with about that value, the cooling power of the wire increases, at first rapidly, and then more slowly, possibly passing through a poorly defined maximum. A corona current as great as 12 microamperes per cm is sufficient to give nearly the maximum effect. With small currents of air past the wire, a gradual increase of corona current, starting with zero, often shows first a heating effect, followed by a cooling effect. The slow currents of air seem to be appreciably retarded by the cross-flow of the ions carrying the corona current. The number of ions required for appreciable cooling is estimated to be considerably less than one ion per million molecules of the gas.
Ion upflow enhanced by drifting F‐region plasma structure along the nightside polar cap boundary

[1] Conjugate observations by the incoherent scatter radar at Sondrestrom, Greenland, and the Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) on the IMAGE satellite have been used to establish a causal relationship between drifting F-region plasma structure in the polar ionosphere and upward ion number flux near the poleward edge of the auroral oval. A longitudinally extended patch of enhanced F-region density was observed as it advected equatorward across the open-closed field line boundary and into a region of discrete auroral rays and strong ion upflow (Vi > 800 m/s at 900 km altitude). Upward velocities within the upflow region remained constant during the patch transit, such that the upflowing number flux was directly controlled by F-region density (both increased by a factor of 2 within the patch). Because polar cap patches and ion upflows are both longitudinally extended, quasi-stable features of the nightside polar cap boundary, the observed interaction can produce a global-scale increase in plasma density at higher altitudes where suprathermal outflows are initiated.
Fixed point theorems on closed sets through abstract cones

In this paper the authors consider the problem of the existence, and iteration to a fixed point or a zero, of an operator on a closed subset of an abstract space. The results generalize the construction mapping principle. A generalized or cone norm is used.
Extraskeletal telangiectatic osteosarcoma

The first three well-documented cases of pure, extraskeletal telangiectatic osteosarcoma of the soft tissues are presented in this article. The distinctive gross features were a predominance of large, blood-filled spaces, which, on histologic examination, were large blood-filled cavities in association with cyst-like walls containing anaplastic spindle cells and definite osteoid production in two of three cases. One of the cases is of additional clinical interest because the teen-aged daughter of the woman patient had died 1 year previously of a high-grade intramedullary osteosarcoma of bone.
Grappling with Globalisation: Challenges for Economic Governance

This paper examines the key domestic institutional challenges posed by globalisation in terms of the following questions: how does economic globalisation differ from other types of economic integration, what is its impact on the extant national institutions of economic governance, what institutional innovations are required to cope with the challenges, and how can institutional change be made politically feasible? It identifies three perspectives on how national governments may respond – retreat, hold fort, or rearticulate. It concludes that though governments need to devise policies to attract MNEs, indulging in races-to the-bottom is not the only route, perhaps not even a desirable route. Second, to attract FDI, governments must afford labor flexibility. How they actually implement it will vary within and across countries, depending on the capacities and the willingness of governments to undertake institutional reform. Labour flexibility can be made politically feasible by increasing the levels of social insurance to protect displaced labour and by instituting programmes that increase their skills and employability.
Toward a Cultural Perspective and Understanding of the Disability and Deaf Experience in Special and Multicultural Education

This position paper provides a rationale for infusing cultural perspectives and understandings of the Disability and Deaf experiences into special and multicultural education teacher preparation programs. Substantial evidence of well-established features of the Disability community and Deaf community that meet definitional criteria for culture as conveyed in the multicultural education literature is presented. The extent that Disability and Deaf cultures have been reflected in special and multicultural education textbooks is addressed to validate the need for the incorporation of cultural perspectives of Disability and Deaf experiences into teacher preparation programs. A conspicuous absence of discussion about the culture of Disability and Deafness from the perspectives of members of these communities is reported. Implications of these findings for teacher preparation programs and for educational policy, practice, and research are discussed. Recommendations for the acknowledgement and support of cultural...
Patterns and drivers of Holocene vegetational change near the prairie–forest ecotone in Minnesota: revisiting McAndrews’ transect

Summary  Holocene vegetational dynamics along the prairie–forest border of Minnesota were first documented in McAndrews’ classic work. Despite numerous subsequent paleo-studies, a number of questions remain unanswered about the vegetation history of the region. Here, pollen, stable-isotope, mineral, and charcoal data are described from three lakes near McAndrews’ sites. These data were compared with other paleoenvironmental records to reconstruct vegetation, aridity, and fire.  The climate was relatively wet with increasing summer temperatures before ~8000 yr before present (BP). The rates of changes were asymmetric for the onset and termination of middle-Holocene aridity, with an abrupt increase at ~8000 yr BP and a gradual, but variable, decline from ~7800 to 4000 yr BP.  Early-Holocene coniferous forests changed to mixed-grass prairie without an intervening period of tallgrass prairie or deciduous forest, whereas the retreat of prairie was characterized by transitions from mixed-grass to tallgrass prairie to deciduous forest and finally to coniferous forest. Within the middle Holocene, the composition and structures of grass-dominated vegetation varied both temporally and spatially.  Fire primarily responded to changes in climate and fuel loads. Vegetation was more strongly influenced by climatic changes than by fire-regime shifts.
Metabolite Markers of Incident CKD Risk

The systematic analysis of metabolites ( e.g., sugars, amino acids, organic acids, lipids, etc.) in biologic specimens is referred to as metabolomics or metabolite profiling. Downstream of transcriptional and translational processes, metabolite profiles can provide proximal reports of the body’s
Modeling and Simulation Needs for Next Generation Air Transportation System Research

Continued modeling and simulation of the Air Transportation System are needed to support planning, research, and development of the Next Generation Air Transportation System. Motivating factors for this are the development of a new advanced Air Transportation System addressing challenges to growth and schedule performance. A previous modeling and simulation study identified modeling gaps and deficiencies to supporting advanced air transportation research. The 1997 study, although nearly a decade old, is reviewed for relevance. Overall, the report’s guidelines and recommendations are found to be relevant, prudent, and urgently needed. Additional recommendations are offered to address gaps that have formed since the time of the report’s initial publication. Progress by NASA Ames Research Center towards the reports recommendations is reported. While powerful new modeling and simulation tools have been developed and put into practice, they address a relatively small subset of the overall modeling and simulation needs. There is an urgent need for new contributions in modeling and simulation for better integration with detailed weather models, more flexible modeling to evaluate curb-to-curb and door-to-door operations, and more models to provide a flexible and complete study capability.
Activation of the Akt survival pathway contributes to TRAIL resistance in cancer cells.

The mechanism of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) resistance in cancer cells is not fully understood. Here, we show that the Akt survival pathway plays an important role in TRAIL resistance in human cancer cells. Specifically, we found that TRAIL treatment activates the Akt survival pathway and that inhibition of this pathway by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or knockdown of Akt sensitizes resistant cancer cells to TRAIL. Since Akt is negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor PTEN, we examined the TRAIL sensitivity in PTEN knockdown mouse prostate epithelial cells and found that PTEN−/− cells are more resistant than PTEN+/+ cells while the sensitivity of PTEN+/− cells fell in between. Further, we showed that overexpression of a mutant PTEN confers TRAIL resistance in PTEN+/+ cells, supporting a role of PTEN in TRAIL sensitivity. In TRAIL resistant breast T47D cells, overexpression of the mutant PTEN further increased their resistance to TRAIL. Taken together, our data indicate that inactivation of functional PTEN and the consequent activation of the Akt pathway prevents TRAIL-induced apoptosis, leading to TRAIL resistance. Therefore, our results suggest that TRAIL resistance can be overcome by targeting PTEN or the Akt survival pathway in cancer cells.
Transmitter Noise Cancellation in Monostatic FMCW Radar

Digital leakage cancellation realizes noise cancellation at RF frequency, in addition to suppress leakage signal in FMCW monostatic radar. Noise cancellation mechanism is analyzed with autocorrelation function of noise. The measurement results in Ka band radar test are provided and show the effectiveness.
Computation of the transformation semigroups on three letters

Let H denote a set with three elements, and T 3 the full transformation semigroup on X , i.e. T 3 consists of the twenty-seven self maps of X under functional composition. A transformation semigroup (briefly a τ-semigroup) on three letters is an ordered pair ( X, S ), where S is any subsemigroup of T 3 .
No-scalpel vasectomy.

In the United States, vasectomy is the most common urologic procedure with an estimated 500,000 performed each year. Typically done in an office or procedure room setting, it is a quick, inexpensive, and highly effective method of permanent contraception. When performed by vasectomists experienced in the no-scalpel technique, it has a very low incidence of complications such as hematoma, bleeding, infection, and pain. The use of a jet injector for delivery of anesthesia alleviates the fear of needles. The combination of cautery, clip, and fascial interposition for vasal occlusion yields the lowest rates of failure.
A Lie algebra variation on a theorem of Wedderburn

THEOREM. Let A be a finite dimensional associative algebra over a field F. Suppose that A has a basis over F consisting of nilpotent elements. Then A itself must be nilpotent. Given a finite dimensional Lie algebra L which is a Lie subalgebra of an associative algebra A (possibly infinite dimensional), we can ask what results from supposing that L has a basis over F consisting of elements that are nilpotent in the associative algebra. We cannot conclude that L is nilpotent and finite dimensional. In fact, this is rarely the case. For example,
Flow immunocytochemistry of marker expression in cells from body cavity fluids

Diagnostic cytology based on the examination of cells from body cavity fluids misses 50% of patients with a proven malignancy. In an earlier study, we used immunohistochemical detection of epithelial membrane antigen expression with flow cytometric detection of DNA aneuploidy to reduce the number of false negatives. In the present study, we have combined DNA flow cytometry with flow cytometric detection of marker expression to analyze cells from body cavity fluids. Seventy-nine specimens of ascites and pleural fluids were analyzed by diagnostic cytology, DNA flow cytometry, and for the expression of the following markers: Ber-EP4, progesterone (PR), MUC4, and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). DNA index of equal to or greater than 1.2 was seen in 33/79 (41.7%) of the samples. Statistical analysis of 79 samples in which data from cytology, DNA aneuploidy, and expression of at least one of the markers was available showed that by combining data from positive marker expression with that of aneuploidy, the sensitivity was increased from 58.5 to 100%. In contrast, out of the 38 samples designated as non-malignant by diagnostic cytology, nine had aneuploid DNA content and 16 of the diploid samples had a positive marker expression. Specificity was reduced from 74.7 to 31.6% due to the presence of aneuploidy and marker expression in these samples. ALDH1 pos /CD44 pos /CD24 neg expression has been reported to be associated with human breast tumor stem cells. Some of our samples had cells with this phenotype. Flow cytometry offers the advantage of rapid multiparametric analysis of DNA aneuploidy and marker expression in cells from body cavity fluids based on the analysis of a large number of cells without observer bias. By further developing the use of specific markers and aneuploidy, it may be possible to refine flow cytometric analysis for rapid detection of malignant cells in body cavity fluids. ' 2009 International Society for
Hydrodechlorination of trichloroethene using stabilized Fe-Pd nanoparticles: Reaction mechanism and effects of stabilizers, catalysts and reaction conditions

This study investigated the effects of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer on the reactivity of CMC-stabilized Fe-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles toward trichloroethene (TCE). Overall, the particle stabilization prevented particle agglomeration and resulted in greater particle reactivity. The pseudo-first order TCE degradation rate increased from 0.86 h−1 to 6.8 h−1 as the CMC-to-Fe molar ratio increased from 0 to 0.0124. However, a higher CMC-to-Fe ratio inhibited the TCE degradation. Within the same homologous series, CMC of greater molecular weight resulted in more reactive nanoparticles for TCE hydrodechlorination. Hydrogen (either residual hydrogen from zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticle synthesis or hydrogen evolved from ZVI corrosion) can serve as effective electron donors for TCE dechlorination in the presence of Pd (either coated on ZVI or as separate nanoparticles). Decreasing reaction pH from 9.0 to 6.0 increased the TCE reduction rate by 11.5 times, but enhanced the Fe corrosion rate by 31.4 times based on the pseudo-first order rate constant. Decreasing pH also shifted the rate controlling step of TCE reduction from Fe corrosion to hydrodechlorination. Ionic strength (<0.51 M) did not significantly affect the TCE reduction.
Investor Protection Meets the Federal Arbitration Act

In the past three decades, most recently in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, the United States Supreme Court has advanced an aggressive pro-arbitration campaign, transforming the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) into a powerful source of anti-consumer substantive arbitration law. In the aftermath of AT&T Mobility, which upheld a prohibition on class actions in a consumer contract despite state law that refused to enforce such provisions on unconscionability grounds, efforts have been made to prohibit investors from bringing class actions or joining claims, including claims under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act). In the most egregious example to date, the broker-dealer Charles Schwab & Co. (Schwab) revised its customer account agreements to prohibit class actions and joinder of claims. When the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the self-regulatory organization for broker-dealers, brought a disciplinary action against Schwab, claiming the revision violated FINRA rules, the broker-dealer sued FINRA, asserting that the FAA requires enforcement of its arbitration agreement. This confrontation provides a concrete opportunity to analyze how courts should resolve conflicts between the FAA and federal regulatory statutes designed to protect certain segments of the public, in this case, investors. This article addresses whether the FAA limits the ability of federal regulators acting pursuant to Congressional authority to impose conditions and limitations on the use of arbitration provisions in order to ensure fairness. In this article, we summarize current Supreme Court FAA jurisprudence that establishes a strong national pro-arbitration policy. We then describe the Exchange Act’s regulation of arbitration involving broker-dealers, specifically the authority delegated to the SEC and FINRA to regulate the content of arbitration clauses in broker-dealer/customer contracts and the Exchange Act’s anti-waiver provision barring any condition that forces investors to waive compliance with any part of the Exchange Act, its rules and SRO rules. After detailing the current regulatory dispute between Schwab and FINRA over Schwab’s inclusion of a class action waiver in its customer agreement, we argue that courts should resolve the conflict between the FAA and the Exchange Act by applying the Exchange Act over the FAA through the long-standing doctrine of implied repeal, additional well-accepted canons of statutory construction, and current Exchange Act and FAA jurisprudence.
RZ to CSRZ format conversion using all-optical clock recovery and electro-optical modulation

Return-to-zero (RZ) to carrier-suppressed RZ (CSRZ) format conversion was experimentally demonstrated at 40 Gb/s. Retiming and CSRZ pulse regeneration were accomplished all-optically. The converted CSRZ signal had timing jitter of 0.6 ps and extinction ratio of 15 dB
Peak power minimization through datapath scheduling

In this paper, we describe new integer linear programming models and algorithms for datapath scheduling that aim at minimizing peak power while maintaining performance. The first algorithm, MVDFC combines both multiple supply voltages and dynamic frequency clocking for peak power reduction, while the second algorithm, MVMC explores multiple supply voltages and multicycling. The algorithms use the number and type of different functional units at different operating voltages as the resource constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed scheduling algorithms is studied by estimating the peak power consumption and the power delay product (PDP) of the datapath circuit being synthesised. The algorithms have been applied to various high level synthesis benchmark circuits under different resource constraints. Experimental results show that for the MVDFC, under various resource constraints using two supply voltage levels (5.0V, 3.3V), average peak power reduction around 75% and average PDP reduction of 60% can be obtained. For the MVMC scheme, average peak power reduction is around 36% and average PDP reduction is 20%, for similar resource constraints.
Housing instability and health: Findings from the Michigan recession and recovery study

The recession of the late 2000s has increased interest in the consequences of housing instability. Previous research has shown poorer health among those experiencing housing instability, but extant studies generally have focused on selected populations (e.g., homeowners or renters) or studied only one type of housing instability (e.g. homelessness). Using new data from the Michigan Recession and Recovery Study, a population-based sample of working-aged adults from Southeastern Michigan, U.S.A., in late 2009-early 2010, we found that about one-third of respondents recently experienced some type of housing instability. Many, but not all, types of instability were associated with health. Even after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and earlier health, individuals who had moved for cost reasons in the past three years were more likely than those with no housing instability to report a recent anxiety attack, while those who experienced homelessness in the past year had a higher likelihood of reporting fair/poor self-rated health and of meeting criteria for major or minor depression. Renters behind on rental payments were more likely to meet criteria for depression, while mortgage-holders behind on their mortgage or in foreclosure had a higher likelihood of reporting fair/poor self-rated health or a recent anxiety attack. Among respondents who had ever owned a home, those who completed a foreclosure recently were more likely to report major or minor depression or an anxiety attack. However, frequent moves were not associated with poorer health, and doubling up and eviction were not associated with poorer health after adjustment for characteristics that sort people into different housing instability experiences. Our findings suggest the importance of considering multiple types of housing instability and using appropriate risk groups and comparison categories.
Allies Within and Without How Adolescent Activists Conceptualize Ageism and Navigate Adult Power in Youth Social Movements

Most research on youth subordination and age inequality focuses on macrolevel institutions, ideologies, and discourses. While important, this macrolevel focus mystifies the ways in which young peop...
Bitcoin Message: Data Insertion on a Proof-of-Work Cryptocurrency System

The Bit coin currency is steadily growing in popularity as an alternative to physical currencies. This paper presents an approach for utilizing the Bit coin system for creating permanent messages that are located on computers worldwide. By manipulating the amount field of Bit coin transactions, messages can be embedded into the Bit coin block chain. This approach was implemented by extending the Bit coin-Qt v0.7.2 application and the source code is freely available.
Abstract 3051: Blood Pressure Thresholds to Predict the Cause of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Chronic hypertension is a common cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but not all patients who are hypertensive on hospital presentation have an ICH caused by hypertension (htnICH). We sought to determine blood pressure (BP) thresholds that correlated with a presumed htnICH in a prospective cohort. Methods: The NIH-funded Diagnostic Utility of MRI in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (DASH) study prospectively enrolled consecutive ICH patients to determine the utility of routine MRI in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Contrast angiography was pursued in a predefined patient subset. At 3 months, ICH cause was determined by the treating stroke physician after review of all clinical information, including MRI in the acute and chronic phase, pathology, and clinic follow-up, as available. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS: χ2; 2 tailed t-tests; and Mann-Whitney U tests were used as appropriate. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were created and results expressed as area under curve (AUC). Results: We included 136 patients in this report (age: 63±17yrs; ICH volume: 22±27cc; NIHSS: 9±8; GCS: 13±3). Of these, 70% had a history of hypertension, 40% had an admission SBP> 180mmHg, and 22% an admission SBP >200mmHg. Sixty patients (44%) had htnICH as their final diagnosis. A history of hypertension was associated with htnICH (χ2=11.8, p 200mmHg was 90% specific and 37% sensitive, and a MAP >132mmHg was 90% specific and 45% sensitive. Using ROC analysis, MAP predicted hypertensive etiology with an AUC of 0.75 (p 132mmHg on admission tended to have larger ICH volumes (44 vs 24cc, p=0.07) and higher NIHSS (10 vs 6, p=0.21), but did not differ by location from those with a MAP 132mmHg was 64% specific and 95% sensitive for htnICH. Conclusions: In our cohort, a history of hypertension predicted htnICH no better than chance. An admission SBP >200mmHg or a MAP >132mmHg predicted htnICH in 90% of these patients, but missed two-thirds of cases. ICH location alone was a sensitive predictor of htnICH, but blood pressure thresholds were more specific.
Examining Our Tears: Therapists’ Accounts of Crying in Therapy

Objectives: The majority of psychologists experience therapist crying in therapy (TCIT). This study aimed to determine typical clinical contexts for, and psychologists’ experiences of, TCIT. Method...