cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary chemotherapy of epithelial ovarian carcinoma

This review provides a perspective on primary chemotherapeutic approaches in epithelial ovarian cancer. Chemotherapy is not recommended in grade 1 or 2 stage I-a or b. In other early-stage cases, postoperative melphalan or intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus remain standard of care, even though these treatments have not been shown in a randomized fashion to be superior to no further treatment. The role of platinum-based chemotherapy in the same subgroup is currently under study. Despite the introduction of cisplatin, leading to significantly improved response rates, responses have usually been brief in stage III and IV cases with only a modest impact on overall survival and little improvement in long-term survival. Systemic intensification with cisplatin has been difficult secondary to more toxicity and with no consistent improvement in survival. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy is being evaluated as a component of initial management. Recently a new drug, Taxol, has been introduced; although it has not been a cure-all, Taxol will presumably become part of the primary chemotherapy of ovarian cancer in the 1990s. Issues of optimal dosing and combinations with Taxol are being addressed. The combination of Taxol and cisplatin appears promising.
ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGIC FEATURES

This study was undertaken to determine whether a relationship might be found between the existence of depressive illness in adolescents and alterations in the functional status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and was part of a larger study intended to describe diagnostic, biologic, and cognitive features of adolescent depression. Eighteen inpatients were included after being diagnosed with severe depression as determined by two interviewers using two depression inventories and applying DSM III criteria. Thirteen females and five males ranged in age from 14-19 years (mean 15.6 yrs). Each patient was subjected to an overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) using a dose of 1 mg and TRH infusion using a dose of 500 mcg. Abnormal responses were defined as any one of the three cortisol levels measured > 5 mcg/dl or a rise in TSH < 7 mcIU/ml. Seven patients showed abnormal responses; two blunted TSH responses (both males), two non-suppression on DST (both females) and both tests abnormal in two males and one female. Baseline TSHs did not differ in the two groups. Clinical features associated with depression did not distinguish between the two groups. In this series, blunted TRH response occurred with frequency equal to non-suppression on the DST.
Excitation of two-particle-one-hole states by the 208Pb(d, p)209Pb reaction

Abstract The weak transitions in the 208 Pb(d, p) 209 Pb reaction leading to two-particle-one-hole (2p-1h) states in 209 Pb have been studied at a bombarding energy of 20 MeV. These transfers exhibit typical stripping-type angular distributions and were analyzed using standard DWBA for l -values and spectroscopic factors. Arguments are presented which support an interpretation of these results as one-step transfer reactions proceeding in some cases via single-particle admixtures in the final states and in other cases via 2p-2h correlations in the 208 Pb ground state. The results imply a departure of 208 Pb from shell closure in qualitative agreement with the magnitude and character predicted by RPA calculations. Four fragments which exhaust most of the available j 15 2 single-particle strength are observed. Evidence is also obtained for fragments of single-particle strength from the N > 184 shell mixed into low-lying states of primary 2p-1h configuration. The observed levels are compared with the 209 Pb level structure predicted by calculations based on a hole coupled to the multipole pairing states in 210 Pb and a particle coupled to particle-hole excitations in 208 Pb.
High performance liquid chromatographie separation of fatty imidazolines from their diamide hydrolysis derivatives

A reverse-phase high performance liquid Chromatographic method is described which separates long-chain fatty dialkyl imidazolines from their corresponding diamide hydrolysis derivatives. This permits fol-lowing the synthesis of these compounds and their storage stability. With a mobile phase of methanol/dilute acetic acid and a differential refractometer, both qualitative and quantitative analysis can be done quickly. Elution order follows chain length with the imidazo-line eluting before the diamide. Capacity and selectivity factors are presented for the imidazoline-diamide pairs from pelargonic to lauric acid.
Why economic modelers can't exclude psychological processing variables

Andrew Caplin and Andrew Schotter, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, xxii+382 pp., US$99.00, ISBN 978-0-19-532831-8 Caplin and Schotter's collection of closely related chapters is...
PERSONALITY TRAITS OF HIGH ABILITY STUDENTS CHOOSING ONE AMONG THREE DIFFERENT LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS

Summary.-Discriminant analysls was used to examine personality differences among science-oriented students of h~gh ability who were studying in three different learning environments and a normative group. From 253 students in Grades 10 to 12 enrolled in The University of Iowa Summer Science Training Program data were collected. Personality was assessed by administering the California Psychological Inventory. Girls scored significantly higher on 8 scales (i.e., Dominance, Capaciry for Status, Self-control, Social Presence, Self-acceptance, Achievement via Independence, Intellectual Efficiency, and Psychological-mindedness) than the norm. Boys scored significantly hlgher on 5 scales (i.e., Dominance, Capacity for Status, Achievement via Conformance, Achievement via Independence, and Psychological-mindedness) than the norm. Both sex and learning environment significantly affected the students' scale scores. High School Rank did not affect scale scores. Differences between the sexes were greatest in the structured formal classroom setting where girls rated higher than boys on 5 scales (i.e., Capacity for Status, Tolerance, Socialization, Achievement via Independence, and Femininity).
Focal adhesion kinase and associated proteins

Focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK), a protein tyrosine kinase, has recently been suggested to regulate aspects of signalling induced by integrins and by certain growth factor and hormone receptors. New studies indicate that the domains of pp125FAK regulate its interactions with integrin subunits, other protein tyrosine kinases, and the focal adhesion associated protein paxillin. Through these interactions, pp125FAK may regulate signalling via different extracellular ligands.
Towards a Strategy of Growth Paths

The paper considers the development of spatial investment strategies as a response to the problems of spatial inequality of development. It extends the formal logic of growth-center-based development to show that the conditions necessary for reducing intraregional development inequalities are highly unlikely under any center-based spatial investment strategy. The strategy of growth paths is introduced as an alternative. The strategy argues that urban-tied services can be mobilized along a path, which would allow for a more equitable and possibly more efficient provision of public services. Roads positively affect the transition to development of those in proximity to them. This has always been a passive benefit of transport development. The growth-path strategy speculates that this transition can be actively encouraged.
The utility of a novel narrow band imaging endoscopy system in patients with Barrett's esophagus.

Background A narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy system has been developed that allows superficial surface imaging of esophageal tissue in vivo. Objective The objective was to assess the potential of NBI for prediction of histology during screening and surveillance endoscopy in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Design A prospective cohort study. Setting Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients Fifty-one patients with known or suspected BE. Methods NBI images were graded according to mucosal pattern (ridge/villous, circular and irregular/distorted) and vascular pattern (normal and abnormal), and correlated with histology in a prospective, blinded manner. Main Outcome Measurements Biopsy-confirmed intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia were used as the outcome measures. Results Of 51 patients (mean BE length 3.5 cm), 28 had IM without dysplasia, 8 had low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 7 had high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and 8 had cardiac-type mucosa. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of ridge/villous pattern for diagnosis of IM without HGD were 93.5%, 86.7%, and 94.7%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of irregular/distorted pattern for HGD were 100%, 98.7%, and 95.3%, respectively. If biopsies were limited to areas with irregular/distorted pattern, no patient with HGD would have been missed. However, NBI was unable to distinguish areas of IM from those with LGD. Limitations The open study design without a control group was the main limitation. Conclusions NBI is a novel diagnostic tool with a high degree of accuracy for the detection of metaplastic and dysplastic tissue within the BE segment.
Increasing Educational Attainment and Aspiration in an Underserved Community: The Perspective of Urban-Community Leaders.

Latino students are significantly underrepresented in higher education. As the largest and fastest growing racial/ethnic population in the US, this is cause for national concern. Additionally, this rapid population growth is a call for community and school leaders from underserved communities to assess their service areas and focus on interventions to increase the college-going rates of youth. Maywood is a city located in Southeast Los Angeles. Like many other urban areas, Maywood’s largely Latino population is underrepresented in higher education. This research focused on interviewing Maywood’s community and school leaders (n = 24) to gain insight into their perceptions of their role and responsibility to address issues surrounding their community’s low levels of educational attainment. A key theme emerged revealing that leaders understand their community’s educational issues but do not see their role as leaders to directly address this issue to build a college-going culture. Implications for practice in strengthening community partnerships and developing a college-going culture are provided and a series of recommendations for the creation of a college-going culture are discussed.
The Literary Representation of Women Doctors in the United States, 1860–1920

Literary representations of women doctors in the United States between 1860 and 1920 – the period in which women first entered the American medical profession – have become the focus of extensive critical study over the past thirty years. Much as the initial rise of American women doctors has recently attracted the attention of historians, so many of the images of women physicians that circulated in the United States during the same period have come to be examined by literary scholars and critics. This ongoing scholarly consideration of literary representations of American women as physicians has evolved along a path that corresponds to important phases in literary studies generally since the 1970s: the emergence of second-wave feminist criticism, a return to historically oriented modes of critical analysis, and the growth of interdisciplinary approaches, among other influential developments. Many such approaches to early imaginative representations of American women doctors have been flawed, however, in their use either of documentary evidence or of analytical paradigms drawn from the history of medicine, the history of science, and related fields. Moreover, critical discussion continues to focus primarily on a small fraction of the number of literary images of women doctors that proliferated in the United States between 1860 and 1920 – further illustrating how far this area of inquiry has yet to develop and expand in order to do justice to such a pervasive, conspicuous phenomenon in American literary history.
Zebrafish approaches enhance the translational research tackle box

During the past few decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been a workhorse for developmental biology and genetics. Concurrently, zebrafish have proved highly accessible and effective for translational research by providing a vertebrate animal model useful for gene discovery, disease modeling, chemical genetic screening, and other medically relevant studies. Key resources such as an annotated and complete genome sequence, and diverse tools for genetic manipulation continue to spur broad use of zebrafish. Thus, the purpose of this introductory review is to provide a window into the unique characteristics and diverse uses of zebrafish and to highlight in particular the increasing relevance of zebrafish as a translational animal model. This is accomplished by reviewing broad considerations of anatomic and physiological conservation, approaches for disease modeling and creation, general laboratory methods, genetic tools, genome conservation, and diverse opportunities for functional validation. Additional commentary throughout the review also guides the reader to the 4 new reviews found elsewhere in this special issue that showcase the many unique ways the zebrafish is improving understanding of renal regeneration, mitochondrial disease, dyslipidemia, and aging, for example. With many other possible approaches and a rapidly increasing number of medically relevant reports, zebrafish approaches enhance significantly the tools available for translational research and are actively improving the understanding of human disease.
A mechanistic model of wormhole growth in carbonate matrix acidizing and acid fracturing

A mathematical model that describes the growth and competition of wormholes during ann acidizing treatment in a carbonate formation was developed. The model is initialized with the distribution of largest pores. Wormhole characteristics (size, length, and distribution) were found too be controlled by acid-injection, diffusion, and fluid-loss rates.
Differences in pediatric oncologists' estimates of curability and treatment recommendations for patients with advanced cancer.

Background When goals of therapy for children with advanced cancer are called into question, physician recommendations regarding treatment goals have been shown to be important for families. However, there has been no demonstration of the degree of variation between pediatric oncologists' recommendations in such situations. Procedure We provided 48 pediatric oncologists with two identical case histories and identical prognostic data from the literature. Individual interviews were then performed to assess variation in (1) recommended treatment goal, (2) perceived chances for cure, and (3) degree to which further curative intervention would be considered desirable for each patient. Results There was a large variability in each of the areas examined. For both patients, there was wide divergence (2:1 and 2:3) in whether to recommend cure as the goal of treatment. There were also differences in physician estimates for likelihood of cure for each patient. Finally, even among those with identical estimates for likelihood of cure, there were differences in the treatment goals physicians would recommend and how strongly they would counsel for them. Conclusions This study demonstrates that even with identical clinical data and prognostic evidence from the literature, pediatric oncologists vary widely in their recommendations regarding goals of treatment for children with advanced cancer. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toward a normal function for the synuclein proteins

α-Synuclein has received much attention in recent years because of its association with neurodegenerative disease. Mutations in the α-synuclein gene are linked to some rare cases of early onset Parkinson's disease, and the α-synuclein protein itself is abundant in intracellular inclusions typical of sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Down's syndrome, and multiple system atrophy. Our lab has focused on the biophysical attributes of α-synuclein as a means to elucidate its normal cellular function. α-Synuclein and its relatives, β- and γ-synuclein, are abundant proteins of the nervous system, and their primary sequences are extremely well conserved, suggesting that specific molecular interactions may constrain their evolution. One candidate interaction is that which occurs between synucleins and phospholipid membranes. Each of the proteins possesses an apolipoprotein-like N-terminal domain of ∼ 100 amino acid which adopts a random coil conformation in solution, but folds into an amphipathic α-helix upon association with phospholipid bilayers. We find that a similar conformational change can be driven by fatty acid micelles, and that association with α-synuclein protects the fatty acids against oxidative damage. Drawing on these observations and on the published literature, this presentation will attempt to formulate a general hypothesis for synuclein function which accounts for the observed similarities between the synucleins and the exchangeable apolipoproteins.
Acute Cardiac Effects of Nicotine in Healthy Young Adults

Background: Nicotine is known to have many physiologic effects. The influence of nicotine delivered in chewing gum upon cardiac hemodynamics and conduction has not been well-characterized. Methods: We studied the effects of nicotine in nonsmoking adults (6 male, 5 female; ages 23–36 years) using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Subjects chewed nicotine gum (4 mg) or placebo. After 20 minutes (approximate time to peak nicotine levels), echocardiograms and signal-averaged electrocardiograms (SAECG) were obtained. After 40 minutes, subjects were again given nicotine gum or placebo in cross-over fashion. Standard echocardiographic measurements were made from two-dimensional images. We then calculated end-systolic wall stress (ESWS), shortening fraction (SF), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), velocity for circumferential fiber shortening corrected for heart rate (Vcfc), stroke volume, and cardiac output. P wave and QRS duration were measured from SAECG. Results: Significant differences (P < 0.05) from control or placebo were found for ESWS, mean blood pressure, cardiac output, SVR, heart rate, and P wave duration. No significant changes were seen in left ventricular ejection time (LVET), LV dimensions, SF, contractility (Vcfc), or QRS duration. Conclusions: These results suggest that nicotine chewing gum increases afterload and cardiac output. Cardiac contractility does not change acutely in response to nicotine gum. Heart rate and P wave duration are increased by chewing nicotine gum.
Securely handling application-to-application connection credentials

The utilization of application-to-application credentials within interpretive language scripts and application code has long been a security risk. The quandaries being how to protect and secure the credentials embedded in source code and avoid exploitation from rogue programmers, sys admins and other users with authorized high levels of privilege. To date the pervasive method for addressing this has been to live with the risk and concentrate on mitigating the impact of expected and eventual exploitation. Recently published research efforts support the pervasive acceptance of this risk by such stayed auditing bodies such as the Institute of Internal Auditing (IIA) and the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISCAA). Numerous research efforts have taken place were built on the premise that nothing can be done to avoid the risk so it is best to concentrate the research on reducing the impact of exploitation. The research presented in this paper develops a method by which interpretive language scripts can request credentials from a commercial password vault and have those credentials returned to the script in such a manner as to reduce the risk of exploit significantly over generally accepted methods for credential handling.
Evolutionary biology: fly eyes get the whole picture.

The compound eyes of ancestral flies picked up only one picture point in each facet. The evolution of a means to split up the light-sensitive cells increased this number to seven, boosting the eye's resolution greatly.
Studies on the extraction of chromium(VI) by ketones

Abstract A study of the extraction of chromium(VI) from aqueous media by ketones was made. Extraction of chromium was found to be most efficient from aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions. A mechanism for the extraction of chromium(VI) from aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions by methyl isobutyl ketone is proposed involving the formation of a receptor in the organic phase, the exchange of the chloride ion of the receptor for the anionic chromium(VI) species of the aqueous phase, and the solvation of the extracted chromium species. The differences in the abilities of various ketones to extract chromium(VI) from aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions, and the differences in the extraction of chromium (VI) from various aqueous acids by methyl isobutyl ketone are attributed to the differences in the formation of receptors.
A comparison of the effects of students’ expository text comprehension strategies

This experimental study examined students’ comprehension of challenging, ecologically valid, history text. We examined the benefits of the elaborative interrogation (EI) comprehension strategy and the main idea (MI) strategy when compared to an independent study (IS) control. This work extended previous research and explored the ecological validity, generalizability, and utility of EI as an effective comprehension strategy. Dependent measures included a matching test, text-explicit recognition items, text-implicit recognition items, and a situational interest measure. Demographic data were collected for descriptive purposes and prior domain knowledge was used as a control variable. Findings indicated few differences between the MI and EI comprehension strategies in learning outcomes. Additional results, however, suggested potential for the EI strategy to increase interest when students have prior knowledge of the text topic.
A Symbol of the New Frontier

After nearly a decade of political wrangling, Hawai9i became the fiftieth state in 1959. While scholars have appropriately examined the sectional, racist, and isolationist reasons that statehood took so long, the arguments of statehood proponents have been largely overlooked. This article examines statehood advocates9 strategies to keep statehood a live issue, especially equating statehood with U.S. foreign policy objectives of decolonization and the battle for the "hearts and minds" of the world. Advocates deployed the dual discourses of race and internationalism to present a Hawai9i that was both integral to U.S. interests abroad and key in projecting a positive American image to the rest of the world. They portrayed Hawai9i as a bridge to Asia and a shining example of American ideals: a cultural battleground in the ideological Cold War.
A Reduced Clock Delay Approach for High Performance Mesochronous Pipeline

A mesochronous pipeline scheme is described in this paper. In a conventional pipeline scheme each pipeline stage operates on only one data set at a time. In the mesochronous scheme, pipeline stages operate on multiple data sets simultaneously. The clock period in conventional pipeline scheme is proportional to the maximum pipeline stage delay while in mesochronous pipelining, it is proportional to the maximum pipeline stage delay difference, which means higher clock speeds are possible and number of pipeline stages is significantly less. In mesochronous approach the clock distribution network is simple and load on it is less resulting in significant power savings. Also, the variations in supply current drawn by clock network is significantly less in mesochronous scheme, thus power supply noise (IR drop and Ldi/dt noise) is less. An 8times8-bit multiplier using carry-save adder technique has been implemented in conventional and mesochronous pipeline approach using TSMC 180 nm (drawn length 200 nm). The over all power dissipation in mesochronous approach is less than 50% of the power dissipation in conventional approach. In conventional approach, the power dissipation in clock network and pipeline registers is close to 80% of total power dissipation, while in mesochronous approach logic dissipates more power.
Functional interdependence of 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits.

Expression of resistance to erythromycin in Escherichia coli, caused by an altered L4 protein in the 50S ribosomal subunit, can be lost when two additional ribosomal mutations causing resistances to spectinomycin and streptomycin, alterations in the 30S proteins S5 and S12, are introduced into the strain (Saltzman, Brown and Apirion, 1974). By genetic analysis, using antibiotic sensitive strains as recipient strains in transduction experiments, it was shown that the mutation to erythromycin resistance while unexpressed is kept intact in the genome of such strains. Moreover, using the millipore filter binding assay, it was shown that ribosomes from such strains bind erythromycin to the same extent as ribosomes from the erythromycin sensitive parental strains. This binding can be abolished, i.e. the ribosome may be made resistant again by dissociating the ribosomes to subunits, and the binding can be restored by reassociating the ribosomes. Thus, an intimate functional relationship between 30S and 50S ribosomal elements was revealed. This interdependence in functional relationships among ribosomal elements depends on the simultaneous alterations in one ribosome of three different proteins, S5, S12 and L4.
Unusual Outbreak of Influenza A in a Wyoming Nursing Home

An explosive outbreak of Influenza A (H3N2) occurred during early February 1985 among the 55 residents of a nursing home in Douglas, Wyoming. Thirty of the 55 (55%) had febrile respiratory illnesses. Thirty-six (65%) had received influenza vaccine. The attack rate was 84% in unvaccinated and 39% in vaccinated persons. Vaccine efficacy was estimated to be 54%. There were eight cases of pneumonia in unvaccinated and four in vaccinated persons, three deaths in unvaccinated and one death in vaccinated persons. Complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition tests on sera from 47 residents confirmed the diagnosis of Influenza A in the great majority of individuals, and furthermore showed very low levels of anti-body for the Influenza A H1N1 and Influenza B components of the vaccine.
Hyperconflict: Globalization and Insecurity from a Critical Scientific Realist Perspective of Causal Depth

At least in the US academe the two fields of Security and IPE (International Political Economy)/GPE (Global Political Economy) within IR (International Relations) have developed largely in their ow...
Commentary: In Search of a New Ethic for Health Promotion

David Buchanan’s (2006 [this issue]) “A New Ethic for Health Promotion: Reflections on a Philosophy of Health Education for the New Millennium” constitutes one of those rare essays that we occasionally need if we are to reinvigorate a familiar debate over the dialectic of health education. What I found remarkable in reading this article is that many of the same issues that Buchanan so eruditely identifies were raised more than 20 years ago by Edward Bartlett and Richard Windsor (1985) when they juxtaposed the philosophy, goals, and processes of health education with those of medicine. Like the conclusions Bartlett and Windsor drew at the dawn of a new era of a more scientifically grounded health education, Buchanan (our new Descartes?) has arrived at some of the same conclusions—albeit by a slightly different, more contemporary analysis—about the fundamental differences between health education based on a medical model that demands behavioral change in response to intervention for the sake of efficiency and health education grounded in a more expansive humanism that respects the essential selfdeterministic nature of man at the expense of efficiency. There is no question that in the last three decades health education has sought increasingly to emulate the medical model. The question is why and, more important, whether this fascination has led us in a direction that promotes population-wide improvements in health status without trampling on individual freedoms, compromising considerations of social equity, or setting up odious, politically motivated moral imperatives that run the risk of blaming the victim as a matter of public policy (Allegrante & Green, 1981). Prior to the 1970s, much of health education practice possessed the characteristics of the education model that Buchanan describes as a model for this new century. Notions of critical judgment, self-understanding, liberation, social justice, and civil society certainly resided at the core of health education efforts throughout most of the early decades of the last century. These purposes of a vibrant, broadly conceived health education continue to be essential elements of what many of us—most notably Freudenberg (1978), Minkler (1989), and Wallerstein (1992)—would argue are still, if not more so, necessary to the work of health education today. The problem is that policy makers accustomed to
Simple visual reaction time in organolead manufacturing workers: Comparison of different methods of modeling lead exposure and reaction time

In March 1990, 222 organolead manufacturing workers and 62 nonexposed referents were administered a neurobehavioral test battery that included simple visual reaction time (SVRT). SVRT was measured over 44 trials with interstimulus intervals ranging from 1 to 10 sec in a random but fixed order for all study subjects. Different measures of lead exposure and dose (e.g., recent and cumulative exposure based on personal sampling data, exposed/nonexposed status, recent blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels, and peak and cumulative urine lead levels) were examined as predictors of several different parameters of SVRT (e.g., mean, median, truncated mean, and standard deviation of SVRT over 44 trials). The association varied, depending on the measures used for SVRT and lead exposure and dose. In linear regression analyses, the strongest and most consistent associations of lead exposure and dose were observed with the standard deviation of SVRT. In assessing the different exposure measures, strong and consistent associations were observed with blood lead levels at the time of SVRT testing, but not with recent or cumulative exposure measures. That is, stronger associations were observed with measures of relatively recent internal dose (i.e., blood lead level) than with cumulative measures (i.e., cumulative exposure). Future studies using SVRT should consider parameters of SVRT that have not been commonly used to date, such as the standard deviation of the SVRT.
Allergenic Asian Anacardiaceae.

Abstract The family Anacardiaceae includes about 70 genera and 600 species of trees, shrubs, and vines, occurring mostly in the tropics but with some species in temperate regions. It is generally classified in the order Sapindales, which has 15 families including the maples (Aceraceae), citrus (Rutaceae), and horsechestnut (Hippocastanaceae). Although the families of this order are chemically diverse, often producing resinous compounds or triterpenoid bitter substances and frequently also containing alkaloids, 1 most dermatitis-causing species of the order are concentrated in the Anacardiaceae. Mitchell and Rook 2 note that the members of this family probably cause more dermatitis than those in all other families combined. The Anacardiaceae are most abundantly represented in South-east Asia, where nearly one-half of all species in the family occur. In this chapter, 16 genera will be discussed as dermatitis-causing plants. Included in these genera are some 250 species native to Asia, which may well be claimed as having the greatest number of dermatitis-producing species of any continent. The genera discussed in this chapter can be divided into three groups on the basis of what is known about their allergenic properties. One group of five genera— Anacardium, Gluta, Mangifera, Semecarpus , and Toxicodendron —is relatively well-known and documented. A second group of seven genera— Campnosperma, Drimycarpus, Holigarna, Melanochyla, Nothopegia, Pentaspadon , and Swintonia —includes plants that are probably as allergenic as those in the first group but for which the literature concerning their allergenicity is very limited. This group should be given greatly increased attention by dermatologists, plant taxonomists, and phyochemists. A third group of four genera— Buchanania, Lannea, Parishia , and Spondias —includes questionably allergenic plants about which the current literature is ambiguous. Most tropical Asian allergenic Anacardiaceae are trees of primary forests. These forests are being destroyed at a rapid rate, in some countries exceeding one million acres/year. 3 Myers 4 concludes that virtually all lowland forests of the Philippines and peninsular Malaysia are likely to be logged by 1990 or very shortly thereafter, and almost all of Indonesia's lowland forests have been scheduled for timber exploitation by the year 2000. Remaining forests are mostly remote from populated areas, so it is unlikely that much of the Asian population will contract dermatitis from anacardiaceous plants, despite the numerous species in that part of the world. Persons most likely to be affected are those living in what is left of the forests, working in forest industries, or producing lacquer ware.
Communication---Comment on Designing Scientific Journals

In a recent article in this journal, King, Kilmann and Sochats [King, W. R., Kilmann, R. H., Sochats, K. 1978. Designing scientific journals: issues and survey results. Management Sci.24 7, March 774--784.] report the results of a survey of authors and readers of Management Science, and discuss some interesting implications on the Designing of Scientific Journals. This is a comment about that article.
Flood tolerance in wetland angiosperms: a comparison of invasive and noninvasive species

We assessed the biomass production, biomass allocation patterns, height growth, and root airspace of seventeen wetland plant taxa, including two potentially invasive species, grown under high nutrient conditions and subjected to four hydrologic regimes: constant drawdown, cyclic flooding and drawdown, cyclic flooding and drought, and constant flooding for the duration of the experiment (∼10 weeks). We found that: (1) the potentially invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia) responded to treatments similarly; both outgrew the other perennial species in all four hydrologic regimes; (2) Phalaris had the highest levels of root airspace of all the taxa; (3) the grasses and graminoids nearly always tolerated flooding better than the broadleaf forbs, perhaps in part due to greater quantities of root airspace; and (4) the species that were most sensitive to flooding are typically found in drier, groundwater-fed, and more nutrient-poor environments. We hypothesize that Phalaris and Typha, which are both tall and productive, should be competitive dominants under a variety of hydrologic conditions, at least where nutrients are abundant, as in urban and agricultural landscapes. Eight of the noninvasive taxa tolerated flooding but produced less biomass and/or were shorter or shorter-lived than Phalaris and Typha. Among the five taxa that were most sensitive to flooding were slow-growing habitat specialists; such species will likely experience declines in areas that become impounded or experience greater volumes of runoff.
Antigen Presentation: Getting peptides into MHC class II molecules

Abstract The long search for the MHC-linked genes known to be required for antigen processing has turned up HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB, genes that seem to encode a dimer similar to the MHC class II molecule.
Expérience Migratoire et Identité Dans La Mort Transnationale: Les Défunts Portoricains Rapatriés de New York

Au nombre des ‘marchandises’ qui circulent entre les Etats-Unis et l'Amerique latine figurent les morts, generalement embaumes avant d'etre mis en biere et transportes par avion. Transitant ainsi d...
Toll-like receptor-4 and cytokine cascade in stroke after exercise.

Abstract Objectives: As part of the innate immune system, activation of Toll-like receptor-4 by inflammatory mediators causes the release of inflammatory cytokines, leading to cellular damage. Exercise for 3 weeks has been shown to provide neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion insults by decreasing inflammation. This study explores the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 in brain parenchyma during an ischemic stroke after exercise, in association with brain injury. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied in four groups (control, exercise, stroke and stroke after exercise). Exercise consisted of 30 minutes of treadmill running daily for 3 weeks. Using an intraluminal filament, a stroke was induced by 2 hour middle cerebral artery occlusion. Nissl staining was used to determine brain infarct volume. Brain Toll-like receptor-4 messenger RNA expression and protein levels were determined by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Results: Exe...
Microalbuminuria and concentrations of antioxidants among US adults.

Background: Microalbuminuria may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Increased oxidative stress, which may be important in the pathophysiological process of cardiovascular disease, occurs frequently in people with microalbuminuria and could depress their antioxidant concentrations, which then could contribute to end-organ damage associated with microalbuminuria. Methods: We examined associations between microalbuminuria and circulating concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotenoids in 9,575 US adults aged 20 years or older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994). Results: After adjustment for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, cotinine concentration, physical activity, alcohol use, fruit and vegetable intake, vitamin or mineral use during the past 24 hours, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein concentrations, concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin (odds ratio for quartile of highest concentration compared with quartile of lowest concentration, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.82), lutein/zeaxanthin (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.37 to 0.94), lycopene (odds ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.46 to 0.89), and total carotenoids (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.75) were associated inversely with microalbuminuria. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium concentrations were not significantly associated with microalbuminuria. Conclusion: People with microalbuminuria may have reduced concentrations of selected antioxidants. Additional research is needed to examine the relationships between microalbuminuria and antioxidant status, mechanisms for depletion of antioxidants, and possible benefits from increased intake of antioxidants through dietary change or the use of supplements in people with microalbuminuria.
A framework for reading and unifying heliophysics time series data

We describe a framework designed to simplify the acquisition and integration of data from multiple, diversely formatted, geographically distributed science data sets. Our domain is Heliophysics where measurements of magnetic fields, plasmas, and charged particles are often made in-situ, with the data made available in relatively low volume data sets consisting of time series tables. Data format diversity has proven to be a significant barrier to the type of integrated, multi-mission analysis that is now very important in Heliophysics. Therefore we have developed a Java framework capable of reading, interpreting, and providing uniform access to the science content of any distributed time series data set. The framework exposes data only through fully abstract interfaces that represent data content while hiding all access details such as file format, data file granularity and access protocols. Furthermore, specialized interfaces for representing measurement-specific details are also employed, so that our framework enables data sets to be recast into scientifically interoperable representations. The context of our efforts is an increasingly distributed Heliophysics data environment that employs a collection of discipline-specific Virtual Observatories (VOs), each providing data search and retrieval services for one Heliophysics sub-discipline. Our framework is bundled in a library that ultimately will serve as a universal reader for Heliophysics data, solving the formats problem and serving as key infrastructure for advanced, science-sensitive data manipulation services.
Diffuse-interface field approach to modeling arbitrarily-shaped particles at fluid–fluid interfaces

We present a novel mesoscale simulation approach to modeling the evolution of solid particles segregated at fluid-fluid interfaces. The approach involves a diffuse-interface field description of each fluid phase in addition to the set of solid particles. The unique strength of the model is its generality to include particles of arbitrary shapes and orientations, as well as the ability to incorporate electrostatic particle interactions and external forces via a previous work [P.C. Millett, Y.U. Wang, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 3101]. In this work, we verify that the model produces the correct capillary forces and contact angles by comparing with a well-defined analytical solution. In addition, simulation results of rotations of various-shaped particles at fluid-fluid interfaces, external force-induced capillary attraction/repulsion between particles, and spinodal decomposition arrest due to colloidal particle jamming at the interfaces are presented.
Newton on the equiangular spiral: An addendum to Erlichson's account

In a recent article Herman Erlichson called attention to a flaw in Newton's proof of Proposition IX of Book I of the Principia. How did Newton fall into this error? A valid proof was near to hand, by an easy addition to Lemma III of Book II; but evidently Newton wished to attempt a different line of argument. The figure for Proposition IX in the first two editions of the Principia differs from that in the third edition, and does not involve the quadrilateral “given in kind” that Erlichson rightly objects to. But the basic error remains: the assumption without proof of the similarity of all segments of the spiral with the same central angle. By 1671 Newton had proved this assumption by an integration, establishing the logarithmic property of the equiangular spiral. In Proposition IX it would thus appear that he either simply presented as known an analytic result now familiar to himself, or hoped that his readers would consider it as valid for infinitesimal segments.
Inhibition of vitamin B-12 absorption by bile.

Summary1. In the intact rat the presence of bile in the small intestine inhibits B12 absorption. 2. The inhibitory effect of bile is prevented by simultaneous addition of rat gastric juice.
Neuropeptide Y is a proabsorptive agent in the small intestine

In the mammalian intestine neuropeptide Y (NPY) is contained in sympathetic nerves and in enteric neurons originating from the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. This study investigated the role of NPY on small intestinal ionic transport using an isolated intestinal preparation. Rabbit ileal segments (n = 12) were harvested and arterially perfused with a nonrecirculating oxygenated sanguinous solution. The intestinal lumen was perfused with an isotonic solution containing [14C]PEG. Net fluxes of H2O, Na+, and Cl- were calculated for three 20-min periods: basal, drug infusion, and recovery. Two groups were studied: (1) NPY 50 pM/min (n = 6) and (2) NPY 500 pM/min (n = 6). NPY at 50 pM/min caused modest absorption and at 500 pM/min yielded a significant proabsorptive effect (P less than 0.05) for H2O, Na+, and Cl- during the drug infusion period. There were no significant changes in vascular perfusion pressure in either group. These data demonstrate a significant proabsorptive effect of NPY on water and electrolyte transport in the isolated perfused ileum. This proabsorptive effect occurs at a constant arterial blood flow and without alteration in perfusion pressure, supporting a direct effect of NPY on intestinal ionic transport.
A double-quantum solid-state NMR technique for determining torsion angles in polymers

This paper introduces a double-quantum solid-state NMR experiment for determining torsion angles in unoriented polymers which contain segments with pairs of 13C-labeled sites separated by only one ...
The oceanic effect

In early September of 1993 I was elected secretary-treasurer of AAGL, an appointment that would ultimately lead to becoming president of this august society--perhaps the biggest honor that I have ever received. Also in early September of 1993, I accompanied my daughter, Danielle, to Boston College to begin her freshman year. As we were visiting the beautiful campus with its impressive Gothic stone buildings, we walked into the Arts and Science building in the center of which was Gasson Hall, adorned with several beautiful statues and surrounded by decorated archways with Latin inscriptions. In the center of the hall was a marble sculpture of the archangel Michael, with his unsheathed sword overpowering the fallen angel Lucifer. The statue was obviously portraying the struggle and ultimate victory of good over evil. What was more inspiring to me was the inscription above the archway, "Quid Hoc adAeternitatem", which translates into, "What transpires here will have an impact throughout eternity." Four simple words which say so much about the institution, its founders and the people that they were reaching out to. The founders of Boston College felt that their message was so important that it was going to have a major impact not only during the lifetime of their students but throughout eternity. I later learned that Boston College was founded by Jesuit Priests about 125 years ago (100 years before the foundation of AAGL) as a small college to provide higher education to the children of Irish and Southern European immigrants. From a small college it grew into one of the major universities of the United States, with world renowned undergraduate and graduate schools in humanities, science, business, law, music, theology and of course football. As I strolled around the campus, I wondered what it was that allowed this small school, in a region that might have seemed saturated with universities, to grow so successfully. What were the ingredients that allowed a small college to flourish in the shadow of such scholastic giants as Harvard, Tufts, Brown, MIT, or Boston University. I believe that the ingredients that allowed Boston College to become so successful are the same ingredients that make any institution, any organization, indeed any individual successful. These "essentials" are: