cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lord Palmerston and the Irish famine emigration.

The career of the third Viscount Palmerston as foreign secretary and prime minister has been thoroughly studied, but few are aware that he was one of the first Irish landlords to finance the emigration of starving tenants during the great Irish famine. Although the first boatloads of emigrants were well outfitted, by the end of 1847 Palmerston stood accused of cruelly mistreating his departing tenants. One Canadian official compared conditions on the vessels he chartered to those of the slave trade. Given the tremendous detail with which historians have scrutinized Palmerston's long career, it is surprising that no thorough account of either the management of his Irish estate or of his emigration scheme has ever been written. An examination of the programme under which 2,000 residents of Palmerston's Sligo estate fled to America in 1847 adds significantly to our understanding of the career of one of Britain's most important nineteenth-century statesmen, the complicated motives driving landlords to ‘shovel out’ their impoverished tenants, and an often-forgotten means by which thousands of the most destitute famine-era immigrants made their way to America.
Is the juvenal plumage of altricial songbirds an honest signal of age? Evidence from a comparative study of thrushes (Passeriformes: Turdidae)

The function and evolution of avian plumage colouration has been the subject of many studies over the past decade, but virtually all of this research has focused on the plumages of sexually mature individuals. The colours and patterns of juvenal plumage, which is worn by altricial songbirds only for the first few months of life, have been the focus of few studies. We develop the idea that distinctive juvenile appearance may be a signal of sexual immaturity, serving to reduce aggression from conspecific adults. We use a comparative phylogenetic approach to test this hypothesis in the thrushes (Family Turdidae). Honest signals of reproductive immaturity should be more valuable when juveniles fledge into environments with aggressive adult conspecifics. Therefore, we predicted that distinctive juvenile appearance would be more likely to evolve in species with extended breeding seasons and high levels of territoriality. Because many tropical bird species exhibit year-round territoriality and elongated breeding seasons, we used breeding latitude as a proxy for these variables. As predicted, distinctive juvenile appearance was significantly correlated with occupancy of tropical latitudes. While alternative explanations cannot be ruled out and more tests of the hypothesis are needed, the observed associations between breeding latitude and distinctiveness of juvenal plumage are consistent with our hypothesis that distinctive juvenal plumage evolved as a signal of sexual immaturity.
On fault-simulation through embedded memories on large industrial designs

Modern microprocessor designs contain several embedded memory arrays that form register files, caches, TLBs, re-order buffers, etc. These arrays are an integral portion of the design and may sometimes drive substantial data-path and control logic blocks in a microprocessor. Fault-simulation and ATPG for state-of-the-art commercial microprocessor designs is complex and requires suitable engineering to make them successful. In this paper we discuss a framework for fault-simulation of large microprocessor designs containing hundreds of embedded memory arrays in use today. Embedded memory arrays come in a variety of flavours with different number of input and output ports and different access mechanisms. In this paper we discuss how these arrays can be described for the fault-simulator and present the data-structures and some of the algorithms for simulating faults through these arrays.
A helium plasma simulator

The results of an investigation of the plasma parameters generated by a large V-groove cathode discharge are presented. Stable plasmas with electron densities up to 2×1012cm-3have been obtained in a 30-cm diameter chamber. The electron temperature is about 1200°K and is independent of discharge current and gas pressure over the range, 0.3 to 0.9 torr. The discharge operates in much the same fashion as a conventional brush cathode discharge but with lower operating voltage for equal current densities. It is shown that the plasma is beam generated and the dominant electron loss mechanism in the steady state is electron-ion recombination. However, although most electrons are lost by recombination, diffusion losses still play a strong role in determining the electron density profile. Some measurements of primary electrons in a helium negative glow are presented. The measured flux of the high energy electrons is an exponential function of pd/V2where p is the helium pressure, d is the distance from the edge of the cathode fall and V is the discharge voltage. Some data on microwave noise radiation near the plasma frequency are also presented. In particular, the noise radiation near the cathode is shown to be proportional to the flux of high energy electrons near this electrode. Data are shown which correlate the high energy flux and the peak noise radiation.
Learning From Experience: A Systematic Review of Community Consultation Acceptance Data

Study objective Federal regulations permitting an exception from informed consent for research in emergency settings require community consultation before study approval. Rates of acceptance of exception from informed consent in community consultation are often reported, but predictors of acceptance are not well understood, and investigators and institutional review boards struggle to interpret and use acceptance data. Methods We systematically reviewed empirical literature on community consultation for exception from informed consent trials in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. We included peer-reviewed articles reporting acceptance data from community consultation for US exception from informed consent trials. Questions were categorized by enrollment focus (eg, personal enrollment versus more general exception from informed consent acceptance), and observed acceptance was compared across studies. We also compared potential predictors of acceptance, including demographic factors, consultation method, and target community. Results Nine studies (total n=9,036 participants) were included in the final analysis. Personal acceptance of enrollment in the proposed exception from informed consent study ranged from 45% to 93% and clustered in the range of 64% to 80%. Acceptance of the exception from informed consent mechanism in general (without reference to personal inclusion) was lower (35% to 84%) than personal acceptance. The effect of demographic characteristics on acceptance was inconsistent, and meeting-based consultation methods were associated with greater acceptance than survey-based methods. Finally, acceptance rates varied substantially according to the phrasing of the question. Conclusion Personal acceptance clustered between 64% and 80%. This range may be informative for institutional review boards and investigators evaluating community consultation results. However, numerous factors affect acceptance, and there is a need for considerable caution against overreliance on acceptance data.
Toward classifying psychoactive chemical use.

A classification scheme is proposed based on description of consequences of psychoactive chemical use. It is an alternative to current labels (e.g., alcoholic, drug abuser, chemically dependent) which are often controversial or pejorative, as well as being imprecise and limited to pathology. The categories are: Helpful, Low Risk Potential Harm, High Risk Potential Harm, and Harmful. These are briefly defined and illustrative examples are cited. The appropriate treatment responses for the four categories are, respectively: Encouragement, Accurate Information, Persuasive Education, and Active Intervention. The basic rationale and procedure for each is discussed. The system incorporates prevention as well as remediation.
STRONG FLUX PINNING EFFECTS IN BULK Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ

A modification of the quench-melt-growth (QMG) method of Sawano et al. has been used to produce highly textured superconducting samples of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (123) with a high density of inclusions, a high density of parallel microcracks, and strong flux pinning persisting up to temperatures close to Tc. A selected sample has: 1) a very sharp transition width, ≃0.3 K as determined from ac susceptibility, and <0.5 K as determined from diamagnetic shielding or trapped flux measurements; 2) a zero Meissner effect in applied fields as low as 5 Oe; 3) a high magnetic critical current sustained over a broad temperature range; and 4) wide hysteresis loops at temperatures up to 0.5 K below Tc.
Microengineering hydrogels for stem cell bioengineering and tissue regeneration

The integration of microfabrication technologies with advanced biomaterials has led to the development of powerful tools to control the cellular microenvironment and the microarchitecture of engineered tissue constructs. Here we review this area, with a focus on the work accomplished in our laboratory. In particular, we discuss techniques to develop hydrogel microstructures for controlling cell aggregate formation to regulate stem cell behavior as well as a bottom-up and a top-down microengineering approach to creating biomimic tissue-like structures.
U-Pb and Th-Pb whole-rock isochrons from metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina slate belt

Felsic volcaniclastic rocks and massive pyrite of a part of the Carolina slate belt in South Carolina referred to as the “Haile-Brewer block” seem to have remained closed systems with respect to U, Th, and Pb since ∼465 Ma. U-Pb and Th-Pb whole-rock isochrons indicate ages of 466 ± 40 (2σ) and 462 + 53 Ma, respectively. The Pb-Pb secondary isochron age of the volcaniclastic rocks is ∼455 Ma. Because of the divergent ways in which U, Th, and Pb have behaved during the various alteration events that have affected the Haile-Brewer block (metamorphism, post-tectonic intrusion, weathering), the isochronous relationships most likely represent the emplacement age of the rocks. The preservation of U-Pb and Th-Pb isochrons is thought to be due to the originally glassy nature of the volcaniclastic rocks and to the relatively impermeable character of the rocks, which may have been aided by the sealing of pore space by infiltration of penecon-temporaneous, silica-rich hydrothermal fluids. The U-Pb and Th-Pb whole-rock ages are considerably younger than the ⩾550-Ma age inferred from U-Pb zircon ages and Ediacaran fossil assemblages for the slate belt in North Carolina. The younger ages agree, however, with the presence of sponge spicules no older than Middle Cambrian in the Haile-Brewer block. The younger age of the Haile-Brewer block with respect to other parts of the Carolina slate belt indicates that the belt is more complex than has been thought.
Impact of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome, Preterm Birth, and Vision Loss on Development.

This study compared the developmental outcomes of twin boys (one who is blind and one who is sighted) who were born prematurely and diagnosed with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) at age 24 months. The results indicate a disparity in the developmental outcomes of the twins. Although the medical risk factors that are associated with TTTS and preterm births, as well as vision loss, appear to have a negative impact on developmental outcomes, it is impossible to determine the degree to which any factor is responsible for this result.
Developmental Roles of the Mi-2/NURD-Associated Protein p66 in Drosophila

The NURD and Sin3 histone deacetylase complexes are involved in transcriptional repression through global deacetylation of chromatin. Both complexes contain many different components that may control how histone deacetylase complexes are regulated and interact with other transcription factors. In a genetic screen for modifiers of wingless signaling in the Drosophila eye, we isolated mutations in the Drosophila homolog of p66, a protein previously purified as part of the Xenopus NURD/Mi-2 complex. p66 encodes a highly conserved nuclear zinc-finger protein that is required for development and we propose that the p66 protein acts as a regulatory component of the NURD complex. Animals homozygous mutant for p66 display defects during metamorphosis possibly caused by misregulation of ecdysone-regulated expression. Although heterozygosity for p66 enhances a wingless phenotype in the eye, loss-of-function clones in the wing and the eye discs do not have any detectable phenotype, possibly due to redundancy with the Sin3 complex. Overexpression of p66, on the other hand, can repress wingless-dependent phenotypes. Furthermore, p66 expression can repress multiple reporters in a cell culture assay, including a Wnt-responsive TCF reporter construct, implicating the NURD complex in repression of Wnt target genes. By co-immunoprecipitation, p66 associates with dMi-2, a known NURD complex member.
LocalMove: computing on-lattice fits for biopolymers

Given an input Protein Data Bank file (PDB) for a protein or RNA molecule, LocalMove is a web server that determines an on-lattice representation for the input biomolecule. The web server implements a Markov Chain Monte-Carlo algorithm with simulated annealing to compute an approximate fit for either the coarse-grain model or backbone model on either the cubic or face-centered cubic lattice. LocalMove returns a PDB file as output, as well as dynamic movie of 3D images of intermediate conformations during the computation. The LocalMove server is publicly available at http://bioinformatics.bc.edu/clotelab/localmove/.
Prenatal Diagnostic Challenges and Pitfalls for Schizencephaly

Schizencephaly is a developmental anomaly that causes unilateral or bilateral clefts of the cerebral hemisphere as a result of disordered neuronal migration. The clefts are lined by gray matter that can extend medially from the subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid space into the lateral ventricle as part of a disease spectrum that includes porencephaly. Closed-lip schizencephaly (Type 1) occurs when the gray-matter lined walls are in contact with each other (1). By contrast, the open lip variety (Type 2) has separated lips with a cleft of cerebrospinal fluid that extends to the ventricles (2). Barkovich and co-workers (3) have reported that the clinical manifestations of affected infants are related to the size and location of the cleft defect. Late prenatal schizencephaly has been well documented. We now report well-documented case that demonstrates diagnostic challenges and pitfalls associated with its early diagnosis by 2D/3D ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MR).
Designing computer simulation experiments

This tutorial focuses on that part of a simulation study concerning setting the various specific model parameters and the experimental conditions under which the model will be exercised. Other issues in setting up and designing simulation experiments, such as variance reduction, ranking and selection, and optimization, are also mentioned. The focus is on careful choice of such parameters beforehand, with an eye toward the statistical analysis of the simulation's results. Output analysis is not treated per se, being covered in another tutorial in this conference (by Gordon Clark), but the design and analysis activities must be done hand in hand.
Hebbian errors in learning: an analysis using the Oja model.

Background: Recent work on long term potentiation in brain slices shows that Hebb’s rule is not completely synapse-specific, probably due to intersynapse diffusion of calcium or other factors. We previously suggested that such errors in Hebbian learning might be analogous to mutations in evolution. Methods and findings: We examine this proposal quantitatively, extending the classical Oja unsupervised model of learning by a single linear neuron to include Hebbian inspecificity. We introduce an error matrix E, which expresses possible crosstalk between updating at different connections. When there is no inspecificity, this gives the classical result of convergence to the first principal component of the input distribution (PC1). We show the modified algorithm converges to the leading eigenvector of the matrix EC, where C is the input covariance matrix. In the most biologically plausible case when there are no intrinsically privileged connections, E has diagonal elements Q and offdiagonal elements ð1 � Q Þ=ðn � 1Þ, where Q, the quality, is expected to decrease with the number of inputs n and with a synaptic parameter b that reflects synapse density, calcium diffusion, etc. We study the dependence of the learning accuracy on b, n and the amount of input activity or correlation (analytically and computationally). We find that accuracy increases (learning becomes gradually less useful) with increases in b, particularly for intermediate (i.e., biologically realistic) correlation strength, although some useful learning always occurs up to the trivial limit Q ¼ 1=n. Conclusions and significance: We discuss the relation of our results to Hebbian unsupervised learning in the brain. When the mechanism lacks specificity, the network fails to learn the expected, and typically most useful, result, especially when the input correlation is weak. Hebbian crosstalk would reflect the very high density of synapses along dendrites, and inevitably degrades learning.
Seasonal Amounts of Nutrients in Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Their Relation to Nutrient Availability on Cherry Plant Surfaces

Relatively little is known about the nutritional ecology of fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis. In this study, nutrient amounts in male and female western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, and availability of nitrogen and sugar on surfaces of leaves, fruit, and extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) of sweet cherry trees, were determined from late May to late June 2005 and of sugar from EFNs from mid-May to late June 2007 in Washington state. Protein amounts in male and female flies did not differ over the season. Nitrogen was present on leaves, fruit, and EFNs during the sampling period, but amounts on leaves and fruit were lower in late May than the rest of the season. Sugar amounts in flies did not differ over the season. Sugar was present on leaf, fruit, and EFN surfaces all season, but amounts on all three were lower in late May than later in the season. Fructose and glucose were the predominant sugars on all plant surfaces, but sucrose was also present in nectar from EFNs. In outdoor and field cage experiments in 2004 and 2006, more flies survived when cherry branches with leaves and fruit were present than absent. Results suggest that R. indifferens maintains stable protein and sugar levels throughout the season because sufficient amounts of nutrients are found in cherry trees during this time and that increases in nutrient availability caused by ripening and damaged cherries later in the season do not result in increased amounts of nutrients in flies.
The County Historical Society: Financial and Reporting Issues

essie Star, a recent accounting graduate from State University, has just volunteered (at the urging of her boss) to be the treasurer for the local Historical Society. The County Historical Society is a not-for-profit organization that operates a museum displaying historical artifacts and an archive library housing historical documents and photographs. The Society also operates a gift shop in its museum and manages a historical home owned by the county government. The museum, library, storage areas, and offices are located in a building rented from a local corporation. The historical home is located just a few blocks away. The Society has three employees on its payroll: Robert James, the full-time Executive Director, Erika Lawson, the part-time Museum Assistant, and an Archive Librarian, John Nelson. A volunteer Board of Trustees, consisting of twelve members from the community, directs the Society. As Treasurer, Jessie is an officer and member of the Board of Trustees. She has the primary responsibility for maintaining the Society’s books, making investment/financing recommendations to the Board, and assisting with the annual external audit of the financial statements.
Glucose Induces Mouse β-Cell Proliferation via IRS2, MTOR, and Cyclin D2 but Not the Insulin Receptor

An important goal in diabetes research is to understand the processes that trigger endogenous β-cell proliferation. Hyperglycemia induces β-cell replication, but the mechanism remains debated. A prime candidate is insulin, which acts locally through the insulin receptor. Having previously developed an in vivo mouse hyperglycemia model, we tested whether glucose induces β-cell proliferation through insulin signaling. By using mice lacking insulin signaling intermediate insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), we confirmed that hyperglycemia-induced β-cell proliferation requires IRS2 both in vivo and ex vivo. Of note, insulin receptor activation was not required for glucose-induced proliferation, and insulin itself was not sufficient to drive replication. Glucose and insulin caused similar acute signaling in mouse islets, but chronic signaling differed markedly, with mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation by glucose and AKT activation by insulin. MTOR but not ERK activation was required for glucose-induced proliferation. Cyclin D2 was necessary for glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Cyclin D2 expression was reduced when either IRS2 or MTOR signaling was lost, and restoring cyclin D2 expression rescued the proliferation defect. Human islets shared many of these regulatory pathways. Taken together, these results support a model in which IRS2, MTOR, and cyclin D2, but not the insulin receptor, mediate glucose-induced proliferation.
Granulosa cell responsiveness to follicle stimulating hormone during early growth of hen ovarian follicles

In the laying hen ovary, the cyclic recruitment of a follicle represents a process in which a single follicle is selected to enter the rapid growth phase and undergo final maturation prior to ovulation. Published data support the proposal that final differentiation of the granulosa cell (GC) layer commences at the time of follicle selection. This process is characterized by the enhanced capacity for FSH-induced cell signaling via the protein kinase A/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. One consequence of such signaling within the GC layer is the initial capacity for steroidogenesis (predominantly progesterone production) mediated by increased expression of mRNA encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) and the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A). Prior to selection, the GC layer remains minimally responsive to a 3 h challenge with FSH (10 ng/mL), in vitro, compared to that from the most recently selected 9- to 12-mm follicle. By comparison, when the duration of the cell culture prior to FSH challenge is increased to 18 h, GCs collected from 1- to 2-mm, 3- to 5-mm, and 6- to 8-mm follicles respond to a 3 h FSH challenge by increasing STAR expression and progesterone production, with the greatest response from GCs collected from 6- to 8-mm follicles. Culture with Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 (BMP6) enhances both CYP11A expression and FSH responsiveness at each stage of development, with the greatest response again occurring in GCs from 6- to 8-mm follicles. Significantly, factors that activate mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or protein kinase C (PKC) signaling prevent the ability of prolonged culture or culture with BMP6 to induce FSH-responsiveness and the initiation of GC differentiation at each stage of development. Collectively, these results provide further support for the hypothesis that prior to follicle selection, inhibitory cell signaling (e.g., MAPK, PKC) maintains the GC layer in an undifferentiated state in follicles of all sizes, even in the presence of a differentiation-promoting signal (BMP6). The process by which the GC layer from the single 6- to 8-mm follicle selected each ovulatory cycle ultimately escapes inhibitory signaling to initiate FSH-responsiveness remains to be established.
Visual rehabilitation with contact lenses after laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has become the surgical treatment of choice for moderate myopia and is in widespread use globally. Visual potential is sometimes limited due to irregular corneal topography following surgery. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 35 eyes of 22 patients requiring visual rehabilitation following LASIK was performed. Four contact lens designs were used and evaluated for appropriate cornea-contact lens fitting relationship. RESULTS: Mean best contact lens-corrected visual acuity of 20/25 was significantly better than best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/40. The average time from surgery to contact lens fitting was 8 months, with almost half (10/22) being fitted at 4 months. An aspheric design with 0.17 mm of axial edge lift was used most commonly. Lens diameters ranged from 9.2 to 10.9 mm, with a mean diameter of 10.2 mm. The contact lens base curve to cornea relationship would suggest an initial base curve selection to be approximately 2.1 D steeper than the mean postoperative keratometric power. CONCLUSIONS: Rigid gas permeable contact lenses can improve visual function in patients with irregular corneal topography after LASIK.
I. The Final Text and its Prospects.

The crucial feature of the period 1946–1958 in France, in many respects, has been the contrast between the changes which have occurred in French society and the performance of a political system which seemed to repeat and to magnify the vices of the Third Republic's last years. On the one hand, the image of a static France obstinately clinging to protectionism, to a pastoral or artisanal ideal, to the security afforded by restrictive practices and state favors, was becoming obsolete. On the other hand, the political system appeared unable either to deal with the tensions, economic growth and change created in society, or to define a coherent policy for overseas affairs.
Using Fluorodeoxyglucose and Florbetapir PET brain imaging in differential diagnosis of subjects with cardiovascular disease and symptoms of mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease

1867 Objectives Preliminary findings compared two PET brain imaging agents, 18F-FDG and 18F-Florbetapir, to aid in elucidating the underlying mechanisms for more accurate diagnosis in subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods FDG and 18F-Florbetapir PET brain scans were conducted in 26 subjects with probable MCI or AD: 17 subjects with CVD (6 female, 11 male, aged 41-77); 9 subjects without CVD (2 females, 7 males, aged 52-84). Nuclear medicine physicians read the scans, blinded to age, gender, and clinical diagnosis. Simple t-tests were adequate for testing the main hypothesis. Results Subjects with CVD FDG PET scan suggested a vascular process manifested by greater asymmetry between the hemispheres. FDG PET showed lower metabolism in subjects without CVD compared to those with CVD. FDG PET binding showed significant differences between the CVD in the right parietal lobe (3.2±0.7 with CVD, 2.2±1.1 without CVD, p=0.02) and in in the posterior cingulate (3.6±0.5 with CVD, non- CVD 3.0±0.8p = .05). No significant differences were noted for other regions. PET Aβ imaging using Florbetapir showed significant differences (p Conclusions There is clinical benefit for utilizing each diagnostic PET imaging agent. FDG PET evaluates brain metabolism to differentiate vascular disease associated with CVD from MCI or AD. Florbetapir PET imaging can accurately detect the presence of Aβ Amyloid plaques and aid in differential diagnosis in patients with CVD. Research Support Funded by AVID Radiopharmaceutical and NIH Grant AG028688
RACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT PATTERNS, AND OUTCOMES: INSIGHTS FROM OUTCOMES REGISTRY FOR BETTER INFORMED TREATMENT FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (ORBIT-AF) REGISTRY

Significant racial/ethnic differences exist in the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, less is known about racial/ethnic differences in clinical presentation, management, and outcomes associated with AF. Using data from the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of AF (ORBIT-AF
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Subtypes with Clinical Implications

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are a heterogeneous group of malignant breast tumors traditionally defined by their lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and over-expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). TNBC accounts for about 10–15 % of all breast cancers. Population-based studies show that women with high body mass index and those who reported no recreational physical activity are at a higher risk for developing TNBC than women who are physically active and those with low body mass index. Interestingly, some factors that are known to decrease the risk of breast cancer in general, do increase the risk of TNBC. These include first childbirth at an early age and multiparity. Racial disparity is also well documented with African-American women having the highest incidence rates for TNBC, followed by Hispanic women. The negativity of these tumors for ER and PR as well as their lack of HER-2 over-expression, render them resistant to hormonal and trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapy, making treatment a challenging task. Although, by DNA microarray analysis, most TNBC will fall into the basal-like category of breast cancers, and therefore will theoretically have a poor prognosis compared to other subtypes, basal-like breast cancer is one of several “faces” of TNBC, albeit the “ugly face.” In this chapter, we will discuss the different subtypes of TNBC, their morphological features, immunophenotype, molecular background, and the clinical implications of these subtypes.
Paying Attention to Quality Education in Facing the Chellenge of New Era

Along with the establishment of marketing system for education,the quality of students has become the lifeblood of colleges and universities.Therefore,how to improve the quality of education and its effectiveness is much concerned by society.Quality education has just gained its existing room under this circumstances.
Mycobacterium avium Infection of Nasal Septum in a Diabetic Adult: A Case Report

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is primarily a pulmonary pathogen that affects individuals who are immune deficient or immunocompromised. In this report, we describe a very rare case of MAC infection clinically presenting as a nasal polyp in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This case illustrates an atypical anatomic location for MAC, the anterior nasal septum in nasal cavity, as well as often overlooked cause of immune compromise, diabetes mellitus. We present the laboratory findings that lead to the diagnosis as well as a brief review of MAC infections.
Optimal Sensor Placement for Monitoring of Spatial Networks

The problem of optimal placement of sensors for monitoring a spatial network (e.g., a road network with moving ground targets or intruders) is considered in this paper. In particular, the optimization of locations of a set of sensors (that can each obtain measurements in a local region around the sensor location) is considered so as to maximize an overall sensor coverage metric defined over the spatial network. The sensor coverage optimality metric for spatial network coverage is based on a novel formulation of a sensor influence wave based on a spatiotemporal model of the measurement reach of a set of sensors given a spatial network topology, a probabilistic model of target movements on the network, and spatial weight maps that model the relative importance/utility of different locations in the spatial region. The sensor placement optimization is based on an iterative genetic algorithm for the optimization of a scalar metric computed from the spatial integration of the sensor influence wave. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated through simulation studies for several road network geometries. Note to Practitioners —This paper considers the problem of finding optimal locations for sensors for monitoring a spatial network for moving targets (e.g., a road network with moving ground targets or intruders). Sensor-based monitoring of a spatial region is relevant in a variety of applications (including, in general, such diverse application areas as traffic monitoring in transportation applications, intruder monitoring, surveillance, power systems monitoring, structural health monitoring, etc). This paper offers two primary novel aspects: an optimality metric formulation for target monitoring effectiveness on spatial networks and an iterative genetic algorithm-based method for optimization of the sensor placement configuration. The proposed approach enables addressing of multiple spatial criteria within a unified framework, including the probabilistic characterizations of spatial target movements over the network and the models of relative importance/utility of different locations/areas in the spatial region.
The Response of Transplanted Chloroleukemia in the Rat to Treatment with Antileukemic Drugs

Using a short-term screening program, we have demonstrated a parallelism in response between our myelogenous chloroleukemia in the rat and that of myelogenous leukemia in man when treated with a number of chemotherapeutic agents.
A modern approach to security: Using systems engineering and data-driven decision-making

This paper describes a method for integrating security system data with systems engineering principles to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of security systems being designed and implemented. It defines various levels of security which require different methods of integrating security systems with operational activities to provide effective security while balancing risk. It also proposes that human intelligence is a complement to technology intelligence, which is not often properly considered when designing and implementing security systems.
The 5 Clinical Pillars of Value for Total Joint Arthroplasty in a Bundled Payment Paradigm.

Abstract Background Our large, urban, tertiary, university-based institution reflects on its 4-year experience with Bundled Payments for Care Improvement. We will describe the importance of 5 clinical pillars that have contributed to the early success of our bundled payment initiative. We are convinced that value-based care delivered through bundled payment initiatives is the best method to optimize patient outcomes while rewarding surgeons and hospitals for adapting to the evolving healthcare reforms. Methods We summarize a number of experiences and lessons learned since the implementation of Bundled Payments for Care Improvement at our institution. Results Our experience has led to the development of more refined clinical pathways and coordination of care through evidence-based approaches. We have established that the success of the bundled payment program rests on the following 5 main clinical pillars: (1) optimizing patient selection and comorbidities; (2) optimizing care coordination, patient education, shared decision making, and patient expectations; (3) using a multimodal pain management protocol and minimizing narcotic use to facilitate rapid rehabilitation; (4) optimizing blood management, and standardizing venous thromboembolic disease prophylaxis treatment by risk standardizing patients and minimizing the use of aggressive anticoagulation; and (5) minimizing post-acute facility and resource utilization, and maximizing home resources for patient recovery. Conclusion From our extensive experience with bundled payment models, we have established 5 clinical pillars of value for bundled payments. Our hope is that these principles will help ease the transition to value-based care for less-experienced healthcare systems.
Primary human polarized small intestinal epithelial barriers respond differently to a hazardous and an innocuous protein.

An experimental platform employing human derived intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line monolayers grown on permeable Transwell® filters was previously investigated to differentiate between hazardous and innocuous proteins. This approach was effective at distinguishing these types of proteins and perturbation of monolayer integrity, particularly transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), was the most sensitive indicator. In the current report, in vitro indicators of monolayer integrity, cytotoxicity, and inflammation were evaluated using primary (non-transformed) human polarized small intestinal epithelial barriers cultured on Transwell® filters to compare effects of a hazardous protein (Clostridium difficile Toxin A [ToxA]) and an innocuous protein (bovine serum albumin [BSA]). ToxA exerted a reproducible decrease on barrier integrity at doses comparable to those producing effects observed from cell line-derived IEC monolayers, with TEER being the most sensitive indicator. In contrast, BSA, tested at concentrations substantially higher than ToxA, did not cause changes in any of the tested variables. These results demonstrate a similarity in response to certain proteins between cell line-derived polarized IEC models and a primary human polarized small intestinal epithelial barrier model, thereby reinforcing the potential usefulness of cell line-derived polarized IECs as a valid experimental platform to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins.
Prevalence of Cancer at Baseline Screening in the National Cancer Institute Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Cohort

Importance Establishment of an optimal cancer surveillance program is important to reduce cancer-related morbidity and mortality in individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a rare, highly penetrant cancer predisposition syndrome. Objective To determine the feasibility and efficacy of a comprehensive cancer screening regimen in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, using multiple radiologic techniques, including rapid whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and laboratory measurements. Design, Setting, and Participants Baseline evaluation of a prospective cancer screening study was conducted from June 1, 2012, to July 30, 2016, at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (an academic research facility). Participants included 116 individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome with a germline TP53 pathogenic variant who were aged 3 years or older at the time of baseline screening and had not received active cancer therapy at least 6 months prior to screening. Main Outcomes and Measures Detection of prevalent cancer with multimodal screening techniques and the need for additional evaluation. Results Of the 116 study participants, 77 (66.4%) were female; median age was 37.6 years (range, 3-68 years). Baseline cancer screening led to the diagnosis of cancer in 8 (6.9%) individuals (2 lung adenocarcinomas, 1 osteosarcoma, 1 sarcoma, 1 astrocytoma, 1 low-grade glioma, and 2 preinvasive breast cancers [ductal carcinoma in situ]); all but 1 required only resection for definitive treatment. A total of 40 (34.5%) participants required additional studies to further investigate abnormalities identified on screening, with 32 having incidental, benign, or normal findings, resulting in a false-positive rate of 29.6%. Non-MRI techniques, including baseline blood tests, abdominal ultrasonography in children, mammography, and colonoscopy, did not lead to a diagnosis of prevalent cancer in our cohort. Conclusions and Relevance This study describes the establishment and feasibility of an intensive cancer surveillance protocol for individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Prevalent cancers were detected at an early stage with baseline whole-body, brain, and breast MRI. Prospective screening of the participants is under way.
Dynamic Disorder and Potential Fluctuation in Two-Dimensional Perovskite

The structural and electronic properties of 2D perovskite (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4 are investigated from first-principles calculations. It is found that despite the existence of carbon chain, the organic molecule C4H9NH3 in 2D perovskite is able to rotate at room temperature, showing a highly dynamic behavior. The dynamic disorder of C4H9NH3 introduces dynamic potential fluctuation, which is sufficient to localize the wave function and to separate the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum states. We further showed that, rather than a pure dipole rotation model, the disorder effect of the molecules can be better described by the motion of the net charge centers of the molecules, which contributes to the potential fluctuation. Hence, polar molecule is not the necessary condition to create potential fluctuation in perovskite, which is further demonstrated by the calculations of 2D inorganic perovskite Cs2PbBr4.
Relative reinforcing effects of second-generation synthetic cathinones: Acquisition of self-administration and fixed ratio dose-response curves in rats

Abstract “Bath salts” preparations contain synthetic cathinones which interact with monoamine transporters and function as either monoamine uptake inhibitors or releasers. 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone), and 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) were three of the most common cathinones (i.e., “first-generation” cathinones); however, after the US Drug Enforcement Administration placed them under Schedule I regulations, they were replaced with structurally related cathinones that were not subject to regulations (i.e., “second-generation” cathinones). Although the reinforcing effects of some second-generation cathinones have been described (e.g., α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone [α-PVP]), little is known about how structural modifications, particularly those involving the methylenedioxy moiety and α-alkyl side chain, impact the abuse liability of other second-generation cathinones (e.g., α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone [α-PPP], 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone [MDPBP], and 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone [MDPPP]). The present study used male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12 per drug) to directly compare: (1) the acquisition of responding for α-PVP (0.032 mg/kg/inf), α-PPP (0.32 mg/kg/inf), MDPBP (0.1 mg/kg/inf), and MDPPP (0.32 mg/kg/inf) under a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement; and (2) full dose-response curves for each drug to maintain responding under an FR5 schedule of reinforcement. The average number of days (∼4 days) and percentage (100%) of rats that acquired self-administration was similar for each drug. The observed rank order potency to maintain responding under an FR5 schedule of reinforcement (α-PVP ≈ MDPBP>α-PPP > MDPPP) is consistent with their potencies to inhibit dopamine uptake. These are the first studies to report on the reinforcing effects of the unregulated second-generation cathinones MDPBP, MDPPP, and α-PPP and indicate all three compounds are readily self-administered, suggesting each possesses high potential for abuse. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Designer Drugs and Legal Highs.’
How to Write a National History of Information: The Case of All the Facts: A History of Information in the United States since 1870

ABSTRACT This essay describes the development of an early national history of information, All the Facts: A History of Information in the United States since 1870. The author explains the intellect...
Legal Pathways to Adaptive Governance in Water Basins in North America and Australia

Law dictates the structure, boundaries, rules, and processes within which governmental action takes place and in doing so becomes one of the focal points for analysis of governmental barriers to adaptation as the effects of climate change are felt. Governance encompasses both governmental and nongovernmental participation in collective choice and action. Adaptive governance contemplates a level of flexibility and evolution in governmental action beyond that currently found in the heavily administrative governments in the United States and Australia. Nevertheless, over time, law itself has proven highly adaptive in democracies, evolving to address and even facilitate the emergence of new social norms (such as the rights of women and minorities) or to provide remedies for emerging problems (such as pollution). Thus, law can adapt, evolve, and be reformed to facilitate adaptive governance. In doing so, not only may barriers be removed, but law may be adjusted to facilitate adaptive governance and to aid in institutionalizing new and emerging approaches to governance. The key is to do so in a way that also enhances legitimacy, accountability, and justice (i.e., good governance), or such reforms will never be adopted by democratic societies or, if adopted, will destabilize those very societies. By identifying those aspects of adaptive governance relevant to the legal system, this chapter presents guidelines for evaluating the role of law in environmental governance and demonstrates their use by applying them to the basin studies presented in Part I of this volume.
PCORnet Bariatric Surgery Outcomes: Strength in Numbers.

The editorialists discuss the ways in which Arterburn and colleagues' findings should affect decisions about bariatric treatment and questions future studies should aim to answer.
When "Patient-Centered" is Not Enough: A Call for Community-Centered Medicine.

Before entering medicine, I was inspired by community organizing as a model for driving social change and improving public health. As a clinician, I remain inspired by this approach; however, I find that it has been more challenging to integrate into my day-to-day work than I expected. In this essay, I describe my journey from community organizer to primary care clinician and reflect on the lessons I’ve learned about the value of community organizing and ways that it can be incorporated into clinical practice. Ultimately, I propose a model for how clinicians and health centers can proactively partner with community organizing groups and facilitate referrals to help patients directly engage in transforming the root causes of their health challenges. This model shifts the focus from the patient as an individual agent of change to the community, and offers important lessons to clinicians interested in community health equity.
Modeling the bursting behavior of the Hodgkin-Huxley neurons using genetic algorithm based parameter search

The Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model is a widely used biophysically meaningful model that can simulate the action potentials in the nerve axons. It is mainly used to simulate the type 2 behavior of the axon firing. However other types of neuron spiking and bursting have been observed in the literature. This work demonstrates the novelty of showing the optimization of the HH model parameters to simulate neuron bursting behavior. The results of the study demonstrates that it is possible to extend the HH model beyond its intended type 2 behavior and can be modified to simulate more complex neuron firing patterns including neuron bursting. The optimized HH model was able to generate bursting patterns corresponding to the two target bursting patterns used in this study with error values $ < 18\%$ for Phasic bursting and $ < 6\%$ for Tonic bursting. This work shows by expanding the range of gating variables ($\mathrm {m}, \mathrm {n}$ and h) beyond the original model range of 0 to 1 can improve the HH model to simulate neuron bursting.
Pelvis and Hip

The pelvis is formed by the two innominate bones that articulate posteriorly at the sacrum and anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. These attachments form the pelvic girdle, which links the axial skeleton to the lower extremities of the body. Each innominate bone is formed by the fusion of the ischium, ilium, and ischium that occurs during puberty. The fusion of these three bones forms cup-shaped, anteverted (15°) acetabulum that articulates with the head of the femur to form the diarthrodial hip joint.