cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Integration of Epitaxial Ge on Si using AlAs/GaAs Buffer Architecture: Suitability for Low-power Fin Field-Effect Transistors

Germanium-based materials and device architectures have recently appeared as exciting material systems for future low-power nanoscale transistors and photonic devices. Heterogeneous integration of germanium (Ge)-based materials on silicon (Si) using large bandgap buffer architectures could enable the monolithic integration of electronics and photonics. In this paper, we report on the heterogeneous integration of device-quality epitaxial Ge on Si using composite AlAs/GaAs large bandgap buffer, grown by molecular beam epitaxy that is suitable for fabricating low-power fin field-effect transistors required for continuing transistor miniaturization. The superior structural quality of the integrated Ge on Si using AlAs/GaAs was demonstrated using high-resolution x-ray diffraction analysis. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed relaxed Ge with high crystalline quality and a sharp Ge/AlAs heterointerface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated a large valence band offset at the Ge/AlAs interface, as compared to Ge/GaAs heterostructure, which is a prerequisite for superior carrier confinement. The temperature-dependent electrical transport properties of the n-type Ge layer demonstrated a Hall mobility of 370 cm2/Vs at 290 K and 457 cm2/Vs at 90 K, which suggests epitaxial Ge grown on Si using an AlAs/GaAs buffer architecture would be a promising candidate for next-generation high-performance and energy-efficient fin field-effect transistor applications.
Venezuela: The Political Economy of Oil

Venezuela: the Political Economy of Oil is the first book in a new series on oil exporting countries. Venezuela continues to occupy a central place in the world petroleum market. The founding member of OPEC remains the principal net exporter outside of the Gulf. Its national oil company, PdVSA, is now the third largest oil company in the world and is pursuing a revolutionary policy of external acquisitions in developed countries. At the same time, there are early signs of a shift in its attitudes towards allowing in foreign investment. Such issues are in the forefront of political debate in most oil exporting countries today. In this book, Juan Carlos Bou 'e gives a comprehensive and masterly analysis of the Venezuelan oil industry within the context of the political economy of the country. In particular, he considers the enormous potential reserves of the Orinoco Oil Basin, which may even dwarf the reserves of the Gulf. He stresses the environmental challenges facing the heavy Venezuelan crudes. The `revolutionary new fuel', orimulsion, is shown to be a triumph of innovation and marketing, but its future remains in considerable doubt. This book is intended for oil companies, South America investment analysts, South America students/academics.
Paying Homage to the Father: C. Wright Mills and Radical Sociology*

Radical sociologists have, in general, failed to produce a substantive social theory out of which their critique of society can be mounted. The only alternative to what is perceived as conservative...
Perspectives for artificial insemination and genomics to improve global swine populations

Civilizations throughout the world continue to depend on pig meat as an important food source. Approximately 40% of the red meat consumed annually worldwide (94 million metric tons) is pig meat. Pig numbers (940 million) and consumption have increased consistent with the increasing world population (FAO 2002). In the past 50 years, research guided genetic selection and nutrition programs have had a major impact on improving carcass composition and efficiency of production in swine. The use of artificial insemination (AI) in Europe has also had a major impact on pig improvement in the past 35 years and more recently in the USA. Several scientific advances in gamete physiology and/or manipulation have been successfully utilized while others are just beginning to be applied at the production level. Semen extenders that permit the use of fresh semen for more than 5 days post-collection are largely responsible for the success of AI in pigs worldwide. Transfer of the best genetics has been enabled by use of AI with fresh semen, and to some extent, by use of AI with frozen semen over the past 25 years. Sexed semen, now a reality, has the potential for increasing the rate of genetic progress in AI programs when used in conjunction with newly developed low sperm number insemination technology. Embryo cryopreservation provides opportunities for international transport of maternal germplasm worldwide; non-surgical transfer of viable embryos in practice is nearing reality. While production of transgenic animals has been successful, the low level of efficiency in producing these animals and lack of information on multigene interactions limit the use of the technology in applied production systems. Technologies based on research in functional genomics, proteomics and cloning have significant potential, but considerable research effort will be required before they can be utilized for AI in pig production. In the past 15 years, there has been a coordinated worldwide scientific effort to develop the genetic linkage map of the pig with the goal of identifying pigs with genetic alleles that result in improved growth rate, carcass quality, and reproductive performance. Molecular genetic tests have been developed to select pigs with improved traits such as removal of the porcine stress (RYR1) syndrome, and selection for specific estrogen receptor (ESR) alleles. Less progress has been made in developing routine tests related to diseases. Major research in genomics is being pursued to improve the efficiency of selection for healthier pigs with disease resistance properties. The sequencing of the genome of the pig to identify new genes and unique regulatory elements holds great promise to provide new information that can be used in pig production. AI, in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer will be the preferred means of implementing these new technologies to enhance efficiency of pig production in the future.
Stress Evolution During Crystallization and Isothermal Annealing of Titanium-Nickel on (100) Si

Thin films of near-equiatomic titanium-nickel are capable of thermally induced shape-strains and have recently been applied to silicon-based micromachined reversible actuators in force-production devices requiring energy-density levels substantially exceeding those available from piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, or bimetal systems. Reversible actuation requires the presence of a resetting agent, or ‘bias’ force, capable of deforming the martensite phase during the exothermic transformation on cooling. Here, we show that both the initial martensite ‘programming’ force, and the bias force for subsequent reversible actuation, can readily be provided by manipulating intrinsic and extrinsic stresses developed during low-pressure sputter deposition of TiNi, and subsequent cooldown from either the deposition process temperature or from the crystallization annealing temperature. The stability of both intrinsic and extrinsic stresses at temperatures below the deposition temperature allows considerable flexibility in the design of the force-producing system, and reversible stress-production to levels beyond 0.7 GPa are shown to be readily achieved, corresponding to energy-density levels approaching 10 MJ-m −2 . The present paper will review recent results from our group on the development of residual stresses in TiNi sputtered on (100) Si, using the wafer-curvature method applied during isochronal and isothermal vacuum annealing of both amorphous and crystalline thin films, with an emphasis on the combined influence of deposition temperature and annealing temperature on stress-relaxation rates, and on the response of the system to temperature cycling in the displacive transformation range.
A Learning Estimator for Jitter Reduction in a Directed Energy System

In this paper, a position regulation control strategy is developed for a platform mounted laser operating in the presence of a bounded, periodic disturbance. Specifically, the proposed control method utilizes an iterative learning estimator that is designed in order to promote system stability and asymptotically regulate the laser’s target position to a desired location. The learning estimator requires that the disturbance be bounded and its period to be known. Simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.© 2012 ASME
Large Sample Randomization Inference of Causal Effects in the Presence of Interference

Recently, there has been increasing interest in making causal inference when interference is possible. In the presence of interference, treatment may have several types of effects. In this article, we consider inference about such effects when the population consists of groups of individuals where interference is possible within groups but not between groups. A two-stage randomization design is assumed where in the first stage groups are randomized to different treatment allocation strategies and in the second stage individuals are randomized to treatment or control conditional on the strategy assigned to their group in the first stage. For this design, the asymptotic distributions of estimators of the causal effects are derived when either the number of individuals per group or the number of groups grows large. Under certain homogeneity assumptions, the asymptotic distributions provide justification for Wald-type confidence intervals (CIs) and tests. Empirical results demonstrate that the Wald CIs have g...
Birth order and sibship size of medical school applicants

In a study including nearly 2400 medical school applicants, successful and unsuccessful candidates were compared as regards birth order and family size. Both groups had a significantly higher incidence of first-borns than would be expected, with the accepted group showing this trend to a somewhat greater degree. Analysis shows that minority and female applicants were, in great measure, responsible for these differences. The relative advantage of the first-born and disadvantage of the last-born as regards medical school admission was found to increase with family size. Data from a second medical school corroborated these findings.
Non-robustness of some economic models

This paper considers the robustness of optimal decisions in a model of monopoly and a model of competitive equilibrium in a securities market. Robustness, defined as payoffs being continuous with respect to perturbations in the underlying model, fails to hold for either model. Decision rules are made robust by appropriately "smoothing" the problem, and by decreasing the weight given to small details of belief that can cause large changes in optimal payoffs.
Electron population uncertainty and atomic covalency

The atoms-in-molecules (AIM) index of atomic covalency is directly related to the AIM atomic population uncertainty. The covalent bond order, delocalization index, and, therefore, the atomic covalency are maximal when electron pairs are equally shared by the atoms involved. When polarization effects are present, these measures of covalent bond character decrease. We present atomic covalences for the single- and double-heavy atom hydrides of elements of the first and second low rows of the periodic table to illustrate these effects. Some usual behavior is seen in hydrogen-bridged species due in some cases to stronger than expected multicenter bonds and in other cases to many atoms contributing to the covalency index.
The implementation and evaluation of a virtual haptic back

A virtual haptic back (VHB) model has been developed by a cross-disciplinary team of researchers at Ohio University. Haptics give the human the sense of touch and force from virtual computer models. The objective is to create a tool for medical and related education whereby students can train in the difficult art of palpation using virtual reality before approaching human subjects. Palpation is the art of medical diagnosis through the sense of touch. Haptic anatomy could be a key area in the future of medical school training; our goal is to add science to the art of palpation to improve osteopathic, physical therapy and massage therapy training for students and practitioners. Modelling of the VHB took place in two steps. First, Cartesian back data was collected via the Metrecom Skeletal Analysis System (SAS) digitiser. The back of a prone human subject was digitised, giving an array of three-dimensional points. Several methods were considered to smooth out the back data. Spline fitting with matched first and second derivates was the chosen method. Once an acceptable graphical model was created, haptic feedback was added using the PHANToM haptic interface, allowing the human user to explore and feel the virtual back. Experienced and novice palpators formally evaluated the VHB to give us feedback for improvements. In addition, four Doctors of Osteopathy informally interacted with our model and gave verbal feedback. Our experts all suggested modelling underlying muscles and skeletal structure in addition to the skin layer for more realism. Once this is accomplished we will further program somatic dysfunction of various types in the VHB for students to diagnose. This article contributes to the state of the art in virtual haptic anatomy. While other research groups are working in this area, our work is the first specifically aimed towards osteopathic medicine, physical therapy, and massage therapy students and practitioners.
Reconstructing De Gaulle

The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial question: Was French agriculture really an obstacle to France's position in Europe? He argues that de Gaulle successfully supported and modernized French agriculture because he was convinced that this would contribute to France's geopolitical position in Europe and the Western world. In two longer commentaries, Jeffrey Vanke and Marc Trachtenberg raise questions about Moravcsik's methodology and use of sources. Both agree...
A prospective, randomized, double-blinded comparison of thymoglobulin versus Atgam for induction immunosuppressive therapy: 10-year results

Background Use of induction for renal transplantation is controversial due to concerns about long-term safety and efficacy.
An Archaeology of Socialism

An Archaeology of Socialism. Victor Buchli. Oxford: Berg, 1999. xii. 228 pp., figures, appendix, sources, index.
Novel applications of scrap tire for organic sorption/separations

This paper presents the results of a study of the use of scrap tire material as a sorbent medium for sorption of volatile organic chemicals from organic mixtures and water. The tire material was exposed to pure solvents to establish the sorption characteristics for classes of organics. The overall rate and selectivity of sorption of a solvent in a polymeric material is determined by its diffusivity and solubility in the polymeric material. Literature studies show that polymer-solvent interactions could arise due to electron acceptor-donor charge transfer complexes occurring between the functional groups in rubber and solvent functional groups. This was postulated to be a major contributor toward selective sorption of solvents in tire. The technical feasibility of separating organic solvents from both organic and aqueous mixtures by exploiting the diffusional and solubility related characteristics of various solvents in tire, which is a crosslinked rubber, has been established. Three types of separations were studied: (1) a mixture of two alkanes of significantly different sizes, represented by n-octane, a light alkane, from 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, a branched C19 heavy alkane; (2) a mixture of two organic solvents used in extraction and differing in polarity, represented by chloroform and methanol, that form a minimum boiling azeotrope; and (3) removal of an organic form water, represented by TCE contaminated water. Organic molecules having similar polarity could be separated based on substantial size differences, whereas polar/nonpolar organics separation could be achieved based on solubility differences of the organics in the tire phase. The feasibility of using tire material for the separation of trichloroethylene (TCE) from contaminated water was also established. The equilibrium partitioning of the TCE was linearly proportional to its concentration in the aqueous phase in the range of 25 to 600 mg/l. Desorption studies were performed to establish the ease of regeneration of the sorbent material, restoring its sorption capacity and recovering the solvent. The studies indicated that more than 97% of sorbed solvent (TCE) can be recovered at 25 °C under a vacuum of 20 Torr for under 10 minutes.
Computer identification of systolic time intervals.

Abstract A digital computer program is described for automatic identification of the points in the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and exterrally recorded carotid pulse wave which are necessary for estimation of the major systolic time intervals. The logic of recognition is designed to locate these points whenever they are clearly defined. Independent error checks are made throughout the program to insure that the measurements made on the points identified are accurate estimates of the systolic time intervals. The measurements calculated on the points identified by the pattern recognition program conform closely to those obtained by careful visual identification.
Evaluation of some alkaline phosphatase isozymes for use in reference sera

1. Alkaline phosphatases (AP) from several sources were tested for suitability for use as referencing enzymes. These included human liver, bone, intestine, and placenta; chicken liver and intestine; hog liver and intestine; and calf intestine. 2. The assay system utilized thymolphthalein monophosphate as substrate in 2-amino-1 methyl propanol buffer. The parameters compared were substrate concentration optima, pH optima and stability of enzyme activity as a function of time and temperature. An altering of the activity of various isozymes of alkaline phosphatase in different diluting media was observed and the appropriate diluting media offering maximal enzyme activity was defined. The contribution of bacterial alkaline phosphatase to total enzyme activity in contaminated reconstituted lyophilized isozyme preparations was negligible.
Platelet-rich plasma: evidence to support its use

l P ( p u d F m S P r B t e l ( b P W i p p a latelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous concentraion of human platelets in a small volume of plasma. herefore, the term PRP is preferred to autologous latelet gel, plasma-rich growth factors (PRGFs), or a ere autologous platelet concentrate. Because it is a oncentration of platelets, it is also a concentration of he 7 fundamental protein growth factors proved to e actively secreted by platelets to initiate all wound ealing. These growth factors include the 3 isomeres f platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF , PDGF , nd PDGF ), 2 of the numerous transforming rowth factors(TGF 1 and TGF 2), vascular endohelial growth factor, and epithelial growth factor. All f these growth factors have been documented to xist in platelets.1,2 Because these concentrated plateets are suspended in a small volume of plasma, PRP is ore that just a platelet concentrate; it also contains he 3 proteins in blood known to act as cell adhesion olecules for osteoconduction and as a matrix for one, connective tissue, and epithelial migration. hese cell adhesion molecules are fibrin itself, fironectin, and vitronectin. PRP development via centrifugation has been reatly simplified so that it can be used in the office etting as well as the operating room. However, the entrifugation process must be sterile and precisely uited to platelet separation from red blood cells and heir sequestration in high concentrations without ysing the platelets or damaging them so that they no onger can actively secrete their growth factors. herefore, not all currently marketed PRP devices are qual; some do not concentrate viably active platelets n sufficient numbers to produce a healing enhance-
New estimates for the sublimation rate for ice on the Moon

The strong hydrogen signal that the Lunar Prospector saw at the Moon's poles suggests that water ice may be present near the surface of the lunar regolith. A robotic mission to obtain in situ samples and to quantify the amount of this valuable resource must be designed carefully to avoid dissipating too much heat in the regolith during coring or drilling and, thus, causing the ice to sublimate before it is processed. Here I use new results for the saturation vapor pressure of water ice to extend previous estimates of its sublimation rate down to a temperature of 40 K, typical of the permanently shaded craters near the lunar poles where the water ice is presumed to be trapped. I find that, for temperatures below 70 K, the sublimation rate of an exposed ice surface is much less than one molecule of water vapor lost per square centimeter of surface per hour. But even if a small ice sample (∼4 ng) were heated to 150 K, it could exist for over two hours without sublimating a significant fraction of its mass. Hence, carefully designed sampling and sample handling should be able to preserve water ice obtained near the lunar poles for an accurate measurement of its in situ concentration.
The Chemically Elegant Proton Pump Inhibitors

Medicinal chemistry instruction at Creighton University is designed to provide an in-depth scientifically grounded and clinically relevant learning experience for pharmacy students. Each topic covered in the 2-semester required course sequence is selected based on the general utility of the compounds in question and/or the therapeutic importance of the drugs in treating life-threatening diseases. All lessons provided to campus- and Web-based students by the author are in the form of a descriptive and conversational narrative and course requirements are in place to assure that students read the lesson prior to the class period in which it is discussed. Learning tools and aids are provided to help students more readily discern the most critical aspects of each lesson, to practice required critical thinking and structure analysis skills, and to self-assess competency in meeting specific learning objectives. This manuscript illustrates this approach by sharing a lesson on the chemistry and clinically relevant structure-activity relationships of proton pump inhibitors.
Acoustic emissions from stress-induced dauphiné twinning in quartz

Dauphine (electrical) twins have been introduced into quartz crystals by means of suitably oriented mechanical stresses. Stress-induced twinning was observed optically by means of the photoelastic effect. Accompanying acoustic emission, first detected by ear, was quantitatively measured with a piezoelectric transducer and a suitable filtering and amplification system. Synchronized sound cinematography has been used to correlate the acoustic emission with visual observation of twinning. The resultant motion picture has been used to determine the stress levels required for twinning in Brazilian quartz and to set limits on the twin wall velocity. The possible relevance to rock noise and earthquake precursory phenomena is discussed.
Ovoperoxidase activity in ionophore treated mouse eggs. II. Evidence for the enzyme's role in hardening the zona pellucida

One consequence of fertilization or parthenogenetic activation of mammalian eggs is an altaration in the solubility proprieties of the zona pellucida, known as zona hardening. Several lines of evidence indicate that an ovoperoxidase, which is activated and/or secreted from mouse eggs. Following parthenogenetic activation, corss-links tyrosine residues in the zona pellucida and results in hardening of the zona. First, zona hardening, as determined by decreased solubility of the zona in pronase, is inhibited by several compounds known to inhibit peroxidases. Inhibitors of hardening include phenylhydrazine, sodium sulfite, sodium azide, and glycine ethyl ester. Second, tyrosine analogs inhibit zona hardening, unless the phenolic hydroxyl group or ortho position is blocked. That is, O-methyltyrosine (methyl substitution of phenolic hydroxyl) does not inhibit hardening; o-methyltyrosine (methyl substitution of one ortho position) partially inhibits, whereas tyramine and N-acetyltyrosine (free hydroxyl and ortho positions) effectively block hardening. Finally, exogenous horseradish peroxidasepromotes limited hardening of the zona in unactivated eggs. These results are consistent with a peroxidase catalyzed cross-linking of tyrosines in the zona that results in hardening of the zona pellucida.
Improving reticle quality through reticle blank inspection

We are jointly examining several aspects of reticle blank inspection. Previously, we have reported on our progress inspecting PBS blanks with the KLA-Tencor SL300 STARlight system. Using a simple test reticle we have measured, in a reproducible and qualitative way, the probability that a reticle blank defect will transfer to the finished reticle. Our study evaluated samples containing 452 blank defects. In some cases, the transfer probability is higher than 80 percent. We have now expanded our research to include reticles with optical resist such as 895I. Using eight optical blanks and a CD uniformity test pattern, we have found that the scanning process of the inspection does not measurably change the optical blank characteristics. However, there is clear evidence that the calibration process does impose some limitations on the use of non- destructive optical blank inspection. Our proposals to overcome those limitations are discussed.
Medical doctors and consumers view medical advertising.

This study finds that more and more medical doctors are advertising their services and changing their opinions of that advertising. Overall, consumers still have a more positive attitude toward doctor advertising than do the doctors. Within the medical ranks, specialized dentists reflect a more positive attitude toward the advertising of their services than other practicing doctors.
Treating the new American couple.

Abstract This paper reviews the changang models of structure and function of the American family, emphasizing that the family is evolving and developing to meet changing conditions, rather than dying. We focus on new trends in the family 1) system, 2) life cycle, and 3) tasks. A common sequence of treatment for a sexual andlor marital problem is sex therapy, followed by marital therapy, followed by individual therapy for one or both partners. Upon resolution of these, the couple may be seen in marital therapy again.
Human cardiac spectroscopy

Spatially localized NMR spectroscopy (MRS) is unique in its ability to noninvasively measure key metabolises that play an important role in the heart's energy supplied by the creatine kinase (CK) reaction: PCr + A D P ~ A T P + Cr. Myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) can be measured by phosphorus (31p) MRS [l 3], while the total creatine pool (CR = PCr + Cr) can be now be measured with water-suppressed proton ( H ) MRS [4]. Thus, by combining 31p_ and ~H-MRS techniques, measurements of both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated creatine and of ATP from the same subjects are within our grasp. Further, 3~P-MRS measurements of the forward CK reaction rate-constant are possible using spatially localized saturation transfer methods [5]. Thus, tools now exist that can provide a near-complete assessment of this vital reaction in the healthy heart and in patients with heart disease during rest and stress protocols. Because the concentrations of these moieties are about 10 4 of that of tissue water, they cannot be imaged with the same spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and scan-times that are achievable in 1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of tissue water. Phosphate metabolises are detectable by 3~p_ MRS in volumes of 10-20 ml and CR is seen in ~H-MRS volumes of about 4 ml in patients using suitably equipped clinical 1.5 T MRI systems [4]. Thus, where information about regional decreases in myocardial metabolism is being sought, low resolution 3~p or
What predicts the risk of recurrent lung metastases

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine what factors predict recurrent lung metastatic disease in pediatric oncology patients. Methods A retrospective review of 50 patients who underwent resection of lung nodules that were positive for metastatic disease from 1998 to 2011 was performed. Risk factors for recurrence were determined by multi-variable logistic regression models. Results Fifty pediatric oncology patients underwent resection of discrete lung nodules seen on CT scans during work-up for metastasis or for routine surveillance. Out of this patient cohort, 23 (46%) patients had recurrent disease. The only significant factors that influenced risk of recurrence were original PET positive study (p Conclusion Patients with osteosarcoma and PET positive disease at original presentation appear to be at the highest risk of recurrent pulmonary metastatic disease. New pulmonary lesions in these patients should undergo biopsy to confirm metastatic disease.
The reaction of alkynes with I2 on unactivated alumina

Abstract Alkynes react with I2 on unactivated alumina under mild conditions to form (E)-diiodoalkenes. Terminal alkynes also afford 1,1,2-triiodo-1-alkenes in low yield. These latter products were not observed on activated alumina.
1803 PRETERM BABOONS DEMONSTRATE SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN OPENING PRESSURES DURING PROGRESSION AND RECOVERY FROM HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE (HMD)

High opening pressures (OP) are characteristic of HMD; a reduction in OP may indicate improvement in alveolar stability. Animals were delivered abdominally, and ventilated with either conventional or high frequency ventilators. The anesthetized, paralyzed animals were tested in a constant volume pressure plethysmograph with an esophageal balloon in place. The inspiratory limb of the pressure-volume curve was analyzed for OP defined as the pressure at the point of departure from an isovolumetric transpulmonary change. Peak Pressure (PP) was defined as the highest pressure required for ventilation. Mean values (±SD) obtained were: Analysis by ANOVA for repeated measures revealed a significant (P<0.01) improvement in OP by day one. Further changes in OP and changes in PP were not significant. Change in OP may be an early, sensitive measure of improvement in HMD.
Application of active control technology to aircraft ride smoothing

Prototype ride smoothing systems (RSS's) were synthesized for flight testing aboard the NASA general purpose airborne simulator (GPAS). The systems were designed to meet comprehensive criteria, including passenger comfort and aircraft handling qualities considerations. System performance estimates based on analytic expressions were compared to estimates derived from digital calculations. The effects of RSS's on pilot workload during instrument landing system (ILS) approach in turbulence was examined in a fixed-base simulator. A limited number of flights were conducted to verify predicted RSS performance. Results of these experiments indicate that the RSS's reduce pilot workload and increase passenger comfort, while maintaining handling qualities.
VDBMS: A testbed facility for research in video database benchmarking

Real-world video-based applications require database technology that is capable of storing digital video in the form of video databases and providing content-based video search and retrieval. Methods for handling traditional data storage, query, search, retrieval, and presentation cannot be extended to provide this functionality. The VDBMS research initiative is motivated by the requirements of video-based applications to search and retrieve portions of video data based on content and by the need for testbed facilities to facilitate research in the area of video database management. In this paper we describe the VDBMS video database research platform, a system that supports comprehensive and efficient database management for digital video. Our fundamental concept is to provide a full range of functionality for video as a well-defined abstract database data type, with its own description, parameters, and applicable methods. Research problems that are addressed by VDBMS to support the handling of video data include MPEG7 standard multimedia content representation, algorithms for image-based shot detection, image processing techniques for extracting low-level visual features, a high-dimensional indexing technique to access the high-dimensional feature vectors extracted by image preprocessing, multimedia query processing and optimization, new query operators, real-time stream management, a search-based buffer management policy, and an access control model for selective, content-based access to streaming video. VDBMS also provides an environment for testing the correctness and scope of new video processing techniques, measuring the performance of algorithms in a standardized way, and comparing the performance of different implementations of an algorithm or component. We are currently developing video component wrappers with well-defined interfaces to facilitate the modification or replacement of video processing components. The ultimate goal of the VDBMS project is a flexible, extensible framework that can be used by the research community for developing, testing, and benchmarking video database technologies.
A cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain in sea urchin embryos.

Abstract By making the hypothetis that the pattern of conserved sequence residues in the vicinity of the hydrolytic ATP-binding site of dynein would resemble that in myosins from a broad variety of sources, we designed degenerate oligonucleotide primers capable of amplifying this region of multiple dynein isoforms from sea urchin embryo poly(A) + RNA. Quantification of the expression of two of these dynein isoforms has shown that the level of mRNA encoding for the β-heavy chain, like that of tubulin, increases 2–3-fold after deciliation of the embryos, whereas the expression of the second dynein isoforms, like that of actin, is essentially unaffected. This second isoform is believed to be the cytoplasmic dynein of sea urchin embryos.
Trust, acceptance, and citizen–agency interactions after large fires: influences on planning processes

Wildfires have increased in number and size in recent years, making post-fire forest management an increasingly important topic. Citizen–agency interactions, citizen trust, and citizen acceptance of management strategies are central to successful planning and decision-making in these settings. In this study, citizen opinions from the attentive public are evaluated in two locations near recent fires in Oregon: the 2003 Bear and Booth Complex Fires and the 2002 Biscuit Fire. Results suggest an agency’s commitment to long-term interactions with citizens influences citizen trust in the agencies and acceptance of post-fire management strategies. There is broad acceptance for several post-fire management strategies (i.e. erosion control, replanting, reseeding). However, acceptance is highly dependent on trustworthy relations. Further, results suggest it is not enough to simply offer opportunities for public engagement; citizens need to feel that these activities were meaningful opportunities to participate. Although results differed between locations, overall the majority of respondents did not agree with how the local Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management handled forest planning after recent fires. Findings from this research indicate that positive citizen–agency relations need to be long-term and developed well before a fire occurs if post-fire actions are to be supported by communities.
Retrieval Mode Distinguishes the Testing Effect from the Generation Effect.

A series of four experiments examined the effects of generation vs. retrieval practice on subsequent retention. Subjects were first exposed to a list of target words. Then the subjects were shown the targets again intact for Read trials or they were shown fragments of the targets. Subjects in Generate conditions were told to complete the fragments with the first word that came to mind while subjects in Recall conditions were told to use the fragments as retrieval cues to recall words that occurred in the first part of the experiment. The instruction manipulated retrieval mode—the Recall condition involved intentional retrieval while the Generate condition involved incidental retrieval. On a subsequent test of free recall or recognition, initial recall produced better retention than initial generation. Both generation and retrieval practice disrupted retention of order information, but retrieval enhanced retention of item-specific information to a greater extent than generation. There is a distinction between the testing effect and the generation effect and the distinction originates from retrieval mode. Intentional retrieval produces greater subsequent retention than generating targets under incidental retrieval instructions.
MANIPULATING THE PATIENT A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICIAN AND CHIROPRACTOR CARE

Abstract Patients identified through Workmen's Compensation records as having been treated for back or spinal problems by a chiropractor (122) or a physician (110) were interviewed to determine their functional status before and after the accident and their satisfaction with the care received. In terms of both the patients' perception of improvement in functional status and patient satisfaction, the chiropractors appear to have been as effective with the patients they treated as were the physicians. The two groups of patients were not significantly different with regard to age, sex, race, education, marital status, income, hypochondria, or attitudes about the medical profession in general.
A Mutation in the pale aleurone color1 Gene Identifies a Novel Regulator of the Maize Anthocyanin Pathway

By screening for new seed color mutations, we have identified a new gene, pale aleurone color1 (pac1), which when mutated causes a reduction in anthocyanin pigmentation. The pac1 gene is not allelic to any known anthocyanin biosynthetic or regulatory gene. The pac1-ref allele is recessive, nonlethal, and only reduces pigment in kernels, not in vegetative tissues. Genetic and molecular evidence shows that the pac1-ref allele reduces pigmentation by reducing RNA levels of the biosynthetic genes in the pathway. The mutant does not reduce the RNA levels of either of the two regulatory genes, b and c1. Introduction of an anthocyanin structural gene promoter (a1) driving a reporter gene into maize aleurones shows that pac1-ref kernels have reduced expression resulting from the action of the a1 promoter. Introduction of the reporter gene with constructs that express the regulatory genes b and c1 or the phlobaphene pathway regulator p shows that this reduction in a1-driven expression occurs in both the presence and absence of these regulators. Our results imply that pac1 is required for either b/c1 or p activation of anthocyanin biosynthetic gene expression and that pac1 acts independently of these regulatory genes.
Corneal keratocyte deficits after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose To measure changes in keratocyte density up to five years after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Design Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Methods Eighteen eyes of 12 patients received PRK to correct a mean refractive error of −3.73 ± 1.30 diopters, and 17 eyes of 11 patients received LASIK to correct a mean refractive error of −6.56 ± 2.44 diopters. Corneas were examined by using confocal microscopy before and six months, one year, two years, three years, and five years after the procedures. Keratocyte densities were determined in five stromal layers in PRK patients and in six stromal layers in LASIK patients. Differences between preoperative and postoperative cell densities were compared by using paired t tests with Bonferroni correction for five comparisons. Results After PRK, keratocyte density in the anterior stroma decreased by 40%, 42%, 45%, and 47% at six months, two years, three years, and five years, respectively ( P P P P P P P Conclusions Keratocyte density decreases for at least five years in the anterior stroma after PRK and in the stromal flap and the retroablation zone after LASIK.
Selective predation by the carnivorous marine copepod Euchaeta elongata: Laboratory measurements of predation rates verified by field observations of temporal and spatial feeding patterns1,2

The size of copepod prey strongly influenced dietary selectivity by Euchaeta elongata. Adult females (4.2-mm prosome length) showed highest predation rates on adult copepod prey 6501,000 pm long and on intermediate sized copepodid stages of Calanus pacz$cu+s. Selective feeding curves of copepodid stages IV and V of E. elongata showed a slight shift toward smaller prey. The prosome length of the primary prey was 70% the length of the second basipodal segment of the maxilliped for CIV, CV, and adult females of E. elongata. In both single and multispecies experiments at two concentrations, predation rates of adult female E. elongata seemed to be invariably focused on prey 650-1,000 pm long. Because E. elongata can consume adults of small copepod prey and the young copepodid stages of large copepod prey, it causes mortality of the entire copepod assemblage. Apparent recognition of a preferred prey, Pseudocalanus spp., and the nonpreferred cyclopoids seems to depend partly on their activity patterns. Thus, although size is an important determinant of dietary selectivity, species-specific behavioral differences can also influence feeding rates. Variations in predatory feeding activity on copepod prey were closely related to diel vertical migrations of E. elongata. The number of adult females with ingested prey began to increase soon after sunset, when the predatory copepod entered the surface layers containing prey of the preferred size, thus corroborating the selective feeding pattern observed in the laboratory. The timing of the migrations coincided well with sunset (ascent) and sunrise (descent) in winter, spring, and summer.
RATES OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION IN BACTERIA ARE RELATIVELY CONSTANT DESPITE SPORE DORMANCY

Rates of molecular evolution are known to vary considerably among lineages, partially due to differences in life-history traits such as generation time. The generation-time effect has been well documented in some eukaryotes, but its prevalence in prokaryotes is unknown. "Because many species of Firmicute bacteria spend long periods of time as metabolically dormant spores, which could result in fewer DNA substitutions per unit time, they present an excellent system for testing predictions of the molecular clock hypothesis." To test whether spore-forming bacteria evolve more slowly than their non-spore-forming relatives, I used phylogenetic methods to determine if there were differences in rates of amino acid substitution between spore-forming and non-spore-forming lineages of Firmicute bacteria. Although rates of evolution do vary among lineages, I find no evidence for an effect of spore-formation on evolutionary rate and, furthermore, evolutionary rates are similar to those calculated for enteric bacteria. These results support the notion that variation in generation time does not affect evolutionary rates in bacterial lineages.
P4C-3 Dynamics of Ultrasound Contrast Agents within Rat Cecum Vessels

A theoretical model was established to study interaction between ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs, called microbubbles) and compliant microvessels. The predicted microbubble expansion and vessel wall displacement are in good agreement with the ex vivo experimental results using the rat cecum vessels for ultrasound with a center frequency of 1 MHz and a PRP (peak rarefactional pressure) of 800 kPa. We demonstrate that compared to the bubble oscillation within an infinite liquid or within a 200-micron tube, bubble maximum expansion within the small vessels is substantially reduced. With two-cycle 1 MHz, 0.8 MPa PRP ultrasound, the relative expansion of the shelled microbubbles with a diameter of 4 and 7.2-mum estimated by the Rayleigh-Plesset equation is 4.1 and 3.0, respectively, while within a 14-mum vessel, we observed that the bubble expansion was 2.6 and 1.3-fold, respectively. Our model predicted that the corresponding relative expansion is 2.6 and 1.8, respectively. With 0.8 MPa PRP, 1 MHZ ultrasound, a 4 mum bubble within a 25 mum vessel can displace the vessel wall up to 2 microns and induce a circumferential stress near 36 kPa.
Justice Kennedy's Short-Lived Libertarian Revolution: A Brief History of Supreme Court Libertarian Ideology

This paper contends that Justice Anthony Kennedy did not initiate a libertarian jurisprudential revolution following Lawrence v. Texas. The article begins with an overview of constitutional fundamental rights jurisprudence and examines similarities with libertarian theory.The paper then assesses the legal decisions of Justice Kennedy but concludes that Justice Kennedy is not a libertarian. This provides the basis for critiquing Professor Randy Barnett's assertion that Justice Kennedy was the instigator of a libertarian revolution in U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence. The fact that Justice Kennedy is not a libertarian is apparent from his reasoning in the recent partial birth abortion case, Gonzales v. Carhart. The paper concludes by questioning the practical application of rigid libertarian theory to real-world judicial decision making while, at the same time, expressing concern regarding Justice Kennedy's reasoning in Carhart.
Frequency Tuning and Ionic Conductances in Hair Cells of the Bullfrog’s Sacculus

An important function of the peripheral auditory system is the resolution of complex sounds into their constituent frequency components. The responses of individual nerve fibers and hair cells (Russell and Sellick, 1978; Crawford and Fettiplace, 1980) in the auditory organs of several species show extremely sharp selectivity for particular frequencies. There is currently much debate over the mechanisms that determine this selectivity, or tuning, particularly for frequencies close to the characteristic frequency, or CF (Dallos, 1981). In the cochleas of some species it appears that the sharpness of tuning results from processes that maximize mechanical input to the hair cells. In the turtle’s cochlea, however, an electrical resonance in the hair cell may supplement the mechanical properties of the organ in conferring sharp frequency selectivity at the CF, by maximizing the cell’s response to sound of frequencies near the resonant frequency (Crawford and Fettiplace, 1981).