cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sedimentary Structures and Bedding

Like texture and composition, sedimentary structures and bedding are inherent in sedimentation. Both are made visible by variations in grain size and to a lesser extent by mineralogy (Fig. 4-1). Because the great majority of structures can be seen with the naked eye, their study is as old as geology itself and, therefore, most of what we know has arisen from observation of ancient sediments. However, modern sediments and flume experiments have also contributed significantly to the study and understanding of structures, as we will see in Chap. 8. Structures have been used (1) as guides to determine the agent or environment of deposition, (2) as guides to stratigraphic order, by determination of top and bottom, (3) to map paleocurrent systems, (4) as indices of flow conditions, and (5) to assess chemical changes after deposition.
Theoretical Performance Of Two Ultra-high Efficiency Photovoltaic Concepts

Two photovoltaic energy conversion concepts capable of producing electricity at substantially higher efficiencies than conventional PV systems are the thermo-photovoltaic (TPV) concept. and the tandem-cell (TC) concept. The theoretical performance of devices designed to manifest these concepts is investigated in this paper. It appears that significant efficiency increases are possible with these two concepts if one is prepared to accept the inherent added complexity. For example, in the TPV device, for a maximum allowable diffuser temperature of 2500 deg K, a theoretical efficiency of 65% is predicted. Theoretical efficiencies near 50% are predicted for the TC device.
Politics and Gender in Crisis in David Underdown's “The Taming of the Scold”

David Underdown's 1985 essay “The Taming of the Scold” argues on the basis of an increase in the number of cucking stools and skimmingtons (both mechanisms for punishing unruly women) that there was a crisis in gender relations in the years around 1600. This article reviews the argument, describes the diverse historiographies with which it engages and contributes, and considers later attempts to test Underdown's claims empirically and the methodological questions which these attempts illuminate.
Implementation of an information system for engineering design

Engineering designers depend on a variety of information sources. We have implemented portions of an information system architecture developed earlier, using Web browsers to provide a common interface to data sources that include distributed databases organized in PostgreSQL. The system organizes and indexes information maintained in various formats at different locations. The author discusses key implementation details and the rationale behind the design.
Rapid preparation of plant samples for cation analysis

Abstract In the dry ashing of plant material for chemical analysis, the hot digestion on the steam bath of the ashed sample was replaced by the quantitative addition of dilute HCl and stirring very briefly to dissolve the ash. By waiting a few minutes for the particles to settle, there was no need to filter the solution prior to dilution with an automatic diluter and the determination of K, Na, Ca and Mg by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The new procedure permits the handling of large batches of samples conveniently, eliminates the use of pipettes and volumetric flasks and decreases the risk of inadvertent contamination by sodium and therefore enhances accuracy. Precision was at least as good as with the standard procedure and the method is expected to be more suitable for use in conjunction with automated analytical techniques.
Differential expression of glucose transporters during chick embryogenesis.

The patterns of Glut1 and Glut3 glucose transporter protein and mRNA expression were assessed during embryogenesis of chicken brain and skeletal muscle, Glut4 protein levels were also evaluated in skeletal muscle and heart, and Glut1 was examined in the developing heart and liver. Glut1 protein expression was detectable throughout brain ontogeny but was highest during early development. Glut1 mRNA levels in the brain remained very high throughout development. Glut3 protein was highest very early and very late and mRNA was highest during the last half of development. In embryonic skeletal muscle, the levels of Glut1and Glut3 proteins and mRNA were highest very early, and declined severely by mid-development. Glut1 protein and mRNA in the heart also peaked early and then decreased steadily. Although Glut1 mRNA levels were consistently high in the embryonic liver, Glut1 protein expression was not detected. These results suggest that (1) Glut1 is developmentally regulated in chick brain, skeletal muscle, and heart, (2) Glut1 mRNA is present in liver but does not appear to be translated, (3) Glut3 in brain increases developmentally but is virtually absent in muscle, and (4) Glut4 protein and mRNA appear to be absent from chick heart and skeletal muscle.
The role of miRNAs and EBV BARTs in NPC

The BamHI A rightward transcripts are a set of alternatively splicing transcripts produced by Epstein-Barr Virus that are highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These transcripts contain several open reading frames as well as precursors for twenty-two miRNAs. Although the putative proteins corresponding to these open reading frames have not been detected, several studies have identified properties that are interesting and potentially significant with respect to cellular transformation. The miRNAs, however, are very abundant in all nasopharyngeal carcinomas and several potentially significant functions have been identified for some of the miRNAs. This article will focus on the nature of this complicated set of transcripts and the evidence that they contribute to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Mini workshop — Exploration of a direct method for measuring ABET professional skills

Proficiency in professional skills related to teamwork, ethical responsibility, oral communication, impact of engineering solutions, life-long learning, and contemporary issues is critical for success in the multi-disciplinary, intercultural team interactions that characterize 21st century engineering careers. Yet, programs across the nation have struggled to define, teach, and measure professional skills since their introduction as ABET criteria for engineering programs in 2000. The Engineering Professional Skills Assessment (EPSA) is a direct assessment method centered on one of several inter-disciplinary scenarios that frame a contemporary societal problem, a generalized set of discussion questions intended to guide a meaningful, 45 minute discussion of multiple scenarios among 4–6 students, and the Engineering Professional Skills rubric that is broadly applicable for all scenarios. In this mini-workshop, participants will examine one scenario in detail along with self-scoring and peer-scoring of a scenario discussion among workshop participants. This experience will be structured to produce small-group and large-group insights about administering and scoring the EPSA in classroom situations. The intended audience for this workshop includes faculty who teach courses identified for collecting data on ABET professional skills, ABET coordinators from the entire spectrum of engineering programs, and ABET engineering program evaluators.
Aortic Valve Selection in the Elderly Patient

Abstract To determine the influence of valve selection on valve-related morbidity and mortality and patient survival, comparative long-term performance characteristics of mechanical (N = 68) and bioprosthetic (N = 73) heart valves were analyzed for 141 patients more than 70 years old who underwent isolated aortic valve replacement between 1970 and 1985. Cumulative patient follow-up was 491 patient-years (average, 4.3 years per patient). Hospital mortality was 18% and 19% for patients with mechanical valves and bioprosthetic valves, respectively. Survival at 5 years was 61 ± 7% (± the standard error) and 67 ± 10% for recipients of mechanical valves and bioprosthetic valves, respectively. Male sex ( p = 0.014) and urgency of operation ( p = 0.006) were independent risk factors for hospital mortality. Atrial fibrillation increased valve-related mortality ( p = 0.01). No patient required reoperation or experienced structural valve failure. While anticoagulant-related hemorrhage was increased in recipients of mechanical valves (9.2 ± 2.1%/patient-year) compared with recipients of bioprosthetic valves (2.3 ± 1.1%/patient-year), it did not result in a death or lead to permanent disability. There was no difference in freedom from any valve-related complication at 5 years. However, when all morbid events are considered, recipients of bioprosthetic valves experienced fewer valve-related complications than patients receiving mechanical valves (10.7 ± 2.3%/patient-year versus 17.6 ± 2.5%/patient-year, respectively; p
Hydrofluoric acid reaction with sandstone formations

A mixture of hydrofluoric (HF) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids is often used to stimulate gas and oil production from sandstone reservoirs by increasing formation porosity and permeability near the well bore. This acid mixture is used since it will react with almost all constituents of naturally occurring sandstones and solids used in drilling and workover fluids. The penetration of hydrofluoric acid into the formation is primarily controlled by the chemical composition of the minerals which acid contacts. Smith and Hendrickson and Gatewood have shown that the reaction rate of hydrofluoric acid with calcite or silicate minerals (clay or feldspar), for example, is much more rapid than with silica. Therefore, if large quantities of the highly reactive minerals are contacted, acid will not penetrate deeply into the formation. In this test, acid was injected into a linear core and the permeability measured as a function of acid throughput. The acid volume required to attain a desired permeability increase divided by the core cross-sectional area was then used to design the treatment. Farley et al. reported similar test data taken in automated experimental equipment. This test procedure gives useful information regarding acid reaction with sandstone; however, its use as a design proceduremore » is limited.« less
Goethe's critique of Newton: A reconsideration

Abstract The masses may concede that someone has talent where he has displayed a certain industry and fortune has not been unkind to him; but if he tries to enter another field and diversify his abilities, he appears to damage the claim he once had on public opinion, and therefore his efforts in a new realm are seldom accepted with favor and good will.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme from guinea pig and hog lung.

Abstract Lung contains a true angiotensin-converting enzyme, i.e., an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by the hydrolytic removal of the dipeptide histidylleucine. The soluble enzymes from guinea pig and hog lung were purified more than 200-fold. These enzymes are quite similar in having the same Km, 20 μM, the same s20,w value of 8.2 from sucrose gradient measurements, and the same Stokes radius from Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 150 000 d. The plasma enzymes have the same s20,w values and Stokes radii as the lung enzymes; the Km values are similar but slightly higher 40 μM. In contrast to plasma, the lung, especially hog lung, contains a considerable amount of histidylleucine hydrolyzing activity. This enzyme was obtained in a partially purified form with a specific activity of 1.6 μmoles/min per mg protein. The molecular weight of histidylleucine cleaving enzyme was estimated to be about 80 000 based on the corrected s20,w value of 5.3 S and the relative elution volume from gel filtration. The Km value of 200 μM for histidylleucine was calculated. The maximum tissue converting enzyme activities of guinea pig and hog that we obtain are about 30 and 10 nmoles/min per g wet tissue. This amount is less than we expected since in the dog more than 50% of angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in a single passage through the lung.
Should bonus points be included in the Six Nations Championship

We construct strength measures based on wins and potential bonuses and use a prediction model to determine bonuses that are significantly correlated with team strength. The results reveal that the bonus for losing by seven or fewer points is strongly statistically significant, bonuses for scoring three or more net tries are moderately significant and bonuses for scoring four or more tries are insignificant. These findings indicate that if bonuses are included to reward strong teams, the Six Nations Championship should adopt the bonus system used in French domestic competitions rather than that used in the Rugby World Cup and elsewhere.
Influence of the plant defense response to Escherichia coli O157:H7 cell surface structures on survival of that enteric pathogen on plant surfaces.

ABSTRACT Consumption of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 has resulted in hundreds of cases of illness and, in some instances, death. In this study, the influence of cell surface structures of E. coli O157:H7, such as flagella, curli fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides, or exopolysaccharides, on plant defense responses and on survival or colonization on the plant was investigated. The population of the E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 wild-type strain was significantly lower on wild-type Arabidopsis plants than that of the 43895 flagellum-deficient mutant. The population of the E. coli O157:H7 43895 flagellum mutant was greater on both wild-type and npr1-1 mutant (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related [PR] genes) plants and resulted in less PR gene induction, estimated based on a weak β-glucuronidase (GUS) signal, than did the 43895 wild-type strain. These results suggest that the flagella, among the other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), made a substantial contribution to the induction of plant defense response and contributed to the decreased numbers of the E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 wild-type strain on the wild-type Arabidopsis plant. A curli-deficient E. coli O157:H7 86-24 strain survived better on wild-type Arabidopsis plants than the curli-producing wild-type 86-24 strain did. The curli-deficient E. coli O157:H7 86-24 strain exhibited a GUS signal at a level substantially lower than that of the curli-producing wild-type strain. Curli were recognized by plant defense systems, consequently affecting bacterial survival. The cell surface structures of E. coli O157:H7 have a significant impact on the induction of differential plant defense responses, thereby impacting persistence or survival of the pathogen on plants.
βA3/A1-crystallin in astroglial cells regulates retinal vascular remodeling during development

Vascular remodeling is a complex process critical to development of the mature vascular system. Astrocytes are known to be indispensable for initial formation of the retinal vasculature; our studies with the Nuc1 rat provide novel evidence that these cells are also essential in the retinal vascular remodeling process. Nuc1 is a spontaneous mutation in the Sprague–Dawley rat originally characterized by nuclear cataracts in the heterozygote and microphthalmia in the homozygote. We report here that the Nuc1 allele results from mutation of the βA3/A1-crystallin gene, which in the neural retina is expressed only in astrocytes. We demonstrate striking structural abnormalities in Nuc1 astrocytes with profound effects on the organization of intermediate filaments. While vessels form in the Nuc1 retina, the subsequent remodeling process required to provide a mature vascular network is deficient. Our data implicate βA3/A1-crystallin as an important regulatory factor mediating vascular patterning and remodeling in the retina.
A cubic extended interior penalty function for structural optimization

This paper describes an optimization procedure for the minimum weight design of complex structures. The procedure is based on a new cubic extended interior penalty function (CEIPF) used with the sequence of unconstrained minimization technique (SUMT) and Newton's method. The Hessian matrix of the penalty function is approximated using only constraints and their derivatives. The CEIPF is designed to minimize the error in the approximation of the Hessian matrix, and as a result the number of structural analyses required is small and independent of the number of design variables. Three example problems are reported. The number of structural analyses is reduced by as much as 50 per cent below previously reported results.
The political policy cycle: Presidential effort vs. presidential control

After disentangling presidential budget proposals from budgetary changes attributable to fluctuations in the economy and to congressional action, we find consistent evidence for a presidential macroeconomic policy cycle attuned to the elctoral cycle. Proposed budgets are more expansionary in election years than at other times. The Congress, however, also plays a significant role in determining fiscal outcomes. Its budgets are systematically related to those of the President and in general reinforce presidential efforts to respond to the electoral cycle.
Traffic Flow Characteristics of the Late Merge Work Zone Control Strategy

Conventional traffic control plans such as the one used in Nebraska (NDOR Merge) for lane closures of rural Interstate highways normally work well as long as congestion does not develop. However, when the traffic demand exceeds the capacity of the work zone, queues may extend back past the advance warning signs, often surprising approaching traffic and increasing the accident potential. The Late Merge is a merge-control concept developed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to reduce the length of queues and reduce the road rage that often develops among drivers. The operational effects of the Late Merge were evaluated. The traffic flow characteristics determined from the field data indicate that the Late Merge is more effective than the NDOR Merge in terms of the safety and efficiency of merging operations in advance of lane closures on Interstate highways. The Late Merge has higher capacity and results in fewer traffic conflicts. However, it was also found that the concept might not be worki...
Women for President: Media Bias in Eight Campaigns

Falk, Erika, ed. (2008). Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 192 pp., $19.95, ISBN: 978‐0252075117. No one who watched television coverage of Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign can doubt ...
Neutropenia: The accuracy and precision of the neutrophil count in leukopenic patients

Neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500/μl) is a life threatening clinical state commonly seen in cancer and leukemia patients on intensive chemotherapy. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the accuracy and precision of the absolute neutrophil count in these patients using two methods: (1) the percentage of neutrophils as determined by a 100 cell manual differential multiplied by the white blood cell count (NEUT-M), and (2) the absolute neutrophil count determined directly by automated flow cytometry using the Hemalog-D automated white cell differential counter (NEUT-D) Technicon Instruments Corp., Tarrytown, NY. The coefficient of variation (cv) for repeated measurements was dependent on absolute neutrophil count. For manual determinations, the cv was 5% at 5000/μl, 18% at 500/μl, and 42% at 50/μl. For the cytometry method the cv was 2.5% at 5000/μl, 8% at 500/μl, and 17% at 50/μl. The accuracy of flow cytometric differential neutrophil counts using the Hemalog-D system was found to be equivalent to the manual differential count. The precision, however, was more than twice that of the manual white cell differential count. In the neutropenic patient this analytical improvement was clinically useful as demonstrated by sequential observation of daily neutrophil counts.
Effect of Antioxidants on the Flavor of Cold Storage Butter

Summary Fresh, salted sweet cream butter containing 0.01% by weight of nordihy-droguaiaretic acid (NDGA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and BHT + iso -propylcitrate (IPC), respectively, was stored at −18 and 38F. The autoxidation of the butter was followed organoleptically and by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test and peroxide value. None of the antioxidants retarded the development of oxidized flavors in butter kept at −18 and 38F. BHT + IPC acted as a pro-oxidant in butter kept at 38F. Oxidized flavor development was retarded by NDGA in butter stored for several months at −18F and then transferred to 38F, but the NDGA gave an objectionable bitter flavor to the butter during storage. The TBA test and peroxide value were found to have little value for predicting the flavor score under these storage conditions.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is probably the most common chronic undiagnosed psychiatric disorder in adults. It is characterized by inattention and distractibility, restlessness, labile mood, quick temper, overactivity, disorganization, and impulsivity. It is always preceded by the childhood diagnosis, a disorder that is rarely inquired about, and usually overlooked. Treatment can be dramatically effective. Approximately two thirds of adult ADHD patients experience moderate-to-marked improvement with psychoeducational management and stimulant drug therapy.
Noncontact microrheology at acoustic frequencies using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

Noncontact, frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) can be used to measure the microrheological properties of soft samples at acoustic frequencies. The method will be useful for characterizing the elasticity and viscosity of tissues that detect or produce sound.
Isothermal magnetostatic atmospheres. II. Similarity solutions with current proportional to the magnetic potential cubed

The paper presents a family of isothermal magnetostatic atmospheres with one ignorable coordinate corresponding to a uniform gravitational field in a plane geometry. The distributed current in the model J is directed along the x-axis, where x is the horizontal ignorable coordinate. The current J is taken to be proportional to the cube of the magnetostatic potential A and falls off exponentially with distance vertical to the base with an e-folding distance equal to the gravitational scale height. A range of similarity solution examples are displayed depending on the values of the similarity parameters. Each similarity parameter corresponds to a symmetry of the underlying nonlinear elliptic equation for A. The similarity parameters also determine the source currents for the potential field solution of the family. The solutions show the interplay between the gravitational force, the J and B force (B, magnetic field induction) and the gas pressure gradient. 21 references.
Factor VIII and Platelets Synergistically Accelerate Cleavage of von Willebrand Factor by ADAMTS13 under Fluid Shear Stress

Previous studies have demonstrated that factor VIII (FVIII) or platelets alone increase cleavage of von Willebrand factor (VWF) by ADAMTS13 under mechanically induced shear stresses. We show in this study that the combination of FVIII and platelets at the physiological concentrations is more effective than either one alone. In the absence of FVIII, lyophilized platelets increase the formation of cleavage product by 2–3-fold. However, in the presence of physiological concentration of FVIII (1 nm), the formation of VWF cleavage product increases dramatically as a function of increasing platelets with the maximal rate enhancement of ∼8-fold. Conversely, in the presence of a physiological concentration of lyophilized platelets (150 × 103/μl), the half-maximal concentration of FVIII required to accelerate VWF proteolysis by ADAMTS13 reduces by ∼10-fold (to ∼0.3 nm) compared with that in the absence of platelets (∼3.0 nm). Further studies using the FVIII derivative that lacks an acidic region (a3), an antiplatelet glycoprotein 1bα IgG, and a purified recombinant VWF-A1 domain or glycoprotein 1bα-stripped platelets demonstrate that the synergistic rate-enhancing effect of FVIII and platelets depends on their specific binding interactions with VWF. Our findings suggest that FVIII and platelets are cofactors that regulate proteolysis of multimeric VWF by ADAMTS13 under physiological conditions.
In‐situ observations of an Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud: Similarities with Arctic observations

Measured particle volumes in a type I polar stratospheric cloud near the Antarctic polar vortex during ASHOE/MAESA show that the onset of the cloud occurred near 193 K, 3 degrees colder than nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) saturation. The onset temperature, the smooth increase of volume with decreasing temperature, the inverse correlation of particle volume and enhanced NO y (HNO 3 in the particles) with temperature, and comparisons of observations with an equilibrium model of ternary droplet growth all support the notion that much of this type I PSC was ternary solution droplets. This provides confirmation of previous findings in the northern hemisphere. However, the ternary model does not fit the observations in all regions. This may be due to the presence of some solid phase growth in agreement with impactor observations.
GONADOBLASTOMA ASSOCIATED WITH PURE GONADAL DYSGENESIS IN MONOZYGOUS TWINS.

Monozygous twins with pure gonadal dysgenesis and associated gonadoblastoma are presented. There were no signs of Turner's syndrome and chromosome analysis revealed a 44A-XY karyotype. The literature regarding gonadoblastoma is reviewed. The association between gonadal tumors and abnormalities of gonadal differentiation is emphasized.
Effects of blood flow on laser probe temperature in human arteries

Laser recanalization using metal capped fibers occurs by thermal vaporization of occluding plaque. However, little is known about the effects of blood and flow on the temperature of the laser probe or the arterial wall during lasing. To study this, probe and arterial wall temperatures were measured while a metal capped fiber, activated by an argon laser, was held stationary in a stenotic human peripheral artery. Arteries were perfused with saline and blood, and flow was varied from 0 to 140 cc/min. Probe temperatures were significantly higher in blood than in saline. However, the increased probe temperature achieved in blood was not transferred to the arterial wall. Increasing flow decreased probe temperature in both media, but again arterial wall temperatures were minimally affected. Thus, the presence of blood and flow may significantly affect heat generation and heat transfer during arterial recanalization using metal capped fibers.
Particle shape effects due to crushing method and size

Abstract Using Fourier shape analysis, differences in the shape mix of glass particles crushed under open and choke flow conditions were demonstrated. Particles crushed in open flow are more angular, have larger asperities and more complex shapes. Smaller particles are more elongate, complex and angular. Since it was found that smaller particles are more complex, irregular and have higher aspect ratios than larger ones, it is suggested that a major factor in lung damage from small particles may be due to the particle's shape. Because of their irregular shape, fine particles do not pack well and have a low bulk density. The particle shape distribution of feed, product and waste streams of mineral processing unit operations needs to be characterized to learn how shape affects the recovery of minerals, so that equipment and circuits may be designed to optimize recovery. Experiments were reproducible and the method of Fourier analysis for characterizing shape distributions was found to be a good, reproducible research tool for comminution shape studies.
Effect of DNA length on the free energy of binding of an unwinding ligand to a supercoiled DNA.

It is pointed out that, if the free energy of supercoiling for covalently closed DNA molecules is an extensive property proportional to molecular length, the free energy released by unwinding the DNA by a small amount, Δτ, is independent of the length of the DNA. Accordingly, the ratio, KIKII, of equilibrium constants for binding of an unwinding ligand by a supercoiled and a relaxed DNA is independent of molecular length and depends only on the superhelix density.
Single Molecule DNA Interactions Between the E. Coli DNA Polymerase III α Subunit and the Polymerase Manager Protein UmuD

The E. coli replicative DNA polymerase III (Pol III) α stalls upon encountering DNA damage. Specialized translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases are required for efficient bypass of damaged DNA. Although the mechanism for exchanging Pol III α for a TLS polymerase is not yet well understood, the protein UmuD is extensively involved in modulating cellular responses to DNA damage. UmuD binds both the polymerase α and the β processivity clamp, which tethers α to the DNA template. This interaction releases α from β, which has been proposed to facilitate polymerase switching (Silva et al. in preparation). Furthermore, UmuD may bind α and disrupt its interaction with the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) template in an effort to facilitate polymerase exchange. We use single molecule DNA stretching, a technique that was previously used to characterize the DNA binding properties of α (McCauley et al. ACS Chem. Biol. 3, 2008), to investigate the possibility that UmuD disrupts the binding of α and ssDNA. Preliminary data suggests that, although UmuD alone does not bind DNA, its presence with α weakens the binding of α to ssDNA. Additionally, UmuD and α together appear to stabilize double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which suggests that UmuD may facilitate α binding to dsDNA at the expense of ssDNA binding.
Effect of phosphate supplements in patients with fractures.

Abstract Twenty-four patients with various fractures were given phosphate supplements (1 g. of phosphorus daily) to their diets; twenty-seven patients with fractures at the same site as the others, did not receive these supplements. In the phosphate-treated patients with fractures of the femur and ankle, radiographically demonstrable demineralisation and the time required for clinical union were significantly reduced. Phosphate supplementation gave rise to no complications.
The effect of different salts of saccharin on the rat urinary bladder.

Abstract Weanling male F344 rats were fed the sodium, potassium, or calcium salf of saccharin or acid saccharin as 5% of the diet by weight for 10 weeks. Sodium saccharin induced significant urinary bladder epithelial proliferation as determined by the labelling index following [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation and by light and scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Potassium saccharin also significantly increased the labelling index but less than the sodium salt. Calcium saccharin and acid saccharin did not significantly increase the labelling index. Similar differences were evident by light and scanning electron microscopy. These differences were not due to differences in the level of saccharin excretion in the urine following feeding of the various salts. Differences in urinary pH and urinary concentration of sodium and calcium were observed between rats fed the various forms of saccharin.
The diffusion of racist violence in the Netherlands: Discourse and distance

This article illuminates the unanticipated but intense waves of xenophobia that have swept through Western Europe over the last decade. The author makes use of a unique dataset and diffusion models to simultaneously investigate the geographical and temporal development of waves of racist violence in the Netherlands during the turbulent period 2001–03, when the country lost its reputation as a multicultural paradise. The results provide evidence for the fact that previous riots enhance the legitimacy of violence elsewhere, especially if they are visible in the mass media, resonate with public debates on immigration and take place in nearby regions. Opposing previous research on mobilization, the analysis suggests that proxies for ethnic competition, deprivation and political opportunity structures are not significantly related to the outbreak of violence; only population size adequately predicts where violence starts. Together these findings suggest that waves of xenophobia develop in two steps: they start...
Transient Global Forebrain Ischemia Induces a Prolonged Expression of the Caspase-3 mRNA in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons:

The authors recently cloned a cDNA for an ICE/CED3-related cysteine protease from rat brain, which is closely related to human CPP32 (now designated caspase-3). In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed a profound developmental regulation of the caspase-3 transcript in rat brain, with relatively high levels of caspase-3 mRNA observed in neurons of the fetal and neonatal brain and low levels of mRNA in neurons of the adult brain. The authors report that transient forebrain ischemia, which results in a delayed apoptotic death of CA1 pyramidal neurons, results in prolonged expression of caspase-3 mRNA in these same pyramidal neurons. Up-regulation of caspase-3 mRNA in CA1 pyramidal neurons is prominent 24 hours after transient global ischemia, and expression is maintained at higher levels for at least 72 hours after ischemia. However, by 96 hours after ischemia, a marked decrease in caspase-3 mRNA expression is observed in CA1 pyramidal neurons, showing severe degenerative changes (e.g., nuclear condensation). By contrast, there is no change in the expression of a closely related member of caspase family, caspase-2, in CA1 pyramidal neurons after global ischemia. Instead, caspase-2 mRNA is induced in lamina layers of cerebral cortex 24 hours after the ischemia. A selective and prolonged induction of the caspase-3 gene in committed CA1 pyramidal neurons suggests that transcriptional activation of this caspase-3 gene may be involved in the apoptotic cell death cascade of CA1 neurons after transient global ischemia.
Clinical Psychology: Beyond Psychopathology and Clinical Interventions

As clinical psychology addresses an increasingly wide spectrum of problems, the discipline's dominant emphasis on psychopathology must be integrated with an equivalent understanding of psychosocial problems. Such a balance is viewed as improving work done in relation to all problems addressed by clinical psychology and the mental health field. In support of these views, this article explores the importance of going beyond psychopathology with respect to (a) classifying behavioral, emotional, and learning problems and (b) conceiving intervention models.
Distribution and long-term temporal patterns of four invasive colonial ascidians in the Gulf of Maine

Abstract Invasive ascidians are a growing concern for ecologists and natural resource managers, yet few studies have documented their short- and long-term temporal patterns of abundance. This study focuses on the invasion of the Gulf of Maine by the colonial ascidians Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides violaceus, Diplosoma listerianum and Didemnum sp. A. We examined the time of arrival and potential vectors for these four invasive ascidians using survey data (collected from 1969 onwards) and literature documentation. We also compared the dominance and seasonal patterns of abundance of these species using data from two identical panel studies; one conducted from 1979 to 1980, the other from 2003 to 2005. Didemnum and Botrylloides were most likely first introduced into the Damariscotta River, Maine in the early 1970's through oyster aquaculture while Botryllus and Diplosoma were probably transported by commercial and recreational vessels. The overall abundance of colonial ascidians has increased since 1979 and 1980. Botryllus was the only invasive colonial ascidian present during the 1979 to 1980 study and accounted for an average of 6.16% cover on panels. From 2003 to 2005, the more recently arrived colonial ascidians Botrylloides and Didemnum accounted for 7.38% and 2.08% cover respectively, while Botryllus covered only 1.16%. Our results reveal a shift in seasonal abundance between 1979 to 1980 and 2003 to 2004. In 1979 and 1980, colonial ascidians had the highest percent cover in fall and winter while in 2003 and 2005 they had highest percent cover in summer and fall. Seasonal patterns of space occupation by colonial ascidians were correlated with seasonal changes in seawater temperature.
Rate change observed at JPLM after the Northridge Earthquake

Geodetic time series determined with the Global Positioning System indicate that the geodetic rate of a permanent site in Pasadena, California (JPLM) changed significantly after the 17 January 1994 Northridge California earthquake. Subtracting the pre-quake rate and co-seismic offset leaves 30±4 mm of integrated eastward excess motion observed in the three years following the earthquake. North and vertical components show excess motion of −11 plusmn;3 mm and 25±11 mm respectively. Local surveys to three additional points near JPLM changed by no more than 6 mm E, 3 mm N, and 15 mm V during the two years after the earthquake, ruling out the possibility of a local effect at the JPLM monument. The direction and size of the post-seismic displacements at JPLM are not consistent with additional slip on the fault which ruptured. The most rapid accumulation of excess motion occurs immediately after the earthquake, suggesting a relationship between the two events.
Cost considerations in implementing a screening and surveillance strategy for Barrett's oesophagus

There is increasing concern over the rising costs of healthcare leading to debate regarding the use of resources to implement preventive strategies. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett's oesophagus provides an excellent opportunity to highlight this issue since cancer is uncommon even among individuals with documented Barrett's oesophagus. This review provides a brief introduction to economic analysis in healthcare and summarizes published studies of the cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce mortality from cancer. Current best estimates highlight the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic ablation among patients with Barrett's oesophagus and high-grade dysplasia and the low cost-effectiveness of ablation among patients without dysplasia. The cost-effectiveness of ablation among patients with Barrett's and low-grade dysplasia is poorly defined due to the ambiguity of diagnosing dysplasia, the unknown risk of cancer among patients with low-grade dysplasia, and the uncertain durability of ablation to maintain remission from metaplasia and dysplasia and prevent cancer.
Characterization of the inducible nitric oxide synthase oxygenase domain identifies a 49 amino acid segment required for subunit dimerization and tetrahydrobiopterin interaction.

The oxygenase domain of inducible NO synthase (residues 1−498, iNOSox) is the enzyme's catalytic center. Its active form is a homodimer that contains heme and tetrahydrobiopterin (H4biopterin) and binds l-arginine [Ghosh, D. K., & Stuehr, D. J. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 801]. To help identify protein residues involved in prosthetic group and dimeric interaction, we expressed H4biopterin-free iNOSox in Escherichia coli. The iNOSox was 80% dimeric but contained a low-spin heme iron that bound DTT as a sixth ligand. The iNOSox bound H4biopterin or l-arginine with high affinity, which displaced DTT from the heme and caused spectral changes consistent with a closing up of the heme pocket. The H4biopterin-replete iNOSox could catalyze conversion of Nω-hydroxyarginine to citrulline and NO in a H2O2-supported reaction. Limited trypsinolysis of the H4biopterin-free iNOSox dimer cut the protein at a single site in its N-terminal region (K117). H4biopterin protected against the cleavage whereas l-arginine did not. The...
The normalcy of neurosis: evolutionary origins of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related behaviors.

Abstract One of the most curious questions plaguing subscribers of evolutionary theory is how natural selection’s fine-tuned editing function could allow disease to persist. For evolutionary psychiatrists, the existence of psychopathology is thus perplexing. To illustrate a potential answer to one instance of this broad question, we examine the correlates of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) within our normal repertoire of thought and action. The evidence presents a picture of OCD as a dysregulation of normal behaviors and mental states throughout the course of human development. We speculate that such correspondence may be more than a coincidence and that OCD is a consequence of a dysregulation of the neural circuits that are crucially involved in threat detection and harm avoidance. These neural systems are also likely to underlie aspects of religious experience and ritual as well as the wonders of romantic and early parental love.
Stability of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Pralidoxime Chloride

Concentrated aqueous solutions of pralidoxime chloride degrade more rapidly than dilute solutions. The rate and degree of degradation is dependent on the initial and final pH as well as the container in which the solution is stored. The effects of glass, metal, plastic, and rubber stoppers on the stability of concentrated and dilute solutions are discussed. The stability and shelf lives of 50% aqueous concentrates at different temperatures were determined.
Comparison of Two Enhanced Consent Procedures for Patients With Mild Alzheimer Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of two enhanced consent procedures provided to patients with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment that used either a PowerPoint presentation or an enhanced printed consent form. Methods Patients randomly assigned to an enhanced written consent procedure or slideshow presentation were assessed with the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research. Results Verbal reexplanation was associated with improved understanding in both conditions. Level of understanding did not significantly differ between the two consent groups, but administration time for slideshow presentation was less than that for an enhanced written consent procedure. Conclusion Enhanced consent procedures are feasible and useful for consent to research among patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild Alzheimer disease.
Innovation in manufacturing

Executive Summary Innovation has recently become a subject of much interest to academics and managers alike. This awakening interest has been brought on by increased competition and a desire to improve business performance. While much has been written on innovation, in general, little has appeared on manufacturing innovation. This paper attempts to provide insight into this subject by analyzing the perspectives of manufacturing managers on what manufacturing innovation is, how it can be measured, and how it can be improved. While the literature and research have addressed important aspects of innovation in manufacturing, further understanding is needed, especially in the definition and measurement of innovation in manufacturing. A generally accepted definition of innovation in a manufacturing context will provide a basis for development of appropriate measures of innovation (not performance), as well as leading to methods for improving innovation (and hence, performance). This paper reports on a series of group discussions with manufacturing managers in how to define, measure, and improve innovation in a manufacturing context. A group of 65 manufacturing managers (vice-presidents, plant managers and manufacturing directors) was brought together and divided into seven small groups. Most of these managers had direct responsibility for from one to five manufacturing plants of various sizes. Each of the small groups was given one of the following three questions: (1) How do you define innovation in manufacturing? (2) How do you measure innovation in manufacturing? or (3) How would you improve innovation in manufacturing? Nominal groups were utilized to “brainstorm” answers to the appropriate questions in each small group. A framework for manufacturing innovation is developed from the data. The framework shows that manufacturing results are affected by the degree of innovation present in manufacturing and by various factors external to manufacturing and the firm. The degree of innovation. in turn, is affected by several elements within manufacturing which can be managed by the firm (resources, structure, goals and culture). The framework which has been developed from these data can be used by managers and researchers alike to define, measure, and improve innovation in manufacturing.
Notch signaling is necessary but not sufficient for differentiation of dendritic cells

The Notch family of receptors plays an important role in regulation of cell differentiation via direct contact between hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and bone marrow stroma (BMS). However the precise contribution of Notch in dendritic cell (DC) differentiation is controversial. In 2 different experimental systems using Notch-1-null embryonic stem cells and Notch-1-deficient HPCs we have found that Notch-1 is necessary for DC differentiation. However, activation of Notch-1 and Notch-2 with cell-bound Notch ligand did not result in differentiation of mature DCs or macrophages. Instead, it caused accumulation of immature myeloid cells. Removal of feeder cells resulted in rapid differentiation of DCs and macrophages. Addition of interleukin 4 (IL-4) into the culture dramatically increased accumulation of functionally potent DCs. Lipopolysaccharide was not able to reproduce this effect. Thus, these data indicate that Notch signaling prevents differentiation of mature myeloid cells. Instead, it results in accumulation of precursors readily able to differentiate into mature DCs once the Notch signal is stopped (eg, after cell emigration from bone marrow) and in the presence of other additional differentiation signals provided by IL-4. Thus, Notch is required but not sufficient for DC differentiation.
Numerical solutions to the problem of thermoelastic contact of two rods

We present numerical simulations of a model for quasistatic contact of two rods. The problem consists of determining the temperature and displacement fields in two collinear rods each held fixed at one end and free to come in contact at the other. The assumption of a quasistatic process leads to a decoupling of the displacement from the temperature. The problem can be reduced to considering a coupled system of two nonlinear parabolic equations for the temperature, with nonlocal terms. The thermal interaction between the contacting ends is modeled by a coefficient of heat exchange that depends on the gap between the rods when there is no contact and on the contact stress when there is contact. Using the Crank-Nicolson scheme and iterations we show that the model is capable of rather interesting behavior. By appropriate choices of the initial conditions, we obtain solutions with periods of contact and loss of contact. When the boundary temperature is periodic the solution settles very quickly into a periodic pattern of contact and separation. The stability of steady-states is investigated in the case when there are three steady-state solutions. Finally, we compare the solutions of this model with those of the uncoupled model, that is usually employed in applications.
Cure of leukemia by marrow transplantation

Abstract One hundred and ten patients with end stage acute leukemia received a marrow transplant from an HLA identical sibling after chemotherapy and supralethal total body irradiation. A plot on a logarithmic scale of the survival of these patients discloses a decreasing death rate after transplantation. The initial rapid loss of patients in the first 130 days is primarily due to infection and graft vs host disease. The rate of leukemic relapse is relatively constant for the first two years after which the relapse rate becomes very low. Between 2 and 6 years, there have been no deaths. The flat slope of the long tail of the survival curve and the corresponding low relapse rate constitute an operational definition of cure of leukemia for the long-term survivors.