cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Las raíces de la polarización de la política moderna en los Estados Unidos

Las elites de los Estados Unidos estan profundamente polarizadas. La polarizacion de los partidos Democrata y Republicano se encuentra en su punto mas alto desde finales del siglo XIX. ?Como puede explicarse este fenomeno a la luz del evidente crecimiento economico de los Estados Unidos? Este ensayo describe el surgimiento de esta tendencia moderna hacia la polarizacion. Para entender las fuerzas historicas que ha producido la polarizacion actual es necesario entender la tradicion colonial britanica del sistema politico-economico estadounidense. La democracia representativa, el sistema electoral mayoritario, la representacion geografica (la tradicion de que el representante viva en el distrito que representa) y los derechos de propiedad privada fueron establecidos desde el comienzo del periodo colonial britanico y dieron forma a los acontecimientos subsiguientes. El modo en el cual estos factores moldearon la evolucion de los partidos politicos a traves del tiempo nos permite comprender por que el actual sistema de partidos se encuentra tan polarizado y por que no existe una solucion simple a la severa polarizacion de las elites en los Estados Unidos.
Broadening employment horizons: transferring proposal writing skills from for-profit to nonprofit organizations

When faced with the need to seek employment, technical communicators with expertise in proposal writing may want to extend their job-seeking horizons beyond the for-profit world and also consider nonprofit organizations as potential employers. The skills required of proposal writers and the situations in which they work are similar whether the writer is employed by a for-profit corporation or a nonprofit organization such as a private college or social service charity. In developing proposals, writers employed in either setting use similar proposal formats, rely on good interpersonal skills while working under deadline pressures, and work with teams of experts from a variety of fields. The article concludes with information on careers with nonprofit organizations, including typical salaries, benefits, and job titles.
Adaptive Path Planning for Autonomous UAV Oceanic Search Missions

This paper presents an autonomous mission architecture for locating and tracking of harmful ocean debris with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Mission simulations are presented that are based on actual weather data, predicted icing conditions, and estimated UAV performance degradation due to ice accumulation. Sun position is estimated to orient search and observation maneuvers to avoid sun glare. The planning algorithms are based on evolutionary computation techniques combined with market-based cooperation strategies for multiple UAVs. Both single vehicle and multiple autonomously cooperating UAVs cases are demonstrated.
An overview of modulation and coding for wireless communications

An overview of modulation and coding techniques commonly used in wireless communications is given. In addition to the tutorial presentation, reference is made to a number of papers on modulation and coding options in environments typical of the land mobile channel. The characteristics of the mobile wireless channel make for a challenging design of communication systems that, in addition to the demand for good power and bandwidth efficiencies, must cope with the various degradations encountered such as adjacent channel interference, cochannel interference, fading, and multipath.
Multinationals and the Developing Countries

In Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis Caves provides a summary of economic research on multinationals and developing countries. Yet, for policy makers major questions remain unanswered. The gaps can be grouped into four categories: the impact of the widespread change in development strategies on multinationals, the net impact of foreign direct investment on host countries, the causes of declining tensions between developing countries and foreign investors, and links between our economic knowledge and the decisions that face private and government managers.
Composable asynchronous events

Although asynchronous communication is an important feature of many concurrent systems, building composable abstractions that leverage asynchrony is challenging. This is because an asynchronous operation necessarily involves two distinct threads of control -- the thread that initiates the operation, and the thread that discharges it. Existing attempts to marry composability with asynchrony either entail sacrificing performance (by limiting the degree of asynchrony permitted), or modularity (by forcing natural abstraction boundaries to be broken).In this paper, we present the design and rationale for asynchronous events, an abstraction that enables composable construction of complex asynchronous protocols without sacrificing the benefits of abstraction or performance. Asynchronous events are realized in the context of Concurrent ML's first-class event abstraction. We discuss the definition of a number of useful asynchronous abstractions that can be built on top of asynchronous events (e.g., composable callbacks) and provide a detailed case study of how asynchronous events can be used to substantially improve the modularity and performance of an I/O-intensive highly concurrent server application.
A redundant function for the N-terminal tail of Ndc80 in kinetochore-microtubule interaction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The N-terminal tail of Ndc80 is essential for kinetochore–microtubule binding in human cells but is not required for viability in yeast. We show that the yeast Ndc80 tail is required for timely mitotic progression and accurate chromosome segregation. The tail is essential when cells are limited for Dam1, demonstrating a redundant function for the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes in vivo.
Optimal Two-Impulse Rendezvous Using Multiple-Revolution Lambert Solutions

Theminimum- ¢V,e xed-time,two-impulserendezvousbetweentwo spacecraftorbitingalong two coplanarunidirectional circular orbits (moving-target rendezvous )is studied. To reach thisgoal, the minimum- ¢V, e xed-time, two-impulse transfer problem between two e xed points on two circular orbits is e rst solved. This e xed-endpoint transferisrelated to the moving-target rendezvousproblem by a simple transformation. The e xed-endpoint transfer problem is solved using the solution to the multiple-revolution Lambert problem. A solution procedure is proposed based on the study of an auxiliary transfer problem. When this procedure is used, the minimum ¢V of the moving-target rendezvous problem without initial and terminal coasting periodsis obtained for a range of separation angles and timesofe ight. Thus, a contour plot ofthecostvs separation angleand transfertime isobtained. This contour plot, along with a sliding rule, facilitates the task of e nding the optimal initial and terminal coasting periods and, hence, obtaining the globally optimal solution for the moving-target rendezvous problem. Numerical examples demonstrate the application of the methodology to multiple rendezvous of satellite constellations on circular orbits.
Un impuesto sobre las transacciones cambiarias como instrumento de lucha contra la pobreza

Este articulo analiza la posibilidad de aplicar un impuesto sobre las transacciones cambiarias que permita una recaudacion considerable para utilizarla en combatir la pobreza. Examina las ideas de Kenen, y las ideas posteriores de Schmidt de que los avances tecnicos permitirian que las cinco autoridades que emiten las monedas en las que se pagan las transacciones apliquen este impuesto en forma eficiente. Destaca la creacion del CLS Bank y la propuesta de limitar este impuesto a las transacciones cambiarias que se realizan por medio de ese banco, aunque sostiene que esto puede ofrecer riesgos. Tambien menciona la propuesta de Spahn de aplicar un impuesto dentro de determinados limites geograficos, pero senala que esto no seria ventajoso si el proposito es recaudar ingresos tributarios. Concluye que seria factible aplicar un impuesto de un punto base sobre las transacciones cambiarias y recaudar alrededor de 20.000 millones de dolares al ano.
Applying Link-Based Classification to Label Blogs

In analyzing data from social and communication networks, we encounter the problem of classifying objects where there is explicit link structure amongst the objects. We study the problem of inferring the classification of all the objects from a labeled subset, using only link-based information between objects. We abstract the above as a labeling problem on multigraphs with weighted edges. We present two classes of algorithms, based on local and global similarities. Then we focus on multigraphs induced by blog data, and carefully apply our general algorithms to specifically infer labels such as age, gender and location associated with the blog based only on the link-structure amongst them. We perform a comprehensive set of experiments with real, large-scale blog data sets and show that significant accuracy is possible from little or no non-link information, and our methods scale to millions of nodes and edges.
Sustainability as a Framework for Analyzing Socioscientific Issues.

Normal.dotm 0 0 1 99 579 OU 14 7 698 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false Scientific and environmental literacy are cornerstones of science education reform and twenty first century citizenry. The ability to make decisions about socioscientific issues is a characteristic of scientific and environmental literacy. This study uses the Sustainability Triad to explore preservice teachers’ analyses and decision-making about socioscientific issues. Results indicate that preservice teachers do not consistently use the dimensions of the sustainability triad as they analyze socioscientific issues. This practice results in decisions that are less sustainable. Recommendations for science teacher preparation programs that emphasize sustainability considerations are provided.
The essential lesion of Alzheimer disease: a surprise in retrospect.

In the absence of any naturally occurring animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the British conviction in the 1970's that clinico- pathological investigations of human cases offered the best approach to unrav- eling the pathogenesis of AD rapidly influenced clinical neuroscientists, neu- ropathologists and funding agencies in Canada and the USA. But as with my confreres, years of our quantifying AD lesions in autopsy brains have yet to yield definitive conclusions about what is the most important neuronal abnor- mality. However, during my elusive search, evidence has been slowly gath- ered that reactivation of latent Herpes simplex virus, traveling from trigeminal ganglia into neighbouring mesial temporal cortex, might best explain the lim- bic predilection for and earliest site of neurofibrillary tangle formation. This maturing hypothesis may serendipitously prove to have been a more essential byproduct of generating the voluminous data than all the publications from our laboratory that reflected endless hours of quantitative morphometry.
Do Auditor Advocacy Attitudes Impede Audit Objectivity

Biased evaluation of evidence exists when an auditor either over-emphasizes evidence that supports management assertions or over-emphasizes evidence against management assertions. This study examin...
Managing Your Desires

Being ethical is about consciously making choices that reflect what you care about most, believe in, and truly value. The organizations we work for are platforms for executing our ethical values. Ask yourself, do you value being morally responsible at work? This means taking charge of your own behavior to ensure that your values are demonstrated in what you do. Many of us end up spending time and energy in service of our immediate demands and/or fulfilling short-term wants and desires. Rather than valuing being responsible, which, in and of itself is at the crux of being ethical, we often behave in ways that demonstrate how much we value fulfilling short-term gratification or other priorities.
Mineral distribution in contact-metamorphosed siliceous dolomite at Ubehebe Peak, California, based on airborne imaging spectrometer data

Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of minerals in the CaO-MgO-SiO 2 -H 2 O-CO 2 system and airborne imaging spectrometer data with a spatial resolution of 3.6 m were used to map the distribution of dolomite, calcite, tremolite, serpentine, brucite, and related minerals in the Ubehebe Peak contact aureole. The results are entirely consistent with previously mapped isograds, but the high-spatial-resolution imagery offers a more accurate representation of the complex distribution of metamorphic minerals, and serves to highlight critical relationships between mineralogy and controlling factors such as stratigraphy, structure, and fluid infiltration. Rocks in the aureole are predominantly quartz-poor dolomite and limestone, and these are classified as pure dolomite or calcite, accordingly. Tremolite and serpentine (after forsterite) are largely restricted to stratigraphic units that contain siliceous dolomite, quartzite, or chert. In one area, however, tremolite and serpentine delineate a zone of retrograde hydration attributed to fluid flow along a fault. Wall rocks within 200 m of the contact and inliers of marble in the pluton contain brucite (after periclase), which documents sites of focused infiltration of H 2 O-rich fluid. In addition, the imagery reveals local metasomatic zones, marked by grossular-rich skarn and epidote alteration of the adjacent quartz monzonite, as well as large-scale patterns of bleaching, interpreted to define the maximum extent of fluid flow. The degree of bleaching and the intensity of plastic deformation are closely coupled; both effects increase abruptly at the forsterite isograd, which appears to represent a fundamental discontinuity with respect to chemical, physical, and mechanical processes in the aureole.
Multiple implantation after oocyte donation: A frequent but inefficient event

Objective To evaluate the natural history of multiple implantation in a donor oocyte program. Design Retrospective review of clinical pregnancies resulting from donor oocytes with analysis of serial vaginal ultrasound examinations beginning 21 days after embryo transfer. Setting University of Southern California IVF program (USC-IVF). Main Outcome Measures Number of implantation sites lost during gestation, furthest development of the gestation, and clinical symptoms of those experiencing loss. Results Sixty-two of 101 patients (61%) who became pregnant had multiple implantations, 41 (41%) with two sacs, 12 (12%) with three sacs, 6 (6%) with four sacs, and 3 (3%) with five sacs. Overall 28% of implantations sites were lost spontaneously. Rates of loss were similar for multiple implantations. The majority (62%) of these nonviable sacs did not develop beyond a gestational sac. All patients with three or more implantation sites had ongoing pregnancies through the first trimester. The probability of pregnancy loss after visualization of fetal heart motion was 5.7%. Few patients who underwent a natural self reduction of sacs were symptomatic. Conclusions There is a significant self-reduction in multiple implantation sites in a donor oocyte program. This may obviate the need for a selective reduction procedure. Patients should be followed for up to 10 weeks after ET before committing to a selective reductive procedure.
A CubeSat deployable solar panel system

The power usage of CubeSat's onboard systems has increased with the complexity of the systems included. This paper presents a deployment system design which creates a plane of solar panels to collect energy. This allows more panels to be in direct normal sunlight at any given point (in conjunction with the onboard attitude determination and control system), facilitating increased power generation. The deployable system is comprised of a printed circuit board (holding the solar cells) which is attached to an aluminum hinge. The efficacy of this approach for power generation and its simplicity, as compared to other prospective approaches, are assessed herein.
Predominance of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the inflammatory lesions of mice with acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Using glycol methacrylate in conjunction with avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex techniques, we studied the contribution of T cell subsets to tissue inflammation during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Two mouse/parasite model systems whose parasitology and pathology behaved differently were used. In C57Bl/6J mice infected with the T. cruzi Brazil strain, the levels of parasitism in blood and tissue (myocardial and skeletal muscle) reached a maximum at week 6 and decreased rapidly thereafter. Inflammatory responses in tissue corresponded with the parasitism, but decreased in intensity more gradually than that of parasitism. The T lymphocytes (Thy 1.2+) were found to be the major lymphocyte population in inflammatory cardiac and skeletal muscles (64.6-81.2%) at both three and six weeks postinfection. Among T cells, CD8+ cells (47.0-58.9%) significantly outnumbered CD4+ cells (9.3-18.6%). The number of B cells (0-1.0%) and macrophages was low. Experiments using C3H/HeSnJ mice infected with the Sylvio X10/4 clone of T. cruzi at 30 days postinfection resulted in similar findings except for a higher CD8+:CD4+ ratio. The primary finding of this study is that Thy 1.2+CD8+CD4- T lymphocytes are the major cell population in both heart and skeletal muscle in acute murine T. cruzi infection. The predominance of CD8+ T cells coincident with the decrease in the tissue parasite burden suggests a role for CD8+ T cells in the control of T. cruzi at the level of the infected cell.
TIME DEPENDENT PROBLEMS

This chapter provides an overview of time dependent problems. Many problems require the solution of time-dependent equations. In this context, there are numerous theoretical topics that an analyst should investigate before selecting a computational algorithm. These include the stability limits, amplitude error, and phase error. A large number of implicit and explicit procedures have been proposed. The chapter mentions typical additional computational procedures that arise in the time integration problems. It illustrates both simple explicit and implicit algorithms. Applications involving second-order spatial derivatives and first-order time derivatives will be referred to as parabolic or transient, while those with second-order time derivatives will be referred to as hyperbolic or dynamic. For these classes of problems, it is common to select various temporal operators to approximate the time derivatives. The actual time integration algorithm is determined by the choices of the difference operators and the ways that they are combined.
Nonneoplastic Lesions of the Ovary and Miscellaneous Primary Ovarian Tumors

Nonneoplastic—physiologic or reactive—conditions of the ovary may present as a mass lesion and mimic a malignant process clinically or radiologically and may result in a diagnostic dilemma on frozen section examination. Familiarity with the clinical context, the spectrum of frozen section histomorphology, and the potential technical artifacts can help avoiding overinterpretation of these benign lesions. Precise classification of benign findings, however, is rarely required for intraoperative management.
Properties of the Combinatorial Clock Auction

The combinatorial clock auction has become popular for large-scale spectrum awards and other uses, replacing more traditional ascending or clock auctions. We describe some surprising properties of the auction, including a wide range of ex post equilibria with demand expansion, demand reduction, and predation. Our results obtain in a standard homogeneous good setting where bidders have well-behaved linear demand curves, and suggest some practical difficulties with dynamic implementations of the Vickrey auction.
College students’ perceptions and knowledge of hookah use

Abstract Purpose Hookah is an increasingly popular tobacco product among college students. The purpose of this study was to determine if college students are aware of tobacco and nicotine content in hookah, and examine associations between college students’ knowledge and perceptions of hookah and their past 30-day hookah use. Methods Participants were 5451 young adults attending one of 24 2- and 4-year colleges. Analyses examined if hookah knowledge was uniquely associated with current hookah use, over and above perceptions of harm and addictiveness, number of other tobacco products currently used, and socio-demographic factors. Analyses were first conducted for the entire sample and then only for current hookah users. Results 26.9% of all students believed hookah did not contain tobacco and 38% believed that hookah did not contain nicotine. Students who believed that hookah contained tobacco were at increased odds of hookah use, and those with increased perceptions of harm were at decreased odds of hookah use. However, hookah knowledge was not associated with hookah users’ intensity of use. Moreover, although increased perceptions of harm were associated with lower intensity of use among current users, increased perceptions of addictiveness were associated with higher intensity of use. Conclusions This study shows gaps in knowledge of hookah contents, and adds to the body of literature, which provides evidence for mandating warning labels as well as tobacco interventions for college students.
Heterosexual Identity Management: How Social Context Affects Heterosexual Marking Practices

ABSTRACTIt is well established that heterosexism shapes identity management practices of sexual minorities in the United States, but we know little about how such social forces shape heterosexual identity management. This exploratory research is focused on heterosexual marking, defined as behaviors interpreted as signifying a heterosexual identity. Using data from 12 focus groups with young adults, we provide an overview of heterosexual marking in a northeastern United States context and explain how three social forces—cultural assumptions of heterosexuality, sexual orientation ambiguity and suspicion, and heterosexism—are intertwined with these identity practices. Results indicated that this social context generates heterosexual marking that is sometimes intentional and conscious but at other times unintentional and unconscious, depending on levels of heteronormativity and heterosexism.
Behavioral Health and Performance Support

This chapter reviews the stressors and countermeasures that affect crew behavioral health and performance during space flight. This review is based on the experiences of crewed space flight in both the Russian and US programs, including Space Shuttle flights lasting from 1–3 weeks, Salyut and Mir space station flights, International Space Station (ISS) flights, and findings from analog environments that are similar in terms of isolation and other features to the inflight environments on the Space Shuttle, Mir, and ISS. Flight surgeons, aerospace psychiatrists, aerospace psychologists, and crewmembers must be aware of these stressors and the countermeasures that should be implemented to maintain the behavioral health and mission performance of a crew. This chapter offers space medicine and behavioral health clinicians a focused approach to the known risks to behavioral health and performance by focusing primarily on the long duration mission. An overview of both psychiatric and psychological behavioral health and performance issues experienced by long duration crews is also provided, as well as an outline of potentially helpful countermeasures.
An Initial Exploration of Students’ Mindsets, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Public Speaking

This study investigated how students’ implicit theory that public speaking abilities can be developed and improved (i.e., growth mindset) was related to their apprehension, perceived competence, and beliefs regarding public speaking. Growth mindset was associated with lower apprehension and higher self-perceived competence. Growth mindset was also associated with the belief that public speaking involves reflection, revision, and adapting to one’s audience rather than merely transmitting information. Correlations were consistent with hypotheses.
Clinical Reasoning: Corpus callosum lesion with multiple strokes

A 71-year-old woman with hypertension, diabetes, and recent stroke presented with acute left hemiparesis, which started 3.5 hours earlier but improved by the time of emergency department evaluation. Examination showed mild left-sided pronator drift and sensory extinction. Her history was significant for resection of a right frontoparietal meningioma for which she had received adjuvant radiation therapy 3 years previously.
Activity-Dependent Gene Expression in the Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium

Activity-dependent processes are important to olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in several ways, such as cell survival and the specificity of axonal convergence. The identification of activity-dependent mRNAs has contributed to our understanding of OSN axon convergence, but has revealed surprisingly little about other processes. Published studies of activity-dependent mRNAs in olfactory mucosae overlap poorly, but by combining these agreements with meta-analysis of existing data we identify 443 mRNAs that respond to methods that alter OSN activity. Three hundred and fifty of them are expressed in mature OSNs, consistent with the expectation that activity-dependent responses are cell autonomous and driven by odor stimulation. Many of these mRNAs encode proteins that function at presynaptic terminals or support electrical activity, consistent with hypotheses linking activity dependence to synaptic plasticity and energy conservation. The lack of agreement between studies is due largely to underpowered experiments. In addition, methods used to alter OSN activity are susceptible to indirect or off-target effects. These effects deserve greater attention, not only to rigorously identify OSN mRNAs that respond to altered OSN activity, but also because these effects are of significant interest in their own right. For example, the mRNAs of some sustentacular cell enzymes believed to function in odorant clearance (Cyp2a4 and Cyp2g1) are sensitive to unilateral naris occlusion used to reduce odorant stimulation of the ipsilateral olfactory epithelium. Also problematic are odorant receptor mRNAs, which show little agreement across studies and are susceptible to differences in frequency of expression that masquerade as activity-dependent changes in mRNA abundance.
The ellipticity of galaxy cluster haloes from satellite galaxies and weak lensing

We study the ellipticity of galaxy cluster halos as characterized by the distribution of cluster galaxies and as measured with weak lensing. We use monte-carlo simulations of elliptical cluster density profiles to estimate and correct for Poisson noise bias, edge bias and projection effects. We apply our methodology to 10,428 SDSS clusters identified by the redMaPPer algorithm with richness above 20. We find a mean ellipticity $= 0.271 \pm 0.002$ (stat) $\pm 0.031$ (sys) corresponding to an axis ratio $= 0.573 \pm 0.002$ (stat) $\pm 0.039$ (sys). We compare this ellipticity of the satellites to the halo shape, through a stacked lensing measurement using optimal estimators of the lensing quadrupole based on Clampitt and Jain (2016). We find a best-fit axis ratio of $0.56 \pm 0.09$ (stat) $\pm 0.03$ (sys), consistent with the ellipticity of the satellite distribution. Thus cluster galaxies trace the shape of the dark matter halo to within our estimated uncertainties. Finally, we restack the satellite and lensing ellipticity measurements along the major axis of the cluster central galaxy's light distribution. From the lensing measurements we infer a misalignment angle with an RMS of ${30^\circ \pm 10}^\circ$ when stacking on the central galaxy. We discuss applications of halo shape measurements to test the effects of the baryonic gas and AGN feedback, as well as dark matter and gravity. The major improvements in signal-to-noise expected with the ongoing Dark Energy Survey and future surveys from LSST, Euclid and WFIRST will make halo shapes a useful probe of these effects.
Tracking Behavioral Construct Use through Citations: A Relation Extraction Approach

The ever-increasing number of publications in the behavioral sciences has yielded a large set of behavioral theories, constructs and their relationships. In this study, we propose a novel method to discover this data set through construct-level citations. In behavioral science, the reuse, adaptation and modification of an existing behavioral construct often requires an explicit citation. However, finding the construct-level citations are not trivial, since citations are at the paper level of analysis. Based on stateof-the-art information extraction techniques, we propose an automatic construct-level citation extraction method, which consists of five steps: article crawling, article annotation, citation extraction, construct extraction and referring relation extraction. Serving as a proof-of-concept, our method is applied to a data set consisting of publication of two Information Systems journals, and is evaluated against human decisions. The initial results represent a promising opportunity of the application of our proposed method to a large set of behavioral publications.
A pilot study: a teaching electronic medical record for educating and assessing residents in the care of patients.

ABSTRACTObjective: We tested a novel, web-based teaching electronic medical record to teach and assess residents’ ability to enter appropriate admission orders for patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The primary objective was to determine if this tool could improve the learners’ ability to enter an evidence-based, comprehensive initial care plan for critically ill patients.Methods: The authors created three modules using de-identifed real patient data from selected patients that were admitted to the intensive care unit. All senior residents (113 total) were invited to participate in a dedicated two-hour educational session to complete the modules. Learner performance was graded against gold standard admission order sets created by study investigators based on the latest evidence-based medicine and guidelines.Results: The session was attended by 39 residents (34.5% of invitees). There was an average improvement of at least 20% in users’ scores across the three modules (Module 3-Module 1 mean diff...
Current Issues and Future Directions in Archaeological Volcanic Glass Studies

Not since R.E. Taylor’s 1976 edited volume, Advances in Obsidian Glass Studies: Archaeological and Geochemical Perspectives has there been an attempt to update the recent advances in archaeological obsidian studies. In these last twenty years, the use of obsidian archaeometry has witnessed almost boundless expansion, party due to the concomitant advances in computer technology and instrumental chemistry, and partly due to a recognition by archaeologists that archaeometrists provide much more than mere measurement. The primary purpose here is to present the most recent advances in volcanic glass geochemistry and hydration analysis as a coarse gained perspective for glass studies in archaeology for the next century. Not all the analytical techniques are used for archaeological obsidian are discussed here, but the most commonly used instrumental techniques are presented in this volume.
Childhood depression: new theoretical formulations and implications for foster care services.

The current emphasis on permanency planning should not derail traditional concern about helping foster children to grow developmentally while in care. This concern coincides with the importance of enabling foster children, who frequently manifest symptoms of childhood depression, to overcome the learned helplessness that is so often a feature of depression. This kind of treatment may be called social care, and is inherent in daily living, as guided by trained foster parents and caretakers. Language: en
Duet: Estimating User Position and Identity in Smart Homes Using Intermittent and Incomplete RF-Data

Although past work on RF-based indoor localization has delivered important advances, it typically makes assumptions that hinder its adoption in smart home applications. Most localization systems assume that users carry their phones on them at home, an assumption that has been proven highly inaccurate in past measurements. The few localization systems that do not require the user to carry a device on her, cannot tell the identity of the person; yet identification is essential to most smart home applications. This paper focuses on addressing these issues so that smart homes can benefit from recent advances in indoor localization. We introduce Duet, a multi-modal system that takes as input measurements from both device-based and device-free localization. Duet introduces a new framework that combines probabilistic inference with first order logic to reason about the users' most likely locations and identities in light of the measurements. We implement Duet and compare it with a baseline that uses state-of-art WiFi-based localization. The results of two weeks of monitoring in two smart environments show that Duet accurately localizes and identifies the users for 94% and 96% of the time in the two places. In contrast, the baseline is accurate 17% and 42% respectively.
Clinical Trials with Interferons in Patients with Cancer

ABSTRACT In the past several years, interferons of various types and degrees of purity have been used in the treatment of cancer patients. Despite the paucity of data concerning optimal doses or schedules of interferon administration, therapeutic responses have been observed in a number of cancers using empirically defined treatment regimens. Considerably more work is needed to define correlates or predictive tests of interferons' therapeutic activity in man, so that these compounds may someday be used under optimal circumstances, either alone or in combination with other treatment methods.
The role of NaKCl cotransport in blood-to-aqueous chloride fluxes across rabbit ciliary epithelium.

Purpose To evaluate the role of NaKCl cotransport in short-circuit current (Isc) and chloride fluxes across rabbit ciliary epithelium mounted in a Ussing-type chamber. Methods Bilayered intact ciliary epithelium free of stroma was obtained after perfusion and dissection of rabbit eyes and mounted in an Ussing-type chamber. The effects of bumetanide and other drugs on Isc and transepithelial 36Cl fluxes in bicarbonate-containing Ringer's were determined. Immunoblot analysis was performed by standard techniques. Results Bumetanide (100 microM) applied to the blood (pigmented epithelium [PE]) side of the ciliary bilayer caused a dose-dependent decrease in Isc from 18.2 +/- 2.2 to 10.4 +/- 1.4 microA/cm2 (43%). Bumetanide applied to the aqueous (nonpigmented epithelium [NPE]) side of the tissue inhibited Isc by only 12%. Immunoblots of dissected NPE and PE tissue probed with an antibody to mammalian NaKCl cotransporter detected approximately 10 times more NaKCl cotransporter protein in PE than in NPE. 36Cl flux studies revealed a PE-to-NPE chloride flux of 180.3 +/- 37.2 microEq/cm2 per hour and an NPE-to-PE flux of 72.3 +/- 22.9 microEq/cm2 per hour, indicating a net PE-to-NPE flux of 108.0 +/- 31.3 microEq/cm2 per hour across rabbit ciliary epithelium. Bumetanide inhibited the PE-to-NPE chloride flux by 52% but did not inhibit the NPE-to-PE flux. Isoproterenol (10 microM) added to the PE side of the bilayer increased Isc by a dose-dependent 53%. Prior addition of bumetanide to the PE side blocked the increase due to isoproterenol by 37%. Isoproterenol (10 microM) stimulated the PE-to-NPE chloride flux by 75% but had no stimulatory effect on the NPE-to-PE chloride flux. 4,4'Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibited Isc when added to either side of the bilayer but was more potent at low concentrations ( 100 microM) when added to the PE side. Prior addition of 1 mM DIDS to the NPE side decreased isoproterenol stimulation of Isc by 56%. Conclusions NaKCl cotransporters located primarily on the blood side of rabbit ciliary epithelium contribute to aqueous-negative Isc and to blood-to-aqueous chloride transport across the tissue in bicarbonate-containing medium. DIDS-inhibitable mechanisms, possibly including HCO3-Cl exchange and Cl channels, also play a role. Isoproterenol stimulation of Isc involves coordinate upregulation of PE-side NaKCl cotransport and an NPE-side DIDS-inhibitable mechanism(s).
The lamina push test: an alternative to the globe push test for identifying the medial orbit during endoscopic sinus surgery.

Background Aside from endoscopic and image guidance confirmation, the standard method of identifying the lamina involves the surgeon or an assistant applying gentle pressure on the globe externally. This globe push test requires the surgeon to remove one instrument from the endoscopic field or an assistant to press on the globe, and the test is most useful when either the periorbita or periorbital fat is exposed. We propose an alternative, equally accurate, and more efficient technique dubbed the lamina push test. Methods A blunt instrument is used to gently apply lateral pressure in the expected location of the medial orbital wall. If the lamina has been adequately skeletonized, the entire lamina will be seen to move as a unit. If residual ethmoid partitions are present, no movement or only localized movement is observed. Results Using the lamina push test, we have been able to safely identify the lamina papyracea in all patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery, without injury to the lamina or orbital contents. The use of direct pressure significantly increases the movement of an intact lamina. Conclusion The lamina push test is a safe and effective technique for identification of the medial orbital wall, confirmation of removal of all lateral ethmoid partitions, and verification of lamina integrity. It enables more consistent identification of an intact lamina, allows the surgeon to keep both instruments in the endonasal surgical field, and does not require an assistant.
Ethical Foundations of Professional Psychology

Professional ethics must be incorporated into the foundational conceptual framework for professional psychology because scientific knowledge alone cannot address many critical aspects of providing behavioral health care or conducting psychological research. This chapter also argues that knowledge of the foundations of professional ethics is critical to psychological practice and research. Ethics codes, guidelines, and legal requirements are obviously critical in professional practice, but familiarity with the foundational principles and theories from which these codes, guidelines, and legal requirements are derived is necessary for analyzing and evaluating ethical issues thoroughly. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the foundational ethical theories and biomedical ethical principles that are necessary for evaluating moral behavior and ethical health care practice. The need for a deeper appreciation of ethical theory is growing as psychologists practice, conduct research, and teach in an increasingly diverse society and interconnected global community where technological, scientific, and social developments are presenting new challenges and opportunities.
‘These are your Title I students’: Policy language in educational practice

Based on a qualitative study of the United States federal compensatory education policy, Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, this article uses interpretive policy analysis to investigate the ways in which policy language influences practitioners' understanding of students who are eligible for policy-funded services. Focusing on the situated interpretations of practitioners in nine urban elementary schools, the study shows how policy-generated categories shape practitioners' conceptualizations of students as they determine how to provide services. The aricle considers possible consequences of policy labels on teacher expectations and ends with an appeal for the collective, reflective interrogation of policy language in educational practice.
Diabetes Education in Hospitalized Children: Developmental and Situational Concerns

When a child is diagnosed with diabetes and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for metabolic stabilization, there is little time to provide survival skills and education, much less support the family through the impact of the diagnosis. Yet, critical care nurses can begin the family's adaptation and recovery. This article explores the educational and support needs of the newly diagnosed child and the child who is admitted repeatedly. A model of survival topics is presented and the role of the critical care nurse is emphasized with tips for returning the family to a new normal.
High-speed Internet access and housing values

A hedonic model is estimated that relates house values to high-speed Internet access while controlling for the potential endogeneity of Internet access. Results show that single-family homes with a...
Primordial extremal black holes as dark matter

We show that primordial (nearly) extremal black holes with a wide range of masses from the Planck scale to around ${10}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$ could be cosmologically stable and provide a viable explanation for dark matter, given a dark electromagnetism and a heavy dark electron. Hawking radiation and Schwinger discharge processes are suppressed by near extremality and the heaviness of the dark electron, respectively. The merger events of binary systems with opposite charges generate nonextremal black holes, whose subsequent Hawking evaporation produces transient neutrino and gamma ray signals to be observed at telescopes like IceCube and HAWC. The relationship between the near-extremal black hole and dark electron masses could also shed light on the weak gravity conjecture.
What Should Cognitive Science Look Like? Neither a Tree Nor Physics.

While pointing out important features of cognitive science, Nunez et al. (2019) also argue prematurely for the end of cognitive science. I discuss problematic analytic features in the application of hierarchical cluster analysis to journal citation data. On the conceptual side, I argue that the research programs framework of Lakatos may not be so wisely applied to cognitive science. Further, the diversity of structure in cognitive science departments may represent a rational, strategic adaptation by an interdisciplinary department to cognitive and other resource challenges rather than the sign of low progress on a discipline.
Impact of photon counting detector spectral distortion on virtual non-contrast CT imaging

Virtual non-contrast (VNC) CT images derived from multi-energy CT data have demonstrated many valuable clinical applications. However, VNC CT has not yet established itself as a technology that can reliably replace the true non-contrast CT. One commonly observed phenomenon is an erroneous removal or reduction of calcium signal in VNC images. The purpose of this work is to develop a photon counting CT-based method to decouple the iodine signal from the calcium signal to achieve VNC CT imaging. Thanks to the energy resolving capability of the photon counting detector (PCD), a photon counting CT enables all single kV CT data to carry additional spectral information needed for VNC CT reconstruction. However, the energy discriminating capability of a real PCD system is far from ideal, which can severely degrade the fidelity of the encoded spectral information and the efficiency of the material decomposition. In this work, a physics-based model of the PCD energy response function was developed and experimentally validated. By leveraging this model, a method was developed to correct the distorted spectral information in the measured PCD energy bin data, allowing the true post image object spectrum to be estimated to accomplish accurate three-material decomposition and VNC CT reconstruction. Both numerical simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed spectral distortion correction method can effectively improve the CT number accuracy of both iodine-containing vessels and calcium-containing bony structures in VNC CT images.
A comparison of two techniques for center of pressure measurements.

IntroductionForce platforms and pressure-measuring insoles are the most common tools used for measuring center of pressure. Earlier studies to assess these instruments suffered from limited sample ...
Mediating the Foreign

In 1726, Dutch painter Willem van Royen’s painting: Birds and Flowers arrived in Japan as a gift from the Dutch East India Company to the Shogun Yoshimune. Subsequently, the painting was gifted to Gohyaku Rakanji, a Zen Obaku temple in Edo, where Japanese rangaku scholars: brothers Ishikawa Tairo and Moko and Tani Buncho encountered and copied the work. This article examines the translation in cultural meaning Van Royen’s painting underwent by analyzing transcultural remediations, or indigenous re-interpretations spawned by encounters with the work, and the persistence of the image due to its ability to be “visually trilingual,” that is, visually legible to three audiences: Dutch VOC merchants, Obaku worshippers, and Japanese scholars. Previous scholars have explored the meaning of the painting for Dutch and Japanese audiences, but I argue the devotional and hybrid cultural context of Rakanji as a Zen temple and the eclectic visual culture of the Edo period, in which viewers understood this object, is fundamental to a complete exploration of the painting’s reception. Since Edo natives considered the Obaku sect of Zen Buddhism an import from Ming-dynasty China, the image’s location surely impacted the viewer’s interpretation of the painting. Building on the pre-existing cross-cultural methodologies of visual bilingualism and transcultural mediation, Van Royen’s painting is a case study for how objects placed in culturally hybrid contexts may exhibit visual multilingualism. For works of art to translate in hybrid and foreign societies, these works must exhibit legibility to various groups and cultures which encounter it. Although most cross-cultural case studies focus on two cultures, expanding the purview of transcultural exchange from “bilingual” to “multilingual” allows for a more inclusive method to interpret cross-cultural, transnational, and hybrid works of art.
Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate

This commentary offers discussion on the pros and cons of universal healthcare in the United States. Disadvantages of universal healthcare include significant upfront costs and logistical challenges. On the other hand, universal healthcare may lead to a healthier populace, and thus, in the long-term, help to mitigate the economic costs of an unhealthy nation. In particular, substantial health disparities exist in the United States, with low socio–economic status segments of the population subject to decreased access to quality healthcare and increased risk of non-communicable chronic conditions such as obesity and type II diabetes, among other determinants of poor health. While the implementation of universal healthcare would be complicated and challenging, we argue that shifting from a market-based system to a universal healthcare system is necessary. Universal healthcare will better facilitate and encourage sustainable, preventive health practices and be more advantageous for the long-term public health and economy of the United States.