cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chip-scale integrated optical interconnects: a key enabler for future high-performance computing

High Performance Computing (HPC) systems are putting ever-increasing demands on the throughput efficiency of their interconnection fabrics. In this paper, the limits of conventional metal trace-based inter-chip interconnect fabrics are examined in the context of state-of-the-art HPC systems, which currently operate near the 1 GFLOPS/W level. The analysis suggests that conventional metal trace interconnects will limit performance to approximately 6 GFLOPS/W in larger HPC systems that require many computer chips to be interconnected in parallel processing architectures. As the HPC communications bottlenecks push closer to the processing chips, integrated Optical Interconnect (OI) technology may provide the ultra-high bandwidths needed at the inter- and intra-chip levels. With inter-chip photonic link energies projected to be less than 1 pJ/bit, integrated OI is projected to enable HPC architecture scaling to the 50 GFLOPS/W level and beyond - providing a path to Peta-FLOPS-level HPC within a single rack, and potentially even Exa-FLOPSlevel HPC for large systems. A new hybrid integrated chip-scale OI approach is described and evaluated. The concept integrates a high-density polymer waveguide fabric directly on top of a multiple quantum well (MQW) modulator array that is area-bonded to the Silicon computing chip. Grayscale lithography is used to fabricate 5 μm x 5 μm polymer waveguides and associated novel small-footprint total internal reflection-based vertical input/output couplers directly onto a layer containing an array of GaAs MQW devices configured to be either absorption modulators or photodetectors. An external continuous wave optical "power supply" is coupled into the waveguide links. Contrast ratios were measured using a test rider chip in place of a Silicon processing chip. The results suggest that sub-pJ/b chip-scale communication is achievable with this concept. When integrated into high-density integrated optical interconnect fabrics, it could provide a seamless interconnect fabric spanning the intra-
On error estimates of the numerical solution of the convection-diffusion equation

Abstract In recent years several numerical techniques have been developed for the solution of partial differential equations containing both convective and diffusive terms. One such equation is the convection-diffusion equation and numerical techniques for the solution of this equation are usually based on the finite difference or the finite element methods. It is of great value to know whether a developed numerical scheme predicts accurately the amplitude and phase of a propagating wave or merely approximates the dynamics of the system. For the numerical modeling of the convection-diffusion equation one should investigate not only the efficiency of the numerical model but also its consistency for convergence and stability. The objective of this paper is to present a model for the convection-diffusion equation, which is based on the finite element method, and to address the above points of concern. For the developed model, numerical experimentations are performed to evaluate the error behavior and some criteria are derived for the convergence of the numerical solution. Numerical results, obtained for this study, are based on a linear finite element approximation and the validity of the computational model is verified by the analysis of the model behavior.
Influence of epidermal growth factor on growth of bovine mammary tissue in athymic nude mice

Abstract Bovine mammary tissue obtained from midpregnant Holstein heifers by surgical biopsy was transplanted subcutaneously to ovariectomized athymic nude mice (n=5 heifers). After 3 weeks recovery, mice were either sham operated or sialoadenectomized (submandibular salivary glands removed). After an additional week, mice were injected with saline or 17β-estradiol + progesterone (1μg + 1 mg/day) for 2 days. In addition, half of the sialoadenectomized mice were injected with epidermal growth factor (5 μg/day). Grafted tissue was removed and rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis estimated by incorporation of 3H thymidine. Estradiol + progesterone increased the incorporation of 3H thymidine from 77 ± 20 dpm/μg DNA to 472 ± 53 dpm/μg DNA. In sialoadenectomized mice, DNA synthesis was increased from 88 ± 16 dpm/μg DNA (saline treated) to 360 ± 29 dpm/μg DNA (estradiol + progesterone treated). In sialoadenectomized mice treated with epidermal growth factor, DNA synthesis in estradiol + progesterone treated mice was 529 ± 36 dpm/μg DNA, compared to 112 ± 30 dpm/μg DNA in sialoadenectomized mice treated with epidermal growth factor. These data indicate that sialoadenectomy of athymic nude mice decreased the ability of transplanted bovine mammary tissue to increase DNA synthesis in response to estradiol and progesterone. This inhibition was removed by epidermal growth factor treatment. These data suggest a physiological role of epidermal growth factor in regulating development and hormone responsiveness of bovine mammary tissue.
Microcavity enhanced optical absorption in subwavelength slits

We introduce a compact submicron structure consisting of multiple optical microcavities at both the entrance and exit sides of a subwavelength plasmonic slit filled with an absorbing material. We show that such microcavity structures at the entrance side of the slit can greatly enhance the coupling of the incident light into the slit, by improving the impedance matching between the incident plane wave and the slit mode. In addition, the microcavity structures can also increase the reflectivities at both sides of the slit, and therefore the resonant field enhancement. Thus, such structures can greatly enhance the absorption cross section of the slit. An optimized submicron structure consisting of two microcavities at each of the entrance and exit sides of the slit leads to ~9.3 times absorption enhancement at the optical communication wavelength compared to an optimized slit without microcavities.
Beyond hero worship: A marxist critique of Bolshevik terror and its indebtedness to jacobinism

(1996). Beyond hero worship: A marxist critique of Bolshevik terror and its indebtedness to jacobinism. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 47-82.
Single-channel analysis of tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant single sodium channel currents were recorded from rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. The two types of sodium channel currents could be distinguished by the effects of predepolarization, 10 nM tetrodotoxin, and the inactivation during depolarization. Single-channel conductances were calculated to be 6.3 and 3.4 pS in the tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant channels, respectively.
Interaction of radiation and at 1727 in HeLa S-3 cells in culture

Abstract At 1727, a synthetic analogue of ICRF 159, was reported to have an increased chemotherapeutic index in in vivo leukemic cells. The present cell culture studies were carried out to compare the cytotoxicity of AT 1727 and ICRF 159 in HeLa S-3 cells grown in monolayer and multicellular spheroid systems. The quantitative comparison of cell culture data demonstrated that AT 1727 was more cytotoxic than ICRF 159 at equimolar doses. The increased cytotoxicity at AT 1727 became apparent when the cell survival curves and growth rates of multicellular spheroids were compared at doses above 0.1 rum. When the spheroids were irradiated and exposed to AT 1727 (0.05 mM), there was a pronounced potentiation of radiation effects in the growth rate of spheroids. Similar treatment to ICRF 159 did not show any enhancement of radiation effects. There were also differential effects of AT 1727 and ICRF 159 on the cell cycle progression. AT 1727 causes a G1 block as well as a G2 block in HeLa monolayers, while ICRF 159 only induces G2 block. These cell culture data may be useful for further in vivo tumor studies to determine the therapeutic index of combined radiation and AT 1727.
High-throughput screening and quantitative structure-efficacy relationship models of potential displacer molecules for ion-exchange systems.

A technique is presented for the high-throughput screening of ion-exchange displacers. Potential displacers were employed to displace proteins in parallel batch ion-exchange experiments. The percentage of protein displaced from a particular stationary phase was then used as a parameter to rank the displacers. By employing this technique, a large number of molecules possessing a range of affinities and properties could be rapidly evaluated. This data was then used together with traditional and electron density-based transferable atom equivalent (TAE) molecular descriptors computed for the displacer molecules to produce quantitative structure-efficacy relationship (QSER) models using a genetic algorithm/partial least squares (GA/PLS) regression approach. The QSER models were generated using a portion of the protein-displacement data, with the remainder serving as a test set. Descriptor selection and model building was accomplished using a genetic algorithm/partial least squares approach. The resulting models were found to have high-correlation coefficients and could be used to accurately predict the behavior of molecules not included in the training set. In addition, the models were employed to examine a virtual library of displacers based on modifications of neomycin to provide further insight into displacer design. The results presented here indicate that it may be possible to design displacers that can dramatically improve the effective selectivity of ion-exchange chromatographic materials.
Photoselection studies of transition metal complexes. IV. The emission intensity mechanism for Cr(III)sulfur complexes

Abstract Luminescence spectra and photoselection spectra have been measured for some Cr(III) complexes having molecular D 3 symmetry including Cr(exan) 3 , Cr(dmtc) 3 , and Cr(acac) 3 . the photoselection data is consistent with an intensity mechanism for emission involving a pure spin-orbit mixing of the quartet and doublet manifold; however, the results are not conclusive. The photoselection spectra for the Cr(dmtc) 3 complex, for which an unusual hybrid fluorescence-phosphorescence has been observed, implies that this emission is occurring from a single potential surface rather than an overlapped dual emission resulting from separate quartet and doublet excited states.
Stratospheric monitoring with TOVS data

Abstract Stratospheric monitoring is a key element in the Climate and Global Change Program. Temperature data from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounders have provided global information from which the entire stratospheric has been monitored on a daily basis since 1978. Operational soundings produced by the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service have been analyzed at the Climate Analysis Center, National Meteorological Center, NOAA to produce daily fields of temperature and geopotential height at eight stratospheric pressure levels, 70−0.4 mb (18–55 km). These analyses support numerous real-time operational and research applications and also form the basis for assessing stratosperic temperature trends associated with stratospheric ozone. This paper provides an overview of several applications of TOVS stratospheric analyses, and offers suggestions for improving the TOVS data in the future.
The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery

Cardiovascular response to phobic exposures has been shown to reflect the degree of emotional processing of phobic material and relates in important ways to outcome in exposure therapy. The present study investigated the effect of worry on such processing. Speech anxious subjects visualized a phobic scene for 10 trials. Three groups differed according to whether they engaged in relaxed, neutral, or worrisome thinking just prior to each scene presentation. Although the three types of thinking had no effect on cardiovascular activity during the thinking periods, subjects in the worry group displayed significantly less heart rate response to the phobic image than those in the neutral condition who had significantly less response than the relaxed condition. However, the worry group showed significantly greater subjective fear to the images than the neutral condition, with the relaxed group near to the level of the worry group and not significantly different from either of the other two conditions. The results suggest that worry may inhibit emotional processing and thus preserve cognitive/affective fear structure, and are discussed in terms of Gray's (Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 469-534, 1982) theory of the behavioral inhibition system and semantic satiation effects in cognitive psychology.
Use of a factitious host and supplemented adult diet to rear and induce oogenesis in Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae)

Augmentation and release of the ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Burks) against the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, has relied on the production of boll weevils for the past 15 yr. Eliminating this dependence on a host that is expensive to rear could make this technology commercially viable. Seven species of insects that are more easily reared than the boll weevil were tested as factitious hosts of C. grandis . Four species were lepidopterans— Galleria mellonella (L.), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Heliothis virescens (F.), and Chilo plejadellus Zincken. Only H. zea and H. virescens stimulated oviposition by C. grandis ; nevertheless this parasitoid did not complete development in any of these lepidopterans. The other 3 species were coleopterans— Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman, Anthonomus eugenii Cano, and Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Females of C. grandis oviposited and parasitoids completed development in all coleopteran species. C. grandis females reared on C. maculatus oviposited significantly more eggs per day than those reared on A. eugenii or C. aeneus . Chemical analyses showed that the concentrations of proline, histidine, glutamine, and tyrosine in C. maculatus and A. eugenii hemolymph most closely resembled those of A. g. grandis hemolymph. The effectiveness of the factitious hosts to stimulate oogenesis was indirectly tested by comparing oviposition rates of females exposed to the factitious hosts to those of naive females. Even though A. eugenii and C. maculatus stimulated oogenesis (conditioning) in C. grandis females after 3 d of exposure, the degree of stimulation was significantly lower than that induced by exposure to A. g. grandis prepupae. The results indicate that C. maculatus is a promising factitious host to rear and condition C. grandis females.
π - Condensate in Dense Nuclear Matter

Sawyer has proposed a variational ground state for superdense nuclear matter which contains a coherent admixture of approximately equal numbers of protons, neutrons, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ particles. Here we investigate this problem by introducing a self-consistent mean ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ field. We find that at a critical baryon density the normal ground state becomes unstable with respect to the formation of an infinitesimal ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ condensate.
KNACK—report-driven knowledge acquisition

Abstract This paper describes a knowledge-acquisition tool that builds expert systems for evaluating designs of electro-mechanical systems. The tool elicits from experts (1) knowledge in the form of a skeletal report, (2) knowledge about a large collection of report fragments, only some of which will be relevant to any specific report, and (3) knowledge of how to customize the report fragments for a particular application. The tool derives its power from exploiting its understanding of two problem-solving methods and of the different roles that knowledge plays in those two methods.†
Putting Art to Work

AbstractA set of customized adult education programs for working professionals at the Art Institute of Chicago provides both the kinds of experiences people in the 21st century are looking for and illustrates a distinctive way of thinking about fee-based programming and how it supports the overall museum mission. This article brings together convergent ideas about the nature of experience in the 21st-century from two recent publications in the fields of museum studies and business-psychology to create a framework for thinking about how art museum programming can capitalize on contemporary expectations about personal and professional experience to provide valuable and valued programs to diverse sectors of society. It also considers the potential relationship of the cost of the programming to its perceived value.
Cardiac dysfunction during status epilepticus in the neonatal pig

Cardiovascular complications frequently occur during status epilepticus. To determine the changes in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiops output, and left ventricular contractility during seizures, 1-week-old pigs were intubated, paralyzed, mechanicall entilated, and catheterized with a Swan-Ganz catheter. Seizures were induced with intravenous bicuculline. Eariy changes consisted of significant systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertension. After 2 hours of seizures, the animals developed progressive systemic hypotension and decreased cardiac output. M-mode echocardiography disclosed a decrease in left ventricular contractility. Cardiac tissue frozen in situ showed a significant increase in lactate and reductions in glucose, triglyceride, and adenosine triphosphate levels. Prolonged seizures in the neonatal pig result in cardiac dysfunction, which may play a role in the development of epileptic brain damage.
Synaptic reorganization in subiculum and CA3 after early-life status epilepticus in the kainic acid rat model

Summary Purpose The immature rat brain is highly susceptible to seizures, but has a resistance to pathological changes induced by seizures as compared to adult rats. However, prolonged seizures during early-life enhance cellular injury and hyperexcitability induced by convulsive insults later in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not understood. In adult models, the CA1 axons reorganize their projections to subiculum. Seizure induced plasticity in this pathway has not been investigated in immature seizure models, and may contribute to the vulnerability to later seizures. Methods On postnatal day 15, rats experienced convulsive status epilepticus with kainic acid (KA). Seizure induced plasticity was examined with Timm histochemistry and iontophoretic injections of sodium selenite, a retrograde tracer. Cellular injury was evaluated with Fluoro-Jade B histochemistry. Results Retrograde tracing experiments determined a 67% larger dorsoventral extent of retrograde labeling in the CA1 pyramidal region after tracer injections in subiculum. The synaptic reorganization of the CA1 projection to subiculum was noted in the absence of overt neuronal injury in subiculum or CA1. In contrast, mossy fiber sprouting was detected into the stratum oriens of CA3 with limited neuronal injury to CA3 pyramidal neurons. No mossy fiber sprouting into the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, or CA1 sprouting into the stratum moleculare of CA1 were noted. Conclusions The results indicate that the developing brain has distinct mechanisms of seizure induced reorganization as compared to the adult brain. Our experiments show that the concept of “resistance of the immature brain to excitotoxicity” is considerably more complicated than generally believed. Morphological plasticity in the immature brain appears more extensive in distal, but not proximal, projections of hippocampal pathways, and across hippocampal lamellae. The abnormal connectivity between hippocampal lamellae might play a role in the increased susceptibility to injury and hyperexcitability associated with later convulsive insults.
Reproductive decisions by honey bee colonies: tuning investment in male production in relation to success in energy acquisition

One way to understand the adaptive design of the life history of a social insect colony is to view the colony as having an investment policy whereby it allocates limited resources among the various physiological functions fostering its growth, survival, and reproduction. Prior work has shown that energy is a limited resource for a honey bee colony and that a colony faces a strong trade-off between energy investment in current reproduction and future survival. Given these facts, we hypothesized that a colony might have a flexible energy investment policy, whereby it adjusts its investment in reproduction in relation to its success in acquiring energy. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated the energy acquisition of colonies and looked for an effect on their reproductive efforts. We found that when a colony experiences difficulty building the energy reserve it needs to survive to the next reproductive season, it trims its allocation of energy to drone production and possibly also to drone maintenance. The mechanisms of social physiology which enable a colony to adjust its investment in male reproductives in relation to its energy budget remain a mystery.
HIGHER EDUCATION AND RELIGION: POTENTIAL PARTNERS IN SERVICE TO THE RURAL ELDERLY

The last fifteen years have witnessed a rising wave of interest in the elderly population, and more recently, the rural elderly. Now that the initial wave has crested, a large store of information and experience in the field of gerontology exists. It is the task of higher education to take the lead in cataloging knowledge and plotting new strategies in both research and service. Moreover, the rural church must be recognized as an important structure available for cooperation with higher education in service to the rural elderly. In support of this point, the paper reviews the literature regarding 1) religion and the elderly and 2) the church and social services for the elderly. Higher education, through the rural churches, can help bring positive change through the provision of continuing education services to both the elderly and clergymen, through research, and through community development programs.
Impact of the Nationwide Intravenous Selenium Product Shortage on the Development of Selenium Deficiency in Infants Dependent on Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition.

Background: For patients dependent on parenteral nutrition (PN), selenium must be supplemented intravenously. A nationwide intravenous selenium shortage began in April 2011. The impact of this shortage on PN-dependent infants was evaluated by examining the provision of selenium, development of biochemical deficiency, and costs associated with the shortage. Materials and Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included PN-dependent infants aged ≤1 year who weighed ≤30 kg, received PN for ≥1 month, and had ≥1 serum selenium measurement. The primary outcome was the incidence of biochemical selenium deficiency. Secondary outcomes included severity of biochemical deficiency, clinical manifestations, costs, and relationship between serum selenium levels and selenium dose. Results: The average selenium dose decreased 2-fold during the shortage (2.1 ± 1.2 µg/kg/d; range, 0.2–4.6 µg/kg/d) versus the nonshortage period (3.8 ± 1 µg/kg/d; range, 2.4–6 µg/kg/d; P < .001). A linear relationship between serum s...
Change in the feedback stimulus on maintenance of behavior under a free operant avoidance (FOA) schedule

Response-feedback conditions (FS) were manipulated so that for three hooded rats trained under a free-operant avoidance schedule, a session consisted of FS, no-FS, FS; for other Ss, it was no-FS, FS, no-FS. The latter Ss responded at a higher rate during the initial no-FS period, and maintained a high rate during subsequent periods as well as during sessions. The former group indicated no change in response rates compared with initial training conditions.
Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy With Buccal Mucosal Graft

Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with a borosilicate glass tube (Pyrex tube, Gun-ther Weiss, Scientific Glass Blowing Co, Beaverton, Ore) is the usual procedure for a total canalicular block; however, in patients in whom the tube comes out, there is a high incidence of closure of the tract. Full-thickness buccal mucosa was used to line the conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy tract in 17 patients to determine whether the conduit would function adequately without a tube. Four patients elected to go without tubes and have remained improved with positive results of primary dye tests. The remaining 13 chose to retain their tubes.
Playing the Numbers: The Return of the Overeducated American?

Is college worth it? In the midst of an ongoing recovery that has not sparked large- scale job growth, some observers and analysts of higher education have suggested that it may not pay an individu...
Effects of nutrients and parasitism on the density of a salt marsh planthopper suppressed by within-trophic-level interactions

. 1. Competition, food quality, and pressure from natural enemies have all been established as important determinants of phytophagous insect densities. Examining how these forces interact, however, is important for furthering our understanding of insect population and community ecology. 2. In this paper the results of a factorial field experiment are reported in which the effects of within-trophic-level interactions on the top-down and bottom-up forces influencing the density of a salt marsh planthopper were examined. 3. Plant quality was increased by adding nitrogen fertiliser, and parasitism was decreased through the use of yellow sticky traps that removed hymenopteran parasitoids. These treatments were applied to plots with either low or high densities of a lepidopteran stem borer, which has been shown to negatively affect the planthopper. 4. Addition of nitrogen increased planthopper density significantly, but only on plots with low stem borer densities. Yellow sticky traps significantly reduced parasitism of planthopper eggs, but this resulted in increased planthopper density only on plots with low stem borer density. Thus, where stem borer densities were high, the effects of fertiliser and reduced parasitism on planthopper densities were suppressed. 5. The results of this study show that negative interactions between herbivores can affect vertical trophic linkages, and can greatly modify the strengths of top-down or bottom-up effects on herbivore density.
Theory of sintering: from discrete to continuum

Abstract Theoretical concepts of sintering were originally based upon ideas of the discrete nature of particulate media. However, the actual sintering kinetics of particulate bodies are determined not only by the properties of the particles themselves and the nature of their local interaction with each other, but also by macroscopic factors. Among them are externally applied forces, kinematic constraints (e.g. adhesion of the sample's end face and furnace surface), and inhomogeneity of properties in the volume under investigation (e.g. inhomogeneity of initial density distribution created during preliminary forming operations). Insufficient treatment of the questions enumerated above was one of the basic reasons hindering the use of sintering theory. A promising approach is connected with the use of continuum mechanics, which has been successfully applied to the analysis of compaction of porous bodies. This approach is based upon the theories of plastic and nonlinear-viscous deformation of porous bodies. Similar ideas have recently been embodied in a continuum theory of sintering. The main results of the application of this theory for the solution of certain technological problems of sintering are introduced including their thermo–mechanical aspects.
A maintenance program for obsessive-compulsive disorder using exposure with response prevention: 2-year follow-up.

Recent literature has emphasized the importance of instituting procedures for preventing relapse in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study presents data documenting the effect of a maintenance program on the long term (2-year) adjustment of a group of patients with OCD treated with exposure and response prevention. Results indicate that patients maintained their gains for the 2-year follow-up period on measures of anxiety associated with avoidance (Behavioral Avoidance Test), obsessions, compulsions, and anxiety. Further, patients were able to effectively manage situations defined as lapses (limited symptom return) effectively without additional therapist intervention. However, as in a previous report, treatment gains for depression were not well established. It is concluded that sessions prior to treatment termination which focus on relapse prevention methods focus on additional psychological symptoms aside from the acute disturbance of OCD.
Role of adjuvant therapy in adenocarcinoma of the rectum.

Combined modality therapy is the standard adjuvant therapy for selected patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum. In the postoperative setting, the primary goal is to decrease local recurrence and improve overall survival. In the preoperative setting, adjuvant therapy has the additional potential benefit of enhancing sphincter preservation and less acute toxicity as compared with postoperative adjuvant therapy. Investigational trials are in progress to examine new systemic chemotherapeutic agents and altered radiation fractionation schemes.
Spatial distributions of soil chemical conditions in a serpentinitic wetland and surrounding landscape

Soils formed from serpentinite contain an abundance of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Mg, and low concentrations of the plant-essential nutrients Ca and K. The resulting vegetation is commonly xeromorphic and characteristically stunted. This study was conducted to (i) determine the spatial distributions of heavy metals and exchangeable cations (M e ) in an ultramafic wetland and surrounding landslide terrain, and (ii) to interpret the distributions relative to environmental conditions and pedogenic processes on the component landscape positions. Distributions of dithionite-extractable metals (M d ) and M e in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were assessed by kriging and by landscape units, characteristic landscape position, soils, and vegetation. Abundance of M e s ranked in the following order: Mg > Ca » K > Mn > Na > Ni. The Ca/Mg ratios range from 0.13 to 3.77 (mean 0.43), with the highest ratios in a landscape unit with nonserpentine metamorphic colluvium over serpentinitic residuum. Exchangeable cations are concentrated within the wetland relative to surrounding terrain. Dithionite-extractable Fe, Mn, and Ni are concentrated in soils on the oxidizing, nonhydric lower landscape positions, near the hydrologic discharge point of the wetland. Chromium and Al are concentrated in the nonhydric upper landscape positions. Due to reducing conditions, the wetland contains low concentrations of M d relative to the surrounding nonhydric terrain. Large vegetation differences between moisture class coupled with moderate vegetation differences between landscape units within the same moisture class, suggest that vegetation occurrence within the study area is controlled primarily by hydrology, and secondarily by elemental conditions.
Three-dimensional visualization of temporal flow sequences

Flow visualisation remains one of the most powerful methods of gaining insight into turbulent flow physics. Recently there have been several excellent reviews that describe some of the latest developments in the field. Also video sequences of flow visualisation images are used to study flow development. This note describes a method which uses three-dimensional frames of still pictures stacked to form a data volume composed of the downstream spatial, cross-stream spatial and time dimension. High-resolution volume rendering is used to extract constant property surfaces from this three-dimensional data volume.
Failure of mesenteric defect closure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Background and objectives Bowel obstructions following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are a significant issue often caused by internal herniation. Controversy continues as to whether mesenteric defect closure is necessary to decrease the incidence of internal hernias after RYGB. Our purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of closing the mesenteric defect at the jejunojejunostomy in patients who underwent RYGB by examining this potential space at reoperation for any reason. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients undergoing surgery after RYGB from August 1999 to October 2008 to determine the status of the mesentery at the jejunojejunostomy. Results Eighteen patients underwent surgery 2 to 19 months after open (n=8) or laparoscopic (n=10) RYGB. All patients had documented suture closure of their jejunojejunostomy at the time of RYGB. Permanent (n=12) or absorbable (n=6) sutures were used for closures. Patients lost 23.6 kg to 62.1 kg before a reoperation was required for a ventral hernia (n=8), cholecystectomy (n=4), abdominal pain (n=4), or small bowel obstruction (n=2). Fifteen of the 18 patients had open mesenteric defects at the jejunojejunostomy despite previous closure; none were the cause for reoperation. Conclusion Routine suture closure of mesenteric defects after RYGB may not be an effective permanent closure likely due to the extensive fat loss and weight loss within the mesentery.
Genetic evidence confirming the localization of Sutter in the Kell blood-group system.

Resume Dans quatre grandes familles bresiliennes parmi lesquelles 31 enfants ont pu etre testes, aucun d'entr'eux n'etait du type Kell et Sutter des parents, K + Js(a+) et K -Js(a -). Ceci confirme l'hypothese que le groupe Sutter fait partie du complexe Kell pour lequel une notation est proposee. Zusammenfassung In vier grosen brasilianischen Familien wies von 31 untersuchten Kindern keines den elterlichen Kell und Sutter Typ K + Js(a+) und K -Js(a-) auf. Dieser Befund zeigt, das die Sutter-Gruppen einen Teil des komplexen Kell-Systems darstellen, fur welchen eine Bezeichnungsweise vorgeschlagen wird.
Microlipoinjection. Autologous fat grafting.

In the historical search for soft-tissue augmentation techniques, fat has seemed a natural choice to physicians on more than one occasion. Attempts at fat transplantation are not new.1At several points in the surgical literature, rudimentary experiments in autologous fat grafting are noted, beginning in the 19th century and proceeding to the present day. Most of the early attempts at grafting fat involved the sharp dissection of bulk fat in pieces that were then placed into prepared pockets of subcutaneous tissue. The fate of these packets of fat was almost invariably, but not uniformly, ischemic necrosis, liquefaction, and absorption. In Peer's2oft-cited studies in the late 1950s, it was observed that small pieces, properly placed, lost at least 50% of their volume. At the time, surgeons looking for a higher volume survival rate were dazzled by the initial promise of silicone, and Peer's work slipped into medical obscurity.
On the spectral representation of symmetric stable processes

The so-called spectral representation theorem for stable processes linearly imbeds each symmetric stable process of index p into Lp (0 < p ≤ 2). We use the theory of Lp isometries for 0 < p < 2 to study the uniqueness of this representation for the non-Gaussian stable processes. We also determine the form of this representation for stationary processes and for substable processes. Complex stable processes are defined, and a complex version of the spectral representation theorem is proved. As a corollary to the complex theory we exhibit an imbedding of complex Lq into real or complex Lp for 0 < p < q ≤ 2.
Eye Lines: Generating data through image manipulation, issues in interface design, and the teaching of experimental thinking

Eye Lines is an experiment generator that differs markedly from the tachistoscope paradigm. Instead of recording reaction times and simple choices, it allows subjects to manipulate images and takes precise measurements of the results. This is useful for experiments in perception, rating scales, or any research needing analog input. A new version further refines a user interface designed to make the programs accessible to beginning students. The interface strategy includes the following: (1) the use of familiar structures, (2) the avoidance of rigid sequences, (3) a new graphic representation for the complexities of reconfiguring data, and (4) the use of context-sensitive defaults and concealment of advanced features. Eye Lines has been used to move beginning students quickly into designing and running their own experiments.
Closed-System Quantum Logic Network Implementation of the Viterbi Algorithm

New convolution-based multiple-stream error-control coding and decoding schemes are introduced. The new coding method applies the reversibility property in the convolution-based encoder for multiple-stream erro r-control encoding and im- plements the reversibility property in the new reversible Viterbi decoding algorithm for multiple-stream error-correction decoding. The compl ete design of quantum cir- cuits for the quantum realization of the new quantum Viterbi cell in the quantum do- main is also introduced. In quantum mechanics, a closed system is an isolated system that can't exchange energy or matter with its surroundings a nd doesn't interact with other quantum systems. In contrast to open quantum systems, closed quantum sys- tems obey the unitary evolution and thus they are reversible . Reversibility property in error-control coding can be important for the following mai n reasons: (1) reversibility is a basic requirement for low-power circuit design in futur e technologies such as in quantum computing (QC), (2) reversibility leads to super-speedy encoding/decoding operations because of the superposition and entanglement properties that emerge in the quantum computing systems that are naturally reversible and therefore very high performance is obtained, and (3) it is shown in this paper tha t the reversibility rela- tionship between multiple-streams of data can be used for further correction of errors that are uncorrectable using the implemented decoding algorithm such as in the case of triple-errors that are uncorrectable using the classica l irreversible Viterbi algorithm.
Optometric history--who cares?

ABSTRACTThis paper highlights common misconceptions regarding optometric history and stresses the importance of understanding and appreciating optometry's long and distinguished heritage.
An automated rapid sediment analyser (ARSA)

The automated rapid sediment analyser (ARSA) is a pressure-transducer grain-size analysis system. This basic Woods Hole-type fall tube was automated by the addition of a digital voltmeter, Hewlett-Packard 9810A calculator, and an x-y plotter. Eight min after sample introduction, the system automatically produces size distribution data in 0·25-φ intervals, distribution statistics, and a plotted frequency histogram.
Career decisions of unaccepted applicants to Medical School.

To investigate the admissions process to medical school and the post-rejection behavior of unaccepted applicants, a national sample of the 16,837 such applicants to the entering medical school class of 1971-1972 was studied in 1973. The majority of the 1,933 respondents had reapplied to medical school following rejection, and 27% had gained entrance to either US or foreign schools by the time of the study. Of those still unaccepted, about half were studying or working in health-related fields of study or occupations at least 2 1/2 years following the initial rejection. We conclude that unaccepted applicants demonstrate considerable variance in postrejection behavior, which is associated with both personal and institutional factors. (JAMA232:1141-1143, 1975)
Spontaneous Breakdown of Elementary Particle Symmetries

Following Nambu, Jona-Lasinio, and Goldstone, we seek nonperturbative solutions of quantum field theory. We first consider a model which possesses the higher symmetry $\mathrm{SU}(3)$. We find that without the introduction into the Lagrangian of any symmetry-breaking terms, solutions exist which have only the lower symmetries of isotopic spin and hyperchange. We also show that the usual electrodynamic interaction of the muons and the electrons allows the possibility of generating a mass splitting between them. Finally we consider a Lagrangian in which the bare coupling constants are set equal to zero, and self-generated renormalized coupling constants are found.
ORAL SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF PENTOBARBITAL BY RHESUS MONKEYS: RELATIVE REINFORCING EFFECTS UNDER CONCURRENT FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULES

During daily 3-hr sessions, orally delivered pentobarbital solutions and water, or two separate pentobarbital solutions, were concurrently available to rhesus monkeys according to fixed-ratio schedules of mouth contacts with a spout. First water, and then each of four "comparison-concentration" pentobarbital solutions (0.0625, 0.25, 1, and 4 mg/mL), was successively available from one spout for a block of sessions under a fixed-ratio-64 (three monkeys) or fixed-ratio-16 (one monkey) schedule. Under an identically sized fixed-ratio schedule, deliveries of a "standard-concentration" pentobarbital solution were concurrently available from a second spout. The concentration of the standard solution remained unchanged throughout testing of the series of comparison solutions. Each of three pentobarbital concentrations (4, 1, and 0.25 mg/mL) in turn served as the standard concentration. Within each pair of concurrently available solutions, the higher drug concentration maintained more behavior than the lower concentration. Thus when monkeys were provided with concurrent access to different pentobarbital concentrations, relative reinforcing effects were directly related to drug concentration. Further, the amount of behavior maintained by a particular drug concentration was dependent on the concentration of the concurrently available drug solution. Thus, the relative effectiveness of a reinforcer in maintaining behavior is a function of both the reinforcer's magnitude and the availability of alternative reinforcers in the environment.
The dynamics of learning alliances: competition, cooperation, and relative scope

We show how the tension between cooperation and competition affects the dynamics of learning alliances. 'Private benefits' and 'common benefits' differ in the incentives that they create for investment in learning. The competitive aspects of alliances are most severe when a firm's ratio of private to common benefits is high. We introduce a measure, 'relative scope' of a firm in an alliance, to show that the opportunity set of each firm outside an alliance crucially impacts its behavior within the alliance. Finally, we suggest why firms might deviate from the theoretically optimal behavior patterns. ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual organization security policies: An ontology-based integration approach

This paper addresses the specification of a security policy ontology framework to mediate security policies between virtual organizations (VO) and real organizations (RO). The goal is to develop a common domain model for security policy via semantic mapping. This mitigates interoperability problems that exist due to heterogeneity in security policy data among various (VO) and (RO) in the semantic web. We propose to carry out integration or mapping for only one aspect of security policy, which is authorization policy. Other aspects such as integrity, repudiation and confidentiality will be addressed in future work. We employ various tools such as Protege, RacerPro and PROMPT to show proof of concept.
A novel mutation and large size polymorphism affecting the V2 domain of keratin 1 in an African-American family with severe, diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma of the ichthyosis hystrix Curth-Macklin type.

Keratin gene mutations affecting nonhelical head and tail domains are not usually associated with prominent skin blistering and keratin filament clumping. Instead, they have been associated with several distinct clinical phenotypes, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation (mutation P25L in the V1 domain of keratin 5), epidermolysis bullosa simplex with migratory circinate erythema (frameshift mutation c1649delG in the V2 domain of keratin 5), striate palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK), and ichthyosis hystrix Curth–Macklin (different frameshift mutations in the V2 domain of keratin 1 (K1)). We have studied a family with severe, diffuse, nonepidermolytic PPK and verrucous hyperkeratotic plaques over the joints and in flexures and identified a new KRT1 gene mutation that is predicted to completely alter the K1 tail domain. In addition, a new K1 size polymorphism has been detected, which is especially prevalent among the African-American population. These results further emphasize the functional importance of the nonhelical tail domain in keratin molecules despite the obvious variability in the number of glycine loop motifs and underscore the broad phenotypic spectrum of disorders due to dominant keratin tail mutations.
A new species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the white-throated magpie jay Calocitta formosa (Passeriformes: Corvidae) from Costa Rica

A new species of isosporan (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is reported from two magpie jays Calocitta formosa (Swainson) (Passeriformes: Corvidae) from Costa Rica. Oocysts of Isospora calocitta n. sp. are spherical to subpherical, 28.8 × 27.7 (26.5–31.0 × 25.0–29.5) μm and have a shape index (length/width) of 1.04 (1.00–1.11). A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but 1–3 polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ovoidal, 20.1 × 12.6 (19.0–21.5 × 11.5–13.5) μm, and have Stieda and substieda bodies and a shape index of 1.60 (1.47–1.69). A diffuse sporocyst residuum is present and each sporozoite contains two refractile bodies. A list of Isospora spp. in corvid birds is presented.
The Population of Damped Lyα and Lyman Limit Systems in the Cold Dark Matter Model

Lyman limit and damped Lyα absorption systems probe the distribution of collapsed, cold gas at high redshift. Numerical simulations that incorporate gravity and gasdynamics can predict the abundance of such absorbers in cosmological models. We develop a semianalytical method to correct the numerical predictions for the contribution of unresolved low-mass halos, and we apply this method to the Katz et al. simulation of the standard cold dark matter model (Ω = 1, h = 0.5, Ωb = 0.05, and σ8 = 0.7). Using this simulation and higher resolution simulations of individual low-mass systems, we determine the relation between a halo's circular velocity vc and its cross section for producing Lyman limit or damped Lyα absorption. We combine this relation with the Press-Schechter formula for the abundance of halos—itself calibrated against the simulated halo population—in order to compute the number of absorbers per unit redshift. The resolution correction increases the predicted abundances by about a factor of 2 at z = 2, 3, and 4, bringing the predicted number of damped Lyα absorbers into quite good agreement with observations. Roughly half of these systems reside in halos with circular velocities vc ≥ 100 km s-1, and half in halos with 35 km s-1 ≤ vc ≤ 100 km s-1. Halos with vc > 150 km s-1 typically harbor two or more systems capable of producing damped absorption. Even with the resolution correction, the predicted abundance of Lyman limit systems is a factor of 3 below observational estimates, signifying either a failure of the standard cold dark matter model or a failure of these simulations to resolve most of the systems responsible for Lyman limit absorption. By comparing simulations with and without star formation, we find that the depletion of the gas supply by star formation affects absorption-line statistics at z ≥ 2 for column densities exceeding NH I = 1022 cm-2 only, even though half of the cold, collapsed gas has been converted to stars by z = 2.