cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroinhibition in the regulation of emesis.

Elucidation of an inhibitory system in the regulation of emesis is presented in this report. Emesis preceded by retching, can be induced in the dog by appropriate electrical stimulation of abdominal vagus nerves at the supradiaphragmatic level. Failure to produce retching or emesis by electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus trunk suggests either that the abdominal vagal emetic afferent does not course in the cervical vagus or that fibers inhibitory to emesis are present. This report presents evidence for afferent fibers inhibitory to retching and emesis in the cervical vagus. Retching and emesis resulting from stimulation of the supradiaphragmatic vagus can be prevented by either transection of the cervical vagus or simultaneous stimulation of the cervical vagus trunk. In addition, retching and emesis occur with stimulation of a fine nerve bundle dissected from the cervical vagus trunk. That the afferent pathway inhibitory to retching and emesis involves pulmonary afferents is suggested by the observation that hyperventilation occurs with stimulation of the cervical vagus trunk.
Treatment of metastases to the extremities and pelvis

Metastasis to bone is the most common cause of destructive lesions to the skeleton in adults. Advances in chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and reconstructive techniques have improved the treatment options for patients with metastatic bone disease. Surgical treatment is often required for pathological and impending fractures of the extremities and periacetabular areas of the pelvis. Treatment can be challenging and depends on a variety of factors including the type of primary malignancy, anatomic site, extent of bony involvement, presence or absence of fracture, concurrent medical conditions, and life expectancy. The treating clinician must be familiar with the indications for operative intervention, site-specific approaches to surgical fixation and reconstruction, and nonsurgical treatment options for metastatic lesions. The authors outline their preferred approach to the management of bone metastases in the extremities and pelvis.
Nisin Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Is Increased by Exposure to Salt Stress and Is Mediated via LiaR

Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on refrigerated, ready-to-eat food is a significant food safety concern. Natural antimicrobials, such as nisin, can be used to control this pathogen on food, but little is known about how other food-related stresses may impact how the pathogen responds to these compounds. Prior work demonstrated that exposure of L. monocytogenes to salt stress at 7°C led to increased expression of genes involved in nisin resistance, including the response regulator liaR. We hypothesized that exposure to salt stress would increase subsequent resistance to nisin and that LiaR would contribute to increased nisin resistance. Isogenic deletion mutations in liaR were constructed in 7 strains of L. monocytogenes, and strains were exposed to 6% NaCl in brain heart infusion broth and then tested for resistance to nisin (2 mg/ml Nisaplin) at 7°C. For the wild-type strains, exposure to salt significantly increased subsequent nisin resistance (P < 0.0001) over innate levels of resistance. Compared to the salt-induced nisin resistance of wild-type strains, ΔliaR strains were significantly more sensitive to nisin (P < 0.001), indicating that induction of LiaFSR led to cross-protection of L. monocytogenes against subsequent inactivation by nisin. Transcript levels of LiaR-regulated genes were induced by salt stress, and lmo1746 and telA were found to contribute to LiaR-mediated salt-induced nisin resistance. These data suggest that environmental stresses similar to those on foods can influence the resistance of L. monocytogenes to antimicrobials such as nisin, and potential cross-protective effects should be considered when selecting and applying control measures for this pathogen on ready-to-eat foods.
Higher harmonic oscillations in a noncontacting FMR mechanical face seal test rig

In order to investigate experimentally the dynamic behavior of a noncontacting flexibly mounted rotor (FMR) mechanical face seal a test rig was designed and built. Test results showed that the FMR seal was vulnerable to higher harmonic oscillations with frequencies that are integer multiples of the shaft speed. Because system nonlinearities can cause higher harmonic oscillations, the dynamic moments acting on the rotor are derived to include the effects of imbalance and axial offset of the rotor. The analysis reveals that the nonlinear terms involved are of second order and generally can be neglected. Investigation is then directed to analyze the possibility of rubbing contact between the rotor and the stator. Rubbing contact can occur as a result of a high relative angular misalignment between the rotor and the stator. A contact kinematics model is proposed and a Fourier series analysis is performed on the resulting rotor response. The analysis shows that the proposed response contains higher harmonics. Fourier series expansion and numerical filtering of a sampled rotor response from the test rig yield resembling signals which contain higher harmonics. This suggests that rubbing contact is the source of higher harmonic oscillations. Design modification to the rotor flexible support system resulted in a virtual elimination of higher harmonic oscillations.
Presence of fibers in the urine of a baboon gavaged with chrysotile asbestos.

Abstract Preliminary evidence is presented which indicates that chrysotile asbestos fibers can be recovered in the urine of a baboon which had been gavaged with chrysotile. This result supports the contention that ingested asbestos fibers can penetrate the gastrointestinal tract of man.
The Correspondence of Walt Whitman: A Second Supplement with an Revised Calendar of Letters Written to Whitman

Collects the Whitman letters that have appeared after the first supplement to The Correspondence (1977); with an Introduction (1-3) and a revised and expanded "Calendar of Letters Written to Whitman" (43-96).
Mechanisms of Proteinuria in Noninflammatory Glomerular Diseases

Neither the initiating factors nor the proximate causes of injury that produce proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome have been clearly defined. Immune mechanisms have been postulated in minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS), and glomerular sclerosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Circulating factors have been proposed in MCNS and FSGS, although no specific mediator has been identified. Prompt remission of proteinuria following steroid treatment and the presence of altered immune responsiveness in patients with MCNS have been used to support the participation of an immune mechanism in the pathogenesis of MCNS. Both FSGS and HIV-related nephropathy are usually steroid-resistant. Immune mechanisms are postulated in FSGS because of early recurrence after transplantation, and in HIV-related nephropathy because of the numerous associated immune abnormalities. Experimental models of nephrotic syndrome based on neutralization of glomerular charge, toxic injury to podocytes, injection of antibodies to glomerular components, or abnormalities in transgenic mice have been used to define mechanisms of glomerular injury. This review summarizes physiologic and immunologic abnormalities in MCNS, FSGS, and HIV-associated nephropathy and in several experimental models of nephrotic syndrome, and outlines the immunologic mechanisms and cellular reactions that may be responsible for glomerular dysfunction in these entities.
Polypeptide growth factors and atherosclerosis

The lesions of atherosclerosis represent a specialized response to chronic inflammation resulting from agents that injure endothelial cells or cause endothelial cell dysfunction. Numerous growth-regulatory molecules, both stimulatory and inhibitory in nature, play critical roles in inducing the flbroproliferative response that contributes to the formation of the advanced lesion of atherosclerosis, the fibrous plaque. These molecules are key factors in determining whether the potentially occlusive fibrous plaque lesions of atherosclerosis will progress, regress, or remain unchanged.
CARBOHYDRATE-NITROGEN AND BASE ELEMENT RELATIONSHIPS OF PEAS GROWN IN WATER CULTURE UNDER VARIOUS LIGHT EXPOSURES.

The response of plants to the supply of various nutrient elements has been the subject of numerous investigations. The degree of response is largely governed by environmental factors, which may even nullify the effect of varying treatments. A dynamic material such as soil is apt to be much less responsive to treatment than is quartz sand, which in turn is a less responsive medium than are water cultures. It is often possible to obtain significant differences in growth and composition of plants in water cultures when the differences in nutrient supply are rather small. In studies of carbohydrate-nitrogen relationships, the tendency has been to employ radical treatments, especially as regards the nitrogen supply, conclusions being advanced on comparisons between a very low and a very much higher level of nitrate nitrogen in the culture medium. In the present work, the nitrogen supply has been kept at the same order of magnitude in all cultures. The employment of differential water cultures of the same total osmotic concentration permitted this control. Considerable differences in the organic composition of peas grown in water cultures were reported in 1928 by Clements (7) . He concluded that under long light exposures nitrogen assimilation was influenced by the supply of potassium, and total carbohydrates were highest with high nitrogen treatments, while under shorter light exposures the greatest nitrogen assimilation was with an intermediate treatment, and the highest total carbohydrates with low nitrogen supply. The present work was started in the same laboratory with the purpose of testing these conclusions. In view of the well established effect of light duration on growth and reproduction, the use of several light exposures was a necessary part of this study. As a continuation of this phase of the problem, it was decided to investigate the effect of light duration on the intake of base elements by the plant. Such problems as the effect of the season on the composition of the plant are perhaps related to light duration.
The maximum number of balancing sets

Leta 1, ...,a n be a sequence of nonzero real numbers with sum zero.A subsetB of {1, 2,...,n} is called a balancing set if? a b = 0 (b ? B). S. Nabeya showed that the number of balancing sets is bounded above by $$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ {{n \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {n 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ and this bound achieved forn even witha j =(?1) j . Here his conjecture is verified, showing a tight upper bound $$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {2k} \\ {k - 1} \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ whenn = 2k + 1. The essentially unique extremal configuration is:a 1 = 2,a 2 = ... =a k = 1,a k+1 = ... =a 2k+1 = -1.
Coordinatively and Electronically Unsaturated Zwitterionic Iron Silyl Complexes Featuring the Tripodal Phosphine Ligand [PhB(CH2PiPr2)3]-

A series of 14-electron, coordinatively unsaturated Fe(II) silyl complexes featuring the anionic, tripodal phosphine ligand [PhB(CH2PiPr2)3]- have been prepared and characterized; preliminary reactivity studies indicate that at least one such complex can undergo redox processes to generate isolable Fe(I) species with concomitant loss of the silyl ligand.
Cocaine sensitization in male quail: temporal, conditioning, and dose-dependent characteristics.

Chronic cocaine administration typically results in increased locomotor activity, known as behavioral sensitization. Investigating the time course of locomotor activity across trials may provide a more detailed analysis of the temporal changes that might occur within sensitization. Prior research with rodents shows that the peak of locomotor activity shifts from acute to chronic drug administration. The purpose of the current experiment was to investigate acute versus chronic cocaine effects on locomotor activity in an avian species, Japanese quail, and to investigate whether this phenomenon is dose-dependent. Subjects received daily ip injections of saline or 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg cocaine for 20 days. Following each injection, birds were placed in standard locomotor activity chambers, and activity was recorded for 150 min. A cocaine challenge was given after a ten-day withdrawal period. Two retraining trials were given to re-establish cocaine responding prior to a saline challenge in the drug-paired environment. Results showed that repeated administration of the 10 mg/kg dose of cocaine enhanced activity across 120 min compared with acute administration. In contrast, repeated administration of the 20 mg/kg dose resulted in greater cocaine-induced activity for 60 min compared with acute administration. In addition, behavioral sensitization was shown to be dose-dependent and appeared to be due, at least in part, to conditioning.
Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma: clinical manifestations and factors predictive of visual outcome in 200 consecutive cases.

Abstract Purpose To review the clinical features and management of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma and determine factors predictive of poor visual outcome. Design Retrospective consecutive noncomparative interventional case series. Participants Two hundred consecutive patients with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Main outcome measures The main outcome measures were analyzed in 155 patients with follow-up of at least 3 months and included complete resolution of subretinal fluid, worsening of visual acuity (more than 2 Snellen lines), and poor final visual acuity (20/200 or worse). Results The patients were seen at a mean age of 45 years with symptoms of decreased visual acuity (81%), visual field defect (7%), metamorphopsia (3%), floaters (2%), progressive hypermetropia (1%), photopsia (1%), pain (1%), and no symptoms (6%). The referring diagnoses were choroidal hemangioma (29%), choroidal melanoma (29%), choroidal metastasis (9%), retinal detachment (6%), central serous chorioretinopathy (5%), and others. The tumor had a median base of 6.0 mm and median thickness of 3.0 mm. Secondary retinal detachment in the foveal region was present in 81% of the patients. Initial treatment included observation (51%), laser photocoagulation (44%), plaque radiotherapy (4%), external beam radiotherapy (1%), surgical repair of retinal detachment (1%), and enucleation for painful neovascular glaucoma (1%). Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed complete resolution of subretinal fluid in 60% patients at 5 years and 76% patients at 10 years follow-up. By multivariable analysis, clinical factors predictive of complete resolution of subretinal fluid included shorter duration of symptoms ( P = 0.03) and inferior quadrant location of tumor ( P = 0.001). At initial presentation, 82 of 155 (53%) patients had poor visual acuity (20/200 or worse), and 73 of 155 (47%) patients had good to moderate visual acuity (20/100 or better). Of those 82 patients with poor initial vision, poor final vision was found in 54% at 5 years and 80% at 10 years. Of the 73 patients with good to moderate initial vision, poor final vision was found in 12% at 5 years and 43% at 10 years. By multivariable analysis, clinical factors predictive of poor final visual acuity included poor initial visual acuity ( P P = 0.01), and tumor management with observation after referral ( P = 0.02). Worsening of visual acuity (by more than 2 Snellen lines) was observed in 8% at 5 years and 28% at 10 years of those 82 patients who were initially seen with poor vision. Worsening of visual acuity was found in 10% at 5 years and 30% at 10 years of those 73 patients who initially were seen with good to moderate vision. Conclusions Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma is a rare intraocular tumor. In 38% of cases, this tumor is initially misinterpreted before referral as choroidal melanoma or metastasis. Visual acuity is poor in more than 60% of patients at 10 years, despite successful control of associated subretinal fluid in 76% patients.
Stable pair, tropical, and log canonical compactifications of moduli spaces of del Pezzo surfaces

We give a functorial normal crossing compactification of the moduli space of smooth cubic surfaces entirely analogous to the Grothendieck-Knudsen compactification \(M_{0,n}\subset\overline{M}_{0,n}\) .
Microbaroms and the Temperature and Wind of the Upper Atmosphere

Abstract Microbaroms are regular pressure variations of a few microbars (dyn cm−2) produced by the passage of infrasound (∼5 see period) radiated from ocean waves. Their amplitudes show prominent diurnal, semidiurnal and seasonal variations that are shown to depend on the presence or absence of one or two atmospheric sound ducts between the surface and an elevation of ∼120 km. These ducts depend on the vertical temperature and wind structure of the atmosphere. For our station (Palisades, N.Y.), ducting of sound from the most common source of microbaroms (Atlantic Ocean storms) requires the presence of strong easterly winds at some upper reflection level. Variations (such as tidal) in these winds, as derived from available reports, are shown to account for the observed patterns of microbaroms. In particular, these patterns are shown to be controlled by effects of tidal and seasonal wind variations and stratospheric warmings. Having established the dependence of microbaroms on upper temperature and winds, w...
On robustness of tests for random effects in balanced nested designs

In this note certain optimum and robustness properties of usual F test are derived, for balanced random and mixed effects nested models. The underlying distribution assumed is elliptically symmetric. WIJSMAN'S Representation theorem is applied as a tool. Attention is confined to the testing of random effects only.
Sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in adult women with severe mental illness: a pilot study.

Research indicates that women with serious mental illness (SMI) are vulnerable to sexual abuse, resulting in adverse health outcomes such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the prevalence of undiagnosed PTSD among a cohort of 20 women with SMI and reporting past sexual abuse. Furthermore, the researcher sought to identify specific symptom manifestations of PTSD among women with SMI and sexual abuse histories. Finally, the feasibility of using specific data collection tools was examined. Results indicated that PTSD was not previously diagnosed or recognized in the study sample, in spite of the presence of a sexual trauma history. The screening tools were effective in identifying depression, guilt, emotional withdrawal, blunted affect, decreased psychomotor activity, suicidal ideations, sexual dysfunction, and substance abuse. Additionally, the data collection tools provided a framework for discussing sensitive issues related to sexual abuse. Implications...
Experimental investigation of unsteady flow separation on a maneuvering axisymmetric body

An experimental study on maneuvering-undersea-vehicle geometry was conducted to give detailed information on unsteady turbulent flow separation and to investigate different time-lag models for approximating the unsteady separation locations. Both unsteady and steady results are presented for the axisymmetric configuration of the model, which can also be thought of as a missile or aircraft-fuselage geometry. Steady and unsteady skin-friction magnitudes were measured using hot-film sensors. The minimum of the circumferential skin-friction distribution at each axial-measurement station was used to detect the separation locations. The linear pitch-up maneuver studied is comparable to the dynamic motion of full-scale vehicles of interest, in terms of the nondimensional time. Significant time lags observed between unsteady and steady crossflow separation locations indicate the increase in attached circulation over the maneuvering model, which may explain why unsteady forces measured on similar geometries lead the steady values. A first-order differential time-lag model approximates the unsteady separation locations reasonably well. This model can be considered as a method of correlating the unsteady measurements to the quasi-steady data with a time lag. Using this model, the prediction of the unsteady flow characteristics from the steady data can be possible with the development of methods for estimating the time lags that vary based on the geometry and the maneuvers performed. The results of the unsteady experiments presented in this paper show that the time required to displace the volume of leeside inviscid fluid during a maneuver with vortical separated flow may be the main factor creating the difference in the time-lag magnitudes and their spatial variation observed for different axisymmetric geometries and points of rotation.
Explaining age-related differences in depression following breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Younger women with breast cancer consistently show greater psychological distress than older women. This study examined a range of factors that might explain these age differences. A total of 653 women within 8 months of a first-time breast cancer diagnosis provided data on patient characteristics, symptoms, and psychosocial variables. Chart reviews provided cancer and treatment-related data. The primary outcome was depressive symptomatology assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. A succession of models that built hierarchically upon each other was used to determine which variables could account for age group differences in depression. Model 1 contained age group only. Models 2–5 successively added patient characteristics, cancer-related variables, symptoms, and psychosocial variables. As expected, in the unadjusted analysis (Model 1) younger women were significantly more likely to report depressive symptomatology than older women (p < 0.0001). Age remained significantly related to depression until Model 4 which added bodily pain and vasomotor symptoms (p = 0.24; R 2 = 0.27). The addition of psychosocial variables in Model 5 also resulted in a model in which age was nonsignificant (p = 0.49; R 2 = 0.49). Secondary analyses showed that illness intrusiveness (the degree that illness intrudes on specific areas of life such as work, sex life, recreation, etc.) was the only variable which, considered individually with age, made the age group-depression association nonsignificant. Age differences in risk of depression following a breast cancer diagnosis can be explained by the impact of cancer and its treatment on specific areas of a woman’s life.
L-Dopa methyl ester as a new antitumour agent

L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is extensively used in man for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and it can also inhibit selectively the growth of pigmented human melanoma cells in vitro1. Demonstration of in vivo antitumour activity, however, has been lacking except in the special case of hormonally responsive mammary carcinoma2 where the antitumour effect is thought to be mediated indirectly. Since in vitro cytotoxicity was not observed until concentrations of 600–1,200 µg ml−1 were attained the use of the more soluble methyl ester derivative was proposed as a method for delivery of cytotoxic doses. In vivo antitumour activity of L-dopa methyl ester is reported here in the following tumour systems: L1210 lymphocytic leukaemia; P388 lymphocytic leukaemia and B-16 melanoma.
Some North American parasites ofAclerda (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae)

L'auteur decrit, dans cette note, deux especes nord-americaines d'Encyrtides, parasites de cochenilles du genreAclerda: Mayridia ferrierei, obtenue deAclerda xalapenseaeMcconnell, etAenasioidea ferrierei, obtenue deA. andropogonisMcconnell. Chez les deux especes d'Encyrtides, les mâles sont ailes, tandis que les femelles possedent des ailes plus ou moins reduites.
Stimulatory modulator of guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from mammalian tissues

Abstract The crude protein kinase modulator preparations obtained from several rat tissues (aorta, brain, heart, liver, lung, skeletal muscle, small intestine and testis) were separated into their stimulatory and inhibitory modulator components by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The isolated stimulatory modulator augmented the activity of guanosine 3′:5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase of both mammalian and arthropod origins; it had no effect, however, on the activity of adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. The isolated inhibitory modulator, on the other hand, depressed the activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; it was without effect on the activity of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. The present findings indicate that in the mammal, apparently in contrast to the arthropoda, separate proteins are responsible for the stimulatory and the inhibitory activities of protein kinase modulator, and that the two classes of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases are regulated in an opposing manner by these two types of modulators.
Higher category theory as a paradigm for network applications

The importance of network science to the present and future military is unquestioned. Networks of some type pervade every aspect of military operations-a situation that is shared by civilian society. However, several aspects of militarily oriented network science must be considered unique or given significantly greater emphasis than their civilian counterparts. Military, especially battlespace, networks must be mobile and robust. They must utilize diverse sensors moving in and out of the network. They must be able to survive various modes of attack and the destruction of large segments of their structure. Nodes often must pass on classifications made locally while other nodes must serve as combined sensor/classifiers or information coordinators. They must be capable of forming fluidly and in an ad hoc manner. In this paper, it will be shown how category theory, higher category theory, and topos theory provide just the model required by military network science. Category theory is a well-developed mathematical field that views mathematical structures abstractly, often revealing previously unnoticed correspondences. It has been used in database and software modeling, and in sensor and data fusion. It provides an advantage over other modeling formalisms both in its generality and in its extensive theory. Higher category theory extends the insights of category theory into higher dimensions, enhancing robustness. Topos theory was developed, in part, through the application of category theory to logic, but it also has geometric aspects. The motivation behind including topos theory in network science is the idea that a mathematical theory fundamental to geometry and logic should be applicable to the study of systems of spatially distributed information and analysis flow. The structures presented in this paper will have profound and far-reaching applications to military networks.
Women’s porn sites—Spaces of fissure and eruption or “I’m a little bit of everything”

The historically significant but superficial divide between public and private spaces and identities has shaped women’s lives, subjectivities, and sexualities. In this article, I analyze women’s self-sponsored and self-published porn sites. Specifically, I focus on sites that demonstrate complex articulations of identity and subjectivity—sites that can be read as identity projects that appropriate cultural expectations of sexuality.
Optically-synchronized encoder and multiplexer scheme for interleaved photonics analog-to-digital conversion

 Photonics Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) utilize a trai n of optical pulses to sample an electrical input waveform applied to an electrooptic modulator or a reverse biased photodiode. In the former, the resulting train of amplitude-modulated optical pulses is detected (converter to electrical) and quantized using a conversional electronics ADC as at present there are no practical, cost-effective optical quantizers available with performance that rival electronic quantizers. In the latter, the electrical samples are directly quantized by the electronics ADC. In both cases however, the sampling rate is limited by the speed with wh ich the electronics ADC can qu antize the electrical samples. One way to increase the sampling rate by a factor N is by using the time-interleaved technique which consists of a parallel array of N electrical ADC converters, which have the same sa mpling rate but different sampling phase. Each operating at a quantization rate of fs/N where fs is the aggregated sampling rate. In a system with no real-time operation, the N channels digital outputs are stored in memory, and then aggregated (multiplexed) to obtain the digital representation of the analog input waveform. Alternatively, for real-time operation systems the reduction of storing time in the multiplexing process is desired to improve the time response of the ADC. The complete elimination of memories come expenses of concurrent timing and synchronization in the aggregation of the digital signal that became critical for a good digital representation of the analog signal waveform. In this paper we propose and demonstrate a novel optically synchronized encoder and multiplexer scheme for interleaved photonics ADCs that utilize the N optical signals used to sample different phases of an analog input signal to synchronize the multiplexing of the resulting N digital output channels in a single digital output port. As a proof of concept, four 320 Megasamples/sec 12-bit of resolution digital signals were multiplexed to form an aggregated 1.28 Gigasamples/sec single digital output signal. Index Terms: Optoelectronics, Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Conversion, optically-synchronized Encoder and Multiplexer Scheme. 1. I
Possible Evidence for Neutrino Oscillations in the Brookhaven Solar Neutrino Experiment

Pomeranchuk has suggested that one might directly observe neutrino oscillations in a solar-neutrino experiment if the oscillation wavelength were comparable to the annual earth-sun--distance variation from perihelion to aphelion, ..delta..r = 5 x 10/sup 6/ km. We find that data from the Brookhaven solar-neutrino experiment can be interpreted to marginally favor the neutrino-oscillation hypothesis at the 2-standard-devition level. If the effect is not a statistical fluctuation, the estimated values for ..delta..m/sup 2/ = m/sub nu1/ - m/sub nu2/ approx. 4 x 10/sup -10/ eV/sup 2/ is such that terrestrial tests would seem to be unfeasible.
Handheld Navigation in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Computer navigation for knee replacement surgery has been available for over a decade but has not gained popularity despite improved accuracy. The literature has shown higher failure rates for knee replacements with tibial malalignment. This article reviews some of this literature and demonstrates a novel handheld, simple-to-use, disposable navigation system that has been proven to be accurate and may be the answer to combining ease of use, lower cost, and increased accuracy to give better overall results.
Inverse maximum gross bedform-normal transport 1: How to determine a dune-constructing wind regime using only imagery

Abstract It has been a goal of aeolian science to use bedforms as indicators of local and regional sediment transport and atmospheric circulation, but even with the application of the rule of maximum gross-bedform normal transport (MGBNT), the underdetermined nature of the problem has precluded its application in all but the most simple cases. We present a method to apply the rule of MGBNT and its inverse (IMGBNT) from analysis of aeolian dune crestlines derived from aerial imagery. Although the solutions to IMGBNT analysis are non-unique, the possible transport vectors influencing bedform morphology can often be constrained by making inferences regarding bedform type (e.g., transverse, oblique, or longitudinal), resultant drift direction, and the ratio of transport vector magnitudes. The technique is demonstrated on the Great Sand Dunes, located in Colorado, USA. This dune field has a wide array of dune morphologies; eight crestline sets were identified and mapped. IMGBNT analysis and the subsequent constraint of possible solutions suggests that transport vectors from the southeast and southwest, with a SE:SW transport ratio of ∼1:2, produce oblique north–south oriented dunes that dominate the main dune field. These results compare favorably with MGBNT analysis of meteorologic measurements from three stations located adjacent to the Great Sand Dunes, which predict dune types and orientations similar to those observed in their vicinity.
Beyond-mean-field results for atomic Bose-Einstein condensates at interaction strengths near Feshbach resonances: A many-body dimensional perturbation-theory calculation

We present semianalytical many-body results for energies and excitation frequencies for an inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein condensate over a wide range of atom numbers $N$ for both small $s$-wave scattering lengths, typical of most laboratory experiments, and large scattering lengths, achieved by tuning through a Feshbach resonance. Our dimensional perturbation treatment includes two-body correlations at all orders and yields analytical results through first order by taking advantage of the high degree of symmetry of the condensate at the zeroth-order limit. Because $N$ remains a parameter in our analytical results, the challenge of calculating energies and excitation frequencies does not rise with the number of condensate atoms. In this proof-of-concept paper the atoms are confined in a spherical trap and are treated as hard spheres. Our many-body calculations compare well to Gross-Pitaevskii results in the weakly interacting regime and depart from the mean-field approximation as the density approaches the strongly interacting regime. The excitation frequencies provide a particularly sensitive test of beyond-mean-field corrections. For example, for $N=2000$ atoms and an experimentally realized large scattering length of $a=0.433{a}_{ho}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}({a}_{ho}=\sqrt{\ensuremath{\hbar}∕m{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{ho}})$ we predict a $75%$ shift from the mean-field breathing mode frequency.
Teaching Our Students Here with an Assistant from Over There

A young graduate student from France, fluent in English, Italian, and French, was contracted by a foreign language department, public secondary school level, to assist in appropriate language classes for one school quarter. The objective was to increase the students' oral-aural skills and their understanding of the cultural lifestyle of the target language. To measure the resulting effect on their attitude toward foreign culture and language, pre- and posttesting of attitude was part of the experiment. The effect was positive for the students, and in two measurements the difference was significant (belief in the necessity of language accuracy for better understanding and desire to speak the target language).
Plasma enkephalin-like peptide response to chronic nicotine infusion in guinea pig.

Abstract Nicotine administration, using mini-osmotic pumps, to male guinea pigs (31 μg/h for 10 days) resulted in a significant elevation of plasma epinephrine and enkephalin-like peptides but not norepinephrine. The increase in plasma epinephrine and enkephalin-like peptides was not accompanied by corresponding alterations in either adrenal medullary synthesis or blood pressure and heart rate. These findings may provide a partial explanation for the observation that chronic smoking does not induce hypertension.
On a class of prime-detecting congruences

Abstract Gould (The Fibonacci Quarterly 2 (1964) 241–260) proved the general inversion theorem: for any ordered sequence pair (f(n, k), g(n, k)) ƒ(n,k)= ∑ j=k n g(n,j)R(j,k) if and only if g(n,k)= ∑ j=k n ƒ(n,j)A(j,k) where R(n, k) is the number of compositions of n ⩾ 1 into k relatively prime parts and A(n,k)= ∑ j=k n (-1) n−j n j [ j k ] is its inverse. In this paper, we obtain a variety of such ordered inversion pairs. Further, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the congruence f(n, k)  g(n, k) (mod k) to hold, in particular criteria for k ⩾ 2 to be a prime when the congruence holds for all n ⩾ 1.
Growth Promotion of the Tubercle Bacillus by Serum Albumen

SummaryCrystalline horse serum albumen was shown to be strongly growth-promoting for tubercle bacilli grown in synthetic media. Horse serum globulins were without effect or inhibited growth.
14 GHz Operation Of Q-Switched Diode Lasers

Q-switched diode lasers have been operated in a continuous-inversion mode of Q-switching at pulse repetition rates of 14 GHz with a measurement-system-limited 40-ps FWHM pulsewidth. In continuous-inversion Q-switching, the gain in the amplifier section of the device is continuously high while the laser is modulated by an intracavity electroabsorption modulator. The low-capacitance of the modulator section of a Q-switched laser makes it attractive for high-speed modulation, especially when integrated with other electronic devices.
Persistent queries in the behavioral theory of algorithms

We propose an extension of the behavioral theory of interactive sequential algorithms to deal with the following situation. A query is issued during a certain step, but the step ends before any reply is received. Later, a reply arrives, and later yet the algorithm makes use of this reply. By a persistent query, we mean a query for which a late reply might be used. Our proposal involves issuing, along with a persistent query, a location where a late reply is to be stored. After presenting our proposal in general terms, we discuss the modifications that it requires in the existing axiomatics of interactive sequential algorithms and in the existing syntax and semantics of abstract state machines. To make that discussion self-contained, we include a summary of this material before the modifications. Fortunately, only rather minor modifications are needed.
Metathesis of unsaturated fatty acids: Synthesis of long-chain unsaturated-α,ω-dicarboxylic acids

The self-metathesis of readily available monounsaturated FA has the potential of being an important pathway for the synthesis of symmetrical long-chain unsaturated-α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (C18−C26). Previous studies on the self-metathesis of monounsaturated FA esters using ruthenium catalysts in solution, however, suffered from low conversions as a result of the thermodynamic control of the reaction. We have found that the second-generation Grubbs catalyst can effectively catalyze the solvent-free self-metathesis of monounsaturated FA of varying purity (from 90 to 99%) to afford two important products—monounsaturated dicarboxylic acids and hydrocarbons—in very high molar conversions (>80%). This solvent-free self-metathesis reaction also works for monounsaturated FA containing additional functional groups. Reactions were conducted at catalyst loadings as low as 0.005 mol%, and turnover numbers as high as 10,800 could be obtained. This discovery represents an attractive approach to the large-scale production of useful monounsaturated-α,ω-dicarboxylic acids and long-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons by means of this solvent-free ruthenium-catalyzed self-metathesis of readily available monounsaturated FA.
Pregnancy and Congenital Heart Disease: The Magee-Women's Hospital

This paper reports recent maternal and fetal outcomes in a gravid population with significant maternal congenital heart disease. The study was a retrospective single institutional review of all pregnant women with significant congenital heart disease seen hy the authors from 1989 to 1994. Outcomes grouped by a lesion's hemodynamic effect, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, and presence of maternal cyanosis were noted. There were 61 patients and 111 pregnancies. The degree to which a lesion was hemodynamically significant (minimal, moderate, or severe) was inversely related to the percent of term live birrhs and positively related to both maternal morbidity and NYHA functional class deterioration. Further, there were ten successful term pregnancies to cyanotic women in NYHA functional class II vs. none to cyanotic women in functional class III. For any given maternal congenital heart lesion multiple factors, including hemodynamics, functional class, and presence of cyanosis, shoul...
An Update on Determination of Language Dominance in Screening for Epilepsy Surgery: The Wada Test and Newer Noninvasive Alternatives

The intracarotid amobarbital procedure or Wada test has been the gold standard for lateralization of language dominance before epilepsy surgery. It is based on deactivation of language cortex with intracarotid anesthesia. However, it is an invasive test with risks and discomforts, and it also has limitations. There has been great interest in replacing the Wada test with a noninvasive procedure. One alternative, repetitive magnetic stimulation works by deactivating language cortex, but most other promising alternatives are based on brain activation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 15O-water positron emission tomography, single photon emission computerized tomography, transcranial Doppler, and near infrared spectroscopy detect hemodynamic responses to language cortex activation, while magnetoencephalography more directly measures event-related physiological activation. Some of the techniques also provide localization of language functions, whereas the Wada test is strictly a lateralization method. Based on widespread availability, fMRI will likely be the most widely used alternative.
Increased lycopene and flavor volatile production in tomato calyces and fruit cultured in vitro and the effect of 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine

Earlier it was shown that tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. VFNT Cherry) calyces develop into fruit tissue when cultured at 16-22 °C, producing flavor compounds and changes in color and sugar content characteristic of ripening fruit. Here are reported unusually high [580 Ig (g of fresh weight) -1 ] lycopene concentrations in these fruit compared to reports on field-grown tomatoes (10 times higher). Addition of 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)triethylamine (CPTA) (75 mg L -1 ) to the culture medium produced further increases in lycopene in fruit and calyces. Some carotenoid-derived flavor volatiles also increased, as well as some not related to carotenoids. The greatest increase in lycopene, however, resulted not from addition of CPTA but from a mechanism triggered by cool temperatures, which was previously shown to involve tomato AGAMOUS (TAG1) gene activation and which seems correlated to ripening. Concentrations of these compounds in fruit and calyces grown in vitro at 26 °C with and without CPTA are also given.
Benzodiazepines compete for thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor binding: micromolar potency in rat pituitary, retina and amygdala.

Abstract In screening neuroactive compounds for their possible interaction with rat thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors, some benzodiazepines were found to compete relatively potently for specific [3H](3-Me-His2)TRH ([3H]MeTRH) binding. The profile of activity (chlordiazepoxide > diazepam > flurazepam > lurazepam > flunitrazepam) was almost identical for washed pituitary, retina and amygdala preparations. Corresponding Ki values for the latter region were (μM): 0.33, 3.24, 17.4 for the 3 most active inhibitors. Other (47) neuroactive substances exhibited little activity on [3H]MeTRH binding. All benzodiazepines tested were competitive inhibitors in the three tissues. These data support previous evidence for a close similarity of TRH receptors in the pituitary gland and central nervous system, and invoke the possibility of TRH receptor-mediated effects for some benzodiazepines.
Infections of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts: Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapy

During a 10-year period shunt infections occurred in 27% of the 289 hydrocephalic patients who had cerebrospinal fluid shunts inserted at Children's Hospital Medical Center. The rate of infection did not vary with the type of shunt. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were responsible for one-half and one-quarter of the infections, respectively. Removal of the infected shunt in conjunction with administration of systemic antibiotics was effective therapy. Use of systemic antibiotics alone was generally ineffective and was associated with an increased mortality rate. Infection itself was a significant risk factor, raising the mortality rate from 17% to 40%. Clustering of infection within two months of surgery and similar rates of infection for ventriculo-atrial and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts indicate that the infecting organisms are usually introduced during the perioperative period. The possibility that prophylactic antibiotics or different shunt materials might reduce the infection rate requires further study.
Isozyme variation in Desmodium nudiflorum

Abstract Five populations of Desmodium nudiflorum were assayed for genetic variability in eight enzyme systems encoding thirteen genetic loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci for the species as a whole is 46.2% while the proportion of polymorphic loci within populations averages 13.5%. Average individual heterozygosity is 2.3%. D. nudiflorum shows significant differences in gene frequencies between populations, and genotypic frequencies within populations conform to Hardy-Weinberg expectations.
Discussion of: Olea, R.A. and Coleman, J.L., Jr., 2014. A Synoptic Examination of Causes of Land Loss in Southern Louisiana as Related to the Exploitation of Subsurface Geological Resources. Journal of Coastal Research, 30(5), 1025–1044.

ABSTRACT Turner, R.E., 2014. Discussion of: Olea, R.A. and Coleman, J.L., Jr., 2014. A synoptic examination of causes of land loss in southern Louisiana as related to the exploitation of subsurface geological resources. Journal of Coastal Research, 30(5), 1025–1044. I comment on Olea and Coleman's (2014) conclusion that subsidence was the primary cause of the dramatic rise in Louisiana's coastal land losses in the last 100 years. The focus on subsidence combined with the omission of context for factors not related to subsidence (e.g., dredged canals), leaves the reader with the incorrect conclusion that anthropogenic factors observed to date are insignificant, and that coastal wetland losses are only driven by subsidence. I address this omission by discussing two points about anthropogenic influences: (1) dredged canals and (2) changes in sediment load from the watershed and its distribution. They omit quantitative inclusion of two signature symptoms of the cause-and-effect relationships at temporal and s...
Pulse-like, crack-like, and supershear earthquake ruptures with shear strain localization

[1] We incorporate shear strain localization into spontaneous elastodynamic rupture simulations using a shear transformation zone (STZ) friction law. In the STZ model, plastic strain in the granular fault gouge occurs in local regions called STZs. The number density of STZs is governed by an effective disorder temperature, and regions with elevated effective temperature have an increased strain rate. STZ theory resolves the dynamic evolution of the effective temperature across the width of the fault zone. Shear bands spontaneously form in the model due to feedbacks amplifying heterogeneities in the initial effective temperature. In dynamic earthquake simulations, strain localization is a mechanism for dynamic fault weakening. A shear band dynamically forms, reduces the sliding stress, and decreases the frictional energy dissipation on the fault. We investigate the effect of the dynamic weakening due to localization in generating pulse-like, crack-like, and supershear rupture. Our results illustrate that the additional weakening and reduction of on-fault energy dissipation due to localization have a significant impact on the initial shear stress required for supershear or pulse-like rupture to propagate on a fault.