cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Healthy Are Our Children

The past century has seen vast improvements in our children’s health. The infectious diseases that once killed huge numbers of children have largely been conquered. Infant mortality has also fallen markedly, although the United States lags behind other industrialized nations in this and other measures of children’s health. Accidents and injuries also kill fewer children than they once did. Today, write Sara Rosenbaum and Robert Blum, the greatest threats to U.S. children’s health are social and environmental conditions, such as stress and exposure to toxic substances, which are associated with noncommunicable illnesses, such as mental health problems and asthma. Unlike the communicable diseases of the past, these are not equal-opportunity hazards. They are far more likely to affect poor children and the children of racial and ethnic minorities. And they have long-lasting effects, both for individuals and for the nation. For example, people who experience unhealthy levels of stress as children grow up to become less healthy, less productive adults. Rosenbaum and Blum also examine government spending on children’s health. Though such spending has increased over time, the largest share of that increased spending has been for health care, while spending on other determinants of child health, which may be as or more important, has not kept pace. Investments in medical care alone can’t overcome social and environmental threats to children’s health that have their roots in historic levels of poverty and inequality. Rosenbaum and Blum argue that the best way to promote children’s health today is to mitigate poverty, invest in education, and make our neighborhoods and communities healthier and safer.
Edge Walking on the Urban Fringe

Edge Walking on the Urban Fringe In the face of inevitable development, Michael Klemens is making his stand for conservation where 10 million people dwell. One man's uncompelling is another man's biodiversity.
Monoclonal antibodies to human intrinsic factor

Abstract Mice were immunized with human intrinsic factor, and their lymph node cells were fused with a myeloma cell line by standard hybridoma techniques. Eleven of the resulting 227 hybridomas secreted immunoglobulin G capable of binding to intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex. Cloning by limiting dilution gave 6 clones secreting anti-intrinsic factor antibodies that bound human intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex with affinities of 13–116 nM; 3 antibodies also bound rabbit intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex. Five antibodies inhibited to some degree the binding of cobalamin by intrinsic factor, and 2 also prevented attachment of intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex to guinea pig ileal receptors. Anti-rabbit intrinsic factor antibodies specifically precipitated a peptide of molecular weight 53,000, corresponding to the molecular weight of rabbit intrinsic factor from homogenates of rabbit gastric mucosal explants biosynthetically labeled with [ 35 S]methionine and from culture medium in which the expiants were incubated. Indirect fluorescence immunocytochemistry with the antibodies in human and rabbit gastric mucosal sections showed intense selective staining of parietal cells. These results (a) document species differences between human and rabbit intrinsic factors not previously demonstrable with polyclonal anti-intrinsic factor sera; (b) confirm earlier evidence that cobalamin binding and receptor functions occur at separate sites in intrinsic factor; and (c) provide a useful approach to studying structure-function relations of the intrinsic function molecule.
UDP Glucuronate Decarboxylase and Synthesis of Capsular Polysaccharide in Cryptococcus neoformans

UDP glucuronate decarboxylase activity was comparable in encapsulated and non-encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans, required NAD (K(a) = 0.2 mM), and was inhibited by NADH (K(i) = 0.1 mM) and UDP xylose.
Comment on “Charge-parity symmetry observed through Friedel oscillations in chiral charge-density waves”

In their publication [Phys. Rev. B 84, 245125 (2011)], Ishioka et al. discuss the recently discovered chiral charge-density wave state in $1T\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{TiSe}}_{2}$ in terms of a parameter ${H}_{\mathrm{CDW}}$, whose sign is suggested to correspond to the handedness of the chiral order. Here, we point out that ${H}_{\mathrm{CDW}}$, as defined by Ishioka et al., cannot be used to characterize chirality in that way. An alternative measure of chirality for the specific case of $1T\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{TiSe}}_{2}$ is suggested.
The Role of Perceived Control in Customer Value Cocreation and Service Recovery Evaluation

Treating customers as passive recipients of service recovery does not account for their naturally elevated desire for control following a service failure. Focusing on value cocreation by customers ...
Risk of Substance Use Disorders in Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder

ABSTRACT Objective: Previous work in adults and youths has suggested that juvenile onset bipolar disorder (BPD) is associated with an elevated risk of substance use disorders (SUD). Considering the public health importance of this issue, the authors now report on a controlled study of adolescents with and without BPD to evaluate the risk of SUD. Method: Probands with DSM-IV BPD ( n = 57, mean age ± SD = 13.3 ± 2.4 years) and without DSM-IV BPD ( n = 46, 13.6 ± 2.2 years) were studied. Structured psychiatric interviews and multiple measures of SUD were collected. Results: Bipolar disorder was associated with a highly significant risk factor for SUD (32% versus 7%, Z = 2.9, p = .004) that was not accounted for by conduct disorder (adjusted odds ratio = 5.4, p = .018). Adolescent-onset BPD (≥13 years) was associated with a higher risk of SUD compared with those with child-onset BPD (χ 2 1 = 9.3, p = .002). Conclusions: These findings strongly indicate that BPD, especially adolescent onset, is a significant risk factor for SUD independently of conduct disorder.
Ride-through study for matrix-converter adjustable-speed drives during voltage sags

The ride-through capability issues associated with adjustable-speed drives (ASD) have become an important area of concern due to the susceptibility of ASD to power interruptions. Furthermore due to the absence of the dc link capacitor in matrix-converters (MC), MC adjustable speed drives are more vulnerable to such power disturbances. This paper presents a study of a ride-through strategy for MC adjustable-speed drives. With hysteretic control on the magnitude of motor currents, the strategy comprises of keeping the motor continuously operating through a combination of input voltage vector application, aligned in the flux direction, and zero vector application, along with discontinuation of MC switches. The strategy aims to enhance the ride-through duration and achieve minimum possible flux deviation during the voltage sag period to allow minimum transients during power system restoration. The paper also investigates the effect of different load torques and reference currents at different voltage sags on the maximum possible ride through time.
Further study on a moving-wall boundary-layer problem with mass transfer

The boundary-layer problem of a semi-infinite flat plate moving in a free stream with mass transfer is discussed in this paper. The paper extends the work of previous researchers to the general situations including mass injection as well as suction on the wall and the case of wall moving in the same direction as the free stream velocity. The analysis is concentrated on the wall drag. The solutions are obtained by numerical techniques. Under certain conditions, current results will reduce to those obtained by other researchers.
Spencer's Theory of Kinship Evolution and the Status of Women Some Neglected Considerations

This article reconsiders Spencer's sociology in order to show how his social theory is applied to specific topics and to suggest his importance in the emergence and continuing development of the social sciences. The first task is accomplished by applying Spencer's conceptual scheme to the study of kinship evolution and changing women's status. The second task is achieved by critically appraising his social theory, showing how current writers duplicate his mistakes, and extrapolating a number of useful theoretical principles.
Fetal surgery: trials, tribulations, and turf.

Although it is now clear that the fetus has become a patient whose maladies deserve treatment, it is not yet clear what role fetal surgery plays now and will play in the future. Opinions vary about the state of fetal surgery in 2002, ranging from unrealistically optimistic (all birth defects will be diagnosed and treated before birth) to outright skeptical (a lot of “hype” over unproven treatment for rare disorders). I will attempt to provide some perspective by addressing three questions: 1) What diseases are treatable and how have we done in treating them to date? (a report card on fetal surgery 2002); 2) Who is the fetus’s doctor? (obstetrician, neonatologist, surgeon) 3) How should the care of the fetus be organized? (the role of centers, professional groups, and trials).
Structure and mechanisms of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase.

Enzymes catalyze a particular reaction in cells, but only a few control the rate of this reaction and the metabolic pathway that follows. One specific mechanism for such enzymatic control of a metabolic pathway involves molecular feedback, whereby a metabolite further down the pathway acts at a unique site on the control enzyme to alter its activity allosterically. This regulation may be positive or negative (or both), depending upon the particular system. Another method of enzymatic control involves the cooperative binding of the substrate, which allows a large change in enzyme activity to emanate from only a small change in substrate concentration. Allosteric regulation and homotropic cooperativity are often known to involve significant conformational changes in the structure of the protein. Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is the textbook example of an enzyme that regulates a metabolic pathway, namely, pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, by feedback control and by the cooperative binding of the substrate, L-aspartate. The catalytic and regulatory mechanisms of this enzyme have been extensively studied. A series of X-ray crystal structures of the enzyme in the presence and absence of substrates, products, and analogues have provided details, at the molecular level, of the conformational changes that the enzyme undergoes as it shifts between its low-activity, low-affinity form (T state) to its high-activity, high-affinity form (R state). These structural data provide insights into not only how this enzyme catalyzes the reaction between l-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to form N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate and inorganic phosphate, but also how the allosteric effectors modulate this activity. In this Account, we summarize studies on the structure of the enzyme and describe how these structural data provide insights into the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms of the enzyme. The ATCase-catalyzed reaction is regulated by nucleotide binding some 60 A from the active site, inducing structural alterations that modulate catalytic activity. The delineation of the structure and function in this particular model system will help in understanding the molecular basis of cooperativity and allosteric regulation in other systems as well.
Approximate declarative semantics for rule base anomalies

Abstract Despite the fact that there has been a surge of publications in verification and validation of knowledge-based systems and expert systems in the past decade, there are still gaps in the study of verification and validation (V&V) of expert systems, not the least of which is the lack of appropriate semantics for expert system programming languages. Without a semantics, it is hard to formally define and analyze knowledge base anomalies such as inconsistency and redundancy, and it is hard to assess the effectiveness of V&V tools, methods and techniques that have been developed or proposed. In this paper, we develop an approximate declarative semantics for rule-based knowledge bases and provide a formal definition and analysis of knowledge base inconsistency, redundancy, circularity and incompleteness in terms of theories in the first order predicate logic. In the paper, we offer classifications of commonly found cases of inconsistency, redundancy, circularity and incompleteness. Finally, general guidelines on how to remedy knowledge base anomalies are given.
Characterization of Puccinia psidii isolates in Hawaii using microsatellite DNA markers

We studied genetic variation in Puccinia psidii, a newly introduced rust fungus in Hawaii, using microsatellite markers. All 36 Hawaiian P. psidii isolates analyzed had the same genotype at 11 microsatellite loci, while three genotypes were identified among four isolates from Florida and 11 genotypes among 18 isolates from Brazil. One of the isolates from Florida had 95% similarity to the Hawaiian isolates. We conclude that the genetically homogeneous P. psidii isolates in Hawaii might have derived from the same strain originally introduced into the Islands and are closely related to one of the strains found in Florida.
The Alcohol Relapse Risk Assessment: a scoring system to predict the risk of relapse to any alcohol use after liver transplant.

ContextAlcohol relapse after liver transplant heightens concern about recurrent disease, nonadherence to the immunosuppression regimen, and death.ObjectivesTo develop a scoring system to stratify risk of alcohol relapse after liver transplant.DesignRetrospective medical record review.Setting and ParticipantsAll adult liver transplants performed from May 2002 to February 2011 at a single center in the United States.Main Outcome MeasureThe incidence of return to any alcohol consumption after liver transplant.ResultsThirty-four percent (40/118) of patients with a history of alcohol abuse/dependency relapsed to use of any alcohol after liver transplant. Nine of 25 hypothesized risk factors were predictive of alcohol relapse after liver transplant: absence of hepatocellular carcinoma, tobacco dependence, continued alcohol use after liver disease diagnosis, low motivation for alcohol treatment, poor stress management skills, no rehabilitation relationship, limited social support, lack of nonmedical behavioral c...
Quantitation of the sweating deficiency in diabetes mellitus

This report introduces quantitative tests for the evaluation of sweating and the results obtained in 81 diabetic and 30 control subjects. The tests rely on the ability of pilocarpine, introduced into the skin by iontophoresis, to stimulate sweating from fully or partially innervated sweat glands but not from denervated glands. Many diabetic patients had a reduced number of excitable sweat glands and a low volume of sweat per square centimeter of skin. The results of the sweat tests correlated best with the clinically determined perception of pain from pinprick. The similar degree of involvement of sudomotor axons and pain-conveying axons may be related to the known similarity in size and reinnervation patterns. There was poor correlation of the sweating deficiency with alpha motor conduction velocity and with denervation of foot muscles as determined by the evoked muscle action potential. The number of excitable sweat glands was usually normal if the muscle action potential was above 0.5 mv, and often normal even when a muscle action potential was unobtainable. Every diabetic patient with abnormal sweating and several with normal sweating had reduced heart rate fluctuation during a standard Valsalva maneuver or during slow respiration.
Marsh aggradation and sediment distribution along rapidly submerging Louisiana gulf coast

A coastwide study of the relationship between marsh aggradation and water level changes along the rapidly deteriorating Louisiana gulf coast was conducted. Rate of vertical marsh accretion determined from137Cs dating was compared to water level changes or submergence. Results identified marsh locations that are not keeping pace with submergence. Coastwide vertical accretion rates on the order of 0.7–0.8 cm/yr are not sufficient to keep pace with water level increases occurring at rates in most locations of over 1.0 cm/yr. Submergence rates were four to five times greater than eustatic sea level change for the Gulf of Mexico. Louisiana gulf coast marshes are likely to continue deteriorating unless means are implemented for distributing Mississippi River sediment to the marsh. It is estimated that sediment equivalent to less than 10 percent of the present annual suspended load of the Mississippi would provide enough sediment for marsh accretionary processes to compensate for submergence or water level increase.
Functional and biochemical disposition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in murine lymphoid cells

Abstract The metabolism of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA) was studied in murine lymphocytes. This carcinogen has previously been shown to be immunosuppressive to lymphocytes regardless of their ability to be induced via the Ah locus and receptor. Experiments were designed to quantify the generation of metabolites of DMBA by lymphocytes incubated with [ 14 C]DMBA and to ascertain whether radioactivity was covalently bound to cellular macromolecules in DMBA-exposed lymphocytes. No significant metabolism of DMBA was detected in culture supernatants, except when cultures were incubated in the presence of Arochlor-induced rat liver 9000 × g supernatants (S9). Covalent binding of 14 C to cellular macromolecules was enhanced approximately eightfold in the presence of S9. Inhibition of monooxygenase activity by α-naphthoflavone did not modulate the immunosuppressive character of DMBA. Furthermore, addition of S9 did not amplify or ablate DMBA-mediated suppression of lymphocyte proliferation to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). Selected metabolites of DMBA were evaluated for immunosuppressive effects in cultures stimulated with mitogens and cellular alloantigens. 7-Hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz[ a ]anthracene (OHMe) and 5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxybenz[ a ]anthracene (Diol) were found to cause only slightly greater suppression of lymphocyte responses than DMBA. Thus, it appears that metabolites of DMBA were not responsible for the immunosuppression observed in lymphocyte cultures and that lymphocytes were not equipped to metabolize any significant amount of DMBA. These data lend support to the hypothesis that parent compound alone is responsible for the immunosuppressive effects observed in murine lymphocyte culture.
Staffing the Commons: job analysis in the context of an Information Commons

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to apply principles from the field of industrial and organizational psychology on organizational analysis and job analysis to better identify successful candidates for employment in an Information Commons.Design/methodology/approach – Review of professional research, research from both library literature and industrial and organizational psychology, review of professional association surveys.Findings – Library administration must invest time to articulate mission, value, and goals for the Information Commons before undertaking the organizational analysis. From the organizational analysis will flow the job analysis, job descriptions and hiring protocols.Original/value – Core concepts of organizational analysis and job analysis from the field of industrial and organizational psychology are pertinent and useful to library leaders in planning, implementing and staffing new service models, such as Information Commons.
Beneficial effects of a bradykinin antagonist in a model of gram-negative sepsis.

Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in sepsis has long been recognized, but its role, beneficial or pathologic, has not been determined. Recently, however, specific bradykinin (BK) antagonists have become available and we sought to determine the effects of a BK antagonist, NPC17731, in a model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Methods : Anesthetized swine were studied for 5 hours, receiving a 1-hour infusion of saline (Controls) or live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Septic untreated). Treatment groups received a 5 mg/kg bolus of NPC17731 followed by a 1 mg/kg bolus hourly commencing either just before sepsis (Pretreatment) or 30 minutes following the onset of sepsis (Posttreatment). Results : Septic untreated animals showed a rapid, progressive decline in arterial Pao 2 compared to controls, and this was significantly improved in both treatment groups. Bronchoalveolar lavage at 5 hours in both treatment groups also showed significant decreases in neutrophil (PMN) counts and protein content compared to untreated septic animals, indicating decreased PMN migration and alveolar-capillary membrane damage. Both treatment groups also showed reduced PMN sequestration in the lung compared to untreated animals, although PMNs did exhibit significant upregulation of PMN CD18 receptor expression and superoxide generation. Conclusions : These data imply a significant role for BK in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced ALI. Use of a competitive BK antagonist significantly attenuated the development of ALI without inhibiting PMN activation. BK antagonists may be a useful adjunct in the armamentarium against sepsis-induced ALI.
A Rich-Media Solution for Distance Education

MediaSite by Sonic Foundry is a web communication and content management system that automatically webcasts lectures and presentations. These presentations can be viewed as a live stream or as an archive over the Internet. MediaSite is frequently used to supplement traditional classes and distance education applications. In this review, the authors share their experience in using a rich-media tool MediaSite that added a great teaching quality and affectivity to an undergraduate survey methodology course within distance education format. Their experience leads them to believe that this technology can enhance a methods course such as survey research by providing visual reinforcement of what are otherwise textbook lectures. This is also true with respect to the expectations of assignments and reviews for final exams.
Associative Inhibition: An Encoding Task Measuring Associative Interference (Proactive Type) during Learning

Summary.-Two forms of a novel paper-and-pencil encoding task were developed to measure proactive inhibition during learning when given to children and adolescents. The 2 forms of the encoding task were administered individually to 63 students referred for psychological services throughout a school district from a midwestern city. Results indicated that proactive inhibitory processes were present throughout learning and suggested that this encoding task could substitute, in special cases, for the classical verbal presenration of paired-associate materials that typically require individual administration. An attempt was made to make associative learning an intentional and integral component of a paper-and-pencil encoding task that could be easily and efficiently administered to individuals or large groups of Ss. Such a task, if developed, could substitute in special cases for the often tedious paired-associate technique typically requiring individual administration and a great deal of consideration on the part of the investigator as to the list construction, administration, and reliability. METHOD The combination of letters selected for this encoding task were chosen so that the total sum value of each of two paired-associate lists would approximate that of the other in terms of meaningfulness (m) , as described by Schulz and Underwood ( 1960). Stimulusresponse members were selected from tables presented by Schulz and Underwood for paired combinations of letters and so selected to produce two lists of word combinations with similar total sum value for m. Two experimental encoding tasks were developed utilizing these two lists of similarly scaled stimulus-response members. Each list was incorporated into one form of an encoding task (cf. Fig. 1). One task consists of the paired-members of List X and heretofore referred to as Form X of the encoding task. The Y list was incorporated into Form
LINKREC: a unified framework for link recommendation with user attributes and graph structure

With the phenomenal success of networking sites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn), social networks have drawn substantial attention. On online social networking sites, link recommendation is a critical task that not only helps improve user experience but also plays an essential role in network growth. In this paper we propose several link recommendation criteria, based on both user attributes and graph structure. To discover the candidates that satisfy these criteria, link relevance is estimated using a random walk algorithm on an augmented social graph with both attribute and structure information. The global and local influence of the attributes is leveraged in the framework as well. Besides link recommendation, our framework can also rank attributes in a social network. Experiments on DBLP and IMDB data sets demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods based on network structure and node attribute information for link recommendation.
The Test of Economic Literacy and an Evaluation of the DEEP System

For many years the Test of Economic Understanding (Science Research Associates) was used to measure economic literacy at the high school level. The new Test of Economic Literacy provides a badly needed replacement for the old TEU. Soper and Brenneke give important technical information about the TEL, which was designed to accompany the Joint Council's Master Curriculum Guide Framework for teaching economics at the precollege levd. In addition, the authors discuss the Developmental Economic Education Program (DEEP) and show how “DEEP school enrollment and its interaction with an economics course at the high school level is the single most important determinant of performance on the TEL.”
Effect of Age at Puberty/Conception Date on Cow Longevity

Age at puberty is a critical trait, because pregnancy success during the breeding season is correlated with the percentage of heifers that reach puberty before or early in the breeding season. A negative genetic correlation between age at puberty and heifer pregnancy rate indicate that selection to decrease age at puberty would increase heifer pregnancy rates. Calving late has been reported to increase the chance of calving late or not calving the following year, and heifers need to wean 3 to 5 calves to pay for development costs. Therefore, puberty is important to the sustainability and profitability of beef operations.
PRODUCTION OF FLAVOR COMPOUNDS: ALDEHYDES AND ALCOHOLS FROM LEUCINE BY MICROENCAPSULATED CELL‐FREE EXTRACTS OF STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS VAR. MALTIGENES

Cell-free extract (CFE) from Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes was examined for its ability to catalyze the formation of 3-methyl butanal and 3-methyl butanol from leucine as affected by pH, substrate concentration and gradual addition of NADH. Pseudo Km and vmax, determined for CFE were 6.5 × 10-3 M and 7.1 μmol/liter-min when 3-methyl butanal was measured and 9.4 × 10-3 M and 2.4 μmol/liter-min for 3-methyl butanol. The CFE, leucine and cofactors were encapsulated in milkfat and incubated for 40 h at 22°, Rate of formation and final concentration of 3-methyl butanal and 3-methyl butanol were related to substrate concentration, indicating that flavor intensity can be controlled with encapsulated enzymes by limiting substrate concentration. Diffusion of 3-methyl butanol and acetic acid from microcapsules was affected by concentration and their lipophilic/hydrophilic character. Altering the pH of fluid surrounding microcapsules containing CFE had limited effect on the internal pH, as indicated by enzyme probes, demonstrating that capsules provide an environment isolated from the bulk phase of foods.
HIV/AIDS and Culture 30 Years On: Snapshot and Moving Picture

Back in the 1980s, when the HIV/AIDS global pandemic was in its early and, in some ways, most visible stages, metaphors began to emerge as particularly compelling elements of the sense-making that ...
Defying Murphy's law at branch functions: Branch activities leaders and participants beware. Murphy is alive and well, but subject to the rules of creativity and organization

It's unlikely that your transcript would look like the one to the right — particularly since no grades are shown, and few, if any, universities would give academic credit for IEEE activities. The theory behind this little gimmick is clear: Your participation in your IEEE Student Branch activities is very important only to you.
A review : James W. Kuhn, Bargaining in Grievance Settlement: The Power of Industrial Work Groups

The modem era of industrial conflict began in the late 1930's and early 1940's with the signing of collective agreements by the major industrial giants in basic manufacturing industries such as steel, auto, and rubber. National unions growing in strength and the already powerful industrial managements signed agreements, usually on a yearto-year basis. But much open conflict ensued, nevertheless, during the life of these agreements as each major problem which arose in the plant became a trial of strength between the group of workers affected, or the union, and the management involved. With December 7, 1941, the advent of World War II, the need for putting a cap on industrial strife was obvious. Organized labor profferred a "no strike pledge"; management was encouraged by the War Labor Board to set up grievance procedures ending in final and binding arbitration in many of the collective agreements. The precedentsetting breakthrough for this had come earlier when General Motors Corporation agreed to such an arrangement during contract negotiations with the UAW in 1940. Some students of industrial relations heralded this as a new era of industrial
Modeling the Post-9/11 Meaning-Laden Paradox: From Deep Connection and Deep Struggle to Posttraumatic Stress and Growth

The prospective study follows college students after the 9/11 attacks. Based on evidence and trauma-related theories, and guided by reports on positive and negative reactions and meaning-related actions among Americans after 9/11, we explored the seemingly contradictory, yet meaning-related pathways to posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTGD), indicating the sense of deep interconnectedness and deep conflict. The final model showed that 9/11 emotional turmoil triggered processes of assimilation, as indicated in pathways between prayer coping and perceived spiritual and social support, and of accommodation, as indicated in the pathway of spiritual struggle. Both pathways were directly associated with PTG in the follow-up. Perceived spiritual and social support contributed to lower levels of PTSD symptoms, whereas spiritual struggle had an opposite impact on symptoms; both effects were mediated through optimism but in opposite directions. The study suggests the interplay of complex crisis-related phenomena following meaning-laden collective trauma that presented existential challenges, involving coping, optimism, deep conflict, and deep interconnectedness.
Nucleation and coarsening in binary condensed phases

Abstract The evolution of a thermodynamically unstable binary mixture was simulated by a digital computer. Isothermal formation and growth of two-dimensional nuclei by means of molecular diffusion only was studied. The system is thought to model an alloy, a very viscous liquid, or possibly a surface film. Evaluation of average nuclear size and the spatial correlation function suggest the existence of three regimes. In the first the nuclei are formed and most of the fine scale inhomogeneity decays, During the second period enrichment of the new phase occurs by way of active Fickean diffusion with little change in morphology. The final stage consists of nonlinear processes during which droplets join to form larger aggregates.
Statistics of premixed flame cells

The statistics of random cellular patterns in premixed flames are analyzed. Agreement is found with a variety of topological relations previously found for other networks, namely, Lewis's law and Aboav's law. Despite the diverse underlying physics, flame cells are shown to share a broad class of geometric properties with other random networks---metal grains, soap foams, bioconvection, and Langmuir monolayers.
Particle-hole state density in the uniform spacing model

Abstract A new method is used to derive an accurate but simple formula for the state density for fixed numbers of particles and holes in the uniform spacing model. The calculation is extended to the case where two kinds of particles are present. The results are compared with exact numerical calculations. Direct numerical calculation of particle-hole state densities, asymptotic summation of the approximate formula, and angular momentum distribution of states are discussed in the appendices.
Deglutitive tongue force modulation by volition, volume, and viscosity in humans☆

Abstract Background/Aims Deglutitive tongue biomechanics are complex, involving bolus containment, loading, and propulsion. This study aimed to quantify the modulation of deglutitive pulsive and clearing tongue forces in varied swallowing conditions. Methods Oropharyngeal pressure and force were recorded using sensing bulbs and strain-gauge manometry in 8 volunteers during swallows of varied volume and viscosity. Volitional modulation was explored with forceful and attenuated swallows. Results Temporal analysis confirmed that bulb recordings corresponded to tongue pulsive force, and the strain-gauge recordings measured tongue clearing pressure. Volition was the most potent modifier of both tongue pulsive force and clearing pressure with values showing a fourfold increase from attenuated to forceful swallows. Bolus viscosity also induced an increase of tongue pulsive force and clearing pressure by the oral tongue. Volitional control as well as adaptation to viscosity was greatest on the anterior and middle part of the oral tongue. There was no force adaptation with increased bolus volume. Conclusions Tongue pulsive force and clearing pressure during swallow showed substantial modulation for bolus viscosity that can be reproduced by volitional control. The anterior two thirds of the tongue showed both greater forces and greater modulation than did the tongue base.
Spatial Disorientation and the Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome

A patient with Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome had a lifelong history of spatial disorientation and visual-spatial cognitive defects demonstrated by psychological tests. We suggest that the abnormalities of behavior and test performance may be related atrophic lesions demonstrated by pneumoencephalography and computerized axial tomography. We consider several explanations to account for the lack of compensation for these cognitive defects.
Surfactant adsorption dynamics

Abstract The rates of adsorption of surfactants on solid surfaces were investigated in a packed bed apparatus. Using a nonequilibrium linear isotherm, adsorption and desorption coefficients were obtained by fitting observed peaks from slug input experiments. All adsorption and desorption coefficients were within one order of magnitude of each other, regardless of the charge of the surfactant and packing, and always significantly less than the diffusion limit. Measured surfactant adsorption rate constants were compared to predicted values based on a calculated energy profile between surfactant and surface. Electrostatic repulsion was found to play a minor role in the adsorption rate. Inclusion of an entropy of activation was found to predict the order of magnitude of the rates of adsorption. The resulting analogies with absolute rate theory and collision theory were both successful in describing the order of magnitude of the adsorption rate constants.
Impaired adrenergic response to prolonged exercise in type I diabetes.

Abstract Patients with type I diabetes mellitus commonly experience hypoglycemia related to physical activity. We investigated the metabolic and hormonal response to exercise in type I diabetics, normal controls, and controls exercising under hypoglycemic conditions. All subjects exercised for 60 minutes at 60% to 65% of their V o 2 max while insulin concentrations were clamped at balal or hyperinsulinemic levels. With low-dose insulin infusion, despite similar free insulin levels, diabetics had a greater decrease in plasma glucose concentrations during exercise than controls. Nevertheless, the increments of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) during exercise tended to be less in the diabetic subjects. Circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFA) were lower in diabetics, especially during early recovery from exercise. To better compare responses, a group of normal controls exercised during an infusion of insulin, which resulted in a similar decrease in plasma glucose to that of exercising diabetics. While exercising during a similar degree of hypoglycemia, diabetics had a significantly smaller increment of E and NE compared with controls. Increments of glucagon (GL) and growth hormone (GH) were not different. These studies suggest that there is a subnormal catecholamine response to exercise under hypoglycemic conditions in some patients with type I diabetes. The hypoglycemia during and after exercise in these individuals is probably the result of multiple factors, including relative hyperinsulinemia, decreased increment in catecholamines, and decreased availability of FFA.
A reassessment of heat treatment as a means of reducing chilling injury in tomato fruit

Abstract Recent studies have indicated that heat treatment administered prior to chilling reduces the incidence and severity of chilling injury in tomato fruit and other plant organs. Partial ripening of tomato and other fruits has also been shown to reduce chilling sensitivity. To test the relative merits of these “treatments”, tomato fruit (cv. ‘Rutgers’) were harvested when mature-green, held 3 days at ripening or heat-stress temperature (20 or 38°C, respectively), chilled for 20 days at 5°C, and assessed for ripening and injury over 7 subsequent days at 20°C. Based on chromaticity ( a ∗ ) values, lycopene content, rates of CO2 and ethylene evolution, and visible injury (pitting on shoulders), heat-treated (38°C) fruit sustained more chilling injury and ripened much more slowly than the partially-ripened (20°C) controls. Membrane lipids extracted from outer pericarp tissue from 0 day, 3 day control, and 3 day heat-treated fruits were also analyzed. Lipid changes after 3 days at 20°C were typical of early ripening, whereas several anomalous changes occurred during 3 days at 38°C, most notably, a drop in steryl esters, large increases in phospholipids and cerebrosides, and a decrease in fatty-acid unsaturation in galacto- and phospholipids. These results show that, under certain conditions, heat treatment of tomato fruit may not reduce chilling injury as effectively as partial ripening.
Peptide and protein transdermal drug delivery

Peptides and proteins are gaining increasing importance as therapeutic agents. Oral delivery of these molecules is not feasible due to gastrointestinal degradation. Parenteral delivery leads to poor patient compliance especially because the short half-life of peptides necessitates repeated administration. Passive transdermal delivery is not feasible but active transdermal delivery of peptides and proteins is a promising alternative route of administration which can bypass gastrointestinal degradation and offer patient compliance. This review discusses active transdermal technologies for delivery of peptides and proteins.
Perceived control and posttraumatic stress: A temporal model

Abstract In this article we present a temporal model for understanding the relations between perceived control and posttraumatic distress. Although perceived control generally is seen as adaptive, a review of the research using a temporal framework reveals that the relations between different types of control and distress vary greatly. Specifically, present and future control tend to be associated with better adjustment and fewer posttraumatic stress disoorder (PTSD) symptoms, whereas past control tends to be unrelated to distress or associated with more distress. Following this review, we outline an agenda for future research on past, future, and present control and posttraumatic distress using our temporal framework and discuss general methodological issues that need to be addressed in future research.
Interactions of the RAD7 and RAD23 excision repair genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with DNA repair genes in different epistasis groups

The RAD7 and RAD23 genes of S. cerevisiae affect the efficiency of excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. We have examined the UV survival of strains carrying the rad7 and rad23 deletion mutation in combination with deletion mutations in genes affecting different DNA repair pathways. As expected, the rad7 delta and rad23 delta mutations interact epistatically with the excision repair defective rad1 delta mutation, and synergistically with the rad6 delta and rad52 delta mutations that affect the postreplication repair and recombinational repair pathways, respectively. However, the rad7 delta rad6 delta and the rad23 delta rad6 delta mutants exhibit the same level of UV sensitivity as the rad1 delta rad6 delta mutant. This observation is of interest since, in contrast to the rad7 delta or the rad23 delta mutations, the rad1 delta mutant is very UV sensitive and highly excision defective. This observation suggest that RAD6 and RAD7 and RAD23 genes complete for the same substrate during DNA repair.
Assessing library vendor relations: a focus on evaluation and communication

Reviews the various scenarios which exist for library‐vendor relations. Considers the questions which should be asked when evaluating the individual products, services and options of vendors; and the pros and cons of using one or many vendors. Describes a new model ‐ the project approach. Presents examples of various library‐vendor communications ‐ both positive and negative.
The L1 norms of de la Vallée Poussin kernels

Abstract Charles de la Vallee Poussin defined two different kernels that bear his name. This paper considers the ones that are a linear combination of two Fejer kernels, which are known as the delayed means. We show that the L 1 norms are constant in families of delayed means, and determine the exact value of the L 1 norm for some of them.
Sesquiterpene lactones from Chromolaena opadoclinia

Abstract One known and four new germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactones were obtained from the dichloromethane extract of Chromolaena opadoclinia .
Risk indicators of metabolic syndrome in young adults: a preliminary investigation on the influence of tobacco smoke exposure and gender.

Background Metabolic syndrome is characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Limited investigations have studied early indicators of metabolic syndrome in healthy young adults before diagnosis of disease. Purpose The purpose of this investigation is to identify shifts in cardiovascular (CV), metabolic, and immune variables consistent with metabolic syndrome but occurring before development of the disorder, and to determine whether these variables are influenced by gender or cigarette smoking. Methods A pilot study of 41 subjects ages 18 to 39 years, with 20 smokers and 21 nonsmokers, was undertaken. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured to evaluate CV status; cholesterol, body mass index, leptin, percent glycated albumin, and homocysteine were measured to evaluate metabolic status; C-reactive protein, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10 were measured to evaluate immunologic status. Risk scores were assigned to each indicator, and total risk score was computed. Results Men had higher SBP ( P P = .046), and body mass index ( P = .01), whereas women had higher leptin ( P = .002). Total risk scores in men were greater ( P = .02). There was no effect of smoking on risk score, related to the increase in two risks for smokers (SBP, P = .04, DBP; P = .027) reciprocated by a decrease in another (percentage of glycated albumin; P = .02). Conclusion Risk factors contributing to metabolic syndrome are present and highest in young men compared with women, whereas the effects of cigarette smoking on the syndrome are mixed. Early intervention to reduce modifiable risks may prevent full expression of disease.
Crime Intervention The Role of a Victim's Behavior in Reducing Situational Ambiguity

A field study examined the effects of a theft victim's behavior on by stander intervention. Users of a college library saw an experimenter drop a 10-dollar bill which was then snatched up b, a thief. The victim's behavior indicated the he was either aware or unaware of his loss. Subjects were more likely to notify the victim of the theft when he appeared to know he was missing the 10 dollars. It is argued that the victim's actions in that case served to more clearly define the situation as a theft for the subjects.
Plant Tumours and Animal Cancer

THE discovery by Smith and Townsend1 that crown-gall disease of plants was caused by a bacterium (Phytomonas tumefaciens) aroused considerable interest among students of cancer. The view that animal cancer was of bacterial origin was vigorously put forward by Smith, who published several papers emphasizing the resemblance of plant galls produced by Ph. tumefaciens and to cancerous neoplasms. He distinguished several diffdrent types of plant tumours which he compared to sarcomas, carcinomas and teratomas. Secondary tumours which sometimes formed on infected plants at points remote from the original tumours were compared by Smith to the metastases observed in animal cancer. Smith was convinced that the galls produced by Ph. tumefaciens always contained the bacteria within their cells. As investigators of animal cancer failed to isolate any bacterium which could be definitely associated with the formation of cancer, interest in Smith's views tended to decrease.
Particle dispersion by random waves in rotating shallow water

We present a theoretical and numerical study of wave-induced particle dispersion due to random waves in the rotating shallow-water system, as part of an ongoing study of particle dispersion in the ocean. Specifically, the e!ective particle di!usivities in the sense of Taylor (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., vol. 20, 1921, p. 196) are computed for a small-amplitude wave field modelled as a stationary homogeneous isotropic Gaussian random field whose frequency spectrum is bounded away from zero. In this case, the leading-order di!usivity depends crucially on the nonlinear, second-order corrections to the linear velocity field, which can be computed using the methods of wave‐mean interaction theory. A closed-form analytic expression for the e!ective di!usivity is derived and carefully tested against numerical Monte Carlo simulations. The main conclusions are that Coriolis forces in shallow water invariably decrease the e!ective particle di!usivity and that there is a peculiar choking e!ect for the second-order particle flow in the limit of strong rotation.