cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General SISO Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems with linear rule consequent are universal approximators

Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy systems have been employed as fuzzy controllers and fuzzy models in successfully solving difficult control and modeling problems in practice. Virtually all the TS fuzzy systems use linear rule consequent. At present, there exist no results (qualitative or quantitative) to answer the fundamentally important question that is especially critical to TS fuzzy systems as fuzzy controllers and models, "Are TS fuzzy systems with linear rule consequent universal approximators?" If the answer is yes, then how can they be constructed to achieve prespecified approximation accuracy and what are the sufficient renditions on systems configuration? In this paper, we provide answers to these questions for a general class of single-input single-output (SISO) fuzzy systems that use any type of continuous input fuzzy sets, TS fuzzy rules with linear consequent and a generalized defuzzifier containing the widely used centroid defuzzifier as a special case. We first constructively prove that this general class of SISO TS fuzzy systems can uniformly approximate any polynomial arbitrarily well and then prove, by utilizing the Weierstrass approximation theorem, that the general TS fuzzy systems can uniformly approximate any continuous function with arbitrarily high precision. Furthermore, we have derived a formula as part of sufficient conditions for the fuzzy approximation that can compute the minimal upper bound on the number of input fuzzy sets and rules needed for any given continuous function and prespecified approximation error bound, An illustrative numerical example is provided.
Development of spectral mechanisms in the ground squirrel retina following lid opening.

Summary. The retina of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) contains three classes of photopigments (Xmax = 440, 500, 525 rim). From optic nerve recordings it was previously discovered that the effectiveness of signals from the 440 nm cone increase gradually over the weeks following lid opening. In this experiment several features of the electroretinogram (ERG) were examined to assess developmental changes in signals originating in the outer retina. As judged by threshold sensitivity, suprathreshold responsivity, or adaptability, the contribution of the 525 nm mechanism reaches its adult level two to three weeks after lid opening. The 500 nm mechanism appears to have a similar developmental time course. The development of the 440 nm mechanism was tracked using a chromatic adaptation measure. So indexed, the time required for this mechanism to reach its adult status was much greater than that for the other two mechanisms (70-80 days vs 40-45 days of age). The relatively slow development of effectiveness of the 440 spectral mechanism appears to reflect events occurring in the outer
Evaluation of some numerical schemes for consolidation

Five finite difference and two finite element schemes for solution of the one-dimensional consolidation problem are compared and evaluated from the viewpoints of convergence, accuracy, stability and computational efforts. An example problem involving laboratory experiments is also solved by using various schemes. Conclusions are drawn regarding relative suitability of these schemes for practical applications.
Evolution of a Health Focus Old Values -New Practices in Counseling Psychology Education and Training

This article develops the premise that counseling psychology programs should consider providing education and training in health psychology. It addresses key questions concerning the possible loss of traditional values or the necessity of modifying currently existing training programs to accommodate health psychology education and training. It concludes that providing health psychology training is an appropriate option for counseling psychology. The article then presents some general guidelines for health psychology education and training that could be adopted by counseling psychology programs. These include endorsement of (a) the scientist-practitioner model of training, (b) a university-based context of training, (c) basic grounding in the discipline of counseling psychology, (d) basic grounding in research methodology, (e) core courses in health psychology, G) elective courses from other departments, (g) recognition of the role of diversity, (h) traditional standards of licensure and accreditation for ...
X-ray optics of gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles have been investigated as contrast agents for traditional x-ray medical procedures, utilizing the strong absorption characteristics of the nanoparticles to enhance the contrast of the detected x-ray image. Here we use the Kramers–Kronig relation for complex atomic scattering factors to find the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction for the medium composed of single-element materials or compounds in the x-ray range of the spectrum. These complex index of refraction values are then plugged into a Lorenz–Mie theory to calculate the absorption efficiency of various size gold nanoparticles for photon energies in the 1–100 keV range. Since the output from most medical diagnostic x-ray devices follows a wide and filtered spectrum of photon energies, we introduce and compute the effective intensity-absorption-efficiency values for gold nanoparticles of radii varying from 5 to 50 nm, where we use the TASMIP model to integrate over all spectral energies generated by typical tungsten anode x-ray tubes with kilovolt potentials ranging from 50 to 150 kVp.
HAVE IMPACT PRESSURES ON COMPOSITE BREAKWATERS

Wave impact pressures and forces on composite breakwaters have been measured in the laboratory. A solid wall breakwater and a perforated breakwater were instrumented with small pressure transducers in a study designed to estimate the relative effectiveness of perforated breakwaters in reducing impact loads caused by breaking waves. Experimental results of maximum pressures and forces measured on the breakwater walls are presented as cumulative probability distributions. It is concluded that the perforated breakwater experiences significantly lower breaking wave loads although local impact pressures may be as high as those measured on the solid wall breakwater. Further studies are required on the perforated breakwater and alternative designs to determine the most suitable caisson type for the reduction of wave impact forces.
Argon Laser Endophotocoagulation

Argon laser photocoagulation has been demonstrated to be useful in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, retinal breaks and rubeosis iridis. Many individuals who undergo vitreous surgery can benefit from photocoagulation at that time to treat retinal breaks or proliferative diabetic retinopathy. It is possible that such photocoagulation may prevent neovascular glaucoma in some cases.
The inhibitory effects of taurine on protein phosphorylation: comparison of various characteristics of the taurine-affected phosphoproteins present in rat retina, brain and heart.

The role of taurine in the animal kingdom has been questioned for many years since its discovery in ox bile in 1827 by Tiedemann and Gmelin (20). Eventually, the seminal review by Jacobsen and Smith published in 1968 (1) provided the impetus to a small but determined segment of the scientific community to study this β-amino sulfonic acid systematically for the past 25 years. Since 1975 some 10 international symposia have been devoted to taurine (18). Nevertheless, the basic question as to the function of taurine remains unanswered. In the early years of the study of taurine phenomenology was the norm, while in recent years many of the questions posed are directed towards the mechanisms of action of taurine at the molecular level. Consequently, my laboratory has pursued the understanding, on a mechanistic basis, of the effects of taurine on Ca2+ uptake and protein phosphorylation in excitable tissues. This chapter summarizes the recent and ongoing studies of the effects of taurine on protein phosphorylation.
Transportability and Presence as Predictors of Avatar Identification Within Narrative Video Games

To understand how narratives may best be implemented in video game design, first we must understand how players respond to and experience narratives in video games, including their reactions to their player character or avatar. This study looks at the relationship that transportability, self-presence, social presence, and physical presence have with identification with one's avatar. Survey data from 302 participants (151 males, 151 females) were analyzed. Both transportability and self-presence explained a significant amount of variance in avatar identification. We discuss the implications of these findings for future narrative video game research.
Patterning challenges in the sub-10 nm era

Historically, progress in lithography has been driven by steady advances in exposure tool and optical technology; shorter wavelength, higher numerical aperture (NA) and resolution enhancement techniques to drive the k1 factor as close as possible to the physical limit. Over the past decade, however, the pace of progress has been gated more by patterning – what we do after the resist image is printed – than by higher resolution imaging. The emphasis on patterning rather than just printing has created new pressures in many parts of the overall process, beginning with the design itself. The breakdown of lithographic error budgets into CD and OL tolerances has given way to total edge placement error (EPE) budgets where CD, OL and edge roughness, as well as film and etch variations, must all be controlled to meet the required tolerances. Contact hole and cut mask placement have likewise been tightened to single digit EPE budgets. Collaborative research between technology specialists in multiple areas, such as metrology, etch, process control and simulation, will all be required to deliver these patterning solutions for some years to come. This paper will describe some of these challenges in more detail, and suggest directions for future research to keep optical lithography relevant even below the 10 nm node.
Aeroelasticity and Flight Dynamics of Oblique Flying Wings

First proposed in the 1950’s, oblique flying wings offer superior aerodynamic performance in transonic and supersonic flight. Recent advances in technology have revived interest in such configurations for supersonic transports. These configurations will exhibit aeroelastic and flight dynamic characteristics which are different from those encountered in symmetric wing-body configurations. This paper seeks to understand aeroelasticity and its coupling with flight dynamics in oblique flying wing configurations. A sample configuration is analysed using geometrically-exact beam theory to model the structure and a combination of vortex-lattice and doublet-lattice models for the aerodynamics.
Del precio de la novia a la dote en la Europa mediterránea

Se traza, en este estudio, la evolucion a largo plazo de los sistemas de dote que puede ir, desde el precio de la novia, a la dote (idea de compra, precio del intercambio, riqueza de la novia y de la dote) y se argumenta sobre la existencia y desarrollo de los dos tipos de dote: la que dan sus padres a la novia y la que regala el novio a cambio de la novia (donacion proter nupcias). Considera la dote medieval como una vuelta al sistema de Grecia y de Roma y un alejamiento del sistema del "precio de la novia" por la dote que era simbolo del estatus patrimonial patrilineal. Considera la ofrenda marital como expresion de los principios conyugales bilaterales. Piensa tambien que la dote fue un sistema de desheredamiento por la exclusion de la mujer en la herencia, que en Europa mediterranea fue progresivamente concentrada mediante el sistema de bienes vinculados y por la renuncia de ellos por parte de las mujeres. Asi, donde la dote florecio, fue desplazando a las otras asignaciones matrimoniales. Contra J. Goody, afirma que la dote fue una forma de desheredamiento dentro del grupo social cuya organizacion se habria vuelto significativamente menos bilateral.
Mechanisms of alveolar fibrosis after acute lung injury

In patients who die after severe acute lung injury, a dramatic fibroproliferative response occurs within the alveolar air space, interstitium, and microvessels. Profound shunt physiology, dead space ventilation, and pulmonary hypertension are the physiologic consequences of this fibroproliferative response. The anatomic pattern of the response is unique within each alveolar compartment. For example, the air space is obliterated by granulation tissue, with replicating mesenchymal cells, their connective tissue products, and an expanding network of intra-alveolar capillaries. In contrast, the vascular fibroproliferative response is dominated by mesenchymal cell replication and connective tissue deposition within the walls of microvessels. Despite the unique anatomic features of these fibroproliferative processes, the regulatory signals involved are likely to be similar. Although our current understanding of the signals regulating the fibroproliferative response to acute lung injury is limited, inferences can be made from in vitro studies of mesenchymal cell behavior and several better understood fibroproliferative processes, including wound healing and chronic fibrotic lung diseases. As clinicians, our future ability to enhance effective lung repair will likely utilize therapeutic strategies specifically targeted to the signals that regulate the fibroproliferative process within the alveolar microenvironment.
Parasomnias in children

Parasomnias are defined as dysfunctions and undesirable events or experiences that occur during the onset of sleep, during sleep, or during arousals from sleep. They are typically associated with central nervous system activation, skeletal muscle activity, and/or autonomic nervous system manifestations. Parasomnias are considered clinical disorders because they can result in injury, sleep disruption, untoward psychological effects, and other adverse health effects.
The third essay

The third essay offers an answer to the question whence the ascetic ideal, the priests' ideal, derives its tremendous power even though it is the harmful ideal par excellence , a will to the end, an ideal of decadence. Answer: not, as people may believe, because God is at work behind the priests but faut de mieux [lacking something better] – because it was the only ideal so far, “For man would rather will nothingness than not will.” – Above all, a counterideal was lacking – until Zarathustra . ( EH III, GM) Before beginning the tour of this essay, it is necessary to establish something about the first section in relation to a remark in the book's Preface, Section 8. There Nietzsche calls the Third Essay an example of what he means by “the art of interpretation ( Auslegung ).” The essay, he says, “is a commentary ( Commentar ) on the aphorism that precedes it.” It had almost always been assumed that the aphorism in question is the epigraph drawn from Thus Spoke Zarathustra ( Z I, 7) that precedes Section 1: “Carefree, mocking, violent – this is how wisdom wants us : she is a woman, all she ever loves is a warrior.” In recent years, however, John Wilcox, Maudemarie Clark, and Christopher Janaway have shown conclusively that the aphorism in question is actually Section 1.
Periprosthetic Joint Infections Caused by Enterococci Have Poor Outcomes

Abstract Background The definitive treatment and outcome of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by Enterococcus species is unknown. We performed a multi-institutional study to analyze the characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with enterococcal PJI and to define an effective treatment protocol. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all PJIs at 3 institutions between 1999 and 2014 using an electronic query followed by manual chart review. We included patients who met the Musculoskeletal Infection Society's criteria for PJI and had at least 1 positive intraoperative culture for any Enterococcus species. We identified 87 patients who had 12-month follow-up or treatment failure (mean, 4.03 years). Treatment failure was based on Delphi consensus criteria described previously. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analyses were performed. We assumed an alpha level of 0.05 for statistical significance. Results The overall incidence of enterococcal PJI was 4.2%. The overall treatment success rate was 51.7% (45 of 87 patients). Thirteen cases (14.9%) that failed treatment had adverse outcomes including salvage procedures and PJI-related mortality. Treatment success rates stratified by procedure were 62.8%, 39.4%, and 45.5% for 2-stage exchange arthroplasty, irrigation and debridement, and 1-stage exchange arthroplasty, respectively ( P = .037). Antibiotic treatment was heterogeneous; although combination antibiotics demonstrated a trend toward higher treatment success, it was not statistically different from monotherapy regimens ( P = .174). Conclusion Enterococcal PJI has a high rate of treatment failure. Surgeons and patients should be aware of the difficulty in managing this condition and its dismal treatment outcomes. Although antibiotic treatment was heterogeneous, there was a trend toward higher success rates when combination antibiotic therapy was used.
Citizenship Status and Arrest Patterns for Violent and Narcotic-Related Offenses in Federal Judicial Districts along the U.S./Mexico Border

Media reports routinely reference the drug-related violence in Mexico, linking crime in communities along the Southwest U.S. Border to illegal immigrants. The primary purpose of the current research is to examine whether the media assertions can be supported. Logistic regression models were run to determine the impact of citizenship on the likelihood of disproportionate arrest for federal drug and violent crimes, along the U.S./Mexico border. In arrests for homicide, assault, robbery, and weapons offenses, U.S. citizens were disproportionately more likely than non-citizens to be arrested. The only federal crime where non-citizens were disproportionately more likely to be arrested than were U.S. citizens was for marijuana offenses. Results of the current study challenge the myth of the criminal immigrant.
Spatial Dependency and Hedonic Housing Regression Model

The location of a real estate property has a considerable impact on its appraised value. Accounting for geograph-ical information eliminates some reducible errors in the accuracy of a hedonic housing regression model. An im-proved performance will benefit home buyers, sellers, government and real estate professionals. This paper investigates the spatial dependency and substitutability of submarket and geospatial attributes in a hedonic housing regression model using mutual information (MI) and variance inflation factor (VIF). Best subset linear regression and regression tree predictive models were built as learning algorithms. Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Residual Mean Deviance (RDM) measured the performance of the linear regression and regression trees respectively. The BIC of the linear regression model indicated a best fit at 14 and 11 variables for submarket and geospatial models respectively. Optimization of the submarket tree was attained with 9 parameters comprising of 15 terminal nodes, while 7 parameters comprising of 13 terminal nodes achieved optimization in the geospa-tial tree. While geospatial models have a slight edge over the submarket model, the experiment suggested the substi-tutability of the models. The dataset consisted of single family's homes in 8 counties between January and De-cember 2006 extracted from the Multiple Listing Service repository.
Quantum Models of Human Causal Reasoning

Throughout our lives, we are constantly faced with a variety of causal reasoning problems. A challenge for cognitive modelers is developing a comprehensive framework for modeling causal reasoning across different types of tasks and levels of causal complexity. Causal graphical models, based on Bayes’ calculus, have perhaps been the most successful at explaining and predicting judgments of causal attribution. However, some recent empirical studies have reported violations of the predictions of these models, such as the local Markov condition. In this chapter, the authors suggest an alternative approach to modeling human causal reasoning using quantum Bayes nets. They show that their approach can account for a variety of behavioral phenomena including order effects, violations of the local Markov condition, anti-discounting behavior, and reciprocity.
Structured Abstract: Anger, Willingness, or Clueless? Understanding Why Women Pay a Pink Tax on the Products They Consume

Recently, a phenomenon known as the pink tax has come to the forefront of the fight for women’s equity. Women often pay more than men for equivalent products particularly when products are targeted toward women (Duesterhaus et al. 2011). In fact, gender-based pricing is estimated to cost female consumers in the USA upward of $1400 a year (Forbes 2012).
Translational Value of Drug Discrimination with Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs.

This chapter focuses on the translational value of drug discrimination as a preclinical assay for drug development. In particular, the importance of two factors, i.e., training dose and species, for drug discrimination studies with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine is examined. Serotonin receptors appear to be an important pharmacological mechanism mediating clozapine’s discriminative cue in both rats and mice, although differences are clearly evident as antagonism of cholinergic muscarinic receptors is important in rats at a higher training dose (5.0 mg/kg) of clozapine, but not at a lower training dose (1.25 mg/kg). Antagonism of α1 adrenoceptors is a sufficient mechanism in C57BL/6 and 129S2 mice to mimic clozapine’s cue, but not in DBA/2 and B6129S mice, and only produces partial substitution in low-dose clozapine discrimination in rats. Dopamine antagonism produces partial substitution for clozapine in DBA/2, 129S2, and B6129S mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice, and partial substitution is seen with D4 antagonism in low-dose clozapine drug discrimination in rats. Thus, it is evident that clozapine has a complex mixture of receptor contributions towards its discriminative cue based on the data from the four mouse strains that have been tested that is similar to the results from rat studies. A further examination of antipsychotic stimulus properties in humans, particularly in patients with schizophrenia, would go far in evaluating the translational value of the drug discrimination paradigm for antipsychotic drugs.
Exceptional Structural Compliance of the B12F122– Superweak Anion

The single-crystal X-ray structures, thermogravimetric analyses, and/or FTIR spectra of a series of salts of the B12F122– anion and homoleptic Ag(L)n+ cations are reported (L = CH2Cl2, n = 2; L = PhCH3, n = 3; L = CH3CN; n = 2–4; L = CO, n = 1, 2). The superweak-anion nature of B12F122– (Y2–) was demonstrated by the rapid reaction of microcrystalline Ag2(Y) with 1 atm of CO to form a nonclassical silver(I) carbonyl compound with an FTIR ν(CO) band at 2198 cm–1 (and with the proposed formula [Ag(CO)n]2[Y]). In contrast, microcrystalline Ag2(B12Cl12) did not exhibit ν(CO) bands and therefore did not form Ag(CO)+ species, even after 32 h under 24 atm of CO. When Ag2(Y) was treated with carbon monoxide pressures higher than 1 atm, a new ν(CO) band at 2190 cm–1 appeared, which is characteristic of a Ag(CO)2+ dicarbonyl cation. Both Ag2(CH3CN)8(Y) and Ag2(CH3CN)5(Y) rapidly lost coordinated CH3CN at 25 °C to form Ag2(CH3CN)4(Y), which formed solvent-free Ag2(Y) only after heating above 100 °C. Similarly, Ag2(Ph...
IN VIVO MEASUREMENTS OF INTRADISCAL PRESSURE. DISCOMETRY, A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE IN THE LOWER LUMBAR DISCS.

In an effort to obtain more information about the mechanics of the lumbar discs and about the production of low-back pain, direct in vivo measurements of lumbar intradiscal pressures were made under various conditions. A needle with a pressure-sensitive polyethylene membrane at its tip was constructed for this purpose. Pressure values were obtained in eighteen normal third and fourth lumbar discs of sixteen subjects. The sitting position was used in all cases; other positions and factors studied included standing, reclining, holding total weights of 9.1 and 22.7 kilograms, performing the Valsalva maneuver, and wearing an inflatable corset. High intradiscal pressures (ten to fifteen kilograms per square centimeter) were found in the normal discs with the subject in the sitting position. In all cases, pressures were highest in the sitting position, about 30 per cent less in the standing position, and about 50 per cent less in the reclining than in the sitting position. It was found that the lower lumbar discs have to support total loads of as much as 100 to 175 kilograms when the subject is seated. For the standing position total loads of between ninety and 120 kilograms were calculated from the pressure values obtained. It was calculated that, in the normal discs tensile forces of considerable magnitude (sixty to eighty kilograms per square centimeter) exist in the posterior part of the annulus; this fact gives strong support to the mechanical theory of the production of ruptures of the posterior annulus. The Valsalva maneuver generally increased the intradiscal pressure, but the results were variable. The inflatable corset decreased the pressure in the examined discs by about 25 per cent. The loads on discs spanned by a posterior fusion in two patients were approximately 30 per cent less than would have been anticipated. In the one with a pseudarthrosis, further loading increased the intradiscal pressure to a value similar to that in subjects without fusion. In the one with a successful fusion demonstrated by surgical exploration, the force on the disc was proportionately reduced with further loading. The data support and help to explain such observations as increased pain in sitting as compared with standing and reclining in patients with low-back pain, pain during the Valsalva maneuver, and the codfish appearance of osteoporotic spines with relatively normal discs. Lumbar discometry is suggested as a means not only of determining the basic mechanics of the disc in different positions and under different conditions of stress but also of evaluating therapeutic measures such as posterior fusion and the wearing of corsets and braces.
The word and the world: Dalit aesthetics as a critique of everyday life

AbstractThe early phase of Dalit sahitya (literature) drew quite centrally on descriptive and critical practices associated with both anti-caste thought and Marxism to produce an urban literature which foregrounded the Dalit subaltern as an agent of social transformation. This article gives a prehistory of the 1950s and 1960s Dalit sahitya and argues that Dalit writing is a form of immanent critique that addresses the changing relationship of caste, capital and Bombay’s distinctive urbanity. Rather than focus on the “literariness” of Dalit sahitya, the article argues that one should bracket the question of the literariness of Dalit literature, and focus instead on those forms of linguistic concreteness, or practices of naming and description that politicized key aspects of subaltern life. Herein lies the prehistory of a recognizable Dalit poetics, one that relates writing to urbanity, and Dalit Bombay to Bombay modern.
Análisis convexo y dualidad en optimización

La nocion de convexidad es bastante clasica. Aparentemente la primera nocion (17 .. ) de conjunto convexo se encuentra en la definicion de equilibrio de un cuerpo sobre un plano horizontal: "Un cuerpo se encuentra en equilibrio sobre un plano horizontal, si la vertical que pasa por el centro de gravedad de dicho cuerpo penetra la envoltura convexa de sus puntos de apoyo". Esta definicion ha sido recordada por J.J.Moreau [6], quien ha sido la persona que mas ha contribuido al desarrollo de la teoria de las funciones convexas definidas en espacios vectoriales topologicos [7]. Es importante senalar tambien el texto de R.T. Rockafellar [8], en el cual desarrollo el analisis convexo en los espacios de dimension finita.
Production of aldehyde oxidase by Streptomyces species

Production of aldeiiyde oxidase (aldehyde:02 oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1) by Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2 and Streptomyces viridosporus T7A was characterized. For 5. setonii, aldehyde oxidase was initially induced in shake-flask culture in 0.6% (w/v) yeast extract medium. Inducer (propanal) concentration was determined to be 1.6 g/L medium and two propanal additions generated the best results. Inducer addition to cells in late-log phase was essential to enzyme induction. Dissolved oxygen and pH measurements were key parameters for determination of late-iog phase in 15-L and 50-L batch fermentation. Aldehyde oxidase activity was 0.02 units (one unit was defined as 0.1 /;mole/min/mg protein) in shake-flask and CSR cultures, and 0.05, 0.1, and 0.21 units in 5-L, 15-L, and 50-L batch fermentations, respectively. However, with propanal or frans-cinnamaldehyde (aromatic aldehyde) as inducer, aldehyde oxidase production by S. setonii was inconsistent and not reproducible. For S. viridosporus, vanillin (2 g/L medium) was used as inducer in 50-L fermentations in 0.6% (w/v) yeast extract and 1.0% (w/v) malt extract medium. Vanillin was a stable enzyme inducer and its oxidation to vanillic acid was monitored spectrophotometrically at 345 nm. Aldehyde oxidase activity was more stable in S, viridosporus than S. setonii and freeze-dried cell-free extract extended its shelf-life. Propanal oxidation to propionic acid by aldehyde xi oxidase was confirmed by HPLC for the 30% ammonium sulfate precipitate from a cell-free extract, Oxygraphic enzyme activity measurement did not always correlate with acid production due to interference of endogenous catalase but oxygraph was beneficial for rapid aldehyde oxidase detection. Crude cell-free extract, 45% ammonium sulfate precipitate and heattreated (70°C) for 5 and 10 min of crude extract revealed positive aldehyde oxidase activity as shown by brown color formation on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) zymogram with vanillin as the substrate. This same band from the nondenaturing PAGE demonstrated two broad protein bands on SDS-PAGE which corresponded to peptides of 20 and 55 kDa. These bacterial oxidases were active toward propanai, hexanal, transcinnamaldehyde, and vanillin, which suggests its possible use to reduce offflavors in soy products.
Kantianism and Legislation

Political philosophers in the Kantian tradition often assume that they can use theories of justice to evaluate laws and institutions. For example, many believe that justice requires coercive distribution of wealth, or government-enforced universal access to health care, or minimum wages. This article rejects this fallacy, which I call The Moral Turn. Principles of justice underdetermine judgments about most of the social and economic issues of the day. To be sure, a theory of justice may yield non-contingent or necessary moral content, especially in the area of basic constitutional rights. But in order to evaluate everyday pieces of legislation we need the empirical sciences. Philosophers either purport to derive institutional recommendations directly from principles of justice, or make quick and unsupported empirical assumptions to derive those institutional recommendations. On most areas of public policy, theories of justice have no institutional consequences. Kant's Universal Principle of Justice, or Rawls's Difference Principle, are compatible with a broad range of economic and political institutions, from laissez-faire to the welfare state. Which one is on the whole justified can only be decided by appealing to the empirical sciences (economics, political science, psychology). Because Immanuel Kant inaugurated the tradition of moral formalism, I first discuss Kant's own views on the matter as presented in his Doctrine of Right, and conclude that while Kant was aware of the problem, he often jumped to institutional conclusions without empirical support. I then discuss some modern neo-Kantian philosophers and show how they, too, perpetrate The Moral Turn. I use the examples of John Rawls and coercive redistribution, Norman Daniels and universal health care, and the minimum wage. Finally, I show that rejecting The Moral Turn does not commit one to utilitarianism in politics.
A hierarchy of values in the design and construction of the ear.

Reconstructed ears are often seen to have various architectural problems and irregularities. A review of the “design” and structure of the ear, with a hierarchy of values for the various elements of the ear, may assist in the reconstructive process.
It takes more than translating a flier: Considerations in serving immigrants as victims of crime in a large Midwestern city

Recent public discourse on the possible threats posed by immigrant populations as potential perpetrators of crime seems to ignore the accumulating scholarly literature that shows that immigrants have a documented crime reducing effect on the general population in the United States. Yet, immigrants themselves are placed at heightened risk for a wide variety of victimization experiences. Their needs as victims of crime have rarely been studied. This study aims to partially fill that void by investigating how service providers funded to assist victims of crime work with and attempt to meet the needs of immigrants, including large numbers of refugees, in one large Midwest city. The states Attorney Generals office supported a needs assessment that included a focus on the needs of victims from immigrant (and other) underserved populations. We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with key informants who had varying degrees of expertise serving crime victims from immigrant communities across the state. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, coded and analyzed using a collaborative, team-based approach . Our analysis describes the challenges faced by service providers serving immigrant victims and recommends directions for future research and policy.
Using a sonar in a different environment from that of its calibration: effects of changes in salinity and temperature

It is a universal truth that calibrating a sonar under the environmental conditions of its actual application is a desideratum. However, this is often inconvenient or impracticable. The problem thus arises of accounting for differences in environmental conditions between calibration, or other performance measurement, and application. Three particular environmental influences are salinity, temperature, and transducer depth, i.e., pressure. These largely determine the local mass density and sound speed in water. Two effects of changing environment on transducer performance are identified. (1) A change in medium sound speed affects the transducer beam pattern, thence the beamwidth and equivalent beam angle, namely the integral of the product of the transmit and receive beam patterns over all angles in the transducer farfields. (2) Changes in mass density and/or sound speed affect the acoustic particle velocity and pressure or stresses, thence the efficiency of transduction: (i) elastic-wave energy entering the water medium through the transducer-water interface, and (ii) acoustic-wave energy entering the transducer through the same interface. The first environmental effect was treated previously. The second effect is analyzed here for the single identified transducer material for which the temperature dependence of an elastic modulus is available, namely barium titanate, a ferroelectric electrostrictive material. The magnitude of the effect is estimated for a simple model over the temperature range [1,18]°C. While this second effect is particular to the material, the finding of an effect of similar magnitude argues for performance studies of transducers over a wider range of medium conditions than are ordinarily available but that are encountered in situ.
SC-SD: Towards Low Power Stochastic Computing Using Sigma Delta Streams

Processing data using Stochastic Computing (SC) requires only $\sim$ 7% of the area and power of the typical binary approach. However, SC has two major drawbacks that eclipse any area and power savings. First, it takes $sim$ 99% more time to finish a computation when compared with the binary approach, since data is represented as streams of bits. Second, the Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) required to generate the stochastic streams increment the power and area of the overall SC-LFSR system. These drawbacks result in similar or higher area, power, and energy numbers when compared with the binary counterpart. In this work, we address these drawbacks by applying SC directly on Pulse Density Modulated (PDM) streams. Most modern Systems on Chip (SoCs) already include Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs). The core of $\Sigma\Delta$ -ADCs is the $\Sigma\Delta$ Modulator whose output is a PDM stream. Our approach (SC-SD) simplifies the system hardware in two ways. First, we drop the filter stage at the ADC and, second, we replace the costly Stochastic Number Generators (SNGs) with $\Sigma\Delta$ -Modulators. To further lower the system complexity, we adopt an Asynchronous $\Sigma\Delta$ -Modulator $(\mathrm{A}\Sigma\Delta \mathrm{M})$ architecture. We design and simulate the $\mathrm{A}\Sigma\Delta \mathrm{M}$ : using an industry-standard 1×FinFET11In modern technologies the node number does not refer to any one feature in the process, and foundries use slightly different conventions; we use 1x to denote the 14/16nm FinFET nodes offered by the foundry. technology with foundry models. We achieve power savings of 81 % in SNG compared to the LFSR approach. To evaluate how this area and power savings scale to more complex applications, we implement Gamma Correction, a popular image processing algorithm. For this application, our simulations show that SC-SD can save 98%-11% in the total system latency and 50%-38% in power consumption when compared with the SC-LFSR approach or the binary counterpart.
On the MSW-like neutrino mixing effects in atomic weak interactions and double beta decays

Matter effects on the mixing of the neutrinos mass eigenstates, also known as the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect, seem to be well established in describing the propagation of the neutrino from the source to detecting devices. These effects were mostly considered in bulk matter, but not inside the atoms. Here we consider the effect of the high electron densities existing in the atomic nuclei. We investigate if these effects can affect the known neutrino phenomenology. It was reported that the mixing of the neutrinos in high density matter, such as inside a supernova, can affect the Majoron decay probabilities. We investigate if the neutrino mixing effects in the high electron density inside the atomic nuclei can change the neutrinoless double beta decay half-life formula. In both cases we found that the standard results stand. The results look simple, but the road to them is complex and it opens the possibility that the neutrino mixing in atomic nuclei may affect other observables, such as the neutrinoless double beta Majoron decays.
Trevor's disease of the distal radioulnar joint in two children with achondroplasia

Two children with achondroplasia who developed an abnormal bony outgrowth at the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), indistinguishable from an osteochondroma on histology, but the radiographic appearance, location, and asymmetry suggested the rare diagnosis of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH or "Trevor's disease"). One child experienced symptomatic relief with surgical excision and one was observed clinically due to lack of significant symptoms. These are the first presented cases of DEH in achondroplasia, both affecting the DRUJ. Due to the infrequency of DEH, more research is needed to better understand the potential connection to achondroplasia. For management, we suggest shared surgical decision making based on symptoms.
Tips for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Providers

Transitions after high school are challenging, particularly for youth with special needs. Learning strategies to cope with life’s changes should begin in early childhood. Medical professionals, particularly child and adolescent psychiatrists, can help guide parents and youth with special needs through developmental transitions. This chapter presents strategies to work with parents and youth which include employing motivational interviewing methods to improve the youth’s involvement with planning. Clinicians working with pediatric providers should also review a youth’s diagnoses and treatment needs, encourage opportunities for increased independence, explain how the next steps into adulthood differ from high school, review the application process for accommodations, and help set up a mental health support system for the youth in the new work/educational environment.
Plasma cell marker, immunoglobulin J polypeptide, predicts early disease-specific mortality in HPV+ HNSCC.

BACKGROUND Patients with human papillomavirus (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have superior prognoses compared with patients with HPV- HNSCC and strategies for treatment de-escalation are under investigation for the HPV+ setting. However, the survival advantage associated with HPV is not universal, and a subset of patients with HPV+ HNSCC fail definitive treatment and progress with metastatic/recurrent disease. Currently, no biomarker is available to distinguish aggressive from indolent HPV+ HNSCC. Immune dysfunction facilitates tumorigenesis and is associated with poor treatment response; therefore, we hypothesized that diminished intratumoral immune cell functionality may be attractive biomarkers to identify patients with HPV+ HNSCC at risk for early disease-specific mortality. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HPV+ HNSCC cohort. RESULTS Immunoglobulin J polypeptide (IGJ), uniquely expressed in plasma cells, showed a broad expression range in HPV+ HNSCC. Cox regression model, adjusting for clinical covariates, indicated that IGJ is an independent prognostic biomarker for disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Patients with low IGJ had a 7.2-fold (p<0.001) increase in risk of disease-specific death with a median DSS of 13 months. Low IGJ showed an area under curve (AUC) of 0.89 with 91.0% sensitivity and 87.6% specificity to identify early disease-specific mortality (defined as DSS ≤12 months). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed a global dampening of immune pathways in low IGJ tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our work showed that IGJ is a robust and independent prognostic biomarker for disease-specific mortality in HPV+ HNSCC. Patient with HPV+ HNSCC with limited adaptive immune functionality should not be candidates for treatment de-escalation modalities.
Translational considerations for adipose-derived biological scaffolds for soft tissue repair

Abstract Restoration of soft tissue defects relies on proper structural support and bioactive components to instruct remodeling processes that have tightly controlled spatial and temporal activity not yet fully understood. One clinical mainstay for soft tissue reconstruction, autologous fat grafting, has widespread use in reconstructive and esthetic surgeries owing to the success of liposuction techniques in the 1980s and standardization of adipose processing in the 1990s. Although widespread, clinical outcomes are unpredictable owing to significant variation in fat resorption rates (25–80%) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] and a lack of assays to predict outcomes or confirm cell viability preoperatively. Autologous fat grafting has a few limitations that have fueled the development of off-the-shelf technologies using tissue engineering approaches. Acellular human tissue products have an opportunity to meet this significant clinical unmet need. Selected recent strategies in acellular adipose tissue products for soft tissue reconstruction will be reviewed here. These advancements will inform further development for soft tissue reconstruction.
Pulse oximetry

Pulse oximetry is universally used for monitoring patients in the critical care setting. This article updates the review on pulse oximetry that was published in 1999 in Critical Care. A summary of the recently developed multiwavelength pulse oximeters and their ability in detecting dyshemoglobins is provided. The impact of the latest signal processing techniques and reflectance technology on improving the performance of pulse oximeters during motion artifact and low perfusion conditions is critically examined. Finally, data regarding the effect of pulse oximetry on patient outcome are discussed.
The 2021 Compromise

This article provides historical background that helps explain the agreed proposals among the OECD Inclusive Framework countries on Pillars 1 and 2. It also discusses the goals behind Pillar 1, which proposes a new tax nexus based on demand, and Pillar 2, which proposes a harmonized minimum corporate tax. This article seeks to explain the differing interests of the various countries involved in the negotiation, and it identifies the most important aspects of the proposals. Contrary to arguments made by some NGOs, this article argues that the 2021 Compromise represents meaningful change, even though it principally benefits wealthy countries.
The Cambridge Introduction to Chaucer

Introduction: life and historical contexts 1. Love and lore: the shorter poems 2. Fictions of antiquity: Troilus and Criseyde and The Legend of Good Women 3. The Canterbury Tales, I: war, love, laughter 4. The Canterbury Tales, II: experience and authority Afterword Guide to further reading.
“Single Point of Entry”: The Promise and Limits of the Latest Cure for Bailouts

This essay explores proposed regulations meant to prevent a reoccurrence of the "Too Big to Fail" crisis of 2008. The new regulations, which are likely to go into effect in 2015, have two key features. First, a "Single Point of Entry" provision allowing regulators to more effectively and efficiently wind down failed financial institutions. Second, a heightened capital reserve provision meant to ensure that in the event of a large financial institution’s failure, losses can be absorbed entirely by private claimants without systemic consequences. The provisions are an important step in the right direction, but the ideal regulatory regime for preventing bailouts remains elusive.
A time-domain strip theory approach to maneuvering in a seaway

A time-domain body exact strip theory is developed to predict maneuvering of a vessel in a seaway. A frame following the instantaneous position of the ship, by translating and rotating in the horizontal plane, is used to set up the boundary value problem (BVP) for the perturbation potentials. A boundary integral technique is used for solving the Laplace equation. Linearized free surface boundary conditions are used for stability and computational efficiency, and exact body boundary conditions are used to capture nonlinear effects. A nonlinear rigid body equation of motion solver is coupled to the hydrodynamic model to predict ship responses. Results are presented for the turning circle maneuver of the containership S-175 in calm water and in the presence of regular waves. The results are compared with available experimental results. The simulations are able to capture general qualitative aspects and overall physics of the problem.