cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative electrochemical detection of cathepsin B activity in breast cancer cell lysates using carbon nanofiber nanoelectrode arrays toward identification of cancer formation

Abstract The proteolytic activity of cathepsin B in complex breast cell lysates has been measured with alternating current voltammetry (ACV) using ferrocene (Fc)-labeled-tetrapeptides immobilized on nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) fabricated with vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs). Four types of breast cells have been tested, including normal breast cells (HMEC), transformed breast cells (MCF-10A), breast cancer cells (T47D), and metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The detected protease activity was found increased in cancer cells, with the MDA-MB-231 metastatic cancer cell lysate showing the highest cathepsin B activity. The equivalent cathepsin B concentration in MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lysate was quantitatively determined by spiking recombinant cathepsin B into the immunoprecipitated MDA-MB-231 lysate and the HMEC whole cell lysate. The results illustrated the potential of this technique as a portable multiplex electronic device for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring through rapid profiling the activity of specific cancer-relevant proteases. From the Clinical Editor Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. In this report, the authors applied the technique of nanoelectrode arrays to try to detect and compare cathepsin B activities in normal and breast cancer cells. It was found that protease activity correlated positively with the degree of malignancy cancer cells. Taking this further, this technique may be useful for rapid diagnosis of cancer in the future.
Does the Electoral Path Work for Labor

The meaning of union political work has varied over the labor movement's history. Even during the high point of labor's political influence, the New Deal of the 1930s, simply electing labor-backed candidates did not alone provide an adequate vehicle for establishing working-class reforms.
Purification and Characterization of Axial Filaments from Treponema phagedenis Biotype reiterii (the Reiter Treponeme)

Axial filaments have been purified from Treponema phagedenis biotype reiterii (the Reiter treponeme) and partially characterized chemically. The preparations consist largely of protein but also contain small amounts of hexose (3%). Filaments dissociate to subunits in acid, alkali, urea, guanidine, and various detergents. Amino acid analyses show an overall resemblance to other spirochetal axial filaments and to bacterial flagella. Dissociated filaments migrate as a single band upon acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 (in 4 M urea and 10 (3) M ethylenediaminetetraacetate) and at pH 12, but in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, three bands are obtained under a wide variety of conditions. Two of these bands migrate very close together, with molecular weights of 33,000 +/- 500. The other band has a molecular weight of 36,500 +/- 500. Analysis of axial filaments by the dansyl chloride method yields both methionine and glutamic acid as amino terminal end groups. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements on dissociated axial filaments in 7 M guanidine hydrochloride yield plots of log C against varkappa(2) which vary with the speed and initial protein concentration used. Molecular weight values calculated from these plots are consistent with a model in which axial filament subunits are heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight in the approximate range of 32,000 to 36,000.
Proposed Reclassification of Shock States with Special Reference to Distributive Defects

Some years ago, for lack of better knowledge, most of us were tempted to classify shock on an etiologic basis. We referred to: (a) shock due to blood loss (hypovolemic shock); (b) cardiogenic shock (pump failure); (c) bacterial shock (bacteremia, endotoxin); (d) acute hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylactic shock); (e) neurogenic shock (barbiturate and narcotic overdose, transection of the spinal cord; (f) shock associated with obstruction to blood flow, e. g., pulmonary embolization; and (g) endocrine forms of shock (myxedema, pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical insufficiency, insulin excess).
Topical Capsaicin in the Management of HIV-Associated Peripheral Neuropathy

Distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) is a particularly distressing pain syndrome associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Capsaicin has been found to be effective in relieving pain associated with other neuropathic pain syndromes, and is mentioned as a possible topical adjuvant analgesic for the relief of DSPN. This multicenter, controlled, randomized, double-masked clinical trial studied patients with HIV-associated DSPN and compared measures of pain intensity, pain relief, sensory perception, quality of life, mood, and function for patients who received topical capsaicin to the corresponding measures for patients who received the vehicle only. Twenty-six subjects were enrolled in the study. At the end of 1 week, subjects receiving capsaicin tended to report higher current pain scores than did subjects receiving the vehicle (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.042). The dropout rate was higher for the capsaicin group (67%) than for the vehicle group (18%) (chi 2 test of association; P = 0.014). There were no other statistically significant differences between the capsaicin and vehicle groups with respect to current pain, worst pain, pain relief, sensory perception, quality of life, mood, or function at study entry or at any time during the 4-week trial. These results suggest capsaicin is ineffective in relieving pain associated with HIV-associated DSPN.
Rapid radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in ultrafiltered perchloric acid extracts: results of a clinical survey.

Abstract Perchloric acid treatment of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) results in subunits of approximate mol.wt 40 000 to 50 000 with different electrophoretic mobilities and antigenic deficiencies as demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis. An improved radioimmunoassay is described for the quantitation of CEA using rapid ultrafiltration of serum or plasma extracts. The assay was designed to take into account the changes CEA undergoes during perchloric acid extraction. Absorption of antibodies against a crossreacting non-specific antigen from CEA antiserum did not improve the specificity of the radioimmunoassay as was shown by clinical use of the test in almost 1800 patients.
Child perceptions of parental care and overprotection in children with cancer and healthy children.

The primary aims of this study were to: (a) examine child perceptions of overprotection; and (b) explore how these perceptions relate to child health and adjustment. Children with a prior diagnosis of cancer (n = 205) and children without a history of serious illness (n = 76) reported on parental overprotective and caring behaviors. Children with cancer were recruited from one of four strata based on the elapsed time since their cancer diagnosis (1–6 months; 6–24 months; 2–5 years; >5 years) Children also reported on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Children with cancer did not differ from healthy children in their perceptions of parental care or overprotection. Child distress was more strongly related to perceptions of care and overprotection than child’s health status. Children with cancer do not report their parents approach to care and protection differently than children without a cancer history. These findings mirror prior research examining parental perceptions of overprotection and suggest that, despite the challenges of parenting a child with serious illness, parental protection is not significantly altered.
Epinephrine facilitation of appetitive learning: attenuation with adrenergic receptor antagonists.

Previous studies using aversive training tasks have reported that retention is enhanced by post-training administration of epinephrine. This study investigated the effects of post-training administration of epinephrine on retention of an appetitive task. The results indicate that epinephrine can enhance retention performance in an appetitive task of both rats and mice. Pretraining injections of propranolol and phenoxybenzamine, α- and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, attenuate the memory-enhancing effects of epinephrine. These results are consistent with the view that release of peripheral epinephrine may regulate storage of new information and may mediate memory modulation produced by a variety of treatments.
Estimation of the protein-binding capacity of microplate wells using sequential ELISAs

Abstract A non-linear mathematical method for estimating the protein binding capacity of a microwell is developed by applying Langmuir-type binding principles to data obtained from sequential ELISAs (Underwood and Steele (1991) J. Immunol. Methods 142, 83). Experimental data from sequential ELISAs measuring the binding of rabbit and mouse immunoglobulin G and of BSA to Immulon 2 microwells agree well with the binding curves predicted by our simple mathematical model. Estimates of Immulon 2 microwell capacity for these proteins when coated in a 100 μl/well volume are between 250 and 325 ng/well. The method provides a convenient, quantitative method for estimating microwell capacity without the use of radioisotopes. A spreadsheet form of the method is also presented, so that the mathematical calculations for any set of experimental data may be performed readily using the spreadsheet's SOLVER function. The method is not applicable to data from experiments where significant desorption occurs or where binding to the solid phase deviates significantly from the simple Langmuir model.
Structural basis for gate-DNA recognition and bending by type IIA topoisomerases

Type II topoisomerases disentangle DNA to facilitate chromosome segregation, and represent a major class of therapeutic targets. Although these enzymes have been studied extensively, a molecular understanding of DNA binding has been lacking. Here we present the structure of a complex between the DNA-binding and cleavage core of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Topo II (also known as Top2) and a gate-DNA segment. The structure reveals that the enzyme enforces a 150° DNA bend through a mechanism similar to that of remodelling proteins such as integration host factor. Large protein conformational changes accompany DNA deformation, creating a bipartite catalytic site that positions the DNA backbone near a reactive tyrosine and a coordinated magnesium ion. This configuration closely resembles the catalytic site of type IA topoisomerases, reinforcing an evolutionary link between these structurally and functionally distinct enzymes. Binding of DNA facilitates opening of an enzyme dimerization interface, providing visual evidence for a key step in DNA transport.
A Critical Assessment of Particle Temperature Distributions During Plasma Spraying: Experimental Results for YSZ

Plasma sprayed coatings of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) have been studied extensively through the years to understand variations in coating properties as well as to achieve control on microstructure of the coatings. The requirement for microstructural control and reliability have become all the more important as coatings have now become part of an integrated “prime reliant” design strategy aimed at increasing turbine inlet temperature and associated efficiencies. One of the important thrusts in monitoring and controlling the process has been the application of process sensors that measure spray stream characteristics, notably particle temperature and velocity. Although single particle-based measurements have been available for some time, in general control strategies based on particle state rely on average values of temperature and velocity. In this study, a detailed examination of particle temperature distributions is presented. When systematically examined over a wide range of operating conditions of the resulting range of particle temperatures, a significant structure in the statistical distribution has been observed. A close inspection of the data indicates that this distribution can be interpreted as melting state indicator for YSZ. A characteristic peak at the melting point of ZrO2 (error in absolute T-measurement is ≈ ±10%) can be used as an indicator for re-solidified particles. In the past, control strategies based on process diagnostic sensors have been based on average particle temperatures and velocities. Although the average values seem to be promising as control parameters, it has been shown through our results that different melting states could be demonstrated for the same average T and V settings. The melting state in turn has an important bearing on the coating structure and properties. It therefore implies that a process control strategy (to maintain coating quality) based on in flight particle sensors will have to take these findings into account. As an example, one strategy of process control would not only define the process in terms of the average particle temperature and velocity but also include the effect that parameter changes have on distributions.
Inference in Semiparametric Dynamic Models for Binary Longitudinal Data

This article deals with the analysis of a hierarchical semiparametric model for dynamic binary longitudinal responses. The main complicating components of the model are an unknown covariate function and serial correlation in the errors. Existing estimation methods for models with these features are of O(N3), where N is the total number of observations in the sample. Therefore, nonparametric estimation is largely infeasible when the sample size is large, as in typical in the longitudinal setting. Here we propose a new O(N) Markov chain Monte Carlo based algorithm for estimation of the nonparametric function when the errors are correlated, thus contributing to the growing literature on semiparametric and nonparametric mixed-effects models for binary data. In addition, we address the problem of model choice to enable the formal comparison of our semiparametric model with competing parametric and semiparametric specifications. The performance of the methods is illustrated with detailed studies involving simul...
Reference materials for nutrition research

The importance of the accuracy of analytical data of nutritional relevance and the effect of the use of relevant reference materials in nutrition research are discussed. The needs of the nutritionist for reference materials are outlined with regard to the elements of interest, the substrates of interest and the chemical species of elements.
Feasibility of national population growth targets in LDC's☆

Abstract This study employs a simulation model and data on desired family size to evaluate feasibility of national population growth targets. A basic claim is that neglect to consider desired family size in population planning has resulted in spurious target setting by a number of governments. It is proposed that if presently attainable family size is below desired family size in any society i, then low utilization of family planning services can be expected to continue as a function of absence of demand. Policy implications of this claim for allocation of scarce international family planning funds are discussed.
Light penetration in the snowpack at Summit, Greenland: Part 2 Nitrate photolysis

Abstract Rates of photochemical reactions within the snowpack, both on snow grains and in the firn air, depend on how actinic flux is attenuated as a function of depth. This snowpack photon flux can either be measured directly (e.g., with spectral radiometers in the snow) or indirectly (e.g., by chemical actinometry where the rate of a photochemical reaction is measured). In this work we use both techniques to measure the rate constant for nitrate photolysis on water–ice, j ( NO 3 - ) , on the snowpack surface and beneath at Summit, Greenland during spring and summer. The surface measurements from these two methods are generally similar ((1−2)×10–7 s−1 during midday near the summer solstice) and follow expected diurnal and annual trends. In addition, both methods show a similar effect of snow albedo on photolysis at the surface: rate constants measured on the surface snow were approximately 45% higher than values predicted for the surface based on regressions of in-snow rate constants. Average (± σ ) j ( NO 3 - ) e-folding depths (the depth along which the rate constant decreases by a factor of e) during the 2 field seasons are 10.3(±2.8) cm from actinometry tubes and 8.4(±2.4) cm from in-snow spectral radiometers.
Congenital neurocutaneous syndromes in childhood.

Summary 1.Sturge-Weber disease is a congenital vascular malformation of the skin and leptomeninges. 2.The facial nevi usually follow the trigeminal nerve distribution. Skin nevi may in addition involve other areas roughly following dermatomal demarcation. 3.The lesions in the brain are most likely secondary to the angiomatous malformation of the overlaying leptomeninges. Characteristic calcifications are formed in the cerebral cortex, as well as in the angioma. 4.Eight typical cases of Sturge-Weber disease are summarized. 5.The earliest calcification appeared in roentgenogram of the skull of a patient 13 months of age. 6.One unusual "hybrid transitional" case is also presented. 7.The suggestion is made that early surgical extirpation of unilateral lesion may prevent functional deterioration as well as bring symptomatic relief from seizures.
Combined spinal-epidural labor analgesia

Abstract Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) labor analgesia is a new neuraxial labor analgesic technique. An intrathecal injection of an opioid alone, or in combination with a local anesthetic, initiates analgesia. An epidural catheter can then be used to maintain pain relief for the duration of labor. The CSE technique combines the advantages of spinal analgesia (low drug doses, rapid onset, immediate sacral block) and epidural analgesia (titratable, able to maintain analgesia indefinitely, ability to convert to epidural anesthesia). Side effects are acceptable with attention to patient selection and technique. The initiation of CSE analgesia with either fentanyl (25 μg) or sufentanil (5.0–7.5 μg) is appropriate for early labor, or in patients for whom an acute decrease in preload is not desirable. Although an equipotent dose of sufentanil has a longer duration of analgesia than fentanyl, both drugs provide excellent analgesia and prolonged duration is of minimal clinical significance when the intrathecal dose is followed by maintenance epidural analgesia. The addition of a local anesthetic to the opioid is required to provide satisfactory analgesia once fetal descent begins. The addition of local anesthetic (usually bupivacaine 1.25–2.5 mg) allows the dose of opioid to be decreased. Markedly lower opioid doses (fentanyl 5 μg or sufentanil 1.0–2.5 μg) can then provide effective analgesia with fewer systemic side effects. Several additives have been shown to prolong the duration of analgesia of opioids and opioids plus bupivacaine, but the short increase in duration of analgesia may not be worth the increased difficulty of combining multiple drugs.
Extreme C Terminus of Bacterial Cytoskeletal Protein FtsZ Plays Fundamental Role in Assembly Independent of Modulatory Proteins

Bacterial cell division typically requires assembly of the cytoskeletal protein FtsZ into a ring (Z-ring) at the nascent division site that serves as a foundation for assembly of the division apparatus. High resolution imaging suggests that the Z-ring consists of short, single-stranded polymers held together by lateral interactions. Several proteins implicated in stabilizing the Z-ring enhance lateral interactions between FtsZ polymers in vitro. Here we report that residues at the C terminus of Bacillus subtilis FtsZ (C-terminal variable region (CTV)) are both necessary and sufficient for stimulating lateral interactions in vitro in the absence of modulatory proteins. Swapping the 6-residue CTV from B. subtilis FtsZ with the 4-residue CTV from Escherichia coli FtsZ completely abolished lateral interactions between chimeric B. subtilis FtsZ polymers. The E. coli FtsZ chimera readily formed higher order structures normally seen only in the presence of molecular crowding agents. CTV-mediated lateral interactions are important for the integrity of the Z-ring because B. subtilis cells expressing the B. subtilis FtsZ chimera had a low frequency of FtsZ ring formation and a high degree of filamentation relative to wild-type cells. Site-directed mutagenesis of the B. subtilis CTV suggests that electrostatic forces are an important determinant of lateral interaction potential.
The influence of highway construction on the macroinvertebrates and epilithic algae of a high mountain stream

The response of a high elevation Rocky Mountain stream to highway construction activities was investigated over a three-year period during the ice-free season. Suspended solids and the proportion of fine sediment in the substrate increased at impacted sites, but rapidly returned to levels similar to reference sites following cessation of construction activities. During snowmelt runoff when suspended solids levels increased, there was little or no sedimentation of fine particles, even in depositional areas. At impacted sites algal species diversity and the organic content of the epilithon were reduced, and the detrital component was increased. The epilithon recovered less rapidly than suspended solids or substrate. The macroinvertebrate community was altered by construction activities at some locations but not others, and was generally less severely affected than anticipated. However, where an alteration occurred, reduction in density, abundance, and diversity were apparent, and the taxonomic composition was modified. The severity of the response was a function of the flow regime and the timing and duration of the impact at a given site. The hydrologic regime and high gradient of the study stream appeared to ameliorate to some extent the potentially adverse effects of short-term perturbations engendered by highway construction activities.
The Boundaries of Justice

The last decade has witnessed a remarkable resurgence of work on the theory of distributive justice. Yet this revival of interest in an ancient topic-a revival engaging philosophers, political scientists, economists, lawyers, and othershas taken place within certain key simplifying assumptions. The central preoccupation has been the design of social institutions under ideal conditions within a given society and, principally, within a given generation. Like protectionist trade barriers, the spatial boundaries around the nation-state, and the temporal boundaries around the current generations within it, have protected the fragile first stages of development. These barriers have insulated theories of justice from distracting and, in many cases, disturbing complications that would arise were the boundaries to be crossed. This initial stage now seems to have passed. The books under review are distinctive because, in one way or another, they suggest some of the complexities that arise when the boundaries just mentioned are crossed: when assumptions that have achieved currency for intranational justice are applied internationally, when assumptions that have achieved currency for intragenerational justice are applied intergenerationally, and when those that have achieved currency for the
Integrin α9β1 mediates enhanced cell migration through nitric oxide synthase activity regulated by Src tyrosine kinase

Integrins are important mediators of cell adhesion and migration, which in turn are essential for diverse biological functions, including wound healing and cancer metastasis. The integrin α9β1 is expressed on numerous mammalian tissues and can mediate accelerated cell migration. As the molecular signaling mechanisms that transduce this effect are poorly defined, we investigated the pathways by which activated integrin α9β1 signals migration. We found for the first time that specific ligation of integrin α9β1 rapidly activates Src tyrosine kinase, with concomitant tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas and activation of Rac-1. Furthermore, activation of integrin α9β1 also enhanced NO production through activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase or NOS decreased integrin-α9β1-dependent cell migration. Src appeared to function most proximal in the signaling cascade, in a FAK-independent manner to facilitate iNOS activation and NO-dependent cell migration. The cytoplasmic domain of integrin α9 was crucial for integrin-α9β1-induced Src activation, subsequent signaling events and cell migration. When taken together, our results describe a novel and unique mechanism of coordinated interactions of the integrin α9 cytoplasmic domain, Src tyrosine kinase and iNOS to transduce integrin-α9β1-mediated cell migration.
The Role of Scgb1a1+ Clara Cells in the Long-Term Maintenance and Repair of Lung Airway, but Not Alveolar, Epithelium

To directly test the contribution of Scgb1a1(+) Clara cells to postnatal growth, homeostasis, and repair of lung epithelium, we generated a Scgb1a1-CreER "knockin" mouse for lineage-tracing these cells. Under all conditions tested, the majority of Clara cells in the bronchioles both self-renews and generates ciliated cells. In the trachea, Clara cells give rise to ciliated cells but do not self-renew extensively. Nevertheless, they can contribute to tracheal repair. In the postnatal mouse lung, it has been proposed that bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) which coexpress Scgb1a1 (Secretoglobin1a1) and SftpC (Surfactant Protein C), contribute descendants to both bronchioles and alveoli. The putative BASCs were lineage labeled in our studies. However, we find no evidence for the function of a special BASC population during postnatal growth, adult homeostasis, or repair. Rather, our results support a model in which the trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli are maintained by distinct populations of epithelial progenitor cells.
Free-ion yield in liquid argon at low-LET

Abstract A re-encounter model is proposed for electron—ion recombination on low-LET tracks in liquid argon. Consistency with measured escape probability for fields > 1 kV cm −1 requires an encounter recombination probability ≈ 0.01. The initial e—ion separation (≈ 1500–1800 nm) is reconciled with thermalization by elastic collisions. Due to homogeneous recombination the experimental values fall below the calculated ones for fields less than ≈ 1 kV cm −1 .
Numerical Simulation of Reciprocating Flow Forced Convection in Two-Dimensional Channels

Numerical simulations of laminar, forced convection heat transfer for reciprocating, two-dimensional channel flows are performed as a function of the penetration length, Womersley (α) and Prandtl (Pr) numbers. The numerical algorithm is based on a spectral element formulation, which enables high-order spatial resolution with exponential decay of discretization errors, and second-order time-accuracy. Uniform heat flux and constant temperature boundary conditions are imposed on certain regions of the top surface, while the bottom surface is kept insulated. Periodicity of velocity and temperature fields is imposed on the side boundaries, while the flow is driven by an oscillating pressure gradient. These sets of boundary conditions enable time-periodic solution of the problem. Instantaneous and time-averaged surface and bulk temperature distributions, and Nusselt number variations are presented. For high α flows, the temperature field is significantly affected by the Richardson's annular effect. Overall, forced convection increases by increasing the penetration length, a and Pr Corresponding steady-flow simulations are performed by matching the volumetric flowrate
Cancer heterogeneity and its biologic implications in the grading of urothelial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder often contains areas with different histologic grades. The influence of cancer heterogeneity on grading and its relation to patient outcome is uncertain. METHODS The study group consisted of 164 patients with Ta urothelial carcinoma diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic between 1985 and 1986. None had previous or coexistent urothelial carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma. The primary (most common) and secondary (second most common if at least 5% of the cancer) patterns of cancer growth were graded by the newly proposed World Health Organization and International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) grading system. Scores of 1, 2, and 3 were assigned to urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (LMP), low grade urothelial carcinoma, and high grade urothelial carcinoma, respectively. The mean follow-up was 7.7 years (range, 0–13.3 years; median, 9.2 years). Progression was defined as the development of invasive carcinoma, distant metastasis, or death due to bladder carcinoma. RESULTS Patient ages ranged from 36 to 96 years (mean, 69 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Disease progression developed in 32 patients during a mean follow-up of 7.7 years. The mean interval from diagnosis to progression was 3.1 years (range, 0.01–8.7 years). Progression free survival was 82%, 77%, and 76% at 5, 7, and 10 years, respectively. Primary and secondary grades were different for 52 patients (32%). Based on the worst grade, 19 patients (12%) had urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (LMP), 92 (56%) had low grade carcinoma, and 53 (32%) had high grade carcinoma. Histologic grades based on worst, primary, secondary, and combined primary and secondary grades were all significant for predicting progression (P = 0.0009, 0.0004, 0.001, and 0.0001, respectively). Seven-year progression free survival rates for patients with LMP, low grade, and high grade carcinoma (based on worst grade) were 93%, 82%, and 61%, respectively; for patients with combined scores of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, survival rates were 93%, 80%, 82%, 68%, and 40%, respectively. The difference between patients with combined scores of 5 or 6 was statistically significant (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Histologic grade of urothelial carcinoma based on the newly proposed WHO/ISUP grading system stratifies patients into prognostically significant groups. Grading should also take cancer heterogeneity into consideration, and prognostic accuracy appears to be increased when the combined primary and secondary grades are applied. [See editorial counterpoint on pages 1509–12 and reply to counterpoint on pages 1513–6, this issue.] Cancer 2000;88:1663–70. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Establishment of etonitazene as a reinforcer for rats by use of schedule-induced drinking☆

Abstract Drinking of etonitazene HCl by 6 rats was studied during daily 4-hr sessions. Five related experiments were conducted sequentially. In the first experiment schedule-induced polydipsia was established. Subsequently, etonitazene concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 μg/ml) were substituted for water, and intake of large quantities of the drug occurred. In the second experiment the concurrent food reinforcement schedule was discontinued and lever presses maintained by etonitazene (5 μg/ml) persisted. In the third experiment the number of lever presses required per dipper presentation of etonitazene (5 μ/ml) was increased, and rate of lever pressing increased directly with the response requirement whereas number of dipper presentations remained constant. In the fourth experiment water was substituted for the 5 μg/ml etonitazene solution. Water responding declined to low rates, but when etonitazene was reintroduced, responding increased to previous levels. Thus, etonitazene (5 μg/ml) was functioning as a positive reinforcer. In the final experiment, progressive increases in the etonitazene concentration (5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/ml) resulted in both systematic decreases in response rate and increases in quantity (μg) consumed.
Swimming Upstream: Former Diversity Committee Chairs’ Perceptions of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology's Commitment to Organizational Diversity

Commitment to diversity within the field of sport psychology is a crucial yet underrepresented research topic. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of individuals who have been instrumental in trying to effect diversity change within the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP). Seven of 10 former AASP Diversity Committee chairs were interviewed about their experiences as chairs. Three main themes resulted: (a) the overall experience of being diversity chair, (b) perceived challenges to implementation of initiatives, and (c) perceived current state of affairs related to diversity. Future directions for research and application are given, including a recommendation that AASP create a specific diversity action plan, establishing a clear description of what diversity means within AASP. Moving beyond demographic or visual categories (e.g., skin color, sexual identity, ability status), a broader definition that encompasses the values, beliefs, and practices of a variety of intersecti...
Corporate oxymorons and the anthropology of corporations

This article discusses the significance of the idea of “corporate oxymorons” for chartering an anthropology of corporations. It argues that a critical anthropology must consider not only the representations of corporate practices that circulate in public discourse and mass media, but also the specific features of the corporate form. These features include the structural tension between dispersed shareholders and professional managers as well as the contested legal status of corporate personhood.
An efficient distributed algorithm for maximum matching in general graphs

We present a distributed algorithm for maximum cardinality matching in general graphs. On a general graph withn vertices, our algorithm requiresO(n5/2) messages in the worst case. On trees, our algorithm computes a maximum matching usingO(n) messages after the election of a leader.
Inhibition of heme synthesis induces apoptosis in human erythroid progenitor cells.

Heme synthesis by erythroid progenitor cells is maintained by erythropoietin (EP), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and stem cell factor (SCF), and without these growth factors apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs. To clarify the possible interaction between heme synthesis and programmed cell death of human erythroid progenitor cells, the effect of specific inhibition of heme synthesis on apoptosis of highly purified human erythroid colony forming cells (ECFC) was studied. When the amount of uncleaved DNA was determined as a measure of apoptosis, the heme synthesis inhibitors, succinylacetone (SA) (0.1 mmol/L) or isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) (10 mmol/L), significantly decreased the amount of uncleaved DNA (P < 0.01) in the presence of erythropoietin (EP). Addition of recombinant heavy-chain ferritin (rHF) (10 nmol/L), or deprivation of transferrin from the culture medium, which decreased heme synthesis, also reduced the amount of uncleaved DNA (P < 0.01). The production of apoptosis by diverse inhibitors of heme synthesis was in each case reversed by the addition of hemin (0.1 mmol/L) and did not occur with HL-60 cells. When the colony-forming capacity of ECFC was determined by plasma clot assay, SA, INH, or rHF reduced the number of CFU-E (P < 0.01), and the effect of SA was reversed by hemin. The addition of SA did not alter the c-myc response of ECFC to EP. These data indicate that inhibition of heme synthesis induces apoptosis of human erythroid progenitor cells, in a manner independent of an early c-myc response, and suggest that the presence of apoptosis in ineffective erythropoiesis may be secondary to impaired heme synthesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Guide Catheter-Induced Aortic Dissection Complicated by Pericardial Effusion with Pulsus Paradoxus: A Case Report of Successful Medical Management

Aortic dissection is a rare but potentially fatal complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Management strategies of PCI induced dissection are not clearly identified in literature; such occurrences often mandate surgical repair of the aortic root with reimplantation of the coronary arteries. Another trend seen in case reports is the use of coronary-aortic stenting if such lesions permit. Several factors impact the management decision including the hemodynamic stability of the patient; mechanism of aortic injury; size, severity, and direction of propagation of the dissection; presence of an intimal flap; and preexisting atherosclerotic disease. We describe a case of a 65-year-old woman who underwent PCI for a chronic right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion, which was complicated by aortic dissection and pericardial effusion. Our case report suggests that nonsurgical management may also be appropriate for PCI induced dissections, and potentially even those associated with new pericardial effusion.
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex. II. Terminations upon neuronal perikarya and dendritic shafts.

The forms of dendrites in layer IV receiving degenerating thalamocortical axon terminals directly on their shafts were examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions showed these dendrites varied in thickness between 2.5 and 0.5 μm. They had essentially smooth contours and rarely showed evidence of protrusions or spines. They were further characterized by the presence of many synapses along their shafts. Only about one in 12 of these synapses was formed by degenerating thalamocortical axon terminals. These smooth dendrites emerged from neuronal perikarya that also received degenerating axon terminals which formed asymmetric synaptic junctions. Such cell bodies bore both symmetric and asymmetric synaptic junctions, and not all of the latter were caused to degenerate after a thalamic lesion. These postsynaptic neurons appeared to be of two kinds, ones with thin dendrites that often contained closely packed microtubules, and others with thicker dendrites that emerged from the poles of oval perikarya.
Odor-Stimulated Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in the Zebrafish Olfactory Bulb

The role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the zebrafish olfactory bulb (OB) was established by examining neuronal activation following 1) glutamate receptor agonist stimulation of isolated olfactory bulbs and 2) odorant stimulation of intact fish. Four groups of neurons (mitral cells, projection neurons; granule cells, juxtaglomerular cells, and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cells; interneurons) were identified on the basis of cell size, cell location, ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) agonist/odorant sensitivity, and glutamate, -aminobutyric acid (GABA), and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Immunoreactive glutamate levels were highest in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and mitral cells, the putative glutamatergic neurons. The sensitivity of bulbar neurons to iGluR agonists and odorants was established using a cationic channel permeant probe, agmatine (AGB). Agmatine that permeated agonist- or odor-activated iGluRs was fixed in place with glutaraldehyde and detected immunohistochemically. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and -amino-3hydroxyl-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)/kainic acid (KA) iGluR agonists and odorants (glutamine, taurocholic acid) stimulated activity-dependent labeling of bulbar neurons, which was blocked with a mixture of the iGluR antagonists, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The AMPA/KA antagonist CNQX completely blocked glutamine-stimulated AGB labeling of granule cells and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing cells, suggesting that, in these cell types, AMPA/KA receptor activation is essential for NMDA receptor activation. However, blocking AMPA/KA receptor activity failed to eliminate AGB labeling of mitral cells or juxtaglomerular cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the zebrafish OB and that iGluR subtypes function heterogeneously in the bulbar neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:294 ‐309, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: teleost; activity-dependent labeling; agmatine; glutamate; olfaction
Trajectories of change across outcomes in intensive treatment for adolescent panic disorder and agoraphobia.

Much remains to be learned about typical and individual growth trajectories across treatment for adolescent panic disorder with and without agoraphobia and about critical treatment points associated with key changes. The present study examined the rate and shape of change across an 8-day intensive cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescent panic disorder with and without agoraphobia (N = 56). Participants ranged in age from 12 to 17 (M = 15.14, SD = 1.70; 58.9% female, 78.6% Caucasian). Multilevel modeling evaluated within-treatment linear and nonlinear changes across three treatment outcomes: panic severity, fear, and avoidance. Overall panic severity showed linear change, decreasing throughout treatment. In contrast, fear and avoidance ratings both showed cubic change, peaking slightly at the first session of treatment, starting to decrease at the second session of treatment, and with large gains continuing then plateauing at the fourth session. Findings are considered with regard to the extent to whic...
Heat protection by deuterium oxide of heat sensitive and wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cells

The ability of deuterium oxide (D2O) to protect a heat-sensitive and thermotolerance-impaired Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutant cell line, HS-36 (Harvey and Bedford 1988), from heat killing was examined and compared to the parent CHO 10B cell line (WT). Both non-thermotolerant (NT) and thermotolerant (TT) G1 populations were examined. D2O differentially protected the NT cell lines from heat killing, with thermal protection ratios (D0) of 2·5 and 4·3 for HS-36 and WT cells, respectively. D2O provided additional protection to TT cells, but now protected the TT HS-36 cells more than the TT WT cells when the thermal protection ratios of TT cells are compared with those of NT cells (1·15 versus 0·82). The differential protection from heat of the mutant and wild-type lines by D2O may be useful in studies of induced lesions in proteinaceous cellular systems (e.g. the nuclear matrix, cytoskeleton and plasma membrane) using these two paired cell lines.
Heart Transplant: A Mystery in the Myocardium

Introduction Hypersensitivity myocarditis (HM) is a potentially fatal disease that can lead to refractory heart failure if left untreated. Numerous drugs have been implicated in causing HM. We present a case of HM in a heart transplant recipient treated with Rituximab for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Case Report A 59 yo man was diagnosed with PTLD 8 months after undergoing heart transplantation. He had an early 2R acute cellular rejection that resolved with increasing baseline immunosuppression that consisted of tacrolimus, Cellcept and prednisone. An upper endoscopy done for dysphagia, anorexia and weight loss revealed a gastric ulcer and pathology consistent with high grade B cell lymphoma. PET/CT showed cervical, mediastinal, abdominal and pelvic lymphadenopathy as well as hypermetabolic liver and spine lesions consistent with stage IV metastatic disease. Bone marrow biopsy did not show any lymphoma. He was treated with 4 doses of weekly Rituximab and decreased baseline immunosuppression. He was maintained on tacrolimus with a target level around 6 ng/ml and low dose prednisone. He presented one month later with severe heart failure and allograft dysfunction. Heart biopsy showed pericellular and perivascular mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate rich in eosinophils with many degranulating forms suggestive of hypersensitivity myocarditis. There was no evidence of fungal or parasitic infection or heart involvement of the recently diagnosed B cell lymphoma. No eosinophils were seen during the prior cellular rejection. Patient was treated with high dose IV Solu-Medrol and a follow up biopsy one week later showed marked clearing of the eosinophilic infiltrate. Summary This patient presented with allograft dysfunction after receiving Rituximab, an agent putatively associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Although a complete histologic distinction between HM and acute cellular rejection is not feasible, the features of this infiltrate were more consistent with HM, which was attributed to Rituximab.
Women’s Masturbation: Experiences of Sexual Empowerment in a Primarily Sex-Positive Sample

With the present study, I explore the function, meaning, and empowerment potential of masturbation for 765 American women. The sample was somewhat diverse, but primarily young (79% under 30), White...
B74-13 Operating Systems&#8212;Infotech State of the Art Report # 14.

This is another in a series of state-of-the-art reports from Infotech. It consists of edited discussions and presentations plus invited papers. Because a volume of this price will most likely not be sent out on approval, I think it important to review briefly the contents in detail before commenting on their value.
Imprint lithography with sub-10 nm feature size and high throughput

Abstract Nanoimprint lithography, a high-throughput, low-cost, nonconventional lithographic method proposed and demonstrated recently, has been developed and investigated. Nanoimprint lithography has demonstrated 10 nm feature size, 40 nm pitch, vertical and smooth sidewalls, and nearly 90° corners. Further experimental study indicates that the ultimate resolution of nanoimprint lithography could be sub-10 nm, the imprint process is repeatable, and the mold is durable. In addition, uniformity over a 15 mm by 18 mm area was demonstrated and the uniformity area can be much larger if a better designed press is used. Nanoimprint lithography over a non-flat surface has also been achieved. Finally, nanoimprint lithography has been successfully used for fabricating nanoscale photodetectors, silicon quantum-dot, quantum-wire, and ring transistors.
SU-E-T-398: Feasibility of Automated Tools for Robustness Evaluation of Advanced Photon and Proton Techniques in Oropharyngeal Cancer

Purpose: Advanced radiotherapy (RT) techniques such as proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) and photon-based volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) have dosimetric advantages in the treatment of head and neck malignancies. However, anatomic or alignment changes during treatment may limit robustness of PBS and VMAT plans. We assess the feasibility of automated deformable registration tools for robustness evaluation in adaptive PBS and VMAT RT of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Methods: We treated 10 patients with bilateral OPC with advanced RT techniques and obtained verification CT scans with physician-reviewed target and OAR contours. We generated 3 advanced RT plans for each patient: proton PBS plan using 2 posterior oblique fields (2F), proton PBS plan using an additional third low-anterior field (3F), and a photon VMAT plan using 2 arcs (Arc). For each of the planning techniques, we forward calculated initial (Ini) plans on the verification scans to create verification (V) plans. We extracted DVH indicators based on physician-generated contours for 2 target and 14 OAR structures to investigate the feasibility of two automated tools (contour propagation (CP) and dose deformation (DD)) as surrogates for routine clinical plan robustness evaluation. For each verification scan, we compared DVH indicators of V, CP and DD plansmore » in a head-to-head fashion using Student's t-test. Results: We performed 39 verification scans; each patient underwent 3 to 6 verification scan. We found no differences in doses to target or OAR structures between V and CP, V and DD, and CP and DD plans across all patients (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Automated robustness evaluation tools, CP and DD, accurately predicted dose distributions of verification (V) plans using physician-generated contours. These tools may be further developed as a potential robustness screening tool in the workflow for adaptive treatment of OPC using advanced RT techniques, reducing the need for physician-generated contours.« less