cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing water recovery during reclamation of treated municipal wastewater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis and fluidized bed crystallization

Abstract This research investigated the effectiveness of bipolar membrane electrodialysis coupled with fluidized bed crystallization and coagulation/flocculation with FeCl3 for removing potential membrane foulants from reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate solutions produced during reclamation of municipally treated wastewater. The goal of the treatment process was to produce water with low concentrations of potential foulants that could be subjected to a high recovery secondary RO process. Effluent from the secondary clarifier at a municipal wastewater treatment plant was treated by ultrafiltration and RO at a recovery of 60–65 %. The RO concentrate solution was then fed into a fluidized bed crystallization reactor operating at a pH value of 11.5. Calcium, magnesium, silica and dissolved organic matter were removed from the RO concentrate via precipitation of mineral solids on 60 mesh garnet sand. The acid and base utilized in the fluidized bed crystallization reactor was produced using bipolar membrane electrodialysis from the treated RO concentrate solution after polishing with coagulation/flocculation with FeCl3. The treatment system was able to remove 84 % of Ca2+, 93 % of Ba2+, >99 % of Mg2+, 80 % of total organic carbon (TOC), and 68 % of dissolved silica from the RO concentrate solutions. The product water produced by the system contained mostly Na+, Cl− and SO42- ions, with ≤ 10 mg/L Ca2+ and SiO2, ≤ 2 mg/L TOC, and ≤ 1 mg/L Mg2+. The electrical energy for operating the bipolar membrane electrodialysis cell amounted to 110 kW h per kmol of acid and base produced, which translates to 3.5 kW h/m3 of treated RO concentrate.
Dry Matter Intake, Body Weight, and Body Condition Scores of Blanketed and Nonblanketed Horses in the Upper Midwest.

Thermoregulation is an energy-expensive process, which can be mitigated by blanketing horses in cold climates, potentially preventing weight loss or leading to decreased feed intake. The objective of this study was to evaluate feed intake, body weight (BW), and body condition scores (BCSs) in blanketed and nonblanketed horses. In October 2019, 16 mature adult horses were blocked by breed and BCS and randomly assigned to a blanketed (n = 8) or nonblanketed (n = 8) treatment; blankets were placed. Data were collected in December 2019 and January 2020 in River Falls, Wisconsin. During the study, horses were housed in dry lots and fed grass-legume mixed round bales. At the start of each trial period, BW and BCSs of horses were taken, hay cores were taken for nutritive analysis, and hay bales were weighed. Hay waste was collected daily, and when hay could no longer be consumed ad libitum, the remaining hay was removed from both pens (orts) and new bales were fed. Hay waste and orts were dried and daily dry matter intake was estimated as the difference between hay provided minus hay waste and orts during the trial period divided by the total BW of the pen. The average bale weight, forage nutritive value, BW, and BCS did not differ across treatment groups (P ≥ .05). However, the daily dry matter intake differed (P ≤ .05) at 2.31% BW for blanketed horses and 2.51% BW for nonblanketed horses. These results suggest blanketed horses conserve energy leading to decreased feed intake.
The development of a Sustained High Power Density (SHPD) facility

Abstract A Sustained High Power Density (SHPD) facility is being planned within the U.S. as a non DT device which can be a bridge to a Compact Fusion Pilot Plant (CFPP) DT operated facility with the future capacity to produce a levelised cost of electricity at a rate competitive with current power generating systems. To accomplish this a review of ITER cost data and recent next step physics/engineering studies that promoted technology development, physics enhancements and innovated configuration improvements that increase operating availability have been injected into a proposed PPPL SHPD design. Much of the physics and engineering design basis for this effort centers on a series of ST studies carried out in recent years attempting to maximize the low aspect ratio (AR) ST performance within realistic engineering constraints of this compact fusion device. One issue found in the low AR design is the lack of volt-seconds generated by a small central solenoid that resides in the available space left after sizing the TF structure to support the high current density/HTS TF coil. Although not required in a larger pilot plant device, a solenoid wrapped around the plasma side of the SC TF coil was considered for the small low aspect ratio SHPD device. Adding a solenoid to the plasma side of the TF imposes a major change to the device configuration – a change which has been found to have cost and assembly issues when compared with an OH solenoid located at the machine center. The inclusion of a liquid metal first wall divertor system, the integration of local pairs of outboard DCLL blanket segments and a summary of physics performance conditions will be presented.
Some Thoughts on A Battle Cry for our Moment: Revisiting the two Analyses of MR. Z

This original and multilayered paper sets out to do many things and I think it does each of them well. The author draws parallels between parental authoritarianism in families and fascism in the po...
Structural origins of altered spectroscopic properties upon ligand binding in proteins containing a fluorescent non-canonical amino acid

ABSTRACT Fluorescent non-canonical amino acids (fNCAAs) could serve as starting points for the rational design of protein-based fluorescent sensors of biological activity. However, efforts toward this goal are likely hampered by a lack of atomic-level characterization of fNCAAs within proteins. Here, we describe the spectroscopic and structural characterization of five streptavidin mutants that contain the fNCAA L-(7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)ethylglycine (7-HCAA) at sites proximal to the binding site of its substrate, biotin. Many of the mutants exhibited altered fluorescence spectra in response to biotin binding, which included both increases and decreases in fluorescence intensity as well as red or blue shifted emission maxima. Structural data were also obtained for three of the five mutants. The crystal structures shed light on interactions between 7-HCAA and functional groups—contributed either by the protein or substrate—that may be responsible for the observed changes in the 7-HCAA spectra. These data could be used in future studies aimed at the rational design of fluorescent, protein-based sensors of small molecule binding or dissociation.
αS oligomers generated from polyunsaturated fatty acid and dopamine metabolite differentially interact with Aβ to enhance neurotoxicity

It is increasingly becoming clear that neurodegenerative diseases are not as discrete as originally thought to be but rather display significant overlap in histopathological and clinical presentations. For example, nearly half of the patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease (PD) show symptoms and pathological features of one another. Yet, the molecular events and features that underlie such comorbidities in neurodegenerative diseases remain poorly understood. Here, inspired to uncover the molecular underpinnings of the overlap between AD and PD, we investigated the interactions between amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) and -synuclein (S), aggregates of which form the major components of amyloid plaques and Lewy bodies, respectively. Specifically, we focused on S oligomers generated from the dopamine metabolite called dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), and a polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Both S oligomers showed structural and conformational differences confirmed by their disparity in size, secondary structure, susceptibility to proteinase K digestion and cytotoxicity. More importantly, the two oligomers differentially modulated A{beta} aggregation. While both oligomers inhibited A{beta} aggregation to varying extents, they induced structurally different A{beta} assemblies. Furthermore, A{beta} seeded with DHA-derived S oligomers showed greater toxicity than DOPAL-derived S oligomers in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These results provide insights into the interactions between two amyloid proteins with empirically distinctive biophysical and cellular manifestations, enunciating a basis for potentially ubiquitous cross-amyloid interactions across many neurodegenerative diseases.
Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilms with bacterial-derived outer membrane vesicles.

Background Biofilms are microbial communities surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix which protects them from environmental stress. Bacteria within biofilms are 10- to 1000-fold more resistant to antibiotics, making it challenging but imperative to develop new therapeutics that can disperse biofilms and eradicate infection. Gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles (OMV) that play critical roles in communication, genetic exchange, cargo delivery, and pathogenesis. We have previously shown that OMVs derived from Burkholderia thailandensis inhibit the growth of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. Results Here, we examine the antibiofilm activity of Burkholderia thailandensis OMVs against the oral biofilm-forming pathogen Streptococcus mutans. We demonstrate that OMV treatment reduces biofilm biomass, biofilm integrity, and bacterial cell viability. Both heat-labile and heat-stable components, including 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-non-enyl)-quinoline and long-chain rhamnolipid, contribute to the antibiofilm activity of OMVs. When OMVs are co-administered with gentamicin, the efficacy of the antibiotic against S. mutans biofilms is enhanced. Conclusion These studies indicate that bacterial-derived OMVs are highly effective biological nanoparticles that can inhibit and potentially eradicate biofilms.
Mapping freezing tolerance QTL in alfalfa: based on indoor phenotyping.

Winter freezing temperature impacts alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) persistence and seasonal yield and can lead to the death of the plant. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of alfalfa freezing tolerance (FT) using high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping is crucial to select suitable germplasm and develop winter-hardy cultivars. Several clones of an alfalfa F1 mapping population (3010 x CW 1010) were tested for FT using a cold chamber. The population was genotyped with SNP markers identified using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FT were mapped on the parent-specific linkage maps. The ultimate goal is to develop non-dormant and winter-hardy alfalfa cultivars that can produce extended growth in the areas where winters are often mild. Alfalfa FT screening method optimized in this experiment comprises three major steps: clone preparation, acclimation, and freezing test. Twenty clones of each genotype were tested, where 10 samples were treated with freezing temperature, and 10 were used as controls. A moderate positive correlation (r ~ 0.36, P < 0.01) was observed between indoor FT and field-based winter hardiness (WH), suggesting that the indoor FT test is a useful indirect selection method for winter hardiness of alfalfa germplasm. We detected a total of 20 QTL associated with four traits; nine for visual rating-based FT, five for percentage survival (PS), four for treated to control regrowth ratio (RR), and two for treated to control biomass ratio (BR). Some QTL positions overlapped with WH QTL reported previously, suggesting a genetic relationship between FT and WH. Some favorable QTL from the winter-hardy parent (3010) were from the potential genic region for a cold tolerance gene CBF. The BLAST alignment of a CBF sequence of M. truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa, against the alfalfa reference showed that the gene’s ortholog resides around 75 Mb on chromosome 6. The indoor freezing tolerance selection method reported is useful for alfalfa breeders to accelerate breeding cycles through indirect selection. The QTL and associated markers add to the genomic resources for the research community and can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for alfalfa cold tolerance improvement.
A structural-based machine learning method to classify binding affinities between TCR and peptide-MHC complexes.

Abstract The activation of T cells is triggered by the interactions of T cell receptors (TCRs) with their epitopes, which are peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surfaces of antigen presenting cells (APC). While each TCR can only recognize a specific subset from a large repertoire of peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes, it is very often that peptides in this subset share little sequence similarity. This is known as the specificity and cross-reactivity of T cells, respectively. The binding affinities between different types of TCRs and pMHC are the major driving force to shape this specificity and cross-reactivity in T cell recognition. The binding affinities, furthermore, are determined by the sequence and structural properties at the interfaces between TCRs and pMHC. Fortunately, a wealth of data on binding and structures of TCR-pMHC interactions becomes publicly accessible in online resources, which offers us the opportunity to develop a random forest classifier for predicting the binding affinities between TCR and pMHC based on the structure of their complexes. Specifically, the structure and sequence of a given complex were projected onto a high-dimensional feature space as the input of the classifier, which was then trained by a large-scale benchmark dataset. Based on the cross-validation results, we found that our machine learning model can predict if the binding affinity of a given TCR-pMHC complex is stronger or weaker than a predefined threshold with an overall accuracy approximately around 75 %. The significance of our prediction was estimated by statistical analysis. Moreover, more than 60 % of binding affinities in the ATLAS database can be successfully classified into groups within the range of 2 kcal/mol. Additionally, we show that TCR-pMHC complexes with strong binding affinity prefer hydrophobic interactions between amino acids with large aromatic rings instead of electrostatic interactions. Our results therefore provide insights to design engineered TCRs which enhance the specificity for their targeted epitopes. Taken together, this method can serve as a useful addition to a suite of existing approaches which study binding between TCR and pMHC.
Quantifying the Risk of Wildfire Ignition by Power Lines under Extreme Weather Conditions.

This paper presents a surrogate model to quantify the risk of wildfire ignition by individual power lines under extreme weather conditions. Wind speed and wind gust can lead to conductor clashing, which is a cause of igniting disastrous wildfires. The 3D non-linear vibration equations of power lines are employed to generate a dataset that considers physical, structural, and meteorological parameters, including the span of the power line, conductor diameter, wind speed, wind gust, phase clearance, and wind direction. A set of machine learning models is assembled based on these features to generate a score representing the risk of conductor clashing for each power line within a network, quantifying the risk of wildfire ignition. The rendered score represents the chance of the conductor clashing in place of simulating a Runge-Kutta method. A discussion on the impact of various meteorological parameters on power lines under the energization risk is presented. Besides, it is shown how the presented risk measure can be utilized to weigh in the fire safety and service continuity trade-off.
EU Policy Convergence—Supranational Data Policies in the EU (Mid 1990s–2016)

This chapter outlines European Union actions to achieve supranational policy convergence, from the 1970s–2016. Using Robert Putnam’s Two-Level game theory of foreign policy-making, the chapter examines the role of the powerful hegemonic states of Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, during the birth of the EU regime for digital human rights. EU data policies were influenced by three key factors: the desire to facilitate data commodification, a need for security access to personal data, and the willingness of the EU to act as a human rights promoter. Through an extensive content analysis of over 80 documents, policy outcomes are traced from Directive 95/46/EC through to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, 2016).
Abstract T P296: Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Access to Inpatient Physical and Occupational Therapy Exist

Introduction: African-Americans and Hispanics have worse functional outcomes after stroke, although the reasons for these disparities are not known. As more intense rehabilitation therapy after stroke is associated with improved outcomes, we hypothesized that decreased access to therapy during stroke hospitalization may contribute to outcome disparities. Methods: The 2008 State Inpatient Databases (SID) for seven states, which include data on all inpatient discharges within a state were used to identify all primary ischemic stroke (ICD-9-CM 433.x1, 434.x1, 436) and intracerebral hemorrhage discharges (435). Receipt of physical (PT) and occupational (OT) therapy was determined using HCUP definitions. Logistic regression was used to compare receipt of therapy by race/ethnicity adjusting for demographics, insurance, comorbidities, stroke type, and presumptive severity markers (length of stay, ICU use, presentation via ED, receipt of IV tPA, use of life-sustaining treatments). Hospital effects were then accou...
Learning visual object categories and their composition based on a probabilistic latent variable model

This paper addresses the problem of statistically learning typical features which characterize object categories and particular features which characterize individual objects in the categories. For this purpose, we propose a probabilistic learning method of object categories and their composition based on a bag of feature representation of cooccurring segments of objects and their context. In this method, multiclass classifiers are learned based on intra-categorical probabilistic latent component analysis with variable number of classes and inter-categorical typicality analysis. Through experiments by using images of plural categories in an image database, it is shown that the method learns probabilistic structures which characterize not only object categories but also object composition of categories, especially typical and non-typical objects and context in each category.
Preparing the Way: A Qualitative Study of High-Achieving African American Males and the Role of the Family

Employed qualitative methods to examine the role of the family in the academic success of very high-achieving African American males. Findings revealed a complex tapestry of family processes and contexts involved in each youth's journey to outstanding academic achievement. Specifically, the combined importance of parental-determined academic engagement, strict discipline, nurturance, and community connectedness appeared to counteract potentially negative contextual influences of neighborhood, peers, schools, and society. The qualitative findings tell a multifaceted, rich, and compelling story of the pathways to academic success for Black males, and highlight the need for culture-specific and ecologically based conceptualization, research, and intervention approaches.
Current Understanding of the Alaska Marmot (Marmota broweri): A Sensitive Species in a Changing Environment

Increasing interest in mammalian species conservation necessitates synthesis of diffuse sources of information to supply useful synopsis to land managers. The Alaska Marmot ( Marmota broweri ) is arguably one of the most sensitive of Marmot species to anthropogenic distur-bance, including climate change. Marmota broweri is endemic to an isolated range in the Brooks Mountains of northern Alaska, United States, but home range may extend to the Ray Mountains, and Kokrines Hills of northern interior Alaska. Marmota broweri inhabits the per-manently frozen grounds of mountain slopes, boulder fields, rock slides, and rock outcroppings by utilizing the subsurface space provided by the rocks and boulders to create a living space by burrowing into the permafrost soil. Tundra vegetation that grows on the sides of mountains is the primary source of nutrition available to M. broweri . Due to general lack of knowledge of this species, little can be contributed in terms of improved management and/or preparedness for future natural and anthropogenic change, suggesting an immediate need for studies result-ing in improved planning and population related management strategies of this sensitive species.
CHAPTER 97 – The Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Protein Kinases of Arabidopsis thaliana: A Paradigm for Plant LRR Receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) receptors in Arabidopsis because of the wealth of information derived from the analysis of Arabidopsis mutants and from the genome sequence. The importance of receptor protein kinases as mediators of cellular communication in plants is illustrated by the plethora of genes encoding these proteins. They function in the coordination and integration of numerous developmental and adaptive responses. The sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana offers an overview of the genes and proteins found in plants and establishes a foundation for a complete understanding of plant cellular communication. There are almost 1100 genes in Arabidopsis that are predicted to encode proteins related to the eukaryotic serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinases. The receptor-like kinases (RLK) family is divided into two types: the RLKs that have an extracellular domain and the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) that do not have an extracellular domain. The relationship of the RLKs and the RLCKs is reminiscent of the similarity between the receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases in animals, and suggests a shared origin. A combination of genetics and biochemistry advances the understanding of the signaling molecules associated with the LRR receptors, including ligands and downstream effectors. Signal transduction cascades for the plant LRR receptors BRI1 and FLS2 have been elucidated to connect ligand binding to changes in gene expression. Functional genomics and proteomics provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the LRR receptors control development and adaptive responses in plants.
Recent Results on Charmed Particle Lifetimes and Production

Recent results on the lifetimes of charmed particles observed in emulsion and high resolution bubble chambers are discussed and compared with theoretical expectations. While experiment BC73 at SLAC observes charged-to-neutral lifetime ratio much closer to unity than do the other experiments, all experiments are consistent with τ D ±/τ D o= 2.5. Pair rather than associated production seems to be the dominant charmed particle production mechanism. Photongluon fusion models are able to predict the charm photoproduction cross section.
Cell migration and aggregation in the developing telencephalon: pulse-labeling chick embryos with bromodeoxyuridine.

Previous studies had concluded that the avian telencephalon develops according to an outside-in schedule of neurogenesis, with relatively little migration of young neuroblasts past older cells. These previous studies had, however, been based on the “cumulative labeling” method, which is less accurate than the “pulse-labeling” method typically used in mammals. In the present study, we pulse-labeled chick embryos by injecting low doses of the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) directly into the circulatory system of chick embryos at 6 d of incubation. The brains of these embryos were then examined for anti-BrdU-labeled cells at postinjection survival times from 30 min to 10 d. Comparisons across different survival times, as well as with cases in which BrdU was injected on day 7, suggested that our effective pulse duration is
The ultrastructure of a keloid

An active, symptomatic keloid from a 57-year-old woman was examined by both light and electron microscopy. The lesion was found to be comprised entirely of myofibroblasts. Fibroblasts in keloids can apparently undergo full transition to this smooth muscle-like cell.
Studies of Pollucite

Pollucite (CsAlSi206) has been suggested [1,2] as a suitable phase for the incorporation and immobilization of 137Cs, on the basis of its refractory nature and leach resistance. The phase also occurs in tailored ceramic formulations designed for the disposal of commercial reprocessing waste [3,4] and zeolites which are heavily loaded with Cs [5,6].
Measurement of the Poisson’s ratio of flexible polyurethane foam and its influence on a uniaxial compression model

Abstract Previous attempts to model the uniaxial compression response of flexible polyurethane foam using a hyperelastic model for rubber-like materials assumed a zero Poisson’s ratio in the model development. The consequences of relaxing this assumption are explored in this investigation. First, measurements are made of the material’s Poisson’s ratio at high compression levels. The measured values range between 0.5 at 5% compression and −0.05 at 66% compression. The experimental results are combined with those of other investigators and incorporated into a nonlinear viscoelastic model for modeling uniaxial compression behavior. It is found that relaxing the zero Poisson’s ratio assumption decreases the accuracy of the model predictions, indicating that an alternative model structure may be required.
Santa Barbara, physics, and the long 1970s

The adaptations of a group of Southern California physicists to the trying conditions of the 1970s anticipated some of the important 21st-century trends in the discipline.
Monitoring the rates of composite events with censored data in phase II clinical trials.

Dans beaucoup d'essais cliniques de Phase II, on mesure de facon sequentielle la probabilite d'un evenement binaire (la reponse'), critere eventuellement composite, defini a partir d'une ou plusieurs variables de temps evaluant la survenue d'evenements dans une periode donnee. Ces methodes, qui requierent de s'adapter aux resultats observes, peuvent necessiter de suspendre a plusieurs reprises le recrutement des patients afin de pouvoir suivre chaque patient le temps necessaire a l'evaluation de sa reponse. La duree de l'essai s'en voit augmentee et les patients eligibles qui se presentent dans ces periodes d'interruption doivent attendre la reprise des inclusions ou bien etre traites en dehors de l'essai. Une autre approche, qui n'utilise pas toute l'information disponible, consiste a ignorer les donnees censurees au moment ou on applique les regles d'arret de la procedure sequentielle. Nous proposons ici une methode adaptative bayesienne qui elimine ces problemes. A chaque inclusion d'un patient, on calcule un critere d'arret en utilisant une approximation de la probabilite a posteriori de la reponse, approximation qui tient compte de la totalite des donnees disponibles (y compris les donnees des patients dont la reponse finale est encore indeterminee). Un exemple d'application a un essai dans la leucemie avec evenement composite montre que cette methode peut reduire la duree de l'essai de maniere importante tout en preservant la fiabilite des decisions prises en cours d'essai au vu de la procedure sequentielle.
Human Model Reference Adaptive Control of a Prosthetic Hand

A human model reference adaptive controller (HMRAC) is developed for a prosthetic hand. The model reference for the adaptive controller is formed from grasp experiments with human test subjects. This HMRAC is incorporated within a hybrid force-position control law; electromyogram (EMG) signals from amputee and nonamputee test subjects are used to control the force or position of the prosthetic hand. The HMRAC is compared to a sliding mode controller (SMC) with high and low control gains during bench top experiments with step and EMG inputs while grasping high and low stiffness objects. Results from the bench top experiments show that the SMC with a high control gain produced the least amount of tracking error with the EMG input at the expense of a highly oscillatory system response while grasping the high stiffness object. The HMRAC produced less tracking error with the step inputs in all cases and less tracking error with the EMG input in comparison to the SMC with a low control gain. The HMRAC also produced less percent overshoot (OS) with the step inputs on average in comparison to the SMC in all cases. Experiments were also performed by a transradial amputee with the SMC and the HMRAC. Both controllers were compared to the amputee's current prosthesis for daily use. Results from the experiments performed by the amputee with the HMRAC and the SMC were similar to the bench top experiments: the high gain SMC had the least tracking error on average at the expense of a highly oscillatory system response with high object stiffness. The HMRAC was not oscillatory and had the next lowest amount of tracking error than all other prosthesis control options. The HMRAC had slightly more error than the amputee had while using his natural left hand. Similar results were obtained from seven nonamputees who also participated in this study.
The Problem of Desire

This paper explores how desires are constituted as central to each person's gendered identity and to the very maintenance of the gender order. It works toward the deconstruction of this conception of desire and of gender identity. By examining what it means to be a female subject, and adopting a different attitude toward language, women can begin to generate alternative discursive practices to help us move beyond the male/female dualism.
Deindividualization, Interpersonal Affect and Productivity in Laboratory Task Groups1

In pursuit of efficiency, formal organizations often create deindividualized, uniqueness-depriving environments. The laboratory experiment reported here tests the effects of another's failure to acknowledge one's individuality on interpersonal affect and willingness to help that person. Undergraduate business students were shown a set of bogus ratings representing their task group leader's perceptions of them on 30 personality traits and 10 occupational interests. The ratings indicated that the group leader believed the subject was extremely similar (non-unique) or somewhat similar (unique) to the typical college student. In a highly individualistic culture another's failure to recognize one's uniqueness should be experienced as unwarranted harm and evoke responses mediated by the negative norm of reciprocity. As expected, subjects receiving non-unique feedback volunteered fewer hours to help the group leader perform his or her duties and were less productive when the group leader was believed to benefit from their effort. In spite of these behavioral effects, attitudes toward the leader were not influenced by the uniqueness feedback. After recognizing limits to generalizability, implications for behavior in deindividualized organizations are discussed.
Radiometric detection of direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals using interference excision

Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS) transmission are difficult to intercept. The theoretical analysis of intercept performance against such systems has always been a difficult task if the noise samples are correlated. Thus, many results are purely experimental and lack a generality which can only be achieved from theoretical considerations. The target system described is a DS-SS communications system operating environment which consists of additive white Gaussian noise and continuous wave interference. The interceptor uses a radiometer in conjunction with interference excision techniques to detect the presence of the target signal. It is shown that much of the interceptor's effectiveness is restored by the interference excision. >
Pollen as a vehicle for the escape of engineered genes

Recent studies of pollen exchange between neighboring populations of plants have shown that interpopulation gene flow can proceed over much greater distances and at higher rates than hitherto believed. This means that the escape of engineered genes from crop plants to their wild relatives is not only possible, but also likely. The development of containment strategies, such as extra modifications for increased self-fertilization and decreased pollen longevity in engineered crop plants, will be necessary to safeguard against such escape.
Decreased mucosal IgA levels in ileum of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis

Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) are known to have decreased spontaneous IgA secretion by colonic mononuclear cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether a similar alteration exists in the apparently healthy ileum of patients with CUC. The concentration of IgA was measured in the supernatant from homogenized mucosal ileal biopsies using a sandwich-type ELISA. The concentration of IgA was significantly (P=0.025) decreased in the ileum of patients with CUC (N=24) in comparison to normal ileum (N=10). The number of mucosal IgA-containing mononuclear cells (MNC) was also determined using an avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase technique on paraffin-embedded ileal sections. Although reduced, the number of positive cells and their distribution was not significantly different in the ileum of patients with CUC (N=20) when compared to normal ileum (N=10). We suggest that decreased mucosal IgA levels are a panintestinal condition in CUC and that this is a primary alteration rather than a secondary response to the inflammatory process. Considering the role of IgA, we propose that decreased mucosal IgA levels in CUC may predispose to the disease by a reduction of the immune-mediated exclusion mechanism and/or by an impairment of the down-regulation of the inflammatory response.
Generation of reactive oxygen species from silicon nanowires.

Processing and synthesis of purified nanomaterials of diverse composition, size, and properties is an evolving process. Studies have demonstrated that some nanomaterials have potential toxic effects and have led to toxicity research focusing on nanotoxicology. About two million workers will be employed in the field of nanotechnology over the next 10 years. The unknown effects of nanomaterials create a need for research and development of techniques to identify possible toxicity. Through a cooperative effort between National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and IBM to address possible occupational exposures, silicon-based nanowires (SiNWs) were obtained for our study. These SiNWs are anisotropic filamentary crystals of silicon, synthesized by the vapor–liquid–solid method and used in bio-sensors, gas sensors, and field effect transistors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be generated when organisms are exposed to a material causing cellular responses, such as lipid peroxidation, H2O2 production, and DNA damage. SiNWs were assessed using three different in vitro environments (H2O2, RAW 264.7 cells, and rat alveolar macrophages) for ROS generation and possible toxicity identification. We used electron spin resonance, analysis of lipid peroxidation, measurement of H2O2 production, and the comet assay to assess generation of ROS from SiNW and define possible mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that SiNWs do not appear to be significant generators of free radicals.
SQUARE PEGS IN ROUND HOLES: PROGRAM EVALUATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL UNCERTAINTY

It is argued that variation in uncertainty about social program goals and causal processes should influence the selection of evaluation designs and methods. Eighteen prominent evaluation reports are examined to contrast predicted evaluation strategies derived from theory about organizational uncertainty with the actual evaluation methods used. It was found that the actual design, measurement, and analysis procedures were frequently different from procedures that were compatible with the kinds of program uncertainty described in the evaluation reports. It is suggested that theory and practice in program evaluation can be improved by systematically incorporating organizational concepts that would contribute to the selection of evaluation methods.
EFFECT OF MATURITY AND MARBLING ON THE MYOFIBRIL FRAGMENTATION INDEX OF BOVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE

Myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), sarcomere length, total and soluble collagen, Warner-Bratzler shear and sensory tenderness were determined on loin steaks from carcasses that varied in marbling, maturity and composition. Loin steaks from 72 A, 11 B, 19 C and 22 E maturity beef carcasses were removed at lo-14 days of postmortem storage at 2°C. Steaks were double wrapped in freezer paper and stored at -29°C until the samples were used for analysis. MFI was significantly related to sensory tenderness scores as evidenced by the correlation coefficients of 0.66, 0.77, 0.75 and 0.71 for A, B, C and E maturities, respectively, and 0.76 for all maturities. MFI of loin steaks from A maturity were significantly different from MFI of loin steaks from B, C and E maturity carcasses. Differences in MFI among marbling groups within A maturity were found only at the lowest degree of marbling (practically devoid). There fore, it seems that MFI could be useful as a criterion of quality for A, B, C and E maturity carcasses, and especially A maturity carcasses without being significantly affected by marbling degree or carcass composition. These results further substantiate the use of myofibril fragmentation tenderness as a term to describe a state of tenderness of conventionally aged bovine longissimus muscle.
Transportation Policy, Poverty, and Sustainability: History and Future

Mobility and increased access to transportation are two of the most important global forces for the alleviation of poverty. This is especially true in rapidly developing areas of the world, exemplified by China and India. It is also true in the United States, where huge gaps in mobility between rich and poor remain. Growing concern over the need to address global sustainability focuses attention on the rise in greenhouse gas levels, which is increasingly associated with increases in mobility. It is often suggested that improved mobility must be sacrificed to achieve sustainability. This paper examines the trade-offs between the need for mobility to foster economic development and the need to reduce the production of greenhouse gases to achieve global sustainability. The attainment of sustainable mobility requires increased global access to goods, services, education, and economic opportunity, alongside reductions in the production of greenhouse gases. The attainment of one cannot be an excuse for forgoing...
Modified Hepburn Romanization System in Japanese Language Cataloging: Where to Look, What to Follow

The ALA-LC Romanization Table for Japanese instructs catalogers to consult multiple editions of Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary and the American National Standard system concerning the Modified Hepburn romanization system. These resources and editions, however, not only vary in scope, but also present some conflicting policies, which may be hindering the operation of romanization. This study addresses the issues of Japanese romanization guidelines by clarifying what the Modified Hepburn system is, and analyzing the discrepancies among the guidelines. Selected romanization data in OCLC WorldCat records are also examined to see how this problem has affected the current practices.
Writing with Laptops: A Quasi-Experimental Study

This study examines the effects of a one-to-one laptop program on the scientific writing of 5th and 6th grade students. A total of 538 native English-speaking, fluent English-proficient, and limited English-proficient students from four laptop schools and three control schools were prompted to write scientific essays at the start and end of the school year. Essays were examined along three dimensions: word use, text complexity, and writing quality. Overall, students who used laptops wrote longer, better structured essays that included more paragraphs and sentences. Students in the laptop condition also wrote higher quality prose that contained richer details and better addressed the prompts. Students in the laptop condition additionally showed greater gains from the beginning to the end of the year in the number of sentences per paragraph and the number of words per sentence than students in control classrooms. Finally, we found that although students’ writing varied as a function of proficiency in English, the effects of writing with laptops, in terms of both modality effects and gains associated with the treatment, were comparable for students with limited English proficiency, language minority students who were considered to have fluent English proficiency, and native English speakers. Thus, the benefits of including individual laptops in writing instruction may be enjoyed by elementary school students with varying levels of English proficiency.
The Bacillus subtilis TRAP Protein Can Induce Transcription Termination in the Leader Region of the Tryptophan Biosynthetic (trp) Operon Independent of the trp Attenuator RNA

In Bacillus subtilis, transcription of the tryptophan biosynthetic operon is regulated by an attenuation mechanism. When intracellular tryptophan levels are high, the TRAP protein binds to the 5' leader region of the nascent trp mRNA and induces transcription termination prior to the structural genes. In limiting tryptophan, TRAP does not bind and the operon is transcribed. Two competing RNA secondary structures termed the antiterminator and terminator (attenuator) can form in the leader region RNA. In prior attenuation models, the only role of TRAP binding was to alter the RNA secondary structure to allow formation of the attenuator, which has been thought function as an intrinsic transcription terminator. However, recent studies have shown that the attenuator is not an effective intrinsic terminator. From these studies it was not clear whether TRAP functions independently or requires the presence of the attenuator RNA structure. Hence we have further examined the role of the attenuator RNA in TRAP-mediated transcription termination. TRAP was found to cause efficient transcription termination in the trp leader region in vivo when the attenuator was mutated or deleted. However, TRAP failed to induce transcription termination at these mutant attenuators in a minimal in vitro transcription system with B. subtilis RNA polymerase. Further studies using this system showed that NusA as well as the timing of TRAP binding to RNA play a role in the observed differences in vivo and in vitro.
Hyperthermia, chemotherapeutic agents and oncogenic transformation

The modulating effects of hyperthermia on cytotoxity and oncogenicity of several chemotherapeutic agents were investigated using the C3H 10T1/2 cell system. Logarithmic phase cultures of 10T1/2 cells were treated with various doses of cis-platinum or bleomycin sulphate for 2 h, either alone or with simultaneous hyperthermia (42°C for 2 h). In a second set of experiments, cells were treated for 24 h with either melphalan or cw-platinum followed by a 2 h heat treatment. While hyperthermia alone was found to be ineffective in inducing oncogenic transformation and was only moderately cytotoxic, concurrent hyperthermia with drug treatment enhanced both the toxicity and oncogenic transforming potential of drugs 3–4-fold in C3H 10T1/2 cells. Sequential heat after drug treatment, however, was found to increase toxicity slightly but had no effect on the oncogenicity of the drugs.
Comparison of bromodeoxyuridine uptake and MIB 1 immunoreactivity in medulloblastomas determined with single and double immunohistochemical staining methods

We examined the growth potential of 17 medulloblastomas by single and double immunohistochemical staining with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and MIB 1, a monoclonal antibody for Ki-67 protein, in serial sections of ethanol-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues; we also assessed the heterogeneity of the immunoreactivity in the tumors. In the most active areas, the BUdR labeling index (LI) was 6.8 to 26.9% (HCl hydrolysis) and 7.5 to 28.8% (microwave heating), and the MIB 1 proliferating cell index (PQ was 14.9 to 56.5%). Linear regression analysis showed that the BUdR LI correlated with the MIB 1 PCI (p < 0.001). The ratio of MIB 1-positive to BUdR-positive cells was 2.2 ± 0.4 by both single and double staining. BUdR-positive nuclei were heterogeneously distributed in all cases, especially in areas with scattered foci of necrosis. Three tumors had areas with many MIB 1-positive but few BUdR-positive nuclei; these areas were associated with recent tumor necrosis. However, in most of the tumors, the densities of BUdR-positive and MIB 1-positive cells changed concomitantly from area to area. These changes were clearly shown by double immunostaining. Thus, transcapillary passage of BUdR does not appear to be impeded in most medulloblastomas. This study suggests that MIB 1 immunostaining provides essentially the same data as BUdR labeling for assessing the proliferative potential of medulloblastomas.
Uniform tag sequences

Structural properties, local and asymptotic, of members of a class of simple, realtime generable sequences are analyzed.
A mixed photoproduct of thymine and cysteine: 5-S-cysteine, 6-hydrothymine.

Abstract A mixed photoproduct of thymine and cysteine has been produced by irradiating a solution of thymine-2- 14 C (2.5 mM) and cysteine·HCl (10 mM) with ultraviolet light (2537A). On the basis of chemical and NMR studies its structure has been assigned as 5-S-cysteine, 6-hydrothymine. The mechanism favored for the formation of this photoproduct involves the addition of a thiyl radical to the 5-position of a thymyl radical.
A comparison of the reaction-diffusion kinetics between model-EUV polymer and molecular-glass photoresists

It has been recently postulated that sub-22 nm photolithography with polymeric photoresists has reached a materials design barrier due to its large molecular mass and distribution. In this argument, the "pixel" size, which is related to the smallest molecular unit, determines the feature fidelity and resolution of the lithographic process. This hypothesis remains unproven, but molecular glass photoresists can provide a test because they can share similar chemical functionality to polymer resists, but with low molecular mass and a monodisperse molecular mass distribution. The low molecular mass leads to the smaller pixel size compared to the radius of gyration of the polymer photoresist. In this work, we compare the deprotection reaction-diffusion kinetics of a common photoacid generator in a polymer and molecular glass resist with similar resist chemistry to elucidate effects of molecular architecture on photoresist performance. We determine the mechanism of reaction, photoacid trapping behavior, and diffusivity by measuring and comparing the reaction kinetics parameters as a function of temperature and exposure dose. These results permit an analysis of the latent image formation which is a crucial factor in resolution and line-edge roughness. Further, knowledge of the reaction-diffusion parameters of each type of resist provides a quantitative approach to predict line-space features, crucial for design for resolution-enhancement features.