cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Afferent connections of the perirhinal cortex in the rat.

Connections of the perirhinal cortex in the.rat brain were studied using anterograde (3H-proline/leucine) and retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) tracers. The perirhinal cortex receives major projections from medial precen-tral, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, ventral lateral orbital, ventral and posterior agranular insular, temporal, superior and granular parietal, lateral occipital, agranular retrosplenial, and ectorhinal cortices, and from the pre-subiculum, subiculum, and diagonal band of Broca. Rostral neocortical areas project predominantly to rostral perirhinal regions while more caudal neocortical and subicular areas project predominantly to caudal perirhinal regions. Terminal fields are further segregated within perirhinal cortex to either the dorsal or ventral banks of the rhinal sulcus. All afferents from frontal areas terminate predominantly in the deep layers of its ventral bank; afferents from temporal, parietal, and lateral occipital areas terminate predominantly in the deep and superficial layers along its dorsal bank; and afferents from ectorhinal cortex terminate in a column within its dorsal bank. Cortical cells which project to perirhinal areas are found predominantly in layer II and the superficial part of layer III. However, ventrolateral orbital, parietal, and lateral occipital cortex projections originate predominantly from layer V. Perirhinal areas also receive afferents from the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus, lateral nucleus of the amygdala, claustrum, supramammillary nuclei, and the dorsal raphe nuclei.
The Molecular Basis of N-End Rule Recognition

Summary The N-end rule targets specific proteins for destruction in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we report a crystal structure of a bacterial N-end rule adaptor, ClpS, bound to a peptide mimic of an N-end rule substrate. This structure, which was solved at a resolution of 1.15 A, reveals specific recognition of the peptide α-amino group via hydrogen bonding and shows that the peptide's N-terminal tyrosine side chain is buried in a deep hydrophobic cleft that pre-exists on the surface of ClpS. The adaptor side chains that contact the peptide's N-terminal residue are highly conserved in orthologs and in E3 ubiquitin ligases that mediate eukaryotic N-end rule recognition. We show that mutation of critical ClpS contact residues abrogates substrate delivery to and degradation by the AAA+ protease ClpAP, demonstrate that modification of the hydrophobic pocket results in altered N-end rule specificity, and discuss functional implications for the mechanism of substrate delivery.
Propofol Infusion Syndrome: A Case of Increasing Morbidity With Traumatic Brain Injury

A previously healthy 16-year-old boy with a closed, severe traumatic brain injury was admitted to a surgical and trauma intensive care unit. He was given a continuous infusion of propofol for sedation and to control intracranial pressure. About 3 days after the propofol infusion was started, metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis developed. Acute renal failure ensued as a result of the rhabdomyolysis. Tachycardia with wide QRS complexes developed without hyperkalemia. The patient died of refractory cardiac dysrhythmia and circulatory collapse approximately 36 hours after the first signs of propofol infusion syndrome appeared. Propofol infusion syndrome is a rare but frequently fatal complication in critically ill children who are given prolonged high-dose infusions of the drug. The syndrome is characterized by severe metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, refractory myocardial failure, and hyperlipidemia. Despite several publications on the subject in the past decade, most cases still seem to remain undetectable.
Multi-Step Stochastic ADMM in High Dimensions: Applications to Sparse Optimization and Matrix Decomposition

In this paper, we consider a multi-step version of the stochastic ADMM method with efficient guarantees for high-dimensional problems. We first analyze the simple setting, where the optimization problem consists of a loss function and a single regularizer (e.g. sparse optimization), and then extend to the multi-block setting with multiple regularizers and multiple variables (e.g. matrix decomposition into sparse and low rank components). For the sparse optimization problem, our method achieves the minimax rate of O(s log d/T) for s-sparse problems in d dimensions in T steps, and is thus, unimprovable by any method up to constant factors. For the matrix decomposition problem with a general loss function, we analyze the multi-step ADMM with multiple blocks. We establish O(1/T) rate and efficient scaling as the size of matrix grows. For natural noise models (e.g. independent noise), our convergence rate is minimax-optimal. Thus, we establish tight convergence guarantees for multi-block ADMM in high dimensions. Experiments show that for both sparse optimization and matrix decomposition problems, our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
The multi variable multi constrained distributed constraint optimization framework

We extend the MC-DCOP model to problems where each agent controls multiple variables, map a service-oriented computing domain to this MV-MC-DCOP model, and use the solutions as a preprocessing step to an existing inexact MDP solver.
CORRECTION OF HALLUX VALGUS BY METATARSAL OSTEOTOMY

In all severe hallux valgus deformities there is a basic metatarsus primus varus which varied from 9 to 13 degrees (in our series). Transverse metatarsal osteotomy is performed to overcome the varus deviation of the first metatarsal. Correction of the hallux valgus is accomplished by plastic repair of the capsuloperiosteal flap. Failure to correct the congenital metatarsal deformity predisposes to recurrence of the "bunion". Excessive shortening of the metatarsal shaft is occasionally responsible for postoperative symptoms of the metatarsal arch. The operation is adaptable to all degrees of deformity. The technique is relatively simple, and the results are uniformly good.
Two Theorems of Complex Analysis

We prove two fundamental theorems of multidimensional complex analysis by the methods of this analysis without using the theory of subharmonic functions. As a single violation, we can mention the use of Green’s formula.
Comparison of Pseudospectral Algorithms for Field-Theoretic Simulations of Polymers

We compare three pseudospectral algorithms for mean-field polymer self-consistent field theory (SCFT) simulations and beyond mean-field field-theoretic simulations (FTS) using the complex Langevin (CL) sampling technique. In agreement with a study by Stasiak and Matsen, we find that for SCFT the fourth-order algorithm developed by Ranjan, Qin, and Morse usually outperforms the other pseudospectral algorithms. In contrast, for CL simulations we find that the second-order algorithm adapted to SCFT by Rasmussen and co-workers often outperforms the fourth-order methods not only in computational speed but also, surprisingly, in accuracy at a fixed contour resolution. This suggests an intricate coupling between pseudospectral schemes for chain contour integration and pseudotime stepping methods in CL simulations. Finally, the nominal stability of the algorithms is examined for the case of homogeneous fields.
Pharmacists in the emergency department: Encouraging and discouraging findings.

The emergency department (ED) is a fast-moving, chaotic, and complex environment where episodic care is provided to a diverse population of patients, including the critically ill and those who present for less urgent care. In addition, admitted patients often stay in the ED for hours to days waiting
Sparse covariance estimation based on sparse-graph codes

We consider the problem of recovering a sparse covariance matrix Σ∈ℝn×n from m quadratic measurements yi = aiTΣai+wi, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, where ai ∈ ln is a measurement vector and wi is additive noise. We assume that ℝ has K non-zero off-diagonal entries. We first consider the simplified noiseless problem where wi = 0 for all i. We introduce two low complexity algorithms, the first a “message-passing” algorithm and the second a “forward” algorithm, that are based on a sparse-graph coding framework. We show that under some simplifying assumptions, the message passing algorithm can recover an arbitrarily-large fraction of the K non-zero components with cK measurements, where c is a small constant that can be precisely characterized. As one instance, the message passing algorithm can recover, with high probability, a fraction 1 − 10−4 of the non-zero components, using only m = 6K quadratic measurements, which is a small constant factor from the fundamental limit, with an optimal O(K) decoding complexity. We further show that the forward algorithm can recover all the K non-zero entries with high probability with m = Θ(K) measurements and O(K log(K)) decoding complexity. However, the forward algorithm suffers from significantly larger constants in terms of the number of required measurements, and is indeed less practical despite providing stronger theoretical guarantees. We then consider the noisy setting, and show that both proposed algorithms can be robustified to noise with m = Θ(K log2(n)) measurements. Finally, we provide extensive simulation results that support our theoretical claims.
Unusual Synthetic Pathway for an {Fe(NO)2}(9) Dinitrosyl Iron Complex (DNIC) and Insight into DNIC Electronic Structure via Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy.

Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) are among the most abundant NO-derived cellular species. Monomeric DNICs can exist in the {Fe(NO)2}9 or {Fe(NO)2}10 oxidation state (in the Enemark–Feltham notation). However, experimental studies of analogous DNICs in both oxidation states are rare, which prevents a thorough understanding of the differences in the electronic structures of these species. Here, the {Fe(NO)2}9 DNIC [Fe(dmp)(NO)2](OTf) (1; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) is synthesized from a ferrous precursor via an unusual pathway, involving disproportionation of an {FeNO}7 complex to yield the {Fe(NO)2}9 DNIC and a ferric species, which is subsequently reduced by NO gas to generate a ferrous complex that re-enters the reaction cycle. In contrast to most {Fe(NO)2}9 DNICs with neutral N-donor ligands, 1 exhibits high solution stability and can be characterized structurally and spectroscopically. Reduction of 1 yields the corresponding {Fe(NO)2}10 DNIC [Fe(dmp)(NO)2] (2). The Mossbauer isomer shift o...
Functional and anatomical characterization of brown adipose tissue in heart failure with blood oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance.

Recent studies have suggested that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in obesity, insulin resistance and heart failure. The characterization of BAT in vivo, however, has been challenging. No technique to comprehensively image BAT anatomy and function has been described. Moreover, the impact on BAT of the neuroendocrine activation seen in heart failure has only recently begun to be evaluated in vivo. The aim of this study was to use MRI to characterize the impact of heart failure on the morphology and function of BAT. Mice subjected to permanent ligation of the left coronary artery were imaged with MRI 6 weeks later. T2 weighted MRI of BAT volume and blood oxygen level dependent MRI of BAT function were performed. T2 * maps of BAT were obtained at multiple time points before and after administration of the β3 adrenergic agonist CL 316 243 (CL). Blood flow to BAT was studied after CL injection using the flow alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) approach. Excised BAT tissue was analyzed for lipid droplet content and for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA expression. BAT volume was significantly lower in heart failure (51 ± 1 mm(3) versus 65 ± 3 mm(3) ; p < 0.05), and characterized by a reduction in lipid globules and a fourfold increase in UCP1 mRNA (p < 0.05). CL injection increased BAT T2 * in healthy animals but not in mice with heart failure (24 ± 4% versus 6 ± 2%; p < 0.01), consistent with an increase in flow in control BAT. This was confirmed by a significant difference in the FAIR response in BAT in control and heart failure mice. Heart failure results in the chronic activation of BAT, decreased BAT lipid stores and decreased BAT volume, and it is associated with a marked decrease in ability to respond to acute physiological stimuli. This may have important implications for substrate utilization and overall metabolic homeostasis in heart failure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of RF magnetic media with free space methods and genetic algorithms

This work demonstrates the use of genetic algorithms (GA) to perform the electromagnetic characterization of RF magnetic materials. The methodology entails minimizing a multiple objective cost function where the GA is attempting to minimize the difference between the measured reflection coefficient and the reflection coefficient computed by the GA for both perpendicular and parallel polarizations simultaneously. The GA computes its reflection coefficients via the Fresnel reflection coefficient formulas and candidate solutions for the permittivity and permeability. Characterization results using synthetic data are presented for a conductor-backed magnetic test sample.
Linking Diversity of Collaborative Policymaking Venues With Procedural Justice Perceptions: A Study of U.S. Marine Aquaculture Partnerships:

Diversity has long been recognized as a critical component of collaborative governance. Among many rationales, the representation of diverse perspectives and participants in collaborative governanc...
Residents’ and Fellows’ Knowledge and Attitudes About Eating Disorders at an Academic Medical Center

This study examined physician residents’ and fellows’ knowledge of eating disorders and their attitudes toward patients with eating disorders. Eighty physicians across disciplines completed a survey. The response rate for this survey across disciplines was 64.5 %. Participants demonstrated limited knowledge of eating disorders and reported minimal comfort levels treating patients with eating disorders. Psychiatry discipline (p = 0.002), eating disorder experience (p = 0.010), and having ≥4 eating disorder-continuing medical education credits (p = 0.037) predicted better knowledge of anorexia nervosa but not bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry residents (p = 0.041), and those who had treated at least one eating disorder patient (p = 0.006), reported significantly greater comfort treating patients with eating disorders. These results suggest that residents and fellows from this sample may benefit from training to increase awareness and confidence necessary to treat patients with eating disorders. Sufficient knowledge and comfort are critical since physicians are often the first health care provider to have contact with patients who have undiagnosed eating disorders.
Hepcidin Suppression Following Phlebotomy Is Regulated by an Erythropoietic Regulator Found in Serum.

Abstract Increasing erythropoiesis requires a dramatic increase in iron absorption or the release of iron from tissue stores. Since the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin blocks both absorption and release from stores, it is suppressed during erythropoiesis. We have recently shown that hepcidin is primarily suppressed by an erythropoietic regulator rather then anemia, hypoxia, or erythropoietin (Pak et al, Blood, epub/in press). To further understand the regulation of hepcidin during erythropoiesis, we subjected groups of eight mice to phlebotomy and sacrificed them at various time points over 3 weeks. Hepcidin mRNA fell 25-fold by day 2 (p
Thermal and Photochemical Reactions of Methanol, Acetaldehyde, and Acetic Acid on Brookite TiO2 Nanorods

The catalytic and photocatalytic activity of brookite TiO2 nanorods toward methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid was studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For thermally activated reactions, the brookite nanorods were found to exhibit catalytic properties similar to those reported previously for the rutile and anatase phases of TiO2. In particular, methanol adsorbed dissociatively on 5-fold coordinate surface Ti cations and underwent dehydrogenation to formaldehyde and deoxygenation to methane near 650 K; acetaldehyde adsorbed on these sites underwent aldol condensation to produce crotonaldehyde and to a lesser extent reductive coupling to butene between 460 and 600 K; acetic acid adsorbed dissociatively to produce acetate species that decomposed to produce ketene at 630 K. The brookite nanorods were also found to be photocatalytically active for the coupling of methanol to methyl formate and the photo-oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetate. Lastly, the photocatalytic activity of the brook...
Proposal for "Rationalizing" The Rate of Profit of Bank Loans: A Critique

In winter 1383, the center for Research of Majlis Shura Islamic of Iran (CRMSII) published a proposal on the logic of the prevailing profit rate that the commercial banks pay/charge on long-term bank loans requiring the executive branch of Islamic Republic to lower the average rate of profit by 4.5 percent within 18 months of passage of the bill by Majlis, to reduce government budget deficit by 20 billion rials, to reduce another 4% in the profit rates all within two years after passage of the bill and to provide quarterly report to the Majlis on implementation of the law by the executive branch. In what follows, I would state and examine both empirically and theoretically, the validity of the arguments in support of legislative action on defending the rates of profits charged and paid by the banks.
Institutional Investment, Asset Illiquidity and Post‐Crash Housing Market Dynamics

We examine institutional investors’ entry into the equity side of the single‐family detached housing market using an asset illiquidity framework. We find that institutional investors purchased owner‐occupied houses after the real estate crisis for approximately 6.3–11.8% less than owner‐occupiers. The large discount was in addition to distressed sale and cash purchase discounts which, when combined, highlight the low liquidation value for owner‐occupied housing. The results suggest that asset illiquidity is an important cost of leverage in the owner‐occupied housing market.
Conformal uniqueness and various forms of the Schwarzschild interior metric

The Schwarzschild interior solution is known to have a conformal structure. It is shown here that it is the only solution of Einstein’s equations which is static and conformally flat for a spherically symmetric perfect-fluid distribution. Its homogeneous limits are exhibited as cosmological metrics and the explicit co-ordinate transformations associated with the conformal mapping to these cosmological spaces are given. Co-moving co-ordinates and matching to the exterior metric are also discussed.
The Goldilocks Effect: Female geladas in mid-sized groups have higher fitness

The cost-to-benefit ratio of group-living is thought to vary with group size: individuals in 9optimal9 groups should have higher fitness than individuals in groups that are too large or small. However, the relationship between group size and individual fitness has been difficult to establish, a gap we address here in the gelada. We demonstrate group size effects on the production of surviving offspring and on female mortality rates, which are largely explained by group-size variation in infanticide risk and foraging competition. We also identify a mechanism by which females may alter group size: in large groups, females groomed with less than half of their group, increasing the likelihood of fissions. Our findings provide insight into how and why group size shapes fitness in long-lived species.
The Time Course of Brain Tissue Pressure and Local CBF in Vasogenic Edema

Our results for tissue pressure show: 1. Resting brain tissue pressure is above atmospheric pressure and equal to cerebrospinal fluid pressure. 2. The ventricular fluid pressure provides a reasonable estimate (± 10 mm Hg) of the maximum brain tissue pressure. 3. Excluding impaction, the maximum brain tissue pressure gradients developed are transient, less than 10 mm Hg, and dissipate within 2 h. 4. With impaction, the brain tissue pressure tends to equilibrate with the compartmental CSF pressure.
Advances in chemical and biological protective clothing

Abstract: Protection against hazardous chemical and biological (CB) materials is necessary in many aspects of everyday life and can be provided by the proper selection of protective clothing. Variables to be considered include weight, comfort, level of protection, and the duration of protection required. To cover the range of situations that may be encountered, a spectrum of CB protective materials and clothing systems has been developed. This chapter reviews the types of materials and clothing systems currently in use and the science and technology efforts underway to maximize protection and comfort.
Retinal Hemangioblastoma: A Histologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Evaluation

The authors evaluated the histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of two eyes with retinal hemangioblastoma from patients with von Hippel-Lindau and von Hippel disease. Results of histologic evaluation showed the eyes to have degenerative changes and residual retinal hemangioblastoma. Immunohistochemical stains performed for MAC-387, factor XIIIa, lysozyme, alpha 1 anti-chymotrypsin (histiocyte markers), factor VIII-associated antigen, ulex europeaus (endothelial markers), neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, neurofilament (neuroectodermal/neural/neuroendocrine markers) and glial fibrillary acid protein (glial marker) showed normal retinal vascular endothelium, neurons, and glial cells to stain where expected. Vascular endothelium in the retinal hemangioblastomas stained for factor VIII and ulex europeaus. Interstitial cells in the stroma of the tumors failed to stain for the histiocyte markers, chromogranin, and neurofilament. The stromal cells stained for glial fibrillary acid protein and neuron specific enolase. Ultrastructural findings in both eyes included endothelial/pericyte-lined vascular channels, elongated stromal cells, and plump, vacuolated stromal cells with ultrastructural features consistent with glial cells. This study supports the concept that retinal hemangioblastoma is composed of a proliferation of capillaries and glial cells.
Know Your Entrepreneurial Self

Every entrepreneur should continue reflecting on his or her performance throughout their career. And, they should keep working to add to their negotiation and organizational leadership skills. This is best done by being explicit about one’s personal theory of practice and engaging the organization or team they work with to reflect jointly on their successes and failures, particularly their mistakes. In the Appendix, the book includes templates, checklists, worksheets and guidelines for charting personal and organizational progress.
Beyond conventional metrics: Comprehensive characterization of respirable coal mine dust

Abstract Conventional practice in monitoring and control of respirable coal mine dust has focused on the total mass concentration and the crystalline silica mass fraction of personal exposures. For decades under this approach, as dust exposures in US mines declined, so did the incidence of occupational lung diseases. In the late 1990s, however, disease rates began to rise significantly with little or no apparent increase in the conventional dust metrics. Based on the geographic clustering of disease reports in parts of central Appalachia, several contributing factors have been suggested, including possible changes in dust characteristics as thin-seam mining has become increasingly common. However, data on anything beyond conventional dust metrics is almost non-existent. The current study represents an ongoing effort by the authors to comprehensively characterize respirable coal mine dust. Here, samples from eight mines in central and northern Appalachia were analyzed to determine: particle size and mineralogy distributions across a wide size range (~100–10,000 nm); potentially bioaccessible and total acid-soluble mass concentrations of metals and trace elements; and mass concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons including 1-nitropyrene, which may be indicators of diesel exhaust. Results showed that dust characteristics can vary widely between and within mines. But several general observations were noted, such as a predominance of sub-micron particles, including those associated with both diesel exhaust and dust generated from cutting geologic strata in the mine or application of rock dusting products. Additionally, there appeared to be an inordinate amount of dust generated from cutting rock strata, as compared to coal strata. A correlation analysis was also conducted on a total of 40 dust characteristic variables, which may provide further insights to the source(s) of some constituents.
Auranofin Protects Intestine against Radiation Injury by Modulating p53/p21 Pathway and Radiosensitizes Human Colon Tumor

Purpose: The radiosensitivity of the normal intestinal epithelium is the major limiting factor for definitive radiotherapy against abdominal malignancies. Radiosensitizers, which can be used without augmenting radiation toxicity to normal tissue, are still an unmet need. Inhibition of proteosomal degradation is being developed as a major therapeutic strategy for anticancer therapy as cancer cells are more susceptible to proteasomal inhibition–induced cytotoxicity compared with normal cells. Auranofin, a gold-containing antirheumatoid drug, blocks proteosomal degradation by inhibiting deubiquitinase inhibitors. In this study, we have examined whether auranofin selectively radiosensitizes colon tumors without promoting radiation toxicity in normal intestine. Experimental Design: The effect of auranofin (10 mg/kg i.p.) on the radiation response of subcutaneous CT26 colon tumors and the normal gastrointestinal epithelium was determined using a mouse model of abdominal radiation. The effect of auranofin was also examined in a paired human colonic organoid system using malignant and nonmalignant tissues from the same patient. Results: Both in the mouse model of intestinal injury and in the human nonmalignant colon organoid culture, auranofin pretreatment prevented radiation toxicity and improved survival with the activation of p53/p21–mediated reversible cell-cycle arrest. However, in a mouse model of abdominal tumor and in human malignant colonic organoids, auranofin inhibited malignant tissue growth with inhibition of proteosomal degradation, induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response, and apoptosis. Conclusions: Our data suggest that auranofin is a potential candidate to be considered as a combination therapy with radiation to improve therapeutic efficacy against abdominal malignancies.
Communities and Health Care: The Rochester, New York, Experiment

During the 1992 presidential campaign, candidate William J. Clinton praised Rochester's hospital experimental payment (HEP) program for containing costs and providing access to high quality health care. "If Rochester, New York, can do it with two-thirds of the cost of the rest of us," Clinton asserted, "America can do it too." This book is a detailed case study of a community that devised and implemented a unique, successful, and celebrated hospital cost containment experiment in the 1980s. Author Sarah Liebschutz describes the economic and social culture of Rochester dating to the early part of the twentieth century that provided the fertile soil for regional health planning and the HEP program. This study also examines how the changing economy ultimately stimulated robust competition among health care insurers and providers. What does Rochester's experience tell us about the role communities play in organizing and financing health care? The national government has long played --and will continue to play -- a central role in determining health policy, funding health insurance, and reimbursing health care providers. The responsibility for dealing with the interlocking issues of access, quality, and costs, however, is not exclusively national. State governments shape the health system as they legislate, regulate, and finance such key components of health care as insurance coverage, quality of care, hospitals, and other providers. Communities matter because they organize and deliver health care at the ground level through private and employed health care professionals and public, private, and nonprofit hospitals. They matter because they ultimately determine whether health care in America is available, efficient, and effective. The book draws heavily on files of the Rochester Area Hospitals Corporation, made available specifically to the author, and on extensive interviews with business leaders, hospital trustees, and administrators whose decisions fostered collaboration and then competition. Sarah F. Liebschutz is Distinguished Service Professor Emerita at the State University of New York, College at Brockport.
An Important Need to Monitor from an Early Age the Neurotoxins in the Blood or by an Equivalent Biomarker

An overwhelming amount of evidence now suggests that some people are becoming overloaded with neurotoxins. This is mainly from changes in their living environment and style, coupled with the fact that all people are different and display a broad distribution of genetic susceptibilities. It is important for individuals to know where they lie concerning their ability to either reject or retain toxins. Everyone is contaminated with a certain baseline of toxins that are alien to the body, namely aluminum, arsenic, lead, and mercury. Major societal changes have modified their intake, such as vaccines in enhanced inoculation procedures and the addition of sushi into diets, coupled with the ever-present lead, arsenic, and traces of manganese. It is now apparent that no single toxin is responsible for the current neurological epidemics, but rather a collaborative interaction with possible synergistic components. Selenium, although also a neurotoxin if in an excessive amount, is always present and is generally more present than other toxins. It performs as the body’s natural chelator. However, it is possible that the formation rates of active selenium proteins may become overburdened by other toxins. Every person is different and it now appears imperative that the medical profession establish an individual’s neurotoxicity baseline. Moreover, young women should certainly establish their baselines long before pregnancy in order to identify possible risk factors.
The Demography of Marriage and Family: A History

For much of U.S. history, the definition of family or families has not been clear. The Latin term familia originally meant a group of slaves. In the Middle Ages, familia could refer both to people and to property. Classical Latin carried several different meanings of familia (Herlihy 1985). Furthermore, early data collection defined the family as “sharing a common table” (Smith 1992). Today, the idea of family has expanded. Gubruim and Holstein (1990), for instance, define a family as “people identifying themselves and their relationships with others (not exclusively “blood” kin), among people in health care or judicial settings, and more” (p. 53; see also Stacey 1997). Additionally, a stepfamily is often defined as a family with a stepchild and another child that is biologically related to both parents. Others, such as Monte and Ellis (2014:22), define a blended family as “[a woman] living with a stepchild, or living with a man who is not the biological father of at least one of the mother’s children in the household.” Moreover, Katie Acosta (2017: 245) defines a lesbian stepparent household as “one that includes an origin parent (a legal mother through birth or adoption) and her same-sex partner who, together, raise children conceived or adopted within a previous household.” All of these definitions suggest that there is not one clear definition of a family. However, the definition of family often refers to a nuclear (heterosexual) family. The Standard North American Family, or SNAF, has a heterosexual-related man and woman with two biological children living within the same household (Smith 1993). Families are rarely nuclear families and living in neo-local residences (Coontz 1998, 2000). However, society has lived under a myth that in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, families were predominantly nuclear and authoritarian with fathers as head of households. This type of ‘nuclear family’ is the statistical minority today, but this definition of family persists. As Brian Powell and his colleagues (2016) suggest, researchers need to expand the definition of family and discuss family in the plural as families.
Conducting reproducible ecosystem modeling using the open source mass balance model Rpath

Abstract Ecosystem models are important tools for conducting ecosystem-based management. A particularly useful method of characterizing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and the subsequent direct and indirect implications of management actions is mass balance modeling. Here we outline the equations as utilized in Rpath, an R implementation of the mass balance algorithms popularized by Ecopath with Ecosim that are designed to work with fisheries data sources. We believe that common practices in R will aid in the reproducibility of conducting analysis using a mass balance model as all of the code is contained within a single script file. This includes the built-in statistical and graphical functions of R. In addition to added reproducibility, R is a coding language with which ecologists are familiar. This familiarity offers greater flexibility for practitioners to tailor the model to their needs. We have made the code available on an open software development platform which should aid in continuous community development of the tool.
Impingement of a counter-rotating vortex pair on a wavy wall

In this paper, we investigate the impingement of a two-dimensional (2-D) vortex pair translating downwards onto a horizontal wall with a wavy surface. A principal purpose is to compare the vortex dynamics with the complementary case of a wavy vortex pair (deformed by the long-wavelength Crow instability) impinging onto a flat surface. The simpler case of a 2-D vortex pair descending onto a flat horizontal ground plane leads to the well known ‘rebound’ effect, wherein the primary vortex pair approaches the wall but subsequently advects vertically upwards, due to the induced velocity of secondary vorticity. In contrast, a wavy vortex pair descending onto a flat plane leads to ‘rebounding’ vorticity in the form of vortex rings. A descending 2-D vortex pair, impinging on a wavy wall, also generates ‘rebounding’ vortex rings. In this case, we observe that the vortex pair interacts first with the ‘hills’ of the wavy wall before the ‘valleys’. The resulting secondary vorticity rolls up into a concentrated vortex tube, ultimately forming a vortex loop along each valley. Each vortex loop pinches off to form a vortex ring, which advects upwards. Surprisingly, these rebounding vortex rings evolve without the strong axial flows fundamental to the wavy vortex case. The present research is relevant to wing tip trailing vortices interacting with a non-uniform ground plane. A non-flat wall is shown to accelerate the decay of the primary vortex pair. Such a passive, ground-based method to diminish the wake vortex hazard close to the ground is consistent with Stephan et al. (J. Aircraft, vol. 50 (4), 2013a, pp. 1250–1260; CEAS Aeronaut. J., vol. 5 (2), 2013b, pp. 109–125).
Operational Complexity in Performance-Based Navigation Arrival and Approach Flight Operations

We studied how pilots handle operational variations during arrival and approach instrument flight procedures (IFPs), focusing on factors that may be related to performance-based navigation (PBN). PBN is a key enabler of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). We developed a factor rubric based on an iterative review of events in the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) public database and prior research. We coded 164 ASRS reports selected for relevance to PBN. We identified where each event occurred relative to the route of flight, tallied the coded factors and event outcomes, and gathered data on crew actions that indicated resilience to operational variations such as unexpected behavior of aircraft automated systems. We conclude that PBN appears to magnify the effects of operational complexity for these events. Pilots would benefit from training that provides opportunities to experiment with new situations they could encounter in PBN scenarios.
On the Looming Physician Shortage and Strategic Expansion of Graduate Medical Education.

Among many other things, the novel coronavirus pandemic of 2020 highlighted the significance of physician shortages in the United States. Current projections anticipate a national shortage of up to 122,000 physicians by 2032, with shortfalls in both primary care physicians and specialists. Yet while this figure highlights the magnitude of the problem, it does not capture the distributional aspect of American physician shortages. Though some specialties and geographic areas have a surplus of physicians, others have a chronic undersupply. Appropriately addressing the looming physician shortage therefore requires not only creating more physicians, but also ensuring that those physicians practice in the areas of greatest societal need. This review explores the nature of physician shortages in the United States, identifies the present bottleneck in physician training at the level of graduate medical education, and considers potential legislative and policy solutions to allow strategic and deliberate expansion of graduate medical education and physician practice.
Selection games on hyperspaces

Abstract In this paper we connect selection principles on a topological space to corresponding selection principles on one of its hyperspaces. We unify techniques and generalize theorems from the known results about selection principles for common hyperspace constructions. This includes results of Lj.D.R. Kocinac, Z. Li, and others. We use selection games to generalize selection principles and we work with strategies of various strengths for these games. The selection games we work with are primarily abstract versions of the selection principles of Rothberger, Menger, and Hurewicz type, as well as games of countable fan tightness and selective separability. The hyperspace constructions that we work with are the Vietoris and Fell topologies, both upper and full, generated by ideals of closed sets. Using a new technique we are able to extend straightforward connections between topological constructs to connections between selection games related to those constructs. This extension process works regardless of the length of the game, the kind of selection being performed, or the strength of the strategy being considered.
Risk Factors for Appendiceal Cancer After Appendectomy.

BackgroundAppendiceal cancer (AC) is a rare malignancy usually diagnosed incidentally after appendectomy. Risk factors for AC are poorly understood. We sought to provide a descriptive analysis for ...
Pu Songling’s All Too Human Surreal Worlds: A Study of the Narrative Structure of Pu Songling’s Supernatural Stories

(2014). Pu Songling’s All Too Human Surreal Worlds: A Study of the Narrative Structure of Pu Songling’s Supernatural Stories. Comparative Literature: East & West: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 40-47.
Control of Health Care-Associated Infections

Authors' Reply: We were gratified to learn of the outstanding efforts of Drs. Arya, N. Agarwal, and S. Agarwal to promptly identify and control health care-associated infections (HAI). The optimal prompt identification and control of HAIs should include their laudable strategies as well as several others as adjuncts, not alternatives, to educational efforts targeted for established as well new health care providers. A multidisciplinary approach to the vigorous implementation and maintenance of proper infection control procedures is necessary to win both the battles and the war against HAI.
Investigating Effects of Operational Parameters on the Rate of Electrochemical Cleaning of Chromium Deposits on Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Manganite Cathodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Chromium poisoning of the cathode remains a significant obstacle to the stable long-term performance of solid oxide fuel cells. This study reports, a quick, in-situ mitigation method, called electrochemical cleaning. By applying a mild anodic bias, the electrochemical deposition reactions of chromium-containing species are reversed. Chromium vapor species are formed, freeing active electrochemical sites in the air electrode. An LSM/YSZ-based cell was exposed to Cr vapors at 800oC and then subjected to electrochemical cleaning. Cell performance recovery was evidenced by current-voltage and EIS measurements. Chromium removal was verified using SEM and EDS analyses. The cyclability of the electrochemical cleaning was tested by repeated poisoning and cleaning of another cell. Investigation into the effect of cell operating parameters (current density and cell temperature) on the rate of cleaning is discussed.
With Help from Afar: Cross-Local Communication in an Online COVID-19 Pandemic Community

Crisis informatics research has examined geographically bounded crises, such as natural or man-made disasters, identifying the critical role of local and hyper-local information focused on one geographic area in crisis communication. The COVID-19 pandemic represents an understudied kind of crisis that simultaneously hits locales across the globe, engendering an emergent form of crisis communication, which we term cross-local communication. Cross-local communication is the exchange of crisis information between geographically dispersed locales to facilitate local crisis response. To unpack this notion, we present a qualitative study of an online migrant community of overseas Taiwanese who supported fellow Taiwanese from afar. We detail four distinctive types of cross-local communication: situational updates, risk communication, medical consultation, and coordination. We discuss how the current pandemic situation brings new understandings to crisis informatics and online health community literature, and what role digital technologies could play in supporting cross-local communication.
Investigate the Feasibility of Using CBCT to Assess the Dose Validation for Spot-Scanning Proton Arc (SPArc) Therapy for Advanced Staged Lung Cancer Treatment.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Spot-scanning proton arc therapy has been developed to improve the dose conformity and plan quality in varieties of disease indications, including advanced staged lung cancer treatment. Recently, the artificial Intelligent based synthetic CT method has been introduced in the proton clinic to assess the plan's robustness daily using CBCT. This study investigated the dose validation accuracy of using AI based synthetic-CT for SPArc in comparison with conventional IMPT delivery. MATERIALS/METHODS Twenty-seven advanced stage lung cancer patients' CT/CBCT data sets were used for training. A Generative-Adversarial-Network (GAN) model, including one generator with Residual-Unet (Res-GAN) architecture and one discriminator using a multi-layer convolutional neural net (CNN), were trained from scratch to predict synthetic CT from CBCT, with random 3D B-spline deformation as data augmentation. Another six patients with the same day re-plan CT (reCT) and CBCT were retrospectively selected for the dose validation comparison. Synthetic CT (synCT) was predicted from CBCT and compared to reCT in terms of Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Both IMPT 2-3 field and SPArc plans were generated on the reCT using the same robust optimization parameters (± 3mm setup and ± 3.5% range uncertainty) as well as planning objectives. Then, both plans were recalculated on the synCT from the same day CBCT. 3D Gamma Index was used to quantitatively assess the dose distribution discrepancy between the synCT and reCT for both IMPT and SPArc techniques. RESULTS The result show that the image similarity between the synCT and reCT is very close with average MAE of 32.6 ± 7.5 HU. Overall, SPArc plans have superior 3D gamma index passing rate compared the multi-field IMPT plan in terms of 1%1mm; 2%2mm, 3%/3mm (P < 0.05) as shown in the table. In other words, SPArc effectively mitigated the dosimetric impact from the proton range differences or CT HU error in the synthetic CT. CONCLUSION Deep-learning CBCT-based synthetic CT could be used in dose validation not only for IMPT but also for SPArc even though SPArc plan has better dose conformity to the target. This finding paves the road map to the CBCT-based adaptation platform for SPArc adaptive therapy of lung cancer patient.
Achievements and Still Open Problems

One may conclude that there are several points which may be demonstrated as real achievements. First of all, the Prompt Fission Neutron Spectra (PFNS) of 252Cf(sf) are proclaimed as “standard spectrum” with rather small uncertainties in the energy range < 10MeV. Many years’ efforts addressed to “create” dosimetry reactions, cross sections, and experimental investigations of average reaction cross sections in this neutron field confirmed this conclusion. The ratio R = C/E calculated to experimental average cross sections is 1.004 ± 0.020 in the energy range 1–15 MeV. It was confirmed (see previous chapters) that the average energy of the PFNS 235U(th) is known with high accuracy E = 1.974 ± 0.002 MeV. Recent theoretical investigations gave very interesting result: neutrons may have strong angular distribution relative to fission fragments (FFs) due to fast, non-adiabatic rupture of the fissile system. So, the orientation of the fission neutron along the FF direction is not the sign that they are emitted from moving fragments. However, many problems are still open: contradiction between macroscopic and microscopic experimental data for 235U(th) (mic–mac problem), left–right and angular anisotropy for 0.5 MeV neutrons, and the contribution of different mechanisms of neutron emission in fission. New additional experimental and theoretical efforts are urgently necessary. Some proposals are given in this chapter.
Lean Library Management, Eleven Strategies for Reducing Costs and Improving Customer Services by John J. Huber

John Huber provides a basic overview of Lean Management principles applied to library workflow. The focus of Lean, also known in manufacturing as the Toyota Process System, is to eliminate producti...
N,N‐Dimethylaminomethylferrocene Methiodide

N,N-Dimethylaminomethylferrocene methiodide reactant: 43.2 g. (0.422 mole) of bis(dimethylamino)-methane intermediate: dimethylaminomethylferrocene product: N,N-dimethylaminomethylferrocene methiodide Keywords: alkylation, N-alkylation; amination, Mannich reaction; enamine or imine formation; bis(dimethylamino)methane, lachrymator
Supervising Cyberspace: A Simple Threshold for Public School Jurisdiction Over Students' Online Activity

This Note addresses the much-debated problem of identifying and limiting the authority that a public elementary or secondary school has over the online expression of its students. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of First Amendment lawsuits brought against schools by students whom the schools disciplined for their online expression. This Note proposes that, before engaging in a First Amendment analysis of the student’s expression, courts engage in a threshold inquiry to determine whether a school has any authority to discipline a student for the expression at issue. This Note argues that courts should apply a “control and supervision” test, derived from the analysis used in negligent supervision cases and Title IX cases for student-on-student sexual harassment, to determine whether a school has the authority to discipline a student for his or her online speech. The schoolroom is the first opportunity most citizens have to experience the power of government. Through it passes every citizen and public official, from schoolteachers to policemen and prison guards. The values they learn there, they take with them in life.1