cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Firewall Compressor: An Algorithm for Minimizing Firewall Policies

A firewall is a security guard placed between a private network and the outside Internet that monitors all incoming and outgoing packets. The function of a firewall is to examine every packet and decide whether to accept or discard it based upon the firewall's policy. This policy is specified as a sequence of (possibly conflicting) rules. When a packet comes to a firewall, the firewall searches for the first rule that the packet matches, and executes the decision of that rule. With the explosive growth of Internet-based applications and malicious attacks, the number of rules in firewalls have been increasing rapidly, which consequently degrades network performance and throughput. In this paper, we propose Firewall Compressor, a framework that can significantly reduce the number of rules in a firewall while keeping the semantics of the firewall unchanged. We make three major contributions in this paper. First, we propose an optimal solution using dynamic programming techniques for compressing one-dimensional firewalls. Second, we present a systematic approach to compressing multi-dimensional firewalls. Last, we conducted extensive experiments to evaluate Firewall Compressor. In terms of effectiveness, Firewall Compressor achieves an average compression ratio of 52.3% on real- life rule sets. In terms of efficiency, Firewall Compressor runs in seconds even for a large firewall with thousands of rules. Moreover, the algorithms and techniques proposed in this paper are not limited to firewalls. Rather, they can be applied to other rule-based systems such as packet filters on Internet routers.
Tracking of dismounts moving in cross-range using GMTI radar

The detection of dismounts has a variety of applications, such as tracking remotely for battlefield awareness or at check-points. In this paper we describe the sensitivity of ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar as a dismount moves in cross-range, where the radial velocity is difficult to detect but the micro-Doppler of moving dismounts makes feasible. GMTI target detections are used as a subject moves perpendicular to the beam of the radar. These measurements are compared to vehicular and animal measurements which have minimal micro-Doppler and are much more difficult to detect in their cross-range motion. Ground truth is gathered using video to validate the radar data. We find a detection probability on dismounts in excess of 85% with a low false positive rate of 2%.
Electrostatic fields in dust devils: an analog to Mars

Mars has a dynamic atmosphere with dust devils and global dust storms. It is possible that dust devils on this planet may be electrical in nature. In order to understand the electrical nature of Martian dust storms, terrestrial dust devils are treated as an analog, and measurements of terrestrial dust devil electrostatic fields are obtained. Specifically, the construction of an electrometer designed to measure the anticipated large fields in the convective features is described. The large electric fields (E-fields) in dust devils have saturated previous test instruments, thus foiling previous attempts to obtain internal dust devil E-fields. Once the electrometer was built and calibrated, unique measurements of the horizontal E-field within a well-formed dust devil in the Mojave desert were obtained. It is found that peak horizontal E-field values exceeded 100 kV/m within the dust devils. Each transit through the dust devil (i.e., from outside to the dust devil center and back out) created a consistent "twin-peak" horizontal E-field signature, with E-fields having the distinct minimum in the dust devil center. Using a model, the electric dipole moment of the dust devil was characterized via a comparison of observed and modeled E-fields. The twin-peak signature is also a feature found in the model as well. The electric dipole moment was found to be -0.168 Cmiddotm, with the negative sign indicative of a downward-directed dipole moment
Variability between self-reported diabetes and measured glucose among health screening participants in South Central Kentucky

Abstract Aims To assess self-reported diabetes and random glucose among health screening participants and examine factors associated with these two diabetes outcomes. Methods Study subjects were adults aged ≥18 years who participated in diabetes screenings via a mobile health clinic operated by the Institute for Rural Health at Western Kentucky University from 2006 to 2011. Data on self-reported diabetes were based on physicians’ past diagnosis. Random plasma glucose was obtained during the screenings. Non-fasting plasma glucose levels of ≥180 mg/dl and ≥140 mg/dl were used as cutoffs to determine diabetes and diabetes or pre-diabetes, respectively. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with self-reported diabetes and elevated non-fasting glucose levels controlling for comorbidities and sociodemographic factors. Results The proportion of self-reported diabetes was 9.6%. The proportion of participants with ≥180 mg/dl was 3.2% and that with ≥140 mg/dl was 7.4%. Odds ratios indicated that self-reported diabetes was higher in older and obese groups and those who had hypertension and hypercholesterolemia and family history of diabetes, while elevated non-fasting glucose levels were higher among participants without health insurance and those who reported they had diabetes. Conclusions Variability in risks between self-reported diabetes and measured glucose should be incorporated in diabetes self-care.
Sociocultural theory and second language pedagogy

Vygotskian sociocultural theory of mind (SCT) has attracted the attention of second language (L2) researchers and educators since the publication of the papers of Frawley and Lantolf (Frawley & Lantolf, 1985; Lantolf & Frawley, 1984). Since that time, SCT-informed research has become an established part of the landscape of L2 acquisition (SLA), pedagogy, and assessment (Lantolf & Thorne, 2006), as evidenced by the growing number of journal articles and book chapters, dissertations, edited volumes, and books focused on SCT, as well as the presence of SCT in handbooks and other reference texts centered on theories of SLA (see Center for Language Acquisition, 2012). The majority of this research has, however, used SCT as a theoretical lens through which to interpret questions related to SLA rather than as a theoretical motivation for designing L2 pedagogies. In fact, as pointed out by Lantolf (2008), it was not until Negueruela’s (2003) doctoral research that Vygotsky’s proposals were systematically incorporated into a coherent L2 pedagogical program. Since then, a number of studies (including several doctoral theses) have been conducted to explore the impact of SCT-informed pedagogies on adult SLA (e.g. papers in Lantolf & Poehner, 2008). This research has included, centrally, work on dynamic assessment and concept-based instruction, but also perspectives on other forms of social, or human, mediation intentionally introduced into L2 educational contexts in order to promote development. The importance of pedagogical activity for SCT cannot be understated. Indeed, one has to acknowledge that Vygotsky did not conceive of pedagogies derived from his proposals to be mere applications of the theory; that is, the application of theoretically informed teaching ‘techniques’. Instead, pedagogical intervention was itself part and parcel of further developing the theory and of continuing to understand not only the nature of human cognition but, crucially, the processes by which the mind develops (e.g. Vygotsky, 1997). This is what Vygotsky referred to as ‘praxis’; the unification of theory and practical activity. As Lantolf and Poehner (2011) explain: 482933 LTR17310.1177/1362168813482933Language Teaching ResearchEditorial 2013
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after use of intravenous amiodarone for postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia.

Abstract Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a life threatening arrhythmia which responds poorly to pharmacologic therapy. Intravenous amiodarone has been described to be safe and effective in a small series of patients with JET. We present three boys with congenital cardiac defects who developed polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after the use of intravenous amiodarone for postoperative JET. Two patients did not survive the complication.
Expanding the Activities of In-House Manual Writers: Strategies for Complex Audiences and Purposes.

In-house software manuals must satisfy many internal audiences that are adapting to computerization. Manuals must meet the operational needs of users, represent the technical requirements of in-house programmers, and achieve the goals of upper managers for stability and productivity. To achieve these multiple objectives, in-house writers, with support from their managers, need two special strategies for project management: conducting a contextual audience analysis and acting as liaisons in their workplaces. Contextual audience analyses examine the organizational dynamics that influence how users learn about and respond to a new system. These analyses investigate the relationship between users' task responsibilities and job satisfaction; the consequences of current interchanges among users, programmers, and managers; and successful adoptions of other manuals in the organization. In-house writers must also become liaisons who diagnose sources of resistance to computerization, negotiate among competing prior...
Percutaneous nephrostomy in infants

Abstract We reviewed our experience with percutaneous nephrostomy placement in childrenless than one year of age during a five-year period. Placement was successful in 8 of 9 cases. There were no complications. The procedure favorably altered the outcome for each patent and was useful for reversing azotemia prior to surgical intervention for repair of an obstructed system (2 renal units), for providing drainage of pyonephrotic kidneys (3 renal units), for demonstrating inadequate recovery of renal function after relief of obstruction (2 renal units); and for replacing a surgically placed nephrostomy that was dislodged (1renal unit). Our experience has encouraged us to accept the technique, and we believe that it is a valuable nonsurgical alternative that should be available to urologists managing infants with urinary tract pathology.
Changing issue representation among major United States environmental movement organizations

Histories of the environmental movement have emphasized the importance of a shift in focus from those issues traditionally associated with the movement, such as resource and wildlife protection, towards ''new'' quality of life issues, such as environmental pollution and its human health effects. Here, time-series data between 1970 and 2000 on the issue agendas of fifty leading environmental movement organizations (EMOs) are used to empirically assess the veracity of this hypothesized shift. Results indicate that while there is dramatic growth in the salience of new environmental issues, those issues traditionally associated with the environmental movement continue to dominate the collective agendas of major EMOs. Further, new environmental issues are most likely to be represented in organizational fields composed of smaller EMOs on average. The selection and problematization of issues are central to the mobili- zation, development and, ultimately, success or failure of a social move- ment, as well as individual social movement organizations (SMOs). In addition, the issues to which SMOs attend have potentially important public policy implications. Perhaps more so than for any other contem- porary movement, changing issue representation holds a central theo- retical position in analyses of U.S. environmentalism. Scholars suggest that the shift in focus away from issues of resource and wildlife protection towards the ''new'' quality of life issues, such as environmental pollution and its human health effects, represents the most significant transformation in the twentieth century environmental movement. The extent of this qualitative shift is so dramatic that many analysts conceive of the development of a distinct movement (e.g. Dalton 1994; Hays 1987). Changing issue representation is thought to have broadened the scope and constituency of the environmental movement and contributed to growth in both new and existing environmental organizations (McLaughlin and Khawaja 2000; Mitchell,
Southern California Hypocenter Relocation with Waveform Cross-Correlation, Part 1: Results Using the Double-Difference Method

We present the results of relocating 327,000 southern California earthquakes that occurred between 1984 and 2002. We apply time-domain waveform cross-correlation for P and S waves between each event and 100 neighboring events identified from the catalog based on a 3D velocity model. To simplify the computation, we first divide southern California into five polygons, such that there are ∼100,000 events or less in each region. The polygon boundaries are chosen to lie in regions of sparse seismicity. We calculate and save differential times from the peaks in the cross-correlation functions and use a spline interpolation method to achieve a nominal timing precision of 0.001 sec. These differential times, together with existing P- and S-phase picks, are input to the double-difference program of Waldhauser and Ellsworth (2000, 2002) to calculate refined hypocenters. We divide the southern California region into grid cells and successively relocate hypocenters within each grid cell. The overall resulting pattern of seismicity is more focused than the previously determined pattern from 1D or 3D models. The new improved locations are more clustered, in many cases by a factor of two or three, and often show clear linear alignments. In particular, the depth distribution is improved and less affected by layer boundaries in velocity models or other similar artifacts.
Metalloenzyme‐Like Zeolites as Lewis Acid Catalysts for CC Bond Formation

The use of metalloenzyme-like zeolites as Lewis acid catalysts for C-C bond formation reactions has received increasing attention over the past few years. In particular, the observation of direct aldol condensation reactions enabled by hydrophobic zeolites with isolated framework metal sites has encouraged the development of catalytic approaches for producing chemicals from biomass-derived compounds. The discovery of new Diels-Alder cycloaddition/dehydration routes and experimental and computational studies of Lewis acid catalyzed carbonyl-ene reactions have given a further boost to this rapidly evolving field.
Overspray and Interstage Fog Cooling in Compressor Using Stage-Stacking Scheme: Part 1—Development of Theory and Algorithm

Compressor intercooling has traditionally been employed to reduce compressor work and augment gas turbine output power. Conventional intercooling schemes are usually applied through nonmixed heat exchangers between two compressor stages or by cooling the outside of the compressor casing. Any cooling schemes that may affect the flow field inside the compressors have not been favorably considered due to concerns of any disturbance that might adversely affect the compressor's performance stability. As the inlet fog cooling scheme has become popular as an economic and effective means to augment gas turbine output power on hot or dry days, consideration has been given to applying fog cooling inside the compressors by injecting fine water droplets between stages (i.e. interstage fogging). This paper focuses on developing a stage-bystage wet-compression theory for overspray and interstage fogging that includes the analysis and effect of pre-heating and pre-cooling at each small stage of the overall compressor performance. An algorithm has been developed to calculate the local velocity diagram and allow a stage-by-stage analysis of the fogging effect on airfoil aerodynamics and loading with known 2-D meanline rotor and stator geometries. Thermal equilibrium model for water droplet evaporation is adopted. The developed theory and algorithm are integrated into the system-wise FogGT program to calculate the overall gas turbine system performance. NOMENCLATURE C P Specific Heat at Constant Pressure (kJ/kg-K) dm Evaporated differential mass E Evaporation rate f Fraction of liquid water g Fraction of water vapor h Static Enthalpy (kJ/kg) ho Total Enthalpy (kJ/kg) k Polytropic index L Latent heat of water (kJ/kg)
Daily life ischemia and nitrate therapy.

Abstract Daily life ischemia has generated considerable interest because most of it is silent and associated with increased risk of adverse outcome. Coronary vasomotion, as well as increases in myocardial oxygen demand, seem important in the pathogenesis of this form of ischemia, so treatment with nitrates seems rational. Administration of sublingual nitroglycerin hourly, over 12 hours, was shown to decrease both silent and painful ischemic episodes in patients with effort angina. Subsequently, isosorbide dinitrate or mononitrate, given either as an intravenous infusion or orally, was shown to decrease both silent and painful ischemic episodes in patients with unstable rest angina and in those with severe angina. More recently, 6 studies have reported using transdermal nitroglycerin for daily life ischemia. Three of these reported open-label uncontrolled observations and suggested that ischemia frequency may be reduced approximately 60–80% during treatment with doses of 10–30 mg/ day, with a duration of treatment ranging from 1 hour to 14 days. In 2 of these reports the duration of ischemia also decreased. The other 3 studies were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with a total enrollment of 86 patients. These studies provided mked results. One suggested that evidence for partial tolerance develops within 1 day of treatment, using large continuous or intermittent doses (mean, 52 mg/ day). Another suggested that no tolerance develops to intermittent dosing (18 mg/16 hr out of 24 hr) during exercise testing but no effect is seen on daily life ischemia. The remaining study suggested that tolerance does not develop using small doses (15 mg/day) continuously over 14 days for ischemia during daily life, and that this response is different from that observed using the calcium antagonist nifedipine. These limited observations and conflicting results underscore a need for additional larger controlled trials, employing topical nitrate therapy in low intermittent doses for daily life ischemia.
Loitering detection using an associating pedestrian tracker in crowded scenes

This paper presents a loitering detection method using an associating pedestrian tracker in public areas. We analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics to perform monitoring of people and generate alerts when loitering persons are detected. To determine and adjust a time threshold for raising an alarm, we obtain the mean time of stay for normal and abnormal situation. In addition, we consider an optimal threshold for staying time and escaping time to deal with various conditions. For object identification, we measure the mean square error and histogram of oriented gradients. In order to trace moving objects continuously, the HSI color model and a combination of Euclidean distance, color difference, and shape difference are measured based on consistent labeling tracking. To evaluate the performance of our method, we showed detection results of the PETS2007 dataset using thresholds obtained by our proposed methods. Our experiments show promising results with 75.45 % averaged recall rate and 87.12 % averaged precision rate were obtained in loitering objects. We also compared the proposed method to other reported methods. The experimental results showed a significant improvement on precision.
Properties of precise firing synchrony between synaptically coupled cortical interneurons depend on their mode of coupling.

Precise spike synchrony has been widely reported in the central nervous system, but its functional role in encoding, processing, and transmitting information is yet unresolved. Of particular intere...
Bereavement: Preliminary Behavior Analytic Hypotheses

Dillenburger and Keenan’s (1994) initial behavior analytic exploration of bereavement provides the prompt for the present discussion. I suggest that the antecedent stimuli to grieving behavior include several “types of death” categories in addition to the three they proposed in the original article and, further, that the death of a valued person may exert its influence as one or more establishing operations. While the authors discussed extinction in detail, I suggest that the death of a loved one also typically introduces other relationships with consequent stimuli that influence the behavior of the survivor, such as noncontingent aversive stimuli, response-contingent aversive stimuli, and negative behavior contrast effects. I conclude with several suggestions meant to stimulate further behavior analysis of the topic while also indicating the need to build on data acquired through non-behavioral investigations.
TRASYS/SSPTA Thermal Modeling Comparison

The Thermal Radiation Analysis System (TRASYS) and the Simplified Shuttle Payload Analyzer (SSPTA) are applied for the purpose of comparison to the Solar Maximum Repair Mission (SMRM) and Astro-1/UVT (Ultraviolet Telescope), making use also of the System Improved Numerical Differencing Analyzer (SINDA). The majority of radiation conductances obtained from the TRASYS and SSPTA computer codes are shown to be within + or - 20 percent of each other, though the interchange factors associated with some crucial components of the system are located beyond this region. A sample model is also considered, which consists of an outer and an inner boxes with emisivities of 0.32 and 0.80 respectively. It is concluded that a thorough, methodical comparison between the two codes is necessary.
Exploration of Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Transistor Degradation with Thermal Anneal

We have measured the device characterisics of short and long channel inverted-staggered hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistors (TFTs) with either Mo or Cr source/drain metal after annealing at temperatures from 225 C to 275 C. The TFT deposition temperature at the substrate surface was about 270 C. From the slope of the transfer characteristic an effective mobility is extracted. Devices with Mo source/drain metal exhibit an initial effective mobility increase at short times (within about 30 min), while those with Cr do not. At long times the mobility of all devices decreases. The mobility changes are greatest for short channel length devices because of contact effects. The channel length dependence of the behavior permits a separation of the device behavior into contact and intrinsic mobility components.
Measuring Ocean Acidification: New Technology for a New Era of Ocean Chemistry

Human additions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere are creating a cascade of chemical consequences that will eventually extend to the bottom of all the world’s oceans. Among the best-documented se...
Experimental and predicted behavior of FRP beam-columns including retrofitting

EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED BEHAVIOR OF FRP BEAM-COLUMNS INCLUDING RETROFITTING Ali Al-Huazy Old Dominion University, 2015 Director: Dr. Zia Razzaq This thesis presents the outcome of a theoretical and experimental study of Fiber Reinforce Polymer (FRP) beam-columns with uniaxial bending and including retrofitting. The research involved the design and fabrication of a testing apparatus which was then used for a series of beam-column tests. Three different types of beam-column cross sections were used, namely, channel section, I-section, and square tube section. Six non-retrofitted beamcolumns were tested in addition to two retrofitted ones. The members were subjected to an eccentric vertical load applied through a lever arm generating gradually increasing axial load and uniaxial bending moment up to the maximum load. To predict the load-deflection relations up to the peak axial load and bending moment, a system of three coupled differential equations of flexural and torsional equilibrium were solved using finitedifference method. The effect of initial geometric imperfections were embedded in the governing differential equations. The predicted behavior and strength was in good agreement for the load-deflection relations and in excellent agreement for the maximum loads. The ASCE-LRFD Pre-Standard beam-column design expression was found to be unconservative for the non-retrofitted beam-columns except for that with the I-section with minor axis loading. It was also found that retrofitting the channel section beam-column with steel plates in the vicinity of maximum bending moment results in a dramatic increase in strength.
Shadowing Warrants for Intersituational Variation in Ethnography

This article makes the case for shadowing as ethnographic methodology: focusing attention on what occurs as interlocutors move among settings and situations. Whereas ethnographers often zoom in on ...
GAP-43 expression in macroglial cells: potential functional significance.

Although growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) was initially considered to be neuron-specific, it has more recently been found in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, glial cell equivalents in embryonic Drosophila and other non-neuronal cells. Here I summarize evidence for the presence of GAP-43 in macroglial cells (i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) cultured from neonatal rat cortex and describe its developmental expression in a lineage-specific and cell-type-specific manner. These and other data suggest that GAP-43 is a multifunctional protein involved in the synthesis of membranes associated with the growth of various types of cellular processes, including those of macroglial cells.
Automation of the Papanicolaou smear: A technology assessment perspective

. Cytology automation has captured the attention of industry, the public, and the pathology community as a potential solution to false negatives and other limitations of the conventional Papanicolaou smear. However, cytology automation includes a mixed group of technologies, including cytology rescreening, prescreening, independent screening, automated preparation technologies, and screening process control. While certain of these technologies may prove valuable to improving the quality of the Papanicolaou test, a structured analysis approach, such as is offered by technology assessment, is required to determine whether the technology is safe, effective under conditions of actual use, cost-effective, and whether it adds value and improves outcomes in patient care. Such studies must be carefully constructed to eliminate bias so that proper decisions can be made. The implications of these devices on individual screening standards are yet to be determined ; sufficient peer-reviewed literature studies must accumulate to document their value, and the cytology community must participate with other interested parties in establishing the standard for care.
Case 2: Prolonged Hypoglycemia in an Adolescent without Diabetes.

1. Akshay Sharma, MBBS* 2. Irene Hong-McAtee, MD† 1. *St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN. 2. †Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. A 16-year-old girl who has no contributory past medical history suddenly starts experiencing generalized weakness and drowsiness. In the emergency department, her finger stick blood glucose (BG) is 22 mg/dL (1.2 mmol/L) (fasting reference range 70–99 mg/dL [3.9–5.5 mmol/L]). She is given 160 mL of 12.5% dextrose intravenously (IV) and is admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for monitoring and further management. On arrival to the PICU, her vital signs show sinus tachycardia (heart rate of 118 beats per minute). Her weight is 38.9 kg and height is 144.7 cm (both below the 3rd percentile). Her physical examination findings are otherwise unremarkable. Her basic metabolic profile and complete blood cell count do not reveal any abnormalities except a low BG. Blood is collected to measure serum insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and ketones when her BG concentration decreases to less than 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) in the PICU. She is given 12.5% dextrose multiple times as well as a glucagon injection once for BG less than 50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) (Figure). Strikingly, she does not display any other symptoms until her BG decreases to less than 20 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L). At one point her BG reaches 12 mg/dL (0.7 mmol/L) and she develops diaphoresis but she still remains conversational. Her urine drug screen is negative for any oral hypoglycemic agents. Corticotropin and glucagon stimulation tests as well as …
Race and Labor Market Segmentation

In its simplest conception, labor market segmentation is the idea that there are sets of positions in the labor market whose characteristics systematically differ in a way that affects both their recruitment/hiring/promotion processes and their reward processes (Kalleberg and Berg 1994; Lang and Dickens 1994; Sakamoto and Chen 1991; Hodson and Kaufman 1982). It is thus a recognition that the processes that match people to jobs have implications for understanding how and why inequality in labor market rewards is distributed across people. While a major focus was (and continues to be) on how the characteristics of positions affect a variety of labor market outcomes for individuals, one of the original motivating questions for this literature was to understand and explain racial differences in labor market outcomes (Hodson and Kaufman 1982; Gordon 1972; Bluestone 1970).
Outcome and performance of bioprosthetic pulmonary valve replacement in patients with congenital heart disease

Abstract Objectives The goal of this single-center series was to assess differences in reintervention by the type of valve used for surgical bioprosthetic pulmonary valve replacement and to identify independent predictors of reintervention. Methods Data were retrospectively collected for 611 patients undergoing pulmonary valve replacement from 1996 to 2014. Kaplan–Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards regression methodologies were used. Results The median age of patients was 17.8 years (interquartile range, 11.9-27.3). The diagnosis was tetralogy of Fallot in 69% of patients. The median follow-up was 3.0 years (interquartile range, 1.1-5.3). Valve types included Sorin Mitroflow (Milan, Italy), 316 (50%; median age 16.5 years); Carpentier-Edwards (Irvine, Calif) Magna/MagnaEase, 223 (35%; median age, 19.3 years); and Carpentier-Edwards Perimount, 72 (11%; median age, 21.9 years). Reintervention occurred in 6.7% of patients (41/633) and was higher in children than adults (hazard ratio, 4.8). Age-adjusted 5-year reintervention rates were Sorin Mitroflow, 13.4%; Carpentier-Edwards Magna/MagnaEase, 2.1%; and Carpentier-Edwards Perimount, 0%. Reintervention was not associated with gender, valve insertion method, or concurrent procedures. The only independent risk factor for reintervention after controlling for age was valve type ( P 7, each P P = .61). Conclusions Bioprosthetic pulmonary valve replacement in patients with congenital heart disease has excellent short-term outcomes, but children have an approximately 5-fold greater risk of reintervention than adults. Independently of age, reintervention rates vary by valve type. These differences may be important in valve selection and follow-up.
Characterizing the Bladder's Response to Onabotulinum Toxin Type A Using a Rat Model.

Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize the response of the rat bladder neuromuscular system to intramural injection of onabotulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) over 9 weeks using in vivo cystometry (CMG) and in vitro contractility (IVC). Methods Chronic bladder catheters were implanted in female Sprague-Dawley rats, and either (1) BoNT/A (10 units in 20 μL saline) or (2) saline (20 μL) was injected in 5 × 4 μL doses throughout the bladder wall. At 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks after injection, conscious restrained CMG was performed. At each time point, 25% of each group (8 BoNT/A and 4 controls) was euthanized and bladders harvested for IVC. We measured IVC in response to electric field stimulation, carbachol, and potassium chloride. Results In total, 47 animals were included; 31 underwent BoNT/A injection, and 16 received sham (saline). Bladder capacities did not differ significantly between groups for each time point. One week after injection BoNT/A animals exhibited significantly longer bladder contraction durations and lower voiding efficiencies compared with controls. By 3 weeks these values returned to control levels. For BoNT/A animals, contractile response to carbachol stimulation was enhanced at 3 weeks. Otherwise, there were no differences in IVC responses. Conclusions One week after BoNT/A injection, prolonged bladder contractions are noted in rats. This may reflect supraspinal compensation for denervation by increasing the duration of efferent drive during voiding. After 3 weeks postinjection, we observed no differences in either CMG or IVC responses suggesting either compensatory efferent sprouting, increased gap junction formation, or loss of BoNT/A effect.
Low-grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential (LAMN-UMP): Prognostic Factors and Implications for Treatment and Follow-up

Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential are poorly understood lesions characterized by extraluminal mucin or fibrosis with neoplastic cells confined to the appendiceal lumen. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical and pathologic parameters of these lesions to optimize our understanding and management of these tumors. Subjects with these tumors were identified from the appendiceal tumor databases at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses assessed relationships between clinicopathologic variables [including age, gender, margin status and serum levels of the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA)-125, and CA19-9] disease-free survival, postrecurrence survival and overall survival. Ninety-eight subjects with this disease were identified. Most patients did not experience disease recurrence after initial appendectomy. At last follow-up, 25 (26 %) had disease recurrence or died. Of the 20 patients who had disease recurrence, 5 (25 %) died, and 15 (75 %) were alive. Disease-free survival was significantly reduced with positive margin status (p = 0.02) and elevated serum levels of CEA (p < 0.001), CA19-9 (p = 0.01), or CA-125 (p = 0.002) at the time of appendectomy. The median postrecurrence survival time was 4.7 years and the 5-year postrecurrence survival rate was 41 % (standard error = 18 %). Patients with Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential who have negative margins and normal tumor marker levels have a lower risk for recurrence. In these patients, expectant management is sufficient. Elevated tumor marker levels at the time of appendectomy marks an increased risk of recurrence or death and signals the need for closer monitoring or intervention.
Statistical and biological uncertainties associated with vaccine efficacy estimates and their implications for dengue vaccine impact projections

Given the limited effectiveness of strategies based solely on vector control to reduce dengue virus transmission, it is expected that an effective vaccine could play a pivotal role in reducing the global disease burden of dengue. Dengvaxia® from Sanofi Pasteur recently became the first dengue vaccine to become licensed in select countries and to achieve WHO recommendation for use in certain settings, despite the fact that a number of uncertainties about the vaccine's efficacy and mode of action complicate projections of its potential impact on public health. We used a new stochastic individual-based model for dengue transmission to perform simulations of the impact of Dengvaxia® in light of two key uncertainties: statistical uncertainty about the numerical value of the vaccine's efficacy against disease, and biological uncertainty about the extent to which its efficacy against disease derives from the amelioration of symptoms, blocking of dengue infection, or some combination thereof. Our results suggest that projections of the vaccine's public health impact may be far more sensitive to biological details of how the vaccine protects against disease than to statistical details of the extent to which it protects against disease. Under the full range of biological uncertainty that we considered, there was nearly three-fold variation in the population-wide number of disease episodes averted. These differences owe to variation in indirect effects of vaccination arising from uncertainty about the extent of onward transmission of dengue from vaccine recipients. These results demonstrate important limitations associated with the use of symptomatic disease as the primary endpoint of dengue vaccine trials and highlight the importance of considering multiple forms of uncertainty in projections of a vaccine's impact on public health.
Hypercoagulable Conditions Leading to Limb Ischemia

Acute arterial occlusion with associated critical limb ischemia commonly arises from either thromboembolism or plaque rupture with in situ thrombosis. Other less frequent mechanisms include arterial dissection, transection, surgical ligation, arteritis, tumor in situ, invasion or embolization, foreign body embolization, and vasospasm (sepsis, vasopressor use, shock). “Thrombophilia” is a term coined to describe conditions of increased propensity for thrombus formation particularly involving the venous circulation. In the evaluation of patients with acute arterial occlusion, there are several important entities to consider in the thrombophilia assessment. These include antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Paradoxic emboli arising from venous thromboembolism gaining access to the arterial circulation via patent foramen ovale, atrial, or ventricular septal defects are an uncommon but a well-defined entity to consider. For these patients, the typical venous thrombophilia risk factors are relevant participants. Lastly, undiagnosed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is an entity worth searching for and may explain up to 20 % of cryptogenic stroke and possible peripheral embolic events. This chapter will provide clinical clues in the search for underlying thrombotic propensities relevant for acute arterial occlusion.
Paramilitary Provision of Adequate Disaster Response and Advancement of Public Health: The Case of the Texas State Guard and Operation Lone Star.

Objective This article reports on State Defense Forces (SDFs) as tools for providing coordinated, disciplined, trained, and uniformed volunteers to augment civilian disaster response and advance public health. Methods This report draws on and describes the example of the Texas State Guard's Medical Brigade and its Operation Lone Star. Results Although SDFs have downsides, since they are largely self-sufficient, they are far less expensive and burdensome yet nonetheless effective alternatives. Conclusions Future avenues for further inquiry are suggested. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:412-416).
A new technique for time-domain ultrasonic NDE of extremely thin plates

The strength of a joint is significantly affected by the thickness of the bond. Over the past quarter-century, a wide variety of ultrasonic techniques have been reported for the measurement of the thickness and wave velocity (or modulus) of a single layer. Among them are pulse-echo [1], resonance testing [2] and pulse interference [3] methods. Evidently as the plate thickness decreases the time interval between two successive echoes, At, decreases and finally the echoes become inseparable. All of the classical methods break down when the successive reflections from the two faces of the layer cannot be separated in the time-domain. In this paper a specimen will be called “thin” if h 3 λ. In much of the aerospace applications, the typical adhesive thickness is of the order of 10-2 mm or 10−3 inch. In order to use any of the aforementioned methods, the transducer frequency would have to be larger than 150 MHz. By combining the theory of Fourier transforms with conventional ultrasonic hardware Kinra and Dayal developed a new ultrasonic NDE technique which removed this limitation [4]. Subsequently, this technique has been used for NDE of the properties of an extremely thin plate [5] as well as a three-layered medium (adherend-adhesive-adherend) where the combined thickness of the joint (h) qualifies as thin [6, 7].
The Switch: Mechanisms Governing Macrophage Phenotypic Variability in Liver Disease

Macrophages are key effectors of innate immune response to pathogens and the initiation of inflammation, and they contribute to maintaining tissue homeostasis, tissue repair, and development (Wynn et al. 2013b). Macrophages also help shape the adaptive immune response through the presentation of foreign antigens and production of chemokines which facilitate the trafficking of adaptive immune cells to sights of inflammation and tissue damage (Newson et al. 2014). Macrophages are classified as either tissue resident (i.e., liver Kupffer cells, brain microglia, and alveolar macrophages in the lung) or recruited (monocyte−/bone marrow-derived macrophages). In mice, monocytes are subdivided based on their expression of Ly6C and CCR2. Ly6Chi CCR2+ monocytes rapidly infiltrate tissue upon injury (Karlmark et al. 2009). During acute or chronic liver injury, Ly6Chi monocyte-derived macrophages are the predominate macrophage subtype (Tacke and Randolph 2006; Karlmark et al. 2009). Ly6ClowCCR2− monocytes have been shown to exhibit a “patrolling” behavior and have been found crawling along the hepatic endothelium (Carlin et al. 2013). While monocyte-derived Ly6Chi initially exert tissue-destructive properties, they can differentiate into Ly6Clow monocyte-derived macrophages which promote tissue repair and resolution of inflammation (Dal-Secco et al. 2015). The human monocyte counterparts are classified as classical (CD14hiCD16−), intermediate (CD14+CD16+), and nonclassical (CD14dimCD16+) (Ingersoll et al. 2010). Mouse and human monocytes share much similarity but differ in several aspects that must be taken into consideration when translating mouse and human studies. For instance, based on receptor expression CD16− and Ly6Chi, monocytes highly express CCR2, whereas CD16hi and Ly6Clo monocytes express high levels of CX3CR1 (Geissmann et al. 2003; Tacke et al. 2007). However, in regard to FcγR1 expression, mRNA and protein expression is conserved between CD16− and Ly6Chi monocytes, whereas human CD16+ monocytes lose FcγR1 surface protein expression which is retained on Ly6Clow monocytes (Ingersoll et al. 2010). Furthermore, Ly6Clow monocytes are more instrumental in phagocytosis, whereas in humans, CD16− monocytes are more phagocytic (Wildgruber et al. 2009; Tacke et al. 2006). Macrophages display a remarkable ability to alter their phenotype based on tissue microenvironmental cues such as hypoxia, cytokines, lipids, and exposure to dead cells. In acute and chronic liver diseases, various subsets of hepatic macrophages have been found to be involved in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we will summarize the development, heterogeneity, and plasticity of macrophages in response to microenvironmental stimuli in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the liver.
Passifloraceae seeds from the late Eocene of Colombia.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The plant fossil record for the neotropics is still sparse and temporally discontinuous. The location and description of new fossil material are fundamental for understanding evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of lineages. A new fossil record of Passifloraceae from the late Eocene of Colombia is described in this study. METHODS Plant fossils were collected from a new locality from the Eocene Esmeraldas Formation. Eighteen fossil seeds were selected, described, and compared with fossil and extant angiosperm seeds based on the literature and herbarium collections. Taxonomic affinities of the fossil seeds within Passifloraceae s.l. were evaluated by comparing morphological characters of the seeds in a phylogenetic context. Stratigraphic information associated with the fossil locality was used to interpret the environment and taphonomic processes associated with fossil deposition. KEY RESULTS A new seed fossil genus and species, Passifloroidesperma sogamosense gen. and sp. nov., is described and associated with the subfamily Passifloroideae based on the presence of a foveolate seed surface, ruminate endosperm, and a seed coat with prismatic palisade cells. The depositional environment of the locality is described as a floodplain associated with river channels. CONCLUSIONS A detailed review of the Passifloraceae fossil record indicates that P. sogamosense is the oldest confirmed record of Passifloraceae. Its late Eocene age provides a minimum age that can be used as a calibration point for the crown Passifloroideae node in future dating analyses that together with its neotropical geographic location can shed light on the origin and diversification of the subfamily.
Understanding the Role of Antiviral Cytokines and Chemokines on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Activity and Survival.

Abstract Viral infections of the central nervous system are accompanied by the expression of cytokines and chemokines that can be critical for the control of viral replication in the brain. The out...
Applications of Social Network Analysis in Evaluation: Challenges, Suggestions, and Opportunities for the Future

As the use of social network analysis in evaluation continues to increase, it is important to understand how, when, and under what conditions social network analysis can add value to evaluation work. In this article, we describe how we have used social network analysis in various evaluation projects. Using the experience of one specific project, we highlight, in greater detail, some challenges we encountered in doing this work, relating to the need for stakeholders to understand the added value of social network analysis, the intricacies of data coding and cleaning, and how changes in the size and scope of the project can have great implications. Finally, we offer some practical suggestions for evaluators considering incorporating social network analysis into their work today, and identify opportunities where evaluators might use social network analysis in the future. Avec la croissance de l’utilisation, en evaluation, de l’analyse des reseaux sociaux, il est important de comprendre quand, comment, et dans quelles conditions l’analyse des reseaux sociaux apporte une valeur ajoutee. Dans le present article, nous decrivons la facon dont nous avons utilise l’analyse des reseaux sociaux dans le cadre de divers projets d’evaluation. A partir de l’experience d’un projet particulier, nous decrivons, de facon detaillee, certains des defis auxquels nous avons fait face, notamment en ce qui concerne la necessite, pour les parties prenantes, de comprendre la valeur ajoutee de l’analyse des reseaux sociaux, les complexites du codage et du nettoyage des donnees et les implications des changements dans la taille et la portee du projet. Finalement, nous faisons quelques suggestions pratiques pour les evaluateurs qui pensent inclure l’analyse des reseaux sociaux dans leurs travaux actuels et nous identifions des pistes, pour les evaluateurs, pour l’utilisation future de ce type d’analyse.