cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3.16 – Ascending Systems Controlling Attentional Functions

The noradrenergic and cholinergic ascending neuromodulatory systems traditionally have been described as contributing to arousal and the gating of cortical information processing. However, substantial evidence suggests these systems are key components of forebrain circuitry that mediates specific cognitive functions including cue detection and outcome processing. Thus, these systems are important for both learning and memory-based performance of tasks involving detection, selection, and processing of stimuli controlling motivated behavior. This chapter compares the regulation, activity, and function of the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems and discusses the role of these systems in the mediation of defined cognitive operations.
Conflicts between Fertility and Infertility

Today, a woman can avoid pregnancy by using one of the highly effective methods of contraception available to her, or by having an abortion when necessary. It has become clear, however, that many women cannot accept that choice comfortably and that psychological conflicts often interfere with the planning of a family and motivation to use contraception. Prior to the availability of effective contraception, a woman could avoid sexual intercourse, use a partially effective contraceptive method and hope not to get “caught,” or depend on her husband to prevent conception. It was psychologically useful for her not to have to make a definite decision about pregnancy and to be willing to accept what happened each month. Maintaining an ambivalent state of mind was a common and highly useful adaptation of married women that served well in case of an unexpected or even unwanted pregnancy. Now that a woman can prevent pregnancy herself, she has to come off the fence, reach a decision, and take the responsibility for choosing fertility or infertility.
Avidin-biotin-peroxidase-antiperoxidase (ABPAP) complex. An immunocytochemical method with enhanced sensitivity.

The avidin–biotin–peroxidase–antiperoxidase complex method (ABPAP) of immunohistochemistry employs the sequential application of the peroxidase–antiperoxidase complex (PAP) and the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex (ABC) technics. To assess the efficacy of ABPAP in the detection of cellular antigens and to compare its utility with that of protease digestion technics, the authors studied cytokeratin (CK) reactivity in six examples each of colon, prostate, and breast cancer and Leu-M1 reactivity in five ductal breast carcinomas. ABC, PAP and ABPAP were applied to these cases alone and in combination with prior pepsin digestion of deparaffinized sections. With respect to the number of cells that stained and their intensity in each case, there was significant enhancement of CK and Leu-M1 reactivity with ABPAP, as compared with ABC and PAP when pepsin digestion was not employed. Further, ABPAP provided undigested CK staining results comparable to those seen with the use of ABC or PAP with pepsin digestion. Protease treatment was uniformly detrimental to the visualization of Leu-M1, regardless of the method employed. In summary, ABPAP was clearly superior to ABC and PAP in all settings analyzed. It may prove to be a useful adjunct in the immunohistochemical visualization of tissue antigens, when more routine technics yield suboptimal results.
BaCe0.25Mn0.75O3−δ—a promising perovskite-type oxide for solar thermochemical hydrogen production

Solar-thermal based hydrogen production technologies employing two-step metal oxide water-splitting cycles are emerging as a viable approach to renewable and sustainable solar fuels. However, materials innovations that overcome thermodynamic constraints native to the current class of solar-thermal water splitting oxides are required to increase solar utilization and process efficiency. Lowering oxide thermal reduction temperature while maintaining high water-splitting favorability are important ways to enhance such performance metrics. Recent attention to perovskite-type oxides as an alternative to ceria, which is widely viewed as the state-of-the art redox material, is driven by demonstrated thermodynamic and structural tuning derived through engineered composition. Here we discuss the unique properties of BaCe0.25Mn0.75O3 (BCM) within the context of thermochemical water splitting materials. Firstly, BCM is a novel example of a line compound with B-site substitution of Mn by Ce. It also exhibits a polymorph phase transition during thermal reduction and yields nearly 3× more H2 than ceria when reduced at lower temperature (1350 °C). More importantly, BCM exhibits faster oxidation kinetics and higher water-splitting favorability than SrxLa1−xMnyAl1−yO3 (x, y = 0.4, 0.6), which is a well-studied and popular Mn-based perovskite formulation. The unique properties manifested by BCM through engineered composition offer new pathways towards unlocking higher performing materials for solar thermochemical water splitting.
Putting people on the map improves the prioritization of ecosystem services

With limited resources to improve the provision of multiple ecosystem services, conservation programs often rely on spatial tools to identify the best locations for restoration or protection. However, most programs still base prioritization on biophysical metrics that do not fully predict where interventions will deliver the greatest benefits to people. We argue that prioritization metrics need to consider not only biophysical data on the supply of ecosystem services but also socioeconomic data that highlight the value of those services. We use the example of prioritizing best management practices (BMPs) in an agricultural watershed in the US state of Iowa to evaluate how considering the location and preferences of beneficiaries affects the spatial prioritization of investments. We show that adopting metrics that incorporate endpoints of interest and value to people changes the spatial prioritization of BMPs, especially for air quality, lake recreation, and drinking water. Our work demonstrates how publicly available biophysical and social data can be integrated into spatial ecosystem services metrics to enhance the delivered benefits of conservation activities.
Natural Mentoring, Academic Motivation, and Values Toward Education Among Latinx Adolescents.

We examined the roles of relational and instrumental relationship quality with natural mentors and academic intrinsic motivation on Latinx adolescents' perceived economic values of education. Participants were 256 Latinx youth (M = 15.07 years old; 116 boys, 140 girls) who completed surveys in 9th and 10th grades. Path analyses indicated significant cross-sectional effects in 9th grade such that instrumental quality was associated with more perceived benefits of education, and relational quality was associated with fewer perceived limitations of education. Neither instrumental nor relational quality in 9th grade was associated with either benefits or limitations of education in 10th grade. Instrumental relationship quality in 9th grade, however, did have an indirect effect on perceived benefits of education in 10th grade through intrinsic motivation. Implications for research on natural mentoring with Latinx adolescents are discussed.
Entrance and Persistence in U.S. Academe for Individuals with Multiple Outsider Identities: A Critical Race Theory Analysis

This study examines the experience of African-American academics with racial microaggressions, racism, and stereotypes. Exploring this subtle racism allows for an understanding of Turkish ethnic students’ ability to adapt to doctoral programs at U.S. institutions of higher education. Using critical race theory as a framework, researchers determined that Turkish International students have a challenge for adjustment, access to the U.S. job market, and the transition into a new culture. Five subjects were selected to participate in a self-recorded interview to support this study. The interview questions based Turkish ethnic students’ adjustment in U.S higher education institutions on three stages: 1. Before the Ph.D. program, 2. During the Ph.D. program, 3. After the Ph.D. program. The second and third stages also focus on students’ entry into an academic job setting and survival in academia.
Understanding the impact of a syndemic on the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in a community-based sample of behaviorally PrEP-eligible BMSM in the United States.

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has shown great promise in reducing HIV transmission among affected populations; however, PrEP uptake among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) has stalled. T...
Evaluating Outcomes of Experiential Learning: An Overview of Available Approaches

The chapter discusses common experiential approaches used in international business and summarizes the literature on how these are evaluated, and the effectiveness of such evaluation tools. The chapter will then discuss the pros and cons of different evaluation approaches and provide an outline of the assessment tools that are best suited to measure specific outcomes and knowledge acquisition dimensions.
A critical review on 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced composites: History, mechanism, materials and properties

Abstract Three-dimensional printing (3DP), interchangeably termed as additive manufacturing, is an emerging technology for creating myriad objects with numerous design flexibilities by sequential layering. The research revolving 3DP to develop different high-performance materials is in its young stage and burgeoning exponentially throughout the globe. The widest applications of 3DP technology are found in automobile, aerospace, building, metal and alloy, electronic and biomedical fields. Recently, the opportunity to use fiber as reinforcement in the plastic resin of 3D printed model has contributed significantly to the improvement of mechanical performances of 3D printed composites. In the present review, along with introducing brief history of 3DP, mechanism of embedding different continuous fibers into different plastics and their microstructural and mechanical properties including predicting models have been critically reviewed. Additionally, based on the limitations of current technology future research directions have been defined.
Significant Ex-Vivo Expansion and Functional Activation of Cord Blood (CB) Natural Killer (NK) Cells with A Concomittant Significant Decrease in CB T Cells Following Stimulation with Genetically Engineered K562 Cells (K562-mb15-41BBL).

Abstract Abstract 499 Introduction: CD56+ NK subsets exhibit differential NK receptors (NKR) such as cytotoxicity profiles including killer-Ig-like receptors (KIR), C-lectin (NKG2) and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) involved with tumor target recognition, which, in part, may play a role in adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) for malignancies (Farag et al Blood, 2002). NK cell activation and NK mediated cytolysis is induced by triggering receptors such as NCR (i.e. NKp46), and NKG2 surface receptors like NKG2D (Moretta et al, Curr Opin in Immunol, 2004, Marcenaro et al, Eur J Immunol, 2003). The major limitations of the use of NK cells in ACI include lack of tumor recognition and/or limited numbers of viable and functionally active NK cells (Shereck/Cairo et al. PBC, 2007). To circumvent these limitations, methods to expand and activate PB NK cells by genetic reengineering have been developed (Imai/Campana et al. Blood, 2005). It has been demonstrated that PB NK cells expanded with modified K562 cells expressing membrane bound IL-15 and 4-1BBL (K562-mb15-41BBL; Imai et al Blood, 2005) are significantly increased in number and maintain heterogeneous KIR expression (Fusaki/Campana et al, BJH, 2009) .We have previously reported the ex-vivo expansion, activation and cytolytic activity of CB NK cells with a cocktail of antibody and cytokines (Ayello/Cairo et al, BBMT, 2006; Ayello/Cairo, Exp Hem, 2009, In Press). Objective: In this study, we compared CB NK expansion and activation following stimulation with genetically engineered K562 cells (K562-mb15-41BBL, generously supplied by D.Campana, St Jude's Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN) with wild-type (WT) K562 cells and NK cell characterization expressing inhibiting and activating KIRs, c-lectin, NCRs and NK cytolytic activation. Methods: Following irradiation with 100Gy, K562-mb15-41BBL or WTK562 were incubated at a 1:1 ratio with fresh CB MNCs at 37C, 5% CO2 for 7 days in RPMI-1640+10IU IL-2. NKR expression (KIR2DS4, NKG2D, NKG2A, CD94, KIR3DL1, KIR2DL2, Nkp46) and LAMP-1 (CD107a) receptor expression and NK cell phenotype (CD56 dim and bright subsets) were determined by flow cytometry. Results: On Day 0, NK cells population was 3.9±1.3%. After 7 days in culture, CB NK cells were significantly increased compared to WTK562 and media alone (72±3.9 vs 43±5.9 vs 9±2.4%, p Conclusion: These results suggest that CB MNC can be ex-vivo expanded with K562-mb15-41BBL resulting in specific expansion of CB NK cells with increased NK KIR expression (KIR2DS4 and KIR3DL1) and NK activation (CD107a), along with a significant decrease in CB T cells. This expansion provides a means to enhance specific CB NK cell expansion for possible use for adoptive cellular immunotherapy in the post UCBT setting Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS

The pulmonary manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) are important determinants of a patient's prognosis. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of PSS are unknown, it is recognized that this is a complex disease; it is likely that different genetic susceptibilities and environmental exposures lead to the disease in different individuals. Individuals with diffuse PSS tend to develop interstitial pneumonia, most commonly fibrotic non-specific interstitial pneumonia. Isolated pulmonary hypertension is frequently seen in individuals with limited scleroderma. Screening for these forms of lung disease with high-resolution computed tomography, pulmonary function tests, and echocardiography is important, given the availability of therapeutic options.
3 – Fractal Analysis of Pathogen Detection on Biosensors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the need for development of fast, accurate, and reliable detection systems for pathogens. A fractal analysis is presented for the binding and dissociation kinetics exhibited by pathogens, such as F.tularensis, Y. pestis, B. anthracis, VEE virus, Vaccinia virus, and E.coli, using a cellular analysis and notification of antigens risks and yields (CANARY) biosensor. The binding of M, tuberculosis to a TSM immunosensor is also presented in the chapter. The binding and dissociation kinetics may be adequately described by a single-, dual-, or triple-fractal analysis. A double fractal analysis is used only if a single-fractal analysis does not provide an adequate fit. This is determined by a regression analysis provided by Sigmaplot. Because of the dilute nature of the analyte(s) present in the environment, a triple-fractal analysis is used, when necessary, to adequately describe the binding kinetics.
Global Nitrogen Cycle: Critical Enzymes, Organisms, and Processes for Nitrogen Budgets and Dynamics

Nitrogen (N) is used in many of life's fundamental biomolecules, and it is also a participant in environmental redox chemistry. Biogeochemical processes control the amount and form of N available to organisms ("fixed" N). These interacting processes result in N acting as the proximate limiting nutrient in most surface environments. Here, we review the global biogeochemical cycle of N and its anthropogenic perturbation. We introduce important reservoirs and processes affecting N in the environment, focusing on the ocean, in which N cycling is more generalizable than in terrestrial systems, which are more heterogeneous. Particular attention is given to processes that create and destroy fixed N because these comprise the fixed N input/output budget, the most universal control on environmental N availability. We discuss preindustrial N budgets for terrestrial and marine systems and their modern-day alteration by N inputs from human activities. We summarize evidence indicating that the simultaneous roles of N as a required biomass constituent and an environmental redox intermediate lead to stabilizing feedbacks that tend to blunt the impact of N cycle perturbations at larger spatiotemporal scales, particularly in marine systems. As a result of these feedbacks, the anthropogenic "N problem" is distinct from the "carbon dioxide problem" in being more local and less global, more immediate and less persistent.
Education of Blind and Visually Impaired Children of North America and the Caribbean.

This report offers a brief overview of recent population figures, types of educational programs, and selected topics of present interest and relevance to educators of blind and visually impaired st...
The state of the headache fellowship application process and attitudes toward the match.

Objective To examine the current headache medicine fellowship application process and to propose recommendations for a more unified, systematic, and transparent process. Methods We identified 42 headache fellowship programs using the United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties certification database. After an initial contact via e-mail, we conducted individual telephone interviews with program directors. Qualitative data coding allowed identification of emerging themes. Quantitative data were summarized with descriptive statistics. Results Forty (95%) program directors (34 adult, 6 pediatric) responded. Emerging themes included the following. (1) There are benefits and disadvantages to having a match. (2) If the match were reinstated, programs would participate only if all programs participated. (3) There should be consequences for programs that do not participate. If the match were reinstated, 37.5% of program directors responded that their program would participate without conditions; 37.5% would participate only if every program were required to participate. Fifteen percent would not participate, and 10% were not sure if they would participate. Forty percent supported sanctions against programs that did not participate in the match. Conclusion The fellowship match potentially makes the process more systematic for both programs and applicants; however, it does not currently appear to be a feasible option for the field of headache medicine. Until the number of applicants exceeds the number of programs, we recommend instituting a universal timeline for applications and offers.
A legacy of fear: Physiological evidence for intergenerational effects of trauma exposure on fear and safety signal learning among African Americans

Abstract Objective To determine the influence of maternal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on children’s physiological response to threat and safety signals during a fear conditioning task in trauma-exposed mothers and children. Method Participants were African American mother-child dyads (N = 137; children aged 8–13 years). Mothers’ trauma history and PTSD symptoms were assessed; Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted from these measures to identify distinct classes. Children reported violence exposure and completed a differential fear conditioning task using fear-potentiated startle (FPS) responses to conditioned danger (CS+) and safety (CS-) signals. Results Four classes of maternal trauma history and PTSD symptoms emerged: 1) Lower Trauma, 2) Moderate Trauma, 3) High Sexual Abuse, and 4) High Trauma and PTSD Symptoms. Children’s FPS to CS + and CS- were tested with maternal class as the between-subjects factor. FPS to the danger signal was not significantly different across maternal classes, but FPS to safety (CS-) was significantly higher for the Lower Trauma and High Trauma and PTSD Symptoms classes than either the Moderate Trauma or the High Sexual Abuse classes. Conclusions Results indicate that maternal trauma impacts children’s ability to modulate fear responses in the presence of a safety signal, independent of the children’s own trauma exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that children’s fear inhibition is impacted by maternal trauma exposure. Prior studies have linked fear inhibition to mental health outcomes, highlighting the need to understand intergenerational modulation of fear learning and physiology.
What is the Optimum Amount of Original Slack? A Study of the Relationship between Slack and Innovation in Multinational Firms

The effect of slack on innovation has been mired in controversy. On one side are those who argue that slack encourages innovation by providing a pool of resources that can be used to support risky innovative projects. On the other side are those who argue that slack breeds complacency and a lack of discipline that leads to the pursuit of pet projects that rarely translate to useful innovations. In this paper we try to resolve this controversy by suggesting that slack is not always good nor always bad for innovation. Indeed, too much or too little slack may both be detrimental for innovation. We hypothesize that there is a inverse-U shaped relationship between slack. We provide empirical evidence to support this hypothesis by examining the relationship between slack and innovation across several departments (equivalent to functional sub-units) in two multinational corporations.
Rethinking Electronic Resources Workflows

After the technical service department at the University of Northern Colorado’s James A. Michener Library underwent a major reorganization, Rick Kerns and his team were given the task to streamline and enhance various electronic resource workflows using internally developed tools. Kerns discussed the development of an interactive form to check e-journal holdings using a Microsoft Access database. He then described the Electronic Serial Correction Form and the Electronic Order Form, which were developed to change paper workflow into an electronic one, making the routing process easier and the forms clearer, more accurate, and searchable.
Corruption and Economic Growth - An Introduction to Data-Driven Approaches

Drawing on the extensive academic production on the relationship between corruption and economic growth, especially when it comes to data-driven approaches, this paper explores the evolution of concepts and debates on the subject, leaving out ethical and moral considerations. Economic growth can be seen as an engine, and corruption can make it function in a smoother (the "grease the wheels" hypothesis) or rougher fashion (the "sand the wheels" hypothesis), the two theories are juxtaposed and assessed. The result shows that empirical researches on corruption and economic growth might not be aseptic and free from personal influences as desired, nor the grease/sand hypothesis can manage to fully account for the connection.
Subunit Structure and Regulation of the Insulin-Receptor Complex

Methods and reagents developed during the late 1970s have led to significant new insights into the protein structure of the insulin receptor over the past five years. The importance of this information resides in the presumption that the insulin receptor initiates all the biological responses mediated by the hormone and therefore that its structure must contain key information related to cellular signaling mechanisms. Because the mechanism of insulin action is still not understood, this assumption has not yet been proved. However, the data available are fully consistent with this view. Furthermore, it is probable that the insulin receptor, like many other receptor systems, contains structural information that catalyzes other functions such as desensitization of the insulin response and transport of insulin to or among various cellular compartments, as well as its own recycling from intracellular compartments to the cell-surface membrane. It seems reasonable to assume that various receptor domains participate both specifically and directly in these various biological functions. It follows that an important future objective in this field is to obtain the primary sequence and general protein structure of this receptor in order to better define the biochemical mechanisms by which the insulin receptor fulfills its various functions.
Language, Thought and Social Attitudes

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of prescriptive he on attitudes toward and comprehension of paragraphs. In one experiment, students sympathetic to women's liberation read otherwise identical paragraphs containing either plural they or prescriptive he . Female subjects had lower comprehension and personal relevance scores for the prescriptive he than the plural paragraph, whereas the opposite was true of male subjects. And more females than males judged the prescriptive he paragraph to have a male author. An otherwise identical experiment, using students with less favourable attitudes towards women's liberation, replicated only the judgements concerning the sex of the author. Perceived personal relevance and comprehension scores of females were higher for the prescriptive he than plural paragraph. These and other findings suggested that prescriptive he influences attitudes but that its effect depends on the evaluative framework of the perceiver. Implications of these findings for a general theory of the relation between language and thought were discussed along with several other issues of interest to social psychology.
Franco: Una Mente Mai Ferma (Franco: A Mind Never at Rest)

In questo articolo l’autore racconta alcune affettuose memorie di Franco Modigliani. Per profondita, ampiezza, originalita e umana saggezza, Modigliani ha guadagnato nella classifica degli studiosi il posto piu elevato del XX secolo. Grande italiano, grande economista americano, Franco e stato anche uno dei maggiori economisti mondiali. I suoi studenti e collaboratori superano numericamente quelli di Alfred Marshall e Vilfredo Pareto. In this article the author recounts some fond memories of Franco Modigliani. For depth, breadth, originality and human wisdom, Modigliani gained in the ranking of scholars, the highest place of the twentieth century. Great Italian, great American economist, Franco was also one of the leading economists in the world. His students and employees outnumber those of Alfred Marshall and Vilfredo Pareto.
Radiative lifetime of the 2s2p3 5S2 metastable state of N

The natural radiative lifetime of the 2s2${\mathit{p}}^{3}$ ${(}^{5}$${\mathit{S}}_{2}$) metastable state of ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ has been measured by counting for equal time intervals the 214-nm photons emitted when the metastable ions decay to the 2${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{p}}^{2}$ ${(}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{2,1}$) levels of ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$. Although forbidden to decay by the LS selection rule \ensuremath{\Delta}S=0, the $^{5}$${\mathit{S}}_{2}$ state decays primarily as a consequence of spin-orbit mixing with other levels of the 2s2${\mathit{p}}^{3}$ configuration. The metastable ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ ions are produced inside a cylindrical electrostatic ion trap by electron bombardment of a parent ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ vapor maintained at pressures ranging from 5 to 25\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ Torr. The ion trap consists of a 5.0-cm-diam, 7.5-cm-long outer cylinder with end caps and a concentric 0.003-cm-diam central wire maintained at a negative potential of about 140 V. Some of the photons emitted by the decaying $^{5}$${\mathit{S}}_{2}$ ions are focused onto a 12-nm-bandwidth interference filter in front of a photomultiplier tube and counted. The mean lifetime is obtained from the slope of a straight-line least-squares fit to the appropriate region of a logarithmic plot of the decay counts. Our result, extrapolated to zero ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ pressure, for the natural radiative lifetime of the ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ ${(}^{5}$${\mathit{S}}_{2}$) metastable state is 5.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 msec.
Application of Size Exclusion-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Biopharmaceutical Protein and Peptide Therapeutics

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the applications of size exclusion-high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) for the analysis of protein and peptide therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The primary application of analytical SE-HPLC is for quantitatively determining the apparent molecular heterogeneity of samples. The basic theory and primary application of SE-HPLC for the assessment of size heterogeneity by the SE-HPLC measurement of apparent molecular weight is presented in the chapter. SE-HPLC assays for insulin and recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) are presented as examples. The basic elements and considerations for assay development, validation, and specification assignment are reviewed along with citations to the relevant industry guidance documents. Several specialized uses of SE-HPLC for the physical characterization of protein and peptides are also described briefly. Finally, a survey of additional technologies used to measure the physical property of the size of the protein and peptide molecules is also presented.
Time-dependent disposition of cyclosporine after pancreas transplantation, and application of chronopharmacokinetics to improve immunosuppression.

We studied the circadian influences on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in five recipients of pancreatic allografts. Results from these patients demonstrate a slightly increased area under the concentration-time curve (p = 0.156) resulting from decreased apparent clearance during the resting (pm) versus activity (am) period (p = 0.199). A significant delay in mean residence time was observed after the pm dose (p = 0.039), and the pm area under the moment curve was larger than the am value (p = 0.063). We propose three chronopharmacokinetic dosing methods that alter either the pm dose administration time or redistribute the daily dose to produce equal exposure to cyclosporine during the active and resting periods. These trends and differences suggest that more sophisticated time-dependent cyclosporine dosing methods are needed to balance am and pm drug exposure and thereby improve immunosuppression.
Media Work, Management, and Greed: A New Agenda?

Given the celebratory policy rhetoric around Hollywood film production as a generator of jobs and creative economies today, it does media scholars well to look at the beginnings of various film economies during the silent era, a time when film producers sought a place to locate their studio operations. As an illustration, I present a case study that reveals how, even in the early 1900s, producers manipulated romantic feelings about film and its supposed economic benefits to the public. This case suggests that while scholars may think about film producers as creatives or managers, they should also consider their less noble motivations, such as greed.
Experimental and computational investigations of flapping wings for Nano-air-vehicles

This paper presents the finalized results of a recent project which investigated the aeromechanical aspects of aerodynamic force generation by making use of flapping wings. Flapping-wing experiments using small wings have some unique challenges posed by the low force level (∼1 N) and the cyclic wing motion. A tailored experimental water tunnel facility was developed for flapping wings operating at high reduced frequency with a complex two-dimensional and a three-dimensional motion profile. The experimental capability is demonstrated by the test cases of two-dimensional and three-dimensional flapping wings, designed according to a proposed notional nano-air-vehicle at a hovering condition. The features of the water tunnel, the geometric and kinematic parameters of the airfoils/wings, and the setups of the motion rigs for each test case are described. Measured forces and particle image velocimetry data are analyzed and cross-checked with the numerical results obtained from a code developed in-house. The com...
Formation of spherical particles in grinding

Abstract Spherical metal particles in the size range of 1/3 to 60 μ found when grinding chips are examined in the scanning electron microscope and a mechanism for their formation based on surface energy is presented.
Thermal decomposition behaviour of poly(propylene carbonate)

Abstract Thermal analysis techniques including thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and TG-FTIR were employed to investigate the thermal decomposition behaviours of poly(propylene carbonate) as a neat polymer and in the presence of AlN powder. It was found that the decomposition of poly(propylene carbonate) followed a depolymerisation mechanism and left no detectable residues. The combustion reaction in air enhanced the decomposition of the PPC binder in air only slightly compared to acrylic and PVB binders. In the presence of AlN powder, the PPC binder left primarily “gas phase mediated char” on the powder surface.
U.S. Mica Industry Pioneers: The Ruggles and Bowers Families by Fred E. Davis. Published by Fred E. Davis, Hamden, CT; fedavis@att.net. 446 pages; 2013; $24.95 (softbound).

Mica (muscovite) was one of the U.S.'s early mineral products. In this self-published volume, Fred E. Davis shares the impressive results of his “5-year obsession” (p. 280) with discovering the evi...
Emilie du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton

R. Hagengruber (ed.): Emilie du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton. International Archives of the History of Ideas, vol. 205. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012, pp. xvi + 253. [euro]99.99 (hb.). ISBN 9789...
Impact of Animation on Assessment of Conceptual Understanding in Physics

This study investigates the effect of computer animation on assessment and the conditions under which animation may improve or hinder assessment of conceptual understanding in physics. An instrument was developed by replacing static pictures and descriptions of motion with computer animations on the Force Concept Inventory, a commonly used pencil and paper test. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The animated and static versions of the test were given to students and the results were statistically analyzed. Think-aloud interviews were also conducted to provide additional insight into the statistical findings. We found that good verbal skills tended to increase performance on the static version but not on the animated version of the test. In general, students had a better understanding of the intent of the question when viewing an animation and gave an answer that was more indicative of their actual understanding, as reflected in separate interviews. In some situations this led students to the correct answer and in others it did not. Overall, we found that animation can improve assessment under some conditions by increasing the validity of the instrument.
Organ storage with University of Wisconsin solution is associated with improved outcomes after orthotopic heart transplantation

Background Despite significant advances in cardiac allograft preservation, the optimal preservative solution is unknown. We evaluated the impact of the most commonly used solutions in the USA, the University of Wisconsin solution (UW) and Celsior solution (CS), on outcomes after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Methods We retrospectively reviewed adult OHT recipients in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Primary stratification was by preservation solution. The primary end-point was short-term survival (30 days and 1 year). Secondary end-points included common post-operative complications. Subgroup analysis was performed in high-risk allografts (donor age >50 years or ischemic time >4 hours). Risk-adjusted multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess survival. Results From 2004 to 2009, 4,910 patients (3,107 UW and 1,803 CS) with sufficient preservation solution information for analysis underwent OHT. Baseline characteristics were well-matched between the two groups. UW was associated with a small but significantly improved survival compared with CS at 30 days (96.7% vs 95.4%, p = 0.02) and 1 year (89.6% vs 87.0%, p p p p p p p Conclusions Preservation with UW solution is associated with improved short-term survival compared with CS. Patients undergoing OHT with high-risk allografts have a similar survival benefit.
Avatar appearance & information credibility in Second Life®

Virtual worlds are immersive computer-simulated environments in which users create digital artifacts and interact with other users. These worlds are becoming mainstream technology platforms for collaboration, role-playing, learning, problem-solving, business, and more. Users interact in these worlds through a persona known as an "avatar"; a digital proxy of the user. As virtual worlds become more pervasive, it is becoming important to learn the role of information in this new dimension. Specifically, it is becoming critical to understand the factors that lead users to trust and not trust information in these virtual worlds. Authors conducted a user-based research study in Second Life® to better understand the impact that an avatar's appearance may have on the credibility of the information it shares with Second Life users.
Sex-dependence of the metabolism of aldosterone in adrenalectomized and intact rats.

Abstract The metabolism of aldosterone at physiological levels was shown to be significantly different in male and female rats: more aldosterone was metabolized in the male rats leading to significantly higher quantities of non-extractable polar derivatives of aldosterone in all subcellular fractions of kidney, particularly in the cytosol fractions. These results may be correlated with our findings in which it was shown that the physiological responses to aldosterone in both adrenalectomized and intact rats were significantly greater in the males than the females. These sex differences support the concept that the metabolism of aidosterone may be essential for the components of the physiological response to aldosterone to occur. Furthermore, the sex-dependence of the metabolism of aldosterone appears to be independent of the presence of the previously identified protein receptor-hormone complexes. At all dosages within the physiological range, no significant differences were observed between the extent of the 3 H-aldosterone labeling of these binding proteins in the kidney cytosol fractions of male and female adrenalectomized rats, even at dosages where no physiological response was demonstrable in the females.
Loss-compensation technique using a split-spectrum approach for optical fiber air-gap intensity-based sensors

A self-referencing technique compensating for fiber losses and source fluctuations in air-gap intensity-based optical fiber sensors is described and demonstrated. A resolution of 0.007 micron has been obtained over a measurement range of 0-250 microns for an intensity-based displacement sensor using this referencing technique. The sensor is shown to have minimal sensitivity to fiber bending losses and variations in the LED input power. A theoretical model for evaluation of step-index multimode optical fiber splice is proposed. The performance of the sensor as a displacement sensor agrees well with the theoretical analysis.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Opposed effects of locus coeruleus and substantia Nigra lesions on social behavior in rat colonies

Abstract Rats were observed in enriched colony environments following radio-frequency lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC), zona compacta of substantia nigra (SN), or control operations. LC-lesioned animals were initially inactive, stayed in the burrows, and fell when climbing ropes and ramps. SN-lesioned rats were opposite to LC animals in many ways. They were hyperactive, had minimal motor disturbances, and were hyperaggressive. SN animals self-isolated and were not social-groomers, whereas LC rats socially-groomed and mounted other animals more than controls. These results provide evidence that the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and the noradrenergic fibers innervating the cerebral cortex and limbic forebrain exert opposed effects upon behavior.
Conflict-free channel set assignment for an optical cluster interconnection network based on rotator digraphs

Abstract Recently a class of scalable multi-star optical networks is proposed in [2]. In this class of networks nodes are grouped into clusters. Each cluster employs a separate pair of broadcast and select couplers. The clusters are interconnected via fiber links according to a regular topology. Self links are provided to enable connectivity among nodes in the same cluster if the cluster size is more than one. These networks can efficiently combine time and/or wavelength division with direct space division. The key design issue for these networks is the optimal conflict-free channel set assignment to the output clusters for a given cluster interconnection topology. Such conflictfree channel assignment problem has been studied for various cluster interconnection topologies [1, 2, 9–11]. In this paper, we propose the rotator digraph [5] as the cluster interconnection topology as it possesses many attractive properties. We will give an optimal conflict-free channel set assignment for this new interconnection topology.
Optimal Guidance of the Isotropic Rocket in the Presence of Wind

We address the minimum-time guidance problem for the so-called isotropic rocket in the presence of wind under an explicit constraint on the acceleration norm. We consider the guidance problem to a prescribed terminal position and a circular target set with a free terminal velocity in both cases. We employ standard techniques from optimal control theory to characterize the structure of the optimal guidance law as well as the corresponding minimum time-to-go function. It turns out that the complete characterization of the solution to the optimal control problem reduces to the solution of a system of nonlinear equations in triangular form. Numerical simulations, that illustrate the theoretical developments, are presented.
Changes in students' motivation to learn during the first year of college

Summary This study looks at changes in first-year college students' motivational orientation and whether these changes relate systematically to campus and classroom experiences. 130 college students (M age=18 yr., 75% women) completed measures of learning orientation, grade orientation, and work avoidance from the LOGO II at the beginning and end of their first year. The year-end assessment also included questions regarding characteristics of students' classes and the amount of time they spent in campus activities. Students became more grade-oriented and work-avoidant and less learning-oriented over time. Changes in learning orientation and work avoidance were associated with classroom and campus experiences. Results are discussed in terms of the need for additional research on changes in college students' motivation and factors predicting this change.
Well differentiated thyroid carcinoma: current treatment.

Well differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) is a relatively common malignancy accounting for an estimated 37,000 thousand cases in the United States in 2009 [1]. WDTC also has a generally high 5 year survival rate that correlates with age. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) greater than 1 cm is best managed by total thyroidectomy. Thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy may be adequate for unifocal PTC less than 1 cm in patients without negative prognostic factors. Central compartment and possible lateral neck dissections should be performed when nodal metastases are present in the respective nodal basins. Post-operatively, radioactive iodine ablation with 131I followed by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression is indicated in certain patients to improve locoregional control and reduce recurrence.
RR Lyrae Stars in the Boötes Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

We present a catalog of 15 RR Lyrae variable stars in the recently discovered Bootes dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy—the most metal-poor stellar population with measured RR Lyrae stars. The pulsational properties of the RR Lyrae conform closely to period-abundance trends extrapolated from more metal-rich populations. We estimate the distance of Bootes to be (m - M)0 = 18.96 ± 0.12. The average RRab period (0.69 days), the fraction of type c pulsators (0.53), and the RRab period shift (-0.07) indicate an Oosterhoff type II classification for Bootes, a marked contrast to other dSph galaxies, which are mostly Oosterhoff intermediate. This supports the contention that the Oosterhoff dichotomy is a continuum—that RR Lyrae properties, to first order, vary smoothly with abundance. The dSph galaxies are not distinct from Galactic globular clusters but bridge the Oosterhoff gap. In contrast to other dSph galaxies, Bootes lacks any anomalous Cepheids.
Discriminating Geriatric and Nongeriatric Patients Using Functional Status Information: An Example of Classification Tree Analysis Via UniODA:

A procedure is described that involves iterative use of univariable optimal discriminant analysis (UniODA) in order to construct a classification tree model for discriminating observations from dif...
THE CAUSES OF GIRLS’ DELINQUENCY AND THEIR PROGRAM IMPLICATIONS

This article summarizes some of the literature reviewed by the Girls Study Group, which is a federally funded project aimed at assessing the causes of girls’ delinquency as well as evaluating programs to address it. The literature reveals that a number of factors such as family dysfunction, involvement with antisocial peers, and living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are correlated with delinquency for both boys and girls. Some factors, however, are gender sensitive, meaning that either girls are more exposed to a given risk factor than boys or react somewhat differently to a given risk factor. Girls have higher rates of exposure to sexual assault, which is associated with delinquency and, although more research is needed, they are more affected by the impacts of early puberty, when it is coupled with harsh parenting and disadvantaged neighborhoods. This article discusses some implications of the research on correlates of delinquency for programming for girls and makes recommendations for program selection.
A new method for extracting cable parameters from input impedance data

We establish conditions under which the input impedance and its first two derivatives, evaluated at the origin, uniquely determine the axial resistance, membrane capacitance, and membrane conductance of a finite uniform cable with one sealed end. We argue that these impedance data are readily available to the experimentalist and we demonstrate the recovery of a cable's electrical parameters from synthetic noisy measurements.
Chronic kidney disease: Association between ESA use and stroke in patients with CKD

In response to data from trials showing an increase in clinical events with the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), Seliger et al. carried out an observational case–control study and have found that high doses of ESAs are associated with an increased risk of stroke.