cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term effect of the superior vena cava—pulmonary artery anastomosis on pulmonary blood flow

The long-term effects of the superior vena cava–pulmonary artery anastomosis were evaluated in 15 patients a mean of 8.5 years postoperatively. There were eight patients with tricuspid atresia and seven with other complex anomalies. Ten patients underwent 133xenon ventilation scans and 99mtechnetium perfusion scans in the upright and supine positions. Perfusion scans showed decreased perfusion of the right upper lobe which improved in the supine position. Shunt flow, measured by thermodilution in nine patients, was a mean of 1.7 L. per minute per square meter, with a mean superior vena caval pressure of 8 mm. Hg and a resistance of 3.0 units. Right and left pulmonary venous saturations were 94 and 96 percent, respectively, showing little intrapulmonary shunting. Venous collaterals were the major cause for shunt failure. Six patients underwent a left Blalock-Taussig shunt and division of venous collaterals a mean of 6 years after the Glenn shunt and are all doing well. The superior vena cava–pulmonary artery anastomosis did not result in progressive pulmonary deterioration in the patients studied. The staged treatment of tricuspid atresia by the Glenn shunt followed by a systemic–pulmonary artery shunt and ligation of venous collaterals gives prolonged effective palliation.
Field Test: Validating the User Study Measurements

The measured contrast perception data of the last two chapters yields an averaged appraisal of the re-adaptation time after short-time glares. However, all test data was collected in lab studies under artificial conditions. During the design of the experiments greatest care was taken to create a test environment as authentic as possible, still, the transferability to real traffic scenarios has to be verified separately.
Martin Amis: Time’s Arrow, or The Nature of the Offense (1991)

Both World Wars in the twentieth century served succeeding generations as markers of a major break with the past. The time before each war was quickly mythologized as a golden age, a time of innocence irretrievably lost. The exaggerated sense of a complete rupture with previous history can be equally evidenced in D. H. Lawrence’s famous declaration, “It was in 1915 the old world ended” (Kangaroo 240), and Martin Amis’s conviction that with the 1941 German invasion of Russia “a line is crossed,” a line between civilization and savagery (Koba the Dread 201). The historical accuracy of these assertions is less significant than the use to which they were put by postwar generations. In the case of novelists the sense of a cataclysmic break with the past frequently gave rise to an apocalyptic sense in the present; this in turn made them feel the need to seek out modes of narration that corresponded more closely to contemporary feelings of confusion and anxiety. In particular, the chronological imperative of realist narrative seemed irrelevant to a generation for whom the present was so determined and fractured by the immediate past. As Italo Calvino explained it in 1979, since “the dimension of time has been shattered” in the postwar world, novels could only represent love or thought “in fragments” in an era when time “seem[s] to have exploded” (8).
Does Electrophysiology Really Have to Reprogram My Patient’s Pacemaker Prior to Electroconvulsive Therapy?

A new hire fresh out of residency, Dr. Jacobs was assigned to cover the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) service for the morning. Despite never having done this during her training, she was confident in her ability to manage the brief period of general anesthesia required for each case. “Really,” she thought, “How complicated could it be?”
LHC ramps up its search for the Higgs

The physics programme at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is now under way and the Geneva lab says it is making good progress with increasing the number of proton–proton collisions. The first collisions at 7 TeV, marking the start of the LHC's physics programme, occurred on 30 March and all four of the LHC's experiments have been collecting data since then. "A lot of people have waited a long time for this moment, but their patience and dedication are starting to pay dividends," said CERN director-general Rolf-Dieter Heuer.
Anti-staphylococcal activity resulting from epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations of amikacin inhale administered via the pulmonary drug delivery system.

Amikacin inhale (BAY41-6551), a unique drug—device combination of a specially formulated drug solution and a pulmonary drug delivery system device (AMK-I) is currently under phase III study as an adjunctive therapy to IV antibiotics for the treatment of Gram-negative pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. While the epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia is predominated by Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus is increasingly recognized as a pathogen of concern for these pulmonary based infections. Since the aminoglycosides are historically quite active against S. aureus the use of adjunctive AMK-I may enhance bacterial eradication. Herein, we aimed to characterize the in vitro pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of human-simulated ELF exposures of AMK-I against both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and -resistant (MRSA) S. aureus. An in vitro model was used to simulate the resultant ELF pharmacokinetic profile of amikacin after the administration of AMK-I 400 mg q12h. The antibacterial activity of this regimen was tested against 7 S. aureus isolates that display MIC profiles encountered clinically (4 MRSA; MIC range 4–64, 3 MSSA; MIC range 8–16 mg/L). Experiments were conducted over 24 h and samples were taken throughout this period to assess the bacterial density in both control and treatments. The mean ± SD inoculum 0 h bacterial density was 6.4 ± 0.09 which increased to 8.6 ± 0.19 log10 CFU/mL in the control models by the end of 24 h experiments. Simulated ELF concentrations of AMK-I resulted in a rapid, 5 log10 declined in CFU over the initial 12 h for all MRSA and MSSA isolates. After 12 h, all bacterial counts remained below the limit of detection (LOD, 1.7 log10 CFU/mL) and no regrowth was evident at the end of the study. AMK-I produced an ELF exposure profile that was rapidly bactericidal against S. aureus displaying typical MICs to amikacin irrespective of their phenotypic profile to methicillin. While the Gram-negative organisms are the target pathogens for AMK-I in the ongoing clinical trials, these data suggest that this adjunctive regimen may also have the potential to eradicate both MSSA and MRSA from lower airway which needs to be further evaluated in randomized-controlled clinical trials.
Prologue: Reading Comprehension Is Not a Single Ability.

Purpose In this initial article of the clinical forum on reading comprehension, we argue that reading comprehension is not a single ability that can be assessed by one or more general reading measu...
Bacteremia, Not Coagulation Proteases Contribute to In Vivo Complement Activation in Sepsis

Bacterial sepsis induces strong activation of coagulation, complement and fibrinolytic systems that contribute to disseminated intravascular coagulation, organ damage and death. While the contact of the blood with pathogens or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) can trigger the activation of both systems, a bidirectional complement-coagulation crosstalk is believed to occur. Although the role of complement activation products as positive regulators of coagulation is documented, direct activation of the complement proteins by thrombin or other hemostatic proteases was alluded but not demonstrated in vivo. Here we aimed to: (i) determine if in vivo generation of thrombin and other hemostatic proteases can activate the complement proteins and (ii) discriminate between the direct effect of the pathogen/PAMPs vs. hemostatic proteases on complement activation in a clinically relevant model of sepsis. We have compared the time-course of complement activation markers (C3b, C5a and C5b-9 terminal complex) in plasma of baboons exposed to 1010 cfu/kg (LD100) E. coli vs. intravenous infusion of factor Xa/PC:PS, a potent procoagulant stimulus. In baboons challenged with LD100 E. coli, complement activation markers C3b, C5a and C5b-9 reached maximum levels after 2 hrs (see figure). Complement activation coincided with the peak of bacteremia and LPS, but not with markers of thrombin generation (TAT and fibrinogen consumption; see figure) or fibrinolysis (FDP, D-dimers), which reached peak levels after 6 hours. Differently, infusion of FXa/PC:PS (36.6 pmol/L FXa and 56.3 nmol/L PC/PS per kg body weight) induced a rapid burst of thrombin and almost full consumption of fibrinogen during the first 10 min post-infusion, with no increase of complement activation markers. Based on these data we conclude that in vivo activation of the coagulation cascade does not support complement activation as was postulated by previous in vitro studies. Therefore, we conclude that pathogens and PAMPs are the main activators of the complement during sepsis while direct activation by hemostatic proteases is minor or absent. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Probing the formation of supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic N-methyl glycine and N,N dimethyl β-alanine derivatives

Supramolecular assemblies were prepared using new amphiphilic dervivatives of N-methyl gylcine and N,N dimethyl-β-alanine. Both N-methylated amino acids were conjugated with 1,4 diamino butane to form an amphiphile and a bolaamphiphile each. For N-methyl glycine we designed a monomer N-(4-aminobutyl)-2-(methylamino acetamide) (AMA) and a dimer N,N′-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(methylamino) acetamide) (BMA). Similarily for N,N dimethyl β-alanine, we prepared a monomer N-(4-aminobutyl)-3-(dimethlyamino) propanamide (ADP) and a dimer N,N′-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(3-(dimethylamino)propanamide) (BDP). The formation of the assemblies was investigated at a pH range of four through eight over a period of three weeks. The growth of the assemblies was examined by dynamic light scattering analysis and the morpholgies obtained were probed by scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicated that the formation of assemblies was dependent on the structure (monomer or dimer) as well as pH. In general, we observed the formation of nano and microfibers, microtubules, micelles or unique vesicular structures. Specifically, it was observed that the dimers had a higher tendency toward the formation of fibrillar structures under neutral conditions. The structural transformations of the assemblies was probed by FTIR and CD spectroscopy. DSC analysis revealed that the assemblies in general began unfolding in the temperature range of 70–80 °C. Furthermore, the assemblies were found to have no cytotoxicity to mammalian fibroblasts. Such assemblies may be potentially applicable in biomedical applications such as drug delivery or tissue regeneration.
Collocated Use of Imaging Systems in Coordinated Surgical Practice

In surgery, assemblages of imaging systems need to be managed, interfaced, and coordinated by a collocated team. In this paper, I untangle the different forms of imaging system interaction in this highly specialized multi-device environment (MDE). I show how the different forms of imaging systems affect the work practice by creating a need for additional articulation work. This articulation work is coordinated into the surgical practice on the body by either distributing the work across the team or by requiring a momentary pause of the surgical work for the entire team to attend to the articulation work to be done on or with the images. And we see how distributing the work across the team still requires a reintegration of the knowledge gleaned from the new information into the surgery itself. This presents an expansion of our understanding of how collocated teams function in MDEs that consist of purely shared displays.
Evidence of structure and persistence in motivational attraction to serial Pavlovian cues

Sign-tracking is a form of autoshaping where animals develop conditioned responding directed toward stimuli predictive of an outcome even though the outcome is not contingent on the animal's behavior. Sign-tracking behaviors are thought to arise out of the attribution of incentive salience (i.e., motivational value) to reward-predictive cues. It is not known how incentive salience would be attributed to serially occurring cues, despite cues often occurring in a sequence in the real world as reward approaches. The experiments presented here demonstrate that reward-proximal cue responding is not altered by the presence of a distal reward cue (Experiment 1), and similarly that reward-distal cue responding which animals favor, is not altered by the presence of a reward-proximal cue (Experiment 2). Extinction of reward-proximal cues after training of the serial sequence leads to a generalized reduction in lever responding (Experiment 3). Together, we show that both Pavlovian serial lever cues acquire motivational value. These experiments also provide support to the notion that sign-tracking responses are insensitive to changes in outcome value, and that responding to serial cues creates a distinct context for outcome value.
Ethanol Regulates Presynaptic Activity and Sedation through Presynaptic Unc13 Proteins in Drosophila.

Ethanol has robust effects on presynaptic activity in many neurons, however, it is not yet clear how this drug acts within this compartment to change neural activity, nor the significance of this change on behavior and physiology in vivo. One possible presynaptic effector for ethanol is the Munc13-1 protein. Herein, we show that ethanol binding to the rat Munc13-1 C1 domain, at concentrations consistent with binge exposure, reduces diacylglycerol (DAG) binding. The inhibition of DAG binding is predicted to reduce the activity of Munc13-1 and presynaptic release. In Drosophila, we show that sedating concentrations of ethanol significantly reduce synaptic vesicle release in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), while having no significant impact on membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx into the presynaptic compartment. These data indicate that ethanol targets the active zone in reducing synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Drosophila, haploinsufficent for the Munc13-1 ortholog Dunc13, are more resistant to the effect of ethanol on presynaptic inhibition. Genetically reducing the activity of Dunc13 through mutation or expression of RNAi transgenes also leads to a significant resistance to the sedative effects of ethanol. The neuronal expression of Munc13-1 in heterozygotes for a Dunc13 loss-of-function mutation can largely rescue the ethanol sedation resistance phenotype, indicating a conservation of function between Munc13-1 and Dunc13 in ethanol sedation. Hence, reducing Dunc13 activity leads to naive physiological and behavioral resistance to sedating concentrations of ethanol. We propose that reducing Dunc13 activity, genetically or pharmacologically by ethanol binding to the C1 domain of Munc13-1/Dunc13, promotes a homeostatic response that leads to ethanol tolerance.
Computer Simulations of the Humoral Immune System Reveal How Imprinting Can Affect Responses to Influenza HA Stalk with Implications for the Design of Universal Vaccines

Antigenic drift of the H1N1 virus results in significant reduction in vaccine efficacy and often necessitates the production of new vaccines that more closely antigenically match the circulating strains. Efforts to develop a vaccine resistant to antigenic drift are ongoing and the HA stalk region of the influenza H1N1 virus has emerged as a potential target for vaccines due to its conservation across antigenically drifted strains. Studies of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 vaccine as well as candidate pandemic avian influenza vaccines have demonstrated that it is possible to boost antibody towards the stalk region, but for reason that are unclear, only in individuals who had not been exposed to antigenically similar viruses. Here we use stochastic simulations of a humoral immune system model to provide theoretical insights into how repeated exposure to influenza vaccines increases stalk-specific antibodies. We found that pre-existing memory B cells are the greatest contributor to stalk-specific antibody boosting and that pre-existing antibody negatively interferes with this boosting. Additionally, we found that increases in cross-reactivity after heterologous boosting occur in both head and stalk specific antibody populations. Moreover, pre-existing memory B cells focus antibody responses towards the stalk region in a manner dependent on the antigenic dissimilarities between other antigenic sites, even when these dissimilarities are minimal. Finally we show stalk-specific antibody can be boosted by repeat exposure to homologous antigen, but this boosting is limited. These finding provide needed insights into universal vaccine regimens, especially those aimed at boosting stalk-specific antibody responses using prime and boost strategies.
Gender, Intersectionality, and the Executive Branch: When Do Female Prime Ministers Promote ‘Women’s Interests’?

This paper provides a theoretical framework for investigating the effect of gender on national-level executive branch leadership. Currently, there is no consensus as to what is expected of a woman who occupies her country’s highest office. I argue that this disagreement is due to the assumption of an idealized “woman leader.” Adopting an intersectional approach to studying gender and executive leadership, I argue it is not possible to a priori identify a set of “female” policy positions. Because gender norms differ within and across countries, we must determine “what kind” of a female politician we are studying to determine how her particular gender might impact her governance. I then consider what might be expected of the first eight female Prime Ministers in Western Europe, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
Resisting Congress: Free Speech and Tribal Law

Congress codified the unsettled tension between American civil rights law and American Indian tribal law, customs, and traditions in American Indian communities by enacting the Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) in 1968. Concerned that individual rights were receiving short shrift in tribal courts and by tribal governments,Congress chose to apply a modified form of the Bill of Rights on tribal governments. In other words, Congress chose to impose American legal norms on Indian governments in order to protect those under tribal jurisdiction.As it had done previously in statutes such as the Indian Reorganization Act, Congress affirmatively sought to displace tribal law — and all the attendant customs and traditions, as well as Indian values — with American law. Ironically, after the Supreme Court interpreted ICRA in 1978, this law could only be interpreted and enforced by tribal courts. Tribal law and American civil rights law have been at odds in many tribal communities ever since, as tribal voters, legislatures, and courts have struggled with how (and whether) to apply American civil rights law in Indian country. In this chapter, I explore several questions relating to tribal courts, tribal governments, and the Indian Civil Rights Act. For example, do tribal decision makers (i.e., voters, legislatures, and especially courts) deviate from the state and federal government and court interpretations of the Bill of Rights in applying ICRA; and if so, how much and in what way? Do tribal decision makers apply or incorporate tribal law, customs, and traditions into their decisions relating to civil rights under ICRA (and tribal laws that incorporate ICRA’s provisions); and if so, how? Are tribal decision makers truly bound by the provisions of the ICRA?The last question begs a final question: Does Congress have authority to force tribal decision makers how to decide civil rights disputes?
Drug Therapy for Hyperlipidemias

Dietary management is tried first to lower plasma levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in patients with hyperlipidemia. Many patients find it difficult to be on a restricted and regimented diet for a long period of time and hence compliance is compromised. In this situation, drug therapy is necessary to maintain plasma lipid levels in the normal range.
Why Are DNA and Protein Electron Transfer So Different

The corpus of electron transfer (ET) theory provides considerable power to describe the kinetics and dynamics of electron flow at the nanoscale. How is it, then, that nucleic acid (NA) ET continues to surprise, while protein-mediated ET is relatively free of mechanistic bombshells? I suggest that this difference originates in the distinct electronic energy landscapes for the two classes of reactions. In proteins, the donor/acceptor-to-bridge energy gap is typically several-fold larger than in NAs. NA ET can access tunneling, hopping, and resonant transport among the bases, and fluctuations can enable switching among mechanisms; protein ET is restricted to tunneling among redox active cofactors and, under strongly oxidizing conditions, a few privileged amino acid side chains. This review aims to provide conceptual unity to DNA and protein ET reaction mechanisms. The establishment of a unified mechanistic framework enabled the successful design of NA experiments that switch electronic coherence effects on and off for ET processes on a length scale of multiple nanometers and promises to provide inroads to directing and detecting charge flow in soft-wet matter.
Are They Worth it?: Master’s Degrees and Labor Market Outcomes in the STEM Workforce

Utilizing the 2013 National Survey of College Graduates (Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System, National Science Foundation, 2015), this study examined three measures of labor market outcomes: annual earning potentials; primary work activity; and education-job match for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) bachelor’s degree holders by their master’s degree attainment. Whereas the study found earning differentials across master’s degrees, the results suggest that one’s earnings are explained by other factors, specifically gender. Results reflect a discernible and concerning pay gap between men and women with the same level of degree attainment in the STEM workforce. Also, implications for policy and practice are addressed.
Gastric perforation in polyarteritis nodosa. Report of a patient.

We have described the radiologic and pathologico-anatomic findings in a case of polyarteritis nodosa with gastric perforation. This complication is extremely rare and we could find only one other such case reported in the English-language literature.
Learning Explainable Entity Resolution Algorithms for Small Business Data using SystemER

The 2019 FEIII CALI data challenge aims at linking different representations of the same real-world entities across multiple public datasets that collect identification and activity data about small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in California. We formalize this challenge as a learning-based entity resolution (ER) task, the goal of which is to learn a high-precision and high-recall pair-wise ER model that classifies small business entity pairs into matches and non-matches. Realistic ER tasks usually involve a pipeline of laborintensive and error-prone tasks, such as data preprocesing, gathering of training data, feature engineering, and model tuning. In this task, we apply an advanced human-in-the-loop system, named SystemER, to learn ER algorithms for SME entities. Powered by active learning and via a carefully designed user interface, SystemER can learn high-quality explainable ER algorithms with low human effort, while achieving high-accuracy on the datasets provided by the FEIII CALI data challenge.
Splicing the Clock to Maintain and Entrain Circadian Rhythms

Circadian clocks drive daily rhythms of physiology and behavior in multiple organisms and synchronize these rhythms to environmental cycles of light and temperature. The basic mechanism of the clock consists of a transcription-translation feedback loop, in which key clock proteins negatively regulate their own transcription. Although much of the focus with respect to clock mechanisms has been on the regulation of transcription and on the stability and activity of clock proteins, it is clear that other regulatory processes also have to be involved to explain aspects of clock function. Here, we review the role of alternative splicing in circadian clocks. Starting with a discussion of the Drosophila clock and then extending to other major circadian model systems, we describe how the control of alternative splicing enables organisms to maintain their circadian clocks as well as to respond to environmental inputs, in particular to temperature changes.
Adjustable Power Modulation For A Leg Mechanism Suitable For Running

Recent work in the design of mechanical systems for terrestrial locomotion has indicated successful strategies for increasing the energetic performance of a robotic locomotor without upgrading its actuator system. We apply one such strategy, termed power modulation, in a new way: for the design of a leg mechanism useful for running. Power modulation geometrically defines force/torque ratios between robot components to mechanically achieve certain energy transmission characteristics during fast stance dynamics that increase the kinetic power output of the overall system. Furthermore, we investigate the design of a leg mechanism that can adjust to exhibit power modulation. In this way, a leg mechanism would exhibit a low power mode for flat terrain, and can adjust to a high power mode for rough terrain. The latter makes jumping possible and extends the range of available footholds that can be accessed in a single step. To find a suitable leg mechanism, we leverage the Finite Root Generation method to compute a design. The design is advanced to a prototype and basic experiments are conducted to investigate its behavior as adjusted between high-and low-power modes.
Hyper-Imperialism: The Dutch Vision of Empire and the Expansion of the European World

This chapter argues that, by the turn of the eighteenth century, the Dutch had become the primary mediators of European knowledge of empire, producing a large variety of sources that presented a broadly and distinctly European vision of the world. The Dutch producers of these sources subtly and cleverly devised ways to remove themselves from the global scenes they sketched and narrated, casting instead a generically European protagonist in diverse global settings. Rather than a Dutch vision of empire, they projected a European vision of global action—a hyper-imperial perspective. By way of illustration, this chapter invokes the case of the Dutch in Japan as delineated in Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. It shows how a hyper-imperial perspective was generated and the ideological impact that resulted.
Approach to Patients with Eosinophilia

Physicians may encounter blood or tissue eosinophilia through a routine complete blood count with differential or a tissue pathology report. In this article, the basic biology of eosinophils is reviewed and definitions of blood eosinophilia, as well as the challenges of defining tissue eosinophilia, are discussed. Conditions associated with eosinophilia are briefly discussed as well as a general approach to evaluating eosinophilia. Future challenges include determining which eosinophil-associated diseases benefit from eosinophil-targeted therapy and identifying biomarkers for disease activity and diagnosis.
The Impact of Primary Tumor Surgery on Survival in HER2 Positive Stage IV Breast Cancer Patients in the Current Era of Targeted Therapy

We sought to examine the impact of primary tumor resection on survival in HER2+ stage IV breast cancer patients in the era of HER2 targeted therapy. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women with HER2+ stage IV breast cancer in the National Cancer Database from 2010 to 2012 comparing those who did and did not undergo definitive breast surgery. Of 3231 patients, treatment included primary site surgery in 35.0%; chemo/targeted therapy in 89.4%; endocrine therapy in 37.7%; and radiation in 31.8%. Surgery was associated with Medicare/other government (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.03–1.81) or private insurance (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.53–2.42) versus none/Medicaid, radiation (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.76–2.51), chemo/targeted therapy (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.47–2.70), and endocrine therapy (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.40–2.14). Non-Hispanic Black versus White patients (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53–0.87) were less likely to have surgery. Overall mortality was associated with insurance (Medicare/other government versus none/Medicaid, HR 0.36, p < 0.0001), receipt of chemo/targeted therapy (HR 0.76, p = 0.008), endocrine therapy (HR 0.70, p = 0.0006), and radiation therapy (HR 1.33, p = 0.0009), NH Black versus White race/ethnicity (HR 1.39, p = 0.002), visceral versus bone-only metastases (HR 1.44, p = 0.0003), and lowest versus highest income quartile (HR 1.36, p = 0.01). Propensity score analysis showed surgery was associated with improved survival versus no surgery (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.40–0.77). Surgery of the primary site for metastatic HER2+ breast cancer is associated with improved overall survival in selected patients.
Spectroscopic Determination of Ice-Induced Interfacial Strain on Single-Layer Graphene.

Reliably determining the physical properties of ice (e.g., crystal structure, adhesion strength, interfacial state, and molecular orientation) has proven to be both challenging and highly dependent on experiment-specific conditions, including surface roughness, ice formation, water purity, and measurement method. Here, non-destructive measurements of single-layer graphene (SLG) interfaced with bulk ice are used to determine temperature-dependent, ice-induced strain and estimate ice-created strain elastic density in SLG. The use of SLG enables the precise study of interfacial strain by monitoring the 2D Raman mode. Upon ice formation, a clear, ≈2 cm-1 decrease in the 2D mode frequency is observed, which is ascribed to a 0.012% biaxial tensile shear strain at the ice-SLG interface. From this shear strain value, the ice-created SLG elastic strain energy density is estimated to be 2.4 µJ m-2 . In addition to these Raman strain measurements, intentionally ionized water is used to show that water-mediated charging of the SLG surface manifests itself in a distinctly different manner than ice-induced strain. Finally, the localized nature of the Raman probe is used to map SLG regions with and without ice, suggesting that this method cannot only determine ice-induced interfacial strain, but also correlate ice adhesion properties with surface roughness and topology.
Standard Development Organizations, Intellectual Property, and Standardization: Fundamentals and Recent Proposals

This chapter begins with a primer on SDOs in Section I, followed by a review of the competition policy debate on SDOs and intellectual property rights in Section II. In Section III, I summarize some of the recent proposals that relate to standards and interoperability and offer my thoughts on those proposals.
How Widowhood and Gender Shape the Impact of Maternal Favoritism on Adult Children's Psychological Well-Being.

OBJECTIVES Our goal was to extend research on within-family differences in mother-child relations in later-life by focusing on two social structural characteristics of mothers and offspring that may play important roles in shaping the impact of maternal favoritism on adult children's depressive symptoms-mother's marital status and child's gender. METHODS Mixed-methods data were collected as part of the Within-Family Differences Study from 641 adult children nested within 273 families in which: a) there were at least two living adult siblings, and b) mothers were married or widowed. RESULTS Multilevel analyses indicated that perceiving oneself as the child to whom one's mother was most emotionally close was a strong predictor of higher depressive symptoms among daughters of widowed mothers; in contrast, perceptions of favoritism did not predict depressive symptoms among sons of either widowed or married mothers, or daughters of married mothers. Qualitative analyses revealed that daughters, but not sons, of widowed mothers tended to attribute their greater closeness with their mothers to their roles as their mothers' "emotional caregivers," particularly solo caregivers, during times when mothers face negative life events that neither they nor their children can control or ameliorate. DISCUSSION The quantitative and qualitative findings we present underscore how social structural positions-in this case, mother's marital status and child's gender-combine with social psychological processes to shape how parent-child relations affect children's well-being in adulthood.
Understanding Delivery of Collectively Built Protocols in an Online Health Community for Discontinuation of Psychiatric Drugs

People often turn to online health communities (OHCs) for peer support on their specific medical conditions and health-related concerns. Over time, core members in OHCs build a shared understanding of the medical conditions they support. Although prior work has studied how individuals function differently in active sensemaking mode compared to habitual mode, little is known about how OHCs disseminate their advice once their core members operate primarily in habitual mode. We qualitatively observe one such OHC, 'Surviving Antidepressants', to understand how collectively-built protocols are disseminated in the important domain of discontinuing psychiatric drugs. Psychiatric drugs are widely prescribed to treat mental health diagnoses, but, in certain cases, discontinuation might be clinically advisable. Unfortunately, some people experience severe withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation, even when following medical advice, and thus turn to OHCs for support. We find that collectively-built protocols resemble medical advice and are delivered in a top-down fashion, with staff members being the primary source of informational support. In contrast, all members provide emotional support and exchange advice on navigating the medical system, while many express their distrust of the medical community and pharmaceutical companies. We also discuss the implications of OHCs offering advice outside of the medical system and offer suggestions for how OHCs can collaborate with healthcare providers to advance scientific knowledge and better support people living with medical conditions.
Sex-Based Differences in Peak Exercise Blood Pressure Indexed to Oxygen Consumption Among Competitive Athletes.

Abstract Purpose Although exercise testing guidelines define cutoffs for an exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) response, SBPs above these cutoffs are not uncommon in athletes given their high exercise capacity. Alternately, guidelines also specify a normal SBP response that accounts for metabolic equivalents (METs; mean [SD] of 10 [2] mm Hg per MET or 3.5 mL/kg/min oxygen consumption [ V ˙ o 2 ]). SBP and V ˙ o 2 increase less during exercise in females than males. It is not clear if sex-based differences in exercise V ˙ o 2 are related to differences in SBP or if current recommendations for normal increase in SBP per MET produce reasonable estimates using measured METs (ie, V ˙ o 2 ) in athletes. We therefore examined sex-based differences in exercise SBP indexed to V ˙ o 2 in athletes with the goal of defining normative values for exercise SBP that account for fitness and sex. Methods Using prospectively collected data from a single sports cardiology program, normotensive athlete patients were identified who had no relevant cardiopulmonary disease and had undergone cardiopulmonary exercise testing with cycle ergometry or treadmill. The relationship between ΔSBP (peak – rest) and Δ V ˙ o 2 (peak – rest) was examined in the total cohort and compared between sexes. Findings A total of 413 athletes (mean [SD] age, 35.5 [14] years; 38% female; mean [SD] peak V ˙ o 2 , 46.0 [10.2] mL/kg/min, 127% [27%] predicted) met the inclusion criteria. The ΔSBP correlated with unadjusted Δ V ˙ o 2 (cycle: R2 = 0.18, treadmill: R2 = 0.12; P V ˙ o 2 was higher in female than male athletes (cycle: 25.6 [7.2] vs 21.1 [7.3] mm Hg/L/min; treadmill: 21.6 [7.2] vs 17.0 [6.2] mm Hg/L/min; P V ˙ o 2 was adjusted for body size and converted to METs, female and male athletes had similar mean (SD) ΔSBP /ΔMET (cycle: 6.0 [2.1] vs 5.8 [2.0] mm Hg/mL/kg/min; treadmill: 4.7 [1.8] vs 4.8 [1.7] mm Hg/mL/kg/min). Implications In this cohort of athletes without known cardiopulmonary disease, observed sex-based differences in peak exercise SBP were in part related to the differences in Δ V ˙ o 2 between male and female athletes. Despite lower peak SBP, ΔSBP/unadjusted Δ V ˙ o 2 was paradoxically higher in female athletes. Future work should define whether this finding reflects sex-based differences in the peripheral vascular response to exercise. In this athletic cohort, ΔSBP/ΔMET was similar between sexes and much lower than the ratio that has been proposed by guidelines to define a normal SBP response. Our observed ΔSBP/ΔMET, based on measured rather than estimated METs, provides a clinically useful estimate for normal peak SBP range in athletes.
Market Value Relevance of Frontier Efficiency: Evidence from U.S. Property-Liability Insurance Acquisitions and Divestitures

This paper examines the relationship between firm efficiency and stock market reaction to acquisitions and divestitures in the US property-liability insurance industry during the period 1997-2003. We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate firm cost and revenue efficiency. Abnormal returns are measured using the standard market model event study methodology. We then conduct multiple regression analysis with cumulative abnormal returns as dependent variables and efficiency and control variables as regressors. The results show that efficient acquirers and targets have higher cumulative abnormal returns but inefficient divesting firms have higher cumulative abnormal returns. The findings are consistent with insurance acquisitions and divestitures being driven primarily by value-maximizing motivations and also show that frontier efficiency provides relevant information for value-maximizing managers.
Production, biological activity, and structure of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor and an analog with cysteine replaced by serine

We have chemically synthesized the gene encoding bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and cloned it into a plasmid vector. This gene was then used as a template for site-directed mutagenesis to produce the human bFGF gene and a gene coding for an analog in which serine residues were substituted for the cysteine residues at positions 70 and 88. All three constructs were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the proteins purified. The recombinant human and bovine bFGFs exhibited the potent mitogenic activity toward both fibroblasts and endothelial cells, which characterizes natural bFGF. The serine-70,88 analog and natural sequence bovine and human forms were equally active in all assays. Sulfhydryl titration of the purified recombinant bovine bFGF in 4.8 M guanidine hydrochloride indicated the presence of approximately two free sulfhydryl groups. This was consistent with the sequence analysis of peptides derived from trypsin digestion, which suggests that cysteines 70 and 88 exist in free sulfhydryl form while cysteines 26 and 93 form a disulfide bond. Circular dichroism shows that the protein has little ordered structure but is folded into a rigid tertiary configuration. Carboxymethylation of the free sulfhydryl groups resulted in no change in the mitogenic activity or conformation. These results are consistent with previous suggestions that, for tissue-derived bFGF, at least 2 of the 4 cysteines in the molecule are not involved in a disulfide bond.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis in regenerating and embryonic liver: I. The synthesis of new species of RNA during regeneration of mouse liver after partial hepatectomy

Hybridization of RNA with DNA and the competitive effect of other RNA preparations have been used to analyze RNA synthesis following partial hepatectomy in the mouse. Control experiments are presented todemonstrate the sensitivity and repeatability of the methods. The efficiency of hybridization at a standard RNA/DNA ratio increases twofold during the first hour of regeneration and declines to that of normal liver by seven days, consistent with a dramatic increase in the number of active DNA sites following partial hepatectomy. The synthesis of new molecules of RNA not present in normal or sham-operated animals commences within the first hour of regeneration, although the RNA synthesis characteristic of normal liver continues. By comparing RNA isolated at various times during the regeneration process, it can be shown that the synthesis of different molecules is discontinued at various stages. Some of the molecules characteristic of one hour of regeneration are not labeled at six hours or later; indeed they are essentially absent. Other species of RNA disappear at later stages of regeneration, until at seven days the RNA synthesized is not distinguishable from that of normal individuals. Liver regeneration appears to be partly mediated by short-lived RNA molecules, the synthesis of which commences rapidly after partial hepatectomy and ceases at various times during the regenerative process.
Dopamine Selectively Inhibits the Direct Cortical Pathway to the CA1 Hippocampal Region

The perforant path input (pp) is a major direct source of specific sensory information for the CA1 hippocampal region. The termination area of this pathway, the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, has the highest concentration of dopamine receptors in the hippocampus. We have examined the properties of the pp input and its modulation by dopamine. The input is glutamatergic and has a larger NMDA component than the Schaffer collateral (sc) input. Dopamine strongly inhibits the response to pp stimulation (IC50 approximately 3 microM) but not the response to sc stimulation. Dopamine reduces both the NMDA and AMPA components of transmission at the pp and increases paired-pulse facilitation. In the sc, the NMDA component but not the AMPA component is decreased, and paired-pulse facilitation is not affected. The effect of dopamine on the pp does not depend on GABAA inhibition but is reduced by the antagonists of both D1 and D2 families of dopamine receptors. The effect is not completely blocked by the combination of D1 and D2 antagonists, but is completely blocked by the atypical neuroleptic clozapine. Our results provide the first evidence for strong dopaminergic control of transmission in the perforant path. By inhibiting this pathway, dopamine hyperfunction and/or NMDA hypofunction abnormalities implicated in schizophrenia may isolate CA1 from its main source of sensory information.
Defending the "Time Culture": The Public and Private Interests of Media Corporations

Part I of this essay discusses the “public interest” standard under the Federal Communications Act and describes parallels in corporation doctrine. Part II considers whether broadcasters satisfy their public interest obligations by addressing audience interest. Part III discusses the prerogatives of the management of the corporate broadcaster to consider non-financial factors in selecting programming. Part IV describes the non-traditional philosophy of the corporation's legitimate object, which led to the subject case. Part V discusses the central legal issues of the cognizable business interests of corporations. Finally, the Conclusion offers a view on desirable public interest objectives of media corporations.
Teaching with Trauma: Disability Pedagogy, Feminism, and the Trigger Warnings Debate

Recently, a heated debate has risen in Academia following numerous student initiatives petitions for the formal incorporation of rigger warnings in course syllabi. When contextualized within the intersecting politics of disability and feminist pedagogies, a number of fundamental contentions within this debate become apparent. First, grave misunderstandings remain regarding about practices of accommodation and the possibility of establishing the classroom as a “safe space.” Second, resistance within the academy to understand trauma as a pedagogical issue illustrate a failure to consider experiences of and responses to trauma as issues of disability (in)justice. Through an exploration of these issues, it becomes evident that the conflicting approaches to trauma in the classroom demand the more integrated, collaborative praxis of a “Feminist Disability Studies Pedagogy” (FDSP). When approached through this hybrid pedagogy, the conversation shifts from whether we should use trigger warnings, to why trauma itself is an imperative social justice issue within our classrooms.
MyD88 Is Required for the Formation of Long-Term Humoral Immunity to Virus Infection

Development of long-term humoral immunity is a major goal of vaccination, but the mechanisms involved in the formation of long-term Ab responses are still being determined. In this study, we identify a previously unknown requirement for MyD88, an adaptor molecule that mediates signals at most TLRs, for the generation of long-term humoral immunity during live virus infection. Polyoma virus-infected MyD88 knockout mice generated strong acute T cell-dependent antiviral IgM and IgG responses and developed germinal centers. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, an enzyme required for isotype switching and somatic hypermutation, was also induced in germinal center B cells, similar to wild-type mice. However, MyD88 knockout mice failed to develop bone marrow plasma cells and did not maintain long-term serum antiviral Ab responses. The isotype distribution of antiviral IgG responses was also altered; serum IgG2a and IgG2b levels were diminished, whereas IgG1 responses were not affected. The requirement for MyD88 for the formation of long-term humoral immunity to polyoma virus was intrinsic to B cells and was independent of IL-1R and IL-18R, cytokine receptors that also signal through MyD88. Our findings show that MyD88-dependent signaling pathways in B cells are essential for effectively generating long-term Ab responses and implicate a role for TLR in the formation of long-term humoral immunity.
Review: Microglia of the aged brain: primed to be activated and resistant to regulation

Innate immunity within the central nervous system (CNS) is primarily provided by resident microglia. Microglia are pivotal in immune surveillance and also facilitate the co-ordinated responses between the immune system and the brain. For example, microglia interpret and propagate inflammatory signals that are initiated in the periphery. This transient microglial activation helps mount the appropriate physiological and behavioural response following peripheral infection. With normal ageing, however, microglia develop a more inflammatory phenotype. For instance, in several models of ageing there are increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain and increased expression of inflammatory receptors on microglia. This increased inflammatory status of microglia with ageing is referred to as primed, reactive or sensitized. A modest increase in the inflammatory profile of the CNS and altered microglial function in ageing has behavioural and cognitive consequences. Nonetheless, there are major differences in microglial biology between young and old age when the immune system is challenged and microglia are activated. In this context, microglial activation is amplified and prolonged in the aged brain compared with adults. The cause of this amplified microglial activation may be related to impairments in several key regulatory systems with age that make it more difficult to resolve microglial activation. The consequences of impaired regulation and microglial hyper-activation following immune challenge are exaggerated neuroinflammation, sickness behaviour, depressive-like behaviour and cognitive deficits. Therefore the purpose of this review is to discuss the current understanding of age-associated microglial priming, consequences of priming and reactivity, and the impairments in regulatory systems that may underlie these age-related deficits.