cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing pricing strategies for cloud service providers in a competitive market

This study presents a review of pricing schemes for cloud services and develops a decision model based on the perspectives of both cloud providers and corporate customers to maximize the total profit for cloud providers in a competitive market. The model is operationalized with an illustration using real pricing data.
Processing and Properties of Electrodeposited Functionally Graded Composite Coatings of Ni-Al-Al2O3

Single- and dual-particle, uniform and graded composite coatings of Ni-Al-Al 2 O 3 , with Ni as the matrix and primarily Al and Al 2 O 3 as second phase particles, were fabricated via electrodeposition. During the electrodeposition process, Ni was plated from an electrolytic bath to which the particles had been added. For single particle baths, the codeposition of Al 2 O 3 was more strongly affected by current density and bath particle content than was the codeposition of Al. In the mixed particle bath, codeposition of Al 2 O 3 was suppressed at low current densities, whereas codeposition of Al was not affected at any of the current densities studied. When coatings containing Al were annealed, the reaction of the two elements resulted in the formation of either single phase γ solid solution or two phase γ-γ‘, in agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram. In addition to current density and bath particle content, the shape and size of the particles was found to affect the electrodeposition process. Here, angular nickel aluminide particles resulted in porous coatings. The microhardness of the Ni-Al and Ni-Al 2 O 3 coatings showed a complex behavior with volume fraction of particles as a consequence of the effect of these particles on the microstructure of the Ni matrix.
Spectral Clustering for Directed Networks

Community detection is a central topic in network science, where the community structure observed in many real networks is sought through the principled clustering of nodes. Spectral methods give well-established approaches to the problem in the undirected setting; however, they generally do not account for edge directionality. We consider a directed spectral method that utilizes a graph Laplacian defined for non-symmetric adjacency matrices. We give the theoretical motivation behind this directed graph Laplacian, and demonstrate its connection to an objective function that reflects a notion of how communities of nodes in directed networks should behave. Applying the method to directed networks, we compare the results to an approach using a symmetrized version of the adjacency matrices. A simulation study with a directed stochastic block model shows that directed spectral clustering can succeed where the symmetrized approach fails. And we find interesting and informative differences between the two approaches in the application to Congressional cosponsorship data.
Trends in visits to substance use disorder treatment facilities in 2020.

Abstract Objective To describe weekly changes in the number of substance use disorder treatment (SUDT) facility visits in 2020 compared to 2019 using cell phone location data. Methods We calculated the percentage weekly change in visits to SUDT facilities from the week of January 5 through the week of October 11, 2020, relative to the week of January 6 through the week of October 13, 2019. We stratified facilities by county COVID-19 incidence per 10,000 residents in each week and by 2018 fatal drug overdose rate. Finally, we conducted a multivariable linear regression analysis examining percent change in visits per week as a function of county-level COVID-19 tercile, a series of calendar month indicators, and the interaction of county-level COVID-19 tercile and month. We repeated the regression analysis replacing COVID-19 tercile with overdose tercile. Results Beginning the eleventh week of 2020, the number of visits to SUDT facilities declined substantially, reaching a nadir of 48% of 2019 visits in early July. In contrast to January, there were significantly fewer visits in 2020 compared to 2019 in all subsequent months (p Discussion Our findings support the hypothesis that a reduction has occurred in the average weekly number of visits to SUDT facilities. The size of the effect differs based on the number of COVID-19 cases but not on historical overdose rate.
927-P: Risk of Substance Use Disorders among Adolescents and Emerging Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Introduction: Adolescents and young adults with chronic health conditions such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors. Previous studies regarding substance use are mostly derived from cross-sectional studies and are limited by lack of population-based comparison groups. In addition, despite the rising popularity of vaping, little is known about the incidence of vaping in adolescents and young adults with T1D. Objective: We explored the incidence of substance use disorders (SUD) and vaping in adolescents and emerging adults with T1D compared to age and gender matched nondiabetic referents residing in Olmsted County, Rochester, MN. Methods: People (12-25 yrs) with T1D (n=230) were matched 1:2 to referents (n=460), resulting in a total of 984 person-years of available data. SUD and vaping were ascertained using ICD-9/r ICD-10 codes from a population-based records-linkage system of patient records for Olmsted County, Minnesota residents. Results: Risk of incident SUD diagnosis rates were higher in those with T1D compared to matched referents with alcohol, marijuana, and smoked tobacco being most common. When stratified by gender, results were similar in males, but not females. Conclusion: Our findings confirm the critical need for substance use screening and mental health support for adolescents and emerging adults with T1D. Disclosure A. Creo: None. S. Sriram: None. L. Vaughan: None. A. Weaver: None. S. Kumar: Consultant; Self; Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener Ratings in College Students: Concurrent Validity and Test–Retest Reliability:

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale screener is commonly used to determine if further evaluation of ADHD is required. However, despite use in college settings, the ASRS was not developed for this popu...
The emergence of a collective sensory response threshold in ant colonies

The sensory response threshold is a fundamental biophysical property of biological systems that underlies many physiological and computational functions, and its systematic study has played a pivotal role in uncovering the principles of neural computation. Here, we show that ant colonies, which perform computational tasks at the group level, have emergent collective sensory response thresholds. Colonies respond collectively to step changes in temperature and evacuate the nest during severe perturbations. This response is characterized by a group-size dependent threshold, and the underlying dynamics are dominated by social feedback between the ants. Using a binary network model, we demonstrate that a balance between short-range excitatory and long-range inhibitory interactions can explain the emergence of the collective response threshold and its size dependency. Our findings illustrate how simple social dynamics allow insect colonies to integrate information about the external environment and their internal state to produce adaptive collective responses.
Impact of a Psychology of Masculinities Course on Women's Attitudes toward Male Gender Roles

Individuals are involved in an ongoing construction of gender ideology from two opposite but intertwined directions: they experience pressure to follow gender role norms, and they also participate in the social construction of these norms. An individual’s appraisal, positive or negative, of gender roles is called a “gender role attitude.” These lie on a continuum from traditional to progressive. Traditional gender role attitudes have been linked to primarily negative outcomes. This thesis examines attitudes toward—and beliefs about—male gender in women completing an elective course on the psychology of men and masculinities. Study 1 assessed how these students’ (N = 32) narrative definitions of “man” and “masculinity” changed from the beginning to the end of the class. While there was a significant decrease in the presence of the male role norms of achievement/status and aggression over time, there were no differences in the number of references to men’s avoidance of femininity, homophobia, non-relational attitudes toward sex, restrictive emotionality, or self-reliance. Because the coding scheme only measured presence of these male role norms rather than framing or valence, additional characteristics of students’ responses are discussed. Study 1 also compared women’s (N = 20) preand post-class male role norm attitudes. Endorsement of global male role norms, aggression, self-reliance, and a composite of particular other male role norms (i.e., “Factor 1” of the Male Role Norms Inventory) were all significantly lower at the end of the class than at the beginning. Study 2 examined potential selection effects in the male role attitudes of women choosing to complete the psychology of men and masculinities course (n = 20) by
Substrate Binding to the Peripheral Site Occurs on the Catalytic Pathway of Acetylcholinesterase and Leads to Substrate Inhibition

Two sites of ligand interaction in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were first demonstrated in ligand binding studies (7) and later confirmed by crystallography, site-specific mutagenesis and molecular modeling: an acylation site at the base of the gorge, and a peripheral site at its mouth. Here we address the question of how ligand binding to the peripheral site alters AChE catalytic activity. In the traditional AChE catalytic pathway (Scheme 1 below), the initial enzyme-substrate complex ES proceeds to an acylated enzyme intermediate EA which is then hydrolyzed to product P and E (2). When a peripheral site inhibitor (I) is included, typical analysis of inhibition patterns assumes S and I binding are at equilibrium (3; 4). We avoid these equilibrium assumptions here for the first time in the AChE literature by solving the appropriate differential rate equations with the simulation program SCoP. In particular, we examine the simple hypothesis that the only effect of peripheral site inhibitors like propidium is to impose a steric blockade that decreases association and dissociation rate constants for substrates and other acylation site ligands without altering their ratio, the equilibrium association constant. We test this hypothesis by examining the effect of peripheral site ligands on the rate constants for the binding of acylation site inhibitors and on the inhibition of substrate hydrolysis. We turn next to the questions of whether acetylthiocholine itself can bind to the peripheral site and whether this binding is of significance on the catalytic pathway. The acetylthiocholine affinity for the peripheral site is determined by measuring acetylthiocholine inhibition of the association rate k on for the slowly equilibrating peripheral site ligand fasciculin 2. Our re-suits indicate that failure to achieve equilibrium has a profound impact on the classical interpretation of AChE inhibition and indeed alters mechanistic conclusions. A physiological role of substrate binding to the peripheral site in the catalytic pathway is also suggested.
Aspects of Light in the Biology of Green Hydra

A wide variety of cnidarians maintain algal symbionts within their tissues. These symbionts are photosynthetically active when illuminated and translocate large percentages of their photosynthetic products to the host (see Muscatine, 1974, for a comprehensive review). In addition to the light requirements for photosynthesis, the symbionts, like other plants, appear to have light requirements for cell division, cell development, and other processes. By altering light intensities, the wavelength of radiant energy and the duration of exposure (photoperiod), the experimenter can attempt to selectively manipulate some of the symbiont’s biology and thereby dissect or characterize subsystems functioning within the intact association. Using this strategy I have examined the effects of light on the green hydra symbiosis and have found that symbiont multiplication and ultrastructure exhibit a light dependency, and that high-intensity light may cause expulsion of symbionts. In terms of the physiology of the association, the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions may alter the association’s metabolic and respiratory processes. Finally, the light-stimulated and light-dependent processes of the symbiotic algae may be superimposed on the host’s normal light-sensitive behavior or phototaxis. What follows is a brief description of the green hydra symbiosis followed by a review of some recent work on the role of light in various aspects of the association ending with a description of current experiments on green hydra phototaxis.
Yeast Pyruvate Kinase I. PURIFICATION AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Abstract A scheme for the preparation of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in gram amounts from yeast is described which utilizes two (NH4)2SO4 fractionations followed by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and cellulose phosphate columns in 50% aqueous glycerol. The resulting enzyme had a specific activity of 219 µmoles per min per mg at 30°. Under certain conditions it exhibited a cold lability, but means are described to maintain a stable preparation. The protein sedimented as a single symmetrical peak in the Beckman model E ultracentrifuge with schlieren optics. Over 95% migrated as a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At 2.0 mg per ml, s20w, = 8.52 and D20w, = 4.98 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1, giving an s/D molecular weight of 166,000. From this molecular weight and a dry weight analysis, the molar extinction coefficient was 1.08 x 105 m-1 cm-1 at 280 nm. An amino acid analysis of the enzyme is presented.
Janus-faced immunity to an enteric pathogen: how Campylobacter mediates colitis and autoimmunity (MUC2P.820)

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne enteritis and has also been linked to the autoimmune neuropathy, Guillain Barre syndrome. IL-10 −/− mice serve as C. jejuni colitis model, but a mouse model for GBS is lacking. Immune mechanisms responsible for C. jejuni mediated colitis, protection from colitis or initiation of autoimmune sequelae are also largely unknown. We demonstrate that IL-10 −/− mice infected with colitogenic human isolates of C. jejuni had significantly upregulated Type1/17 but not Type2 cytokines in the colon coincident with infiltration of phagocytes, T cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells. Both ILCs and T cells participated in IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-22 upregulation but in a time- and organ-specific manner. However, T cells were necessary for colitis. Furthermore, depleting IFN-γ, IL-17 or both significantly ameliorated colitis and drove the colonic responses towards Type2 cytokine and antibody induction. In contrast, C. jejuni GBS patient strains induced mild colitis associated with blunted Type 1/17 but enhanced Type2 responses. Moreover, IL-4 and CD4 + T cell dependent Type2 antibodies (but not the Type1/17 antibodies) elicited exclusively by the GBS strains cross-reacted with peripheral nerve antigens. This lead to macrophage mediated demyelination of sciatic nerves that manifested with gait ataxia and hind limb paraparesis in the IL-10 -/- mice. Therefore, this is the first mouse model of an autoimmune disease induced directly by an enteric bacterium.
The Stories Her Body Tells: Judith Ortiz Cofer's “The Story of My Body”

(2007). The Stories Her Body Tells: Judith Ortiz Cofer's “The Story of My Body”. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 46-65.
Detection of viable Legionella pneumophila in water by polymerase chain reaction and gene probe methods.

Abstract Methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene probes to detect viable Legionella pneumophila were investigated with cells exposed to biocide or elevated temperature. Exposure to hypochlorite caused viable nonculturable cells to form. Culturable and viable nonculturable cells showed positive PCR amplification, whereas nonviable cells did not. Viable cells were also specifically detected with mip mRNA as the target, reverse transcription (to form cDNA), and PCR amplification. After exposure to elevated temperature, only viable culturable cells were detected, which corresponded with positive PCR amplification.
ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES UNDER PERFECT FORESIGHT

THE COMPOSITION of money/bond finance of the government's budget deficit will in general affect the rate of inflation in long run perfect foresight models. It has been shown however that the nature of the analysis depends crucially on the type of deficit which is being held constant while its composition varies. McCallum (1984) has shown, for example, that a policy of pure bond finance of the deficit is not possible if the deficit is defined net of interest payments, while this policy is possible, without inflation, if the deficit is gross of (i.e. includes) interest payments. Liviatan (1982) has shown that an increase in money finance of the deficit is deflationary when net deficit is held constant and inflationary when gross deficit is held constant. The distinction between the two types of deficit is crucial to almost every problem of monetary policy in long run perfect foresight models. For example, it was brought up recently in relation to the analysis of the effect of tight money on inflation, following the work of Sargent and Wallace (1981). Liviatan has (1984) shown that the result that tight money may have an inflationary effect even in the short run is reversed when the definition of the deficit is changed from "net" to "gross". Although there seems to be, in recent papers, some preference for holding constant net deficit [a new example is provided by Calvo (1985)], there is no theoretical justification for this procedure. If we hold constant net deficit, we assume implicitly an inflationary attitude by the government, which seems to prefer financing additional interest payments by printing money and selling bonds rather than by additional taxes. If alternatively, we hold gross deficit constant, we assume that the government has an anti-inflationary philosophy which calls for an increase in taxation when interest payments rise. The choice among these approaches should presumably reflect the government's evaluation of the cost of inflation as compared with the cost of raising taxes. In principle, there is no particular reason why we should confine ourselves only to a choice between the extreme attitudes mentioned above. It seems more reasonable to assume that the government can adopt a convex combination of the extreme cases. We shall therefore define a fiscal policy parameter in the form of the proportion (0) of the interest on government bonds which is financed by taxes. The parameter of monetary policy will be defined as the ratio (ar) of money finance to bond finance of the deficit.
Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Isolated Mitochondria from Tetrahymena

Abstract Some conditions of RNA synthesis in vitro in isolated mitochondria of Tetrahymena pyriformis were investigated. Sucrose gradient centrifugation analyses and methylated albumin-coated Kieselguhr column chromatography of the RNA synthesized in vitro demonstrate that RNA ranging from 14 S to 18 S, not transfer RNA, was synthesized. Furthermore, the RNA is hybridizable with mitochondrial DNA, and the hybridization is not inhibited by the addition of RNA isolated from the material sedimenting at 105,000 x g after centrifugation of mitochondrial lysate for 1½ to 2 hours. Although net transfer RNA synthesis does not occur, the transfer RNA fraction was labeled if 3H-ATP was used for incorporation, suggesting that the incorporation is due to the addition of 3H-ATP at the terminus of the transfer RNA molecule.
The Politics of Industrial Relations: Labor Unions in Spain

1. Introduction: The Puzzle of Spanish Unions - A Framework for Analysis 2. Workers, the State, and Labor Relations under the Franco Regime 3. Unions and the Politics of Institution Building during the Transition to Democracy 4. Unions, Parties, and Industrial Relations during the Consolidation of Democracy 5. The Politics of Economic Adjustment under Gonzalez' Socialist Government 6. Socialist Policies, Union Decline, and Renewal Strategies 7. Labor Unions and Aznar's Popular Government: Regaining a Political Voice? 8. Unions and Zapatero's Socialist Government: Cooperation and Confrontation 9. Conclusion: Unions, Industrial Relations, and Politics in Spain
Forest-based statistical sentence generation

This paper presents a new approach to statistical sentence generation in which alternative phrases are represented as packed sets of trees, or forests, and then ranked statistically to choose the best one. This representation offers advantages in compactness and in the ability to represent syntactic information. It also facilitates more efficient statistical ranking than a previous approach to statistical generation. An efficient ranking algorithm is described, together with experimental results showing significant improvements over simple enumeration or a lattice-based approach.
Prospects for a Test or Measurement of (G-dot)/G by a See (Satellite Energy Exchange) Mission

Gravity remains the missing link in unification theory. The question of whether the gravitational constant G is truly constant or whether it might be time-varying is of particular importance to modern theories of gravitation and, hence, to efforts to achieve a satisfactory unification theory. Few things could do more to invigorate physics than the uncontestable discovery that one of the “constants” of nature is in fact time-varying. A SEE (Satellite Energy Exchange) mission is expected to be capable of detecting apparent seasonal variation and secular change in G at cosmologically significant levels. The experimental strategy is basically to observe the orbital period of the Shepherd mass, and it also entails combining the data from GRACE and SEE missions.
Commentary on 'Risk Stratification of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Patients Treated by Open Surgical Repair'

undergoing open rAAA repair, the Edinburgh Rupture Aneurysm Score was the most accurate, although other models did relatively well. The three risk levels in the Edinburgh score are easily obtained from preprocedure patient-specific data, and discriminate in-hospital mortality risk well. The authors modified this model by including intraperitoneal hemorrhage to further improve accuracy as determined by receiver operating characteristic curves. However, blood in the peritoneal cavity was identified by the operating surgeon and therefore this was not a preprocedure variable. This interesting modification may be detectable on CT scans in addition to other potential risk factors including aortic anatomy. An important value of mortality risk scores for rAAA is to determine if either endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) or open repair has a predicted advantage at one or more risk levels. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage may be an important risk variable for EVAR mortality also. Other potential key risk variables in this comparison are derived from aortic anatomy, including neck length, angle, and diameter, all usually obtained from CT scans. A comprehensive mortality risk score model should include patient-specifi ca ortic anatomy risk values for both EVAR and open repair. Consider a theoretical risk scoring system based on four levels (1, 2, 3, and 4), where level 4 patients either require open repair urgently without time for a CTscan or have aortic anatomy deemed inadequate for EVAR. Optimal selection of level 4 patients is an even more complex and challenging problem. Assuming that the model risk levels 1, 2, and 3 discriminate risk well from lower to the higher mortality predictions, as did the Edinburgh score in Krenzien et al., the goal is to predict if EVAR or open repair has the lower risk, if either, at each risk level. The difficult part is determining the allocation for aortic anatomy variables risk values for EVAR as well as those for open repair. Although periprocedure mortality is a key issue, rAAA risk models also should be designed to predict mortality of 1year and longer.
First-principles calculation of the equilibrium ground-state properties of transition metals: Applications to Nb and Mo

We have used a self-consistent pseudopotential method to calculate the equilibrium ground-state properties of the transition metals Mo and Nb. From our calculations we obtain equilibrium lattice constants, cohesive energies, and bulk moduli which are in excellent agreement with experiment.
Partial filling of skutterudites: Optimization for thermoelectric applications

Over the last ten years there has been substantial experimental and theoretical effort in understanding the transport properties of filled skutterudite compounds to optimize their thermoelectric properties. One such approach involves partially filling the voids in attempting to optimize the electrical properties while minimizing the thermal conductivity. We illustrate the importance of this approach by plotting and comparing the figure of merit of CoSb3 over a large range of carrier concentrations and thermal conductivity values. The thermal conductivity of partially filled skutterudites AxCo4Sb12, where A = La, Eu, and Yb, is analyzed using the Debye model to correlate the data with the type of filler atom in evaluating the role of the filler in affecting the thermal conductivity. Partial void filling has resulted in relatively high thermoelectric figures of merit at moderately high temperatures.
Marxism and ethno‐nationalism in Guinea‐Bissau, 1956–76

(1980). Marxism and ethno‐nationalism in Guinea‐Bissau, 1956–76. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 156-168.
Hormone-stimulated Mg2+ accumulation into rat hepatocytes: a pathway for rapid Mg2+ and Ca2+ redistribution

Abstract Many diseases such as cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes, and chronic alcoholism are associated with a marked decrease of plasma and parenchymal Mg 2+ , and Mg 2+ administration is routinely used therapeutically. This study uses isolated rat hepatocytes to ascertain if and under which conditions increases in extracellular Mg 2+ result in an increase in intracellular Mg 2+ . In the absence of stimulation, changing extracellular Mg 2+ had no effect on total cellular Mg 2+ content. By contrast, carbachol or vasopressin administration promoted an accumulation of Mg 2+ that increased cellular Mg 2+ content by 13.2 and 11.8%, respectively, and stimulated Mg 2+ uptake was unaffected by the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . Mg 2+ efflux resulting from stimulation of α- or β-adrenergic receptors operated with a Mg 2+ :Ca 2+ exchange ratio of 1. These data indicate that cellular Mg 2+ uptake can occur rapidly and in large amounts, through a process distinct from Mg 2+ release, but operating only upon specific hormonal stimulation.
The excess enthalpies of liquid (dichlorodifluoromethane + N,N-dimethylacetamide) from 263.15 to 413.15 K and 4.33 to 4.53 MPa

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies HmE for {xCCl2F2 + (1-x)CH3CON(CH3)2} mixtures were measured from 263.15 to 413.15 K in the pressure range of 4.33 to 4.53 MPa using isothermal flow calorimeters. The mixtures showed endothermic and exothermic behavior. The HmE values become successively more negative for 363.15, 383.15, 393.15, and 403.15 K. The Redlich-Kister equation gave a good fit of HmE(x) over the entire composition range for the temperatures between 263.15 and 383.15 K. The fits for 393.15, 403.15, and 413.15 K were not as good. The changes in HmE with temperature are discussed in terms of approaching the critical temperature of dichlorodifluoromethane and the effect this has on the physical properties of the pure components and the mixture.
‘Flexible Opposition’: Skateboarding Subcultures under the Rubric of Late Capitalism

In this article, I develop a critical dialogue with historians and sociologists who suggest that subcultural or ‘alternative’ sports such as skateboarding are best understood as fluid and fragmented sites of ‘postmodern’ identity formation. Depending largely on an archive of video footage from the 1960s to the present, I argue that while these scholars accurately depict the quotidian operation of skateboarders’ identity formation, they have lost sight of the historical relationship between the development of skateboarding subcultures and the emergence of neoliberal regimes of accumulation. Drawing from the theoretical insights of scholars such as David Harvey, I call for a radical critique of ‘alternative’ sports that acknowledges, but does not necessarily celebrate, the ephemeral subjectivities of the athletes in question.
Intermittent hypoxia causes REM sleep deficits and decreases EEG delta power in NREM sleep in the C57BL/6J mouse

Abstract Background and purpose Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severely impairs sleep architecture. We hypothesized that both intermittent hypoxia (IH) and non-hypoxic arousals of OSA result in significant disruption of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Patients and methods Polysomnography was performed in C57BL/6J mice ( n =5) exposed to IH (cycling of FIO 2 from 20.9 to 5.0%) or sleep fragmentation (SF: high flow air blasts) throughout the 12-h light phase over 5 consecutive days. Results Both IH and SF induced arousals from sleep. On Day 1 of exposure, total NREMS during the light phase decreased comparably during IH (44.1±7.8%/12h, P P P =0.01), and REMS was effectively abolished during the light phase. In contrast, SF did not cause a significant reduction in either EEG delta power or REMS during the light phase. Conclusions Thus, hypoxic exposure, but not arousals, caused overall deficits in the EEG delta power of NREMS and marked deficits in the total amount of REMS. We propose that hypoxic arousals may have a more severe impact on sleep architecture in patients with OSA than non-hypoxic arousals.
Weakly Associative Groups

The space ℝ 3 of 3-dimensional relativistically admissible velocities possesses (i) a binary operation which represents the relativistic velocity composition law; and (ii) a mapping from the cartesian product ℝ 3 ×ℝ 3 into a subgroup of its automorphism group, Aut(ℝ 3 ), representing the Thomas precession of special relativity. These binary operation and mapping are studied in special relativity as two isolated phenomena. It was recently discovered, however, that they are linked by an algebraic structure which gives rise to a theory of weakly associative and weakly associative-commutative groups. The axioms of these groups are presented in this paper and employed to obtain various interesting results. The algebraic structure underlying these nonstandard groups has been discovered and studied in a totally different context by Karzel (1965), Kerby and Wefelscheid.
Phylogenetics and Diversification of Syringa Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequences

Abstract Analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA have suggested the paraphyly of Syringa with respect to Ligustrum, a hypothesis requiring further testing from other sources of data. In addition, relationships among lineages of Syringa have not been resolved. In this study, we used DNA sequences of two nuclear and five plastid regions to better resolve phylogenetic relationships of Syringa and Ligustrum. Our results support the derivation of Ligustrum from within Syringa, thus the paraphyly of Syringa. Six series are recognized in Syringa and their relationships are: (Syringa, (Pinnatifoliae, (Ligustrae, (Ligustrina, (Pubescentes, Villosae))))). Subgenus Syringa as traditionally defined is paraphyletic, containing subgenus Ligustrina. The Syringa pubescens complex may be paraphyletic with S. pubescens more closely related to the Syringa pinetorum complex than to other species of its own complex. Our estimated times of divergence suggest that series of Syringa have diversified in the middle Miocene (9.65–17.67 m...
Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Pneumonia Correlates with Increased Expression of MCP-1, CXCL10, and Viral RNA in the Lungs of Rhesus Macaques

Pulmonary disorders are the most frequent cause of death in HIV-1-infected individuals with AIDS and remain important even in the current era of potent antiretroviral therapy. Macaques infected with Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) develop pulmonary disease and concurrent opportunistic infections similar to those observed in HIV-infected individuals, thereby providing an excellent working model to elucidate the pathogenesis of the human lung disease. Since chemokines play a crucial role in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to tissues, we investigated the relationship between respiratory disease and the levels of chemokines, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and CXCL10, in the lungs of SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. We found that lung pathology in infected macaques was closely associated with overexpression of MCP-1 and CXCL10. In addition, these chemokines could, in part, be responsible for the recruitment of inflammatory cells infiltrating into the diseased lungs as demonstrated by chemotactic assays. Lung pathology and increased levels of MCP-1 and CXCL10 correlated with high viral loads in the lung parenchyma. Using confocal microscopy, we identified SHIV-infected macrophages as the major producers of MCP-1 and CXCL10 in the diseased lungs. These data suggest that chemokine overexpression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SHIV-associated pulmonary disease in macaques.
Cost of Production for Stanchion Versus Parlor Milking in New York

Curves describing the unit cost of production by herdsize were estimated separately for stanchion and parlor milking systems using empirical data for 1995 from 403 New York dairy farms. The least cost size for stanchion barns was 120 cows, for which the total cost of producing a hundredweight of milk was $13.86, or $1.00 less than the cost of producing milk using a parlor system with 120 cows. With more than 160 cows, milk was produced at a lower cost using a parlor rather than a stanchion system. Parlors have a minimum cost that is about $2.00 less than the minimum cost of the stanchion barns.
The Role of Mental Health in Police-Reported Suicides

Suicide is recognized as a nation-wide lethal tragedy with more than 33,000 reported deaths and about 400,000 self-inflicted injuries treated annually in the United States. Using Hostage Barricade Data System cases, this study examined the prevalence of mental health treatment histories in subjects who attempt or complete suicides that come to the attention of law enforcement, individual and incident characteristics significantly related to the suicidal subjects’ known mental illness treatment, and the significance of known mental illness treatment as suicide attempts/completions outcomes. The strong relationship between mental illness treatment and outcomes for police-reported suicidal subjects has important policy implications that are discussed.
Family history of atopy and clinical course of RSV infection in ambulatory and hospitalized infants.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can be severe in pediatric patients. Risk factors for severe disease include age less than 6 months, prematurity, preexisting heart or lung disease or malformations, gastroesophageal reflux, and immunodeficiency. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of family history of allergy on the clinical course of RSV infection in ambulatory and hospitalized infants. In a retrospective study, 172 patients younger than 12 months of age (99 inpatients and 73 outpatients) were enrolled. Information was obtained from hospital charts and from questionnaires sent to pediatricians. Inpatients had a significantly higher rate of atopy in their family history than outpatients, 62% and 29%, respectively (P < 0.001). Bronchiolitis was diagnosed more frequently in patients with an atopic burden than those without, 89% versus 74%, respectively (P < 0.02). Inpatients with an atopic family history had a significantly longer hospital stay than those without such a history, 7.4 +/- 3.7 days and 6.1 +/- 2.3 days, respectively (P < 0.04). Factors other than age that are considered a risk for severe infection with RSV (prematurity, preexisting heart or lung disease or malformation, and gastroesophageal reflux) were not confirmed in the present study. We conclude that infants with a family history of atopy are at increased risk for severe RSV infection as indicated by higher rates of hospitalization, longer hospital stay, and more frequent occurrence of bronchiolitis.
The Base that Replaced the British Empire: De-Democratization and the American Navy in Bahrain

AbstractThis article analyzes the emergence and undermining of the first democratic experiment in Bahrain, which took place during the transition from British to American hegemony over the Persian Gulf. Shortly after achieving independence, Bahrain witnessed a democratic breakthrough in 1973, as the first parliament began to challenge the authority of the ruling family in key areas such as the national budget, internal security, and its foreign relations. It also wanted to terminate the American naval presence, which it saw as a relic of the colonial era. With the last British troops having been withdrawn in 1972, the US Navy was given an official eviction notice in 1973, and again in 1975. Congressional opinion in the USA also favored withdrawal. Confronted with opposition from both the Bahraini and US legislatures, US defense officials strived to differentiate the American presence from the previous British colonial presence by arguing that the US navy base did not imply a commitment to defend Bahrain b...
MANAGEMENT RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: PROSPECTS AND LINKS TO PRACTICE

Future developments in methodology have the potential to improve management research and better couple it to management practice. These developments are on six fronts: (1) computer technology, (2) data capture and experimentation, (3) privacy, confidentiality, and data access, (4) causation, (5) modeling and simulation, and (6) Bayesian statistics. The potential of each is explored, and problems, both technical and administrative, in fulfilling this potential are identified. On the computer and communications front, the key elements are the use of relational database management systems, increased computing power for analysis purposes, and computer networking. On the privacy, confidentiality, and data access front, the key elements are new capabilities for data capture through real‐time surveillance, inferential disclosure threats in computer databases, the demand for more access to detailed data, and public concerns for privacy invasion. Management research is a search for causal mechanisms that can be investigated through empirical studies and that facilitate control of complex processes. In the modeling area, there will be (1) greater use of computing power, (2) less use of model‐independent statistical hypothesis testing, and (3) easier to use computer software for modeling and simulation. The Bayesian perspective of consistently expressing uncertainty through probability distributions will become more widely used in management research.
Nerve growth factor sequestering therapy attenuates non-malignant skeletal pain following fracture

Current therapies to treat skeletal fracture pain are extremely limited. Some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to inhibit bone healing and opiates induce cognitive dysfunction and respiratory depression which are especially problematic in the elderly suffering from osteoporotic fractures. In the present report, we developed a closed femur fracture pain model in the mouse where skeletal pain behaviors such as flinching and guarding of the fractured limb are reversed by 10mg/kg morphine. Using this model we showed that the administration of a monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor (anti-NGF) reduced fracture-induced pain-related behaviors by over 50%. Treatment with anti-NGF reduced c-Fos and dynorphin up-regulation in the spinal cord at day 2 post-fracture. However, anti-NGF treatment did not reduce p-ERK and c-Fos expression at 20 and 90 min, respectively, following fracture. This suggests NGF is involved in maintenance but not the acute generation of fracture pain. Anti-NGF therapy did not inhibit bone healing as measured by callus formation, bridging of the fracture site or mechanical strength of the bone. As the anti-NGF antibody does not appreciably cross the blood-brain barrier, the present data suggest that the anti-hyperalgesic action of anti-NGF therapy results from blockade of activation and/or sensitization of the CGRP/trkA positive fibers that normally constitute the majority of sensory fibers that innervate the bone. These results demonstrate that NGF plays a significant role in driving fracture pain and that NGF sequestering therapies may be efficacious in attenuating this pain.
Alternatively spliced isoforms of the NMDARI receptor subunit.

Abstract Molecularly diverse forms of the NMDA-receptor subunit NRI are formed by alternative RNA splicing. Differential splicing of three exons generates as many as eight NR1 splice variants, seven of which have been identified in cDNA libraries. The alternatively spliced exons encode a 21 amino acid sequence in the N-terminus domain (termed N1), and adjacent sequences of 37 and 38 amino acids in the C-terminus domain (termed C1 and C2, respectively). Splicing out the exon segment that encodes the C2 cassette removes the first stop codon, resulting in a new open reading frame that encodes an unrelated sequence of 22 amino acids (C2′) before a second stop codon is reached. Differential RNA splicing alters the structural, physiological and pharmacological properties of receptors that comprise NR1 subunits. Diversity of NMDA receptors is also caused by differential association with members of the NR2 gene family. The finding of cell-specific expression and developmental regulation of NR1 splice variants, and of the NR2 subunits, provides an explanation for the diversity of properties of NMDA receptors in different neuronal populations.
Single particle intranuclear ''cascade'' and pion production

A single particle intranuclear cascade code has been developed to determine the importance of multiple scattering, various nuclear medium corrections, and pion absorption inputs in medium energy nuclear physics. Reasonable agreement with experimental data for pion production by 740 MeV protons is obtained with all the input parameters taken from experimental free two-body data. Through a detailed study of the pions produced in Pb, it is determined that most of the pions (approx.85%) which exit the nucleus have scattered at most once, and that the results are very sensitive to the nuclear density and the pion absorption models used.
Improved error bounds for the Liouville-Green (or WKB) approximation

A variant of the Gronwall-Bellman inequality is used to develop new bounds on solutions to the fundamental singular integral equations that arise in the error analysis of the Liouville-Green (or WKB) approximation. Consequently, new improved error bounds are obtained from the Liouville-Green approximation to the solution of the differential equation d2WdT2 − q(T) W = 0, where the function q is real and twice continuously differentiable and does not vanish.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Digital Clubbing”

I appreciate the comments about the article on digital clubbing.1 The authors correctly point out that thyroid, and parathyroid, disease have been associated with clubbing. Danforth and Humphrey described the association of Graves’ disease, pretibial myxedema (thyroid dermopathy), and exophthalmos in 1958.2 What …
New weakly-coupled forces hidden in low-energy QCD

Is it possible to detect a new weakly coupled force at the QCD scale that interacts primarily with quarks? This work investigates experimental signatures of a new MeV–GeV gauge boson that couples to the baryon number, with attention to the 100 MeV–GeV mass range that is the regime of nonperturbative QCD. Such a state can be searched for in rare radiative decays of light mesons ( η , η ′ , ϕ , ω ) as a π 0 γ resonance, which is its leading decay mode from 140 to 620 MeV. This is a new discovery window for forces beyond the Standard Model that is not covered by existing dark photon searches.
Thyroid function and dysfunction in term and premature equine neonates.

Background This study was performed to compare thyroid function of premature foals to term foals. Hypothesis Premature foals are more markedly hypothyroxinemic than expected for their severity of illness alone. Animals Twenty clinically normal term foals; 28 sick, hospitalized term foals; 24 sick, hospitalized premature foals. Methods Thyroid hormones (TH) and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured, both at rest and in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), in the 3 groups of foals. Clinical and clinicopathologic data were recorded. Results Normal foals had high TH at birth, which decreased over the first month into the normal reference range for adult horses. TSH was within the normal adult reference range soon after birth, and did not change over time. At 24–36 hours of age, triiodothyronine (T3) was significantly lower in both premature and term hospitalized foals compared to normal foals; premature foals were not different from term hospitalized foals. Thyroxine (T4) was not different between normal and term hospitalized foals, but was significantly lower than in premature foals of both of these groups. TSH was not different among the 3 groups. TRH stimulation tests identified significant differences in T4 among all 3 groups of foals, whereas T3 was similar in premature and term hospitalized foals and different from normal foals. TSH response to TRH was significantly higher in premature foals compared to normal foals. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is different in foals compared to adult horses. Sick foals exhibit nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Premature foals are more markedly hypothyroxinemic than can be accounted for by their severity of illness alone.
General relativity primer

In this tutorial article the physical ideas underlying general relativity theory are discussed and the basic mathematical techniques (tensor calculus, Riemann curvature) needed to describe them are developed. The general relativity field equations are presented and are used in several applications including a discussion of black holes.
Breit-Pauli R-matrix method for electron-impact excitation to magnetic sublevels and x-ray-line polarization of ions

The Breit-Pauli $R$-matrix (BPRM) method was employed to calculate x-ray line polarization resulting from electron-impact excitation to excited-state magnetic sublevels (MS) of complex ions. In the development of this work, the calculation of MS electron-impact excitation cross sections in the present BPRM method is computationally efficient when the angular integration of the scattering polar angle is performed in an analytical manner. The BPRM method is then applied to calculate the line polarization of 3C ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=15.01$ \AA{}) and 3D ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=15.26$ \AA{}), two well-known x-ray lines of 17 (an ion with a medium nuclear charge and ion charge). We demonstrate in this work the resonance effects in MS cross sections, which contribute to the energy dependence in the polarization. The BPRM calculations of Fe XVII are further compared with the results calculated by the Dirac $R$-matrix (DRM) method. Generally, most of the results calculated from the BPRM method and the DRM method are in good agreement. This comparison confirms the earlier DRM calculations of resonance effects in MS electron-impact excitation cross sections of 3C and 3D, and thus demonstrates the applicability of the BPRM method to the calculation of x-ray line polarization of 3C and 3D, important for the analysis of x-ray spectra observed on an electron beam ion trap.