cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Proviral Loci and Clustered Replication Genes Exhibit Distinct DNA Amplification Patterns during Replication

UNLABELLED Polydnaviruses are large, double-stranded DNA viruses that are beneficial symbionts of parasitoid wasps. Polydnaviruses in the genus Bracovirus (BVs) persist in wasps as proviruses, and their genomes consist of two functional components referred to as proviral segments and nudivirus-like genes. Prior studies established that the DNA domains where proviral segments reside are amplified during replication and that segments within amplified loci are circularized before packaging into nucleocapsids. One DNA domain where nudivirus-like genes are located is also amplified but never packaged into virions. We recently sequenced the genome of the braconid Microplitis demolitor, which carries M. demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). Here, we took advantage of this resource to characterize the DNAs that are amplified during MdBV replication using a combination of Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing approaches. The results showed that specific nucleotide sites identify the boundaries of amplification for proviral loci. Surprisingly, however, amplification of loci 3, 4, 6, and 8 produced head-to-tail concatemeric intermediates; loci 1, 2, and 5 produced head-to-head/tail-to-tail concatemers; and locus 7 yielded no identified concatemers. Sequence differences at amplification junctions correlated with the types of amplification intermediates the loci produced, while concatemer processing gave rise to the circularized DNAs that are packaged into nucleocapsids. The MdBV nudivirus-like gene cluster was also amplified, albeit more weakly than most proviral loci and with nondiscrete boundaries. Overall, the MdBV genome exhibited three patterns of DNA amplification during replication. Our data also suggest that PacBio sequencing could be useful in studying the replication intermediates produced by other DNA viruses. IMPORTANCE Polydnaviruses are of fundamental interest because they provide a novel example of viruses evolving into beneficial symbionts. All polydnaviruses are associated with insects called parasitoid wasps, which are of additional applied interest because many are biological control agents of pest insects. Polydnaviruses in the genus Bracovirus (BVs) evolved ~100 million years ago from an ancestor related to the baculovirus-nudivirus lineage but have also established many novelties due to their symbiotic lifestyle. These include the fact that BVs are transmitted only vertically as proviruses and produce replication-defective virions that package only a portion of the viral genome. Here, we studied Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) and report that its genome exhibits three distinct patterns of DNA amplification during replication. We also identify several previously unknown features of BV genomes that correlate with these different amplification patterns.
Systematic donor selection review process improves cardiac transplant volumes and outcomes.

Abstract Background Heart transplant remains the definitive therapy for advanced heart failure patients but is limited by organ availability. We identified a large number of donor hearts from our organ procurement organization (OPO) being exported to other regions. Methods We engaged a multidisciplinary team including transplant surgeons, cardiologists, and our OPO colleagues to identify opportunities to improve our center-specific organ utilization rate. We performed a retrospective analysis of donor offers before and after institution of a novel review process. Results Each donor offer made to our program was reviewed on a monthly basis from July 2013 to June 2014 and compared with the previous year. This review process resulted in a transplant utilization rate of 28% for period 1 versus 49% for period 2 ( P = .007). Limiting the analysis to offers from our local OPO changed our utilization rate from 46% to 75% ( P = .02). Transplant volume increased from 22 to 35 between the 2 study periods. Thirty-day and 1-year mortality were unchanged over the 2 periods. A total of 58 hearts were refused by our center and transplanted at other centers. During period 1, the 30-day and 1-year survival rates for recipients of those organs were 98% and 90%, respectively, comparable with our historical survival data. Conclusions The simple process of systematically reviewing donor turndown events as a group tended to reduce variability, increase confidence in expanded criteria for donors, and resulted in improved donor organ utilization and transplant volumes.
On the asymptotic distribution of an alternative measure of kurtosis

Pearson defined the fourth standardized moment of a symmetric distribution as its kurtosis. There has been much discussion in the literature concerning both the meaning of kurtosis, as well as the effectiveness of the classical sample kurtosis as a reliable measure of peakedness and tail weight. In this paper, we consider an alternative measure, developed by Crow and Siddiqui, used to describe kurtosis. Its value is calculated for a number of common distributions, and a derivation of its asymptotic distribution is given. Simulations follow, which reveal an interesting connection to the literature on the ratio of normal random variables.
ESL students' perceptions of effectiveness in peer response groups

Abstract This study investigated Chinese and Spanish-speaking students' perceptions of their interactions in peer response groups in an ESL composition class. In a microethnographic study, three peer response groups in an advanced ESL composition class were videotaped for six consecutive weeks. After videotaping, researchers met with individual Chinese ( N = 3) and Spanish-speaking ( N = 2) group members. In each session, the researcher and the student viewed the videotapes of the peer response group in which the student had participated, and the students answered researcher questions about the group's interactions. The interviews were audiotaped, and the tapes were transcribed. The transcripts from the interviews were examined recursively by the researchers, and patterns were noted. This analysis yielded a description of the key participants' perceptions of their construction of peer response interaction. The analysis indicated that both the Chinese and Spanish-speaking students preferred negative comments that identified problems in their drafts. They also preferred the teacher's comments over those of other students and viewed grammar and sentence-level comments as relatively ineffective. The Chinese and Spanish-speaking students had different views, however, about the amount and kind of talk that was needed to identify problems.
Buprenorphine tablet versus liquid: a clinical trial comparing plasma levels, efficacy, and symptoms.

We evaluated peak plasma concentrations, trough concentrations, and the 24-hour area under the concentration curve (AUC0–24 h) during maintenance with sublingual (SL) liquid or tablet formulations in 57 opiate-dependent volunteers. Study participants were assigned randomly to one of three SL daily buprenorphine dose pairs and maintained for 2 weeks with the liquid formulation followed by 2 weeks with the corresponding tablet dose. Plasma samples were obtained after at least 10 days of maintenance with the liquid formulation and after at least 10 days of that with the tablet formulation. The bioequivalence of the tablet compared with the liquid doses ranged from 57% to 75% based on peak concentrations, from 102% to 108% based on trough concentrations, and from 66% to 86% based on 24-hour AUC, but there was a large intersubject and intrasubject variability in plasma concentrations, with greater variability following tablets than liquid. Measures of withdrawal symptoms or illicit opioid use were not associated with buprenorphine dose, formulation, or plasma buprenorphine levels.
Absorption by a moving spherical organelle in a heterogeneous cytoplasm: implications for the role of trafficking in a symplast.

Abstract An organelle which absorbs (or secretes) a particular factor will find its mass transfer rate diffusion-limited if it is stationary with respect to its ambient cytoplasm; but organellar motion will raise that limit as a non-decreasing function of the Peclet number P. It is shown analytically that (i) no Whitehead paradox need be encountered in the creeping flow regime and (ii) the flux of the factor will be an even function of the Peclet number, P. By a novel analytic solution method, the flux is shown numerically to increase as P2 for P ≲ 1 . For P ≳ 10 , a quasi-planar approximating geometry yields analytically a flux which increases as P1/3. These two solutions overlap smoothly in the range 1 ≲ P ≲ 10 . For P ≈ 1 , convection should increase the mass flux by roughly 100%.
The use of alternative therapies by patients with Parkinson’s disease

Objective: To determine the prevalence and spectrum of use of alternative therapy (AT) by patients with PD and to determine whether use of AT correlates with demographic, social, or disease-specific characteristics. Methods: The authors administered a structured questionnaire, by interview, regarding the use of AT to 201 patients with PD. Demographic, social, and disease-specific characteristics were recorded for all patients. Results: Eighty-one patients (40%) used at least one AT. Vitamins and herbs, massage, and acupuncture were most common. Users of AT were younger ( p = 0.0021) and had a younger age at onset of PD ( p = 0.0011) than nonusers of AT. There was no correlation with sex or race. Patients who used AT had a higher income ( p = 0.038) and education level ( p = 0.006) than did nonusers of AT. There was no association between the use of AT and the Hoehn and Yahr score, duration of PD, duration of treatment with levodopa, surgery for PD, and presence of fluctuations. Conclusions: The use of AT is common in patients with PD. The age at onset of PD is the most potent predictor of AT use. There is no association between the use of AT and the severity of PD. The widespread and largely unexamined use of AT for PD requires more attention. This should be directed at testing their safety and efficacy and improving physician and patient knowledge about the potential benefits, costs, limitations, and risks of AT.
Genetic structure of the bacteriophage P22 PL operon

Abstract The sequence of 1416 base-pairs of the P22 PL operon was determined, linking a continuous sequence from PL through abc2. P22 mutants bearing deletions in the sequenced region were constructed and tested for their phenotypes. Plasmids were constructed to express PL operon genes singly and in combination from Plac UV5. Two previously known genes, 17 and c3, are located within this sequence. In addition, three new genes have been identified: ral, kil and arf. Genes ral and c3 are homologous, as well as functionally analogous, to λ ral and cIII, respectively. P22 kil, like λ kil, kills the host cell when it is expressed. The two kil genes, although analogous in cell killing and map location, have no apparent sequence homology. The functions of the P22 and λ kil genes are unknown; however, P22 kil is essential for lytic growth in the absence of abc. Gene arf (accessory recombination function) is located just upstream from erf; it is essential for P22 growth in the absence of fkil or other genes upstream in PL. The growth defect of P22 bearing a deletion that removes arf is complemented by expression of either arf or the λ red genes from plasmids. Sequences that include the stop codon for gene 17 may form a small stem-loop structure and are nearly identical to λ sequences that contain the stop codon for ssb, which is near λ tL2b. Plasmids that include the P22 structure negatively regulate kil gene expression in cis.
Information for the spatial factor in Korte's 3rd Law of apparent motion

The experiments reported here show that Korte's space-time invariance equation governing perception of apparent motion is limited to situations in which metric or apparent separation of targets define but a single interval of space. Variation in interstimulus intervals and metric separation of targets did not influence the perception of apparent motion when the background array was structured to depict apparently equal intervals of space. These results provide a test of Koffka's and more recently Gibson's view that higher order properties of intervals of space specify the spatial factor in apparent movement.
Blood flow capacity via direct acute myocardial revascularization.

The concept of direct myocardial revascularization, achieving myocardial perfusion through means other than the normal coronary vasculature, has a long history with the most widely investigated technique being the Vineberg procedure; current interest centers around the encouraging preliminary clinical results obtained with transmyocardial laser revascularization. Despite significant previous research, the acute blood flow potential through the direct myocardial route remains unknown. Nontransmural laser channels were made in the distal LAD territory from the epicardial surface of 5 mongrel dogs to which an internal mammary artery was connected. A flow probe was placed on the distal most portion of the artery and an intercostal branch was cannulated for infusion of colored microspheres. Measurements were taken under baselin conditions and following LAD and epicardial collateral ligation. Under all conditions, blood flow pattern was of a to-and-fronature. At baseline, there was an average 0.60±0.24 ml/min net flow into the myocardium which was all contained within 0.5 cm of the central channel with a final myocardial perfusion of 0.011±0.016 ml/min/g. Following induction of ischemia average flow increased to 1.41±0.51 ml/min which extended as far as 1 cm from the channel with a final myocardial perfusion of 0.22±0.19 ml/min/g. In conclusion, a limited amount of acute myocardial perfusion can be achieved by the present technique of direct myocardial revascularization and the amount of flow is highly dependent upon the amount of flow through the native circulation.
Links between type E botulism outbreaks, lake levels, and surface water temperatures in Lake Michigan, 1963–2008

Abstract Relationships between large-scale environmental factors and the incidence of type E avian botulism outbreaks in Lake Michigan were examined from 1963 to 2008. Avian botulism outbreaks most frequently occurred in years with low mean annual water levels, and lake levels were significantly lower in outbreak years than in non-outbreak years. Mean surface water temperatures in northern Lake Michigan during the period when type E outbreaks tend to occur (July through September) were significantly higher in outbreak years than in non-outbreak years. Trends in fish populations did not strongly correlate with botulism outbreaks, although botulism outbreaks in the 1960s coincided with high alewife abundance, and recent botulism outbreaks coincided with rapidly increasing round goby abundance. Botulism outbreaks occurred cyclically, and the frequency of outbreaks did not increase over the period of record. Climate change scenarios for the Great Lakes predict lower water levels and warmer water temperatures. As a consequence, the frequency and magnitude of type E botulism outbreaks in the Great Lakes may increase.
Spinning fluid cosmologies in Einstein-Cartan theory

We consider self-consistent spinning fluid cosmologies in both general relativity in Riemannian spacetimes and Einstein-Cartan theory in Riemann-Cartan spacetimes. First we extend slightly the cosmological calculation of Martin et al for general relativistic self-consistent spinning fluids. The existence of spin-squared terms in the field equations in the Einstein-Cartan theory shows, however, that an expanded class of meaningful cosmologies is possible. Under certain assumptions on the arbitrariness of the cosmological shear and expansion the results for the ad hoc Weyssenhoff spin fluid in a spherically symmetric spacetime can be reproduced.
Distribution and localization of monophosphoryl lipid A in selected tissues of the rat

AbstractThe distribution and cellular localization of Monophosphoryl Lipid A in the kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and stomach of rat were investigated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin embedded tissue sections. Rats were sacrificed 24h or 48h following intraperitoneal administration of MPL at a dose of 5mg/Kg. The presence of MPL in selected tissues was indicated by a positive reaction to MPL antibody. In the kidneys, MPL was found in collecting tubules and distal convoluted tubules in the medulla, whereas the glomerulus was essentially free of it. Regarding liver, MPL was found to be abundant in hepatocytes but only occasionally present in Kupffer cells. In lungs, both alveolar and bronchiolar macrophages were positive, indicating the lung can also serve as a possible site for the elimination of MPL. In spleen, endothelial cells and macrophages were positive for MPL. In stomach, MPL was detected in the gastric mucosa and vascular endothelial cells.In all the tissues studied the intensity of the peroxida...
Gonioscopy in no-stitch cataract incisions

To evaluate the internal appearance of the no-stitch cataract incision, gonioscopy was performed in 68 of 78 consecutive eyes of cataract surgical patients with no-stitch incisions. All incisions were located anterior to Schwalbe's line, and 32 (42%) had smooth linear internal incisions. In another 32 (42%), small tags or curls were located along the internal incision. Four eyes (5%) had discernible Descemet's membrane detachments visible by gonioscopy but not slitlamp biomicroscopy. The Descemet's detachments were less than 2mm long in three patients and more than 2 mm in one patient. The width of the detachments were 1 mm or less. The detachments did not lead to clinically significant sequela such as filtration blebs or persistent corneal edema.
What is in a name

QUESTION: A 28-year-old African American man is concerned about a rash that he has had on his body on and off for many years. He denies any pain or itching in association with the rash, although it is more pronounced in the summer months and when he is sweating. The patient is otherwise well. He states that he is in a monogamous hetero-sexual relationship and practices safe sex. Physical examination reveals hypopigmented macules on the chest, upper arms, and back, some of which have coalesced into larger hypopigmented areas. Close visual inspection shows that there is a light scale over the macules. There are no lesions in the mouth or on the hands, feet, or genitals. What is the differential diagnosis, and what further tests would help you make the diagnosis? ANSWER: The differential diagnosis includes tinea versicolor, vitiligo, pityriasis rosea, and secondary syphilis. With the use of a microscope slide, scale from the macules was scraped to a second slide. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) with dimethyl sulfoxide was placed on this slide and covered with a coverslip. Microscopic examination revealed the typical “spaghetti and meatballs” pattern of tinea versicolor. The spaghetti represents broken hyphae and the meatballs are the spores of Pityrosporum ovale.
Pressure Sensitivity Analysis of Azeotropes

A new algorithm for pressure sensitivity analysis of azeotropes has been developed. The algorithm applies bifurcation theory together with an arc length continuation. This allows not only the compositions of azeotropes to be tracked as they change with pressure, but also all new azeotropes that appear within specified pressure range to be found. The algorithm is very efficient, and the computational time required for the pressure sensitivity analysis is on the order of the time necessary to calculate all azeotropes at constant pressure by using a homotopy method.
Arginine vasopressin enhances retention of morphine tolerance

Abstract The hot plate method was used to assess tolerance in rats following daily injections of morphine. Following analgesia assessment, or a time equated rest period, rats were injected with either saline or a pituitary peptide. Arginine vasopressin, but not ACTH 4–10, prolonged the retention of morphine tolerance when assessed five weeks after the last injection. Neither the rate nor the degree of tolerance development were influenced by either peptide. These hormones had no effect on retention of tolerance in rats not assessed for analgesia during the period of tolerance development. The effects of pituitary peptides on morphine tolerance are analogous to the effects they have on learning and memory processes, suggesting that similar adaptational processes are occuring in both phenomena.
Synthesis of two 4,5-dialkyl isosydnones

The syntheses of two new dialkyl isosydnones are described. These represent the first nonbenzenoid derivatives to be reported. Spectral data for each compound are also given.
Duet for solo piano: MirrorFugue for single user playing with recorded performances

MirrorFugue is an interface that supports symmetric, real-time collaboration on the piano using spatial metaphors to communicate the hand gesture of collaborators. In this paper, we present an extension of MirrorFugue to support single-user interactions with recorded material and outline usage scenarios focusing on practicing and self-reflection. Based on interviews with expert musicians, we discuss how single-user interactions on MirrorFugue relate to larger themes in music learning and suggest directions for future research.
Evaluating treatment of osteoporosis using particle swarm on a bone remodelling mathematical model

Bone loss in osteoporosis, commonly observed in postmenopausal women and the elderly, is caused by an imbalance in activities of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. To treat osteoporosis and increase bone mineral density (BMD), physical activities and drugs are often recommended. Complex systems dynamics prevent an intuitive prediction of treatment strategies, and little is known about an optimal sequence for the combinatorial use of available treatments. In this study, the authors built a mathematical model of bone remodelling and developed a treatment strategy for mechanical loading and salubrinal, a synthetic chemical agent that enhances bone formation and prevents bone resorption. The model formulated a temporal BMD change of a mouse's whole skeleton in response to ovariectomy, mechanical loading and administration of salubrinal. Particle swarm optimisation was employed to maximise a performance index (a function of BMD and treatment cost) to find an ideal sequence of treatment. The best treatment was found to start with mechanical loading followed by salubrinal. As treatment costs increased, the sequence started with no treatment and usage of salubrinal became scarce. The treatment strategy will depend on individual needs and costs, and the proposed model is expected to contribute to the development of personalised treatment strategies.
DIVERSITY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN INFANCY

This special issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal presents the plenary addresses from WAIMH’s 7th World Congress in Montreal, Canada (2000). As we noted in the program booklet for that congress, the field of infant mental health coalesces around three common assumptions: infant behavior cannot be viewed separately from relationships with others; infants’ most important relationships are with their primary caregivers; and infant caregivers have relationships with others in their social contexts. These assumptions rest on such historical reminders that infants are born into a social world (Rheingold, 1968), which consists of reciprocal relationships (Bell, 1968), (especially) with primary caregivers (Winnicott, 1964), who may or may not have unresolved issues that construct barriers to the development of secure social-emotional relationships (Fraiberg, Adelson, & Shapiro, 1975). All of these characterizations provide a basis for understanding that infant mental health is grounded in the reciprocal interactions that infants have with others within the extraordinarily diverse contexts in which infants live and negotiate the world. Infants, caregivers, extended family members, and the broader social and cultural networks in which these families are embedded, provide the contexts that influence social and emotional development and generate issues relevant to infant mental health (Fitzgerald & Barton, 2000). If there is any common theme cutting across all of the contexts within which human infants live and thrive or atrophy and die, it is diversity. The theme of the 7th World Congress, “Diversity: Challenges and Opportunities in Infancy,” captured the Program Committee’s desire to examine contemporary knowledge about the infant in multiple contexts. The congress subthemes were selected to reflect trends in research, clinical practice, and social policy, or to draw attention to issues that should enter into the domain of topics that define modern “trends.” The subthemes and plenary speakers whose works are published in this issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal were “Brain–Behavior Interface” (Megan Gunnar, United States), “De-
Experimental desensitization following therapeutically oriented and physiologically oriented instructions.

Abstract Two groups of 10 mouse-avoidant S s experienced identical analogue desensitization after exposure to one of two sets of instructions about the purpose of the experiment. One group was told that the E s were studying a form of therapy. The other group was told that the E s were studying heart rate as it relates to fear. Changes in mouse-avoidance for these two groups were compared with each other and with changes associated with two control treatments. The results clearly failed to replicate the previously reported finding that more change occurs if the subject is told that he is receiving therapy.
The Changing Responsibilities of County Governments: Data from a National Survey of County Leaders:

}This article reports findings from a national survey of county administrators, executives, and commission chairs from counties with an executive or an administrator that indicate counties are batt...
Interleukin (IL)-11-mediated Signal Transductiona

IL-11 is a multifunctional cytokine biologically related to IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). It has been shown that these cytokines can utilize common signal transducer, gp130. We have demonstrated that Jak tyrosine kinases, MAP kinases and pp90rsk are highly activated by IL-11 and related cytokines. In addition, we have identified pp90rsk as one of the H7 sensitive protein kinases critical for primary response gene expression induced by IL-11. Furthermore, activation of 3CH134 (a MAP kinase phosphatase) gene by IL-11 suggested that a MAP kinase phosphatase may be involved in IL-11-mediated signal transduction. Our data also suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat91 and related transcriptional factors is involved in IL-11 signaling but is not sufficient for the activation of primary response genes such as JunB, tis11, tis8 and MAP kinase phosphatase in mouse preadipocytes. The understanding of signal transduction pathways mediated by IL-11 and related cytokines may help to define the common and unique biological properties of these growth factors.
PM10 Source Apportionment Study in Bullhead City, Arizona

Abstract The Mohave Valley region of southern Nevada/southwestern Arizona has experienced elevated particulate concentrations and is classified as a PM10 nonattainment area. Anthropogenic aerosol sources in the area include the Mohave Power Project (MPP), a 1,580-MW coal-fired power plant; motor vehicles; construction activities; and paved and unpaved road dust and disturbed desert soil. Aerosols may also be transported long distances from other areas, such as the Los Angeles Basin. Based on the infrequency of plume contact at sites in the valley (as determined by SO2 measurements), it was believed that the contribution of the MPP to primary PM10 was minimal and that fugitive dust was the primary source of ambient particulate matter. To evaluate the magnitude of source contributors, PM10 measurements were made using a medium-volume sampler along with ancillary meteorological and air quality measurements in the Mohave Valley at Bullhead City, Arizona, for a period of longer than one year (September 1988 th...
Using central cancer-registry data to monitor progress in early detection of breast and cervical cancer (Illinois, United States)

Cases of breast and cervical cancer account for almost 40 percent of all cancers diagnosed in Illinois (United States) women. Information on screening rates, however, is not collected routinely for the populations at risk. This paper reports on surveillance indicators designed to identify target populations and evaluate programs. All cases of cancers of the breast (n=38,824, including in situ) and invasive cervix (n=2,763) with a known stage, among women aged 40 to 74, were identified through the population-based Illinois State Cancer Registry for 1986 to 1992. The proportion of breast cancer cases with in situ disease-stage and cervical cancer cases with a late invasive stage were selected as surveillance indicators. Differences by age and race were evaluated, as were age-and race-specific trends. The data suggest that Black women, aged 40 to 74 years, and White women, aged 65 to 74 years, should be targeted for breast-cancer-screening interventions. All women, aged 40 to 74, should be targeted for enhanced cervical-cancer-screening interventions. Significant trends in in situ breast cancer diagnoses were apparent in all age-race groups, however no significant decline in invasive cervical cancer was found for any age-race group. The indicators identified the age- and race-specific disparities among potential target populations for breast and cervical cancer screening.
Periampullary choledochal diverticula are not choledochal cysts.

Background Choledochal cysts (CC) are rare, congenital anomalies of the biliary tree, associated with the development of biliary malignancies. Small periampullary choledochal diverticula (PCD) are a previously unreported type of biliary anomaly found primarily at ERCP. Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether PCD are congenital or acquired lesions by comparing the clinical presentation, management, and risk of malignancy between patients with PCD and CC. Design Retrospective analysis of a medical center database. Setting Academic tertiary referral center. Patients Over the study period, data regarding 16 patients with PCD were identified and compared with that of 118 patients with CC. Intervention Retrospective review of ERCP, surgical pathology, billings, and a diagnostic imaging database from our institution from 1985 to 2009 was done. Main outcome measurements Clinical presentation, investigations, management strategies, complication rates, and long-term outcomes were compared in patients with classic CC and PCD over the same time period. Results Patients with PCD were less likely to be female (50% vs 81%), older aged (mean 68 vs 28 years), to complain of abdominal pain (88% vs 68%), and were less likely to present with jaundice (0% vs 32%) ( P P P = .02). Limitations Retrospective study. Lack of structured follow up. Conclusion Small, periampullary, choledochal diverticula are a newly reported, likely acquired anomaly of the biliary tract that are frequently associated with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and may be secondary to biliary hypertension. These acquired lesions should not be classified as CC.
Elective mutism: Generalization of verbal responding across people and settings

To find a more efficient and effective treatment for elective mutism, the present study combined positive reinforcement and response cost to establish four classes of verbal responding in an electively mute child. A multiple baseline design with probes was used across people, settings, and verbal response classes to assess the generalization of verbal responding. Following the initial positive reinforcement and response cost training procedure, a transfer of stimulus control procedure was used to establish responsive verbal behavior with other adults. Verbal responding was transferred to two individuals during brief 20-min time periods in a single treatment session, and later to additional individuals in the home and school settings. The rapidity and effectiveness of the treatment package suggest the efficacy of using positive reinforcement and response cost as well as a transfer of stimulus control procedure to increase responsive speech in the electively mute child.
Framework for analyzing wait times and other factors that impact patient satisfaction in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Wait times and patient satisfaction are important administrative metrics in emergency departments (EDs), as they are critical to return patronage, liability, and remuneration. Although several factors have been shown to impact patient satisfaction, little attention has been paid to understanding the psychology of waiting and patient satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: We utilize concepts that have been applied in other service industries to conceptualize factors that impact patient satisfaction. We focus on wait times, a key factor in patient satisfaction, and describe how these concepts can be applied in research and daily practice. DISCUSSION: Patient satisfaction can be conceptualized as the difference between a patient's perceptions and their expectations. Perception is the psychological process by which an individual understands and interprets sensory information. Changes in the wait experience can decrease the perceived wait times without a change in actual wait times. Other changes such as improved staff interpersonal and communication skills that provide patients with an increased sense of the staff's dedication as well as a greater understanding of their care, can also affect patient perceptions of their care quality. These changes in patient perception can synergize with more expensive investments such as state-of-the-art facilities and increased ED beds to magnify their impact on patient satisfaction. Expectation is the level of service a patient believes they will receive during their ED visit. Patients arrive with expectations around the component of their care such as wait times, needed diagnostic tests, and overall time in the ED. These expectations are affected by individual-specific, pre-encounter, and intra-encounter factors. When these factors are identified and understood, they can be managed during the care process to improve patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Interventions to decrease perception of wait times and increase the perception of service being provided, when combined with management of patient expectations, can improve patient satisfaction.
SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT AMONG PEDESTRIANS: A CROSS-CULTURAL REPLICATION

An observational study of pedestrians in a shopping mall in a mid-western U.S. city was replicated in shopping malls in London. The avoidance movements of 2692 shoppers were recorded as they approached other shoppers. The relationships between these movements and the shoppers' gender, age, race, group size, and other characteristics were examined. Results of both studies indicated that men were likely to be displaced by women, smaller groups by larger ones, and nonhandicapped persons by handicapped ones. The results differed, however, with respect to race, with black persons tending to displace white individuals in the Midwest regardless of group size, while lone white pedestrians tended to displace lone black pedestrians in London. In London larger groups tended to displace smaller ones regardless of race. Hypotheses regarding spatial displacement were discussed. The need for more cross-situational and cross-cultural research in social psychology was clear.
Patterns of Violent Relationships, Psychological Distress, and Marital Satisfaction in a National Sample of Men and Women

This paper examined six patterns of violent relationships (severe and mild victimization, perpetration, and mutual violence) and their associations with psychosocial outcomes in men and women (N = 3, 519) using data from the National Comorbidity Survey. Violence patterns most frequently reported included mild and severe violence performed by both relationship partners. Some gender differences in frequency of patterns emerged. Main results showed gender differences and some similarities in associations between violence patterns and negative psychosocial outcomes. Women’s victimization, regardless of severity, was more strongly related to psychosocial outcomes than men’s. Yet, additional findings revealed gender similarities, with both men and women affected by mutual violence. Post hoc analyses further suggested that some individuals were satisfied and had relatively low distress, despite violence.
Invited reaction: Relationship among curiosity, workplace learning, and job performance

This article is a response to ‘Field investigation of the relationship among adult curiosity, workplace learning, and job performance’ by Thomas G. Reio and Albert Wiswell, indexed at TD/INT 61.551. Rowden commends the authors for investigating curiosity as a construct and agrees that curiosity could well be the starting place, even in adults, for successful learning and performance. He acknowledges that curiosity, as an abstract construct, is difficult to measure but, if the conclusion is that it relates closely to performance, it is important that it be defined in a relevant way. He is critical, however, of Reio and Wiswell in the circular way that they have defined curiosity and have not made a clear distinction between it and interest. He raises other questions about the complex factors and motives involved in workplace learning and remains unconvinced that the study has proved that curiosity, learning and performance are closely linked. He concludes that ‘the notion of curiosity remains as elusive as ever’.
Parents are shared parts of objects: inheritance and encapsulation in SELF

The design of inheritance and encapsulation in SELF, an object-oriented language based on prototypes, results from understanding that inheritance allows parents to be shared parts of their children. The programmer resolves ambiguities arising from multiple inheritance by prioritizing an object's parents. Unifying unordered and ordered multiple inheritance supports differential programming of abstractions and methods, combination of unrelated abstractions, unequal combination of abstractions, and mixins. In SELF, a private slot may be accessed if the sending method is a shared part of the receiver, allowing privileged communication between related objects. Thus, classless SELF enjoys the benefits of class-based encapsulation.
Crystal Structure of a Human Low Molecular Weight Phosphotyrosyl Phosphatase IMPLICATIONS FOR SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY

The low molecular weight phosphotyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) constitute a distinctive class of phosphotyrosine phosphatases that is widely distributed among vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. In vertebrates, two isoenzymes of these low molecular weight PTPases are commonly expressed. The two human isoenzymes, HCPTPA and HCPTPB, differ in an alternatively spliced sequence (residues 40-73) referred to as the variable loop, resulting in isoenzymes that have different substrate specificities and inhibitor/activator responses. We present here the x-ray crystallographic structure of a human low molecular weight PTPase solved by molecular replacement to 2.2 A. The structure of human low molecular weight PTPase is compared with a structure representing the other isoenzyme in this PTPase class, in each case with a sulfonate inhibitor bound to the active site. Possible aromatic residue interactions with the phosphotyrosine substrate are proposed from an examination of the binding site of the inhibitors. Differences are observed in the variable loop region, which forms one wall and the floor of a long crevice leading from the active-site loop. A set of residues lying along this crevice (amino acids 49, 50, and 53) is suggested to be responsible for differences in substrate specificity in these two enzymes.
Fine-grained parallelization of the Car-Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics method on the IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer

Important scientific problems can be treated via ab initio-based molecular modeling approaches, wherein atomic forces are derived from an energy Junction that explicitly considers the electrons. The Car-Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics (CPAIMD) method is widely used to study small systems containing on the order of 10 to 103 atoms. However, the impact of CPAIMD has been limited until recently because of difficulties inherent to scaling the technique beyond processor numbers about equal to the number of electronic states. CPAIMD computations involve a large number of interdependent phases with high interprocessor communication overhead. These phases require the evaluation of various transforms and non-square matrix multiplications that require large interprocessor data movement when efficiently parallelized. Using the Charm++ parallel programming language and runtime system, the phases are discretized into a large number of virtual processors, which are, in turn, mapped flexibly onto physical processors, thereby allowing interleaving of work. Algorithmic and IBM Blue Gene/L™ system-specific optimizations are employed to scale the CPAIMD method to at least 30 times the number of electronic states in small systems consisting of 24 to 768 atoms (32 to 1,024 electronic states) in order to demonstrate fine-grained parallelism. The largest systems studied scaled well across the entire machine (20,480 nodes).
Phytoplankton Communities in Green Bay, Lake Michigan after Invasion by Dreissenid Mussels: Increased Dominance by Cyanobacteria

Biological invasions of aquatic systems disrupt ecological communities, and cause major changes in diversity and ecosystem function. The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America have been dramatically altered by such invasions, especially zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (D. rostriformis bugensis) mussels. Responses to mussel invasions have included increased water clarity, and decreased chlorophyll and phytoplankton abundance. Although not all systems have responded similarly, in general, mussels have changed nutrient dynamics and physical habitat conditions. Therefore examination of different impacts can help us further understand mechanisms that underlie ecosystem responses to biological invasions. To aid our understanding of ecosystem impacts, we sampled established locations along a well-studied trophic gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, after the 1993 zebra mussel invasion. A strong trophic gradient remained during the period sampled after the mussel invasion (2000–2012). However, mean summer chlorophyll increased and other measures of phytoplankton biomass (microscope and electronic cell counting) did not change significantly. Multivariate analyses of phytoplankton community structure demonstrate a significant community shift after the invasion. Cyanobacteria increased in dominance, with Microcystis becoming the major summer taxon in lower Green Bay. Diatom diversity and abundance also increased and Chlorophyta became rare. Phytoplankton responses along the trophic gradient of Green Bay to zebra mussel invasion highlight the importance of mussel effects on nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton diversity and function.
SEROLOGICAL CROSS REACTIONS AMONG THE RNA-CONTAINING COLIPHAGES.

Abstract Antisera against RNA phages MS2, M12, and f2 were mixed with these phages and with four other RNA phages. All phages were neutralized by each antiserum. Complement was fixed in the same relative order as was observed in the neutralization tests with anti-MS2. Ouchterlony analyses confirmed the nonidentity of several of the RNA phages.
Use of Mice for Testing Toxicity of Rabbit Therapeutic Antipneumococcic Serum

ConclusionThe intravenous injection of mice may prove to be a more satisfactory procedure than the methods now in use for testing the potential toxicity of rabbit antisera intended for human therapy.
Fine structures in the angular distribution of stimulated Raman scattering from single droplets.

The angular distribution of the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) from ethanol droplets is observed to be sinusoidal with n peaks, which are consistent with the mode number n of the morphology-dependent resonances (MDR’s). Two distinct values of n depend on the illumination geometry and the linewidth of the input laser radiation. Angular fine structures of the SRS can be used to identify the n of the MDR.
Preschoolers’ cognitive representations of peer relationships: family origins and behavioural correlates

Cognitive representations of peer relationships were conceptualised as the attributions children make about the intentions of others and children’s peer affiliation, or desire to interact with peers. Measures of these two constructs were developed and administered to 55 four‐ to six‐year‐olds. Findings indicate that measures of both measures of cognitive representations were associated with teacher‐rated peer competence, even when standardised Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores were controlled. The association between peer affiliation and peer competence was mediated by strategy response generation, while the association between attributions and peer competence was direct. Father–child synchrony during a laboratory play session was associated with peer competence, and this association appeared to be at least partially mediated by response generation and peer affiliation scores.
The ‘braided’ F-ring of Saturn

The larger of the two satellites which bound the F-ring of Saturn could have only one first-order resonance within the ring. If such a resonance exists, then a wave pattern of equally spaced loops which co-rotate with the satellite will be excited. This pattern could account for the braided appearance of the ring.
Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Spring Wheat Planted in a Ridge-Till System

Conservation tillage and inclusion of a cover crop that provides surface residue cover are two management options for reducing soil erosion losses commonly found in a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] rotation. Information is lacking, however, on the performance of a small grain planted in a ridge-tillage system in the Northern Corn Belt. A 3-yr (1992-1994) study was conducted to determine the effect of row position (ridge, shoulder, furrow, and wheel track furrows) on yield and N uptake of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planted in a ridge-tillage system on poorly drained Webster clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) soil at two locations in southern Minnesota. Spring wheat was planted after soybean in 15 ft wide strips. Wheat performance was affected by the position of the row across the ridged seedbed. Averaged across the 3 yr, grain yield of the wheat rows planted on ridge top and shoulder positions was 31% greater than those rows planted in the furrows at both locations. Grain yield of wheat in the wheel track furrows was reduced by 38% at Freeborn and by 33% at Waseca compared with those planted on ridge tops and shoulders when averaged across years. Moreover, grain yield in the wheel track furrows was reduced by 18% at Freeborn and by 12% at Waseca compared with non-wheel track furrows across years. Similar to grain yield, straw yield and total N uptake were greater in the ridge top and shoulder positions than in either non-wheel track or wheel track furrow positions. Lesser grain yield in the furrows and wheel track furrows correlated well with reduced head numbers in these row positions compared with ridge top and shoulder positions. The results from this study indicate that wheat can be successfully planted in a ridge-tillage system. Yield losses, however, occur in the furrows and controlled wheel track furrows, especially in wet years in this ridge-till system.