cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The potential role of ophthalmology as an entry point to the healthcare system.

Purpose: To evaluate whether patients who receive ophthalmic care have other physicians and whether ophthalmologists can serve as a significant entry point to the healthcare system. Methods: Two hundred fourteen patients at a tertiary care eye institute were surveyed regarding their non-ophthalmologist physicians. Demographic, medical, and other data also were collected through the survey. Results: Twenty-eight percent of patients did not have a physician healthcare provider other than their ophthalmologist at their initial visit. Fifteen percent had no other physician, whereas 13% had one as a consequence of subsequent referral by the ophthalmologist. Even among those patients who were 40 years of age and older, 31 initially only had an ophthalmologist as their sole physician provider. Being older, female, and having Medicare, a Health Maintenance Organization membership, or private indemnity insurance were associated with a higher likelihood of having non-ophthalmologist physicians. Conclusions: These results suggest that a significant number of patients seeking eye care from an ophthalmologist have no other physician. These findings stress the need for eye care providers to have thorough medical education and clinical training. In addition, eye care may serve as a useful entry point into the healthcare system for a significant number of patients in the United States.
Properties of the implicitly time-differenced equations of thermal radiation transport

Numerical simulations of thermal radiation transport (TRT) use varying levels of implicitness to discretize the time variable t. The degree of implicitness generally depends on the strength of the coupling between the radiation and matter. In this paper we use a contraction mapping method to show that if all terms in the TRT equations except possibly the opacity are discretized implicitly, then for any @Dt>0, the time-discretized TRT equations (i) have a unique solution, which (ii) satisfies the maximum principle and (iii) preserves the equilibrium (thick) diffusion limit. No other available time-discretization of the TRT equations has all these desirable properties. Numerical results are included to illustrate the theoretical predictions.
American Academy of Nursing's HIV/AIDS Nursing Care Summit: the final synthesis.

The American Academy of Nursing HIV/AIDS Nursing Care Summit convened nurse leaders from across the United States to discuss nursing responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This final synthesis of the Summit includes recommendations regarding clinical practice, administration and policy, education, and research in the area of HIV/AIDS.
Challenges of Diagnosis and Risk Stratification in Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia∗

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a challenging clinical problem because it is relatively uncommon, a definitive diagnosis may be difficult in some patients, and the consequence of missing the diagnosis could be fatal. Moreover, the onset of symptoms occurs over a broad range
Energy efficient wireless sensor networks with transmission diversity

A new transmission scheme which uses two transmitting sensors and space-time block code to provide transmission diversity in distributed wireless sensor networks with neither antenna-array nor transmission synchronisation is proposed. Full diversity and full rate are achieved which enhances power/bandwidth efficiency and reliability. Simulations demonstrate its superior performance in saving transmission energy.
Stress, dilatancy and fabric in granular materials

Abstract On the basis of a simple micromechanical model, expressions are developed for the overall stress and deformation rate measures in a granular mass which carries the applied loads through contact friction. Various measures of the granular fabric are examined, and explicit connections between a fabric measure and the stress and the deformation rate tensors are obtained. Then, from the balance of energy, a general stress-dilatancy equation is deduced, which includes the effect of fabric. Several other published dilatancy equations are discussed and compared with the new equation.
Bishop and Chapter in Twelfth-Century England: A Study of the 'Mensa Episcopalis'

Introduction 1. The place of the mensa 2. The episcopal church in the kingdom 3. The cathedral priories: Bath and Wells, Canterbury, Carlisle, Coventry, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochester, Winchester, Worcester 4. The secular cathedrals: Chichester, Exeter, Hereford, Lincoln, London, Salisbury, York 5. The chapter as community.
On the girth of finitely generated groups

Abstract We study the notion of girth for finitely generated groups. It is proved that if the girth is ‘small’ then the group necessarily satisfies a law. A general construction is presented which provides examples of groups with infinite girth not containing nonabelian free group. We also prove that SL(n, Z ) has infinite girth.
A Recommended Protocol for Pacemaker Follow-up: Analysis of 1,705 Implanted Pacemakers

This study, developed for the purpose of establishing an appropriate protocol for general follow-up of the paced patient, is based on clinical experience with patients derived from diverse specialties, geographical locations and protocol preferences. The analysis represents a four-year study of the transtelephonic follow-up of 1,705 implanted cardiac pacers, which represents 44,616 pacer-months of experience. There were 340 system malfunctions, 41% (141) due to battery exhaustion and 59% (199) due to other causes. Of all observed system failures 9.7% (33) occurred within 1 month of implantation, with the rate declining sharply thereafter until battery failures began to occur at approximately the twenty-fourth month. Only 10.9% (37) of all system failures were accompanied by clinical symptoms. Of the clinical failures, 62% (23) occurred in patients who were tested at intervals greater than 10 weeks. Our analysis indicates that testing should be performed weekly for the first month following lead manipulation. Thereafter, tests should be performed at 8- to 10-week intervals for the first 24 months of pacemaker life. During the third postimplant year tests should be conducted more frequently, depending on the energy source of the generator.
Causal Network Inference Via Group Sparse Regularization

This paper addresses the problem of inferring sparse causal networks modeled by multivariate autoregressive (MAR) processes. Conditions are derived under which the Group Lasso (gLasso) procedure consistently estimates sparse network structure. The key condition involves a “false connection score” ψ. In particular, we show that consistent recovery is possible even when the number of observations of the network is far less than the number of parameters describing the network, provided that ψ <; 1. The false connection score is also demonstrated to be a useful metric of recovery in nonasymptotic regimes. The conditions suggest a modified gLasso procedure which tends to improve the false connection score and reduce the chances of reversing the direction of causal influence. Computational experiments and a real network based electrocorticogram (ECoG) simulation study demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Why Most Mexican Immigrants are Choosing to Remain Permanently in the United States

This paper analyzes why some Mexican immigrants, especially undocumented residents, plan to remain permanently in the United States, whereas others plan to return to Mexico. If Mexican migrants, especially those who are living in the United States without proper legal documentation to do so, plan to remain in the United States permanently, there will be far greater consequences on US society and public policies than if the migrants are only planning to reside and work in the United States for a short period. We use logistic regression analysis to analyze a data set of 492 Mexican and seasonal farmworkers (MSFWs). Two-thirds of the survey respondents lacked documents to live in the United States, and the remaining one-third indicated that they were US “legal permanent residents.” Specifically, those who planned to remain permanently in the United States appeared to be strongly influenced by “cutting ties” to their sending communities, as well as by “planting roots” in their host, and potentially adopted, community. Importantly, we also find that their documented status had very little effect on their intent to remain permanently in the United States.
Time course of effects of 3-mercaptopropionic acid on GABA levels in different brain regions in guinea pigs: possible relationship with associated cardiovascular changes.

In anesthetized guinea pigs, we examined heart rate, arterial pressure, and GABA levels in four brain regions after systemic administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid, an inhibitor of GABA synthesis. After i.p. injection of 195 mg/kg, significant reductions in GABA were first noted at 15 minutes in the cerebellum (−39%), 30 minutes in the hypothalamus (−27%), 60 minutes in the medulla pons (−34%) and 90 minutes in the cerebral cortex (−43%). Cardiovascular function was unaltered at 15 minutes but heart rate and arterial pressure were both significantly elevated at 30 minutes. By 60 minutes, however, heart rate had fallen below control. Injection of a lower dose (97.5 mg/kg i.p.) of 3-MP produced significant increases in heart rate and arterial pressure in 4 of 11 guinea pigs tested. When GABA levels in the same four brain regions were examined at 90 minutes and compared to corresponding levels from vehicle-treated guinea pigs, significant reductions were seen only in the hypothalamus and only in those animals displaying tachycardia and pressor responses. These findings are consistent with our previous results indicating that decreased GABA levels in the hypothalamus and in the medulla pons are responsible for the increases and decreases in heart rate, respectively, seen after systemic administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid.
A time-shared digital computer system for on-line analysis of cardiac catheterization data

Abstract The use of a digital computer to calculate cardiac catheterization data has been studied. The equipment and programming logic used by our laboratory are described. Specific features of on-line data transmission, cardiologist-computer interaction utilizing a series of on-off signals to prompt the computer and the ease with which this system can be utilized by regular laboratory personnel without special training are stressed.
Antagonism of some toxic effects of ethoheptazine by nalorphine

Summary The toxic effects of ethoheptazine in rats were antagonized by the prior administration of nalorphine. The effect of ethoheptazine in rats and mice was similar; however, there is a species difference in the required dosage of ethoheptazine to produce these toxic effects. A similar antagonism of the effects of ethoheptazine by nalorphine was not demonstrated in mice. This is similar to results obtained with dextropropoxyphene in that nalorphine antagonism can be demonstrated in rats but not mice.
New methodology for combined Simulation of delta-I noise interaction with interconnect noise for wide, on-chip data-buses using lossy transmission-line power-blocks

A new technique is described for reducing computational complexity and improving accuracy of combined power distribution and interconnect noise prediction for wide, on-chip data-buses. The methodology uses lossy transmission-line power-blocks with frequency-dependent properties needed for the multigigahertz clock frequencies. The interaction between delta-I noise, common-mode noise, and crosstalk and their effect on timing is illustrated with simulations using representative driver and receiver circuits and on-chip interconnections.
Growth dynamics of determinate soybean in narrow and wide rows at late planting dates.

Abstract Previous studies indicated that the increased light interception available in narrow-row plantings generated greater total (dry-weight) biomass at growth-stage R5 (BR5) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. This increased biomass accumulation resulting from narrow rows is especially important in increasing seed yields at late planting dates compared with optimal. The first objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of crop growth rate ( CGR ) and relative growth rate ( RGR ) in causing greater BR5 in narrow rows, compared with wide, at late planting dates. Since CGR is determined by net assimilation rate (Pn) × L) (leaf area index) and GGR is determined by Lr (leaf area ratio), another objective was to determine which of these secondary factor(s) were responsible for changes in CGR and RGR in narrow rows compared with wide. Field-studies were conducted at late planting dates (in July) during 1987 and 1988 with two commercial soybean cultivars, at 100-cm (wide) rows at normal plant density, 50-cm (narrow) rows at normal plant density, and 50-cm rows at high plant density (50H). The test was conducted at Baton Rouge, Louisiana on a Mhoon silty clay (fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, thermic, Typic Fluvaquents) soil. Relative growth rate made no contribution to greater biomass accumulation in narrow rows. Increased CGR in narrow rows resulted more from increased L than changes in Pn. This increased L resulted in greater light interception (Q) and hence greater CGR . Duration of L (Ld) in narrow rows compared with wide was related to increased leaf number rather than area per leaf (Al). Genetic/cultural manipulations which increase light interception during emergence-to-R5 would be expected to enhance CGR , increase BR5, and hence increase seed yield at late plantings.
Mechanisms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

This article has reviewed the anatomic, compliance, reflex, and respiratory muscle variables that affect upper airway caliber and abnormalities which may precipitate upper airway collapse during sleep. One or more of these variables may be important in the mechanism of OSA in any given patient. First, anyone with anatomic narrowing of the upper airway is susceptible to OSA. However, we do know if anatomic narrowing of the upper airway is necessary for the development of OSA. Surely, heavy snoring produces pharyngeal trauma and possibly edema or inflammation, which in turn may narrow the upper airway. Submucosal adipose tissue or cervical adipose tissue may compress the airway when the tonic electrical activity of the pharyngeal muscles decreases with sleep onset. Data reviewed support the idea that the upper airway of OSA patients may be more collapsible than the upper airway of nonapneic subjects. Intrinsic tissue abnormalities have not been demonstrated that might be responsible for this collapsibility. Changes in collapsibility found are consistent with, and may be due to, changes in tonic and phasic contraction of upper airway muscles. Abnormalities in reflexes affecting upper airway size surely might exist in OSA. Edema or inflammation of pharyngeal tissues might not only narrow the upper airway but might also impair normal function of the receptors responsible for initiating protective reflexes. We propose the fluctuation between a low- and a high-drive state contributes to upper airway collapse in OSA. With this fluctuation the balance of forces and critical pressure concepts discussed above come into play (Fig 6). By stimulating upper airway inspiratory muscles, CO2 eliminates the hypoapneic, low-drive, high-resistance periods and thereby reduces the number of apneas. In addition, preferential stimulation of upper airway muscle activity dilates the upper airway per se. If the relative value of each of these factors can be determined diagnostically, perhaps therapy can be made more specific. By being more specific, therapy should be more successful than the present practice of prescribing a particular therapy, regardless of the specific mechanism responsible for the OSA in a given patient.
Psychoendocrine functions in relation to level of spinal cord transection

Abstract Several recent reports concerning psychoendocrine functions in individuals with traumatic spinal cord transections have indicated diminished adrenal-cortical activity; but have also suggested that results may be related to the level of spinal cord lesion. This investigation, involving 11 patients injured between C5-T2, 16 patients injured between T5–T12, and 8 patients injured between L1–L2, indicates increased rather than diminished adrenal functioning. A curvilinear relation between level of cord transection and both affective and adrenal functions is also suggested by the present study, in agreement with a previous report by Nicholas et al. (1969).
Size-selective and sex-selective predation by brown bears on sockeye salmon.

Breeding activity increases the vulnerability of many animals to predation, and such predation can affect the subset of animals successfully reproducing. To study the ways in which predation might affect the evolution of Pacific salmon, we measured the intensity and selectivity of predation by bears (primarily brown bears, Ursus arctos) on mature sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) breeding in a series of small, spring-fed ponds and creeks near Pedro Bay, Alaska, from 1994 to 1998. Bears killed male salmon more often than females; males constituted 60% of the kills but only 35% of the salmon that died of senescence. The bears also killed fish that were larger, on average, than those dying of senescence (males: 462 vs 452 mm; females: 453 vs 443 mm). The level of predation varied greatly, from 4% (females) and 10% (males) in 1994 to 100% of both sexes in 1996 and 1997. The rate of predation also varied among habitats, being lower in larger ponds than in smaller, shallower ponds and the very small interconnecting creeks. Despite the intense and size-selective predation, the salmon in safer habitats (large ponds) were not larger than those in riskier habitats, and salmon densities were only slightly higher in the safer areas. Compared to a nearby population that experiences no bear predation (Woody Island), the male sockeye salmon from the Pedro Pond system had shallower bodies (i.e., less exposure in shallow water) for a given length, consistent with the hypothesis that selective predation can affect the extent of sexual dimorphism among populations. However, the average length at age for both males and females was greater in the Pedro Pond fish, indicating that selective factors besides predation affect length. Overall, the results indicate that bears can be an agent of natural selection within (and perhaps between) sockeye salmon populations, and predation can greatly affect reproductive success among individuals and years for the population as a whole.
Cold tolerance in diapausing and non-diapausing stages of the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis

. Supercooling points (SCP) and low temperature tolerance were determined for larval, pupal and adult stages of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). No stage tolerates tissue-freezing. Ontogenetic changes in SCP profiles are similar for comparable developmental stages of diapause and non-diapause groups. Feeding larvae have SCPs near -7°C which decrease to -11°C in the postfeeding wandering phase of the final larval instar. The lowest SCPs are recorded for pupae at -23°C. The capacity to survive at -17°C varies with age of the diapausing pupae: 10-day-old pupae are less cold tolerant than pupae that have been in diapause for 45–80 days. Although the SCP of non-diapausing pupae is as low as in diapausing pupae, non-diapausing pupae are extremely sensitive to low temperature exposure and do not survive to adult eclosion when exposed to -17°C for as little as 20 min. The use of hexane to break pupal diapause has no effect on SCPs or low temperature tolerance.
EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIAC PERFORMANCE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE.

Cardiac performance and oxygenation have been studied in resting and exercising subjects with coronary artery disease. Disturbances exist in myocardial function and energetics, characterized by preservation of pressure development, but with impaired systolic ejection and failure to increase mechanical efficiency during exercise. Resultant elevation of myocardial oxygen need by impaired performance undoubtedly aggravates coronary reserve inadequacy during exercise.
A Party System Perspective on the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: The Democracy, Electoral College Competition, and the Politics of Coalition Maintenance*

The literature on the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is curiously at odds with our understanding of the politics of the Gilded Age. Labels like “the party period” and phrases such as “the triumph of organizational politics” and the “full flowering of the American party state” attest to the vibrant partisan life of the late 19th century. Stephen Skowronek offers one important reason for this state of affairs: The nature of electoral competition in these years further extended the hegemony of party concerns over governmental operations. More than ever before, the calculations of those in power were wedded to the imperatives of maintaining efficiency in state and local political machines and of forging a national coalition from these machines for presidential elections.
Money troubles: Europe's rough road to monetary union

Abstract The turmoil that engulfed the European monetary system in 1992 and 1993 extinguished the sense of inevitability that the project for economic and monetary union had acquired. The exchange rate crisis led many to conclude that monetary union had been derailed once and for all. This article argues, in contrast, that the monetary crisis did not prove that monetary union was undesired or unworkable. The travails of the exchange rate mechanism did not undo the interests that originally drove the economic and monetary union project or erase the gains it would bring to some member states. The crisis did, however, highlight the formidable obstacles to achieving monetary union in Europe. The article examines four interpretations of the 1992–3 crisis in the European monetary system, focusing especially on the failure to agree on a co‐ordinated realignment that might have avoided the turmoil. It then discusses the future course of monetary union in light of the contending (though not mutually exclusive) int...
An adaptive checkpointing protocol to bound recovery time with message logging

Numerous mathematical approaches have been proposed to determine the optimal checkpoint interval for minimizing total execution time of an application in the presence of failures. These solutions are often not applicable due to the lack of accurate data on the probability distribution of failures. Most current checkpoint libraries require application users to define a fixed time interval for checkpointing. The checkpoint interval usually implies the approximate maximum recovery time for single process applications. However, actual recovery time can be much smaller when message logging is used. Due to this faster recovery, checkpointing may be more frequent than needed and thus unnecessary execution overhead is introduced. In this paper, an adaptive checkpointing protocol is developed to accurately enforce the user-defined recovery time and to reduce excessive checkpoints. An adaptive protocol has been implemented and evaluated using a receiver-based message logging algorithm on wired and wireless mobile networks. The results show that the protocol precisely maintains the user-defined maximum recovery times for several traces with varying message exchange rates. The mechanism incurs lour overhead, avoids unnecessary checkpointing, and reduces failure free execution time.
Early savings for children's higher education: A comparison between savers and non-savers in a Child Development Account program

Abstract This study examined economic pressure, parenting stress, and personal mastery factors among N = 235 lower income parents who had the opportunity to save for their children's future higher education in a children's development account program. Bivariate analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to test the differences between early savers and non-savers. There were some sociodemographic differences between the groups; however, the overall SEM was invariant between the groups. Data suggest that specific case management services may be critical to help lower-income parents save for their children. Further research needs to identify institutional aspects and household characteristics that explain saving among this poorer households.
Don't Blow This Therapy Session!

Blowing exercises and other nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs) are commonly used therapeutic techniques for children with repaired cleft palate and velopharyngeal inadequacy. Blowing exercises...
Some performance results on recursive query processing in relational database systems

The processing of recursive queries in relational database systems poses a great challenge in research on expert database systems. This paper uses both analytical and experimental methods to investigate the performance of several different algorithms in processing a recursive query in first-order recursive databases. The analytical method estimated the I/O and CPU cost and the storage needed in processing recursive queries. The experimental tests were performed on a synthetic relational database built on top of WISS (Wisconsin Storage System) on VAX 11/750. Both analytical and experimental results indicate that for efficient recursive database processing it is important to apply the following heuristics: performing selection first, making use of wavefront relations, and grouping those joins which reduce the size of intermediate results. The termination conditions for recursive queries are also discussed in the paper.
SmartTiles: mobility and wireless programmability in children's construction and crafts

This paper presents a working prototype of a mobile, programmable set of construction kit elements for children. SmartTiles are small, lightweight, independently programmable tile objects that can be combined to cover various sorts of planar surfaces; each touch-sensitive tile contains its own computer and LED, and communicates with its neighboring tiles when placed on an appropriate background material. Collectively, the tiles enact user-customizable cellular automaton programs and thus display complex and fascinating dynamical patterns of light. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of SmartTiles and explore their potential use as an instance of mobile computation for children. We also discuss the way in which the tiles can be programmed wirelessly via a PDA interface, and discuss the implications of this sort of programming for educational computing more generally.
Comments on the symposium on Interest and Prices

The papers prepared for this symposium cover a great deal of ground. It is a pleasure to be able to respond to them, as this provides an opportunity to try to clarify some of the aims of my book (Woodford 2003) that may have been insufficiently clear in the original work. But I shall have to restrict my attention to only a few of the most important issues raised in the various papers. I shall consider three classes of issues in particular: the methodology adopted in the book, the role of “cashless” models, and the connection between my work and the Wicksellian tradition.
Functional role of efferents to the avian retina. I. Analysis of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields.

Receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells were analyzed during extracellular microelectrode recordings in the optic tract of the lightly anesthetized pigeon. Four major types of receptive field can be distinguished among the 359 fibers studied. Twenty-five percent of the receptive fields are relatively simple, responding at on and at off to stationary spots of light in the central region. All of the receptive fields have inhibitory surrounds of varying strength that do not produce a response when illuminated alone, but antagonize responses from the central region. Motion sensitive units comprise 15% of the recorded population; they are similar to the on-off center type except that responses to stationary stimuli are absent or very weak while responses to moving stimuli are vigorous. Directionally selective units also have the basic features of on-off, inhibitory surround cells, but respond to moving stimuli well from the preferred direction and not at all from the null direction. Directional cells have a broad range of null directions; in about one-third of the units the range becomes broader when the stimulus involves both center and surround of the receptive field, thus enhancing directional selectivity. Directionally selective units are common, comprising 38% of the units studied. Cells unresponsive to stimuli moving from anterior in the visual field are much more common than other types, while cells unresponsive to stimuli from posterior in the field are rare. A few units (11 %) respond only at on or at off to stationary stimuli in their receptive field centers; they also have antagonistic but unresponsive receptive field surrounds. The area of the visual field sampled is uniform in regard to the relative numbers of the four major receptive field types.
A threonine residue (Thr71) at the intracellular end of the M1 helix plays a critical role in the gating of Kir6.2 channels by intracellular ATP and protons

ATP-sensitive K + (KATP) channels are known to be gated by several intracellular molecules, but the gating mechanisms remain unclear. To understand the relationship of channel gating to ligand binding, we studied Kir6.2 channel gating by ATP and protons, which inhibit and activate the channel, respectively. We have previously shown that a threonine residue (Thr71) is critical for the pH sensitivity of Kir6.2 channel. If this site is involved in channel gating rather than ligand binding, it should affect channel gating by both ATP and proton. To test this hypothesis we performed a mutation analy- sis. Site-specific mutations of Thr71 to a bulky residue reduced the ATP sensitivity by >100-fold and eliminated the pH sensitivity. Single-channel ac- tivity of these mutants was stabilized at the open state with no detectable rundown. Mutations to a small amino acid had little effect on the ATP and pH sen- sitivities. Mutations to intermediate amino acids re- duced but did not abolish the ATP and pH sensitivities. Hydrophobicity is not critical, as both polar and nonpolar amino acids are found in each group. Mutation to a positively charged lysine markedly exacerbated the pH-but not ATP- sensitiv- ity, whereas mutation to glutamate moderately reduced ATP and pH sensitivities. These results indicate that the residue mass is critical for Kir6.2 channel gating, a mass that should be below 120 daltons with no charge. The existence of such a site as Thr71 involved in channel gating by both ATP and proton suggests that channel gating in the KATP channel likely is separate from ligand binding.
Detection of time-varying directional flows in wireless networks

The problem of detecting packet flows between two nodes in a wireless network is considered. Especially, the transmission timings of two nodes are recorded, and their transmission rates can be time-varying (piecewise constant). Based on the timing measurements, our objective is to detect the presence of packet flows between them. Two different scenarios are considered; the first is that a flow may exist in only one specific direction, and the other is that a flow may exist in any direction. For each case, a detection algorithm is provided, and for the latter scenario, an additional algorithm aimed at estimating the direction of the underlying flow is proposed. When the transmission processes are nonhomogeneous Poisson processes, under certain conditions, our algorithms are proved to be consistent. The algorithms are tested using the MSN Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic and the synthetic Poisson traffic.
PHOTOCHEMICAL GENERATION OF REDUCED QUINONE CATALYSTS OF PHOTOSYSTEM I CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION ACTIVITY

— When reaction mixtures containing 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonate and chloroplasts poisoned with 3–(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l, l′-dimethylurea were illuminated with white light, photosystem I-catalyzed cyclic photophosphorylation was observed. Illumination of identical reaction mixtures with red light produced no ATP synthesis. This phenomenon is due to photoreduction of the anthraquinone which is supported by the electron donor activity of Tricine buffer. The photoreduction reaction was used to generate reduced catalysts (anthraquinone sulfonate, menadione bisulfite) of photosystem I cyclic photophosphorylation activity. The rates of ATP synthesis obtained by this method (250–300 μmol/h-mg chlorophyll) indicate that sulfonated quinones are efficient mediators of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. Although the activity catalyzed by these compounds is highly sensitive to dibromothymoquinone, very little decrease in activity is observed with antimycin A.
Experimental investigation of security issues in OCDMA

For the first time we experimentally demonstrated possible vulnerabilities of the OCDMA code-switching scheme to an eavesdropper even without knowledge of the codes: (1) utilizing the structure of spectral dips; (2) using a DPSK demodulator.
Two-photon imaging of microbial immunity in living tissues

The immune system is highly evolved and can respond to infection throughout the body. Pathogenspecific immune cells are usually generated in secondary lymphoid tissues (e.g., spleen, lymph nodes) and then migrate to sites of infection where their functionality is shaped by the local milieu. Because immune cells are so heavily influenced by the infected tissue in which they reside, it is important that their interactions and dynamics be studied in vivo. Two-photon microscopy is a powerful approach to study host-immune interactions in living tissues, and recent technical advances in the field have enabled researchers to capture movies of immune cells and infectious agents operating in real time. These studies have shed light on pathogen entry and spread through intact tissues as well as the mechanisms by which innate and adaptive immune cells participate in thwarting infections. This review focuses on how two-photon microscopy can be used to study tissue-specific immune responses in vivo, and how this approach has advanced our understanding of host-immune interactions following infection.
Demo: ShopMobile II: Eyes-free supermarket grocery shopping for visually impaired mobile phone users

Supermarkets are one of the most functionally challenging environments for visually impaired (VI) individuals. A modern supermarket has a median area of 4,529 square meters and stocks an average of 45,000 products. We will demonstrate ShopMobile II, a mobile shopping system for VI individuals. ShopMobile II is implemented on the Google Nexus One smartphone. We will demonstrate how haptic and audio interfaces augment simple vision techniques. We will also demonstrate an interactive haptic feedback loop to align the phone's camera with fixed surfaces in the pitch and yaw planes. The estimated duration of the demonstration is fifteen minutes.
PROPERTIES OF A THIN HOLLOW SUPERCONDUCTING CYLINDER

Dependence of energy gap on quantum number and external magnetic field and its influence on other properties of a hollow superconducting cylinder, considered via ginzburg-landau theory
Sensitive dependence on parameters in nonlinear dynamics.

Two qualitatively different types of dynamical behavior can be so tightly interwoven that it becomes impossible predict when a small change in parameters will cause a change in qualitative properties. For quadratic mappings of the interval, for example, the chaotic to parameter values form a Cantor set of positive measure, broken up by periodic intervals. This set can be described by a global scaling law, which makes it possible to form a good estimate of the fraction of chaotic parameter values. Sensitive dependence on parameters occurs when the scaling exponent \ensuremath{\beta}1. \ensuremath{\beta} is conjectured to display universal behavior.
Leptin levels in restricting and purging anorectics.

Patients with anorexia nervosa of the restricting (AN-R) and purging (AN-P) subtypes were studied to determine if there was a differential effect on leptin levels. It was hypothesized that the AN-P subgroup would have elevated leptin compared to the AN-R subgroup. Fasting plasma and anthropormorphic measurements were collected from 8 women with AN-R and 5 with AN-P. Eleven women served as controls. Overall, the plasma leptin correlated with body mass index (BMI; R = 0.432, p < .05). The AN-P subgroup had elevated leptin compared to the AN-R subgroup (3.8 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.2 ng/ml, p < .05) despite similar BMI (16.0 ±0.5 vs. 14.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2). Additionally, the AN-P subgroup had similar plasma leptins as controls (3.8 ± 0.8 vs. 3.6 ± 0.1) despite different BMI (16.0 ± 0.5 vs. 20.2 ± 0.2, p < .001). Cortisol in the AN-P subgroup trended to be higher than in the restricting anorectics (21.8 ± 3.0 vs. 15.6 ± 1.3, p = .06). In AN, leptin was elevated in AN-P vs. AN. This may be due to increased glucocorticoid stimulation of leptin. © 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 26: 189–194, 1999.
Effect of proteoglycans at interfaces as related to location, architecture, and mechanical cues.

Author(s): Kurylo, Michael P; Grandfield, Kathryn; Marshall, Grayson W; Altoe, Virginia; Aloni, Shaul; Ho, Sunita P | Abstract: IntroductionCovalently bound functional GAGs orchestrate tissue mechanics through time-dependent characteristics.ObjectiveThe role of specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) at the ligament-cementum and cementum-dentin interfaces within a human periodontal complex were examined. Matrix swelling and resistance to compression under health and modeled diseased states was investigated.Materials and methodsThe presence of keratin sulfate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) GAGs at the ligament-cementum and cementum-dentin interfaces in human molars (N=5) was illustrated by using enzymes, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM-based nanoindentation. The change in physical characteristics of modeled diseased states through sequential digestion of keratin sulfate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) GAGs was investigated. One-way ANOVA tests with Pl0.05 were performed to determine significant differences between groups. Additionally, the presence of mineral within the seemingly hygroscopic interfaces was investigated using transmission electron microscopy.ResultsImmunohistochemistry (N=3) indicated presence of biglycan and fibromodulin small leucine rich proteoglycans at the interfaces. Digestion of matrices with enzymes confirmed the presence of KS and CS GAGs at the interfaces by illustrating a change in tissue architecture and mechanics. A significant increase in height (nm), decrease in elastic modulus (GPa), and tissue deformation rate (nm/s) of the PDL-C attachment site (215±63-424±94nm; 1.5±0.7-0.4±0.2GPa; 21±7-48±22nm/s), and cementum-dentin interface (122±69-360±159nm; 2.9±1.3-0.7±0.3GPa; 18±4-30±6nm/s) was observed.ConclusionsThe sequential removal of GAGs indicated loss in intricate structural hierarchy of hygroscopic interfaces. From a mechanics perspective, GAGs provide tissue recovery/resilience. The results of this study provide insights into the role of GAGs toward conserved tooth movement in the socket in response to mechanical loads, and modulation of potentially deleterious strain at tissue interfaces.
“You’re the best around”: an argument for playoffs and tournaments

AbstractRecent articles, including those by Dixon and Torres and Hager, criticize tournament playoffs, primarily for reasons of fairness and integrity. Many suggest that playoff and tournament prominence reflect monetary and entertainment interests rather than the pursuit of athletic excellence. Nevertheless, tournament playoffs are increasingly popular. While the concerns are serious, in this paper I defend the overlooked value of playoffs and tournaments. Playoff critics employ too narrow a conception of the best team and too limited a view of excellence. Rather, playoffs and seasons highlight distinct and valuable conceptions of athletic excellence. To better capture this, I consider two alternative championship formats: the hybrid system and championship pluralism. The hybrid system includes a playoff informed by the regular season. Despite its apparent advantages, I reject the hybrid approach. Instead, I propose championship pluralism as a preferred championship model.
Life of the Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa virginica (Linn.) (Xylocopidae, Hymenoptera)

This, the common carpenter bee of eastern North America, inhabits a system of longitudinal or vertical tunnels, with a single entrance, bored presumably only in dead but solid wood, either deciduous or pine. Economically it is only of secondary importance, due chiefly to occasional damage to wooden structures and to its limited role in pollination of flowers. Juvenile adults of both sexes winter in the tunnels. Mating, accompanied by a bobbing “dance,” occurs in April. The bee seems to prefer refurbishing old tunnels to boring new ones or dispersing to new sites. The females prepare series of brood cells in the tunnels, providing each cell with larval food, an egg, and a partition. Pollen and nectar are known to have been obtained from flowers of 19 families, either by bodily entering the apex of the corolla, or by puncturing or slitting the side near the base to reach the nectaries in deep flower cups. The number of cells in a series suggests that one “mother” produces no more than six to eight young. Development takes place from May through August, and emergence of the juvenile is completed by early September. The oldest bee, developed in the bottom of the tunnel, emerges first, and does so by biting its way through several partitions and crawling over the undeveloped bees above. Both males and females temporarily store and later consume some nectar and pollen before winter sets in. Only one generation develops in a year. When transported to new environments in June, the bees adjust readily but require an orientation flight to study the, new landmarks. When released up to 7 miles from home, a large percent of the bees were able to return. The larvae are parasitized by the bombyliid flies Anthrax sinuosa and A. simpson . Birds occasionally attack adults, larvae, and pupae. No gynandromorphs were found among the 69 adult bees obtained at Longview, Illinois.
Inhibition of Rat Liver Microsomal N-Demethylase by a-Naphthyl-isothiocyanate Studies with Puromycin Aminonucleoside.

SummaryPretreatment of rats with a-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) significantly inhibited the N-demethylation of puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) as measured in vitro by assay of the isolated liver microsomes, and in vivo by determination of the ratio of PA to its N-demethylated metabolite excreted in the urine after PA administration. ANIT inhibition of the demethylation of PA did not reduce the latter's nephrotoxicity indicating that the monodemethylated analog of PA is not the nephrotoxic agent in the rat.
A Review of F-35 Combat Capability

It has been 11 years since F-35 project was formally started,which now is still facing the problem of overweight,cost overruns and delays.Opinions on its abilities vary.This paper makes a comprehensive review on the possible abilities of F-35,and gives a more systematic interpretation and understanding.
A preliminary statistical study of curved electrode test fixtures

A time sharing computer was used to evaluate dielectric strength test data collected on a spring loaded and a weighted curved electrode test fixture, both of which are acceptable under the ASTM Curved Electrode Test, D1830-61T.
Epidemiological characteristics of rubella in Haizhu District of Guangzhou City from 2008 to 2013

Objective To learn rubella epidemiological characteristics in Haizhu Distric of Guangzhou from2008 to 2013and to provide basis of rubella control in Haizhu District. Methods Rubella epidemiology characteristics was analyzed bydescriptive epidemiology. Results A total of 355 rubella cases were reported from various areas in Haizhu district and nodeath case was found. The annual average incidence rate was 3.70/100 000 and there was no significant difference in theincidence during 2008 to 2013(P0.05). The peak incidence of rubella usually occurred during March to June(70.99%).The ratio of male and female was 0.92∶1(P0.05),The highest incidence was reported in patients aged 15 to 40(77.75%), and fertile woman accounted for 88.08% of the female cases. The outbreak was mainly found in schools.85.63% of thepatients had no or unclear rubella vaccination history. Conclusion The epidemic situation of rubella in Haizhu District wasserious.The disease monitoring and vaccine coverage of susceptible population should be strengthened for preventing therubella outbreaks and the congenital rubella syndrome.
Control of Electron Beam-Induced Au Nanocrystal Growth Kinetics through Solution Chemistry.

Measurements of solution-phase crystal growth provide mechanistic information that is helpful in designing and synthesizing nanostructures. Here, we examine the model system of individual Au nanocrystal formation within a defined liquid geometry during electron beam irradiation of gold chloride solution, where radiolytically formed hydrated electrons reduce Au ions to solid Au. By selecting conditions that favor the growth of well-faceted Au nanoprisms, we measure growth rates of individual crystals. The volume of each crystal increases linearly with irradiation time at a rate unaffected by its shape or proximity to neighboring crystals, implying a growth process that is controlled by the arrival of atoms from solution. Furthermore, growth requires a threshold dose rate, suggesting competition between reduction and oxidation processes in the solution. Above this threshold, the growth rate follows a power law with dose rate. To explain the observed dose rate dependence, we demonstrate that a reaction-diffu...
What Determines the Ice Polymorph in Clouds

Ice crystals in the atmosphere nucleate from supercooled liquid water and grow by vapor uptake. The structure of the ice polymorph grown has strong impact on the morphology and light scattering of the ice crystals, modulates the amount of water vapor in ice clouds, and can impact the molecular uptake and reactivity of atmospheric aerosols. Experiments and molecular simulations indicate that ice nucleated and grown from deeply supercooled liquid water is metastable stacking disordered ice. The ice polymorph grown from vapor has not yet been determined. Here we use large-scale molecular simulations to determine the structure of ice that grows as a result of uptake of water vapor in the temperature range relevant to cirrus and mixed-phase clouds, elucidate the molecular mechanism of the formation of ice at the vapor interface, and compute the free energy difference between cubic and hexagonal ice interfaces with vapor. We find that vapor deposition results in growth of stacking disordered ice only under cond...