cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signatures of surface wave/internal wave interactions: experiment and theory

Abstract This paper summarizes results from an extended investigation of the physics of surface wave/internal wave interactions. During summer conditions of stratification, internal solitary waves are generated by the semidiurnal tide at the continental shelf break off New York. The waves evolve as packets of solitons having rank-ordered amplitudes, wave spacings, and crest lengths. They propagate toward shore and are ultimately dissipated in the region where the mixed layer intersects the bottom. We have studied their hydrodynamic properties, their interactions with surface waves and with each other, and the scattering of electromagnetic radiation from their accompanying surface roughness variations. Measurement using a towed thermistor chain. CTD casts, and moored current meter arrays have allowed a detailed characterization of the subsurface and near-surface hydrodynamics. Quantitative surface signatures were obtained using: (a) TV Stilwell methods, (b) calibrated airborne synthetic aperture radar at L- and X-bands, and (c) the L-band SIR-B synthetic aperture radar on the space shuttle Challenger. The scattering data have been analyzed using the wave action equation for calculating internal current/surface wave interactions. Hughes' description of the wave relaxation rate has been used to obtain the perturbation to the surface wave spectrum from the internal currents and current straining. Radar backscatter variations from the perturbed surface wave roughness were then calculated using a variant of the Kirchhoff approximation to the scattering integral. Both Bragg scattering and specular point scattering are important in this case. Excellent agreement is obtained between the theory and the observations.
Two-point joint-density function of the intensity for a laser-generated speckle field after propagation through the turbulent atmosphere

A two-point, joint-probability-density function for the intensity of a laser-generated speckle field after propagation through turbulence is developed by using the method of compound distributions. The parameters of the joint-density function are derived in terms of the path length, strength of turbulence, wave number, beam size, and degree of focus. Closed-form expressions for some of the joint moments of the intensity are developed and compared with experimental data. Good agreement is obtained.
Temporal changes in P-wave velocity in Southern California☆

P-wave delays at Tinemaha, China Lake, Pasadena, Riverside, Hayfield and Barrett, stations of the CIT Southern California seismic network, are measured for three explosions in the Aleutians and six deep-focus earthquakes in the Marianas. Except at Riverside, no change in P-delays exceeding the experimental uncertainty, ± 0.2 sec, is found during the period from 1965 to 1971. At Riverside, however, P-delay in 1971 is at least 0.4 sec smaller than that in 1965, indicating a temporal P-velocity increase beneath Riverside from 1965 to 1971. Evidence supporting this result is obtained from the P-times at Riverside for quarry blasts at Corona (Δ ≈ 20 km). Precise travel-time measurements are made for eight blasts since 1949. The travel time changes as a function of time, ranging from 3.3 to 3.7 sec. This range of variation seems to be larger than the experimental uncertainty. The trend for the period from 1964 to 1969 is consistent with the temporal change in the teleseismic P-delays observed at Riverside. The observed change in P-delays is not related in any obvious way to past seismic activity; rather it might represent a large-scale fluctuation of the property of the crust caused possibly by change in the tectonic stress and fluid-vapor flow, and may be related to future earthquake activity.
Detection of peroxides using Pd/SnO2 nanocomposite catalysts

Abstract Sensors used for trace explosives detection frequently exhibit poor sensitivity and selectivity for non-nitrogen based explosives such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Selectivity between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TATP molecules for example, is marginal in many types of gas sensors. In this study, we focused on improving sensor response and selectivity by employing combinatorial chemistry techniques. Specifically, Pd:SnO2 nanocomposite catalysts were prepared and the most promising candidates screened using combinatorial chemistry techniques. The effect of palladium loadings on the response of Pd:SnO2 nanocomposites to TATP were investigated, and select compositions greatly improved the sensitivity to TATP and the selectivity of TATP over H2O2. Both SEM and TEM were employed to characterize the morphology of the nanocomposite catalysts and XRD and XPS were used to identify the crystal structure and the oxidation state of the catalyst. Based on the combinatorial chemistry experiments, Pd:SnO2 nancomposite catalysts with an 8 wt.% palladium loading yielded the greatest selectivity of TATP over H2O2, while a 12 wt.% palladium loading yielded the largest response signal to TATP. The relative merits of using this approach to identify catalysts for the detection of non-nitrogen based explosives are discussed.
Regulatory T cells control the CD8 adaptive immune response at the time of ductal obstruction in experimental biliary atresia.

CD8 T-lymphocytes are effector cells of cholangiocyte injury in human and in rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-induced experimental biliary atresia (BA). Here we hypothesize that neonatal deficiency in CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) leads to aberrant activation of hepatic T-lymphocytes in BA. We found that adoptive transfer of total CD4 cells, but not of CD25-depleted CD4 cells, prior to RRV inoculation reduced expansion of CD8 cells, plasma bilirubin levels, ductal inflammation, and bile duct epithelial injury at 7 days postinfection (dpi) compared with age-matched infected controls without adoptive transfer. Searching for mechanisms, we found that in vitro production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by naive CD8 cells upon polyclonal stimulation was enhanced in coculture with hepatic dendritic cells (DCs) from RRV-infected, but not with DCs from noninfected mice, which was correlated with an increased proportion of CD11b+ myeloid (m)DCs and up-regulation of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on RRV-primed DCs. Furthermore, DC-dependent T-lymphocyte activation was blocked by anti-CD86 antibody in dose-dependent fashion. Importantly, expression of CD86 on mDCs was down-regulated by Tregs in vitro, and adoptive transfer of Treg-containing CD4 cells decreased expression of CD86 on hepatic mDCs at 7 dpi. On the contrary, in mice resistant to experimental BA, CD25+ cell depletion aggravated bile duct injury at 12 dpi after RRV inoculation, as plasma bilirubin levels were elevated by >20-fold compared with nondepleted infected controls. Increased susceptibility to hepatobiliary injury in Treg-depleted mice was linked to hepatic CD8 expansion and enhanced stimulatory capacity of hepatic DCs. Conclusion: Activation of hepatic T-lymphocytes driving biliary obstruction in BA is regulated by mDCs by way of CD86-dependent costimulation and is susceptible to inhibition by Tregs. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:219–227)
Intermetallics in the Mg-Ca-Sn ternary system: Structural, vibrational, and thermodynamic properties from first principles

A comprehensive analysis of the structural, vibrational, and thermodynamic properties of the intermetallic compounds in the $\mathrm{Mg}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ca}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Sn}$ system has been performed via first-principles calculations. The enthalpies of formation at $0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ for all the known structures in this ternary system are calculated and the results are favorably compared---within $\ensuremath{\sim}5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kJ}∕\mathrm{mol}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{atom}$ in most cases---to the available experimental data. The vibrational contributions to the thermodynamic properties of fcc Ca, hcp Mg, $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sn}$, ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}\mathrm{Sn}$, $\mathrm{CaSn}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{5}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{CaSn}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}\mathrm{Sn}$, and $\mathrm{MgCaSn}$ are calculated using the supercell method. In all cases, bond stiffening resulting from compound formation results in upward frequency shifts in the phonon density of states, yielding in turn negative entropies of formation. The effects of volume expansion on the vibrational properties were considered through the quasiharmonic approximation. Thermal electronic contributions were also calculated from the electronic density of states. The electronic degrees of freedom were found to be less important than volume expansion at determining the high temperature thermodynamic properties. The predicted thermodynamic properties of the structures agreed satisfactorily with the experimental data available. The relative importance of these two nonharmonic corrections is reversed when analyzing the formation properties. In all compounds, except for ${\mathrm{CaSn}}_{3}$, it was found that the variation of both the formation enthalpies and entropies with temperature is negative. This results in a destabilization of the compounds with respect to their constituent elements as the temperature is increased.
Evaluation of textural properties of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) fillet with the natural contour method

A value-added channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) product was being developed to explore more profit for this industry. Textural properties played an important role in the quality control and acceptability of both raw and processed products. Due to insufficient study on this topic a reliable method was needed for textural properties evaluations of catfish and other small-scale fish. Textural properties of raw and smoked channel catfish (I. punctatus) fillets were measured by the “finger” and “tooth” methods with a Texture Analyzer. A novel sampling technique was used to sample thickness contours on the fillets. Indentation force (g) of the “finger” method and shear force (g) of the “tooth” method were measured at different contour levels of four myomere cone bands on the fillets. Shear force and indentation force of the fresh catfish fillets increased with the increasing thickness as measured by the “tooth” and “finger” methods. Both methods could be used to measure the textural properties of catfish fillet. The “finger” method was recommended because of its non-destructive nature and applicability to both raw and smoked catfish samples. The novel sampling technique used in this study was rapid and applicable to irregular fillet shapes including catfish and other fish species. Smoked catfish had decreased indentation force with increased thickness. The dehydration effects and denaturization of fish muscle during the smoking process were main reasons for that.
Statistical mechanical studies of intermolecular interactions in mesogenic solutions

Statistical mechanical models have been used to study the roles of solvent–solvent, solvent–solute, and solute–solute interactions in two types of systems which exhibit mesomorphism. 1. Nematogenic solutions have been studied using a van der Waals approach, in which very short-range intermolecular repulsions are approximated by hard-particle exclusion and somewhat longer-range intermolecular attractions are subject to a self-consistent mean field treatment. The general theory, applicable to mixtures of any number of rodlike or effectively spherical components, has been applied to (i) binary solutions with rodlike solvent molecules and effectively spherical solute molecules (here, predicted temperature-mole fraction phase diagrams are in rather good-agreement with available experimental data) and (ii) binary mixtures of nematogens. In the latter case, some very interesting effects are predicted when the two components differ considerably in their molecular dimensions. 2. The formation of lipid bilayers has been studied in amphiphile-water systems which do not form globular/cylindrical micelles (e.g lecithin-water mixtures), using model system of water molecules and straight, in flexible amphiphilic ‘r-mers’ (i.e., rodlike molecules with length-to-width ratio r), constrained to lie on a simple cubic lattice. The `r-mers' and water molecules interact via nearest-neighbor segmental interaction energies ϵAA, ϵAB, ϵBB, ϵAS, ϵBS and ϵSS where S, A, and B represent, respectively, a water molecule, a polar head segment, and a lipid tail segment. Using the Bragg-Williams approximation, temperature-mole fraction phase diagrams have been calculated for model systems with various values of the amphiphile length-to-width ratio r and the interaction energies ϵAA, ϵAB, etc. in an effort to elucidate more fully the molecular factors which govern the formation and stability of lipid bilayers. This basic model has been modified by allowing the amphiphilic `r-mers' to form bilayer vesicles which can be packed on the lattice together which water molecules and individual amphiphile molecules. It is hoped that this modified model will be useful for studying the phase transition between the bilayer smectic phase and a solution of bilayer vesicles.
Quantum initial conditions in quasi-classical trajectory calculations☆

Abstract The quantum distribution of initial conditions suggested recently by Careless and Hyatt as a means of “phase-averaging” classical trajectories is shown to lead to reaction probabilities which depend on the initial distance between the reagents even when this distance is sufficiently large for the corresponding interaction energy to vanish. We used that distribution to calculate reaction probabilities for the collinear H + H2 exchange reaction on a potential energy surface for which quasi-classical and exact quantum results had been previously obtained. The dependence of the resulting reaction probabilities on the arbitrarily chosen value of the initial atom-molecule separation was substantial. We conclude that the use of such quantum distributions for initial conditions is physically unacceptable.
Evaluation of a Staged Treatment Protocol for Rapid Automatic Junctional Tachycardia After Operation for Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Objectives. This study sought to 1) develop an efficient treatment protocol for postoperative automatic junctional tachycardia (JT) using conventional drugs and techniques, and 2) identify clinical features associated with this disorder by analyzing a large study group. Background. Postoperative JT is a transient arrhythmia that may be fatal after operation for congenital cardiac defects. Its precise cause is unknown. A variety of palliative treatments have evolved, but because of a low incidence of JT, large studies of the most efficient therapeutic sequence are lacking. Methods. A protocol for rapid JT (>170 beats/min) was adopted in 1986, and was tested in 71 children between 1986 and 1994. Staged therapy involved 1) a reduction of catecholamines; 2) correction of fever; 3) atrial pacing to restore synchrony; 4) digoxin; 5) phenytoin or propranolol or verapamil; 6) procainamide or hypothermia; and 7) combined procainamide and hypothermia. Effective therapy was defined as a sustained reduction of JT rate Results. Of the multiple treatment stages, only correction of fever and combined procainamide and hypothermia appeared to be efficacious. By refining the protocol to eliminate nonproductive stages, the time to JT control was significantly shortened for the last 30 patients. Treatment was ultimately successful in 70 of 71 children. Postoperative JT was strongly associated with young age, transient atrioventricular block and operations involving ventricular septal defect closure. Conclusions. A staged approach to therapy, with emphasis on combined hypothermia and procainamide in difficult cases, appears to be an effective management strategy for postoperative JT. These results may also serve as comparison data for evaluation of newer and promising JT options, such as intravenous amiodarone. Trauma to conduction tissue may play a central role in the etiology of this disorder. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1046–53) © 1997 by the American College of Cardiology
Evidence for involvement of tumor necrosis factor-α in apoptotic death of bone marrow cells in myelodysplastic syndromes†

We previously reported excessive apoptosis and high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the bone marrows of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), using histochemical techniques. The present studies provide further circumstantial evidence for the involvement of TNF-alpha in apoptotic death of the marrow cells in MDS. Using our newly developed in situ double-labeling technique that sequentially employs DNA polymerase (DNA Pol) followed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to label cells undergoing apoptosis, we have characterized DNA fragmentation patterns during spontaneous apoptosis in MDS bone marrow and in HL60 cells treated with TNF-alpha or etoposide (VP16). Clear DNA laddering detected by gel electrophoresis in MDS samples confirmed the unique length of apoptotic DNA fragments (180-200 bp). Surprisingly, however, phenotypically heterogeneous population of MDS cells as well as the homogenous population of HL60 cells showed three distinct labeling patterns after double labeling--only DNA-Pol reaction, only TdT reaction, and a combined DNA Pol + TdT reaction, albeit in different cohorts of cells. Each labeling pattern was found at all morphological stages of apoptosis. MDS mononuclear cells, during spontaneous apoptosis in 4 hr cultures, showed highest increase in double-labeled cells (DNA Pol + TdT reaction). Interestingly, this was paralleled by TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in HL60 cells. In contrast, VP16 treatment of HL60 cells led to increased apoptosis in cells showing only TdT reaction. The double-labeling technique was applied to normal bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells after treatment with known endonucleases that specifically cause 3' recessed (BamHI), 5' recessed (PstI), or blunt ended (DraI) double-stranded DNA breaks. It was found that the DNA-Pol reaction in MDS and HL60 cells corresponds to 3' recessed DNA fragments, the TdT reaction to 5' recessed and/or blunt ended fragments, and a combined "DNA Pol + TdT reaction" corresponds to a copresence of 3' recessed with 5' recessed and/or blunt ended fragments. Clearly, therefore, apoptotic DNA fragments, in spite of a unique length, may have differently staggered ends that could be cell (or tissue) specific and be selectively triggered by different inducers of apoptosis. The presence of TNF-alpha-inducible apoptotic DNA fragmentation pattern in MDS supports its involvement in these disorders and suggests that anti-TNF-alpha (or anticytokine) therapy may be of special benefit to MDS patients, where no definitive treatment is yet available.
The contact angle between water and a monolayer of egg albumin on glass as a function of film pressure

Abstract 1. 1. The contact angles of water against monolayers of egg albumin deposited on glass were found to vary from 23.8° to 56.4° as the film pressure of the egg albumin on water, from which it was deposited on the slide, varied from 8.8 to 23.0 dyne cm. −1 . The contact angle of water against the protein film on the glass was found to be a linear function of the film pressure of the film on water. 2. 2. The results indicate that at no pressure at which the film is stable does the outer surface of the monolayer, after transference to the glass, consist entirely of non-polar groups.
New-firm startups, technology, and macroeconomic fluctuations

New-firm startup activity is examined within a framework pooling a cross-section of 117 industries over six time periods between 1976 and 1986. A model is introduced relating startup activity both to elements of the business cycle, in particular the macroeconomic growth rate, the cost of capital, and the unemployment rate, and to industry-specific characteristics, especially the technological conditions underlying the industry. The pooled cross-section regression results suggest that macroeconomic fluctuations as well as industry-specific elements contribute to startup activity. While new-firm startups respond positively to macroeconomic growth, they are promoted by a low cost of capital and high unemployment rate. A somewhat surprising result is that new-firm startups are not apparently deterred in capital intensive industries and where R&D expenditures play an important role. The empirical results suggest that new firms may be able to overcome their inherent size and experience disadvantages in such markets through exploiting university research and pursuing innovative activity.
Design Verification and Performance Analysis

The successful development of high speed digital computer systems usually requires that maximum performance be obtained from the selected technology. An optimum system design can be pursued only with confidence that the necessary performance levels can be achieved by the system components. [7][8] Without that confidence the alternative is a more pessimistic "worst case" system design. The necessary confidence can only be achieved by a continuing evaluation of the timing characteristics of the system components.
Local Selling Decisions and the Technical Efficiency of Organic Farms

The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the factors that influence earned income of organic farmers explicitly incorporating farmer decisions to engage in local selling. The stochastic frontier model identifies role model producers who are the most technically efficient in achieving the maximum output that is feasible with a given set of inputs along with farm and demographic factors that enhance efficiency. Organic earnings equations that control for producer and farm characteristics reveal that organic farmers who are involved in local sales achieve lower earnings. Producer involvement in local sales has little impact on observed technical efficiency on organic farms.
Volume transmission of dopamine may modulate light-adaptive plasticity of horizontal cell dendrites in the recovery phase following dopamine depletion in goldfish retina.

We investigated the recovery of light-adaptive spinule formation following dopamine depletion with intraocular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and subsequent neogeneration of dopamine interplexiform cells (DA-IPC) at the marginal zone. DA-IPCs were gone by 2 weeks postinjection and appeared at the marginal zone by 6 weeks postinjection, at which time DA-IPC neurites grew toward the central retina, reaching within 0.5 mm of the central retina by 1 year. Retinas from day time, light-adapted fish at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year postinjection with 6-OHDA were processed for pre-embedding tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TOH-IR) and compared to sham-injected and control retinas at the electron-microscopical (EM) level. Only 6-OHDA fish that tilted markedly toward the injected eye were used for these experiments. The tilt mimics the dorsal light reaction, indicating a 2-2.5 log unit increase in the photopic sensitivity of the 6-OHDA eye. Spinule formation was reduced by about 60% in the 2- and 4-week 6-OHDA retinas, but returned to control levels throughout the entire retina of 3-month and 1 year 6-OHDA retinas even though the central region of these retinas contained no detectable TOH-IR. Intraocular injection with 10 microM SCH 23390 (a D1 antagonist) reduced light-adaptive spinule formation by 50% both in control eyes as well as those eyes that were 3 months post 6-OHDA injected. The full return of spinule formation with only partial reinnervation of the retina with DA-IPC processes and their subsequent inhibition by SCH 23390 indicates that dopamine diffused large distances within the retina to regulate this synaptic plasticity (i.e. displayed volume transmission). Also, since all 6-OHDA injected fish displayed an increased photopic sensitivity in the injected eye when sacrificed, we suggest that horizontal cell spinules are not required for photopic luminosity coding in the outer retina.
Mechanism of release of norepinephrine from peripheral adrenergic neurones by the calcium ionophores X 537A and A 23187.

Abstract The effects of the calcium ionophores, X 537A and A 23187, in causing release of norepinephrine (NE) were examined in isolated guinea-pig vas deferens and rat atrial segments. Examination of calcium dependence, dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) release and release of deaminated metabolites of NE suggest that while A 23187 releases by both an exocytotic and non-exocytotic mechanism, X 537A releases NE predominantly through a non-exocytotic mechanism. The relative impotence of A 23187 in effecting release of NE may explain its inactivity in alteration of cardiac responses.
A personal reminiscence about theories used and misused in structural chemistry

In the last half-century, chemists acquired enough information about the structures and force fields of molecules to formulate what appeared to be successful theories (better called models) of molecular properties. For various reasons, chemists relied particularly heavily on studies of small hydrogen-containing compounds to shape their thinking. As discussed in the following text, this led to some inappropriate generalizations. In my first studies of molecular structure by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED), I was fortunate to find contradictions to the theories proposed at the time. What follows are reminiscences of how that came about and what happened subsequently. The main lesson to be earned, at least for molecules with central atoms that are not extremely large, is that the principal forces governing molecular structure are neither hybridization nor even the popular valence shell electron pair repulsions, explanations still taught routinely in chemistry courses but, instead, are the forces between geminal atoms resulting in the close-packing of ligands.
Nursing Practice for HIV/AIDS Fever Care: A Descriptive Study

Nurses often perceive fever in relation to the impact it has on specific patient populations. Fever in HIV/AIDS patients is a common symptom. This descriptive study explored how nurses in AIDS care defined and described fever in HIV/AIDS patients and used nursing interventions for fever management. Seventy-five registered nurses, nurse practitioners, and LPNs employed in AIDS care throughout Florida were surveyed, concerning interventions for AIDS-related fever. The study revealed that nurses in AIDS care treat fever by providing patient comfort, initiating nursing interventions for low-grade to moderate fever, and notifying the primary care provider if nursing interventions do not keep the temperature below 100.9°F. The sample provided a variety of nursing interventions to make the patient more comfortable. In addition, the study also revealed a unique perspective for fever care, which influences the practice of nurses in AIDS care and might differentiate nursing practice in AIDS care from other nursing specialities. However, some interventions differed, from fever nursing management strategies published by the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. Further research needs to explore the efficacy of these interventions.
Management and Organization in Science Classrooms.

Twenty-six junior high and middle school science classes taught by 13 teachers were observed frequently during the first 2 months of school and during 2 months in the middle of the year to identify classroom management and instructional organization variables related to high levels of student task engagement and low levels of off task and disruptive behavior. Sub-samples of more and less effective managers were identified, and narrative data from their classes were analyzed to describe and illustrate effective strategies for managing science classroom activities.
Plasmid Segregation: A New Class of Cytoskeletal Proteins Emerges

The discovery that a plasmid-partitioning ATPase forms astral cytoskeletal structures both unveils a new family of cytoskeletal proteins and suggests that cytoskeletal involvement is a universal feature of DNA segregation.
Response to Daniel Nelson's "Western Business History: Experience and Comparative Perspectives"

Professor Daniel Nelson's article [see pp. 151-65] presents an overview of the evolution of business history in the United States. He notes at the outset that business historians have emphasized the limitations of traditional historical scholarship; have blurred the former boundaries between business, labor, and economic history and the history of technology; and have demonstrated the commonalities of market economies characterized by diverse economic activities. Business history, he argues, reminds us of the power of economics and technology over culture. I would not go that far, a point to which I shall return.
Comparison of Protein Separations in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Interfacing with Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

On-line capillary zone electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CZE-ESMS) and capillary isoelectric focusing/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CIEF/ESMS) were employed for protein analysis. The separation mechanisms and the detection limits of CZE/ESMS and CIEF/ESMS were compared by using model proteins including cytochrome c (horse heart), ribonuclease A (bovine pancreas), myoglobin (horse heart), carbonic anhydrase I (human erythrocytes) and β-lactoglobulin A (bovine milk). The effect of a moving ionic boundary inside the electrophoresis capillary on the separation resolution of model proteins by CZE/ESMS and CIEF/ESMS is described. In CZE/ESMS, the formation of a moving ionic boundary due to the replacement of background electrolyte counterions with sheath liquid counterions can be eliminated by using a common counterion in both the background electrolyte and the sheath liquid. Additionally, the moving ionic boundary in CIEF/ESMS is minimized by combining cathodic mobilization with a gravity-induced hydrodynamic flow. The concentration detection limits of model proteins in a full-scan CIEF/ESMS analysis are in the region of 10 -7 M, ∼20-50 times lower than that achievable using CZE/ESMS. Sample preconcentration taking place during the focusing step in CIEF is responsible for the improved detection limits.
Antagonistic cross-talk between Rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulates generation of reactive oxygen species.

Cross-talk between Rho GTPase family members (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) plays important roles in modulating and coordinating downstream cellular responses resulting from Rho GTPase signaling. The NADPH oxidase of phagocytes and nonphagocytic cells is a Rac GTPase-regulated system that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the purposes of innate immunity and intracellular signaling. We recently demonstrated that NADPH oxidase activation involves sequential interactions between Rac and the flavocytochrome b558 and p67phox oxidase components to regulate electron transfer from NADPH to molecular oxygen. Here we identify an antagonistic interaction between Rac and the closely related GTPase Cdc42 at the level of flavocytochrome b558 that regulates the formation of ROS. Cdc42 is unable to stimulate ROS formation by NADPH oxidase, but Cdc42, like Rac1 and Rac2, was able to specifically bind to flavocytochrome b558in vitro. Cdc42 acted as a competitive inhibitor of Rac1- and Rac2-mediated ROS formation in a recombinant cell-free oxidase system. Inhibition was dependent on the Cdc42 insert domain but not the Switch I region. Transient expression of Cdc42Q61L inhibited ROS formation induced by constitutively active Rac1 in an NADPH oxidase-expressing Cos7 cell line. Inhibition of Cdc42 activity by transduction of the Cdc42-binding domain of Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein into human neutrophils resulted in an enhanced fMetLeuPhe-induced oxidative response, consistent with inhibitory cross-talk between Rac and Cdc42 in activated neutrophils. We propose here a novel antagonism between Rac and Cdc42 GTPases at the level of the Nox proteins that modulates the generation of ROS used for host defense, cell signaling, and transformation.
Does greater phonological storage capacity correlate with levels of intentionality and theory of mind

Summary.—Greater phonological storage capacity may be associated with levels of intentionality, and therefore by assumption, Theory of Mind. The participants were 34 high school students in the Midwest (15 girls, 19 boys; age range = 15 to 17 years). The measures were digits forward and digits backward from the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III and a measure purporting to assess Theory of Mind and Levels of Intentionality (Kinderman, Dunbar, & Bentall, 1998). There was found to be a weak nonsignificant correlation between digits forward and Levels of Intentionality, and a moderate and significant correlation between digits backward and Levels of Intentionality. The latter correlation was significantly larger. The digits backward test requires not only greater phonological storage capacity but also appears to tap working memory resources. Findings suggest that greater phonological storage capacity is associated with higher intentionality, and by implication, perhaps more elaborate Theory of Mind, but only when the phonological task requires working memory functions.
Functional Analysis of Myosin Mutations That Cause Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

We have studied the actin-activated ATPase activities of three mutations in the motor domain of the myosin heavy chain that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We placed these mutations in rodent alpha-cardiac myosin to establish the relevance of using rodent systems for studying the biochemical mechanisms of the human disease. We also wished to determine whether the biochemical defects in these mutant alleles correlate with the severity of the clinical phenotype of patients with these alleles. We expressed histidine-tagged rat cardiac myosin motor domains along with rat ventricular light chain 1 in mammalian COS cells. Those myosins studied were wild-type alpha-cardiac and three mutations in the alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain head (Arg249Gln, Arg403Gln, and Val606Met). These mutations in human beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain have predominantly moderate, severe, and mild clinical phenotypes, respectively. The crystal structure of the skeletal myosin head shows that the Arg249Gln mutation is near the ATP-binding site and the Arg403Gln and Val606Met mutations are in the actin-binding region. Expressed histidine-tagged alpha-motor domains retain physiological ATPase properties similar to those derived from cardiac tissue. All three myosin mutants show defects in the ATPase activity, with the degree of enzymatic impairment of the mutant myosins correlated with the clinical phenotype of patients with the disease caused by the corresponding mutation.
Simulations of proton order and disorder in ice Ih

Computer simulations of ice Ih with different proton orientations are presented. Simulations of proton disordered ice are carried out using a Monte Carlo method which samples over proton degree of freedom, allowing for the calculation of the dielectric constant and for the examination of the degree of proton disorder. Simulations are also presented for two proton ordered structures of ice Ih, the ferroelectric Cmc21 structure or ice XI and the antiferroelectric Pna21 structure. These simulations indicate that a transition to a proton ordered phase occurs at low temperatures (below 80 K). The symmetry of the ordered phase is found to be dependent on the water potential. The stability of the two proton ordered structures is due to a balance of short-ranged interactions which tend to stabilize the Pna21 structure and longer-range interactions which stabilize the Cmc21 structure.
ZOROPSIDAE: A SPIDER FAMILY NEWLY INTRODUCED TO THE USA (ARANEAE, ENTELEGYNAE, LYCOSOIDEA)

Abstract The spider family Zoropsidae is newly recorded for the USA, bringing the total to 68 families. Zoropsis spinimana (Dufour 1820), native to the Mediterranean region, has been established in the San Francisco Bay area since at least 1995. The identification and phylogenetic position of this species are provided.
Temporal logic motion planning in unknown environments

In this paper, we consider a robot motion planning problem from a specification given as a syntactically co-safe linear temporal logic formula over a set of properties known to be satisfied at the regions of an unknown environment. The robot is assumed to be equipped with deterministic motion and accurate sensing capabilities. The environment is assumed to be partitioned into a finite number of identical square cells. By bringing together tools from formal verification, graph theory, and grid-based exploration, we develop an incremental algorithm that makes progress towards satisfying the specification while the robot discovers the environment using its local sensors. We show that the algorithm is sound and complete. We illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach through a simulated case study.
A1PO4-Al2O3 catalysts with low alumina content. III. Surface basicity of catalysts obtained in aqueous ammonia

The amount of basic sites of A1PO4-Al2O3 (APA1-A, 5–15 wt% Al2O3) catalysts at two basic strengths was measured by studying the liquid-phase adsorption of two acidic molecules (benzoic acid (BA, pK = 4.2) and phenol (PH, pKa = 9.9) from cyclohexane solutions, through the application of a spectrophotometric method. The data obtained follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the monolayer coverage at equilibrium (at 298 K),X m, is assumed as the amount of basic sites corresponding to the specific pK of the acid used as titrant. The amount of basic sites of any AlPO4-Al2O3 catalyst is higher than that of AlPO4, but lower than that of Al2O3. Besides, an increase in the Al2O3 content from 10 wt% gradually increases the basicity of the APA1-A catalyst. Moreover, calcination at increasing temperatures does not practically affect the surface basicity of APAl-A-5 and APAl-A-10 catalysts. However, for AlPO4 content higher than 10 wt% we observe a decrease in surface basicity, this decrease depends on alumina content, i.e. it is higher as the amount of alumina increases. The basic sites of APAl-A systems catalyze the Knoevenagel condensation ofp-methoxybenzaldehyde and malononitrile at room temperature and in the absence of solvent.
The Cardiomyocyte Circadian Clock: Emerging Roles in Health and Disease

Circadian misalignment has been implicated in the development of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Time-of-day-dependent synchronization of organisms with their environment is mediated by circadian clocks. This cell autonomous mechanism has been identified within all cardiovascular-relevant cell types, including cardiomyocytes. Recent molecular- and genetic-based studies suggest that the cardiomyocyte circadian clock influences multiple myocardial processes, including transcription, signaling, growth, metabolism, and contractile function. Following an appreciation of its physiological roles, the cardiomyocyte circadian clock has recently been linked to the pathogenesis of heart disease in response to adverse stresses, such as ischemia/reperfusion, in animal models. The purpose of this review is therefore to highlight recent advances regarding the roles of the cardiomyocyte circadian clock in both myocardial physiology and pathophysiology (ie, health and disease).
Developmental changes in the effects of presentation media on noun-pair learning

Abstract Interpretations of previous research have indicated that there are age-related increases in the efficacy of pictorial media, relative to verbal, for presenting paired-associate items and elaborative prompts to young children. The purposes of the present study were to replicate these phenomenon and to evaluate two hypotheses advanced to account for them: a semantic encoding hypothesis and a verbal decoding hypothesis. To these ends, 14 treatments conditions were partioned into three independent-groups experimental designs. Each of 504 childrens, sampled from nursery, kindergarten, and second-grade populations, learned a list of 20 pairs of familiar objects. The expected developmental increase in the effectiveness of presenting items in a pictorial medium was not replicated. As predicted, however, the results revealed an increase with age in the effect of presenting elaborative prompts pictorially, but the phenomenon was confined to groups where the sex of subject and of experimenter was the same. It was concluded that the verbal decoding hypothesis accomodated the pattern of results better than did the semantic encoding hypothesis. Throughout the sudy, performance was substantially facilitated by elaborative prompts, that is, across age, presentation media, and testing conditions.
Computer simulation of particle transport and deposition near a small isolated building

Abstract A computational model for Lagrangian simulation of particle transport, dispersion and deposition near a hut is developed. The thermodynamically consistent rate-dependent anisotropic turbulence model is used, and the air flow mean velocity, as well as root-mean-square fluctuation velocity fields in the vicinity of a small one-story building are evaluated. The instantaneous turbulence fluctuating velocity is simulated as a continuous Gaussian random vector field. The Brownian motion is modeled as a white noise process. The Stokes drag, the Brownian and the Saffman lift forces are included in the particle equation of motion. Several computer simulations for particle transport and deposition are performed. For particles in the size range of 0.01 to 35 μm, the corresponding deposition rates on various surfaces of the building model are evaluated.
Kinetics of solvolysis reactions of pentaarylantimony compounds in 2-octanol

Abstract Tetraphenyl- p -tolylantimony, m -chlorophenyltetraphenylantimony and p -methoxyphenyltetraphenylantimony have been prepared and subjected to solvolysis in 2-octanol at temperatures ranging from 50–65°. First order rate constants have been determined, and a plot of log k X 10 5 vs. σ has been found to be linear, with p = 1.12. The value for the specific rate constant of the pentaphenylantimony reaction cannot be measured directly owing to solubility problems, but it can be calculated by use of the Hammett equation. Analysis of the rate data by the method of parallel first-order reactions gives results which are in agreement with experimental data for the reaction period extending from the time at which a homogeneous solution is formed to the end of the reaction. Partial rate factors for formation of benzene and the substituted benzene have been calculated for each reaction, and these data plus the activation parameters have been used as the basis for suggested mechanisms of the solvolysis reactions. Preliminary studies have also been carried out on the effects of 2-octanoxide anion on the solvolysis reactions. In the case of the p -methoxyphenyltetraphenylantimony reaction, second order kinetics were observed (first order with respect to the pentaarylantimony compound and first order with respect to the 2-octanoxide anion). Although precise rates could not be obtained for the reactions of the other pentaarylantimony compounds with sodium 2-octanoxide, qualitative evidence indicated that the anion exerts a major influence in each case.
The Association between Idiopathic Clubfoot and Increased Internal Hip Rotation

Clinical observation suggests the coexistence of increased internal hip rotation in limbs with clubfoot, thereby providing an additional, and perhaps overlooked, site of deformity to account for an intoeing gait in these limbs. Furthermore, assuming a genetic basis exists for exaggerated femoral and/or acetabular anteversion, which are the possible cause(s) for increased internal hip rotation, this association could provide another key to the multifactorial etiology of clubfoot. We asked whether such an association exists and retrospectively reviewed 114 children (178 clubfeet). We then tested for an association between clubfoot and increased internal hip rotation. These rotational measurements were compared with published normative data on torsion in children. In cases of unilateral clubfoot, an additional analysis compared the rotational profiles of the affected and unaffected extremities. Increased internal hip rotation occurred more frequently in limbs with idiopathic clubfoot. In patients with unilateral clubfoot, the affected extremities manifested greater internal hip rotation than the unaffected extremities, whereas the latter showed no difference in internal hip rotation compared with normative values. Clinical evaluation of intoeing in children with a history of clubfoot should include a rotational profile to determine the level(s) of deformity and guide therapeutic intervention.
Transposon-mediated site-specific recombination: Identification of three binding sites for resolvase at the res sites of γδ and Tn 3

Abstract The tnpR gene product, resolvase, of the transposable element γδ mediates site-specific recombination between two copies of γδ directly repeated on the same replicon, and it negatively regulates transcription of the tnpA (transposase) gene and its own gene. The recombinational site, res, and the regulatory region both are located in the tnpA-tnpR intercistronic region. In studying the interaction of purified resolvase with DNA fragments derived from γδ and the related transposon, Tn 3, that span this region, we have demonstrated that three sites specifically bind resolvase. Site I overlaps the recombinational crossover point and both transcriptional promoters. Sites II and III cover most of the DNA between the crossover point and the translational start of the tnpR gene. These are the only binding sites we have detected in a region of about 400 base pairs centered on the crossover point. Studies of cointegrates that contain only part of the region that binds resolvase indicate that site I is not sufficient for efficient site-specific recombination and suggest that all three sites are probably required.
Development of Metacognitive and Emotional Executive Functions in Children

It has been proposed that two major components of executive functions can be distinguished: (1) one related to complex cognition (metacognition, such as planning, problem solving, etc.); (2) the other related to coordinating and controlling emotional behavior. Contemporary neuroimaging techniques have demonstrated that there are two distinct functional-anatomical networks within the prefrontal cortex: one associated with cognitive control and the other associated with value based decision making-each related to specific frontal-lobe areas. Metacognitive (but not emotional) executive functions have been demonstrated to be correlated with general intellectual level (intelligence). Research has shown that emotional executive functions (such as attention control) develop earlier in life (during the 1st year), before the development of metacognitive executive functions (such as planning and verbal fluency), which develop around the age of 3 and are correlated with the development of a grammatical language.
Behavioral Experiment in Two-Person Bargaining:

This article explores some of the behavioral implications of two-person bargaining. The generality of Schelling's prominence principle for splitting the difference is examined under a variety of co...
A Computer-Controlled Sampler for Atomic Flame Spectroscopy

An on-line computer can be very valuable for data acquisition and reduction in atomic flame spectroscopy (AFS). When the computer is also used to control the sampling process, this total system offers the advantages of ease of sample handling, repeated standardizations, and multiple analyses with averaging and randomization of the sampling sequence.1 Therefore, a solution sampler that is capable of rapid response and dependable operation and can be simply programmed for computer control has been designed and constructed.