cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech patterns of edentulous patients and morphology of the palate in relation to phonetics.

T 1 n the production of speech sounds, the tongue contacts various portions of the teeth, the alveolar ridge, and the hard and soft palate. When these structures are covered or replaced by a denture, proprioceptive feedback may be changed. Therefore, phonetics may be affected by the presence of a denture. Most of the prosthodontic literature on phonetic research has been concerned with the positioning of the artificial teeth and the vertical dimension of occlusion.1-11 Little scientific study has been reported that relates the speech changes to the palatal contour of complete dentures.‘2-15 There are conflicting data on how denture wearers achieve speech improvement. AllenI stated that neglect of phonetics in complete denture construction may be attributed to the fact that edentulous patients tend to return to their normal speech patterns after insertion of dentures. The purpose of this study was to investigate ( 1) changes in the speech patterns of patients with new complete dentures before and at various times after insertion of the new dentures and (2) any relationship between speech production and the palatal contour of the denture.
Decreased visual performance resulting from temporal uncertainty, target movement, and background movement.

Temporal uncertainty, target movement, and background movement degrade contrast sensitivity, grating acuity, and reaction time. The results are interpreted on the basis of fixational instability, processing efficiency, and alertness. Alternative explanations based on masking are also considered. The variables used in this study may be predictive of performance outside the laboratory, inasmuch as they simulate conditions frequently associated with demanding visual tasks encountered in nonlaboratory environments.
From respondent and informant to consultant and participant: The evolution of a state agency policy evaluation

Program evaluation can invite dialogue with the people affected and, in so doing, become a chorale of many voices.
Influence of Growth Conditions on Pressure Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oysters and the Optimization of Postpressure Treatment Recovery Conditions

Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 43996 was grown at 15°C for 53 h, 20°C for 24 h, 25°C for 12 h, 30°C for 9 h, 35°C for 9 h, or 40°C for 6 h to early stationary phase. Oyster meats were blended, autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min, inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus, and pressure treated at 250 MPa for 2 and 3 min and at 300 MPa for 1 and 2 min at 21°C. Overall, growth temperatures of 20 and 40°C yielded the greatest pressure resistance in V. parahaemolyticus. The effects of salt concentration and H2O2-degrading compounds on the recovery of V. parahaemolyticus also were investigated. Sterile oyster meats were inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus and treated at 250 MPa for 1, 2, or 3 min at 21°C. These meats were then blended with 0.1% peptone water supplemented with 0.5 to 1.5% NaCl and plated on tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with 0 to 3.5% NaCl. For recovery of pressure-injured cells, peptone water with 1% NaCl and TSA with 0.5% NaCl were the best diluent and plating medium, respectively. Addition of sodium...
Effect of TCE concentration and dissolved groundwater solutes on NZVI-promoted TCE dechlorination and H2 evolution.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) is used to remediate contaminated groundwater plumes and contaminant source zones. The target contaminant concentration and groundwater solutes (NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-, SO4(2-), and HPO4(2-)) should affect the NZVI longevity and reactivity with target contaminants, but these effects are not well understood. This study evaluates the effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) concentration and common dissolved groundwater solutes on the rates of NZVI-promoted TCE dechlorination and H2 evolution in batch reactors. Both model systems and real groundwater are evaluated. The TCE reaction rate constant was unaffected by TCE concentration for [TCE] or = 0.46 mM, acetylene formation increased, and the total amount of H2 evolved at the end of the particle reactive lifetime decreased with increasing [TCE], indicating a higher Fe0 utilization efficiency for TCE dechlorination. Common groundwater anions (5mN) had a minor effect on H2 evolution but inhibited TCE reduction up to 7-fold in increasing order of Cl- 3 mM slowed TCE dechlorination due to surface passivation. NO3- present at 5 mM stopped TCE dechlorination and H2 evolution after 3 days. Dissolved solutes accounted for the observed decrease of NZVI reactivity for TCE dechlorination in natural groundwater when the total organic content was small (< 1 mg/L).
An application of differential geometry to the analysis of a nonlinear autopilot design

The autopilot design discussed here is based on the algebraic inversion of the system equations A natural manifold for this procedure is proposed and discussed.
Novel treatment strategies in triple-negative breast cancer: specific role of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibition.

Inhibitors of the poly(adenosine triphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 enzyme induce synthetic lethality in cancers with ineffective DNA (DNA) repair or homologous repair deficiency, and have shown promising clinical activity in cancers deficient in DNA repair due to germ-line mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2. The majority of breast cancers arising in carriers of BRCA1 germ-line mutations, as well as half of those in BRCA2 carriers, are classified as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is a biologically heterogeneous group of breast cancers characterized by the lack of immunohistochemical expression of the ER, PR, or HER2 proteins, and for which the current standard of care in systemic therapy is cytotoxic chemotherapy. Many “sporadic” cases of TNBC appear to have indicators of DNA repair dysfunction similar to those in BRCA-mutation carriers, suggesting the possible utility of PARP inhibitors in a subset of TNBC. Significant genetic heterogeneity has been observed within the TNBC cohort, creating challenges for interpretation of prior clinical trial data, and for the design of future clinical trials. Several PARP inhibitors are currently in clinical development in BRCA-mutated breast cancer. The use of PARP inhibitors in TNBC without BRCA mutation will require biomarkers that identify cancers with homologous repair deficiency in order to select patients likely to respond. Beyond mutations in the BRCA genes, dysfunction in other genes that interact with the homologous repair pathway may offer opportunities to induce synthetic lethality when combined with PARP inhibition.
The President's Annual Message

The president's annual message on the State of the Union both registers and affects significant political trends. This paper provides an introduction to systematic, empirical, and continuing inquiry into these trends. It is based on a forthcoming computergenerated concordance to the annual messages for the post-war period 1945-1984. While the concordance is designed for content analysis, interpretations of content can be enriched (or corroborated or disconfirmed) by considering changes in the medium of the message, its audience, and the pattern of control, and by the assessment of message effects.
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: Strategy based on right ventricular morphology

Abstract Objectives Management strategy for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is controversial. We treated patients with this anomaly according to a management protocol based on our quantitative assessment of right ventricular morphology (index of right ventricular development and right ventricle–tricuspid valve index). In the present study, we reviewed a 20-year experience of the surgical treatment at our institution to define guidelines for selecting the appropriate type of surgical procedure. Methods Between April 1981 and June 2002, 45 consecutive patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum underwent surgical treatment. Open transpulmonary valvotomy was performed in 27 patients and Blalock-Taussig shunt in 18 patients as the initial palliative procedure. Three patients who underwent a successful transpulmonary valvotomy alone in the neonatal period required no further operation. Definitive repair was performed in 32 patients. Biventricular repair was performed on 19 patients, one and a half ventricular repair in 3, and Fontan-type operation in 10. Results There were 1 early and 2 late deaths before the definitive operation in patients who underwent transpulmonary valvotomy. Two patients who had coronary artery interruption died 3 months and 13 years after the initial Blalock-Taussig shunt. There were 1 early and 2 late deaths after the definitive operation. Actuarial survival, including noncardiac death, was 91.1% at 5 years after the initial procedure and 81.5% at 10 years. Conclusions We treated patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum according to a management protocol based on our quantitative assessment of right ventricular morphology with good results.
A presynaptic locus of the action of Met-enkephalin demonstrated in mouse spinal cord cultures.

Abstract Monosynaptic excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked in spinal cord (SC) neurons by stimulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in cell cultures were reduced by perfusion application of the opiate peptide, Met-enkephalin (2–4 μM). In about 2 3 of cases examined, EPSPs evoked by stimulation of spinal cord cells were also reduced by Met-enkephalin. The effects were antagonized by concomitant perfusion with naloxone (1–2 μM) and recovered when perfusion with Met-enkephalin was stopped. Statistical analysis of synaptic responses indicated that the reduction of EPSP amplitude was due, at least to a major extent, to a decrease in presynaptic transmitter release.
Structural Studies of Truncated Forms of the Prion Protein PrP

Prions are proteins that adopt self-propagating aberrant folds. The self-propagating properties of prions are a direct consequence of their distinct structures, making the understanding of these structures and their biophysical interactions fundamental to understanding prions and their related diseases. The insolubility and inherent disorder of prions have made their structures difficult to study, particularly in the case of the infectious form of the mammalian prion protein PrP. Many investigators have therefore preferred to work with peptide fragments of PrP, suggesting that these peptides might serve as structural and functional models for biologically active prions. We have used x-ray fiber diffraction to compare a series of different-sized fragments of PrP, to determine the structural commonalities among the fragments and the biologically active, self-propagating prions. Although all of the peptides studied adopted amyloid conformations, only the larger fragments demonstrated a degree of structural complexity approaching that of PrP. Even these larger fragments did not adopt the prion structure itself with detailed fidelity, and in some cases their structures were radically different from that of pathogenic PrPSc.
On Husserl’s Alleged Cartesianism and Conjunctivism: A Critical Reply to Claude Romano

In this paper I criticize Claude Romano’s recent characterization of Husserl’s phenomenology as a form of Cartesianism. Contra Romano, Husserl is not committed to the view that since individual things in the world are dubitable, then the world as a whole is dubitable. On the contrary, for Husserl doubt is a merely transitional phenomenon which can only characterize a temporary span of experience. Similarly, illusion is not a mode of experience in its own right but a retrospective way of characterizing a span of experience. Therefore, Husserl cannot be plausibly characterized as either a disjunctivist or a conjunctivist. The common premise of both theories – namely, that perception and illusion are two classes of conscious acts standing on equal footing – is phenomenologically unsound. I propose to call Husserl’s theory a hermeneutical theory of perception, i.e., one that interprets perception as a temporal and self-correcting process. In the last part of the paper I argue that Husserl’s positive appraisal of Cartesian doubt is only pedagogical in nature. Husserl does not take Cartesian doubt to be practicable, but the attempt to doubt universally has the positive effect of revealing transcendental subjectivity as the subject matter of phenomenology.
Rapid engraftment after allogeneic transplantation using CD34-enriched marrow cells.

Bone marrow cells expressing the surface antigen CD34 comprise approximately 1% of harvested marrow and are highly enriched for marrow progenitor cells, including the cells believed to be responsible for long-term engraftment following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Selection of CD34-expressing cells was applied in allogeneic BMT (alloBMT) to decrease the number of T lymphocytes in the infused marrow in an attempt to prevent severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We report 14 patients who underwent HLA-identical sibling-matched alloBMT with marrow-enriched for CD34 cells using the Isolex 300 SA device. Patients received total body irradiation, thiotepa, cyclophosphamide, antithymocyte globulin and methylprednisolone prior to marrow infusion. No post-transplantation immunosuppressive therapy was given except for a 5-week course of steroids. The purity of the infused marrow was 64.9+/-6.0% (mean +/- s.e.m.) CD34-positive cells and patients received a mean of 1.24+/-0.21 x 10(6) CD34 cells/kg. A mean of 9.4+/-1.7 x 10(4) CD3 T cells/kg were present in the CD34-enriched product, representing a 2.7+/-0.1 log depletion. There were no graft rejections and patients achieved a sustained absolute granulocyte count of >500 in a median of 10.5 days and a sustained platelet engraftment of >20000 untransfused in a median of 27 days. Patients were discharged a median of 21.5 days after marrow infusion. There were no instances of grade III or IV graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and no unexpected adverse events during the transplant hospitalization. With a median follow-up of 12 months, the estimated 100 day survival is 86+/-9%. CD34 selection in alloBMT permits rapid engraftment without unanticipated toxicities.
Functionalized PEG hydrogels through reactive dip-coating for the formation of immunoactive barriers

Influencing the host immune system via implantable cell-delivery devices has the potential to reduce inflammation at the transplant site and increase the likelihood of tissue acceptance. Towards this goal, an enzymatically-initiated, dip-coating technique is adapted to fabricate conformal hydrogel layers and to create immunoactive polymer coatings on cell-laden poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Glucose oxidase (GOx)-initiated dip coatings enable the rapid formation of uniform, PEG-based coatings on the surfaces of PEG hydrogels, with thicknesses up to 500 μm where the thickness is proportional to the reaction time. Biofunctional coatings were fabricated by thiolating biomolecules that were subsequently covalently incorporated into the coating layer via thiol-acrylate copolymerization. The presence of these proteins was verified via fluorescent confocal microscopy and a modified ELISA, which indicated IgG concentrations as high as 13 ± 1 ng/coated cm² were achievable. Anti-Fas antibody, known to induce T cell apoptosis, was incorporated into coatings, with or without the addition of ICAM-1 to promote T cell interaction with the functionalized coating. Jurkat T cells were seeded atop functionalized coatings and the induction of apoptosis was measured as an indicator of coating bioactivity. After 48 h of interaction with the functionalized coatings, 61 ± 9% of all cells were either apoptotic or dead, compared to only 18 ± 5% of T cells on non-functionalized coatings. Finally, the cytocompatibility of the surface-initiated GOx coating process was confirmed by modifying gels with either encapsulated β-cells or 3T3 fibroblasts within a gel that contained a PEG methacrylate coating.
Effect of Sodium and Potassium Ions on Cholinesterase

Mendel, Mundell, and Strelitz1 reported inhibition by potassium ions, and activation by calcium ions, of cholinesterase from horse serum; and they suggested that certain physiologically antagonistic actions of these ions might be explained on this basis. Nachmansohn2 stated that sodium and potassium ions in high concentrations activate the cholinesterase from the electric organ of the Torpedo to the same degree, but no experimental data were given. Nachmansohn's communication evoked critical replies from Mendel, Mundell, and Strelitz3, and Massart and Dufait4. The former authors raised the possibility of differences in the enzyme systems in horse serum and Torpedo, and also suggested that the sodium and potassium salts used by Nachmansohn may have contained sufficient of the activating bivalent metals to give the effect he reported.
Dopamine D3 receptor knockout mice and the motivational effects of ethanol.

Abstract Dopamine D3 receptors have been implicated in the behavioral effects of abused drugs including ethanol. The present experiments characterized the acquisition of ethanol-induced place conditioning and ethanol self-administration in D3 knockout (D3 KO) mice compared with C57BL/6J (C57) mice. For place conditioning, D3 KO and C57 mice received six pairings of a tactile stimulus with ethanol (3 g/kg ip). D3 KO mice showed higher basal locomotor activity levels in comparison with the C57 mice during conditioning. Ethanol produced similar magnitudes of conditioned place preference in both genotypes. In a two-bottle drinking procedure, mice of each genotype received 24 h access to water and either 3% or 10% v/v ethanol. No difference was noted between D3 KO and C57 mice in either consumption or preference. In an operant self-administration procedure using 23 h sessions, D3 KO and C57 mice received access to 10% v/v ethanol on an FR4 schedule of reinforcement, food on an FR1 schedule of reinforcement and water from a sipper tube. D3 KO and C57 mice had similar response rates of ethanol and food as well as similar water intakes. Overall, these results indicate that elimination of D3 receptor function has little influence on ethanol reward or intake.
Evaluation of soil salinity leaching requirement guidelines

Water for irrigation is a major limitation to agricultural production in many parts of the world. Use of waters with elevated levels of salinity is one likely option to meet the supply of increased demands. The sources of these waters include drainage water generated by irrigated agriculture, municipal wastewater, and poor quality groundwater. Soil salinity leaching requirements that were established several decades ago were based on steady-state conditions. Recently transient-state models have been developed that potentially can more correctly predict the dynamics of the chemical–physical–biological interactions in an agricultural system. The University of California Center for Water Resources appointed a workgroup to review the development of steady-state analyses and transient-state models, and to determine whether the current recommended guidelines for leaching requirement based on steady-state analyses need to be revised. The workgroup concludes that the present guidelines overestimate the leaching requirement and the negative consequences of irrigating with saline waters. This error is particularly large at low leaching fractions. This is a fortuitous finding because irrigating to achieve low leaching fractions provides a more efficient use of limited water supplies.
Trophic Dynamics and Niches of Salt Marsh Foraminifera

Energetic considerations of the growth of three species of littoral benthic foraminifera, Allogromia laticollaris, Rosalina leei , and Spiroloculina hyalina , have been made on laboratory-grown populations. Under optimum laboratory conditions A. laticollaris has the greatest intrinsic rate of increase (r = 2.533 org/day); S. hyalina (r = 1.472 org/day), and R. leei (r = 0.272 org/day) being less fecund. The respiration rates of the three species were similar (0.5–4.5 μ1/mg body wt/hr) within the temperature range (15–35 C) tested. The species studied are selective feeders. Only 4-5 of 28 species of algae tested were consumed in significant quantities (40-150 × 108 g/foram/day). Although great numbers of bacteria were eaten, their biomass was negligible when compared to the algae. The ecological growth efficiency (Ee) of the three species tested is highest in fresh cultures (5-20%) and declines rapidly. Evidence suggests that the species studied are well adapted for the rapid changes in the microbial community structure which take place throughout the summer, and that community stability and high rate of productivity are achieved through diversity.
The role of vitamin D in mild to moderate chronic kidney disease

Dietary vitamin D is a prohormone that is metabolized to the bioactive vitamin D hormone, 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D]. 1,25-(OH)2D has been implicated in a variety of regulatory pathways that extend well beyond its traditional function in Ca2+ homeostasis. In uncovering these diverse functions, investigators have focused on the complex interaction between 1,25-(OH)2D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Here, we present an overview of the functions of vitamin D hormone and PTH in the clinical context of secondary hyperparathyroidism. We discuss recent developments in treatment that address imbalances in vitamin D hormone and PTH levels, supporting the argument that early intervention can reduce the risk of metabolic complications caused by vitamin D hormone deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Reconstitution of band 3, the erythrocyte anion exchange protein

Abstract Band 3, the erythrocyte membrane protein thought to be responsible for anion transport, was purified to near homogeneity using a Concanavalin A affinity column. Band 3 was then combined with egg lecithin, erythrocyte lipid, cholesterol, and glycophorin, the major erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein, to form vesicles capable of rapid sulfate transport. The transport activity was sensitive to prior treatment of the erythrocytes with pyridoxal phosphate-NaBH4, a potent inhibitor of anion transport in these cells.
Quantitative and depth-resolved deep level defect distributions in InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes

Deep level defects in the multi-quantum well (MQW) region of InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) were investigated. InGaN quantum well and GaN quantum barrier defect states were distinguished using bias-dependent steady-state photocapacitance and deep level optical spectroscopy, and their possible physical origin and potential impact on LED performance is considered. Lighted capacitance-voltage measurements provided quantitative and nanoscale depth profiling of the deep level concentration within the MQW region. The concentration of every observed deep level varied strongly with depth in the MQW region, which indicates evolving mechanisms for defect incorporation during MQW growth.
The brittle-ductile transition of an amorphous food system

Abstract: As a dry amorphous food system absorbs moisture or increases in temperature, the brittle food becomes soft and deformable. The temperature at which this transition occurs in the food system for a given moisture content is called the brittle-ductile transition temperature (Tb). Three different methods of determining this transition were used. The method that was chosen to best describe the food system was the intersection of brittle strength and yield strength measured in flexure as a function of both temperature and moisture content. Tb decreased linearly with increasing moisture content with a strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.98).
Evidence for Field Cancerization of the Prostate

BACKGROUND Field cancerization, which is not yet well-characterized in the prostate, occurs when large areas of an organ or tissue surface are affected by a carcinogenic insult, resulting in the development of multi-focal independent premalignant foci and molecular lesions that precede histological change. METHODS Herein, we review the cumulative body of evidence concerning field effects in the prostate and critically evaluate the methods available for the identification and validation of field effect biomarkers. Validated biomarkers for field effects have an important role to play as surrogate endpoint biomarkers in Phase II prevention trials and as clinical predictors of cancer in men with negative biopsies. RESULTS Thus far, field effects have been identified involving nuclear morphometric changes, gene expression, protein expression, gene promoter methylation, DNA damage and angiogenesis. In addition to comparing cancer-adjacent benign tissue to more distant areas or to “supernormal” tissue from cancer-free organs, investigators can use a nested case–control design for negative biopsies that offers a number of unique advantages. CONCLUSIONS True carcinogenic field effects should be distinguished from secondary responses of the microenvironment to a developing tumor, although the latter may still lead to useful clinical prediction tools. Prostate 69: 1470–1479, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management algorithm

Abstract Objective: To correlate symptoms, signs, and risk factors with positive wet mounts or cultures for Candida albicans and to develop an algorithm to diagnose vulvovaginal candidiasis. Methods: This cross-sectional study of 774 randomly selected women from an urban sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic evaluated symptoms, signs, and risk factors associated with C albicans , detected by wet mount and culture, and constructed an algorithm. Results: C albicans , recovered from 186 (24%) of the 774 women, was associated with chief complaints of vulvar pruritus or burning. Elicited symptoms were vulvar pruritus, pain or burning, and external dysuria; signs were vulvar erythema, edema, fissures, vaginal erythema, and thick, curdy vaginal discharge. Among 545 women with symptoms of either increased vaginal discharge or vulvar pruritus or burning, only 155 (28%) had positive C albicans cultures, whereas bacterial vaginosis or other sexually transmitted infections were found in 288 (53%). In multivariate analysis, risk factors for positive C albicans culture included condom use, presentation after the 14th menstrual cycle day, sexual intercourse more than four times per month, recent antibiotic use, young age, past gonococcal infection, and absence of current gonorrhea or bacterial vaginosis. A clinical algorithm based on symptoms, signs, and selective use of wet mounts and cultures would have provided prompt treatment to 150 of 167 (90%) women with vulvovaginal candidiasis while minimizing the number of cultures performed. Conclusion: A simple algorithm using symptoms, signs, wet mounts, and selective cultures can identify 90% of women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. In this STD clinic, vulvovaginal symptoms also require assessment for bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and cervical infection.
Short-term voltage stability analysis for power system with single-phase motor load

Power system simulation tools have been found insufficient to capture the Fault Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery (FIDVR) phenomena. It is widely believed that this problem is the result of inaccurate load modeling of air conditioner (A/C) loads in the local network. A method is proposed to study the influence of single-phase A/C motor loads on voltage recovery after a transmission line fault. The proposed solution replaces the grid level equivalent load model with detailed single-phase equipment level models of distribution networks in a typical positive sequence power system simulation tool. Local networks with different percentage of A/C compressor loads were built in simulation to study their effects on short-term voltage stability. The FIDVR phenomenon was reproduced successfully in some test cases. The proposed method has been found to be very useful in investigating the actual effect of single-phase motor load on the greater power system voltage stability.
Multicast overlay for high-bandwidth applications over optical WDM networks

Multicast communication in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks is traditionally supported by the assumption that the optical crossconnects are multicast capable, i.e., they are capable of switching an incoming signal to more than one output interface. A naive method of supporting this functionality in a multicast-incapable (MI) environment is by creating a virtual topology consisting of lightpaths from the multicast source to each destination of the multicast session. For large sets of multicast requests, however, the network bandwidth consumed by such a scheme may become unacceptable due to the unicasting nature of the lightpaths. We refer to this method as achieving multicast via WDM unicast (MVWU). To support users' multicast requests (from higher electronic layers) in MI networks, we propose two overlay solutions: drop at member node (DMN) and drop at any node (DAN). In these solutions, we achieve multicasting by creating a set of lightpath routes (possibly multiple hops) in the overlay layer from the source node of a request to each destination member. In the DMN case, we allow a lightpath route to originate/terminate only at source and destination members of a request, whereas in the DAN model we impose no such restrictions. We first consider a static traffic model, wherein the set of multicast requests is known ahead of time, and present integer linear programs (ILPs) to solve these problems (MVWU, DMN, and DAN) with the goal of minimizing the total number of wavelengths required to service the set. We also present an efficient heuristic and compare its performance to the ILP for a small network, and run simulations over real-world, large-scale networks. Moreover, we present lower bounds to calculate the minimum number of wavelengths required by the DMN and DAN models. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the heuristic (minimization of the number of wavelengths) under a dynamic traffic scenario and also evaluate the blocking performance for a fixed number of wavelengths.
Erosion and Erosion-Corrosion of Metals

Abstract The loss of material from the surface of a metal being impacted by small, solid particles carried in a flowing gas occurs by a sequence of mechanical actions. The present work, which was presented as the plenary lecture at CORROSION/95, describes the mechanisms that occur on ductile and brittle materials and relates these mechanisms to surface loss rates. The ability of these mechanisms to be represented by mathematical models is assessed. The effects of material properties on erosion behavior is discussed. Combined erosion-corrosion surface degradation mechanisms are explained.
Impurity distribution in InSb single crystals

The distribution of cadmium (Cd) dopant in InSb single crystals grown by the vertical Bridgman technique has been studied. The distribution coefficient was obtained by fitting a numerical solution of the diffusion equation to the dopant profiles along growth direction. Measurement of the actual growth rate of the crystal using the Peltier demarcation technique showed a large difference between the actual growth rate of the crystal and the specimen translation rate (nominal growth rate). This difference strongly influenced the dopant distribution.
Colloid filtration: A novel substrate preparation method for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract A new method for preparing a monodisperse layer of metal colloid particles is presented. Metal colloid particles are filtered onto the surface of an aluminum oxide capillary pore surface capture membrane using both vacuum and syringe filtration devices. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal that the metal particles can be deposited with very little aggregation. Electronic absorption spectra show that the concentration of particles on the surface can be controlled by varying the silver colloid solution concentration. The linear dynamic range of absorbance of particles on the surface is demonstrated to be at least one order of magnitude. Surface-enhanced Raman (SER) activity is observed for the compound 9-aminoacridine (AA) at 514.5 nm using a filtered silver colloid solution. The SER activity of AA is observed to be related to the degree of colloid aggregation on the surface. Surfaces with no aggregation have no SER activity at this wavelength. The syringe colloid filtration technique is a fast, inexpensive method for producing surfaces with a highly controlled metal particle geometry, extremely useful for comparisons between theoretical and experimental results. These surfaces are also ideal for theoretical substrate design.
When metals compete: a case of copper-deficiency myeloneuropathy and anemia

Zinc overload is an unusual cause of copper-deficiency myeloneuropathy, in which affected patients have low serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels and high serum zinc levels. This Case Study describes a patient whose copper-deficiency myeloneuropathy was secondary to long-term use of a denture cream that contained high levels of zinc. Background A 47-year-old woman with an otherwise unremarkable medical history was referred to the multiple sclerosis clinic by her primary neurologist for evaluation of a 2–3 year history of progressive knee and back pain, weakness, paresthesias, sensory loss, ataxia, and falls. During the same period, she had received blood transfusions for unexplained anemia and leukopenia. She had been wearing dentures for many years. Investigations Physical examination, neurological examinations (assessments of reflexes, gait, proprioception, and sensitivity to temperature, pinprick and vibration), neurophysiological studies (visual and brainstem somatosensory evoked potentials, nerve conduction studies and electromyography), T2-weighted MRI of the brain and spine, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and serum evaluations. Diagnosis Myeloneuropathy and anemia due to copper deficiency, secondary to zinc overload associated with long-term use of denture cream with a high zinc content. Management Change to a low-zinc denture cream and oral copper replacement.
Identifying between‐person and within‐person factors to enhance understanding of observed score profiles

This study aims to reparameterize ordinary factors into between- and within-person factor effects and utilize an array of the within-person factor loadings as a latent profile which encapsulates all score responses of individuals in a population. To illustrate, the Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ-III) tests of cognitive abilities were analysed and one between- and two within-person factors were identified. The scoring patterns of individuals in the WJ-III sample were interpreted according to the within-person factor patterns. Regression analyses were performed to examine how much the within-person factors accounted for the person scoring patterns and criterion variables. Finally, the importance and applications of the between- and within-person factors are discussed.
A Comparison of the Business Correspondence of Hong Kong and Ohio Business Students

In Hong Kong, negotiations and agreements occur daily between western and Pacific Rim enterprises. Multinational companies with offices and subsidiaries in Hong Kong become settings for interactions among peoples of many nations and cultures. This paper explores some cultural differences between students in Hong Kong and U.S. business communication classes. Ohio University's College of Business Administration teaches business communication (as part of its core curriculum) both in Ohio and abroad, and the first author had the opportunity to teach in Hong Kong. We examined cBfferences between five assignments written by both Hong Kong and U.S. students, focusing on reader orientation, writing objective, organization, grammar, syntax, usage, and format We wanted to know whether Hong Kong and U.S. business students developed different business commiinication skills and how such differences mig^t be characterized. Even thou|^ students enrolled in Hong Kong had specifically chosen a U.S. program in order (at least in part) to learn U.S. business writing standards, we found distinct differences between business communication practitioners of different cultures using the same language and performing similar business communication tasks. We want to explore some of the cultural sources of such differences which m i ^ t affect communication between the two peoples.
Chemical-kinetics modeling for the ignition of idealized sprays

Abstract The problem of spray ignition is used to examine three global reaction mechanisms for the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels. The reaction schemes are (i) the often-employed one-reaction scheme with linear dependence on fuel and oxygen concentrations, (ii) the one-reaction scheme with nonunity exponents of fuel and oxygen concentrations, and (iii) the two-reaction scheme with the second reaction occuring in both directions. For the ignition results, the ignition of an initially quiescent mixture of air and fuel droplets is considered. The mixture is contained in a constant-volume one-dimensional enclosure with its left end acting as an isothermal ignition source. The ignition delay times and the ignition energies as predicted by the three reaction schemes are compared for a range of fuel-air ratios, pressures, and droplet sizes. The comparison clearly exposes the inadequacies of the reaction scheme with unity exponents which predicts an optimum equivalence ratio of about 10 for the homogeneous as well as the heterogeneous ignition cases. The other two schemes yield an optimum equivalence ratio which is within the range of experimental data. Also the differences between these two schemes are minimal with proper choice of reaction parameters, which can, of course, result in significant simplifications in the modeling of complex combustion problems. A limited comparison with existing experimental data is also given. It is recommended that in the absence of more detailed multistep kinetics, the one-step scheme with nonunity exponents be used in spray combustion modeling.
Ultimate boundedness and weak recurrence of stochastic evolution equations

We study the weak recurrence and weakly positive recurrence properties to compact sets for the strong solutions of stochastic evolution equations. Using the earlier work in [4], we study the problem in terms of Lyapunov functions
The composition of the expressed sap from cold stored potatoes

Abstract Analysis of the chemical composition of expressed sap from potatoes stored at low temperatures (2°) indicates that an increased amount of inorganic phosphate is present in the juice from the cytoplasm and vacuole.
Alternatives to conventional crude oil: When, how quickly, and market driven?

Abstract We examine the effect of uncertainty concerning remaining supplies of conventional crude oil and its production path on: the date alternative fuels will be needed, the quantity of alternative fuels needed, and how this uncertainty affects firms' willingness to provide alternatives in a timely fashion. Despite large uncertainties about the quantity of oil that remains and its production path, the start date for replacements is likely to fall within a twenty-two year period that is narrower and earlier than previous estimates. The twenty-two year window represents considerable uncertainty about the date of the peak and this uncertainty creates an asymmetry in the strategy that maximizes the welfare of firms relative to total social welfare, which works against the market's ability to generate a smooth transition from oil to alternative fuels. The timeliness of this transition is critical—the production paths generated here suggest that 10 million barrels per day or more of alternative fuels will be needed within a decade of the peak in production of conventional crude oil.
Reinforcement of responding and not responding: Alternative responses

After adult humans earned points according to a variable-interval schedule for pressing a key, they could earn points either by pressing or by not pressing that same key for 10 sec. Decrements in response rate depended on the availability of explicit alternative responses. If one or two other keys were available, responding decreased to the target key, even though responses to the other keys had neither a scheduled nor a historical relation to point increments. Thus, the conjoint scheduling of point presentation for responding and not responding attenuated response rate only when explicit other responses were available.
Novel assessment of haemodynamic kinetics with acute exercise in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension

New Findings What is the central question of this study? The acute effect of exercise at moderately high intensity on already-elevated pulmonary arterial pressures and right ventricular wall stress in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is unknown. What is the main finding and its importance? We show, for the first time, that in a rat model of PAH, exercise induces an acute reduction in pulmonary artery pressure associated with lung endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation, without evidence of acute right ventricular inflammation or myocyte apoptosis. Haemodynamic measures obtained with traditional invasive methodology as well as novel implantable telemetry reveal an exercise-induced ‘window’ of pulmonary hypertension alleviation, supporting future investigations of individualized exercise as therapy in PAH. Exercise improves outcomes of multiple chronic conditions, but controversial results, including increased pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, have prevented its routine implementation in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), an incurable disease that drastically reduces exercise tolerance. Individualized, optimized exercise prescription for PAH requires a better understanding of disease-specific exercise responses. We investigated the acute impact of exercise on already-elevated PA pressure and right ventricular (RV) wall stress and inflammation in a rat model of PAH (PAH group, n = 12) induced once by monocrotaline (50 mg kg−1, i.p.; 2 weeks), compared with healthy control animals (n = 8). Single bouts of exercise consisted of a 45 min treadmill run at 75% of individually determined aerobic capacity (VO2max). Immediately after exercise, measurements of RV systolic pressure and systemic pressure were made via jugular and carotid cannulation, and were followed by tissue collection. Monocrotaline induced moderate PAH, evidenced by RV hypertrophy, decreased VO2max, PA muscularization, and RV and skeletal muscle cytoplasmic glycolysis detected by increased expression of glucose transporter-1. Acute exercise normalized the monocrotaline-induced elevation in RV systolic pressure and augmented pulmonary endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation, without evidence of increased RV inflammation or apoptosis. Real-time recordings of pulmonary and systemic pressures during and after single bouts of exercise made using novel implantable telemetry in the same animal for up to 11 weeks after monocrotaline (40 mg kg−1) corroborated the finding of acute PA pressure decreases with exercise in PAH. The PA pressure-lowering effects of individualized exercise associated with RV-neutral effects and increases in vasorelaxor signalling encourage further development of optimized exercise regimens as adjunctive PAH therapy.
A comparative assessment of a natural and created estuarine slough as rearing habitat for juvenile chinook and coho salmon

Short-term otolith growth rates, residence times, and forage of two species of juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) were compared in a created and natural estuarine slough on the Chehalis River in Washington to assess the functional equivalency of the created slough in providing suitable rearing habitat. Otolith microstructure, mark-recapture data, and forage of sub-yearling chinook, O. tshawytscha, and coho, O. kisutch, residing in both sloughs during the spring of 1991 and 1992 served as indicators of rearing habitat quality. No significant differences in the number or width of coho daily otolith increments were detected between the sloughs. Juvenile chinook residence and emigration times were also comparable. Aquatic and terrestrial insects composed the majority of all chinook and coho diets; however, the order of importance of main prey items did differ between sloughs, and salmon in the created slough had emptier stomachs, possibly because of reduced prey availability and/or foraging efficiency.
Developing tactile icons to support mobile users with situationally-induced impairments and disabilities

Although it is well known that interaction with a mobile device can be impacted when the environment is inhospitable or when the user is on the move, situationally-induced impairments and disabilities (SIIDs) are often overlooked in the mobile interface design process. In this paper, we describe one step toward supporting mobile users with SIIDs, through the design of tactile notifications. The tactile channel offers considerable promise to convey notifications to the user, freeing their visual and auditory channels for other tasks. A study was conducted to determine whether participants could develop tactile cues to convey the key characteristics of alerts to mobile users (e.g. urgency, relationship with the sender). The results highlight the benefits of tactile prototyping tools to encourage generation of design ideas, and the use of scenarios to situate these design ideas within the intended context of use.
Validity of the Hamilton Endogenous Subscale: An Independent Replication -

Abstract We calculated scores on the Hamilton Endogenous Subscale (HES) (Thase et al., 1983) for 252 depressed inpatients. The HES scores were bimodally distributed, and HES classification was significantly associated with endogenous (Research Diagnostic Criteria) and melancholic ( DSM-III ) subtyping, Based on a cutoff score of 8, HES classification was not associated with either family history of specific psychiatric illness or abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results. When the cutoff was raised to 10, DST nonsuppression was more frequent in HES endogenous depressives, although we again failed to find an association with a family history of psychiatric disorders.
Drug Delivery to the Malaria Parasite Using an Arterolane‐Like Scaffold

Antimalarial agents artemisinin and arterolane act via initial reduction of a peroxide bond in a process likely mediated by ferrous iron sources in the parasite. Here, we report the synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of arterolane-like 1,2,4-trioxolanes specifically designed to release a tethered drug species within the malaria parasite. Compared with our earlier drug delivery scaffolds, these new arterolane-inspired systems are of significantly decreased molecular weight and possess superior metabolic stability. We describe an efficient, concise and scalable synthesis of the new systems, and demonstrate the use of the aminonucleoside antibiotic puromycin as a chemo/biomarker to validate successful drug release in live Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Together, the improved drug-like properties, more efficient synthesis, and proof of concept using puromycin, suggests these new molecules as improved vehicles for targeted drug delivery to the malaria parasite.