cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resonance Suppression based on Predictive Control of Grid-following Inverters with LCL Filter in Weak Grid Condition

This paper presents an effective resonance suppression control when grid interactive inverter with LCL filter experience weak grid conditions. The resonance suppression mechanism is based on finite-set model predictive control (FS- MPC) with adaptive cost function to alter the controller objectives seamlessly. The large parasitic impedance and low short circuit ratio (SCR) of weak grid challenges the operation of grid- connected inverters. Specifically, the LCL filter resonance may get excited, resulting in collapse of the inverter operation. To address this issue, an effective active damping approach is implemented in the proposed control. In the proposed active damping scheme for resonance suppression, the feedback currents are switched based on the operating conditions of inverter. During the stiff grid conditions, grid current serves as feedback to the controller. While in the weak grid conditions, the inverter current is selected as feedback signal. The toggling action between these two feedback currents is determined by comparing moving RMS of grid current with threshold current as constraint in the cost function of the proposed MPC scheme. The threshold current for toggling action is based on the reference active and reactive power setpoints plus an acceptable band of variation. The theoretical analysis is verified by several case studies.
Quantitative analysis of the three‐dimensional trap stiffness of a dielectrophoretic corral trap

Dielectrophoresis is a robust approach for the manipulation and separation of (bio)particles using microfluidic platforms. We developed a dielectrophoretic corral trap in a microfluidic device that utilizes negative-dielectrophoresis to capture single spherical polystyrene particles. Circular-shaped micron-size traps were employed inside the device and the three-dimensional trap stiffness (restoring trapping force from equilibrium trapping location) was analyzed using 4.42 μm particles and 1 MHz of an alternating electric field from 6 VP-P to 10 VP-P . The trap stiffness increased exponentially in the x- and y-direction, and linearly in the z-direction. Image analysis of the trapped particle movements revealed that the trap stiffness is increased 608.4%, 539.3%, and 79.7% by increasing the voltage from 6 VP-P to 10 VP-P in the x-, y-, and z-direction, respectively. The trap stiffness calculated from a finite element simulation of the device confirmed the experimental results. This analysis provides important insights to predict the trapping location, strength of the trapping, and optimum geometry for single particle trapping and its applications, such as single-molecule analysis and drug discovery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of multidisciplinary shoulder dystocia simulation training on knowledge, performance, and documentation.

BACKGROUND Research has shown the utility of simulations involving individuals, yet little data exist on whether communication and documentation are impacted by the integration of all team members into a scenario. In 2018, the obstetrics department at this tertiary hospital began a multidisciplinary team-training simulation for shoulder dystocia. An educational portion was included, teaching a new practice where the provider announces delivery events (head, shoulder, body) to be marked on the delivery record, a standardized approach was introduced, and a pre- and post-simulation test was administered. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to evaluate the lasting impact of this team-based tool on the outcomes and documentation of shoulder dystocia cases, specifically the recording of the exact shoulder dystocia duration in seconds. Secondary outcomes included evaluation of the documentation of shoulder dystocia maneuvers and a pre- and post-simulation knowledge test. Included in this test were questions from the validated survey, the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, a tool focused on evaluating team dynamics and communication. It was hypothesized that this simulation would improve communication as shown by sustained improvement in documentation, competence in shoulder dystocia care, and confidence among members of the team as shown by improved scores on the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of shoulder dystocia cases from 2017 and 2019 at a safety-net tertiary care hospital, 1 full year before and after the implementation of a multidisciplinary shoulder dystocia simulation in 2018. Delivery outcomes were compared, documentation of delivery event times was recorded and analyzed, and the delivery note was evaluated using the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for shoulder dystocia. The surveys from participants were assessed for postsimulation improvement. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests and continuous variables were compared using Student t tests. Because shoulder dystocia duration is a nonparametric variable, this was compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS There were 28 cases in the 2017 cohort and 25 in the 2019 cohort. In the 2017 cohort, 25% of delivery documentation (7 of 25) included the exact shoulder dystocia duration, which increased to 96% (24 of 25) in the 2019 cohort (P CONCLUSION A multidisciplinary simulation on shoulder dystocia led to sustained improvement in documentation and shoulder dystocia maneuvers used, suggesting increased comfort with advanced maneuvers. Future studies should evaluate whether multidisciplinary simulations, mimicking the normal delivery team, may lead to other sustained improvements in maternal care.
‘We learned to be compassionate’: pre-service teachers’ perceptions of teaching immigrant children

Demographic changes continue to challenge educators across the United States. Currently, five million English language learners (ELL) attend the country’s public schools, and immigrant populations ...
MEDICAL CARE OF AVIATION PERSONNEL

Excerpt The opportunity to speak before the regional meeting of the American College of Physicians, an organization so well known for its pioneer work in elevating and improving the standards of me...
Sport Glimpses in Hawaii

(1940). Sport Glimpses in Hawaii. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 67-125.
The biological significance of turnover of the surface membrane of animal cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the flux that occurs in the components of the surface membrane of animal cells, insofar as they are known and speculates on the possible relevance of this phenomenon to cellular behavior. It attempts to construct a hypothesis that affords some explanation of certain aspects of cellular behavior, both social and metabolic. It begins with the notion that the cell in culture synthesizes almost as much surface membrane material in the dividing and nondividing state. When dividing, the new material goes into the making of a new cell with a small amount of turnover; when not dividing, the material goes into the cell structure and an equivalent amount is rejected and there is a high rate of turnover. If the surface structure is damaged, it is replaced in the course of turnover at the same rate that it would have been if it had not been damaged. The chapter presents an oversimplified hypothesis on the basis of the manifestation of malignancy. The difference in turnover rates of the surface membrane of dividing and nondividing cells could be reflected in differences in virus receptivity, antigenic specificity, adhesiveness, permeability, and electrical coupling.
Calibration of Cherenkov detectors for monoenergetic photon imaging in active interrogation applications

Abstract Active interrogation of cargo containers using monoenergetic photons offers a rapid and low-dose approach to search for shielded special nuclear materials. Cherenkov detectors can be used for imaging of the cargo provided that gamma ray energies used in interrogation are well resolved, as the case in 11B(d,n-γ)12C reaction resulting in 4.4 MeV and 15.1 MeV photons. While an array of Cherenkov threshold detectors reduces low energy background from scatter while providing the ability of high contrast transmission imaging, thus confirming the presence of high-Z materials, these detectors require a special approach to energy calibration due to the lack of resolution. In this paper, we discuss the utility of Cherenkov detectors for active interrogation with monoenergetic photons as well as the results of computational and experimental studies of their energy calibration. The results of the studies with sources emitting monoenergetic photons as well as complex gamma ray spectrum sources, for example 232Th, show that calibration is possible as long as the energies of photons of interest are distinct.
Promoting Effect of Saccharin and dl-Tryptophan in Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis

Abstract The existence of at least two stages in bladder carcinogenesis was evaluated in male Fischer rats using N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) fed for six weeks at a level of 0.2% of the diet as the initiator. Sodium saccharin and dl-tryptophan were fed at levels of 5 and 2% of the diet, respectively, as possible promoting chemicals, and they were fed either immediately after FANFT administration or after six weeks of FANFT plus six weeks of control diet. All surviving rats were killed at the end of two years. Both chemicals significantly increased the incidence of bladder tumors following FANFT feeding compared to six weeks of FANFT feeding followed by control diet, and the results were similar whether saccharin or tryptophan feeding was started immediately after FANFT feeding was concluded or after a six-week delay. Saccharin was considerably more potent as a promoting agent than was tryptophan, inducing higher incidences of bladder tumors and having a shorter latent period. Long-term administration of FANFT induced a 100% incidence of bladder cancer. Sequential epithelial changes were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by light microscopy. Pleomorphic microvilli were present on the superficial cells of all tumors examined and on the surface cells of hyperplastic bladder epithelium after six weeks of FANFT plus six weeks of saccharin, but not after six weeks of FANFT and six weeks of control diet. Rats fed only saccharin, tryptophan, or control diet did not have bladder tumors or pleomorphic microvilli on bladder epithelium. These data suggest that saccharin and tryptophan might act as tumor-promoting agents during bladder carcinogenesis.
A Postabsorption Effect of L-Ascorbic Acid on Copper Metabolism in Chicks

We have studied the effect of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on copper metabolism using copper-deficient chicks and the activation of lysyl oxidase copper-dependent enzyme, to assess bioavailability of copper. When administered intraperitoneally with (or 75 minutes before) CuSO4, L-ascorbate significantly impared the effectiveness of copper to restore lysyl oxidase activity in deficient chicks. L-ascorbate given 75 minutes after CuSO4 (i.e., in the post-absorption period), however, produced a substantial increase in copper-induced enzyme activation. L-ascorbate by itself showed no direct stimulating effect in deficient chicks. When the L-ascorbate was given to chicks that had received adequate dietary copper, there was a strong rise in ceruloplasmin and a slight, but significant increase in lysyl oxidase. An increase in ceruloplasmin in response to copper was also seen in deficient chicks and L-ascorbate also augmented that increase. Substituting D-isoascorbic acid for antagonistic properties of L-ascorbic acid on copper metabolism, but they also reveal possible sterospecific postabsorption roles for L-ascorbate in the metabolism of copper.
Carcass Disposal Options

The enormous, complex, and relatively open nature of the US animal agriculture and food system, combined with its economic importance, makes it a potential target for a terrorist attack. Furthermore, vulnerability to catastrophic losses due to disease outbreaks, regardless of whether accidental or intentionally introduced, is accentuated by the ever-increasing concentration of modern animal production operations and the tremendous mobility of food-animal populations. In the event of an animal agriculture emergency involving widespread livestock deaths, the disposal of large numbers of carcasses can present daunting challenges. This article presents an overview of key attributes of several carcass disposal options, including burial, landfill, incineration, rendering, composting, and alkaline hydrolysis. The most appropriate disposal option—or options—in the event of an emergency will be determined by a host of factors, including the nature of the incident, the animal species affected, the type of disease (if disease related), the number of carcasses involved, the availability and capacity of disposal options, and other considerations unique to individual locations. Planning for carcass disposal well in advance of an emergency will help responders minimize the impact of an incident and maximize protection of public health and the environment. Keywords: carcass disposal; burial; landfill; air-curtain incineration; composting; rendering; alkaline hydrolysis
Adaptive, Restart, Randomized Greedy Heuristics for Maximum Clique

This paper presents some adaptive restart randomized greedy heuristics for MAXIMUM CLIQUE. The algorithms are based on improvements and variations of previously-studied algorithms by the authors. Three kinds of adaptation are studied: adaptation of the initial state (AI) given to the greedy heuristic, adaptation of vertex weights (AW) on the graph, and no adaptation (NA). Two kinds of initialization of the vertex-weights are investigated: unweighted initialization (wi :e 1) and degree-based initialization (wi :e di where di is the degree of vertex i in the graph). Experiments are conducted on several kinds of graphs (random, structured) with six combinations: lNA, AI, and AWr × lunweighted initialization, degree-based initializationr. A seventh state of the art semi-greedy algorithm, DMclique, is evaluated as a benchmark algorithm. We concentrate on the problem of finding large cliques in large, dense graphs in a relatively short amount of time. We find that the different strategies produce different effects, and that different algorithms work best on different kinds of graphs.
Chapter 23 Involvement of glutamate in human epileptic activities

Publisher Summary Epilepsy may be described as a disruption of the normal balance between excitation and inhibition. Much effort has been devoted toward understanding the role of perturbations of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamatergic abnormalities are well established for certain human epilepsies. In the past, elevated brain glutamate was found in the brain of a child who died because of the status epilepticus related to pyridoxine dependency; a genetic condition in which glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)—the enzyme that converts glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)—does not function normally. In this patient, the effect of dysfunctional GAD could not be isolated from the effects of status epilepticus. Several antiepileptic drugs have anti-glutamatergic actions that may account for a part of their antiepileptic effects. Felbamate inhibits binding of glycine at the NMDA receptor. Lamotrigine and perhaps carbamazepine may decrease presynaptic glutamate release by blocking sodium and perhaps calcium channels. The concept of epilepsy as an excess of excitatory activity has made glutamate an appealing target for study. Most evidence of its involvement is indirect, as elevated glutamate levels in brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with frequent seizures could be a result of metabolic, rather than neurotransmitter, glutamate.
G-protein-coupled receptor regulation of phospholipase D.

Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. PA has been implicated in signal transduction, membrane vesicular trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and cell proliferation. PLD activity is present in ninny mammalian cells and tissues and is upregulated in response to a wide variety of agonists that signal through heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled or tyrosine kinase receptors. Receptor stimulation initiates multiple signal transduction cascades, ultimately including activation of protein kinase C (PKC), ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), and Rho family members, which have been well characterized as activators of PLD in in vitro and in in vivo assay systems. Because ARK, Rho, and PKC stimulate multiple downstream effector pathways that ultimately regulate cellular morphology, proliferation, and secretion, there has been intense interest in determining the relationship of PLD stimulation through each activator to these cell biological events. The regulation of mammalian PLD by G-protein-coupled receptors is complex and not fully understood at present.
Breast Cancer Epidemiology: Summary and Future Directions

The most common cancer in US women and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death is breast cancer. Between 1980-1987 in the US. age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer rose rapidly. They are also rising rapidly in several Asian countries (e.g. in Japan) which have the lowest incidence rates. These rapid increases may mean that environmental factors are responsible. Incidence rates rise greatly with age until the late 40s. US women at highest risk of breast cancer are Jewish women urban women single women and women living in the northern US. Women at lowest risk include Mormon and Seventh-Day Adventist women Hispanic and Asian women rural women women living in the southern US and married women. Factors that have a relative risk greater than 2 are mother and sister with history of breast cancer especially if diagnoses at an early age; atypical epithelial cells in nipple aspirate fluid; nodular densities on the mammogram; history of cancer in 1 breast; mother or sister with history of breast cancer; biopsy-confirmed benign proliferative breast disease; hyperplastic epithelial cells without atypia in nipple aspirate fluid; and radiation to chest in moderate to high doses. Ovarian hormones appear to stimulate cell division in the breast thus elevated levels may be risk factors. Exogenous hormones may also increase the risk. Women are exposed to these exogenous hormones through estrogen replacement therapy progestin only pills oral contraceptives long-acting injectable contraceptives and diethylstilbestrol. Postmenopausal obesity increases the risk while premenopausal obesity decreases the risk. A high fat diet in childhood and adolescence may increase the risk. Alcohol drinking may also increase the risk. Older white and nulliparous women are more likely to have estrogen receptor-positive cancers. Breast cancer in males tends to share the same risk factors as well as its own unique factors. Prevention of postmenopausal obesity is the only established primary prevention effort. Screening is the only secondary prevention means.
Evaluating the health and economic burden of neurocysticerosis using Oregon's all payer all claims database, 2010-2013

Background: Neurocysticercosis, or infection of the brain by larvae of the pig tapeworm, Taenia solium, has been reported in the literature with increased frequency during the past 3 decades in the United States. Population-based assessments of NCC are based on hospital discharge data, but do not include the outpatient population of NCC. I provide a population-based perspective of the complete spectrum of care of neurocysticercosis in the insured population of Oregon using the Oregon All Payers All Claims (APAC). I describe the demographic characteristics, frequency of neurocysticercosis-associated diagnoses and procedures, and disease burden of people with neurocysticercosis, and evaluate the APAC database as a source of demographic and financial information about NCC in Oregon. Methods: A list of unique individuals with at least one paid or capitated neurocysticercosis claim during the study period was generated and all claims for these individuals were extracted from the APAC database. Demographic characteristics, associated diagnoses and procedures and pay information were described in the study population. Truncated negative binomial regression was used to characterize the association between claim counts per quarter and demographic and associated diagnosis variables. Results: 125 individuals with NCC were identified during the study period with total paid claims of $2,407,532. Over 70% (5887/8224) of their paid and capitated claims did not have an associated neurological diagnosis. A total of 5925 claims, representing 72%
Conversion of [U−14C]glucose into carbon dioxide, glycogen, cholesterol and fatty acids in liver slices from embryonic and growing chicks

Incorporation of [U-(14)C]glucose into carbon dioxide, glycogen, cholesterol and fatty acids and of (3)H(2)O into cholesterol and fatty acids was measured in liver slices from embryos and growing chicks. During the embryonic period, rates of incorporation were low and stable for all pathways. Fatty acid synthesis and glucose oxidation increased promptly when the chicks were fed, reaching plateau levels within 6 days. Cholesterol and glycogen synthesis increased only slightly when the birds were fed. After 5 and 11 days respectively, cholesterol and glycogen synthesis began to increase rapidly. The rate of glucose oxidation in liver slices from 4-week-old chicks was 20-fold greater than in slices of embryonic liver; glycogen, cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis had increased approximately 100-, 300- and 1000-fold respectively. The increase in the metabolism of [U-(14)C]glucose that occurred after hatching was probably due to the change from a high-fat non-carbohydrate diet (yolk) to a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet (mash).
DNA crunching by a viral packaging motor: Compression of a procapsid-portal stalled Y-DNA substrate

Many large double-stranded DNA viruses employ high force-generating ATP-driven molecular motors to package to high density their genomes into empty procapsids. Bacteriophage T4 DNA translocation is driven by a two-component motor consisting of the procapsid portal docked with a packaging terminase-ATPase. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence correlation spectroscopic (FRET-FCS) studies of a branched (Y-junction) DNA substrate with a procapsid-anchoring leader segment and a single dye molecule situated at the junction point reveal that the "Y-DNA" stalls in proximity to the procapsid portal fused to GFP. Comparable structure Y-DNA substrates containing energy transfer dye pairs in the Y-stem separated by 10 or 14 base pairs reveal that B-form DNA is locally compressed 22-24% by the linear force of the packaging motor. Torsional compression of duplex DNA is thus implicated in the mechanism of DNA translocation.
[3H]hemicholinium-3 binding in rabbit striatum: correspondence with patchy acetylcholinesterase staining and a method for quantifying striatal compartments.

Abstract Comparisons were made of the distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining and [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding in adjacent tissue sections through the rabbit striatum. The distribution of these two markers matched closely in all regions examined. Circumscribed AChE-poor zones (striosomes) were visible throughout the rostral one-third of the caudate nucleus and were aligned with areas of low [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding in adjacent sections. Quantitative analysis of the [3H]hemicholinium-3 film autoradiographs revealed a 2- to 3-fold lower binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 to sites within the striosome compartment compared with the darker background (matrix). Further analysis revealed at least 3 distinct levels of binding throughout the striatum. The results suggest a novel autoradiographic approach for identifying and quantifying striatal heterogeneties. Because [3H]hemicholinium-3 apparently labels the high-affinity choline transport complex associated with cholinergic neurons, the patchy striatal distribution of AChE/[3H]hemicholinium-3 apparently marks zones with differing densities of cholinergic neuron processes.
Resolution of cells by centrifugal elutriation.

Abstract Cell separation using the Beckman elutriator depends upon the flow rate of the medium and the centrifugal field employed. Changes in either the centrifugal field or the flow rate can be used to elute fractions of cells based on size. Even when these variables are held constant in the Beckman J21C centrifuge, a periodic pulse of cells is eluted. We have found that this anomolous elution is related to the temperature control system which gave a periodically pulsed temperature drop in the centrifuge well. The elution resulting from this change in temperature caused a shift in the modal cell size of the fraction eluted at a particular flow rate and centrifugal field. Because of this, the fractions have a larger size dispersion than fractions collected under conditions where refrigeration-related temperature fluctuations do not occur. We conclude that the temperature control system of the Beckman J21C centrifuge used with the Beckman elutriation rotor produces temperature fluctuations which prevent maximum resolution of cells.
In vitro quantitation of lethal and physiologic effects of total body irradiation on stromal and hematopoietic stem cells in continuous bone marrow cultures from Rf mice

The role of stromal-supportive cells in hematopoietic stem cell responses to irradiation is poorly understood. The effects of in vivo total body irradiation (TBI) and interval from TBI to explant of marrow on: stromal cell proliferation in vitro; stromal cell support of hematopoiesis in continuous bone marrow culture; and generation of WEHI-3 growth factor (GF)-dependent lines of hematopoietic progenitor cells were evaluated. Continuous marrow cultures from non-irradiated control RfM/UN, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and N:NIH (Swiss) mice generated pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells (CFUs) and committed granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFUc) for over 20 weeks. Explant of marrow at 2, 4, 5, or 6 months after single fraction TBI (300-800 rad) was associated with decreased longevity of hemopoiesis (2-12 weeks), and a decrease in the proliferative capacity of fibroblastic adherent-stromal colony forming cells (CFUf) as measured by colony size at 14 days and number of colonies per 10(6) cells plated. In contrast, explant of marrow 8 to 24 months after TBI produced cultures with longevity that was indistinguishable from age-matched control cultures (19-24 weeks). Marrow from irradiated first and second generation recipients of serially transferred marrow demonstrated a similar 7-month in vivo recovery period; however, the plateau maximum duration of hemopoiesis did not return to control levels. Purified stromal cell cultures were prepared by corticosteroid-deprivation of explanted marrow for 28 days and were then engrafted in vitro with marrow from C57BL/6J or RfM/UN mice that had been irradiated 1 month previously. Hemopoiesis in these cultures was restored, and they produced GM-CFUc and granulocytes for 15-24 weeks. Thus, healthy stroma supported growth of recently irradiated hemopoietic cells in vitro. Nonadherent cells removed from the above continuous marrow cultures generated clonal non-leukemogenic WEHI-3 GF-dependent hemopoietic progenitor cell lines with a frequency concordant with radiation effects on culture longevity, and this was increased by the presence of purified healthy stromal cultures. Indirect effects of x-irradiation on hemopoietic stem cells through damage and repair in the stromal cell compartment can be effectively studied with the present bone marrow culture system.
Problem recognition style: is it need specific or a generalized personality trait?

While the nature of consumer-need acknowledgement has received some attention in recent years, the topic still remains relatively unexplored by consumer scientists and under-utilized by practitioners. This study focuses on the first stage of the consumer-decision process (problem recognition) and develops scales for measuring style of need perception for several product categories. Furthermore, an attempt is made to determine whether one's problem recognition style (PRS) is similar across product categories or if it is more need specific. Evidence here indicates strongly that PRS, which people develop, are need specific although similarities may exist between related product categories.
Tourists' dual‐processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and actions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe theory building and testing of dual processing of tourist reasoning, judgment, and actions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies micro‐tipping point theory and qualitative comparative analysis, using case study data.Findings – Maps of the reasoning, judgments, and actions of five parties of tourist buying major services support dual‐processing theory of deciding on destination choices.Research limitations/implications – This report does not include the attempt to generalize the findings to large survey samples of informants.Practical implications – Executives need to go beyond recognizing that what tourists report consciously may differ substantially from what they think unconsciously and to plan on collecting data on both dual processing modes of thinking.Originality/value – This paper breaks new ground in applying dual‐processing theory in tourist behavior of buying major tourist services.
Iran: Confronting terrorism

Today, Iran's promotion of violence seems to be increasingly focused on support for radical anti‐Israeli groups in Palestine rather than hostage‐taking or targeted assassinations. This shift calls for a different and more creative set of responses by the United States.
Absorption spectrum changes in photosynthetic bacteria following illumination or oxygenation

Abstract Measurements have been made of changes in absorption spectra of anaerobic suspensions of several kinds of photosynthetic bacteria following illumination or aeration in the dark. The difference spectra obtained show that oxygenation or illumination results in a decrease in the absorption bands corresponding to the carotenoid pigments of the bacteria, and new absorption bands appear at longer wavelengths. It is also apparent that cytochrome pigments are oxidized on addition of oxygen or on illumination. However, some cytochrome pigments appear to be specifically involved in light-induced reactions.
Simulations of pitch angle scattering of relativistic electrons with MLT-dependent diffusion coefficients

[1] We present magnetic local time (MLT)-dependent simulations of pitch angle scattering of relativistic (approximately MeV) electrons by chorus and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Numerical simulations indicate that in the case of scattering by chorus waves, the pitch angle distribution is relatively independent of MLT. In the case of scattering by EMIC and chorus waves, the modeled pitch angle distribution shows significant variations with MLT. MLT-averaged simulations tend to overestimate net loss during a storm but can accurately predict equilibrium loss rates and the overall shape of the pitch angle distribution. Numerical simulations show that EMIC waves not only scatter electrons into the loss cone but also create gradients in the pitch angle distribution, assisting chorus waves in scattering relativistic electrons into the loss cone. We also show that changes in the spectral properties of waves can significantly change loss rates. Loss rates reach a maximum level for EMIC waves with amplitudes above approximately 1 nT, present over a few percent of the drift orbit, and then become relatively independent of the amplitudes of EMIC waves.
Developing Analogy Cost Estimates for Space Missions

The analogy approach in cost estimation combines actual cost data from similar existing systems, activities, or items with adjustments for a new project's technical, physical or programmatic differences to derive a cost estimate for the new system. This method is normally used early in a project cycle when there is insufficient design/cost data to use as a basis for (or insufficient time to perform) a detailed engineering cost estimate. The major limitation of this method is that it relies on the judgment and experience of the analyst/estimator. The analyst must ensure that the best analogy or analogies have been selected, and that appropriate adjustments have been made. While analogy costing is common, there is a dearth of advice in the literature on the 'adjustment methodology', especially for hardware projects. This paper discusses some potential approaches that can improve rigor and repeatability in the analogy costing process.
Chromosome and DNA analyses of rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines and clones of different metastatic potentials

Chromosome morphologies revealed by Giemsa-banded karyotypes and chromosome numbers were compared between parental tumor-, lymph node- and lung metastasis-derived rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines and clones having different spontaneous metastatic potentials. Although chromosome numbers in the cell lines and clones generally correlated with DNA content by flow cytometry, ploidy did not correlate with spontaneous metastatic potentials. Chromosone number and DNA content drifted during prolonged in vitro growth in each of the cell lines and clones. Common chromosome rearrangements were found, confirming a common origin for all the cell lines and clones, and the frequency and appearance of the individual marker chromosomes fluctuated during in vitro growth. Karyotypic analyses revealed that the markers coinciding with phenotypic drift in spontaneous metastatic potential and other biological properties of parental tumor-derived clones MTC and MTF7 and lung metastasis-derived clone MTLn3 involved chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8. Clone MTC exhibited a shift in several markers and an increase in metastatic potential at passage T20, while clone MTF7 displayed a lesser spontaneous metastatic potential at high passage (T34) concomitant with an increase in the frequency of certain marker chromosomes. Lung metastasis-derived clone MTLn3 also exhibited a shift in some marker chromosomes, colonization preference and metastatic potential to lung and lymph nodes at high tissue culture passages. The changes in marker chromosomes during in vitro passage of clones MTC and MTLn3 suggested the presence of at least two cell subpopulations which could be responsible for the observed shift in spontaneous metastatic properties. Karyotypic features of the 13762NF cell lines and clones indicate that subtle cytogenetic changes, in contrast to gross chromosomal abnormalities, may be more important in determining metastatic phenotype.
Diffusion, counter-diffusion and lipid phase changes occurring during oil migration in model confectionery systems

This study investigated the diffusion of peanut oil and counter-diffusion of cocoa butter when cylindrical tempered or untempered samples, composed of cocoa butter with or without addition of cocoa powder, were suspended in peanut oil and stored at 23 °C. Oil migration kinetics was monitored using a novel pipette technique while diffusion and counter-diffusion were measured using gas chromatography. Tempering significantly lowered (p < 0.05) the peanut oil diffusion in the samples but did not influence the counter-diffusion of cocoa butter in peanut oil. Addition of cocoa powder at a volume fraction of 0.45 significantly increased (p < 0.05) peanut oil diffusion and decreased counter-diffusion. Due to the ingress of peanut oil, the solid fat content of tempered and untempered cocoa butter samples dropped from 75% to 59% after 7 weeks and resulted in corresponding dimensional changes in the samples which were also measured using image analysis. Diffusion, counter-diffusion and lipid phase changes were combined to develop a mass balance model to predict the volume changes occurring during oil migration.
Population pharmacokinetics of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant HER2 positive solid tumors

To develop a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model for CP-724,714, a novel HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor is under development for the treatment of advanced HER2 positive cancers. Concentration-time data (n = 484) from 30 cancer patients receiving daily oral CP-724,714 at doses of 250 mg QD, 250 mg BID, 250 mg TID, and 400 mg BID in 21-day cycles in an open label First-in-Human dose-escalation study were evaluated. Serum concentrations of CP-724,714 were obtained after single dose and at steady state. Nonlinear mixed effect analysis in NONMEM using first order conditional estimation with interaction (FOCEI) was performed. The effect of covariates was assessed. Diagnostic plots, decrease of objective function value (>7.8), bootstrapping, and predictive check were used as model selection criteria. A 2-compartment first-order absorption pharmacokinetic (PK) model with inter-subject variability (ISV) on the apparent oral elimination clearance (CL/F), apparent central volume of distribution (V1/F), apparent peripheral volume of distribution (V2/F), and first-order oral absorption rate constant (ka), interoccasion variability (IOV) on CL/F, and body weight (WT) as covariate on CL/F was developed. There was no evidence of dose-dependent and/or time-dependent PK. CL/F increased with increasing WT. The ISV of CL/F was reduced by approximately 20% with WT as a covariate. Age, race, and liver metastasis did not influence CP-724,714 disposition. A popPK model was developed that adequately described the pharmacokinetics of CP-724,714. WT was identified as a covariate on CL/F that reduced ISV and improved model performance. Future studies will further assess the importance of WT as a pharmacokinetic covariate. The proposed popPK model can be used to simulate CP-724,714 Phase 2/3 trials.
The Use of Distribution Functions to Describe Integrated Density Profiles of Human Chromosomes

The advent of new stains for chromosomes has increased the possibilities that useful automated chromosome analysis can be implemented. The search for appropriate descriptors to use in this process is an important task. Data compression using integrated intensity and density profiles has already shown itself to be valuable. A method is proposed in this paper to describe these profiles as a sum of distribution functions. Every distribution function can be described by a triplet stating peak height, position, and width and it appears that these parameters are directly related to physical processes. The importance of such parameters in statistical chromosome analysis is emphasized. A classification experiment is described in which 240 chromosomes 1 to 22, X and Y have been classified with an accuracy of 96%.
Census and Conservation Assessment of the Red Colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) on the Ufipa Plateau, Southwest Tanzania: Newly-discovered, Threatened and Extinct Populations

Abstract: Surveys were carried out in the last remaining forests of southwest Tanzania's Ufipa Plateau to determine the presence, distribution and abundance of the red colobus Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles. In 2002, we investigated the Chala and Misheta forests. Chala was in poor condition, and no primates were seen, although it is not known if red colobus ever existed there. There was almost no natural forest remaining in Misheta, and we consider its red colobus population to be now extinct. Analysis of satellite imagery revealed that the Nsangu Forest no longer exists, and we assume its population is also now extinct. In August 2006, a previously undocumented red colobus population was discovered in Mbuzi, 55 km north of the only other extant population in Mbizi. Complete count censuses were performed in Mbuzi and Mbizi. A total of 1,217 individuals were recorded in Mbizi and 137 individuals in Mbuzi, giving a combined total of 1,354 individual Ufipa red colobus. Mean group size in Mbizi was 40.5...
Performance of S-192 /Hg,Cd/Te arrays.

Very high performance (Hg,Cd)Te photoconductive detectors have been fabricated for use on the S-192 experiment, which is a multispectral scanner being built by Honeywell for the NASA Manned Space Center's Skylab. The S-192 will scan the earth from Skylab and record data in twelve near infrared spectral bands and one long wavelength band. These detectors demonstrate good uniformity in performance across an array. State-of-the-art fabrication techniques have been used to make detectors with good definition that are 5-10 microns thick with 25-micron spacing between elements.
An Ethiopian refugee village in Sudan: the question of employment

— There are some 460,000 Eritrean and Tigrean political refugees in Sudan. The numbers have increased dramatically since the mid-1970s, and as yet there are no convincing signs of peace which would allow the prospect of a speedy return home. Sudan is thus faced with one of the Third World's largest populations of long term refugees, and the capacity of the economy to absorb such numbers into its labour force is an acute and potentially violent issue. Discussion and planning has been hindered by a lack of specific information on the proportion of refugees who are of urban or rural origin and the proportion of those who might undertake skilled or unskilled employment. The following report of a census and survey of a refugee village in eastern Sudan offers some insight into the problem and suggests steps towards its solution.
Periaqueductal gray matter input to cardiac-related sympathetic premotor neurons

The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) serves as the midbrain link between forebrain emotional processing systems and motor pathways used in the defense reaction. Part of this response depends upon PAG efferent pathways that modulate cardiovascular-related sympathetic outflow systems, including those that regulate the heart. While it is known that the PAG projects to vagal preganglionic neurons, including possibly cardiovagal motoneurons, no information exists on the PAG circuits that may affect sympathetically mediated cardiac functions and, thus, the purpose of this study was to use neuroanatomical methods to identify these pathways. First, viral transneuronal retrograde tracing experiments were performed in which pseudorabies virus (PRV) was injected into the stellate ganglion of rats. After 4 days survival, five PAG regions contained transynaptically infected neurons; these included the dorsomedial, lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns as well as the Edinger-Westphal and precommissural nuclei. Second, the descending efferent PAG projections were studied with the anterograde axonal marker Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHA-L) with a particular focus on determining whether the PAG projects to the intermediolateral cell column (IML). Almost no axonal labeling was found throughout the thoracic IML suggesting that the PAG modulates sympathetic functions by indirect pathways involving synaptic relays through sympathetic premotor cell groups, especially those found in the medulla oblongata. This possibility was examined by a double tracing study. PHA-L was first injected into either the lateral or ventrolateral PAG and after 6 days, PRV was injected into the ipsilateral stellate ganglion. After an additional 4 days survival, a double immunohistochemical procedure for co-visualization of PRV and PHA-L was used to identify the sympathetic premotor regions that receive an input from the PAG. The PAG innervated specific groups of sympathetic premotor neurons in the hypothalamus, pons, and medulla as well as providing reciprocal intercolumnar connections within the PAG itself (Jansen et al., Brain Res. 784 (1998) 329-336). The major route terminates in the ventral medulla, especially within the medial region which contains sympathetic premotor neurons lying within the raphe magnus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, pars alpha. Both serotonergic and non-serotonergic sympathetic premotor neurons in these two regions receive inputs from the PAG. Weak PAG projections to sympathetic premotor neurons were found in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (including to C1 adrenergic neurons), locus coeruleus, A5 cell group, paraventricular and lateral hypothalamic nuclei. In summary, both the lateral and ventrolateral PAG columns appear to be capable of modulating cardiac sympathetic functions via a series of indirect pathways involving sympathetic premotor neurons found in selected sites in the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, with the major outflow terminating in bulbospinal regions of the rostral ventromedial medulla.
Desperate times and desperate measures: false-representation and distortion of terrorism in post-9/11 superhero films

In the wake of 9/11 there has been a marked increase in depictions of terrorism in Hollywood film. This shift has been particularly significant in superhero films. This genre of films has not historically relied upon terrorist narratives, but this article highlights contemporary ideological overlaps between terrorist and superhero narratives that explain why they have been more frequently presented together in contemporary film. In particular, both rely upon what Giorgio Agamben and other scholars refer to as a “state of exceptionality” and they feature ideological categories, such as those delineated in the work of Teun Van Dijk. This article analyses these themes using the methods of Foucauldian Discourse Analysis. The article finds the growing number of depictions of terrorists in superhero films problematic because they deny terrorists rationality or political consciousness. The article analyses the binarism that this creates, finding that the proliferation of terrorist narratives in superhero films u...
Mycobacterial Phenolic Glycolipid Virulence Factor Biosynthesis: Mechanism and Small-Molecule Inhibition of Polyketide Chain Initiation

Phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) are polyketide-derived virulence factors produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae, and other mycobacterial pathogens. We have combined bioinformatic, genetic, biochemical, and chemical biology approaches to illuminate the mechanism of chain initiation required for assembly of the p-hydroxyphenyl-polyketide moiety of PGLs. Our studies have led to the identification of a stand-alone, didomain initiation module, FadD22, comprised of a p-hydroxybenzoic acid adenylation domain and an aroyl carrier protein domain. FadD22 forms an acyl-S-enzyme covalent intermediate in the p-hydroxyphenyl-polyketide chain assembly line. We also used this information to develop a small-molecule inhibitor of PGL biosynthesis. Overall, these studies provide insights into the biosynthesis of an important group of small-molecule mycobacterial virulence factors and support the feasibility of targeting PGL biosynthesis to develop new drugs to treat mycobacterial infections.
Daring to Create Change Agents in Physical Education: The Sankofa Philosophy

This article describes how PETE teachers can develop relevance, resilience, respect, and responsibility in their PE professionals in order to help them become change agents.