cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO‐D) catalyzes the fifth step in the heme biosynthetic pathway, converting uroporphyrinogen to coproporphyrinogen by decarboxylating the four acetate side chains of the substrate. This activity is essential in all organisms, and subnormal activity of URO‐D leads to the most common form of porphyria in humans, porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). We have determined the crystal structure of recombinant human URO‐D at 1.60 A resolution. The 40.8 kDa protein is comprised of a single domain containing a (β/α) 8 ‐barrel with a deep active site cleft formed by loops at the C‐terminal ends of the barrel strands. Many conserved residues cluster at this cleft, including the invariant side chains of Arg37, Arg41 and His339, which probably function in substrate binding, and Asp86, Tyr164 and Ser219, which may function in either binding or catalysis. URO‐D is a dimer in solution ( K d = 0.1 μM), and this dimer also appears to be formed in the crystal. Assembly of the dimer juxtaposes the active site clefts of the monomers, suggesting a functionally important interaction between the catalytic centers.
Day-of-the-Week Patterns in Volume and Prices of Nasdaq High-Yield Bonds

The authors investigate newly available dated from the Nasdaq9s Fixed income Pricing System on transaction high–yield corporate bonds. Their tests of daily patterns for sixty issues traded for all or part of the interval between October 1994 and July 1997 show that: 1) the level of trading is consistently higher on Tuesday through Thursday than on either Monday or Friday, and 2) bond prices tend to significantly rise on Tuesday and decline on Friday. They interpret these results as supporting this rule of timing transactions: Investors seeking to sell high–yield corporate bonds should try to do so near the close on Tuesday or on either Wednesday or Thursday, while those who want to buy them should do so near the close on Friday or on Monday.
The Mark of Beginnings. Husserl and Hegel on the Meaning of Naiveté

In this paper I intend to appraise the meaning of naivete in Husserl’s phenomenology against the backdrop of Hegel’s philosophy. I will take my cue from an insightful remark by James Dodd in his recent book Crisis and Reflection. Commenting on Husserl’s famous statement that empirical science is intrinsically naive, Dodd underscores that: “‘Naivete’ is not meant here to be a term of reproach. There is in fact enormous power in naivete, and it should be respected” (Dodd, 2004, p. 55). The goal of this paper is to provide a description of naivete’s power and, in so doing, to articulate the possibility of the respect to be owed to it by philosophy.
Endothelial dysfunction does not require loss of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Whereas altered nitric oxide (NO ⋅) formation from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) causes impaired vascular reactivity in a number of cardiovascular diseases, questions remain regarding how...
Shorebases and Construction Centers

Shorebases are the intermodal transfer centers in which supplies are assembled and collected from the onshore logistics network and transported offshore via supply vessels. Construction centers are secondary support loci in which offshore infrastructure and marine vessels are built and repaired, and equipment and supplies are manufactured and warehoused before shipment. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the supply network and ports in the Gulf of Mexico, their role and history in the evolution of the offshore industry, and the main environmental challenges associated with the infrastructure in the region.
Periodic Dynamics in Driven Granular Chain Systems

We consider the dynamical behavior of horizontal alignments of elastic grains placed within confining walls and placed under a constant acceleration that is applied at one end of the system. We show that these systems vibrate under such a compressive force. Certain universal properties of this vibration are mentioned. These systems may be useful in designing devices for filtering out mechanical noise.
Optical scattering simulation of ice particles with surface roughness modeled using the Edwards-Wilkinson equation

Abstract Constructing an appropriate particle morphology model is essential for realistic simulation of optical properties of atmospheric particles. This paper presents a model for generating surface roughness based on a combination of methods from discrete differential geometry combined with a stochastic partial differential equation for surface evolution introduced by Edwards and Wilkinson. Scattering of light by roughened particles is simulated using the Invariant Imbedding T-Matrix (II-TM) method. The effects of surface roughness on the single-scattering properties, namely, the phase matrix, asymmetry factor, and extinction efficiency, are investigated for a single wavelength in the visible range and for a range of size parameters up to x =50. Three different smooth shapes are considered: spherical, spheroidal, and hexagonal, the latter two in just the “compact particle” case of unit aspect ratio. It is shown that roughness has negligible effects on the optical scattering properties for size parameters less than 20. For size parameters ranging from 20 to 50, the phase matrix elements are more sensitive to the surface roughness than are two important integral optical properties, the extinction efficiency and asymmetry factor. As has been seen in studies using other forms of roughening, the phase function is progressively smoothed as roughness increases. The effect on extinction efficiency is to increase it, and on asymmetry factor is to decrease it. Each of these effects is relatively modest in the size range considered, but the trend of results suggests that greater effects will be seen for size parameters larger than ones considered here.
New Zealand Liberalism and the Origins of the American Welfare State

"The new light that has been growing for years in the Southern sky, till now it illumines the world, is . . . the rising glory of a new civilization," declared Frank Parsons, the Boston reformer, in 1904. "The Aurora Socialis of New Zealand is . . . whiter, clearer, steadier than its predecessors, tho . . . it draws its political electricity from the same great dynamos of liberty, equality and fraternity" as did the Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution. But ballots, not bullets, were the instruments of antipodean change. "A new civilization has come. A new age has dawned. New Zealand is the birth place of the 20th Century. " ' Parsons made this pronouncement in The Story of New Zealand, a massive volume set in three sizes of type to cram in as much information as possible and containing eighty-two chapters, five appendixes, and more than 850 pages. He and his editor-publisher, C. F. Taylor, believed that such as extended treatment was deserved because "what is now history in New Zealand is prophesy for the rest of the world. " So eager were they to reach the largest possible audience that they urged the American press, writers, and speakers to draw freely on the book, and they also brought out a condensed paperback version, Politics in New Zealand, with the inscription, "No Copyright Desired. All are freely invited to spread the facts contained in this book as widely as possible." Taylor hoped that "our people may be inspired to emulate the example of New Zealand, and bring our government as close to the people as that of New Zealand is, and make it serve the interests of the common people. '2
Transmission of Enteric Pathogens of Turkeys by Darkling Beetle Larva (Alphitobius diaperinus)

Abstract Larvae of the darling beetle (lesser mealworm) were exposed to turkey feces from an enteritis-affected flock and determined to contain turkey enterovirus and rotavirus. Growth depression and increased mortality were observed in turkey poults which fed on the exposed larvae. Exposed larvae which had been surface-sterilized also produced clinical signs of enteritis after consumption by the poults, indicating that pathogens were able to survive within the larvae. This experiment demonstrated the capacity of the larva of the darkling beetle to serve as a mechanical vector for enteric pathogens of turkeys.
Investigation and Analysis on Work Abilities of Grass Roots Medical Professionals in Guangming New District of Shenzhen

Objective To investigate the work abilities of grass roots medical professionals in Guangming New District,Shenzhen and find the influencing factors so as to propose countermeasures and suggestion on improving the capacities of medical staff. Methods Two hundred and seventy-five medical staff members from 32 hospitals of Guangming New District in Shenzhen were invited to participate in the survey with Work Ability Index(WAI) Questionnaire. Results Medical professionals with qualified or higher work ability scores accounted for 92%.The majority of the professionals were adequate to their jobs.The more hobbies the professionals had,the higher level of work ability the professionals possessed(P0.001).Medical professionals who had different kinds of hobbies possessed different work abilities.The highest average value of WAI was found in medical professionals with the hobbies of chess and cards,followed by professionals with the hobbies of sports,music,literature,movies,etc.Medical professionals' work abilities could be improved as their exercising time increasing. Conclusions Medical professionals should increase the time of exercises and properly develop their hobbies,and these measures play the positive roles in improving their work abilities.
Effect of Treated Polygalacturonic Acid on Blood Volume Loss in the Rat Following Traumatic Injury

Evidence is presented that a polygalacturonic acid derivative (Stypturon) when administered intravenously to rats in an optimal dosage results in concomitant diminution of blood loss from experimental injury to the tail. Mortality rate associated with hemorrhagic shock was significantly reduced. Blood coagulation was inhibited at the site of injury by immersion of the traumatized tail in an anticoagulant solution at 37 C. for the duration of the experiment. The data for the enhancement of the normal hemostyptic mechanism by a polymeric substance without the apparent mediation of the blood coagulation system is discussed.
Multiple lesions of bone in Letterer-Siwe disease; report of a case with culture of paracolon Arizona bacilli from bone lesions and blood, followed by response to therapy.

The case presented has shown a progressive, near-fatal illness with clinical, roent-genographic, and microscopic signs which support the diagnosis of Letterer-Siwe disease, the etiology of which has been postulated to be infectious. All features of the disease process receded immediately following antibiotic therapy and no organisms could be isolated in repeated cultures following the remission. In consideration of these facts, it is believed that the case is one of Letterer-Siwe disease, in which the causative agent was isolated and healing was accomplished with antibiotic therapy. The final proof of this interpretation will, of course, depend upon the isolation of similar or different organisms from other cases. The paracolon group are commonly discarded in the laboratory as of no significance. Thus, organisms which have been regarded as not significant or contaminants may be responsible for other cases. Only the accumulation of a considerable body of cases studied intensively will eventually prove whether or not any organisms recovered are opportunists, contaminants, or causative agents, or whether organisms can be recovered with any degree of frequency.
Organisms and Environments Integrated Through Coevolution

When Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace jointly presented papers on the processes that operate to evolve new species before the Linnean Society in July, 1858, they sparked an era of debate and controversy. The continuing debate centers not on the fact of natural evolution but on the mechanisms of evolution. In many ways the modern discussion recalls the debates between catastrophists, progressionists, and uniformitarianists of Charles Lyell’s time in the 1830’s. Catastrophism held that there were worldwide breaks in the geologic and biologic record by forces more powerful than those being observed and experienced in contemporary times. At the time that catastrophism was a popular theory, Jean Baptiste Lamarck was carrying out experimental work on aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and their ability to survive within various regimes of atmospheric oxygen. Lamarck contributed to the understanding of organic evolution by noting advances in the complexity of the composition of fossils within geologic strata over time. Progressionism wedded the idea of catastrophism with Lamarck’s conception of advance in the complexity of life during geologic ages. It held that various geologic ages were closed with the extinction of all species by catastrophic events and that more advanced organisms successively arose (by the intervention of a deity) to mark the progression of the evolution of organisms. James Hutton and his student Charles Lyell emphasized the gradualness of evolution and suggested that the geologic record with its increasing variety of species could be fully explained by presently observable natural processes (Eiseley 1959, Browne 1983).
Phosphorylation Requirement of Murine Leukemia Virus p12

ABSTRACT The p12 protein of murine leukemia virus (MLV) Gag is associated with the preintegration complex (PIC), and mutants of p12 (PM14) exhibit defects in nuclear entry/retention. Mutants of the phosphorylated serine 61 also have been reported to have defects in the early life cycle. Here we show that a phosphorylated peptide motif derived from human papillomavirus 8 (HPV-8), the E2 hinge region including residues 240 to 255, can functionally replace the main phosphorylated motif of MLV p12 and can rescue the viral titer of a strain with the lethal p12-PM14 mutation. Complementation with the HPV-8 E2 hinge motif generated multiple second-site mutations in live viral passage assays. Additional p12 phosphorylation sites were detected, including the late domain of p12 (PPPY) as well as the late domain/protease cleavage site of matrix (LYPAL), by mass spectrometry and Western blotting. Chromatin binding of p12-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein and functional complementation of p12-PM14 occurred in a manner independent of the E2 hinge region phosphorylation. Replacement of serine 61 by alanine within the minimal tethering domain (61SPMASRLRGRR71) maintained tethering, but in the context of the full-length p12, mutants with substitutions in S61 remained untethered and lost infectivity, indicating phosphorylation of p12 serine 61 functions to temporally regulate early and late p12 functions. IMPORTANCE The p12 protein, required for both early and late viral functions, is the predominant phosphorylated viral protein of Moloney MLV and is required for virus viability. Our studies indicate that the N terminus of p12 represses the early function of the chromatin binding domain and that deletion of the N terminus activates chromatin binding in the wild-type Moloney MLV p12 protein. Mass spectrometry and mutagenesis studies suggest that phosphorylation of both the repression domain and the chromatin binding domain acts to temporally regulate this process at the appropriate stages during infection.
Hard Fighting: Israel in Lebanon and Gaza

Abstract : Before the wars in Afghanistan (2001 present) and Iraq (2003 present) began, the U.S. military was largely designed for major combat operations against state actors. Over the past several years, it has made significant changes in its training, organizing, and equipping paradigms to adapt to nonstate, irregular threats in those two theaters. However, the adversaries the U.S. military has faced in these two wars have yet to employ effective standoff weaponry, such as man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS) and antitank guided missiles (ATGMs), in large enough numbers to change how U.S. forces operate. The introduction of such weapons, if it were to occur, could radically intensify the challenges confronting U.S. forces. All that the Taliban needs to become a more lethal adversary is a state that will supply it with effective standoff weapons and training in their use. This monograph examines the Israeli experiences in the Second Lebanon War (2006) and Operation Cast Lead (2008 2009) to assess the challenges posed by hybrid adversaries and the military capabilities needed to prevail over them. It describes what happened during the war in Lebanon, why the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had difficulty fighting Hezbollah, what corrective measures the IDF took after Lebanon, and what happened during the operation in Gaza. The research presented here shows that the Israeli experience provides compelling insights that will be important to the U.S. joint force -- and particularly to the Air Force and the Army -- as it considers the capabilities needed in the future to prevail against hybrid challenges. To this end, the monograph makes several recommendations about ways to improve the integration of air power, ground power, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) across the Air Force and the Army in hybrid warfare.
Effect of deficit irrigation on yield quantity and quality, water productivity and economic returns of four cultivars of hops in the Yakima Valley, Washington State

Abstract Hop production, like all other water uses in the area, is facing water availability concerns. Deficit irrigation may address water scarcity issues in hop production. This study quantifies the effect of deficit irrigation on hop yield, quality, water productivity and grower profitability. Mt. Hood, Columbus, Chinook and Willamette cultivars were grown under three irrigation levels; 60, 80 and 100% of the crop’s irrigation requirement, using a sub-surface drip irrigation system. Results show that hop plants generally respond to water stress with yield reductions; compared to the 100% irrigation level, the 60% irrigation level caused reductions in total 2-year dry hop cone yield of 30%, 33%, 25%, and 19% for Mt. Hood, Willamette, Columbus and Chinook cultivars respectively, whereas, the 80% irrigation level caused total 2-year yield reductions of 14%, 10%, and 3% for Mt. Hood, Willamette and Chinook cultivars respectively. For Columbus, the 80% irrigation level gave 2% more dry hop cone 2-year total yield than the fully irrigated treatment. Hop cone quality was however not affected; the concentrations of alpha and beta acids were generally similar across all irrigation levels for cultivars for each year of study. The cost of water in Washington State does not vary with changes in water use; only water pumping costs vary with water use. Pumping costs are only 1.5% of the total cost of producing hops in an established yard. As such, savings in pumping costs due to using less water were minimal when compared to the resulting loss in revenue due to yield reductions. Deficit irrigating hops grown under sub-surface drip irrigation system in the Yakima Valley is therefore not economically viable. However, under conditions of water scarcity, high water prices or when there are more profitable alternative uses for the water, deficit irrigation may then be considered. Deficit irrigation though has potential to improve water productivity as observed from the 2012 results. Under the 60% irrigation level, water productivities were 0.42, 0.55, 1.02, and 0.44 kg/m3 for Mt. Hood, Willamette, Columbus, and Chinook respectively. Under the 80% irrigation level, water productivities for Mt. Hood, Willamette, Columbus, and Chinook were 0.34, 0.41, 0.95, and 0.45 kg/m3 respectively. For full irrigation, water productivities were 0.33, 0.31, 0.84, and 0.37 kg/m3 for Mt. Hood, Willamette, Columbus, and Chinook respectively. This study provides production functions for the hop cultivars for forecasting yield quantities under various irrigation amounts.
Direct Modulation of Voter-Based Decisions

We study a collective decision-making strategy where the modulation of positive feedback results directly from the actions of individual agents of the swarm.
Survey of owner motivations and veterinary input of owners feeding diets containing raw animal products

Background The practice of feeding of diets containing raw animal products (RAP) to pets (dogs and cats) is discouraged by veterinary organizations and governmental public health organizations. Nevertheless, the practice of feeding RAP to pets is increasing in popularity. Pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets to pets have not been explored and the benefits of RAP diets remain largely anecdotal. We hypothesized that pet owners feeding RAP diets would not rely on veterinary advice in choosing their pet's diet. We also hypothesized that these owners would have lower levels of trust in veterinary advice with respect to nutrition relative to pet owners not feeding RAP. Methods An anonymous web-based survey was developed to identify pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets, and to characterize the veterinarian-client relationships of individuals feeding RAP diets. Results There were 2,337 respondents and 2,171 completed surveys. Of survey respondents, 804 reported feeding RAP at the time of the survey. While 20% of pet owners feeding RAP relied on online resources to determine what or how much RAP to feed, only 9% reported consulting with a veterinarian in making decisions about feeding RAP. Pet owners feeding RAP reported lower levels of trust in veterinary advice both 'in general' and 'with respect to nutrition' than pet owners not feeding RAP. Most pet owners reported that a discussion regarding their pet's nutrition does not occur at every veterinary appointment. Discussion Pet owners feeding a RAP diet have lower trust in veterinary advice than pet owners not feeding a RAP diet. Owners feeding RAP are more reliant on online resources than their own veterinarian in deciding what and how much RAP to feed. Pet owners perceive that nutrition is not discussed at most veterinary appointments. Therefore, there is room for improvement in the veterinarian-client communication with regards to nutrition.
The Two-Edged Sword: Slavery and the Commerce Clause, 1837-1852

Between 1837 and 1852, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Roger B. Taney was severly divided over the scope of national authority to regulate interstate commerce. Although the Taney Court decided only one case that directly involved the question of slavery and interstate commerce ( Groves v. Slaughter ), the purpose of this paper is to explore the Court's treatment of interstate commerce during this period and the influence of the growing slavery controversy on that treatment.
Venous hypertensive encephalopathy secondary to venous sinus thrombosis and dural arteriovenous fistula

A 52-year-old man with a history of factor V Leiden thrombophilia, persistent headaches and papilloedema presented with worsening vision and confusion. MRI and MR angiography of the brain at the time of this presentation showed findings concerning for transverse sinus thrombosis and an associated dural arteriovenous fistula. Dural venous sinus thrombosis can lead to the formation of a dural arteriovenous fistula, which must be considered in the differential diagnosis for intracranial hypertension in patients with thrombophilia.
Global gene expression profiling clearly differentiates mouse plasma cell tumors from B-cell lymphomas but shows similarities with human multiple myelomas

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 255 To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of neoplastic transformation of B cells and plasma cells, global gene expression profiles were compared across ten subtypes of mouse plasma cell tumors (PCTs) and B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) using Affymetrix U74Av2 microarrays. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis generated two main sub-clusters: one containing the PCTs and the other the BCLs. Two-sample t-test revealed 1654 genes that were significantly (p<0.001) differentially expressed between the two groups. Within the PCT group 98 genes discriminated tumors with accelerated onset brought about by v-Abl oncogene activity in the context of uniform Myc-activation. PCTs containing Myc-activating T(12;15) chromosomal translocations did not display gene expression patterns distinct from those with variant T(6;15) translocations, in which the breakpoint is in the Pvt-1 locus, 230 kb 3′ of Myc, suggesting that Myc activation was the initiating factor in both. When integrated with previously published Affymetrix array data from human multiple myelomas (MM) and tonsillar B cells, the mouse BCLs and human tonsillar B cells co-clustered, while PCTs clustered together with myelomas. Intriguingly, the IL-6-transgenic subset of mouse PCTs clustered more closely with MGUS and the MM1 subset of human myelomas, while the other PCT subsets clustered with the more aggressive MM2-MM4 myeloma subsets. What is more, the more aggressive types of PCTs, those accelerated by v-Abl expression, clustered with the most aggressive MM3 and MM4 subsets of human myelomas. Thus, despite dissimilarities in site of origin, mode of induction and chromosomal abnormalities, murine intraperitoneal PCTs and human bone marrow-localized MMs appear to share many similarities in gene expression and gene-activating signal transduction pathways. As such, mouse PCTs represent powerful model systems for the study of human myeloma and may present an opportunity to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in increasing aggressiveness as myeloma progresses in malignancy.
Multiple Schedules of Escape and Their Effects on Avoidance

Four rats were trained to escape electric shock by satisfying various negative reinforcement schedules. The schedules employed included continuous escape, fixed interval (FI), differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL), differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), and tandem fixed interval differential reinforcement of high rate 4 escape (tandem FI DRH 4 escape). Various combinations of these escape schedules, accompanied by discrete auditory and visual cues were alternated at 10-min intervals in a multiple schedule format. Each escape schedule was linked with a 20-sec avoidance component (R-S = 20 sec), in which responses prevented the occurrence of escape periods. In general, all rats produced the high or low escape rates expected from the escape schedules employed. The data produced during the shock off intervals revealed that avoidance was higher in conjunction with the fixed interval and DRL escape schedules relative to the avoidance produced when the continuous and DRO escape schedules were employed. The differential escape rates, in conjunction with the differential avoidance performances, indicated evidence of stimulus control by the various cues associated with the various escape-avoidance components employed.
Balanced truncation of spatially distributed nonstationary LPV systems

This work is on the balanced truncation of distributed nonstationary linear parameter-varying (NSLPV) systems. These systems are composed of heterogeneous, discrete-time, NSLPV subsystems, formulated in a linear fractional transformation (LFT) framework, interconnected over arbitrary directed graphs, and subjected to a communication latency of one time-step. The proposed method is applied for the model reduction of strongly stable systems, i.e., stable systems with structured generalized gramians. The method guarantees the strong stability of the reduced order system, provides an upper bound on the error induced by the reduction process, and allows for the preservation and simplification of the interconnection and uncertainty structures.
A comparison of the electric strengths of hexane vapor and liquid in the critical region

The breakdown strength of gases at low pressures increases regularly with density; using this fact, one can extrapolate the strength of a vapor to densities corresponding to the liquid state. An extrapolation of this type is shown in figure 1 for hexane1,2, for comparison, point X shows a typical observed value of the strength of the liquid3. As may be seen, the liquid strength is appreciably lower than the extrapolated value. One of the aims of this investigation has been to bridge the gap between these two extremes in density, and to determine whether breakdown strength is a continuous function of density or whether there is a singularity corresponding to the change of phase.
Self-reported difficulty and preferences of wheeled mobility device users for simulated low-floor bus boarding, interior circulation and disembarking.

AbstractBackground: Low ridership of public transit buses among wheeled mobility device users suggests the need to identify vehicle design conditions that are either particularly accommodating or challenging. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of low-floor bus interior seating configuration and passenger load on wheeled mobility device user-reported difficulty, overall acceptability and design preference.Methods: Forty-eight wheeled mobility users evaluated three interior design layouts at two levels of passenger load (high vs. low) after simulating boarding and disembarking tasks on a static full-scale low-floor bus mockup.Results: User self-reports of task difficulty, acceptability and design preference were analyzed across the different test conditions. Ramp ascent was the most difficult task for manual wheelchair users relative to other tasks. The most difficult tasks for users of power wheelchairs and scooters were related to interior circulation, including moving to the securem...
Locally Traceable Operators

Our object in this chapter is to develop the notion of what we call locally traceable operators -- or, more or less equivalently, the notion of locally finite dimensional subspaces relative to an abelian von Neumann algebra α. The underlying idea here is that certain operators, although not of trace class in the usual sense, are of trace class when suitably localized relative to α. The trace, or perhaps better, the local trace of such an operator is not any longer a number, but is rather a measure on a measurable space X associated to the situation with α= L∞(X). This measure is in general infinite but σ-finite, and it will be finite precisely when the operator in question is of trace class in the usual sense, and then its total mass will be the usual trace of the operator. Heuristically, the local trace, as a measure, will tell us how the total trace — infinite in amount — is distributed over the space X. Once we have the notion of a locally traceable operator, and hence the notion of locally finite dimensional subspaces, one can define then the local index of certain operators. This will be the difference of local dimensions of the kernel and cokernel, and will therefore be, as the difference of two a-finite measure, a σ-finite signed measure on X. One has to be slightly careful about expressions such as ∞ — ∞ that arise, but this is a minor matter and can be avoided easily by restricting consideration to sets of finite measure. These ideas are developed to some extent in Atiyah [At3] for a very similar purpose to what we have in mind here, and we are pleased to acknowledge our gratitude to him.
Design Issues in the Study of Nonverbal Behavior

Planning, executing, and evaluating a research project, whether it is a relatively simple single study or a complicated string of related investigations, can be viewed as a series of related decision processes. The value and impact of the final product is often considerably determined by the early decisions on how to structure a research question. In this chapter we hope not only to show how important these various decisions are but also to provide a general framework for making these decisions. We certainly do not expect that most of the readers will become actively involved in research in nonverbal behavior, but most will be occasionally stimulated to wonder how a research problem develops or question the legitimacy of some of the results and conclusions reported in this volume. We hope that some may even develop their own speculations or hypotheses on various topics throughout this book. It is our belief that exercising this kind of questioning attitude is one of the best ways for the reader to maximize his or her gains from our discussions. The following presentation on design, methodology, and strategies of research should promote a better understanding of the basic decisions in the research process and make it easier to evaluate the merit and importance of various findings in the area of nonverbal behavior.
A Dynamic Model of Political Change Among Party Activists

In this article, we develop a dynamic model of aggregate attitudinal change among party activists in order to better understand the process by which new issues/cleavages divide major political parties. We build on existing research by developing a model of change that incorporates both conversion among continuing activists and the replacement of previous activists with newcomers who hold different views. We first explore such change among activists of the two major parties in the United States on the abortion issue. We then consider a number of alternative specifications of the model in order to generalize our findings. We conclude that conversion among continuing activists contributes in a substantial way to aggregate change among party activists by influencing the level of change, accelerating the change process, and sustaining change over time.
The Human-Animal Bond and Loss: Providing Support for Grieving Clients

The purpose of this article is to increase mental health counselors' awareness of the importance of pets in the lives of their clients and to provide a greater understanding of the grief process accompanying the death of a companion animal. A broad framework for assessing clients' attachments to their pets and conceptualizing grief as it relates to pet loss will be presented.
Misleading Employer Communications and the Securities Fraud Implications of the Employee as Investor

This Article addresses the securities fraud implications of the employee as investor. It first demonstrates that employee investors are particularly vulnerable to securities fraud committed by company management. Company management can capitalize on the employment relationship and communicate directly with their employees, through such media as employee newsletters, employee meetings, and employer e-mails. These communications are often promotional in nature. They may also be misleading. Unfortunately, employees are more likely to believe misleading employer communications because of the natural tendency of employees to trust the senior management of their employer. The Article then demonstrates that the anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws do not adequately address the vulnerability of employee investors. In particular, I point out that because employer communications are not publicly made, securities fraud actions are unlikely to be brought, either by the SEC or by private plaintiffs. To fill this regulatory gap, I propose that certain types of employer communications should be disclosed to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Requiring disclosure of employer communications would have a disciplining effect on senior management without chilling the disclosure of information by employers to their employees.
Lung Ventilation and Perfusion Imaging

Ventilation and perfusion scans are used for detecting pulmonary oxygenation abnormalities.
Students’ Educational Pathways: Aspirations, Decisions, and Constrained Choices Along the Education Lifecourse

Educational pathways are marked by a series of choices that individuals and their families make that shape students’ development and educational destinations. The education attainment model is defined by a notable tension between individual choice and structural constraints that exist throughout the life course. This chapter synthesizes research on the constrained choices that typify educational pathways from early childhood to adulthood in the U.S. We focus on several areas in the literature in which the tension between individual choice and structural constraints plays out, specifically: educational aspirations, curricular differentiation, and informational barriers and opportunities. Within each of these interconnected areas we describe the dominant theories that buttress the individual determinants model, and the structural or institutional forces that shape the educational attainment process. We also review policy trends that have emerged over the past several decades designed to attenuate structural inequalities in students’ educational pathways.
Analysis of a Length Extensional Piezoelectric Transformer for Compact and Efficient Particle Acceleration

To produce a compact and efficient particle accelerator, several different piezoelectric transformer configurations are evaluated for their applicability in this demanding application area. Using a derived 1-D model for three different electroding and mounting schemes, accelerator efficiency and gradient are optimized. It is shown that with some advancements in material yield strength and advanced bonding techniques, reaching 4 MeV/m with over 40% efficiency is possible.
Nonlinear Differential Equation Solvers via Adaptive Picard–Chebyshev Iteration: Applications in Astrodynamics

An adaptive self-tuning Picard–Chebyshev numerical integration method is presented for solving initial and boundary value problems by considering high-fidelity perturbed two-body dynamics. The curr...
Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation: Clinical Experience in 100 Consecutive Patients.

Background Combined heart and kidney transplantation (HKTx) is performed in patients with severe heart failure and advanced renal insufficiency. We analyzed the long‐term survival after HKTx, the i...
Laser Plasma Induced TiO 2 Nanoparticle Synthesis in Water and Particle Characterization

Nanofluids with nanoscale colloidal suspensions having condensed nanomaterials have been found to show highly enhanced physical, chemical, thermal, and transport properties and signify great potential in many fields. In this paper, laser-induced plasmas at liquid-metal phase boundaries are investigated for titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticle synthesis in water without any surfactants. The nanoparticles are generated using 1064 nm NdYAG laser ablation in a water confined plasma with 1.5 J laser energy pulsed at 10 Hz for 4 min, which resulted in nanoparticles of size ranging from 5 to 35 nm. The synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles in water are characterized for their sizes, surface morphology, crystalline structures, and elemental compositions. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements show the synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles have an average size of 18 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements show TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit isolated and agglomerated nanoparticles with near-spherical and irregular surface morphologies. The Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements show TiO2 nanoparticles with near-spherical and irregular shapes, and the average size of the nanoparticles is ~17 nm. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements show single and poly crystalline structures present in the TiO2 nanoparticles. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements show the purity of TiO2 nanoparticles with identification of Ti and O elements. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirm that the TiO2 nanoparticles are crystalline in nature and confirmed the presence and coexistence of two crystal phases of TiO2 nanoparticles, such as anatase and rutile phases, and estimated nanoparticle size in the range between 11 and 31 nm.
Evaluating the effects of a structured exercise intervention on physical self-worth in men with prostate cancer: Addressing an unmet need.

11625Background: Improving body image and self-esteem are top ASCO priorities in the survivorship care of men with prostate cancer (PCa). Body image and global self-esteem, influenced by physical s...
A Simultaneous Multiband Continuous-Time $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC With 90-MHz Aggregate Bandwidth in 40-nm CMOS

This letter presents a new class of $\Delta \Sigma $ modulator that combines any set of traditional NTF shapes in a single modulator. The prototype multiband $\Delta \Sigma $ modulator (MB- $\Delta \Sigma \text{M}$ ) demonstrates two simultaneous bands—one baseband and one bandpass. These two bands are separated by 500 MHz, have an aggregate bandwidth of 90 MHz, with up to 55-dB measured SNDR. In addition to reducing the number of ADCs, this new approach promises further system-level power savings by simplifying the RF frontend. The system-level power savings from requiring fewer analog mixers, LNAs, filters, and ADC drivers can be even more than the ADC power reduction.
Fabricating transnational capitalism: a collaborative ethnography of Italian-Chinese global fashion: by Lisa Rofel and Sylvia Yanagisako, Durham: Duke University Press, 2019, 392 pp., ISBN-10: 1478000457, ISBN-13: 978-1478000457

Fabricating Transnational Capitalism is an innovative ethnography that studies the transnational relations that have emerged in collaborations between the Italian and Chinese fashion sectors. It br...
Seed-mediated evolution of hierarchical metal-organic framework quaternary superstructures.

The idea of hierarchy, widely observed in natural and artificial worlds, has been extensively explored in chemistry and materials science. Similar to proteins which contain primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures, varying levels of hierarchy in metal–organic framework (MOF) superstructures can also be achieved. In this work, we initiate a systematic study on the morphological evolution of hierarchical superstructures with the assistance of seeded growth and explore the assembly of multiple modular MOFs into superstructures with enhanced hierarchy and diversity. By utilizing MOF-74-III spherulite superstructures as seeds, multiple quaternary architectures were obtained depending on the lengths of organic linker precursors. The resulting superstructures with superior hierarchy represent a unique porous material which contains multiple modules with diverse morphologies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that utilizes tertiary superstructures as seeds in MOF synthesis, which leads to unusual and diverse behaviors during secondary growth. This synthetic approach not only provides a facile method to establish hierarchy in porous materials, but also enables the fabrication of multiscale heterostructures through secondary growth on MOF seeds.
Improved detection of coarctation of the aorta using speckle tracking analysis of the fetal heart using the last examination prior to delivery.

Objective The false-positive rate for prenatal diagnosis of CoA commonly exceeds 50%, with an accurate detection rate of Methods This was a retrospective case series of 108 fetuses with suspected prenatal diagnosis of CoA by pediatric cardiologists using traditional diagnostic criteria. Postnatal evaluation distinguished those fetuses who subsequently required CoA surgery (true positives) from those that were FPCoA. Postnatal cardiac abnormalities were identified for each group. The prenatal evaluation measured the 4CV end-diastolic epicardial area, length, width, and sphericity index. Speckle tracking analysis was used to compute the endocardial RV and LV end-diastolic area, length, 24-segment sphericity index, 24-segment transverse width, and the following functional parameters: (1) fractional area change; (2) global, lateral, and septal strain; (3) basal-apical, lateral, and septal wall fractional shortening; (4) RV and LV annular plane systolic excursion, (4) 24-segment transverse width fractional shortening, and (5) LV stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction. In addition, the RV/LV end-diastolic area ratio was computed. Using a control group of 200 normal fetuses, the mean and standard deviation for each of the above cardiac measurements were used to compute the Z-scores for each of the 108 study fetuses. Once the Z-scores were computed for each fetus, logistic regression analysis was performed on the Z-score values for the 108 fetuses to identify variables that separated the CoA from the FPCoA. Results The RV/LV area ratio was 80% (N=43) for the CoA fetuses and 76% (N=41) for the FPCoA fetuses. Fetuses with CoA had a significantly greater number of associated cardiac abnormalities (93%, N=50) compared to the FPCoA (61%, 33/54), P 05), and a mitral valve abnormality (CoA 30%, N=16); FP CoA 4%, N=2; P Conclusions Speckle tracking analysis of multiple ventricular measurements may be helpful to separate fetuses that are suspected to have CoA prenatally from those who do not. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS

The SARS and MERS epidemics have put us in a better position to respond to COVID‐19. The transparency demonstrated in the rapid sharing of the SARS‐CoV‐2 genetic information has been critical in mediating a global approach to minimise the spread of disease. This has enabled the rapid development of diagnostic tests and their global implementation. In turn these diagnostic tests have facilitated the management of cases in those areas most affected, and the identification of cases in other countries, all of which has aided in limiting the global spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. However, current evidence indicates that these public health measures alone may be insufficient to eliminate COVID‐19. New treatments are urgently needed and the time that public health measures have bought us must be used productively. Ongoing clinical trials of existing drugs may provide further breakthroughs in limiting morbidity and mortality, but vaccines and prophylactics may be needed to prevent the spread of infections.
Modeling carbon dioxide exchange in a single-layer urban canopy model

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas that drives the global climate change in past centuries. Much effort of carbon mitigation as a countermeasure to global changes has focused on the urban areas – the hotspots of fossil fuel and concentrated emission and pollutants. Despite their critical role in CO2 exchange in urban ecosystem, emission from vegetation and soils are largely overlooked in existing urban land surface models. In this study, we parameterized the biogenic CO2 exchange in cities using an advanced single-layer urban canopy model, by incorporating plant physiological functions in the built environment. In addition, the proposed model also includes the anthropogenic CO2 fluxes especially that from traffic emissions based on gridded dataset. We evaluate the proposed model using field measurements from an eddy covariance flux tower located at west Phoenix, Arizona, USA. The model results are in good agreement with the observed carbon flux over the built terrain, with a root mean squared error of 0.21 mg m−2s−1. Furthermore, our simulations show that the abiotic traffic-emitted CO2 amounts the largest source in cities, as expected. Nevertheless, the biogenic carbon exchange can be significantly enhanced in the built environment, which makes an equally important contributor to the total carbon emission especially in sub-urban areas.