cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Human Dermal Fibroblast Migration Driven by Type I Collagen and Platelet-derived Growth Factor-BB

Migration of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) is critical for skin wound healing. The mechanism remains unclear. We report here that platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is the major promotility factor in human serum for HDF motility on type I collagen. PDGF-BB recapitulates the full promotility activity of human serum and anti-PDGF neutralizing antibodies completely block it. Although collagen matrix initiates HDF migration without growth factors, PDGF-BB–stimulated migration depends upon attachment of the cells to a collagen matrix. The PDGF-BB's role is to provide directionality and further enhancement for the collagen-initiated HDF motility. To study the collagen and PDGF-BB “dual signaling” in primary HDF, we establish “gene cassettes” plus lentiviral gene delivery approach, in which groups of genes are studied individually or in combination for their roles in HDF migration. Focal adhesion kinase, p21Rac,CDC42-activated kinase and Akt are grouped into an upstream kinase gene cassette, and the four major mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5) are grouped into a downstream kinase gene cassette. The experiments demonstrate 1) the genes' individual roles and specificities, 2) their combined effects and sufficiency, and 3) the mechanisms of their intermolecular connections in HDF migration driven by collagen and PDGF-BB.
Vehicle-related flood deaths in the United States, 1995-2005: Vehicle-related flood deaths in United States

Vehicle-related deaths comprise more than half of all flash flood fatalities in the United States. Using the publication Storm Data from the United States National Climatic Data Center, we found 555 vehicle-related flood deaths that occurred in 355 flooding events during 1995–2005. Males accounted for 60% of the deaths. The difference in death rates between the sexes was small at ages 19 and younger but males died at twice the rate of females for ages 40 and older. Elevated deaths rates were found for both males and females under age 5 and over 60. Flooding events classified as flash floods accounted for most of the fatalities. Vehicle-related flood deaths were concentrated in the Texas Hill Country, the desert Southwest, the Ohio River Valley, and eastern North Carolina.
Organic-matter source variation and the expression of a late Middle Ordovician carbon isotope excursion

The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter is a powerful tool in the study of organic carbon burial and p CO 2 through the geologic record. However, the organic-matter source can affect total organic carbon δ 13 C values and may complicate interpretation of environmental conditions. We examined the influence of organic-matter source variations on a late Middle Ordovician positive δ 13 C excursion in strata of the United States midcontinent. In a core from Iowa, the magnitude of the excursion recorded by carbonate carbon is ∼2.5‰, whereas the excursion recorded by total organic carbon is nearly 8‰. Although this difference could arise from a profound decrease in surface-water CO 2 concentrations, association of the organic-walled microfossil Gloeocapsomorpha prisca with 13 C-enriched total organic carbon (TOC) in this interval suggests that the excursion could also record a shift from normal-marine to G. prisca –dominated organic matter. Carbon isotope analyses of individual biomarkers indicate that both of these explanations are required to explain the data. Compounds inferred to be of G. prisca origin are enriched in 13 C by 7‰ relative to compounds derived from other algal sources. Furthermore, compounds exclusively from either G. prisca or other sources exhibit a positive shift of only 3.5‰. Thus, the large excursion recorded by TOC reflects, in part, a change in the proportional contribution of G. prisca to TOC. That all compounds exhibit a positive carbon isotopic shift indicates that, independent of contributions from G. prisca , a positive organic δ 13 C excursion occurred and records a change in environmental conditions such as CO 2(aq) concentrations. The 3.5‰ shift is similar in magnitude to that observed for TOC in correlative units from Pennsylvania, suggesting that this event has broad geographic significance. This work illustrates that organic-matter source variations as well as environmental conditions govern the TOC δ 13 C values and shows how compound-specific isotope analyses can resolve these multiple controls.
Using integrated course design to build student communities of practice in a hybrid course

A very experienced teacher faces the challenge of teaching a new course where students meet face-to-face only ten times.
Techniques for testing scientific programs without an Oracle

The existence of an oracle is often assumed in software testing. But in many situations, especially for scientific programs, oracles do not exist or they are too hard to implement. This paper examines three techniques that are used to test programs without oracles: (1) Metamorphic testing, (2) Run-time Assertions and (3) Developing test oracles using machine learning. We examine these methods in terms of their (1) fault finding ability, (2) automation, and (3) required domain knowledge. Several case studies apply these three techniques to effectively test scientific programs that do not have oracles. Certain techniques have reported a better fault finding ability than the others when testing specific programs. Finally, there is potential to increase the level of automation of these techniques, thereby reducing the required level of domain knowledge. Techniques that can potentially be automated include (1) detection of likely metamorphic relations, (2) static analyses to eliminate spurious invariants and (3) structural analyses to develop machine learning generated oracles.
EFFECTS OF PREPROCESSING BELLY TEMPERATURE AND PUMPING PRESSURE ON BACON YIELDS, SALT RESIDUAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY

Forty fresh pork bellies similar in weight and chemical composition were randomly assigned to four preprocessing belly temperature groups, 4.4, 10.0, 15.6, 21.1°C before being injected with brine at either 50 or 70 psi (344.7 or 482.6 kPa) pumping pressure. Increasing belly temperature and pumping pressure significantly increased pumped and final yields but similarly increased processing loss. Pumping pressure was significantly correlated with total salt residual, salt in lean, salt in fat and taste-panel ratings for flavor, saltiness and overall acceptability. Temperature had no significant effect on taste-panel evaluations but showed some significance on salt residual at the higher two belly temperatures.
Estimating the Yield Strength of Thin Metal Films Through Elastic–Plastic Buckling-Induced Debonding

In this correspondence, we propose a procedure to estimate the yield strength of thin films by debonding films from their substrate by elastic-plastic buckling under thermally induced compressive loading. The out-of-plane displacement of the metal lines under conditions of elastic-plastic buckling is dependent on the yield strength of the film. Thus, an inverse estimate of the yield strength is made from measurements of the out-of-plane displacements of the buckled metal lines. The procedure is demonstrated to estimate the yield strength of aluminum lines consistent with the measurements by other techniques.
On the reaction of superoxide with DMPO/.OOH.

A kinetic model has been used to estimate the rate constant for the reaction of superoxide (O2/OOH) with the superoxide spin adduct of 5.5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide. DMPO/OOH. This rate constant is estimated to be 4.9 (± 2.2) × 106 M−1 s−1, pH 7.4 and 25°C.
Ion-Exchange Properties of lon-Sieve-Type Manganese Oxides Prepared by Using Different Kinds of Introducing Ions

Three ion-sieve-type manganese oxides, HMnO(Li), HMnO(Na), and HMnO(K), were prepared by acid treatment of Li/sup +/-, Na/sup +/-, and K/sup +/-introduced manganese oxides, respectively. Three oxides were obtained from ..gamma..-MnO/sub 2/ and the corresponding alkali metal hydroxides by heating at 600/sup 0/C. The ion-exchange properties of the adsorbents were investigated by pH titration, K/sub d/ measurements, and the adsorption of metal ions from seawater. The selectivity sequences of alkali metal ions were Na/sup +/ < Cs/sup +/ < Rb/sup +/ < K/sup +/ < Li/sup +/ for HMnO(Li) and Li/sup +/ approx. = Na/sup +/ < Cs/sup +/ < K/sup +/ < Rb/sup +/ for HMnO(Na) and HMnO(K). The high selectivity of Li/sup +/ on HMnO(Li) can be ascribed to an ion-sieve effect of spinel-type manganese oxide which was produced from LiMn/sub 2/O/sub 4/. Since HMnO(Na) and HMnO(K) had (2 x 2) tunnels of edge-shared (MnO/sub 6/) octahedra, the high selectivities of K/sup +/ and Rb/sup +/ on these samples were used to explain that the sizes of the (2 x 2) tunnels were suitable for filling ions of about 1.4 A in radius in a stable configuration. The order of metal-ion uptake from seawater was Sr/sup 2 +/ <more » K/sup +/ < Mg/sup 2 +/ < Ca/sup 2 +/ < Na/sup +/ < Li/sup +/ for HMnO(Li), Li/sup +/ < Sr/sup 2 +/ < Mg/sup 2 +/ < Ca/sup 2 +/« less
Happiness, Faith, Friends, and Fortune—Empirical Evidence from the 1998 US Survey Data

This paper studies both pecuniary and non-pecuniary factors affecting happiness—an issue that has sparked a great deal of interest in the economic literature. Using an ordered Probit model and the 1998 general social survey (GSS) data, the paper empirically demonstrates the extent to which socioeconomic and demographic variables along with faith and emotionally based factors may determine happiness. The 1998 survey was conducted nearly at the conclusion of one of the longest economic expansion—a high income low inflation era in the US history. However, the findings tend to suggest that the absolute value of nominal income insignificantly, but non-pecuniary elements (faith and emotionally based factors including financial security) significantly determine happiness.
I-line photoresist evaluations for contact hole performance with attenuated phase-shift reticles

Evaluation of contact holes ranging from 0.35 micrometers to 0.7 micrometers for a number of i-line photoresists and attenuated phase-shift reticles has been completed. The study compared the effects of different photoresists patterned with a binary reticle as well as attenuated phase-shift reticles having transmission levels of 6%, 8%, and 12%. The measures of contact performance used to compare resist/reticles are focus budget, exposure latitude, and resolution. From the data collected, a large process window for sub half-micron contacts is demonstrated by using an optimum resist/reticle combination. With phase-shift, an increase in focus budget is realized with the amount of improvement dependent on the resist and transmission of the reticle. The resolution capability of all of the resists is improved by using phase-shift, although, phase-shift did not affect the linearity of the resists. Data collected points to the importance of optimizing the resist process with transmission level and applying the proper bias to maximize the focus budget.
The Quantitative Synthesis of Single-Subject Research Methodology and Validation

This article describes procedures recently employed for the quantitative synthesis of single-subject research literature in special education. First, the need for objective, systematic review procedures is discussed. Second, previous approaches for quantitative evaluation of outcomes of single-case research designs are reviewed. Third, procedures employed by the present authors are outlined using examples from recent synthesis efforts. Finally, implications for future reviews of single-subject research are described.
An activity theory approach to memory

The articles which follow report independent research that originated in a collaborative group now organized as the Laboratory for Cognitive Studies of Work. Laboratory members are collectively engaged in working out a conceptual framework for cognitive research based on activity theory. Beach and Stevens, together with Scribner, elaborated this framework in the domain of memory, and in this introduction we will briefly sketch its principal implications for the ecological study of memory.
Enzyme reactivation by hydrogen peroxide in heme-based tryptophan dioxygenase.

An intriguing mystery about tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is its hydrogen peroxide-triggered enzyme reactivation from the resting ferric oxidation state to the catalytically active ferrous form. In this study, we found that such an odd Fe(III) reduction by an oxidant depends on the presence of l-Trp, which ultimately serves as the reductant for the enzyme. In the peroxide reaction with tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, a previously unknown catalase-like activity was detected. A ferryl species (δ = 0.055 mm/s and ΔEQ = 1.755 mm/s) and a protein-based free radical (g = 2.0028 and 1.72 millitesla linewidth) were characterized by Mossbauer and EPR spectroscopy, respectively. This is the first compound ES-type of ferryl intermediate from a heme-based dioxygenase characterized by EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations revealed the contribution of secondary ligand sphere to the spectroscopic properties of the ferryl species. In the presence of l-Trp, the reactivation was demonstrated by enzyme assays and by various spectroscopic techniques. A Trp-Trp dimer and a monooxygenated l-Trp were both observed as the enzyme reactivation by-products by mass spectrometry. Together, these results lead to the unraveling of an over 60-year old mystery of peroxide reactivation mechanism. These results may shed light on how a metalloenzyme maintains its catalytic activity in an oxidizing environment.
PARENT AND CHILD CENTERS: THEIR BASIS IN THE BEHAVIORAL AND EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES

Intervention aimed at teaching mothers of poverty greater skills in child rearing can achieve not only gains in the measured competence of their children, but enrich the lives of the parents as well. Evidence from the behavioral and educational sciences is cited to support the belief a) in the plasticity of behavioral development; b) that a mutual interrelationship exists between lack of competence and poverty; c) that competence does not develop automatically in genotypes of even the highest potential; and d) that parents of poverty can be taught to become effective teachers of their young.
Rapid integrated-circuit reliability-simulation and its application to testing

A reliability simulator which predicts electromigration through high-level simulation is presented. Although the accuracy of the voltage and current waveforms is decreased, the rapid simulation allows larger ICs and longer input vectors to be simulated. The decreased accuracy in determining node voltages is traded against improved accuracy in modeling the input workload. Three applications which were not feasible with earlier approaches are described: (1) a bit-serial processor is simulated for a specific application, computing the impact of individual instructions on the overall reliability; (2) the relative probabilities of all possible electromigration failures in a 4-bit arithmetic-logic unit were used to weight the coverage of random testing for that chip to predict the actual coverage experienced in the field; (3) an experiment determined the influence of the order of application of vectors during burn-in on the effectiveness of a screening operation. >
Meq: an MDV-specific bZIP transactivator with transforming properties.

The principal cause of chicken T-lymphomas and their accompanying demyelinating disease is infection with Marek’s disease virus (MDV) (Calnek et al. 1997), a herpesvirus. Mareks disease can be prevented by vaccination with an antigenically related nonpathogenic herpesvirus, HVT (turkey herpesvirus). MDV is among the most potent oncogenic herpesviruses, and induces tumors as early as 4 weeks post-inoculation. As such, the virus is likely to encode a direct-acting oncogene or transforming gene. To search for a possible candidate(s), early studies focused on genes expressed in tumor cells or transformed cells. In general, in these cells where there is no virus production, the transcriptional activities are confined to the repeat regions only, which, based on BamHI digestion map, span the BamH, -I2, -Q2, -L, and -A fragments (Ross 1999). Within this region, most of the open reading frames are short and their existence as proteins not conclusively resolved. The exceptions are pp38, ICP4, and Meq, for which the protein products have been clearly identified.It should be noted that most of these studies were carried out using the entire population of tumor cells and cell lines; it is not clear whether all these proteins are expressed in the same or different cell populations. This is an important issue, as in any given latent state, there is usually a fraction of cells, spontaneously releasing viruses, which may contribute to the detection of some lytic gene products. In surveying through the literature, Meq, the focus of this chapter, emerges as one that is most consistently expressed in all tumors and transformed cell lines, both at the transcript and at the protein level. Meq has a structure resembling nuclear oncogenes and, as will be described in detail below, shared properties, characteristic of oncogenes.
Potential Psychosocial Risks of Sequencing Newborns

Various stakeholders have issued recommendations regarding the use of genomics in pediatrics. These guidelines are driven in part by concerns about psychosocial risks of disclosing predictive genomic information during childhood. As genomic sequencing becomes more commonly used in pediatric settings, it is important to systematically study the psychosocial impact of genomic sequencing of newborns, including the impact on family dynamics. Through review of the psychological and genetic counseling literature, we identify the following 3 domains of family dynamics that have potential to be impacted by the return of genomic results during the newborn period: perceived child vulnerability, parent-child bonding, and self and partner blame. In this article, we outline the complexity of studying these psychosocial outcomes and our plan to examine them in the BabySeq Project, a randomized controlled trial in both healthy and sick infants, in which the return of genomic information will be compared with standard of care.
Cheru Fantu. African Renaissance: Roadmaps to the Challenge of Globalization . London: Zed Books/Cape Town: David Phillip, 2002. Distributed by Palgrave USA. xv + 253 pp. References. Index. $25.00. Paper.

Fantu Cheru. African Renaissance: Roadmaps to the Challenge of Globalization. London: Zed Books/Cape Town: David Phillip, 2002. Distributed by Palgrave USA. xv + 253 pp. References. Index. $25.00. Paper. In this interesting and easy-to-read book, Fantu Cheru argues that globalization, with its contradictory tendencies, is a complex, irreversible process and that "any vision of an 'African Renaissance' must, at the very least, provide a coherent strategy on how to navigate" it successfully (xiii). Motivated by what he refers to as the negative climate surrounding views on Africa, Cheru decided to provide a response to this pessimism. Ironically, however, some parts of his book unwittingly reinforce the very pessimism he set out to address. From the outset, Cheru argues that there are no simple solutions to Africa's economic problems, and he recommends commonsense approaches. In his view, the lackluster performance of the IMF/World Bank-engineered reforms stems mostly from the fact that neoliberal reform programs lack historical context. Paradoxically, Cheru's own analysis of the sources of Africa's crisis also lacks such a context. He underscores the hurdles that need to be overcome to realize an African renaissance, hurdles whose core elements can be summed up as dirigisme, rationalism, and preemption. His solutions include democracy and good governance, investment in education, poverty reduction, agricultural development, strong regional integration, managed urbanization and strengthening the urban-rural interface, and maintaining peace and preventing conflict. Notably, the list fails to mention macroeconomic management. Correctly, in my view, Cheru prescribes what he calls a "guided embrace of globalization with a commitment through pre-emptive national or regional development strategy and economic policy coordination" (xv). Undeniably, he is right to assert that blind surrender or adherence to globalization by African states will not necessarily advance their interests, especially from an equity point of view. Nevertheless, since Cheru aims to address the causes of Africa's economic and social crisis, he should have begun by identifying what he means by this crisis. Had he done so, he would have been able to make a distinction between symptoms and causes. For example, many of the factors he lists as causes of Africa's economic, social, and political crisis are, in and of themselves, symptoms of the crisis. A case in point is the agricultural decline which, whatever its eventual consequences, resulted from policy failures and environmental adversities; it is not a cause of the crisis. …
Enhancing Textile Fiber Identification with Detergent Fluorescence

Discovering common origins of trace evidential textile fibers can be a challenging task when fiber structure or dye composition does not provide exclusive identifying information. Introduction of new chemical species after mass production and distribution of a textile may be exploited to trace its history and identify the origin of its fibers. In this article, fluorescence microscopy is used to examine the alteration in the fluorescence spectral fingerprint of single fibers resulting from exposure to commonly used detergents that contain fluorescent whitening agents. Dyed acrylic, cotton, and nylon fibers were laundered and the spectral contribution of the detergent on single fibers was quantified and shown to reach a maximum after five sequential washes; some detergents showed statistically meaningful differences to fiber spectra after only a single wash. Principal component cluster analysis was used to determine that the spectra of laundered fibers are distinct from the spectra of dyed, unwashed cotton or nylon, but not acrylic, fibers.
On the Trade-Off between Risk and Compensation

In a principal agent setting I show that the trade-off between risk and compensation is not monotonic. It is always beneficial for a company to offer a pay-per-performance contract that entails an additional performance measure that imposes more risk to the agent. The agent benefits from the imposition only if he is sufficiently risk averse and/or the additional performance measure is risky enough. The paper sheds light on the mixed results on the association between risk and incentives, and also offers some insight on organizational policies on incentives and communication.
Muskulär bedingte Dysfunktionsmodelle

Bei den klinischen Funktionsstorungen an Gelenken tritt der muskulare Faktor immer mehr in den Vordergrund. In der myoskeletalen Medizin steht auser Gelenken und nicht-kontraktilen Weichteilen vor allem die Muskulatur an erster Stelle des Interesses. In einem dreiteiligen Beitrag sollen hauptsachlich muskular bedingte Dysfunktionsmodelle vorgestellt werden. In weiteren Heften folgen: Teil 2: Das M. psoas-Modell – Das M. rectus femoris-Modell – Das Huftadduktoren-Modell – Das Huftabduktoren-Modell. Und Teil 3: Das Bauchmuskel-Modell – Das Modell des oberen gekreuzten Syndroms – Ein Versuch zur Ubersicht an der ganzen Wirbelsaule. Im Bewustsein, das die Gelenkfunktion nur im Rahmen der Funktion des ganzen Bewegungssystems zu betrachten sei, sollten wir uns durch die Kenntnisse dieser Modelle nicht limitieren lassen. Sie sind blos eine Hilfe zum raschen Verstandnis der aktuellen komplexen Schonhaltung und liefern interessante Ansatze fur die Rezidivprophylaxe.
Interaction of Shock Wave with Granular Materials

The mechanical behavior of granular materials such as beads and sand under blast wave involves complex solid–fluid coupling. In this study, a miniature shock tube is developed to investigate the interaction of shock wave with granular materials. A large-opening metal grid is used to support beads. Pressure is measured by pressure sensors as shock wave propagates. Steel beads are used for the investigation of their interaction with shock wave. A Schlieren photography system is used to observe the flow field. A high-speed camera is used to acquire video of the wave. The interaction of shock wave with beads is observed and discussed.
Energy conserving chemical defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation: A randomized two phase controlled blinded trial.

Abstract Objectives Potassium cardioplegia-induced transient asystole may conserve myocardial energy, foster chemical defribrillation, and improve VF arrest outcome. A trial of potassium infusion with or without calcium reversal was conducted to test for improvement in intra-arrest VF waveform and post-ROSC hemodynamics. Methods Eighteen swine were randomized to three treatment arms in two phases. VF was electrically induced and untreated for 4min. The animals then received 6min of mechanical CPR. Blinded investigators infused two study medicines peripherally during this interval. One group received 1.5mEq/kg KCl with CPR initiation followed 3min later by CaCl 10% infusion 0.12cm 3 /kg, the second group received 1.5mEq/kg KCl without CaCl, and the third group received placebo infusions. Ten minutes post VF initiation, defibrillation was performed, as appropriate, followed by ACLS for continued arrest or observation for 30min if ROSC. AMSA change from before to 5min post study drug infusion was compared with nonparametric statistics. MAP post ROSC was compared using mixed linear regression analysis. Results Average normalized AMSA change was −0.15, −0.63, and +0.27 in the KCl, KCl+CaCl, and placebo groups, respectively ( p =0.01). Three KCl+CaCl animals developed on organized rhythm chemically without electrical defibrillation. One, 3, and 4 animals in the KCl, KCl+CaCl, and placebo groups, respectively, survived post ROSC. Post ROSC, MAP decreased 1.8mmHg (95% CI −1.4 to 5.1) min −1 less in the KCl+CaCl group compared to placebo. Conclusions Chemical defibrillation and ROSC are possible post potassium-induced asystole. Potassium followed by calcium reversal, but not potassium alone, led to ROSC and post-ROSC hemodynamics comparable to recommended therapy.
Instars in the Carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae

The number of larval instars of Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck) varied even within broods reared under the same conditions, but it appeared to be influenced by sex and possibly by heredity and temperature. Instar numbers ranged from 8 to 31 and mean head-capsule widths from 0.96 to 6.65 mm. Head-capsule widths of males and females were about equal during the early instars, but generally they became increasingly larger for females. Variability notwithstanding, the early instars could be satisfactorily separated by head widths. Growth did not fit Dyar's rule (1890 Psyche, vol. 5) of geometrical progression, but rather it increased at a decreasing rate through Instar 7 and then leveled off near a ratio of 1.00.
Preparation and hydrosilylation activity of a molybdenum carbonyl complex that features a pentadentate bis(imino)pyridine ligand.

Attempts to prepare low-valent molybdenum complexes that feature a pentadentate 2,6-bis(imino)pyridine (or pyridine diimine, PDI) chelate allowed for the isolation of two different products. Refluxing Mo(CO)6 with the pyridine-substituted PDI ligand, PyEtPDI, resulted in carbonyl ligand substitution and formation of the respective bis(ligand) compound (PyEtPDI)2Mo (1). This complex was investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations indicated that 1 possesses a Mo(0) center that back-bonds into the π*-orbitals of the unreduced PDI ligands. Heating an equimolar solution of Mo(CO)6 and the phosphine-substituted PDI ligand, Ph2PPrPDI, to 120 °C allowed for the preparation of (Ph2PPrPDI)Mo(CO) (2), which is supported by a κ5-N,N,N,P,P-Ph2PPrPDI chelate. Notably, 1 and 2 have been found to catalyze the hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde at 90 °C, and the optimization of 2-catalyzed aldehyde hydrosilylation at this temperature afforded turnover frequencies of up to 330 ...
Assessing Classroom Dynamics

A large part of preparing for one-shot instructional sessions is thinking about the existing culture of the classroom ahead of time. Gaining a sense of this culture can be done through an awareness of the academic student culture in general and a discussion with the faculty member. Having a good sense of this culture will allow the academic librarian to incorporate aspects within session planning to more effectively provide instruction. These aspects may include setting a positive and friendly tone from the start, engaging and maintaining student interest during the session, partnering effectively with faculty during instructional sessions, and managing classroom dynamics and student behavior as a whole.
Polymer-iron oxide composite nanoparticles for EPR-independent drug delivery.

Nanoparticle (NP)-based approaches to cancer drug delivery are challenged by the heterogeneity of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumors and the premature attrition of payload from drug carriers during circulation. Here we show that such challenges can be overcome by a magnetophoretic approach to accelerate NP delivery to tumors. Payload-bearing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs were converted into polymer-iron-oxide nanocomposites (PINCs) by attaching colloidal Fe3O4 onto the surface, via a simple surface modification method using dopamine polymerization. PINCs formed stable dispersions in serum-supplemented medium and responded quickly to magnetic field gradients above 1 kG/cm. Under the field gradients, PINCs were rapidly transported across physical barriers and into cells and captured under flow conditions similar to those encountered in postcapillary venules, increasing the local concentration by nearly three orders of magnitude. In vivo magnetophoretic delivery enabled PINCs to accumulate in poorly vascularized subcutaneous SKOV3 xenografts that did not support the EPR effect. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging, ex vivo fluorescence imaging, and tissue histology all confirmed that the uptake of PINCs was higher in tumors exposed to magnetic field gradients, relative to negative controls.
Inflammatory Cell Infiltration, Cytokines, and Mechanisms of Myocyte Necrosis in Cardiac Transplant Rejection

Successful engraftment or rejection of the cardiac allograft depends on the function and viability of each of the lineages of cells that comprise cardiac tissue, the major lineage being highly specialized, terminally differentiated parenchymal cardiac myocytes. The traditional approach to optimizing survival of the allograft has been to target what have been considered as immune-mediated mechanisms of rejection. However, it is now becoming increasingly clear that the rejection pathways that evolve are determined not only by the nature of the allogeneic antigenic signals which initiate the allo-response, but also by the inflammatory environment in which these responses develop. Therefore, effective clinical strategies to prevent graft rejection must address antigen-independent as well as antigen-dependent processes involved in both direct and indirect mechanisms of cardiac myocyte cell death or “drop out”. In this review we will describe how both the complex interaction of the immune response to alloantigen displayed by distinct lineages of cells that comprise donor tissues possessing different intrinsic antigen presentation capabilities and the inflammatory “response to injury” lead to the direct and/or indirect destruction of cardiac myocytes and the remodeling and reinforcement of damaged tissues within the cardiac allograft.
Efficacy of an Anti-CD22 Antibody-Monomethyl Auristatin E Conjugate in a Preclinical Xenograft Model of Precursor B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (preB ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, as well as the leading cause of childhood cancer-related mortality. Despite overall progress in treatment, certain types of patients with preB ALL have a dismal prognosis with an overall survival of 30%. In addition, current approaches predispose these young patients to late effects, including secondary malignancies. Therefore, more efficacious and less toxic approaches are needed. Targeted therapy for leukemia has the potential to reduce off-target effects, thus minimizing toxicity and late effects and improving efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven utility in leukemia therapy based on their ability to specifically target the leukemic clone and minimize off target effects. However, mAbs are generally not adequate as single agents because of limited efficacy. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) provide a method to deliver a potent toxin to the interior of antigen-positive tumor cells. CD22 is an ideal target for ADC-mediated therapeutics for B-cell malignancies because 1) there is high CD22 expression (more than 90%) in B-cell type ALL and 2) CD22 undergoes rapid internalization upon mAb binding. In this study, we evaluated the anti-CD22 (aCD22) mAb as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of Monomethyl Auristatin E (mMAE), a derivative of the cytotoxic tubulin modifier auristatin E. First, we assessed the in vitro cytotoxicities of the aCD22 mAb-mMAE in preB ALL cell lines Reh and JM1. MTS assay showed that IC50 doses of aCD22 mAb-mMAE were 0.7nM and 1nM in Reh and JM1, respectively. Next, we assessed in vivo therapeutic efficacy of the aCD22 mAb-mMAE in a pre-clinical xenograft animal model of preB ALL, using a primary leukemia sample which was confirmed to be CD22 positive. Age matched female NOD/SCID/IL2Rg-/- (NSG) mice were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (n=8 per group): 1) PBS, 2) free mMAE (0.165mg/kg), 3) free aCD22 mAb (7.335mg/kg), and 4) aCD22 mAb-mMAE conjugate (7.5mg/kg). The dose of free aCD22 mAb and free mMAE was equivalent to those of each component in the aCD22 mAb-mMAE conjugate. Five million leukemia cells were inoculated per mouse via intra-bone marrow injection. Twenty four hours after leukemia inoculation, animals started receiving weekly iv treatments for 3 weeks. When compared to controls (PBS, free aCD22 mAb or mMAE treatments), the treatment with the aCD22 mAb-mMAE conjugate increased the median survival time of the mice by two fold (Figure. PBS vs. aCD22 mAb-mMAE p In conclusion, we demonstrated that aCD22 mAb-mMAE is efficacious in a preclinical preB ALL xenograft mouse model. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Anschwellung des Armes

Dieses Symptom ist selten, wenn wir die Falle ausnehmen, wo die Diagnose klar zutage liegt. Schwellung des Armes als Folge eines septischen Prozesses an der Hand oder hoher oben ist naturlich haufig. Aber dort brauchen wir keine Besprechung und keine Erklarung. Ich meine die Falle sind selten, in denen eine in die Augen springende Bedeutung fehlt. Man findet sie hin und wieder im Verlauf von Herzkrankheiten, besonders wenn der wassersuchtige Kranke dauernd auf einer Seite liegt, so das sich die Odemflussigkeit durch ihre Schwere nach der einen Seite hin gesenkt hat.
'Not just right' experiences and incompleteness in body dysmorphic disorder.

Abstract The current studies examined the role of ‘not just right' experiences (NJREs) and incompleteness (INC) in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). In Study 1, a clinical BDD sample endorsed more severe NJREs than healthy controls, when controlling co-occurring symptoms of depression and anxiety. In Study 2, INC predicted reactivity to an in vivo task designed to evoke BDD-related concerns in an unselected sample. Study 3 demonstrated a positive relationship between INC and BDD symptom severity in a community sample. Study 4 examined in vivo sensory NJRE tasks and INC in a sample high and low in BDD symptoms. The high symptom group reported greater INC and reactivity to a visual NJRE task than their low symptom counterparts, when controlling for co-occurring symptoms of depression, anxiety, and OC symptoms. No group differences were observed for tasks assessing auditory and tactile NJREs. These studies demonstrate a unique relationship between INC/NJREs and BDD.
Bandwidth Scanning When Facing Interference Attacks Aimed at Reducing Spectrum Opportunities

Unutilized spectra, i.e., spectrum holes, are opportunities that may be used for communication or adapting other services that use radio frequency (RF). Such opportunities can also represent an adversarial target, if his objective is to block the RF system from using such opportunities opened by spectrum holes. In this paper, we explore the challenge of finding spectrum holes in an adversarial environment. First , by means of a simple model, we show that an adversary’s attack designed to close spectrum holes can be more harmful for the spectrum holes than just random jamming. This calls for designing a scanning strategy to detect such an attack. Second , by applying a game-theoretical model, we design the optimal scanning strategy to detect such attacks. In particular, we show the efficiency of such a scanning strategy compared with uninformed random scanning. This efficiency is achieved by focusing scanning efforts on the bands that will be more likely under attack, and neglecting less promising bands. Beyond the benefits, though, such a strategy has also drawbacks since, if the adversary has a different objective, such as sneaking usage of the spectrum, he can sneak usage undetected by using the bands neglected by such specially tuned scanning. To deal with this problem, third , we suggest to combine this strategy with a strategy that maximizes detection probability in a learning algorithm that updates the beliefs about the adversary’s objective. The convergence of the combined algorithm is proven.
Tracking the Damping Contribution of a Power System Component Under Ambient Conditions

This letter presents a method for tracking the damping contribution of a power system component in near real-time based upon oscillation energy dissipation. By transforming the energy flow into the frequency domain, the new derivation demonstrates a new theoretical basis and a wider applicability of using the energy-flow theory to analyze power system damping problems. The concept is demonstrated via a non-linear simulation and an actual-system data set.
ACL Roof Impingement Revisited: Does the Independent Femoral Drilling Technique Avoid Roof Impingement With Anteriorly Placed Tibial Tunnels?

Background:Anatomic femoral tunnel placement for single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is now well accepted. The ideal location for the tibial tunnel has not been studied ex...
PULSED METAL VAPOR LASERS: PAST AND FUTURE

In the early days of lasers the use of metal vapors as a laser gain medium became a logical extension of the investigations of gas lasers since it gave a much wider variety of possible energy level arrangements and laser wavelengths. Gain was first reported in optically-pumped cesium vapor [1] however this system never achieved significant laser output and was therefore more of a research curiosity. In 1964 Earl Bell at Spectra Physics developed the first ion laser in mercury vapor [2]. Shortly thereafter, Bill Bridges, then at Hughes Research Labs, was operating a Hg ion laser with an argon buffer gas and inadvertently discovered the now famous argon ion laser [3]. The mercury laser, as far as metal vapor lasers were concerned, was relatively simple to construct because the Hg metal could be placed anywhere in the discharge tube and the necessary vapor pressure was automatically achieved at room temperature or slightly higher. A pulsed Hg ion laser operating in the red and green was sold by Spectra Physics for a while but then other lasers came along that replaced it.
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Section (VBAC): Informed Choice and a Source of Empowerment Among Black Women in the United States

This qualitative study explores the birth narratives of Black women who had a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Online reproduction-related communities have become a common place of sharing childbirth information; this is important for Black women considering VBACs, as they have reported misinformation and a lack of information by care providers during their prior cesarean deliveries. This study explores the narratives women have posted about their VBAC and prior cesarean experiences in one such online community. Through informed choice, Black women are empowered to make decisions about their mode of birth and then share their stories of successful births with other Black women seeking information and encouragement.
A framework for software safety analysis with rough sets

This paper presents a method to evaluate software safety using a rough sets theory. The data about the software product and process are collected via the questionnaire. The result is the direct assessment of the software safety in terms of a single coefficient, whose goodness is analyzed using the rough sets. Java based program has been developed to help in the interactive analysis. Results from a real experiment of software safety evaluation are discussed
Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Who Received Adjuvant Anthracyclines (An Overview)

Anthracyclines are among the most active agents in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and are components of many regimens that have been shown to be more effective than regimens based on CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil). In addition, the metanalysis of Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group demonstrated that anthracycline-based adjuvant polychemotherapy (e.g., with FAC [fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide] or FEC [fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide]) reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by ∼ 38% for women younger than 50 years and by ∼ 20% for those of age 50–69 years. Despite this success, relapse after adjuvant chemotherapy remains a critical problem, and the rate of MBC cancer patients who have already received anthracyclines as adjuvant or neoadjuvant will increase. The extensive use of anthracyclines in the adjuvant setting increases the possibility of selecting cellular clones with intrinsic resistance to anthracyclines or of inducing development of acquired multidrug resistance. Moreover, the cumulative dose-related risk of cardiotoxicity could be a major limitation to the use of conventional anthracyclines in patients with MBC who received an adjuvant treatment with anthracyclines. Both phenomena could act against the opportunity of retreatment with antracyclines when metastatic disease is diagnosed. Published reports show conflicting results and leave open the question of whether an anthracycline-containing regimen is worthy as first-line treatment for MBC patients pretreated with adjuvant or neoadjuvant anthracyclines. This issue is particularly relevant for HER-2-negative MBC patients, because for women with MBC whose tumors are HER-2-positive the concurrent administration of anthracycline with trastuzumab is limited by a high rate of cardiotoxicity. In this overview, we summarize the results observed with first-line anthracycline-containing regimens in patients with MBC treated 29 Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Who Received Adjuvant Anthracyclines (An Overview)
ENERGY ANALYSIS UTILIZING BIM FOR ZERO NET ENERGY TEST HOME

Received July 14, 2012 / Accepted August 28, 2012ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a theoretical energy analysis of a research test bed called the Zero Net Energy Test House (ZNETH) in Omaha, Nebraska in U.S.A. The ZNETH project is being designed and built with the goal of consuming a negligible amount of energy by offsetting remaining usage after energy conservation. The theoretically consumed and generated energy levels were ana lyzed using energy modeling software programs. By integrating a highly graphical and intuitive analysis with a Building Information M odel(BIM) of the house, this investigation introduces strategies to include sustainable materials and systems to predict energy generation with a case study of ZNETH. In addition, this paper introduces parametric analyses for better envelope design and construction material selection by analyzing simulated energy consumption with various parametric inputs, e.g., material types, location, and size. It was found that the current design of ZNETH does not meet its goal of zero net energy. Sugeestions are presented to assist ZHETH in meetin g its net zero energy goal.KEYWORDS: Energy analysis, BIM, Zero Net Energy, Solar panel, Wind turbine
Fixation and Tissue Processing in Immunohistochemistry

This article summarizes the current state of our understanding of tissue fixation and processing with particular emphasis on methods used by research and pathology laboratories. Moreover, the article emphasizes on the aspects of fixation and processing that are of special relevance to immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses. Fixation refers to the chemical and physical processes by which cells and tissues are stabilized and made ready for subsequent histopathological treatments such as slicing and staining. Fixation attenuates postmortem autolysis as well as preserves lifelike morphology and optimizes macromolecules for histochemical and biochemical analyses. Tissue processing refers to methods for preparing slices of fixed tissues for histopathological staining and observation with microscopes. Most commonly, tissues are fixed in solutions containing formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin wax. Formaldehyde not only reacts with tissue molecules, creating cross-links that anchor them in place, but also may render molecules inaccessible to antibodies used for immunohistochemical staining, a blocking process that can be reversed by antigen retrieval methods. Tissues fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin are used for biochemical, molecular, and immunological analyses of proteins and nucleic acids. Tissues prepared for transmission electron microscopy commonly are fixed glutaraldehyde solutions and embedded in plastic.
Modeling Trajectories and Time Series

This chapter presents various modeling options for trajectories and time series. The first part covers hidden Markov models where the aim is to find latent states between which a participant can switch back and forth during an experimental task. Extended modeling options in terms of including covariates are presented as well. The second part introduces time series analysis. The main focus is on a parametric model class called ARIMA, representing a flexible regression framework for time series able to handle autocorrelated residuals. As a special ARIMA flavor, intervention analysis is presented which allows researchers to study whether a critical event had an impact on the series or not. The third part covers functional data analysis, applicable to data settings where each individual produces its own trajectory, subject to smoothing. In addition to functional regression modeling, a functional version of principal component analysis is presented.