cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A transition management framework to stimulate a circular phosphorus system

As the global population is projected to increase by two billion people by 2050, so will the demand for phosphorus (P), an essential nutrient for all living organisms and a major driver of eutrophication. To sustainably meet these challenges, we apply the conceptual framework of transition management (TM) to demonstrate how the trajectory of the current linear P use system could be strategically shifted toward a more circular P system. We present US case studies to examine P transitions management in intensive agriculture, wastewater disposal, and food waste management. Our goal is twofold. By first understanding past transitions in P management in the USA, we can build upon these insights for future management. This can then be applied to other global regions such as developing countries to bypass stages of transition as they intensify agriculture, incorporate sewers into cities, and expand waste management, to avoid becoming entrenched in unsustainable P management. We suggest how spaces for experimentation and collaboration can be created, how and which actor networks can be mobilized, and what action strategies and policies can be recommended to accelerate their transition to P sustainability. Our case studies show that while substantial improvements have been made, the transition toward a circular economy of P is far from complete. Our findings point to the value of utilizing TM for future progress in the US Development of TM frameworks for managing P in other regions of the world may enable them to achieve sustainable P development faster and more effectively than the USA.
Globalization and Legal Culture. The Influence of Law & Economics’ Blogs in Developing Countries

This paper considers the relationship between blogs and Law and Economics from two perspectives: some aspects of the law and economics approach to blogging, and the influence of blogs in the diffusion of Law and Economics. The article explores how blogs are a modern way of low cost domestic journalism, in a context in which the increasing size of the blogosphere is a current challenge in terms of free speech and quality of the information. At the same time, blogs such as “The Volokh Conspiracy” are playing an interesting role in the American legal academia as areal instrument to analyze the papers posted in specific scholar networks such as SSRN (Social Science Research Network) or REPEC (Research Papers in Economics), as well as Selected Works and Encyclopedia of Law and Economics. Regarding to this point, some scholars have studied the relationship between the presence of legal scholars in blogs and the number of downloads in academic networks.
"Agape love is justice": Black clergies' public and theological support of Black gay men.

This study explored how 60 Black clergy came to publicly and theologically support Black gay men. They participated in three 90-minute life history interviews to address the study aims. Open, axial...
Gender and Conceptualizations of Nature

Given the attention that gender issues receive in science education (Baker, 1998; Kahle & Meece, 1994) and feminist scholarship on the social construction of Nature (Merchant, 1989), upon examining the student narratives one immediately looks for possible gender differences. Do the boys talk about science more than do the girls? Do the girls talk about aesthetics and religion more than do the boys? Are the girls more environmentally sensitive than are the boys? These questions and others are implicitly suggested by the literature. They are addressed in the assertions that follow.
From the Boardroom to the War Room: America's Corporate Liberals and FDR's Preparedness Program

Between World War I and World War II, America's corporate liberals experienced a profound ideological change. In the 1920s, corporate liberals embraced company-specific solutions to economic problems. They believed that if every company, in every industry, employed advanced managerial techniques -- such as granting workers non-wage benefits to increase their job satisfaction -- employment, production, and profits could be stabilized and prosperity sustained indefinitely. The Great Depression, of course, made a mockery of this idyllic vision. Corporate liberals admitted that private efforts failed to maintain the nation's economic health, ultimately endorsing large-scale government intervention to bail out the stricken economy. By 1935, the corporate liberal conversion from privatism to business-government partnership was well under way. Corporate liberals served President Franklin Roosevelt throughout the Depression and preparedness periods. Marion Folsom of Eastman Kodak Corporation, Edward Stettinius, Jr. of United States Steel, and others joined New Deal agencies struggling to re-employ workers and bring about social security. Later, at Roosevelt's request, they entered emergency preparedness bodies to ready the United States for the possibility of war. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the reconfigured American economy (which the corporate liberals had done so much to create) proved capable of mass producing weapons and other equipment. The bottom line, staunchly revisionist in nature, is that the corporate liberals ran an effective mobilization campaign, overcoming isolationist resistance to rearmament, Roosevelt's reluctance to grant them genuine authority, and other constraints. Richard E. Holl is Professor of History at the Lees College Campus of Hazard Community and Technical College. His latest article, on Axis prisoners of war in Kentucky, won the Collins Award of the Kentucky Historical Society.
Simon Helium Liquefaction Method Using a Refrigerator and Thermal Valve

Experimentation in the temperature range 1 to 4°K in liquid helium requires very little skill or sophistication. An experimentalist of very modest dexterity can learn to conduct experiments in liquid helium in a very short time. Considering the ease of this first step into this temperature range, it is only natural that the experimentalist is appalled at the great difficulty of the next step, that of applying continuous reliable refrigeration for the same temperatures. The complexity and cost of even the simplest systems are surprisingly large.
Silicon level circuit implementation for system-on-chip power integrity improvement

As microprocessor market is expanding and moving toward tablet and smart phone segment, the conventional power integrity design practice which is placing package and board capacitor to stabilize voltage supply is no longer a favorable solution. Due to z height challenge, adding an ultra-low profile capacitor at platform level becomes an expensive solution. Hence, power integrity design has to evolve from current platform level power delivery network design toward governing the root of AC noise at silicon level. In this paper, silicon level circuit implementation for system-on-chip power integrity improvement is proposed and discussed. In addition, its impact towards power integrity noise is also enveloped for design references.
Multivariate Extreme‐Value Theory

Limit laws, characterizations, models, estimation, and simulation procedures are discussed for multivariate extreme-value theory. Keywords: multivariate extreme-value distribution; domain of attraction; dependence function
Disturbances of emotion regulation after focal brain lesions.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the studies in patients with focal brain lesions and outlines current knowledge about the neuroanatomical systems underlying emotion, the disturbances in emotional experience after focal brain lesions, and the essential role that emotion plays in influencing and modulating complex cognitive functions, such as judgment and decision-making. Alterations in the expression and experience of emotions ensues a specific brain lesion. The emotional disturbances that follow lesions to neural structures are critical for the expression of emotions and the subjective experience of feelings. The chapter outlines the disturbances and alterations of emotional experience that succeed each type of lesion. Realizing the significant importance of emotions and their regulation, many studies have converged by using functional neuroimaging methods. The functional neuroimaging approach helps to identify the neural systems involved in emotions and emotion regulation. However, these approaches must be complemented by other approaches, such as lesion studies. Disturbances in the mechanisms of emotion and emotion regulation have a profound impact on complex cognitive functions, such as judgment and decision making. The chapter discusses the somatic marker hypothesis that provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision making and its influence by emotion.
Rotman lens development at the Army Research Lab

An electronic scanning antenna (ESA) that uses a beamformer for scanning the beam has the advantage of being able to form multiple beams for multimode, shared-aperture applications. This scanning approach is achieved at a reduced parts count for the antenna subassembly and therefore at a lower cost than approaches utilizing phase-shifting elements for controlling the beam. This paper discusses our efforts to realize such a beamformer using Rotman lens geometry and details some of the technologies we investigated as well as some engineering tradeoffs encountered.
The governance of going private transactions

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to explore the board of directors in leveraged buyouts (LBOs) as a distinct source of value creation and to conceptually investigate the going‐private transaction via LBO as a response to deficient governance structures as well as the post‐buyout board restructuring.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a review of the literature on LBOs boards, and relies on agency theory and the resource dependence perspective to develop testable propositions. The work suggests that the board as a particular source of efficiency gains in LBOs warrants further empirical research.Research limitations/implications – The paper gives strong credence to the argument that boards represent a unique source of value creation in LBOs. Previous agency‐theoretic work is complemented by focusing on the monitoring function of the board, but resource dependence theory introduced to suggest the importance of a strategic service and support function. The work is conceptual in nature and th...
Effects of temperature and lipophilic agents on poliovirus formation and RNA synthesis in a cell-free system.

Abstract The translation and primary processing events of poliovirus polyproteins in HeLa cell extracts were more efficient at 34 degrees C than at 30 or 36 degrees C. The cleavage products of P2 such as 2Apro, 2BC, and 2C appeared early in the reaction before the appearance of the cleavage products of P1 and of 3CDpro, an observation suggesting that P2 was cleaved in cis by 3CDpro. Proteolytic processing of the capsid precursor P1 into VP0, VP1, and VP3 was also more efficient at 34 degrees C than at either 30 or 32 degrees C. Surprisingly, processing of 3CDpro to 3Cpro and 3Dpol was almost completely inhibited at 36 degrees C. The synthesis of virus in the cell extract was greatly enhanced at 34 degrees C over that at 30 or 32 degrees C, whereas incubation at 36 degrees C yielded very little virus. Cerulenin, an inhibitor of lipid synthesis, did not appear to affect virus-specific translation or protein processing, but it almost completely inhibited viral synthesis in vitro. Oleic acid drastically inhibited in vitro translation at 100 microM and in vitro poliovirus synthesis at 25 microM. Addition of HeLa cell smooth membranes partially restored translation but not virus formation. Our observations suggest that in vitro translation, proteolytic processing, and virus formation require intact membranes. Analysis of the in vitro translation products revealed that viral RNA polymerase activity increased linearly during incubation of the translation mixture. RNA polymerase in the crude mixture was inhibited by oleic acid but not by cerulenin. Surprisingly, oleic acid had no direct effect on oligo(U)-primed, poly(A)-dependent poly(U) synthesis catalyzed by purified 3Dpol.
Hurricane Season Wind Damage in an Urban Landscape: A Case Study of Jacksonville University Campus

Under a scenario of predicted increases in tropical storms Florida is no more susceptible to wind damage than in past decades (Goldenberg et al., 2001;Landsea et. al., 1999). No location in the Southeast is free from tropical storm damage, but Florida with its southerly location and peninsular setting is the most vulnerable. Consistent with this geography, Florida was impacted by more tropical systems than any other state during the intense 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons. Even though 2005 received more notoriety as the busiest and the most costly hurricane season on record, it was the 2004 season that was more devastating to Florida. During 2004 virtually no region in the state escaped tropical storm damage. Indeed, several locations were impacted on numerous occasions, and some cities were hit multiple times within a one month period.
Changing Banking for Good: What is the Cure for Misconduct?

The world of banking is awash with scandals of every conceivable variety. Benchmark manipulation, PPI mis-selling, cheating on taxes and foreign exchange manipulation are just some examples of bank misconduct. Common people are so far removed from elite decision-making that they have no role to play in the processes of change. This article argues that the league table for banks developed by the Conduct Costs Project provides a much-needed voice to the disempowered majority, i.e. common people who are routinely called upon to save predatory global banks in times of economic necessity. Most of all, the league table provides depositors the option of boycotting serially offending banks such as HSBC and Barclays. The Fair and Effective Markets Review – a tripartite mission involving the FCA, HM Treasury and the Bank of England that seeks to restore trust in the markets – has taken the view that the approach pioneered by Roger McCormick (Managing Director of the Conduct Costs Project Research Foundation (CCPRF)) could provide a framework for further development in relation to industry-wide performance measures relating to conduct. In his November 2014 speech entitled "The Future of Financial Reform" the Governor of the Bank of England, Mr Mark Carney also used the research of the Conduct Costs Project as a barometer to gauge the penalties imposed on a sample of ten banks by authorities in the United States, the United Kingdom and the wider European Union. In reality, a league table for banks is the same thing as having a corruption index for the world such as the one maintained by Transparency International; which whilst not perfect nonetheless adds to the learning on the level of corruption and helps us choose our options.
A NEWLY DISCOVERED CLOVIS POINT FROM THE PHOENIX BASIN AND AN UPDATE ON ARIZONA CLOVIS POINT ATTRIBUTES

The recent discovery of a complete Clovis point in the northwest portion of the Phoenix Basin adds to the small sample of reported Paleoindian points from central Arizona. This paper describes the location, context, and attributes of the point. The newly discovered point is then compared to other Clovis points from Arizona to shed light on behavioral patterns among these early hunter-gatherers. Findings discussed in this paper suggest clustering of Clovis points in specific areas of Arizona and similar point attributes regardless of discovery location. Patterning in Clovis point re-sharpening and raw material procurement are identified as a promising topics for illuminating Clovis mobility strategies in Arizona.
Finite domain anomalous spreading consistent with first and second laws

Abstract After reviewing the problematic behavior of some previously suggested finite-interval spatial operators of the symmetric Riesz type, we create a wish list leading toward a new spatial operator suitable to use in the space–time fractional differential equation of anomalous diffusion when the transport of material is strictly restricted to a bounded domain. Based on recent studies of wall effects, we introduce a new definition of the spatial operator and illustrate its favorable characteristics. We provide two numerical methods to solve the modified space–time fractional differential equation and show particular results illustrating compliance to our established list of requirements, most important to the conservation principle and the second law of thermodynamics.
[3H]Uracil accumulation in motor neurons compared with that occurring in blocks of nerve tissue, liver, muscle and plasma in the rat

Abstract Male Wistar rats were injected intravenously with [3H]uracil and killed at varying time intervals thereafter. Analysis of the distribution of 3H-activity in plasma, liver, muscle, brain, spinal cord grey matter and ventral horn motor neurons demonstrated that brain and muscle tissue accumulation of 3H was considerably lower than in liver and plasma. This observation appears to confirm the presence of a blood-brain barrier restricting entry of uracil into the brain, as well as the presence of some other barrier restricting entry into muscle. Analysis of 3H accumulation in the motor neurons, however, demonstrated that nerve cells were capable of accumulating virtually as much labeled material as the liver, on an equivalent weight basis. Thus, the labeled material in the neurons appears to have penetrated any “barrier” rather freely. This rather significant accumulation of labeled material by neurons was apparently masked by the very low accumulation occurring in the surrounding neuropil, which is of far greater volume. Chromatographic analysis of KOH or HClO4 hydrolysates and TCA extracts revealed that most of the radioactivity present in brain, muscle, liver and plasma was present as uracil and its metabolic derivatives.
A comparison of the specificities of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.

Abstract This study directly compares the specificities of the structurally similar hydroxylating enzymes, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase. Michaelis-Menten constants for a variety of substrates of xanthine oxidase were in general lower than those of aldehyde oxidase. With respect to the rates of oxidation, the basic similarity was a preference for compounds having a substituted pyrimidine ring structure. Outstanding among the differences were the effects of the number and position of the ring substituents. Both enzymes readily oxidized a variety of unsubstituted and C-monosubstituted heterocycles, but only xanthine oxidase readily oxidized C-disubstituted derivatives. Certain N-substitutions, however, enhanced substrate activity with aldehyde oxidase, but markedly decreased it with xanthine oxidase. Although both enzymes preferred oxo over amino substituents, there were some specificity differences with respect to the chemical nature of substituents. Aldehyde oxidase, but not xanthine oxidase, tolerated 6-substitution of purine by alkyl, halogeno, cyano, or methylthio groups, while 6-hydroxyl or 6-methylamino substituents were tolerated only by xanthine oxidase. The position at which oxidation occurred was influenced by both the chemical nature and the positions of substituents. With some purines a different site was initially hydroxylated by each enzyme.
Comparative studies on the activity of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-norcholenic acid on the Δ24-sterol reductase enzyme(s) in an insect and the rat

1. 1. The effects of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-norcholenic acids on sterol metabolism were examined in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (Johannson) and the rat. 2. 2. This steroidal acid inhibited the Δ24-sterol reductase enzyme systems(s), that converts desmosterol to cholesterol, in the two species both in vivo and in vitro. 3. 3. Although the compound, when administered orally, brought about an accumulation of desmosterol in both species, no adverse effect was noted in either the insect or rat. 4. 4. When the inhibitor was injected intraperitoneally in oil, into the rat, it caused an initial weight loss and formation of “plaques” on the surface of the liver.
The effect of diabetes and metformin on clinical outcomes is negligible in risk-adjusted endometrial cancer cohorts.

Abstract Objective To examine the influence of diabetes and metformin therapy on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with endometrial cancer (EC) by using propensity score (PS) matching to account for confounding factors. Methods We retrospectively identified consecutive patients with stage I–IV EC managed surgically from 1999 through 2008 and stratified patients by diabetes status. PS matching was used to adjust for confounding covariates. OS and PFS were compared between diabetic and nondiabetic matched pairs and between matched pairs of diabetic patients with or without metformin therapy. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate the effects on outcomes. Results Among 1303 eligible patients (79% stage I, 28% grade 3), 277 (21.3%) had a history of diabetes. Among diabetic patients, treatment consisted of metformin in 116 (41.9%); 57 (20.6%) had other oral agents, 51 (18.4%) insulin with or without other oral agents, and 53 (19.1%) diet modification only. For PS-matched diabetic and nondiabetic patients with EC, OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.01; 95% CI, 0.72–1.42) and PFS (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.60–1.69) were similar between matched subsets. No differences in OS and PFS were observed when comparing PS-matched metformin users with nondiabetic patients (OS HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.57–1.85; PFS HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.49–2.62) or with other diabetic patients (OS HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.30–1.23; PFS HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.34–3.30). Conclusions When adjusted for confounding covariates, OS and PFS are similar between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with EC and between metformin users and nonusers or nondiabetic patients.
Air Force commanders' disciplinary decisions on spouse abuse cases

Inconsistencies exist among Air Force commanders when disciplining spouse abuse offenders, possibly owing to inadequate training, unclear role expectations, conflicting policy statements, or personal biases. This situation may lead to inappropriate decisions, further endangering victims and negatively impacting mission readiness. A sample of 624 Air Force squadron commanders was surveyed to measure how their perceived role and operations tempo affect their disciplinary decisions on two abuse scenarios. The study tested role and decision-theory concepts. Statistical results supported role theory in the predicted direction, and decision theory, but in the opposite direction hypothesized. Implications for theory, practice, and policy development for the military are discussed.
Total pericardiectomy for uremic pericarditis

Between 1973 and 1975, 19 patients were treated for uremic pericarditis. The clinical presentation of the condition varied, with some patients having minimal symptoms (chest pain, fever) and others sustaining circulatory collapse. Pericardial friction rub, elevated central venous pressure, and paradoxical pulse were the most common physical findings. Serial chest radiography, echocardiography, and cardiac scan were most useful in establishing the diagnosis. Three patients had cardiac catheterization and angiography. Pericardiectomy was the initial procedure performed in 13 of 19 patients, and there was no operative mortality or recurrence of pericarditis. Four patients initially had a pericardial window created rather than a pericardiectomy. Two had recurrence of symptoms and one required later total pericardiectomy. Two patients underwent initial tube pericardiostomy. Both died after recurrent tamponade. Total pericardiectomy appears to be the treatment of choice for uremic pericarditis and the only form of therapy which is definitive. The risk of circulatory collapse from tamponade warrants early operative intervention in this critically ill group of patients.
Changes in serum collagen markers, IGF-I, and knee joint laxity across the menstrual cycle.

Variations in serum markers of collagen production (CICP) and degradation (ICTP), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and anterior knee laxity (AKL) were measured in 20 women [10 with spontaneous cycles (eumenorrheic), 10 using oral contraceptives] over 5 consecutive days at menses (M1–M5, 1st pill week), the initial estrogen rise near ovulation (O1–O5, 2nd pill week), the initial progesterone rise of the early luteal phase (EL1–EL5, 3rd pill week) and post-progesterone peak of the late luteal phase (LL1–LL5, 4th pill week). ICTP was higher in oral contraceptive women (5.3±1.7 vs. 3.7±1.3µg/L; p=0.030), primarily during days near ovulation and the early luteal phase when concentrations decreased in eumenorrheic women (p=0.04). IGF-I concentrations increased during menses then decreased and remained lower during the early and late luteal phase in oral contraceptive women, resulting in lower concentrations compared to eumenorrheic women at EL2 and LL1 (p=0.03). CICP decreased in early and late luteal days (p<0.01), and there was a trend toward lower concentrations in eumenorrheic versus oral contraceptive women (85.7±35.7ng/ml vs. 123.2±49.8ng/ml; p=0.07). Lower CICP and greater IGF-I concentrations predicted greater AKL across the 20 cycle days in both groups (R2=0.310 and 0.400). Sex hormone concentration changes across the menstrual cycle are of sufficient magnitude to influence collagen metabolism, and may indirectly influence knee structure and function.
A Guided-Ion Beam Study of the O+(4S) + NH3 System at Hyperthermal Energies

We have measured absolute cross section for the reaction of ground-state O+ with ammonia at collision energies in the range from near-thermal to approximately 15 eV, using the guided-ion beam (GIB)...
Government guarantees and self-fulfilling speculative attacks☆

We develop a model in which government guarantees to banks’ foreign creditors are a root cause of self-fulfilling twin banking-currency crises. Absent guarantees, such crises are not possible. In the presence of guarantees banks borrow foreign currency, lend domestic currency and do not hedge the resulting exchange rate risk. With guarantees, banks will also renege on their foreign debts and declare bankruptcy when a devaluation occurs. We assume that the government is unable or unwilling to fully fund the resulting bailout via an explicit fiscal reform. These features of our model imply that government guarantees lead to self-fulfilling banking-currency crises.
Dual Aperture Single Mode Optical Fiber Laser Doppler Velocimeter

Single mode optical fibers and graded index microlenses have recently been utilized in laser light scattering experiments.1,2 The utilization of single mode optical fiber technology offers many advantages over conventional bulk optic arrangements including: ease in alignment, unity heterodyne efficiency, polarization maintaining capability, high angular resolution and small size. A dual aperture single mode optical fiber heterodyne technique has recently been demonstrated which simultaneously measures the angular orientation, radial velocity and angular velocity of a target simulator.3 This technique was demonstrated with an interferometer that utilized the exposed cores of the receiving fibers as the apertures. Presented in this report is a dual aperture heterodyne interferometer that employs pigtailed graded index microlenses as the detection apertures, thereby extending the range and angular resolution of the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Although the velocimeter presented here utilizes microlenses, the results are applicable to lens systems of greater dimensions which are suitably coupled to the single mode fiber. This interferometer may be useful in a number of LDV applications including: particle flow measurements, atmospheric wind sensing, satellite tracking, laser radar and robotic positioning.
A column pre-ordering strategy for the unsymmetric-pattern multifrontal method

A new method for sparse LU factorization is presented that combines a column pre-ordering strategy with a right-looking unsymmetric-pattern multifrontal numerical factorization. The column ordering is selected to give a good a priori upper bound on fill-in and then refined during numerical factorization (while preserving the bound). Pivot rows are selected to maintain numerical stability and to preserve sparsity. The method analyzes the matrix and automatically selects one of three pre-ordering and pivoting strategies. The number of nonzeros in the LU factors computed by the method is typically less than or equal to those found by a wide range of unsymmetric sparse LU factorization methods, including left-looking methods and prior multifrontal methods.
Cytologic specimens from the eye : A clinicopathologic study of 33 patients

Cytologic specimens from the eye (CSE) (fine-needle aspirates and intraocular [vitrectomy] washings) are uncommon in most cytology practices. We reviewed our experience and diagnostic accuracy in lesions from this site over a 13-yr period. Thirty-three patients (12 males, 21 females, age 7-85 yr; mean 56 yr) were identified. Eighteen specimens were submitted to rule out malignancy. Of these, four CSE were positive, including melanoma (n = 1), large-cell lymphoma (n = 2), and carcinoma (n = 1). None of the 14 patients with negative cytology showed clinical evidence of malignancy over a 1-28-mo follow-up period (mean, 8.4 mo). Fourteen specimens were submitted to rule out infectious agents. Cytology material contained culture-proven organisms in one case each of Candida and Aspergillus. Of serology-confirmed specimens, four CSE failed to reveal toxoplasma, and three lacked herpes viral inclusions. One case each of culture-positive P. acnes and C. albicans lacked the organisms in the CSE. Twelve specimens were submitted to rule out inflammatory lesions. CSE showed chronic inflammation (n = 5), acute and chronic inflammation (n = 1), macrophages (n = 5), and nonnecrotizing granulomas (n = 1). Of 3 patients with sarcoidosis, CSE contained mature lymphocytes in all 3 cases, but no granulomas. Although the numbers are small, there is greater sensitivity in the detection of malignancy than of infectious agents.
ORB WEBS IN “NON-ORB WEAVING” OGRE-FACED SPIDERS (ARANEAE: DINOPIDAE): A QUESTION OF GENEALOGY

Abstract— Observations of web spinning behavior in Costa Rican Dinopis sp. reveal the same behaviors synapomorphic for orb weavers: specifically frame, radius, non-sticky spiral construction, and sticky spiral construction, as well as more detailed motor patterns. Dinopids are therefore highly derived orb weavers, although the behavioral data do not conclusively indicate whether they are more closely related to the uloborid or araneoid orb weavers. A cladogram of dinopids, uloborids, and araneoids is presented.
Citizenship Education for Conflict: An Empirical Assessment of the Relationship between Principled Thinking and Tolerance for Conflict and Diversity.

Abstract This study brings the perspective of cognitive moral development to the frequent finding that citizens endorse democratic procedural norms in the abstract, but are unable to apply these norms to unpopular groups or actions. If the ability to apply these norms entails a capacity for principled reasoning then we would expect to find that principled thinkers surpass non-principled thinkers in applying such democratic principles as majority rule and minority rights in concrete controversial situations; in endorsing the legitimacy of political conflict; in defining the citizen role as active rather than passive; and by showing greater interest in politics. Results of the study support all but the final assertion. If educators wish to facilitate the development of civic tolerance, attention must be paid to creating conditions conducive to cognitive moral development.
Gas-liquid chromatography: a rapid method for identification of different species of Candida.

SUMMARY Cellular fatty acids of 85 strains of Candida, representing seven species, were extracted from yeast cells by saponification and analyzed as methyl esters by use of gas-liquid chromatography. Very few or no differences were observed among the chromatograms of different species grown on media containing glucose, maltose or sucrose. By contrast, when the seven species were grown on lactose medium only, each produced a distinctive fatty-acid "fingerprint" characterized by the presence or absence of certain fatty-acids peaks on the chromatogram. With this new method, it was possible to identify Candida species within 3 h after they were obtained from subcultures of Candida grown for 24-72 h on lactose medium, as compared with 7-10 da for more conventional procedures. The sensitivity and speed of gas-liquid chromatography make it an attractive alternative to standard laboratory tests for identification of Candida species. The wide use of antibiotics and immunosuppressive therapy has been accompanied by substantial increases in the prevalence and incidence of systemic infection by species of Candida (4, 9). Still unavailable, however, is a rapid and reliable method for identifying the genus Candida and distinguishing different species from each other or from other yeast fungi for early diagnosis. In 1963, Abel et al. (1) demonstrated that microorganisms can be classified into genera and species based on their chemical composition as determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). This technique has since been successfully used by various workers to identify and classify bacteria isolated from clinical specimens (2, 6, 7, 10). Moss et al. (8) showed that cellular fatty acids from whole-cell hydrolysates and metabolic products from the culture media could be used effectively to identify species of Pseudomonas pathogenic to man. Although conventional laboratory procedures may provide valuable information for identifying species of Candida, 1 Supported by grants CA20917 and CA21765 from the National Cancer
Effect of corn silage particle size and supplemental hay on rumen pH and feed preference by dairy cows fed high-starch diets.

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of corn silage particle size and supplemental hay on rumen pH and feed preference in lactating dairy cows experiencing a bout of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). In this study, 12 lactating (8 ruminally cannulated), multiparous Holstein cows averaging 91±40d in milk and weighing 695±95kg (mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square. During each of the four 21-d periods, animals were offered 1 of 4 diets that were chemically similar but varied in corn silage particle size and supplemental second cutting orchardgrass hay: short corn silage total mixed ration (TMR; ST); short corn silage TMR with 5.6% supplemental hay (SH); long corn silage TMR (L); and long corn silage TMR with 5.6% supplemental hay (LH). Cows were allowed to adapt to this feeding scheme for 14d, and cannulated cows were then subjected to a rumen challenge to induce a bout of SARA by restricting feed before the challenge and providing 4kg of ground wheat via the rumen cannula. Although baseline pH was low, the SARA challenge lowered ruminal pH further for all cows regardless of diet. Daily average rumen pH decreased from 5.44 and 5.45 to 5.33 and 5.38 for ST and SH, respectively, and from 5.64 and 5.54 to 5.47 and 5.39 for L and LH, respectively, from baseline to challenge phase. Following the rumen challenge, rumen concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate increased. Decreasing corn silage particle size significantly increased TMR and total DMI during all phases of the model. Feeding short corn silage TMR increased milk, protein, and lactose yields. Cows fed supplemental hay had increased fat yield and protein concentration in the milk and responded minimally to the effects of particle size selection when challenged with SARA. Cows consuming short corn silage TMR changed feed preference for longer forage particles during the course of the SARA challenge. During the recovery phase, however, cows refused an average of 13.5% of the offered TMR and 78.7% of the supplemental hay. These results indicate that cows did not prefer the supplemental hay regardless of corn silage particle size during a bout of SARA, which may have been due to the possible adaptation of a low ruminal pH throughout the study.
Self-Focused Attention, Meaning, and Posttraumatic Growth: The Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Affect for Bereaved Women

This study examined the mediating impact of positive and negative affect on the relationship between two distinct self-focusing tendencies (i.e., reflection and rumination) and meaning and posttraumatic growth among bereaved women. Supporting the study hypotheses, positive affect mediated the relationship between self-focusing tendencies and both meaning and posttraumatic growth. Reflection and rumination also had indirect effects on meaning through negative affect. The study model accounted for 25% of the variance in positive affect, 31% of the variance in negative affect, 43% of the variance in PTG, and 58% of the variance in meaning. These findings underlined the importance of intellectual self-reflection and positive affect in fostering personal growth and adjustment of bereaved women. Results and implications of the findings are discussed in the light of existing literature on bereavement and self-focusing tendencies.
Daily living skills in school‐age children with and without anxiety disorders

Objective Anxiety may interfere with school-age children's independent behaviour and hence, their daily living skills (DLS). Nonetheless, this has not been tested in previous studies of children with clinical anxiety. Method This study compared two groups of age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched children with and without anxiety disorders (N = 60), testing the association of anxiety disorders with a lack of independence in DLS. Results Anxiety disorders are significantly associated with less mastery of DLS. Age moderated this effect for children with anxiety disorders; older children were more negatively impacted by anxiety disorders than younger children. Conclusions Anxiety disorders may negatively impact children's independence in DLS. As children transition from mid- to late childhood – a period normally marked by increasing independence – this effect may grow in magnitude. Practitioner Points A relation exists between the presence of anxiety disorders and reduced independence in daily living skills (DLS). Older school-age children with an anxiety disorder experienced particularly pronounced DLS deficits when compared with matched peers without an anxiety disorder. Early detection and intervention of anxiety may be the key to preventing negative impact in DLS. Parents provided information about DLS, which is a limitation of the current study. Involving multiple informants or observational methods may provide a broader assessment of children's DLS. Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, causation should not be inferred.
VITAMIN A, VISUAL PIGMENTS, AND VISUAL RECEPTORS IN DROSOPHILA

The fly visual system has served for decades as a model for receptor spectral multiplicity and vitamin A utilization. A diverse armamentarium of structural techniques has dovetailed with convenient electrophysiology, photochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology in Drosophila to facilitate recent progress, which is reviewed here. New data are also presented. Ultrastructure of retinula cells of carotenoid-deprived flies shows that organelles associated with protein biosynthesis, i.e., rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, are present, while organelles associated with rhabdomere turnover, i.e., multivesicular bodies (MVBs), are rare. Ultrastructure and morphometry suggest that retinoic acid-rearing stimulates membrane export and rhabdomere buildup, even though functional rhodopsin is missing. Confocal microscopy suggests that RH4, one of the ultraviolet rhodopsins, may reside in the previously-described pale fluorescent R7 cells with RH3 in the yellow fluorescent R7 cells.
Lipoteichoic Acid from Staphylococcus aureus Induces Lung Endothelial Cell Barrier Dysfunction: Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

Tunneled central venous catheters (TCVCs) are used for dialysis access in 82% of new hemodialysis patients and are rapidly colonized with Gram-positive organism (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) biofilm, a source of recurrent infections and chronic inflammation. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall ribitol polymer from Gram-positive organisms, mediates inflammation through the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The effect of LTA on lung endothelial permeability is not known. We tested the hypothesis that LTA from Staphylococcus aureus induces alterations in the permeability of pulmonary microvessel endothelial monolayers (PMEM) that result from activation of TLR2 and are mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS). The permeability of PMEM was assessed by the clearance rate of Evans blue-labeled albumin, the activation of the TLR2 pathway was assessed by Western blot, and the generation of RONS was measured by the fluorescence of oxidized dihydroethidium and a dichlorofluorescein derivative. Treatment with LTA or the TLR2 agonist Pam(3)CSK(4) induced significant increases in albumin permeability, IκBα phosphorylation, IRAK1 degradation, RONS generation, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation (as measured by the p-eNOSser1177:p-eNOSthr495 ratio). The effects on permeability and RONS were effectively prevented by co-administration of the superoxide scavenger Tiron, the peroxynitrite scavenger Urate, or the eNOS inhibitor L-NAME and these effects as well as eNOS activation were reduced or prevented by pretreatment with an IRAK1/4 inhibitor. The results indicate that the activation of TLR2 and the generation of ROS/RNS mediates LTA-induced barrier dysfunction in PMEM.
Some remarks on the movement of chromosomes during cell division

The possibility of drawing conclusions about the nature of the forces acting upon the chromosomes during division from observation of the rates of their movement in anaphase is pointed out. Some available data are discussed, and shown to agree quantitatively with the assumption that during anaphase the chromosomes are pulled apart by contracting elastic fibers.
Do hyperandrogenic women with normal menses have polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among hyperandrogenic women who report normal menses. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Academic practice in reproductive endocrinology. Patient(s): Fifty-eight consecutively seen new patients with hyperandrogenism who reported normal menses. Intervention(s): Ovulatory status was assessed with timed serum progesterone measurements. The following tests also were carried out: vaginal ultrasound examination; measurement of the ovarian response of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) after the administration of leuprolide acetate, 1 mg SC; and determination of fasting serum LH, FSH, E 2 , 17-OHP, insulin, and androgen levels. Main Outcome Measure(s): Determination of ovulatory status, polycystic appearance of ovaries, and increased response of 17-OHP to leuprolide acetate. Result(s): Twelve (20.7%) of the hyperandrogenic women were anovulatory and met the usual criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. The ovulatory patients had lower serum total and unbound testosterone levels. Thirty-one (53.4%) of the ovulatory women had polycystic ovaries on ultrasound examination and/or an increased 17-OHP response to leuprolide acetate, suggesting the diagnosis of PCOS despite the presence of ovulation. Considering both the anovulatory and ovulatory patients, 74% of the hyperandrogenic women studied could have PCOS. Conclusion(s): The data suggest that most (74%) hyperandrogenic women who report normal menses have evidence for the diagnosis of PCOS.
United States v Stevens: Gnawing Away at Freedom of Speech or Paving the Way for Animal Rights?

This article examines United States v. Stevens, a case recently decided by the Supreme Court, and its relation to animal law and freedom of speech issues, specifically the contention between the two, caused by the statute in question at the heart of the case. While animal rights advocates wish to frame the case through an anti-animal cruelty perspective, those seeking to protect freedom of speech have made the statute an issue of First Amendment rights. Is 18 USC § 48 an imposition on free speech or a step in the right direction towards protection of animals and promotion of their rights? It is argued here that the Supreme Court should have recognized the Stevens case as an important development in animal rights and held that the statute is narrowly tailored, based on a compelling government interest, and that the protection of animals from harm overshadows any possible speech or expression that is found in crush videos, dog fighting videos, and the like.
Effects of a teratogen (9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid) on oxygen consumption by dispersed embryonic rat cells.

Pregnant rats were fed 100 mg/kg diet of the folic-acid antagonist 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid on days 10, 11, and 12 of pregnancy. This regimen resulted in a markedly elevated Q02 in dispersed cells from 13- and 13.5 day embryos as compared with controls. Cells from embryos taken 1 day after the pregnant females had been returned to a complete ration gave Q02 values similar to those from control embryos. Addition of the antagonist to Warburg flasks containing dispersed cells from day-13 embryos resulted in an elevated Q02 but not when the antagonist was added to cells from day-14 embryos.
Auger analysis of the PbS-Si heterojunction

The chemical structure of the solution-grown PbS-Si hetero-junction was studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Auger depth profiles indicate a PbS film of uniform composition. No major contaminants were observed in the bulk of the PbS film. At the PbS-Si interface the only impurity observed was an oxygen peak, corresponding to approximately 1% atomic concentration. Heating the growth solution enhances the chemical reaction and deposition rates without altering the profiles of the elements at the interface. Similar oxygen peaks were detected at the Au-PbS interface and at the interface between consecutive PbS films. The interface oxygen concentration in the PbS-Si (100) structure is roughly twice that present in the PbS-Si (111) structure. Heat treatment in air increased the interface and surface oxygen concentration by a factor of 2 to 5. The same treatment in N2} ambient had only a slight effect on the surface oxygen concentration but enhanced the interface oxygen concentration. The oxygen at the Au-PbS interface showed similar sensitivity to heat treatment. Oxygen content at the interface of HJs formed on unpolished Si was double that in HJs formed on polished Si. The relative intensity of the S to Pb peaks in the bulk of the PbS film compares closely with that measured on the cleaved surface of natural single crystal galena. The Pb: S peak ratio was roughly constant throughout the PbS film and at the PbS-Si interface. Fe and Cl contaminants were observed at the surface of the PbS film, along with significant changes in the Pb:S ratio. The simultaneous detection of Pb, S and Si near the interface is attributed to the presence of surface irregularity caused by a secondary PbS macrostructure consisting of isolated chain-like clusters.
Prevalence of anti-p: Falciparum sporozoite antibodies in adults in the amapa region of Brazil

17 de 20 soros humanos coletados na regiao de Amapa (Brasil) mostraram atividade nos testes de inibicao de invasao de esporozoitos (ISI) in vitro que estao correlacionados com protecao por presenca de anticorpos. Em contraste 11 soros foram positivos para IFA e 6 foram positivos para CSP. Estes resultados sugerem que ISI seja um ensaio mais adequado para medir respostas imunologicas em futuros estudos sobre eficacia de uma potencial vacina anti-malarica.