cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations of Linear Polarization in Extragalactic Radio Sources

SINCE mid-1965 the linear polarizations of the stronger extragalactic variable radio sources have been monitored at 8 GHz using the University of Michigan 85-foot paraboloid equipped with a rotating, linearly polarized feed horn. Strong thermal and non-thermal sources were measured each observing day to determine the stability of the instrumental polarization. Five sources, 3C 120, 3C 273, 30 279, 3C 345 and 3C 454.3, have exhibited significant changes in polarization, and three sources, 3C 84, NRAO 150 and 3C 446, are suspected of having variable polarizations. Preliminary observational results for several of these sources have been reported previously1–2.
The Uncoupling of Boundary Integral and Finite Element Methods for Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems

Abstract In this paper the uncoupling of boundary integral and finite element methods is applied to study the weak solvability of certain nonlinear exterior boundary value problems. As a model we consider a nonlinear second order elliptic equation in divergence form in a bounded inner region of the plane, which becomes the Laplace equation in the corresponding unbounded exterior region. We provide sufficient conditions for the nonlinear coefficients from which existence, uniqueness, and approximation results are established. In particular, nonlinear equations yielding both monotone and nonmonotone operators are analyzed.
Chronic Administration of a New Potent Agonist of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Induces Compensatory Linear Growth in Growth Hormone-Deficient Rats: Mechanism of Action

To assess the efficacy of a potent agonist analog of GH-releasing hormone (GH-RH), [Dat1,Gln8,Orn12,21,Abu15,Nle27,Asp28,A gm29]hGH-RH(1-29) (JI-38), we investigated the effects of its chronic administration on growth responses in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-lesioned and normal young rats. Body weight (BW), body length (BL), tibia length (TIL), and tail length (TAL) were monitored. Basal serum GH concentrations, GH responses to bolus injections of GH-RH, pituitary GH and serum IGF-I concentrations were measured by RIA. Pituitary GH-RH receptor concentration and binding affinity was also evaluated after the treatment. Neonatal treatment with MSG resulted, as expected, in blunted growth and a decrease in serum and pituitary GH concentration and serum IGF-I levels. A reduction in GH-RH receptor concentration, associated with increased binding affinity of the GH-RH receptor was also found. Chronic administration of GH-RH agonist JI-38 in doses of 2 micrograms at 12-hour intervals for 2 weeks markedly increased the GH responsiveness to GH-RH and stimulated growth, with MSG-treated animals achieving the growth rate of normal controls. Acceleration of growth was associated with stimulated GH synthesis and IGF-I secretion, although basal serum GH levels did not change. Pituitary GH-RH receptor concentration and binding affinity were not significantly modified by the treatment. Treatment of normal young growing rats with agonist JI-38 did not further increase the normal growth acceleration in these rats, but stimulated the GH synthesis and augmented the GH secretory responsiveness. The treatment of MSG-lesioned rats with GH-RH agonist was generally more effective in female than in male animals, and in some cases masked the sex differences in growth rate. Our findings provide the first evidence that the blunted growth rate of the MSG-lesioned rats is associated with a decreased pituitary GH-RH receptor concentration. Our work demonstrates that administration of GH-RH agonist JI-38 is able to restore the normal growth rate of the GH-deficient rats by stimulating GH synthesis and IGF-I secretion.
Clergy skills in family-planning education and counseling.

During the decade 1962-1971, the proportion of married seminary students who planned to contribute actively to family-planning counseling resources in American communities rose from six out of 10 to eight out of 10. During that same period, however, follow-up data indicate that the actual participa tion level in premarital birth-control counseling by clergymen increased only half as much as expected from 1962 data. The evidence offered below suggests that this gap is in part a result of a lack of counseling preparation: recently graduated American clergymen who plan to offer premarital family planning counseling are as poorly prepared to do so as were their predeces sors 10 years ago, due to a continuing lack of adequate training in this area provided by the seminaries.
Atmospheric conductivities over Fort Churchill

Abstract Two models were considered for the height distribution of electron density. Model A corresponds to that of “normal” ionosphere at winter-night-time while Model B corresponds to that of “aurora-excited” ionosphere. Assuming the atmosphere to be that of the “ARDC Model Atmosphere, 1959”, the atmospheric conductivities k0 to k3, over Fort Churchill at winter-night-time were calculated for each model. Model A—K0 (Longitudinal conductivity) increases upwards over the range considered. The peak values of k1 (Pedersen conductivity), k2 (Hall conductivity) and k3 (Cowling conductivity) are 1·64 × 10−16, 2·89 × 10−16, 6·13 × 10−16 e.m.u. cm respectively. The peak values of k1, k2 and k3 occur at the heights of 119, 106 and 96 km respectively. The total integrated conductivities, K1, K2, K3 are 10·96 × 10−10, 8·86 × 10−10, 10·16 × 10−9 e.m.u. cm respectively. The values of K1, K2, K3 over Fort Churchill at winter-night-time are approximately 1 15; of the corresponding values over White Sands at summer-day-time in the sunspot maximum year. Model B—K0 increases abruptly in the region of auroral heights. The peak values of k1, K2, k3 for Model B are 8·32 × 10−14, 2·70 × 10−13 and 2·86 × 10−12 e.m.u. cm respectively. The peak values of k1, K2 and k3 occur at 115, 105, and 102 km respectively. The total integrated conductivities, K1, K2, K3 are respectively 21·38 × 10−8, 40·59 × 10−8 and 22·49 × 10−7 e.m.u. cm for Model B. The effective layers for k1, k2 and k3 for Model B are confined to the region of auroral heights. In particular, the effective layers of k3 are very thin and located in the region of 100–110 km. The height-integrated conductivities of “aurora excited” ionosphere are approximately 200 times greater than those of quiet ionosphere.
The impact of public regulation on housing quality and on structural changes

Abstract This paper represents a theoretical investigation of profit maximizing behavior of a landlord under rent control. The situation envisioned is one that the landlord owns, free and clear, either two housing units ready to merge or one large one ready to convert into two small ones; in each case the units are already in place, such that capital costs are sunk and treated as bygones. Each unit has a technology of production of housing services with a fixed input of quantity of space (shelter) and a variable input of quality, that is affected by physical ageing (non-controllable) and by maintenance (controllable). At starting time t 0 , we have a state of quality and a historical state of initial quality Q i , at the time the building was built, with the implicit constraint that Q i ( t ) Q i , for all t > t 0 . The analysis addresses the general question of housing structural changes—conversion or merger—and how these changes are being accelerated under the threat of rent control.
Do the Poor Know how We See Them?: Preliminary Study

A poverty scale designed to measure attitudes toward the poor was administered to 104 disadvantaged youths from rural Appalachia. 55 Ss completed the scale for self and 49 Ss completed the scale as they supposed it might be answered by the manager of a large chain store. As predicted, Ss guessed that the manager would rate the poor more negatively than they would. Males viewed the poor more negatively than females, and for all Ss negative attititudes increase with social class, as roughly indexed by Ss' fathers' levels of education. It is suggested that this technique might be useful for assessing the degree to which the poor feel alienated from various groups, e.g., politicians, welfare administrators, social workers.
Teachers' Curricular Decision Making in Response to a New Social Studies Textbook

In this study the author examines how seven 5th-grade teachers organized their social studies curriculum using a recently issued textbook. In general, the teaching was more variable than might be expected given the similarity of teaching materials. The author discerned three different styles of textbook use, each with a distinct impact on the teachers' assessment of the curricular potential of the new resource and on the ways the teachers modified their prior instructional agendas. Overall, teacher planning was less dependent upon the textbook than previous studies suggest.
Dealing with Human Death: The Floating Perspective

This article explores a plausible approach to dealing with the important, if not fundamental, life-span phenomenon of human death. Specifically, this approach is called the floating perspective, and is based on insights contained in the works of Choron and Jaspers. In effect, the floating perspective suggests that it is possible to deal with human death by refraining from taking an ultimate position on this problem. The inquiry elaborates on both the logic of this view as well as its psychology, that is, the attitude of mind that it suggests. This elaboration is carried out by contrasting the floating perspective with a number of other views, such as those of Epicurus and the Stoic philosophers. Whereas these views attempt to provide a remedy or an answer to the problem of death, the floating perspective encourages an openness to this unavoidable aspect of human nature. The article examines the role of anxiety and describes possible meaningful outcomes of an encounter with human death from this perspective.
Distribution of fragment size in repetitive fracture of brittle solids

Abstract The theory of Gilvarry for the distribution of fragment size in single fracture of a brittle solid is extended to the case of repetitive fracture. Results agree with empirical relations for the effect of a mill. Astrophysical applications are noted.
Planning toward Equal Accessibility to Services: A Quadratic Programming Approach

In the literature various accessibility indices have been developed to assess the relative ease by which the locations of services (supply) can be reached from a residential (demand) location. In t...
Role of etch products in polysilicon etching in a high-density chlorine discharge

For low-pressure, high-density plasma systems, etch products can play a significant role in affecting plasma parameters such a.s species concentration and electron temperature. The residence time of etch products in the chamber can he long, hence depleting the concentration of the reactants, and leading to a decrease in etch rate. We use a spatially averaged global model including both gas phase and surface chemistry to study Cl2 etching of polvsilicon. Etch products leaving the wafer surface are assioned to he SiCL2 and SiCl4. These species can be fragmented and ionized by collisions with energetic electrons, generating neutral and charged SiCl, products (x=0–4). Two limiting cases of the etch mechanism are found. an ion flux-limited regime and a neutral reactant-limited regime. The high degree of dissociation in high-density plasmas leads to the formation of elemental silicon, which can deposit on the chamber walls and wafer surface. We include surface models for both the wall and the wafer to better understand the role of etch products as a function of flowrate, pressure, and input pwer. A phenomenological model for the surface chemistry is based on available experimental data. We consider the two limiting conditions of nonreactive and reactive walls. These models are perfectly reflective walls, where all silicon-containing species are reflected; and reactive walls, which act as reactive sites for the formation of SiCl2 and SiCl4 etch products. The two limiting conditions give significantly different results. A decrease in the absolute atomic silicon density and a weaker dependence of etch rate on flowrate are observed for the reactive wall.
Inclusive jet production at CDF

The inclusive jet cross section was measured by CDF at center of mass energies of 1800 and 630 GeV. At {radical}s =1800 GeV, the inclusive jet cross section is compared with NLO QCD predictions (with different sets of parton distribution functions) and with measurement by D0 Collaboration. Strong coupling constant is extracted (as a consistency check) from 1800 GeV inclusive jet data. The ratio of scaled inclusive jet cross sections measured at two values of {radical}s is compared with NLO QCD predictions. Comparison with D0 result is also shown.
Agent causation and the alleged impossibility of rational free action

Galen Strawson has claimed that “the impossibility of free will and ultimate moral responsibility can be proved with complete certainty.” Strawson, I take it, thinks that this conclusion can be established by one argument which he has developed. In this argument, he claims that rational free actions would require an infinite regress of rational choices, which is, of course, impossible for human beings. In my paper, I argue that agent causation theorists need not be worried by Strawson’s argument. For agent causation theorists are able to deny a key principle which drives the regress. Oversimplifying things a bit, the principle states that if one is responsible for her rational actions, then she was antecedently responsible for the reasons on which she acted.
Risk factors for hemorrhage during microelectrode-guided deep brain stimulation and the introduction of an improved microelectrode design.

Objective Hemorrhage is an infrequent but potentially devastating complication of deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. We examined the factors associated with hemorrhage after DBS surgery and evaluated a modified microelectrode design that may improve the safety of this procedure. Methods All microelectrode-guided DBS procedures performed at our institution between January 2000 and March 2008 were included in this study. A new microelectrode design with decreased diameter was introduced in May 2004, and data from the 2 types of electrodes were compared. Results We examined 246 microelectrode-guided lead implantations in 130 patients. Postoperative imaging revealed 7 hemorrhages (2.8%). Five of the 7 (2.0%) resulted in focal neurological deficits, all of which resolved within 1 month with the exception of 1 patient lost to follow-up. The new microelectrode design significantly decreased the number of hemorrhages (P = 0.04). A surgical trajectory traversing the ventricle also contributed significantly to the overall hemorrhage rate (P = 0.02) and specifically to the intraventricular hemorrhage rate (P = 0.01). In addition, the new microelectrode design significantly decreased the rate of intraventricular hemorrhage, given a ventricular penetration (P = 0.01). The mean age of patients with hemorrhage was significantly higher than that of patients without hemorrhage (P = 0.02). Hypertension, sex, and number of microelectrodes passed did not significantly contribute to hemorrhage rates in our population. Conclusion The rate of complications after DBS surgery is not uniformly distributed across all cases. In particular, the rates of hemorrhage were increased in older patients. Importantly, transventricular electrode trajectories appeared to increase the risk of hemorrhage. A new microelectrode design minimizing the volume of brain parenchyma penetrated during microelectrode recording leads to decreased rates of hemorrhage, particularly if the ventricles are breached.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(oxy-1,3-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) and Related Polymers

The title composition, isoPEK, was prepared from 4-fluoro-3‘-hydroxybenzophenone in N-methylcaprolactam at 225 °C. Cyclomer formation interfered with polymerization at lower temperatures in alternative solvents and dominated in dilute solutions. The 50/50 to 70/30 copolymers of PEK and isoPEK were prepared using 4-fluoro-4‘-hydroxybenzophenone. An analogous composition, poly(oxy-1,3-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) or isoPEKEK, was prepared from 4,4‘-difluorobenzophenone and 3,4‘-dihydroxybenzophenone using similar conditions. Thermal crystallization of the copolymers was successful, but isoPEK and isoPEKEK were only capable of solvent-induced crystallization. The semicrystalline materials were studied by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The copolymers melted at 264−307 °C and possessed random microstructures with isomorphic crystallization of the PEK and isoPEK repeat units. IsoPEK and isoPEKEK melted, respectively, at the low temperatures of 180 and 193 °C. ...
WOW: wise ordering for writes - combining spatial and temporal locality in non-volatile caches

Write caches using fast, non-volatile storage are now widely used in modern storage controllers since they enable hiding latency on writes. Effective algorithms for write cache management are extremely important since (i) in RAID-5, due to read-modify-write and parity updates, each write may cause up to four separate disk seeks while a read miss causes only a single disk seek; and (ii) typically, write cache size is much smaller than the read cache size - a proportion of 1 : 16 is typical.A write caching policy must decide: what data to destage. On one hand, to exploit temporal locality, we would like to destage data that is least likely to be re-written soon with the goal of minimizing the total number of destages. This is normally achieved using a caching algorithm such as LRW (least recently written). However, a read cache has a very small uniform cost of replacing any data in the cache, whereas the cost of destaging depends on the state of the disk heads. Hence, on the other hand, to exploit spatial locality, we would like to destage writes so as to minimize the average cost of each destage. This can be achieved by using a disk scheduling algorithm such as CSCAN, that destages data in the ascending order of the logical addresses, at the higher level of the write cache in a storage controller. Observe that LRW and CSCAN focus, respectively, on exploiting either temporal or spatial locality, but not both simultaneously. We propose a new algorithm, namely, Wise Ordering for Writes (WOW), for write cache management that effectively combines and balances temporal and spatial locality.Our experimental set-up consisted of an IBM xSeries 345 dual processor server running Linux that is driving a (software) RAID-5 or RAID-10 array using a workload akin to Storage Performance Council's widely adopted SPC-1 benchmark. In a cache-sensitive configuration on RAID-5, WOW delivers peak throughput that is 129% higher than CSCAN and 9% higher than LRW. In a cache-insensitive configuration on RAID-5, WOW and CSCAN deliver peak throughput that is 50% higher than LRW. For a random write workload with nearly 100% misses, on RAID-10, with a cache size of 64K, 4KB pages (256MB), WOW and CSCAN deliver peak throughput that is 200% higher than LRW. In summary, WOW has better or comparable peak throughput to the best of CSCAN and LRW across a wide gamut of write cache sizes and workload configurations. In addition, even at lower throughputs, WOW has lower average response times than CSCAN and LRW.
Inducing multiscale clustering using multistage MAC contention in CDMA ad hoc networks

This paper proposes a new principle for designing MAC protocols for CDMA-based ad hoc networks - inducing spatial clustering in contending transmitters/receivers. We first highlight the advantages of CDMA in handling quality of service (QoS) requirements, enhancing energy efficiency, and enabling spatial multiplexing of bursty traffic. Then, based on stochastic geometric models and simulation, we show how idealized contention resolution among randomly distributed nodes results in clustering of successful transmitters and receivers, in turn leading to efficient spatial reuse. This motivates the central idea of the paper which is to explicitly induce clustering among contending nodes to achieve even better spatial reuse. We propose two distributed mechanisms to realize such clustering and show substantial capacity gains over simple random access/ALOHA-like and even RTS/CTS-based protocols. We examine under what regimes such gains can be achieved, and how clustering and contention resolution mechanisms should be optimized to do so. We propose the design of ad hoc networks supporting hop-by-hop relaying on different spatial scales. By allowing nodes to relay beyond the set of nearest neighbors using varying transmission distances (scales), one can reduce the number of hops between a source and destination so as to meet end-to-end delay requirements. To that end we propose a multi-scale MAC clustering and power control mechanism to support transmissions with different ranges while achieving high spatial reuse. The considerations, analysis and simulations included in this paper suggest that the principle of inducing spatial clustering in contention has substantial promise towards achieving high spatial reuse, QoS, and energy efficiency in CDMA ad hoc networks.
The Image of the Instructor as it is Related to Class Size

AT ONE TIME the field of educational re search included many who, for one reason or another, sought answers to the question of the relationship of class size to various educational factors. This research, which began w i t h the pioneer work of Rice in 1895, includes more than 70 separate studies. 1 These studies have ranged from small and sometimes impression istic treatments to elaborate and carefully con trolled experimental designs. Most of this re search has been focused upon the effect of class size on pupil attainment in subject matter. But despite the many notable researches that have been undertaken, the answers are confused and uncertain. It is not surprising that investigation into this important area has been all but aban doned for the last 15 years. The research that is to be reported herein is a variation upon this old, familiar, but now al most unsung theme. In the beginning, the writer and his colleagues 2 discussed and planned a rather elaborate experimental design with the purpose of answering a number of questions about relationships which might be hypothesized to exist between class size and such factors as pupil attainment, attitudes evoked by the subject matter, evaluation of the class and class pro cedures, and image of the instructor. For many reasons, including time and availability of re search funds and facilities, the total data col lected within this design were not analyzed. In spection of the data, however, indicated that many of the results appeared to add little to the results of other class size studies. In this con nection, Otto and Borgersrode have written, "As long as rather conventional, routinized group procedures are used in teaching it is not likely that research will show whether large or small classes are to be preferred. "3 The difficulties of controlling for all other possible factors, to gether with the fact that the usual class size ex periment may not be testing the crucial variables, help to increase the confusion. One datum, however, appeared to indicate, even by inspection, that certain important and unique differences might exist. This factor was what may be termed the image of the instructor manifested by the student. That is, there ap peared to be, and the experimenters themselves also reported, that there was variation in the way that students of different class sections per ceived the instructor. These differences, there fore, were investigated more carefully and the results of this analysis furnish the basis for this report.
Developing utility tools to enhance Voyager access, search and workflow automation

Purpose – This paper aims to describe three utility tools developed at Texas A&M University Libraries, which were designed for quick access and search of the Voyager OPAC and the Voyager clients.Design/methodology/approach – The Voyager Canned Search Generator provides content creators with an automatic way to generate persistent links to catalog searches. Quick‐Cat is an OPAC shortcut search tool. It allows users to highlight bibliographic data, including authors, titles, ISBN numbers, or ISSN numbers on any web site and immediately search their own library catalog, with just one click. Designed to assist in the EBSCONET serials renewal, an Excel VBA Macro provides an easy gateway from the renewal list to the Voyager Acquisitions and Cataloging clients, the EBSCONET web site, and the library's SFX system.Findings – The three tools fulfilled their design goals. Users were satisfied with them and they improved productivity. With innovative ideas, some technical know‐how, and a good understanding of the iss...
Accuracy of management and security analysts' forecasts: Additional evidence

Abstract This paper provides further support for findings in studies by Basi, Carey, and Twark [2] and Ruland [5] which indicated no statistically significant superiority of management over analysts in forecasting earnings per share. These somewhat surprising findings are seen to flow from several possible sources. Lack of superior management forecasting performance may reflect (1) a considerable sharing of the forecast or forecast-related information by management with analysts, or (2) firm-specific data (to which management is more privy) may be less important in forecasting performance than data on economy-wide movements.
Targeted journal curation as a method to improve data currency at the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database.

The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a public resource that promotes understanding about the effects of environmental chemicals on human health. CTD biocurators read the scientific literature and manually curate a triad of chemical–gene, chemical–disease and gene–disease interactions. Typically, articles for CTD are selected using a chemical-centric approach by querying PubMed to retrieve a corpus containing the chemical of interest. Although this technique ensures adequate coverage of knowledge about the chemical (i.e. data completeness), it does not necessarily reflect the most current state of all toxicological research in the community at large (i.e. data currency). Keeping databases current with the most recent scientific results, as well as providing a rich historical background from legacy articles, is a challenging process. To address this issue of data currency, CTD designed and tested a journal-centric approach of curation to complement our chemical-centric method. We first identified priority journals based on defined criteria. Next, over 7 weeks, three biocurators reviewed 2425 articles from three consecutive years (2009–2011) of three targeted journals. From this corpus, 1252 articles contained relevant data for CTD and 52 752 interactions were manually curated. Here, we describe our journal selection process, two methods of document delivery for the biocurators and the analysis of the resulting curation metrics, including data currency, and both intra-journal and inter-journal comparisons of research topics. Based on our results, we expect that curation by select journals can (i) be easily incorporated into the curation pipeline to complement our chemical-centric approach; (ii) build content more evenly for chemicals, genes and diseases in CTD (rather than biasing data by chemicals-of-interest); (iii) reflect developing areas in environmental health and (iv) improve overall data currency for chemicals, genes and diseases. Database URL: http://ctdbase.org/
Length Estimation for Embedded Message Using Support Vector Machine

Regular singular (RS) and sample pair analysis (SPA) steganalysis methods are highly sensitive to message length which is embedded in stego-image. Nevertheless, they are only applied to spatial domain. Lyu and Farid enhance universal steganalysis methods to detect the stego-image both in spatial and frequency domains, but it could not estimate the length of embedded message. A novel steganalysis method possesses the function of message estimation is presented by combining multi-classification with support vector machines (SVMs). It could also be applied to both spatial and frequency domains. Experimental results show that the efficiency and practicability of the proposed scheme is more feasible than RS and SPA steganalysis methods.
Effect of incremental levels of red blood cells on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of incremental levels of red blood cells (RBC; 0 to 4%, Exp. 1; 0 to 2%, Exp. 2 and 3) on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs. Dietary treatments were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of barrows and gilts gaining 350 g of lean BW gain per day and were formulated to contain 0.52% apparent ileal digestible (AID) Lys for barrows and 0.59% AID Lys for gilts. In Exp. 1, barrows and gilts (2 replicates of barrows and 2 of gilts; 4 pigs per pen) were fed 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% RBC. Initial BW (mean +/- SD) was 84.6 +/- 4.9 and 82.42 +/- 4.8 kg, and final BW was 118.7 +/- 6.5 and 120.0 +/- 9.6 kg for barrows and gilts, respectively. Two barrows and 2 gilts per pen were randomly selected and slaughtered for collection of carcass measurements. Experiment 2 was similar to Exp. 1, except 0, 1, or 2% RBC were added. Initial BW was 82.5 +/- 6.4 and 79.2 +/- 7.0 kg, and final BW was 125.5 +/- 6.2 and 119.8 +/- 8.8 kg for barrows and gilts, respectively. Each dietary treatment had 4 replicates per sex with 4 pigs per pen. One barrow and 1 gilt per treatment replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered for collection of carcass traits and viscera weights. Experiment 3 was similar to Exp. 2 except only barrows were used, and the initial and final BW were 86.0 +/- 5.7 and 133.4 +/- 8.4 kg, respectively. Each dietary treatment had 4 replicates with 3 pigs per pen, and all pigs were slaughtered for collection of carcass traits and viscera weights. In Exp. 1, final BW, ADG, and G:F were decreased linearly (P 0.10) on any remaining carcass measurements. In Exp. 2, there was a quadratic effect (P 0.10) on any other response variable. In Exp. 3, with increased RBC addition, average backfat linearly decreased (P 0.10) on any other response variable. Our data indicate that feeding 3 or 4% RBC decreases growth performance of finishing pigs. However, feeding 1 or 2% RBC to finishing pigs had no detrimental effects on growth performance and increased DP in one experiment.
Normal modes of spin excitations in magnetic nanoparticles

This paper describes a technique to compute magnetic normal modes of nanosized particles. The technique is based on the Landau-Lifshitz formalism of micromagnetics and accounts fully for both the exchange and the dipolar field. It requires no more than the specification of the material parameters and the geometry of the sample; in particular, it does not require the specification of boundary conditions. It also allows the large-amplitude nonlinear regime to be probed. The technique is applied to a model of a polycrystalline iron particle, which is shown to possess a rich variety of normal modes. Some of these modes are reminiscent of standing waves, while others are more or less localized in parts of the sample. The variation of the mode frequencies with the applied field is analyzed and compared with existing approximations.
Attachment of tail fibers in bacteriophage T4 assembly: Role of the phage whiskers

The collar and whiskers of bacteriophage T4 extend outward from the top of the tail and play a role in regulating retraction of the tail fibers (Conley & Wood, 1975). The collar and whiskers also are required for efficient tail fiber attachment during phage assembly. The structural gene for the collar/whisker protein is called wac. In vitro, infected-cell extracts that contain tail fibers activate whiskerless (wac) tail fiberless particles and ordinary (wac+) tail fiberless particles at equal rates if the extracts contain the wac+ gene product. However, extracts that contain tail fibers but no wac+ gene product activate wac particles about ten times more slowly. In vivo, whiskers are not essential for plaque formation, but a wac mutation causes a delay in the appearance of intracellular phage and a fivefold decrease in the burst size of infectious particles. The effect of the whiskers on tail fiber attachment is due to an interaction between the whisker and the distal half of the tail fiber, similar if not identical to the interaction that controls tail fiber retraction in complete phage. The following observations support this view: a slow rate of in vitro tail fiber attachment similar to that described above is seen with wac+ particles when they are pretreated with anti-whisker serum, or when the tail fibers carry a mutational alteration in gp36, a structural protein in the distal half fiber near the central kink. Lack of whiskers does not affect the slow rate of attachment of proximal half fibers to the baseplate of fiberless particles, but lack of whiskers greatly decreases the rate at which particles with attached proximal half fibers are activated by addition of distal half fibers. Since whiskers normally are attached to the phage only after head—tail union (Coombs & Eiserling, 1977; Terzaghi et al., 1978), these findings explain why tail fibers do not attach efficiently to the baseplates of free tails.
Why PART? The Institutional Politics of Presidential Budget Reform

The George W. Bush administration’s Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) follows a sequence of president-initiated budget reforms. The pattern is puzzling in that past reforms have tended to drain staff resources, failed to take hold, and yielded little or no political advantage. Given the track record of past initiatives, why has the Bush administration chosen to invest Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and agency resources in PART? This article briefly traces PART’s development and, placing the initiative in the context of contemporary research on the institutional presidency, attempts to make sense of the sustained appeal that rationalizing reforms have held across administrations. An account of reform as problem solving is developed. Set against the changing architecture of budget and administrative politics, reform is prompted by the interplay of evolving management concepts and two persistent problem types: Reform holds at least the potential for enhanced budget control where any leverage is valued and responds to the dilemmas of managing policy competence in the modern institutional presidency. The article concludes with a plea on behalf of institutional theories built on realistic models of how actors interpret and respond to the conditions prevailing in administrative politics. The George W. Bush administration’s Program Assessment Rating Tool, or PART, is ambitious, carefully crafted, and if history is a guide, probably doomed. Since its initiation in 2002, PART’s worksheets have guided Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and agency staff through assessments of the design and performance of hundreds of federal programs, ‘‘PARTing’’ about 20 percent of programs each year. The president’s fiscal year (FY) 2006 budget, the first of Bush’s second term, demonstrated a commitment to use PART to target program reductions, as the administration endeavors to rein in a budget deficit that exceeded $400 billion in 2004. ‘‘My budget,’’ President Bush announced in his 2005 State of the Union address, ‘‘substantially reduces or eliminates more than 150 government programs that are not getting results, or duplicate current efforts, or do not fulfill essential priorities. The principle here is clear: Taxpayer dollars must be spent wisely, or not at all’’ (Bush 2005). Evidence regarding PART’s leverage as a tool for The author is grateful to Peri Arnold, Donald Kettl, Patrick Roberts, Rachel Girshick, and Clinton Brass for valuable guidance and feedback; and to Sarah Binder and members of the Governance Studies program of the Brookings Institution for their hospitality and encouragement while this project (slowly) took its current form. Address correspondence to the author at mdull@polisci.wisc.edu doi:10.1093/jopart/muj004 Advance Access publication on January 12, 2006 a The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org. JPART 16:187–215
Determinants of College Women's Intentions to Tell Their Partners to Use Condoms1

In assessing college womens intentions to tell their partners to use condoms every time they have sexual intercourse the present study examined the applicability of the theory of reasoned action (TORA Fishbein and Ajzen 1975) and the additional prediction contributed by Ajzens (1985) perceived behavioral control and Triandis (1977) emotional reaction variables. 312 female college students completed a questionnaire designed to measure the aforementioned constructs. Consistent with TORA the results suggested that these womens intentions were significantly predicted from attitudes and subjective norms. Regarding the effects of the two additional variables only emotional reaction increased the prediction of intentions beyond that explained by TORA whereas perceived behavioral control did not improve the prediction. Both conceptual and applied implications of these findings for health interventions to increase condom use were discussed. (authors)
Standardizing colours for computer display images

Abstract The increase and excessive use of inappropriate and inconsistent colours on computer display images has necessitated the development of standards for their colour specification. A description is given of the colour standard draft proposal developed for ISO (International Organisation for Standardization). The draft includes specifications for colour values to ensure colour perception and interpretation and a section on non-normative guidelines.
Diabetics and drug-eluting stents in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: confidence in numbers.

Drug eluting stents (DES) in patients with stable coronary artery disease, especially among diabetic patients, have dramatically reduced the rates of angiographic restenosis and TLR, with reductions ranging from 50%-80% with both sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) as well as paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) compared to bare metal stents (BMS). 20-23 In the diabetic substudy of the randomized SIRolImUScoated Bx Venlocity balloon expandable stent in the treatment of patients with de novo coronary artery lesions (SIRIUS) trial, 279 diabetic patients were treated with SES (n=131) or BMS (n=148). Compared to BMS, SES resulted in 9 month reductions in TLR (22.3% vs 6.9%; P<.001) and major adverse cardiac events (25% vs 9.2%; P<.001), with comparable rates of stent thrombosis. 22 The safety and efficacy of the PES was reported from a pooled analysis of 5 randomized clinical trials including 827 diabetic patients (n=408 PES; n=416 BMS). At 4 year follow-up there were no significant difference in the rates of death (8.4% vs 10.3%), MI (6.9% vs 8.9%), or stent thrombosis (1.4% vs 1.2%) with PES compared to BMS respectively (all P=NS). PES was, however, associated with a significant and durable 50% reduction in TLR compared to BMS
Self-referenced holographic interferometer in a rigid dye solution

The holographic storage capacity of an azo dye-doped polymer is demonstrated using a self- referenced interferometer in a two-wave mixing arrangement. The system possesses the ability to store absorption gratings and has the peculiar property of being able to record the complete polarization of the incident light field. The film is used to store a wavefront which is compared to its displaced version at a later time. Diffraction efficiencies of up to 10% have been observed. A theoretical description and experimental results of the interferometer are presented as well as a description of the dye/polymer system in various polarization configurations.
Variable-Complexity Response Surface Approximations for Wing Structural Weight in HSCT Design

A procedure for generating and using a polynomial approximation to wing bending material weight of a High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) is presented. Response surface methodology is used to fit a quadratic polynomial to data gathered from a series of structural optimizations. Several techniques are employed in order to minimize the number of required structural optimizations and to maintain accuracy. First, another weight function based on statistical data is used to identify a suitable model function for the response surface. In a similar manner, geometric and loading parameters that are likely to appear in the response surface model are also identified. Next, simple analysis techniques are used to find regions of the design space where reasonable HCST designs could occur. The use of intervening variables along with analysis of variance reduce the number of polynomial terms in the response surface model function. Structural optimization is then performed by the program GENESIS on a 28-node Intel Paragon. Finally, optimizations of the HSCT are completed both with and without the response surface.
EVOLUTIONARY SORTING OF CHARACTERS IN A HYBRID SWARM. I: DIRECTION OF SLOPE

A B S T R A C T Quercus Douglasii and Quercus turbinella subsp. californica intergrade in California in a belt about 250 miles long. In the area of each parental taxon and near Lebec, in the middle of the zone where hybrids are common and where the gene pool is about evenly divided as to origin, the phenotypes were scored on a six-point scale to establish hybrid indices. At Lebec populations on slopes facing at intervals of one-eighth the distance around the compass were scored. The composition of each population was heterogeneous but restricted markedly according to exposure to the sun. Plants on northeast-facing slopes approached but did not equal the high score of Quercus Douglasii in Madera County; those on southwest-facing slopes approached but did not equal the extreme low score of subsp. californica near Victorville. Evolutionary sorting must be very rapid, for it is correlated with slopes of the same hills, and the hybrid swarm must be very sensitive to the environment.
A new approach to labeling cells with technetium-99m, Part II. Evaluation of radiolabeled human-lymphocyte immune functions.

Abstract Technetium-99m-modified polylysine (MPL) is a mild and efficient method for cell labeling that is easily applicable to human lymphocytes. 99m Tc-MPL uptake is maximal in 40 min at room temperature. Cell labeling efficiency (from 60 to 80%) increases with rising concentrations of cells and labeling agent. In vitro stability of 99m Tc-MPL on lymphocytes incubated in serum at 37 °C is high. Microautoradiography indicates that 99m Tc-MPL is equally distributed within the cells. The radiolabeling procedure does not alter expression of surface receptors involved in T lymphocyte effector functions, adhesion function, cytolytic activity or proliferative response to IL-2.
An Experimental Study of High-Pressure Bubble Growth Within Multicomponent Liquid Droplets Levitated in a Flowing Stream of Another Immiscible Liquid

Measurements of vaporization rates of highly superheated liquid droplets are reported at reduced pressures up to 0.4 and reduced temperatures up to 0.95. Binary and ternary mixtures of n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-decane, were studied. The experimental method involved levitating a test droplet in a flowing stream of another immiscible liquid (glycerine). Levitation was achieved by balancing the buoyancy and drag force on the droplet. Bubble formation within the droplet was induced by isothermally decompressing the field liquid to pressures approaching the homogeneous nucleation limit of the levitated droplet. It was observed that a droplet consisting of a binary n-pentane-n-hexane mixture vaporized faster than either an n-pentane or n-hexane droplet, and that the vaporization rate decreased with increasing pressure. Replacing part of the non-volatile component of a n-pentane-n-hexane mixture by a yet more non-volatile liquid (n-decane), thus forming a ternary pentane-hexane-decane mixture, was found to increase the vaporization rate above that of a droplet consisting of a binary mixture of the most volatile component with any one of the other two components. The results are discussed from the perspective of bubble growth within a liquid mixture of infinite extent.
A COMMENT ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MODAL AND TIME-DISTANCE FORMULATIONS OF LOCAL HELIOSEISMOLOGY

The relationship between the time-distance and modal-decomposition approaches to solar active region seismology is clarified through the consideration of the oscillations of a plane-parallel, isentropic polytrope. It is demonstrated by direct construction that a wave packet formed through the superposition of neighboring p-modes interferes constructively along a ray bundle that follows the appropriate WKBJ ray path obtained by using the eikonal approximation. Because the actual power envelope of the solar 5 minute oscillations restricts the excited p-modes to rather low radial orders, the ray bundles are diffuse and sample portions of the solar envelope that are some ≈ 10-30 Mm distant from the nominal WKBJ ray path. This behavior is consistent with the fact that the eikonal approximation becomes valid only in the limiting case of large radial orders (n 1). The p-mode wave packets that are isolated by employing the time-distance methods must therefore be described either as a superposition of individual p-modes (a wave packet), or as a sum of ray paths (a ray bundle), depending upon which representation proves to be optimal for the given circumstances.
Initiating oral fingolimod treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis

Fingolimod, the first oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the only sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator approved for any disease state, represents an important addition to the expanding DMT options for patients with MS. In three large phase III clinical trials, fingolimod 0.5 mg reduced relapses by approximately half compared with either placebo or weekly intramuscular interferon β1a. The risks associated with the use of fingolimod include first-dose bradycardia, macular edema, and elevation of liver enzymes; fingolimod may increase the risk of infections, some serious in nature, and potentially cause fetal harm. Breakthrough disease or intolerance of injectable medications may be factors that influence the initiation of fingolimod. Identification of potential patients suitable for fingolimod treatment requires a thorough understanding of the potential risks and the particular fingolimod indication of the national authority. To minimize risk, recommended baseline assessments that should be made prior to fingolimod initiation include complete blood count, liver transaminase levels, total bilirubin levels, electrocardiogram (ECG), ophthalmologic examination, varicella zoster infection status, and for women, childbearing potential. First-dose observation is required for all patients for at least 6 h, with hourly pulse and blood pressure measurements and ECG before and 6 h after the first dose. In the European Union, continuous telemetry monitoring is recommended. Healthcare providers should be aware of the potential for symptomatic bradycardia and the need for continuous overnight ECG monitoring for those at higher risk for bradycardia. With experience in over 63,000 patients and over 73,000 patient-years of exposure in clinical trials and postmarketing use, the benefits and full safety profile of fingolimod continue to become better elucidated. This information will enable healthcare providers to initiate fingolimod in appropriately selected and screened patients with MS.