cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialectics of gender and health: the case of HIV serodiscordance

The relationship between gender and health is a deeply interdependent one. Yet research in this area has focused primarily on how gender relations determine health behaviour and health outcomes. This article advocates a more holistic approach that conceptualises gender and health as fully intertwined and mutually constitutive. This interplay is explored through the case of HIV serodiscordance in which one person in a relationship is HIV positive and the other HIV negative. Drawing on in-depth research with discordant couples in urban Uganda, this study indicates that living with discordance can both reinforce and challenge normative gender power dynamics in relationships. This study, therefore, illustrates how significant health problems can influence gender relations. As such, it reveals the dialectical relationship between gender and health and also provides important insights for HIV prevention in the new era of antiretroviral treatment as prevention.
CART variance stabilization and regularization for high-throughput genomic data

Motivation: mRNA expression data obtained from high-throughput DNA microarrays exhibit strong departures from homogeneity of variances. Often a complex relationship between mean expression value and variance is seen. Variance stabilization of such data is crucial for many types of statistical analyses, while regularization of variances (pooling of information) can greatly improve overall accuracy of test statistics. Results: A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) procedure is introduced for variance stabilization as well as regularization. The CART procedure adaptively clusters genes by variances. Using both local and cluster wide information leads to improved estimation of population variances which improves test statistics. Whereas making use of cluster wide information allows for variance stabilization of data. Availability: Sufficient details for our CART procedure are given so that the interested reader can program the method for themselves. The algorithm is also accessible within the Java software package BAMarrayTM, which is freely available to non-commercial users at www.bamarray.com. Contact: hemant.ishwaran@gmail.com
Reactions to an Incident Involving a Child in School: A Comparison of Japanese and American Mothers and Teachers' Reactions

This study explored role functions and interpersonal perceptions of parents and preschool teachers in Japan and the United States. Subjects were 304 mothers and teachers in the two countries. A critical incident involving potential conflict between a mother and a teacher about the mother's child was presented, and subjects were asked to respond to 24 statements, beginning with the "mother would feel" and "the mother would do," on a 7-point scale. From the 24 items, three locus of responsibility and three behavioral variables were defined. Multivariate analyses of variance showed a significant main effect for culture and strong interaction effects between culture and the derived dimensions. Further, examination of items showed that similar profiles of Americans and Japanese were often underlain by very different inner feelings.
Standardized Patient Encounters Improved Athletic Training Students' Confidence in Clinical Evaluations

Context: Researchers have reported that interacting with standardized patients (SPs) is a worthwhile and realistic experience for athletic training (AT) students. These encounters enhance students'...
The Oxygen Electrode at Low Temperatures

The reduction of molecular oxygen that is supplied either directly from containers or in a diluted form as air constitutes the reaction at the cathode in fuel cells. The use of air is preferable for economic reasons. Platinum metals and alloys of platinum metals are electrocatalysts for acid and alkaline electrolytes. Silver, silver alloys, nickel, carbon, and intermetallic compounds represent less expensive electrocatalysts for the oxygen electrode in alkaline solutions. In contrast to the hydrogen electrode, the overvoltage of the oxygen electrode is large at temperatures below 100 °C when a reasonable current is drawn.
The Roulette Wheel

The case provides data gathered from 18 hours of play at a single roulette wheel in a Nevada casino. Data include the frequencies of each of the 38 sectors over 904 spins and frequencies of the 22,527 "straight-up" bets placed. Summary data is also available on how bettors react to streaks in even-money outcomes--allowing one to test for the gambler's fallacy. The case is used in an introductory course on data analysis. The data came from Croston and Sundali (2005).
A multi-objective military system of systems architecting problem with inflexible and flexible systems: formulation and solution methods

System of systems (SoS) architecting is the process of bringing together and connecting a set of systems so that the collection of the systems, i.e., the SoS is equipped with a set of required capabilities. A system is defined as inflexible in case it contributes to the SoS with all of the capabilities it can provide. On the other hand, a flexible system can collaborate with the SoS architect in the capabilities it will provide. In this study, we formulate and analyze a SoS architecting problem representing a military mission planning problem with inflexible and flexible systems as a multi-objective mixed-integer-linear optimization model. We discuss applications of an exact and an evolutionary method for generating and approximating the Pareto front of this model, respectively. Furthermore, we propose a decomposition approach, which decomposes the problem into smaller sub-problems by adding equality constraints, to improve both the exact and the evolutionary methods. Results from a set of numerical studies suggest that the proposed decomposition approach reduces the computational time for generating the exact Pareto front as well as it reduces the computational time for approximating the Pareto front while not resulting in a worse approximated Pareto front. The proposed decomposition approach can be easily used for different problems with different exact and heuristic methods and thus is a promising tool to improve the computational time of solving multi-objective combinatorial problems. Furthermore, a sample scenario is presented to illustrate the effects of system flexibility.
Inequality, Discrimination and Sexual Violence in US Collegiate Sports

While college athletics attract thousands of participants and millions of fans each year, examination of United States college athletics reveals a pattern of inequality, discrimination and abuse, which operates to foreclose women's access and suppress women's interest in athletic participation and leadership. This Chapter examines three gender related issues of integrity in college athletics: gender discrimination in athletic participation and opportunity; barriers to leadership for women coaches and administrators; and the relationship between athletics and sexual violence at college and universities. The Chapter also identifies a number of remedies that can mitigate these problems involving the Department of Education, Congress, the NCAA, colleges and universities, and the public in general, including fans, alumni, students and parents.
Reflex Anuria from Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

A 20-year-old woman had 18 hours of pain and anuria associated with a calcium oxalate stone impacted in the distal left ureter. The stone passed spontaneously and the urine output returned. There was no abnormality of the right kidney on excretory urography. We believe that this is a cause of reflex anuria not previously described. Severe pain may be the initiating event in this unusual but interesting syndrome and mechanisms proposed by previous authors are reviewed.
Hunt the devil: A demonology of U.S. war culture, by Robert L. Ivie and Oscar Giner

When the Pilgrims first arrived on these shores early in the 17th century, they famously intended to establish a “city upon a hill” from which the attentive grace of God would be projected to a wea...
Cronkhite–Canada Syndrome

Cronkhite–Canada syndrome (CCS) is a noninherited condition, associated with high morbidity, and characterized by gastrointestinal inflammatory polyposis, alopecia, onychodystrophy, hyperpigmentation, and diarrhea. The etiology of CCS is unknown, although evidence continues to emerge supporting an autoimmune basis. The diagnosis of CCS is clinicopathological and remains challenging. Corticosteroids and nutritional support remain the cornerstone of management, however, newer immunomodulatory agents have emerged as viable alternatives in recent years. The role of surgery remains limited to complications refractory to medical management. The question of whether polyps in CCS possess malignant potential remains controversial. Optimal cancer screening protocols have not been developed for CCS patients, owing to the rarity of the disease. However, careful surveillance is recommended.
An Empirical Analysis of a Model for Student Success using a Case Study Approach

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) play a critical role in the national college completion agenda within the United States of America (U.S.). With high enrolments of minority, first-generation, and economically disadvantaged students, HBCUs serve as essential access points to higher education and the American dream. Given the high needs student population of HBCUs, these institutions can serve as national and international models for improving college completion and demonstrating efficacy in promoting access to higher education among students from diverse backgrounds.
Youth Leaving Care in Developing Countries: Observations from Vietnam

Most knowledge of policies and practices regarding the transition from care is based on the industrialized Western, primarily American and European, models. Yet the problems related to leaving care, the needs of young people in this transition, and the potential services that might be offered them are concerns in many countries. This chapter examines the adjustments for policy, research and intervention in other non-Western developing contexts. Particular attention is focused on the country of Vietnam, a Southeast Asian country, with a communist government and a rapidly developing economy. We identify the policy context; the characteristics of the system of child protection; and the strategies employed to assist vulnerable young people to move from care (typically orphanages or street shelters) to life on their own. We note that many strategies utilize well-known approaches (e.g. life skills), but do so within a specific cultural, political, and economic context.
Emergency Radiology COFFEE Case Book: Case-Oriented Fast Focused Effective Education

B. Khurana, J. Mandell, A. Sarma, S. Ledbetter, eds. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2016, 668 pages, $155 Emergency radiology is a subspecialty of radiology, as well as a rapidly growing area of clinical practice, that specializes primarily in the use of diagnostic imaging in the
A comparative study of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and an avidin-biotin complex method for studying polypeptide hormones with radioimmunoassay antibodies.

A highly sensitive immunoenzymatic technic is presented. The method involves three sequential steps: (1) primary antibody, (2) biotin-labeled secondary antibody, and (3) avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. Avidin, an egg white protein, has four binding sites for the low-molecular weight vitamin biotin. Many moieties of biotin can be coupled to the peroxidase molecule. Thus, since a relatively large amount of avidin is incubated with biotin-labeled peroxidase, avidin serves as a link between biotin-peroxidase molecules; in turn, biotin-peroxidase serves as a link between avidin molecules. Consequently, this large lattice-like complex with biotin-binding capability can be attracted to the sites of biotin-labeled antibody, producing a superior staining sensitivity. Several commercially available radioimmunoassay antibodies (e.g., antiglucagon, prolactin, gastrin, growth hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone antibodies) were tested for immunohistochemical staining. The unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method fails to stain gastrin or thyroid-stimulating secretory cells when using these antibodies, and a relatively high antibody concentration is required to produce a positive reaction for glucagon, prolactin, and growth hormone. In contrast, the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method successfully demonstrates polypeptide hormones even when antibodies are diluted 20 to 40 times.
Determining the minimum number of electrodes that need to be pitch matched to accurately estimate pitch matches across the array.

AbstractObjective: With bilateral cochlear implant (CI) users there is typically a place mismatch between the locations stimulated by the left and right electrode arrays. This mismatch can affect performance, potentially limiting binaural benefits. One way to address this is by perceptually realigning the arrays such that a given frequency in the input stimulates perceptually matched locations in the two ears. A clinically feasible technique is needed that can determine the appropriate perceptual alignment. A pitch matching task can potentially be used for this, but only if it can be performed in a clinically feasible amount of time. The objective of this study was to determine the minimal number of electrodes that need to be pitch matched to accurately determine pitch matches across the entire array. Design: A retrospective analysis of pitch matching data was conducted. Subsets of pitch matches were selected and the predicted pitch matching across the array was compared to that predicted by the full data...
Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Risk is Related to Multidisciplinary Treatment and Not Surgery Alone: Results from a Large Cohort Study.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a significant complication for women undergoing treatment. We assessed BCRL incidence and risk factors in a large population-based cohort. We utilized the Olmsted County Rochester Epidemiology Project Breast Cancer Cohort from 1990–2010 and ascertained BCRL and risk factors. The cumulative incidence estimator was used to estimate the rate of BCRL; competing risks regression was used for multivariable analysis. A total of 1794 patients with stage 0–3 breast cancer with a median of 10 years follow-up were included. The cumulative incidence of BCRL diagnosis within 5 years was 9.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8–10.5%]. No BCRL events occurred among patients without axillary surgery. In the axillary surgery subset (n = 1512), the 5-year incidence of BCRL was 5.3% in sentinel lymph node (SLN) surgery and 15.9% in axillary dissection (ALND) patients (p 25% at 5 years) all involved ALND with nodal RT and/or anthracycline/cytoxan + taxane chemotherapy. In multivariable analysis of patients with any axillary surgery factors significantly associated with BCRL were ALND, chemotherapy, radiation, and obesity. BCRL is a sequelae of multimodal breast cancer treatment and risk is multifactorial. BCRL rates are higher in patients receiving chemotherapy, radiation, ALND, more advanced disease stage, and higher body mass index.
Of models and mechanisms: towards an understanding of how theatre-making works as an ‘intervention’ in individual health and wellness

Growing from a multi-year and multidisciplinary research and applied arts investigative team based in North America, this essay presents a model of how performative engagements contribute to indivi...
The identity curation game: digital inequality, identity work, and emotion management

The research examines an understudied facet of digital inequality: how digital inequality impacts identity work and emotion management. The analysis reveals how unequal access to digital resources ...
Assessment of cervicovaginal smear adequacy. The Bethesda System guidelines and reproducibility.

Criteria for assessing adequacy of cervicovaginal smears according to the Bethesda System include cellular composition and quantity, specimen preservation, fixation, and absence of obscuring elements. The reproducibility of adequacy assessment using these parameters was the focus of this study. Specimens were chosen to include a wide spectrum of clinical history and adequacy interpretations, but excluded cases with epithelial abnormalities and those judged "limited" because of insufficient transformation zone component. The 114 specimens were independently evaluated twice by five reviewers, with interceding randomization. Full interobserver concordance was obtained in 50.4% of cases, with consensus reached by three or more observers in 97.4% of cases. Of 2280 paired interpretations, 74% (1692) concurred. Pairwise kappa values for interobserver agreement ranged from .71 to .54 (very good to fair), with overall kappa = .61. Interobserver agreement for each category was near excellent for "satisfactory" (kappa = .73), good for "unsatisfactory" (kappa = .63), and only fair for "satisfactory but limited" (kappa = .48). Paired intraobserver reproducibility (agreement for two separate readings by the same observer) ranged from 69% to 77% (average, 74%), with good to fair kappa values (.66-.51). These findings indicate that the specimen adequacy guidelines of the Bethesda System provide good inter- and intraobserver reproducibility. The "satisfactory but limited" category appears to show the lowest concordance. Problem areas include evaluation of adequate minimum cellularity and estimation of number of cells obscured.
TREAT Test L5 Simulating an LMFBR Loss-of-Flow Accident with FTR-Type Irradiated Fuel

Test L5 simulated a hypothetical fast test reactor (FTR) loss-of-flow (LOF) accident using three (Pu,U)O/sub 2/ fuel elements. Some of the details of the experimental hardware are described, the elements of transient planning discussed, and the test results presented. Emphasis is placed on the results of the post-test examination because these results have a special significance in determining the probable sequence of post-failure events. 6 refs.
The IEC as a Complementary Neutron Source to Cf-252

Califomium-252 (Cf-252) has been widely used as a laboratory neutron source for a broad range of research experiments and for neutron activation analysis. However, in some cases, problems with licensing, storage of the radioactive material, and shielding complicate its use. The inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) device provides an alternative neutron source, which may be advantageous for such situations. In the IEC, deuteron ions are accelerated, producing fusion reactions as they react with a deuterium plasma target. Present devices offer 106 — 107 2.5-MeV D-D n/s during steady-state operation. Consequently, the IEC neutron source is currently competitive, in terms of neutron strength, with Cf-252 sources and offers a number of advantages, including an onoff capability, longer lifetime without deterioration in strength, and minimum radioactivity involvement. The IEC also offers the ability to convert to higher energy (14-MeV) neutrons by substituting D-T fill gas for pure deuterium fill gas. Due to the higher reaction cross-section, the source strength for the same size unit is increased to 108-109 D-T n/s. For these reasons, the DEC provides an excellent laboratory neutron source for a variety of research projects.
Molecular Oncogenesis of Lung Cancer

In 2005, cancer surpassed heart disease as the leading cause for death in Americans under the age of 80 years. Among all types of human cancer, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, claiming more than 150,000 lives every year in the United States alone (which exceeds the combined mortality from breast, prostate, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers). Patients with advanced stages of lung cancer, representing 75% of all new cases, have a median survival time of only 10 months.1 In contrast to the significant medical burden associated with lung cancer, research on lung cancer is underfunded. According to National Institutes of Health data (http://planning.cancer.gov/disease), the U.S. government spent approximately $1,200 per lung cancer death in 2002 on research compared with $11,425 for breast cancer, $8,190 for prostate cancer, and $3,350 for colorectal cancer. Approximately $31,000 was spent on research per HIV/AIDS death in 2002. Understanding the molecular basis of lung cancer progression and tumor metastasis is an essential step to reducing the mortality from lung cancer.
Mechanisms of Failure of Arterial Prostheses

One of the most successfully applied classes of biomaterials is the porous textile vascular prosthesis. Experimental and clinical investigations have been continuously conducted during the past thirty years to study tissue healing, clinical longevity and improved design of these prostheses. The vascular device retrieval program has enabled classification of the 40 or more identified mechanisms of failure of arterial prostheses into the following major groupings: A. Failure of diagnosis B. Error in implantation C. Patient contribution D. Complications of healing E. Fabrication failure F. Infection
Synthetization Of Signals By The Transmission And Superposition Of Bipolar Impulses In Free Space

A low power prototype antenna array with multi-channel transmission capabilities is incorporated to synthesize sinusoidal signals in free space from non-periodic source signals. Synthesis of a specified continuous signal is suitable in applications for spatially targeted plasma generation at high power. The system operates with an external 2.4 GHz clock source which allows for a 0.417 ns step resolution. Each antenna transmits an amplitude scaled set of non-periodic bipolar impulses $( \sim 2$ ns wide) which enables synthesizing an arbitrary signal at a specific point in free space only limited by the available number of antennas. A specific bipolar impulse set is found through the particle swarm optimization, PSO, technique with appropriate goal function selection. While the optimization is simply carried out in the time domain, the respective delay between antennas is matched in the experiment through electronic delays and/or physical antenna positioning.
Endodontics: standard endodontic treatment of a discolored maxillary canine tooth in a dog

Pulpitis and subsequent pulp necrosis results in tissue degradation by-products causing staining of the dentin.This is a common cause of localised intrinsic staining of the teeth. Reversible pulpitis is a condition of pulpal inflammation in which the pulp can be returned to the normal state if the cause of the pulpitis is treated or removed; however, if this is not achieved, the condition will progress to irreversible pulpitis and pulp necrosis. If left untreated, a tooth with pulp necrosis can result in periapical abscess, radicular cyst, granuloma, fistula, osteomyelitis, pathological fracture, periodontal disease and tooth loss. The treatment options for a tooth with pulp necrosis include endodontic or exodontic therapy. The purpose of endodontic therapy is to alleviate pain and to treat or prevent inflammation and infection in order to preserve the tooth function. This case report describes the endodontic treatment of a discolored left maxillary canine tooth in a dog.
Delineation of a minimal interval and identification of 9 candidates for a tumor suppressor gene in malignant myeloid disorders on 5q31.

Interstitial deletion or loss of chromosome 5 is frequent in malignant myeloid disorders, including myelodysplasia (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was used to define a minimal deletion interval for this gene. Polymorphic markers on 5q31 were identified using a high-resolution physical and radiation hybrid breakpoint map and applied to a patient with AML with a subcytogenetic deletion of 5q. By comparing the DNA from leukemic cells to buccal mucosa cells, LOH was detected with markers D5S476 and D5S1372 with retention of flanking markers D5S500 to D5S594. The D5S500–D5S594 interval, which covers approximately 700 kb, thus represents a minimal localization for the tumor suppressor gene. Further refinement of the physical map enabled the specification of 9 transcription units within the encompassing radiation hybrid bins and 7 in flanking bins. The 9 candidates include genes CDC25, HSPA9, EGR1, CTNNA1, and 5 unknown ESTs. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction confirms that all of them are expressed in normal human bone marrow CD34+ cells and in AML cell lines and thus represent likely candidates for the MDS–AML tumor suppressor gene at 5q31.
The reduction of quadcopter propeller noise

Fan affinity laws are combined with a simple scaling relationship for fan noise to show that truly significant reductions in propeller noise can be achieved by increasing the propeller diameter while reducing its rotational speed, thereby reducing its blade tip speed, while maintaining a given level of static thrust. Fan affinity laws are also used to show that efficiency improvements accompany the reductions in radiated noise. The significant reductions in noise and increases in efficiency predicted from the scaling relationships are verified experimentally by measuring the radiated noise and power requirements for both large, slowly rotating propellers and small, high-speed propellers, at equivalent static thrusts, where the large propellers serve as possible replacements for the small propellers in typical quadcopter applications. The bulk of the noise reductions offered by large and slowly rotating propellers compared with small, high-speed propellers are shown to be maintained at equivalent net force (thrust minus weight) conditions, as required for practical implementation into a quadcopter UAV, even using readily available hobby grade components. Further significant noise reductions are possible with lightweight and custom engineered components. © 2019 Institute of Noise Control Engineering
Polarization Dependence in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers from a Manufacturing Perspective

The ideal semiconductor optical amplifier has 0 dB polarization dependent gain. The actual values obtained for devices in volume manufacturing determine process yield and therefore cost. We will discuss manufacturability and testability aspects of the fabrication of low-PDG SOAs in an industrial setting.
Connecting academic and professional computer science through reflective reading: a case study

This paper describes the experience of including an assignment module, focused on reading, analyzing, and reflecting on a professional computer science book, in a mid-level computer science course at a small, liberal arts school. The assignment required students to self-select and read a book from diverse list of titles. After completing their selected books, students reflected on the topics of the book both orally and in writing. Survey results indicate that students felt the assignment provided them with additional context related to careers and issues facing professional computer scientists.
And the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Goes to

It was the week after the announcement of the winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and we were gathered together in Atlanta for the 236th meeting of The Electrochemical Society. Given that the prize was given to three scientists who performed seminal work leading to the development of the lithium-ion battery–John Goodenough, Stan Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino, the Atlanta Hilton was buzzing with excitement. After all, ECS meetings have been and still are the best settings for hearing about and discussing all things "battery." One of the winners of the award, Stan Whittingham, was attending the meeting, and was stopped in his tracks constantly by people wanting to shake his hand and offer congratulations or to take selfies with him. That got me to thinking (after taking my own selfie with Professor Whittingham) about the long journey from these initial discoveries, made in the 1970s and 80s, to where we are today.
Visual FUDGE: Form Understanding via Dynamic Graph Editing.

We address the problem of form understanding: finding text entities and the relationships/links between them in form images. The proposed FUDGE model formulates this problem on a graph of text elements (the vertices) and uses a Graph Convolutional Network to predict changes to the graph. The initial vertices are detected text lines and do not necessarily correspond to the final text entities, which can span multiple lines. Also, initial edges contain many false-positive relationships. FUDGE edits the graph structure by combining text segments (graph vertices) and pruning edges in an iterative fashion to obtain the final text entities and relationships. While recent work in this area has focused on leveraging large-scale pre-trained Language Models (LM), FUDGE achieves the same level of entity linking performance on the FUNSD dataset by learning only visual features from the (small) provided training set. FUDGE can be applied on forms where text recognition is difficult (e.g. degraded or historical forms) and on forms in resource-poor languages where pre-training such LMs is challenging. FUDGE is state-of-the-art on the historical NAF dataset.
Edge Service Deployment via Online Learning

In this paper, we introduce a model-free online algorithm that is driven by dynamic regret to minimize the network traffic in edge computing in a non-stationary environment that is caused by user mobility and their varying demands for edge services. Our approach is based on Monte Carlo sampling of past experiences that are used to calculate the regret and adjust the exploration and exploration tendencies; moreover, the proposed approach does not assume any mobility patterns for the user, nor does it require any hyperparameter tuning. Preliminary results show that the proposed approach adapts to the ever-changing environmental conditions and converges towards the new optimal service deployment.
Qualitative and Quantitative MRI Techniques for the Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Neoplasms

Abstract Musculoskeletal neoplasms include tumors arising from bone, cartilage, muscles, tendons, nerves, and synovium. After initial screening radiographs, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the mainstay of management, and its role continues to increase in both pre- and post-operative evaluations. This article presents a review of the available qualitative and quantitative MR techniques for evaluating musculoskeletal neoplasms, including conventional and advanced imaging techniques such as diffusion-weighted and diffusion-tensor imaging, chemical shift and Dixon imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, neurography, and spectroscopy. After reading the article, radiologists and oncologists will be able to apply these principles in their practices to benefit patients with musculoskeletal neoplasms.
Prostaglandin PGE2 receptor EP4 regulates microglial phagocytosis and increases susceptibility to diet-induced obesity

Background: In rodents, susceptibility to diet-induced obesity requires microglial activation, but the molecular components of this pathway remain incompletely defined. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels increase in the mediobasal hypothalamus during high fat diet (HFD) feeding, and the PGE2 receptor EP4 regulates microglial activation state and phagocytic activity, suggesting a potential role for microglial EP4 signaling in obesity pathogenesis. Method: Metabolic phenotyping, as assessed by body weight, energy expenditure, glucose, and insulin tolerance, was performed in microglia-specific EP4 knockout (MG-EP4 KO) mice and littermate controls on HFD. Morphological and gene expression analysis of microglia, and a histological survey of microglia-neuron interactions in the arcuate nucleus was performed. Phagocytosis was assessed using in vivo and in vitro pharmacological techniques. Results: Microglial EP4 deletion markedly reduced weight gain and food intake in response to HFD feeding. In correspondence with this lean phenotype, insulin sensitivity was also improved in the HFD-fed MG-EP4 KO mice though glucose tolerance remained surprisingly unaffected. Mechanistically, EP4-deficient microglia showed an attenuated phagocytic state marked by reduced CD68 expression and fewer contacts with POMC neuron soma and processes. These cellular changes observed in the microglial EP4 knockout mice corresponded with an increased density of POMC neurites extending into the paraventricular nucleus. Conclusion: These findings reveal that microglial EP4 signaling promotes body weight gain and insulin resistance during HFD feeding. Furthermore, the data suggest that curbing microglial phagocytic function may preserve POMC cytoarchitecture and PVN input to limit overconsumption during diet-induced obesity.
A 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with 45 /spl Aring/ NO-nitrided oxide

This paper describes the device design and fabrication of a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process integrated with 45 /spl Aring/ oxynitride gate dielectric for high-performance logic applications. Channel profile engineering is applied to control short-channel effects. With TiN-capped Co salicide, the gate sheet resistance is reduced to less than 5 /spl Omega//sq at 0.18 /spl mu/m. Ring oscillator gate delay of 26 ps/stage is accomplished at a supply voltage of 1.8 V.
Análise do Método de Logística usado pela ArcelorMittal para Otimização do Pátio de Placas

Este artigo apresenta o patio de placas da ArcelorMittal e o metodo de escolhas utilizado para alocar, desalocar e movimentar placas, objetivando otimizar a eficiencia dos equipamentos e layout do patio, em um ambiente dinâmico.
Direct ion-transport measurement by optical tagging

Abstract Optical pumping of long-lived quantum states is used to identify groups of ions in phase space and follow their transport. The principles and variants of a novel diagnostic method, as well as new physical aspects and applications, including space-dependent line narrowing, are demonstrated.
Monitoring the adhesion process of tendon stem cells using shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave sensors

Cell adhesion to a substrate or extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions, such as cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue formation. Shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensors can detect cell behaviors in liquid in a non-invasive, simple and quantitative manner. As the key part of SH-SAW, acoustic-wave guiding layer plays a crucial role in improving sensor performance. Parylene-C (poly(2-chloro-p-xylylene)) has been proven as ideal guiding layer due to its good uniformity, compactness and adhesion to substrate. Of comparable cell and protein compatibility to the tissue culture substrate, parylene-C films also have preferable effects as the bio-sensitive interface on SH-SAW sensors. In this study, SH-SAW sensor with parylene-C acoustic-wave guiding layer was adopted to monitor the adhesion process of tendon stem cells (TSCs), a newly discovered stem cell type in tendons. TSC suspensions of different concentrations (0.5×105, 1.0×105, 2.0×105, 4.0×105 cell/ml) were added to collagen-coated PDMS wells successively. The cells were maintained in the incubator for 10 hr, during which corresponding S 21 spectrums were recorded every 1 min. The results indicated that there was a sharp increase in S 21 loss in the beginning of incubation. With incubation continued, the increase rate reduced gradually, and S 21 loss tended to be stable. S 21 phase decreased continuously at first, and then entered a plateau with continued incubation. These changes are considered to be related to the integrin-ECM protein interactions and focal adhesion formation occurring in TSC adhesion process. In addition, as TSC suspension concentration increased, the final value of S 21 loss change due to TSC adhesion was increased. SH-SAW sensors exhibit high sensitivity and stability in TSC adhesion monitoring, indicating their potential for investigating cell biology in general and cell adhesion in particular.
Fetal-maternal interactions: prenatal psychobiological precursors to adaptive infant development.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes postnatal early rearing on adaptive behavior. It explains the developmental interaction between organisms and their postnatal environments. With the exceptions of the umbilical connection between mother and fetus and the suppression of behavioral coping strategies by the uterus, many developmental processes discussed as postnatal phenomena originate before birth. It is also unlikely that many developmental processes operate independent of any genetic input. The chapter discusses the effects of pre and postnatal environments relative to genetic predispositions, specifically focusing on central serotonergic functioning and the serotonin transporter gene. Prenatal stress is reviewed and the suggestion is made that the assortment of effects from negative to none and even positive effects may actually be representative of differential development. A model is presented to characterize fetal individual differences that may exist as precursors to postnatal developmental individual differences, specifically maternal–infant synchrony and/or infant reactivity. To make this argument, classical conditioning of young organisms is offered as a potential mechanism by which prenatal variation in individuals and environments may induce or facilitate the canalization of individual differences in postnatal development. From this perspective, pattern recognition and predictability in the prenatal environment classically condition the infant to be sensitive to the immediate environment, establishing the basis for the performance of postnatal adaptive behavior.
Hyperfine-structure intervals and isotope shifts in the 2 p 3 3 s 5 S 2 → 2 p 3 3 p 5 P J ′ transitions of atomic oxygen

We have measured hyperfine-structure splittings and isotope shifts in the ${2p}^{3}3s{}^{5}{S}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2p}^{3}3p{}^{5}{P}_{1,2,3}$ transitions of atomic oxygen using Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy near 778 nm. Values for the hyperfine-structure coupling constants of the ${}^{5}{S}_{2}$ and ${}^{5}{P}_{1,2,3}$ states in ${}^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and the ${}^{18}{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}^{18}{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ isotope shifts of the ${2p}^{3}3s{}^{5}{S}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2p}^{3}3p{}^{5}{P}_{1,2,3}$ transitions were found. The set of values for hyperfine-structure coupling constants and isotope shifts is more complete and generally more precise than previously reported results.
Comments on the new particles

The spectroscopy and decays of the new particles are reviewed from the point of view of the charmonium model. The review proceeds from general features expected to be true in a wide class of spin 1/2 constituent models to predictions that depend in more detail on the dynamics of the color SU(3) quark gluon theory. A list of important and unresolved problems is presented at the end.
Qualitative and Quantitative Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MR Imaging Helps Subtype Hepatocellular Adenomas

The qualitative and quantitative imaging findings of hepatocellular adenoma subtypes on the basis of MR imaging signal intensity characteristics and the temporal behavior on the basis of gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced sequences are described.
Distinct Roles for the A2B Adenosine Receptor in Acute and Chronic Stages of Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury

Adenosine is an extracellular signaling molecule that is generated in response to cell injury where it orchestrates tissue protection and repair. Whereas adenosine is best known for promoting anti-inflammatory activities during acute injury responses, prolonged elevations can enhance destructive tissue remodeling processes associated with chronic disease states. The generation of adenosine and the subsequent activation of the adenosine 2B receptor (A2BR) is an important processes in the regulation of both acute and chronic lung disease. The goal of this study was to examine the contribution of the A2BR in models of bleomycin-induced lung injury that exhibit varying degrees of acute and chronic injury. Intratracheal bleomycin exposure results in substantial acute lung injury followed by progressive fibrosis. In this model, genetic removal of the A2BR resulted in enhanced loss of barrier function and increased pulmonary inflammation, with few differences in indexes of pulmonary fibrosis. These results support an anti-inflammatory role for this receptor in this model of acute lung injury. In contrast, systemic exposure of mice to bleomycin resulted in modest acute lung injury together with progressive pulmonary fibrosis. In this model, the effects of A2BR removal on acute lung injury were negligible; however, there were substantial reductions in pulmonary fibrosis, supporting a profibrotic role for this receptor. A2BR-dependent regulation of IL-6 production was identified as a potential mechanism involved in the diminished pulmonary fibrosis seen in A2BR knockout mice exposed to i.p. bleomycin. These studies highlight the distinct roles of A2BR signaling during acute and chronic stages of lung injury.
Quantification of Adequate Bowel Preparation for Screening or Surveillance Colonoscopy in Men

Background & Aims Bowel preparation is defined as adequate if it is sufficient for identification of polyps greater than 5 mm. However, adequate preparation has not been quantified. We performed a prospective observational study to provide an objective definition of adequate preparation, based on the Boston Bowel Prep Scale (BBPS, which consists of 0–3 points for each of 3 colon segments). Methods We collected data from 438 men who underwent screening or surveillance colonoscopies and then repeat colonoscopy examinations within 60 days by a different blinded endoscopist (1161 colon segments total) at the West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center from January 2014 to February 2015. Missed polyps were defined as those detected on the second examination of patients with the best possible bowel preparation (colon segment BBPS score of 3) on the second examination. The primary outcome was the proportion of colon segments with adenomas larger than 5 mm that were missed in the first examination. We postulated that the miss rate was noninferior for segments with BBPS scores of 2 vs those with BBPS scores of 3 (noninferiority margin, Results The adjusted proportion with missed adenomas greater than 5 mm was noninferior for segments with BBPS scores of 2 (5.2%) vs those with BBPS scores of 3 (5.6%) (a difference of -0.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.9% to 2.2%). Of study subjects, 347 (79.2%) had BBPS scores of 2 or greater in all segments on the initial examination. A higher proportion of segments with BBPS scores of 1 had missed adenomas larger than 5 mm (15.9%) than segments with BBPS scores of 3 (5.6%) (a difference of 10.3%; 95% CI, 2.7%–17.9%) or 2 (5.2%) (a difference of 10.7%; 95% CI, 3.2%–18.1%). Screening and surveillance intervals based solely on the findings at the first examination would have been incorrect for 16.3% of patients with BBPS scores of 3 in all segments, for 15.3% with BBPS scores of 2 or 3 in all segments, and for 43.5% of patients with a BBPS score of 1 in 1 or more segments. Conclusions Patients with BBPS scores of 2 or 3 for all colon segments have adequate bowel preparation for the detection of adenomas larger than 5 mm and should return for screening or surveillance colonoscopy at standard guideline-recommended intervals. Colon segments with a BBPS score of 1 have a significantly higher rate of missed adenomas larger than 5 mm than segments with scores of 2 or 3. This finding supports a recommendation for early repeat colonoscopic evaluation in patients with a BBPS score of 0 or 1 in any colon segment.
Controllability via chronological calculus

The chronological formalism, in particular, exponential product expansions and combinatorial features of Viennot-Hall bases are shown to lead to streamlined proofs of conditions for controllability and optimality for nonlinear control systems. The focus is on high-order conditions for small-time local controllability. The key features are adapted Viennot-Hall bases and Lazard elimination tailored to the specific conditions, which together refine the construction of Sussmann's exponential product expansion (1986, 1987).
Geometric and Kinematic Aspects of Image-Based Measurements of Deformable Bodies

From the viewpoint of an experimental fluid dynamicist, theoretical foundations of quantitative image-based measurements for extracting geometric and kinematic properties of deformable bodies like fluids are discussed. New results are obtained by using a combination of methods in perspective and differential geometry and continuum mechanics. Topics include perspective projection transformation, perspective developable conical surface and its applications, perspective projection of motion field on surface, the correspondence problem, composite image space, perspective invariants, and motion equations of image intensity. The developed methods provide useful tools for experimentalists to determine morphology and motion field of deformable bodies from images.
Pilot-induced oscillation suppression by using L 1 adaptive control

Despite significant technical advances, pilot-induced oscillation (PIO) continues to occur in both flight tests and operational aircrafts. Such a phenomenon has led to significant research activities that aim to alleviate this problem. In this paper, the L1 adaptive controller has been introduced to suppress the PIO, which is caused by rate limiting and pure time delay. Due to its architecture, the L1 adaptive controller will achieve a desired response with fast adaptation. The analysis of PIO and its suppression by L1 adaptive controller are presented in detail in the paper. The simulation results indicate that the L1 adaptive control is efficient in solving this kind of problem.
Heritability and genetic correlation: standard errors of estimates and sample size.

Standard errors of heritability as estimated by four different methodologies (regression of offspring on midparent values, regression of offspring on singleparent values, intraclass correlation of full sibs, and intraclass correlation of half sibs) are tabulated. Standard errors of the genetic correlation (correlation between additive genetic values for two characters on the same individuals in a population) as estimated by analogous methods are also presented. These tables suggest that quantitative genetic analyses, including studies of the genetic correlation among characters, should not be undertaken unless resources are available which would allow the testing of at least 400 families of four members each.
Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-Bisphosphate-dependent Activation of Dynamins I and II Lacking the Proline/Arginine-rich Domains

Dynamins comprise a family of GTPases that participate in the early stages of endocytosis. The GTPase activity of neuronal specific dynamin I is stimulated by microtubules, negatively charged phospholipid vesicles, and Src homology 3-containing proteins, including Grb2. These activators were previously shown to bind to a proline/arginine-rich domain (PRD) in the carboxyl-terminal region of the enzyme. Dynamin II, which is ubiquitously expressed, had not been purified or characterized previously. In this study, the enzymatic properties of rat dynamin II and of D746, a dynamin II truncation mutant lacking the PRD, have been characterized. Dynamin II has a higher basal activity than dynamin I, but the two types of dynamin are stimulated similarly by microtubules, Grb2, and phospholipids. D746 is not activated by microtubules or Grb2, highlighting the significance of the PRD for these interactions, but it is activated by phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol-4,5- bisphosphate. Moreover, in contrast to previous reports, the PRD appears not to be required for phospholipid-stimulated self-assembly of dynamin, which is a key element in the regulation of its activity. Similar results were obtained with bovine brain dynamin I that had been subjected to limited proteolytic digestion to remove the PRD. Our data highlight the potential involvement of dynamin pleckstrin homology domains in the regulation of GTPase activity by phospholipids.