cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytokine expression profiling in human leukocytes after exposure to hypertonic and isotonic fluids.

BACKGROUND Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock causes profound immunologic changes. The tonicity of fluids used for resuscitation clearly influences the immune response. Our study was designed to determine whether isotonic and hypertonic fluids exert their differential effects on immune response by altering the cytokine gene profile of human leukocytes. The cDNA array method was used to profile transcriptional responses after exposure to hypertonic and isotonic fluids. METHODS Blood from seven healthy volunteers was incubated for 30 minutes with isotonic (10% dextran-40 and lactated Ringer's [LR] solution) and hypertonic (7.5% hypertonic saline and hypertonic dextran [HTD]) fluids. The volumes of isotonic fluids used were equal to the volume of blood, whereas the volumes of hypertonic fluids were adjusted to keep the salt load identical to the LR group. The cDNA array technique was used to measure the gene expression of 23 common cytokines. RESULTS Increased gene transcription of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) as well as others (IL-5, IL-7, and IL-16) was found after incubation with resuscitation fluids. Variances were noted depending on the type of fluid: HTD and LR solution did not induce expression of IL-5, and HTD also did not induce IL-1beta expression. Genes encoding IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-9, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had low level baseline expression in leukocytes isolated from unstimulated blood, and their expression increased markedly after exposure to resuscitation fluids. The inducible transcripts included IL-1beta, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-16. However, there was no difference in cytokine expression profile between isotonic and hypertonic fluids. CONCLUSION Exposure of human leukocytes to resuscitation fluids causes an increase in cytokine gene expressions compared with undiluted blood. This expression profile is largely independent of the type of fluid used.
1-Adamantanamine Hydrochloride: Inhibition of Rous and Esh Sarcoma Viruses in Cell Culture

I-Adamantanamine hydrochloride, added to chick embryo cells, inhibited focus production upon subsequent inoculation of the cells with Rous and Esh sarcoma viruses. Addition of the chemical to suspensions of Rous and Esh viruses before they were added to chick cell cultures did not inactivate the viruses; and the addition to chick cells did not prevent plaque formation following their inoculation with Newcastle disease virus. This indicates that cells treated with 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride are capable of supporting viral replication, and these observations suggest that the drug inhibits growth of two oncogenic viruses by prevention of virus penetration, but not by a virucidal effect or cell intoxication.
Early postnatal behavior deficits after maternal carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during pregnancy

Background: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that maternal pneumoperitoneum produces early postnatal behavior deficits in the offspring. Methods: Time-dated pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to 45 min of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum at a pressure of 7 mmHg. There was no manipulation of the control animals. On postnatal days (PND) 10 and 20, the behavior of their offspring was assessed by monitoring the locomotor activity of each of the pups in a 1 × 1 m chamber demarcated into 100 squares. Locomotor data was log-transformed and expressed as mean values (SD). Results: At PND 10, pneumoperitoneum offspring exhibited significantly higher levels of locomotor activity than the offspring of controls (1.81 ± 0.48 vs 1.33 ± 0.78). The pneumoperitoneum pups continued to exhibit hyperactive behavior at PND 20 (1.83 ± 0.72 vs 1.20 ± 0.72). Conclusions: Maternal pneumoperitoneum produces postnatal hyperactivity in guinea pig offspring, suggesting that there may be long-term consequences associated with the physiologic changes produced in the fetus during CO2 insufflation.
Value-of-Information Analysis for Nuclear Waste Storage Tanks

This article describes an application of a value-of-information (VOI) analysis to a problem involving information collection and sampling costs of millions of dollars and ultimate consequences of decisions ranging in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The context of this VOI analysis was the determination of the chemical and radiological composition of nuclear waste in 177 storage tanks at the Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State. These tanks include different types of waste and knowing their composition affects important decisions about how to treat these wastes for purposes of processing, stabilization, and ultimate storage. This analysis was conducted as part of a larger “proof-in-principle” study of how VOI concepts could be used to improve the collection of data for the purpose of identifying the composition of nuclear tank wastes and for subsequent decisions about tank-waste management. The analysis showed that a VOI analysis can be very useful and it can also provide specific guidance on the problem at hand. In particular, the analysis showed that it was worth while to collect additional information for only four of 15 tanks in question and eventually, the DOE decided to act on these tanks without the additional information. At the same time the DOE decided to focus on another set of tanks, which involved more imminent risks of flammable gas explosions and focused its effort on collecting information and stabilizing these tanks.
Practice of Management Science---Minimizing the Environmental Impact of Territorial Corridors: A Case Study

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that with appropriate assessment and quantification of environmental data and the subsequent utilization of a dynamic optimization process, the impact of territorial corridors on the environment---an issue of controversy between environmentalists and advocates of technological progress---can be minimized. The discussion deals with the data assessment process, the data management and the quantitative model that was used. A case study dealing with the determination of an optimal corridor for a high voltage transmission line is presented, and some of the management aspects relative to this case study are discussed.
Cerebrovascular regulation, exercise, and mild traumatic brain injury

A substantial number of people who sustain a mild traumatic brain injury report persistent symptoms. Most common among these symptoms are headache, dizziness, and cognitive difficulties. One possible contributor to sustained symptoms may be compromised cerebrovascular regulation. In addition to injury-related cerebrovascular dysfunction, it is possible that prolonged rest after mild traumatic brain injury leads to deconditioning that may induce physiologic changes in cerebral blood flow control that contributes to persistent symptoms in some people. There is some evidence that exercise training may reduce symptoms perhaps because it engages an array of cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms. Unfortunately, there is very little work on the degree of impairment in cerebrovascular control that may exist in patients with mild traumatic brain injury, and there are no published studies on the subacute phase of recovery from this injury. This review aims to integrate the current knowledge of cerebrovascular mechanisms that might underlie persistent symptoms and seeks to synthesize these data in the context of exploring aerobic exercise as a feasible intervention to treat the underlying pathophysiology.
Infra-red and crystallographic investigation of the TlCNKCNH2O system;; The lack of Tl(I)-cyanide complexes☆

Abstract Infra-red, X-ray, and optical studies of solid phases obtained in the system TlCNKCNH2O showed that no compound was formed between KCN and TlCN. Failure to find the compound KTl(CN)2 is contrary to earlier work. Solid solutions between TlCN + KCN were investigated in which Tl+ substitutes for K+ in the KCN structure up to a limit of ca. 37 mole per cent Tl+. A new value for the cell dimension of TlCN was found, a 0 = 3·994 ± 0·001 A . Aqueous thallium(I) cyanide solutions containing a large excess of potassium cyanide (KCN/TlCN ratios as high as 100/1) gave no infra-red absorption peak ascribed to the Tl(CN)2− anion. From the lack of effect of Tl+ ion on the Ag(CN)2− + CN− ↔ Ag(CN)3= equilibrium, it is shown that the value of the TlCN association constant, TlCN/(Tl+) (CN−), is less than unity. Thus the thallium(I) ion has a smaller tendency to co-ordinate with cyanide ion than it does with chloride ion.
Optical imaging of ocean plankton

Plankton are the primary form of life in the ocean and constitute the base of the marine food web. New digital optical sampling methods from video to holography are providing new insights in plankton ecology.
An Upper-Tropospheric Low over Texas during Summer

Abstract National Meteorological Center 200-mb analyses are used to develop an abridged six-year climatology of the tropical upper-tropospheric trough (TUTT) over the Gulf of Mexico. The climatology reveals large intraseasonal and interannual variability in TUTT axis position. The summer of 1988 is identified as having had an active TUTT near Texas, and is examined in detail. Satellite imagery and 200-mb winds are used to identify and track TUTT lows. A TUTT low that remained quasi-stationary over Texas is selected for detailed examination. Horizontal and vertical cross sections of wind, temperature, vorticity, and relative humidity illustrate that 1) the maximum circulation around the low occurs near 200-mb, 2) the cold anomaly is largest near 300 mb, and 3) the troposphere moistens as the TUTT low strengthens over Texas. The initial vorticity source for the TUTT low is attributed to positive vorticity advection from midlatitudes, conservation of absolute vorticity, and vorticity convergence along the TU...
2-Bromoacetamidopyridine: A new chemical probe of the active site of histidine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a

Abstract 2-Bromoacetamidopyridine was examined as a potential active site-directed alkylating agent for histidine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a. At the optimum pH of the enzyme (pH 4.8), the reagent binds reversibly to the substrate binding site as evidenced by its ability to competitively inhibit L-histidine decarboxylation, to protect the enzyme against inactivation by the substrate analog L-histidine methyl ester and to inhibit Schiff-base binding of histamine to the pyruvoyl prosthetic group. Upon raising the pH of the reaction medium from 4.8 to 7.2, 2-bromoacetamidopyridine irreversibly inactivates the decarboxylase. Incorporation experiments with 2-bromo[1- 14 C]acetamidopyridine demonstrate that, under inactivating conditions, one reagent molecule is covalently bound per catalytic unit of enzyme inactivated.
Improved Transit Signal Priority System for Networks with Nearside Bus Stops

Transit signal priority (TSP), which has been deployed in many cities in North America and Europe, is a traffic signal enhancement strategy that facilitates efficient movement of transit vehicles through signalized intersections. Most TSP systems, however, do not work well in transit networks with nearside bus stops because of the uncertainty in bus dwell time. Unfortunately, most bus stops on U.S. arterial roadways are nearside ones. In this research, weighted-least-squares regression modeling was used to estimate bus stop dwell time and, more important, the associated prediction interval. An improved TSP algorithm that explicitly considers the prediction interval was developed to reduce the negative impacts of nearside bus stops. The proposed TSP algorithm was tested on a VISSIM model of an urban arterial section of Bellaire Boulevard in Houston, Texas. In general, it was found that the proposed TSP algorithm was more effective than other algorithms because it improved bus operations without statistically significant impacts on signal operations.
Can God Create Abstract Objects? A Reply to Peter van Inwagen

The Platonic theist Peter van Inwagen argues that God cannot create abstract objects. Thus, the quantifier ‘everything’ in traditional statements of the doctrine of creation should be appropriately restricted to things that can enter into causal relations and abstract objects cannot: ‘God is the creator of everything distinct from himself…that can enter into causal relations.’ I respond to van Inwagen arguing that he has provided no good reason for thinking abstract objects must be uncreated. And if this is the case, then there is no good reason to think that God cannot create abstract objects.
Scalar coupling between 31P and spin-12 metal nuclides in 31P NMR of complexes with a ligand containing phosphonate donor groups☆

Abstract Scalar couplings between 31P and spin- 1 2 isotopes of cadmium, mercury, lead, and tin are reported for the respective metal complexes with the chelating agent (ethylenedinitrilo) - tetramethylenephosphonic acid.
Laterally Loaded Elastic Shells of Revolution

An alternate form of the Chernin type equations for laterally loaded shells of revolution is obtained. Except for terms of order of the inherent error in shell theory, the final two coupled second order ordinary differential equations are remarkably similar to the Reissner-Meissner type equations for problems involving axi-symmetric stress distributions. Unlike all previous versions, our two equations can be further reduced (just as in the case of axi-symmetric stress distributions) to a single second order equation for a complex stress function without any additional approximation for uniform cylindrical, spherical, conical and toroidal shells. The side force and tilting moment problem for a shell frustum is shown to be the static geometric analogue of the problem of asymmetric bending and twisting of a ring shell sector. An efficient method for the evaluation of the overall influence coefficients is discussed. The stress state of a complete uniform spherical shell subject to concentrated side force and tilting moment at the two poles is analyzed.
ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY CELLULAR AUTOMATA BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

We present the findings of analysis of elementary cellular automata (ECA) boundary conditions. Fixed and variable boundaries are attempted. The outputs of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) act as continuous inputs to the two boundaries of a one-dimensional (1-D) Elementary Cellular Automata (ECA) are analyzed and compared. The results show superior randomness features and the output string has passed the Diehard statistical battery of tests. The design has strong correlation immunity and it is inherently amenable for VLSI implementation. Therefore it can be considered to be a good and viable candidate for parallel pseudo random number generation.
'An Honest Contrivance': Opera and Desire in 'Moonstruck'

Opera can circulate through many layers of a mainstream film and set in motion desires inside and outside the fiction. Moonstruck (1987) sports a special tone that Pauline Kael has characterized as contrivance that plays against the real thing, without producing irony. Opera's exaggeration, artifice, and ritual figure prominently in the special tone, and the music and story of La Boheme play a major role. Excerpts make up a substantial portion of the soundtrack, the protagonists attend a performance of Boheme and display affinities with the opera's characters, and Boheme's connection with the Metropolitan Opera is underlined. A close reading of how Puccini's music is used, incorporating Werner Wolf 's theories of intermediality, examines why certain cues are taken verbatim and others are instrumental arrangements, and the consequences for desire. Two major diegetic engagements with Boheme receive extended treatment: at an actual performance, and at the phonograph (one of the latter creating the climax of the film).The prominence of opera in the film at so many levels reveals an urge towards the genre of opera-film. Moonstruck fulfils spectators' desires, ambivalent though they may be, for recognizing and yielding to the kitsch qualities already present in La Boheme: a prime example of how film can reveal something fundamental about an opera.
Inverted left atrial appendage presenting as an unusual left atrial mass

An unusual left atrial mass in an infant after repair of truncus arteriosus was imaged by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. The mass was identified as an inverted left atrial appendage, and the patient underwent uncomplicated surgical eversion. Unnecessary anticoagulation was avoided.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Mediates Neuroprotection in Proteasome Inhibition-Induced Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells

The proteasome is an enzyme complex responsible for targeted intracellular proteolysis. Alterations in proteasome-mediated protein clearance have been implicated in the pathogenesis of aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In such diseases, proteasome inhibition may contribute to formation of abnormal protein aggregates, which in turn activate intracellular unfolded protein responses that cause oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-1) for neural SH-SY5Y cells treated with the proteasomal inhibitor, Epoxomicin. In SH-SY5Y cells, Epoxomicin treatment results in accumulation of intracellular ubiquitinated proteins and cytochrome c release from damaged mitochondria, leading to cell death, in Epoxomicin time- and dose-dependent manner. In cells treated with small amounts of IGF-1, the same dosages of Epoxomicin reduced both mitochondrial damage (cytochrome c release) and reduced caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage, both of which are markers of apoptosis. Notably, however, IGF-1-treated SH-SY5Y cells still contained ubiquitinated protein aggregates. This result indicates that IGF-1 blocks the downstream apoptotic consequences of Epoxomicin treatment leading to decreased proteasome function. Clues as to the mechanism for this protective effect come from (a) increased AKT phosphorylation observed in IGF-1-protected cells, vs. cells exposed to Epoxomicin without IGF-1, and (b) reduction of IGF-1 protection by pretreatment of the cells with LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3-kinase). Together these findings suggest that activation of PI3/AKT pathways by IGF-1 is involved in IGF-1 neuroprotection against apoptosis following proteasome inhibition.
A Multiprotein Trafficking Complex Composed of SAP97, CASK, Veli, and Mint1 Is Associated with Inward Rectifier Kir2 Potassium Channels

Strong inward rectifier potassium (Kir2) channels are important in the control of cell excitability, and their functions are modulated by interactions with intracellular proteins. Here we identified a complex of scaffolding/trafficking proteins in brain that associate with Kir2.1, Kir2.2, and Kir2.3 channels. By using a combination of affinity interaction pulldown assays and co-immunoprecipitations from brain and transfected cells, we demonstrated that a complex composed of SAP97, CASK, Veli, and Mint1 associates with Kir2 channels via the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. We further demonstrated by using in vitro protein interaction assays that SAP97, Veli-1, or Veli-3 binds directly to the Kir2.2 C terminus and recruits CASK. Co-immunoprecipitations indicated that specific Veli isoforms participate in forming distinct protein complexes in brain, where Veli-1 stably associates with CASK and SAP97, Veli-2 associates with CASK and Mint1, and Veli-3 associates with CASK, SAP97, and Mint1. Additionally, immunocytochemistry of rat cerebellum revealed overlapping expression of Kir2.2, SAP97, CASK, Mint1, with Veli-1 in the granule cell layer and Veli-3 in the molecular layer. We propose a model whereby Kir2.2 associates with distinct SAP97-CASK-Veli-Mint1 complexes. In one complex, SAP97 interacts directly with the Kir2 channels and recruits CASK, Veli, and Mint1. Alternatively, Veli-1 or Veli-3 interacts directly with the Kir2 channels and recruits CASK and SAP97; association of Mint1 with the complex requires Veli-3. Expression of Kir2.2 in polarized epithelial cells resulted in targeting of the channels to the basolateral membrane and co-localization with SAP97 and CASK, whereas a dominant interfering form of CASK caused the channels to mislocalize. Therefore, CASK appears to be a central protein of a macromolecular complex that participates in trafficking and plasma membrane localization of Kir2 channels.
The public value of nanotechnology

Science and innovation policy (SIP) is typically justified in terms of public values while SIP program assessments are typically limited to economic terms that imperfectly take into account these values. The study of public values through public value mapping (PVM) lacks widely-accepted methods for systematically identifying value structures within SIP and its public policy processes, especially when there are multiple stakeholder groups. This paper advances the study of public values in SIP using nanoscale science and engineering (NSE) policy by demonstrating that quantitative analysis of value statements can provide a credible and robust basis for policy analysis. We use content analysis of over 1,000 documents with over 100,000 pages from major contributors to the NSE policy discourse to identify and analyze a wide range of public value statements. Data analysis and reduction methods reveal a multifactor structure of public values that has been consistently cited by a range of actors in an NSE research policy network.
THE RESPONSE OF A NONLINEAR SYSTEM WITH A NONSEMISIMPLE ONE-TO-ONE RESONANCE TO A COMBINATION PARAMETRIC RESONANCE

The Galerkin procedure is used to discretize the nonlinear partial differential equation and boundary conditions governing the flutter of a simply supported panel in a supersonic stream. These equations have repeated natural frequencies at the onset of flutter. The method of multiple scales is used to derive five first-order nonlinear ordinary-differential equations governing the modulation of the amplitudes and phases of the excited modes. Then, the modulation equations are used to calculate the equilibrium solutions and their stability, and hence to identify the excitation parameters that suppress flutter and those that lead to complex motions. A combination of a shooting technique and Floquet theory is used to calculate limit cycles and their stability. The numerical results indicate the existence of a sequence of period-doubling bifurcations that culminates in chaos. The complex motions are characterized by using phase planes, power spectra, Lyapunov exponents, and dimensions.
Resisting Prejudice Every Day: Exploring Women’s Assertive Responses to Anti-Black Racism, Anti-Semitism, Heterosexism, and Sexism

Past lab and scenario research on sexism suggests that women are more likely to contemplate than to engage in assertive confrontation of prejudice. The present study was designed to explore how the competing cultural forces of activist norms and gender role prescriptions for women to be passive and accommodating may contribute to women’s response strategies. Women were asked to keep diaries of incidents of anti-Black racism, anti-Semitism, heterosexism, and sexism, including why they responded, how they responded, and the consequences of their responses. Participants were about as likely to report they were motivated by activist goals as they were to report being motivated by gender role consistent goals to avoid conflict. Those with gender role-consistent goals were less likely to respond assertively. Participants were more likely to consider assertive responses (for 75% of incidents) than to actually make them (for 40% of incidents). Assertive responders did, however, report better outcomes on a variety of indicators of satisfaction and closure, at the expense of heightened interpersonal conflict. Results are discussed with respect to the personal and social implications of responding to interpersonal prejudice.
cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of a dog hepatic cytochrome P450IIB responsible for the metabolism of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA that codes for the major phenobarbital (PB)-inducible male beagle dog hepatic cytochrome P450 has been determined. Using a rabbit P450IIB cDNA probe ( R. Gasser, M. Negishi, and R. M. Philpot, 1988 , Mol. Pharmacol. 32, 22–30), a cDNA clone with a 2.6-kilobase pair insert was isolated from a λgt11 library prepared from hepatic mRNA from a PB-treated dog. The cloned insert was sequenced and found to contain an open reading frame coding for a polypeptide of 494 amino acids (Mr 56,183). The encoded protein can be assigned to the P450IIB subfamily on the basis of homology to cytochromes P450 from other species. The deduced amino acid sequence is 79% identical to that reported for rabbit P450 B0 (P450IIB4) and 75% identical to that for rat P450b (P450IIB1). The sequence identity decreases to less than 52% when the dog sequence is compared with other P450II subfamilies. The deduced NH2-terminal 30 amino acids encoded by the dog cDNA are identical to those determined by sequence analysis of purified dog cytochrome P450 PBD-2, and the amino acid composition concurs with that determined for the PBD-2 protein ( D. B. Duignan, I. G. Sipes, T. B. Leonard, and J. R. Halpert, 1987 , Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 255, 290–303). Northern blots revealed two mRNA species of approximately 1.9 and 2.9 kilobases in length, which hybridized to the coding region of the dog P450IIB cDNA. The level of total hybridizable mRNA was increased approximately sixfold in livers from PB-treated dogs compared with that in untreated animals. This increase correlates well with the reported nearly sixfold increase in the level of PBD-2 protein and the fivefold increase in the rate of hepatic metabolism of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl following PB treatment. The two mRNA species may result from the use of different polyadenylation signals located in the 3′-noncoding region or from transcription of more than one gene for PBD-2. Southern blot analysis indicated that the dog P450IIB subfamily contains at least two closely related genes.
Synthesis of complex δ-acetylenic amino acids as potential multisubstrate adduct inhibitors of methyltransferases

Abstract The synthesis of two types of δ-acetylenic amino acids is described. Key intermediates were derived from terminal acetylenes via two different routes: (1) palladium-mediated, Heck-type arylation, and (2) Simmons-Smith homologation followed by reaction of the resulting propargylic organometallic with a benzoyltrimethylsilane. Further elaboration to the desired amino acids involved the coupling of carbanions derived from N-benzylidene glycine esters to complex alkyl halides. The synthesis of nonnucleoside δ-acetylenic amino acids was successfully effected using this chemistry. In the case of the nucleoside-containing amino acids, a potential multisubstrate adduct inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase was synthesized via this route. Unfortunately, the sensitivity to acid of 5′-deoxy, 5′-carbanucleosides prevented successful completion of the synthesis of a second nucleoside-containing δ-amino acid as a possible inhibitor of phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase.
Training strategic study time apportionment in educable retarded children

Abstract Two groups of educable retarded children differing in functioning level served as subjects. One group, the High group, consisted of 31 children drawn from the upper two classes of a five-class stream. The Low group consisted of 39 children drawn from the lowest two classes. During pretesting, on each trial but the first of a multitrial free recall procedure, subjects were allowed to select half of the to-be-remembered items to see if they would strategically select missed items for extra study. Following pretesting, subjects were divided for training into three groups for which the experimenter selected items for study: in the Standard group, missed items; in the Creeping group, recalled items plus one missed item; and in the Random group, half missed and half recalled items. Children in the High group improved in the Standard condition, and those in the Low group benefited from Creeping training. There was no evidence of maintenance of training in the Low group, but children in the High group given training in the standard strategy selected missed items for recall on the posttests. The results are discussed in terms of the stability of trained strategies in retardates, and the question of what constitutes an optimal strategy is considered.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) Regulates Multiple Signaling Pathways by Enhancing Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Activity

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is essential for many signaling pathways and cellular processes. As Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) functions in many of the same processes, we investigated a role for APC in the regulation of GSK-3-dependent signaling. We find that APC directly enhances GSK-3 activity. Furthermore, knockdown of APC mimics inhibition of GSK-3 by reducing phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and by activating mTOR, revealing novel roles for APC in the regulation of these enzymes. Wnt signaling inhibits GSK-3 through an unknown mechanism, and this results in both stabilization of β-catenin and activation of mTOR. We therefore hypothesized that Wnts may regulate GSK-3 by disrupting the interaction between APC and the Axin-GSK-3 complex. We find that Wnts rapidly induce APC dissociation from Axin, correlating with β-catenin stabilization. Furthermore, Axin interaction with the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 causes APC dissociation from Axin. We propose that APC regulates multiple signaling pathways by enhancing GSK-3 activity, and that Wnts induce APC dissociation from Axin to reduce GSK-3 activity and activate downstream signaling. APC regulation of GSK-3 also provides a novel mechanism for Wnt regulation of multiple downstream effectors, including β-catenin and mTOR.
The synthesis and structure of a stabilized nitrilium ylide

Abstract The X-ray structure of the first stable nitrilium ylide is reported showing the central ylidic system to be essentially linear with only slight bends at the central carbon and nitrogen (4°); however MINDO/3 calculations on model compounds suggest the ylide functionality is quite flexible with low deformation energies.
Evolution of Cenozoic seaways in the circum-Antarctic region

Abstract A complete circum-Antarctic seaway did not open until both the South Tasman Rise cleared the Oates Land coast of East Antarctica and Drake Passage opened between the southern tip of South America and the northern end of the Antarctic Peninsula. Major plate motions based on dated seafloor spreading anomalies and distinct fracture zone lineations constrain the age of the opening of a seaway between the South Tasman Rise and Antarctica as very close to the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, with an unrestricted opening deeper than 2000 m dating from ∼32 Ma. Timing of the opening of Drake Passage is more circumstantial because the exact motions of certain micro-continental fragments are not known. The motion of Africa with respect to South America as well as the motion of East Antarctica with respect to Africa are well constrained for the Cenozoic. These major plate motions are used with the reasonable assumption of no Cenozoic motion of the Antarctic Peninsula with respect to East Antarctica to constrain the location of the Antarctic Peninsula with respect to the southern tip of South America for the critical period of late Eocene to late Oligocene. Uncertainty of motion of the South Georgia and South Orkney microcontinents and other possible continental fragments make an exact time for opening of Drake Passage difficult to ascertain. Even so, the early Oligocene position of the Antarctic Peninsula with respect to South America requires a through-going, deep-water seaway to have been open at Drake Passage prior to 28 Ma, even given the unconstrained motion of various high-standing crustal fragments in the Scotia Sea. With reasonable assumptions concerning motion of the crustal fragments in the western and central Scotia Sea, it is likely that Drake Passage or passage through Powell Basin was open to deep water circulation by ∼31±2 Ma.
Three-mode coupling in a passive dielectric waveguide with index modulation

The characteristics of a three-mode coupling in a passive dielectric waveguide are investigated for the case of even TE modes. The index is assumed to have a doubly periodic harmonic variation in the propagation direction. By a singular perturbation procedure using multiple space scales, the coupled-mode equations governing the Bragg interactions are systematically deduced. The three-mode coupling causes a stop band in frequency and the characteristics of the resulting evanescent mode are analyzed. For a periodic dielectric waveguide of finite length, the three coupled-mode equations are solved subject to suitable boundary conditions to obtain the reflection and the transmission coefficients. The frequency response of the reflection and the transmission coefficients are investigated and compared with the results of the pair of corresponding two-mode couplings. Representative numerical results are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the interaction of the three modes.
The photooxidation of CD3N2CD3

Abstract The photooxidation of CD3N2CD3 at 25 °C was studied, and the quantum yields of methanol, methylhydroperoxide, and dimethylperoxide were obtained. The fundamental variable of the system is [O2]/Ia 1 2 , where Ia is the absorbed intensity. The dimethylperoxide yield was invariant to a change of a factor of over 300 in this variable. However, the methanol yield dropped to a lower limiting value of 0.49 and the methylhydroperoxide yield rose to an upper limiting value of 0.38 as [O2]/Ia 1 2 rose past 3000 (Tort-s) 1 2 . The results indicate that both the Raley et al. and Russell mechanisms are operative. The reactions between two CD3O2 radicals are: with reactions (2a), (2b), and (2c) occurring, respectively, 22, 60, and 18% of the time. There is no evidence for CD3O2CD3 formation from CD3O combination, and CD3O is removed via: with k4/(k2k3a) 1 2 = 0.22 and k5/k3a 1 2 = 7.1 × 10−4 (Torr-s) −1 2 .
Factors affecting scalability of distributed interactive simulations

Simulation Networking (SIMNET) developed a set of paradigms for distributed interactive simulation (DIS) architectures. Designed for computer systems in the mid 1980s, they have proven to be quite successful for the exercises they supported. But as technology advances, the capability and desire to increase the size and scope of the exercises continues to grow. In order to do this, some of the basic tenets of the architecture need to be redesigned. In this paper we take a look at three of the fundamental limitations affecting scalability: networks, environmental databases, and processing power.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The social construction of birth.

Birth is discussed as a socially mediated experience, with emphasis on the role of the hospital in defining reality. Childbirth preparation is suggested as providing ways of dealing with the institution rather than the birth experience per se. Some implications for maternal satisfaction and mother-child relationships of the hospital as controller and definer of the birth experience are considered.
Detection of internal conversion electrons in charged particle spectra

Abstract Internal conversion electrons were detected using cooled Si(Li) detectors. No effort was made to separate the scattered electrons and the scattered protons prior to detection. The resolution obtained was typically 4 keV or better.
Differences in somatic perception in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are considered chronic syndromes of altered visceral and somatic perception, respectively. Because there is a significant overlap of IBS and FM, shared pathophysiological mechanisms have been suggested. Although visceral perception has been well studied in IBS, somatic perception has not. Aims: To compare hypervigilance and altered sensory perception in response to somatic stimuli in patients with IBS, IBS+FM, and healthy controls. Methods: Eleven IBS females (mean age 40), 11 IBS+FM females (mean age 46), and ten healthy female controls (mean age 39) rated pain perception in response to pressure stimuli administered to active somatic tender points, non-tender control points and the T-12 dermatome, delivered in a predictable ascending series, and delivered in an unpredictable randomized fashion (fixed stimulus). Results: Although IBS patients had similar pain thresholds during the ascending series compared with controls, they were found to have somatic hypoalgesia with higher pain thresholds and lower pain frequency and severity during fixed stimulus series compared with IBS+FM patients and controls (P<0.05). Patients with IBS+FM were more bothered by the somatic stimuli and had somatic hyperalgesia with lower pain thresholds and higher pain frequency and severity. Conclusions: Both hypervigilance and somatic hypoalgesia contribute to the altered somatic perception in IBS patients. Co-morbidity with FM results in somatic hyperalgesia in IBS patients.
Renal neoplasms of the newborn

Abstract Attention is called to a renal neoplasm in the newborn resembling Wilms' tumor of older children, but with a distinctive gross and microscopic appearance. Similar neoplasms are recorded in the literature and have a benign course. Nephrectomy is considered adequate treatment for these lesions that we choose to designate as renal hamartomas in the newborn. Because these hamartomas of the kidney in the newborn are benign in contrast to Wilms' tumor, radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be withheld in the newborn with a renal neoplasm until a specific morphologic diagnosis is established. Arteriography may prove helpful in the detection of these benign renal tumors.
Ab initio and density functional theory studies of the gas-phase hydrogen fluoride addition to ethylene. An example of catalytic effect from a second molecule of the reagent

Abstract The accuracy of three popular DFr methods (hybrid, gradient-corrected, and local) has been evaluated on the HF-assisted addition of HF to ethylene. The possibility of forming trimolecular (two HF and one ethylene) and dimolecular (one HF and one ethylene) complexes and transition state structures during the transformation of HF and ethylene in fluoroethane is discussed. An energetically favorable pathway was selected on the basis of the computed potential energy surface for these two reactions.
Palmitoyl Ascorbate Liposomes and Free Ascorbic Acid: Comparison of Anticancer Therapeutic Effects Upon Parenteral Administration

Purpose To evaluate and compare anticancer therapeutic effect of palmitoyl ascorbate liposomes (PAL) and free ascorbic acid (AA).
Comparative dating of a Bison-bearing late-Pleistocene deposit, Térapa, Sonora, Mexico

Abstract A recently discovered Bison-bearing fossil locality at Terapa, Sonora, Mexico, had previously been dated to 440 ± 130 ka using whole rock 40Ar/39Ar on a basalt flow that impounds the deposit. This age is considerably older than the accepted age of about 240–160 ka for the migration of Bison into greater North America. The Terapa deposit also contains a mixture of fossils from extralimital or extinct tropical animals and temperate animals. Constraining the age of the deposit is critical to interpret the paleontologic and paleoclimatologic implications of this unique Sonoran fossil locality. Three additional geochronological methods have been applied to this deposit (infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), amino acid racemization (AAR), and radiocarbon) and the data from the original 40Ar/39Ar age were revisited. The IRSL data suggest that the impounding basalt flow and the sediments that abut it were emplaced 43 ka ago and that the oldest sediments were deposited shortly after. Two radiocarbon ages suggest the fossiliferous sediments were emplaced by 42 ka. Effective diagenetic temperatures inferred from the AAR results, combined with AAR data from a similar-age deposit in southern Arizona, are in accordance with the 40–43 ka age estimates. For the AAR results to corroborate the 40Ar/39Ar age, the effective diagenetic temperature for the area would need to be approximately 3 °C, which is unrealistically low for northern Mexico. The new geochronological results suggest the Terapa deposit and fossils are 40–43 ka old. The anomalously old 40Ar/39Ar age for the impounding basalt is probably the result of low 40Ar* concentrations and inherited 40Ar.
THE STATE SOCIALIST WELFARE SYSTEM and the POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PUBLIC HOUSING REFORM IN URBAN CHINA

This aticle analyses China's housing reform against the background that a new housing policy has been implemented since 1988. The crucial point of the 1998 housing policy package is to stop the allocation system of state-subsidized public housing. By changing this rule of the game, a major institutional obstacle to housing reform will be removed, and some unfeasible policy measures become feasible within the new institutional context.
The penetration of 0.005% fluticasone propionate ointment in eyelid skin

Abstract Background: The use of corticosteroids to treat periorbital dermatoses carries significant risk of serious side effects such as glaucoma, cataracts, and blindness. Studies to assess levels of corticosteroid penetration in the eyelid are lacking. Objective: We assessed corticosteroid penetration in eyelid skin in vitro to obtain information leading to the establishment of safer dosing regimens. Methods: Fluticasone propionate ointment, 0.005%, was applied (approximately 2-5 mg/cm 2 ) to samples of human eyelid skin, and penetration was assessed by using modified Franz diffusion cells. Drug concentration was determined at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after application by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Only very small amounts of fluticasone propionate penetrated the skin (range, 0.618% ± 0.339% to 1.467% ± 0.695%). Conclusion: Further studies are warranted to examine the safety and efficacy of 0.005% fluticasone propionate ointment for the treatment of eyelid dermatoses. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:392-6.)
Space of solutions for a normal mixture

In a recent study of the distribution of Vb1 in sampling from Pearson Type I distributions (Bowman & Shenton, 1973), it was decided to approximate the distribution by equating the lower-order moments to those of some well-known distributions, such as the Pearson system, Gram-Charlier distribution, etc. Since Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth series are apt to produce negative densities in the tails, especially if we include many higher-order terms, say as far as those usually referred to as of order n3, we decided to try the fiveparameter normal mixture
Atherosclerosis: Prevention by agents not affecting abnormal levels of blood lipids.

Diet-induced atherosclerosis in macaque monkeys was suppressed by anticalcifying agents without changing abnormal levels of blood cholesterol and lipoprotein. The agents included inhibitors of arte...
Perinephric masses--a cause of renovascular hypertension.

Perinephric expansile masses contained within Gerota's fascia as well as subcapsular masses may produce hypertension. This is due to an effective increase in renovascular resistance. Three patients, two with perinephric and one with subcapsular haematomata and hypertension are discussed illustrating the ‘Page Kidney’ phenomenon, i.e. hypertension secondary to compression of the kidney.
HCRAS: A novel hybrid internetworking architecture between WLAN and UMTS cellular networks

The seamless internetworking among various communication networks is in demand to provide anywhere, anytime connectivity with high data rate and enhanced service quality. In this paper, we propose a novel internetworking architecture between WLAN and UMTS cellular networks, hybrid coupling with radio access system (HCRAS), based on IPv6, mobile IP, and fast hand off techniques. Inheriting loose coupling internetworking techniques, HCRAS utilizes IEEE 802.16 standard air interface to set up direct wireless communication between base stations in UMTS cellular networks and local WLAN. In particular, we propose two new algorithms for intersystem communications and vertical handoff management in HCRAS system. The HCRAS can dynamically distribute traffic among the internetworking networks and reduce signaling cost and hand off latency significantly. Through mathematical analysis and numerical results, it is shown that HCRAS outperforms the tight-coupling and loose-coupling in various scenarios in terms of system routing efficiency, signaling cost, and handoff cost.
Structural aspects of urethrovesical function in the female

Urodynamic investigations have provided detailed physiologic information which raises morphologic questions not easily answered by older descriptions of urethral anatomy. This article describes urethrovesical structure specifically as it has to do with urodynamic evaluation of the lower urinary tract.
Guidelines for Ethical Practice in Community Organization

Community organizers often encounter ethical dilemmas in practice. Most organizers engage on a regular basis with community residents, constituency groups, local institutions, and government decision makers. Consequently, most practice activities occur outside traditional agency settings and are not directly addressed in the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Although community practice principles such as self-determination, informed consent, and protection of confidentiality are identified in the Code, situational factors make their application different than in direct practice. This article identifies the values inherent in community practice, describes ethical issues encountered by organizers, and examines tools available to organizers for resolving common ethical dilemmas.
Calcium Reserve Assembly: A Basic Structural Unit of the Calcium Reserve System of the Hen Egg Shell

A well-defined proper subregion of the mammillary knob is described, consisting of baseplate (BP), calcium reserve body (CRB), and an integral but distinct CRB cover. The BP extends 14 to 20 microns into the outer shell membrane and rises a few microns above its surface. The organic matrix of the BP is a composite of modified membrane fibers and adjacent components. The distinct CRB matrix is attached to the BP and extends outward in attenuated from, much like the fractal aggregates associated with filter "cakes." The three regions comprise a unit designated as the CRA (calcium reserve assembly, or assemblies). The CRA are fully developed and mineralized by 10.5 to 11 h postoviposition of the previous egg. By 13 h postoviposition a new structure, the crown, is evident. The classical mammillary knob consists of the CRA/crown complex. By hatch time the CRA are partially decalcified, except in the air cell region. Consequently, a zone of separation develops in the affected CRA about midway through the CRB. Estimates of the calcium recovered from the egg shell and of the calcium found in the CRA, excluding the CRA in the air cell region, indicate that more than enough calcium is present in the CRA to meet the drawdown of calcium from the egg shell by the developing embryo. It is concluded that the CRA that are available to the action of the chorioallantoic membrane represent the calcium reserve of the hen egg shell.