cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Investigation of Social Identification on College Student Organ Donor Decisions

This investigation examined whether persuasive organ donation messages that target individuals’ identification with a salient social group will be more effective in encouraging these individuals to become organ donors than will information-only persuasive messages. Participants were randomly assigned to view one of two pro-organ donation messages, both of which included basic information about organ donation (need, number of registered donors, etc.) while one also targeted social identity. Findings indicate that individuals exposed to a social identification message were more likely to click a link that allowed them to officially register as organ donors. These results offer support for the utility of social identification as a health communication campaign strategy for increasing organ donation.
The impact of maternal neglect on genetic hyperactivity

Early environmental conditions are increasingly appreciated as critical in shaping behavior and cognition. Evidence suggests that stressful rearing environments can have an enduring impact on behaviors in adulthood, but few studies have explored the possibility that rearing environment could exacerbate genetic hyperactivity disorders. Uncovering a strong environmental influence on the transmission of hyperactivity could provide novel avenues for translational research. Recently we developed a selectively bred High-Active line of mice to model ADHD, providing a unique resource to address the question of environmental transmission. The High-Active line demonstrates transgenerational hyperactivity, but the influence of the postnatal environment (i.e. maternal care provided by dams) on hyperactivity had not been systemically quantified. This study employed a cross-fostering method to simultaneously address 1) whether High-Active and Control pups are provided with similar levels of care in the early environment, and 2) whether any differences in rearing environment influence hyperactive behavior. High-Active dams demonstrated impairment in all measures of maternal competence relative to Controls, which reduced survival rates and significantly reduced the body mass of offspring in early life and at weaning. While the deteriorated postnatal environment provided by High-Active dams was ultimately sufficient to depress Control activity, the hyperactivity of High-Active offspring remained unaffected by fostering condition. These data not only confirm the power of genetics to influence hyperactivity across generations, but also provide evidence that early rearing environments may not have a significant impact on the extreme end of hyperactive phenotypes.
A broadband, bessel beam radiator

In this paper, a broadband Bessel beam launcher is presented, capable of radiating short, localized pulses into free space. The antenna/launcher is formed by flaring a coaxial cable that is partially filled with a dielectric. The design exhibits a low reflection coefficient and high radiation efficiency from 15 to 50 GHz. The fields in the antenna's radiative near-field remain relatively constant within this bandwidth. As a result, short pulses maintain their field profile while propagating within this region. Such a device could find use in medical or military applications.
ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Resulting from Stent Thrombosis in Contemporary Real-World Practice.

Stent thrombosis (ST) is a rare but devastating complication after percutaneous coronary intervention. Newer generation drug-eluting stents (DES) and newer antiplatelet therapies have been shown to decrease the incidence of ST, but we continue to observe ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to ST in contemporary practice. A retrospective analysis of 527 patients who presented with STEMI was performed; 57 patients (11%) with angiographically confirmed ST were compared with the patients with STEMI due to de novo lesion. The type of previous stent, the timing of ST, and the use of antiplatelet therapy were reviewed in patients with ST. Patients with ST had higher prevalence of comorbid conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease, and had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (37 ± 5 vs. 44 ± 16%, p = 0.0011). There was no difference in in-hospital mortality (2 vs. 4%, p = 0.7082). ST was seen most commonly as “very late” (56%), and with previous second-generation DES (40%). Eighty-two percent of patients among early ST, compared with 22% of patients with very late ST were on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). In 12% of patients, ST happened after DAPT was stopped by physician for procedures. ST is seen in a variety of clinical settings with the most common presentation being very late ST and in second-generation DES, which most likely represent the growing population with previous second-generation stents.
Effect of weight loss intervention on inflammatory and metabolic markers in breast cancer survivors: The lifestyle, exercise, and nutrition (LEAN) study.

1505 Background: Obesity and physical inactivity are associated with poorer prognosis among breast cancer survivors. Inflammatory and metabolic pathways may explain these associations. We hypothesi...
Interferometric near-infrared spectroscopy (iNIRS) monitors optical properties and blood flow in vivo

We present a new optical modality called interferometric Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (iNIRS), which measures time-of-flight- (TOF-) resolved field autocorrelations in turbid media, enabling both optical and dynamical properties to be quantified. The iNIRS method is described, validated, and demonstrated in vivo in the brain.
Eminent Domain, Inverse Condemnation, and Police Power

Eminent domain, inverse condemnation, and police power are three legal tenets by which the state can assert its dominion over private property for the public good. The state can, by exercising these powers, become involved in questions of water rights, mineral rights, and surface rights.
Effects of Health Insurance Interruption on Loss of Hypertension Control in Women With and Women Without HIV

Abstract Background: Among low-income women with and without HIV, it is a priority to reduce age-related comorbidities, including hypertension and its sequelae. Because consistent health insurance access has been identified as an important factor in controlling many chronic diseases, we estimated the effects of coverage interruption on loss of hypertension control in a cohort of women in the United States. Methods: We analyzed prospective, longitudinal data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study. HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women were included between 2005 and 2014 when they reported health insurance at consecutive biannual visits and had controlled hypertension, and were followed for any insurance break and loss of hypertension control. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) by Cox proportional hazards regression with inverse-probability-of-treatment-and censoring weights (marginal structural models), and plotted the cumulative incidence of hypertension control loss. Results: Among 890 HIV-infected women, ...
Preoperative thrombelastography maximum amplitude predicts massive transfusion in liver transplantation.

Abstract Background Massive transfusion (MT) is frequently required during liver transplantation. Risk stratification of transplant patients at risk for MT is an appealing concept but remains poorly developed. Thrombelastography (TEG) has recently been shown to reduce mortality when used for trauma resuscitation. We hypothesize that preoperative TEG can be used to risk stratify patients for MT. Material and methods Liver transplant patients had blood drawn before surgical incision and assayed via TEG. Preoperative TEG measurements were collected in addition to standard laboratory coagulation tests. TEG variables including R-time (reaction time), angle, maximum amplitude (MA), and LY30 (clot lysis 30 min after MA) were correlated to red blood cell units, plasma (fresh frozen plasma), cryoprecipitate, and platelets during the first 24 h after surgery and tested for their performance using a receiver-operating characteristic curve. Results Twenty-eight patients were included in the analysis with a median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score of 17; 36% received a MT. The TEG variables associated with MT (defined as ≥10 red blood cell units/24 h) were a low MA (P Conclusions TEG MA has a high predictability of MT during liver transplantation. The use of TEG preoperatively may help guide more cost effective blood bank preparation for this procedure as only a third of patients required a MT.
The Potential for California Agricultural Crop Soils to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Holistic Evaluation

Abstract Climate change predictions for California indicate that agriculture will need to substantially adapt to reduced water availability, changing crops, and changes in temperatures, in order to sustain the level and diversity of crop production in California. California legislators recently passed the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) that requires all industries to reduce the three major greenhouse gases (GHGs) (CO2, N2O, and CH4) to 1990 levels by 2020. The great diversity of cropping systems and management practices in California agriculture leads, however, to greater uncertainties in estimates of GHG budgets compared to Midwest agriculture. In light of AB 32, we, here, synthesize all the available information on the potentials for California agriculture to sequester C and reduce GHG emissions through various alternative management practices: minimum or no tillage, organic, cover cropping, manuring, and reduced chemical fertilizer management. Our review indicates that C sequestration and GHG emission reductions are possible, but there is no single land management practice or change in inputs that could mitigate the C released from agricultural practices (e.g., fossil fuel usage, land-use changes, soil erosion, biomass burning, and N fertilizer associated emissions) and meet climate change commitments set out in AB 32. Therefore, it is only the integration of different management strategies that shows considerable potential for C mitigation as well as provides important cobenefits to ensure the future sustainability of California agriculture.
A Multi-atlas Approach to Region of Interest Detection for Medical Image Classification

A common approach for image classification is based on image feature extraction and supervised discriminative learning. For medical image classification problems where discriminative image features are spatially distributed around certain anatomical structures, localizing the region of interest (ROI) essential for the classification task is a key to success. To address this problem, we develop a multi-atlas label fusion technique for automatic ROI detection. Given a set of training images with class labels, our method infers voxel-wise scores for each image showing how discriminative each voxel is for categorizing the image. We applied our method in a 2D cardiac CT body part classification application and show the effectiveness of the detected ROIs.
Dissertation-to-Book Publication Patterns Among a Sample of R1 Institutions

INTRODUCTION A common concern about openly available electronic theses and dissertations is that their “openness” will prevent graduate student authors from publishing their work commercially in the future. A handful of studies have explored aspects of this topic; this study reviewed dissertation-to-book publication patterns at Carnegie Classification R1 academic institutions. METHODS This study analyzed over 23,000 dissertations from twelve U.S. universities to determine how frequently dissertations were subsequently published as books matching the original dissertation in pagination, chapters, and subject matter. WorldCat and several other resources were used to make publication determinations. RESULTS Across the sample set, a very small percentage of dissertations were published as books that matched the original dissertation on pagination, chapters, and subject matter. The average number of years for dissertations in the study to be published as books was determined for broad subject categories and for select academic disciplines. Results were compared across public and private institutions, and books that were self-published or published by questionable organizations were identified. DISCUSSION Dissertation-to-book trends occur primarily in the social sciences, humanities, and arts. With dissertations for which the author is actively working to publish as a book, the commonly offered 6- to 24-month embargo periods appear sufficient, provided that extensions or renewals continue to be available. CONCLUSION This study has implications for librarians providing services to graduate students, faculty advisors, and graduate colleges/schools in regard to dissertation embargo lengths, self-publishing, and what we have termed questionable publishers, as these areas continue to provide opportunities for librarians to educate these stakeholders.
Granularity and (Downside) Risk in Equity Markets

The U.S. equities market price process is largely driven by the information set and actions of large institutional investors, not individual retail investors. Using quarterly 13-F holdings, we construct the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of institutional investor concentration as a measure of granularity. Our contributions are both empirical and theoretical. We provide a comprehensive study of how granularity affects: (1) the cross-section of returns, (2) conditional variances across stocks and (3) downside risk. We find that constructing a low-HHI minus high-HHI portfolio produces an annualized return of 5.6%. Using an approach advocated by Koijen and Yogo, we document that the cross-section of HHI portfolios can be explained by a conditional asset pricing model involving heterogeneous investor demands driven by time-varying beliefs over asset characteristics. We document the adverse impact that investor ownership concentration has on both conditional volatility, and critically, a robust set of downside risk measures at both the portfolio and the firm level.
Mothers and Mentors: Exploring Perinatal Addiction and Recovery Through Digital Storytelling.

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a growing problem for pregnant and parenting women. Woman-to-woman peer support may positively influence perinatal outcomes but little is known about the impact o...
Architectural Consideration in the Design of Network-Based Educational Systems

Since the mid-1960s, algorithmic processing and channel switching in telecommunication networks have been well deployed in most Electronic Switching Systems (ESS). Indirect path routing, which relies heavily on the backbone Common Channel Signaling (CCS) network, has facilitated the implementation of intelligent networks (such as, IN/1, IN/2, and UISN) since the early 1980s. Together they fulfill a vital need in our society by making some of the newer services feasible, inexpensive, and attractive, such as the 800, 900, 911, and 700 numbers.
Promoting guideline-based cancer genetic risk assessment for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in ethnically and geographically diverse cancer survivors: Rationale and design of a 3-arm randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background Although national guidelines for cancer genetic risk assessment (CGRA) for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) have been available for over two decades, less than half of high-risk women have accessed these services, especially underserved minority and rural populations. Identification of high-risk individuals is crucial for cancer survivors and their families to benefit from biomedical advances in cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. Methods This paper describes community-engaged formative research and the protocol of the ongoing randomized 3-arm controlled Genetic Risk Assessment for Cancer Education and Empowerment (GRACE) trial. Ethnically and geographically diverse breast and ovarian cancer survivors at increased risk for hereditary cancer predisposition who have not had a CGRA are recruited through the three statewide cancer registries. The specific aims are to: 1) compare the effectiveness of a targeted intervention (TP) vs. a tailored counseling and navigation(TCN) intervention vs. usual care (UC) on CGRA utilization at 6 months post-diagnosis (primary outcome); compare the effectiveness of the interventions on genetic counseling uptake at 12 months after removal of cost barriers (secondary outcome); 2) examine potential underlying theoretical mediating and moderating mechanisms; and 3) conduct a cost evaluation to guide dissemination strategies. Discussion The ongoing GRACE trial addresses an important translational gap by developing and implementing evidence-based strategies to promote guideline-based care and reduce disparities in CGRA utilization among ethnically and geographically diverse women. If effective, these interventions have the potential to reach a large number of high-risk families and reduce disparities through broad dissemination. Trial registration number: NCT03326713 ; clinicaltrials.gov .
Incidence, patterns of progression and outcomes of melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) during programmed-death 1 inhibitor (PD1i) therapy.

9532Background: MBM are common in patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma (MM) and represent a frequent site of treatment failure with current therapies. Little is known, however, about the inciden...
Enhancement of Through-Thickness Thermal Transport in Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminates due to the Synergetic Role of Carbon Nanofiber Z-Threads

This study experimentally and analytically examined the influence of carbon nanofiber (CNF) z-threads on the through-thickness (i.e., z-direction) thermal conductivity of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs). It was hypothesized that a network of CNF z-threads within CFRPs would provide a thermally conductive microstructure throughout the sample thickness that would increase the through-thickness thermal conductivity. The experiments showed that the through-thickness thermal conductivity of the CNF z-threaded CFRPs (9.85 W/m-K) was approximately 7.53 times greater than that of the control CFRPs (1.31 W/m-K) and 2.73 times greater than that of the unaligned CNF-modified CFRPs (3.61 W/m-K). Accordingly, the CNF z-threads were found to play a substantial role in increasing the through-thickness thermal conductivity of CFRPs. To better understand the role of the CNF z-threads in through-thickness thermal transport, simple logical models of the CFRPs were constructed and then compared with the experimental results. Through these analyses, it was determined that CNF z-threads substantially enhance the through-thickness thermal conductivity by creating carbon fiber-CNF linkages throughout the CFRP laminate; these linkages allow the heat flow to largely bypass the resistive resin that envelops the carbon fibers. In addition, thermal infrared tests illustrated that the increased through-thickness thermal conductivity of the CNF z-threaded CFRP enabled the location and visualization of defects within the laminate, which was not possible with the control CFRP.
Results of a Naloxone Screening Quality-Improvement Project in an Academic Emergency Department.

Abstract Background The Emergency Department (ED) is a medical setting increasingly utilized by opioid users. In January 2016, our health system initiated a take-home naloxone education and distribution program. From July to August 2016, screening was performed in the ED to identify patients for take-home naloxone. Objective To evaluate the outcomes of routine screening for take-home naloxone in the ED setting and to determine key screening questions. Secondary analysis of Electronic Health Records for discrete elements that could help identify individuals for naloxone. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study conducted at two EDs within an academic health system. A screening tool was verbally administered to a convenience sample of ED patients as part of a pilot project to identify patients for overdose education and naloxone. Patient charts were reviewed retrospectively for pre-determined historical elements, medications prescribed, and substance use history. Descriptive and comparative analysis using Fisher two-tailed tests were performed with regard to historical elements, naloxone recommendation and prescription. Results A total of 182 patients were included. Following screening, 58 (31.9%) were identified as candidates for take-home naloxone. Of those, 36 (62.1%) accepted naloxone recommendation and 19 (32.8%) were prescribed naloxone. Individuals not prescribed naloxone despite recommendation either declined naloxone 22 (37.9%) or were not prescribed naloxone 17 (29.3%). Subanalysis of questions with binary yes/no answers (N = 171) demonstrated significant prediction of both naloxone recommendation (ROC = 0.944) and prescription (ROC = 0.897). Conclusions Routine screening for take-home naloxone can help identify patients at-risk for opioid overdose and increase naloxone access in the ED.
Authors' Reply to Mintz: "Economic Implications of Pathogen Reduced and Bacterially Tested Platelet Components: A US Hospital Budget Impact Model"

This reply refers to the article available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-018-0409-3 .
O2 Reduction to Water by High Potential Multicopper Oxidases: Contributions of the T1 Copper Site Potential and the Local Environment of the Trinuclear Copper Cluster.

High potential multicopper oxidases (MCOs) have T1 reduction potentials >600 mV (vs normal hydrogen electrode), making them important catalysts for O2 reduction in various biotechnological applicat...
Global Internet Connectedness: 2002–2011

We examine the communications networks formed by direct international Internet links, weighted by bandwidth capacity, each year over the 2002–2011 period. While the 2011 network closely resembles that of 2002, the network has become more tightly interconnected over time. With countries as nodes, connectedness was measured by both changes in median degree and overall network density. We also considered networks formed by aggregating countries into United Nations (UN) continent and region categories as well as network communities identified through tightness of degree interconnection weighted by bandwidth. While relative connectedness as measured by percentage of bandwidth staying within UN geographic regions is decreasing, the percentage remaining within the continent has been fairly constant over the period. All of this must, of course, be understood in the context of enormous total international bandwidth growth between 2002 and 2011 at all levels of analysis.
Predictive effects of low birth weight and small for gestational age status on respiratory and nutritional outcomes in cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Introduction: Prior literature shows that neonates with cystic fibrosis (CF) are more likely to be born low birth weight (LBW, Methods: The study population (CF Twin and Sibling Study) was recruited between 2000-2013 (n = 1677). Relationships between FEV1 percent predicted at 6, 12, or 18 years or BMI z-score at 2, 6, 12, or 18 years, and predictor variables (LBW or SGA status) were assessed using adjusted linear regressions. Results: Mean birth weight was 3.3 ± 0.7 kg (Females: 3.2 ± 0.7kg; males: 3.4 ± 0.7kg) and mean gestational age was 38.4 ± 2.6 weeks, with 10.2% of participants classified as SGA. Predictors of LBW included female sex, pancreatic insufficiency, and prematurity. Predictors of SGA included female sex. After adjustment, LBW was associated with lower BMI at ages 2-12 years and SGA was associated with lower BMI at age 2 years. LBW was associated with lower FEV1 percent predicted only at age 6 years. SGA was not associated with FEV1. Conclusions: We did not observe higher rates of LBW or SGA in full term infants compared to the general population. We observed associations particularly between LBW and BMI or FEV1, but these associations decreased with age, suggesting that alternate factors contribute to outcomes over time. In lieu of the ability to target growth during gestation, efforts could be considered to optimize infant nutritional status, which may improve later life outcomes.
What About Bob? Reflections From A Former Doctoral Student:

The author provides a series of reflections based upon working with the influential marketing scholar Dr. Robert F. (Bob) Lusch on several research projects over the past 30+ years.
Motivating Students with Learning Disabilities to Read.

Students may lack the motivation to read for many reasons, including inadequate access to interesting texts, limited encouragement to read for pleasure from adults, instructional practices that do ...
Development of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Specific Monoclonal Antibodies

The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused massive disruptions in every society around the world. To help fight COVID-19, new molecular tools specifically targeting critical components of the causative agent of COVID-19, SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are desperately needed. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is a major component of the viral replication processes, integral to viral particle assembly, and is a major diagnostic marker for infection and immune protection. Currently available antibody reagents targeting the nucleocapsid protein were primarily developed against the related SARS-CoV virus and are not specific to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Therefore, in this work we developed and characterized a series of new mouse monoclonal antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies were tested in ELISA, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. The variable regions from the heavy and light chains from five select clones were cloned and sequenced, and preliminary epitope mapping of the sequenced clones was performed. Overall, the new antibody reagents described here will be of significant value in the fight against COVID-19.
Understanding sunscreen and photoprotection misinformation on parenting blogs: A mixed-method study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Sun exposure during childhood is a modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. Social media (including parenting blogs) represent promising platforms for understanding misinformation about pediatric photoprotection. This study's objective was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the digital social context of parenting blogs that shape parents' decisions about children's photoprotection. METHODS Mixed-method analysis was conducted of the 25 most popular parenting blogs in the USA, including 56 blog posts addressing photoprotection and 2661 comments. An inductive method was used to code and identify key themes associated with blog post categorization as sunscreen-encouraging, -discouraging, and -ambivalent. The qualitative analysis program NVivo was used to calculate descriptive statistics for comment codes based on co-occurrence with blog post category. RESULTS Sunscreen-discouraging posts addressed natural remedies, sunscreen recipes, and vitamin D. Sunscreen-encouraging posts focused on skin cancer and protective clothing. Sunscreen-ambivalent posts were associated with scientific studies. Sunscreen-discouraging posts received more comments (mean 124) than encouraging (31) or ambivalent posts (8). Discouraging (65%) and ambivalent posts (75%) cited scientific literature more often than encouraging posts (14%). Comments were twice as likely to discourage photoprotection as to encourage it (1340 vs 447 comments). CONCLUSIONS Parenting blogs are a substantial resource of both information and misinformation on pediatric photoprotection. However, misinformation receives substantially more engagement. The themes revealed in this study may help physicians and public health officials in developing interventions to target misinformation around pediatric photoprotection.
Challenges of caring for homeless patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders in Los Angeles

Homelessness is a public health crisis. Homeless individuals have significantly worse health outcomes than the general population. We have begun examining challenges of caring for homeless patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Difficulties include physical environment, food and financial insecurity, access to healthcare, low health literacy, and comorbid mental illness, and substance abuse. Based on known prevalences of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMSDs), we extrapolate that there are thousands of homeless with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and osteoarthritis. We present preliminary observations of disparities in the care of homeless patients with RA seen at the Los Angeles County Medical Center of the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California. They tended to be African American males, missed appointments, utilized emergency services frequently, tended not to be on medications, and exhibited severe disease. We reviewed the available literature on homelessness and homeless healthcare to consider what further studies might be helpful and what interventions might improve the care of patients with RMSDs. We identified several aspirational and practical recommendations. These include ensuring access to healthcare for the homeless (indeed for all); reducing disparities through policy, tailored care, and enhanced social services; and recognizing and treating disease early. Developing better approaches for the care of these homeless has obvious and important implications for other underserved populations needing rheumatologic care, patients with early arthritis, or situations where rheumatologists are unavailable. We believe that physicians have a special responsibility to mitigate inequities in this particularly disadvantaged population.
Robo : A Counselor Chatbot for Opioid Addicted Patients

Opioid as an addiction is a serious public health threat in the U.S., leads to massive deaths and other social problems. Medical treatment and mental supports are considering factors in rehabilitation process for opioid addicts. In this process families and friends play an important role in supporting and help the addict to stay clean. However, they may not know the best action to take due to lack of knowledge or certainty. Therefore, there are situations that addicts tend to use social media as a question/answering platform to seek answer for an inquiry. Unfortunately, It is often difficult to search over pages or different forums for a quick answer and it can be time-consuming, confusing and ultimately frustrating for the addicts. Hence, We propose a novel chatbot that is integrated with state-of-the-art deep learning techniques to retrieve an instant answer for a user’s query from Reddit social media. Our experiment illustrates that the chatbot provides answers in scenarios that there is no exact matched question in the discussion forums but there are questions with semantic similarities to the user query. Consequently, we illustrate real use cases where our chatbot retrieves responses from Reddit social media forums.
Imaging of enthesitis by an LED-based photoacoustic system

Significance: One key pathological characteristic of seronegative spondyloarthropathy (SpA) is inflammation at the insertion of tendons and ligaments into the bone (enthesitis). Aim: We explore the potential of the emerging photoacoustic (PA) imaging in diagnosis of SpA and review its feasibility in detecting SpA-associated Achilles tendon enthesitis. Approach: A light-emitting diode (LED)-based PA and ultrasound combined system was employed. The PA images, both along the long and the short axes of each Achilles tendon insertion region, were acquired at 850-nm wavelength, which is sensitive in depicting increased blood volume (i.e., hyperemia). To assess the hyperemia indicating enthesis inflammation, two parameters were quantified in the imaged tendons, including the average intensity and the density of the color pixels in the pseudo-color PA images. Ten SpA patients, all of which met Assessment of SpA International Society (ASAS) criteria for SpA and were found to have Achilles enthesitis by clinical exam according to a board-certified rheumatologist, were included in the study. Results: The PA and Doppler ultrasound imaging of Achilles enthesitis resulting from these 10 SpA patients were compared to those from 10 healthy volunteers, leading to statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the applied t-tests. Conclusions: This preliminary clinical study suggests that the LED-based PA imaging holds a promise for sensitive and objective assessment of SpA enthesitis in an outpatient setting of the rheumatology clinic.
Canonical correlation analysis for elliptical copulas.

Abstract Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a common method used to estimate the associations between two different sets of variables by maximizing the Pearson correlation between linear combinations of the two sets of variables. We propose a version of CCA for transelliptical distributions with an elliptical copula using pairwise Kendall’s tau to estimate a latent scatter matrix. Because Kendall’s tau relies only on the ranks of the data this method does not make any assumptions about the marginal distributions of the variables, and is valid when moments do not exist. We establish consistency and asymptotic normality for canonical directions and correlations estimated using Kendall’s tau. Simulations indicate that this estimator outperforms standard CCA for data generated from heavy tailed elliptical distributions. Our method also identifies more meaningful relationships when the marginal distributions are skewed. We also propose a method for testing for non-zero canonical correlations using bootstrap methods. This testing procedure does not require any assumptions on the joint distribution of the variables and works for all elliptical copulas. This is in contrast to permutation tests which are only valid when data are generated from a distribution with a Gaussian copula. This method’s practical utility is shown in an analysis of the association between radial diffusivity in white matter tracts and cognitive tests scores for six-year-old children from the Early Brain Development Study at UNC-Chapel Hill. An R package implementing this method is available at github.com/blangworthy/transCCA.
Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation and antigenicity

New SARS-CoV-2 variants that have accumulated multiple mutations in the spike (S) glycoprotein enable increased transmission and resistance to neutralizing antibodies. Here, we study the antigenic and structural impacts of the S protein mutations from four variants, one that was involved in transmission between minks and humans, and three that rapidly spread in human populations and originated in the United Kingdom, Brazil or South Africa. All variants either retained or improved binding to the ACE2 receptor. The B.1.1.7 (UK) and B.1.1.28 (Brazil) spike variants showed reduced binding to neutralizing NTD and RBD antibodies, respectively, while the B.1.351 (SA) variant showed reduced binding to both NTD- and RBD-directed antibodies. Cryo-EM structural analyses revealed allosteric effects of the mutations on spike conformations and revealed mechanistic differences that either drive inter-species transmission or promotes viral escape from dominant neutralizing epitopes. HighlightsO_LICryo-EM structures reveal changes in SARS-CoV-2 S protein during inter-species transmission or immune evasion. C_LIO_LIAdaptation to mink resulted in increased ACE2 binding and spike destabilization. C_LIO_LIB.1.1.7 S mutations reveal an intricate balance of stabilizing and destabilizing effects that impact receptor and antibody binding. C_LIO_LIE484K mutation in B.1.351 and B.1.1.28 S proteins drives immune evasion by altering RBD conformation. C_LIO_LIS protein uses different mechanisms to converge upon similar solutions for altering RBD up/down positioning. C_LI
Risk of peripheral artery disease according to race and sex: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Abstract Background and aims Previous community-based studies have demonstrated sex and race-based disparities in the risk of cardiovascular disease. We sought to examine the association of sex and race with incident peripheral artery disease (PAD-) and critical limb ischemia (CLI-) related hospitalizations. Methods In 13,451 Black and White ARIC participants without prevalent PAD at baseline (1987–89), we estimated the cumulative incidence of PAD- and CLI-related hospitalization over a median follow-up of 26 years. We quantified hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox models across four sex- and race-groups. PAD and CLI were defined by hospitalization discharge codes. Results The cumulative incidence of PAD-related hospitalization was higher in males than females in Whites (5.1% vs. 2.7%; p Conclusions These data suggest that there are both sex- and race-specific patterns of PAD-related hospitalization that lead to differences in clinical disease risk and presentation.
Relation of the Number of Cardiovascular Conditions and Short-term Symptom Improvement After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Stable Angina Pectoris

With aging of the population, cardiovascular conditions (CC) are increasingly common in individuals undergoing PCI for stable angina pectoris (AP). It is unknown if the overall burden of CCs associates with diminished symptom improvement after PCI for stable AP. We prospectively administered validated surveys assessing AP, dyspnea, and depression to patients undergoing PCI for stable AP at our institution, 2016-2018. The association of CC burden and symptoms at 30-days post-PCI was assessed via linear mixed effects models. Included individuals (N = 121; mean age 68 ± 10 years; response rate = 42%) were similar to non-included individuals. At baseline, greater CC burden was associated with worse dyspnea, depression, and physical limitations due to AP, but not AP frequency or quality of life. PCI was associated with small improvements in AP and dyspnea (p ≤ 0.001 for both), but not depression (p = 0.15). After multivariable adjustment, including for baseline symptoms, CC burden was associated with a greater improvement in AP physical limitations (p = 0.01) and depression (p = 0.002), albeit small, but not other symptom domains (all p ≥ 0.05). In patients undergoing PCI for stable AP, increasing CC burden was associated with worse dyspnea, depression, and AP physical limitations at baseline. An increasing number of CCs was associated with greater improvements, though small, in AP physical limitations and depression. In conclusion, the overall number of cardiovascular conditions should not be used to exclude patients from PCI for stable AP on the basis of an expectation of less symptom improvement.
Exploring Factors Responsible for Delay in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation

Objective To identify and characterize demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with delays in cochlear implantation (CI) in children. Study design Retrospective. Setting Tertiary pediatric CI referral center. Patients All patients under 18 years of age receiving CI between March 2018 and February 2020. Interventions CI. Main outcome measures Primary outcome measures included age at implantation and time from hearing loss diagnosis and candidacy evaluation to CI. Results Seventy-two patients were identified (44% women, average age at implantation 4.9 yr). Age at implantation was older in patients with public, rather than private, insurance (6.0 ± 0.8 yr versus 3.1 ± 0.7 yr, p = 0.007) and those from low-income areas (8.6 ± 7.6 yr versus 2.4 ± 3.0 yr, p = 0.007). Time between hearing loss diagnosis and implantation was longer in publicly insured patients (4.1 ± 0.6 yr versus 2.2 ± 0.5 yr, p = 0.014). Time between identification as a CI candidate and implantation was longer in publicly insured patients (721 ± 107d versus 291 ± 64 d, p = 0.001). Among children with congenital profound hearing loss, publicly insured patients continued to be older at implantation (1.9 ± 0.2 versus 1.0 ± 0.2 yr, p = 0.008). Latinx children were more often publicly insured whereas white children were more often privately insured (p Conclusions Disparities in access to CI continue to affect timing of pediatric cochlear implantation.
A Review of participant, agency, and community outcomes of non-familial intergenerational programs:

Summary:Social workers are uniquely qualified to administer intergenerational programs, which offer a long-standing and promising way to improve the lives of children, youth, older adults, and comm...
Development of polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes to reduce the COD level of electrocoagulation treated high-strength wastewater

Abstract This study focused on developing a membrane-based purification process, coupled with electrocoagulation (EC) as the pretreatment step, to reduce the COD level of an anaerobic digestion effluent. Commercial brackish water reverse osmosis (RO) membranes offer high COD removal but very low water fluxes. In an effort to address this issue, polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) membranes were fabricated by the surface modification of loose nanofiltration membranes using layer-by-layer assembly technique. The application of PEM membranes to treat wastewater effluents has not been explored in details. Two polyelectrolyte combinations were tried – the first one consisted of poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) and poly (styrene sulfonate) while the second one consisted of poly (allylamine hydrochloride) and poly (acrylic acid). In comparison to commercial RO membranes, these membranes offered significantly higher fluxes, albeit with equivalent COD reduction. The effect of effluent properties like pH and composition, on the performance of these membranes has been discussed. The PEM films were characterized based on properties like thickness and surface charge, which directly affected the separation behavior of the membranes. For the first time, the combination of EC and PEM membranes has been tried out as a simple, energy-efficient two-step process for treating high-strength wastewater.
Who Really Leads Development

"Leadership" is not a common topic for research in international development. In recent years, however, prominent studies like the 2008 Growth Commission Report noted the importance of leadership in development. This and other studies focused on individual leaders--or heroes--when referencing what leaders did to foster development. The current article asks if heroes really lead development. It deconstructs the implied theory behind a 'hero orthodoxy' into four hypotheses; about how change happens in development, who leads it, how it emerges, and how it is bought to completion. Through a qualitative study of twelve interventions in contexts like Afghanistan, Sierra Leone and Kosovo, the article shows that these hypotheses are too simple to really help explain who leads development. It appears that change is complex and requires complex multi-agent leadership interventions.
Assessment of a media campaign and related crisis help line following Hurricane Katrina.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the impact of a media campaign targeting stress and depression following Hurricane Katrina. We specifically examined public response to the campaign's recommendation that people could contact a telephone help line for further assistance if needed. METHODS: Call data from Via Link allowed us to track trends in 800-number Crisis Line call volume (n = 29,659), which is the number recommended in the media campaign, and 2-1-1 Information and Referral Line call volume (n = 8,035), which is employed in a control-like manner. With data from April 1, 2006, through November 30, 2006, multivariate analysis was used to assess trends and differences among and within pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention. RESULTS: Information and Referral Line call volume, which was unrelated to the campaign, did not change over time. In contrast, Crisis Line call volume, which was related to the campaign, increased significantly from pre-intervention to intervention, but not from intervention to post-intervention. Furthermore, the daily rate of Crisis Line call volume was constant during pre-intervention, increased during intervention, but decreased during post-intervention. CONCLUSION: There is support for the media campaign's influence on public behavior to contact Via Link in regard to stress and depression following Hurricane Katrina. Analysis helps undermine alternative explanations, including general trends in help line call volume and those specific to Crisis Line call volume. Language: en
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists suppress interleukin-6 expression by bone marrow stromal cells: an immunotoxicology study

Bone marrow stromal cells produce cytokines required for the normal growth and development of all eight hematopoietic cell lineages. Aberrant cytokine production by stromal cells contributes to blood cell dyscrasias. Consequently, factors that alter stromal cell cytokine production may significantly compromise the development of normal blood cells. We have shown that environmental chemicals, such as aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, suppress B lymphopoiesis by modulating bone marrow stromal cell function. Here, we extend these studies to evaluate the potential for two prototypic AhR agonists, 7,12-dimethylbenz [a]anthracene (DMBA) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), to alter stromal cell cytokine responses. Bone marrow stromal cells were treated with AhR agonists and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic innate inflammatory cytokine responses and to study the effects of AhR ligands on those responses. Steady state cytokine RNA levels were screened by RNAse protection assays (RPA) and quantified by real-time PCR. Cytokine (IL-6) protein production was measured by ELISA. NF-κB EMSAs were used to study IL-6 transcriptional regulation. RPAs indicated that AhR+ bone marrow stromal cells consistently up-regulated genes encoding IL-6 and LIF in response to LPS, presumably through activation of Toll-like receptor 4. Pre-treatment with low doses of DMBA or TCDD selectively abrogated IL-6 gene induction but had no effect on LIF mRNA. Real-time-PCR indicated a significant inhibition of IL-6 mRNA by AhR ligands within 1 hour of LPS challenge which was reflected in a profound down-regulation of IL-6 protein induction, with DMBA and TCDD suppressing IL-6 levels as much as 65% and 88%, respectively. This potent inhibitory effect persisted for at least 72 hours. EMSAs measuring NF-κB binding to IL-6 promoter sequences, an event known to induce IL-6 transcription, indicated a significant decrease in the LPS-mediated induction of DNA-binding RelA/p50 and c-Rel/p50 heterodimers in the presence of DMBA. Common environmental AhR agonists can suppress the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a model for innate inflammatory responses, through down-regulation of IL-6, a cytokine critical to the growth of several hematopoietic cell subsets, including early B cells. This suppression occurs at least at the level of IL-6 gene transcription and may be regulated by NF-κB.
Explaining who writes to congressmen

Abstract The study of constituent-congressman relations often ignores the potential importance of the social nature of the constituency itself as it may influence the relationship. It has been believed that seeking casework was almost completely associated with individual attributes. Furthermore, it was believed that social class was not an important predictor of who would write. This paper shows that social class and the class context of an individual are important contributors to whether or not a person will write to his or her congressman.