cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Base Flipping in Damage Recognition and Catalysis by T4 Endonuclease V

Abstract The process of moving a DNA base extrahelical (base flipping) has been shown in the co-crystal structure of a UV-induced pyrimidine dimer-specific glycosylase, T4 endonuclease V, with its substrate DNA. Compared with other enzymes known to use base flipping, endonuclease V is unique in that it moves the base opposite the target site extrahelical, rather than moving the target base itself. Utilizing substrate analogs and catalytically inactive mutants of T4 endonuclease V, this study investigates the discrete steps involved in damage recognition by this DNA repair enzyme. Specifically, fluorescence spectroscopy analysis shows that fluorescence changes attributable to base flipping are specific for only the base directly opposite either abasic site analogs or the 5′-thymine of a pyrimidine dimer, and no changes are detected if the 2-aminopurine is moved opposite the 3′-thymine of the pyrimidine dimer. Interestingly, base flipping is not detectable with every specific binding event suggesting that damage recognition can be achieved without base flipping. Thus, base flipping does not add to the stability of the specific enzyme-DNA complex but rather induces a conformational change to facilitate catalysis at the appropriate target site. When used in conjunction with structural information, these types of analyses can yield detailed mechanistic models and critical amino acid residues for extrahelical base movement as a mode of damage recognition.
Cluster Analysis Based on Dimensional Information with Applications to Feature Selection and Classification

A new clustering algorithm is presented that is based on dimensional information. The algorithm includes an inherent feature selection criterion, which is discussed. Further, a heuristic method for choosing the proper number of intervals for a frequency distribution histogram, a feature necessary for the algorithm, is presented. The algorithm, although usable as a stand-alone clustering technique, is then utilized as a global approximator. Local clustering techniques and configuration of a global-local scheme are discussed, and finally the complete global-local and feature selector configuration is shown in application to a real-time adaptive classification scheme for the analysis of remote sensed multispectral scanner data.
Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms

Evolutionary algorithms (EA s) have amply shown their promise in solving various search and optimization problems for the past three decades. One of the hallmarks and niches of EAs is their ability to handle multi-objective optimization problems in their totality, which their classical counterparts lack. Suggested in the beginning of the 1990s, evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO ) algorithms are now routinely used in solving problems with multiple conflicting objectives in various branches of engineering, science, and commerce. In this chapter, we provide an overview of EMO methodologies by first presenting principles of EMO through an illustration of one specific algorithm and its application to an interesting real-world bi-objective optimization problem. Thereafter, we provide a list of recent research and application developments of EMO to provide a picture of some salient advancements in EMO research. The development and application of EMO to multi-objective optimization problems and their continued extensions to solve other related problems has elevated EMO research to a level which may now undoubtedly be termed as an active field of research with a wide range of theoretical and practical research and application opportunities.
Holocene earthquakes and right-lateral slip on the left-lateral Darrington–Devils Mountain fault zone, northern Puget Sound, Washington

Sources of seismic hazard in the Puget Sound region of northwestern Washington include deep earthquakes associated with the Cascadia subduction zone, and shallow earthquakes associated with some of the numerous crustal (upper-plate) faults that crisscross the region. Our paleoseismic investigations on one of the more prominent crustal faults, the Darrington–Devils Mountain fault zone, included trenching of fault scarps developed on latest Pleistocene glacial sediments and analysis of cores from an adjacent wetland near Lake Creek, 14 km southeast of Mount Vernon, Washington. Trench excavations revealed evidence of a single earthquake, radiocarbon dated to ca. 2 ka, but extensive burrowing and root mixing of sediments within 50–100 cm of the ground surface may have destroyed evidence of other earthquakes. Cores in a small wetland adjacent to our trench site provided stratigraphic evidence (formation of a laterally extensive, prograding wedge of hillslope colluvium) of an earthquake ca. 2 ka, which we interpret to be the same earthquake documented in the trenches. A similar colluvial wedge lower in the wetland section provides possible evidence for a second earthquake dated to ca. 8 ka. Three-dimensional trenching techniques revealed evidence for 2.2 ± 1.1 m of right-lateral offset of a glacial outwash channel margin, and 45–70 cm of north-side-up vertical separation across the fault zone. These offsets indicate a net slip vector of 2.3 ± 1.1 m, plunging 14° west on a 286°-striking, 90°-dipping fault plane. The dominant right-lateral sense of slip is supported by the presence of numerous Riedel R shears preserved in two of our trenches, and probable right-lateral offset of a distinctive bedrock fault zone in a third trench. Holocene north-side-up, right-lateral oblique slip is opposite the south-side-up, left-lateral oblique sense of slip inferred from geologic mapping of Eocene and older rocks along the fault zone. The cause of this slip reversal is unknown but may be related to clockwise rotation of the Darrington–Devils Mountain fault zone into a position more favorable to right-lateral slip in the modern N-S compressional stress field.
The perils of endogeneity and instrumental variables in strategy research: : Understanding through simulations

In this paper we use simulations to examine how endogeneity biases the results reported by ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. In addition, we examine how instrumental variable techniques help to alleviate such bias. Our results demonstrate severe bias even at low levels of endogeneity. Our results also illustrate how instrumental variables produce unbiased coefficient estimates, but instrumental variables are associated with extremely low levels of statistical power. Finally, our simulations highlight how stronger instruments improve statistical power and that endogenous instruments can report results that are inferior to those reported by OLS regression. Based on our results, we provide a series of recommendations for scholars dealing with endogeneity
Intraocular pressure changes during injection of microincision and conventional intraocular lenses through incisions smaller than 3.0 mm

Purpose To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) during insertion of a new microincision intraocular lens (IOL) (Akreos AO MI60) and a conventional IOL (AcrySof Natural SN60AT) and to determine the minimum incision sizes for insertion in a cadaver eye model. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods After phacoemulsification in phakic cadaver eyes, multiple IOL insertions were attempted through 1.8 mm to 2.5 mm wounds. The final incision size and insertion success were evaluated in each case. A pressure transducer placed in the vitreous cavity measured real-time IOP changes (100 readings per second), including the mean and peak IOP during IOL implantation. Results The minimum incision size for the microincision IOL insertion was 1.9 mm using a wound-assisted technique and 2.2 mm using a cartridge-insertion technique. The minimum incision size for wound-assisted implantation of the conventional IOL was 2.4 mm. During successful implantation, the mean and peak IOPs were similar between the 2 IOL types. The peak IOPs exceeded 60 mm Hg (retinal perfusion pressure). In unsuccessful attempts, the mean and peak IOPs were higher for the conventional IOL, reaching 306.05 mm Hg in 1 eye. Conclusions Monitoring during implantation of both IOL types confirmed that IOP increases during insertion, including during microincision surgery using a wound-assisted technique. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effect of pressure spikes on the optic nerve during IOL insertion.
The Crisis of Labor Politics in Latin America: Parties and Labor Movements during the Transition to Neoliberalism

Following the onset of mass politics in early twentieth-century Latin America, party systems were distinguished by different patterns of labor incorporation. In some countries, political competition was realigned by the emergence of a mass-based, labor-mobilizing populist or leftist party. In other countries, party systems remained under the control of traditional oligarchic parties or elite personalities who provided little impetus for labor mobilization. Countries with labor-mobilizing party systems were more deeply embedded in the state-led model of capitalist development known as import substitution industrialization in the middle of the twentieth century, and they suffered severe economic trauma when this development model collapsed in the debt crisis of the 1980s. Economic austerity and free-market reforms undermined the social foundations of these party systems, which experienced sharp declines in trade-union density and widespread electoral volatility during the waning decades of the twentieth century.
New and Early Professionals Observations and Implications

This article summarizes the professional and personal themes that emerge from an examination of the 11 previous articles. Professional themes include implementing the scientist-practitioner model, identifying with counseling psychology, dealing with competency issues, seeking employment satisfaction, maintaining vitality, and the increasing professionalization of the field. Personal themes include addressing racism and sexism and seeking a balanced life-style. Suggestions for dialogue, research, and professional reform are offered.
Rights and Responsibility in the law of torts

An adequate understanding of tort law requires distinguishing four senses in which “rights” figure in tort. First and most obviously, tort law imposes duties on actors to refrain from injuring others that are correlative to rights not to be injured in the ways proscribed by tort law. Second, tort law confers on one who suffers a violation of the right of non-injury a right of action, i.e., a legal power to hold the tortfeasor liable. Third, the legal power conferred on tort victims is grounded in a duty owed by the state to its citizens and their corresponding right to an avenue of civil recourse against those who have wronged them. Finally, the victim’s right against the state to law for the recourse of wrongs derives in part from the natural right – or, more precisely, the natural privilege – of individuals to make certain demands of those who have wronged them. By distinguishing among the kinds of rights involved in tort law, and explaining how they connect to one another, civil recourse theory explains more satisfactorily than other theories the particular sense in which tort is a law of rights and responsibilities.
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship Between Child Protection System Stressors and Case Outputs

This article presents an exploratory study of the relationship between organizational stressors and organizational outputs in the child protection field. A secondary data analysis was conducted with a sample of 65 counties in Florida. Multiple regression models were created using two independent variables representing caseload and turnover. While these organizational stressors were not significantly related to the percent of child abuse and neglect cases that were verified, they were significantly related to the percent of non-judicial cases closed within a specified time frame. These results point to the relevance of organizational characteristics in child protective services.
Optically-activated gate control of power semiconductor device switching dynamics

Modulation of the switching dynamics of a power semiconductor device (PSD) using an optically-triggered power transistor (OTPT), which controls the gate excitation of the PSD, is outlined and experimentally demonstrated. The core concept is the integration of width- and intensity-modulation for the optical triggering beam. Key issues related to the OTPT design, optical interfacing, and hybrid integration with the PSD die are discussed. Scalability of this concept is demonstrated across a range of PSD types (power MOSFET, IGBT, and vertical JFET) and material platforms (Si and SiC).
Autofrettage of layered and functionally graded metal–ceramic composite vessels

The residual compressive stresses induced by the autofrettage process in a metal vessel are limited by metal plasticity. Here we showed that the autofrettage of layered metal–ceramic composite vessels leads to considerably higher residual compressive stresses compared to the counterpart metal vessel. To calculate the residual stresses in a composite vessel, an extension of the Variable Material Properties (X-VMP) method for materials with varying elastic and plastic properties was employed. We also investigated the autofrettage of composite vessels made of functionally graded material (FGM). The significant advantage of this configuration is in avoiding the negative effects of abrupt changes in material properties in a layered vessel – and thus, inherently, in the stress and strain distributions induced by the autofrettage process. A parametric study was carried out to obtain near-optimized distribution of ceramic particles through the vessel thickness that results in maximum residual stresses in an autofrettaged functionally graded composite vessel. Selected finite element results were also presented to establish the validity of the X-VMP method.
Oxidative dissolution of pyrite surfaces by hexavalent chromium: Surface site saturation and surface renewal

Abstract In-situ reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to nontoxic Cr(III) represents an important natural attenuation process for Cr(VI)-impacted environments. This study investigates the stoichiometry and kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by pyrite, a reduced iron–sulfur mineral ubiquitous in recent estuarine and marine sediments. Pyrite suspensions at surface loadings of 0.28–2.10 m2/L (typical of estuarine or marine sediments) were capable of completely reducing 7–120 μM Cr(VI) on the timescale of minutes to days, with the time to reaction completion decreasing with increasing pyrite loading, decreasing initial Cr(VI) concentration, and decreasing suspension pH. Analysis of metal species (Cr and Fe) and sulfur species in solution and at the mineral surface indicated that Cr(VI) oxidatively dissolved the pyrite surface, releasing ferrous iron and sulfate into solution as the reaction progressed. Surface disulfide groups were postulated as the Cr(VI)-reactive surface entity. Net production or consumption of aqueous Fe(II) was shown to depend upon the relative rates of proton-promoted Fe(II) release, Fe(II) release due to oxidative dissolution of pyrite in the presence of Cr(VI), and Fe(II) consumption due to homogeneous reaction with Cr(VI). Kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by pyrite displayed a biphasic pattern, and the time to reaction completion increased dramatically with increasing initial Cr(VI) concentration. Rapid Cr(VI) removal occurred early in the reaction progress, attributable to Cr(VI) loss under an adsorption-limited regime. Slow, approximately zero-order, Cr(VI) removal occurred over the bulk of the time courses, and corresponded to Cr(VI) removal under surface site saturation conditions. Stoichiometric Cr(VI) reduction was able to proceed under surface site limited conditions owing to regeneration of reactive surface sites following desorption/dissolution of oxidized surface products, as demonstrated in repeat Cr(VI)-spiking experiments. The role of surface passivation was evaluated by comparing rates of Cr(VI) reduction in the presence and absence of the Cr(III)-complexing agent citrate. While citrate addition significantly enhanced Cr(III) solubility, rates of Cr(VI) reduction were only marginally accelerated, suggesting that Cr(OH)3(s) coatings did not completely block access of Cr(VI) to reactive surface sites on pyrite. Given the rapid rates of Cr(VI) reduction with pyrite under pH and surface coverage conditions typical of natural environments, we propose that Cr(VI) reduction by pyrite be considered in fate and transport models for Cr in contaminated sediments.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF KNEE DISLOCATIONS

The traumatically dislocated knee can be a devastating injury; fortunately, it is uncommon. More attention is being given to the treatment of knee dislocations as the capability of ligamentous reconstruction increases. Great treatment advances are anticipated as this interest grows and outcomes are evaluated. Nonetheless, the complications of this injury, including loss of limb, still occur from the missed diagnosis of a knee dislocation. MR imaging and other technological advances do not relieve the clinician of the responsibility for performing a thorough physical examination. Suspicion of an associated neurovascular injury must always be high. To a certain degree, prevention of this injury may be possible in the high-velocity accidents that occur with motor vehicles and in industry. Advancement in vehicular designs, with specific attention to airbags, dashboards, and firewalls, needs to be made to reduce the incidence and magnitude of lower extremity trauma in motor vehicle accidents. Seat belts remain the most effective restraint in the prevention of lower extremity trauma in the motor vehicle.
2,4,6‐Triiso­propyl­benzene­sulfon­amide from single‐crystal data

Refinement of the title structure, C15H25NO2S, using low-temperature single-crystal X-ray data, confirms the results from powder diffraction data [Tremayne, MacLean, Tang & Glidewell (1999). Acta Cryst. B55, 1068–1074]. The S=O distances are 1.4252 (18) and 1.4301 (16) A, and the S—N distance is 1.601 (2) A.
Friction and wear behavior of near-frictionless carbon coatings in formulated gasolines

Million-cycle reciprocating wear tests have been carried out to determine the ultimate wear lifetime of near-frictionless carbon (NFC) coatings applied to production fuel-injector tips. Wear tests were performed in existing and reformulated gasolines as part of a study to improve fuel systems for spark-ignited, direct-injected (SIDI) engines. Ball-on-three-disc (BOTD) tests were performed to determine the lubricity of the gasolines, and the wear surfaces were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. NFC coatings reduced friction and total wear by up to 48% and 39%, respectively. No evidence was seen of coating graphitization, the formation of transfer films from the coatings, or the presence of chemical protective films originating from the gasolines.
Interactions of Vitamins A, D3, E, and K in the Diet of Broiler Chicks

A total of 3,888 broiler chicks (Vantress x Arbor Acre) were used in a study involving 81 dietary treatments to determine the interactions among vitamins A, D3, E, and K in broiler chicks. Three levels of each fat-soluble vitamin representing deficient, optimum, and excessive amounts were included. Significant observations were: effect of vitamin A levels on feed efficiency (P less than .01), plasma vitamin A (P less than .01), and plasma vitamin E (P less than .01); effect of vitamin D levels on body weight gain (P less than .01) and mortality (P less than .05); effect of vitamin E levels on plasma vitamin A (P less than .01); effect of vitamin A x vitamin D interaction on body weight gain (P less than .02) and plasma vitamin E (P less than .05); effect of vitamin A x vitamin E interaction on mortality (P less than .01), plasma vitamin A (P less than .03), and plasma vitamin E (P less than .01); effect of vitamin D x vitamin K interaction on feed efficiency (P less than .05); effect of vitamin A x vitamin D x vitamin E interaction on plasma vitamin E concentration (P less than .01); effect of vitamin A x vitamin E x vitamin K interaction on mortality (P less than .05). The results of this study suggest that higher supplemental levels of vitamins D and K would improve performance of poultry occasionally being fed high supplemental levels of vitamins A and E.
Structural geology of the upper plate of the Bullfrog Hills detachment fault system, southern Nevada

An extremely distended terrane containing two detachment faults and an overlying complex of normal faults is exposed in the Bullfrog Hills, southern Nevada. Shallow crustal rocks have been extended along the detachment faults by listric and planar-rotational normal faults. The detachment faults define three structurally discordant plates. The lower detachment fault separates a lower plate of metamorphosed Late Proterozoic rocks from an overlying middle plate, composed of slivers of lower and middle Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks. The middle-plate rocks are brecciated and essentially unmetamorphosed, and the stratigraphic succession is incomplete and highly attenuated. The upper detachment fault separates the middle-plate rocks from an upper-plate succession of block-faulted Miocene volcanic, volcaniclastic, and sedimentary rocks. Miocene rocks of the upper plate dip at moderate to steep angles into the upper detachment fault, or, where the middle plate has been tectonically removed, into the lower detachment fault. The rocks are broken, tilted, and repeated in blocks bounded by normal faults that terminate against, or flatten and merge into, the upper detachment fault or, where the middle plate has been removed, the lower detachment fault. The normal faults in the upper plate are (1) planarrotational faults that form imbricate map patterns and (2) listric faults that are characterized by oval and horseshoe map patterns. These fault map patterns may be due to (1) curvilinear intersection of a listric or planar fault with an antithetic fault, (2) complex intersection of two or more faults of different ages, (3) rotated listric faults, (4) extremely rotated planar normal faults that resemble listric faults, (5) nearly flat-lying normal faults, or (6) topographic and erosional effects. Attenuation of the Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic strata indicates large movement on the detachment faults; the upper plate has been extended more than 100% and possibly more than 275% locally. The geometry of the normal faults and the repetition and dip direction of the Miocene rocks indicate that major extension, at least of the upper plate, was west-northwest-east-southeast and occurred mostly between about 10 and 8 Ma.
Property Rights Theory: Evidence from Hollywood

What determines the boundaries of the firm? In this paper, we explore that question, using the Grossman, Hart, and Moore property rights theory (PRT) and employing a unique proxy for non-contractible investment. During the famous Hollywood studio era of the 1930s and 1940s, actors worked for movie production companies under de facto lifetime contracts, receiving fixed salaries in return for granting studios control rights and residual claims associated with the films made. Following two mid-1940s court decisions, contracts changed in ways that shifted control rights and residual claims to actors. We develop and test a model of non-contractible investment in talent discovery and find, consistent with the model’s predictions, that actors under studio contract were cast in substantially more film roles (our proxy measure of non-contractible investment in talent discovery) than their contemporaries not under contract, ceteris paribus, or than actors of later eras. We find evidence that investment by vertically integrated (into exhibition) studios was largest, as our model also predicts. In addition, we find some evidence that actor own-investment was weaker during the studio era. We discuss how the process of contracting changed in the post-studio era, and how talent agencies (representing actors) attempted to reconstitute the studio system in the 1950s and 1960s, until stopped by antitrust authorities. Our results demonstrate the importance of residual rights to non-contractible investment, as PRT predicts, while illustrating how, where impediments to legal ownership exist, long-term contracts can create ownership-like incentives.
Despite Increased Type 1 IFN, Autoimmune Nonobese Diabetic Mice Display Impaired Dendritic Cell Response to CpG and Decreased Nuclear Localization of IFN-Activated STAT1

Innate immune signals help break self-tolerance to initiate autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but innate contributions to subsequent regulation of disease progression are less clear. Most studies have measured in vitro innate responses of GM-CSF dendritic cells (DCs) that are functionally distinct from conventional DCs (cDCs) and do not reflect in vivo DC subsets. To determine whether autoimmune NOD mice have alterations in type 1 IFN innate responsiveness, we compared cDCs from prediabetic NOD and control C57BL/6 (B6) mice stimulated in vivo with the TLR9 ligand CpG, a strong type 1 IFN inducer. In response to CpG, NOD mice produce more type 1 IFN and express higher levels of CD40, and NOD monocyte DCs make more TNF. However, the overall CpG-induced transcriptional response is muted in NOD cDCs. Of relevance the costimulatory proteins CD80/CD86, signals needed for regulatory T cell homeostasis, are upregulated less on NOD cDCs. Interestingly, NOD Rag1(-/-) mice also display a defect in CpG-induced CD86 upregulation compared with B6 Rag1(-/-), indicating this particular innate alteration precedes adaptive autoimmunity. The impaired response in NOD DCs is likely downstream of the IFN-α/β receptor because DCs from NOD and B6 mice show similar CpG-induced CD86 levels when anti-IFN-α/β receptor Ab is added. IFN-α-induced nuclear localization of activated STAT1 is markedly reduced in NOD CD11c(+) cells, consistent with lower type 1 IFN responsiveness. In conclusion, NOD DCs display altered innate responses characterized by enhanced type 1 IFN and activation of monocyte-derived DCs but diminished cDC type 1 IFN response.
Time-resolved measurements of Q-factor in 560-km transmission link with transient control amplifiers

For the first time, we report time-resolved measurements of Q-factor in 560-km transmission link with transient control amplifiers. Using transient Q-factor, we evaluate effectiveness of the amplifiers' transient control in terms of ultimate system performance. (2 pages)
Uptake and subcellular distribution of norepinephrine in the canine heart following experimental myocardial infarction.

SummaryFollowing surgical myocardial infarction in dogs, a marked decline in cardiac norepinephrine stores has been observed. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the NE-depletion, the uptake, degradation, and subcellular distribution of norepinephrine in the canine myocardium were determined after myocardial infarction. The subcellular distribution, uptake and accumulation of tracer doses of dl-norepinephrine-7-14C were unchanged and the rate of degradation was not significantly increased. It appears thus, that the decline in cardiac norepinephrine stores following infarction is neither due to a decreased ability of the sympathetic nerve ending to take up and accumulate NE, nor to an increased rate of degradation.
Simulating the thermal behavior in Lake Ontario using EFDC

Abstract The thermal behavior of Lake Ontario (spring warming, thermal bar formation, and summer stratification) is simulated using the three-dimensional thermo-hydrodynamic model, Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). The model is forced with hourly meteorological data from weather stations around the lake and flow data from Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers. The simulation is performed from April to July 2011 on a curvilinear grid, with cells approximately 2 × 2 km 2 and bathymetry interpolated onto the grid. We implement model improvements by (a) updating the evaporation algorithm to ensure accurate simulation of evaporation rates and latent heat fluxes and (b) specifying appropriate solar radiation attenuation coefficients to ensure sufficient absorption of incoming solar radiation by the water column. The study also calibrated horizontal and vertical mixing coefficients. Results show that the model accurately simulated the overall surface temperature profiles with RMSEs between 1 and 2 °C and the vertical temperature profiles during the lake mixed phase with RMSEs
Amino acid accumulation in frog muscle. I. Steady-state glycine accumulation at 0 degrees C.

Abstract Glycine is not significantly metabolized by frog muscle maintained at o °C in vitro . Nevertheless, in this preparation steady-state levels of [ 14 C]glycine as high as 20 times the external concentration are attained after 3–6 days at o °C. The concentration gradient at the steady state depends on the external concentration, being highest at low external concentrations (approx. 0.1 mM) and reversed at external concentrations above 10 mM. A plot of the steady-state cellular levels of glycine vs the external concentration reveal linear and saturable components. The linear fraction has an average distribution ratio of 0.54 indicating that glycine is partially excluded from the muscle water at this temperature. Efflux of labeled glycine at o °C from previously loaded frog muscle follows first-order kinetics. The rate constant increases with increasing concentrations of glycine in the external medium (efflux facilitation). The steady-state results are shown to be consistent with an adsorption model for amino acid accumulation as well as a model in which amino acid enters the cell via a carrier and exits via a bidirectional leakage pathway. A model in which efflux proceeds through the carrier does not fit the data. This indicates that an alternative to exchange diffusion is needed to explain the observed efflux facilitation.
Looking for Common Ground

To close this volume, I decided to use my “editor’s prerogative” of getting in the last word by making a few remarks on the commentaries by Kirsch and Bandura. Because of space limitations, I will restrict my comments to four issues. Two are issues on which Kirsch and Bandura seem to disagree but on which common ground seems greater than at first glance. The first of these is Kirsch’s distinction between two uses of the term “outcome expectancies”—means-Cend beliefs and personal outcome expectancies. The second concerns Kirsch’s distinction between task-Cself efficacy and coping self-efficacy and the nonutility of assessing self-efficacy as the belief in one’s ability to perform simple motor acts. As often happens in these kinds of exchanges, Kirsch and Bandura are in greater agreement on these issues than it would appear from reading their comments. The difficulty is a reflection of the complexity of what may seem to be simple conceptual issues. Two additional issues that I will address briefly are Kirsch’s claims about response expectancies and Bandura’s concept of attainment markers and outcomes. Although I find myself in disagreement with each on various points, I am nonetheless very grateful to them for taking the time to contribute their comments.
Role of Akaganeite (β-FeOOH) in the Growth of Hematite (α-Fe2O3) in an Inorganic Silica Hydrogel

The use of an inorganic hydrogel as a means to modulate the hierarchical architectures of oxide compounds requires an understanding of the effect of the matrix on intermediate phases. In this work, we report on the crystallization of akaganeite (β-FeOOH), both within a silica hydrogel and from aqueous solution, with a focus on understanding the chemical effects of pH, [Fe3+], and [Cl–], in concert with the physical effects of the silica hydrogel, on the ultimate formation of hematite (α-Fe2O3). A distinct physical consequence of the hydrogel crystallization microenvironment is the stabilization of akaganeite as three-dimensional assemblies, in contrast to the discrete rods that form in solution. Chemically, we find that [Fe3+] affects the size of akaganeite crystals, while [H+] determines the aspect ratio. We also identify that crystal splitting is correlated to high [Cl–]. In addition, we demonstrate that planar, branched aggregates of akaganeite rods are favored at high [H+] and are associated with a pa...
NMDARs Adapt to Neurotoxic HIV Protein Tat Downstream of a GluN2A-Ubiquitin Ligase Signaling Pathway.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects about half of HIV-infected patients. Infected non-neuronal cells release neurotoxic factors such as the viral protein, transactivator of transcription (Tat), that potentiate NMDAR function. NMDARs regulate synaptic changes observed following exposure to HIV proteins, which may underlie cognitive impairment in HAND patients. Here we used patch-clamp recording to measure NMDAR-mediated currents in rat hippocampal cultures following exposure to Tat. Tat (4-16 h) potentiated NMDA-evoked whole-cell current and increased the NMDAR:AMPAR ratio of evoked EPSCs. Potentiated currents adapted back to baseline amplitudes after 24 h exposure to Tat. Pharmacological inhibition of GluN2A-containing NMDARs prevented adaptation, but inhibition of GluN2B-containing NMDARs did not. Pharmacological and genetic approaches determined that potentiated NMDARs activated the kinase Akt which then activated the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2. Inhibition of protein synthesis prevented adaptation, suggesting that Mdm2 altered gene expression, possibly through its well-known target p53. Expression of GFP tagged GluN1 subunits resulted in fluorescent puncta that co-localized with synaptic markers. Tat (24 h) caused an Mdm2-dependent loss of NMDAR puncta on a timescale similar to adaption of NMDAR function. Activation of the Mdm2 pathway degrades PSD-95, a scaffolding protein that clusters NMDARs at the synapse and enhances their function. Adaptation to the continued presence of excitotoxins that potentiate NMDARs, such as HIV Tat, may protect from excessive NMDAR activation while also contributing to the synaptic loss that correlates with cognitive decline in HAND. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptodendritic damage correlates with cognitive decline in HAND. In a cell culture model, we show that the HIV protein Tat initially potentiates NMDARs that then adapt to the presence of the toxin. Adaptation of NMDAR function was mediated by a GluN2A/Akt/Mdm2 pathway not previously linked to neuroinflammatory disorders such as HAND. Activation of this pathway caused a loss of synaptic NMDAR clusters. Decreased NMDAR function may result from a homeostatic response gone awry and underlie impaired synaptic function in HAND.
A deconjugative alkylation/Diels-Alder cycloaddition strategy to synthesize 2-substituted bicyclic scaffolds

Abstract Knoevenagel adducts derived from α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and a malonic acid derivative can undergo deconjugative alkylation using dienophile-functionalized alkyl iodides. The single step reaction is two-fold significant: (a) The electron-deficient diene (α,β-unsaturated aldehyde Knoevenagel adduct) is deconjugated from the esters, resulting in an electronically neutral diene and (b) tethers the diene and dienophile, which allow for intramolecular cycloaddition to bicyclic systems bearing a malonic acid derivative at the 2-position. The sequence thus converts simple reagents into natural product relevant bicyclic scaffolds. We also disclose an unexpected Diels-Alder cycloaddition/aromative C C cleavage reaction that results due to the malonate's location at the 2-position.
Interactive time series exploration powered by the marriage of similarity distances

Finding similar trends among time series data is critical for applications ranging from financial planning to policy making. The detection of these multifaceted relationships, especially time warped matching of time series of different lengths and alignments is prohibitively expensive to compute. To achieve real time responsiveness on large time series datasets, we propose a novel paradigm called Online Exploration of Time Series (ONEX) employing a powerful one-time preprocessing step that encodes critical similarity relationships to support subsequent rapid data exploration. Since the encoding of a huge number of pairwise similarity relationships for all variable lengths time series segments is not feasible, our work rests on the important insight that clustering with inexpensive point-to-point distances such as the Euclidean Distance can support subsequent time warped matching. Our ONEX framework overcomes the prohibitive computational costs associated with a more robust elastic distance namely the DTW by applying it over the surprisingly compact knowledge base instead of the raw data. Our comparative study reveals that ONEX is up to 19% more accurate and several times faster than the state-of-the-art. Beyond being a highly accurate and fast domain independent solution, ONEX offers a truly interactive exploration experience supporting novel time series operations.
Design of a three-state switchable chromogenic radical-based moiety and its translation to molecular logic systems

Three distinctly different and stable colored states of phenylgalvinoxyl (i.e., neutral phenolic, radical, and anionic species) small molecule and macromolecular systems are evaluated as a function of the solution pH. A clear halochromic effect is readily observed in the design of the polymer, in a manner that is distinct from the more oft-studied small molecule analogs. This key design paradigm allows the chemical nature of the phenylgalvinoxyl moieties to be comparable to a standard AND logic function, which evolves based upon the structural constitution of the material. Moreover, this crucial change in behavior allows for the revelation that the formation of the radical polymer that bears a galvinoxyl pendant group occurs through base-promoted step-wise oxidation, and this, in turn, provides a critical handle by which to design future radical polymer archetypes and to build molecular logic systems based upon this emerging class of functional materials.
The (In)compatibility of Peace and Justice? The International Criminal Court and Civil Conflict Termination

Does the International Criminal Court's (ICC) pursuit of justice facilitate peace or prolong conflict? This paper addresses the “peace versus justice” debate by examining the ICC's impact on civil conflict termination. Active ICC involvement in a conflict increases the threat of punishment for rebel and state leaders, which, under certain conditions, generates incentives for these leaders to continue the conflict as a way to avoid capture, transfer to the Hague, and prosecution. The impact of ICC involvement is conditional upon the threat of domestic punishment that leaders face; as the risk of domestic punishment increases, the conflict-prolonging effects of ICC involvement diminish. I test these theoretical expectations on a data set of all civil conflict dyads from 2002 to 2013. Findings support the hypothesized relationship. Even after addressing potential selection and endogeneity concerns, I find that active involvement by the ICC significantly decreases the likelihood of conflict termination when the threat of domestic punishment is relatively low.
Hemorragia uterina irregular de origen funcional

El termino hemorragia funcional, significa para nosotros que hemos llegado a un diagnostico de exclusion y por consiguiente que hemos eliminado todas las causas-medicas, ginecologicas o endocrinas que pueden producir tal hemorragia. Consideramos la hemorragia uterina funcional como el resultado de alguna irregularidad en las relaciones hipotalamo-pituitaria-ovario; las enfermedades endocrinas puras que producen hemorragia uterina, tales como ciertos estados de hipotiroidismo, tumores endocrinos del ovario, etc., no constituyen hemorragia funcional en nuestro concepto.
Using biomimetic polymers in place of noncollagenous proteins to achieve functional remineralization of dentin tissues.

In calcified tissues such as bones and teeth, mineralization is regulated by an extracellular matrix that includes noncollagenous proteins (NCP). This natural process has been adapted or mimicked to restore tissues following physical damage or demineralization by using polyanionic acids in place of NCPs, but the remineralized tissues fail to fully recover their mechanical properties. Here, we show that pretreatment with certain amphiphilic peptoids, a class of peptide-like polymers consisting of N-substituted glycines that have defined monomer sequences, enhances ordering and mineralization of collagen and induces functional remineralization of dentin lesions in vitro. In the vicinity of dentin tubules, the newly formed apatite nanocrystals are coaligned with the c-axis parallel to the tubular periphery, and recovery of tissue ultrastructure is accompanied by development of high mechanical strength. The observed effects are highly sequence-dependent with alternating polar and nonpolar groups leading to po...
Human-guided machine learning for fast and accurate network alarm triage

Network alarm triage refers to grouping and prioritizing a stream of low-level device health information to help operators find and fix problems. Today, this process tends to be largely manual because existing rule-based tools cannot easily evolve with the network. We present CueT, a system that uses interactive machine learning to constantly learn from the triaging decisions of operators. It then uses that learning in novel visualizations to help them quickly and accurately triage alarms. Unlike prior interactive machine learning systems, CueT handles a highly dynamic environment where the groups of interest are not known a priori and evolve constantly. Our evaluations with real operators and data from a large network show that CueT significantly improves the speed and accuracy of alarm triage.
CM Approaches: Estimation and Optimization of the Effective Properties of Mixtures

The typical use of the bounds from the previous chapter is to make an estimate of the effective properties by forming a convex combination of them in the following manner.
Examples of c/Critical Coaching: An Analysis of Conversation Between Cooperating and Preservice Teachers:

As student populations become culturally and linguistically diverse, mismatches between students and the mostly White teaching force create challenges for schools and teacher education programs. Th...
Thermodynamics of Solidification

Thermodynamics is a useful tool for the analysis of solidification. It is used to evaluate alloy phase constitution, the solidification path, basic alloy properties such as partition coefficients, slopes of liquidus and solidus phase boundaries.
Secondary bacterial peritonitis and pelvic abscess due to Clostridium difficile

A 70-year-old man with a history of hepatic cirrhosis presented with abdominal discomfort and distention. Physical examination revealed abdominal distention, positive fluid wave and abdominal tenderness. Due to concerns for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), paracentesis was performed. Fluid analysis revealed 5371 total nucleated cells with 48% neutrophils. Ceftriaxone was then initiated for the treatment of SBP. Bacterial cultures of the fluid, however, grew Clostridium difficile. Therefore, metronidazole was added. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a pelvic fluid collection that was suspicious for an abscess on an abdominal CT scan. The patient underwent CT-guided drain placement into the pelvic fluid collection. The fluid aspirate was consistent with an abscess. However, cultures were negative in the setting of ongoing antibiotic therapy. The patient was treated with a 10-day course of ceftriaxone and metronidazole and was discharged home with outpatient follow-up.
Dopant-Type and Concentration Dependence of Total-Ionizing-Dose Response in Piezoresistive Micromachined Cantilevers

Lighter doping, pretreatment (exposure to hydrogen in a steam bath), and lower dose rate are each found to exacerbate 10-keV X-ray-induced negative frequency shifts and increase in resistivity measured in T-shaped, asymmetric, piezoresistive, micromachined, and resonating cantilevers. All devices recover to levels close to preirradiation after several hours of postirradiation annealing. The effects are attributed to dose-rate-dependent efficiencies of the depassivation of dopants by hydrogen and surface charging effects, which alter the effective Young’s modulus and shear elastic constants. Increases in resistivity are attributed to increases in scattering causing decreases in mobility. Results indicate the need to consider dopant type and concentration when choosing microelectromechanical systems for use in radiation environments in addition to accounting for low-dose-rate effects.
Impact of a Pharmacist-Led Intervention on 30-Day Readmission and Assessment of Factors Predictive of Readmission in African American Men With Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is responsible for more 30-day readmissions than any other condition. Minorities, particularly African American males (AAM), are at much higher risk for readmission than the gene...
Sparse Sampling and Fully-3D Fast Total Variation Based Imaging Reconstruction for Chemical Shift Imaging in Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

We propose a 3-dimensional sparse sampling reconstruction method, aiming for chemical shift imaging in magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The method is a Compressed Sensing (CS) method based on the interior point optimization technique that can substantially reduce the number of sampling points required, and the method has been tested successfully in hyperpolarized 13C experimental data using two different sampling strategies.
Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements

This tutorial covers validation of gyrokinetic turbulent-transport models via comparison of measured turbulence with realistic simulations of fusion plasmas. It presents a brief history of validation of gyrokinetic simulations, the principal challenges encountered, a limited survey of common turbulence diagnostics used on tokamaks and stellarators, an overview of the fundamentals of synthetic diagnostic models and a discussion of frontiers in turbulent-transport model validation.
Taming web views in the detection of Android privacy leaks

Billions of smartphone users force both technical and non-technical facilities to publish their applications in market. One of the easiest ways to create an application for non-techies is by transferring their existing website using WebView. Current approaches for privacy policy analysis are mainly focused on APIs and predefined user interfaces and cannot cover these type of information. In this paper, we proposed a novel solution to trace the input data that is collected from WebView.
Comment on 'The Economics of U.S. Immigration Reform' (by Pia M. Orrenius, Madeline Zavodny, and Melissa Lopalo)

This paper is a comment on The Economics of U.S. Immigration Reform by Pia M. Orrenius, Madeline Zavodny, and Melissa Lopalo which can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2523494.
Interpretive Panels for Geoheritage Sites: Guidelines for Design and Evaluation

Effective interpretive panels go far beyond conveying information: they are highly engaging, instill passion, and inspire visitors to engage in environmental stewardship. This review paper on designing and evaluating interpretive panels at geoheritage sites shares recommendations gleaned from experts in conservation science, neuroscience, pedagogy, psychology, visual arts, and communication. It emphasizes the importance of developing a communication plan, knowing your audience, using strong visuals, invoking storytelling and active learning techniques, layering your message, being inclusive, choosing an appropriate panel location, integrating evaluation throughout the design process, and budgeting appropriately. An extensive reference list is provided for further reading.