cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of EEDQ on the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine in preweanling and adult rats

Abstract Ontogenetic differences in dopamine (DA) synthesis and metabolism were assessed in 17- and 90-day-old rats injected i.p. with the alkylating agent N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) 24 hr prior to sacrifice. DA synthesis was determined by measuring DOPA accumulation after NSD-1015 induced inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase; whereas, DA turnover was estimated by measuring DA accumulation and DOPAC efflux after pargyline induced inhibition of monoamine oxidase. In addition, some of the rats were pretreated with the competitive D1 and D2 antagonists SCH 23390 (1.0 mg/kg) and sulpiride (100 mg/kg) in order to protect these receptor subtypes from EEDQ-induced inactivation. The latter procedure was used to determine whether EEDQ's presynaptic effects were mediated by D1 and D2 receptors or were nonspecific. The results showed that 7.5 mg/kg EEDQ increased the striatal DA synthesis of both preweanling and adult rats: effects eliminated if D1 and D2 receptors were protected by pretreatment with SCH 23390 and sulpiride. Striatal DA levels of both age groups were depressed by EEDQ treatment, while DA accumulation was unaffected. Age-dependent effects were apparent however, as 7.5 mg/kg EEDQ increased the DOPAC turnover of adult, but not 17-day-old rats. The inability of EEDQ to affect the DOPAC turnover of the younger rats was apparently not dose related, as 15 mg/kg EEDQ did not affect the striatal DOPAC turnover of 17-day-olds. In adult rats, the EEDQ-induced increase in DOPAC turnover was not mediated by DA receptors, as pretreatment with SCH 23390 and sulpiride did not block EEDQ's effects. Therefore, when combined, these results show that EEDQ affects some indices of presynaptic DA functioning independent of actions at DA receptors.
Self-adjusting, positivity preserving high order schemes for hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics

Several computational problems in science and engineering are stringent enough that maintaining positivity of density and pressure can become a problem. We build on the realization that positivity can be lost within a zone when reconstruction is carried out in the zone. We present a multidimensional, self-adjusting strategy for enforcing the positivity of density and pressure in hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. The MHD case has never been addressed before, and the hydrodynamic case has never been presented in quite the same way as done here. The method examines the local flow to identify regions with strong shocks. The permitted range of densities and pressures is also obtained at each zone by examining neighboring zones. The range is expanded if the solution is free of strong shocks in order to accommodate higher order non-oscillatory reconstructions. The density and pressure are then brought into the permitted range. The method has also been extended to MHD. It is very efficient and should extend to discontinuous Galerkin methods as well as flows on unstructured meshes.Video 1 The method presented here does not degrade the order of accuracy for smooth flows. Via a stringent test suite, we document that our method works well on structured meshes for all orders of accuracy up to four. When the same test problems are run without the positivity preserving methods, one sees a very clear degradation in the results, highlighting the value of the present method. The results are compelling because realistic simulation of several difficult astrophysical and space physics problems requires the use of parameters that are similar to the ones in our test problems. In this work, weighted non-oscillatory reconstruction was applied to the conserved variables, i.e. we did not apply the reconstruction to the characteristic variables, which would have made the scheme more expensive. Yet, used in conjunction with the positivity preserving schemes presented here, the less expensive reconstruction works very well in two and three dimensions. This suggests that when designing robust, high accuracy schemes, having a self-adjusting positivity criterion is almost as important as the non-linear hybridization.
Magnetism in bcc 3d transition metals: Onset and approach to the Hund's-rule limit.

First-principles total-energy band theory is used to study the onset and the large-volume limit of magnetic behavior for the 3d transition metals constrained to the bcc crystal structure. It is found that all 3d transition metals from Sc to Ni undergo second-order, first-order, or composite second- and first-order transitions from nonmagnetic to magnetic behavior with increasing volume. An approximate Stoner analysis is used to interpret the structure of the transitions. As a function of volume, calculated magnetic moments generally increase and tend toward the free-atom limit in the local-spin-density approximation, and are consistent with Hund's rule. Calculated d-band widths vary as ${r}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ over a wide range of volumes, in agreement with Heine's theoretical results.
Inhibition of β-phenylethylamine and similar compounds of glycine transport by pigeon red cells☆

1. 1. β-Phenylethylamine gave first-order inhibition of Na+-dependent glycine entry (Ki = 5.35 mM). The ion rather than the free amine was the inhibitor. Inhibition was reversible and (as a first approximation) noncompetitive to both glycine and Na+. 2. 2. β-Phenylethylamine also inhibited Na+-independent glycine entry and 22Na+ entry, but less strongly. 3. 3. Specificity was low but present; e.g., n-hexylamine and α-phenylethylamine were as effective as β-phenylethylamine as inhibitors of Na+-dependent glycine entry, benzylamine and tyramine were about half as effective, and N,N,N-trimethyl-β-phenylethylammonium ion was ineffective.
Degree of Branching of Highly Branched Polyurethanes Synthesized via the Oligomeric A2 Plus B3 Methodology

The oligomeric A 2 plus monomeric B 3 synthetic methodology provided highly branched, poly(ether urethane)s based on TMP (B 3 ) and isocyanate endcapped polyethers. 13 C NMR spectroscopic assignments for the branched polyurethanes were verified using model urethane-containing compounds based on TMP and a monofunctional isocyanate (either cyclohexyl or phenyl isocyanate (PI)). Derivatization of hydroxyl endgroups with trifluoroacetic anhydride enhanced the 13 C NMR resolution in spectra for branched polyurethanes. The 13 C NMR resonance for the linear unit exhibited a broad shoulder due to quaternary carbons that were attributed to cyclic species in the highly branched polyurethanes. The classical DB calculation revealed the efficiency of the B 3 monomer for branching; however, an equation that incorporated the linear contribution of the A 2 oligomer provided a more accurate DB for highly branched polyurethanes.
Cefotetan-induced hemolytic anemia after bariatric procedures

b a w Bariatric procedures for morbid obesity are becoming ore and more popular as patients seek surgical options for eight loss. Although anastomotic leak is the most feared omplication after gastric bypass, surgical site infection is uch more common. Wound infections after gastric bypass ften lead to further problems, especially the development f ventral hernias, which can occur in 8.6% of patients fter the open procedure [1]. Surgical site infections are exceedingly common, esecially in the morbidly obese, and account for up to 25% f all hospital-acquired infections [2]. The economic urden of wound infections is staggering, accounting for 5–10 billion in annual expenses in the United States lone [3]. It is common practice to administer a preoprative dose of antibiotics before bariatric procedures ith either a firstor second-generation cephalosporin. or a variety of reasons, cefotetan has become the preerred prophylactic agent at many centers, but no studies ave been done supporting the use of cefotetan prophyaxis for bariatric surgery. The clinical validation and widespread application of erioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is probably one of the reatest advances in surgery in the past 50 years, but every ilver lining has its cloud, and even the administration of rophylactic antibiotics carries its own inherent risks. Alhough rare, drug-induced hemolytic anemia can result in enal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and eath. In the United States, there have been more cases of rug-induced hemolytic anemia associated with cefotetan,
Reducing classification errors in cohort studies: The approach and a practical application

Classification errors of dependent variables can distort the results of observational studies. To reduce misclassification from our multicentre observational study of abortion complications, we extended the methodology of Lawrence and Greenwald9 for use in situations of unequal sample sizes and implemented both an office review and a field review. We reabstracted 424 reported complications and a random sample of 364 reported non-serious cases from 12 institutions participating in our study. In total, 30 per cent of the reported serious complications turned out to be misclassified: the office review detected 74 per cent of the total number of misclassifications with the remainder found in the field review. Because, with our particular data base, we estimated expending only 15 per cent of the total resources with our office effort, this represented the most cost-efficient approach to reducing classification errors. By eliminating the false positives from our study, we forced the specificity to 1·00 which produced both an unbiased estimate of the relative risk and an increase of 4 per cent to 63 per cent in the power of our study.
Low-intensity magnetic field detection with a magnetostrictive fiber optic interferometric sensor

A magnetostrictive fiber optic interferometric sensor that detects low-intensity magnetic fields has been realized. The sensor is fabricated with 850-nm, single-mode fiber optic cable and couplers configured in a Mach-Zehnder interferometric arrangements. Four sensing arm configurations were fabricated where the magnetostrictive material was geometrically coupled to the fiber optic cable as a: ribbon, cylinder, sandwich, and sputter-coated sheath. The four classes of sensing arms were evaluated using MetglasTM, nickel, and a combination of MetglasTM and nickel. Optimization techniques were applied to maximize the sensor's sensitivity. These techniques included: annealing the magnetostrictive material, operating the magnetic field over a range of frequencies, applying a DC bias current to the Helmholtz coil's AC current component, and fabricating sensing arms with polarization maintaining fiber optic cable. The measurements employing the various sensor arm classes revealed that the lowest detectable magnetic flux density was 0.3 mG. This result was achieved using a MetglasTM ribbon-fiber optic cable configuration where the ribbon's magnetization direction was aligned perpendicularly with the applied 52 kHz AC magnetic field that had a 5- volt DC bias. When operating this configuration with a 10 Hz AC magnetic field that had a 5- volt DC bias, the lowest magnetic flux density that could be detected was 8.9 mG.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase from rat bone marrow cells: a kinetic analysis of the reaction mechanism.

Abstract A kinetic analysis of the reaction mechanism of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase was carried out with a highly purified enzyme preparation from rat bone marrow cells. The results of initial rate and product inhibition studies provided insight into the mode of action of the enzyme. The data support the views that (i) the reaction mechanism is sequential and nonequilibrium in nature, (ii) Substrates bind to the enzyme in a random order, (iii) Substrate binding is cooperative. That is, the binding of the first substrate facilitates the binding of the second substrate, (iv) UMP can bind to the purine site on the enzyme, resulting in substrate inhibition, (v) Product inhibition can result from the binding of UDP to either the pyrimidine or purine site, or from the binding of ADP to the purine site.
Estimation of rigid-body registration quality using registration networks

Many rigid and affine registration methods rely on optimizing an intensity-based similarity criterion between images. Once registered, however, it is difficult to assess the quality of the registration based solely on the value of the similarity measure. Past work in quantitative error analysis relies on the availability of fiducial markers. Little work has been done on developing techniques that would permit assessing the registration quality between images that do not contain fiducial markers without manual intervention. In this paper, we present an automatic technique that permits to do so. We apply our method to estimate the registration quality of 10 MR and CT pairs and 10 MR and MR-contrast pairs. We show that our technique is capable of detecting cases with registration error larger than 2° around one axis. We also show that our method is better able to identify error in MR to CT registrations than popular similarity measures. Work is under way to better determine the sensitivity of the technique.
Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics. M. Fisz. John Wiley and Sons

(1964). Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics. M. Fisz. John Wiley and Sons. Technometrics: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 473-473.
Second trimester cervical length and risk of preterm birth in women with twin gestations treated with 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate

OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of preterm birth before 35 weeks based on cervical length measurement at 16-20 weeks in women with twin gestations who received 17-α hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHPC) or placebo. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of twin gestations exposed to 17OHPC or placebo. Baseline transvaginal ultrasound evaluation of cervical length was performed prior to treatment assignment at 16-20 weeks. Cervical length measurements were categorised according to the 10th, 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles in the women studied. The effect of 17OHPC administration in women with a short (25th percentile) and long (75th percentile) cervix was evaluated. RESULTS: Of 661 twin gestations studied, 221 (33.4%) women enrolled at 11 centers underwent cervical length measurement. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th percentiles for cervical length at 16-20 weeks were 32, 36, 40 and 44 mm, respectively. The risk of preterm birth 75th percentile at this gestational age interval was not protective for preterm birth (36.5 vs. 42.9%, p=0.42). Administration of 17OHPC did not reduce preterm birth before 35 weeks among those with either a short or a long cervix (64.3 vs. 45.8%, p=0.18 and 38.1 vs. 35.5%, p=0.85, respectively). CONCLUSION: Women with twin gestations and a cervical length below the 25th percentile at 16-20 weeks had higher rates of preterm birth. In this subgroup of women, 17 OHPC did not prevent preterm birth before 35 weeks gestation. A cervical length above the 75th percentile at 16-20 weeks did not significantly reduce the risk of preterm birth in this high risk population.
A prehospital shock index for trauma correlates with measures of hospital resource use and mortality.

Background The assessment and treatment of trauma patients begins in the prehospital environment. Studies have validated the shock index as a correlate for mortality and the identification of shock in trauma patients. We investigated the use of the first shock index obtained in the prehospital environment and the first shock index obtained upon arrival in the trauma center as correlates for other outcomes to evaluate its usefulness as a triage tool. Methods This is a retrospective review of data from a level I trauma center. Prehospital and trauma center shock indices for 16,269 patients were evaluated as correlates for duration of hospital stay, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, the number of ventilator days, blood product use, and destination of transfer from the trauma center. Results Pearson correlation coefficients revealed that the relationship of prehospital and trauma center shock indices were correlates for duration of hospital stay, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, the number of ventilator days, and blood product use. A chi-square analysis found that shock indices ≥0.9 indicate a higher likelihood of disposition to the intensive care unit, operating room, or death. Conclusion A prehospital shock index for trauma correlates with measures of hospital resource use and mortality. A prospective study is needed to determine the use of this measure as a triage tool.
A software-based method of data collection and sampler control for contaminant modeling

Abstract Accurate hydrologic and contaminant modeling requires the collection of comprehensive weather and contaminant movement data from sites analogous to the sites which are to be modeled. Necessary weather data includes precipitation, temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and water table levels. Additionally, measurements of surface runoff flows and contaminant concentrations are required. Traditional methods of collecting field weather data include either the use of frequent direct measurements and extensive bookkeeping or the use of numerous spring-driven chart recording instruments. Either way, a transcription is necessary before the data are useful. In addition, sampling is limited to grab samples or samples collected automatically at uniform time increments. Electronic data loggers represent a programmable option for sensing weather parameters and for controlling an electronic sampler based on calculated runoff volume. Presented in this study is a method of using an electronic data logger to collect data from compatible sensors. This method processes the sensor data, using the results to control an electronic sampler. The method presented has been operating successfully for ten months under field conditions.
Toward efficient flow-sensitive induction variable analysis and dependence testing for loop optimization

This paper presents a new approach to improve flow-sensitive induction variable analysis and data dependence testing on intermediate program representations, such as control-flow graphs with low-level operations representations in single static assignment forms. Current compiler techniques have difficulties optimizing loops that exhibit irregular control flow patterns. The inaccuracy of loop analysis results in conservative estimations of array-based data dependences in loops, which negatively affects the speedup of the loop via parallelization and vectorization. Our approach is based on a novel CR# (CR-sharp) algebra that effectively represents the value progressions of (conditionally) updated variables in loops. The CR# forms of induction variables are constructed with a new flow-sensitive induction variable recognition algorithm. We also developed a new CR#-based nonlinear data dependence test that enables loops to be more effectively optimized.
Inflammatory cell infiltrates vary in experimental primary and metastatic brain tumors

We have studied the cellular immune response that accompanies primary and metastatic brain cancers induced experimentally in rats by inoculation of RG-2 glioma and Walker 256 (W256) carcinoma cells, respectively. The inflammatory cell infiltrates were characterized with lectin histochemistry to visualize microglial cells and macrophages and with immunohistochemistry, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, to detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC), lymphocytic, and macrophage antigens. The metastatic tumor was composed of a loose stroma with multiple, often large, necrotic areas, whereas the RG-2 glioma was composed of a dense collection of tumor cells showing only rare necrotic foci. Both tumor types were heavily infiltrated with microglia and/or macrophages, and these were positive for MHC Class II (Ia) antigens. Expression of MHC Class I antigens was absent from RG-2 glioma cells, but it was present in W256 metastatic carcinoma cells. The metastatic tumor was also characterized by a much heavier infiltrate of lymphocytes, as shown by the presence of cells positive for CD4, CD8, and leukocyte common antigens. These lymphocytic markers were absent from reactive microglia in the W256 carcinoma, whereas they were present in the RG-2 glioma. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen only in the metastatic tumor. Our study delineates differences between the inflammatory cell infiltrates found in metastatic brain tumors and those found in primary brain tumors. The differences in cell composition and immunophenotype may indicate a more effective antitumor response in the metastatic tumor that could account for the observed tissue destruction.
Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate during thirty minutes hypoxia of 7% oxygen in adult conscious rats.

Abstract The effect of hypoxia on the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) was measured in 28 neuroanatomical structures of adult, conscious, unrestrained rats by the 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose autoradiographic technique. Rats were cannulated in one femoral artery and vein 3 days before the experiments. The rCMRgl was measured in 15 rats during 30 min air breathing and in 13 rats during 30 min hypoxia of 7% O 2 in N 2 . Statistically significant increases in rCMRgl in the order of 39–95% were observed in 25 of the 28 neuroanatomical structures examined. The highest increases in rCMRgl were observed in cerebral and cerebellar white matter (95% and 60%, respectively), as well as in limbic structures ranging from a 91% increase in the septal nuclei to a 55% increase in the hypothalamus. The superior olivary nucleus and inferior colliculus (auditory structures) were the only structures which did not show changes in glucose utilization. The present data are compared with previous studies during hypoxia in conscious or anesthetized animals. It is concluded that the degree of rCMRgl response to hypoxia is affected by anesthesia, age and species.
The Geopolitics of the Mediterranean, II

THE FRENCHMEN, like the Britishers, view the Mediterranean as a roadway, which especially before World War II, led to Syria, located at the eastern end of the sea, and through the Suez Canal to Madagascar and French Indo China. But France is also interested in the Mediterranean as the chief means of communications with the three French possessions lying directly opposite Marseilles along the coast of North Africa. Almost touching the eastern side of this French triangle is the Italian island of Sardinia, with an air base at Cagliari, while near the western side of the triangle is the Spanish island of Majorca (which during the Spanish civil war was an Italian naval air base). The newly fortified Italian island of Pantelleria and Sicily were also within easy aerial striking distance of Bizerte and the French colonies of Tunisia and Algeria. These possessions, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, are isolated from Europe by water, and from the rest of Africa by the Atlas Mountains and the blazing Sahara. They contain a million French people and about 14,000,000 Moslems, and are a profitable source of iron ore, zinc, phosphates, grain and olives. In wartime, France could do without North African wine, olives, and dates, but she needed the mineral ore and grain. And even more she needed its manpower; the Moroccan divisions had always been a very important part of her army, as were those from Algeria. It is true that France can operate ships between the Atlantic ports of French Morocco, Casablanca and Rabat, and her own west coast-thus communicating with her North African holdings over a route which lies entirely outside the Mediterranean. But the Moroccan Atlantic ports were connected with Algeria and Tunisia by only one single-track railway, and the overland communication line was too thin for comfort. Actually, the French must keep open their Mediterranean route to North Africaand the importance of this relationship proved itself by the invasion of North Africa by the Allied forces as an opening wedge of invasion of Italy. At any rate, to protect this route, the French maintained a triangle of three powerful naval and air bases in the western part of the sea: at Toulon, near Marseilles; at Mers-el-Kebir, in northwest Algeria; and at Bizerte, in Tunisia.
The Power-Velocity Integral at the Vena Contracta A New Method for Direct Quantification of Regurgitant Volume Flow

Background—Noninvasive quantification of regurgitation is limited because Doppler measures velocity, not flow. Because backscattered Doppler power is proportional to sonified blood volume, power times velocity should be proportional to flow rate. Early studies, however, suggested that this held only for laminar flow, not for regurgitant jets, in which turbulence and fluid entrainment augment scatter. We therefore hypothesized that this Doppler power principle can be applied at the proximal vena contracta, where flow is laminar before entrainment, so that the power-times-velocity integral should vary linearly with flow rate and its time integral with stroke volume (SV). Methods and Results—This was tested in vitro with steady and pulsatile flow through 0.07- to 0.8-cm2 orifices and in 36 hemodynamic stages in vivo, replacing the left atrium with a rigid chamber and column for direct visual recording of mitral regurgitant SV (MRSV). In 12 patients, MRSV was compared with MRI mitral inflow minus aortic outfl...
SUBCUBE EMBEDDABILITY OF FOLDED HYPERCUBES

The Folded Hypercube (FHC) has been proven to be an attractive hypercube-based network. This paper closely compares the FHC to its standard hypercube counterpart from the subcube allocation viewpoint. It is shown that the FHC(n) outperforms the n-dimensional hypercube (n-cube for short) in offering subcubes of size k by a factor of $\frac{n+1}{n-k+1}$. In an environment where subcubes of the original network must be allocated to incoming tasks, the FHC achieves an excellent processor utilization by assigning subcubes in an efficient and compact manner. Using the concept of virtual hypercubes, an efficient way is suggested to recognize the available subcubes in the FHC by adapting the already developed subcube recognition algorithms. An alternative approach to the subcube recognition problem is also given.
Habitat influences diet overlap in aquatic snake assemblages

Competition for prey is thought to be important in structuring snake assemblages. However, due in part to the secretive behavior and low detectability of many snake species, this generalization is based on a limited number of studies, most of which focus on a single study site. We examined differences in diet composition, trophic niche overlap, site occupancy and detectability of five sympatric aquatic snake species between two different habitat types in the Southeastern US, replicated at the landscape scale: permanent wetlands with fishes (n = 13) and isolated, often ephemeral wetlands without fishes (n = 10). We collected >3700 prey items from snakes and compared diet composition among snake species to examine niche breadth and overlap, correcting for relative availability of prey captured independently in the same wetlands. We evaluated evidence for competitive exclusion by estimating the probability of co-occupancy for pairs of snake species in each habitat type using occupancy modeling. In wetlands with fishes, niche overlap was low, suggesting resource partitioning. Conversely, in wetlands without fishes, niche overlap was high, with most species feeding on larval or paedomorphic ambystomatid salamanders, but competitive exclusion did not occur. We suggest that high co-occupancy of aquatic snakes in wetlands without fishes despite the apparent lack of resource partitioning is due to a combination of seasonally high abundance of high quality amphibian prey, unique aspects of predator physiology and stochastic abiotic processes that prevent these systems from reaching equilibrium. Our results demonstrate that snake diets can be highly context (e.g. habitat)specific. Studies should consider other factors in addition to competition for prey when attempting to understand snake population and community dynamics.
Institutional repository management models that support faculty research dissemination

Purpose – Research dissemination is a core mission for all universities. As a result, libraries should adopt this mission, utilizing institutional repositories services to support this goal. This paper aims to explore management models that institutional repositories can use for this purpose. Design/methodology/approach – By using research dissemination as a primary objective, individual management models are reviewed for their ability to accomplish this goal. Institutional repository services resulting from this purpose are also described. Findings – By adopting these kinds of models, libraries can develop new services that go beyond traditional library services and provide key support for the dissemination of a university's scholarship. Originality/value – This article challenges the existing ideology surrounding institutional repositories and helps frame these services as a core component for fulfilling an important university mission.
Identification of Structured Nonlinear Systems

This paper is concerned with the identification of static nonlinear components in a complex interconnected system. These nonlinear components are treated nonparametrically, in the sense that no natural parameterization is assumed to be available.
Control of distributed generation systems to mitigate load and line imbalances

Modern distributed generation systems consist of various types of electrical energy sources such as photovoltaics, wind turbines and gas-fired micro-turbines providing utility grade AC power using a three-phase inverter interface. Although they are currently used as utility alternatives for energy sources, they are capable of maintaining conformance of voltage to stringent power quality standards such as the ITI/CBEMA (Information Technology Industry/Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturers' Association) curves, and hence are of additional value to customers. This paper investigates control of distributed generation systems to mitigate imbalances due to load conditions and voltage sags from system faults. It presents a unified controller that regulates the terminal voltage of sensitive loads under island mode and power flow in the grid-connected mode.
Comparison of bite‐force performance between long‐term captive and wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)

Nearly all animals show altered musculo-skeletal phenotypes when subjected to captive conditions. Whether such changes affect biomechanical performance is for the most part unknown. In American alligators Alligator mississippiensis such modifications include shortened jaws, more robust body form, and broadened heads. Bite-force performance was assessed for a variety of sizes of wild-captured alligator specimens and the results correlated with morphological indices. Bite forces ranged from 217 to 13 172 N, with the latter being the highest value ever measured for a living animal. These data were statistically compared with those for long-term captive specimens using ANCOVA. Bite-force performance showed similar patterns of increase between captive and wild-reared animals, and bite forces with respect to snout–vent length and body mass were statistically indistinguishable. Nevertheless, with respect to head size, captive alligators were found to bite more forcefully than their wild counterparts. These findings illustrate the importance of considering biomechanical performance differences between wild and captive individuals if meaningful ecological ties are to be made. Furthermore, before concluding that wild-reared or captive animals show similar or different biomechanical performances, it is important to understand that standardization to different morphological parameters can reveal conflicting results. Consideration as to which measures are the most germane to the question at hand is essential.
Parental influences on adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behavior: longitudinal findings from Project EAT-II.

Background The long-term role that parental encouragement and attitudes about fitness and exercise play in adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behavior habits remains unclear. This paper aims to longitudinally examine how parental encouragement to be physically active and parental concern about staying fit are associated with adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behavior habits five years later.
Retention of a model pathogen in a porous media biofilm.

The inadvertent or the deliberate introduction of pathogens into drinking water can lead to public health consequences. Distribution system sampling strategies are needed to provide information on the identity, source and fate of the introduced pathogens. Porous media biofilm reactors conditioned with undefined drinking water biofilms were tested for their ability to immobilize Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Biofilms were established by applying continuous flow of biologically activated carbon treated water with natural microflora and supplemented nutrient solution (0.5 mg l−1 C) for 2 or 3 weeks. Control reactors were clean and were not colonized with biofilm. All reactors were injected with slug doses of ∼1 × 109 cfu E. coli O157:H7. On the basis of the plate count enumeration of the introduced pathogen, reactors pre-colonized for 2 or 3 weeks retained significantly more cells (0.75 and 9.37% of the introduced spike dose, respectively) compared with uncolonized control reactors (0.22%). Compared with cultiva...
On the Modification of Laminar Boundary Layers Using Unsteady Surface Actuation

A multiple scales analysis is used to show that low amplitude, high frequency surface actuation (in the form of vibrating surface roughness, or dynamic roughness) can be used to signicantly modify steady and unsteady laminar boundary layers. The unsteady surface actuation creates articially induced pressure gradients and Reynolds stresses within the boundary layer that can be used to accelerate or decelerate the ow. Computations are presented for ow past a parabola at angle-of-attack. These computations are found to be broadly consistent with observations from CFD calculations.
Victorian Murder: Complex Problems and Academic Interdisciplinarity

Murder has horrified and fascinated us for centuries. Victorian murder not only marked the period but also has been the subject of countless contemporary movies, books, and plays, as well as a focus of academic study across a range of subfields, including gender studies, urban studies, genre studies, historical studies, and criminological studies. In some cases, particular murderers or their methodologies have been the focus. While some scholarship has crossed disciplinary lines, few studies have done so in a robust way. Scholarship on murder would have greater intellectual complexity, nuance, and efficacy if it traversed disciplinary boundaries and drew on the work in a greater variety of subfields.
Large-scale simulations of electromagnetic and acoustic measurements using the pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm

Recently, a pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm was developed to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation. This technique uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for the spatial derivatives and uses the perfectly matched layer (PML) to eliminate the wraparound effect due to the spatial periodicity introduced by FFT. In this work, the author further analyzes this new method and compares it with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) methods for accuracy and efficiency. The PSTD algorithm is then applied to simulate large-scale problems for subsurface electromagnetic and acoustic measurements. For many problems encountered, since the spatial derivatives are obtained by the PSTD algorithm for continuous field components, this algorithm has a high order of accuracy in the spatial derivatives, and thus requires much fewer unknowns than the FDTD and MRTD methods. Numerical results confirm the efficacy of the PSTD method.
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITED SIC (SCS-0) FIBER-REINFORCED STRONTIUM ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS-CERAMIC COMPOSITES

Unidirectional SrO Al2O3 2SiO2 glass-ceramic matrix composites reinforced with uncoated Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) SiC (SCS-0) fibers have been fabricated by hot-pressing under appropriate conditions using the glass-ceramic approach. Almost fully dense composites having a fiber volume fraction of 0.24 have been obtained. Monoclinic celsian, SrAl2Si2O8, was the only crystalline phase observed in the matrix by x-ray diffraction. No chemical reaction was observed between the fiber and the matrix after high temperature processing. In three-point flexure, the composite exhibited a first matrix cracking stress of approx. 231 +/- 20 MPa and an ultimate strength of 265 +/- 17 MPa. Examination of fracture surfaces revealed limited short length fiber pull-out. From fiber push-out, the fiber/matrix interfacial debonding and frictional strengths were evaluated to be approx. 17.5 +/- 2.7 MPa and 11.3 +/- 1.6 MPa, respectively. Some fibers were strongly bonded to the matrix and could not be pushed out. The micromechanical models were not useful in predicting values of the first matrix cracking stress as well as the ultimate strength of the composites.
Nonreceptor mediated nuclear accumulation of insulin in H35 rat hepatoma cells.

We previously demonstrated that insulin accumulated in the nucleus in several cell types and partially characterized the uptake mechanisms and pathways in H35 rat hepatoma cells. Nuclear accumulation of insulin was energy independent, time, temperature, and insulin concentration dependent, but apparently nonsaturable. This study investigated further the initial endocytotic pathways that contribute to the nuclear accumulation of insulin using trypsin treatment of the cells to prevent insulin binding to its plasma membrane receptor. Total cell-associated, intracellular, and nuclear insulin were compared in control and trypsin-treated H35 hepatoma cells. Trypsin treatment markedly decreased total cell-associated and intracellular insulin as well as the nuclear accumulation of insulin when cells were incubated with 2.8 ng/ml insulin. When the cells were incubated with 100 ng/ml insulin, trypsin treatment totally inhibited insulin binding to the plasma membrane for at least 90 min. However, intracellular accumulation of insulin was reduced by only 50% at 60 min, and trypsin treatment failed to inhibit the nuclear accumulation of insulin. Chemical extraction and Sephadex G-50 chromatography revealed nuclear associated insulin in trypsin-treated cells was identical to that in control cells incubated with either 2.8 or 100 ng/ml insulin. These results suggest that a nonreceptor mediated uptake pathway, i.e., fluid-phase endocytosis, contributed significantly to the nuclear accumulation of insulin at high insulin concentrations, but at lower insulin concentrations the receptor-mediated pathway predominated. No matter which initial endocytotic route was used to internalize insulin, the insulin apparently associated with the same nuclear matrix proteins. This association of insulin with the nuclear matrix may be involved in regulation of nuclear events such as cell growth and differentiation or gene transcription. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Probabilistic Analysis of a Turbine Cooling Air Supply System: The Effect on Airfoil Oxidation Life

This paper analyzes the variability of turbine airfoil oxidation life due to variability in the turbine cooling air portion of the auxiliary air system of a commercial turbofan engine. The variability imposed on the system results from both aerothermal variability in the main gaspath and geometric variability, such as seal clearance and blade effective flow area, within the turbine cooling air system. The probabilistic analysis of the oxidation life is compared to documented lives for in-service turbine blades for two airlines operating the same engine model. Probabilistic results are similar to the field experience for the airline operating in a hotter environment. Historical calibration factors within the lifing system which can potentially cause the probabilistic results to be too conservative are discussed. To demonstrate the importance of including all the blades in an analysis, a model with a single “lumped” blade with an effective area equivalent to all the blades in a turbine stage is shown to over predict the oxidation life of an engine. In addition, regression analysis is used to identify input variables for which a decrease in tolerance would provide a significant increase in life. For the more severe operator, a 10% decrease in the tolerance of the effective flow area of the blade leading edge cooling passage can more than double the minimum oxidation life (5% failed) of a fleet of engines. To offset the economic impact of tightened tolerances, the regression analysis also identifies input variables whose tolerances can be loosened with little impact on blade life.
A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer's Perspective

Spatial autocorrelation is a concept that helps to define the field of spatial analysis. It is central to studies using spatial statistics and spatial econometrics. In this paper, we trace the early development of the concept and explain the academic links that brought the concept to the fore in the late 1960s. In geography, the importance of the work of Michael F. Dacey, Andrew D. Cliff, and J. Keith Ord is emphasized. Later, with the publication of a volume on spatial econometrics by Luc Anselin, spatial research and the use of the concept of spatial autocorrelation received a considerable boost. These developments are outlined together with comments about recent and possible future trends in spatial autocorrelation-based research.
Investigation of the support vector machine algorithm to predict lung radiation-induced pneumonitis.

The purpose of this study is to build and test a support vector machine (SVM) model to predict for the occurrence of lung radiation-induced Grade 2+ pneumonitis. SVM is a sophisticated statistical technique capable of separating the two categories of patients (with/without pneumonitis) using a boundary defined by a complex hypersurface. Despite the complexity, the SVM boundary is only minimally influenced by outliers that are difficult to separate. By contrast, the simple hyperplane boundary computed by the more commonly used and related linear discriminant analysis method is heavily influenced by outliers. Two SVM models were built using data from 219 patients with lungcancer treated using radiotherapy (34 diagnosed with pneumonitis). One model ( SVM all ) selected input features from all dose and non-dose factors. For comparison, the other model ( SVM dose ) selected input features only from lungdose-volume factors. Model predictive ability was evaluated using ten-fold cross-validation and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. For the model SVM all , the area under the cross-validated ROC curve was 0.76 ( sensitivity ∕ specificity = 74 % ∕ 75 % ) . Compared to the corresponding SVM dose area of 0.71 ( sensitivity ∕ specificity = 68 % ∕ 68 % ) , the predictive ability of SVM all was improved, indicating that non-dose features are important contributors to separating patients with and without pneumonitis. Among the input features selected by model SVM all , the two with highest importance for predicting lung pneumonitis were: (a) generalized equivalent uniform doses close to the mean lungdose, and (b) chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy. The model SVM all is publicly available via internet access.
Unpacking the various meanings of redundancy: from refining the concept to military planning

The authors engage in the debate over waste in military force structure planning by rigorously deconstructing the concept of “redundancy.” First, a typology of redundancy is constructed that provides a common framework for identifying variety among redundant structures. These are labeled “true redundancy,” “expanded capacity,” “portfolio diversification,” and “mission overlap.” Further, a number of mechanisms are identified that produce these types of structures, and show the conditions under which planners may utilize redundant structure in the search for optimization. In sum, the article provides refined concepts for analysts and planners to identify when redundancy is deleterious or beneficial.
Thermodynamics of hard dumbell mixtures

Monte Carlo simulation results are reported for a variety of hard homonuclear diatomic fluid mixtures. The total and partial pressures are compared with the predictions of various analytic mixture equations of state, and the excess properties are discussed. The thermodynamic behaviour of the dense fluid mixtures is found to be similar to that of hard convex body mixtures. An accurate mixture equation of state is recommended on the basis of the comparisons.
Bat community structure within riparian areas of northwestern Georgia, USA.

Although it is well known that bats commonly forage in riparian areas, which provide water resources and insect concentrations, the role that the physical structure of riparian areas plays in influencing local bat communities is less certain. In 2000–2002, we used acoustic monitoring to determine bat species presence at 338 riparian sites in northwestern Georgia, USA. We used a 2-dimensional nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination to assess how separations among species were partially associated with riparian conditions. Our NMDS analysis found some degree of habitat partitioning among bat species occurring in northwestern Georgia and was dictated in part by riparian condition. Myotis grisescens and M. septentrionalis were associated with low-elevation lotic waterways, whereas M. lucifugus, Lasiurus borealis, and Eptesicus fuscus were associated with high-elevation lentic waterways with sparse canopy cover. However, riparian conditions had weak relations with NMDS axes, possibly resulting in coincidental associations in some cases. Regression tree analysis indicated that higher bat species richness was associated with apparently uncommon small, high-elevation waterways with sparse canopy cover as well as larger streams and rivers that had wetlands adjacent to them. Including high-elevation waterways with existing management recommendations for endangered M. grisescens foraging areas (large, low-elevation streams and rivers) will be the most effective conservation strategy to benefit the most bat species in northwestern Georgia and probably elsewhere in the southern Appalachians.
Genetic recombination in bacteriophage.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetic recombination in bacteriophage. Although many aspects of the biochemistry, genetics, and general physiology of the system are pertinent to the question of recombination in bacteriophages, the chapter considers only certain facets of the problem. Specifically, the idea of some kind of phosphodiester breakage-rejoining event(s) is accepted as the basic mechanism for genetic recombination. It is assumed that the process is accomplished by the action of the enzymes. The chapter describes some more or less classical genetic and biologic observations relevant to the problem of genetic recombination, as well as to describe some newer findings that correlate the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure, with the genetic structure. In addition, a brief examination of some enzyme systems that are candidates for the catalysis of recombinational events is discussed in this chapter. The chapter also discusses various genetic and biologic considerations, such as: (a) general features of recombination in bacteriophage, (b) circular map, (c) physical evidence for terminal redundancy, (d) kinetics of recombination, (e) nonreciprocity in the formation of recombinants,(f) heterozygosity , and (g) interference. The chapter also discusses various biophysical and biochemical approaches for genetic recombination in the bacteriophage.