cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamekeeper's thumb.

SUMMARY The term gamekeeper’s thumb is widely used interchangeably with skier’s thumb in reference to acute or chronic tears of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb MCP joint. The frequency of thumb injury in alpine skiing has not changed with recent changes in pole design. Release of the pole from the hand prior to impact with the ground will minimize injury. Arthrogram may be a useful adjunctive technique to identify the presence of a Stener lesion and strengthen the indications for surgery in borderline cases. The sensitivity and specificity of this test have not been established. Current trends favor acute surgical repair for complete tears of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb MCP joint as documented by clinical examination with stress radiography. Good results are obtainable with late reconstruction, and comparable results have been noted with the most commonly used techniques.
Service Entry in Emerging Markets: Introducing Foreign Services to Russian Markets

Emerging markets are those in the process of transitioning from being centrally planned to democracy driven with a more independent economy that is market-orientated. Emerging markets are currently experiencing rapid economic growth. Because of current and past economic and political situations, emerging markets also typically differ from developed markets.
H II Regions and Supernova Remnants

There has been relatively little research done so far on the H II regions of M31, beyond the task of identifying them and cataloging the brightest several hundred. At the time of this writing, however, at least two groups of scientists are working on detailed studies of the H II regions and so this chapter is likely to be outdated to some extent rather soon. For supernova remnants, on the other hand, more has been completed, especially at radio wavelengths.
Morphea (localized scleroderma)

Morphea, also called localized scleroderma, is a sclerosing skin disorder that resembles scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) in terms of cutaneous histopathological features, but differs demographically and clinically. Hallmark clinical and serological features of scleroderma (sclerodactyly, Raynaud’s phenomenon, internal organ involvement, and scleroderma-specific antibodies) are absent in morphea. Affecting adults and children equally, morphea is characterized by single or multiple indurated cutaneous plaques that can have variable appearance depending on the subtype and activity of disease. The predominant subtypes are circumscribed or plaque-type, linear, generalized, pansclerotic, and mixed morphea. Treatment of morphea, which may include corticosteroids, methotrexate, and/or phototherapy, is aimed at shutting down inflammation in active morphea and preventing cosmetic/functional impairment that may result from unabated activity.
Oral chromium picolinate impedes hyperglycemia-induced atherosclerosis and inhibits proatherogenic protein TSP-1 expression in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic ApoE -/- mice

Increasing evidence suggests thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a potent proatherogenic matricellular protein, as a putative link between hyperglycemia and atherosclerotic complications in diabetes. We previously reported that the micronutrient chromium picolinate (CrP), with long-standing cardiovascular benefits, inhibits TSP-1 expression in glucose-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro. Here, we investigated the atheroprotective action of orally administered CrP in type 1 diabetic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice and elucidated the role of TSP-1 in this process. CrP decreased lipid burden and neointimal thickness in aortic root lesions of hyperglycemic ApoE−/− mice; also, smooth muscle cell (SMC), macrophage and leukocyte abundance was prevented coupled with reduced cell proliferation. Attenuated lesion progression was accompanied with inhibition of hyperglycemia-induced TSP-1 expression and reduced protein O-glycosylation following CrP treatment; also, PCNA and vimentin (SMC synthetic marker) expression were reduced while SM-MHC (SMC contractile marker) levels were increased. To confirm a direct role of TSP-1 in diabetic atherosclerosis, hyperglycemic TSP-1−/−/ApoE−/− double knockout mice were compared with age-matched hyperglycemic ApoE−/− littermates. Lack of TSP-1 prevented lesion formation in hyperglycemic ApoE−/− mice, mimicking the atheroprotective phenotype of CrP-treated mice. These results suggest that therapeutic TSP-1 inhibition may have important atheroprotective potential in diabetic vascular disease.
Observation of High-Lying Levels in 8 Be from α-α Elastic Scattering

The elastic scattering of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles from $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ has been measured in the energy range between 30 and 70 MeV. A phase-shift analysis was used to investigate the even-spin, positive-parity levels in $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ in the region between 15 and 35 MeV of excitation. New ${0}^{+}$ and ${4}^{+}$ levels have been located near 20.3 and 25.6 MeV, respectively. The positions of five ${2}^{+}$ levels and an additional ${4}^{+}$ level are compared with previous work and with theoretical predictions based on the intermediate-coupling shell model.
A Meta-Analysis of Functional Communication Training Effects on Problem Behavior and Alternative Communicative Responses:

We conducted a meta-analysis of single-case research design (SCRD) studies on functional communication training (FCT). First, we used the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) Standards to evaluate each s...
Fourier Transform Fluorescence-Encoded Infrared Spectroscopy

While time-resolved infrared (IR) vibrational spectroscopy provides insight on structural dynamics of solution-phase systems, current techniques are limited to high concentrations. Fluorescence-encoded infrared spectroscopy (FEIR) can be used to encode IR-driven vibrational excitations into excited electronic states that fluoresce, which can be detected at lower concentrations than a coherently detected IR signal. Here, we report on the development of Fourier transform FEIR as an alternate approach for high-sensitivity IR spectroscopy. Upon driving vibrational excitation with a pair of IR fields with a variable time delay, an interferometric component was observed in the encoded fluorescence. This signal can be Fourier transformed to obtain a vibrational spectrum. By additionally varying the time delay of the encoding pulse following the second IR pulse, we observed frequency-difference oscillations, allowing us to construct a 2D correlation spectrum of coupled vibrations. Response functions for this expe...
Broad collateral damage of drugs against the gut microbiome

In a new study, Maier et al. reveal that non-antibiotic drugs intended to target human cells have off-target effects on the growth of human gut bacteria at clinically relevant concentrations. These results emphasize the need for a new field of metagenomic toxicology aimed at a more comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of compounds for humans and their associated microbial communities.
Strongly Extremal Kähler Metrics

On a compact complex manifold (M, J) of the Kahler type, we consider the functional defined by the L2-norm of the scalar curvature with its domain the space of Kahler metrics of fixed total volume. We calculate its critical points, and derive a formula that relates the Kahler and Ricci forms of such metrics on surfaces. If these metrics have a nonzero constant scalar curvature, then they must be Einstein. For surfaces, if the scalar curvature is nonconstant, these critical metrics are conformally equivalent to non-Kahler Einstein metrics on an open dense subset of the manifold. We also calculate the Hessian of the lower bound of the functional at a critical extremal class, and show that, in low dimensions, these classes are weakly stable minima for the said bound. We use this result to discuss some applications concerning the two-points blow-up of CP2.
Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs)

Abstract: The semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) diode is introduced and the dominant applications that use the nearly one billion VCSELs that have been deployed world-wide are reviewed. The chapter focusses on fundamental aspects such as the VCSEL device structure, including the distributed Bragg reflector mirrors, the optical cavity and various emission wavelengths, and the means for creating electrical and optical transverse confinement in the laser diode. The critical interplay of the spectral alignment of the Fabry–Perot cavity resonance, which selects the lasing wavelength, and the laser gain bandwidth, which influences the threshold of the VCSEL, is shown to dominate nearly every aspect of VCSEL performance. Finally, the performance of 850 nm VCSELs is presented and the influence of various VCSEL parameters on the laser efficiency, threshold, transverse mode characteristics, and polarization are described.
The Biliary Tract

This chapter discusses the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to extrahepatic biliary tract, the most important of which is cholelithiasis and its various complications. Inflammatory diseases of the gall bladder are almost invariably the result of previous cholelithiasis. In less than 10% of all cases, acute inflammation may occur without gallstones either as a result of stasis due to prolonged fasting or inactivity or rarely from ischemia secondary to vascular diseases, such as periarteritis. Bacterial infection does not appear to be present at the onset of cholecystitis, but it is a common complication after two or three days of acute inflammation. The diagnosis of cholelithiasis in a patient who has had a single or several attacks or probable biliary spasm is best confirmed by performing a single-dose oral cholecystogram and repeating it the second day if the first series does not show concentration of the iodinated dye in the gall bladder. Patient who has had biliary spasm or acute cholecystitis should be treated promptly by cholecystectomy, usually within several days of the disappearance of symptoms. The likelihood that further attacks will occur and the possibility of more severe complications are so great that advising delay, especially in patients who show no contraindications to surgery, is foolhardy.
The Sexuality of Violence

N ed’s childhood was nearly unimaginable. His mother died when he was three. She used heroin and cocaine on a daily basis. At times, the cocaine made her so irritable and high that she used large doses of sedatives to “come down.” Needless to say, this dangerous mixing and balancing of drugs was far from scientific. A few times a month, she would use too many sedatives and sleep for days. During these periods, Ned received no care. He was left crying in his crib. Finally, his mother left him with her parents a year before she died of heart disease caused by drugs. His father was unknown. His grandparents were caring but stern and punitive. They also were advanced in years. When he was eight, they died, leaving him with an aunt and uncle. These relatives placed him in a residential program when he began cursing, lying, stealing, and drinking, not long before his tenth birthday. As he passed from program to hospital to program, he progressed to more serious theft, gang involvement, and heavy drug use. At sixteen, Ned was placed in a foster home with the Arnolls. They were a young, religious family who had worked with people like Ned and his mother in substance-abuse treatment. They were firm and made specific demands on Ned. He attended school and the family received a daily report on his behavior. For the first time outside of an institution, Ned had a curfew and chores. His dating hours were restricted. His monetary allowance was tied to his behavior, including improvement in his language. More important, he was frequently checked for drugs, including screens of his urine.
The Molecular Basis of Lytic Induction Therapy in Relation to Gamma herpesvirus (KSHV, EBV)-Associated, AIDS-Related Tumors

The frequent presence of the EBV and KSHV genomes in AIDS-related lymphomas has suggested that manipulation of EBV and/or KSHV viral gene expression in these tumors might be used to promote tumor cell death, while sparing uninfected normal cells. Although EBV and KSHV can infect B cells for the life of the host, following recovery from primary infection, very few normal B cells are infected (usually fewer than one in a million B cells in the case of EBV-infected individuals) (Babcock et al., 2001, Methods Mol Biol 174, 103–110; Hochberg and Thorley-Lawson, 2005, Methods Mol Biol 292, 39–56). In contrast, essentially all of the tumor cells of EBV- and/or KSHV-associated malignancies contain the virus. Thus, the development of therapies that can induce killing of all EBV-infected cells in the body would be expected to dramatically reduce tumor cell viability, while potentially having no effect on healthy cells. One of the most promising approaches for inducing specific killing of EBV-infected host cells is commonly referred to as “lytic induction” therapy (Gutierrez et al., 1996, Cancer Res 56, 969–972; Westphal et al., 1999, Cancer Res 59, 1485–1491; Israel and Kenney, 2003, Oncogene 22, 5122–5130). As the name implies, the goal of this approach is to convert the latent type of EBV infection that normally occurs in tumor cells into the lytic form of viral infection, thereby using the virus itself to kill tumor cells. Although this type of approach is potentially applicable for both EBV-associated and KSHV-associated malignancies, the development of EBV-directed lytic induction therapies is further advanced and thus will be the primary focus of most of the discussion herein.
Counseling Techniques for Adolescent Females with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome affects up to 10% of adolescent girls and is accompanied by devastating physical symptoms and mental health issues (Ehrmann, 2005). This article reviews current literature...
Depression and Health Care Use in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background Depression frequently co-occurs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] and is a driver in health care costs and use. Aim This study examined the associations between depression and total health care costs, emergency department [ED] visits, computed tomography [CT] during ED/inpatient visits, and IBD-related surgery among IBD patients. Methods Our sample included 331772 IBD patients from a national administrative claims database [Truven Health MarketScan® Database]. Gamma and Poisson regression analyses assessed differences related to depression, controlling for key variables. Results Approximately 16% of the IBD cohort was classified as having depression. Depression was associated with a $17,706 (95% confidence interval [CI] [$16,892, 18,521]) increase in mean annual IBD-related health care costs and an increased incidence of ED visits (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] of 1.5; 95% CI [1.5, 1.6]). Among patients who had one or more ED/inpatient visits, depression was associated with an increased probability of receiving repeated CT [one to four scans, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] of 1.6; 95% CI [1.5, 1.7]; five or more scans, aOR of 4.6; 95% CI [2.9, 7.3]) and increased odds of undergoing an IBD-related surgery (aOR of 1.2; 95% CI [1.1, 1.2]). Secondary analysis with a paediatric subsample revealed that approximately 12% of this cohort was classified as having depression, and depression was associated with increased costs and incidence rates of ED visits and CT, but not of IBD-related surgery. Conclusions Quantifiable differences in health care costs and patterns of use exist among patients with IBD and depression. Integration of mental health services within IBD care may improve overall health outcomes and costs of care.
Significance of high field strength and rare earth element distributions in deciphering the evolution of the inner solar system

Abstract Major processes affecting high field strength (HFSE) and rare earth (REE) element ratios in planetary basalts are degree of melting, separation of metal-sulfide melt fractions, addition and loss of silicate melt, ilmenite fractionation, and subduction. Fractional crystallization of planetary magma oceans has left a surviving imprint on only three bodies for which we have data: the Moon, Vesta, and the angrite parent body. Thorium mobilization in aqueous fluids may account for decoupling of Th and Nb in planetary systems, and this is especially notable on Earth but also possible on Mars, the Moon and some asteroids. On Earth, HFSE and REE ratios in young basalts characterize hydrated (HM), enriched (EM) and depleted (DM) mantle sources, associated with, respectively, subduction, mantle plumes and ocean ridges. Terrestrial hydrated and depleted mantle were in existence by at least 4 Ga and possibly they may have been produced in a stagnant lid tectonic regime before 3 Ga. Also, removal of Nb in metal-sulfide melts can force the composition of silicate restitic material into the hydrated mantle field on HFSE-REE graphs, thus not requiring hydration. Such an origin is probable for “hydrated” mantle in primitive achondrites and plutonic angrites. The record of all three types of mantle in basalts from other bodies in the Solar System indicates the three mantle reservoirs are not diagnostic of plate tectonics, but can be produced in stagnant lid settings. Enriched mantle is thus far recognized only in Earth and possibly Mars. There are at least two enriched mantle reservoirs in Earth: a primordial (>4 Ga) reservoir, perhaps hidden in the D” layer above the core and rarely sampled by basalts, and a recycled plate reservoir ( Although there are several processes by which Nb can be fractionated from Ta in planetary bodies, the low Nb/Ta (
Outcomes of a Therapeutic Nighttime Positioning (NTP) Program: 24-Hour Postural Care

Date Presented 04/05/19 Postural management in the lying orientation should be routinely addressed for those with impaired movement. This study found that the implementation of a nighttime positioning (NTP) program yielded significant improvements in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of those with multiple disabilities, including difficulty moving independently. Highlighting the therapeutic benefits of supporting the body at nighttime will advance OT practice. Primary Author and Speaker: Kourtni Reed
Tracking of low disease burden in multiple myeloma: Using mass spectrometry assays in peripheral blood

Efforts over the last 5 years have demonstrated that it is technically feasible to detect low levels of monoclonal proteins in peripheral blood using mass spectrometry. These methods are based on the fact that an M-protein has a specific amino acid sequence, and therefore, a specific mass. This mass can be tracked over time and can serve as a surrogate marker of the presence of clonal plasma cells. This review describes the use of mass spectrometry to detect M-proteins in multiple myeloma to date, identifies the challenges of using this biomarker, and describes potential strategies to overcome these challenges. We discuss the work that must be done for these techniques to be incorporated into clinical practice for tracking of low disease burden in multiple myeloma.
Chromatographic detection of low-molecular-mass metal complexes in the cytosol of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fluorescence-based chelators are commonly used to probe labile low-molecular-mass (LMM) metal pools in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells, but such chelators destroy the complexes of interest during detection. The objective of this study was to use chromatography to directly detect such complexes. Towards this end, 47 batches of cytosol were isolated from fermenting S. cerevisiae yeast cells and passed through a 10 kDa cut-off membrane. The metal contents of the cytosol and resulting flow-through solution (FTS) were determined. FTSs were applied to a size-exclusion LC column located in an anaerobic refrigerated glove box. The LC system was coupled to an online inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for detection of individual metals. Iron-detected chromatograms of cytosolic FTSs from WT cells exhibited 2–4 major species with apparent masses between 500–1300 Da. Increasing the iron concentration in the growth medium 40-fold increased the overall intensity of these peaks. Approximately 3 LMM cytosolic copper complexes with apparent masses between 300–1300 Da were also detected; their LC intensities were weak, but these increased with increasing concentrations of copper in the growth medium. Observed higher-mass copper-detected peaks were tentatively assigned to copper-bound metallothioneins Cup1 and Crs5. FTSs from strains in which Cup1 or the Cox17 copper chaperone were deleted altered the distribution of LMM copper complexes. LMM zinc- and manganese-detected species were also present in cytosol, albeit at low concentrations. Supplementing the growth medium with zinc increased the intensity of the zinc peak assigned to Crs5 but the intensities of LMM zinc complexes were unaffected. Phosphorus-detected chromatograms were dominated by peaks at apparent masses 400–800 Da, with minor peaks at 1000–1500 Da in some batches. Sulfur chromatograms contained a low-intensity peak that comigrated with a glutathione standard; quantification suggested a GSH concentration in the cytosol of ca. 13 mM. A second LMM sulfur peak that migrated at an apparent mass of 100 Da was also evident.
ECC cache: a lightweight error detection for phase-change memory stuck-at faults

DRAM scaling has been slowed down. Emerging non-volatile memories (e.g., Phase-Change Memory) promises higher density, better scalability, and persistence. However, endurance is a fundamental issue that hinders the broad adoption of PCM---after repeated writes, a PCM cell can get stuck at a value and be no longer programmable. The prevalence of this stuck-at fault issue requires error detection and correction mechanisms for PCM. Existing solutions such as verify-after-write adds additional latency to PCM writes, which degrades overall system performance. Other solutions like in-memory error-correcting code (ECC) requires a high storage overhead and introduces more reliability issue because ECC bits tend to wear out faster than the protected data bits. In this paper, a novel stuck-at faults detection technique is proposed to improve performance and reliability simultaneously. Since stuck-at faults can only be detected after new writes, ECC does not need to be stored permanently and can be deleted immediately after a one-time detection, which helps to reduce ECC storage overhead. Therefore, this work proposes to use a small on-chip ECC cache to store the temporary ECC entries, which does not suffer from endurance issue. To maximize the utilization of the limited cache space, this work optimizes ECC entry insertion and deletion mechanisms and exploits memory bank-level parallelism to minimize performance impact. For the evaluated workloads, the proposed ECC cache achieves an average of 9.4% of the performance improvement over the baseline with a verify-after-write detection.
Energy Resource Planning for Puerto Rico's Future Electrical System

In 2017, Hurricane Maria damaged a large portion of the Puerto Rico (PR) electrical infrastructure, leading to longterm outages across many regions. Therefore, transformation and re-development of the island's grid system is of high interest. A key part of this re-development is the passing of an updated renewable portfolio standard (RPS), originally enacted in 2010, which states that by 2050 the energy needs in PR will be met entirely by renewable resources. The purpose of this paper is to determine the amount of renewable generation and energy storage necessary to meet these energy goals. An increase in renewable generation within any system poses several difficulties such as meeting night-time demand and handling the operation of the existing thermal fleet. A mixed-integer linear program optimization is formulated to identify the required investments in photovoltaic solar and energy storage to meet the RPS and to minimize the investment and operational costs. Within this RPS case study a sensitivity analysis is performed with different energy storage investment costs scenarios.
Verification of fetal evoked response by magnetic dipole fitting.

Abstract Background Investigation of fetal evoked response to auditory or visual stimuli is an important means of understanding the developmental stages and potential problems in prenatal life. It is, however, not without certain imperfections. The biggest challenge with fetal evoked response is its low signal to noise ratio. Under noisy conditions, the detected fetal evoked response should, therefore, be further investigated to confirm that the source of the signal is from fetal brain and is not related to random noise. Existing methods for verification are: (1) visual inspection of magnetic field maps, which requires user intervention and expert knowledge which can be highly subjective; (2) simultaneous ultrasound measurement, which is expensive and technically difficult to manage; and (3) equivalent current dipole fitting, which requires knowledge of the orientation of fetal head and its dimensions that may not be available at all times. Objective To verify that the detected fetal evoked response signal is originating from the fetal head by using an objective and feasible method that employs magnetic dipole fitting to fetal evoked response. Study design From raw fetal magnetoencephalography data, the cardiac interference was removed by frequency dependent subtraction. After averaging over stimulus triggers, the resulting signal was taken as the candidate fetal evoked response. The fetal evoked response was investigated for the highest peak in between 0.2–0.5 s, which is the expected latency of the response to the stimulus. The magnetic field at this highest peak was used for magnetic dipole fitting. The validation of peak was based on the closeness of the magnetic dipole fit to vicinity of fetal head location determined by ultrasound and the anatomically reasonable distance from the fetal heart. The methodology was first tested on a sample neonatal data before application to fetal data. Results The results of neonatal application confirmed that the source localization by magnetic dipole fitting for the brain produced meaningful results. When applied to fetal data, auditory and visual evoked response was detected in 27 of the 38 recordings. This implied that with our verification method, fetal evoked responses were detected in 71% of fetuses. Conclusion Detection rate of the evoked responses were similar to earlier reports where subjective visual inspection or simultaneous ultrasound measurement were used. Our method using magnetic dipole fitting for verification is more feasible and objective compared to the earlier methods.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects up to three in ten adult women Americans and can present with symptoms and/or erosive complications. Typical symptoms of GERD include heartburn and regurgitation, though atypical and extraesophageal symptom presentations of GERD also frequently need evaluation. First-line treatment options for GERD are lifestyle interventions and may include pharmacologic gastric acid suppression. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is most commonly trialed for gastric acid suppression, and with increasing utilization of PPI therapy, GERD less commonly manifests with erosive esophageal injury such as severe esophagitis and peptic strictures. GERD remains a known risk factor for development of Barrett’s esophagus which may further progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma, though women are less likely to develop Barrett’s esophagus. Up to 40% of patients with symptoms of GERD will not respond adequately to PPI therapy, and this group warrants further diagnostic evaluation with endoscopy and ambulatory reflux monitoring. Expanding treatment options for PPI nonresponsive GERD include adjunctive pharmacologic therapy to further attempt to decrease the reflux burden, neuromodulation, psychologic interventions, and anti-reflux interventions, including surgical and endoluminal approaches. The current paradigm of GERD management is shifting toward a personalized approach, utilizing physiologic testing to understand a particular patient mechanism of reflux and guide an evidence-based and patient-centered therapeutic plan.
The Metronome: A Simpler Approach to Garbage Collection in Real-Time Systems

With the wide-spread adoption of Java, there is significant interest in using the language for programming real-time systems. The community has generally viewed a truly real-time garbage collector as being impossible to build, and has instead focused its efforts on adding manual memory management mechanisms to Java. Unfortunately, these mechanisms are an awkward fit for the language: they introduce significant run-time overhead, introduce run-time memory access exceptions, and greatly complicate the development of library code. In recent work we have shown that it is possible to build a real-time collector for Java with highly regular CPU utilization and greatly reduced memory footprint. The system currently achieves 6 ms pause times with 50% CPU utilization (MMU) and virtually no “tail” in the distribution. We show how this work can be incorporated into a general real-time framework, and extended to systems with higher task frequencies. We argue that the community should focus more effort on such a simple, orthogonal solution that is true to the spirit of the Java language.
Programming with explicit security policies

Are computing systems trustworthy? To answer this, we need to know three things: what the systems are supposed to do, what they are not supposed to do, and what they actually do. All three are problematic. There is no expressive, practical way to specify what systems must do and must not do. And if we had a specification, it would likely be infeasible to show that existing computing systems satisfy it. The alternative is to design it in from the beginning: accompany programs with explicit, machine-checked security policies, written by programmers as part of program development. Trustworthy systems must safeguard the end-to-end confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information they manipulate. We currently lack both sufficiently expressive specifications for these information security properties, and sufficiently accurate methods for checking them. Fortunately there has been progress on both fronts. First, information security policies can be made more expressive than simple noninterference or access control policies, by adding notions of ownership, declassification, robustness, and erasure. Second, program analysis and transformation can be used to provide strong, automated security assurance, yielding a kind of security by construction. This is an overview of programming with explicit information security policies with an outline of some future challenges.
Multivariate Normality, Tests of

Testing for multivariate normality in a sample of observations presents greater difficulty than testing for univariate normality. Tests for multivariate normality are mostly based on either the unique properties of the multivariate normality, generalizations of tests for univariate normality, or generalizations of univariate tests for goodness-of-fit. Several methods of assessing multivariate normality are presented here, with a focus on those tests that are easily applied and/or have good power properties. Some plots that can be used for subjectively determining the normality of a sample of observations are also described. Keywords: squared radii; Q–Q plots; multivariate skewness; multivariate kurtosis; regression tests; correlation tests; Shapiro–Wilk test
Rapid Technique for the Enumeration of Clostridium perfringens

A new medium, Tryptone-sulfite-neomycin (TSN) agar, and an incubation procedure for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens are described. Tolerance to neomycin, optimal growth at 46 C, and sulfite-reducing properties of C. perfringens were used as a basis for development of the medium. Comparisons were made between sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine (SPS) agar and TSN agar at 37 and 46 C with C. perfringens and other organisms. These studies indicate the quantitative and selective superiority of TSN agar, incubated at 46 C, over SPS agar.
Breast imaging technology: Recent advances in imaging endogenous or transferred gene expression utilizing radionuclide technologies in living subjects: applications to breast cancer

A variety of imaging technologies is being investigated as tools for studying gene expression in living subjects. Two technologies that use radiolabeled isotopes are single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). A relatively high sensitivity, a full quantitative tomographic capability, and the ability to extend small animal imaging assays directly into human applications characterize radionuclide approaches. Various radiolabeled probes (tracers) can be synthesized to target specific molecules present in breast cancer cells. These include antibodies or ligands to target cell surface receptors, substrates for intracellular enzymes, antisense oligodeoxynucleotide probes for targeting mRNA, probes for targeting intracellular receptors, and probes for genes transferred into the cell. We briefly discuss each of these imaging approaches and focus in detail on imaging reporter genes. In a PET reporter gene system for in vivo reporter gene imaging, the protein products of the reporter genes sequester positron emitting reporter probes. PET subsequently measures the PET reporter gene dependent sequestration of the PET reporter probe in living animals. We describe and review reporter gene approaches using the herpes simplex type 1 virus thymidine kinase and the dopamine type 2 receptor genes. Application of the reporter gene approach to animal models for breast cancer is discussed. Prospects for future applications of the transgene imaging technology in human gene therapy are also discussed. Both SPECT and PET provide unique opportunities to study animal models of breast cancer with direct application to human imaging. Continued development of new technology, probes and assays should help in the better understanding of basic breast cancer biology and in the improved management of breast cancer patients.
Missing the Point About State Takeover Statutes

In a recent article in this journal, Professor Richard Booth offers an extended appraisal of state legislation regulating hostile corporate takeovers.1 Since 1982, at least twenty-nine states have enacted one or more of the several standard statutory responses to this important and troubling phenomenon.2 Booth evaluates these laws according to their efficacy in addressing a particular problem confronted by target company shareholders in takeover contests the coercive effects of twotier or partial bids. Coercion to tender in these kinds of bids is said to occur when shareholders are faced with a choice between accepting a premium, which may be less than optimally attractive, or, on the other hand, holding out but facing the prospect of a later cash-out at a much lower price or, worse yet, continuing to own a minority position in a "captive company" (p. 1641). Booth concludes that only one of the several current forms of takeover statutes adequately addresses this problem, the so-called control share acquisition statute. This type of statute, an example of which was vindicated against constitutional attack in the recent CTS case,3 Booth describes as "a remarkably intelligent approach to the problem of fairness in tender offers" (p. 1681). We think Booth's article requires comment for two reasons. The first reason is perhaps more obvious, though less interesting from our point of view. To be blunt, "unfairness" to shareholders due to coercion arising out of two-tier or partial offers simply does not occur with enough frequency to warrant a sixty-seven-page article in a major law review. According to recent congressional testimony by SEC Com-
Business data fusion

Enterprise business intelligence usually relies on data from multiple sources being carefully joined based on common attributes and consolidated into a common data warehouse. This process is often plagued by difficulties and errors in resolving join-attributes across sources while consolidating information into a data warehouse. Moreover, it may often be impossible to accurately join data from diverse external data sources. Nevertheless, each such data source can still provide useful information on correlations amongst the attributes it captures, and enterprises are increasingly looking to replace the traditional data warehouse with ‘data lakes’ based on new technology, such as Hadoop, in order to derive statistical insights. We describe an approach for ‘business data fusion’ applicable in such a scenario: We define ‘distributional queries’ and their utility in multiple scenarios, including for correlating diverse data sources, and show that these are equivalent to probabilistic inference. In order to efficiently execute such queries, relationships and correlations across data sources are summarized via a Bayesian network, which is learned in an expert-guided manner so as to incorporate domain knowledge. We present empirical results of our approach applied to (a) summarize large volumes of vehicular multi-sensor data in a sensor-data-lake, to efficiently provide probabilistic answers to support engineering analysis without repeatedly accessing the raw data; and (b) demonstrate how potentially diverse and unrelated public and private data sources can nevertheless be approximately and efficiently joined to derive useful statistical insights via distributional queries implemented using Bayesian inference.
Glass-transition temperatures for soft-contact-lens materials. Dependence on water content

Abstract Glass-transition temperatures for three soft-contact-lens (SCL) materials are measured by modulated differential scanning calorimetry as a function of SCL hydration, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The SCL materials are: a conventional hydrogel (SofLens ® 38, polymacon) with a low water content at saturation; a conventional hydrogel (SofLens™ One Day, hilafilcon A) with a high water content at saturation; and a siloxane–hydrogel (PureVision™, balafilcon A). Polymacon, hilafilcon A, and balafilcon A turn glassy at 35 °C when their water contents drop below 10.4, 13.5, and 6 wt%, respectively. These water contents correspond to the equilibrium water uptake at 35 °C for polymacon, hilafilcon A, and balafilcon A at relative humidities, RH, of 74, 64, and 57%, respectively. Our results suggest that the outer surface of a soft contact lens worn on the eye may develop a glassy skin when exposed to air at low relative humidity. This glassy skin may alter fluid transport through the soft contact lens, and influence SCL-wear comfort.
Associative Growth and Proteolysis of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in Skim Milk

Abstract Proteolytic activities of nine strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and nine strains of Loctobacillus bulgaricus cultures incubated in pasteurized reconstituted NDM at 42°C as single and mixed cultures were studied. Lactobacilli were highly proteolytic (61.0 to 144.6μg of tyrosine/ml of milk) and S. thermophilus were less proteolytic (2.4 to 14.8μg of tyrosine/ml of milk). Mixed cultures, with the exception of one combination, liberated more tyrosine (92.6 to 419.9μg/ml) than the sum of the individual cultures. Mixed cultures also produced more acid (lower pH). Of 81 combinations of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus cultures, only one combination was less proteolytic (92.6μg tyrosine/ml) than the corresponding L. bulgaricus strain in pure culture (125μg tyrosine/ml) .
Political Restraints and Bureaucratic Discretion: The Case of State Government Rule Making

State government agencies have increased their role and responsibilities in recent years under the national policy of devolution, and as these agencies have produced more rules and regulations to carry out these expanded duties, elected leaders across the states have increased the restraints placed on them. The typical means for doing so is through the State Administrative Procedure Act. This research examines the means by which states provide access channels to groups and individuals during the rulemaking process and the formal controls in place in the mid 1990s to restrict the discretion of state administrative entities during rulemaking. The work relies on information provided by the actors involved in rules review and oversight across the country during that time. After developing indices that compare the states on citizen access and institutional control, we attempt to explain why some states were more restrictive than others over rulemaking. The primary finding is that the shift of partisan control of at least one chamber in the state legislature following the 1994 elections best explains increased restrictiveness across the states.
Outpatient Management of Postbiopsy Pneumothorax with Small-Caliber Chest Tubes: Factors Affecting the Need for Prolonged Drainage and Additional Interventions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of outpatient management of postbiopsy pneumothoraces with small-caliber chest tubes and to assess the factors that influence the need for prolonged drainage or additional interventions.
Thorough study of reactivity of various compound classes toward the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.

A thorough study was done to test the reactivity of the Folin−Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent toward various compound classes. Over 80 compounds were tested. Compound classes included phenols, thiols, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, nucleotide bases, unsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, inorganic ions, metal complexes, aldehydes, and ketones. All phenols, proteins, and thiols tested were reactive toward the reagent. Many vitamin derivatives were also reactive, as were the inorganic ions Fe+2, Mn2+, I−, and SO32−. Other compounds showing reactivity included the nucleotide base guanine and the trioses glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone. Copper complexation enhanced the reactivity of salicylate derivatives toward the reagent, whereas zinc complexation did not. Several amino acids and sugars that were reported to be reactive toward the F-C reagent in earlier studies were found not to be reactive in this study, at least in the concentrations used. Reaction kinetics of each compound with the F-C rea...
Potentiostatically Poised Electrodes Mimic Iron Oxide and Interact with Soil Microbial Communities to Alter the Biogeochemistry of Arctic Peat Soils

Abstract: Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria are ubiquitous in soils worldwide, possess the ability to transfer electrons outside of their cell membranes, and are capable of respiring with various metal oxides. Reduction of iron oxides is one of the more energetically favorable forms of anaerobic respiration, with a higher energy yield than both sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. As such, this process has significant implications for soil carbon balances, especially in the saturated, carbon-rich soils of the northern latitudes. However, the dynamics of these microbial processes within the context of the greater soil microbiome remain largely unstudied. Previously, we have demonstrated the capability of potentiostatically poised electrodes to mimic the redox potential of iron(III)- and humic acid-compounds and obtain a measure of metal-reducing respiration. Here, we extend this work by utilizing poised electrodes to provide an inexaustable electron acceptor for iron- and humic acid-reducing microbes, and by measuring the effects on both microbial community structure and greenhouse gas emissions. The application of both nonpoised and poised graphite electrodes in peat soils stimulated methane emissions by 15%–43% compared to soils without electrodes. Poised electrodes resulted in higher (13%–24%) methane emissions than the nonpoised electrodes. The stimulation of methane emissions for both nonpoised and poised electrodes correlated with the enrichment of proteobacteria, verrucomicrobia, and bacteroidetes. Here, we demonstrate a tool for precisely manipulating
Inverse Design of 3D Compressor Blades With Adjoint Method

A three-dimensional (3D) CFD-based design method for high-speed axial compressor blades is being developed based on the discrete adjoint method. An adjoint code is built corresponding to RVC3D, a 3D turbomachinery Navier-Stokes analysis code developed at NASA Glenn. A validation study with the Euler equations indicates that the adjoint sensitivities are sensitive to the choice of boundary conditions for the adjoint variables in internal flow problems and constraints may be needed on internal boundaries to capture proper physics of the adjoint system. The design method is demonstrated with inverse design based on Euler physics, and the results indicate that the adjoint design method produces efficient 3D designs by drastically reducing the computational cost.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A STUDY OF THE UPTAKE OF VITAMIN B12 BY HOMOGENATES OF GUINEA PIG SMALL INTESTINE. THE EFFECTS OF GASTRIC JUICE AND HUMAN SALIVA

Preparations of human and rat gastric juice have been shown to augment significantly the uptake of 58Co labelled vitamin B12 by homogenates of the lower small intestinal mucosa of the guinea pig. This effect, which is much less pronounced with mucosal homogenate from the upper small intestine, has been investigated at 50° C. and 37° C. using various doses of gastric juice and vitamin B12. Previous claims that preparations of human saliva containing blood group substance H possess intrinsic factor activity have not been confirmed.
A mathematical approximation for the solution of a static indentation test

Abstract The classical contact problem of the indentation of a thin compressible linear elastic layer bonded to a rigid substrate is considered. Closed-form mathematical approximations of the deformation are presented for the cases of plane indentation by a rectangular block and three dimensional indentation by a plane-ended (axisymmetric) cyclinder. The approximations are analyzed in the context of a static indentation test by comparison of applied load values to those obtained using a classical integral transform solution. In the case of plane indentation, the mathematical and classical predictions agree to within 2% relative error for aspect ratios between 0.1 and 1.0 and apparent Poisson ratio between 0.0 and 0.3. Comparisons for the axisymmetric case indicate a similar pattern. The main advantage of the new approach is that it yields closed-form approximations of the static indentation solution which can also capture the essential singular behavior.
An evaluation of the social and private efficiency of adoption: Anaerobic digesters and greenhouse gas mitigation

Climate science has begun to recognize the important role of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions, including methane. Given the important contribution of methane, anaerobic digesters (ADs) on dairy farms in the U.S. present an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We quantify the social and private costs and benefits of ADs that have been adopted in California and find that, despite high initial costs, large reductions in GHG emissions bring significant social benefits and represent good social investments given a $36 per-ton social cost of carbon. Subsidies that lower the initial private investment cost can help align socially and privately optimal adoption decisions.