cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current and Future Delivery Systems for Adult Career Guidance.

Successful career guidance services for adults currently exist, but exciting technological innovations will be able to assist future guidance efforts.
Effects of inconsistent eyewitness statements on mock-jurors' evaluations of the eyewitness, perceptions of defendant culpability and verdicts

In attempting to discredit an eyewitness, it is a common strategy for an attorney to highlight inconsistencies in the eyewitness's recall testimony during cross-examination and encourage the jurors to infer, based on those inconsistencies, that the eyewitness's memory is faulty. An experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of this cross-examination strategy. Subjects viewed a simulated cross-examination and rendered judgmenets about the eyewitness and defendant. The type of inconsistent testimony was manipulated between subjects. Subjects exposed to inconsistent recall testimony about either central or peripheral details perceived the eyewitness as less credible (as evidenced by ratings on multiple dimensions) and the defendant as less culpable. Inconsistency on central details led to fewer convictions. Results point to the effectiveness of this cross-examination strategh.
A novel FSI–thermal coupled TEHD model and experimental validation through indirect film thickness measurements for the lubricating interface in external gear machines

Abstract A novel fluid–structure interaction–thermal coupled model for the lateral lubricating gaps between gears and lateral bushes in external gear machines (EGM) is presented in this study. The model is the first of the lateral lubricating interface in EGMs capable of considering heat transfer, thermal effects in the fluid film and solid components as well as thermo-elastic deformation of the solids enabling prediction of the film thickness in EGM lateral gaps considering thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication. Model validation is performed using lateral gap leakage measurement which is dependent on absolute film thickness. A novel relative lubricant film thickness measurement method in gear machines using capacitive sensors is also presented, and used to validate the spatial film thickness predictions from the model.
Impact constraints on the environment for chemical evolution and the continuity of life

The moon and the earth were bombarded heavily by planetesimals and asteroids that were capable of interfering with chemical evolution and the origin of life. This paper explores the frequency of giant terrestrial impacts able to stop prebiotic chemistry in the probable regions of chemical evolution. The limited time available between impacts disruptive to prebiotic chemistry at the time of the oldest evidence of life suggests the need for a rapid process for chemical evolution of life. On the other hand, rapid chemical evolution in cloud systems and lakes or other shallow evaporating water bodies would have been possible because reactants could have been concentrated and polymerized rapidly in this environment. Thus life probably could have originated near the surface between frequent surface-sterilizing impacts. There may not have been continuity of life depending on sunlight because there is evidence that life, existing as early as 3.8 Gyr ago, may have been destroyed by giant impacts. The first such organisms on earth were probably not the ancestors of present life.
Orientation anisotropy and strabismus.

Abstract Monocular contrast sensitivity (CS) measurements were obtained in the two principal meridians of eight constant unilateral strabismic subjects and four subjects diagnosed with alternating strabismus. The results indicated that: (1) the CS of both the fellow and deviating eyes of patients with a constant unilateral deviation is significantly less than that of visually normal eyes at high spatial frequencies; (2) both the fellow and deviating eyes reveal a significant reduction in CS to vertically oriented gratings. This effect is frequency-specific, occurring only at the highest spatial frequencies; (3) the magnitude of the orientation anisotropy did not vary systematically with the degree of amblyopia; and (4) a mild orientation anisotropy was observed in only three of the eight alternating strabismic eyes tested. The etiology of the vertical effect is examined with respect to the role of anomalous binocular competition, suppression and abnormal eye movements. Copyright © 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Reviewing progress in cloud parameterization

Clouds' effects on climate are significant and complex. Many cloud processes occur at small scales and are difficult to calculate in large-scale models, so general circulation models typically use parameterizations to represent a range of cloud properties.
ACM core IT learning outcomes for associate-degree programs

As directed by the ACM Ed Board, the ACM Committee for Computing Education in Community Colleges (ACM CCECC) is engaged in defining the core IT learning outcomes which should be common to all associate-degree IT programs, assembled into a framework of defined domains and accompanied by assessment rubrics. The results are now being made available.
Performance of Historic Downstream Canal Control Algorithms on ASCE Test Canal 1

Researchers have developed several algorithms to automatically control water levels in irrigation canals. Proportional-integral (PI) control logic has been used for downstream water-level control, ...
The role of listener familiarity in the perception of dysarthric speech

The effects of two qualitatively different familiarization procedures on listeners' perceptions of speech produced by a Korean woman with moderate-severe spastic-ataxic dysarthria were investigated. Thirty listeners were randomly assigned to one of three listening conditions. Prior to this task, members of the two experimental listening groups were familiarized with a speech sample produced by the woman with dysarthria. Listeners assigned to the Paragraph group heard the speaker read a paragraph twice as they followed along with a script. Listeners assigned to the Word List group heard the speaker read the same words comprising the paragraph, but the words were presented in a random order. This list was heard twice, as the listeners followed along with a script. The Control group performed the transcription task without receiving prior exposure to the dysarthric speech. The 30 listeners then orthographically transcribed sentences produced by the dysarthric speaker. Results showed that listeners familiariz...
A randomized controlled trial of a discharge nursing intervention to promote self-regulation of care for early discharge interventional cardiology patients

This randomized controlled trial examined a discharge nursing intervention aimed at promoting self-regulation of care for early discharge interventional cardiology patients. The purpose of this study was to compare medication adherence, patient satisfaction, use of urgent care, and illness perception in patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing interventional revascularization procedures who receive usual care and those who receive a discharge nursing intervention.
Patterns of FOS protein induction in singing female starlings

Females of many songbird species produce song, but information about the neural correlates of singing behavior is limited in this sex. Although well studied in males, activity in premotor song control regions and social behavior regions has not been examined in females during song production. Here, we examined the immediate early gene protein product FOS in both song control and social behavior brain regions after female starlings defending nest boxes responded to an unfamiliar female in a naturalistic setting. We found that females that sang in response to the intruder had much higher numbers of fos-immunoreactive neurons (fos-ir) in the vocal control regions HVC, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), and the dorsomedial part of the nucleus intercollicularis (DM of the ICo). In HVC, fos-ir correlated positively with song length. In RA, DM and Area X, fos-ir correlated positively with number of songs produced. In social behavior regions, singers showed higher fos-ir in the nucleus taeniae of the amygdala, the dorsal part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the ventromedial hypothalamus than non-singers. Overall, patterns of fos-ir in song control regions in females were similar to those reported for males, but differences in fos-ir were identified in social behavior regions. These differences may reflect a distinct role for brain regions involved in social behavior in female song, or they may reflect differences in the social function of female and male song.
Percy Bysshe Shelley and the Ekphrasis of Hair

We are accustomed to thinking of works of ekphrasis as using language to prod a visual representation of a static moment into narrative motion. Rightly, then, criticism of ekphrastic poetry tends to focus on visuality and the gaze. But what exactly does it mean for an object to be representational? This article traces the way that not only traditional art objects, but also hair – in locks, on the head, and (occasionally) incorporated into hair jewelry or collages – functioned representationally during the Romantic period. But while an art object typically represents a static moment perceived visually, a moment that can be prompted into narrative motion through ekphrasis, hair, as we will see, typically represents the social existence of a human being made tangible, with complex implications for the continuity of a self that progresses in time as its representation remains changeless. By examining both sight and hair in “On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci” and The Cenci, this article shows how Shelley deve...
Expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein in human coronary arteries and in a rat vascular injury model

We previously isolated MACH-related inducer of toxicity (MRIT), a homolog of caspase 8. MRIT, also known as c-FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), is an enzymatically inactive homolog of caspase 8 with homology to viral FLIP (v-FLIP). Because of this homology and resemblance to dominant negative proteins, c-FLIP is widely believed to be an antagonist to the death receptor-initiated apoptotic pathways that use caspase 8. We generated a polyclonal antibody, MAG1, and show that this antibody specifically recognizes two splice forms, long form (c-FLIPl) and short form (c-FLIPs). By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that c-FLIP is expressed in endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) both in human coronary arteries and in cultured cells. In an uninjured rat carotid arteries, c-FLIP protein is abundant in the vascular media. After balloon angioplasty, c-FLIP protein is rapidly down-regulated in medial SMCs for 2 weeks and regains expression by 4 weeks. In contrast, the neointima is strongly immunoreactive to c-FLIP from day 7 after the initial injury and remains strongly immunoreactive until 4 to 6 weeks. Similarly there is strong c-FLIP immunoreactivity in SMCs from nonatherosclerotic diffuse intimal thickening and in the overlying endothelial cells. In contrast, c-FLIP immunoreactivity is uneven and often absent in SMCs within the atherosclerotic plaque. Double labeling with c-FLIP antibody and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UDP end labeling (TUNEL) in the injured rat common carotid artery show that TUNEL-positive cells in the first 2 days after injury lack detectable c-FLIP, suggested a role for caspase 8 in this form of death. In contrast, there is no correlation of c-FLIP with the spontaneous elevation in death of intima seen at 7 days after injury. For human atherosclerotic plaques, the majority of TUNEL-positive cells lack detectable c-FLIP. The expression pattern of c-FLIP and the relation between c-FLIP and TUNEL suggest a role for c-FLIP- and caspase 8-driven death in control of viability of the cells of the atherosclerotic intima.
Rapid examination of microorganisms in ballast waters

Se examinaron las comunidades microbianas del agua de lastre mediante microscopia de epifluorescencia. Se realizaron analisis cualitativos y cuantitativos con el fin de probar si los perfiles microbianos encontrados en diferentes barcos estaban relacionados con sus itinerarios de viaje y/o el manejo de sus tanques de agua de lastre. Las concentraciones de VLPs (?virus-like particles?) y bacterias presentaron diferencias evidentes en barcos que arribaron a un mismo puerto. Estas diferencias son coherentes con los respectivos itinerarios de viaje. Ademas, la extension del tiempo de confinamiento del agua de lastre en un tanque determina que algunas formas bacterianas predominen progresivamente sobre otras. Lo anterior permitiria, en principio, determinar si el agua de lastre ha sido renovada en mar abierto antes de arribar a puerto. Los resultados presentados se restringen al examen del agua de lastre de unos pocos barcos. Sin embargo, pensamos que una mayor investigacion en esta area determinara que la microscopia de epifluorescencia sera cada vez mas util para caracterizar microbiologicamente las aguas de lastre, contribuyendo asi a develar su historia reciente.
Optimization of the mineral content in polymeric gels: The effect of calcium to phosphate molar ratio

The influence of calcium to phosphate (Ca/P) molar ratio on the extent of mineralization in a model (poly)acrylamide gel was investigated under simulated physiological conditions. We hypothesized that the optimal growth of hydroxyapatite crystals will take place at the stoichiometric Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67. Phosphate ions were incorporated during the polymerization of the gel and mineralization was initiated by submersion of the gel in calcium acetate solution. Ca/P molar ratios were varied in the range of 0.5–5.0. The mineralized gel was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineral weight fraction analysis via ashing. Raman spectra captured across the bulk of the gels indicated the presence of mineral at the core section. The phosphate symmetric stretching peak was observed in the range of 955–960 cm � 1 which is characteristic of hydroxyapatite. SEM images showed that crystals formed at Ca/P ¼ 2.0 were denser and larger in size than at other molar ratios. In agreement with SEM images, the dry weight fraction of mineral reached the maximum at the molar ratio of 2.0 and the extent of mineralization rapidly declined as the molar ratio diverged from 2.0. Also, the crystallinity of the mineral was optimum at the molar ratio of 2.0. Thus it appears that for effective mineralization, the molar ratio of the two ions needs to be in excess of the stoichiometric requirement, suggesting that ions are expended in processes other than the formation and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals. Therefore, the optimal level of mineralization in biomimetic-based growth of calcium phosphate crystals in sol–gel environment requires consideration of a range of molar ratios as opposed to using the molar ratios corresponding to that of the crystal species intended to grow. r 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
THE PHOTOINACTIVATION OF TRYPSIN AS SENSITIZED BY METHYLENE BLUE AND EOSIN Y

— The kinetics of the photoinactivation of trypsin as sensitized by methylene blue and by eosin Y were investigated. The time-course of inactivation was first-order. The rates of inactivation were essentially identical as measured by three methods: the casein assay, the benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester assay, and the hemoglobin (in 5 M urea) assay. This is in sharp contrast to the results of earlier studies with flavins as photosensitizers, where the rate of inactivation was found to be much greater when measured by the hemoglobin assay than when measured by the other two assays. These differences are interpreted as indicating the production of a urea-sensitive ‘damaged class’ of trypsin molecules during photodynamic inactivation with flavins as sensitizers, but not with methylene blue and eosin Y. The results presented indicate that the mechanism of the photodynamic inactivation of enzymes might be different with different photosensitizing dyes.
Evaluation of the impact of shielding materials in radiation protection in transgenic animals.

We are using a plasmid-based transgenic mouse mutation model system to evaluate the effectiveness of aluminum or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) shielding after 250 MeV/u protons or 1 GeV/u iron ion irradiation. Transgenic mice, with multiple copies of the plasmid pUR288 lacZ transgene integrated into the genome of every cell of the animal, were either irradiated or sham-treated. Multiple endpoints, including early cytogenetic damage in erythrocytes at 48 h after exposure, chromosome aberrations in bone marrow lymphocytes, and lacZ mutant frequencies (MF) in brain and spleen tissues were measured in the same animals. The frequency of total circulating reticulocytes (fRET) dropped precipitously at 48 h after 2 Gy of proton irradiation. The average level of micronucleated reticulocytes (fMN–RET) was fivefold higher in the irradiated samples relative to the controls at the same time point. There was an increase in total chromosome aberrations in bone marrow lymphocytes at 8 weeks after proton irradiation but this increase was not statistically significant relative to the controls. Evaluation of the lacZ MF in the brain and spleen tissues showed that proton irradiation induced a twofold increase in MF in each tissue. Similar samples were collected from animals that were shielded from the proton beam by aluminum. Compared to the unshielded treatment group, we noted no difference in fRET, fMN–RET, chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes and lacZ MF in brain and spleen tissues obtained from these animals. In a separate study, animals were exposed to high-energy iron ions with or without 10 or 15 cm LDPE. Using the same approach, we noted a precipitous drop in fRET, and an elevation in fMN–RET within 48 h after 1 Gy of iron ions. Total chromosome aberrations in bone marrow lymphocytes were slightly elevated but not significant at 8 weeks after iron ion exposure. Shielding animals with 10 or 15 cm of polyethylene appeared to have no effect on the level of RET, MN–RET or chromosome aberrations in these animals. LacZ MF in brain and spleen tissues increased 1.5–2-fold above control levels after 1 Gy iron ions at 8 weeks after treatment. On the other hand, MF in tissues harvested from shielded animals appeared to be lower than their unshielded litermates, suggesting the polyethylene shielding was effective in reducing the iron-induced genomic damage in tissues. Although shielding may be effective, in some cases, in reducing the physical dose of particle radiation, our cytogenetic results showed that the biological impact of the particle beam remain unchanged. On the other hand, reduction in transgene MF in tissues from LDPE-shielded animals but not in the aluminum-shielded animals strongly suggests that careful consideration of the biological endpoints used is necessary in the evaluation of the efficacy of the selected shielding material.
Physiological response to a speech stressor presented in a virtual reality environment

The feasibility of using virtual reality (VR) technology to induce a physiological response to stress was assessed in 12 volunteers during a laboratory session in which each participant completed a speech task within a VR environment and a math task outside the VR environment. Both tasks were effective in eliciting a physiological response with significant increases observed in response to each stress task in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Increases in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were observed during the speech task and in plasma epinephrine concentrations during the math task although these differences did not reach statistical significance. The use of VR technology may be a viable alternative to methods currently employed in presenting stressful tasks with the potential advantage of decreased variability in the audience response to the participants' performance.
Fear of Crime in Elderly Women Perceptions of Control, Predictability, and Territoriality

A causal relationship was hypothesized to exist between elderly women's fear of crime and their perceptions of the predictability of events, control over outcomes, and territoriality. Perceived territoriality-the perception of proprietary right to an area and responsibility for what happens there-was hypothesized to be a manifestation of perceived control and perceived predictability. These perceptions and their expression in perceived territoriality were hypothesized to influence elderly women's fear of crime. Data were collected from 81 elderly women living in an urban community. As predicted, elderly women who viewed events as unpredictable expressed lower perceived territoriality and higher fear than those who perceived events as predictable. In addition, women who perceived themselves as having personal control over outcomes appeared to manifest this perception through territoriality. It is this manifestation of perceived control through perceived territoriality that is associated with lower fear in ...
Empirical Analysis of Compressed Workweek Choices

This paper analyzes the trend and determinants of the compressed workweek (CWW) by using Washington State commute trip reduction (CTR) data. A multinomial logit model was applied to analyze the determinants of CWW choices by using the CTR data from 2005. Regression results indicate that the employer's transportation demand management promotion level and the number of years CWW programs have been in effect have significant impacts on commuters' decisions about CWW choices. Commuters are more likely to participate in CWW programs when employers are more supportive or the CWW program has been implemented longer. The distance from home to work is another key factor that influences commuters' CWW choices. The longer the distance from home to work, the higher the probability that a person will choose alternative work schedules. Employees' journey-to-work mode choices affect their choices of working on CWW schedules. Commuters using a single mode of transit and a shared ride are less likely to work on CWW schedu...
Giving Injuries the Cold Treatment

(1996). Giving Injuries the Cold Treatment. The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 99-100.
Reducing the lateral force acting on the patella does not consistently decrease patellofemoral pressures.

BackgroundExtensor mechanism procedures that decrease the lateral component of the patellar tendon or quadriceps force acting on the patella do not consistently reduce pain.HypothesisPatellofemoral treatments do not consistently decrease patellofemoral pressures because of variations in the moments acting on the patella.Study DesignComputer simulation study.MethodsComputational models of 4 knees were constructed to characterize the patellofemoral pressure distribution during simulated squatting from 40° to 90°. The knees were given an initial Q angle of 25°. Patellofemoral treatments were simulated by increasing the percentage of the quadriceps force applied by the vastus medialis by 50% and by medializing the tibial tuberosity to decrease the Q angle to 15°.ResultsDecreasing the Q angle caused a larger decrease in the lateral component of the force applied by the quadriceps and patellar tendon than did increasing the force applied by the vastus medialis and, therefore, was more effective at decreasing pa...
Does Geography Matter?: A Study of Determinants of Bank Office Size in Illinois

This study investigates the role of geography in shaping the average bank office size in Illinois banking. "Geography" here refers to a host of socioeconomic, demographic, and local community characteristics at the bank market level. The study finds that larger bank markets, higher levels of market concentration, higher percentages of whites within the total population, and less physical fragmentation within a geographical bank market contribute to larger average bank office sizes. The use of technology, represented by higher percentages of physical capital and premises in the total assets, is found to reduce the bank office size. This tendency is further reinforced by a lack of economies of scale at the bank office level. At the same time, the study finds that the greater adoption of internet banking is associated with larger bank offices. These findings provide indirect evidence that market structure has an impact on the adoption of alternative banking technologies. A study of bank office size has practical implications in providing insights into the future branch strategy, as well as the inadequate nature of measures of market power currently used in antitrust regulation.
Student Misconceptions, Declarative Knowledge, Stimulus Conditions, and Problem Solving in Basic Electricity.

Abstract Previous research has indicated that students' prior inaccurate conceptions about physical concepts interfere with the solution to physics problems and the acquisition of new concepts. In the present study, the effects of students misconceptions, declarative knowledge, and stimulus conditions on student solution to a problem in basic electricity were investigated. The results indicated that students performance was influenced by their knowledge of relevant declarative facts and the stimulus conditions of the experiment as well as by their models (or misconceptions) of the electrical situations. The theoretical and educational implications of the findings are discussed.
Self-dependent justification without circularity

This paper disputes the widely held view that one cannot establish the reliability of a belief-forming process with the use of beliefs that are obtained by that very process since such self-dependent justification is circular. Harold Brown ([1993]) argued in this journal that some cases of self-dependent justification are legitimate despite their circularity. I argue instead that under appropriate construal many cases of self-dependent justification are not truly circular but are instances of ordinary Bayesian confirmation, and hence they can raise the probability of the hypothesis as legitimately as any such confirmation does. I shall argue in particular that despite its dependence on perception we can use naturalized epistemology to confirm the reliability of a perceptual process without circularity.
Scaling, correlations, and cascades in finance and turbulence

Abstract The question of information cascades in finance appears in the literature. We use the dynamics of Kolmogorov's 1962 (K62) turbulence model, an example of multiaffine scaling, to illustrate how evidence for diffusion from large to small length scales, or correspondingly an information cascade from large to small times in finance, could be inferred from a certain multiaffine scaling exponent. As an alternative to the derivations given by Kolmogorov, Onsager, and Heisenberg, we also show how to derive the K41 model from ‘time’ reversible dynamics. We then discuss and compare five different analyses of finance data by econophysicists, including one where the information cascade was suggested. We explain why there is as yet no compelling evidence for an information cascade in finance. We point out the different finance data analyses are largely in disagreement with each other, and suggest the use of a stronger condition in data analysis in order to resolve the differences. We observe that errors are incurred for large returns by using price differences instead of the logarithmic return, which is a dimensionless, additive variable.
Endothelial KCa Channels Mediate Flow-Dependent Dilation of Arterioles of Skeletal Muscle and Mesentery

Abstract The role of Ca 2+ -activated potassium channels (K Ca ) in flow-initiated intracellular events in microvessels is not known. We hypothesized that K Ca channels in the arteriolar endothelium are responsible for the mechanotransduction of flow/shear stress-induced arteriolar dilation in skeletal muscle and mesentery of rats. The active diameter of arterioles isolated from gracilis (80 mm Hg) and cremaster (60 mm Hg) muscles and mesentery (80 mm Hg) at a constant intraluminal pressure was 53 ± 3, 77 ± 5, and 72 ± 6 μm, respectively. Their passive diameter (in Ca 2+ -free solution) was 113 ± 3, 152 ± 12, and 121 ± 7 μm, respectively. At a constant intraluminal pressure stepwise increases in perfusate flow (25, 40, and 14 μL/min in 5, 10, and 2 μL/min steps) elicited a gradual increase in diameter of all three groups of arterioles up to 93 ± 5, 137 ± 11, and 102 ± 7 μm, respectively. Flow-induced dilations of arterioles were eliminated by intraluminal administration of iberiotoxin (ibTX 10 −9 M), an inhibitor of high conductance K Ca channels (BK Ca ). In contrast, arteriolar dilations to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were not altered by this agent, indicating that BK Ca channels are not involved in the receptor-mediated endothelial synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and that the inhibitor did not affect the action of NO on smooth muscle. Abluminal application of ibTX (10 −8 M) did not affect flow-dependent dilation. We conclude that in arterioles of several tissues activation of endothelial BK Ca channels is an obligatory step in the transduction of the signal initiated by changes in intraluminal flow/shear stress, leading to the release of endothelial factors evoking dilation.
Logic And Arithmetic With Luminescent Rebroadcasting Devices

This paper discusses, for the first time, the application of luminescent rebroadcasting devices to computing. The devices are described, together with some preliminary experimental characterization. The devices are then shown to be capable of: analog addition and multiplication, sequences of ORs and NORs, and performing the 16 Boolean operations possible between two variables.
Trends in Estradiol During Critical Illness Are Associated with Mortality Independent of Admission Estradiol

Background We have previously demonstrated that elevated serum estradiol (E 2 ) at intensive care unit (ICU) admission is associated with death in the critically ill, regardless of sex. However, little is known about how changes in initial E 2 during the course of care might signal increasing patient acuity or risk of death. We hypothesized that changes from baseline serum E 2 during the course of critical illness are more strongly associated with mortality than a single E 2 level at admission. Study Design A prospective cohort of 1,408 critically ill or injured nonpregnant adult patients requiring ICU care for ≥48 hours with admission and subsequent E 2 levels was studied. Demographics, illness severity, and E 2 levels were examined, and the probability of mortality was modeled with multivariate logistic regression. Changes in E 2 were examined by both analysis of variance and logistic regression. Results Overall mortality was 14.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 12.3% to 16%]. Both admission and subsequent E 2 levels were independently associated with mortality [admission E 2 odds ratio 1.1 (CI 1.0 to 1.2); repeat estradiol odds ratio 1.3 (CI 1.2 to1.4)], with subsequent values being stronger. Changes in E 2 were independently associated with mortality [odds ratio 1.1 (CI 1.0 to 1.16)] and improved regression model performance. The regression model produced an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80 (CI 0.77 to 0.83). Conclusions Although high admission levels of E 2 are associated with mortality, changes from baseline E 2 in critically ill or injured adults are independently associated with mortality. Future studies of E 2 dynamics may yield new indicators of patient acuity and illuminate underlying mechanisms for targeted therapy.
Contributions of natality models to program planning and evaluation

This paper is an attempt to describe and assess the contributions made by the newer quantitative models of natality to program planning and development. Considerable interest in models of natality is being reflected in reports of a large variety of ideas suggestions and proposed models. In view of this current activity any assessment made now of the contributions of these models can be only tentative and should consider also prospects for the future. The present approach to assessment will be made in three parts: a description of recent developments in natality models a discussion of the contributions of newer models and a consideration of prospects for the future. The discussion applies not only to models whose primary focus is on natality but also to more general models that investigate natality among other processes. (authors)
Der Stand der Totalsynthese zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts

Ein neues Jahrtausend hat begonnen – Grund genug, sich die Frage zu stellen, welchen Stand die Totalsynthese von Naturstoffen erreicht hat. Dieser Aufsatz mochte eine Antwort geben, indem er die Entwicklung dieser chemischen Disziplin, die Aspekte von exakter Wissenschaft und schoner Kunst in sich vereint, von Anbeginn bis in die heutige Zeit beschreibt; es wird geschildert, wie viel wir in der Wissenschaft der Totalsynthese schon erreicht haben, aber auch, dass dieses Forschungsgebiet den Kinderschuhen gerade erst entschlupft.
Novel Digital Equalizer for XPM-induced Polarization Crosstalk using Overlapped Fast Independent Component Analysis

A novel equalization algorithm using overlapped fast independent component analysis (FastICA) is proposed and investigated for nonlinear polarization crosstalk (NPC). The algorithm is shown to provide better Q-factor improvement than conventional algorithms. Also shown are its advantages when used in the step prior to other DSP procedures.
Stresses during micromolding of metals at elevated temperatures: pilot experiments and a simple model

The Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung (LIGA) technique is important for making metal-based high-aspect-ratio microscale structures (HARMS) and microdevices derived from metal-based HARMS. Recently, molding replication of HARMS made of Pb, Zn, and Al has been demonstrated, advancing LIGA technology from the state where only polymer-based HARMS could be replicated by molding. This demonstration offers a potential means for economical fabrication of a wide variety of metal-based microdevices. Micromolding of a metal requires heating the metal to be molded to a significant fraction of its melting temperature. At high temperatures, the strength of the mold insert itself will typically decrease. The insert strength thus places a limit on the range of materials that can be molded. In this paper, micromolding and tensile experiments on Pb were carried out. A simple mechanics model of the micromolding process was developed. This model relates the stresses on the insert during micromolding primarily to the yield strength of the molded metal and frictional tractions on the sides of the insert. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the Pb experiments and the model predictions. Ramifications for other material systems are discussed.
Interaction of globin and heme during hemoglobin biosynthesis

Abstract Conditions for the biosynthesis of labeled protoporphyrin IX and labeled heme from δ-aminolevulinic-14C acid have been established in a broken-cell system prepared from rabbit reticulocytes. Labeled soluble hemoglobin and labeled nascent globin were also synthesized in this reaction mixture as indicated by leucine-3H incorporation. Examination of the 3H- and 14C-labeled materials present in the ribosomepolysome fraction, high-speed supernatant fraction, and purified soluble hemoglobin fraction were performed. The absence of porphyrin-14C in the nascent globyl-sRNA fraction, examined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, as contrasted to the large amounts of 14C-labeled heme and 3H-labeled globin in the hemoglobin of the high-speed supernatant fraction, supports the conclusion that the interaction of heme and globin occurs after completion of the primary structure of the globin chains.
Making Thinking Real Enough to Make It Better: Using Posters to Develop Skills for Constructing Disciplinary Arguments

How does one teach critical thinking, the procedures of an academic discipline, and the composition of plausible interpretations and arguments to students who are more facile with visual than with written modes of expression? How does one make real to students the construction of meaning in that unfamiliar epistemological space between brute fact and mere opinion? The “argument poster,” a pedagogical strategy that helps students translate their skills for critical thinking from a visual frame to a written frame, results in better quality historical essays and research papers.
Digital humanities: reaching out to the other culture (abstract only)

This discussion will connect instructors who are reaching out to their colleagues in the humanities to discover areas of collaboration. It focuses on what these disciplines have to contribute to our knowledge of computing and how computational thinking informs these disciplines. One goal is to lay the foundation for a more general program of study in digital humanities that would reach students who would like to see how computing could enhance their work in history, literature, anthropology, or philosophy, for example.
The electrostatic potential of the alpha helix (electrostatic potential/α-helix/secondary structure/helix dipole)

Abstract The active sites of many enzymes are very close to the N-terminus of an α-helix. The helix dipole has been postulated to enhance the binding of anions and speed charge relays in catalysis. We present electrostatic potential maps of α-helices of various lengths using a point charge model. We show that the potential field of the helix can be mimicked by two equal and opposite charges, one at each terminus. The magnitude of these equivalent charges reaches its limiting value of ± 0.2 to 0.3 electron at a helix length of approximately 7–10 residues. We also comment on the relative importance of the helix dipole to that of ionized residues in determining the electrostatics of a protein and discuss what consequences this has for enzymology.
Paleoenvironmental analysis and correlation of a CretaceousIslas Orcadas core from the Falkland Plateau, Southwest Atlantic

Abstract A comparison of Campanian-Maestrichtian cores from two localities on opposite sides of the Maurice Ewing Bank, at the eastern end of the east-west trending Falkland Plateau (Southwest Atlantic) reveals a significant change in faunal and floral assemblage characteristics across the Plateau. These changes are probably temperature dependent, and indicate that the Plateau served as an important barrier between water masses in the South Atlantic during late Cretaceous times.
New developments in diagnosing and treating diabetic foot infections

Foot infections are common in persons with diabetes and are often the proximate cause of lower extremity amputation. There have been many publications in the past few years dealing with the appropriate ways to diagnose and treat diabetic foot infections. This review presents information gathered from a comprehensive, ongoing surveillance of the literature (published and abstracts) over the past 4 years. Prospective studies have now defined the epidemiology of diabetic foot infections, as well as methods to score and classify the wounds. Several recently published guidelines can assist clinicians in managing these infections. The etiologic agents of infection have been well-defined, and the prevalence of multi-drug-resistance pathogens is growing. Molecular methods offer great promise for quicker and more sensitive diagnosis of infection. New antimicrobial agents, both systemic and topical, as well as novel local treatments, have been shown to be effective in various studies. Improved methods of deploying older agents have added to the variety of treatment approaches now available. Several adjunctive treatments may benefit some patients but their role is as yet unclear. While there is much yet to learn about the most cost-effective ways to diagnose and treat diabetic foot infections the main effort is now to disseminate the available information and facilitate employing the evidence-based guideline recommendations.
Disposition of dietary ethanol carbons in rats: effects of gender and nutritional status

Dietary ethanol is an important contributor to total caloric intake and has been associated with gender-specific alterations in body weight and the risk for coronary heart disease. To understand the metabolic basis of these effects, it is important to first clarify the effects of gender and nutritional state on the metabolic fate of dietary ethanol. Tracer studies were therefore performed using 14 C-labeled ethanol in fasted or fed male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 64) previously unexposed to ethanol. 1- 14 C-ethanol (4.5 μCi) was mixed with unlabeled ethanol (for a total ethanol dose equal to 10% of total daily caloric intake) and a 3-kcal liquid meal and administered through gastric feeding tubes. 14 CO 2 production as measured over the subsequent 8 hours. The 14 C content of skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, brain, heart, kidney, and serum was determined at 4 time points following tracer administration (20 minutes and 3, 8, and 24 hours; n = 4 at each time point). Tracer content on a whole-body level was significantly greater in skeletal muscle compared with liver in all groups (1.32 ± 0.02 × 10 6 v 0.27 ± 0.02 × 10 6 dpm, P 5 v 0.48 ± 0.08 × 10 5 dpm, P = .002). While male rats exhibited a fairly constant tracer content in adipose tissue throughout the 24-hour period, female rats showed an increase in adipose tissue tracer content at 8 and 24 hours, with levels 3 to 4 times those of the male animals (5.91 ± 1.42 × 10 4 v 1.55 ± 0.42 × 10 4 dpm, P = .02). These results demonstrate that (1) skeletal muscle plays an important role in the metabolism of dietary ethanol, (2) the fed state appears to favor the conversion of ethanol-derived carbons to lipid, and (3) female rats have a greater propensity to convert ethanol-derived carbons to lipid and to store these carbons in adipose tissue.
Improved dynamic programming algorithms for bandwidth minimization and the MinCut Linear Arrangement problem

Abstract The dynamic programming algorithm of J. B. Saxe (SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods (1980)) for the bandwidth minimization problem is improved. It is shown that, for all k > 1, BANDWIDTH(k) can be solved in O(nk) steps and simultaneous O(nk) space, where n is the number of vertices in the graph, and that each such problem is in NSPACE(log n). The same improved dynamic programming algorithm approach works to show that the MINCUT LINEAR ARRANGEMENT problem restricted to the fixed value k, denoted by MINCUT(k), is solvable in O(nk) steps and simultaneous O(nk) space and is in the class NSPACE(log n).
Structure of the Aflatoxin B1 Dialdehyde Adduct Formed from Reaction with Methylamine

Amine conjugates of activated aflatoxin (AF) B1 are formed in various systems, e.g., buffer amines and with protein lysine groups. Structures have been published in the literature, but the evidence is indirect in that (i) halogenated AFB1 was usually used as the precursor and (ii) the assignment of the structure of the five-membered ring formed by cyclization is based on NMR chemical shifts. To better define these adducts and distinguish among several possibilities, we synthesized AFB1 dialdehyde and reacted this with the surrogate methylamine at neutral pH, to simplify the system. The isolated product had the expected molecular ion (mass spectrometry) and showed pH-dependent UV spectra similar to those published for a lysine conjugate. Nuclear Overhauser enhanced spectroscopy (two-dimensional NMR, 800 MHz) of the sample (2H2O) showed proximity of the N−CH3 protons only with a singlet at δ 4.10, assigned to the methylene of the added five-membered ring, but not to a δ 6.53 singlet assigned as the vinylic ...
The helical cube network

The binary cube is a popular interconnection structure due to its desirable properties such as symmetry, regularity, low diameter, and high fault-tolerance characteristics. The biggest drawback of this structure, however, is that the number of nodes in this structure grows only as an integer power of two. To remove this deficiency, a number of alternatives have been suggested, each with some limitations. In this paper, we introduce a variation of this interconnection structure called the helical cube. The proposed structure with K nodes strives to preserve all desirable properties of the binary cube such as regularity, simplicity of routing, and fault tolerance (connectivity of the graph). It removes the restriction on the number of nodes being a power of two while maintaining connectivity c, where !log K! ≤ c ≤ ilog Ki. The degree of each node remains either !log K! or ilog Ki depending on the location of a node and total number of nodes in the structure.
Brain potentials during sentence verification: automatic aspects of comprehension.

Abstract College students learned a set of facts relating fictitious people and their occupations (e.g. ‘Matthew is a lawyer’). Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while they subsequently viewed a series of such statements presented in segments (e.g. ‘Matthew/is a/dentist’). ERPs to occupations completing statements falsely were significantly more negative than those to true statements in an interval 200–420 msec poststimulus (peak N320), whether subjects were required to make a decision about each statement or passively view the presented segments (Experiments 1 and 2). A later ERP positivity was observed during ‘response’ trials that was of longer latency for false than true completions; but this positive component was greatly attenuated during ‘no-response’ trials. The enhanced N320 for false completions was not affected by requiring subjects on some trials to respond incorrectly (Experiment 3). It is concluded that attending to a presented word results in an automatic analysis of its meaning in the context of a preceding verbal input, and that ERPs can indicate the nature of the output of that analysis.
Anomalies in net present value calculations

Abstract In a recent issue of Economics Letters (67 (2000) 349–351), Oehmke notes that in exactly the cases that may give rise to either none or more than one internal rate of returns, it is possible for the net present value to increase as the discount rate increases, or to decrease as the discount rate decreases. Oehmke characterizes this behavior as an anomaly which ‘may make the net present value unsuitable for certain types of project-selection decisions.’ This note shows how the NPV criterion can be applied in a specified subset of cases where there is no monotonic relationship between the NPV and the discount rate and only the interval of plausible discount rates is known.
New times demand new scholarship: Opportunities and challenges for civic engagement at research universities

This article summarizes discussions held by 23 scholars from research universities in the USA, who are committed to civic and community engaged scholarship and working to advance this work on their campuses and in their communities. This meeting was second in a series first convened by Campus Compact and Tufts University to advance civic engagement within research institutions. This statement, endorsed by the entire group, focuses on opportunities and challenges in four critical areas: engaged scholarship; scholarship focused on civic and community engagement; educating students for civic and community engagement; institutionalization. It identifies challenges to establishing and sustaining engaged scholarship presented by research university contexts, and offers a vision for fully engaged institutions, calling on colleagues to embrace this vision and work to bring it about.