cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shareholder wealth effects of interstate banking: The case of Delaware's Financial Center Development Act

The Financial Center Development Act (FCDA) of Delaware was signed into law in March 1981, to permit out-of-state bank holding companies (BHCs) to establish special purpose banking subsidiaries within the state of Delaware. The FCDA can be viewed as part of the growing national trend toward interstate banking. If interstate banking is to succeed, the benefits from BHCs establishing interstate subsidiaries must be consistent with the welfare of the BHCs shareholders. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact on shareholder wealth of the decision by BHCs to establish subsidiaries within the state of Delaware. Using event study methodology, the results from this study show that the decision to establish a special purpose banking subsidiary within the state of Delaware under the FCDA is consistent with the maximization of shareholder wealth.
Signal-to-noise ratio of the bispectral analysis of speckle interferometry

Monte Carlo simulations of an atmospheric phase screen, based on a Kolmogorov spectrum of phase fluctuations, were performed. Speckle patterns produced from the phase screens were used to derive statistical properties of power spectra and bispectra of speckle interferograms. We present the bispectral modulation transfer function and its signal-to-noise ratio at high light levels. The results confirm the validity of a heuristic treatment based on an interferometric picture of speckle pattern formation in deriving the attenuation factor and the signal-to-noise ratio of the bispectral modulation transfer function in the mid-spatial-frequency range. The derived modulation transfer function is also interpreted in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio at low light levels. A general expression of the signal-to-noise ratio of the bispectrum is derived as a function of the transfer functions of the telescope, the number of speckles, and the mean photon counts in the mid-spatial-frequency range.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF NUMERICAL SCHEMES FOR GAS DYNAMICS, 1: ARTIFICIAL DIFFUSION, UPWIND BIASING, LIMITERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON ACCURACY AND MULTIGRID CONVERGENCE

SUMMARY The theory of non-oscillatory scalar schemes is developed in this paper in terms of the local extremum diminishing (LED) principle that maxima should not increase and minima should not decrease. This principle can be used for multi-dimensional problems on both structured and unstructured meshes, while it is equivalent to the total variation diminishing (TVD) principle for one-dimensional problems. A new formulation of symmetric limned positive (SLIP) schemes is presented, which can be generalized to produce schemes with arbitrary high order of accuracy in regions where the solution contains no extrema, and which can also be implemented on multi-dimensional unstructured meshes. Systems of equations lead to waves travelling with distinct speeds and possibly in opposite directions. Alternative treatments using characteristic splitting and scalar diffusive fluxes are examined, together with a modification of the scalar diffusion through the addition of pressure differences to the momentum equations to...
Singlet oxygen oxidation of pyrroles. Formation of 5-substituted derivatives

Abstract The tert -butyl ester of 3-methoxy-2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 3 undergoes reaction with singlet oxygen to form an intermediate imino hydroperoxide 4 . This hydroperoxide may be trapped by a variety of nucleophiles yielding 5-substituted pyrroles 6 . With strong nucleophilic substituents at the 5-position, these pyrroles may add to unreacted hydroperoxide 4 to form bipyrrole-like products 7 .
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFTS IN SIMULATED GALAXY CLUSTERS

We predict the amplitude of the gravitational redshift of galaxies in galaxy clusters using an N-body simulation of a ΛCDM universe. We examine the possibility of detecting the gravitational effect on the total redshift observed for galaxies. For clusters of mass M ~ 1015 h-1 M☉, the difference in gravitational redshift between the brightest galaxy and the rest of the cluster members is ~10 km s- 1. The most efficient way to detect gravitational redshifts using information from galaxies only involves using the full gravitational-redshift profile of clusters. Massive clusters, while having the largest gravitational redshift, suffer from large galaxy peculiar velocities and substructure, which act as sources of noise. This and their low number density make it more reasonable to try averaging over many clusters and groups of relatively low mass. We examine publicly available data for 107 rich clusters from the ESO Nearby Abell Clusters Survey (ENACS), finding no evidence for gravitational redshifts. Tests on our simulated clusters show that we need at least ~2500 clusters or groups with M > 5 × 1013 h-1 M☉ for detection of gravitational redshifts at the 2 σ level.
Von Willebrand disease in women: awareness and diagnosis

Based on its pattern of inheritance, von Willebrand disease (VWD) is expected to affect an equal number of men and women. Clinically, however, more women are diagnosed with VWD than men because the bleeding symptoms associated with VWD are more readily apparent during menstruation and childbirth. Menorrhagia is one of the most common symptoms of VWD, and the prevalence of VWD is increased in women who present with menorrhagia. Other obstetric/gynaecological symptoms of VWD include haemorrhagic ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and postpartum haemorrhage. Awareness of VWD as a possible cause of menorrhagia is low among clinicians, including obstetricians and gynaecologists. Simple screening techniques can identify women who may have an underlying bleeding disorder. Several medical and surgical treatment options are available for menorrhagia, and the appropriate choice of therapy can be tailored to the individual needs of the patient. Adequate prophylaxis during surgery and childbirth may help to prevent bleeding complications in women with VWD.
Monitoring Complex Trace-Gas Mixtures By Long-Path Laser Absorption Spectrometry

Laser-based spectrophotometric methods which have been proposed for the detection of trace concentrations of gaseous contaminants include Raman (LIDAR) and passive radiometry (LOPAIR). In this report, we discuss a simple long-path laser absorption method (LOLA) which is capable of resolving complex mixtures of closely related trace contaminants at ppm levels. A number of species were selected which are most likely to accumulate in closed environments, such as submarines or long-duration manned space flights. Absorption coefficients at CO2 laser wavelengths were measured, accurate to ± 3% or better, for each of these species. This data was then used to determine the presence and concentration of the contaminants in prepared mixtures of twelve to fifteen gases. Computer programs have been developed which will permit a real-time analysis of the monitored atmosphere. Minimum detectable concentrations for individual species are generally in the ppm range, and are not seriously degraded by interferences even in complex mixtures. Estimates of the dynamic range of this monitoring technique for various system configurations, and comparison with other methods of analysis, will be discussed.
Linear and ‘lasso-like’ structures of mitochondrial DNA from Pennisetum typhoides

Abstract Previously unidentified structures of plant mitochondrial DNA, namely intact linear molecules and ‘lasso-like’ structures, are described. The genomic-size circular DNA is concluded to be an end product of the progression of the ‘lasso’ structure. These findings give insight into the heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA unique to higher plants.
An Iron Catalyst for Ketone Hydrogenations under Mild Conditions

Casey and Guan reported a homogeneous catalyst for ketone hydrogenation that does not require a precious metal, but instead is based on iron. Excellent yields and chemoselectivity for hydrogenation are found under mild conditions (25 °C, 3 atm H2). An ionic hydrogenation mechanism allows the delivery of a proton from the OH and a hydride from the metal. RMB gratefully acknowledges funding from the Division of Chemical Sciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy, and from a grant from the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy.
General and Practical One-Pot Synthesis of Dihydrobenzosiloles from Styrenes

A one-pot synthesis of dihydrobenzosiloles from styrenes has been developed. The reaction involves the nickel-catalyzed hydrosilylation of styrene with diphenylsilane, followed by the iridium-catalyzed dehydrogenative cyclization. This method is efficient for both electron-rich and -deficient styrenes and exhibits good functional group tolerance, as well as excellent regioselectivity. The forming dihydrobenzosiloles can be efficiently converted into valuable benzosiloles or 2-hydroxyphenethyl alcohols.
Pattern formation during the evaporation of a colloidal nanoliter drop: a numerical and experimental study

An efficient way to precisely pattern particles on solid surfaces is to dispense and evaporate colloidal drops, as for bioassays. The dried deposits often exhibit complex structures exemplified by the coffee ring pattern, where most particles have accumulated at the periphery of the deposit. In this work, the formation of deposits during the drying of nanoliter colloidal drops on a flat substrate is investigated numerically and experimentally. A finite-element numerical model is developed that solves the Navier–Stokes, heat and mass transport equations in a Lagrangian framework. The diffusion of vapor in the atmosphere is solved numerically, providing an exact boundary condition for the evaporative flux at the droplet–air interface. Laplace stresses and thermal Marangoni stresses are accounted for. The particle concentration is tracked by solving a continuum advection–diffusion equation. Wetting line motion and the interaction of the free surface of the drop with the growing deposit are modeled based on criteria on wetting angles. Numerical results for evaporation times and flow field are in very good agreement with published experimental and theoretical results. We also performed transient visualization experiments of water and isopropanol drops loaded with polystyrene microspheres evaporating on glass and polydimethylsiloxane substrates, respectively. Measured evaporation times, deposit shapes and sizes and flow fields are in very good agreement with the numerical results. Different flow patterns caused by the competition of Marangoni loops and radial flow are shown to determine the deposit shape to be either a ring-like pattern or a homogeneous bump.
Vibrational spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction of Cd"OH…2 to 28 GPa at 300 K

We report Raman and infrared absorption spectroscopy alongwith X-ray diffraction for brucite-type beta-Cd(OH)2 to 28 GPa at 300 K.The OH-stretching modes soften with pressure and disappear at 21 GPa withtheir widths increasing rapidly above 5 GPa, consistent with a gradualdisordering of the H sublattice at 5 20 GPa similar to that previouslyobserved for Co(OH)2.Asymmetry in the peak shapes of the OH-stretchingmodes suggests the existence of diverse disordered sitesfor H atoms inCd(OH)2 under pressure. Above 15 GPa, the A1g(T) lattice mode showsnon-linear behavior and softens to 21 GPa, at which pressure significantchanges are observed: new Raman modes appear, two Raman-active latticemodes and the OH-stretching modes of the low-pressure phase disappears,and the positions of some X-ray diffraction lines change abruptly withthe appearance of weak new diffraction features. These observationssuggest that amorphization of the H sublattice is accompanied by acrystalline-to-crystalline transition at 21 GPa in Cd(OH)2, which has notbeen previously observed in the brucite-type hydroxides. The Ramanspectra of the high-pressure phase of Cd(OH)2 is similar to those of thehigh-pressure phase of single-crystal Ca(OH)2 of which structure has beententatively assigned to the Sr(OH)2 type.
Heavy quark fragmentation into heavy mesons

Abstract We present a QCD based interpretation of heavy quark fragmentation which utilizes the heavy quark mass expansion. By distinguishing between perturbative and non-perturbative QCD effects, we show how to reliably extract mass independent parameters characterizing the fragmentation function. Because these parameters are quark mass independent, this procedure should permit tests of heavy quark symmetry. Furthermore, we show that heavy quark mass corrections vanish at order m 2 / Q 2 in QCD. There also exist higher-twist corrections of order Λm / Q 2 and ( α QCD / π )/( m 2 / Q 2 ) ln( Q 2 / m 2 ) which we relate to the leading twist fragmentation function.
A model for the lateral variation of autodoping in epitaxial films

A model is presented that accounts for the variation of autodoping in epitaxial films grown by the chemical vapor deposition technique over substrates containing buried layers. This model is based on the dopant distribution that exists in the epitaxial reactor during growth. It is shown that the lateral variation of autodoping can be described by the following equation: C_{autodoping}=\frac{A}{r} \exp {\frac{-V}{2D_{g}} (r-x)} where C autodoping is the dopant concentration at the epitaxy-substrate interface at a distance r from the buried layer, x is the projection of r onto the direction of gas flow in the reactor, V is the linear velocity of the gas flow, D g is the diffusivity of the dopant vapor in the gas stream, and A is a constant. Based on this model, calculations of the lateral variation of autodoping were also made for arrays of buried layers normally encountered in VLSI circuitry. Results show that for high-density arrays with interburied layer distance \lsim 100 µm, the autodoping concentration varies approximately as n^{1/2} , where n is the number of buried-layer elements in the wafer. It was also found that the autodoping variation between buried layers is less than 5 percent for n > 500 , regardless of the spacing between buried layers.
The Auslander-Reiten Components in the Rhombic Picture

For an indecomposable module M over a path algebra of a quiver of type , the Gabriel–Roiter measure gives rise to four new numerical invariants; we call them the multiplicity, and the initial, periodic, and final parts. We describe how these invariants for M and for its dual specify the position of M in the Auslander–Reiten quiver of the algebra.
Pragmatic navigation: reactivity, heuristics, and search

Abstract FORR (FOr the Right Reasons) is an architecture for learning and problem solving that integrates a possibly incomplete and overlapping set of solution methods to address complex problems. Each method, although it represents some facet of domain expertise, may vary in reliability and speed. The principal contribution of this paper is the extension of FORR to include situation-based behavior (the serial testing of known, triggered techniques for problem solving in a domain) with reactivity and heuristic reasoning. FORR categorizes methods as reactive, heuristic, or situationbased, and addresses problem solving with one category of methods at a time. A hierarchical reasoner first has the opportunity to react correctly. If no ready reaction is computed, the reasoner activates a set of reactive triggers for time-limited search procedures tailored to specific situations. If they, too, fail to produce a response, the reasoner resorts to collaboration among heuristic rationales. All three components reference knowledge learned from experience. In a series of experiments, this architecture is shown to be effective and efficient. Ablation experiments demonstrate how each component plays an important role in problem solving. Additional contributions of this paper include a FORR-based, pragmatic, cognitively plausible approach to navigation with learned heuristic approximations that describe two-dimensional territory and travel experience through it, and a careful study of how situation-based behavior, reactivity, and heuristics interact there. Empirical evidence demonstrates that the resultant system is both effective and efficient, and guidelines for generalization to other domains are provided.
An analysis of several heuristics for the traveling salesman problem

Several polynomial time algorithms finding “good,” but not necessarily optimal, tours for the traveling salesman problem are considered. We measure the closeness of a tour by the ratio of the obtained tour length to the minimal tour length. For the nearest neighbor method, we show the ratio is bounded above by a logarithmic function of the number of nodes. We also provide a logarithmic lower bound on the worst case. A class of approximation methods we call insertion methods are studied, and these are also shown to have a logarithmic upper bound. For two specific insertion methods, which we call nearest insertion and cheapest insertion, the ratio is shown to have a constant upper bound of 2, and examples are provided that come arbitrarily close to this upper bound. It is also shown that for any n≥8, there are traveling salesman problems with n nodes having tours which cannot be improved by making n/4 edge changes, but for which the ratio is 2(1−1/n).
Intramolecular diels-alder reactions of indoles

Abstract The first examples of intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions on indoles indicate that this reaction may be employed for the direct preparation of highly functionalized dihydroindoles. The hybridization of the atoms in the tether plays a crucial role.
Root-n convergent transformation-kernel density estimation

Transformation from a parametrized family can be combined with kernel density estimation for improved effectiveness. Pilot estimators had been proposed for the parameter that gives the optimal transformation, yet their rates of convergence had not been resolved. In this paper, the rates of convergence are given. An improved estimator is also proposed which achieves the desirable root-n rate of convergence.
Structural reinvestigation of ammonium hypophosphite: was dihydrogen bonding observed long ago?

The past decade has seen the explosive emergence of “dihydrogen bonds”, interactions between the electrons of M−H σ-bonds, where M is less electronegative than H (M = Al, B, Ga, Ir, Mo, Mn, Os, Re, Ru, W) and traditional proton donors. But 70 years ago, such an interaction was proposed by Zachariasen and Mooney [J. Chem. Phys. 1934, 2, 34−37] on the basis of their single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure (heavy atoms positions only) of ammonium hypophosphite (NH4H2PO2). We redetermined this structure at high resolution with a focus on the hydrogen atoms, using a modern diffractometer equipped with a CCD detector. Molecular orbital calculations were performed to investigate the charge density and the bond polarity of the P−H bonds and to assess their potential for participation in dihydrogen bonds. Neither the theory nor the X-ray structure supports the original claim of H···H interactions in this salt.
Transistorized PWM Inverter-Induction Motor Drive System

The development of a transistorized pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverter-induction motor traction drive system is described. A vehicle performance analysis was performed to establish the vehicle tractive effort-speed requirements. These requirements were then converted into a set of inverter and motor specifications. The inverter was a transistorized three-phase bridge using General Electric power Darlington transistors. The description of the design and development of this inverter is the principal object. The high-speed induction motor is a design which is optimized for use with an inverter power source. The primary feedback control is a torque angle control with voltage and torque outer loop controls. A current-controlled PWM technique is used to control the motor voltage. The drive has a constant torque output with PWM operation to base motor speed and a constant horsepower output with square wave operation to maximum speed. The drive system was dynamometer tested, and the results are presented.
Anomalous elasticity of nematic elastomers

We study the anomalous elasticity of nematic elastomers by employing the powers of renormalized field theory. Using general arguments of symmetry and relevance, we introduce a minimal Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson elastic energy for nematic elastomers. Performing a diagrammatic low-temperature expansion, we analyze the fluctuations of the displacement fields at and below the upper critical dimension 3. Our analysis reveals an anomaly of certain elastic moduli in the sense that they depend on the length scale. In d = 3 this dependence is logarithmic and below d = 3 it is of power law type with anomalous scaling exponents. One of the 4 relevant shear moduli vanishes at long length scales whereas the only relevant bending modulus diverges.
Institutional divergence and convergence in the Asia-Pacific? ASEAN in practice and in theory

This paper gives attention to the geopolitics related to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as an alternative model of regionalism in theory and practice. Offering a rough periodization of ASEAN in IR theory, it considers interacting theoretical and empirical developments, and their geopolitics as one way to think about, first, ASEAN, its defining dynamics and processes of change, and, second, ASEAN's relationship to a larger IR theory literature defined by US preoccupations and the institutional trajectory of the European Union. Three periods are considered: a Cold War period, when ASEAN norms and practices developed relatively insulated from great power expectations and theorizing about ASEAN was minimal; the 1990s, when constructivist theorizing encouraged new thinking about alternative institutional models; and the 2000s, a period characterized by correlating great power pressures and a ‘functional’ turn in academic and theoretical debates about ASEAN. Special attention is given to the...
New Evidence on Outlet Substitution Effects in Consumer Price Index Data

Abstract In this paper we provide new evidence on the impact on the U.S. CPI of the appearance and growth of new types of product outlets. Our CPI food microdata permit a more detailed categorization of outlet types than in previous studies, and we can adjust for numerous differences in item characteristics. We also examine the effects of changes in outlet mix not only across outlet categories but also within those categories. In our sample, we find that the upward impact on price from increased item quality has offset most, but not all, of the downward impact of lower-priced outlets.
Chemical Methods for the Synthesis and Modification of Neoclerodane Diterpenes

Diterpenes are a structural class of molecules that are derived from four isoprene subunits and are widespread throughout nature. A number of neoclerodane diterpenes have been found to have biological activity but a limited number of chemical investigations have been conducted. Recently, the neoclerodane diterpene, salvinorin A (12) has been investigated due to its unique pharmacological profile. This review will discuss the chemical methods used to chemically modify and synthesize 12.
Photoionization of Atoms and Molecules Using Synchrotron Radiation

The potential of synchrotron radiation as a probe of atomic and molceular structure and dynamics is outlined and described by examples taken primarily from photoelectron spectrometric data.
Beam Quality Improvement in Broad-Area Semiconductor Lasers via Evanescent Spatial Filtering

In semiconductor lasers, the unpumped cladding region outside the optical waveguide is nominally lossy. Since the evanescent tail of higher-order waveguide modes extends further into the waveguide cladding, the modal loss increases for high spatial frequency perturbations, creating a weak spatial filter. Increasing the effective laser cavity length in a broad-area laser enhances the effect of this spatial filter, resulting in improved beam quality. Simulations predict that by optimizing the lateral index step and output coupler reflectivity, a factor of two increases the beam brightness with only a 10% penalty in electrical-to-optical efficiency.
A new and simple method for explicit computation of a circumscription

We present a new and simple method for explicit computation of a circumscription CIRC(T, P, Q) by constructing a set of clauses T0 such that CIRC(T, P, Q) = Th(T⋃T0). The advantage of an explicit form of CIRC(T, P, Q) is that one can apply an ordinary inferencing method to T ⋃ T0 to answer a query. The particular features of our algorithm are: (1) We show that the search for the clauses T0 can be restricted to the subset of clauses which consist of at least one negative literal in the predicates P and zero or more literals in the predicates Q. This is an improvement over the related results in [3]. (2) We do not use the equality predicate as is done in [7, 18], and (3) We compute the clauses T0 by using predicate completion [4] based on a small subset of the clauses in Th(T) which consist of at least one positive literal in P and zero or more literals in Q. We assume in this paper that the theory T is given by a set of ground clauses without function symbols.
Peptidomimetics and Peptide Backbone Modifications

The replacement of the amide bond in a peptide backbone is a widely used form of peptide mimicry. Several of the most common amide bond surrogates, including peptidomimetic work done in this laboratory, and their biological applications are presented in this review.
Incapacity to Pay or Moral Hazard?: Public Mortgage Delinquency Rates in Chile

High delinquency rate of publicly provided mortgages in social housing programmes are often interpreted to be due to moral hazard. In this article we show that the typically used parametric approaches give misleading results because of overlooked confounding and selection biases. We show that using the more appropriate impact or treatment nonparametric approach the problem of high delinquency rate in publicly provided mortgages is due to the incapacity to pay and not due to moral hazard. The results caution against public policies to encourage private mortgage providers to move down market, and suggest eliminating mortgages and correspondingly increasing the grant component of the programmes.
An analysis of the determinants and effects of ICT diffusion in developing countries

Using data from developing countries, this paper examines the links between ICT diffusion and per capita income, trade and financial indicators, education, and freedom indicators. Internet hosts, Internet users, personal computers and mobile phones represent indicators of ICT. The Gompertz model of technology diffusion is used to study ICT dissemination. The results show that income and government trade policies influence ICT diffusion. However, freedom indices may or may not affect ICT diffusion. Moreover, only personal computers and Internet hosts seem to have a positive association with income. Contrary to expectations, ICT diffusion is not associated with education.
Lower bounds for modular counting by circuits with modular gates

We prove that constant depth circuits, with one layer of MOD m gates at the inputs, followed by a fixed number of layers of MOD p gates, where p is prime, require exponential size to compute the MOD q function, if q is a prime that divides neither p nor q.
Scalar glueball decay

We evaluate the coupling constant for the lightest scalar glueball to decay to pseudoscalar meson pairs. The calculation is done in the valence approximation on a 163 × 24 lattice at β = 5.70 for two different values of pseudoscalar meson mass.
Semiclassical tunneling in 1 + 1 dimensional string theory

We describe time-dependent tunneling of massless particles in 1 + 1 dimensional string field theory. Polchinski's description of the classical solutions in terms of the Fermi sea is used to identify the leading instanton contribution connecting the two half-lines. The field theory Lagrangian is proportional to 1g2, where g is the string coupling constant, but the S-matrix for tunneling from one half-line to the other behaves as exp(−Cg). We note the constant C involves curious boundary contributions and observe that a prescription connecting the two half-lines unifies treatments of the Fermi level above and below the barrier.
Ranks of Selmer groups in an analytic family

We study the variation of the dimension of the Bloch-Kato Selmer group of a p-adic Galois representation of a number field that varies in a refined family. We show that, if one restricts ourselves to representations that are, at every place dividing $p$, crystalline, non-critically refined, and with a fixed number of non-negative Hodge-Tate weights, then the dimension of the Selmer group varies essentially lower-semi-continuously. This allows to prove lower bounds for Selmer groups "by continuity", in particular to prove some predictions of the conjecture of Bloch-Kato for modular forms.
Acylation of Sydnones with Acetic Anhydride in the Presence of Montmorillonite K-10

Abstract Various 4-acetyl sydnones 2 can be prepared in good yield by reaction of the corresponding 3-arylsydnones (cf. 1) with acetic anhydride at ∼ 110°C catalyzed by Montmorillonite K-10. The reaction fails where an ortho-keto moiety is present; therein sydnone ring cleavage occurs to form the corresponding indazole 3.
Programmer-nonprogrammer differences in specifying procedures to people and computers

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of computer programming skills on the writing of ordinary instructions. Three computer experience groups (Naive, Beginner, Advanced) wrote telephone directory instructions to one of three targets (another person, George Washington, or an English-understanding computer). Each subject performed this task twice, such that data could be collected from Beginners before and after one semester of computer experience. No effects of this Session variable were found, however, which led to a discussion of the learning versus selection hypotheses. Other results indicate that overall type of instruction strategy used was significant only for the computer target. When writing for a computer, Advanced programmers were more likely to use a whole-name search, Naive users to use a separate-name search and Beginners to use a letter search. These results are interpreted in terms of problem representation and in terms of expectations of a natural-language computer system. In addition, it was found that Advanced programmers used more looping and programming action statements than Naive or Beginner users, even when writing to another person. The programmer's advantages are then discussed. Also, the computer target was always the least likely to receive information in terms of alphabetization instructions, directory descriptors and fillers, suggesting further burdens and expectations that users may place on natural language systems.
PF6(-) hydrolysis as a route to unique uranium phosphate materials.

An uranium phosphate fluoride with a unique pentameric secondary building unit is prepared under hydrothermal conditions with UO2(NO3)2·6H2O, PF6− and 4,4′-bipyridine; the single-crystal structure is determined.
Sliding Mode Control Applied to Reconfigurable Flight Control Design

Sliding mode control is applied to the design of a flight control system capable of operating with limited bandwidth actuators and in the presence of significant damage to the airframe and/or control effector actuators. Although inherently robust, sliding mode control algorithms have been hampered by their sensitivity to the effects of parasitic unmodeled dynamics, such as those associated with actuators and structural modes. It is known that asymptotic observers can alleviate this sensitivity while still allowing the system to exhibit significant robustness. This approach is demonstrated. The selection of the sliding manifold as well as the interpretation of the linear design that results after introduction of a boundary layer is accomplished in the frequency domain. The design technique is exercised on a pitch-axis controller for a simple short-period model of the High Angle of Attack F-18 vehicle via computer simulation. Stability and performance is compared to that of a system incorporating a controller designed by classical loop-shaping techniques.
Calculation of Turbulent Shear Flows for Atmospheric and Vortex Motions

Turbulent shear flows transport properties, computing atmospheric and vortex motions by invariant modeling of Reynolds stress term in boundary layer momentum equation
Orbit determination for powered flight space vehicles on deep space missions.

Continuously powered deep space vehicle orbit determination, discussing state estimation accuracy and use of continuous data filtering
The automorphism group of a shift of subquadratic growth

For a subshift over a finite alphabet, a measure of the complexity of the system is obtained by counting the number of nonempty cylinder sets of length $n$. When this complexity grows exponentially, the automorphism group has been shown to be large for various classes of subshifts. In contrast, we show that subquadratic growth of the complexity implies that for a topologically transitive shift $X$, the automorphism group $\Aut(X)$ is small: if $H$ is the subgroup of $\Aut(X)$ generated by the shift, then $\Aut(X)/H$ is periodic.
High-throughput screening for modulators of protein-protein interactions: use of photonic crystal biosensors and complementary technologies.

High-throughput screening (HTS) has played an integral role in the development of small molecule modulators of biological processes. These screens are typically developed for enzymes (such as kinases or proteases) or extracellular receptors, two classes of targets with well-established colorimetric or fluorimetric activity assays. In contrast, methods for detection of protein–protein interactions lack the simplicity inherent to enzyme and receptor assays. Technologies that facilitate the discovery of small molecule modulators of protein–protein interactions are essential to the exploitation of this important class of drug targets. As described in this critical review, photonic crystal (PC) biosensors and other emerging technologies can now be utilized in high-throughput screens for the identification of compounds that disrupt or enhance protein–protein interactions (167 references).
A bis-[N-3-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-benzyl)-cyclic urea as a HIV protease inhibitor

Abstract Synthetic efforts to overcome the metabolic oxidative degradation of the HIV protease inhibitory cyclic urea DMP323 , a benzyl alcohol, have led to the discovery of a tertiary carbinol with superior affinity for the viral protease and more potent inhibitory activity against viral replication. Synthetic approaches to this new carbinol and comparative analysis of its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics are presented.
An Examination of Behavioral Linkages across ICT Choice Dimensions: Copula Modeling of Telecommuting and Teleshopping Choice Behavior

This study jointly examines two distinct ICT choice behaviors—telecommuting and teleshopping—along two different dimensions: adoption and frequency. The linkages between two adoption models, or the...
Equilibrium in Sealed High Bid Auctions

There is a voluminous theoretical literature on sealed high-bid auctions (auctions in which bids are sealed and the high bidder pays his bid). See for example, Vickrey (1961), Myerson (1981), Riley and Samuelson (1981), Milgrom and Weber (1982), Matthews (1983), Maskin and Riley (1984), Holt (1980), Cox, Smith and Walker (1988). A critical property on which this literature relies is the existence of equilibrium in which buyers' bidding strategies are monotonic in their types. This enables the analyst to perform comparative statics as the distribution of types changes, and to compare the welfare properties of the high-bid auction with those of other auction institutions. One case in which the existence of monotonic equilibrium is readily established is that in which buyers' types are distributed smoothly, independently and symmetrically. In this case, there exists a symmetric equilibrium one in which all bidders share the same bidding behaviour as a function of their valuations and this bid function is the solution to a first-order differential equation.
The fundamental theorem of geometric calculus via a generalized riemann integral

Using recent advances in integration theory, we give a proof of the fundamental theorem of geometric calculus. We assume only that the tangential derivative ∇VF exists and is Lebesgue integrable. We also give sufficient conditions that ∇VF exists.
Settlement negotiations with two-sided asymmetric information: Model duality, information distribution, and efficiency

We analyze a settlement and litigation game in which both parties possess private information relevant to the value of a claim. The plaintiff knows the level of damages, while the defendant knows the probability he will be held liable for those damages. We consider two alternatives: (1) the plaintiff proposes a settlement, which the defendant accepts or rejects; and (2) the defendant proposes a settlement, which the plaintiff accepts or rejects. Despite the extensive symmetry of the model, these alternatives will generally result in different equilibrium expected frequencies of trial, and therefore different social efficiencies.
Risks and benefits of immunizing pregnant women : The risk of doing nothing

The medical, social and legal risks of immunizing pregnant women are obstacles preventing the initiation of programs to immunize women for their protection and for their infant's protection. Recent projects devoted to vaccine development have focused on protecting newborns and infants. But there are many other reasons for developing or utilizing vaccines before or during pregnancy, beyond the protection of the newborn. Besides the usual reasons for utilizing immunizations to protect the mother and the neonate, the threat of bio-terrorism adds a new dimension to the necessity for addressing this issue. The potential advantages for thinking about vaccinating pregnant women include an array of possible programs associated with risks and benefits. The immunization of pregnant women or women of reproductive age has multiple purposes: to protect the mother, to protect the newborn and infant and to prevent diseases and complications of pregnancy. (1) Preparation of vaccines against infectious agents that are known to result in reproductive pathology and congenital malformation if the infection of the mother occurs during pregnancy. (2) To utilize vaccines used routinely to protect the non-pregnant population, for administration during pregnancy, i.e., influenza, tetanus and other vaccines. Should these vaccines and other routinely used vaccines for children and non-pregnant adults be administered to women during pregnancy if they are medically indicated? (3) Utilization of vaccines to protect women from diseases to which they are susceptible because of pregnancy (poliomyelitis, hepatitis). (4) Utilization of vaccines for use before or during pregnancy, primarily to protect the newborn and infant via maternal transplacental antibodies, i.e., GBD (group B streptococcus). (5) The prevention of intrauterine infection that has been alleged to initiate premature labor. (6) The preparation of a vaccine for use before or during pregnancy to protect both the mother and the neonate, i.e., botulism toxin vaccine. The regulatory agencies and the vaccine producers will need a great deal of objective scientific advice and support and it is the scientific community's responsibility to provide that support. If the scientific and medical community ignores the opportunity to develop vaccines that could reduce the occurrence of reproductive and developmental problems, then we can be accused of acquiescing to the "risk of doing nothing."
Experiences with information locator services

Abstract Over the last few years, governments and other organizations have been using new technologies to create networked Information Locator Services that help people find information resources. These services not only enhance access to information, but also are designed to support fundamental information policy principles. This article relates experiences in developing and promoting services interoperable with the Global Information Locator Service standard that has now been adopted and promoted in many forums worldwide. The article describes sample implementations and touches on the strategic choices made in public policy, standards, and technology. Ten recommendations are offered for successful implementation of an Information Locator Service. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Teaching evolution: Designing successful instruction

(1994). Teaching evolution: Designing successful instruction. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 122-129.
Chirality transfer from silicon to carbon: use of optically pure cyclic silanes with a binaphthalene chiral unit

The optically pure binaphthylic cyclic silanes R-6 and S-6 have been prepared and used in reductions and aldol condensations to achieve some of the highest ee's yet reported for chirality transfer with organosilanes.
Incentives for social annotation

The effectiveness of community-driven annotation, such as social bookmarking, depends on user participation. Since the participation of many users is motivated by selfish reasons, an effective way to encourage participation is to create useful or entertaining applications. We demo two such tools -- a browser extension and a game.
DUPLICITY ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE

A review paper or a lecture like the following one, will best serve ‘its’ conference by giving an overview of the basic facts, and an impartial review of current debates, also by trying to point out some apparently crucial questions whose solutions, we hope, will determine the line of future research. Because these stars are essentially unevolved, beyond the topic of multiplicity on the Main Sequence looms the fundamental problem of the formation of binary star systems. Thus we are going to concentrate on the following questions: the fraction of stars that are formed in binary and multiple systems, the distribution of mass ratios for unevolved systems, the role of very wide pairs and the smallest known stellar or substellar masses. We will pay special attention to nearby binary stars. On the other hand, we do not have the space to discuss in any detail the binaries in extragalactic systems, in the upper regions of the HR-diagram; they are practically all evolved systems.
How ‘new’ is the ‘New Regionalism’ in the Americas? The case of MERCOSUR

‘New Regionalism’ (NR) approaches have emphasized the qualitative differences between the more recent wave of regionalism and regional integration attempts in the post-World War II period. This article assesses the extent to which these claims to newness are empirically justified in the specific case of MERCOSUR, the largest regional trade bloc in Latin America. It argues that, consistent with NR perspectives, regionalism in South America since the 1990s has been part of a broader process of national and global economic transformation, which has influenced the character of the process of integration itself. Yet, a careful examination of MERCOSUR suggests that the extent of its newness should not be overstated. MERCOSUR remains a state-led, primarily commercial initiative, and its evolution and sustainability have been fundamentally linked to strategic factors and power configurations at the regional and hemispheric levels. Based on these empirical findings, the article challenges the usefulness of the analytical and theoretical separation between NR and mainstream international relations approaches and illustrates the ways in which their insights can be combined and complemented in the explanation of contemporary regionalism.
Treatment of atomic and molecular line blanketing by opacity sampling

An opacity sampling (OS) technique for treating the radiative opacity of large numbers of atomic and molecular lines in cool stellar atmospheres is presented. Tests were conducted and results show that the structure of atmospheric models is accurately fixed by the use of 1000 frequency points, and 500 frequency points is often adequate. The effects of atomic and molecular lines are separately studied. A test model computed by using the OS method agrees very well with a model having identical atmospheric parameters computed by the giant line (opacity distribution function) method.
Scratching the catalytic surface of mechanochemistry: a multi-component CuAAC reaction using a copper reaction vial

Herein we report the first copper vial catalysed CuAAC reaction. Under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions the reaction is complete in as little as 15 minutes and the triazole product isolated straight from the reaction vial with no further purification.
Anticonvulsant Activity of 1-Alkyl-4-substituted 3,5-Pyrazolidinediones

Methods were developed for the synthesis of 1-methyl-4-substituted 3,5-pyrazolidinediones. These compounds are related to phensuximide and diphenylhydantoin and were prepared as potential anticonvulsant agents. The reaction between substituted malonic esters and methylhydrazine in the presence of sodium methoxide was employed to prepare a series of 1-methyl-4,4-disubstituted 3,5-pyrazolidinediones. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione was prepared from diethyl phenylmalonate and methylhydrazine. 1,4-Diethyl-4-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione was obtained by the alkylation of 4-ethyl-4-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione with ethyl bromide in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide as the base. All compounds are novel and were characterized by elemental analysis and IR and PMR spectrometry. All products were evaluated by maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold tests.
Mirabolic Langlands duality and the quantum Calogero–Moser system

We give a generic spectral decomposition of the derived category of twisted \(\mathcal{D} \)-modules on a moduli stack of mirabolic vector bundles on a curve X in characteristic p: that is, we construct an equivalence with the derived category of quasicoherent sheaves on a moduli stack of mirabolic local systems on X. This equivalence may be understood as a tamely ramified form of the geometric Langlands equivalence. When X has genus 1, this equivalence generically solves (in the sense of noncommutative geometry) the quantum Calogero–Moser system.
A partitioning deletion/substitution/addition algorithm for creating survival risk groups.

Summary Accurately assessing a patient’s risk of a given event is essential in making informed treatment decisions. One approach is to stratify patients into two or more distinct risk groups with respect to a specific outcome using both clinical and demographic variables. Outcomes may be categorical or continuous in nature; important examples in cancer studies might include level of toxicity or time to recurrence. Recursive partitioning methods are ideal for building such risk groups. Two such methods are Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and a more recent competitor known as the partitioning Deletion/Substitution/Addition (partDSA) algorithm, both of which also utilize loss functions (e.g., squared error for a continuous outcome) as the basis for building, selecting, and assessing predictors but differ in the manner by which regression trees are constructed. Recently, we have shown that partDSA often outperforms CART in so-called “full data” settings (e.g., uncensored outcomes). However, when confronted with censored outcome data, the loss functions used by both procedures must be modified. There have been several attempts to adapt CART for right-censored data. This article describes two such extensions for partDSA that make use of observed data loss functions constructed using inverse probability of censoring weights. Such loss functions are consistent estimates of their uncensored counterparts provided that the corresponding censoring model is correctly specified. The relative performance of these new methods is evaluated via simulation studies and illustrated through an analysis of clinical trial data on brain cancer patients. The implementation of partDSA for uncensored and right-censored outcomes is publicly available in the R package, partDSA.