cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cleavage furrow formation in a telolecithal egg (Loligo pealei): III. Cell surface changes during cytokinesis as observed by scanning microscopy☆

Abstract During cytokinesis of the telolecithal egg of the squid the blastodisc undergoes a sequence of surface changes in the region of the future furrow. First the surface is “gathered” into a line of microvilli which are oriented along the axis of the forming furrow; then as the furrow deepens these microvilli tend to fuse and form longitudinal folds in the base of the furrow. As the opposing edges of the future blastomeres come into contact there are numerous linearly arrayed spheroidal bodies associated with the area of contact. When the new blastomeres come into close contact, numerous microvilli connect the two cells at their upper edges. Blastomeres in the central portion of the blastoderm appear to divide by a “contractile ring” as described for holoblastic cleavage of other animal eggs. It is speculated that the “new” surface between the forming blastomeres arises, at least in part, from preexisting surface gathered during the early phases of cytokinesis.
The method of belief scales as a means for dealing with uncertainty in tough regulatory decisions.

Modeling and simulation is playing an increasing role in supporting tough regulatory decisions, which are typically characterized by variabilities and uncertainties in the scenarios, input conditions, failure criteria, model parameters, and even model form. Variability exists when there is a statistically significant database that is fully relevant to the application. Uncertainty, on the other hand, is characterized by some degree of ignorance. A simple algebraic problem was used to illustrate how various risk methodologies address variability and uncertainty in a regulatory context. These traditional risk methodologies include probabilistic methods (including frequensic and Bayesian perspectives) and second-order methods where variabilities and uncertainties are treated separately. Representing uncertainties with (subjective) probability distributions and using probabilistic methods to propagate subjective distributions can lead to results that are not logically consistent with available knowledge and that may not be conservative. The Method of Belief Scales (MBS) is developed as a means to logically aggregate uncertain input information and to propagate that information through the model to a set of results that are scrutable, easily interpretable by the nonexpert, and logically consistent with the available input information. The MBS, particularly in conjunction with sensitivity analyses, has the potential to be more computationally efficient than other risk methodologies. The regulatory language must be tailored to the specific risk methodology if ambiguity and conflict are to be avoided.
Error estimates for assimilation of satellite sea surface temperature data in ocean climate models

[1] Estimating the errors in the data and model are critical aspects of data assimilation. In this paper we present a reduced state space optimal interpolation scheme to assimilate satellite remotely sensed sea surface temperature into a coarse resolution general circulation model of the North Pacific. Using statistical tests on the principal components of a multidecadal model simulation and the misfits between model simulation and the remotely sensed data, we are able to show that the model and data have a small number of independent degrees of freedom (approximately 30–40), which is much less than the dimension of the model or data. Taking the difference between the model-data misfit and a fit to the model-data misfit using the principal components of the model, we are able to estimate the model representation error. The techniques presented in this paper can be adapted for other models and data sources.
Evolution of X‐Linked Male‐Biased Genes in Drosophila

Sex chromosomes, particularly the X chromosome, play a unique role in evolution due to several distinct features. In Drosophila, the X chromosome has been proposed to constitute an undesirable environment for genes expressed at higher levels in males than in females (i.e. male-biased genes) and, as a result, is partially demasculinized. However, male-biased genes remaining on the X chromosome do not seem to be at a disadvantage relative to their autosomal counterparts. Population genetic models predict that under certain conditions X-linked genes will experience more bouts of positive selection than autosomal genes, leading to faster-X evolution, particularly for male-biased genes. As theory posits, Drosophila X-linked male-biased genes show evidence of adaptive evolution at both protein and expression levels. This faster-X evolution has broad implications. In speciation, it may contribute to explain why the X chromosome is a hotspot for the genetic factors underlying hybrid male sterility (i.e. the large X-effect). Key Concepts: Underrepresentation of X-linked male-biased genes due to unfavorable features of the X chromosome. Faster-X evolution of male-biased genes at both the protein and expression levels. Consequences of faster-X evolution include the disproportionally large effect of the X chromosome in hybrid male sterility. Keywords: X chromosome; sexual antagonism; meiotic sex chromosome inactivation; dosage compensation; faster-X; gene expression; large X-effect; speciation; adaptive evolution; positive selection
Exciton Rabi splitting in semiconductor quantum wells

Summary form only given. We report studies of exciton Rabi splitting where spectrally narrow pump and probe pulses were used. In this case, coherent spectral oscillations in pump-probe spectra can be avoided by tuning the central frequency of the probe pulse. The intensity dependence of the Rabi splitting obtained from these studies reveals a distinctly nonlinear relationship between the Rabi frequency and the applied electric field, in contrast to the linear dependence expected from mean-field based theoretical models. Pump-probe experiments were performed on a 130 /spl Aring/ GaAs/AlGaAs multiple QW sample at 10 K.
Electroweak radiative corrections to tau decay.

An analysis of electroweak radiative corrections to \ensuremath{\tau} decays is presented. Precise predictions for leptonic and some hadronic decay rates are given. The total hadronic decay width is shown to be relatively enhanced by 2.36% due mainly to short-distance loop effects. Implications for the extraction of ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{MS}\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}$ from the \ensuremath{\tau} lifetime or leptonic branching ratios are discussed. (MS\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} denotes the modified minimal-subtraction scheme.)
Platforms and Vehicles for Institutional Co-Investing

A growing number of institutional investors, persistent in their desire to dis-intermediate and align interests with their portfolio managers, are turning away from external asset managers and are instead looking to one another for assistance. These direct investors are hoping to overcome the loss of agglomeration economies that asset managers enjoy within traditional financial centers by leveraging a new set of network economies through collaboration with peers. The over-arching question, however, is how these funds can actually co-invest to take advantage of these network effects in demonstrable ways. This can be quite challenging, as the differing return objectives and investment philosophies, not to mention the basic challenge of geography, all complicate matters. By highlighting a specific case study of co-investment and drawing on the qualitative data collected from over 20 on-site case studies of public pension funds and sovereign wealth funds around the world, this paper offers some insight as to how institutional investors can structure platforms and vehicles that will align interests and facilitate co-investment.
A simplified technique for gamma-spectrometric analysis of 210Pb in sediment samples

A simplified technique for the direct analysis of 210Pb by γ-spectrometry is developed. This technique corrects for the sample geometry, counting efficiency and the effects of self-absorption by eliminating the need for making individual transmission measurements of the 46.5 keV gamma, on every sample. Results obtained by using this technique on three types of sediment samples show an excellent agreement with other techniques which use individual transmission measurements to determine and correct for the effects of self-absorption.
CEREBRAL PALSY AND NEWBORN CARE. II: MORTALITY AND NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT IN LOW‐BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS

In recent years, neonatal mortality rates for low-birthweight infants have declined both in neonatal intensive care units and in several populations in the industrialized world. With regard to impairment among surviving low-birthweight infants, studies from newborn intensive care units show considerable variation in the reported rates of handicaps. Much of this variation arises from a lack of uniform criteria for diagnosis, sample selection and follow-up, factors further compounded by small sample size. At the present time it is premature to conclude that changes in newborn care have either lowered or raised rates of impairment among surviving low-birthweight infants.
Price-induced substitution of faculty in academe: Does mission make a difference?

Abstract In an earlier paper Tuckman and Chang demonstrated that college faculty were substitutable and that differences in faculty salaries influenced the distribution of faculty by rank and sex. This paper uses a similar methodology to explore the question of whether institutions of high education with different missions have different substitution patterns and price elasticities. Our main conclusion is that price-related substitution does exist at each of the four types of colleges in our sample. However, the observed price effects are small and there is little evidence that any one college type is consistently more price responsive than any other.
Where are the young specialists on the Soviet economy and what are they doing

Abstract Not long ago a very senior and accomplished student of the Soviet economy expressed as his opinion that the distinguished economists of his generation would not be replaced when they retire from their chairs and professorships at the leading institutions. This reflection motivated me (a member of a subsequent generation) to explore both the prediction of nonreplacement and the possible reasons for it. If correct, the prediction of the disappearance of Soviet specialists at top-quality economics departments would have a very serious consequence for study of the Soviet economy, because fields die “from the top” in academia.
Evaluation of a Modified Bag Limit for Walleyes in Wisconsin: Effects of Decreased Angler Effort and Lake Selection

Abstract We evaluated a modified daily bag limit for walleyes Sander vitreus to determine whether management goals were achieved. The modified bag limit consisted of no minimum length limit but allowed a daily harvest of only one walleye longer than 356 mm. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources implemented the single-fish, 356-mm regulation in 1997 on a number of lakes in northern Wisconsin that were previously subject to a 381-mm minimum length limit. The intent of the regulation was to increase the harvest of smaller walleyes in order to increase growth, spawning stock abundance, and harvest rate in lakes characterized by high densities of slow-growing walleyes. We examined the effects of the regulation in light of variables associated with walleye populations, the walleye fishery, and tribal harvest. All lakes included in our evaluation are located within the ceded territory of northern Wisconsin, where tribal harvest of walleyes, which is regulated differently than angler harvest, occurs annua...
“Ought” implies “can”, or, the moral relevance of a theory of the firm

Since ought implies can, i.e., one cannot be obligated to do what one cannot do, the question of corporate responsibility cannot be discussed intelligibly without an inquiry into the range of corporate or managerial discretion. Hence, the moral relevance of a theory of the firm. Within classical or neo-classical economic theory, for instance, firms which act other than to maximize profit are eliminated. They cannot do otherwise, and thus either have no obligations at all or only the duty to maximize profit. The thesis of the Managerial Revolution, if true, establishes only that management is free from direct stockholder control. By asserting that corporations have responsibilities to do other than maximize profit, philosophers assume a wide degree of managerial discretion, without considering recent developments in the theory of the firm which suggest that new incentives and constraints radically restrict managerial liberty in a capitalist society.
PTSD Symptoms in College Students Exposed to Interparental Violence : Are they Comparable to those that Result from Child Physical and Sexual Abuse?

Undergraduate students completed the Trauma Symptom Inventory and a childhood history questionnaire that assessed their experience of three types of childhood traumatic events: physical abuse (CPA), sexual abuse (CSA), and interparental violence (CPV). Six posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subscales previously found to be associated with these types of abuse (anxious arousal, anger/irritability, intrusive experiences, depression, tension reduction behaviors, and defensive avoidance) were examined through multiple regression analyses to determine the extent to which each type of trauma history was most predictive of elevated symptomatology. For several subscales, having exposure to interparental violence was the strongest predictor of elevated symptomatology, suggesting that CPV is at least as powerful as CPA or CSA in producing symptoms of PTSD in adulthood.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Version 2.0: A review and Qualitative Investigation of OCBs for Knowledge Workers at Google and beyond

Organizational citizenship behaviors are discretionary employee behaviors that are helpful but not absolutely required by employers. While a great deal of information has been gleaned about the importance of organizational citizenship behaviors in the workplace, the nature of work has fundamentally changed; with this shift, the nature of organizational citizenship behavior for modern workers is also likely to have changed. Thus, the field is ready for an evolution in how we conceptualize organizational citizenship behavior that considers the contemporary nature of work. We carried out a multistage qualitative study designed to provide an understanding of a new generation of organizational citizenship behaviors as expressed at Google, a high-innovation, fast-paced firm, characteristic of the new form of work common to the high-technology industry and knowledge economy. Our findings indicate that some established organizational citizenship behavior concepts map onto knowledge workers' conceptualizations of ...
Olanzapine in the treatment of adolescent acute mania: a report of seven cases

Abstract Background : Clozapine may be effective in adults and adolescents with treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Olanzapine has a receptor affinity profile similar to that of clozapine. Methods : The responses of seven consecutive adolescents (ages 12–17) with DSM-IV bipolar disorder, manic episode, treated with olanzapine were evaluated. Response to olanzapine was rated as marked, moderate, minimal, none or worse. Results : Five (71%) adolescents showed a marked or moderate response. The mean±SD olanzapine dose was 0.146±0.086 mg/kg/day (11±6 mg/day). Conclusion : Olanzapine may have antimanic effects in some adolescents with acute mania. Controlled studies of olanzapine in adolescent bipolar disorder appear to be warranted.
What's Important in Selecting a Biology Textbook?

Selecting a biology textbook can be a very interesting process. This is especially true for the introductory high school biology course where the arena is large and public, open to a myriad of interests which are economic, pedagogical, scientific, political and even religious. How does one possibly enter this process objectively? This article provides a framework for more objectively selecting a biology text based upon credible recommendations from the professional literature. This framework will especially draw from recent research findings in science, learning theory and instruction. Actually, today we do not select only a textbook. Over the past decade the market has moved from textbooks only, in nearly all subject areas, to comprehensive curriculum packages. Packages available in biology typically include, in addition to a student text, an annotated teacher edition of the text, computer test banks, a variety of optional student activities and student study guides. The packages also frequently contain teacher resource books with a wealth of information for ordering and maintaining materials, safety notes, general pedagogy, blow-byblow instructional tips, lists of media and printed resources, and options for use of state-of-the-art high-technology devices such as computer lessons, computer interfacing and interactive videodisc. The biology teacher probably has a greater wealth of instructional strategies from which to draw than does any other educator. All of these components need to be considered in the selection process. The result is that selecting appropriate course materials can be confusing and time consuming, especially if one looks beyond the pretty pictures and topic coverage in a biology text. Where, then, does one begin?
A critique of research on sexual-minority youths

Developmental scientists should seriously reconsider traditional empirical and theoretical paradigms that narrowly define sexual-minority adolescents in terms of those who adopt a culturally defined sexual identity label. A broader consideration of youth populations who have same-sex desires but who might not necessarily identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual, lead one to a very different understanding of sexual-minority youths than is apparent in most published studies. First, they are in most regards just like all other adolescents with similar developmental needs and concerns. Second, they are not a homogeneous group but vary among themselves in predictable ways. Third, this expanded definition allows us to conclude that same-sex attraction per se does not lead to pathology or to problematic behavior such as drug abuse, suicide, prostitution or HIV infection. Indeed, researchers and clinicians should focus on the resiliency that often characterizes sexual-minority youths.
Towards a History of Tonoi

The tonos element of ancient Greek music and ancient Greek music theory and the scholarship treating tonos in the modern era-"modern" meaning the era beginning with Boethius-have offered us a variety of difficulties and contradictory solutions. At the outset, let me assure you that I have no intentions of doing or contributing anything to this tonic can of worms other than discussing and relating several of these difficulties, thereby adding a worm or two. I will focus briefly on one particular aspect of the problem-the discussions of tonos and species in Cleonides' Eisagoge harmonike. In doing so, I intend to touch briefly on the tonos theories of Aristoxenus and his predecessors, Eratocles and the Harmonists, as well as on the shifting thetic system of Ptolemy. Hopefully I can assist any ensuing discussion of these matters by highlighting the diversity of our evidence and proposing a chronological framework for its development. I expect that the learned members of this panel can individually or collectively do more with this material than I have. At best I have tried to make some chronological sense out of a chronically chaotic situation. At the outset let me attempt to clarify why we do not have and could never have a completely unified, consistent, coherent accounting of ancient Greek music and music theory. Ancient Greek music included the Ionian (that is, Asian) epic chants of Homer and the rhapsodes, the Aeolic (Greek islander) songs of Sappho and Alcaeus, the Dorian (Southern Greek) lyrics of Pindar (the epinician poet), Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (the tragic poets), and Aristophanes (the comic poet), the Hellenistic Delphic (Northern Greek) paeans to Apollo, the funerary, pagan, Seikilos inscription from the first century, a "Christian hymn" from the fourth,' and the rest of an entire corpus, almost all of it lost, of Greek music composed without, and then with, the aid of notation and technical schooling throughout the period of some 1200 years from Homer to Boethius. Finding a consistent strain of any significant sort in such a collection of regional dialects, ethnic tra-
An investigation of the sensitivity of DEA to data errors

Abstract The predictive value of a common measure of efficiency and the robustness of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique is examined when statistical noise is present in the data. Inferences are drawn from a hypothetical example regarding the potential limitations of the efficiency measure and pitfalls in both the single- and multi-stage applications of DEA. We propose a simple procedure to investigate the robustness of DEA results. The procedure maintains the relative computational simplicity of DEA and is easy to apply and interpret. Using this procedure, we examine the robustness of the results reported in two published DEA studies and find that, indeed, pitfalls occur in practical applications. We conclude with recommendations for researchers applying the technique and implications for managers.
A formylatable methionine transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast: comparison of coding properties and sequences around the anticodon with Escherichia coli formylatable methionine transfer RNA.

The coding properties of yeast tRNAfMet†2 have been compared to that of Escherichia coli tRNAfMet. The results using poly (U-G-) and poly (A-U-G-) as messenger RNA in an E. coli in vitro protein synthesizing system show that the yeast tRNA, similarly to the E. coli tRNA, (a) is recognized by the codons AUG and GUG differing in the first letter of the codon, and (b) is unable to transfer methionine into internal polypeptidic linkages. The nucleotide sequence of the region which includes the entire anticodon loop and stem for this yeast tRNA has been derived and compared to that of the corresponding E. coli tRNA. In contrast to E. coli tRNAfMet, which is unique in that it contains an unmodified nucleoside adenosine next to the anticodon, the yeast tRNAMet contains a modified adenosine.
Some chromium and molybdenum tetraphenylporphines

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of several chromium and molybdenum tetraphenylporphines are described. Chemical analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, electron spin resonance spectra, infrared spectra, and visible absorption spectra clearly define the chemical composition and metal oxidation states in these new metalloporphines.
The microbiologic flora of orofacial abscesses

Fifty orofacial abscesses were studied using culture techniques for both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Eighty-six per cent of the specimens contained anaerobes; of this group, 39 per cent had organisms resistant to penicillin.
The Future of Video Platforms: Key Questions Shaping the TV and Video Industry

The telecommunications, media, and entertainment industries face significant changes as technological innovations, shifting consumer behavior, and new business models reshape the industry. The video entertainment sector, which spans these industries, exemplifies how the traditional linear value chain transforms as platform-based business models play more pronounced mediation roles. Drawing upon insights from platform theory, this article synthesizes interviews with 22 executives at key positions throughout the video value chain to identify and confront three key questions that will define the future of the telecommunications, media, and entertainment sectors: (1) Who will come out on top as the video market transforms?; (2) Will people own content or only subscribe to video services?; and (3) Will advertising agencies maintain control of media buying? This article ascertains the critical factors and requisite conditions that will determine the answers to these questions and the future shape of the telecommunications, media, and entertainment industries. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Self-Propagating, Molecular-Level Polymorphism in Alzheimer's ß-Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils commonly exhibit multiple distinct morphologies in electron microscope and atomic force microscope images, often within a single image field. By using electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on fibrils formed by the 40-residue beta-amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease (Abeta(1-40)), we show that different fibril morphologies have different underlying molecular structures, that the predominant structure can be controlled by subtle variations in fibril growth conditions, and that both morphology and molecular structure are self-propagating when fibrils grow from preformed seeds. Different Abeta(1-40) fibril morphologies also have significantly different toxicities in neuronal cell cultures. These results have implications for the mechanism of amyloid formation, the phenomenon of strains in prion diseases, the role of amyloid fibrils in amyloid diseases, and the development of amyloid-based nano-materials.
Three cases of genital self‐surgery and their relationship to transexualism∗

In three cases of self‐performed genital surgery, the ideology was related to, but not the same as that of, transexualism. One man, genuinely paranoid, wanted to be a hypospadiac so as to reveal to mankind the lost secret of the alchemists, namely, the urethral orgasm. Another, also paranoid, amputated his penis and wanted an ileostomy, so as not to contaminate his rectal vagina with feces. A third, not paranoid, castrated himself so as to be able to feel more girlish, while not having to abandon his close relationship and companionship with his wife. In all three cases there was no evidence of true masochism. There was an element of the secretiveness of Munchausen's syndrome, which served to avoid moral chastisement and social stigmatization. The etiology of the syndrome is unknown, as is the prognosis with and without the surgery that the patients so earnestly request and give, at least in part, to themselves.
Storytelling with a virtual peer as an intervention for children with autism

Story Listening Systems (SLS), a model of technology and literacy development, are shown to promote language skills development in children through storytelling with a virtual peer [4]. However, SLS make several assumptions about children:(1) they rely on children's oral storytelling and communication skills;(2) they model social skills to engage children in peer play; and,(3) they enable imaginative play, allowing children to create their own meaningful content using physical artifacts.
Regional variation in cerebral perfusion during acute hypertension

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in rats to define the autoregulatory response at different levels of hypertension. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was raised with IV metaraminol. rCBF was measured using 14C-iodoantipyrine. Autoregulation was intact in normotensive animals and those with MABP of 152 to 158 mm Hg. At higher pressures, autoregulation was abnormal and heterogeneous. Hyperperfusion was most prominent in cerebellum, parietal gray matter, thalamus, striatum, and pons. These anatomic sites are recognized sites of hypertensive hemorrhage in humans.
Direct effects of T‐bet and MHC class I expression, but not STAT1, on peripheral NK cell maturation

The homeostatic maturation of NK cells is severely impaired in mice lacking the transcription factor T-bet, and the expression of the NK cell maturation marker killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) has been shown to be dependent on MHC class I molecules. Interferon (IFN)-γ signaling via the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 is vital for T-bet and MHC class I induction. Here we investigated the relationship between STAT1, T-bet, and MHC class I molecules with regard to the phenotypic maturation of peripheral NK cells. We demonstrate that, to varying degrees, the maturation status of peripheral NK cells is impaired in naive mice with deficiencies in STAT1, T-bet, or MHC class I molecules. We find that in naive animals, the expression of wild-type levels of MHC class I molecules in trans is sufficient to restore the maturation profiles of STAT1–/– NK cells in vivo. In contrast, expression of T-bet is required in cis for normal NK cell maturation to occur. Additionally, we demonstrate that the activation-induced maturation of NK cells during the course of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection does not require expression of MHC class I molecules or STAT1 but is severely delayed in the absence of T-bet.
A value analysis of Richard Nixon's 1952 campaign‐fund speech

Perhaps critically minded listeners were not impressed, but the mass audience that heard Nixon defend his personal integrity in a radio and televised speech in 1952 clearly was convinced by what he said. The means he used are analytically pointed out in this article.
Axial mixing of binary gas mixtures flowing in a random bed of spheres

Measurements are reported on axial mixing of binary gas mixtures at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in a random bed of spherical particles. By means of the Fick's Law equation for diffusion an axial Peclet number, dpU/Ez (where dp is particle diameter, U is interstitial velocity, and Ez is axial eddy diffusivity), was computed in terms of the ratio of the amplitudes of a sinusoidal concentration wave at the inlet and outlet of the bed. An experimental method was devised to eliminate end effects in the system. For the gas systems H2N2 and C2H4N2 and for Reynolds numbers between 100 and 400 the mean of twenty-one determinations of axial Peclet number was 1.88 ± 0.15. This value is in excellent agreement with a value of 2.0 predicted theoretically on the assumption that the bed acts as a series of n perfect mixers, where n is the number of particles traversed between inlet and outlet. Axial diffusivity for turbulent flow of gases among particles is about sixfold larger than radial diffusivity, previously determined. It is suggested that axial diffusivity may not, perhaps, be neglected in contacting devices, such as adsorbers and catalytic reactors.
Media participation in everyday life

The phenomenon of “O. J. Nation'’ illustrates how information technology is part of the effective environment (how people actually experience our social and physical surroundings) and how the mass media, especially the entertainment‐oriented electronic media, provide a context and a format for an increasing array of activities, and shape them in a common way. The model for this approach to understanding how social life has changed is “an ecology of communication,”; stressing how activity, information technology, and communication formats are related.
Gloss perception in painterly and cartoon rendering

Depictions with traditional media such as painting and drawing represent scene content in a stylized manner. It is unclear, however, how well stylized images depict scene properties like shape, material, and lighting. In this article, we describe the first study of material perception in stylized images (specifically painting and cartoon) and use nonphotorealistic rendering algorithms to evaluate how such stylization alters the perception of gloss. Our study reveals a compression of the range of representable gloss in stylized images so that shiny materials appear more diffuse in painterly rendering, while diffuse materials appear shinier in cartoon images. From our measurements we estimate the function that maps realistic gloss parameters to their perception in a stylized rendering. This mapping allows users of NPR algorithms to predict the perception of gloss in their images. The inverse of this function exaggerates gloss properties to make the contrast between materials in a stylized image more faithful. We have conducted our experiment both in a lab and on a crowdsourcing Web site. While crowdsourcing allows us to quickly design our pilot study, a lab experiment provides more control on how subjects perform the task. We provide a detailed comparison of the results obtained with the two approaches and discuss their advantages and drawbacks for studies like ours.
Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Cell Shape on Heat and Mass Transfer through Elastomeric Foams

Wide usage of cellular foam as low temperature thermal insulating material warrants good understanding of its thermal and water vapor transmission behavior. An attempt has been made to experimentally observe the effect of cell shape on heat and mass transfer characteristics of cellular foams. The foam samples used in this study were derived from elastomeric foam The thermal conductivity and water vapor transmission data were taken on foams with three different cell shapes. one having spherical cells and two having elliptical cells, with varied degree of elon gation.The thermal conductivity measurements on the samples described above were ob tained using Thin-Heater thermal conductivity apparatus, otherwise known as the ASTM C-1114 test. The thermal measurements were performed in the temperature range of 35 to 153°F. The experimental data indicated no significant effect of the cell elongation on thermal conductivity of foam. This could be attributed to the follow ing : a) the densities of the foam were rou...
MembraneiBuffer Partition Coefficient for Ethanol in Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

Phase transitions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) are followed using optical density measurements, as a function of aqueous ethanol concentration. The shift of the phase transition to lower temperatures is interpreted in terms of the thermodynamics of freezing point depressions. This analysis provides a partition coefficient of ethanol into DMPC of 0.07 liter of solution/kg membrane or 2.64 moles of solvent/mole of DMPC.
Atypical Protein Kinase C ι Protects Human Leukemia Cells against Drug-induced Apoptosis

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play distinct roles in cellular function. In human K562 leukemia cells, PKC α is important for cellular differentiation and PKC βIIis required for proliferation. In this report, we assess the role of the atypical PKC isoform PKC ι in K562 leukemia cell physiology. K562 cells were stably transfected with expression plasmids containing the cDNA for human PKC ι in sense or antisense orientation to increase or decrease cellular PKC ι levels, respectively. Overexpression or inhibition of expression of PKC ι had no significant effect on the proliferative capacity of K562 cells nor their sensitivity to phorbol myristate acetate-induced cytostasis and megakaryocytic differentiation, suggesting that PKC ι does not play a critical role in these processes. Rather, PKC ι serves to protect K562 cells against drug-induced apoptosis. K562 cells, which are resistant to most apoptotic agents, undergo apoptosis when treated with the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (OA). Overexpression of PKC ι leads to increased resistance to OA-induced apoptosis whereas inhibition of PKC ι expression sensitizes cells to OA-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of the related atypical PKC ζ has no protective effect, demonstrating that the effect is isotype-specific. PKC ι also protects K562 cells against taxol-induced apoptosis, indicating that it plays a general protective role against apoptotic stimuli. These data support a role for PKC ι in leukemia cell survival.
Synergistic Antimetastatic Effects of Lentinan and Interleukin 2 with Pre‐ and Post‐operative Treatments

The antimetastatic activity of a combination of lentinan and interleukin 2 (IL-2) was evaluated against spontaneously metastatic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced DBA/2.MC.CS.T fibrosarcoma. Although pre-operative treatment with either IL-2 or lentinan alone exerted little effect on the reduction of lung metastasis colony numbers (7.1% or 28.4% reduction, respectively), the combination exhibited a synergistic effect (85% reduction). Furthermore, 3 of 13 mice given the pre-operative combination treatment achieved complete cure, while no mice given saline did. Although the post-operative combination treatment also reduced the colony number (71% reduction), it caused little prolongation of survival and no mouse achieved complete cure. Synergistic effects were observed between pre- and post-operative treatments with lentinan and IL-2: 8 of 12 mice were completely cured. The anti-metastatic activity was abolished in mice treated simultaneously with antibodies to CD4 and CD8 antigens, whereas either CD4, CD8, or NK1.1 antibody alone was ineffective. Analysis of the cellular mechanism involved in the antimetastatic activity revealed the involvement of a tumor-associated antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response. These data suggest that the life-prolonging effect of the combination of lentinan and IL-2 is mediated by antigen-specific T cells and that the combination of pre- and post-operative therapy with lentinan and IL-2 may be effective to prevent cancer recurrence and metastasis after surgical resection.
A symbolic environment for visualizing activated foci in functional neuroimaging datasets

This paper presents a symbolic visualization environment known as the Corner Cube environment, which was developed to facilitate rapid examination and comparison of activated foci defined by analyses of functional neuroimaging datasets. We have performed a comparative evaluation of this environment against maximum-intensity projection and ‘gallery of slices’ displays, and the results suggest that the Corner Cube environment has definite advantages over both conventional display techniques. We conclude that the Corner Cube is an effective tool for summarizing the spatial characteristics of activated foci within an easily understood visual context and is especially useful for displaying the similarities and differences in functional neuroimaging datasets.
Fractionation of noble gases by thermal escape from accreting planetesimals

A model for the selective loss of noble gases by thermal escape of the gases from planetesimals as they grow to form the terrestrial planets has been developed. The initial elemental and isotopic abundance ratios are assumed to be solar. Competition between gravitational binding and escape determines the degree of fractionation that occurs. Two classes of planetesimals can be formed on a time scale consistent with modem models of accretion. One class is depleted in neon and, in some cases, partly in 36Ar. The other class is neon rich. Subject to the validity of some assumptions regarding loss of planetary atmospheres following collisions between very large embryo planets and a strong radial dependence in the rate of accumulation of neon-rich planetesimals, the mechanism can account for all known properties of the noble gas volatiles on the terrestrial planets except one. This is the 36Ar/38Ar ratios for Earth and Mars which are predicted to be much lower than observed. This failure is probably fatal for the hypothesis. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
The Countable Chain Condition and Free Algebras

Let A be an algebra that contains a constant 0 and a binary operation 9 among its fundamental operations. Elements x, yeA are called disjoint if x . y = 0 . A satisfies the countable chain condition (c.c.c.) if it contains no uncountable set of pairwise disjoint nonzero elements. Consider the following facts: 1. (Classical) A free Boolean algebra satisfies c.c.c. 2. (Abian [-1]) A free algebra in the ring variety generated by a finite field satisfies c.c.c. These examples suggest the question ~ c.c.c, hold in every free algebra of a quasi-primal variety?" Before this question can be answered we must know what the c.c.c, means in a universal algebra. In Section 2 we propose a general algebraic condition, called the countable separability condition (c.s.c.), and show that, in many situations, it is equivalent to c.c.c. Using c.s.c, we give an affirmative answer to the posed question (Theorem 2.9). In Section 1 the free algebras in quasi-primal varieties are determined. The main tool for their description is the second duality result for quasi-primal varieties due to Keimel and Werner [2]. For unexplained notation and terminology see [2].
Precordial scanning. Applications in the detection of left-to-right circulatory shunts.

A precordial scanning technic and its application in the detection of left-to-right cardiac shunts in 75 patients are described. I 131 -labeled Diodrast was injected into an antecubital vein, its concentration in the central circulation was metered by means of a scintillation detector, and the time-concentration curve were recorded directly. In patients with left-to-right shunts these curves were modified in a characteristic fashion; the build-up time was normal, but the disappearance of isotope from the central circulation was slow. The product of the build-up time and disappearance rate was generally lower than in patients without cardiac shunts. The clinical value of this simple technic in detecting or excluding the presence of left-to-right shunts is discussed.
Relationship of Personality, Environmental, and DICA Variables to Adolescent Hopelessness: A Neural Network Sensitivity Approach

ABSTRACT Objective This study identified critical factors from a set of psychiatric diagnoses, personality traits, and family and social support variables that relate to hopelessness in adolescents. Method One hundred fifty adolescents were selected in a systematic sample from 1,700 high school students; they completed the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory, the Parental Bonding Questionnaire, the Social Support Questionnaire, the Hopelessness Scale for Children and were interviewed by trained clinicians on the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Selected variables were chosen for a back-propagation neural network model and for subsequent sensitivity and statistical analysis. Results Sensitive adolescents and adolescents with less impulse control scored high on hopelessness. Forceful adolescents were less hopeless. Conclusions: Using the neural network models, the authors suggest that assertive training as well as group activities that increase cooperativeness may ameliorate hopelessness.
Edge-dislocation intersections in diamond cubic crystals

Results are presented for the atomic structure and energetics of possible intersections of (necessarily) orthogonal (a/2)〈110〉 edge dislocations in Ge/Si bicrystals, as predicted by classical simulations. The most compact structure is found to be preferred energetically.
Soot Formation In Laminar Inverse Diffusion Flames

Abstract Soot formation in laminar ethylene inverse diffusion flames has been investigated experimentally and modeled. Soot volume fraction and temperature measurements have been made and compared to numerical predictions using a soot formation model previously applied to normal diffusion flames. The inverse flame configuration serves as a good test of the applicability of the model and is relevant to practical combustor designs. Comparisons ofthe predictions and data show good agreement. The model reasonably predicts several features of the inverse flame, including flame length. the locations of soot-bearing regions of the flow, and the evolution of the soot volume fraction profile.
Two-stage lateral inhibition for auditory selectivity

It is shown that the narrow selectivity of the auditory system can be explained by neural processing that yields 20 y − d 2 y / dz 2 , where y is the normalized single-tone response of the basilar membrane and z is the natural logarithm of normalized stapes distance. The desired response is synthesized via a two-stage lateral inhibition process. Stage 1 is the result of interaction between inner and outer hair cells; stage 2 takes place in the auditory cortex.
Glycine‐based polymeric surfactants with varied polar head group: II. Chemical selectivity in micellar electrokinetic chromatography using linear solvation energy relationships

A series of four acyl and four alkenoxy glycinates (i.e., mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraderivatives of polysodium N-undecenoyl glycinate (poly-SUGs) as well as polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl glycinates (poly-SUCGs)) were compared for simultaneous separation of nonhydrogen bonding (NHB), hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA), and hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) solutes. An increase in the number of glycine units in the polar head group of polymeric surfactant decreases both the retention and the migration window of all solutes with some changes in separation selectivity. The poly(sodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-glycinate) (poly-SUCG1) with one glycine unit was the least polar surfactant and has the lowest phase ratio, but this monoglycinate surfactant provided the best simultaneous separation of 10-NHBs and 8-HBAs. On the other hand, 9-HBDs were well separated using any of the six mono-, di-, and triglycinate surfactants compared to the two tetraglycinates. Linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) and separation of the geometrical isomers studies were also performed to further envisage the selectivity differences. From LSER studies, the phase ratio and hydrogen-bond-donating strength of the poly-SUG series of surfactant were found to increase with an increase in the size of the head group, but no clear trends were observed for poly-SUCG surfactants. The cohesiveness for all poly-SUG and poly-SUCG was positive, but the values were generally lower (with exception of the poly(sodium N-undecenoyl glycyl-glycyl-glycinate)) at a higher number of glycine units. Finally, the poly(sodium N-undecenoyl glycinate) and poly-SUCG1 were found to be the two best polymeric surfactants as they provided relatively higher shape selectivity for separation of two of the three sets of geometrical isomers.
Microbiology of Animal Bites

Abstract While animal interaction is largely a rewarding human endeavor, every year millions of people are bitten by animals, and most of these bites are inflicted by dogs and cats. While most of the bites do not require medical attention, some progress to a local soft tissue infection at the site of the injury. Like most cutaneous wound infections, the resultant infection is typically a polymicrobial mix consisting of common environmental organisms. However, a multitude of species-specific, soft tissue zoonoses are spread through animal bites. The pathogenic organisms may exist as normal salivary flora or may be present as part of a symptomatic or even asymptomatic infection in the animal. We concisely review the soft tissue infections caused by several species-specific pathogens transmitted through animal bites, with focus on dogs and cats, as they are by far the most commonly implicated species in human bite wounds.
Reduction activation of emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and styrene. II. Different organic peroxides and reducing activators in presence and absence of metals

The effect of different peroxides as catalysts and different polyhydroxy compounds as reducing activators both in the presence and absence of metals in a standard emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and styrene has been determined. The results of this study further emphasize the importance of a careful balance of all ingredients in any reduction-activation system.
Adjustment of an adsorbent's macropore volume

Abstract A new technique is presented which enables macropore volume of adsorbent to be reduced, while keeping micropore volume intact. “Hydral,” basic aluminum chloride, is particularly effective for the present purpose.