cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal aspects of daily ration and diet of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides , with an evaluation of gastric evacuation rates

Sample of stomach contents collected on 10 dates from May to October, 1978, were used to describe the diet and estimate the daily ration of subadult largemouth bass (primarily age-III fish) in Lake Rebecca, Minnesota. The method of Elliott & Persson (1978) was used to estimate daily ration. Data from sources in the literature were used to quantify gastric evacuation, which was found to be adequately described by an exponential decay model. The exponent of gastric evacuation increased exponentially with temperature. Seasonal changes in the diet with respect to composition, distribution of food among stomachs, and food particle size were reflected in the seasonal pattern of growth. Weight gain and the formation of scale annuli did not occur until the diet shifted from large bluegills and insects to age-0 largemouth bass and bluegills. Estimates of daily ration ranged from almost zero in mid-May and early June to over 5% in late August. The use of median weights of stomach contents was found to yield more meaningful estimates of the daily ration of individual bass than those based on means. Estimates based on medians were consistent with the observed pattern of growth and with information on maintenance rations and satiation levels. A growth-limiting lack of suitably-sized forage fish apparently occurred in the early part of the growing season.
Metrology with the ultraviolet scanning transmission microscope

A novel design for an ultraviolet critical dimension measurement transmission microscope utilizing the Stewart platform as the rigid main structure has been implemented. This new design shows improved vibration characteristics and is able to accommodate large specimens. We present alignment procedures and their relevance to obtaining accurate linewidth measurements. Initial measurements with the new system comparing visible and ultraviolet wavelength illumination show expected characteristic dependence of the intensity image as a function of wavelength.
Degenerate Oligonucleotide Primed–Polymerase Chain Reaction and Capillary Electrophoretic Analysis of Human DNA on Microchip-Based Devices☆

Random amplification of the human genome using the degenerate oligonucleotide primed-polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) was performed in a silicon-glass chip. An aliquot of the DOP-PCR amplified genomic DNA was then introduced into another silicon-glass chip for a locus-specific, multiplex PCR of the dystrophin gene exons in order to detect deletions causing Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy. Amplicons were analyzed by both conventional capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis and results were compared to those obtained using standard non-chip-based PCR assays. Results from microchip electrophoresis were consistent with those from conventional capillary electrophoresis. Whole genome amplification products obtained by DOP-PCR proved to be a suitable template for multiplex PCR as long as amplicon size was < 250 bp. Successful detection and resolution of all PCR products from the multiplex PCR clearly shows the feasibility of performing complex PCR assays using microfabricated devices.
Prenatal treatment of type I congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation by intrauterine fetal thoracentesis.

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung is a developmental abnormality characterized by abnormal proliferation of terminal bronchioles forming cysts of varying sizes. Extensive lesions are associated with a poor prognosis due to the development of nonimmune hydrops and/or pulmonary hypoplasia. The advent of high-resolution ultrasonography has made it possible to identify these lesions during the antenatal period. With the prenatal identification of cystic adenomatoid malformations comes the potential for in utero intervention to modify the natural history of this process and prevent the development of hydrops and pulmonary hypoplasia. An instance of successful intrauterine treatment of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is presented.
Ytterbium-magnesium system☆

Abstract X-ray parametric, differential thermal and metallographic methods were used to establish the ytterbium-magnesium phase diagram. A eutectic reaction occurs at 31.5 at. % Mg and 496°C. A eutectoid reaction associated with the 792°C α-β transformation temperature of pure ytterbium occurs at 8.0 at. % Mg and 447°C. The maximum solid solubilities of Mg in α-Yb and β-Yb are 3.9 at. % and 8.3 at. %, respectively. On the magnesium-rich side a eutectic reaction occurs at 89.3 at. % Mg and 509°C, and at this temperature 1.2 at. % Yb dissolves in Mg. The intermetallic compound YbMg2 was found to exist over a range of compositions and to melt congruently at 718°C. At 400°C the composition range for this hexagonal C14 (MgZn2-type) Laves phase varies from 64.0 at. % Mg to 70.3 at. % Mg. The lattice parameters corresponding to these compositions are a o = 6.2491 A , C 0 = 10.127 A , and a 0 = 6.2073 A , C 0 = 10.056 A , respectively. The valence characteristics of ytterbium in these alloys are discussed.
Issues in measuring industrial R&D

Abstract Effective government science and technology policy requires a reliable database on industrial innovation. This paper examines a number of issues concerning the measurement of industrial R&D by analyzing the relationship between data reported in the NSF/Census RD-1 survey - the basis for the official government R&D statistics - and data reported in two other sources (firms' 10-K reports and a federal procurement database). We advance and test a hypothesis which accounts for systematic discrepancies between RD-1- and 10-K-based estimates of company R&D. We also develop estimates of the extent of measurement error reflected in the various measures of R&D, and suggest some modifications to the RD-1 survey.
Isolation of β-Sitosterol, β-Sitosteryl-D-Glucoside, and Palmitic Acid from Coastal Bermuda Grass and Orchard Grass

β-Sitosterol and β-sitosteryl-D-glucoside were isolated from coastal Bermuda grass and from orchard grass, and identified by infrared spectra and physical constants on the sterol and the acetate. Palmitic acid was isolated from the saponifiable fractions. No saponin was detected.
Perinatal behavior of northern elephant seal females and their young.

Northern elephant seal females and pups were observed during four breeding seasons at Ano Nuevo Tstand, California. Six to seven days after a female arrived on the rookery she gave birth to a single pup which she nursed for four weeks. Estrus began 24 days after parturition and lasted an average of four days. Females spent a total of 34 days on the rookery before returning to sea. The only other time females came ashore was to moult, a period which lasted a few weeks. Most births occurred in the harem at night during the last two weeks of January. Cephalic presentations were more frequent than caudals (62% vs. 38%) and both were equally rapid. The placenta was delivered immediately after the pup or within an hour after birth. Stillbirths were infrequent and premature pups were never observed. The sex ratio was 49.4 males to 50.5 females. Eight females gave birth for the first time during their third year but most females are believed to give birth later. Three females gave birth on a different rookery than their own birthplace. The time of parturition from year to year was very consistent in individual females. Newborn pups weighed 65 lbs at birth and were 60 inches long. They are precocial and suckled for about four weeks before being weaned. Weaners moulted their natal pelage at four to six weeks of age, a time when they began entering the water. Most weaners left the rookery headed north during the month of April. Females accepted a pup by allowing it to nurse and rejected alien pups by biting them. Females emitted two vocalizations : a pup attraction call and a threat vocalization. Pups emitted a single vocalization which functioned in several situations. Scventy-two percent of the females observed nursed their own pups to weaning and rejected most of the suckling attempts of alien pups. A few females nursed an alien pup in addition to their own. Twenty-six percent of the females became separated from their pups or their pups died. One third of these females adopted an alien pup. Females that gave birth, but did not nurse for several days, did not copulate. The frequency and duration of suckling increased as pups developed. Pups attempted to suckle any available female but were rejected by most alien females. Sixty percent of marked pups suckled their mothers. The remaining forty percent were separated from their mothers and most of them died. Those that survived were adopted by an alien female or were suckled by several different females each day. Pup mortality at Ano Nuevo Island was very consistent over the four year period, ranging from 13.0% to 14.5%. Most mortalities were socially induced; pups separated from their mothers starved or were injured by adult males and females. The probability of separation was increased by high numbers of females and disturbances created by intrusions of breeding hulls into the harem.
Identification of hypomorphic and null alleles of swallow via molecular and phenotypic analyses.

The swallow gene of Drosophila is required for the localization of two messenger RNAs, bicoid and hu-li tai shao, to the anterior pole of oocytes during the later stages of oogenesis. In addition, swallow appears to play a role in early embryogenesis, as swallow mutant embryos have defects in early nuclear cleavage and migration. In an effort to identify regions of the Swallow protein that are essential for function, we have initiated a molecular characterization of seven existing alleles of swallow. All seven alleles have been sequenced, and comparison to wild-type swallow indicates that the seven alleles include single amino acid substitutions that identify critical residues, as well as lesions that result in truncated proteins. Western blots using affinity-purified antibodies agree well with the DNA sequence data, and identify a probable null protein. In order to determine the extent to which each allele affects swallow function, females homozygous or hemizygous for each allele were tested for the range and abundance of (1) RNA localization defects, and (2) embryonic cuticular defects. Swallow alleles can be grouped into two categories: those that retain partial function, and those indistinguishable from the putative null allele. Some swallow mutant alleles partially rescue the dominant female sterility of mutations in the atypical 67C α-tubulin gene, supporting other studies that suggest a link between RNA localization and the microtubule cytoskeleton.
A new microchemical outside indicator for the anthraquinone derivatives.

The red color developed by the alkalies with the anthraquinone derivatives is used as an outside indicator for their detection in any solution or extract. The test is extremely sensitive and the colors obtained are quite stable.
Multiple Copies of Genes Encoding XEGIPs are Harbored in an 85-kB Region of the Potato Genome

Proteinaceous inhibitors of plant cell wall degrading enzymes can provide a first level of defense from invasive phytopathogens. One recently discovered inhibitor is the xyloglucans-specific endoglucanase inhibitor protein (XEGIP) originally found in tomato. This inhibitor protein has since been found in many solanaceous plants as well as other dicots. As xyloglucans play a major role in maintaining cell wall structure in dicots, protection of xyloglucan is critical. Thus far, only a single potato XEGIP had been identified (AY321357), even though a major pathogen of potato, Phytophthora infestans, has multiple copies of xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase. We now report that potato has nine additional copies of XEGIP, clustered together on a small region of chromosome one. They are located adjacent to the previously described potato XEGIP and represent one of the highest degrees of gene duplication relative to any other potato inhibitor. Synteny with tomato indicates this duplication may have occurred before speciation of Solanum.
Corynebacterium hemolyticum bacteremia with fatal neurologic complication in an intravenous drug addict

A 50-year-old intravenous drug user presented with clinical features suggestive of mitral valve endocarditis. Blood culture specimens grew Corynebacterium hemolyticum. Despite treatment with penicillin, he died from a neurologic complication. Recognition of the pathogenic potential of nondiphtherial coryneforms in non-immunocompromised hosts is important.
Multi-Wire Proportional Counters for Low-Energy Particles

We have constructed multi-wire proportional-counter arrays in which only every second wire operates as an anode, the others being held at the cathode potential, and have investigated their response to a particles. The variation of the sensitivity and amplification with voltage and with different geometrical arrangements is described.
Responses of frog skin, Rana pipiens, calcium ion transport to parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D3.

The responses of cutaneous Ca2+transport to parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D3were evaluated in intactRana pipiensand isolated skins from this species. Parathyroid hormone (12 pmol g−1) stimulated Ca2+influx in intact frogs but not in isolated skin (10–100 pmol ml−1) unless the frogs had been pretreated with vitamin D3injections (100–300 μg day−1) for 3 days prior to isolating the skins for flux measurements. Pretreatment of intact frogs with vitamin D3for 3 days (100 μg day−1) also resulted in greater responses to PTH (6–12 pmol g−1). Vitamin D3(most likely after conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3) had a direct stimulatory effect on Ca2+transport in isolated skins after three daily doses of 500 μg of D3. Calcitonin also stimulated Ca2+influx in both intact frogs (24 pmol g−1) and isolated skins (25–100 pmol ml−1). We conclude that parathyroid hormone, facilitated by vitamin D, stimulates Ca2+influx in the skin ofR. pipiens. We also conclude that calcitonin is stimulatory for cutaneous Ca2+influx in this species.
Diagnostic Laparoscopy for Congenital Inguinal Hernia

Repair of indirect inguinal hernias is the most common general surgical procedure in infants and children. The question of whether or not to explore the contralateral side, however, has been the source of much debate among pediatric surgeons. With the advent of laparoscopy and the development of miniature telescopes, diagnostic laparoscopy has been advocated to decide in which child the contralateral side should be explored and a patent processus vaginalis ligated. This article describes the historical perspective in which this technique developed, the technique itself, and a report of the author's experience. Copyright © 1998 by W. B. Saunders Company
Response: Compassionate Listening and the Ethics for the New Millennium

Contrary to a common maxim, I contend that it is not the case that “seeing is believing” but rather that believing determines what one is capable of seeing. That perspective relates as well to the ...
COMPONENTS OF FLOWERING TIME VARIATION IN A DESERT ANNUAL.

How much of the variation seen in life histories is consistent with adaptive hypotheses, and how much requires other kinds of explanation? Differences in flowering time between Sonoran (earlier flowering) and Chihuahuan Desert (later flowering) populations of the desert annual Eriogonum abertianum Torr. (Polygonaceae) are significant, repeatable between greenhouse experiments, and persist into a second greenhouse generation. These apparent genetic differences are consistent with a hypothesis of local adaptation: field demographic studies (Fox, 1989b) show that many fewer Sonoran than Chihuahuan Desert plants survive to the summer rainy season, suggesting selection for earlier flowering in the Sonoran Desert. Within natural populations there is considerable phenological complexity: time of first flowering varies by up to six months, and individuals may have zero, one, or several reproductive episodes. Greenhouse sib analyses revealed only marginal among-family genetic variation for flowering size. The resemblance between parents and offspring for size and time of flowering varied with growth conditions, suggesting that this marginal variation among families may be at least partly due to factors other than additive genetic variance. On the other hand, moisture limitation significantly delayed the onset of flowering in two independent experiments. Variation in moisture availability in both time and space is characteristic of desert environments. The phenological complexity in natural populations may thus be generated by random variation in moisture availability, possibly in conjunction with variation in germination date and plant size. The results call into question the claim that drought generally induces flowering in desert annuals.
Measuring subjective side effects and symptoms in palliative photodynamic therapy.

Purpose/objectives To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Photodynamic Therapy Side Effects and Symptoms Scale (PSES) and to begin to describe patient-reported outcomes of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Design Repeated-measures instrument validation. The PSES uses a 10-point numeric scale to evaluate side effects or symptom trouble or burden on 13 items. Setting A Pacific Northwest community hospital. Sample 14 patients with end-stage lung or esophageal cancer undergoing palliative PDT. Methods Participants completed five PSES surveys (i.e., at baseline and once a week for four weeks after PDT). Weekly phone calls were made to assess functional status, operationalized as Karnofsky Performance Status. Main research variables Symptoms and functional status. Findings The PSES possessed acceptable internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity. Functional status declined in the first week after PDT, concurrent with an increase in side-effect and symptom burden. Photosensitivity became more burdensome over time but was never extremely burdensome. Conclusions The feasibility of measuring a diverse set of side effects and symptoms in end-stage cancer with a single-page, large-type instrument essentially was supported. The study provided preliminary information about side effects and symptoms in patients undergoing palliative PDT. Implications for nursing Nurses often are called on to provide information to patients considering various treatment options. This study offers the first data on patient-reported outcomes of palliative PDT that clinicians can use to help in answering inquiries. The design of the PSES may be replicated by researchers working with other populations with end-stage disease to reduce respondent burden and decrease attrition.
Communication and Information Systems Infrastructure Skills

Users and managers of information technology need evolving skills as well as an awareness of how changing technology makes them dependent on each other in new ways.
A metastatic intermediate trophoblastic tumor of unspecified subtype presenting as pneumothorax.

Intermediate trophoblasts, a subtype of trophoblastic tissue arising from the cytotrophoblast can give rise to four distinct lesions which include the exaggerated placental site (EPS), placental site nodule (PSN), placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). Rare and usually benign, these tumors reveal malignant potential in 10–15% of cases. Two particularly malignant lesions include the placental site trophoblastic tumor and the epithelioid trophoblastic tumor that arise from the chorion laeve (Shih and Kurman, 2001, Soper et al., 2004). The average age at time of diagnosis is 30 years with a range of 19–62 years (Schulz-Bischof and Scheidel, 2007). Most commonly, these patients present with abnormal uterine bleeding and low serum levels of β-HCG, preceded by a normal pregnancy or a spontaneous abortion (Baergen et al., 2006, Kurman, 1991). Diagnosis can be difficult and delayed. By the time of patient presentation, frequently there is already evidence of metastatic disease. Pneumothorax is a rare form of initial presentation in the patient with metastatic lung disease (Biran et al., 1992).
Heat shock factor and the heat shock response

Peter K. Sorger Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of California San Francisco, California 94143-0502 The induction of eukaryotic heat shock genes in response to a temperature upshift is mediated by the binding of a transcriptional activator, heat shock factor, to a short highly conserved DNA sequence known as the heat shock element. This review will discuss progress in several or- ganisms in characterizing heat shock factor and will sug- gest preliminary answers to the following questions. How is the DNA-binding activity and transcriptional potency of heat shock factor regulated? How is autoregulation of heat shock protein (hsp) synthesis achieved? What is the mech- anism by which heat shock is sensed? Heat Shock Elements and Their Interaction with Heat Shock Factor Heat shock elements are best described as contiguous arrays of variable numbers of the 5 bp sequence nGAAn arranged in alternating orientation (n denotes less strongly conserved nucleotides that nevertheless may be involved in important DNA-protein interactions; Figure 1; Xiao and Lis, 1988; Amin et al., 1988). At least two nGAAn units are needed for high affinity binding of heat shock factor in vitro, and these may be arranged either head-to-head (nGAAnnTTCn) or tail-to-tail (nTTCnnGAAn; Perisic et al., 1989). How can heat shock factor bind to these structurally distinct sites as well as to heat shock elements with larger numbers of 5 bp units? The answer may lie in the oligo- merit nature of the heat shock factor protein (Figure 2). Heat shock factor from both Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC-HSF) and Drosophila (D-HSF) associates to form pro- tein trimers in solution and when bound to DNA (Perisic et al., 1989; Sorger and Nelson, 1989). It is not clear, how- ever, whether heat shock factor exists in vivo primarily as a trimeric, hexameric, or possibly even larger complex. Each subunit of a D-HSF multimer is thought to bind to a single nGAAn unit, and the binding to successive units is highly cooperative (Xiao et al., 1991). The coiled-coil structure that has been proposed to form the interface between heat shock factor monomers is inherently three- fold symmetric (see below). Thus, the binding of heat shock factor trimers to DNA (which is inherently two-fold symmetric) would require a flexible hinge between the tri- merization and DNA-binding surfaces of individual mono- mers. Flexibility at this hinge may also be exploited in the binding of subunits to differently oriented nGAAn units. The binding of trimers to adjacent sites is also highly cooperative (Shuey and Parker, 1986): in vitro, the dissoci- ation rate from DNA of a complex of two DNA-bound tri- mers is more than three orders of magnitude lower than that of a single trimer (Xiao et al., 1991). Thus, even when the molarity of sites exceeds that of the heat shock factor protein, heat shock factor preferentially forms large com-
Abstract B64: Structure and preclinical characterization of BMN 673, a potent and orally active PARP inhibitor as an anticancer agent.

In this presentation we will present the chemical structure, biological activity and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of BMN 673, a potent inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP)-1 and -2. PARP-1 and -2 are key nuclear enzymes that are activated by DNA damage and play a critical role in the base excision DNA repair (BER) pathway. Inhibitors of PARP-1 and -2 could enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA damaging agents by preventing cancer cells from repairing DNA damage. In addition, PARP inhibitors have been shown to selectively kill cancer cells that are deficient in BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 function. A previously unexplored chemical scaffold was discovered with good PARP inhibitory activity. Optimization of this scaffold produced BMN 673, the most potent PARP inhibitor reported to date. BMN 673 selectively kills cancer cells with BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutations. In xenograft tumor model studies, oral dosing of BMN 673 results in complete regression of the BRCA-deficient tumors. In addition to BRCA-1/2 mutations, we examined the correlation of other DNA repair defects with the tumor cells9 sensitivity to BMN 673 treatment. We show that tumor cells with PTEN mutation are highly sensitive to BMN 673 treatment in vitro. Xenograft tumor models that harbor PTEN deficiency responded to oral BMN 673 treatment with significant tumor growth delay. Deficiencies in ATM and other homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair genes, as well as unidentified genetic deficiencies, result in sensitivity to cell killing by BMN 673 in head-and-neck cancer, myeloma, and mantle cell lymphoma. These results suggest that BMN 673 may be a valid treatment option for cancers with these genetic defects. In animal PK/PD studies, BMN 673 displays good oral bioavailability and PK properties, and demonstrates significant in vivo PARP inhibition in xenograft tumors and other tissues. BMN 673 is currently in phase 1 clinical trials in patients with solid tumors or hematological malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B64.
Numerical simulation of a tubular ion-driven wind generator

Abstract The performance of a needle-ring, ion-wind generator has been studied for various spatial parameters by employing FEMLAB, a multi-physics numerical solver. Governing equations for the electrostatics, electrokinetic flow (EKF), and fluid dynamics were simultaneously solved by the software. Experimental measurements of the radial velocity profile at the exit of the generator agree well with the simulation, which predicted a large concentration of velocity at the core of the flow. For a ring of radius, r, equal to 1.27 cm, best performance is predicted for a ring length and needle-to-ring spacing of 2 r and r, respectively.
A bariatric surgery algorithm

Background: Three premises underlie this formulation of an algorithm: 1) there is no gold standard operation; 2) the bariatric surgeon should be able to perform more than one bariatric operation; and 3) a patient can be broadly matched to an operation. Methods: Literature review and interpretation., Results: The 5 currently clinically-tested bariatric procedures, ranked from least to most weight loss, are: 1) gastric banding (GB); 2) vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG); 3) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP); 4) biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) or duodenal switch (DS); and 5) long-limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LLRYGBP). The following diagram for decision-making takes into consideration body mass index (BMI); age; gender, race, and body habitus (GRH); and comorbidities (CoM): (Diagram not available in this format) This diagram can be converted to an equation; OC =1.0+BMI Number (1 to 6) ±0.5 (age ) ±0.5 (GRH, Favorable or Unfavorable) ±1 (CoM, Low or High), where OC=operative category: GB=0 to 3, VBG=2 to 5, RYGBP=3 to 6, BPD/DS=4 to 7, and LLRYGBP=6 to 9. Overlap between OCs integers allows for surgeon and patient preference. Conclusions: A diagram or equation algorithm for operative selection in the morbidly obese has been constructed.
Colonization of Exploded Volcanic Islands by Birds: The Supertramp Strategy

After volcanic explosions or tidal waves had defaunated several islands near New Guinea, bird species number rapidly returned to equilibrium on coral islets and rapidly returned to quasi-steady-state values limited by regrowth of vegetation in lowland forest of larger islands. However, reequilibration in montane forest has been limited by slow dispersal of the birds. Colonists have been drawn disproportionately from r-selected "supertramrip" species, which maintain much higher population densities than do K-selected faunas, perhaps due to selection for resource overexploitation by the latter.
Investigations on the oxidation of the carbamate pesticide aminocarb

Abstract The electron transfer stoichiometry and principal oxidation products of the carbamate pesticide Aminocarb (3-methyl-4-dimethylaminophenyl N -methylcarbamate) were investigated in methanol + water and acetonitrile + water media, using flow injection coulometry, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and mass spectrometry. The four-electron oxidation was found to occur at aliphatic as opposed to aromatic sites, involving oxidation and nucleophilic attack at an N -methyl group to yield the hydroxy/methoxy analogs in water + methanol media, and yielding ultimately an aldehyde. The pathway in water + acetonitrile, as expected, was found to yield only the hydroxy analogs and the aldehyde.
Using behavioral interventions to assist with routine procedures in children with cystic fibrosis

Routine cystic fibrosis (CF) medical care includes invasive procedures that may be difficult for young children and adolescents to tolerate because of anxiety, concern with health status, or unfamiliarity with the performed tasks. A growing body of pediatric psychology literature suggests that behavior therapy can effectively increase patient cooperation with stressful medical procedures such as tracheostomy care and needle sticks. Throat cultures are obtained at least quarterly in the outpatient setting or more frequently if a CF patient develops respiratory symptoms. Obtaining a throat culture from an anxious and uncooperative child poses a significant challenge for physicians, since the child may demonstrate emotional distress and avoidant behavior that disrupts efficient specimen collection during a routine clinic visit. The use of behavioral interventions, such as relaxation exercises, diaphragmatic breathing, differential reinforcement, gradual exposure, and systematic desensitization, is beneficial in addressing this commonly encountered problem in CF care. This case series describes the implementation of a behavioral therapy protocol utilizing two interventions, gradual exposure and systematic desensitization, in two young CF patients for the treatment of behavioral distress with routine throat cultures. The behavioral interventions were simple and transferred easily from mock procedures to actual specimen collection. Moreover, these cases highlight the important roles of the pediatric psychology staff on a comprehensive multidisciplinary CF care team to improve patient cooperation with routine clinic procedures and the medical treatment regimen overall.
A Periodontal Probe That Measures to One Tenth Millimeter

A periodontal probe has been developed which utilizes a vernier gauge to permit direct measurement to one-tenth millimeter. This configuration eliminates the need for multiple step measurements using stents or calipers. The probe can be sterilized easily to make measurements during surgical procedures. The probe should prove useful in clinical research, minor tooth movement and patient treatment documentation.
The 2010 Bower Award in Science presented to Richard Peltier

Abstract Richard Peltier was chosen for his seminal cross-disciplinary research into the physics of the Earth: combining studies of the ocean, the interior of the Earth, and the atmosphere to highlight the interconnections that lead to global climate change.
A General Method of Kinematic Analysis of Parallel Axes Epicyclic Gear Trains Based on Graph-Cycle Matroid Theory

A novel method for kinematic analysis of parallel-axes epicyclic gear trains (EGT) is presented, called the incidence and transfer method (IT), which uses the incidence matrices associated to the edge-oriented graph attached to the mechanism and the transfer joints (teeth contact joints). Relative to such joints, a set of independent equations can be generated for calculating the angular positions, velocities, and accelerations. Complete kinematic equations are obtained in matrix form using a base of circuits from a cycle matroid. The analysis uses the relationships between the number of mobile links, number of joints, and number of circuits in the base of circuits, together with the Latin matrix (whose entries are function of the absolute values of the partial gear ratios of the transmission). Singularities, like groups of gears that rotate as a whole, can be identified by calculating the rank of the Latin matrix. Relationships between the output and input angular velocities and accelerations are then determined in a matrix-based approach, without using any derivative operations. The proposed method has general applicability and can be employed for systems with any number of gears and degrees of freedom, as illustrated by the numerical examples presented.© 2005 ASME
The effects of alkali‐metal chlorides and of spermidine and spermine on the swelling pressures of DNA gels in the ultracentrifuge

The effects is solution of the alkali-metal chlorides on the gel-like phase of DNA formed in the ultracentrifuge cell have been studied. The polycations, spermidine and spermine, also were shown to affect strongly the swelling pressure of the DNA gel, with evidence for the destabilization of DNA in very dilute spermine, below 10−6M, and for the collapse of DNA in both spermine and spermidine solutions above 10−6M.
The isolation of mouse hepatocyte gap junctions. Preliminary chemical characterization and x-ray diffraction.

A method is reported for isolating a preparation of hepatic gap junctions from the mouse. The method involves a collagenase digestion, treatment with the detergent Sarkosyl NL-97, and ultrasonication, followed by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. A run with 36 animals yields 0.1–0.5 mg protein. Electron microscopy with thin-sectioning and negative staining techniques reveals that the final pellet is a very pure preparation of gap junctions, accompanied by a small amount of amorphous contamination. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-solubilized material shows one major protein in the junction, with an apparent mol wt of 20,000, and two minor components. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrates one major and one minor phospholipid, and some neutral lipid. Low-angle X-ray diffraction of wet and dried specimens show reflections which index on an 86 A center-to-center hexagonal lattice, corresponding closely to electron microscope data. Dried specimens also show a lamellar diffraction, corresponding to the total profile thickness of the junction (150 A).
Interactions of nitrosylhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin with erythrocyte

Abstract Nitrosylhemoglobin (HbFeIINO) has been detected in vivo, and its role in NO transport and preservation has been discussed. To gain insight into the potential role of HbFeIINO, we performed in vitro experiments to determine the effect of oxygenated red blood cells (RBCs) on the dissociation of cell-free HbFeIINO, using carboxyhemoglobin (HbFeIICO) as a comparison. Results show that the apparent half-life of the cell-free HbFeIICO was reduced significantly in the presence of RBCs at 1% hematocrit. In contrast, RBC did not change the apparent half-life of extracellular HbFeIINO, but caused a shift in the HbFeIINO dissociation product from methemoglobin (metHbFeIII) to oxyhemoglobin (HbFeIIO2). Extracellular hemoglobin was able to extract CO from HbFeIICO-containing RBC, but not NO from HbFeIINO-containing RBC. Although these results appear to suggest some unusual interactions between HbFeIINO and RBC, the data are explainable by simple HbFeIINO dissociation and hemoglobin oxidation with known rate constants. A kinetic model consisting of these reactions shows that (i) deoxyhemoglobin is an intermediate in the reaction of HbFeIINO oxidation to metHbFeIII, (ii) the rate-limiting step of HbFeIINO decay is the dissociation of NO from HbFeIINO, (iii) the magnitude of NO diffusion rate constant into RBC is estimated to be ∼104 M−1 s−1, consistent with previous results determined from a competition assay, and (iv) no additional chemical reactions are required to explain these data.
Magnetron sputter epitaxy and characterization of InSb/In1-xAlxSb strained layer superlattices

Strained layer superlattices of InSb/In1−xAlxSb with 0<x<0.5 have been grown on (001)InSb by magnetron sputter epitaxy. The crystalline quality and interface sharpness of the superlattice layers, evaluated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were found to be comparable to the best results obtained for other III–V material systems when grown by molecular beam epitaxy. It is demonstrated that magnetron sputter epitaxy allows precise control of the composition of the layers and layer thicknesses with excellent reproducibility.
Academic users' interactions with ScienceDirect in search tasks: Affective and cognitive behaviors

This article presents part of phase 2 of a research project funded by the NSF-National Science Digital Library Project, which observed how academic users interact with the ScienceDirect information retrieval system for simulated class-related assignments. The ultimate goal of the project is twofold: (1) to find ways to improve science and engineering students' use of science e-journal systems; (2) to develop methods to measure user interaction behaviors. Process-tracing technique recorded participants' processes and interaction behaviors that are measurable; think-aloud protocol captured participants' affective and cognitive verbalizations; pre- and post-search questionnaires solicited demographic information, prior experience with the system, and comments. We explored possible relationships between affective feelings and cognitive behaviors. During search interactions both feelings and thoughts occurred frequently. Positive feelings were more common and were associated more often with thoughts about results. Negative feelings were associated more often with thoughts related to the system, search strategy, and task. Learning styles are also examined as a factor influencing behavior. Engineering graduate students with an assimilating learning style searched longer and paused less than those with a converging learning style. Further exploration of learning styles is suggested.
Two arithmetical techniques with numbered classes

If numbers be used to designate classes, there can be derived from a conjunct of classes numbers corresponding to the expanded product classes. For example, let the product classes ābc and āb be designated by numbers I and 5 as in the following matrix: By using 1 (2 0 ) instead of a , 2 (2 1 ) instead of b , 4 (2 2 ) instead of c , etc., the following relationship emerges between the designation of the conjunct of classes (take 12) and the product classes ( I and 5 ): the product class(es) of any conjunct of classes is (are) (1) the sum of any negated class numbers and (2) seven less the sum of any unnegated class numbers.
Altering product outcome in Abies grandis (−)-limonene synthase and (−)-limonene/(−)-α-pinene synthase by domain swapping and directed mutagenesis ☆

Abstract (−)-(4 S )-limonene synthase (LS) and (−)-(4 S )-limonene/(−)-(1 S , 5 S )-α-pinene synthase (LPS) from grand fir ( Abies grandis ) exhibit nearly 91% sequence identity (93% similarity) at the amino acid level, yet produce very different mixtures of monoterpene olefins. To elucidate critical amino acids involved in determining monoterpene product distribution, a combination of domain swapping and reciprocal site-directed mutagenesis was carried out between these two enzymes. Exchange of the predicted helix D through F region in LS gave rise to an LPS-like product outcome, whereas reciprocal substitutions of four amino acids in LPS (two in the predicted helix D and two in the predicted helix F) altered the product distribution to that intermediate between LS and LPS, and resulted in a 5-fold increase in relative velocity. These results, in conjunction with modeling of the two enzymes, suggest that amino acids in the predicted D through F helix regions are critical for product determination.
Evidence for turbidite accumulation in trenches in the Indo-Pacific region

Abstract Sedimentary evidence in three cores taken from the Java, Mindanao and Mariana Trenches indicates that the Java and Mindanao Trenches are receiving sediments that are mostly turbidites. The Mariana Trench is receiving mostly pelagic muds with minor, but significant additions of sediments transported by turbidity flows.
Chronic Cellular Imaging of Entire Cortical Columns in Awake Mice Using Microprisms

Two-photon imaging of cortical neurons in vivo has provided unique insights into the structure, function, and plasticity of cortical networks, but this method does not currently allow simultaneous imaging of neurons in the superficial and deepest cortical layers. Here, we describe a simple modification that enables simultaneous, long-term imaging of all cortical layers. Using a chronically implanted glass microprism in barrel cortex, we could image the same fluorescently labeled deep-layer pyramidal neurons across their entire somatodendritic axis for several months. We could also image visually evoked and endogenous calcium activity in hundreds of cell bodies or long-range axon terminals, across all six layers in visual cortex of awake mice. Electrophysiology and calcium imaging of evoked and endogenous activity near the prism face were consistent across days and comparable with previous observations. These experiments extend the reach of in vivo two-photon imaging to chronic, simultaneous monitoring of entire cortical columns.
Semi-discrete finite element analysis of zero-thickness inductive strips in a rectangular waveguide

A semi-discrete finite-element method is applied to determine the network parameters for zero-thickness inductive discontinuities in a rectangular guide. The solution obtained is computationally efficient and is applicable under multimode conditions. Moreover, after obtaining the solution for a given geometry at a specific frequency, further frequency analysis for the same geometry requires only nominal additional recalculation. Convergence properties of the solution are studied and comparison with published data is carried out to verify the solution accuracy. >
NEPHROTOXIC SERUM NEPHRITIS IN RATS I. DISTRIBUTION AND SPECIFICITY OF THE ANTIGEN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NEPHROTOXIC ANTIBODIES

Studies have been carried out to determine the distribution of antigen capable of inducing the formation in rabbits of antibodies nephrotoxic for the rat. The results indicate that the antigen is present both in cortex and medulla of rat kidney. It can be extracted to a limited extent with saline. It is non-dialyzable and destroyed by boiling. The nephrotoxic serum antigen is also present in rat lung and placenta, in amounts roughly comparable to that in kidney, and in a number of other rat organs in smaller amounts. These various tissues not only are capable of stimulating the production of nephrotoxic antibodies, but each tissue is also able to absorb the nephrotoxic antibodies induced by injections of other rat tissues. These studies indicate that the nephrotoxic serum antigen in various rat tissues is the same or closely related. The nephrotoxic serum antigen of the rat is distinct from that of the dog and the rabbit, but there appears to be a cross-reaction between the nephrotoxic serum antigens of the rat and mouse. It is concluded that the nephrotoxic serum antigen is not a specific component of kidney; it is neither limited to kidney in its distribution within the rat, nor is the rat antigen present in kidney tissue of 2 other species examined. Rather, it is probable that the antigen is to a large extent specific for tissue of a given species. The preponderance of renal injury following injections of the anti-organ sera presumably is due to the occurrence in the kidney of large amounts of the antigen in positions of physiological importance in which it is exposed directly to the circulating antibodies.
Dislocation-grain boundary interactions in Ni3Ga with and without boron: In situ TEM deformation

Abstract In situ straining of Ni 3 Ga foils in a TEM has shown that dislocations pile up at the grain boundaries and that slip is transferred across the boundaries ahead of the pile-ups, independent of whether the alloy contains boron. Cracks always propagate along the slip bands, never along the grain boundaries. This feature may be a reflection of the low tensile stress triaxialily in the thin foils.
Ionic model for the linear electro-optic effect☆

Abstract An ionic model leading to a linear electro-optic effect is discussed and related to Raman scattering. A simple model is used in an order of magnitude estimate of the effect.
The Effects of Interactive News Presentation on Perceived User Satisfaction of Online Community Newspapers

Using a statewide, Web-based survey, this study examines the associations between online community news audiences' uses of interactive features offered in various news presentations and the perceived satisfaction of community news sites. In addition, the study aims to identify associations between different types of interactive news presentation styles and levels of satisfaction. Results indicate that use of interactive features is positively associated with perceived satisfaction with the exception of forums and Q&A features. Results also reveal that customization features, such as content submissions, letter-to-the-editor, and e-mail byline links, are the sole significant positive predictor of perceived satisfaction toward community news sites.
Negations in conflict

Recent philosophy of logic has not taken Quine's advice. The most influential discussion of intuitionism in the past twenty years has been Michael Dummett's, whose approach begins with the questions about what the logical constants mean: Any justification for adopting one logic rather than another as the logic for mathematics must turn on questions of meaning. He defends intuitionistic logic on the basis of general premises concerning the nature of meaning, and characterizes the meanings of the logical constants accordingly. This approach is precisely the sort that Quine warns against, though Dummett does not skirt usemention fallacies as Quine seems to think is inevitable
Selective Migration Policy Models and Changing Realities of Implementation

Selective migration policies are proliferating worldwide as governments try to attract scientists, highly skilled engineers, medical professionals and information technology professionals. Selective migration policies can be grouped into three ideal-typical models: the Canadian “human capital” model based on state selection of permanent immigrants using a point system; the Australian “neo-corporatist” model based on state selection using a point system with extensive business and labour participation; and the market-oriented, demand-driven model based primarily on employer selection of migrants, as practised by the US. After providing an overview of each model, the article compares the three models in terms of policy outcomes as measured by various metrics and then explains how Canadian, Australian, and US governments have recently adopted policies from one another and deviated from their respective selective migration policy models. Policy Implications Canadian and Australian governments select immigrants using point systems but diverged in 1996 on human capital criteria of higher education and general experience U.S. employers select economic migrants and majority initially come on temporary visas More highly-skilled foreigners go to the U.S. than to Canada, Australia and other countries using point systems combined. Canadian and Australian governments shifting policies toward the U.S. demand-driven model, with increasing preference given to employer-sponsored immigrants and those already working on temporary visas. Canadian government shifting point system criteria from human capital toward specific occupations and may abandon point system altogether.