cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Injecting cybersecurity into a CS program: a non-specialist perspective

CoveringCS2013 Information Assurance and Security (IAS) knowledge area within an undergraduate CS program will providestudents with foundational cybersecurity knowledge and skills to mitigate cybersecurity riskswhich they will almost certainly faceasprofessionals.This workshop presentsteaching materials developed as part of our NSF project (SaTC-EDU 1500033) to inject cybersecurity topics into a typical CS curriculum for undergraduates. We present teaching materials andassessments materials that address cybersecurity topics appropriate for including in CS1, networking and capstone courses. The cybersecurity topics covered are principles, input validation, and network security. Expected audience of this workshop are CS educators seeking ways to add more cybersecurity topics to existing courses in their curriculum. The materials are designed for faculty who are not experts in cybersecurity. After receiving an overview of how the CS2013 Information Assurance and Security (IAS) outcomes were distributed across a CS curriculum, participants will be broken into small groups to review the teaching materials and design a plan for how to incorporate them into typical CS courses. After each small group session, the entire group will discuss plans collectively. The workshop will conclude with gathering participant feedback and a discussion of how ourcybersecurity teaching materials could be expanded andimproved.Each participant should bring a laptop and will receive a stipendof $100for their attendance. Further Information is at: http://research.lemoyne.edu/incubate.
Restricted Diffusion in the Optic Nerve Head After Shock-Induced Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

ABSTRACT Shock-induced anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (SIAION) is a known type of optic neuropathy in patients who experienced shock related to different etiologies such as anemia and severe intradialytic hypotension like in our patient. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common acute unilateral known type of optic neuropathy in older patients with vasculopathic risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea. Although SIAION and NAION are similar optic neuropathies due to ischemia and, in particular, hypotension, they may have different pathogenic mechanisms (e.g., acute shock or intradialytic hypotension vs nocturnal hypotension), laterality (e.g., unilateral vs bilateral), and severity (e.g., light perception or worse vision). We presented a case with restricted diffusion on the apparent diffusion coefficient and the diffusion weighted imaging confined to the optic disc head in a patient with pallid edema after intradialytic hypotension. Although DWI of the optic nerve is neither 100% specific nor 100% sensitive for ischemia, we believe that restricted diffusion of the optic nerve head in our case is a clinico-radiologic correlate to pallid edema in SIAION.
Soil–projectile interaction during penetration of a transparent clay simulant

Visualization of soil structure interaction during projectile penetration of clay is made possible by use of a surrogate composed of magnesium lithium phyllosilicate combined with high-speed photography and digital image correlation. A free-falling penetrator striking at 5.5 m/s simulated a projectile. Penetration resistance was constant within the resolution of the experiment; it was mainly due to the bearing resistance of the soil in contact with the nose, rather than skin friction. Bearing resistance in dynamic penetration for a hemispherical-nose rod was about 20% higher than quasi-static tests using a sphere. Bearing resistance was also about 20% higher for a hemispherical nose compared to a conical nose. Cavitation behind the nose is dependent on its shape with soils rebounding toward the projectile for conical noses but not hemispherical ones.
Fabrication and Characterization of CdZnTeSe Nuclear Detectors

Cadmium zinc telluride selenide (CdZnTeSe) is emerging as a promising semiconductor material for low-cost production of nuclear and radiological detection systems capable of operating at room temperature. This paper presents studies of the fabrication process and detector response for gamma-ray detectors produced from high-quality CdZnTeSe crystals grown by the traveler heater method (THM). The resistivity of the CdZnTeSe is on the order of 1010 Ω-cm. The electron mobilitylifetime (μτ) product characterizing the charge-transport properties is on the order of 10-3 cm2/V. Energy resolutions as good as 6.5% FWHM for the 59.5-keV gamma-peak of 241Am were recorded for planar detectors with gold contacts.
In Reply: Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and adrenal suppression (November 2011)

Readers comment on previous articles about glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and adrenal failure (November 2011), essential tremor (December 2011), and Parkinson disease (January 2012).
Early Adoption of a Certainty Scale to Improve Diagnostic Certainty Communication.

Abstract Objective Assess the early voluntary adoption of a certainty scale to improve communicating diagnostic certainty in radiology reports. Methods This institutional review board–approved study was part of a multifaceted initiative to improve radiology report quality at a tertiary academic hospital. A committee comprised of radiology subspecialty division representatives worked to develop recommendations for communicating varying degrees of diagnostic certainty in radiology reports in the form of a certainty scale, made publicly available online, which specified the terms recommended and the terms to be avoided in radiology reports. Twelve radiologists voluntarily piloted the scale; use was not mandatory. We assessed proportion of recommended terms among all diagnostic certainty terms in the Impression section (primary outcome) of all reports generated by the radiologists. Certainty terms were extracted via natural language processing over a 22-week postintervention period (31,399 reports) and compared with the same 22 calendar weeks 1 year pre-intervention (24,244 reports) using Fisher’s exact test and statistical process control charts. Results Overall, the proportion of recommended terms significantly increased from 8,498 of 10,650 (80.0%) pre-intervention to 9,646 of 11,239 (85.8%) postintervention (P .05), and decreased without significance for 1 radiologist. Conclusion Designing and implementing a certainty scale was associated with increased voluntary use of recommended certainty terms in a small radiologist cohort. Larger-scale interventions will be needed for adoption of the scale across a broad range of radiologists.
Improving the Rigor and Replicability of Applied Psychophysiology Research: Sample Size, Standardization, Transparency, and Preregistration

Scientific research across a number of areas, including applied psychophysiology, biofeedback, and neurofeedback, is facing considerable scrutiny for poor replication rates, high numbers of false-p...
Lone-Electron-Pair Micelles Strengthen Bond Anharmonicity in MnPb16Sb14S38 Complex Sulfosalt Leading to Ultralow Thermal Conductivity.

Designing crystalline solids in which intrinsically and extremely low lattice thermal conductivity mainly arises from their unique bonding nature rather than structure complexity and/or atomic disorder could promote thermal energy manipulation and utilization for applications ranging from thermoelectric energy conversion to thermal barrier coatings. Here, we report an extremely low lattice thermal conductivity of ∼0.34 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K in the new complex sulfosalt MnPb16Sb14S38. We attribute the ultralow lattice thermal conductivity to a synergistic combination of scattering mechanisms involving (1) strong bond anharmonicity in various structural building units, owing to the presence of stereoactive lone-electron-pair (LEP) micelles and (2) phonon scattering at the interfaces between building units of increasing size and complexity. Remarkably, low-temperature heat capacity measurement revealed a Cp value of 0.206 J g-1 K-1 at T > 300 K, which is 22% lower than the Dulong-Petit value (0.274 J g-1 K-1). Further analysis of the Cp data and sound velocity (ν = 1834 m s-1) measurement yielded Debye temperature values of 161 and 187 K, respectively. The resulting Gruneisen parameter, γ = 1.65, further supports strong bond anharmonicity as the dominant mechanism responsible for the observed extremely low lattice thermal conductivity.
Keynote Lecture Robotics and AI: Promises and Challenges

The digitization of practically everything coupled with the mobile Internet, the automation of knowledge work, and advanced robotics promises a future with democratized use of machines and wide-spread use of customization and data-driven decision making. Advances are happening in three different but overlapping fields: robotics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. However, the science and engineering of intelligence remains a grand challenge. Where are the gaps we need to address in order to advance toward a future where machines help people reliably with cognitive and physical tasks? In this talk I will discuss recent developments toward enabling robust machine learning and pervasive robotics.
Reexamining "Perfect" Attendance in Schools

The COVID-19 emergency has created new challenges for schools regarding student attendance The predominant practice of “perfect” attendance incentives in schools conflicts with new government policies regarding student self-quarantine due to the COVID-19 virus School leaders must change their procedures and communication regarding student attendance to reflect these new conditions © 2020
Using Nonfinancial Measures to Assess Fraud Risk

This study examines whether auditors can effectively use nonfinancial measures (NFMs) to assess the reasonableness of financial performance and, thereby, help detect financial statement fraud (hereafter, fraud). If auditors or other interested parties (e.g., directors, lenders, investors, or regulators) can identify NFMs (e.g., facilities growth) that are correlated with financial measures (e.g., revenue growth), inconsistent patterns between the NFMs and financial measures can be used to detect firms with high fraud risk. We find that the difference between financial and nonfinancial performance is significantly greater for firms that committed fraud than for their nonfraud competitors. We also find that this difference is a significant fraud indicator when included in a model containing variables that have previously been linked to the likelihood of fraud. Overall, our results provide empirical evidence suggesting that NFMs can be effectively used to assess fraud risk.
Orbital infarction syndrome following hyaluronic acid filler rhinoplasty.

Abstract Purpose Over the last decade, injectable soft tissue fillers have become an essential part of facial plastic surgery practice. We report here a tragic complication of hyaluronic acid filler injection in a young healthy woman, management offered, and the outcome. Observations A 32-year-old woman developed unilateral acute blindness, orbital pain, total ophthalmoplegia, and anterior and posterior segment ischemia immediately following hyaluronic acid injection. Urgent measures were taken including hyaluronidase enzyme injection, vigorous messaging, and systemic steroids. Eight weeks later, the extraocular motility has fully recovered; however, the consequences of ischemia on the anterior and posterior ocular segments persisted. Conclusions and Importance Describing a major refractory complication following injecting hyaluronic acid dermal filler. Prompt intervention including the use retro or peribulbar injection of hyaluronidase has a little impact when it comes to reversing ocular sequalae. Therefore, injectors should be aware of facial danger zones that could potentially lead to this devastating outcome.
A new evaluation approach for teacher preparation programs using labor market competitiveness of teacher applicants

Abstract This study introduces a new approach to measure effectiveness of teacher preparation programs (TPP) at U.S. universities by examining to what extent TPPs produce employable teacher candidates. We use teacher vacancy-application data in Wisconsin public schools from 2014–15 through 2016–17. We find that attending specific TPPs makes a difference for novice teacher applicants’ hiring outcomes, but the competitiveness of these TPPs is inextricable from their geographic locales. Our findings complement the existing acontextual and absolute TPP rankings and suggest that graduates of TPPs with strong school and community partnerships are more competitive in the local labor market.
Plug-and-play bioinspired seed coatings

Bioinspired, biodegradable seed coatings delivering plant growth promoting bacteria, osmolytes, and carbon sources provide a new tool to grow crops under the abiotic stressors accompanying climate change and marginalized soils.
Tandon v. Newsome, South Bay Pentecostal, & Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn on Religious Liberty and the Pandemic (preprint)

This chapter examines a series of opinions and orders, issued by the Court during its 2020-21 Term, in connection with religious-freedom challenges to various regulations and restrictions issued by governments in response to the Coronavirus pandemic.
Advanced Data Structures

Advanced Data Structures presents a comprehensive look at the ideas, analysis, and implementation details of data structures as a specialized topic in applied algorithms. Data structures are how data is stored within a computer, and how one can go about searching for data within. This text examines efficient ways to search and update sets of numbers, intervals, or strings by various data structures, such as search trees, structures for sets of intervals or piece-wise constant functions, orthogonal range search structures, heaps, union-find structures, dynamization and persistence of structures, structures for strings, and hash tables. This is the first volume to show data structures as a crucial algorithmic topic, rather than relegating them as trivial material used to illustrate object-oriented programming methodology, filling a void in the ever-increasing computer science market. Numerous code examples in C and more than 500 references make Advanced Data Structures an indispensable text. topic. Numerous code examples in C and more than 500 references make Advanced Data Structures an indispensable text.
Feminine Sexual Behavior: Cellular Integration of Hormonal and Afferent Information in the Rodent Forebrain

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a subset of the field of hormonal regulation of feminine sexual behavior in rodents with the emphasis on rats. It focuses on the roles of hormones and afferent input from the environment on hormonal response, including input from mating-related stimulation. A great deal of progress has been made in understanding of how estradiol and progesterone act in the brain, and elsewhere at the cellular level since steroid-hormone receptors were first discovered and characterized in the brain in the 1960s and 1970s. However, the discovery of new steroid-hormone receptors and mechanisms demonstrates how much there is to learn about these processes. Surprisingly, while much is known about the cellular mechanisms of, and response to, hormones in various neuroanatomical areas, it is still required to identify the precise sites at which estradiol and progesterone regulate each aspect of these complex behaviors. Although the understanding of hormonal response mechanisms is progressing rapidly, far less is known about how, and where behavioral responses to internal and external factors are integrated in the brain.
Atomic Degradation and Wear of Thin Carbon Films Under High-Speed Sliding Contact Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The thermomechanical contact behavior and the resulting change in atomic structure of diamond-like carbon (DLC) film were investigated through molecular dynamics simulation. Under the high-speed sliding contact between a diamond asperity and an amorphous DLC film, the atomic stress, temperature rise, and atom coordination number were measured with the elapsed contact time. It was observed that the increase in atomic stress caused higher kinetic energy on the carbon atoms, which accordingly led to the increase in the DLC film temperature. Examining the change in atom coordination number for the carbon atoms in the DLC film, it could be found that the number of sp 2 bonds (i.e., three-fold structure) increased with the contact time, which supported the graphitization process on the DLC film. During the sliding contact, some of the carbon atoms were debonded from the diamond asperity, which were rebonded (or transferred) onto the DLC film surface right after. From the analysis of atomic structural change, it could be concluded that this rebonding process was relying on covalent bonding rather than van der Waals interaction.
BioMap: an interpretation of the core concepts of vision and change for general biology majors (531.11)

Biology as a discipline has expanded dramatically. As we begin to acknowledge that we cannot possibly teach everything in an undergraduate biology curriculum, we struggle to come to consensus about what is most important to teach. The report Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education (AAAS, 2011) offers a set of five core concepts that are intended to provide structure for an undergraduate biology education: (1) evolution, (2) structure and function, (3) information flow, exchange, and storage, (4) pathways and transformations of energy and matter, and (5) systems. We have taken these general concepts and interpreted what they mean for the three major sub-disciplines of biology: molecular/cellular biology, physiology, and ecology/evolution. Using a grassroots approach of soliciting input from faculty at a diverse range of institutions nationally, we have incorporated the feedback of over 240 faculty members to create a set of general principles and specific statements that elaborate on each of t...
Whole slide imaging for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 immunohistochemistry interpretation: Accuracy, Precision, and reproducibility studies for digital manual and paired glass slide manual interpretation

Background: The use of digital whole slide imaging for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) could create improvements in workflow and performance, allowing for central archiving of specimens, distributed and remote interpretation, and the potential for additional computerized automation. Procedures: The accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of manual digital interpretation for HER2 IHC were determined by comparison to manual glass slide interpretation. Inter- and intra-pathologist reproducibility and precision between the glass slide and digital interpretations of HER2 IHC were determined in 5 studies using DAKO HercepTest-stained breast cancer slides with the Philips Digital Pathology System. In 2 inter-method studies, 3 pathologists interpreted glass and digital slides in sequence or in random order with a minimum of 7 days as a washout period. These studies also measured inter-observer reproducibility and precision. Another two studies measured intra-pathologist reproducibility on cases read 10 times by glass and digital methods. One additional study evaluated the effects of adding IHC control slides with each run, using 1 pathologist interpreting glass and digital slides randomized from the sets above along with appropriate controls for each slide in the set. Results: The overall results show that there is no statistical difference between the variance of performance when comparing glass and digital HER2 interpretations; and there were no effects noted when control tissues were evaluated in conjunction with the test slides. Conclusions: The results show that there is an equivalence of result when interpreting HER2 IHC slides in breast cancer by either glass slides or digital images. Digital interpretation can therefore be safely and effectively used for this purpose.
Science of Delivery and Implications for Monitoring and Evaluation

Many developing country governments are trying to understand why the policies put in place to reduce poverty and build prosperity are not leading to the results they want. One way forward could be a new form of knowledge, the “science of delivery”. This concept is borrowed from the healthcare field, where the previous emphasis on understanding the causes and consequences of health issues is shifting to give more attention to organizing, managing and financing health promotion. Applied to the field of public management, a “science of delivery” should provide mechanism-based explanations of how and why the implementation capability of countries varies, as well as a guide to action. Key elements of the “science of delivery” are to ensure that projects or interventions have adequate monitoring and evaluation mechanisms built in to the project and to ensure these are linked to feedback loops to ensure continual learning, experimentation, results monitoring, and redesign based on experience.
A Model of Large-Scale Instabilities in the Jovian Troposphere. 2. Quasi-linear Model

Abstract The tropospheric circulation of Jupiter is characterized by latitudinal cloud bands and near-steady jets which decay with height above the cloud tops. We developed a quasi-geostrophic mid-latitude β-plane model to study whether the jet decay with height and meridional circulations arise as a way of stabilizing a deep zonal flow extending into the upper troposphere of Jupiter. Linear barotropic and baroclinic instabilities of simple analytic zonal flows with vertical and horizontal shears, thought to be representative of the Jovian upper tropospheric circulation, are investigated. When the vertical shear zones are not too thin, the shear confines disturbances originating from barotropic instability and reduces their growth rates. These results are analogous to the stabilizing effect of meridional shear on baroclinic instabilities, a problem which has recently been referred to in the meteorological literature as the "barotropic governor" (I. N. James, 1987, J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3710-3720). Westward jets are more unstable than eastward jets which are readily stabilized by a weak vertical shear. Barotropic instabilities produce eddy fluxes and are associated with residual mean meridional circulations which maintain the thermal wind balance with the eddy-induced vertical shearing of the mean flow: these consist of a bottom cell with rising motions on the anticyclonic side of the jet and a cell with opposite circulation stacked above it. For the family of flows considered here, the least unstable flows are shown to have a Burger number of one for westward jets and a Burger number of one at the most for eastward jets. A regime of baroclinic instability arises for thinner vertical shear zones.
Developing user interfaces: ensuring usability through product & process

Ensuring Usability in Human-Computer Interaction. THE PRODUCT. User Interaction Design Guidance: Standards, Guidelines, and Style Guides. Interaction Styles. THE PROCESS. Iterative, Evaluation-Centered User Interaction Development. An Overview of Systems Analysis and Design. Techniques for Representing User Interaction Designs. More on Using the User Action Notation. Usability Specification Techniques. Rapid Prototyping of Interaction Design. Formative Evaluation. User Interface Development Tools. Making It Work: Ensuring Usability in Your Development Environment. Index.
When philosophers shoot from the hip: a report from America.

KIE: Rachels' subject is the performance of philosophers/ethicists as commentators on public events, such as the decision of a California couple, the Ayalas, to have another child with the hope that the infant's bone marrow cells could be used to save the life of a daughter dying of leukemia. Rachels charges that instead of carefully analyzing new developments and their implications, ethicists often function as defenders of existing social consensus.
A Practical Guide to Patch Testing

Contact dermatitis is a common disease seen by allergists, dermatologists, and primary care physicians. The gold standard for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is patch testing and is indicated in any patient with a chronic, pruritic, eczematous, or lichenified dermatitis if underlying or secondary ACD is suspected. Patients with acute generalized dermatitis who have extensive eczema on the back, are on immunosuppressant medications, and have applied topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, or ultraviolet radiation to the patch test (PT) site may have suppressed PT reactions. The procedure of patch testing is not a difficult one to perform, but the interpretation of the PT needs some critical components, including having an appropriate level of suspicion for the diagnosis of ACD, testing the relevant allergens in their proper vehicle and concentration, and the necessary experience to properly interpret the results. Careful history and physical examination must be correlated with the result of the PT to establish clinical relevance. Once the PT is completed, allergens are identified, and relevance has been established, educating the patient about the avoidance of exposure is critical. The Joint Task Force of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology has developed updated practice parameters for contact dermatitis and patch testing, and their recommendations will be discussed (Fonacier LF, Bernstein DI, Pacheco K, Holness DL. Contact dermatitis: a practice parameter update 2015. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2015; 3(3S):S1-S40.).
Higher-order Correlations of Cosmological Fluctuation Fields

Traditionally, the standard way to describe the statistics of cosmological fluctuation fields has been the power spectrum. However, higher-order correlations (HOC) contain a wealth of information e.g., on the initial conditions, evolution and clustering properties of cosmic structures. With the recent observational progress and the advent of new large galaxy surveys it will be possible to perform high-precision study of HOC.
The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior

Written by four leading researchers in the study of prosocial behavior, this book introduces a new perspective on prosocial behavior for the 21st century. Building on the bystander intervention work that has defined this area since the 1960s, The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior examines prosocial behavior from a multilevel perspective that explores the diverse influences that promote actions for the benefit of others and the myriad ways that prosocial actions can be manifested. The authors expand the breadth of the field, incorporating analyses of biological and genetic factors that predispose individuals to be concerned for the well being of others, as well as planned helping such as volunteering and organizational citizenship behavior and cooperative behavior within and between groups. They identify both the common and the unique processes that underlie the broad spectrum of prosocial behavior.Each chapter begins with a question about prosocial behavior and ends with a summary that answers the question. The final chapter summarizes the questions and the answers that research provides. Conceptual models that elaborate on and extend the multilevel approach to prosocial behavior are used to tie these findings together. The book concludes with suggestions for future research. The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior addresses the following:*the evolution of altruistic tendencies and other biological explanations of why humans are predisposed to be prosocial;*how the situation and motives that are elicited by these situations affect when and how people help;*the causes and maintenance of long-term helping, such as volunteering;*how prosocial behavior changes over time and the developmental processes responsible for these changes;*the consequences of helping for both the people who provide it and those who receive it;*helping and cooperation within and between groups and the implications of these actions.This accessible text is ideal for advanced courses on helping and altruism or prosocial behavior, taught in psychology, sociology, management, political science, and communication, or for anyone interested in learning more about prosocial behavior in general.
Multiple Transport Components for Putrescine in Escherichia coli

Putrescine uptake was studied in cultures of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in media of high or low osmolarity. When grown in high osmolarity medium, a transport system of low Km and low Vmax was found. For cultures grown in a medium of low osmolarity, the kinetics of putrescine uptake was more complex and consistent with the existence of an additional transport system of higher Km and Vmax. This conclusion is supported by the isolation of mutants in which one or the other system appears to be defective and by the ability of chloramphenicol to block the expression of the second transport system. Both systems appear to prefer putrescine over other compounds, since several basic amino acids and other polyamines competed only weakly for transport. The action of both uptake systems was shown to cause significant displacement of intracellular putrescine. Both systems also are at least partially energy dependent.
Circuit implementation of neural FitzHugh-Nagumo equations

A circuit that emulates FitzHugh-Nagumo's differential equations using OTAs, diodes, and capacitors is proposed. These equations model the fundamental behavior of an organic neuron cell, i.e. if the input is below a certain threshold, no output is observed, and if it is above threshold, the output yields a sequence of firing pulses. The circuit is obtained by using a general method for implementing nonlinear differential equations. The resulting circuit, due to the (voltage) programmability of the OTA, allows one to easily vary parameters. Thus, a large family of solutions can be obtained, including the Van der Pol's equation. Experimental results from a breadboard prototype that show the suitability of the technique and its potential for CMOS implementation are given. >
Child fatality in intercountry adoption: what media reports suggest about deaths of Russian children in the U.S.

This article addresses the ultimate risk in child placement, fatality, in the context of international adoption. It first reviews relevant literature, then profiles demographic and policy trends, followed by analysis of risk factors derived from public media reports related to the children, families, and placing agencies in 19 known cases of death of Russian children in U.S. adoptive homes since 1996. The article concludes that many of the child deaths involved recently placed boys, frequently age 3 or younger, most with special needs or challenging behaviors, and often placed along with siblings. Most of the children who died had multiple injuries characteristic of battered child syndrome. Parents were traditional couples under severe parenting stress who usually had other children, often including additional preschoolers and/or homeschoolers. Mothers frequently pled guilty to various charges, typically less serious than murder. In four situations, parents either were not charged or were found not guilty. Most placements involved agencies founded within 15 years before the child fatality, and several subsequently closed, three amid scandals unrelated to the deaths. The remaining agencies include well-regarded organizations, and five directors or representatives contributed their perspectives. This article identifies patterns and makes recommendations for practice, with the goal of reducing risk of harm to children placed internationally.
Intravenous treatment of migraine

Abstract Migraine is a common primary headache disorder. A subset of patients may become disabled by frequent, severe, or treatment-refractory headache. Most patients respond adequately to drugs administered by the oral, intramuscular, or subcutaneous route. Intravenous therapy is an option for the treatment of severe headache in a monitored setting. The most common scenario is the treatment of acute refractory headache in the emergency department. Intravenous treatment may be undertaken with common analgesics, such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and ketorolac, or an opioid, or with a drug used specifically for migraine. Among the latter drugs are antiemetic dopamine antagonists, dihydroergotamine, magnesium, valproate sodium, and glucocorticoids. Some of the latter agents have been studied in controlled trials but data are too limited to inform clinical guidelines. Larger placebo-controlled trials of these and other agents will be needed to better position the intravenous drugs in the treatment strategies for acute refractory headache, refractory chronic migraine, and withdrawal headache during the management of medication overuse headache.
Resonance effects in fusion and transfer reactions

An impressive quantity of high quality experimental data has become available in the last five years and has now rather clearly defined the resonance behavior present in light nucleus-nucleus systems and has shown that “resonance” behaviors persist in heavier systems. It is found that for some light systems the nucleus-nucleus interaction is unexpectedly weakly absorbing for surface partial waves and this surface transparency manifests itself in “resonance” structures in the elastic scattering as well as the reaction channels. What has become clear from these studies is that it is only by carefully establishing the detailed behavior in all channels, the elastic scattering, the “direct” reaction channels, and the fusion reaction channels, that sufficient information becomes available to form a complete picture. The success of the band crossing model in reproducing many of the features observed in the data looks promising. In going to heavier systems,it is observed that the strengths of the elastic scattering cross sections at back angles for 12C and 16O on α-nucleus targets is significantly larger than expected with strong absorption potentials. The excitation functions for these cross sections, as well as those observed for (16O,12C) reactions at both forward and back angles, do not show a smooth energy dependence but rather exhibit “resonance” behaviors. Although the understanding of the behavior in these heavier systems is far from complete now, the smooth trend in the strength of the back angle elastic scattering cross sections as a function of the mass suggests a connection between the behaviors observed in the light and heavier systems exists. The next year or two should prove to be an exciting period of time during which these phenomena will be explored both experimentally and theoretically.
The Tri-Trophic Interactions Hypothesis: Interactive Effects of Host Plant Quality, Diet Breadth and Natural Enemies on Herbivores

Several influential hypotheses in plant-herbivore and herbivore-predator interactions consider the interactive effects of plant quality, herbivore diet breadth, and predation on herbivore performance. Yet individually and collectively, these hypotheses fail to address the simultaneous influence of all three factors. Here we review existing hypotheses, and propose the tri-trophic interactions (TTI) hypothesis to consolidate and integrate their predictions. The TTI hypothesis predicts that dietary specialist herbivores (as compared to generalists) should escape predators and be competitively dominant due to faster growth rates, and that such differences should be greater on low quality (as compared to high quality) host plants. To provide a preliminary test of these predictions, we conducted an empirical study comparing the effects of plant (Baccharis salicifolia) quality and predators between a specialist (Uroleucon macolai) and a generalist (Aphis gossypii) aphid herbivore. Consistent with predictions, these three factors interactively determine herbivore performance in ways not addressed by existing hypotheses. Compared to the specialist, the generalist was less fecund, competitively inferior, and more sensitive to low plant quality. Correspondingly, predator effects were contingent upon plant quality only for the generalist. Contrary to predictions, predator effects were weaker for the generalist and on low-quality plants, likely due to density-dependent benefits provided to the generalist by mutualist ants. Because the TTI hypothesis predicts the superior performance of specialists, mutualist ants may be critical to A. gossypii persistence under competition from U. macolai. In summary, the integrative nature of the TTI hypothesis offers novel insight into the determinants of plant-herbivore and herbivore-predator interactions and the coexistence of specialist and generalist herbivores.
Correction of microtubule-kinetochore attachment errors: Mechanisms and role in tumor suppression

During mitosis, cells segregate duplicated chromosomes with high fidelity in order to maintain genome stability. Proper attachment of sister kinetochores to spindle microtubules is critical for accurate chromosome segregation and is driven by complex mechanisms that promote the capture of unattached kinetochores and the resolution of erroneously attached kinetochores. Defects in these surveillance systems promote chromosome segregation and aneuploidy and can contribute to neoplastic transformation. Understanding, how, at the molecular level, accurate chromosome segregation is achieved may be crucial for our understanding of how cancer cells develop genome instability.
LOCALLY GENERATED SURFACE WAVES IN SANTA CLARA VALLEY: ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION

The motions recorded by the Gilroy array of instruments on the surface of the Santa Clara Valley, California, during the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1984 Morgan Hill earthquakes are analysed for evidence of valley induced surface waves. The Santa Clara Valley extends in a NW–SE direction, south of the San Francisco Bay. The Gilroy linear array of instruments is an east–west alignment of stations crossing the Santa Clara Valley. Seismic refraction studies in the vicinity of the array indicate that the valley is wedge-shaped in cross-section with maximum thickness of the order of 1 km. Analysis of the recorded motions of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake reveal clear evidence of the fundamental and first and second higher modes of Rayleigh waves, while analysis of the recorded motions of the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake shows, in addition to the above surface wave modes, the presence of the fundamental Love mode. Motions generated by the latter event were more complicated due to the presence of the low-velocity zone of the Calaveras fault, which traps and focuses seismic energy generated by slip on the fault, and leaks it to the surrounding medium in a rather complicated manner. The observed valley-induced surface waves are simulated using a hybrid numerical technique which combines the Boundary Integral Equation Method with the Finite Element Method. The mathematical formulation that we use has been developed for a class of cylindrical inclusions of infinite length, having an arbitrary cross-section, embedded in a homogeneous (or layered) half-space, subjected to plane waves impinging at an oblique angle with respect to the axis of the inclusion. Even though the model of the valley is two-dimensional, the response is three-dimensional and has the particular feature of repeating itself with a certain delay for different observers along the axis of the valley. This feature leads to a considerably simpler solution than that for a valley with a 3-D geometry.
The mineral economy: how prices and costs can falsely signal decreasing scarcity

Abstract Natural resource prices and costs of extraction have declined simultaneously with increasing quantities of extraction for a long time. In a Hotelling sense this indicates decreasing scarcity since low cost resources normally would be used first and quantities of extraction normally would decrease over time. The main reason for the trend being opposite to Hotelling characteristics is usually thought to be due to technological innovation. However, an alternative reason for decreasing costs and prices and increasing quantities of extraction may be due to Georgescu-Roegen’s [Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 1972. Energy and economic myth. In: Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas (Ed.), Energy and Economic Myths: Institutional and Analytical Economic Essays. Published 1976, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 3–36] concept of ‘Bonanza’ where there is only the appearance of decreasing scarcity. Norgaard’s [Norgaard, R.B., 1990. Economic indicators of resource scarcity: a critical essay. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 19(1), 19–25] ‘Mayflower’ problem can be used to model an alternative neo-classical approach to resource extraction and scarcity. In this paper, a model of resource exploration is developed where the explorer does not know total reserves of the resource base as he searches for and extracts the natural resource. The explorer never entirely knows how big the resource base is but does gain information about the potential location of new reserves as discovery proceeds. That reduces exploration costs. The lower exploration costs can cause the price to fall over time, until eventually scarcity of the resource causes the price to rise. The true scarcity is only revealed towards the end of exhaustion. The model shows that it is possible to have several years of increasing production simultaneous with lower prices and costs until a sudden, intense price rise occurs with a huge cut in production. When technology is able to cut costs and increase the reserve base, the decline in prices and costs and the increase in production can last longer. However, even with better technology, it is still possible for a sharp increase in price as long as demand is growing faster than technological innovation. The problem is that the true size of the resource base is never known. Society does not know if technology is actually overcoming scarcity or not until demand for a resource outstrips supplies. It is even possible for a price shock of incredible magnitude to surprise an economy within one or two years after a hundred years of declining prices and increasing production.
Gastric pH, GI Tract Bleeding, and Acid Suppression Therapy in Pediatric Patients

Crill CM, Hak EB. Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in critically ill pediatric patients. Pharmacotherapy 1999;19:162180. This paper discusses developmental issues that affect the occurrence and prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in pediatric patients. It reviews the diagnosis, frequency, and risk factors for this disorder, while noting differences between pediatric and adult patients. A review of nonpharmacological and pharmacological prophylaxis and treatment is presented, complete with dosing guidelines and pharmacokinetic data. The authors incorporated economic and monitoring issues, while making recommendations for therapy.
Network Commercials Promote Legal Drugs: Outnumber Anti-Drug PSA's 45-to-1:

During the week of September 16 to 22, 1990, commercials promoting drugs and alcohol outnumbered the networks' news stories, documentaries, and PSA's about illegal drugs by a ratio of almost 39-to-1. If you consider the PSA's alone, the commercials promoting drugs and alcohol outnumbered them by a ratio of almost 45-to-1.
Distributed visualization at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Several approaches to visualizing simulated data are described. It is noted that a centralized video animation facility represents the state of the art in scientific visualization, but is too expensive to replicate widely. Methods used at LANL for connecting supercomputers with display units, ranging from dumb terminals to powerful workstations, are also described. Of particular interest is the Scientific Visualization Workbench, an inexpensive and effective way of using 'televisualization' to move data from supercomputer to user and to modify the user's display. The implication of higher speed networks are discussed. >
Transgenics and the Study of Tolerance

Abstract The complex mechanism by which an organism becomes immunologically self-tolerant and yet remains responsive to foreign antigens is not well understood. Transgenic technology, which makes possible the controlled expression of select genes in the developing mammal, provides us with a versatile tool for the study of tolerance in vivo . The permanent integration of selected genes into the mouse germline has allowed the expression of self-reactive T- and B-cell receptors, the ectopic expression of self-antigens, and the expression of modified self-antigens. In this review, we discuss methods for the production of transgenic mice and highlight experiments that have used transgenic animals to study tolerance.
Experimental study of reaction in a partially wetted catalytic pellet

A single-pellet reactor has been used to investigate the impact of partial external wetting on catalyst performance in a multiphase reaction system. The novel design simulates the local environment within a trickle-bed reactor, and permits the direct measurement of the degree of wetting under reaction conditions. Experimental data of the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene (AMS) over a Pd/Al2O3 pellet provide unequivocal evidence of effectiveness enhancement by partial wetting, a predicted single-pellet phenomenon (e.g., Harold and Ng, 1987; Funk et al., 1988, 1989). The overall reaction rate is an increasing (decreasing) function of the degree of wetting if the overall limiting reactant is more effectively supplied through the wetted (nonwetted) part of the surface. A maximum in the reaction rate can occur at an intermediate degree of wetting, signaling a transition from an overall AMS-limited to hydrogen-limited reaction. The dependence of the degree of wetting on the liquid flow rate for low reaction rates is consistent with a simple rivulet flow model. At higher reaction rates the degree of wetting decreases, with all other conditions fixed. Possible mechanisms for this interesting link between the degree of wetting and reaction are discussed.
Full-length sequence, regulation and developmental studies of a second vitellogenin gene from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis

Vitellogenin (Vg) is the precursor of vitellin (Vn) which is the major yolk protein in eggs. In a previous report, we isolated and characterized the first Vg message from the American dog tick Dermacentor variabilis. In the current study, we describe a second Vg gene from the same tick. The Vg2 cDNA is 5956 nucleotides with a 5775 nt open reading frame coding for 1925 amino acids. The conceptual amino acid translation contains a 16-residues putative signal peptide, N-terminal lipid binding domain and C-terminal von Willebrand factor type D domain present in all known Vgs. Moreover, the amino acid sequence shows a typical GLCG domain and several RXXR cleavage sites present in most isolated Vgs. Tryptic digest-mass fingerprinting of Vg and Vn recognized 11 fragments that exist in the amino acid translation of DvVg2 cDNA. Injection of virgin females with 20 hydroxyecdysone induced DvVg2 expression, vitellogenesis and oviposition. Using RT-PCR, DvVg2 expression was detected only in tick females after mating and feeding to repletion. Northern blot analysis showed that DvVg2 is expressed in fat body and gut cells of vitellogenic females but not in the ovary. DvVg2 expression was not detected in adult fed or unfed males. The characteristics that distinguish Vg from other similar tick storage proteins like the carrier protein, CP (another hemelipoglycoprotein) are discussed.