cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public health aspects of the culture of the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in a waste recycling aquaculture system

Abstract A study of 24 weeks duration was carried out in which oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were grown in four regimes. These were: (i) on phytoplankton cultured in a mixture of secondary treated sewage effluent and seawater for a period of 12 weeks followed by a second 12-week period of feeding on phytoplankton cultured in a “clean”, inorganically enriched regime; (ii) as for (i) except that the secondary effluent was sand filtered prior to use; (iii) as for (ii) except that the effluent was charcoal filtered prior to use; and (iv) using “clean”, inorganically enriched phytoplankton food for the 24-week duration. At intervals of 2 weeks, populations of oysters were removed for assay for trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and organic contaminants (hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls). No significant accumulation or depuration of any metal or organic contaminant was evident in any of the regimes. In terms of these contaminants all oysters are within acceptable edible standards as set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Modification of silastic sling repair for rectal procidentia and anal incontinence.

Des bandes de feutre sont ajoutees au «silastic» pour augmenter sa reactivite et son adherence aux tissus
GPS spoofing attack on time synchronization in wireless networks and detection scheme design

In this paper, we introduce a GPS spoofing attack on the time synchronization in wireless networks. As a case study, the frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) based ad hoc network relying on the GPS signal is investigated. The GPS spoofing attack, which is more malicious than other attacks such as jamming, could lead to the loss of network-wide synchronization as well as the loss of synchronization in FH code. The performance degradation in terms of symbol error rate (SER) of the FH-CDMA based ad hoc network under such an attack is evaluated. Then, to detect the spoofing attack efficiently, we propose to employ a quick detection technique, i.e., CUSUM test algorithm, by observing the dynamic range of the successful detection rate. Simulation results show that GPS spoofing attack on network performance is a long-term impact and more pernicious threat compared to the jamming; moreover, our proposed CUSUM scheme is an effective method to detect the GPS spoofing attack.
Cardioactive steroid poisoning from an herbal cleansing preparation.

Abstract We describe a case of unintentional poisoning from a cardioactive steroid and the subsequent analytic investigation. A 36-year-old woman with no past medical history and taking no conventional medications ingested an herbal preparation marketed for "internal cleansing." Its ingredients were neither known to the patient nor listed on the accompanying literature. The next morning, nausea, vomiting, and weakness developed. In the emergency department, her blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg, and her pulse rate was 30 beats/min. Her ECG revealed a junctional rhythm at a rate of 30 beats/min and a digitalis effect on the ST segments. After empiric therapy with 10 vials of digoxin-specific Fab (Digibind), her symptoms resolved, and she reverted to a sinus rhythm at a rate of 68 beats/min. Her serum digoxin concentration measured by means of the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (Abbott TDx) was 1.7 ng/mL. Further serum analysis with the Tina Quant digoxin assay, a more digoxin-specific immunoassay, found a concentration of 0.34 ng/mL, and an enzyme immunoassay for digitoxin revealed a concentration of 20 ng/mL (therapeutic range 10 to 30 ng/mL). Serum analysis by means of high-performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of active digitoxin metabolites; the parent compound was not present. When the diagnosis of cardioactive steroid poisoning is suspected clinically, laboratory analysis can confirm the presence of cardioactive steroids by using immunoassays of varying specificity. An empiric dose of 10 vials of digoxin-specific Fab might be beneficial in patients poisoned with an unknown cardioactive steroid. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:396-399.]
Articulating Vs. Static Antibiotic Impregnated Spacers in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty for Sepsis. A Systematic Review

Periprosthetic infection after total knee arthroplasty is a devastating complication, and two-stage exchange is the standard of care in North America. Articulating and static spacers have been developed to treat these infections but controversy exists over which method is superior. We performed a systematic review using MEDLINE and other literature search engines identifying 47 articles meeting inclusion criteria producing 2011 spacers for comparison. Articulating spacers had increased range of motion 100.1° vs. 82.9° (P<0.003), lower re-infection rate 7.5% (P<0.0031), facilitated re-implantation (P<0.0011), and developed less bone loss (P<.0001) than did static spacers. This study answers several clinically relevant questions and provides useful information in guiding clinical decision making in treating periprosthetic infection.
Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction Gap and Dual Pathway Electrophysiology

Background The gap phenomenon in atrioventricular (AV) conduction is described as a block that occurs within a range of atrial coupling intervals. This block is assumed to occur between two adjacent parts of the conduction system having different refractory properties; thus, a gap would develop if the functional refractory period of the proximal unit was shorter than the effective refractory period of the distal unit. We describe a new electrophysiological mechanism based on dual pathways electrophysiology of the AV node. Methods and Results In vitro experiments were performed on isolated superfused rabbit hearts. Standard electrophysiological pacing and recording techniques were used to generate conduction curves. The gap phenomenon was documented in 9 of 14 nodal preparations. With shortening of the atrial coupling interval, antegrade conduction block of the “fast” pathway wave front occurred while this impulse was still retrogradely interfering with slow pathway conduction. That is, the fast pathway wa...
Effects of nanostructure geometry on nanoimprinted polymer photovoltaics

We demonstrate the effects of nanostructure geometry on the nanoimprint induced poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) chain alignment and the performance of nanoimprinted photovoltaic devices. Out-of-plane and in-plane grazing incident X-ray diffraction techniques are employed to characterize the nanoimprint induced chain alignment in P3HT nanogratings with different widths, spacings and heights. We observe the dependence of the crystallite orientation on nanostructure geometry such that a larger width of P3HT nanogratings leads to more edge-on chain alignment while the increase in height gives more vertical alignment. Consequently, P3HT/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) solar cells with the highest density and aspect ratio P3HT nanostructures show the highest power conversion efficiency among others, which is attributed to the efficient charge separation, transport and light absorption.
Genetic approaches to understanding the causes of stuttering

Stuttering is a common but poorly understood speech disorder. Evidence accumulated over the past several decades has indicated that genetic factors are involved, and genetic linkage studies have begun to identify specific chromosomal loci at which causative genes are likely to reside. A detailed investigation of one such region on chromosome 12 has identified mutations in the GNPTAB gene that are associated with stuttering in large families and in the general population. Subsequent studies identified mutations in the functionally related GNPTG and NAGPA genes. Mutations in these genes disrupt the lysosomal targeting pathway that generates the Mannose 6-phosphate signal, which directs a diverse group of enzymes to their target location in the lysosome of the cell. While mutations in these three genes can be identified in less than 10% of cases of familial stuttering, this knowledge allows a variety of new studies that can help identify the neuropathology that underlies this disorder.
Chronic opioid exposure produces increased heroin self-administration in rats

The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of chronic opioid exposure on the level of heroin self-administration in the rat. Rats were divided into morphine (M, subcutaneous morphine pellets) and placebo (P, subcutaneous placebo pellets) groups and self-administered several different doses of heroin during daily limited access 1-h sessions and prolonged access 8-h sessions. No effects on heroin self-administration occurred when the rats were implanted with morphine pellets and allowed to self-administer heroin in a limited access paradigm (1-h group). However, rats with morphine pellet implantation showed a rapid escalation (Days 0-3 post-pellet) in heroin self-administration in the more prolonged access group (8 h group) compared to placebo-pelleted animals also with 8-h access. Ultimately, placebo-pelleted 8-h exposed animals showed an escalation in heroin self-administration but this effect was delayed until Days 16-18 post-pellet. These results suggest that passive administration of morphine sufficient to produce and maintain dependence facilitates escalation in heroin intake.
Enhanced second-order nonlinearity by photoassisted poling of active hybrid sol-gel

Second-harmonic generation in chromophore doped hybrid sol-gel is investigated. Blue light assisted corona poling is applied to hybrid sol-gel doped with Disperse Red 13 around the glass transition temperature. As a result a threefold enhancement in second-order nonlinear optical coefficient has been achieved.
Use of healthcare resources among medically and surgically treated patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a population-based study.

Abstract Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder that may be effectively managed medically or surgically. Direct evaluations of medical resource use are needed to better understand the relative costs of these alternatives. This study compared medical care use for a group of patients receiving surgical treatment for GERD with that for a comparable group of patients receiving medical management. Study Design: We conducted a retrospective matched cohort study of Tennessee Medicaid (TennCare) patients with GERD undergoing surgical treatment in 1996 and a group of patients who received medical therapy during the same period. Administrative TennCare data provided computerized records that could be used to identify patients and measure healthcare use. There were 7,502 people who met all of the conditions for inclusion in the study, including at least two encounters with a diagnosis of GERD. One hundred thirty-five of these who underwent fundoplication constituted the surgically treated cohort. The 250 persons in the medically treated cohort were selected randomly from the remaining nonsurgical patients and matched to the surgical cohort by age, gender, race, managed care organization, and acid suppression drug use in the baseline year. The principal outcome of interest was total use of medical resources, including prescription medication. Results: The surgical and medical cohorts did not differ significantly by demographic characteristics or by baseline use of pharmaceuticals. During the baseline year the surgically treated patients were prescribed 302 (95% CI: 270–334) days of GERD treatment and the matched medical patients were prescribed 292 (95% CI: 267–317) days of GERD treatment. Surgically treated patients used more GERD-related outpatient resources (physician visits and diagnostic testing) in the baseline year, particularly in the 3 months before operation, when they had a mean of more than four outpatient encounter-days. In the followup year, use of GERD-related pharmaceuticals decreased markedly in the surgical cohort. These patients were prescribed an average of 123 days (95% CI: 94–153) of therapy, which was only 36% of that for medical patients (339 days [95% CI: 308–370]). More than 29% of surgical patients were prescribed no GERD-related drugs in the followup year compared with 6% of the medically treated group. The mean number of inpatient days for the fundoplication procedure was 3.2 (95% CI: 2.7–3.6), with a range of 0 to 13 days. There were no differences between the two groups in other healthcare use. Conclusions: Our results show that in a 1-year period of followup, surgical treatment of severe gastroesophageal reflux disease led to a 64% postsurgical reduction in GERD medication use, with no increase in use of other medical services.
On a statistical analysis model of mid-IR gas sensing systems

A mid-IR laser-based gas sensing system based on Laser-based spectroscopy (LAS) is an important application in numerous fields. We used detection theory to develop a generic statistical analysis model for mid-IR gas sensing systems to compute the different performance probabilities. A signal strength measure, ΔSNR , is defined to address the detection problem for the gas sensing system and to perform detection improvement analysis.
Michael A. Pfaller, M.D.

![Figure][1] Michael A. Pfaller is an accomplished physician, educator, and researcher in the areas of antifungal agents and resistance, epidemiology of bacterial and fungal infections, and the role of the clinical microbiology laboratory in hospital infection control. Dr. Pfaller is a
On the robust stability and stabilization of sampled-data systems: A hybrid system approach

We consider the stability analysis and state-feedback stabilization of LTI uncertain sampled-data systems. There are two sources of uncertainty: the plant's parameters can be uncertain and the sampling intervals can be unknown and variable. We model the sampled-data system as a hybrid system and we employ a Lyapunov function with discontinuities to establish the stability of the system. Our stability and stabilization results are presented as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). By solving these LMIs, one can find a positive constant which determines an upper bound on the sampling intervals such that the stability of the closed-loop is guaranteed. The control design LMIs also provide controller gains that can be used to stabilize a given process. To reduce the conservativeness we use slack matrices; however, we require a smaller number of slack matrices than in the previous results and we show that we have done it without making the results more conservative. As a special case we consider sampled-data systems with constant sampling intervals and provide results for this class of systems that are less conservative than the ones obtained for the general case of variable sampling time.
Plasma-induced changes in the physiology of mammalian retinal glial cells: role of glutamate.

Plasma can leak into the nervous system when the vascular endothelial barrier is compromised. Although this occurs commonly, little is known about the effects of plasma on the function of cells in the central nervous system. In this study, we focused on the responses of glial cells, which, because they ensheathe the blood vessels, are the first cells exposed to leaking plasma. We used the perforated-patch configuration of the patch-clamp technique to assess the effects of plasma on freshly dissociated bovine and human Muller cells, the principal glia of the retina. To monitor the function of Muller cells in situ, we recorded electroretinograms from isolated retinas. We found that plasma activates an electrogenic glutamate transporter and inhibits inward-rectifying K 1 channels, as well as a transient outward current. Glutamate, a normal constituent of the blood, mimicked these effects. Unlike our recent findings with serum, which contains molecules generated by the clotting process, plasma neither activated a nonspecific cation conductance nor inhibited the slow PIII component of the electroretinogram, which is generated by Muller cells responding to light-evoked changes in the extracellular potassium concentration ((K 1 )O). Taken together, our observations indicate that a leakage of serum into the retina compromises the regulation of (K 1 )O by Muller cells; however, when plasma enters the retina at sites of a breakdown in the blood-retinal barrier, these glia can maintain K 1 homeostasis while reducing the potentially neuro- toxic levels of glutamate. GLIA 25:205-215, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extended Followup and Risk Factors for Disease Reclassification in a Large Active Surveillance Cohort for Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Active surveillance to manage prostate cancer provides an alternative to immediate treatment in men with low risk prostate cancer. We report updated outcomes from a long-standing active surveillance cohort and factors associated with reclassification.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data on all men enrolled in the active surveillance cohort at our institution with at least 6 months of followup between 1990 and 2013. Surveillance consisted of quarterly prostate specific antigen testing, repeat imaging with transrectal ultrasound at provider discretion and periodic repeat prostate biopsies. Factors associated with repeat biopsy reclassification and local treatment were determined by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression. We also analyzed the association of prostate specific antigen density and outcomes stratified by prostate size.Results: A total of 810 men who consented to participate in the research cohort were followed on active surveillance for a median of 60 months...
Consequences of an amphibian malformity for development and fitness in complex environments

Summary 1. Environmental stressors have both lethal and sublethal effects, such as altered developmental rates and the induction of malformations. Ecological interactions, including predation and competition, often amplify such effects, for instance by inducing behavioural changes that increase susceptibility to the stress. 2. Using experimental mesocosms, we asked whether the density of conspecific competitors and predation risk from larval water beetles (Dytiscus spp.) affect the development of malformations in tadpoles of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). We also examined whether such malformities increase the susceptibility of tadpoles to predation. 3. The risk of predation decreased the frequency of malformities in both low- and high-density treatments, although this effect was greater at low density. Behavioural observations suggested that reductions in activity by amphibian larvae induced by predators mediated these responses by decreasing cumulative exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation, the putative stressor causing the observed malformity. These results suggest that predators can reduce negative impacts of stressors by inducing behavioural changes in prey organisms. 4. Malformed individuals were twice as vulnerable to predators as non-malformed individuals, suggesting that sublethal effects can ultimately cause increased mortality.
Altered branching of serotonin-containing neurons in Drosophila mutants unable to synthesize serotonin and dopamine

The anatomy of peripheral serotonin-containing fibers (5-HT fibers) in the gut of wild-type Drosophila larvae was compared to mutants deficient in the gene that encodes the enzyme dopa decarboxylase (DfDdc mutants). The 5-HT fibers, located in the proventriculus and midgut, were visualized immunocytochemically by using a monoclonal antibody against 5-HT. Since DfDdc larvae are devoid of 5-HT and dopamine in the nervous system, the highly selective uptake capability of 5-HT neurons was used to visualize the 5-HT fibers. We found that the absence of 5- HT and dopamine in the nervous system of DfDdc animals does not prevent 5-HT fibers from reaching their appropriate targets. However, these fibers in the mutant show a 2-fold increase in the extent of branching. This effect is specific to 5-HT fibers, since glutamate-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactive fibers of the proventriculus and midgut remain unaffected in the mutant. Low but detectable levels of dopamine and 5-HT in the CNS are sufficient to prevent the increase in arborization, as indicated by analyses of a temperature-sensitive Ddc allele (Ddcts2), which has very low dopa decarboxylase activity. The abnormally extensive branching of 5-HT fibers also can be partially rescued by feeding DfDdc larvae with dopamine. In contrast, feeding with a 5-HT-containing diet had no effect on the mutant phenotype. Hypotheses that could explain the mutant phenotype are proposed.
A method for detecting current temporal clusters of toxic events through data monitoring by poison control centers.

Background: Poison control centers have become a widely recognized source of data for chemical and other environmental exposures. Concurrently, increased emphasis on early identification of temporal clustering of toxic exposures has stimulated development of sensitive statistical methods to detect clusters at the time of occurrence. Method: This paper discusses the scan test which has been applied to retrospective data to detect carbon monoxide poisoning clusters. We propose a more sensitive method, based on the binomial distribution to detect current clusters of only 1 or more days duration during the ongoing data collection and monitoring process. Results: Applied to daily carbon monoxide poisoning incidence data on which the scan test has been applied, the new test for current clustering evidently has much more power. For retrospective identification of previous clusters lasting more than 1 day, the scan test is recommended. However, for previous daily clusters, a third method is recommended. Conclusion: Certain toxic events such as carbon monoxide poisoning occasionally occur in daily clusters, or in clusters lasting a few days. Timely detection of clusters requires application of early intervention strategies fostered by sensitive statistical methods of detection, as presented here.
Invited Review: Microgravity and the lung

Although environmental physiologists are readily able to alter many aspects of the environment, it is not possible to remove the effects of gravity on Earth. During the past decade, a series of space flights were conducted in which comprehensive studies of the lung in microgravity (weightlessness) were performed. Stroke volume increases on initial exposure to microgravity and then decreases as circulating blood volume is reduced. Diffusing capacity increases markedly, due to increases in both pulmonary capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity, likely due to more uniform pulmonary perfusion. Both ventilation and perfusion become more uniform throughout the lung, although much residual inhomogeneity remains. Despite the improvement in the distribution of both ventilation and perfusion, the range of the ventilation-to-perfusion ratio seen during a normal breath remains unaltered, possibly because of a spatial mismatch between ventilation and perfusion on a small scale. There are unexpected changes in the mixing of gas in the periphery of the lung, and evidence suggests that the intrinsic inhomogeneity of the lung exists at a scale of an acinus or a few acini. In addition, aerosol deposition in the alveolar region is unexpectedly high compared with existing models.
Gendered Innovations: A New Approach for Nursing Science:

Considerable sex and gender bias has been recognized within the field of medicine. Investigators have used sex and gender analysis to reevaluate studies and outcomes and generate new perspectives and new questions regarding differential diagnoses and treatments of men and women. Sex and gender analysis acts as an experimental control to provide critical scientific rigor; researchers who ignore it risk ignoring a possible source of error in past, current, and future science. In this article, the authors introduce some tools of sex and gender analysis and illustrate the concept of gendered innovations by demonstrating through examples how this type of analysis has profoundly enhanced human knowledge in health and disease. The authors also provide recommendations for incorporating the concepts of sex and gender analysis into nursing education and research.
Modeling and Performance Analysis on Network Virtualization for Composite Network-Cloud Service Provisioning

Computer networks play a crucial role in Cloud service provisioning and network Quality of Service (QoS) has a significant impact on Cloud service performance. Therefore networking and Clouding computing systems should be modeled and analyzed as a composite service provisioning system in order to obtain thorough understanding about the user's perception of Cloud service performance. Network virtualization is one of the latest developments in the networking area, which de-couples networking services from network infrastructures. The Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) serves as a key enabler in both network virtualization and Cloud computing, thus offering a promising basis for network and Cloud composition. The research work presented in this paper investigates application of SOA in network virtualization for composing network and Cloud services, and analyzes the achievable performance of composite network-Cloud service provisioning. This paper proposes a SOA-based network virtualization paradigm, describes a service-oriented framework for composing network and Cloud services, proposes a new approach to modeling service capabilities of composite network -- Cloud service provisioning systems, and develops analysis techniques for determining the performance that can be offered by composite network -- Cloud services to their end users.
A three-dimensional spatial model for plant competition in an heterogeneous soil environment

Abstract The model described in this paper, the three-dimensional model for the interaction of plants and soil (3DMIPS), was developed to explore how the growth and competitive ability of plants is affected by the interactions between the size and scaling properties of their root systems and the spatial properties of the resources they consume. The main characteristics of the model are as follows. (1) The soil model simulates the spatiotemporal dynamics of temperature, water and solutes (nutrients) in a heterogeneous, 3-dimensional (3-D) soil profile. (2) The plant model has a 3-D simulation of root architecture and plasticity (the ability of certain plants to redirect root growth to areas with high soil nutrient concentration). Plant root architecture is a key component in the simulation of plant nutrient uptake and transpiration. (3) The model simulates the spatiotemporal dynamics of live root, dead root, live shoot, standing dead, and litter biomass and nutrients of individual plants. It simulates the translocation of biomass and nutrients between roots and shoots as a function of plant growth, nutrient uptake, defoliation, regrowth, senescence, and changes in environmental condition. The author presents two set of simulation results. The first set consist of model validation experiments where the author compares model results with data from experiments designed to test the model's ability to predict plant growth and competition in a heterogeneous soil nutrient environment. Model and experimental results were statistically similar in 297 of the 408 variables analyzed. Experimental and modeled variables that were statistically different, were nevertheless highly correlated, with the difference between model and experimental results averaging ±28%. The second set of simulations was designed to assess how plant growth can be affected by an interaction between root lateral spread and the supply rate and spatial distribution of soil nutrients. Results showed that the competitive ability, distribution, and performance of plants could be linked in part to interactions among the size, uptake rates, and scaling properties of their root systems and the supply rate and spatial distribution of the nutrients they utilize. Comparisons are made with the SPUR, PHOENIX, CENTURY, and GEM grassland models. Computer codes and instructions for the implementation of 3DMIPS are available from the author.
Fabrication and numerical simulation of the permeable base transistor

A new transistor structure has been reported in which a thin tungsten grating has been embedded inside a single crystal of gallium arsenide. The embedded metal grating, which forms a Schottky barrier with the gallium arsenide, is the base of the transistor and can be used to raise and lower a potential barrier in the semiconductor between the grating lines. The name given to this device is the permeable base transistor (PBT). Devices have been fabricated with a noise figure of 3.5 dB, an associated gain of 9 dB at 4 GHz, and a maximum frequency of oscillation of 17 GHz. This transistor structure is numerically modeled over a wide range of metal grating thicknesses, periodicities, and carrier concentrations. The results from these simulations have been condensed into a unified equation for the base-to-collector transfer characteristic which is valid for the PBT, FET's, and bipolar transistors, and simplifies the comparison between different device structures. A new iterative technique has been used to approximate the nonequilibrium electron velocity, leading to a predicted f T above 200 GHz, a maximum frequency of oscillation near 1000 GHz and a power-delay product below 1 fJ for devices with small grating dimensions and large carder concentrations.
Transgenic rice with inducible ethylene production exhibits broad‐spectrum disease resistance to the fungal pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani

Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) are the two most devastating diseases of rice (Oryza sativa), and have severe impacts on crop yield and grain quality. Recent evidence suggests that ethylene (ET) may play a more prominent role than salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in mediating rice disease resistance. In this study, we attempt to genetically manipulate endogenous ET levels in rice for enhancing resistance to rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Transgenic lines with inducible production of ET were generated by expressing the rice ACS2 (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis) transgene under control of a strong pathogen-inducible promoter. In comparison with the wild-type plant, the OsACS2-overexpression lines showed significantly increased levels of the OsACS2 transcripts, endogenous ET and defence gene expression, especially in response to pathogen infection. More importantly, the transgenic lines exhibited increased resistance to a field isolate of R. solani, as well as different races of M. oryzae. Assessment of the growth rate, generational time and seed production revealed little or no differences between wild type and transgenic lines. These results suggest that pathogen-inducible production of ET in transgenic rice can enhance resistance to necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens without negatively impacting crop productivity.
The response order effect: People believe the first person who remembers an event

When groups of people remember an event, the order in which they discuss their memories is important. In three experiments, a response order effect was shown in which participants believed the first speaker to be more accurate and more confident than a subsequent speaker. Further, participants were more likely to report as their own memory what the first speaker reported than what a subsequent speaker reported. The experiments showed that the response order effect was not due to intrinsic characteristics of what the first speaker said. Even when participants chose the response order themselves and the speakers' dialogue was counterbalanced, participants still believed that the first speaker was more accurate and confident than a subsequent speaker. Because in most situations the person who introduces a particular topic into a discussion is more accurate, people may assume that this is true, even when the response order is random.
Broadcasting national election returns: 1916–1948

It often is difficult to recognize the changes that take place over a period of time until someone compiles a description of each important milepost along the way. Thomas W. Bohn, on the faculty of the Department of Speech at Bowling Green State University, prepared such a description as part of his work toward the Ph.D. in the University of Wisconsin.
WILLIAM BOROUGH AND THE JENKINSON MAP OF RUSSIA, 1562

This paper investigates the provenance of the northern sector of the Jenkinson map of Russia printed by Ortelius in 1570. Scholarly opinion has been notably discordant on its authorship and its relationship to a chart drawn by William Borough of the northern coasts of Russia, whose date has also been disputed. An examination of literary sources, Borough's biography, and the map and chart leads to these conclusions: the northern sector of the map surely was drawn by Borough, it is closely related to Borough's chart, and – contrary to the datings others have assigned the chart – it must have been sketched in 1567– 68. Cet article etudie la provenance du secteur nord de la carte de Russie de Jenkinson, imprimee par Ortelius en 1570. Il y a discordance dans l'opinion des erudits quant a sa paternite et ses relations avec une carte des cotes du nord de la Russie dressee par William Borough, dont la date de parution fait aussi l'objet de disputes. Un examen de la litterature, la biographie de Borough, et des ca...
Norovirus outbreaks occurred in different settings in the Republic of Korea.

Norovirus is major cause of epidemic acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in human in the worldwide. Norovirus infection is common in all age groups and characterized by a low infection dose and efficient transmission with typical fecal-oral routes, besides airborne spread and environmental contamination 1, 2, 3. Human norovirus GII.4 was prominent in all genogroup and genotype and GII.4 variants were divided into 13 sub-cluster types along with epidemic year and genetic characterization. Especially, GII.4 Sydney strain, named as 2012 variant, was relatively new and predicted next prominent strain 4, 5, 6. There were several reports about GII.4 associated gastroenteritis but had been lack of environmental and molecular-epidemiological data. In the current issue of Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, a study was conducted to identify GII.4 variants in outbreaks in Korea, 2004-12. Partial VP1 sequence of NoV GII.4-related outbreaks was analyzed 2004 to 2012. Partial VP1 were detected with RT-PCR and semi-nested PCR, and nucleotide of 312-314 base pairs sequenced for phylogenetic comparison. Nine variants were emerged in outbreaks, with the Sydney variant showing predominance recently. The authors concluded that this predominance may persist for at least three years, although new variants may appear in Korea [7]. Another study reported epidemiological feature of 3 outbreak cases of norovirus in Korea, and described the clinical symptom and distribution of causative genotypes. In this study, authors described the investigation of three outbreaks caused by GII.4 Sydney variant, which traced contaminated groundwater to supply manufacturing company. In Korea, three outbreaks associated with norovirus GII.4 Sydney variant occurred in middle and high school setting in different city on November 21-30, 2011. The incidence rates of A, B, C outbreaks were 16.24% (326/2,007), 4.1% (27/656) and 16.8% (36/214), respectively. The patients in these three outbreaks were affected by acute gastroenteritis. These schools were provided from same manufacturing company to unheated-food. Two genotypes (GII.3 and GII.4) of norovirus were detected in these cases. Among them major causative strains GII.4 (Hu-jeju-47-2007KR-like), were identified in patients, food-handlers and groundwater from manufacturing company of unheated-foods. GII.4 (Hu-jeju-47-2007KR-like) strain of norovirus, the nucleotide sequences were identical and identified to GII.4 Sydney variant. The authors concluded that combined epidemiological and laboratory results were closely related with contaminated groundwater, and causative pathogen is GII.4 Sydney variant strains [8].
Paralysis of phagocyte migration due to an artificial blood substitute

We investigated the effect of a candidate artificial blood substitute, Fluosol-DA (FDA), on human neutrophil function in a serum-free medium. In a 50% (vol/vol) mixture with polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), FDA had no effect on PMN viability, phagocytosis, superoxide anion generation, degranulation, or bactericidal activity. In striking contrast, the random migration and chemotaxis of PMN to both f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and activated serum were inhibited by 98% +/- 2%, 95% +/- 2%, and 88% +/- 6%, respectively. Inhibition of chemotaxis by FDA required no preincubation, was dose-dependent (50% inhibition [ID50] with a 14% vol/vol mixture with FDA), and was fully reversible by washing PMN free of FDA after one hour but not after 18 hours of incubation (32% +/- 11% inhibition of chemotaxis). FDA itself was not chemotactic and did not impair either the chemotactic activity or binding of fMLP to PMN. FDA also inhibited PMN adhesion (ID50, 9 +/- 1 vol/vol%). The inhibitory component of FDA was found to be its detergent additive, Pluronic F-68, which inhibited random migration, chemotaxis, and adhesion with ID50s of 1.4, 2.4, and 2.9 mg/mL, respectively (equivalent to FDA concentrations of 5, 9, and 11 vol/vol%, respectively). All the other components of FDA were noninhibitory. Plasma samples from humans injected with 8 mL/kg FDA and plasma samples from rabbits injected with 16 mL/kg FDA or an equivalent concentration of Pluronic F-68, when mixed with autologous PMN, also severely inhibited PMN chemotaxis. We conclude that exposure of PMN to clinically relevant concentrations of FDA inhibits PMN migration, presumably due to inhibition of adhesion. The inhibitory effect is entirely due to the detergent, Pluronic F-68. Artificial blood substitutes containing Pluronic F-68 may compromise the ability of PMN to prevent or effectively control microbial infections.
The Effect of Diamond Injector Geometry on Supersonic Jet Interaction Secondary Flow

Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of transverse gaseous injection into highspeed flows were performed. Diamond shaped injector orifices with dierent half-angles were used in these simulations. The GASP flow solver was used in this study. The results obtained were compared to the baseline case of the 15 half-angle, Mach 5.0 test case reported in a previous study. The goal of this work was to examine the near field flow structures around the injector and compare them to the structures observed in the baseline case. The results obtained indicate that the barrel shock shape and the LCVP flow structure seen in the baseline case was not observed when the injector half-angle was changed to either 10 or 20 , at Mach 5.0. However, at a freestream Mach number of 2.0 and injector half-angles of 10 and 15 , the near field structures resembled the baseline case. In addition to these studies, two dual injector configurations were studied and results indicate that the fusion of the interaction shocks generated by the injectors leads to a quasi-planar shock that can be used as a flow turning device in high-speed aircraft.
The Parasexual Cycle in Yeasts of the Genus Metschnikowia

Previous workers have reported the sporadic occurrence of haploid cells or zygotes in asporogenous cultures of Metschnikowia pulcherrima and M. reukaufii (formerly classified as Candida species). S...
The Sagehen Creek Experimental Wildlife and Fisheries Project

R ESEARCH on wildlife and fisheries problems must be done largely in the field. Macro-habitat conditions at least, cannot be duplicated in the laboratory. Investigators in these areas of study long ago recognized the need for field facilities of either a permanent or temporary nature. Trailers, buses and portable cabins have often been used for short term studies. Stations like the Hunt Creek Fisheries Experiment Station operated by the Institute for Fisheries Research of the Michigan Conservation Department at Lewiston, Michigan, or the Convict Creek Experimental Station near Bishop, California, are usually larger, more permanent, and offer more complete facilities for long-term research. In areas of severe climate at least, research personnel doing year-round work, cannot nowadays be expected to live in tents pitched in the open. 44 inches but in the exceptionally heavy winter of 1951-52, the pack was 110 inches. An additional point in favor of the Sagehen site was the fact that this basin is in excellent shape with respect to soils, timber and general ecological conditions and offers many favorable opportunities for research on wildlife, fishery, and other biological problems. The area is entirely forested except for a few meadows along the stream. The dominant trees consist of Jeffery Pine, white and red fir, with much lodgepole in the wetter areas. Sagehen Creek is fed by springs at its head and snow melt. It fluctuates from around 50 cubic feet per second in the spring snow melting period, to about 2.0 c.f.s. in September. Being small, the stream lends itself well to pumping and draining techniques used in sampling fish populations and for the operation of two-way fish traps.
Do Oilfield-Services Companies Strategically Manage Customers and Employees? Halliburton, National Oilwell Varco, and Schlumberger

Many companies try to simultaneously manage customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction, even though it may be difficult to do so. We examine three major companies — Halliburton, Schlumberger, and National Oilwell Varco (NOV) — in the oilfield-services sector to examine the level of consistency in their customer and employee orientation. These companies seem to have become more employee-focused than customer-focused over time. There seems to be diminished consistency in customer and employee focus. Based on empirical research we conclude this may hurt the long-term financial value of these firms. There are considerable implementation challenges in these companies to overcome barriers for consistency in customer and employee focus.
The MFOA Certificate of Conformance and Municipal Borrowing Costs

This paper provides an empirical test of the association between the MFOA Certificate of Conformance and creditor decisions in the market for new municipal bond issues. We report that the certificate does have information content for creditor decisions, particularly for medium quality bonds.
Negative-regulatory role of calmodulin in the expression of interferon-beta gene

Addition of the calmodulin-antagonist, trifluoperazine (TFP), to human cell cultures producing biologically active IFN-beta in response to Sendai virus, results in a significant increase in IFN-beta production. This increase in IFN-beta production is observed 1 h after addition of TFP. The increase in IFN-beta production is correlated with increase in IFN-beta mRNA synthesis. Results suggest that calmodulin or calmodulin-dependent cellular process is involved in negative regulation of IFN-beta gene.
Ureteral access system. Technique and results.

SUMMARY Suggestions for the safe use of the ureteral access set are outlined in Table 1. Although this tool is valuable in selected circumstances, great care must be exercised in its use. In the series described, the incidence of perforation was 31 per cent. Although no long-term sequelae are known to have occurred, the potential for such problems is present. If ureteral injury is suspected, a retrograde pyelogram should be performed. Proper diversionary measures must be performed when a perforation is confirmed. Appropriate long-term radiographic evaluation should follow.
Total Colorings of Graphs with Minimum Sum of Colors

The total chromatic sum of a graph is the minimum sum of colors (natural numbers) taken over all proper colorings of vertices and edges of a graph. We construct infinite families of graphs for which the minimum number of colors to achieve the total chromatic sum is larger than the total chromatic number.
The Relationship Between the Intercrease Line and the A1 Digital Pulley: A Cadaveric Study.

Background Accurate identification of surface anatomy is critical to identify the location of the A1 pulley. The intercrease line (ICL) describes a transverse line between the radial edge of the proximal palmar crease and the ulnar edge of the distal palmar crease. We hypothesize that this easily identifiable surface landmark approximates the location of the A1 pulley. Methods The ICL was marked on 7 cadaver hands. We marked a point proximal to the proximal digital crease (PDC) equal to the distance between each digit's proximal interphalangeal crease (PIC) and PDC (the PIC/PDC point). We calculated the distance between PIC/PDC points and proximal edge of the A1 pulleys. Results The ICL was proximal to A1 in all digits. The PIC/PDC point was distal to A1 in the ring finger, and proximal to A1 in the index, middle, and small fingers. The PIC/PDC point was closer to the A1 pulley than the ICL in the middle and ring fingers. Conclusions Despite less accuracy than the PIC/PDC point at approximating the location of the A1 pulley, the ICL is reliably proximal to the A1 pulley.
Rapamycin enhances survival in a Drosophila model of mitochondrial disease

// Adrienne Wang 1 , Jacob Mouser 1 , Jason Pitt 1 , Daniel Promislow 1,2 and Matt Kaeberlein 1 1 University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA 2 University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA Correspondence to: Matt Kaeberlein, email: // Keywords : mitochondria, leigh syndrome, rapamycin, Drosophila, complex I Received : August 08, 2016 Accepted : September 27, 2016 Published : October 11, 2016 Abstract Pediatric mitochondrial disorders are a devastating category of diseases caused by deficiencies in mitochondrial function. Leigh Syndrome (LS) is the most common of these diseases with symptoms typically appearing within the first year of birth and progressing rapidly until death, usually by 6-7 years of age. Our lab has recently shown that genetic inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (TOR) rescues the short lifespan of yeast mutants with defective mitochondrial function, and that pharmacological inhibition of TOR by administration of rapamycin significantly rescues the shortened lifespan, neurological symptoms, and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of LS. However, the mechanism by which TOR inhibition exerts these effects, and the extent to which these effects can extend to other models of mitochondrial deficiency, are unknown. Here, we probe the effects of TOR inhibition in a Drosophila model of complex I deficiency. Treatment with rapamycin robustly suppresses the lifespan defect in this model of LS, without affecting behavioral phenotypes. Interestingly, this increased lifespan in response to TOR inhibition occurs in an autophagy-independent manner. Further, we identify a fat storage defect in the ND2 mutant flies that is rescued by rapamycin, supporting a model that rapamycin exerts its effects on mitochondrial disease in these animals by altering metabolism.