cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival of elderly persons undergoing colonoscopy: implications for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance.

Background In the elderly, the increased prevalence of colorectal neoplasia and the protective effect of colonoscopy may be offset by advancing age and comorbidity. Objective To describe and quantify the endoscopic findings, survival, and predictors of mortality of elderly persons after colonoscopy. Design, Setting, and Patients Retrospective cohort study of persons aged ≥75 years who underwent colonoscopy in 1999 and 2000 at a U.S. Veterans Affairs facility and urban county hospital. Main Outcome Measures Advanced neoplasms were defined as colorectal cancer (CRC), polyp with high-grade dysplasia, villous histologic features, or tubular adenoma ≥1 cm. Comorbidity was measured with the Charlson comorbidity index. Subjects were followed until death or study closure. Results Of 469 eligible subjects, 65 were excluded and 404 were included in the study. Fifty-nine of 404 (15%) had an advanced neoplasm, including 8 (2%) with CRC. There were 167 deaths (41%); the mean overall survival was 4.1 ± 0.1 years (median 5.95 years). A symptomatic indication for colonoscopy was not predictive of death. Mortality was predicted by age (hazard ratio 1.16 for each year increase beyond age 75 years, 95% CI 1.07-1.3, P = .0003) and Charlson score (hazard ratio 8.3 for each point increase, 95% CI 1.4-48.5, P = .02). The median survival of patients aged 75 to 79 years was >5 years if the Charlson score was ≤4. Among patients aged ≥80 years, the median survival was Limitations Retrospective design. Conclusions In this cohort of elders, age and comorbidity were predictors of death. The protective effect of younger age lessens as comorbidity increases. These findings may have important implications for CRC screening and surveillance in elders.
Measuring organizational knowledge: a conceptual and methodological framework

Knowledge is fundamental to strategic success. Limited progress has been made, however, in measuring organizational knowledge. We employ research on resource-based theory and organizational epistemology to suggest a perceptual approach to measuring knowledge. We present a research protocol to identify a domain of organizational knowledge resources within industries. Using a sample of organizations from the hospital and textile industries, we interviewed CEOs to identify the feasible set of knowledge resources. We presented this set to managers at those organizations to measure their perceptions of the value-added of each knowledge resource for their organizations. The results demonstrate that the importance of knowledge resources varies by industry and organization, and calls to question efforts to generate an inventory of generic knowledge resources that is applicable across industries. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-resolution source imaging of brain electrical activity

The author considers the enhancement of spatial resolution with cortical imaging. The following topics are considered: cortical-potential imaging from scalp potentials; cortical-potential imaging from scalp Laplacians; equivalent surface-source imaging; cortical-potential imaging in a realistically shaped, inhomogeneous head model; inverse-imaging algorithms; other EEG-based cortical-imaging approaches.
Zolpidem Use and Hip Fractures in Older People

Objectives The widespread use of sedative-hypnotics in older populations makes it imperative to identify hazardous regimens that should be avoided and safer regimens that may be used preferentially by older people. Although benzodiazepines have been shown to increase fall and fracture risk, zolpidem, a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, has been advocated as a safer alternative. Design Case-control study of hip fracture cases and controls in 1994. Setting All subjects were age 65 and older and enrolled in Medicare, and in Medicaid or the Pharmaceutical Assistance to the Aged and Disabled program of New Jersey. Participants Cases (n=1,222) were patients who underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture. They were frequency-matched to four controls (n=4,888) based on age and gender. Measurements Use of sedative-hypnotics and other medications was assessed in the 180 days before the index event. We assessed other covariates, including demographic, clinical, and healthcare utilization variables in the prior 180 days. Results Zolpidem use was associated with a significant increased risk of hip fracture (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09-3.51). Other psychotropic medication classes with significantly increased risks included benzodiazepines (AOR 1.46; 95% CI=1.21-1.76), antipsychotic medications (AOR 1.61; 95% CI=1.29-2.01), and antidepressants (AOR 1.46; 95% CI=1.22-1.75). In subanalyses, preferential use of zolpidem by subjects at greater risk of hip fracture did not appear to explain the apparent risk of hip fracture with zolpidem use. Conclusion Use of zolpidem by older people was associated with nearly twice the risk of hip fracture, even after controlling for possible demographic and clinical confounders. Rather than being a safer alternative, zolpidem may be associated with risks that are as great as those seen with conventional benzodiazepines in older patients.
Heterologous neutralization breadth persists despite B-lymphocyte dysfunction in chronic HIV-1 infection

Methods In 16 viremic seroconverters, the cross-clade neutralizing activity of plasma was investigated using a panel of thirteen clade A, B, and C HIV-1 envelope (Env) pseudotyped virions, which represented three tiers of sensitivity. The neutralization IC50 was calculated for each plasma-Env combination, and these data were used to determine a breadth (how many Envs were neutralized) and potency (the strength of neutralization) score for each seroconverter. Additionally, the level of plasma antibodies that bound to the monomeric form of a subtype B Env gp120 (HIV-1 BaL) was quantitated.
Genetic and environmental influences on disordered eating and depressive symptoms.

Objective: Research suggests that shared genetic factors underlie relationships between eating disorder and depression diagnoses, but no studies to date have examined these associations using dimensional symptom measures. This study examined whether genetic associations observed between eating disorder and depression diagnoses extend to continuous measures of these phenotypes. Method: The sample consisted of 292 young adult female twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Disordered eating was measured using the Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Univariate twin models indicated that genetic factors accounted for 55% to 60% of the variance in disordered eating and depressive symptoms, with the remaining variance accounted for by nonshared environmental effects. Bivariate models indicated that genetic factors primarily accounted for associations between disordered eating and depressive symptoms (ra = .70). Discussion: Phenotypic associations between disordered eating and depressive symptoms appear to be due to common genetic factors. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
DISCRIMINATIVE FUNCTIONS BASED ON A DELAY IN THE REINFORCEMENT RELATION.

Pigeons were shown to come under discrimination control when the SD and SΔ were temporally separated from reinforcement and non-reinforcement. SD and SΔ consisted of distinctive key illuminations presented separately. Responding on an FR 5 in the presence of SD or SΔ produced a third stimulus containing a schedule requirement. If this third (or interpolated) stimulus was preceded by SD, responding in its presence produced reinforcement followed by a time-out (TO). If, on the other hand, the third stimulus was preceded by SΔ, responding produced TO alone. In this fashion, the same stimulus and the same response requirement were imposed between SD and the reinforcement as between SΔ and the TO. In Experiment I, the schedule employed during the interpolated stimulus was FR; in Experiment II, FI. Discrimination reversal was accomplished in both experiments.
Effect of solvent polarity on non-radiative processes in xanthene dyes: the acid form of rhodamine B in nitrile solvents

Abstract The fluorescence lifetimes of the acid form of rhodamines B in nitrile solvents were measured as a function of temperature. Non-radiative rate constants were calculated from the fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields. Arrhenius plots of the non-radiative rate constants were linear. The value of the non-radiative activation energy was, within experimental error, the same for all the solvents studied and equal to 3.4 ± 0.3 kcal mol −1 . However, at constant temperature, the natural logarithm of the non-radiative rate constant increased linearly with the solvent polarity parameter E T (30). The dependence of the non-radiative rate on solvent polarity can be explained by a model involving a planar—pyramidal change at the xanthene—amine bond. On the basis of this model, a comparison of the non-radiative rate of the dye in alcohols and nitriles shows that the dependence on solvent polarity is due to specific solute—solvent interactions at the amino and carboxyphenyl groups.
Accelerating System for the Cornell 10 GeV Electron Synchrotron

A system consisting of four lengths of iris loaded waveguide, each driven by an adjacent klystron amplifier, is described. These waveguides which serve as the accelerating elements for a 10 GeV electron synchrotron are operated in the 2?/3 traveling wave mode at 714 MHz. The amplifiers have a common power supply and are driven from a common source which can be synchronized with the injector, a 150 MeV linac.
Analysis of mechanisms for the cyclic cleavage of water by visible light

Abstract The cyclic cleavage of water by visible light via coupled redox catalysts in colloidal systems has recently been reported by Gratzel and coworkers. In this paper we present an in-depth analysis of a mechanism for the consequent production of hydrogen and oxygen, focusing on the factors which may affect the stability of the photostationary state, the enhancement in the kinetics due to the presence of colloidally dispersed noble metal (oxides) and the sensitivity of the yield to the system parameters (intensity and illumination of the source). Emphasis is placed on comparison with the experimental data reported for the production of hydrogen and oxygen. The analysis and, especially, our simulations show that the underlying coupled chemical network, when triggered by the absorption of light, behaves as a true synergetic system, e.g. increasing the efficiency of the reactions via the introduction of a colloidally dispersed catalyst enhances the effect of increasing the intensity of the radiation source. Our simulations show that there may be an upper limit on the effectiveness of this synergetic effect in producing hydrogen and oxygen via a cyclic water cleavage reaction.
Isolation of isomeric hydroperoxides from the peanut lipoxygenase- linoleic acid reaction

Hydroperoxides were isolated from the peanut lipoxygenase-linoleic acid reaction mixture and were separated as their methyl esters by high performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry and infra-red analysis indicated the isolated hydroperoxides to be 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans- 11-octadecadienoic acid; 13-hydroperoxy-trans- 9,trans- 11-octadeca-dienoic acid; and 9-hydroperoxy-trans-l0,trans- 12- octadecadienoic acid. The percentages of the hydro-peroxides in the reaction mixture were 72.8%, 3.6%, and 23.6% under the conditions used. 1 Paper No. 4973 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC 27607.
AcrB trimer stability and efflux activity, insight from mutagenesis studies.

The multidrug transporter AcrB in Escherichia coli exists and functions as a homo-trimer. The assembly process of obligate membrane protein oligomers, including AcrB, remains poorly understood. In a previous study, we have shown that individual AcrB subunit is capable of folding independently, suggesting that trimerization of AcrB follows a three-stage pathway in which monomers first fold, and then assemble. Here we destabilized the AcrB trimer through mutating a single Pro (P223) in the protruding loop of AcrB, which drastically reduced the protein activity. We replaced P223 separately with five residues, including Ala, Val, Tyr, Asn, and Gly, and found that AcrBP223G was the least active. Detailed characterization of AcrBP223G revealed that the protein existed as a well-folded monomer after purification, but formed a trimer in vivo. The function of the mutant could be partly restored through strengthening the stability of the trimer using an inter-subunit disulfide bond. Our results also suggested that the protruding loop is well structured during AcrB assembly with P223 served as a “wedge” close to the tip to stabilize the AcrB trimer structure. When this wedge is disrupted, the stability of the trimer is reduced, accompanied by a decrease of drug efflux activity.
Family history of alcoholism interacts with alcohol to affect brain regions involved in behavioral inhibition

Rationale Impulsive behavior is associated with both alcohol use disorders and a family history of alcoholism (FHA). One operational definition of impulsive behavior is the stop-signal task (SST) which measures the time needed to stop a ballistic hand movement.
Regularized boundary integral equations for two-dimensional crack problems in multi-field media

A systematic procedure is followed to develop a set of regularized boundary integral equations for modeling cracks in 2D linear multi-field media. The class of media treated is quite general and includes, as special cases, anisotropic elasticity, piezoelectricity and magnetoelectroelasticity. Of particular interest is the development of a pair of weakly-singular, weak-form integral equations for ‘generalized displacement’ and ‘generalized stress’; these serve as the basis for a weakly-singular symmetric Galerkin boundary element method.
How Much Optics did Medieval and Renaissance Scholars Know

Widespread myths about the ignorance/intellectual stagnation of medieval Europe, along with widespread myths about the Scientific Revolutions of the 15th,17th-centuries as the birth of serious science, have left the impression that medieval optical knowledge was thin-nonexistent. This lecture explores medieval optical knowledge up to 1600 and beyond.
Obstacles to urban school renewal

1. highest percentage of racial and cultural minorities, 2. highest degree of teacher turnover, 3. largest number of teacher substitute needs, 4. highest incidence of gang violence, 5. highest degree of administrative turnover, 6. highest number of inexperienced, nontenured teachers, 7. greatest needs in terms of building maintenance and materials, 8. lowest achievement scores, especially in reading skills, 9. highest percentage of minority teachers, 10. greatest number of serious discipline disruptions, 11. greatest need in terms of health and social services, 12. highest dropout rates, 13. greatest number of older buildings and outdated equipment, 14. greatest need for financial funds for compensatory aid, 15. greatest distance regarding social distance between parents and teachers, 16. highest percentage of provisionally certified teachers, 17. highest percentage of over-age children per grade, 18. greatest problems regarding attendance, truancy and transient rates.1 That's right! All eighteen statements depict the state of affairs in urban schools. In fact, according to Lightfoot (1978) a majority of those conditions exist in more than 50 percent of urban schools in the United States. As the above list indicates, the conditions in which urban school people work are extreme. The problems they face are overwhelming. Many seem to defy solution. And all present challenges to the consultant working in urban schools. It would require numerous pages to examine the range and nature of problems facing urban schools. That is not the purpose of this paper. That examination has been done quite adequately by others, notably, Lightfoot, 1978 and 1972; Hummel and Nagle, 1973; Rist, 1973; Kruszynski, 1970; Brickman and Lehrer, 1972; and Vairo and Perel, 1969. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the special conditions of urban schools that operate as barriers to renewal and present perplexing difficulties for renewal
Circumference measurement as a criterion for capillary pressure determination

Abstract A modification of the original Pappenheimer and Soto-Rivera's isogravimetric method to determine effective capillary pressure (Pc) is described. As a balancing criterion, the circumference rather than the weight change was utilized. In 120 experimental runs on 17 cats, a very good correlation was found with the conventional isogravimetric technique over a wide range of capillary pressures. The potential areas of application of this technique are also compared with the isoconductometric technique.
Synchronous Locking of Tidally Evolving Satellites

Abstract Satellite spin states evolve under the action of solid body torques and tidal forces. The tidal effects result in a damping of fast spin rates and, ultimately, in the locking of the spin into what are known as Cassini states. The dynamical equations for the satellite spin vector are derived, non-dimensionalized, and discussed. The non-dimensional parameters that determine the ultimate fate of the system are identified. A review of Cassini states is given, and then the effect of a permanent triaxial deformation on the evolution of the spin vector is explored. We find that for the parameter ranges of most real Solar System satellites which have been despun to synchronous rotation, occupation of Cassini state 1 is the only possible endpoint. The existence of a non-axially symmetric deformation destabilizes the higher obliquity Cassini state 2. We discuss the possibility of tumbling occurring during the spin-down and argue that this does not effect our basic conclusions. The non-occupancy of Cassini state 2 (except for the Moon, for which state 1 does not exist) is not a function of initial conditions or spin configuration occupied at synchronous lock, as previously hypothesized.
Internet Technologies and Trends Transforming Public Relations

Abstract This study explores the effects the Internet has had on the field of public relations, particularly the ways it is transforming how organizational stakeholders, including the news media, seek information and communicate. The author suggests there are ramifications for PR professionals who do not adapt to the identified changes. Coverage is also provided on several important technologies and trends that are shaping the future of public relations.
Unusual Structures of the Tandem Repetitive DNA Sequences Located at Human Centromeres

The presence of the highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence d(AATGG)n.d(CCATT)n in human centromeres argues for a special role for this sequence in recognition, most probably through the formation of an unusual structure during mitosis. Quantitative one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D/2D NMR) spectroscopic studies reveal that the Watson-Crick duplex d(AATGG)n.d(CCATT)n adopts the usual B-DNA conformation as illustrated by taking d(AATGG)3.d(CCATT)3 as an example, whereas the d(CCATT)n strand is essentially a random coil. In contrast, the d(AATGG)n strand adopts an unusual stem-loop motif for repeat lengths n = 2, 3, 4, and 6. In addition to normal Watson-Crick A.T pairs, the stem-loop structures are stabilized by mismatched A.G and G.G pairs in the stem and G-G-A stacking in the loop. Stem-loop structures of d(AATGG)n are independently verified by gel electrophoresis and nuclease digestion studies and were also previously shown to be as stable as the corresponding Watson-Crick duplex d(AATGG)n.d(CCATT)n [Grady et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 1695-1699]. Therefore, the sequence d(AATGG)n can, indeed, nucleate a stem-loop structure at little free energy cost, and if, during mitosis, it is located on the chromosome surface, it can provide specific recognition sites for kinetochore function.
Hydrocele of the spermatic cord : embryology and ultrasonographic appearance

Five cases of hydrocele of the spermatic cord are presented. All five patients had a firm inguinal mass, and ultrasonography, performed to exclude adenopathy, incarcerated hernia, and paratesticular tumor, showed an avascular cystic mass superior to and separate from the testicle. A testicular hydrocele did not coexist. This typical appearance should lead to a confident diagnosis of this benign but rare anomaly. Elective surgery may prevent the development of an acquired indirect hernia.
Future therapies for chronic hepatitis C

Therapy for hepatitis C has been fairly stagnant for the past decade, but the past few years have seen major progress and evolution, beginning with the approval of two HCV protease inhibitors in 2011. In spite of considerable improvements in response rates with these agents, a need for additional agents with improved potency and tolerability remains. Toward this goal and over the course of just a few months, the HCV therapy pipeline has already become crowded with direct-acting antivirals, host-targeted agents and unique interferons, all of which are positioned to be part of the next wave of therapeutic options. The ultimate goal of this push for new agents is to achieve a safe and straight forward yet highly effective therapy for hepatitis C that is widely embraced and readily available. Particularly among the 'baby boomer' population, it is predicted that over the next few years, more patients with currently quiescent infections will be newly diagnosed, and those currently diagnosed will be at increased risk of long-term complications of infection, and thus in need of treatment. A simple and safe treatment paradigm will become a necessity. This Review chronicles the latest developments in hepatitis C therapy and the potential effect these new treatments could have on delivery of care to patients infected with HCV.
Perimortem cesarean delivery: its role in maternal mortality

Since Roman times, physicians have been instructed to perform postmortem cesarean deliveries to aid in funeral rites, baptism, and in the very slim chance that a live fetus might still be within the deceased mother's womb. This procedure was disliked by physicians being called to a dying mother's bedside. As births moved to hospitals, and modern obstetrics evolved, the causes of maternal death changed from sepsis, hemorrhage, and dehydration to a greater incidence of sudden cardiac arrest from medication errors or embolism. Thus, the likelihood of delivering a viable neonate at the time of a mother's death increased. Additionally, as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) became widespread, physicians realized that during pregnancy, with the term gravid woman lying on her back, chest compressions cannot deliver sufficient cardiac output to accomplish resuscitation. Paradoxically, after a postmortem cesarean delivery is performed, effective CPR was seen to occur. Mothers were revived. Thus, the procedure was renamed the perimortem cesarean. Because brain damage begins at 5 minutes of anoxia, the procedure should be initiated at 4 minutes (the 4-minute rule) to deliver the healthiest fetus. If a mother has a resuscitatable cause of death, then her life may be saved as well by a prompt and timely cesarean delivery during CPR. Sadly, too often, we are paralyzed by the horror of the maternal cardiac arrest, and instinctively, we try CPR for too long before turning to the perimortem delivery. The quick procedure though may actually improve the situation for the mother, and certainly will save the child.
Two Varieties of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Background. To find the rational surgical strategy for the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), clinical features of ICC were studied in 20 patients who underwent hepatic resection in the National Cancer Center Hospital from 1980 to 1990. Methods. According to the morphologic pattern, we classified the ICCs into two subcategories, mass-forming and infiltrating, which correlated with their biologic behavior. Results. Of 10 patients who underwent hepatectomy for mass-forming ICC, three survived more than 5 years without recurrence. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 59.3%, 44.4%, and 44.4%, respectively. Of 10 patients who underwent hepatectomy for infiltrating ICC, one survived more than 5 years without recurrence. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 72.0%, 27.0%, and 27.0%, respectively. The pathologic findings and recurrences indicated that the salient feature of the mass-forming type was its tendency for intrahepatic metastasis especially near a main lesion, and of the infiltrating type was the infiltrative spread via Giisson's capsule and hilar lymph nodal metastasis. Conclusions. An anatomic and extensive liver resection should be performed for mass-forming ICC, whereas a hepatectomy with excision of the extrahepatic bile duct and hilar lymph nodal dissection is recommended for infiltrating ICC.
Human Sclera: Thickness and Surface Area

Purpose To assess the mean thickness and surface area of human sclera. Methods Fifty-five formalin-fixed eye bank eyes were hemisected from anterior to posterior. Cross-sectional slides were taken to include a millimeter scale ruler in each photograph. Slide photographs were projected and the scleral silhouette sketched. Mean scleral thickness measurements with standard deviation were obtained. Twenty-five human eye bank eyes were used to determine total scleral surface area by either a computerized tracing method (17 globes) or volumetric calculations (eight globes) using fluid displacement. Results Mean scleral thickness ± SD was 0.53 ± 0.14 mm at the corneoscleral limbus, significantly decreasing to 0.39 ± 0.17 mm near the equator, and increasing to 0.9 to 1.0 mm near the optic nerve. The mean total scleral surface area by surface area computerized tracings was 16.3 ± 1.8 cm 2 and, by the volume displacement method, was 17.0 ± 1.5 cm 2 . Conclusions Scleral thickness and surface area measurements from cadaver eyes are important for ophthalmic surgeons and have implications for transscleral diffusion.
Mitotic spindle pole separation

Abstract Eukaryotic cells utilize a microtubular spindle to segregate chromosomes during mitosis. Chromosome segragation requires the timely separation of the mitotic spindle poles to which the chromosomes are attached. Recent studies at the molecular and cellular levels have provided new insights into the mechanism and regulation of this process. On the one hand, the process now seems more complex, as redundant mechanisms apparently overlap in function during cell division. On the other hand, some of these processes may be acting continuously during the various stages of spindle pole separation, suggesting an underlying simplicity.
Improved Efficiency and Pace of Generating Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Adult and Fetal Fibroblasts

It was reported recently that human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent state that resembles that of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. This was achieved by ectopic expression of four genes followed by culture on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders under a condition favoring hES cell growth. However, the efficiency of generating human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is low, especially for postnatal human fibroblasts. We started supplementing with an additional gene or bioactive molecules to increase the efficiency of generating iPS cells from human adult as well as fetal fibroblasts. We report here that adding SV40 large T antigen (T) to either set of the four reprogramming genes previously used enhanced the efficiency by 23-70-fold from both human adult and fetal fibroblasts. Discernible hES-like colonies also emerged 1-2 weeks earlier if T was added. With the improved efficiency, we succeeded in replacing MEFs with immortalized human feeder cells that we previously established for optimal hES cell growth. We further characterized individually picked hES-like colonies after expansion (up to 24 passages). The majority of them expressed various undifferentiated hES markers. Some but not all the hES-like clones can be induced to differentiate into the derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers in both teratoma formation and embryoid body (EB) formation assays. These pluripotent clones also differentiated into trophoblasts after EB formation or bone morphogenetic protein 4 induction as classic hES cells. Using this improved approach, we also generated hES-like cells from homozygous fibroblasts containing the sickle cell anemia mutation Hemoglobin Sickle. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Entropy of a fibered dynamical system

The entropy of the geodesic flow associated to a fibered dynamical system is shown to be zero; in particular the entropy of a quantizable dynamical system is zero. An ergodic dynamical system which defines a quantizable dynamical system is outlined.
Weight misperception and health risk behaviors in youth: the 2011 US YRBS.

Weight misperception is increasingly recognized as a potentially important health risk marker in adolescents. A large proportion of adolescents incorrectly perceive themselves as being underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese.1-3 For example, in a national sample of high school students, 23.1% underestimated their weight and 20.7% overestimated their weight.4 Studies have demonstrated that adolescents' perceived weight status is more strongly associated with psychological well-being and health risk behaviors than actual weight status.2,5-10 Both overestimation and underestimation of weight are associated with greater health risk in adolescents.5-7,11 Understanding relations between weight misperception and health risk behaviors is important because accurately perceiving oneself has been associated with greater motivation to change harmful behaviors.12 Previous studies showed associations of weight misperception with several health-related factors in adolescents, including mental health (eg, depression, anxiety, suicide, stress, and psychosocial distress), dieting and physical inactivity.4,6,8-10,13-15 However, little is known about associations of misperceived weight with health behaviors related to safety and violence (eg, drinking and driving, physical fighting, dating violence, seatbelt use, condom use) or substance use (eg, smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs). Furthermore, prior studies frequently dichotomize participants as accurate perceivers and inaccurate perceivers,14 or categorize participants as those who underestimate, correctly estimate, or overestimate.16-18 A larger number of weight misperception categories will allow for graded, dose-response associations to be evaluated. The presence of dose-response relations are an important component of Hill's criteria for causal inference.19 Finally, most studies to date used study samples with limited generalizability; consequently, there is a need for nationally representative study populations.5,7,8,10,13-18 Targeting weight misperception may facilitate the adoption of healthy behaviors among adolescents.12 Because overweight/obesity during adolescence increase risks for cardiovascular disease in adulthood, and weight misperception will limit success on the changes of lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, diet, etc.), targeting youth with misperceived weight may improve effectiveness of overweight/obesity prevention interventions.12,20 Consequently, objectives of this study were to evaluate whether weight over- and underestimation are associated with 32 health risk behaviors in 4 categories (safety/violence, mental health, substance use, and dieting/physical activity) in a dose-response manner, in a nationally representative sample of US high school students. We hypothesized that adolescents would be more likely to report unhealthy behaviors in a dose-response manner, to the degree that their perceived weight was incongruent with reported actual weight.
Men’s Health: Disparities in Confidence to Manage Health

This study examined the association between health information seeking and confidence to manage health among men using multiple binary logistic regressions. Study data were drawn from the 2007 Health Tracking Household Survey. The analytical sample included 6,478 men, 18 years and older. Health information seeking was associated with lower odds of confidence to follow through on medical care needed at home. African American and Hispanic men had lower odds than white men to agree to be confident to follow through on medical care needed at home. Hispanic men also had lower odds than white men to agree to be confident to know when to seek medical care and when they can handle themselves.
Evaluation of a serum protein in pregnant rats.

Abstract The increase of a serum protein in the circulation of rats during pregnancy has been described. The protein is different from the human pregnancy zone protein previously described. This new serum protein factor is present in normal rat serum and accounts for approximately 1% of the total serum protein. The protein factor disappears from the serum of animals bearing Morris hepatomas 7777 and 7800. The amount of factor diminishes as the tumors increase in size. The levels of this protein in the serum increased several fold during pregnancy with highest levels found shortly before parturition. Levels remained elevated for at least 12 days post partum. No corresponding increase in the levels of this serum factor in the fetal circulation was observed. Increased levels in the maternal circulation were due to an increased synthesis of this serum protein during pregnancy. A corresponding band was observed on polyacrylamide gels for normal human female and pregnant human sera or plasma. However, there was no increase during pregnancy as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Quantitative determination of the protein in human sera was not possible since the band corresponding to the serum protein in rats did not cross react with a rabbit anti-rat serum factor.
Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and hemodynamic responses following massive small bowel resection

Purpose: Massive small bowel resection (SBR) results in an adaptive response within the remnant bowel. We have previously shown an immediate reduction in intestinal blood flow and oxygen saturation (sO_2) after SBR. We therefore sought to determine the duration of resection-induced intestinal hypoxia and expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) following SBR. Methods: C57B6 mice were subjected to 50% proximal SBR or a sham procedure. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) was used to measure blood flow and sO_2 on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 7. Ileal tissue was harvested 6 h postoperatively and on PODs 1 and 2, and HIF1α, HIF2α, and VEGF mRNA expression were assessed via RT-PCR. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Following SBR, reduction in intestinal blood flow persists for 24 h and is followed with hyperemia by POD 3. The immediate reduction in venous sO_2 and increased tissue oxygen utilization continued through POD 7. Enhanced expression of HIF1α was demonstrated 6 h following SBR. Conclusion: Massive SBR results in an immediate relative hypoxic state within the remnant bowel with early enhanced expression of HIF1α. On POD 7, increased tissue oxygen extraction and elevated blood flow persist in the adapting intestine.
Respiratory changes of the spatial vectorcardiogram recorded with different lead systems.

Abstract 1. 1. In 38 normal men, there was a statistically highly significant inspiratory backward rotation of the mean QRS vector and forward rotation of the T vector as constructed from conventional leads with a mechanical vector analyzer, and opposite, though smaller, changes in maximal expiration. 2. 2. The downward movement of the mean QRS vector in maximal inspiration exceeded that of the T vector. 3. 3. The average respiratory changes of the vector magnitudes were statistically not significant, but in some subjects the changes were large. 4. 4. The angle between the spatial QRS and T vectors increased significantly in inspiration. 5. 5. There was a significant correlation between mid-respiratory position and respiratory changes in the elevation, but not in the azimuth of the vectors. 6. 6. Age was not found to affect the respiratory vectorial changes. 7. 7. The respiratory changes of mean QRS and T vectors, constructed from the conventional leads and from the electrically orthogonal X, Y, Z leads of the SVEC III system, in 22 men, were in the same direction but different in extent. The interindividual variability was large in both lead systems. 8. 8. In 4 men, the respiratory changes of spatial QRS and T loops were oscillographically recorded with 7 different lead systems (SVEC IIa, SVEC III, Briller, Duchosal, Frank, Grishman, and Wilson-Burch). 9. 9. Discrepancies between respiratory changes of QRS and T vectors were noted in all lead systems investigated. Changes of spatial loop configurations were also seen in all systems. 10. 10. The differences of vector orientation and magnitude between the several lead systems, both in regard to the initial mid-respiratory position and to the respiratory changes, in each of the subjects, were tremendous, the extremes exceeding the biologic variability. One lead system (Wilson-Burch) showed a change of the QRS vector opposite in direction to that in all other lead systems. 11. 11. In 5 subjects, the spatial vectors were studied over the whole range of vital capacity in fractionated respiration. It was proved that variations in vital capacity do not account for the large interindividual differences that were found. 12. 12. In 4 patients with ventricular bigeminy, the vectorial respiratory changes of the normal regular and the premature ventricular beats were different. 13. 13. The experimental results cannot be explained adequately on the basis of anatomic respiratory changes alone.
Feminist Readings, Gospel Narrative and Critical Theory

Feminist readings of the gospels are added to Werner Kelber's hermeneutical slice of modem gospel reading. Kelber describes five methods: (1) reading to extract historical or theological truths, meaning-as-reference; (2) formalist literary readings, meaning-as-narrative; (3) reader-response readings, meaning-as-consciousness; (4) structuralist readings, meaning-as-system; and (5) deconstructionist readings, meaning-as-deferment. Feminist gospel readings exist for the first four methods. Kelber viewed meaning-as-reference, meaning-as-narrative, and meaning-as-system as attempts to determine stable meaning or significance, while the others were more open. The addition of feminist criticism, beginning from a non-androcentric standpoint, shows that the methods giving apparently stable results, are also radically open. Feminist criticism serves, as does deconstruction, to relativize meaning. It also, however, focuses interest on questions of power: whose interests does a particular text or interpretation serve?
Preparation of AlAsSb and Mid-Infrared (3–5μm) Lasers By Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Mid-infrared (3-5 {mu}m) infrared lasers and LEDs are being developed for use in chemical sensor systems. As-rich, InAsSb heterostructures display unique electronic properties that are beneficial to the performance of these midwave infrared emitters. The authors have grown AlAs{sub 1{minus}x}Sb{sub x} epitaxial layers by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using trimethylamine (TMAA) or ethyldimethylamine alane (EDMAA), triethylantimony (TESb) and arsine. They examined the growth of AlAs{sub 1{minus}x}Sb{sub x} using temperatures of 500 to 600 {degrees}C, pressures of 70 to 630 torr, V/III ratios of 1-27, and growth rates of 0.3 to 2.7 {mu}m/hour in a horizontal quartz reactor. The semi-metal properties of a p-GaAsSb/n-InAs heterojunction are utilized as a source for injection of electrons into the active region of lasers. A regrowth technique has been used to fabricate gain-guided lasers using AlAs{sub 1{minus}x}Sb{sub x} for optical confinement with either a strained InAsSb/InAs multi-quantum well (MQW) or an InAsSb/InAsP strained layer superlattice (SLS) as the active region. Under pulsed injection, the InAsSb/InAs MQW laser operated up to 210K with an emission wavelength of 3.8-3.9 {mu}m. Under pulsed optical pumping, the InAsSb/InAsP SLS operated to 240K with an emission wavelength of 3.5-3.7 {mu}m. LED emission has been observed with both active regions in both p-n junction and semi-metal injection structures.
Presence of an estriol-like steroid in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Abstract Hemolymph and tissue samples from blue crabs were extracted with ethyl ether and the organic extracts examined for the presence of estrogenic steroids using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). 17β-estradiol and estrone were not detected in either male or female crabs. However, a substance similar to mammalian estriol was found in hemolymph, eyestalk, hepatopancreas, and gonadal tissues of both sexes. The presence of an estriol-like steroid in blue crabs may facilitate the use of radioimmunoassay techniques to monitor growth and/or reproductive activities in this economically important species.
Crime is the Problem: Homicide, Acquisitive Crime, and Economic Conditions

A question that emerges from recent research on the relationship between economic conditions and street crimes committed for monetary gain concerns the effect of changing economic conditions on violent crime. I propose that the economy stimulates violent crime indirectly through its effect on acquisitive crime. This hypothesis is evaluated in fixed-effects panel models of change in acquisitive crime and homicide rates between 1970 and 2006. The analysis indicates that collective perceptions of economic conditions have a significant effect on an index of acquisitive crime and an indirect effect, through acquisitive crime, on homicide. Consistent with this result, the effect of collective economic perceptions is stronger for felony than argument-related homicides. A promising focus for future research is the role of underground markets in the production of both property and violent crime.
Analysis of a Wave Energy Conversion Buoy

A theoretical analysis of the power generated by a pneumatic type wave-energy conversion buoy is presented. Results obtained from the analysis show tha the peak-power value occurs at the resonant period of the buoy-water column system and not at the natural heaving period, as was previosuly assumed. A secondary peak occurs at the resonant period of the center pipe which is in free communication with the water. This resonance is similar to that of a surge chamber. The power converted by the buoy is shown to be proportional to the cube of the wave height. The length of the center pipe is shown to have an optimum value for which a maximum power is obtained at a given resonant wave period. This length corresponds to that of the water mass in the center pipe, which is approximately two-thirds of the sum of the buoy mass and the added mass.
Monitoring hyperventilation in patients with closed head injury during air transport

Abstract Introduction: We sought to determine the effectiveness of producing a therapeutic hypocapnic state with manual hyperventilation alone compared with manual hyperventilation plus end-tidal CO 2 monitoring in air transport of patients with closed head injury (CHI). Setting: Air medical (BK-117) transport of patients with CHI in the southeast Georgia/South Carolina region to a Level I trauma center. Methods: A retrospective control group of patients with CHI managed by unmonitored hyperventilation was compared with a prospective study group of patients with CHI with hyperventilation and end-tidal CO 2 monitoring. Adequate hyperventilation: Paco 2 , 25 to 34 mm Hg. Results: Control group: 129 patients transported over a 6-year period met inclusion criteria. Study group: 18 of 44 patients transported over a 10-month period met criteria. For comparison analysis, arterial blood gas results were grouped into four categories: Paco 2 less than 25 mm Hg; 25 to 34 mm Hg; 35 to 40 mm Hg; greater than 40 mm Hg. Control group: 22% overventilated; 51% underventilated. Study group: 17% overventilated; none underventilated. Difference in nontherapeutic Paco 2 values between control group (73%) and study group (17%) was statistically significant ( p Conclusion: Manual hyperventilation during transport of CHI patients did not maintain therapeutic hypocapnia. With end-tidal CO 2 monitoring, therapeutic hypocapnia was maintained in most patients. End-tidal CO 2 monitoring was effective in hyperventilating patients with CHI during air transport.
Marcellus Shale fracking waste caused earthquakes in Ohio

Before January 2011, Youngstown, Ohio, had never had an earthquake since observations began in 1776. In December 2010 the Northstar 1 injection well came online; this well was built to pump wastewater produced by hydraulic fracturing projects in Pennsylvania into storage deep underground. In the year that followed, seismometers in and around Youngstown recorded 109 earthquakes—the strongest of the set being a magnitude 3.9 earthquake on 31 December 2011.
Relay selection in amplify-and-forward relay networks with frequency selective fading

We consider relay selection in cooperative relay networks with frequency selective fading, and focus on a system where multiple amplify-and-forward relays share a single channel orthogonal to the source. We propose a relay selection method that achieves the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) as proven by outage analysis. This relay selection method, combined with zero-padded transmission and maximum likelihood sequential estimation (MLSE), can achieve full diversity as corroborated by numerical results. Since MLSE may not be affordable in practice due to its high complexity, another relay selection method based on the average decision-point SNR is proposed for linear zero-forcing equalization at the destination, and it asymptotically achieves the optimal DMT.
Data management in the diagnostic laboratory a data-centered approach using high-density mark sense documents for computer entry

Abstract Experiences with a high-speed high-density systems centered mark-sense data management program are described as applied in chemistry sections of a general hospital clinical laboratories including pertinent advantages and shortcomings. Instrumentation proved satisfactory for general usage; however, it appears prudent to design input units where scanning rates may be closely matched to slow clinical laboratory data production rates currently existent.
Through the nominations of principals: Effective teachers of African American students share limitations of high-stakes testing

Abstract This study examines how elementary school teachers, nominated by their principals as effective teachers of African American students, perceive their effectiveness in an era of high-stakes testing that is influenced and constrained by policy dominance. The implications in this study might be useful in preparing prospective and practicing teachers to examine their instructional practices as they pursue successful outcomes with culturally diverse students.
The intracellular development of vesicular stomatitis virus and two of its mutants.

The intracellular development of plaque type mutants p-la and p-la-H 60 was compared with the parental, New Jersey serotype of VSV using the fluorescent antibody technique. The wild-type virus and p-la-H 60, which have an increased growth rate when compared to p-la, produced larger antigenic deposits, more exogenous virus and less intracellular non-infectious fluorescing cells than did p-la. A cytoplasmic non-infectious fluorescing component in VSV was proportional to the growth rate and was characteristic for each of the viruses.