cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission of Isotropic Radiation Across an Interface Between Two Dielectrics

Expressions for the transmissivity of an interface between two dielectrics, averaged over all directions of incidence and over all polarization directions, are given, and the results are tabulated and graphed. When the radiation is incident from the medium with lower index of refraction, the average transmissivity Tav(n) differs from the transmissivity at normal incidence by less than 6% for values of the ratio of the indices of refraction, n, between 1 and 8. The average transmissivity when the light is incident from the high-index side of the interface is smaller than Tav(n) by a factor n−2. The connection of the results with the blackbody flux in a dielectric is noted. The results are used to estimate the energy density in a dielectric when isotropic radiation is generated internally.
Possible Disparities in Consumers' Perceptions Toward Personalized Advertising Caused by Cultural Differences: U.S. and Korea

ABSTRACT Personalized advertising, which uses the consumer's name and other personal information, has become extremely popular in the United States as well as in numerous countries worldwide. However, to date there have been few empirical studies investigating consumers' perceptions of this type of advertising. Also, an examination of possible gaps in consumers' perspectives toward personalized advertising caused by culture differences has yet to make inroads into the academic literature. This exploratory study reports findings on perceptions of personalized advertising delivered online (e-mail), off-line (letters/brochures), and telephone calls utilizing consumers from two different cultures: the U.S. and Korea. Both countries have been compared in the previous literature in regards to numerous aspects of advertising and marketing, but have not yet been compared in terms of perceptions toward personalized advertising. The results showed that personalized advertising generated negative, rather than positi...
Experiencing Feminist Family Therapy Supervision

Abstract Although feminists have been writing about and practicing feminist family therapy for over twenty years, writing about feminist family therapy supervision has been limited to a few in-depth personal designs and Avis' (1986) Delphi study. This article reports on a portion of the findings of a larger study of feminist supervision. The sixteen participants described their therapist-supervisor relationship to be the heart of their supervision experience, the center point from which the supervision derived meaning. When asked if they thought they focused on anything that they would call feminist, supervisors and therapists described issues that fell into the following areas: gender, power, diversity and emotion. These results are reviewed within the context of the feminist family therapy supervision literature and with suggestions for their use.
The defect structure of grown silicon dioxide films

A structural model is proposed to explain various phenomena which occur in grown SiO 2 films. In this model, oxygen interstitials in ionic form are the predominant diffusing species during the growth. In neutral form they can act as acceptor states. Reduction of the oxide by hydrogen (e.g., growth in steam, heat treatment in H 2 containing gas) or by metal (e.g., interaction with the gate electrode in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices) results in trivalent silicon. This defect may form a donor surface state. The migration of metal ions under the influence of an electric field can lead to an asymmetric current-voltage characteristic of a Si-SiO 2 -Me system. Transient and hysteresis effects as well as the asymmetric shift in the surface potential caused by biasing MOS devices at relatively high temperatures are attributed to an inhomogeneous distribution of defects in the oxide (as a result of the oxidation) and/or to the motion of metal ions originating from the gate electrode.
Parallelization, performance analysis, and algorithm consideration of Hough transform on chip multiprocessors

This paper presents a parallelization framework for emerging applications on the future chip multiprocessors (CMPs). With the continuing prevalence of CMP and the number of on-die cores increasing steadily for the foreseeable future, one key issue in harnessing the computation power of such a CMP is how to effectively manage and execute many threads at the same time. Hence, we study a parallelization framework, which includes (1) coarse-grain and fine-grain multi-threading, (2) performance analysis, and (3) algorithms changes. In particular, this paper shows how the Hough Transform can be parallelized, as an example.Starting with a sports soccer analysis workload that heavily uses Hough Transform to detect lines in sports soccer field, we extract the coarse-grain data-level parallelism and examine its scaling performance on an 8-core symmetric multiprocessor machine. After realizing the parallel performance limiting factors, we target to exploit the fine-grain data-level parallelism and evaluate its speedup on the 8-core machine and a simulated 64-core CMP. Due to parallel overhead and demanding memory requirements, this fine-grain parallelization doesn't contribute significant performance improvement. After that, we propose a new Hough Transform, and parallelize it in a fine-grain way. Experimental data shows that the new Hough Transform exposes a significant amount of concurrency and pretty good data locality. On the simulated 64-core CMP, we achieve parallel scaling of 61.7x, enabling real-time Hough Transform.
Development of Efficient, Radiation-Insensitive Gaas: Zn LEDs

Although amphoterically Si doped GaAs LEDs are commercially popular because of their high light output, they are extremely sensitive to irradiation. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a viable alternative available for radiation environment applications. In this work it is shown that by increasing the hole concentration in the active region of nonamphoterically doped GaAs LEDs, one can simultaneously achieve high light output and law radiation sensitivity. Experimental results indicate that the minority carrier lifetime is smaller in more heavily doped devices so that the lifetime-damage constant, ?oK, is also smaller. Hence, the heavily doped devices should have greater radiation hardness. Neutron-induced light output degradation data as a function of hole concentration confirm this conclusion. The results also show that the pre-irradiation light output is greatest in the heavily doped LEDs. The accompanying decrease of ?O in the heavily doped devices indicates that the total minority carrier lifetime is at least partially controlled by tne radiative lifetime; a requirement for simultaneously achieving radiation hardness and high initial light output. Finally, an experimental comparison with amphoterically Si doped LEDs shows that the heavily doped devices are superior for neutron fluences greater than 2 × 1012 n/cm2
Simulation study of the DC and AC characteristics of an a- Si:H(n)/GaAs(p)/GaAs(n) heterojunction bipolar transistor

Abstract This paper presents the results of a simulation study focused on the evaluation of the fundamental DC and high-frequency characteristics of a GaAs-based heterojunction bipolar transistor employing a wide gap emitter made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The role of the fundamental geometric design parameters on the device performance is analysed, showing in particular that the emitter thickness has a strong impact on the DC current gain, while the base thickness weakly affects the cut-off frequency. The role of the electronic properties of the thin film amorphous emitter is also discussed, leading to the conclusion that the device AC characteristics are in fact principally limited by the poor carrier mobility typical of a-Si:H. However, a DC current gain of 4000 and a cut-off frequency close to 10 GHz can be predicted for an optimised device if standard values for the electronic parameters of the materials are assumed.
New Editors for Eos

[1] Two new editors have been appointed to the Eos editorial board. Jose D. Fuentes of the Department of Meteorology at Pennsylvania State University is the new editor for atmospheric sciences. He succeeds Hassan Virji, who served as editor from mid-2006 to early 2010. David Halpern, a senior research scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory who is currently on assignment at NASA headquarters in Washington, D. C., is the new editor for ocean sciences.
Drivers of biomass co-firing in U.S. coal-fired power plants

Abstract Substantial knowledge has been generated in the U.S. about the resource base for forest- and other residue-derived biomass for bioenergy including co-firing in power plants. However, a lack of understanding regarding power plant-level operations and manager perceptions of drivers of biomass co-firing remains. This study gathered information from U.S. power plant managers to identify drivers behind co-firing, determine key conditions influencing past and current use, and explore future prospects for biomass in co-firing. Most of the biomass used in co-firing was woody biomass procured within 100 km of a power plant. Results show that the most influential co-firing drivers included: adequate biomass supply, competitive cost of biomass compared to fossil fuels, and costs of biomass transport. Environmental regulations were generally considered second-most influential in decisions to test or co-fire with biomass, but were of high importance to managers of plants that are currently not co-firing but may in the future.
Stable isotopes and the noncarbonaceous derivation of ureilites, in common with nearly all differentiated planetary materials

Abstract The abundant, diverse ureilite meteorites are peridotitic asteroidal mantle restites that have remarkably high bulk carbon contents (average 3 wt%) and have long been linked to the so-called carbonaceous chondrites (although this term is potentially misleading, because the high petrologic type “carbonaceous” chondrites are, if anything, C-poor compared to ordinary chondrites). Ureilite oxygen isotopic compositions, i.e., diversely negative (CCAM-like) Δ17O, viewed in isolation, have long been viewed as confirming the carbonaceous-chondritic derivation hypothesis. However, a very different picture emerges through analysis of a compilation of recently published high-precision isotopic data for chromium, titanium and nickel for ureilites and various other planetary materials. Ureilites have lower e62Ni and far lower e50Ti and e54Cr than any known variety of carbonaceous chondrite. On a plot of e50Ti vs. e54Cr, and similarly Δ17O vs. e54Cr, ureilite compositions cluster far from and in a direction approximately orthogonal to a trend internal to the carbonaceous chondrites, and the carbonaceous chondrites are separated by a wide margin from all other planetary materials. I conclude that notwithstanding the impressive resemblance to carbonaceous chondrites in terms of diversely negative Δ17O, the ureilite precursors accreted from preponderantly noncarbonaceous (sensu stricto) materials. Despite total depletion of basaltic matter, the ureilites retain moderate pyroxene/olivine ratios; which is an expected outcome from simple partial melting of moderate-SiO2/(FeO + MgO) noncarbonaceous chondritic material, but would imply an additional process of major reduction of FeO if the precursor material were carbonaceous-chondritic. The striking bimodality of planetary materials on the e50Ti vs. e54Cr and Δ17O vs. e54Cr diagrams may be an extreme manifestation of the effects of episodic accretion of early solids in the protoplanetary nebula. However, an alternative, admittedly speculative, explanation is that the bimodality corresponds to a division between materials that originally accreted in the outer solar system (carbonaceous) and materials that accreted in the inner solar system (noncarbonaceous, including the ureilites).
Using electronic medical record data to characterize the level of medication use by age-groups in a network of primary care clinics.

Purpose: Our primary aim was to characterize the level of medication use across age-groups by examining electronic medical record data for a large number of patients receiving care in primary care clinics. A secondary aim was to identify factors associated with higher levels of medication use or polypharmacy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective query of electronic medical record data from a clinical data warehouse, evaluating 114 012 patients seen in primary care clinics at least once in the previous 6 months. Medication use was evaluated in 3 different categories: level 1 (0-4 medications), level 2 (5-9 medications), and level 3 (≥10 medications). Multivariate analysis was used to analyze different patient demographics and comorbidities for association with level of medication use. Results: At ages 18 to 24 years, 15% (male) to 23% (female) of patients were taking greater than 5 medications, a trend that continued to increase with older cohorts. Female patients were more likely to have level 2 (odds ra...
Indinavir impairs endothelial function in healthy HIV-negative men

Background Potent antiretroviral treatment has drastically reduced mortality in HIV-infected patients but may accelerate atherosclerotic disease, which could be partially mediated via endothelial dysfunction. Methods In 8 HIV-negative healthy males, leg blood flow responses to intraartery infusions of methacholine chloride (Mch), sodium nitroprusside, and N G -mono-methyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) were measured before and after 4 weeks of daily oral indinavir. In the same subjects, we also assessed the effect of indinavir on lipids, insulin sensitivity, markers of inflammation, as well as oxidative stress. Results After 4 weeks of indinavir, the endothelium-dependent response to methacholine chloride was impaired (195% ± 38% vs 83% ± 13%, P N G -mono-methyl-l-arginine (nitric oxide–dependent tone) was nearly abrogated (−30% ± 4% vs −1% ± 11%, P P P Conclusions Four weeks of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir, in the absence of HIV-1 infection, causes vascular dysfunction most likely at the level of endothelial nitric oxide production. The vascular dysfunction may be mediated partially by the concomitant induction of insulin resistance but other mechanisms cannot be ruled out.
Probabilistic Simulation for Nanocomposite Characterization

A unique probabilistic theory is described to predict the properties of nanocomposites. The simulation is based on composite micromechanics with progressive substructuring down to a nanoscale slice of a nanofiber where all the governing equations are formulated. These equations have been programmed in a computer code. That computer code is used to simulate uniaxial strengths properties of a mononanofiber laminate. The results are presented graphically and discussed with respect to their practical significance. These results show smooth distributions.
Criminalized Mothers: The Value and Devaluation of Parenthood from Behind Bars

SUMMARY With the number of incarcerated women rising in the United States, scholarship and activism has focused more explicitly on the backgrounds, criminal contexts, and programming needs of the imprisoned population. This article focuses on motherhood and relies on qualitative life-history interviews with thirty women in a southwestern detention center. The women's narratives are used to further our understanding of the ways in which motherhood (1) resonates with incarcerated women's self-perceptions, (2) relates to their motivations for crime, and (3) informs therapeutic programming within the carceral1 environment. In order to address the needs of a critical, yet often ignored, correctional population, we specifically examine the ways in which gender-specific therapeutic approaches may be applied to a jail facility where continuous, in-depth programming may be challenging due to inmate turn-around and unrest.
Archetypes of systems design

“Systems design” represents a worldview composed of at least three philosophical layers: ontological beliefs, epistemological assumptions, and methodological choices. An archetype is a root metaphor that crosses these layers and captures a worldview. Three archetypes thought to have good potential for communicating and triggering inquiry into the nature of the systems design worldview are described.
Processive Motor Protein as an Overdamped Brownian Stepper

The two headed motor protein kinesin appears to "walk" along the biopolymer microtubule in 8 nm steps. There is ample justification for a model where the motion of the detached head to the next docking site on the biopolymer is described as ratcheted diffusion. The forward reorientation of an attached head can be conceived of as a power stroke. A model that is based on these premises can accurately predict parameters of motor protein motion.
EGF modulates phosphoinositide levels in ovarian granulosa cells stimulated by luteinizing hormone

Hamster granulosa cells were exposed to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to study cross-talk between second messenger pathways involving tyrosine kinase, cAMP, and phosphoinositides. Granulosa cells from ovarian preovulatory follicles of PMSG-primed hamsters were incubated with various additives in serum-free medium. LH, but not EGF, stimulated inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation; however, when combined with LH, EGF inhibited IP accumulation in a manner that was concentration dependent for both LH and EGF. The inhibitory effects of EGF were significantly reduced by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and by pertussis toxin suggesting a role for tyrosine kinase and an inhibitory G-protein (Gi) in this system. EGF stimulated an increase in cAMP, but it does not appear to modulate LH-stimulated IP levels via cAMP. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Studies of xenon atoms in high Rydberg states

Thermal beams of xenon atoms in single high Rydberg states have been produced by photoexcitation of Xe($sup 3$P$sub 0$) metastable atoms. The highly excited states which were populated in this way were identified as np1/2$sub 1$ with 11less than or equal tonless than or equal to16 and nf3/2$sub 1$ with 8less than or equal tonless than or equal to40. The field ionization characteristics and radiative lifetimes of these atoms have been studied.
Multiscale Study of Counterion-Induced Attraction and Bundle Formation of F-Actin Using an Ising-like Mean-Field Model

An Ising-like counterion-binding model is developed and solved by a mean-field method. For G-actin, the calculated affinity constants of all the binding sites ranging from loose to tight binding match the experimental data. The model is used to calculate the interaction energy between two F-actin filaments. Within a certain counterion concentration range, a rapidly decaying attractive force between two parallel filaments is produced not only by the correlation of the counterion distributions on the two filaments, but also by the correlation of the configurations of the two filaments with fixed counterion positions, which has been ignored in previous calculations. The bundling energy depends strongly on the configuration of the filaments. Upon bundling, the tightly bound counterion site is not affected, but the medium and loosely bound ones are. The model reproduces the observed minimal divalent counterion concentration for bundling, and naturally predicts the resolubilization of bundles which is seen in recent experiments. At the optimal counterion concentration, we obtain a bundling energy of approximately -0.01 eV per monomer along the filament. The counterion valence strongly affects the optimal counterion concentration, but has only minor effects on the optimal bundling energy. We show that the attractive potential between filaments can be simplified as the sum of interactions between their monomers. This simplification makes it possible to calculate the exact free energy of a two-F-actin-filament system. We are thus able to probe the effects of filament length on F-actin bundling and obtain a critical length for bundling of 59 monomers at 1 microM monomer concentration and pH=7.2.
InP based double heterojunction phototransistor with graded emitter-base junction and base-collector junction

Near-infrared detection has a lot of application in the fields of telecommunication, bio-sensing, environmental gas detection and hyper-spectral spectrometer. Phototransistor is one of the most promising photodetection devices that can provide integrated photo current gain even at high-speed operating conditions. A double heterojunction phototransistor was grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and fabricated on semi-insulating InP substrate. The collector-up device structure consists of InP emitter, InGaAs base, InAlAs collector and subcollector, InGaAs/InAlAs superlattice graded emitter-base (EB) and base-collector (BC) junctions. A solid GaP source was used to clean the InP substrate and grow InP buffer and emitter layer. In-situ Reflective High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) and ex-situ X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were utilized to monitor the material growth for lattice match condition of InGaAs and InAlAs to InP substrate. A digital-alloy MBE growth technique was applied to implement the graded interfacial layers of EB junction and BC junction. The performance of the device was characterized, including current-voltage characteristics, breakdown and responsivity at the wavelength of 1.55um (telecommunication application). Simple model of phototransistor current gain with different device parameters and various operating conditions was developed and applied to the device design for hyper-spectral spectrometer application.
Resolutions and risk-taking in juvenile detention.

A discussion of adolescent high-risk behavior and associated stigma is presented from the perspective of teenagers confined in juvenile detention. Data contributing to this discussion originate from a qualitative research study designed to discover the meaning detained adolescents associate with substance use/abuse and to describe how they make substance-related decisions while in juvenile detention. This pilot study was part of a program of ongoing ethnographic research in the setting of a large metropolitan juvenile detention facility (JDF). Twenty teenagers participated in the study during interviews and focus group discussions. A major theme among all six focus groups involved resolutions to quit drugs and alcohol after release. The trajectory of substance abuse interwoven in these discussions most frequently began with problems at home, progressed to substance abuse and other high-risk behaviors, and culminated in detention. All of the groups gave suggestions for the kind of help teenagers need most: someone to listen and to care. Language: en
Newton's method solver for high-speed viscous separated flowfields

A new method for calculating the 2-D, laminar Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The method uses Newton's method for nonlinear systems of equations to find steady-state solutions. The Navier-Stokes equations are approximated by finite differences using Roe's flux difference splitting. Second-order accuracy is attained by using Spekreijse's interpolation with Van Albada's limiter. The exact Newton's method Jacobian matrix is inverted by using recent sparse matrix routines. The symbolic manipulation package MACSYMA is used to develop and write the FORTRAN code
Fractionation and characterization of an oligomeric series of bovine keratohyalin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract Keratohyalin has been fractionated and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in a multiphasic buffer system in the presence of sodium decylsulfate. Keratohyalin behaves as an aggregating series of homologous oligomers, composed of between 1 and 13 (or more) monomeric units. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of electrophoretic mobility and gel concentration for each member of the homologous series, with a common value for the extrapolated free mobility. The slope of this line, the retardation coefficient, is linearly related to band number and also to molecular weight. The molecular weight of the monomer is estimated to be 20,500 on the basis of the plot of retardation coefficient versus MW. Several methods for estimation of molecular weight by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are discussed. The 13-member oligomeric series of keratohyalin was isolated by use of selective stacking.
Amide bond cleavage monitored continuously through detection of a dansylcadaverine leaving group.

The transglutaminase-catalyzed incorporation of the fluorescent amine, dansylcadaverine, into casein derivatives, such as N,N-dimethylcasein, is accompanied by a large increase in intensity of emission (Lorand et al., Anal. Biochem. 44, 221-231, 1971). We have sought to make use of this sensitive detection device for the continuous, on-line monitoring of an amide-splitting reaction in which dansylcadaverine served as the leaving group. The transglutaminase-coupled test system comprised gamma-glutamyldansylcadaverine as the first substrate and gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase as the enzyme responsible for releasing dansylcadaverine from the gamma-amide. At close to saturating levels of transglutaminase, the measured rate of increase of fluorescence, i.e. the steady-state rate of dansylcadaverine incorporation into N,N-dimethylcasein, showed a near-linear relationship with the concentration of gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase present in the assay mixture. The general approach developed may be applicable to the assay of other amide cleaving enzymes.
Collection management as risk management

Risk and technological changes are inexorably linked, and librarians, as experts, must communicate these risks to lay persons and develop appropriate risk management strategies. This paper identifies some of the risks to library primacy, library and professional values, collection integrity, and scholarly communication and the information marketplace that those involved in collection development and acquisition of library materials may encounter. The sources of these risks are briefly described, and the author suggests some risk management strategies.
Stationarity in fourth order and the marginal bispectrum for bilinear models with Gaussian residuals

Abstract The paper concerns the bilinear stochastic models generated by Gaussian white noise processes. The bilinear process is considered as a stationary series of l 2 -functionals of a Gaussian white noise series. The Wiener–Ito spectral representation is used to derive the necessary and sufficient condition for the second and fourth order stationarity. It is shown that the spectrum characterizes only the linear part of the process. The exact form of the bispectrum points to the bilinear properties.
Electromagnetic vacuum and intercluster voids: zero-point-field-induced density instability at ultra-low densities

Abstract A simple idealized model shows that a zero-point-field-induced expansion of low density regions takes place in an extermely thin, fully ionized, neutral electron-proton gas that is immersed in the vacuum electromagnetic field.
Comparison of the San Marco 3 Nace neutral composition data with the extrapolated Ogo 6 empirical model

An investigation is conducted concerning the feasibility to extrapolate the data of the Ogo 6 empirical composition model to altitudes which are lower than 450 km. Extrapolated Ogo 6 model densities are, therefore, compared with data obtained in the Neutral Atmospheric Composition Experiment (Nace) carried out during the time from April to November 1971. The results of the investigation support the conclusions of an earlier comparison of Ogo 6 and Nace data conducted by Newton et al. (1973).
Numerical computation of particles-turbulence interaction

Abstract This paper reviews recent research on the use of numerical simulations to study the motion of particles in turbulent flows. The main emphasis is on direct numerical simulation (DNS). The techniques of DNS are briefly reviewed. The need to establish more appropriate particle equations of motion is discussed and recent progress is summarized. Results for both one-way and two-way (feedback) coupling are reviewed
Nd, O and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Precambrian rocks, Southern Black Hills, South Dakota

Abstract The Nd, O and Sr isotopic characteristics of Precambrian metasedimentary, metavolcanic and granitic rocks from the Black Hills of South Dakota are examined. Two late-Archean granites (2.5-2.6 Ga) have T dm ages of 3.05 and 3.30 Ga, suggesting that at least one of the granites was derived through the melting of significantly older crust. Early-Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks have T dm ages that range from 2.32 to 2.45 Ga. These model ages, in conjunction with probable stratigraphic ages ranging from 1.9 to 2.2 Ga, indicate that mantle-derived material was added to the continental crust of this region during the early-Proterozoic. Previous studies of the Harney Peak Granite complex have reported U-Pb and Rb-Sr ages of about 1.71 Ga and most granite samples examined in this study have Sr isotopic compositions consistent with that age. Two granite samples taken from the same sill, however, give two-point Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages of 2.08 ±0.08 and 2.20 ±0.20Ga (∑ 2200 Nd = −15.5), respectively. In addition, whole-rock and apatite samples of the spatially associated Tin Mountain pegmatite give a Sm-Nd isochron age of 2000 ±100 Ma (∑ 2200 Nd = −5.8 ±1.8). The Sm-Nd, O and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of these granitic rocks have been complicated to some degree by both crystallization and post-crystallization processes, and the age of the pegmatite and parts of the Harney Peak Granite complex remain uncertain. Processes that probably complicated the isotopic systematics of these rocks include derivation from heterogeneous source material, assimilation, mixing of REE between granite and country rock during crystallization via a fluid phase and post-crystallization mobility of Sr. The Nd isotopic compositions of the pegmatite and the Harney Peak Granite indicate that they were not derived primarily from the exposed metasedimentary rocks.
An evaluation of nonlinearities in the motor output response to applied torque perturbations in man

Nonlinearities present in the motor output response of biceps and triceps muscles in normal human subjects to applied torque perturbations were evaluated quantitatively. When the applied perturbations were relatively continuous, consisting of a pseudo-random train of pulses, the identified nonlinearities were small, never exceeding 20% of the amplitude of the linear component of the response and usually being much less.
Five years later: a cross-sectional comparison of breast cancer survivors with healthy women.

Although a number of studies have focused on initial adjustment to cancer, less is known about long-term survival issues. The present study compared breast cancer survivors with age-matched healthy controls (N=328) in terms of more subtle indicators of psychological well-being as well as their general quality of life 5 yrs post-diagnosis. Results indicated survivors generally perceive the world as less controllable and more random compared to healthy women. However, survivors perceive the same control over their daily lives as healthy women. Beliefs about personal control are most strongly associated with quality of life in both groups of women. Survivors also indicated that they derived some benefits from their experience with cancer, but these benefits had only a modest impact on quality of life. However, the belief that the experience had lasting harmful effects was associated with poor quality of life for survivors. In both groups, a continued search for meaning in life had a negative impact on quality of life. The strongest and most consistent correlate of quality of life for both survivors and healthy women was having a sense of purpose in life.
5' control regions of the apolipoprotein(a) gene and members of the related plasminogen gene family.

Abstract Elevated blood levels of apolipoprotein(a), the component of lipoprotein(a) that distinguishes it from low density lipoprotein, are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. The apolipoprotein(a) gene is highly similar to the plasminogen gene and to at least four other genes or pseudogenes. The 5' untranslated and flanking sequences of these six genes contain extensive regions of near identity and share sequence elements involved in the initiation of transcription and translation. About 1000 base pairs of flanking DNA of each gene are sufficient to promote transcription in cultured hepatocytes. The apolipoprotein(a) gene promoter contains functional interleukin 6-responsive elements, consistent with the reported acute-phase response of apolipoprotein(a). Flanking genomic fragments of the apoliprotein(a) gene from two individuals with vastly different plasma apolipoprotein(a) concentrations have sequence differences that are reflected in differences in the rate of in vitro transcription.
Status of tumor markers in epithelial ovarian cancer has there been any progress? A review.

Abstract Objective The aim is to present an overview of tumor markers other than CA-125 that have been proposed for use in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer and explore molecular studies which have been used to identify genomic and proteomic changes associated with this malignancy for possible future development of more sensitive tumor markers. Methods A Medline search was conducted to review published articles from American and European studies from 1990 to 2010, related to tumor markers for ovarian cancer. Different methods such as genomic, proteomic and transcriptional profiling were used to identify new tumor markers for clinical use. Results A few of the newer tumor markers alone have demonstrated equal or slightly higher sensitivity to CA-125. Improved sensitivity and specificity have been reported using these new markers combined with CA-125. Conclusion Addition of new tumor markers as a compliment to CA-125 were associated with higher sensitivity and detection rates than either marker alone. However, the low prevalence of ovarian cancer necessitates a higher level of sensitivity and specificity that has still not been achieved if these biomarkers are used for diagnosis and monitoring the disease progress as a result of low positive predictive value.
The occurrence of ionospheric signatures of plasmaspheric plumes over different longitudinal sectors

[1] Plasmaspheric plumes have ionospheric signatures and are observed as storm-enhanced density (SED) in global positioning system (GPS) total electron content (TEC). These ionospheric signatures have been primarily observed over the American sector and in a few limited examples over the European sector. This study examines the longitudinal occurrence frequency of plasmaspheric plumes. We analyzed all images from the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUV) databases for the first half of 2001 and identified a total of 31 distinct plume intervals observed during different storm events. Out of the total IMAGE EUV plumes that we identified, 12 were projected over North America, 10 over Asia, and the remaining 9 were over Europe and the Atlantic Ocean. Using ground-based GPS TEC from MIT's Madrigal database, we searched for corresponding SED/TEC plumes at different longitudinal sector and found 12 ionospheric SED plume signatures over North America, 4 over Europe, and 2 over Asia. This indicates that the observation probability of an ionospheric SED plume when a plasmaspheric plume is seen is 100% in the American sector, 50% in the European sector, and 20% in the Asian sector. This could be due to the fact that the plumes may be either positioned beyond the limit of the ground-based GPS field of view, which happens mainly when there is less plasmaspheric erosion, or are too weak to be detected by the sparse number of GPS receivers over Asia. The in situ plasma densities from the available coincident defense metrological satellite program (DMSP) satellites were also used to study the characteristics of SED/TEC plume at DMSP orbiting altitude (i.e., ∼870 km). The TOPographic EXplorer (TOPEX) altimeter TEC also is used to identify the conjugate SED/plume signature over the Southern Hemisphere.
Velocity Profiles in Slowly Sheared Bubble Rafts

Measurements of average velocity profiles in a bubble raft subjected to slow, steady shear demonstrate the coexistence between a flowing state and a jammed state similar to that observed for three-dimensional foams and emulsions [P. Coussot et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 218301 (2002)]. For sufficiently slow shear, the flow is generated by nonlinear topological rearrangements. We report on the connection between this short-time motion of the bubbles and the long-time averages. We find that velocity profiles for individual rearrangement events fluctuate, but a smooth, average velocity is reached after averaging over only a relatively few events.
Implementation and performance of a femtosecond laser mask repair system in manufacturing

Current laser based tools for removing Cr defects are fundamentally limited due to the thermal nature of ablation carried out with nanosecond pulses. Conversely, ablation carried out with femtosecond pulses of light removes Cr in a non-thermal process. As a result, the problems of metal splatter, haze, reduced transmission and pitting of the underlying quartz common to nanosecond ablation are virtually nonexistent with femtosecond ablation of Cr. In this paper we describe a femtosecond pulsed laser mask repair system which is presently operating successfully in a manufacturing environment.
A graph-based optimization algorithm for fragmented image reassembly

We propose a graph-based optimization framework for automatic 2D image fragment reassembly. First, we compute the potential matching between each pair of the image fragments based on their geometry and color. After that, a novel multi-piece matching algorithm is proposed to reassemble the overall image fragments. Finally, the reassembly result is refined by applying the graph optimization algorithm. We perform experiments to evaluate our algorithm on multiple torn real-world images, and demonstrate the robustness of this new assembly framework outperforms the existing algorithms in both reassembly accuracy (in handling accumulated pairwise matching error) and robustness (in handling small image fragments).
New results in multidimensional multirate systems

In multidimensional multirate systems one encounters an integer matrix M, which typically takes the role of decimators and interpolators. If M is diagonal, many of the concepts of one-dimensional systems extend automatically. In the present work, the author uses the Smith-form diagonalization of M to relate arbitrary systems to systems having diagonal decimation and interpolation matrices. Applications in maximally decimated filter banks and in the study of the generalized DFT (discrete Fourier transform) are considered. >
Flexibility-oriented design methodology for reconfigurable ΔΣ modulators

This paper presents a systematic methodology for producing reconfigurable ΔΣ modulator topologies with optimized flexibility in meeting variable performance specifications. To increase their flexibility, topologies are optimized for performance attributes pertaining to ranges of values rather than being single values. Topologies are implemented on switched-capacitor reconfigurable mixed-signal architectures. As the number of configurable blocks is very small, it is extremely important that the topologies use as few blocks as possible. A case study illustrates the methodology for specifications from telecommunications area.
Establishing relationships between parcel data and land cover for demographic small area estimation

Dasymetric and other small area estimation methods often use land-cover data in order to refine the spatial resolution of population data. The attribute tables of these land-cover data, however, ar...
Through the Eyes of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots: The Perception of Cyprus

i Dedication ii Acknowledgements iii List of Figures vi Glossary and Abbreviations vii Political Map of Cyprus ix Preface x Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Literature Review 9 Historical Background Nationalism The Need for Enemies Large Group Identity Perceptions in Divided Societies Dialogue Chapter Three Methodology 39 Chapter Four Historical 45 Chapter Five Interviews 55 Chapter Six Analysis and Recommendations 82 Chapter Seven Conclusion 92 v References 95 Appendix Survey Instrument Interview Questions 98
Body image among men and women in a biracial cohort : The CARDIA study

Objective To examine body image in a population-based, biracial cohort. Method Body image measures were obtained on 1,837 men (45% Black) and 1,895 women (51% Black) in the CARDIA study. Subscales of the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire (Appearance Evaluation and Appearance Orientation) and a measure of body size dissatisfaction were obtained. Results Blacks were more invested in appearance than Whites and women were more invested than men. Women were more dissatisfied with size and overall appearance than men, and White men were more dissatisfied with appearance than Black men. Black and White women were similarly dissatisfied with size and appearance. However, after adjustment for age, body mass index, and education, Black women were more satisfied with both dimensions than White women. Obesity was strongly associated with body dissatisfaction across all gender-ethnicity groups. Discussion Significant differences in body image were apparent by gender and ethnicity, and different patterns were evident depending on the dimension considered. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 25:71–82, 1999.
A graphics tool to aid in the generation of parallel FORTRAN programs

A graphics tool called BUILD that can be used to help automate the process of writing parallel FORTRAN programs for the SCHEDULE package is presented. The user can interactively build an execution graph that describes his or her algorithm and then have the tool generate the necessary calls to the SCHEDULE package. The tool and its use are described, and some examples that have been built using the tool are presented. >
Delirium in the ICU: an overview

Delirium is characterized by a disturbance of consciousness with accompanying change in cognition. Delirium typically manifests as a constellation of symptoms with an acute onset and a fluctuating course. Delirium is extremely common in the intensive care unit (ICU) especially amongst mechanically ventilated patients. Three subtypes have been recognized: hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed. Delirium is frequently undiagnosed unless specific diagnostic instruments are used. The CAM-ICU is the most widely studied and validated diagnostic instrument. However, the accuracy of this tool may be less than ideal without adequate training of the providers applying it. The presence of delirium has important prognostic implications; in mechanically ventilated patients it is associated with a 2.5-fold increase in short-term mortality and a 3.2-fold increase in 6-month mortality. Nonpharmacological approaches, such as physical and occupational therapy, decrease the duration of delirium and should be encouraged. Pharmacological treatment for delirium traditionally includes haloperidol; however, more data for haloperidol are needed given the paucity of placebo-controlled trials testing its efficacy to treat delirium in the ICU. Second-generation antipsychotics have emerged as an alternative for the treatment of delirium, and they may have a better safety profile. Dexmedetomidine may prove to be a valuable adjunctive agent for patients with delirium in the ICU.
Area routing for analog layout

An area router specifically tailored for the layout of analog circuits is presented. It is based on the A* algorithm, which combines the flexibility of maze routing with computational efficiency. Parasitics are controlled by means of a programmable cost function based on a set of user-defined weights. The weights can be automatically defined based on high-level electrical performance specifications and determine the net scheduling. An algorithm for symmetric routing preserves symmetries in differential architectures. Different current paths can be dealt with in each wire by means of a net partitioning procedure driven by information on the current driven by terminals. Shields can be built between critically coupled wires, in order to guarantee an effective limitation of cross-coupling. The weight-driven programmable cost function makes this router particularly suitable for a performance-driven approach to analog routing. Automatic weight definition also makes the use of the tool independent of the user's expertise. The implemented algorithms are described, and results proving the effectiveness of this approach are given. >
Is it AKI or Nonrecovery of Renal Function That Is Important for Long-Term Outcomes?

Epidemiologic research examines relationships between exposures and outcomes, with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes. To affect a change and improve outcomes, the relationships described must not only be causal, but modifiable ([1][1]). Numerous studies have described independent
Carbon emission permit price volatility reduction through financial options

We develop a stylized model to investigate the impact of financial options on reducing carbon permit price volatility under a cap-and-trade system. The existence of an option market provides a mechanism to hedge the uncertainty of future spot prices and is a stimulus for investment in carbon emission abatement technologies. We show that both the spot price level and the price volatility of carbon permits can be reduced via the trading of financial options, while achieving the emission reduction target. We also show that introducing financial options in a banking environment offers more flexibility to risk management in carbon permit trading.
Surface Recognition by Registering Data Curves from Touch

Model-based recognition of an object typically involves matching dense 3D range data. The computational cost is directly affected by the amount of data of which a transformation needs to be found before carrying out the match against a model. This paper investigates recognition using "one-dimensional" data, more specifically, points sampled along three concurrent curves on the surface of an object. The introduced method determines the quality of match against a model in two steps. First, the Gaussian and mean curvatures at the curve intersection point are estimated and used in a table lookup to find multiple candidate points on the model that have similar local geometry. Second, starting at each point, local optimization is conducted to search for a possible location of the curve intersection on the model as well as an orientation that leads to a good match of all data points. The best match between the model and the data curves is chosen over the results obtained from all candidate points. The quality of this match is used for comparison against other models. Simulation and experiment have been conducted to validate the recognition approach
WATER USE AND WATER CONSERVATION BY THE COPPER MINING INDUSTRY

: This paper examines the use of water by copper mines for treating low grade ores. The froth flotation process for treating sulphide ore and the heap leaching process for treating oxide ore are described, and ways of reducing the amount of water used in these processes are discussed. Estimates of the costs reducing water consumption are given. Finally, the circumstances in which it would be desirable for a copper mine to reduce its level of water consumption are considered.