cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of novel immobilized β-galactosidase reactor to hydrolyze the lactose constituent of skim milk

β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae immobilized in an axial-annular flow reactor was used to effect the hydrolysis of the lactose component of skim milk. Nonlinear regression methods were employed to determine the kinetic parameters of four rate expressions derived from a proposed enzymatic mechanism. Data taken at three different temperatures (30°C, 40°C, and 50°C) were fit via nonlinear regression methods assuming an Arrhenius temperature model for each of the parameters. For the reaction conditions used in this research, a three-parameter rate expression which includes the separate competitive inhibition effects of α- and β-galactose (and the associated mutarotation reaction) is sufficient to model the hydrolysis of lactose in skim milk. The effects of temperature on the individual kinetic parameters are small. The most significant effect appears in the term for inhibition by the β anomer of galactose (EA = 10.3 kcal/mol). At 40°C and a space time of 10 min, 70% of the lactose present in skim milk can be hydrolyzed with the axial-annular flow reactor. This reactor can be used to hydrolyze the lactose in skim milk without the problems observed with other reactor configurations, namely, plugging due to particulates, microbial contamination, and large pressure drop.
The relation between non-singular three-particle equations

Abstract The relationship between the equations obtained by applying Kowalski's generalized Sasakawa method to the three-body problem, and those obtained from the author's extension of the Sasakawa method to the three-body problem, is illustrated by means of an example. It is shown that the approximate scattering amplitudes obtained by iterating the author's equations satisfy unitarity below the breakup threshold. A suggestion is made for accelerating the convergence of the iterative solution of Kowalski's equations.
“We have a long way to go”: H. Councill Trenholm, educational associations, and equity

When H. Councill Trenholm wrote that “we have a long way to go”, he fully understood the barriers that African‐Americans faced in securing educational equity in the twentieth century, particularly in the segregated South. He also was keenly aware of the importance of education to community development, human development, and self‐actualisation. Trenholm excelled at building civic capacity by leveraging institutions and organisations. As a teacher, professor, teacher association leader and college president, he had a remarkable career marked by steady progress in strengthening a teacher corps and an institution of higher education, Alabama State, but he also faced crushing disappointments. This case study examines Trenholm’s vision and roles in expanding educational opportunity as the president of a major, state‐funded, segregated college, mobilising support of the National Education Association, nurturing the American Teachers Association, and persuading the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary ...
QCT Volumetric Bone Mineral Density and Vascular and Valvular Calcification: The Framingham Study

There is increasing evidence that bone and vascular calcification share common pathogenesis. Little is known about potential links between bone and valvular calcification. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between spine bone mineral density (BMD) and vascular and valvular calcification. Participants included 1317 participants (689 women, 628 men) in the Framingham Offspring Study (mean age 60 years). Integral, trabecular, and cortical volumetric bone density (vBMD) and arterial and valvular calcification were measured from computed tomography (CT) scans and categorized by sex-specific quartiles (Q4 = high vBMD). Calcification of the coronary arteries (CAC), abdominal aorta (AAC), aortic valve (AVC), and mitral valve (MVC) were quantified using the Agatston Score (AS). Prevalence of any calcium (AS >0) was 69% for CAC, 81% for AAC, 39% for AVC, and 20% for MVC. In women, CAC increased with decreasing quartile of trabecular vBMD: adjusted mean CAC = 2.1 (Q4), 2.2 (Q3), 2.5 (Q2), 2.6 (Q1); trend p = 0.04. However, there was no inverse trend between CAC and trabecular vBMD in men: CAC = 4.3 (Q4), 4.3 (Q3), 4.2 (Q2), 4.3 (Q1); trend p = 0.92. AAC increased with decreasing quartile of trabecular vBMD in both women (AAC = 4.5 [Q4], 4.8 [Q3], 5.4 [Q2], 5.1 [Q1]; trend p = 0.01) and men (AAC = 5.5 [Q4], 5.8 [Q3], 5.9 [Q2], 6.2 [Q1]; trend p = 0.01). We observed no association between trabecular vBMD and AVC or MVC in women or men. Finally, cortical vBMD was unrelated to vascular calcification and valvular calcification in women and men. Women and men with low spine vBMD have greater severity of vascular calcification, particularly at the abdominal aorta. The inverse relation between AAC and spine vBMD in women and men may be attributable to shared etiology and may be an important link on which to focus treatment efforts that can target individuals at high risk of both fracture and cardiovascular events.
Poly[styrene-b-maleated (ethylene/butylene)-b-styrene] (mSEBS) block copolymers and mSEBS/inorganic nanocomposites: I. Morphology and FTIR characterization

Abstract Self-assembled, [block copolymer]/[pure silicate and ORMOSIL] nanocomposites were created via sol–gel processes for silicate and organically-modified silicate (ORMOSIL) monomers in the presence of sulfonated maleated poly(styrene- b -ethylene/butylene- b -styrene) (mSEBS). Microscopic and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies showed that unmodified mSEBS has hexagonal packed PS cylinder morphology, but sulfonation causes the morphologies to be frustrated. The morphology of pure silicate nanoparticle-containing nanocomposites is phase separated, although further frustrated. The morphologies of the ORMOSIL-modified materials were different, less-ordered and show the influence of the nature of the organic group on self-assembly. Despite differences in morphology, degree of order, and different inter-domain spacings, all but the pure silicate-containing hybrid have the same PS domain width (25–30 nm). The dispersed nanoparticles are roughly spherical and some can grow to exceed the block copolymer domain sizes. All filled samples have inter-domain spacings, derived by SAXS analysis, that are larger than that of the corresponding unfilled sulfonated mSEBS, which reflects insertion of silicate or ORMOSIL structures. FTIR spectroscopy indicated successful Si–O–Si bond formation, which shows that the inserted particles are indeed crosslinked.
Economic Botany of the Cycads

Cycads are used mainly as sources of food starch, particularly during periods of shortage of regular supplies. Aside from the use as food, some species are used as decorative plants, as minor sources of gums, fibers, and possibly oils. This work reviews most of the scattered literature on the uses of seven of the nine genera of the Cycadaceae, excludingZamia andCeratozamia.
Articulated human pose tracking based on game theory

Human pose tracking is among the most popular hotspots in the field of computer vision. In this paper, we propose a novel game theory based method for tracking two dimensional articulated human poses in monocular video sequences. A new probability scheme of game theory is introduced into human pose tracking to find optimal solutions of human poses. The possible limb positions are modeled as strategies of agents who play normal form game with adjacent agents. Likelihood measurements and distance constraints are applied to calculate the payoffs of each of the strategies. Finally, the Nash equilibria are found for each normal form game and the human poses are estimated based on them. In the experiments, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm is fully exhibited.
Hurricane Katrina: disasters teach us and we must learn.

Received and accepted January 23, 2007. Drs. Ursano, Fullerton, Benedek, and Hamaoka are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. Address correspondence to Dr. Ursano, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814; rursano@usuhs.mil (e-mail). Copyright 2007 Academic Psychiatry Hurricane Katrina was one of the largest natural disasters our nation has experienced. Katrina covered an area the size of the United Kingdom and displaced hundreds of thousands of people. In this volume, sensitive, dedicated clinicians and educators use their experience to find lessons for our academic community as well as for our entire nation. As educators for medicine and psychiatry, the lessons are important in sustaining a critical component of our health care system—the ability to educate and train physicians and those who give care to the mentally ill, often the most overlooked component of our health care system. Katrina affected all parts of New Orleans, as well as the entire Gulf Coast. Psychological first aid was an important component of intervention (1–3). The principles of psychological first aid are an evidence-informed approach to providing early intervention after disaster. Psychological first aid has five principles:
Fatal consequences of a simple mistake: how can a patient be saved from inadvertent intrathecal vincristine?

Since its introduction in 1963, vincristine sulfate, commonly nown as vincristine, has been widely used as a chemotherapeutic gent for a variety of malignancies including lymphoma, leukemia, habdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, andWilms tumor. Vincristine s administered intravenously as bolus often in combination with ther multidrug chemotherapy regimen. Despite its long-term extensive use and the Food and Drug dministration recommended box label warning, there have been number of cases in which vincristine was inadvertently adminisered intrathecally. If administered intrathecally, vincristine causes evere and irreversible central nervous system toxicity and motor ysfunction followed by progressive ascending radiculomyeloenephalopathy, coma and death [1]. The error generally occurswhen incristine is confused with therapeutic agents normally adminisered intrathecally, such as methotrexate or cytarbine. Intrathecal dministration of vincristine was first described to cause a fatal scending myeloencephalopathy in humans in 1968 in the United tates [2]. Since then, over 16 cases in the United States and ver 60 cases worldwide have been reported in the literature [3]. owever, the true incidence of inadvertent intrathecal vincristine dministration is not known. Some of these incidents, particuarly lethal events, prompt publication and others reported to rganizations such as the Institute for Safe Medication Practices.
Dynamic Behavior of a Bilinear Hysteretic Elasto-Plastic Oscillator, Part I: Free Oscillations

Abstract Free oscillations of an elasto-plastic oscillator with kinematic hardening are analyzed in this paper. A bilinear hysteretic model is used to represent the material non-linearity. The coefficient of kinematic hardening is used as a problem parameter in the equations of motion. By solving the governing equations on each branch of the hysteretic cycle and matching the transition conditions, an iterative map is obtained for the plastic displacements. The map is analyzed and a bifurcation of the system's dynamic behavior due to change in the hardening parameter is discussed. A theorem is presented to identify two distinct subranges of this parameter, and the dynamic behavior of the oscillator is discussed in each subrange.
Transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from particles to membranes studied by quenching of fluorescence

Abstract Hydrophobic chlorinated hydrocarbons are adsorbed onto particles in the environment. Thus, uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons into organisms is likely to be from the particle-adsorbed state. We investigated the transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons from particles to phospholipid membranes, quantified by quenching of the fluorescence of a carbazole-labeled phospholipid which was used to label the membranes. The chlorinated hydrocarbons studied included DDT, DDE, methoxychlor, lindane, stirofos, and several polychlorinated biphenyls. The particles studied were porous glass, kaolinite, cellulose, and silica. Transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons from particles to vesicles was independent of the chlorinated hydrocarbon concentration. The transfer rate did not depend on binding of lipids to particles, and was independent of the lipid composition of the vesicles. Membrane uptake of chlorinated hydrocarbons from the particle-adsorbed state was more rapid than uptake from the microcrystalline state, and uptake was faster when the chlorinated hydrocarbons were dispersed over larger particle surface areas. The transfer rates of chlorinated hydrocarbons correlated with their aqueous solubilities. In total, these results indicate that chlorinated hydrocarbons are transferred through the aqueous phase. We judge the rate-limiting step in membrane uptake to be the rate of solubilization of the chlorinated hydrocarbons from the particles into the bulk aqueous phase. Adsorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons onto particles may enhance the transfer rate by dispersing the chlorinated hydrocarbons and making them more available for solubilization in the bulk aqueous phase. The data are correlated with a model that assumes diffusion across an unstirred aqueous layer which interfaces with the bulk aqueous phase and the particle.
Measurement of Unsteady Flow Reattachment on an Airfoil with an Ice Shape

ACQUIRING nonintrusive measurements of complex flowfield phenomena has received great attention in experimental aerodynamics. To further study the behavior of reattaching flows, a new technique was developed for determining the unsteady location of shear-layer reattachment downstreamof a large flow obstacle. This method uses surface-mounted hot-film arrays, which can provide nonintrusive surface-flow measurements with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. In a practical example, this method was developed and used to study the unsteady reattaching shear layer downstream of a leading-edge ice shape on an airfoil. Although numerous methods exist for determining the timeaveraged shear-layer reattachment location downstream of a flow obstacle, shear-layer reattachment itself is a highly unsteady process. For a two-dimensional (2-D) separation bubble, shear-layer reattachment occurs across a zone on a surface, rather than at a discrete point [1]. For example, Kiya and Sasaki [2] described the movement of the shear-layer reattachment location downstream of a backward-facing step using a model that included the influence of vortical motion and shear-layer flapping, which are the two primary modes of unsteadiness in the 2-D separation bubble flowfield. This model is represented in the schematic presented in Fig. 1 [2]. Numerous other studies have also been devoted to identifying the sources of these oscillations and the flowfield mechanics associated with them [3–11]. The most dominant feature in the flowfield of an airfoil with a horn-ice shape is the large separation bubble that forms due to the separation of the flow off the tip of the horn-ice shape [12]. As shown by Jacobs [13], the separation bubble downstream of a twodimensional extruded horn-ice shape on an airfoil model produces a separation bubble that lacks significant spanwise variation and is effectively 2-D. Gurbacki [14] also showed that the unsteady flowfield features on an airfoil with a horn-ice shape exhibit similar classifications of spectral content as flows about backward-facing steps or other canonical geometries used to study 2-D separation bubbles and includes contributions from vortical motion and a lowfrequency mode. The concept behind the current method for determining the unsteady shear-layer reattachment location was largely motivated by prior research with hot-film arrays [15–19]. Stack et al. [19] first identified that the time-averaged locations of laminar separation and turbulent reattachment on two airfoils correlated to a reversal in phase between two adjacent sensors of a hot-film array. The cause of this reversal in the signal phase between adjacent sensors has been attributed to the flow bifurcation that occurs at reattachment [18] and is due to the difference in flow direction near the stagnation point at reattachment. This flow bifurcation at reattachment and phase reversal phenomenon serves as the basis for determining the unsteady shear-layer reattachment location in the current study.
Factors influencing structure formation and phase size in an immiscible polymer blend of polycarbonate and polypropylene prepared by twin-screw extrusion

Abstract The modification of the morphology of an immiscible binary blend of polypropylene (PP) and polycarbonate (PC), in a co-rotating, intermeshing, twin-screw extruder has been studied. It was found that the proximity to the die wall, high composition and high viscosity/elasticity ratios resulted in preferential fibre formation for the dispersed phase. The phase size and size distribution increase significantly with composition. The point of phase inversion is difficult to determine precisely due to the presence of extended morphologies over a wide composition range. Composite blend morphologies (occlusion formation) were observed at 60% PC (weight). The influence of the viscosity ratio on phase size was studied over a wide range and was found to be a minor effect at 10% PC (volume) composition. The effect of viscosity ratio becomes more pronounced at 20% PC. Comparison of the viscosity ratio effect on phase size between the twin-screw and an internal mixing chamber indicated a significantly coarser dispersed phase in the latter case at high viscosity ratio. At a lower viscosity ratio the phase size and size distribution were identical in the two processing environments. The minor-phase morphology in the centre of the extruded strand was not found to be highly sensitive to the screw speed and the volumetric flow rate. This indicates that the minor phase in these blends is not highly dependent on the shear stress and energy imposed on the material before the die. The above results are contrasted with previous detailed studies carried out in an internal mixing chamber.
Derivation of a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger-Langevin equation

Abstract Within the framework of the Nelson-de la Pena stochastic mechanics a generalized nonlinear Schrodinger-Langevin equation is derived. Then, by taking proper limits, results of previous works are fully recovered.
Rat skeletal muscle glycogen synthase: phosphorylation of the purified enzyme by cAMP-dependent and -independent protein kinases.

Abstract Glycogen synthase was purified to near homogeneity from rat skeletal muscle, and was found to resemble the rabbit skeletal muscle enzyme in several respects. An apparent molecular weight (Mapp) of 86,000 was estimated from the electrophoretic mobility of the subunit on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Limited proteolysis of the rat synthase with trypsin resulted in the formation of species with Mapps equal to 75,000, 69,000, and 67,000. The enzyme could be phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphorylase kinase, and the cAMP-independent protein kinases, PC0.7 and F A GSK -3 . Essentially all of the phosphorylation observed occurred on serines located in two cyanogen bromide fragments, denoted CB-1 (Mapp = 13,000) and CB-2 (Mapp = 22,000). F A GSK -3 and cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylated sites in both fragments. Phosphate introduced by phosphorylase kinase was located exclusively in CB-1, and that incorporated with PC0.7 was found in CB-2. Phosphorylation by F A GSK -3 reduced the electrophoretic mobility of the subunit, introduced heterogeneity into CB-2, and was synergistic with phosphorylation by PC0.7. To separate phosphorylation sites more completely, samples of glycogen synthase were subjected to extensive proteolysis using trypsin, followed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. When phosphorylated by the same kinases, the pattern of fragments obtained with rat and rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase were almost identical. The results presented provide strong evidence that the subunit of rat skeletal muscle glycogen synthase has at least five phosphorylation sites that are very similar, if not identical, to sites present on the rabbit muscle enzyme.
Perceived gratifications of online media service use among potential users

As competition for audience revenues intensifies in the newly competitive media environment, programmers are hoping to harness the potential of the Internet. The present study explores potential online media service access in light of motivational factors, existing media use level, home communication technology infrastructure and demographic attributes. Findings indicate that perceived gratification expectation dimensions were strong predictors of likely online media service use. Although traditional media use was largely perceived as irrelevant to online media content access, online service was seen as a functional supplement to traditional media instead of a complement or displacement mechanism. An existing communication technology cluster in the home was not found to be predictive of likely online service adoption, as it might not have been deemed "functionally interdependent" of the online service. The younger babyboomers and post-babyboomers fit the profile of a likely online media service adopter, as characterized by their age and educational level.
Taking sustainable cities seriously: a comparative analysis of twenty-four US cities

After briefly reviewing some conceptual underpinnings of sustainable cities, this paper analyses and compares sustainable cities initiatives in 24 US cities. The central question addressed in the paper is why some cities seem to take sustainability more seriously than others. Numerous demographic, socioeconomic and other characteristics of the cities are correlated with an Index of Taking Sustainability Seriously, which is a composite of some 34 different variables indicating whether each city engages in specific sustainability programmes, policies or activities. Many of the standard explanations, such as the income and wealth of the community, the liberalness of the city and the growth pressures placed on the city, are found to exhibit no correlation with the seriousness of the sustainability effort. What do correlate with the Index are: reliance on manufacturing, where having more residents employed in manufacturing industries is associated with less seriousness; and, the age of the population, where ci...
Compensation-theorem analyses of ground wave propagation over irregular, inhomogeneous terrains

Abstract Work during the last 40 years on various aspects of ground wave propagation is surveyed, including dipole propagation over flat homogeneous and inhomogeneous terrains, smooth homogeneous earth, and irregular homogeneous and inhomogeneous terrains. The Ott-Volterra integral equation for TMp ground wave field over irregular homogeneous paths is discussed and an occasional troublesome behavior of the modified Sommerfeld attenuation function explained. Several representations of spatially distributed transmitter current are presented. A Compensation-theorem Volterra for the ground wave over inhomogeneous terrain is derived, in the parabolic wave equation approximation. A recent Compensation-theorem integral equation for general terrain satisfying the hyperbolic wave equation is reviewed. Computations for several very rough terrains indicate the ‘parabolic’ integral equations may often be more accurate.
BWR control rod drive system aging

Abstract This Phase I Nuclear Plant Aging Research (NPAR) study examines the aging phenomena associated with BWR control rod drive mechanisms (CRDMs) and assesses the merits of various methods of “managing” this aging. Information for this study was acquired from (1) the results of a special CRDM aging questionnaire distributed to each U.S. BWR utility, (2) a first-of-its-kind workshop held to discuss CRDM aging and maintenance concerns, (3) an analysis of the Nuclear Plant Reliability Data System (NPRDS) failure cases attributed to the control rod drive (CRD) system, and (4) personal information exchange with nuclear industry CRDM maintenance experts. The report documenting the findings of this research, NUREG-5699, will be published this year. Nearly 23% of the NPRDS CRD system component failure reports were attributed to the CRDM. The CRDM components most often requiring replacement due to aging are the Graphitar seals. The predominant causes of aging for these seals are mechanical wear and thermal embrittlement. More than 59% of the NPRDS CRD system failure reports were attributed to components that comprise the hydraulic control unit (HCU). The predominant HCU components affected by the effects of service wear and aging are valve seals, discs, seats, stems, packing, and diaphragms.
Power Generation in Series Mode

This article presents the development and implementation of a 20-kW permanent magnet (PM) brushless dc (BLDC) machine starter/generator system for a series-parallel 2 x 2 hybrid electric vehicle.
Fluoro-ketones VI. Synthesis of perfluoro di- and tetra-ketones from 1,1-dichlorobenzyllithium and perfluoroesters

Abstract The reaction of C 6 H 5 CCl 2 Li with perfluorinated mono and diesters yields fluorochloroketones in high yield. Hydrolysis of such compounds produces alpha-beta fluorinated di- and tetra-ketones, respectively. Various hydrates of the fluorinated ketones have been identified.
The shape oscillations of a two-dimensional drop including viscous effects

Abstract The implementation of a boundary integral method for potential flow is presented for the case of a two-dimensional drop freely oscillating in a vacuum. Calculations using a standard boundary integral formulation and a double-layer potential boundary integral formulation are compared for the case of an inviscid drop with a clean interface. Additional comparisons are made using a least-squares spectral transform method for interpolating and differentiating versus more common methods using cubic splines and central differences. The boundary integral method for potential (i.e. inviscid) flow is extended in two viscous examples to approximate (i) the weak viscous effects in the bulk fluid far from the clean interface, or (ii) the surface viscous effects in an inviscid drop arising from an interface that is highly contaminated with an insoluble surfactant. The addition of an incompressibility constraint, implemented in a least-squares sense, to the standard boundary integral formulation is shown to significantly improve its ability to preserve the conserved quantities of volume and total energy. Nevertheless, the double-layer potential boundary integral formulation, despite its more complicated form, is found to be computationally more efficient than the standard formulation. The use of the least-squares spectral transform method is shown to be more accurate, and in certain conditions more efficient, than using cubic splines and sixth-order central differences for time-evolution of this system. Simulations approximating the damping effects of clean viscous drop are found to be consistent with small deformation theory while the calculations incorporating the damping effects of surface dilatational viscosity are shown to dissipate the energy of the oscillations at a rate that is neither exponential nor algebraic.
Research Note: Effect of the Presence of Hens on the Semen Production of Male Breeder Turkeys

Large White breeder male turkeys were raised in the absence of females. At 28 wk of age, the breeders were moved to a house with two separate wings. In one wing, four pens with five males per pen were alternated with 4 pens of breeder females; in the other wing, 4 pens with 5 males per pen were alternated with 4 empty pens. Vocalization by the females could not be heard in the wing without females. Semen was collected once a week from 33 to 49 wk of age. The ejaculate volume, concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, and total number spermatozoa per ejaculate were determined for each male. An analysis of variance for each week showed few significant effects (P less than .05). Males with females in adjacent pens had higher ejaculate volumes and higher totals for spermatozoa per ejaculate for Weeks 36 and 41, higher spermatozoal concentrations for Week 39, and a lower spermatozoal concentration for Week 44 than males adjacent to empty pens. For Weeks 33 to 49 inclusive, the cumulative total ejaculate volume per male was 5.18 and 4.89 mL, and the cumulative total spermatozoa per male was 40.0 and 39.0 billion for males adjacent to females and males adjacent to empty pens, respectively. Therefore, the authors concluded that the presence of breeder hens had little effect on ejaculate volume, on concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, or on total spermatozoa per ejaculate of breeder male turkeys.
Commercial software as the basis for an augmentative communication system on a personal computer.

Many severely speech-impaired individuals have a need or desire to maintain the capability for computerized speech generation while performing a variety of other computer-supported tasks such as wo...
Hysteresis-dependent adsorption-desorption cycles: Generalization for isothermal conditions

Hysteresis-dependent adsorption-desorption equilibrium cycles are measured for the systems water vapor-silica gel at 25°C. Various and distinct types of equilibrium cycles are observed, depending on the relative positions of the limiting partial pressures with respect to the closure points of the main hysteresis loop as well as the history of the cycle. Hysteresis-dependent cycles are classified accordingly. The simple theoretical model based on the network pore blocking theory for predicting primary and secondary adsorption and desorption isotherms (Rajniak and Yang, 1993) is extended for predicting isotherms of higher orders and equilibrium cycles of all types. Only primary adsorption and desorption isotherms are needed for the predictions. Furthermore, there exists an infinite number of equilibrium cycles between any two partial pressures within the main hysteresis loop; the exact path of the cycle depends on the history before the cycle is initiated - it is memory-dependent
Mucoepidermoid tumors of the major salivary glands

Summary One hundred and seven cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of major salivary glands (91 per cent in the parotid gland) encountered at the Mayo Clinic from 1907 through 1963 have been reviewed. Approximately two thirds of the patients were females and the age of patients ranged from five to eighty-one years. Tumors were divided on a histopathologic basis into three groups (grades 1, 2, and 3), representing different levels of histologic activity. In the earlier part of the period, excision of the tumor was the most common treatment; later subtotal or total removal of the gland was most frequently the treatment of choice. The recurrence rate for all tumors was 25 per cent, being 10 per cent for the well differentiated tumors (grades 1 and 2) and 71.4 per cent for the grade 3 lesions. The survival rate is excellent for patients with grade 1 and grade 2 lesions, but poor for those with grade 3 tumors. Total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve in most cases is the treatment of choice for mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the parotid gland, and total removal of the gland when the lesion is located in the submaxillary or sublingual gland.
Weight training in coronary artery disease and hypertension.

0 VER THE PAST 10 to 15 years, physical exercise has played a role in the therapeutic management of coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension. Individuals who exercise regularly realize increased physical working capacity, improved cardiac risk factor profiles, and for CAD patients, better control of symptoms. The prevailing point of view has been to encourage as much physical activity as possible within the physiological and medical limitations of the patient, ie, angina, excessive blood pressure, ischemia, and left ventricuiar dysfunction. For CAD and coronary-prone patients, the major emphasis has been on developing cardiovascular fitness. Activities for cardiovascular fitness entail rhythmic movements of the larger muscle groups against relatively small resistance during efforts lasting minutes or longer, ie, walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, running, and rowing. These activities increase the demand for oxygen, which is the reason they are called “aerobic” exercise. As a result of aerobic training, there is better distribution of cardiac output, more oxygen extraction from a given blood flow by the muscles, and lower heart rate and blood pressure at rest and during submaximal work. Consequently, the patient can do more work with less cardiac effort. This is especially important to CAD patients who may have limited blood supply through the coronary arteries. Additional emphasis has been placed on cardiovascular fitness in high-risk individuals because this trait is linked to coronary disease risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. Another approach to exercise training has been weight lifting using machines or free weights. Weight training is widely used to increase strength, power, and muscular endurance. Strength-trained individuals show a marked degree of muscle hypertrophy and lean body mass. Improvement in strength, especially upper body strength, is important for many high-risk patients (Table 1). In the past, patients have been restrained from weight lifting largely because of concern that increased exertional blood pressure can lead to a markedly elevated rate pressure product, myocardial ischemia, and ventricular arrhythmias. For many CAD patients with occupations requiring moderate weight lifting, return to work has often been delayed because of fear of complications, resulting in individual anxiety and economic hardship. However, increased strength should benefit CAD patients during activities requiring lifting, pushing, pulling, or carrying constant loads. Because the magnitude of the pressor response to static work is proportional to the percentage of maximal voluntary contraction,’ increased strength should lower the pressor response at a given work load because the load after training now represents a lower percentage of maximal. This article examines the benefits and risks of weight training for CAD and hypertensive patients, and provides specific recommendations for patient selection as well as guidelines for training and safety.
SO2 policy and input substitution under spatial monopoly

Abstract Following the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, electric utilities dramatically increased their utilization of low-sulfur coal from the Powder River Basin (PRB). Recent studies indicate that railroads hauling PRB coal exercise a substantial degree of market power and that relative price changes in the mining and transportation sectors were contributing factors to the observed pattern of input substitution. This paper asks the related question: To what extent does more stringent SO2 policy stimulate input substitution from high-sulfur coal to low-sulfur coal when railroads hauling low-sulfur coal exercise spatial monopoly power? The question underpins the effectiveness of incentive-based environmental policies given the essential role of market performance in input, output, and abatement markets in determining the social cost of regulation. Our analysis indicates that environmental regulation leads to negligible input substitution effects when clean and dirty inputs are highly substitutable and the clean input market is mediated by a spatial monopolist.
Chemical studies of the internal shell of of the slug, Ariolimax columbianus (gould) with special reference to the organic matrix

Abstract 1. 1. Calcium content of the shell varies with the nutritional conditions. The primary function of this structure may be that of storing calcium. 2. 2. Histochemical and chemical tests reveal that the organic matrix is mostly protein, with small amounts of neutral and acidic mucopolysaccharides and traces of lipids. 3. 3. Hydrolytic products of the matrix include fucose, galactose and glusosamine. 4. 4. Seventeen amino acids are present in the hydrolysates of the matrix. There is less glycine than is usual in molluscan shells and aspartic and glutamic acids are abundant. 5. 5. The slug shell matrix is different from other molluscan shell matrices in its low glycine and high carbohydrate content.
Micromechanical modeling of fracture initiation in 7050 aluminum

Abstract Mechanical testing and finite element calculations have been carried out to characterize the fracture initiation behavior of the high-strength aluminum alloy 7050-T7451. Results show that fracture initiation is well predicted for two specimen types of differing constraint using the stress-modified, critical plastic strain micromechanical model. The relation between stress triaxiality and critical plastic strain was found from a series of notched tensile specimens. Data from these tests are interpreted using both companion finite element modeling and common, semi-empirical relations, and these two approaches are compared. Multiple, interrupted tests of standard, highly constrained single edge notched bend specimens are used to obtain the J–R curve in 7050 for small amounts of tearing to experimentally identify initiation. Companion modeling and the stress-modified, critical plastic strain relation are used to find the length scale for fracture, l ∗ , needed for initiation predictions. The calibrated stress-modified, critical plastic strain relation and length scale are then used to predict fracture initiation of a low-constraint specimen. The prediction is within 5% of the experimental measurements. Finally, various aspects of the procedure followed in the present work are compared to previous efforts using similar approaches.
E6 theories and Higgs boson pair production in e+e− annihilation☆

Abstract The production of pairs of Higgs bosons in e + e − annihilation in the standard model can only proceed at the one-loop level in the limit that the electron mass is ignored. In E 6 models we show that the existence of exotic leptons and off-diagonal Higgs boson couplings can lead to an appreciable rate for the e + e − →2H 0 process at the tree level if the mixing between ordinary and exotic leptons is not too small.
Should the physically Ill child attend day care

Child development hearings, government research, and federal projects are examined to determine whether or not the physically ill child should attend day care. Federal and state standards reveal a wide dispersion of opinion as well as a lack of analytically useful research. The probability of children catching infections and developing serious illness remains the main debate issue as to whether the physically ill child should attend day care. Supporters for inclusion of the physically ill child in day care argue that removing the child from school won't prevent or diminish contagion.
The reduction of chlorate and perchlorate ions at an active titanium electrode

Perchlorate ion is electrochemically reduced to chloride ion at an active titanium electrode in aqueous 1.0 M HClO4. The reduction occurs by direct reaction at the surface rather than a pathway involving catalysis by soluble titanium corrosion products. The reaction occurs by oxygen atom transfer to the titanium surface, and the implications of this mechanism for the surface composition of active titanium electrodes are discussed. Chlorate ion is also reduced at titanium, and the rate constant for chlorate reduction is at least 105 times greater than that for perchlorate reduction.
A FRAMEWORK FOR DYNAMIC SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES MANAGEMENT

The use of Web services as a means of dynamically discovering, negotiating, composing, executing and managing services to materialize enterprise-scale workflow is an active research topic. Existing approaches involve many disparate concepts, frameworks and technologies. What is needed is a comprehensive and overarching framework that handles the processing and workflow requirements of Virtual Organizations, maps them to a collection of service-oriented tasks, dynamically configures these tasks from available services, and manages the choreography and execution of these services. The goal is to add semantics to Web services to endow them with capabilities needed for their successful deployment in enterprise-scale systems for Virtual Organizations. This paper introduces such a framework, the Knowledge-based Dynamic Semantic Web Services (KDSWS) Framework that addresses in an integrated end-to-end manner, the life-cycle of activities involved in preparing, publishing, requesting, discovering, selecting, configuring, deploying, and delivering Semantic Web Services. In particular, the following issues are addressed with an emphasis on adaptability to rapidly changing environments and standards: (1) semantic specification of both service's and requestor's capabilities, constraints and preferences including quality of service, trust, and security; (2) transaction control and workflow management; and (3) resource management, interoperation and evolution of the Virtual Organization.
Electrical conductivity of iodine doped pseudo interpenetrating polymer networks

The iodine doped pseudo interpenetrating polymer networks (PIPN's) of both conjugated and non-conjugated linear polymers in less conducting crosslinked polymer networks may possess modest DC conductivities, σ, of the order of the iodine doped bulk polymers. There is evidence that critical percolation occurs in PIPN's and that these materials possess a quasi-one dimensional character unlike the iodine doped bulk polymers, e.g. the σ of the iodine doped PIPN's increases from about 120 K to 4 K with decreasing temperature. We provide a simple partial (near and somewhat below room temperature) theory and summarize conductivity and resonance Raman spectroscopic studies.
Geochemical exploration for copper in the Wallaroo mining district, South Australia

Abstract A systematic examination of the polymorphic soil mantle in the Wallaroo Mining District, South Australia, resulted in a discovery of three copper anomalies in the lower soil horizons. The exploratory boring of these anomalies established a sub-economic chalcopyrite mineralization at several hundred feet depth. The outcome of the project so far may be described as a technical success (the copper ore was found) but a commercial failure (less than 0·5% chalcopyrite in the ore).
Rapid Action of Oestrogen in Luteinising Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Neurones: The Role of GPR30

Previously, we have shown that 17β-oestradiol (E 2 ) induces an increase in firing activity and modifies the pattern of intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) oscillations with a latency < 1 min in primate luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurones. A recent study also indicates that E 2 , the nuclear membrane impermeable oestrogen, oestrogen-dendrimer conjugate, and the plasma membrane impermeable oestrogen, E 2 -BSA conjugate, all similarly stimulated LHRH release within 10 min of exposure in primate LHRH neurones, indicating that the rapid action of E 2 is caused by membrane signalling. The results from a series of studies further suggest that the rapid action of E 2 in primate LHRH neurones appears to be mediated by GPR30. Although the oestrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182, 780, neither blocked the E 2 -induced LHRH release nor the E 2 -induced changes in [Ca 2+ ], oscillations, E 2 application to cells treated with pertussis toxin failed to result in these changes in primate LHRH neurones. Moreover, knockdown of GPR30 in primate LHRH neurones by transfection with human small interference RNA for GPR30 completely abrogated the E 2 -induced changes in [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations, whereas transfection with control siRNA did not. Finally, the GPR30 agonist, G1, resulted in changes in [Ca 2+ ] i oscillations similar to those observed with E 2 . In this review, we discuss the possible role of G-protein coupled receptors in the rapid action of oestrogen in neuronal cells.
A STUDY OF THE SPIROCHAETICIDAL ACTION OF THE SERUM OF PATIENTS TREATED WITH SALVARSAN.

1. The serum of rabbits treated intravenously with neosalvarsan, and of syphilitic patients treated intravenously with salvarsan or neosalvarsan, has a definite spirochaeticidal action upon Spirochœta duttoni . 2. Although this spirochaeticidal action is exerted in vitro , it can be demonstrated only after the treated spirochaetae are injected into susceptible animals. 3. A curative action of the serum of neosalvarsan-treated rabbits is exercised on mice infected with Spirochœta duttoni . 4. The spirochaeticidal action of the serum of salvarsan-treated rabbits and patients is markedly increased by heating at 56° C. for thirty minutes. 5. The increased spirochaeticidal action produced by heating is due in part to the destruction of some inhibitory substance contained in normal serum and in part to a direct effect of the heat upon the serum and salvarsan mixture. 6. Cerebrospinal fluid does not contain the inhibitory substance present in normal unheated serum.
Avoidance conditioning in mice as a function of their mothers' training.

Prior to mating, inbred female mice were exposed to 1 of 4 conditions for 15 days: 50 trials of avoidance conditioning per day; equivalent (yoked) exposure to conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock, but without the response contingency; yoked exposure to the CS alone; or no experimental treatment. Within 48 hr after birth the offspring of these females were transferred to unrelated foster mothers. The treated females served as foster mothers for the offspring of untreated females. When the adult avoidance conditioning performance of the offspring was analyzed, an interaction was found between the sex of the offspring, the treatment of the mothers, and the developmental period during which the maternal treatment influenced the offspring. In general, the prenatal effect of maternal treatment was the reverse of the postnatal effect, and its effect, while somewhat greater on female offspring, also was the reverse of its effect on male offspring.