cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing practical automatic metadata assignment and evaluation tools for internet resources

This paper describes the development of practical automatic metadata assignment tools to support automatic record creation for virtual libraries, metadata repositories and digital libraries, with particular reference to library-standard metadata. The development process is incremental in nature, and depends upon an automatic metadata evaluation tool to objectively measure its progress. The evaluation tool is based on and informed by the metadata created and maintained by librarian experts at the INFOMINE Project, and uses different metrics to evaluate different metadata fields. In this paper, we describe the form and function of common metadata fields, and identify appropriate performance measures for these fields. The automatic metadata assignment tools in the iVia virtual library software are described, and their performance is measured. Finally, we discuss the limitations of automatic metadata evaluation, and cases where we choose to ignore its evidence in favor of human judgment.
A framework for capacity planning and machine configuration in flexible assembly systems

We consider the problem of simultaneously determining the number of machines (and/or workers), the assignment of tasks (and related tools and components) to these machines, and the number of jobs circulating in a flexible assembly system (FAS), to satisfy steady-state throughput requirements for a family of similar products at minimum cost. We focus on situations where there are precedence relations among the various tasks, as is common in assembly systems. We present a framework for solving this problem based on a heuristic decomposition approach which involves the solution of only a few types of sub-problems. We demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the overall procedure using a number of example problems.
Conceptual Framework for Animal Assisted Therapy

Animal-assisted Therapy (A-AT) is becoming a popular therapeutic treatment for both children and adults. The author has used A-AT in a school setting with students with emotional disturbances. A review of the literature regarding A-AT reveals a lack of a unified theoretical framework. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that incorporates a physiological, psychological, and cognitive model to depict the functional deficits that challenge students with emotional disturbances. Attachment Theory is then used to describe why A-AT may be effective in improving the socio-emotional and behavioral functioning of students with emotional disturbances.
Establishment of Culture Conditions for Survival of Histomonas meleagridis in Transit

Fresh ceca samples from turkeys in North Carolina infected with Histomonas meleagridis were collected at necropsy, inoculated into warmed Dwyers medium, and sent by overnight courier to our laboratory at The University of Georgia. Further incubation at 40 C yielded positive cultures from all four samples. PCR and DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of H. meleagridis. To further establish conditions for survival in transit, we infected turkeys with H. meleagridis, euthanatized the birds 10 days postinfection, and allowed carcasses to incubate at room temperature for either 2 or 24 hr. After incubation, samples of cecal contents (0.5 g) were placed in Dwyers medium and held at 4, 25, or 30 C for 6, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 hr, simulating holding conditions during transit. Samples were placed in a 40 C incubator at the specified times and examined daily for histomonad growth by light microscopy. Positive histomonad growth was detected from cecal samples obtained from the 2-hr incubated carcass and from cultures held at 30 C for 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hr. No growth was seen from cultures held at 25 or 4 C or at any temperature from the carcass allowed to incubate for 24 hr at room temperature. These results suggest that positive isolation can be made from field samples, provided that material is collected at warm temperatures and transported rapidly to the laboratory.
Combined pharmacotherapy that increases proliferation and decreases apoptosis optimally enhances intestinal adaptation

Abstract Background Adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR) is associated with increased rates of enterocyte proliferation (P) and apoptosis (A). In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of dual therapy designed to increase P and simultaneously reduce A. Methods C57Bl/6 mice underwent a 50% small bowel resection (SBR) or sham operation, and then received an inhibitor of apoptosis (pan-caspase inhibitor), a stimulus for proliferation (epidermal growth factor; EGF), a combination, or vehicle control. After 3 days, adaptive morphology (villus height, crypt depth) and rates of enterocyte turnover (proliferation and apoptosis) were measured in the remnant ileum. Results Adaptation in controls and treated with the inhibitor was similar. EGF–treated mice demonstrated an even greater adaptive response. Combined therapy with the inhibitor and EGF resulted in maximal adaptation as gauged by the greatest increases in villus height and crypt depth and ratio of rates of P to A. Conclusion The capacity for adaptation following massive SBR is maintained via tight regulation of cell production and death. Pharmacologic intervention directed at increasing enterocyte proliferation while simultaneously decreasing apoptosis augments adaptation greater than either intervention alone and may provide a useful strategy to clinically amplify adaptation.
Expression of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Nef in Astrocytes during Acute and Terminal Infection and Requirement of Nef for Optimal Replication of Neurovirulent SIV In Vitro

As the most numerous cells in the brain, astrocytes play a critical role in maintaining central nervous system homeostasis, and therefore, infection of astrocytes by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vivo could have important consequences for the development of HIV encephalitis. In this study, we establish that astrocytes are infected in macaques during acute SIV infection (10 days postinoculation) and during terminal infection when there is evidence of SIV-induced encephalitis. Additionally, with primary adult rhesus macaque astrocytes in vitro, we demonstrate that the macrophage-tropic, neurovirulent viruses SIV/17E-Br and SIV/17E-Fr replicate efficiently in astrocytes, while the lymphocyte-tropic, nonneurovirulent virus SIV(mac)239 open-nef does not establish productive infection. Furthermore, aminoxypentane-RANTES abolishes virus replication, suggesting that these SIV strains utilize the chemokine receptor CCR5 for entry into astrocytes. Importantly, we show that SIV Nef is required for optimal replication in primary rhesus macaque astrocytes and that normalizing input virus by particle number rather than by infectivity reveals a disparity between the ability of a Nef-deficient virus and a virus encoding a nonmyristoylated form of Nef to replicate in these central nervous system cells. Since the myristoylated form of Nef has been implicated in functions such as CD4 and major histocompatibility complex I downregulation, kinase association, and enhancement of virion infectivity, these data suggest that an as yet unidentified function of Nef may exist to facilitate SIV replication in astrocytes that may have important implications for in vivo pathogenesis.
Predicting Changes in Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms Over a Six-Month Follow-Up: A Prospective Test of Cognitive Models of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that OCD-related beliefs (e.g., inflated responsibility) and negative life events should predict changes in OC symptoms over time (Rachman, 1997, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793–802; Rachman, 1998, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 385–401; Rachman, 2002, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 625–639; Salkovskis, 1985, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571–583; Salkovskis & Kirk, 1997, In The science and practice of cognitive behavior therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press). However, very little research has tested these longitudinal predictions. The current study sought to replicate and extend findings by Coles and Horng (2006, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 723–746) showing that OCD-related beliefs and negative life events significantly predicted changes in the frequency of OC symptoms over 6 weeks. Results of the current study, using a 6-month prospective longitudinal design, provided modest support for cognitive models of OCD. Negative life events significantly predicted residual change in both the frequency of, and distress associated with, OC symptoms. Initial OCD-related beliefs significantly predicted residual change in the distress associated with OC symptoms, but there was much additional variance to be accounted for. Additional data are presented that both examine the specificity of these predictors to changes in OC symptoms versus social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and explore particular types of life events in predicting symptom changes over time.
Manufacturability Study for Etching High-Density BST/Pt Capacitors

Profile control, process repeatability and productivity concerns in etching Pt electrodes are reviewed specifically for application in fabricating high-density BST/Pt capacitors. The approach of using a high temperature cathode in a high-density reactive plasma chamber has produced a repeatable >85° Pt profile, stable etch rate and low particle results over a 500-wafer marathon test. A “corrosion-like” BST defect can be prevented by adding a post etch treatment to remove any corrosive residue from the wafer surface. A feasible manufacturing solution for etching BST/Pt capacitors for future high-density DRAM application is demonstrated.
Towards an Understanding of Geovisualization with Dynamic Displays: Issues and Prospects

This paper explores research issues and methods for experimentally assessing the effectiveness of interactive and dynamic geographic visualization displays for knowledge discovery and knowledge construction. Based on a research framework from cognitive science, and utilizing the eyemovement data collection approach, a series of controlled animation experiments are proposed. These empirical studies adhere to experimental design standards in cognitive psychology, but are additionally grounded on a solid dynamic design framework borrowed from cartography, computer graphics and cinematography, to investigate how different dynamic visual variables, and various levels of interactivity affect people’s knowledge construction processes from dynamic displays as compared to static displays.
Formulation of discontinuous Galerkin methods for relativistic astrophysics

The DG algorithm is a powerful method for solving pdes, especially for evolution equations in conservation form. Since the algorithm involves integration over volume elements, it is not immediately obvious that it will generalize easily to arbitrary time-dependent curved spacetimes. We show how to formulate the algorithm in such spacetimes for applications in relativistic astrophysics. We also show how to formulate the algorithm for equations in non-conservative form, such as Einstein's field equations themselves. We find two computationally distinct formulations in both cases, one of which has seldom been used before for flat space in curvilinear coordinates but which may be more efficient. We also give a new derivation of the ALE algorithm (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) using 4-vector methods that is much simpler than the usual derivation and explains why the method preserves the conservation form of the equations. The various formulations are explored with some simple numerical experiments that also investigate the effect of the metric identities on the results. The results of this paper may also be of interest to practitioners of DG working with curvilinear elements in flat space.
The Paradox of Bill of Rights Rhetoric, 1787-1791

In this article, Professor Finkelman discusses the challenges that the framers faced in creating the Bill of Rights. On one hand, the Federalists feared power vesting itself primarily in the states while the Antifederalists were weary of a strong national government. Both sides had to come together and compromise on the Bill of Rights to protect individual rights from both state and federal government.
How impulse buying influences compulsive buying: The central role of consumer anxiety and escapism

Abstract The paper highlights key research findings regarding compulsive buying behavior and aims at describing and testing the relationship between compulsive buying and an alternative buying phenomenon, i.e. impulse buying. Two common views of the relationship between compulsive and impulse buying are discussed and combined to form a hybrid conceptualization. Results suggest that impulse buying increases anxiety in consumers that is in turn, linked to compulsive buying. Notably, consumer escapism appears to deter the conversion of anxiety into compulsive buying. Results and managerial implications are discussed.
Survey on Chromium Content in Foods,Rizhao City,2013

Objective To investigate chromium content in food added with gelatin in Rizhao city.so as to provide the basic information and scientific basis for risk assessment of food safety. Methods Determination and analysis were conducted on chromium content in food by random sampling in food markets,supermarkets,canteens and others in counties and districts of Rizhao city. Results In 120 samples of 9types of food,some samples of pigskin jelly and toffee exceeded the limit of the chromium content 1mg/kg,other types of chromium content of food can be considered to meet the requirements.The qualified rate of two categories of pigskin jelly and toffee was 76.19%and 62.50%respectively. Conclusion It is possible for individual enterprise that edible gelatin may be replaced with industrial gelatin in production process of food,and it is still necessary to strengthen the supervision of food processing enterprises.
Evaluation of Factors Influencing Thigh Circumference Measurement in Dogs

Objective: To evaluate inter- and intra-observer variability, influence of hair clipping and laser guidance on canine thigh circumference (TC) measurements amongst observers. Background: It was our goal to further study the reliability of canine TC measurements as currently performed. For this purpose we designed a cadaveric model that allows for controlled inflation of the thigh resembling increase of muscle mass. We also investigated the impact of novel technologies (laser guidance) and hair clipping on TC measurements in this model. Evidentiary value: Phase 1 cadaveric study - five long-haired, large breed canine cadavers; Phase 2 clinical study - eight clinically healthy Golden Retrievers. This study should impact clinical research and practice. Methods: Phase 1 - Canine cadaveric thigh girth was manually expanded to three different levels using a custom, submuscular inflation system before and after hair clipping; Phase 2 - TC of Golden Retrievers was measured with and without laser guidance. TC measurements for both phases were performed by four observers in triplicate resulting in a total of 552 measurements. Results: Phase 1 - TC measurements before and after hair clipping were significantly different (3.44cm difference, p<0.001). Overall inter-observer and intra-observer variability were 2.26±1.18cm and 0.90±0.61cm, respectively. Phase 2 - Laser guidance nominally improved inter-observer variability (3.34 ±1.09cm versus 4.78 ±2.60cm) but did not affect intra-observer variability (1.14 ±0.66cm versus 1.13 ±0.77cm). Conclusion: TC measurement is a low fidelity outcome measure with a large inter- and intra-observer variability even under controlled conditions in a cadaveric setting. Current methods of canine TC measurement may not produce a valid outcome measurement. If utilised, hair coat clipping status should be considered and an intra-observer variability of at least 1cm should be assumed when comparing repeated TC measurements. Laser guidance may be helpful to nominally reduce inter-observer variability in settings with multiple observers. Further investigation of alternative methods for canine TC measurement should be pursued. Application: This information should be considered by everyone utilizing TC measurements as an outcome assessment for clinical or research purposes.
Abstract IA04: Functional genomics for discovery of pathogenic mechanisms of disease and novel therapies for hematologic malignancies

Our ability to quickly and cost-effectively decode cancer genomes and identify somatic mutations has been revolutionized by deep sequencing technologies. In some instances, the identification of these somatic driver mutations has resulted in implementation of more effective therapeutic strategies for patients. However, in many instances knowledge of somatic drivers has not resulted in new therapeutic strategies. In some cases, these driver mutations are gain-of-function and targeted drugs have not yet been developed, such that further drug development will bridge the translational gap between genomic knowledge and clinical translation. However, in many cases the somatic driver mutations are not directly targetable because the mutations result in loss-of-function of the mutated gene. In these cases, we face a critical knowledge gap between understanding of the identity of molecular drivers of disease and understanding of the dysregulated signaling pathways that result from these loss-of-function genetic events. It will be important to close this knowledge gap in order to better understand the targeted therapies that can be effective for all somatic driver events, such that all cancer patients can receive effective, individually tailored therapies. My lab has developed ex vivo, functional screening platforms that can be applied directly to primary specimens from patients with hematologic malignancies. These assays are based on panels of drugs and can deliver information about the specific drugs (or combinations of drugs) to which a patient9s tumor cells are hypersensitive. Integration of these functional data with genomic information about each patient9s tumor cells has allowed us to accelerate the process by which we discover actionable therapeutic strategies that correlate with tumor genotypes. In addition, these assays are completed in a clinically relevant time frame of three days, such that the data from these assays can be used to directly inform therapeutic strategies, even in the absence of genomic information. In this lecture, I will provide an overview of these functional screening platforms, I will illustrate strategies of data integration that have enabled rapid discovery and translation of new targeted therapy strategies, and I will discuss our experience to date with direct clinical implementation of findings from these functional screening data. Citation Format: Jeffrey W. Tyner. Functional genomics for discovery of pathogenic mechanisms of disease and novel therapies for hematologic malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Integrating Clinical Genomics and Cancer Therapy; Jun 13-16, 2015; Salt Lake City, UT. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
Phenomenology of a Photograph, or: How to use an Eidetic Phenomenology

The present article aims to make good on Roland Barthe’s unfulfilled promise to provide an eidetic phenomenology for the photograph. Though the matter deserves consideration simply because no relevant account has yet been provided, the consequences of adumbrating eight eidetic features, we hope to show, bear directly on the phenomenology of time, the possibility of technological events, and the status of truth as what Heidegger called alētheia . Finally, and most importantly for the enterprise of phenomenological reflection, if we are successful in this endeavor, we shall have established a new way to use eidetic phenomenologies: not for Husserl’s original aim of executing a rigorous science, but in a more Derridian spirit as a way to destabilize consensus.
Anniversaries, Trajectories, and the Challenges for the Communication of Sport

This editorial essay by Communication and Sport Editor-in-Chief Lawrence Wenner is drawn from his March 31, 2017, keynote address honoring the 10th meeting of the Communication and Sport Summit convened by the International Association for Communication and Sport (IACS) in Scottsdale, AZ. The first section focuses on anniversaries, noting recent anniversaries of key works, the “coming of age” of the disciplinary area and the publication changes ahead for Communication and Sport as the journal enters its fifth year. The second section considers questions about disciplinary coherence for the study of communication and sport and points to key role that IACS can play in reconciling three distinct dispositions at play in scholarship: (1) media, sports, and society disposition; (2) sport communication as profession disposition; and (3) communication studies and sport disposition. The third section considers key challenges ahead for the study of communication and sport, calling attention to the need for the fiel...
Abstract 19486: N-Glycosylation Changes in the Human Aortic Valve Structure During Development and Disease by Imaging Mass Spectrometry

Introduction: Changes in polysaccharide and proteoglycan distribution are a hallmark of heart valve development and disease. However, the complex carbohydrate content of the heart valve remains virtually uncharacterized at the molecular level. N-glycosylation is a post translational modification with a role in protein localization, protein-protein interactions and modulation of cell signaling. Our proteomics data on healthy & diseased human aortic valve (AV) showed significant enrichment of functions of N-glycan processing, synthesis and congenital disorders of glycosylation. At the same time, new approaches are available for detection of N-Glycans directly from tissue. Hypothesis: Discrete N-glycans and associated signaling networks participate in normal AV development and are deregulated in congenital aortic valve stenosis Methods: The approach uses robotic spraying of PNGase F onto formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections of standard thickness (5-6 μm) to release N-glycans from proteins from tissue without delocalization. Imaging mass spectrometry is then used to detect the N-glycans directly from tissue, thus providing information on regulation, structural changes and histological localization. Results: From a small but growing cohort, distinct N-glycans are spatially restricted and regulated within the human AV structure. In healthy AV, N-glycans were segregated according to AV subanatomical features. Statistical filtering by Wilcoxon Rank Sum p-value ≤1.0E-3 and area under the receiver operating curve ≥0.7 suggested expression level changes in 27% of N-glycan (30/110) when comparing between healthy AV comparing ages 0-17 years to adult. Structural motif analysis suggested that in the healthy aging valve, core fucosylation may be decreased, while N-glycan complexity increases. Specimens with aortic valve stenosis showed distinct N-glycans that were altered in regions of pathological extracellular matrix compared to age-matched healthy counterparts, with increases in tri- and tetra-antennary structures due to disease. Conclusions: The study suggests a novel role for N-glycosylation in healthy AV aging and in AV disease, presenting new therapeutic opportunities for AV disease treatment.
Fire and grazing modulate the structure and resistance of plant–floral visitor networks in a tallgrass prairie

Significant loss of pollinator taxa and their interactions with flowering plants has resulted in growing reductions to pollination services globally. Ecological network analysis is a useful tool for evaluating factors that alter the interaction structure and resistance of systems to species loss, but is rarely applied across multiple empirical networks sampled within the same study. The non-random arrangement of species interactions within a community, or “network structure” such as nested or modular organization, is predicted to prevent extinction cascades in ecological networks. How ecological gradients such as disturbance regimes shape network structural properties remains poorly understood despite significant efforts to quantify interaction structure in natural systems. Here, we examine changes in the structure of plant–floral visitor networks in a tallgrass prairie using a decadal and landscape-scale experiment that manipulates prescribed burn frequency and ungulate grazing, resulting in different grassland states. Plant and floral visitor communities and accompanying network structure were impacted by grassland fire and grazing regimes. The presence of grazers increased flowering plant species richness, network floral visitor species richness, and decreased network nestedness. Fire frequency affected flowering plant and floral visitor community composition; community composition impacted network specialization and modularity. Grassland state resulting from fire-grazing interactions has important implications for the resistance of flowering plant and floral visitor communities to species loss.
Use of 'eradication' in HIV cure-related research: a public health debate.

The landscape of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research has changed drastically over the past three decades. With the remarkable success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in decreasing AIDS-related mortality, some researchers have shifted their HIV research focus from treatment to cure research. The HIV cure research community often uses the term eradication to describe the science, and talks about eradicating the virus from the body. In public discourse, the term eradication could be conflated with disease eradication at the population level. In this paper, we call for a reframing of HIV cure research as control, as it is a more accurate descriptor and achievable goal in the foreseeable future. The properties of HIV are discordant with eradicability standards at both the individual level (as a clinical concept), and at the population level (as a public health concept). At the individual level, true eradication would necessitate absolute elimination of all latent HIV reservoirs from the body. Current HIV cure-related research strategies have proven unsuccessful at accurately quantifying, let alone eliminating these reservoirs. At the population level, eradication implies the permanent global reduction of HIV to zero new cases and to zero risk for future cases. Given the absence of an efficacious HIV vaccine and the impracticality and unethicality of eliminating animal reservoirs, global eradication of HIV is highly implausible. From a public health perspective, HIV eradication remains an elusive goal. The term ‘eradication’ is a misleading description of current HIV cure-related research. Instead, we call for the use of more realistic expressions such as ‘sustained virologic HIV suppression (or control)’ or ‘management of HIV persistence’ to describe HIV cure-related research. Using these terms reorients what HIV cure science can potentially achieve in the near future and avoids creating unrealistic expectations, particularly among the millions of people globally who live with HIV.
An unusual complication after placement of an inferior vena cava filter via right internal jugular vein access.

Introduction:Totally implantable venous access devices are used extensively worldwide in cancer patients for administration of venotoxic agents, blood sampling, and nutrition. Their tip is usually positioned at the junction of superior vena cava and right atrium. Inferior vena cava filters are usually used for deep venous thrombosis in cases where anticoagulation is contraindicated; they can be inserted either via internal jugular or femoral access depending on patient conditions and preference.Case description:We are describing here a case of totally implantable venous access device fracture following a right internal jugular approach for inferior vena cava filter placement as the patient had inferior vena cava thrombus below the renal veins, extending into the right common iliac vein prohibiting femoral approach.Conclusion:Iatrogenic fracture of totally implantable venous access device is a potential complication of accessing the internal jugular vein for other procedures such as insertion of inferior v...
In-Memory Computing with Memristor Arrays

Memristors with tunable non-volatile resistance states offer the potential for in-memory computing that mitigates the von-Neumann bottleneck. We build a large scale memristor array by integrating a transistor array with Ta/HfO2 memristors that have stable multilevel resistance states and linear IV characteristic. With off-chip peripheral driving circuits, the memristor chip is capable of high-precision analog computing and online learning. We demonstrate a weight-update scheme that provides linear and symmetric potentiation and depression with no more than two pulses for each cell. We train the array as a single-layer fully-connected feedforward neural network for the WDBC data base and achieve 98% classification accuracy. We further partition the array into a two-layer network, which achieves 91.71% classification accuracy for MNIST database experimentally. The system demonstrates high defect tolerance and excellent speed-energy efficiency.
Walking the Partisan Line: Mitt Romney in the 2012 Campaign

Here, we track the language patterns of Mitt Romney and other Republican candidates during 2008 and 2012 and contrast them with their Democratic counterparts to better understand the language of partisanship in the U.S. We employ DICTION (www.dictionsoftware.com), an automated text-analysis tool, to process some eight thousand campaign documents. We find (1) that Mitt Romney was an unconventional Republican in 2012 (but not in 2008), (2) that he employed both “Republican” and “Democratic” language and did so to good effect (both in the primaries and in the general election), (3) that Barack Obama matched Romney in these ways, departing sharply from his own 2008 campaign style, and (4) that the candidates increasingly resembled one another as election day approached. We conclude that, no matter what their party of origin, all national politicians must be versed in the Democratic/Republican lexicon, a requirement that distinguishes the American political ethos.
Transapical Beating-Heart Mitral Valve Repair With an Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Cordal Implantation Device: Initial Clinical Experience.

Background:Degenerative mitral valve (MV) disease is a common cause of severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and accounts for the majority of MV operations. Conventional MV surgery requires cardiopulmon...
Role of inter-tube corrugation in the dynamic sliding friction of concentric carbon nanotubes: Implications for nanomechanical oscillator devices

Abstract Based upon the experimental realization of low-friction nanoscale bearings, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) attracted interest for designing GHz nested CNT nanomechanical oscillators. A key issue in designing such devices is the energy dissipation during the oscillatory sliding of the inner CNT. In this work, dynamical sliding of concentric double-walled CNTs of nanometer lengths and different commensurations is investigated with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and a model potential that accounts for inter-tube corrugation. We find that the small variations in energy under inter-tube shifts and rotations, usually not accounted for in classical MD, give rise to a rich dependence of the frictional forces not only on velocity and edge, but also on the contact area and commensuration. Coupled to sliding, there is an unusual self-excited spinning motion, which is also connected to commensuration. These results advance our understanding of dynamical friction and suggest that considerations on interfacial corrugation should not be overlooked when designing CNT oscillators even when their intra-tube gap is around 3.4 A.
Conformal prediction with localization

We propose a new method called localized conformal prediction, where we can perform conformal inference using only a local region around a new test sample to construct its confidence interval. Localized conformal inference is a natural extension to conformal inference. It generalizes the method of conformal prediction to the case where we can break the data exchangeability, so as to give the test sample a special role. To our knowledge, this is the first work that introduces such a localization to the framework of conformal prediction. We prove that our proposal can also have assumption-free and finite sample coverage guarantees, and we compare the behaviors of localized conformal prediction and conformal prediction in simulations.
Plain radiography in the degenerate knee: A CASE FOR CHANGE

We took posteroanterior weight-bearing radiographs, both with the joint fully extended and in 30° of flexion, in a consecutive series of 50 knees in 37 patients referred for the primary assessment of pain and/or stiffness. These radiographs were reported ‘blind’ both by an orthopaedic surgeon and a radiologist. Direct measurement of the joint space, together with grading of the severity of erosion according to the Ahlback criteria, was undertaken. Any other abnormality present was also documented. The radiographs of the knees in 30° of flexion consistently showed more advanced erosion in both the medial (p = 0.001) and the lateral (p = 0.0001) tibiofemoral compartments, when compared with those of knees in full extension. The Ahlback classification of 25 joints was altered, in some cases by several grades, by the flexed position of the joint. In every case in which another abnormality was identified on the radiograph in full extension, it was also noted on that of the knee in 30° of flexion. In a further four cases, additional pathology could only be seen in the flexed knee. Every patient was able to complete the radiological examination without difficulty. Our study supports the adoption of a weight-bearing view in 30° of flexion as the standard posteroanterior radiograph for the assessment of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis in patients over 50 years of age.
The Importance of Self-concept and Self-expansion in Understanding Health and Behavior Change

Many factors impact health behaviors (e.g., smoking, physical activity) at individual, relational, and societal levels. This chapter focuses on health behaviors and behavior change in the context of self-concept and self-expansion. The chapter begins with a brief review of the importance of many aspects of the self (e.g., self-efficacy, self-concept) in the context of health and health behaviors. Next, the self-expansion model, which is the main focus of this chapter, is introduced. Recent literature extending the self-expansion model from its roots in the close relationships field to the individual domain including in regard to health and behavior change is then reviewed. Next, research on self-expansion in the context of behavioral health is reviewed and potential mechanisms (e.g., reward replacement, motivation) through which self-expansion facilitates smoking cessation, weight control, and physical activity are discussed. Finally, future directions and research questions for better understanding self-expansion and its role in health behavior change are discussed.
Advertising and COVID-19

These are challenging times for the advertising industry. The past few months have seen advertising expenditures in much of the world decline substantially. The situation is likely to worsen at lea...
Novel approaches for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: using nanoparticles to overcome multidrug resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes serious infections in both community and hospital settings, with high mortality rates. Treatment of MRSA infections is challenging because of the rapidly evolving resistance mechanisms combined with the protective biofilms of S. aureus. Together, these characteristic resistance mechanisms continue to render conventional treatment modalities ineffective. The use of nanoformulations with unique modes of transport across bacterial membranes could be a useful strategy for disease-specific delivery. In this review, we summarize treatment approaches for MRSA, including novel techniques in nanoparticulate designing for better therapeutic outcomes; and facilitate an understanding that nanoparticulate delivery systems could be a robust approach in the successful treatment of MRSA.
Conditional depletion reveals temporal requirements for the oscillating transcription factor NHR-23/NR1F1 in C. elegans larval progression

Nematode molting is a remarkable process where the animals must essentially build a new epidermis underneath the old skin and then rapidly shed the old skin. The study of molting provides a gateway into the developmental program of many core cellular and physiological processes, such as oscillatory gene expression, coordinated intracellular trafficking, steroid hormone signaling, developmental timing, and extracellular remodeling. The nuclear hormone receptor NHR-23/NR1F1 is an important regulator of molting. Imaging and western blot time-courses revealed oscillatory NHR-23::GFP expression in the epithelium that closely followed the reported mRNA expression. Timed depletion experiments using the auxin-inducible degron system revealed that NHR-23/NR1F1 depletion early in a given larval stage caused animals to arrest with only weak molting defects, whereas later depletion resulted in highly penetrant severe molting and morphological defects. This larval arrest was independent of insulin signaling. Despite the weakly penetrant molting defects following early NHR-23/NR1F1 depletion, the epidermal barrier was defective suggesting that NHR-23/NR1F1 is necessary for establishing or maintaining this barrier. NHR-23/NR1F1 coordinates the expression of factors involved in molting, lipid transport/metabolism, and remodeling of the apical extracellular matrix. We propose that NHR-23/NR1F1 is a regulator in a recently discovered large-scale gene oscillatory network coordinating rhythmic skin regeneration.
Peritoneal Modulators of Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is the 4th largest cause of cancer death in women. Approximately 10-15% of women of childbearing age suffer from endometriosis. Endometriosis is defined by the growth and presence of endometrial tissue (lesions) outside of the uterus. The women with endometriosis also have an increased presence of peritoneal fluid (PF) that comprises of inflammatory cells, growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, etc. Epidemiological studies have shown that >3% of women with endometriosis develop ovarian cancer (low-grade serous or endometrioid types). Our hypothesis is that the PF from women with endometriosis induces transformative changes in the ovarian cells, leading to ovarian cancer development. PF from women with and without endometriosis was collected after IRB approval and patient consent. IOSE (normal ovarian epithelial cells) and TOV-21G cells (human clear cell carcinoma cell line) were treated with various volumes of PF (no endometriosis or endometriosis) for 48 or 96 hours and proliferation measured. Expression levels of epigenetic regulators and FoxP3, an inflammatory tumor suppressor, were determined. A Human Cancer Inflammation and Immunity Crosstalk RT2 Profiler PCR array was used to measure changes in cancer related genes in treated cells. Results showed increased growth of TOV-21G cells treated with PF from women with endometriosis versus without endometriosis compared to IOSE cells. Endo PF treatment induced EZH2, H3K27me3 and FoxP3. The RT2 PCR array of TOV-21G cells treated with endo PF showed upregulation of various inflammatory genes (TLRs, Myd88, etc). These studies indicate that PF from women with endometriosis can both proliferate and transform ovarian cells and hence this microenvironment plays a major mechanistic role in the progression of endometriosis to ovarian cancer.
Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction assessment of peptibody trebananib in combination with chemotherapies.

To provide the first evaluation of pharmacokinetic (PK) drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between trebananib and chemotherapies across tumor types. PK data of trebananib and chemotherapies (paclitaxel, carboplatin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, topotecan, capecitabine, lapatinib, 5-FU, irinotecan, or docetaxel) were collected from trials of ovarian cancer, metastatic breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, and mixed solid tumor. A dedicated PK DDI study of trebananib and paclitaxel in patients with mixed solid tumors was also conducted. The geometric least squares mean (GLSM) ratios and corresponding 90 % confidence intervals (CI) of C max and AUC were estimated for DDI evaluations. In the PK DDI study of trebananib and paclitaxel, the GLSM ratio (90 % CI) was 1.17 (1.10–1.25) for paclitaxel AUC and 1.30 (1.15–1.48) for paclitaxel C max. The GLSM ratio (90 % CI) for the effect of paclitaxel on trebananib PK was 0.92 (0.87–0.97) for trebananib AUC and 0.98 (0.92–1.05) for trebananib C max. In the remaining studies, the GLSM ratios (90 % CI) of C max and AUC generally ranged from 0.8 to 1.25 or exhibited less than twofold PK variabilities across chemotherapeutic agents. No dose-dependent DDIs were evident. No PK DDI was deemed clinically meaningful between trebananib and the tested chemotherapeutic agents to warrant dose adjustments.
Morphologically Distinct “Myopathies” and Malignant Hyperthermia

Several groups of investigators have described a clinically heterogenous neuromuscular disease characterized histologically by small type I fibers and abundant internal nuclei. Spiro et al (1966) used the term “myotubular myopathy” for the disorder in the belief that the main pathology consisted of fibers resembling fetal myotubes. Sher et al (1967) reported their cases under the title “centro nuclear myopathy” because they considered the presence of many centrally placed nuclei as the most characteristic feature. Engel et al (1968) argued against both these names. “Myotubular myopathy” they felt was not acceptable because there are important differences between true myotubes and the changes seen in the disease. The term centronuclear myopathy was equally inappropriate because many neuromuscular diseases are characterized by fibers with internal nuclei. Instead, they preferred calling the disorder “type I fiber hypotrophy with central nuclei” (IHCN). Although cumbersome, this latter term is more precise and avoids use of the word “myopathy” which implies a primary disorder of muscle. That the word myopathy be omitted from the title is advantageous because it is now believed that the disorder is secondary to defective neurotrophic influences on maturing muscle fibers.
Morphology-driven syntax

This book argues that syntactic parameters are set in a principled fashion on the basis of overt functional morphology. The main focus of the book is on the different positions of the finite verb in the Germanic SVO languages. In addition, other syntactic phenomena (null subjects, transitive expletive constructions and object shift) and other language families (Romance, Semitic and Slavic) are discussed. A common explanation for all of the discussed phenomena is proposed: If and only if the features for “person” are distinctively marked by the agreement morphology, the agreement affixes are listed separately in the lexicon and project phrases of their own in syntax where they attract the verb to the head positions and allow the specifier positions to be filled by various phonologically (un)realized elements. Special attention is given to issues of historical development and child language acquisition.
'Dollarisation' - Linchpin of the New International Financial Architecture

In this paper I argue that the best strategy for many developing countries is to abolish their own currencies and make all foreign currencies legal tender. But he warns against signing treaties with the US.
Integration challenges of 0.1 /spl mu/m CMOS Cu/low-k interconnects

The integration challenges of a low-k dielectric (k < 3) to form multi-level Cu interconnects for the next generation 0.1 /spl mu/m CMOS technology are presented. Process improvements to overcome these challenges are highlighted which include etchfront control, resist poisoning, high aspect ratio metallization, and improved CMP planarity. The maturity of this technology has been demonstrated through high yield of a 4MB SRAM test vehicle.
Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-α isoforms and redox state by carotid body neural activity in rats

Previous studies reported that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) results in an imbalanced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) isoforms and oxidative stress in rodents, which may be due either to the direct effect of CIH or indirectly via hitherto uncharacterized mechanism(s). As neural activity is a potent regulator of gene transcription, we hypothesized that carotid body (CB) neural activity contributes to CIH-induced HIF-α isoform expression and oxidative stress in the chemoreflex pathway. Experiments were performed on adult rats exposed to CIH for 10 days. Rats exposed to CIH exhibited: increased HIF-1α and decreased HIF-2α expression; increased NADPH oxidase 2 and decreased superoxide dismutase 2 expression; and oxidative stress in the nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla as well as in the adrenal medulla (AM), a major end organ of the sympathetic nervous system. Selective ablation of the CB abolished these effects. In the AM, sympathetic activation by the CB chemoreflex mediates CIH-induced HIF-α isoform imbalance via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) influx, and the resultant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and calpain proteases. Rats exposed to CIH presented with hypertension, elevated sympathetic activity and increased circulating catecholamines. Selective ablation of either the CB (afferent pathway) or sympathetic innervation to the AM (efferent pathway) abolished these effects. These observations uncover CB neural activity-dependent regulation of HIF-α isoforms and the redox state by CIH in the central and peripheral nervous systems associated with the chemoreflex.
Classification of structural images via high-dimensional image warping, robust feature extraction, and SVM

This paper presents a method for classification of medical images, using machine learning and deformation-based morphometry. A morphological representation of the anatomy of interest is first obtained using high-dimensional template warping, from which regions that display strong correlations between morphological measurements and the classification (clinical) variable are extracted using a watershed segmentation, taking into account the regional smoothness of the correlation map which is estimated by a cross-validation strategy in order to achieve robustness to outliers. A Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) technique is then used to rank computed features from the extracted regions, according to their effect on the leave-one-out error bound. Finally, SVM classification is applied using the best set of features, and it is tested using leave-one-out. The results from a group of 61 brain images of female normal controls and schizophrenia patients demonstrate not only high classification accuracy (91.8%) and steep ROC curves, but also exceptional stability with respect to the number of selected features and the SVM kernel size.