cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soft, Wireless and subdermally implantable recording and neuromodulation tools.

Progress in understanding neuronal interaction and circuit behavior of the central and peripheral nervous system strongly relies on the advancement of tools that record and stimulate with high fidelity and specificity. Currently, devices used in exploratory research predominantly utilize cables or tethers to provide pathways for power supply, data communication, stimulus delivery and recording, which constrains the scope and use of such devices. In particular, the tethered connection, mechanical mismatch to surrounding soft tissues and bones frustrate the interface leading to irritation and limitation of motion of the subject, which in the case of fundamental and preclinical studies, impacts naturalistic behaviors of animals and precludes the use in experiments involving social interaction and ethologically relevant three-dimensional environments, limiting the use of current tools to mostly rodents and exclude species such as birds and fish. This review explores the current state-of-the-art in wireless, subdermally implantable tools that quantitively expand capabilities in analysis and perturbation of the central and peripheral nervous system by removing tethers and externalized features of implantable neuromodulation and recording tools. Specifically, the review explores power harvesting strategies, wireless communication schemes, and soft materials and mechanics that enable the creation of such devices and discuss their capabilities in the context of freely-behaving subjects. Highlights of this class of devices includes wireless battery-free and fully implantable operation with capabilities in cell specific recording, multimodal neural stimulation and electrical, optogenetic and pharmacological neuromodulation capabilities. We conclude with discussion on translation of such technologies which promises routes towards broad dissemination.
Addressing Suffering in Patients With Psychiatric Disorders.

Background Patients with psychiatric disorders (as well as general medical conditions) often describe their lives in terms of suffering. Although suffering is honored as a central focus of physicians' concerns, it is not even indexed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Generally connoting severe, prolonged distress, suffering can be distinguished from pain, depression, and anxiety. The aims of this article are to consider whether attending to suffering per se in psychiatric patients merits attention independent of other commonly assessed psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and conventional distress, and how targeting suffering per se might add value to psychiatric patient care. Methods Sources for this article were obtained via a selective literature search in PubMed using the terms "suffering" in the title and the terms "psychiatric disorder," "mental illness," "assessment," "measurement," "scale," "existential suffering," and "unbearable suffering." Articles of interest were followed up using a snowball technique to examine "similar articles" and "cited by" titles to find additional pertinent articles. Results Definitions of suffering in the medical literature stress its subjectivity, particularity, complexity, and connection to a wide variety of noxious sensations, as well as real and anticipated deficits, losses, and thwarted motivations. These can affect the entire spectrum of universal human needs, from basic biological issues through intrapsychic, interpersonal, and social issues, encompassing existential concerns of meaning, purpose, and transcendence. Based on these factors, a definition of suffering in patients with psychiatric disorders is proposed. Although efforts to measure suffering have been limited and numerous gaps in the literature are evident, several scales may offer suitable bases for the study of suffering in patients with psychiatric disorders. Conclusions and implications Ascertaining sources of suffering may require new types of inquiry and additional time. Well-described, evidence-informed strategies and time-honored psychotherapy techniques are available for addressing the numerous concerns that contribute to suffering. Patients with psychiatric disorders whose distinct, multidimensional sources of suffering are identified, acknowledged, and addressed may experience better treatment quality, greater treatment satisfaction, and possibly better outcomes than those whose clinicians' attention is limited to conventional psychiatric signs and symptoms.
Introduction of a (Ph3P)2Pt group into the rim of an open-cage fullerene by breaking a carbon-carbon bond.

Treatment of an open-cage fullerene, designated as MMK-9, with (Ph3P)4Pt in toluene solution at room temperature allows a (PPh3)2Pt unit to be incorporated into the rim of the cage so that it becomes an integral part of the carbon cage skeleton. The structure of the adduct has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and reveals that the platinum atom has planar PtC2P2 coordination, rather than the usual η2-bonding to an intact C–C double bond of the fullerene.
Khrushchev and Kennedy

Cold War tensions reached new heights in the early 1960s. A crisis over Berlin came close to igniting war. The Soviets placed nuclear weapons and delivery systems in Cuba, threatening to destabilize the balance of strategic forces. The US demanded their removal, raising the prospect of a naval confrontation, and bringing the world close to full-scale nuclear war. The resulting peace settlement involved significant concessions by the US, although these were not made public at the time. In the aftermath of the crisis, both sides agreed to reduce tensions and provocative actions.
Sliced Recursive Transformer

We present a neat yet effective recursive operation on vision transformers that can improve parameter utilization without involving additional parameters. This is achieved by sharing weights across depth of transformer networks. The proposed method can obtain a substantial gain (~2%) simply using na\"ive recursive operation, requires no special or sophisticated knowledge for designing principles of networks, and introduces minimum computational overhead to the training procedure. To reduce the additional computation caused by recursive operation while maintaining the superior accuracy, we propose an approximating method through multiple sliced group self-attentions across recursive layers which can reduce the cost consumption by 10~30% with minimal performance loss. We call our model Sliced Recursive Transformer (SReT), which is compatible with a broad range of other designs for efficient vision transformers. Our best model establishes significant improvement on ImageNet over state-of-the-art methods while containing fewer parameters. The proposed sliced recursive operation allows us to build a transformer with more than 100 or even 1000 layers effortlessly under a still small size (13~15M), to avoid difficulties in optimization when the model size is too large. The flexible scalability has shown great potential for scaling up and constructing extremely deep and large dimensionality vision transformers. Our code and models are available at this https URL
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF CALMODULIN IN PLANT TISSUE

It is becoming apparent that calmodulin is a key regulatory protein in plants. It has been shown to be involved in mediating gravitropie (Biro et al., 1984) and phytochrome (Wagner et al., 1984; Serlin and Roux, 1984) responses. It is involved in directed polar growth (Hausser et al., 1984) and in regulating the concentration of cytosolic calcium (Fukumoto and Nagai, 1982). Given the diversity and importance of calmodulin-mediated functions known thusfar, we became interested in developing a technique which allowed us to investigate the distribution of calmodulin in plant tissue. In this report, we describe a method which is applicable for both algae and higher plants.
Design of Hamburg's New Airport Terminal

The airport, as an integral part of the transportation system of a city, must meet the combined transport demands of passengers, employees and industries to fulfill its function as the transfer facility from ground transport to air transport. Terminal units, satellites, which offer favorable conditions for serving aircraft passengers and visitors are developed and integrated with an external, freeway, railroad, and an internal, parking, moving sidewalk, elevated monorail, transportation system. The airport Hamburg-Kaltenkirchen is designed to handle increasing numbers of passengers in a step-by-step development program and to meet the requirements of the new generation of jet aircraft (B 747, SST) as well as V/STOL short range aircraft.
Coming of Age in Nineteenth-Century India: The Girl-Child and the Art of Playfulness

In this engaging and eloquent history, Ruby Lal traces the becoming of nineteenth-century Indian women through a critique of narratives of linear transition from girlhood to womanhood. In the north Indian patriarchal environment, women's lives were dominated by the expectations of the male universal, articulated most clearly in household chores and domestic duties. The author argues that girls and women in the early nineteenth century experienced freedoms, eroticism, adventurousness and playfulness, even within restrictive circumstances. Although women in the colonial world of the later nineteenth century remained agential figures, their activities came to be constrained by more firmly entrenched domestic norms. Lal skillfully marks the subtle and complex alterations in the multifaceted female subject in a variety of nineteenth-century discourses, elaborated in four different sites - forest, school, household, and rooftops.
Long-term storage.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a simple method for long-term storage of Tetrahymena thermophila, based on freezing starved cells. Starving cells before freezing greatly enhances the recovery of cells and eliminates the need for complicated freezing apparatuses or protocols. Tetrahymena thermophila and other ciliates require that growth be minimized or even eliminated during long-term storage: extended growth leads to strain degradation. Cultures of fresh exconjugants exhibit normal growth rates and can undergo normal conjugation, following a strain-specific period of immaturity. However, fertility begins to drop within a year or less of continuous growth in the laboratory; matings increasingly tend to undergo the abortive pathway called genomic exclusion. Cells still form pairs in these matings, but they fail to contribute any genome to the progeny. In addition, because they are not expressed and are therefore not selected against, micronuclear deletions accumulate with clonal age. The successful freezing of eukaryotic cells in liquid nitrogen is dependent on stringent control of a number of parameters, including: (1) the physiological state of the cells at the time of freezing; (2) the cryoprotectant and medium in which the cells are frozen; (3) the rate of cooling; (4) the temperature at which the cells are ultimately stored; and (5) the rate and temperature of thawing.
Manipulation of Large Object by Swarms of Autonomous Marine Vehicles, Part I: Rotational Motions

In this paper, the control problem of utilizing a team of autonomous marine vehicles (i.e., tug boats) cooperating to manipulate a larger floating object (i.e., disabled ship) while operating in a decentralized architecture is considered. After decomposing the problem into several phases, a control design targeting the issue of inducing controlled rotations for the manipulated object is presented
Survey on recent invariants on classical knot theory

The survey we are presenting is over 22 years old but it has still some ideas which where never published (except in Polish). This survey is the base of the third Chapter of my book: KNOTS: From combinatorics of knot diagrams to combinatorial topology based on knots, which is still in preparation (but compare http://arxiv.org/pdf/math.GT/0512630). The purpose of this survey is to present a new combinatorial method of constructing invariants of isotopy classes of tame links. The period of time between the spring of 1984 and the summer of 1985 was full of discoveries which revolutionized the knot theory and will have a deep impact on some other branches of mathematics. It started by the discovery of Jones of the new polynomial invariant of links (in May 1984), and the last big step (which will be described in this survey) has been made by Kauffman in August 1985 when Kauffman applied his method which allowed him to unify almost all previous work. This survey is far from being complete, even if we limit ourselves to the purely combinatorial methods and to the period May, 1984 -- September, 1985.
The Impact of Basal Forebrain Lesions on the Ability of Rats to Perform a Sensory Discrimination Task Involving Barrel Cortex

Depletion of cortical acetylcholine (ACh) correlates with reduced stimulus-evoked 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake in rodent somatosensory cortex. We examined the effect of unilateral basal forebrain lesions and subsequent cortical ACh depletion on (1) the ability of rats to detect a passively applied deflection of the whiskers, and (2) whisker- evoked 2-DG uptake. Normal adult rats were trained on a T-maze to respond by turning in one direction if the whiskers were displaced and in the opposite direction on presentation of a sham stimulus; only the left set of whiskers was stimulated. When the animal performed at the 80% correct level for three consecutive sessions (criterion), it was randomly assigned to a group receiving either a saline injection (sham lesion) or an ibotenic acid injection (excitotoxic lesion) into the right basal forebrain. Behavioral testing continued until the animal returned to the prelesion criterion, at which time a terminal 2-DG experiment was conducted. None of the sham-lesioned rats experienced disruption of their ability to perform the task. All excitotoxic basal forebrain-lesioned rats were impaired in task performance, but eventually returned to prelesion performance levels. The length of time required to return to criterion was positively correlated with the amount of cortical ACh depletion. Despite the behavioral recovery of the ACh-depleted rats, 2-DG uptake in response to whisker stimulation continued to be reduced in the somatosensory cortex ipsilateral to the basal forebrain lesion. These findings suggest that ACh depletion, which results in a long-lasting decrease in neuronal responses to evoked stimuli, transiently impairs an animal's ability to perceive and appropriately respond to sensory information; the duration of impairment is related to the degree of depletion.
Metabolism of SR 4233 by Chinese hamster ovary cells: basis of selective hypoxic cytotoxicity

The metabolism of SR 4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-bentotriazine-1,4-dioxide), recently reported as highly toxic to hypoxic cells in vitro, was studied by using suspensions of Chinese hamster ovary cells. The rates of formation of two known reduction products, the 1-oxide and the unoxygenated 3-aminobenzotriazine, were measured in aerobic and hypoxic cell suspensions for drug treatments producing both hypoxic and aerobic cytotoxicity. Formation of the 1-oxide and a small amount of the 3-aminobenzotriazine occurred preferentially in hypoxic suspensions. These metabolites were relatively nontoxic to either aerobic or hypoxic cells, implying another mechanism of toxicity. The activation of SR 4233 by single electron transfer, hypothetically forming a toxic drug radical, was explored. Aerobic stimulation of oxygen consumption in respiration-inhibited cells and malondialdehyde release from aerobic cells in the presence of SR 4233 indicated the formation of active oxygen species during drug activation. Increased malondialdehyde release in hypoxic cells and its attenuation by the hydrogen donor, dimethylthiourea, implied the presence of an oxidizing radical. Unlike the nitroimidazole, misonidazole, hypoxic metabolism of SR 4233 did not deplete intracellular glutathione or result in increased binding of drug metabolites to cellular macromolecules. These results are consistent with macromolecular damage caused by an oxygen sensitive, nonbinding, drug-free radical intermediate with oxidizing properties as the mechanism of selective hypoxic toxicity of SR 4233.
Modeling Gene‐Environment Interactions With Quasi‐Natural Experiments

This overview develops new empirical models that can effectively document Gene × Environment (G×E) interactions in observational data. Current G×E studies are often unable to support causal inference because they use endogenous measures of the environment or fail to adequately address the nonrandom distribution of genes across environments, confounding estimates. Comprehensive measures of genetic variation are incorporated into quasi-natural experimental designs to exploit exogenous environmental shocks or isolate variation in environmental exposure to avoid potential confounders. In addition, we offer insights from population genetics that improve upon extant approaches to address problems from population stratification. Together, these tools offer a powerful way forward for G×E research on the origin and development of social inequality across the life course.
Legitimacy, Identity, and Political Development in the Arab World

Democratization and the Islamist Challenge in the Arab World By Najib Ghadbian Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq By Malik Mufti
Organizational Characteristics and Information Systems: An Exploratory Investigation

The impact of the introduction of a computer-based information system on the system users' level of information satisfaction and job satisfaction was investigated. Both types of satisfaction increa...
Potassium channel gating observed with site-directed mass tagging

Potassium channels allow the selective flow of K+ ions across otherwise impermeable membranes. During a process called gating, these channels undergo a conformational change that proceeds from a closed to an open state. The closed state of KcsA, a prokaryotic potassium channel, has been structurally well characterized with equilibrium structural techniques. However, attempts to obtain a structural description of the gating transition of the channel have been hampered because the open state is only transiently occupied and, therefore, not readily accessible to such techniques. Here we describe a non-equilibrium technique that we call site-directed mass tagging and use this technique to probe the conformational change that KcsA undergoes during gating. The results indicate that KcsA is a dynamically modular molecule; the extracellular half of the membrane-spanning region is held rigid during gating, while the intracellular half undergoes a significant conformational change.
A Common Set of DNA Regulatory Elements Shapes Drosophila Appendages

Animals have body parts made of similar cell types located at different axial positions, such as limbs. The identity and distinct morphology of each structure is often specified by the activity of different "master regulator" transcription factors. Although similarities in gene expression have been observed between body parts made of similar cell types, how regulatory information in the genome is differentially utilized to create morphologically diverse structures in development is not known. Here, we use genome-wide open chromatin profiling to show that among the Drosophila appendages, the same DNA regulatory modules are accessible throughout the genome at a given stage of development, except at the loci encoding the master regulators themselves. In addition, open chromatin profiles change over developmental time, and these changes are coordinated between different appendages. We propose that master regulators create morphologically distinct structures by differentially influencing the function of the same set of DNA regulatory modules.
Growth hormone binding protein 2001.

The present state of knowledge about growth hormone binding proteins (GHBP) is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the high affinity GHBP, which represents the circulating ectodomain of the growth hormone receptor (GHR). GHBP is conserved through vertebrate evolution, is produced in many tissues (especially liver) by either alternative GHR mRNA splicing (rodents) or by proteolytic cleavage from the GHR (humans, rabbits and several other species). The metalloprotease TACE (tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme) is the likely enzyme responsible for cleavage, but the structural requirements for TACE recognition or catalysis, and hence the precise cleavage point in the GHR, are unknown. GHBP is widely distributed in biological fluids, with marked concentration differences amongst them. GHBP binds about half of the circulating GH under basal conditions but is easily saturated at high GH levels; it subserves complex functions, including a circulating buffer/reservoir function for GH, prolongation of plasma GH half-life, competition with GHRs for GH, and probably unproductive heterodimer formation with the GHR. The net effect of these partly enhancing and partly inhibitory functions on GH action in vivo is complex and difficult to ascertain. Serum GHBP levels roughly parallel GHR expression (particularly in liver) through the life span, with very low levels in fetal life, upregulation to adult levels during childhood, and decline in senescence. Rodent pregnancy is associated with a massive increase in GHBP expression. Although the regulation of GHBP expression/production is not necessarily tightly linked to GHR expression, in general, low GHBP levels occur in conditions associated with GH resistance (e.g., malnutrition, uncontrolled diabetes, catabolic states, renal failure, hypothyroidism). Conversely, obesity, a condition with enhanced GH responsivity, is associated with elevated GHBP levels. This suggests that in many (but not all) instances of abnormal GH action, the GHBP level reflects GHR status. Laron syndrome (genetic GHR deficiency/dysfunction due to mutations in the GHR gene) is associated with low or undetectable GHBP in 75-80% of patients; GHBP measurement can therefore be used diagnostically. Depending on the design of assays for serum GH, endogenous GHBP may interfere to varying degrees, and GH assays should be individually validated and optimized in this regard. The ultimate biological role and physiological significance of the GHBP remain to be established.
Truncated MCM using pattern modification for FIR filter implementation

For finite impulse response (FIR) filter implementation, fixed point arithmetic is frequently used, where truncation or rounding can be applied to round 2n-bit products of 2 n-bit numbers to n-bit products internally for decreasing power dissipation and space cost. Also, the multiplication can be done multiplierlessly by using single constant multiplication (SCM) or multiple constant multiplication (MCM) algorithms. This paper proposes truncated MCM using pattern modification technique (PMT) for FIR filter implementation. Comparisons of PMT and UT (uniformly truncation) [6] are made with FPGA-based simulations. Results show that the proposed PMT algorithm can meet FIR filter specifications, and reduce area cost by 35%, compared to non-truncated MCM algorithms, without increasing quantization error.
Gauge-invariant source terms in QCD

Abstract We discuss how to implement the source terms in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) respecting gauge invariance and noncommutativity of color charge density operators. We start with decomposing the generating functional of QCD into constituents projected to have specified color charge density. We demonstrate that such a projection leads to the gauge-invariant source terms consisting of a naive form accompanied by the density of states which cancels the gauge dependence. We then illustrate that this form is equivalently rewritten into a manifestly gauge-invariant expression in terms of the Wilson line. We confirm that noncommutativity of color charge density operators is fulfilled in both representations of the source terms. We point out that our results are useful particularly to consider the problems of the quantum evolution in high energy QCD.
Characterization of the interaction of gamma cyclodextrin with single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this study a number of composite-like samples of γ-cyclodextrin and HiPco carbon nanotubes were prepared. The first sample was prepared by a simple grinding procedure, which has been reported to cut HiPco carbon nanotubes. The other samples were obtained via a refluxing procedure analogous to similar studies on other fullerenes and γ-cyclodextrin. The samples were analyzed using absorption and Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results presented show clear evidence of an intermolecular interaction between γ-cyclodextrin and single-walled carbon nanotubes.
A RAPID METHOD OF INTRACRANIAL ELECTRODE LOCALIZATION USING UNSTAINED FROZEN SECTIONS.

Abstract The method may be used on routine frozen sections of 30 to 160 μ thickness. The unstained brain section is mounted from water to a microscope slide using a #-0 sable brush. An appropriately scaled image may be traced or photographed on various films or papers, including polaroid film. Sharply detailed structure may be seen. It is possible for an experiment and localization to be accomplished on the same day.
Transplantation Immunity in Annelids. III. Effects of Temperature on Xenograft Rejection in Earthworms

Earthworms are capable of destroying body wall xenografts. Xenografts transplanted Eisenia foetida↔Lumbricus terrestris at various temperatures showed that graft survival time is inversely proportional to temperature in both cases. Colder temperatures slow graft rejection, but higher temperatures, up to optimal limits, accelerate graft destruction. At 21 C, Eisenia grafts on Lumbricus hosts are rejected faster than at any other experimental temperature; the variability in individual times is lessened. Beginning at 23 C sub-optimal conditions are approached. Thus, graft survival times are more prolonged. Lumbricus grafts on Eisenia hosts are rejected most quickly at 23 C; at 27 C all Eisenia are dead. A review of the earthworm's general thermal dependence is presented and a rationalization for prolonged second-set graft survival (negative memory) at low temperatures is given. Temperature effects probably account for the lack of positive memory at 15 C from previous studies.
The role of memory in making transitive judgments

Abstract This study was designed to determine the effect of a memory aid on children's transitive judgments. One-half of the children at each of three age levels (5, 6, and 7) were allowed to use a memory aid for initial comparisions (A > B and B > C) while the other half were not. Children's responses were evaluated according to two criteria: (1) correct (transitive) judgment alone (i.e., A > C), and (2) correct judgment plus verbal explanation of the transitive judgment. S s given the memory aid made significantly more transitive judgments and correct verbal explanations of transitivity at every age level. Transitivity increased monotonically as a function of age. Virtually all S s who could verbally explain transitivity also made correct, transitive judgments, although the converse was not true.
The Trouble with Triplets in Biodiversity Informatics: A Data-Driven Case against Current Identifier Practices

The biodiversity informatics community has discussed aspirations and approaches for assigning globally unique identifiers (GUIDs) to biocollections for nearly a decade. During that time, and despite misgivings, the de facto standard identifier has become the “Darwin Core Triplet”, which is a concatenation of values for institution code, collection code, and catalog number associated with biocollections material. Our aim is not to rehash the challenging discussions regarding which GUID system in theory best supports the biodiversity informatics use case of discovering and linking digital data across the Internet, but how well we can link those data together at this moment, utilizing the current identifier schemes that have already been deployed. We gathered Darwin Core Triplets from a subset of VertNet records, along with vertebrate records from GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data System, in order to determine how Darwin Core Triplets are deployed “in the wild”. We asked if those triplets follow the recommended structure and whether they provide an easy and unambiguous means to track from specimen records to genetic sequence records. We show that Darwin Core Triplets are often riddled with semantic and syntactic errors when deployed and curated in practice, despite specifications about how to construct them. Our results strongly suggest that Darwin Core Triplets that have not been carefully curated are not currently serving a useful role for relinking data. We briefly consider needed next steps to overcome current limitations.
Influence of System Parameters on Airborne Microwave Radiometer Design

The principles of operation of broad-band microwave radiometers are discussed. Formulas are given for the performance of various receiver configurations, and the effects of variations in stability of gain, noise figure, and reference signal are discussed. A range equation is formulated showing the interrelationships among the various system parameters of a typical airborne mapping radiometer. Figures of merit are defined and discussed for the targets, antenna, receiver, and flight conditions.
Early events in Bcl-2-enhanced apoptosis

Transfection of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells with bcl-2 potentiates apoptosis induced by the antimitotic agent, neocarzinostatin (NCS). The mechanism of potentiation involves caspase 3-dependent cleavage of Bcl-2 to its pro-apoptotic counterpart, but the cellular events proximal to caspase 3 activation in this system are not known. Two min after initiation of NCS treatment, Bax begins to translocate from cytosol to the mitochondria; the mitochondrial localization of Bax persists for 30 min after NCS treatment. At the same time, cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria to cytosol. The mitochondrial membrane potential exhibits differential change in mock- and bcl-2-transfected PC12 cells. In mock-transfected PC12 cells, the mitochondrial membrane potential increases immediately, peaks at 15 min following initiation of NCS treatment, and drops thereafter. In contrast, in bcl-2-transfected PC12 cells, the membrane potential drops immediately following NCS treatment. Caspase 9 is activated and peaks at 10 min in both mock- and bcl-2 transfected PC12 cells, however, the peak activity of caspase 9 is higher and caspase 9 activation lasts longer (30 min) after the treatment in bcl-2 transfectants. Not until 30 min after initiation of a 1 h treatment with NCS is Bcl-2 protein cleaved in bcl-2-transfected cells. Thus, in bcl-2-transfected cells, the mitochondrial membrane potential drops and cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria despite the presence of large amounts of intact mitochondrial Bcl-2. This makes it unlikely that cleavage of Bcl-2 is the only factor involved in potentiation of NCS-induced apoptosis by Bcl-2.
Consumption Restriction in a Total Control Institution: Participatory Action Research in a Maximum Security Prison

The marketing and public policy field has a long history of examining consumer decision making under conditions of abundance, but less effort has been dedicated to learning about restrictions to choice, especially as imposed by institutional forces. To help fill this gap in the literature, the authors offer an ethnographic investigation of a maximum security prison conducted over an 18-month period using participatory action research. This environment is a total control institution where depersonalization and commoditization of the 4,000 men in its charge regularly occur. The findings reveal a complex relationship between these processes and various psychological reactions and resulting behaviors that are acted out within and outside the prison's licit and illicit marketplaces. The article closes with a discussion of theoretical implications of consumer constraint and a presentation of public policy implications.
Common neural circuitry supporting volitional saccades and its disruption in schizophrenia patients and relatives

Background People with schizophrenia and their biological relatives have deficits in executive control processes such as inhibition and working memory as evidenced by performance abnormalities on antisaccade (AS) and ocular motor delayed response (ODR) tasks. Methods The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was conducted to investigate brain activity associated with these putative indices of schizophrenia risk by: 1) directly comparing neural functioning in 15 schizophrenia patients, 13 of their first-degree biological relatives (primarily siblings), and 14 healthy participants; and 2) assessing executive function associated with volitional saccades by using a combination of AS and ODR tasks. Results Behavioral data showed that patients and relatives both made more volitional saccade errors. Imaging data demonstrated that within the context of preserved activity in some neural regions in patients and relatives, there were two distinct patterns of disruptions in other regions. First, there were deficits observed only in the schizophrenia group (decreased activity in lateral frontal eye field and supplementary eye field), suggesting a change associated with disease manifestation. Second, there were deficits observed in both patients and relatives (decreased activity in middle occipital gyrus, insula, cuneus, anterior cingulate, and Brodmann area 10 in prefrontal cortex), indicating a potential association with disease risk. Conclusions Results indicate that decreased brain activation in regions involved in managing and evaluating early sensory and attention processing might be associated with poor volitional saccade control and risk for developing schizophrenia.
Exact power spectrum for a system of intermittent chaos

Abstract We introduce a systematic method to construct the spectral resolution of the Frobenius-Perron operator of a class of chaotic maps. We exactly obtain a power spectrum through the spectral resolution for a piecewise linear version of the Manneville-Pomeau map and compare it with data of numerical experiment.
Value of carcinoembryonic antigen monitoring in curative surgery for recurrent colorectal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: This study is designed to review a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-driven postoperative protocol designed to identify patients suitable for curative reresection when recurrent colorectal cancer is identified. METHODS: A total of 285 patients who were operated on for colon or rectal carcinoma between 1981 and 1985 were evaluated (with CEA levels) every two months for the first two years, every three months for the third year, every six months for years 4 and 5, and annually thereafter. CEA levels above 5 μg were considered abnormal and were evaluated with diagnostic imaging and/or endoscopy. RESULTS: Follow-up was available for 280 patients (98.2 percent). Distribution of patients by Astler-Coller was: A, 14 percent; B1 20 percent; B2, 39 percent; C1, 5 percent; C2, 21 percent. There were 62 of 280 patients (22 percent) who developed elevated CEA levels, with 44 patients who demonstrated clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence. Eleven patients were selected for surgery with curative intent (4 hepatic resections, 1 pulmonary wedge resection, 2 abdominoperineal resections, 2 segmental bowel resections, and 2 cranial metastasectomies). Three of 11 patients (27 percent) benefited and have disease-free survivals greater than 60 months. Of the 223 patients without elevated CEA, 22 (9.9 percent) had recurrent cancer without any survivors. Overall, 3 of 285 patients (1.1 percent) were cured as a result of CEA follow-up. CONCLUSION: CEA-driven surgery is useful in selected patients and can produce long-term survivors.
Appearance of a Photonic Thermalization Gap in Symmetry-Constrained Anderson-Disordered Photonic Lattices

We show that coherent light traveling through a 1-D lattice of coupled waveguides with off-diagonal disorder exhibits super-thermal statistics (g(2) > 2) with a photonic thermalization gap at asymptotic propagation distances.
A Structural Analysis of the Value-Added Effects of Enterprises: A Re-Assessment:

This paper uses structural equation modeling to examine the effects of state-owned enterprises on the growth of output. Using a covariance matrix derived from cross-sectional data, it is shown through LISREL estimation modeling that total effects on output may not be completely negative as previously observed under other procedures. However, the use of the variable in an ordinary least squares framework in combination with other endogenous variables produces weak and negative results.
Fli1 Is a Negative Regulator of Estrogen Receptor α in Dermal Fibroblasts

Estrogen is an important regulator of dermal fibroblast functions, including extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Estrogen mediates its effects through estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ; however, regulation of ERs in dermal fibroblasts remains poorly understood. Friend leukemia integration factor 1 (Fli1), a member of the Ets transcription factor family, has been shown to play a pivotal role in regulation of the ECM genes in dermal fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to examine a possible interaction between Fli1 and estrogen pathways, focusing on ERα. We show that treatment of human dermal fibroblasts with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) increases ERα protein and mRNA levels. Similarly, ERα expression was increased in response to small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of Fli1, suggesting that Fli1 is a mediator of the TGF-β effects on ERα expression. Accordingly, we showed that Fli1 binds to the most proximal region of the ERα promoter, and dissociates from the promoter upon TGF-β treatment. An inverse correlation between Fli1 and ERα expression levels was confirmed in cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from Fli1+/− mice and in the skin of Fli1+/− mice in vivo. This study supports a role of Fli1 as a negative regulator of the ERα gene in dermal fibroblasts.
Differential Modulation of Human Glutamate Transporter Subtypes by Arachidonic Acid

Arachidonic acid has been proposed to be a messenger molecule released following synaptic activation of glutamate receptors and during ischemia. Here we demonstrate that micromolar levels of arachidonic acid inhibit glutamate uptake mediated by EAAT1, a human excitatory amino acid transporter widely expressed in brain and cerebellum, by reducing the maximal transport rate approximately 30%. In contrast, arachidonic acid increased transport mediated by EAAT2, a subtype abundantly expressed in forebrain and midbrain, by causing the apparent affinity for glutamate to increase more than 2-fold. The results demonstrate that the response of different glutamate transporter subtypes to arachidonic acid could influence synaptic transmission and modulate excitotoxicity via positive or negative feedback according to the transporter(s) present in a particular region.
Berry's geometrical phases in ESR in the presence of a stochastic process.

Berry's [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 392, 45 (1984)] geometrical phase is discussed in the context of dissipative evolution of an interacting spin system, governed by the stochastic Liouville equation. An analytical treatment is given for a possible ESR experiment on an interacting electron-nucleus system, modulated by two-site jumps. Geometrical phases are shown to be relevant to systems of this type, when their Hamiltonian changes slowly with time. A method for obtaining higher-order corrections to the adiabatic approximation is demonstrated. It is found that if the jumps are slow relative to the rate of change of the Hamiltonian, their effect reduces to familiar line broadening, and the geometrical phases may be observed experimentally. Equations are also set up for a similar ESR experiment on an electron-nucleus system undergoing isotropic rotational diffusion, and a brief discussion of the equations follows.
Erythrocyte survival in the newborn infant, as measured by chromium51 and its relation to the postnatal serum bilirubin level

Summary The present study was undertaken to determinewhether increased hemolysis after birth is a factor in the genesis of physiologic icterus neonatorum. Erythrocyte destruction was followed in 33 premature and 6 fullterm infants after autologous transfusion of red cells labeled with chromium 51 . Simultaneously, the course and duration of elevated serum bilirubin levels were recorded. The half-life of tagged erythrocytes varied between 14.5 and 36 days in the premature infants (average 22 days) and between 19 and 31 (average 24 days) in the full-term newborn infants. If increased hemolysis were responsible for neonatal jaundice, one would expect that infants with a short red cell survival would show a higher bilirubin concentration or a hyperbilirubinemia of longer duration than infants with a lower rate of erythrocyte destruction. No such relation was evident in this study.
A Low Temperature Raman Cryostat

A cryostat and Raman tube suitable for observing Raman spectra at low temperatures is described. The cryostat is designed so that the sample may be maintained at any desired temperature between 20°K and room temperature, using only liquid air or liquid hydrogen as refrigerant. Samples which are liquids, solids, or gases at room temperature can be studied. The refrigerant is confined to an all-metal system, an extremely desirable feature when liquid hydrogen is used for cooling, but, nevertheless, good thermal contact with the sample is achieved. The cryostat is used in conjunction with a Lane-Wells Raman spectrograph and power supply. The intensity of illumination is about half that obtained with the standard Lane-Wells lamp housing at ordinary temperatures.
Direct Inference, Probability, and a Conceptual Gulf in Risk Communication

Differences in the conceptual frameworks of scientists and nonscientists may create barriers to risk communication. This article examines two such conceptual problems. First, the logic of “direct inference” from group statistics to probabilities about specific individuals suggests that individuals might be acting rationally in refusing to apply to themselves the conclusions of regulatory risk assessments. Second, while regulators and risk assessment scientists often use an “objectivist” or ‘‘relative frequency” interpretation of probability statements, members of the public are more likely to adopt a “subjectivist” or “degree of confidence” interpretation when estimating their personal risks, and either misunderstand or significantly discount the relevance of risk assessment conclusions. If these analyses of inference and probability are correct, there may be a conceptual gulf at the center of risk communication that cannot be bridged by additional data about the magnitude of group risk. Suggestions are made for empirical studies that might help regulators deal with this conceptual gulf.
Femtosecond electron relaxation in InGaAs lattice matched to InP

ABSTRACT Carrier energy relaxation times have been measured in In053Ga47M grown by MBE on InP. Layer thicknesses from 0.5 to3 microns have been studied. An NaC1 color center laser using additive pulse modelocking supplied 150 femtosecond pulseswith photon energies between 780 and 806 meV. These were used for time resolved optical saturation measurements near the750 meY material bandgap. Carrier densities between 0.4 x 1018 and 5.7 x 1018 were achieved. Lifetimes of about 150femtoseconds are reported. These are observed to decrease with increasing carrier density and with decreasing photon energy. 1. INTRODUCTION The bandgap of the InGaAs/InP sytem at 1.55 microns has made it a useful material for optoelectronic device fabrication. Inaddition, its high mobility suggests the possibility of fabricating extremely fast devices. This has been done, for example, in aheterojunction bipolar iransistor'. Fast pin photodiodes are also being developed in InGaAs. It is therefore useful tocharacterize the carrier lifetimes. Previously, photoluminescence upconversion has been applied to measure longer time scalerelaxation rates2'3'4, as well as femtosecond pump-continuum probe methods5'6. Both used photon energies well above thebandgap. In this work, near-bandgap measurements were made well below the intervalley scattering threshold, using theequal pulse correlation technique to extract the lifetime from the transient optical saturation of different samples. Exploitingthe tuneability of the NaCl color center laser, these experiments were performed at several photon energies.InGaAs is a direct gap material, and the bandgap InGaAs/InP is well known to be 750 meV at 300K. The next lowesttiansition occurs at more than 3 times the photon energy 7. for which the split-off band separation is about 343 meV.Therefore only the direct IT transition to the conduction band from the light- and heavy-hole valence bands is significant inthese experiments; split-off holes cannot participate in the low-energy transitions excited by our laser. For this system, thelongitudinal optical phonon energy is 34 meV.Experimental results from 3 samples are reported here. 3, 1, and O.Sum films of In53Gatj47As grown by MBE on an Fe-doped InP substrate were studied. Note that the InP substrate's bandgap of 1.4 eV makes it quite transparent to thewavelengths of the NaCl laser. The substrate was, however, lightly polished to minimize scattering from the substrate. Thetransparency of the InP was verified with a Cary 5 spectrophotometer. For wavelengths longer than 1 micron, it revealed asmooth, resonance-free transmission spectrum for an InP sample taken from the same wafer as that used to grow oursamples. All experiments were carried out at 300K.
Regulation of arterial metabolism I. The effects of age and hormonal status upon the utilization of glucose in vitro by rat aorta

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of age and of the hormones epinephrine, hydrocortisone, insulin and estradiol upon the patterns of glucose metabolism of rat aorta in vitro were determined. Changes in the following parameters were evaluated: the glycogen and acid mucopolysaccharides content of the tissue; the amounts of glucose utilized and lactate produced; and the fraction of uniformly labeled [14C]glucose incorporated into lactate, lipids, glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharide and CO 2 . Comparisons have been based upon the DNA content of the tissue. 2. 2. Increasing age did not alter aortic glucose metabolism markedly. As compared with the aortas of 2-month-old animals, the aortas of 1-year-old males had a greater capacity for the synthesis of lipids and polysaccharides, and those of 1-year-old females a greater capacity to synthesize lipids and to oxidize glucose to CO 2 . 3. 3. Epinephrine administered in vitro stimulated glucose utilization, lactate production, lipolysis and both glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis. Hydrocortisone, insulin or estradiol were administered in vivo . Distinctive responses observed were that hydrocortisone reduced both the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen and of the acid mucopolysaccharides from glucose; insulin stimulated the synthesis of glycogen in diabetic rats; and estradiol increased the synthesis of lipids.
Production of poliomyelitis virus with combined antigenic characteristics of type I and type II.

Abstract Evidence is presented indicating that a “combined” poliomyelitis particle which can be neutralized by type I as well as by type II antiserum has been produced in tissue cultures after simultaneous infection of monkey kidney cells with type I and type II poliomyelitis viruses. Serial passage of the “combined particles” suggests that they are capable of reproducing as such but are not stable.