cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rare Isolated Trapezoid Fracture: A Case Report

Isolated fractures of the trapezoid are rare. Of all of the fractures of the carpus, the most common is the scaphoid, which represents 68.2% of all carpal fractures (Papp, Orthop Clin N Am 38:251–60, 2007). In contrast, trapezoid fractures represent 0.4% of all carpal injuries. Because it is an infrequently fractured carpal bone, there is a wide variety of treatment plans, including rest, immobilization, and surgery (Green and Pederson, Green’s Operative Hand Surgery, Elsevier, Philadelphia, 759 pp, 2005). In this report, we describe a patient who presented with an isolated fracture of the trapezoid that was successfully treated with cast immobilization and had a full functional recovery.
Enhanced adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on mixed zinc/cobalt hydroxides: Effect of morphology and an increased number of surface hydroxyl groups

Mixed zinc and cobalt hydroxides were synthesized using a precipitation method and tested as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide from either dry or moist air. The adsorption capacity increased with an increase in the content of cobalt in the structure of mixed hydroxides. The synergistic effect was demonstrated by a fourfold increase in the amount of hydrogen sulfide adsorbed on the surface of the best performing mixed hydroxide in comparison with the hypothetical mixture of the two hydroxides. The initial and exhausted materials were characterized by FTIR, thermal analysis, potentiometric titration, X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDX, and adsorption of nitrogen. The results obtained suggest that an increase in the content of cobalt results in an increase in amorphicity level and in an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups. These groups, besides providing higher basicity thereby increasing the extent of H2S dissociation in the presence of water, are the main active centers reacting with hydrogen sulfide. Defects in the structure and oxygen vacancies result in the oxidation of some H2S to sulfites and sulfates.
Combining human errors in structural risk analysis

Abstract A procedure for combining human errors in structural risk analysis is presented. The procedure accounts for the fact that human errors cause unconservative and/or conservative changes in the probability density functions of the basic variables (i.e. resistance and load effect) involved in the structural risk model. The paper also includes results with regard to the sensitivity of the reliability index to changes in (a) the type of individual errors, (b) the type of combination of errors, and (c) the probability of occurrence of such errors. The results could be used to evaluate the significance of various combinations of errors on structural risk.
Geo-encryption protocol for mobile networks

We propose a geo-encryption protocol that allows mobile nodes to communicate securely by restricting the decryption of a message to a particular location and time period. Our protocol will handle the exchange of movement parameters, so that a sender is able to geo-encrypt messages to a moving decryption zone that contains a mobile node's estimated location. We also present methods for estimating the node's movement parameters to allow for geo-encryption. Finally, we evaluate our model by measuring the induced overhead to the network and its performance in terms of decryption ratio.
Structure of Ag(CHPh3)(1-Me-CB11F11). Trigonal-Planar Ag(Arene)3+ Cations, Polymeric {Ag(CHPh3)+}∞ Triangular-Net Layers, and Partially Aligned Interstitial Carborane Anions in a Polar Crystal

The synthesis and structure of the layered solid Ag(CHPh3)(1-Me-CB11F11) are described. The compound crystallized from dichloromethane solution in the polar space group Pna21 (orthorhombic, C21H19AgB11F11, a = 21.6736(7) A, b = 8.7163(3) A, c = 14.5737(5) A, Z = 4). The structure consists of layers of {Ag(CHPh3)+}∞ polycations with 1-Me-CB11F11- anions filling half of the trigonal prismatic holes defined by six Ag+ ions from successive {Ag(CHPh3)+}∞ layers. The {Ag(CHPh3)+}∞ triangular-net layers contain the first example of a rigorously trigonal-planar Ag(arene)3+ complex. There are no contacts between the Ag+ cations and the 1-Me-CB11F11- superweak anions shorter than 3.29 A. The idealized C5 axes of the per-B-fluorocarborne anions are partially aligned along the crystallographic c axis.
Effects of isoflurane on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced changes of gene expression profiling in glial-neuronal cocultures.

Background: Isoflurane decreases ischemia-induced neuronal injury. The mechanisms of this effect are largely unknown. We hypothesize that isoflurane induces expression of protective stress genes and decreases expression of apoptosis-related genes. Methods: The mRNA expression of about 1300 genes related to neurobiology in rat glial-neuronal cocultures was evaluated by microarray technology. Four experimental conditions were examined: control; 2% isoflurane; oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD, to simulate ischemia in vitro); or isoflurane (2%) plus OGD. Results: There were four immediate early genes/transcription factors (early growth response 1, c-fos, nerve growth factor-induced factor A and Knox-24) whose mRNA expression was increased to more than 1.4-fold of control levels under the conditions of isoflurane, OGD or isoflurane plus OGD. Isoflurane increased the mRNA expression of heme oxygenase, a 32-kDa heat-shock protein, and decreased the mRNA expression of caspase-2, calpain 1 and the Bcl-2-associated death agonist. These isoflurane effects were still apparent under the condition of isoflurane plus OGD. The mRNA expression of Gβ1, early growth response 1 and the death effector domain-containing protein DEFT in the samples used for microarray assay was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and the results were consistent with the patterns of changes across the experimental conditions as revealed by microarray technology. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the effects of isoflurane on the mRNA expression of multiple genes in glial-neuronal cocultures are consistent with its neuroprotection against ischemia. A coordinated change in expression of many genes (increased expression of potentially protective gene and decreased expression of potentially damaging genes) after the exposure of isoflurane was revealed by this study.
Avoiding a War on Unauthorized Computation

Any attempt to regulate&#x2014;or, indeed, legally define&#x2014;exploits will cause irreparable harm to both coder freedoms and consumer systems' trustworthiness. It will reduce the sum of our knowledge about how systems can and cannot behave&#x2014;and thus of what they can and cannot be trusted with.
The Classroom Acoustical Environment and the Americans With Disabilities Act.

Audiologists and acoustical engineers have urged that acoustics be considered in the design of classrooms for more than 30 years. Research has demonstrated that children with hearing loss have grea...
A constraint on the geometry of Yang-Mills theories

Abstract The connection form of a fibre bundle may be identified with the gauge potential of a Yang-Mills theory only if its dependence on the coordinates of the fibres can be eliminated. To maintain this property under a change of bundle coordinates, the standard fibre must admit a globally integrable parallelism. The necessity of principal bundles in the geometrical formulation of Yang-Mills theories can then be deduced.
The Factorial Validity of Student Ratings in Faculty Promotions

The Berkeley student evaluation questionnaire by Hildebrand, Wilson, and Dienst was modified to reflect the Whitely-Doyle factorial structure of implicit theories students hold about teaching characteristics of their instructors. Evidence of factorial validity with respect to hierarchial order of faculty academic ranks was found for factors pertaining to the knowledge of the subject matter and expositional skills. With respect to these factors, student ratings appear to be valid indicators of teaching competency, admissible as evidence to be used for faculty promotion decisions.
Regulation of gene expression at the beginning of mammalian development and the TEAD family of transcription factors

In mouse development, transcription is first detected in late 1-cell embryos, but translation of newly synthesized transcripts does not begin until the 2-cell stage. Thus, the onset of zygotic gene expression (ZGE) is regulated at the level of both transcription and translation. Chromatin-mediated repression is established after formation of a 2-cell embryo, concurrent with the developmental acquisition of enhancer function. The most effective enhancer in cleavage stage mouse embryos depends on DNA binding sites for TEF-1, the prototype for a family of transcription factors that share the same TEA DNA binding domain. Mice contain at least four, and perhaps five, genes with the same TEA DNA binding domain (mTEAD genes). Since mTEAD-2 is the only one expressed during the first 7 days of mouse development, it is most likely responsible for the TEAD transcription factor activity that first appears at the beginning of ZGE. All four mTEAD genes are expressed at later embryonic stages and in adult tissues; virtually every tissue expresses at least one family member, consistent with a critical role for TEAD proteins in either cell proliferation or differentiation. The 72-amino acid TEA DNA binding domains in mTEAD-2, 3, and 4 are approximately 99% homologous to the same domain in mTEAD-1, and all four proteins bind specifically to the same DNA sequences in vitro with a Kd value of 16-38 nM DNA. Since TEAD proteins appear to be involved in both activation and repression of different genes and do not appear to be functionally redundant, differential activity of TEAD proteins must result either from association with other proteins or from differential sensitivity to chromatin-packaged DNA binding sites.
Organizational Characteristics and Employer Responses to Employee Substance Abuse

Working within an integrative framework of human resource management (HRM) in context (Jackson & Schuler, 1995), and theorizing from an integrated institutional and resource dependence perspective (Oliver, 1991), this study investigated whether factors in the internal and external organizational environments are associated with the presence of a counseling/rehabilitative response by employers to identified employee substance abuse. Data were collected at two points in time from a sample of 342 private sector worksites in the state of Georgia. The results of ordered logistic regression analysis suggest that variables from both the internal and external organizational environments are related to a rehabilitative response by management to employee substance abuse.
Magnetic Pulse Compressor Modulators for High Voltage, Low Energy Applications

Magnetic pulse compression modulators are sometimes used to replace conventionally switched modulators when extreme switch performance and/or extended switch life and reliability are required. For example, high voltage, but relatively low current load pulses can be switched directly with a thyratron or other cathode-gas tube, but with a lifetime that is not as extensive as desired. This paper discusses the design issues to be considered when seeking to replace conventional, but simple high voltage switched modulators with more complex magnetic pulse compression modulators.
Ontogeny of acid-base balance in the bullfrog and chicken.

Abstract Blood PCO2 and (HCO−3) increase markedly during metamorphosis of the bullfrog tadpole to the adult frog. In vivo pH was similar at 20 °C, 7.83 for the tadpole, 7.90 for the adult frog while PCO2 changed from 3.2 to 13 mm Hg and bicarbonate increased from 5.5 to 30 mM/L. This change in acid-base balance during the metamorphosis of the water-breathing tadpole to the air-breathing adult is a consequence of the change in respiratory medium and mimics the alterations which must have occurred during the evolution of lung-breathing vertebrates from their gill-breathing ancestors. A similar increase in blood PCO2 and bicarbonate is demonstrated in the ontogeny of a wholly terrestrial form, the chick embryo. At nine days PCO2; and HCO−3 are 9.2 mm Hg and 6.6 mM/L; at day 18, these values have increased to 25.3 and 18.4 respectively. A constant pH of 7.47 is maintained during incubation. In the avian embryo these changes result from the interaction of two factors: The fixed diffusion resistance imposed by the eggshell coupled with the increasing Vco2, of the developing embryo.
EFFECT OF PORE DISTRIBUTION ON ELASTIC STIFFNESS AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF POROUS MATERIALS

The paper focuses on experimental study of the effect of pore distribution on the mechanical properties of aluminum sheets containing multiple holes. Mechanical behavior of materials of uniform microstructure is compared with that of materials containing pore clusters of circular and elliptical shapes. The overall porosity of all specimens was 0.2. All the experiments were repeated 10 times. Our work demonstrates that overall elastic properties are almost insensitive to the actual distribution of pores – uniform or with distinguishable pore clusters. In contrast, fracture toughness of the specimens is strongly affected by the mutual positions of individual pores. Explicit connection between the fracture stress and minimum pore separation is obtained.
Altered tissue behavior of a non-aneurysmal descending thoracic aorta in the mouse model of Marfan syndrome

Aortic aneurysm is predominantly found in the ascending aorta in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS). However, descending aortic disease has emerged as a problem since people are living longer because of improved medical and surgical management of the ascending aorta. Diagnostic procedures before disease onset and the mechanisms involved in the transition of normal aortic tissue to aneurysm remain unclear. We determined signs of descending aortic disease before disease onset in mice with a mutation in the fibrillin 1 gene (Fbn1 +/C1039G), a validated mouse model of disease susceptibility and progression of aortic aneurysm of MFS. We analyzed a tubular unfixed non-aneurysmal descending thoracic aorta from 8-month-old wild-type and Fbn1 +/C1039G mice by a tubular biaxial tester that works in conjunction with a two-photon nonlinear microscope. Fbn1 +/C1039G mouse aorta was more compliant in the circumferential direction. Two-photon imaging showed defective organization of adventitial collagen fibers in the pressurized aortas of Fbn1 +/C1039G mice. Moreover, disruption in the elastic lamina was noted in the absence of aneurysms in pressurized aortas but not unpressurized aortas of Fbn1 +/C1039G mice. At the molecular level, this altered tissue behavior in non-aneurysmal descending aortas of Fbn1 +/C1039G mice was accompanied by an increasing trend of canonical but not noncanonical, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling. Finally, assays of in vitro collagen lattice formation in mouse wild-type and TGFβ1-deficient embryonic fibroblasts indicate that TGFβ1 can regulate collagen organization. The ability to reveal the presence of altered biomechanics and microstructure coupled with subtle changes in TGFβ signaling provides a novel surrogate measure of tissue susceptibility to aneurysm before disease onset.
Quantum hall effect in 2+1 quantum electrodynamics

We demonstrate that (2+1)-dimensional relativistic quantum electrodynamics naturally leads to integer quantum Hall effect if the electrons are noninteracting,i.e S−1 (p)=γ·p−m* is the inverse of the free-electron propagator with the effective massm*.
The effect of polysomnography on pediatric adenotonsillectomy postoperative management.

Objective We retrospectively investigated the effect and predictability of preoperative polysomnography (PSG) on the postoperative course of younger pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Study design and setting A retrospective chart review was performed for patients 3 years of age and younger who had undergone adenotonsillectomy between July 1997 and July 2002 at the Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin. Results Two hundred eighty-two patients were identified. Forty-three patients had preoperative PSG. No correlation between the severity of PSG results and postoperative course was identified. Conclusions The role of PSG in upper airway obstruction and OSA remains controversial. This study suggests that although the complication rate may be higher in this younger population, these complications do not appear to have a large impact on their length of stay. Significance This study suggests that the 3-years-and-younger group, in the absence of other comorbidities, can safely undergo adenotonsillectomy without undergoing preoperative PSG. EBM raing: C.
Perspectives on: SGP symposium on mitochondrial physiology and medicine: molecular identities of mitochondrial Ca2+ influx mechanism: updated passwords for accessing mitochondrial Ca2+-linked health and disease.

### Introduction Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for balancing cell survival and death ([Giacomello et al., 2007][1]; [Duchen et al., 2008][2]). Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake mechanisms across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) are especially important for the regulation of ATP synthesis
Potential roles of tumor necrosis factor-α in follicular development, ovulation, and the life span of the corpus luteum

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) was originally identified as a factor involved in inflammation with potent effects in reducing tumor growth. Recent studies have shown that TNF is within ovarian cells and follicular fluid of several species including, rodents, domestic species, and humans. In some of these species, oocytes, granulosa cells, thecal cells, luteal cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages are sources of TNF. Three ovarian processes regulating expression of ovarian TNF are follicular development, ovulation, and luteal regression. In small developing follicles, TNF suppresses the responsiveness of the ovary to gonadotropins, whereas in preovulatory follicles, TNF stimulates steroidogenesis. These observations led to the hypothesis that TNF, emanating from the dominant follicle, could act as a paracrine factor suppressing development of smaller follicles. However, in the preovulatory follicle, TNF promotes progesterone production, a mediator of ovulation. In fact, TNF can synergize with luteinizing hormones to induce ovulation in vitro. In corpora lutea, TNF has been localized to macrophages, paraluteal cells, endothelial cells, and thecal cords. Its placement in corpora lutea leads to several functions related to luteal development, maintenance, and regression and to modulation of follicle development during the luteal phase. This review provides a current listing of sources of TNF in the ovary and effects of TNF on ovarian cell function. In addition, the review provides insight into TNF's regulation in the ovary in an attempt to provide insight into its functional roles. Additional investigations will be required to provide conclusive evidence for these roles.
Processing creates the self

Autoreactive T cells may escape tolerance induction owing to enzymatic cleavage of dominant determinants in the thymus. Processing events both in the thymus and the periphery influence the spectrum of determinants available to T cells.
Review of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT)

Abstract The Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) represents a reconceptualization of the measurement of intelligence that is more consistent with current theories of intellectual development. The KAIT has been very carefully developed and field-tested. Administration is facilitated by high-quality materials and visual/auditory presentation formats. The KAIT has been standardized by state-of-the-art measurement techniques. The utilization of fluid and crystallized scales enhances the richness of clinical interpretations that can be drawn from this instrument. Limitations of the KAIT are discussed regarding its use with the mentally retarded, developmentally delayed, and borderline clients.
Factors associated with illegal drug use among older methadone clients.

Purpose The overall aims of this study are to describe the life stressors of, exposure to illegal drug use of, and illegal drug use by older methadone clients. Design and methods The current study focuses on a subsample of the larger administrative data of a methadone clinic that is limited to African American and White clients over the age of 50 (N = 143). A logistic regression model tested the relationship between life stressors, exposure to illegal drug use, and a respondent's ability to remain abstinent from illegal drug use in the previous month. Results Older methadone clients exposed to illegal drug use in their social networks and neighborhoods were significantly more likely to use illegal drugs in the last month. Implications Although demographic trends in the methadone population indicate that this cohort is aging and that their numbers are growing, little research exists on their well-being and service needs.
Aged mice are resistant to the hepatotoxic effects of endotoxin and galactosamine

The ability of concurrent intraperitoneal injections of endotoxin (0.1 micrograms/kg) and galactosamine (700 mg/kg) to produce liver damage was determined in fasted C57Bl/6 mice of different ages: 2 months (young), 6 months (mature), and 24 months (aged). Liver damage was assessed after 6 hr by measurement of plasma alanine aminotransferase activity (ALAT, mumole/liter/min) and by histological examination for mature and aged mice. Control mice, those treated with saline, galactosamine, endotoxin, or hydrazine alone, had ALAT activities which ranged from 13 to 72 (n = 21). Plasma ALAT activities were increased to hepatotoxic values in some, but not all, mice injected with both endotoxin and galactosamine. For young mice, 7/11 had increased plasma ALAT activities; for mature mice, 5/8 had increased plasma ALAT activities and substantial centrilobular necrosis, whereas for aged mice, 0/7 had increased ALAT activities and none had centrilobular necrosis. Basophilic staining of the cytoplasm was increased by administration of endotoxin and/or galactosamine in both mature and aged mice whether or not necrosis was present. A 5-hr pretreatment with hydrazine sulfate (80 mg/kg) substantially decreased the ALAT release caused by endotoxin and galactosamine in mature mice. Hydrazine pretreatment prevented centrilobular necrosis in mature mice and decreased basophilic cytoplasmic staining in aged mice. The results demonstrate that aged mice are resistant to the hepatotoxic effects of endotoxin and galactosamine which were observed in both young mice and mature mice. Also, hydrazine sulfate pretreatment will protect against the hepatotoxic effects as well as the lethal actions of endotoxin and galactosamine.
Studies of 21st-Century Precipitation Trends Over West Africa

West Africa includes a semi-arid zone between the Sahara Desert and the humid Gulf of Guinea coast, approximately between 10 N and 20 N, which is irrigated by summer monsoon rains. This article refers to the region as the Sahel. Rain-fed agriculture is the primary sustenance for Sahel populations, and severe droughts (in the 1970s and 1980s), therefore, have devastating negative societal impacts. The future frequency of Sahel droughts and the evolution of its hydrological balance are therefore of great interest. The article reviews 10 recent research studies that attempt to discover how climate changes will affect the hydrology of the Sahel throughout the 21st century. All 10 studies rely on atmosphere ocean global climate model (AOGCM) simulations based on a range of greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Many of the simulations are contained in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change archives for Assessment Reports #3 and #4. Two of the studies use AOGCM data to drive regional climate models. Seven studies make projections for the first half of the 21st century and eight studies make projections for the second half. Some studies make projections of wetter conditions and some predict more frequent droughts, and each describes the atmospheric processes associated with its prediction. Only one study projects more frequent droughts before 2050, and that is only for continent-wide degradation in vegetation cover. The challenge to correctly simulate Sahel rainfall decadal trends is particularly daunting because multiple physical mechanisms compete to drive the trend upwards or downwards. A variety of model deficiencies, regarding the simulation of one or more of these physical processes, taints models climate change projections. Consequently, no consensus emerges regarding the impact of anticipated greenhouse gas forcing on the hydrology of the Sahel in the second half of the 21st century.
Seasonal Forage Availability and Diet for Reintroduced Elk in the Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee

Abstract Cervus elaphus (Elk) were reintroduced into the Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee over a 3-year period beginning in December 2000. We radio-collared 159 Elk and monitored them by aerial telemetry from February 2001 to June 2003. Locations (n = 321) were used to develop a core herd home range (789-ha sampling area) to assess Elk seasonal forage use and availability. We monitored diet and resource availability from November 2003 to October 2004 by microhistological analysis of feces and vegetation sampling, respectively. We compared the relative availability of individual plant species (% cover) to the relative percentage of plant species found in fecal samples. A positive significant mean difference indicated plant species used in greater proportion to availability. Lolium arundinaceum (Tall Fescue) comprised 35.1% of the winter diet, and graminoids (65.9%) were the dominant forage class overall. The most selected graminoid was Andropogon gerardii (Big Bluestem). The diet shifted in the spring to a ...
Internal dissipative waves in poroelastic media

Free internal-wave solutions in poroelastic media are found by allowing for dilatational discontinuities in both the solid and fluid displacements. Physically, the displacement discontinuity sheet is shown to represent a thin layer in the state of dynamic liquefaction (i.e. a layer with zero dynamic solid-stress tensor) so that across the layer the porous medium is dynamically supported by pore pressure. Because of the associated relative motion between the viscous pore fluid and the porous solid, the resulting internal waves are dissipative in character. However, the dissipation rates are not necessarily similar for all obtained waves. In fact, two distinct wave types can be identified. One is characterized by having a dissipation-length scale that is much longer than the wavelength scale, and hence may be termed a propagating wave solution, while the other type has comparable dissipation and wave lengths, i. e. a non-propagating wave solution. It is shown that both types of waves can simultaneously exist in a poroelastic medium. Solutions are obtained for plane waves in a whole homogeneous space, giving the phase speeds, damping rates and velocity and pressure fields for both types of internal waves.
An Adaptive Model Following Control of Industrial Manipulators

Using the adaptive model following control (AMFC) technique, a control system is developed to obtain high performance of an industrial manipulator that has wide variations in its payload and spatial configuration. The main advantage of this technique over other methods is simplicity in computation, which provides the capability of real-time control calculation with today's microprocessors. Moreover, it guarantees automatically the stability of the overall system without requiring any additional stability analysis. In order to demonstrate the capability of this technique, we have conducted a computer simulation for the Unimation PUMA 600 series manipulator. The simulation results agree well with the expected high performance of the control system: (1) computational requirements are much less than other existing ones, and (2) it provides the capability of adapting to large variations in payload and spatial configuration. Also presented is a comparison of the amount of its required computation with that of other methods.
Valproate-induced hyperammonemic coma in females with unrecognized partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

A female child with undiagnosed partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency suffered hyperammonemic coma after initiation of valproate for suspected seizures. Retrospec tive history and metabolic testing indicated ornithine tra nscarbamylase deficiency. This case, along with previous reports in childr en and adults, demonstrates the importance of a focused history and consideration of appropriate metabolic testing prior to im plementation of valproate therapy especially in female patients.
BIN2 Functions Redundantly with Other Arabidopsis GSK3-Like Kinases to Regulate Brassinosteroid Signaling

GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase involved in a variety of developmental signaling processes. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes 10 GSK3-like kinases that are clustered into four groups. Forward genetic screens have so far uncovered eight mutants, all of which carry gain-of-function mutations in BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), one of the three members in group II. Genetic and biochemical studies have implicated a negative regulatory role for BIN2 in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Here, we report the identification of eight ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized loss-of-function bin2 alleles and one T-DNA insertional mutation each for BIN2 and its two closest homologs, BIN2-Like1 and BIN2-Like2. Our genetic, biochemical, and physiological assays revealed that despite functional redundancy, BIN2 plays a dominant role among the three group II members in regulating BR signaling. Surprisingly, the bin2bil1bil2 triple T-DNA insertional mutant still responds to BR and accumulates a more phosphorylated form of a BIN2 substrate than the wild-type plant. Using the specific GSK3 inhibitor lithium chloride, we have provided strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of other Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinases in BR signaling. Interestingly, lithium chloride treatment was able to suppress the gain-of-function bin2-1 mutation but had a much weaker effect on a strong BR receptor mutant, suggesting the presence of a BIN2-independent regulatory step downstream of BR receptor activation.
Regional Organ Assessment and Repair Centers (ARCs)

breakthroughs in our understanding of the immune system and the pathophysiology of end stage organ disease. Conceptually organ transplantation has an ancient past, with accounts of saints, healers, and Gods performing transplantation of limbs and organs between individuals. In the 1930’s the French-American surgeon-scientist Alexis Carrel carried out a series of important experiments that were breathtaking in their scope and impact, in which various organs such as the kidney, heart, thyroid, and limbs of animals were transplanted (1). These transplants functioned for a period of time and demonstrated the technical feasibility of transplantation in general and vascular anastomotic technique in particular (2). Carrel would go on to perform many transplants between animals and within the same animal. Without exception organs
The experience of caring for a family member with Alzheimer's disease.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the experience of caring for a family member with Alzheimer's disease or related disorder (ADRD) living at home among a diverse sample of 103 family caregivers. The study involved secondary analysis of in-depth transcribed interview data using van Kaam's rigorous four phase, 12-step psychophenomenological method. A total of 2,115 descriptive expressions were categorized into 38 preliminary structural elements. Eight essential structural elements emerged from an analysis of the preliminary structural elements. The eight elements were then synthesized to form the following synthetic structural definition: Caring for a family member living at home with ADRD was experienced as "being immersed in caregiving; enduring stress and frustration; suffering through the losses; integrating ADRD into our lives and preserving integrity; gathering support; moving with continuous change; and finding meaning and joy."
The effects of pH on hyaluronate as observed by light scattering

Hyaluronate was investigated over a wide pH range, and at near zero and intermediate ionic strength, using dynamic and total intensity light scattering. Commercially obtained rooster comb hyaluronate was purified, and solutions were prepared in pure water by low-power bath ultrasonication and subsequent filtering. These solutions were of low polydispersity and appeared to contain single molecules of hyaluronate. Despite the absence of added electrolyte, these solutions yielded well-behaved Zimm plots. Increasing ionic strength and changing pH decreased radii of gyration and increased diffusion constants. Except for what appeared to be slow hydrolysis at either extreme of pH, molecular weights remained constant under all pH and ionic strength conditions. Under all solvent conditions investigated, diffusion coefficients increased with decreasing hyaluronate concentration. Unsonicated, lightly centrifuged solutions without added electrolyte were polydisperse, and their light scattering intensity was dominated by what appeared to be stable hyaluronate aggregates. The results are interpreted in terms of the polyelectrolyte properties of hyaluronate and its tendency to form stable entanglements, especially at low ionic strength. Previous light scattering studies in the literature on hyaluronate have shown widely varying results. The present article briefly reviews this literature and attempts to explain the variation among the previous results, emphasizing the Kuhn statistical segment length as an indicator of whether results are influenced by polydispersity or contaminants causing hyaluronate aggregation.
Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting

Bottom-up synthetic biology presents a novel approach for investigating and reconstituting biochemical systems and, potentially, minimal organisms. This emerging field engages engineers, chemists, biologists, and physicists to design and assemble basic biological components into complex, functioning systems from the bottom up. Such bottom-up systems could lead to the development of artificial cells for fundamental biological inquiries and innovative therapies1,2. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) can serve as a model platform for synthetic biology due to their cell-like membrane structure and size. Microfluidic jetting, or microjetting, is a technique that allows for the generation of GUVs with controlled size, membrane composition, transmembrane protein incorporation, and encapsulation3. The basic principle of this method is the use of multiple, high-frequency fluid pulses generated by a piezo-actuated inkjet device to deform a suspended lipid bilayer into a GUV. The process is akin to blowing soap bubbles from a soap film. By varying the composition of the jetted solution, the composition of the encompassing solution, and/or the components included in the bilayer, researchers can apply this technique to create customized vesicles. This paper describes the procedure to generate simple vesicles from a droplet interface bilayer by microjetting.
Does Articaine Provide an Advantage over Lidocaine in Patients with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction Achieving profound pulpal anesthesia can be difficult in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis to address the population, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) question: in adults with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis who are undergoing endodontic treatment, what is the comparative efficacy of articaine compared with lidocaine in reducing pain and incidence of adverse events? Methods A protocol was prepared and registered on PROSPERO. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov by using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility for inclusion and quality. Weighted anesthesia success rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated and compared by using a random-effects model. Results Two hundred seventy-five studies were initially identified from the search; 10 double-blind, randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. For combined studies, articaine was more likely than lidocaine to achieve successful anesthesia (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% CI, 1.41–3.47; P = .0006; I2 = 40%). Maxillary infiltration subgroup analysis showed no significant difference between articaine and lidocaine (OR, 3.99; 95% CI, 0.50–31.62; P = .19; I2 = 59%). For combined mandibular anesthesia studies articaine was superior to lidocaine (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.40–3.44; P = .0006; I2 = 30%), with further subgroup analysis showing no difference for mandibular block anesthesia (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.87–2.38; P = .16; I2 = 0%). When used for supplemental infiltration after successful mandibular block anesthesia, articaine was significantly more effective than lidocaine (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.97–6.39; P Conclusions This systematic review of double-blind, randomized clinical trials provides level 1 evidence to support the use of articaine for patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. There is a significant advantage to using articaine over lidocaine for supplementary infiltration after mandibular block anesthesia but no advantage when used for mandibular block anesthesia alone or for maxillary infiltration.
In situ Tumor PD-L1 mRNA expression is associated with increased TILs and better outcome in breast carcinomas.

Purpose: Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis emerged as a promising new therapeutic option for cancer that has resulted in lasting responses in metastatic renal, lung carcinomas, and melanomas. Tumor PD-L1 protein expression may predict response to drugs targeting this pathway. Measurement of PD-L1 protein is limited by the lack of standardized immunohistochemical methods and variable performance of antibodies. Our goal was to correlate PD-L1 mRNA expression with clinical variables in primary breast carcinomas. Experimental Design: The fluorescent RNAscope paired-primer assay was used to quantify in situ PD-L1 mRNA levels in 636 stage I–III breast carcinomas on two sets of tissue microarrays [YTMA128 ( n = 238) and YTMA201 ( n = 398)]. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were assessed by hematoxylin/eosin stain and quantitative fluorescence. Results: On YTMA128 and YTMA201, 55.7% and 59.5% of cases showed PD-L1 mRNA expression, respectively. Higher PD-L1 mRNA expression was significantly associated with increased TILs ( P = 0.04) but not with other clinical variables. Elevated TILs (scores 2 and 3+) occurred in 16.5% on YTMA128 and 14.8% on YTMA201 and was associated with estrogen receptor–negative status ( P = 0.01 on YTMA128 and 0.0001 on YTMA201). PD-L1 mRNA expression was associated with longer recurrence-free survival (log-rank P = 0.01), which remained significant in multivariate analysis including age, tumor size, histologic grade, nodal metastasis, hormone receptor, HER2 status, and the extent of TILs (HR, 0.268; CI, 0.099–0.721; P = 0.009). Conclusions: PD-L1 mRNA expression is identified in nearly 60% of breast tumors and it is associated with increased TILs and improved recurrence-free survival. These observations support the evaluation of PD-1/PD-L1–targeted therapies in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(10); 2773–82. ©2014 AACR .
THE GENDERING OF VIOLENT DELINQUENCY

This article addresses two issues that have received little attention in empirical research-the mechanisms explaining variation in violent delinquency within gender and variation in levels of violence across gender, or the gender gap. Toward these ends, the article synthesizes arguments from differential association theory, feminist theory, and gender studies. The outcome is a theoretical model of gender and violent delinquency that focuses on the interplay between structural positions and cultural processes. The theoretical model includes a core construct of differential association theory-the learning of definitions favorable to violence-as well as arguments about cultural definitions or meanings of gender and gender differences in the role of familial controls and peer influence, which are derived from feminist theory and gender studies. It then examines how these cultural processes are conditioned by structural positions. One of the key arguments is that the violent delinquency of females is controlled through rather subtle, indirect mechanisms, while the violence of males is controlled in more direct, overt ways. The results of the empirical analysis support the the-oretical arguments, contribute to the limited understanding of the variation in violent offending among females, and explain the sources of the gender gap in violent delinquency. The article thereby allows greater understanding of the broader phenomenon of juvenile violence.
Student versus faculty performance using a new visual criteria for the detection of caries on occlusal surfaces: an in vitro examination with histological validation.

Clinical Relevance One of the first actions that needs to be taken to disseminate the new visual caries detection criteria ICDAS is to assess how it is assimilated by different groups and levels of...
Developing global products and marketing strategies: A construct and a research agenda

The U.S. trade deficit brings to question the effectiveness of international marketing strategies of American firms. Multinational corporations must develop better international products and improve their performance in their international marketing efforts. They must know when to globalize or localize their marketing practices. This article incorporates learning, involvement, diffusion/adoption and culture context as dimensions of a global product and marketing strategy development decision model. The model developed is “be global, act local.” The interrelationship of consumer behavior models in the context of a multinational product development decision is emphasized. This article raises research issues which need to be addressed for future success in multinational and/or multicultural markets.
Continuous production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose: a design case study

This paper focuses on the design and optimization of a process for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a sugar derived molecule that can be used as a raw material in the production of furan based polymers. We start by reviewing the processes and kinetic mechanisms involved in its synthesis from fructose and then consider a continuous process using solvent extraction based on the semi batch concept proposed by Roman-Leshkov et al. We formulate an optimization problem in order to find the operating conditions that minimize the cost per mol of HMF produced and study the effect of different solvents, fructose prices, capital investment and kinetics on this cost.
Vibrational Spectroscopic Microscopy: Raman, Near-Infrared and Mid-Infrared Imaging Techniques

New instrumental approaches for performing vibrational Raman, near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging microscopy are described. The instruments integrate imaging quality filters such as acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs), with visible charge-coupled device (CCD) and infrared focal-plane array detectors. These systems are used in conjunction with infinity-corrected, refractive microscopes for operation in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions and with Cassegrainian reflective optics for operation in the mid-infrared spectral interval. Chemically specific images at moderate spectral resolution (2 nm) and high spatial resolution (1 μm) can be collected rapidly and noninvasively. Image data are presented containing 128 × 128 pixels, although significantly larger format images can be collected in approximately the same time. The instruments can be readily configured for both absorption and reflectance spectroscopies. We present Raman emission images of polystyrene microspheres and a lipid/amino acid mixture and near-infrared images of onion epidermis and a hydrated phospholipid dispersion. Images generated from mid-infrared spectral data are presented for a KBr disk containing nonhomogeneous domains of lipid and for 50-μm slices of monkey cerebellum. These are the first results illustrating the use of infrared focal-plane array detectors as chemically specific spectroscopic imaging devices and demonstrating their application in biomolecular areas. Extensions and future applications of the various vibrational spectroscopic imaging techniques are discussed.
High-throughput phenotyping of multicellular organisms: finding the link between genotype and phenotype

High-throughput phenotyping approaches (phenomics) are being combined with genome-wide genetic screens to identify alterations in phenotype that result from gene inactivation. Here we highlight promising technologies for 'phenome-scale' analyses in multicellular organisms.
High brightness injectors based on photocathode dc gun

Sample results of new injector design method based on a photocathode dc gun are presented, based on other work analytically proving the validity of the emittance compensation scheme for the case even when beam bunching is involved. We have designed several new injectors appropriate for different bunch charge ranges accordingly. Excellent beam quality produced by these injectors clearly shows that a photocathode dc gun can compete with a rf gun on an equal footing as the source of an electron beam for the bunch charge ranging up to 2 nano Coulomb (nC). This work therefore elevates a dc gun based injector to the preferred choice for many ongoing high brightness accelerator projects considering the proven operational stability and high average power capability of the dc gun.
Analysis and synthesis of randomized modulation schemes for power converters

After establishing that the proper objects of study for randomized modulation of converters are the power spectra of signals, we classify such modulation schemes and present associated spectral formulas, several of which are new. We also discuss numerical (Monte Carlo) verification issues for power spectral formulas. A general spectral formula for stationary randomized modulation schemes is presented, and specialized to several modulation schemes of practical interest for DC/DC converters. Analytical results are then given for block-stationary randomized modulation schemes that are suitable for inverter operation. In the process, we present results for several modulation schemes that have been reported in the literature without analytical explanations. Experimental verifications of some of our analytical results are presented. We formulate narrow-band and wide-band synthesis problems in randomized modulation, and solve them numerically. Our results suggest that randomized modulation is very effective in satisfying narrow-band power constraints, but has limited effectiveness in meeting wide-band constraints. >