cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Promoting First Relationships® Preventive Intervention for Primary Caregivers and Toddlers in an American Indian Community.

Preventive intervention programs that address parenting practices and children’s developmental needs early in life have led to positive changes in caregiving behavior and children’s developmental outcomes. However, little is known about the efficacy of such programs among American Indian families. This study tested the efficacy of the strengths-based Promoting First Relationships® (PFR) program in American Indian families living on a rural reservation. Participants were 34 toddlers (10–30 months old) and their primary caregivers. Families were randomized to an Immediate (n = 17) or Waitlist (n = 17) group after a home visit for baseline data collection, which included assessment of observed caregiver-child interactions, caregiver perceptions, and child behavior. After randomization, we delivered the PFR intervention in 10 visits to the Immediate group, with some adaptations based on focus groups with community members and staff input. We analyzed follow-up assessments by implementing multiple regression analyses, controlling for baseline scores and using multiple imputation to handle missing data. Results supported our primary hypotheses: the Immediate group, compared with Waitlist, had significantly higher scores on the quality (p = .011, d = 1.02) and contingent responsiveness (p = .013, d = 1.21) of caregiver-child interactions, as well as on caregiver knowledge of toddlers’ social and emotional needs and level of developmentally appropriate expectations (p = .000, d = 0.58). Caregiver stress and caregivers’ reports of child behavior did not differ significantly. Our results hold promise for additional PFR research in other Native communities.
Efficient recovery of rare earth elements from coal based resources: a bioleaching approach

Abstract Rare earth element (REE) resources in coal-related materials are vast. Assuming a coal production rate of 600 million short tons per year with an average REE content of 200 ppm, the potential REE resource is 120,000 tons per year, which is similar to the annual global production of REEs. Most of those resources that are associated with coal-related materials are found in association with the gangue or ash-based content from the coal ore. Under normal coal plant operation, the REEs often end up in refuse piles or tailings impoundments. In many cases, these REEs can be recovered at low cost using appropriate coal preparation, heap leaching, solvent extraction and/or selective precipitation, followed by subsequent separation and purification of individual REEs. In the present research, the processing approach uses a natural pyrite stream, which was removed during coal cleaning and used to enhance leaching. Bio-oxidation has been used commercially to accelerate leaching, and this approach has been applied to coal-based materials. The ferric ions generated from bio-oxidation oxidize sulfide minerals such as pyrite, which generates acid. Both acid and ferric ions are helpful for leaching REEs, as well as for removing residual sulfides, thereby preventing future acid mine drainage and related liabilities. It can be seen that, recovery of REEs from coal waste materials can enable coal producers to use untapped REEs resources to produce revenue and extend resource life while simultaneously reducing future environmental issues and costs.
Features of fundamental rights in the context of the philosophy of law

The article explores the notion and peculiarities of fundamental rights of the individual in the modern, legal state. In the given research the author implements versatile, holistic, systematical (methodical) analysis of content and distinguishing features of the structural element of the concept “legal status of the individual”. Therefore, the theoretical and practical research of problems of development of fundamental human rights, gives an opportunity to find new solutions in protections of relations concerning the individual's legal status. This study is also focusing on various approaches of well-known jurists on the essence, content and legislative consolidation of the fundamental rights of the individual. Summering up the results of explored issues, we concluded, that in recent decades, the philosophy of law (with the theory of state and law) took under its active protection and guardianship man with his rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, and which have ceased to be the subject of national legislation’s regulation, and moved to the international legal platform. Consequently, the government is obligated to guarantee the fundamental human rights and freedoms. Hence, theoretical, methodological and practical analyze of problems of the individual's legal status and elaboration of suggestions concerning enhancement of national legislation, is one of the most actual problems of jurisprudence.
Which Religions Are the Most/Least Tolerant of Other Religions? A Ranking of 22 Religions

This paper presents the results of a study of opinion on how strongly individuals believe their religion is the only acceptable religion. Data were taken from the latest World Values Survey. The sample size was 61,078. Twenty-two religions are ranked from most to least tolerant.
A 130-GHz Power Amplifier in a 250-nm InP Process with 32% PAE

This work presents a 120- to 140-GHz 250-nm Indium Phosphide (InP) HBT power amplifier (PA) capable of delivering 15-dBm saturated output power (P sat ) and 32% power added efficiency (PAE). The PA is designed using a pseudo-differential common-base (CB) stage to improve the power gain and power-added efficiency (PAE). A load-line matching design methodology is described for CB topology using a planar sub-quarter wavelength balun for low-loss power combining. The chip size is 0.4mm ∗ 0.5mm including pads. To the author’s knowledge, this is a record PAE for D-band PAs using any integrated circuit process.
Order based versus level book trade reporting: An empirical analysis

Abstract The NYSE and NYSE American markets report trades based on the size of the marketable order, called Level Book reporting. All other U.S. exchanges report trades based on the resting counterparty's size, called Order Based reporting. Using ITCH data timestamped to the nanosecond, we show that Order Based reporting often results in the reporting of marketable orders as multiple trades of smaller size. Marketable order sizes cannot be recovered with millisecond time stamps but can with microsecond time stamps. The Order Based convention significantly impacts standard empirical methods. Depending on the research design, researchers may need to control for the trade reporting method.
mTORC1 silencing during intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell differentiation is mediated by the activation of the AMPK/TSC2 pathway.

Abstract The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling is the prototypical pathway regulating protein synthesis and cell proliferation. The level of mTORC1 activity is high in intestinal stem cells located at the base of the crypts and thought to gradually decrease as transit-amplifying cells migrate out of the crypts and differentiate into enterocytes, goblet cells or enteroendocrine cells along the epithelium. The unknown mechanism responsible for the silencing of intestinal epithelium mTORC1 during cell differentiation was investigated in Caco-2 cells, which spontaneously differentiate into enterocytes in standard growth medium. The results show that TSC2, an upstream negative regulator of mTORC1 was central to mTORC1 silencing in differentiated Caco-2 cells. AMPK-mediated activation of TSC2 (Ser1387) and repression of Raptor (Ser792), an essential component of mTORC1, were stimulated in differentiated Caco-2 cells. ERK1/2-mediated repression of TSC2 (Ser664) seen in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells was lifted in differentiated cells. IRS-1-mediated activation of AKT (Thr308) phosphorylation was stimulated in differentiated Caco-2 cells and may be involved in cross-pathway repression of ERK1/2. Additionally, PRAS40 (Thr246) phosphorylation was decreased in differentiated Caco-2 cells compared to undifferentiated cells allowing dephosphorylated PRAS40 to displace Raptor thereby repressing mTORC1 kinase activity.
Effect of the spin-line temperature profile on the mechanical properties of melt electrospun polyethylene fibers

The covid-19 pandemic has revealed the need for alternative production approaches with low startup costs like electrospinning for filter needs, the most imperative element of the personal protective equipment (PPE) Current attempts in advancing melt electrospinning deal with developing strategies for fiber diameter attenuation toward sub-micron scale Here, the attunement in the spinning-zone temperature known as ''spin-line temperature profile'' was utilized as a baseline for fiber diameter reduction The mechanical performance of the melt-electrospun linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) fibers is reported to characterize their structural transformation with respect to various spin-line temperature profiles With an increase in the spin-line temperature to above 100°C in the area of cone formation, an increased tensile and yield strength along with fiber diameter reduction by four-folds was demonstrated A significant increase in toughness, by almost three times, without compromising the stiffness and Young's modulus was observed The dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that spinning in high temperatures produces changes in the alpha (α) relaxation, contributing to the significant increase in strain at break These results are significant because polyolefin fibers are an imperative element of medical textiles and PPE Therefore, developing a correlation for process-structure-properties for emerging production techniques like melt electrospinning becomes critical © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Othermothering in Detroit, MI: understanding race and gender inequalities in green stormwater infrastructure labor

As cities increasingly look towards the promotion of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) in order to mitigate the effects of combined sewer overflows and stormwater pollution, the role of citizen...
Are We on the Same Page?: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patient-Clinician Goal Concordance in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective Patient-clinician goal concordance is associated with improved outcomes in certain chronic diseases, but not explored in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined goal concordance, correlates of concordance, and the association of concordance with health outcomes. Methods Adult RA patients seen ≥1 time in prior 12 months at one of two rheumatology clinics participated. Patients and their clinician independently ranked top three goals for RA treatment from eight options prior to a routine visit. Patients completed post-visit surveys on health, demographics, health literacy, and adherence. Goal concordance was defined as the patient's #1 goal being among the clinician's top three goals for that patient. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine correlates of concordance. Results Patients were 58% female, 16% Spanish-speaking, and 29% had limited health literacy. Among 204 patient-clinician dyads, 20% were goal-discordant. "Have less pain" was selected by both patient and clinician in 81% of dyads, followed by "have fewer problems doing daily activities" by 63%. Otherwise, clinicians prioritized avoiding side effects, while patients ranked improved sleep, fatigue, and mood. Longer disease duration was associated with discordance (median 13.3 years, IQR 5.2-20 among discordant vs. 7 years, IQR 4-14; p=0.039); higher depressive symptoms were associated with concordance (8.1% vs 24%, p=0.04). Goal concordance was associated with higher medication adherence (AOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.01-7.56). Conclusion One in five patient-clinician dyads had discordant treatment goals. Goal concordance was associated with higher medication adherence. Studies to improve goal elicitation and communication of RA patients' priorities are needed.
Canonical relationships between the motor and intellectual achievement domains in culturally deprived high school pupils.

Abstract Utilizing canonical correlation analysis, the multivariate relationship between selected measures of motor performance and intellectual achievement was studied on 91 high school pupils. The students involved in the study were culturally deprived students who had been achieving well below their expected capacity. A significant relationship was found between the intellectual achievement domain and the motor performance domain. Also, significant relationships were found between the intellectual achievement domain and both of the sub-domains of fitness and coordination. The results in the present investigation were compared with the univariate analyses in a previous study. It was concluded that when the degree of relationship between two domains is desired, canonical correlation analysis may be of more value than the usual univariate procedures.
Reconstruction from Slow Rotation Dynamic SPECT Using a Factor Model

Slow rotation acquisition of dynamic data has several advantages over fast rotation acquisition which is currently the method of choice used for the acquisition of dynamic data in SPECT. Slow rotation is currently not used because of error from inconsistent data. In this work, we develop a method of reconstructing from projections that are inconsistent in time due to being acquired during a slow acquisition. Our method is based on a factor model of physiological data. A series of dynamic images are reconstructed, where each reconstructed image corresponds in time to only one projection. Such an under-determined reconstruction is shown to be possible through utilization of a factor model. Computer simulations are performed using simple phantoms. We found that we are able to accurately reconstruct the dynamic sequence for simple phantoms with temporal behavior corresponding to teboroxime-Tc-99m heart imaging.
Yield statistics for large area ICs

This report will cover an examination of Poisson statistics and their inadequacy to represent defects in large area chips on a wafer. Measurements of defects will be cited and the consequences on redundancy methods will be discussed.
Inexpensive temperature control system for high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A versatile, variable-temperature control system for liquid chromatography is described. For under US$200, a system comparable to commercially available systems costing several times more can be constructed with a minimum of expertise. An application to the analysis of 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol in carbofuran is described. The utility of temperature programming for liquid chromatography has also been re-explored.
Dynamics of Ni‐based defence and organic defences in the Ni hyperaccumulator, Streptanthus polygaloides (Brassicaceae)

summary Plants use chemical defences to reduce damage from herbivores and the eectiveness of these defences can be altered by biotic and abiotic factors, such as herbivory and soil resource availability. Streptanthus polygaloides ,a nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator, possesses both Ni-based defences and organic defences (glucosinolates), but the extent to which these defences interact and respond to environmental conditions is unknown. S. polygaloides plants were grown on high-Ni and low-Ni soil and concentrations of Ni and glucosinolates were compared with those of the congeneric non-hyperaccumulator, S. insignus spp. insignus, grown under the same conditions. Ni contents were highest (4000 l gg ’" dry tissue) in S. polygaloides plants grown on high-Ni soil. Glucosinolate content was significantly higher in S. insignus than in S. polygaloides suggesting that plants defended by Ni produce a lower concentration of organic defences. In a separate experiment, high-Ni S. polygaloides plants were exposed to simulated herbivory or live folivores to determine the inducibility of Ni-based and organic defences. Contents of Ni were not aected by either herbivory treatment, whereas glucosinolate concentrations were "30% higher in damaged plants. We concluded that the Ni-based defence of S. polygaloides is not induced by herbivory.
Are There Racial Disparities in Emergency Medical Services? Evidence from Mississippi

This paper analyzes the existence and scope of possible racial disparities in Emergency Medical Services using cardiac related incidence-level data for the state of Mississippi during 1995-2004. We use incidence-level EMS data through the Mississippi Emergency Medical Services Information System (MEMSIS) collected by the Mississippi Department of Health. Demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the U.S. Department of Commerce. Heart disease rates from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We estimate the relationships between race and two key measures of the quality of EMS - response time and respondent training - controlling for a variety of demographic and EMS organizational features that plausibly affect these performance measures. We also estimate models of the probability that the victim has already died when EMS arrives. Our study focuses on EMS incidents from 1995 to 2004 for which the initial call was related to cardiac problems for individuals aged 90 or below, including all calls made from a residence or public place. We select all cardiac-related EMS incidences between 1995 and 2004 from the Mississippi Emergency Medical Services Information System (MEMSIS). We exclude Inter-facility transfers (e.g. between extended care facilities and doctors' offices and clinics). We merge the MEMSIS data with county level demographics based on the caller's county. Our analysis provides little or no evidence of race-related disparities in EMS response time or quality of the responders. The only exception is for the population over 80 years old, where the evidence is relatively weak and plausibly related to imperfect controls for population density. In the case of response time, the evidence indicates faster response times for African Americans when we control for population density at the county level (population per square mile) only. However, when we include a county-level measure of population density that incorporates differences in African-American and white population density by census tract, the "negative" disparity in response times disappears. We find no economically or statistically significant difference in mean response time or the frequency of responses of eight minutes or below for African-Americans versus whites. Our analysis of possible differences in the likelihood of death-on-arrival at the scene provides some evidence that African-Americans on average are more likely to have died than whites. This paper provides little evidence of race-related disparities in EMS and highlights the importance of properly controlling for own-race density measures. Evidence of race-related disparities in EMS response time for population over 80 years old is weak and plausibly related to imperfect controls for population density and disparities in living arrangements. Evidence that African-Americans on average are more likely to have died when EMS arrives at the scene may reflect differences in episode severity or possibly longer durations between the onset of symptoms and initiation of calls.
Cognitive effects of hormone therapy in men with prostate cancer: a review.

BACKGROUND. Men who receive androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer experience several side effects from this treatment. A few recent studies have examined the cognitive implications of ADT and how they impact a patient's treatment decision-making, occupational pursuits, and quality of life. For this report, the authors explored possible mechanisms for this association, reviewed research in animal studies and aging men, and examined the growing literature focused on the relation between ADT and cognitive functioning in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS. A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Information Sciences Institute Web of Knowledge-Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies that investigated the relation between ADT in men with prostate cancer and its cognitive effects. RESULTS. Testosterone and its derivatives may have an impact on cognition through several mechanisms in the brain, as supported by studies of animals and in aging men. Studies that researched the impact of ADT on cognition in patients with prostate cancer patients were designed relatively well but suffered from small sample sizes. Between 47% and 69% of men on ADT declined in at least 1 cognitive area, most commonly in visuospatial abilities and executive functioning. Some studies reported contradictory results with increased functioning in verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS. There is a strong argument that androgen-ablation therapy is linked to subtle but significant cognitive declines in men with prostate cancer. The authors believe that clinicians should become aware of this correlation as the use of ADT increases and should inform and monitor patients for this possible side effect of treatment. Cancer 2008. ©2008 American Cancer Society.
Prediction of critical Mach number for store configurations

A numerical method is described and applied to the prediction of the critical Mach number of store configurations. A finite volume integral method is used to solve the full nonlinear potential equation in conservation of mass form. With the density held constant, the entire potential flowfield is solved by matrix iteration. The density field is then relaxed using the new potential values. The use of central differences for the velocity everywhere in the field is made possible by special treatment of the density terms in the coefficient matrix. The finite volume concept allows the boundary conditions to be treated in a simple and exact manner, without the use of a mapping scheme. Results are obtained for configurations that range from very thin pointed bodies to hemispherically blunt bodies. Excellent agreement is obtained for the pressure distribution over each body, even in supercritical flows, and the critical Mach number is easily and accurately computed. Finally, the computational advantages and capabilities of the numerical method are discussed and compared with other existing codes.
Coenzyme Interactions VIII. CARBON 13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF THIAMINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. ELECTRONIC ASPECTS OF THIAMINE CATALYSIS

Abstract Carbon 13 NMR spectra have been obtained for aqueous solutions of thiamine, thiamine-P, thiamine-PP, and the antivitamins, oxythiamine and pyrithiamine. Earlier assignments of the 6'-and 2-carbon resonances of thiamine are corrected. In contrast to purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, in which the 13C chemical shifts of the ring carbon atoms and the calculated π charge densities roughly follow the empirical (+160 ppm per electron) relationship proposed by Spiesecke and Schneider ((1961) Tetrahedron Lett. 14, 468–476), there is no correlation between the 13C chemical shifts of thiamine and the carbon π charge densities as calculated by Pullman et al. (Pullman, B., and Pullman, A. (1963) Quantum Biochemistry, pp. 636–656, Interscience Publications, New York; Pullman, B., and Spanjaard, C. (1961) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 46, 576–587). Although there is no correlation with the molecule taken as a whole, if one considers the pyrimidine and thiazolium rings separately, there is a correlation. The chemical shifts of the resonances of the carbon atoms of the pyrimidine ring of thiamine correlate well with a line whose slope (+360 ppm per π electron) is similar to the +160 ppm per electron relationship, whereas the resonances of the carbon atoms of the thiazolium ring correlate with a line of negative slope (-160 ppm per electron). The coupling constant J13C-1H for C-2 of the thiazolium rings of thiamine, oxythiamine, and 3,4-dimethyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazolium iodide, all of which are about 217 Hz, do not reflect the 25-fold range in kinetic acidity found for position 2 of these compounds. These data suggest that the differences in the kinetic acidity of position 2 of the thiazolium ring of thiamine and some of its analogues is not due to large differences in the hydridization of the C—H bond at this position but rather may result from different electron-withdrawing abilities of substituents attached to N-3.
Katechontic Sovereignty: Security Politics and the Overcoming of Time

At its core, security is obsessed with the survival of the sovereign order. Security tends to see the sovereign's existence as threatened by agents whose purpose is to challenge the life of the sovereign. In this article, I mobilize a theological language about the relationship between sovereignty and security to grasp the place that the question of life versus death, the fact of sovereign violence, and the problem of temporality occupy in past and present modalities of security. The notion of sovereign restraint, captured by the theological concept of katechon, is introduced to suggest that the politics of security is dependent upon a fundamentally violent, uncompromising, and often terrorizing objective: to keep at bay forces of temporal finitude seen as disorder or chaos. Forces of temporal finitude that refuse to abide by the belief in the sovereign's infinity can be described as the eschaton or as agents of eschatological time. Katechontic sovereignty, the sovereign practice intent on holding off finite ends (and on casting away agents of eschatological “terror”), is generative of security operations that involve decisions over life and death, matters of biopolitics versus necropolitics, and encounters between the ontological vulnerability of the sovereign and “terrorizing” agents.
Evidence that Neurons Harbor Latent Herpes Simplex Virus

The cell type(s) harboring latent herpes simplex virus in the spinal ganglia of mice was investigated. Taken together, results from immunofluorescence, electron microscopic, autoradiographic, and in situ nucleic acid hybridization methods suggest strongly that, in mice, latent virus is maintained in neurons.
Skylight Polarization patterns and Animal Orientation

1.Although many invertebrate animals orient by means of ultraviolet sky-light polarization patterns, existing measurements of these patterns are inadequate for full analysis of the biologically relevant information available from the sky. To fill this gap we have used a precision scanning polarimeter to measure simultaneously the intensity, degree, and direction of vibration (E-vector orientation) of polarized light at 5° intervals over the sky. The resulting sky maps were constructed for u.v. (350 nm) and visible wavelengths (500 and 650 nm) under a variety of atmospheric conditions. 2.Our measurements confirmed that the patterns of radiance and degree of polarization of skylight are highly variable and hence unreliable as orientation cues; but patterns of E-vector orientation are relatively stable and predictable over most of the sky under all but very hazy or overcast conditions. 3.The observed E-vector patterns correspond more closely to predictions based on first order (Rayleigh) scattering at 650 and 500 nm than at 350 nm. This is true both in terms of absolute accuracy and the proportion of the sky with relatively ‘correct’ information. Yet most insects respond to polarization patterns only at u.v. wavelengths. This apparent paradox can perhaps be resolved by assuming that there is no great selective advantage for any particular wavelength when large areas of blue sky are visible, but that under special and difficult conditions ultraviolet has advantages over longer wavelengths. Measurements under partially cloud-covered sky, for instance, or under extensive vegetation, show that both spuriously polarized and unpolarized light resulting from reflexions present more troublesome interference at longer wavelengths than in the u.v. 4.The accuracy of orientation achieved by dancing honey bees appears to be greater than can readily be accounted for by assuming that they use a strictly geometrical or analytical processing system for their orientation to polarized light.
EXAMINING THE QUESTION OF GENDER BIAS IN THE SLOSSON INTELLIGENCE TEST IN RELATION TO READING

Controversy over possible minority bias and cultural bias has surrounded intelligence testing for a number of years. However, relatively little attention has been directed toward the issue of gender bias in intelligence testing, although the potential for this problem exists. In this study the question of possible gender bias in the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) in relation to reading skills was investigated. Sixty‐six subjects (40 males and 26 females) were administered the SIT and the Diagnostic Reading Scales (DRS). A general linear regression procedure was used to analyze the data. Results indicate that the SIT was a statistically significant predictor of DRS subtests that assess oral reading, silent reading, and listening comprehension. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the regression equations when computed for boys and girls separately. Consequently, for this subject group, there is no evidence of gender bias in the SIT.
An Ecological Analysis of the Interrelationships among Drug Abuse and Other Indices of Social Pathology

In a study of the interrelationships among 12 separate indices of social pathology, including drug abuse, in which census tracts were the units of analysis, moderate to high intercorrelations among all indices were observed. A subsequent components-types factor analysis revealed only a single eigenvalue greater than unity, suggesting that the interrelationships among the several indices may be most parsimoniously explained in terms of a single underlying construct-generalized social pathology. Exact factor scores on this construct were computed for each tract, and those may be viewed as estimates of the degree of social upheaval present.
Atomic-scale characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes on Si(100)-2×1:H with the ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract The atomic-scale topographic and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes adsorbed onto H-passivated Si(100) surfaces are elucidated by ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy performed at room temperature. An in situ dry deposition process results in the pristine transfer of predominantly isolated nanotubes to the Si(100)-2×1:H surface and circumvents the need for ambient chemical processing. Electronic features corresponding to a semiconducting nanotube are identified within the band gap of the Si substrate. Nanometer-scale delineation of reactive Si dangling bonds by electron stimulated desorption of hydrogen is observed to result in a local enhancement of the apparent atomic corrugation for a nanotube intercepting the trajectory of the electron current used in the patterning process.
The Promise And Peril Of Accountable Care For Vulnerable Populations: A Framework For Overcoming Obstacles

Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are a promising payment model aimed at reducing costs while also improving the quality of care. However, there is a risk that vulnerable populations may not be fully incorporated into this new model. We define two distinct vulnerable populations, clinically at-risk and socially disadvantaged, and we discuss how ACOs may benefit each group. We provide a framework to use in considering challenges for both vulnerable patients and health systems on the path to accountable care. We identify policies that can help overcome these obstacles: strategies that support ACO formation in diverse settings and that monitor, measure, and reward the performance of providers that reach all patients, including vulnerable populations.
Partner Abuse in Ethnic Minority and Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations

This review seeks to synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding gender differences in rates of physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence among the four largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States, compares rates of physical and psychological IPV between sexual minorities and heterosexuals and among subgroups of sexual minorities (gay men, lesbians, bisexuals), and summarizes correlates and risk factors that are associated with rates of IPV in both ethnic and sexual minorities. A systematic search of the published literature in the past 40 years using various search engines (e.g., PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) was conducted. The review identified 55 studies that met criteria. Few gender differences in rates of physical and psychological aggression were found among African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, and Native American men and women. Psychological aggression was most frequently reported. Bidirectional violence, which primarily took the form of minor aggression, was the most frequently reported form of physical violence. When unidirectional aggression was assessed, it was more likely to be female perpetrated, particularly among African Americans. These gender patterns were consistent across general population, student, and community studies. Respondents who reported a history of same-sex cohabitation and those who identified as sexual minorities reported higher rates of IPV than those who reported only a history of opposite-sex cohabitation and those who identified as heterosexual. Regarding sexual minority subgroup differences, bisexuals appeared to be at a greater risk of IPV, and victimization among transgendered individuals has largely been neglected in the literature. Substance abuse and use, marginalized socioeconomic status in the form of family and neighborhood poverty, and exposure to violence during childhood as a witness or victim of violence in the family of origin were consistently linked to elevated rates of IPV. Associations also were found between level of acculturation and minority stress in the form of internalized homophobia and frequency of discrimination based on sexual orientation. However, the complex association among these variables was less clear across racial groups and sexual orientation. Research limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Consolidation theory derived without invoking porosity

Abstract Biot and Willis wrote that consolidation theory could be derived without reference to porosity. I do so in this article. The coefficients in the consolidation equation that results are easier to understand than Biot's. In special cases the theory leads to three-dimensional diffusion equations. One such is when all constituents of the material are intrinsically incompressible, a good approximation for articular cartilage. In one dimension the conditions leading to a diffusion equation are much broader.
Path planning for mobile robot using sonar map and neural network

The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach for path planing of a mobile robot in static outdoor environments. A simple sensor model is developed for fast acquisition of environment information. The obstacle avoidance system is based on a micro-controller interfaced with multiple ultrasonic transducers with a rotating motor. Using sonar readings and environment knowledge, a local map based on weight evaluation function is built for the robot path planing. The path planner finds the local optimal path using the A* search algorithm. The robot is trained to learn a goal-directed task under adequate supervision. The simulation experiments show that a robot, utilizing our neural network scheme, can learn tasks of obstacle avoidance in the work space of a certain geometrical complexity. The result shows that the proposed algorithm can be efficiently implemented in an outdoor environment.
Is APL really processing arrays

This paper describes a study of the performance of APL. The study was carried out by placing code in an existing APL interpreter (APLUM running on a CDC CYBER 175 computer) to monitor the distribution of data types, element counts, and ranks of arrays. The effect of reference counts on data blocks was also monitored. Although the results of the study may not be surprising, they are very interesting. For example, it turns out that nearly half of all allocations of data are made for scalars or one-element vectors, and that although the over-all average number of elements in APL arrays is 30, most users achieve average element counts of around 10. From these figures, it can be shown that set-up time dominates the execution of APL expressions.
Viral sensing at the blood–brain barrier: New roles for innate immunity at the CNS vasculature

Neurotropic viral infections are a major source of disease worldwide and represent a growing burden to public health. While the central nervous system (CNS) is normally protected from viral infection by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), many viruses are able to cross the BBB and establish CNS infection through processes that largely remain poorly understood. A growing body of recent research has begun to shed light on the viral and host factors that modulate BBB function, contributing to both protective and pathological disease processes. Central to these studies have been the actions of host cytokines and chemokines, which have increasingly been shown to be key regulators of BBB physiology. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how BBB function governs both viral pathogenesis and host immune responses during neurotropic viral infections.
Effectiveness of Six Trap Types and Other Factors for Harvesting Premolt Blue Crabs (Callinectes sapidus) in a Georgia Tidal Creek

Abstract Trapping efficiencies of five habitat traps and a peeler pot for premolt (peeler) blue crabs were compared with that of a standard baited trap in Maiden Creek, Georgia, from February 23 to October 6, 1982. Sixty-three traps were fished on each of 83 d, and 14,401 hard crabs and 1,918 peelers were caught. Standard baited traps caught 41% of the total peelers, of which 90% were at the white-sign (7-14 d premolt) stage. Among the other traps, the reduced habitat traps with artificial grass and the Maryland habitat traps produced the highest rank-peeler (1-6 d premolt) catches (0.212 and 0.196 rank peelers/trap-d, respectively). Trapping location within the creek was the most significant variable in analyses of variance of total peeler and rank-peeler abundances. Best catches were in a zone 1-2 m deep along a meandering stream bed that had gently sloping banks and broad bars. All peeler stages were most abundant during periods when water temperatures were 25°C. Total peeler catches were highest durin...
Performance studies of human operators driving double-pendulum bridge cranes

Abstract Oscillation of crane payloads makes it challenging to manipulate payloads quickly, accurately, and safely. The problem is compounded when the payload creates a double-pendulum effect. This paper evaluates an input-shaping control method for reducing double-pendulum oscillations. Human operator performance testing on a 10-ton industrial bridge crane is used to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the method. Fifty operators drove the crane with a standard control pendent, as well as a wireless touchscreen interface. Data from these experiments show that human operators drive the crane much faster and safer with the input-shaping control scheme. Furthermore, considerably less operator effort is required when input shaping is used to limit the oscillation. Additional tests required the operators to drive the crane numerous times over a period of eight days. These experiments show that significant learning occurred when operators did not have the aid of input shaping. However, the performance never approached that achieved by untrained operators using input shaping.
Homeward bound: Yemeni return migration.

The author discusses the return migration of Yemenis from Saudi Arabia during the period 1970-1989. "Through the use of original empirical data collected in Yemen this article sheds light on who these returning migrants are where they have come from and what sort of future awaits them....The survey conducted on return migration was administered in the winter and spring of 1989 in a region of North Yemen called al-Hujariyya." (EXCERPT)
Aging, visual information, and adaptation to task asymmetry in bimanual force coordination.

This study investigated the coordination and control strategies that the elderly adopt during a redundant finger force coordination task and how the amount of visual information regulates the coord...
Pressure-induced electronic and structural phase transitions in solid hydrogen.

Possible induced electronic and structural phase transitions in solid hydrogen are studied using a unified theoretical approach\char22{}the local-density total-energy full-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave method\char22{}which has the precision to treat the highly anisotropic ${\mathrm{Pa}}_{3}$ molecular phase on the same footing as the monatomic close-packed phases. The pressure-induced metallization by band overlap and bond length relaxation within the ${\mathrm{Pa}}_{3}$ structure of molecular solid hydrogen is described and discussed; the calculations predict an insulator-to-metal phase transition at 1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 Mbar. At a much higher pressure of 4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 Mbar, a structural phase transition takes place to a monatomic metallic hcp phase with a high superconducting transition temperature.
State Policy Innovation and Systems Change The Context for the Supported Employment Initiative

The adoption and expansion of supported employment for people with severe disabilities has evolved steadily, if unevenly, across the United States since first defined in the Developmental Disabilities Act in 1985. In that year, this expansion was initiated in the context of systems-change incentives offered by the federal government. States were offered a financial incentive to "change the system" from sheltered work and segregated day programs to integrated supported employment in community jobs with individualized supports. While novel to the rehabilitation field, the concept of systems change in the implementation of progressive public policy has been used with a number of social issues for a number of decades. This article describes factors that influence state implementation of public policy, discusses political cultures that vary across states, and describes disability policy orientations that affect disability policy implementation. These elements are discussed in order to define the context of the...
FAA Air Traffic Control Front Line Manager's Quick Reference Guide: User Evaluation

Air Traffic Control Front Line Managers (FLMs) influence the prevention of operational incidents (OIs) and runway incursions (RIs) through practices that enable safe controller performance and mitigate problems related to specific contributing factors, including controller coordination, controller-pilot communication, and controller memory. FLMs’ proximity and frequent interactions with controllers in the operational environment place them in a unique position to impact air traffic safety through managing controller performance and mitigating OIs and RIs resulting from common contributing factors. With this understanding of the FLM role, The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed the Front Line Managers Quick Reference Guide (QRG). The Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) assisted the Air Traffic Organization (ATO) with the organization and evaluation of these materials. The guide was intended to provide a management best practices format specific to Air Traffic Control to assist FLMs in the ...
Effect of activated charcoal on lactulose induced breath hydrogen in patients with complaint of excessive gas

Effect of activated charcoal on lactulose induced breath hydrogen in patients with complaint of excessive gas
Efficient Release from Promoter-Proximal Stall Sites Requires Transcript Cleavage Factor TFIIS

Uninduced heat shock genes are poised for rapid activation, with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptionally engaged, but paused or stalled, within the promoter-proximal region. Upon heat shock, this Pol II is promptly released from the promoter region and additional Pol II and transcription factors are robustly recruited to the gene. Regulation of the heat shock response relies upon factors that modify the efficiency of elongation through the initially transcribed sequence. Here, we report that Pol II is susceptible to transcription arrest within the promoter-proximal region of Drosophila hsp70 and that transcript cleavage factor TFIIS is essential for rapid induction of hsp70 RNA. Moreover, using a tandem RNAi-ChIP assay, we discovered that TFIIS is not required to establish the stalled Pol II, but that TFIIS is critical for efficient release of Pol II from the hsp70 promoter region and the subsequent recruitment of additional Pol II upon heat induction.
The Structure of Infinite Friedman Trees

Abstract In this paper we prove that (infinite) Friedman trees are well-quasiordered with respect to the gap-condition quasiordering. A finite version of this result has been conjectured by Harvey Friedman and proved in a previous paper by the author.
Femtosecond Electron Solvation Kinetics in Water

Recent experimental and theoretical studies of electron solvation in liquid water have led to a detailed kinetic picture of this process. The electron solvation dynamics can be viewed as an excited state relaxation process between different electronic energy levels of the solvated electron. Simulations have suggested the importance of direct relaxation from upper excited electronic states as well as from the lowest excited electronic state (the wet electron state) to the ground electronic state. Using this as a model to analyze the experimental data, it is found that the quantum yield of wet electron formation cannot be less than 0.5 and that the peak of the wet electron absorption spectrum shifts to the IR with a decrease of wet electron formation quantum yield, with limiting values for the peak of 1.1−1.5 eV.
Cooperating Teaching as a Professional Development Activity

This study examined cooperating teachers’ perceptions of how student teacher supervision is aligned with the standards of the National Staff Development Council (NSDC). The conceptual framework of this research advanced that serving as a cooperating teacher is equivalent to a professional development activity. The researcher adapted an instrument from the NSDC to measure cooperating teachers’ perceptions in grades K-12. The survey was completed by 181 out of the 287 sample population. Cooperating teachers moderately agreed that student teacher supervision aligned with the standards of the NSDC. This role used the three categories needed for effective professional development: context, process, and content.