cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Intramolecular Folding in a Tricarbonylrhenium (Bi)pyridine Based Donor/Crown/Acceptor Assembly: Dependence on Solvent

The title assembly diplays an emissive rhenium-to-pyridine charge-transfer state that is partially quenched by electron transfer to an attached acceptor (nitrobenzene). Quenching is preceded by intramolecular folding (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 2048). Variable-temperature quenching measurements can be used to determine the characteristic temperature, Ttr, above which unfolded photoexcited state conformations become favored over folded conformations. Similar information for the ground state can be obtained from variable-temperature NMR measurements. Studies in eight solvents show that excited state folding is (1) enthalpically favored but entropically disfavored (all solvents), (2) correlated (via Ttr) with the inverse dielectric strength of the solvent, and (3) enhanced in comparison to folding in the electronic ground state (studies in one solvent). The combined evidence points to a folding reaction that is driven by optimization of localized Coulombic interactions. Optimization of solvent cohesive int...
Second harmonic generation in 10µm-thick single-crystal z-cut LiNbO3 filsm obtained by epitaxial lift-off

The development of the technique of crystal ion slicing (CIS)1 has made it possible to obtain high-quality single-crystal films of LiNbO3 for heterogeneous integration of planar optical systems on non-LiNbO3 platforms (e.g. GaAs, YIG).
Characterization of microstructures contributing to degradation of superconductivity in explosively fabricated high Tc superconductors

Abstract Techniques of optical metallography, x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and scanning acoustic tomography (microscopy) are used to examine shock-induced microstructures and microcracks in explosively fabricated YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and Bi 7 Pb 3 Sr 10 Ca 10 Cu 15 O x superconductors. These microstructural features are related to residual degradation of superconductivity as evidenced by alterations in the resistance-temperature (R-T) signatures. Silver additions to YBaCuO superconducting powder is observed to reduce the residual degradation after shock wave loading, and similar manipulations of the R-T signatures are also observed for explosively fabricated and annealed YBaCuO and BiPbSrCaCuO. Transport supercurrent measured as transport critical current density ( J c ) is also observed to depend upon peak shock pressure. The observations suggest that, by manipulating the microstructure prior to shock loading (e.g., by silver additions), the peak shock pressure, and the annealing kinetics following shock loading, it may be possible to develop novel, bulk, superconducting devices by explosive fabrication in composite metal matrices.
Clinical and pathologic features of proximal biliary strictures masquerading as hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background Nontraumatic inflammatory hilar strictures are uncommon, but are known to mimic malignancy. This study examines the clinical and pathologic features of benign idiopathic strictures. Study design Patients without a history of trauma or earlier biliary operation treated for benign strictures were identified. Clinical information was obtained from the medical record and all resected specimens were reexamined. Results From January 1992 to July 2003, 275 patients with proximal biliary strictures were referred. Among these, 22 patients had a final histologic diagnosis of benign stricture, despite a suspected preoperative diagnosis of malignancy. All 22 patients underwent resection of the extrahepatic biliary tree, which in 10 patients was combined with en bloc partial hepatectomy. Histologic reexamination identified five different benign processes: lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis and cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, granulomatous disease, nonspecific fibrosis/inflammation, and stone disease. Major postoperative morbidity occurred in 6 (26%) patients but none died. No preoperative clinical or radiographic features were identified that could reliably distinguish patients with benign strictures from those with cancer. Conclusions "Malignant masquerade" of the proximal bile duct results from several different underlying conditions, and differentiating benign strictures from cancer remains problematic. The treatment approach should continue to be resection for presumed malignancy.
Assessment of correlation between knee notch width index and the three-dimensional notch volume.

This study was done to determine whether there is a correlation between the notch volume and the notch width index (NWI) as measured on the three most frequently used radiographic views: the Holmblad 45°, Holmblad 70°, and Rosenberg view. The notch volume of 20 cadaveric knees was measured using Computed Tomography (CT). The Holmblad 45°, Holmblad 70°, and Rosenberg notch view radiographs were digitally re-created from the CT scans for each specimen, and the NWI was measured by two observers. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the NWI and notch volume was calculated, as well as between the three views. An independent t test was performed to determine the difference in NWI and notch volume between male and female specimens. The reliability for each view was also determined. There was no correlation between the NWI as measured on the Holmblad 45°, Holmblad 70°, or Rosenberg view and the notch volume. All three radiographic views proved reliable, but showed only a moderate correlation with each other. Men had larger notch volumes than women, but there was no difference in NWI. A knee with a small intercondylar notch is often considered an increased risk for ACL rupture. The NWI is a frequently used two-dimensional method to determine notch size. However, in the present study, this index was not positively correlated with the overall volume of the notch. Based on the results of the current study, the authors would advice to use caution when using notch view radiographs in a clinical setting to predict risk of ACL rupture.
Trastuzumab in Combination with Chemotherapy

Trastuzumab has been widely studied in combination with chemotherapy. Efficacy and safety data have been established for several combination regimens. Because trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy has been shown to improve survival for women with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer when compared to treatment with chemotherapy alone, the use of combination therapy is the preferred initial treatment for such patients. Comparative studies of combination therapy versus single agent trastuzumab therapy have not been done. The optimal trastuzumab/chemotherapy combination is not known, nor is the optimal time of initiation of trastuzumab nor the optimal duration of therapy established.
VT: a virtual terminal window package for UNIX

A window package called VT has been developed for UNIX version 6 and the Heath H19 terminal. The package is written in C and is implemented entirely at the user level. Only a nonstandard system call named port is required. VT enables the user to act as if he is commanding several terminals while using a single CRT terminal. The user can make rectangular windows, each with a shell (UNIX command interpreter), and concurrently run commands in each window. All input and output for each shell is confined to its own window, so each window serves as a virtual terminal. Implementation under Version 7 and later releases of UNIX is planned.
Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: results of standard and multi-pinhole tomographic techniques.

Abstract A new method of cardiac tomography was developed using a seven pinhole (5.5 mm diameter) collimator, a standard 37.5 cm diameter crystal Anger camera and a digital computer. Twelve planes spaced an average of 1.0 cm apart are reconstructed through use of a computer algorithm from a single stationary data acquisition. A comparison of the tomographic technique and standard (parallel-hole collimatlon) scintigraphy was performed using 65 patients (Group I), 23 without and 42 with angiographically demonstrated coronary arterial stenosis (greater than 70 percent luminal narrowing) who were undergoing stress thallium-201 imaging. An additional 7 normal subjects and 32 patients with coronary artery disease (Group II) underwent both tomographic imaging during stress and redistribution or rest. The tomographic images and standard anterior and left anterior oblique scintigrams were interpreted with use of a computerized program that determines maximal circumferential cardiac wall count densities and compares these profiles with normal limits obtained from the initially tested 23 subjects without coronary disease in Group I. Of these 23 persons, one had an abnormal standard scintigram and one an abnormal tomogram. Of the 42 patients with coronary disease in Group I, 31 had an abnormal standard scintigram and 40 an abnormal tomogram (P
MANAGING NEW PAY PROGRAM INTRODUCTIONS TO ENHANCE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCS)

The design and introduction of new pay programs may be particularly challenging for multinational corporations (MNCs) because, given their diverse employee base, they face varied employee expectations regarding pay. We offer a model of how national cultural norms affect employee expectations for, and judgments about, pay fairness. We also describe how firms can best use two international compensation strategies for MNCs (a global integration strategy and a local responsiveness strategy) to optimize employees' justice judgments regarding new pay programs. More favorable justice judgments should improve the chances of new pay program survival and, subsequently, contribute to firm competitiveness.
Global identification of transfer RNAs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is the non-coding RNA that links the processes of gene transcription with protein translation. While tRNAs have, individually, been studied for many years, few approaches exist for the global identification of tRNAs at the RNA and posttranscriptional RNA levels. Previously our lab introduced the concept of signature enzymatic digestion products (SDPs) for tRNA identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). SDPs enable the direct determination of tRNA identity based on mass spectrometry detection of unique m/z values from enzymatic digestion products. Here we have examined the applicability of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for global identification of bacterial tRNAs via their SDPs using Escherichia coli as the model system. Optimal ultra high performance and high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC vs. HPLC) conditions were identified to address the hundreds of enzymatic digestion products present in the sample. The use of LC–MS/MS improves the accuracy of SDP assignments through confirming sequence information. The combination of mass unique SDP detection along with MS/MS sequencing yielded the identification of all tRNA families from E. coli and nearly doubles the number of specific SDPs detected over that previously obtained using MALDI-MS. This article is part of a Special Section entitled: Understanding genome regulation and genetic diversity by mass spectrometry.
DNA sequence of the tandem ribosomal RNA promoter for B. subtilis operon rrnB

A new ribosomal RNA operon designated rrnB has been identified by screening a Charon 4a library of cloned B. subtilis sequences. Clones containing the promoter region of this operon are unstable in E. coli unless a special vector possessing a transcriptional terminator is used. DNA sequence data suggests that this operon contains two tandem putative promotor regions not unlike those found in E. coli. There are 92 base pairs separating the two "-10 regions" of the promotors. The second is 180 bp upstream from the start site for mature 16S RNA. A potential 29 base pair stem structure necessary for processing of the mature 16S RNA sequence can also be predicted from this analysis.
Profiles of volatile metabolites in body fluids

Abstract A method for the analysis of volatile metabolites present in plasma, urine, breast milk and amniotic fluid collected from mother-infant pairs has been developed which requires only 100 μl of plasma, 3 ml of urine, 20 μl of breast milk and 500 μl of amniotic fluid. After extraction with diethyl ether, the volatile compounds were adsorbed on glass wool in a special concentration tube and subsequently desorbed and transferred to a 100-m nickel capillary column for analysis by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The separations, carried out by temperature programming, were complete in 90 min.
Transanoproctoplasty: a 21-year review.

Abstract Background Transanal anorectoplasty was developed through the 1980s by the senior author (AB) as an alternative approach to posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for the management of imperforate anus. This study evaluates this surgical approach and its longer-term results. Methods Case notes of all patients treated from 1984 to 2005 were reviewed. Operative procedures, colostomy requirement, complications, and long-term outcome were recorded. Patients were grouped according to the status of the pelvic floor, the location of the rectal fistula, and the sacral ratio. Results A total of 245 patients (175 male, 70 female) underwent transanal anorectoplasty. The perineum was well formed in 208 patients (85%), moderately formed in 15 (6%), and poorly formed in 22 (9%) patients. Two hundred three patients (82.8%) had a visible perineal or vulval fistula, 24 (9.8%) had a prostatic urethral fistula, whereas 18 (7.4%) had a bulbourethral fistula. Overall, 6 patients (2.5%) had wound infection or breakdown. As continence is age related, 32 patients were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 212 patients, 182 are continent with no soiling or only minimal staining. Thirty patients born with a poor perineum are incontinent. Conclusion Transanal anorectoplasty is a safe procedure with limited morbidity. It is sphincter sparing and permits accurate placement of the rectum with its internal sphincter within the anal canal. The anus lies accurately placed at the center of the external anal sphincter muscle complex. Given a well-performed surgical intervention, eventual continence relates to the original anatomy and neurology of the pelvic floor. Transanal anorectoplasty should be regarded as an alternative rather than as a substitute to posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for reconstruction of most forms of imperforate anus.
Alliances That Never Balance: The Territorial Settlement Treaty

An extensive body of evidence has been accumulated showing that alliances are more often followed by war than by peace (Singer and Small, 1966b; Levy, 1981). It has also been convincingly demonstra...
Indentation power-law creep of high-purity indium

Using a variety of depth-sensing indentation techniques, the creep response of high-purity indium, from room temperature to 75 °C, was measured. The dependence of the hardness on the variables of indentation strain rate (stress exponent for creep (n)) and temperature (apparent activation energy for creep (Q)) and the existence of a steady-state behavior in an indentation test with a Berkovich indenter were investigated. It was shown for the first time that the indentation strain rate (-este-/h) could be held constant during an experiment using a Berkovich indenter, by maintaining the loading rate divided by the load (-este-/P) constant. The apparent activation energy for indentation creep was found to be 78 kJ/mol, in accord with the activation energy for self-diffusion in the material. Finally, by performing -este-/P change experiments, it was shown that a steady-state path independent of hardness could be reached in an indentation test with a geometrically similar indenter.
Photoinduced proton exchange between molecular switches

The identification of strategies to establish communication between independent molecules is an essential requirement for the development of operating principles to manipulate information at the molecular level. In this context, we have devised a strategy to exchange signals between pairs of complementary molecular switches. It is based on the photoinduced ring closing of a merocyanine to produce a spiropyran with the concomitant release of a proton. The liberated proton is captured by either one of two pyridine derivatives with the formation of their conjugate acids. This transformation induces a significant increase in chemical shift for the resonances of the pyridyl protons and, in one instance, also a pronounced color change. The overall process is fully reversible and the pair of communicating molecules reverts to the original state in the dark. Relying on this mechanism, an optical input is transduced into a detectable spectroscopic output after the controlled intermolecular exchange of protons. A simple analysis of the signal transduction operated by the communicating molecular switches reveals that a binary digit is passed unaltered from the input to the output even although the nature of the signal carrying the information changes at each step. Furthermore, the different nature of input and output implies that the state of the ensemble of molecules can be probed non-destructively at any point in time. The timescales of the switching steps, however, are seriously limited by the slow reaction kinetics. The photoinduced transformation occurs within minutes, but the thermal reaction reverts the switch state only after several hours.
Industrial procurement: factors affecting sourcing decisions

Abstract Industrial procurement is arguably that part of strategy which should have a customer focus. The recent attention to such strategies in a variety of commercial and government contexts, has grown much faster than detailed understanding of how sourcing decisions are made and their implications for organisations. This paper provides an overview of empirical research into sourcing decisions made in organisations.
Ordering Genetic Algorithm Genomes with Reconstructability Analysis

The building block hypothesis implies that genetic algorithm (GA) effectiveness is influenced by the relative location of epistatic genes on the chromosome. We demonstrate this effect in four experiments, where chromosomes with adjacent epistatic genes provide improved results over chromosomes with separated epistatic genes. We also show that information-theoretic reconstructability analysis can be used to decide on optimal gene ordering.
Exploring the Age of Onset and Recurrence of Childhood Animal Cruelty: Can Animal Cruelty Be Learned From Witnessing Others Commit It?

Despite recent research, few studies have examined the specific social contexts in which animal cruelty may be learned. Using data collected from 180 inmates at a medium- and maximum-security prison in a southern state, the authors seek to replicate findings from the Hensley and Tallichet study that examined the potential for the onset and recurrence of childhood animal cruelty to become a learned behavior, specifically in terms of demographic characteristics and childhood experiences with witnessing animal abuse. In the current study, those who were younger when they first witnessed animal cruelty initially hurt or killed animals themselves at a younger age. Respondents who had witnessed a family member hurt or kill animals reported engaging in recurrent animal cruelty and were older when they committed their first act of animal cruelty.
Timing of the influence of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy on fetal growth.

This study, which used data from a longitudinal nutrition study of mothers and infants in rural Guatemala, tested a hypothesis that the influence of maternal nutritional status on various measurements of fetal growth is trimester-specific. The relationships between various measures of newborn size and the changes of maternal anthropometry at various stages of pregnancy were analyzed by ordinary least squares multiple regression techniques. The sample included 235 mother-infant pairs who had complete anthropometry for both the newborns (weight, length, and head circumference) and their mothers at 3, 6, and 9 months of pregnancy (weight, height, circumferences of mid-upper arm and thigh, skinfold thicknesses at biceps, triceps, calf, thigh, and subscapular sites). Each kilogram of maternal weight gain in the second and third trimester was associated with statistically significant increases in birth weight of 62 g (P < 0.001) and 26 g (P < 0.05), respectively. Newborn length and head circumference were significantly associated with maternal weight gain and the changes in maternal thigh skinfolds in mid-pregnancy only. The overall results suggest that maternal nutritional status in mid-pregnancy rather than in late pregnancy is a more important determinant of fetal growth in weight, length, and head circumference. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:529-539, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Empirically treating high serum thyroglobulin levels

For few tumors are there such accurate and specific tools for diagnosis and treatment as those routinely used in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Highly specific serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements signal the presence of residual tumor well before it is manifested by
Flow separation on a spheroid at incidence

Surface streamline patterns on a spheroid have been examined at several angles of attack. Most of the tests were performed at low Reynolds numbers in a hydraulic flume using coloured dye to make the surface flow visible. A limited number of experiments was also carried out in a wind tunnel, using wool tufts, to study the influence of Reynolds number and turbulent separation. The study has verified some of the important qualitative features of three-dimensional separation criteria proposed earlier by Maskell, Wang and others. The observed locations of laminar separation lines on a spheroid at various incidences have been compared with the numerical solutions of Wang and show qualitative agreement. The quantitative differences are attributed largely to the significant viscous-inviscid flow interaction which is present, especially at large incidences.
Investigation of NiSi and TiSi as CMOS gate materials

NiSi is a promising new candidate for CMOS gate metal material because its workfunction can be adjusted by the implantation of dopants into the silicon before silicidation. In this report, NiSi and TiSi are studied, and the work functions of each are found to be adjustable over a wider range than previously published. This range covers the work function values required to achieve correct threshold voltages (V/sub t/) for both deep-scaled bulk CMOS and fully depleted, silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs. The influence of these silicides on the gate oxide and interface quality is also examined thoroughly via measurements of capacitance, minority carrier mobility, and gate-leakage current. While no degradation of the interface is observed with NiSi gates, TiSi gates generate interface traps and significantly degrade transistor device performance. With all the merits of a metal gate and no apparent degradation of interface quality, NiSi can be integrated with minor modification into a standard CMOS process and is a promising gate metal material for future CMOS technology generations.
Evidence-Based Practices in Classroom Management: Considerations for Research to Practice.

Classroom management is a critical skill area. Teachers should be trained and supported in implementing practices that are likely to be successful; that is, practices that are backed by evidence. The purpose of this paper is to describe the outcomes of a systematic literature search conducted to identify evidence-based classroom management practices. Although the need for additional research exists, 20 practices, in general, were identified as having sufficient evidence to be considered for classroom adoption. Considerations for incorporating these pracfices are suggested, and a self-assessmen t tool is proposed as means of evaluating and enhancing use of these practices. Suggesfions for future research are also presented.
THE STRUCTURE OF VORTEX PACKETS IN WALL TURBULENCE

Recent experimental evidence in turbulent wall flows shows that hairpin vortices occur in groups and propagate streamwise with relatively little dispersion. These groups, or "packets", grow outward from the buffer layer to more than one-half of the thickness of the boundary layer. As the older packets grow in size, newer packets are generated near the wall to form a hierarchy of hairpin packets. Direct numerical simulations starting from a single hairpin vortex in a clean unidirectional turbulent mean flow background show how these packets may be formed in the near wall region by a viscous autogeneration mechanism that is similar in many regards to the mechanism proposed by Smith and co-workers [1]. The organization of hairpin vortices into packets and the interactions of those packets is an important feature of wall turbulence that provides a new paradigm by which many seemingly unconnected aspects of wall turbulence can be explained.
Increases in Doublecortin Immunoreactivity in the Dentate Gyrus following Extinction of Heroin-Seeking Behavior

Adult-generated neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus play a role in various forms of learning and memory. However, adult born neurons in the DG, while still at an immature stage, exhibit unique electrophysiological properties and are also functionally implicated in learning and memory processes. We investigated the effects of extinction of drug-seeking behavior on the formation of immature neurons in the DG as assessed by quantification of doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactivity. Rats were allowed to self-administer heroin (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) for 12 days and then subjected either to 10 days of extinction training or forced abstinence. We also examined extinction responding patterns following heroin self-administration in glial fibrillary acidic protein thymidine kinase (GFAP-tk) transgenic mice, which have been previously demonstrated to show reduced formation of immature and mature neurons in the DG following treatment with ganciclovir (GCV). We found that extinction training increased DCX immunoreactivity in the dorsal DG as compared with animals undergoing forced abstinence, and that GCV-treated GFAP-tk mice displayed impaired extinction learning as compared to saline-treated mice. Our results suggest that extinction of drug-seeking behavior increases the formation of immature neurons in the DG and that these neurons may play a functional role in extinction learning.
Introduction of solid food to young infants

Timing of the first introduction of solid food during infancy may have potential effects on life-long health. To understand the characteristics that are associated with the timing of infants’ initial exposure to solid foods. The 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH) was a nationally representative telephone survey of 2,068 parents of children aged 4–35 months, which profiled content and quality of health care for young children. African-American and Latino families were over-sampled. Analyses in this report include bivariate tests and logistic regressions. 62% of parents reported introducing solids to their child between 4–6 months of age. African-American mothers (OR = 0.5 [0.3, 0.9]), English-speaking Latino mothers (OR = 0.4 [0.2, 0.7]), White mothers with more than high school education (OR = 0.5 [0.2, 1.0]), and mothers who breastfed for 4 months or longer (OR = 0.4 [0.3, 0.7]) were less likely to introduce solids early. Most parents (92%) of children 4–9 months of age reported that their pediatric provider had discussed introduction of solids with them since the child’s birth, and provider discussion of feeding was not associated with the timing of introduction of solids. Although most parents recall discussing the introduction of solid foods with their child’s physician, several subgroups of mothers introduce solid foods earlier than the AAP recommendation of 4–6 months. More effective discussion of solid food introduction linked to counseling and support of breastfeeding by the primary health care provider may reduce early introduction of solids.
Influence of larval schistosomes on polysaccharide synthesis in albumin glands of Biomphalaria glabrata

An in vitro bioassay was used to examine [14C]glucose incorporation into polysaccharides in albumen glands (AGs) of susceptible M-line Biomphalaria glabrata infected with the NMRI strain of Schistosoma mansoni. Polysaccharide and galactogen synthesis were unaffected by larval trematode infection in AGs of snails at days 14, 21, and 28 post-infection (p.i.) when compared to uninfected controls. Further experiments were conducted to determine if daughter sporocysts, hypothesized to be primary mediators of parasitic castration in this system, were able to exert direct effects on synthetic activity of uninfected AGs via haemolymph-borne molecules or in vitro culture-generated larval excretory-secretory (ES) products. When AGs were incubated in the presence of infected snail haemolymph, significant differences in quantities of polysaccharides and galactogen were detected only in test organs incubated in day 28 p.i. haemolymph. Daughter sporocyst ES products generated during the first 48 h of culture caused a significant reduction in polysaccharide and galactogen synthesis in test organs. When ES products from days 3 to 6 of in vitro culture were tested similarly, no significant differences in either polysaccharide or galactogen synthesis were observed between control and test organs. These data demonstrate that daughter sporocysts are able to modulate a specific aspect of the reproductive activity of the snail host through haemolymph-borne molecules of host or parasite origin, or directly through in vitro culture-generated ES products.
Distributions of free radicals among amino acids from lyophilized ultraviolet-irradiated proteins.

— The effects of u.v.-irradiation at 254 nm upon lyophilized ribonuclease, lysozyme, insulin, and chymotrypsinogen have been investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR). enzymatic assay, and labeling of free radical sites with tritiated hydrogen sulfide (HST). The ESR signal of the irradiated protein diminishes on exposure to HST, and tritium becomes covalently bound to carbon. The distribution of tritium among the amino acids of each protein. studied as an indicator of the carbon free radical distribution, differs markedly from those observed previously to result from exposure to gamma radiation, electrical discharge. or hydrogen atoms. However, the earlier observation that the tritium distribution is influenced by protein conformation holds true as well for u.v.-irradiation. Moreover, the distributions of tritium among the amino acids of u.v.-irradiated proteins indicate a broad scattering of free radicals. Tyrosine and phenylalanine, residues that absorb light energy in the region of the wavelength employed, are not particularly important as radical carriers. Thus, for ribonuclease, these residues incorporated 3.8 and 1.5 per cent of the total tritium, but they absorb 51 and 12 per cent of the light, respectively. These results, together with the observed low recoveries of methionine, an amino acid that does not absorb at 254 nm, add weight to the concept that a migration of energy ensues after the initial absorption of light energy and that photolytic damage may thus be due to destruction of amino acids other than those initially absorbing the u.v.-radiation.
Seagrass Demographic and Spatial Habitat Characterization in Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, Using Fixed Transects

Abstract A detailed submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) study was conducted in Little Egg Harbor (39°35′N, 74°14′W), New Jersey, a lagoonal estuary located within the boundaries of the Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Reserve, to assess the demographic characteristics and spatial habitat changes of Zostera marina beds over an annual growing period and to determine the species composition, relative abundance, and potential impacts of benthic macroalgae on seagrass habitat in the system. Two disjunct seagrass beds in Little Egg Harbor, covering an area of ∼1700 ha, were sampled at 10 equally spaced points along six, east–west-trending transects in spring, summer, and fall (June–November) of 2004. During this period, 180 seagrass samples were collected at 60 transect sites, together with an array of water quality measurements. Results of this investigation indicate that both aboveground and belowground biomass of seagrass peaked during June–July and declined significantly into the fall months. Mean abovegr...
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Potentiates Type 1 Pilus-Induced Apoptosis by Suppressing NF-κB

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common inflammatory diseases. Acute UTIs are typically caused by type 1-piliated Escherichia coli and result in urothelial apoptosis, local cytokine release, and neutrophil infiltration. To examine the urothelial apoptotic response, a human urothelial cell line was incubated with various E. coli isolates and was then characterized by flow cytometry. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) induced rapid urothelial apoptosis that was strictly dependent upon interactions mediated by type 1 pili. Interestingly, nonpathogenic HB101 E. coli expressing type 1 pili induced apoptosis at approximately 50% of the level induced by UPEC, suggesting that pathogenic strains contribute to apoptosis by pilus-independent mechanisms. Consistent with this possibility, UPEC blocked activity of an NF-κB-dependent reporter in response to inflammatory stimuli, yet this effect was independent of functional type 1 pili and was not mediated by laboratory strains of E. coli. UPEC suppressed NF-κB by stabilizing IκBα, and UPEC rapidly altered cellular signaling pathways. Finally, blocking NF-κB activity increased the level of piliated HB101-induced apoptosis to the level of apoptosis induced by UPEC. These results suggest that UPEC blocks NF-κB and thereby enhances type 1 pili-induced apoptosis as a component of the uropathogenic program.
Carbonylchlorohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)

[16971-33-8] C55H46ClOP3Ru (MW 954.23) InChI = 1S/3C18H15P.CO.ClH.Ru.H/c3*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;1-2;;;/h3*1-15H;;1H;;/q;;;;;-2;/p+2 InChIKey = QZLKVTMGHSURLT-UHFFFAOYSA-P (ruthenium complex; used as a catalyst for (a) hydrogenation, (b) transfer hydrogenation, (c) transfer hydrogenative CC bond-forming reaction, (d) α-alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols, (e) used as a precursor of pincer ruthenium carbonyl catalysts for hydrogenation) Physical Data: (mp 204–206°C, decomposition starts just above the mp) Solubility: very insoluble in water, ethanol, and DMSO, sparingly soluble in benzene and acetone (about 0.4 g per 100 g), and slightly soluble in chloroform. Form Supplied in: tan powder; widely available. Preparative Method: this complex is obtained from the homogeneous reaction of triphenylphosphine, ruthenium trichloride, and aqueous formaldehyde in boiling 2-methoxyethanol.
Interactions between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer in large prostates: a retrospective data review

To study the interaction between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we performed a chart review of a cohort of 448 biopsy naive men. These men received a multi-core biopsy at our institution due to increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum levels (>4 ng/ml) and/or suspicious findings on digital rectal examination in the years between 2008 and 2013. Utilizing PSA and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prostate volume, we obtained the PSA density (PSAD) for each individual. PSAD was calculated by dividing serum PSA concentration by TRUS prostate volume. Large prostates >65 g may secrete enough PSA to have a PSAD above the suggested cutoff of 0.15, yet 50 % patients have no histologic evidence of PCa, whereas prostates <35 g and an elevated PSAD of above 0.15 will have histologic evidence of PCa 70 % of the time. These results suggest that BPH in large prostates may be protective of PCa. The interaction of the different prostate zones, in particular the transition zone and peripheral zone, may play a significant role in the phenomenon observed in this study. However, sampling error may introduce bias that 12–16 core biopsies in larger prostates may be more likely missing the cancer lesion.
Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits in Neurocutaneous Syndromes

Cognitive and behavioral features of Sturge-Weber syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and neurofibromatosis are summarized by a literature review (113 references) at the New York University, New York.
Disinfectant by-products levels in centralized drinking water in southern rural China

Objective To assess the levels of disinfectant by-products in centralized drinking water in a rural region of southern Chian and to provide basic information for the control of disinfectant by-products in rural water supply facilities.Methods A total of 15 rural centralized water supply facilities were selected in a southern region and some parameters of disinfectant by-products in the samples of raw water,filtered water and product water were detected.The water sample collection,storage and detection were conducted according to "National Standard Examinations for Drinking Water"(GB/T5750-2006).Results The contents of chlorate(1.59 mg/L)and trihalomethane(1.133 mg/L)in2 of 15 water samples did not meet the standard requirement.The contents of trihalomethane and halocetic acid were similar for water samples from water supply facilities using chlorination disinfection and chloramine disinfection,but the contents were lower for water samples with chloramine disinfection.Chlorate and chlorite were mainly detected in water samples with chlorine dioxide disinfection.Conclusion The contents of chlorate and trihalomethane exceeding national standard are detected in water samples from centralized water supply facilities in rural areas of southern China.
Medicinal plants of Nicaragua's Atlantic coast

This article presents the results of an investigation concerning the use of medicinal plants by the people of Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast. Participant observation during parts of the years 1986–1991 was complemented by a five-community, 809-household survey in 1990 and a ten-community botanical collection in 1991. This research is the first to attempt to document the diversity and prevalence of medicinal plant use for this region. The appendix lists 152 plants, along with common names, number and ethnicity of informants, and medicinal uses.
Psychological interventions for bipolar disorder in adults : Adjunctive outpatient treatments to achieve and maintain remission

There is a growing need for primary care physicians (PCPs) to diagnose and treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder in adults. Medications alone are often insufficient to address current and residual symptoms of mania, hypomania, and depression. Supported by evidence from randomized controlled trials, psychotherapies designed for individuals, patient groups, and families have been shown to be valuable adjunctive treatments. This article describes available psychological interventions, present treatment indications, and outcomes. Practical suggestions for a PCP's clinical approach and guidelines for identifying and referring to the appropriate specialist are provided.
A Lookahead Read Cache: Improving Read Performance for Deduplication Backup Storage

Data deduplication (dedupe for short) is a special data compression technique. It has been widely adopted to save backup time as well as storage space, particularly in backup storage systems. Therefore, most dedupe research has primarily focused on improving dedupe write performance. However, backup storage dedupe read performance is also a crucial problem for storage recovery. This paper designs a new dedupe storage read cache for backup applications that improves read performance by exploiting a special characteristic: the read sequence is the same as the write sequence. Consequently, for better cache utilization, by looking ahead for future references within a moving window, it evicts victims from the cache having the smallest future access. Moreover, to further improve read cache performance, it maintains a small log buffer to judiciously cache future access data chunks. Extensive experiments with real-world backup workloads demonstrate that the proposed read cache scheme improves read performance by up to 64.3%
Exponential convergence of a distributed algorithm for solving linear algebraic equations

Abstract In a recent paper, a distributed algorithm was proposed for solving linear algebraic equations of the form A x = b assuming that the equation has at least one solution. The equation is presumed to be solved by m agents assuming that each agent knows a subset of the rows of the matrix A b , the current estimates of the equation’s solution generated by each of its neighbors, and nothing more. Neighbor relationships are represented by a time-dependent directed graph N ( t ) whose vertices correspond to agents and whose arcs characterize neighbor relationships. Sufficient conditions on N ( t ) were derived under which the algorithm can cause all agents’ estimates to converge exponentially fast to the same solution to A x = b . These conditions were also shown to be necessary for exponential convergence, provided the data about A b available to the agents is “non-redundant”. The aim of this paper is to relax this “non-redundant” assumption. This is accomplished by establishing exponential convergence under conditions which are the weakest possible for the problem at hand; the conditions are based on a new notion of graph connectivity. An improved bound on the convergence rate is also derived.
Predominant contribution of L-type Cav1.2 channel stimulation to impaired intracellular calcium and cerebral artery vasoconstriction in diabetic hyperglycemia

Enhanced L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) activity in arterial myocytes contributes to vascular dysfunction during diabetes. Modulation of LTCC activity under hyperglycemic conditions could result from membrane potential-dependent and independent mechanisms. We have demonstrated that elevations in extracellular glucose (HG), similar to hyperglycemic conditions during diabetes, stimulate LTCC activity through phosphorylation of CaV1.2 at serine 1928. Prior studies have also shown that HG can suppress the activity of K+ channels in arterial myocytes, which may contribute to vasoconstriction via membrane depolarization. Here, we used a mathematical model of membrane and Ca2+ dynamics in arterial myocytes to predict the relative roles of LTCC and K+ channel activity in modulating global Ca2+ in response to HG. Our data revealed that abolishing LTCC potentiation normalizes [Ca2+]i, despite the concomitant reduction in K+ currents in response to HG. These results suggest that LTCC stimulation may be the primary mechanism underlying vasoconstriction during hyperglycemia.
Feasibility study: Effect of hand resistance exercise on handwriting in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.

Abstract Study Design A single group, repeated measures design was used. Introduction Tremor can lead to impaired hand function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). Difficulty with handwriting is a common complaint in these patients suffering from hand tremors. The effect of hand resistance exercise on handwriting is unknown. Purpose of the Study To explore the influence of 6 weeks of home-based hand resistance exercise on handwriting in individuals with PD and ET. Methods Nine individuals with PD and 9 with ET participated in the study. The average age was 65.3 (6.0) years with an average disease duration of 7.8 years. Participants were instructed to perform a home-based, hand and arm resistance exercise program 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Samples of the area of handwriting and maximal grip strength were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks of exercise. The area of the handwriting sample and maximal grip strength measured before and after 6 weeks were compared. Results Mean grip strength of the participants with PD improved after 6 weeks of hand resistance exercise (P = .031), but grip strength did not change in ET (P = .091). The size of the handwriting samples (words and sentences) did not change after exercise in either participants with PD or ET. Discussion Micrographia in patients with PD and macrographia in patients with ET represent complex fine motor skills. More research is needed to understand what therapies could be effective in modifying the size and quality of handwriting. Conclusions The purpose of this feasibility study was to explore the influence of home-based wrist resistance exercise on handwriting in individuals with PD and ET. Despite small gains in grip strength, the size of the handwriting samples (words and sentences) did not change for patients with PD or ET following a 6-week home-based hand resistance exercise program.
Rare Presentation of a Syphilitic Aneurysm of the Infrarenal Aorta with Contained Rupture

We report, to our knowledge, the first case of a rare syphilitic infrarenal aortouniiliac aneurysm with contained rupture that presented with midepigastric abdominal pain. Review of the patient's medical history revealed untreated syphilis and poorly treated congestive heart failure. Given his comorbidities, the patient was treated with an emergent endovascular aneurysm repair. His 30-day postoperative recovery period was uneventful, and follow-up imaging revealed complete resolution of the aneurysms. Syphilitic infrarenal aortic aneurysm is currently considered a rare entity in this era of antibiotics. The present article provides a brief case report and short review of literature pertaining to syphilitic aortic aneurysms.
Two-Dimensional Frictionless Contact Problems

If the gap function \(g_0(x, y)\) defined in Eq. ( 1.1) and Fig. 1.3 is independent of y, contact will occur in one or more strips parallel to the y-axis and the resulting stress and displacement fields will also be independent of y and hence two dimensional.
Joint Families and Cancer Diagnosis in Rural India

Background: Each year, there are over a million new cases of cancer in India, which causes many untimely deaths and increases the economic burden to households. By focusing on preventative measures and finding socioeconomic and behavioral contributors to cancer, steps can be taken to help alleviate this burden. This study aims to find the effect living in a joint family can have on being diagnosed with cancer in rural India. Methods: The study estimates the effect living in a joint family, along with other demographic information, has on being diagnosed with cancer using a logit estimation model. The data for the study was collected from a survey was conducted on the households of the Handiganur village (N=251) comprising of several demographic, social, and medical questions. Results: The study found that living in a joint family lowers the odds of having cancer. The results indicate that living in a joint family reduces the probability of being diagnosed by 7.23 percentage points and is significant at a 5% level. Furthermore, among the other tested variables, eating habit is negatively significant at 5% level, suggesting that if a person eats 3 to 4 times a day his or her likelihood of suffering from cancer will be lowered by 6.55 percentage points. Access to public wells and drinking alcohol both increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer by 7.90 (p<0.1) percentage points and 11.90 (p<0.05) percentage points respectively. Conclusions: The negative effect of joint family could be due to two possible reasons. The first is that there is in fact a biological reason. The second reason for this result could be a false negative, as it could be because people in joint families are not getting the necessary check-ups required to diagnose cancer.