cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservative Management of Elbow Dislocations With an Overhead Motion Protocol

Purpose To report the results of using an overhead motion protocol in 27 patients and to assess final range of motion and incidence of persistent instability in this cohort. Methods A total of 27 patients were included who sustained a simple elbow dislocation and were treated nonsurgically with an overhead motion protocol designed to convert gravity from a distracting to a stabilizing force. Motion was initiated within 1 week of injury and average follow-up was 29 months. Final arc of motion and prevalence of instability were the primary outcomes measures. Results Final mean arc of extension to flexion was from 6° to 137°, and of pronation to supination was from 87° to 86°. No recurrent instability was observed in this cohort and all patients were fully functional and without limitations at latest follow-up. Conclusions The overhead motion protocol was a reliable rehabilitation program after elbow dislocation that allowed for controlled early motion by placing the elbow in an inherently stable position. Prompt initiation of motion in a protected position can optimize final motion and satisfaction outcomes, and when done in a mechanically advantageous position it can potentially limit the risk of recurrent instability. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Cyclostationary Feature Detector Experiments Using Reconfigurable BEE2

This paper presents a comprehensive characterization of cyclostationary feature detectors through theoretical analysis, hardware implementation, and real-time performance measurements. Results of our study show that feature detectors are highly susceptible to sampling clock offsets. We propose a new detector that overcomes this limitation, and characterize its performance through experiments. In addition, the comparison with a conventional energy detector shows that feature detectors are more robust to adjacent channel interference.
International rivers and national security: The Euphrates, Ganges–Brahmaputra, Indus, Tigris, and Yarmouk rivers1

To understand a state's incentives to invest in conflict or cooperation over their international rivers, this paper argues that it is necessary to appreciate the relationships a river can create and the national security threat riparians may confront. Rivers impose interdependent and vulnerable relationships, which can compromise a state's ability to respond effectively to floods and droughts, meet its domestic food and energy needs, dredge the river, maintain its drainage systems, and allocate its domestic water budget. The inability to accomplish these tasks can contribute to social, economic, and political losses that may threaten a state's territorial integrity. Regardless of whether a state is upstream or downstream, from these relationships it acquires leverage to manipulate the interdependence and vulnerability to inflict losses on its riparian neighbour. This argument challenges several assumptions within the existing literature, including the belief that a shortage of freshwater is the initial force producing a national security threat and that an upstream–downstream river bequeaths all advantages on the upstream state and leaves the downstream state purely dependent. As the paper shows, riparians confront a more complex relationship than captured by the existing literature.
Neuroanatomy in elbow arthroscopy

An injury to the median nerve from within the joint during an arthroscopic synovectomy prompted a study of the relationship of the nerves to the capsule and bones of the elbow. Six pairs of cadaveric elbows frozen in 90° of flexion and one pair frozen in extension were sectioned at 5-mm intervals, and the distances from the major nerves to the bones and capsule were recorded. One elbow joint in each pair was filled with saline solution. Saline solution insufflation increased the nerve-to-bone distance with the elbow in flexion. The results were 12 mm for the median nerve and 6 mm for the radial nerve. The capsule-to-nerve distance was affected little by insufflation and was as narrow as 6 mm in three specimens. Extension eliminated the protective effects of insufflation and brought the nerves closer to the bone. These findings confirm (1) the importance of flexion and insufflation in portal placement, (2) that insufflation does not improve the capsule-to-nerve distance, and (30 the potential for “from within-out” injury in synovial procedures.
Conjugacy rigidity for non-positively curved graph manifolds

We show that the metric of non-positively curved graph manifolds is determined by its geodesic flow. More precisely, we show that if the geodesic flows of two non-positively curved graph manifolds are C 0 conjugate, then the spaces are isometric.
A Closer look at reference price: A commentary

In their historical overview of behavioral pricing research, Cheng and Monroe (2013) advanced five principles related to the concept of reference price: 1) there is a latitude of price indifference around a fuzzy reference price; 2) consumers may have a specific reference price for each product, sold at a particular channel, at a particular time or season, displayed amidst a particular array of other products; 3) the encounter of a new price results in the reference price shifting in the direction of the new price, resulting in an assimilation effect; 4) consumers are differentially sensitive to a price increase versus price decrease; 5) the sequential order and the distribution of prices have different effects on the reference price. This commentary highlights some of the interesting aspects of these concepts and discusses potential avenues for future research.
Associations of erythrocyte ω‐3 fatty acids with biomarkers of ω‐3 fatty acids and inflammation in breast tissue

Abstract There is increasing evidence that chronic inflammation is associated with increased breast cancer risk. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCω-3PUFA) may reduce circulating biomarkers of inflammation; however associations of blood LCω-3PUFA with breast tissue LCω-3PUFA and breast tissue biomarkers of inflammation are not well understood. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of breast tissue and blood samples from n = 85 women with no history of breast cancer, who underwent breast reduction surgery. Fatty acids of erythrocytes and undissected breast tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography; C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in plasma and tissue were measured by ELISA. Multivariable-adjusted regression models were used to estimate associations between erythrocyte LCω-3PUFA and breast tissue biomarkers. Women in the highest erythrocyte LCω-3PUFA tertile had LCω-3PUFA concentrations in the breast 73% (95% CI: 31-128%; p trend < 0.0001) higher than women in the lowest tertile. Associations for each individual LCω-3PUFA were similar in magnitude. No significant association was found for the shorter ω-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid. Although compatible with no association, women in the highest tertile of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid had a nonsignificant 32% (95% CI: -23 to 62%) reduced breast tissue CRP. No correlation was observed between erythrocyte ω-3 PUFA and tissue IL-6 or IL-8 concentrations. Our findings provide evidence that erythrocyte ω-3 fatty acids are valid measures of breast tissue concentrations, and limited evidence that inverse associations from prospective epidemiologic studies of blood LCω-3PUFA and breast cancer risk may be partly explained by reductions in breast tissue inflammation; however, these findings require replication.
Preoperative spinal angiography for lateral extracavitary approach to thoracic and lumbar spine.

PURPOSE To establish the safety, efficacy, and value of preoperative angiography in the surgical management of thoracic and lumbar spine disease, in which it is important to avoid injury to the artery of Adamkiewicz or other vessels that supply the spinal cord. METHODS Sixty-one patients were evaluated primarily using digital subtraction angiography, low-osmolar or nonionic contrast agents, selective catheterization limited to the region of disease, and careful angiographic techniques. RESULTS Two minor (small hematomas of the groin) and no major complications of angiography were encountered. Arterial supply to the spinal cord was identified in 22 patients. In 17 patients (77%), the arterial supply was in the region of planned surgery. In each of these patients the surgical approach was altered, either by dictating the use of a posterior surgical approach (four patients) or by altering the side of the lateral extracavitary approach (13 patients). CONCLUSION Spinal angiography is a safe preoperative examination for thoracic and lumbar spine surgery. It is specifically useful when the lateral extracavitary surgical approach to spinal cord decompression and fusion (which predictably interrupts the terminal end-arterial blood supply to the spinal cord, if present) is planned.
The Ibadan Origins of Modern African Literature: African Writers Series, Mbari Club & the Social Character of Ibadan

This paper carries forward and develops the theme of the character of African writing as a product of a specific discipline of the imagination within the postcolonial city itself by evoking the genealogy of African literature. The emergence of the postcolonial city represented a moment of intense cultural outreach and the internationalization of African literary production. The production of African literature was as much a function of global regimes of political and economic activities of itinerant publishers and of the icon of postcolonial modernity, the educational system, as it was the direct reflection of the transformations of the city. Importantly, the imperative of the literary function of cultural unification in modern Africa coincided with the simultaneous emergence of cosmopolitan centers of artistic production in a number of African cities, especially, Ibadan.
171 NORMAL VERSUS LOW ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED MATERNAL AGE: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION OUTCOMES AND MORPHOKINETIC PARAMETERS

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels are often used in an IVF population for assessment of ovarian reserve. However, it is not well understood whether AMH levels predict implantation and clinical pregnancy in older women undergoing IVF. In this study, we sought to compare IVF outcomes and morphokinetic parameters in patients 38 years and older with normal versus low AMH levels. Experimental design was a single-centre, retrospective cohort study. Time-lapse imaging data were evaluated for patients 38 years and older (n = 81). Patients were divided into those with AMH values less than 1.0 (n = 47) versus greater than or equal to 1.0 (n = 34). Morphokinetic data was then analysed from transferred blastocysts from these patients cultured in the Embryoscope until transfer (n = 100). The morphokinetic parameters examined were time to 2 cell (t2), 4 cell(t4), 5 cell (t5), time to synchronous divisions (s2, s3), duration of the second cell cycle (cc2), and third cell cycle (cc3). Implantation and clinical pregnancy were identified based upon the presence of a gestational sac. Fertilization, implantation, clinical pregnancy, and blastocyst formation rates were compared between normal and low AMH groups (Table 1). Mean morphokinetic parameters were compared between the 2 AMH groups using an unpaired t-test. Chi-squared tests were used for proportions. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 38–43, (41.3 ± 2.2 years). The results are summarised below. There were significant differences between implantation and clinical pregnancy rates for low and normal AMH levels. Morphokinetic parameters among the transferred embryos did not differ significantly between the 2 AMH groups (NS, data not shown). Conclusions: This initial data indicates that, in an IVF population 38 years and older, AMH levels greater than or equal to the cutoff of 1 ng mL–1 are associated not only with increased oocyte retrieval, but also with increased implantation rates and clinical pregnancy rates. These differences suggest that AMH may have a predictive role in determining the likelihood of clinical pregnancy in the 38 years and older patient population. Table 1.Oocyte harvest and IVF outcomes
Nutrient Cycles: Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

Nutrients have been discussed throughout this book in terms of limiting factors for producers, consumers, and decomposers, as electron donors for microbial decomposers, and in a number of other roles. It is clear, then, that nutrients are inextricably linked to almost all other ecological processes. In this chapter we look at the transformations, exchanges, and general dynamics of three nutrients: phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur. The dynamics of these three elements illustrate how nutrients interact with sediments and water, and the great significance of oxidation state and of the interactions with organisms.
Random Vibration and Response Spectrum Approaches in Seismic Structural Designs

In seismic design of structures, the smoothed response spectra are commonly used as design inputs. The random vibration analyses of structures have led to the development of several methods which employ these spectra for the calculation of design response and for generation of floor spectra. Here, an overview of these approaches, applicable to the proportionally as well as nonproportionally damped systems, is presented. Recent research work leading to the development of new response spectrum approaches which employ relative acceleration and relative velocity spectra as seismic inputs is emphasized. These new approaches are based on the method of mode acceleration and are better alternatives to the mode displacement approaches, currently in use.
Are the Parts Better than the Whole? The Effects of Decompositional Questions on Judgments of Frequent Behaviors:

The author investigates whether using a decompositional question (which decomposes an event into subcategories and elicits frequencies at the subcategory level) is effective in increasing the accuracy of frequency judgments elicited in consumer surveys. Results of a study show that the decompositional question makes the process of eliciting frequencies less effortful and enhances the accuracy of the elicited frequencies for frequent, irregular behaviors (i.e., occurring at sporadic intervals), but not for frequent, regular behaviors. Mediational analyses confirm that these effects manifest because the decompositional question triggers an episodic recall strategy, which enhances the efficiency of the judgment formulation process for irregular behaviors but interferes with the normal process for regular behaviors.
Multi-Segment Multi-Criteria Method Selection for Buried Pipelines

In most of the real-world cases, multiple segments are involved in a single project. However, there is no single model developed yet to aid the selection of appropriate method(s) based on the consideration of multiple-criteria. In this study a multi-segment conceptualizes a combination of an individual or a group of mainline, manhole, and lateral. Multi-criteria takes into account the technical viability, direct cost, social cost, and carbon footprint in pipelines. Two different segments analyzed are an 8 inch diameter 280 foot long gravity sewer pipe as well as a 12 inch diameter 264 foot long gravity sewer pipe. The results are summarized according to the ascending order of total cost for different method sets. It is found that a selection of an appropriate method set results in significant cost savings for a multi-segment project. Thus this paper represents a model for the multi-segment method(s) selection with the simultaneous consideration of multiple-criteria.
Abstract 729: Plasma EBV DNA concentration and clearance rate as good prognostic factors for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Purpose: To investigate the pretreatment copy number and the clearance rate of plasma EBV DNA as novel prognostic outcome markers for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) Experimental Design: Nineteen newly diagnosed and fifty-four relapsed metastatic NPC patients were treated at outpatient department (i.v. or i.v. plus oral chemotherapy followed by local irradiation boost where applicable). Multiple blood samples were collected before and during the first 6 weeks of chemotherapy. Plasma EBV DNA concentrations and half-life values of plasma viral clearance rates, t1/2, were determined by a real-time quantitative PCR. The association between the copy number of plasma EBV DNA, t1/2, and clinical outcome were analyzed. Results: Treatment response evaluated after 3-6 months of treatment showed the best response of 18 complete responses (CR)(24.7%), 21 partial responses (PR)(28.8%) and overall response rate was 53.5%. The pretreatment plasma EBV DNA concentrations and the t1/2 of plasma EBV DNA clearance rates had significant effects on treatment response and overall survival prediction. In the chemotherapy regimen, gemcitabine plus cisplatin had better treatment outcome than cisplatin plus oral UFT and calcium folinate based regimen. Multivariate analysis revealed both pretreatment EBV DNA load and t1/2 of plasma EBV DNA clearance rates but not chemotherapy regimen had significant effects on overall survival. Conclusions: The pretreatment plasma EBV DNA copy number and their clearance rates are significant predictors for NPC treatment outcome. In low copy number group, the t1/2 in the first 6 weeks may provide the physician to choose a tailored regimen for the patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 729. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-729
Autocatalytic O2 cleavage by an OCO3 trianionic pincer Cr(III) complex: isolation and characterization of the autocatalytic intermediate [Cr(IV)]2(μ-O) dimer.

Synthetic and kinetic experiments designed to probe the mechanism of O2 activation by the trianionic pincer chromium(III) complex [tBuOCO]CrIII(THF)3 (1) (where tBuOCO = [2,6-(tBuC6H3O)2C6H3]3–, THF = tetrahydrofuran) are described. Whereas analogous porphyrin and corrole oxidation catalysts can become inactive toward O2 activation upon dimerization (forming a μ-oxo species) or product inhibition, complex 1 becomes more active toward O2 activation when dimerized. The product from O2 activation, [tBuOCO]CrV(O)(THF) (2), catalyzes the oxidation of 1 via formation of the μ-O dimer {[tBuOCO]CrIV(THF)}2(μ-O) (3). Complex 3 exists in equilibrium with 1 and 2 and thus could not be isolated in pure form. However, single crystals of 3 and 1 co-deposit, and the molecular stucture of 3 was determined using single-crystal X-ray crystallography methods. Variable (9.5, 35, and 240 GHz) frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy supports the assignment of complex 3 as a CrIV–O–CrIV dimer, with a high (S = 2)...
Design of Power Systems for Extensible Surface Mobility Systems on the Moon and Mars

This paper presents the power system model description and sample studies for extensible surface mobility systems on the Moon and Mars. The mathematical model of power systems for planetary vehicles was developed in order to estimate power system configuration with given mission parameters and vehicle specifications. The state-of-art power source technologies for space application were used for constructing the model; batteries, fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems were considered in this paper. The Sequential Quadratic Programming method was used to find the optimal power system configurations based on the concept of a previous MIT study. Several case studies on the Moon and Mars were carried out to show the usefulness of the model and to recommend power system configurations for 7-day off-base exploration missions on the Moon and Mars. For the lunar mission, photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid power systems were suggested. In addition, vehicles with photovoltaic/fuel cell hybrid systems could be operated without recharging when they were driving in shadowed regions. For the Mars mission, both fuel cell single power systems and photovoltaic/fuel cell hybrid systems were acceptable for short missions of only a few days. However, if long, sustainable missions were considered, photovoltaic/fuel cell hybrid systems were required.
Dynamics of Urban Informal Labor Supply in the United States.

Objective This study provides the first panel data estimates of informal work in the United States and explores relationships between informal- and regular-sector participation among urban parents of young children. Methods I examine determinants of informal-sector participation in five waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study using probit, pooled Tobit, and fixed-effects OLS models. Results Approximately 53 percent of urban fathers and 32 percent of urban mothers with young children pursue informal work over a nine-year period. Informal work most often occurs in conjunction with regular work. Workers who work in both sectors in the same year are more likely to be nonminority race, higher education (mothers only), own credit cards, and work in skilled white- or blue-collar occupations. Workers who ever participate in only the informal sector are more likely to be younger, to have health limitations, and to have never worked in the regular sector. Informal participation spells are shorter than regular-sector participation spells and are associated with changes in regular-sector participation and occupation but not most other life events. Conclusion Consistent with past work, informal work among parents of young children is widespread across socioeconomic groups. Transitions in and out of the informal sector are strongly related to changes in regular-sector employment and occupation. The results suggest that regular-sector participation provides access to informal work opportunities.
Dynamic gearing in running dogs

Dynamic gearing is a mechanism that has been suggested to enhance the performance of skeletal muscles by maintaining them at the shortening velocities that maximize their power or efficiency. We investigated this hypothesis in three domestic dogs during trotting and galloping. We used ground force recordings and kinematic analysis to calculate the changes in gear ratio that occur during the production of the external work of locomotion. We also monitored length changes of the vastus lateralis muscle, an extensor muscle of the knee, using sonomicrometry in four additional dogs to determine the nature and rate of active shortening of this muscle. During both trotting and galloping, the gear ratios of the extensor muscles of the elbow, wrist and ankle joints were relatively constant early in limb support, but decreased rapidly during the second half of support. The gear ratio at the hip exerted an extensor moment initially, but decreased throughout limb support and became negative midway through support. This pattern of decreasing gear ratio during the second half of support indicates that dynamic gearing does not maximize muscle power or efficiency at the elbow, wrist, hip and ankle joints. In contrast, the extensor muscles of the shoulder and knee joints exhibited an increase in gear ratio during limb support. In two dogs, the vastus lateralis muscle shortened at a relatively constant rate of 3.7-4 lengths s-1 during intermediate-speed galloping. This pattern of increasing gear ratio and constant velocity of muscle shortening at the knee joint is consistent with the hypothesis of dynamic gearing. Given the amount of work done at the knee and shoulder joints of running dogs, dynamic gearing may contribute to the economy of constant-speed running and may be important to integrated limb function.
Studying MHC class II peptide loading and editing in vitro

HLA-DM is now known to have a major contribution to the selection of immunodominant epitopes. A better understanding of the mechanisms controlling epitope selection can be achieved by examination of the biophysical behavior of MHC class II molecules upon binding of antigenic peptides and of the effect of DM on the interactions. Using purified soluble molecules, in this chapter we describe several in vitro methods for measuring peptide binding to HLA-DR molecules and the effects of HLA-DM on this interaction. A simple qualitative method, Gentle SDS-PAGE Assay assesses the ability of peptides to form tight complexes with MHC class II molecules. Measuring binding kinetics is among the most informative approaches to understanding molecular mechanisms, and here we describe two different methods for measuring binding kinetics of peptide-MHC complexes. In one method, rates of association and dissociation of fluorescently labeled peptides to soluble MHC class II molecules can be determined using G50 spin columns to separate unbound peptides from those in complex with MHC molecules. In another method, association and dissociation of unlabeled peptides and MHC class II molecules can be determined in real time using BIAcore Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). We also describe an intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence assay for studying transient interactions of DM and MHC class II molecules.
A unique presentation of acute liver failure from herpes simplex virus hepatitis

We present the case of a patient, with history of myelodysplastic syndrome and recent bone marrow transplant, who developed fulminant liver failure secondary to herpes simplex virus (HSV) hepatitis. His presentation was unique, as findings of liver microabscesses on computed tomography scan have not been described previously in this patient population. Despite initial treatment with acyclovir, he continued to deteriorate, and later sensitivities found the HSV strain to be resistant to acyclovir. HSV hepatitis with secondary liver failure is rare and, without appropriate treatment, its mortality is >80%. Early suspicion and immediate therapy are the keys to improve patient survival.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor modulation of neuronal K+ and Ca2+ currents: intracellular mechanisms

Angiotensin II (ANG II) elicits an ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor-mediated decrease in voltage-dependent K+ current (Ik) and an incrase in voltage-dependent Ca2+ current (ICa) in neurons cocultured f...
Analysis of adaptive multistage interference cancellation for CDMA using an improved Gaussian approximation

We consider a simple model for adaptive multistage interference cancellation within a CDMA system, and seek to develop an accurate analytical expression for the performance of this system. Previous work on interference cancellation has relied heavily on simulation techniques or a simple Gaussian approximation (GA). The standard GA ran lead to bit-error rate (BER) results which are optimistic for the conventional receiver, and this also occurs when the approximation is applied to the interference cancellation problem. Additionally, this approximation does not allow the second order effects of the multiple access interference (MAI) to be included in the performance estimates. Several improvements on the standard GA have been suggested which result in accurate performance results for a standard CDMA receiver. This paper presents an analytical expression for the probability of bit error for an adaptive multistage interference canceller, using an improved Gaussian approximation (IGA) for MAI. The BER at any stage of interference cancellation can be recursively computed from the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the statistics of the random powers of users, and the processing gain of the CDMA system. The performance of the resulting EER expression is compared with simulation results. Since the second order effects of MAI can be included, the analytical framework presented here can also be used to evaluate the performance of multistage interference cancellation in arbitrary fading environments, and we present results for the performance of interference cancellation in lognormal fading environments.
Tribological Effects of Surface Roughness in MEMS Devices

This paper presents tribological effects of surface roughness in the emerging field of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) where the various characteristic lengths of microscale devices are comparable in magnitude with surface imperfections. Identification and characterization of surface roughness in MEMS devices encounter scientific challenges in different regimes. A review of MEMS micromachining processes describing key manufacturing steps is followed by practical engineering examples. Tribological issues are illustrated in various areas including microscale heat transfer, solid mechanics and optics.
C. G. Jung: Introverted Soulful Power Pneuma Type: Part II

Adler’s influence on the development of depth psychology extends to Jung. A number of basic concepts and ideas usually associated with Jungian psychology were first introduced by Adler. These ideas include: wholeness and individuation; an emphasis on the individual that is balanced with a vision of the interdependence of all life; the theory of compensation; an extension of the concept of libido beyond its Freudian confines; and the hypothesis of the teleological, or goal-oriented flow of psychic libido. Another significant similarity between Adler and Jung, and difference from Freud, is their therapeutic method. In Adlerian and Jungian therapy patient and therapist sit facing each other. Sessions usually take place once or twice a week as opposed to four or five times a week. The “frame,” or the rules governing treatment, is less rigid than in the Freudian model, while transference and the vagaries of childhood development are not considered central aspects of the treatment. Both Jung and Adler thought that the current reality of the patient established a context for treatment and must be taken into account: for example, the avoidance of life tasks, such as marriage or the necessity of earning a living, may also cause neurotic symptoms. Similarly, Jung and Adler regarded the failure to accept the limitations imposed by one’s nature or by the unalterable circumstances of a person’s life as another possible source of neuroses.
Owning Ideas: The Intellectual Origins of American Intellectual Property, 1790–1909

Owning Ideas is a comprehensive account of the emergence of the concept of intellectual property in the United States during the long nineteenth century. In the modern information era, intellectual property has become a central economic and cultural phenomenon, and an important lever for allocating wealth and power. This book uncovers the intellectual origins of this modern concept of private property in ideas through a close study of its emergence within the two most important areas of this field: patent and copyright. By placing the development of legal concepts within their social context, this study reconstructs the radical transformation of the idea. Our modern notion of owning ideas, it argues, came into being when the ideals of eighteenth-century possessive individualism at the heart of early patent and copyright were subjected to the forces and ideology of late-nineteenth-century corporate liberalism.
Understanding Sensor Notifications on Mobile Devices

Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, use notifications to inform their users of events. Some security- and privacy-related events are time-sensitive: the user must be notified immediately. In this paper, we perform a user study with 40 participants to understand the properties of such time-sensitive notifications. We specifically focus on sensor notifications that notify the users when one of the sensitive sensors, such as camera, microphone, or location is being accessed. We show that none of the notification channels available on mobile devices, i.e., LED, vibration, sound, and display, can grab the user's attention in more than 24% of the time. Among them, vibration achieves the best success rates on average. Moreover, our results show that less intrusive channels, e.g., display, can achieve significantly better results if the device's physical context, i.e., ambient light intensity, is considered. Based on our findings, we suggest that display notification is the best option for camera while different vibration patterns are best options for microphone and location sensor.
Abstract 453: Ceruloplasmin and Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is an enzyme that enhances low density lipoprotein oxidation and decreases nitric oxide bioavailability. Hence, a role for Cp in cardiovascular disease has been suggested. We evaluated if levels of Cp are associated with incident coronary heart disease events (CHD), incident heart failure (HF) and death in the ARIC Study. Methods: Cp was measured by immunoturbidimetric assay at ARIC Visit 4 (1996-1998). In the subgroup of individuals without CHD, stroke or HF at visit 4 (N=9553), using Cox regression modeling we analyzed the association of Cp levels with CHD, HF and death (mean follow up = 10.5 years). Results: Cp levels [mean(SD), mg/L] were higher in blacks vs whites [311(70) vs 298(78), p < 0.001] in women vs men [333(79) vs 256(44), p < 0.001] and in women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) vs those not on it [382(89) vs 315(67), p < 0.001]. Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, ARIC site, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and HRT use showed (highest...
Stability of Artificial Multilayers

This paper is a tutorial overview of the factors that affect the stability of artificial multilayers. First, the basic thermodynamics of solutions will be briefly reviewed. Next, the stability of multilayers with continuous structure will be considered. In these multilayers the structure is the same throughout the film and the layering corresponds to a modulation of the composition. Examples are the face-centered cubic films with a [111] texture studied first by Hilliard and co-workers at Northwestern, and amorphous metal or amorphous semiconductor films. Depending on the thermodynamics of the system, the composition modulation can either disappear or sharpen by diffusion. For short modulation repeat lengths, this process must be analyzed with the Cahn-Hilliard theory for the free energy of inhomogeneous systems, which takes into account the contributions from composition gradients. The effect of elastic strain, first formulated by Cahn, needs to be taken into account as well. For large amplitude modulations, the diffusion equations may also become non-linear.
An Analysis of Ethanol in Commercial Liquors via Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy

NMR spectroscopy is traditionally introduced to students during Organic Chemistry as a tool used for structure elucidation and conformational analysis. NMR spectroscopy also has numerous applications beyond structure determination, including quantitative analysis of samples. For this study, an experiment was developed to use quantitative analysis functions of a 400 MHz NMR to quantify the ethanol content in different liquor samples during an Instrumental Analysis course. The concentrations of alcohol in vodka and other liquors were determined using the electronic reference to access in vivo concentrations (ERETIC) method embedded in the NMR processing software. ERETIC was used to analyze a proton NMR spectrum to define the concentration of ethanol in the reference sample, generate a calibration curve, and calculate the concentrations of ethanol in commercial samples.
Role of Endoscopy in the Treatment of Benign Biliary Disease

Therapeutic endoscopy has shown a tremendous impact on biliopancreatic diseases in the last two decades. The first landmark of this evolution was set in the early 1970s by Classen in Germany and Kawai in Japan, who performed endoscopic sphincterotomy to extract bile duct stones. Continuing technical improvements in endoscopes and accessories along with the growth of clinical experience all over the world are still constantly pushing back the frontiers of the applicability of nonoperative endoscopic methods. The arsenal of endoscopic treatment for benign biliary disease has been increasing and now includes biliary sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty, stone extraction with or without lithotripsy, drain and stent placement, and balloon dilation of strictures.
Intraorgan Flow Heterogeneities

The variation in a physiological property, characteristic, or measure is often found to be important to organ function. Variations in histologic staining, in receptor densities, in NADH fluorescence, etc., are noted in many current articles. Most such variations that have been revealed by morphometric or chemical methods are spatial variations. Advances in technical accuracy allow us to distinguish between true spatial variation and experimental errors in the values measured at different spatial positions. These observations raise questions as to the cause of variation. In this chapter we shall use measures of regional blood flows to illustrate the approaches, while remembering that the same methods may also be used to evaluate spatial heterogeneity for other attributes, such as the density of binding sites for β-blockers or the concentrations of ATP or lactate dehydrogenase.
Phenomenology of the Consocial Situation: Advancing the Problems

Aron Gurwitsch used to say that since the tasks of constitutive phenomenology are infinite, we cannot solve problems, but we could nevertheless advance them. In case one finds this formulation idiosyncratic, it can be construed as signifying that accounts can be refined. This view intimates that we can receive problems that have been worked on from our own earlier efforts (something Husserl did to a great degree) as well as from others alive and dead. The present essay is devoted to advancing several aspects of a set of issues or matters, i.e., a problematics addressed in the work of Alfred Schutz (1899–1959). These pertain to the situation centrally involving what he calls “consociates,” who immediately share space as well as time, it being understood that when an other is a consociate for a self, the self is a consociate for that other. It will suffice here to go back only to Schutz, but it deserves mention that he found the equivalent of this notion in Husserl.1
Neuropathic Tremor Secondary to Chronic Immune Demyelinating Polyneuropathy with Robust Response to Intravenous Immune Globulin (P6.340)

Objective: To describe a unique movement disorder and its clinical treatment response. Background: Neuropathic tremor (NT) is a movement disorder typified by tremor occurring in the isolated context of peripheral neuropathy. Its phenomenology consists of a postural and/or kinetic tremor affecting the distal upper extremities with a typical frequency range between 3 to 6 Hz. The mechanism underlying NT is not well characterized and the etiology is broad, but there has been no clear relationship between neuropathy and tremor severity. It is estimated that 58% of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) experience tremor, contributing to greater disability. NT responds to treatment of the underlying neuropathy in only a small number of cases. Design/Methods: Video-case report. Results: A 57-year-old, right-handed woman presented for further evaluation of tremor in the context of CIDP. Her neuropathy preceded the tremors by ten years and manifested with progressive sensory and motor deficits and sensory ataxia. Nerve conduction studies were remarkable for demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy with serum studies identifying elevated titers of sulphated glucuronyl paragloboside (SGPG) antibodies. Her tremor affected the bilateral hands and was predominantly postural-kinetic, causing disability when eating, drinking and writing. The remainder of her exam was consistent with neuropathy. She had a robust, early response to treatment with intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) with waning of effect towards the end of each six-week cycle. She was also taking propranolol and primidone daily and this was unchanged during treatment. Conclusions: We report a case of NT secondary to CIDP that had a robust response to treatment with IVIg. Response to treatment for neuropathic tremor is variable and better predictors of response to IVIg will need to be identified. The case and potential response predictors will be discussed. Disclosure: Dr. Spears has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hess has nothing to disclose. Dr. Okun has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with National Parkinson Foundation, Medscape, Mededicus. Dr. Triggs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Almeida has nothing to disclose.
Failure resistant topology optimization of structures using nonlocal elastoplastic-damage model

For energy absorbing structures made up of ductile materials, the plastic strain accumulation often leads to early material damage and failure, which can deteriorate the overall structural performance. The goal of this work is to limit this damage in elastoplastic designs using the density-based topology optimization framework such that the optimized structures can absorb energy in a more controllable manner. To this end, an implicit nonlocal coupled elastoplastic damage model is considered for simulating the material damage and softening behavior. The nonlocal effect from the void elements is removed by introducing a scaling scheme for the nonlocal parameters. Path-dependent sensitivity is derived analytically using an adjoint method whose accuracy is further verified by the central difference method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through several numerical examples. It is shown that the load-carrying capacity, ductility, as well as ultimate plastic work dissipation capacity of the optimized design, can be considerably improved by the proposed method.
Concentrated emulsion polymerization

The present review summarizes results obtained in the last few years in this laboratory regarding the concentrated emulsion polymerization method. In this method, concentrated emulsions have been used as precursors for latexes of homopolymers, copolymers and tough polymers. They have also been employed to prepare conductive polymers, composites, composite membranes, microsponge molecular reservoirs and polymer supported quaternary onium salts, polymer supported palladium complexes and quaternary onium salts, polymer supported enzymes or cells. In contrast to the conventional emulsions, concentrated emulsions have a large volume fraction of dispersed phase, greater than 0.74 and as large as 0.99. When the volume fraction of the dispersed phase is sufficiently large, polyhedral cells of the dispersed phase are separated by thin films of continuous phase. Latexes have been prepared by dispersing a hydrophobic monomer(s) in a small amount of water containing a surfactant, or by dispersing a hydrophilic monomer(s) in a small amount of hydrocarbon (decane) containing a surfactant, and polymerizing the system. Composites have been prepared by dispersing an aqueous solution of a hydrophilic monomer(s) in a small amount of a solution of a hydrophobic monomer in a hydrocarbon, or by dispersing a solution of a hydrophobic monomer(s) in a hydrocarbon in a small amount of a solution of a hydrophilic monomer in water; this was followed by polymerization. Conventional emulsions, microemulsions or colloidal dispersions have been sometimes employed. It is important to emphasize that the polymerized system almost maintains the structure of the emulsion precursor employed.
Longitudinal Evaluation Designs

This article highlights current thoughts on the design and analysis of longitudinal evaluation. It introduces cross-sectional, trend, cohort, panel, and time-series designs. Two general research questions are formulated that speak to (1) whether and (2) when change has occurred. The multilevel growth model can address whether change has occurred and apply to all designs with special model specifications. The survival model can address when change has occurred and apply to true longitudinal designs (cohort, panel, and time series). The cross-lagged model is introduced as an effective longitudinal way to address cause–effect relationships in nonexperimental conditions and applies to true longitudinal designs.
Objectifying chronic pain: from the patient to diagnostic metrics.

We currently have no simple test of any kind that tells us whether someone has pain, but there is reason to be optimistic that brain imaging that can contribute to evaluation of pain may be within our grasp.
Patient Satisfaction Error

David was an otherwise healthy 69-year-old man who presented with the sudden onset of left-sided numbness. He was a prominent local businessman who had donated millions of dollars to build a children’s ward at the local hospital. An MRI revealed an ischemic stroke in his right thalamus. An evaluation for the cause of his stroke revealed 50% stenosis (narrowing) of his carotid artery on the right, as well as elevated blood pressure. The neurologist attributed his stroke to his hypertension and prescribed anti-hypertension medications, as well as an aspirin. David demanded that he be seen by a surgeon and called the head of vascular surgery service himself to arrange this. He then demanded that the surgeon perform an operation saying “50 percent stenosis can’t be good for someone who had a stroke. I’ll make sure Lisa (the hospital’s CEO) hears about this.” When the surgeon tried to explain that the risks of the procedure outweighed the benefits, David then contacted the hospital CEO. Though there was no evidence that surgery was beneficial in David’s case, the surgeon relented and agreed to perform a carotid endarterectomy, an operation which removes plaque build-up on the inside of arteries. David suffered a second stroke during the operation that left him with weakness on his left side.
Macular Xanthophylls and Event-Related Brain Potentials among Overweight Adults and Those with Obesity.

Scope Macular accumulation of xanthophyll carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin) is known to have neuroprotective potential, yet their influence on cognition among overweight adults and those with obesity remains limited. This study examines the impact of macular xanthophylls on attentional resource allocation and information processing speed among adults with BMI ≥ 25 kg m-2 . Methods and results Adults between 25 and 45 years (N = 101) complete heterochromatic flicker photometry to determine macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Event-related brain potentials are recorded during a visual oddball task. Amplitude and latency of the N2 and P3 indexed attentional resource allocation and information processing speed. Covariates included age, sex, education, intelligence quotient (IQ), %Fat (DXA), and dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (Diet History Questionnaire II). MPOD is inversely related to P3 peak amplitude during standard trials and P3 peak latency during target trials. Therefore, individuals with higher MPOD dedicate fewer attentional resources when attentional demands are low while exhibiting faster information processing speed when attentional demands are increased. Further, MPOD is inversely related to the N2 mean amplitude during targets, signifying greater inhibitory control. Conclusion These findings are the first to link macular xanthophylls to neuroelectric indices of attentional and inhibitory control among adults with overweight and obesity.