cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jury trial for juveniles: Right or ritual?

This study is an exploration of the effects of setting cases for trial in a court that permits jury trials for juveniles. Although few cases actually go to trial, cases set for trial have an impact on juveniles and the court. The study reported here is based on data from a study of 710 youths upon whom delinquency petitions were filed in a suburban court in 1980. Of these youths, 94 had cases set for trial and 7 actually went to trial. The first part of the article gives a brief historical perspective on the juvenile right to jury trial, discusses why defense attorneys set cases to trial, and describes some of the difficulties in measuring the impact of jury trials. The second part reports on the impact of trial setting in “Suburban Court” on case outcomes and case processing time. A partial correlation analysis shows that there is no significant association between setting a case for trial and either adjudication or final disposition, even when other factors are held constant. Setting a case for trial ha...
Service-Learning and Management Education A Call to Action

The private sector of United States society (private corporations) currently enjoys the moral authority to set the national agenda. Business schools, because they train future managers, can play a vital role in helping the private sector sustain that moral authority. Specifically, I argue that service-learning pedagogies offer management educators a way to incorporate citizenship skills and moral training into the traditional management curriculum. This article describes the concept of service-learning, reviews the current state of service-learning in management, and argues that service-learning can enhance both the technical capability and moral capability of students. Key issues for faculty members involved in service-learning programs are also highlighted.
Summary of conclusions of the 1992 World Administrative Radio Conference

The major decisions made at the conference are briefly described. Additional frequency bands for shortwave (HF) radio broadcasting were agreed upon. Frequency allocations were made to support a number of US proposals, to provide advanced mobile radio services using low Earth orbit satellites. Allocations for land based mobile services adopted at WARC '92, in the range 1700 to 2600 MHz, are meant to foster improved mobile services that can be used worldwide. An allocation was also made to support commercial telephone service between passengers flying on aircraft and individuals on the ground. Allocations were made for sound broadcasting from satellites, as well as for providing a means to accommodate a complementary terrestrial-based digital audio broadcasting service. New frequency allocations to support space activities were agreed upon, and an allocation was made to the fixed satellite service in the band 13.75 to 14.0 GHz. >
Design of quaternary logic circuit using quantum dot gate-quantum dot channel FET (QDG–QDCFET)

This paper presents the implementation of quaternary logic circuits based on quantum dot gate–quantum dot channel field effect transistor (QDG–QDCFET). The super lattice structure in the quantum dot channel region of QDG–QDCFET and the electron tunnelling from inversion channel to the quantum dot layer in the gate region of a QDG–QDCFET change the threshold voltage of this device which produces two intermediate states between its ON and OFF states. This property of QDG–QDCFET is used to implement multi-valued logic for future multi-valued logic circuit. This paper presents the design of basic quaternary logic operation such as inverter, AND and OR operation based on QDG–QDCFET.
Wake vortex alleviation

This paper describes some of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) recent and current research on aerodynamic techniques for minimizing the aircraft trailing vortex hazard. The potential benefits and operating problems of the more promising concepts are discussed. Recent flight-test results are presented which show that essentially total vortex alleviation can be achieved at a 3 nautical mile separation distance by oscillating the aircraft's lateral-control surfaces. While not operationally practical, these results suggest that it may be possible to minimize the wake hazard by exciting longitudinal instabilities.
LASIC: Layout Analysis for Systematic IC-Defect Identification Using Clustering

Systematic defects within integrated circuits (ICs) are a significant source of failures in nanoscale technologies. Identification of systematic defects is therefore very important for yield improvement. This paper discusses a diagnosis-driven systematic defect identification methodology that we call layout analysis for systematic IC-defect identification using clustering (LASIC). By clustering images of the layout locations that correspond to diagnosed sites for a statistically large number of IC failures, LASIC uncovers the common layout features. To reduce computation time, only the dominant coefficients of a discrete cosine transform analysis of the layout images are used for clustering. LASIC is applied to an industrial chip and it is found to be effective. In addition, detailed simulations reveal that LASIC is both accurate and effective.
Effects of Pressure on the Flow and Fracture of Polycrystalline NiAl

The effects of testing NiAl in tension under a superimposed pressure are described. The flow stress decreases when subjected to pressure due to the generation of mobile dislocations. These dislocations can become pinned when subjected to aging at moderate temperatures and times. The ductility increases substantially when tested under a superimposed hydrostatic pressure. A new method for performing fracture toughness tests under superimposed pressure is also described.
Numerical Modeling of Active Flow Control in a Boundary Layer Ingesting Offset Inlet

This investigation evaluates the numerical prediction of flow distortion and pressure recovery for a boundary layer ingesting offset inlet with active flow control devices. The numerical simulations are computed using a Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes code developed at NASA. The numerical results are validated by comparison to experimental wind tunnel tests conducted at NASA Langley Research Center at both low and high Mach numbers. Baseline comparisons showed good agreement between numerical and experimental results. Numerical simulations for the inlet with passive and active flow control also showed good agreement at low Mach numbers where experimental data has already been acquired. Numerical simulations of the inlet at high Mach numbers with flow control jets showed an improvement of the flow distortion. Studies on the location of the jet actuators, for the high Mach number case, were conducted to provide guidance for the design of a future experimental wind tunnel test.
Analysis of feeding suppression produced by perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol

Abstract The effects of feeding of perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol were examined in hungry rats. In pargyline-pretreated subjects, both dopamine and epinephrine significantly suppressed food intake, at doses as low as 31 ng for dopamine and 150 ng for epinephrine (the latter injected with an α-adrenoceptor blocker). This effect was reliably strengthened by inhibiting catecholamine deamination or presynaptic catecholamine uptake. Perifornical injections of amphetamine, mazindol, methamphetamine, and phenmetrazine also suppressed feeding. The magnitude of this effect in individual animals was positively correlated with the effect produced by the catecholamine agonists. Moreover, this effect of mazindol was partially antagonized by perifornical injection of dopaminergic and β-adrenoceptor blockers. The effects of amphetamine and epinephrine were abolished by these drugs, while dopamine's effect was selectively inhibited by the dopaminergic antagonist. Serotonergic antagonists produced no change. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that perifornical hypothalamic catecholamine neurons, through dopaminergic receptors and β-adrenoceptors, are involved in inhibiting feeding behavior, as well as in mediating the anorexic action of the amphetamines and mazindol.
Identification of a juxtamembrane mechanosensitive domain in the platelet mechanosensor glycoprotein Ib-IX complex

How glycoprotein (GP)Ib-IX complex on the platelet surface senses the blood flow through its binding to the plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) and transmits a signal into the platelet remains unclear. Here we show that optical tweezer-controlled pulling of the A1 domain of VWF (VWF-A1) on GPIb-IX captured by its cytoplasmic domain induced unfolding of a hitherto unidentified structural domain before the dissociation of VWF-A1 from GPIb-IX. Additional studies using recombinant proteins and mutant complexes confirmed its existence in GPIb-IX and enabled localization of this quasi-stable mechanosensitive domain of ∼60 residues between the macroglycopeptide region and the transmembrane helix of the GPIbα subunit. These results suggest that VWF-mediated pulling under fluid shear induces unfolding of the mechanosensitive domain in GPIb-IX, which may possibly contribute to platelet mechanosensing and/or shear resistance of VWF-platelet interaction. The identification of the mechanosensitive domain in GPIb-IX has significant implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of related blood diseases.
Some analyses of the verbal encoding deficit of alcoholic Korsakoff patients

Abstract Two experiments were designed to assess Korsakoff patients' ability to encode verbal information on the basis of its physical, nominal and semantic properties. The first investigation employed Wickens' release from proactive interference (PI) technique; a procedure that allows an assessment of a subject's ability to encode verbal information on the basis of its semantic properties. It was discovered that on tasks involving only a rudimentary verbal analysis, such as the ability to discriminate letters from numbers, the Korsakoff patients demonstrated a normal release from PI. However, on tasks that required a more sophisticated level of semantic encoding, such as those based on taxonomic class inclusion, the patients failed to show release from PI. The second investigation employed Posner's reaction time technique which assesses a subject's ability to encode the physical and nominal properties of simple verbal materials (letters). The results of this study showed that Korsakoff patients are impaired on even these rudimentary encoding tasks, which led to the proposal that Korsakoff patients' semantic encoding deficit might stem from an initial impairment in the speed at which physical and nominal properties of verbal information are analyzed.
Soil and microbial characterisation and microbial-mediated iron release nearby landfills in Northwest Florida, USA

In this study, the soil of 16 landfills from 15 Northwest Florida counties was characterised through sieve analysis.On the basis of plate counts, it was found that there were around 3.0 × 104 to 9.5 × 105 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) per gram of soil for the soil of Northwest Florida. Through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified as dominating species
Fermi surface of a quasi-one-dimensional oxide conductor

We report the first determination of the Fermi surface for a quasi-one-dimensional oxide conductor, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{O}}_{17}$. The Fermi surface has been measured within the cleavage plane of the crystal using high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The Fermi surface consists of two parallel straight lines, separated by a nesting vector of approximately 0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 A${\mathrm{\r{}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. A large density of states at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$ is observed from the measured band dispersion, despite a low photoemission spectral intensity at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$. The measured Fermi surface allows the prediction of the magnitude of the displacement vector associated with soft phonons and a postulated Peierls transition in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{O}}_{17}$.
PRIVATE INFORMATION ACQUISITION IN EXPERIMENTAL MARKETS PRONE TO BUBBLE AND CRASH

This paper reports the results of twelve experimental markets designed to investigate whether a costly private information system decreases the propensity of price bubbles to form. A private information system is hypothesized to decrease traders' subjective uncertainty about the behavior of other traders by reinforcing common expectations for all traders. Results show that private information does not eliminate price bubbles, but asset prices converge toward the rational expectations predictions with trader experience. The price of private information is related to the expected gains derived from asset trading.
State of charge optimization for military hybrid vehicle microgrids

One of the barriers to fielding a military hybrid vehicle is the absence of a holistic view of a vehicle's energy. This paper introduces the concept of treating a military vehicle as a microgrid and utilizing energy optimization methods from stationary microgrids, namely battery state of charge (SOC) optimization. This analysis illuminates the comprehensive benefits of military hybrid vehicles with respect to operational energy, which includes propulsion power, electric power for government furnished equipment (GFE), silent watch capability, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mobile energy exchange and storage. V2G is especially important in a military setting, where vehicles may be deployed to assist or replace an energy source, therefore common optimization methods become increasingly important and advantageous. It is shown that optimizing SOC can lead to fuel economy improvements over a drive cycle. In addition, the optimal SOC profile determination is explored to allow for expansion and more complex drive cycles. [Unclassified. Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release.]
Multilevel generalized force-directed method for circuit placement

Automatic circuit placement has received renewed interest recently given the rapid increase of circuit complexity, increase of interconnect delay, and potential sub-optimality of existing placement algorithms [13]. In this paper we present a generalized force-directed algorithm embedded in mPL2's [12] multilevel framework. Our new algorithm, named mPL5, produces the shortest wirelength among all published placers with very competitive runtime on the IBM circuits used in [29]. The new contributions and enhancements are: (1) We develop a new analytical placement algorithm using a density constrained minimization formulation which can be viewed as a generalization of the force-directed method in [16]; (2) We analyze and identify the advantages of our new algorithm over the force-directed method; (3) We successfully incorporate the generalized force-directed algorithm into a multilevel framework which significantly improves wirelength and speed. Compared to Capo9.0, our algorithm mPL5 produces 8% shorter wirelength and is 2X faster. Compared to Dragon3.01, mPL5 has 3% shorter wirelength and is 12X faster. Compared to Fengshui5.0, it has 5% shorter wirelength and is 2X faster. Compared to the ultra-fast placement algorithm: FastPlace, mPL5 produces 8% shorter wirelength but is 6X slower. A fast mode of mPL5 (mPL5-fast) can produce 1% shorter wirelength than Fast-Place1.0 and is only 2X slower. Moreover, mPL5-fast has demonstrated better scalability than FastPlace1.0.
Evolution of quantitative methods in protein secondary structure determination via deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy

Deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman (DUVRR) spectra is sensitive to secondary structural motifs but, similar to circular dichroism (CD) and infrared spectroscopy, requires the application of multivariate and advanced statistical analysis methods to resolve the pure secondary structure Raman spectra (PSSRS) for determination of secondary structure composition. Secondary structure motifs are selectively enhanced by different excitation wavelengths, a characteristic that inspired the first methods for quantifying secondary structures by DUVRR. This review traces the evolution of multivariate methods and their application to secondary structure composition analyses of proteins by DUVRR spectroscopy from the first experiments using two-wavelengths, and culminating with recent studies utilizing time-resolved DUVRR measurements.
The interplay between pro-death and pro-survival signaling pathways in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: apoptosis meets autophagy.

Introduction Programmed cell death of cardiac myocytes occurs following a bout of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which results in reduced function of the heart. Numerous studies, including in vivo, have shown that cell death occurs via necrosis and apoptosis following I/R. Recently, autophagy has emerged as a powerful mediator of programmed cell death, either opposing or enhancing apoptosis, or acting as an alternative form of programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis. Aim Here we review the apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways, their influences on each other, and we discuss the relevance of autophagy in the heart.
Learning disability and hyperactivity: Deficits in selective attention

Abstract Differences in performance on a variety of cognitive measures and differences in patterns of ability between learning disabled (LD) and nonlearning disabled (non-LD) children were examined. Younger and older LD and non-LD children were administered tests of central and incidental learning and selective attention. Teacher ratings of classroom hyperactivity were also examined. LD children, particularly the younger ones, performed significantly more poorly than non-LD children on both attention/memory tasks. Performance on the two tasks was consistently interrelated for the non-LD children and less consistently so for the LD subjects. Hyperactivity was also related to poorer performance on the cognitive measures. Results are discussed in terms of components of selective attention.
Cement-matrix composites for thermal engineering

Cement-matrix composites for thermal engineering are reviewed, with focus on temperature sensing, Joule heating and heat retention. These composites contain admixtures such as short electrically conducting fibers and silica fume, so that the electrical and/or thermal properties are modified.
Computer-controlled optical testing of high-density printed-circuit boards

The increased densities of multi-layer printed-circuit boards have required development of unique approaches to product testing. An optical automatic inspection system developed to test interplanes of the printed-circuit board used in the IBM 3081 processor (TCM board) is described. This system scans the features of the product and locates surface defects of 25.4 µm (1 mil) or larger through changes in reflectivity. It is capable of finding over 90% of the errors on subtractively plated printed-circuit interplanes, as well as shorts and opens of 50 µm or more on glass masters of printed-circuit boards. Alternative approaches to the inspection problem are discussed, together with the technical trade-offs which were made that led to the final system configuration. The tester theory and some hardware/software trade-offs are also covered.
Effect of morphology of nonmetallic inclusions on tensile properties of quenched and tempered 0.4C-Cr-Mo-Ni steel

Abstract Several 0.4C-Cr-Mo-Ni steels with different sulfur and calcium levels have been studied to determine the effect of the morphology of nonmetallic inclusions on the mechanical properties of quenched and tempered low-alloy structural steels. Stringy MnS inclusions appearing in the steel containing sulfur at a commercial level produced a remarkable anisotropy in the fracture ductility ( e f ) for tempers of 473 and 923 K. The fine elliptical MnS inclusions that precipitated in the desulfurized steels at low sulfur levels of 0.002 mass% had a detrimental effect on the e f for the temper of 473 K but a beneficial effect on the e f for the temper of 923 K. Fine particle inclusions that appeared in the calcium-treated steel coupled with a low sulfur content of 0.002 mass% were quite effective in improving the isotropy regarding the fracture ductility for tempers of 473 and 923 K. However, two cluster types of composite inclusions associated with the calcium-treated steel containing sulfur at a commercial level produced a detrimental effect on the isotropy regarding the e f independent of the tempering conditions. The results are described and discussed.
Small bowel obstruction in the pediatric patient: CT evaluation

Background: Little has been written about the use of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of small bowel obstruction (SBO) in children. The purpose of this study is to review the CT findings of SBO in a pediatric series and to increase awareness of CT as potential problem-solving tool for SBO in children.
Factors Related to Probability of Joint Flooding on Paired Streams in Ohio

Factors related to the probability of joint flooding on paired streams were investigated. Stream pairs were considered to have flooded jointly at the design-year flood threshold (corresponding to the 2-, 10-, 25-, or 50-year instantaneous peak stream flow) if peak stream flows at both streams in the pair were observed or predicted to have equaled or exceeded the threshold on a given calendar day. Daily mean stream-flow data were used as a surrogate for instantaneous peak stream-flow data to determine which flood thresholds were equaled or exceeded on any given day. Instantaneous peak stream-flow data, when available, were used preferentially to assess when the flood threshold was exceeded. Observed probabilities of joint flooding were computed as the ratios of the number of days when stream flows at both streams concurrently equaled or exceeded their flood thresholds (events) to the number of days when stream flows at either stream equaled or exceeded its flood threshold (trials). Logistic regression equa...
Erythropoietin negatively regulates pituitary ACTH secretion.

Erythropoietin (Epo) and Epo-receptor (EpoR) signaling, in addition to its classical role in erythropoiesis, exhibit a protective response in non-hematopoietic tissues. Mice with EpoR expression restricted to only hematopoietic tissues (ΔEpoRE), become obese, have low energy expenditure, and are glucose intolerant and insulin resistant. In the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus, EpoR expression co-localizes in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. In vivo high-dose Epo treatment increases hypothalamus POMC, reduces food intake and fat mass accumulation. Here we report that Epo treatment also decreases plasma concentration of the pituitary derived POMC peptide, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Conversely, ΔEpoRE mice show reduced hypothalamus POMC and high plasma concentrations of ACTH. In the pituitary, POMC is synthesized in the corticotroph cells, and here we examine Epo effect on pituitary POMC expression using the AtT-20 mouse corticotroph pituitary cell line. In AtT-20 cells, enzyme immunoassay analysis showed that Epo inhibits ACTH secretion. This effect is post-translational, as Epo treatment did not affect POMC mRNA expression but increased intracellular levels of ACTH peptide. Moreover, Epo reduced the basal intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels, suggesting an effect in the Ca2+-signaling pathway. In summary, our studies suggest a novel regulatory pathway of ACTH secretion in the pituitary via EpoR-signaling. The higher plasma ACTH level in ΔEpoRE mice also suggests a possible mechanism of deregulated pituitary function with loss of Epo-signaling.
Changes in preference for cage environments following habituation and shock in the Mongolian gerbil

Twelve Mongolian gerbils were given daily tests of their preference for their own familiar vs other novel litter environments. The gerbils showed a striking preference for the home environment which gradually declined over 6 days of testing. The home litter preference was reinstated following aversiye stimulation. The data are discussed in terms of habituation, dishabituation, and fear. Some incidental observations on depth perception in this species are also reported.
The effect of o,p'-DDT feeding on the hormonal stimulation of gluconeogenesis from lactate in isolated hepatocytes from 48-hr starved rats.

Abstract Hepatocytes were isolated from rats which had been fed 1000 ppm o,p′ -DDT for 2 weeks and starved for 48 hr. Hepatocytes were incubated with 10 m m lactate: pyruvate (L : P) plus increasing concentrations of glucagon or dibutyryl cAMP. DDT feeding resulted in decreased sensitivity to both glucagon and dibutyryl cAMP in isolated hepatocytes and a decrease in the absolute rate of gluconeogenesis from L : P in the presence of hormones. These data suggest that the effect of o,p′ -DDT may be on the response of the gluconeogenic process to the level of cAMP in the cell and not on the mechanism by which glucagon increases the level of cAMP. Gluconeogenesis from 10 m m lactate was decreased by DDT feeding but gluconeogenesis from 10 m m pyruvate was not affected, suggesting that DDT is inhibiting a step in the gluconeogenic pathway of lactate that is not involved in the pathway of pyruvate gluconeogenesis. The observation that lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate amino transferase are not decreased in hepatocytes from rats fed DDT suggest that the step in gluconeogenesis from lactate that DDT feeding may be inhibiting is aspartate transport out of the mitochondria.
Reading Restaurant Facades Environmental Inference in Finding the Right Place to Eat

A study was conducted to assess cognitive schemata for restaurant facades. Groups of college-student subjects were found to share detailed and accurate (compared with independent survey data) schem...
On supremal languages of classes of sublanguages that arise in supervisor synthesis problems with partial observation

This paper characterizes the class of closed and (M, N)-recognizable languages in terms of certain structural aspects of relevant automata. This characterization leads to algorithms that effectively compute the supremal (M, N)-recognizable sublanguage of a given language. One of these algorithms is used, in an alternating manner with an algorithm which yields the supremal (∑u, N)-invariant resulting algorithm is proved. An example illustrates the use of these algorithms.
Multiyear Statistics of 2D Shortwave Radiative Effects at Three ARM Sites

This study examines the importance of horizontal photon transport effects, which are not considered in the 1-D calculations of solar radiative heating used by most atmospheric dynamical models. In particular, the paper analyzes the difference between 2-D and 1-D radiative calculations for 2-D vertical cross-sections of clouds that were observed at three sites over 2- to 3-year periods. The results show that 2-D effects increase multiyear 24-hour average total solar absorption by about 4.1 W/sq m, 1.2 W/sq m, and 0.3 W/sq m at a tropical, mid-latitude, and arctic site, respectively. However, 2-D effects are often much larger than these average values, especially for high sun and for convective clouds. The results also reveal a somewhat unexpected behavior, that horizontal photon transport often enhances solar heating even for oblique sun. These findings underscore the need for fast radiation calculation methods that can allow atmospheric dynamical simulations to consider the inherently multidimensional nature of shortwave radiative processes.
Clinical Significance of Minimal Changes on Intravenous Urography after Spinal Cord Injury

Summary— Evidence is given to support the thesis that minimal pyelocaliectasis and ureterectasis are of little clinical significance in spinal cord injured patients. Such renal changes almost always improve or remain stable on sequential examinations. Since moderate or severe pyelocaliectasis is usually detected by renal scintillation procedures, these findings support its use as a urinary tract screening examination along with an abdominal radiograph to detect calculi. The need for long-term serial examination of the urinary tract in spinal cord injury is emphasised.
Electron-Spin Susceptibilities of the Liquid Binary Alkali Metal Alloys

We report measurements of the Knight shifts of the liquid binary alkali metal alloys over the entire range of concentration of constituents for the alloys Na-Cs, K-Rb, K-Cs, and Rb-Cs. We interpret all existing measurements of the Knight shift in the binary alloys of Na, K, Rb, and Cs to give the electron-spin susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{e}$ of those pure alkalis not previously measured. Our interpretation uses the assumption that ${〈{|\ensuremath{\psi}(0)|}^{2}〉}_{{E}_{F}}$ for a particular constituent of a particular alloy remains constant, equal to that for the pure metal, over the entire concentration range in that alloy. In previous work on the alkali alloys, the changes in the Knight shift in dilute alloys were attributed solely to changes in ${〈{|\ensuremath{\psi}|}^{2}〉}_{{E}_{F}}$ due to scattering by impurity atoms, whereas we attribute the changes primarily to changes in ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{e}$ and the atomic volume. New results for pure metals, in cgs volume units, are ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}=(0.84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ for potassium and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{e}=(0.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ for both rubidium and cesium. Our values are based upon the measured value ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{e}=1.13\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ for sodium as a calibration point. The inferred susceptibilities are consistent with values of the parameter $\ensuremath{\xi}$ of 0.69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07, 0.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07, and 0.79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 for potassium, rubidium, and cesium, respectively, where $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is the ratio of electron wave function density at the nucleus in the metal to the same quantity in the free atom. We compare the inferred susceptibilities with the calculations of Silverstein. We also make comparisons via the measured total susceptibilities for the alkalis with some existing calculations of the diamagnetic and ionic susceptibilities for these metals.
Reconstitution of the spinal cord following ablation in urodele larvae

After ablation of 2 mm of spinal cord in the postbrachial region in larvae of Ambystoma maculatum studies were made on the reconstitution of the cord and the return of function posterior to the ablation level. Healing of the cord at anterior and posterior transection surfaces involves migration of ependymal cells to close the open central canal and movement of cells of the gray matter over the cut surface. Dilation of the central canal occurs at each transection level to form a terminal vesicle. Its wall is made up of ependyma, cells from the gray matter and an outer layer of white matter. Anterior and posterior terminal vesicles gradually increase in length bringing about a slow advance of their tips across the ablation gap, the anterior vesicle moving more rapidly than the posterior. Nerve fibers growing out from the white matter of each terminal vesicle extend across the ablation gap and eventually join the wall of the opposite vesicle. Thus are formed bridges of intracentral fibers between anterior and posterior vesicles. Broad nerve fiber bridges become the white matter of the reconstituted spinal cord. Continued advance of the terminal vesicles across the ablation region results finally in the union of the two vesicles, restoring the continuity of the spinal cord. Recovery of the use of hind limbs for walking and of trunk and tail muscles for swimming is correlated with the extent to which nerve fiber bridges have been established, but does not involve a complete fusion of terminal vesicles. All larvae which walked normally and the majority of those which swam normally possessed fiber bridges with an average diameter of at least 0.05 mm.
An online font library: evaluation by graphic design students

Purpose – This study aims to investigate an online font library, Identifont, which presents a series of questions to interact with users and assists them in finding fonts. This font‐locating approach is unique from other current online font libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The investigators recruited 35 graduate and undergraduate students from several design‐related academic programs at the University of Texas at Austin from September 2004 to April 2005. The participants were given six tasks to accomplish with Identifont based on provided character sets.Findings – The data analysis suggested that a logical process of finding fonts can be identified. This computer‐mediated process, if reflected in the order and substance of the questions provided by a font‐locating tool, can help users perform their jobs more easily and efficiently. However, participants also stated that the tool was not very useful with a small subset of text characters and it led to several possible typefaces, instead of just one....
Using LMS-100 laser rangefinder for indoor metric map building

The design and implementation of a scan matching based map building method is described in this paper. The brand new LMS-100 laser rangefinder was used and evaluated for point measurement and metric map building. The official driver of the rangefinder was migrated to Linux in order to be integrated into the applied software framework. The measurement results were compared to data obtained by the widely used LMS-200 device. Both sensors were mounted on a commercially available PowerBot differentially driven mobile robot. It is shown that for indoor robotic applications, the LMS-100 is similarly well-usable to the LMS-200 with significant advantages in compactness and power consumption. Furthermore, from a map-building point of view, the LMS-100 performs better in dense environments with obstacles having complex reflective surfaces.
High resolution imaging of frost melting

We report the results of experiments using high resolution imaging of transient frost melting to obtain quantitative information on frost thickness and porosity. A highly controlled test chamber and surface are described along with visual and digital methods extract quantitative data. When the frost layer approaches the fully permeated state and melting proceeds to liquid droplets, we report a digital method for analysis of droplet size and geometry. For each of the measurements, an error analysis is presented. We find that the measurement techniques employed in the present study provide faster data acquisition and higher accuracy than traditional approaches. The present data are utilized successfully in a companion paper in connection with an empirically based model of frost growth.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Gating currents from a delayed rectifier K+ channel with altered pore structure and function

For voltage-sensitive ion channels, charged elementswithin the membrane electric field are thought togeneratedisplacementorgatingcurrents(1). Topograph­ical models (2-4)have assigned thecharged elements orvoltage sensor to a fourth transmembrane a-helix(S4)and the models have received supportfrom mutagenesisexperiments (5-6). The pore has been assigned to adifferent region, and in K+ channels, this appears to bethe highly-conserved S5-S6 linker (7-9). To test thehypothesis that the pore and the voltage sensor arestructurally distinct, we compared ion conduction andgating currents arising from two delayed rectifier K+channels, DRKI (10) and a chimera DRK/NGKL374V(11, 12), whose sequences even though identical in S4,the putative voltage sensor differed at eight of the 21residues in the S5-S6linker(6) as shown in the followingalignment.parent in single-channel recordingsfrom cell-attachedpatches of oocytes expressing currents from the twospecies of cRNA. The single channel conductance forK+ was -8and 4 pS for DRKI and DRK/NGKL374V,respectively (Fig. 1, B, D). Single-channelkinetics alsoshowed large differences: the long openings typical ofDRKI were converted into short openings in DRKINGK L374V (Fig. 1C). Furthermore, in DRKI cell­attached patcheswith Iso-Rb+in the pipette, the inwardRb+ conductance and theoutward K+ conductancewereidentical (gRb+IgK+ was -1;Fig. 1D, left), whereasDRK/NGKL374V showed a strong inward rectification(Fig. 1, D, right), and the gRb+IgK+ ratio rose to 2.4. Inaddition, the profile for blockade by external and inter­nal tetraethylammonium ions differed markedly be­tween the two channels (7,11,13).DRKI 357:
Tolbutamide gastric analysis: Clinical correlations and interpretations

With rare exception, the tolbutamide gastric analysis has been shown to be a reliable indicator of clinical status in postsurgical peptic ulcer patients. In this group the side effects were rare and, when present, were very mild. Bad risk patients, considered unacceptable for an insulin gastric analysis, tolerated the entire tolbutamide test procedure without any ill effects. Only one serious reaction was observed in a patient in whom unexpected fasting hypoglycemia was overlooked.
The Interns Play: A Mimetic Approach to Introducing and Working with Countertransference in Professional Training.

An approach is presented that introduces the concept of countertransference to predoctoral interns and externs in a unique way during their professional training. This approach goes beyond a didactic presentation of the concept and even beyond discussion of case material in supervision. Through an experiential role-play process called Mimesis, trainees are encouraged to enact scenes from literature that depict typical dilemmas that psychotherapists working in a psychodynamic framework must face. By using carefully chosen stories, supervisors can highlight aspects of the therapeutic process such as managing countertransference feelings. This approach fosters a more flexible and open inquiry into one of the most daunting aspects of professional development for both trainees and supervisors.
Morphology neural networks: an introduction with applications

The area of artificial neural networks has recently seen an explosion of theoretical and practical results. In this paper, we present an artificial neural network that is algebraically distinct from the classical artificial neural networks, and several applications which are different from the typical ones. In fact, this new class of networks, calledmorphology neural networks, is a special case of a general theory of artificial neural nets, which includes the classical neural nets. The main difference between a classical neural net and a morphology neural net lies in the way each node algebraically combines the numerical information. Each node in a classical neural net combines information by multiplying output values and corresponding weights and summing, while in a morphology neural net, the combining operation consists of adding values and corresponding weights, and taking the maximum value. We lay a theoretical foundation for morphology neural nets, describe their roots, and give several applications in image processing. In addition, theoretical results on the convergence issues for two networks are presented.
An Internet-Based “Kinetic Imaging System” (KIS) for MicroPET

Many considerations, involving understanding and selection of multiple experimental parameters, are required to perform MicroPET studies properly. The large number of these parameters/variables and their complicated interdependence make their optimal choice nontrivial. We have a developed kinetic imaging system (KIS), an integrated software system, to assist the planning, design, and data analysis of MicroPET studies. The system serves multiple functions—education, virtual experimentation, experimental design, and image analysis of simulated/experimental data—and consists of four main functional modules—“Dictionary,” “Virtual Experimentation,” “Image Analysis,” and “Model Fitting.” The “Dictionary” module provides didactic information on tracer kinetics, pharmacokinetic, MicroPET imaging, and relevant biological/pharmacological information. The “Virtual Experimentation” module allows users to examine via computer simulations the effect of biochemical/pharmacokinetic parameters on tissue tracer kinetics. It generates dynamic MicroPET images based on the user's assignment of kinetics or kinetic parameters to different tissue organs in a 3-D digital mouse phantom. Experimental parameters can be adjusted to investigate the design options of a MicroPET experiment. The “Image Analysis” module is a full-fledged image display/manipulation program. The “Model Fitting” module provides model-fitting capability for measured/simulated tissue kinetics. The system can be run either through the Web or as a stand-alone process. With KIS, radiotracer characteristics, administration method, dose level, imaging sequence, and image resolution-to-noise tradeoff can be evaluated using virtual experimentation. KIS is designed for biology/pharmaceutical scientists to make learning and applying tracer kinetics fun and easy.
Increased pollen viability resulting from transport to the upper boundary layer

Previous studies have examined the rate of viability loss in pollen grains based on surface conditions but some pollen grains are lifted throughout the atmospheric boundary layer to heights where temperature and moisture differ markedly from near the surface. This transport may affect pollen viability in maize pollen which has been linked to its moisture content. The objective of this study was to examine how predictions of pollen viability may differ when considering the effects of boundary layer transport rather than only considering the conditions at the pollen source. We used Large-Eddy Simulation to simulate pollen dispersion and predict pollen viability upon deposition. We compared the predicted viability that was diagnosed using the atmospheric conditions at the pollen source when a pollen grain was released to viability diagnosed using the atmospheric conditions following the pollen grain's trajectory as it moved through the atmospheric boundary layer. Using surface values provided a reasonable prediction of viability for pollen grains that traveled less than a kilometer from the source field, but underpredicted pollen viability by as much as 20% for pollen that traveled several kilometers. The difference is attributed to the tendency for longer range transport to require lofting of pollen grains into the upper part of the atmospheric boundary layer, where cooler temperature and higher relative humidity are conducive to increased viability. Our results suggest that pollen grains traveling many kilometers are more likely to pollinate a receptive silk than would be expected based on the atmospheric conditions at the pollen source.
Octahedral tilt-suppression of ferroelectric domain wall dynamics and the associated piezoelectric activity in Pb ( Zr , Ti ) O 3

The $R3m\text{\ensuremath{-}}R3c$ transition is in a limited phase field in the $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x},{\mathrm{Ti}}_{x}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (PZT) phase diagram and is a ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition that involves the coupling of a secondary displacive ferroelastic phase transition, associated with a structural rotation of the octahedra about the polar threefold axis. Through systematic temperature-dependent piezoelectric characterization under resonance conditions and high-field unipolar ac drive the influence of the aforementioned transition on piezoelectric and electromechanical properties is noted for two compositions $x=0.30$ and $x=0.40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mol}$ fraction lead titanate. Applying Rayleigh law analysis to access the relative extrinsic domain wall contributions to the nonlinear permittivity and converse piezoelectric properties, we observe significant differences in the nonlinear response between the $R3m$ and $R3c$ phases and note a discontinuity at the transition for both PZT compositions. A complementary study was conducted through diffraction contrast transmission electron microscopy to access structure property relations. Diffraction contrast imaging reveals that antiphase boundaries (APB's) associated with octahedral tilt may coincide with non-180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ferroelectric domain walls. This microstructural evidence suggests that APB's suppress the motion of non-180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ferroelectric domain walls, leading to reduced extrinsic contributions to the piezoelectric and dielectric response in the low-temperature phase $(R3c)$. The implications of these observations are discussed in relation to both the PZT system and other perovskite-based systems such as $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ systems.
Integrated characterization of the geologic framework of a contaminated site in West Trenton, New Jersey

Abstract Fractured sedimentary bedrock and groundwater at the former Naval Air Warfare Center in West Trenton, New Jersey (United States of America) are contaminated with chlorinated solvents. Predicting contaminant migration or removing the contaminants requires an understanding of the geology. Consequently, the geologic framework near the site was characterized with four different methods having different spatial scales: geologic field mapping, analyses of bedrock drill core, analyses of soil and regolith, and S -wave refraction surveys. A fault zone is in the southeast corner of the site and separates two distinct sedimentary formations; the fault zone dips (steeply) southeasterly, strikes northeasterly, and extends at least 550 m along its strike direction. Drill core from the fault zone is extensively brecciated and includes evidence of tectonic contraction. Approximately 300 m east of this fault zone is another fault zone, which offsets the contact between the two sedimentary formations. The S -wave refraction surveys identified both fault zones beneath soil and regolith and thereby provided constraints on their lateral extent and location.
Mucolytic-antifoam solution for reduction of artifacts during endoscopic ultrasonography: a randomized controlled trial

Gastric mucus and air bubbles are frequent sources of artifacts during endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). To reduce these artifacts, we prepared a mucolytic-antifoam solution consisting of simethicone, acetyicysteine, and sodium bicarbonate and performed a prospective randomized and controlled trial comparing this solution (21 patients) to a placebo (22 patients) during EUS. Eight patients in the drug group received a perfect score for both mucolytic and antifoam effect compared with none in the placebo group (p
The electrodynamics of the superconducting state of κ(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2

Abstract We have measured the surface impedance Zs = Rs + iXs in the normal and superconducting state of κ(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2. In the superconducting state the electrodynamics is in agreement with calculations based on a BCS ground state, with strongly anisotropic parameters.
A window into Eve Online

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study Eve Online. Most people use their computers to surf the Web, check e-mails, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube or various other social networking sites. Although computer gaming has been around for years, only in the past 10-15 years has it really taken off as a primary use for a desktop. Design/methodology/approach – Individuals use computers as a tool, to relax and get away and, in the case of Massive Multilayer Online games (MMOs), they use computers as a gateway to a virtual world. MMOs are fairly new to the gaming world, yet the concept is simple. Combine all the game players and throw them into a single intractable game, where they can deal with other players on a daily basis, essentially creating a metaverse. Findings – Eve Online is unlike any MMO out there on the market today. Created by the company CCP that is based in Iceland, Eve Online is the world’s only true sandbox game. A sandbox game is a game that allows the player to do whatever they want with no...