cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Stark Contrast: Review of Duwayne R. Anderson, Farewell to Eden: Coming to Terms with Mormonism and Science

Duwayne R. Anderson, a highly accomplished and acclaimed physicist specializing in fiber optics, offers readers a thorough examination of the role of science in his disillusionment from Mormonism. The book provides compelling evidence that Latter-day Saint scriptures and prophetic teachings fail to coincide with scientific findings in physics, astronomy, geology, biology, and archaeology. Anderson’s extensive use of proof-texts, while valuable as a reference to others struggling with conflicts between LDS teachings and science, is frequently ahistorical, lacking sufficient attention to the evolution, diversity, and nuances of Mormon thought. Anderson’s expectation of seamless coherence and logical consistency between twenty-first century science and statements in scripture and by Latter-day prophets, regardless of time and place of origin, is unrealistic. Anderson’s portrait reflects the organizational myth of an eternal, unchanging gospel, but fails to capture the fluidity, creativity, and dynamism of Mormon culture. Anderson shows that Mormons should not expect science and scripture to reveal the same everlasting truths. Yet, he fails to move beyond this realization. In fact, like many apologists at FARMS, Anderson confuses the claims of scripture and prophecy with those of science and history. In this respect, he reproduces the very problem he identifies. As long as Mormons and ex-Mormons continue to conflate revelation with science and history, then Mormonism will continue to be plagued with a conflict between science and religion, so ably and accessibly outlined in a new book by Duwayne Anderson.
CD2 Facilitates Differentiation of CD4 Th Cells Without Affecting Th1/Th2 Polarization

The role of CD2 in murine CD4 helper T cell differentiation and polarization was examined using TCR-Cyt-5CC7-I transgenic recombination activating gene-2 −/− H-2 a mice on CD2 +/+ or CD2 −/− backgrounds. In the absence of CD2, thymic development was abnormal as judged by reduction in the steady state number of total, double-positive, and CD4 single-positive (SP) thymocytes, as well as a defect in their restorative dynamics after peptide-induced negative selection in vivo. In addition, in CD2 −/− animals, lymph node CD4 SP T cells manifest a 10- to 100-fold attenuated activation response to cytochrome c (CytC) agonist peptides as judged by induction of CD25 and CD69 cell surface expression or [ 3 H]TdR incorporation; differences in the magnitude of responsiveness and requisite molar peptide concentrations were even greater for altered peptide ligands. Although the presence or absence of CD2 did not impact the final Th1 or Th2 polarization outcome, CD2 expression reduced the CytC peptide concentration threshold necessary to facilitate both Th1 and Th2 differentiation. In vivo administration of CytC peptide to CD2 −/− animals yielded an impaired CD4 SP T cell effector/memory phenotype compared with similarly treated CD2 +/+ mice. Analysis of TCR-Cyt-5CC7-I human CD2 double-transgenic mice similarly failed to reveal a preferential Th1 vs Th2 polarization. Collectively, these results indicate that CD2 is important for the efficient development of CD4 SP thymocytes and TCR-dependent activation of mature CD4 lymph node T cells, but does not direct a particular helper T cell subset polarity.
MUTANTS AFFECTED IN ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE EXPRESSION: EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE POSITIVE REGULATORS OF THE PHOSPHATE REGULON IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

The expression of alkaline phosphatase (the product of the phoA gene) in Escherichia coli is believed to be subject to both positive control by the phoB gene product and negative control by the phoR gene product. We have isolated a large number of PhoA- mutants in the phoR- genetic background. Among mutants altered in the positive control of alkaline phosphatase, some were phoB mutants; others had a mutation in a new gene, designated phoM. We believe that the phoM gene codes for a positive regulator that acts together with the phoB gene product in phoA gene expressions.—The PhoM phenotype was found to be masked in phoR+ strains. This and other evidence support a positive regulatory role for the phoR gene product as well.—Our experiments demonstrate that phoA is under positive control by three different positive regulators: the products of the phoB, phoM and phoR genes. The phoB gene product is always needed together with either the phoR or phoM gene product. In addition, the phoR gene product acts as a negative regulator.—We describe a model for phoA gene expression consistent with this new evidence.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus.

Abstract Methods have been developed for rapid isolation and genetic analysis of vaccinia virus mutants. These methods include: (1) monitoring mutagenesis by measuring conversion of wild-type, phosphonoacetic acid-sensitive virus to phosphonoacetic acid-resistant virus, (2) screening for mutants by plaque enlargement, and (3) a qualitative spot test for complementation. Twenty-six temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus have been isolated. All have reversion indices of 10−4 or less. One-step growth experiments have been done at 40° and 31° with all the mutants and in all cases the virus yield at 40° is less than 8% of the yield observed at 31°. Complementation analysis has been completed on all 26 mutants, showing that these mutants together comprise 16 complementation groups. Twenty-four of the mutants have been analyzed for their ability to synthesize viral DNA at the nonpermissive temperature. The results show that 3 of the 24 have a DNA-negative phenotype. These three mutants fall into two complementation groups. Twenty-four of the mutants have been analyzed for their ability to synthesize early and late viral proteins at the nonpermissive temperature. From this analysis, four phenotypes appear: (1) normal, (2) a phenotype associated with DNA-negative mutants characterized by prolonged synthesis of early proteins and the absence of late protein synthesis, (3) weak or slow late protein synthesis, (4) abortive late protein synthesis.
Theta-Mediated Dynamics of Spatial Information in Hippocampus

In rodent hippocampus, neuronal activity is organized by a 6-10 Hz theta oscillation. The spike timing of hippocampal pyramidal cells with respect to the theta rhythm correlates with an animal's position in space. This correlation has been suggested to indicate an explicit temporal code for position. Alternatively, it may be interpreted as a byproduct of theta-dependent dynamics of spatial information flow in hippocampus. Here we show that place cell activity on different phases of theta reflects positions shifted into the future or past along the animal's trajectory in a two-dimensional environment. The phases encoding future and past positions are consistent across recorded CA1 place cells, indicating a coherent representation at the network level. Consistent theta-dependent time offsets are not simply a consequence of phase-position correlation (phase precession), because they are no longer seen after data randomization that preserves the phase-position relationship. The scale of these time offsets, 100-300 ms, is similar to the latencies of hippocampal activity after sensory input and before motor output, suggesting that offset activity may maintain coherent brain activity in the face of information processing delays.
Errors on interrupter tasks presented during spatial and verbal working memory performance are linearly linked to large-scale functional network connectivity in high temporal resolution resting state fMRI

The brain is organized into networks composed of spatially separated anatomical regions exhibiting coherent functional activity over time. Two of these networks (the default mode network, DMN, and the task positive network, TPN) have been implicated in the performance of a number of cognitive tasks. To directly examine the stable relationship between network connectivity and behavioral performance, high temporal resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected during the resting state, and behavioral data were collected from 15 subjects on different days, exploring verbal working memory, spatial working memory, and fluid intelligence. Sustained attention performance was also evaluated in a task interleaved between resting state scans. Functional connectivity within and between the DMN and TPN was related to performance on these tasks. Decreased TPN resting state connectivity was found to significantly correlate with fewer errors on an interrupter task presented during a spatial working memory paradigm and decreased DMN/TPN anti-correlation was significantly correlated with fewer errors on an interrupter task presented during a verbal working memory paradigm. A trend for increased DMN resting state connectivity to correlate to measures of fluid intelligence was also observed. These results provide additional evidence of the relationship between resting state networks and behavioral performance, and show that such results can be observed with high temporal resolution fMRI. Because cognitive scores and functional connectivity were collected on nonconsecutive days, these results highlight the stability of functional connectivity/cognitive performance coupling.
COPD and Exercise: What's Really Important? A Nursing Perspective

Numerous studies demonstrate the importance of exercise training to improve endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its positive effect on activities of daily living and quality of life. However, successful care of the individual with COPD also relies on recognizing that this person requires individualized care and non-pharmacologic modalities specific to their needs in order to cope with the various aspects of their disease. It is also important to note that improvement in quality of life is not necessarily related to improvement in exercise endurance alone. Comprehensive and effective pulmonary rehabilitation for the COPD patient needs to encompass several components to provide benefit for the spectrum of symptoms of COPD beyond exercise tolerance and dyspnea to ultimately improve quality of life.
Impetigo contagiosa in the United Kingdom.

Summary.— A total of 72 patients with impetigo have been examined at the outpatients' department of St John's Hospital. Staphylococcus aureus was present in 87% of lesions; 60% belonged to the phage type 71 strain. Fifteen lesions yielded β-haemolytic streptococci, mainly in association with Staph. aureus. No known nephritogenic strains were isolated and most of the streptococci were of established “impetigo” type. Twenty-five of 54 patients from whom serum was obtained showed serological evidence of recent streptococcal infection. These results are discussed in relation to past experience in the U.K. and elsewhere.
Reinterpretation of a social historian's work in terms of current environment-behavior issues

Abstract A social historian, Calvi reconstructs and interprets the social life of 17th-century Florence in the context of a major epidemic and its impact on society. Calvi uses the official documentation of that time as her source of information, which is a typical practice for historians. This type of research, however, is not undertaken very frequently in the field of Environment-Behavior. In this paper Calvi's reconstruction is re-interpreted in terms of three current E-B issues: the ‘social logic of space’ (Hillier & Hanson, 1984) , ‘personal control’ and ‘stress’ ( Averill, 1973 ; Folkman, 1984 ; Evans & Cohen, 1987 ), and the value of ‘normative expectations’ in ‘destabilizing settings’ (Archea, 1985) . The interpretations in terms of these three E-B issues are closely linked to each other in that the focus of the interpretations is on the destabilizing environment and people's response to it. Finally, it is suggested that studies of human behavior in destabilizing environments need to be emphasized in the E-B field.
Investigating Real-time Predictors of Engagement: Implications for Adaptive Videogames and Online Training

Engagement is a worthwhile psychological construct to examine in the context of video games and online training. In this context, previous research suggests that the more engaged a person is, the more likely they are to experience overall positive affect while performing at a high level. This research builds on theories of engagement, Flow Theory, and Cognitive Load Theory, to operationalize engagement in terms of cognitive load, affect, and performance. An adaptive algorithm was then developed to test the proposed operationalization of engagement. Using a puzzle-based video game, player performance and engagement was compared across three conditions: adaptive gameplay, a traditional linear gameplay, and choice-based gameplay. Results show that those in the adaptive gameplay condition performed higher compared to those in the other two conditions without any degradation of overall affect or self-report of engagement.
Tapeta Lucida in the Eyes of Goatsuckers (Caprimulgidae)

Goatsuckers (Caprimulgiformes) have eyeshine owing to the presence of a tapetum lucidum. Eyes of nighthawks Chordeiles minor , poor-wills Phalaeoptilus nattallii , pauraques Nyctidromus albicollis , and a chuck-will9s-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis were examined. Rods, single and double cones were present; the cones contained oil droplets. A white diffusely reflecting tapetum was observed in dark-adapted eyes of poor-wills; it was localized in the pigment epithelium of the dorsal and posterior fundus. Processes of the pigment epithelium contained numerous tapetal spheres, about 0.5 µm in diameter. The pigment epithelium also contained phagosomes and melanosomes. The tapetum is a lipid type, the reflecting material is removed by lipid solvent and coloured by lipid stains.
Chronological strategies and metal fluxes in semi-arid lake sediments

Abstract The largest flux of sediments to a semi-arid lake (Barrett Reservoir) was stream influx after the winter rains. During the times of no stream flow, resuspension of previously deposited material dominated. Direct atmospheric transport was minor but atmospheric particulates were evident in the sediments due to stream influx of particles containing a significant atmospherically derived component. Only an anthropogenic lead influx was measurable in the sedimentary record due to the high sedimentation rate. In semi-arid areas where intermittent stream flow occurs, more than one technique must be used to obtain an overall sedimentation rate.
Rehearsals and Roles: Youth Participation Frameworks in One Youth Organization.

Abstract This paper explores rehearsals as a central learning structure of an urban youth organization. Drawing on research in participation, expertise, activity, multiliteracies, and situated cognition, it seeks to understand the extent to which the infrequently studied activity of rehearsal provides a space for cognitive growth. Using thematic coding and discourse analysis I examine transcripts of both brief informal rehearsals and more formal examples to determine what kinds of interactions are most prevalent. In these examples, amount of speech by the youth was not always a good indicator of role development; instead, the assessments youth made or ratified played a much more important part in role development. The rehearsals go well beyond the putative purpose of memorizing lines, instead becoming opportunities for the youth to analyze both their own role development and the audiences to whom they will present.
The News Media, the Conservative Echo Chamber, and the Battle over ACORN: How Two Academics Fought in the Framing Wars

This paper examines the evolution of a major national political controversy, how the media handled it, and how the authors participated in it. The controversy involved the community organizing group ACORN, which conservatives generally, and the Republican Party in particular, sought to demonize and weaken, before, during, and after the 2008 Presidential election, in order to undermine ACORN's voter registration efforts, help elect GOP candidates, and, after the election, delegitimize President Barack Obama and his liberal policy agenda. Interested in how the mainstream media, as well as the conservative echo chamber (TV and radio talk shows, blogs and websites, publications, and think tanks), reported and created a “controversy,” the authors conducted a rigorous content analysis of media coverage of the ACORN, examining how the controversy got on the public agenda and, once there, how mainstream media “framed” the story in ways that reflected the conservative perspective. By the time the report was releas...
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation in guinea-pig brain slices: effect of H1- and H2-histaminergic agonists.

—A variety of histamine analogs elicit accumulations of radioactive cyclic AMP in guinea-pig neocortical and hippocampal slices labelled during a prior incubation with [14C]adenine. The H1agonist, 2-aminoethylthiazole, elicits accumulation of cyclic AMP in neocortical and hippocampal slices both in the absence or presence of adenosine. The presence of adenosine increases the maximum response to 2-aminoethylthiazole and decreases the EC50 by nearly 10-fold. In the absence of adenosine the effects of 2-aminoethylthiazole are antagonized in hippocampal slices by both d-brompheniramine and metiamide, while in the presence of adenosine only d-brompheniramine is an effective antagonist. The H2-agonist, 4-methylhistamine, elicits a somewhat smaller accumulation of cyclic AMP than does 2-aminoethylthiazole in both cortical and hippocampal slices. In the presence of adenosine the response to 4-methylhistamine is enhanced, but is markedly lower than that seen with the combination of adenosine and 2-aminoethylthiazole. The dose-response relationship for 4-methylhistamine in the presence of adenosine appears in hippocampal slices to consist of two components. The response to 4-methylhistamine in the absence of adenosine is blocked by metiamide, while in the presence of adenosine the response is partially blocked by both H1 and H2-antagonists. The accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by histamine is greatly increased by adenosine but the EC50 is not significantly decreased. The results suggest that (i) both H1- and H2-receptors regulate cyclic AMP-formation in the central nervous system, (ii) the synergism between adenosine and histamine is mediated primarily by interaction with H1-receptors and (iii) that adenosine greatly increases the affinity of the H1-receptors for both H1 and H2-agonists without affecting its affinity for histamine.
Bryostatin-1 Restores Hippocampal Synapses and Spatial Learning and Memory in Adult Fragile X Mice

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by transcriptional silencing in neurons of the FMR1 gene product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a repressor of dendritic mRNA translation. The lack of FMRP leads to dysregulation of synaptically driven protein synthesis and impairments of intellect, cognition, and behavior, a disorder that currently has no effective therapeutics. Fragile X mice were treated with chronic bryostatin-1, a relatively selective protein kinase e activator with pharmacological profiles of rapid mGluR desensitization, synaptogenesis, and synaptic maturation/repairing. Differences in the major FXS phenotypes, synapses, and cognitive functions were evaluated and compared among the age-matched groups. Long-term treatment with bryostatin-1 rescues adult fragile X mice from the disorder phenotypes, including normalization of most FXS abnormalities in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and secretion, postsynaptic density-95 levels, glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation, transformation of immature dendritic spines to mature synapses, densities of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, and spatial learning and memory. Our results show that synaptic and cognitive function of adult FXS mice can be normalized through pharmacologic treatment and that bryostatin-1-like agents may represent a novel class of drugs to treat fragile X mental retardation even after postpartum brain development has largely completed.
Exact solutions for perpendicular susceptibilities of kagomé and decorated-kagomé Ising models

For more than two decades, exact and explicit solutions for the initial isothermal transverse susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(T) of the quantum-mechanical Ising model ferromagnet have been known on the honeycomb, square, and triangular lattices but not as yet on the kagom\'e lattice which is the only other regular lattice in two dimensions. Recently, however, exact solutions have been found for localized even-number correlations of the ferromagnetic kagom\'e Ising model, rendering its ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(T) exactly calculable. Similar to the other three regular lattices, the resulting continuous curve for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(T)/${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(0) shows both a weak (energy-type) singularity at the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ where ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(${T}_{c}$)/${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(0)=1.1426. . . and a rounded maximum at ${T}_{\mathrm{max}g{T}_{c}}$ with the parameters of this maximum given by ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{\mathrm{max}}$/${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(0)=1.1945. . . at ${T}_{\mathrm{max}}$/${T}_{c}$=1.0994. . . . The exact solution for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(T) of the decorated-kagom\'e Ising-model ferromagnet is also obtained having modified features illustrating the effects of the decoration spins (singly decorated bonds) upon ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$(T).
Material characterization of beryllium mirrors exhibiting anomalous scatter

To understand the origin of anomalous scatter it is necessary to consider materials-related features which might be responsible for this anomalous behavior. In this study, a variety of material characteristics of a subset of the beryllium mirrors used in an investigation of anomalous scatter by Stover et. al. (1989) is presented, including the near-surface chemical composition, grain size, surface particulate density, and ultraviolet-visible reflectance values. These material characteristics are compared with the anomalous scatter level reported by Stover for the same mirrors. One mirror (B-85), which exhibits a high level of anomalous scatter, was found to have larger grain size (about 28 microns) and a high density of localized surface porosity, compared to other mirror samples with lower levels of anomalous scatter.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The most-cited scholars in criminology: A comparison of textbooks and journals

Abstract This analysis brings up-to-date an earlier study which reported the most-cited scholars in twenty introductory criminology textbooks published from 1976 to 1980. Twenty-three criminology textbooks published from 1989 to 1993 were examined to rank the most-cited scholars. These rankings were then compared to the earlier study and to an additional study's rankings of the most-cited scholars in three leading criminology journals published from 1986 to 1990. A higher level of agreement was found between the lists of the most-cited scholars in the older and the newer textbooks than between the lists of the most-cited scholars in the newer textbooks and the journals.
Daily Goals, Life Goals, and Worst Fears: Means, Ends, and Subjective Well-Being

This study addressed the relations among personal strivings (daily goals) and future life goals and worst fears. Eighty undergraduate partici- pants (62 women, 18 men) listed their daily goals, their ultimate life goals, and their worst fears, and completed questionnaire measures of subjective well- being. Daily goals were content-analyzed for relevance to attaining life goals or avoiding worst fears. Daily goals that were instrumental to life goals or that avoided worst fears were rated as more important but also more difficult by participants. Working on daily goals avoiding one's worst fears was negatively related to measures of subjective well-being, controlling for daily goal progress, difficulty, ambivalence, and importance. Working on daily goals that were instrumental to one's life goals only weakly predicted well-being. The avoidance of worst fears interacted with daily goal appraisals such that individuals who experienced little progress at daily goals that served to avoid their "worst case
Alternative for Quantifying Field-Overhead Damages

The context of delays significantly affects delay responsibility. Among other things, recoverable damages for a delay should be related to the timing of the corresponding delay and its effect on indirect costs. This paper presents an alternative and integrated approach for quantifying and apportioning delay responsibility. It considers the context of a delay in terms of its timing and the degree of suspension during the course of a project. The proposed approach allocates project-site overhead costs onto schedule activities. It then helps track site overhead damages in a “real-time” manner while schedule-window analysis is employed to analyze the delay. A case study is used to illustrate its application. Results infer that the conventional daily overhead rate-based method can cause double payments because conventional recovery possibly covers parts of field overhead already paid from the original contract. This new approach also enables the application of the comparative negligence doctrine when concurren...
First ichnofossils of flank‐buttressed trees (late Eocene), Fayum Depression, Egypt

Ichnofossils of flank‐buttressed trees are reported from upper Eocene coastal deposits in the Fayum Depression of northern Egypt. These ichnofossils represent the only known direct ichnofossil evidence for flank‐buttressing of trees. In living trees flank‐buttresses compensate for poor attachment to the soil surface caused by high water tables, poorly cohesive substrates or shallow soil profiles. Flank‐buttressing is confined to trees living in subtropical and tropical climates. The fossil flank buttresses support the idea that the Fayum area had a tropical climate and high water tables with low oxygen contents in the late Eocene, although it is unclear whether the fossils represent terra‐firma or mangrove forests.
Numerical Comparisons of Inventory Policies for Periodic Review Systems

This paper studies the numerical computation of the two parameters the reorder level s and the order up to level S of inventory policies for discrete time shortage cost systems. Our goal is to obtain approximately optimal policies with little computational effort. The paper introduces three new methods that are designed to achieve this goal. Two of the methods are shortcuts based on the method of Freeland and Porteus and one is a heuristic that makes several modifications to a standard continuous review approximation. The paper provides a fairly detailed survey of other methods for easily computing approximately optimal inventory policies. It then numerically compares all these methods on a reasonably broad range of problems. One of the shortcuts and the new heuristic method performed very well: the percentage error of their average costs was approximately 1%. Some commonly cited competing methods had percentage errors of over 10% and a commonly cited continuous review approximation had a percentage error of over 80%. To study the effect of extreme parameter choices in the test bed, the paper introduces a procedure to determine a subset of the parameter values, called the 1% contiguous test bed, for which each method performed well. The results show that, depending on the range of values that apply in a given practical situation, either i any of a large number of methods will yield good performance or ii a carefully selected method can achieve superior performance.
Valence of Arousal and Emotive Imagery

Valence of affective arousal on effectiveness of in vivo emotive imagery was explored. The 34 subjects were pretested for tolerance to discomfort, then instructed in and assessed for imagery produc...
Do other-regarding preferences change with age? Evidence from a gift exchange experiment

Abstract A series of laboratory experiments investigate potential differences in other-regarding behavior by age of participant. Specifically, a gift exchange experiment is conducted with eighth graders, high school seniors, undergraduates, and working adults, all with similar observable demographic characteristics. All groups exhibit significant levels of gift exchange. Eighth graders exhibit significantly less gift exchange than other groups whereas the responses of other groups do not appear to differ. The findings indicate that other-regarding behavior is present, but still developing in adolescents and undergraduate subjects in gift exchange experiments exhibit similar behavior to adults with similar observable characteristics.
Protein and energy requirements of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Abstract Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of protein and energy on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) grown in a low salinity environment. In each experiment, increased dietary energy resulted in decreased growth, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, and feed utilization. Whole body lipid tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid. Data from experiment 1 indicated that 35% protein and 1.70 × 10 4 kJ/g were adequate for good growth and high quality body composition (i.e., low fat and high protein) in red drum reared at 22–26°C. Red drum in the second study, reared at 26–33°C, grew best when fed to satiation on a 44% protein diet at dietary energy levels of 1.54 × 10 4 and 1.72 × 10 4 kJ/g. In addition, higher levels of dietary carbohydrate and lipid were associated with an increased hepatosomatic index.
An ode to symmetry

In Almost Like a Whale, geneticist Steve Jones 'updated' Darwin's Origin of Species. Now in Coral: A Pessimist in Paradise, he does the same for Darwin's earlier Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. With 150 years or so of hindsight, and with coral in the news as a victim of climate change, Jones has plenty of material to play with. Daniel Pauly — who says he'd have bought the book just for the cover — reviews Coral as one of the 'good reads' in this year's Spring Books special. Elsewhere, Kathleen Taylor reviews The Canon by Natalie Angier. This targets the same market as Bill Bryson's A Short History of Nearly Everything but takes a different tack — and is shorter! Pat Shipman reviews The Invisible Sex, an antidote to male-dominated anthropology.
Pulmonary MR angiography with contrast agent at 4 Tesla: a preliminary result.

In this study, pulmonary MR angiography (MRA) using a tailored coil at 4 Tesla in conjunction with an intravenous injection of contrast agent is described. Three-dimensional gradient-echo images were obtained during the intravenous injection of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mmol/kg body weight of gadodiamide to investigate the signal enhancement effect of the contrast agent in pulmonary arteries qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative analysis, the subsegmental branches were visualized on every dose. In the quantitative analysis, the average contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of the main pulmonary arteries increased in a dose-dependent manner. However, the CNRs of segmental arteries did not increase as the dose of contrast agent increased, as observed at 1.5 Tesla MRI. These observations demonstrate the feasibility of delineating the pulmonary vasculature using a contrast agent; however, our results also suggest possible high-field-related disabilities that need to be overcome before high-field (≥4 Tesla) MRI can be used to full advantage. Magn Reson Med 46:1028–1030, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Self-encapsulation effects on the electromigration resistance of silver lines

Abstract Silver, the most conductive room-temperature material, has drawn attention as a potential interconnect replacement material. In this study, Ag lines were self-encapsulated by annealing a Ag/Ti/SiO2/Si structure in a flowing NH3 ambient. The microstructure of this structure after the anneal was studied by the use of cross-section transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). Upon the anneal, the Ag surface was encapsulated by a TiN(O) layer, and a bilayer formed at the initial Ti/SiO2 interface. Electromigration testing shows that the self-encapsulation process improved the electromigration resistance of the Ag lines substantially by inhibition of the surface diffusion of Ag atoms.
A method to improve accuracy and precision of water surface identification for photon depth dose measurements.

The objective of this study is to present a method to reduce the setup error inherent in clinical depth dose measurements and, in doing so, to improve entrance dosimetry measurement reliability. Ionization chamber (IC) depth dose measurements are acquired with the depth scan extended into the air above the water surface. An inflection region is obtained in each resulting percent depth ionization (PDI) curve that can be matched against other measurements or to an inflection region obtained from an analogous Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Measurements are made with various field sizes for the 6 and 18 MV photon beams, with and without a Pb foil in the beam, to determine the sensitivity of the dose inflection region to the beam conditions. The offset between reference and test data set inflection regions is quantified using two separate methods. When comparing sets of measured data, maxima in the second derivative of ionization are compared. When comparing measured data to MC simulation, the offset that minimizes the sum of squared differences between the reference and test curves in the ionization inflection region is found. These methods can be used to quantify the offset between an initial setup (test) position and the true surfacemore » (reference) position. The ionization inflection location is found to be insensitive to changes in field size, electron contamination, and beam energy. Data from a single reference condition should be sufficient to identify the surface location. The method of determining IC offsets is general and should be applicable to any IC and other radiation sources. The measurement method could reduce the time and effort required in the initial IC setup at a water surface as setup errors can be corrected offline. Given a reliable set of reference data to compare with, this method could increase the ability of quality assurance (QA) measurements to detect discrepancies in beam output as opposed to discrepancies in IC localization. Application of the measurement method standardizes the procedure for localizing cylindrical ICs at a water surface and thereby improves the reliability of measurements taken with these devices at all depths.« less
Acute changes in postural control after soccer heading.

This study intended to determine if an acute bout of soccer heading alters postural control and pronounced self-reported symptoms of cerebral concussion. Collegiate soccer players were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Each participant completed a baseline postural control assessment prior to heading. Participants either simulated (control group; CG) or performed (experimental group; EG) 10 headers at 11.2 m/s in 10 min. The postural assessment was repeated post heading at hrs 1, 24, and 48. The postural control parameter assessed was the root mean square (RMS) of the center of mass (COM). COM RMS were calculated for the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) time series. Compared to the CG, for the AP and ML time series COM RMS values were significantly higher in the EG at hr 24 (p
Use and Misuse of No-Difference Findings in Eliminating Threats To Validity:

Donald Campbell and his colleagues have elaborated an approach to research based on the elimination of threats to four validity types: internal, external, construct, and statistical conclusion. The...
A Study of the Effects of Baffles on Rotating Compressible Flows

Onsager’s pancake equation for the fluid dynamics of a gas centrifuge is modified for the case of centrifuges with baffles which render the flow domain doubly connected. A finite element algorithm is used for solving the mathematical model and to compute numerical examples for flow fields induced by thermal boundary conditions and by mass injection and extraction.
Isolation of dendrodendritic synapses from swine olfactory bulbs

Dendrodendritic synapses from swine olfactory bulbs were isolated by homogenization of the gray layer, followed by centrufugation at1000 × g. Centrifugation of the supernatant at10,000 × g revealed that all dendrodendritic synapses had pelleted at1000 × g. The upper portion of the1000 × g pellet was further purified in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, and each resultant fraction was examined by electron microscopy. The dendrodendritic synapses band blow the 1.2–1.4M sucrose interface, appear to be minimally contaminated with other membranous elements, and have retained their adhesions. The banding pattern and relative amounts of proteins from dendrodendritic synaptosomes were very similar to those of axonal synaptomes as determined by electrophoresis on polycrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 8M urea.
The subcellular location of isozymes of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase in tissues from pig, ox and rat

Abstract Antibodies against purified NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase from pig liver cytosol and pig heart were raised in rabbits. The purified enzymes from these sources are different proteins, as demonstrated by differences in electrophoretic mobility and absence of crossreactivity by immunotitration and immunodiffusion. The NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase in the soluble supernatant homogenate fraction from pig liver, kidney cortex, brain and erythrocyte hemolyzate was identical with the purified enzyme from pig liver cytosol, as determined by electrophoretic mobility and immunological techniques. The enzyme in extracts of michondria from pig heart, kidney, liver and brain was identical with the purified pig heart enzyme by the same criteria. However, the ‘mitochondrial’ isozyme was the major component also in the soluble supernatant fraction of pig heart homogenate. The ‘cytosolic’ isozyme accounted for only 1–2% of total NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase in pig heart, as determined by separation of the isozymes with agarose gel electrophoresis and immunotitration. The mitochondrial isozyme was also the predominant NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase in porcine skeletal muscle. The ratio of cytosolic/mitochondrial isozyme for porcine whole tissue extract, determined by immunotitration, was about 2 for liver and 1 for kidney cortex and brain. The distribution of isozymes in cell homogenate fractions from ox and rat tissues corresponded to that observed in organs of porcine origin. The mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes from ox and rat tissues exhibited crossreactivity with the antibodies against the pig heart and pig liver cytosol enzyme, respectively, and the electrophoretic migration patterns were similar qualitatively to those found for the isozymes in porcine tissues. Nevertheless, there were species specific differences in the characteristics of each of the corresponding isozymes. NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase was not inhibited by the antibodies, confirming that the protein is distinct from that of either isozyme of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase.
A systematic review of neuroprotective strategies after cardiac arrest: from bench to bedside (Part I – Protection via specific pathways)

Neurocognitive deficits are a major source of morbidity in survivors of cardiac arrest. Treatment options that could be implemented either during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or after return of spontaneous circulation to improve these neurological deficits are limited. We conducted a literature review of treatment protocols designed to evaluate neurologic outcome and survival following cardiac arrest with associated global cerebral ischemia. The search was limited to investigational therapies that were utilized to treat global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest. In this review we discuss potential mechanisms of neurologic protection following cardiac arrest including actions of several medical gases such as xenon, argon, and nitric oxide. The 3 included mechanisms are: 1. Modulation of neuronal cell death; 2. Alteration of oxygen free radicals; and 3. Improving cerebral hemodynamics. Only a few approaches have been evaluated in limited fashion in cardiac arrest patients and results show inconclusive neuroprotective effects. Future research focusing on combined neuroprotective strategies that target multiple pathways are compelling in the setting of global brain ischemia resulting from cardiac arrest.
Recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals sixteen years after application

Little is known of the long-term fate of biosolids-applied heavy metals in soil. The objective of this study was to quantify percent recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals i a well-drained soil. Three annual applications of biosolids resulted in cumulative biosolids loadings of 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha{sup {minus}1}. Cumulative metal loadings for the 180 Mg ha{sup {minus}1} biosolids rate were 25, 141, 127, 43, 173, and 348 kg ha{sup {minus}1} for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Soils were sampled to a depth of 0.9 m. Soil organic carbon (OC) was measured. Soil was extracted with 1 M HNO{sub 3} and metals were determined in the supernatants. Soil OC concentrations were linearly correlated to biosolids loadings and did not change significantly during the 16 yr after biosolids applications. Concentrations of extractable Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in biosolids-treated soils were much greater than the control to a depth of 0.30 m, slightly greater at 0.30 to 0.45 m and same as the control below 0.45 m. For the 180 Mg ha{sup {minus}1} biosolids loading, percent recoveries for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 112, 59, 119, 114, 102, and 97%, respectively. Lowmore » recovery of Cr was probably due to incomplete extraction from the soil. These results show that complete recovery of biosolids-applied heavy metals is possible when plot size is large enough to prevent cross-mixing of treated soils during tillage operations and when sediment losses are minimal.« less
Association between Computed Tissue Density Asymmetry in Bilateral Mammograms and Near‐term Breast Cancer Risk

This study investigated association between bilateral mammographic density asymmetry and near-term breast cancer risk. A data base of digital mammograms acquired from 690 women was retrospectively collected. All images were originally interpreted as negative by radiologists. During the next subsequent screening examinations (between 12 and 36 months later), 230 women were diagnosed positive for cancer, 230 were recalled for additional diagnostic workups and proved to be benign, and 230 remained negative (not recalled). We applied a computerized scheme to compute the differences of five image features between the left and right mammograms, and trained an artificial neural network (ANN) to compute a bilateral mammographic density asymmetry score. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess associations between the ANN-generated scores and risk of women having detectable cancers during the next screening examinations. A logistic regression method was applied to test for trend as a function of the increase in ANN-generated scores. The results were also compared with ORs computed using other existing cancer risk factors. The ORs showed an increasing risk trend with the increase in ANN-generated scores (from 1.00 to 9.07 between positive and negative case groups). The regression analysis also showed a significant increase trend in slope (p < 0.05). No significant increase trends of the ORs were found when using woman's age, subjectively rated breast density, or family history of breast cancer. This study demonstrated that the computed bilateral mammographic density asymmetry had potential to be used as a new risk factor to improve discriminatory power in predicting near-term risk of women developing breast cancer.
Piaget's conservation tasks: The logical and development priority of identity conservation ☆

Abstract The present research has investigated Elkind's conceptual distinction between identity conservation and equivalence conservation. Although Piaget's description and analysis of conservation acquisition rests primarily on considerations of identity conservation, his assessment format has been exclusively equivalence conservation. The present argument contends that equivalence conservation subsumes identity conservation ability, but also includes a necessary logical deduction sequence for adequate equivalence conservation performance. Accordingly, identity conservation should be an earlier developmental acquisition than equivalence conservation. Appropriate settings were devised for identity and equivalence conservation assessment which equated the two conservation tasks in terms of perceptual cues and memory requirements. The tasks were administered, in a nonrepeated measures design, to equal numbers of males and females at the kindergarten, first, and second grade levels. A nonparametric multiple contingency analysis revealed that the main effects of conservation task type, age levels, and the sex dichotomy were significant. It was concluded that identity conservation definitely precedes equivalence conservation as a developmental achievement. Accordingly, Piaget's view of identity and equivalence conservation as simultaneous or concommitant developments is erroneous. Identity conservation cannot be adequately assessed in the conventional paired-stimulus format, and care should be taken in considering identity processes or explanatory concepts as a complete description of equivalence conservation achievement.
Consistency of implications of three role stressors across four countries

Summary Relationships between role stressors (ambiguity, overload, and conflict), anxiety, commitment (affective and continuance), and turnover intention were examined. These variables were measured via a survey of 1396 nurses in a total of 15 hospitals in Hungary, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Three role stressors were expected to predict anxiety and indirectly predict intention to leave. Anxiety was expected to predict affective and continuance commitment, and anxiety, affective commitment, and continuance commitment were expected to predict intention to leave the hospital. Although mean score differences were expected across countries, direction of the relationships between variables were expected to be the same, which would indicate consistency regarding the implications of three role stressors across countries. AMOS’s structural equations modeling program was used to test a multi-group manifest variable path analysis. Results yielded support for the proposed relationships (NFI ¼ 0.93; TLI ¼ 0.89). It was tentatively concluded that stress is a culture-general process. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.