cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A metrical theory of Korean word prosody

The location or even the existence of stress in Korean has been contro - versial. At the same time, it has been widely assumed that Korean has phonemi- cally long vowels, allowed in the phrase-initial position. This article considers these two key issues of Korean word-level prosody anew. I claim that the long vowel in Chonnam and Traditional Seoul dialect is an acoustic manifestation of the metrical head, and show that an analysis based on accent rather than phono - logical vowel length yields a simpler account of the vowel shortening in verbal suffixation. I propose that in Chonnam and Traditional Seoul, there is a two- syllable left-edge window, where stress falls on the initial syllable if accented and, otherwise, on the second syllable. Acoustic analyses show that duration, pitch, and intensity all have significant effects in predicting the location of metri- cal head in Chonnam. In Traditional Seoul, however, only duration and second syllable pitch have such effects. I argue that the weaker relics of metrical promi- nence in Traditional Seoul reflect the historical shift of its prosodic system from lexical to phrasal. Implications of the metrical head on the Accentual Phrase the- ory of Korean (Jun 1993) are discussed with focus on the interpretation of pitch in Korean phonology.
Common Morality, Coherence, and the Principles of Biomedical Ethics *

The fifth edition of Beauchamp and Childress's Principles of Bio- medical Ethics is distinguished by its emphatic embrace of common morality as the ultimate source of moral norms. This essay critically evaluates the fifth edition's discussion of common morality and, to a lesser extent, its treatment of coherence (both the model of ethical justification and the associated concept). It is argued that the book is overly accommodating of existing moral beliefs. The paper con- cludes with three suggestions for improving this leading text.
Trends in nuclear reaction cross sections (I) the (n, p) reaction induced by 14 MeV neutrons

Abstract A compilation has been made of all reported (n, p) cross sections induced by neutrons approximately 14 MeV in energy. A study of these experimental values revealed certain trends which permitted the prediction of the (n, p) cross sections at 14 MeV of all of the isotopes of all elements with atomic numbers in the range 6 ≦ Z ≦ 94 except for five elements. The cross sections are predicted using an equation that is a function only of the atomic number and the atomic weight. The equation also states that the cross section of each succeeding isotope for a given atomic number is one-half of the value of the preceding isotope. An attempt is made to show that the equation is reasonable from the point of view of the statistical model.
Highly proton conductive electrolyte membranes: Fiber-induced long-range ionic channels

Novel conductive inorganic fiber/polymer hybrid proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were obtained by taking advantage of sulfated zirconia (S-ZrO2) fibers made by electrospinning and post-electrospinning processes. Induced by electrospun inorganic fibers, long-range ionic channels were formed by agglomerating functional groups, which served as continuous hopping pathways for protons and significantly improved the proton conductivity of PEMs.
Development of material quality and structural design for high performance Type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes and focal plane arrays

Recent progress made in the structure design, growth and processing of Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors lifted both the quantum efficiency and the R0A product of the detectors. Type-II superlattice demonstrated its ability to perform imaging in the Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR) and Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) ranges, becoming a potential competitor for technologies such as Quantum Well Infrared Photo-detectors (QWIP) and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT). Using an empirical tight-binding model, we developed superlattices designs that were nearly lattice-matched to the GaSb substrates and presented cutoff wavelengths of 5 and 11 μm. We demonstrated high quality material growth with X-ray FWHM below 30 arcsec and an AFM rms roughness of 1.5 a over an area of 20x20 μm2. The detectors with a 5 μm cutoff, capable of operating at room temperature, showed a R0A of 1.25 106 Ω.cm2 at 77K, and a quantum efficiency of 32%. In the long wavelength infrared, we demonstrated high quantum efficiencies above 50% with high R0A products of 12 Ω.cm2 by increasing the thickness of the active region. Using the novel M-structure superlattice design, more than one order of magnitude improvement has been observed for electrical performance of the devices. Focal plane arrays in the middle and long infrared range, hybridized to an Indigo read out integrated circuit, exhibited high quality imaging.
A Multifaceted Analysis of Tourism Satisfaction

The objective of this research was to provide empirical evidence that satisfaction with travel and tourism services is the result of satisfaction during various stages of the tourism experience. The Leiper model of the tourism system was used as the theoretical underpinning from which a structural model was generated and analyzed. Data were collected via self-reported measure from Virginians who had recently traveled. LISREL-8 was used with the Maximum Likelihood Method of Estimation. The findings indicated that tourists' level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction during various stages of travel affect their overall satisfaction with travel and tourism services.
Pacemaker-induced friction rub and apical thrill.

A patient with acute myocardial infarction developed a loud systolic sound and apical thrill. Doppler ultrasound excluded interventricular septal rupture and significant mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. Auscultatory abnormalities disappeared after removal of a temporary pacing electrode, suggesting that the friction it created with intracardiac structures was responsible for these findings. (Chest 1992; 102:323–24)
Steady state of an inhibitory neural network.

We investigate the dynamics of a neural network where each neuron evolves according to the combined effects of deterministic integrate-and-fire dynamics and purely inhibitory coupling with K randomly chosen ``neighbors.'' The inhibition reduces the voltage of a given neuron by an amount $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ when one of its neighbors fires. The interplay between the integration and inhibition leads to a steady state that is determined by solving the rate equations for the neuronal voltage distribution. We also study the evolution of a single neuron and find that the mean lifetime between firing events equals $1+K\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and that the probability that a neuron has not yet fired decays exponentially with time.
Walter S. Sullivan (1918-1996)

On March 19, 1996, the scientific community lost one of its greatest champions and chroniclers, Walter S. Sullivan. He died in his home in Riverside, Conn. Sullivan was the first recipient of the American Geophysical Union's Award for Excellence in Science Journalism, which appropriately bears his name. Born on January 18, 1918, he joined The New York Times as a copy boy in 1940. After serving in the Navy during World War II, he became a foreign correspondent for the Times in 1946, only making a definitive switch to science reporting 10 years later, immediately before the International Geophysical Year, whose story he eloquently detailed. He joined AGU in 1957 and remained a member until his death. In 1962, he became the science news editor of the Times and, from 1964 until his retirement in 1987, he was the overall science editor. He continued his science writing into retirement, coming into the office to write an occasional article until shortly before his death.
Role of Physical Activity and Diet After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis

This review summarizes the evidence regarding physical activity and diet after colorectal cancer diagnosis in relation to quality of life, disease recurrence, and survival. There have been extensive reports on adiposity, inactivity, and certain diets, particularly those high in red and processed meats, and increased risk of colorectal cancer. Only in the past decade have data emerged on how such lifestyle factors are associated with outcomes in colorectal cancer survivors. Prospective observational studies have consistently reported that physical activity after colorectal cancer diagnosis reduces mortality. A meta-analysis estimated that each 15 metabolic equivalent task-hour per week increase in physical activity after colorectal cancer diagnosis was associated with a 38% lower risk of mortality. No randomized controlled trials have been completed to confirm that physical activity lowers risk of mortality among colorectal cancer survivors; however, trials have shown that physical activity, including stru...
Mentorship in Academic Medicine

b p e o t Medicine and science have become increasingly complex, involving individual pursuits, collaborative efforts, and institutional and national objectives, all in the context of a dynamic society and government. To that end, mentorship requires even more attention for trainees, new faculty members, and even established faculty members in an academic medical setting. In fact, Feldman et al1 recently observed that having a mentor was associated with greater satisfaction with time allocation at work and with higher academic self-efficacy compared with those without a mentor. This commentary covers definitions of mentorship in academic medicine, identifies the constituencies, clarifies the specific issues between mentor and mentee, underscores milestones and targets, proposes how to measure outcomes, and suggests approaches to mentorship that might be applicable nationally. The importance of mentorship in community practice is highly relevant and will be covered in a future article in this section.
Enantiomer-specific selection of amino acids

Dietary intake of l-amino acids impacts on several physiological functions, including the control of gastrointestinal motility, pancreatic secretion, and appetite. However, the biological mechanisms regulating behavioral predilections for certain amino acid types remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that, in mice, the potency with which a given glucogenic amino acid increases glucose utilization reflects its rewarding properties. We have found that: (1) during long-, but not short-, term preference tests, l-alanine and l-serine were preferred over their d-enantiomer counterparts, while no such effect was observed for l-threonine vs. d-threonine; (2) these behavioral patterns were closely associated with the ability of l-amino acids to promote increases in respiratory exchange ratios such that those, and only those, l-amino acids able to promote increases in respiratory exchange ratios were preferred over their d-isomers; (3) these behavioral preferences were independent of gustatory influences, since taste-deficient Trpm5 knockout mice displayed ingestive responses very similar to those of their wild-type counterparts. We conclude that the ability to promote increases in respiratory exchange ratios enhances the reward value of nutritionally relevant amino acids and suggest a mechanistic link between substrate utilization and amino acid preferences.
Choline phospholipid metabolites of human vascular endothelial cells altered by cyclooxygenase inhibition, growth factor depletion, and paracrine factors secreted by cancer cells.

Magnetic resonance studies have previously shown that solid tumors and cancer cells in culture typically exhibit high phosphocholine and total choline. Treatment of cancer cells with the anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin (INDO), reverted the phenotype of choline phospholipid metabolites in cancer cells towards a less malignant phenotype. Since endothelial cells form a key component of tumor vasculature, in this study, we used MR spectroscopy to characterize the phenotype of choline phospholipid metabolites in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We determined the effect of growth factors, the anti-inflammatory agent INDO, and conditioned media obtained from a malignant cell line, on choline phospholipid metabolites. Growth factor depletion or treatment with INDO induced similar changes in the choline phospholipid metabolites of HUVECs. Treatment with conditioned medium obtained from MDA-MB-231 cancer cells induced changes similar to the presence of growth factor supplements. These results suggest that cancer cells secrete growth factors and/or other molecules that influence the choline phospholipid metabolism of HUVECs. The ability of INDO to alter choline phospholipid metabolism in the presence of growth factor supplements suggests that the inflammatory response pathways of HUVECs may play a role in cancer cell – HUVEC interaction and in the response of HUVECs to growth factors. Mol Imaging (2003) 2, 124 – 130.
Low- and ultra low-power arithmetic units: design and comparison

Design guidelines for low- and ultra low-power arithmetic units are presented. We analyze structures for addition in the energy-delay space to determine the most suitable for these regions of operations. This paper demonstrates that the use of more complex high-performance structures combined with scaling of the supply-voltage outperforms traditional low-power oriented designs in the low- and ultra low-power domain.
Shift-full-rank matrices and applications in space-time trellis codes for relay networks with asynchronous cooperative diversity

To achieve full cooperative diversity in a relay network, most of the existing space-time coding schemes require the synchronization between terminals. A family of space-time trellis codes that achieve full cooperative diversity order without the assumption of synchronization has been recently proposed. The family is based on the stack construction by Hammons and El Gamal and its generalizations by Lu and Kumar. It has been shown that the construction of such a family is equivalent to the construction of binary matrices that have full row rank no matter how their rows are shifted, where a row corresponds to a terminal (or transmit antenna) and its length corresponds to the memory size of the trellis code on that terminal. We call such matrices as shift-full-rank (SFR) matrices. A family of SFR matrices has been also constructed, but the memory sizes of the corresponding space-time trellis codes (the number of columns of SFR matrices) grow exponentially in terms of the number of terminals (the number of rows of SFR matrices), which may cause a high decoding complexity when the number of terminals is not small. In this paper, we systematically study and construct SFR matrices of any sizes for any number of terminals. Furthermore, we construct shortest (square) SFR (SSFR) matrices that correspond to space-time trellis codes with the smallest memory sizes and asynchronous full cooperative diversity. We also present some simulation results to illustrate the performances of the space-time trellis codes associated with SFR matrices in asynchronous cooperative communications.
The Effects of Nanostructure on the Strengthening of NiAl

The relationship between microhardness and grain size was investigated for nanocrystalline and coarse-grained stoichiometric intermetallic NiAl. The nanocrystalline NiAl specimens were synthesized through mechanical alloying with a high-energy Spex 8000 shaker mill and consolidated by shock compaction at a peak pressure of 4–6 GPa, to 83% dense compacts. The nanocrystalline NiAl compacts were also sintered at 1073, 1173 and 1473 K for 2 h. The Vickers hardness of consolidated and sintered NiAl was determined by microhardness testing, and the grain size and microstructure were investigated with transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the hardness values increased with decreasing grain size of the NiAl alloy. The Vickers hardness values were approximately 650±16, 690±6, 800±43 HV, respectively for NiAl with grain-sizes corresponding to approximately 27±18, 11±6 and 9±6 nm. The possible strengthening mechanisms operating in NiAl are discussed.
A review of sleep deprivation studies evaluating the brain transcriptome

Epidemiological studies show a positive association between adequate sleep and good health. Further, disrupted sleep may increase the risk for CNS diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. However, there has been limited progress in determining how sleep is linked to brain health or how sleep disruption may increase susceptibility to brain insult and disease. Animal studies can aid in understanding these links. In reviewing the animal literature related to the effects of sleep disruption on the brain, we found most of the work was directed toward investigating and characterizing the role of various brain areas or structures in initiating and regulating sleep. In contrast, limited effort has been directed towards understanding how sleep disruption alters the brain’s health or susceptibility to insult. We also note many current studies have determined the changes in the brain following compromised sleep by examining, for example, the brain transcriptome or to a more limited extent the proteome. However, these studies have utilized almost exclusively total sleep deprivation (e.g., 24 out of 24 hours) paradigms or single short periods of limited acute sleep deprivation (e.g., 3 out of 24 hours). While such strategies are beneficial in understanding how sleep is controlled, they may not have much translational value for determining links between sleep and brain health or for determining how sleep disruption may increase brain susceptibility to insult. Surprisingly, few studies have determined how the duration and recurrence of sleep deprivation influence the effects seen after sleep deprivation. Our aim in this review was to identify relevant rodent studies from 1980 through 2012 and analyze those that use varying durations of sleep deprivation or restriction in their effort to evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation on the brain transcriptome and to a more limited extent the proteome. We examined how differences in the duration of sleep deprivation affect gene and protein expression to better understand the full consequences of repeated sleep disruption on the brain. Future research needs to consider and emphasize how the type and extent of the sleep deprivation exposure impacts the conclusions reached concerning the influence of sleep disruption on the brain.
Delayed Initiation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Among Patients With Breast Cancer

Importance Adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcomes of patients with breast cancer. However, the optimal timing of chemotherapy initiation is unknown. Delayed administration can decrease the benefit of cytotoxic systemic therapies. Objective To identify the determinants in delayed chemotherapy initiation and to determine the relationship between time to chemotherapy (TTC) and outcome according to breast cancer subtype. We hypothesized that prolonged TTC would be associated with adverse outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants In an observational, population-based investigation using data from the California Cancer Registry, we studied a total of 24 843 patients with stage I to III invasive breast cancer diagnosed between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2010, and treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Data analysis was performed between August 2014 and August 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Time to chemotherapy was defined as the number of days between surgery and the first dose of chemotherapy, and delayed TTC was defined as 91 or more days from surgery to the first dose of adjuvant chemotherapy. We evaluated overall survival and breast cancer–specific survival. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used. Results In all, 24 843 patients were included. Median age at diagnosis was 53 years, and median was TTC was 46 days. Factors associated with delays in TTC included low socioeconomic status, breast reconstruction, nonprivate insurance, and Hispanic ethnicity or non-Hispanic black race. Compared with patients receiving chemotherapy within 31 days from surgery, there was no evidence of adverse outcomes among those with TTC of 31 to 60 or 60 to 90 days. Patients treated 91 or more days from surgery experienced worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.15-1.57) and worse breast cancer–specific survival (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.05-1.53). In a subgroup analysis according to subtype, longer TTC caused patients with triple-negative breast cancer to have worse overall survival (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.17-2.00) and worse breast cancer–specific survival (HR, 1.53; 95% CI 1.17-2.07). Conclusions and Relevance For patients with breast cancer, adverse outcomes are associated with delaying initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy 91 or more days. Delayed TTC was particularly detrimental among patients with triple-negative breast cancer. The determinants of delays in chemotherapy initiation appeared to be sociodemographic, and clinicians should provide timelier care to all patients.
Learning by Doing History with Smart Historical Gaming

History teaching reform asks that students learn to identify, analyze, respond morally, and display their knowledge about the past. However, most historical games focus on a single individual viewpoint or quiz students on disjointed facts. Blackwood offers an immersive multi-user simulation which provides the means and motivation for players to learn world history while playing a retailing game set in the historical “Old West” of the USA. The system is being developed as a learning laboratory to test the hypothesis that having a role-based experience where history is presented as current events is an effective means for learning history. Future studies will focus on the effects of group learning and peer-mentoring on understanding history.
Studies of Relative Growth in Gerridae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). I-III.

Using two species each of Limnogonus, Eurygerris , and Potamobates (all members of subfamily Gerrinae, with Potamobates belonging to a different tribe than the other two genera), the growth of the various antennal and leg segments from first-instar nymph to adult was compared with the body lengths of the corresponding stages. Growth ratios and initial growth indices were computed for the various stages, and these data were used primarily to test three hypotheses put forward: (1) When the growth ratio or the initial growth index for a segment varies among a group of related species, the ratios or indices for other segments vary in a parallel fashion; (2) The growth patterns (ratios or indices, or both) of segments with higher growth ratios are more similar among a group of related species than those of segments with lower growth ratios; and (3) When the growth ratio increases the initial growth index decreases, and vice versa. The data generally support the first two of these hypotheses, though a few exceptions were found, and the third was found generally true at the interspecific level. The taxonomic significance of the growth patterns in these three genera is discussed, and the different location of the growth centers in the middle and hind legs of Potamobates , as compared with the other genera, is regarded as having taxonomic importance.
USE OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY AMONG REAL-WORLD PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

Among real-world PCI patients, rates of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC), practice patterns and outcomes have been poorly described. Using PCI data from 2 hospitals from 2009-14, we identified whether patients were on OAC within 30 days of PCI. Outcomes included in-hospital bleeding, in-hospital
Effects of Adrenalectomy and Aldosterone on Sodium Concentration in Renal Medulla of Hydropenic Rats.

Summary1. Water, sodium, and potassium contents of renal cortex and papilla have been measured in normal and adrenalectomized hydropenic rats with and without administration of exogenous aldosterone. 2. Sodium content of renal papilla and cortex expressed in terms of dry tissue solid were little changed by adrenalectomy of aldosterone. However, water content was increased by adrenalectomy, the increase being 33% in papilla and 24% in the cortex. Aldosterone had no significant effect on this phenomenon. 3. It is suggested that the adrenal secretion exerts an influence on active transport of sodium across the ascending limb of loop of Henle. 4. Under our conditions, aldosterone is not sufficient to restore renal tissue concentration of sodium to normal in adrenalectomized animals.
Shame game: Romance novels and feminist shame, a mad lib for collective feeling

This essay frames an original mad lib representing a conversation between two friends about romance novels. The author attempts to locate a path to feminism in romance-novel culture in the communities built around a commonality of shame wrought by reading these books. She argues that this shame both draws readers together and undermines the explicit goals of the mainstream romance publishing industry. She asks readers to join in by completing the included mad lib with a friend.
Assessing depression in a geriatric cancer population.

Objective To examine the ability of three popular self-report measures of depression to assess depression in a geriatric cancer setting. Method Cancer patients 70 years or older and on active treatment completed the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale—Revised, and were interviewed using the depression module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID) as the ‘gold standard.’ Analyses included calculating internal consistency, ROC curves, and the sensitivity and specificity to detect major depression (MDD) or minor depression (i.e. subthreshold depression). Results In a sample of 201 cancer patients (85% White; 64% completed college degree or higher), all three of the self-report measures produced adequate internal consistency and predicted depression greater than chance. However, the published cutoff scores for detecting MDD produced inadequate sensitivity, suggesting these scores will miss as many as 33%–83% of geriatric cancer patients who are depressed. Revised cutoff scores were lower than published cutoff scores. Conclusion Although these measures produced good internal consistency and were better than chance at predicting depression in a geriatric cancer sample, the published cutoff scores for these measures did not perform well in predicting MDD nor minor depression. Of the three measures, the CES-D appeared to have the most utility. This data suggests that these popular screening measures may be inadequate for reliably identifying depression in a geriatric cancer population. Researchers and clinicians, therefore, should use caution when selecting depression measures for geriatric cancer patients and consider using the lower cut-off scores presented here. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and Real-time Rendering Technology of Multi-resolution 3D Buildings

By introducing texture feature analysis technology into polygon mesh modeling,an algorithm to implement surface subdivision based on texture feature value is put forward to model multi-resolution 3D buildings.The algorithm provides a method of triangle splitting depending on the intersection of the triangle sides and the texture feature curves to build self-adaptive subdivided triangle mesh.Through designing the data structure of binary-tree about the self-adaptive subdivided triangle mesh and developing test program,the test indicates that the algorithm has the traits of creating model fast and maintaining better geometric feature and can meet the requirements of large scale modeling and real-time rendering of 3D buildings on PC.
Clinical Application and Evaluation of the Immunochromatographic Strip for Detecting Antibodies against Swine Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus

To evaluate the clinical application effects of the immunochromatographic strips for detecting antibodies against swine foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV),a total of 162 sera samples from the FMDV-peptide vaccine immunized pigs and 87 samples from the FMDV inactivated vaccine immunized pigs were detected by the immunochromatographic strips and FMDV antibody detecting ELISA kits provided by UBI or BioXL simultaneously.The results showed that the agreement rate of the strip with the two ELISA kits was 95.06% and 96.55%,respectively.This suggests that the strip can be used for detecting FMDV clinical serum samples and displays rapid and simple features.
Hepatic Abscesses, Both Intra- and Extrahepatic

The mortality of extrahepatic abscess has decreased as a result of more prompt diagnosis, aggressive surgical drainage, and the availability of potent and multiple antibiotics which can be effective against a full range of bacterial flora found in these abscesses. Under intrahepatic lesions, amebic and pyogenic abscesses are also discussed in detail.
Tradition and Modernity in the Mediterranean: Distinction and symbolic class struggle

Definitions Contemporary Cypriot wedding celebrations are about cultural choices, tastes, and lifestyles. They are also about class identity, social position, and power. The former cannot be reduced to the latter in any direct and immediate way, but neither is “status” as independent of social class as Weber (1946) argued. The position that I will adopt here is the middle ground between the Weberian and Marxist approaches, what is often called “practice” or “praxis” theory (Bourdieu 1977, 1990: Giddens 1979, 1984). The emphasis, then, will be on the active side of human agency for as Willis (1981:171) put it, “Determinants need to pass through the cultural milieu to reproduce themselves at all.” Thus, even though class conditions constrain practices, between the two operates the cognitive action of social agents which cannot be disregarded. Weddings demonstrate this very well. It is not because they are poorer that the dominated classes stage “village” weddings – they cost at least as much as the weddings of the bourgeoisie. Rather, it is because these celebrations express and reproduce a particular identity – itself the product of specific conditions of existence – an identity by means of which people make sense of themselves and others. Having said that, it is important to bear in mind that human agency tends to reproduce socioeconomic determinants (and itself), even if by default, so to speak.
A New Development in Flow Measurement: The Dall Flow Tube

Tube offers two-fold advantage of great compactness and low head loss; it is only slightly more sensitive to conditions of installation than standard Venturi tubes; for Dall tubes with throat to inlet diameter ratios not more than 0.75 (usual limit for Venturi tubes), coefficient of discharge can be predicted within 1%.
Impact of probiotics on necrotizing enterocolitis

A large number of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials and cohort studies have demonstrated a decrease in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis with administration of probiotic microbes. These studies have prompted many neonatologists to adopt routine prophylactic administration of probiotics while others await more definitive studies and/or probiotic products with demonstrated purity and stable numbers of live organisms. Cross-contamination and inadequate sample size limit the value of further traditional placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials. Key areas for future research include mechanisms of protection, optimum probiotic species or strains (or combinations thereof) and duration of treatment, interactions between diet and the administered probiotic, and the influence of genetic polymorphisms in the mother and infant on probiotic response. Next generation probiotics selected based on bacterial genetics rather than ease of production and large cluster-randomized clinical trials hold great promise for NEC prevention.
The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Hyperelastic Behavior of Polyurea

Polyurea is widely used in military and civilian applications, where long durations of exposure to the sun is common. Extended ultraviolet exposure can deteriorate the mechanical performance of the material to suboptimal levels. This study reports on the hyperelastic behavior of polyurea as a function of exposure duration to ultraviolet radiation. Initially, five sets of samples were continuously exposed to ultraviolet radiation for different durations up to 15 weeks. An additional set of samples were kept unexposed to report on the properties of an as-cast polyurea control. The samples were then loaded uniaxially in tension under a quasi-static loading rate ( $$\dot{\epsilon }=0.0127{s}^{-1}$$ ) using a standard load frame. All exposed samples exhibited incremental color changes, which ranged from transparent yellow in virgin samples to opaque tan after 15 weeks of exposure. Changes in color were observed as early as 3 weeks of ultraviolet exposure. In addition to discoloration, crazing developed in all samples for exposure durations of 3 weeks and beyond. The size of the cracks increased as the duration of exposure continued. Postmortem examination indicated the initial microcracks grew due to loading and were visible to the naked eye. Discoloration and crazing were attributed to the formation of a thin ultraviolet-degraded layer due to the interaction of oxygen and ultraviolet light with the chromophoric groups in the polyurea macromolecule. The hyperelastic behavior was studied by fitting the stress–strain data into a four-term Ogden model. The overall hyperelastic behavior of polyurea remained unchanged even after 15 weeks of continuous ultraviolet exposure, where no permanent failure (except the ultraviolet-induced cracks) was recorded at the gauge length up to 250% strain. The values of the fitting parameters were nearly identical, supporting the conclusion of the insensitivity of polyurea hyperelastic behavior to ultraviolet radiation.
A Novel Model for Predicting Incident Moderate to Severe Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis

Anemia and iron deficiency are common complications of ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to develop and internally validate a prediction model for the incidence of moderate to severe anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in newly diagnosed patients with UC. Multivariable logistic regression was performed among a nationwide cohort of patients who were newly diagnosed with UC in the VA health-care system. Model development was performed in a random two-third of the total cohort and then validated in the remaining one-third of the cohort. As candidate predictors, we examined routinely available data at the time of UC diagnosis including demographics, medications, laboratory results, and endoscopy findings. A total of 789 patients met the inclusion criteria. For the outcome of moderate to severe anemia, age, albumin level and mild anemia at UC diagnosis were predictors selected for the model. The AUC for this model was 0.69 (95% CI 0.64–0.74). For the outcome of moderate to severe anemia with evidence of iron deficiency, the predictors included African-American ethnicity, mild anemia, age, and albumin level at UC diagnosis. The AUC was 0.76, (95% CI 0.69–0.82). Calibration was consistently good in all models (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit p > 0.05). The models performed similarly in the internal validation cohort. We developed and internally validated a prognostic model for predicting the risk of moderate to severe anemia and IDA among newly diagnosed patients with UC. This will help identify patients at high risk of these complications, who could benefit from surveillance and preventive measures.
Core-Shell Structure and Aggregation Number of Micelles Composed of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Amphiphilic Heterografted Polymer Brushes Determined by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

A large group of functional nanomaterials employed in biomedical applications, including targeted drug delivery, relies on amphiphilic polymers to encapsulate therapeutic payloads via self-assembly processes. Knowledge of the micelle structures will provide critical insights into design of polymeric drug delivery systems. Core–shell micelles composed of linear diblock copolymers poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL), poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA), as well as a heterografted brush consisting of a poly(glycidyl methacrylate) backbone with PEG and PLA branches (PGMA-g-PEG/PLA) were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements to gain structural information regarding the particle morphology, core–shell size, and aggregation number. The structural information at this quasi-equilibrium state can also be used as a reference when studying the kinetics of polymer micellization.
Engaging maker culture with digital prototyping

Computation and electronic technologies combined with smart materials provide a new ingredient in the creating-making of a built environment. Understanding virtuality in the context of materiality and materiality in the broader intellectual, cultural, and social framework is critical for the integrity and future of the discipline. This creating-making tradition continues to redefine architecture as it is consistent with and representative of a broader current culture of makers and hackers: the culture that permeates all aspects of our daily lives with a shared DNA-like structure.
Konvergenz von Monte-Carlo Verfahren

Es gibt zahlreiche Moglichkeiten Schatzer fur einen Parameter zu definieren. Im Fall der replizierenden Portfolios ist eine Wahl hingegen naheliegend, da jedes Optimierungsproblem eine kanonische empirische Entsprechung hat, aus dem sich ein Replikationsportfolio konstruieren lasst. Da die Anzahl der replizierenden Instrumente hier keine Rolle spielt, wird in der Folge angenommen, dass es nur m Replikationsinstrumente gibt um die Darstellung zu vereinfachen.
On the Allocation of Productivity Growth and the Determinants of U. S. Income Inequality

We estimate the determinants of income inequality focusing on the U.S. over 1985—2013. We decompose widely used inequality indices by subgroups, income sources, and factor components based on regression approaches to discover the significant sources of widening inequality in the United States. Our results indicate that education, marriage, gender, race, asset income, as well as employment in manufacturing and financial industries all expand the gap across different income classes.
Nanoindentation study of corrosion-induced grain boundary degradation in a pipeline steel

Abstract High-strength low-alloy steels used for oil and gas pipelines are vulnerable to intergranular stress corrosion cracking in moderately alkaline soils. The mechanism of corrosion-induced embrittlement under such conditions is not yet understood. Nanoindentation was used to detect localized degradation of mechanical properties near internal grain boundaries of X-70 steel undergoing intergranular corrosion at active dissolution potentials at pH 8.2. The measurements identified a one-micron thick mechanically-degraded layer with 25% reduced hardness near corroded grain boundaries. It is suggested that the corrosion process may introduce an active softening agent, possibly non-equilibrium lattice vacancies generated by oxidation.
The Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Subsequent Health Care Utilization in Older Men.

Author(s): Langsetmo, Lisa; Kats, Allyson M; Cawthon, Peggy M; Cauley, Jane A; Vo, Tien N; Taylor, Brent C; Stefanick, Marcia L; Lane, Nancy E; Stone, Katie L; Orwoll, Eric S; Schousboe, John T; Ensrud, Kristine E; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group | Abstract: BACKGROUND:To examine the associations between objective physical activity measures and subsequent health care utilization. METHODS:We studied 1,283 men (mean age 79.1 years, SD 5.3) participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. Participants wore a SenseWear® Pro Armband monitor for 1 week. Data was summarized as daily (i) step counts, (ii) total energy expenditure, (iii) active energy expenditure, and (iv) activity time (sedentary, ≥ light, ≥ moderate). The outcome measures of 1-year hospitalizations/duration of stay from Medicare data were analyzed with a two-part hurdle model. Covariates included age, clinical center, body mass index, marital status, depressive symptoms, medical conditions, cognitive function, and prior hospitalization. RESULTS:Each 1 SD = 3,092 step increase in daily step count was associated with a 34% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19%-46%) lower odds of hospitalization in base model (age and center) and 21% (95% CI: 4%-35%) lower odds of hospitalization in fully adjusted models. Similar but smaller associations held for other physical activity measures, but these associations were not significant in fully adjusted models. Among those hospitalized, higher step count was associated with shorter total duration of acute/postacute care stays in the base model only. There was a fourfold significant difference (from model-based estimates) in predicted care days comparing those with 2,000 versus 10,000 daily steps in the base model, but only a twofold difference (not significant) in the full model. CONCLUSION:Daily step count is an easily determined measure of physical activity that may be useful in assessment of future health care burden in older men.
Cultural Features Influencing Eating, Overweight, and Obesity in the Roma People of South Bohemia

This article describes the important cultural specifics that impact on treatment of overweight and obesity for the Roma people of South Bohemia. Methods: Data on health and nutrition were collected using a semi-structured interview of 302 Roma adults (quantitative phase). A further 25 participants received in-depth interviews regarding their eating and lifestyle habits and perceptions about obesity and overweight (qualitative phase). Height and weight were measured with calibrated scales and stadiometer. Qualitative data were analyzed with the “grounded theory” method. Results: The participants reported a relatively high consumption of high-sugar drinks and foods compared to fruits and vegetables. Lifestyle factors increasing risk of overweight identified from the qualitative interview included unemployment, socially isolating housing, poor transport, poverty, inactivity, tobacco smoking, and for women weight gain after childbirth. Also identified was the need for better health literacy. Conclusions: Effective health education may help to address risk factors for overweight and obesity in Roma peoples. Other measures include improved socioeconomic status and housing security, and improved health literacy of the Roma people.
Low birthweight in twins: black and white differences.

Washington State birth certificate data for the years 1984-1988 were analyzed for 2,804 mothers of twins in order to determine whether black mothers of twins have a higher risk of delivering a low birthweight twin infant than white mothers. Seventy four percent of black mothers of twins gave birth to an infant weighing or = 1500 grams to 2500 grams), relative frequencies of neonatal mortality were higher in black infants. This analysis reveals that black mothers of twins are more likely to deliver low birthweight twin infants than white mothers. The increased risk is even more pronounced in very low birthweight twin pairs. However, the additional risks for low birthweight black twin pairs and very low birthweight twin pairs found in this study are lower than the risk increase commonly reported for the respective birthweight categories in black singleton infants relative to white singleton infants. This implies that while black twin pregnancies require many of the same special antepartum considerations given to black singleton pregnancies, the increased baseline risks associated with low birthweight and very low birthweight twin deliveries offset racial disparities traditionally seen in singleton infants.
The Cost of Power Outages to Heterogeneous Households

We use a repeated dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey to elicit households’ willingness to pay to a void unannounced interruptions in electricity service. The data pose multiple econometric challenges including: correlated responses for a given household, heteroskedastic errors, and a willingness to pay distribution with large mass near zero. We address these issues by combining a gamma distribution for outage costs with a lognormally distributed scale parameter defined as a function of household characteristics, outage attributes, outage history, and random coefficients. The model is estimated through simulated maximum likelihood. We demonstrate that cost estimates are sensitive to the interaction of attributes of previously experienced and hypothetical interruptions.
Unmet supportive care needs of older adults with advanced cancer.

10040Background: Cancer disproportionately affects older adults, yet research defining the supportive care needs of these patients is lacking. We sought to examine associations between geriatric im...
In Memory of a Mentor

AbstractIn this paper, I use personal experience methods to journal about processing loss in the aftermath of the death of my friend and mentor, Dr. Hazel F. Dicken-Garcia. I hope this paper encourages readers to utilize personal experience methods as one mechanism through which to more effectively cope with loss in their personal and professional lives.
Utility of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Retesting of Histologic Grade 3 Invasive Breast Carcinomas.

BACKGROUND American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists guidelines recommend repeated evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status on surgical specimens from patients with a diagnosis by core-needle biopsy of Grade 3, HER2-negative invasive tumors of the breast. However, there are limited data to support reflexive testing. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of HER2 retesting of histologic Grade 3, HER2-negative invasive breast carcinomas. METHODS We evaluated 78 patients from Kaiser Permanente East Bay in whom Grade 3, HER2-negative invasive breast carcinoma was diagnosed between 2015 and 2017 by core biopsy, to compare HER2 status on core biopsy vs excisional biopsy specimen. The HER2 status was determined by immunohistochemistry, fluorescent in situ hybridization, or both. All patients were retested for HER2 status on surgical specimen according to the aforementioned guidelines. Recipients of neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. RESULTS One of the 78 patients demonstrated negative-to-positive status discordance between core biopsy and surgical specimens and was treated with trastuzumab. One patient was HER2 negative by core biopsy and was HER2 equivocal by immunohistochemical and fluorescent in situ hybridization evaluation of the surgical specimen. Seventy-six patients demonstrated concordant HER2 status between core biopsy and surgical specimens. CONCLUSION The rate of clinically significant HER2 status discordance between core biopsy and surgical specimens in patients with Grade 3 breast carcinoma is low. However, given the dramatically improved survival conferred by trastuzumab therapy, our findings support reflex HER2 testing of surgical specimens for patients with core biopsy-diagnosed HER2-negative breast carcinoma.
Properties ofH i-Rings

The purpose of this paper is to study the general properties of Hi-rings (a ring R is an Hi-ring in case, for every height i prime ideal p in R, height p+depth p=altitude R) and to link the results to Nagata's chain conjectures. For R a local domain with maximal ideal M equivalences are given to « R is an Hi-ring » in relationship to the rings R/p, where p is a prime ideal in R such that height p≤i; R[X1, …, Xn]MR[X1,…,xn], where X1,…,Xn are indeterminates; and R[c1/b,…, cj/b]MR[c1/b,…,cj/b], where b, c1,…,cj are analytically independent elements in R and j≤i. Also, there are equivalences of R[X](M,X), R[c/b](M,c/b), the completion of R, the Henselization of R and localities of R being Hi-rings in terms of conditions on R. These results then yield some new equivalences of the chain conjectures.