cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium, kinetic and structural properties of hemoglobin Cranston, an elongated β chain variant

Abstract Hemoglobin Cranston has an elongated β subunit owing to a frame shift mutation. Oxygen equilibrium measurements of stripped Hb Cranston ‡ at 20 °C in the absence of phosphate revealed a high affinity (P50 = 0·2 mm Hg at pH 7), non-co-operative hemoglobin variant with markedly reduced Bohr effect ( −Δ log P 50 Δ pH 7–8 = 0·2 ). The addition of inositol hexaphosphate resulted in an overall decrease in oxygen affinity (P50 = 0·7 mm Hg at pH 7), as well as an increase in co-operativity and Bohr effect ( −Δ log P 50 Δ pH 7–8 = 0·2 ). Rapid mixing and flash photolysis experiments reflected the equilibrium results. Over a pH range from 6 to 9 in the absence of phosphate, the rate of combination of carbon monoxide with Hb Cranston measured by a stopped-flow technique and following full or partial flash photolysis was extremely rapid (l′, l′4, of ∼ 6 × 106m−1s−1). In rapid kinetic experiments the addition of inositol hexaphosphate lowered the value of l′ to ∼ 0·5 × 106m−1s−1 only after prior incubation with the deoxygenated protein. Inositol hexaphosphate had no effect on the rate of recombination of carbon monoxide following either full or partial flash photolysis. Overall oxygen dissociation and oxygen dissociation with carbon monoxide replacement, were measured and found to be slow (k, k4∼ 11 s−1), consistent with a high affinity hemoglobin. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments revealed that Hb Cranston, at concentrations used in the functional studies, is somewhat less tetrameric than Hb A but nonetheless does not exist solely as a non-co-operative dimer. These kinetic and centrifugational findings in conjunction with X-ray diffraction evidence suggested that a high affinity tetramer of Hb Cranston exists which may equilibrate slowly with inositol hexaphosphate. Oxygen equilibrium measurements, ligand binding kinetics and X-ray diffraction studies on equivalent mixtures of Hb Cranston and Hb A revealed an interaction between these two hemoglobins in vitro that most probably exists in vivo. The presence of asymmetric hybrid molecules, α2βAβCranston, in the difference Fourier maps indicated that the hydrophobic tail of Hb Cranston is accommodated in the central cavity of the hybrid molecule between the two β chains and is relatively protected from the water environment, thus aiding in the stability of Hb Cranston in the red cell.
Replication of Chloroplast DNA of Tobacco

An experimental method has been designed for determining the relative rates of replication of the chloroplast and nuclear DNA's of Nicotiana tabacum. By this method chloroplast DNA in week-old seedlings is being replicated several times faster than nuclear DNA.
A visualization programming environment for multicomputers

The programming and run-time environment used for the authors' multicomputer visualization software are described. The particular approach to using multicomputers for scientific visualization provides a uniform interface to system and communications facilities and promotes modularity and code reuse. No breakthrough technology is involved; rather, a collection of methods that have been developed by others has been optimized for visual computing applications and unified into a system that is simple to use and easy to port to new hardware. The C language is used. Initial experience with the system has been good. >
The Role of Appraisal in Adapting to Information Systems

The benefits of new organizational information systems (IS) depend on the degree that users of the technology adapt by proactively changing themselves, their work routines, and even the technology itself in order to leverage its strategic capabilities. Scholars have recently proposed the Coping Model of User Adaptation (CMUA) as a useful theoretical lens for understanding individual adaptive responses to an IS; however, this nascent model has not yet received extensive empirical validation. Using survey data from a campus health center at a large public university, this study empirically examines and extends CMUA by exploring the relationship between IS appraisal and adaptive behaviors. Results show that user adaptation to IS depends on how it is appraised by users, with appraisal of the IS as a challenge being the strongest predictor of both problem-focused and emotion-focused adaptation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
An embedded figures test in environmental and occupational neurotoxicology

Abstract Behavioral changes may be the earliest, and sometimes the only, indicators of acute or chronic toxic effects of environmental and/or occupational agents. Performance tests administered during health surveys of populations exposed to these neurotoxic agents must meet restrictive criteria not normally encountered in laboratory or clinical settings. A quantitative test based on perception of figure—background relationships—an embedded figures test—is proposed as an addition to existing batteries which have been developed for field studies. Standardization data and use of an embedded figures test is presented on the basis of 731 reference subjects (normals) and on populations exposed to lead. Scoring methods, reliability, and validity are addressed.
Re-visiting the digital divide: health information seeking in a pre-natal program in a minority urban health center

As digital technology permeates contemporary life, questions about the ways in which people access digital resources continue to be raised. As the Pew studies show, health information remains a topic frequently sought on the Internet, but few who seek health information check the credibility or authority of the information they find (http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/8-The-Social-Life-of-Health-Information.aspx). More important from a public health perspective, is that finding information---even good information---is not sufficient to change behavior (Elder, Ayala, & Harris, 1999; Elbel, Kersh, Brescoll, & Dixon, 2009).
Dental management of head and neck cancer patients

In the management of head and neck cancer, dentistry has an important supportive role. Many anatomical and functional changes caused by surgery for the removal of intraoral tumors can be corrected or improved upon by prosthetic dentistry. The control of dental pathology contributes to the immediate and long-term success of tumor treatment and facilitates rehabilitation. Radiotherapy and loss of teeth do not go hand in hand. Many oral complications associated with radiotherapy can now be avoided or controlled with early preventive and restorative measures. Patients receiving systemic chemotherapy often develop oral complications that require particular attention by the primary physician and the dentist. Control of dental pathology is important in patients receiving chemotherapy because of reduced immune mechanism and increased bleeding tendencies.
8.2: Transformation of Electron Emission Behavior on Mo‐tip FEAs by Diamond‐Like Carbon Coating

We have demonstrated that DLC coated Mo FEAs are very stable under operation when the hydrogen-free DLC film is deposited by a layer-by-layer deposition technique using PECVD. In order to optimize the preparation condition of the DLC film, the thickness of the DLC layers on the Mo tips were changed from 10 nm to 100 nm. The turn-on voltages for pure Mo-tip FEAs are about 60, and 51, 46, 54 and 78 V for thickness of 10, 20, 50 and 100 nm, respectively. In addition to the decrease in turn-on voltage, the anode current is also increased by adopting a DLC layer on Mo FEAs except for the case of the 100 nm thick DLC coating. Therefore, it is confirmed that the operating voltage of Mo FEAs can be remarkably decreased by DLC coating. Furthermore, the emission patterns from a layer-by-layer DLC coated FEAs were found to be more stable compared to conventional Mo FEAs.
Converting drosophobia into Drosophila.

Fruit flies seek water, but only when they are thirsty. And imbibing is rewarding only to water-deprived individuals. The effects of thirst on water seeking and on formation of associative memories of drinking water each are mediated by distinct sets of dopamine neurons that innervate restricted zones of the mushroom bodies in the fly brain.
Changes in total, nondiffusible, and diffusibleplasma zinc and copper during infancy

Concentrations of total, nondiffusible, and diffusible zinc and copper in plasma werestudied in 130 normal infants. Total plasma zinc concentration in the newborn infant was at adult levels, fell to values just below adult levels within the first week of life, fell further to values significantly below adult levels at two and three months of age, returned toward adult values at four months of age, and, except for a fall to levels significantly below adult levels at about one year of age, remained at adult levels throughout the remainder of infancy. On the other hand, total plasma copper concentration in the neonate was at levels significantly below adult levels, gradually rose during the first week of life, fell to levels significantly below adult levels at two months of age, rose to levels within the adult range at three months of age, and rose still higher to levels above the adult range at eight months of age, at which level values persisted throughout the remainder of infancy. Changes in total plasma zinc and copper during this period of time were related mainly to changes in nondiffusible or macromolecular liganded zinc and copper.
Countermeasures for Insecticide Resistance

In confronting the insecticide resistance problem the most important countermeasure is good pest management practice, including the preservation of natural enemies of pests to minimize selection pressure from chemical insecticides. Although all parts of the integrated pest management concept are interdependent, it is the intent of this paper to present only the chemical aspects of countermeasures for insecticide resistance in pest species. For reviews of this topic see Brown (1971) and Georghiou (1980).
On-line simulations of models for backward masking.

Five simulations of quantitative models of visual backward masking are available on the Internet at http://www.psych.purdue.edu/-gfrancis/Publications/BackwardMasking/. The simulations can be run in a Web browser that supports the Java programming language. This article describes the motivation for making the simulations available and gives a brief introduction as to how the simulations are used. The source code is available on the Web page, and this article describes how the code is organized.
Neuropsychiatric effects of insular stroke.

The neuropsychiatric effects of insular damage in humans have not previously been examined. We therefore examined the neuropsychiatric impairment in seven patients with left insular stroke, six patients with right insular stroke, six patients with left hemisphere noninsular stroke, and six patients with right hemisphere noninsular stroke. Between 4 and 8 weeks after acute stroke, patients were administered a neuropsychiatric battery. Patients with right insular lesions had a greater frequency of subjective anergia and underactivity (Fisher's exact p = .002) as well as tiredness (Fisher's exact p < .002) compared with patients with non-insular lesions or left insular lesions. Subjective feelings of impaired energy or drive after right insular damage may result from disconnection between the insula and the frontal lobe or the anterior cingulate cortex, structures that have been associated with willed action and motor behavior.
Mechanism of action of hypolipidemic and herbicidal aryloxy acids.

A mechanism of action of hypolipidemic and herbicidal aryloxy acids is proposed. The mechanism was deduced from the known properties of the compounds, alpha- p -chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate, 2, 4,-dichloro- and 2, 4, 5-trichloroacetic acid, in biological systems. The aryloxy acids are envisaged as selectively (not all enzymes utilizing ATP are inhibited) interfering with the utilization of ATP by certain enzymes and or systems. They, in that manner, alter the effective ATP concentration and elicit marked responses, the nature of which depends on the vector sum of the effects on the individual reactions and the corresponding alterations in the metabolic sequences of which the inhibited or stimulated enzymes are constituents. It should be emphasized that the response of the organism to aryloxy acids is envisaged as a resultant of the inhibition of the utilization of ATP by certain enzymes or systems, which in effect alters the amount of ATP available to react with other enzymes or systems. The actual mode of inhibition of the utilization of ATP can be competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive, or mixed. It is only essential that the amount of ATP available to the other enzymes or systems be altered. The action of aryloxy acids as proposed in the model is dynamic. Observed values for the total ATP and ADP, for example, may change little or not at all, since it is the effective concentration that gives rise to the response. A model composed of four enzymes (acetyl CoA carboxylase, citrate cleavage enzyme, phosphorylase and CoA-sn-glycerol phosphate acyltransferase) to test the proposed mechanism is described.
Temporal changes in the neurotrophic environment of the denervated striatum as determined by the survival and outgrowth of grafted fetal dopamine neurons.

Abstract There is growing evidence that the neurotrophic environment of the denervated striatum may change with time following a lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway in young adult rats. To test this hypothesis, we implanted fetal dopamine grafts into the striatum at several different time points relative to the nigrostriatal pathway lesion and allowed the grafts to integrate with the host for a period of 1 month; subsequently, we observed the function and morphology of the dopamine grafts. Fetal grafts were implanted at the following time points relative to the lesion: 1 week before (−1 Week), at the same time (Week 0), 1 week after (1 Week), 4 weeks after (4 Weeks), or 12 weeks after (12 Weeks). Amphetamine-induced rotational behavior was assessed 4 weeks after grafting for all groups. Rotational scores indicate that grafts for the 1 Week group showed the greatest reversal of amphetamine-induced rotational behavior that was also significantly greater than the scores for the −1 Week group. Morphological analysis revealed that grafts in the Week 0, 1 Week and 4 Weeks groups showed a significantly larger area of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) fiber outgrowth than in the −1 Week group, while fiber outgrowth for the 12 Weeks group was significantly lower than for the 1 Week group. Cell count analysis for TH+ neurons within the graft indicate a significantly greater number of TH+ neurons in grafts for the 1 Week group than in grafts for the −1 Week. The results of this study suggest that neurotoxic lesions may induce a compensatory increase in neurotrophic activity within the denervated striatum of young rats that is conducive to the survival and outgrowth of fetal dopamine grafts. These data also correlate well with reports that the expression of several specific dopaminergic neurotrophic factors within the striatum increase following a neurotoxic lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway in young adult rats.
Modeling of Solid Particle Formation During Solution Aerosol Thermolysis: The Evaporation Stage

The evaporation state of solution aerosol thermolysis (SAT) was modeled to study the effect of various parameters on solid particle formation by solute precipitation. A comparison of the characteristic time constants for various processes demonstrated that droplet shrinkage and solute diffusion are the slowest processes, and that the fast processes, i.e., vapor diffusion and heat conduction in the gas phase and the liquid phase, can be assumed to have reached steady state. Differential equations for these faster processes were thus simplified and were solved numerically along with a modified solute diffusion equation, using an explicit first-order finite difference scheme. The computations were done until the solute concentration at the droplet surface reached the critical supersaturation. Then, if the solute concentration at the droplet center is higher than the equilibrium saturation, volume precipitation is proposed to occur. Solutes with a large difference between critical supersaturation and equilibr...
Fathers and the Media: Introduction to the Special Issue

Since the 1970s, there has been an increased scholarly interest in fatherhood. There have been fundamental shifts in family life, gender relations, declining wage of male earners, increases in female labor force participation and in men’s involvement as the primary non-maternal care provider. These cultural shifts have been mirrored in popular culture (films, television, music, and literature). This essay examines the culture of fatherhood as portrayed in four types of influential media: television, children’s literature, scholarly journals, and film. Each of the authors uses a unique approach to exploring the culture of fatherhood in each medium.
A Path Where No Man Thought; Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race

In 1982, Paul Crutzen, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, and John Birks, University of Colorado, Boulder, published a provocative paper suggesting that the smoke from the fires triggered by potential massive nuclear explosions would generate profound changes in the chemical composition and physical state of the Earth's atmosphere. A year later, a group of five scientists, Richard Turco, Brian Toon, Tom Ackerman, Jim Pollack, and Carl Sagan, showed, on the basis of model calculations, that the Earth would cool significantly following nuclear explosions and that the climatic impacts of a nuclear war would affect not only the country attacked but also the aggressor. This group, which received the acronym of TTAPS, showed that the number of fatalities resulting from the indirect climatic perturbations could be at least as large as the number of humans directly killed by the explosions. Two of the authors of the TTAPS theory, Carl Sagan and Richard Turco, have summarized 10 years of extensive research and public controversy following the publication of the nuclear winter hypothesis. In their fascinating book they try to analyze how the concept of nuclear winter has changed the attitude of the political world, has contributed to the improvement of political relations between the two superpowers, and has initiated a revision of geopolitical and military theories.
Gender Issues in the Use of Interviewing as a Research Method

The open-ended interview is gaining widespread acceptance within human geography as a research method. Frequently, such interviews can provide researchers with a richer account of events than can larger scale, standardized statistical approaches. However, researchers using interviews as part of their information gathering practices need to be aware of the social relations within which the interviews are conducted. In this paper I argue that gender relations are an important dynamic shaping the interview process which can significantly influence the sorts of data obtained using this particular research methodology.
Randomized feedback about diagnosis influences statistical and clinical significance of self-report ADHD assessment in adults.

Objective: An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that feedback about an ADHD diagnosis influences how a nonclinical sample scores on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) screener. Method: A total of 54 participants who scored below clinical significance on the ASRS in a pretest, that is, marked fewer than 4 of 6 items found to be most predictive of symptoms consistent with clinical diagnosis of adult ADHD, completed the assessment again 1 week later in a posttest with “negative,” “positive,” or no feedback written on the posttest to indicate how participants scored on the pretest. Results: In all, 8 of 10 participants who scored in the clinical significance range for ADHD in the posttest were those who received positive feedback. Scores for the positive feedback group increased most from pretest to posttest for inattentive domain items (R2 = .19). Conclusion: Patient beliefs prior to a diagnostic screening can influence ASRS self-report ratings.
Comments on Fortune Favors the Prepared Firm

A recent paper in Management Science titled "Fortune Favors the Prepared Firm" Cohen and Levinthal [Cohen, W. M., D. A. Levinthal. 1994. Fortune favors the prepared firm. Management Sci.402 227-251.] is a pioneering work insofar as it introduces the concept of a firm's absorptive capacity-the ability to evaluate, assimilate, and exploit extramural technological developments. We appreciate the paper's extensive qualitative discussion of the nature and role of absorptive capacity. We also commend the authors' idea of constructing a mathematical model to analyze a rational firm's incentives for an investment in absorptive capacity. However, we find that the authors' model overlooks one key element of a firm's absorptive capacity, namely, the firm's ability to defend itself against the threat of an external technology. In the absence of that element, the authors' model may be able to explain a firm's incentives for an innovation rather than incentives for the development of an absorptive capacity. We also identify several internal inconsistencies in the authors' mathematical model. For example, the assumed profit maximization function seems inconsistent with the assumed degree of sophistication of the firm's probability assessment behavior. We believe that the inconsistencies and shortcomings noted here raise serious questions about the validity of the authors' findings. However, we hope that this note does not detract from the pioneering nature of the authors' work, but instead increases its value by stimulating further work on the important topic of absorptive capacity.
Histoplasmosis and AIDS.

Note from Dr. Merle A. Sande The number of reported cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus is increasing, and disseminated histoplasmosis now constitutes one of the critera for establishing a diagnosis of AIDS. Initial infection (inhalation of infected spores) usually takes place in areas along river valleys in the eastern United States. However, because the infection may have occurred during a brief visit to an endemic area in the distant past and is often asymptomatic, historical epidemiological data are often vague or inaccurate. Thus, the physician must consider a diagnosis of histoplasmosis in a member of a group at high risk for AIDS, even though the patient resides in a nonendemic area. Dr. John R. Graybill has a long and distinguished career studying human mycoses. We have asked Dr. Graybill to share with us his thoughts on current approaches to the diagnosis of and therapy for this often rapidly fatal disease.
The photocatalytic enhancement of acrylic and PET solar water disinfection (SODIS) bottles.

The solar water disinfection method (SODIS) was modified by the addition of a photocatalytic layer of titania on the interior surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and acrylic bottles. Titania was solvent deposited on the interior of commercially available PET bottles, as well as bottles that were constructed from acrylic. Uncoated and titania-coated acrylic bottles removed 3,000,000–5,000,000 colony forming units per milliliter of K12 E. coli from 670 mL of contaminated water in 40 min of solar irradiance. After five hours of sunlight exposure, the concentration of 10 ppm methyl orange (a representative organic water contaminant), was reduced by 61% using the titania-coated acrylic bottles. The concentration of 87 ppb microcystin-LR (a representative algal toxin) was reduced by 70% after 7 hours of sunlight exposure in the titania-coated acrylic bottles. Acrylic is an effective alternative to PET for use in the SODIS method due to its greater UV transparency. The addition of titania to PET and acrylic bottles confers the ability to remove chemical contaminants in addition to inactivating microbiological contaminants.
Managing Capacity in the High-Tech Industry: A Review of Literature

Abstract This article surveys a new generation of analytical tools for capacity planning and management, especially in high-tech industries such as semiconductors, electronics and bio-techs. The objectives of the article are to (1) identify fundamental theory driving current research in capacity management, (2) review emerging models in operations research, game theory, and economics that address strategic, tactical and operational decision models for high-tech capacity management, and (3) take an in-depth look at capacity-optimization models developed in the specific context of semiconductor manufacturing. The goal of this survey is to go beyond typical production-planning and capacity-management literature and to examine research that can potentially broaden capacity-planning research. For instance, we explore the role of option theory and real options in modeling capacity decisions. We not only examine capacity-planning problems from the perspective of a particular firm, but also the interaction of cap...
LDV Measurements in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump: Water and Dilute Slurry Flows

A two-component LDV system was used to investigate single and two-phase flow in a representative section at the impeller outlet of a centrifugal slurry pump. Measurements were performed at Q n and 0.5 Q n with water and dilute slurry flows (C=0.04 and 0.16 percent by volume). The solids consists of 0.8 mm glass beads. Particle Reynolds number is 65. The point liquid and solid velocities were determined with a Doppler signal amplitude discrimination approach
The Use of the Vibroacoustic Method for Monitoring the Technical Condition of Aero Engines with Extended Time between Overhauls

The article presents some aspects of several years of work on the use of the vibroacoustic method (Non-Destructive Testing) for assessing a turboprop engine from a trainer aircraft. The functioning engine does not have an operating system for measuring vibration, and therefore the current levels of vibrations and its changes in trends are not known. In order to extend its service life, performing a number of works was required. On the basis of assessing the current state of the engine, opportunities for further exploitation were identified thus developing methodology for evaluating technical condition regarding the whole population. The paper shortly describes the object and equivalent tests on the engine. The article focuses on the methods prepared for extending life between overhauls required for turboprop engines and discusses the results received during their implementation.
GeoVIBE: A Visual Interface for Geographic Digital Libraries

Users of spatial digital libraries normally select documents of interest based on both their geographical and topical relevancy in relation to specified queries. This paper proposes an integrated and flexible geographic information retrieval and browsing tool, GeoVIBE, which combines a geographical model and a vector space model to form document representations that are tightly linked. At the user interface, GeoVIBE consists of two types of browsing windows, GeoView and VibeView, which work in coordination for visual navigation in the document space. GeoView imposes a geographical order to the document space based on the idea of document "footprints" that may be cartographically visualized to reveal the spatial structure of the document space. VibeView is a visual presentation of document space defined by multiple reference points, similar to that of VIBE interface by Olson and colleagues (1993). By smooth integration of two browsing strategies, GeoVIBE enables users to search information using geographic clues as well as thematic clues.
The Search for Standards of Valid Price Legislation

Under a written constitution, however, there is a sovereignty superior to the legislature, that of the people expressed in the Constitution. How to reconcile legislation with the limitations of the Constitution and leave government practical in its exercise is a problem which comes to this court often. . . It is to be regretted that there is no indisputable standard for its solution-no indisputable test of due process of law . .. there. may be a regulation of the uses of property whose legality can not be denied. Regulation is not a taking, and we are brought to the inquiry, what uses of property will subject it to regulation? 1
A SIRT1-LSD1 Corepressor Complex Regulates Notch Target Gene Expression and Development

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression by histone-modifying corepressor complexes is central to normal animal development. The NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase and gene repressor SIRT1 removes histone H4K16 acetylation marks and facilitates heterochromatin formation. However, the mechanistic contribution of SIRT1 to epigenetic regulation at euchromatic loci and whether it acts in concert with other chromatin-modifying activities to control developmental gene expression programs remain unclear. We describe here a SIRT1 corepressor complex containing the histone H3K4 demethylase LSD1/KDM1A and several other LSD1-associated proteins. SIRT1 and LSD1 interact directly and play conserved and concerted roles in H4K16 deacetylation and H3K4 demethylation to repress genes regulated by the Notch signaling pathway. Mutations in Drosophila SIRT1 and LSD1 orthologs result in similar developmental phenotypes and genetically interact with the Notch pathway in Drosophila. These findings offer new insights into conserved mechanisms of epigenetic gene repression and regulation of development by SIRT1 in metazoans.
Abfractions and Attachment Loss in Teeth With Premature Contacts in Centric Relation: Clinical Observations

Background: It has been suggested that eccentric occlusal forces may be an etiologic factor for abfraction lesions. It has also been suggested that traumatic occlusal forces may have a damaging effect on the periodontal tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether associations were present between premature contacts in centric relation (PCCR), clinical attachment loss, and abfraction lesions. Methods: Forty-six subjects were examined. Within subjects, the mean attachment loss was determined for teeth with and without PCCR and for teeth with and without abfractions. In addition, teeth with PCCR (experimental group) were matched with contralateral teeth without PCCR (control group). Comparisons between groups were made with the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Wilcoxon rank sums test, and the Spearman r correlation coefficient. Results: The results demonstrated that attachment loss increased with age. Within subjects, teeth with abfraction lesions had significantly more buccal attachment loss than teeth without abfraction lesions (P <0.01). The majority of abfractions and PCCR occurred in premolars. The presence of PCCR had no influence on the appearance of an abfraction lesion or increased attachment loss. Similarly, subjects who exhibited abfractions had similar attachment loss as those subjects without abfraction lesions. Conclusions: Within the same patient, teeth with abfractions presented more attachment loss than those without abfractions. However, associations were not demonstrated between PCCR and the presence of abfractions or increased attachment loss. Future studies are needed to improve the knowledge regarding interactions among occlusal factors, attachment loss, and abfractions. J Periodontol 2009;80:19551962.
Escherichia coli Removal Efficacy of a Marshland Upwelling System

The Marshland Upwelling System (MUS), a decentralized wastewater treatment strategy for coastal dwellings, was examined to assess its ability to remove Escherichia coli from raw sewage as a step towards total treatment. Wastewater was intermittently injected down a 4.6-m injection well into the surrounding salt marsh at 0.9, 1.9, and 3.8 lpm over the 13-month evaluation period. Optimal E. coli removal and hydraulic performance was achieved at the 1.9-lpm flow rate with influent concentrations of 260,000±370,000 E. coli/100 mL reduced to a mean effluent count of 0.4±10.6 E. coli/100 mL. Escherichia coli concentrations declined exponentially with only 0.9-m travel distance needed to reduce influent concentrations by 1 order of magnitude. Predicted surface concentrations were less than 1 E. coli/100 mL. The probability of effluent counts exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard of 126 E. coli/100 mL for recreational waters was 5.5×10-12%. Increasing flows to 3.8 lpm initiated localized hyd...
Homocapsaicin: nomenclature, indexing and identification

The complete literature of homocapsaicin, one of the spicy principals of chilli pepper (Capsicum spp.), is reviewed and analysed. Name, structure, and topic searches in Chemical Abstracts and other relevant databases, conducted in September 2006, found 74 references to the homocapsaicin isomers. Nearly all resulted from searches on homocapsaicin or homocapsaicin I or 7-decenamide, N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-9-methyl, (7E)-, names treated, unfortunately, as synonyms by Chemical Abstracts. A mere nine citations were linked to the 6-ene homocapsaicin isomers. Of the 74 citations, 28 did not refer to a specific homocapsaicin isomer and another 27 provided no evidence for their particular structural assignments. Consequently, the name ‘homocapsaicin isomer’, meaning a homocapsaicin isomer with unspecified positions of the double bond and methyl group along the acyl chain, would be a more accurate indexing term for the majority (74%) of the literature. Only nine journal articles described analytical studies with convincing evidence for the existence of specific homocapsaicin isomers. These studies found (E)-6-ene-8-methyl homocapsaicin and (E)-6-ene-9-methyl homocapsaicin, but not the (E)-7-ene-9-methyl isomer, in chilli peppers. The need, relevant to all the capsaicinoids, for new nomenclature, better indexing, more accurate identification of isomers, and available chemical standards is presented, and suggestions for improvements are made. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a Computerized Forcing Function Improves Performance in Ordering Restraints

Study objective We evaluate the effect of a computerized order entry system forcing function on improving timely renewal of restraint orders. Methods In this prospective study of 2 successive interventions, physicians received computerized reminders to renew or discontinue restraint orders before their expiration. The initial intervention allowed acknowledgement of this reminder without further consequence, changing at 6 months to deny computer access until addressed. We performed chart review on emergency department visits with restraint orders in 3 consecutive 6-month periods (A, B, C) separated by these 2 interventions, determining time to order renewal, number of restraint orders, renewal orders per hour in restraints, and time in restraints and evaluating variability in these values across study intervals. Statistical analysis for our primary outcome used the Mann-Whitney and variance ratio tests. Results Median time to order renewal decreased in periods B and C versus A by 64 and 56 minutes, respectively, with variability in this measure decreasing across all periods. Mean number of restraint orders in periods B and C significantly increased versus those in A (1.46 to 1.89 to 2.34), with corresponding increases in variability. Mean renewal orders per hour in restraint significantly increased in period C versus A and B, from 0.08 to 0.23 to 0.89, with increasing variability across all periods. Decreases in median time spent in restraints observed in periods B and C versus A of 45 and 105 minutes, respectively, trended toward but did not achieve significance, with significantly decreasing variability compared with baseline. Conclusion The forcing function improved restraint reordering and variability in practice and may have contributed to nonsignificant reductions observed in time in restraint.
Modelling Rural Police Patrol

Police patrol has been modelled extensively in the urban environment, but these urban models cannot usually be applied to rural settings. The length of travel times and the nature of calls for service in rural, wide-area, low-population regions demand special consideration. In this paper, we develop a Markov model that explicitly incorporates travel times and priority calls to analyse police patrol policies in rural areas. Results of the model using data from Washtenaw County, Michigan, USA, are given to show its utility.
Bioinspired micro-composite structure

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and mechanical testing of a bioinspired composite structure with characteristic dimensions on the order of tens of microns. The microarchitecture, designed and fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, involves two distinct length scales and represents the first attempt at mimicking the crossed-lamellar microstructure of molluscan shells such as the giant Queen conch, Strombus gigas, which contains features with dimensions spanning five distinct length scales. The displacement control capabilities of a nanoindenter enabled the observation of the graceful failure of the micro-composite under three point bending and, in turn, the measurement of its post-peak load–displacement response and work of fracture.
Stable Coaxial Waveguide Port Algorithm for the Time Domain Finite Element Method

A new coaxial waveguide-port algorithm is developed and tested for the time-domain finite-element method. The electric field is modeled by edge elements and, for part of a coaxial cable or a similar transmission line, the full Maxwell's equations are reduced to the one-dimensional transmission-line equation through the use of macro elements, which represent the dominant waveguide mode. The port algorithm converges quadratically with the cell size for geometries with smooth boundaries, which is demonstrated by tests on a coaxial cable with a short-circuit termination. The port algorithm is proven to be stable up to the Courant limit of the explicit scheme used for the transmission-line equation, without any added artificial dissipation. The proposed port algorithm preserves, by construction, the reciprocity of Maxwell's equations. For a 2 × 2-array of patch antennas, computation of the coupling of the antenna elements demonstrates that the scattering matrix is symmetric or, equivalently, that the proposed algorithm preserves reciprocity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 115–119, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20225
CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

The introduction of palliative therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) will alter the epidemiology of ALS as it is known now. Although incidence rates will remain unchanged in the near future, prevalence rates will likely increase dramatically. Better understanding of the age-specific presentation of motor neuron diseases worldwide will shed light on the vexing questions concerning the variable incidence rates in some countries and apparent incidence gradients in North America and Europe.
Sliding Isolation System for Bridges: Analytical Study

Abstract This paper reports on a parametric study of the response of bridges supported by an isolation system consisting of sliding Teflon bearings and displacement control devices. The isolated bridges are subjected to simulated earthquake motions which are compatible with CalTrans design spectra. The effects of isolation system properties, deck flexibility, pier flexibility, pier strength, distribution of isolation elements and earthquake type are investigated. Results are presented in a form that is useful in the design of sliding isolation systems for two‐span continuous deck bridges. Comparisons with the response of conventionally built bridges demonstrate the significant benefits of seismic isolation. Finally, simplified code‐type analysis procedures are presented and evaluated.
Human Frequency Following Response: Neural Representation of Envelope and Temporal Fine Structure in Listeners with Normal Hearing and Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Objective Listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) typically experience reduced speech perception, which is not completely restored with amplification. This likely occurs because cochlear damage, in addition to elevating audiometric thresholds, alters the neural representation of speech transmitted to higher centers along the auditory neuroaxis. While the deleterious effects of SNHL on speech perception in humans have been well-documented using behavioral paradigms, our understanding of the neural correlates underlying these perceptual deficits remains limited. Using the scalp-recorded frequency following response (FFR), the authors examine the effects of SNHL and aging on subcortical neural representation of acoustic features important for pitch and speech perception, namely the periodicity envelope (F0) and temporal fine structure (TFS; formant structure), as reflected in the phase-locked neural activity generating the FFR. Design FFRs were obtained from 10 listeners with normal hearing (NH) and 9 listeners with mild-moderate SNHL in response to a steady-state English back vowel /u/ presented at multiple intensity levels. Use of multiple presentation levels facilitated comparisons at equal sound pressure level (SPL) and equal sensation level. In a second follow-up experiment to address the effect of age on envelope and TFS representation, FFRs were obtained from 25 NH and 19 listeners with mild to moderately severe SNHL to the same vowel stimulus presented at 80 dB SPL. Temporal waveforms, Fast Fourier Transform and spectrograms were used to evaluate the magnitude of the phase-locked activity at F0 (periodicity envelope) and F1 (TFS). Results Neural representation of both envelope (F0) and TFS (F1) at equal SPLs was stronger in NH listeners compared with listeners with SNHL. Also, comparison of neural representation of F0 and F1 across stimulus levels expressed in SPL and sensation level (accounting for audibility) revealed that level-related changes in F0 and F1 magnitude were different for listeners with SNHL compared with listeners with NH. Furthermore, the degradation in subcortical neural representation was observed to persist in listeners with SNHL even when the effects of age were controlled for. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest a relatively greater degradation in the neural representation of TFS compared with periodicity envelope in individuals with SNHL. This degraded neural representation of TFS in SNHL, as reflected in the brainstem FFR, may reflect a disruption in the temporal pattern of phase-locked neural activity arising from altered tonotopic maps and/or wider filters causing poor frequency selectivity in these listeners. Finally, while preliminary results indicate that the deleterious effects of SNHL may be greater than age-related degradation in subcortical neural representation, the lack of a balanced age-matched control group in this study does not permit us to completely rule out the effects of age on subcortical neural representation.
Analysis of the reporting and surveillance result of bacillary dysentery in Nan'an district of Chongqing in 2011

OBJECTIVE To understand the epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery in Nan'an,Chongqing,2011,and to find the problem of reporting and discuss the solving strategy.METHODS The analysis data of bacillary dysentery were collected from the " Diseases Reporting Information System" and the monitoring results of bacillary dysentery in Nan'an,Chongqing,from May to November in 2011.RESULTS The incidence rate of bacillary dysentery was 103.21 / lakh in Nan'an in 2011.Children of five or younger and children without child care were primarily affected,and the incidence peak was July;Diagnose accordance rate was only 55.27% in monitoring system of bacillary dysentery.CONCLUSION The reporting of bacillary dysentery remain high,but through the monitoring system,we find that the diagnosis accordance rate isn't high enough.It shows that the incidence rate may be artificially high.We need to construct a monitoring system of bacillary dysentery combined with clinical and laboratory(including stool-RT and pathogen detection) for increasing the reporting of specificity.
Chemonucleolysis with chymopapain.

Chemonucleolysis is the last step in “conservative” care of a patient with disk herniation. In experienced hands, the technique is less traumatic than spinal surgery.
Connexins/connexons. Cell-free expression.

With a few exceptions, all secretory and plasma membrane proteins studied to date are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Then, they are transported by successive vesicle budding and fusion from the ER through the Golgi stacks to the plasma membrane following the general intracellular transport route referred to as secretory pathway (originally reviewed in 1). Gap junction connexins have been shown to follow this pathway.
Fingernail Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Possible Correlation with Soft Tissue Infections in Children.

OBJECTIVES Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a growing problem in the pediatric population, causing many soft tissue infections. This study was designed to examine fingernail carriage of MRSA in children and their caregivers as a possible link to community-associated MRSA soft tissue infections in children. METHODS We documented the prevalence of MRSA under the fingernails of children and the caregivers of pediatric patients with soft tissue infections and compared the prevalence with MRSA under the fingernails of children and the caregivers of children with no history of soft tissue infections. Children with soft tissue infections and their caregivers (50 subjects) had three fingernails of each hand swabbed and plated and these were compared with a control group of children and their caregivers (150 subjects) who had no history of MRSA or soft tissue infection. RESULTS Caregivers and children in the study group were more likely than caregivers and the children in the control group to have MRSA under their fingernails (P < 0.05). Soft tissue infections in the study group were found most commonly in the diapering area (66%). CONCLUSIONS MRSA carriage was evident under the fingernails of children and caregivers. Caregivers and their children who have soft tissue infections are more likely to have MRSA growth under fingernails than caregivers or their children who have no history of MRSA or soft tissue infections. Our study suggests that caregivers could be contributing to soft tissue infections in their children.
Crime Films: Double Indemnity and the Film Noir

The term film noir was first coined by French reviewer Nino Frank when the end of the wartime embargo brought five 1944 Hollywood films — The Woman in the Window, Laura, Phantom Lady, Double Indemnity , and Murder, My Sweet — to Paris in the same week in 1946. All five films seemed to take place in a world marked by menace, violence, and crime and yet distinct from the world of the gangster cycle of the 1930s. In christening the young genre, Frank was thinking not so much of earlier movies as of earlier novels. The label film noir was adapted from Marcel Duhamel's Serie noire translations for Gallimard of British and American hard-boiled novels. The private-eye stories of Dashiell Hammett and of Raymond Chandler, whose gorgeously overwrought prose made him the most obvious stylistic patron of noir, had broken the decorum of the formal detective story from Conan Doyle to Agatha Christie. But an even closer analogue was to be found in the breathless suspense novels of James M. Cain ( The Postman Always Rings Twice , 1934; Double Indemnity , 1936) and Cornell Woolrich ( The Bride Wore Black , 1940; Phantom Lady , 1942), which trapped their heroes in a nightmarishly claustrophobic world of evil.