cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐GG‐T‐564: Secondary Cancer Risk Characterization of Pediatric Craniospinal Irradiation (CSI) Using Helical Tomotherapy and Conventional 3‐Field Technique

Purpose: To assess the excess relative risk of developing secondary malignancies in pediatric patients treated with craniospinal irradiation (CSI) using helical tomotherapy and conventional 3‐field treatment technique. Method and Materials: Five previously irradiated patients were replanned using the tomotherapy treatment planning system (TPS) and Pinnacle3 TPS. For each patient, two plans were generated with thirteen organs at risk (OAR) contoured. Planning target volumes (PTV) were created by expanding the CT‐based anatomy with a 0.3 and 1.0cm margin, respectively. All plans were prescribed and normalized so that 95% of the PTV received at least 23.4Gy in 13 fractions. Conventional plans were created using lateral brain fields and single/dual extended SSD spine fields. Dose calculations were performed using 4mm dose voxels. Excess relative risks to each organ and total body were computed by volumetrically weighting the risk. Plans were also compared on the basis of normal tissue sparing, PTV homogeneity, and overall risk. Results: When using tomotherapy, Dmax to all the critical structures had a mean reduction of 42.8%. Dmean to six critical structures showed a mean reduction of 39%. With conventional techniques, four structures showed a mean dose reduction of 39%. The risk of a secondary malignancy for 50% of the critical structures had a mean reduction of 41.8% with tomotherapy. When using conventional techniques, the other 50% experienced a mean reduction of 44.6%. PTV homogeneity improved by a factor of 3 when using tomotherapy. Conclusion: Helical tomotherapy, on average, reduces the maximum (∼42%) dose to the OARs as well as improves the homogeneity to the PTV by 3x. Though the incidence of secondary malignancy risk is lower in 50% of the OARs when using tomotherapy, a mean reduction of 0.86%/Sv (43.3%) was observed whereas with the other 50%, there is a mean reduction of 0.16%/Sv (35.3%) when using conventional techniques.
Case report of a near medical event in stereotactic radiotherapy due to improper units of measure from a treatment planning system.

Purpose: The authors hereby notify the Radiation Oncology community of a potentially lethal error due to improper implementation of linear units of measure in a treatment planning system. The authors report an incident in which a patient was nearly mistreated during a stereotactic radiotherapy procedure due to inappropriate reporting of stereotactic coordinates by the radiation therapytreatment planning system in units of centimeter rather than in millimeter. The authors suggest a method to detect such errors during treatment planning so they are caught and corrected prior to the patient positioning for treatment on the treatment machine.Methods: Using pretreatment imaging, the authors found that stereotactic coordinates are reported with improper linear units by a treatment planning system. The authors have implemented a redundant, independent method of stereotactic coordinate calculation.Results: Implementation of a double check of stereotactic coordinates via redundant, independent calculation is simple and accurate. Use of this technique will avoid any future error in stereotactic treatment coordinates due to improper linear units, transcription, or other similar errors.Conclusions: The authors recommend an independent double check of stereotactic treatment coordinates during the treatment planning process in order to avoid potential mistreatment of patients.
The “fieldwork” method of teaching and learning clinical psychiatry

Abstract A program in teaching clinical psychiatry to first-year residents took place at the University of Virginia Hospital during the academic year of 1968–1969. The aim of this program was to teach patient-oriented psychiatry, utilizing several different teaching techniques. The program became known as “field-work” teaching and learning. In the program six first-year residents were assigned to a tutor who shared 5 hours per week with the group. The tutor became an “auxiliary therapist” and formed a “learning alliance” with the therapist-resident and other members of the group. The residents treated inpatients in rotation. The group observed the actual treatment through a one-way screen window, and discussion of the treatment hours followed these observations. The tutor's chief aim was to open a way for a “learning group” to evolve, rather than a therapy group. The participants discussed idiosyncratic response and learning patterns. To enhance the cognitive-intellectual aspects of the learning process, the tutor invited experts on the psychiatric staff and from outside to conduct seminars with the group. The intellectual-cognitive material arose from the clinical phenomena. A master reading list was prepared; it included classical papers, review articles, and clinical papers written by the University of Virginia's own psychiatric faculty. This paper gives the outline of this teaching-learning method and describes its theoretical rationale. An analogy can be made between psychoanalytic treatment aimed at ego-building and the teaching techniques applicable to the first-year resident whose ego is deficient in therapeutic experience. The residents need to learn the skills, language, and concepts of psychological medicine.
A second-order Monte Carlo method for the solution of the Ito stochastic differential equation

A difference approximation that is second-order accurate in the time step his derived for the general Ito stochastic differential equation. The difference equation has the form of a second-order random walk in which the random terms are non-linear combinations of Gaussian random variables. For a wide class of problems, the transition pdf is joint-normal to second order in h; the technique then reduces to a Gaussian random walk, but its application is not limited to problems having a Gaussian solution. A large number of independent sample paths are generated in a Monte Carlo solution algorithm; any statistical function of the solution (e.g., moments or pdf's) can be estimated by ensemble averaging over these paths
Integrated characterization of cold sprayed aluminum coatings

Cold spray (CS) technology is a recent development for producing dense, oxide-free metallic and cermet coatings with attributes not achievable by established atmospheric thermal spray (TS) techniques. Little or no thermal component (i.e. high temperature) is introduced in the CS process; deposit formation relies mainly on dynamic compaction as particles impact the substrate. In this paper, we discuss and evaluate the relationships between the microstructure, properties and residual stresses in CS Al coatings, combining indentation, dilatometry, resistivity measurements and neutron diffraction techniques. In addition, we provide mechanistic arguments for the evolution of such characteristics with post-deposit annealing.
Surface rhenium oxide-support interaction for supported Re2O7 catalysts

The molecular structures of the two-dimensional rhenium oxide overlayers on different oxide supports (Al[sub 2]O[sub 3], TiO[sub 2], SiO[sub 2], and MgO) under ambient and dehydrated conditions were determined by Raman spectroscopy. The surface rhenium oxide species under ambient conditions are hydrated by adsorbed moisture and are essentially in an aqueous medium. Consequently, the surface rhenium oxide species under ambient conditions resemble the ReO[sub 4][sup [minus]] ion in an aqueous solution independent of the specific oxide support. Upon dehydration at elevated temperatures, the surface rhenium oxide species interact with the oxide support by a bridged oxygen (with exception of the Re[sub 2]O[sub 7]/MgO system). The molecular structures of the dehydrated surface rhenium oxide species possess an isolated, four-coordinated rhenium oxide species with three terminal Re[double bond]O bonds and one bridging Re-O-support bond. For the Re[sub 2]O[sub 7]/MgO systems, the surface rhenium oxide species is primarily present as a compound(s) formed by a strong acid-base interaction between the supported rhenium oxide catalysts revealed that the activity is strongly dependent on the specific oxide support and increases with increasing reducibility of the surface rhenium oxide species. The activity and reducibility of the supported rhenium oxide catalysts are attributed to the difference inmore » the Re[sup 7+]-O-support bond strength. 47 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less
When push comes to shove: Barnett Newman, abstraction, and the politics of 1968

This essay examines how the volatile politics of the Vietnam War and protest movement, specifically as exemplified by the events surrounding the 1968 Democratic National Convention held in Chicago, penetrated the perceived exclusivity of the art establishment. With the work of the New York School artist Barnett Newman as case study, most importantly his Lace Curtain for Mayor Daley (1968), the relationship between politics and art is considered. Issues addressed include the perceived autonomy of modern art, the possibilities of abstraction, and the meaning of artistic agency at a transformative moment in American art.
Comparative chloroplast genomics between Euglena viridis and Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyta)

Bennett M.S., Wiegert K.E. and Triemer R.E. 2012. Comparative chloroplast genomics between Euglena viridis and Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyta). Phycologia 51: 711–718. DOI: 10.2216/12-017.1 The chloroplast genomes of Euglena gracilis, Eutreptia viridis, Eutreptiella gymnastica, Colacium vesiculosum, Strombomonas acuminata and the colourless Euglena (Astasia) longa, which had secondarily lost the ability to photosynthesize, were previously reported. These studies had shown that there was a great diversity in the size of euglenoid chloroplast genomes and in the arrangement of gene clusters. However, while these genomes provided important insights into the evolution of the chloroplast genome across genera, they did not address genomic variability within a genus. In an effort to continue with these investigations, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of Euglena viridis and compared this to the E. gracilis chloroplast genome in order to explore intrageneric chloroplast evolution. The chloroplast genome of E. vi...
Transient permeation of butanes through ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolite membranes

Butane isomer adsorption isotherms and diffusivities in the transport pathways through Al-ZSM-11 (MEL), Al-ZSM-5 (MFI), and B-ZSM-5 zeolite membranes were measured by a transient permeation technique. The permeate responses to feed step changes were measured between 383 and 473 K, and the diffusion was modeled as Maxwell–Stefan surface diffusion with dual-site Langmuir adsorption. The effects of adsorption and diffusion on the n-C4/i-C4 ideal selectivities were quantified, and the selectivity differences between the membranes were explained based on the adsorption properties and the diffusivities. The resistance of the porous tubular supports affected the coverage in the zeolite at the permeate boundary, and the ratio of the n-C4/i-C4 diffusion driving forces consequently increased with increasing temperature. The n-C4 diffusivities were almost the same in the three membranes, but the i-C4 diffusivities in the MEL membrane were an order of magnitude higher than those in the MFI membranes. The bulkier i-C4 molecules are apparently significantly less constrained in the straight, circular pores and slightly larger intersections of MEL zeolite, although the structural differences do not affect the mobility of n-C4. Higher i-C4 coverages in the Al-ZSM-11 and B-ZSM-5 membranes compared to the Al-ZSM-5 membrane were attributed to a smaller change in entropy upon adsorption in the channels of Al-ZSM-11 and to a higher heat of adsorption in the intersections of the more substituted B-ZSM-5. Initial transient flux overshoots and undershoots after i-C4 feed concentration changes were apparently caused by a small amount of pressure-driven flow (<10% of the total i-C4 flux and <0.1% of the total n-C4 flux) through parallel pathways. The effective membrane thicknesses were also estimated from the transient measurements. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2816–2834, 2004
Does rewording MRI reports improve patient understanding and emotional response to a clinical report

Background Diagnostic MRI reports can be distressing for patients with limited health literacy. Humans tend to prepare for the worst particularly when we are in pain, and words like “tear” can make us feel damaged and in need of repair. Research on words used in provider-patient interactions have shown an affect on response to treatment and coping strategies, but the literature on this remains relatively sparse.
Distinct lectin activities from six species of cellular slime molds.

Abstract Extracts of cohesive cells of four species of cellular slime mold, D. mucoroides , D. purpureum , D. rosarium and P. violaceum agglutinate erythrocytes in a manner that is similar to that previously observed with extracts of D. discoideum and P. pallidum . We determined inhibitory activity of a series of sugars on the agglutination activity of each of these extracts, using both semiquantitative and quantitative agglutination assays. The inhibitory potency of this series of sugars was distinct for each extract, although only slight differences were found between several species, especially D. discoideum and P. violaceum . A possible role of these agglutinins in species-specific cell cohesion is considered.
Application of the group contribution lattice-fluid EOS to polymer solutions

A new group contribution lattice-fluid equation of state (GCLF-EOS) is described that can accurately predict the activities of solvents in polymer solutions. This equation of state is a modification of the equation of state derived by Panayioutou and Vera (1982), which is based on the lattice statistics developments of Guggenheim (1952). The group contribution modification permits the prediction of solvent activity, given only the structure of the polymer and solvent involved. The GCLF-EOS can accurately predict solvent activities in polystyrene, polyethylene, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene oxide), and poly(vinyl chloride). The model does not perform as well for solvent activities in polyisobutylene due to the inaccurate group contribution values for the quaternary carbon group.
American Indians, hunting and fishing rates, risk, and the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory.

Hunting, fishing, and recreational rates of 276 American Indians attending a festival at Fort Hall, near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), were examined. Nearly half of the sample lived on the Fort Hall Reservation, and half were American Indians from elsewhere in the western United States. An additional 44 White people attending the festival were also interviewed. The hypothesis that there are differences in hunting, fishing, and recreational rates as a function of tribal affiliation, educational level, gender, and age was examined. Information on hunting and fishing rates are central for understanding potential exposure scenarios for American Indians if the Department of Energy's INEEL lands are ever opened to pubic access, and the data are important because of the existence of tribal treaties that govern the legal and cultural rights of the Shoshone-Bannock regarding INEEL lands. Variations in hunting, fishing, and photography rates were explained by tribal affiliation (except fishing), gender, age, and schooling. Hunting rates were significantly higher for Indians (both those living on Fort Hall and others) than Whites. Men engaged in significantly higher rates of outdoor activities than women (except for photography). Potential and current hunting and fishing on and adjacent to INEEL was more similar among the local Whites and Fort Hall Indians than between these two groups and other American Indians.
GALOIS THEORY OF THICK SUBCATEGORIES IN MODULAR REPRESENTATION THEORY

Abstract D. J. Benson, J. F. Carlson, and J. Rickard [1997, Fund. Math. 153 , 59–80] classified the tensor-closed thick subcategories of finite-dimensional representations of finite groups over algebraically closed fields. In this paper, we remove the algebraically closed hypothesis by applying some Galois theory. Our methods apply more generally to finite-dimensional cocommutative Hopf algebras over a field. Thus they allow us to drop the algebraically closed hypothesis in the classification of thick subcategories of modules over finite-dimensional sub-Hopf algebras of the Steenrod algebra as well.
Less effortful thinking leads to more social networking? The associations between the use of social network sites and personality traits

Social network sites (SNS) have become an important social milieu that enables interpersonal communication by allowing users to share and create information. This study explored the associations between SNS use and personality traits, i.e., need for cognition (NFC) and information and communication technology (ICT) innovativeness. The findings showed that the SNS use had a negative association with NFC and a positive association with ICT innovativeness. Specifically, people who were more likely to engage in effortful thinking used SNS less often, and those who were high in ICT innovativeness used SNS more often. Meanwhile, those who spent more time on SNS were more likely to be multitaskers. Additionally, those who spent more time on SNS also spent more Internet time in general, more online time for study/work and more time in surfing the Web with no specific purpose. This study, which could be a first look at the link between social networking and our thinking, provides evidence for the associations between social media use and personality traits.
Cp*Ru+ complexes of benzylideneaniline and salicylideneaniline

Abstract The reaction product of Cp*Ru(CH 3 CN) 3 + OSO 2 CF 3 − with salicylaldehyde yielded ( 1 ) which reacted with a series of aniline derivatives to produce air-stable solids. These products were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectrometry and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Solvatochromism studies of these products revealed that the p -NH 2 and p -N(CH 3 ) 2 derivatives exhibit relatively large values of molecular hyperpolarizability and have the potential to exhibit nonlinear optical properties. These derivatives were further studied by electrochemical investigations.
The energy of a growing elastic surface

Abstract The potential energy of the elastic surface of an elastic body which is growing by the coherent addition of material is derived. Several equivalent expressions are presented for the energy required to add a single atom, also known as the chemical potential. The simplest involves the Eshelby stress tensors for the bulk medium and for the surface. Dual Lagrangian/Eulerian expressions are obtained which are formally similar to each other. The analysis employs two distinct types of variations to derive the governing bulk and surface equations for an accreting elastic solid. The total energy of the system is assumed to comprise bulk and surface energies, while the presence of an external medium can be taken into account through an applied surface forcing. A detailed account is given of the various formulations possible in material and current coordinates, using four types of bulk and surface stresses: the Piola-Kirchhoff stress, the Cauchy stress, the Eshelby stress and a fourth, called the nominal energy-momentum stress. It is shown that inhomogeneity surface forces arise naturally if the surface energy density is allowed to be position dependent.
Early Decomposition of Ashe Juniper (Juniperus ashei) Wood in Open and Shaded Habitat

Grasslands of the Edwards Plateau of central Texas have been extensively altered through woody species encroachment, particularly as a result of increasing abundance of the invasive native shrub, Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei). Over the last several decades there has been widespread mechanical removal of the species. The wood is often left in place to decompose, either mulched or not. Where the wood is left to decompose might have some bearing on its rate of decomposition. This study was conducted to determine the rates of Ashe juniper wood decomposition as a function of open vs. shaded habitat and the potential effect of wood decomposition on nutrient inputs into this system. Wood decomposition in this arid ecosystem might be expected to occur more rapidly in shaded habitat where the moisture and temperature regimes would be more favorable for wooddecomposing fungi. On the other hand, during times of low rainfall we might expect wood to decompose more rapidly when exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. In our experiment, we found no difference between open and shaded treatments. Wood biomass loss occurred rapidly over the first 3–4 mo of the study and slowed for the remaining 2 yr. Wood carbon (C) increased only slightly (7.3%), but nitrogen (N) increased significantly (176%). As a consequence of changes in wood nitrogen, C:N decreased through time. Results of this study suggest that the wood decomposition process in open and shaded habitats in this arid ecosystem during a time of low rainfall do not differ. Our findings also suggest that land managers aiming to establish native species following felling of Ashe juniper should do so in the first year when nutrient release from decomposing wood is the highest.
The war on drugs versus the war on pain: surviving two perfect storms

523 ISSN 1758-1869 10.2217/PMT.12.52 © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd Pain Manage. (2012) 2(6), 523–526 Images of the proverbial swinging pendulum abound in current discussions of the state of pain management. There are many who would have us believe that over the last 20 years we have gone, quite simply, from an epidemic of undertreated pain and its resultant public health problem of worldwide magnitude, to its polar opposite, an epidemic of overprescribing and, as a consequence, a major public health crisis of prescription drug abuse and overdose deaths, particularly in the USA. An alternative view, bleaker, but more consistent with existing data, is that we now have the worst of both worlds or, in contemporary parlance, the concurrence of two ‘perfect storms’, that is, a continuing epidemic of undertreated pain and, in some countries, such as the USA, a more recent epidemic of prescription drug abuse and overdose deaths. If this assessment is accurate, then an ethically and clinically sound public policy response will not discount or disfavor one crisis in order to obsessively focus upon the other. Rather, the overarching philosophy of an enlightened public health policy on pain management will strive to achieve balance between the dual and potentially, but not necessarily, conflicting goals of insuring effective pain relief for patients in need, while minimizing the risk of prescription drug abuse, addiction, diversion or overdose. In the language of a recent WHO publication: “All countries have a dual obligation with regard to these medicines (controlled substances) based on legal, political, public health and moral grounds. The dual obligation is to ensure that these substances are available for medical purposes and to protect populations against abuse and dependence. Countries should aim at a policy that ultimately achieves both objectives, in other words, a balanced policy” [1]. Let us first endeavor to put to rest the simplistic notion that underprescribing of opioids could not persist in an era of escalating prescription drug abuse. The 2011 Institute of Medicine report, ‘Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research’, confirms in great depth and detail that undertreated pain remains a major problem [2]. Similarly, one of the seminal articles documenting that undertreatment of pain was a problem even for cancer patients appeared in 1994 [3]. In 2011, an article updating that much earlier study found that knowledge deficits and failure to follow existing pain management guidelines continue to be pervasive and problematic for cancer patients [4].
Similar levels of immune complexes in cases of multiple sclerosis and their unaffected relatives

To investigate the possible effect of the hypothetical multiple sclerosis susceptibility (MSS) gene on circulating immune complexes, we employed a sensitive assay to test for the presence of immune complexes in sera of MS patients and unaffected relatives classified by the presence/absence of HLA-defined markers for the MSS gene. We found no significant differences between cases and relatives. The results suggest that elevated immune complex levels in MS patients' sera reported by others may not be unique to MS cases, but may represent instead a familial phenomenon. We also report a possible association between the A3 + B7 haplotype and increased immune complexes.
Temporal characteristics of gonadotropin interaction with rabbit luteal receptors and activation of adenylyl cyclase: comparison to the mode of action of catecholamine receptors.

The temporal characteristics of gonadotropin (LH and hCG) and catecholamine interaction with their luteal receptors and activation of adenylyl cyclase were studied inrabbit luteal membranes. Studies on hormone-receptor interaction showed that, once bound, [125I]iodo-hCG dissociated from its receptor very slowly. If excess LH was added 30 min after the initiation of [125I]iodo-hCG binding, 85% of the [125I]iodo-hCG bound at 30 min was still bound to the luteal receptors 4.5 h later. The rate of dissociation of [125I]iodo-hCG from its receptor was not altered by 100 μM GTP, 2 mM MgCl2, or GTP plus MgCl2. The slow rate of [125I]iodo-hCG dissociation observed at 30 min was not due to a time-dependent change in the hormonereceptor complex, as the dissociation of [125I]iodo-hCG was equally slow 5 min after the initiation of the binding reaction. Studies on the activation of luteal adenylyl cyclase by LHshowed that stimulation by 1 μg/ml ovine LH (oLH) could be prevented but, once initiated, could not be reverse...
Near-Field Microwave Reflection Property Analysis of Concrete Using Open-Ended Rectangular Waveguides at S- and X-Band

Near-field nondestructive reflection property characterization of concrete based materials using open-ended rectangular waveguide probes is presented. The statistical distribution of multiple reflection property measurements are used as a tool to determine the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio as well as the coarse aggregate volumetric distributions in several concrete mixtures. These results may be used to determine the compressive strength of concrete. In this effort, concrete specimens with 0.50 w/c ratio were used. For these specimens sand-to-cement (s/c) ratio of 1.0 was used along with coarse aggregate-to-cement (ca/c) ratios of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, respectively. The microwave reflection coefficient of these specimens were measured at x-band (10 GHz) and S-band (3 GHz) using an HP8510 vector network analyzer. The results of these measurements, from the point of view of their probability distribution functions are presented, in addition to discussions regarding their implementation for nondestructive characterization of concrete based materials.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanisms for inception of DC and 60 Hz AC corona in SF 6

Using a pulse counting technique, inceptions of positive and negative point-plane corona in SF6 under dc and 60-Hz ac conditions were measured. Effects of gas pressure, UV-radiation, and point electrode size on differences between ac and dc, and between positive and negative inceptions were investigated. Inceptions were also calculated using the streamer criterion. Agreement was obtained with measured negative inceptions for both ac and dc conditions, but not with positive inceptions. The growth in the active-electron initiation volume with applied voltage was calculated and used to explain the observed polarity effect. The magnitude of the polarity effect is predictably reduced, either by irradiating the gap or by increasing the diameter of the point electrode. The difference between ac and dc positive inceptions is attributed to the enhancement of avalanche-initiating electron production by the residual ion space charge from negative corona in the previous half-cycle. Without radiation, it is hypothesized that electron initiation for positive corona occurs mainly via field-enhanced collisional detachment of negative ions, the probability of which depends on the degree of field nonuniformity in the gap. For negative corona, initiation is assumed to occur via field emission from the point electrode. The presence of radiation enhances initiation in the positive case by photodetachment of negative ions, and in the negative case by photoelectric emission.
Later school start time is associated with improved sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents.

Objective: Chronic insufficient sleep is a growing concern among adolescents and is associated with a host of adverse health consequences. Early school start times may be an environmental contributor to this problem. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a delay in school start time on sleep patterns, sleepiness, mood, and health-related outcomes. Method: Boarding students (n 5 197, mean age 5 15.6 yr) attending an independent high school completed the School Sleep Habits Survey before and after the school start time was experimentally delayed from 8:00 a.m. to 8:25 a.m. Results: The delay in school start time was associated with a significant (29 min) increase in sleep duration on school nights. The percentage of students receiving 8 or more hours of sleep on a school night increased to more than double, from 18% to 44%. Students in 9th and 10th grade and those with lower baseline sleep amounts were more likely to report improvements in sleep duration after the schedule change. Daytime sleepiness, depressed mood, and caf- feine use were all significantly reduced after the delay in school start time. Sleep duration reverted to baseline levels when the original (earlier) school start time was reinstituted. Conclusions: A modest (25 min) delay in school start time was associated with significant improvements in sleep duration, daytime sleepi- ness, mood, and caffeine use. These findings have important implications for public policy and add to research suggesting the health benefits of modifying school schedules to more closely align with adolescents' circadian rhythms and sleep needs.
Components of the GABA system in mice selectively bred for differences in open-field activity

Mice selectively bred for differences in open-field activity were utilized to test the hypothesis that differences in open-field behaviour are mediated at least in part by components of the GABA system, including brain glutamic acid decarboxylase activity (V, Vmax, and Km), as well as glutamate and GABA concentrations. Enzyme velocity was found to be inversely correlated with open-field activity, but it accounted for less than 15% of the variance. Moreover, the rank order of the lines was not as predicted for a genetically correlated character and the magnitude of the differences in enzyme activity among the lines was not large. It was therefore concluded that the GABA system is not an important mediator of differences in open-field behaviour in these lines of mice.
The Effect of Mitering on CPW Discontinuities

The effect of mitering on coplanar waveguide (CPW) discontinuities is studied using a full wave space domain integral equation method which is discussed briefly. Preliminary results for a mitered CPW open-end are presented. The discretization mechanism used in the method of moments and its effect on the convergence is also outlined and a sample convergence plot is included. In addition, results are presented which show the effect of miteriing-on the reflection coefficient angle of a CPW open-end discontinuity. The effect of mitering on other discontinuities, such as the CPW step discontinuity, will also be presented in the conference.
Relation of Loop Diuretic Dose to Mortality in Advanced Heart Failure

Although loop diuretics are widely used in heart failure (HF), their effect on outcomes has not been evaluated in large clinical trials. This study sought to determine the dose-dependent relation between loop diuretic use and HF prognosis. A cohort of 1,354 patients with advanced systolic HF referred to a single center was studied. Patients were divided into quartiles of equivalent total daily loop diuretic dose: 0 to 40, 41 to 80, 81 to 160, and >160 mg. The cohort was 76% male, with a mean age of 53 ± 13 years and a mean ejection fraction of 24 ± 7%. The mean diuretic dose equivalence was 107 ± 87 mg. The diuretic quartile groups were similar in terms of gender, body mass index, ischemic cause of HF, history of hypertension, and spironolactone use, but the highest quartile was associated with a smaller ejection fraction and lower serum sodium and hemoglobin levels but higher serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. There was a decrease in survival with increasing diuretic dose (83%, 81%, 68%, and 53% for quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively). Even after extensive co-variate adjustment (age, gender, ischemic cause of HF, the ejection fraction, body mass index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, peak oxygen consumption, β-blocker use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use, digoxin use, statin use, serum sodium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, hemoglobin, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and smoking history), diuretic quartile remained an independent predictor of mortality (quartile 4 vs quartile 1 hazard ratio 4.0, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 8.4). In conclusion, in this cohort of patients with advanced HF, there was an independent, dose-dependent association between loop diuretic use and impaired survival. Higher loop diuretic dosages identify patients with HF at particularly high risk for mortality.
Laminar film condensation in a tube with upward vapor flow

Abstract The Nusselt solution for laminar film condensation on a vertical plate with upward vapor flow is reviewed, with comments on the nature of the condensate flow. The same laminar film condensation problem is considered for the case of upward vapor flow in the inside of a vertical tube, in which case the decrease in the steam flow rate due to the condensation produces a reduction in the shear stress which supports the condensate layer. A numerical solution of the problem is then required and results are given for specific cases to illustrate the method of the calculation and to indicate the nature of the condensation process in the vertical tube. These cases involve both upward and downward flow of the condensate.
Recruitment of Juvenile Striped Bass in the Roanoke River, North Carolina, as Related to Reservoir Discharge

Abstract A multiagency committee was established to examine potential effects of reservoir management and hydroelectric power activities in the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, on downstream resources and their users. Striped bass Morone saxatilis was selected as a key species because of the extensive long-term data base on spawning activity and nursery utilization established in the late 1950s. Specifically, the juvenile abundance index (JAI) values for young-of-year striped bass in Albemarle Sound (1955–1987) were compared to preimpoundment (1912–1950) and post-impoundment (1955–1987) flows of the Roanoke River during the spawning season (1 March–30 June). Recruitment was best (JAI > 5.0) for years in which river flows were low to moderate (5,000–11,000 ft3/s) and was poor (JAI 5.0) most closely resembled preimpoundment...
Infiltrating lipoma of the proper digital nerves

Lipomas are one of the most commonly encountered benign soft tissue tumors. Their frequent occurrence and exact anatomic distribution in the hand and upper extremity have been well documented. A review of the current literature shows that these lesions are most often asymptomatic and occur only rarely with the fingers. Our recent experience has been at variance with this in that we have encountered two patients with symptomatic infiltrating lipomas of the proper digital nerves. The following report documents the clinical presentation, treatment, and postoperative course of these patients.
A software‐based x‐ray scatter correction method for breast tomosynthesis

Purpose: To develop a software-based scatter correction method for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging and investigate its impact on the image quality of tomosynthesisreconstructions of both phantoms and patients. Methods: A Monte Carlo(MC) simulation of x-rayscatter, with geometry matching that of the cranio-caudal (CC) view of a DBT clinical prototype, was developed using the Geant4 toolkit and used to generate maps of the scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR) of a number of homogeneous standard-shaped breasts of varying sizes. Dimension-matched SPR maps were then deformed and registered to DBT acquisition projections, allowing for the estimation of the primary x-ray signal acquired by the imaging system. Noise filtering of the estimated projections was then performed to reduce the impact of the quantum noise of the x-rayscatter. Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction was then performed using the maximum likelihood-expectation maximization (MLEM) method. This process was tested on acquisitions of a heterogeneous 50/50 adipose/glandular tomosynthesis phantom with embedded masses, fibers, and microcalcifications and on acquisitions of patients. The image quality of the reconstructions of the scatter-corrected and uncorrected projections was analyzed by studying the signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR), the integral of the signal in each mass lesion (integrated mass signal, IMS), and the modulation transfer function (MTF). Results: The reconstructions of the scatter-corrected projections demonstrated superior image quality. The SDNR of masses embedded in a 5 cm thick tomosynthesis phantom improved 60%–66%, while the SDNR of the smallest mass in an 8 cm thick phantom improved by 59% (p < 0.01). The IMS of the masses in the 5 cm thick phantom also improved by 15%–29%, while the IMS of the masses in the 8 cm thick phantom improved by 26%–62% (p < 0.01). Some embedded microcalcifications in the tomosynthesis phantoms were visible only in the scatter-correctedreconstructions. The visibility of the findings in two patient images was also improved by the application of the scatter correction algorithm. The MTF of the images did not change after application of the scatter correction algorithm, indicating that spatial resolution was not adversely affected. Conclusions: Our software-based scatter correction algorithm exhibits great potential in improving the image quality of DBT acquisitions of both phantoms and patients. The proposed algorithm does not require a time-consuming MC simulation for each specific case to be corrected, making it applicable in the clinical realm.
AFFILIATION, URBAN SIZE, URGENCY, AND COST OF RESPONSES TO LOST LETTERS '

KlanWatch aFfiiates were 60.7%, 59.5%, 56.0'70, 44.0%, and 36.9%, respectively. Responses from the city were generally fewer than those from suburbs except for Pesticide or Immigration Law affihations. Urban responses were always fewer than those from small towns. Urgency and cost did not influence returns. The lost letter technique seems suitable as a research tool for inferring public opinion toward nonpolicical, emotionally subtle social issues. Mdgram, Mam, and Harter (1965) developed a research method for measuring community attitudes toward political organizations, including deviant ones such as Friends of the Communist and Nazi Parties. These researchers placed a large number of stamped envelopes, addressed to fictious persons and political organizations, in areas frequented by the general public. The envelopes were positioned address-side-up so to letter finders they would appear to have been lost. The letter finders had a choice of mahg, destroying, ignoring, or keeping the lost letters. The researchers assumed, that were a lost letter retrieved, the finder would examine the address and note it had not been mailed (Milgram, et a/., 1965). Then the letter finder might decide whether to return the letter. Presumably a finder's attitude toward a particular person or group might affect this decision. By changing the name of the organization in the address of the lost letter, varied return rates for each political organization were noted (Milgram, et a/., 1965). Additional research is needed to help establish Milgram's lost letter technique as a research tool for sampling public opinion to establish precise lunitations and applicabhty. Several studies have shown the lost letter cechnique indicated accurately community attitudes toward various organizations, political parties, and candidates (Milgram, et a!., 1965; Milgram, 1969; Shotland, Berger, & Forsythe, 1970). Other researchers have inferred public opinion about such emotionally charged social issues as homosexuabty, busing,
Statistical bipolar circuit design using MSTAT

A technique for performing statistical circuit design has been developed that provides the accuracy required for bipolar designs. This has been accomplished through the development of a prototype system, MSTAT (Motorola statistical analysis tool). The statistical techniques that MSTAT supports to determine circuit performance and yield are screening (Plackett-Burman) and RSM (response surface methodology) Monte Carlo analysis is used to predict circuit constraints using the derived polynomial equation produced by RSM. An example is included to demonstrate the system capabilities. >
The next decade of ict development: Access, applications, and the forces of convergence1

The last decade has seen an incredible expansion in access to ICTs, as well as an explosion in applications. Driving this revolution have been new disruptive technologies exploited by new business models, in turn enabled by policy and regulatory reforms. The technologies driving change in the next decade may well encourage a further blurring of the line between access, industries and applications, leading to new challenges for the sustainability of existing business models and policy and regulatory environments going forward.
Respiratory function and extraocular muscle paralysis following administration of pancuronium bromide in dogs

Pancuronium bromide, a neuromuscular blocking agent, was evaluated in canine cataract surgical patients under general anesthesia to determine its effects on respiratory function and globe position. Two paralytic, anesthetic regimes were studied: one using a standard dosage of 0.066 mg kg-1 pancuronium bromide, given intravenously while providing the patient with ventilatory support, and one using a dosage of 0.022 mg kg-1 in which no ventilatory support was provided. Eye position and anterior vitreal position/displacement were recorded by a surgeon who was blinded as to treatment group. Physiological parameters indicative of respiratory function were monitored. Both dosages of pancuronium produced comparable, neutral globe position within 30 s following administration which lasted for 20-30 min. All patients in the standard dose group experienced uneventful anesthetic episodes with physiological parameters well within the normal ranges. Within 5 min after administration, all patients in the low-dose group developed a pronounced respiratory acidosis (mean arterial pH = 7.07 +/- 0.08; mean PaCO2 = 79.8 +/- 10.7 mmHg), which exceeded a set of predetermined safety limits, and subsequently these dogs received ventilatory support. We conclude that 0.022 mg kg-1 pancuronium rapidly produces an unacceptable level of respiratory acidosis and, as a result, patients receiving neuromuscular blocking agents should routinely receive ventilatory support.
Electron Linac Design for Pion Radiotherapy

The electron linac provides a straightforward, state-of-the-art method of producing the primary beam required for a hospital-based multiport pion radiotherapy facility for cancer treatment. The accelerator and associated beam transport system described in this paper are capable of generating an electron beam of about 250 kW and delivering it alternately to one of several pion generators and treatment areas. Each pion generator, a prototype of which now exists at the Stanford W. W. Hansen Laboratory, would contain a target for the electron beam and sixty separate superconducting magnet channels which focus the pions in the patient. The considerations which enter the design of a practical linac are presented together with a possible layout of a flexible beam transport system.
Pharmacologic inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 arrests the growth of glioblastoma multiforme intracranial xenografts

Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (cdk4/6) occurs in the majority of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors, and represents a promising molecular target for the development of small molecule inhibitors. In the current study, we investigated the molecular determinants and in vivo response of diverse GBM cell lines and xenografts to PD-0332991, a cdk4/6-specific inhibitor. In vitro testing of PD-0332991 against a panel of GBM cell lines revealed a potent G(1) cell cycle arrest and induction of senescence in each of 16 retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-proficient cell lines regardless of other genetic lesions, whereas 5 cell lines with homozygous inactivation of Rb were completely resistant to treatment. Short hairpin RNA depletion of Rb expression conferred resistance of GBM cells to PD-0332991, further demonstrating a requirement of Rb for sensitivity to cdk4/6 inhibition. PD-0332991 was found to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and proved highly effective in suppressing the growth of intracranial GBM xenograft tumors, including those that had recurred after initial therapy with temozolomide. Remarkably, no mice receiving PD-0332991 died as a result of disease progression while on therapy. Additionally, the combination of PD-0332991 and radiation therapy resulted in significantly increased survival benefit compared with either therapy alone. In total, our results support clinical trial evaluation of PD-0332991 against newly diagnosed as well as recurrent GBM, and indicate that Rb status is the primary determinant of potential benefit from this therapy.
Three-Dimensional MR image registration of the human brain

An automatic three-dimensional technique for registration of MR images of human brain is described. The algorithm was tested, using MR images of human brain, and was found to estimate angular offsets to within 0.5 degrees and translational offsets to within about 1 pixel. The quality of final registration was evaluated by histogram analysis. The algorithm was found to be computationally efficient and robust.
Task-level planning of pick-and-place robot motions

A task-level robot system named Handey, which is under development, is described. The current system is limited to pick-and-place operations, and it has successfully carried out dozens of such operations involving a variety of parts in relatively complex environments. The pick-and-place problem is described, and approximate approaches to the problem are examined. Heuristic motion planning in Handey is then discussed. >