cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ferroelectric mode and molecular structure in the hydrogen-bonded ferroelectric arsenates and their deuterated isomorphs

Light-scattering measurements of the temperature dependence of the Raman-active modes of vibration in both the paraelectric and ferroelectric states of the hydrogen-bonded ferroelectrics K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$As${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, Rb${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$As${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, and Cs${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$As${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and their deuterated isomorphs K${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$As${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, Rb${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$As${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, and Cs${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$As${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ are reported. Through examination of these spectra we have identified the protonic or deuteronic, transverse-optic, As$\mathrm{O}_{4}^{}{}_{}{}^{3\ensuremath{-}}$ internal, and O-H-O or O-D-O valence vibrations in the Raman scattering and determined their symmetries and temperature dependence. Evidence for the collective protonic or deuteronic motions is observed in both the low-frequency ${B}_{2}$ and $E$ spectra in the paraelectric phase of each arsenate. The low-frequency ${B}_{2}$ spectra for the hydrogenated compounds are well fitted by a coupled-oscillator system representing the ferroelectric mode and a low-frequency phonon. The low-frequency ${B}_{2}$ spectra for the deuterated materials reveals the ferroelectric mode to be coupled to at least two low-frequency phonons, but, in a limited way, the spectra can be fitted to a coupled-oscillator system representing the ferroelectric mode and the lowest ${B}_{2}$ phonon. The results reveal the $\frac{T}{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ for the ferroelectric mode of all the compounds to decrease linearly with decreasing temperature; for real coupling the $\frac{T}{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ extrapolate to zero well below the transition temperature but for imaginary coupling the $\frac{T}{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ vanish much closer to the transition. In the limit of small damping, the results for real coupling are found to be in only partial agreement with the Kobayashi model, while the results for imaginary coupling are in accord with the Cowley-Coombs anharmonic theory of the transition and reveal the anomalous self-energy to be small compared to the conventional anharmonic self-energy of the soft mode.
Microcracking in ferrous martensites

The relative susceptibility to plate microcracking of Fe-1.0 to 1.8 wt pct C alloys containing 0 to 5 wt pct Mn, 0 to 8 wt pct Cr, and 0 to 15 wt pct Ni has been investigated. In the binary Fe-C alloys, the crack area per unit volume of martensite increases with increasing carbon content in the range from 1.0 to 1.3 wt pct in agreement with previous work. However, above 1.4 wt pct C, the specific crack area decreases as the carbon content increases due to a decrease in martensite plate length which in turn arises mostly from a habit plane transition from {225}γ to {259}γ. Indeed, when results from all alloys are considered, it is found that the dominant variable affecting microcracking is the martensite plate length. A direct, but less important, influence of carbon content is also found but any effects resulting directly from other solutes (Ni, Cr, and Mn) are negligible. The impingement model for microcracking suggested by Marder, Benscoter, and Krauss8 is examined in further detail. In this way, a rationale is developed for our observations which are in accord with fracture behavior of macroscopic samples.
Horizontal integration for bargaining Power: Evidence from the Cable Television Industry

This paper studies the hypothesis that large firms have more bargaining power with suppliers than do small firms, using data from the cable television industry. Employing techniques from the “new empirical lo,” the effect of owner size on marginal costs is inferred from the effect of owner size on observable product market choices. In the cable industry, the downstream firms decide how many subscriptions of cable to sell and how many channels to offer in the cable package. lf large firms have lower costs than small firms, then large firms should be willing to supply more than small firms, at all prices. The effects of bargaining power are identified separately from the effects of scale economies by exploiting the structure of the cable industry. Scale economies, in the cable industry, are likely to stem from regional size, while bargaining power is likely to stem from national size. By controlling for regional size, estimates of the effect of owner national size on the willingness to supply cable subscriptions and to offer channels indicate that large downstream firms offer significantly more subscriptions and channels at all prices than do small downstream firms. These results provide some of the first systematic, industry-specific, evidence consistent with the bargaining-power hypothesis.
Histological and Scanning Electron Microscopy Assessment of Various Vital Pulp-Therapy Materials

Pulp capping and pulpotomy procedures were performed on 15 male mongrel dogs. Three materials were used: calcium hydroxide, acid-etched dentin bonding, and mineral trioxide aggregate. Six of the animals were killed at 50 days and nine were killed at 150 days. Samples from 11 dogs were used for histological evaluation, and the remaining dog samples were used for scanning electron microscopy evaluation. Each slide was graded histologically according to previously published criteria. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed, and the weight percentage of elements found in the dentin of a nontreated tooth versus the bridge formed in the exposed specimen was established. By evaluating pulp inflammation in vital pulp-therapy treatments, it was found that mineral trioxide aggregate was not significantly different from the untreated control group, both in pulp-capping procedures at 50 days (p = 0.357) or 150 days (p = 0.198) and pulpotomy procedures at 50 days (p = 0.357) or 150 days (p = 0.198). Moreover, histologically mineral trioxide aggregate was a considerably better material than calcium hydroxide or acid-etched dentin bonding in maintaining the integrity of the pulp.
SUCROSE-INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INTERACTIONS ON ROOT REGENERATION BY PINUS LAMBERTIANA EMBRYO CUTTINGS

A B S T R A C T Interactions affecting root formation by IAA and sucrose, supplied to Pinus lambertiana embryo cuttings through their cotyledons, were explored. The sucrose optimum for rooting and dry weight increase is approximately 8 %. Osmotic substitutes for sucrose, applied alone or concomitantly with sucrose, were unable to duplicate its effects on regeneration. One AM IAA increased the number of roots per cutting with all sucrose concentrations. However, with suboptimal sucrose concentrations it only increased the total number of cuttings forming roots. Because IAA accumulates at the site of root formation, the possibility that it mobilizes sucrose or its derivatives to the site of root formation was explored. No evidence was found for hormone-directed transport of sucrose in this system. IAA had no effect on either the basal accumulation or transport of label derived from U-14C-sucrose. IN A PREVIOUS PAPER Greenwood and Goldsmith (1970) showed that accumulation of polarly transported indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) precedes basal root regeneration by Pinus lambertiana embryo cuttings. The purpose of this paper is to correlate the movement and accumulation of sucrose and its derivatives at the site of root regeneration with the results of similar studies with IAA.
Cross-Cultural Controversies in the Design History of Southwestern American Indian Jewellery

The making and selling of Southwestern Native American jewellery is a thriving business throughout the United States of America, and in the past two decades it has begun to have an international impact on contemporary jewellery design. The Southwest is a region that can be generally defined as the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and the southern portions of neighbouring Utah and Colorado [1]. Jewellery is made predominantly by various Pueblo peoples of New Mexico and Arizona, most notably the Hopi, Zuni, and Santo Domingo, and by the largest native group in the United States, the Navajo Nation. However, these and other Native Americans also produce jewellery off the reservations, working out of homes, studios, and galleries in Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Taos, and Gallup, all in New Mexico, and in the Arizona cities of Phoenix, Scottsdale, and Tucson. These cities are the major production centres both for the making of jewellery and for the retail of contemporary and older works. In addition, consumer demand for shows and sales of Southwestern Indian jewellery extends into the states of California (especially in San Diego, Marin County, and the region around San Francisco), Nevada, Texas, and across the country to Washington, DC. There are strong markets in Japan and Germany for this jewellery outside the United States. While the production and sales of Southwestern Indian jewellery has become a multi-million-dollar industry, there have been only a few attempts to understand its design history. Historical, scholarly, and popular writings on this subject contain various misunderstandings about its social context. Until the mid-twentieth century, Indian jewellery was treated as an element of indigenous material culture, with ethnological data stressed above other considerations. For the most part, literature has been either anthropological or collector-oriented in focus. Post1950S popular publications were concerned with explaining Indian jewellery materials and market value. Over the last twenty years, there have been some stabs at formalist evaluation, mainly in the form of museum exhibition catalogue essays. Increasingly, shifts between anthropological and art historical explanations are the product of varied approaches adopted by scholarly investigators. The gr wth of studies in the late 198os and now in the 1990S that explore multicultural themes and the cumulative effects of acculturation on artistic production offers a new and opportune direction for writing on the topic of Indian jewellery. Alas, this direction has not yet been utilized to any extent. The published literature on Southwestern Indian jewellery tries, but often fails, to reflect the differing and inconsistent ideologies of the industry's principal players. These players comprise three groups that may be conveniently designated as: makers, purveyors, and consumers. While Native Americans themselves are represented solely in the first category, and have a place in the other two, it is nonIndians who have dominated the roles of purveyors and consumers. Non-Indians have created the bulk
Intuitive statistical inferences about variances

Subjects saw samples from each of two populations of numbers and made intuitive inferences about which population had the larger variance. Then they either estimated the ratios of the variances or stated their confidence (subjective probability) in their inferences. The ratios were used to infer the subjective magnitudes of the sample variances; they were systematically inaccurate because of a tendency to underweight deviant sample data and because the subjects regard variance among large numbers as less variable than variance among small mmlbers. Then, confidence in the inferences about the population variances was compared to the probabilities that would have resulted if the ratios of sample variances had actually been the ratios that, the subjects reported. Confidence was systematically related to these probabilities but it was always lower. The results are discussed in terms of the conservatism findings reported in other investigations of intuitive statistics. A Bayesian F4est is appended. Information about the factors that govern occurrences of future events is a fundamental prerequisite for optimal decision making. When the domain of interest can be described in statistical terms, the required information consists of the parameters of the populations from which future samples will derive. In most decision experiments, particularly those that involve gambling, the subject is told the parameters of the relevant popu
Skin-surface CO2 measurement in sick preterm and term infants

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of a heated CO 2 electrode at 43°C for measurement of skin surfacePCO 2 , we made 157 simultaneous determinations of Ps CO 2 and arterial PCO 2 . Arterial samples were drawn from an umbilical artery catheter, and the Pa CO 2 was measured within two minutes and was corrected for body temperature. We obtained two to 43 paired samples per infant from 22 infants (gestational age=27 to 40 weeks) during the first 12 days of life. Over a four-hour period there was no significant drift of the electrode calibration and no significant change in Ps CO 2 −Pa CO 2 (). Over the range Pa CO 2 26 to 72 torr, Pa CO 2 was linearly related to Ps CO 2 (Pa CO 2 =0.37 Ps CO 2 +17.46) r=0.79). To pursue the factors which determine , we performed step-wise multiple regression analysis and found that the only significant independent variables were Ps CO 2 and postnatal age (=0.79 CO 2 [torr]−1.2 age [days] −23.9 [r=0.93]). Insignificant independent variables were blood pressure, gestational age, hematocrit, weight at time of study, and drug therapy.
On the possibility of nuclear protein involvement in the control of DNA synthesis in Amoeba proteus

Abstract Amputation of large pieces of Amoeba proteus cytoplasm while the cell is in mitosis results in a prolongation of the normal S period from about the first four hours after cytokinesis to about nine hours after cytokinesis. Since such amputation results in a disproportionately large loss from the cell of nuclear proteins as compared to the effect of amputation during interphase, it is suggested that these proteins may be involved in the regulation of replication.
Design of a sensor for on-line measurement of loaded bend angle for pressbrake control

Abstract Controlling springback in small radius pressbrake bending operations is motivated by the need to produce small lot parts of high quality. A new technique for springback control has been developed based on a simplified analytic model of material and tooling geometry variables. This technique requires the on-line measurement of loaded angle with a robust, high resolution optical sensor which is insensitive to material surface finish. The design of the sensor minimizes systematic error due to placement on the press bed. Loaded angle measurement accuracy of less than one arc minute is achieved. In combination with a press ram position control scheme, this sensor provides a more accurate bending process necessary for the further development of precision, small-lot sheet metal assembly manufacture.
Semimetal barrier planar Josephson junction

The semimetal barrier planar junction is an excellent candidate for a millimeter-wave detector. It has a high resistance and a very small capacitance, it is electrically and mechanically stable, and it can easily be made in the small-junction limit. We describe the fabrication and characteristics of such junctions.
Relative deficiency of acidic isoforms of osteopontin from stone former urine

We have tested the relative electrophoretic mobility of osteopontin (OPN) isolated from urine obtained from normal individuals (NU) against similar samples derived from the urine of stone formers (SFU) using high-resolution isoelectric focusing (isoelectric point, pI range 3.5–4.5) in 2D electrophoresis, with Western blot detection. We also report the results from competitive ELISA analyses of these samples. We demonstrated that human urinary OPN has a discrete four band separation pattern that conforms to four previously documented OPN isoforms. The lower two Mr isoforms migrate to a greater degree toward the acidic end of the gel than do the higher two Mr isoforms. Densitometry of the signal reveals significant difference in the migration pattern of OPN from SFU as compared to that from NU based on an analysis of the spot intensities grouped in 0.1 pI unit increments. A novel method for the calculation of a weight-averaged pI based on the relative signal strength in an OPN 2D Western blot was developed. The analysis revealed a significantly increased weight-averaged pI values for the higher Mr forms of OPN in the stone former compared to normal population. Additionally, alkaline phosphatase-treated NU samples resulted in a significant average pI shift of 0.05 units in the alkaline direction, suggesting that a decrease in the average degree of phosphorylation could be responsible for the difference between NU and SFU pI.
Quasistatic propagation of a normal fault: A fracture mechanics model

Abstract We have carried out boundary element calculations to simulate quasistatic propagation of a normal fault in the earth's crust under a horizontal tensile loading. Byerlee's frictional law is employed to describe the mechanical behavior of the fault surface. We hypothesize that in order for a normal fault to grow quasistatically, the mixed-mode effective shear stress intensity factor must exceed a threshold value (fracture toughness), a crustal material property. We suggest that the fault grows in a direction of local maximum shear stress. The direction of fault propagation thus depends on the ratio of tensile and shear stress intensity factors. A listric normal fault is likely to form in crustal material with a small shear fracture toughness. A listric normal fault is also more likely to form in crustal material with a high degree of plasticity. The propagation trajectory of an incrementally growing normal fault is examined. As the normal fault extends to a greater depth, the shear stress intensity factor drops, owing to an increase in fault surface friction. The equilibrium depth to which a normal fault will grow is controlled by the far field loading and the fracture mechanical property of the crustal material. The decrease of shear stress intensity with fault length also stabilizes the fault growth.
Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control in recently abstinent alcoholics compared with social drinkers.

Abstract Background Early abstinence from chronic alcohol dependence is associated with increased emotional sensitivity to stress-related craving as well as changes in brain systems associated with stress and emotional processing. The aim of the current study was to examine potential difficulties in emotion regulation during early alcohol abstinence using the recently validated Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Method Recently abstinent treatment-seeking alcohol abusers (n = 50) completed the DERS during their first week of inpatient treatment and at discharge (5 weeks later). These responses were compared to a group of social drinkers (n = 62). Results Compared with social drinkers, alcohol-dependent patients reported significant differences in emotional awareness and impulse control during week 1 of treatment. Significant improvements in awareness and clarity of emotion were observed following 5 weeks of protracted abstinence. However, significant difficulties with impulse control persisted until discharge. Conclusion Findings from the DERS indicate protracted stress-related impulse control problems in abstinent alcoholics, which may contribute to increased relapse vulnerability.
Ozone transport by diabatic and planetary wave circulations on a β plane

A beta plane model is used to study the transport of ozone and a tracer distributed like ozone. In the first experiment, ozone is transported with a time dependent diabatic circulation in a beta channel. Increase in the ozone column density occurs principally through downward advection from the high altitude source region into the lower stratosphere. Compared with observations, the maximum in the total ozone field occurs too late and is too large. Transient planetary waves produce large temporary increases in total ozone near the pole during sudden warming events, but permanent increases are much smaller. Warmings which penetrate below the chemical transition region (major warmings) are most effective in changing the zonal mean ozone distribution. Combining the sudden warming and diabatic circulations simulates many of the observed features of the seasonal changes in total ozone at high latitudes. The diabatic circulation provides the major enhancement of the ozone column density while the transient planetary waves move ozone to high latitudes. This result suggests sudden warmings can play an important role in our understanding of the fluctuations in total ozone, and the final warming may be the key event which determines the date and magnitude of the spring maximum.
DNA packaging intermediates of bacteriophage φX174

Abstract Background: Like many viruses, bacteriophage φ X174 packages its DNA genome into a procapsid that is assembled from structural intermediates and scaffolding proteins. The procapsid contains the structural proteins F, G and H, as well as the scaffolding proteins B and D. Provirions are formed by packaging of DNA together with the small internal J proteins, while losing at least some of the B scaffolding proteins. Eventually, loss of the D scaffolding proteins and the remaining B proteins leads to the formation of mature virions. Results φ X174 108S ‘procapsids' have been purified in milligram quantities by removing 114S (mature virion) and 70S (abortive capsid) particles from crude lysates by differential precipitation with polyethylene glycol. 132S ‘provirions' were purified on sucrose gradients in the presence of EDTA. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to obtain reconstructions of procapsids and provirions. Although these are very similar to each other, their structures differ greatly from that of the virion. The F and G proteins, whose atomic structures in virions were previously determined from X-ray crystallography, were fitted into the cryo-EM reconstructions. This showed that the pentamer of G proteins on each five-fold vertex changes its conformation only slightly during DNA packaging and maturation, whereas major tertiary and quaternary structural changes occur in the F protein. The procapsids and provirions were found to contain 120 copies of the D protein arranged as tetramers on the two-fold axes. DNA might enter procapsids through one of the 30 a diameter holes on the icosahedral three-fold axes. Conclusion Combining cryo-EM image reconstruction and X-ray crystallography has revealed the major conformational changes that can occur in viral assembly. The function of the scaffolding proteins may be, in part, to support weak interactions between the structural proteins in the procapsids and to cover surfaces that are subsequently required for subunit–subunit interaction in the virion. The structures presented here are, therefore, analogous to chaperone proteins complexed with folding intermediates of a substrate.
Strengthening Local Government Leadership and Performance: Reexamining and Updating the Winter Commission Goals

The Winter Commission report of 1993 stressed cities with the mayor-council form of government and emphasized removing barriers to executive authority in large cities. In order to assess and update the report, it is important to recognize that a majority of cities with populations over 100,000 use the council-manager form, in which restrictions on the executive and fragmented authority are unlikely to be present because of the constitutional principles on which the form is based. There has been progress toward improved leadership in both forms of government and substantial management change, including the incorporation of reinventing government and e-government practices, and large counties are more likely to have an elected or appointed executive. An emerging issue not considered by the commission but in line with its purpose is the increasing challenge of governing expanding metropolitan and megapolitan regions.
Prolactin and depression: two models

Data from a variety of studies attempting to delineate a causative role for prolactin, or dopamine depletion with resultant hyperprolactinemia, in depression have suggested a possible role for an amine depletion model, but the evidence is contradictory. One single model does not explain prolactin levels after antidepressant therapy, blunted prolactin response to dynamic challenge, normal baseline prolactin values and the antidepressant effects of bromocriptine.Depression and other psychological disturbances are more clearly shown to be associated with hyperprolactinemic states, but once again, a simple model of prolactin reduction by increased dopamine alone will not serve to explain all cases. The role of endogenous estrogen needs to be elucidated, and the contribution of gonadotropin and hormones needs to be investigated.
HIV Risk and Protection Among Gay Male Couples: The Role of Gay Community Integration

This study examined the association between different types of integration in the gay community and HIV risk among gay male couples. Previous research linking gay community integration and involvement among couples to HIV risk has been equivocal. Each partner in 59 gay couples completed a separate anonymous questionnaire that assessed two types of social involvement in the gay community, assimilation into the gay community, and sexual HIV risk behaviors. We used the actor-partner interdependence analysis approach, which maintains the couple as the unit of analysis while allowing for tests of within-couple, between-couple, actor, and partner effects. Analyses revealed that, controlling for symptoms of alcohol problems, going to gay bars and clubs independently predicted more HIV risk.
Language measure-theoretic path planning in the presence of dynamic obstacles

The paper presents an algorithm to solve goal-directed path planning problems in dynamic and uncertain environments. A grid-based path planning algorithm, called ν*, was formulated in the framework of probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA) from a control-theoretic perspective. The work reported in this paper extends the formulation of path planning in environments with static obstacles to include the presence of dynamic obstacles with stochastic motion models. The framework to solve this problem involves an initial plan that is based on the time-averaged likelihood of dynamic obstacles being present at a particular location. This information is inferred from the stochastic model. Additionally, there is a path re-planning component, based on the current measurements. Results of numerical simulation are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed concept.
Price stabilization in the market for new issues

Abstract This study examines price stabilization in new equity issues. Stabilizationtruncates the distribution of post-issue prices at a floor price, lowering the risk of adverse price moves and hence, in a competitive dealer market, reducing the bid-ask spread. Using 1.523 NASDAO-traded firm- commitment initial public offerings issued between 1982 and 1987, we find that spreads narrow when the market price is close to the offer price and stabilization is most likely. Moreover, significant negative returns are documented after the hypothesized termination of stabilizing activities, suggesting that stabilization, and its cessation, affect market prices.
Effect of prenatal exposure to ethanol on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the offspring: Importance of the time of exposure to ethanol and possible modulating mechanisms☆

Abstract The ability of immature (21-day-old) rats to release ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) in response to stress is known to be enhanced by in utero exposure to ethanol (EtOH). However, the precise time during which EtOH is effective, as well as the mechanisms mediating these effects, has not been elucidated. The first part of the present study was designed to evaluate the time course of action of EtOH during various times of gestation. The second part examined the possible role of maternal adrenal steroids, as well as changes in the pups' hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) biosynthesis and/or expression, in mediating the deleterious action of EtOH. Pregnant intact or adrenalectomized (ADX) Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to EtOH vapors. Control rats were kept in a normal atmosphere. At 21 days of age, the offspring were either decapitated under nonstressed conditions or exposed to mild, inescapable electroshocks (1.5 mA; 1 s duration) over a 10-min period, then sacrificed. ACTH and CORT levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. When exposed to the shocks, 21-day-old rats born to intact mothers exposed to EtOH during the second, but not the first or third week of gestation, demonstrated significantly enhanced ACTH secretion (P ⩽ 0.05), but unaltered CORT secretion compared to controls. Measurement of CRF biosynthesis by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization indicated a significant (P ⩽ 0.01) increase in CRF mRNA levels, and a marked accumulation of CRF mRNA in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus. Rats born to ADX control mothers had significantly (P ⩽ 0.01) higher stress-induced ACTH, but lower CORT secretion, than the offspring of intact control dams. In contrast to what we observed in pups born to intact dams, the offspring of ADX mothers (whether control or exposed to EtOH) showed no measurable increase in ACTH secretion when exposed to electroshocks, nor did they exhibit any measurable difference in the levels of CRF mRNA levels. We conclude that (i) prenatal exposure to EtOH during the second, but not the first or third week of gestation, alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress at 3 weeks of age, and (ii) a significant increase in CRF biosynthesis and expression, which may be at least in part a consequence of past elevated circulating corticosterone levels in EtOH-exposed dams, may modulate this augmented ACTH secretion in response to stress.
Detection of image displacement by phasic cells in peripheral visual fields of the monkey.

Abstract Impulse histograms for monkey phasic ganglion cells were measured following either the rapid displacement of a small luminous spot or an incremental change in intensity of the same spot. Phasic cells responded with a short burst of action potentials during a 100-msec interval. The smallest distance that the luminous spot must move to evoke a brief audible increase in the ongoing neural activity, the displacement threshold, was found to be less than human thresholds at equivalent retinal sites. Analytic expressions are given for receptive field sensitivity profiles to stationary flashing light, and for the displacement thresholds through the receptive fields.
Depression And Anxiety In Children And Adolescents With Learning Disabilities, Conduct Disorders, And No Disabilities

Depression and anxiety levels in three groups of children and adolescents, those with learning disabilities (LD), with conduct disorders (CD), and with no disabilities (ND), were measured with the student self-report scale and teacher rating scale of the Depression and Anxiety in Youth Scale. Results revealed highest self-ratings and teacher ratings in both depression and anxiety for the group with CD. Students with LD did not self-rate as more depressed and anxious than children without disabilities but were rated higher in depression by their teachers. Self-rating did not reveal, as teachers' ratings did, a progressive increase in anxiety and depression with age. Females self-rated higher than males in depression and anxiety; however, teachers rated males as more depressed and anxious than females. Special education teachers of students with CD and those with LD were more accurate than general educators in identifying students who self-rated as significantly depressed and/or anxious.
Bacteriophage Release in a Lysogenic Strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Bacteriophage release in a lysogenic strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens V-1 is temperature-sensitive. At 25 C and 30 C, phage was released in a ratio of 1 plaque-forming unit per 100 bacteria; at 35 C, although bacterial growth was not inhibited, phage release was suppressed. Phage synthesis was induced by heat shock, 42 C for 30 min, ultraviolet irradiation, and mitomycin C. Induction by ultraviolet light was unusual—an immediate rise in phage titer followed irradiation. A large increase occurred after a 90-min latent period. The lysogenic strain was cured of the phage by incubation at 37 C, and the cured strain produced plant tumors.
A comparative study of the use of GAM and GLM in air pollution research

Generalized additive models (GAMs) have been used as a standard analytic tool in time-series studies of air pollution and health during the last decade. A major statistical concern came into view recently about the appropriateness of the use of GAMs in the presence of concurvity, which is likely to be present in the data of all air pollution studies. It has been shown that the standard statistical software, such as S-plus with its gam function, can seriously overestimate the GAM model parameters and underestimate their variances in the presence of concurvity. A recently developed S-plus package, gam.exact, allows a robust assessment of parameter uncertainties for only symmetric smoothers. To date, the impact of concurvity on the parameter estimates has not been investigated fully and is limited to only high values. In this article, we have extended the scope of this investigation by encompassing a wide range of the degrees of concurvity and an alternative class of models. We have performed a simulation study where generalized linear models with natural cubic splines as the smoother function (GLM + NS) are compared systematically with GAMs with smoothing splines as the smoother function (GAM + S) in the presence of varying degrees of concurvity. We believe that, as GLM + NS provides a straightforward parametric modeling approach, its comparison with the flexible non-parametric approach, GAM + S, is well warranted. Our results indicate that GLM + NS performs better than GAM + S in regard to bias and variance estimates when medium-to-high concurvity exists in the data. Results from our illustrative example with NMMAPS Pittsburgh data are consistent with our findings from the simulations. We conclude that non-parametric smoother based models should be used for exploratory analysis for their flexibility and easy use and for suggesting parametric smoother based models when concurvity exists in the time series data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Third method for generation of spectral holes in chiral sculptured thin films

The introduction of either a central layer defect or a central twist defect in a periodic structurally chiral material generates circular-polarization-sensitive spectral holes in the remittance spectrums for normally incident plane waves. We propose and theoretically establish here the third method to generate such spectral holes using two-section chiral sculptured thin films (STFs). Both sections of the proposed device have the same periodicity and handedness, but their dielectric properties are different and related in a specific way. The concept of pseudoisotropy is highly relevant for the production of the proposed device.
Comparison of epidural buprenorphine and morphine for post-operative analgesia in dogs.

Buprenorphine is an effective analgesic when administered epidurally to humans. The purpose of this study was to compare epidural buprenorphine (B; n = 10) with epidural morphine (M; n = 10) for post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing cranial cruciate ligament repair. All dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.1 mg kg−1 IM), induced with propofol (4–6 mg kg−1 IV) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive B (0.004 mg kg−1) or M (0.1 mg kg−1) in the lumbosacral epidural space in a total volume of 0.2 mL kg−1. End-tidal halothane and CO2 and temperature were recorded every 15 minutes until extubation (t = 0). A numerical rating pain score (SPS) was recorded at t = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 and 24 hours by a blinded observer. Dogs received rescue morphine (1.0 mg kg−1 IM) if indicated by SPS and the time of rescue analgesic administration was recorded. Observable side-effects such as urinary retention, sedation or pruritus were recorded. Data were analyzed with repeated measures anova. Mean ± SD body weight (kg) and age (yrs) for B dogs was 34.2 ± 10.8 and 5.5 ± 2.8; for M dogs these values were 36.6 ± 13.5 and 5.9 ± 3.3. Mean ± SD SPS for B dogs at t = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 and 24 hours were 1.2 ± 0.75, 3.2 ± 2.0, 4.5 ± 4.3, 4.6 ± 3.4, 4.7 ± 3.0, 5.0 ± 4.9 and 5.1 ± 3.5. For M dogs these values were 1.7 ± 0.5, 2.6 ± 2.0, 3.7 ± 0.75, 4.2 ± 2.2, 4.1 ± 3.0, 3.1 ± 2.1 and 3.9 ± 1.9. There were no significant differences between B and M with respect to SPS, times or frequency of rescue morphine administration, end-tidal halothane and CO2, or esophageal temperature. Fifty per cent of dogs in both groups required rescue morphine. Buprenorphine is as effective as morphine for epidural analgesia in healthy dogs undergoing hindlimb orthopedic surgery.
A preliminary investigation of varenicline for heavy drinking smokers.

Rationale Varenicline, an approved smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, also shows promise as a potential treatment for alcohol dependence. However, varenicline has not been tested in heavy drinkers, and it remains to be determined whether varenicline could reduce alcohol craving and consumption in smokers who are trying to quit smoking.
Why Was It Europeans Who Conquered the World

By the eighteenth century, Europeans dominated the military technology of gunpowder weapons, which had enormous advantages for fighting war at a distance and conquering other parts of the world. Their dominance, however, was surprising, because the technology had originated in China and been used with expertise in Asia and the Middle East. To account for their prowess with gunpowder weapons, historians have often invoked competition, but it cannot explain why they pushed this technology further than anyone else. The answer lies in the peculiar form that military competition took in western Europe: it was a winner take all tournament, and a simple model of the tournament shows why it led European rulers to spend heavily on improving the gunpowder technology, and why political incentives and military conditions kept such a tournament from developing elsewhere in the world. As a result, rulers elsewhere in Eurasia had much less reason to advance the gunpowder technology or to catch up with the Europeans. The consequences were huge, from colonialism to the slave trade and even the Industrial Revolution.
Imaging-based treatment selection for intravenous and intra-arterial stroke therapies: a comprehensive review

Reperfusion therapy is the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke. The current approach to patient selection is primarily based on the time from stroke symptom onset. However, this algorithm sharply restricts the eligible patient population, and neglects large variations in collateral circulation that ultimately determine the therapeutic time window in individual patients. Time alone is unlikely to remain the dominant parameter. Alternative approaches to patient selection involve advanced neuroimaging methods including MRI diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance and computed tomography perfusion imaging and noninvasive angiography that provide potentially valuable information regarding the state of the brain parenchyma and the neurovasculature. These techniques have now been used extensively, and there is emerging evidence on how specific imaging data may result in improved clinical outcomes. This article will review the major studies that have investigated the role of imaging in patient selection for both intravenous and intra-arterial therapies.
The Alternatively Activated Human—Redux

It has long been appreciated that, even in their nonactivated state, tissue-associated macrophages represent a diverse population of cells whose varied functional phenotypes are a product of their local environment. Although derived from the same bone marrow precursors, macrophages that take up residence in the liver, central nervous system, lung, spleen, and adipose tissues adopt distinct functions that are important in maintaining tissue homeostasis and defense against pathogens. Another layer of complexity is revealed when macrophages are activated during innate and adaptive immune responses. It has become clear that activated macrophages, similar to T cells, take on varied activation states that depend on the specific nature of the molecular signals they receive. Building on the initial observations that activated phagocytic cells are a critical component of effective antibacterial immunity [1-3], Nathan et al. [4] demonstrated that lymphocyte-derived interferon-y (IFN-y) is the factor that converts resting macrophages into cells with a markedly enhanced capacity to
Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical tests

This paper reports the results of a study designed to investigate entrepreneurship and 'fit' in small and medium sized high technology manufacturing firms. A normative model of fit has been developed, which including the variables of entrepreneurial style, organizational structure, and mission strategy, determines a measure of the firm's fit with its environment. The normative model of fit proposed here is based on variables and relationships found to be important in previous empirical studies. Data on environmental turbulence, entrepreneurial style, organization structure, mission strategy, and financial performance were collected from 82 manufacturing firms. A measure of fit was calculated for each firm. Findings indicate that performance among firms was positively related to the measurement of fit. In short, fit is an important construct for firm success. Implications include prescriptive guidance to assist practitioners in diagnosing and correcting 'misfit' for individual firms.
Folate intake and incidence of hypertension among American young adults: a 20-y follow-up study

Background: Laboratory studies suggest that folate intake may decrease blood pressure (BP) through increasing nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells and/or reducing plasma homocysteine concentrations. However, human studies, particularly longitudinal data, are limited. Objective: Our objective was to investigate whether dietary folate intake is associated with the 20-y incidence of hypertension. Design: We prospectively followed 4400 men and women (African Americans and whites aged 18–30 y) without hypertension at baseline (1985) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study 6 times, in 1987, 1990, 1992, 1995, 2000, and 2005. Diet was assessed by dietary-history questionnaire at baseline and in 1992 and 2005. Incident hypertension was defined as the first occurrence at any follow-up examination of systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive medication. Results: A total of 989 incident cases were identified during the 20-y follow-up. After adjustment for potential confounders, participants in the highest quintile of total folate intake had a significantly lower incidence of hypertension (HR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.62; P-trend < 0.01) than did those in the lowest quintile. The multivariable HRs for the same comparison were 0.33 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.51; P-trend < 0.01) in whites and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.75; P-trend < 0.01) in African Americans (P-interaction = 0.047). The inverse associations were confirmed in a subset of the cohort (n = 1445) with serum folate measured at baseline and in 1992 and 2000. Conclusions: Higher folate intake in young adulthood was longitudinally associated with a lower incidence of hypertension later in life. This inverse association was more pronounced in whites. Additional studies are warranted to establish the causal inference.
LEGALISM OVER REVOLUTION: THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE FOR INDEMNITY AND PROPERTY CONFISCATION DISPUTES, 1647–1655

Royalists of the Civil JVar period readily employed the English legal system to recover lost estates, even at the nadir of their politicalfortunes, namely theyears just after the king's defeat. Rather than accept the verdict of a war lost, royalist and Catholic 'delinquents' successfully sought their own verdicts at law against former tenants for rents on lands that had been confiscated by parliament. The radical lVPs staffing the Indemnity Committee respected the principles of due process of law and, ironically, given the fact that the committee's purpose was to protect parliament's supporters, upheld royalist claims to confiscated lands, thereby assisting the law courts in thwarting parliament's plan to repay war debts with rents collectedfrom losers' property. So pervasive was the legalistic mindset in both the courts and the Indemnity Committee that royalists receivedfavourable rulings against many on the winning side of the conflict, includingfamous leaders such as Sir William Brereton. Though they served heretofore under the Royal Standard, yet, through the favor of Parliament have regained possession of their estates. Marchamont Nedham, The case of the commonwealth of England stated (i 650) As a way of raising money and punishing royalists at the same time, the English parliament set out early in the Civil War to confiscate property from 'delinquents' disloyal to its cause. Other sources of income, mainly assessment and excise taxes, proved insufficient to pay parliament's soldiers regularly and wages fell steadily in arrears throughout the conflict. Westminster attempted to placate its unpaid, disgruntled army by increasing the flow of property confiscation revenues and by creating the Committee for Indemnity in I647, giving it power to stay cases at law throughout the nation and to overturn or nullify verdicts, which prevented courts from punishing thousands of soldiers and civilian officials for actions they had taken during the war on behalf of parliament. Scholars of the Puritan Revolution have recently produced impressive works which focus on the protracted contest between an inherently conservative
Review article: Helicobacter pylori and uninvestigated dyspepsia.

Although dyspepsia is a very common disorder, the incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Western medical clinics is very low (20–35%). In cases where H. pylori is detected, elimination of it may be cost-effective in the long term, but even eradication is not a guarantee for long-term relief. Further studies to determine the connection between H. pylori and dyspepsia need to be completed before H. pylori eradication becomes the treatment of choice for that minority of patients. The majority of dyspeptic patients are not as simple to diagnose, and may need several empirical trials of therapy, or more specific diagnostic assessment.
Biosynthesis of Cholesteryl Glucoside by Mycoplasma gallinarum

The biosynthesis of cholesteryl glucoside by Mycoplasma gallinarum strain J proceeds by the transfer of glucose from uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose to membrane-bound sterol. Galactose also can be coupled to cholesterol via uridine-5'-diphosphogalactose. The reaction is specific for the uridine-5'-diphospho sugars. Enzymatic activity is associated with the membrane. Treatment of the membrane to remove endogenous sterol inactivates the enzyme. Only sterol which has been bound to the membrane participates in the reaction. The optimum pH is about 8.0, and Mg(2+) is required. The reaction is unaffected by nucleotide triphosphate, uridine-5'-monophosphate, and uridine-5'-diphosphate. Reduction of pH to the optimum for beta-glucosidase in the membrane results in loss of synthesized glucoside. The enzyme is saturated at 0.5 mm uridine-5'-diphosphoglucose. The apparent K(m) of 2.05 x 10(-7) indicates a high affinity of the enzyme for the nucleotide sugar.