cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new mathematical approach to the metabolism of [14C]glucose, with applications to sensory ganglia of chicken embryos.

— The available models of carbohydrate metabolism are not suitable for analysis of experiments on dorsal root ganglia of chicken embryos because they assume that certain products of the pentose cycle mix freely with those of glycolysis, which appears not to be true in this tissue, and because full isotopic equilibration, needed before the start of measurements, is not achieved while the excised ganglia are reasonably fresh. Therefore, new equations were developed which assume only a steady state of relevant metabolic intermediates and make use of the process of isotopic equilibration as a source of information. It is also assumed that an initially unknown but calculable fraction of the products of each pentose cycle re-enters the next cycle, the remainder leaking either to glycolysis or to the incubation medium. From measurements of the time course of output of labelled CO2 in the presence of [1-14C]- and [6-14C]glucose and the incorporation and release in lactate of labelled C from [l-14C]glucose, the equations permit the estimation of many features of carbohydrate metabolism, such as the partitioning of material between the pentose cycle and glycolysis, the partitioning of CO2 output between the pentose and citric acid cycles, the partitioning of the products of glycolysis between CO2 and other destinations, such as lactate, and the degree of recycling from one pentose cycle into the next. In addition, the time course of labelled CO2 output from [2-14C]glucose can be predicted; this, by comparison with the observed output, serves to support some variants of the basic model, while invalidating others. In dorsal root ganglia from 15-day chicken embryos, the assumption of a metabolic steady state was supported by a constant output of labelled CO2 from [l-14C]glucose for 15 or more hours, except for the initial period of isotopic equilibration. By use of the new equations, it is concluded that in these ganglia (a) recycling in the pentose cycle can be 100% efficient in some incubation conditions, but not in others, (b) more CO2 is released from the pentose cycle than from the citric acid cycle, (c) large, quantifiable differences exist between the utilization of the various carbon atoms of glucose, and (d) a pool of intermediates within the pentose cycle, with a time constant of about 1 h, explains a large delay observed in the output of C-6 of glucose into CO2, which occurs with a time constant as long as 5 h under some conditions. Under conditions where recycling is complete in the pentose cycle, this cycle must operate in isolation from glycolysis, which would otherwise convert much of the output of the pentose cycle to lactate. This may explain the role of fructose-1,6-diphospha-tase in the tissue, without recourse to the oft-proposed, puzzling, and ATP-degrading‘futile cycle’between fructose-6-P and fructose-1,6-diP. It is proposed that the new equations may be suitable for similar analyses on some, but not all, other tissues.
Ectopic ureterocele, hydroureter, and renal dysplasia An embryogenic triad

A review of the literature of the embryogenesis of ectopic ureterocele is presented. A theory linking the triad of ectopic ureterocele, hydroureter, and renal dysplasia to a primary intrinsic developmental abnormality of size and position of the ureteral bud is postulated.
Asian public address and comparative public address

The various objectives of the study of public, address can often be achieved‐when it is viewed comparatively. To understand a people, one must examine their words. This article analyzes the unifying qualities of the similarities and the divisive aspects of the differences existent in the rhetoric of various, cultures, particularly those of American and Asian speakers.
Heat-flow and lateral seismic-velocity heterogeneities near Deep Sea Drilling Project-Ocean Drilling Program Site 504

Both conductive heat-flow and seismic-velocity data contain information relating to the permeability of the oceanic crust. Deep Sea Drilling Project-Ocean Drilling Program Site 504 is the only place where both detailed heat-flow and seismic-velocity field studies have been conducted at the same scale. In this paper we examine the correlation between heat flow and lateral heterogeneities in seismic velocity near Site 504. Observed heterogeneities in seismic velocity, which are thought to be related to variations in crack density in the upper 500 m of the basaltic crust, show little correlation with the heat-flow pattern. This lack of correlation highlights some of the current difficulties in using seismic-velocity data to infer details of spatial variations in permeability that are significant in controlling hydrothermal circulation.
An XPS and Auger investigation of CF+3 ion bombardment of silicon

The surface chemistry of silicon bombarded with a CF+3 ion beam has been studied using X-ray photoemission and Auger electron spectroscopy. The chemical species and their depth distribution in a surface exposed to CF+3 ions of different energies (0.5 kV and 2 kV) are analyzed and are related to the etching behavior of silicon. The phenomenon of electron-induced desorption of surface fluorine is examined. XPS binding energies and the relative photoionization cross sections are also determined for a number of Si, C and F containing compounds, and these are used for chemical identification of the surface species.
Current Status of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage IB Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Implications for the New Intergroup Trial

Adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of stage II-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer is now the standard of care based on the results of 3 phase III studies using cisplatin-based regimens, IALT (International Adjuvant Lung Trial), The National Cancer Institute of Canada JBR.10, and ANITA (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association). The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IB disease remains controversial, even more so now that the updated results from CALGB (Cancer and Leukemia Group B) trial 9633 are statistically negative. CALGB 9633 was the only randomized adjuvant trial to use a carboplatin backbone and focused exclusively on patients with stage IB disease. Initial results, reported in 2004, showed a significant survival advantage with the addition of chemotherapy, but the 2006 updated results are no longer statistically significant. The next large intergroup adjuvant trial in non-small-cell lung cancer will look at bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy. Because of the recent update, this trial will now limit patients with stage IB disease to those with larger tumors (>or= 4 cm) and will likely include only cisplatin-based regimens.
The enduring vision of biodeterministic Sardinian inferiority in the works of Grazia Deledda

Abstract This article examines Grazia Deledda's problematic relationship to the positivist school of criminal anthropology. It is generally acknowledged that Deledda's early novels are indebted to the vision of Sardinian biological inferiority propounded by two southern disciples of Cesare Lombroso, the scientists Paolo Orano and Alfredo Niceforo. Orano and Niceforo met and impressed the young Deledda while visiting Sardinia on a mission to collect data for anthropological monographs on Sardinian biology, so much so that Deledda dedicated her 1896 La via del male to the two scientists. While several critics contend that Deledda cast aside Orano and Niceforo's biodeterministic view of Sardinians once she realized its implications, this article, examining six of Deledda's works, shows that Deledda's debt to the positivist scientists extends well beyond her early novels and is in fact a dynamic presence throughout her oeuvre.
The uptake of I131-labeled-l-triiodothyronine by the brain, pituitary, and muscle of diestrous and estrous female rats as compared with the uptake in male rats ☆

The effect of the estrous cycle and estrogen treatment on the uptake of intravenously injected I131-labeled-triiodothyronine (T3) by the brain, pituitary, thyroid, and muscle of the female rat was investigated. No alteration in uptake or degradation rate of I131-T3 in brain, pituitary, or muscle was observed which could be attributed to estrogenic hormones. There was, however, a slightly increased rate of uptake of I131 by the thyroid glands of estrogen treated animals. The possibility that this is related to increased TSH production is discussed. While there was no difference in I131 uptake between groups of diestrous and estrous female rats, it was observed that uptake and degradation of T3 in female rats was in general somewhat different than in normal male rats. Thus, the mean total uptake of I131 by brain, pituitary, and muscle tissues was higher in the females, degradation rate appeared faster, and there was some evidence that formation of the T3-glucuronide complex by the liver and kidney in female be different. The possibility that the change in uptake of T3 by tissues in female rats may be related to differences in the formation of the T3 glucuronide complex, or to the release of T3 from the complex is discussed.
Production of methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide by rumen micro-organisms

Incubation of rumen fluid for short periods (5 hours) with various sulfur compounds resulted in the accumulation of methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide in the headspace above the fermentation mixture. Suitable substrates included methionine, S-methyl cysteine and dimethylacetothetin among others. Rumen methanethiol appears to arise from direct dethiomethylation of thiomethyl compounds. Some, if not all, of the methionine dethiomethylase activity of rumen fluid requires pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. Such a requirement would eliminate the possibility that the dethiomethylation reaction was preceded by deamination as described for certain soil organisms.
Retrograde degeneration of myelinated axons and re-organization in the optic nerves of adult frogs ( Xenopus laevis ) following nerve injury or tectal ablation

The optic nerve proximal to the lesion (toward the retina) was examined by light and electron microscopy in adultXenopus laevis after various types of injury to optic nerve fibres. Intraorbital resection, transection or crush of the optic nerve or ablation of the contralateral optic tectum all resulted in marked alterations in the myelinated axon population and in the overall appearance of the nerve proximal to the site of injury. Examination of the nerves from 3 days to 6 months postoperatively indicated that a progressive, retrograde degeneration of myelin and loss of large-diameter axons occurred throughout the retinal nerve stump regardless of the type of injury or distance of the injury from the retina. The retinal stump of nerves receiving resection or transection showed a nearly complete loss of myelin and large-diameter axons while the degree of degeneration was subtotal in nerves receiving crush injury or after lesions farther from the retina (i.e. tectal ablation). In addition, the entire retinal nerve stump after all types of injury was characterized by the appearance of an actively growing axon population situated circumferentially under the glia limitans. The latter fibres are believed to represent regrowing axons which are being added onto the nerve, external to the original axon population and are suspected to modify actively the glial terrain and glia limitans.
The controversies and pitfalls in modeling normal tissue radiation injury/damage

Highly conformal fields have become achievable in routine clinical practice. The optimal shape of the resultant dose distributions depends on information that is not currently available. This missing information is the dose-volume response of the normal tissues at risk. These functions are now the subject of aggressive research. The research involves collecting the doseresponse data, modeling the dose-response function, and fitting the models to the data. The controversies addressed here influence the selection of the biomathematical model that one might use to describe such a function. The form that the dose-volume response function takes depends on the nature of the volume effect. The nature of the volume effect for a given radiation response is the subject of considerable debate. Related to this debate, this report addresses the existence of the volume effect, the existence of a threshold volume, and the existence of functional subunits. The pitfalls relate to the problems in accurate determination and application of the dose-response functions.
Fetal ST segment heart rate analysis in labor: improvement of intervention criteria using interpolated base deficit.

Objective. The addition of ST waveform analysis (STAN, Neoventa, Sweden) to fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings has been demonstrated to improve fetal outcome and reduce operative delivery rates, though the actual level of fetal acidosis at which STAN indicates intervention has not been assessed. We sought to determine if FHR ST segment analysis recommends intervention at appropriate levels of fetal acidosis.Methods. FHR tracings of 10 acidotic and 10 non-acidotic infants with FHR tracings having a minimum of one STAN flag were retrospectively analyzed. Fetal base deficit (BD) was calculated by interpolation throughout the FHR tracing and STAN ‘action’ and ‘ignore’ flags assigned a fetal BD value. A secondary analysis was performed with a revised interpretation of FHR reassuring status.Results. The mean (±SD) BD of the first STAN action was significantly greater than the first ‘ignore’ (4.0 ± 2.1 vs. 3.0 ± 0.8 mmol/L, p < 0.05). Clarified STAN criteria for reassuring vs. non-reassuring FHR resulted in a first...
The inhibition of crotalase, a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme, by several peptide chloromethyl ketone derivatives.

Summary Crotalase is rapidly inhibited by the specific plasma kallikrein inhibitor prolylphenylalanyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone. The peptide chloromethyl ketones representing the sequences cleaved by thrombin in coagulation factor XIII (valyl-prolylarginine chloromethyl ketone), in prothrombin (isoleuyl-prolyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone) and in the A(α) chain of fibrinogen (glycyl-valyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone), are much less effective inhibitors of crotalase than is prolyl-phenylalanyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone.
Adolescents with cystic fibrosis in The Netherlands.

ABSTRACT. In a survey-study of all living Dutch patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) born before 1971 data have been gathered on sex, age, age at diagnosis; height and weight; treatment and social development. The group consists of 102 schoolchildren (8–11 years), 179 adolescents (12–21 years) and 28 young adults (22–40 years). Males are in the majority, especially in the 12 to 17 age group (61 %). In 51% of all patients CF was diagnosed before the age of 2, and in 75% before the age of 5. Male CF patients are on average 6 cm (0.84 SD) shorter than normal and female patients 3 cm (0.48 SD). As far as weight for height is concerned, 54 % of the CF patients fall below the 10th percentile. Weight for height is slightly lower in females than in males. CF patients usually leave primary school at an older age than their healthy peers. In comparison to healthy adolescents of the same age, adolescents with CF attend full-time day-school for a longer time, more of them receive general education and fewer take vocational training. Adolescents and young adults with CF do not stay longer than normal in the protective environment of their parental home.
A Collaborative Effort to Reduce Ntd's: Indiana's Statewide Folic Acid Awareness Caimpaign

Abstract The Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) is sponsoring a Folic Acid Awareness Campaign. The goal of this collaborative campaign (Children's Special Health Care Services, Maternal and Child Health Services, and WIC) is to decrease the incidence of neural tube defects using a statewide educational campaign promoting adequate folic acid consumption preconception and during the first trimester of pregnancy. The target population for the campaign is all women of child bearing age. The campaign is comprised of three phases. Phase I (March 1998) involved a "Train the Trainer" Conference, Folic Acid: Eating for a Healthier Future, National experts trained 226 health professionals, with at least one representative from each of Indiana's 92 counties. All participants were given a test prior to, and at the conclusion of, the conference. Results of the matched tests indicated a significant increase in the participant's knowledge about neural tube defects, folic acid, and social marketing techniques (13.6 vs 18.9; p=0.0002). Conference participants are using the educational packet to provide folic acid education to consumers and professionals within their counties. Phase II (October 1998) was a health fair held at the Indianapolis City Market. Volunteers dressed in fruit and vegetable costumes passed out pamphlets, bookmarks, fact sheets, jar openers, green ribbons, vitamins, orange juice and sunflower seed samples to consumers. Children with spina bifida distributed stickers. Phase III (1999) will be comprised of three stages: (1) Indiana will coordinate media efforts with the CDC's national campaign, (2) the campaign will be expanded to increase awareness of the additional benefits of folic acid, and (3) evaluation techniques will be used to assess the effectiveness of the campaign and determine if there has been a decrease in the incidence of neural tube defects in Indiana. This campaign will help dietitians plan and implement their own folic acid campaign.
Robot-assisted surgery: training and re-training surgeons.

A renaissance in cardiac surgery is occurring. Cardiac operations are being performed through smaller incisions with enhanced technological assistance. Specifically, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery has become standard for many surgeons. At our institution, we have developed a robotic mitral surgery program with the da Vinci™telemanipulation system, which has recently gained FDA-approval. Initial results are reported. Despite procedural success, implementation of new technology requires restructuring training programs and re-training senior surgeons. Ultimately, our desire for improved and less traumatic patient care will continue to drive this new technology into the future. Copyright © 2004 Robotic Publications Ltd.
Impaired atrial receptor modulation or renal nerve activity in dogs with chronic volume overload1

Left atrial receptors with vagal afferents are reset and become less sensitive in dogs with chronic high output congestive heart failure (Zucker et al J Clin Invst 1977;60:323). We determined if the normal reflex inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RNA) which occurs in response to left atrial distension is altered in dogs with chronic volume overload produced by an aorto-vena caval fistula (AVF). In addition, we examined the ability of the arterial baroreflex to alter RNA. In normal dogs, left atrial distension decreased RNA by 6.8 +/- 1.8% per mmHg change in left atrial pressure (LAP). After carotid sinus denervation (CSD), this inhibition was increased to 10.9 +/- 1.4% per mmHg change in RNA in response to left atrial distension. Vagotomy completely abolished any change in RNA in response to left atrial distension. In contrast, dogs with chronic AVF's demonstrated an increase in RNA in response to left atrial distension by 4.5 +/- 3.9% per mmHg change in LAP. The response of the AVF dogs was significantly different from the normal dogs (P less than 0.005). This was also the case after CSD. Loading and unloading of the arterial baroreceptors with norepinephrine and nitroprusside demonstrated that the modulation of RNA by arterial baroreceptors was similar in AVF dogs compared with normal dogs. The present study demonstrates that chronic volume overload results in a decrease in the peripheral sympathetic inhibitory effects of left atrial receptor stimulation at a time when arterial baroreceptor function is preserved.
Effects of Subtype Variations in the Holland Strain of Infectious Bronchitis Virus When Applied as a Vaccine

Abstract Massachusetts-type infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) designated H120, from three sources, have been evaluated as vaccines. Significant subtype variations were observed with the different vaccines based upon challenge virus infection and typical IB lesions induced where homologous and heterologous serotypes were used. In numerous cases, there was little agreement between challenge virus recovery from the respiratory tract and the presence or absence and severity of IB lesions. The study indicates that histopathological observations provide a sensitive, reliable indicator of the immune response to IB vaccination and augment the use of challenge virus isolation attempts. The data suggest that the use of the latter criterion alone was insufficient in evaluating IB immunity. The study also demonstrated that IB vaccine strains, although labeled similarly, varied in their immunogenic properties. Manipulation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and other factors should be considered when obtaining and employing vaccine strains from different sources. Complete characterization of IBV vaccine strains used commercially should be stressed together with an appropriate labeling of each.
Using SAS® PROC CALIS for path analysis: An introduction

This article presents a straightforward approach for using PROC CALIS programs that will perform path analyses using observed variables. The step‐by‐step approach should help the beginner understan...
Geometric transformations in APL

While geometric transformations that scale, translate, and rotate are in commonplace use, especially in computer graphics, they can be written and used very differently in APL. Because the plus/times inner product is a ready-made matrix multiplier, each transformation function has only to focus on organizing the transformation matrix for the envisioned use. Since inner product generalizes to arrays of higher dimension, a 3-D transformation array can be used to generate multiple objects each transformed as desired. The resultant object group is held in an array one rank higher than the original object that was transformed. With certain careful restrictions, such a resultant can be transposed to collapse along a principal diagonal, and produce an object of the same rank as the original object, but with its component parts transformed differently. For example, each latitude of a cylinder can be scaled differently to produce a curvilinear figure of revolution.
Mixed gas sorption in elastic solids

Abstract The thermodynamic changes that accompany mixed gas sorption in glassy polymeric materials are examined. The solid polymer is treated as an elastic solid in the analysis. Two contributions are identified: deformation of the solid to accommodate the penetrant and mixing of the deformed solid and penetrant. Equating the chemical potential of the penetrant in the gas phase to that in the solid yields sorption isotherms. By estimating two material parameters, the penetrant partial molar volume and interaction parameter, from pure gas sorption measurements, a priori predictions of mixed gas sorption are possible. The resulting sorption isotherms are compared to two sets of experimental measurements: carbon dioxide, ethylene, methane and nitrous oxide sorption in poly (methyl methacrylate) and carbon dioxide and methane sorption in poly(phenylene oxide) and carboxylated poly(phenylene oxide). The predicted mixed gas sorption isotherms are in good agreement with experimental data.
Increased Phosphorylation of Myosin Light Chain Prevents in Vitro Decidualization

Differentiation of stromal cells into decidual cells, which is critical to successful pregnancy, represents a complex transformation requiring changes in cytoskeletal architecture. We demonstrate that in vitro differentiation of human uterine fibroblasts into decidual cells includes down-regulation of α-smooth muscle actin and β-tubulin, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, and redistribution of vinculin. This is accompanied by varied adhesion to fibronectin and a modified ability to migrate. Cytoskeletal organization is determined primarily by actin-myosin II interactions governed by the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC20). Decidualization induced by cAMP [with estradiol-17β (E) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (P)] results in a 40% decrease in MLC20 phosphorylation and a 55% decline in the long (214 kDa) form of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK). Destabilization of the cytoskeleton by inhibitors of MLCK (ML-7) or myosin II ATPase (blebbistatin) accelerates decidualization induced by cAMP (w...
Chronology and Projectile Point Neck-Width: An Idaho Example

Projectile point neck-widths are used to estimate the age of specimens from surface assemblages in southern Idaho. Like other attribute-based dating techniques, it is easier to replicate and can be accomplished with more fragmentary artifacts than more typological-based approaches. Estimating the age in years allows us to examine the past in a more continuous way that avoids problems arising from periodization and discrepancies between archaeologists in their definition of sequences. The availability and physical characteristics of the raw material from which the projectile points were manufactured, along with constraints in scheduling other subsistence resources, may have contributed to the long-term empirical trend toward narrower neck-widths over time. This trend transcends the change in projectile technologies from the earlier atlatl thrown darts to later bow propelled arrows. Both technologies coexisted for at least a millennium in southern Idaho.
The Importance of Ice Vertical Resolution for Snowball Climate and Deglaciation

Sea ice schemes with a few vertical levels are typically used to simulate the thermodynamic evolution of sea ice in global climate models. Here it is shown that these schemes overestimate the magnitude of the diurnal surface temperature cycle by a factor of 2–3 when they are used to simulate tropical ice in a Snowball earth event. This could strongly influence our understanding of Snowball termination, which occurs in global climate models when the midday surface temperature in the tropics reaches the melting point. A hierarchy of models is used to show that accurate simulation of surface temperature variation on a given time scale requires that a sea ice model resolve the e-folding depth to which a periodic signal on that time scale penetrates. This is used to suggest modifications to the sea ice schemes used in global climate models that would allow more accurate simulation of Snowball deglaciation.
Optimal national drug abuse control strategy

Arguing that the chemical substance abuse problem has become a public-health problem as well as a national-security problem, this paper presents models, analyses, and optimal solution to the socio-technical problem. The solution and its plan are comprehensive, cost-effective, and will produce immediate observable results. Its implementation will save from $100 billion (U.S.) per year to $200 billion (U.S.) per year in total social and economic costs of the current situation. In a position paper by the Regional Drug Initiative, it is projected that by the year 1997, the annual cost, due to drug-related accidents, will reach $150 billion (U.S.) per year. This paper announces a new hardware (counterdrug) technology and a plan that would completely eliminate this projected loss. It is therefore proposed that the plan presented in this paper be adopted for national implementation.
Analysis of neutron distance data

Abstract Techniques are described for processing neutron distance data for the purpose of deriving information about the three-dimensional organization of macromolecular assemblies.
Sector activities and lessons learned around initial implementation of the United States national physical activity plan.

Background: National plans are increasingly common but infrequently evaluated. The 2010 United States National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP) provided strategies to increase population levels of physical activity. This paper describes (i) the initial accomplishments of the NPAP sector teams, and (ii) results from a process evaluation to determine how the sectors operated, their cross-sector collaboration, challenges encountered, and positive experiences. Methods: During 2011, a quarterly reporting system was developed to capture sector-level activities. A year-end interview derived more detailed information. Interviews with 12 sector leads were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for common themes. Results: The 6 sectors worked on goals from the implementation plan that focused broadly on education, promotion, intervention, policy, collaboration, and evaluation. Through year-end interviews, themes were generated around operations, goal setting, and cross-sector collaboration. Challenges to the NPA...
Surviving Wife Rape: How Women Define and Cope With the Violence

This article explores how women define their experiences of wife rape and cope with the violence. Drawing on interviews with 35 survivors of wife rape, the stages through which women pass in coping with the violence—much like Mills's (1985) model for battered women—are described. These stages include entering a violent relationship, managing the violence, experiencing a loss of self, redefining the violence, ending the violence, and recovering from the trauma. Particular attention is given to understanding how women manage the violence and redefine their experiences as rape.
Follicular phase serum levels of luteinizing hormone do not influence delivery rates in in vitro fertilization cycles down-regulated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and stimulated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone.

Objective To assess the value of serum LH measurements in early and late follicular phase as predictors of ovarian response and IVF outcome in patients treated with recombinant FSH with GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) pituitary down-regulation. Design Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting Institutional. Patient(s) Women undergoing 157 consecutive IVF cycles suppressed with leuprolide acetate (LA) started in the midluteal phase and stimulated with recombinant FSH. Only women Intervention(s) Serum LH levels were measured on cycle days 3 (D3) and 10 (D10). Main outcome measure(s) Delivery rates. Other secondary outcome measures included fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and parameters of ovarian response (peak E 2 , number of metaphase II oocytes, and number of ampules of recombinant FSH). Results No significant differences were found with respect to ovarian response, fertilization rate, and outcome of pregnancy, when three threshold values of D3 and D10 serum LH (1, 1.5, and 2 mIU/mL) were analyzed. In addition, no significant differences were found between conception (n = 87) and no conception (n = 71) groups with respect to D3 or D10 LH. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that neither the serum LH concentration on D3 nor on D10 was able to discriminate between conception and nonconception cycles (area under the curve [AUC] ROC = 0.54, AUC ROC = 0.56), or between delivered pregnancies and first trimester pregnancy loss (AUC ROC = 0.53, AUC ROC = 0.61). Conclusions The suppressed levels of early and late follicular serum LH in women
Evolutionary development of a dual-band, dual-polarization, low-profile printed circuit antenna

This paper follows the evolutionary development of a low-profile dual-band, dual-polarization printed circuit antenna element. In an early development, a single-feed single-band circular- polarization printed-circuit perturbed slot element fed with a low-loss stripline was used for a low-cost array. In a second development, a shorted annular ring element operating at a low frequency is modified by filling the inner ring with a conducting cylinder in the form of a waveguide that operates at a higher frequency, thus creating a dual-band element. The two concepts are combined in the third development. The outside perimeter of a square annular ring is notched (perturbed) to produce a single-fed circular polarization at a low frequency band. The ring can be fed separately at two orthogonal points to produce two orthogonal circular polarizations. The area inside the shorting cylinder is used to house a notched square slot element fed with two independent orthogonal striplines and produces two orthogonal circular polarizations at a higher frequency band.
Medical accelerator projects at Michigan State University

The authors report on three medical accelerator projects at Michigan State University. One involves construction of a 100-MeV superconducting cyclotron for neutron therapy. In the second, a conceptual design has been prepared for a 250-MeV superconducting synchrocyclotron for proton therapy. The third consists of preliminary studies of a compact 1600-MeV superconducting cyclotron system for heavy ion therapy. >
Macromolecular synthesis in E. coli, isolated mitochondria and L5178Y cells in the presence of hydroxyurea or formamidoxime.

Abstract The effects of formamidoxime and hydroxyurea over a 10 5 concentration range were studied on macromolecular synthesis in E. coli , L5178Y mouse leukemic cells, isolated rat liver mitochondria and isolated rat cerebral cortex mitochondria. In E. coli 2 mg per ml of formamidoxime and hydroxyurea inhibited, respectively, RNA synthesis by 20% and 17%, DNA synthesis by 91% and 96%, protein synthesis by 54% and 60% and lipopolysaccharide synthesis by 65% and 48%. In L5178Y mouse leukemic cells 2 mg/ml of formamidoxime and hydroxyurea inhibited, respectively, RNA synthesis by 41% and 24%, DNA synthesis by 90% and 97%, protein synthesis by 59% and 44% and glycoprotein synthesis by 83% and 50%. In isolated rat liver mitochondria 2 mg/ml of formamidoxime and hydroxyurea inhibited, respectively, RNA synthesis by 43% and 52%, DNA synthesis by 42% and 56% and protein synthesis by 18% and 30%. Glycoprotein synthesis was not affected. In isolated rat cerebral cortex mitochondria 2 mg/ml of formamidoxime and hydroxyurea inhibited, respectively, RNA synthesis by 50% and 44%, DNA synthesis by 59% and 66% and protein synthesis by 48% and 40%. Glycoprotein synthesis again was not affected. Lower concentrations of the drugs produced less inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in each of the systems.
Molecular and behavioral responses of early-life stage fishes to elevated carbon dioxide

Bigheaded carps are non-native invasive fishes that have quickly become the most abundant fishes in many portions of the Midwestern United States. While the spread of bigheaded carps into the Great Lakes is currently impeded by three electrified barriers, these fish have the potential to negatively impact the Great Lakes ecosystem if this barrier is breached, and these barriers may be particularly vulnerable to the passage of small fishes. As such, novel barrier technologies would provide an addi- tional mechanism to prevent bigheaded carps from invading the Great Lakes, and provide much needed redundancy to the current electric barrier. The current study used a combination of molecular and behavioral experiments to determine the effectiveness of carbon dioxide as a chemical deterrent for larval and juvenile fishes, with an emphasis on bigheaded carps. Juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp (H. nobilis), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) showed avoidance of elevated CO2 environments at approx- imately 200 mg/L. Additionally, exposureto120 mg/L CO2 resulted in the induction of hsp70 mRNA in 8 days old silver carp fry, while gill c-fos transcripts increased following hypercarbia exposure in all juvenile species examined. Together, our results show that CO2 has potential to deter the movement of larval and juvenile fishes.
Effects of Processing on Curd Yield and Nutrient Composition of Rapid Hydration Hydrothermal Cooking and Traditionally Processed Soymilk and Soybean Curd

Soymilk processed by the Rapid Hydration Hydrothermal Cooking (RHHTC) method had higher thiamin and protein when compared to traditionally extracted soymilk (P<0.0001). Traditionally processed soybean curd had higher protein (P < 0.0001) and fat (P < 0.001) while carbohydrate and ash were lower (P<0.0001) when compared to RHHTC produced soybean curd. Variation in amino acid compositions occurred in soymilks and soybean curds. RHHTC-produced soybean curd had greater curd yields than traditionally produced soybean curd.
A mechanism for different receptors coupled to the same G protein to generate different responses mediated by different second messengers.

To respond to changes in the extracellular environment and maintain effective intercellular communication, a signal transduction system of astonishing complexity has evolved in eukaryotic cells. A cell can express a menagerie of literally thousands of different types of cell surface receptors, with
The Distribution of Subsidies through Public Health Services in Indonesia, 1978–87

Indonesia has made great progress during the past fifteen years in enhancing the command of the poor over privately provided goods, such as food, clothing, and housing. Has similar progress been made in improving their access to publicly provided social services? The article looks at how the use of health services and the incidence of subsidies in the health sector varied across socioeconomic groups in Indonesia in 1987. It also examines how the distributions of utilization and subsidies altered between 1978 and 1987. The findings indicate that changes in utilization patterns and in the incidence of subsidies have been pro-poor. Disparities in access and utilization have diminished. However, public spending on health care is not yet well targeted.
Emotional Reactivity to Daily Events in Major and Minor Depression

Although emotional dysfunction is an important aspect of major depressive disorder (MDD), it has rarely been studied in daily life. Peeters, Nicolson, Berkhof, Delespaul, and deVries (2003) observed a surprising mood-brightening effect when individuals with MDD reported greater reactivity to positive events. To better understand this phenomenon, we conducted a multimethod assessment of emotional reactivity to daily life events, obtaining detailed reports of appraisals and event characteristics using the experience-sampling method and the Day Reconstruction Method (Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004) in 35 individuals currently experiencing a major depressive episode, 26 in a minor depressive (mD) episode, and 38 never-depressed healthy controls. Relative to healthy controls, both mood-disordered groups reported greater daily negative affect and lower positive affect and reported events as less pleasant, more unpleasant, and more stressful. Importantly, MDD and mD individuals reported greater reductions in negative affect following positive events, an effect that converged across assessment methods and was not explained by differences in prevailing affect, event appraisals, or medications. Implications of this curious mood-brightening effect are discussed.
Simplified analysis of unanchored tanks

Local uplift of the tank wall is perhaps the most important characteristic of the seismic behaviour of unanchored liquid storage tanks made out of steel. Such uplift is necessary, because unanchored tanks rely primarily on the weight of the liquid resting on an uplifted portion of the base plate to balance the overturning moments that occur during strong shaking. A simplified method of analysis for static lateral loads is developed, based on the assumption that the restraining action of the base plate can be modelled with equivalent, non-linear springs. This assumption, together with a Fourier decomposition of the displacements, simplifies the problem to the extent that it can be solved on a personal computer. The solutions are compared with those from experiments and those from current U.S. design analysis methods.
CT perfusion-guided versus time-guided mechanical recanalization in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Abstract Objective Perfusion studies are increasingly used to triage acute stroke patients for endovascular recanalization therapies. We compare the safety and efficacy of CT perfusion (CTP)-guided to time-guided mechanical recanalization in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Methods A review was conducted on 132 patients, 94 undergoing CTP-guided and 38 undergoing time-guided (maximum 8 h from symptom onset) mechanical recanalization at our institution. Results The rate of partial-to-complete recanalization did not differ between the CTP and the non-CTP group (78.7% vs. 81.6%, respectively, p = 0.71). ICH occurred respectively in 18.1% in the CTP group versus 31.6% in the non-CTP group (p = 0.06). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower in the CTP group (15.9% vs. 36.8%, p = 0.04). In multivariable analysis, CTP-guided patient selection was an independent negative predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR = 3.2; p = 0.01). CTP-guided patient selection, however, was not a predictor of favorable outcome (Modified Rankin Scale 0–2 or 0–3). Conclusions CTP-based patient selection was associated with lower ICH and mortality rates. Favorable outcomes, however, did not differ between the 2 groups. These results may suggest a possible benefit in terms of in-hospital mortality with CTP-guided triage of AIS patients for endovascular treatment.
Retraining social and adaptive living skills in severely head injured adults

To assess the effectiveness of an intensive, multidisciplinary rehabilitation program upon social and adaptive living skills, and to study the relationship of cognitive functioning to those skills, 10 severely head-injured adults who were treated in the program were matched with 10 waiting-list control subjects. The mean improvement shown by the treated subjects in social and adaptive living skills were all in the expected direction and all greater than the mean changes of control subjects, though not significantly so. Cognitive changes showed no consistent patterns. A striking bimodal distribution in the results for social and adaptive living skills suggests that future researchers should consider employing single-subject methodology coupled with a knowledge of the patterns and events that occur during each individual's recovery sequence.
Existence Theorems for Lagrange and Pontryagin Problems of The Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control. More Dimensional Extensions in Sobolev Spaces

Let A be a closed subset of the tx-space E1 × En, t∈E1, x = (x1,…xn)∈En and for each (t, x)∈A, let U(t,x) be a closed subset of the u-space Em, u = (u1,…,um). We do not exclude that A coincides with the whole tx-space and that U coincides with the whole u-space. Let M denote the set of all (t, x, u) with (t, x)∈A. u∈U(t, x). Let f(t, x, u) = (f0, f) = (f0, f1,…, fn) be a continuous vector function from M into En+1. Let Bbe a closed subset of points (t1x1,t2,x2)of E2n+2, x1 = (x1 1,…x1 n, x2 = (x2 1,…x2 n.We shall consider the class of all pairs x(t), u(t), t1 ≤t≤t2, of vector functions x(t), u(t) satisfying the following conditions : (a) x(t) is absolutely continuous (AC) in [t1, t2]; (b) u(t) is measurable in [t1, t2]; (c) (t,x(t))∈A for every t∈[t1, t2]; (d) u(t)∈U(t, x(t)) almost everywhere (a.e.) in [t1, t2]; (e) f0 (t,x(t), u(t)) is L-integrable in[t1, t2]; (f) dx/dt / f(t, x(t), u(t)) a.ein [t1, t2]; (g) (t 1,x(t 1), t 2, x(t 2))∈B.
Common Polymorphisms in Angiogenesis

A wide variety of diseases have a significant genetic component, including major causes of morbidity and mortality in the western world. Many of these diseases are also angiogenesis dependent. In humans, common polymorphisms, although more subtle in effect than rare mutations that cause Mendelian disease, are expected to have greater overall effects on human disease. Thus, common polymorphisms in angiogenesis-regulating genes may affect the response to an angiogenic stimulus and thereby affect susceptibility to or progression of such diseases. Candidate gene studies have identified several associations between angiogenesis gene polymorphisms and disease. Similarly, emerging pharmacogenomic evidence indicates that several angiogenesis-regulating polymorphisms may predict response to therapy. In contrast, genome-wide association studies have identified only a few risk alleles in obvious angiogenesis genes. As in other traits, regulatory polymorphisms appear to dominate the landscape of angiogenic responsiveness. Rodent assays, including the mouse corneal micropocket assay, tumor models, and a macular degeneration model have allowed the identification and comparison of loci that directly affect the trait. Complementarity between human and animal approaches will allow increased understanding of the genetic basis for angiogenesis-dependent disease.
Effects of cyclic changes in pH and salinity on metals release from sediments

The effects of dynamic changes in pH and salinity on metal speciation and release are investigated with sediments posed in a simulated estuarine environment. The release of Zn, Cd, Mn, and Fe was studied using sediment from the Anacostia River (Washington, DC, USA) spiked with freshly precipitated amorphous cadmium sulfide to increase Cd content. The sediment was exposed to salt water (high pH, ionic strength) and freshwater (neutral pH, minimal ionic strength) continuously and alternately (to mimic tidal changes) in small microcosms over 100 d. At the conclusion of the experiments, the vertical profiles of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) as well as porewater metals and anion concentrations were characterized. Acid volatile sulfide oxidation at the sediment surface led to a commensurate increase in dissolved metal species and metal release that was strongly dependent on the changes in the overlying water characteristics. Total Cd release was substantially higher during exposure to salt water, although, as a result of complexation, predicted dissolved Cd(2+) concentration in the overlying water was higher during exposure to freshwater. Total Zn release was little changed during exposure to salt water and freshwater, although the predicted dissolved Zn(2+) concentration was much higher during freshwater exposures. No significant iron was released because of the rapid oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe(2+)) in aerobic surficial sediments and overlying water. The present study suggests that cyclic changes in pH and salinity in the overlying water can dramatically influence metal release from estuarine sediments.
Regression of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-based therapy.

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