cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors that disturb sleep in nursing home residents.

The purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to examine subjective sleep quality, and identify factors that disturb sleep in cognitively intact nursing home (NH) residents. We interviewed 51 cognitively intact NH residents using a validated instrument, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Questions regarding the environment, symptoms suggestive of restless leg syndrome, and periodic leg movements were also asked. Three individuals were unable to answer all the questions and, therefore, analyses were performed on 48 subjects. Seventy-three percent of the subjects were identified as “poor” sleepers based upon a total PSQI score >5. Factors that disturbed the residents’ sleep three or more times a week were: nocturia (71%), environment-related noise or light (38%), pain (33%), feeling too hot (6%) and leg cramps (6%). On multiple regression analysis, poor sleep correlated with depressive symptoms and comorbidity, not with age or gender. Poor sleep quality is common among cognitively intact NH residents. In our study, nocturia, environmental factors and pain were the most commonly perceived causes of sleep disturbance. Poor sleep independently correlated with depressive symptoms and comorbidity. These findings should be kept in mind when evaluating sleep complaints in the nursing home.
Form vs. substance in selection through competition: elections, markets, and political economy

Any competitive process selects among qualities possessed by the competitors, and with different processes selecting for different qualities. While the competitive form is universal, the substantive qualities that are selected depend on the particular environment within which competition occurs. With respect to athletic competition, for instance, diving selects for different qualities than swimming: a champion diver need not be a champion swimmer. Markets and politics are both forms of competitive endeavor, and it is reasonable to think that competition will select for excellence within each environment. This purely formal property of competition, however, generates different substantive qualities across environments, as we explore in this paper.
Early Production Systems

This paper presents alternative systems for developing production from offshore tracts, where it may be desirable to depart from so-called conventional platforms. These unconventional systems may be considered for reasons of water depth, economics, limited reserves, drilling and development problems, and/or platform construction considerations. The objective is to increase production during the early life of the project to accelerate payout. The alternative systems discussed here include (1) predrilling through templates while a fixed platform or tension leg platform (TLP) is being constructed, (2) drilling subsea wells for connection to a semisubmersible drilling vessel converted to production service, and (3) subsea wells connected by a monobuoy system to production facilities placed on a captive tanker with either pipeline or shuttle-tanker offtake capability. In any of these systems the practical aspects of the operation must be emphasized. The more complex the system becomes, the greater the opportunity for malfunction and associated production downtime and loss.
Yukawa coupling unification and non-universal gaugino mediation of supersymmetry breaking

The requirement of Yukawa coupling unification highly constrains the SUSY parameter space. In several SUSY breaking scenarios it is hard to reconcile Yukawa coupling unification with experimental constraints from B(b?s?) and the muon anomalous magnetic moment a ? . We show that b?? or even t?b?? Yukawa unification can be satisfied simultaneously with b?s? and a ? in the non-universal gaugino mediation scenario. Non-universal gaugino masses naturally appear in higher dimensional grand unified models in which gauge symmetry is broken by orbifold compactification. Relations between SUSY contributions to fermion masses, b?s? and a ? which are typical for models with universal gaugino masses are relaxed. Consequently, these phenomenological constraints can be satisfied simultaneously with a relatively light SUSY spectrum, compared to models with universal gaugino masses.
Hardness of approximating the shortest vector problem in lattices

Let p > 1 be any fixed real. We show that assuming NP n RP, there is no polynomial time algorithm that approximates the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) in ep norm within a constant factor. Under the stronger assumption NP n RTIME(2poly(log n)), we show that there is no polynomial-time algorithm with approximation ratio 2(log n)1/2−e where n is the dimension of the lattice and e > 0 is an arbitrarily small constant.We first give a new (randomized) reduction from Closest Vector Problem (CVP) to SVP that achieves some constant factor hardness. The reduction is based on BCH Codes. Its advantage is that the SVP instances produced by the reduction behave well under the augmented tensor product, a new variant of tensor product that we introduce. This enables us to boost the hardness factor to 2(log n)1/2-e.
Ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductor heterojunction systems

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs), in which magnetic elements are substituted for a small fraction of host elements in a semiconductor lattice, can become ferromagnetic when doped. In this paper we discuss the physics of DMS ferromagnetism in systems with semiconductor heterojunctions. We focus on the mechanisms that cause of magnetic and magnetoresistive properties to depend on doping profiles, defect distributions, gate voltage and other system parameters that can in principle be engineered to yield desired results. We emphasize that hole densities at the Mn ion locations that exceed 1020 cm−3 are a necessary condition for high ferromagnetic transition temperatures in any geometry.
Finite-Dimensional Spin Glasses: States, Excitations, and Interfaces

We discuss the underlying connections among the thermodynamic properties of short-ranged spin glasses, their behavior in large finite volumes, and the interfaces that separate different pure states, and also ground states and low-lying excitations.
Polymer-Assisted Formation of Giant Polyoxomolybdate Structures

A highly ordered, porous nanoscale network structure of polyoxomolybdate was prepared from the slow decomposition of an unstable precursor compound MoO2(OH)(OOH) in the presence of PEO-containing triblock copolymer gels or semidilute/concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) homopolymer solutions. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements of the 1-μm size crystals revealed an extremely ordered primitive cubic (pc) structure made of polyoxomolybdates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements showed that the overall size of these single crystals was close to 1 μm, in agreement with estimates from the scattering peak widths. Evidence from both scattering measurements and transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements suggested that the system formed a highly porous primitive cubic network similar to that of certain zeolite structures. However, the observed lattice constant of 5 nm was much larger. The function of the PEO-containing polymer network was ...
Combinatorial cobordism maps in hat Heegaard Floer theory

In a previous article, Sarkar and Wang [15] gave a combinatorial description of the hat version of Heegaard Floer homology for three-manifolds. Given a cobordism between two connected three-manifolds, there is an induced map between their Heegaard Floer homologies. Assume that the first homology group of each boundary component surjects onto the first homology group of the cobordism (modulo torsion). Under this assumption, we present a procedure for finding the rank of the induced Heegaard Floer map combinatorially, in the hat version.
Pharmaceutical Advertisements in Leading Medical Journals: Experts' Assessments

Abstract ▪Objective:To assess both the accuracy of scientific data presented in print pharmaceutical advertisements and the compliance of these advertisements with current Food and Drug Administrat...
On the Regge slopes intramultiplet relation

Abstract We show that only additivity of inverse Regge slopes is consistent with both the formal chiral limit m(n)→0 and the heavy quark limit M(Q)≫M(n), where n=u,d, and m,M are current and constituent quark masses, respectively.
Cu4Mo6Se8: synthesis, crystal structure, and electronic structure of a new Chevrel phase structure type.

Cu4Mo6Se8 has been synthesized by intercalation of Cu into Cu2Mo6Se8 at room temperature, and its crystal structure has been determined. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with a = 6.7609(8) A, b = 6.8122(7) A, c = 7.9355(10) A, α = 70.739(4)°, β = 72.669(4)°, γ = 84.555(5)°, and Z = 1. Instead of residing in the voids between corners or edges of Mo6Se8 clusters as in the classic R3 Chevrel structure, the Cu atoms in Cu4Mo6Se8 fully occupy four sites between faces of two adjacent Mo6Se8 clusters. Thus, two of the six Mo atoms in each cluster do not have capping Se atoms from neighboring clusters. This represents a new triclinic structure type for Chevrel phases. In addition to the synthesis and crystal structure, we present and discuss results from electronic structure calculations using both extended Huckel and density functional theory. These calculations predict Cu4Mo6Se8 to be metallic. We also report results from Cu intercalation into Chevrel phase sulfides and tellurides. ...
Qualification testing of thin-film and crystalline photovoltaic modules

Abstract The results of the first complete module qualification testing performed on the photovoltaic (PV) modules of several different manufacturers and a variety of technologies are presented here. Both thin-film and crystalline PV modules are being evaluated. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) now has the capability to perform all the tests in the proposed IEEE PV module qualification test sequence. Each test performed will be discussed. In addition, we have developed new test methods and improved techniques as well as engineering solutions to problems encountered with some of the present test procedures. This work not only demonstrates NREL's continuing commitment to work and interact with PV manufacturers to improve their modules from both a performance and a reliability standpoint, but also shows the ongoing effort to validate ASTM test methods and IEEE qualification testing procedures. Finally, this kind of research is needed before further studies of the correlation between indoor, accelerated testing and outdoor, real-world exposure can be made, with the hope of eventually predicting long-term PV module service lifetimes in the field.
Two-dimensional QCD is a string theory

I explore the possibility of finding an equivalent string representation of two-dimensional QCD. I develop the large N expansion of the QCD2 partition function on an arbitrary two-dimensional euclidean manifold. If this is related to a two-dimensional string theory then many of the coefficients of the 1N expansion must vanish. This is shown to be true to all orders, giving strong evidence for the existence of a string representation.
Can Growth Options Explain the Trend in Idiosyncratic Risk

While recent studies document increasing idiosyncratic volatility over the past four decades, an explanation for this trend remains elusive. We establish a theoretical link between growth options available to managers and the idiosyncratic risk of equity. Empirically both the level and variance of corporate growth options are significantly related to idiosyncratic volatility. Accounting for growth options eliminates or reverses the trend in aggregate firm-specific risk. These results are robust for different measures of idiosyncratic volatility, different growth option proxies, across exchanges, and through time. Finally, our results suggest that growth options explain the trend in idiosyncratic volatility beyond alternative explanations.
Splitting varieties for triple Massey products

Abstract We construct splitting varieties for triple Massey products. For a , b , c ∈ F ⁎ the triple Massey product 〈 a , b , c 〉 of the corresponding elements of H 1 ( F , μ 2 ) contains 0 if and only if there are x ∈ F ⁎ and y ∈ F [ a , c ] ⁎ such that b x 2 = N F [ a , c ] / F ( y ) , where N F [ a , c ] / F denotes the norm, and F is a field of characteristic different from 2. These varieties satisfy the Hasse principle by a result of D.B. Leep and A.R. Wadsworth. This shows that triple Massey products for global fields of characteristic different from 2 always contain 0.
On RSOS models associated to Lie algebras and RCFT

Abstract RSOS models based on the Lie algebras Bm, Cm and Dm are derived from the braiding of conformal field theory. This gives the first systematic derivation of these models earlier described by Jimbo et al. The general two field Boltzmann weights associated to any RCFT are described, giving in particular the off critical thermalized Boltzmann weights. Crossing properties are discussed and are shown to agree with the general theory which connects these with toroidal modular transformations. The soliton systems based on these lattice models are described and are conjectured based on the mass formulae and the spins of the integrals of motions to describe perturbations of the RCFT (Gk × G1)/Gk + 1, where G is the corresponding Lie algebra.
Vertex-reinforced random walk

This paper considers a class of non-Markovian discrete-time random processes on a finite state space {1,...,d}. The transition probabilities at each time are influenced by the number of times each state has been visited and by a fixed a priori likelihood matrix,R, which is real, symmetric and nonnegative. LetS i (n) keep track of the number of visits to statei up to timen, and form the fractional occupation vector,V(n), where $$v_i (n) = {{S_i (n)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{S_i (n)} {\left( {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^d {S_j (n)} } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^d {S_j (n)} } \right)}}$$ . It is shown thatV(n) converges to to a set of critical points for the quadratic formH with matrixR, and that under nondegeneracy conditions onR, there is a finite set of points such that with probability one,V(n)→p for somep in the set. There may be more than onep in this set for whichP(V(n)→p)>0. On the other handP(V(n)→p)=0 wheneverp fails in a strong enough sense to be maximum forH.
A game theory model for electricity theft detection and privacy-aware control in AMI systems

We introduce a model for the operational costs of an electric distribution utility. The model focuses on two of the new services that are enabled by the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): (1) the fine-grained anomaly detection that is possible thanks to the frequent smart meter sampling rates (e.g., 15 minute sampling intervals of some smart meter deployments versus monthly-readings from old meters), and (2) the ability to shape the load thanks to advanced demand-response mechanisms that leverage AMI networks, such as direct-load control. We then study two security problems in this context. (1) In the first part of the paper we formulate the problem of electricity theft detection (one of the use-cases of anomaly detection) as a game between the electric utility and the electricity thief. The goal of the electricity thief is to steal a predefined amount of electricity while minimizing the likelihood of being detected, while the electric utility wants to maximize the probability of detection and the degree of operational cost it will incur for managing this anomaly detection mechanism. (2) In the second part of the paper we formulate the problem of privacy-preserving demand response as a control theory problem, and show how to select the maximum sampling interval for smart meters in order to protect the privacy of consumers while maintaining the desired load shaping properties of demand-response programs.
Asymptotic growth of saturated powers and epsilon multiplicity

Asymptotic properties of saturated powers of modules over a local domain R are studied. Under mild conditions, it is shown that the limit as k goes to infinity of the quotient of the saturation of the k-th power of a module E by the k-th power of E, when divided by k^{d+e-1}, exists. Here d is the dimension of R and e is the rank of E. We deduce that under these assumptions, the epsilon multiplicity of E, defined by Ulrich and Validashti as a limsup, actually exists as a limit.
Asymptotic Enumeration of Spanning Trees

We give new formulas for the asymptotics of the number of spanning trees of a large graph. A special case answers a question of McKay [Europ. J. Combin. 4 149–160] for regular graphs. The general answer involves a quantity for infinite graphs that we call ‘tree entropy’, which we show is a logarithm of a normalized determinant of the graph Laplacian for infinite graphs. Tree entropy is also expressed using random walks. We relate tree entropy to the metric entropy of the uniform spanning forest process on quasi-transitive amenable graphs, extending a result of Burton and Pemantle [Ann. Probab. 21 1329–1371].
Polynomial calibrations for hot wires in thermally varying flows

Abstract An alternative to the traditional forms for hot-wire calibrations is presented that expresses flow velocity as a function of voltage in the form of a polynomial U = Σ n =0 N A n E n or Re = Σ n =0 N A n ′ Nu n , where the coefficients are velocity-independent. These forms have the advantage that the velocity can be calculated directly (and recursively) from the measured voltages once the coefficients are determined-a significant advantage for computer implementation. Moreover, the coefficients occur linearly and can be determined by linear regression. Since the primary errors in calibration are usually in the determination of velocity whereas the voltage can be more accurately determined, the regression is properly directed to minimize the effect of measurement error, unlike the King's law expressions and polynomials expressing voltage as a function of velocity. Finally the quasi-linearization of the above expressions is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER ON LOW-MASS STAR FORMATION

Forming stars emit a substantial amount of radiation into their natal environment. We use ORION, an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) three-dimensional gravito-radiation-hydrodyanics code, to simulate low-mass star formation in a turbulent molecular cloud. We compare the distributions of stellar masses, accretion rates, and temperatures in the cases with and without radiative transfer, and we demonstrate that radiative feedback has a profound effect on accretion, multiplicity, and mass by reducing the number of stars formed and the total rate at which gas turns into stars. We also show that once the star formation reaches a steady state, protostellar radiation is by far the dominant source of energy in the simulation, exceeding viscous dissipation and compressional heating by at least an order of magnitude. Calculations that omit radiative feedback from protstars significantly underestimate the gas temperature and the strength of this effect. Although heating from protostars is mainly confined to the protostellar cores, we find that it is sufficient to suppress disk fragmentation that would otherwise result in very low-mass companions or brown dwarfs. We demonstrate that the mean protostellar accretion rate increases with the final stellar mass so that the star formation time is only a weak function of mass.
Image quality degradation by light scattering processes in high performance display devices for medical imaging

This thesis addresses the characterization of light scattering processes that degrade image quality in high performance electronic display devices for radiography. Using novel experimental and computational tools, we study the lateral diffusion of light in emissive displays that causes extensive veiling glare and significant reduction of the contrast. In addition, we examine the deleterious effects of ambient light reflections that affect the contrast of low luminance regions, and superimpose unwanted structured signal. To model veiling glare and display reflections, we use a Monte Carlo light transport simulation code, DETECT-II, that tracks individual photons through multiple scattering events. The simulation accounts for the photon polarization state, and provides descriptions for rough surfaces and thin film coatings. A new experimental method to measure veiling glare is described based on a conic collimated probe that minimizes unwanted contributions from bright areas. We show that veiling glare ratios in the order of a few hundreds can be measured with an uncertainty of a few percent. For a high performance medical imaging monitor with anti-reflective coating, the veiling glare ratio for a 1 cm diameter dark spot was measured to be 240. Finally, we introduce experimental techniques for measurements of display reflectance, and we compare measured reflection coefficients with Monte Carlo estimates. In spite of having comparable reflection coefficients, the low maximum luminance of current cathode-ray tube devices worsens the effect of ambient light reflections when compared to radiographic film. Flat panel technologies can perform even better than film due to a thin faceplate, increased light absorption, and high brightness.
New Temperatures of Diffuse Interstellar Gas: Thermally Unstable Gas

We present new Arecibo 21 cm line measurements of the temperatures of interstellar gas. Our temperatures for the cold neutral medium are significantly lower than previous single-dish results and in very good accord with theoretical models. For warm gas at T > 500 K, we find a significant fraction of gas (>47%) to lie in the thermally unstable region 500 → 5000 K; moreover, about 60% of all the neutral atomic gas has T > 500 K. Large amounts of thermally unstable gas are not allowed in theoretical models of the global interstellar medium.
Coordinates with Non-Singular Curvature for a Time Dependent Black Hole Horizon

A naive introduction of a dependency of the mass of a black hole on the Schwarzschild time coordinate results in singular behavior of curvature invariants at the horizon, violating expectations from complementarity. If instead a temporal dependence is introduced in terms of a coordinate akin to the river time representation, the Ricci scalar is nowhere singular away from the origin. It is found that for a shrinking mass scale due to evaporation, the null radial geodesics that generate the horizon are slightly displaced from the coordinate singularity. In addition, a changing horizon scale significantly alters the form of the coordinate singularity in diagonal (orthogonal) metric coordinates representing the space-time. A Penrose diagram describing the growth and evaporation of an example black hole is constructed to examine the evolution of the coordinate singularity.
Diastereoselectivity in cyclopropanation and epoxidation reactions of chiral (E)-crotylsilanes: Asymmetric synthesis of substituted tetrahydrofurans

Functionalized (E)-crotylsilanes 1 bearing a bis-homoallylic hydroxyl group undergo diastereoselective cyclopropanation and epoxidation reactions to produce substituted tetrahydrofurans 3 and 5 respectively after an acid catalyzed heterocyclization.
The instrument response function in air-based scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract The distinction between point and line resolution in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) arises because an ability to image sub-0.2 nm fringes is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for imaging individual atoms. In scanned tip microscopy, as in TEM, empirical data on instrument response should precede assertions about point resolution. In the “slow scan limit”, time-domain noise and geometry effects decouple, and tip shape can take on the role of a two-dimensional impulse response function. We show here that nuclear track pits can be used to quantitatively measure tip geometry with nanometer-scale resolution in three dimensions , that stationary tip images provide a robust measure of time-domain instabilities, and that when these data are taken before and after imaging an unknown, images with instrument response quantitatively constrained by experiment are possible. Specimen-induced tip effects also become measurable in situ.
The Functional Link Net Approach to the Learning of Real-Time Optimal Control

Abstract We present a strategy for learning optimal control. The approach uses functional-link neural network implementations which have several beneficial properties giving advantages over the more common generalized delta rule implementations. The learning task is decomposed onto three parts: identification and monitoring, one-step-ahead control generation and control path optimization. Each of these parts is accomplished with its own functional-link net and these are coordinated to provide the real-time learning of the optimal control path.
A multiaccess bus arbitration scheme for VLSI-densed distributed systems

A VLSI-densed shared-bus distributed system is a computer system consisting of a large number of VLSI processing units (VPUs) connected to one another by a high-speed bus. Data traffic in such a system is characterized by three distinct features: large population, bursty transmission, and task-dependent accesses with priority. A bus arbitration scheme is required to resolve contentions when several VPUs generate requests simultaneously. Conventional schemes such as daisy chaining, polling, and independent requests are shown to be inadequate. In this paper, a multiaccess code-deciphering (MACD) scheme is proposed. Two versions of the scheme are studied. The first version is a load-dependent scheme that can resolve contentions of N VPUs in an average time of O(logK/2N) steps where K is equal to the bus width. The second version estimates the number of contending VPUs and resolves contention in a constant average time independent of load. The proposed schemes can support task-dependent accesses with priority.
An interpretation of the N2 photoelectron spectrum

Abstract The inner-valence (20–36 eV) photoelectron spectrum of N 2 is interpreted by comparing with various spectra (such as absorption, N + yield, fluorescence-yield, and core-level photoelectron spectra). This comparative study confirms the previous assignments on the bands at 25.3 and 29.0 eV and clarifies the controversial assignments on the bands at 32.6 and 35 eV (weak). Also, this study identifies for the first time a weak but sharp band at 33.3 eV.
Discussion of ¿employee stock options, EPS dilution, and stock repurchases¿

Abstract Bens, Nagar, Skinner, and Wong conclude that stock repurchase decisions are related to the impact of stock options on the ability of firms to meet historical EPS growth targets. Although this is a provocative conclusion, this interpretation is questionable because managers are assumed to be extremely myopic, the results are highly sensitive to the choice of EPS growth target, firms with a high P / E ratio produce results that are completely inconsistent with the research hypothesis, and alternative explanations that are unrelated to earnings management are not considered.
Shot noise limited detection of OH using the technique of laser-induced fluorescence.

Nearly shot-noise limited detection of OH using the technique of laser-induced fluorescence is reported. A LIDAR configuration is used to excite fluorescence in a large volume and a narrow-bandwidth interference filter provides spectral discrimination. This arrangement alleviates the effect of ozone interference and facilitates image processing at relatively close distances. The detection limit is determined mainly by the shot-noise of the solar background. Ground-based measurements in Dearborn indicate a detection limit of better than 1 x 10 to the 6th power OH/cubic cm over a forty-minute acquisition period. Under favorable conditions, a comparable detection limit was also observed for airborne measurements.
Data-Driven Review of Thermoelectric Materials: Performance and Resource Considerations

In this review, we describe the creation of a large database of thermoelectric materials prepared by abstracting information from over 100 publications. The database has over 18 000 data points from multiple classes of compounds, whose relevant properties have been measured at several temperatures. Appropriate visualization of the data immediately allows certain insights to be gained with regard to the property space of plausible thermoelectric materials. Of particular note is that any candidate material needs to display an electrical resistivity value that is close to 1 mΩ cm at 300 K, that is, samples should be significantly more conductive than the Mott minimum metallic conductivity. The Herfindahl–Hirschman index, a commonly accepted measure of market concentration, has been calculated from geological data (known elemental reserves) and geopolitical data (elemental production) for much of the periodic table. The visualization strategy employed here allows rapid sorting of thermoelectric compositions w...
ASYMMETRIC 2,3-WITTIG REARRANGEMENTS WITH CHIRAL, PHOSPHORUS ANION-STABILIZING GROUPS

Abstract The [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement of a chirally-modified phosphorus stabilized anion proceeds readily and with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity for allyloxymethyl and (Z)-2-butenyloxymethyl derivatives.
Flat-plate solar-collector performance evaluation with a solar simulator as a basis for collector selection and performance prediction

The use of a solar simulator for performance determination permits collector testing under standard conditions of wind, ambient temperature, flow rate and sun. The performance results determined with the simulator have been found to be in good agreement with outdoor performance results. The measured thermal efficiency and evaluation of 23 collectors are reported which differ according to absorber material (copper, aluminum, steel), absorber coating (nonselective black paint, selective copper oxide, selective black nickel, selective black chrome), type of glazing material (glass, Tedlar, Lexan, antireflection glass), the use of honeycomb material and the use of vacuum to prevent thermal convection losses. The collectors were given performance rankings based on noon-hour solar conditions and all-day solar conditions. The determination with the simulator of an all-day collector performance was made possible by tests at different incident angles. The solar performance rankings were made based on whether the collector is to be used for pool heating, hot water, absorption air conditioning, heating, or for a solar Rankine machine.
Application of the variational-asymptotical method to laminated composite plates

This method is a technique by which the geometrically nonlinear, three dimensional analysis of plate deformation can be split into a linear, one dimensional, through-the-thickness analysis and a nonlinear, two dimensional, plate analysis. The elastic constants used in the plate analysis are obtained in closed form from the through-the-thickness analysis, along with approximate, closed-form three dimensional distributions of displacement, strain, and stress. The development of such a theory is presented herein for laminated plates in which each lamina exhibits monoclinic symmetry about its own midplane
Acetic acid aldol reactions in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

In the presence of TMSOTf and a trialkylamine base, acetic acid undergoes aldol addition to non-enolizable aldehydes under exceptionally mild conditions. Acidic workup yields the β-hydroxy carboxylic acid. The reaction appears to proceed via a three-step, one-pot process, including in situ trimethylsilyl ester formation, bis-silyl ketene acetal formation, and TMSOTf-catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol addition. Independently synthesized TMSOAc also undergoes aldol additions under similar conditions.
Light emission as a solar cell analysis technique

Abstract A new method for testing gallium arsenide solar cells by examining the light emitted when the solar cell is forward biased is presented. Examination of the emitted light reveals the presence and location of several types of defects. The effect of shunt defects on the emitted light is investigated. Other types of solar cell defects are also discussed.
A note on four-point functions of conformal operators in N=4 Super-Yang Mills

Abstract We find that the first-order correction to the free-field result for the four-point function of the conformal operator Tr( φ i φ j ) is nonvanishing and survives in the limit N c →∞.
Preparation and structure of new homochiral diazaphosphole ligands and their platinum(II) chloride complexes

Abstract A new series of homochiral diazaphosphole ligands and their platinum complexes were prepared.
Universality near zero virtuality

Abstract In this paper we study a random matrix model with the chiral and flavor structure of the QCD Dirac operator and a temperature dependence given by the lowest Matsubara frequency. Using the supersymmetric method for random matrix theory, we obtain an exact, analytic expression for the average spectral density. In the large- n limit, the spectral density can be obtained from the solution to a cubic equation. This spectral density is nonzero in the vicinity of eigenvalue zero only for temperatures below the critical temperature of this model. Our main result is the demonstration that the microscopic limit of the spectral density is independent of temperature (apart from a temperature dependent scale factor expressed in terms of the chiral condensate) up to the critical temperature. This is due to a number of remarkable cancellations. This result provides strong support for the conjecture that the microscopic spectral density is universal. In our derivation, we emphasize the symmetries of the partition function and show that this universal behavior is closely related to the existence of an invariant saddle-point manifold.
TEA: transmission error approximation for distance estimation between two Zigbee devices

This paper presents a simple and cost-effective method for distance estimation between two devices. The main idea is to use packet loss estimation, and hence named TEA: transmission error approximation. TEA measures packet loss and uses packet loss statistics to estimate the approximate distance between two Zigbee devices. Both analysis and experiments have been carried out to validate the method. Our field experiments have demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of the proposed method.
A divergence formula for randomness and dimension

If S is an infinite sequence over a finite alphabet @S and @b is a probability measure on @S, then the dimension of S with respect to @b, written dim^@b(S), is a constructive version of Billingsley dimension that coincides with the (constructive Hausdorff) dimension dim(S) when @b is the uniform probability measure. This paper shows that dim^@b(S) and its dual Dim^@b(S), the strong dimension of S with respect to @b, can be used in conjunction with randomness to measure the similarity of two probability measures @a and @b on @S. Specifically, we prove that the divergence formuladim^@b(R)=Dim^@b(R)=H(@a)H(@a)+D(@[email protected][email protected]) holds whenever @a and @b are computable, positive probability measures on @S and [email protected][email protected]^~ is random with respect to @a. In this formula, H(@a) is the Shannon entropy of @a, and D(@[email protected][email protected]) is the Kullback-Leibler divergence between @a and @b. We also show that the above formula holds for all sequences R that are @a-normal (in the sense of Borel) when dim^@b(R) and Dim^@b(R) are replaced by the more effective finite-state dimensions dim"F"S^@b(R) and Dim"F"S^@b(R). In the course of proving this, we also prove finite-state compression characterizations of dim"F"S^@b(S) and Dim"F"S^@b(S).
Information strategies and energy conservation behavior: A meta-analysis of experimental studies from 1975 to 2012

Strategies that provide information about the environmental impact of activities are increasingly seen as effective to encourage conservation behavior. This article offers the most comprehensive meta-analysis of information based energy conservation experiments conducted to date. Based on evidence from 156 published field trials and 525,479 study subjects from 1975 to 2012, we quantify the energy savings from information based strategies. On average, individuals in the experiments reduced their electricity consumption by 7.4%. Our results also show that strategies providing individualized audits and consulting are comparatively more effective for conservation behavior than strategies that provide historical, peer comparison energy feedback. Interestingly, we find that pecuniary feedback and incentives lead to a relative increase in energy usage rather than induce conservation. We also find that the conservation effect diminishes with the rigor of the study, indicating potential methodological issues in the current literature.
Urinary Incontinence in US Women. A Population-Based Study

Background Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common disorder that is increasingly important as our population ages. Less is known about UI in younger women, and few large surveys have been able to determine risk factors by linking their data to patients’ medical findings. Methods We conducted a population-based, age-stratified postal survey of 6000 women aged between 30 and 90 years who were enrolled in a large health maintenance organization in Washington State. Results The response rate was 64% (n = 3536) after exclusion criteria were applied. The population-based prevalence of UI was 45%. Prevalence increased with age, from 28% for 30- to 39-year-old women to 55% for 80- to 90-year-old women. Eighteen percent of respondents reported severe UI. The prevalence of severe UI also increased notably with age, from 8% for 30- to 39-year-old women to 33% for 80- to 90-year-old women. Older age, higher body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), greater medical comorbidity, current major depression, a history of hysterectomy, and parity increased the odds of having UI. Not being white and having had only cesarean deliveries decreased the odds of having UI. Major depression (odds ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.65-3.72) and obesity, defined as having a BMI of 30 or greater (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.99-2.87), had the strongest association with UI. Among women with UI, age, BMI, medical comorbidity, current major depression, diabetes, a history of hysterectomy, and having had only cesarean deliveries were significantly associated with severe UI. Conclusions Urinary incontinence is highly prevalent in women across their adult life span, and its severity increases linearly with age. Age, BMI, race, medical comorbidity, current major depression, a history of hysterectomy, parity, and having only had cesarean deliveries are each independent factors significantly associated with the likelihood of having UI.
Single Spins in Diamond for Quantum Networks And Magnetic Sensing

Building scalable quantum information systems is a central challenge facing modern science. Single spins in diamond are a promising platform for distributed quantum information networks and precision measurements. I will discuss recent progress in this field demonstrating coherent operations with coupled electron-nuclear spin quantum registers and nanoscale precision magnetometry. Our experiments demonstrate addressing, preparation, and coherent control of individual nuclear spin qubits in the diamond lattice at room temperature. We have measured spin coherence times exceeding milliseconds, and observed coherent coupling to nearby electronic and nuclear spins. Robust initialization of a two-qubit register and transfer of arbitrary quantum states between electron and nuclear spin qubits has been achieved. Our results show that coherent operations are possible with individual solid-state qubits whose coherence properties approach those for isolated atoms and ions. The resulting electron-nuclear few-qubit registers can potentially serve as small processor nodes in a quantum network where the electron spins are coupled by optical photons.
OTEC cold water pipe design for problems caused by vortex-excited oscillations

Abstract Vortex-excited oscillations of marine structures result in reduced fatigue life, large hydrodynamic forces and induced stresses, and sometimes lead to structural damage and to destructive failures. The cold water pipe of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant is nominally a bluff, flexible cylinder with a large aspect ratio (L/D = length/diameter), and is likely to be susceptible to resonant vortex-excited oscillations. The objective of this paper is to survey recent results pertaining to the vortex-excited oscillations of structures in general and to consider the application of these findings to the design of the OTEC cold water pipe. Practical design calculations are given as examples throughout the various sections of the report. This paper is limited in scope to the problems of vortex shedding from bluff, flexible structures in steady currents and the resulting vortex-excited oscillations. The effects of flow non-uniformities, surface roughness of the cylinder, and inclination to the incident flow are considered in addition to the case of a smooth cylinder in a uniform stream. Emphasis is placed upon design procedures, hydrodynamic coefficients applicable in practice, and the specification of structural response parameters relevant to the OTEC cold water pipe. There are important problems associated with the shedding of vortices from cylinders in waves and from the combined action of waves and currents, but these complex fluid/structure interactions are not considered in this paper.
The hippies and American values

Turn on, tune in, drop out, Timothy Leary advised young people in the 1960s. And many did, creating a counterculture built on drugs, rock music, sexual liberation, and communal living. The hippies preached free love, promoted flower power, and cautioned against trusting anyone over thirty. Eschewing money, materialism, and politics, they repudiated the mainstream values of the times. Along the way, these counterculturists created a lasting legacy and inspired long-lasting social changes. "The Hippies and American Values" uses an innovative approach to exploring the tenets of the counterculture movement. Rather than relying on interviews conducted years after the fact, Timothy Miller uses underground newspapers published at the time to provide a full and in-depth exploration. This reliance on primary sources brings an immediacy and vibrancy rarely seen in other studies of the period. Miller focuses primarily on the cultural revolutionaries rather than on the political radicals of the New Left. It examines the hippies ethics of dope, sex, rock, community, and cultural opposition and surveys their effects on current American values. Filled with illustrations from alternative publications, along with posters, cartoons, and photographs, "The Hippies and American Values" provides a graphic look at America in the 1960s. This second edition features a new introduction and a thoroughly updated, well-documented text. Highly readable and engaging, this volume brings deep insight to the counterculture movement and the ways it changed America. The first edition became a widely used course-adoption favorite, and scholars and students of the 1960s will welcome the second edition of this thought-provoking book."
Two highly efficient syntheses of scalemic azocines

Abstract Two approaches to the synthesis of disubstituted azocines in scalemic form, via intramolecular alkylation and olefin metathesis, respectively, are described.
Ripple-2: a non-collaborative, asynchronous, and open architecture for highly-scalable and low duty-cycle WSNs

The design of Ripple-2, a wireless in-situ soil moisture sensing system is presented in this paper. The main objective of such system is to collect high fidelity and fine grained data both spatially and temporally compared to radar remote sensing, which is the more traditional way of capturing soil moisture, and to use the former to validate and calibrate the latter. To do so, the in-site sensor network must cover a sufficiently large area, on the order of at least a few square kilometers. At the same time, cost constraints (both in deployment and in maintenance) puts a limit on the total number of sensor nodes, resulting in a very sparse (on average) network. The main challenge in designing the system lies in achieving reliability and energy efficiency in such a sparse network. For instance, in our pilot deployment, a 200mx400m area is covered by 22 nodes (average inter-node distance > 50m). Traditional WSN technology typically calls for many more nodes to be deployed in such an area. Ripple-2 is introduced as a non-traditional WSN architecture where (1) the network is physically and logically segmented into isolated clusters, (2) a regular node (or end device, ED) only communicates with the cluster head (CH) of its segment, and (3) the ED-CH communication is distinct from the CH-sink (or CH-Data Server) and both links can use virtually any kind of point-to-point wireless technology. We use both simulated and empirical results to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ripple-2; it proves to be ideal for low duty-cycle data collection applications due to its exceptional small network overhead (typically smaller than 1%) and its robustness to the size of the network.
Application of wireless sensor system on security network

In this research we developed wireless sensor system for security application. We have used geophone to detect seismic signals which are generated by footsteps. Geophones are resonant devices. Therefore, vibration on the land can generate seismic waveforms which could be very similar to the signature by footstep. The signals from human footstep have weak signals to noise ratio and the signal strength is subject to the distance between the sensor and human. In order to detect weak signals from footstep, we designed and fabricated 2-stage amplification circuit which consists of active and RC filters and amplifiers. The bandwidth of filter is 0.7Hz-150Hz and the gain of amplifier is set to 1000. The wireless sensor system also developed to monitor the sensing signals at the remote place. The wireless sensor system consists of 3 units; a wireless sensor unit, a wireless receiver unit, and a monitoring unit. The wireless sensor unit transmits amplified signals from geophone with Zigbee, and the wireless receiver unit which has both Zigbee and Wi-Fi module receives signals from the sensor unit and transmits signals to the monitoring system with Zigbee and Wi-Fi, respectively. By using both Zigbee and Wi-Fi, the wireless sensor system can achieve the low power consumption and wide range coverage.
Pediatric emergency department complaints: A three-year analysis of sources and trends

Study objective: To identify the incidence and major causes of patient and parental complaints in a pediatric emergency department. Design: Retrospective analysis of complaints received regarding patients seen between January 1987 and December 1989. Setting: ED of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Participants: All complaints received during the three-year period. Interventions: Complaints were reviewed for reason, validity, and location at which patient was seen. Measurements and results: One hundred seventy-six complaints from a total of 154,648 ED visits yielded a frequency of 1.1 complaints per 1,000 patient visits. Main reasons for dissatisfaction were misdiagnosis, billing, and inadequate treatment; 49% of complaints were judged valid. There were 0.69 complaints per 1,000 patient visits in the nonurgent medical portion of the ED. Patients seen emergently (critical care and trauma) had a significantly lower complaint frequency of 0.08 per 1,000 patient visits ( P χ 2 analysis). Conclusion: Assessment of ED complaints is useful to highlight areas of patient dissatisfaction and develop plans for improving patient care.