cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectroscopy of Model Electrochemical Interfaces in Ultrahigh Vacuum: Evidence for Coupled Cation−Anion Hydration in the Pt(111)/K+,Cl- System

Infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) measurements along with work-function (Φ) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) data are reported for deuterated water dosed onto Pt(111) in ultrahigh vacuum (uhv) in the presence of adsorbed chlorine and potassium in order to assess the nature and extent of hydration of a “chemisorbed” (or specifically adsorbed) anion in the absence and presence of a cation “countercharge”, and vice versa. As studied previously (ref 6a), potassium constitutes an ideal “cation” for this purpose since it induces large Φ decreases even for small K coverages (θK ≤ 0.08) that are modified substantially by hydration; this primary solvation also yields downshifted O−D stretching (νOD) vibrations (ca. 2300−2500 cm-1) that are diagnostic of cation-induced water reorientation. Adsorption of atomic chlorine (dosed as Cl2) yields milder yet nonmonotonic Φ changes, suggestive of only partial charge transfer to form Clδ-. The presence of adsorbed Cl attenuates the large (ca. 1.2...
Return of the “Intimate Outsider” Current Trends and Issues in Family Nursing Research Revisited

This article reviews family nursing research published from 1996 to 2011. This is a follow-up to a review published in the Journal of Family Nursing in 1995. Findings from the first review are compared with this one, trends in family nursing scholarship are identified, and predictions and suggestions for future directions are offered. The latest generation of family nursing scholarship is conceptually and methodologically sound, and there is evidence of more multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research conducted by family nursing researchers. Scholars are paying more attention to issues of diversity and family context at present than in the past, although there are still aspects of diversity that need more attention. Strong research programs in family nursing exist worldwide; an international synergism has helped promote rapid expansion of family nursing research and theory development. A vigorous movement to promote research to practice initiatives and greater attention to family interventions are ex...
Uncertainty in deterministic groundwater transport models due to the assumption of macrodispersive mixing: evidence from the Cape Cod (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) and Borden (Ontario, Canada) tracer tests

Abstract Deterministic transport models based on the advection-dispersion equation are widely used to simulate groundwater contaminant transport. Only the largest heterogeneities and velocity field variations are explicitly modeled by the advection part of such models because subsurface explorations allow limited understanding of the distribution of heterogeneity and velocities. Smaller heterogeneities and associated velocity field variations are not incorporated in the modeled velocity field, but their overall mixing effect is represented implicitly as macrodispersion. As a result, such models do not replicate the complex small-scale variation of actual concentration distributions, but instead simulate a smoother concentration distribution. This discrepancy causes significant uncertainty in modeled concentrations. In this paper, such uncertainty is quantified for the detailed concentration distribution data sets of the Cape Cod and Borden natural-gradient tracer tests. Models of these tests could be made with relatively little uncertainty about the source distribution, large-scale flow field, and apparent macrodispersitivities. As earlier moment analyses reveal, the ensemble-average bromide migration in both tests was approximately consistent with classical advection-dispersion theory. Therefore, the reported uncertainties are primarily due to the use of macrodispersivity to represent mixing caused by small-scale velocity field variations. Analytic three-dimensional transport models were used to simulate the migration of bromide, a non-reactive tracer. The distribution of log(ca/cm), where ca is actual concentration and cm is modeled concentration at the same point, had a standard deviation of ∼0.70 for both tests. The distribution of vertically-averaged concentration predictions, log(Σca/Σcm), where the summation is over each multi-level sampler, had a standard deviation of ∼0.45 for both tests. Comparing the peak actual concentration to the peak modeled concentration at any given time results in a standard deviation of ∼0.12 in the statistic log(ca(max)/cm(max)) for both tests. Although the uncertainties listed above pertain to the scales of un-modeled velocity variation in these models at these sites, the reported uncertainties could serve as lower bound estimates for most deterministic model applications. Uncertainty due to the assumption of macrodispersive mixing tends to increase as the plume scale decreases or as the scale of un-modeled velocity field variations increases.
Deficits in Intimacy and Empathy in Sexually Aggressive Men

One explanation for male sexual aggression implicates certain adverse consequences of male gender socialization. It is argued that “masculinization,” especially in its more extreme forms, leads to hostility toward, and a devaluation of, women, and to a reduction in the capacity for empathy and the need for intimacy with others. Together, these effects are thought to produce a predisposition for sexual aggression against women. The two studies reported here tested the hypothesis that sexually aggressive men would be more gender stereotyped and would manifest lower capacities for empathy and intimacy. Results were mostly supportive of the hypothesis.
Educational Data Mining on Learning Management Systems Using Experience API

Educational data mining is an application of data mining to derive meaningful patterns from educational systems which in turn can be used to improve the learning experience of students. The emphasis of this paper will be to explore educational data mining in the context of Learning Management Systems (LMS). In this paper, we explore the possibilities of using Experience API to extract patterns from Learning Management Systems. The possible inferences that can be derived from the patterns are also discussed in the paper. This paper has been developed using real time data that is gathered from the public Learning Management System, SCORM Cloud.
Charm2000: A >108-charm experiment for the turn of the millennium

I discuss the physics reach of a fixed-target charm experiment which can reconstruct >108 charm decays, three orders of magnitude beyond the largest existant sample. Such an experiment may run at Fermilab shortly after the Year 2000. In addition to “programmatic” charm physics such as spectroscopy, lifetimes, and tests of QCD, this “Charm2000” experiment will have significant sensitivity to new physics in the areas of CP violation, flavor-changing neutral-current and lepton-number-violating decays, and mixing, and could observe direct CP violation in Cabibbo-suppressed decays at the level predicted by the Standard Model.
Oscillatory clusters in a model of the photosensitive belousov-zhabotinsky reaction system with global feedback

Oscillatory cluster patterns are studied numerically in a reaction-diffusion model of the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction supplemented with a global negative feedback. In one- and two-dimensional systems, families of cluster patterns arise for intermediate values of the feedback strength. These patterns consist of spatial domains of phase-shifted oscillations. The phase of the oscillations is nearly constant for all points within a domain. Two-phase clusters display antiphase oscillations; three-phase clusters contain three sets of domains with a phase shift equal to one-third of the period of the local oscillation. Border (nodal) lines between domains for two-phase clusters become stationary after a transient period, while borders drift in the case of three-phase clusters. We study the evolving border movement of the clusters, which, in most cases, leads to phase balance, i.e., equal areas of the different phase domains. Border curling of three-phase clusters results in formation of spiral clusters---a combination of a fast oscillating cluster with a slow spiraling movement of the domain border. At higher feedback coefficient, irregular cluster patterns arise, consisting of domains that change their shape and position in an irregular manner. Localized irregular and regular clusters arise for parameters close to the boundary between the oscillatory region and the reduced steady state region of the phase space.
Some observations regarding steady laminar flows past bluff bodies

Steady laminar flows past simple objects, such as a cylinder or a sphere, have been studied for well over a century. Theoretical, experimental and numerical methods have all contributed fundamentally towards our understanding of the resulting flows. This article focuses on developments during the past few decades, when mostly numerical and asymptotical advances have provided insights also for steady, although unstable, high-Reynolds-numbers flow regimes.
N‐Nitrosamine Analysis in Beer Using Thermal Desorption Injection Coupled with GC‐TEA

A fast and sensitive method is described for determining a mixture of volatile N-nitrosamines in beer and other malt products. It consists of direct extraction of the sample with dichloromethane, volume reduction, cleanup by trapping volatiles onto Tenax-TA, and thermal desorption injection into a capillary gas chromatograph-thermal energy analyzer. Average recovery of N-nitrosodimethylamine added to beer ranged from 70 to 81%. N-Nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine were detected in 10 samples of various domestic and imported beers analyzed. Total volatile N-nitrosamine concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 1.10 ppb in beer. Minimum detection limit of the method was 0.01 ppb for N-nitrosodimethylamine, a 10-fold increase in sensitivity compared to other similar methods.
Rostral raphe involvement in Lewy body dementia and multiple system atrophy

Depression is a feature of both Lewy body disorders and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Since serotonergic neurons of the rostral raphe have been implicated in depression, we sought to determine whether there is a differential involvement of these neurons in cases with clinically diagnosed dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or MSA. We studied the brainstem obtained at autopsy from fourteen patients with diagnosis of DLB and pathological limbic or neocortical stage Lewy body disease, 13 patients with clinical and neuropathological diagnosis of MSA, and 12 controls with no history of neurologic disease. The clinical features of these patients were analyzed retrospectively by reviewing their medical records. Serial sections were immunostained for tryptophan hydroxylase (TrOH) and α-synuclein and cell counts were performed in the dorsal raphe (DR), median raphe (MR) and medullary raphe nuclei. There was loss of serotonergic cells in both the DR and MR in DLB compared to control cases: For the DR, the number of cells/section were 53 ± 6 in DLB versus 159 ± 13 (P < 0.001) respectively, and for the MR 70 ± 11 in DLB versus 173 ± 23 (P < 0.001) respectively. In contrast, these cells were relatively preserved in MSA. The caudal raphe groups were affected both in MSA and in DLB. There is a differential involvement of raphe neurons in DLB and MSA. Although loss of rostral raphe neurons may contribute to depression in DLB, this appears to be less likely in MSA. Factors other than the neurochemical phenotype determine neuronal vulnerability in MSA.
Estimating patronization shares for urban retail centers: An extension of the Poisson gravity model

Abstract We develop a technique for estimating patronization shares for a set of alternative retail locations that is based on a Poisson gravity model of shopping behavior. We extend the basic gravity model by including characteristics of individual shoppers and various mall attributes as exogenous variables in the Poisson regression specification. Our model has two distinctive features: (1) it allows structural variation in the regression coefficients across alternative shopping destinations without imposing a computational burden, and (2) it corrects for sample censoring that arises from the design of the survey from which the data for our application were taken. We apply the model to household data drawn from the Atlanta metropolitan area. The results indicate that retail center size is supplanted by the number of resident department stores as the attractiveness variable in the gravity model of shopping behavior. In fact, we find that retail center size exerts a negative influence on patronization rates. The accuracy of the share distribution estimation method is tested using a holdout sample. We find that the method yields reliable estimates. The technique developed in this paper can be adapted to a number of applications in urban economic analysis. An analysis of transportation mode choice or any other context in which patronization frequencies are observed and estimates of patronization probabilities are sought is a likely candidate for our model.
Failure of protein to protect against cholesterol atherogenesis in underfed rabbits.

Summary1. Study of effect of protein on development of experimental atherosclerosis on blood lipids and lipoproteins, in underfed rabbits with supplementary cholesterol, was performed. 2. Cholesterol fed rabbits on a limited intake of standard laboratory food lost approximately one-fourth of their body weight. A marked degree of atherosclerosis, increased blood lipids and lipoproteins was produced. 3. Cholesterol-fed rabbits on a limited intake of a relatively high protein diet, who lost equivalent amounts of weight, developed approximately the same degree of atherosclerosis, increase in blood lipids and lipoproteins.
Temperature dependence and anisotropy of the penetration depth in κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2

We have measured the temperature dependence of the penetration depth λ using a resonant microwave cavity technique. λ(T) strongly suggests singlet pairing, and the anisotropy of the penetration depth is in agreement with models of weakly coupled superconducting layers.
Representation of the cochlear partition on the superior temporal plane of the macaque monkey

Abstract The distribution of best frequencies of neurons and neuron clusters was mapped on the superior temporal plane of the macaque monkey. Primary auditory cortex (A1) comprises a complete and orderly cochlear representation. It is coextensive with a cytoarchitectonic field often referred to as koniocortex. Cochlear apex (low frequency) is represented rostrolaterally within the field and cochlear base (high frequency) caudomedially. A small region of the cochlear partition is found represented in a band of auditory cortex; that is neurons with very similar best frequencies are arrayed both vertically and horizontally. Surrounding A1 4 other fields are found that on both anatomical and physiological grounds stand apart from the primary field. In two of them the data suggest the way in which they are topographically organized. In addition there appear to be auditory areas extending further rostrally on the plane and onto the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus.
A sieve algorithm for the shortest lattice vector problem

We present a randomized 2^{O(n)} time algorithm to compute a shortest non-zero vector in an n-dimensional rational lattice. The best known time upper bound for this problem was 2^{O(n\log n)} first given by Kannan [7] in 1983. We obtain several consequences of this algorithm for related problems on lattices and codes, including an improvement for polynomial time approximations to the shortest vector problem. In this improvement we gain a factor of log log n in the exponent of the approximating factor.
The Exile of Rose Hickman Throckmorton

This paper examines the autobiographical reminiscences of Rose Hickman Throckmorton, a Marian exile and merchant's wife. Inspired by her father's appearance in Holinshed's Chronicles, Throckmorton wrote Certaine old storyes recorded by an aged gentlewoman a littel before her death to be perused by her children and posterity (1613), three copies of which are extant in the British Library. I argue that Throckmorton recasts history through the lens of the family rather than the state in order to produce a version of Protestant history that encompasses the exilic experience. Whereas John Foxe's Acts and Monuments focuses on martyrs, Throckmorton uses family history to imagine a Protestant future for those who survived the Reformation.
On the Conformation of Bilirubin Dianion

Abstract (αRα′R)-Mesobilirubin-XIIIα, a tetrapyrrole dicar☐ylic acid with P-helicity conformation stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, exhibits intense bisignate circular dichroism in CHCl3 (Δe436max+246, Δe398max−133) and many other solvents, except in (CH3)2SO, where the intensity drops 10-fold (Δe428max+18, Δe393max−9). In contrast, the dicar☐ylate anion exhibits intense circular dichroism in both CHCl3 (Δe438max+194, Δe394max−130) and (CH3SO (Δe433max+260, Δe390max−164).
Abnormal aza-Wittig reaction on the solid-phase: chemoselectivity studies towards the parallel synthesis of 3-aryl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles

An abnormal aza-Wittig reaction was observed when resin-bound iminophosporanes were treated with aryl isocyanates on the solid-phase. The mechanism of the reaction may involve the loss of triphenylphosphinimide instead of triphenylphosphinoxide, resulting in the formation of isocyanates instead of carbodiimides as intermediates. The selectivity of the abnormal aza-Wittig reaction versus the normal aza-Wittig reaction was shown to be strongly dependent on the reaction temperature and the nature of the aryl isocyanate employed. Optimization studies revealed that employing electron poor aryl isocyanates at high temperature leads to 95% of abnormal aza-Wittig product. The reaction was used for the parallel solid-phase synthesis of 3-aryl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles.
The Political Divide In Health Care: A Liberal Perspective

U.S. health policy has been consumed by an ideological divide between conservative and liberal viewpoints. The liberal philosophy, based on both moral principles and utilitarian arguments, attempts to balance the needs of the individual with the concerns of the entire population. Elements of the liberal health care perspective include a belief that health care is an equal right of all people, the implementation of that right through a social insurance system that provides universal health coverage, equitable financing of health care, and a commitment to equality in health care.
The switch region associated with immunoglobulin C mu genes is DNase I hypersensitive in T lymphocytes.

It is not known whether the antigen-specific receptor of T lymphocytes is encoded by conventional immunoglobulin genes. Several T-cell lines, as well as thymus cells, have been found to contain aberrant IgM mRNAs, but other T-cell lines are apparently negative1–4. Rearrangement of D and J gene segments which code for portions of immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain variable (V) regions has been observed in some T cells, but no complete V–D–J rearrangements, as required for H gene expression in B cells, have been found5. To investigate the chromatin structure around the Cμ gene in T lymphocytes, we have probed the regions flanking the gene by mild digestion with DNase I. We report here that T-lymphocyte chromatin exhibits sites hypersensitive to DNase I in a region 5′ of Cμ. In B cells, this region has been proposed to be responsible for switching to downstream CH genes.
Ambient pressure ionization detectors for gas chromatography Part II: Radioactive source ionization detectors

Abstract The electron capture detector is able to detect and quantify trace amounts of halogenated and highly oxidized species in the environment. This has made it almost indispensable in the modern trace organic analysis laboratory.
Multivariate crash modeling for motor vehicle and non-motorized modes at the macroscopic level

Macroscopic traffic crash analyses have been conducted to incorporate traffic safety into long-term transportation planning. This study aims at developing a multivariate Poisson lognormal conditional autoregressive model at the macroscopic level for crashes by different transportation modes such as motor vehicle, bicycle, and pedestrian crashes. Many previous studies have shown the presence of common unobserved factors across different crash types. Thus, it was expected that adopting multivariate model structure would show a better modeling performance since it can capture shared unobserved features across various types. The multivariate model and univariate model were estimated based on traffic analysis zones (TAZs) and compared. It was found that the multivariate model significantly outperforms the univariate model. It is expected that the findings from this study can contribute to more reliable traffic crash modeling, especially when focusing on different modes. Also, variables that are found significant for each mode can be used to guide traffic safety policy decision makers to allocate resources more efficiently for the zones with higher risk of a particular transportation mode.
A computer programme for automatic scanning of autoradiographs and microradiographs of bone sections.

A Computer Programme for Automatic Scanning of Autoradiographs and Microradiographs of Bone Sections
Reply to “Comments on “Negative Index Materials With Gain Media for Fast Optical Modulation””

A few important questions pertaining to the "superlens effect" described are posed that certainly deserve discussion, such as: 1) deterioration of a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) during enhancement or "restoration" of evanescent waves originating from the source and 2) the physical processes responsible for the enhancement as well as the limitations of the superlensing set by losses.
THE EFFECT OF FIRE ON THE POPULATION VIABILITY OF AN ENDANGERED PRAIRIE PLANT

We examined the effects of fire on population growth rate and extinction probability of a rare prairie plant. Lomatium bradshawii (Apiaceae) is an endangered species of western Oregon and Washington prairies that were frequently burned by Native Americans prior to the late 1800s. Using data from mapped plants in two populations subjected to different fall burning frequencies over a six-year period, we constructed stochastic transition matrix models to evaluate the effects of fire on the viability of the populations. Stochasticity was incorporated into the models through two methods performed by widely used computer programs: randomly shuffling whole annual matrices (using POPPROJ2), or selecting each matrix element from a distribution with observed mean and variance (with RAMAS/stage). Log-linear analysis was used to test for site and treatment effects on transition rates. Unburned plots had stochastic population growth rates (λs) of 0.905–0.927, depending on the site and stochastic method. Burning twice ...
Subwavelength Grating Structures in Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguides

First implementations of subwavelength gratings (SWGs) in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides are discussed and demonstrated by experiment and simulations. The subwavelength effect is exploited for making antireflective and highly reflective waveguide facets as well as efficient fiber-chip coupling structures. We demonstrate experimentally that by etching triangular SWGs into SOI waveguide facets, the facet power reflectivity can be reduced from 31% to <2.5%. Similar structures using square gratings can also be used to achieve high facet reflectivity. Finite difference time-domain simulations show that >94% facet reflectivity can be achieved with square SWGs for 5 𝜇 m thick SOI waveguides. Finally, SWG fiber-chip couplers for SOI photonic wire waveguides are introduced, including design, simulation, and first experimental results.
Ophthalmological complications as a manifestation of burn injury

Facial burns are a frequent component of the presentation of victims who have sustained thermal trauma, reportedly occurring in 20 per cent of burn patients. Even apparently 'f2p4r' facial injuries might well be associated with significant ocular trauma. A retrospective review of 865 patients admitted to our burn centre showed 22 per cent (192) with facial burns. Ocular involvement, defined as globe or eyelid pathology, was present in 15 per cent (127) of these patients. The aetiology and spectrum of ocular injuries is reviewed with lid burns and subsequent lid contractures, accounting for over 50 per cent of ocular complications. Serious ocular pathology necessitating enucleation occurred in only two patients. The difficulties encountered in performing a complete ophthalmological examination in the presence of facial burns are presented in conjunction with a recommended therapeutic plan.
Cavitation behavior of active thermal-sprayed coatings

Abstract As a first stage in the development of active coatings to improve both localized corrosion resistance and cavitation resistance in sea water, we studied flame-sprayed coatings of aluminum, zinc and Zn-15 wt.% Al applied to steel substrates. Cavitation was carried out in distilled water and in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, and was characterized by weight loss and by scanning electron microscopy. Open-circuit potentials in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution were measured in an attempt to monitor internal fracture, which would allow seepage of solution through the coating to the more noble steel substrate. Cavitation damage rates were found to be significantly higher in the saline solution for the alloy and the aluminum coatings, whereas little sustained change in damage rate was found for the zinc coatings. The data indicate that the strength of the particle matrix essentially governs the overall strenght of the coating. However, in saline solution the effects of alloy strengthening are slightly reduced by the tendency of localized corrosion attack to initiate coating flaws and eventual failure.
Impingement drying of foods using hot air and superheated steam

Impingement drying is an old technology that has only recently been applied to food products. Tortilla and potato chips, pizza crust, pretzels, crackers, and cooks, for example, have been successfully cooked and baked in air-impingement ovens in the food industry. Granular products (coffee beans, cocoa beans, rice, nuts) dry faster and more uniformly when using impingement dryers due to the pseudofluidized bed created by the high-velocity air from the nozzles. Tortilla chips and potato chips have been impingement dried using hot air and superheated steam. At higher air temperatures (above 130°C), tortilla chips dry faster when using superheated steam compared to hot air (at the same conditions). Impingement drying with superheated steam can produce potato chips with less color deterioration and less nutritional losses (Vitamin-C) than drying with hot air. Potato chips dry faster at high superheated steam temperature and high convective heat transfer coefficients.
II Crizontal integration of the natural gas pipeline industry: An exercise in gas pooling

This paper examines a structural change in the natural gas industry that would lead to significant economies of cost and reliability, namely gas pooling arrangements among pipeline companies. In order that gas pooling he able to confer economic benefits, it must be practicable and workable. The study indicates that this is the situation. In addition, gas pooling confers substantial benefits on the participants. An analysis of spocific beneits is undertaken. These benefits are then compared with the disincentives to horizontal integration of the industry. The conclusion of the study is that thoughtful and consistent regulatory policies to encourage gas pooling are in the public interest.
CFD Modeling of Gas Particle Flow Within a Solid Particle Solar Receiver

A detailed three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on gas-particle flow and heat transfer inside a solid particle solar receiver, which utilizes free-falling particles for direct absorption of concentrated solar radiation, is presented. The two-way coupled Euler-Lagrange method is implemented and includes the exchange of heat and momentum between the gas phase and solid particles. A two band discrete ordinate method is included to investigate radiation heat transfer within the particle cloud and between the cloud and the internal surfaces of the receiver. The direct illumination energy source that results from incident solar radiation was predicted by a solar load model using a solar ray tracing algorithm. Two kinds of solid particle receivers, each having a different exit condition for the solid particles, are modeled to evaluate the thermal performance of the receiver. Parametric studies, where the particle size and mass flow rate are varied, are made to determine the optimal operating conditions. The results also include detailed information for the particle and gas velocity, temperature, particle solid volume fraction, and cavity efficiency.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Radiation therapy-induced cardiac injury

Radiation therapy is currently standard treatment for a number of malignancies, including Hodgkin's disease. With the advent of techniques (e.g., subcarnial blocks) that limit the dose of radiation to which the heart is exposed, the incidence of radiation-induced heart disease can be minimized. However, a small percentage of patients will eventually suffer iatrogenic effects. Most commonly seen is pericardial disease, but valvular, conduction system, and coronary artery disease are also seen. Further, because these patients are now surviving longer after therapy, those effects with a longer latent period may be seen with increasing frequency.
SU-E-T-742: Dosimetric Comparison between Model 9011 and 6711 Sources in Prostate Implants

Purpose: To evaluate the characteristics of new thin 125I source Model 9011 in prostate implants and compare the dosimetric coverage between Model 6711 and 9011 sources. Methods: TG43 parameters of Model 9011 125I source were entered into a commercial treatment planning system to generate the new dose distributions in two patients who were originally implanted with Model 9011 thin sources but calculated with Model 6711 125I source data. Additionally, the Model 9011 source data were also used in randomly selected 16 prostate patients who were originally implanted with the model 6711 sources. The results of these calculations are compared side by side in the terms of the isodose covering 100% (D100) and 90% (D90) of prostate volume, and the percentages of volumes of prostate, bladder, rectum and urethra covered by 200% (V200), 150% (V150), 100% (V100), 50% (V50) and 20% (V20) of the prescribed dose as well. Results: The comparisons show that with the source strength suggested by Model 6711 source data, D100 would lower by 7% if Model 9011 source data are used. The percentage of volumes covered by different percentages of prescription dose (V200, V150, V100, V50 and V20) for prostate, bladder, rectum and urethra are also found to have changed significantly, in some cases up to 80% change could be expected. Conclusions: The differences of dosimetric characteristics between Model 9011 and 6711 sources are too large to be simply neglected. An oversimplified use of Model 6711 source data for Model 9011 source implant will create significant error in dose calculation. The source strength of Model 9011 source should be increased by 7% if the calculation is based on the 6711 source data and the same dose coverage is pursued. It is concluded that actual TG43 data of model 9011 thin seed should be used in treatment planning systems.
Predictive Resource Management for Wearable Computing

Achieving crisp interactive response in resource-intensive applications such as augmented reality, language translation, and speech recognition is a major challenge on resource-poor wearable hardware. In this paper we describe a solution based on multi-fidelity computation supported by predictive resource management. We show that such an approach can substantially reduce both the mean and the variance of response time. On a benchmark representative of augmented reality, we demonstrate a 60% reduction in mean latency and a 30% reduction in the coefficient of variation. We also show that a history-based approach to demand prediction is the key to this performance improvement: by applying simple machine learning techniques to logs of measured resource demand, we are able to accurately model resource demand as a function of fidelity.
Heats of Formation of Curved PAHs and C60: Graph Theoretical vs MM3(92) Predictions

Correlations of graph theoretical parameters with ΔHf° of buckminsterfullerene and 28 proposed precursor molecules were investigated. The 29 molecules examined divided cleanly into groups of 19 and...
Sticky bacteriophage protect animal cells.

For decades, biologists have discussed and experimented with bacterial viruses, called phage, as a means of treating bacterial infections (1, 2). Remarkably, our own evolution may have beaten us to it. In PNAS, Barr et al. present a compelling and unique hypothesis that animal cells use phage as weapons against bacterial pathogens (3). Animal cells ranging from cnidarian (coral) to human excrete mucus to protect themselves from their external environment. Barr et al. propose a unique function for mucus, to trap phage to intersect and destroy invading bacteria before they reach the mucus-encapsulated tissue. This hypothesis (termed BAM for bacteriophage adhering to mucus) suggests a unique component of the animal immune system governed by a cross-kingdom animal-phage mutualism.
State and Municipal Climate Change Plans: The First Generation

Problem: Global warming has emerged as one of the new century's top planning challenges. But it is far from clear how state and local governments in the United States can best address climate change through planning. Purpose: As of 2008, 29 states had prepared some sort of climate change plan, and more than 170 local governments had joined the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) campaign that requires that a plan be developed. This article analyzes this first generation of climate change plans and seeks to assess the goals being set, the measures included or left out, issues surrounding implementation, and the basic strengths and weaknesses of state and local climate change planning to date. Methods: I conducted this research by analyzing planning documents as well as interviewing state and local officials by telephone. I analyzed the plans of three types of governments: all states with planning documents on climate change; cities with populations of over 500,000 that are members of the CCP campaign; and ...
Inhibition of Respiration by Nitric Oxide Induces a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dormancy Program

An estimated two billion persons are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The host factors that initiate and maintain this latent state and the mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis survives within latent lesions are compelling but unanswered questions. One such host factor may be nitric oxide (NO), a product of activated macrophages that exhibits antimycobacterial properties. Evidence for the possible significance of NO comes from murine models of tuberculosis showing progressive infection in animals unable to produce the inducible isoform of NO synthase and in animals treated with a NO synthase inhibitor. Here, we show that O2 and low, nontoxic concentrations of NO competitively modulate the expression of a 48-gene regulon, which is expressed in vivo and prepares bacilli for survival during long periods of in vitro dormancy. NO was found to reversibly inhibit aerobic respiration and growth. A heme-containing enzyme, possibly the terminal oxidase in the respiratory pathway, likely senses and integrates NO and O2 levels and signals the regulon. These data lead to a model postulating that, within granulomas, inhibition of respiration by NO production and O2 limitation constrains M. tuberculosis replication rates in persons with latent tuberculosis.
Photocatalytic concrete pavements: Laboratory investigation of NO oxidation rate under varied environmental conditions

Abstract Concrete pavements containing TiO 2 can be used for air pollution control by oxidizing NO X under UV-bearing sunlight. This study employed a bench-scale photoreactor to estimate NO oxidation rates for varied environmental conditions. Rates correlated positively with NO inlet concentration and irradiance and negatively with relative humidity. No correlation occurred with flow rate. A decrease in slab moisture (previously unstudied) positively correlated with NO oxidation rate at 0–2% loss of saturated mass, but negatively correlated at losses greater that 2%. Although prior researchers deemed temperature insignificant, data indicated a positive correlation. Overall, rates ranged from 9.8 to 64 nmol·m −2 ·s −1 .
From Label Maps to Label Strokes: Semantic Segmentation for Street Scenes from Incomplete Training Data

This paper proposes a novel image parsing framework to solve the semantic pixel labeling problem from only label strokes. Our framework is based on a network of voters, each of which aggregates both a self voting vector and a neighborhood context. The voters are parameterized using sparse convex coding. To efficiently learn the parameters, we propose a regularized energy function that propagates label information in the training data while taking into account of context interaction and a backward composition algorithm for efficient gradient computation. Our framework is capable of handling label strokes and is scalable to a code book of millions of bases. Our experiment results show the effectiveness of our framework on both synthetic examples and real world applications.
Ethylene feedback mechanisms in tomato and strawberry fruit tissues in relation to fruit ripening and climacteric patterns

Exposing pericarp tissue excised from immature tomato fruit to 4.5 mmol l 1 C2H4 revealed a negative C2H4 feedback mechanism in relation to its biosynthesis since ACC concentration and C2H4 production by the tissue were reduced. An opposite trend (positive C2H4 feedback mechanism) was observed in pericarp tissue excised from fruit at the pink stage. At the mature-green stage however, tissue showed a transition from negative to positive C2H4 feedback mechanism with the onset of tissue ripening. In strawberry tissues excised from green, white and half-coloured fruits however, C2H4 application caused a short-term increase in C2H4 production followed by a sharp reduction to the control level along with a marked reduction in ACC levels. In both tomato and strawberry fruit tissues, C2H4 application significantly induced ACC oxidase (ACO) activity at all ripening stages, as measured by in vivo ACC conversion to C2H4. This strongly suggests that ACC synthesis is the limiting step in C2H4 autocatalysis and the only limiting step in C2H4 autoinhibition. In tomato pericarp tissues, C2H4 autoinhibition and autocatalysis caused by C2H4 application in immature and pink fruits, respectively, were eliminated when tissues were transferred to air and re-occurred when tissues were returned back to C2H4. These responses did not occur in all strawberry tissues due to the sharp reduction in C2H4 production with the time course of C2H4 application. Inhibiting C2H4 action with STS pretreatment inhibited both negative and positive C2H4 feedback mechanisms in both tomato and strawberry tissues indicating that C2H4 feedback mechanism is one sort of C2H4 action. In addition, only tomato fruit tissue showed significant increases in CO2 production with C2H4 application. In contrast to the nonclimacteric behaviour of strawberry fruit which exhibits only a negative C2H4 feedback mechanism, these data strongly suggest that the transition of the C2H4 feedback mechanism from negative to positive, which occurs in tomato fruit only with ripening initiation and progress, may be the reason behind the climacteric behaviour of tomato fruit. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Evaluating conduction loss of a parallel IGBT-MOSFET combination

A variety of power devices are available to designers, each with specific advantages and limitations. For inverters, typically an IGBT combined with a p-i-n diode is used to obtain high current density. Recent developments in high-voltage MOSFETs support other alternatives. For example, a MOSFET can be paralleled with an IGBT to reduce losses at low currents, while the IGBT carries the load at high currents. The current work evaluates conduction losses in this configuration, showing applicability to generic inverters.
Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodland landscapes

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emission rate factors are estimated for 49 tree genera based on a review of foliar emission rate measurements. Foliar VOC emissions are grouped into three categories: isoprene, monoterpenes and other VOCs. Typical emission rates at a leaf temperature of 30°C and a light intensity of 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 range from <0.1 to 70 μg C g−1 h−1 for isoprene, <0.1 to 3 μg C g−1 h−1 for monoterpenes, and < 0.5 to 5 μg C g−1 h−1 for other VOCs. Isoprene emission factors are given for biogenic emission models that incorporate canopy shading effects and thus require leaf-level emission rates and for emission models that do not include a canopy model and therefore require branch-level isoprene emission factors which already account for some shading. Landscape-level emission rates are estimated by combining emission rate factors determined for tree genera with species composition and foliar mass data. Landscape emission rate factors are determined for each of the 91 woodland landscapes in the high resolution (1.1 km) gridded land-cover database compiled by the EROS Data Center (EDC) from satellite and ancillary data. This database covers the entire contiguous United States of America. Landscape emission rates are also be determined using gridded tree distribution data, based on aerial photographs and ground measurements, such as that available in the U.S. Forest Service (USES) Easlwide Forest Inventory Database (EFID). Emission rates are reported for 41 of the 65 tree genera in the EFID including all of the most common genera. Total VOC emission rate factors for the 91 EDC woodland-cover types range from 0.8 to 11 mg C m−2h−1 at a standard condition of 30°C and 1000 μmol m−2s−1. These landscape factors are based on branch-level emission factors and thus already incorporate canopy shading effects. The estimated fluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes are in relatively good agreement with field measurements of area-averaged fluxes if accurate species composition data (e.g. from the EFID) are available. Total VOC emission rate estimates range from 0.8 to 4.3 mg C m−2h−1 for scrub woodlands and 2.2 to 11 mg C m−2h−1 for mixed deciduous/coniferous woodlands. The chemical composition of the VOC flux ranges from 8 to 91 isoprene, 1 to 56% for monoterpenes and 8 to 73% for other VOC. On an area-weighted basis, the U.S. average total VOC emission rate factor of 5.1 mg m−2h−1 for all woodlands is comprised of 58% isoprene, 18% monoterpenes and 24% other VOC. In comparison to previous estimates, these emission rates are generally higher for isoprene and lower for monoterpenes.
Strengthening Connections Between Mothers and Children -- Art Therapy in a Domestic Violence Shelter

This paper presents a program in a domestic violence shelter that focuses on strengthening the connections between mothers and children. The program draws on trauma theory, art therapy, and a recursive model of communication. The paper describes how psychoeducation about the physiological and psychological effects of trauma is helpful to the families. It illustrates how art therapy is used to help the children express and communicate their experience of family violence. The recursive model of sharing information is explained and demonstrated, using examples of issues that frequently arise in the art therapy sessions. These three components used together promote communication within the family and strengthen safe connections.
Mechanical sensitization of cutaneous sensory fibers in the spared nerve injury mouse model

The spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain produces robust and reproducible behavioral mechanical hypersensitivity. Although this rodent model of neuropathic pain has been well established and widely used, peripheral mechanisms underlying this phenotype remain incompletely understood. Here we investigated the role of cutaneous sensory fibers in the maintenance of mechanical hyperalgesia in mice post-SNI. SNI produced robust, long-lasting behavioral mechanical hypersensitivity compared to sham and naive controls beginning by post-operative day (POD) 1 and continuing through at least POD 180. We performed teased fiber recordings on single cutaneous fibers from the spared sural nerve using ex vivo skin-nerve preparations. Recordings were made between POD 16–42 after SNI or sham surgery. Aδ-mechanoreceptors (AM) and C fibers, many of which are nociceptors, from SNI mice fired significantly more action potentials in response to suprathreshold mechanical stimulation than did fibers from either sham or naive control mice. However, there was no increase in spontaneous activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the contribution of primary afferent fibers in the SNI model. These data suggest that enhanced suprathreshold firing in AM and C fibers may play a role in the marked, persistent mechanical hypersensitivity observed in this model. These results may provide insight into mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain in humans.
Organization-Based Self-Esteem: Construct Definition, Measurement, And Validation

The article introduces the construct “organization-based self-esteem” and its measurement. We developed a partial nomological network resulting in a set of hypotheses that guided efforts to validat...
Voodoo and politics in Haiti

Preface - Introduction: Religion and Politics - The Evolution of Colonial Voodoo from African to Slave Religions - Marronage and Voodoo - Revolutionary Voodoo Leaders - Secret Societies - Pilgrimage, Voodoo and Politics - Politics and Voodoo During the Duvalier Era - Public Policies and National Prospects - Notes - References Cited - Index