cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic neurons in the rat septal complex: ultrastructural characterization and synaptic relations with catecholaminergic terminals.

Physiological and pharmacological studies have suggested that catecholamines modulate cholinergic neurons in the medial septal and diagonal band nuclei (i.e., the septal complex). Thus, the ultrastructural morphology of neurons containing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, and their relation to catecholaminergic terminals exhibiting immunoreactivity for the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined in the rat septal complex. Dual immunoautoradiographic and peroxidase anti-peroxidase labeling methods were used to simultaneously localize antibodies raised in rabbits against TH and from rat-mouse hybridomas against ChAT in single sections. At least two types of perikarya with ChAT-immunoreactivity (ChAT-I) were observed. The first type were large (20-30 microns), elongated or round, and contained a small indented nucleus with an abundant cytoplasm and an occasional lamellar body. The second type was also either ovoid or round but was medium-sized (15-20 microns) and contained a larger indented nucleus and a smaller amount of cytoplasm than the first type. Both types of perikarya as well as dendrites with ChAT-I were surrounded by astrocytic processes apposed to most of their plasmalemmal surfaces. The distribution and types of terminal associations (i.e., asymmetric synapses, symmetric synapses and appositions which lacked a membrane specialization in the plane of section analyzed) with ChAT-labeled perikarya and dendrites were quantitatively evaluated. The majority (68% of 197) of the presynaptic terminals were unlabeled; the remaining terminals were immunoreactive for TH (25%) or ChAT (7%). All three types of terminals contacted primarily the shafts of small dendrites and more rarely ChAT-labeled perikarya and large dendrites. ChAT-labeled terminals: (1) formed associations with unlabeled perikarya and dendrites (31% of 176); (2) formed associations with perikarya and dendrites with ChAT-I (7%); (3) contacted the same unlabeled perikarya and dendrite as a TH-containing terminal (21%); (4) were in apposition to TH-labeled terminals (25%); or (5) were either in apposition to unlabeled or ChAT-labeled terminals or lacked associations with any processes. The majority of associations formed by the terminals with ChAT-I were on the shafts of small dendrites. Moreover, most of the associations formed were either symmetric synapses or appositions not separated by astrocytes in the plane of section analyzed. These findings provide cellular substrates in the septal complex (1) for sparse synaptic input relative to astrocytic investment of cholinergic neurons and (2) for direct synaptic modulation of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons by catecholamines and/or acetylcholine. These findings have direct relevance to catecholaminergic-cholinergic interactions and to the neuropathological basis for Alzheimer's disease.
Crystalline Characterization of an Operational Li-Ion Battery by Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction

Lithium-ion LiCoO 2 /graphite batteries have been studied using synchrotron, high-energy X-rays to obtain diffraction patterns on complete multilayer battery packages containing electrodes, separators, current collectors, and electrolyte vacuum sealed in a plastic bag. Reflections associated with both the LiCoO 2 cathode and graphite anode were observed so that both phases could be monitored in detail as a function of the charging and discharging process. The charge-discharge behaviors of cycled batteries were also investigated and compared with fresh ones: for the cycled battery, there is a measurable loss of Li intercalation at the graphite anode on charging and incomplete reintercalation of the LiCoO 2 cathode on discharging. Furthermore, the microstructure of the Li-ion batteries was investigated by cross-sectional electron microscopy. The anode contained spherical particles of mesocarbon microbeads which were composed of a mixture of graphitic plates and many smaller carbon spheres.
A role for nanoparticle surface reactivity in facilitating pulmonary toxicity and development of a base set of hazard assays as a component of nanoparticle risk management

Results of some lung toxicology studies in rats indicate that pulmonary exposures to ultrafine or nanoparticles produce enhanced inflammatory responses compared to fine-sized particles. Apart from particle size and corresponding surface area considerations, several additional factors may influence the lung toxicity of nanoparticles. These include surface reactivity or surface treatments/coatings of particles, and aggregation potential of aerosolized particles. Conclusions from three pulmonary bioassay hazard/safety studies are summarized herein and demonstrate that particle surface characteristics such as chemical reactivity often correlate better with pulmonary toxicity than particle size or surface area considerations. In the first study, fine-sized quartz particle exposures in rats (500 nm) produced similar effects (inflammation, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and/or histopathology) compared to smaller 12-nm nanoscale quartz particles. In another study, no measurable differences in lung toxicity ind...
Drug Metabolites as Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors: A Retrospective Analysis and Proposed Algorithm for Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Potential of Metabolites in Drug Discovery and Development

Understanding drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is a key component of clinical practice ensuring patient safety and efficacy of medicines. The role of drug metabolites in DDIs is a developing area of science, and has been recently highlighted in a draft regulatory guidance. The guidance states that metabolites representing ≥25% of the parent drug's area under the plasma concentration/time curve and/or >10% of exposure of total drug-related material should trigger in vitro characterization of metabolites for cytochrome P450 inhibition and propensity for DDIs. The relationship between in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibitory potency, systemic exposure, and DDI potential of drug metabolites was examined using the Pfizer development database to identify compounds with pre-existing in vivo biotransformation data, where circulating metabolites were identified in humans. The database yielded 33 structurally diverse compounds with collectively 115 distinct circulating metabolites. Of these, 52% (60/115) achieved exposures >25% of parent drug levels as judged from mass balance/metabolite identification studies. It was noted that 14 metabolite standards for 12 parent drugs had been synthesized, monitored in clinical studies, and examined for cytochrome P450 inhibition. For the 14 metabolite/parent drug pairs, no clinically relevant DDIs were expected to occur against the major human cytochrome P450 isoforms. A review of the literature for parent/metabolite DDI information was also conducted to examine trends using a larger data set. Leveraging the analysis of both internal and literature-based data sets, an algorithm was devised for use in drug discovery/early development to assess cytochrome P450 inhibitory potential of drug metabolites and the propensity to cause a clinically relevant DDI.
“All That Glitters”: Contemporary Amazonian Gold Miners' Tales

L'etude des contes des chercheurs d'or de l'Amazonie bresilienne, les « garimpeiros », distingue les recits lies au coup de chance et a la decouverte d'or, les contes des âmes errantes et les histoires des etres enchantes (« encantados », « maes »). La caracteristique de ces recits reside dans le portrait feminin de l'or et dans la violence. L'A. termine sur la maniere dont les « garimpeiros » sont percus en dehors de leur societe
HIERAS: a DHT based hierarchical P2P routing algorithm

Routing algorithm has great influence on system overall performance in peer-to-peer (P2P) applications. In current DHT based routing algorithms, routing tasks are distributed across all system peers. However, a routing hop could happen between two widely separated peers with high network link latency which greatly increases system routing overheads. We propose a new P2P routing algorithm - HIERAS to relieve this problem, it keeps scalability property of current DHT algorithms and improves system routing performance by the introduction of hierarchical structure. In HIERAS, we create several lower level P2P rings besides the highest level P2P ring. A P2P ring is a subset of the overall P2P overlay network. We create P2P rings in such a strategy that the average link latency between two peers in lower level rings is much smaller than higher level rings. Routing tasks are first executed in lower level rings before they go up to higher level rings, a large portion of routing hops previously executed in the global P2P ring are now replaced by hops in lower level rings, thus routing overheads can be reduced. The simulation results show HIERAS routing algorithm can significantly improve P2P system routing performance
Obesity disease burden and surgical risk.

Abstract Background The rapid national expansion in bariatric surgical procedures has been accompanied by recent reports of significant complication rates. This has resulted in increased public scrutiny of bariatric surgery outcomes, restrictions on patient eligibility criteria by payors, and credentialing requirements for providers. This focus on outcomes has resulted in interest in bariatric risk analysis. Methods During an 8-year period, 1210 patients were evaluated for bariatric surgery. Clinical information was recorded prospectively. Co-morbid medical conditions were analyzed according to proven surgical risk factors: age, body mass index (BMI), and male gender. Results The prevalence of many co-morbid conditions and the total number of co-morbid conditions correlate highly with increasing age, increasing BMI, and male gender. Conclusion The established surgical risk factors, age, BMI, and male gender, are markers for a sicker patient population, as evidenced by a greater obesity disease burden.
Identification of plant actin‐binding proteins by F‐actin affinity chromatography

Proteins that interact with the actin cytoskeleton often modulate the dynamics or organization of the cytoskeleton or use the cytoskeleton to control their localization. In plants, very few actin-binding proteins have been identified and most are thought to modulate cytoskeleton function. To identify actin-binding proteins that are unique to plants, the development of new biochemical procedures will be critical. Affinity columns using actin monomers (globular actin, G-actin) or actin filaments (filamentous actin, F-actin) have been used to identify actin-binding proteins from a wide variety of organisms. Monomeric actin from zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) hypocotyl tissue was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and shown to be native and competent for polymerization to actin filaments. G-actin, F-actin and bovine serum albumin affinity columns were prepared and used to separate samples enriched in either soluble or membrane-associated actin-binding proteins. Extracts of soluble actin-binding proteins yield distinct patterns when eluted from the G-actin and F-actin columns, respectively, leading to the identification of a putative F-actin-binding protein of approximately 40 kDa. When plasma membrane-associated proteins were applied to these columns, two abundant polypeptides eluted selectively from the F-actin column and cross-reacted with antiserum against pea annexins. Additionally, a protein that binds auxin transport inhibitors, the naphthylphthalamic acid binding protein, which has been previously suggested to associate with the actin cytoskeleton, was eluted in a single peak from the F-actin column. These experiments provide a new approach that may help to identify novel actin-binding proteins from plants.
Nonlinear oscillations and voltage collapse phenomenon in electrical power system

The authors focus on bifurcation of modes associated with both the generator and load dynamics to show the relations between two different critical states. The authors observe that a system encounters both oscillatory-type instability and collapse-type instability using a sample power system model developed by I. Dobson et al. (1988). In addition to the collapse-type instability reported by Dobson et al., oscillatory-type instability is analyzed by using Hopf bifurcation theory. The authors analyze these two types of system instability in a sample power system via bifurcation theory. Collapse-type instability is studied through the center manifold reduction technique, which reduces the entire system dynamic model to a one dimensional manifold. >
Independent effects of male and female density on sexual harassment, female fitness, and male competition for mates in the western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis

Operational sex ratio (the ratio of sexually active males to fertilizable females) has a major influence on male competition for mates and male–female interactions. The contributions of male and female density per se to mating system dynamics, however, are rarely examined, and the fitness consequences are often inferred rather than quantified. Male mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) compete aggressively and frequently harass females for copulations, a behavior thought to reduce female fitness. Female fitness can also be reduced by increases in female density, which may affect food availability, cannibalism rates, and chemical interactions between females. I manipulated male and female densities of G. affinis to measure their effects on male–male aggression, male harassment toward females, and female fitness. I found that males chased rivals more often and attempted fewer copulations when female density decreased, but surprisingly male density had no significant effect on the frequency of these male behaviors. In contrast, males’ agonistic displays toward other males increased with male density, but display behavior was unaffected by female density. These results suggest that male and female density do not always contribute equally or at all to the patterns of behavior we observe. Female fitness declined as female density increased, the opposite pattern expected if male harassment is costly to females. This suggests that a strong, negative effect of female density overwhelmed any potential costs of male harassment. Sources of female density dependence and the consequences of changes in male and female density to patterns of male behavior are discussed.
The short exercise test is normal in proximal myotonic myopathy

Abstract Objectives : Proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM) is a multisystem disorder that may mimic myotonic dystrophy (MD). Previously we demonstrated that the 60 s exercise test was normal in two siblings with PROMM. The test enabled distinction of PROMM from MD, as there is a well documented immediate post-exercise compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude decline in MD. Methods : We now performed exercise testing using several exercise durations in 8 PROMM patients from 6 kinships, and one MD patient, extending our previous observations. Repetitive stimulation and needle electromyography findings were also recorded. Results : The 10 ( n =8), 30 ( n =5), and 60 ( n =5) s, and the 5 min ( n =1) exercise tests were normal in all PROMM patients. Specifically, the maximum post-exercise CMAP amplitude decline was 8%. In contrast, the MD patient had CMAP amplitude declines of 48% (10 s exercise test) and 26% (30 s exercise test). The distribution of repetitive stimulation and motor unit duration abnormalities were variable and less diagnostically useful. Conclusions : The 10, 30, and 60 s exercise tests help distinguish PROMM from MD. As the 10 s exercise test is rapid and easily tolerated, we recommend this test for clinical testing.
Perception of a Unilateral Light Stimulus

An organism can detect light direction given a gradient in light intensity within the organism. This gradient, which may be measured temporally or spatially, can be produced by screening or by refraction. The ramifications of the method of producing the gradient are potentially great, with possible effects on the shape of dose-response curves and action spectra. Two biological systems, amoebal phototaxis in Dictyostelium and phototropism by monocot seedlings, illustrate some potential problems. In the former system, no obvious mechanism exists for producing a substantial internal gradient in light intensity. This indicates our lack of knowledge concerning the amount of gradient necessary for an organism to measure light direction. In the latter system, it is evident that a gradient in light intensity is established by screening for second positive phototropism. However, screening may not be the method used for first positive phototropism. The implications of refraction as the mechanism involved in first positive phototropism are sufficiently great to warrant a thorough examination of the role of screening and refraction in first positive phototropism.
Motion pictures [Scanning Our Past]

Presents an historial review of the development and history of the motion picture industry. One of the most influential technologies of the past 100 years has been motion pictures. A photographic technique for capturing action became a new medium, a significant part of the economy, and a dominant part of popular culture. A long series of technical advances created the medium and allowed it to grow to express the visions of filmmakers and to provide entertainment for most of the world's population.
dbTEU: a protein database of trace element utilization

Summary: Biological trace elements are required for numerous biological processes and by all organisms. We describe a database, dbTEU (DataBase of Trace Element Utilization), that features known transporters and user proteins for five trace elements (copper, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt and selenium) and represents sequenced organisms from the three domains of life. The manually curated dbTEU currently includes ~16 500 proteins from >700 organisms, and offers interactive trace element, protein, organism and sequence search and browse tools. Availability and Implementation: dbTEU is freely available at http://gladyshevlab.bwh.harvard.edu/trace_element/ Contact: ude.dravrah.hwb.scir@vehsydalgv
Spectroscopic studies of xenon EUV emission in the 40-80 nm wavelength range using an absolutely calibrated monochromator

We have measured and identified numerous Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) radiative line structures arising from xenon (Xe) ions in charge state q = 1 to 10 in the wavelength range 40-80 nm. To obtain reasonable intensities of different charged Xe ions, we have used a compact microwave plasma source which was designed and developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The EUV emission of the ECR plasma has been measured by a 1.5 m grazing incidence monochromator that was absolutely calibrated in the 10-80 nm wavelength range using well known and calibrated EUV light at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), LBNL. This calibration has enabled us to determine absolute intensities of previously measured EUV radiative lines in the wavelengths regions investigated for different ionization stages of Xe. In addition, emission spectra of xenon ions for corresponding measured lines have been calculated. The calculations have been carried out within the relativistic Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation. Results of calculations are found to be in good agreement with current and available experimental and theoretical data.
Data Mining Methods, Applications, and Tools

Abstract Organizations have been actively implementing data warehousing technology, which facilitates enormous enterprisewide databases. As a result, the amount of data that organizations possess is growing at a phenomenal rate. the next challenge for these organizations is how to interpret the data and how to transform it into useful information and knowledge. Data mining is one technology used for meeting this challenge. This article gives a comprehensive view of the technology's methods, support tools, and applications.
Ecto‐ or arbuscular mycorrhizas – which are best?

Few topics in ecology are as intriguing or bedeviling as comparative studies of different types of mycorrhizas formed in the same plant species. Attempts to determine the relative benefits from each fungal type to the host plant are fraught with difficulties (Jones et al., 1998), and for this reason plants that form tripartite associations with arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi make ideal experimental systems. Just such a tripartite system is explored in a report in this issue by Chen et al. (pp. 545–556). Why compare mycorrhizas? Although both ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizas are generally known to increase the uptake of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen in infertile soils, their functions and the benefits they provide to their host plants may not be equivalent (Jones et al., 1998). Hence the ecological benefits of the two types of symbiosis are of great interest to plant community ecologists and researchers studying nutrient cycling. Arbuscular mycorrhizas are formed as a symbiosis of plant roots with primitive fungi of the order Glomales (Zygomycetes), while ectomycorrhizas are formed with higher basidiomycetes and a few ascomycetes. Only a few plant genera and species are capable of forming both types of association, sometimes on the same root tip (Fig. 1), but it is these that are so useful in comparative studies.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion Increases Cerebral Oxygen Delivery in Anemic Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Anemia is common after subarachnoid hemorrhage and may exacerbate the reduction in oxygen delivery (DO2) underlying delayed cerebral ischemia. The association between lower hemoglobin and worse outcome, including more cerebral infarcts, supports a role for red blood cell transfusion to correct anemia. However, the cerebral response to transfusion remains uncertain, because higher hemoglobin may increase viscosity and further impair cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the setting of vasospasm. Methods— Eight patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and hemoglobin <10 g/dL were studied with 15O-positron emission tomography before and after transfusion of 1 U red blood cells. Paired t tests were used to analyze the change in global and regional CBF, oxygen extraction fraction, and oxygen metabolism after transfusion. DO2 was calculated from CBF and arterial oxygen content. CBF, oxygen metabolism, and DO2 are reported in mL/100 g/min. Results— Transfusion resulted in a 15% rise in hem...
Conceptual Issues in Research Synthesis

In its short history meta-analysis has been the object of both high praise and pointed criticism. This paper explores the conceptual bases of the controversy. Meta-analytic and traditional research reviews are compared on 4 dimensions: scientific rigor, detecting small effects, problems of oversimplification, and potential policy impact. It is argued that choice of procedures should be determined by the specific purpose of a review rather than by canon. The author cites the benefits of viewing meta-analysis as a flexible arsenal of quantitative tools rather than a unitary method. Several future goals for the developing science of research synthesis are discussed.
A Solution to the National Debt

The National Debt may be solved with a combination of Tax and Fiscal Policy using a law drafted in 1862.This paper reflects on the legal and economic solution to the National Debt. The National Debt is currently used as political football to give reason why funds should not be allocated to certain programs. In reality, the debt is primarily funds owed to ourselves. The United States faced a fiscal crisis in 1862 with the advent of the civil war. During this time, there was not enough money to fund a war or enough taxes to pay for an army. Congress invoked legislation to create a currency issued not by the Federal Reserve, but by the U.S. treasury department. This currency invoked a controversy that ended up in the Supreme Court of the United States.
Assessment of Lung Tumour Motion and Volume Size Dependencies Using Various Evaluation Measures

The purpose of the study was to assess internal target volume changes through the breathing cycle and associated tumour motion for lung patients and to establish possible correlations between different parameters. Respiration-induced volume changes with breathing cycle and the associated tumour motion were analyzed for 11 patients. Selected phases were the maximum and average intensity projections and the 10 phases of equal duration and separation obtained through the respiratory cycle. Tumour centre of mass (COM) motion planes were generated using least square fitting, and their angles and orientations were then compared between the cases studied. Trajectories that are composed by the points of COM location in different phases were identified, and their interrelation was assessed through different similarity measures. The results were used to determine if there is any correlation between parameters chosen and if the margins conventionally used for the planning target volume creation successfully encompassed lung tumour motion and volume change. The results show that the extent of tumour motion was related to its volume and location. The tumour displacement was predominantly left and inferior. Planar fitting to COM motion data through respiratory phases demonstrated some correlation in best fit motion plane positions between different data sets. In the plane fit comparison, for each patient, the lower root mean square error values showed that a good planar fit can be achieved for the COM motion path. The evaluation of the inhale and exhale trajectories may allow, for certain tumour locations and size, contouring on only inhalation or exhalation phases, knowing that tumour motion will be adequately covered on the other phases. Taking all the data into account and knowing the tumour size and location, a good estimate can be made of the motion plane position in the three-dimensional space and the required dosimetric margins.
Reliable Integrity Checking in Multicore Processors

Security and reliability have become important concerns in the design of computer systems. On one hand, microarchitectural enhancements for security (such as for dynamic integrity checking of code at runtime) have been proposed. On the other hand, independently, microarchitectural enhancements for reliability to detect and tolerate natural faults have also been proposed. A fault in these security enhancements due to alpha particles or aging might potentially pass off maliciously modified instructions as safe, rendering the security enhancements useless. Deliberate fault attacks by attackers can be launched to disable the security enhancements and then launch the well-known security attacks that would otherwise have been detected by these enhancements. We report an integrated microarchitecture support for security and reliability in multicore processors. Specifically, we add integrity checkers to protect the code running on the multiple cores in a multicore processor. We then adapt these checkers to check one another periodically to ensure reliable operation. These checkers naturally can check the other parts of the core. The average performance, power, and area costs for these security-reliability enhancements are 6.42p, 0.73p, and 0.53p, respectively.
Identification of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Candidate Effectors with Virulence Activity in a Distantly Related Pathosystem

Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of Asian Soybean Rust, a disease that causes enormous economic losses, most markedly in South America. P. pachyrhizi is a biotrophic pathogen that utilizes specialized feeding structures called haustoria to colonize its hosts. In rusts and other filamentous plant pathogens, haustoria have been shown to secrete effector proteins into their hosts to permit successful completion of their life cycle. We have constructed a cDNA library from P. pachyrhizi haustoria using paramagnetic bead-based methodology and have identified 35 P. pachyrhizi candidate effector (CE) genes from this library which are described here. In addition, we quantified the transcript expression pattern of six of these genes and show that two of these CEs are able to greatly increase the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora infestans. This strongly suggests that these genes play an important role in P. pachyrhizi virulence on its hosts.
Constitutive Equation for High Temperature Flow Behavior of 55SiMnMo Bainite Steel

The high temperature flow behavior of 55SiMnMo bainite steel was studied by hot compression test at temperatures of 950-1 100℃ with strain rates of 0.01-10s-1 using Gleeble-3500 thermal-simulation machine.Experimental results show that peak stress increases with decreasing of deformation temperature and increasing of strain rate;dynamic recrystallization of 55SiMnMo steel occurs with strain rate e=0.01s-1 and e=0.1s-1,deformation temperature t≥1 000℃.According to the experimental results,the influence of hot deformation processing parameter(strain,strain rate and deformation temperature)on flow stress was analyzed.A constitutive equation of 55SiMnMo bainite steel during high temperature deformation was established to describe the stress-strain relationship by considering compensation of strain rate.The reliability of the model was verified by the comparison between the predicted flow stress curves by the model and the experimental data.
Distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens from blood culture in a children's hospital from 2009 to 2013

Objective To investigate the change in distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens from blood culture of children,and provide a basis for treatment of bloodstream infection.Methods Pathogens isolated from blood culture of hospitalized children between January2009 and December 2013 were divided into group2009—2011 and2012—2013.Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens were analyzed.Results From2009 to 2013,a total of 48 455 blood specimens were taken for culture,2 730 pathogenic bacteria were isolated,positive rate was 5.63%.The positive rate of blood culture decreased year-by-year(χ2=415.30,P0.01).Of 2 730 isolates of pathogenic bacteria,gram-positive bacteria,gram-negative bacteria,and fungi accounted for 80.37%(n=2 194),18.68%(n=510),and 0.95%(n=26)respectively.The difference between two groups of pathogenic bacteria was significant(χ2=180.334,P0.001).Susceptibility rates of gram-positive cocci to vancomycin,linezolid and teicoplanin were all 100%,resistance rates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin,compound sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline all decreased.Susceptibility rates of gram-negative bacilli to imipenem,meropenem and amikacin were all≥97.50%,susceptibility rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae to levofloxacin was 100%;Of cephalosporins,Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae had high resistance except ceftazidime and cefepime.Conclusion Distribution of pathogens from blood culture of children in 2009-2013 changed significantly,pathogens have high resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents,more attention should be paid to the monitor of pathogens from blood culture and pathogenic antimicrobial resistance.
Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: Best Practices in Live Kidney Donation--Recommendations from a Consensus Conference.

Live donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) is a superior option for most patients with ESRD compared with dialysis and deceased donor kidney transplantation ([1][1]). Much effort occurs in transplant and nephrology communities to educate and advocate for early transplant referral and live donor
Selective corneal imaging with multiphoton microscopy

Image forming signal properties in multiphoton microscopy are used for selective visualization of corneal tissue. Spectral filtering separates cellular from extracellular components. Images of the stroma are dependent on the polarization of the incident light.
Der venöse Rückfluß bei obstruktiven Lungenerkrankungen, beurteilt an atemmechanischen, hämodynamischen und phonokardiographischen Untersuchungen

Gegenuber den kausalen Mechanismen der pulmonalen Hypertonie finden Nebeneffekte der Atemmechanik auf die Hamodynamik relativ wenig Beachtung. Auf Grund der abnormalen Schwankungen des intrathorakalen und intrapulmonalen Drucks sind sie besonders bei obstruktiver Ventilationsstorung im Hinblick auf den venosen Ruckflus von Interesse. Hierzu wurden bei 34 Patienten mit obstruktiver Ventilationsstorung simultane Messungen des Oesophagusdruckes und des intra- und extrathorakalen Venendrucks vorgenommen. Open image in new window Abb. 1. Registrierung (von oben nach unten) EKG Abl. II, Atemvolumen V, Pneumotachogramm V, Oesophagusdruck Po, Venendruck Pυ. Atemsynchroner Ablauf des extrathorakalen und intra-thorakalen Venendrucks (V. axillaris bzw. V. cava sup.), Exspiratorische Stauwelle in der extrathorakalen Vene, direkte Ubertragung des Intrathorakaldrucks auf die intrathorakale Vene. Gra-phische Darstellung: Abnahme des Transmuraldrucks der Vena cava sup. im Gefolge des exspira-torischen Anstiegs des Intrathorakaldrucks
Identification of a novel, sodium-dependent, reduced glutathione transporter in the rat lens epithelium.

Purpose. To determine whether glutathione (GSH) transporter(s) other than the previously identified rat canalicular GSH transporter (RcGshT) is present in the lens. Methods. Poly (A) + RNA isolated from rat and guinea pig lens cortex and epithelium was injected into Xenofras laevis oocytes. The effect of sodium removal was determined by measuring cell-associated radioactivity in lenticular epithelium or cortex mRNA injected oocytes (pretreated with acivicin to inhibit gamma glutamyltranspeptidase) after 1 hour of incubation in NaCl medium or choline chloride (Na + -free) medium containing tracer GSH (plus unlabeled GSH). The effect of 2 mM bromosulfophthalein-GSH (BSP-GSH) on GSH uptake in the lens epithelium and cortex in NaCl medium at two GSH concentrations also was determined. The molecular form of uptake of GSH in lens epithelial mRNA-injected oocytes was examined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Western blot analysis was performed to study the presence of RcGshT in the cortex and epithelium. Results. Oocytes injected with mRNA from rat and guinea pig lens epithelium and cortex compartments expressed GSH transport. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that epithelial uptake was as intact GSH under conditions of inhibition of GSH synthesis with dl-buthionine sulfoximine. The mean GSH uptake (nmol/oocyte per hour) in epithelial mRNA-injected oocytes was significantly reduced (P < 0.01, n = 4 oocyte preparations) under Na + -free conditions compared to NaCl medium at 0.05 mM and 2 mM GSH in the medium. Uptake in cortical mRNA-injected oocytes was unaffected by Na + removal. Lens epithelial uptake exhibited a strong inhibition by BSP-GSH at 0.05 mM (55%) and 2 mM (64%), whereas cortical uptake was unaffected by BSP-GSH. Western blot analysis identified RcGshT in the cortical and epithelial regions. Conclusions. Results from the current study provide strong evidence for the presence of a hitherto unreported Na + -dependent, BSP-GSH inhibitable GSH transporter in the lens epithelium, which may mediate concentrative, basolateral uptake of aqueous GSH consistent with in situ eye perfusion studies. The Na + -independent, BSP-GSH insensitive RcGshT may function as an apical GSH effluxer in lens epithelium and in mediating concentration gradient driven inward GSH movement by uptake-efflux in the lens cortex. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37:2269-2275.
Factors that impact medical student and house-staff career interest in brain related specialties

Abstract Purpose There is a national shortage of physicians in brain related specialties (neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry), with fewer students training in these specialties. This study explored socio-economic and experiential factors that determined medical trainees' interest in brain related specialties. Method Medical students and house-staff at a state university medical school completed a 46-item questionnaire sent as an anonymous email survey. Results Survey response rate was 22% ( n = 258). Eighty-eight (34.1%) trainees were interested in brain related specialties. Prior neuroscience experience (29.6%) and effective medical school neuroscience courses (23.9%) were identified as important by those interested in brain related specialties, while “neurophobia” was reported by 30% of those not interested. Multivariate regression model showed that effective college neuroscience course increased the likelihood for interest in brain related specialties (OR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.22, 4.28). Factors which decreased the likelihood included parent's possessing professional degree (OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.17, 0.80), personal annual income > $50,000 (OR = 0.40, 0.18, 0.87) and current debt level ≥ $100,000 (OR = 0.33, 0.17, 0.64). The proportion of trainees interested in brain related specialties decreased from 51.7% (1st year medical students) to 27% (4th year students) and 25.3% among house-staff (χ 2 test of trend p = 0.001). Conclusions Socioeconomic (current personal debt and annual income) and experiential factors (college neuroscience course) influence a medical trainee's interest in brain related specialties. Career guidance and improved, better and early exposure to neurosciences may help mitigate trend for decreased interest in brain related specialties.
Diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy has evolved to play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases and conditions. The further development of new techniques and equipment will only add to the importance of this diagnostic and therapeutic modality. The development of interventional bronchoscopy has led to a “rediscovery” of rigidbronchoscopy skills among pulmonary physicians. An appreciation of the capabilities and limitations of bronchoscopy allows all respiratory specialists to provide optimal management of patients suffering from pulmonary related disorders.
Defining Adult Lumbar Scoliosis

Adult lumbar scoliosis is defined as coronal spinal curvature with Cobb angle >10° in skeletally mature patients [1]. Often this is associated with an abnormal sagittal (lordotic or kyphotic) curve and a rotational component resulting in a three-dimensional deformity [2]. Lumbar scoliosis may be associated with adjacent (nonstructural) compensatory curves involving thoracolumbar spine [3]. Thus it is typically described in the literature in the broader context of thoracolumbar adult spinal deformity (ASD).
Guillain-Barré Syndrome after West Nile Infection: A Case Report (P06.193)

OBJECTIVE: The objetives of this study are to identify the neuromuscular manifestations of Wile Nile Virus infection and understand the association between West Nile Virus and Guillian-Barre Syndrome. BACKGROUND: In the initial North American outbreak of West Nile Virus infections in the early 2000s, acute flaccid paralysis was initially diagnosed as Guillian-Barre Syndrome, but more recent reports have attributed the acute flaccid paralysis as actually a poliomyelitis like illness. Therefore true cases of Guillian-Barre Syndrome appear rare in comparison with cases of poliomyelitis. DESIGN/METHODS: This case describes a 20 year old, right-handed, previously healthy male athlete admitted for treatment of ascending weakness and numbness. One month prior he developed a viral syndrome with diffuse headache, macular rash, throat pain, cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, sweats, and chills. Over time he began to have improvement in his constitutional symptoms, but he later developed paresthesias in his fingers and toes and back pain. Symptoms progressed to bilateral ascending lower and upper extremity weakness and bifacial weakness. Exam revealed dysarthric speech, diplopia on rightward gaze, bilateral ptosis, facial diplegia, distal upper and lower extremity weakness, and decreased reflexes. RESULTS: Diagnostic studies included CSF sutdies showing 3/mm 3 white blood cells with 79% lymphocytes and protein of 136 mg/dL. West Nile Virus IgG and IgM were both elevated in the serum and CSF. Plasma exchange treatment was conducted, and patient began to have improvement in his strength and sensation within 2 days. Nerve conduction studies performed after discharge were consistent with a demyelinating polyneuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that while acute flaccid paralysis is the most common cause of weakness with West Nile Virus, Guillian-Barre syndrome is also a complication of this virus. Correctly diagnosing Guillian-Barre syndrome instead of acute flaccid paralysis following West Nile Virus infection may also be important in deciding proper treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Reynolds has nothing to disclose. Dr. West has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cerdan-Trevino has nothing to disclose. Dr. Quan has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for E-medicine. Dr. Quan has received research support from Pfizer Inc. Dr. Tyler has received personal compensation for activities with MacroGenics Inc., Biogen Idec, Elan Corporation, Genentech, Inc., DRI Capital, GLG and various law firms as a consultant. Dr. Tyler has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology Today.
An SLA-based resource allocation for IoT applications in cloud environments

In an IoT cloud, the message broker service allows point to multi-point communication between IoT devices and applications. The service is governed by Service Level Agreements (SLA) that specify, among other requirements, the volume of messages served during an enforcement period. For simplicity, current SLAs do not provide detailed information about message arrival patterns, making enforcement of the SLA a difficult problem for the providers. In this paper, we propose a new, two-step SLA by introducing sub-periods for measurement and control within the total enforcement period. Our proposed SLA retains the simplicity of the current SLA and provides additional controls for the providers to enforce it. We present the conformance of the new SLA as a resource allocation problem for cloud providers and propose a buffering, scheduling and rate limiting mechanism to enforce it. We verify that the solution achieves conformance, analyze the tradeoffs of the solution and evaluate via simulation the effects of system parameters such as capacity, number of sub-periods and enforcement period.
Bayesian Recurrent Neural Networks

In this work we explore a straightforward variational Bayes scheme for Recurrent Neural Networks. Firstly, we show that a simple adaptation of truncated backpropagation through time can yield good quality uncertainty estimates and superior regularisation at only a small extra computational cost during training, also reducing the amount of parameters by 80\%. Secondly, we demonstrate how a novel kind of posterior approximation yields further improvements to the performance of Bayesian RNNs. We incorporate local gradient information into the approximate posterior to sharpen it around the current batch statistics. We show how this technique is not exclusive to recurrent neural networks and can be applied more widely to train Bayesian neural networks. We also empirically demonstrate how Bayesian RNNs are superior to traditional RNNs on a language modelling benchmark and an image captioning task, as well as showing how each of these methods improve our model over a variety of other schemes for training them. We also introduce a new benchmark for studying uncertainty for language models so future methods can be easily compared.
Introduction: Bridging the Divide Between Literature and Medicine

The first part of the introduction discusses the need for scholarship that reconnects the disciplines of literature and medicine, which were not separated until the Early Modern period when the Cartesian mind-body dichotomy was mapped onto and institutionalized by the split between the sciences and the humanities. It briefly surveys the history of the related fields of “literature and medicine” and “medical humanities,” which emerged in the 1970s, and discusses their impact on present-day interdisciplinary scholarship. The second part of the introduction describes the four parts of the handbook: history and pedagogy, the mind-body connection, physical and cultural alterity, and the professionalization of medicine. The chapters in each of these thematic clusters focus on one particular way of reconnecting the disciplines of literature and medicine and, by extension, the humanities and the sciences.
An Exploratory Study of Garden Center Selection For Landscape Plants

Abstract An exploratory study employing qualitative research methods was conducted to identify the criteria customers use in selecting retail outlets for landscape plants. A small convenience sample of subjects residing in Atlanta, Athens, and outlying areas of Georgia were asked where they purchased landscape plants and why they chose particular retail outlets. Findings suggested that choice of retail outlet typically depended on the type of purchase. Many of the participants purchased bedding plants primarily at mass merchandisers, while purchasing larger shrubs, trees, and more unusual plants at garden centers. Customer informational needs appeared to be a major reason for the different retail choices. Based on information obtained through focus group and individual interviews, perceived quality of plants appeared to be of paramount importance for every type of plant purchase, while the importance of price, breadth of assortment, expertise of sales assistants, location, and other factors depended more ...
Multivariate Analysis of Routine Beer Analysis Results

A study of the collective information content of 47 analytical observations applied to at least six samples each of 10 beer brands was carried out. Principal components analysis was used to determi...
Development, Procedures, and Application of the Evaluative Method for Determining Evidence-Based Practices in Autism

Recently, we sought to review the empirical evidence on interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in search of interventions meeting the criteria of evidence-based practice (EBP). As outlined in Chap. 1, EBP is defined differently by different disciplines. Although many of these definitions were quite good, it quickly became apparent that locating and defining EBP for children with ASDs using the available definitions and procedures would be difficult. Therefore, we decided to create a new method for evaluating empirical evidence to determine if a practice could be considered an EBP. This decision was made only after determining that existing methods were not well suited for our specific needs; when possible, elements and standards from existing methods were adopted into the evaluative method presented in this chapter.
Session-level Language Modeling for Conversational Speech

We propose to generalize language models for conversational speech recognition to allow them to operate across utterance boundaries and speaker changes, thereby capturing conversation-level phenomena such as adjacency pairs, lexical entrainment, and topical coherence. The model consists of a long-short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent network that reads the entire word-level history of a conversation, as well as information about turn taking and speaker overlap, in order to predict each next word. The model is applied in a rescoring framework, where the word history prior to the current utterance is approximated with preliminary recognition results. In experiments in the conversational telephone speech domain (Switchboard) we find that such a model gives substantial perplexity reductions over a standard LSTM-LM with utterance scope, as well as improvements in word error rate.