cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐T‐242: Evaluation of Implantable MOSFET Dosimeters for Conventional and Intraoperative Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To test the applicability and reliability of the manufacturer's calibration of implantable MOSFETdosimeters for use under differing clinical conditions. These include conventional radiation therapy and intraoperative radiation therapy, where the need for sterilizable, wireless telemetric sensors may make these detectors the best candidates for in vivodosimetry.Method and Materials: The implantable dosimeters were manufactured and factory calibrated by Sicel Technologies, Inc. We tested these dosimeters for conventional radiotherapy beams, where the detectors were placed in a phantom and exposed to 20 treatment fractions with daily doses of 1, 2, or 4 Gy. We also tested the detectors for use in HDR‐IORT, where the detectors were placed in a constant‐temperature (37°C) water phantom and irradiated with an HDR Ir‐192 source with single treatment fractions of 10, 12.5, or 15 Gy. Results: Under calibration conditions with conventional radiotherapy beams, we found the dose measured by the detectors using the manufacturer's calibration to be within ± 3% of the delivered dose, with a standard deviation of 2%. Preliminary results support the robustness of the calibration for conventional radiotherapy beams with both higher and lower daily doses, with an increase in error as the daily dose deviates from the calibrated dose. When an HDR Ir‐192 source was used, the measured dose showed a linear deviation from the delivered dose due to differences in energy, dose rate, and total dose per fraction. These results suggest the need for additional correction factors when these detectors are used for HDR‐IORT and most likely also for IOERT. Conclusion: We have verified the manufacturer's calibration of these dosimeters for conventional radiotherapy. With additional correction, these dosimeters appear to be an ideal choice for IORT. Conflict of Interest: ASB has a sponsored research agreement with Sicel Technologies, Inc.
System‐level design of bacterial cell cycle control

Understanding of the cell cycle control logic in Caulobacter has progressed to the point where we now have an integrated view of the operation of an entire bacterial cell cycle system functioning as a state machine. Oscillating levels of a few temporally-controlled master regulator proteins in a cyclical circuit drive cell cycle progression. To a striking degree, the cell cycle regulation is a whole cell phenomenon. Phospho-signaling proteins and proteases dynamically deployed to specific locations on the cell wall are vital. An essential phospho-signaling system integral to the cell cycle circuitry is central to accomplishing asymmetric cell division.
Cost allocation for a spanning tree

The problem of allocating cost in a spanning tree network is considered. A number of possible schemes are surveyed, and critically analyzed. Methods are suggested that are preferred given different emphases among the criteria for such a function.
A Classroom-Based Distributed Workflow Initiative for the Early Involvement of Undergraduate Students in Scientific Research

Engaging freshman and sophomore students in meaningful scientific research is challenging because of their developing skill set and their necessary time commitments to regular classwork. A project called the Chondrule Analysis Project was initiated to engage first- and second-year students in an initial research experience and also accomplish several scientific objectives. Students take part in a classroom-based, distributed workflow project that aims to produce high-quality data on the physical dimensions of chondrules, mm-sized spherules contained in primitive meteorites called chondrites. Such data are needed to test astrophysical models for processes acting in the early solar system. Student investigators process X-ray microtomography data with resources contained on portable USB flash drives distributed to them. Students are exposed to data collection, data quality evaluation, interpretation, and presentation of their results. Herein, an introduction to the scientific objectives is given along with an evolutionary history of the project. A description of the current implementation of the course is presented, and future directions are discussed. Anonymous student evaluations of the course are used to demonstrate the educational and engaging nature of the project. Finally, we reflect on the possible benefits of such a project for first- and second-year students within STEM disciplines.
Differential expression of creatine kinase and phosphoglycerate mutase isozymes during development in aneural and innervated human muscle culture.

Several enzymes that occur in multimolecular forms undergo transitions during myogenesis. Studies of such developmentally regulated isozymes (e.g. creatine kinase) indicate that muscle cells, cultured in the absence of neural tissue never develop fully mature isozyme patterns, but continue to express large amounts of 'housekeeping' isozymes that are characteristically present in fetal muscle. We studied two developmentally controlled isozymes, creatine kinase (CK) and phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) in normal human muscle, both aneurally cultured and co-cultured with fetal mouse spinal cord complex. Innervated cultures attain a greater degree of maturity than non-innervated cultures, as revealed by light and electron microscopy, showing well-developed sarcomeres and motor endplates after several weeks in vitro. During early stages of muscle regeneration in co-culture, characteristic fetal isozyme patterns of CK-BB and PGAM-BB activity predominate, as in aneural cultures. The muscle-specific isozymes (CK-MM; PGAM-MM) begin to appear as the muscle differentiates, and after 2-3 months in co-culture only, virtually all enzyme activity is due to the muscle-specific forms of CK and PGAM, as is normally observed in mature skeletal muscle in vivo.
INFRARED CLASSIFICATION OF GALACTIC OBJECTS

Unbiased analysis shows that IRAS data reliably differentiate between the early and late stages of stellar evolution because objects at these stages clearly segregate in infrared color-color diagrams. Structure in these diagrams is primarily controlled by the density distribution of circumstellar dust. The density profile around older objects is the steepest, declining as r 22 , while young objects have profiles that vary as r 23/2 and flatter. The different density profiles reflect the different dynamics that govern the different environments. Our analysis also shows that high-mass star formation is strongly concentrated within »5 kpc around the Galactic center, in support of other studies. Subject headings: catalogs — Galaxy: stellar content — Galaxy: structure — infrared: general — stars: AGB and post-AGB — stars: formation
The diagnostic utility of rib series in assessing rib fractures

Rib series rarely add information to the posteroanterior (PA) film for the diagnosis of rib fractures. In this investigation, we evaluated the utility of rib X-rays using turnaround time (TAT), radiation exposure, and cost-efficiency as the key parameters. This investigation was conducted from January 2008 to December 2012. We included patients who had rib series performed for suspected rib fractures. TAT for patients was calculated from the time exam was ordered by the emergency department (ED) physician/staff to time the report was finalized by the attending radiologist. Effective radiation dose for rib series was calculated as a summation of radiation dose from the standard rib series images for each patient. Cost-efficiency was determined based on the number of interventions that took place as a result of a complicated study. Our investigation consisted of 422 patients, 208 females aged (57 ± 20.8) and 214 males aged (48 ± 17.3). A total of 74(17.5 %) abnormal findings were noted, out of which only 1(0.23 %) underwent management change. The mean turnaround time for patients undergoing rib series had a value of 133.5 (±129.8) min as opposed to a single chest PA of 61.8(± 64) min. Average effective radiation dose for a rib series was 0.105 (±0.04) mSv, whereas average effective radiation dose of a single chest PA was 0.02 mSv. Dedicated rib series has a low-yield diagnostic value as it pertains to management change. The overall impact on patient care based on our findings is small when compared to the risks associated with prolonged TAT, repeated exposure to radiation, and extensive medical costs.
A Soluble Form of CD80 Enhances Antitumor Immunity by Neutralizing Programmed Death Ligand-1 and Simultaneously Providing Costimulation

Tumor cells use various methods of immunosuppression to overcome antitumor immunity. One such method is that of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1 or B7-H1), which upon binding its receptor PD-1 on T cells triggers apoptotic death of the activated T cells. Overexpression of the costimulatory molecule CD80 on PD-L1(+) tumor cells, or inclusion of a soluble form of CD80 (CD80-Fc), maintains the activation of PD-1(+)-activated T cells. Using T cells from CD28-deficient mice and antibodies to block CD28 on human T cells, we now report that a soluble form of CD80 mediates this effect by simultaneously neutralizing PD-1-PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression and by providing CD80-CD28 costimulation, and is more effective than antibodies to PD-L1 or PD-1 in maintaining IFNγ production by PD-1(+) activated T cells. Therefore, soluble CD80 may be a more effective therapeutic than these checkpoint antibodies for facilitating the development and maintenance of antitumor immunity because it has the dual functions of preventing PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression and simultaneously delivering the second signal for T-cell activation.
Sulfur-containing derivatives of β-phenethylamine: Dithiocarbamates and thioureas

Ditliiocarbamate and thiourea derivatives of β-phen-ethylamine, β-4-aminophenethylamine, and their N-substituted derivatives have been synthesized. 1-Methyl-3-phenethylthiourea was found to lower blood pressure significantly in both hypertensive dogs and rats, and the dithiocarbamate of β-phenethylamine showed hypotensive effects in the dog. Appreciable antifungal activity was also revealed for the latter compound.
Mutation-Driven Evolution: Microsatellite Instability Drives Speciation in a Mammalian Taxon

The concept of evolvability —from its evolutionary origins to molecular mechanisms—defines a fundamental problem at the intersection of biochemistry, genetics, and developmental biology. An emerging paradigm, mutation-driven evolution, posits that chromosomal dynamics (including changes in ploidy, chromosome loss, aberrant recombination, and mechanics of DNA damage and repair) underlie the origin of genetic variation as a precondition for selection. A model is provided by microsatellite instability. Although widely exploited as an experimental marker of evolutionary change with application to human disease, the potential contribution of such instability to evolvability itself is less well understood. Here, we propose that microsatellite instability within a vertebrate sex-determining gene can drive rapid adaptation and speciation. Our analysis focuses on superfamily Muroidea (order Rodentia) wherein four anomalies are observed: (1) This superfamily is unusually speciose, indeed the most species rich in Mammalia; (2) speciation has occurred rapidly (i.e., within the past 25 million years) and apparently in overlapping ranges; (3) inherited XY sex reversal has evolved independently within multiple genera; and (4) uniquely among therian mammals, male sex-determining mechanisms not dependent on Y-encoded testis-determining factor Sry have emerged. A unifying hypothesis is presented whereby these anomalies have a single molecular basis, to wit the dynamics of a Muroidea-specific microsatellite-encoded transcriptional activation domain. An ancestral microsatellite in this taxon has functioned as a “genetic capacitor ” to enable cryptic variation to accumulate within Sry. On discharge, this capacitor provided a recurring source of reproductive isolation and thus enabled rapid evolution of biological novelty at the edge of sexual ambiguity.
Stabilization of constant-power loads by passive impedance damping

This paper addresses stability problems of power systems with actively controlled loads that exhibit constant-power behavior. Instability occurs in such systems due to the negative incremental resistance of the constant-power loads (CPL). Existing approaches to stabilizing such systems require modification of the source and/or the load control characteristics, or isolating the CPL from the rest of the system by additional active devices, which are difficult to implement and often conflict with other system requirements such as control bandwidth, size, weight, and cost. In this work, we propose passive damping as a general method to stabilize power systems with CPL. Using a representative system model consisting of a voltage source, an LC filter, and an ideal CPL, we demonstrate that a CPL system can always be stabilized by a simple passive damping circuit added to one of the filter elements, no matter how the original system behaves. Three different damping methods are considered and for each analytical models are developed to define their parameters required for stabilizing the system. The different damping methods are also compared in terms of their stabilization capabilities and impact on other system performances such as filter attenuation. Time- and frequency-domain measurements from an experimental system are presented to validate the proposed methods.
ON THE EQUILIBRIUM PRICE SET OF AN EXCHANGE ECONOMY

Consider a pure exchange economy composed of a finite number of traders with strictly positive initial endowments and continuous, monotone, strictly convex preferences. It is well known that the intersection of the unit sphere with the set of price equilibria for such an economy is non-empty and compact. Under smoothness hypotheses on preferences and generic (i.e., non-degeneracy) conditions further (fixed-point index type) strong restrictions on the equilibrium price set can be derived; this was done by Dierker (1972). In this paper we provide converses to the above statements, i.e., we prove that, imprecisely speaking, if the number of commodities is greater than two, then every pattern of equilibria compatible with the above referred to properties can arise from an economy in the class we consider. It is obvious that this characterization of the equilibrium price set problem [already studied by Sonnenschein (1972)] is closely related to the problem of characterizing excess demand functions defined on compact sets of prices. In fact, the solution to the first problem has had to wait for a solution to the second to be found; this has been accomplished only recently; see Sonnenschein (1973), Mantel (1974, 1976), Debreu (1974). Our proof here amounts to a refinement of the one by Debreu (1974) leading to a sharper version of his result, sharp enough for the purposes of this paper.
Stereospecific conversion of oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid.

Abstract The conversion of oleic acid to 10-d-hydroxystearic acid by a pseudomonad was studied in a medium enriched in deuterium oxide. The reaction occurred with stereospecific incorporation of 1 atom of solvent hydrogen at carbon atom 9. The location of the deuterium was established by a combination of chemical and mass spectrometric evidence. The hydroxyl function of the deuterium-labeled hydroxystearate was replaced by hydrogen through a series of standard organic reactions which should not affect the stereochemistry at carbon atom 9. The resulting deuterium-labeled stearate was incubated with a growing culture of a strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a system which stereospecifically removes hydrogen in the d configuration at carbon atom 9 of stearate in the enzymatic introduction of the Δ9-double bond of oleic acid. Retention of the labeled hydrogen in the oleate was observed, indicating that the configuration of the deuterium in the stearate, and hence in the 10-hydroxystearate, was l.
The Responsibility for Retention: Perceptions of Students and University Personnel

A survey of 88 university personnel and 142 undergraduate students was conducted using a newly constructed Retention Questionnaire (RQ). The RQ was designed to assess the relative levels of student...
Carbonate Reservoir Characterization

Chapter 1. Petrophysical Rock Properties Chapter 2. Rock-fabric, Petrophysical Parameters, and Classification Chapter 3. Rock Fabric From Core Description and Wireline Logs Chapter 4. Spatial Distribution of Petrophysical Properties: Origin and Distribution of Depositional Textures Chapter 5. Spatial distribution of Petrophysical Properties: Diagenetic Overprinting and Rock Fabric Distribution Chapter 6. Reservoir Models for Input into Flow Simulators
"I was a pretty proud kid": An Interpretation of Differences in Posed and Unposed Photographs of Montana Cowboys

During the 19th century, posed and unposed photographs were taken of Montana cowboys. Cowboys posed in studio photographs and on horseback display more stereotypical cowboy dress than those photographed while working on the range. This investigation explores some reasons for those differences. Cowboys served as symbols of freedom and individualism to 19th centuryamericans. Dress, emphasizing the heroic characteristics of the cowboy, was adopted by young men who became cowboys and who had their pictures taken to confirm to themselves and others that they had attained that status. More functional dress, however, was worn while working on the range.
Elimination of bottlenecks in dynamic dataflow processors

A key component of a dynamic dataflow processor, the matching unit, has been identified as a major bottleneck. An alternate implementation for the matching unit is presented. This implementation increases the operating bandwidth of the unit by allowing token matching operations to be done concurrently. The adoption of the proposed implementation also reveals throughput limitations of other units within the processor. As a result, a new configuration for a dynamic dataflow processor is proposed. We believe that the proposed processor is cost-effective, gives high performance, and is capable of incremental performance improvement.
The effect of memory load on negative priming : An individual differences investigation

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia The effect of a verbal (Experiment 1) and a nonverbal (Experiment 2) memory load on negative priming was investigated by employing a concurrent memory task with a letter naming task. Across both experiments, negative priming was reliable only under conditions of zero memory load, suggesting that the processes that contribute to negative priming are resource demanding and dependent on a domainfree resource pool. Individual differences in negative priming were observed, such that high working memory capacity subjects showed reliable negative priming whereas low working memory capacity subjects did not. The results suggest that the negative priming effect results from allocation of controlled attention and that individual differences in working memory capacity correspond to the ability to efficiently handle irrelevant information.
Small signal transient stability of periodically switched circuits

A method of small signal analysis for a class of switching circuits is presented and is demonstrated using a single phase bridge rectifier circuit. This method may be used in any switching circuit in which the switching is periodic. The state equations for the circuit are written and shown to be a set of linear differential equations with periodic coefficients. The periodic transition matrix is determined and the characteristic roots of this system are shown to determine the transients around a steady state operating point.
GPU and CPU parallelization of honest-but-curious secure two-party computation

Recent work demonstrates the feasibility and practical use of secure two-party computation [5, 9, 15, 23]. In this work, we present the first Graphical Processing Unit (GPU)-optimized implementation of an optimized Yao's garbled-circuit protocol for two-party secure computation in the honest-but-curious and 1-bit-leaked malicious models. We implement nearly all of the modern protocol advancements, such as Free-XOR, Pipelining, and OT extension. Our implementation is the first allowing entire circuits to be generated concurrently, and makes use of a modification of the XOR technique so that circuit generation is optimized for implementation on SIMD architectures of GPUs. In our best cases we generate about 75 million gates per second and we exceed the state of the art performance metrics on modern CPU systems by a factor of about 200, and GPU systems by about a factor of 2.3. While many recent works on garbled circuits exploit the embarrassingly parallel nature of many tasks that are part of a secure computation protocol, we show that there are still various forms and levels of parallelization that may yet improve the performance of these protocols. In particular, we highlight that implementations on the SIMD architecture of modern GPUs require significantly different approaches than the general purpose MIMD architecture of multi-core CPUs, which again differ from the needs of parallelizing on compute clusters. Additionally, modifications to the security models for many common protocols have large effects on reasonable parallel architectures for implementation.
Fluoroscopic Frame Rates: Not Only Dose

AJR:203, September 2014 Selecting and using the fluoroscopic dose rate that optimizes the balance between aspects of image quality and patient dose is important to patient management. In this article, “dose” and “dose rate” are used in a generic sense. Most modern fluoroscopes provide a multitude of controls that affect the balance between images and dose. Other influences that affect imaging are the patient size, clinical task, and imaging geometry. Normal fluoroscopic dose rates are also constrained by regulatory limits. All of these factors interact with each other in complex and occasionally nonintuitive ways [1, 2]. This article discusses some of the consequences of changing the frame rate (frames per second) and dose rate (mGy/s). It also discusses aspects of image processing using recursive filtering and gap filling.
Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates platelet-activating factor-induced prostaglandin E2 release from rat primary astrocytes.

The phospholipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), and its non-hydrolyzable analog methylcarbamyl-PAF (mc-PAF) increase prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release from astrocyte-enriched cortical cell cultures. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes--of which there are two known isoforms--convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) H(2) (PGH(2)), which is further metabolized to various PGs, including PGE(2). COX-1 is generally considered to contribute to cell homeostasis, whereas COX-2 is thought to mediate inflammatory/immune PG formation. In this study we examined the involvement of the COX isoforms in PAF-induced PGE(2) release. Treatment of cells with the non-specific COX inhibitor indomethacin, or the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, prior to mc-PAF stimulation completely blocked the PAF-induced release of PGE(2); treatment with more selective COX-1 inhibitors (i.e. piroxicam and SC-560) failed to significantly do so. These data suggest that COX-2 is responsible for PAF-mediated PGE(2) release in primary astrocytes.
Food Insecurity and Hunger Among Older Adults

Meeting nutritional needs is necessary for optimal health across the lifespan and especially for older adults [1, 2]. However, it is not always feasible to access the foods needed to obtain desirable health outcomes. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors enable, constrain, or are associated with individuals’ ability to access and consume healthful foods. This is especially true for older adults who may be susceptible to irreversible changes in their diet as they encounter illnesses and changes in their eating behaviors with advancing age [3, 4]. Food (in)security is a helpful construct in trying to understand forces that may promote or impede how people obtain and consume nutrition
High Performance Computing for Power System Dynamic Simulation

High-speed extended term (HSET) time domain simulation (TDS) is intended to provide very fast computational capability to predict extendedterm dynamic system response to disturbances and identify corrective actions. The extended-term dynamic simulation of a power system is valuable because it provides ability for the rigorous evaluation and analysis of outages which may include cascading. It is important for secure power grid expansion, enhances power system security and reliability, both under normal and abnormal conditions. In this chapter the design of the envisioned future dynamic security assessment processing system (DSAPS) is presented where HSETTDS forms the core module. The power system is mathematically represented by a system of differential and algebraic equations (DAEs). These DAEs arise out of the modeling of the dynamic components such as generators, exciters, governors, automatic generation control, load tap changers, induction motors, network modeling and so on. To provide very fast computational capability within the HSET-TDS, this chapter motivates the need for high performance computing (HPC) for power system dynamic simulations through detailed modeling of power system components and efficient numerical algorithms to solve the resulting DAEs. The developed HSET-TDS is first validated for accuracy against commercial power simulators (PSSE, DSA Tools, Power- World) and then it is compared for computational efficiency. The chapter investigates some of the promising direct sparse linear solver for fast extended term time domain simulation and makes recommendation for the modern power grid computations. The results provide very important insights with regards to the impact of the different numerical linear solver algorithms for enhancing the power system TDS.
Nonaxisymmetric instabilities in self-gravitating disks III. Angular momentum transport

We follow the development of nonaxisymmetric instabilities of self-gravitating disks from the linear regime to the nonlinear regime. Particular attention is paid to comparison of nonlinear simulation results with previous linear and quasi-linear modeling results to study the mass and angular momentum transport driven by nonaxisymmetric disk instabilities. Systems with star-to-disk mass ratios of $M_{*}/M_{d} = 0.1$ and 5 and inner-to-outer disk radius ratios of $r_{-}/r_{+} = 0.47$ to 0.66 are investigated. In disks where self-gravity is important, systems with small $M_{*}/M_{d}$ and large $r_{-}/r_{+}$ , Jeans-like J modes are dominant and the gravitational stress drives angular momentum transport. In disks where self-gravity is weak, systems with large $M_{*}/M_{d}$ and large $r_{-}/r_{+}$ , shear-driven P modes dominate and the Reynolds stress drives angular momentum transport. In disks where self-gravity is intermediate in strength between disks where P modes dominate and disks where J modes dominate, I modes control the evolution of the system and the Reynolds and gravitational stresses both play important roles in the angular momentum transport. In all cases, redistribution of angular momentum takes place on the characteristic disk timescale defined as the orbital period at the location of maximum density in the disk midplane. The disk susceptible to one-armed modes behaves differently than disks dominated by multi-armed spirals. Coupling between the star and the disk driven by one-armed modes leads to angular momentum transfer between the star and disk even when instability is in the linear regime. All modes drive spreading of the disk material and eventually accretion onto the star. The disks dominated by an I mode and one-armed mode do not lead to prompt fission or fragmentation. The J mode dominated disk fragments after instability develops.
Readers as overhearers and texts as objects: joint attention in reading communities

Models of language that emphasize the interactive dimension of meaning construction tend to talk about published texts such as the novel as an arena of language use in which writers and readers occupy the positions of speaker and addressee. This paper argues that readers of published texts function in many ways more like overhearers than addressees. It uses tools from Conversation Analysis and Mental Spaces Theory to examine several case study interactions, drawn from the Michigan Corpus of Spoken Academic English and videotaped data from gesture research, as well as illustrative examples from literary history. The overhearer model that emerges suggests that the interactions between different readers of the same text are a more important locus of collaboration in literary discourse than is typically assumed, and shows that joint activities between readers also often exclude authors in interesting and important ways.
Specifying Harmonic Emissions for the Connection of Offshore Wind Generation

Offshore wind generation is likely to affect power quality, specifically harmonics, within the transmission or distribution system to which it connects. The system owner/operator undertakes a harmonic assessment study to check that their network subsequent to the connection will operate within permissible harmonic distortion criteria. Based on the results of the assessment subsequent to the connection, they may specify allowable emission levels which may inherently imply that mitigation measures, possibly in the form of harmonic filters, are necessary. This article discusses the assessment methodologies, the likely form of a specification and an iterative compliance review process. A case study is presented which demonstrates the importance of communication between the system owner/operator and offshore wind farm developer.
Spontaneously Synchronized Electrochemical Micro-oscillators with Nickel Electrodissolution

We investigate the dynamical behavior of oscillatory electrodissolution of two nickel microwires in an on-chip integrated microfluidic flow cell. With equivalent circuit analysis, an equation is de...
Results of Multiple Dermal Irritation Tests of Cosmetics in 2010

Objective To analyze the results of multiple dermal irritation tests of cosmetics,understand the irritation effect on animal skin and conduct safety evaluation.Methods Detection was performed by the method according to 'dermal irritation/corrosion test' in Hygienic Standard for Cosmetics.Results According to multiple dermal irritation tests on 269 samples of cosmetics in 2010,the total qualified rate was 98.14%;the qualifed rate of other cosmetics except for sunscreen and aromatic cosmetics was 100%;the qualifed rate of domestic cosmetics was 100%;the qualifed rate of imported cosmetics was 97.38%;and in all the tested samples,the nonirritant cosmetics accounted for 84.6%,the light-irritant cosmetics accounted for 13.38% and the medium-irritant cosmetics accounted for1.86%.Conclusion Most cosmetics do not irritate animal skin and has high safety;but there is still part of the cosmetics have different degrees of irritation effect,which indicate potential harmfulness.
Pulse propagation in wavelet phase space

We apply the continuous wavelet transform to dispersive pulse propagation and obtain an approximation that is easily applied. The approximation shows that one can evolve the wavelet transform of the pulse in a simple manner, by calculating the wavelet transform at time zero and making a simple algebraic substitution.
Electrophysiological and Cellular Effects of Estrogen on Neuronal Function

Estrogen exerts a variety of electrophysiological, neurotrophic, and metabolic effects on neurons in the adult central nervous system. Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that estrogen, as hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, may be protective against Alzheimer's disease; the biological basis for a potential neuroprotective effect of estrogen in humans is an area of intense current research. This review summarizes electrophysiological and cellular effects of estrogen on neuronal function, with particular emphasis on hypothalamic and hippocampal neurons. Classic electrophysiological studies are compared with more recent cellular and molecular analyses in an effort to illuminate significant relationships between data gathered over the last 30 years and from varied sources. Hypotheses are made for the mechanisms of estrogen action in the brain as well as the functional consequences of estrogen's effects for both normal brain function and pathological states.
SU-F-T-600: Influence of Acuros XB and AAA Dose Calculation Algorithms On Plan Quality Metrics and Normal Lung Doses in Lung SBRT

Purpose: To study the influence of superposition-beam model (AAA) and determinant-photon transport-solver (Acuros XB) dose calculation algorithms on the treatment plan quality metrics and on normal lung dose in Lung SBRT. Methods: Treatment plans of 10 Lung SBRT patients were randomly selected. Patients were prescribed to a total dose of 50-54Gy in 3–5 fractions (10?5 or 18?3). Doses were optimized accomplished with 6-MV using 2-arcs (VMAT). Doses were calculated using AAA algorithm with heterogeneity correction. For each plan, plan quality metrics in the categories- coverage, homogeneity, conformity and gradient were quantified. Repeat dosimetry for these AAA treatment plans was performed using AXB algorithm with heterogeneity correction for same beam and MU parameters. Plan quality metrics were again evaluated and compared with AAA plan metrics. For normal lung dose, V20 and V5 to (Total lung- GTV) were evaluated. Results: The results are summarized in Supplemental Table 1. PTV volume was mean 11.4 (±3.3) cm3. Comparing RTOG 0813 protocol criteria for conformality, AXB plans yielded on average, similar PITV ratio (individual PITV ratio differences varied from −9 to +15%), reduced target coverage (−1.6%) and increased R50% (+2.6%). Comparing normal lung doses, the lung V20 (+3.1%) and V5 (+1.5%) were slightly higher for AXB plans compared to AAA plans. High-dose spillage ((V105%PD - PTV)/ PTV) was slightly lower for AXB plans but the % low dose spillage (D2cm) was similar between the two calculation algorithms. Conclusion: AAA algorithm overestimates lung target dose. Routinely adapting to AXB for dose calculations in Lung SBRT planning may improve dose calculation accuracy, as AXB based calculations have been shown to be closer to Monte Carlo based dose predictions in accuracy and with relatively faster computational time. For clinical practice, revisiting dose-fractionation in Lung SBRT to correct for dose overestimates attributable to algorithm may very well be warranted.
URBAN TREE PLANTING WITH NATIVE PLANTS IN 2013’S DROUGHT IN THE CITY OF SÃO JOSÉ DO SERIDÓ / RN

In Brazil, the rapid and unplanned growth of cities has caused neglect of tree composition of its roads and public places. With regard to afforestation by planting native species, can not perceive a focus for this issue in public policy attention. The study aimed to evaluate screen the survival of native species introduced for the purposes of urban forestry in the savanna biome plants, planted in the drought of 2013. Seedlings were provided by the Center for Seedling Production Xique-xique. The planting was done in February 2013 with the seedlings presented total height between 30cm and 60cm and being irrigated once a week with the amount of six liters of water for 12 months. Cajarana species (Spondias lutea) and ceriguela (Spondias purpurea) seedlings were produced by estarquia. 107 seedlings were planted belonging to 10 different species and six families. The cajarana (Spondias lutea) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica), respectively, 23.3% and 19.6% species were planted in greater numbers. The assessment carried out in April 2014, the survival rate was 100%. The research points to a pragmatic alternative is likely to be peaked in the process of afforestation of semiarid cities by the ability of living with the semiarides. No less important is the research with reference to low investment in planting and maintaining trees in urban waterways.
Subversive–Generative Moral Imagination

Creative efforts toward the good life call for a vision that destabilizes a rational notion of progressive norms and, instead, invites critical and creative projections of new life possibilities. This work is imagination—a process of emotional, rational, and active conscientizing. Drawing on Christian ethicist’s notions of moral imagination, Young introduces the concept of subversive–generative imagination, which requires thinking and acting beyond identity politics and toward ethical frameworks like embodiment, mutuality, generosity, queer futurity, and justice–love. Young shows how imagination ignites the development of family-making and self-becoming that builds on interactions between individual and collective potentiality. In “Subversive-Generative Moral Imagination,” Young ultimately claims that as an equally creative and subversive force, imagination makes it possible for black queers to vision new, queer possibilities for human relationships.
The effect of neighborhood size on effective population size in theory and in practice.

The distinction between the effective size of a population (Ne) and the effective size of its neighborhoods (Nn) has sometimes become blurred. Ne reflects the effect of random sampling on the genetic composition of a population of size N, whereas Nn is a measure of within-population spatial genetic structure and depends strongly on the dispersal characteristics of a species. Although Nn is independent of Ne, the reverse is not true. Using simulations of a population of annual plants, it was found that the effect of Nn on Ne was well approximated by Ne=N/(1−FIS), where FIS (determined by Nn) was evaluated population wide. Nn only had a notable influence of increasing Ne as it became smaller (⩽16). In contrast, the effect of Nn on genetic estimates of Ne was substantial. Using the temporal method (a standard two-sample approach) based on 1000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and varying sampling method, sample size (2–25% of N) and interval between samples (T=1–32 generations), estimates of Ne ranged from infinity to <0.1% of the true value (defined as Ne based on 100% sampling). Estimates were never accurate unless Nn and T were large. Three sampling techniques were tested: same-site resampling, different-site resampling and random sampling. Random sampling was the least biased method. Extremely low estimates often resulted when different-site resampling was used, especially when the population was large and the sample fraction was small, raising the possibility that this estimation bias could be a factor determining some very low Ne/N that have been published.
The Morality of the Human Species

But beyond social morality there is another morality which I have here named the morality of the human species, to which the individual is answerable in two ways: through himself as human and through his society. I have discussed the first way as divided into demotic and heroic morality. For the second way it will be necessary to go not beneath society to the essential nature of the individual but beyond society to a trans-cultural morality. Do any general principles of human morality exist? I think so, and I shall endeavor by way of illustration to point to two such principles.
Cost-Effectiveness of Community-Based TB/HIV Screening and Linkage to Care in Rural South Africa

South Africa has one of the highest burdens of TB worldwide, driven by the country's widespread prevalence of HIV, and further complicated by drug resistance. Active case finding within the community, particularly in rural areas where healthcare access is limited, can significantly improve diagnosis and treatment coverage in high-incidence settings. We evaluated the potential health and economic consequences of implementing community-based TB/HIV screening and linkage to care. Using a dynamic model of TB and HIV transmission over a time horizon of 10 years, we compared status quo TB/HIV control to community-based TB/HIV screening at frequencies of once every two years, one year, and six months. We also considered the impact of extending IPT from 36 months for TST positive and 12 months for TST negative or unknown patients (36/12) to lifetime use for all HIV-infected patients. We conducted a probabilistic sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of parameter uncertainty on the cost-effectiveness results. We identified four strategies that saved the most life years for a given outlay: status quo TB/HIV control with 36/12 months of IPT and TB/HIV screening strategies at frequencies of once every two years, one year, and six months with lifetime IPT. All of these strategies were very cost-effective at a threshold of $6,618 per life year saved (the per capita GDP of South Africa). Community-based TB/HIV screening with linkage to care is therefore very cost-effective in rural South Africa.
Pediocins of Pediococcus Species

The genus Pediococcus currently includes eight species. The cells are spherical and divide into two planes to form tetrads; however, cells in pairs (but never singly) can also be present in a culture. They are Gram-positive and facultative anaerobes with optimum growth temperature ranging between 25°C and 40°C. Glucose is fermented by the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway to DL or L(+)-lactic acid. They do not produce gas, but some strains can produce diacetyl and acetoin from pyruvate. They are catalase negative, but strains can contain pseudocatalase (Garvie, 1986).
Feedback Control Design of Constrained Parabolic Systems in Uncertainty Conditions

Abstract The paper presents recent results by the authors on minimax control design of parabolic systems in uncertainty conditions under hard control and state constraints. The design procedure involves multi-step approximations and takes into account monotonicity properties of the parabolic dynamics. The results obtained justify a suboptimal three-positional structure of feedback controllers in the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions and provide calculations of their optimal parameters that ensure the required state performance and stability under any admissible perturbations.
Probing the replacement of water by dimethyl sulfoxide in the hydration shell of N-methylacetamide by FTIR-spectroscopy

Abstract The influence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the hydration of a peptide group has been explored by measuring the FTIR spectrum of N -methylacetamide in different mixtures of DMSO and D 2 O. An analysis of the amide I’ profile indicates two processes. For DMSO mole fractions between 0 and 0.5, the hydration shell on the side of the carbonyl group is systematically perturbed, which leads to a destabilization and eventual elimination of the hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group and D 2 O. Upon further increasing the mole fraction of DMSO, water on the amide group side of the peptide is completely replaced by DMSO and the NH ⇋ ND exchange is significantly impeded. In mixtures with a very high fraction of DMSO, NMA with and without or weak hydrogen bonding to a DMSO molecule coexist with the latter configuration being clearly dominant in pure DMSO. Our results corroborate the recently debated notion that DMSO functions as a chaotropic cosolvent even at low fractions in that it exhibits preferential binding of water to the solute and by perturbing the stability of the peptide-water entity. They also reveal a rather fast exchange between different peptide-solvent complexes at low DMSO concentrations.
Delivery of Biomolecules via Extracellular Vesicles: A Budding Therapeutic Strategy.

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles that are secreted by nearly all cells and play an important role in intercellular communication by transporting protein and nucleic acids between cells. EV-mediated processes shape phenomena as diverse as cancer progression, immune function, and wound healing. The natural role of EVs in encapsulating and delivering cargo to modify cellular function highlights the potential to use these particles as therapeutic delivery vehicles. In this chapter, we describe emerging strategies for EV engineering and consider how different approaches to EV production, purification, and design may impact the efficacy of EV-based therapeutics.
Phantoms for Ultrasound Experimentation and Quality Control

Phantoms used in ultrasound were born out of a need for models of human anatomy and tissue characteristics. Initial ultrasound phantom construction was based on containers filled with water and would be constructed with metal rods at specific locations in order to provide a distance calibration.
Sensor Package Analysis and Simulation for Direct Sensor-to-Satellite Links

This paper investigates the design and the performance of low-power micro-sensors that communicate directly to a satellite or a constellation of satellites. Information is spread using pseudo noise (PN). The sensors use a miniature phased array antenna that continuously scans to access the satellite(s). The simulation results show that a sensor as small as 2.35 cm in diameter is able to send information with data rate of 1 kbps at bit error rate less than 10 to low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites with a transmitted power of 51.3 microwatts (-12.9 dBm) at a frequency of 30 GHz.
Breaking from Traditionalism: Strategies for the Recruitment of Physical Education Teachers

Teacher education programs across the country are being asked to systematically and deliberately recruit teacher candidates who are not only highly qualified, but represent diverse backgrounds. Cou...
Diagnostic Errors and the Bedside Clinical Examination

Diagnostic errors are common in clinical practice and lead to adverse patient outcomes. Systematic reviews have shown that inadequate history taking and physical examination lead to a plurality, if not a majority, of diagnostic errors. Recent advances in cognitive science have also shown that unconscious biases likely contribute to many diagnostic errors. Research into diagnostic error has been hampered by methodologic inconsistency and a paucity of studies in real-world clinical settings. The best evidence indicates that educational interventions to reduce diagnostic error should give physicians feedback about clinical outcomes and enhance their ability to recognize signs and symptoms of specific diseases at the bedside.
Endoluminal Ablation of Varicose Veins

A 48-year-old male was referred by his primary care physician (PCP) for evaluation of varicose veins (VV) in his right leg. The patient noted the varicosities in his twenties. Initially, he was not concerned with the cosmetic appearance and decided not to seek medical attention. The VV became progressively more prominent. He started to complain of right leg pain and fatigue associated with mild edema 6 months prior to referral. The pain increased during the day and was unbearable in the evening after work. The patient works as a barber and needs to stand most of the day. His past medical history is significant for a motor vehicle accident 10 years ago. He only takes NSAIDs occasionally to relieve his leg pain. The patient finally decided to seek medical attention. His primary care physician prescribed him compression stockings that he used for 3 months with minimal improvement.
38 micron images of galaxies: The infrared luminosity

We report the first extragalactic observations with our new far-infrared imaging spectrometer/spectrophotometer, KWIC. We obtained 37 μm images of M82 and Arp 299, and both a 31.5 μm and 37.7 μm image of the 30 Doradus star formation region in the LMC. The raw spatial resolution of these images is ∼ 8.5″. The M82 data set is of sufficient signal to noise to permit a maximum likelihood image deconvolution to an effective beam of ∼ 5″. For these regions of very high star formation activity our far-IR images provide an extinction free probe of the source luminosity.