cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparing Students for Collaboration: The MU Interprofessional Initiative

During the 1990s in Missouri, as in much of the rest of the country, trends in social policy have continued to reflect the desire to devolve decision-making, responsibility, and resources to local communities. The process of devolution not only necessitates that different individuals, professions, organizations and institutions will be developing, testing, and implementing social policy, it also necessitates that these same individuals and groups will be required to collaborate in decision-making and be accountable for resource allocation and use in more immediate and complete ways than ever before. It is through the recognition of this trend that the administrators, faculty, students, and their community partners perceived the need to train pre-service professionals for collaborative practice.
Application of Regular Solution Theory to Discotic Mesophases: Calculation of Phase Diagrams Exhibiting Minima

Binary phase diagrams of the discotic nematogenic benzene-hexa-n-alkanoates show minimum azeotrope-like behavior. Regular solution theory is successfully applied to calculate phase diagrams for binary mixtures of four members of this homologous series. Furthermore, an empirical correlation between the regular solution parameters and molar volume ratio of the components is proposed.
The impact of enhanced recovery pathways on cost of care and perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing gastroesophageal and hepatopancreatobiliary surgery

Abstract Introduction Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols have been increasingly adopted to standardize patient care and decrease overall costs. This study evaluated the impact of a prospectively implemented enhanced recovery after surgery protocol for patients undergoing surgery for gastroesophageal and hepatopancreatobiliary disease at an academic institution. Methods Patients undergoing either hepatopancreatobiliary or gastroesophageal procedures between January 2013 and May 2017 were classified according to whether or not they were placed on an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol. Groups were compared along demographic, perioperative, outcomes, and financial variables. Results Of a total of 377 patients, 149 were placed on an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol. There was a significant association between enhanced recovery after surgery protocol use and increased perioperative antibiotic use (98.0% enhanced recovery after surgery vs. 87.3% non-enhanced recovery after surgery, P Conclusion Enhanced recovery after surgery pathways can be safely implemented in patients undergoing hepatopancreatobiliary and gastroesophageal procedures and can help standardize perioperative practices, decrease requirement for intensive care unit admission, and decrease total hospital costs.
Feeling Blue: Officer Perceptions of Public Antipathy Predict Police Occupational Norms

Recent protests against law enforcement have spurred claims by practitioners and editorialists that public antipathy toward the police may influence police occupational norms. A number of classic police ethnographies also suggest a link between perceived public antipathy and police culture, but limited empirical research has examined this claim. Using a sample of 12,376 sworn law enforcement officers who participated in the National Police Research Platform, and a series of ordinary least squares regressions, this study examines whether officers’ perceptions of public support predict their cultural orientations. Results reveal that officers perceiving greater public antipathy report higher levels of social isolation, work-group solidarity, cynicism toward the public, and coercive attitudes. We identify practical implications and potential organizational remedies to address these perceptions, and situate these findings within theoretical arguments of early police ethnographers and contemporary claims of the “Ferguson Effect.”
Dietary Lowering of omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Lowered Voluntary Ethanol Binge-drinking in Mice (OR19-02-19)

Our objective is to examine the effects of lowering dietary omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA, linoleic acid; LA) and/or supplementation of omega-3 PUFA (n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid; EPA and DHA) on voluntary ethanol binge drinking and pathway networks involved in the interactions of PUFA and ethanol in mesolimbic circuit of the brain. Behavioral cohort: Time-pregnant C57BL/6J dams were randomized to one of four custom dietary interventions. The diets varied in the combination of n-6 PUFA (8 energy% LA or 1 en% LA) and n-3 PUFA (0.5 en% EPA + DHA or 0 en% EPA + DHA). The dietary fatty acid compositions are crafted based on contemporary American and evolutionary model intake. Male offspring continued their respective maternal diet for 8 weeks before ethanol exposure. During the 6-week ethanol binge drinking, mice were exposed to cycles of 5-day 20%v/v ethanol for 4 hours in the dark and 2-day abstinence. RNA-Sequencing cohort: Same dietary interventions were applied. 15-week-old male offspring was subjected to a 9-day 2 g/kg and 1-day 5 g/kg ethanol gavage paradigm. Striatum were collected for next generation RNA sequencing after the last dose of gastric gavage. Mice fed 1 en% LA and 0 en% EPA + DHA (L6L3) lowered voluntary ethanol binge drinking by 29% as compared to mice fed 8 en% LA and 0 en% EPA + DHA (H6L3) (one-way ANOVA; week 3, p = 0.0072; week 4–6, P < 0.05). Mice fed 1 en% LA and 0.5 en% EPA + DHA (L6H3) or 8 en% LA and 0.5 en% EPA + DHA (H6H3) did not differ in ethanol binge drinking as compared to L6L3 and H6L3 mice. Mice fed L6L3 exhibited more differentially expressed genes in striatum as compared to other dietary interventions (L6L3, 158 genes; H6L3, 16; L6H3, 39; H6H3, 20). Gene set analysis by Panther showed that striatal transcriptomic signatures in response to ethanol gavage are vastly different between dietary interventions. Dietary fatty acids may alter striatal transcriptomic response to ethanol which may result in lowering of voluntary ethanol binge drinking. Dietary lowering of n-6 PUFA may be an effective strategy in preventing voluntary alcohol binge drinking which is a major public health concern. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience.
Orthopaedic Shoulder Surgery in the Ambulatory Surgical Center: Safety and Outcomes.

Purpose To determine whether the risk of adverse events and readmission after non-arthroplasty shoulder surgery is influenced by the outpatient setting of surgical care and to identify risk factors associated with these adverse events. Methods The Humana Claims Database was queried for all patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery and related open procedures in the hospital-based outpatient department (HOPD) or ambulatory surgical center (ASC) setting, using the PearlDiver supercomputer. Arthroplasty procedures were excluded because they carry a risk profile different from that of other outpatient surgical procedures. Outcome variables included unanticipated admission after surgery, readmission, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and wound infection within 90 days of surgery. The ASC and HOPD cohorts were propensity score matched, and outcomes were compared between them. Finally, logistic regression models were created to identify risk factors associated with unplanned admission after surgery. Results A total of 84,658 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study: 28,730 in the ASC cohort and 56,819 in the HOPD cohort. The rates of all queried outcomes were greater in the HOPD cohort and achieved statistical significance. Sex, region, race, insurance status, comorbidity burden, anesthesia type, and procedural type were included in the regression analysis of unplanned admission. Factors associated with unplanned admission included increasing Charlson Comorbidity Index (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.17; P Conclusions The lower rates of perioperative morbidity in the ASC cohort suggest that proper patient selection is taking place and lends reassurance to surgeons who are practicing or are considering practicing in an ASC. Patients to whom some or all the risk factors for unplanned admission apply (male sex, higher comorbidity burden, open surgery) may be more suitable for HOPDs because admission from an ASC can be difficult and potentially unsafe. Level of Evidence Level III, comparative study.
Emerging technologies and strategic stability in peacetime, crisis, and war

Recent commentary has sounded the alarm about the effects of emerging technologies on strategic stability, yet the topic has received relatively little systematic scholarly attention. Will emerging...
Fin del mundo: una mirada sobre la paradoja de la identidad cultural chilena

espanolA traves de textos del Inca Garcilaso de la Vega y Heinrich von Kleist, de Alonso de Ercilla y Maria Graham y de Mistral, Neruda y Teillier, el autor, como un observador externo, sondea que hay detras de la idea de Chile como “fin del mundo”, y en que medida la relacion o la distancia con este concepto transmite una forma de los chilenos de habitar —en el sentido de Heidegger— su territorio. EnglishDrawing on the texts of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Heinrich von Kleist, of Alonso de Ercilla and Maria Graham and of Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda and Jorge Teillier, the author approaches Chile as an outside observer to probe beneath the idea of the country as the “world’s end” and the extent to which engagement or otherwise with this concept conveys a way in which Chileans dwell, in Heidegger’s sense, in their territories
A COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION PROGRAM FOR TREATING LATERAL ELBOW TENDINOPATHY.

Scapular muscle weakness in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy is an identified impairment and is part of a multimodal rehabilitation approach. The published literature provides little information regarding specific rehabilitation guidelines that address both the proximal scapular muscle weakness and local elbow/wrist dysfunctions common in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to describe a comprehensive rehabilitation strategy for individuals with lateral elbow tendinopathy. This program emphasizes a phased therapeutic strategy that addresses proximal and local dysfunction along the kinetic chain. This clinical protocol is currently being tested for efficacy as part of a randomized controlled trial. The information in this commentary is intended to provide clinicians with sufficient detail to comprehensively guide the rehabilitation of a patient with lateral elbow tendinopathy. Level of evidence 5.
Construction trade and extraction workers: A population at high risk for drug use in the United States, 2005-2014.

Abstract Objective To estimate prevalence of past-month marijuana, cocaine, and nonmedical prescription opioid (NPO) use and determine employment-related correlates of drug use among construction trade/extraction workers (CTEW). Methods We analyzed ten years of data (2005–2014) from 293,492 adults (age≥18) in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, comparing CTEW and non-CTEW. Results CTEW were 5.6% (n = 16,610) of the sample. Compared to non-CTEW, CTEW were significantly more likely to report past-month marijuana (12.3% vs. 7.5%), cocaine (1.8% vs. 0.8%), and/or NPO use (3.4% vs. 2.0%; Ps > 3 employers was associated with increased odds of marijuana and NPO use. Missing 1–2 days in the past month because the participant did not want to go into work was associated with increased odds for use of marijuana, cocaine, and NPO use. Missing 3–5 days of work in the past month because sick or injured was associated with double the odds (aOR = 2.00 [95% CI: 1.33–3.02]) of using NPO. Having written drug policies was associated with reduced odds for cocaine use, and workplace tests for drug use during hiring and random drug testing were also associated with lower odds of marijuana use. Conclusions CTEW are a high-risk population for drug use. Precarious employment is associated with higher prevalence of drug use while some workplace drug policies were associated with lower prevalence. Coupled with reports of high overdose mortality among CTEW, these findings suggest that prevention and harm reduction programming is needed to prevent drug-related morbidity and mortality among CTEW.
Modeling Enantiomeric Separations as an Interfacial Process Using Amylose Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) (ADMPC) Polymers Coated on Amorphous Silica

Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is commonly performed to isolate the biologically active enantiomer of a drug from the ineffective or even harmful ones. Understanding the molecular-level recognition that underlies this process is necessary for trimming down the very large number of possible combinations of chiral stationary phases, solvent systems, and other experimental HPLC conditions, a particularly important consideration when only small quantities of the racemate are available. Fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a useful tool to provide this molecular-level understanding and predict experimental separation factors under a given set of conditions. To predict the chiral separation results for drug enantiomers by amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) (ADMPC) chiral stationary phase, we design a model of multiple ADMPC polymer strands coated on an amorphous silica slab. Using various MD techniques, we successfully coat ADMPCs onto the surface without losing the structural character of the backbone in the presence of the solvent system. Not only is this model more representative of the polymer surface on a solid support that is encountered by the enantiomers, but it also provides more opportunities for chiral molecules interacting with ADMPC, provides the possibility for large drug molecules to interact with two polymer strands at the same instant, and provides better agreement with experiment when we use the overall average quantities as the predictive metric. For a better understanding of why some metrics are better predictors than others, we use charts of the distribution of hydrogen-bonding lifetimes for various donor-acceptor pairs that contribute to the interaction events determining the relative retention times for the enantiomers. We also examine the contribution of ring-ring interactions to the molecular recognition process and ultimately to the differential retention of enantiomers. The results are more consistent than previous models and resolve the problematic case of two drugs, thalidomide and valsartan.
Fate of the Morbidly Obese Patient Who Is Denied Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to investigate outcomes of patients denied total hip (THA) or knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to morbid obesity. Methods We performed an observational study of patients denied arthroplasty due to morbid obesity. A survey including the Harris Hip Score or pain and function components of the original Knee Society Score (KSS) was conducted with minimum 2-year follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed with parametric testing with significance at P Results In total, 125 (4.4%) of 2819 patients were denied THA or TKA due to morbid obesity. Twenty-four (19.2%) met target weight and underwent arthroplasty at our institution. Of the remaining 101 (80.8%) patients, 33 (32.7%) agreed to participate in the survey. None received THA and 6 received TKA elsewhere above target body mass index. Harris Hip Score was significantly higher in the successful weight loss cohort at our institution (70.5 ± 13.4 vs 34.6 ± 13.1). KSS Pain (maximum score of 50) and Function (maximum score of 100) were significantly higher in the successful weight loss cohort at our institution (32.9 ± 16.5; 51.1 ± 19.5) compared to the denied nonoperative cohort (7.2 ± 11.5; 33.0 ± 23.1); however, only KSS Pain was higher when compared to the TKA elsewhere cohort (14.2 ± 18.0; 29.2 ± 38.7). KSS Pain and Function were similar for both denial cohorts regardless of undergoing arthroplasty. Conclusion Nearly 80% of patients denied never met target weight for arthroplasty. Those who met target weight prior to arthroplasty often reported better outcomes. Outcomes were similar when target weight was not met regardless of undergoing arthroplasty.
Improving Air Quality Predictions over the United States with an Analog Ensemble

AbstractAir quality forecasts produced by the National Air Quality Forecasting Capability (NAQFC) help air quality forecasters across the United States in making informed decisions to protect publi...
Liquefaction of a sloping deposit: LEAP-2017 centrifuge tests at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Abstract A series of centrifuge tests of a sloping ground were conducted at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). These tests were used to monitor and assess the soil response, in terms of generated accelerations, excess pore water pressure (EPWP) and associated lateral spreading, as a function of variations in the dynamic input motion and soil relative density. This series of tests are part of the Liquefaction Experiments and Analysis Projects (LEAP-2017), an international effort to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of centrifuge experimental results, and verify and validate soil liquefaction numerical tools using the experimental data.
Characteristics and variability of the nearshore wave resource on the U.S. West Coast

Abstract Characterizing the nearshore wave resource at a regional scale poses a great challenge because high-quality wave data are required. This paper presents a detailed analysis of nearshore wave climate and resource characterization on the U.S. West Coast based on a 32-year, regional wave hindcast. Resource characterization closely followed the International Electrotechnical Commission standards. The wave hindcast data were generated from an unstructured-grid SWAN model with approximately 300 m grid resolution in the nearshore region. Statistics of six IEC wave resource parameters at the 50 m water depth were calculated for four sub-regions along the coast, including Washington, Oregon, and Northern and Southern California. Results indicate that the Washington and Oregon coast has a similar nearshore wave resource. The wave resource in Southern California is significantly less than that of the Washington and Oregon coast. Alongshore and cross-shore variabilities of wave power were assessed. Temporal variability, at seasonal, inter-annual, and decadal scales were analyzed. Overall, strong seasonal variation is observed; high wave energy occurs in the winter months and calm seas in the summer. Finally, extreme environmental conditions, i.e., the 100-year extreme environmental contours, for different locations along the West Coast were investigated.
Supply chain implications of industrial symbiosis: A review and avenues for future research

Abstract Industrial symbiosis (IS) has attracted the attention of practitioners and researchers since 1972, with its inception in an industrial park in Kalundborg, Denmark. IS involves traditionally separate entities working collaboratively by exchanging wastes and sharing resources to gain competitive advantage. This collaboration among separate entities has a significant impact on the structure of supply chains and the relationships among the participating entities. In the literature, studies address IS from ecology, energy, environmental science, and materials management perspectives. However, there are not many papers that explore IS from the supply chain management perspective. In this paper, we first introduce the definition of symbiotic supply chains and provide a review and taxonomy of scholarly works in this area. We find that the majority of the researchers focus on self-organized and facilitated IS at the strategic/tactical symbiotic supply chain levels. Specifically, institutional capacity, i.e., qualitative factors that impact the capability of a group of firms to reach solutions, is explored extensively. Finally, we propose a research agenda that serves as a single source for researchers interested in exploring symbiotic supply chains.
Cutting the Populist Knot

This essay reviews the following works: La marchita, el escudo y el bombo: Una historia cultural de los emblemas del peronismo, de Peron a Cristina Kirchner. By Ezequiel Adamovsky and Esteban Buch. Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2016. Pp. 367. ARS$555 paperback. ISBN: 9789504954750. The Resurgence of Populism in Latin America. By Robert R. Barr. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2017. Pp. xii + 251. $75 hardcover. ISBN: 9781626376670. The Promise and Perils of Populism: Global Perspectives. Edited by Carlos de la Torre. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Pp. viii + 474. $45.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780813153308. Latin America’s Leaders. By Rut Diamint and Laura Tedesco. London: Zed, 2015. Pp. xi + 188. $25.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781783601028. Evita, Inevitably: Performing Argentina’s Icons before and after Eva Peron. By Jean Graham-Jones. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2014. Pp. ix + 271. $37.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780472052332. Creating Charismatic Bonds in Argentina: Letters to Juan and Eva Peron. By Donna J. Guy. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 173. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826338389. Populism and Performance in the Bolivarian Revolution of Venezuela. By Angela Marino. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2018. Pp. xi + 212. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780810136731. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. By Cas Mudde and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Pp. 136. $11.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780190234874. Dancing Jacobins: A Venezuelan Genealogy of Latin American Populism. By Rafael Sanchez. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 393. $35 paperback. ISBN: 9780823263660. When Democracy Trumps Populism: European and Latin American Lessons for the United States. Edited by Kurt Weyland and Raul L. Madrid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. 238. $27.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108728829.
Target validity: Bringing treatment of external validity in line with internal validity.

“Target bias” is the difference between an estimate of association from a study sample and the causal effect in the target population of interest. It is the sum of internal and external bias. Given the extensive literature on internal validity, here, we review threats and methods to improve external validity. External bias may arise when the distribution of modifiers of the effect of treatment differs between the study sample and the target population. Methods including those based on modeling the outcome, modeling sample membership, and doubly robust methods are available, assuming data on the target population is available. The relevance of information for making policy decisions is dependent on both the actions that were studied and the sample in which they were evaluated. Combining methods for addressing internal and external validity can improve the policy relevance of study results.
On the Throughput of Wireless Communication With Combined CSI and H-ARQ Feedback

In this paper, we characterize the combined channel state information (CSI) and re-transmission feedback on wireless communication. Feedback, often assumed free, has traditionally been used to either learn the channel state, or to request the re-transmission of a failed reception. We propose here a generalized framework for feedback that captures the channel time-variation. We consider two-way communication model where all the resources needed for training, feedback (CSI and automatic repeat request), and data. In order to maximize the throughput and optimize resource allocations, we provide the expressions of outage probabilities for different rate/power adaptation and re-transmission protocols. The simulation results show that, besides signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Doppler, the optimal pilot overhead depends on whether we are using rate/power adaptation and the number of re-transmissions. We also prove that in slow-fading channels with high SNR regimes, varying the rate provides the best throughput. When dealing with fast time-varying channels and low SNR regimes, using constant power and rate gives the best throughput performance.
Minimally invasive resection of pediatric osteoid osteomas: A report of two cases.

Background Spinal osteoid osteomas (OOs) are common benign bone tumors that most frequently affect the posterior elements. They occasionally (e.g., 10% of the time) necessitate surgical resection for intractable pain. Given their small size and posterior positions, many may be amenable to minimally invasive surgical approaches. Case Description We describe two cases of spinal OOs involving patients 11 and 17 years of age with lesions, respectively, at T7 and C4. Conclusion Minimally invasive approaches for resection of small bony spinal OOs are safe and technically achievable approaches.
On Reachable Sets

The main purpose of this paper is to study the geometric properties of the reachable set R of autonomous linear control systems $$ \dot x\, = \,Ax\, - \,u\,,\quad u(t)\, \in \,U,$$ (1) where A is a real n×n-matrix and U is a constraint set in Rn.
Endothelial Cell Function and Hypertension: Interactions Among Inflammation, Immune Function, and Exercise

Chronic inflammation is significantly associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is difficult to definitively ascertain whether immune activities are an origin or consequence of diseases related to the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. During an acute inflammatory insult, endothelial cells and the surrounding vascular tissue participate in the transient immune response. However, chronic inflammation primes the endothelium to become a tissue depot that promotes heightened reactive oxygen species production and produces inflammatory mediators that potentiate vascular dysfunction. Herein, the evidence in which immune cells (innate and adaptive) and circulating and membrane bound mediators (i.e., cytokines, oxidative stress, cellular adhesion molecules, and pattern recognition receptors) participate in the dysfunction of the vasculature and effector organs (e.g., kidney) that prime endothelial dysfunction and promote hypertension will be reviewed. Further, the interactions between the effects of exercise on systemic (i.e., whole body) and local (i.e., vascular endothelium) immune cell function and hypertension will be discussed. This chapter will provide evidence advocating for the implementation of habitual exercise as a primary prevention and adjunctive treatment approach in counteracting inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension.
Market reforms, spatial price dynamics, and China's rice market integration: A causal analysis with directed acyclic graphs

Previous studies on post-reform market performance of Chinese grain markets have produced mixed results. This paper employs province-level price data to determine if China's food market liberalization policies in the 1990s resulted in interregional rice market integration. Furthermore, this study extends the literature on spatial market integration by augmenting multivariate cointegration modeling techniques with directed acyclic models (DAGs), a recently developed statistical method for analyzing contemporaneous causal relationships. While the empirical results confirm the existence of strong market linkages subsequent to the reforms of the early 19902, the linkages became less as the Chinese government reversed several reform policies in the mid-1990s. Overall, the empirical evidence from this study indicates that China's agricultural market policy reforms have been relatively effective.
Changing trends in antihypertensive therapy in two New England communities during the 1980s.

The prevalence rates and correlates of antihypertensive drug use among individuals with hypertension were determined using data derived from five biennial population-based surveys conducted between 1981 and 1990 in two New England communities. Point prevalence estimates were determined for nine categories of antihypertensive agents at five time points, and were analyzed by age and sex using multiple logistic regression. In the first cross-sectional survey, the prevalence of use per 1000 individuals with hypertension was 235.4 for diuretics, 57.1 for β-blockers, 65.5 for combination products, 29.2 for central α-agonists, 2.8 for peripheral α-antagonists, and 8.4 each for adrenergic blockers and direct vasodilators. The prevalence rates for calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors increased sharply between the third and fourth survey cycles. Significant age- and sex-related differences in antihypertensive use were detected.
Abstract 29: Loss of Ideal Total Cholesterol Early in Life: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Introduction: Ideal total blood cholesterol (TC) levels are associated with lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. In the U.S. TC increases up to middle age, but declines at older ages. Few studies have characterized the transition from ideal to intermediate and poor TC levels in different life epochs and in minorities. Methods: Cross-sectional 2007-2012 NHANES data (N = 11,140) were used to estimate the age-, race-, and sex- specific prevalence of ideal (≥20 years: Results: Between the ages of 16 and 18, the prevalence of ideal TC among European American (EA) and African American (AA) men was approximately 68%, notably higher than the prevalence in EA women (63%) and AA women (61%). Variation in the loss of ideal TC was also observed by race and sex. Between 16-50 years of age, the proportion of AA men, EA men and EA women with ideal levels of TC declined approximately 2.0% (95% CI: 1.8%, 2.2%) per year. In AA women by contrast, the age-specific decline in ideal TC was not uniform between 16-50 years of age. The proportion of AA women with ideal levels of TC declined 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2%, 1.2%) per year from 16-20 years of age but increased to 2.8% (95% CI: 2.4%, 3.3%) per year by age 50. Among populations with intermediate TC levels, estimated 1-year net transitions to poor TC peaked at age 16, the earliest age under investigation, for EA men, EA women, and AA men but remained stable for AA women through 70 years of age, where a net 0.6% (95% CI: 0.1%, 1.3%) of the population with intermediate TC levels transitioned to poor TC levels one year later. In all demographic groups and life epochs, greater proportions of the population transitioned from intermediate to poor TC than from poor to intermediate TC. Conclusions: Loss of ideal TC begins early in life and shows divergent patters by gender and race. Difficulties re-attaining ideal TC once classified as intermediate or poor support interventions that promote ideal TC levels in younger ages, especially among AA women.
Design of TCP traffic controllers for AQM routers based on phase margin specification

We propose proportional and proportional-integral (PI) controllers for active queue management (AQM) in the Internet. Classical control theory is applied in the design to meet the frequency domain specification - phase margin. The user can specify the phase margin to achieve good performance of AQM. The PI controller can regulate the source window size based on the knowledge of the queue size to clamp the steady state value of queue size to the specified reference queue size. Our controllers are verified by OPNET simulation and our PI controller is shown to outperform RED significantly.
Chapter 14 Conclusion: A Summary of Challenges still Facing Desalination and Water Reuse

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the challenges facing desalination and water reuse. Membrane fouling is one of the most important factors that limit greater use of desalination membranes. Fouling occurs due to particulate matter, organic matter, microorganisms forming biofilms, and inorganic scaling. Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) is generally most attractive for the desalination of brackish water and in cases where organic matter removal and microbial control are not important. EDR is also of interest in treating brackish waters where silica is an important limitation. The ideal process would recover all the water leaving behind only the salt. All current technologies produce a concentrate stream that requires discharge into the environment, or must undergo additional treatment to reduce the volume and remove the dissolved solids. Although water reclamation and reuse is practiced in many countries around the world, current levels of reuse constitute a small fraction of the total volume of municipal and industrial effluent generated. The number and variety of contaminants found in reuse source waters present challenges not only to the technologists, but also for the water providers. More information must be developed regarding in-line sensors capable of real-time assurance, monitoring, and control.
Is the Effective Tax Rate an Effective Performance Measure

This paper examines the properties of the effective tax rate (ETR) as a measure of managerial tax planning effectiveness using a principal-agent model. ETR is calculated as Tax Expense (computed pursuant to SFAS No. 109) divided by Income Before Taxes. The changes in ETR due to the agent's actions are systematically different from the changes in the principal's tax burden. These differences suggest that ETR is an ineffective measure of the agent's performance.
Tissue enzymes in gestation: Comparative activities in the placenta and fetal membranes☆

Abstract Various enzyme systems were assayed in the homogenates of placenta and of fetal membranes, and their activities were compared. Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase was relatively low in the placenta, and the activity even less in the membranes. This low activity suggests that transamination is not significant in the placenta or the membranes, and correlates with the observation of others that the fetal liver is capable of synthesizing most proteins. Isocitric dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malic dehydrogenase are more active in the placenta than in the membranes. Since these are tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, it would appear that the placenta is more concerned with aerobic metabolism than are the fetal membranes. Lactic dehydrogenase was the only enzyme in this study that was more active in fetal membranes as compared to the placenta. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the anaerobic metabolism of the fetus. The fetal membranes cannot be regarded as merely a mechanical structure for support of the fetus. The complicated cellular anatomy and the enzyme activities of the membranes indicate very active biochemical functions.
Medial Node Correspondences towards Automated Registration

Many modern forms of segmentation and registration require manual input making it a tedious and time-consuming process. There have been some successes with automating these methods, but these tend to be unreliable because of inherent variations in anatomical shapes and image quality. It is toward this goal that we have developed an automated method of generating landmarks for registration that will not require supervision or manual initialization. We have chosen medial based image features because they have proven robust against image noise and shape variation, and provide the rotationally invariant properties of dimensionality and scale, which can be used by a unary metric. We introduce a new metric for comparing the geometric relationships between medial features, which overcomes problems introduced by symmetry within a medial feature. With these metrics, we are able to find correspondences between pairs and triplets of features in the two images. We demonstrate these methods on three different datasets. It is envisioned that this system will become the basis for generating medial node models that can be registered between two images.
Effect of serum on lymphocyte blastogenesis. 2. Characterization of disease-induced immunosuppressive factors by chromatography and molecular weight determination.

Abstract Numerous infectious and noninfectious diseases are associated with the appearance of suppressive serum lymphocyte immunoregulatory factors (SLIFs). The suppressive SLIFs in sera from clinically healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial (staphylococcal, brucellar) or mycotic (blastomycotic) infections were further characterized by dialysis, fractionation by ultrafiltrations and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) sieving, by affinity chromatography on protein A-Sepharose columns, and by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. Factors of various molecular weights and of various elution patterns from DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography columns were taking part in the suppressive action of the whole serum. The ‘common’ inhibitors present in all sera were in the molecular weight range of 28 to 35 Kd, whereas the disease-induced suppressive SLIFs were present in various molecular weight categories. ‘Common’ suppressor SLIFs and some SLIFs from dogs with staphylococcal infections were partially dialysable; suppressive SLIFs induced in dogs with generalized brucellosis and blastomycosis were not dialysable. Protein A bound suppressive SLIFs from two of three dogs with staphylococcal pyodermas. DEAE-cellulose chromatography gave variable elution patterns with different animal sera. It is concluded that various suppressive SLIFs contribute to the immunosuppressive effect of the whole serum and no disease-specific suppressive SLIF could be identified.
Do Judges Systematically Favor the Interests of the Legal Profession

This Article answers this question with the following jurisprudential hypothesis. Many legal outcomes can be explained, and future cases predicted, by asking a very simple question: is there a plausible result in this case that will significantly affect the interests of the legal profession (positively or negatively)? If so, the case will be decided in the way that offers the best result for the legal profession. The article presents theoretical support from the new institutionalism, cognitive psychology and economic theory. The Article then gathers and analyzes supporting cases from areas as diverse as constitutional law, torts, professional responsibility, employment law, evidence, and criminal procedure. The questions considered include: why are lawyers the only American profession to be truly and completely self-regulated? Why is it that the attorney-client privilege is the oldest and most jealously protected professional privilege? Why is it that the Supreme Court has repeatedly struck down bans on commercial speech, except for bans on in-person lawyer solicitations and some types of lawyer advertising? Why is it that the Miranda right to consult with an attorney is more protected than the right to remain silent? Why is legal malpractice so much harder to prove than medical malpractice? The Article finishes with some of the ramifications of the lawyer-judge hypothesis, including brief consideration of whether our judiciary should be staffed by lawyer-judges at all.
Molecular profiles of allograft rejection following inhibition of CD40 ligand costimulation differentiated by cluster analysis

Recent technological advances in biomedical research, such as genome sequences and DNA microarrays, have dramatically increased the size of relevant databases. A major challenge is the extraction of a limited number of parameters from these databases that can differentiate and diagnose complex biological states. In a model of cardiac transplantation investigating immunosuppression by inhibition of CD40 ligand costimulation, we have applied a combination of cluster algorithms and self-organizing maps to analyze a panel of 60 candidate genes. Dendrograms generated by cluster analysis distinguished different molecular bases of rejection. Using self-organizing maps, we identified nine genes (CD4, CCR3, CCR5, LT beta, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-2, CD8 alpha, IP-10, and RANTES), each with a unique profile of transcriptional expression, that reproduce the differentiation of states of rejection in dendrograms. Using histology and immunohistochemistry, we correlated differential regulation of CD4 and CD8 at the levels of mRNA and protein. Our strategy of data reduction successfully decreased the number of genes to nine, which are sufficient to differentiate distinct states of rejection in our experimental protocol.
The weaver gene has no effect on the generation patterns of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons

To determine if the weaver gene has action on late-generated neurons in midbrain areas on postnatal day (P) 8 [(3)H] thymidine autoradiography and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry were combined in the same tissue section in homozygous weaver mice and normal controls. The experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant dams injected with [3H] thymidine on embryonic days (E)11-12, E12-13, E13-14 and E14-15. Both the span of neurogenesis and the neurogenetic timetables of dopaminergic neurons were similar between wild-type and homozygous weavers in all midbrain areas analyzed. No loss of late-generated dopaminergic neurons was observed. The cytoarchitecture of the midbrain dopaminergic cell groups were also the same in both experimental groups indicating that cell migration, settling, and cytodifferentiation proceeds normally in spite of the presence of the weaver gene.
urf13-T of T Cytoplasm Maize Mitochondria Encodes a 13 kD Polypeptide

Polyspecific antibody to a 17 amino acid synthetic peptide from the maize T-cytoplasm urf13-T mitochondrial open reading frame immunoprecipitated a 13 kD polypeptide from (35)S-methionine incorporations of T cytoplasm maize. Male-fertile, toxin-insensitive mutants in which the urf13-T sequence is deleted do not synthesize the 13 kD polypeptide. A mutant designated T-4, which carries a 5 bp insertion and a premature stop codon, synthesizes a truncated polypeptide, corresponding to an open reading frame of 8.3 kD. Thus the 13 kD polypeptide is trunctated or absent in mutants expressing male fertility and toxin insensitivity in T-cytoplasm maize.
A new semiconductor photocell

A new differential photocell utilizing lateral photo effect at a semiconductor junction is described. It can detect the position of a light spot to less than 100 A. Through an associated lens, one can measure an angular motion smaller than 0.1 second of arc. The output voltage of the cell is a linear function of the position of the light spot, with zero output for the light spot in the center, reversing in sign when the light spot changes from one side to the other of the center position. The linearity is better than 1.5 per cent over a distance of .030 inches. The equivalent noise resistance of the cell is equal to its output resistance, approximately 100 ohms. The sensitivity of the cell is approximately 200 microamperes per lumen and its frequency response is about the same as that of junction transistors. The response curve can be shifted electronically, constituting an electronic equivalent to a mechanical movement of the cell. Also, a square wave applied to the junction gives an electronic equivalent to a light chopper. Some applications are suggested.
Two locations for negation: Evidence from Kashmiri

Kashmiri has two structural positions for negation: a high position associated with focus and a low position associated with tense. In verb second environments, the difference between these two positions is neutralized on the surface and irrespective of the location where negation is generated, it appears as a suffix on the finite verb. But in non-verb second environments such as conditionals and correlatives the two negations can be teased apart. In these environments, the high negation appears as a suffix on material such as relative phrases and the conditional marker while the low negation appears as a suffix on the finite verb. The high vs. low distinction has semantic implications: in certain environments where the negation is arguably ‘expletive’, negation can only be high.
The impact of color in the e‐commerce marketing of fashions: an exploratory study

As the number of Internet purchases of fashion items increases, the problem of inaccurate color representation on the Web becomes more significant. Color inaccuracy has many negative consequences for marketers, including loss of sales, increased returns and complaints, and customer defections. This research reports the findings of a survey conducted as part of an initial investigation into consumer opinions about fashion merchandise purchasing over the Internet. Results indicate that companies are losing customers and sales as a result of having colors on e‐commerce sites that do not accurately represent the actual colors of the products being sold. Increased dissatisfaction on the part of consumers leads to greater costs in both customer service and reverse logistics. Further, a majority of the respondents indicated that they would not make additional purchases from an e‐tailer if they received items in colors different than they expected. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research.
Comparison of some monoacidic organophosphorus esters as lanthanide-actinide extractors and separators☆

Abstract Comparison of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP), 2-ethylhexyl phenylphosphonic acid (HEH[ΦP], and 1-methylheptyl phenylphosphonic acid (HMeH[ΦP] in an aliphatic and an aromatic diluent as intragroup separating agents for trivalent lanthanides and actinides shows some important advantages of HMeH[ΦP]. In extractive power, HMeH[ΦP] is intermediate to the other compounds. In several separations systems HMeH[ΦP] is at least twice as effective as HDEHP and significantly better than HEH[ΦP] for separation of tracer-level Eu from Ce, and its advantage for separating Cf from Cm is nearly as great. Neither of the phosphonic acids is suitable for separating natural lanthanides at the usual high concentrations because of solubility limitations. Extractions of these elements frequently deviate from the theoretical third-power dependence on extractant concentration and inverse third-power dependence on acid concentration. Extractant concentration dependence varies with extractant and diluent. Acid concentration dependence varies somewhat with extractant and diluent, and much more with element and aqueous acid. A process which has been used successfully for separating Cf from Cm is based on extraction by an aliphatic solution of HDEHP from HCl. More effective separation can be obtained with HMeH[ΦP]. With HEH[ΦP] oor HMeH[ΦP], HNO 3 can be substituted for HCl, giving a separation superior to that with the HDEHP-HCl system, provided that solubility limitations are not exceeded.
Shunting of Track Circuit in a Polyphase System of Continuous Inductive Train Control

Investigations into shunting of train control track circuits have been made in the field under operating conditions by observing the operation of the primary relay on a locomotive as a train runs into a track circuit in which there is a train ahead or an open switch and similar data have been obtained on the performance of the relay on trains in regular service. It is intended in this paper to present a method for predetermining the shunting characteristics of train control track circuits. The system discussed is a polyphase system of continuous inductive train control with cab signals employed on double tracked steam roads. Curves are given which describe shunting conditions in train control track circuits and data are also given for comparison describing the shunting of the track relay on the same sections of track.