cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photonic Wireless Links for 5G Broadband Access Networks

This paper presents a real-time demonstration of all-optical broadband photonic wireless downlink and uplink transmissions at the K-band with data rates of 16-Gb/s and 4 to 12-Gb/s, respectively. The experimental configuration is comprised of optical fiber and RF wireless channel with a successful transmission and detection of 4 GHz 16-quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) wireless signals at 25 GHz over 2-m of wireless distance in the downlink using photonic heterodyning of a low noise monolithic quantum dash (QD) passively mode-locked laser (MLL), whereas in the uplink, a single wavelength laser is employed together with an optical intensity modulator to transmit 4/16/64-QAM signals with 2 GHz bandwidth. For both downlink and uplink, error vector magnitude (EVM) of lower than the standard requirements of 17.5%, 12.5% and 8% is achieved for 4, 16, and 64-QAM signals, respectively.
The Material Life of Roman Slaves

The Material Life of Roman Slaves is a major contribution to scholarly debates on the archaeology of Roman slavery. Rather than regarding slaves as irretrievable in archaeological remains, the book takes the archaeological record as a key form of evidence for reconstructing slaves' lives and experiences. Interweaving literature, law, and material evidence, the book searches for ways to see slaves in the various contexts - to make them visible where evidence tells us they were in fact present. Part of this project involves understanding how slaves seem irretrievable in the archaeological record and how they are often actively, if unwittingly, left out of guidebooks and scholarly literature. Individual chapters explore the dichotomy between visibility and invisibility and between appearance and disappearance in four physical and social locations - urban houses, city streets and neighborhoods, workshops, and villas.
Legislaturas reactivas y presidentes proactivos en América Latina

Las legislaturas democrdticas se insertan en el proceso de toma de decisiones segOn tres modalidades basicas: una modalidad generativa, por la cual dichas legislaturas forman y remueven gobiernos y, a su vez, que cargan con la responsabilidad principal de la toma de decisiones; una modalidad proactiva, por la cual propician y sancionan sus propias propuestas legislativas; y una modalidad reactiva, por la cual enmiendan y/ o vetan las propuestas del ejecutivo. Los parlamentos europeos son los principales ejemplos de legislaturas generativas/reactivas; el congreso de Estados Unidos y las camaras de los estados norteamericanos Io son de legislaturas proactivas/reactivas. En America Latina, Io tipico es que las legislaturas no puedan remover de su cargo a los presidentes que les disgustan y carezcan de recursos para generar sus propias propuestas. Por Io tanto, no son ni generativas ni proactivas, sino meramente reactivas.
OFDM transmitter power amplifier and PAR reduction performance: measurement and simulation

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is known to exhibit high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR), which may limit the average transmitted power output from a nonlinear power amplifier (PA). We evaluate spectral regrowth and bit-error-rate (BER) performance characteristics when applying OFDM PAR reduction techniques, while integrated to a fixed output level "class A" transmit amplifier. Any potential degradation resulting from the transmitter baseband-to-IF conversion and PA, and the receiver IF-to-baseband conversion, is represented. Through proper modeling of the transmitter PA characteristics, and the transmitter-receiver conversion processes, the transmitted spectrum can be predicted using simulation with remarkable agreement to actual measurements. The complete software defined radio transceiver model demonstrates the expected BER degradations at various PA input backoff operating points. A promising solution to increase the average transmitted power using PAR reduction based on Tellado's method (Tellado, J. and Cioffi, J.M., ANSI Document T1E1.4, Technical Subcommittee no.97-367, 98-083; ITU, Q4/15, no.D-150; Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Inf. Theory, p.191, 1998) is presented. A 2.1 dB improvement in input back off (IBO) of the PA is demonstrated.
Japanese multinationals in Asia : capabilities and motivations

Using a specially designed survey, the authors identify the characteristics of Japanese firms likely to invest world wide and in key Asian countries and country characteristics associated with Japanese investment in Asia. Investment abroad is related negatively to research and development (R&D) undertaken but positively to export propensity, indicating that the intangible assets conducive to foreign investment derive not from research but from marketing networks and production skills. Among the foreign investors, those investing in Asia are less prone to R&D. They are also less export-oriented, suggesting that Asian Investment is not driven by trade barriers, unlike investment in the United States and Europe. Firms investing in Asia look to the human capital of the host, though interest in low wages expands the greater and more diverse the investment. The behavior of competitors is a strong guide to the direction of investment. Whether earnings can be repatriated is the factor most conducive to foreign investment, although its importance declines as a firm gains experience in a country.
Single-chip 1062 Mbaud CMOS transceiver for serial data communication

This work implements the media independent functions specified in the emerging ANSI fibre channel standard at 1062.5 Mbaud. Integrated onto a single CMOS chip are: two phase-locked loops (PLL) for clock generation and clock recovery, a selectable 1B or 2B parallel interface with corresponding multiplexer and demultiplexer for parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion, word alignment logic for byte synchronization, 8B/l0B coder and decoder, and high-speed differential CMOS PECL drivers and receivers for the serial I/O. The chip measures 3.9/spl times/4.5 mm/sup 2/ with 100 I/O and dissipates 1.2 W at 1062 Mbaud with a 3.6 V supply. This design achieves higher-speed operation than previous CMOS work with similar integration, and lower power dissipation with higher integration than bipolar implementations at comparable speeds.
Role of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of a recently rediscovered pharmacological agent which has broad clinical implications. 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) [fig. 1] has recently been shown to be highly effective for the treatment of occupational plumbism (Graziano et al. 1985). A study still in progress indicates that it is also extremely potent as a drug for childhood lead intoxication (Graziano et al. 1986). The drug is orally active, relatively specific for the heavy metals, rapidly eliminated and appears to lack serious adverse effects at clinically effective doses. Furthermore, numerous pre-clinical studies indicate that dimercaptosuccinic acid should offer a safe and effective means of treating other heavy metal poisonings.
Weighted primary trait analysis for computer program evaluation

In this paper, we describe the rationale for and development of a weighted primary trait analysis tool for the evaluation of student programming assignments. Primary trait analysis, an effective evaluation tool used extensively in the liberal arts community, defines a number of specific criteria or traits to be evaluated along with specific measures of performance for each trait. Our work combines this approach with a weighting system that assigns relative weights to the various criteria. The model has been implemented in a spreadsheet and has been used successfully in grading programming assignments at various levels in our curriculum.
Simulation and optimization in production planning: a case study

Abstract This paper reports on a practical decision support system (DSS) for production planning, developed for a Dutch company. To evaluate this DSS, a simulation model is built. Moreover, the DSS has 15 control variables which are to be optimized. The effects of these 15 variables are investigated, using a sequence of 2 k − p experimental designs. Originally 28 response variables were distinguished. These 28 variables, however, can be reduced to one criterion variable, namely productive machine hours, which is to be maximized, and one commercial variable measuring lead times, which must satisfy a certain side-condition. For this optimization problem the Steepest Ascent technique is applied to the experimental design outcomes. The resulting Response Surface Methodology is developed theoretically. In practice a number of complication arise.
Introduction to Real-Time Imaging

From the Publisher: "An invaluable source for both imaging and software engineers, this practical guide thoroughly covers information in real-time systems, imaging, optimization, algorithms and hardware for image processing. You'll gain a comprehensive knowledge of the structure, computation, and application of the fundamental algorithms necessary to get the most out of your imaging technology.Topics covered include:*Basic hardware architecture*Linear and non-linear image processing algorithms*Efficient algorithms*Optimization techniques*Programming languages*Hardware architectures*Choosing a processor, and more!"
Fetal cervical teratoma as a cause of polyhydramnios

The production and removal of amniotic fluid has been the subject of much speculation and investigation. Excessive amounts of amniotic fluid occur in less than one-half of 1% of all pregnancies and the etiology is frequently unknown.1 Fetal malformations are associated with polyhydramnios in 20% to 40% of cases.1,2 In view of this, it is important for obstetricians and pediatricians to attempt to identify the presence of fetal anomalies through radiographic and sonographic investigation before delivery, as this information may modify obstetrics management, or facilitate pediatric and surgical care. An unusual cause of polyhydramnios is fetal cervical teratoma.3,4 The present case is reported to demonstrate that polyhydramnios can be investigated prenatally. Additionally, the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of cervical teratoma are reviewed. CASE REPORT A 25-year-old, Latin American woman, gravida 4, para 2, aborta 1, at 36 weeks of gestation was referred for the evaluation of polyhydramnios. The patient had noticed an increase in abdominal girth which had occurred rapidly over the two weeks before admission and led to a shortness of breath. On sonographic examination a marked excess in amniotic fluid was identified and the fetal biparietal diameter was 95 mm; fetal anomalies could not be detected. To relieve the mother9s respiratory discomfort amniocentesis was done on two separate occasions and 3,800 ml of amniotic fluid was removed slowly. In order to evaluate fetal swallowing and gastrointestinal tract patency, 30 ml of 50% sodium-diatrizoate (Hypaque) were injected transabdominally into the amniotic sac. On a radiograph taken 12 hours later, the amniotic fluid was radiopaque, but no contrast material was identified in the fetal gastrointestinal tract.
Tritium technology review

The methods used in recovering, containing and controlling tritium in fusion reactor systems are the subject of the paper. Safety, cost, and breeding needs for tritium control are outlined.
E-cadherin mediated cell adhesion recruits SAP97 into the cortical cytoskeleton

Members of the SAP family of synapse-associated proteins have recently emerged as central players in the molecular organization of synapses. In this study, we have examined the mechanism that localizes one member, SAP97, to sites of cell-cell contact. Utilizing epithelial CACO-2 cells and fibroblast L-cells as model systems, we demonstrate that SAP97 is associated with the submembranous cortical cytoskeleton at cell-cell adhesion sites. Furthermore, we show that its localization into this structure is triggered by E-cadherin. Although SAP97 can be found in an E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complex, this interaction seems to be mediated by the attachment of SAP97 to the cortical cytoskeleton. Our results are consistent with a model in which SAP97 is recruited to sites of cell-cell contact via an E-cadherin induced assembly of the cortical cytoskeleton.
Educational Assessment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa PakistanΓÇÖs North-West Frontier Province: Practices, Issues, and Challenges for Educating Culturally Linguistically Diverse and Exceptional Children

This article presents the case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), PakistanΓCOs former North-West Frontier Province, and its provincial educational assessment policies and practices.┬a These policies and practices affect millions of Culturally Linguistically Diverse and Exceptional (CLDE) children who live in rural and remote areas, and areas afflicted by conflict and insurgency. The article raises questions about political interference, ethical conduct, and fairness in the administration and marking of the assessments. It discusses efforts for systematic administration and collection of learning assessment data, teacher professional development programs to improve assessment practices, policies which address the educational needs of the diverse students in the province, and challenges and barriers to province-wide sustainable education development. In conclusion, the author offers suggestions and recommendations for policy makers and education stakeholders towards capacity building and improvement of assessment practices for all learners while it attempts to shed light and dispel misconceptions about KP and its people.┬a
Clinical Assessment of Three Common Tests for Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Lesions

BackgroundThree tests (active compression, anterior slide, and compression rotation) are commonly used to diagnose superior labral anterior-posterior lesions.HypothesisWe hypothesized that the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for these tests was less than that previously reported and that a click in the shoulder during manipulation was not specific for the study lesion.Study DesignCase-control study.MethodsThe three tests were performed on 426 patients who subsequently underwent shoulder arthroscopy. The results of physical examination were compared with the arthroscopic findings and analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy.ResultsAt arthroscopy, 39 patients had type II to IV lesions (study group); the remaining 387 patients had type I lesion or no lesion (control group). The incidences of positive results were not statistically different between the groups (P > 0.05). Our findings were as follows: most sensitive test, activ...
The Bottom up Journey of “Defamation of Religion” from Muslim States to the United Nations: A Case Study of the Migration of Anti-Constitutional Ideas

This chapter is intended to elaborate on the existing academic literature addressing the migration of constitutional ideas. Through an examination of ongoing efforts to enshrine “defamation of religion” as a violation of international human rights, the author confirms that the phenomenon of migration is not restricted to positive constitutional norms, but rather also encompasses negative ideas that ultimately may serve to undermine international and domestic constitutionalism. More specifically, the case study demonstrates that the movement of anti-constitutional ideas is not restricted to the domain of “international security” law, and further, that the vertical axis linking international and domestic law is in fact a two-way channel that permits the transmission of domestic anti-constitutional ideas up to the international level. In reaching the findings presented herein, the chapter also adds to the universalism–relativism debate by demonstrating that allowances for “plurality consciousness” on the international level may in certain instances undermine fundamental norms previously negotiated and accepted as authoritative by the international community. From this perspective, the movement in favor of prohibiting “defamation of religion” is not merely a case study that helps to expand our understanding of how anti-constitutional ideas migrate, but also indicative of a reenergized campaign to challenge the status, content, and stability of universal human rights norms.
Validity and Interrater Reliability of a Regional Mock Oral Board Examination

Background There have been decreasing pass rates recently on the American Board of Surgery Certifying Examination (ABSCE). General surgery residents from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, the West Penn Allegheny Health System, the Conemaugh Health System, and Mercy Hospital participate in a mock oral board examination, which is similar to the ABSCE. The aims of the study are to compare examinee performance on the mock oral boards with the ABSCE and to evaluate the interrater reliability of examiner pairs. Methods In this retrospective study from 2003 to 2010, outcomes on the mock oral boards and the first attempt of the ABSCE for chief residents were compared for the 4 regional residency programs. Interrater reliability for examiner pairs was evaluated with agreement and kappa statistics. Nonparametric statistics were performed, with α = 0.05. Results A total of 32 of 38 (84.2%) chief residents passed the mock oral boards. The median score for each of the 3 rooms was 6 (clear pass). A total of 37 of 38 (97.4%) residents passed the ABSCE. The sensitivity of the mock oral boards was 83.8%, with a positive predictive value of 96.9%, and an accuracy of 81.6%. A total of 25 of 47 (53.2%) examiner pairs were from the same residency institution, whereas 22 of 47 (46.8%) were from different institutions. The median agreement was 100% (interquartile range (IQR) [100% - 100%]). The median kappa statistic was 1.00 (IQR [0.38-1.00]). The Mann-Whitney U tests showed no difference in agreement or kappa for examiner pairs from the same or from different institutions (p> 0.05). Conclusions The mock oral boards have substantial sensitivity and positive predictive value in relation to the ABSCE. There are also very high levels of interrater agreement and interrater reliability. This regional mock oral board examination is valuable for ABSCE preparation.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: An Oncologic Complication

Objectives: To review the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Data sources: Journal articles, research studies, and book chapters relating to complications of lung cancer and SVCS. Conclusion: Lung cancer is the most common malignancy associated with SVCS. The onset of symptoms may be gradual or rapid. Treatment of SVCS is based on the etiology and histologic diagnosis. Implications for nursing practice: Major considerations in the nursing care of patients with SVCS include recognition of high-risk patients, facilitation and coordination of diagnostic procedures, assessment of respiratory, cardiac and neurologic systems, administration of therapy, provision of emotional and psychosocial support, and patient education.
Validated numerical modeling of galvanic corrosion of zinc and aluminum coatings

Abstract A time-dependent finite element model was developed to simulate the corrosion of zinc and aluminum coatings, galvanically coupled to a mild steel substrate in deaerated 0.01 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The simulations of galvanic corrosion for each of the coatings were compared to experimental measurements of open circuit potential, and changes in coating geometry measured via surface profilometry. Good agreement between the model predictions and corrosion tests were observed initially for both coatings. However, in the case of the zinc coating, divergence was observed between the simulation and the corrosion test after approximately 40 min, due to a decrease in the reactivity of the zinc surface.
Plankton associations and related factors in a hypereutrophic lake

Cluster analysis was used to group samples collected from ten stations in Moses Lake, Washington, according to the similarity of their contained algal species. During the period 1968 to 1970, nine recurring distinct sample groups, or algal populations, were identified. Of the nine, three were most distinct; they consistently recurred at the same stations, and were dominated by diatom, green, and blue-green algae, respectively. Of the six species of blue-greens that characterized that population, the recreationally nuisance forms,Aphanizomenon flos-aquae andMicrocystis aeruginosa, were dominant. The blue-green population was the most widespread in the lake and occurred in waters that were warmest and contained the lowest concentrations of inorganic nutrients: N, P, and C. Green algae dominated in waters that received treated sewage effluent and contained relatively high concentrations of nutrients. As the nutrient content declined when proceeding away from that area, blue-green algae became dominant. Temporal variation in biomass (chlorophyll content) of the blue-green population was inversely related to phosphate content, but not to the other nutrients. These results support the hypothesis that nuisance blue-green algae dominate in shallow eutrophic lakes during warm summer months when ambient nutrient content is low because, under these conditions, they apparently out-compete other forms for nutrients. In shallow unstable eutrophic lakes like Moses Lake, the nutrient supply rate from sediments may be considered great although ambient concentrations are low which allow the dominating blue-green population to reach a large biomass, e. g., maximums as high as 300 µg l−1 chlorophyll were observed. Because correlation analysis andin situ bioassays showed that biomass of blue-green algae was most closely related to inorganic phosphate even at times when nitrate was very low and invariable, we suggest that phosphorus availability is most critical to biomass formation. Control of ambient phosphorus content, therefore, would be most apt to result in a reduction in maximum biomass of the blue-greens. Phosphorus control would be unlikely to alter algal dominance in this shallow lake, however, since blue-greens seem to be generally favored over other populations by reduction in nutrient concentration during warm weather.
Balance between Coulombic interactions and physical confinement in silica hydrogel encapsulation.

We examined the behavior of various entrapped guest molecules within silica hydrogel and evaluated the effect of Coulombic interactions and physical confinement on molecular mobility. Although rhod...
Rapid identification of efficient target cleavage sites using a hammerhead ribozyme library in an iterative manner

A major limitation to the effectiveness of ribozymes is definition of accessible sites in targeted RNAs. Although library selection procedures have been developed, they are generally difficult to perform and have not been widely employed. Here we describe a selection technology that utilizes a randomized, active hammerhead ribozyme (Rz) library in an iterative manner. After two rounds of binding under inactive conditions, the selected, active Rz library is incubated with target RNA, and the sites of cleavage are identified on sequencing gels. We performed this library-selection protocol using human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 mRNA as target and constructed Rz targeted to the identified sites. Rz targeted to sites identified with this procedure were generally highly active in vitro and, more importantly, they were highly active in cell culture, whereas their catalytically inactive counterparts were not. This protocol can be used to identify a set of potential target sites within a relatively short time.
Laser-Excited Rotation–Vibration Raman Scattering in Ultra-Small Gas Samples*

The focused beam of an argon–ion laser was used as a light source for Raman-scattering experiments in gases. Photoelectric recording of rotation–vibration Raman spectra has been observed from about 1011 gas molecules in the focal region of the laser beam. The focusing geometry used to illuminate the gas samples is discussed and the important parameters of the optical system for collecting the Raman-scattered light from the small volumes are considered. The pulse-counting detection system is described and the new experimental results are presented.
Null Test for Wright Telescope Mirrors

The Wright telescope is a variation of the Schmidt design which uses a corrector plate at the focus and whose primary mirror is an oblate spheroid. A null test for the mirror is described, which is a modification of the Foucault test, and which makes use of the properties of a particular reference ellipse.
A single source transportation algorithm

Abstract A single source transportation problem is an ordinary transportation problem with the additional requirement that the entire demand at each demand location be supplied from a single supply location. It is a special case of Ross and Soland's generalized assignment problem. Such problems occur frequently in applications. This paper gives two heuristic solution methods and a branch and bound algorithm for solving single source transportation problems. A discussion of the branching rules, variable fixing rules and the computation of weak lower bounds is given. Computational experience with the solution of randomly generated problems having up to 40,000 integer variables is reported.
pH-dependence of the free energy gap between DQA and D+Q-A determined from delayed fluorescence in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26

Abstract The pH dependence of the redox midpoint potential of the QA/Q−A couple in isolated reaction centers from Rb. sphaeroides (Maroti, P. and Wraight, C.A. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 934, 329–347) is about 3-times larger than predicted from the proton uptake by DQ−A (preceding reference and McPherson, P.H., Okamura, M.Y and Feher, G. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 934, 348–368). To investigate the cause of this discrepancy, we have determined from the delayed fluorescence of reaction centers the pH dependence (7.0
Flexibility in Anaerobic Metabolism as Revealed in a Mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Lacking Hydrogenase Activity

The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a network of fermentation pathways that become active when cells acclimate to anoxia. Hydrogenase activity is an important component of this metabolism, and we have compared metabolic and regulatory responses that accompany anaerobiosis in wild-type C. reinhardtii cells and a null mutant strain for the HYDEF gene (hydEF-1 mutant), which encodes an [FeFe] hydrogenase maturation protein. This mutant has no hydrogenase activity and exhibits elevated accumulation of succinate and diminished production of CO2 relative to the parental strain during dark, anaerobic metabolism. In the absence of hydrogenase activity, increased succinate accumulation suggests that the cells activate alternative pathways for pyruvate metabolism, which contribute to NAD(P)H reoxidation, and continued glycolysis and fermentation in the absence of O2. Fermentative succinate production potentially proceeds via the formation of malate, and increases in the abundance of mRNAs encoding two malateforming enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and malic enzyme, are observed in the mutant relative to the parental strain following transfer of cells from oxic to anoxic conditions. Although C. reinhardtii has a single gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase, it has six genes encoding putative malic enzymes. Only one of the malic enzyme genes, MME4, shows a dramatic increase in expression (mRNA abundance) in the hydEF-1 mutant during anaerobiosis. Furthermore, there are marked increases in transcripts encoding fumarase and fumarate reductase, enzymes putatively required to convert malate to succinate. These results illustrate the marked metabolic flexibility of C. reinhardtii and contribute to the development of an informed model of anaerobic metabolism in this and potentially other algae.
Electrokinetic instability in microchannel flows: A review

Abstract Electrokinetic instability is a microscale instability observed during the development of electrokinetic microfluidic applications, and is induced by an interaction between the electric field and fluid motion. In this brief review, the basic mechanism as well as the various aspects of this instability are summarized. These include the effects of field alignment, electroosmotic velocity (convective and absolute instability), channel dimension, periodic forcing, and multiple-species. A brief discussion on the applications of the instability is also presented.
Correlation between life expectancy, flightlessness and actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in the housefly, Musca domestica.

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine if actomyosin ATPase activity in flight muscles is correlated with life expectancy of houseflies. All houseflies lose flying ability before death which permits the identification of shorter-lived flightless ‘crawlers’ from their longer-lived cohorts, the ‘fliers’. Life expectancy of crawlers is about one-third shorter than that of the fliers. Flying performance of houseflies, as measured by the total duration of flying activity during 1 h periods, average duration of flights and the number of rest stops, was highest at 4 days of age and declined thereafter. Actomyosin ATPase activity was higher in the fliers than in the crawlers of the same age. Abolition of flight, by surgical removal of wings at 1 day of age, had no effect on the enzyme activity. Results are interpreted to suggest that actomyosin ATPase activity is correlated with physiological rather than chronological age of flies.
Simulation analysis on policy interaction effects between emission trading and renewable energy subsidy

Greenhouse gas emission regulation and renewable energy promotion policies have been implemented in many countries. Yet these two kinds of regulation policies have complex interactions between each other, and can either enhance or reduce the overall emission reduction efficiency. If not well tuned, these regulation policies may deviate from their original intention and lead to unnecessary social cost. Hence, the policy effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and dynamic efficiency of different policy mixtures between emission trading and renewable energy subsidy are studied based on a novel dynamic simulation platform of power economy and power system. Simulation results show that these two kinds of regulation policy can coexist, but a good coordination between the emission trading and the renewable energy subsidy can achieve better emission reduction outcomes.
Histories of Mistrust and Protectionism: Disadvantaged Minority Groups and Human-Subject Research Policies

Rosamond Rhodes' evaluation of modern American research ethics emphasizes a need to shift from a protectionist understanding of human subjects to one that focuses more on the conduct of research in...
Postscript: Urban Schools, Accountability, and Equity: Insights Regarding NCLB and Reform

As the postscript for this special issue of Education and Urban Society, this article considers the struggles urban schools report confronting as they implement standards-based reform and high stakes testing and discusses the implications these challenge have for future accountability policy aimed at promoting educational equity. Among the issues for future policy to consider with Race to the Top and the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act include the need for adequate resources to develop capacity among school personnel to aid with instructional reform. However, there are three factors that may derail the future effectiveness of accountability policy in urban schools. First, the ongoing federal deficit may limit the availability of resources needed to improve teacher practice. Second, the use of teacher evaluation may cause a narrow focus on tested subjects. Third, the limiting beliefs of teachers may restrict the organizational change within urban schools.
Metal Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of Surfactant-Modified Clay Complexes

Several modified clays have been designed and created for selective removal and recovery of heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Cr, etc. These surfactant−clay complexes were prepared using hectorite or montmorillonite as the base clay. A simple two-step approach has been developed to synthesize these modified-clay complexes through ion exchange and hydrophobic anchoring of several surfactants such as long-chain alkyldiamines, long-chain dialkylamines, and long-chain carboxylic acids onto the clay matrices. The adsorption capacities and affinity constants of the modified clays can be found to approach those of commercial chelating resin (Chelex 100, Bio-Rad). Using cadmium as a model metal and montmorillonite−cetylbenzyldimethylammonium−palmitic acid (M−CBDA−PA) as a model modified-clay complex, the maximum adsorption capacity of the modified clay is found to be 42 ± 0.8 mg/g of clay and the affinity constant is 3.0 ± 0.1 mg/L. The metal adsorption has been shown to be mainly through chemical complexation rather ...
Existence and non-existence of positive solutions of the scalar field system in R n , I

Letn > 3 andΩ be either the entire spaceRn or a Euclidean ball in Rn. Consider the following boundary value problem $$\{ _{\Delta v - u + u^q = 0,}^{\Delta u - v + v^p = 0,} u,v > 0, x \in \Omega $$ (I) with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary data (replaced byu, v → 0 as ¦x¦ → ∞ when Ω=Rn), where p > 1 and q > 1. In this paper, we investigate the question of existence and non-existence of solutions of (I) and prove that (I) admits a solution if and only if $$\frac{1}{{p + 1}} + \frac{1}{{q + 1}} > \frac{{n - 2}}{n}$$ . The existence on a ball and onRn are established by a variational approach and an approximation argument respectively. The Pohozaev identity is used to show non-existence onRn.
Augmented-plane-wave calculation of indirect-exchange matrix elements for gadolinium

The exchange matrix elements between a local $4f$ moment and the conduction electrons (Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida exchange) have been calculated for paramagnetic gadolinium metal using nonrelativistic augmented-plane-wave wave functions. The magnitude of the matrix elements is found to be largest for $d$-like conduction electrons and is quite sensitive to their angular distribution. Because of band crossings, which cause rapid changes in wave-function character, the matrix elements cannot be well described as slowly varying functions of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}={\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$.
Slip line solutions, deformation mode and loading history during equal channel angular extrusion

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is analyzed by the slip line method. Full solutions are considered in function of contact friction, backpressure and tool design. It is shown that variations in boundary conditions have a moderate effect on equivalent strains but the strain distribution depends noticeably on friction uniformity and the channel geometry. The characteristic deformation mode corresponds to single shear or to sequence of shears along slip lines. The processing mechanics plays an especially important role in the loading history of material elements. During one pass, monotonic loading is realized only in the cases of zero and maximum friction. For intermediate friction, the deformation history is composed by cross loading into three divergent directions. Multi pass ECAE via different routes is linked with a grain refinement mechanism under severe plastic deformation.
Event Counting of Partially-Observed Discrete-Event Systems with Uniformly and Nonuniformly Bounded Diagnosis Delays

We present an approach dealing with repeated fault events in the framework of model-based monitoring of discrete-event systems (DES). Various notions of diagnosability reported in the literature deal with uniformly bounded finite detection of counting delays over all faulty behaviors (uniform delays for brevity). The situation where the diagnosability notion of interest fails to hold under a given observation configuration leads typically to the deployment of more observational devices (e.g., sensors), which may be costly or infeasible. As an alternative to the additional deployment of observational devices, one might want to relax the uniformity of delays, while delays remain finite. To this end, we introduce a notion of diagnosability characterized with nonuniformly bounded finite counting delays (nonuniform counting delays for brevity), where finite delay bounds can vary on faulty behaviors. To evaluate the introduced notion of diagnosability with nonuniform counting delays, a polynomial-time verification algorithm is developed. Notably, the developed verification technique can readily be modified to construct a computationally superior verification algorithm for diagnosability under uniformly bounded finite counting delays (uniform counting delays for brevity) as compared to an algorithm previously reported in the literature. We also develop a novel on-line event counting algorithm that improves the time and space complexities of the currently available algorithms for the counting of special events.
Abnormal Right Ventricular Myocardial Strain Generation in Mild Pulmonary Hypertension

BACKGROUND Although right ventricular (RV) dyssynchrony has been identified in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension due to significant RV enlargement and compromise in systolic function, a more clinically relevant question pertains to RV mechanical properties in patients with mild elevation in pulmonary artery systolic pressures (PASP). METHODS Several echocardiographic parameters and peak longitudinal strain were measured in 40 patients and divided into two groups of 20 patients based on their PASP. RESULTS Group I included 20 individuals (mean age 48 +/- 16 years with a mean PASP of 27 +/- 5 mmHg) and Group II included 20 patients (mean age 63 +/- 14 years with a mean PASP of 49 +/- 7 mmHg.) All time intervals were adjusted for heart rate. RV fractional area change and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion for Group I (62 +/- 12% and 2.74 +/- 0.56 cm) and Group II (49 +/- 14%; P < 0.02 and 2.09 +/- 0.40; P < 0.002) were both normal. However, Group II had lower peak longitudinal RV free wall (RVF) strain (-27.3 +/- 7.1 % vs. -31.9 +/- 8.7%, P < 0.04), longer time to peak RVF strain (448 +/- 57 ms vs. 411 +/- 43 ms; P < 0.03) and evidence of significant RV dyssynchrony (-83 +/- 55 ms vs. 1 +/- 17 ms, P < 0.00001) in contrast to Group I. CONCLUSION In conclusion, mild elevations in PASP affect the mechanical properties of the RV and result in RV dyssynchrony despite absence of gross abnormalities in RV size or function.
A para/professional approach to restructuring engineering education

Engineering education is beset by many of the same challenges that have affected American industry. Much has been recommended and implemented to improve engineering education. However, the traditional structure of engineering education remains, even though current exigencies require a fundamental restructuring. A Para/Professional Model is proposed in this paper as an alternative to the traditional structure; it serves to mitigate the growing cost of education, to overcome the declining quality of high school graduates, to meet the growing need for professional engineers, and to enhance the link between research and engineering education. While the proposed Para/Professional Model is consistent with those advocating a five–year engineering higher education program leading to a Master's degree, it is novel in that it suggests formally breaking up the program into a two–year and a three–year component, leading, respectively, to a para–engineering degree and a professional (i.e. Master's) degree. Further, the para/professional approach is responsive to the needs of the 21st century and should enhance the engineering profession and raise the self–esteem of US engineers.
Lists and Stories as OrganizationaI Communication

This article examines how two communication types, lists and stories, structure organizations and claims that all organizational communication is composed of these two types. The list is rooted in science and presented as a formula for action leading to controllable outcomes. It represents standards, accountability, and certainty. Conversely, the story is romantic, humorous, tragic, and dramatic. It unfolds sequentially, with overlays, pockets of mystery, and the addition or deletion of performers. This article posits lists and stories as the central ingredients of organizational communication and suggests that their ratio, rate, and order of occurrence are problems for research and theory. It reaffirms the list as organizational communication and elevates the story to a position equal to the list. Lists are technical communication, progressive, public; and once shared they extend a power base. Stories are communications about personal experience told in everyday discourse. They reject local knowledge, give coherence to group subcultures, change over time. and contain multiple voices. The lists and stories thesis contributes to organizational communication by providing another avenue for considering structuration. The contrasting qualities of lists and stories direct focus to the question of how individuals organize. How much structure and variety are there and how much are culturally optimal?
Functional Escherichia coli 23S rRNAs Containing Processed and Unprocessed Intervening Sequences from Salmonella Typhimurium

We have introduced the intervening sequence (IVS) from 23S rRNA of the rrnD operon of Salmonella typhimurium into the equivalent position of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA. Salmonella typhimurium 23S rRNA is fragmented due to the RNase III-dependent removal of the approximately 100 nt stem-loop structure that comprises the IVS. In this study, we have found that insertion of the S. typhimurium IVS into E. coli 23S rRNA causes fragmentation of the RNA but does not affect ribosome function. Cells expressing the fragmented 23S rRNA exhibited wild-type growth rates. Fragmented RNA was found in the actively translating polysome pool and did not alter the sedimentation profile of ribosomal subunits, 70S ribosomes or polysomes. Finally, hybrid 23S rRNA carrying the A2058G mutation conferred high level erythromycin resistance indistinguishable from that of intact 23S rRNA carrying this mutation. These observations indicate that the presence of this IVS and its removal are phenotypically silent. As observed in an RNase III-deficient strain, processing of the IVS was not required for the production of functional ribosomes.
An Interactive Nesting Algorithm for Stretched Grids and Variable Nesting Ratios

Abstract An existing two-way interactive grid-nesting technique is generalized to accommodate stretched grids and a spatially variable grid-nesting ratio. The new scheme applies the same reversibility constraint and possesses the same scalar and momentum conservation properties as its predecessor. The scheme can be applied in any coordinate direction but was motivated primarily by the common use of vertical grid stretching. The scheme is successfully toted in a simulation of a collapsing cold pool.
Modeling of the Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer an a Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Core With a Computational Fluid Dynamics Code

The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), a promising Generation IV nuclear reactor design, raises many novel technological issues for which new experience and techniques must be developed. This brief study explores a few of these issues, utilizes a computational fluid dynamics code to model some simple phenomena, and points out deficiencies in current knowledge that should be addressed by future research and experimentation. A highly simplified representation of the PBMR core is analyzed with FLUENT, a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. The applied models examine laminar and turbulent flow in the vicinity of a single spherical fuel pebble near the center of the core, accounting for the effects of the immediately adjacent fuel pebbles. Several important fluid flow and heat transfer parameters are examined, including heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, and pressure drop, as well as the temperature, pressure, and velocity profiles near the fuel pebble. The results of these 'unit cell' calculations are also compared to empirical correlations available in the literature. As FLUENT is especially sensitive to geometry during the generation of a computational mesh, the sensitivity of code results to pebble spacing is also examined. The results of this study show that while a PBMR presents amore » novel and complex geometry, a code such as FLUENT is suitable for calculation of both local and global flow characteristics, and can be a valuable tool for the thermal-hydraulic study of this new reactor design. FLUENT results for pressure drop deviate from the Darcy correlation by several orders of magnitude in all cases. When determining the heat transfer coefficient, FLUENT is again much lower than Robinson's correlation. Results for Nusselt number show better agreement, with FLUENT predicting results that are 10 or 20 times as large as those from the Robinson and Lancashire correlations. These differences may arise because the empirical correlations concern mainly integral parameters, while the FLUENT model focuses on local flow behaviors. Local phenomena are significant in the case of local heat transfer characteristics, fine temperature distribution calculations to identify hot spots, and fission product transport phenomena. All of these are important to a safety analysis of the PBMR reactor during normal operation, as well as during transient circumstances, and should be the focus of future research efforts. (authors)« less
Novel recognition mechanisms in biological adhesion

Abstract Molecular recognition is generally thought of in terms of bond formation between unique sites on host and complementary guest molecules, but recent studies have revealed new complexities in biological recognition at cell. Adhesion between cell surfaces similarly involves specific interactions between analogous ligands and receptors. Recent force measurements, however, suggest that cell adhesion proteins may bind via multiple interaction sites that can form in a sequential manner. Other studies further show that in some instances, the principal recognition event may not be receptor–ligand docking, but the assembly of a complex pattern of many receptors and ligands.
CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS AND THORIUM IN PLANTS FROM THE MORRO DO FERRO ENVIRONMENT AS AN INDICATOR FOR THE BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY OF TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS

Plants and soils from a natural thorium and rare-earth element occurrence (Morro do Ferro, Brazil) were analyzed by alpha spectrometry (Th) and ICP-AES (REE), after pre-concentration of the elements by solvent extraction, co-precipitation and ion exchange procedures. Leaching experiments with humic acid solutions and different soils were performed to estimate the fraction of elements biologically available. High concentrations of the light rare-earth elements (LREE) and of Th, reaching some hundreds of μg/g-ash, were measured in plant leaves from the areas of the highest concentration of these elements in soil and in near-surface waters. Chondrite normalized REE plots of plant leaves and corresponding soils are very similar, suggesting that there is no significant fractionation between the REE during uptake from the soil solution and incorporation into the leaves. However, Ce-depletion was observed for some plant species, increasing forSolanum ciliatum in the sequence: leaves<fruits<seeds. Soil to plant concentration ratios (CR's) for Th and the REE, based on the total concentration of these elements in soils, are in the range of 10−3 to 10−2. Leaching experiments confirmed the importance of humic acid complexation for the bio-uptake of Th and REE and further showed that only a very small fraction of these elements in soil is leachable. The implications of these results on the calculated CR's will be discussed.