cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with parenteral nutrition in premature infants.

Sixty-two premature infants less than 2,000 gm birth weight received parenteral nutrition (PN) during periods of respiratory distress with feeding intolerance. Intrahepatic cholestasis (direct bilirubin ≥ 1.5 mg/dl) associated with PN developed in 14 or 23% of these infants. The mean time on PN to onset of cholestasis was 42 days, and the cholestasis persisted as long as the infants continued to receive PN. All five infants who had serial follow-up laboratory studies showed an eventual return of direct bilirubin levels to normal. The direct bilirubin level appeared to be the best clinically available test to monitor for the onset and to follow the resolution of this complication. The very low birth weight infants
Revolutionizing the Newsroom: How Online and Mobile Technologies Have Changed Broadcast Journalism

This study interviewed journalists across the United States in 2013 to find out how online and mobile technologies have changed television journalism in the past decade and what new technologies and trends they expect in the future. Interviews with thirteen television journalists indicate that web presence and mobile apps are getting more important in most cases; the use of others’ digital assets for both television broadcast and the web; use of the Internet and social networking to generate better stories; and an effort to reach out to younger audience. The results of this study also imply the need for journalists to learn new technology, change daily work habits, and adapt to new job requirements in order to maintain job security and succeed in their career.
Molecular and genetic methods for studying mitosis and spindle proteins in Aspergillus nidulans.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the molecular and genetic methods for studying mitosis and spindle proteins in Aspergillus nidulans . The fungus A. nidulans is one of the most promising organisms being used to study the molecular biology of mitosis. The special utility of Aspergillus is that it has a sophisticated and powerful genetic system. A. nidulans is easy to handle using conventional microbiological techniques, and it grows on simple, inexpensive media to high densities, to provide ample material for biochemical analysis. Mitotic index is usually defined as the percentage of nuclei in mitosis, but A. nidulans is coenocytic and nearly all nuclei within a hyphal segment enter mitosis at the same time. Genetic mapping in A. nidulans is usually done in two stages. Mutations are first mapped to linkage group by the parasexual method. Proteins and nucleic acids can be readily labeled in vivo by germinating conidiospores in a liquid minimal medium supplemented for nutritional requirements and containing a radioactively-labeled precursor.
On the estimators and tests for the semiparametric hazards regression model

In the accelerated hazards regression model with censored data, estimation of the covariance matrices of the regression parameters is difficult, since it involves the unknown baseline hazard function and its derivative. This paper provides simple but reliable procedures that yield asymptotically normal estimators whose covariance matrices can be easily estimated. A class of weight functions are introduced to result in the estimators whose asymptotic covariance matrices do not involve the derivative of the unknown hazard function. Based on the estimators obtained from different weight functions, some goodness-of-fit tests are constructed to check the adequacy of the accelerated hazards regression model. Numerical simulations show that the estimators and tests perform well. The procedures are illustrated in the real world example of leukemia cancer. For the leukemia cancer data, the issue of interest is a comparison of two groups of patients that had two different kinds of bone marrow transplants. It is found that the difference of the two groups are well described by a time-scale change in hazard functions, i.e., the accelerated hazards model.
Decreased gas flow through pneumothoraces in neonates receiving high-frequency jet versus conventional ventilation

Eitzmann DV. Platelet dysfunction and coagulopathy in IVH in the premature infant. J PEDIATR 1982;100:599. 17. Setzer ES, Goldberg RN, Ahmed F. Indomethacin induced platelet dysfunction and intracranial hemorrhage in the premature infant. Pediatr Res 1983;17:335A. 18. Szymonwicz W, Yu VYH. Timing and evolution of periventricular haemorrhage in infants weighing 1250 g or less at birth. Arch Dis Child 1984;59:7. 19. Donn SM, Strick KJ. Neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage: evidence of a progressive lesion. J PEDIATR 1981;99:459.
Postdischarge pharmacist medication reconciliation: Impact on readmission rates and financial savings

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of ambulatory clinical pharmacist medication therapy assessment and reconciliation for patients postdischarge in terms of hospital readmission rates, financial savings, and medication discrepancies. Setting Group Health Cooperative (Group Health) in Washington State, from September 2009 through February 2010. Practice description Group Health is a nonprofit integrated group practice and health plan, operating 25 primary care medical centers and 5 specialty centers. Group Health's practice design is a patient-centered medical home model. Practice innovation All patients identified as high risk for readmission were followed by Group Health care management. Patients in care management who received a phone call from a pharmacist 3 to 7 days postdischarge for medication therapy assessment and reconciliation were identified as the medication review group (n = 243). Patients who did not receive clinical pharmacist intervention were included in the comparison group (n = 251). Main outcome measures Readmission rates, financial savings, and medication discrepancies. Results Patients who received medication therapy assessment and reconciliation had decreased readmission rates at 7, 14, and 30 days postdischarge, with statistical significance at 7 and 14 days. Medication review versus comparison readmission rates were as follows: 7 days: 0.8% vs. 4% ( P = 0.01); 14 days: 5% vs. 9% ( P = 0.04); and 30 days: 12% vs. 14% ( P = 0.29). Financial savings for Group Health per 100 patients who received medication reconciliation was an estimated $35,000, translating to more than $1,500,000 in savings annually. Of patients, 80% had at least one medication discrepancy upon discharge. Conclusion Most literature on medication reconciliation evaluates inpatient processes, whereas data on medication reconciliation postdischarge are limited. Our data support the hypothesis that medication assessment and reconciliation by pharmacists 3 to 7 days postdischarge can decrease readmissions and provide cost savings.
Shame, posttraumatic stress disorder, and intimate partner violence perpetration

Drawing from theoretical and empirical literature linking shame to aggression and violence, the authors propose that shame may be an important variable to examine in studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. The authors review the literature linking shame, PTSD, and IPV, propose ideas for future research, and suggest that shame and shame regulation may be a useful target of clinical interventions aimed at violence perpetrators.
English catholicism and the Jesuit mission of 1580–1581

Historians have misunderstood the fundamental nature of the English Jesuit mission of 1580–1. Beginning with A.O. Meyer in 1916 and continuing through John Bossy and Christopher Haigh in the 1970s and 1980s, historians have mistakenly characterized this mission as essentially pastoral. They have admired the Jesuit priests for their personal courage in the face of persecution but have simultaneously criticized them for their inability to sustain English catholicism among the laity. But in fact the mission was fundamentally political in nature, and Robert Parsons in particular hoped to use the mission to return England to the catholic fold, by force if necessary. Parsons's designs on Scotland and on James VI in the early 1580s are especially illuminating in this regard. The English mission failed in this its principal goal, and the exact nature of the missioners' failure must be understood for what it was.
Catastrophic for contaminated chickens, murder on mutant mice: harmful to human hematopoiesis?

Comment on Metcalf et al, page [3480][1]; and Houwerzijl et al, page [3472][2] Point mutations of the transcription factor c-Myb in Mpl -/- mice are associated with excessive and disordered megakaryocytopoiesis, whereas megakaryocyte survival is impaired and necrosis-like programmed cell death can
Effect of chloride ions on the electrochemical performance of LDX 2003 alloy in concrete and simulated concrete-pore solutions

The aim of this work is to study the effect of chloride ions in the performance of LDX 2003 alloy and to characterize the interface formed in simulated concrete and simulated concrete-pore solutions. In order to have a baseline for analyzing LDX 2003 performance, this alloy is compared with two commonly used materials, AISI 1008 and SAE 316L. Electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic scan and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to analyze the qualitative characteristics of the passive layer in four different chloride concentrations for the simulated concrete solutions: 0, 0.05, 0.7, and 3.5 wt%; and four different ratios of [Cl−]/[OH−] for the simulated concrete-pore solution: 0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10. For long-term experimental condition, equivalent circuits analogs were applied and the results were analyzed to describe and quantify meaningful parameters for corrosion performance. The electrochemical techniques are complemented by high resolution techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and 3D optical microscopy.
Thermodynamic analysis of the binding of the polyglutamate chain of 5-formyltetrahydropteroylpolyglutamates to serine hydroxymethyltransferase.

The thermodynamic parameters for the binding of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-H4PteGlun) and its polyglutamate forms to rabbit liver cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) were determined by a combination of isothermal titration calorimetry and spectrophotometry. Binding of 5-CHO-H4PteGlun to SHMT exhibits both positive enthalpy and entropy, showing that binding is entropically driven. 5-CHO-H4PteGlu5 has a 300-fold increased affinity for SHMT compared to 5-CHO-H4PteGlu. This increase in affinity is due primarily to a decrease in the positive enthalpy with little change in entropy. A variety of anions inhibit the binding of 5-CHO-H4PteGlu5 with Ki values in the 10−20 mM range. Anions are ineffective inhibitors of 5-CHO-H4PteGlu binding to SHMT, showing that anions compete for the polyglutamate binding site. There was little difference in the Ki values for a series of dicarboxylic acids as inhibitors of 5-CHO-H4PteGlu5, suggesting that spacing of the negative charges may not be important in det...
Team dynamics in isolated, confined environments - Saturation divers and high altitude climbers

The effects of leadership dynamics and social organization factors on team performance under conditions of high altitude climbing and deep sea diving are studied. Teams of two to four members that know each other well and have a relaxed informal team structure with much sharing of responsibilities are found to do better than military teams with more than four members who do not know each other well and have a formal team structure with highly specialized rules. Professionally guided teams with more than four members, a formally defined team structure, and clearly designated role assignments did better than 'club' teams of more than four members with a fairly informal team structure and little role specialization.
Institutional Arrangements to Improve Water Quality in Irrigated Agriculture 1

Irrigated agriculture is closely linked to water quality problems throughout the western United States. In this paper it is argued that the market failure paradigm is not adequate as an environmental policy guide, especially for water quality problems involving individual irrigators. An alternative stewardship paradigm is developed and applied to nitrate pollution of groundwater in central Nebraska. This paradigm holds that producers are not profit maximizers, that information is imperfect and that producers care enough about the environment to voluntarily substitute some environmental quality for income. The analysis suggests that education can produce significant improvements in environmental quality, and that in some circumstances education may be more effective than regulations or incentive-based strategies.
Suboptimal Controller for a Linearized m-Body Spacecraft

If Eq. (13) is normalized by /, integrated from x large to infinity, expanded into its real and imaginary components, it may be expressed as: K(x)-£(oo)]// (l/(2)7i/cx)[sin [k(n/2)x + n/4] -zcos[/c(7i/2)x + 7r/4]} (19) The amplitude of the oscillation is recognized to be l/(2)7i/cx. This formula is only true for large values of x; however, Fig. 1 indicates very good agreement even for small values of x.
Spectral Properties of Solar Convection and Diffusion

We present the results of a study of the scaling properties of solar photospheric motions. We use time series of Doppler images obtained in good seeing conditions with the San Fernando Observatory 28 cm vacuum telescope and vacuum spectroheliograph in video spectra-spectroheliograph mode. Sixty line-of-sight Doppler images of an area of the quiet Sun near disk center are investigated. They were taken at 60 s intervals over a 1 hr time span at ~2'' resolution.After filtering to remove 5 minute acoustic oscillations, the time-spatial spectrum of the velocity is calculated. To study the turbulence of photospheric flows in the mesogranulation scale range, we estimate two scaling parameters in the spectrum: the exponent of the spatial part of the power spectrum and the exponent governing the scaling of time correlations of each spatial mode. These parameters characterize the type of diffusion involved and the fractal dimension of the diffusion front. Our results indicate that the turbulent diffusion produced by motions in this scale range is not normal diffusion but superdiffusion.
A geodynamic model for Paleoproterozoic post-tectonic magma genesis in the southern Trans-Hudson (Black Hills, South Dakota) and Penokean (southern Lake Superior) orogens

Previous attempts to explain Paleoproterozoic post-tectonic magmatism in the Penokean and southern Trans-Hudson orogens inadequately account for the entire tectonic setting and geologic history of these areas. Key characteristics of post-tectonic plutonism in both orogens include the similar time-lag of emplacement after orogenesis (50–60 m.y.), the close association in both time and space between post-orogenic uplift and intrusion, the depth of emplacement, and the long-lived tectonic quiescence (crustal stabilization) that followed magma emplacement. Post-tectonic magmatism appears closely associated with post-orogenic uplift (collapse) and crustal stabilization. I propose that convective removal of the mantle lithospheric root may best explain post-tectonic magma genesis. Such a model suggests that there is a simple and related evolutionary history that began with construction of the Penokean and southern Trans-Hudson orogens (crustal thickening, metamorphism, plutonism, etc.) and ended with their destruction (crustal thinning, widespread uplift/cooling, plutonism, etc.), thus stabilizing the crust. Post-tectonic plutons may be an indelible mark of orogenic demise, not the culmination of terminal collision. Delamination-magmatism probably played a key role in the differentiation and stabilization of crust after orogenesis and may have promoted its transformation into craton.
Arms Control Orphans

Millions of the assault rifles now in the hands of the world's killers started out as legal weapons.
Loosely coherent searches for sets of well-modeled signals

We introduce a high-performance implementation of a loosely coherent statistic sensitive to signals spanning a finite-dimensional manifold in parameter space. Results from full-scale simulations on Gaussian noise are discussed, as well as implications for future searches for continuous gravitational waves and related searches for slowly modulated signals, such as emitted by radio pulsars. We demonstrate an improvement of more than an order of magnitude in analysis speed over previously available algorithms. As searches for continuous gravitational waves are computationally limited, the large speedup results in gain in sensitivity.
The Role of Radioimmunotherapy with Yttrium- 90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan in the Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is among the newest modalities for treating the diverse neoplasms known as non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). The first RIT agent approved by the US FDA was yttrium-90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan in February 2002. This radioimmunoconjugate consists of the monoclonal IgG1 antibody ibritumomab (the murine parent of rituximab) bound to the chelator tiuxetan and linked by a stable thiourea covalent bond to the β-emitting radionuclide 90Y. RIT with 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan is completed in 7–9 days on an outpatient basis, with only minimal (universal) precautions required. The dosing of 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan is based on patient weight and platelet count, after normal biodistribution with indium-111 ibritumomab tiuxetan has been confirmed. Treatment with 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan has produced high response rates and long-term benefits in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular and low-grade NHL, including those in whom rituximab therapy has failed. Its toxicity is primarily hematologic, with the hematologic nadirs generally occurring at 7–9 weeks after treatment. Severe infections are uncommon, with infrequent need for supportive measures such as administration of growth factors and transfusions of blood components. There is little nonhematologic toxicity with RIT and it is generally related to infusion-associated reactions. Clinical trials are investigating ways of increasing the efficacy of RIT. In particular, using RIT earlier in the course of treatment of NHL appears to be a promising approach and has been shown to produce better results than when it is used later. Ongoing research is needed to maximize the efficacy of RIT and minimize adverse events, with the goal of developing a multimodality approach that combines RIT with other biologic agents and possibly chemotherapy as frontline treatment to improve the outcomes in patients with NHL.
Task-Structures, Knowledge Acquisition and Learning

One of the old saws about learning in AI is that an agent can only learn what it can be told, i.e., the agent has to have a vocabulary for the target structure which is to be acquired by learning. What this vocabulary is, for various tasks, is an issue that is common to whether one is building a knowledge system by learning or by other more direct forms of knowledge acquisition. I long have argued that both the forms of declarative knowledge required for problem solving as well as problem-solving strategies are functions of the problem-solving task and have identified a family of generic tasks that can be used as building blocks for the construction of knowledge systems. In this editorial, I discuss the implication of this line of research for knowledge acquisition and learning.
Capital structure as optimal contracts

Abstract Motivated by the existence of audited accounting income, this paper introduces observable income into an otherwise costly-state-verification model. It is shown that the optimal contract between the corporate insider and the outside investors can be interpreted as a combination of debt and equity. Testable implications are derived.
A mechanistic view of human mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ: providing insight into drug toxicity and mitochondrial disease

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (Pol γ) is the sole polymerase responsible for replication of the mitochondrial genome. The study of human Pol γ is of key importance to clinically relevant issues such as nucleoside analog toxicity and mitochondrial disorders such as progressive external ophthalmoplegia. The development of a recombinant form of the human Pol γ holoenzyme provided an essential tool in understanding the mechanism of these clinically relevant phenomena using kinetic methodologies. This review will provide a brief history on the discovery and characterization of human mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, focusing on kinetic analyses of the polymerase and mechanistic data illustrating structure–function relationships to explain drug toxicity and mitochondrial disease.
A prediction method for power frequency quality based on Bayesian theorem and uncertainty classification

With the continuous concern on power system stability and increasing interesting on advanced PMU device application, the focus shifts from ordinary grid measurement data acquisition to system stability monitor and possible event forecast.Among these analysis, frequency quality and stability is always first priority. A proper prediction can help grid to adjust their operation quicker and increase the power reliability, however it still depend on the original data accuracy. In this paper, the proposed method presents a novel frequency quality detection and prediction method on the background of Bayesian theorem and BIPMs Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (G.U.M). By analyzing the data stream from PMU in historical record, the proposed method draws an overall conclusion of system frequency quality with confidential level, uncertainty estimation and short time prediction value,which is easy to illustrate for control center operator. It has been tested using data from Michigan Tech Power Energy Lab. The preliminary DC signal tests the normal result for method validation. Testing results show this Bayesian-based prediction method has a great potential in power system frequency quality analysis and dynamic event prediction.
Polar observations of solitary waves at the Earth's magnetopause

[1] Solitary waves have, for the first time, been identified in 3D electric field data at the subsolar, equatorial magnetopause. These nonlinear, bipolar electric field pulses parallel to the magnetic field occur both as individual spikes and as trains of spikes. The solitary waves have amplitudes up to ∼25 mV/m, and velocities from ∼150 km/s to >2000 km/s, with scale sizes the order of a kilometer (comparable to the Debye length). Almost all the observed solitary waves are positive potential structures with potentials of ∼0.1 to 5 Volts. They are often associated with very large amplitude waves in either or both the electric and magnetic fields. Although most of the observed signatures are consistent with an electron hole mode, the events with very low velocities and the few negative potential structures may be indicative of a second type of solitary wave in the magnetopause current layer. The solitary waves may be an important source of dissipation and diffusion at the magnetopause.
Spin Orientation of Photoelectrons Ejected by Circularly Polarized Light

Photoelectrons emitted by Cs vapor exposed to circularly polarized light with $2750\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\lesssim}3150$ \AA{} should have spin orientation $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}85%$ parallel to the light's angular momentum. Measurements of this orientation along the spectrum may be represented by a parameter $x$ defined theoretically in terms of a Hilbert transform of the spectrum of unperturbed dipole matrix elements weighted by the effect of spin-orbit interaction. The theory of this parameter is adapted from Fermi's interpretation of doublet intensity ratios and from Seaton's related interpretation of photoabsorption minima. Semiquantitative estimates are drawn from experimental data on photoabsorption.
Expression and Localization of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule and Polysialic Acid during Chick Corneal Development

PURPOSE To assay for expression and localization of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and polysialic acid (polySia) in the chick cornea during embryonic and postnatal development. METHODS Real time quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses were used to determine NCAM expression and polysiaylation in embryonic, hatchling, and adult chick corneas. Immunofluorescence staining for NCAM and polySia was conducted on cryosections of embryonic and adult corneas, whole embryonic corneas, and trigeminal neurons. RESULTS NCAM and ST8SiaII mRNA transcripts peaked by embryonic day (E)9, remained steady between E10 and E14 and slowly decreased thereafter during embryonic development. Both gene transcripts showed > 190-fold decline in the adult chick cornea compared with E9. In contrast, ST8SiaIV expression gradually decreased 26.5-fold from E6 to E19, increased thereafter, and rose to the early embryonic level in the adult cornea. Western blot analysis revealed NCAM was polysialylated and its expression developmentally changed. Other polysiaylated proteins aside from NCAM were also detected by Western blot analysis. Five NCAM isoforms including NCAM-120, NCAM-180 and three soluble NCAM isoforms with low molecular weights (87-96 kDa) were present in chick corneas, with NCAM-120 being the predominate isoform. NCAM was localized to the epithelium, stroma, and stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) of the embryonic cornea. In stroma, NCAM expression shifted from anterior to posterior stroma during embryonic development and eventually became undetectable in 20-week-old adult cornea. Additionally, both NCAM and polySia were detected on embryonic corneal and pericorneal nerves. CONCLUSIONS NCAM and polySia are expressed and developmentally regulated in chick corneas. Both membrane-associated and soluble NCAM isoforms are expressed in chick corneas. The distributions of NCAM and polySia in cornea and on corneal nerves suggest their potential functions in corneal innervation.
Delayed induction of Δ-6 and Δ-5 desaturases by a peroxisome proliferator

Delta-6 desaturase (D6D) is the key enzyme for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in mammals. Transcription of D6D gene is activated by both sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and peroxisome proliferators (PP). This response of D6D is paradoxical because SREBP-1c transactivates genes for fatty acid synthesis in liver, while PP induce enzymes for fatty acid oxidation. We hypothesized that the induction of D6D gene by PP is a compensatory response to the increased HUFA demand caused by peroxisome proliferation and induction of fatty acid oxidation. We investigated the time-course effects of a PP, Wy14643, on the induction of HUFA metabolizing genes and HUFA profile in rat liver. The mRNA of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in the Wy14643 fed group became significantly higher than controls at 4 h and reached maximum within 28 h. In contrast, the mRNA of delta-6 and delta-5 desaturases in the Wy14643 group was not significantly higher than control at 4 h and took >28 h to reach the maximum. Despite the induction of HUFA synthetic pathway, the concentration of end products (AA and DHA) remained unchanged throughout the 4-day period in liver phospholipids and non-esterified fatty acids. Taken together, this study supports our hypothesis and suggests that peroxisome proliferation and induction of fatty acid oxidation enzymes are the major mechanisms of the induction of HUFA synthesis by PP.
Classification of radar clutter using features extracted from the time-frequency domain

In this paper, we determine the feasibility of radar clutter identification in the timefrequency domain. The goal is to compare the performance oftime-frequency domain clutter recognition with other schemes that rely on the raw backscatter data. The time-frequency clutter features used for classification are extracted using the Wigner distribution of the analytical component of the returned radar signals. This approach is an attractive alternative to other clutter classification schemes because it makes use of the time-dependence of frequency domain signatures or the frequency dependence of time-domain scattering features. The disadvantage, however, is that time-frequency signatures are based on the magnitude squared of the received backscatter signal and are thus characterized by high noise variance. Another clutter classification scheme that relies on the higher order statistical features of radar clutter is presented. The performances of both clutter classification algorithms are compared in scenarios of additive white noise, colored noise, and alpha-stable noise. Keywords: Time-frequency, clutter classification, Wigner-Ville, radar, cumulants.
Beta-endorphin immunoreactivity during high-intensity exercise with and without opiate blockade

Nine highly fit men [mean (SE) maximum oxygen uptake, \(\dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} \) : 63.9 (1.7) ml·kg–1·min–1; age 27.6 (1.6) years] were studied during two treadmill exercise trials to determine plasma β-endorphin immunoreactivity during intense exercise (80% \(\dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} \) ). A double-blind experimental design was used, and subjects performed the two exercise trials in counterbalanced order. Exercise trials were 30 min in duration and were conducted 7 days apart. One exercise trial was undertaken following administration of naloxone (1.2 mg; 3 cm3) and the other after receiving a placebo (0.9% NaCl saline; 3 cm3). Prior to each experimental trial, a flexible catheter was placed into an antecubital vein and baseline blood samples were collected. Thereafter, each subject received either a naloxone or placebo bolus injection. Blood samples were also collected after 10, 20 and 30 min of continuous exercise. β-Endorphin was higher (P 0.05) between exercise time points within either experimental trial. β-endorphin immunoreactivity was greater (P<0.05) in the naloxone than in the placebo trial during each exercise sampling time point [10 min: 63.7 (3.9) pg·ml–1 vs 78.7 (3.8) pg·ml–1; 20 min: 68.7 (4.1) pg·ml–1 vs 83.8 (4.3) pg·ml–1; 30 min: 71.0 (4.3) pg·ml–1 vs 82.5 (3.2) pg·ml–1]. These data suggest that intense exercise induces significant increases in β-endorphin that are maintained over time during steady-rate exercise. Exercise and naloxone had an interactive effect on β-endorphin release that warrants further investigation.
Toxicity of Sediments from Western Lake Erie and the Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio, 1987: Implications for Current Dredged Material Disposal Practices

The toxicity of sediments in the Maumee River, the Maumee River-western Lake Erie federal navigation channel, and selected areas of western Lake Erie was measured using four assays: Photobacterium phosphoreum 15-minute bioluminescence inhibition (Microtox®) in sediment pore-waters and elutriates; Ceriodaphnia dubia 7-day survival and reproduction; Pimephales promelas 7-day larval survival and growth in sediment elutriates; and Chironomus tentans 10-day growth inhibition in whole sediments. The Microtox® assay generally was the most sensitive of the four assays used in this investigation. Sediment elutriates were always equally or more toxic than porewaters from the same location when tested using the Microtox® assay. The greatest toxicity in the Microtox® and C. tentans assays was observed with porewaters or elutriates and sediments collected near point sources of contaminants to the Maumee River. Very little toxicity was observed in any assay using open-lake navigation channel or disposal site sediments or sediment extracts. Previous investigations also have reported little acute toxicity and little or no bioaccumulation of any measured sediment contaminants from study area sediments during laboratory toxicity or bioaccumulation assays. Sediments from the Lake Erie portion of the navigation channel evaluated during this investigation were suitable for open-lake disposal based on the lack of observed effects in the four assays. Toxicity of sediment from the open lake disposal site was similar to that of sediments from other locations in the western basin of Lake Erie which have not been impacted by dredged material disposal events. Sediments from near point sources such as industrial discharges, liquid unloading facilities, or sewage treatment plant outfalls on the Maumee River represent potential sources of toxicity for downstream resuspension and distribution. Further studies will be necessary to delineate the exact distribution of contaminated sediments near the point source discharges to the Maumee River.
Antiradiation Compounds XII: Dithiocarbamates of Strongly Basic Acridines and Quinaldines

Dithiocarbamates of strong heterocyclic bases (pKa 8–12) in the acridine and quin-aldine series have been obtained, with further examples of the formation of imino-N-carbodithioates. Significant radiation protection of mice was found for the di-thiocarbamate ester of 9-aminoacridine, whereas dithiocarbamates of both stronger and weaker bases were nonprotective.
Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae) species new to Japan and Taiwan

Hypogymnia hengduanensis, previously known only from southwestern mainland China, is reported for the first time from Taiwan and Japan. So far it is the only species of Hypogymnia with rimmed holes to be found east of the Hengduan Mountain region of China. Also new to Taiwan are Hypogymnia stricta and H. subarticulata. A key is provided for species of Hypogymnia from Taiwan.
Distinguishing between stochastic and deterministic behavior in foreign exchange rate returns: Further evidence

Abstract The nature of non-linear dependence in hourly exchange rate returns is scrutinized. While the Brock, Dechert and Scheinkman (BDS) test results reject i.i.d. behavior, various correlation dimension estimates reveal little evidence in favor of a low-dimensional attractor in the time series.
Hadamard Transform Photothermal Deflection Imaging

A 69-element Hadamard mask is used to encode a line-focused excimer laser beam to obtain spatially multiplexed photothermal deflection signals. The spatial distribution and relative quantities of potassium chromate samples on silica are recovered by Hadamard transformation.
Energy bounds for some nonstandard problems in partial differential equations

Abstract We consider problems of the form d 2 u dt 2 +Au=F, αu(0)+u(T)=g, β du dt (0)+ du dt (T)=h, for t∈(0,T), where A is a densely defined, linear, time independent, positive definite symmetric operator and α and β are constants. Although most of our results would hold for more general operators A, we restrict attention to the case in which A is a differential operator and determine ranges of values of α and β for which it is possible to obtain energy bounds, uniqueness results, and, in a special case, pointwise bounds. Some extensions which include a damping term or a term which arises in a generalization of the Kirchhoff string model are also discussed.
Radio Emission from High-Level Transitions in Hydrogen

Wild (1952) and Kardaschev (1959) noted that atomic transitions between levels of very high quantum number, n , may give lines in the radio region, if the source has sufficiently low density. Gaseous nebulae or H II regions prove to be strong sources of such radiation and a number of the predicted lines have already been found, superposed on a background of continuous emission. Relativistic effects prove to be negligible. Doppler broadening must eventually include macroscopic motions as well as temperature effects. H. R. Griem (1966, unpublished) has shown that a proper treatment of ion and electron collisions replaces the linear Stark effect. However, a broadening still remains as the result of departure of the potential of the atom from a Coulomb field because of surrounding ions. The theory follows lines similar to those laid down by Debye and Huckel in their study of dilute electrolytes.
18F-FDG Uptake as a Surrogate Marker for Antecedent Ischemia

Patients often present to the physician's office or in the emergency department complaining of chest pain that occurred several hours earlier. Determining whether chest pain that resolved long before the patient presents for medical attention was a consequence of myocardial ischemia can be
Afghanistan: When Counternarcotics Undermines Counterterrorism

Paradoxically, counternarcotics efforts in Afghanistan frequently complicate counterterrorism and counterinsurgency objectives and can even undermine democratization. Counternarcotics strategy should concentrate instead on strengthening the Afghan state's capacity.
Vegetation and climate during the last glacial maximum in Japan

The Japanese Archipelago was almost entirely covered by coniferous forests during the last glacial maximum. Northern Hokkaido was distinguished by coniferous parkland and tundra vegetation, while southern Hokkaido and northernmost Honshu were covered by northern boreal coniferous forests consisting mainly of Picea jezoensis, Picea glehnii, Abies sachalinensis, and Larix gmelinii; Tsuga was missing from the forest. More diverse boreal forests including species from Sakhalin and northern Japan grew together in northeastern Honshu. Central Honshu and the mountains of southwestern Japan supported subalpine coniferous forests which are now mainly restricted in distribution to the central mountains. Temperate coniferous forests (Picea polita, Abies firma, and Tsuga sieboldii) existed principally in the modern mid-temperate and evergreen laurel-oak forest regions. Haploxylon pine and tree birch were also abundant in the boreal and cool-temperate zones, as was Diploxylon in the southern temperate zone. Significant populations of Fagus were found along the Pacific coasts of Kyushu and Shikoku, but they were too small to be defined as a beech forest zone. Quercetum mixtum (Quercus, Ulmus, and Tilia) was more common in the coastal lowlands of southwestern Japan than those of northeastern Honshu; it was completely eliminated from Hokkaido. The reduced mean August temperature inferred from the floral assemblages showed a latitudinal gradient 20,000 yr ago; it was 8–9°C in northern Hokkaido, 7.7–8.7°C in northernmost Honshu, 7.2–8.4°C in the central mountains, 6.5°C in the Chugoku District, and 5–6°C in Kyushu. The probable annual precipitation ranged from 1050 to 1300 mm along coasts in southwestern Japan during the culmination of the last glaciation.
Help‐seeking behavior among Southeast Asian refugees

This study examined the help-seeking behavior of Vietnamese, Cambodians, Lao, Hmong, and Chinese-Vietnamese refugees and compared the help-seeking patterns employed by these groups in their native country with those currently used after resettlement in the United States. There were three major findings: (1) intergroup differences in help-seeking behavior were found in Asia and also in the United States. In Asia, Vietnamese were more likely to utilize Western medicine and the Hmong least likely to do so. In the United States, Cambodians were more likely to utilize mainstream services and again the Hmong were less likely to do so; (2) for all groups there was a dramatic change from prominently utilizing traditional medicine in their home country to a higher usage of mainstream services in the United States; (3) regardless of the significant increase in the use of Western medicine, traditional medicine continued to be important for all five Southeast Asian refugee groups after resettlement. Furthermore, subjects from all five groups reported the use of a dual health care system both in Asia and the United States. The implications of these findings for community services and health care providers are discussed.
Annealing of damage-induced deep levels in MeV Si-implanted GaAs

Abstract Structural and electrical characteristics of MeV Si ion-implanted and thermally-annealed GaAs samples are reported. The annealing behavior of strain depth profiles is correlated with the annealing behavior of implant-induced defects. The depth profiles of carrier concentration and mobility were obtained by van der Pauw Hall measurements and successive layer removal by chemical etching. The concentration depth profiles suggest defect-assisted diffusion of the dopants and the mobility profile shows a broad minimum due to the residual damage. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements revealed two electron traps at Ec − 0.59 eV and at Ec − 0.83 eV in the implanted region. An almost complete removal of both traps was observed after a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 950 °C and an additional furnace annealing at 750 ° C. It is suggested that AsGa antisite defects are involved in both traps. The I − V − T measurements show a large leakage current in the diodes made in the high-trap-density region of an RTA-annealed sample. This large leakage current is shown to be caused by the trap-assisted tunneling process in the Schottky junction.
Force field for CF3CHO and CF3CDO

Abstract In a continuing study of the vibrational spectra of fluorinated hydrocarbons, infrared spectra have been obtained in this laboratory for several fluorinated compounds containing the CO or CCH 2 group. These compounds include 1-alkenes such as CF 3 CHCH 2 1 , esters such as CF 3 COOCH 3 2 and CF 3 COOCHCH 2 3 , and most recently, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone 4 . In order to aid in making vibrational assignments for some of the compounds such as CF 3 COCH 3 , normal coordinate calculations have been carried out for trifluoroacetaldehyde and trifluoroacetaldehyde-d in order to obtain a force field to use as a starting point for such compounds. This force field should be reasonably transferable to trifluoroacetone or other CF 3 COX compounds because the compounds differ only in the replacement of the H by CH 3 or some other group. A force field for acetone is available, which will provide initials values of force constants for the CH 3 -C group 5 .
Randomized comparison of percutaneous Viabahn stent grafts vs prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral arterial occlusive disease

Objective This randomized prospective study was designed to compare the effectiveness of treating superficial femoral artery occlusive disease percutaneously with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)/nitinol self-expanding stent grafts vs surgical femoral-to-above knee (AK) popliteal artery bypass with synthetic graft material. Methods From March 2004 to May 2005, 100 limbs in 86 patients with femoral-popliteal arterial occlusive disease were identified. Patients had symptoms ranging from claudication to rest pain, with or without tissue loss, and were prospectively randomized for treatment into one of two groups. The limbs were treated percutaneously with angioplasty and one or more self-expanding stent grafts (n = 50) or surgically with femoral-to-AK popliteal artery bypass using synthetic Dacron or ePTFE grafts (n = 50). The mean ± SD total length of artery stented was 25.6 ± 15 cm. Follow-up evaluation with ankle-brachial indices and color flow duplex sonography imaging were performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment. Results Patients were monitored for a median of 18 months. No statistical difference was found in the primary patency ( P = .895) or secondary patency ( P = .861) between the two treatment groups. Primary patency at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of follow-up was 84%, 82%, 75.6%, and 73.5% for the stent graft group and 90%, 81.8%, 79.7%, and 74.2% for the femoral-popliteal surgical group. Thirteen patients in the stent graft group had 14 reinterventions, and 12 reinterventions occurred in the surgical group. This resulted in secondary patency rates of 83.9% for the stent graft group and 83.7% for the surgical group at the 12-month follow-up. Conclusions Management of femoral-popliteal arterial occlusive disease using percutaneous treatment with a stent graft is comparable with surgical revascularization with conventional femoral-to-AK popliteal artery bypass using synthetic material up to 12 months. Longer-term follow-up would be helpful in determining ongoing efficacy.
Information Literacy: Retooling Evaluation Skills in the Electronic Information Environment

Electronic information has the potential to impact many of the pedagogical aspects of education and research. As the virtual library becomes a reality on every workstation, strategies for understanding and coping with electronic information can greatly assist students in transforming data into knowledge. The complex information environment to which students are exposed once basic computer skills are learned, however, requires that we find ways to help students develop appropriate responses to the vast amounts of information at their fingertips. Information literacy, the subset of critical thinking skills used to evaluate information, can be integrated into classroom activities in order to more fully exploit electronic resources and to use these resources effectively. This article will deal with the issues involved when information seeking behavior for classroom and/or research activities has become content critical and will explore some of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the electronic informatio...
NMR spectroscopic studies of the hydrogenosomal [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from Trichomonas vaginalis: hyperfine-shifted 1H resonances.

Abstract The hyperfine-shifted 1 H NMR resonances of oxidized and reduced Trichomonas vaginalis ferredoxin, a functionally unique [2Fe–2S] ferredoxin, have been studied. The oxidized protein spectrum displayed a pattern of six broad upfield-shifted resonances between 13 and 40 ppm with chemical shifts distinct from those of other [2Fe–2S] ferredoxins. All hyperfine 1 H resonances of the oxidized ferredoxin displayed anti-Curie temperature dependences. Reduced T. vaginalis ferredoxin displayed hyperfine resonances both upfield and downfield of the diamagnetic region. These resonances showed Curie temperature dependences. Overall the hyperfine-shifted NMR spectrum of T. vaginalis ferredoxin, along with other spectroscopic properties, suggested different structural properties for the active center of oxidized hydrogenosomal ferredoxins from those of other [2Fe–2S] ferredoxins.
The Impact of International Gray Marketing on Consumers and Firms

This article examines the relationship of marketing ethics, as a subset of business ethics, to international gray markets for consumer goods and, thus, addresses a gap in the gray marketing and international marketing literatures. The paper first briefly covers gray markets and provides exmamples of gray market consumer goods. It then presents a framework through a discussion of marketing ethics and identification of marketing ethics issues relative to gray marketing. The third section addresses the relationship of the external authorized channel and causes of gray marketing with reference to marketing ethics and cross-cultural effects. Finally, implications for consumers, authorized firms, and society in general are given.