cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SEPARATION OF HEXOSEPHOSPHATES AND TRIOSEPHOSPHATES BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Abstract The separation of hexosephosphates and triosephosphates may be obtained by use of TLC, using a cellulose adsorbent without binder. While the hexosephosphates resolved into well-defined spots, 3-phosphoglyceric acid and 2-phosphoglyceric acid did not separate.
Structural engineering in the new millennium: opportunities and challenges

Purpose – Structural engineering as a part of civil engineering has over 5,000 years of distinguished history, as documented in this paper. An attempt is made in this paper to define structural engineering as it exists at present, then some historical structures are identified.Design/methodology/approach – The advances of structural engineering are discussed in chronological order, encompassing the development of the concept, analysis, the use of innovative construction materials, and construction. The developments which necessitated the change of design philosophies are presented, and the current status of structural engineering is discussed in terms of several specific topics. Opportunities and challenges in the new millennium in structural engineering are then presented in terms of education, service to society, and research.Findings – In the past, structural engineering always met the challenges it faced. It helped to improve our quality of life, and its role in society is not expected to change in th...
Perceiving the Real World: Infants' Detection of and Memory for Social Information

Research on infants' perception and memory for social information are discussed with respect to the concept of ecological validity. We argue that the use of dynamic, multimodal displays in familiar contexts is critical to understanding infants' developing perception. We also discuss the importance of generalizing appropriately from experimental to real-world contexts and of using converging methods in the investigation of infants' capabilities.
Explaining land management decisions to understand local landscape functions and change. Some insights from Tuscany

Structural changes in agriculture and urbanisation affect land management regimes and local landscape functions. Studying the new functions of land is as relevant as the owners' land management decisions, the replacement of farming with different activities and land uses may impact not only the local landscape's functions but also, in the long run, its structure and the environment. Drawing on a detailed case study in Tuscany based on qualitative interviews with landowners and on the understanding of the socio-economic context, this article analyses landowners' attitudes towards land property and farming in relation to individual motives as well as to local and supra-local contexts. Five relational typologies of landowners are identified: pure farmers, amenity farmers, land developers, land-with-house owners and house-with-land owners. Diverse trends – such as particular farmers’ attitudes towards land development, or the emerging role of non-professional farmers in land management – are found to raise ch...
22. Cytokine concentration in sleep impaired individuals with known heart disease

Sleep impairment is common in people with inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Cytokines have been found to modulate sleep and may help explain the sleep impairments observed in persons with cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the association between blood plasma cytokine levels and self-reported sleep quality in men (n = 61) and women (n = 21) beginning an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program. Participants were 62.2 years of age (SD = 10.4) and 6.2% minority. Persons with congestive heart failure or autoimmune conditions were excluded. Patients completed the Pittsburgh Quality Sleep Index and had a venous blood draw before starting rehab. Participants reporting an inability to get to sleep had higher blood plasma concentrations of IL-10 (M = 1.52, SD = 0.54 versus M = 1.24, SD = 0.46, F (1, 69) = 4.48, p = .038) and TNF-alpha (M = 2.14, SD = .61 versus M = 1.78, SD = .71, F (1, 69) = 4.70, p = .034) after controlling for age, body mass index, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, IFN-gamma was positively correlated with sleep duration (B = .466, p = .038). Cytokine concentration was unrelated to degree of heart disease. In conclusion, sleep impairment in heart disease is associated with increased inflammation. Treatments to reduce chronic inflammation may benefit sleep quality in persons with cardiovascular disease.
An Intersection Function and Its Relations to the Minimum Function of X-Ray Crystallography.

1 Buerger, M. J., "The Application of Image Theory to Crystal Structure Analysis" (part of conference held at the Pennsylvania State College, April 6-8, 1950, entitled "Computing Methods and the Phase Problem in X-Ray Crystal Analysis," published by the X-Ray Analysis Laboratory, Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State College, 1952), pp. 43-56. 2 Buerger, M. J., "Some New Functions of Interest in X-Ray Crystallography," PROC. NATL. ACAD. ScI., 36, 376-382 (1950). 3 Buerger, M. J., "Limitation of the Electron Density by the Patterson Function," Ibid., 36, 738-742 (1950). 4 Buerger, M. J., "A New Approach to Crystal-Structure Analysis," Acta Cryst., 4, 531-544 (1951). 5 McLachlan, Dan, Jr., "The Determination of Crystal Structures from X-Ray Data without a Knowledge of the Fourier Coefficients." Paper presented at the Pennsylvania State College meeting of the Am. Cryst. Assoc., April 10, 1950. 6 McLachlan, Dan, Jr., "The Determination of Crystal Structures from X-Ray Data without a Knowledge of the Phases of the Fourier Coefficients," PROC. NATL. ACAD. ScI., 37, 115-124 (1951). 7 Thomas, Ivor D., and McLachlan, Dan, Jr., "Some Critical Tests of the Use of Mixed Projections in Crystal-Structure Determinations," Acta Cryst., 5, 301-306 (1952). 8 Buerger, M. J., "A New Fourier Series Technique for Crystal Structure Determination," PROC. NATL. ACAD. Sci., 28, 281-285 (1942). 9 Rogers, D., "New Methods of Direct Structure Determination Using Modified Patterson Maps," Research, 4, 295-296 (1951).
Carbon addition and oxidation reactions in heterogeneous combustion and soot formation

The contribution of radical sites as active sites in several carbon addition and oxidation reactions under combustion conditions is assessed by comparing predicted rates of reactions involving radical sites against experimental measurements. The types and strength of C−H bonds in the peripheries of PAH molecules and in the surfaces of carbonaceous solids are considered, and radical-site concentrations are computed assuming equilibration of hydrogen abstraction by H atom and hydrogen addition by H2. Computed populations of radical sites are consistent with observed trends in radical/parent concentration ratios measured in flames. Calculated extents of radical formation in PAH molecules and in the surfaces of carbonaceous solids in combustion are substantial, e.g., ≈0.1 to 0.3 radical sites per original C−H bond. For large PAH of interest as soot precursors, the estimated average number of radical sites per molecule is ≈5 to 7 with the distribution extending up to 10 or more. Rate coefficients based on the computed radical-site populations are comparable to experimentally determined rate coefficients in several cases including soot oxidation by O2 and soot growth by C2H2, assuming both of these reactions are additions involving radical sites in the soot, and soot and tar oxidation by OH, soot mass growth by tar addition, and reactive coagulation of soot precursors, assuming these reactions are radical recombinations. Calculated radical-site populations and measured concentrations of radicals in flames indicate that recombination of CH3, C3H3 and other small radicals with radical sites in tar and soot would contribute significantly to tar and soot formation if the recombination collision efficiencies are 0.1 to 1.
Analysis of protein expression patterns in Barrett's esophagus using MALDI mass spectrometry, in search of malignancy biomarkers

SUMMARY. In order to detect early changes of malignant degeneration in Barrett's esophagus (BE), and to reduce the cost of surveillance, molecular biomarkers of early malignancy have been sought, with limited success, using genomic and immunohistochemical tools. We postulate that direct analysis of epithelial proteins using mass spectrometry will provide protein profiles capable of identifying patients at high risk of developing malignancy. Our aim is to find transitional protein signals that show a cancer profile within histologically benign BE, which can be used as indicators of early malignant change. Fourteen fresh-frozen, resected esoph-ageal cancer specimens were analyzed using laser capture microdissection and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Samples of squamous epithelium, and both benign and malignant Barrett's epithelium, were compared for differences in protein expression. Reliable differentiation of squamous and Barrett's epithelium was demonstrated. A comparison of benign and malignant Barrett's epithelium identified a number of cancer-specific protein peaks that were deletion or expression variations from benign epithelium. In four instances the proteins (7350, 8446, 10850, and 14693) appeared to be early malignant changes in histologically benign BE. Mass spectrometry performed upon fresh-frozen Barrett's epithelium, obtained by laser-capture microdissection, displays reproducible, tissue-specific, protein profiles. Distinct differences are demonstrated between benign and malignant epithelium, some of which appear to be candidate biomarkers of early malignant change. This technique reliably displays cellular protein expression in esophageal epithelium and deserves further study as a tool to identify early malignant degeneration in BE.
Enhanced antiproliferative activity by metastatic RAW117 lymphoma cells

The highly malignant/metastatic murine large cell lymphoma cell line RAW117-H10 forms 100–200 times more liver metastatic tumors than its parental counterpart cell line RAW117-P. RAW117-H10 cells, but not the less malignant/metastatic parental cells, significantly inhibited the mitogen-induced proliferation of normal syngeneic Balb/c and allogeneic ICRC mouse spleen cells. Such an inhibition also occurred when mitomycin-C treated metastatic lymphoma cells were added 24 h after initiation of culture, indicating that no competition with mitogen binding sites on the lymphocytes was necssary for inhibition of proliferation. ‘Antiproliferative’ cell surface molecules were extracted non-cytolytically from the RAW117-H10 cells using butanol. The butanol extracts from the metastatic RAW117-H10 cells also inhibited the mitogen-induced proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity of normal spleen cells. Our results indicate that these ‘antiproliferative’ cell surface molecules of metastatic murine RAW117-H10 lymphoma cells may have important role(s) in tumor-mediated host immunosuppression.
A large class of maximally tough graphs

In 1973 Chvatal [5] introduced a new graph invariant called toughness, and he investigated its relation to the existence of Hamiltonian cycles. Much of the subsequent work on this invariant explored the relationship between toughness and Hamiltonian-type problems. Bauer, Schmeichel, and Veldman [2] survey a number of recent results in this area. We study the invariant as a measure of how badly disconnected a graph becomes when a disconnecting set of points is removed. We consider this property to be an important vulnerability measure. Toughness and three other vulnerability measures are compared by Barefoot, Entringer, and Swart [1]. Die Zahigkeit ("toughness") eines Graphen wurde zuerst von Chvatal im Zusammenhang mit der Existenz Hamiltonscher Zyklen eingefuhrt und studiert. Bauer, Schmeichel und Veldman geben eine Ubersicht uber neuere Resultate der Beziehung zwischen "toughness" und Problemen vom Hamiltonschen Typ. Wir studieren diese Invariante als Maβ fur die Verletzbarkeit ("vulnerability") eines Graphen, d. h. als Maβ dafur wie stark unzusammenhangend ein Graph durch die Entfernung einer Menge von Knoten werden kann.
The Double-Edged Sword of Popularization The Role of Science Communication Research in the Popsci.com Comment Shutoff

The decision by Popsci.com editors to shut off public comments in 2013 surprised many scholars of science journalism—particularly since the decision was justified in large part by reference to scie...
TEENAGERS AND THE MINIMUM WAGE: POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ELIMINATION OF COVERAGE OR CREATION OF A LOWER TIER BASED ON AGE

The market equilibrium model predicts that the supply and demand schedules of labor to an industry will cross at a level at which labor receives the value of its marginal product as contributed to the output produced. The imposition of an effective minimum wage in that industry creates a price floor for labor which will reduce employment as it promotes incentives to substitute capital for labor and/or workers with higher marginal productivity for those with lower skill and lower marginal productivity. This means in effect that it will lead employers to eliminate less productive jobs. Teenagers (youths 16–19 years old) with little training or work‐experience may be priced out of the market because they are not “worth” (in terms of productivity) the minimum wage.
Analysis of high temperature creep in pyrolytic carbon

Abstract Data on short-time high-temperature tensile creep parallel to the substrate for two pyrolytic carbons (pyrolytic graphites) characterized by their microstructures as substrate nucleated (SN) and regeneratively nucleated (RN) have been analyzed by means of the Dorn method. (1) Over the range of approximately 1.5 to 10% creep strain for the SN material and for creep strains above 1.5% for the RN material, the creep data were found to fit the empirical relationship e = A + Bt n , where e is the creep strain, t is the time, n is a constant which depends on the material, and A and B are parameters depending on both the material and the test conditions. The SN material was characterized by n = 0.60, while the RN material had n = 0.42. The same apparent activation energy of about 250 kcal/mole was calculated for both of these carbons. As assumed in the analysis, the structural change which occurs during creep was found to be dependent upon the total creep strain, and the same structure was developed at a given load for the same strain independent of test temperature. These structural changes are discussed briefly with reference to the deformation mechanisms.
Mitomycin-C Plus a 3-Day Continuous Intravenous Infusion of 5-Fluorouracil: An Inactive Salvage Regimen for Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Carcinoma

Abstract In a Phase II trial, patients with refractory ovarian cancer were given 10 mg/m 2 mitomycin-C iv every 8 weeks and 1000 mg/m 2 /day 5-fluorouracil for 3 consecutive days by continous intravenous infusion repeated every 4 weeks. Sixteen heavily pretreated patients with platinum-resistant disease were treated and no major responses were observed. Only 2 patients required subsequent dose reduction for myelotoxocity. No sign of gastrointestinal toxicity was seen. This regimen is inactive as salvage treatment for refractory ovarian cancer.
Effects of composition and microstructure on the slurry erosion of WC-Co cermets

Abstract Cemented carbides of optimum composition and microstructure are the preferred materials for resisting the severe erosion encountered in components handling erosive slurries. They possess an attractive combination of erosion resistance and fracture toughness required for structural reliability. In this paper the results are presented of an investigation of the effects of composition and microstructure of well-characterized WC-Co cermets on their erosion wear as assessed in a slurry jet impingement test. The effects of binder volume fraction and microstructural parameters such as WC grain contiguity and mean carbide grain size are rationalized in terms of a phenomenological analysis of erosion in the two-phase microstructure. Quantitative predictions of the semiempirical analysis are shown to be consistent with the experimental observations.
Federal R&D funding: 10-year trends

Research and development (R&D) funded by the federal government has grown steadily since 1971, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF). The total federal R&D funding gained at an annual rate of 8.6% in actual dollars. Substantial gains, on the order of 15% over 1981, had originally been planned but later revised downward, close to 0%, for the fiscal year 1982. The essential features of the 10-year trend are that federal R&D funding has been mostly directed toward the military—over twice the amount of all other types of R&D funding—and while military research funding is accelerating sharply, other research funding is on the decline. In simple terms, the 10-year increases are only for national defense.
Total Variation Diminishing Scheme for Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics

In this paper we present a total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme for numerical relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The eigenstructure of the equations of relativistic MHD has been cataloged here. We also describe a strategy for obtaining the physically relevant eigenvectors. These eigenvectors are then used to build an interpolation strategy that operates on the characteristic fields. The design of a linearized Riemann solver for relativistic MHD is also described. The resulting higher order Godunov scheme has been implemented in the author's RIEMANN code for astrophysical fluid dynamics. The resulting code is second-order accurate both in space and time. A number of design features have been used to make it a high-resolution scheme. It shows efficient and robust performance for several stringent test problems.
The secretion of catecholamines, chromogranin A and neuropeptide Y from the adrenal medulla of the cat via the adrenolumbar vein and thoracic duct: different anatomic routes based on size.

Abstract Secretion of the adrenal medulla was stimulated in nine cats by insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Levels of catecholamines (mol. wt 153–183), neuropeptide Y (mol. wt 4254) and chromogranin A (mol. wt 48,000) were measured in concurrently collected samples of adrenolumbar venous blood and thoracic duct lymph for up to 4 h following insulin administration. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia elicited an increase in the secretion of catecholamines, which reached peak levels in the adrenolumbar venous plasma at 1.5–2 h and in the lymph at 2.5 h. Although catecholamines were the most numerous measured molecules in the lymph, levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were 75–250-fold less than those found in the adrenolumbar venous plasma. Neuropeptide Y in the adrenolumbar venous plasma reached peak levels between 1 and 1.5 h; at this time approximately 20% of the peak venous amount was detected in the lymph. Chromogranin A was found in approximately equal amounts in both plasma and lymph; the peak level in the plasma occurred at 1.5–2h, while that in the lymph was reached at 2–3 h. We suggest that the size of a molecule influences the route it takes following exocytosis from the chromaffin vesicle. Smaller molecules such as catecholamines may pass directly into the circulation, while larger molecules such as chromogranin A may be temporarily sequestered in the interstitial space before passing into the lymph, and hence into the circulation.
Interaction of Mitochondrial Elongation Factor Tu with Aminoacyl-tRNA and Elongation Factor Ts

Abstract Elongation factor (EF) Tu promotes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the acceptor site of the ribosome. This process requires the formation of a ternary complex (EF-Tu·GTP·aa-tRNA). EF-Tu is released from the ribosome as an EF-Tu·GDP complex. Exchange of GDP for GTP is carried out through the formation of a complex with EF-Ts (EF-Tu·Ts). Mammalian mitochondrial EF-Tu (EF-Tumt) differs from the corresponding prokaryotic factors in having a much lower affinity for guanine nucleotides. To further understand the EF-Tumt subcycle, the dissociation constants for the release of aa-tRNA from the ternary complex (K tRNA) and for the dissociation of the EF-Tu·Tsmt complex (K Ts) were investigated. The equilibrium dissociation constant for the ternary complex was 18 ± 4 nm, which is close to that observed in the prokaryotic system. The kinetic dissociation rate constant for the ternary complex was 7.3 × 10− 4 s− 1, which is essentially equivalent to that observed for the ternary complex inEscherichia coli. The binding of EF-Tumt to EF-Tsmt is mutually exclusive with the formation of the ternary complex. K Ts was determined by quantifying the effects of increasing concentrations of EF-Tsmt on the amount of ternary complex formed with EF-Tumt. The value obtained for K Ts(5.5 ± 1.3 nm) is comparable to the value ofK tRNA.
Pharmacists' perceptions of controlled substance abuse in the rural upper peninsula of Michigan

Pharmacists play a key role in helping to decrease drug diversion because they are at the front line of drug dispensing. In 2004, the combination oral formulation hydrocodone and acetaminophen was the top-selling prescription drug product in the United States, with nearly 94 million prescriptions dispensed.1 National statistics show that drug abuse has been steadily increasing over the past few decades, especially in rural areas, making it necessary for rural community pharmacists to assess the legitimacy of prescriptions for controlled substances. According to a national survey in 2001, youths in rural or small metropolitan areas were more likely to abuse prescription drugs than youths living in larger cities.2 In addition, the number of admissions to substance abuse facilities for narcotic painkiller abuse rose between 1992 and 2002 most significantly in nonmetropolitan areas.3 Researchers have assessed pharmacists’ attitudes and knowledge about controlled substance abuse.4–7 Many of these surveys were sent to pharmacists in metropolitan areas and focused on the relationship among attitudes, knowledge, and stocking of opioid analgesic products in pharmacies. Less is known regarding the views of pharmacists in rural areas about these medications, which have been abused by residents of some rural areas, particularly those “distressed” by economic and social upheaval, according to one report.8 The Upper Peninsula—15 counties covering 16,446 square miles—is a very rural area, home to 315,085 of Michigan’s 10 million residents.9
Human-computer interface development: concepts and systems for its management

Human-computer interface management, from a computer science viewpoint, focuses on the process of developing quality human-computer interfaces, including their representation, design, implementation, execution, evaluation, and maintenance. This survey presents important concepts of interface management: dialogue independence, structural modeling, representation, interactive tools, rapid prototyping, development methodologies, and control structures. Dialogue independence is the keystone concept upon which all the other concepts depend. It is a characteristic that separates design of the interface from design of the computational component of an application system so that modifications in either tend not to cause changes in the other. The role of a dialogue developer, whose main purpose is to create quality interfaces, is a direct result of the dialogue independence concept. Structural models of the human-computer interface serve as frameworks for understanding the elements of interfaces and for guiding the dialogue developer in their construction. Representation of the human-computer interface is accomplished by a variety of notational schemes for describing the interface. Numerous kinds of interactive tools for human-computer interface development free the dialogue developer from much of the tedium of "coding" dialogue. The early ability to observe behavior of the interface—and indeed that of the whole application system—provided by rapid prototyping increases communication among system designers, implementers, evaluators, and end-users. Methodologies for interactive system development consider interface management to be an integral part of the overall development process and give emphasis to evaluation in the development life cycle. Finally, several types of control structures govern how sequencing among dialogue and computational components is designed and executed. Numerous systems for human-computer interface management are presented t o illustrate these concepts.
Undiagnosed adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in central Brooklyn, NY.

We present a case, identified by surveillance for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), who had initial symptoms not specifically related to ATL, and who would not have been identified as having ATL otherwise. A 51-year-old Trinidadian black woman was hospitalized for abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Hematology and clinical chemistry revealed leukocytosis (19,600/mm 3 ), an elevated lymphocyte percent (63%), and hypercalcemia (19.4 mg/dl). The patient was serologically confirmed with HTLV-I-associated ATL. Lymphoma was diagnosed at autopsy. This case is representative of ATL, which along with HTLV-I infection, may be emerging public health problems in urban communities of the northeast and southeast United States.
Localization and possible social aggregation in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene on the north coast of Perú

Abstract Early circular living structures made of rough field stone, radiocarbon dated between 10,800 and 8300 BP, and probably affiliated with the Paijan culture on the north coast of Peru are discussed in terms of possible proto-household economies that are localized and socially aggregated in compressed environmental zones along the lower western slopes of the Andes. The technological, settlement, and economic data recovered from several sites in the Zana and Jequetepeque Valleys are discussed briefly. Their broader implications are presented as well.
TRENDS IN BRITISH CHILD PSYCHIATRY

Abstract This paper describes the historical development of child psychiatry in Great Britain and discusses some of the present issues in relation to the practice of child psychiatry in that country.
The long QT syndromes

Abstract The congenital long QT syndromes are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by prolongation of the QT interval on the 12-lead electrocardiogram, episodes of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes and a high incidence of sudden death. The autosomal dominant form of congenital QT prolongation, the Romano-Ward long QT syndrome, is the most common of these disorders and has been demonstrated by linkage analysis studies to exhibit extensive genetic heterogeneity. These studies have determined that at least five different genes can cause the long QT syndrome. Positional cloning studies have led to the discovery of three genes which together appear to be responsible for nearly 90% of the autosomal dominant cases of congenital long QT syndrome. Further functional characterization of these three genes, the KVLQT1 potassium channel, the HERG potassium channel and the SCN5A voltage-gated cardiac sodium channel, as well as the identification and characterization of the other long QT syndrome genes, may allow improved diagnosis and therapy for these disorders. Furthermore, the increased understanding of myocardial repolarization that is gained from characterization of these genes may lead to improved treatment for other ventricular arrhythmias, including those related to drug-induced potassium channel blockade, central nervous system insult, and, possibly, myocardial infarction.
Navigation Applications of the HP-65 Calculator

Several navgiation programs for the HP65 programmable hand-held calculator are described in detail. These programs greatly simplify the work of the navigator when planning his course, reducing celestial sights, and solving certain relative motion problems.
Representing the perceived ethical work climate among marketing employees

This research develops and tests a measurement model representing the ethical work climate of marketing employees involved in sales and/or service-providing positions. A series of studies are used to identify potential items and validate four ethical-climate dimensions. The four dimensions represent trust/responsibility, the perceived ethicalness of peers’ behavior, the perceived consequences of violating ethical norms, and the nature of selling practices as communicated by the firm. Both first- and second-order levels of abstraction are validated. Relationships with role stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment are described and discussed. The scale is unique from previous attempts in its scope, intended purpose (marketing employees), the validation procedures, and in that it is not scenario dependent. The results suggest the usefulness of the marketing ethical climate construct in both developing theory and in providing advice for marketing practice.
Elucidating a Key Component of Cancer Metastasis: CXCL12 (SDF-1α) Binding to CXCR4

The chemotactic signaling induced by the binding of chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1α) to chemokine receptor CXCR4 is of significant biological importance and is a potential therapeutic axis against HIV-1. However, as CXCR4 is overexpressed in certain cancer cells, the CXCL12:CXCR4 signaling is involved in tumor metastasis, progression, angiogenesis, and survival. Motivated by the pivotal role of the CXCL12:CXCR4 axis in cancer, we employed a comprehensive set of computational tools, predominantly based on free energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, to obtain insights into the molecular recognition of CXCR4 by CXCL12. We report, what is to our knowledge, the first computationally derived CXCL12:CXCR4 complex structure which is in remarkable agreement with experimental findings and sheds light into the functional role of CXCL12 and CXCR4 residues which are associated with binding and signaling. Our results reveal that the CXCL12 N-terminal domain is firmly bound within the CXCR4 transmembrane domai...
Chlordimeform produces contrast-dependent changes in visual evoked potentials of hooded rats

Abstract Previous experiments found that acute exposure to the insecticide/acaricide, chlordimeform (CDM), produced large increases in the amplitude of pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) without changing the amplitude of flash evoked potentials (FEPs) in the same rats (W. K. Boyes and R. S. Dyer, Exp. Neurol. 86: 434–447, 1984). Current work investigated the influence of physical characteristics of the evoking stimuli on the action of CDM. Adult male Long-Evans rats with epidural visual cortex electrodes were used. In experiment 1, PREPs were elicited with alternating gratings having equal contrast (99%) and a square wave spatial luminance profile at several spatial frequencies. Rats treated 1 h previously with 40 mg/kg CDM had increased PREP amplitudes at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 cycles per degree (cpd), but not at 0.8 cpd. No changes were found after 5 mg/kg CDM. In experiment 2, PREPs were elicited with gratings oriented at 0° (horizontal), 45°, 90°, or 135°. Treatment with 40 mg/kg CDM increased PREP amplitudes and latencies regardless of orientation. In experiment 3, FEPs elicited with strobe flashes spanning four log units of intensity showed a small but significant CDM dose × intensity interaction on P2N2 peak-to-peak amplitude. In experiment 4, PREPs were elicited with alternating gratings having a sinusoidal spatial luminance profile, spatial frequency of 0.2 or 0.8 cpd, and contrast ranging from noise levels to 65%. Rats treated with 40 mg/kg CDM showed increased peak-to-peak amplitudes only at 0.2 cpd and only at contrast values above 10%. The failure of CDM to alter PREPs at 0.8 cpd was attributed to low contrast sensitivity at that spatial frequency. The results demonstrated that the action of CDM on visual evoked potentials was dependent on the amount of contrast in the stimulus pattern, and suggested that CDM alters the encoding of visual contrast.
Surface Electromagnetic Waves (SEW) In The Far Infrared

Surface electromagnetic waves (SEW) are the normal modes of the EM radiation coupled to the optically active excitations of solids near the surface (also called surface polaritons). Optical guided waves used in integrated optics are one of the classes of SEW modes that appear in a layered geometry. We have investigated the dispersion and attenuation of SEW in the far infrared by means of inelastic scattering of light. All the expected modes in a single interface geometry (surface of a bulk) and a double interface geometry (film on a substrate) have been found, including the guided waves in thin slabs. These SEW modes occur near the infrared active optical phonon frequencies in semiconductors such as GaP and GaAs, and their behavior can be controlled by doping, roughening of the surface and an ex-ternal magnetic field. This review will focus on the character of these waves and suggest possible use in device applications.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The mouse transition protein 1 gene contains a B1 repetitive element and is located on chromosome 1

Abstract The gene for mouse transition protein 1 (mTP1) was isolated, sequenced, and chromosomally mapped. The nucleotide sequence of 1895 bp of a 6.4-kb mTP1 genomic subclone was determined to include 788 bp of 5′ flanking region, 564 bp of coding region including a 396-bp intron and a TAA stop codon, and 543 bp of 3′ flanking region. The mTP1 gene contains a B1 repeat sequence within the only intron of the gene. The transcriptional start site of the mTP1 mRNA was determined to be located 31 bases upstream of the ATG translational start codon. Southern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of sequences homologous to the mTP1 cDNA in the genomes of the rat, hamster, bull, boar, dog, horse, ram, human, and two marsupials (the American opossum and Monodelphis ), suggesting that the mTP1 gene sequence is widely conserved. The TP1 gene has been mapped by analysis of restriction fragment length variants (RFLV) in an interspecific backcross to a position 0.7 ± 0.4 cM telomeric of Mylf and 1.2 ± 0.5 cM centromeric of Vil on mouse chromosome 1.
Corporate real estate risk management and assessment

This paper analyses the inherent risks associated with corporate real estate (CRE). First, the author looks at corporate risk in general and at the context in which CRE decisions are made. Next, the types of risk generally inherent in CRE usage are examined, beginning with development risks and then grouping other risks into three categories: financial, physical and regulatory CRE risks. Possible risk management strategies are offered, to reduce the risks associated with CRE usage: due diligence, avoidance, insurance, hedging and diversification. Lastly, conclusions and recommendations for accounting for risk in corporate real estate management (CREM) are provided. The discussion of the risks inherent in CRE usage offers a starting point for future and more detailed discussions of the risk in CREM and provides a new perspective on the management of CRE assets.
To ELSI or Not to ELSI Neuroscience: Lessons for Neuroethics from the Human Genome Project

The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program of the Human Genome Project stands as a model for how to organize bioethical inquiry for a rapidly changing field. Neuroscience has experienced significant growth in recent years and there is increasing interest in organizing critical reflection on this field, as evidenced by the creation of “neuroethics.” A nascent framework for reflection on the implications of neuroscience is emerging but significant work remains, given the pace and scope of neuroscientific developments. The adoption of an ELSI program, modeled on that of the ELSI program of the Human Genome Project, promises a way for neuroscience to meet important organizational, educational, and policy objectives. Review of recent criticisms of the HGP ELSI program suggests that an ELSI program for neuroscience would face certain obstacles. Those interested in a neuroscience ELSI program will need to develop appropriate resources to overcome these obstacles.
Effects of a two-phase reading intervention on three orthographic-phonological code connections

Abstract According to the Multiple Connections Model, children bring to the task of learning to read varying degrees of skill in three orthographic coding procedures for written words (whole words, single letters, and letter clusters) and in three phonological coding procedures for spoken words (phonetic or name codes, phonemes, and syllables) and thus in ability to form connections between corresponding orthographic and phonological codes: whole word-phonetic/semantic code, letter-phoneme, and letter cluster-syllable/subsyllable. In Phase I of this intervention study only orthographic and phonological coding were remediated. In Phase II explicit teaching in reading was provided that emphasized the multiple orthographic-phonological connections above. Overall the group improved from about one standard deviation below the mean to approximately the mean standard score for grade in reading real words (whole word and subword connections) and in reading nonwords (subword connections only) after an average of 28.7 sessions of about 40 minutes each. Overall 70% of the individuals showed significant gains in reading real words and 90% of the individuals showed significant gains in reading nonwords. The intervention was most effective in creating whole word-phonetic/semantic connections and least effective in creating letter-phoneme connections. These results demonstrate that theory-driven intervention during a critical developmental period in reading acquisition may prevent more serious reading disabilities.
The Structure of the Oligomers Formed by the Caveolin Membrane Proteins

Caveolae are omega-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that play essential roles in cell physiology through the regulation of trafficking and signaling. They are also involved in numerous diseases such as infections, cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Caveolae structural integrity is largely maintained by the caveolin membrane proteins. Our recent work showed that caveolin-1 alone is able to induce budding in artificial cholesterol-containing membranes. Caveolin-1 self-assembles over 10 nm-scale membrane domains in order to perform this function. This study expands on the caveolin structure-function relationship by focusing on the aggregates formed by these proteins with a special emphasis on the role played by the C-terminus. Caveolins with both full-length and C-terminal deletions, as well as C-terminal peptides, were investigated by electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Our results show that the caveolin C-terminus is involved in the formation of very specific aggregates that are crucial to the membrane scaffolding function of the protein.
Mutual Diffusion of Asymmetric Block Copolymers with Homopolymers

The mutual diffusion of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS−PVP) diblock copolymer and PVP-PS-PVP triblock copolymer with polystyrene (PS) homopolymer is measured using secondary ion mass spectrome...
The pitfalls of regional delineations in land use modeling: Implications for Mumbai region and its planners

Abstract In this article we use the SLEUTH model and publicly available datasets to develop a stylized planning application for Mumbai, India. We use two sets of model specifications that reflect the two regional extents at which Mumbai region is planned: (1) the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), which is responsible for the central city and surrounding suburbs, and (2) the planning area of Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA), which is a loose collection of a much larger set of municipalities and districts. Using these, we illustrate how urban models can be limiting as a predictive tool but useful as an assessment mechanism, especially when additional considerations of scale and institutional roles are applied. We compare the outcomes for the overlapping geographic area between the two planning agencies and find considerable variations in the location and amount of growth and discuss why and how the differences in the spatial extents affect the model results. Through a discussion on the implications for modelers and planners, especially in light of the ongoing initiatives in India, we highlight the value of consideration of multiple model outcomes and highlight the importance of coordination of planning efforts taking place in spatially overlapping or nested jurisdictions.
The Effect of Time and Other Factors on the Non-Return to Service Estimate of Fertility Level in Artificial Insemination of Cattle

Summary Evidence is presented indicating that in artificial insemination of cattle a significant proportion, varying up to 25 per cent, of the cows thought to be pregnant after one insemination, because they failed to show estrus during a time interval after insemination equivalent to two normal estrous cycles, actually returned for service at a later date. The difference between the percentage of cows that had not returned for reinsemination during 1 full month after the month of insemination (1-mo. non-returns) and those that did not return to service during the 4 subsequent months (5-mo. non-returns) was of the order of 12 to 15 percentage units. The magnitude of the difference varied with the age of the extended semen used for insemination and with experience in the artificial breeding program.
Strain Rate Effects in Porous Materials

The behavior of metal foams under rapid loading conditions is assessed. Dynamic loading experiments were conducted in our laboratory using a split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus and a drop weight tester; strain rates ranged from 45 s−1 to 1200 s−1. The implications of these experiments on open-cell, porous metals, and closed- and open-cell polymer foams are described. It is shown that there are two possible strain-rate dependent contributors to the impact resistance of cellular metals: (i) elastic-plastic resistance of the cellular metal “skeleton,” and (ii) the gas pressure generated by gas flow within distorted open cells. A theoretical basis for these implications is presented.
Simulation of continuous mail processing

Simulation may be used to determine the number of sorting devices needed in an automated postal system facility. The model must deal with mail types with great variability in processing characteristics. Interactions, at the sorting stations, between continuously and sequentially processed batches of mail of these different types, introduces a bias in conventionally collected statistics. Although the logic of the basic simulation is straightforward, the model must be significantly modified to produce unbiased or undistorted statistics. SIMNET and SLAM II are used for independently developed final models.
Phonon-Induced Hyperfine Coupling of V2+ Ion in Cubic Crystalline Fields

The effect of dynamic phonon interaction on the hyperfine fields of ions with electronic configuration 3d3 has been examined theoretically. The zero-point vibrational contribution and the temperature dependent part is discussed for both the acoustical and the optical phonons in a covalent model. As the amplitude of phonon vibrations is thermally increased a net decrease in the V2+ hyperfine interaction in octahedrally coordinated environment is predicted the temperature dependence of which is in agreement with experimental measurements in V2+ doped MgO. Der Einflus einer dynamischen Phononenwechselwirkung auf die Hyperfeinfelder von Ionen mit der Elektronenkonfiguration 3d3 wurde theoretisch untersucht. Der Beitrag der Nullpunktsschwingungen und der temperaturabhangige Anteil wird sowohl fur akustische als auch optische Phononen in einem kovalenten Modell diskutiert. Da die Amplitude der Phononenschwingungen mit der Temperatur zunimmt, wird eine Gesamtabnahme in der V2+-Hyperfeinwechselwirkung bei oktaedrischer Umgebung vorhergesagt, deren Temperaturabhangigkeit mit experimentellen Ergebnissen an V2+-dotiertem MgO ubereinstimmt.
New μ-Oxo-heterobinuclear complex containing the FeOSi linkage: Synthesis and structural characterization of [FeSALEN] OSi(CH3)3

Abstract The reaction of hexamethyldisilazane with the μ-oxo iron SALEN dimer in toluene under N2 gives the μ-heterobinuclear title complex, FeC19H23N203Si. Crystals of the compound are monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 6.087(2), b = 10.497(3), c = 28.567(7) A, β = 97.78(2) and Z = 4. Solution of the structure by direct methods led to a final weighted and unweighted R factors of 6.2 and 5.6%, respectively. The coordination geometry of the iron center is square-pyramidal with the iron displaced 0.56 A from the best least-squares plane of the coordinating oxygens and nitrogens of the SALEN ligand. The FeOSi angle is bent at 142.7°. The FeOSi linkage does not hydrolyze under neutral pH conditions.
Quantitation of the relatedness of reovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3 at the gene level.

Abstract As judged by the ability of their genomes to hybridize, reovirus serotypes 1 and 3 are related to the extent of about 70% to each other and about 10% to serotype 2. Two techniques were developed to measure the extent to which the individual cognate genes of these serotypes are related. Both involve comparison of heterologous hybrid genes that contain plus and minus strands of genes of different serotypes with homologous hybrid genes (molecules formed by reannealing the separated plus and minus strands of the same gene). In the first technique, the amounts in such hybrids of material sensitive to ribonuclease under standard conditions were compared; in the second, their relative electrophoretic mobilities. The results obtained with the two techniques agreed well. They showed that for the three reovirus isolates examined (the Lang strain of serotype 1, the D5 Jones strain of serotype 2, and the Dearing strain of serotype 3), all 10 genes of serotypes 1 and 3 are much more closely related to each other than to the genes of serotype 2. Although this result relates to only three isolates of mammalian reovirus, it suggests that the gene sets of reovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3 evolved independently of each other. Apparently double infection of hosts with strains of two reovirus serotypes, which would very likely yield recombinants, occurs infrequently and/or such recombinants have a lower survival advantage than strains containing “pure” gene sets. The results also show that the gene that has diverged most markedly during evolution is the S1 gene, the gene that encodes the minor outer shell capsid protein σ1 which is the reovirus cell attachment protein and hemagglutinin and possesses the most type-specific antigenic determinants. The serotype 1 and 3 S1 genes are about 10% homologous, serotype 2 and serotype 1 or 3 S1 genes about 3%. The genes that have diverged least are the three L genes (85–90% homology for the serotype 1 and 3 L genes). In all cases, the serotype 2 and serotype 1 or 3 genes exhibit no more than 20%, and often less than 10% homology. In spite of this high degree of divergence, the antigenic determinants on proteins encoded by genes of serotype 2 on the one hand and serotypes 1 and 3 on the other hand are, with the exception of those on proteins σ1, highly conserved, and the 60 to 80 nucleotides at the 5′- and 3′-termini of at least three sets of cognate genes (L3, M3, and S2) of all three serotypes, serotype 1 and 3 as well as serotype 2, are highly homologous and in some instances almost identical. Thus, while some regions of reovirus genes have diverged greatly during evolution, others have been highly conserved.