cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of Quantity and Type of Waste Generated in Institutional Foodservice Operations

Abstract The management of solid waste in foodservice operations is becoming more important as the cost of waste disposal increases and consumer knowledge of environmental issues increases. The objective of this study was to develop a profile of the composition of solid waste generated in different types of foodservice operations. A series of waste stream analyses were conducted in different types of institutional foodservice operations including college and university foodservice, extended care facilities, and military foodservice operations. Waste stream analyses were used to determine the amount and type of waste being generated by weight, volume, and collapsed volume of materials discarded. Significant differences existed among the three college and university foodservice operations. The facility with a centralized production facility and bakery generated significantly more waste per meal than the operation with limited on-site production. Significant differences (p≤.0.05) also were found among the different types of institutional foodservice operations. The two distinct populations were university foodservice and extended care and military. The university operations generated significantly less food waste (0.34lbs/meal), packaging waste (0.14lbs/meal), and total waste/meal (0.48lbs/meal) than the other group (0.70lbs/meal food waste, 0.28lbs/meal packaging waste, and 0.98lbs/meal total waste). Factors such as type of service system, type of packaging materials, and age and gender of customers influenced the quantity of waste generated. Data from this study provide valuable information for foodservice operators for developing and implementing waste reduction programs. Results of this study could be used in estimating type of waste generated in other similar operations.
Dynamic stability of spinning viscoelastic cylinders at finite deformation

The study of spinning axisymmetric cylinders undergoing finite deformation is a classic problem in several industrial settings - the tire industry in particular. We present a stability analysis of spinning elastic and viscoelastic cylinders using ARPACK to compute eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of finite element discretizations of the linearized evolution operator. We show that the eigenmodes correspond to N-peak standing or traveling waves for the linearized problem with an additional index describing the number of oscillations in the radial direction. We find a second hierarchy of bifurcations to standing waves where these eigenvalues cross zero, and confirm numerically the existence of finite-amplitude standing waves for the nonlinear problem on one of the new branches. In the viscoelastic case, this analysis permits us to study the validity of two popular models of finite viscoelasticity. We show that a commonly used finite deformation linear convolution model results in non-physical energy growth and finite-time blow-up when the system is perturbed in a linearly unstable direction and followed nonlinearly in time. On the other hand, Sidoroff-style viscoelastic models are seen to be linearly and nonlinearly stable, as is physically required. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fluorimetric Determination of Alkylating Activity in Particulate Samples

Abstract A sensitive fluorimetric method for the determination of alkylating activity in particulate samples has been developed. The method is based on the alkylation of NH3(g) and the conversion of the primary amine salts produced to fluorophors using fluorescamine. This method requires no sample treatment prior to reaction with NH3(g), allows fixation of samples in the field, and is suitable for routine analyses.
Analysis of dynamic characteristics of micro-drills

Abstract Micro-drills were modeled as long twisted beams. Models for the critical speeds and the critical buckling loads were developed based on the finite element method of analysis. The effects of transverse shear, rotary inertia and gyroscopic moments were included in this analysis. The models have the capability of analyzing a wide variety of geometrical cross-sections. A computer program was developed for the calculation of the variations of the critical speeds and of the buckling loads. The effects of drill geometry, boundary condition, rotational speed, and cross-sectional area on the buckling loads and the critical speeds were analyzed.
Modeling and simulation of a single crystal based on a multiscale field theory

This work presents a multiscale field theory and its applications in modeling and simulation of atomistic systems. The theoretical construction of the multiscale field theory is briefly introduced. A single crystal is discretized into finite element mesh as if it is a continuous medium. However, each node is a representative unit cell, which contains a specified number of discrete and distinctive atoms. Material behaviors of a given atomistic system at nano/micro scale, subject to the combination of mechanical loadings, electromagnetic field and temperature field, can be obtained through numerical simulations. Sample problem of a single crystal (magnesium oxide) subject to large strain tension/compression has been solved to demonstrate the advantage and applicability of this multiscale field theory.
Temporal lobe epilepsy in children.

T Ir E symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy have been described since Biblical times and case records were found in the writings of Hippocrates and others through the ages? To Hughlings Jackson, however, belongs the credit of recognizing these s?wnptoms as "a particular variety of epilepsy, ''2 and of predicting the pathologic lesion in the temporosphenoidal lobe. a Interest in this type of epilepsy was rekindled by the development of electroencephalography and other new techniques for the study of brain function. Gibbs, Gibbs, and Lennox ~ in their pioneer electroencephalographic studies discovered that patients with symptoms suggesting temporal lobe epilepsy usually exhibited seizure bursts of flat-topped stow waves. For recurrent seizures of this type, they used the term "psychomotor epilepsy" in 1938. 5 This quickly gained wide popularity. Refinement in recording technique soon demonstrated that psychomotor epilepsy was usually associated with a focus of seizure activity in the temporal areasS' 7 Meanwhile, Penfield s and his group began their iraportant investigations of brain function on conscious patients during surgical operation. They demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe and deep Sy]vian areas
Aggregate unemployment and household unsecured debt

Abstract This paper studies the relationship between the availability of unsecured credit to households and unemployment. We extend the Mortensen–Pissarides model to include a goods market with search and financial frictions. Households, who have limited commitment, face endogenous borrowing constraints when financing random consumption opportunities. We show that borrowing limits depend on the sophistication of the financial system, the frequency of liquidity shocks, and the rate of return on (partially) liquid assets that households can accumulate for self insurance. Moreover, firms' expected revenue is endogenous and depends on firms' market power in the goods market and the availability of unsecured credit to consumers. As a result of the complementarity between credit and labor markets, multiple steady states might exist. Across steady states unemployment and debt limits are negatively correlated. We calibrate the model to the US labor and credit markets and illustrate the effects of an expansion in unsecured debt similar to that seen in the US from 1978 to 2008. Under the baseline calibration, the rise in unsecured credit can account for approximately seventy percent of the decline in the long-term average unemployment rate.
Evaluating performance in continuous experiments with feedback to subjects

Consider an experiment in which a subject guesses repeatedly at a randomly chosen target on a continuum. To guarantee a positive probability of success, the continuum is partitioned into a finite but large number of segments. The subject is given directional feedback. General guessing strategies are characterized, and an optimal strategy is identified. The hypothesis that the subject's performance can be explained by “chance alone” is of interest in such experiments. A test is developed based on comparing the subject's performance to expected performance using the optimal strategy. A “skill-scoring” procedure is developed for assessing a subject's performance in light of the strategy used, and a test based on skill-scoring is advanced.
Simultaneous Isolation of Endogenous Digoxin-like Immunoreactive Factor, Ouabain-like Factor, and Deglycosylated Congeners from Mammalian Tissues

Abstract DLIF (digoxin-like immunoreactive factor) and OLF (ouabain-like factor) are endogenous steroid-like ligands (approximately 781 and 595 Da, respectively) with molecular and structural properties similar to the plant-derived cardiac glycosides, digoxin and ouabain. We developed a purification method with a sufficiently wide range of extraction solubility to separate compounds with polarities spanning those of ouabain and digoxin. This technique provides a rapid, reliable, and efficient method for simultaneously isolating DLIF, OLF, and several naturally existing deglycosylated congeners, including three deglycosylated species of DLIF (DLIF-genin, DLIF-mono, and DLIF-bis) and one deglycosylated species of OLF (OLF-genin). Separation is achieved using acid extraction, C-18 reverse-phase HPLC chromatography, and signal detection using two antibodies, one specific for digoxin and one for ouabain. The average extraction efficiency is 400 pmol digoxin equivalent (range 300–500) and 42 pmol ouabain equivalent (range 37–50) per gram of adrenal cortex for DLIF and OLF, respectively. The relative molar immunoreactivity of DLIF is 103-fold less than that of digoxin, whereas that of OLF is unity compared to ouabain, suggesting that OLF is structurally more similar to ouabain than DLIF is to digoxin. Of interest is the presence of a compound reacting with both digoxin and ouabain antibodies. This unique immunoreactive species is likely to have structural similarity to both digoxin and ouabain and thus may represent a metabolic link between DLIF and OLF.
Influence of Postmortem Aging Period on the Fragmentation Index of Bovine Longissimus Muscle

A total of 59 short loins were aged at 2°C for 60, 120, 180, and 240 hr postmortem PM). Following each aging period, steaks were removed for shear force value (SFV) and fragmentation index (FI) measurements. One steak was removed at 60 hr PM for chemical determination. FI was significantly related (r=0.30-0.63) to SFV in 32 comparisons. Variation in FI and SFV for PM aging period and residue fraction drying time (0 and 10 min) was not significant; thus, FI can be accurately determined by omission of the 10 min residue fraction drying time. FI determined on bovine longissimus muscle at 60 hr PM was related (P < 0.05) to SFV of cooked loin steaks from loins aged 60, 120, 180, and 240 hr PM. FI determined at 120, 180 or 240 hr was also related (P < 0.05) to SFV of loin steaks. Simultaneous consideration of five carcass traits (marbling degree, lean color, lein firmness, fat thickness, and carcass weight) accounted for approximately 10% of the observed variation in SFV for cooked steaks from loins aged 60–240 hr, while FI accounted for an additional 15–42%. These data indicate that SFV of cooked loin steaks from A maturity carcasses can be predicted to a significant degree by FI of law muscle determined at 60 hr PM.
Slow Inactivation in Voltage Gated Potassium Channels Is Insensitive to the Binding of Pore Occluding Peptide Toxins

Voltage gated potassium channels open and inactivate in response to changes of the voltage across the membrane. After removal of the fast N-type inactivation, voltage gated Shaker K-channels (Shaker-IR) are still able to inactivate through a poorly understood closure of the ion conduction pore. This, usually slower, inactivation shares with binding of pore occluding peptide toxin two important features: i), both are sensitive to the occupancy of the pore by permeant ions or tetraethylammonium, and ii), both are critically affected by point mutations in the external vestibule. Thus, mutual interference between these two processes is expected. To explore the extent of the conformational change involved in Shaker slow inactivation, we estimated the energetic impact of such interference. We used kconotoxin-PVIIA (kPVIIA) and charybdotoxin (CTX) peptides that occlude the pore of Shaker K-channels with a simple 1:1 stoichiometry and with kinetics 100-fold faster than that of slow inactivation. Because inactivation appears functionally different between outside-out patches and whole oocytes, we also compared the toxin effect on inactivation with these two techniques. Surprisingly, the rate of macroscopic inactivation and the rate of recovery, regardless of the technique used, were toxin insensitive. We also found that the fraction of inactivated channels at equilibrium remained unchanged at saturating kPVIIA. This lack of interference with toxin suggests that during slow inactivation the toxin receptor site remains unaffected, placing a strong geometry-conservative constraint on the possible structural configurations of a slow inactivated K-channel. Such a constraint could be fulfilled by a concerted rotation of the external vestibule.
Social network composition and attitude strength: Exploring the dynamics within newly formed social networks

Recent evidence suggests that people who are embedded within attitudinally congruent social networks have stronger attitudes than those embedded in attitudinally diverse networks. The current research examines the causal processes responsible for this relation. Two studies capitalized on naturally occurring experiments whereby college students are quasi-randomly assigned to social contexts containing varying levels of attitudinal diversity. Replicating past research, individuals in attitudinally diverse social networks exhibited less resistance to attitude change and less attitude stability than those in more attitudinally congruent networks. Although there was evidence of attitude projection and selective network construction, neither of these processes could account for the relation between social network composition and attitude strength. These findings corroborate and extend previous results, reinforcing the notion that the social context in which people are embedded has important implications for the durability of their attitudes.
Nitrite-Mediated Antagonism of Cyanide Inhibition of Cytochrome c Oxidase in Dopamine Neurons

Cyanide inhibits aerobic metabolism by binding to the binuclear heme center of cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX). Amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite (NaNO(2)) antagonize cyanide toxicity in part by oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin (mHb), which then scavenges cyanide. mHb generation is thought to be a primary mechanism by which the NO(2)(-) ion antagonizes cyanide. On the other hand, NO(2)(-) can undergo biotransformation to generate nitric oxide (NO), which may then directly antagonize cyanide inhibition of CcOX. In this study, nitrite-mediated antagonism of cyanide inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation was examined in rat dopaminergic N27 cells. NaNO(2) produced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in whole-cell and mitochondrial levels of NO. The NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxy 3-oxide (PTIO) reversed this increase in cellular and mitochondrial NO. NO generated from NaNO(2) decreased cellular oxygen consumption and inhibited CcOX activity. PTIO reversed the NO-mediated inhibition, thus providing strong evidence that NO mediates the action of NaNO(2). Under similar conditions, KCN (20muM) inhibited cellular state-3 oxygen consumption and CcOX activity. Pretreatment with NaNO(2) reversed KCN-mediated inhibition of both oxygen consumption and CcOX activity. The NaNO(2) antagonism of cyanide was blocked by pretreatment with the NO scavenger PTIO. It was concluded that NaNO(2) antagonizes cyanide inhibition of CcOX by generating of NO, which then interacts directly with the binding of KCN x CcOX to reverse the toxicity. In vivo antagonism of cyanide by NO(2)(-) appears to be due to both generation of mHb and direct displacement of cyanide from CcOX by NO.
THE INTERACTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND INVENTORY DECISIONS

The management of inventories and determination of transportation policy are normally carried out by different groups of people in an organization. These activities interact, however, when the transportation is used to replace inventory and when the transportation alternatives have different speed, reliability, and cost characteristics. This paper presents exact and heuristic procedures for jointly determining the inventory reorder points, order quantities, and transportation alternatives that provide minimum total transportation and inventory costs. The effectiveness of each procedure is demonstrated for a broad range of problems. The heuristic procedure was also applied to actual company data to determine the potential for cost savings. The results showed that savings were possible both from improving the current procedures and from applying the procedure developed in this study.
Learnability of the Superset Label Learning Problem

In the Superset Label Learning (SLL) problem, weak supervision is provided in the form of a superset of labels that contains the true label. If the classifier predicts a label outside of the superset, it commits a superset error. Most existing SLL algorithms learn a multiclass classifier by minimizing the superset error. However, only limited theoretical analysis has been dedicated to this approach. In this paper, we analyze Empirical Risk Minimizing learners that use the superset error as the empirical risk measure. SLL data can arise either in the form of independent instances or as multiple-instance bags. For both scenarios, we give the conditions for ERM learnability and sample complexity for the realizable case.
Effect of Diagnostic Criteria on the Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study

Background The ankle/brachial systolic blood pressure index (ABI), a noninvasive measure of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is widely used in epidemiological studies. However, the normal ranges of the ABI in healthy populations and ABI criteria for the diagnosis of PAD in large population studies have not been critically evaluated. Methods and Results The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (SLVDS) was designed to evaluate the prevalence and complications of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in a biethnic population. The present study was conducted as part of the SLVDS to assess the prevalence of vascular disease in 1280 nondiabetic control subjects and 430 patients with NIDDM. The ABI criteria for PAD were developed in 403 healthy individuals with a low risk for cardiovascular disease. In these low-risk subjects, the average resting ABI value was 0.07 lower in women than in men. In both sexes, the dorsalis pedis ABI was 0.04 lower than in the posterior tibial artery, and the left leg ABI was ...
The microstructure and formation of duplex and black plessite in iron meteorites

Two of the most common plessite structures, duplex and black plessite, in the taenite region of the Windmanstatten pattern of two iron meteorites (Grant and Carlton) are characterized using high-resolution electron microscopy and microanalysis techniques. Two types of gamma precipitates, found in the duplex plessite and black plessite regions, respectively, are identified, and their morphologies are described. The formation of the plessite structure is discussed using the information obtained in this study and results of a parallel investigation of decomposed martensitic Fe-Ni laboratory alloys.
Tent Construction by the Short‐nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Southern India

The short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera : Pteropodidae) constructs shelters by severing stems of the curtain creeper, Vernonia scandens, and stems and leaves of the mast tree, Polyalthia longifolia, creating partially enclosed cavities (stem tents) in which to roost. Our observations indicate that the construction and maintenance of stem tents are primarily, if not exclusively, the behaviour of single males. A stem tent is formed in V. scandens when a single male C. sphinx severs up to 300 small- to medium-sized stems creating a partially flattened, bell-shaped cavity, and in P. longifolia when a male severs a few medium- to small-sized branches and many leaf petioles, creating an entry/exit portal and space in which to roost. A tent constructed in V. scandens is completed in approximately 30 d, whereas one in P. longifolia is completed in about 50 d. Stem-tent construction takes place mostly at night, but some stem chewing occurs in late afternoon. At night a stem tent is occupied by a single male, whereas females are usually absent. During the day the number of bats occupying completed tents is highly variable, ranging from two to 19 females (and their pups) and a single adult male. Tent construction is annually bimodal, which corresponds to a biannual breeding season. A dominant male sometimes deposits saliva on branches inside his tent cavity and actively defends this space from intrusions by other males. Both behaviours suggest forms of scent marking and territorial display. Our observations indicate that dominant males construct tents, recruit females and then defend the tents (and their female occupants) for the purpose of gaining reproductive access. The variance in harem group size indicates that some tent-making males are more successful than others in recruiting females.
Copper Sulfide-based Resistance Change Memory

Nonvolatile memories (NVMs) based on an instantaneous resistance change when an electric bias is applied are very attractive for future memory applications. Here, we report the fabrication and electrical characterization of mum-sized Cu2S NVM devices. With stoichiometric Cu2S films grown by anodic polarization, we can generate consistent and reproducible resistance switching devices. The fabricated devices exhibit large on/off ratio over 105 with low switching voltages (below 0.3 V). On-resistance (Ron) value of 150 Omega does not change as the size of the devices shrinks. On the contrary, off-resistance (Roff) depends on the device area inversely, which enables the enhancement of on/off ratio with the scaling-down of the device.
DETERMINATION OF THE ENERGY OF ANTIMONY-BERYLLIUM PHOTONEUTRONS

Abstract The transmission of a spherical shell of enriched B10 has been measured and used to determine the average energy of neutrons from a spherical antimony-beryllium source. Analysis of the transmission data in terms of the known absorption and total cross sections of B10, including effects of single and multiple neutron scattering in the shell and source, permits determination of the effective energy of neutrons in the shell, the average energy of neutrons emitted from the particular source, and an estimate of the initial antimony-beryllium photoneutron energy. The average energy of neutrons from the neutron source of this experiment is 24.0±2.2 keV; the initial energy of the primary group of antimony-beryllium photoneutrons is 24.8±2.4 keV. A discussion of the source neutron energy as a function of source dimensions is included.
Siloxane-containing polyenaminoesters

Polyenaminoesters were prepared by condensation of succinyl succinic ester (SSE) and p-bis-carbomethoxy diacetyl benzene (CDB) with 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane. Conditions of solvent and temperature were discovered which yielded soluble polymer from SSE after heat treatment. CDB yields only tough, rubbery, insoluble products.
Rational synthesis of bis(hexyloxy)-tetra(hydroxy)-triphenylenes and their derivatives

A straightforward, reliable, and scalable synthesis of rationally designed, mixed-substituent triphenylene derivatives from ortho-terphenyl precursors is described. Three isomers of bis(hexyloxy)-tetrahydroxy triphenylenes were synthesized and functionalized with monomethyl di(ethylene glycol) chains to provide new amphiphilic, mixed substituent triphenylenes. Oxidative triphenylene annulation, tetra-ol formation, and subsequent functionalization were supported by significant changes in phase and melting point, and confirmed by mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and UV/Vis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The thermal phase properties of amphiphilic mixed-substituent triphenylene derivatives were found to vary between the different isomers, demonstrating how small changes in substitution pattern can result in significant differences in mesogenic behavior. The controlled synthetic route to de novo designed triphenylene derivatives is dependable, wide in scope, and can be applied to the synthesis of a vast array of other mixed-substituent triphenylene derivatives, thus enabling the preparation of libraries of novel triphenylene and triphenylene-containing materials.
Origin and evolution of the Kangâmiut mafic dyke swarm, West Greenland

The Kangâmiut dyke swarm in West Greenland intruded Archaean terrains at 2.04 Ga, and its northern portion was subsequently metamorphosed to granulite facies during the Nagssugtoqidian orogeny (c. 1.8 Ga). Mineral and whole-rock major and trace element compositions show that the parental magmas for the dyke swarm differentiated by the fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and late stage Fe-Ti oxides. Petrographical observations and the enrichment of K 2 O during differentiation argue that hornblende was not an important fractionating phase. Field observations suggest emplacement at crustal levels above the brittle–ductile transition, and clinopyroxene geothermobarometry constrains dyke emplacement depths to less than 10 km. Granulite facies metamorphism of the Kangâmiut dykes and their host rocks in the northern portion of the swarm requires subsequent burial to c. 30 km, related to roughly 20 km of crustal thickening between the time of dyke emplacement and peak metamorphism during the Nagssugtoqidian orogeny. Kangâmiut dykes are characterised by low Ba/La ratios (12 ± 5), and high Nb/La ratios (0.8 ± 0.2), compared to subduction related basalts (Ba/La c. 25; Nb/La c. 0.35). These geochemical characteristics argue that the Kangâmiut dykes are not related to subduction processes. Forward modelling of rare-earth element data requires that primitive magmas for the Kangâmiut dykes originated from a moderately depleted mantle source with a mantle potential temperature of c. 1420°C. The inferred potential temperature is consistent with potential temperature estimates for ambient mantle at 2.0 Ga derived from secular cooling models and continental freeboard constraints. The geochemistry and petrology of the Kangâmiut dykes support a model that relates the dyke activity to passive rifting of the proposed Kenorland supercontinent rather than to mantle plume activity or subduction.
Simulation-based optimal tuning of model predictive control policies for supply chain management using simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation

Efficient management of inventory in supply chains is critical to the profitable operation of modern enterprises. The supply/demand networks characteristic of discrete-parts industries such as semiconductor manufacturing represent highly stochastic, nonlinear, and constrained dynamical systems whose study merits a control-oriented approach. Model predictive control (MPC) is presented in this paper as the basis for a novel inventory management policy for supply chains whose dynamic behavior can be adequately represented by fluid analogies. A simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) optimization algorithm is presented as a means to obtain optimal tuning parameters for the proposed policies. The SPSA technique is capable of optimizing important system parameters, such as safety stock targets and/or controller tuning parameters. Two case studies are presented. The results of the optimization on a single-echelon system show that it is advantageous to act cautiously to forecasted information and gradually become more aggressive (with respect to factory starts) as more accurate demand information becomes available. For a three-echelon problem, the results of the optimization demonstrate that safety stock levels can be significantly reduced and financial benefit gained while maintaining robust operation in the supply chain.
Linguistics retention and diffusion in Bella Coola

The ecological vocabulary of the Bella Coola, who speak a Salish language of the American Northwest Coast, shows a larger proportion of loanwords than of forms retained from the parent language. Over a period of centuries the Bella Coola were in contact with many non-Salish tribes, but the direction of their borrowing was highly selective. Although their most intimate contacts were with speakers of Athapaskan and Wakashan, the overwhelming proportion of their ecological loans are Wakashan. This selectivity is explained by cultural affinity rather than intimacy of contact. (Language and cultural history, sociolinguistics, lexical borrowing, ecological vocabulary, Northwest Coast, Bella Coola Indians.)
Microbolometer-infrared imaging Stokes polarimeter

A long-wave infrared division of amplitude imaging Stokes polarimeter is presented. For the first time, to our knowledge, application of microbolometer focal plane array (FPA) technology to polarimetry is demonstrated. The sensor utilizes a wire-grid beamsplitter with imaging systems positioned at each output to analyze two orthogonal linear polarization states simultaneously. Combined with a form birefringent wave plate, the system is capable of snapshot imaging polarimetry in any one Stokes parameter (S1, S2, or S3). Radiometric and polarimetric calibration procedures for the instrument are provided, and the reduction matrices from the calibration are compared to rigorous coupled wave analysis and ray-tracing simulations. Image registration techniques for the sensor are discussed, and data from the instrument are presented, demonstrating the ability to measure intensity variations corresponding to polarized emission in natural environments. As such, emission polarimetry can be exploited at significantly reduced cost, sensor size, and power consumption over instruments based on more expensive mercury-cadmium telluride FPAs.
Scientific principles for ecologically based risk assessment of transgenic organisms

It is critical to base scientific risk assessment of genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) on appropriate scientific concepts. A variety of ‘generic safety’ models has now largely been recognized to have been based on outdated scientific thinking. One broad safety argument that is still used is that genetic engineering categorically is nothing but an extension of selective breeding. It is explained here, though, that the mechanisms and potentials of the two can be profoundly different. This does not mean that every GEO is ecologically dangerous; but some types of GEOs may be considerably more risky than what could be produced with selective breeding, especially when an ecologically competent host is supplemented with novel features that may increase its competitiveness. In addition, genetic ‘side effects’ raise food-safety issues; and the possibility that they may sometimes increase ecological competitiveness cannot be ruled out, though this would be quite rare. Field plots have a proper use: to gather particular data that could be used in analysing the risks of commercial releases. But it is not scientific to call a small, confined, field population, isolated from potential competitors, a ‘test or release’ and then conclude that because ‘nothing happened’ the GEO will be safe when commercialized, or indeed that all GEOs will be safe.
Designing Graduate Programs to Prepare the Communication Leaders of 2000

Recent years have seen extraordinary growth in thefield ofscientificand tech nical communication. Video, computer, electronic-publishing, and telecom munications technologies have challenged traditional print dominance among the media. As schools nationwide attempt to meet the needs of a new generation of technical-communication leaders, it is appropriate that we ex plore what distinguishes a comprehensive graduate program in this new field. By examining leading programs, assessing industry's needs, and sketching a profile of an ideal graduate communicator, we are able to set goals for curricu lum, staff, facilities, resources, support, and administration of a state-of-the- art graduate program in technical communication.
Major histocompatibility complex: N-glycosylation form and function

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family of glycoproteins is central to the proper function of the immune system. These molecules present antigen to T lymphocytes for specific recognition by the cellular arm of the adaptive immune system, which is at the basis of host protection from pathogenic infections and disease. Although MHC molecules are highly polymorphic both interand intraspecies, a common feature of all known MHC family members across evolution is the conservation of peptide signal sequences for asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation near the antigen-binding site. Herein, the dynamic relationship between MHC protein and N-linked glycans will be highlighted, with descriptions of the form and function ofMHC glycosylation and its role in mediating immune system responses.
A Woman With Major Depression With Psychotic Features Requesting a Termination of Pregnancy

Case Presentation Ms. A, a married, pregnant 31-year-old woman with a history of major depressive disorder, was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit with dysphoria, ruminative worries about her work performance, difficulty sleeping,doubtsaboutherpotentialtobeagoodmother, and suicidal impulses to jump out of her apartment window. On the day before admission, she impulsively punched herself in the abdomen with the hope of inducing a miscarriage. Acti ng on the advice of her out
China, India and the International Economic Order: The WTO and development policy in China and India

Standard political economy analysis suggests that, in China and India, as in other countries, domestic producers interested in protection would be able to overcome domestic consumers interested in inexpensive goods without the political intervention of domestic producers interested in promoting exports. The WTO provides an occasion to motivate domestic producers interested in promoting exports to intervene, by providing the possibility for commitments by other states to liberalize access for their exports. This promotes liberalization and the possibility of export-led growth. Yet, the WTO also provides restrictions that are understood by some to limit the scope for industrial policy that can also induce growth. How can WTO rules be structured to limit the scope for protection by developing countries while maximizing the scope for industrial policy that promotes growth? How have WTO rules so far affected the ability of India and China to promote growth in these respects? This essay examines the constraints that the WTO may impose on China and India as they engage in industrial policy towards development. One of the critical questions about the GATT and the WTO has been the degree to which they have constrained the "right to regulate," in particular the degree to which they have constrained the ability of developing countries to implement development policy.
Development of a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against MRP3 (multi drug resistance protein) for immunotargetting of GBM (glioblastoma multiforme)

B56 MRP3 is a membrane bound, active transport carrier which confers resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. It has been identified as one of the cell surface expressed molecular targets for GBMs, where it is over expressed but it is not present in normal brain. Use of recombinant antibody fragments, armed or unarmed, has recently emerged as an important tool in therapy for a variety of cancers. The goal of this project is to develop a single chain Fv fragment antibody capable of binding to MRP3 with high affinity. In the present study, we have demonstrated isolation of a novel recombinant scFv, M58 from a naive human scFv phage display library, against the extracellular NH 2 terminus of the human MRP3, Pep I (1-20 aa), with the affinity of K D, 4.8 X10 -8 M. In ELISA it only reacted specifically with the immobilized Pep I antigen of the human MRP3 but did not cross react with other MRP3 derived peptides and furthermore, the reactivity was found to be dose dependent. Flow cytometry revealed that M58 scFv binds specifically to fixed MRP3 expressing GBM cells (D54 MG) and after labeling using Iodogen, 53% of radioactive scFv was found to be immunoreactive. It was further characterized for its surface binding by inhibition assay with D54 MG cells, viable cells were found to inhibit 50-57% binding of M58 scFv to the PepI. With it9s smaller size, selective binding and good affinity to the extracellular epitope of MRP3, M58 scFv may possibly be a good candidate for use in immunotargeting for GBM.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MUTI TURBULENT JETS IN A CROSS-FLOW

Numerical Investigations of two turbulent planer jets in a cross flow are performed. The investigations are performed for the jets velocity ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 and jets spacing of d, 2d, and 3d. Here d is the jet diameter. Results show that the jets coupling disappear when the jets spacing is 3d. For Jets spacing of d and 2d, increasing the exhaust momentum of downstream jet above the free stream and upstream jet velocities, increases the throw distance in the cross flow beyond the wall boundary layer thickness, before it is tilted in the direction of the free stream flow. There is an increase in the turbulent kinetic energy due to the jets coupling, which should enhance the mixing and diffusion processes.
Natural Convection From Protruding Heat Sources in a Channel

Natural convection has important implications in many applications like cooling of electronic equipment due to its low cost and easy maintenance. In the present study, two-dimensional natural convection heat transfer to air from multiple identical protruding heat sources, which simulate electronic components, located in a horizontal channel has been studied numerically. The fluid flow and temperature profiles, above the heating elements placed between an adiabatic lower plate and an isothermal upper plate, are obtained using numerical simulation. The effects of source temperatures, channel dimensions, openings, boundary conditions, and source locations on the heat transfer from and flow above the protruding sources are investigated. Different configurations of channel dimensions and separation distances of heat sources are considered and their effects on natural convection heat transfer characteristics are studied. The results show that the channel dimensions have a significant effect on fluid flow. However, their effects on heat transfer are found to be small. The separation distance is found to be an important parameter affecting the heat transfer rate. The numerical results of temperature profiles are compared with the experimental measurements performed using Filtered Rayleigh Scattering (FRS) technique in an earlier study, indicating good agreement. It is observed that adiabatic upper plate assumption leads to better temperature predictions than isothermal plate assumption.© 2003 ASME
Induction of neurally mediated NaHCO3 secretion by luminal distension in rat ileum

Distension induces secretion in the intact intestine, but the mechanism of this secretory process remains unresolved. We sought to characterize the effect of intraluminal pressures below 20 cmH2O o...
A Study of the Helmholtz Operator

The operator \(R_\lambda ^o = {\left( { - \Delta - \left( {\lambda + i0} \right)} \right)^{ - 1}},0\mathop = \limits^ < \lambda \) is a right inverse of the Helmholtz operator -Δ-λ on the weighted L1 space L1,-1 (ℝ3). It is shown to be a bounded operator into L1,s (ℝ3) for each s < -3. 2. Comparisons are made with its operation on L2 spaces. The operator ImRλ maps L1,-1 (ℝ3) into the null space of -Δ-λ. Bounds for the growth at infinity of the derivatives of ImRpf are obtained.
The Triticeae Toolbox: Combining Phenotype and Genotype Data to Advance Small-Grains Breeding

The Triticeae Toolbox (; T3) is the database schema enabling plant breeders and researchers to combine, visualize, and interrogate the wealth of phenotype and genotype data generated by the Triticeae Coordinated Agricultural Project (TCAP). T3 enables users to define specific data sets for download in formats compatible with the external tools TASSEL, Flapjack, and R; or to use by software residing on the T3 server for operations such as Genome Wide Association and Genomic Prediction. New T3 tools to assist plant breeders include a Selection Index Generator, analytical tools to compare phenotype trials using common or user-defined indices, and a histogram generator for nursery reports, with applications using the Android OS, and a Field Plot Layout Designer in development. Researchers using T3 will soon enjoy the ability to design training sets, define core germplasm sets, and perform multivariate analysis. An increased collaboration with GrainGenes and integration with the small grains reference sequence resources will place T3 in a pivotal role for on-the-fly data analysis, with instant access to the knowledge databases for wheat and barley. T3 software is available under the GNU General Public License and is freely downloadable.
The Medical Environmental Spectrum

It seems to me that we have been talking at considerable length of the efforts of the engineers to give us in our closed environments the equivalent of clean, fresh sea air. I submit that this is possibly not the best of all gaseous media for man to breathe, and certainly under the conditions in which I foresee working in the future, this is not the case. We have been looking for the past several years at the feasibility of putting man as a free agent on the ocean bottom to a depth of at least 600 ft, there to live under ambient pressures and to do useful work on the continental shelves of the world. To that end, it is necessary to go to a synthetic gas environment and the “ball park” changes very, very radically. In the three minutes that are left to me, I’ll tell you how it changes.
Effect of water on critical and subcritical fracture properties of Woodford shale

Subcritical fracture behavior of shales under aqueous conditions is poorly characterized despite increased relevance to oil and gas resource development and seal integrity in waste disposal and subsurface carbon sequestration. We measured subcritical fracture properties of Woodford shale in ambient air, dry CO2 gas, and deionized water by using the double-torsion method. Compared to tests in ambient air, the presence of water reduces fracture toughness by 50%, subcritical index by 77%, and shear modulus by 27% and increases inelastic deformation. Comparison between test specimens coated with a hydrophobic agent and uncoated specimens demonstrates that the interaction of water with the bulk rock results in the reduction of fracture toughness and enhanced plastic effects, while water-rock interaction limited to the vicinity of the propagating fracture tip by a hydrophobic specimen coating lowers subcritical index and increases fracture velocity. The observed deviation of a rate-dependent subcritical index from the power law K-V relations for coated specimens tested in water is attributed to a time-dependent weakening process resulting from the interaction between water and clays in the vicinity of the fracture tip.
Spatiality, Maps, and Mathematics in Critical Human Geography: Toward a Repetition with Difference

Quantitative and cartographic methods are today often associated with absolute, Newtonian conceptions of space. We argue that some such methods have not always been and need not be so allied. Present geographic approaches to relational space have been largely advanced through radical political economic and feminist thought. Yet we identify quantitative and cartographic methods (taking as exemplars a range of thinkers, some of whom were most prominent in the 1960s and 1970s) that can contribute to these approaches to relational space. We suggest neglected methods to revisit, new alliances to be forged with critical human geography and cultural critique, and possible paths to enliven geographical imaginations.
Intrinsically Bayesian Robust Classifier for Single-Cell Gene Expression Time Series in Gene Regulatory Networks

This paper studies expression-based classification under the assumption that single-cell measurements are sampled at a sufficient rate to detect regulatory timing. Observations are expression trajectories. In effect, classification is performed on data generated by an underlying gene regulatory network. Network regulation is modeled via a Boolean network with perturbation, regulation not being fully determined owing to inherent biological randomness, and we assume a partially known Gaussian observation model belonging to an uncertainty class of models. We derive the intrinsically Bayesian robust classifier to discriminate between wild-type and mutated networks based on expression trajectories. We test it using the mammalian cell-cycle model, discriminating between wild-type and mutated networks. Tests examine all model aspects, including trajectory length, perturbation probability, and the hyperparameters governing the prior distribution over the uncertainty class.
(Mis)imagining the good life and the bad life: Envy and pity as a function of the focusing illusion

Abstract Envy is a negative state arising when we encounter others with more desirable circumstances than our own. Its converse is pity, a negative state elicited by downward comparisons towards worse-off others. Both classes of emotions first require us to infer what a person's life as a whole must be like. However, the “focusing illusion” suggests these impressions of others are incomplete: we may overweight extreme features (the exceptionally good circumstances of envied others and exceptionally bad circumstances of pitied others) at the cost of overlooking the smaller ups and downs of daily life, which inevitably dilute the other person's overall experience. If so, envy and pity could involve misperceiving that envied others have lives that are uniformly wonderful (overlooking that they still face smaller annoyances) and pitied others have lives that are uniformly awful (overlooking that they still enjoy smaller pleasures). Five studies support this possibility. First, participants evaluated different peers. Consistent with focalism, the more envy and pity they felt, the more disparities they perceived (Study 1)—yet the actual everyday lives of envied and pitied others were similar (Study 2). Participants then completed various defocusing tasks designed to bring to mind others' smaller ups and downs. This indeed reduced envy and pity (Studies 3–4a–4b–5), but pity proved harder to reduce (Studies 4b–5). These studies suggest the same underlying focalism may inflate feelings of envy and pity, with asymmetric regulation strategies: small annoyances spoil perceptions of a good life more than small pleasures enhance perceptions of a bad life.
Evaluation of Commonsense Knowledge with Mechanical Turk

Efforts to automatically acquire world knowledge from text suffer from the lack of an easy means of evaluating the resulting knowledge. We describe initial experiments using Mechanical Turk to crowdsource evaluation to non-experts for little cost, resulting in a collection of factoids with associated quality judgements. We describe the method of acquiring usable judgements from the public and the impact of such large-scale evaluation on the task of knowledge acquisition.