cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrins control the positioning and proliferation of follicle stem cells in the Drosophila ovary.

Adult stem cells are maintained in specialized microenvironments called niches, which promote self-renewal and prevent differentiation. In this study, we show that follicle stem cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila melanogaster ovary rely on cues that are distinct from those of other ovarian stem cells to establish and maintain their unique niche. We demonstrate that integrins anchor FSCs to the basal lamina, enabling FSCs to maintain their characteristic morphology and position. Integrin-mediated FSC anchoring is also essential for proper development of differentiating prefollicle cells that arise from asymmetrical FSC divisions. Our results support a model in which FSCs contribute to the formation and maintenance of their own niche by producing the integrin ligand, laminin A (LanA). Together, LanA and integrins control FSC proliferation rates, a role that is separable from their function in FSC anchoring. Importantly, LanA-integrin function is not required to maintain other ovarian stem cell populations, demonstrating that distinct pathways regulate niche–stem cell communication within the same organ.
Folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase: generation of isozymes and the role in one carbon metabolism and antifolate cytotoxicity

Abstract A single human gene encodes both mitochondrial and cytosolic isoforms of the enzyme. The major mRNA species in human cells encodes the mitochondrial isoform but alternate translation initiation at a downstream in-frame ATG also generates the cytosolic isoform. Cytosolic FPGS may also be generated by use of alternate transcription initiation start sites 3' to the start ATG of the mitochondrial FPGS. Three additional human FPGS mRNAs differing in exon 1 have been identified. One of these is a major species in HEP-G2 cells and other tissue culture cells, and can encode a protein lacking the first 8 amino acids of cytosolic FPGS. A protein of the predicted size is observed in coupled transcription/translation systems. However, expression of this protein in E. coli does not generate an active enzyme. Mutagenesis studies indicate that Tyr-3 of the missing N terminal residues is required for enzyme activity. The major cellular folate pools are in the cytosol and mitochondria and FPGS activity is normally distributed in both compartments. Mitochondrial FPGS activity is required for mitochondrial folate accumulation, and cells lacking this isozyme are auxotrophic for glycine. Overexpression of cytosolic FPGS does not complement the lack of mitochondrial activity. Cells expressing FPGS activity solely in the mitochondria are glycine prototrophs, but also possess cytosolic folylpolyglutamates and are prototrophic for thymidine and purines, products of cytosolic one carbon metabolism. Although cytosolic folylpolyglutamates cannot enter the mitochondrion, mitochondrial folylpolyglutamates are released intact into the cytosolic compartment. Cellular accumulation of some antifolates and their cytotoxic efficacy is highly responsive to the level of FPGS activity. Polyglutamylation of methotrexate (MTX) has little affect on its affinity for dihydrofolate reductase, its target enzyme, but does affect the cellular accumulation of the drug. The sensitivity of model cells, expressing a range of FPGS activities similar to that observed in leukemia blasts, to MTX varied over four orders of magnitude. MTX toxicity was dependent on cytosolic FPGS activity as this drug does not enter the mitochondria, and cells expressing very high levels of FPGS solely in the mitochondria were resistant to MTX. The cytotoxic efficacy of other folate antagonists that are transported into the mitochondria was enhanced by mitochondrial FPGS activity, even when their loci of inhibition was a cytosolic enzyme. Mitochondrial metabolism of these drugs increased cytosolic drug levels. Compartmentalization of antifolate metabolism has to be considered in evaluating mechanisms for increased drug cytotoxicity and for the development of acquired resistance to these agents.
Assessment of coagulation and potential biochemical markers for hypercoagulability in canine hyperadrenocorticism

Background Anecdotal accounts and limited research suggest that dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) are at risk of developing thromboembolic complications. Detailed description of coagulation status and identification of subsets of dogs at greatest risk would impact therapeutic recommendations for these patients. Hypothesis/Objectives Hypothesis: A subset of dogs with HAC will have a hypercoagulable tendency as identified by increased procoagulant activity, decreased fibrinolysis, or both. Objective 1: To document the existence of this hypercoagulable tendency in HAC dogs using assays of individual coagulation factors, fibrinolytic activity, and systemic coagulation. Objective 2: To evaluate clinical and biochemical markers in HAC dogs to identify a subset of HAC patients at increased risk of this hypercoagulable tendency. Animals Seventeen dogs newly diagnosed with HAC. Methods Prospective study. Medical history, physical examination findings, routine diagnostic tests, and comprehensive coagulation testing were performed at the time of HAC diagnosis. Coagulation parameters were assessed individually and as panels for each dog. Historical and clinical variables were correlated with coagulation parameters to identify risk factors. Results The majority (88.2%) of HAC dogs exhibited a hypercoagulable tendency. Abnormalities in 1 coagulation assay did not predict abnormalities in others. Duration of clinical signs of HAC did not predict hypercoagulability. Comorbid conditions or abnormal clinicopathologic parameters that predicted hypercoagulability were not identified. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although HAC dogs may demonstrate a hypercoagulable tendency individually and as a group, comorbid conditions or biochemical variables that would predict more severe coagulation abnormalities were not identified.
In-vivo human brain molecular imaging with a brain-dedicated PET/MRI system.

Advances in the new-generation of ultra-high-resolution, brain-dedicated positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) systems have begun to provide many interesting insights into the molecular dynamics of the brain. First, the finely delineated structural information from ultra-high-field MRI can help us to identify accurate landmark structures, thereby making it easier to locate PET activation sites that are anatomically well-correlated with metabolic or ligand-specific organs in the neural structures in the brain. This synergistic potential of PET/MRI imaging is discussed in terms of neuroscience and neurological research from both translational and basic research perspectives. Experimental results from the hippocampus, thalamus, and brainstem obtained with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile are used to demonstrate the potential of this new brain PET/MRI system.
Thermal stress and deformation analyses in fiber reinforced polymer composites undergoing heat conduction and mechanical loading

This study analyzes the time-dependent response of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites undergoing heat conduction and mechanical loading. A unit-cell micromechanical model with four fiber and matrix subcells, is formulated to homogenize the heat conduction and viscoelastic responses of the FRP composites. The micromechanical model is compatible with a displacement based finite element (FE), and is implemented at the integration points within the continuum elements, which is useful for analyzing the overall response of composite structures under various boundary conditions. This response is compared with a microstructural model of the FRP with several fiber arrangements, which are generated using FE. The effects of thermal stresses and stress concentrations/discontinuities near the fiber and matrix interfaces on the overall thermo-mechanical deformation of FRP composites are studied. The thermal stresses are due to the mismatches in the coefficients of thermal expansions and mechanical properties of the fibers and polymeric matrix. An example of structural analysis is performed on a polymeric smart sandwich composite beam, having FRP skins and polymeric foam core with piezoelectric sensors integrated into the FRP skins, undergoing concurrent heat conduction and mechanical loading. The unit-cell model shows the ability to capture reasonably well the experimental results, with significant computational savings.
Atomic Data and Spectral Line Intensities for Ne III

Electron impact collision strengths, energy levels, oscillator strengths and spontaneous radiative decay rates are calculated for Ne III. The configurations used are 2s(sup 2) 2p(sup 4),2s2p(sup 5),2s(sup 2) 2p(sup 3)3s, and 2s(sup 2)3p(sup 3)3d giving rise to 57 fine-structure levels in intermediate coupling. Collision strengths are calculated at five incident energies, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 Ry. Excitation rate coefficients are calculated by assuming a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution at an electron temperature of logT,(K)=5.0, corresponding to maximum abundance of Ne III. Using the excitation rate coefficients and the radiative transition rates, statistical equilibrium equations for level populations are solved at electron densities covering the range of 10(exp 8)-10(exp 14) per cubic centimeter. Relative spectral line intensities are calculated. Proton excitation rates between the lowest three levels have been included in the statistical equilibrium equations. The predicted Ne III line intensities are compared with SERTS rocket measurements of a solar active region and of a laboratory EUV light source.
Microscopy of chemical-potential variations on an atomic scale

THE invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope1 (STM) has stimulated the development of several new forms of probe microscopy2–10. Here we demonstrate the use of a microscope that is capable of measuring chemical-potential variations on an atomic scale—the scanning chemical potential microscope (SCPM). The system is based on a recently developed tunnelling thermometer11, which allows the spatial mapping, on an atomic scale, of thermoelectric potential variations resulting from absorption of light, by scanning a conducting tip within tunnelling range of a conducting (or semiconducting) sample. In the SCPM, we replace the optical pump with an electrical sample heater, to generate a temperature gradient between the sample and the tunnel-current-measuring device. We measure the spatial variations in the thermoelectric voltage across the tip–sample system as the tip is scanned across the sample surface with no external bias. This signal can be shown to be equal to the product of the local gradient of chemical potential with respect to temperature and the temperature differential normal to the surface being imaged. The images obtained in this way show features that are not present in the conventional STM images.
A method for detection of deformations in large phased array antennas for spaceborne synthetic aperture radars

A method to measure deformations in large, planar phased array antennas used in spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SAR) is described. This method has the advantages that the deformation measurements can be performed anywhere in orbit and that no additional sensor is required. Indirect test results using the SEASAT SAR data indicate that this technique can detect deformations of small fractions of a wavelength.
High-resolution measurement of the helium 1s2s/sup 2/ /sup 2/S resonance profile

The 19.37-eV helium scattering resonance profile has been measured with an instrumental width less than the natural width and much less than that attained in any previously published study. The electron beam was produced by photoionization and scattered from a He beam from a supersonic nozzle. The instrumental width, including residual Doppler effects, was routinely around 5 meV and the current was 5 x 10/sup -12/ A. The profile was measured at 22/sup 0/, 90/sup 0/, and 135/sup 0/ scattering angles. From the 90/sup 0/ and 135/sup 0/ data the s- and p-wave phase shifts were found to be 1.813 +- 0.017 and 0.309 +- 0.013 radians, respectively. The natural width G of the resonance was inferred by two methods: nonlinear least-squares fitting, and use of the integral of the differential cross section over the resonance. Both methods yield 11.0 +- 0.5 meV, if it is assumed that there is no instrumental background in the scattered electron signal. Experimental evidence indicates that any such instrumental background must be less than 15% of the total signal, and is probably less than 5%. If an extreme allowance is made for the larger figure, a G as high as 13 meV could bemore » possible.« less
Effectiveness of a model for training direct service personnel in rural and remote locations

Alaska's vast land mass and diversified urban, rural, and remote communities require innovative strategies to meet training needs for direct service personnel. A competency-based training programme using an independent learning format and master trainers was developed to meet these extreme needs. The training methods were evaluated with questionnaires at the end of training and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. The data demonstrate that the materials, the study format, and the master trainer model were effective and maintained over time. We conclude that the training methods developed reliably address the unique needs of training in rural and remote sites, as well as more accessible urban sites.
Correlates of Perceived Helpfulness of Mental Health Professionals Following Disclosure of Sexual Assault

A diverse sample of more than 365 adult sexual assault survivors, recruited from college and community sources, was surveyed about sexual assault experiences, post-assault factors, and perceived helpfulness of and satisfaction with mental health professionals. Regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with perceived helpfulness of and satisfaction with mental health professionals. Older age, higher posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), greater control over recovery, and more emotional support reactions were associated with positive perceptions of mental health professionals. Stranger offenders, greater resistance during assault, high victim post-assault upset, and blaming social reactions from others were associated with negative perceptions of mental health professionals.
Accounting for lateral variations of the upper mantle gradient in Pn tomography studies

[1] The effect of an upper mantle velocity gradient on regional arrival times has been approximated by a cubic distance term, which can be extended to two dimensions for use in tomographic studies. To demonstrate this, we add a laterally varying upper mantle gradient to the standard Pn time-term tomography technique, and apply to a data set from Asia compiled using ground truth, event location criteria. We observe strong lateral variations in the gradient, ranging from −0.001 to 0.003 s−1, with high gradients associated with the Tethys convergence zone. The gradient patterns may reflect lateral variations in the thermal gradient of the mantle lid. Variance reduction is 63% with respect to Pn tomography without gradients. Adding gradients allows the use of longer path lengths, improving velocity image definition in high-gradient regions with sparse station distribution, such as Tibet.
No-reference video quality metric based on artifact measurements

In this paper we present a no-reference video quality metric based on individual measurements of three artifacts: blockiness, blurriness, and noisiness. The set of artifact metrics (physical strength measurements) was designed to be simple enough to be used in real-time applications. The metrics are tested using a proposed procedure that uses synthetic artifacts and subjective data obtained from previous experiments. The technique has the advantage of allowing us to test each metric on videos which contain only the desired artifact signal or a combination of artifact signals. Models for the overall annoyance based on a combination of the artifact metrics using both a Minkowski metric and a linear model are developed. Both models present a very good correlation with the data and show no statistical difference in their performances.
Spawning and Early Life History of the Freshwater Drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, Missouri River

Abstract The early life history of freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, was studied in 1965–67 to determine factors influencing year-class strength in a main stem Missouri River reservoir. Fish spawning occurred over a period of 6–7 weeks in June and July when water temperatures reached 18 C. Fecundity of fish 307 to 386 mm long and 6–9 years old ranged from 34,000 to 66,500 ova. Ova reared in the laboratory at a water temperature of 23 C hatched in 27 hr and the prolarvae averaged 3.2 mm long. The prolarval stage was complete 45 hr after hatching and postlarvae averaged 4.4 mm long. Adult characters developed at an approximate length of 15 mm. Diet of fish 6–15 mm long was Daphnia and Cyclops. Bottom fauna became important in the diet of fish longer than 20 mm. Fish movement between channel and floodplain was related to changes in diet. Growth, year-class strength, and mortality varied among years. Strong year classes were associated with warm summer (June-August) water temperatures in the spawning an...
Atrial Electrogram Characteristics in Patients With and Without Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Background Multicomponent atrial electrograms and “slow pathway potentials” are helpful in identifying target sites for radiofrequency catheter ablation of the slow pathway in patients with atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia. The purpose of this study was to compare the atrial electrograms recorded at various locations in the right atrium in patients with and without AV nodal reentrant tachycardia to assess the specificity of multicomponent atrial electrograms and possible slow pathway potentials both for the posteroseptal right atrium and for patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Methods and Results In 25 patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia and 23 control patients without AV nodal reentrant tachycardia or dual AV nodal physiology, atrial electrograms with an AV ratio of ≤1:2 were recorded at the posteroseptal right atrium near the coronary sinus ostium and in the right atrium near the posterior, lateral, and anterior aspects of the tricuspid annulus. Attempts were made to ...
Combinatorial agency of threshold functions

We study the combinatorial agency problem introduced by Babaioff, Feldman and Nisan [5] and resolve some open questions posed in their original paper. Our results include a characterization of the transition behavior for the class of threshold functions. This result confirms a conjecture of [5], and generalizes their results for the transition behavior for the OR technology and the AND technology. In addition to establishing a (tight) bound of 2 on the Price of Unaccountability (POU) for the OR technology for the general case of n > 2 agents (the initial paper established this for n = 2, an extended version establishes a bound of 2.5 for the general case), we establish that the POU is unbounded for all other threshold functions (the initial paper established this only for the case of the AND technology). We also obtain characterization results for certain compositions of anonymous technologies and establish an unbounded POU for these cases.
Online Employment Screening and Digital Career Capital: Exploring Employers’ Use of Online Information for Personnel Selection

This study explores how employers report using online information to evaluate job candidates during personnel selection. Qualitative analysis of 45 in-depth employer interviews emphasizes how new and different information visibility afforded by the Internet simultaneously replicates and shifts how employers evaluate reconstructed information about candidates during personnel selection. Data revealed that employers evaluate the relative presence or absence of certain types of visual, textual, relational, and technological information in patterned and idiosyncratic ways. We discuss the likely consequences for theory and practices of personnel selection and careers, emphasizing the increasing expectations for workers to curate digital career capital to manage the expanding contexts within which employers construct and evaluate professional and/or workplace identities.
Land use influences the spatiotemporal controls on nitrification and denitrification in headwater streams

AbstractN and C cycles in headwater streams are coupled, and land use can modify these cycles by increasing N availability and removing riparian vegetation. To increase our understanding of how land use modifies the controls on N cycling, we quantified rates of 2 microbial N transformations in a total of 18 agricultural and urban streams (with and without riparian buffers) for 3 y to examine how riparian vegetation and land use influence sediment nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification rates were highest in agricultural streams in late spring. Nitrification was not related to streamwater NH4+ concentrations but was positively related to sediment C content (linear regression, r2 = 0.72, p < 0.001). This result suggests that benthic decomposition provided NH4+ (via mineralization) to increase sediment nitrification. Denitrification rates did not differ among landuse types but were positively related to sediment C content and streamwater NO3– concentration (multiple linear regression, R2 = 0.78, p <...
CHARACTERIZATION OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA ISOLATES FROM WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS DURING 1996 TO 1999

We cultured 126 Pasteurella multocida isolates, 92 from water and 34 from sediment samples collected from wetlands in the Pacific and Central flyways of the United States between 1996 and 1999. Most (121) of the isolates were P. multocida serotype 1, but serotypes 3, 3/4, 10, and 11 were also found. Many (82) of the isolates were further characterized by DNA finger-printing procedures and tested in Pekin ducks for virulence. Almost all the serotype 1 isolates we tested caused mortality in Pekin ducks. Serotype 1 isolates varied in virulence, but the most consistent pattern was higher mortality in male ducks than in females. We found no evidence that isolates found in sediment vs. water, between Pacific and Central flyways, or during El Nino years had consistently different virulence. We also found a number of non-serotype 1 isolates that were avirulent in Pekin ducks. Isolates had DNA fingerprint profiles similar to those found in birds that died during avian cholera outbreaks.
Higher Eigenvalues of Graphs

We present a general method for proving upper bounds on the eigenvalues of the graph Laplacian. In particular, we show that for any positive integer k, the k^{th} smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian on a bounded-degree planar graph is O(k/n). This bound is asymptotically tight for every k, as it is easily seen to be achieved for planar grids. We also extend this spectral result to graphs with bounded genus, graphs which forbid fixed minors, and other natural families. Previously, such spectral upper bounds were only known for k=2, i.e. for the Fiedler value of these graphs. In addition, our result yields a new, combinatorial proof of the celebrated result of Korevaar in differential geometry.
Inverse kinematic functions for redundant manipulators

A general approach to the kinematic control of redundant manipulators using inverse kinematic functions is presented. The principal objective is to find an inverse kinematic function and a workspace such that the ratio of joint speed to workspace speed is bounded. The definition of such feasible workspaces leads naturally to optimization problems aimed at reducing this bound. The application of these results to the inverse kinematics of a redundant wrist illustrates both the theoretical importance of the approach and its immediate practicality. However, for general redundant manipulators, the development of algorithms for constructing feasible workspaces and the refinement of the optimization problem and its solution remain open questions ripe for further research.
Registration and fusion of infrared and millimeter wave images for concealed weapon detection

We present an approach to automatically register and fuse IR and MMW images for concealed weapon detection. The distortion between the two images is assumed to be a rigid body transformation without rotation and we assume that the scale factor can be found from both the sensor parameters and the distance ratio of the object to the two sensors. Our registration procedure involves image segmentation, binary correlation and other image processing algorithms. Our fusion method involves a pyramidal image decomposition scheme based on the wavelet transform. Performance of the image registration and image fusion algorithm is illustrated through an example.
Design-Oriented Analysis of Circuits With Equality Constraints

This paper presents a design-oriented circuit analysis that is augmented with design constraints. This analysis computes the circuit response and also finds the values of circuit parameters (equal to the number of design specifications) that result in a specified circuit performance. An application of this approach is demonstrated for the periodic steady-state analysis with shooting and finite difference formulations. The new analysis with design equality constraints is several times faster than search-based techniques that employ conventional analysis methods.
Au-(Y 2 O 3 ) X (ZrO 2 ) 1-X Thin Films as an All-Optical Method for Measuring Emissions at High Temperatures

Gold nanoparticle embedded yttria stabilized zirconia (Au-YSZ) thin films have been deposited on optically transparent sapphire substrates. Absorbance due to the Au nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band was monitored as concentrations of various gases, such as O2, H2, NO2, and CO in N2, were varied and flowed over Au-YSZ films at elevated temperatures (~500degC). Detectable changes in the SPR band were observed for all gases, with the detection limit for NO2 being 5 ppm. In addition, Au-YSZ films have repeatedly shown stable sensing over 48 hour periods at 500degC during O2 and H2 titration experiments. This all-optical approach for the detection of gases at high temperatures is preferred over electrical measurements due to the simplicity of the device design and the absence of conductive contacts.
The Phamtacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Stereoisomers of Mivacurium in Patients Receiving Nitrous Oxide/Opioid/Barbiturate Anesthesia

Background Mivacurium consists of a mixture of three stereoisomers: cis-trans (34-40%), trans-trans (52-60%), and cis-cis (4-8%). These isomers differ in potency (the trans-trans and the cis-trans isomers are equipotent and the cis-cis isomer is 1/13th as potent a neuromuscular blocking agent) and in rates of in vitro hydrolysis (in vitro half-lives are less than 2 min for the cis-trans and trans-trans isomers and 276 min for the cis-cis isomer). The current study was undertaken to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of the individual stereoisomers of mivacurium, to evaluate the dose-proportionality of the more potent trans-trans and cis-trans isomers, and to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of mivacurium in healthy adult patients receiving a consecutive two-step infusion of mivacurium. Methods Eighteen ASA physical status 1 or 2 adult male patients undergoing elective surgery under nitrous oxide/oxygen/fentanyl anesthesia were studied. Neuromuscular function was monitored using a mechanomyograph at a frequency of 0.15 Hz. An infusion of mivacurium was begun at 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Sixty minutes later, the infusion rate was doubled to 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, and, 60 min after that, the infusion was discontinued. All patients were allowed to recover spontaneously from mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block. Venous blood samples were drawn for the determination of the plasma concentrations of each isomer of mivacurium by a stereospecific high performance liquid chromatographic method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis. Results During the 5-micrograms.kg-1.min-1 infusion, patients developed 83.2 +/- 13.6% neuromuscular block. Increasing the infusion to 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 increased the depth of block to 99.0 +/- 2.0%. After discontinuation of the infusion, patients returned to 25% of their baseline muscle strength in 9.3 +/- 3.7 min and had 25-75% and 5-95% recovery indexes of 7.2 +/- 1.8 and 16.8 +/- 3.7 min, respectively. The volumes of distribution (V beta) of the cis-trans, trans-trans, and cis-cis isomers were 0.29 +/- 0.24, 0.15 +/- 0.05, and 0.34 +/- 0.08 l/kg, respectively. During the 5-micrograms.kg-1.min-1 infusion, the steady-state clearances of the potent cis-trans and trans-trans isomers were 106 +/- 67 and 63 +/- 34 ml.min-1.kg-1, respectively; the clearance of the less potent cis-cis isomer was 4.6 +/- 1.1 ml.min-1.kg-1. The elimination half-lives of the cis-trans and trans-trans isomers were 1.8 +/- 1.1 and 1.9 +/- 0.7 min, respectively, and that of the cis-cis isomer was 52.9 +/- 19.8 min. Clearance of the cis-trans and trans-trans isomers did not vary with infusion rate. Conclusions The short elimination half-lives and high metabolic clearances of the potent cis-trans and trans-trans isomers are consistent with the short duration of action of mivacurium. The cis-cis isomer does not appear to produce significant neuromuscular block as evident by the return of twitch height to baseline despite persistent cis-cis isomer concentrations.
Approach to the Patient with Chronic Glomerular Disease

Glomerular diseases are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, most treatment protocols for glomerulonephritis center on acute management. There is far less information regarding the treatment of CKD specifically caused by glomerular diseases. Most forms of glomerulopathy can progress to CKD, especially if not treated early when the disease process is most active. Risk factors for progression of glomerular disease to CKD include the presence of proteinuria (especially in the nephrotic range or greater), decreased eGFR at baseline, and histologic evidence of crescentic glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The conservative treatment of all chronic renal diseases secondary to glomerulopathy includes blood pressure control, especially with RAAS inhibitors, control of edema with diuretics and a low sodium diet, avoidance of nephrotoxins, and moderation of dietary protein intake. Some therapies, such as control of dyslipidemia, may ameliorate the cardiovascular risk so common in CKD patients. Therapies to prevent tubulointerstitial fibrosis are currently being studied. This chapter presents an overview of management considerations for CKD secondary to glomerular diseases.
Effect of Repeated Reclaiming of Rubber

Abstract 1—Reclaimed rubber, without the addition of new rubber in a subsequent vulcanization, cannot be repeatedly cured and reclaimed without a considerable deterioration in its physical properties. 2—The rubber scrap for reclaiming should be intelligently blended, and an endeavor made to keep the concentration of once-reclaimed rubber as low as is economically possible. 3—The chloroform extract and sulfur analyses of the uncured reclaimed rubber yield valuable information in regard to the quality of the product.
Assessing pain in the elderly.

Objective Summarize practical strategies for recognizing and assessing pain in the long-term care population, particularly for cognitively impaired residents. Data sources Live symposium presentation based on clinical practice and research and current clinical guidelines. Conclusions Pain that is under-recognized and undertreated can result in significant physical and social disability in the elderly long-term care population. Proper assessment of pain is needed to diagnose and determine an appropriate and individualized treatment plan for each resident. Consultant pharmacists play critical roles as medication experts and members of the long-term care interdisciplinary team that can assist other team members in the assessment, treatment, and management of pain in older adults.
Induction of Premature Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Flight by Juvenile Hormone Analogs Administered Orally or Topically

Premature flight activity was observed in groups of worker honey bees, Apis mellifera , treated topically or orally with juvenile hormone analogs (JHA’s) hydroprene or methoprene. Oral treatments with JHA’s appear to induce premature foraging similar to that induced by topical applications. Honey bee colonies might be induced to forage more actively and be more efficient in crop pollination if they were fed JHA’s.
Diffusion of C2H6 and C2H4 in DDR Zeolite

Diffusion of ethane and ethylene in large crystals of DDR clathrisil (the pure silica analogue of ZSM-58) has been studied in detail by the zero length column (ZLC) technique. The behavior of ethan...
Ln3Cu4P4O2: A new lanthanide transition metal pnictide oxide structure type

A new type of lanthanide transition metal pnictide-oxide, Ln3Cu4P4O2 (for Ln = La, Ce, and Nd), is reported. The crystal structure is made from Ln2O2 layers of the Pb2O2 type stacked with layers of Cu2P2 tetrahedra. The existence of a homologous series of compounds with similar chemistry connecting the BiCuOSe and ThCr2Si2 structure types is indicated. The resistivity of La3Cu4P4O2 is metallic, with no superconductivity observed above 2K. The Ce and Nd compounds have magnetic susceptibilities characteristic of the trivalent Lanthanides. The Ce compound orders magnetically at approximately 0.8 K.
Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi—XXVIII. A Proposed Genus

A recent collection of Peziza aurantiopsis Ellis has prompted a more extended study of this interesting species. It was included in North American Cup-fungi, but with the statement that its generic position was in doubt. It had some of the characters of Bulgaria, some of Urnula, and some of Phillipsia, but it failed to conform with any of these genera. A more recent study has convinced the writer that it is perhaps most closely related to Urnula, possessing the black mycelium and the corky consistency which is especially characteristic of Urnula Geaster. It can scarcely, however, be included as a species of that genus. After a critical study of the species from fresh material the writer has decided to establish a new genus. Since the material prompting this study was sent by Dr. Frederick A. Wolf, it seems quite appropriate that the genus should be dedicated to him. Were this to be fitted into the scheme presented in North American Cup-fungi, it would probably appear in the Sarcoscypheae, between Urnula and Bulgaria. Following is the diagnoses of the proposed genus and the type species.
Abstract LB-430: Chemopreventive effect of beta-cryptoxanthin on smoke-induced lung inflammation and lesions in ferrets

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: High intake of beta-cryptoxanthin has been associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer, particularly among current smokers in epidemiological studies. However, there are no available data from well-controlled animal studies to examine the effect of beta-cryptoxanthin on smoke-induced lung lesions and potential biological mechanisms by which beta-cryptoxanthin affects lung carcinogenesis. Using a ferret animal model, we evaluated the effect of beta-cryptoxanthin supplementation in both low-and high-dose (7.5 mcg/kg body weight per day vs. 37.5 mcg/kg body weight per day in ferrets which are equivalent to 104 mcg/day vs. 520 mcg/day, respectively, in the humans) on the cigarette smoke-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF alpha, inflammation and squamous metaplasia in the lung. Methods: Thirty six male ferrets were assigned to one of six groups (n = 6 in each group) for 9 weeks as follows: 1) control; 2) cigarette smoke exposed; 3) low-dose beta-cryptoxanthin (7.5 mcg/kg body weight per day); 4) high-dose beta-cryptoxanthin (37.5 mcg/kg body weight per day); 5) cigarette smoke-exposed plus low-dose beta-cryptoxanthin; and 6) cigarette smoke-exposed plus high-dose beta-cryptoxanthin. Lung TNF alpha was measured by immunohistochemical staining. Lung inflammation and squamous metaplasia were quantified by histopathological evaluations. Results: Beta-cryptoxanthin supplementation dose-dependently increased plasma and lung beta-cryptoxanthin levels in ferrets. Cigarette smoke exposure lowered plasma and lung beta-cryptoxanthin levels. Treatment with beta-cryptoxanthin substantially reduced the cigarette smoke-elevated TNF alpha levels in bronchial/bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, airway serous/mucous glands and lung macrophages. Beta-cryptoxanthin at both doses also significantly decreased the cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. In addition, both doses of beta-cryptoxanthin significantly lowered the incidence of lung squamous metaplasia induced by cigarette smoke exposure. There were no detectable squamous metaplasia in the groups treated with beta-cryptoxanthin alone and in the control group. Conclusions: Beta-cryptoxanthin may provide a beneficial effect against the smoke-induced lung inflammation and lung lesions. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-430.
The Effects of Diabetes and Obesity on the Skeleton

Osteoporosis is a prevalent disorder of compromised bone strength that increases fracture risk. Numerous risk factors for osteoporosis are well established, but until recently the adverse effects of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity on the skeleton were not appreciated. Although T2D is associated with normal or increased bone mineral density (BMD), it is paradoxically associated with higher fracture risk. Recent studies have helped to resolve this paradox by demonstrating deficits in bone formation, biomechanics, microarchitecture, and bone composition in T2D. Similar to T2D, obesity was also previously considered to be protective for skeletal health. Yet, recent insights have identified obesity as a risk factor for fracture. Underlying causes for bone fragility in obesity appear to include abnormal body composition, fat distribution, fat composition, and subtype. This chapter covers the incidence, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis in the context of T2D and obesity.
Tetrahymena as a Unicellular Model Eukaryote: Genetic and Genomic Tools.

Tetrahymena thermophila is a ciliate model organism whose study has led to important discoveries and insights into both conserved and divergent biological processes. In this review, we describe the tools for the use of Tetrahymena as a model eukaryote, including an overview of its life cycle, orientation to its evolutionary roots, and methodological approaches to forward and reverse genetics. Recent genomic tools have expanded Tetrahymena’s utility as a genetic model system. With the unique advantages that Tetrahymena provide, we argue that it will continue to be a model organism of choice.
Towards an Implantable, Low Flow Micropump That Uses No Power in the Blocked-Flow State

Low flow rate micropumps play an increasingly important role in drug therapy research. Infusions to small biological structures and lab-on-a-chip applications require ultra-low flow rates and will benefit from the ability to expend no power in the blocked-flow state. Here we present a planar micropump based on gallium phase-change actuation that leverages expansion during solidification to occlude the flow channel in the off-power state. The presented four chamber peristaltic micropump was fabricated with a combination of Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) techniques and additive manufacturing direct write technologies. The device is 7 mm × 13 mm × 1 mm (<100 mm3) with the flow channel and exterior coated with biocompatible Parylene-C, critical for implantable applications. Controllable pump rates from 18 to 104 nL/min were demonstrated, with 11.1 ± 0.35 nL pumped per actuation at an efficiency of 11 mJ/nL. The normally-closed state of the gallium actuator prevents flow and diffusion between the pump and the biological system or lab-on-a-chip, without consuming power. This is especially important for implanted applications with periodic drug delivery regimens.
4 – Anatomic and Physiologic Aspects of Airways

Chapter 4 focuses on airway anatomy and physiology, providing the background information about airway structure and function that will prove critical in understanding how normal structure and function are affected by diseases involving the airways, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Airway anatomy and histology are presented, followed by a description of neural innervation of the airways and the effect of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic stimulation on airway tone. A discussion of airway function covers the concept of airway resistance and explains the determinants of forced expiratory flow. The difficult conceptual model of the equal pressure point during forced expiration is explained, with implications for effort-dependent and effort-independent components of the forced expiratory flow-volume curve.
Disciplining Populations: British Admissions to ‘Native-Only’ Lunatic Asylums

There were various routes by which an Indian could be admitted to a lunatic asylum in the period 1859-80. The Rules for the Management and Control of the Lunatic Asylum at Lucknow, included in the published responses to Sir James Clark’s enquiry1 into the treatment of lunatics in India, give a fair summary of these routes: The authorities empowered to order the admission of lunatics are: First — Officers exercising the powers of a Magistrate, in respect of wandering or dangerous lunatics, or lunatics who are neglected or maltreated (Sections 4+5 of Act XXXVI of 1858). Second — Judges of the principal Civil Courts of Districts, in respect of all other lunatics except the two classes hereafter mentioned (Section 8 of Act XXXVI of 1858). Third — The Local Government as regards criminal lunatics (Sections 390, 394, 396 of the Criminal Procedure Code). Fourth — Military Officers commanding Divisions, in respect of native non-commissioned officers and soldiers afflicted with insanity (Section 41, page 291 Bengal Military Regulations). Fifth — The Inspector of Jails, as regards the removal of any lunatic from one public asylum to any other within the circle of his inspection (Section 11, Act XXXVI of 1858).
Illustrated Special Relativity Through Its Paradoxes: A Fusion of Linear Algebra, Graphics, and Reality

Illustrated Special Relativity shows that linear algebra is a natural language for special relativity. It illustrates and resolves several apparent paradoxes of special relativity including the twin paradox and train-and-tunnel paradox. Assuming a minimum of technical prerequisites the authors introduce inertial frames and use them to explain a variety of phenomena: the nature of simultaneity, the proper way to add velocities, and why faster-than-light travel is impossible. Most of these explanations are contained in the resolution of apparent paradoxes, including some lesser-known ones: the pea-shooter paradox, the bug-and-rivet paradox, and the accommodating universe paradox. The explanation of time and length contraction is especially clear and illuminating. At the outset of his seminal paper on special relativity, Einstein acknowledges the work of James Clerk Maxwell whose four equations unified the theories of electricity, optics, and magnetism. For this reason, the authors develop Maxwell's equations which lead to a simple calculation for the frame-independent speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. (Maxwell did not realize that light was a special case of electromagnetic waves.) Several chapters are devoted to experiments of Roemer, Fizeau, and de Sitter to measure the speed of light and the Michelson-Morley experiment abolishing the aether. Throughout the exposition is thorough, but not overly technical, and often illustrated by cartoons. The volume might be suitable for a one-semester general-education introduction to special relativity. It is especially well-suited to self-study by interested laypersons or use as a supplement to a more traditional text.
Variability and predictability of the space environment as related to lower atmosphere forcing

The Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere (TI) are characterized by perpetual variability as integral parts of the atmosphere system, with intermittent disturbances from solar and geomagnetic forcing. This review examines how the TI variability is affected by processes originating from the lower atmosphere and implications for quantifying and forecasting the TI. This aspect of the TI variability has been increasingly appreciated in recent years from both observational and numerical studies, especially during the last extended solar minimum. This review focuses on the role of atmospheric waves, including tides, planetary waves, gravity waves, and acoustic waves, which become increasingly significant as they propagate from their source region to the upper atmosphere. Recent studies have led to better understanding of how these waves directly or indirectly affect TI wind, temperature, and compositional structures; the circulation pattern; neutral and ion species transport; and ionospheric wind dynamo. The variability of these waves on daily to interannual scales has been found to significantly impact the TI variability. Several outstanding questions and challenges have been highlighted: (i) large, seemingly stochastic, day-to-day variability of tides in the TI; (ii) control of model error in the TI region by the lower atmosphere; and (iii) the increasing importance of processes with shorter spatial and temporal scales at higher altitudes. Addressing these challenges requires model capabilities to assimilate observations of both lower and upper atmosphere and higher model resolution to capture complex interactions among processes over a broad range of scales and extended altitudes.
Outcomes Analysis and Quality Improvement in Children With Congenital and Acquired Cardiovascular Disease.

OBJECTIVES In this review, the current state of outcomes analysis and quality improvement in children with acquired and congenital cardiovascular disease will be discussed, with an emphasis on defining and measuring outcomes and quality in pediatric cardiac critical care medicine and risk stratification systems. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE and PubMed CONCLUSION : Measuring quality and outcomes in the pediatric cardiac critical care environment is challenging owing to many inherent obstacles, including a diverse patient mix, difficulty in determining how the care of the ICU team contributes to outcomes, and the lack of an adequate risk-adjustment method for pediatric cardiac critical care patients. Despite these barriers, new solutions are emerging that capitalize on lessons learned from other quality improvement initiatives, providing opportunities to build upon previous successes.
Overview of Sexual Offender Typologies, Recidivism, and Treatment

This chapter provides an overview of what is known about sex offenders in terms of sexual offender typologies, recidivism, and treatment. This chapter will summarize the current knowledge in each area and identify areas requiring additional attention. Implications for sex offender policy are considered against the background of current empirical knowledge.
Like The Faces of Janus

Vulnerability is the birthplace of love, belonging, joy, courage, empathy, and creativity. It is the source of hope, empathy, accountability, and authenticity. If we want greater clarity in our purpose or deeper and more meaningful spiritual lives, vulnerability is the path.