cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mathematical analysis of full fuel cycle energy use

Given concerns about the environmental impacts of fossil fuel use, there is a keen interest in developing a broad range of new energy sources and technologies. This in turn creates a need for metrics that can reliably quantify the costs, benefits, and potential trade-offs of different alternatives. In this paper, we present a definition of a full fuel-cycle metric that is flexibile enough to describe a wide variety of energy production chains, and has sufficient mathematical rigor to allow meaningful comparisons between them. The term FFC (full fuel cycle) refers to the complete fuel production chain including extraction, processing, conveyance to the retail distribution center and delivery to final consumers. For ease of use in applications, the metric is defined as an FFC multiplier which, when applied to the point-of-use energy consumption, gives an estimate of the FFC energy use. We also show that the FFC multiplier can be used to provide precise and intuitively reasonable definitions of other energy production metrics such as EROI (energy return on energy invested). The multiplier is a non-linear function of a set of energy–intensity parameters that depend only on directly observable physical data.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Kaposin B Induces Unique Monophosphorylation of STAT3 at Serine 727 and MK2-Mediated Inactivation of the STAT3 Transcriptional Repressor TRIM28

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and the inflammation-driven neoplasm Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). A triad of processes, including abnormal proliferation of endothelial cells, aberrant angiogenesis, and chronic inflammation, characterize KS lesions. STAT3 is a key transcription factor governing these processes, and deregulation of STAT3 activity is linked to a wide range of cancers, including PEL and KS. Using primary human endothelial cells (ECs), I demonstrate that KSHV infection modulated STAT3 activation in two ways: (i) KSHV induced uncoupling of canonical tyrosine (Y) and serine (S) phosphorylation events while (ii) concomitantly inducing the phosphorylation and inactivation of TRIM28 (also known as KAP-1 or TIF-1β), a newly identified negative regulator of STAT3 activity. KSHV infection of primary ECs induced chronic STAT3 activation characterized by a shift from the canonical dual P-STAT3 Y705 S727 form to a mono P-STAT3 S727 form. Expression of the latent protein kaposin B promoted the unique phosphorylation of STAT3 at S727, in the absence of Y705, activated the host kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 (MK2), and stimulated increased expression of STAT3-dependent genes, including CCL5, in ECs. TRIM28-mediated repression of STAT3 is relieved by phosphorylation of S473, and in vitro kinase assays identified TRIM28 S473 as a bona fide target of MK2. Together, these data suggest that kaposin B significantly contributes to the chronic inflammatory environment that is a hallmark of KS by unique activation of the proto-oncogene STAT3, coupled with MK2-mediated inactivation of the STAT3 transcriptional repressor TRIM28.
The viscosity of dry and humid air

Abstract The paper presents the results of new measurements on the viscosity of dry air along seven isotherms in the range 25–250°C and 1 to 140 atm, subject to an uncertainty of ±0.4 per cent. The zero-density viscosity of dry air can be fitted within the experimental error by an interpolation formula based on the Lennard-Jones 6–12 potential. The apparent molecular constants which lead to a good fit differ considerably from those quoted in the literature. The effect of pressure can be accounted for, at least approximately, by adding a cubic polynomial function of density to the zero-density viscosity. This function, known as the excess viscosity Δμ, is independent of temperature, certainly in the range 25–100°C. The paper also presents measurements of the viscosity of mixtures of air and water vapour. These are restricted to a nominal pressure of 1 atm and cover a range of molar fractions from zero to 0·03 at 25°C and zero to unity at 250°C. Measurements have been performed along the six isotherms 25, 50, 75, 150, 200 and 250°C. It is believed that these are the first measurements of this kind.
The activation and monitoring of memories produced by words and pseudohomophones

Using the DRM paradigm, our experiments examined the activation and monitoring of memories in semantic and phonological networks. Participants viewed lists of words and/or pseudohomophones (e.g., dreem). In Experiment 1, participants verbally recalled lists of semantic associates or attempted to write them as they appeared during study. False recall was reduced in the written modality only for pseudohomophone lists. In Experiment 2, hybrid (i.e., semantic and phonological associate) lists were read, and participants attempted to spell the items as they appeared during study. False recall was negatively related to the number of pseudohomophone phonological associates contained in the list. We posit that this result is due to a reduction in orthographic overlap between pseudohomophone associates and the critical lure. In both Experiment 1 and 2, the critical lure was usually written as a pseudohomophone when participants viewed a pure pseudohomophone list. Experiment 3 demonstrated that false recall produced by lists of phonological associates is related to the degree of orthographic overlap between the list items and the critical lure. We conclude that list context can provide discriminating information that can be used to reduce false recall via source monitoring. Also, when reading lists, the critical lure can be activated in a semantic network via phonology, and its activation in a phonological network is enhanced via orthography.
Quantitative Genomics: Analyzing Intraspecific Variation Using Global Gene Expression Polymorphisms or eQTLs

Scientific inquiries in fields ranging from ecology to plant breeding assess phenotypic variation within a plant species either to explain its presence or utilize its consequences. Frequently this natural genetic variation is studied via mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs); however, elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms is a continuing bottleneck. The genomic analysis of transcripts as individual phenotypes has led to the emerging field of expression QTL analysis. This field has begun both to delve into the ecological/evolutionary significance of this transcript variation as well as to use specific eQTLs to speed up our analysis of the molecular basis of quantitative traits. This review introduces eQTL analysis and begins to illustrate how these data can be applied to multiple research fields.
The varicocele: New experimental and clinical data

Numerous reports have shown that serotonin (5-HT) has a detrimental effect on spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. Serotonin has two mechanisms of action on the testicle: (1) vasoconstrictive changes possibly causing premature sloughing of spermatozoa, and (2) alteration of androgen metabolism. The data in our animals with the experimental varicocele clearly mimic the human situation. All seminal parameters except volume are decreased after the varicocele is created. In many infertile patients with a varicocele, serotonin may be the inciting factor which results in subfertile semen. This is corroborated by the presence of elevated serotonin levels in spermatic vein plasma of most patients with a varicocele who undergo surgery. More data, comparing the relationship between spermatic vein and peripheral blood serotonin levels in patients with and without a varicocele, are needed. This investigation is being pursued in patients undergoing inguinal surgery for other lesions.
f-arrays: implementation and applications

We introduce f-array, a new type of shared object that generalizes the multiwriter snapshot object, and design efficient (linearizable and wait-free) algorithms for implementing it. f-arrays have made possible improved solutions to some important problems, as listed below:• A wait-free implementation of multiwriter snapshot, where the time complexity of scan and update operations is independent of the number of processes accessing the implementation.• A wait-free implementation of counter object whose time complexity has the dual advantage that it is adaptive and guarantees a small worst-case bound: the time complexity is O(1) for read and O(min(k, log n)) for increment, where k is point contention and n is the maximum number of processes that the implementation is designed to handle.• A wait-free implementation of a restricted version of a priority queue with similar time complexity as the counter implementation.• A local spinning mutual exclusion algorithm that admits processes into Critical Section (CS) according to their priorities; processes with the same priority enter the CS in first-come-first-served order. In both cache coherent and NUMA multiprocessors, a process makes at most O(min(k, log n)) remote references to complete the entry and exit sections once. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mutual exclusion algorithm that supports process priorities and has sublinear worst-case time complexity.All algorithms in this paper require support for LL/SC instructions.
The Redistributive Effects of Hong Kong's Public Housing Programme 1976-86

The paper seeks to address the question of the distributive equity of Hong Kong's public housing programme. While the rather complicated requirements for admission and the multitude of purposes the programme serves result to a certain extent in an inequitable distribution of housing benefits, the programme's overall impact on the distribution of income appears favourable. Computation of the Gini coefficient based on the 1976, 1981 and 1986 censuses shows that this favourable effect is becoming more apparent over time. The provision of housing benefits may not be the most efficient method of redistributing income, but this must be weighed against such considerations as social stability, neighbourhood viability and the desirability of spatial segregation.
Getting ready for electric vehicle charging stations

Plug-in electric vehicles, i.e. vehicles that use electric motors as the prime means of power will begin to be mass-produced in 2011. The need for electric vehicle charging stations in industrial and commercial facilities is beginning and will grow as the number of plug-in electric vehicles, or PEVs grows. Power system engineers will face challenges when applying the electric vehicle charging stations to their facility power systems. As there are relatively few electric vehicle chargers in use today, the issues and application of this equipment has yet to be seen. The intent of this paper is to make the reader more familiar with electric vehicle charging stations by identifying and discussing the standards to which they are designed and built, and describing the common features and options now available.
Integration of photoacoustic, ultrasound, and magnetomotive system

Ultrasonic (US) imaging is the most common real-time modality, providing multiple dimensional changes in morphology for clinical practice. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has demonstrated great promise as a new functional and molecular imaging tool. However, absorption in background tissue also generates a PA signal and limits the specific contrast of molecular contrast agents. To increase the linear range of these agents, the background must be suppressed. Magnetic nanoparticles provide a new possibility to increase contrast by magnetomotive manipulation during imaging. A multi-functional imaging system integrating US and PA imaging with magnetic manipulation can take advantage of each single modality by providing anatomical images and molecular function with greater contrast. However, one key issue for multi-functional imaging is how to spatially combine and temporarily synchronize US and PA imaging with magnetomotive instrumentation. In this study, we built a simple system to integrate US and PA imaging with magnetomotive capability. We evaluated this system by measuring the motion of a phantom including magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using US when these particles were subjected to a time-varying magnetic field.
The Effect of Marital Status on Stage, Treatment, and Survival of Cancer Patients

The effects of marital status on the diagnosis, treatment, and survival of patients with cancer were examined in population-based data on 27779 cancer cases. Unmarried persons with cancer had decreased overall survival (relative hazard, 1.23; 95% confidence limits, 1.19 to 1.28). We identified three complementary explanations for the poorer survival of the unmarried persons. First, unmarried persons were more likely to be diagnosed at a regional or distant stage (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence limits, 1.12 to 1.25). After adjustment for stage, unmarried persons were more likely to be untreated for cancer (odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence limits, 1.31 to 1.55). Finally, after adjustment for stage and treatment, unmarried persons still had poorer survival. Previous studies have demonstrated that unmarried persons have decreased overall mortality. For cancer, our results suggest that the favorable consequence of being married on overall survival is secondary to the beneficial effects at several steps in the diagnosis, choice of treatment, and response to treatment. (JAMA1987;258:3125-3130)
External sorting: run formation revisited

External mergesort begins with a run formation phase creating the initial sorted runs. Run formation can be done by a load-sort-store algorithm or by replacement selection. A load-sort-store algorithm repeatedly fills available memory with input records, sorts them, and writes the result to a run file. Replacement selection produces longer runs than load-sort-store algorithms and completely overlaps sorting and I/O, but it has poor locality of reference resulting in frequent cache misses and the classical algorithm works only for fixed-length records. This paper introduces batched replacement selection: a cache-conscious version of replacement selection that works also for variable-length records. The new algorithm resembles AlphaSort in the sense that it creates small in-memory runs and merges them to form the output runs. Its performance is experimentally compared with three other run formation algorithms: classical replacement selection, Quicksort, and AlphaSort. The experiments show that batched replacement selection is considerably faster than classic replacement selection. For small records (average 100 bytes), CPU time was reduced by about 50 percent and elapsed time by 47-63 percent. It was also consistently faster than Quicksort, but it did not always outperform AlphaSort. Replacement selection produces fewer runs than Quicksort and AlphaSort. The experiments confirmed that this reduces the merge time whereas the effect on the overall sort time depends on the number of disks available.
Photo-induced excess low frequency noise in HgCdTe photodiodes

We have investigated the properties of excess low frequency noise in illuminated mid wavelength infrared and long wavelength infrared HgCdTe photodiodes at zero bias. The current power spectrum (Si) dependence is usually close to inverse frequency (f), but substantial variations have been observed. The magnitude of l/f spectra is voltage independent for small bias voltages, but is proportional to the square of the photocurrent (I). Consequently, the l/f knee increases, with photocurrent. Variable area device studies indicate that the noise sources are more closely associated with the device area (Aj) than perimeter, indicating bulk limitations. The power spectrum can be represented by an empirical relationship of the form Si=αphI 2/fAj. This defines a figure of merit, αph which takes into the account the relationship between current dependence and device geometry. αph is device dependent, suggesting that randomly distributed defects play a role in the difference. This is also supported by noting that devices fabricated in material grown on lattice matched substrates have lower αph (10−16 cm2) than those fabricated in material grown on nonlattice matched substrates (10−14 cm2), which usually have two orders of magnitude larger dislocation density. We conclude that photo-induced l/f noise can be reduced via defect reduction and is not fundamental. Data on our best devices indicates that αph is somewhat lower for smaller band gap material. The temperature dependence of photo-induced excess low frequency noise is much weaker than that of bias induced excess low frequency noise, indicating unrelated generation mechanisms. In addition, photo-induced l/f adds in quadrature with bias induced l/f noise and is not well correlated in magnitude with either bias induced l/f noise or detector dark currents.
On modeling biomolecular–surface nonbonded interactions: application to nucleobase adsorption on single-wall carbon nanotube surfaces

In this work we explored the selectivity of single nucleobases towards adsorption on chiral single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by density functional theory calculations. Specifically, the adsorption of molecular models of guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C), as well as of AT and GC Watson?Crick (WC) base pairs on chiral SWCNT C(6, 5), C(9, 1) and C(8, 3) model structures, was analyzed in detail. The importance of correcting the exchange?correlation functional for London dispersion was clearly demonstrated, yet limitations in modeling such interactions by considering the SWCNT as a molecular model may mask subtle effects in a molecular?macroscopic material system. The trend in the calculated adsorption energies of the nucleobases on same diameter C(6, 5) and C(9, 1) SWCNT surfaces, i.e.?G?>?A?>?T?>?C, was consistent with related computations and experimental work on graphitic surfaces, however contradicting experimental data on the adsorption of single-strand short homo-oligonucleotides on SWCNTs that demonstrated a trend of G?>?C?>?A?>?T (Albertorio et?al 2009 Nanotechnology 20 395101). A possible role of electrostatic interactions in this case was partially captured by applying the effective fragment potential method, emphasizing that the interplay of the various contributions in modeling nonbonded interactions is complicated by theoretical limitations. Finally, because the calculated adsorption energies for Watson?Crick base pairs have shown little effect upon adsorption of the base pair farther from the surface, the results on SWCNT sorting by salmon genomic DNA could be indicative of partial unfolding of the double helix upon adsorption on the SWCNT surface.
The Origin and Significance of Antarctic Meteorites

Abstract More than 25,000 meteorite specimens have been recovered from Antarctica since systematic collection programs began in the mid 1970's. When properly recovered and curated, these specimens serve as a uniquely representative sample of the extraterrestrial material accreting to our planet, providing our best glimpse of the full lithological and geochemical breadth of the inner solar system. Antarctic meteorite concentrations are intimately linked to variations in climate and ice sheet behavior over the past several million years, with each individual icefield exhibiting distinct and often unique characteristics.
Learning from nuclear accident experience

Statistical procedures are developed to estimate accident occurrence rates from historical event records, to predict future rates and trends, and to estimate the accuracy of the rate estimates and predictions. Maximum likelihood estimation is applied to several learning models, and results are compared to earlier graphical and analytical estimates. The models are based on (1) the cumulative number of operating years, (2) the cumulative number of plants built, and (3) accidents (explicitly), with the accident rate distinctly different before and after an accident. The statistical accuracies of the parameters estimated are obtained in analytical form using the Fisher information matrix. Using data on core damage accidents in electricity producing plants, it is estimated that the probability for a plant to have a serious flaw has decreased from 0.1 to 0.01 during the developmental phase of the nuclear industry. At the same time the equivalent frequency of accidents has decreased from 0.04 per reactor year to 0.0004 per reactor year, partly due to the increasing population of plants. 10 references, 7 figures, 2 tables.
The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976, by John Harwood

(2013). The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976, by John Harwood. Design and Culture: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 271-273.
A biodegradable microvessel scaffold as a framework to enable vascular support of engineered tissues.

Abstract A biodegradable microvessel scaffold comprised of distinct parenchymal and vascular compartments separated by a permeable membrane interface was conceptualized, fabricated, cellularized, and implanted. The device was designed with perfusable microfluidic channels on the order of 100 μm to mimic small blood vessels, and high interfacial area to an adjacent parenchymal space to enable transport between the compartments. Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) elastomer was used to construct the microvessel framework, and various assembly methods were evaluated to ensure robust mechanical integrity. In vitro studies demonstrated the differentiation of human skeletal muscle cells cultured in the parenchymal space, a 90% reduction in muscle cell viability due to trans-membrane transport of a myotoxic drug from the perfusate, and microvessel seeding with human endothelial cells. In vivo studies of scaffolds implanted subcutaneously and intraperitoneally, without or with exogenous cells, into nude rats demonstrated biodegradation of the membrane interface and host blood cell infiltration of the microvessels. This modular, implantable scaffold could serve as a basis for building tissue constructs of increasing scale and clinical relevance.
Temporal changes in the subcellular distribution of protein kinase C in rabbit heart during global ischemia.

Our recent studies utilizing an in vivo regional ischemia model revealed no changes in the subcellular distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) in dog and rabbit hearts after repeated 5 min episodes of preconditioning ischemia/reperfusion. However, 10 min of sustained ischemia resulted in an increase in PKC activity in the membrane fraction. These findings indicate that prolonged ischemia may cause changes in the subcellular distribution of PKC. However, the detailed time course of these changes during sustained severe ischemia is poorly resolved. Thus, our objective was to study temporal changes in PKC distribution in the cytosolic, nuclear, and membrane fractions isolated from globally ischemic rabbit heart. Hearts were removed under deep anesthesia, placed into normal saline at 37°C, and repeatedly sampled from apex to base at baseline, 2, 5, and 10 min into global ischemia, with matched samples obtained in every heart. PKC activity was increased at 2 min into global ischemia in both the nuclear fraction (1069±75 vs 893±49 pmol/min/g at baseline; p=0.05) and the membrane fraction (1374±95 vs 1187±59 pmol/min/g at baseline; p<0.05) with persistent translocation observed at 5 and 10 min into the protocol. Thus, direct biochemical determination of PKC activity in the isolated rabbit heart revealed increased activity in the nuclear and the membrane fractions as early as 2 min into global ischemia.
Comparative pathogenicity of selected entomogenous nematodes to the hardwood borers, Prionoxystus robiniae (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) and Megacyllene robiniae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)☆

Abstract Laboratory evaluations were performed to determine pathogenicity of the entomogenous nematodes, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser) and Steinernema bibionis (Bovien), to carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae . Likewise, Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks, and Hirschmann) was also evaluated in addition to the aforementioned species against the locust borer, Megacyllene robiniae . The carpenterworm was very susceptible to steinernematid species. Carpenterworm vulnerability to parasitism by S. bibionis decreased during the fifth and sixth instars. S. feltiae proved to be the more pathogenic species in the overall comparison with LD 50 's of 1.5 and 3.7 nematodes/larvae for S. feltiae and S. bibionis , respectively. LD 50 values of 11.2, 18.8, and 23.4 nematodes/larva obtained were for S. feltiae, S. bibionis , and H. heliothidis , respectively, against the locust borer. These LD 50 's were not significantly different from one another at the 0.05 level.
Overcoming difficulties in demonstrating health outcome benefits.

Nutrition interventions with cancer patients may produce benefits beyond those typically evaluated, such as increased appetite, food intake, and weight gain. Other benefits include enhanced mood, improved sense of well-being, and increased socialization because of an increased ability to eat in public or with family
Embedding individualized social goals into routine activities in inclusive early childhood classrooms

This study examined the effectiveness of embedding children’s social goals into routine activities within inclusive preschool classroom settings. An AB (i.e. baseline and intervention) single‐subject design was used across three male participants with identified disabilities. Three student‐teachers, enrolled in a master’s program at a university, implemented the intervention by embedding children’s social goals into classroom routines (e.g. circle time). Social competency increased for all three boys, and social skills improved on the selected social goals that were embedded into classroom routines. The results suggest that the embedding strategy may offer an effective approach for individualizing social skills intervention in preschool classrooms.
Using cache mechanisms to exploit nonrefreshing DRAMs for on-chip memories

On-chip memories are becoming an established feature in single-chip microprocessor designs because they significantly improve performance. It is particularly important for single-chip reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessors to include large, high-speed memories, because RISC chips must reduce off-chip memory delays to achieve the shortest possible cycle time. The use of dynamic RAM for all on-chip cache results in all important increased density of local memory for a given scarce chip area, but complicates the processor control due to the inherent requirement for refreshing. By using simple circuit techniques and making a few modifications to cache organization, the refreshing requirement of dynamic RAM can be eliminated. This new cache design approach is described. It makes use of a selective invalidation technique that invalidates only those cache entries that are not fresh. This is accomplished without interrupting the processor execution stream and without degrading the cache performance. >
‘The backbone of the village’: gender, development, and traditional authority in rural Zanzibar

Recent processes of political decentralisation and the parallel movements asserting indigenous identity and autochthony have led to a resurgence of academic interest in ‘traditional’ and local forms of leadership and authority. Based on ethnographic research on the hirimu age-set system and related forms of traditional authority in the Zanzibari village of Jongowe, this article explores how these systems rooted in local history and identity are mitigated by contemporary national and international political circumstances. By examining how ‘traditional’ systems both create and circumscribe space for gendered expressions of power and how they work with the emerging forms of non-governmental organisation characteristic of contemporary development, the article considers how these dynamic local systems of governance maintain their legitimacy through both association with the past and engagement with contemporary politics. It argues for an understanding of ‘traditional authority’ that expands beyond hereditary l...
TU‐C‐BRD‐03: An Integrated Robotic‐Based Irradiation System for Small Animal Research

An integrated, image‐guided irradiation system for small animal research has been developed. The system is capable of precise, accurate, reproducible and quantifiable 3D conformal delivery of radiationdose distributions to organs/tumors. The main hardware components are: (1) A Seifert Isovolt Titan 225 kV X‐ray tube with beam collimation provided by a custom‐made variable diameter “cone” or a set of motor‐driven symmetric “jaws”, thereby allowing field sizes from 0.5 mm in diameter to 7 cm square field at ∼33.5 cm SSD. (2) A six‐degrees‐of‐freedom (6DOF) robotic arm (Adept Viper s650) was integrated for precise animal positioning/motion (repeatability of ±0.020 mm in XYZ direction and angular precision of ±0.2°). The system is housed in a custom 6 × 6 × 6 ft3 shielded enclosure inside a laboratory. When the beam is aimed horizontally to (3) a flat panel amorphous silicon detector (XRD 0820 CN3, Perkin Elmer, Fremont, CA) a series of 2D‐radiographs can be recorded while the robot rotates the animal. Each image is composed of 1024 by 1024 pixels with a 200 μm pixel size at a frame rate of 7.5 Hz. An open source cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)reconstruction tool (OSCAR‐2, University of Toronto) using the Feldkamp‐Davis‐Kress (FDK) filtered back projection algorithm was implemented for CBCTimage reconstruction. Thus, targeting can be accomplished by the use of orthogonal radiographs and/or CBCT. A dose engine and CBCT‐based treatment planning are ongoing projects. Dosimetric measurements and preliminary animal experiments have demonstrated the basic capabilities of the system in terms of radiationdose,dose rate and precision targeting. The system has also been used successfully in experiments to detect the molecular signaling occurring after spatially fractionated radiation therapy (GRID) in vivo. A description of the system and a summary of experiments performed to date will be presented. Learning Objectives: 1. Appreciate the challenges of developing a high precision 3D conformal irradiator for small animals. 2. Learn about the main hardware components of the system and their integration. 3. Understand the advantages of using a 6DOF robot for imaging (motion) and beam delivery (positioning). 4. Learn about some of the potential research projects that such a system can make possible. This research was sponsored by the Arkansas Biosciences Institute and the Central Arkansas Radiation Therapy Institute.
Bioluminescence in the mesopelagic copepod, Gaussia princeps (T. Scott)

Abstract Adult male and female Gaussia princeps (T. Scott) produce bright, extracellular luminescent displays usually coupled with the initiation of rapid swimming. Glands of the head, mandibular palps, urosome, furca, and underlying at least 14 body pores contribute to the luminous response which, in free swimming copepods, is characterized by a sudden discharge to the exterior of luminous blue material that remains at peak intensity for 1–3 sec before undergoing an 80 sec decay as 8 or less discrete, low intensity points of light. Photomultiplier and T.V.-image intensifier records of luminescence resulting from electrical and mechanical stimuli showed facilitated responses, variation in emission duration (flash vs broad peak light output), and repetitive photogeny by individual copepods. The glands need not operate in concert nor do all necessarily participate in a given response minimal response latencies to electrical and mechanical stimuli were 15 and 37 msec, respectively. Failure of the luminous response did not entail depletion of all potentially photogenic material. The results are discussed in terms of luminescent control and potential escape mechanism.
Mathematical analysis of the effects of surface heterogeneity in chemisorption: a new/old model

Abstract Two models of chemisorption, based on the conventional notion of ‘mechanism’, are postulated to explain differential rate and heat data observed in true differential calorimeters. In one mechanism, the kinetic mechanism, it is assumed adsorption occurs in parallel to several different types of surface sites, and that the rate of adsorption to each type of site is controlled by the site activation energy and concentration of the sites. There is no assumed correlation between activation energy and heat of adsorption of the sites. Moreover, it is assumed that equilibrium between adsorbed species essentially never occurs. The second mechanism, the equilibrium mechanism, is similar except that it is assumed that equilibration among adsorbed species occurs rapidly. The adsorption mechanisms are described by a set of coupled differential equations which are solved numerically to give differential heats of adsorption and the kinetics of adsorption for quasi-differential gas doses. In systems in which kinetics and not equilibrium essentially controls the adsorption process it is shown that observed differential heats of adsorption will not necessarily be monotonically decreasing. The rate of adsorption in such systems; however, will steadily decline. In the event that equilibrium does exist within the adsorbed phase, differential heats of adsorption will decline monotonically. The kinetic behavior in such systems will vary as a function of adsorption site parameter values. These results are shown to be consistent with observations.
Interdiffused InGaAsSbN quantum wells on GaAs for 1300- to 1550-nm lasers

Novel method to realize 1300-1550 nm InGaAsNSb quantum well (QW) structure on GaAs substrate is presented and analyzed. The proposed method is based on nitrogen-based inter-diffusion from InGaAsN nanometers-thick barriers into InGaAsSb quantum well layer. This method should allow realization of InGaAsNSb quantum well layer, in particular by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), which would otherwise be very challenging due to the conflicting nature of optimum epitaxy parameters / conditions that nitride-based and antimonide-based compounds require.
Revised estimates of photochemically deposited contamination of the Global Positioning System satellites

to increase the engine specific impulse often cause the engine mass to increase at the same time. Are the improvements acceptable? The results derived from Figs. 2 and 3 can be used to assess the improvements of the SSME-derivative engines. If the improvements can increase the specific impulse by 10 m/s and the engine mass increases less than 88 kg at the same time or if the improvements can decrease the engine mass by 88 kg and the engine specific impulse decreases less than 10 m/s at the same time, the improvements are acceptable.
Yeast DNA topoisomerase II is encoded by a single-copy, essential gene

Abstract The gene TOP2 encoding yeast topoisomerase II has been cloned by immunological screening of a yeast genomic library constructed in the phage λ expression vector, λgt11. The ends of the message encoded by the cloned DNA fragment were delimited by the Berk and Sharp procedure (S1 nuclease mapping) for the 5′ end and mapping of the polyA tail portion of a cDNA fragment for the 3′ end. The predicted size of the message agrees with the length of the message as determined by Northern blot hybridization analysis. The identity of the gene was confirmed by expressing the gene in E. coli from the E. coli promoter lac UV5 to give catalytically active yeast DNA topoisomerase II. Disruption of one copy of the gene in a diploid yeast creates a recessive lethal mutation, indicating that the single DNA topoisomerase II gene of yeast has an essential function.
Spatial Legume Composition and Diversity across Seeded Landscapes

Pastures typically have diverse landscapes, and resulting soil conditions and plant composition can vary within small area units. This study was performed to quantify the spatial variation in legume contribution to the plant community when seeded into established perennial cool-season grass pastures. Pastures were interseeded with an 11-legume mixture and divided into three stocking methods (continuous, rotational, and nongrazed), with each stocking method containing five landscape positions (summit, backslope, toeslope, opposite backslope, and opposite summit). Grass and legume components were sampled three times annually between 1996 and 1998. Backslopes had greater legume dry matter (DM) composition (161 g kg -1 ) than either summit (62 g kg -1 ) or toeslope positions (7 g kg -1 ), and total legume concentrations increased over years. Legume composition consisted mostly of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and white clover (T. repens L.). Species richness and Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H' dat ) for the legume functional group were also greatest on backslope landscape positions, especially in continuously and rotationally stocked pastures. Legume DM composition showed a positive linear relationship with legume species richness in continuous, rotational, and nongrazed pastures (r 2 = 0.76). The H' drn showed a positive linear relationship with legume DM composition in only rotationally stocked paddocks (r 2 = 0.88). The legume component at grazed backslope sites filled a niche left unoccupied by the grass component. Species and site recommendations for pasture improvement and management should be made based on landscape position and stocking method.
Numerical patterns of axon regeneration that follow sciatic nerve crush in the neonatal rat

Different proportions of axons regenerate in cutaneous nerves compared with muscle nerves after sciatic nerve crush in the rat. The questions here are whether or not these differences reflect the proportions of axons that regenerate in the different nerves from which these nerves arise and do the differences persist. The findings indicate that the numbers of axons that regenerate in the muscle nerves do not reflect the numbers in the nerve from which the muscle nerves originate and that these differences persist. This leads to the conclusion that some factors determining numbers of axons in the muscle nerves must operate distal to the lesion. Thus when one is considering mechanisms that control regenerated axon numbers after neonatal nerve crush, one must consider not only the lesion site but also branching and axon diversion far distally, presumably at the origin of the muscle nerves.
Selective gender differences in childhood nutrition and immunization in rural India: the role of siblings.

This article examines the role of the sex composition of surviving older siblings on gender differences in childhood nutrition and immunization, using data from the National Family Health Survey, India (1992–1993). Logit and ordered logit models were used for severe stunting and immunization, respectively. The results show selective neglect of children with certain sex and birth-order combinations that operate differentially for girls and boys. Both girls and boys who were born after multiple same-sex siblings experience poor outcomes, suggesting that parents want some balance in sex composition. However, the preference for sons persists, and boys who were born after multiple daughters have the best possible outcomes.
A rapid single-stranded cloning strategy for producing a sequential series of overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing: Application to sequencing the corn mitochondrial 18 S rDNA

Abstract A simple new procedure was described for producing a sequential series of overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing. The technique used single-stranded M13 DNA and complementary DNA oligomers to form specific cleavage and ligation substrates. It was, therefore, independent of the sequence of the DNA cloned into the vector. Deletions of varying sizes were generated from one end of the insert through the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase. The approximate size of the deletion and therefore the starting point for DNA sequencing could be estimated by electrophoresis of the subcloned phage DNA on an agarose gel. This greatly reduced the number of templates that must be sequenced to obtain a complete sequence. The entire procedure could be carried out in one tube in less than a day. The procedure was used to subclone and sequence the maize mitochondrial 18 S rDNA and 5′ flanking region (2622 bases) in less than a week. Other applications of oligomers and single-stranded DNA in the construction of insertions, deletions, and cDNAs are discussed.
APEC Harmonization Center: Challenges and Issues Relating to Multiregional Clinical Trials in the APEC Region

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Harmonization Center (AHC) was established in 2009 with the purpose of promoting harmonization of regulatory processes for drugs and medical devices. The AHC held three training workshops on multiregional clinical trials (MRCTs); these workshops provided forums for discussing the value and potential benefits of MRCTs. Participants from regulatory agencies, the pharmaceutical industry, and academia identified many issues and made recommendations for resolving major challenges with the aim of improving the capacity of the Asia–Pacific region to carry out MRCTs. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 91 4, 743–746. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.344
Failure Analysis and Reliability of Thermal Printing Devices

Silicon thermal printing devices present, very real challenges to both the failure analyst and reliability engineer. These devices are unusual in several ways. They are intended for operation of the active areas at temperatures above those normally experienced silicon devices. Thermal conductivity plays an inordinately significant role in the operation and particularly the lifetime of the device. This fact makes analysis and control of the materials thermally surrounding electronically active areas as important as the active areas themselves. The typical structurel is illustrated in figure 1 which shows the individual printing element or mesa which is used as a heating element employing current flow through the bulk resistivity of the mesa to generate heat. The mesa heat is then dissipated through the paper and through the epoxy tb the ceramic substrate. The mesas may be arranged in matrices or lines as illustrated in figure 2. In addition to the thermal and electrical characteristics of the device, device lifetime is ultimately limited by mechanical wear, i.e. abrasion against the paper. Thus the devices cannot be viewed in an electronic vacuum but must be viewed as a thermo-mechanical electronic system which puts an added stress on normal reliability and failure analysis functions.
Radiative heat flux measurement uncertainty

SUMMARY As part of an effort to characterize the uncertainties associated with heat flux measurements in a fire environment, an uncertainty analysis example was performed using measurement data from a room corner surface products test that followed the guidelines of ISO 9705. Equations to model the heat transfer at the surface of a Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type total heat flux gauge were selected for use to calculate the incident radiative flux from a total heat flux measurement. The effects of the heat flux measurement uncertainty sources were evaluated by conducting an uncertainty propagation on the resulting equation for incident radiation. For the model equations and the example conditions selected, the free-stream temperature estimate and the heat flux gauge calibration constant were determined to be major uncertainty contributors. The study demonstrates how to systematically identify major sources of uncertainty for the purpose of reducing total uncertainty and thereby enhancing experiment design. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scheduling reconfiguration at runtime on the trips processor

We address the problem of scheduling parallel applications onto Heterogeneous Chip Multi-Processors (H- CMPs) containing reconfigurable processing cores. To model reconfiguration, we introduce the novel Mutually Exclusive Processor Groups reconfiguration model, which captures many different modes of reconfiguration. The paper continues by proposing the Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time with Mutually Exclusive Processor Groups (HEFT- MEG) scheduling heuristic that uses our new reconfiguration model; at compile-time, HEFT-MEG schedules reconfigurations to occur at runtime, with the goal of choosing the most efficient configuration for different application phases. Scheduling reconfiguration to occur at runtime with HEFT-MEG improves the performance of GPS Acquisition, a software radio application, by about 23%, compared to the best single-configuration schedule on the same hardware.
The flight activity and settling behaviour of Glossina morsitans Westw. (Dipt., Muscidae) in laboratory experiments.

Female tsetse flies ( Glossina morsitans Westw.) were more active in an experimental chamber in the laboratory: (a) at high than at low temperatures, (b) in high than in low humidities, and except at high temperatures, (c) when hungry than when replete. Flies were also more active in the chamber when a small area of black surface (1·6%) was present than when a larger black surface (12·8% or 50%) was available. Both black and white surfaces were provided in all experiments, and over the temperature range 25–40°C flies settled on black more frequently than would be expected by chance. This preference for a black resting surface was most marked when the flies were most active: (a) above 35°C in all experiments, (b) at high humidities with teneral flies, and (c) when the flies had not fed. Flies settling on black usually rested longer than those settling on a white surface.
Practical Strategies for Making Online Library Services and Instruction Accessible to All Patrons

Providing accessible library services and instruction to distance users with disabilities can seem daunting. This article, which grew out of a webinar presented by the author to the Health Science Special Interest Group of ACRL, provides practical strategies to help content creators utilize built-in accessibility features and provides a resources guide to develop deeper knowledge.
Fast FIR filter implementation using high-level synthesis tools

In this paper, we present the design and VLSI implementation of "fast" finite impulse response (FIR) filter using Synopsys high-level synthesis tools. The "fast" FIR method is efficient in that it reduces the amount of computation by decomposing the input data before filtering thereby reducing the length of the filter to be implemented. We also compare this method of implementation with the conventional methods. Our results are very encouraging and this project exercises the set of high-level synthesis tools for a digital signal processing chip design application.