cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reparing Relationships Within and Between Organizations: Building A Conceptual Foundation

How can relationships be repaired after being damaged? There is a small but growing body of work on the topic from a number of different disciplinary perspectives using different theoretical lenses and at different levels of analysis. We begin by examining the existing streams of work on relationship repair and organizing them into a conceptual framework. We then consider four questions that probe assumptions or overlooked issues in existing research with the intent of moving toward a more comprehensive conceptual foundation.
Champions of Mexico in Ante-Bellum America

Dans le contexte des debats contemporains sur les relations entre les Etats-Unis et le Mexique, l'A. se propose de rappeler quelques voix nord-americaines du 19 eme siecle qui defendaient l'integrite civique des Mexicains et revaient d'une relation paritaire entre les deux pays. Les appels contemporains au respect reciproque rappellent les voix qui, a l'epoque d'avant la Guerre civile, s'opposaient a la guerre entre le Mexique et les Etats-Unis et a l'annexion du Texas, et qui soutenaient la guerre du Mexique pour l'independance.
Rudbeckia and Aquilegia

WHEN recently (July) collecting Eocene fossils in the vicinity of Roan creek, Colorado, I saw for the first time the singular composite Rudbeckia montana Gray in life. It abounds in the valleys and gulches, occupying similar positions to those in which one finds R. laciniata on the eastern side of the range. The latter, so far as I could ascertain, is absent from the region of R. montana, though it occurs in the south-western part of Colorado. The striking feature of R. montana is the total absence of rays. The large conical or cylindrical discs appear very black, slightly yellow from pollen when in flower. The involucral bracts are coarse and pointed, surrounding the base of the disc and diverging at various angles. The whole effect is most peculiar and unusual. Rayless Compositae are known in various genera, and occasionally occur as mutations in normally rayed genera. The ancestor of R. montana was presumably rayed, but losing its rays through a germinal modification, how did it manage to survive and flourish to the exclusion of the rayed form?
Decades of rivalry and complementary of photon and electron beams

Not long after the photon beam was used to delineate circuit patterns in resist, e-beam was called for duty due to the concern of photons running out of resolution. The e-beam counterpart of proximity printing, projection printing, and direct writing quickly took shape as early as 1975. The race was on. Optical projection printing, taking advantage of a high degree of parallelism, excelled in throughput and economy for wafer patterning. However, electrons can be quickly deflected to directly write patterns. It took over mask writing. Rivalry turned into complementary for decades. Recently e-beam has a new opportunity to beat photon beam at its own game of parallelism and eliminate the problems associated with masks altogether. This presentation compares optical and e-beam imaging technically, economically, and historically, pointing to the rewards and challenges for each technology to succeed.
Oil-immersed 110-Kv 440-Kw rectifier unit for resnatron plate supply

THE proton linear accelerator installation at the University of Minnesota requires as one of its power supplies a d-c source capable of delivering continuously 4 amperes at 110 kv. This power represents the plate supply for four resnatron tubes which provide the radio-frequency power to excite the resonant cavities of the accelerator proper. The design of a power supply capable of meeting these requirements was complicated by the limited amount of available space.
Cestrumdiurnum: A domestic plant with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-like activity

Summary The biological activity of Cestrum diurnum , in connection with the occurrence of calcinosis in grazing animals in Florida, was investigated. The inclusion of the plant material in a high strontium diet fed to chicks overcame the inhibitory effect of this regime on calcium (47Ca) absorption, the synthesis of the intestinal vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, and net formation of intestinal cyclic adenosine-3′:5′-monophosphate. Since the high strontium diet blocks the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, this provides evidence of a substance in Cestrum diurnum with 1α,25-dihyroxycholcealciferol-like activity.
Evaluation of p16INK4a as a diagnostic tool in the triage of Pap smears demonstrating atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance

BACKGROUND P16INK4a (p16) has emerged as a biomarker for the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Many studies have confirmed a strong correlation between p16 immunohistochemical positivity and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) of the cervix. Because p16 is predictive of HR-HPV and HSIL, it seems plausible that p16 could be used as a diagnostic tool to triage atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) Pap smears. In this way, Pap smears with no p16 staining could be recategorized as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) before final case disposition, thus preventing unnecessary and costly follow-up. METHODS p16 immunostains were performed on 178 ThinPrep (Cytyc, Marlborough, Mass) Pap smears signed out as ASCUS among 5 cytopathologists. p16 stains were independently scored between 0 (no staining) and 4 (staining in cells with nuclear aberration) by either 2 or 3 pathologists. The p16 score was compared with both Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) (Digene, Gaithersburg, Md) and follow-up (Pap smear and tissue) results. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of p16 immunohistochemistry compared with both hc2 and follow-up were not statistically significant, with both data subsets having P-values greater than .05. CONCLUSIONS Statistical significance was not demonstrated in any of the data subsets, indicating that the p16 score alone cannot be used to recategorize Pap smears from ASCUS to NILM as a means to prevent unnecessary and expensive follow-up. Although not meeting criteria for statistical significance, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of p16 scores versus tissue follow-up only were more statistically favorable, suggesting that p16 has better correlation with tissue follow-up than results of hc2. In addition, p16 staining was identified consistently in atrophic Pap smears, including 23 of 25 additional NILM atrophic smears stained, indicating that p16 cannot be used as a marker to triage atypical atrophic smears. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society.
The Use of Radioisotopes for the Measurement of the Water Equivalent of a Snow Pack

A radio-telemetering snow gage has been designed which uses the principle of absorption by water (liquid or solid phase) of the gamma emissions from an artificial radioactive isotope. The radioactive, radio-telemetering snow gage has been used successfully to measure up to 55 water equivalent inches of snow by counting the pulses from a suitably located Geiger-Muller tube. These pulses have been successfully transmitted and relayed by radio. Further progress is dependent upon the development of a reliable radio communication system for use with the radioactive snow gage in remote high mountain areas.
Shared and Configural Justice: A Social Network Model of Justice in Teams

We propose a model of justice in teams that articulates the social influence processes through which shared perceptions of justice emerge and that explores the subsequent effects on team effectiveness outcomes. We also consider barriers to the emergence of shared team justice and introduce configural forms of justice that may result. Theoretical and practical contributions of the model for understanding the meaning and operation of justice at the team level of analysis are discussed.
Integrative nutritional approaches to loss of weight and appetite in patients with advanced cancer

Abstract Loss of weight and appetite are common in patients with advanced cancer, and yet palliative options for treating this sign and symptom remain limited. This article reviews the integrative approaches that have proven most effective to date for this sign and symptom and also discusses some of the challenges of proving efficacy of palliative therapy.
Dynamical constraints on the transfer of angular momentum in rotationally inelastic collisions of I2(B 3Π) with He and Xe

We have measured thermally averaged level‐to‐level rate constants for rotationally inelastic collisions of I2(B 3Π) with Xe and He using the method of laser induced fluorescence. We present the values of 149 rate constants with average errors less than 10% for initial rotational levels ranging from 41 to 113 in the v′ = 13 vibrational level. For I*2–He, we report the first experimental evidence for a limitation of maximum angular momentum transfer on level‐to‐level rate constants and conclude that dynamical, rather than energetic constraints govern the collisional process. We find that the I*2–Xe rate constants follow a power law in both energy and angular momentum transfer, a behavior observed in most previous experimental work on rotationally inelastic collisions.
A “refugee paradox” for substance use disorders?

Abstract Background Few, if any, studies have systematically examined the link between nativity and substance use disorders (SUD) among refugees using national samples. As such, it remains uncertain if the “immigrant paradox” for substance use can be extended to include refugees in the United States. Methods Employing data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, we examine the lifetime prevalence of SUDs among refugees ( n = 428) in contrast with non-refugee immigrants ( n = 4955) and native-born Americans ( n = 29,267). We also examine the impact of gender and refugee duration on the relationship between nativity, refugee status, and SUDs. Results Refugees were between 3 and 6 times less likely than native-born Americans meet criteria for all SUDs examined, and significantly less likely than non-refugee immigrants to meet criteria for alcohol (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.41–0.47), cocaine (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.50–0.59), hallucinogen (AOR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.58–0.74), and opioid/heroin (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.58–0.66) use disorders. The refugee–SUD link was significantly moderated by gender. Duration as a refugee was associated with increased risk for alcohol use disorder and decreased risk of cannabis and illicit drug use disorders. Conclusions Study findings provide evidence in support of a “refugee paradox” for SUDs among adults in the United States. Refugees are substantially less likely than native-born Americans to meet criteria for all SUDs examined and, albeit with weaker effects, significantly less likely than non-refugee immigrants to meet criteria for a variety of SUDs.
Evaluation of a supermarket nutrition education program

Abstract We conducted and evaluated a 16-week nutrition education program that combined a mass media campaign with provision of point-of-purchase materials in supermarkets. The objective of the program was to increase consumers' knowledge of complex carbohydrates and their use of eight complex carbohydrate foods. We found small gains in nutrition knowledge, especially among those who recalled exposure to the educational materials. We also found some evidence of short-term increases in the usage of certain target foods.
Chemically modified ultrathin oxides fabricated by rapid thermal processing

A comprehensive review of chemical composition and electrical properties is presented for thin gate oxides with small amounts of nitrogen or fluorine, incorporated by rapid thermal processing. Electrical properties of these chemically modified oxides are correlated with the changes in chemical composition and the resulting structural modifications. Qualitative models described in some of the earlier works are used to establish these correlations. It is concluded that the changes in chemical composition of Si02 can be controlled to realize superior gate dielectrics for application in ULSI MOS devices.
The trail pheromone of the termite, Trinervitermes trinervoides

Abstract By using a T-junction choice assay workers of Trinervitermes trinervoides have been shown to lay and follow pheromone trails. The trials are not polarized and there is a quantitative relation between the number of termites laying the trail and the fraction of test termites which follw correctly. Workers reinforce trails whenever they follow them, and the degree of this reinforcement seems to be independent of trail strength. The trail pheromone is volatile and need not be perceived by contact chemoreception. Activity loss from filter paper is approximately exponential with a half-life of about 2 hr. Extracts of papers over which workers had laid trails were used to show a linear relationship, on a log-probit scale, between dose and response. Soldier termites also follow trails about as well as do workers, but workers lay trails that are about six to seven times as strong as soldier trails. No preference of either caste for their own trails could be demonstrated. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that the trail pheromone(s) is a fairly polar substance.
T cells regulate the IgM antibody response of BALB/c mice to dextran B1355

The IgM antibody response of BALB/c mice to bacterial (Leuconostoc) dextran B1355 is influenced in a positive and negative manner by regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. Treatment with concanavalin A (ConA) at the time of immunization or 2 days later caused suppression and enhancement of the antibody response, respectively. Priming of mice with a sub-immunogenic dose of dextran resulted in profound suppression upon subsequent immunization 3 days later. None of these effects were demonstrable in athymic mice. Transfer of T cells from mice primed 18 h previously with a subimmunogenic dose of dextran suppressed the antibody response in immunized recipients; such suppression was abolished by the treatment of transferred cells with anti Thy 1.2 or anti Lyt 2.2 (CD8) antibody in the presence of complement. By contrast, the transfer of T cells from mice, which had been given an immunogenic dose of dextran 4 days previously, increased the antibody response in immunized recipients; such enhancement was abolished by treating transferred cells with anti Thy 1.2 or anti L3T4 (CD4) antibody in the presence of complement. These findings indicate that the immune response to dextran B1355 is regulated by CD4+ T-amplifier cells (Ta cells) and by CD8+ T-suppressor cells (Ts cells) which are activated during the course of a normal antibody response.
Rotational analysis of bands in the high-resolution infrared spectra of the three species of butadiene-1,4-d2; refinement of the assignments of the vibrational fundamentals

Abstract Samples of trans , trans and cis , cis forms of butadiene-1,4- d 2 have been synthesized and found to contain useful amounts of the cis , trans species as a contaminant. Assignments of fundamental frequencies for the three isotopomers of butadiene-1,4- d 2 have been extended and improved from investigations of their Raman spectra as well as their infrared (IR) spectra. High-resolution IR spectra have been recorded for the three isotopomers, and a rotational analysis has been completed for strong bands of each species. Ground state and some upper state rotational constants have been fit. Corresponding ground state moments of inertia compare favorably with equilibrium moments of inertia obtained from B3LYP/6-311++G** theory. Two 13 C isotopomers are being prepared, and an improved structural analysis of butadiene will soon be available to assess how π-electron delocalization affects its structure.
Particle discrimination system for nuclear reaction studies

Abstract A solid state system is described which applies the logarithmic method of computing the product E × d E d x to the problem of mass discrimination of charged particles in counter telescopes. The basic conversion circuit uses the emitter-base junction of a transistor as the logarithmic element. Also described are the delay-line clipped amplifiers, zero-crossover coincidence circuits, and single channel pulse height analyzers used with the logarithmic converters.
Constraining the Evolution of the Fundamental Constants with a Solid-State Optical Frequency Reference Based on the Th 229 Nucleus

We describe a novel approach to directly measure the energy of the narrow, low-lying isomeric state in $^{229}\mathrm{Th}$. Since nuclear transitions are far less sensitive to environmental conditions than atomic transitions, we argue that the $^{229}\mathrm{Th}$ optical nuclear transition may be driven inside a host crystal with a high transition $Q$. This technique might also allow for the construction of a solid-state optical frequency reference that surpasses the short-term stability of current optical clocks, as well as improved limits on the variability of fundamental constants. Based on analysis of the crystal lattice environment, we argue that a precision (short-term stability) of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}l\ensuremath{\Delta}f/fl1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ after 1 s of photon collection may be achieved with a systematic-limited accuracy (long-term stability) of $\ensuremath{\Delta}f/f\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$. Improvement by ${10}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{3}$ of the constraints on the variability of several important fundamental constants also appears possible.
Acoustic and perceptual correlates of adult stutterers' typical and imitated stutterings

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess differences between selected acoustic correlates of adult stutterers' self-judged “uncontrolled” (typical) and “controlled” (imitated) stutterings. Subjects were nine adult stutterers (two female and seven male) with a mean age of 36 years and 2 months (range: 19–51 years) and a mean stuttering frequency of 19.26 stutterings (range: 5.4–32.0) per 100 words of conversation. Six temporal acoustic measures (phrase, stuttered word, stuttered segment, stop-gap, frication, and aspiration duration) were made for each subject's typical stutterings and a corresponding imitated version. No significant differences were found between stutterers' self-perceived typical versus imitated productions for any of the six temporal acoustic measures for all stutterings and for the two major types of stutterings in the sample (sound/syllable repetitions and sound prolongations). Further descriptive analysis indicated that stutterers were generally more certain of their perceptual judgments of controlled stutterings than they were of their uncontrolled stutterings. Although findings suggest that there are no apparent objective correlates of adult stutterers' self-perceived (controlled and uncontrolled stutterings), further study of these perceptions appears warranted.
Retinoids block phenotypic cell transformation produced by sarcoma growth factor.

MURINE SARCOMA VIRUS (MSV)-transformed cells lack available receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF)1,2. We have shown that this altered phenotype is the result of the endogenous production of growth factors by the MSV-trans-formed cells themselves. The major activity, isolated and purified from transformed cells, has been found in a 12,000-molecular weight peak and competed with EOF in an EGF-receptor-binding assay3. This growth factor, called sarcoma growth factor (SGF), stimulates cell division, causes normal cells to grow in soft agar and produces rapid, reversible morphological transformation of cells in monolayer culture3. There is no evidence that SGF acts as a complete carcinogen, producing permanent cell transformation; its properties resemble classical chemical promoters of carcinogenesis, like 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)4–6, the highly active component of croton oil. Whereas TPA is an exogenous plant derivative acting on an animal or a cell, SGF is an endogenous, virally induced growth promoter. In this respect it is interesting that retinoids (vitamin A and synthetic analogues)7 block the action in vivo of exogenous and endogenous promoters, preventing carcinogens from producing new tumours, but do not reverse the growth of many established tumours7–10. Retinoids prevent cancer of the lung7,11, skin9, bladder12 and mammary gland13 in experimental animals, block cell transformation induced by chemicals14 and radiation14,15 in culture, and reverse the anchorage-independent growth of transformed mouse fibroblasts16. If SGF is part of the natural tumour-promoting system and retinoids are part of the natural defence against that system, then one should be able to demonstrate a direct antagonism in cell culture. This, report establishes that this happens.
The α-β inversions in eucryptite and spodumene

Abstract Reversible hydrothermal experiments have allowed the unequivocal determination of the p - t dependence of the LiAlSiO 4(willemite) /ag LiAlSiO 4(high-quartz) reaction. This constitutes one of the few reconstructive phase changes so studied. The revised α-β inversion temperature at atmospheric pressure is set at 848 ± 5°C and the enthalpy of inversion is calculated as 3750 cal/mole LiAlSiO 4 . It was found impossible to study the α-β spodumene inversion, since in no case could α-spodumene be synthesized from its own composition at pressures up to 4000 atm. The assemblage α-eucryptite + petalite appeared consistently instead.
Coherent quantum state storage and transfer between two phase qubits via a resonant cavity

Microfabricated superconducting circuit elements can harness the power of quantum behaviour for information processing. Unlike classical information bits, quantum information bits (qubits) can form superpositions or mixture states of ON and OFF, offering a faster, natural form of parallel processing. Previously, direct qubit–qubit coupling has been achieved for up to four qubits, but now two independent groups demonstrate the next crucial step: communication and exchange of quantum information between two superconducting qubits via a quantum bus, in the form of a resonant cavity formed by a superconducting transmission line a few millimetres long. Using this microwave cavity it is possible to store, transfer and exchange quantum information between two quantum bits. It can also perform multiplexed qubit readout. This basic architecture lends itself to expansion, offering the possibility for the coherent interaction of many superconducting qubits. The cover illustrates a zig-zag-shaped resonant cavity or quantum bus linking two superconducting phase qubits. One of two papers that demonstrate the communication of individual quantum states between superconducting qubits via a quantum bus. This quantum bus is a resonant cavity formed by a superconducting transmission line of several millimetres. Quantum information, initially defined in one qubit on one end, can be stored in this quantum bus and at a later time retrieved by a second qubit at the other end. As with classical information processing, a quantum information processor requires bits (qubits) that can be independently addressed and read out, long-term memory elements to store arbitrary quantum states1,2, and the ability to transfer quantum information through a coherent communication bus accessible to a large number of qubits3,4. Superconducting qubits made with scalable microfabrication techniques are a promising candidate for the realization of a large-scale quantum information processor5,6,7,8,9. Although these systems have successfully passed tests of coherent coupling for up to four qubits10,11,12,13, communication of individual quantum states between superconducting qubits via a quantum bus has not yet been realized. Here, we perform an experiment demonstrating the ability to coherently transfer quantum states between two superconducting Josephson phase qubits through a quantum bus. This quantum bus is a resonant cavity formed by an open-ended superconducting transmission line of length 7 mm. After preparing an initial quantum state with the first qubit, this quantum information is transferred and stored as a nonclassical photon state of the resonant cavity, then retrieved later by the second qubit connected to the opposite end of the cavity. Beyond simple state transfer, these results suggest that a high-quality-factor superconducting cavity could also function as a useful short-term memory element. The basic architecture presented here can be expanded, offering the possibility for the coherent interaction of a large number of superconducting qubits.
Challenges and best practices for enterprise adoption of Big Data technologies

In this paper, we discuss the emerging use of Big Data technologies in Enterprise Data Warehouses and Business Intelligence for the purpose of fostering innovation and producing better business insights and decisions. We present best practices and techniques of Big Data implementation using a 3-legged Big Data environment strategy along with the challenges of enterprise adoption of Big Data technologies. Hence this paper is relevant from an academic as well as a practitioner's perspective.
EFFECT OF KNOWLEDGE OF ONE CORRECT CHOICE ON GROUP PERFORMANCE

Summary.-In this study of the effect of goal specificicy as knowledge of a single correct choice on group performance 28 groups of five persons were assigned to one of two conditions in a problem-solving role play. In one condition group memben were told there was only one correct answer among seven choices, and in the other members were told simply to choose what they thought was the best answer. Analysis yielded significantly more correct responses among the groups knowing there was one correct answer, although no difference was Found in the amount of time taken to solve the problem. Research on individual performance has consistently demonstrated that goal specificity, i.e., clearly expressed goals versus vague or no goals, has a positive effect on individual performance (Locke, Shaw, Saari, & Latham, 1981; Tubbs, 1986). The research examining this issue with respect to group performance is far more limited, although similar findings have been reported (Latham & Yukl, 1975; Matsui, Kakuyama, & Onglatco, 1987). This research further examined the effect of goal specificity on group performance. Method.-The subjects for the study were 28 randomly assigned groups of Five comprised of graduate students in business. Sixty-five percent were men, and 35% were women, whose mean age was 25.8 yr. The ages ranged from 21 to 42 yr. The task required participation in a group problem-solving exercise in which each group was asked to select one Erorn a list of seven candidates for a general management position (Pfeiffer & Jones, 1972). Each group member was provided a set of instructions, a role sheet providing information on the job and requirements, and a list of candidates. Each member's role sheet included primarily common information; however, some unique information was also included requiring members to share information orally to make the selection and ensuring that the exercise was worked as a group. The information provided was all that was needed to select the correct candidate. Groups were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. The goal-specific condition (Goal) was the one in which the written instructions to groups indicated that there was one correct answer. In the other condition, group members were not told there was one correct answer but simply told to do their best (Best). Although the task was the same for both groups, the Goal condition was viewed as representing a more dearly defined and narrowly focused end result than the Best condition. All groups were given up to 45 min. to perform the task. It was hypothesized that the groups in the Goal condition would have more correct answers and take less time than the groups in the Best condition. Restr1ts.-The numbers of respondents and representative percents in Table 1 show the breakdown of group performance by condition. The groups in the Goal condition were significantly more likely to have a correct answer than those in the Best condition (xI2 = 7.34, p = ,007; Fisher's exact test, p = ,001). No significant difference, however, was found with respect to length of time (r = 1.02, p = .35).
Sulfur isotope ratios and the origins of the aerosols and cloud droplets in California stratus

Marine aerosols often have sulfur-to-chloride ratios greater than that found in seawater. Sulfur isotope ratios ( 34 S/ 32 S) were measured in aerosol and cloud droplet samples collected in the San Francisco Bay Area in an attempt to understand the processes that produce the observed sulfur-to-chloride ratios. Seawater sulfur usually has very high sulfur isotope ratios; fossil fuel sulfur tends to have smaller isotope ratios and sulfur of bacteriogenic origin still smaller. Samples collected in unpolluted marine air over the hills south of San Francisco had sulfur isotope ratios that were significantly lower than the values for samples collected in nearby areas that were subject to urban pollution. The highest sulfur isotope ratios were found in the offshore seawater. The results suggest bacteriogenic origins of the marine air sulfur aerosol material. The low isotope ratios in the marine air cannot be explained as a mixture of seawater sulfur and pollutant sulfur, because both tend to have higher isotope ratios. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00691.x
Geographic variation in tool use on Neesia fruits in orangutans.

Geographic variation in the presence of skilled behavior may reflect geographic variation in genetic predispositions or ecological conditions (accompanied by reliable expression during development), or it may reflect the vagaries of invention and the appropriate social conditions for persistence. In this study, we compare the feeding techniques and tool-using skills used by orangutans to extract the nutritious seeds from Neesia fruits between Suaq Balimbing on Sumatra and Gunung Palung on Borneo, and map the distribution of Neesia tool use in Sumatran swamps. We show that neither genetics nor ecology is sufficient to explain the distribution of this tool use, confirming earlier findings on chimpanzees. We conclude that the ability to learn to use tools determines the geographic distribution. It is impossible to distinguish between the history of invention and the conditions for social transmission as the causal factors, but the high density and the social tolerance at Suaq Balimbing create propitious conditions for the maintenance of the skill as a tradition once it has been invented. High orangutan densities in the other Sumatran coastal swamps with Neesia tool use support the conclusion that suitable transmission conditions are the critical factor to explain the geographic distribution of skills such as feeding tool use. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:331–342, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rectal morbidity after permanent prostate brachytherapy with dose escalation to biologic target volumes identified by SPECT/CT fusion.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate rectal morbidity after dose escalation to biologic target volumes identified by capromab pendetide (ProstaScint) single-photon emission tomography images coregistered with computed tomography (SPECT/CT). Methods and materials Two hundred thirty-nine consecutive patients diagnosed with T1c–T3b NxM0 adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with brachytherapy seed implant (SI) dose escalation to SPECT/CT–identified biologic target volumes, from February 1997 through December 2002. Patients received SI (n = 150) or external beam radiation therapy plus SI (n = 89). Rectal morbidity was evaluated by clinician scoring using the modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. The median followup was 47.2 (range 24.8–96.1) months. Results The rate of acute Grades I and II toxicity was 29.9% and 3.7%, respectively, and chronic Grade I toxicity was 15.4%, 12.4%, 2.3%, and 1.8% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years postimplant, respectively. Chronic Grade II toxicities were 1.8%, 1.9%, 1.5%, and 0.9% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years, respectively. No Grade III rectal toxicity was reported. Chronic Grade IV rectal toxicity was 0.5% and 0.6% at 1.5 and 2.5 years, respectively. Ninety-six percent of patients reported freedom from all rectal toxicity after 3 years. Conclusions Dose intensification to occult tumor targets without increasing rectal toxicity may be achieved using SPECT/CT ProstaScint. Additional research to define the role of molecular imaging in prostate cancer is warranted.
Full-State Feedback of Delayed Systems using SOS: A New Theory of Duality

Abstract In this paper, we show that the controller synthesis of delayed systems can be formulated and solved in a convex manner through the use of a duality transformation, a structured class of operators, and the Sum-of-Squares (SOS) methodology. The contributions of this paper are as follows. We show that a dual stability condition can be formulated in terms of Lyapunov operators which are positive, self-adjoint and preserve the structure of the state-space. Second, we provide a class of such operators which can be parameterized using Sum-of-Squares. Next, we show how any operator in this class can be inverted using simple operations on the SOS variables which can be performed in Matlab. Next we use SOS and semidefinite programming to formulate a dual stability test for time-delay systems. Next, we use the dual stability results to formulate a convex test for stabilizability and show how SOS can be used to solve this test and recover the controller. Finally, we give a numerical example. The results of this paper are significant in that they open the way for dynamic output H∞ optimal control of infinite-dimensional systems by giving the first truly convex, numerically realizable full-state feedback controller synthesis criterion.
Exploring scholarly reputation: It's more than just productivity

We explore perceived creativity in scholarship as it relates to scholarly reputation in the field of management. The effects of quantity (total refereed publications, national paper presentations) and quality (proportion of articles in premier journals, editorial activity, research awards) dimensions of scholarly activity are also considered. Our results suggest that the quality dimensions are positively associated with reputation, but that the perceived creativity of a scholar's work further influences reputation, and partially mediates the relationship between some quality measures and reputation. These results suggest that quality, creativity in particular, is more important than quantity for the accumulation of reputation.
Natural convection heat transfer from a vertical plate—I. Enhancement with gas injection

Abstract A natural convection heat transfer experiment in mercury was conducted with gas injection in a vertical enclosure heated on one face at constant heat flux and cooled on the opposite face. Nitrogen gas bubbles were injected from a row of hypodermic tubes facing upwards along the face of the heated plate. The range of the applied heat flux was 370 ⩽ q“ ⩽ 16 000 W m −2 , which corresponds to a modified Boussinesq number range of 10 5 ⩽ Bo ∗ x ⩽ 10 9 . The gas injection rate range was 0.9 ⩽ Q g ⩽ 9.2 cm 3 s −1 . Local heat transfer and void fraction measurements were made with thermocouple and double-conductivity probes, respectively. The measured heat transfer coefficient at low heat fluxes with gas injection, where the free convective flow was mostly laminar along the heated plate, was enhanced at least two-fold. In comparison, at higher heat fluxes, where the flow was predominantly turbulent, gas injection enhanced the heat transfer coefficient very little even at the highest injection rate. The overall enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient due to the bubble-induced turbulence is a collective action of both the induced liquid motion by the bubbles and the turbulence created in their trails. Void fraction measurements at both low and high heat fluxes indicated a three layer boundary layer structure distinct from the thermal boundary layer. The layers are: a single-phase inner layer next to the heated wall, a two-component layer where most of the bubbles reside, and an outer single-phase layer extending to the core of the cell. An analysis of our mercury heat transfer data with zero gas injection indicates that the transition to turbulence occurs at a Rayleigh number of about 2 × 10 7 rather than 10 9 , the accepted value.
Ordered packet scheduling in wireless ad hoc networks: mechanisms and performance analysis

Wireless emph ad hoc networks based on the IEEE 802.11 protocol can incur severe unfairness even in simple topologies. In particular, two topological properties that we define in a graph-theoretic framework and refer to as information asymmetry and perceived collisions result in significant performance degradations and unfairness. In this paper, we present the design and analysis of Distributed Wireless Ordering Protocol (DWOP), a distributed scheduling and media access algorithm targeted towards ensuring that packets access the medium in an order defined by an ideal reference scheduler such as FIFO, Virtual Clock, or Earliest Deadline First. In this way, DWOP enables QoS differentiation as well as fairness when combined with TCP. Our key technique is piggybacking head-of-line packet priorities in IEEE 802.11 control messages so that nodes can assess the relative priority of their own queued packets. With a graph-theoretic problem formulation, we design DWOP to achieve the exact reference ordering in fully connected graphs, and to have well-characterized deviations from the reference order in more complex topologies. A simple theoretical model indicates that the scheme attains rapid convergence for newly arriving nodes, and extensive simulations indicate that nearly exact reference ordering can be achieved, even in complex asymmetric and perceived collision topologies.
Evaluation of a new cloud droplet activation parameterization with in situ data from CRYSTAL‐FACE and CSTRIPE

The accuracy of the 2003 prognostic, physically based aerosol activation parameterization of A. Nenes and J. H. Seinfeld (NS) with modification introduced by C. Fountoukis and A. Nenes in 2005 (modified NS) is evaluated against extensive microphysical data sets collected on board the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft for cumuliform and stratiform clouds of marine and continental origin. The cumuliform cloud data were collected during NASA's Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE, Key West, Florida, July 2002), while the stratiform cloud data were gathered during Coastal Stratocumulus Imposed Perturbation Experiment (CSTRIPE, Monterey, California, July 2003). In situ data sets of aerosol size distribution, chemical composition, and updraft velocities are used as input for the NS parameterization, and the evaluation is carried out by comparing predicted cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC) with observations. This is the first known study in which a prognostic cloud droplet activation parameterization has been evaluated against a wide range of observations. On average, predicted droplet concentration in adiabatic regions is within -20% of observations at the base of cumuliform clouds and -30% of observations at different altitudes throughout the stratiform clouds, all within experimental uncertainty. Furthermore, CDNC is well parameterized using either a single mean updraft velocity w or by weighting droplet nucleation rates with a Gaussian probability density function of w. This study suggests that for nonprecipitating warm clouds of variable microphysics, aerosol composition, and size distribution the modified NS parameterization can accurately predict cloud droplet activation and can be successfully implemented for describing the aerosol activation process in global climate models.
The chromatographic interaction and separation of metal ions with 8-Quinolinol stationary phases in several aqueous eluents

Abstract Several 8-quinolinol silica gel (QSG) columns were used, with metal-uptake capacities of 10–156 μmol g −1 . Various transition and heavy metal ions were used as analytes in nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, citrate, tartrate, oxalate, phthalate, and maleate mobile phases. Metal-ion retention increased with column capacity and pH. Optimum capacity factors were obtained on columns of intermediate capacity (27 and 46 μmol g −1 ). Retention times decreased with an increase in eluent buffer concentration, typically by half with a doubling of buffer. Evidence is presented for the occurence of mobile-phase complexation of analyte ions by eluent buffer species. Multiple or split peaks were often observed when the analyte solvent differed from the mobile phase. Chromatographic separation of up to six metals on the QSG columns is demonstrated in tartrate and maleate mobile phases.
Thermodynamics of hydrogen trapping in intermetallic compounds: Application to LaNi5H

It has been observed for several intermetallic compound/H systems that deviations from Sieverts' law of ideal solubility occur which are in the opposite direction from the deviations from ideality which occur in pure metal/H systems. The principal source of nonideality on both types of interstitial solutions arises from the changes of the relative partial molar enthalpy of H/sub 2/ solution, ..delta..H/sub H/, with H content. The variations of ..delta..H/sub H/ with H content are, however, in the opposite directions for intermetallic/H and pure metal/H interstitial solutions. Relative partial molar entropies for solution of H/sub 2/ in the ..cap alpha..-phase of the LaNi/sub 5//H system are given at 298.2/sup 0/K. These have been determined from calorimetric determinations of ..delta..H/sub H/ and measurements of ..delta..G/sub H/ (=RT ln P/sub H/sub 2///sup 1/2/). The partial entropies show unusual extrema as a function of H content. A model based on trapping of H atoms is proposed which explains the variations of ..delta..H/sub H/ and ..delta..S/sub H/. Since the deviations from ideality arising from an increase of ..delta..H/sub H/ with H content seem to be limited to solids with at least two different ordered metal components, e.g., intermetallic compounds, it seems reasonable to assign themore » trapping sites to interstices which result from an interchange of metal atoms. This interchange may create interstices rich in those nearest-neighbor metal atoms which have the greatest affinity for H.« less
On Systematic Procedures for Constructing Magic Squares

Abstract In the first part of the paper, a systematic procedure for constructing high-order magic squares as an extension of the lower-order basic magic squares is developed and demonstrated. For a 2N x 2N magic square, one can start with a basic N x N magic square, say, N = 3,4,5 or 7,11,13 . Using small 2 x 2 squares, like ( 1,2,3,4 ) or ( 5,6,7,8 ), to fill the elements of the basic N x N magic square according to the ordering of the magic square, one develops the 2N x 2N magic square automatically. For a 3N x 3N magic square, one can choose another basic N x N magic square, say, the 4 x 4 magic square. Then, inserting 3 x 3 small squares in the 16 empty spaces according to the ordering of the 4 x 4 magic square, one develops the 12 x 12 magic square. There may be small adjustments in the numbering of ( 1,2,3,4 ) in the 2 x 2 small square, or of ( 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ) in the 3 x 3 small square to form the proper 2N x 2N or 3N x 3N magic squares. In most cases, the correct results are obtained without adjustments. For N = 4, 4N x 4N produces the 16 x 16 magic square. For N = 5 or 7 , using 2 x 2 small squares produces 10 x 10 or 14 x 14 magic squares. Part II of the paper gives a review of other known procedures for constructing odd and even order magic squares with illustrative examples for 4 x 4, 5 x 5, 7 x 7, 10 x 10, 11 x 11, 13 x 13, 15 x 15, 17 x 17, 19 x 19 and 20 x 20 magic squares. One 18 x 18 magic square is given in Part I. In the Appendix, the G and H squares, given by Moschopulus of Constantinople nearly five centuries ago, are discussed concerning symmetrical and pandiagonal squares. It is shown that H can be modified to form H 1 which is both symmetrical and pandiagonal.
Tunneled Internal Jugular Hemodialysis Catheters Impact of Laterality and Tip Position on Catheter Dysfunction and Infection Rates

Abstract Purpose To determine rates of dysfunction and infection for tunneled internal jugular vein hemodialysis catheters based on laterality of insertion and catheter tip position. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of a procedural database for tunneled internal jugular vein hemodialysis catheter placements between January 2008 and December 2009 revealed 532 catheter insertions in 409 patients (234 male; mean age, 54.9 y). Of these, 398 catheters were placed on the right and 134 on the left. The catheter tip location was categorized as superior vena cava (SVC), pericavoatrial junction, or mid- to deep right atrium based on review of the final intraprocedural radiograph. The rates of catheter dysfunction and catheter-related infection (reported as events per 100 catheter-days) were analyzed. Results Catheters terminating in the SVC or pericavoatrial junction inserted from the left showed significantly higher rates of infection (0.50 vs 0.27; P = .005) and dysfunction (0.25 vs 0.11; P = .036) compared with those inserted from the right. No difference was identified based on laterality for catheter tip position in the mid- to deep right atrium. Left-sided catheters terminating in the SVC or pericavoatrial junction had significantly more episodes of catheter dysfunction or infection than catheters terminating in the mid- to deep right atrium (0.84 vs 0.35; P = .006), whereas no significant difference was identified for right-sided catheters based on tip position. Conclusions When inserted from the left internal jugular vein, catheter tip position demonstrated a significant impact on catheter-related dysfunction and infection; this relationship was not demonstrated for right-sided catheters.
Consolidation of nanocrystalline NbAl powders by plasma activated sintering

Abstract Nanocrystalline Nb-15.4 at.% Al powders obtained by mechanical alloying (MA) were consolidated using a short time plasma activated sintering (PAS) process. Simultaneous densification and Nb 3 Al compound synthesis was achieved at temperatures above 750 C. Lower density values were obtained using similar PAS consolidation conditions in non-milled or coarser grained mechanically alloyed powders. The reaction to form the Nb 3 Al compound is strongly dependent on the initial mixing of Nb and Al powders and appears to be intensified during PAS densification.