cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to the Study of Textile Dyeing Properties with Liquid Chromatography Part II: Compatibility of Basic Dyes for Acrylic Fabric

Frontal analysis gives retention volumes of basic dyes on acrylic fabric, rolled and inserted into a liquid chromatography column. The retention volumes indicate differences in adsorption and therefore in compatibilities of standard dye mixtures. A simple and useful relation, Cv = Cvo + mR - Cv,0, results where m is a parameter fitted to the data, Cv0 is the compatibility difference between Cvo and Cv when R = 0 (i.e., elution times are identical), and Cvo is the compatibility of one of the two dyes in the mixture. Hence, a new approach is proposed that not only allows determination of Cv using frontal analysis with an LC apparatus, but also defines compatibility in an objective manner as a continuous function.
Asymptotically Optimal Market Mechanisms

Because rational agents use their private information strategically in many trading environments any budget balanced, incentive compatible, and individually rational market mechanism will be ine¢cient. This paper is concerned with the emerging ine¢ciencies as the number of traders becomes large. We prove that the absolute ine¢ciency of a sequence of budget balanced market mechanisms can not converge to zero faster then co m , where m is the size of the market and co is a number explicitly determined in the paper. We propose a simple modi...cation of the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism which is budget balanced, individually rational, implementable in dominant strategies, and asymptotically optimal in the sense that it achieves the above rate of convergence. As a side product of our analysis we get other asymptotic results describing the trade o¤ between revenue and e¢ciency. For example, we prove that, as the market size m goes to in...nity, the minimal de...cit needed to implement the e¢cient allocation rule converges to a number do, which is also explicitly determined in the paper.
Product-agency benefits: Consumer perspectives and strategic implications

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to explore the product-agency benefits that emerge as consumers interact with products, and how these benefits shape consumer experiences and marketing-related outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Sixty-one depth interviews were conducted, and 78 written narratives were collected from informants, which explored how products had changed consumers’ lives. The authors applied the tenets of grounded theory in the analysis of their text, creating abstract categories or tropes that reflected consistent patterns in their consumers’ experiences. Findings – The findings support that the conceptualization of agentic benefits should be broadened. The research identifies five salient product-agency benefits: regulation, clarification, transcendence, discovery and growth. Research limitations/implications – Prior conceptualizations of agency in marketing focus almost solely on control, yet the authors find that multiple product-agency benefits emerge, supporting the need fo...
White Kids: I’m like yeah but she’s all no

Introduction Early in my fieldwork, I spent the lunch period wandering the school grounds, getting a sense of who hung out where. I was immediately recognizable as an outsider to many students, but given the number of student teachers, classroom observers, guest speakers, and other campus visitors, my presence was never questioned. Yet I could feel curious eyes upon me as I moved through the school’s social space. Over time, I formed connections with various groups that I could hang out with and talk to at lunch, but I never completely lost my discomfort walking alone through the school grounds at lunchtime, and particularly past two large, predominantly European American groups of students: one in the school’s central courtyard and the other in the Park. It was only later that I learned that these groups were as salient to other students as they were to me, and that they comprised some of the most elite white teenagers at Bay City High School. As a large, multiracial urban high school, Bay City High differed from many smaller suburban schools in lacking a hegemonic popular crowd that forged trends, tastes, and social alliances. But the two groups I noticed at lunchtime were highly visible among the school’s European American youth, based on the spaces they claimed on the school grounds. These students were sometimes called preppies (or jocks if they were involved in athletics); at other times they were simply referred to as popular , a term that was usually not complimentary, for it was associated with social exclusion and negative evaluation of others. Such students were ambitious, high-achieving, and deeply involved in the school’s institutional structure via prestigious extracurricular activities such as the student council, the school newspaper and the yearbook, and white-dominated sports like soccer and lacrosse. Although these teenagers were genuinely interested in enriching their high school experience through challenging classes and time-consuming after-school activities, they also knew that excelling in such domains would strengthen their applications to the selective colleges and universities to which they aspired.
Entrepreneurial action and the rules of the game

Purpose – The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy (JEPP).Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the primary objectives of JEPP.Findings – JEPP was created to encourage and disseminate quality research about the vital relationships among institutions, entrepreneurship and economic outcomes. JEPP 's aim is to improve the quality of scholarly and public discourse about entrepreneurship and development policies. In general, JEPP seeks high‐quality articles that say something interesting about public policy, entrepreneurship and economic development.Originality/value – The editorial describes the thinking behind JEPP, and the journal's objectives. JEPP welcomes all scholars and individuals with professional or personal interests in acquiring and sharing knowledge about institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic outcomes.
Achieving smoke-free hospitals. Tips for administrators.

Almost thirty years have passed since the surgeon general of the United States released the first report on the effects of smoking (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1964). Over the ensuing years, further reports have expanded our knowledge of the widespread physiological effects of tobacco smoke and those at greatest risk (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 1979; U.S. DHHS 1987, 1991, 1992; American Medical Association 1989). Subsequently, there has been a dramatic decrease in the number of smokers; more than thirty-six million Americans have quit smoking since the surgeon general's report (U.S. DHHS 1987, 7). Supporting this trend are the surgeon general's national health objectives for the year 2000 to achieve smoke-free work environments (Koop 1985). All of these trends contribute to current efforts to make hospitals smoke-free environments.
Acid phosphatases of rabbit spermatozoa: II. Partial purification and biochemical characterization of the multiple forms of rabbit spermatozoan acid phosphatase

Abstract Five acid phosphatases, S4, S3, S2, Szn and S1 (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2) of ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa were either partially purified by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography or prepared by specific extraction methods. The pH optimum of S4 was 6.0–6.5 in acetate buffer and 7.0 in Tris-HCl buffer; the pH optima of S3, S2, Szn, and S1 were 4.5, 5.5., 6.0 and 5.2, respectively, in acetate buffer. The apparent molecular weights of S3, S, Szn and S1, determined by disc gel electrophoresis, were 123 000, 86 000, 64 000 and 45 000–49 000, respectively. Incubation with neuraminidase did not alter the electrophoretic mobilities of any of the enzymes. Ten natural phosphoric esters were tested as substrates. S4 preferentially hydrolyzed ATP, ADP, PP i and 3′-AMP. S3 hydrolyzed only β-glycerophosphate and glucose 6-phosphate to a significant extent. S2 hydrolyzed β-glycerophosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, the phosphoproteins, casein and phosvitin. S1 hydrolyzed ADP and β-glycerophosphate most readily. Szn may be an ATPase since it exhibits very high Zn 2+ -stimulated against ATP. These characteristics combined with the effects of NaF, ZnCl 2 , l -(+)-tartaric acid, and formaldehyde on the activity of each partially purified enzyme with α-naphthyl phosphate as substrate indicate that these phosphatases are structurally and functionally different.
Intramolecular Alkyne Goupling in the Reaction of 1,8-bis(phenylethynyl) naphtalene with Pt~2Ru~4(CO)~1~8

The reaction of Pt2Ru4(CO)18, 1 with 1,8-bis(phenylethynyl)naphthalene, 2 has yielded two metal carbonyl cluster complexes: Ru2(CO)6[μ-η2-C10H6C4Ph2], 3 (60% yield) and Ru2Pt(CO)6[μ-η2-C10H6C4Ph2]2, 4 (8% yield). Both compounds were characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Both products were formed as a result of fragmentation of the Pt2Ru4 cluster of 1. Compound 3 contains two ruthenium atoms. They are bridged by a tricyclic C10H6C4Ph2 ligand formed by the coupling of the two α-carbon atoms of the alkyne groups. The β-carbon atoms of the alkynes are σ-bonded to one of the ruthenium atoms to form a metallacycle and this entire group is π-bonded to the second ruthenium atom. Compound 4 contains two ruthenium atoms with a platinum atom between them. This molecule contains two tricyclic C10H6C4Ph2 ligands similar to that in 3, and two metallacycles formed by coordination of the β-carbon atoms of both ligands to the platinum atom. One ligand is π-bonded to each of the ruthenium atoms.
Fine structure DNA mapping studies of the chromosomal region harboring the genetic defect in neurofibromatosis type 1

To better map the location of the von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) gene, we have characterized a somatic cell hybrid designated 7AE-11. This microcell-mediated, chromosome-transfer construct harbors a centromeric segment and a neo-marked segment from the distal long arm of human chromosome 17. We have identified 269 cosmid clones with human sequences from a 7AE-11 library and, using a panel of somatic cell hybrids with a total of six chromosome 17q breakpoints, have mapped 240 of these clones on chromosome 17q. The panel included a hybrid (NF13) carrying a der(22) chromosome that was isolated from an NF1 patient with a balanced translocation, t(17;22) (q11.2;q11.2). Fifty-three of the cosmids map into a region spanning the NF13 breakpoint, as defined by the two closest flanking breakpoints (17q11.2 and 17q11.2-q12). RFLP clones from a subset of these cosmids have been mapped by linkage analysis in normal reference families, to localize the NF1 gene more precisely and to enhance the potential for genetic diagnosis of this disorder. The cosmids in the NF1 region will be an important resource for testing DNA blots of large-fragment restriction-enzyme digests from NF1 patient cell lines, to detect rearrangements in patients' DNA and to identify the 17;22 NF1 translocation breakpoint.
Mixed chimerism and graft loss in pediatric recipients of an alemtuzumab-based reduced-intensity conditioning regimen for non-malignant disease.

Background Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens can mitigate the toxicity of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in children with non-malignant diseases, but are associated with increased risk for post-transplant mixed donor/recipient chimerism (MC) and/or graft loss (GL). Intervention with donor lymphocytes or stem cell boosts (DLI/boost) may be necessary, but there is limited information about timing and results of intervention. Procedure We retrospectively evaluated 31 consecutive pediatric recipients of an alemtuzumab-based RIC HCT at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from May 2007 to December 2012 to determine the incidence of MC, GL, and use of DLI/boost. All patients received alemtuzumab with either fludarabine (150 mg/m2)/melphalan (140 mg/m2) (n = 30) or fludarabine/busulfan (n = 1), and unmanipulated marrow grafts from related (48%) or matched unrelated (52%) donors. Results Of surviving patients, 67% and 44% displayed MC and MC with ≤80% donor contribution (MC ≤ 80%), respectively. Rates of MC, MC ≤ 80%, DLI/boost, and GL were significantly higher in recipients of proximal/intermediate (100%, 73%, 46%, and 46%, respectively) compared to distal alemtuzumab (44%, 25%, 6%, and 6%, respectively). Event-free and overall survival was significantly lower in HLH compared with non-HLH patients. Twenty percent of patients required DLI/boost, and DLI/boost did not affect the incidence of GL. Conclusions RIC with proximal/intermediate alemtuzumab is associated with high rates of MC, need for DLI/boost, and GL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1852–1859. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Role of Fas/Fas Ligand Interactions in Cytolysis of Primary and Metastatic Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines by Human Antigen-Specific CD8+ CTL

We have previously identified mutated ras peptides reflecting the glycine to valine substitution at position 12 as HLA-A2-restricted, CD8 + CTL neo-epitopes. CTL lines produced against these peptide epitopes lysed the HLA-A2 + Ag-bearing SW480 primary colon adenocarcinoma cell line, although IFN-γ treatment of the targets was necessary to achieve efficient cytotoxicity. Here, we compared the lytic phenotype of the SW480 cell line to its metastatic derivative, SW620, as an in vitro paradigm to further characterize the nature of a HLA class I-restricted, Ag-specific CTL response against neoplastic cell lines of primary and metastatic origin. Although both colon carcinoma cell lines were lysed by these Ag-specific CTL following IFN-γ pretreatment, the mechanisms of lysis were distinct, which reflected differential levels of sensitivity to the Fas pathway. Whereas IFN-γ pretreatment rendered SW480 cells sensitive to both Fas-dependent and -independent (perforin) pathways, SW620 cells displayed lytic susceptibility to Fas-independent mechanisms only. Moreover, pretreatment of SW480 cells with the anti-colon cancer agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), led to enhanced Fas and ICAM-1 expression and triggered Ag-specific CTL-mediated lysis via Fas- and perforin-based pathways. In contrast, these phenotypic and functional responses were not observed with SW620 cells. Overall, these data suggested that 1) IFN-γ and 5-FU may enhance the lytic sensitivity of responsive colon carcinoma cells to immune effector mechanisms, including Fas-induced lysis; 2) the malignant phenotype may associate with resistance to Fas-mediated lysis in response to Ag-specific T cell attack; and 3) if Ag-specific CTL possess diverse lytic capabilities, this may overcome, to some extent, the potential “escape” of Fas-resistant carcinoma cells.
On the ramey-alam sequential procedure for selecting the multinomial event which has the largest probability

Ramey and Alam 1979 proposed a closed sequential procedure for selecting that one of k >2 multinomial events which has the largest probability. They provided tables of constants necessary to implement their procedure and, based on these constants, they calculated certain performance characteristics of their procedure. In the course of devising a fundamentally different procedure and studying its performance, we had occasion to check their constants and associated performance characteristics. We found quite a few of them to be incorrect. In the present paper we provide extended sets of correct constants and associated performance characteristics (some of which were not provided by Ramey and Alam), and describe the methods that we used to calculate them.
Neurological features of cranial vault lymphomas: report of two cases

Two patients who had focal neurological deficits as the initial manifestation of a malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the skull are described. Soft-tissue masses and variable bone destruction were the predominant computed tomographic findings, and magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed meningeal involvement in one case and sinus thrombosis in the other. Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas initially appearing in the skull are rare, but these lesions should be considered in patients with a palpable scalp mass who have focal neurological signs.
The Basics of Human Error Analysis-Where to Place the Blame

In most applications Human Error Analysis as a practice does not exist. When the result of a particular mishap investigation is identified as human error there is usually no further analysis. It appears that human errors are accepted to be an integral part of human-machine systems. The end result of this attitude is that human error has been blamed as causing a mishap far too often. I.E., mishap investigators, when confronted with complex situations, opt for human error as an easy way out, because they know no one will argue. Essentially to name human error as the cause of a mishap is tantamount to admitting that no other cause can satisfactorily be found. This is not an acceptable situation. A structured analysis approach is presented which will enable the mishap investigator to identify tangible causes which otherwise would have been termed human error. further a means of solving pure human error cases is suggested.
Chloramine-induced sister-chromatid exchanges.

Nitrogen-chlorine (NCl) derivatives are a class of long-lived oxidants produced by stimulated phagocytes which may be important mediators of the inflammatory response. Because other phagocyte-generated oxidants cause genetic in cultured chloramine T (ClT), to produce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. CHO cells were incubated for 30 h with ClT (10−8 M-10−5 M) and genetic damage was analyzed utilizing the SCE assay. A significant (p<0.0005) dose-dependent increase in SCEs was observed. This effect was diminished when cells were treated concomitantly with methionine (10−5 M), a thioether which reduces NCl back to the parent amine. Extracellularly-generated oxidants must traverse long distances before interacting with nuclear target molecules. Therefore, long-lived NCl derivatives may represent an important class of oxidants which mediate the process of carcinogenesis associated with chronic inflammatory states in vivo.
TRADITIONAL ECOLOGIES OF THE OPIUM POPPY AND ORAL HISTORY IN RURAL TURKEY

Cultivated in the Eastern Mediterranean region for millennia, the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) was profoundly significant in the economies, ecologies, cultures, and diets of the peoples of many towns and villages of rural Anatolia. When the United States compelled Turkey to eradicate cultivation of the plant in the early 1970s in order to diminish the flow of heroin into America, farmers were obliged to deal with not only changes in their incomes but also profound changes in their relationships with the land and the state. Although Turkish officials later allowed production to resume in a highly controlled manner for pharmaceutical purposes, significant socioeconomic and ecological dimensions of Turkey's poppy-growing communities were forever changed. Interviewing now-retired poppy farmers, I employ oral history as my primary source of historical evidence to reconstruct these past ecologies and associated social relationships and to give voice to the informants.
Defining and assessing engineering ethics in an international context

The motivation of the special session was to allow engineering educators and researchers to explore different cultural perspectives of engineering ethics, and understand how that would affect both individual and team ethical decision-making. This will inform how we teach and assess engineering ethics, especially in diverse project teams, and equip educators with tools for using these instruments as part of the student learning. The special session format will allow for discussion and debate on the appropriateness for diverse student teams.
On the performance of spectral graph partitioning methods

Abstract : Computing graph separators is an important step in many graph algorithms. A popular technique for finding separators involves spectral methods. However, there is not much theoretical analysis of the quality of the separators produced by this technique; instead it is usually claimed that spectral methods 'work well in practice.' We present an initial attempt at such analysis. In particular, we consider two popular spectral separator algorithms, and provide counterexamples that show these algorithms perform poorly on certain graphs. We also consider a generalized definition of spectral methods that allows the use of some specified number of the eigenvectors corresponding to the smallest eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of a graph, and show that if such algorithms use a constant number of eigenvectors, then there are graphs for which they do no better than using only the second smallest eigenvector. Further, when applied to these graphs the algorithm based on the second smallest eigenvector performs poorly with respect to theoretical bounds. Even if an algorithm meeting the generalized definition uses up to n% for 0 < E < % eigenvectors, there exist graphs for which the algorithm fails to find a separator with a cut quotient within %-4-e - 1 of the isoperimetric number. We also introduce some facts about the structure of eigenvectors of certain types of Laplacian and symmetric matrices; these facts provide the basis for the analysis of the counterexamples.
Plasma rotation by electric and magnetic fields in a discharge cylinder

A theoretical model for an electric discharge consisting of a spatially diverging plasma sustained electrically between a small ring cathode and a larger ring anode in a cylindrical chamber with an axial magnetic field is developed to study the rotation of the discharge plasma in the crossed electric and magnetic fields. The associated boundary-value problem for the coupled partial differential equations which describe the electric potential and the plasma velocity fields is solved in closed form. The electric field, current density, and velocity distributions are discussed in terms of the Hartmann number and the Hall coefficient. As a result of Lorentz forces, the plasma rotates with speeds as high as 1 million cm/sec around its axis of symmetry at typical conditions. As an application, it is noted that rotating discharges of this type could be used to develop a high-density plasma-ultracentrifuge driven by j x B forces, in which the lighter (heavier) ion and atom components would be enriched in (off) the center of the discharge cylinder.
Stability of polymer composites as positive‐temperature‐coefficient resistors

This is a study of materials which are positive-temperature-coefficient resistors. Such materials, composed of conductive particles dispersed in a crystalline polymeric matrix, have been found to be of limited stability. An example is carbon black in high-density polyethylene. On repeated cycling through the anomaly temperature or on extensive heating at or above the anomaly temperature, the room temperature resistivity rises and the anomaly height falls to zero. This phenomenon has been shown to be caused by the absorption of oxygen by the polymer matrix which alters the structure, reduces the crystallinity, and induces an unusual form of crosslinking of a reversible nature.
Critical-current measurements in epitaxial films of YBa2Cu

We have grown epitaxial films of the ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ compound on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrates. The superconducting critical current in these films at 77 K is in excess of ${10}^{5}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and at 4.2 K in excess of ${10}^{6}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Substance P hyperpolarizes vagal sensory neurones of the ferret.

1. Intracellular recordings were made in intact and in acutely dissociated vagal afferent neurones (nodose ganglion cells) of the ferret to investigate the effects of substance P(SP). 2. In current-clamp recordings, SP (100 nM) applied by superfusion hyperpolarized the membrane potential (7 +/- 0.7 mV; mean +/- S.E.M.; n = 105) and decreased the input resistance in 80% of the neurones. With voltage-clamp recording, SP produced an outward current of 3 +/- 0.2 nA (n = 10). 3. The SP current was concentration dependent with an estimated EC50 of 68 nM. The SP-induced hyperpolarization or current was mimicked by the tachykinin receptor NK1 agonist Ac-[Arg6, Sar9, Met(O2)11]SP(6-11) (ASM-SP; 100 nM; n = 10) and blocked by the NK1 antagonist CP-96,345 (10 nM; n = 6), but not by the NK2 antagonist SR48968 (100 nM; n = 4). No measurable change in membrane potential or input resistance was observed with application of either [beta-Ala8]neurokinin A or senktide, selective NK2 and NK3 receptor agonists, respectively (100 nM; n = 3 for each agonist). 4. The reversal potential (Erev) for the SP outward current was -85 +/- 2.5 mV (n = 4). The Erev for the SP response shifted in a Nernstian manner with changes in extracellular potassium concentration. Alterations in extracellular sodium or chloride concentrations had no significant effect on the Erev for the SP response (n = 3 for each ion). 5. Nominally Ca(2+)-free external solution abolished the SP response. Removal of magnesium from the extracellular solution had no effect on the response. 6. Caesium (100 microM), barium (1 mM), tetraethylammonium (TEA; 5 mM), apamin (10 nM) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 4 mM) each completely prevented the SP response (n > or = 3 for each). 7. These results indicate that SP, via an NK1 receptor, can induce a Ca(2+)-dependent outward potassium current which hyperpolarizes the resting membrane potential of vagal afferent somata.
Transport of proline inEscherichia coli

Abstract Mutants of Escherichia coli , blocked in proline biosynthesis, and requiring very high external proline supplements for growth, have been studied. The mutants show normal permeability for inward and outward proline diffusion, and have no apparent defect in biosynthetic systems involved in protein biosynthesis. The high proline requirement has been related to the lack of the specific process responsible for concentrative uptake of proline at 37°. The mutant strain also lacks the ability to carry out rapid exchange at 0° between an intracellular pool and a low level of extracellular [ 14 C]proline. This suggests that concentrative uptake at 37° and exchange at 0° are mediated by closely related processes.
Protein trafficking in the exocytic pathway of polarized epithelial cells

Ten years ago, we knew much about the function of polarized epithelia from the work of physiologists, but, as cell biologists, our understanding of how these cells were constructed was poor. We knew proteins were sorted and targeted to different plasma membrane domains and that, in some cells, the Golgi was the site of sorting, but we did not know the mechanisms involved. Between 1991 and the present, significant advances were made in defining sorting motifs for apical and basal-lateral proteins, describing the sorting machinery in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and plasma membrane, and in understanding how cells specify delivery of transport vesicles to different membrane domains. The challenge now is to extend this knowledge to defining molecular mechanisms in detail in vitro and comprehending the development of complex epithelial structures in vivo.
Unglazed transpired solar collectors: Heat loss theory

Unglazed transpired solar collectors offer a potentially low cost, high-efficiency option for once-through applications such as preheating air for ventilation, crop drying, and desiccant regeneration. This paper examines the major heat loss mechanisms associated with this concept. Radiation heat loss is determined by considering losses to both the sky and the ground. Convective heat losses are obtained by integrating the product of the temperature and velocity profiles in the boundary layer at the downwind edge of the collector. This convective heat loss is then expressed in terms of the thermal equivalent length of irradiated absorber, and analysis shows that this loss can be very low for large collectors event under windy conditions. These results are incorporated into a simple computer model which predicts collector efficiency as a function of suction velocity, wind speed, ambient temperature, and radiation. Remaining research issues are discussed.
Effect of sweetener types on chemical and sensory quality of frozen kiwifruit concentrates

Abstract Fresh, mature kiwifruits, not suitable for the fresh market, were used to prepare frozen kiwifruit concentrate. Sucrose, 62 DE corn syrup and high-fructose Cornsweet 55 were used either alone or in various combinations on the same dry basis to prepare six sweetener types. The acidity, soluble solids, and ascorbic acid content of the fresh kiwifruit pulp and concentrates are presented. The high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) was used to quantitatively analyse the oligosaccharides present in the concentrates. Colour measurements made with a Hunter colour difference meter indicated that the kiwifruit concentrates differed in colour attributes, depending on the holding temperature. Objective measurements with a Brookfield viscometer indicated that the consistency of the concentrates varied with the sweetener types. The concentrate made with 62 DE corn syrup and sucrose (1:2) was thickest in consistency. Kiwifruit nectars prepared from frozen concentrates sweetened with either sucrose alone or Cornsweet 55 alone were preferred by the taste panel to the others.
Role of the limbic system in hypothalamically elicited attack behavior

The present review summarizes our research findings concerning the role of the limbic system in hypothalamically-elicited aggression in the cat. Utilizing a dual-stimulation procedure, our results indicate that much of the limbic system suppresses quiet biting attack behavior. The most potent inhibitory effects were obtained from the basomedial amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Other structures displaying suppression of attack following electrical stimulation include the dorsal hippocampus, pyriform cortex, lateral septal nucleus, lateral aspect of substantia innominata, and anterior cingulate gyrus. Sites producing facilitation of attack include the ventral hippocampus, far lateral aspect of the lateral septal nucleus, medial aspect of the substantia innominata, and lateral amygdaloid nucleus. Anatomical studies suggest that the medial forebrain bundle and stria terminalis are utilized by limbic structures to provide direct modulation of the hypothalamus while the substantia innominata, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis contain important interneurons in the control of quiet biting attack. Further studies indicate that the amygdala, ventral hippocampus, and substantia innominata may control aggressive behavior by modulating the trigeminal sensory components of the attack response.
Joseph G. Sheehan's contributions: An eagle soars

Abstract This paper was presented at the 1984 convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association in San Francisco as part of a session entitled “The Contribution of Sheehan's Approach-Avoidance Theory to Stuttering.”
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

Abstract Objective To review the literature regarding the pathophysiology of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Data Sources The databases of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Scopus were searched for articles using the subject headings and/or keywords asthma , exercise-induced/etiology , exercise , mechanism , pathogenesis , and bronchoconstriction . Study Selections Articles were selected based on their relevance to the focus of this review, with emphasis on the specific pathophysiologic mechanisms of EIB. Results EIB occurs in response to the loss of water from the lower airways that results from heating and humidifying large volumes of air in a short period. The resulting hyperosmolar environment activates various cellular mechanisms to release mediators from mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, and sensory nerves. These mediators, in turn, lead to airway smooth muscle contraction and bronchoconstriction. Airway hyperresponsiveness in elite athletes may develop from a process of airway injury and changes in the contractile properties of airway smooth muscle. Conclusion EIB commonly affects individuals with and without clinically recognized asthma, especially those who participate in competitive athletics. Through years of research, the pathophysiology of EIB is now better understood and involves a complex interaction between several different cell types and mediators. Continued research to improve the knowledge regarding the mechanisms of EIB should aid the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of this common condition.
Presumed consent: state organ confiscation or mandated charity?

Recent discussions among bioethicists, transplant physicians, public policy experts, and an increasingly informed public about the dearth of viable transplant organs has focused attention on the various mechanisms that might be adopted to increase the supply of such organs. One suggestion is that a policy of presumed consent should be employed to at least increase the supply of transplant organs, even if it would not completely solve the problematic shortage. Presumed consent, in general, is the proposal that unless people explicitly refuse to allow their viable organs to be harvested upon their death, the state may take those organs if there is a need for them. In this paper, I discuss the nature and scope of the presumption being made in presumed consent, whether and in what sense those subject to it truly consent to the harvesting of their viable organs, and whether the proposal presupposes private property rights in one’s body and body parts. I then turn to the questions whether a policy of presumed consent is tantamount to altruistic organ donation and whether such a policy constitutes the unjustified confiscation or theft of persons’ body organs. I conclude that there remain significant theoretical obstacles to justifying presumed consent as well as important practical impediments to implementing such a scheme.
Numerical modelling of abnormal fluid pressures in the Navarin Basin, Bering Sea

Abstract The Navarin Basin, located in the Bering Sea, Alaska, is composed of three major units: (1) a thick Late Eocene and Oligocene overpressured shaly section; (2) a Miocene sandy section; and (3) a Late Miocene to Pliocene section, characterized by high porosity and a possible zone of abnormal pressure due to the presence of diatomaceous shales. The basin was affected by folding during the early stages of basin filling, whereas strike-slip faulting occurred until mainly Miocene time. To model the fluid flow and compactional history of the basin, a cross-section was used, controlled by four wells for which porosity and pressure data were available. A first approximation used a one-dimensional model to bracket the range of parameter values which govern the fluid flow/compaction equations, using data from the Arco COST No. 1 well. A sensitivity analysis then allowed: (1) determination of the best set of parameters of the model; (2) the behaviour of each parameter and its relative importance to be assessed; and (3) the role of an erosion event in influencing the evolutional history of the basin to be tested. With a slight readjustment of the parameters to allow for lateral fluid flow, a two-dimensional model was then constructed. The model reproduced correctly the variation of porosity and pressure data with depth for the four wells. The main overpressure in the deeper part of the basin arose during the earliest stages of basin filling by shale because of strong undercompaction. In the shallower part of the basin, high porosity values were obtained in agreement with the data, whereas some overpressure was developed in association with the undercompaction and low permeability of the diatomaceous shales. Different assumptions have been investigated, such as the permeable or impermeable nature of faults, the role of a rock fracturing coefficient and the anisotropy of permeability but, because of the location of the wells on structural highs, no major variations were observed relative to the well data, so that the impact of such different assumptions on the total dynamic history of the basin cannot be determined from presently available data.
Adding rigor to ecological network models by evaluating a set of pre-balance diagnostics: A plea for PREBAL

Abstract The widespread use of ecological network models (e.g., Ecopath, Econetwrk, and related energy budget models) has been laudable for several reasons, chief of which is providing an easy-to-use set of modeling tools that can present an ecosystem context for improved understanding and management of living marine resources (LMR). Yet the ease-of-use of these models has led to two challenges. First, the veritable explosion of the use and application of these network models has resulted in recognition that the content and use of such models has spanned a range of quality. Second, as these models and their application have become more widespread, they are increasingly being used in a LMR management context. Thus review panels and other evaluators of these models would benefit from a set of rigorous and standard criteria from which the basis for all network models and related applications for any given system (i.e., the initial, static energy budget) can be evaluated. To this end, as one suggestion for improving network models in general, here I propose a series of pre-balance (PREBAL) diagnostics. These PREBAL diagnostics can be done, now, in simple spreadsheets before any balancing or tuning is executed. Examples of these PREBAL diagnostics include biomasses, biomass ratios, vital rates, vital rate ratios, total production, and total removals (and slopes thereof) across the taxa and trophic levels in any given energy budget. I assert that there are some general ecological and fishery principles that can be used in conjunction with PREBAL diagnostics to identify issues of model structure and data quality before balancing and dynamic applications are executed. I humbly present this PREBAL information as a simple yet general approach that could be easily implemented, could be considered for further incorporation into these model packages, and as such would ultimately result in a straightforward way to evaluate (and perhaps identify areas for improving) initial conditions in food web modeling efforts.
Thermal design and simulation of bipolar integrated circuits

Keeping device operating temperatures within reasonable limits is necessary for reliability of all ICs and important for achieving the expected performance for many ICs. GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) offer high speed and good device matching characteristics that are attractive for many high-speed circuits, but they are more susceptible than other IC technologies to the unexpected generation of very high junction temperatures. The reasons for this tendency are discussed, and an HBT sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit that had device temperature rises of over 300 degrees C is described. To address this problem, a new thermal simulation tool called ThCalc was created. ThCalc calculates the temperature profile of an IC and runs fast enough to allow calculations on a whole chip. ThCalc was used to redesign the S/H IC to reduce the largest temperature rise by a factor of 2.7 with a minimal impact on circuit size. >
Interferon-α restores β1-integrin-dependent, collagen-mediated platelet aggregation in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia

Abstract Although interferon-α (IFN-α) induces hematologic remissions in 70% to 80% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and complete or near-complete cytogenetic remissions in 10% to 20% of patients, the exact mechanisms underlying these clinical results remain unclear. We have hypothesized that IFN-α acts at least in part through restoration of β1-integrin function on malignant hematopoietic progenitors that can promote adhesion of malignant progenitors to the marrow microenvironment. This may then restore microenvironmental inhibition of progenitor proliferation and induce tumor dormancy. We demonstrate that IFN-α administration to a patient suffering from a clinically severe bleeding diathesis reversed the defective collagen-mediated aggregation of platelets expressing normal numbers of functionally inactive collagen receptors. This is the first in vivo demonstration that IFN-α can up-regulate the function of adhesion receptors in CML and supports the premise that IFN-α induces remissions by restoring normal integrinmediated interactions between progenitors and microenvironmental components.
The effects of dopaminergic agents on reaction time in rhesus monkeys

Many CNS pathologies, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, as well as AIDS dementia complex, involve some degree of movement dysfunction. Reaction time (RT) performance has been shown to be a sensitive measure of motor function for these disorders. Useful models of RT performance exist in a variety of species, but few are performed in the same manner as with humans. To facilitate species comparisons, the present RT task was developed from a human RT task. Dopaminergic drugs were then used to characterize the sensitivity of the model to CNS changes and to investigate their effects on RT performance in intact rhesus monkeys. With cumulative dosing, the selective dopamine receptor antagonists (D1) SCH 39166 and (D2) raclopride produced dose-dependent slowing of RT performance. Results following bolus administration of these drugs were consistent with the cumulative dosing procedure, although of smaller magnitude and higher variability. Amphetamine had no significant effect on group RT performance with either dosing scheme, but RT performance in individual monkeys was either speeded or slowed by d-amphetamine. The present results suggest that blockade of either D1-like or D2-like dopamine receptors can slow RT performance in rhesus monkeys and that this paradigm may be useful to study movement dysfunction in non-human primates.
Economics at the FTC: Data Intensive Mergers and Policy R&D

Economics at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) supports both the competition and consumer protection missions of the agency. In this year’s essay we discuss a range of activities focusing on data-intensive antitrust cases in the hospital and consumer products industries. We also discuss our most recent work on gasoline pricing. Policy-focused research and competition advocacy takes center stage as we discuss some health care advocacy work in the administration of pharmaceutical insurance benefits and efforts to understand the real estate business more completely. Finally, we describe our efforts to quantify the extent of “identity theft”.
The Promise of Motivational Interviewing in School Mental Health

In recent years, the science of developing and implementing interventions addressing school-related risk factors has produced many advances. This article addresses the promise of a cross-disciplinary practice approach known as motivational interviewing in school settings. Specifically, the supporting evidence as well as the process and principles of motivational interviewing are described for those unfamiliar with motivational interviewing nomenclature. A description of recent school-based innovations using the principles of motivational interviewing is then provided. Next, some potential applications for applying the motivational interviewing approach in educational settings to enhance the adoption, development, and implementation of effective school-based interventions designed to promote academic achievement and prevent or ameliorate challenging behavior are proposed. The article concludes with a discussion of future directions of motivational interviewing approaches within the context of school mental health.
Snapin-Mediated BACE1 Retrograde Transport Is Essential for Its Degradation in Lysosomes and Regulation of APP Processing in Neurons

β site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the major β secretase for generating β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. The acidic environment of endosomes is optimal for β secretase activity. However, the mechanisms regulating BACE1 traffic from endosomes to lysosomes for degradation are largely unknown. Here, using snapin-deficient mice combined with gene rescue experiments, we reveal that Snapin, as a dynein motor adaptor for late endosomes, mediates BACE1 retrograde transport. hAPP mutant live neurons and mouse brains exhibited BACE1 accumulation within the altered late endocytic organelles and defective lysosomal targeting due to reduced Snapin-dynein coupling. Deleting snapin or disrupting Snapin-dynein coupling reduces BACE1 transport to lysosomes for degradation, thus enhancing APP processing. Overexpressing Snapin in hAPP neurons reduces β site cleavage of APP by enhancing BACE1 turnover. Altogether, our study provides mechanistic insights into the complex regulation of BACE1 level and activity and turnover through retrograde transport, thus controlling Aβ generation in neurons.
Optical properties of semiconductors under hydrostatic pressure—II. Silicon☆

Abstract The pressure coefficient of the optical absorption edge due to indirect transitions has been measured in silicon over a pressure range of 1–8000 kg cm 2 . A value of ( dE dP ) T = −1.3 × 10 −12 eV dyne cm −2 was obtained, in agreement with other optical and resistivity measurements. The lack of an observable change of shape of the edge with pressure implies that a simple displacement of the (100) conduction-band minima relative to the (000) valence-band maximum takes place with change of pressure.
The inherent propensity toward peace or war embodied in weaponry

Thomas Schelling argues that armed adversaries face an inherent propensity toward peace or war embodied in their weaponry, geography and military organizations. Inherent propensity is the idea that there are characteristics embodied in the weapons that push adversaries toward peace or war, independent of the goals of the decision‐makers, the political disagreement between adversaries, and misperceptions about mutual resolve and hostility. We theoretically illustrate inherent propensity in conventional and nuclear arms settings using Lanchester and Intriligator war models. Our work extends the Intriligator‐Brito model, identifies when the competing Richardson and Intriligator‐Brito views of the relationship between arms races and war are correct, illustrates the stabilizing/destabilizing effects of alliances, and highlights the importance of arms quality control in the US‐USSR relationship.