cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dealing with dilemmas of laboratory science: making sense of safety from a constructivist perspective

The ethical dimensions of science teaching involve complex decisions found in the sense‐making process and deeply embedded in the professional lives of teachers. These decisions take the form of ethical dilemmas which catalyse internal conflict within teachers and lack clear paths to solution. In our efforts to understand the ethical dimensions of teacher knowledge we have moved outside the traditional premises of moral philosophy. A constructivist epistemology serves as our interpretive framework and informs our questions about the nature of ethical dilemmas encountered in science teaching. We have applied constructivism to the development of a theory of referents as a means of insight into the ethical dimensions of science teaching and learning. This interpretive study of a middle school science teacher examines how key referents such as constructivism and emancipatory learning influence the nature of laboratory safety practice in the context of teaching science.
Successes of Genome-wide Association Studies

In a recent Essay in Cell, McClellan and King argue that genomic resequencing rather than genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will be necessary to understand the genetic basis of common disease (McClellan and King, 2010). Like the authors, we too are excited about the potential for emerging sequencing technologies to facilitate discoveries that explain the missing heritability of common diseases. However, we disagree with the implication that GWAS have not been successful to date. Instead, we propose that insofar as the goal of these studies is to understand the etiology of heritable diseases, GWAS have provided numerous tantalizing clues for us biologists to decipher.
Treasury bill financing in a dynamic macroeconomic model with a government budget constraint

Abstract The usual government budget constraint model is modified to allow for lags in the goods market and for treasury bill financing of deficits. It is demonstrated that the resulting system is necessarily unstable.
Recovery of the subhuman primate after deep cerebral hypothermia and prolonged ischaemia.

Abstract By employing a simplified technique of autocerebral hypothermic perfusion (without pump or oxygenator) the monkey brain has been cooled to intracerebral temperatures 5–8°C and rendered ischaemic for 1 h with normal recovery in the animals. The efficiency of isolated cerebral cooling was markedly enhanced with exogenous catecholamines and a cephalic ice helmet.
The non-linear viscoelastic behavior of a carbon-black filled elastomer

The stress relaxation behavior of a carbon-black-filled elastomer is shown to be independent of the state of deformation, and the temperature dependence of its static modulus is in good accord with that predicted by the statistical theory of elasticity. The storage and loss moduli are found to be separable functions of frequency and overall strain effects in both simple tension and pure shear. A separability of static deformational and dynamic strain amplitude effects is found for the storage modulus, but could not be determined for the loss modulus. However, the loss tangent is found to be a function of the static state of deformation. From these experimental results, it is shown that an existing viscoelasticity theory for an unfilled system when specialized to uniaxial extensions has a form which can be made suitable for representing the dynamic behavior of filled systems by the introduction of two functions of the dynamic strain amplitude.
Lithium induced alterations in rat ganglionic lipids

Abstract Superior cervical ganglia from normal or lithium fed rats were incubated in vitro with [U-14C]pyruvic acid, in Krebs-Ringer solution with or without lithium ion. Acute lithium incubations were performed on ganglia from normal rats with 25 mEquiv./1 of lithium ion, while chronic incubations were performed on ganglia from lithium fed rats with 0.5 mEquiv./1 lithium in the bathing solution. Lipids were extracted, separated by thin layer chromatography and specific activities of individual lipids and their fatty acids determined. In control ganglia sphingolipids contained 60–70% of the lipid radioactivity, glycerophospholipids 20–30% and neutral lipids 10–25%. Phosphatidylcholine contained 65% of the glycerophospholipid label and 40% of the lipid phosphorus, while sphingomyelin contained 90% of the sphingolipid label and exhibited the highest specific activity over all. Cholesterol was the major neutral lipid. Ninety-five per cent of the glycerophospholipid label and 4% of the sphingomyelin label was localized in the fatty acids. The lipid and fatty acid compositions of all ganglia were similar. However the lipid radioactivity in chronic ganglia was lower than in control, with the sphingolipids most affected. In 80 min stimulated chronic ganglia stearic and oleic acid, radioactivity was depressed with respect to both control fatty acids and to the [14C]palmitate of chronic tissues. In both chronic and acute lithium ganglia stimulated for 80 min, the specific activities of phosphatidylinositol were significantly lower than in control. In contrast to control, the labeling of sphingolipids in resting acute ganglia was higher than in stimulated tissues.
Timing of penile color flow duplex ultrasonography using a triple drug mixture.

AbstractDuplex ultrasonography is an accepted method to assess noninvasively arterial inflow to the penis. Optimal pharmacological agents as well as timing of the scan and stimulation during the scan continue to be debated. In an effort to achieve a more complete smooth muscle relaxation and capture what we perceived was a wide variation in interval to maximum arterial velocity, we revised our duplex protocol in January 1991. We report on 280 consecutive patients evaluated in this manner.Patients received 0.25 or 0.5 cc of a triple drug mixture containing 22.5 mg./cc papaverine, 0.83 mg./cc phentolamine and 8.33 microgram/cc prostaglandin E1. Scans were performed at 0, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after injection in all patients. Any patient not having a full erection at 15 minutes performed private self-stimulation while in the standing position for at least 5 minutes before the 30-minute scan.If we conservatively define normal arterial inflow as a peak Doppler velocity of 25 cm. per second or greater in the bes...
A Systematic Review of Allostatic Load, Health, and Health Disparities

The theoretical constructs of allostasis and allostatic load (AL) have contributed to our understanding of how constantly changing social and environmental factors impact physiological functioning and shape health and aging disparities, particularly along socioeconomic, gendered, racial, and ethnic lines. AL represents the cumulative dysregulation of biological systems with prolonged or poorly regulated allostatic responses. Nearly two decades of empirical research has focused on operationalizing the AL construct for examining the antecedents and health outcomes accompanying multisystem biological dysregulation. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the empirical literature that quantifies the AL construct; the review also evaluates the social, environmental, and genetic antecedents of AL as well as its predictive utility for a variety of health outcomes. A total of 58 articles published between 1997 and 2012 were retrieved, analyzed, and synthesized. The results revealed considerable heterogeneity in the operationalization of AL and the measurement of AL biomarkers, making interpretations and comparisons across studies challenging. There is, however, empirical substantiation for the relationships between AL and socioeconomic status, social relationships, workplace, lifestyle, race/ethnicity, gender, stress exposure, and genetic factors. The literature also demonstrated associations between AL and physical and mental health and all-cause mortality. Targeting the antecedents of AL during key developmental periods is essential for improving public health. Priorities for future research include conducting prospective longitudinal studies, examining a broad range of antecedent allostatic challenges, and collecting reliable measures of multisystem dysregulation explicitly designed to assess AL, at multiple time points, in population-representative samples.
Redundancy in Deterministic Sequences

A method is presented for defining an information measure for deterministic sequences. This is done by considering a sequence as a non-Markovian sample space. The correspondence between redundancy, as defined by this information measure, and measured perception ability is considered.
The Core Dimerization Domains of Histidine Kinases Contain Recognition Specificity for the Cognate Response Regulator

Histidine kinases DivJ and PleC initiate signal transduction pathways that regulate an early cell division cycle step and the gain of motility later in the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle, respectively. The essential single-domain response regulator DivK functions downstream of these kinases to catalyze phosphotransfer from DivJ and PleC. We have used a yeast two-hybrid screen to investigate the molecular basis of DivJ and PleC interaction with DivK and to identify other His-Asp signal transduction proteins that interact with DivK. The only His-Asp proteins identified in the two-hybrid screen were five members of the histidine kinase superfamily. The finding that most of the kinase clones isolated correspond to either DivJ or PleC supports the previous conclusion that DivJ and PleC are cognate DivK kinases. A 66-amino-acid sequence common to all cloned DivJ and PleC fragments contains the conserved helix 1, helix 2 sequence that forms a four-helix bundle in histidine kinases required for dimerization, autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer. We present results that indicate that the four-helix bundle subdomain is not only necessary for binding of the response regulator but also sufficient for in vivo recognition specificity between DivK and its cognate histidine kinases. The other three kinases identified in this study correspond to DivL, an essential tyrosine kinase belonging to the same kinase subfamily as DivJ and PleC, and the two previously uncharacterized, soluble histidine kinases CckN and CckO. We discuss the significance of these results as they relate to kinase response regulator recognition specificity and the fidelity of phosphotransfer in signal transduction pathways.
1054 IN VITRO IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN IDIOPATHIC NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (INS)

On the basis of serum immunoglobulin levels it has been suggested (NEJM, 293:8, 1975) that INS is caused by an immunologic defect similar to dysgammaglobulinemia with elevated IgM (DYS-M). We therefore compared the in vitro immunoglobulin production of pokeweed mitogen stimulated blood lymphocytes from 7 patients with INS (biopsy or a compatible clinical course) and 2 with DYS-M. All patients with INS were in relapse but had not taken immunosuppressants for the previous 6 months. Serum IgG was low in 6/7 patients with INS, but IgA was normal in all and IgM elevated in only one. Patients with DYS-M had low serum IgG, absent IgA but normal or high IgM. The in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis results were (x ± S.D.): Patients with DYS-M but not INS produced significantly (p<.05) less immunoglobulins of each class than did normals. No suppressor cells were demonstrated. These results indicate that patients with INS do not have the same immunologic defect as patients with DYS-M. The role of soluble inhibitors of synthesis or increased catabolism in the reduction of serum IgG levels remains unknown.
Ovipositional enhancement through socially facilitated behavior in Rhagoletis pomonella flies

Apple maggot females, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were maintained (with males) singly or in groups of 5 in laboratory cages without fruit from eclosion until 15 days of age (when males were removed). When hawthorn, apple or artificial fruit were introduced on Day 16, females caged in groups laid significantly more eggs per female, irrespective of fruit type, than females caged singly. A follow-up laboratory experiment revealed that the oviposition-enhancing effect of grouping was due largely or exclusively to caging regime on day of access to fruit and not to prior caging regime. Subsequent laboratory-cage tests indicated that none of the following factors contributed significantly to the oviposition-enhancing effect of grouping under laboratory cage conditions: odor of fruit punctures, odor of eggs, odor of marking pheromone, or presence of other females on fruit, all as potential stimuli eliciting female attraction to fruit; or presence of fruit punctures, eggs, or marking pheromone, all as potential oviposition-enhancing stimuli following alighting on a fruit. The only contributing factor of significance uncovered here was the enhanced propensity of an arriving female to bore into a fruit shortly after encounter with an occupying female engaged in ovipositional behavior. We consider such enhancement as suggestive of socially facilitated egglaying behavior, which we discuss.
Synthesis and dielectric properties of a cubic perovskite: La(Mg12Ti12)O3

Abstract We have prepared a cubic perovskite material of the composition La(Mg 1 2 Ti 1 2 )O3 which seems to be a suitable candidate as a substrate material for an epitaxial growth of thehigh-Tc superconductors. The dielectric constant of this material is 27 at 1 MHz, the loss is less than 10−3, and the thermal coefficient of expansion is about 13 ppm, close to that of YBC superconductor.
Paleoclimate controls on stratigraphic repetition of chemical and siliciclastic rocks

Climate is a primary control on sediment flux from continental sources into sedimentary systems. In warm climates, siliciclastic input is greatest under highly seasonal rainfall. Nonseasonal conditions favor formation of "end member" chemical rocks; perennially wet climates are conducive to coal formation, whereas dry climates produce carbonates and/or evaporites. Stratigraphic repetition of siliciclastic and chemical rocks therefore appears to be related to paleoclimate cycles as well as to transgressive-regressive events and tectonics.
Crossover from high to low Reynolds number turbulence.

The Taylor-Reynolds and Reynolds number (${\mathrm{Re}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ and Re) dependence of the dimensionless energy dissipation rate ${c}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}=\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}L}{{u}_{1,\mathrm{rms}}^{3}}$ is derived for statistically stationary isotropic turbulence, employing the results of a variable range mean field theory. Here $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the energy dissipation rate, $L$ the (fixed) outer length scale, and ${u}_{1,\mathrm{rms}}$ a rms velocity component. Results for ${c}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}({\mathrm{Re}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}})$ and also for ${\mathrm{Re}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}(\mathrm{Re})$ are in good agreement with experiment. Using the Re dependence of ${c}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ we account for the time dependence of the mean vorticity $\ensuremath{\omega}(t)$ for decaying isotropic turbulence. The lifetime of decaying turbulence, depending on the initial ${\mathrm{Re}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda},0}$ is predicted to saturate at $\frac{0.18{L}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\propto}{\mathrm{Re}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda},0}^{2}$ ($\ensuremath{\nu}$ the viscosity) for large ${\mathrm{Re}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda},0}$.
Microscopic and Macroscopic Evaluation of Emboli Captured during Angioplasty and Stent Procedures in Extracranial Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries

Purpose:To compare the quantities of emboli dislodged during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting in the vertebral artery (VA) with those released during stent placement in the internal c...
Optimum coasting flight in a horizontal plane

Busemann's concept of optimum altitude for rectilinear coasting flight has been extended to flight in a horizontal plane. The reachable domain of a vehicle in coasting flight in a horizontal plane, starting from an initial velocity, is obtained. It is shown that the area covered first increases with the altitude and then decreases to zero when the ceiling is reached. In particular, there exists an altitude for maximum longitudinal range and another altitude for maximum lateral range. Optimum variations in the lift coefficient and the bank angle to reach the boundary of the footprint are discussed.
Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of dietitians and nurses regarding meat

Abstract Dietitians and nurses frequently respond to client questions regarding nutrition; however, only limited research data are available on the information they provide to consumers about the controversial issue of meat in the diet. This study was designed to determine the level of knowledge of dietitians and nurses regarding meat, and to compare the attitudes and meat consumption patterns of the two groups. Mailed surveys were returned by 457 Missouri dietitians and 581 nurses. Dietitians were more knowledgeable about meat than nurses; only 80% of the nurses identified beef as an important source of iron, compared with 98% of the dietitians. More dietitians than nurses correctly estimated the calorie content of 3 oz of beef, although the majority of both dietitians and nurses overestimated the calories in meats. Both nurses and dietitians reported decreasing their own consumption of pork, eggs, beef, and cheese over the past three to five years and increasing their consumption of chicken and fish; however, nurses reported greater dietary changes. In contrast to nurses, dietitians believed that information from meat industry groups was useful. Almost all dietitians agreed with the statement that beef could be part of a healthful diet. Overall, dietitians appeared to view the concept of meat as a part of a healthful diet more favorably than did nurses.
Methods for specific characterization of trace amounts of uridine nucleotides in animal cell cultures.

Abstract The use of specific indicator enzymes to characterize the nature of radioactive peaks, obtained from paper chromatograms of protein-free cell filtrates from cell cultures briefly incubated with [ 14 C]galactose, has been described. The use of an internal standard ([ 3 H]UDP-galactose) added to the filtrates before their exposure to the indicator enzymes illustrates the specificity of the method used, as well as its usefulness in quantitative analysis of the abundance of nucleotide sugars in cell cultures under different culture conditions.
Optical electric field sensor using push-pull for vibration noise reduction

The push-pull slab-coupled optical sensor measures a localized single electric field component with the advantage of reducing adverse strain effects for sensing in harsh vibrating environments. Its miniature size makes it ideal for compact environments.
Three-dimensional (3-D) microfluidic-channel-based DNA biosensor for ultra-sensitive electrochemical detection

Abstract A three-dimensional (3-D) microfluidic-channel-based electrochemical DNA biosensor was constructed using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filtration membranes as the designing templates by taking advantage of their well-defined cylindrical fluidic channels. By electroless gold plating and through thio chemistry, single stranded DNA sequences with 19 base pairs specified to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were immobilized into the AAO fluidic channels to form a probe DNA electrode for electrochemical sensing. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to measure the electrochemical response of the sensor using two different redox indicators, [Fe(CN)6]4− and/or [Ru(NH3)6]3− before and after hybridization with the complementary target DNA sequences. The microfluidic-channel-based DNA biosensor showed detection sensitivity amplified to 10−19 M, which is one order of magnitude higher than attomolar (10−18 M) range. Such enhanced detection sensitivity is attributed to the well-defined fluidic channel structure that gives high surface area for probe DNA immobilization and enables target DNA solutions to pass through its fluidic channels for rapid and efficient hybridization.
Reaction norms of Arabidopsis. I. Plasticity of characters and correlations across water, nutrient and light gradients

The univariate and multivariate study of variation for phenotypic plasticity is central to providing a clear understanding of hypotheses about the genetic control and evolution of reaction norms in natural populations. Arabidopsis thaliana is an ideal organism for the study of Genotype × Environment interactions (i.e., genetic variation for plasticity), because of the ease with which it can be grown in large numbers and due to the amount of information already available on its genetics, physiology and developmental biology. In this paper, we report on the plasticity, genetic variation and G × E interactions of four populations of A. thaliana in response to three environmental gradients (water, light and nutrients), each characterized by four levels of the controlled parameter. We measured nine traits and obtained their reaction norms. Path analysis was used to study the plasticity of character correlations. We found a tendency for A. thaliana reaction norms to be linear (either flat, i.e. no plasticity, or with a significant slope), in accordance with previous studies. We detected substantial amounts of genetic variation for plasticity in the light and nutrient gradients, but not in the water gradient. Dramatic restructuring of character correlations was induced by changes in environmental conditions, although some paths tended to be stable irrespective of the environment, thereby suggesting some degree of canalization.
Radiation Effects on the Photoluminescence of Rare-Earth Doped Pyrochlore Powders

This work examined the sensitivity of the luminescence spectra of europium-doped lanthanum zirconate to different types and amounts of radiation exposure. For the samples and radiation sources used in this work (X-rays and protons), changes in the photoluminescence of europium-doped lanthanum zirconate were minimal. However, when the phosphor was paired with an alternate luminescent material, which had a differing radiation response, relative changes in the photoluminescence of the two materials were correlated to the radiation exposure.
Patient Safety in General Practice

‘First do no harm’ is a basic principle of the medical profession, believed to be handed down to us by Hippocrates. Yet, every doctor has personal experience of patients who have come to harm while receiving care. We are all familiar with stories of hospital-acquired infection, such as MRSA or Clostridium difficile and with horror stories like those about patients who have had the wrong kidney removed. But do we, as doctors, really have any idea of the extent to which things go wrong in health care and the numbers of patients who come to harm?
Molecular conformation of ubiquitinated structures and the implications for regulatory function

Abstract The molecular conformation of ubiquitinated structures and the validity of the N-end rule were examined by simulating the molecular mechanics to ascertain the global energy-minimized structure. We examined the chemical linkage involved in attaching the ubiquitin carboxyl terminus to the N-terminus of three different x-hexapeptides, where x is the amino group of the acceptor peptide—either valine, arginine or glutamic acid—(x-K linkage) and to the ϵ-amino group of lysine of the acceptor hexapeptide x-glu1-his2-lys3-gly4-lys5-val6 (K-K linkage) through the formation of an isopeptide bond. Changes in conformation and molecular stability of the multi-ubiquitinated structures were determined by energy-minimization procedures using the SYBYL program developed by Tripos Associates. In the x-K linkage, the ubiquitin molecule is stretched in the β-pleated sheets and β-turns while the α-helices expand, as the molecule continues to unfold linearly. In the K-K linkage, the ubiquitin molecules have turned into a u-shaped, semicircular alignment, contracting into a compact, folded structure.
Transient Beam Loading in Electron Linear Accelerators

An experiment has been devised to measure directly the beam loading in electron linear accelerators operating with very short beam pulses. A well momentum analyzed and phase bunched electron beam is sent through either an unexcited waveguide or a vacuum pipe. Electron energy loss due to beam loading in the waveguide is detected by measuring the resulting energy shift of elastically scattered electrons with the NBS electron scattering spectrometer. Energy shifts of a few parts in 105 can be measured at 60 MeV. Measurements made to date at 61 MeV and for beam pulse lengths of 5, 10, and 20 nanoseconds appear to confirm the existence of enhanced beam loading relative to the usual non-dispersive linac theory. An attempt is made to compare the measurements to theoretical estimates of this enhancement.
Bacterial Communication (“Quorum Sensing”) via Ligands and Receptors: A Novel Pharmacologic Target for the Design of Antibiotic Drugs

The purpose of the present Perspectives is to present a synopsis of the literature on bacterial "quorum sensing" as a background for the proposal that interference with this communication system offers potential targets for the design of novel antibiotic drugs. Quorum sensing is the recently discovered chemical communication system among bacteria (both Gram-positive and -negative). It is vital for intra- and interbacterial gene regulation and for keeping bacterial colonies ("biofilms") intact, allowing resident bacteria to assume specialized roles that contribute to enhanced survival of the group. There are several processes involved in quorum sensing that are familiar to pharmacologists; i.e., specific signaling molecules bind to and activate receptors that transduce the quorum-sensing signal into intracellular second messenger responses. We highlight herein the similarity between quorum-sensing communication to ligand-receptor interactions, suggesting that inhibitor drugs could be designed using current standard pharmacologic principles. Such drugs would have novel mechanisms of action and might therefore be more effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
Racial disparities and treatment trends in a large cohort of elderly black and white patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether there was a significant gap in receipt of treatment for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between blacks and whites, and whether the gap or disparity changed during the past 12 years from 1991 to 2002. METHODS: The study population consisted of 83,101 patients including 75,141 (90.4%) whites and 7960 (9.6%) blacks aged ≥65 years who were diagnosed with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages I-IV NSCLC identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program's Medicare database. Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted rates and crude and adjusted odds ratios for receiving appropriate stage-specific treatment of NSCLC were reported. RESULTS: For stages I-II NSCLC combined, blacks were 37% less likely (OR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.73) to receive surgery, 42% less likely (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.36-0.92) to receive chemotherapy, and for stages III-IV combined, 57% less likely (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.30-0.61) to receive chemotherapy compared with whites. Older patients, women, and those in lower socioeconomic quartiles had greater disparities in receipt of treatment compared with the highest income quartile. Disparity trends were not significantly narrowed during the past 12 years between blacks and whites for receipt of the above treatments. CONCLUSIONS: There have been substantial disparities in receiving recommended treatments between blacks and whites, and these disparities have been relatively stable without a significant trend of narrowing during the past 12 years. Efforts should focus on providing appropriate quality treatment and educating blacks on the value of having these treatments to reduce these disparities in receipt of treatment for NSCLC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The isolation of acyl carrier protein from the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex II

Abstract A low molecular weight protein of less than 10, 000 Daltons has been isolated from Subunit I (β-ketoacyl thioester reductase) of the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex and purified to homogeneity. This protein contains all of the [14C]-labeled pantetheine incorporated into the fatty acid synthetase on injection of [14C]-labeled pantetheine into pigeons. It also has one β-alanine and one sulfhydryl group. This protein is an acceptor of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA and a malonyl group from malonyl-CoA in the presence of Subunit II (transacylase). In these respects it is very similar to E. coli acyl carrier protein.
Heating of x-ray masks during e-beam writing

ABSTRACT In this work we characterized the temperature increase in SiHN mask membrane during e-beam writing. We observed an exponential decay with a decay length in the order of 1mm1 , and absolute temperature raises of 8°K. This is thefirst time that direct measurement have been obtained. By fitting the observed data, we have extracted the thermalconductivity and emissivity of the film. These experimental values are essential in the modeling of the response of the masks. Keywords: SiHN substrate heating, resist heating, e-beam writing 1. INTRODUCTION In X-Ray lithography the mask is replicated by projecting it on the substrate in a lx process, hence it is essentialthat the pattern on the mask is free of distortion.' In conventional X-Ray mask fabrication process, photoresist isspun on the mask blank, and the resist pattern is defined by e-beam exposure. For instance, the stress of the resistmay change during e-beam exposure, causing in-plane distortions of the SiHN membrane.2'3 In a previous work,4
Effects of advancing age on hypothalamic neurotransmitter content and on basal and norepinephrine-stimulated LHRH release.

Abstract —In order to elucidate possible mechanism(s) responsible for the age-related decline in LH secretion basal and norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated LHRH release was measured from median eminence (ME) fragments of 4-,11-,18- and 27-month-old male F344 rats. Serum LH levels declined significantly between 11 and 18 months and were still lower at 27 months of age, while testosterone levels declined continuously between 4 and 27 months. Hypothalamic NE and dopamine (DA) content also declined significantly with age, while serotonin and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid content increased with age. Despite the decline in serum LH levels with age, in vitro basal LHRH r release increased gradually with age as did NE-stimulated LHRH release. These data suggest that the age-related reduction in LH secretion by the male rat is due to a reduction in hypothalamic NE metabolism and not to an inability of the LHRH neuron to respond to NE stimulation.
Modelling an oversaturated intersection

Abstract The traffic intersection with deterministic arrivals over a planning period is modelled by analogy with a reservoir. Under fixed cycle lengths, light setting are determined which minimize average line lengths of waiting vehicle. Under certain conditions, the fixed-cycle requirement may be relaxed, resulting in approximately optimal cycle lengths. Constraints on maximum waiting time, maximum queue length, and minimum clearance during a cycle are appended to the fundamental model and tradeoff analyses are suggested. Maximum line length may, in addition, be explicitly minimized. The single intersection is investigated for the case of two one-way intersecting streets. The case of two two-way intersecting streets is an obvious and easy extension of the two one-way intersecting streets model. Extensions to serial intersections with limited waiting room are suggested. All problems are neatly cast as linear programs and hence are readily optimizable.
REVISIONISTS, OIL AND COLD WAR DIPLOMACY

It would indeed be surprising if the recent controversy over revisionist scholarship and the Cold War did not extend to Iran. For the last two decades, most American historians have asserted that United States involvement in Iran was fundamentally a response to Soviet penetration, made manifest during World War II when Russia tried to establish a puppet regime in Azerbaijan. According to the "orthodox" school of Cold War scholarship, America first took an overt interest in Persia in 1946. President Truman sent his "blunt message" to Stalin, the State Department protested sharply, and the United Nations Security Council asked for Russian withdrawal. The Soviets, after boycotting the United Nations discussions, left the territory. America, a disinterested power, had suddenly awaken to her world responsibilities and come to the rescue.1
The Action of Tetrodotoxin on Electrogenic Components of Squid Giant Axons

Voltage clamp measurements on squid giant axons show that externally applied puffer fish poison, tetrodotoxin, eliminates only the initial inward current component of spike electrogenesis and does not affect the subsequent outward current. The selective effect on Na activation, which is reversible, confirms the view that the movements of Na and K during spike electrogenesis occur at structurally different sites on the membrane. Spike electrogenesis is also blocked when tetrodotoxin is injected into the axon, but the interior of the membrane appears to be somewhat less sensitive to the poison. Differences in reactivity of various electrogenic membrane components to tetrodotoxin are discussed as signifying differences in chemical structures.
Retail Leasing: The Determinants of Shopping Center Rents

The determinants of lease rentals are of fundamental importance to real estate researchers and practitioners. Retail leases are unique in that they typically have two rental components: a base rent and an “overage” rent equal to a percentage of the tenant's gross sales above some threshold level. In this paper, we develop and test a simple cash flow model of retail lease valuation that predicts that base rents are lower with higher percentage rent rates and are higher with greater threshold levels of sales. Using a sample of shopping center leases, regression analysis indicates that these tradeoffs are observed in the market.
Neural Crest-Specific TSC1 Deletion in Mice Leads to Sclerotic Craniofacial Bone Lesion

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in either TSC1 or TSC2. TSC has high frequency of osseous manifestations such as sclerotic lesions in the craniofacial region. However, an animal model that replicates TSC craniofacial bone lesions has not yet been described. The roles of Tsc1 and the sequelae of Tsc1 dysfunction in bone are unknown. In this study, we generated a mouse model of TSC with a deletion of Tsc1 in neural crest-derived (NCD) cells that recapitulated the sclerotic craniofacial bone lesions in TSC. Analysis of this mouse model demonstrated that TSC1 deletion led to enhanced mTORC1 signaling in NCD bones and the increase in bone formation is responsible for the aberrantly increased bone mass. Lineage mapping revealed that TSC1 deficient NCD cells overpopulated the NCD bones. Mechanistically, hyperproliferation of osteoprogenitors at an early postnatal stage accounts for the increased osteoblast pool. Intriguingly, early postnatal treatment with rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, can completely rescue the aberrant bone mass, but late treatment cannot. Our data suggest that enhanced mTOR signaling in NCD cells can increase bone mass through enlargement of the osteoprogenitor pool, which likely explains the sclerotic bone lesion observed in TSC patients.
Calcium-Acting Drugs Modulate Expression and Development of Chronic Tolerance to Nicotine-Induced Antinociception in Mice

Initial studies in our laboratory suggested that tolerance to nicotine is thought to involve neuronal adaptation not only at the level of the drug-receptor interaction but at postreceptor events such as calcium-dependent second messengers. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hypothesis that L-type calcium channels and calcium-dependent calmodulin protein kinase II are involved in the development and expression of nicotine tolerance. To that end, the effects of modulation of L-type calcium channels (through the use of inhibitors or activators) as well as calcium-dependent calmodulin protein kinase II inactivation were studied in a mouse model of tolerance where mice were infused with nicotine in minipumps (24 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. In addition, the activity of calcium-dependent calmodulin protein kinase II in the lumbar spinal cord region obtained from nicotine-tolerant mice was measured. Our data showed that chronic administration of L-type calcium channel antagonists nimodipine (1 and 5 mg/kg) and verapamil (10 mg/kg) prevented the development of tolerance to nicotine-induced antinociception. In contrast, chronic exposure of BAYK8644 [(+/-)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]-3-pyridine carboxylic acid methyl ester], a calcium channel activator, enhanced nicotine's tolerance. Moreover, a significant increase in both dependent and independent calcium-dependent calmodulin protein kinase II activity was seen in the spinal cord in nicotine-tolerant mice. Finally, spinal administration of 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine (KN-62), a calcium-dependent calmodulin protein kinase II antagonist, reduced the expression of tolerance to nicotine-induced antinociception in mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that calcium-dependent mechanisms such as L-type calcium channels and calcium-dependent calmodulin protein kinase II activation are involved in the expression and development of nicotine tolerance.
Comparison of Nitrogen-15 and Diaminopimelic Acid for Estimating Bacterial Protein Synthesis of Lactating Cows Fed Diets of Varying Protein Degradability

Abstract Three lactating Holstein cows fitted with duodenal cannulae were fed diets containing cottonseed meal, corn gluten meal, or blood meal as protein supplements in a 3 x 3 Latin square experiment. Diets averaged 15% CP and were 60% concentrate, 31% corn silage, and 9% alfalfa hay. The flow marker was Cr 2 O 3 ; the bacterial protein fraction of digesta CP was estimated by 15 N (as ammonium sulfate) and diaminopimelic acid. The undegraded fraction of total feed protein entering the duodenum for respective diets was .52, .57, and .69. The 15 N method was less variable than diaminopimelic acid. Based on 15 N, percentage of bacterial of total protein differed among treatments (61.5, 59.4, and 55.0. respectively). Ten percent more protein entered the duodenum on blood meal than other diets, but differences were not significant. Protein sources were similar in microbial passage, but degraded protein was used most efficiently for microbial synthesis on blood meal. Incorporation of 15 N consumed into bacterial protein ranged from 50 to 83% with numerically highest values on blood meal, suggesting greater efficiency of ammonia capture. Recoveries of 15 N for the 72h as milk, feces and urine ranged from 54 to 78%.
Predictors of Relationship Adjustment in Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

The current study investigated: (1) the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and four relationship adjustment variables (consensus, cohesion, affection, and satisfaction); (2) whether finding meaning in CSA and using mature defenses would predict relationship adjustment; and (3) whether meaning and mature defenses would moderate the association between CSA severity and relationship adjustment. The sample consisted of 287 undergraduate women, 95 of whom reported a history of CSA. All participants were involved in a romantic relationship at the time of the study. Results indicated a significant relationship between CSA history and dyadic consensus, whereby abused women reported less agreement with their partners than nonabused women. In the abused sample, CSA severity significantly predicted affection and mature defenses significantly predicted both affection and consensus in relationships. Furthermore, mature defenses moderated the relationship between CSA severity and dyadic cohesion (i.e., joint activities with one's partner). Contrary to hypotheses, meaning was not related to relationship adjustment and did not moderate the association between CSA severity and relationship adjustment. These findings advance the CSA literature by elucidating factors that predict healthy adjustment to CSA.
Use of Paid Home Care by the Chronically Disabled Elderly

Determinants of paid home care use among the chronically disabled elderly were analyzed using the 1982 National Long-Term Care Survey. In 1982, about one quarter of the elderly disabled had a paid home care provider. Using logistic regression, the analysis found the predictors of any use of paid home care were age, sex, marital status, number of daughters and sons, ADL problems, a prior nursing home stay, an overnight hospital stay, income, home equity, and Medicaid enrollment. Using ordinary least-squares regression, the study also identified predictors of the amount of formal home care used in the last week. For elderly with a paid home care provider, greater age, disability level, not being married, fewer daughters, and cognitive impairment signal significantly more use.
Merging Programming Models and On-chip Networks to Meet the Programmable and Performance Needs of Multi-core Systems on a Programmable Chip

The Reconfigurable Data-Stream Hardware Software Architecture (Redsharc) is a programming model and network-on-a-chip solution designed to scale to meet the performance needs of multi-core systems on a programmable chip. Redsharc uses an abstract API that allows programmers to develop systems of simultaneously executing kernels, in software or hardware, that communicate over a seamless interface. To support high performance systems with numerous hardware kernels, Redsharc incorporates two on-chip networks that directly mimic the API. Our results show that Redsharc running at 200 MHz, 32-bit data widths can achieve 800 MBps per stream from hardware to hardware, 480 MBps for a software to hardware stream, and between 20 MBps and 400 MBps for random access data in blocks, regardless of the number of kernels in the system.
How to use this book

This book provides current expert recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of all major disorders throughout orthopedics in the form of tabular summaries. Essential guidelines on each of the topics have been condensed into two pages of vital information, summarizing the main procedures in diagnosis and management of each disorder, to provide a quick and easy reference.
The Impact of Indian Gaming on Indian Education in New Mexico

In 2006, Indian gaming revenues reached an astounding $25.7 billion, representing more than half of all gaming dollars in the United States (National Indian Gaming Association [NIGA], 2009). Under the purview of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988, which established the legal foundations of casino style gaming, Indian gaming was intended to improve the quality of life for native people by “promoting tribal economic development, self-sufficiency, and strong tribal governments” (e.g. Anders, 1998; Eadington, 2004; McCulloch, 1994). Since the bill was signed into law, Indian gaming has surpassed the expectations of lawmakers and tribal leaders alike (Meister, 2007). Today, according to Meister (2007), there are 227 tribes out of approximately 350 in the lower 48 states who participate in casino style gaming, offering a range of games from slot machines to bingo. These gaming nations are found in 30 states and operate over 400 gaming facilities. Although not all Indian gaming enterprises have been successful, tribal governments have come to view gaming dollars as a critical revenue stream necessary to support important public services (Taylor and Kalt, 2005). Surprisingly, little systematic research has explored the relationship between Indian gaming and the social and economic consequences on American Indian communities (see Gardner, Kalt, and Spilde, 2005). There is, however, a mounting body of anecdotal evidence suggesting the large role of gaming revenues in supporting an array of tribal initiatives, including many geared to the improvement of Indian communities (e.g. NIGA, 2006). More generally, in a recent annual report released by the National Indian Gaming Association (NIGA, 2006), six tribal government services were identified as being the primary recipients of gaming dollars. Of these six, a “catch-all” category including education, child/elderly care, culture and charity, received the highest investment of gaming dollars, representing approximately 20% of all net gaming revenues in 2006; a pattern also evident in 2004 (NIGA, 2004). While it is not possible to discern individual priorities within this category, this substantial investment begs the question – Beyond the economic impacts of Indian gaming, what social impacts is gaming having on tribal members of those native nations who pursue this option?
Evaluating Battery-like Reactions to Harvest Energy from Salinity Differences using Ammonium Bicarbonate Salt Solutions

Mixing entropy batteries (MEBs) are a new approach to generate electricity from salinity differences between two aqueous solutions. To date, MEBs have only been prepared from solutions containing chloride salts, owing to their relevance in natural salinity gradients created from seawater and freshwater. We hypothesized that MEBs could capture energy using ammonium bicarbonate (AmB), a thermolytic salt that can be used to convert waste heat into salinity gradients. We examined six battery electrode materials. Several of the electrodes were unstable in AmB solutions or failed to produce expected voltages. Of the electrode materials tested, a cell containing a manganese oxide electrode and a metallic lead electrode produced the highest power density (6.3 mW m(-2) ). However, this power density is still low relative to previously reported NaCl-based MEBs and heat recovery systems. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that MEBs could indeed be used to generate electricity from AmB salinity gradients.
Cultural costs of tropical dams

Recent pieces in Science rightly call for greater examination of the environmental, political, and economic trade-offs of tropical dams. In his Feature news story “Power play on the Nile” (26 February, p. [904][1]), E. Stokstad explores political uncertainties of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance
Phalangids (Arachnida: Opiliones) associated with strip clearcut and dense spruce-fir forests of Maine

Five genera and at least seven species of phalangids were collected by pitfall traps in a spruce budworm-infested forest in northern Maine. More than 90% of the specimens were Leiobunum calcar (Wood). Significantly more individuals and species were trapped in uncut residual strips and in dense spruce-fir stands than in clearcut strips. Peaks in seasonal activity for both individuals and species coincided with spruce budworm egg and early larval stages. Species diversity indices were low; individuals were distributed unevenly among the forest conditions investigated. However, coefficients of community (CC) and percentage similarity (PS) generally were >80% for strip clearcuts (both uncut residual and clearcut strips) and dense stands. Greater disparities (i.e., lower CC and PS percentages) were noted among uncut residual and clearcut strips. Neither age of strip clearcut (1 to 6 years) nor depth of litter had much influence on mean catches and mean numbers of species of phalangids per trap per week.