cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pn attenuation for a spherically symmetric Earth model

This paper presents the results of a theoretical study of the sensitivity of Pn attenuation to the elastic and anelastic structure of the uppermost mantle for frequencies between 1 and 15 Hz and distances between 200 and 1000 km. Synthetic seismograms are computed using wavenumber integration for an elastic model consisting of a crastal layer over an upper mantle with a slight linear velocity gradient (approximately equal to the earth-flattening transformation of a spherically symmetric homogeneous upper mantle). These are compared to synthetic seismograms for a crustal layer over a mantle halfspace (pure elastic head wave). We find that earth sphericity alone causes a significant departure in Pn attenuation from that of a canonical head wave (almost two orders of magnitude at 1000 km and 15 Hz), and that high frequencies attenuate less rapidly than low frequencies if the spherical earth velocity gradient is greater than or equal to zero. This implies that methods that assume frequency-independent Pn geometric spreading will produce biased estimates of the anelasticity of the upper mantle. This is demonstrated using synthetic seismograms computed for an anelastic spherical earth model. These results show that the velocity structure must be carefully considered when relating observed Pn spectral amplitudes to the anelastic structure of the upper mantle.
Plastic deformation and structure of extruded polymer solids

During extrusion the main deformation and orientation of macromolecules is achieved by the flow component with longitudinal gradient. The orientation increases drastically if some solidification occurs during flow, yielding row-nucleated cylindrites and even fully oriented hard elastomers. In all cases the basic elements are stacks of very thin (∼100A) folded-chain lamellae connected by very few tie molecules. The plastic deformation of the solid transforms the original lamellar material into the extremely well oriented fibrous structure with high anisotropy of physical properties. The basic element are the highly aligned, very long and thin microfibrils bundled into fibrils. The axial strength of microfibrils is caused by the great many taut tie molecules connecting as almost crystalline bridges the crystalline blocks across the interposed amorphous layers. In plastic deformation of fibrous material the fibrils are sheared and longitudinally displaced. The latter mode is responsible for almost all the observed elongation. It smooths the structural defects on the surface of fibrils caused by the ends of microfibrils and thus produces a better lateral fit of fibrils resulting in rapidly increasing resistance to plastic deformation. The former mode extends the interfibrillar tie molecules and hence drastically increases their fraction per amorphous layer.
Delayed development of amnesia following electroconvulsive shock

Abstract Mice in Experiment 1 were given ECS either 8 sec or 20 sec following 1 training trial on an inhibitory avoidance task. A retention test was given 1, 6 or 24 hr later. In the 20 sec ECS delay groups retention performance was high at the 1 hr test but low at the 6 and 24 hr tests. In the 8 sec ECS delay group the retention performance was low at both the 1 hr and 24 hr tests. Response latencies 1 hr following treatments were not increased by ECS only or ECS following a noncontingent footshock. Experiment 2 examined state-dependency interpretations of these effects. Mice received either ECS or no ECS 20 sec after a training trial. One week later the mice received either an ECS or no ECS 1 hr prior to a retention test. Reinstatement of the ECS state did not enhance retention: the second ECS did not produce high retention latencies in mice given posttraining ECS. The findings are consistent with the view that amnesia develops as short term memory processes decline following ECS.
The Usability of the Journal Finder Interface

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the usability of the Journal Finder integrated search interface, developed at the Jackson Library at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. This interface provides electronic access to publications including journals, newsletters, newspapers, and magazines. This study was conducted to determine how intuitive and learnable the interface is for accessing online publications. The participants consist of four user subgroups: undergraduate students, graduate students, staff, and faculty. The study evaluates the efficiency and effectiveness of the interface to support the participants' tasks of accessing online publications by using pretest questionnaires, task-analysis techniques, think-aloud protocol, scenarios, and post-test questionnaires. This study also evaluates the Journal Finder online tutorial. The study finds that the Journal Finder interface is easy to use, simple to learn, efficient, and effective for all subgroups. The effectiveness error rate and efficiency-...
The Seven Sins of American Foreign Policy

The attacks by terrorists against the United States on September 11, 2001, left a scar on the American psyche that will never fully heal. This date, too, will live in infamy, along with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The brutality of the attacks on 9/11 awakened the American people to two central facts of the new century: first, we continue to live in a hostile world, despite the end of the Cold War, and, second, we are vulnerable to adversaries who not only reject our way of life but seek to destroy it.
AORTIC VALVE SURGERY USING THE MAGOVERN PROSTHESIS.

he Magovern sutureless aortic valve prosthesis* [l] was devised in an attempt to simplify the technique of insertion and to T shorten the perfusion time required for successful aortic valve replacement. Whether or not it is worthwhile will depend on observations regarding mortality, morbidity, and long-term results in a significant number of cases. This report concerns our experience with 24 patients in whom Magovern prostheses were employed. All patients were evaluated preoperatively with left heart pressures and cineangiocardiography. Twelve patients had mixed aortic valve lesions. Stenosis was predominant in 15. Calcification was severe in 14. Nine patients had pure aortic insufficiency. Two patients were found to have luetic aortitis, and another had cystic medial necrosis with aneurysmal aortic dilatation. All patients had severe impairment of cardiac function. Four patients had undergone previous aortic valve surgery. One had had a transventricular dilatation of the aortic valve six years earlier. Sculpturing procedures had been performed in two patients, and a fourth patient had a Bahnson leaflet replacement for a destroyed aortic valve leaflet. One patient also had a simultaneous StarrEdwards mitral valve replacement.
Jaundice meter: Evaluation of new guidelines

The correlation of transcutaneous bilirubin measurements with serum bilirubin concentrations is not good enough to allow for accurate prediction of the serum values. To improve the jaundice meter's potential clinical usefulness, we evaluated 344 paired jaundice meter-serum bilirubin measurements in 125 infants, using new guidelines from the marketing company which were designed to identify which infants require serum bilirubin determinations rather than to predict the actual bilirubin values. Use of the new guidelines correctly assessed the need for serum determinations in most infants, but false positives and, more importantly, false negatives (missed high serum values) did occur.
Humoral response to vaccination with interleukin-2-expressing allogeneic neuroblastoma cells after primary therapy.

BACKGROUND Immunotherapy using cytokine-expressing tumor cells has shown promise as an anticancer strategy. We have recently begun a trial of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene-modified allogeneic neuroblastoma cells administered in a sequence of eight injections to patients with high-risk neuroblastoma following completion of primary therapy. Six patients to date have completed treatment. PROCEDURE We examined humoral responses to the immunizing cell line and, when available, to the patients' autologous tumor cells using an in vitro binding assay. RESULTS Five of six patients developed a rise in antitumor antibodies to the immunizing neuroblastoma cell line following vaccination. Two of these patients had autologous tumor available; both demonstrated a humoral response to these cells as well. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that vaccination with IL-2-expressing allogeneic tumor cells after intensive primary therapy can elicit a humoral response to the immunizing line. These antibodies are cross-reactive with the patients' own tumor cells in the two cases in which autologous cells were available. This suggests that different patients' tumors may share common antigens that can be exploited in immunotherapy strategies and supports the continued exploration of allogeneic tumor cells as tumor vaccines.
Developmental Regulation of the Effects of Surfactant Protein A on Phospholipid Uptake by Fetal Rat Type II Pneumocytes

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhances the uptake of phospholipid by type II cells derived from adult and late gestation fetal rat lung. The present study was performed to examine more fully the developmental biology of the effects of SP-A on phosphatidylcholine (PC) uptake, to determine the effect of SP-A on the cellular location of bound and internalized phospholipid and on the metabolism of internalized phospholipid by morphologically undifferentiated (18-day) and morphologically differentiated (19-day) fetal type II cells. SP-A enhanced uptake almost twofold in a dose-dependent manner in 19-day fetal cells, but it had no effect on uptake by 18-day fetal cells at any concentration. Stimulation of uptake by 19-day fetal cells was saturable at concentrations above 1 μg/ml SP-A. Maximal uptake was 1.12 nmol of PC/mg of protein, and the effective concentration that yields 50% maximal response, KΦ, was 58.9 ng/ml (84.1 pM). The effect of SP-A on uptake by 19-day fetal cells was detectable as early as 1 min of exposure. Uptake correlated significantly with time both in the absence (r= 0.98, p < 0.001) and presence of 5 μg/ml SP-A (r= 0.979, p < 0.001). The rate of uptake in the presence of SP-A (0.019 ± 0.002 nmol of PC/mg of protein/min) was twice the rate of uptake in controls (0.009 ± 0.001 nmol of PC/mg of protein/min). SP-A had no effect on binding to plasma membranes and uptake of phospholipid into lamellar bodies by 18-day fetal cells. On the other hand, SP-A significantly enhanced binding of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine to plasma membranes (two- to threefold) and uptake into lamellar bodies (threefold) of 19-day fetal cells. SP-A caused a significant reduction in the degradation of internalized phospholipid by differentiated fetal type II cells. Based on the lack of effect of exogenous SP-A on 18-day fetal cells, we conclude that the response to SP-A is under developmental control. SP-A enhances the initial binding to the plasma membranes of fetal type II cells and subsequent internalization into the lamellar bodies. This effect is associated with a protection of internalized phospholipid from metabolic degradation. Both of these processes are developmentally regulated during the transition from the canalicular to the saccular phase of lung development.
The formation of histotypic fibrous collagen in matrix tissue culture by 3T6 mouse fibroblasts: a response to ascorbic acid.

Dense cultures of mouse fibroblast cell line 3T6 were prepared for light microscopic study using either one of two physical substrates, glass slides or a matrix of collagencoated cellulose sponge. Whether propagated on glass or in matrix, cultures receiving a supplement of 250 μg per ml of ascorbic acid formed reticular fibers in less than 10 days. Reticular fibers were more abundant in the matrix cultures than on glass. Fibrous collagen was not found with light or electron microscopy in cultures fed on the control medium, i.e. without the ascorbic acid supplement.
The role of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency in the apoprotein metabolism of alcoholic hepatitis.

In alcoholic hepatitis a severe but reversible LCAT deficiency provides a model to investigate the role of LCAT in lipoprotein metabolism. Serial changes in the lipid and apoprotein composition of the plasma lipoproteins were investigated throughout the illness of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. In severe alcoholic hepatitis, LCAT and cholesteryl esters were greatly reduced or undetectable in plasma. Lipoproteins were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation of fasting plasma. VLDL was normal in triglyceride and phospholipid content but deficient in cholesteryl esters. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of this fraction revealed greatly increased apo B (≈97%) as tetra-methylurea insoluble protein with traces of apo C and apo E, a composition compatible with nascent VLDL of hepatic origin. LDL was rich in triglyceride but deficient in cholesteryl esters. HDL was enriched in phospholipid but deficient in cholesteryl esters. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated only apo B in LDL. The predomin...
Parallel computation of large-scale dynamic market network equilibria via time period decomposition

In this paper we consider a dynamic market equilibrium problem over a finite time horizon in which a commodity is produced, consumed, traded, and inventoried over space and time. We first formulate the problem as a network equilibrium problem and derive the variational inequality formulation of the problem. We then propose a parallel decomposition algorithm which decomposes the large-scale problem into T + 1 subproblems, where T denotes the number of time periods. Each of these subproblems can then be solved simultaneously, that is, in parallel, on distinct processors. We provide computational results on linear separable problems and on nonlinear asymmetric problems when the algorithm is implemented in a serial and then in a parallel environment. The numerical results establish that the algorithm is linear in the number of time periods. This research demonstrates that this new formulation of dynamic market problems and decomposition procedure considerably expands the size of problems that are now feasible to solve.
Using the Holt Relationship Intimacy Questionnaire (HRIQ): What Intimacy Means to You and Your Partner

The purpose of the article is for couples to interview each other, to complete a questionnaire, and to discuss their respective opinions as to what intimacy means to each of them. The article includes an overview of the importance of intimacy in relationships. The authors introduce the Holt Relationship Intimacy Questionnaire (HRIQ) as a way of accessing what intimacy means to each partner.
System Anomaly Detection: Mining Firewall Logs

This paper describes an application of data mining and machine learning to discovering network traffic anomalies in firewall logs. There is a variety of issues and problems that can occur with systems that are protected by firewalls. These systems can be improperly configured, operate unexpected services, or fall victim to intrusion attempts. Firewall logs often generate hundreds of thousands of audit entries per day. It is often easy to use these records for forensics if one knows that something happened and when. However, it can be burdensome to attempt to manually review logs for anomalies. This paper uses data mining techniques to analyze network traffic, based on firewall audit logs, to determine if statistical analysis of the logs can be used to identify anomalies.
Mixed convection over a heated horizontal surface in a partial enclosure

Abstract This paper reports a numerical study of mixed convection on a heated horizontal surface within a partially open vertical enclosure in which the buoyancy driven and the forced flows oppose each other. Two values of the Grashof number, 10 4 and 10 5 , are considered. Two kinds of analyses are performed: One in which the domain is considered to be symmetric by the imposition of appropriate symmetry conditions, and the other in which the full domain is simulated. For Gr=10 4 , both the symmetric and the full domains give rise to identical solutions and no multiple steady states are obtained. For Gr=10 5 , multiple steady state solutions arise with both the symmetric domain and the full domains. However, the hysteresis effect observed while using symmetric domain is not observed with the full domain. Further, the full domain analysis reveals interesting asymmetries that have been observed experimentally in a similar configuration in the past. The effect of the location of the exit boundary is also investigated. Results indicate that unless proper exit conditions are chosen, the quantitative results can vary considerably.
Effects of spawning Pacific salmon on the isotopic composition of biota differ among southeast Alaska streams

SUMMARY 1. Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) transport marine nutrients to fresh waters and disturb sediments during spawning. The relative importance of nutrient fertilisation and benthic disturbance by salmon spawners can be modulated by environmental conditions (e.g. biological, chemical and physical conditions in the catchment, including human land use). 2. To determine the importance of the environmental context in modifying the uptake and incorporation of salmon-derived material into stream biota, we measured the nitrogen (d 15 N) and carbon (d 13 C) isotopic composition of benthic algae (i.e. epilithon) and juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in seven streams across a timber-harvest gradient (8–69% catchment area harvested), both before and during the salmon run. Conditional bootstrap modelling simulations were used to assess variability in the response of epilithon and juvenile coho salmon to spawning salmon. 3. In response to spawning salmon, epilithon exhibited enrichment in both d 15 N (mean: 1.5&) and d 13 C (2.3&). Juvenile coho were also enriched in both d 15 N (0.7&) and d 13 C (1.4&). Conditional bootstrap models indicate decreased variation in data as spatial replication increases, suggesting that the number of study sites can influence the results of Pacific salmon isotope studies. 4. Epilithon isotopic enrichment was predicted by environmental conditions, with d 15 N enrichment predicted by stream temperature and timber harvest (R 2 = 0.87) and d 13 C enrichment by discharge, sediment size, timber harvest and spawner density (R 2 = 0.96). Furthermore, we found evidence for a legacy effect of salmon spawners, with pre-spawner d 15 N and d 13 C of both epilithon and juvenile coho predicted by salmon run size in the previous year. 5. Our results show that the degree of incorporation of salmon-derived nitrogen and carbon differs among streams. Furthermore, the environmental context, including putative legacy effects of spawning salmon, can influence background isotopic concentrations and utilisation of salmonderived materials in southeast Alaska salmon streams. Future studies should consider the variation in isotopic composition of stream biota when deciding on the number of study sites and samples needed to generate meaningful results.
NVLAP and the Thermal Insulation Proficiency Testing Program

This paper describes the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Pro gram (NVLAP), administered by the National Bureau of Standards, and sum marizes the proficiency testing program for the Thermal Insulation Materials Laboratory Accreditation Program (Insulation LAP). NVLAP and its procedures for assessing, evaluating, and accrediting laboratories are presented briefly. The scope of the Insulation LAP is described. The results of the proficiency testing program over a four year period of testing are given. Eight tables show the sta tistical results of data submitted by participating laboratories for thermal trans mission properties, thermal conductance, surface flammability, settled density, critical radiant flux, and smoldering combustion.
Worksharing, Residential Delivery, and the Future of the USO

Postal Reform and the restructuring of mail delivery markets are live issues in much of the world. Critical issues include the future of the Universal Service Obligation (USO): In what form, if any, will such an obligation exist? How will it be financed?
Chemistry and Biology of Diazonamide A: Second Total Synthesis and Biological Investigations

As an especially unique target for chemical synthesis, diazonamide A has the potential to be constructed through a plethora of synthetic routes, each attended by different challenges and opportunities for discovery. In this article, we detail our second total synthesis of diazonamide A through a sequence entirely distinct from that employed in our first campaign, one whose success required the development of several special strategies and tactics. We also disclose our complete studies regarding the chemical biology of diazonamide A and its structural congeners, and more fully delineate the scope of our protocol for Robinson−Gabriel cyclodehydration using pyridine-buffered POCl3.
Analytical formulas for the velocity field induced by an infinitely thin vortex ring

Three different analytical solutions are presented for a potential vortex ring using three different stream-functions. Verification studies confirm that all three approaches are valid. The solution obtained using the Biot-Savart law is the most efficient method due to its simplicity
Adaptive security of symbolic encryption

We prove a computational soundness theorem for the symbolic analysis of cryptographic protocols which extends an analogous theorem of Abadi and Rogaway (J. of Cryptology 15(2):103–127, 2002) to a scenario where the adversary gets to see the encryption of a sequence of adaptively chosen symbolic expressions. The extension of the theorem of Abadi and Rogaway to such an adaptive scenario is nontrivial, and raises issues related to the classic problem of selective decommitment, which do not appear in the original formulation of the theorem. Although the theorem of Abadi and Rogaway applies only to passive adversaries, our extension to adaptive attacks makes it substantially stronger, and powerful enough to analyze the security of cryptographic protocols of practical interest. We exemplify the use of our soundness theorem in the analysis of group key distribution protocols like those that arise in multicast and broadcast applications. Specifically, we provide cryptographic definitions of security for multicast key distribution protocols both in the symbolic as well as the computational framework and use our theorem to prove soundness of the symbolic definition.
Decentralized Evolutionary Mechanism of Growth in a Linear Multi‐sector Model

The paper considers the following mechanism of intertemporal decisions in a linear multisector production model: at each time t a program for two time periods t, t + 1 is worked out but is followed only during the first period t, after which the rest of the program is replaced by a new two-period program for t + 1, t + 2, etc. Terminal conditions in these two-period programs are continually adapted to the current state. The result of the procedure, called an adaptive rolling plan, is shown to yield growth of production at the maximum rate over time which is a natural intertemporal optimality criterion for the production model. It is also demonstrated that adaptive rolling plans can be realized in a decentralized economy, and therefore they provide an intertemporally decentralized mechanism of achieving maximum growth.
On reduced-complexity soft demapping in MIMO systems with spatial multiplexing

We present a low complexity soft detection scheme well-suited to multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems based on spatial domain multiplexing leading to layered space-time or space-frequency architecture. The proposed algorithm is based on trellis representation of the MIMO signals and a subsequent formulation of constrained-delay maximum a posterior (MAP) detection in conjunction with soft decision feedback (SDF). Decision feedback is broken into causal and noncausal parts in an effort to maximize the observation window while maintaining a reasonable computational load. Error rate simulations are conducted in the context of turbo-like iterative demapping and decoding (IDD). The resulting performance and required complexity are compared with those of maximum likelihood (ML) detection, sphere detection (SD), as well as the vertical BLAST (V-BLAST) processing scheme. We observe excellent performance/complexity tradeoffs with the proposed soft detection scheme for a number of modulation/channel scenarios.
Mouse and Human Resistins Impair Glucose Transport in Primary Mouse Cardiomyocytes, and Oligomerization Is Required for This Biological Action

The adipocytokine resistin impairs glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in rodents. Here, we examined the effect of resistin on glucose uptake in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes. Murine resistin reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, establishing the heart as a resistin target tissue. Notably, human resistin also impaired insulin action in mouse cardiomyocytes, providing the first evidence that human and mouse resistin homologs have similar functions. Resistin is a cysteinerich molecule that circulates as a multimer of a dimeric form dependent upon a single intermolecular disulfide bond, which, in the mouse, involves Cys26; mutation of this residue to alanine (C26A) produces a monomeric molecule that appears to be bioactive in the liver. Remarkably, unlike native resistin, monomeric C26A resistin had no effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse cardiomyocytes. Resistin impairs glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes by mechanisms that involve altered vesicle trafficking. Thus, in cardiomyocytes, both mouse and human resistins directly impair glucose transport; and in contrast to effects on the liver, these actions of resistin require oligomerization.
Are personal characteristics of massage therapists associated with their clinical, educational, and interpersonal behaviors?

Background: Social Cognitive Theory suggests that characteristics of health professionals, such as their beliefs in the effectiveness of their care, influence their behavior. Studying the characteristics of massage therapists may, therefore, provide insight into their clinical, educational and interpersonal behavior, which ultimately affects their client interactions. Purpose: To examine the association of three personal factors (outcome expectations, expectancies, and practice experience) of the massage therapist and the practice environment with the frequency of three interventional behaviors (clinical, educational, and interpersonal) using Social Cognitive Theory as a theoretical framework. Methods: A random sample of licensed massage therapists in Iowa completed a mailed questionnaire. Questions included training in massage, use of specific massage techniques and practices, 11 outcome expectations, and 17 different behaviors with their respective expectancies for contributing to favorable client outcomes. Factor analyses were conducted on the behavior and expectancy items. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship of massage therapist characteristics to the different categories of behavior. Results: The response rate was 40% (N = 151). The most common techniques employed were Swedish massage, trigger point therapy, and stretching. The most common practices recommended to clients were encouraging water intake, heat application, stretching, stress management, and exercise counseling. Expectancies was the only Social Cognitive Theory variable that significantly predicted the frequency of every category of behavior (clinical, interpersonal, education; all ps < .01). Outcome expectations predicted clinical (p = .03) and educational (p < .01), but not interpersonal behavior. No other associations reached statistical significance. Conclusions: Massage therapists’ belief in massage to enact a favorable change in a client is strongly associated with their clinical, educational, and interpersonal behavior. Massage therapists were optimistic regarding the ability of massage to provide a favorable outcome, especially if the desired outcome was supported by research.
TOPIC ISLANDS/sup TM/-a wavelet-based text visualization system

We present a novel approach to visualize and explore unstructured text. The underlying technology, called TOPIC-O-GRAPHY/sup TM/, applies wavelet transforms to a custom digital signal constructed from words within a document. The resultant multiresolution wavelet energy is used to analyze the characteristics of the narrative flow in the frequency domain, such as theme changes, which is then related to the overall thematic content of the text document using statistical methods. The thematic characteristics of a document can be analyzed at varying degrees of detail, ranging from section-sized text partitions to partitions consisting of a few words. Using this technology, we are developing a visualization system prototype known as TOPIC ISLANDS to browse a document, generate fuzzy document outlines, summarize text by levels of detail and according to user interests, define meaningful subdocuments, query text content, and provide summaries of topic evolution.
Optimal Land Allocation and Production Timing for Fresh Vegetable Growers under Price and Production Uncertainty

Production timing is an essential element in fresh vegetable growers' efforts to maximize profitability and reduce income risks. The present study uses biophysical simulation modeling coupled with a dual crop (tomatoes, sweet corn) whole-farm economic formulation to analyze the effects of growers' risk aversion levels and price consideration (seasonal or annual price consideration) in expected net returns and production practices. The findings indicate that consideration of seasonal price trends results in higher expected net returns and greater opportunities to mitigate risk. Furthermore, risk aversion levels substantially influence production timing when seasonal price trends are considered.
Gender difference in falls among adults treated in emergency departments and outpatient clinics

Background: This study examined the impact of gender on age-related increase for falls and injurious falls resulting in head injuries/fractures among adults, using data from both emergency department and clinic visits. We also estimated the percentages of falls treated in points of entry outside of emergency departments. Methods: The study population consisted of 259,611 adults seen at emergency department, inpatient, and/or outpatient facilities between January, 2007 and June, 2012 at a US medical center. Rates of falls and injurious falls with head injuries/fractures were calculated by age and gender. Results: After using both emergency department and clinic visit data, medically consulted falls and injurious falls resulting in head injuries/fractures increased with age for females aged ≥ 18 years. For males, these rates declined, reached the lowest point at age of 65-74, and then increased again. Thirty-nine percent of females and 63% of males treated their falls in clinics, instead of emergency departments. Conclusion: Gender disparity of medically consulted falls and related injuries exits among adults. Age and gender targeted fall injury prevention interventions need further development. Significant numbers of fall-related injuries were treated at clinics; future research is needed to determine whether fall injury surveillance should be expanded to include outpatient clinics.
Applications of novel HRV techniques to PGC1a-deficient and wild type mice

Graphical plots of beat-by-beat heart rate (HR) patterns, e.g., Poincare plots, provide information beyond traditional HRV, but such plots have not been used in mice. HR patterns from 3 min recording/ hour in 4 wild type and 4 PGC1α-deficient mice were compared. In comparison to normal mice, knockout mice tended to have lower HRs (694 ± 16 vs. 752 ± 51 bpm) consistent with their decreased ability to use glucose in the heart. Poincare plots from each hour showed that none of the wild-type mice had abnormal, fan-like, complex patterns in any hour of their recording. However, 3 of the 4 knockout mice had a complex pattern in at least 10 hours of the recording. Results suggest that hourly Poincare plot analyses from multiple short-term recordings may be useful in identifying cardiac autonomic abnormalities in knockout mouse models. Samples from the entire 24-hour period provide more information about autonomic function than a single brief recording.
Modeling birthweight and gestational age distributions: additive vs. multiplicative processes.

Researchers have traditionally employed Gaussian distributions to model quantitative biological traits. Recently, mixtures of Gaussian distributions have begun to be used as well. However, there are many alternatives to the Gaussian distribution. From a theoretical perspective, the lognormal distribution is as applicable as the Gaussian (both are justified on the basis of the Central Limit Theorem). Here, the utility of mixtures of Gaussians and lognormals for describing birthweight and gestational age distributions are compared. This is carried out within the context of the hybrid-lognormal distribution, in which the Gaussian and lognormal are special cases. The data consists of African American births (1985-1988) and European American births (1988) in the state of New York. The results suggest that of the conventional distributions, a mixture of two Gaussians generally provides the best fit to birthweight and gestational age. However, in the case of birthweight a two-component hybrid-lognormal fits better than any of the simpler models. This may be due to a feature of the hybrid-lognormal distribution that can be interpreted as maternal constraints on fetal development.
Activity of Moxifloxacin by Itself and in Combination with Ethambutol, Rifabutin, and Azithromycin In Vitro and In Vivo against Mycobacterium avium

Moxifloxacin activity against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was evaluated in vitro against 25 strains. The MIC was determined to range from 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml. In addition, U937 macrophage monolayers infected with MAC strain 101 (serovar 1) were treated with moxifloxacin (0.25 to 8 μg/ml) daily, and the number of intracellular bacteria was quantitated after 4 days. Moxifloxacin showed inhibitory activity at 0.5 μg/ml and higher. To assess the activity of moxifloxacin containing regimens in vivo, we infected C57BL bg+/bg+ mice with 3 × 107 MAC strain 101 bacteria intravenously. One week later treatment was begun with the following: (i) moxifloxacin (50 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day), ethambutol (100 mg/kg/day), or a combination of moxifloxacin and ethambutol; or (ii) moxifloxacin (100 mg/kg/day), azithromycin (200 mg/kg/day), or rifabutin (40 mg/kg/day) as oral monotherapy; or (iii) all permutations of two-drug therapy or all three drugs in combination. All groups contained at least 14 animals, and the control group received the drug vehicle. After 4 weeks, quantitative blood cultures were obtained and the number of bacteria in liver and spleen was quantitated. Moxifloxacin, ethambutol, and azithromycin were active as single agents in liver, spleen, and blood. Rifabutin showed inhibitory activity only in the blood. Two-drug combinations containing azithromycin were no more active than azithromycin alone. Similarly, the three-drug combination was not more active than azithromycin alone in the spleen. Rifabutin did not add to the activity of any other single agent or two-drug combination. Moxifloxacin at both concentrations in combination with ethambutol was significantly more active than each drug alone.
Planning for Resilience in Hospital Internal Disaster

This article seeks to clarify the terminology and methods of planning to avert hospital internal disaster. It differentiates "crisis" from "disaster" in the in-hospital setting. Preparedness, as contrasted with mitigation, is meant to reduce the likelihood that a crisis will turn into a disaster. Though there are some recurring features of crises, allowing for preparedness through the identification of a few high-likelihood contingencies, crises are subject to numerous, overwhelming uncertainties. These include hazard uncertainty, incident uncertainty, sequential uncertainty, informational uncertainty, consequential uncertainty, cascade uncertainty, organizational uncertainty, and background uncertainty. In view of the uncertainties, the primary aim of planners should not be to try to create plans for ever more contingencies, since contingencies are far too numerous and perhaps approach infinity, but rather to create capabilities (through proper preparedness) for resilience during crisis. Resilience can be cultivated through improvements in information acquisition and dissemination, communication systems, resource management, mobility management, design for resilience, incident command, and staff versatility.
Diurnal Variation of Deep Cumulus Convection

Abstract This paper presents observational evidence in support of the existence of a large diurnal cycle (one daily maximum and one daily minimum) of oceanic, tropical, deep cumulus convection. The more intense the deep convection and the more associated it is with organized weather systems, the more evident is a diurnal cycle with a maximum in the morning. At many places heavy rainfall is 2–3 times greater in the morning than in the late afternoon-evening. Many land stations also show morning maxima of heavy rainfall. The GATE observations show a similar diurnal range in heavy rainfall, but the time of maximum occurrence is in the afternoon. This occurrence is 6–7 h later than in most other oceanic regions and is probably a result of downwind influences from Africa and the fact that the GATE heavy rainfall was often associated with squall lines. Diurnal variations in low-level, layered and total cloudiness show a much smaller range. The variability of deep convection and heavy rainfall is not readily obs...
REVIEW: Forage-Produced Beef: Challenges and Potential1

An interest in predominantly foragefinished beef is re-emerging. Historically, negative fluctuations in grain and cattle prices and, more recently, enhanced public awareness of environmental concerns have fueled interest to have cattle foragefed on open pasture to market status. An emerging consumer demand for beef finished on grass could provide an additional market for beef producers and increase consumption by satisfying the consumer’s desire for value-added, lean, flavorful beef. Many geographical regions of the US are capable of producing forage exclusively for grazing cattle. Certain areas of the US combine favorable climates, sufficient rainfall, and adequate cow-calf numbers to create the opportunity to produce beef that is profitable to the producer, palatable, available, and affordable for the consumer. Assuming that forage-fed beef can be produced economically and be readily accepted by consumers, its price, palatability, and quality must be similar to grain-fed beef. Value-added muscle processing technology commonly utilizes tenderization and marination techniques and pre-cooked, portion-sized cuts to produce tender,
Sex differences in cannabis withdrawal symptoms among treatment-seeking cannabis users

Over 300,000 individuals enter treatment for cannabis-use disorders (CUDs) in the United States annually. Cannabis withdrawal is associated with poor CUD-treatment outcomes, but no prior studies have examined sex differences in withdrawal among treatment-seeking cannabis users. Treatment-seeking cannabis users (45 women and 91 men) completed a Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist (Budney, Novy, & Hughes, 1999, Budney, Moore, Vandrey, & Hughes, 2003) at treatment intake to retrospectively characterize withdrawal symptoms experienced during their most recent quit attempt. Scores from the 14-item Composite Withdrawal Discomfort Scale (WDS), a subset of the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist that corresponds to valid cannabis withdrawal symptoms described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; APA, 2013) were calculated. Demographic and substance-use characteristics, overall WDS scores, and scores on individual WDS symptoms were compared between women and men. Women had higher overall WDS scores than men, and women had higher scores than men on 6 individual symptoms in 2 domains, mood symptoms (i.e., irritability, restlessness, increased anger, violent outbursts), and gastrointestinal symptoms (i.e., nausea, stomach pain). Follow-up analyses isolating the incidence and severity of WDS symptoms demonstrated that women generally reported a higher number of individual withdrawal symptoms than men, and that they reported experiencing some symptoms as more severe. This is the first report to demonstrate that women seeking treatment for CUDs may experience more withdrawal then men during quit attempts. Prospective studies of sex differences in cannabis withdrawal are warranted.
Disrupting Islamophobia: Teaching the Social Construction of Terrorism in the Mass Media.

This article presents a critical media literacy technique for teaching about the social construction of terrorism. In a post-9/11 context where the human rights of Arabs and Muslims in the United States and overseas are threatened by drone attacks, profiling, detentions, and hate crimes, educators must not shy away from this issue. I use visual media to engage students with three questions: (1) How do everyday Americans define “terrorism” and perceive “terrorists”? (2) Where do these images come from? (3) What are the consequences for domestic and foreign policy? Using students’ own socialization as a starting point, I challenge them to consider how media representations can have real-life consequences.
The direct determination of I-131 in heterogeneous fecal specimens.

An improved method for the direct determination of I/sup 131/ in fecal samples was developed which, by means of specialized counting geometry, overcomes some of the difficulties associated with the measurement of nonhomogeneous samples at short sample-to-detector distances. It has a sensitivity of 7500 cpm per mu C and utilizes materials normally available in modestly equipped radioisotope laboratories. For samples of 1 to 350 ml the maximal observed error due to uneven distribution of activity was less than plus or minus 7 parts per hundred. If a suitable template is provided for reproducibility of geometry, the scintillation probe can conveniently be employed for other laboratory procedures, such as thyroid uptake studies. It can also be adapted to counting problems such as the radioassay of intact mouse or rat carcasses, or of large samples of excised tissue. (P.C.H.)
Differences of Opinion and Stock Prices: Evidence Based on Revealed Preferences

I use the setting of corporate spin-offs to identify the impact of differences of opinion on stock prices. Based on a formalization of Miller (1977)'s hypothesis, and using data on investor holdings, I construct a novel measure of differences of opinion about the individual values of the components being separated. As predicted, higher disagreement is related to a significantly more positive event return. Importantly, since I focus on ex date returns, these findings are unrelated to the expected business impacts of the transactions, which should be incorporated in prices before the ex date. Placebo tests using only the expected component of my disagreement measure provide additional support that my tests are valid and that other factors that may be correlated with differences of opinion are not driving the results. Additional tests using mergers provide consistent results, and altogether these findings also provide new insight into the attribution of value created in these transactions.
Applications of Physics to Archery

Archery lends itself to scientific analysis. In this paper we discuss physics laws that relate to the mechanics of bow and arrow, to the shooting process and to the flight of the arrow. In parallel, we describe experiments that address these laws. The detailed results of these measurements, performed with a specific bow and arrow, provide insight into many aspects of archery and illustrate the importance of quantitative information in the scientific process. Most of the proposed experiments use only modest tools and can be carried out by archers with their own equipment.
Active cancellation of residual amplitude modulation in a frequency-modulation based Fabry-Perot interferometer

Residual amplitude modulation (RAM) is one of the most common noise sources known to degrade the sensitivity of frequency modulation spectroscopy. RAM can arise as a result of the temperature dependent birefringence of the modulator crystal, which causes the orientation of the crystal’s optical axis to shift with respect to the polarization of the incident light with temperature. In the fiber-based optical interferometer used on the National Institute of Standards and Technology calculable capacitor, RAM degrades the measured laser frequency stability and correlates with the environmental temperature fluctuations. We have demonstrated a simple approach that cancels out excessive RAM due to polarization mismatch between the light and the optical axis of the crystal. The approach allows us to measure the frequency noise of a heterodyne beat between two lasers individually locked to different resonant modes of a cavity with an accuracy better than 0.5 ppm, which meets the requirement to further determine the longitudinal mode number of the cavity length. Also, this approach has substantially mitigated the temperature dependency of the measurements of the cavity length and consequently the capacitance.
Clinical neuroprediction: Amygdala reactivity predicts depressive symptoms 2 years later

Depression is linked to increased amygdala activation to neutral and negatively valenced facial expressions. Amygdala activation may be predictive of changes in depressive symptoms over time. However, most studies in this area have focused on small, predominantly female and homogenous clinical samples. Studies are needed to examine how amygdala reactivity relates to the course of depressive symptoms dimensionally, prospectively and in populations diverse in gender, race and socioeconomic status. A total of 156 men from predominately low-income backgrounds completed an fMRI task where they viewed emotional facial expressions. Left and right amygdala reactivity to neutral, but not angry or fearful, facial expressions relative to a non-face baseline at age 20 predicted greater depressive symptoms 2 years later, controlling for age 20 depressive symptoms. Heightened bilateral amygdala reactivity to neutral facial expressions predicted increases in depressive symptoms 2 years later in a large community sample. Neutral facial expressions are affectively ambiguous and a tendency to interpret these stimuli negatively may reflect to cognitive biases that lead to increases in depressive symptoms over time. Individual differences in amygdala reactivity to neutral facial expressions appear to identify those at most risk for a more problematic course of depressive symptoms across time.
The association between exercise enjoyment and physical activity in women with fibromyalgia.

Evidence suggests the role of physical activity (PA) in management of clinical symptoms of fibromyalgia. However, very little is known regarding the psychological correlates of PA in patients with fibromyalgia. Therefore, this study examined the association between exercise enjoyment (EE) and PA in women with fibromyalgia. 19 women with fibromyalgia completed a laboratory session, where EE was assessed using a self-report questionnaire immediately after 20 min of light-intensity biking. Muscle pain ratings (MPR) in the legs were assessed during exercise, and changes in clinical pain intensity after exercise were computed. PA was assessed subjectively using a self-report questionnaire and objectively using an accelerometer for one week. Results from correlation analyses indicated that EE was associated with the self-reported amount of PA (r s =0.61, R 2 =0.37, p s =0.48, R 2 =0.23, p