cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed lipid peroxidation of microsomal and artificial membranes

Lactoperoxidase, in the presence of H2O2, I−, and rat liver microsomes, will peroxidize membrane lipids, as evidence by malondialdehyde formation. Fe3+ assists in the formation of malondialdehyde. Fe3+ can be added at the end of the reaction period as well as at the beginning with equal effectiveness, suggesting that it only acts to assist in the conversion of lipid peroxides, previously formed by lactoperoxidase, to malondialdehyde. The addition of EDTA to the microsomal reaction mixture results in a 40% decrease in malondialdehyde formation. The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene will completely block the formation of malondialdehyde. Malondialdehyde formation is not dependent upon the production of superoxide, singlet oxygen, or hydroxyl radicals. Peroxidation of membrane lipids by this system is equally effective in both intact microsomes and in liposomes, indicating that iodination of microsomal protein is not required for lipid peroxidation to occur.
8.3.2 System Engineering Issues in the Transformation to Service Oriented Architecture

The major problem facing enterprises today is the system engineering of large scale multi-enterprise “systems of systems“. These initiatives integrate dozens of legacy applications into a “system of pre-existing systems” that solves a new unexpected problem. A new paradigm called the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has been developed in hopes of managing the complexity and adaptability needed. By creating a macro system from loosely coupled modular components, SOA is a solution for the major roadblocks of large-scale enterprise change: inflexible technology, cross-organization initiatives, outdated strategic planning, and organizational inertia. However, transitioning to an SOA is a difficult task. Since these projects involve little new software development, the system engineering organization takes the central role. These complex transitions involve uncoupling pre-existing systems, creating modular components, and loosely re-coupling these components via common standards. Current widely used enterprise architecture models deal well with static state architectures, but are very limited in the description of transitions between architectures. This paper presents an overview of the issues facing systems engineers when transforming traditional enterprise architecture to a Service Oriented Architecture. The issues are collected together in a strategic issues framework which can be used to guide transformation planning and execution. The framework encompasses the seven transformation issues: a suitable business model, IT governance, enterprise SOA architecture, portfolio investment, risk management, change management, and technology management.
Non-operative management of diverticular perforation in a patient with suspected Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

INTRODUCTION No consensus exists regarding definitive management of colonic perforation in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), with various authors advocating different operative techniques. Spontaneous colonic perforation is a recognised complication of vascular-type EDS (type IV), with many reported cases in the literature. No such cases have been reported concerning classical-type EDS (type I/II).
Thyroxine-binding proteins and butanol-extractable iodine in sera of adolescent males.

ABSTRACT Serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and pre-albumin were measured in a clinical study of the thyroid function of 38 normal males 13 to 18 years old. Tris maleate was the buffer for paper electrophoretic estimation of thyroxine-binding proteins (TBP). Simultaneous duplicate determinations of serum butanol-extractable iodine concentration were in the low range reported previously for adolescents. For each subject, sexual development was estimated clinically at the time of physical examination, with observations on facial, axillary, and pubic hair, genital development and signs of gynecomastia. TBG capacities ranged from 14 μg through 28 μg of thyroxine per 100 ml, extending slightly beyond Ingbar's euthyroid range for adults (17 μg to 25 μg of thyroxine per 100 ml of serum). On the other hand, thyroxine- binding pre-albumin (TBPA) varied in relation to maturity. For adults, Ingbar reported TBPA capacities between 80 μg and 150 μg of thyroxine per 100 ml of serum. Twenty-four boys aged 13 to 16 y...
Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Modal Disparity

This paper describes an analytical and experimental investigation on the property of modal disparity in a vibrating structure. For a given structure, the concept of modal disparity describes its ability to generate significant changes in the mode shapes by some type of on-the-fly structural modification. In the present study we consider a vibrating beam that experiences a controlled stiffness change, induced by the activation and deactivation of an electromagnetic brake. The beam has two stiffness states corresponding to the two states of the brake. The mechanisms of braking and brake release are mathematically modeled using the principle of impulse and momentum and a finite element model of the beam that adequately describes both stiffness states is developed. The transformation matrix which maps the modal displacements and velocities between the two stiffness states is derived and it is shown that this matrix is a measure of modal disparity, i.e., how well energy can be redistributed between the modes. Experiments were conducted to validate energy redistribution between modes through stiffness variation. A clamped-clamped aluminum beam with a hinge and built-in electromagnetic brake was used for the experiments. A piezoelectric strain sensor was used for sensing and a pair of piezoelectric transducers were used for excitation. It is shown that significant amounts of energy can be shifted back and forth between different sets of modes in a systematic and predictable manner. This confirmation of modal disparity for a specific structural system opens the door for a number of potential applications in passive and active control of vibrating structures.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Accelerator energy calibration utilizing the 58Ni(p,n) reaction

Abstract The γ-spectra from 58 Cu and the neutron spectra from the 58 Ni(p,n) 58 Cu reaction have been utilized to check the energy calibration of the analyzing magnet.
Modeling the Optical Performance of the Human Cornea Following Refractive Surgery

Disturbances of the stromal microstructure occurring in refractive surgical procedures may create unexpected and undesired changes to the vision quality of the eye. Examples of common procedures which can profoundly alter the integrity of the stroma include laser ablation techniques such as Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for treating myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, scleral incisions for lens extraction in cataract surgery and conducting keratoplasty (CK) for the treatment of hyperopia and presbyopia. The stroma is the primary load-carrying layer of the cornea and in the normal eye it is in a state of tension resulting from the intraocular pressure (IOP). When a surgical procedure disrupts the stromal tissue, the stresses in the tissue will be redistributed inducing what may be called the biomechanical response of the tissue to the surgical procedure. In the case of LASIK and CK, for example, surgeons wish to change the optical power of the cornea by reshaping the anterior surface. Biomechanically induced deformations may cause the achieved power to deviate from the planned correction and may also introduce aberrations in the resulting optical path. In contrast, in cataract surgery, surgeons may wish to preserve the original power of the cornea and in this case biomechanical deformations may defeat this objective.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Genetic analysis of Fasciclin II in Drosophila: defasciculation, refasciculation, and altered fasciculation.

Abstract The Drosophila neural cell adhesion molecule Fasciclin II (Fas II) is expressed dynamically on a subset of embryonic CNS axons, many of which selectively fasciculate in the vMP2, MP1, and FN3 pathways. Here we show complementary fasll loss-of-function and gain-of-function phenotypes. Loss-of-function fasll mutations lead to the complete or partial defasciculation of all three pathways. Gain-of-function conditions, using a specific control element to direct increased levels of Fas II on the axons in these three pathways, rescue the loss-of-function phenotype. Moreover, the gain-of-function can alter fasciculation by abnormally fusing pathways together, in one case apparently by preventing normal defasciculation. These results define an in vivo function for Fas II as a neuronal recognition molecule that controls one mechanism of growth cone guidance-selective axon fasciculation-and genetically separates this function from other aspects of outgrowth and directional guidance.
Learning to Reason via Instruction in Argumentation.

Abstract In this paper we argue that argumentation, defined as the generation and evaluation of arguments, is at the core of reasoning and that instruction in argumentation is therefore critical to the development of reasoning skill. Argumentation and its relation to informal reasoning is discussed, followed by consideration of factors that influence argumentation performance, with an account of an expert student reasoner provided. Instruction in argumentation is then considered, with suggestions presented based upon our attempts at such instruction.
A neuropsychological investigation of decisional certainty.

The certainty that one feels following a decision increases decision-making efficiency, but can also result in decreased decision accuracy. In the current study, a neuropsychological approach was used to examine the impact of damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) on core psychological processes promoting decision certainty: selective exposure, overconfidence, and decisiveness. Given previous research demonstrating that vmPFC damage disrupts the generation of negative emotional (somatic) states that have been associated with selective exposure and overconfidence, it was hypothesized that damage to the vmPFC would disrupt engagement in selective exposure, decrease overconfidence, and increase indecision. Individuals with vmPFC damage exhibited increased indecision, but contrary to our hypothesis, engaged in similar levels of selective exposure and overconfidence as the comparison groups. These results indicate that indecision may be an important psychological mechanism involved in decision-making impairments associated with vmPFC injury. The results also suggest that the vmPFC may not be critical for selective exposure or overconfidence, which provides support for a recent “desirability” account of selective exposure.
3,4,5-Trisbenzyloxy benzoic acid as a new photo-sensitizer for Tb3+ion

A novel and highly conjugated aromatic carboxylic acid, 3,4,5-trisbenzyloxy benzoic acid (TBBA) and the corresponding Tb 3+ complex has been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The room temperature photoluminescence spectrum of Tb 3+ complex is composed of typical green emissions, assigned to transitions between the first excited state 5 D4 to the 7 FJ (J =6 , 5, 4, 3), with an excited state lifetime of 0.397 ms and a quantum yield of 1%. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Creating effective student groups: an introduction to groupformation.org

Success in the computing industry often depends on an individual's ability to be a productive member of an effective study group or project team. In order to prepare students for successful careers, computer science curriculum often includes group projects. This paper discusses the challenges of forming effective student groups, discusses existing software for forming groups, and introduces groupformation.org, a new free and open source group formation service.
Genome-Enabled Research on the Ecology of Plant-Insect Interactions

Plants and insects comprise the most species-rich lineages of multicellular eukaryotes. Most insects are herbivores, and generally have specific adaptations for feeding on a very limited group of evolutionarily or biochemically related host plants in their natural habitats. Coevolutionary
Conformational analysis of spiro-bis-dithiepins: a peculiar case of axial chirality.

Spiro-bis-dithiepins are synthesized via dehydrative ring expansion in α-hydroxyalkyl spiro-bis-dithianes. Atypical of spiranes possessing axial chirality, the two most stable conformers of substituted spiro-bis-dithiepin have virtually colinear double bonds; i.e., each enantiomer exists in a form of two energy degenerate syn and anti conformations. Because of the high polarizability of the vinyl sulfide moiety, spiro-bis-dithiepins bearing electron-withdrawing substituents offer access to two-state systems possessing large dipole moments, which can be modulated by conformational events.
A minimally invasive approach to refractory cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after frontal craniotomy and sinus cranialization

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage can pose a treatment dilemma for otolaryngologists. Refractory CSF rhinorrhea presents an even greater challenge for repair. Major concerns for patients with this problem include the possibility of meningitis and other intracranial complications related to persistent pathways between the sinuses and the brain. Many methods of repair exist, all with attendant morbidity. In 1926, Dandy described intracranial repair through a bifrontal craniotomy. 1 This remained the standard approach for many years. Disadvantages of this approach included the disruption of the olfactory tracts and subsequent anosmia, as well as the increased morbidity associated with intracranial approaches in general. Failure rates with this approach have been reported to be as high as 27%, and despite multiple attempts at closure, persistent leaks have occurred. In 1948, Dohlman reported extracranial repair of CSF rhinorrhea via a naso-orbital incision. 2 Multiple modifications of this approach were designed, including the Lynch, Killian, and Lothrop procedures. Osteoplastic flaps with adipose obliteration of the frontal sinus were frequently used approaches to stop leaks emanating from the frontal sinus. Recently, endoscopic repairs have been used more frequently. Wigand, 3 Stankiewicz, 4 and Kennedy and Mattox 5 have described methods of this type of repair. Endoscopic repairs in general are very successful, with a 94% success rate reported in one series. 6 Free or pedicled mucosal grafts, as well as muscle and facial grafts, have been used to create an adequate tissue barrier between the sinuses and the intracranial contents.
Partiality and Weighing Harm to Non-Combatants

The author contests the claim made independently by F.M. Kamm and Thomas Hurka that combatants ought to assign greater weight to collateral harm done to their compatriot noncombatants then they assign to collateral harm done to enemy non-combatants. Two arguments by analogy offered in support of such partiality, one of which appeals to permissible self/other asymmetry in cases of harming the few to save the many, and the second of which appeals to parents' justifiable partiality to their children, are found wanting. The author also rebuts Kamm's argument that combatants should assign greater weight to collateral harm done to neutrals than to compatriot non-combatants. However, he contends that in some cases a neutral state's right to sovereignty may entail that a combatant ought to choose the act that will collaterally kill a greater number of compatriot non-combatants over one that involves collaterally killing a lesser number of neutrals.
Modeling and Analysis of Cylindrical Nanoindentation of Graphite

Graphite at the nanoscale is modeled as a material system consisting of a stack of parallel plates buffered by an elastic material. While the plates represent individual graphene sheets, the buffer material models the Van der Waals interaction between the graphene sheets. As such, the loading on graphite at the nanoscale is characterized by the membrane force, the bending moment, and the shear force in the graphene sheets. Cylindrical nanoindentation of graphite is analyzed by applying a special boundary element method that employs Green’s function for multilayers with platelike interfaces. Because Green’s function satisfies the traction-free surface, the interfacial displacement continuity and the interfacial traction discontinuity conditions, only the indentation surface area where the boundary condition is altered, are numerically discretized. Numerical results of cylindrical nanoindentation are presented. It is shown that the bending moment and the shear force in the graphene sheets are concentrated around the edge of contact, consistent with the singularities existing in the second and the third derivatives of the surface displacement in the reduced case of a semi-infinite homogeneous solid under cylindrical contact. Kinks of single, double, and triple joints are related to the bending moment, the shear force, and the concentrated force, respectively.
Proper use of Lanczos vectors for large eigenvalue problems

Abstract The present work attempts to answer questions regarding the accuracy, reduction order, and starting vector selection strategy when employing Lanczos vectors to solve very large symmetric eigenvalue problems. A logic is offered to make the method as accurate as desired consistent with computational efficiency and round-off. The underlying mathematical reasoning is presented from which the proposed algorithm is derived.
Ammonia oxidation in an arc-heated flow reactor

The over-all kinetics of the gas-phase oxidation of ammonia has been investigated in anarc-heated flow reactor, over a temperature range of 1106°–1377°K. The fuel equivalence ratio ranged from 0.53 to 4.97, with the reactor operated at atmospheric pressure. Ammonia and oxygen were added to an argon stream heated by a DC plasma torch, and the reaction zone was distributed through a zirconia reactor duct. Concentration profiles through the distributed reaction zone were obtained with a water-cooled stainless-steel sampling probe, with mass-spectrometric gas analysis. Temperature profiles were obtained with a ceramic coated W-5% Re/W-26% Re thermocouple. Reaction-rate constant and reaction orders for the over-all reaction were determined by a multiple linear regression analysis. The ammonia oxidation process was found experimentally to proceed according to the expression -d[NH3]/dt=k[NH3]0.86±.08[O2]1.04±.13, k=4.9×1014exp[-(39,031±5,500)]/RT (cc0.9/mole0.9sec). These over-all kinetic results are in general agreement with other reacting flow and shock-tube studies, but differ from earlier studies in static reactors. Further results of the present study indicate that nitrogen and water vapor were the major stable product species under the conditions investigated. In particular, no NO, NO2, or N2O were detected in the reaction zone by the mass spectrometer. In fuel-rich mixtures, decomposition of the unreacted ammonia was not detected. The profiles indicated that wall reaction was not important in contributing to the rate process in the core of the flow.
Survey research in finance

Purpose – To provide an introduction for the special issue on surveys, to give an overview of the survey literature and debate, and to provide direction for future research using the survey method.Design/methodology/approach – Survey of the relevant literature.Findings – The survey technique can be productively applied to a large number of finance topics but researchers must be careful to incorporate the same degree of rigor used with other research methods.Originality/value – Summarizes and ties together the papers included in the special issue and explains the overall contribution of the special issue on surveys.
DNA studies of a Chesapeake Bay population of the tunicate Molgula manhattensis (DeKay) (Ascidiacea)

Gonadal development and total gonadal DNA of M. manhattensis were studied. Evidence of atrophication and of phagocytosis of residual gametes was found during histological examination. Colorimetric estimations of gonadal DNA indicated that at least two spawning peaks occurred during the summer and suggested that egg release was suppressed by water temperatures above 20 C.
Tourmaline mineralization in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: early Archean metasomatism by evaporite-derived boron

Tourmaline-rich rocks are common in the lowgrade, interior portions of the Barberton greenstone belt of South Africa, where shallow-marine sediments and underlying altered basaltic and komatiitic lavas contain up to 50% tourmaline. The presence of tourmaline-bearing rip-up clasts, intraformational tourmalinite pebbles, and tourmaline-coated grains indicates that boron mineralization was a low-temperature, surficial process. The association of these lithologies with stromatolites, evaporites, and shallow-water sedimentary structures and the virtual absence of tourmaline in correlative deep-water facies rocks in the greenstone bels strengthens this model.
Parents' reactions to adolescents' suicide attempts.

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine parents' emotional and verbal reactions to adolescents' suicide attempts and to test models of the interpersonal functions of suicide attempts. Method Thirty-four mothers and fathers of 23 adolescent suicide attempters were assessed shortly after the attempt regarding their emotional reactions the day before, upon discovering, and the day after the suicide attempt, using both open-ended and structured interviews. Results Feelings of caring, sadness, and anxiety increased from before the attempt to the point of discovery, and for mothers they remained higher through the following day. Hostile feelings were present in approximately 50% of mothers across the time points; however, upon discovering the suicide attempt, parents were less likely to verbalize hostility than they were to verbalize support and to be careful what they said. Conclusions The findings have implications for clinical interventions with parents of recent suicide attempters.
Anterior cervical corpectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of anterior surgery for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, we have reviewed our experience with anterior cervical corpectomy (ACC) at the University of Florida, specifically analyzing neurological outcomes and complications. These results have been compared with historical control subjects receiving laminectomy or no treatment. METHODS: Between 1982 and 1992, 93 ACC operations were performed for the primary diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. This consecutive series of patients was reviewed retrospectively. Age, gender, pre- and postoperative myelopathy severity, number of levels decompressed, and neurological complications were assessed. Myelopathy severity was graded using the Nurick myelopathy grading system. The average follow-up period was 39 months (range, 2-137 mo). RESULTS: Symptomatic improvement was achieved for 92% of patients (F = 28.9, df = 2172, P < 0.001). Nurick scores reflected improvement for 86% of patients, with the conditions of 13% remaining unchanged and only one patient showing worsening. Preoperative myelopathy severity was weakly correlated with age (P < 0.05) but was not correlated with gender or number of levels decompressed. Similarly, postoperative myelopathy severity was not significantly correlated with age, gender, preoperative myelopathy severity, or number of levels decompressed. ACC-treated patients showed an average improvement of 1.24 points on the Nurick scale, compared with an improvement of 0.07 points for patients treated with laminectomy (P < 0.001) and a deterioration of 0.23 points for patients undergoing conservative treatment (P < 0.001). Complications were slightly more likely to occur in older patients (P < 0.05). The number of levels decompressed was not significantly correlated with complications. Only one permanent neurological complication was seen in this series of patients. CONCLUSION: We conclude that ACC is a safe and effective treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. In an average of 39 months, ACC showed improved results in terms of myelopathy scores, compared with historical control subjects receiving either no treatment or laminectomy. Age, gender, preoperative myelopathy severity, and extent of disease were not negative predictors of clinical outcomes.
Probabilistic based integrated pipeline management system

Accurate prediction of pipeline structural and functional deterioration plays an essential role in the pipeline management process and investment planning at both project and network levels. The investigation described in this paper is primarily concerned with development of systematic concepts of pipeline management system. At present, there are still research needs for improving on the existing models and developing new methodologies of pipeline performance prediction. This paper describes the development of a probabilistic based, integrated pipeline management system, which can assist municipal engineers to make strategic investment decisions when programming pipeline maintenance and rehabilitation projects for the preservation of a pipeline network. The system developed has three major components: (1) development of standard pipe condition rating system, (2) using non-homogenous (i.e., time-related) Markovian prediction models to forecast pipeline deterioration, and (3) utilizing cost-effectiveness based prioritization program to select the optimal multi-year pipeline maintenance and rehabilitation projects.
Mycophagy in Coccinellidae: Review and synthesis

Abstract Mycophagy, though often overlooked, represents an interesting and unique ecological niche within the Coccinellidae. Facultative mycophagy has been reported from the aphidophagous Coccinellini and the polyphagous Tytthaspidini. Members of Halyziini, a cosmopolitan tribe of the Coccinellinae, are obligate mycophages specializing on the powdery mildew fungi of Erysiphales, a ubiquitous order infecting almost 10,000 angiosperm plants worldwide. Various researchers have recorded this mycophagous habit during the past 150 years, resulting in a large list of host–powdery mildew complexes around the world harboring these insects. Members of the Halyziini possess several attributes conducive to biological control, including host specificity (obligation), widespread native distribution, and strong aggregative response to host density. We compare historical attempts to quantify powdery mildew removal by Halyziini, and discuss the possible utility of mycophagous coccinellids for biological and integrated control, as well as mechanical transmission of powdery mildew inoculum through insect dispersal.
Assessment of coenzyme Q10 tolerability in Huntington's disease

We performed a 6-month open-label trial to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) in 10 patients with Huntington's disease (HD). Subjects were evaluated at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months using the HD Rating Scale (HDRS), the HD Functional Capacity Scale (HDFCS), and standardized neuropsychological measures. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed by telephone interview every month. CoQ doses ranged from 600 to 1,200 mg per day. All subjects completed the study, although four subjects reported mild AEs, including headache, heartburn, fatigue, and increased involuntary movements. There was no significant effect of the treatment on the clinical ratings. The good tolerability of CoQ suggests that it is a good candidate for evaluation in long-term clinical trials designed to slow the progression of HD.
Influence of parent material grain size on genesis of the Sangamon Geosol in south-central Indiana

Abstract Few studies have attempted to evaluate the effects of parent material grain size on long-term pedogenesis in the glaciated Midwest. The Sangamon Geosol provides such an opportunity, since it formed for a minimum of 100 ka before burial during the late Wisconsinan. This study investigates the influence of parent material grain size on the genesis of a suite of well-drained profiles of the Sangamon Geosol in a small region along the sedimentologically varied Illinoian drift margin in south-central Indiana. Three measures of soil development (depth of leaching, solum thickness, and Bt clay accumulation) were regressed against commonly measured parent material grain-size parameters. The strongest parent material grain-size predictor is sand percentage, suggesting that sand content, and its influence on pore size and thus permeability to water and air, is a major facilitator in long-term pedogensis in calcareous glaciogenic sediments.
Multi‐level alignment model: transforming face‐to‐face into e‐instructional programs

Purpose – To suggest to others in the field an approach equally valid for transforming existing courses into online courses and for creating new online courses.Design/methodology/approach – Using the literature for substantiation, this article discusses the current rapid change within organizations, the role of technology in that change, and the consequent necessity of transforming existing face‐to‐face training into or creating new online courses. Further, it proposes a training model that explains the role of the principles of project management and instructional design and how to apply them to achieve this transformation and/or creation.Findings – This approach, which is based on the author's years of experience as an instructional designer and teacher and verified by recognized authorities in the field, combines the practice of project management, instructional design (both traditional and online) to produce a training model suited to today's business environment.Originality/value – The model portraye...
Comments On Howitt's 'Beyond Search: Fiat Money in Organized Exchange'

Studying efficient ways to organize exchange is one of the objectives of monetary theory. Shapley and Shubik (1977) were among the first to pose a static model that organized multilateral exchange at trading posts between agents who have endowments of goods that may differ from what they prefer to consume. In this issue, Howitt (2005) studies a dynamic environment with some of the explicit spatial, information, and enforcement frictions employed in search models of money (e.g., Kiyotaki and Wright, 1993), but which allows directed matching to trading posts or shops. Howitt studies the conditions under which a fiat medium of exchange dominates an alternative method of exchange, barter, at shops. Trading posts, which are restricted to exchange in only two goods, mitigate search costs between households, but are themselves costly to operate. There are n nonstorable goods in his economy and n(n − 1) household types (i.e., each household is endowed with one of the n goods, but desires one of the other (n − 1) goods). In any active symmetric equilibrium, the minimum number of barter shops that must open is n(n − 1)/2, whereas only n monetary shops are necessary. Since a merchant incurs a fixed cost σ to run a shop, it is then clear that monetary exchange economizes on such costs. On the other hand, for monetary exchange to take place in this spatial setting, consumption this period must be paid for with money earned last period (which is not necessary for barter). Howitt shows (Proposition 4) that if a monetary equilibrium exists, then it is Pareto efficient since it minimizes the fixed costs associated with multilateral exchange and bilateral exchange is ruled out by assumptions in the environment. Conditions for the existence of a monetary equilibrium in the presence of barter alternatives, which depend on the size of the fixed costs and the household’s discount factor, are provided in Proposition 3.
Wind and current patterns in an arctic coast Lagoon

Abstract The response of wind-drift currents to the prevailing summer wind regime is reported for Simpson Lagoon on the Beaufort Sea (Arctic Ocean) coast of Alaska. Wind and current measurements were taken over the period July 17 to October 20 and August 11 to September 18, 1972, respectively, at a site eastward of the Colville River delta. Mean wind speeds and the frequency of occurrence of westerly storms tend to increase from July to October. Prevailing currents within the lagoon are towards the W to NW driven by the prevailing northeasterly winds. Relatively rapid reversals of current direction occur in response to alternating easterly and westerly winds. Cross correlations of power spectra of the filtered E-W components of the lagoon current record with the concurrent wind data gave a periodicity of 4–5 days at a 70% level of coherence. A linear correlation of −0·83 was obtained between the E-W components of the filtered current record and the wind record, and net water transport (from a progressive current vector analysis) over this period was determined to be towards the WNW with a mean vector velocity of 10·6 cm/sec.
Toxic colitis in a 10 year old girl with Crohn's disease

Abstract Toxic colitis is a well-described, life-threatening complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The vast majority of reported cases have been in adults. Limited literature exists describing toxic colitis in children with IBD. Virtually all reported pediatric cases have been in the setting of ulcerative colitis. We present a case of a 10 year old girl with Crohn's disease who was hospitalized because of advanced perianal disease with multiple abscesses and fistulae. During her stay, she developed acute toxic colitis with perforation requiring emergent colectomy. It is essential that clinicians are aware that this catastrophic complication can occur rapidly in the pediatric IBD population to ensure timely and appropriate management.
Preventing osteoporosis in symptomatic postmenopausal women

Osteoporosis is a common postmenopausal disease that has a substantial impact on the quality of life of older women and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There are various options for preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and all are associated with differing benefit-risk profiles. Estrogen therapy (in hysterectomized women) and estrogen/progestogen therapy (in nonhysterectomized women) are the most effective treatments available for the relief of vasomotor and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women and provide significant protection against osteoporotic fractures. Selective estrogen receptor modulators reduce bone loss and prevent vertebral fractures without endometrial or breast stimulation. Raloxifene, the only selective estrogen receptor modulator approved for osteoporosis prevention and treatment, significantly reduces vertebral but not nonvertebral or hip fractures. Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss and vertebral fractures; however, not all bisphosphonates have been shown to prevent nonvertebral fractures. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and bisphosphonates are not effective for menopausal symptoms. Hormone therapy should be considered as first-line therapy for preventing bone loss and fractures in early postmenopausal women who are symptomatic; other options include selective estrogen receptor modulators and bisphosphonates, especially in older, nonsymptomatic women. Future therapies are likely to include newer selective estrogen receptor modulators, combinations of estrogen with selective estrogen receptor modulators, and denosumab.
Short-term toxicity of propoxyphene salts in rats and dogs.

Abstract Two salts of d -propoxyphene, the hydrochloride and the 2-naphthalene sulfonate (napsylate), were compared in short-term toxicity studies. In rats and dogs the effects produced by daily administration of equimolar doses of these salts were indistinguishable. Large daily doses of propoxyphene, representing between 40 and 110 times the maximum human clinical dose, resulted in liver enlargement, slight fatty change in the liver, and reduced growth rate in rats. Signs of developing toxicity in dogs were observed during 90 days of treatment with oral doses of 30–40 mg/kg of propoxyphene HCl or equivalent doses of propoxyphene napsylate. The following effects were dose-related in incidence or degree: loss of body weight, increased serum alkaline phosphatase values, increased liver weight, and slight fatty change in the liver. Lower doses were tolerated by dogs without significant toxicity.
Effect of Substrate Composition on Sn Whisker Growth in Pure Sn Films

Pure Sn films deposited on Cu and Cu alloys are prone to spontaneous whisker formation. One way of preventing whisker formation is to alloy Pb into Sn coatings. However, restriction on the use of Pb demands the development of alternative methods for preventing whisker growth. The present work reports the effect of substrate composition on whisker formation and morphology. Despite employing identical plating conditions, long filament-like whiskers grew only on Sn-plated Cu samples and not on brass. The presence or lack of Sn whiskers has been explained via the thermodynamic stability of various intermetallic compounds at the Sn/substrate interface.
Using the theoretical linear energy solvation energy relationship to correlate and predict nasal pungency thresholds

Abstract The theoretical linear solvation energy relationship (TLSER) has been used to correlate and characterize 44 nasal pungency threshold (NPT) values in man with parameters derived from semi-empirical molecular orbital theory. The resulting relationship provides good correlative (R2>0.92) and predictive (Rcv2>0.88) capability. In addition, the TLSER parameters are used as a molecular probe to attempt to understand the fundamental properties influencing nasal pungency.
A note on “thermoelectricity in the intermediate state”

Abstract The purpose of this communication is to correct a misinterpretation recently made by Guenault (1964) of an earlier paper by the author (Renton 1955). Guenault has assumed that the latter paper postulated the phonon scattering at the normal-superconducting boundary in the intermediate state to be a lattice effect. In fact this was mentioned as a possibility there and rejected as unlikely for the same reason given by Guenault. The postulate actually made was exactly the same as that of Laredo and Pippard (1955) in their independent concurrent work, namely that the electrons in the normal region scatter phonons so effectively that the n-s boundary to all intents and purposes limits the phonon mean free path.
High-Energy Maxima in the π − p Cross Sections

It is pointed out that the consideration of causality requires that any description of the maximum in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ total cross section at 800-Mev ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ energy, and the maximum in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}p$ cross section at 1200-Mev, is necessarily equivalent to a description in terms of resonances and hence in terms of nucleon isobars.
Storage Stability of Food Protein Hydrolysates—A Review

In recent years, mainly due to the specific health benefits associated with (1) the discovery of bioactive peptides in protein hydrolysates, (2) the reduction of protein allergenicity by protein hydrolysis, and (3) the improved protein digestibility and absorption of protein hydrolysates, the utilization of protein hydrolysates in functional foods and beverages has significantly increased. Although the specific health benefits from different hydrolysates are somewhat proven, the delivery and/or stability of these benefits is debatable during distribution, storage, and consumption. In this review, we discuss (1) the quality changes in different food protein hydrolysates during storage; (2) the resulting changes in the structure and texture of three food matrices, i.e., low moisture foods (LMF, aw < 0.6), intermediate moisture foods (IMF, 0.6 ≤ aw < 0.85), and high moisture foods (HMF, aw ≥ 0.85); and (3) the potential solutions to improve storage stability of food protein hydrolysates. In addition, we note there is a great need for evaluation of biofunction availability of bioactive peptides in food protein hydrolysates during storage.
Long Noncoding RNAs in Development: Solidifying the Lncs to Hox Gene Regulation

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively expressed in mammals, although their functions during development remain poorly understood. In this issue of Cell Reports, Delpretti et al. and Li et al. suggest essential roles for lncRNAs in coordinating Hox gene expression.
Local media roles in defining hazardous waste as a social problem: The case of Sumter County, Alabama

Sumter County, Alabama is host to the nation's largest commercial hazardous waste landfill. The purpose of this article is to examine how the two weekly newspapers published in Sumter County define the hazardous waste issue for local citizens. Coverage of the hazardous waste issue by these two newspapers was examined for the period 1978–1988. The starting point of this 11‐year period coincides with the opening of the landfill and continues through a period of statewide public debate concerning the facility. Virtually no coverage of the hazardous waste issue occurred during the first 3 years of the facility's operations. The amount of space devoted to hazardous waste management increased slowly until 1988, when growing statewide attention to this issue resulted in expanded local coverage. During 1987 and 1988, the overall tone of the articles in these two newspapers became increasingly critical of the hazardous waste industry. These general patterns hold for both local papers, although differences exist an...
Viral vectors for gene delivery to the central nervous system

The potential benefits of gene therapy for neurological diseases such as Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, and Alzheimer's are enormous. Even a delay in the onset of severe symptoms would be invaluable to patients suffering from these and other diseases. Significant effort has been placed in developing vectors capable of delivering therapeutic genes to the CNS in order to treat neurological disorders. At the forefront of potential vectors, viral systems have evolved to efficiently deliver their genetic material to a cell. The biology of different viruses offers unique solutions to the challenges of gene therapy, such as cell targeting, transgene expression and vector production. It is important to consider the natural biology of a vector when deciding whether it will be the most effective for a specific therapeutic function. In this review, we outline desired features of the ideal vector for gene delivery to the CNS and discuss how well available viral vectors compare to this model. Adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, adenovirus and herpesvirus vectors are covered. Focus is placed on features of the natural biology that have made these viruses effective tools for gene delivery with emphasis on their application in the CNS. Our goal is to provide insight into features of the optimal vector and which viral vectors can provide these features.
Techno-economic comparison of process technologies for biochemical ethanol production from corn stover

This techno-economic study compares several process technologies for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material, based on a 5- to 8-year time frame for implementation. While several previous techno-economic studies have focused on future technology benchmarks, this study examines the short-term commercial viability of biochemical ethanol production. With that goal, yields (where possible) were based on publicly available experimental data rather than projected data. Four pretreatment technologies (dilute-acid, 2-stage dilute-acid, hot water, and ammonia fiber explosion or AFEX); and three downstream process variations (pervaporation, separate 5-carbon and 6-carbon sugars fermentation, and on-site enzyme production) were included in the analysis. Each of these scenarios was modeled and economic analysis was performed for an “nth plant” (a plant with the same technologies that have been employed in previous commercial plants) to estimate the total capital investment (TCI) and product value (PV). PV is the ethanol production cost, including a 10% return on investment. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the impact of process variations and economic parameters on the PV. The dilute-acid pretreatment process has the lowest PV among all process scenarios, which is estimated to be $1.36/l of gasoline equivalent [LGE] ($5.13/gal of gasoline equivalent [GGE]). Sensitivity analysis shows that the PV is most sensitive to feedstock cost, enzyme cost, and installed equipment costs. A significant fraction of capital costs is related to producing heat and power from lignin in the biomass. Cellulosic ethanol production has yet to be commercialized. Hence, a pioneer plant is expected to be more costly to build and operate than an nth plant. To assess the impact of technological maturity on pioneer plant cost, a cost growth analysis was performed. The estimated value of PV for the pioneer plant is substantially larger than for the nth plant. The PV for the pioneer plant model with dilute-acid pretreatment is $2.30/LGE ($8.72/GGE) for the most probable scenario, and the estimated TCI was more than double the nth plant cost.
Urate and cation interactions in the liquid and precipitated fractions of avian urine, and speculations on their physico-chemical state.

1. 1. Bird urine typically consists of two fractions : a supernatant liquid and an insoluble, precipitated fraction. 2. 2. We have examined the concentration of Na+, K+ and NH4+ and urate in these two fractions in urine from roosters given diets of different protein content and drinking solutions of different NaCI concentration. 3. 3. In liquid urine the concentrations of Na+ and NH+4 are high enough to suggest that urate must be present in the form of lyophilic colloids, stabilized by some additional components of the urine. 4. 4. Abundant precipitated urate appears to aid in the excretion of Na+ and K+, butnot of NH4+.
mTOR as a potential treatment target for epilepsy

Current treatments for epilepsy suffer from significant limitations, including medical intractability and lack of disease-modifying or anti-epileptogenic actions. As most current seizure medications modulate ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, more effective therapies likely need to target completely different mechanisms of action. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway represents a potential novel therapeutic target for epilepsy. mTOR inhibitors can suppress seizures and prevent epilepsy in animal models of certain genetic epilepsies, such as tuberous sclerosis complex. mTOR inhibitors may also be effective in some models of acquired epilepsy related to brain injury, but these effects are more variable and dependent on a number of factors. Some clinical data suggest that mTOR inhibitors decrease seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex patients, but controlled trials are lacking and no clinical data on potential anti-epileptogenic actions exist. Future basic and clinical research will help to determine the full potential of mTOR inhibitors for epilepsy.
Effect of alteration of rat hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity on the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

The effect of alteration of the activity of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzyme systems on the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in rats has been examined. These experiments have indicated the naturally occurring age and sex-related differences in hepatic MFO activity in rats are inversely correlated with the 20-day LD50 of TCDD in these animals. The effect of administering inducers and inhibitors of the hepatic MFO enzyme systems on the 20-day LD50 of TCDD in rats has also been examined. In all cases there was an inverse relationship between the activity of the hepatic MFO system at the time of TCDD administration and the toxicity of TCDD as determined by the 20-day LD50.