cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
19F substituent chemical shifts of the fluorophenyldiphenylsilanes and the carbon analogs

Abstract Substituent chemical shifts in the system, where Y = Si, C and X is H or a donor type atom or group, have been measured by 19 F NMR techniques. The σ 1 parameters from the meta shifts by the method of Taft are small for both the silicon and carbon series. The para 19 F chemical shifts for the silicon compounds are downfield with respect to the carbon analogs indicating important silicon-phenyl resonance interaction in the ground state. Subtle changes in substituents at the central atom affectthe para shielding, the para shielding order being H > NH 2 > OEt > OH > Cl ≈ N 3 > Br > F in the carbon compounds and NH 2 > H > OH ≈ OEt > Cl ≈ Br > F ≈ N 3 for the silicon series. Changes for H and N(in3) have been interpreted as possibly resulting from SiX π interactions.
Zeeman spectra of atomic iodine in a 0- to 400-gauss B field

ABSTRACT A high-resolution, continuously tunable 1 .3 m diode laser is used as a small signal probe to investigate the Zeeman spectraof atomic iodine. A heated quartz cell containing a small amount of '2 S placed in a 0 to 400 gauss B field lmnsverse to the axis of the laser probe. Hyperfine spectral scans are recorded as a function of B-field strength and laser polarization and arecompared to theory with very good agreement.Keywords: Atomic iodine, Zeeman spectrum, hyperfine spectrum. 1. BACKGROUND A theoretical model describing the hyperfine structure and complex spectroscopy of iodine atoms in a magnetic field hasbeen presented by Belousova' . A detailed description and methods of numerical solution of this theoretical model has beenpublished by Kelly2 and will not be presented here. However, the output of a PC program described in Kelly's dissertation isused here to fit the experimental results. What follows is a brief description to aid in the interpretation of the data presented.Due to the non-zero nuclear spin, the 2P1, * 2P312 spin orbit transition in atomic iodine has a hyperfine structure consisling ofsix magnetic dipole transitions as illustrated in Fig. 1. The allowed values ofthe total atomic angular momentum F, electronicplus nuclear are given by F 
Social Smiling and Its Components in High-Risk Infant Siblings Without Later ASD Symptomatology

Impaired affective expression, including social smiling, is common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and may represent an early marker for ASD in their infant siblings (Sibs-ASD). Social smiling and its component behaviors (eye contact and non-social smiling) were examined at 15 months in Sibs-ASD who demonstrated later ASD symptomatology (Sibs-ASD/AS), those who did not (Sibs-ASD/NS), and low-risk controls (Sibs-TD). Both Sibs-ASD subgroups demonstrated lower levels of social smiling than Sibs-TD, suggesting that early social smiling may reflect elevated genetic vulnerability rather than a specific marker for ASD. Only the Sibs-ASD/AS demonstrated less eye contact and non-social smiling than Sibs-TD, suggesting that different processes, threshold effects, or protective factors may underlie social smiling development in the two Sibs-ASD subgroups.
Acute capsaicin injection increases nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining independent of Fos activation in the rat dorsolateral periaqueductal gray.

Abstract The mesencephalic dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) mediates different modalities of aversive behaviors including pain and nociception and is anatomically delineated from other columns of the PAG by its content of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d). In many brain regions, neuronal NADPH-d is a nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) and NO production mediates many nociceptive and aversive behavioral responses. The aim of this study was to determine how the noxious stimulant capsaicin affects intracellular dynamics in the dlPAG evidenced by Fos protein immunoreactivity (index of intracellular activation) and the NADPH-d reactivity. The basic hypothesis tested was that the effect of systemic capsaicin administration involved activation of the NO-producing machinery in the dlPAG. Compared to vehicle, capsaicin (50 mg/kg, subcutaneous) significantly increased NADPH-d reactivity and Fos expression along the dlPAG neuraxis. However, less than one percent of the capsaicin-induced Fos activation occurred in NADPH-d-positive cells. This suggests that different intracellular mechanisms involving NO and activation of at least one other transmitter substance underlie the effects of capsaicin in the dlPAG. Although NADPH-d is a marker for constitutive NOS, only about two-thirds of the NADPH-d-positive neurons in the dlPAG were colocalized with neuronal NOS immunoreactive cells. This observation suggests that in contrast to other brain regions, neuronal NOS is unlikely to account for all NADPH-d activity in the dlPAG. Taken together, the present results show that the effect of capsaicin requires activation of at least one other transmitter and NADPH-d-dependent NO synthesis involving, but not limited to, the neuronal NOS isoform.
Educational Strategies to Promote Clinical Diagnostic Reasoning

This article considers how doctors learn to reason in the clinical environment and recommends practical approaches that clinical teachers can use to promote the development of strong diagnostic reasoning skills in their students.
Composite edge states in the nu =2/3 fractional quantum Hall regime.

A generalized $\nu=2/3$ state, which unifies the edge-state pictures of MacDonald and of Beenakker is presented and studied in detail. Using an exact relation between correlation functions of this state and those of the Laughlin $\nu=1/3$ wave function, the correlation functions of the $\nu=2/3$ state are determined via a classical Monte Carlo calculation, for systems up to $50$ electrons. It is found that as a function of the slope of the confining potential there is a sharp transition of the ground state from one description to the other. The experimental implications are discussed.
Multilayer perceptron for nonlinear programming

A new method for solving nonlinear programming problems within the framework of a multilayer neural network perceptron is proposed. The method employs the Penalty Function method to transform a constrained optimization problem into a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems and then solves the sequence of unconstrained optimizations of the transformed problem by training a series of multilayer percepperptrons. The neural network formulation is represented in such a way that the multilayer perceptron prediction error to be minimized mimics the objective function of the unconstrained problem, and therefore, the minimization of the objective function for each unconstrained optimization is attained by training a single perceptron. The multilayer perceptron allows for the transformation of problems with two-sided bounding constraints on the decision variables x, e.g., a ≤ xn ≤ b, into equivalent optimization problems in which these constraints do not explicitly appear. Hence, when these are the only constraints in the problem, the transformed problem is constraint free (i.e., the transformed objective function contains no penalty terms) and is solved by training a multilayer perceptron only once. In addition, we present a new Penalty Function method for solving nonlinear programming problems that is parameter free and guarantees that feasible solutions are obtained when the optimal solution is on the boundary of the feasible region. Simulation results, including an example from operations research, illustrate the proposed methods.
Precordial mechanical stimulation for exposing electrical instability in the ischemic heart

Abstract Sequential mechanical pulsing of the chest wall with three stimuli failed to induce arrhythmias in normal dogs. After coronary arterial occlusion, this technique evoked in 11 of 12 animals repetitive ventricular responses including ventricular fibrillation in 7 and ventricular tachycardia in 2. These responses corresponded closely to those elicited by electrical testing. In four conscious animals after recovery from myocardial infarction, precordial pulsing induced repetitive ventricular arrhythmias. The type of arrhythmia produced depended on the degree of prematurity of the third pulse in the sequence. The use of precordial mechanical stimulation can perhaps be modified and adapted as a method of detecting persons at high risk for sudden cardiac death.
Intracavernous carotid pseudoaneurysm after blunt trauma: case report and discussion.

Epistaxis following blunt facial trauma is usually self-limited and arises from the nasal mucosa, sphenopalatine, or anterior ethmoid arteries. Pseudoaneurysm of the intracavernous carotid artery (ICCA) occurs rarely with penetrating facial trauma, but is even more rare following blunt trauma. Rupture carries a greater than 50% mortality. Because rupture usually occurs after several episodes of epistaxis, recognition of subtle historic and physical findings is paramount to optimal management. Once suspicion is raised, definitive diagnosis and treatment is best accomplished with cerebral arteriogram and trapping of the pseudoaneurysm. We have noted that rupture may be precipitated by angiography, and, therefore, we advocate availability of emergent and definitive treatment equipment and personnel prior to performing cerebral arteriography. This should include an otolaryngologist, an interventional radiologist, and a neurosurgeon. A case of ICCA pseudoaneurysm is presented, and the key historic factors are discussed. Radiographic diagnosis and management options are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physical exercise and catecholamine reuptake inhibitors affect orienting behavior and social interaction in a rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The effects of methylphenidate (MPH), atomoxetine (ATMX), and/or physical exercise (EX) on orienting behavior and social interaction were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a commonly used animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). During the orienting procedure, rats received repeated presentations of a nonreinforced visual stimulus. As observed previously, orienting behavior (rearing up on the hind legs) habituated across trials in normo-active control rats (Wistars) but not in SHRs, suggesting that SHRs have difficulty ignoring irrelevant behavioral stimuli. Treatment with MPH (0.125 mg/kg), ATMX (0.125 mg/kg), or EX (3 weeks of access to a running wheel), alone or in combination, reduced rearing behavior in SHRs to the level observed in the Wistar control group. Similarly, drug treatment and/or EX reduced the number of social interactions exhibited by SHRs, while having no effects on locomotor activity. It is important to note that EX was just as effective as MPH or ATMX in reducing orienting behavior and social interaction. In contrast to the SHRs, neither MPH nor ATMX affected orienting or social behavior in Wistar rats. Together, these findings support the growing literature that EX may be useful as an adjunctive or replacement therapy in ADHD.
Tectal projections of an infrared sensitive snake, Crotalus viridis

Crotaline snakes have detectors for infrared radiation and this information is projected to the optic tectum in a spatiotopic manner. The tectal projections were examined in Crotalus viridis with the use of silver methods for degenerating fibers and the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. Large lesions included all of the tectal layers but not the underlying structures. Projections to the thalamus include a sparse input to the ipsilateral ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, the ventromedial nucleus, and nucleus lentiformis thalami. Nucleus rotundus was not detected. The projections to the pretectal nuclei are primarily ipsilateral to the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and pretectal nucleus. At the level of the mesencephalon, tectal efferents are bilateral to nucleus profundus mesencephali and the tegmentum. There is minimal input to the contralateral deep tectal layers. There are ipsilateral terminations in a nucleus identified as the posterolateral tegmental nucleus. Descending fibers include the two major tracts--the ventral tectobulbar tract that terminates in the ipsilateral lateral reticular formation and the predorsal bundle that distributes throughout the contralateral medial reticular formation. Two small descending tracts were noted--the intermediate and dorsal tectobulbar tracts. All of these descending tracts appear to terminate by the time they reach the caudal medulla. After superficial lesions terminals could be found in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the nucleus profundus mesencephali, and the posterolateral tegmental nucleus; the two major descending tracts contained degenerated fibers as well. The areas receiving tectal input in Crotalus were compared to those of other reptiles and discussed.
Advancements in KC-135 microgravity testing of an autonomous satellite docking system

ABSTRACT During the development of an autonomous spacecraft docking mechanism, one of the primary areas of interest in the way the mechanism will behave in a micro-gravity environment. This issue is of particular interest when a flexible soft-dock cable is used to make initial capture, because ground-based testing does not adequately represent the environmental conditions that will be seen on orbit. To this end, Michigan Aerospace Corporation has recently conducted flight tests of its prototype autonomous satellite docking system in a micro-gravity environment on the KC-135 in conjunction with the Air Force Research Laboratory Space Vehicles Directorate and Microcosm, Inc. Though the first flight was primarily for the purpose of testing the core operating principles of the docking mechanism, several lessons were learned that will be applied toward developing a second, more advanced prototype and experimental setup intended for a second series of flights on the KC-135. Areas of improvement for the new flight test will be in the physical operation of the experimental apparatus and the data collection methods used. The use of redundant sensors as a means of eliminating noise will be explored, as will the merits of using a combination of coarse and fine sensors to collect data over a broader measurement range. Keywords: Docking mechanism, soft-dock, autonomous, Orbital Express, KC-135, Michigan Aerospace, micro-gravity
Polymers of tertiary amines

Polymers of tertiary amines and their hydrochlorides of molecular weights in the range 300–2000 have been prepared, starting from trans-1,4-dichlorobutene-2, and primary amines. The polymers present interesting solubility properties. Variation of the reaction conditions leads to crosslinked insoluble polymers. Reaction of the soluble tertiary amine polymers with organic acid dichlorides leads to polymers of tertiary amine–amides, a new type of polymer.
Small blocking sets of Hermitian designs

A Hermitian design H(q) consists of the points and Hermitian unitals of PG(2,q2). A committee of H(q) is a blocking set of H(q) of minimum cardinality b(H(q)). It is proved that the committees of H(3) are the lines of PG(2, 9) and, for all odd q, that 2q + 2 ≤b(H(q)) < (1 + 7 ln q)(q2 + 1)q−1.
Differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence study of lactoperoxidase as a function of guanidinium-HCl, urea and pH

The stability of bovine lactoperoxidase to denaturation by guanidinium-HCl, urea, or high temperature was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tryptophan fluorescence. The calorimetric scans were observed to be dependent on the heating scan rate, indicating that lactoperoxidase stability at temperatures near Tm is controlled by kinetics. The values for the thermal transition, Tm, at slow heating scan rate were 66.8, 61.1, and 47.2 degrees C in the presence of 0.5, 1, and 2 M guanidinium-HCl, respectively. The extrapolated value for Tm in the absence of guanidinium-HCl is 73.7 degrees C, compared with 70.2 degrees C obtained by experiment; a lower experimental value without a denaturant is consistent with distortion of the thermal profile due to aggregation or other irreversible phenomenon. Values for the heat capacity, Cp, at Tm and Ea for the thermal transition decrease under conditions where Tm is lowered. At a given concentration, urea is less effective than guanidinium-HCl in reducing Tm, but urea reduces Cp relatively more. Both fluorescence and DSC indicate that thermally denatured protein is not random coil. A change in fluorescence around 35 degrees C, which was previously reported for EPR and CD measurements (Boscolo et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1774 (2007) 1164-1172), is not seen by calorimetry, suggesting that a local and not a global change in protein conformation produces this fluorescence change.
SU-E-I-55: Cumulative Radiation Exposure and Cancer Risk Estimates in Pediatric Hydrocephalus Patients Undergoing Repeat Or Multiple CT.

Purpose: Children with a shunt for hydrocephalus often undergo multiple follow‐up head CT scans, increasing the risk for long‐term effects of ionizing radiation. The study is to define a conservative estimate of frequent CT head scans for pediatric patients with a shunt for hydrocephalus and to quantify their cumulative CTradiation doses and lifetime attributable risk of developing cancer.Methods: All children at age of less than 17 years with a shunt for hydrocephalus who underwent non‐enhanced head CT at a tertiary hospital between 2007 and 2011 were identified and categorized by total number of scans per study period as non‐frequently ( =3) scanned. We retrospectively identified the number of CT head scans, dose length product (DLP) and the applied scan parameters according to age, gender and study time. Effective doses were estimated using age‐ specific DLP to effective dose conversion coefficients. Lifetime attributable cancer risk was then estimated based on the BEIR VII. Results: During the 5‐year study period, a total of 264 children (mean age, 5.5 years; range less than one month to 17 years; 146 boys and 118 girls) underwent 747 CT head scans, of whom 100 patients (41.7%) were frequently scanned. The median and mean of frequently scans are 4 and 5.33, with the most frequently scanned patient underwent 34 CT head scans from birth to 4 years and 1 month age. The average effective dose was 15.71 mSv, ranging from 3.65 mSv to 64.70 mSv. The estimated lifetime attributable cancer risk is one in 637, ranging from one in 2739 to one in 155, based on the standardized BEIR VII conversion of 0.0001/mSv. Conclusions: The children with shunts have a substantially increased risk of developing cancer from cumulative CTradiation exposure.
Neutron energy spectrum determination and flux measurement using MAXED, GRAVEL, and MCNP for RACE experiments

Stainless steel flux wires were used to determine the neutron energy spectra and total flux during the Reactor Accelerator Coupling Experiments (RACE) at The University of Texas at Austin. A LINAC electron accelerator produced 20 MeV electrons at a power of 1.6 kW, which struck a tungsten-copper target to produce bremsstrahlung radiation and photoneutrons. The neutrons produced in the target were multiplied by the subcritical core of a Triga reactor. The purpose of the RACE experiments is to develop a sub-critical accelerator driven system that would be capable of transmuting actinides from spent fuel. Flux measurements were made with 1.58 mm diameter stainless steel wires placed throughout the core between the fuel rods and cadmium covered and uncovered gold and indium foils above the target. The MAXED and GRAVEL computer codes were used to perform the spectrum unfolding. The composition of the stainless steel wires was determined using neutron activation analysis with comparators prior to the flux measurement. The reactions measured in the stainless steel to determine the flux were 50Cr(n,γ)51Cr, 58Ni(n,p)58Co, 54Fe(n,p)54Mn, and 58Fe(n,γ)59Fe. Flux measurements agreed well with an MCNP simulation of the experiment.
Additional surgery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: can we improve technical aspects of the initial procedure?

Purpose: To determine factors that cause reoperation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and determine which cause of reoperation can be addressed to help to improve technical aspects of the initial procedure. Methods: Between 1988 and 1998, 436 patients underwent an ACL reconstruction by a single surgeon. We analyzed all 207 patients who had a bone–patellar tendon–bone reconstruction (BPTB). The same technique was used in all operations, which consisted of the 1-incision endoscopic approach with autologous central third patellar–tendon graft. Of these patients, 196 were available for full evaluation. Evaluation included: a detailed history, physical examination, functional knee ligament testing, KT-1000 arthrometer testing, One-leg-hop testing, Lysholm score, Tegner score, and the International Knee Documentation Committee standard evaluation form. All technical surgical aspects concerning the index operation and the reoperations were collected and evaluated in detail to detect predictors for failure or improvement. Position of the graft was measured radiographically using the Amis circle and Taylor score. Results: The average age of the 196 patients at the time of the operation was 34 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 7.4 years. Seventy-seven reoperations were performed in 54 (27.6%) patients during a period of 83 months postsurgery. Reoperations were done between day 22 and 83 months post–ACL reconstruction. Indications for reoperations were: pain caused by fixation material (n = 25); meniscal lesions (n = 24); cyclops lesion (n = 16); donor site morbidity (n = 5); re-rupture of the ACL (n = 5); posterior cruciate ligament rupture (n = 1); and a medial collateral ligament lesion (n = 1). A more ventral position of the graft on the femur (Amis P P P Conclusions: A large percentage of the patients (27.6%) required additional surgical procedures after patellar tendon autograft ACL reconstruction. A poor position of the graft resulted in cyclops and meniscal lesions. Analyzing the reasons for reoperations gives information about how to improve our surgical technique. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
A Strategy for Introducing Students to the Primary Literature

Introduction An important aspect of biochemical education is helping students learn to read and evaluate the primary literature. Several strategies have been described for doing this. Students may be asked to write an abstract or review of an individual journal article, 1 to discuss a specific article in a seminar or tutorial, 2 to summarize a set of related articles as a term paper, 3 or to trace a key article back through the primary literature. 4 Alternatively, students may be presented with examples of data taken from journal articles as problems for discussion. 5'6 Depending on the approach, the articles to be studied may be selected by the instructor or the students, or drawn from a published collection. 7 Journal articles in biochemistry and related areas such as microbiology, genetics, and molecular biology are usually written in a dense style that makes them inaccessible to many undergraduate or beginning graduate students. I have found that unless the students' introduction to journal articles is highly structured, three problems frequently occur. First, students cannot understand the background information given in the Introduction to a paper and are unable to place the results into a broader context. Second, students cannot read the Materials and Methods section effectively and thus are unable to visualize what was done experimentally. Third, students cannot interpret the figures and tables of data in the Results and so are unable to draw appropriate conclusions. In this note, I describe a strategy for overcoming these problems.
The enduring allure of charisma: How Barack Obama won the historic 2008 presidential election

Abstract We apply charismatic leadership theory to the historic 2008 United States presidential election, in hopes of inspiring dialogue around how leadership theory can inform the critical process of evaluating and electing public leaders. While numerous leadership theories are relevant to understanding the 2008 election, charismatic leadership theory highlights aspects of the leader, followers, and the unfolding economic crisis that are particularly relevant in helping us to understand how a relatively inexperienced political outsider ascended to the US Presidency. Given the potential perils and challenges newly elected President Barack Obama faces in the months and years ahead, we also suggest four core strategies rooted in charismatic leadership theory that may help him capitalize on his early charismatic appeal, as well as avoid the pitfalls of charisma that have plagued some of his predecessors.
Long-distance transport, vacuolar sequestration, tolerance, and transcriptional responses induced by cadmium and arsenic

Iron, zinc, copper and manganese are essential metals for cellular enzyme functions while cadmium, mercury and the metalloid arsenic lack any biological function. Both, essential metals, at high concentrations, and non-essential metals and metalloids are extremely reactive and toxic. Therefore, plants have acquired specialized mechanisms to sense, transport and maintain essential metals within physiological concentrations and to detoxify non-essential metals and metalloids. This review focuses on the recent identification of transporters that sequester cadmium and arsenic in vacuoles and the mechanisms mediating the partitioning of these metal(loid)s between roots and shoots. We further discuss recent models of phloem-mediated long-distance transport, seed accumulation of Cd and As and recent data demonstrating that plants posses a defined transcriptional response that allow plants to preserve metal homeostasis. This research is instrumental for future engineering of reduced toxic metal(loid) accumulation in edible crop tissues as well as for improved phytoremediation technologies.
Exact, closed-form field expressions for two-dimensional, traveling-wave current strips

In this paper, exact, closed-form expressions are derived for the electromagnetic fields associated with two-dimensional, traveling-wave current strips radiating into a homogeneous space. The field expressions involve incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals of the Hankel form. Convergent and asymptotic series expansions for the incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals allow the fields to be computed more efficiently than was previously possible using numerical integration. Two-dimensional, traveling-wave current strips are important because they appear in problems involving physical optic scattering from strips, diffraction through slits, and radiation from parallel plate waveguides. The problem of physical optic scattering from a strip is investigated in this paper. >
Avoidant Coping in Children with Cancer

Compared coping styles in children with cancer (n = 66) and a normative control group of healthy children (n = 414), using a newly designed instrument, the Children's Behavioral Style Scale (CBSS). We hypothesized that children in the oncology group would make greater use of an avoidant coping style (blunting) than controls. Results confirmed the primary hypothesis; children with cancer endorsed greater use of blunting or avoidant coping than did healthy children. A new conceptual model of coping style was introduced utilizing CBSS scores to identify children as Monitors, Blunters, Active, or Passive copers. Using this model, a similar proportion of Active and Passive copers were found in both groups, while the shift towards Blunting in the oncology group was accentuated. Within the oncology group, a positive relationship between Blunting scores and time elapsed since diagnosis was observed, suggesting that the increased Blunting in children with cancer is a reactive phenomenon, at least partly a response to the contingencies of cancer and its' treatment. These findings may provide an alternative interpretation to previous reports of increased defensiveness and repression in children with cancer.
Outcome and code status of lung cancer patients admitted to the medical ICU.

Objectives To determine the outcome of lung cancer patients admitted to the medical ICU (MICU), to examine their code status at MICU admission and prior to death, and to determine which subspecialty physician was responsible for the change in code status. Design Retrospective chart review study. Setting A 19-bed MICU in a tertiary-care university hospital. Patients Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer admitted to the MICU from July 2002 to June 2004. Measurements and main results Forty-seven patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer accounted for 53 MICU admissions. Mean (± SD) age at MICU admission was 65 ± 10 years. Sixty-six percent were male. Eighty-three percent had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); 64% of these were stage IV NSCLC. The most common organ system implicated on MICU admission was pulmonary, with 38% of patients presenting with pneumonia. Overall MICU mortality was 43%, and in-hospital mortality was 60%. Patients who required mechanical ventilation or had more advanced lung cancer stage had the worst prognosis, with mortality rates of 74% and 68%, respectively. Seventy-four percent of patients were “full code” at MICU admission. Subsequently, the code status was changed to “do not resuscitate” in 49% of these cases. The pulmonary/critical care physician was involved in this change 96% of the time and was the sole physician in 65% of cases. Conclusions This study confirms that patients with lung cancer admitted to the MICU have a high mortality. Despite this, the majority of patients are full code on MICU admission. Pulmonary/critical care physicians play an important role in the end-of-life decision making of lung cancer patients admitted to the MICU, perhaps because of their availability in the MICU and also because of their sense of responsibility in maintaining and withdrawing life support.
Towards expertise: the role of chunking in developing productive fluency in drawing (semester 1 summary)

"Chunking"--the process by which the mind absorbs information--has been a subject of study since the 1950s, when George A. Miller introduced the term. Research done since then by De Groot and Simon with master chess players and novices has shown evidence that experts chunk and retrieve learned information differently from novices. Other scholars, like D. N. Perkins, suggest that this difference may extend to other fields, like music and oral poetry. This paper explores the possible role of chunking in the process of gaining proficiency in drawing. It reports an observation study of a freshman drawing class through three months of learning, and shows 1.) How mental and physical skills were taught, according to the chunking principle, 2.) How evaluation skills were learned, and 3.) How a focus on complex skill learning sometimes drove a lower-level skill into unconscious competence--a step toward a state I call "productive fluency", which itself seems a step towards expertise.
Behavior of captive-raised rattlesnakes (Crotalus enyo) as a function of rearing conditions

Two litters of rattlesnakes (Crotalus enyo; n = 6 per litter) were raised in large cages and small plastic boxes, respectively. No significant differences in exploration of a novel environment were observed between the litters, or between either of them and a group of wild-caught C. enyo, suggesting that the common practice of rearing baby snakes in small cages has no debilitating consequences on these measures. In the absence of differences between the litters, the two samples were pooled and additional analyses revealed the existence of reliable individual variation. Experiment 2 compared the two litters and the wild-caught snakes on measures of prey-directed behavior. The two captive-reared litters did not differ, but both exhibited lower levels of strike-induced chemosensory searching than did wild-caught snakes.
Organization for Foreign Trade Expansion in the Mississippi Valley, 1900–1920

Recent historians of the early twentieth century United States have called attention to the growing nationalization of American life, as well as to the importance of an eastern corporate elite in shaping foreign policy during that period. This study indicates the residual strength of the regional impulse and offers a counterweight to the national and eastern emphasis of those historians.
Direct analysis of cellulose in poplar stem by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) was applied to the analysis of the spatial distribution of cellulose on a cross-section of juvenile poplar (Populus deltoids) stems. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was used to optimize matrix (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) application and instrument parameters for the detection of low hexose oligomers, which originated from cellulose in the solid phase. A section of poplar cellulose isolated from juvenile poplar stem which consisted primarily of glucose (� 95%) and minor components such as xylose and lignin was used for the MALDI-IMS studies. The mass spectrum of poplar cellulose consisted of a series of evenly spaced signals having a difference of 162 m/z units, which was similar to that of MCC in linear and reflectron positive ion modes. MS images of cellulose compounds with sodium ion adducts were generated and illustrated the distribution of cellulose on the surface of the poplar stem.
Darfur: Efforts to Forgive and Reconcile in an Unresolved Conflict

Disasters, whether natural or man-made, have a tremendous psychological impact on individuals, communities, societies, and nations. In the case of natural disasters, the affected people blame their life circumstances (e.g., they live in an earthquake-prone area) even as considerable bitterness remains in their soul and they suffer from lingering trauma. However, in the case of man-made disasters, grievance and bitterness expand beyond the posttraumatic disorder (PTSD) seen in natural disaster victims to become posttraumatic disorder that stems from the violent behavior a victim suffers at the hand of an actual person (Digeser, 2001). In order to discuss this in more depth, let us use the Darfur Genocide as a case study. This chapter will emphasize the psychological impact resulting from the conflict and will focus especially on ways to reach the forgiveness necessary for the healing of a society.
Modular Domain Structure of Arabidopsis COP1. Reconstitution of Activity by Fragment Complementation and Mutational Analysis of a Nuclear Localization Signal in Planta

The Arabidopsis COP1 protein functions as a developmental regulator, in part by repressing photomorphogenesis in darkness. Using complementation of a cop1 loss-of-function allele with transgenes expressing fusions of cop1 mutant proteins and β-glucuronidase, it was confirmed that COP1 consists of two modules, an amino terminal module conferring a basal function during development and a carboxyl terminal module conferring repression of photomorphogenesis. The amino-terminal zinc-binding domain of COP1 was indispensable for COP1 function. In contrast, the debilitating effects of site-directed mutations in the single nuclear localization signal of COP1 were partially compensated by high-level transgene expression. The carboxyl-terminal module of COP1, though unable to substantially ameliorate a cop1 loss-of-function allele on its own, was sufficient for conferring a light-quality-dependent hyperetiolation phenotype in the presence of wild-type COP1. Moreover, partial COP1 activity could be reconstituted in vivo from two non-covalently linked, complementary polypeptides that represent the two functional modules of COP1. Evidence is presented for efficient association of the two sub-fragments of the split COP1 protein in Arabidopsis and in a yeast two-hybrid assay.
The fallacy of single-agent chemotherapy for cancer.

TO THE EDITOR: We have read with interest the editorial by Drs Stupp and Hegi entitled, “Methylguanine Methyltransferase Testing in Glioblastoma: When and How.” We would like to comment on the recommendation for separate trials for patients with unmethylated MGMT, which states that temozolomide should be replaced or other drugs added. We believe the available data that we have generated, make it clear that tumors with unmethylated MGMT promoters still have a large fraction of cells that do not stain positive for MGMT immunohistochemically and thus are potentially sensitive to temozolomide. Accordingly, rather than remove temozolomide from these patients’ treatment, it would appear far more rational to add other agents whose activities are not perturbed by MGMT. In addition, we advise against single-agent temozolomide even in patients whose tumors have methylation of the MGMT promoter based on similar concerns of heterogeneity and differential sensitivity. We believe this should be called the Brooklyn Bridge hypothesis (ie, if you believe single-agent chemotherapy will cure glioblastoma multiforme, then you are also a prime candidate to be sold this wonderful bridge in Brooklyn).
QCD phenomenology of parton distribution functions at small x

The small x behavior of parton distributions is studied phenomenologically by examining in detail a series of QCD-evolved distribution sets obtained in a new global analysis of deep inelastic scattering and lepton-pair production experiments. The importance of 2-loop evolution is discussed. The main features and results of the global analysis are described. The range of small x behavior consistent with next-to-leading order QCD and current data is delineated. The extrapolated small x behavior is parameterized by effective Q-dependent power- and logarithmic-law parameters. Intriguing features of the evolution of these parameters with Q are presented. Alternative parametrizations based on the analytic solution for small x is also explored. 20 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Early project based learning improvements via a "star trek engineering room" game framework, and competition

In this work, we show how providing a constrained project framework for a second year digital design course improves the number of working student projects from 55% to 86%. Instead of an open-ended project as in previous years, we introduce an optional project framework, called "Redhawk Duels". Redhawk Duels is a game framework in which students design control algorithms and interfaces for a virtual ship. Once a competition begins, two opposing groups and their respective ships attempt to incapacitate the opposing ship by finding the opponent, shooting them, and budgeting their energy accordingly. Fifteen of the twenty-one groups in the 2010 class participated in Redhawk Duels for their final project, and 86% of these projects were working and demonstrated with sufficient complexity. The remaining six groups chose to implement open-ended projects and had a 66% success rate. This rate is similar to the 55% success rate of the 2009 class which were all open-ended projects. We surveyed the students involved to see how they felt the project helped them and how much they enjoyed the activity. The results show that the students strongly agree that participating in the framework motivated them and will help them in future engineering design projects.
Software Assisted Digital RF Processor for Single-Chip GSM Radio in 90 nm CMOS

This paper proposes and describes a new software and application programming interface view of an RF transceiver as implemented in the first single-chip GSM radio in 90 nm CMOS. It demonstrates benefits of using programmable digital control logic in deep-submicron CMOS RF system. It also describes a micro-processor architecture design in Digital RF Processor (DRP) and how it controls compensation for process, temperature and voltage variations of the analog and RF circuits to meet the required RF performance.
Reading Achievement in Relation to Phonological Coding and Awareness in Deaf Readers: A Meta-analysis

The relation between reading ability and phonological coding and awareness (PCA) skills in individuals who are severely and profoundly deaf was investigated with a meta-analysis. From an initial set of 230 relevant publications, 57 studies were analyzed that experimentally tested PCA skills in 2,078 deaf participants. Half of the studies found statistically significant evidence for PCA skills and half did not. A subset of 25 studies also tested reading proficiency and showed a wide range of effect sizes. Overall PCA skills predicted 11% of the variance in reading proficiency in the deaf participants. Other possible modulating factors, such as task type and reading grade level, did not explain the remaining variance. In 7 studies where it was measured, language ability predicted 35% of the variance in reading proficiency. These meta-analytic results indicate that PCA skills are a low to moderate predictor of reading achievement in deaf individuals and that other factors, most notably language ability, have a greater influence on reading development, as has been found to be the case in the hearing population.
Structural features of the nonionic surfactants stabilizing long-lived bubble nuclei

A study of the effects of various electrolytes and one organic compound on bubble production in agarose gels is presented. Several preparations of ultrapure agarose were compared for 42 electrolytes and phenol to identify trends in bubble formation. The anion and cation sequences of bubble suppression are similar to processes for salting out of nonionic surfactants. The reduction of bubble number by polyvalent ions and 1% phenol suggests that the polar portions of these nonionic surfactants represent amide groups. The evidence for amide groups is consistent with the relative positions of Mg(2+) in all cation sequences; this result makes it unlikely that either linkages contribute to the hydrophilicity of the nonionic surfactants stabilizing bubble nuclei in the different aqueous gels tested.
Accounting Issues: An Essay Series. Part II--Accounts Receivable.

This is the second in a series of articles designed to help academics refocus the introductory accounting course on the theoretical underpinnings of accounting. Intended as a supplement for the principles course, this article connects the asset Accounts Receivable to the essential theoretical constructs, discusses the inherent tradeoffs and measurement dilemmas involved, describes newsworthy examples of “beyond-GAAP accounting,” and offers a brief bibliography for further investigation should students or professors choose to research this element in more depth.
Percutaneous closure of a residual ventricular septal defect in a challenging patient

Percutaneous transcatheter closure of congenital or acquired cardiac ventricular septal defects has emerged as a valid alternative to surgical closure in selected cases. It avoids the considerable morbidity and mortality related to open heart surgical procedures. The choice of the device is determined by the particular VSD morphology and thanks to considerable material and technical improvements procedural success rates of over 90% are nowadays achievable. We discuss the case of a young woman who required VSD closure, and in whom re-open-heart surgery was avoided by a successful percutaneous closure using an Amplatzer Patent Ductus Arteriosus Occluder.
Of Contracts and the Katallaxy: Measuring the Extent of the Market, 1919-1939

This paper develops a view of the extent of the market based on the katallactic notions advanced by Mises, Hayek, Buchanan, and others. This contractarian approach to the katallactic process is used to analyze one of the most studied but still controversial periods of U.S. economic history, the interwar years from 1919 to 1939. The pictures that emerge from a katallactic analysis of the interwar years are quite different from those that emerge, for example, from considerations of national income and product. The katallactic approach reveals, for example, that a much larger and more dynamic structure of production and financial exchanges sits behind the relatively sanguine facade of final consumption during this turbulent period.
Developments in the Handling of Recent Manuscripts in the Library of Congress

THE problem of "bigness," which faces most of us in one way or another these days, has a special bearing on the handling of materials of recent origin — and by recent, we mean, roughly, from 1900 on. A veritable tidal wave of such material is rolling in upon manuscript repositories, and the effort to establish some sort of control over it is resulting in what might almost be called a revolution in method, both in the Library of Congress and elsewhere. The difficulty began, probably, with the coming into common use of the typewriter, and its concomitant, the carbon copy. Personal papers of men whose careers have had public significance, and records of nongovernmental organizations of national scope — with both of which the Library is concerned — began to grow in size in the middle twenties, and are now snowballing at an amazing rate. Perhaps 90 percent of the Library's present holdings, and at least 95 percent of the material now coming in, can be classed as "recent." Curiously enough, this problem did not become really acute until a few years ago. There has been a time lag, often, between a man's public service and the placing of his papers in a repository; but that period is shrinking. For example, we are only just now rounding out our World War I collections — the Newton D. Baker papers have only recently come in — and the armistice which concluded that war was signed more than 30 years ago. But we are acquiring, simultaneously, such papers as those of Charles Evans Hughes, who retired from the United States Supreme Court as recently as 1941, and of Harold L. Ickes and Cordell Hull, both members of Franklin D. Roosevelt's cabinet. In other words, the problem of bigness — of masses of paper — is just catching up with us. The Woodrow Wilson collection, for example, occupies some 1,300 boxes, the Josephus Daniels papers 960 boxes, the Booker T. Washington papers something over 1,200 boxes, the noncurrent
Abstract 570: Deficiency of Inhibitory Fcgamma Receptor II Does Not Exacerbate Atherosclerosis

Objective: Functionally, Fcgamma receptors (FcgRs) can be classified as activating (FcgRI, III, and IV) and inhibitory (FcgRII, CD32b) receptors. We have reported that deletion of activating FcgRs in apoE knockout mice decreased atherosclerosis. In this report we investigated the hypothesis that the deficiency of inhibitory CD32b exacerbates atherosclerosis in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model. Approach and Results: ApoE-CD32b double knockout mice congenic to the C57BL/6 (apoE-CD32bB6-/-) were generated and atherosclerotic lesions were assessed. Contrary to our hypothesis, arterial lesions were significantly decreased in chow or high fat diet fed apoE-CD32bB6-/- male and female mice, relative to apoE-/- mice. Bone marrow chimera approach using apoE-/- mice transplanted with apoE-CD32bB6-/- marrow also showed significantly reduced arterial lesions. ApoE-CD32bB6-/- mice had increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-b by CD4+ T cells, while IFN-g and IL-17 was decreased. As our findings conflict with a previous report using apoE-CD32b129/6-/- mixed background, we investigated if strain differences contributed to the anti-inflammatory response. Macrophages from mixed apoE-CD32b129/B6-/- mice showed more IL-1b, IL-6 and MCP-1 in response to immune complexes, while congenic CD32bB6-/- mice showed more IL-10 and significantly reduced IL-1b. Interestingly expression of lupus-associated slam genes, located in close proximity to cd32b in mouse chromosome 1, is upregulated only in mixed CD32b129/B6-/- mice. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate a detrimental role for CD32b signaling in atherosclerosis and the contribution of anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in the attenuated lesions observed in apoE-CD32bB6-/- mice. As 129/sv genome derived lupus associated genes have been implicated in lupus phenotype in CD32b129/B6-/- mice our findings suggest possible epistatic mechanism contributing to the decreased lesions.