cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In VivoModulation of 17β-Estradiol-Induced Vitellogenin Synthesis and Estrogen Receptor in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Liver Cells by β-Naphthoflavone

Vitellogenesis or egg yolk production represents a key estrogen initiated process in oviparous vertebrates which is crucial for oocyte maturation. Previousin vitrostudies have shown that cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1)-inducing compounds such as β-naphthoflavone (βNF) modulate 17β-estradiol-induced vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis in primary cultures of juvenile rainbow trout liver cells. In this study, treatment of juvenile trout with 0.5 mg/kg 17β-estradiol plus either 25 or 50 mg/kg βNF confirmedin vivothat βNF may depress Vg synthesis by the liver. Alternatively, trout treated with 0.5 mg/kg 17β-estradiol plus 12.5 mg/kg βNF or 5 mg/kg 17β-estradiol plus 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg βNF showed a potentiation of Vg synthesis relative to estradiol-only injected fish. These results are significant as they suggest that changing plasma estrogen levels in sexually maturing trout will determine whether or not CYP1A1-inducing compounds may suppress, have no effect, or potentiate estrogen-induced liver Vg synthesis. Depressed Vg synthesis by trout injected with 0.5 mg/kg 17β-estradiol plus 50 mg/kg of βNF correlated with depressed estrogen-binding capacity of liver, as assessed by [3H]17β-estradiol binding to liver nuclear protein extracts. Using gel mobility shift assay, the decrease in estrogen responsiveness of liver was not attributed to depressed estrogen response element–estrogen receptor binding. The fish liver vitellogenesis process offers a comparative model with which to further study the mechanism(s) of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated antiestrogenicity and endocrine disruption.
Associative vs topographical accounts of the immediate shock-freezing deficit in rats: Implications for the response selection rules governing species-specific defensive reactions ☆

Abstract Rats were placed in a novel chamber and were given a single shock, either immediately upon placement in the chamber or after a 2-m delay. During a postshock observation period, delayed shock animals froze while immediate shock rats did not (Experiments 1–5). Additionally, delayed shock animals showed an elevation in defecation, relative to unshocked controls, while immediate shock animals did not (Experiment 1). Freezing and elevated defecation were first found with a 9-s delay between placement and shock, and both responses increased linearly with increasing delays up to at least 81 s (Experiment 2). Immediate shock rats did not show escape-related behaviors when potential escape routes were available (Experiments 3–4). A 2-m preexposure to the chamber, that was separated in time from shock, did not alleviate the immediate shock deficit (Experiments 4–5). The immediate shock deficit was also apparent in a test given 24 h after shock receipt (Experiment 6). If immediate shock rats were later given delayed shock they began to freeze but showed no carryover effects of their prior shock experience (Experiment 6). It was concluded that the immediate shock deficit reflects a deficit in association formation between contextual stimuli and shock rather than a difference in defensive behavioral topography. It also appears that freezing is the dominant conditional response to shock-associated stimuli even though freezing is not unconditionally elicited by the shock itself.
Mineralogy and Distribution of Clay Sediments in Great Miami River Basin (Ohio-Indiana): ABSTRACT

Sixty-one samples of suspended and sedimented clays were collected from master and tributary streams in the Great Miami River drainage basin in southwestern Ohio and southeastern Indiana. Major contributors of clay materials include Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian shales and Pleistocene drift. These sediments were analyzed by X-ray diffraction for variations in composition and distribution pattern. Dominant clay minerals include illite, chlorite, montmorillonite, mixed montmorillonite-illite, and mixed chlorite-vermiculite. The preponderance of illite is evident in Silurian and Devonian shales in the area and contrasts markedly with a significant proportion of chlorite in Ordovician shales. The suspended sediment in streams crossing from younger to older bedrock reflects these changes within a few miles. Variations in the degree of organization of chlorite in Ordovician shale and chlorite in highly leached till can be recognized as stream courses pass over bedrock and glacial material. Montmorillonitic components also appear to come from leached 10A clays in tills. Significant sorting takes place between high- and low-water periods as a comparison of suspended clays and recently deposited bank clays shows. Degraded and mixed-layer clays tend to remain suspended longer whereas the larger, well-crystallized particles settle. Thus periods of sampling of suspended sediment are very critical for accurate identification of transported clays. Further, the heterogeneity of clay compositions at any particular location within the drainage basin points up the difficulty in defining completely the total mineralogy of a river system. Consideration of the data also illustrates the strong contrast between patterns of clay distribution in marine and fresh-water environments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 533------------
Analysis of compressive fracture in rock using statistical techniques: Part I. A non-linear rule-based model

Abstract A new non-linear rule-based model for the fracture in compression of heterogeneous brittle materials such as rock is presented and used to study crack nucleation and propagation at the grain scale. We have used the model to simulate uniaxial compression tests of rock samples and results underscore the importance of crack interaction in extensile cracking of rock in compression even at low crack densities. Moreover, the model produces non-linear stress–strain behavior similar to that observed in laboratory tests. We have analyzed the stress–strain behavior and found that in these simulations fracture occurs in the following way. First, initial damage occurs by random cracking. When approximately 15% of the sites are broken, cracks start to interact and coalesce to form larger cracks which then may propagate a significant fraction of the array length. Crack extension may be followed by crack arrest and subsequent formation of a damage zone ahead of a crack tip. Finally, a series of cracks will link and form a fracture that eventually causes failure. The model shows decreasing compressive strength with increasing size following a power-law relationship with an exponent that is similar to that determined from the study of laboratory and field-test results. The model can also incorporate heterogeneity in the strength and geometry of rock fabric; in part II, the model is used to investigate how microscale heterogeneity in these parameters affects extensile crack growth in compression.
In Situ Monitoring of the Change in Extinction of Stabilized Nanoscopic Gold Particles in Contact with Aqueous Phenol Solutions

Changes to the surface plasmon resonance band of stable nanoscopic gold particle films were monitored with a UV−vis spectrometer as the films come in contact with a host analyte of varying concentrations. The gold particle films were prepared via a sputtering and annealing method and were secured in a flow cell with enough stability to remain intact while analytes flow through the cell. Time scans are performed as pure water is passed over the film with plugs of phenol systematically introduced for quantitation. With increasing host concentration surrounding the film, a characteristic red-shift and increase in intensity is observed as expected from Drude theory and the Clausius−Mossotti equation for small metal particle polarizability. The reversible response was evaluated by baseline−peak extinction difference (ΔCext) and integrated peak area. In both methods of analysis, a linear agreement in ΔCext is found in the 5 mM−0.4 M range. Gold particle films modified with octanethiol exhibit the same linearity...
Ghost Fluid Method for Strong Shock Interactions Part 2: Immersed Solid Boundaries

Numerical simulation of shock waves interacting with multimaterial interface is immensely challenging, particularly when the embedded interface is retained as a sharp entity. The challenge lies in accurately capturing and representing the interface dynamics and the wave patterns at the interface. In this regard, the ghost fluid method has been successfully used to capture the interface conditions for both fluid-fluid and solid-fluid interfaces. However, the ghost fluid method results in over/underheating errors when shocks impact interfaces, and hence must be supplemented with numerical corrective measures to mitigate these errors. Such corrections typically fail for strong shock applications. Variants and extensions ofthe ghost fluid method have been proposed to remedy its shortcomings with mixed success. In this paper, the performance of approaches based on the ghost fluid method, in the case of strong shocks impinging on immersed solid boundaries in compressible flows, is evaluated. It is found that (from the viewpoint of simplicity, robustness, and accuracy) a reflective boundary condition used in conjunction with a local Riemann solver at the interface proves to be a good choice. The method is found to be stable, accurate, and robust for wide range problems involving strong shocks interacting with embedded solid objects.
Effect of eye movements on backward masking and perceived location

A typical trial of this masking experiment involves, in quick succession, presentation of five letters, evocation of an eye movement, and presentation of a spatially localized mask, either a visual-pattern mask or a metacontrast ring. The effect of the mask is to sappress the report of the letter that stimulates the same retinal location, even though the mask appears to cover or surround the letter whose position in real space it shares. Masking is. however, weaker when the eyes move than when they do not. An auxiliary experiment suggests that the spatial aspects of observable (reportable by S) stimulus persistence are unaffected by eye movements, and therefore that observable persistence differs from that susceptible to masking.
On the Number of Classes of Binary Matrices

Cellular switching theory gives rise to the problems of counting the number of equivalence classes of m X n matrices of zeros and ones under: 1) row and column permutations; and 2) row and column permutations together with column complementations. A number of techniques are given for the solution of these problems.
Incorporating the Havriliak-Negami dielectric model in the FD-TD method

We derive and analyze an efficient algorithm to incorporate the anomalously dispersive Havriliak-Negami dielectric model of induced polarization in the Finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method. Our algorithm implements this dielectric model, which in the time-domain involves fractional derivatives and fractional differential operators, with a preset error over the desired computational time interval [0,T"c"o"m"p] and correctly takes into account the singularity at t=0^+ of the corresponding time-domain dielectric susceptibility. The overall algorithm is shown to be second-order accurate in space and time, and to obey the standard FD-TD stability condition. Numerical experiments confirm our analysis.
A Note on Teaching the Marshall-Lerner Condition

This article will be of particular interest to teachers of the intermediate course in international economics. It provides a technique for teaching the effect of devaluation on a country's trade balance in a simplified way without dilution of substance. It should serve to bring the Marshall-Lerner condition out of the appendix and into the classroom.
Increased arterial load alters aortic structural and functional properties during embryogenesis.

As in the adult dorsal aorta, the embryonic dorsal aorta is an important determinant of cardiovascular function, and increased stiffness may have secondary effects on cardiac and microcirculatory d...
Bilateral fascia iliaca catheters for postoperative pain control after bilateral total knee arthroplasty: a case report and description of a catheter technique.

Background and Objectives The pain following total knee arthroplasty can be associated with significant morbidity, especially in the elderly. Regional anesthetic techniques attenuate or eliminate postoperative pain, which may reduce this morbidity. Methods A 74-year-old patient with history of an epidural abscess underwent elective bilateral total knee arthroplasty for degenerative joint disease. Bilateral lumbar plexus catheters were placed via the fascia iliaca compartments. Lidocaine was infused postoperative through both catheters, and serum lidocaine levels were followed. Results The patient received significant postoperative pain relief based on physical and subjective examination. There were no complications or untoward effects related to the technique. Conclusion Lumbar plexus blockade with continuous local anesthetic infusion via the fascia iliaca compartment is an effective means of providing postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty when epidural analgesia is contraindicated.
Measurement of mercury deposition using passive samplers based on the Swedish (IVL) design

Abstract The Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) in 1988 developed a passive sampler for collecting wetfall and some dryfall, which they have been using successfully in a network configuration for the past 4 years. The IVL, utilizing clean handling and analysis techniques (to avoid mercury contamination), has demonstrated that (for the locations being monitored) this modified bulk sampler can provide data comparable to wetfall-only sampling and integrated event sampling. It has been generally agreed that modified bulk sampling (such as the IVL sampler) was equivalent to wet-only sampling in areas not subject to large amounts of locally resuspended soil. Wisconsin has replicated the IVL sample (with some modifications and enhancements) and conducted a study of the feasibility of deploying a network of these passive modified bulk samplers. Triplicate samples were collected—on one purchased IVL and two Wisconsin-fabricated samplers—and analyzed for 17 weeks between mid-June and early October 1993. Comparison of rainfall volume in the IVL samplers versus the NADP Belfort rain gage (or the NADP Aerochem Metrics sampler) showed an average collection efficiency of 97% overall (with a few outliers). The average mercury concentration for all samples was 20.6 ng l−1 with the median at 17.1 ng l−1. The median weekly deposition rate of 0.226 μg m−2 yielded an extrapolated annual rate of 11.8 μ m−2, comparable to other reported data for the region. This paper presents details of the modified sampler, the results of the monitoring study, as well as some analysis of data.
Enhanced corrosion resistance of interstitially hardened stainless steel: Implications of a critical passive layer thickness for breakdown

Abstract Immense interstitial hardening of 316L austenitic stainless steel via low-temperature paraequilibrium carburization also leads to greatly improved corrosion resistance. Both the hardening and the improved corrosion resistance owe their origin to a “colossal” supersaturation of interstitial carbon. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel involves a Cr 2 O 3 -rich passive film, and the composition and thickness of the passive film developed during anodic polarization at various potentials were determined for both carburized and non-treated steels using grazing incidence X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Passive oxide film breakdown is a necessary step in pitting corrosion, and appears to occur in these steels at a critical film thickness of ≈3 nm. We suggest that this breakdown is of chemomechanical origin. Long wavelength thickness perturbations occur during film growth to reduce the strain energy density in the passive film arising from intrinsic and electric field-induced stresses. At the critical thickness, the localized thinning is sufficient to lead to dielectric breakdown and nucleation of pitting corrosion. The improved corrosion resistance for the carburized material results from thinner passive films at a given potential and hence a delay in the detrimental effect of the thickness perturbations.
A search for laser heating of a sonoluminescing bubble

Thermodynamic arguments show that a sonoluminescing bubble that acts as a black body can absorb energy from a high power, pulsed laser beam. The mechanism for increasing the temperature of a sonoluminescing bubble is discussed and experiments with a frequency doubled, pulsed Nd:YAG laser are described. A bound for the amount of radiation absorbed is given as no evidence for heating was found at the low radiation intensity employed in the experiments.
Multispecialty Telephone and E-mail Consultation for Patients with Developmental Disabilities in Rural California

The University of California (UC), Davis Health System, and California Department of Developmental Services (CDDS) developed the Physician Assistance, Consultation and Training Network (PACT Net) to assist primary-care providers (PCPs) care for patients with developmental disabilities in rural California. This manuscript describes PACT Net, a warm line using phone and e-mail, and its multispecialty panel. A pilot study evaluated whether or not PCPs needed such a consultation service, whether or not it assisted them in providing care, and their overall satisfaction with the service. PCPs were informed on how to request a consultation. Data were collected from patients (demographics), PCPs (satisfaction with preexisting consultation availability and quality, PACT Net consultation reason, preferred mode of contact, duration, and, satisfaction), and specialists (ease, quality of request, and satisfaction). Satisfaction was measured prospectively using a 7-point Likert scale. Data were collected on 30 consulta...
Mid- to late-Holocene carbon balance in Arctic Alaska and its implications for future global warming

In the event of global warming, there is considerable uncertainty whether northern ecosystems will act as an atmospheric CO2 sink or source. This study examines Holocene rates of soil carbon accumulation along a latitudinal transect in northern Alaska as an analogue for future change in the Arctic. Rates of carbon accumulation during the colder late-Holocene (4800-400 BP) varied from 1.2 to 3.5 g C m-2 yr-1. During the warmer mid-Holocene (6900-4800 BP), the rate of carbon accumulation at Prudhoe Bay was significantly higher (6.7 g C m-2 yr-1) than during the colder late-Holocene (1.2 g C m-2 yc-1). Both paleoclimatic and latitudinal trends support the argument that long-term carbon storage in far-northern ecosystems (arctic and subarctic) increases with increasing temperature. This suggests that far-northern ecosystems will, over the long term (centuries to millenia), continue to act as a small sink (0.034-0.070 Gt yr-1) for atmospheric CO2 following global warming, which will provide a small negative fe...
Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions?

Discussions of public trust and confidence in the police and the courts often assume that the key to public feelings is the public's evaluation of the outcomes that the public receives from these legal authorities. In the case of the courts, discontent is often assumed to be linked to issues of cost and delay-instrumental concerns about the outcomes delivered to the public by the courts. In the case of the police, the inability to effectively control crime is frequently seen as driving public evaluations. This article presents an alternative procedural justice based model that links public trust and confidence to views about the manner in which legal authorities treat the public. Drawing upon psychological research about public evaluations of institutions and authorities it is argued that the key issue that shapes public views is a process based evaluation of the fairness of the procedures that the police and courts use to exercise their authority. Analyses from several studies exploring the basis of public views support this procedural justice based model of public evaluation. In addition, the results provide suggestions about the elements of procedures that are central to public judgments about their fairness.
Engineering education and registration in the United States

Membership of an engineering institution is not as closely controlled in the USA as in the UK, so that membership is not considered a professional qualification. Engineering registration is the responsibility of an appointed board in each state. The requirements for registration include the equivalent of a university degree accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, a private association composed of representatives from the engineering societies and institutions. This article describes the registration procedure in the USA with an emphasis on the American engineering education system.< >
Factors Affecting Metabolism of Muscle Collagen. II. Effect of Radiation Exposure.

Summary1. C14-activity of muscle collagen was measured in x-irradiated and sham-irradiated rats given glycine-2-C14 and glucose-U-C14 prior to exposure. 2. Whole body x-irradiation resulted in reduction of isotope concentration of collagen in animals given glycine-2-C14 but caused an increase in isotope concentration when glucose-U-C14 had been administered. 3. It is concluded that x-irradiation and aging have similar over-all effects on collagen metabolism when studied with above-mentioned C14-labeled precursors.
The use of cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression for individuals with CHF.

Patients diagnosed with CHF have disproportionately high rates of depression. Research has demonstrated significant consequences of depression in patients with CHF including poor quality of life, worse medical adherence and increased health complications, health care utilization, and medical costs. Despite these consequences, the treatment of depression in patients with CHF has not been widely explored. In fact, a review of the literature demonstrates a clear gap when it comes to efficacious treatments of depression in patients afflicted with CHF. The present article introduces the empirically supported therapy ‘cognitive behavioral therapy’ (CBT) and provides information about the literature supporting the use of CBT in depressed patients. Finally, the present authors offer some practical suggestions for healthcare providers treating depressed patients with CHF.
Legal Issues with Security on Higher Education Campuses: Rethinking Campus Security Liability

The aim of this research is assessment of legal aspects associated with safety and security on college campuses in the United States. Findings indicated that institutional administrators should concern themselves with several, perhaps unexpected types of legal theory: contract law theory and negligence theory including negligent hiring, landlord-business invitee, and landowner-tenant legal theory. Application of those theories revealed that campus security involves a significant breadth of seemingly unrelated case law, which exposes institutions to campus security-related torts.
Measures of variability in age-structured populations.

Abstract An expression for the entropy of a population was derived in Demetrius (1974) by using a variational principle argument. This entropy measure is precisely the information content of the distribution in the ages of reproducing individuals in a stationary population. This paper introduces another expression for the entropy by considering the variation in the ages at which offspring will be produced by newborn individuals. The relation between these two measures of entropy and their biological significance are discussed.
Contribution of lipids to the nonlinear sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to soil organic matter

The sorption isotherms of benzene, naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene for a suite of whole and lipid-extracted soils are presented. The sorption of benzene to two different peats displays linear characteristics which are consistent with the partitioning model of sorption. The sorption of the PAHs to three different mineral soils show marked nonlinear character. The nonlinear sorptive character of the soil organic matter can be described by site specific sorption occurring within the soil organic matrix. Removal of the lipids via Soxhlet extraction increases the nonlinear character of the sorption isotherms as well as doubles the sorptive capacity of the mineral soils for the PAHs studied. This indicates that the lipids naturally present in the soil strongly compete for hydrophobic sorption sites present in the soil organic matter matrix.
An investigation into the minimum requirements for peptide hydrolysis by mutation of the catalytic triad of trypsin

The catalytic triad of rat anionic trypsin has been systematically altered by site-directed mutagenesis to determine the activity of alternate combinations of amino acids toward the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Genetically modified rat trypsins H57A, H57D, H57E, H57K, H57R, H57A/D102N, H57D/D102N, H57L/D102N, H57K/D102N, D102JN, S195A, S195T and H57A/D102N/S195A have been generated. Rigorous steps were taken to show that the resultant catalysis was due to the mutant enzymes and not contaminants
Should We Have Children? A Decision‐Making Group for Couples

A discussion group was designed and conducted by the authors in Wisconsin for couples trying to decide whether or not to bear children. The aims of the group members were to understand and clarify their own and their spouses positions on children and gain realistic pictures of both parenthood and the childfree lifestyle. 4 married couples of similar background participated. Each attended 2 interviews and 7 2-hour group sessions. Participants reported positive experiences. 1 couple decided to postpone their decision 2 couples decided to bear children at a later time and 1 decided to probably remain childless.
An Examination of Lending Fees at 30 Academic Libraries in the Southeast

Current fiscal shortfalls are projected to bring deep and long-lasting budget cuts to libraries. With every budget dollar under close scrutiny, the urgency of filling patron information needs efficiently and cost-effectively increases. Interlibrary loan plays an important role in filling in gaps in library collections, yet as significant budget cuts are made at libraries of all sizes, materials will be available from fewer and fewer lenders. Libraries unable to find items from those with whom they have reciprocal arrangements will be will be forced to use lenders who charge. This article examines fees associated with interlibrary lending in 30 academic libraries in the southeast from 1995 and 2008.
Anatomy and biomechanics of normal craniovertebral junction (a) and biomechanics of stabilization (b).

Introduction A knowledge of the bony configuration, ligamentous attachments, joint articulations, vascular supply, muscle function, and lymphatic drainage as well as the kinetic anatomy of the craniocervical junction is necessary to understand the etiology of abnormalities in this area and their treatment.
Passive evasion by eggs of braconid parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps of encapsulation in vitro by haemocytes of host Heliothis virescens. Possible role for fibrous layer in immunity

Abstract We have utilised a novel in vitro encapsulation system using haemolymph of the host, Heliothis virescens and eggs of the parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps (as targets for encapsulation) to examine the properties of the egg surface with respect to recognition by the host haemocytes. Many biotic and abiotic targets were readily encapsulated in vitro, with the exception of negatively charged cation exchange beads and allogenic tissue. However, mature eggs, which had a 0.5 – 1.0 μm thick fibrous layer on their outer surface, were not encapsulated in vitro regardless of whether they were developing, dormant or had been killed by ultra-violet irradiation. Conversely, immature eggs, which had a sheath of follicle cells over the fibrous layer, were readily encapsulated; similarly, experimental removal of the fibrous layer with driselase or H. zea haemolymph also caused the eggs to elicit an in vitro encapsulation response. Identical encapsulation responses occur if eggs are injected manually into H. virescens larvae. The data suggest that eggs of the parasitoid, C. nigriceps can evade encapsulation by the host haemocytes independently of other “immunosuppressants” such as calyx fluid/virus, venom or teratocytes. It is proposed that the fibrous layer may, among other possible functions, delay encapsulation until a more permanent means of suppressing encapsulation of the egg is established in the host.
Using submerged aquatic vegetation to establish minimum and maximum freshwater inflows to the Caloosahatchee estuary, Florida

Species of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) are frequently used in the management of estuarine systems to set restoration goals, nutrient load reduction goals, and water quality targets. As human need for water increases, the amount of freshwater required by estuaries has become an increasingly important issue. While the, science of establishing the freshwater needs of estuaries is not well developed, recent attempts have emphasized the freshwater requirements of fisheries. We evaluate the hypothesis that SAV can be used to establish freshwater inflow needs. Salinity tolerance data from laboratory and field studies of SAV in the Caloosahatchee estuary, Florida, are used to estimate a minimum flow required to maintain the salt-tolerant freshwater species,Vallisneria americana, at the head of the estuary and a maximum flow required to prevent mortality, of the marine speciesHalodule wrightii at its mouth. ForV. americana, laboratory experiments showed that little or no growth occurred between 10‰ and 15‰ In the field, lower shoot densities ( 600 blades m−2) tend to occur at salinities greater than 12‰ Relationships between salinity in the estuary and discharge from the Caloosahatchee River indicated that flows>8.5 m3 s−1 would produce tolerable salinity (<10‰) forV. americana and flows<89 m3 s−1 would avoid lethal salinities (<6‰) forH. wrightii.
Power Trading and Congestion Management through Real Power Rescheduling Using Unified Power Flow Controller

Congestion is termed as the operating condition in which there is not enough transmission capacity to implement all the desired transactions. This paper deals with the power trading in electricity market to ensure regular supply at competitive rates. Bidding process of 75 Indian bus systems is analyzed. It is shown that how can congestion cost can be addressed through active power rescheduling with transmission line constraints using Unified power flow controller.
3-charge geometries and their CFT duals

Abstract We consider two families of D1–D5–P states and find their gravity duals. In each case the geometries are found to ‘cap off’ smoothly near r = 0 ; thus there are no horizons or closed timelike curves. These constructions support the general conjecture that the interior of black holes is nontrivial all the way up to the horizon.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis : subversive manipulators of host cells

Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. cause several emerging human infectious diseases. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis are transmitted between mammals by blood-sucking ticks and replicate inside mammalian white blood cells and tick salivary-gland and midgut cells. Adaptation to a life in eukaryotic cells and transmission between hosts has been assisted by the deletion of many genes that are present in the genomes of free-living bacteria (including genes required for the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan), by the acquisition of a cholesterol uptake pathway and by the expansion of the repertoire of genes encoding the outer-membrane porins and type IV secretion system. Here, I review the specialized properties and other adaptations of these intracellular bacteria.
Profiling of parallel processing programs on shared memory multiprocessors using Simics

This paper presents an introduction to Simics' capabilities for source program instrumentation, shared memory multiprocessor system simulation, cache memory simulation, cache memory profiling, and cache memory profiler control through Python functions. The profiled data is also analyzed.
Conjoint Influence of Maps and Auded Prose on Children’s Retrieval of Instruction

Fifth-grade students studied a map of a fictitious island while twice listening to a related narrative containing target feature and nonfeature items. The students were cued by varying iconic and verbal stimuli in four map cue conditions; they received immediate and delayed tests to recall text items, map features, and feature locations. The students were also required to rate their confidence in each response. Students remembered more text features and were more confident of their responses when cued by icons plus labels and by icons only. Students in these groups also recalled more map features and their locations on a map reconstruction task. Memory for feature information and pictorial retrieval cues appeared to activate memory for nonfeature information contained in the text.
Flavonoids from the Moss Mnium affine Bland

Eight different flavone C-glycosides from Mnium affine were tentatively identified by chromatography and spectroscopy. Quercetin-3-diglycoside and other unidentified flavonoids were found in M. arizonicum. The fiavonoid chemistry standing of its systematics.
The Oxygen-enhancement Ratio for Reproductive Death Induced by 3H or 125I Damage in Mammalian Cells

SummaryThe oxygen-enhancement ratio (o.e.r.) for 3H- and 125I-induced cell death at 4°C was determined in cultured Chinese hamster cells. The o.e.r. for cell death induced by 3H-thymidine was 3·2, essentially the same value as that previously reported for X-ray induced cell death. For cell death induced by 125I-iododeoxyuridine (125IdUrd), the o.e.r. was less than 1·4. The lower o.e.r. for 125I-induced death was not due to the presence of the base analogue itself, since cells that had incorporated unlabelled IdUrd and were X-irradiated had an o.e.r. of 2·8 and cells that were inactivated by 3H-IdUrd damage at 4°C had an o.e.r. even greater than 3. These results suggest that 125I-decay damage, like high-linear-energy-transfer radiation damage, is only slightly increased by the presence of oxygen.
Estimation of the aqueous solubility I: Application to organic nonelectrolytes

The estimation of aqueous solubilities of organic nonelectrolytes by the General Solubility Equation (GSE) as proposed by Valvani and Yalkowsky (1980) is used in this study. The data and assumptions on which the GSE are based are reevaluated, and the equation is revised. The revised GSE is validated on a set of 580 pharmaceutically, environmentally, and industrially relevant nonelectrolytes. The revised equation has a stronger theoretical background and provides a more accurate estimation of aqueous solubility.
Focal Inpatient Treatment Planning

Focal Inpatient Treatment Planning (FITP) is a new method of organizing and choosing among the many data available to the inpatient clinician. FITP emphasizes one Focal Problem, provides criteria for defining it, makes it possible to formulate the problem in operational language, channels free-ranging case discussion into workaday terms, invites the clinician to make explicit a sophisticated view of pathogenesis; including developmental, dynamic, and contextual factors, and ties formulation to intervention through explicit objectives. By requiring language that is jargon-free and accessible to patients and parents, FITP fosters empathy and alliance between the treatment community and the domain of the patient. This paper describes and illustrates FITP and provides guidelines for its implementation by an inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry service.
RF Performance of Planar III–V Nanowire-Array Transistors Grown by Vapor–Liquid–Solid Epitaxy

The radio frequency (RF) performance of a III–V transistor comprised of nanowire (NW) high-electron mobility channels, grown by planar vapor–liquid–solid epitaxy in parallel arrays, is examined. An equivalent small-signal circuit model was used to study the contributing extrinsic and intrinsic passive elements on the NW performance as a function of bias and gate length ( $ {L} _{\it {G}}$ ). Adequate intrinsic gain ( $ {g} _{\it {m}} / \boldsymbol {g} _{\it {ds}}$ ) $\sim 25$ with low intrinsic ( $ {R} _{\it {i}}$ ) and terminal resistances ( $\boldsymbol {R} _{\it {G}}$ , $\boldsymbol {R} _{\it {S}}$ , $\boldsymbol {R} _{\it {D}}$ ) lead to an $ {f} _{\it {T }} / {f} _{\it {\max }}~\sim ~30$ /78 GHz for $ {L} _{\it {G}}= 150$ nm and NW diameter $\sim 160$ nm. The gate capacitance ( $ {C} _{\it {g}}$ ) is extracted and $\sim 2$ /3 of the total $ {C} _{g}$ is parasitic, which can be reduced with denser NW arrays. Excellent agreement between measured and modeled RF performance is achieved.
Medicine and the call for a moral epistemology.

For over a century, medicine has prided itself on its scientific orien- tation and technological accomplishments. But a conceptual crack lies at the founda- tion of contemporary medicine, one that may be characterized as a conflict between medicine's scientific epistemology and its moral philosophy. Moral refers to value, and more specifically in the clinical setting, to how facts must be ordered by the values at- tached to them. A "moral epistemology" seeks to bring these two domains into closer proximity. Clinical facts always reside in a complex array of systems that confer specific and often unique meanings to any finding. An integration of unsteady norms and the intuitive inference arising from the individuality of disease expression require that judg- ments order facts into their proper placement. And beyond this relaxed view of objec- tivity, clinical care must also incorporate judgments arising from the patient's (as well as the physician's) social and psychological realms that are removed from scientific con- cerns.Together, these various kinds of value judgments erect the scaffold of clinical care, in which a more complex moral epistemology emerges. A comprehensive biopsycho- social model of illness and its treatment articulates this integrated orientation, but until medicine embraces a philosophy that legitimates the full integration of facts and val- ues, the appeal of such an approach will remain limited and its application ineffective.
Chromodynamics and the transverse momentum of secondaries in high energy e + e - annihilation

Abstract We analyze data on the transverse momentum of hadrons, produced in e + e − annihilations in the s = 15–30 GeV energy range, in the context of quantum chromodynamics. We present a simple method that allows direct comparison of perturbative QCD with experimental information on the momentum distributions of the secondary particles. It avoids the introduction by Monte Carlo of an ad hoc cutoff in thrust separating two- and three-jet events. We show that the theory accounts for the rise of the transverse momentum spectra of the charged secondaries with increasing Q 2 and present alternative tests.
The amazing phases of small systems

Abstract Small systems, notably clusters of tens or hundreds of atoms or molecules, exhibit forms almost precisely analogous to the phases of bulk systems. However their small sizes make these systems behave in ways quite different from their bulk counterparts. These differences can be elucidated and related to the behavior of bulk systems. Understanding these relationships gives us new insights into the traditional, classical bulk phase transitions, and shows us some unique properties of phases and phase equilibrium of nanoscale systems. To cite this article: R.S. Berry, C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 319–326.
Iroquois Proteins Promote Skeletal Joint Formation by Maintaining Chondrocytes in an Immature State

An early event in skeletal joint development is the specification of articular chondrocytes at the joint surface. Articular chondrocytes are distinct in producing lower levels of cartilage matrix and not being replaced by bone, yet how they acquire these properties remains poorly understood. Here, we show that two members of the Iroquois transcriptional repressor family, Irx7 and Irx5a, function to block chondrocyte maturation at the developing hyoid joint of zebrafish. These Irx factors suppress the production of cartilage matrix at the joint in part by preventing the activation of a col2a1a enhancer by Sox9a. Further, both zebrafish Irx7 and mouse IRX1 are able to repress cartilage matrix production in a murine chondrogenic cell line. Iroquois proteins may therefore have a conserved role in keeping chondrocytes in an immature state, with the lower levels of cartilage matrix produced by these immature cells contributing to joint flexibility.
Multi-Disciplinary Effects of Zero-Lift Drag and Drag Uncertainty on Aircraft Performance

Uncertainty in concept-design zero-lift-drag estimation has significant downstream design consequences. Typically, key decisions regarding the overall vehicle weight, vehicle dimensions, aerodynamic configuration, wing loading and thrust loading are frozen during concept design. If imprecise drag estimates are made up front, the actual performance of the production aircraft may diverge widely from its intended performance. Plots of steady-state aircraft cruise performance metrics in “Energy-Maneuverability” format (as a function of Mach number and flight altitude) facilitate this discussion. This paper explains how multidisciplinary effects magnify the impact the zero-lift-drag uncertainty substantially beyond what one would expect using a simplified, Breguet analysis. Moreover, the detrimental effects of excess drag disproportionately impacts smaller airframes. However, increased thrust-loading mitigates the unintended effects of excess drag.
Preparing Mammary Gland Whole Mounts from Mice

We present methods, fixation schedules, and stains for preparing whole mounts of murine mammary glands. We have included references to papers published 60 years ago as well as those in current journals. The use of this method has undergone a renaissance with the advent of transgenic and knock-in—knockout genetic mouse models relevant to the study of mammary growth, development, and neoplasia.
Cytokine induction of proliferation and expression of CDC2 and cyclin a in FDC‐P1 myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells: Regulation of ubiquitous and cell cycle‐dependent histone gene transcription factors

To evaluate transcriptional mechanisms during cytokine induction of myeloid progenitor cell proliferation, we examined the expression and activity of transcription factors that control cell cycle-dependent histone genes in interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent FDC-P1 cells. Histone genes are transcriptionally upregulated in response to a series of cellular regulatory signals that mediate competency for cell cycle progression at the G1/S-phase transition. We therefore focused on factors that are functionally related to activity of the principal cell cycle progression at the G1/S-phase transition. We therefore focused on factors that are functionally related to activity of the principal cell cycle regulatory element of the histone H4 promoter:CDC2, cyclin A, as well as RB-and IRF-related proteins. Comparisons were made with activities of ubiquitous transcription factors that influence a broad spectrum of promoters independent of proliferation or expression of tissue-specific phenotypic properties. Northern blot analysis indicates that cellular levels of cyclin A and CDC2 mRNAs increase when DNA synthesis and H4 gene expression are initiated, supporting invoulvement in cell cycle progression. Using gel-shift assays, incorporating factor-specific antibody and oligonucleotide competition controls, we define three sequential periods following cytokine stimulation of FDC-P1 cells when selective upregulation of a subset of transcription factors is observed. In the initial period, the levels of SP1 and HiNF-P are moderately elevated; ATF, AP-1, and HiNF-M/IRF-2 are maximal during the second period; while E2F and HiNF-D, which contain cyclin A as a component, predominate during the third period, coinciding with maximal H4 gene expression and DNA synthesis. Differential regulation of H4 gene transcription factors following growth stimulation is consistent with a principal role of histone gene promoter elements in integrating cues from multiple signaling pathways that control cell cycle induction and progression. Regulation of transcription factors controlling histone gene promoter activity within the context of a staged cascade of responsiveness to cyclins and other physiological mediators of proliferation in FDC-P1 cells provides a paradigm for experimentally addressing interdependent cell cycle and cell growth parameters that are operative in hematopoietic stem cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender Differences in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbohydrate Loading

Prior to endurance competition, many endurance athletes participate in a carbohydrate loading regimen in order to help delay the onset of fatigue. The "classic" regimen generally includes an intense glycogen depleting training period of approximately two days followed by a glycogen loading period for 3–4 days, ingesting approximately 60–70% of total energy intake as carbohydrates, while the newer method does not consist of an intense glycogen depletion protocol. However, recent evidence has indicated that glycogen loading does not occur in the same manner for males and females, thus affecting performance. The scope of this literature review will include a brief description of the role of estradiol in relation to metabolism and gender differences seen in carbohydrate metabolism and loading.
Perceptions of Educational Reform By Educators Representing Middle Schools, Cooperative Learning, and Gifted Education

The present article describes the results of two surveys camparing the perceptions of educators of gifted students with the perceptions of mainstream educational personnel in middle schools and those specializing in cooperative learning. The results indicated a major gulf between the of mainstream educators and those of educators of the gifted. In the case of middle schools, the disagreement focused on the value of ability grouping and the social consequences of being labeled gifted. In the case of cooperative learning, there were major differences across the board on practically all items.The authors conclude that it is in the interest of all concerned to have more extensive dialogue between educators of the gifted and members of the educational reform movement.
Risk of Tuberculosis Reactivation With Tofacitinib (CP-690550)

Individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) live with a risk of reactivation, and several treatments for chronic inflammatory conditions are highly associated with such reactivation. A new Janus kinase inhibitor, tofacitinib (CP-690550), has shown promising results for treatment of inflammatory disorders, thus raising concerns of risk of active tuberculosis. Our goal was to characterize the impact of tofacitinib on LTBI using a mouse model of contained tuberculosis. Our data indicate that tofacitinib reduces host containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and promotes bacterial replication in the lungs, suggesting tuberculosis reactivation. Tofacitinib may carry a significant risk for LTBI reactivation in humans.
Rice Agriculture: Emissions

Rice agriculture has long been recognized as a major source of methane (CH4). Global budgets of methane have generally included emissions of about 100 Tg/yr (Tg = Teragrams, 1012 grams) from rice agriculture (with a range of 50–300 Tg/yr), constituting about 20% of emissions from all sources (range 14%–40%) (Ehhalt and Schmidt, 1978; Donahue, 1979; Khalil and Rasmussen, 1983; Blake, 1984; Bolle et al., 1986; Bingemer and Crutzen, 1987; Cicerone and Oremland, 1988; Warneck, 1988; Khalil and Rasmussen, 1990). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1990) estimates a source of 60 Tg/yr (range 20–150 Tg/yr).