cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The diagnosis of a conductive olfactory loss.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Two of the most common causes of olfactory loss include upper respiratory infection (URI) and nasal or sinus disease. The etiology of most URI-related losses is thought to be viral and, as yet, there is no available treatment. In contrast, nasal or sinus disease produces an obstructive or conductive loss that often responds dramatically to appropriate therapy. Therefore, the distinction is important but in many cases may be difficult because such patients often present with no other nasal symptoms, and routine physical findings may be nonspecific. The purpose of this report is to characterize those aspects of the history and physical examination that will help to substantiate the diagnosis of a conductive olfactory loss. Study Design: A retrospective, nonrandomized study of consecutive patients presenting with a primary complaint of olfactory loss. Methods: This study reviewed 428 patients seen at a university-based taste and smell clinic from July 1987 through December 1998. Of this total, 60 patients were determined to have a conductive olfactory loss. All patients were referred specifically because of a primary chemosensory complaint. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT; Sensonics, Inc., Haddon Heights, NJ) was administered in all cases. Results: The most commonly diagnosed etiologies of olfactory loss were head injury (18%), upper respiratory infection (18%), and nasal or sinus disease (14%). Of the 60 patients with a conductive loss, only 30% complained of nasal obstruction, whereas 58% described a history of chronic sinusitis. Only 45% reported that their olfactory loss at times seemed to fluctuate in severity. Anterior rhinoscopy failed to diagnose pathology in 51% of cases, whereas nasal endoscopy missed the diagnosis in 9%. Systemic steroids elicited a temporary reversal of conductive olfactory loss in 83% of patients who received them, offering a useful diagnostic maneuver, whereas topical steroids did so in only 25%. Conclusions: The etiology for olfactory loss can in many cases be difficult to determine, but it is important to establish prognosis and to predict response to therapy. Diagnosis requires a thorough history, appropriate chemosensory testing, and a physical examination that should include nasal endoscopy. A trial of systemic steroids may serve to verify that the loss is indeed conductive.
Cross-presentation of tumor antigens by bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells is the dominant mechanism in the induction of T-cell tolerance during B-cell lymphoma progression.

Tumor antigen-specific T-cell tolerance may limit the efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Direct presentation of antigens by tumor cells incapable of providing adequate costimulation to tumor-specific T cells has been suggested as the basis for this unresponsiveness. Using parent-into-F1 bone marrow (BM) chimeras, this study unambiguously demonstrates that the induction of this tolerant state requires T-cell recognition of tumor antigen presented by BM-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs), not tumor cells themselves. In the absence of host APC presentation, tumor-specific T cells remained functional, even in the setting of antigen expressed by B-cell lymphomas residing in secondary lymphoid tissues. The intrinsic APC capacity of tumor cells has therefore little influence over T-cell priming versus tolerance, a decision that is regulated at the level of host APCs.
Applications of rare-earth ion doped crystals for temperature measurement

Excited rare-earth ions relax radiatively and non-radiatively. The non-radiative relaxation rate and hence the lifetime of the excited level exhibit temperature dependence. These materials can be used to sense temperature below the melting point of the crystal. We have developed calibration standards using rare-earth ion doped crystals. The sensitivity of the technique and the applicable temperature range depends on the ionic energy levels and the type of crystal. We will discuss some of the results obtained in rare-earth ion doped fluoride and oxide crystals.
Going beyond ADR: A federal sector mission‐ and work life‐centered approach to building collaboration and democratic values on the job

Judy Cohen, of New York, reports on potential adaptations of collaborative approaches to structuring workplaces in describing her work at the Federal Aviation Administration.
Why Community College Students are so Poor, but Only 16.9% Received Federal Pell Grants

Community colleges have maintained a mission and commitment to open access. Likewise, Federal Pell Grants have historically served as a primary means for low income populations to afford higher education. Thus, community college students and Federal Pell Grants are important parts of the American higher education landscape and a mode of social and individual transformation (Baime & Mullin, 2011). In 2006, Romano and Millard asked the question, “If community college students are so poor, why do only 16.9% of them receive Pell Grants?” The authors put forth the question to financial aid professionals and based on their responses posited seven possible answers. The purpose of this paper is to expand on some of the previous answers and provide the following additional explanations: (a) lack of information; (b) verification; (c) financial aid office's workload; and (d) student employment. Romano and Millard (2006) concluded Federal Pell Grant rate cannot be used to determine low income at community colleges. W...
Surfactant-immobilized fibronectin enhances bioactivity and regulates sensory neurite outgrowth.

A PEO-containing surface coating was investigated as a means to control neurite outgrowth in the presence of serum. Various ratios of end-group-activated triblock copolymer Pluronic F108 were used to immobilize the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN). Primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons were cultured on F108-immobilized FN or, as a control, on FN adsorbed from solution directly to polystyrene. Although FN surface concentration could be controlled in a dose-dependent manner by either technique, dose-dependent control of neuronal behaviors was best achieved on F108-immobilized FN. This effect was similar regardless of the presence of serum in the culture medium. F108-immobilized FN supported twofold greater maximal neurite outgrowth than did directly adsorbed FN. Furthermore, at similar surface concentrations, F108-FN was significantly more active in promoting neurite outgrowth. Polypropylene filament bundles treated with F108-immobilized FN supported robust outgrowth from explants of dorsal root ganglia, demonstrating the utility of the surface coating on clinically relevant materials with more complex shapes. The ability to control neuronal behaviors in a serum-resistant manner, coupled with enhanced biologic activity, demonstrates the potential for surfactant-based immobilization as a method for generating biointeractive materials for tissue engineering.
Hysteria is What We Need Sometimes

Earth Capitalism: Creating a New Civilization through a Responsible Market Economy has, we might say, "an attitude." But that may be exactly what you want if you are looking for a book that will grab your students' attention. They should know about collaps ing economies, imperiled environments, and failing states. Your students may also wish to know more about imaginative alter natives, such as participatory democracy, the revival of a voluntary economy, and alterna tive currencies. If you feel this applies to your students (and to you), I recommend Earth Capitalism. On the the other hand, there is something of a schizophrenic tone to Earth Capitalism. While most contributors trash capitalism, the much publicized and promi nently featured foreword is by Bill Gates. Perhaps many of us would go ga-ga at the prospect of Gates writing a foreword to our own book, but in my view, we should resist the temptation. Gates is as much a capitalist basher as Milton Friedman was (although Gates does far more good around the world than Friedman ever did). As Ralph Nader points out, Gates' net wealth is greater than the combined wealth of the poorest 40 per cent of Americans.1 He is obscenely wealthy. As if impervious to this reality, Uates points out in the foreword, "we are all in this together... "2 Nearly 50 million people are experiencing food insecurity in the Unit ed States, and this includes 16.7 million chil dren (22.5 percent of all children). The wealth gap is greater than at any time since the 1920s. Gates goes on and on about social responsibility (in the foreword), but if he has ever gone a day without food, we all would have heard about it. It would be all over the evening news and daily newspapers: "BILL GATES FASTS IN SOLIDARITY WITH HIS
Diabetes insipidus in the pregnant rat.

Diabetes insipidus (DI) was induced in nonpregnant and 3-day pregnant Fisher SPF rats by placement of biolateral radiofrequency lesions in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus. Measurements of spontaneous drinking and urine flow, as well as of urine production in response to hypertonic saline loading, permitted assessment as to whether operated rats showed minimal, mild, or severe DI. The maximum observed spontaneous intake of water and output of urine in a rat with severe DI were 650 and 558 ml/day, respectively. All rats with DI showed some degree of hyperphagia. Lesions did not interrupt established pregnancies but did interfere with lactation. Pregnant rats with minimal or mild DI excreted significantly less water, sodium and total osmols in response to an isotonic saline load on the 20th day of gestation than did nonpregnant rats with comparable degrees of DI. With severe DI both pregnant and nonpregnant rats showed markedly elevated urine volumes after isotonic saline loading, whereas the pre...
A versatile method of simulation of the operation of ion trap mass spectrometers

Abstract A program is described that simulates ion motion in a quadrupole ion trap. Based on the Taylor series method, a numerical solution to the Mathieu differential equation is obtained. Trapping conditions can be varied during the trajectory computation, and this allows simulation of the complex operating modes used when the ion trap is utilized as a mass spectrometer. Such features as the mass-selected instability scan mode, mass range extension via resonant ion ejection, and the use of r.f.-d.c. for ion isolation, are all included in the simulation. Other aspects of operation, such as helium collisions and space charge effects, are also implemented in the model. Results are presented to demonstrate some of the capabilities of the program. Besides ion trajectories, simulated mass spectral peaks can be obtained, and kinetic energy distributions and phase-of-ejection distributions can be calculated. Such a simulation program can assist in understanding fundamental aspects of ion trap mass spectrometry as well as having didactic value in allowing visualization of ion behavior in different experiments. Attention is also given to the limitations of such simulation programs.
Precision software-based image analysis system

An accuracy requirement of +/- 0.011 degrees in the declination measurement of a remotely imaged munition cannot be satisfied using classic image processing techniques. A dedicated, extensible image analysis system is developed using conventional high level programming languages and targeted for general purpose computational platforms. Based on internal testing, the developed system is expected to meet design goals during a formal certification process.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solution characterization of the iron(II) bis(1,4,7-triazacyclononane) spin-equilibrium reaction.

Iron(II) bis(1,4,7-triazacylononane), Fe(tacn)22+, exhibits 1A1g ⇌ 5T2g spin-crossover behavior in solution. Values of ΔH°se = 23 kJ mol-1 and ΔS°se = 67 J mol-1 K-1 are obtained for the reaction by variable-temperature UV−visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The thermodynamic parameters reflect intramolecular structural changes that accompany LS → HS conversion and depend only to a small extent on solvent, counterion, and the presence of excess electrolyte. A procedure is described for quantitative correction of Fe(tacn)23+/2+ thermodynamics for the accompanying Fe(II) spin equilibrium.
Chromatographic investigation of anthocyanin pigments in Vitis cinerea

Abstract The anthocyanin skin pigments of the American grape, Vitis cinerea Engelmann, are shown to be qualitatively identical with the pigments of most Vitis vinifera L. varieties previously investigated. A unique chromatographic solvent system is described which permits greatly improved resolution on a preparative scale of the complex mixture of acylated anthocyanin-3-monoglucosides present in the cinerea skins. Only about 50 per cent of the acylated pigments are esterified with cinnamic acid derivatives ( p -coumaric and caffeic acids).
On the action of Hecke operators on Drinfeld modular forms

Abstract In this paper we determine the explicit structure of the semisimple part of the Hecke algebra that acts on Drinfeld modular forms of full level modulo T . We show that modulo T the Hecke algebra has a non-zero semisimple part. In contrast, a well-known theorem of Serre asserts that for classical modular forms the action of T l for any odd prime l is nilpotent modulo 2. After proving the result for Drinfeld modular forms modulo T , we use computations of the Hecke action modulo T to show that certain powers of the Drinfeld modular form h cannot be eigenforms. Finally, we pose a question a positive answer to which will mean that the Hecke algebra that acts on Drinfeld modular forms of full level is not smooth for large weights, which again contrasts the classical situation.
Twenty-five basic theorems in situation and world theory

The foregoing set of theorems forms an effective foundation for the theory of situations and worlds. All twenty-five theorems seem to be basic, reasonable principles that structure the domains of properties, relations, states of affairs, situations, and worlds in true and philosophically interesting ways. They resolve 15 of the 19 choice points defined in Barwise (1989) (see Notes 22, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 43, and 45). Moreover, important axioms and principles stipulated by situation theorists are derived (see Notes 33, 37, and 38). This is convincing evidence that the foregoing constitutes a theory of situations. Note that worlds are just a special kind of situation, and that the basic theorems of world theory, which were derived in previous work, can still be derived in this situation-theoretic setting. So there seems to be no fundamental incompatibility between situations and worlds — they may peacably coexist in the foundations of metaphysics. The theory may therefore reconcile two research programs that appeared to be heading off in different directions. And we must remind the reader that the general metaphysical principles underlying our theory were not designed with the application to situation theory in mind. This suggests that the general theory and the underlying distinction have explanatory power, for they seem to relate and systematize apparently unrelated phenomena.
Teaching a Course on Creativity in Counseling: Ideas for Counselor Educators

This column is designed to underscore relationally based creative teaching practices used by counselor educators in the classroom. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways for counselor educators and students to deepen their learning while collaborating toward a spirit of connection and cooperation. If you have implemented a creative teaching method or if you have adapted an existing method that you would like to share with readers, please follow submission guidelines in the author information packet available at http://www.creativecounselor.org/Journal.html The benefits of creativity in counseling have been proclaimed by authors; however, training on creativity is sparse. Some literature exists on ways to implement a course on creativity in counseling, and certain counseling programs have incorporated classes and workshops on creativity in master's-level counseling programs. Still, there has been a call for more detailed descriptions for teaching the arts in counseling. In addition,...
The unfinished business of engineering ethics

In view of the engineer's expanding role in our modern world, he must be prepared to accept the added professional responsibilities. Thus, it is the consensus of opinion that several supplements be made to the Canons of Ethics of the Engineers Council for Professional Development.
A re-evaluation of the effects of gonadal steroids on neuronal activity in the male rat

Abstract Single unit activity (SUA) was recorded from 77 cells located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and medial preoptic area (MPA) of anesthetized, intact male rats. Animals were administered vehicle, testosterone (T; 5 or 50 μg) or 17β-estradiol (E; 0.5 μg) intravenously and SUA was monitored for 8–12 min. T (50 μg) reduced SUA in 50% of ARC units and 44% of MPA units within 2.1 ± 0.46 and 3.3 ± 0.92 min, respectively. Inhibition of ARC SUA was more pronounced than MPA SUA. A small percentage (9%) of ARC units were excited by T. E reduced SUA in 29% of ARC units and 27% of MPA units. Single doses of 5 Mg T did not affect ARC activity. However, when followed within 10 min by an additional dose of 5 or 50 μg T, 30% and 43% of ARC units were inhibited, respectively. Doses (10 μg) of T produced plasma T concentrations within physiological limits, although 50 μg doses produced supraphysiological T levels. Neither dose affected circulating LH concentrations. We conclude that physiological and supraphysiological concentrations of T can rapidly affect SUA within the ARC.
Dependence of thermal mismatch broadening on column diameter in high-speed liquid chromatography at elevated temperatures.

In this paper, we compare a narrow-bore column (2.1-mm i.d.) to a conventional-bore column (4.6 mm i.d.) at elevated temperatures under conditions where thermal mismatch broadening is serious and show that narrow-bore columns offer significant advantages in terms of efficiency and peak shape at higher linear velocities. We conclude that the so-called thermal mismatch broadening effect is largely due to a radial retention factor gradient and not a radial viscosity gradient. The lower volumetric flow rates inherent with the use of narrower columns lead to lower linear velocity in the heater tubing and longer eluent residence times in the heater. Thus, with the same heater tubing at the same column linear velocity, narrow-bore columns give better thermal equilibration between the eluent and the column compared to wider bore columns. This means that high-temperature, ultrafast liquid chromatography no longer requires excessively long preheater tubing to thermally equilibrate the eluent to the column temperature. Consequently, the use of narrow-bore columns at high-temperature improves analysis speed and efficiency over wider bore columns. We also discuss the advantages of using liquid heat-transfer media as compared to air as the heat-transfer media. We show that an air bath ought not be used to heat the mobile phase because at high temperature (>80 degrees C) and high column linear velocity (> 1.5 cm/s) the length of tubing needed to heat the mobile phase to column temperature is prohibitively long. Using accurate, empirical heat-transfer correlations, we estimated the length of tubing needed to heat the eluent as a function of the column linear velocity for both air and liquid heat-transfer media.
Experiment for testing the closure property in ocean optics

This paper describes a novel experiment to simultaneously measure, over relatively long, near- vertical paths in unmixed ocean water, the spectral absorption and attenuation coefficients and the volume scattering function from which the scattering coefficient can be computed by integration. The experiment can therefore be used to test the widely used closure property in ocean optics. Another important aspect of these measurements is that they are indicative of the undisturbed, bulk inherent properties of the ocean water as opposed to conventional, short- path measurements, which appreciably disturb the measured water volume. This experiment was recently carried out during ONR's ocean optics cruise in August 1990 in Pacific waters off the coast of southern California.
Polarization effects in two-colour two-photon detachment from Cl-

A polarization dependence of a two-colour two-photon detachment cross section has been observed and calculated for the first time. In a Penning ion trap, electrons were detached from Cl- by an intense infrared laser beam at 1064 nm and a weak ultraviolet laser beam at 343 nm. Both beams were circularly polarized. The ratio of the two-colour two-photon cross section for photons with the same circular polarization to that for photons with opposite circular polarization was measured to be 1.085+0.012-0.007. Also presented is a simple calculation of the ratio, the result of which is consistent with the observation.
The Contradictions of Caring: Social Workers, Teachers, and Attributions for Poverty and Welfare Reform

This paper examines the attitudes toward poverty and welfare reform of a sample of social workers and inner-city school teachers. More specifically, it focuses on the impact of poverty attributions on attitudes toward welfare reform among members of this sample. There is a mystery about attitudes toward welfare reform that the paper attempts to explain. These social workers and teachers rejected most of the 1996 changes to welfare, but they were surprisingly positive about the impact these reforms have on the families with whom they work. This contradictory set of beliefs is explained as a function of the family-oriented view of poverty that is peculiar to this group.
Design considerations for the CESR-c wiggler magnets

The damping-dominated beam dynamics of the CESR storage ring modified to operate in the 1.5-3 GeV energy range impose unique and stringent design specifications on the 1.3-m-long superconducting wiggler magnets which provide the necessary damping. A superferric 7-pole wiggler magnet which meets these design specifications has been designed, built and tested in situ. Studies of finite-element models and particle-tracking simulations have shown that that an 8-pole model of similar design will provide improved consistency in transfer functions when operated at peak fields which differ from the primary design value.
Rapid Hardware Interfacing and Software Development for Embedded Devices Using Simulink

Software targeting a PowerPC microcontroller is generated using Simulink and auxiliary tools. The software is an autopilot which integrates sensors in order to update an H infinity controller in charge of tracking predefined waypoints followed by a third-scale YAK-54 aircraft. A 6 DoF nonlinear model of the aircraft is used to validate simulation phase, while Simulink automated code generation is used for its actual implementation. Hardware and software contexts of use of Simulink are introduced. The mechanisms responsible of translating a Simulink model file to an actual executable are presented. Results show that Simulink’s automatic code generation capability can be useful when developing for embedded devices. Furthermore, Simulink makes it possible to extend its automatic code generation capability so custom C code can be integrated in a Simulink model file. Three practical scenarios show that in certain conditions additional human intervention is however needed. Nomenclature ϕ = Roll angle θ = Pitch angle ψ = Yaw angle = Roll rate = Pitch rate = Yaw rate VN = North component of the aircraft velocity vector in the NED coordinate system VE = East component of the aircraft velocity vector in the NED coordinate system VD = Down component of the aircraft velocity vector in the NED coordinate system λ = longitude φ = latitude h = altitude tITOW = International time of week α = Aircraft angle of attack β = Aircraft sideslip angle = Total velocity command in body or NED frame γCMD = Flight path angle command ϕ CMD = Roll angle command β CMD = Roll angle command δ A = Aileron deflection angle δ E = Elevator deflection angle δ R = Rudder deflection angle δ T = Throttle setting
An asynchronous architecture for modeling intersegmental neural communication

This paper presents an asynchronous VLSI architecture for modeling the oscillatory patterns seen in segmented biological systems. The architecture emulates the intersegmental synaptic connectivity observed in these biological systems. The communications network uses address-event representation (AER), a common neuromorphic protocol for data transmission. The asynchronous circuits are synthesized using communicating hardware processes (CHP) procedures. The architecture is scalable, supports multichip communication, and operates independent of the type of silicon neuron (spiking or burst envelopes). A 16-segment prototype system was developed, tested, and implemented; data from this system are presented.
Adolescent Work Quality: A View From Today’s Youth

Adolescent employment is commonly valued in the United States for its ability to promote youths’ positive psychosocial development. Empirical research, however, suggests the extent to which youth r...
vuv‐pumped HgCl laser

Photolytic pumping of the HgCl35(B→X) laser has been demonstrated. Oscillation at 557.6 and 558.4 nm was obtained by irradiating HgCl2 vapor and helium with incoherent Xe*2 emission at 172 nm from an e‐beam‐excited xenon plasma. Also, by photodissociating HgCl2 with ArCl* (175 nm) fluorescence, the HgCl(B) state radiative lifetime was determined to be 22.2±1.5 ns.
Fermentation: Vital or Chemical Process?

Joseph S. Fruton, Fermentation: Vital or Chemical Process? Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006. xvi + 144 pp. [euro]75.00/US$ 98.00. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15268-7. ISBN-10: 90-04-15268-7. In his latest his...
EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE: ITS EFFECT ON TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE CHANGING ROLE OF POSTMASTECTOMY IRRADIATION TO TREAT BREAST CANCER

Abstract Purpose: To illustrate the effect that the quality of evidence has on clinical practice, we examined how the role of radiotherapy in treating breast cancer has changed over the years as the quality of evidence evolved from anecdotal evidence based on expert opinion to randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses. Methods: We searched the medical literature for key randomized studies and meta-analyses that have influenced the clinical use of postmastectomy irradiation since the first randomized trials in breast cancer in the 1950s. We discuss how clinical practice changed based on the outcomes of these trials, and then discuss the quality of those trials based on the criteria currently used to assess evidence from randomized trials (CONSORT) and meta-analysis (QUORUM). Results: Evidence published from the early trials and meta-analyses on the role of postmastectomy irradiation had a strong effect on clinical practice. Examination of these studies, however, continues to show significant flaws in trial design that, by today’s evidence-based standards, would not meet standards of quality. Conclusion: The quality of evidence has a strong effect on shaping clinical practice and needs to be continually assessed. Current guidelines developed to critique both individual randomized trials and meta-analyses are helping to establish high standards for trial design and interpretation. Evidence from older trials that were not guided by well-developed guidelines need to be reviewed, particularly when results from those trials are continually updated and used to generate evidence on which to base current clinical practice.
Reliability Estimates for Multilevel Designs in Group Research

Items that capture group members' outcomes from small group processes (e.g., satisfaction, cohesion) are often nonindependent. A primary assumption of most measurement models is that the data are independent; applying such models to group-outcome data measured at the individual level of analysis is thus likely to produce inaccurate estimates. A solution to the measurement of nonindependent data involves the use of multilevel modeling to estimate variances at item, individual, and group levels of analysis. Examples from sev- eral different statistics programs are provided, and Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the effects of group size and number of items on reli- ability estimates.
Wnk4 controls blood pressure and potassium homeostasis via regulation of mass and activity of the distal convoluted tubule.

The mechanisms that govern homeostasis of complex systems have been elusive but can be illuminated by mutations that disrupt system behavior. Mutations in the gene encoding the kinase WNK4 cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a syndrome featuring hypertension and hyperkalemia. We show that physiology in mice transgenic for genomic segments harboring wild-type (TgWnk4WT) or PHAII mutant (TgWnk4PHAII) Wnk4 is changed in opposite directions: TgWnk4PHAII mice have higher blood pressure, hyperkalemia, hypercalciuria and marked hyperplasia of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), whereas the opposite is true in TgWnk4WT mice. Genetic deficiency for the Na-Cl cotransporter of the DCT (NCC) reverses phenotypes seen in TgWnk4PHAII mice, demonstrating that the effects of the PHAII mutation are due to altered NCC activity. These findings establish that Wnk4 is a molecular switch that regulates the balance between NaCl reabsorption and K+ secretion by altering the mass and function of the DCT through its effect on NCC.
Subunit 1 of the Prefoldin Chaperone Complex Is Required for Lymphocyte Development and Function

Prefoldin is a hexameric chaperone that facilitates posttranslational folding of actins and other cytoskeletal proteins by the Tcp1-containing ring complex chaperonin, TriC. The present study characterized mice with a null mutation in Pfdn1 , which encodes the first subunit of the Prefoldin complex. Pfdn1 -deficient mice displayed phenotypes characteristic of defects in cytoskeletal function, including manifestations of ciliary dyskinesia, neuronal loss, and defects in B and T cell development and function. B and T cell maturation was markedly impaired at relatively early stages, namely at the transitions from pre-pro-B to pre-B cells in the bone marrow and from CD4 − CD8 − double-negative to CD4 + CD8 + double-positive T cells in the thymus. In addition, mature B and T lymphocytes displayed cell activation defects upon Ag receptor cross-linking accompanied by impaired Ag receptor capping in B cells. These phenotypes illustrate the importance of cytoskeletal function in immune cell development and activation.
An electromyographic analysis of certain movements and exercises. I. Some deep muscles of the back.

Pairs of fine wire electrodes were inserted by means of hypodermic needles 1 cm apart into the semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis lumborum, main mass of the erector spinae between the ilium and the twelfth rib, the multifidus and glutenus maximus of 20 young men and women. Each pair of electrodes was connected to an EMG integrator coupler in an 8-channel recorder. Because the integrated electromyogram is displayed as a deviation from the baseline proportional to the strength of the muscle contraction, it was possible to appraise the relative contributions made by different muscles to any given movement or exercise. By this method simultaneous recordings were made from the muscles while the subjects flexed, extended, hyperextended, abducted and adducted the trunk from the orthograde position; walked on a treadmill, lifted weights; and performed certain exercises recommended by the President's Council on Adult Physical Fitness. Many exercises were compared, and the best ones were selected on the basis of the strength of the contractions they produced. The best exercises for strengthening the deep muscles of the back were those that involved hyperextension of the back from the prone position. Contrary to current opinion, the erector spinae is not active during abduction or adduction of the trunk from the orthograde position if the body is maintained in the frontal plane. The integrated electromyogram is an excellent tool for the evaluation of exercises.
Linear reactive control of three-dimensional bipedal walking in the presence of noise and uncertainty

Walking control of biped robots is a challenging problem, and improving robustness to noise and uncertainty remains difficult. We recently developed a novel control framework for 3D bipedal walking that we call âlinear reactive control.â It is linear because control torques are computed as simple weighted sums of sensor states. It is reactive because it depends only on the model's current state. The present simulation study shows that this controller performs reliably in the presence of realistic models of joint actuation, sensor noise, and uncertainty in model and contact parameters. The controller is able to maintain a stable gait in the presence of noisy sensor inputs and low-impedance actuation. It also performs reliably on models with high uncertainty (up to 20%) in measurements of their dynamic parameters and widely varying ground contact parameters. The robustness of this controller to realistic conditions validates this method as a promising avenue for bipedal control.
Observing trends and assessing data for Arctic mining

This paper reviews and assesses the state of data to describe and monitor mining trends in the pan-Arctic and their social effects, and discusses drivers of change in Arctic mining. Trends in mining activity can be characterized as stasis or decline in mature regions of the Arctic, with strong growth in the frontier regions. World prices and the availability of large, undiscovered and untapped resources with favorable access and low political risk are the biggest drivers for Arctic mining, while climate change is a minor and locally variable factor. The widely available measures of mineral production and value are poor proxies for social and economic effects on Arctic communities. Historical data on mineral production and value are unavailable in electronic format for much of the Arctic, specifically Scandinavia and Russia; completing the historical record back to 1980 will require work with paper archives. The most critically needed improvement in data collection and reporting is to develop comparable me...
Teratogenicity of methotrexate in mice

The folic acid analogue methotrexate (MTX) was evaluated for its embryotoxic potential in ICR mice on day 10 (stage 18) of gestation. No malformations were produced at doses shown to be embryotoxic in humans, rats, rhesus monkeys, and rabbits (0.3–10 mg/kg), although a significant increase in resorption rate was observed in litters treated with 10 mg/kg. Doses between the LD10 and the LD50 (25 and 50 mg/kg) produced a parallel increase in intrauterine death and congenital defects.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Incisional Biopsy in the Oral Cavity

Purpose To determine the accuracy of incisional biopsy examination to diagnose oral lesions. Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study was performed to determine the concordance rate between incisional biopsy examination and definitive resection diagnosis for different oral lesions. The study sample was derived from the population of patients who presented to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA) from January 2005 through December 2012. Inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of an oral lesion from an incisional biopsy examination, subsequent diagnosis from the definitive resection of the same lesion, and complete clinical and pathologic patient records. The predictor variables were the origin and size of the lesion. The primary outcome variable was concordance between the provisional incisional biopsy diagnosis and definitive pathologic resection diagnosis. The secondary outcome variable was type of biopsy error for the discordant cases. Incisional biopsy errors were assessed and grouped into 5 categories: 1) sampling error; 2) insufficient tissue for diagnosis; 3) presence of inflammation making diagnosis difficult; 4) artifact; and 5) pathologist discordance. Results A total of 272 patients met the inclusion criteria. The study sample had a mean age of 47.4 years and 55.7% were women. Of these cases, 242 (88.9%) were concordant when comparing the biopsy and final resection pathology reports. At histologic evaluation, 60.0% of discordant findings were attributed to sampling error, 23.3% to pathologist discrepancy, 13.3% to insufficient tissue provided in the biopsy specimen, and 3.4% to inflammation obscuring diagnosis. Overall, concordant cases had a larger average biopsy volume (1.53 cm 3 ) than discordant cases (0.42 cm 3 ). Conclusion The data collected indicate an 88.9% diagnostic concordance with final pathologic results for incisional oral biopsy diagnoses. Sixty percent of discordance was attributed to sampling error when sampled tissue was not representative of the lesion in toto. Multiple-site biopsy specimens and larger-volume samples allowed for a more accurate diagnosis.
A Perspective of the Future of Nuclear Medicine Training and Certification

Nuclear Medicine (NM) has evolved from a medical subspecialty using quite basic tests to one using elaborate methods to image organ physiology and has truly become "Molecular Imaging." Concurrently, there has also been a timely debate about who has to be responsible for keeping pace with all of the components of the developmental cycle-imaging, radiopharmaceuticals, and instrumentation. Since the foundation of the American Board of NM, the practice of NM and the process toward certification have undergone major revisions. At present, the debate is focused on the inevitable future convergence of Radiology and NM. The potential for further cooperation or fusion of the American Board of Radiology and the American Board of NM is likely to bring about a new path for NM and Molecular Imaging training. If the merger is done carefully, respecting the strengths of both partners equally, there is an excellent potential to create a hybrid NM-Radiology specialty that combines Physiology and Molecular Biology with detailed anatomical imaging that sustains the innovation that has been central to NM residency and practice. We introduce a few basic trends in imaging use in the United States. These trends do not predict future use, but highlight the need for an appropriately credentialed practitioner to interpret these examination results and provide value to the health care system.
Taxes, Organizational Restructuring and Method of Payment Considerations in the Corporate Divestiture Decision: An Analysis of Morris Trust Transaction Structures

We present a model which examines the impact of taxes and the method of payment on the asset sale decision. An important difference between a takeover and an asset sale is that the seller survives as a corporate entity in the latter transaction. Therefore, the net effect of an asset sale depends in part on whether proceeds are retained or distributed. We show how agency considerations and tax effects influence the choice between taxable and nontaxable transactions as well as the method of payment. We also describe and analyze in detail as asset sale structure known as a Morris Trust transaction. The use of a Morris Trust eliminates all corporate and personal taxes in an asset sale. We characterize the type of acquirer and divestor likely to benefit most from this transaction form, but also demonstrate why many asset sales are not structured in this tax-advantaged way.
Pharmacologic approach to management of agitation associated with dementia.

Risperidone is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration; less than 1% is excreted unchanged in the feces. The principal metabolite was found to be 9-hydroxyrisperidone. Hydroxylation of risperidone is subject to the same genetic polymorphism as debrisoquine and dextromethorphan. In poor metabolizers the half-life of risperidone was about 19 hours compared with about 3 hours in extensive metabolizers. However, becuase the pharmacology of 9-hydroxyrisperidone is very similar to that of risperidone, the half-life for the "active fraction" (risperidone +9-hydroxyrisperidone) was found to be approximately 20 hours in extensive and poor metabolizers. We found that risperidone exhibited linear elimination kinetics and that steady state was reached within 1 day for risperidone and within 5 days for the active fraction.
Mechanism of Reading Aloud and Covert Reading: Positron Emission Tomography Studies

漢字単語, 仮名単語, 無意味仮名文字列を5人ずつ別々の被験者群に音読させ, その賦活領域をStatistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) で解析した.漢字単語, 仮名単語で共通に賦活されたのは, 上側頭回後部, 舌状回, 下後頭回, 紡錘状回・下側頭回であり, 漢字では紡錘状回・下側頭回が, 仮名では下後頭回が目立って賦活された.これらは漢字と仮名の読みの過程に異なる部分があることを示唆する.さらに仮名単語を別の被験者5人に黙読させた時の局所脳血流の変化をSPMで解析した.黙読から凝視点固視課題を引いたのみでは前方領域で賦活されたところはなかった.音読から黙読を画像上引くと, 一次感覚・運動野, Broca野の一部 (44野) , 補足運動野, 島回前部が賦活されたが, これらは構音・発声に関わると考えられ, 他方音読と黙読に共通して中心前回前部, 頭頂弁蓋内側, 上側頭回中部が賦活されたが, これらは読みそのものに関わると考えられた.
Research Status and Prospects of New-generation Farmers under Background of Rural Hollowing: Focusing on Stay-behind New-generation Farmers

This article introduces the main directions of scholars' studies on the problems of new-generation farmers at present,including the division of inter-generation,characteristics,farming and entrepreneurial intention,interest demand and cultivation,summarizes experiences and shortcomings,and hopes to further expand and deepen the studies on the problems of stay-behind new-generation farmers and by-business farmers from the aspects of research contents,methods,perspectives,and so on.
Tailoring DDS to smart grids for improved communication and control

Adopting new technologies in smart grid (SG) enables the improvement of reliable communication. A key factor for SG efficiency is reliable data exchange between different components and domains in the system. SG must allow remote and quick reaction for different events. This is not a trivial task especially with large scale power grids, which requires SG to have a reliable communication protocol. Data Distribution Service (DDS) is introduced as a data-centric middleware standard based on publish-subscribe protocol to address communication needs for distributed applications. DDS supports reliable data exchange between different components using various features such as quality-of-service (QoS). In this paper, we describe how DDS can be tailored to support SG to improve the communication of devices in SG. We first give an overview of DDS and discuss the benefits of applying it to the communication system in SG. We then describe communication requirements and constraints in SG. and discuss how DDS can be tailored to SG with respect to the requirements and constraints.
How will gene therapy apply to the kidney in the 21st century

Nephrology is entering the age of genomics-based drug discovery and development. Once only a theoretical objective, gene therapy is now being tested in various diseases. New and substantially improved vector systems and related technologies are undergoing development, many have shown promise in animal studies, and some are now being used in clinical trials. Recent advances in the molecular basis for renal diseases, organ transplant rejection, and hypertension have led to preclinical tests of gene therapeutic approaches. The most impressive of these strategies will likely soon be studied in the clinic. This review details recent advances in gene therapy technology and highlights potential novel applications of gene therapy in the treatment of renal diseases and hypertension. While the manufacture and widespread use of gene therapy products as conventional pharmaceuticals for renal diseases and hypertension may seem to be a goal for the remote future, much of the needed genetic information, technology, and intellectual resources are rapidly becoming available.
Constraints on explosive sources with spall from near-source waveforms

Spall, the tensile failure of a material due to high stress loading, has been observed in a number of contained and surface explosions. The phenomenon results in a repartition of the initial spherical explosion energy source, yielding a second energy source which is cylindrical and delayed in time. Recent spall models by Day et al. (1983) demanding conservation of momentum have shown the phenomenon to have little contribution to 20-sec surface waves. These models are extended to include the effect of the process on near-source seismograms. The spall model is constrained by observations within the nonlinear regime of the source which bound the mass, momentum, and timing of the process. Comparison of these forward models with the inverse vertical point force source inferred from seismic recordings of a bermed surface explosion yields excellent agreement. The spall model developed from the contained explosion, CHEAT, is used to create synthetic seismograms. Comparisons of these waveforms with those from a Mueller-Murphy contained explosion indicate that the waveform contribution from spall is similar in size to the spherical explosion waveform. The complete synthetic composed of the spall and explosion contribution compares favorably with observational data from the CHEAT experiment in both amplitude and energy distribution.
Introduction — “Another France”

This phrase, “another France,” inspired the book title and comes from the above interview excerpt with a 34-year-old woman, Elizabeth, who migrated from Cote d’Ivoire to France five years ago. She explained to me that in the world of child care in France someone at her income level pays 450 euros a month at a private day-care facility but just 38 euros a month at a public one. Regardless of whether she has these amounts correct, her perception and interpretation of the stratified French social milieu (context) is key to consider. For Elizabeth, there are two Frances: one that offers the Republican ideals of liberte, egalite, fraternite to its citizenry, and another France — her France — where freedom, equal treatment in society, and secular brotherhood are not granted as set out in the universality celebrated within the national motto. And the basis of this national motto comes from Article 1 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793: “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good” 1 (Embassy of France in the United States 2014; Republique francaise [Republic of France] 1789).
Exothermic behaviors of mechanically abused lithium-ion batteries with dibenzylamine

Abstract A thermal-runaway retardant (TRR) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), dibenzylamine (DBA), is investigated. In a TRR-modified LIB, DBA can be encapsulated in packages made of inert materials. When the LIB is subjected to mechanical abuse, the packages would be broken apart and the TRR is released. In nail penetration and impact tests, addition of 4 wt% DBA reduces the temperature increase of fully charged LIR-2450 cells by nearly 50%. The influence of TRR packages on the cycling performance of LIBs is negligible. The working mechanism of DBA is associated with the decrease in electrolyte conductivity, the increase in charge transfer resistance, and the reduction in lithium ion (Li + ) transference numbers.
Diagnosis and Longitudinal Assessment of Osteoarthritis: Review of Available Imaging Techniques

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major chronic and global health care problem. Recent technological advances in imaging and postprocessing techniques have enhanced the understanding and characterization of the pathophysiology of this chronic and prevalent disease. Although plain radiograph remains the modality of choice for initial assessment of OA, recent studies have shown that advanced cross-sectional imaging can improve the early detection, grading, structural damage quantification, and risk stratification of OA. This article discusses the currently available evidence regarding both the conventional and novel imaging modalities that can be used for evaluation of patients with OA and its longitudinal assessment.