cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A nutritional basis for lead pica.

Abstract Lead pica is a puzzling behavioral phenomenon involving the continued voluntary ingestion of a toxic substance. Calcium deficiency produced an elevated proportion of lead ingestion while magnesium and zinc deficiency produced proportional levels of lead ingestion intermediate to control and calcium deficient rats. Partrial restoration of calcium did not eliminate the increased proportion of lead ingestion while full calcium restoration did. Calcium deficient rats offered lead to drink gained more weight than deficient rats not offered lead. Control animals showed a reduction in their intake of novel solutions ingested following intubation of lead acetate while calcium deficient animals did not. Rats deficient in calcium, iron and zinc also showed elevated proportional levels of quinine sulfate ingestion compared to controls suggesting that a pica may be a general response to nutritional deficiency. The increased proportion of lead ingestion by calcium, zinc and magnesium deficient rats and the failure of calcium deficient rats to form a learned aversion to lead acetate, suggests that mineral deficiency may be a major factor in producing lead pica.
Morphologic and morphometric features of low grade serous tumours of the ovary.

Peritoneal washings from twelve patients with serous tumours of the ovary were studied. Six patients had borderline serous tumours (BSTs), and six had grade one adenocarcinomas. Papanicolaou stained slides were assessed for nine morphologic parameters; background, single cells, size of papillary fragments, contour of papillary fragments, psamomma bodies, cytoplasmic vacuoles, nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear membrane contour, and nucleoli The slides were destained and restained by the Feulgen method for assessment, with a computer based image analysis system (CAS100, Cell Analysis Systems, Inc., Elmhurst, IL), of DNA content, nuclear size, and nuclear roundness. The contour of the papillary fragments (P = 0.004) and the presence of nuclear pleomorphism (0.019) were distinguishing characteristics. All six BSTs were diploid while three of the six adenocarcinomas had aneuploidy. Two exhibited polyploid DNA distribution and one exhibited diploid DNA distribution. The pooled data for the nuclear size and roundness showed little difference in the modal values, although the nuclei of the adenocarcinoma cells were slightly larger than those of the borderline cells (54 sq. μm vs. 46 sw. μm). However, the coefficients of variation (CVs) for each of these parameters were larger in the adenocarcinoma group than in the borderline group (59.7 vs. 36.4% for size and 33.5 vs. 17.8% for roundness). Although the sample size is small, the data suggest that aneuploidy is rare in borderline tumours. In addition, the presence of papillary groups with irregular contours and nuclear pleomorphism (reflected in higher CVs for nuclear size and roundness) both occur more commonly in adenocarcinomas than in borderline tumours and may be of predictive value in distinguishing the two groups. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:220–225. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thin water films driven by air shear stress through roughness

A model of thin water film transport over small scale surface roughness is developed in the context of a high Reynolds number boundary layer theory. The surface water is found to be described by a lubrication equation. It is shown that small scale surface roughness can first effect the water flow at roughness heights which are much less than those of first nonlinear response in the air. A number of well known phenomenon are encountered when using this model, such as pooling of water between roughness elements and rivulet formation. A linearized subsonic heat transfer analysis is also presented, and water protuberances and roughness are found to enhance the ambient heat flux. Solitons are calculated for two-dimensional films, and a linear stability analysis shows that two-dimensional film fronts can become unstable and develop into rivulets.
Home Health Care Nurses’ Job Satisfaction: A System Indicator:

The home health care industry has recently undergone tremendous change. How providers of care are adapting to the changes in their environment and the effect this has on nurses’ job satisfaction ha...
Role of Human Liver P450s and Cytochrome b5 in the Reductive Metabolism of 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) to 3′-Amino-3′-deoxythymidine

Abstract Our laboratory has shown that human liver microsomes metabolize the anti-HIV drug 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) via a P450-type reductive reaction to a toxic metabolite 3′-amino-3′-deoxythymidine (AMT). In the present study, we examined the role of specific human P450s and other microsomal enzymes in AZT reduction. Under anaerobic conditions in the presence of NADPH, human liver microsomes converted AZT to AMT with kinetics indicative of two enzymatic components, one with a low K m (58–74 μM) and V max (107–142 pmol AMT formed/min/mg protein) and the other with a high K m (4.33–5.88 mM) and V max (1804–2607 pmol AMT formed/min/mg). Involvement of a specific P450 enzyme in AZT reduction was not detected by using human P450 substrates and inhibitors. Antibodies to human CYP2E1, CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2A6 were also without effect on this reaction. NADH was as effective as NADPH in promoting microsomal AZT reduction, raising the possibility of cytochrome b 5 ( b 5 ) involvement. Indeed, AZT reduction among six human liver samples correlated strongly with microsomal b 5 content ( r 2 = 0.96) as well as with aggregate P450 content ( r 2 = 0.97). Upon reconstitution, human liver b 5 plus NADH: b 5 reductase and CYP2C9 plus NADPH:P450 reductase were both effective catalysts of AZT reduction, which was also supported when CYP2A6 or CYP2E1 was substituted for CYP2C9. Kinetic analysis revealed an AZT K m of 54 μM and V max of 301 pmol/min for b 5 plus NADH: b 5 reductase and an AZT K m of 103 μM and V max of 397 pmol/min for CYP2C9 plus NADPH:P450 reductase. Our results indicate that AZT reduction to AMT by human liver microsomes involves both b 5 and P450 enzymes plus their corresponding reductases. The capacity of these proteins and b 5 to reduce AZT may be a function of their heme prothestic groups.
Chronic Infection of Rodents by Machupo Virus

Machupo virus, the etiologic agent of human hemorrhagic fever in Bolivia, induced chronic asymptomatic infection in laboratory hamsters and colonized individuals of the peridomestic, wild, South American rodent, Calomys callosus. Viruria was detected for more than 500 and 150 days, respectively, in the two species. Chronic viremia was shown only for Calomys. Virus-neutralizing substances were present in parenterally infected adult animals, but not in animals born to, and in contact with, an infected female. Chronic infection in wild rodents may be an important mechanism in the natural history of Machupo and related virus infections.
Advancing the Dialogue: An Editor's Reflections

In the spring 1969 semester, as a first-year graduate student in philosophy, I first encountered phenomenology within unique circumstances for which I remain profoundly appreciative. Although I had heard the term before ? in its Hegelian context?I arrived at the University of Texas at Austin from a tradi? tional (historically-focused) undergraduate philosophy department without, to the best of my recollection, any recognition of the names of Husserl, Heidegger, Gadamer, Merleau-Ponty, or Ricoeur. In retrospect, I suspect that my undergraduate department avoided the dominance of analytic philosophy that characterized most philosophy departments at that time by (in effect) ending philosophical history with the nineteenth century. That's a slight ex? aggeration: we did study twentieth century Philosophy of Science; the Phi? losophy and Literature course introduced existentialism via Sartre; and the American Philosophy course emphasized Dewey. That limited exposure changed radically in Spring 1969, when I had the extraordinarily good fortune to enroll in a lecture course, Introduction to Phe? nomenology, taught by Richard Zaner, as well as a seminar on the Logical Investigations taught by Quentin Lauer S. J., who was visiting from Fordham University. The result was near-total immersion in what was for me a totally new, and yet immensely compatible, way of thinking ? even, an alternative attitude and very way of being: Husserlian phenomenology. (The immersion is only "near" total because the semester's work was rounded out by a semi? nar on Marx's ontology taught by Dieter Hendrich and the auditing of Charles Hartshorne's seminar in process philosophy). Very early on, I learned that this new way of thinking and being, phenom? enology, was not "natural." Dick Zaner solemnly instructed us on this truth. Phenomenology, he said, was "an unnatural act" that enabled us ? if we were patient and diligent in applying ourselves to attending to "the things them? selves" ? to discern what was so "natural" as to be unnoticed. More specifi? cally, he carried on the interest of his own teacher, Alfred Schutz, in applying that power of discernment to a phenomenology of the social world. This fo? cus would lead him, within a few years, toward the intersection of phenom? enology and clinical ethics, toward describing "the things themselves" as constituted by being human (even, remaining human) in the midst of medical exigency, and into using that descriptively warranted knowledge to work for
A Parallel Implementation of a Growing SOM Promoting Independent Neural Networks over Distributed Input Space

Self-organizing maps can discover topological and multidimensional patterns using a variety of methods. We apply a parallel algorithm proposed by the authors (ParaSOM), which yields closer and denser approximations than other methods in a fraction of iterations, to a two-dimensional pattern in a parallel environment to demonstrate a high degree of neuron independence. In a second implementation, pieces of a two-dimensional input space are distributed over a network and processed by independent ParaSOM algorithms.
Segregation of NF-κB activation through NEMO/IKKγ by Tax and TNFα: Implications for stimulus-specific interruption of oncogenic signaling

Nuclear factor-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO), also called IKKgamma, has been proposed as a 'universal' adaptor of the I-kappaB kinase (IKK) complex for stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines, microbes, and the HTLV-I Tax oncoprotein. Currently, it remains unclear whether the many signals that activate NF-kappaB through NEMO converge identically or differently. We have adopted two approaches to answer this question. First, we generated and targeted intracellularly three NEMO-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These mAbs produced two distinct intracellular NF-kappaB inhibition profiles segregating TNFalpha from Tax activation. Second, using NEMO knockout mouse fibroblasts and 10 NEMO mutants, we found that different regions function in trans either to complement or to inhibit dominantly TNFalpha, IL-1beta, or Tax activation of NF-kappaB. For instance, NEMO (1-245 amino acids) supported Tax-mediated NF-kappaB activation, but did not serve TNFalpha- or IL-1beta signaling. Altogether, our findings indicate that while NEMO 'universally' adapts numerous NF-kappaB activators, it may do so through separable domains. We provide the first evidence that selective targeting of NEMO can abrogate oncogenic Tax signaling without affecting signals used for normal cellular metabolism.
Digital control design of a CCD-based tracking loop for precision beam pointing

A tracking control loop was designed for precision beam pointing based on a high frame rate CCD array and a fine steering mirror. The effect of CCD frame rate and readout delay on performance of control loop was analyzed. A digital compensation filter was designed to achieve high bandwidth tracking with a CCD frame rate of 2 KHz.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Magnetic Properties of Type-II Superconductors in the Two-Band Model

It has been suggested previously by Wong and Sung that the present discrepancies between theory and experiments on the magnetic properties of some transition metals which are intrinsic type-II superconductors (e.g., Nb) may be caused by the overlapping-band effect of $s$ and $d$ bands. We present here the numerical results of this effect on the magnetic properties. It is shown that the overlapping-band effect in the pure limit can reduce the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$ about 30-60% at $T$ close to temperature ${T}_{c}$, and thus enhance the over-all temperature dependence of ${H}_{c2}$. The amount of reduction decreases as the superconductors become dirtier. Reasonable parameters which characterize the overlapping-band effect are assumed. We also compute ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}$, which defines the slope of ${H}_{c2}$ when the external field is slightly less than ${H}_{c2}$. It is found that ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}$ becomes smaller in comparison with the present theory as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{c}$; thus a stronger temperature dependence is also associated with ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}$. The numerical value of this correction in ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{2}$, however, is very sensitive to the parameters used.
Some considerations on the calculation of the velocity correlation function in the ring approximation, with application to the Lorentz gas

Abstract Some new methods are discussed for the calculation of the velocity correlation function in the Ring approximation. Theory and computer “experiments” are compared, with reasonable success, for the case of the Lorentz gas.
Does bacteremia occur during high pressure lavage of contaminated wounds

The risk of bacteremia secondary to high pressure lavage of contaminated wounds was assessed. Twenty canines were divided randomly into four treatment groups. A 10-cm incision was made over the left shoulder of each dog. The deltoideus muscle was disrupted and traumatized. Groups A and B (n = 8) had wound contamination with 1.4 x 10(9) Staphylococcus aureus followed 75 minutes later by high pressure lavage or bulb syringe irrigation, respectively. Groups C and D (n = 2) had no contamination, followed by the same treatment. Bacterial counts were obtained before and after wound irrigation. Blood cultures were obtained before, during, and 15 minutes after irrigation. Positive control cultures were obtained during injection of bacteria into the antecubital vein. A detectable bacteremia did not occur during or after high pressure lavage or bulb syringe irrigation of acute contaminated wounds but did occur in 18 of 20 positive controls. Bacterial levels were reduced by an average of 70% +/- 10% by high pressure lavage and 44% +/- 50% by bulb irrigation. Reduction of wound bacteria was achieved more consistently with high pressure lavage than with bulb syringe irrigation.
A Predictive Model for Length of Barrett's Esophagus with Hiatal Hernia Length and Duration of Esophageal Acid Exposure

Abstract Background: A significant correlation between the duration and height of esophageal acid exposure and the length of Barrett's mucosa has been demonstrated. The aims of this study were to determine if there is a correlation between hiatal hernia length and Barrett's esophagus length, and to develop a predictive model for Barrett's esophagus length by using hiatal hernia length and duration of esophageal acid exposure. Methods: Consecutive patients with Barrett's esophagus diagnosed endoscopically were enrolled in the study. Barrett's esophagus was defined by the presence of intestinal metaplasia in biopsy specimens obtained from salmon-colored mucosa extending into the esophagus. Barrett's mucosa 3 cm or greater in length was considered long-segment Barrett's esophagus; and less than 3 cm long was considered short-segment Barrett's esophagus. Hiatal hernia was considered present if the esophagogastric junction was displaced 1 cm or more proximal to the diaphragmatic hiatus. Results: Twenty-four men (mean age 66.1 ±2.4 [SE]) with Barrett's esophagus were included in this study. Mean Barrett's length was 4.1 ±0.7 cm. The Pearson correlation coefficient between hiatal hernia length and Barrett's esophagus length was 0.62 ( p r = 0.62; p R 2 = 0.54; p Conclusions: The length of Barrett's mucosa correlated with the length of hiatal hernia. A predictive model for Barrett's length by using hiatal hernia length and duration of esophageal acid exposure was developed. This suggested that these two pathophysiologic factors are good predictors of the length of Barrett's mucosa.
Replication origins in metazoan chromosomes: fact or fiction?

The process by which eukaryotic cells decide when and where to initiate DNA replication has been illuminated in yeast, where specific DNA sequences (replication origins) bind a unique group of proteins (origin recognition complex) next to an easily unwound DNA sequence at which replication can begin. The origin recognition complex provides a platform on which additional proteins assemble to form a pre-replication complex that can be activated at S-phase by specific protein kinases. Remarkably, multicellular eukaryotes, such as frogs, flies, and mammals (metazoa), have counterparts to these yeast proteins that are required for DNA replication. Therefore, one might expect metazoan chromosomes to contain specific replication origins as well, a hypothesis that has long been controversial. In fact, recent results strongly support the view that DNA replication origins in metazoan chromosomes consist of one or more high frequency initiation sites and perhaps several low frequency ones that together can appear as a nonspecific initiation zone. Specific replication origins are established during G1-phase of each cell cycle by multiple parameters that include nuclear structure, chromatin structure, DNA sequence, and perhaps DNA modification. Such complexity endows metazoa with the flexibility to change both the number and locations of replication origins in response to the demands of animal development. BioEssays 1999;21:5–16. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hyaluronan localization in tissues of the mouse posterior eye wall: absence in the interphotoreceptor matrix.

The distribution of hyaluronan (HA) in the posterior eye wall from the vitreous through the sclera, with special consideration to localization in the retina and interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), was evaluated in mouse tissues using an HA specific probe (bHABC, biotinylated hyaluronan binding complex). The vitreous body was positive for HA, as was Bruch's membrane, expansive areas within the choroid, sclera and perimysial connective tissue of extraocular muscle. No HA-staining was detected in the IPM or in any other retina layer except for the basal lamina (inner limiting membrane of the retina) which abuts the vitreous. Predigestion of sections with trypsin or chondroitinase ABC before bHABC application did not produce additional HA-staining in the retina or IPM.
Partnering for innovation and sustainability

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest that a more deliberate strategy of partnering be considered by library administrators.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a viewpoint on effective library partnering.Findings – In a time of the network, complicated by constrained resources, an organization can innovate more successfully by carefully collaborating with other organizations.Originality/value – Guidelines for selecting and establishing partnerships are offered, along with illustrations of effective library partnering.
Triplet-state photoexcitation dipole-jump relaxation method to observe adsorption/desorption kinetics at a reversed-phase silica/solution interface

Electronic excitation of a probe chromophore can lead to a change in dipole moment that influences its activity or solubility in solution and changes its relative affinity for partitioning between two phases. Photoexcitation of a probe molecule can, therefore, perturb a sorption equilibrium, and the relaxation kinetics of the probe to the new equilibrium conditions can be monitored in a time-resolved luminescence experiment. The adsorption/desorption kinetics of rose bengal, distributed between a C-18 derivatized porous-silica surface and a liquid mobile-phase solution, were investigated. These kinetics were determined by observing their effect on the phosphorescence decay of the triplet state of rose bengal and its quenching by ferricyanide. The methanol/water solvent compositions were varied to alter the fraction of adsorbed rose bengal. The adsorption rate constant for the triplet state was determined from the dependence of the phosphorescence relaxation rate on dye concentration in solution. The results indicate that the adsorption kinetics are diffusion controlled and that the relaxation is influenced by efficient triplet-energy transfer between excited- and ground-state rose bengal at the C-18 silica/solution interface.
Estrous cycle-dependent changes in the expression of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and AHR-nuclear translocator (ARNT) mRNAs in the rat ovary and liver.

Abstract The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and AHR nuclear translocator protein (ARNT) mediate the toxic effects of a wide variety of halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While it can be assumed that AHR has an endogenous function, its role in reproduction is currently undefined. The present study seeks to examine the regulation of AHR and ARNT mRNAs in liver and ovarian tissues across the rat estrous cycle. Message for hepatic AHR was increased significantly on the morning of proestrus, and decreased dramatically by the evening of proestrus; while hepatic ARNT mRNA was significantly decreased between diestrus and the morning of proestrus, and between the evening of proestrus and the morning of estrus. Ovarian AHR mRNA was unchanged from diestrus to proestrus, and was decreased on the evening of proestrus. Changes in the expression of ARNT mRNA mirrored changes in the liver. To assess interaction between the AHR- and estrogen-receptor (ER)-signaling pathways and to test the hypothesis that estrogen regulates AHR mRNA, 25-day-old female rats were injected with either 17β-estradiol, the ER antagonist ICI 182 780, or with vehicle, and hepatic AHR mRNA was measured. Treatment with estrogen or the estrogen antagonist did not alter the abundance of AHR mRNA in the liver. These data suggest that while estrogen may not be the key regulator of AHR mRNA expression, a factor associated with the rat reproductive cycle may be important in regulating the expression of both the AHR and ARNT genes in the ovary and liver.
Age at smoking onset and its effect on smoking cessation

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between cessation and age at which person starts smoking. Data from a survey of nine neighborhoods in Philadelphia (1985-1987) were analyzed. Interviews were conducted in the home using a structured questionnaire. Participants were from a probability sample (n = 1,700) of males aged 35 years or older. Sixty-six percent of the smokers in this series started smoking before 18 years of age. Smoking cessation rate was 58.1% in Whites and 38.8% in Blacks. Age, race, marital status, education, health condition, amount smoked, and duration of smoking were significant predictors of smoking cessation. Age at initiation of smoking was a significant factor for continuation of smoking. Men who started smoking before 16 years of age had an odds ratio of 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-3.0) for not quitting smoking compared to those who started at a later age. These findings emphasize the need for prevention program targeted to children below 16 years of age.
Alcohol-related amnesia and dementia: animal models have revealed the contributions of different etiological factors on neuropathology, neurochemical dysfunction and cognitive impairment.

Chronic alcoholism is associated with impaired cognitive functioning. Over 75% of autopsied chronic alcoholics have significant brain damage and over 50% of detoxified alcoholics display some degree of learning and memory impairment. However, the relative contributions of different etiological factors to the development of alcohol-related neuropathology and cognitive impairment are questioned. One reason for this quandary is that both alcohol toxicity and thiamine deficiency result in brain damage and cognitive problems. Two alcohol-related neurological disorders, alcohol-associated dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome have been modeled in rodents. These pre-clinical models have elucidated the relative contributions of ethanol toxicity and thiamine deficiency to the development of dementia and amnesia. What is observed in these models—from repeated and chronic ethanol exposure to thiamine deficiency—is a progression of both neural and cognitive dysregulation. Repeated binge exposure to ethanol leads to changes in neural plasticity by reducing GABAergic inhibition and facilitating glutamatergic excitation, long-term chronic ethanol exposure results in hippocampal and cortical cell loss as well as reduced hippocampal neurotrophin protein content critical for neural survival, and thiamine deficiency results in gross pathological lesions in the diencephalon, reduced neurotrophic protein levels, and neurotransmitters levels in the hippocampus and cortex. Behaviorally, after recovery from repeated or chronic ethanol exposure there is impairment in working or episodic memory that can recover with prolonged abstinence. In contrast, after thiamine deficiency there is severe and persistent spatial memory impairments and increased perseverative behavior. The interaction between ethanol and thiamine deficiency does not produce more behavioral or neural pathology, with the exception of reduction of white matter, than long-term thiamine deficiency alone.
Assessing the impact of internet agent on end users' performance

Intelligent software agents that can perform tasks on the user's behalf independently of direct control of the user themselves, promise to evolutionize the way in which we use the Internet to conduct business. Research on how these agents will change the nature of Internet-based e-commerce and what its impact will be on consumers and businesses is only just beginning. To assess the impact of agent usage in a retail online shopping environment, an empirical study was conducted to determine what impact, if any, the use of Shopbots, a form of Internet agent, had on consumers looking to purchase a DVD player online via the World Wide Web [WWW]. Of particular interest was the Internet agent's impact on the user's task performance and task outcomes. These included the time spent on shopping activities, the shopper's confidence in their purchase decision, the quality of the purchase decision made by the shopper and the amount of cognitive effort required to select a product for purchase.
Experimental Characterization of Flow Induced Vibration in Fully Developed Turbulent Pipe Flow

In this paper we present results of an experimental investigation that characterizes the wall vibration of a pipe with a fully-developed turbulent flow passing through it. Experiments were conducted in a water flow loop where the influences of average fluid speed, pipe diameter, pipe wall thickness, and pipe material on the overall pipe vibration were investigated. The pipe vibration was characterized by accelerometer instruments mounted on the surface of the pipe at multiple locations and the rms of the pipe wall acceleration, velocity, and displacement were measured. Simultaneous measurements of the local temporal fluctuations in the wall pressure were also obtained. Specifically, experiments were conducted in test sections of internal diameters of 3.81 cm – 10.16 cm, pipe wall thickness to diameter ratio ranging from 0.06 – 0.10, and with PVC, aluminum, and stainless steel pipe materials. The experiments were conducted with average fluid speeds ranging from 0 – 11.5 m/s with an accompanying range in the dynamic pressure from 0 – 1 atm. The results show that the rms of the acceleration is proportional to the average fluid speed raised to the 2.12 power. Also, the rms of the pipe surface velocity and the pipe displacement scale with the average fluid speed to the 1.62 and 1.16 powers respectively. Further, the rms of the pipe acceleration and pipe speed increase with increasing pipe diameter, while the pipe modulus of elasticity appears to exert negligible influence on the magnitude of the measured vibrations. The rms of the wall pressure fluctuations scale with the fluid speed raised to the 2.0 power.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Charge-coupled device detector: performance considerations and potential for small-field mammographic imaging applications.

The physical characteristics of a charge‐coupled device(CCD)image detector were evaluated, as well as its potential as a digital imagingdevice for small field mammographic applications such as preoperative needle localization. The detectionsystem is based on a 2048×2048 pixel CCD operated in 1024×1024 mode. The CCD was optically coupled to an intensifying screen via a lens, without intermediate intensification. The thermal noise was suppressed to 0.15 electrons pixel−1s−1 by cooling the CCD with liquid nitrogen. The dominant source of noise was attributed to the on‐chip amplifier during the readout process that was performed at 50 000 pixels s−1. The measured readout noise level was 15 electrons per pixel. The low‐noise characteristics of this CCD prototype detector produced encouraging results under conditions simulating mammography, with a signal level close to one electron per pixel for each detected x ray. The mean glandular dose to the breast, based on the entrance exposure measured from a standard mammographic phantom would be 1.52 mGy (152 mrad). The ultimate spatial resolution of the system was approximately 8 cycles/mm but it was limited to about 5 cycles/mm when operated in the 1024×1024 imaging mode. Other physical characteristics of the system such as optical coupling efficiency, exposure response, and signal‐to‐noise ratio were evaluated. The results of this study suggest that the use of a scientific‐grade CCD allows for very good low‐contrast discrimination and moderate spatial resolution under conditions simulating mammography, but the current prototype is limited to a 9×9‐cm2 field of view. The results of this study suggest that with realistic improvements in the optical coupling via a faster lens or fiberoptic coupling, additional improvements in image quality and dose are feasible.
An increased incidence of haemangiomas in infants born following chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

The incidence of haemangiomas was ascertained by questionnaire in infants born to 578 consecutive CVS patients and 445 consecutive mid-trimester amniocentesis patients seen at a single institution between 1 January 1989 and 31 May 1991. The incidence of 7.4 per cent reported in the amniocentesis group was comparable to previous estimates of the incidence of haemangiomas in the general population. In contrast, a 21.1 per cent incidence, three-fold higher than that observed in the amniocentesis group, was observed among CVS-exposed infants (P < 0.001). This increased incidence was largely confined to patients undergoing a transcervical procedure. No correlation was observed between the incidence of haemangiomas and gestational age at sampling, sample size, number of sampling attempts, or a history of bleeding following the procedure.
Controlling spatiotemporal dynamics with time-delay feedback

We suggest a spatially local feedback mechanism for stabilizing periodic orbits in spatially extended systems. Our method, which is based on a comparison between present and past states of the system, does not require the external generation of an ideal reference state and can suppress both absolute and convective instabilities. As an example, we analyze the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation in one dimension, showing how the time-delay feedback enlarges the stability domain for traveling waves.
Scavenger Receptor Mediated Endocytosis of Silver Nanoparticles into J774A.1 Macrophages is Heterogeneous

We investigated the scavenger receptor mediated uptake and subsequent intracellular spatial distribution and clustering of 57.7 ± 6.9 nm diameter silver nanoparticles (zeta-potential = -28.4 mV) in the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 through colorimetric imaging. The NPs exhibited an overall red-shift of the plasmon resonance wavelength in the cell ensemble as function of time and concentration, indicative of intracellular NP agglomeration. A detailed analysis of the NP clustering in individual cells revealed a strong phenotypic variability in the intracellular NP organization on the single cell level. Throughout the observation time of 24h cells containing non- or low-agglomerated NPs with a characteristic blue color coexisted with cells containing NPs with varying degrees of agglomeration, as evinced by distinct spectral shifts of their resonance wavelengths. Pharmacological inhibition studies indicated that the observed differences in intracellular NP organization resulted from coexisting actin- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis mechanisms in the macrophage population. Correlation of intracellular NP clustering with macrophage maturity marker (F4/80, CD14) expression revealed that differentiated J774A.1 cells preferentially contained compact NP agglomerates, whereas monocyte-like macrophages contained non-agglomerated NPs.
In-degree dynamics of large-scale P2P systems

This paper builds a complete modeling framework for understanding user churn and in-degree dynamics in unstructured P2P systems in which each user can be viewed as a stationary alternating renewal process. While the classical Poisson result on the superposition of n stationary renewal processes for n→∞ requires that each point process become sparser as n increases, it is often difficult to rigorously show this condition in practice. In this paper, we first prove that despite user heterogeneity and non-Poisson arrival dynamics, a superposition of edge-arrival processes to a live user under uniform selection converges to a Poisson process when system size becomes sufficiently large. Using this finding, we then obtain closed-form results on the transient behavior of in-degree, paving novel ways for a variety of additional analysis of decentralized P2P systems.
Control of Bursting in Boundary Layer Models

We continue our investigation of using feedback to control low dimensional models of bursting in a turbulent boundary layer. We begin by describing, from the viewpoint of a time-dependent coordinate transformation, our previous control strategy developed for a four dimensional model. Using this new point of view, we develop a similar strategy for the ten-dimensional model of Aubry et al. [1988].
Poly(a-olefins)—novel non-polar stationary phases for gas chromatography

Abstract Several special poly( a -olefinic) type polymers were characterized and evaluated as non-polar liquid phases for gas chromatography. In addition, a new non-polar stationary phase, produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of an Apiezon L grease is also described. These new phases have the advantage over squalane of a maximum operating temperature of 225° allowing preparation of non-polar well-coated open-tubular columns exhibiting a much wider temperature range. These polymers have desirable physical and chemical properties. Because of their structural configuration, they have the ability to coat glass surfaces with a uniform thin film. A limited number of applications indicate that capillary columns prepared with new phases provide very good separation of different functional group compoundds and can separate structurally similar compounds such as Mirex and its metabolites.
The second nuclear ERA: A nuclear renaissance

Abstract The growth of nuclear power has come to a halt in the United States because of slow electricity load growth, high costs, and public opposition based on concerns about radiation. Analyses are presented of current trends in reactor safety and economics: these show that public risks are very low and being reduced, while costs are still increasing. Future markets for conventional light water reactors appear to be limited by investor risk and uncertain capital costs. The development of inherently safe reactors, such as the Swedish PIUS concept or the modular HTGR, is recommended as a means of reducing risk and regaining public acceptance.
The forward production of high-energy electrons from megavoltage photon beams.

The forward production of high-energy electrons from materials with various atomic numbers from carbon to lead has been measured for megavoltage photon beams from 4- to 25-MV peak bremsstrahlung energy by placing a thin-window parallel-plate ionization chamber directly behind foils of the various materials. The relative forward production of electrons decreases with atomic number for energies less than or equal to10 MV until about Z = 50, after which it rises. For photon energies greater than or equal to15 MV, forward production increases with atomic number with a break point at Z--50, beyond which the curve becomes steeper.
Constructing Sacred History: Multi-Media Narratives and the Discourse of “Museumness” at Mormon Temple Square

Two disparate streams of research (one emphasizing museums as texts, the other questioning the influence of religious institutions) suggest that as individuals participate in their own plausibility structures, they become resistant to hegemonic institutions attempting to “educate them.” However, the literature in museum studies suggests that museums have recently broadened their influence by appealing to the plausibility structures of visitors while maintaining credence as “museums.” None of the literature on plausibility structures and museums has examined this strategy at the level of a religious institution. This study examines such a strategy by applying a close-text analysis of a tourist-oriented exhibit at (Mormon) Temple Square in Salt Lake City. The analyzed exhibit emulates the strategy of postmodern museums aimed at catering to visitors' expectations. Moreover, the exhibit is replete with ahistorical Judeo-Christian archetypes and with LDS-centric constructs of masculinity.
Directed and enhanced neurite growth with pulsed magnetic field stimulation.

Pulsed magnetic field (PMF) stimulation was applied to mammalian neurons in vitro to influence axonal growth and to determine whether induced current would direct and enhance neurite growth in the direction of the current. Two coils were constructed from individual sheets of copper folded into a square coil. Each coil was placed in a separate water-jacketed incubator. One was energized by a waveform generator driving a power amplifier, the other was not energized. Whole dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant cultures from 15-day Sprague-Dawley rat embryos were established in supplemented media plus nerve growth factor (NGF) at concentrations of 0-100 ng/mL on a collagen-laminin substrate. Dishes were placed at the center of the top and bottom of both coils, so that the DRG were adjacent to the current flowing in the coil. After an initial 12 h allowing DRG attachment to the substrate floor, one coil was energized for 18 h, followed by a postexposure period of 18 h. Total incubation time was 48 h for all DRG cultures. At termination, DRG were histochemically stained for visualization and quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth. Direction and length of neurite outgrowth were recorded with respect to direction of the current. PMF exposed DRG exhibited asymmetrical growth parallel to the current direction with concomitant enhancement of neurite length. DRG cultures not PMF exposed had a characteristic radial pattern of neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that PMF may offer a noninvasive mechanism to direct and promote nerve regeneration.
Evaluating hand‐held radiometer derived vegetation indices for estimating above ground biomass

Abstract The potential for using vegetation indices developed from remote sensing devices, such as the GSFC Mark‐II hand‐held radiometer, to evaluate biomass has been examined in a number of studies. Relationships range from very good (r2=0.96) to very poor (r2=0.029). One problem with most of the studies is that the data were only collected during a single year, therefore, the usefulness of the relationships within and between years is difficult to evaluate. This study examined the usefulness of vegetation indices, calculated from data gathered by the GSFC Mark‐II radiometer, in assessing the amount of biomass on native grasslands. Vegetation indices derived from data gathered over two years (1989 and 1990) and during four periods throughout each growing season indicate that the ratio between near‐infrared and red spectral responses (ratio vegetation index) performed better then either the difference between the two bands or the normalized difference vegetation indices. Poor relationships were observed (...
INSERT-MOUNTED THIN FILM SENSORS FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING OF TOOL CONDITIONS*

Abstract A new type of sensor has been developed; it is mounted directly on a tungsten carbide insert and is capable of real-time sensing of the tool condition. The sensor uses thin films of ZnO deposited onto the insert by r.f. diode sputtering. The sensor has an extremely wide bandwidth, being able to detect resonances in the machine structure between 100 Hz and 10 kHz as well as acoustic emission in the 100–500 kHz range generated by metal cutting. During forced tool fracture, distinctive signals were observed from the sensor that could be used for cutting operation shutdown. The measured stress sensitivity averaged 0.05 V m N-1 (standard deviation of 0.01 V m N-1 from eight depositions) which is about 80% of the value for single-crystal ZnO. The sensors are quite rugged, with most of them still being operational at the end of the useful cutting lifetime of the inserts on which they were mounted. Temperature measurements indicate that the response of the sensors decreases by about a factor of 3 between room temperature and 100°C.
Turnover in the Advancement Profession

Recruitment and retention is an area with which most organizations are concerned. Excessive turnover has exorbitant costs and wastes valuable time. Institutions of higher education are no exception. One of the most vital operations in nonprofit colleges and universities is its Office of Institutional Advancement. More and more, an institution of higher education's ability to achieve its vision and goals is dependent on the state of its endowment, yearly grants (research or otherwise), annual fund donations, and other development income. These development initiatives require a dedicated staff, willing to spend months, even years cultivating donors of all levels. There is an epidemic of turnover in the advancement profession. It is a problem to which higher education professionals need to pay attention. With consistent and constant turnover of advancement professionals, colleges and universities are losing precious resources, not only in costs associated with personnel turnover, but also the loss of valuable donor-professional relationships and ultimately, in the loss of gifts. This article analyzes this turnover problem at the national and local levels. A description and documentation of the problem will be outlined, followed by careful analysis. The description and documentation of the problem will highlight its severity. The study is grounded locally in data from a small New England college. Lastly, a series of policy recommendations will be presented.
Halogen bonding and the design of new materials: organic bromides, chlorides and perhaps even fluorides as donors.

In some halides RX, the halogen X has a region of positive electrostatic potential on its outermost portion, centered around the extension of the R−X bond. The electrostatic attraction between this positive region and a lone pair of a Lewis base is termed halogen bonding. The existence and magnitudes of such positive potentials on some covalently bonded halogens, and the characteristic directionality of the interaction, can be explained in terms of the degree of sp hybridization and polarizability of X and the electronegativity of R. Halogen bonding increases in strength in the order Cl < Br < I; fluorine is frequently said to not form halogen bonds, although a notable result of the present study is computational evidence that it does have the capability of doing so, if R is sufficiently electron withdrawing. An increasingly important application of halogen bonding is in the design of new materials (e.g., crystal engineering). In this paper, we present the calculated energies of a series of halogen-bonding interactions that could be the basis for forming linear chains, of types X----X----X---- or X----Y----X----Y----. We focus upon chlorides and bromides, and nitrogen bases. The B3PW91/6-311G(3df,2p) and MP2/6-311++G(3df,2p) procedures were used. We show how the computed electrostatic potentials (B3PW91/6-31G**) can provide guidance in selecting appropriate halide/base pairs.
Plasmacytoma-Like Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder Confined to the Renal Allograft: A Case Report

A 44-year-old woman who had end-stage kidney disease from diabetes and hypertension underwent a deceased donor kidney transplantation. Eighteen months after the transplantation she developed an abrupt increase in her creatinine level and a kidney biopsy specimen showed the presence of a plasma cell-rich infiltrate. A vast majority of the plasma cells were kappa (κ) light chain restricted on in situ hybridization. κ and lambda (λ) free light chain were elevated in her serum and so was the κ/λ ratio. A bone marrow biopsy specimen showed no evidence of clonal plasmacytosis. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed hypermetabolic activity confined to the kidney. Prior to transplantation she was Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immunoglobulin (Ig)G-negative but had detectable EBV based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in her blood during this episode. Despite reduction in immunosuppression there was no change in the κ/λ ratio and her renal function worsened. She underwent a transplant nephrectomy and her κ/λ ratio became normal. Twenty-one months later she is lymphoma-free and doing well on dialysis. Plasmacytoma-like post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is rare and even more is the localization of the malignancy to the allograft. When reduction of immunosuppression is unsuccessful in treatment, removal of the organ may be necessary as is demonstrated in our case.
Isoflavone glucoside stress metabolites of soybean leaves

Abstract The isoflavone glucosides daidzin, genistin and ononin, the isoflavones daidzein and formononetin, and glyceollins I-III accumulated in soybean leaves inoculated with phytopathogenic bacteria. Treatment of leaves with sodium iodoacetate or yeast extract also led to isoflavonoid accumulation. Various other stress-inducing treatments were not effective. Bacterially-induced accumulation of isoflavone glucosides and the occurrence of ononin and formononetin in soybean are reported for the first time.
An experimental determination of combustibility

The author describes a laboratory method for determining ignitability, rate of heat release, and total heat release as a measure of the combustibility of materials. The results may be applied to building design and designation of contents with an eye towards reducing the possibility of a major fire.
Application of SAFT equation for CO2 + H2O phase equilibrium calculations over a wide temperature and pressure range

Abstract The statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) equation of state is employed for the correlation and prediction of vapor–liquid equilibrium of CO2 + H2O binary system for a wide temperature (10–300 °C) and pressure (1–600 bar) range. To make the equation applicable for these temperatures and pressure ranges, effective numbers of segments and energy parameters have been co-related with reduced temperature and pressure. Simple mixing rules have been applied to obtain binary interaction parameter. The results were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the literature data except in fully miscible regions.