cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CFEBT Risk Triangle as a Tool for Detecting and Evaluating Risks of Accounting Records: a Case Study

The objective of the present contribution is to evaluate the risk of accounting errors and frauds in small companies predominantly operating in agriculture. It is based on an analysis of the CFEBT risk triangle for financial statements reported for the years 2012-2016.The CFEBT risk triangle is applied in form of a case study aimed at risk detection of occurrence of accounting errors and frauds for a selected sample of companies. A detailed analysis of a risk of impact of accounting errors and frauds is illustrated in the case study of an accounting unit chosen from the sample of companies evaluated. Results of the presented case study into the detection and evaluation of the risk based on interconnections between the reported profit (loss) and the generated cash flow during 5 accounting periods confirm the significance of having a complex view for decision-making of users based on reported accounting records and accounting data.Future research into the CFEBT risk triangle focuses on performance of complex analyses for individual types of business activities of small and middle-sized companies in the context of Czech accounting standards and IFRS.
Gemstones Formed by High-Pressure Regional Metamorphism: The Jadeite Deposits of Tawmaw, Burma

Two tough, compact, fine-grained materials, jadeite and nephrite, are forms of the gem material jade. Composition by itself, however, does not define jade. It must also have a texture that gives it extreme toughness. Despite their similar properties, jadeite and nephrite are distinct materials with different compositions and textures.
Multi-SNP Haplotype Analysis Methods for Association Analysis

Haplotype analysis forms the basis of much of genetic association analysis using both related and unrelated individuals (we concentrate on unrelated). For example, haplotype analysis indirectly underlies the SNP imputation methods that are used for testing trait associations with known but unmeasured variants and for performing collaborative post-GWAS meta-analysis. This chapter is focused on the direct use of haplotypes in association testing. It reviews the rationale for haplotype-based association testing, discusses statistical issues related to haplotype uncertainty that affect the analysis, then gives practical guidance for testing haplotype-based associations with phenotype or outcome trait, first of candidate gene regions and then for the genome as a whole. Haplotypes are interesting for two reasons, first they may be in closer LD with a causal variant than any single measured SNP, and therefore may enhance the coverage value of the genotypes over single SNP analysis. Second, haplotypes may themselves be the causal variants of interest and some solid examples of this have appeared in the literature.This chapter discusses three possible approaches to incorporation of SNP haplotype analysis into generalized linear regression models: (1) a simple substitution method involving imputed haplotypes, (2) simultaneous maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of all parameters, including haplotype frequencies and regression parameters, and (3) a simplified approximation to full ML for case-control data.Examples of the various approaches for a haplotype analysis of a candidate gene are provided. We compare the behavior of the approximation-based methods and argue that in most instances the simpler methods hold up well in practice. We also describe the practical implementation of haplotype risk estimation genome-wide and discuss several shortcuts that can be used to speed up otherwise potentially very intensive computational requirements.
Weak Convergence of Trimmed Sums

Considerable progress has been made in the last few years on problems concerning the asymptotic distribution of trimmed sums. The aim of this paper is to describe some of these results, discuss some of the problems which remain open, and provide a solution to one of these in an important special case.
Some observations on obscure fever in infancy and childhood

In conclusion it may be said that when the patient is an infant or a child, fever that occurs without demonstrable cause is a clue to urinary infection and examination of urine establishes the diagnosis in the majority of cases. I like to put stress on the diagnostic point. The recognition of the condition is very important because failure of diagnosis may lead to serious consequence, specially if a diagnosis ofenteric fever is made. The introduction of fasting diet rapidly aggravates the condition and the child may even die for lack of proper nutrition. The longer the treatment is delayed in the pyelitis cases, the worse is the prognosis.Neale showed that the mortality was 7% in 117 cases. Lastly, repeated attacks of urinary infections may have harmful effect in later life, specially during childbirth.
Brain Structure and Connectivity Mapping for Deep Brain Stimulation Using Ultrahigh Field (7 T) MRI

Abstract This chapter reviews recent advances in neuroimaging methods for the visualization of brain structures, as well as the connectivity patterns that play key roles for deep brain stimulation therapy. The advantages of utilizing ultrahigh field 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for visualizing anatomical structures will likely propel our clinical and scientific abilities to investigate, develop, and enhance therapies for patients with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, dystonia, and Tourette syndrome. Treatment approaches are becoming more patient-specific, thus more therapies will rely on highly accurate treatment delivery capabilities to the target area. As such, 7 T (and stronger fields) MRI systems will provide such abilities by producing enhanced input data with superior resolution and image contrast. Further development of better imaging acquisition strategies and postprocessing methods are needed, as the data being generated will open new possibilities for exploring brain function in both healthy and disease conditions at resolution levels never before observed.
The Emergence of Voices: Vietnamese American Literature 1975-1900

(1993). The Emergence of Voices: Vietnamese American Literature 1975–1900. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 27-50.
An efficient synthesis of 3-hetero-13,14-dihydro prostaglandin F1alpha analogues.

A new class of 3-hetero-13,14-dihydro prostaglandin F1α analogues was synthesized from a common intermediate. The latter was constructed via a two-step, three-component process. The lower chain, containing the 15-(phenoxymethyl) group, was synthesized in enantiopure form using Jacobsen's (salen)Co-catalyzed kinetic resolution of a terminal epoxide with phenol.
The Idea of Community, an Ethical Exploration, Part II: Community as a System of Social and Moral Interrelationships

Suite a la premiere partie de l'essai consacree a une approche methodologique de l'ethique et de l'idee de communaute, l'A. privilegie dans une seconde partie une conception nominaliste de la communaute comme reseau de relations sociales et de relations morales definissant la co-appartenance egalitaire a une communaute. Examinant la distinction etablie par F. Tonnies entre communaute et societe, ainsi que les autres types de groupes sociaux tels que les associations, les organisations d'affaires ou la famille, l'A. defend un modele formaliste ou deontologique de l'analyse ethique de la communaute et rejette les types de fausses communautes que sont les communautes instrumentales ou les communautes ideologiques anti-humanitaires
Chromatin Remodeling in Response to BRCA2-Crisis.

Summary Individuals with a single functional copy of the BRCA2 tumor suppressor have elevated risks for breast, ovarian, and other solid tumor malignancies. The exact mechanisms of carcinogenesis due to BRCA2 haploinsufficiency remain unclear, but one possibility is that at-risk cells are subject to acute periods of decreased BRCA2 availability and function (“BRCA2-crisis”), which may contribute to disease. Here, we establish an in vitro model for BRCA2-crisis that demonstrates chromatin remodeling and activation of an NF-κB survival pathway in response to transient BRCA2 depletion. Mechanistically, we identify BRCA2 chromatin binding, histone acetylation, and associated transcriptional activity as critical determinants of the epigenetic response to BRCA2-crisis. These chromatin alterations are reflected in transcriptional profiles of pre-malignant tissues from BRCA2 carriers and, therefore, may reflect natural steps in human disease. By modeling BRCA2-crisis in vitro, we have derived insights into pre-neoplastic molecular alterations that may enhance the development of preventative therapies.
If It Needs a Power Calculation, Does It Matter for Poverty Reduction?

Abstract A key critique of the use of randomized experiments in development economics is that they largely have been used for micro-level interventions that have far less impact on poverty than sustained growth and structural transformation. I make a distinction between two types of policy interventions and the most appropriate research strategy for each. The first are transformative policies like stabilizing monetary policy or moving people from poor to rich countries, which are difficult to do, but where the gains are massive. Here case studies, theoretical introspection, and before-after comparisons will yield “good enough” results. In contrast, there are many policy issues where the choice is far from obvious, and where, even after having experienced the policy, countries or individuals may not know if it has worked. I argue that this second type of policy decision is abundant, and randomized experiments help us to learn from large samples what cannot be simply learnt by doing.
Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of long-term neuropathology after exposure to the nerve agent soman: correlation with histopathology and neurological dysfunction.

Nerve agents (NAs) produce acute and long-term brain injury and dysfunction, as evident from the Japan and Syria incidents. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile technique to examine such chronic anatomical, functional, and neuronal damage in the brain. The objective of this study was to investigate long-term structural and neuronal lesion abnormalities in rats exposed to acute soman intoxication. T2-weighted MRI images of 10 control and 17 soman-exposed rats were acquired using a Siemens MRI system at 90 days after soman exposure. Quantification of brain tissue volumes and T2 signal intensity was conducted using the Inveon Research Workplace software and the extent of damage was correlated with histopathology and cognitive function. Soman-exposed rats showed drastic hippocampal atrophy with neuronal loss and reduced hippocampal volume (HV), indicating severe damage, but had similar T2 relaxation times to the control group, suggesting limited scarring and fluid density changes despite the volume decrease. Conversely, soman-exposed rats displayed significant increases in lateral ventricle volumes and T2 times, signifying strong cerebrospinal fluid expansion in compensation for tissue atrophy. The total brain volume, thalamic volume, and thalamic T2 time were similar in both groups, however, suggesting that some brain regions remained more intact long-term after soman intoxication. The MRI neuronal lesions were positively correlated with the histological markers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation 90 days after soman exposure. The predominant MRI hippocampal atrophy (25%) was highly consistent with massive reduction (35%) of neuronal nuclear antigen-positive (NeuN+ ) principal neurons and parvalbumin-positive (PV+ ) inhibitory interneurons within this brain region. The HV was significantly correlated with both inflammatory markers of GFAP+ astrogliosis and IBA1+ microgliosis. The reduced HV was also directly correlated with significant memory deficits in the soman-exposed cohort, confirming a possible neurobiological basis for neurological dysfunction. Together, these findings provide powerful insight on long-term region-specific neurodegenerative patterns after soman exposure and demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo neuroimaging to monitor neuropathology, predict the risk of neurological deficits, and evaluate response to medical countermeasures for NAs.
Narrating Value: How Peripheral Functions Prove Their Worth to Organizations

Dominant narratives of value within organizations have labeled a group of organizational functions as “staff,” “back-office,” or “peripheral.” A common thread uniting these functions is a focus on ...
Ketones Elicit Distinct Alterations in Adipose Mitochondrial Bioenergetics.

Objective: The rampant growth of obesity worldwide has stimulated explosive research into human metabolism. Energy expenditure has been shown to be altered by diets differing in macronutrient composition, with low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets eliciting a significant increase over other interventions. The central aim of this study was to explore the effects of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) on mitochondrial bioenergetics in adipose tissue. Methods: We employed three distinct systems—namely, cell, rodent, and human models. Following exposure to elevated βHB, we obtained adipose tissue to quantify mitochondrial function. Results: In every model, βHB robustly increased mitochondrial respiration, including an increase of roughly 91% in cultured adipocytes, 113% in rodent subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and 128% in human SAT. However, this occurred without a commensurate increase in adipose ATP production. Furthermore, in cultured adipocytes and rodent adipose, we quantified and observed an increase in the gene expression involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling status following βHB exposure. Conclusions: In conclusion, βHB increases mitochondrial respiration, but not ATP production, in mammalian adipocytes, indicating altered mitochondrial coupling. These findings may partly explain the increased metabolic rate evident in states of elevated ketones, and may facilitate the development of novel anti-obesity interventions.
A Hybrid Voltage Regulator with Arcless Tap Change and Stepless Voltage Regulation Functions

Step voltage regulator (SVR) has been utilized in the power distribution systems for decades. The induced arc from the conventional SVR tap change and the voltage instability from the renewable energy penetration impose constraints on the conventional SVRs’ lifetime. Meanwhile the voltage regulation accuracy cannot be guaranteed since the SVR regulates the voltage step by step. The power electronics transformer solution was proposed but requires the power converter capacity proportional to the voltage regulation range, which significantly increases the system cost. This paper proposed a hybrid voltage regulator that achieves arcless tap change and stepless voltage regulation by using a back-to-back power converter. Load voltage regulation continuity is guaranteed while the tap changer mechanism remains in the system, which helps to promote the upgrade to the existing power distribution systems. The required converter capacity in the proposed topology is 0.31% of the distribution transformer rating, which also reduces the system cost compared with the full power electronics solutions. The proposed hybrid voltage regulator was simulated and experimentally validated. The experimental results demonstrate arcless tap change operation, stepless voltage regulation, and load voltage continuity during the tap change.
New Records of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) from the Northeastern United States

New geographic records are reported from the northeastern United States for four species of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Delphastus pusillus (LeConte, 1852) is newly reported from the states of Maine and New Hampshire, while Nephus ornatus naviculatus (Casey, 1899), Hyperaspidius transfugatus Casey, 1899, and Hyperaspis brunnescens Dobzhansky, 1941 are newly reported for New Hampshire. The new records represent modest range extensions for these species. The records improve fundamental knowledge about insect communities in the northeastern United States, but additional sampling is needed to ascertain the extent of their distributions and to determine prey associations for these species in this region.
Emergent Strategy from Spontaneous Anger: Crowd Dynamics in the First 48 Hours of the Ferguson Shooting

The fatal August 9, 2014, officer-involved shooting of a Black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri, sparked a series of local protests that culminated in a national social movement: Black Lives Matter. ...
Submucosal gastric heterotopia presenting as an upper esophageal nodule.

Esophageal gastric heterotopia (GH), the presence of differentiated gastric tissue in the esophagus, is estimated in up to 14% of populations worldwide and has always been reported on the surface of the esophagus, where it is also known as inlet patch. However, submucosal GH, in any tissue, is a rare finding. We report the case of a 50 year-old male presenting with chronic cough, heartburn and raspy vocalizations. Endoscopic examination showed a single 7 mm esophageal nodule, 20 cm from the incisors, interpreted as a submucosal mass. Pathologic examination of the endoscopically excised nodule showed well-differentiated gastric mucosa within the submucosa underneath the overlying squamous mucosa, consistent with submucosal GH. This case raises the awareness of an atypical presentation and location of GH seen as a submucosal mass on endoscopy.
Why Does Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Targeted Biopsy Miss Clinically Significant Cancer?

Purpose:Multiple studies demonstrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsy detects more clinically significant cancer than systematic biopsy; however, some clinically significant cancers...
VIVE: Virtualization of Vehicular Electronics for System-level Exploration

We develop a virtual prototyping infrastructure for modeling and simulation of automotive systems. We focus on exercising and exploring use cases involving system-level coordination of vehicular electronics, sensors, and software. In current practice, such use cases can only be explored late in the design when all the relevant hardware components are available. Any design change, e.g., for optimization or security or even functional errors found during the exploration, incurs prohibitive cost at that stage. Our solution is a flexible, configurable prototyping platform that enables the user to seamlessly add new system-level use cases. Unlike other related prototyping environments, the focus of our platform is on communication and coordination among different components, not the computation of individual Electronic Control Units. We report on the use of the platform for implementing several realistic usage scenarios on automotive platforms and exploring the effects of their interaction. In particular, we show how to use the platform to develop real-time in-vehicle communication optimizers for different optimization targets.
Deep learning methods for designing proteins scaffolding functional sites

Current approaches to de novo design of proteins harboring a desired binding or catalytic motif require pre-specification of an overall fold or secondary structure composition, and hence considerable trial and error can be required to identify protein structures capable of scaffolding an arbitrary functional site. Here we describe two complementary approaches to the general functional site design problem that employ the RosettaFold and AlphaFold neural networks which map input sequences to predicted structures. In the first "constrained hallucination" approach, we carry out gradient descent in sequence space to optimize a loss function which simultaneously rewards recapitulation of the desired functional site and the ideality of the surrounding scaffold, supplemented with problem-specific interaction terms, to design candidate immunogens presenting epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies, receptor traps for escape-resistant viral inhibition, metalloproteins and enzymes, and target binding proteins with designed interfaces expanding around known binding motifs. In the second "missing information recovery" approach, we start from the desired functional site and jointly fill in the missing sequence and structure information needed to complete the protein in a single forward pass through an updated RoseTTAFold trained to recover sequence from structure in addition to structure from sequence. We show that the two approaches have considerable synergy, and AlphaFold2 structure prediction calculations suggest that the approaches can accurately generate proteins containing a very wide array of functional sites.
EFFICACY OF A COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT FOR INSOMNIA AMONG AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ (OEF/OIF) VETERANS WITH PTSD

EFFICACY OF A COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT FOR INSOMNIA AMONG AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ (OEF/OIF) VETERANS WITH PTSD By Skye Ochsner Margolies, M.A. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011. Major Director: Scott Vrana, Ph.D. Professor Department of Psychology Sleep disturbances are a core and salient feature of PTSD and can maintain or exacerbate associated symptoms. Recent research demonstrates that cognitive-behavioral sleep-focused interventions improve sleep disturbances as well as PTSD symptoms. The present study is a randomized controlled trial comparing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) to a waitlist control group. Conducted at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center, the study: 1) compared subjective outcome measures of sleep amongst veterans assigned to either a treatment group (CBT-I) or a waitlist control group; (2) examined the influence of the intervention on measures of PTSD, general mood and daytime functioning, comparing veterans in a treatment group to those in a waitlist control group and (3) examined the effect of the CBT-I intervention using objective measures of sleep for veterans included in the treatment arm of the study. Study participants were (n = 40) combat veterans who served in Afghanistan and/or Iraq (OEF/OIF). Participants were randomized to either a CBT-I treatment group or a waitlist control group. Those in the treatment condition participated in four CBT-I sessions over six weeks. CBT-I included sleep restriction, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, sleep education, sleep hygiene and imagery rehearsal therapy. All participants completed subjective and objective measures at baseline and post-treatment. At six weeks post treatment, veterans who participated in CBT-I reported improved sleep, a reduction in PTSD symptom severity and PTSD-related nightmares, as well as a reduction in depression and distressed mood compared to veterans in the waitlist control group. When controlling for current participation in evidence-based PTSD treatment, veterans in the CBT-I group reported a reduction in PTSD symptom severity while their waitlist counterparts demonstrated an increase in these PTSD symptoms. Veterans in the treatment group also reported improved objectively measured sleep quality between baseline and posttreatment. These data suggest that CBT-I is an effective treatment for insomnia, nightmares and PTSD symptoms in OEF/OIF veterans with combat related PTSD and should be used as an adjunctive therapy to standard PTSD treatment.
MHC antigen expression in spontaneous and induced rejection of neural xenografts.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the effect of various host immune factors on graft rejection using a xenogeneic neonatal transplant protocol in which graft survival in the vast majority of animals (80 percent) occurs for a prolonged period without rejection. In the chapter, the relationship between major histocompatibilty (MHC) antigen expression and graft rejection seen in spontaneously rejecting xenografts is compared to the patterns found after rejection induced by the following stimuli: (1) systemic sensitization by skin grafting, (2) inducing a local degenerative response by removing the host eye contralateral to the side of the neural implant, and (3) disrupting the blood–brain barrier (BBB) with intra-arterial hyperosmolar mannitol. For all experiments described in the chapter, donor tissue was obtained from E13-14 CD-1 mouse embryos. The eyes were harvested and the retinae were dissected free from the investing layers in ice-cold Ham's F-10 medium (Gibco Laboratories). Tissue was transplanted in 1 μl of F-10 medium into the mesencephalon or cerebral cortex of anesthetized P1 Sprague–Dawley rats.
Privately Ordered Participatory Management: An Organizational Failures Analysis

American industrial enterprises long organized their production processes in rigid hierarchies in which production-level employees had little discretion or decision making authority. Recently, however, many firms have adopted participatory management programs purporting to give workers a substantially greater degree of input into corporate decisions. Quality circles, self-directed work teams, and employee representation on the board of directors are probably the best-known examples of this phenomenon. These forms of workplace organization have garnered considerable attention from labor lawyers and economists, but relatively little from corporate law academics. This is unfortunate, both because the tools routinely used by corporate law academics have considerable application to the problem and because employee participation is ultimately a question of corporate governance. According to conventional academic wisdom, perceptions of procedural justice are important to corporate efficiency. Employee voice promotes a sense of justice, increasing trust and commitment within the enterprise and thus productivity. Workers having a voice in decisions view their tasks as being part of a collaborative effort, rather than as just a job. In turn, this leads to enhanced job satisfaction, which, along with the more flexible work rules often associated with work teams, results in a greater intensity of effort from the firms workers and thus leads to a more efficient firm. Although this view of participatory management has become nearly hegemonic, the academic literature nevertheless remains somewhat vague when it comes to explaining just why employee involvement should have these beneficial results. In contrast, my article presents a clear explanation of why some firms find employee involvement enhances productivity and, perhaps even more important, why it fails to do so in some firms. Despite the democratic rhetoric of employee involvement, participatory management in fact has done little to disturb the basic hierarchial structure of large corporations. Instead, it is simply an adaptive response to three significant problems created by the tendency in large firms towards excessive levels of hierarchy. First, large branching hierarchies themselves create informational inefficiencies. Second, informational asymmetries persist even under efficient hierarchial structures. Finally, excessive hierarchy impedes effective monitoring of employees. Participatory management facilitates the flow of information from the production level to senior management by creating a mechanism for by-passing mid-level managers, while also bringing to bear a variety of new pressures designed to deter shirking.
LateTIME: A Phase-II, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial Evaluating the Safety and Effect of Administration of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells 2 to 3 Weeks after Acute Myocardial Infarction

A realistic goal for cardiac cell therapy may be to attenuate left ventricular remodeling following acute myocardial infarction to prevent the development of congestive heart failure. Initial clinical trials of cell therapy have delivered cells 1 to 7 days after acute myocardial infarction. However, many patients at risk of developing congestive heart failure may not be ready for cell delivery at that time-point because of clinical instability or hospitalization at facilities without access to cell therapy. Experience with cell delivery 2 to 3 weeks after acute myocardial infarction has not to date been explored in a clinical trial. The objective of the LateTIME study is to evaluate by cardiac magnetic resonance the effect on global and regional left ventricular function, between baseline and 6 months, of a single intracoronary infusion of 150 × 106 autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (compared with placebo) when that infusion is administered 2 to 3 weeks after moderate-to-large acute myocardial infarction. The 5 clinical sites of the Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network (CCTRN) will enroll a total of 87 eligible patients in a 2:1 bone marrow mononuclear cells-to-placebo patient ratio; these 87 will have undergone successful percutaneous coronary intervention of a major coronary artery and have left ventricular ejection fractions ≤0.45 by echocardiography. When the results become available, this study should provide insight into the clinical feasibility and appropriate timing of autologous cell therapy in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention.
Kano Model of Customer Satisfaction

The Kano model is an approach for identifying the types (priorities) of consumer needs that are related to preferences. The types of needs include basic needs, performance needs, and exciting needs. The Kano model highlights the idea that consumer needs are dynamic and evolve over time. Keywords: customer needs; delighters; exciting needs; quality function deployment; affinity diagram
Multiple presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in hippocampal area CA1

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have many important roles in regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. In hippocampal area CA1, activation of mGluRs can reduce both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. The conventional view is that the presynaptic effects are mediated by L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4)-sensitive, or group III mGluRs (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8). However, some studies suggest that other mGluR subtypes may also be involved in regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in area CA1. We have found that two pharmacologically distinct presynaptic receptors are involved in the depression of excitatory transmission at the Schaffer collateral--CA1 synapse. Consistent with previous studies, one receptor subtype is an L-AP4-sensitive receptor that is pharmacologically similar to mGluR4 or mGluR7. However, we have found that a second mGluR subtype, which is pharmacologically similar to mGluR1 and mGluR5 (group I mGluRs), can also reduce excitatory synaptic transmission in area CA1. Analysis of effects of agonists of these two receptors on miniature EPSCs and paired-pulse facilitation suggest that both receptors are localized presynaptically. It is also shown that the mGluR that reduces transmission at inhibitory synapses in area CA1 is presynaptically localized, is insensitive to L-AP4, and is sensitive to agonists selective for mGluR1 and mGluR5.
Multiple pathologies are common and related to dementia in the oldest-old: The 90+ Study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of multiple pathologies in the expression of dementia in the oldest-old. Methods: A total of 183 participants of The 90+ Study with longitudinal follow-up and autopsy were included in this clinical-pathologic investigation. Eight pathologic diagnoses (Alzheimer disease [AD], microinfarcts, hippocampal sclerosis, macroinfarcts, Lewy body disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, white matter disease, and others) were dichotomized. We estimated the odds of dementia in relation to each individual pathologic diagnosis and to the total number of diagnoses. We also examined dementia severity in relation to number of pathologic diagnoses. Results: The presence of multiple pathologic diagnoses was common and occurred more frequently in those with dementia compared with those without dementia (45% vs 14%). Higher numbers of pathologic diagnoses were also associated with greater dementia severity. Participants with intermediate/high AD pathology alone were 3 times more likely to have dementia (odds ratio = 3.5), but those with single non-AD pathologies were 12 times more likely to have dementia (odds ratio = 12.4). When a second pathology was present, the likelihood of dementia increased 4-fold in those with intermediate/high AD pathology but did not change in those with non-AD pathologies, suggesting that pathologies may interrelate in different ways. Conclusions: In the oldest-old, the presence of multiple pathologies is associated with increased likelihood and severity of dementia. The effect of the individual pathologies may be additive or perhaps synergistic and requires further research. Multiple pathologies will need to be targeted to reduce the burden of dementia in the population.
Uncovering Biological Network Function via Graphlet Degree Signatures

MotivationProteins are essential macromolecules of life and thus understanding their function is of great importance. The number of functionally unclassified proteins is large even for simple and w...
Redetermination of cultured root tips to leafy shoots in Selaginella willdenovii

Analysis of root growth in Selaginella willdenovii has indicated that a new root is initiated every 6.8 days (S.E. ± 0.42). The distribution of root growth on intact plants was examined and it was found that the zone of most rapid growth occurred about 3.6 mm from the tip. Our previous studies have shown that auxin is transported acropetally in root segments and intact roots. Thus the net movement of auxin in roots is toward the growing tip. When root tips were grown in sterile culture on Knop's medium, about 20% of them developed leaf primordia at or along the flanks of the root tip and continued to grow as ots. When 1 mm root tips were grown on Knop's medium supplemented with 0.5 μmM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) only roots developed and shoots were never observed. Histological preparations have been made of root tips which have become re-determined as shoots and the appearance is that of a shoot primordium with a distinctive apical dome and leaf primordia developing from the peripheral zone.
Dorsomedial hindbrain participation in glucoprivic feeding response to 2DG but not 2DG-induced hyperglycemia or activation of the HPA axis

2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) is a glucose analogue that inhibits intracellular utilization of glucose and produces a characteristic behavioral response known as glucoprivic feeding. The area postrema (AP) is a caudal hindbrain structure shown previously to be involved in 2DG-induced glucoprivic feeding. In addition, peripheral administration of 2DG is known to elicit activation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathoadrenomedullary system. The neural substrates for these neuroendocrine and neural responses to 2DG are not known although they may also involve the AP. The possible role of the AP in 2DG-induced feeding, activation of the HPA axis and hyperglycemia was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats with lesions centered on the area postrema (APX) and sham-operated (SHM) rats administered 2DG (200 mg/kg) or physiological saline (1 ml/kg). Peripheral administration of 2DG evoked a feeding response in SHM rats that was abolished in APX animals. Interestingly, 2DG administered at this dose produced a significant increase in plasma corticosterone and plasma glucose in both SHM and APX rats for up to 4 h after drug treatment. Collectively, these findings suggest that the AP is involved in the behavioral (feeding) response to peripheral administration of 2DG, but does not appear to be a common neural substrate for the neuroendocrine (HPA axis) and sympathoadrenal (hyperglycemic) responses to this agent.
T Cell Regulation of the Antibody Response to Bacterial Polysaccharide Antigens: An Examination of Some General Characteristics and Their Implications

The characteristics of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes that regulate the magnitude of the antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide antigen of type III Streptococcus pneumoniae are considered within the context of a general homeostatic model for controlling the antibody response to microbial antigens of medical importance. Some experimental approaches are described in which the activities of such regulatory T cells are modulated to provide an increase in the development of host immunity, to improve the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic antigens, or to eliminate the inhibitory effects of suppressor T cells.
Stage separation dynamics of spin-stabilized rockets

Spin-stabilized rockets stage separation dynamics, considering guide shoe-guide rail lateral motion constraint system
On the algebraic construction and classification of Harish-Chandra modules

Abstract Let G be a connected real semisimple Lie group. In this article a functor is defined which assigns to each irreducible finite dimensional representation of a Cartan subgroup of G a Harish-Chandra module for G. This functor is described by an explicit construction of modules and a sufficient condition is given for the image module to be irreducible. In the case when G is a linear group, this functor is used to exhibit all irreducible Harish-Chandra modules of G.
Chondrosarcoma arising in osteochondroma

Secondary chondrosarcomas are rare. An analysis of 75 cases of chondrosarcomas secondary to osteochondroma (42 lesions were from the Mayo Clinic files and 33 were from consultation files) revealed that 40 of the patients had single exostosis and 35 had multiple lesions. More males than females were affected, and most of the patients were age 20 to 40 years. The tumors involved various bones. Malignant change was manifested radiologically by fuzzy margins of the cartilage cap and by the presence of lucent zones within the lesion. Grossly, the surface of the thickened cartilage cap is irregular. Microscopically, most of the tumors were well-differentiated (Grade 1). Treatment was surgical. Simple excision of the tumor resulted in a large recurrence rate. Resection and amputation were generally curative. Only 12 of the patients have died of their tumor. Most patients died of local recurrence. Only two of the 75 patients had definite evidence of metastatic disease.
Formatted Encryption Beyond Regular Languages

Format-preserving and format-transforming encryption (FPE and FTE, respectively) are relatively new cryptographic primitives, yet are already being used in a broad range of real-world applications. The most flexible existing FPE and FTE implementations use regular expressions to specify plaintext and/or ciphertext formats. These constructions rely on the ability to efficiently map strings accepted by a regular expression to integers and back, called ranking and unranking, respectively. In this paper, we provide new algorithms that allow encryption with formats specified by context-free grammars (CFGs). Our work allows for CFGs as they appear in practice, partly a pure grammar for describing syntax, and partly a set of lexical rules for handling tokens. We describe a new relaxed ranking method, structural ranking, that naturally accommodates practical CFGs, thereby empowering new FPE and FTE designs. We provide a new code library for implementing structural ranking, and a tool that turns a simple YACC/LEX-style grammar specification into ranking code. Our experimental analysis of the code shows that the new \CFG ranking algorithm is efficient in interesting settings, even when the grammars are ambiguous. For example, we show that one can efficiently rank C programs of size thousands of kilobytes in milliseconds.
Resection of stage III non-small cell lung cancer following induction therapy.

Approximately 25%–30% of all patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with stage III tumors. Except for specific subsets, these tumors are not usually amenable to complete surgical resection and are associated with a 5-year survival of 10% or less. Because patients with stage III NSCLC die of distant metastases, recent efforts to improve the prognosis of these tumors have focused on neoadjuvant therapy using chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy as induction treatment and subsequent surgical resection for local control. Many trials have now shown the feasibility of neoadjuvant therapy and suggest that overall survival is approximately double that seen after surgical resection or radiation alone. Future clinical trials will define whether surgical resection after induction therapy provides better local control and survival than chemotherapy and high-dose radiation alone.
Chagas disease in pregnancy

Background Chagas disease is a tropical disease now making its appearance in the United States as more immigration from Latin America occurs. Pregnant women with chronic infection with Trypanosoma cruzi may present with cardiac or gastrointestinal symptoms and transmit the infection to their fetuses. Case A 32-year-old Mexican woman presented with cardiac symptoms at 16 weeks' gestation. She was found to have a left anterior hemiblock on her electrocardiogram. Her indirect immunofluorescent antibody titer for T cruzi was positive at greater than 1:2048. Subsequently, she had a normal pregnancy and delivery. The infant's T cruzi immunofluorescent antibody titer was 1:256 at birth and had not declined at his 6-week follow-up. Conclusion Obstetric care providers in the United States need to be familiar with American trypanosomiasis because it may present during pregnancy. Serious maternal disease is possible, and perinatal transmission may be seen in 2–10% of cases.
Soybean response to the application of several elements on a low‐manganese soil 1

Abstract Certain soils in the Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain are Mn‐deficient and because of their inherent properties, deficiencies of other elements might be expected. The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Ransom'] to annual soil applications of B, Cu, Fe, Mo, S, and Zn with and without Mn was examined. The study was conducted on an Olustee‐Leefield sand (Ultic Haplaquod‐Arenic Plinthaquic Paleudult) in 1975, 1976, and 1977. Seed yields, and soil and plant tissue concentrations of certain of the applied elements were determined. Soil pH increased from 6.4 in 1975 to 7.0 in 1977 as a result of lime applications. Of the seven elements studied, only Mn significantly increased soybean seed yield compared to the check. Leaf concentrations of the respective elements were higher where the element was added than they were in plants grown on the check plots. In 1977, after three years of elemental additions, plant concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Zn were higher, relative to checks, than in 1975. In 197...
Design of a ternary static memory cell using carbon nanotube-based transistors

In this Letter, the authors investigate the use of carbon nanotube-based field effect transistors (CNTFET) for the design of a ternary static random access memory (SRAM). The authors consider two designs - one using 8 transistors and the other using 14 transistors. Using circuit simulation models for CNTFETs, the authors show that both designs produce a functional ternary SRAM cell. The authors also measure the delay and power of the read-and-write operation of the ternary SRAM created using both models and show that the delays are comparable.
Managing metadata in heterogeneous sensor networks

Semantic technologies provide an expressive, interoperable means of deriving knowledge from the profusion of raw data gathered by sensor networks. The W3C's Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) ontology provides a complex but powerful metadata standard for describing large-scale sensing systems. However, managing this metadata across large, heterogeneous sensor networks is cumbersome, especially when non-technical parties independently deploy various types of instruments. To place the descriptive power of the Semantic Web at the fingertips of sensor network professionals, we must bridge the gap between abstract semantic frameworks and real-world sensor hardware. In this paper, we present a metadata management system for heterogeneous sensor networks based on the SSN ontology. Using Semantic Web concepts, we design and implement a system for maintaining hardware information and describing individual sensor deployments. Finally, we show the viability of our architecture by describing its integration with Intelligent River®, a large-scale sensor network initiative, and evaluating its effectiveness based on real sensor deployments.
Particle production and classical condensates in de Sitter space

The cosmological particle production in a $k=0$ expanding de Sitter universe with a Hubble parameter ${H}_{0}$ is considered for various values of mass or conformal coupling of a free, scalar field. One finds that, for a minimally coupled field with mass $0l~{m}^{2}l{9H}_{0}^{2}/4$ (except for ${m}^{2}{=2H}_{0}^{2})$, the one-mode occupation number grows to unity soon after the physical wavelength of the mode becomes larger than the Hubble radius, and afterwards diverges as $n(t)\ensuremath{\sim}O(1)[{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{phys}}{(t)/H}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{]}^{2\ensuremath{\nu}}$, where $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\equiv}(9/4\ensuremath{-}{m}^{2}{/H}_{0}^{2}{)}^{1/2}$. However, for a field with ${m}^{2}g{9H}_{0}^{2}/4$, the occupation number of a mode outside the Hubble radius is rapidly oscillating and bounded and does not exceed unity. These results, readily generalized for cases of a nonminimal coupling, provide a clear argument that the long-wavelength vacuum fluctuations of low-mass fields in an inflationary universe do show classical behavior, while those of heavy fields do not. The interaction or self-interaction does not appear necessary for the emergence of classical features, which are entirely due to the rapid expansion of the de Sitter background and the upside-down nature of quantum oscillators for modes outside the Hubble radius.
A Molecular Dynamics Study of Thermal Conductivity in Nanocomposites via the Phonon Wave Packet Method

The phonon wave packet technique is used in conjunction with the molecular dynamics simulations to directly observe phonon scattering at material interfaces. The phonon transmission coefficient of nanocomposites is examined as a function of the defect size, thin film thickness, orientation of interface to the heat flow direction. To generalize the results based on phonons in a narrow frequency range and at normal incidence, the effective thermal conductivity of the same nanocomposite structure is calculated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations for model nanocomposites formed by two mass-mismatched Ar-like solids and heterogeneous Si-SiCO2 systems. The results are compared with the modified effective medium formulation for nanocomposites.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
High power VCSEL array pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers

Solid-state lasers pumped by high-power two-dimensional arrays of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) were investigated. Both end-pumping and side-pumping schemes of Nd:YAG lasers with high power kW-class 808 nm VCSEL pump modules were implemented. For one application 10 mJ blue laser pulses were obtained from a frequencydoubled actively Q-switched VCSEL-array dual side-pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at 946 nm. For another application 10 mJ green laser pulses were obtained from a frequency-doubled passively Q-switched VCSEL-array endpumped Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm. Both QCW and CW pumping schemes were investigated to achieve high average Q-switched power.
The enzymic determination of myo-inositol

An inositol dehydrogenase obtained from myo-inositol-grown Aerobacter aerogenes has been adapted for the determination of myo-inositol in microgram amounts. The other cyclitols and sugars tested do not interfere with this assay, though colchicine exerts a marked inhibitory effect.
Fragrance material review on nerolidol (isomer unspecified)

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of nerolidol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.