cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (eSAGE): Correlations with Neuropsychological Evaluations (P4.085)

Objective: To validate a digital version of the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (eSAGE) made for tablet use and compare it to MMSE, MoCA, and neuropsychological batteries. Background: The traditional paper Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE) is a valid and reliable cognitive assessment tool used to identify individuals with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia. We converted the identical test questions into electronic format in order to provide a practical digital solution to early cognitive detection, its change-over-time, and progression prediction. Design/Methods: Subjects aged 50 and over were recruited from community and clinic settings. After SAGE screening, subjects were randomly selected to participate in a clinical evaluation including neuropsychological evaluations. Associations were investigated using Spearman correlations and linear regression. Results: 426 participants completed SAGE screening. Sixty-six subjects evaluated were 66% female, 89% white, and had mean age 75.2±7.3 (SD) years, mean education 15.1±2.7 years, mean MMSE score 26.9±2.6 (range: 20–30), mean MoCA score 20.7±4.5 (8–29), mean SAGE score 15.5±4.5 (4–22), and mean eSAGE score 14.3±5.0 (2–22). Correlations to neuropsychological batteries, all highly significant (p Conclusions: eSAGE performed similarly with neuropsychological batteries, MoCA, and MMSE and shows no scale bias compared to the validated SAGE. eSAGE has the advantage of self-administration, brevity, four interchangeable forms and potential widespread availability to be a major factor in overcoming the many obstacles in identifying early cognitive changes in individuals. Study Supported by: BrainTest, Inc. Disclosure: Dr. Scharre has received personal compensation from Eli Lilly and BrainTest, Inc for consulting activities and serving on their scientific advisory board. Dr. Scharre has received royalty payments from BrainTest, Inc. Dr. Scharre received research support from Axovant, Biogen, Lundbeck, Merck, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Envivo, BrainTest, AstraZeneca, Phylogeny, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Pfizer. Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nagaraja has received research support from Mangurian Foundation and BrainTest, Inc. Dr. Vrettos has nothing to disclose.
Abstract S10-03: Adolescent and young adult cancer patient and survivor employment changes during COVID-19 are associated with financial toxicity

Purpose: Describe associations between changes in employment during the COVID-19 pandemic and financial toxicity among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients and survivors. Methods: Eligible individuals were diagnosed between 15-39 years of age, currently age ≥18, and recruited through the Huntsman-Intermountain Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Care Program. We sent the survey to N=709. Survey questions included demographics, employment, and the 11-item COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) which captures financial toxicity in the last four weeks. COST is scored from 0 to 44 with lower scores indicating greater financial toxicity. Scores were dichotomized as high (0-21) or low (22-44). Changes in employment since March 2020 were categorized as no change, increase in hours, and decrease in hours/lost job. We calculated descriptive statistics and fit a multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between employment change and financial toxicity controlling for current age, gender, and treatment status. Results: Of 280 respondents (39.5% participation), 198 (70.7%) were employed prior to the pandemic and were thus included in analyses. Employed individuals were a mean of 29.4 years of age (range 18-58), 64.3% were female, and 50.5% had received cancer treatment since March 2020. Nearly a third (31.3%) had lost their job or reported reduced hours; 50.3% reported high financial toxicity. Among those previously employed, participants who lost their job or had their hours reduced had nearly six times the odds of high financial toxicity than those who reported no change in hours (Odds Ratio [OR]=5.8, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.6-12.9). In the same model, the odds of reporting high financial toxicity was over twice as high among females than males (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-4.5). Treatment status and age were not significant. Conclusions: Employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased financial toxicity among a population already susceptible to high financial hardship. Societal gender inequity appears to be mirrored in participants’ financial toxicity during the pandemic. Employment interventions for patients and survivors of AYA cancers who have experienced job loss or reduction in work hours during the pandemic are needed and may particularly benefit females. Citation Format: Austin Waters, Heydon Kaddas, Karely Mann, Perla L. Vaca Lopez, Echo L. Warner, Joemy Ramsay, Judy Ou, Nicole Ray, Tomoko Tsukamoto, Douglas B. Fair, Joseph M. Letourneau, Mark A. Lewis, David A. Gill, Lauri Linder, Anne C. Kirchhoff. Adolescent and young adult cancer patient and survivor employment changes during COVID-19 are associated with financial toxicity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2021 Feb 3-5. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(6_Suppl):Abstract nr S10-03.
10 – Legal Issues in Medical Records/Health Information Management

Publisher Summary All hospitals are required by law to maintain bylaws that govern the medical staff in addition to specific policies and procedures that guide medical staff decision making and processes. Use and content of the medical record, whether in paper or electronic form, is governed by a variety of groups and regulations, some of which vary between organizations. This chapter outlines the required elements within the medical record as well as who can document and when co-signatures are required and defines the guidelines around timeliness of the documentation. The medical record committee provides guidance and insight to the organization as to where documentation should be located in the electronic medical record (EMR) and how moving documentation from a paper world to an electronic world should be prioritized from a patient care perspective. On the other hand, the medical record department has responsibility for the integrity, availability, and operations of the medical record. In some organizations, this role is combined with or works in conjunction with the team implementing and operating clinical computing systems such as the EMR. Furthermore, there are several federal laws and entities that affect medical records. Finally, the state laws and the Joint Commission affect information management standards and medical staff standards related to documentation.
Generating Dynamic Prescription Maps for Winter Road Treatment via Sun-Shadow Simulation

Snow and ice can severely decrease road transportation efficiency and cause deadly threats to drivers. To cope with this issue, a significant amount of workforce and resources are arranged for winter roadway treatments each year. These anti-icing treatments typically apply the same amount of chemicals along the entire section of roadway, regardless of how much roadway has direct exposure to the sun and how much roadway may be in shadows of vegetation or buildings. There is a need to develop systematic methods to identify sections of the road with significant shadows that reduce solar heating of the road and to generate custom maps that vary application rates according to presence of significant shadows. In this work, we present an open-source sun-shadow simulator capable of large-scale road analyses for dynamic prescription maps. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Position Algorithm was used to estimate the time- and location-dependent incident angles of the Sun's rays, while state-wide LiDAR data from the United States Geological Services were utilized to locate obstacles. By comparing with on-site photos and satellite imagery, the simulation results were shown to be highly accurate. Furthermore, site-specific direct sun radiation energy values were evaluated for a 38-km-long highway segment as a case study. The resulting prescription maps make it possible to dynamically adjust pre-treatment amount at three-meter resolution, increasing efficiency and cost-effectiveness while reducing the environmental impact.
Chronic Physical and Vicarious Psychosocial Stress Alter Fentanyl Consumption and Nucleus Accumbens Rho GTPases in Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice

Chronic stress can increase the risk of developing a substance use disorder in vulnerable individuals. Numerous models have been developed to probe the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, however most prior work has been restricted to male rodents, conducted only in rats, or introduces physical injury that can complicate opioid studies. Here we sought to establish how chronic psychosocial stress influences fentanyl consumption in male and female C57BL/6 mice. We used chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), or the modified vicarious chronic witness defeat stress (CWDS), and used social interaction to stratify mice as stress-susceptible or resilient. We then subjected mice to a 15 day fentanyl drinking paradigm in the home cage that consisted of alternating forced and choice periods with increasing fentanyl concentrations. Male mice susceptible to either CWDS or CSDS consumed more fentanyl relative to unstressed mice, and exhibited increased preference for fentanyl. CWDS-susceptible female mice did not differ from unstressed mice during the forced periods, but showed increased preference for fentanyl. We also found decreased expression of nucleus accumbens Rho GTPases in male, but not female mice following stress and fentanyl drinking. We also compare fentanyl drinking behavior in mice that had free access to plain water throughout. Our results indicate that stress-sensitized fentanyl consumption is dependent on both sex and behavioral outcomes to stress.
Inhibition of growth of normal murine granulocytes by cocultured acute leukemic cells

Abstract Coculture of equal numbers of C1498 murine acute myelogenous leukemia cells and normal mouse bone marrow cells in diffusion chambers (DC) led to complete suppression of normal granulocyte development within a few days. Suppression of granulopoiesis was not observed with irradiation-killed leukemic cells. Direct interaction between the leukemic and normal cells appears to be necessary since there was no inhibition when the two populations were separated by an intervening Millipore filter in double-DC cultures. When the ratio of leukemic to normal cells was reduced from 50/50 to 15/85, proliferation of granulocytic cells remained normal for a longer time but eventually ceased. With both the 15/85 and 50/50 cultures, the ratio of leukemic to normal granulocytic cells rose to about the same level, 6/1-7/1, just before granulopoiesis was suppressed. In both instances macrophage numbers were similar to those observed in control cultures of normal marrow cells alone. When mixtures of leukemic and normal bone marrow cells were assayed by the agar and spleen colony-forming techniques rather than by culture in DC, the formation of colony-forming cells in vitro was unaltered but there was a marked reduction in the formation of normal, differentiated spleen colony-forming cells. This finding suggests that the leukemic cells exert their inhibitory influence at the level of the pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell. The findings with mixed DC cultures of leukemic and normal marrow cells resemble those in the bone marrows of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and provide an experimental model for elucidating the mechanisms by which leukemia subverts normal hemopoiesis.
Chapter I Surface crystallography: The experimental data base

Abstract The surface crystallography of crystalline solids is reviewed and compiled as a sequence of tables that allows the direct comparison of structural parameters of related structures. The presentation of structural data is organized according to the concept of chemical periodicity; the surface structures of elements or adsorbates belonging to the same group of the periodic table are considered together. Evidence for the existence of structural trends for clean surfaces and adsorbate systems is extracted and discussed. Structural information for a total of over four hundred surface structures, including 257 adsorption systems, is presented.
Identifying neonatal risk factors and predicting neonatal deaths in Georgia.

Abstract A predictive model which identifies 38% of the neonatal deaths by isolating only 11% of the births was formulated. It utilized existing vital records data for 230,585 single live births which occurred in Georgia for the period 1974–1976, to describe factors recorded on the birth certificate which are determinants of neonatal mortality on a statewide basis. Maternal age, race, premature birth, spontaneous abortion or stillbirth, complications related to pregnancy, complications not related to pregnancy, and type of birth (multiple gestation) were found to be statistically significant. It is proposed that private physicians evaluate patients on the basis of this model to facilitate estimates of risk of a neonatal death. In addition, public health physicians could utilize this model to make informed decisions in regard to the management of public health programs directed at the care of pregnant women.
Recovery of a Fully Viable Chimeric Human Parainfluenza Virus (PIV) Type 3 in Which the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase and Fusion Glycoproteins Have Been Replaced by Those of PIV Type 1

The recent recovery of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) from cDNA, together with the availability of a promising, highly characterized live attenuated PIV3 vaccine virus, suggested a novel strategy for the rapid development of comparable recombinant vaccine viruses for human PIV1 and PIV2. The strategy, illustrated here for PIV1, is to create chimeric viruses in which the two protective antigens, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) envelope glycoproteins, of an attenuated PIV3 variant are replaced by those of PIV1 or PIV2. As a first step, this has been achieved by using recombinant wild-type (wt) PIV3 as the recipient for PIV1 HN and F, engineered so that each PIV1 open reading frame is flanked by the existing PIV3 nontranslated regions and transcription signals. This yielded a viable chimeric recombinant virus, designated rPIV3-1, that encodes the PIV1 HN and F glycoproteins in the background of the wt PIV3 internal proteins. There were three noteworthy findings. First, in contrast to recently reported glycoprotein replacement chimeras of vesicular somatitis virus or measles virus, the PIV3-1 chimera replicates in LLC-MK2 cells and in the respiratory tract of hamsters as efficiently as its PIV1 and PIV3 parents. This is remarkable because the HN and F glycoproteins share only 43 and 47%, respectively, overall amino acid sequence identity between serotypes. In particular, the cytoplasmic tails share only 9 to 11% identity, suggesting that their presumed role in virion morphogenesis does not involve sequence-specific contacts. Second, rPIV3-1 was found to possess biological properties derived from each of its parent viruses. Specifically, it requires trypsin for efficient plaque formation in tissue culture, like its PIV1 parent but unlike PIV3. On the other hand, it causes an extensive cytopathic effect (CPE) in LLC-MK2 cultures which resembles that of its PIV3 parent but differs from that of its noncytopathic PIV1 parent. This latter finding indicates that the genetic basis for the CPE of PIV3 in tissue culture lies outside regions encoding the HN or F glycoprotein. Third, it should now be possible to rapidly develop a live attenuated PIV1 vaccine by the staged introduction of known, characterized attenuating mutations present in a live attenuated PIV3 vaccine candidate into the PIV3-1 cDNA followed by recovery of attenuated derivatives of rPIV3-1.
The Gattermann Synthesis of Aldehydes

Gatterman developed two methods for introducing the aldehdye group into aromatic compounds. The first of these known as the Gatterman Koch reaction uses a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of a mixture of anhydrous aluminum chloride and cuprous chloride. It is not adaptable to the preparation of aldehydes from phenols or phenolic ethers, however. The second method employs a mixture of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride with or without a catalyst and permits the introduction of an aldehdye group into phenols, naphthols, and their ethers under special conditions into aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds. This chapter is concerned with the second method. The mechanism of the reaction appears to be complex and has not been fully elucidated. Details on the scope, limitations and alternative methods, as well as experimental tests, are detailed. Keywords: Gatterman synthesis; aldehydes; phenols; benzene; derivatives; aromatic hydrocarbons; aromatic amines; pyrroles; indoles; furans; benzofurans; thiophenes; thiazoles; enols; alteranative methods; experimental conditions
Building block syntheses of site-isolated vanadyl groups in silicate oxides

Cross-linking of the cubic silicate building block, Si8O20 with vanadyl chloride leads to porous solids in which a homogeneous dispersion of isolated vanadyl groups is maintained throughout the matrix even at high loadings of vanadium.
A primer for carbon‐detected NMR applications to intrinsically disordered proteins in solution

Characterization of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has grown tremendously over the past two decades. NMR-based structural characterization has been widely embraced by the IDP community, largely because this technique is amenable to highly flexible biomolecules. Particularly, carbon-detect nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments provide a straight forward and expedient method for completing backbone assignments, thus providing the framework to study the structural and dynamic properties of IDPs. However, these experiments remain unfamiliar to most NMR spectroscopists, thus limiting the breadth of their application. In an effort to remove barriers that may prevent the application of carbon-detected bio-NMR where it has the potential to benefit investigators, here we describe the experimental requirements to collect a robust set of carbon-detected NMR data for complete backbone assignment of IDPs. Specifically, we advocate the use of three-dimensional experiments that exploit magnetization transfer pathways initiated on the aliphatic protons, which produces increased sensitivity and provides a suitable method for IDPs that are only soluble in basic pH conditions (>7.5). The applicability of this strategy to systems featuring a high degree of proline content will also be discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 43A: 54–66, 2015.
Myopathies in Critical Illness: Characterization and Nutritional Aspects

Myopathies related to critical illness have received increasing recognition over the past decade and are common in patients even after a brief period in the intensive care unit. Recent studies have revealed that myopathies in the critically ill may in fact be more prevalent than neuropathies and that morbidity and mortality may be greater. Protein catabolism, an increase in urinary nitrogen loss, and muscle wasting are observed in critical illness myopathy. Muscle biopsies in critically ill patients demonstrate low glutamine levels, low protein/DNA levels, and high concentrations of extracellular water. The increased flux of glutamine in muscle in these patients is thought to be insufficient to meet the body's requirement for glutamine, and thus in critical illness this amino acid may be classified as "conditionally essential." Three subtypes of critical illness myopathy have been described that are often grouped together as acute quadriplegic myopathy: thick-filament myopathy, critical illness myopathy, and necrotizing myopathy. These can be differentiated based on clinical features and muscle biopsy. Treatments for critical illness myopathies range from primary prevention, i.e., avoiding myopathy-inducing drugs, to novel nutritional therapies, such as glutamine and glutathione supplementation. One should be particularly vigilant for the development of myopathies in critically ill alcoholic patients, who may have a chronic alcoholic myopathy at baseline. In the past decade, advances have been made in characterizing and identifying patients with myopathies due to critical illness. However, additional studies must be performed in order to develop appropriate therapies for this potentially devastating disorder.
“Religion and Literature” in Postmodernist Contexts

POSTMODERNIST DISCOURSES, while they challenge literary-interpretive work of almost every kind, produce particularly radical consequences for "Religion and Literature" because of the modemist matrix in which this particular kind of critical practice arose. The dependence of "Religion and Literature" on modemist assumptions can be seen at two points. First, as its title indicates, "Religion and Literature" work tends to presuppose transhistorical and authoritative realities that confer on texts that manifest them significance and value. Second, "Religion and Literature" assumes a shared, real, and generally problematic human situation that texts by themselves or interpreted in a certain way serve to reveal and address. Postmodernist discourses cut these ties to
Impact of Residential Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure on Personal Exposure: An International Study.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were measured during two-day winter periods in indoor and outdoor environments, and these concentrations were compared with simultaneously measured personal exposures in 18 cities in 15 countries around the world. Information was also gathered on activity patterns and household characteristics in order to determine the influences of these factors on personal exposures. All NO2 measurements were taken using passive filter badges. Personal exposures were found to vary greatly among the array of cities, with mean concentrations ranging between 11.0 ppb and 51.5 ppb. Personal NO2 exposures were more strongly correlated with indoor concentrations (r = 0.75) than with outdoor concentrations (r = 0.57) when all countries were considered simultaneously. Use of a gas stove in the home was the dominant activity influencing NO2 concentrations, with a 67% increase in mean personal NO2 exposure and an increase in indoor-outdoor ratios from 0.7 to 1.2 for participants using gas stoves, although preliminary evidence indicates the importance of combustion space heaters as well. These associations indicate the global nature of the correlation between personal NO2 exposures and indoor NO2 sources such as gas stoves or space heaters, demonstrating that this relationship is not dependent on country-specific parameters.
2-Cohomologies of the groups SL(n, q)

Let G = SL(n, q), where q is odd, V be a natural module over G, and L = S2(V) be its symmetric square. We construct a 2-cohomology group H2(G, L). The group is one-dimensional over Fq if n = 2 and q ≠ 3, and also if (n, q) = (4, 3). In all other cases H2(G, L) = 0. Previously, such groups H2(G, L) were known for the cases where n = 2 or q = p is prime. We state that H2(G, L) are trivial for n ⩾ 3 and q = pm, m ⩾ 2. In proofs, use is made of rather elementary (noncohomological) methods.
Improved Practical Synthesis of a Prostaglandin and Carbocyclic Nucleoside Synthon

Abstract An efficient, four step synthesis of chiral enone 2a [(+)-2,3-(isopropylidenedioxy)-4-cyclopentenone]from diol 1a (X = Cl), available from microbial oxidation of chlorobenzene, is described. This synthesis is a vast improvement over that previously reported and compares very favorably with others in the literature.
Back pain-related absenteeism: Differences between small and large companies

Although there is well-documented evidence of an association between company size and injury incidence, evidence addressing relationships between company size and the duration of occupational disability is not as well established. To gain a better understanding of differences in temporary disability (i.e., timeloss days) between workers employed in small (100 or fewer workers) versus larger companies (>100 workers), data from 340 workers with low back pain were examined using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Overall, 41% of workers accrued at least one timeloss day during the course of their claim, with no differences between the percentage of workers with at least one timeloss day employed in small versus larger companies. However, the duration of timeloss was significantly greater for workers in small versus larger companies. Workers employed in small companies were more likely to have very long claims. In addition, separate multiple linear regression models were built to explain absenteeism duration in small and larger companies. Both physical (e.g., more severe injury, discontinuing exercise post injury) and psychological (e.g., lower social support, ambiguity in job tasks) were found to be significant predictors of absenteeism duration. Possible reasons for the longer duration of work-related absenteeism in small versus larger companies include limited opportunities for modified work tasks in small companies, more proactive management of absenteeism and return to work issues in larger companies, and less recognition of the importance of early return to work programs in smaller companies. Because of the large numbers of North American workers employed in small companies, there is a need for a more comprehensive understanding of disability trends and return to work impediments among this subgroup of workers.
Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Helium Three. Vapor Pressures below 1°K

Vapor pressures of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ have been measured between 0.45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 1.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Temperatures were measured by the paramagnetic susceptibility of either ferric ammonium or chrome methylamine alum. The salts were calibrated above 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K against ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ vapor pressures using the data of Abraham, Osborne, and Weinstock and the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ temperature scales of Clement ($55E$) and of van Dijk and Durieux ($L55$). The data obtained with the two salts were in good agreement with each other and indicate no preference between the two ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ scales.In order to fit the data by a simple equation over the entire temperature range, explicit account had to be taken of the effect on the vapor pressure of the variation of the spin entropy, ${S}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$. An equation valid between the critical point and 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is $\mathrm{ln}{p}_{\mathrm{mm}}=2.5\mathrm{ln}{T}_{E}+{i}_{0}\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{\mathrm{RT}})\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{T}{S}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}\mathrm{dT}\ensuremath{-}\frac{2.53853}{{T}_{E}}\ensuremath{-}0.20644{T}_{E}+0.07728{{T}_{E}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}0.00919{{T}_{E}}^{3},$ where ${i}_{0}$ is the vapor pressure constant, 5.31733, and the subscript $E$ designates use of the $55E$ scale throughout the calibration and subsequent equation fitting. By this equation the latent heat at absolute zero is 5.044 cal/mole. Between 0.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the critical point, 3.327\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the entropy integral is fitted by the empirical equation, $(\frac{1}{\mathrm{RT}})\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{T}{S}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}\mathrm{dT}=0.5020+0.1786\mathrm{ln}T\ensuremath{-}0.00912{T}^{2}$.
Drift conditions and invariant measures for Markov chains

Abstract We consider the classical Foster–Lyapunov condition for the existence of an invariant measure for a Markov chain when there are no continuity or irreducibility assumptions. Provided a weak uniform countable additivity condition is satisfied, we show that there are a finite number of orthogonal invariant measures under the usual drift criterion, and give conditions under which the invariant measure is unique. The structure of these invariant measures is also identified. These conditions are of particular value for a large class of non-linear time series models.
Carbon assimilation as a function of ingestion rate in larval pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes

Abstract During the larval stage, clupeoids and other fishes are characterized by straight, relatively undifferentiated guts. Where it has been studied in detail, the evacuation rate in these larvae appears to be directly related to ingestion rate, which is in turn related to food concentration. Qualitative assessments have suggested that the degree of digestion of food particles is inversely related to the rate of evacuation. In the present study, early larvae of the Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes, were fed for 1 h upon 14C-labelled rotifers, Brachionu splicatilis Muller, and Artemia nauplii at high densities. At the end of 1 h, larvae were transferred to six food densities, ranging from 0 to 10 unlabelled prey · ml−1. After 22 h, larvae were removed from the feeding tanks and sacrificed. The labelled carbon remaining in the larvae as a function of the percent consumed after the 1-h feeding interval was used as an index of carbon assimilation. The percent carbon retained decreased significantly with increasing food concentration. Larval herring thus decrease carbon assimilation from individual food particles at high food densities. The magnitude of increasing ingestion, however, more than compensates for the decreased carbon assimilation, and larvae gain greater total energy under conditions of high food concentration. The results support the suggestion that clupeoid larvae are adapted to utilize high food concentrations associated with plankton patches in the pelagic environment.
Shape Factors for Cooling Lakes

The design of cooling lakes for stream electric power plants requires the determination of expected temperature distributions that result from surface heat dissipation. The designer has the problem of determining the effective surface area and how it might be changed by intake and discharge locations, plant size, and condenser cooling water pumping rates. The effective surface area depends on the shape of the lake, the direction of the main flow path and the amount of excess heat that is mixed into the tributary sidearms. These factors can be evaluated in terms of a shape factor derivable from heat budget relationships applied to each segment of the cooling lake. The derivation of the shape factor is presented and its evaluation for different intake and discharge configurations is illustrated. The use of the shape factor in temperature prediction relationships for different types of lakes is also presented.
Initiated chemical vapor deposition of responsive polymeric surfaces

Abstract Organic materials can exhibit responsive behavior, including swelling upon exposure to a specific chemical analyte or displaying a switch surface energy in response to a change to external stimuli. The initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) of responsive surfaces facilitates their integration into novel devices and into roll-to-roll processing. Incorporating responsive organic layers into devices creates the ability to transduce chemical or biological events into optoelectronic signals. Additionally, ultrathin, responsive layers enable the design of novel membranes for separation and purification. This work describes the ability to synthesize thermally responsive organic layers by initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD).
Induced mutation spectra at the upp locus in Salmonella typhimurium: Response of the target gene in the FU assay to mechanistically different mutagens

A novel forward mutation assay has been developed in Salmonella typhimurium based on resistance to 5-fluorouracil (FU). The mutational target in the FU assay was determined to be the uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (upp) gene. To validate the upp gene as a suitable target for monitoring a variety of induced mutations, the mutational specificity was determined for five mechanistically different mutagens. The mutagens included a polycyclic hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P), SN1 and SN2 alkylating agents (N-nitroso-N-methylurea, MNU, and methyl methanesulfonate, MMS, respectively), a frameshift mutagen (ICR-191), and an oxidative-damaging agent (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). Induced mutation frequencies were measured in the presence and absence of the plasmid pKM101 (strain FU100 and FU1535, respectively). pKM101 renders FU100 more susceptible to induced mutation by providing error-prone replicative bypass of DNA adducts. B[a]P, MMS, and H2O2 failed to induce the mutant frequency in FU1535, demonstrating the dependence of pKM101 on induced mutations with these agents. ICR-191 and MNU were not dependent on pKM101, and did significantly induce mutations in FU1535. In contrast to FU1535, all agents significantly induced mutations in FU100. Approximately 60 independent mutants were sequenced for each agent that significantly induced the mutant frequency above background. The resulting mutational spectra illustrated predictable molecular fingerprints based on known mutagenic mechanisms for each agent. The predominant mutations observed were G:C to T:A transversions for B[a]P, A:T to T:A and G:C to T:A transversions for MMS, G:C to T:A transversions and A:T frameshifts for H2O2, G:C frameshifts for ICR-191, and G:C to A:T transitions for MNU. It can be concluded that the upp gene in the FU assay is a sensitive and suitable target to monitor a variety of induced mutations in Salmonella.
Association between brain tissue pH and brain injury during asphyxia in piglets

Abstract Background: Acidosis may contribute to brain injury from asphyxia, but its role is unclear. In order to evaluate the association between brain acidosis and cerebral injury, we subjected piglets to hypoxia and hypotension (HYP–HOTN) or hypoxia alone (HYP) to inflict varying amounts of brain damage. We hypothesized that piglets with a more severe brain injury would have a lower brain pH. Methods: Piglets had a pH microprobe inserted into the cerebral cortex. HYP animals breathed 5–8% O2/7% CO2 for 30 min with mean arterial pressure (MAP) maintained at >40 mmHg. HYP–HOTN animals breathed the same gas for 30 min, but during the last 15 min, MAP was reduced to 25–30 mmHg by withdrawing blood. After 4 h of recovery, the animals were perfusion-fixed and pathology assessed. Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) were also monitored. Results: HYP–HOTN piglets had more neuropathology than HYP animals. During the last 15 min of injury, brain pH in the HYP–HOTN group was significantly higher than that in HYP. However, recovery of brain pH was prolonged in the HYP–HOTN animals. The amount of time for brain pH to recover to ≥7.00 correlated very well with both the degree of neuropathology and SEP recovery. The reduction in brain pH, either absolute or relative to baseline, was not associated with the severity of damage. Conclusions: The time needed for brain pH to recover after asphyxia, but not its severity, was associated with the amount of brain injury. Further study is warranted to determine whether immediate restoration of brain pH will reduce brain damage.
The interaction of simultaneous cyclic straining and aqueous corrosive attack in the behavior of persistent slip bands

Abstract We have studied the corrosion of copper single crystals as a function of applied anodic potential when the metal was cycled in deaerated 0.1 M HClO4, i.e. an aqueous environment which prevented the formation of oxide films. The behavior has been studied both in the presence and absence of cycling. The dominant corrosion fatigue mechanism under these conditions is preferential dissolution of PSB's. Some temporary preferential dissolution also occurs during rapid hardening, but if saturation is obtained below the region of the plateau in the cyclic stress-strain curve, then the corrosion becomes uniform. Crystals containing PSB's, but not simultaneously cycled, show preferential dissolution only over a very narrow range of anodic potential. Cycling acts to widen that range and to intensify the preferential dissolution. We believe that the main cause of preferential dissolution is the heightened activity of fresh surfaces created in the active bands.
Energy Resolution Considerations in Liquid Ionization Chambers

If the calculated Fano factors are correct, then the resolution of a LAr or LXe detector is limited by electronics and geometry, and not necessarily by the physics of the liquids. While this presents some challenging experimental difficulties, it is thought that it is much better for the limitations to be as they are since they may be solvable.
Response of Sport Fishes to Thermal Discharges into the Great Lakes: is Somerset Station, Lake Ontario, Different?

Abstract To assess potential thermal impacts of Somerset Generating Station on sport fishes, the frequencies and durations of encountering the thermal discharge at Somerset Station were determined by tagging 121 salmonines and 58 centrarchids with temperature-sensing radiotransmitters. Encounters of the Lake Ontario shoreline occupied by Somerset Station averaged 0.7 and 0.1 per fish for salmonines and centrarchids, respectively. Salmonines averaged 5.5 h at the station per encounter. Four centrarchids established residence areas in the lake near the station for 28–79 d; others averaged 3.5 d at the station. Salmonines and centrarchids occupied waters off Somerset Station on 6.7% and 16.0%, respectively, of the days they were tracked. No temperatures occupied by fish at the station exceeded critical thermal maxima for salmonines (20–25° C) or centrarchids (30–37°C). Salmonines occupied heated water >2C° above ambient lake temperatures on 1.3% of the 1,983 occasions when temperatures were recorded, while centrarchids averaged 0.1 % of 1,773 observations. Rare encounters of and lack of attraction to the thermal discharge were attributed to characteristics of the discharge (600 + m offshore, small delta T, small volume/area), to unremarkable lake habitat (flat bottom, physically similar to other regions of southcentral Lake Ontario), and to the generally wide-ranging movements of fishes in Lake Ontario. Comparing results from Somerset Station with similar studies at other Great Lakes power stations suggests that discharge design and lake habitat importantly influence the extent offish attraction to thermal discharges.
The effect of the type of purge gas on the solid‐state polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate

Solid-state reactions of polyethylene terephthalate were conducted with various purge gases to reexamine the surprising results of Hsu. 1 In contrast to Hsu's work, we found that all tested purge gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium) led to identical reaction behavior at a reaction temperature of 226°C.
Effect of Experimenter's Gender on Responses to a Sex-Role Attitude Questionnaire

Previous experiments have demonstrated that the gender of an experimenter will influence a subject's responses to a sex-role attitude questionnaire. The present study was designed to determine if t...
Exploration of Na+,K+-ATPase ion permeation pathways via molecular dynamic simulation and electrostatic analysis

Biologically-inspired nanodevices can serve as “natural” alternatives to conventional semiconductor devices in many applications from information storage to mechanical rotors. In this work we consider an ATP-powered transmembrane protein, the Na+,K+-ATPase, which has appealing functionality but still lacks an “atomistic” picture capable of elucidating its operation. The vast collection of experimental literature on the Na+,K+-ATPase gives a unique advantage to this protein in developing and validating computational tools. We have performed extensive molecular dynamic simulations of the Na+,K+-ATPase in an accurate biological environment, followed by time-averaged electrostatic analysis, to investigate the ion-binding loci and access/egress pathways that cations may take through the protein as they are transported across the membrane.
Reaction kinetics of silicon carbide deposition by gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy

Abstract Thin films of silicon carbide (SiC) have been grown at 1000–1500°C on vicinal and on-axis α(6H)-SiC(0 0 0 1) substrates by gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy (GSMBE). Growth on on-axis and off-axis 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) substrates using the SiH 4 C 2 H 4 system resulted in 3C-SiC(1 1 1) epilayers under all conditions of reactant gas flow and temperature. By adding H 2 to the SiH 4 -C 2 H 4 system, films of 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1) were deposited on vicinal 6H-SiC substrates at deposition temperature ⩾ 1350°C. Kinetic analysis of the deposition of 3C-SiC films with respect to reactant inputs and growth temperature is presented. From the data, the deposition of 3C-SiC appears to be surface-reaction-controlled. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used to determine the crystalline quality, surface character and epilayer polytype.
The accretion of aeolian dust in soils of the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA

[1] Recent observations suggest a contemporary aeolian dust flux of at least 5–10 g m−2 yr−1 to high-elevation ecosystems of the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado. To better quantify the influence of dust on San Juan soil geochemistry, we used Sr and Nd isotopic mixing models to estimate the total mass of accreted dust in soils of two alpine basins underlain by bedrocks of different geochemical composition. In order to minimize the potentially confounding effects caused by transient soil pools of Sr and Nd, we implemented a sequential leaching procedure that isolates the residual mineral fraction of soils and their putative parent materials, including local saprolite and exogenous dust inputs. Using this approach, we calculated masses of accreted dust in soils, which were similar across the two isotopic tracers and differing local geologies. Long-term rates of dust accretion were estimated to be slightly higher than contemporary rates of dust deposition. We conclude that dust inputs comprise from 10% to 40% of the total soil mass in these ecosystems. Our observations suggest that dust inputs have exerted a primary control on soil development in the San Juan Mountains and have likely influenced the physical and chemical characteristics of soils in this region.
Computer based hazard assessment using release rate test data

Abstract Two procedures for making a fire hazard assessment of a compartment are described. Both are based on release rate data from ASTM E906, a small-scale fire test for materials and products. Fire performance characteristics given by this test, i.e., ease of ignition, flame travel rate, rate and total release of heat and visible smoke, are obtained over a range of exposure conditions. By assuming or by calculating the exposure conditions to which individual items in the compartment are subjected, the course of a ‘real’ fire and the fire performance of the items and the total fire system can be predicted. A fire hazard assessment is then calculated from the fire performance of the system.
A space-marching method for viscous incompressible internal flows

A numerical algorithm for calculating steady subsonic two-dimensional incompressible channel flows in ducts is developed and extended to three-dimensional flows. A space-marching method similar to that developed by Schiff and Steger (1980) for supersonic flows is applied, and numerical results for developing laminar flows in a two-dimensional channel, in a straight square duct, and in a mildly curved square duct are presented graphically. Good agreement with experimental data and analytical results is found.
Time-Temperature Effect in Adhesively Bonded Joints

The viscoelastic analysis of an adhesively bonded lap joint was reconsidered. The adherends are approximated by essentially Reissner plates and the adhesive is linearly viscoelastic. The hereditary integrals are used to model the adhesive. A linear integral differential equations system for the shear and the tensile stress in the adhesive is applied. The equations have constant coefficients and are solved by using Laplace transforms. It is shown that if the temperature variation in time can be approximated by a piecewise constant function, then the method of Laplace transforms can be used to solve the problem. A numerical example is given for a single lap joint under various loading conditions.
Phase controlled surface reaction — reaction of a monolayer at the gas-water interface

A new technique for esterification of an acid monolayer at the gas-water interface has been introduced. This novel process termed phase controlled surface reaction (PCSR), utilizes Gibbs' surface energies to ensure reaction in an environment that would normally inhibit it. Because surface energies are important in numerous environments, PCSR should work with many condensation reactions. The addition of a benzyl alcohol subphase to water leads to a concentration of excess benzyl alcohol at all water interfaces including the gas-water interface. This surface enriched benzyl alcohol zone reacts with a polymerized monolayer present at the gas-water interface. FT-IR characterization of the deposited reacted monolayer shows that up to 70% of the monolayer molecules have been reacted. Further experiments indicate that the degree of conversion is dependent on the pH of the water subphase. Preliminary studies of electron lithographic patterning of the deposited product indicates that it is more electron sensitive than the original monolayer. PCSR may thus be a method by which chemical changes can be made in an existing monolayer, without altering its structure.
Far-Infrared Lines from G45.13+0.14 A and K3-50 A: Density Fluctuations in Compact H II Regions

Properties of two compact H II regions, K3-50 A and G45.13 + 0.14 A, were investigated by measuring FIR fluxes from forbidden O III 51.8 and 88.4 micron lines, forbidden N III 57.3 micron line, forbidden S III 33.5 micron line, and forbidden Ne III 36.0 micron line of these regions, using a cooled grating spectrometer on NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory. For both H II regions, the ratio of the two FIR O(2+) lines indicates an electron density of about 1000/cu cm, which for K3-50 A is a factor of 10 to 100 lower than the density determined from optical line observations of the lower excitation species S(+) and N(+) and than the peak rms density deduced from radio continuum measurements by Turner and Matthews (1984). Detailed spherically symmetric models of the two sources were constructed using all available measurements.