cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of the Main-Sequence Turnoff of a Newly Discovered Milky Way Halo Structure in the Triangulum-Andromeda Region

An upper main sequence (MS) and main-sequence turnoff (MSTO) feature appears in the color-magnitude diagram (CMD) of a large-area photometric survey of the southern half of M31 stretching to M33. Imaging in the Washington M, T2, DDO51 system allows us to remove the background M31/M33 giants from our CMD and more clearly see the dwarf star feature, which has an MSTO near M ~ 20.5. The corresponding stellar population shows little density variation over the 12° × 6° area of the sky sampled and is of very low surface brightness, Σ > 32 mag arcsec-2. We show that this feature is not the same as a previously identified MS+MSTO in the foreground of the Andromeda galaxy that has been associated with the tidal stream ringing the Milky Way disk at less than half the distance. Thus, the new stellar system is a separate, more distant entity, perhaps a segment of tidal debris from a disrupted satellite galaxy. It is most likely related to the structure with similar distance, location, and density uniformity seen as an excess of K and M giants in the Two Micron All Sky Survey reported in the companion paper by Rocha-Pinto and coworkers.
Teaching writing to high school students: A national survey

A random sample of language arts, social studies, and science high school teachers (N = 361; 53% women) from the United States were surveyed about what their students wrote, their use of evidence-based writing practices, the adaptations they made for weaker writers, how they assessed writing, their preparation to teach writing, beliefs about the importance of writing, and judgments about their students' writing capabilities. The findings from this survey raised some concerns about the quality of high school writing instruction. The writing activities they were assigned most frequently by teachers involved little analysis and interpretation, and almost one half of the participating teachers did not assign at least one multiparagraph writing assignment monthly. Although the majority of high school teachers did apply most of the evidence-based practices and adaptations included in the survey, they used these practices infrequently. Most teachers did not believe their college teacher education program adequately prepared them to teach writing. A sizable minority of language arts and social studies teachers indicated that their in-service preparation was inadequate too. For science teachers this was close to 60%.
Reactions of methylated cyclopropanes and olefins with chloroplatinic acid. I. Diacylation and pyrylium ion formation

Abstract In contrast to cyclopropane itself, simple methyl-substituted cyclopropanes do not produce platinum insertion products upon reaction with chloroplatinic acid in acetic anhydride. Instead, the major products are aromatic heterocyclic cations, the pyrylium ions, which are formed as the result of diacylation of the cyclopropane ring and subsequent dehydration and ring closure to the aromatic heterocycle. Similar products are formed from the diacylation of certain olefins in the presence of chloroplatinic acid in anhydride solvents. The combination of solvent and substrate variations has led to a proposed mechanism for these reactions which demonstrates the essential and unique mole of platinum. In particular, the specific pyrylium ions produced are formed as a consequence of initial activation of the least-substituted cyclopropane ring bond by insertion of platinum, followed by acylation of platinum-bonded carbon, proton loss to a β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl, a second acylation, and, finally, ring closure.
The hexose monophosphate pentose pathway in fibroblasts deficient in L-ornithine: 2-oxoacid aminotransferase activity

Abstract Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate has been shown to exert a strong stimulatory effect on the hexose monophosphate pentose pathway of glucose oxidation in fibroblasts. In gyrate atrophy, activity of an enzyme which can form Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate is absent. The effect of this deficiency on the operation of the hexose monophosphate pentose pathway in fibroblasts from gyrate atrophy patients has not been examined. This communication describes such a study and shows that glucose metabolism through this pathway is the same for gyrate atrophy and normal fibroblasts either in the presence or absence of added Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Radiation induced myelopathy in a patient with tongue cancer: a case report.

To the Editor,A 47-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented with a gradually progressive right neck mass over a period of 18 months. Initial evaluation by an otolaryngolosit...
Dialogic Reading's Potential to Improve Children's Emergent Literacy Skills and Behavior

Young children entering school with poor oral vocabulary skills may be doubly disadvantaged. Their poor oral vocabulary skills will likely impede their attempts to become proficient readers while also possibly increasing the frequency of their problem behaviors. Dialogic reading (DR) is a scientifically validated shared storybook reading intervention that is known to boost at-risk children's oral vocabulary skills. Use of DR is one potential way to help children avoid both later reading failure and the negative outcomes associated with poor behavior. In this article, the authors describe (a) a research-based rationale for using DR and (b) DR's set of procedures and prompts
Electronic libraries and the emergence of new service paradigms

Enabling technologies have led to the transformation of library services from traditional services incorporating card catalogs, printed books and periodicals, bibliographic instruction, in‐person/face‐to‐face reference, to new services and delivery modes incorporating: electronic collections, such as e‐books, e‐journals and databases; virtual reference services, and other online services. Innovation of new services that are peculiar to the online/Web environment is the trend in modern electronic libraries. During the last decade, many libraries, particularly those serving academic communities, have witnessed the emergence of new service paradigms in areas of information access and delivery, reference, instruction, technology facility and support to patrons. Libraries continue to harness new technologies to offer services in innovative ways to meet the changing needs of their patrons. This paper explores some of these emerging service paradigms in electronic libraries. The concept of “service paradigm” in this paper is used to refer to predominant service patterns.
Passivity, harm, and injustice

This paper concerns passivity. An array of research is reviewed that identifies factors that influence passivity and people’s failure to intervene in the face of social harm and injustice. The ways in which criminological theories could potentially explain the connections between passivity and harmful action are also discussed. Criminologists have tended to neglect passivity as either an independent or dependent variable, which we explain in terms of the generally individualistic orientation of the discipline of criminology and of the government agencies that support criminological research. Finally, we offer suggestions for effective intervention into passivity.
IN VITRO CULTURE OF GRAIN AND VEGETABLE AMARANTHS (AMARANTHUS SPP.)

We have developed in vitro culture systems for both "grain" and "vegetable" species of the genus Amaranthus. Leaf discs and hypocotyl segments from 2- to 3-wk-old seedlings of A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, and A. tricolor were cultured in B5 and MS media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a-naphthaleneacetic acid, benzyladenine and zeatin in various combinations. Rapidly growing callus and abnormal roots formed on leaf discs of A. hypochondriacus and A. cruentus in the presence of 0. 1-1.0 mg/l 2,4-D. At higher levels (1.010.0 mg/l) of 2,4-D, embryo-like structures arose from the surface and veins of the leaf discs. Shoots formed on hypocotyl-derived callus of both grain species in B5 medium + 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.1-1.0 mg/l zeatin. Lower ratios of zeatin/NAA stimulated root formation from hypocotyl segments. Viable mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from primary leaves of all three species, with an enzyme solution of 1% Cellulysin and 0.05% Pectolyase Y-23, producing a yield of more than 106 protoplasts/g fresh weight.
Implementing an Audience-Specific Small-Group Gatekeeper Training Program to Respond to Suicide Risk Among College Students: A Case Study

Abstract Objective: This case study evaluated the effectiveness of an audience-specific, single-session, small-group interactive gatekeeper training program conducted at a large northeastern public university. Participants: Participants were 335 faculty, staff, and students completing gatekeeper training programs tailored to their group needs. Methods: Baseline assessments of knowledge about suicide, risk factors, resources for assistance, and comfort in intervening with a student in distress were administered to participants prior to the small-group training sessions; posttest assessments of knowledge and comfort in intervening with students in distress were administered upon completion of training and at 3-month follow-up. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in knowledge and comfort upon completion of training for both faculty/staff and student groups, although degradation of training effects at 3-month follow-up was evident. Conclusions: There are benefits associated with the implem...
DENSCAL: a program for calculating densities of silicate melts and mantle minerals as a function of pressure, temperature, and composition in melting range

Abstract A computer program is presented based on a new up-to-date compilation of mineral and melt densities, compressibilities, and thermal expansivities, which can be used to calculate in-situ densities of solid assemblages of minerals and basaltic melts. This program is useful for quantitatively assessing buoyancy forces of melts, solids, and solid-liquid mixtures in the upper mantle.
On the pH Dependence of Protein Stability

This paper treats the free energy contribution of ionizable groups to protein stability. A method is presented for the calculation of the pH dependence of the denaturation free energy of a protein, which yields results that can be compared directly to experiment. The first step in the treatment is the determination of the average charges of all the ionizable groups in both the folded and unfolded protein. An expression due to Tanford then relates the pH dependence of the unfolding free energy to the difference in net charge between the two states. In order to determine absolute rather than relative unfolding free energies, it is necessary to calculate the total contribution of ionizable groups to protein stability at some reference pH. This is accomplished through a statistical mechanical treatment similar to the one used previously in the calculation of pKas. The treatment itself is rigorous but it suffers from uncertainties in the pKa calculations. Nevertheless, the overall shape of experimentally observed plots of denaturation free energy as a function of pH are reasonably well reproduced by the calculations. A number of general conclusions that arise from the analysis are: (1) knowledge of titration curves and/or effective pKa values of ionizable groups in proteins is sufficient to calculate the pH dependence of the denaturation free energy with respect to some reference pH value. However, in order to calculate the absolute contribution of ionizable groups to protein stability, it is necessary to also know the intrinsic pKa of each group. This is defined as the pKa of a group in a hypothetical state of the protein where all other groups are neutral. (2) Due to desolvation effects, ionizable groups destabilize proteins, although the effect is strongly dependent on pH. There are however, strongly stabilizing pairwise Coulombic interactions on the surface of proteins. (3) Plots of stability versus pH should not be interpreted in terms of a group whose pKa corresponds to the titration midpoint, but rather to a group with different pKas (that correspond approximately to the titration end points) in each state. (4) Any residual structure in the GuHCl-denatured state of proteins appears to have little effect on the pH dependence of stability. (5) pH-dependent unfolding, for example to the "molten globule" state, appears due to individual groups with anomalous pKas whose locations on the protein surface may determine the nature of the unfolded state.
Importance of sheet erosion as a source of sediment

Estimating sources of sediment comprising the sediment yield from a watershed is recognized as a difficult but important step in planning means and measures for watershed protection and development. The paper refers to procedures for making such estimates and presents t h e results of studies on 113 watersheds in various parts of the country. Sheet erosion is clearly the dominant source of sediment in most of the watersheds cited and the opinion is advanced that this is generally the case in the more humid parts of the country. In the cases cited, however, the proportion of sediment yield derived from sheet erosion ranged from 11 to 100 pct of the total and the conclusion is reached that watersheds must be considered individually with respect to sources of sediment.
Nonlinear atmospheric adjustment to thermal forcing

A nonlinear, numerical model of a compressible atmosphere is used to simulate the hydrostatic and geostrophic adjustment to a localized prescribed heating applied over five minutes with a size characteristic of an isolated, deep, cumulus cloud. This thermal forcing generates both buoyancy waves and a horizontally propagating Lamb wave packet as well as a steady state rich in potential vorticity. The adjustments in three model atmospheres (an isothermal, a constant lapse rate, and one with a stratosphere) are studied. The Lamb wave packet and the two lowest-order buoyancy waves are relatively unaffected by nonlinearities but the higher-order modes and the steady state are. The heating generates a vertically stacked dipole of potential vorticity with a cyclonic perturbation below an anticyclonic perturbation. In contrast to the linear results, the nonlinear dipole is severely distorted by vertical and horizontal advections. In addition, the Lamb wave packet contains some weak positive perturbation potential vorticity. The energetics is examined using traditional and Eulerian available energetics. Traditional energetics consists of kinetic, internal, and potential energies. It is shown that the Lamb wave packet contains more total traditional energy than that input to the atmosphere by the heating. The traditional energy in the packet resides primarily in the form of internal energy and only secondarily in the form of potential energy. The passage of the Lamb wave packet produces an atmosphere that, overall, is cooler, less dense, and with less total traditional energy than the initial atmosphere. Eulerian available energetics consists of kinetic, available potential, and available elastic energies. The heating generates both available elastic and potential energy that is then converted into kinetic energy. Most of the available elastic energy projects onto the Lamb packet, while almost all of the available potential energy is associated with the buoyancy waves and the steady state. The effects of varying the spatial and temporal scale of the heating, while keeping the net heating the same, are examined. As the duration of the heating decreases, the amount of energy projected onto the waves increases. Increasing the size of the heating decreases the amount of energy projected onto the waves. The adjustment is kinetically more vigorous in the nonisothermal atmospheres because of the reduction in the base-state static stability. The presence of a stratosphere produces large anomalies at and above the tropopause that are linked to the vertical motions of the buoyancy wave field.
The Spitzer Interacting Galaxies Study

Galaxy interactions play an important role in the evolution of galaxies and triggering galaxy-wide star-formation or accretion onto nuclear black-holes. However, the strength and details of the relationship between galaxy interactions and triggered activity are still unclear. In order to address these questions we embarked on a Spitzer multi-wavelength study of a sample of nearby interacting galaxy systems. Our goal is to investigate: how interactions trigger star-formation by studying the spatial distribution and level of star-formation, and comparing them with theoretical models for different interaction parameters; how the interactions drive gas in the nuclear regions, and how this gas promotes and/or hides nuclear activity, by studying the distribution of dust and performing deep spectroscopic observations of the galactic nuclei; and how star-formation and AGN activity depend on the interaction stage.
Redefining the Wall: Architecture, Materials and Macroelectronics

As a principle element of architecture, technology has allowed for the wall to become an increasingly dynamic component of the built environment. The traditional connotations and objectives related to the wall are being redefined: static becomes fluid, opaque becomes transparent, barrier becomes filter and boundary becomes borderless. Combining smart materials, intelligent systems, engineering, and art can create a component that does not just support and define but significantly enhances the architectural space. This paper presents an ongoing research project about the development of a new class of architectural wall system by incorporating distributed sensors and macroelectronics directly into the building environment. This type of composite, which is a representative example of an even broader class of smart architectural material, has the potential to change the design and function of an architectural structure or living environment. As of today, this kind of composite does not exist. Once completed, this will be the first technology of its own.
Effects of novel aggregation inhibitors on serotonin uptake by human blood platelets.

Abstract Novel aggregation inhibitors blocked serotonin uptake by human blood platelets in concentrations ranging from 0.7±0.1 μ M to 237.5±35.7 μ M; a modified procedure, validated by kinetic analysis, was employed in which pH drift was minimized to 0.03 during the active assay period. Structural features in carbamoylpiperidine and nipecotoylpiperazine derivatives which actually constitute molecular probes, and show remarkable specificity for aggregation-inhibitory target sites, disclosed striking differences between the latter and serotonin receptors or other loci affecting serotonin uptake.
Molecular characterization of EAP-300: a high molecular weight, embryonic polypeptide contning an amino acid repeat comprised of multiple leucine-zipper motifs

In this study we report the biochemical and initial molecular characterization of EAP-300, a developmentally regulated embryonal protein that has been shown previously to be expressed by radial glia in various regions of the CNS, including putative glial barriers. In the present study we have shown that the 300 kDa EAP-300 polypeptide is developmentally regulated in all tissues expressing the protein, which include various PNS and CNS tissues and muscle. In neural tissue the protein is readily detected during early embryogenesis, subsequently down-regulated at later stages, and is not detected in the adult. In contrast to neural tissue, small amounts of the protein are expressed in heart, consistent with earlier studies which showed that EAP-300 expression was maintained in the Purkinje cells of the heart conduction system. Metabolic labeling demonstrates that EAP-300 is a phosphoprotein, and is fatty acylated based on incorporation of [3H]palmitate. We also show that the normal developmental down-regulation of EAP-300 by glia does not occur in vitro, and these data therefore suggest that the signal(s) that regulates EAP-300 gene expression during development in vivo is absent in dissociated cell cultures. We have also initiated molecular studies of EAP-300 by screening embryonic brain cDNA expression libraries with a mixture of EAP-300 monoclonal antibodies. Sequence analysis of partial EAP-300 cDNAs indicate that the protein is related, if not identical, to IFAPa-400, a developmentally regulated intermediate filament-associated protein in chick that is proposed to participate in cell differentiation. These studies also indicate that EAP-300 mRNA is developmentally regulated and is expressed by glial cells in putative CNS barrier structures. Our studies also suggest that two pools of EAP-300 may exist in cells, implying that unlike IFAPa-400 the EAP-300 protein may not always be associated with intermediate filaments. Interestingly, our studies demonstrate that EAP-300 contains a novel repeat amino acid domain comprised of multiple leucine-zipper motifs, which may contribute to its function during glial differentiation.
Analysis of softening in air- and ethylene-treated rin, nor and wild-type tomato fruit

Abstract Rin ; ripening - inhibitor and nor ; non - ripening are previously identified spontaneous mutations that affect the primary regulation of tomato fruit ripening. Mutations at these loci result in fruit that are either partially or completely inhibited in their ability to ripen. Internal and whole fruit firmness of air- and ethylene-treated wild-type fruit declined by 59–87%. Firmness of whole rin and nor fruit decreased slightly after 9 days of air-treatment and internal fruit firmness did not change. Ethylene-treated rin and nor whole fruit softened over 9 days, but substantially less than wild type. At harvest and after air or ethylene treatment, firmness was greater in nor than in rin fruit. Surprisingly, slices from ethylene-treated rin and nor fruit softened much more than whole fruit, and softening of slices was similar for fruit of rin and nor .
Zomepirac, Interstitial Nephritis, and Renal Failure

Excerpt To the editor: We report severe renal failure and nephrotic syndrome in three patients taking zomepirac sodium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. A 46-year-old woman who had been takin...
INCORPORATING ALL FOR ONE: THE FIRST EMPEROR'S TOMB MOUND

The towering earthen mound standing at the center of the First Emperor of Qin, Qin Shihuangdi's (259–210 b.c.e.) Lishan necropolis at present-day Lintong in Xi'an, Shaanxi province was arguably the single greatest burial marker in ancient China. For centuries, this gigantic unopened monument has sparked curiosity and aroused interest among people regarding its nature. Without physically damaging the target, in 2001–2003 Chinese archaeologists used a new geophysical remote sensor to scan the surface of the mound, digitally probed into its inner structure, and detected a nine-stepped wall that bounds an aboveground burial shaft stretching down deep into the ground. This novel structure begs the following questions: what are the basic elements of this tomb mound, how do they work together within a coherent plan, and why was it made?Based on previous scholarship, this article conducts a more thorough analysis of the tomb mound and compares it with the excavated Eastern Zhou royal tombs of the Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Chu, Han, Yan, and Zhongshan states. The results demonstrate that rather than following a single model of a single state, the Lishan tomb mound incorporated almost all the major features of its Eastern Zhou predecessors, including but not limited to the external tumulus, the internal stepped wall or terrace, simulated galleries, and the freestanding ritual halls. This article argues that by creatively incorporating all the provincial ingredients into one imperial unity, the complex tomb mound unified multiple funerary practices of China. What's more, the tomb mound, most likely constructed after Qin's political unification of China in 221 b.c.e., perfectly embodies the new notion of empire and the political ambition of the First Emperor who strove throughout his life for becoming the “first” in Chinese history by merging all the past traditions.
Protection against Western diet–induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in liver fatty acid–binding protein knockout mice†

Liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-Fabp) regulates murine hepatic fatty acid trafficking in response to fasting. In this study, we show that L-Fabp(-/-) mice fed a high-fat Western diet for up to 18 weeks are less obese and accumulate less hepatic triglyceride than C57BL/6J controls. Paradoxically, both control and L-Fabp(-/-) mice manifested comparable glucose intolerance and insulin resistance when fed a Western diet. Protection against obesity in Western diet-fed L-Fabp(-/-) mice was not due to discernable changes in food intake, fat malabsorption, or heat production, although intestinal lipid secretion kinetics were significantly slower in both chow-fed and Western diet-fed L-Fabp(-/-) mice. By contrast, there was a significant increase in the respiratory exchange ratio in L-Fabp(-/-) mice, suggesting a shift in energy substrate use from fat to carbohydrate, findings supported by an approximately threefold increase in serum lactate. Microarray analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis (fatty acid synthase, squalene epoxidase, hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase), while genes involved in glycolysis (glucokinase and glycerol kinase) were decreased in L-Fabp(-/-) mice. Fatty acid synthase expression was also increased in the skeletal muscle of L-Fabp(-/-) mice. In conclusion, L-Fabp may function as a metabolic sensor in regulating lipid homeostasis. We suggest that L-Fabp(-/-) mice are protected against Western diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis through a series of adaptations in both hepatic and extrahepatic energy substrate use. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;44:1191-1205.).
Toxic hepatitis from oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA)

A 59-year-old white woman with long-standing psoriasis, who had a damaged liver from methotrexate, developed a toxic hepatitis while on oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA). Fever and marked elevation of liver enzymes occurred after the fifteenth PUVA treatment and spontaneously returned to normal within 5 days. One week later, following the next PUVA treatment, the same toxic hepatitis developed and again spontaneously resolved. Topical methoxsalen photochemotherapy with ultraviolet A (UVA) did not produce the toxic hepatitis and provided a suppression of the psoriasis on a maintenance basis.
Stability and Conformational Analysis of Tc-RC160 and Re-RC160: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of the Influence of Metal Complexation on the Structural Requisites for Activity

The biological significance of somatostatin and related synthetic peptide analogs is well documented. These peptide analogs have demonstrated inhibitory effects on the growth of certain tumor lines including prostate, breast, and pancreas. Metal−peptide analogs have been developed for imaging small tumors overexpressing somatostatin receptors, i.e. receptor-based scintigraphy. Receptor-based scintigraphy requires that the binding constant of the metal−peptide analog be competitive with that of the native somatostatin analog. For these applications an isotope of technetium, 99mTc is a particularly useful label. To address the effect of added label on the native peptide conformation and predicted impact on its efficacy as a therapeutic imaging agent, a combination of experimental and computational techniques were used. In this work, a complete analysis of an active Tc- or Re-labeled somatostatin analog is provided through comparison of optical, MS, and NMR data. Computational modeling has assisted in provid...
Double-balloon enteroscopy for the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum in a 50-year-old man with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

50-year-old man presented to an outside facility with a 5-day history of intermittent hematochezia. This was associated with symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and headache. Blood work revealed hemoglobin of 7.9 gm/dL, and he was transfused 4 units of packed red blood cells. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were nonrevealing, and the patient was transferred to our facility for further care. Repeat esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy with intubation of the terminal ileum were nondiagnostic and without evidence of bleeding. Patient had recurrent hematochezia, and a red blood cell scan demonstrated a focal area of mild increased activity to the left of the midline just above the level of the aortic bifurcation. Subsequent mesenteric angiogram and capsule endoscopy (CE) were nondiagnostic. A retrograde doubleballoon enteroscopy (DBE) was performed and showed a Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) at 100 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve (Figure A, arrow). The patient subsequently underwent a laparoscopy with removal of an MD at approximately 60 cm proximal to the valve (Figure B). Pathology revealed a 2.3 1.5 cm MD (Figure C) with a focus of gastric mucosa without ulceration. The postoperative course was uneventful, and patient was discharged home 2 days later in good condition. He continues to do well without any evidence of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) 1 year after surgery. MD is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract and occurs in 2%–4% of the population. 1 Although GIB is its most common complication in the pediatric population, this occurs rarely in adults and more scarcely in older adults. 1 Preoperative diagnosis of obscure GIB (OGIB) caused by MD in older adults is a clinical challenge for a number of reasons. First, it is infrequent and, thus, often not considered in the differential diagnosis. Second, the yield of the technetium pertechnetate scan in patients older than 40 years of age is reduced, with reported sensitivity and positive predictive values of 62.5% and 60.0%, respectively. 2
Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Evaluation of chemical shift references

Abstract The 15N resonance positions of liquid ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, nitromethane, and nitric acid, all of which have been proposed as nitrogen chemical shift references, have been measured under a variety of conditions. The chemical shifts of ammonium chloride and nitric acid vary with pH and concentration, while that of ammonium nitrate is independent of these factors. The resonance position of liquid ammonia is temperature dependent in an accountable manner. The earlier suggestion of nitromethane as an external primary measurement reference is supported, and a mixture of CH 315NO2 and CD314NO2 is proposed as a combination lock and reference. The use of ammonia as a possible substance for reporting nitrogen chemical shifts is discussed.
The Piety of Public Participation: The Revolutionary Muslim Woman in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract The ‘woman question’ played a central role in the rhetoric and debates surrounding the Islamic Revolution in Iran, yet the precise outcome of the woman question is still debated. While some scholars argue that the revolution has repressed women by forcing them into traditional roles, others argue that the revolution has liberated women by mobilising them in the public sphere. This article claims that the revolution tried to create a female subject who was simultaneously pious and politically active, and that the creation of this particular subjectivity exceeds and defies the categories and dichotomies of earlier scholars. To make this claim, the article utilises both an intellectual history of ‘the woman question’ and the interpretivist trends of women themselves, showing how the ideal, revolutionary Islamist women was discursively produced and enforced. This unique subjectivity gives rise to a productive tension in that women are using this new identity to act in ways that are both beyond and co...
Anticipatory Consumer Socialization

While most consumer socialization research has focused upon the development of consumer orientations that young people can enact, little research exists on how children and adolescents develop consumer orientations that have relevance for adult consumer behavior. This article addresses the concept of anticipatory consumer socialization by focusing on a variety of consumer cognitions and how they are acquired.
Could premortem organ retrieval be lawful

Paul Morrissey (2012) suggests that removal of two kidneys from a patient who is soon going to die following removal of mechanical life support is lawful (and ethical). He apparently grounds that c...
The Experimental Creation of a Pidgin Language

Over the past two years several research projects have been undertaken within the Applied Linguistics Program at UCLA to examine the early stages of pidginization. The idea was to create experimentally a pidgin language by having subjects memorize 250 words of a language they did not know and communicate with that lexicon for approximately 40 hours. A German Pidgin and a Farsi Pidgin were created. The experiments and subsequent analyses provided information on the origin and development of the lexicon, deictic systems, and syntax in early pidginization.
Vector representation of migration streams among selected state economic areas during 1955 to 1960.

This paper uses in-migration, out-migration, and net migration vectors to measure and portray the migration streams occurring between April 1, 1955, and April 1, 1960, for all persons five years old and over on April 1, 1960, among 38 contiguous state economic areas (SEA’s) in Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, and New Mexico. Both rectangular and polar coordinates were employed in computing three different types of vector representations. First, migration vectors for each SEA, expressed in total people-miles of in-movement, out-movement, and net movement represent the resultant direction of movement and the total people-miles of movement. Second, in- and out-migration vectors of the total people-miles of movement, with the widths of the vectors drawn proportional to the number of migrants, show the total size of each migration stream for each SEA, the resultant direction of movement, and the distance moved in total people-miles of movement. p ]Third, in- and out-migration vectors of the average distances moved to and from each SEA, with the widths of the vectors drawn proportional to the number of migrants, show the magnitude of movement, the average distance moved per migrant, and the resultant direction of movement. This study shows that migration vectors based upon polar coordinates are more accurate than the migration vectors based upon rectangular coordinates. Also, the in- and out-migration vectors are superior to net migration vectors in representing migratory streams among geographic areas.
An augmented effective core potential basis set for the calculation of molecular polarizabilities

Calculations of molecular polarizabilities require basis sets capable of accurately describing the responses of the electrons to an external perturbation. Unfortunately, basis sets that yield suitable quantitative results have traditionally been all-electron sets with large numbers of primitives, making their use computationally intractable even for moderately sized systems. We present a systematic augmentation of the effective core potential basis set of Stevens et al. [J Chem Phys 81, 12 (1984), Can J Chem 70, 612 (1992)] for 39 main group elements based on the procedure used to construct diffuse and polarization functions in the well-known Sadlej basis sets [Collec Czech Chem Comm 53, 1995 (1988)]. Representative calculations have been performed and we have shown that results to within 1% of all-electron calculations using the Sadlej basis set can be obtained for <1–35% of the computational cost using this new basis set. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1464–1471, 2005
An evaluation of federal reserve forecasting

Abstract This paper examines the accuracy, reliability and efficiency of U.S. Federal Reserve System green book forecasts, which form the basis for policy discussions at the Feeral Open Market Committee meetings. Poor forecasting combined with activist policy making could well result in poor policy performance. We find evidence that some of the Fed's forecasts can be improved, and we investigate some explicit modifications intended to improve on the Fed forecasts.
Estimation of lags for a seismograph array: wave propagation and composite correlation

Abstract This article describes a method to estimate the time lags between stations of a dense strong-motion seismograph array and to obtain composite (as opposed to frequency-dependent) spatial correlation functions. The main features of the proposed procedure are the closure property, expressing the need for internal consistency in the pattern of lags, and the use of relative maxima of cross-correlation functions, yielding multiple estimates of each lag and the associated correlation coefficient. Results obtained by processing 12 events recorded by the SMART1 array provide insight into the propagation of seismic waves across a dense-array site, enabling the development of a regression model for the lags. The simplest model assumes plane waves traveling at constant velocity in the epicentral direction, and the lag estimation yields both the local-mean propagation velocity and a set of inferred deviations from this local mean. Results are also presented for the spatial correlation of the horizontal components of the ‘aligned accelerations’ for the 12 SMART1 events, and the decay of composite correlation with distance is tentatively interpreted in terms of the frequency content of the ground motions.
Experimental Study of Test-Medium Vitiation Effects on Dual-Mode Scramjet Performance

An experimental study was performed to characterize the effects of vitiation due to combustion-air preheating on dual-mode scramjet combustion.Major combustion vitiation species (H2O andCO2)were added to the freestreamof an electrical-resistance-heated, direct-connect facility simulating Mach 5 flight enthalpy. With clean, dry air, the combustor operated in the supersonic mode at fuel equivalence ratios below 0.22, and in the subsonic mode for equivalence ratios above 0.26. Hysteresis was observed in the dual-mode transition region between 0.22 and 0.26, as the mode of combustion was dependent on whether the fuel rate was increasing or decreasing. Adding increasing amounts of water vapor and carbon dioxide to the freestream decreased combustor pressures by 10 to 30% for the same fuel equivalence ratio. Vitiation also caused transition between supersonic and subsonic combustion to occur at a higher fuel equivalence ratio thanwith clean air. This work represents the first direct evaluation of the effect of testmedium vitiation on dual-mode scramjet combustion atMach 5 enthalpy simulation in the same facility. The results indicate the importance of accounting for test-medium vitiation when extrapolating from ground-testing to flight, particularly in the dual-mode transition region between subsonic and supersonic combustion regimes.
Mein Zwitterleben – real und digirreal

Eine wuste Satire uber die grassierende Unsitte, seine Zeit mit Telefonkonferenzen zu verschwenden. Wenn Sie heute einen Manager bitten, ein Problem zu losen, denkt er nicht etwa selbst nach – nein. Er sagt: „Wir mussen uns zusammensetzen.“ Und dann streiten wieder drei oder vier Leute am Telefon und zwanzig horen zu. Viele haben gelernt, wahrend der Telefonsitzungen anderes zu erledigen. Sie steigern bei eBay und tatigen Bankgeschafte, antworten auf Mail oder chatten paarweise uber die schreckliche Konferenz. Es ist furchtbar. Bestimmt stellt man das danach fest: Die Kommunikation ist nicht gut gewesen (weil die meisten ja nicht zugehort haben). Deshalb, so finden die Manager, ware es sicherlich besser, man wurde noch mehr Telefonkonferenzen abhalten.
Ethical Decision Making in Times of Organizational Crisis A Framework for Analysis

The article describes a framework that identifies event, organizational, and individual factors that threaten ethical decision making in organizations facing discrete crises or in an ongoing crisis environment. Nine propositions are stated that predict threats to ethical decision making during crisis. A comparison between predictions from our model and from Jones's (1991) model is made. Suggestions for research to test and refine the framework are proposed.
Pelvic fractures in infants as a sign of physical abuse

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe pelvic fractures in two abused male infants, and to determine if the literature describes pelvic fractures in infants as suspicious for child physical abuse. Results: Two infants are described with unexplained pelvic fractures. While in one case child abuse was obvious, careful attention to the radiological evaluation and case history led to the correct diagnosis of child abuse in the second case. A search for information regarding pelvic fractures in children resulted in information limited to the radiological and surgical literature. Conclusions: Medical providers frequently encounter children with fractures suspicious for child abuse. The most common fractures seen in abused children are metaphyseal, rib, skull, and long bone fractures. This report illustrates that pelvic fractures occurring in the absence of serious, well documented accidents should be considered highly suspicious for child physical abuse.
A pulse-step model of accommodation dynamics

Abrupt step changes in human ocular accommodation have been traditionally modeled using a continuous feedback control system supplied by a step-position control signal. However, recent behavioral data show that, while the velocity of the step response increases proportionally with response magnitude, the peak acceleration remains constant. This argues against a step input control signal and suggests the existence of a dual-mode control of accommodation: an initial fixed in nervation component related to the constant acceleration followed by an innervation component that increases with response amplitude. Specifically, we proposed a pulse-step that provides a velocity-coded input to the system that is integrated to form two position-input signals, that when combined produce high velocity responses. The pulse height controls the acceleration; the pulse width controls the velocity and the step height controls the position of the accommodation response. The pulse-step model simulations were similar to empirical observations and illustrated an enhancement of the peak velocity of accommodation when compared to when the pulse component was removed from the model. The main functional advantage of the pulse is to overcome the high viscosity of the crystalline lens and achieve rapid step responses.
In Vivo Digestibility Evaluation of Chitinous Materials

Abstract Chitinous products were investigated by in vivo rumen fermentation. Samples of cockroaches, grasshoppers, shrimp meal, crab meal, and purified chitin were placed in the rumen of fistulated steers. Average rumen solubilities were (dry matter loss from nylon bags) 66.5, 32.0, 17.4, 35.7, and 21.5%. Accounting for solubility in a water system at 40 C indicated that the rumen system was solubilizing 5.0, 3.2, and 15.0% of cockroaches, grasshoppers, and crab meal over that occurring in water alone.
Internet Self-Efficacy and the Psychology of the Digital Divide

Internet self-efficacy, or the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute courses of Internet actions required to produce given attainments, is a potentially important factor in efforts to close the digital divide that separates experienced Internet users from novices. Prior research on Internet self-efficacy has been limited to examining specific task performance and narrow behavioral domains rather than overall attainments in relation to general Internet use, and has not yielded evidence of reliability and construct validity. Survey data were collected to develop a reliable operational measure of Internet self-efficacy and to examine its construct validity. An eight-item Internet self-efficacy scale developed for the present study was found to be reliable and internally consistent. Prior Internet experience, outcome expectancies and Internet use were significantly and positively correlated to Internet self-efficacy judgments. Internet stress and self-disparagement were negatively related to Internet self-efficacy. A path analysis model was tested within the theoretical framework of social cognitive theory (Bandura (1997).
Towards embedded wireless-networked intelligent daylighting systems for commercial buildings

Energy efficient office lighting systems can save 40% in electricity consumption in areas that receive significant amounts of daylight. In spite of the savings they can generate, daylighting systems are not widely used in the commercial office building. Barriers prohibiting adoption include high retrofitting costs, and difficulty estimating and maintaining worksurface illuminances. In this paper, an intelligent control framework that utilizes MEMS-based (micro-electro-mechanical systems) 'Smart Dust motes' wireless platforms is explored. Due to their small size, they can be placed directly on the worksurface. As a result, illuminance estimation and maintenance is significantly improved. Furthermore, motes functioning as actuators can be interfaced with dimming ballasts without the need to rewire the building, enabling less expensive, less disruptive retrofitting of commercial buildings.
Molecular biomechanics of collagen molecules

Collagenous tissues, made of collagen molecules, such as tendon and bone, are intriguing materials that have the ability to respond to mechanical forces by altering their structures from the molecular level up, and convert them into biochemical signals that control many biological and pathological processes such as wound healing and tissue remodeling. It is clear that collagen synthesis and degradation are influenced by mechanical loading, and collagenous tissues have a remarkable built-in ability to alter the equilibrium between material formation and breakdown. However, how the mechanical force alters structures of collagen molecules and how the structural changes affect collagen degradation at molecular level is not well understood. The purpose of this article is to review the biomechanics of collagen, using a bottom-up approach that begins with the mechanics of collagen molecules. The current understanding of collagen degradation mechanisms is presented, followed by a discussion of recent studies on how mechanical force mediates collagen breakdown. Understanding the biomechanics of collagen molecules will provide the basis for understanding the mechanobiology of collagenous tissues. Addressing challenges in this field provides an opportunity for developing treatments, designing synthetic collagen materials for a variety of biomedical applications, and creating a new class of ‘smart’ structural materials that autonomously grow when needed, and break down when no longer required, with applications in nanotechnology, devices and civil engineering.