cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-localization of polysomes, cytoskeleton, and membranes with protein bodies from corn endosperm

Frozen corn endosperm was homogenized in a cytoskeleton-stabilizing buffer and stained directly (without pelleting) with rhodamine-phalloidin for actin and either thiazole orange to stain RNA or DiOC6 to stain membranes prior to examination under the fluorescence microscope. Other samples were treated with a non-ionic detergent alone or in conjunction with a ionic detergent prior to staining and fluorescence microscopy. Very gentle homogenization in unsupplemented buffer yielded a massive aggregate containing protein bodies that fluoresced after treatment with the ER stain DiOC6. This aggregate was capped by an aggregate of unstained starch grains. More vigorous homogenization yielded more disperse patterns showing almost identical co-localization of ER, actin and RNA (polysomes). Homogenization in buffer plus non-ionic detergent removed most of the membrane yet maintained co-localization of actin and polysomes, while homogenization in double detergent removed the last traces of membrane and actin, and released over 70% of the polysomes. We interpret these results to suggest that protein bodies are surrounded by membranes, cytoskeleton and RNA (polysomes) and that the majority of the polysomes are attached more firmly to the cytoskeleton than to the membrane. This provides evidence from fluorescence microscopy to supplement that from biochemical analyses for the existence of cytomatrix-bound polysomes in plants.
Intrathecal Morphine Administration Does Not Affect Survival After Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Introduction. Opioids may influence tumor recurrence and cancer-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The relationship between intrathecal morphine administration, tumor recurrence, and patient survival after hepatectomy for HCC is unknown. Patients and Methods. This single-center, retrospective study included 1837 liver resections between July 2002 and December 2012; 410 cases were incorporated in the final univariate and multivariate analysis. Confirmatory propensity matching yielded 65 matched pairs (intrathecal morphine vs none). Primary outcomes were recurrence of HCC and survival. Secondary outcomes included characterization of factors associated with recurrence and survival. Results. Groups were similar except for increased coronary artery disease in the no intrathecal morphine group. All patients received volatile anesthesia. Compared with no intrathecal morphine (N = 307), intrathecal morphine (N = 103) was associated with decreased intraoperative intravenous morphine administration (median difference = 12.5 mg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5-20 mg). There was no difference in blood loss, transfusion, 3- or 5-year survival, or recurrence in the univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis identified covariates that significantly correlated with 5-year survival: intrathecal morphine (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.527, 95% CI = 0.296-0.939), lesion diameter (HR = 1.099, 95% CI = 1.060-1.141), vascular invasion (HR = 1.658, 95% CI = 1.178-2.334), and satellite lesions (HR = 2.238, 95% CI = 1.447-3.463). Survival analysis on the propensity-matched pairs did not demonstrate a difference in 5-year recurrence or survival. Discussion and Conclusion. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between intrathecal morphine and 5-year survival. This association did not persist after propensity matching. The association between intrathecal morphine and HCC recurrence and survival remains unclear and prospective work is necessary to determine whether an association exists.
Statistical Discourse Analysis of an Online Discussion: Cognition and Social Metacognition

This study revised a statistical method (statistical discourse analysis or SDA) designed for linear sequences of turns of talk to apply to branches of messages in asynchronous online discussions. The revised SDA was used to test for cognitive and social metacognitive relationships among 17 students’ 1,330 asynchronous messages during a 13-week online graduate educational technology course. Multivocality benefits included enhancing a statistical method to expand its scope, exposure to other analytic methods’ simpler user-interfaces, and potential integration of multiple methods into a computer program capable of semiautomatic analyses.
The Quest for ‘Perfection’: Multidisciplinary Reflections on Aptitude and Affect in Interpreter Selection and Training

This paper explores the hypothetical construct of interpreting aptitude, with particular reference to its current operationalization for student selection purposes. The idea that there is a univers...
Tapping Into Lived Experiences, Creative Practices, and Local Resources With Mississippi Artist Eudora Welty

Recommended for grades 4–8This Instructional Resource focuses on the photographic work of Mississippi artist Eudora Welty (1909-2001). Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for The Optimist's Daughter, Welt...
Degradation of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes

Premature failure of polymer electrolyte membranes used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells result in short life and degradation of performance of the fuel cell stack. Changes in the humidity and temperature cause swelling and shrinking of the membrane which result is stresses in the membrane. Stress relaxation and changes in conductivity will occur in the membrane. A novel experimental facility which allows the control of humidity, temperature, load or strain and the simultaneous measurement of the proton impedance has been developed and used to measure the stress relaxation and associated changes in conductivity of Nafion membranes. It was found that at constant strain, both stress relaxation and a drop in the conductivity of the membrane occurs.
Qualified Conservation Restrictions: Recollections of and Reflections on the Origins of Section 170(h)

It has been over thirty years since Congress added to the Internal Revenue Code section 170(h), which allows a deduction for contributions to charity of “qualified conservation restrictions,” commonly known as “conservation easements”. That provision was adopted over the objections of the Treasury, who had expressed reservations of both a conceptual and practical nature about the legislation, which the Treasury viewed as more than ordinarily vulnerable to abuse. I was invited to participate in this symposium, not because I have any expertise in working with these restrictions—I don’t—but to provide some perspective on what might have motivated the Treasury thirty-plus years ago to take the position that it did, on what is very popular legislation among the conservation and historic preservation communities. I think of myself as no better than the second most qualified individual to fill that role. The most qualified, in my opinion, is Professor Daniel Halperin, who served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy when the legislation was under deliberation, testified twice on versions of the proposed legislation, and has recently written in this area.3 But I was there at the time; I did work with Professor Halperin on his testimony and the legislation; and so I am able to offer a (sometimes more and sometimes less vaguely recalled) first-hand account of what was happening then. In some respects I find it advantageous not to have worked in this area in the intervening years. The invitation to participate in this symposium offered me an opportunity to reflect on whether I think the positions the Treasury took then rested on well-founded concerns, and to speculate on whether, if I had known then what I have learned since, I would have recommended that the Treasury approach the matter in exactly the fashion that it did.
Great Men, Savages, and the End of the Indian Problem

Issues of American Indian identity and recognition are complex, and, too often, journalists fail to find effective ways of representing Native individuals and issues in the news; however, these iss...
Role of Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignant tumor worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Despite the significant progress that has been achieved with local therapies, treatment remains limited by impaired liver function and high rate of recurrence. The purpose of the manuscript is to describe the current status of using living donor liver transplantation in patients with advanced HCC.
When peers agree, do students listen? The central role of feedback quality and feedback frequency in determining uptake of feedback

Abstract Prior research on the complex process of revision based upon peer feedback has focused on characteristics of each piece of feedback in isolation. Multipeer feedback allows for feedback to be repeated (or not), which could be a signal of feedback quality or be especially persuasive to peers. Separately, little research has examined how well peers select more impactful and accurate peer feedback in their revisions, whether repeated or not. We analyzed almost 2,000 peer comments received by 107 students in a secondary writing course in the US to determine whether feedback quality and feedback frequency predicted feedback implementation. Controlling for other feedback features and context factors, students were much more likely to implement feedback as both feedback quality and feedback frequency increased, surprisingly with no interaction (i.e., even low-quality comments were more likely to be implemented when repeated). However, low-quality comments often partially overlapped with high-quality comments, providing a potential explanation for the lack of an interaction. Finally, consideration of feedback frequency and feedback quality provides new insights into which feedback features are actually related to implementation. The results generally allay concerns about the blind-leading-the-blind in peer feedback as well as pushing for peer feedback arrangements that produce more overlapping comments.
Morbid obesity and short-term complications following acetabular fracture surgery: A comparative cohort study

Abstract Introduction Obesity is an epidemic facing the United States affecting nearly 40% of the population (93.3 million adults). The objective of this study was to compare early perioperative complications in patients with a normal BMI to patients who are pre-obese, obese, and morbidly obese. Materials and methods The study was conducted at a Level-I trauma center. Patients were separated into 4 groups based on their BMI. Group 1 had a BMI Results We identified 333 patients and the number of patients in Groups 1-4 were 86, 96, 121, and 30, respectively. The average BMI for Groups 1-4 was 22.3, 27.3, 35.9, and 44.9, respectively (p Conclusions In the treatment of the obese and morbidly obese with acetabular fractures, we find that these cohorts are not at a greater risk of wound complications or infection. The higher rate of pulmonary embolism seen in the morbidly obese should be considered when evaluating these patients for appropriate thromboembolic prophylaxis.
Iatrogenic acid‐induced gingival recession during crown cementation: a case report

Accidental contact of various chemicals in dentistry may cause damage to the gingiva. A male patient presented for a full mouth rehabilitation with ceramic crowns. The patient underwent the steps of ceramic crown preparation uneventfully. At the time of crown delivery, cotton rolls were placed in several vestibular areas for isolation. They were regularly changed during different steps of etching and cementation process, which included the use of Multilink Primer B (Ivoclar Vivadent™). On removal of the cotton roll in the area of upper right canine, the gingival tissues appeared blanched and grayish white. The cotton roll was found to have absorbed some etching material in it. As the patient was asymptomatic, he was dismissed. Two weeks later, the patient presented with inflammation and gingival recession in the same area. Initially, he was treated palliatively, and subsequently, he received a connective tissue graft on the upper right canine. This case report showed that acid etching material used during the prosthodontic cementation may have caused a gingival recession, which was successfully treated with tunnel flap and connective tissue graft. Optimal isolation of the operative field should be performed to avoid this problem.
Intraday Volume Curve Prediction

We review some methodologies used to predict the intraday volume percentage curve, the intraday volumes as well as the closing auction volume. The methods can be very simple (average of historical curves), parametric (cubic function) or very sophisticated (linear model with real-time indicators). We use intraday data of CAC40 stocks from 01 April, 2014 to 31 December, 2014 to back-test these methods. We found that the best method to forecast the intraday percentage curve is the cubic method, justifying by volume-based metrics like Mean of Absolute Error (MAE) or Mean of Squared Error (MSE). However, when replacing the metric by the tracking error (TE), the non-linear model, fitting a regression tree with real time indicators, performs better than the others. It reduces the mean and median of TE 2%, compared with the historical median method. Concerning the prediction of raw volumes, the polynomial with correction outperforms the others in reduction the MAE 25% in mean and 31% in standard deviation compared to the historical method. The same method also provides the best forecast for closing volume. Evidence confirming the robustness of the improvement is also discussed and provided.
Driveline Infection: Reroute or Not to Reroute, That is the Question

Purpose Driveline infections (DLIs) are common adverse events for pts on continued left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. We present a single center investigation of surgical treatment for DLI including culprit organisms, reintervention rates, and days free from reinfection. Methods A review of our institutional LVAD database included all pts implanted from June 2015 to June 2020. DLIs were identified as a clinical or radiographical diagnosis and included in this cohort. Surgical treatment included incision, drainage and debridement (I&D) with or without driveline rerouting (DR) (see Figure 1). Baseline characteristics, DL exit site at time of implantation, time to first infection, reintervention, and freedom from reinfection were examined. Results 148 pts received an LVAD during the study period. 31(21%) pts developed DLI, and 20(65%) underwent surgical therapy. Of those undergoing surgery, mean age 59 years, 17(85%) male, average BMI 28.4 kg/m2, and 5(25%) were diabetic. 15(75%) pts were implanted as destination therapy. The implanted devices were Heartmate 3 (14), Heartmate II (5), and HeartWare HVAD (1). 6 pts had DL tunneled in right lateral abdomen and 14 in left. Pts with a left-sided DL, 10(71%) utilized a counterincision in the right abdomen. Time to first DLI following LVAD implant was on average 476 days (70-1089 days). Surgical intervention at first infection included 14 DR and 6 I&D. 9(45%) pts had recurrent DLI of which 2 required reintervention, a device exchange and a rerouting. Mean time for reinfection after rerouting was 230 days and 146 days following I&D. Freedom from repeat surgical intervention in 11 pts lasted on average 350 days (59-579 days). 4 pts underwent heart transplant. The most common bacteria were MSSA 6(30%), pseudomonas 5(20%), and MRSA 3(15%). Conclusion Driveline rerouting is a successful intervention to temporize and control a DLI. Compared to I&D, rerouting of the driveline may offer better freedom from reintervention. Further investigation into indications for rerouting is warranted.
The Limits of Mathematics---Fourth Version

This is yet another version of the course notes in chao-dyn/9407003. Here we use m-expressions more aggressively to further reduce the constants in our information-theoretic incompleteness theorems. Our main theorems are: 1) an N-bit formal axiomatic system cannot enable one to exhibit any specific object with program-size complexity greater than N+c, 2) an N-bit formal axiomatic system cannot enable one to determine more than N+c' scattered bits of the halting probability Omega. In chao-dyn/9407003, c = 2359 bits and c' = 7581 bits. In chao-dyn/9407005, c = 1127 bits and c' = 3689 bits. In chao-dyn/9407006, c = 994 bits and c' = 3192 bits. And in this version, c = 735 bits and c' = 2933 bits.
Rapid cortical dynamics associated with auditory spatial attention gradients

Behavioral and EEG studies suggest spatial attention is allocated as a gradient in which processing benefits decrease away from an attended location. Yet the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical processes that contribute to attentional gradients are unclear. We measured EEG while participants (n=35) performed an auditory spatial attention task that required button press to sounds at one target location on either the left or right. Distractor sounds were randomly presented at four non-target locations evenly spaced up to 180° from the target location. Attentional gradients were quantified by regressing ERP amplitudes elicited by distractors against their spatial location relative to the target. Independent component analysis was applied to each subject’s scalp channel data, allowing isolation of distinct cortical sources. Results from scalp ERPs showed a tri-phasic response with gradient slope peaks at ~300 ms (frontal, positive), ~430 ms (posterior, negative), and a plateau starting at ~550 ms (frontal, positive). Corresponding to the first slope peak, a positive gradient was found within a central component when attending to both target locations and for two lateral frontal components when contralateral to the target location. Similarly, a central posterior component had a negative gradient that corresponded to the second slope peak regardless of target location. A right posterior component had both an ipsilateral followed by a contralateral gradient. Lateral posterior clusters also had decreases in α and β oscillatory power with a negative slope and contralateral tuning. Only the left posterior component (120-200 ms) corresponded to absolute sound location. Results characterize a rapid, temporally-organized sequence of gradients thought to reflect interplay between frontal and parietal regions. We conclude these gradients support a target-based saliency map exhibiting aspects of both right-hemisphere dominance and opponent process models.
Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is a phylogenetically ancient response of motile cells to particulate stimuli. This response is utilized by specialized cells of the immune system to aid in host defenses. The striking resemblance between phagocytosis mediated by simple organisms, such as Dictyostelium, and of higher-order eukaryotes, implies that the fundamental mechanisms of pseudopod extension and particle engulfment are conserved. The adaptation by components of the acquired immune system to the host phagocytic machinery suggests that Fc receptors function by utilizing a shared program of signaling cascades and cytoskeletal rearrangements. It is suggested that activation of one receptor enhances phagocytic activity of another. Examples of this include activation of FcγRs on human neutrophils by the chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe and by arginine-glycine-aspartate -containing proteins. During FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, F-actin-rich pseudopods extend from the perimeter of the cells and conform to the circumference of the test particles. The classic observation that ligand needed to be present around the entire circumference of the phagocytic particle for phagocytosis to be completed helped define the zipper hypothesis.
LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP IN VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) ONEONATES RRHAGE. NEONATES WITH PARAVENTRICULAR INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE

78 VLBW admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, in the Regional Perinatal Center, during the period July 1979 to December 1981 had CT brain scan and/or ultrasound. They were followed at 18-24 months corrected age and neurologic examination and Bayley Scales of Infant Development were performed. Their gestation (wks.) and birthweight (kg.) in the control group were G.A. 29.3±1.9 and birthweight 1.050±0.2 and paraventricular-intraventricular group were G.A. 29.2±2.3 and birthweight 1052±.3. Degree of hemorrhage was graded according to Papile. Progressive significant motor and mental handicaps were found with Grade III and IV hemorrhage.
Ectopic Expression of Gamma Interferon in the Eyes of Transgenic Mice Induces Ocular Pathology and MHC Class II Gene Expression

Purpose. To direct the expression of 7IFN to the eyes of transgenic mice as a means of investi-gating the possible role of this lyinphokine in ocular paihogenesis.Methods. Transgenic mouse strains were generated by injection o a DNf A fragment containingthe murine aA-crystallin promoter fused to the coding sequence of murine 7IFN gene. PCRand RT-PCR were used to screen for the presence of the transgene and 111RNA analyses,respectively. Methacrylate-embedded eye sections were analyzed for morphology and cryosec-tions for immunoperoxidase antibody staining.Results. The most notable effects of 7IFN in these transgenic mice include cataract, mi-crophthalmia, blepharophimosis, microphakia, impairment of lens fiber formation, arrest ofretinal differentiation, serous retinal detachment with presence of macrophages in the subreti-nal space, persistent, hyperplastic primary vitreous, and corneal vascularization. MHC class IIniRNA levels were significantly increased in the transgenic eyes and MHC class II proteinswere expressed in their cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens and RPF...Conclusions. Fxiopic expression of 7IFN in the lens a dec ted the growth of the whole eye,resulting in microphthalmia and microphakia. The authors' data suggest that cvACry-7lFNtransgenic mouse ocular cells express functional 7IFN receptors and that interaction of 7IFNwith its receptor induced biochemical and morphologic changes in the transgenic eyes. Thesemice provide an animal model for the study of the linkage between aberrant MHC expressionand predisposition to autoimmune diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:332-34 J.
Geothermal reservoir engineering : performance matching and predicting

The initial conditions (physical and chemical state) of a geothermal reservoir and its fluids are important information needed in geothermal reservoir engineering for determining the future productivity of the reservoir. An optimization scheme was employed to minimize the least-squares function and determine the optimum initial conditions. Using the mass, energy, and volumetric balance equations, the initial parameters were obtained by matching the production data plot of average reservoir pressure versus cumulative mass produced for a compressed liquid, saturated liquid-steam, and superheated steam reservoir. Once a good curve match was attained, the performance projection of the geothermal reservoir was made at different production rates. A successful curve match was found to be highly dependent on the constraints chosen in the optimization scheme. Mass influx, as well as porosity also proved to be an influencing factor in the determination of the initial conditions. The computer prediction model is presently being used to assess reservoir conditions for the Hawaii Geothermal Project Well A, believed to be the hottest producing geothermal well in the world.
Deletion of the NMDA-NR1 receptor subunit gene in the mouse nucleus accumbens attenuates apomorphine-induced dopamine D1 receptor trafficking and acoustic startle behavior.

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) contains subpopulations of neurons defined by their receptor content and potential involvement in sensorimotor gating and other behaviors that are dysfunctional in schizophrenia. In Acb neurons, the NMDA NR1 (NR1) subunit is co-expressed not only with the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R), but also with the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), which mediates certain behaviors that are adversely impacted by schizophrenia. The NMDA-NR1 subunit has been suggested to play a role in the D1R trafficking and behavioral dysfunctions resulting from systemic administration of apomorphine, a D1R and dopamine D2 receptor agonist that impacts prepulse inhibition (PPI) to auditory-evoked startle (AS). Together, this evidence suggests that the NMDA receptor may regulate D1R trafficking in Acb neurons, including those expressing μ-OR, in animals exposed to auditory startle and apomorphine. We tested this hypothesis by combining spatial-temporal gene deletion technology, dual labeling immunocytochemistry, and behavioral analysis. Deleting NR1 in Acb neurons prevented the increase in the dendritic density of plasma membrane D1Rs in single D1R and dual (D1R and μ-OR) labeled dendrites in the Acb in response to apomorphine and AS. Deleting NR1 also attenuated the decrease in AS induced by apomorphine. In the absence of apomorphine and startle, deletion of Acb NR1 diminished social interaction, without affecting novel object recognition, or open field activity. These results suggest that NR1 expression in the Acb is essential for apomorphine-induced D1R surface trafficking and reduction in AS, but also plays an independent role in controling social behaviors that are impaired in multiple psychiatric disorders.
Territorio, pobreza y vida en el estado de Puebla

La estrategia economica global debe repensarse en terminos de eliminar al conjunto de deudas externas y al establecimiento de intercambios mas equitativos entre norte y sur, que pongan el punto final a este larguisimo proceso de coloniaje que hemos vivido y que tantas secuelas negativas ha tenido para la humanidad. Generar empleos con salarios decentes, es un reto al que no se ha podido responder porque el mundo esta funcionando dentro de la logica de una division internacional del trabajo, que privilegia la ley del mas fuerte.
What Can Human Genetics Teach Us About the Causes of Cardiovascular Disease

Genetic association studies have recently identified many genetic variants that are common in the general population and associated with prevalent cardiovascular diseases and traits. The effects of such variants are often quite modest, with odds ratios of <1.5 for risk alleles. Individually, these
Membrane Association of Conjugally Transferred Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Escherichia coli Minicells

Abstract The conjugally acquired deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of small, anucleate cells (“minicells”) of a mutant strain of Escherichia coli K-12 was found to be predominantly associated with the bacterial membrane. Evidence from X-irradiation studies in vivo shows that there is no decrease in DNA-membrane association under conditions which reduce the DNA to one-sixth its original size and suggests the possibility of multiple DNA-membrane association sites. Preliminary enzymatic studies indicate the involvement of protein, DNA, and lipids in the membrane association of the DNA.
Factors Affecting Clinician Educator Encouragement of Routine HIV Testing Among Trainees

Adoption of CDC recommendations for routine, voluntary HIV screening of all Americans age 13–64 years has been slow. One method to increase adherence to clinical practice guidelines is through medical school and residency training. To explore the attitudes, barriers, and behaviors of clinician educators (CEs) regarding advocating routine HIV testing to their trainees. We analyzed CE responses to a 2009 survey of Society of General Internal Medicine members from community, VA, and university-affiliated clinics regarding HIV testing practices. Clinician educators were asked about their outpatient practices, knowledge and attitudes regarding the revised CDC recommendations and whether they encouraged trainees to perform routine HIV testing. Associations between HIV testing knowledge and attitudes and encouraging trainees to perform routine HIV testing were estimated using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Of 515 respondents, 367 (71.3%) indicated they supervised trainees in an outpatient general internal medicine clinic. These CEs demonstrated suboptimal knowledge of CDC guidelines and over a third reported continued risk-based testing. Among CEs, 196 (53.4%) reported that they encourage trainees to perform routine HIV testing. Higher knowledge scores (aOR 5.10 (2.16, 12.0)) and more positive attitudes toward testing (aOR 8.83 (4.21, 18.5)) were independently associated with encouraging trainees to screen for HIV. Reasons for not encouraging trainees to screen included perceived low local prevalence (37.2%), competing teaching priorities (34.6%), and a busy clinic environment (34.0%). Clinician educators have a special role in the dissemination of the CDC recommendations as they impact the knowledge and attitudes of newly practicing physicians. Despite awareness of CDC recommendations, many CEs do not recommend universal HIV testing to trainees. Interventions that improve faculty knowledge of HIV testing recommendations and address barriers in resident clinics may enhance adoption of routine HIV testing.
Influence of reaction and diffusion on spatial organization of mitochondria and effectiveness factors in skeletal muscle cell design

A mathematical model is developed to analyze the influence of chemical reaction and diffusion processes on the intracellular organization of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells. The mathematical modeling approach uses a reaction–diffusion analysis of oxygen, ATP, and ADP involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function as governed by oxygen supply, volume fraction of mitochondria, and rates of reaction. Superimposed upon and coupled to the continuum species material balances is a cellular automata (CA) approach governing mitochondrial life cycles in response to the metabolic state of the cell. The effectiveness factor (η), defined as the ratio of reaction rate in the system with finite rates of diffusion to those in the absence of any diffusion limitation is used to assess diffusional constraints in muscle cells. The model shows the dramatic effects that the governing parameters have on the mitochondrial cycle of life and death and how these effects lead to changes in the distribution patterns of mitochondria observed experimentally. The model results showed good agreement with experimental results on mitochondrial distributions in mammalian muscle fibers. The η increases as the mitochondrial population is redistributed toward the fiber periphery in response to a decreased availability of oxygen. Modification of the CA parameters so that the mitochondrial lifecycle is more sensitive to the oxygen concentration caused larger mitochondrial shifts to the edge of the cell with smaller changes in oxygen concentration, and thus also lead to increased values of η. The present study shows that variation in oxygen supply, muscle activity and mitochondrial ATP supply influence the η and are the important parameters that can cause diffusion limitations. In order to prevent diffusion constraints, the cell resorts to shifts in their mitochondrial population towards the cell periphery, thus increasing η. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1912–1924. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Made in Miami: The Development of the Sportswear Industry in South Florida, 1900–1960

In a span of 50 years, sportswear in South Florida evolved from the idiosyncratic daywear of elite Northerners vacationing in Palm Beach to a nationally visible industry. This paper presents three stages in the evolution of the sportswear industry in South Florida in general and in the Miami area in particular. The first stage (c.1900-1920) relates to the founding of Palm Beach and the growth of an American market for a blossoming French industry. The second stage (c. 1920-1945) explores how a confluence of economic, social and cultural trends following World War One spurred rapid growth in Miami and gave rise to a completely new genre of clothing—one designed by Americans for Americans. The third stage (c. 1945-1960) explores how South Florida became a major producer of the very clothing it was instrumental in popularizing. Ironically, this crucial third stage was propelled by the same groups the original founders of the area sought to exclude—Jews and minorities. The interplay between South Florida and sportswear is not simply a nuanced study of a specific place and time. Rather, the evolution of the industry drastically redefined the American wardrobe. This analysis demonstrates how the study of clothing can inform our understanding of social change by adding texture and tangibility to American history.
ACCUMULATION, ELIMINATION, RELEASE AND METABOLISM OF PIPECOLIC ACID IN THE MOUSE BRAIN FOLLOWING INTRAVENTRICULAR INJECTION

Following i.c.v. (intracerebral ventricular) injections ofd,l-[3H]pipecolic acid (PA), it is reabsorbed from the ventricles and redistributed to various brain regions. The highest accumulation is found in three brain regions ipsilateral to the injection site, hippocampus, neocortex, striatum, and in the diencephalon. Following preloading in vivo, the radioactivity is released from hippocampus slices in the perfusion medium after depolarization induced by high K+. During perfusion with a Ca++ free medium containing EGTA, a significant reduction of release is observed.
The Therapeutic Latency of Neuroleptic Drugs and Nonspecific Postjunctional Supersensitivity

It is suggested that the antidopaminergic effects of neuroleptics are not directly responsible for the antipsychotic effect but, rather, that the antipsychotic effect is related to secondary changes in the efficacy of transmission at corticostriatal excitatory synapses. Arguments are presented in support of the following: (1) acute dopaminergic antagonism produces a relatively nonspecific sedation or deactivation, but most of the amelioration of psychosis develops slowly; (2) the development of dopaminergic supersensitivity is responsible for tolerance to the sedative effects of neuroleptics; and (3) excitatory synapses of the corticostriatal pathway, mediated by glutamic acid, are located on the same dendritic spines as the striatal dopaminergic synapses. Concomitant with the development of dopaminergic supersensitivity, these glutamate synapses become subsensitive. The glutamatergic subsensitivity is a result of the nonspecific nature of postsynaptic denervation supersensitivity. It is suggested that subsensitivity of striatal glutamate-mediated synapses is directly responsible for the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptic drugs. In support of this hypothesis, chronic neuroleptic administration was found to decrease the behavioral responsivity of mice to the glutamate agonist, quisqualic acid, and to the the antagonist, glutamic acid diethyl ester.
The external auditor's review of computer controls

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, coupled with growing demands for corporate accountability, have forced both auditors and computer administrators to evaluate computer based controls. Computer administrators can benefit from both a knowledge of an auditor's approaches to evaluating controls and his/her recommendations for control improvements. Here, a survey of the control evaluation practices and desirable control features identified by computer auditors is presented, along with recommendations to ease the burden of the auditor's review. The authors' suggestions should ease the tasks of internal control analysis and of preparation for possible public reports on an organization's system of internal control.
Influence of boron on carbon fiber microstructure, physical properties, and oxidation behavior

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine the influence of substitutional boron on carbon fiber microstructure, physical properties and oxidation behavior in 0.1 MPa UHP O2. Mesophase pitch P55 and PAN T-300 carbon fibers were substitutionally doped with boron at concentration levels between 4 × 10−5 and 0.05 B C atom ratio. Boron was found to enhance graphitization in these fibers at concentrations greater than 2 × 10 −4 B C . Below this concentration level the fiber microstructure and strength were unaffected. The presence of boron at all concentration levels inhibited carbon fiber oxidation. Oxidation inhibition at high boron concentrations was attributed to changes in the fiber microstructure and specific site blockage by an oxide of boron which developed on the fiber surface during gasification. At relatively low boron concentrations, the decrease in the reactivity of the fiber was related to a change in the fibers' electronic structure which, in turn, influenced the chemistry of the active sites. Boron was also found to significantly influence the fiber structure. Boron modulated the (002) reflection by enhancing the development of two separate microstructures in the same fiber, one more oxidation resistant than the other. The room temperature mechanical properties of these doped fibers were relatively unaffected up to 5 × 10 −4 B C , but strength and modulus sharply decreased above this dopant level.
Negotiated accounting rules in private financial contracts

Abstract This paper explores how private contracts tailor GAAP and whether tailoring reflects the characteristics of the contracting parties. The analysis reveals that contracts of bank and insurance lenders are different with bank agreements closer to public debt. Tailoring is one of several characteristics associated with insurance lending agreements. The extensive tailoring of GAAP income in insurance contracts enforces dividend and payout restrictions that are consistent with the interest of long-term insurance lenders. In contrast, bank lenders deal with borrowers' default risk by negotiating shorter maturities, security, sinking funds, and loan syndication.
Geochemistry, Nd and Sr isotopes, and U/Pb zircon ages of granitoid and metasedimentary xenoliths from the Navajo Volcanic Field, four corners area, southwestern United States

Abstract Proterozoic granitoid xenoliths from the Navajo Volcanic Field (NVF) in the southwestern United States range in composition from tonalite–diorite to granite with the latter greatly dominating. There is no apparent relationship between chemical or isotopic composition and age, geographic location, or degree of alteration or deformation of the xenoliths. Two of the major ages of Proterozoic plutonism recognized in the Southwest (1.75–1.70, Yavapai, and 1.45–1.41 Ga, `anorogenic') are represented by the NVF xenoliths, in some instances within a single diatreme. We did not find any xenoliths in the 1.65–1.62 Ma (Mazatzal) range. The xenoliths are dominantly I-types and both Nd and Sr isotopes and trace element distributions indicate juvenile, arc sources approximately 1.8 Ga. The granite magmas may have been produced by either vapor absent partial melting or fractional crystallization of a tonalite parent. Juvenile sources must have been available for melting in each of the three periods of magma production, and hence some juvenile 1.8-Ga crust in this region must have escaped melting in the first two episodes of magmatism and deformation. Metasedimentary xenoliths are chiefly biotite–sillimanite schists, garnet–biotite schists, and garnet paragneisses. These three groups are strikingly similar in chemical and isotopic composition, suggesting similar graywacke-pelite protoliths. The schists appear to be limited to the far northern part of the volcanic field consistent with a possible crustal boundary in the basement. Compositional and thermobarometric results suggest that the biotite schist xenoliths are not restites, but that the paragneisses may be mixtures of melt and restite. Sedimentary protoliths may have been deposited in a forearc basin, and later tectonically transported to the deep crust during one or more arc-continent collisions in the late Paleoproterozoic.
Organizing and delivering case management services: lessons from the National Long Term Care Channeling Demonstration.

This article discusses issues relating to the design and internal administration of a case management agency for community based home care for the elderly. Included in the article are issues relating to screening procedures, assessment and case management activities, cost controls, automated management information systems, and personnel matters. The analysis is based on the experience of the National Long Term Care Demonstration ("Channeling") which established and evaluated ten case management projects nationwide under federal funding.
Economic Socialization of Children: Attitude toward the Distribution of Rewards

Summary This study attempts to assess the conditions under which children's attitudes toward distribution favored or tended not to favor reward distribution according to the “productivity principle”—the assignment of rewards in proportion to productive contributions. These attitudes were evaluated in three different contexts: (a) vicarious decision-making); (b) decision-making for an unproduced good (a gift); and (c) productive decision-making. It was hypothesized that support for the productivity principle would increase relative to the children's actual involvement in experiencing the consequences of the productivity principle as opposed to its alternatives. The study sampled 1485 third- to sixth-grade students, half of whom were in control groups, while the other half participated in the Mini-Society program, in which they developed and participated in their own microcosmic society replete with economic, social, and political institutions. The findings suggest that children's attitudes toward equity gr...
Calculation of Protection of a Transmission Line by Ground Conductors

This paper discusses the well-known calculation of the degree of protection afforded to a transmission line by ground conductors, on the assumption of the sudden disappearance of a vertical potential gradient caused by a charged cloud. Formulas are given for the protective ratio due to one and two ground conductors. It is shown that for any number of ground conductors, it is not necessary to compute the charges on the power conductors.
Entropy on charge density: making the quantum mechanical connection

Entropy maximization has proven effective in treating certain aspects of the phase problem of X-ray diffraction. Much of its development has been expressed in probabilistic language, although image enhancement has been somewhat more physical or geometric in description. Here phasing and entropy maximization are embedded in the quantum mechanical problem of reconstructing an electronic one-matrix under experimental constraints. Entropy on an N-representable one-particle density matrix is well defined. The entropy is the expected form, and it is a simple function of the one-matrix eigenvalues which all must be non-negative. Certain other properties are pertinent to phasing which is implicit in one-matrix reconstruction governed by entropy maximization. Throughout this work reference is made to informational entropy, not the entropy of thermodynamics.
Flow behavior of thermoset molding compound in conventional PDIP molds

A study was conducted to understand the effects of niold conipound flow behavior on disturbed wire occurences in plastic packages. Fluid niechanics considerations were used to determine the type of flow effects of the boundary layer shear stresses and velocity profile to the bond wire. Short shots and the use of colored pellets helped in the visualization of flow patterns. A plastic deforniation of beanis niodel was used to estimate the amount of force required to sway a wire and conipared to the force calculated from plastic flow velocity distribution.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Automation Methodology for Modeling Posynomial Equations for Use in CMOS OpAmp Synthesis

In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to automate the transistor-level sizing of OpAmps. Given the netlist and the specifications of the OpAmp, our methodology automatically produces a set of monomial design equations that can be solved using a geometric programming. The use of monomial models eliminates the overhead of generating elaborate posynomial design equations. This approach produces a design that has the accuracy of the BSIM models used for simulation and the advantage of a quick design time. The results of a two stage OpAmp designed in TSMC 0.25μ technology prove the efficacy of our approach.
The Effect of Light-Induced Metastable Defects on the Magneto-Conductance of Poly(phenylene-Vinylene) Diodes

We studied the changes in the magneto-conductance (MC) response in bipolar and unipolar organic diodes based on the π-conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyl-oxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV), upon prolonged illumination of light in the Visible–UV range. We found that the MC response in the hole-unipolar device gradually changes sign from negative to positive upon illumination, caused by the photogeneration of metastable donor-like defects in the MEH-PPV layer. This conclusion is supported by photoinduced absorption spectroscopy of pristine MEH-PPV film. In contrast, we found very little change in the MC response upon illumination of electron-unipolar devices; however, the MC response substantially increases in bipolar devices. We interpret the sign change in the MC response of hole-unipolar devices as due to illumination induced change in the spin-pairs that participate in the MC, from spin pairs of same charge to spin pairs of opposite charges.
Electrodes for ferroelectric thin films

Abstract Platinum and ruthenium oxide (RuO2) deposited by ion beam sputter-deposition are evaluated for use as electrodes for PZT thin film capacitors. The effect of deposition temperature, film thickness, and the presence of oxygen on hillock formation in platinum is discussed. It is shown that the hillock density in Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si films can be significantly reduced by properly controlling the processing conditions and film thickness. Stress measurements correlate with the experimental observation that depositing thinner platinum films (<800 A) is an effective means of reducing hillock formation. The use of an intermediate deposition temperature 200–250°C also helps minimize hillock formation. Diffusion of the Ti adhesion layer into and/or through the platinum was significantly reduced by replacing the Ti with a TiOx adhesion layer. RuO2 electrodes are compared to Pt in terms of resistivity, surface morphology, microstructure and film orientation.
Measuremeints on Current Sheets in Plasmas

The acceleration of a gas undergoing ionization in a crossed electric-magnetic field leads to the formation of current sheets similar to those observed in coaxial plasma guns. The dynamics of such sheets is of great interest to workers in plasma physics in view of their application to controlled thermonuclear fusion experiments and to space propulsion. In the present paper a detailed mapping of the magnetic field in the vicinity of a current sheet is described. Conventional small search coils are used for the detection of this field. From the configuration of this field an attempt is made to understand the processes taking place in the sheet. All of the experiments described in the paper are performed on a plasma coaxial gun of mall aspect ratio.
Technique for Arraying Large Numbers of Yagi Disk Antennas

This paper is concerned with the problem of arraying Yagi disk or disk on rod surface wave structures having large interelement spacings. It is shown that symmetrical arrays having acceptable sidelobe levels (below 13 db) can be designed using simple array theory and the knowledge of a single-element pattern.