cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poverty and Minority Children’s Education in the USA: Case Study of a Sudanese Refugee Family

Poverty has been a persistent problem, endangering immigrant children’s education in the United States for the past few decades. While we know much about the overall impact of poverty on immigrant and minority students’ educational achievement, we know little about how poverty is lived and experienced by low-SES immigrant minorities in their daily lives and in their interactions with the public schools. Drawing on a larger ethnographic study, this chapter examines how limiting situations such as poverty shape the lives and educational experiences of immigrant and minority children and their families in an urban context. In particular, it is illustrated how poverty intersected with one Sudanese refugee family’s immigration histories and cultural backgrounds, their racial identities, their present work circumstances, and the public school programs and practices in shaping the children’s educational successes and failures as well as their future trajectories. It is argued that poverty and immigrant children’s experiences with urban schooling must be understood as products of dialectical interaction in relation to not only the individual’s cultural and familial milieu but also the interactive contexts between the individual and the more powerful cultural sites such as schools.
Advances in risk stratification of bladder cancer to guide personalized medicine.

Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease that poses unique challenges to the treating clinician. It can be limited to a relatively indolent papillary tumor with low potential for progression beyond this stage to muscle-invasive disease prone to distant metastasis. The former is best treated as conservatively as possible, whereas the latter requires aggressive surgical intervention with adjuvant therapies in order to provide the best clinical outcomes. Risk stratification traditionally uses clinicopathologic features of the disease to provide prognostic information that assists in choosing the best therapy for each individual patient. For bladder cancer, this informs decisions regarding the type of intravesical therapy that is most appropriate for non-muscle-invasive disease or whether or not to administer neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy. More recently, tumor genetic sequencing data have been married to clinical outcomes data to add further sophistication and personalization. In the next generation of risk classification, we are likely to see the inclusion of molecular subtyping with specific treatment considerations based on a tumor’s mutational profile.
Imaging Features of Nonmalignant and Malignant Architectural Distortion Detected by Tomosynthesis.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to determine the ability of tomosynthesis (3D) to detect nonmalignant and malignant architectural distortion (AD) on 3D screening mammograms compared with ...
Corruption and Legislatures: Exploring Perceptions of Ukrainian Legislators

Corruption has remained one of the significant problems in post-authoritarian societies. While many of these countries have institutions in place to combat corruption, the corruption remains rampan...
An image-guided computational approach to inversely determine in vivo material properties and model flow-structure interactions of fish fins

Abstract We present an image-guided computational approach for inversely determining in vivo material properties of fish fins and simulating flow-structure interactions (FSI) of fin deformations based on a highly realistic hybrid membrane-beam structure. This approach is established by coupling an imaged-based reconstruction, a genetic-algorithm (GA)-based optimization, a finite-element-method (FEM)-based computational structural dynamics model and an immersed-boundary-method (IBM)-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. An inverse-problem procedure is developed to determine material properties from prescribed kinematic motions obtained from high-speed images. The procedure is validated through two tests including a flexible pitching plate and a shell-beam structured flexible plate in heaving motion. The FSI model (forward problem) is validated through two benchmark tests including flow-induced vibration of a flexible beam attached to a fixed cylinder and a flexible pitching plate in a uniform flow. This integrated method is then applied to the FSI analysis of propulsion of a rainbow trout caudal fin with a specific focus on the fin material properties, fin deformations, hydrodynamic performances and flow structures. We demonstrate that, by using reconstructed kinematics and deformation obtained from the high-speed videos, the non-uniform material properties of the fin can be determined through the inverse problem procedure. A fully-coupled FSI simulation is then carried out based on the outcome of the inverse problem. The results have shown the feasibility of the present integrated approach in accurately modeling and quantitatively evaluating flexible-fin kinematics and hydrodynamics in swimming in terms of both chordwise and spanwise deformations, thrust and lateral forces, and vortex dynamics.
Interfacial Control of Catalytic Activity in the Aldol Condensation: Combining the Effects of Hydrophobic Environments and Water

Aminopropyl-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (AP-MSN) catalyze aldol condensations. The activity of AP-MSN decreases with increasing solvent polarity due to the stabilization of ion p...
SHAVE: A randomized controlled trial of routine shave margins versus standard partial mastectomy.

TPS1145 Background: It is well known that partial mastectomy for breast cancer is associated with a positive margin rate of 20-40% in most series. This has led some surgeons to advocate for routine...
Arousal Incontinence in Men Following Radical Prostatectomy: Prevalence, Impact and Predictors.

Abstract Background Arousal incontinence (AI) occurs during physical or psychological sexual stimulation in men and has been described after radical prostatectomy (RP). Aim The goals of this study are to describe the characteristics of men experiencing AI, outline the nature of their symptoms, and assess for predictors of this condition. Methods A survey with questions on AI, stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the International Index of Erectile Function and International Prostate Symptom Score were sent out to men who had undergone an RP within the past 24 months at a single institution. The data were deidentified and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Comparisons between men with and without AI were made using t-tests and χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Logistic regression in univariable and multivariable analyses were used to define predictors of AI. Main Outcome Measures The outcomes of this study included prevalence of AI, symptom severity and timing, patient and patient-perceived partner bother, management strategies used by the patients, and concurrent SUI. Results 226 (32%) men completed the survey. Of these men, almost half (49%) experienced AI at some point during their recovery. Improvement over time was endorsed by 62% of men. 57% of men reported AI in less than half of the sexual encounters, with the amount of urine leakage being equivalent to a tablespoon or less in 88% of men. On univariate analysis, increasing degree of SUI, as measured by pads per day, was associated with AI (P = .01). A lower International Prostate Symptom Score was also associated (P = .05). On multivariate analysis, the absence of hypertension and pads per day were associated with AI (P = .01 for both). Clinical Implications AI occurred in almost half of the respondents in our series. Thus, AI should be discussed with patients before surgery to allow for realistic expectations. Strengths & Limitations Strengths of this study include the largest patient population analyzed to date regarding AI and that it is the only one to address timing and patient experiences with the use of validated instruments for erectile and urinary function. Limitations include single-center data, non-validated AI patient–reported outcomes, and poor survey response rate. Conclusion Based on the available data, AI is reported by almost half of men after RP and is associated with SUI. Bach PV, Salter CA, Katz D, et al. Arousal Incontinence in Men Following Radical Prostatectomy: Prevalence, Impact and Predictors. J Sex Med 2020;16:1947–1952.
Longitudinal Observational Evidence of the Impact of Emotion Regulation Strategies on Affective Expression

The ability to regulate our emotions plays an important role in our psychological and physical health. Regulating emotions influences how and when emotions are expressed. We performed a large scale, longitudinal observational study to investigate the effect of emotion regulation ability on expressed affect. We found that expression of negative affect increased throughout the day. For people who suppress emotion this increase is slower that for those who do not. For those with stronger cognitive reappraisal abilities, though not significant, there was a trend for higher positive affect and negative affect increased significantly less steeply, suggesting that they might experience more positive and less negative affect. These results reflect some of the first results based on large scale, continuous tracking of behavioral expression of emotion longitudinally. Our results demonstrate the need to carefully consider the time of day and emotion regulation ability, in addition to gender and age, when attempting to automatically infer affective states for facial behavior.
FIE Pre-Conference Workshop: Professional Skills Development in the REvolutionizing Engineering and Computer Science Contexts

The purpose of this workshop is to offer engineering faculty, post-docs, and graduate students a collection of effective pedagogies for incorporating professional skills development in their courses. As a result of attending the workshop, attendees will:
Association of County-Level Socioeconomic and Political Characteristics with Engagement in Social Distancing for COVID-19

The U.S. is the epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In response, governments have implemented measures to slow transmission through "social distancing." However, the practice of social distancing may depend on prevailing socioeconomic conditions and beliefs. Using 15-17 million anonymized cell phone records, we find that lower per capita income and greater Republican orientation were associated with significantly reduced social distancing among U.S. counties. These associations persisted after adjusting for county-level sociodemographic and labor market characteristics as well as state fixed effects. These results may help policymakers and health professionals identify communities that are most vulnerable to transmission and direct resources and communications accordingly.
Effect of estrous detection strategy on pregnancy outcomes of lactating Holstein cows receiving artificial insemination and embryo transfer

ABSTRACT Objectives of the current experiment were to evaluate the effects on reproductive performance of adding an automated estrous detection (AED) device to the reproductive management of Holstein cows. In addition, we aimed to determine whether the AED device would equally influence the reproductive performance of cows receiving artificial insemination and those receiving embryo transfer. Cows (n = 1,244) were observed daily for estrous detection by trained farm personnel with the aid of a tail head mounting device. Cows (n = 641) enrolled in the AED treatment were fitted with a neck-mounted automated estrus detection device, and cows enrolled in the control (CTRL, n = 603) treatment were not fitted with the AED device. Cows not detected in estrus by 54 ± 3 DIM received 1 injection of PGF2α, and those not detected in estrus by 68 ± 3 DIM were enrolled in an ovulation synchronization protocol. The hazard of first service tended to be affected by treatment [CTRL: referent, AED: adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.98, 1.25], and we determined a tendency for the AED treatment to reduce the proportion of cows receiving the first service at fixed time (39.7 ± 5.7 vs. 45.5 ± 5.8%). After the first service, high-producing cows enrolled in the AED treatment were more likely to be pregnant (19.1 ± 2.4 vs. 31.8 ± 3.0%), but no differences between the AED and CTRL treatments were observed among low-producing cows (24.9 ± 2.9 vs. 24.7 ± 2.9%). The hazard of second service was affected by treatment (CTRL: referent, AED: AHR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.47), and the AED treatment reduced the proportion of cows receiving the second service at fixed time compared with the CTRL treatment (15.7 ± 2.2 vs. 21.9 ± 2.5%). After the second service, the AED treatment tended to increase the proportion of cows pregnant (31.0 ± 3.0 vs. 24.9 ± 2.6%) and tended to reduce the proportion of cows that lost pregnancy between the first and second pregnancy exams (9.7 ± 3.3 vs. 16.7 ± 4.6%). The interaction between treatment and type of service did not affect percentage of cows pregnant and pregnancy loss to the first and second services. The hazard of pregnancy was affected by the interaction between treatment and milk yield, in that cows with above the median milk yield in the AED treatment became pregnant at a faster rate than CTRL cows, but no difference between treatments was observed among cows with milk yield below the median. Cows with above the median milk yield had shorter duration of estrus and were less likely to have activity peak at estrus ≥89 (0 = minimum, 100 = maximum). The current experiment suggests that AED devices may improve reproductive performance not only by increasing service rates but also by improving accuracy of estrous detection. According to the current experiment, high-producing cows may benefit most from the addition of AED devices to reproductive management.
Impact of gelation method on thixotropic properties of phenylalanine-derived supramolecular hydrogels

Supramolecular hydrogels formed by noncovalent self-assembly of low molecular weight (LMW) agents are promising next-generation biomaterials. Thixotropic shear response and mechanical stability are two emergent properties of hydrogels that are critical for biomedical applications including drug delivery and tissue engineering in which injection of the hydrogel will be necessary. Herein, we demonstrate that the emergent thixotropic properties of supramolecular phenylalanine-derived hydrogels are dependent on the conditions in which they are formulated. Specifically, hydrogels formed from fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) modified phenylalanine derivatives, 3-fluorophenylalanine (Fmoc-3F-Phe) and pentafluorophenylalanine (Fmoc-F5-Phe), were characterized as a function of gelation conditions to examine how shear response and mechanical stability properties correlate to mode of gelation. Two distinct methods of gelation were compared. First, spontaneous self-assembly and gelation was triggered by a solvent exchange method in which a concentrated solution of the gelator in dimethylsulfoxide was diluted in water. Second, gelation was promoted by dissolution of the gelator in water at basic pH followed by gradual pH adjustment from basic to mildly acidic by the hydrolysis of glucono-delta-lactone. Hydrogels formed under solvent exchange conditions were mechanically unstable and poorly shear-responsive whereas hydrogels formed by gradual acidification were temporally stable and had highly shear-responsive viscoelastic character. These studies confirm that gelation environment and mechanism have a significant influence on the emergent properties of supramolecular hydrogels and offer insight into how gelation conditions can be used to tune hydrogel properties for specific applications.
Clifford Algebras and Euclid’s Parametrization of Pythagorean Triples

We show that the space of Euclid’s parameters for Pythagorean triples is endowed with a natural symplectic structure and that it emerges as a spinor space of the Clifford algebra R21, whose minimal version may be conceptualized as a 4-dimensional real algebra of “kwaternions.” We observe that this makes Euclid’s parametrization the earliest appearance of the concept of spinors. We present an analogue of the “magic correspondence” for the spinor representation of Minkowski space and show how the Hall matrices fit into the scheme. The latter obtain an interesting and perhaps unexpected geometric meaning as certain symmetries of an Apollonian gasket. An extension to more variables is proposed and explicit formulae for generating all Pythagorean quadruples, hexads, and decuples are provided.
ACIP Approves 2021 Adult and Child/Adolescent Immunization Schedules

From the AFP Editors The 2021 adult and child/adolescent immunization schedules have been approved by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and are accessible at https://www aafp org/patient-care/immunizations/schedules html Phase 1 is divided into three sequences, which may overlap: (1) health care personnel and residents and staff of long-term care facilities;(2) non–health care frontline (e g , first responders, educators) essential workers and persons 75 years and older;and (3) those 65 to 74 years of age, persons 16 to 64 years of age with high-risk medical conditions, and other essential workers (e g , public transit workers, food service workers) Pamela G Rockwell, DO, FAAFP Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Email: prockwell@med umich edu Author disclosure:
Energy-aware Trajectory Planning Model for Mission-oriented Drone Networks

The high mobility and easy deployment of drone networks encourage people to adopt this type of network for various projects, such as package delivery, systemic assessment, crisis control, border surveillance, etc., after equipped necessary sensors. However, the limited battery capacity largely constrains the operation time of drones. Elaborate and stringent planning is essential to succeed in mission execution energy-efficiently. We propose an energy-aware trajectory planning model for drones to accomplish all tasks in a mission-oriented network energyefficiently. Our focus in this study is on minimizing the energy spent on travel to save more energy for task execution. In our study, task lengths are not binary, which means that each task takes more than one time-unit to complete, and a drone may execute a portion of a task. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to introduce the energy spent on task execution to travel-cost minimization models, considering that both travel and task execution consume the battery power of drones. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed model. We found that the total-traveled distance of drones that follow the trajectories generated by the proposed model is significantly less than that of the drones that employ the strategy proposed in recent work regardless of the task length.
Building a robust cyberthreat profile for institutions of higher education: An empirical analysis of external cyberattacks against a large University's computer network

Abstract This study investigated twelve categories of exploits targeting a large southern university to build a build a more robust cyberthreat profile for institutions of higher education. In one week, the university experienced 12.4 million external cyberattacks from 110 countries. Malware constituted 58% of all malicious activities. Attacks were statistically more likely to occur during the overnight hours of weekdays. Moreover, the majority of cyberattack activity was generated by a limited number of IP addresses originating from a handful of countries. Dutch-originating IP addresses were responsible for 71% of all cyberattacks in this study, and spyware attacks almost exclusively originated from a single IP address in the U.S.
Transgenic mice reveal roles for TGFα and EGF receptor in mammary gland development and neoplasia

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFα)4 and/or the EGF receptor (EGFR) are frequently overexpressed by human and rodent breast tumors, as well as tumor-derived cell lines. Additionally, various observations suggest a role for TGFα and the EGFR signaling system in normal mouse mammary gland development. Recently, several laboratories have established TGFα transgenic mice with which to study the role of this growth factor in normal and neoplastic mammary biology. Examination of these mice revealed that overexpression of TGFα has profound consequences for this tissue. Most strikingly, transgenic mice expressing TGFα under the control of tissue-specific and nonspecific promoters stochastically developed focal mammary tumors with an incidence and latency that was markedly affected by pregnancy. Most TGFα-induced tumors were well-differentiated adenomas/adenocarcinomas, although some were undifferentiated and locally invasive. Distant metastases were only occasionally observed. Administration of the genotoxic carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), dramatically accelerated mammary tumorigenesis induced by the TGFα transgene, raising the possibility that TGFα acts as a promoter in this tissue. Mice harboring dual transgenes encoding TGFα and either wild-type ERBB2 or c-myc displayed markedly accelerated tumorigenesis compared to mice carrying any of the single transgenes alone, indicative of potent cooperativity. Moreover, tumorigenesis in the bitransgenic mice was less dependent on pregnancy, and tumors were generally more malignant in appearance. Finally, TGFα also affected mammary gland dynamics. TGFα transgenic mice consistently displayed precocious alveolar development, were variably impaired with respect to lactation, and showed markedly reduced postlactional involution. As a result, the glands of multiparous females accumulated hyperplastic lesions that generally resembled milk-producing alveoli. Limited data support the hypothesis that these lesions were precursors to TGFα-induced tumors. In summary, these various findings underscore the potential importance of TGFα for cellular differentiation and transformation in the mammary gland. They also establish TGFα transgenic mice as a powerful model with which to study the role of EGFR signaling molecules in this dynamic tissue.
The European Commission's GE/Honeywell Decision: US Responses and Their Implications

One way of gaining insight into differences between legal systems and assessing their significance is to examine what they — i.e., their representatives — say about each other. The European Commission’s prohibition of the proposed merger between GE and Honeywell in the summer of 2001 led to US responses that reveal much about differences between the US and EU merger laws. They also have potentially important implications for the development of US-European cooperation in the area of competition law. Although there has been general discussion of these responses, there have been few serious attempts to analyze them and to explore their implications for legal development. In this article, I suggest some lines of analysis that may provide insights into the US responses and their potential importance.
Butyrate induced cell cycle arrest in bovine cells through targeting gene expression relevant to DNA replication apparatus.

Using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in bovine kidney epithelial cells, we systematically investigated the effects of butyrate on patterns of gene expression relevant to DNA replication apparatus. The real-time PCR and Western blot data generally confirmed previously reported microarray data. Of the five genes tested by quantitative RT-PCR, CDKN1A (p21waf1) was up regulated, CDC2/cdk1, MCM6, ORC1L were down regulated, while ORC3L expression remained unchanged following butyrate treatment. Also consistent with RT-PCR results, Western blot analysis confirmed that butyrate up-regulated cyclin-kinase inhibitor p21waf1 in a does-dependent manner. In contrast, butyrate treatment had no effect on the expression of ERK 1/2 proteins. Also consistent with mRNA results, ORC1 and MCM3 proteins were down-regulated by butyrate treatment, while ORC2 protein remained unchanged. The present results suggest that ORC1, not ORC2 or ORC3, along with MCM proteins play a critical role in regulating the initiation of DNA replication and cell cycle progression in MDBK cells and are targets of butyrate regulation.
Radiolabeling Dermacentor variabilis with strontium-90 and strontium-90 plus carbon-14 mixtures.

The feasibility of radiolabeling larval American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) with strontium-90 (90Sr) is demonstrated. The radioisotope was administered in inorganic form by inoculation of procreant females. Transovarial transfer to larval progeny resulted in sufficient radioactivity to permit easy detection of labeling in individual larvae. Double labeling of D. variabilis with both carbon-14 (14C) and 90Sr was done by inoculations of mixtures of 14C glucose and inorganic 90Sr into the engorged parents. Detection of these double-labeled ticks and discrimination of such individuals from either 14C- or 90Sr- labeled ticks was done with the aid of a 2-channel liquid scintillation detector. The advantages of increasing the variety of radioisotope labels available for radioecological research with ticks are discussed.
‘Who can we shoot?’ democratic Élitism, Marxism, and American progressivism

(1999). ‘Who can we shoot?’ democratic Elitism, Marxism, and American progressivism. International Review of Sociology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 183-195.
3-D Inversion of ionosonde data for ionospheric electron density: New developments and benefits for assimilative modeling

Modern phase-based digital ionosondes have capabilities to measure accurately both the group time of propagation and the directions of arrival for each ionogram echo. Inversion algorithm NeXtYZ uses this information to recover locally both true vertical profile and horizontal gradients of ionospheric plasma density. For the first time in ionospheric sounding practice this algorithm provides justifiable profile uncertainties that characterize specific ionogram and obey Gaussian statistics. Horizontal gradients not only describe the plasma density distribution directly but also quantify energetics and dynamics of the ionosphere and thermosphere through characterization of the gravity waves and of the neutral wind.
The pathology of a nucleopolyhedrosis of Rachiplusia ou (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract A nucleopolyhedrosis of Rachiplusia ou (Guenee), one of a complex of looper species infesting commercially grown mint is described. Infection of the virus (Borrelinavirus) is characteristically similar to those of other nucleopolyhedroses in lepidopterous hosts. Quantitative results indicated that the virus has low virulence when compared to that infecting Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); alternatively, the disease of R. ou may be a result of cross transmission of the nucleopolyhedrosis virus of T. ni to a secondary host. The estimated LT50 was between 5 and 6 days for the highest dose of 1.4 × 108 polyhedra/larva.
TWO‐PIECE VON NEUMANN‐MORGENSTERN UTILITY FUNCTIONS*

Thirty empirically assessed utility functions on changes in wealth or return on investment were examined for general features and susceptability to fits by linear, power, and exponential functions. Separate fits were made to below-target data and above-target data. The usual “target” was the no-change point. The majority of below-target functions were risk seeking; the majority of above-target functions were risk averse; and the most common composite shape was convex-concave, or risk seeking in losses and risk averse in gains. The least common composite was concave-concave. Below-target utility was generally steeper than above-target utility with a median below-to-above slope ratio of about 4.8. The power and exponential fits were substantially better than the linear fits. Power functions gave the best fits in the majority of convex below-target and concave above-target cases, and exponential functions gave the best fits in the majority of concave below-target and convex above-target cases. Several implications of these results for decision making under risk are mentioned.
Is a beta-barrel model of the K+ channel energetically feasible?

A mutation of Shaker D431 or T449 strongly affects external tetraethylammonium (TEA) binding (1) whereas a mutation of Shaker T441 (2) or NGK2/DRK1 chimera L374 (equivalent to Shaker V443) and chimera V369 (3) affect internal TEA blocking in the potassium channel. Changes in Shaker T449 (1), F433, T441, T442 (4), and chimera L374 and V369 (3) affect ion conductance in the K+ channel. These facts suggest that SS1 ( 430-440 in Shaker) and SS2 (440-450 in Shaker) line the channel, passing through the cell membrane and back. Mutations of several residues just outside of the SS1SS2 region affect external charybdotoxin block (5). Mutations of chimera residues M379 and V368 (3), and Shaker D431 (1) have little or no effect on channel conductance. The K+ channel is comprised of four equivalent monomers (6). Using molecular mechanics, we addressed the following questions: (a) Could four pairs of SS1 and SS2 hydrogen bond together to form a ,-barrel which could span the bilayer and form the pore-lining region of the channel? (b) Is there a model consistent with the assumption that site directed mutagenesis of residues with side chains projecting into the barrel would be most likely to affect permeability properties? (c) Would there be room in the p-barrel for the inward projecting side chains? (d) Would water and K+ fit in the channel?
Flows and Critical Points

We use flows and the cohomological index to adapt the method of sandwich pairs to better suit quasilinear elliptic boundary value problems.
The role of target modeling in designing search strategies

This paper studies the problem of searching for an unknown moving target in a bounded two-dimensional convex area with a mobile robot. A key component of designing a search strategy is the target motion model, which is often unknown in practical scenarios. When designing search strategies, researchers either (1) ignore the target motion and treat the target as a stationary object with unknown location, (2) treat the target as an adversary and model the search task as a game, or (3) use a stochastic model such as a random walk. For each of these models we analyze possible search paths with the objective of minimizing the expected capture time. Our intent is to investigate how the choice of the model influences the choice of the strategy and consequently how the capture time will depend on this choice. In addition to a theoretical analysis, we compare the strategies in simulation.
Effects of intraoral splint wear on proteoglycans in the temporomandibular joint disc.

Intraoral splints are a common dental treatment for dysfunctions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), but their effects on the structures of the joint, specifically the disc, have not been well investigated. This study examined proteoglycans (PGs) of the TMJ disc of the miniature pig and tested for alterations resulting from intraoral splint wear. Sixteen female pigs were divided into three groups: control (C), control splint (CS), and protrusive splint (PS). Splinted groups received chrome-cobalt ramp splints which were worn continuously for 2 months. PG content within various disc locations was determined by colorimeteric assay. PG synthesis and type were examined by labeling with (35)S-sulfate and SDS-PAGE analysis. Average water content of the disc was 77.1%, which places it at the high end of the normal range for collagenous biomaterials (60-80%). PGs migrating to the positions typical of aggrecan, biglycan, and decorin on SDS-PAGE were present in all locations of all groups. The highest content and synthesis of PGs were always found in the intermediate band of the disc regardless of group (P < 0.05), supporting the notion that this band encounters heavy compressive loading during function. The joints of animals from both splinted groups showed a high frequency of gross pathology. Biglycan synthesis was increased in both splinted groups (P < 0.05). Newly synthesized biglycan had a shorter migration distance in the intermediate bands of the CS group, suggesting increased hydrodynamic size. These findings suggest that intraoral splint wear may cause disc damage or remodeling.
Introduction Postcolonial Legalism

Chatterjee’s essay introduces the six articles in “Postcolonial Legalism,” a special section in CSSAAME 34.2. The essays in the section explore the specific field of postcolonial practices of the law in four countries: India, Sri Lanka, Lebanon, and South Africa. The key concern in all discussions of the legal-constitutional framework of postcolonial politics is the question of social (including economic) transformation.
Deficiency in inhibitory cortical interneurons associates with hyperactivity in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 mutant mice.

Background Motor hyperactivity due to hyper-dopaminergic neurotransmission in the basal ganglia is well characterized; much less is known about the role of the neocortex in controlling motor behavior. Methods Locomotor behavior and motor, associative, and spatial learning were examined in mice with conditional null mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1) restricted to telencephalic neural precursors ( Fgfr1 f/f;hGfapCre ). Locomotor responses to a dopamine agonist (Amphetamine 2 mg/kg and Methylphenidate 10 mg/kg) and antagonists (SCH233390 .025 mg/kg and Haloperidol .2 mg/kg) were assessed. Stereological and morphological characterization of various monoaminergic, excitatory, and inhibitory neuronal subtypes was performed. Results Fgfr1 f/f;hGfapCre mice have spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity characterized by longer bouts of locomotion and fewer resting points that is significantly reduced by the D1 and D2 receptor antagonists. No differences in dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, or serotonin immunostaining were observed in Fgfr1 f/f;hGfapCre mice. There was no change in cortical pyramidal neurons, but parvalbumin+, somatostatin+, and calbindin+ inhibitory interneurons were reduced in number in the cerebral cortex. The decrease in parvalbumin+ interneurons in cortex correlated with the extent of hyperactivity. Conclusions Dysfunction in specific inhibitory cortical circuits might account for deficits in behavioral control, providing insights into the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders.
A model of the smooth pursuit eye movement system

Human, horizontal, smooth-pursuit eye movements were recorded by the search coil method in response to Rashbass step-ramp stimuli of 5 to 30 deg/s. Eye velocity records were analyzed by measuring features such as the time, velocity and acceleration of the point of peak acceleration, the time and velocity of the peaks and troughs of ringing and steady-state velocity. These values were averaged and mean responses reconstructed. Three normal subjects were studied and their responses averaged. All showed a peak acceleration-velocity saturation. All had ringing frequencies near 3.8 Hz and the mean steady-state gain was 0.95. It is argued that a single, linear forward path with any transfer function G(s) and a 100 ms delay (latency) cannot simultaneously simulate the initial rise of acceleration and ring at 3.8 Hz based on a Bode analysis. Also such a simple negative feedback model cannot have a steady-state gain greater than 1.0; a situation that occurs frequently experimentally. L.R. Young's model, which employs internal positive feedback to eliminate the built-in unity negative feedback, was felt necessary to resolve this problem and a modification of that model is proposed which simulates the data base. Acceleration saturation is achieved by borrowing the idea of the local feedback model for saccades so that one nonlinearity can account for the acceleration-velocity saturation: the main sequence for pursuit. Motor plasticity or motor learning, recently demonstrated for pursuit, is also incorporated and simulated. It was noticed that the offset of pursuit did not show the ringing seen in the onset so this was quantified in one subject. Offset velocity could be characterized by a single exponential with a time constant of about 90 ms. This observation suggests that fixation is not pursuit at zero velocity and that the pursuit system is turned on when needed and off during fixation.
Phase 2 trial of concurrent 5‐fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, cetuximab, and hyperfractionated intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer

BACKGROUND: The objective of this phase 2 study was to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of incorporating cetuximab and simultaneous integrated-boost (SIB), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) into a well described 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and hydroxyurea (HU)-based chemoradiation regimen. METHOD: Patients with stage IVA and IVB or high-risk stage III squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were enrolled on a phase 2 trial. Prior organ-conserving surgery or induction chemotherapy was allowed off protocol. SIB-IMRT was prescribed to low-risk volumes (43.2 gray [Gy] to 48 Gy) and intermediate-risk volumes (54-63 Gy). A separate IMRT cone-down plan was targeted to macroscopic disease (72 Gy). The median radiation dose was 72 Gy (range, 60-72 Gy) administered in 1.5 Gy fractions twice daily during Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Concurrent systemic therapy consisted of 5-FU (600 mg/m2), HU (500 mg twice daily), and cetuximab (250 mg/m2). RESULTS: From January 2007 through April 2008, 33 patients were enrolled. At a median follow-up of 24 months, the 2-year rates of locoregional control, distant control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 83%, 79%, 69%, and 86%, respectively. Grade 3 toxicity consisted of mucositis in 33% of patients, radiation dermatitis in 15%of patients, anemia in 18% of patients, leukopenia in 18% of patients, neutropenia in 12% of patients, and thrombocytopenia in 3% of patients. Most patients (64%) were able to tolerate treatment without a feeding tube, and there were no acute or late grade ≥4 adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that concurrent 5-FU, HU, and cetuximab plus SIB-IMRT is a promising and reasonably well tolerated approach to incorporating molecularly targeted therapy into curative therapy for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence of a U(VI) Complex

A new complex, Na2(H2O)2UO2(PDC)2 (1), has been synthesized from the ligand pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (H2PDC) and uranyl acetate. The crystal structure of compound 1 was determined by single-crystal diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, with a = 8.0606(6) A, b = 11.3274(8) A, c = 11.6584(8) A, α = 116.7790(10)°, β = 107.4170(10)°, and γ = 90.9540(10)°. Compound 1 was further characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, luminescence spectroscopy, and UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy. A new complex, Na2(H2O)2UO2(PDC)2, was synthesized from the ligand pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (H2PDC) and uranyl acetate, and was characterized via single-crystal diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, luminescence spectroscopy, and UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy.
Analogues of tetramethylrosamine as transport molecules for and inhibitors of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance

Tetramethylrosamine and its thio- and seleno- analogues (TMR-O, TMR-S, and TMR-Se, respectively) were examined for their ability to be transported by Pgp into chemo-resistant CR1R12 cells. Verapamil (7 x 10(-6)M) enhanced the uptake of TMR-O and TMR-S into CR1R12 cells compared to those cultures not previously exposed to verapamil. The uptake of TMR-O and TMR-S in CR1R12 cells in the presence of 7 x 10(-6)M verapamil was equivalent to its uptake in the chemo-sensitive parent cell line AUXB1 in the absence or presence of verapamil. None of the TMR analogues were effective alone as photosensitizers of CR1R12 cells. However, when either TMR-S or TMR-Se was added to CR1R12 cells after 7 x 10(-6)M verapamil exposure for 2h, irradiation of cultures with 5.0J cm(-2) of 350-750 nm light caused significant phototoxicity. TMR-O showed no significant phototoxicity in the presence of verapamil. Chemo-sensitive AUXB1 cells are equally susceptible to phototoxicity using TMR-Se with or without previous exposure to verapamil. The Pgp modulators verapamil and CsA increased the uptake of CAM into CR1R12. Exposure of CR1R12 cells to TMR-S or TMR-Se for 2h in the dark resulted in no significant change in the intracellular accumulation of CAM. However, 1h of light exposure after incubation of cells with TMR-S or TMR-Se resulted in an up to 2-fold increase in CAM uptake.
Thermoregulatory responses of diabetic rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Thermal responses and skin microcirculation were measured in streptozotocin-induced diabetic (SD) rats during acute and chronic exposure to ambient (Ta) temperatures ranging from about 5 to 35°C. 2. 2. At 28°C, SD rats had higher rate of oxygen consumptions ( V O2), tail skin blood flow (SKBF), but lower rectal temperatures ( Tre) than saline-injected controls. 3. 3. Chronic exposure of the SD rats to 35 and 5°C caused a sharp rise and decline in Tre, respec- tively. 4. 4. At 35°C, hyperthermia in the SD rats was associated with greater increase in V O2 than controls, but changes in SKBF were similar in both groups. 5. 5. At 5°C, V O2 changed similarly in both the SD and control rats, but vasoconstriction was greater in the controls. 6. 6. The data suggest that hypothermia in SD rats may be associated with impairment of vasconstriction and hyperthermia may be related to an increase V O2 not accompanied by greater vasodilation.
Relationship between sequence determinants of stability for two natural homologous proteins with different folds.

In the Cro protein family, an evolutionary change in secondary structure has converted an α-helical fold to a mixture of α-helix and β-sheet. P22 Cro and λ Cro represent the ancestral all-α and descendant α+β folds, respectively. The major structural differences between these proteins are at the C-terminal end of the domain (residues 34−56), where two α-helices in P22 Cro align with two β-strands in λ Cro. We sought to assess the possibility that smooth evolutionary transitions could have converted the all-α structure to the α+β structure through sequences that could adopt both folds. First, we used scanning mutagenesis to identify and compare patterns of key stabilizing residues in the C-terminal regions of both P22 Cro and λ Cro. These patterns exhibited little similarity to each other, with structurally important residues in the two proteins most often occurring at different sequence positions. Second, “hybrid scanning” studies, involving replacement of each wild-type residue in P22 Cro with the aligne...
Small molecules in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation

The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine is a promising approach to the treatment of disease and injury. Natural and synthetic small molecules have been shown to be useful chemical tools for controlling and manipulating the fates of cells. Small molecules can target signaling transduction pathways (for example, tyrosine kinase receptors) and affect DNA replication, cell differentiation, tumor metastasis and apoptosis. Stem cells share many properties with cancer cells and these similarities can provide insights to control and direct cell behavior; small molecules are already standard chemotherapeutics in the treatment of cancer. Libraries of small molecules have been examined for anticancer behavior (especially apoptosis), and, more recently, for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation capabilities in potential approaches to regenerative medicine. Differentiation therapy for cancer is based on the idea that cancer cells are undifferentiated embryonic-like cells and proposes to promote the differentiation and hence block cell proliferation. For example, retinoids have a role in stem cell differentiation to several lineages and have also been used to promote differentiation of acute promyeloic leukemic cells. Small molecules are also important tools for understanding mechanistic and developmental processes. Strategies for generating functional small molecule libraries have been outlined previously. In this review, we will look at several small molecules that have been described in the recent literature as effectors of stem cell self-renewal or differentiation as associated with the Wnt, Hedgehog or NF-κB pathways.
The cDNA sequence, expression pattern and protein characteristics of mouse protein kinase C-ζ

Abstract A 2199-bp complementary DNA (cDNA) that encodes protein kinase C-ζ (PKC-ζ) has been isolated from mouse brain by a combination of reverse transcription and primer extension. The predicted PKC-ζ protein consists of 592 amino acids which are 99% identical to those of rat PKC-ζ. Northern blots that were probed with this cDNA revealed abundant 2200-nucleotide (nt) and 4200-nt PKC-ζ mRNAs in mouse brain in roughly equal amounts. PKC-ζ mRNA was also abundant in normal lung, kidney, and testes, and in several hemopoietic tumor lines. In all other mouse tissues and cell lines that were examined, at least faint levels of PKC-ζ mRNAs could also be detected. In tissues other than brain, the amount of PKC-ζ mRNA was less, and the smaller species generally predominated. Furthermore, in these tissues, both PKC-ζ mRNAs appear to be approximately 200 nt longer than the two mRNAs found in the brain. When the cDNA is expressed in insect cells via a baculovirus expression vector, a 75-kDa protein is synthesized which, unlike other PKC isoforms, does not bind phorbol ester, even at very high concentrations.
Alice Summer Camps: Evaluating Multiple Formats

During the summer of 2009, an Alice camp was taught to gifted students in our region. The following year our department secured an NSF CPATH Grant for Computational Thinking, grant number 0939106. In 2010 we hosted two weeks of our Adventures with Alice Programming and Computational Thinking camp, the first week with middle school students and the second with high school students. In both 2011 and 2012, we hosted one week of a combined middle school/high school camp. A general description of what we did in the camp will also be part of the poster presentation along with what we believe worked well and what could be improved.
Police/law enforcement and psychology

The number of areas of interface between psychology and law enforcement has grown sharply in the past few decades. At the same time the field of law enforcement-related psychology has acquired increased knowledge and sophistication based on extensive research and practical experience. Areas of interface between law enforcement and psychology include selection of police officer candidates; fitness-for-duty evaluations; prevention and treatment of stress-related disorders; hostage negotiation; psychological profiling of terrorists and mass murderers; and eyewitness testimony. Trends and developments in these areas are surveyed in this article.
Acoustic emission at failure in quasi-brittle materials

Abstract Development of failure in quasi-brittle materials is associated with microcracks, which release energy in the form of elastic waves called acoustic emission. From three types of tests — diametral compression, flexure and indentation — on specimens of high strength concrete, locations of acoustic emission were observed to form in the critically stressed region in a more or less diffuse manner for stress below the material's strength. However, as damage increased and peak stress was reached, a coalescence or localization of damage occurred and the zone formed a distinct volume, the so-called intrinsic process zone. Typically, the zone was similar in length for specimens of various size. Thus, it appeared that the acoustic emission technique was able to identify a characteristic length of the quasi-brittle material.