cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Message Dissemination under the Multicasting Communication Mode

We discuss algorithms, complexity issues, and applications for message dissemination problems under the multicasting communication mode. These problems arise while executing in a parallel or distributed computing environment iterative methods for solving scientific computation applications, dynamic programming procedures, sparse matrix multiplication, etc. Our message communication problems also arise when disseminating information over ad-hoc wireless networks. Given a communication environment and a set of messages that need to be exchanged, the message dissemination problem is to find a schedule to transmit all the messages in the least total number of communication rounds. Generating an optimal communication schedule (with the least total number of communication rounds) for message dissemination problems over a wide range of communication environments is an NP-hard problem. To cope with intractability efficient message dissemination approximation algorithms have been developed for different types of communication environments and message communication patterns (the communications that must take place). The communication environment consists of the communication network (the direct communications allowed for each processor), primitive operations (the basic communication operations allowed by the system), and the communication model (possible operations during each communication round or step). Our goal is to present scattered research results developed during the last decade to establish that the multicasting (one-to-many) communication environment is a powerful communication primitive that allows for solutions that are considerable better than those achievable under the telephone (or one-to-one) communication environment. The multicasting communication environment has been available for quite some time in parallel computing systems. We also establish that, within the multicasting communication mode, forwarding plays an important role by allowing solutions that are considerable better than when restricting to direct communications, even when the communication load is balanced and the network is complete (all possible bidirectional links are present). We show that off-line communication scheduling allows for considerably better solutions over on-line scheduling. However, on-line scheduling provides added flexibility and it is applicable to a larger set of scenarios.
The adsorption of 1-propanol, 1-propylamine, and 3-amino-1-propanol on plasma-grown aluminum oxides; comparison with propanoic acid and β-alanine

Abstract Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy is used to study the adsorption of 1-propanol, 1-propylamine, 3-amino-1-propanol, propanoic acid, and β-alanine on plasma-grown aluminum oxide surfaces. The feasibility of preparing highly deuterated oxide surfaces, and the utility of these surfaces in interpreting tunneling spectra are demonstrated. Tunneling spectra are compared to ir and Raman spectra of the pure materials and of a nickel complex of the amino acid. It is concluded that 1-propanol and 1-propylamine adsorb on the oxide surface in very nearly the same configuration. There is only a slight tendency for 1-propanol to form propanoate ion during the short (≤20 min) exposure times employed. The two bifunctional species, 3-amino-1-propanol and β-alanine, adsorb in a manner that involves both functional groups in binding to the surface.
Quasi-projectivity over domains

Let R be an integral domain with quotient field Q . We investigate quasi- and Q -projective ideals, and properties of domains all ideals of which are quasi-projective. It is shown that the so-called l½-generated ideals are quasi-projective, moreover, projective. A module M is quasi-projective if and only if, for a projective ideal P of R , the tensor product M ⊗ R P is quasi-projective. Domains whose all ideals are quasi-projective are characterised as almost maximal Prufer domains. Q is quasi-projective if and only if every proper submodule of Q is complete in its R -topology.
Metal salt induced synthesis of hybrid metal core–siloxane shell nanoparticles and siloxane nanowires

We demonstrate a one-step method for synthesizing hybrid siloxane nanowires and metal (gold, silver) core–siloxane shell nanoparticles at room temperature by mixing a metal salt with an octadecylsilane solution. This method avoids the use of pre-synthesized nanoparticles and allows us to tailor the shape of the nanostructures.
Company price tag shifts caused by new CEOs

Because conventional financial reporting failed to prevent savings and loans crisis of 1988, the market value concept became popular. To see if CEO changes affect “how much companies are worth if sold” Fortune 500 corporations were examined from 1997 to 2002. The findings show that companies with CEO changes see significant market value drops during the year of and especially year after CEO changes (i.e. when compared to benchmark) due to asset “write‐downs”. Yet, while there are no differences in market value shifts for the CEO change versus benchmark companies during the second and third years after CEO changes, asset reductions by new CEOs take place during their first and second years. The results suggest that executives looking for bargains on assets should target competitors with recent CEO changes, and new CEOs in their zeal to get clean slates should carefully liquidate “questionably productive” assets to prevent hostile takeovers.
Synaptic input to cochlear nucleus dendrites that receive medial olivocochlear synapses.

Axons of olivocochlear neurons originate in the superior olivary complex and project to the cochlea. Along their course, medial olivocochlear axons give off branches to the cochlear nucleus. We labeled these branches with horseradish peroxidase and used electron microscopy to determine their target dendrites. Target dendrites were of two classes: “large” dendrites and “varicose” dendrites. Using serial sections, we reconstructed the dendrites and, in addition to the labeled olivocochlear input, we determined the synaptic profile of unlabeled inputs onto the dendrites. We classified the terminals on the basis of the shape and size of their synaptic vesicles. On large dendrites, the predominant type of unlabeled terminal had small round (SmRnd) vesicles. These terminals are likely to be excitatory, and some of them may originate from unlabeled medial olivocochlear branches. On varicose dendrites, the predominant type of terminal had pleomorphic vesicles. These terminals are likely to be inhibitory. They may be from descending inputs that arise in higher centers. A final type of terminal onto large dendrites exhibited signs of neuronal degeneration, possibly because the cell body of origin was damaged during the injection procedure. These terminals often had long, perforated synaptic densities and may originate from type II primary afferents. Thus, medial olivocochlear efferents and type II afferents, which both contact outer hair cells in the periphery, appear to synapse onto the same targets in the cochlear nucleus. In contrast, where examined, the target dendrites did not receive terminals with large vesicles from afferents that contact inner hair cells. Thus, target neurons appear to function in a neural circuit associated more closely with outer than with inner hair cells. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An approximate three-dimensional theory of layered plates containing through thickness cracks

Abstract The objective of this investigation is the development of an approximate three-dimensional theory of laminated plates for application to laminates containing through-the-thickness cracks. This is accomplished by assuming an approximate form for the stress field as a product of a function of the out-of-plane variables. The variational principle of minimum complementary potential energy is employed to obtain a system of partial differential equations and associated boundary conditions which govern the in-plane variation of the stress field. This approximate theory is then applied to the problem of a laminar composite plate containing a through-the-thickness crack subjected to in-plane loading normal to the crack face. The resulting mixed boundary value problem is solved by integral transform methods. The stress field in the vicinity of the crack edge is obtained in closed form demonstrating qualitative features characteristic of the exact three-dimensional asymptotic solution. The through-the-thickness variation of this stress field is chosen so as to enforce plane strain conditions within each layer of the composite plate. The results indicate the influence of the geometric parameters and material properties of the composite system on the amplitude and transverse variation of the stress field in the vicinity of the leading crack edge.
Air concentrations of submerged and unsubmerged hydraulic jumps in a bedrock step‐pool channel

[1] The classical hydraulic jump, which is a hydraulic jump formed in a horizontal, smooth, and prismatic laboratory flume, has often been used for estimating hydraulic and morphologic characteristics of mountain river channels. However, most studies utilizing classical hydraulic jump relationships have neglected the role of aerated flows and jump types prevalent in natural systems. By developing a methodology to survey, digitize, and visualize air concentrations for jumps in bedrock rivers, we present new data for submerged jumps and sloping jumps in a bedrock step-pool channel. As with laboratory research, our results indicated peak, mean, and local air concentrations of natural jumps were skewed by submergence of the jump roller beneath the free surface. However, unlike laboratory research, cross-stream variations were significant for both jumps, varying up to 20% across the jump width. Traces through each jump thalweg also indicated the classical hydraulic jump was a poor analogue for estimating surficial air concentrations.
Evaluation of Stocking Methods for Lake Trout Fry

Abstract Three stocking techniques for placing lake trout sac fry directly onto an appropriate spawning reef in Lake Superior were evaluated: loading fry into artificial turf “sandwiches” anchored above a reef; placing fry in anchored buckets with screen windows or lids; and flushing fry through a hose directly to the reef surface. Laboratory trials and field trials were undertaken. The flushing technique was preferred due to its simplicity, compact space requirements, and apparent effectiveness. This investigation was part of a study to evaluate the stocking of lake trout at a life stage young enough to permit imprinting at their stocking location, but old enough to allow marking of the fish for future identification.
Current work and future plans of the Russell A. Firestone Radiation Therapy Center.

The idea of a Radiotherapy Center at Memorial Hospital began in about 1966 with the recommendations of a panel appointed by the Board of Managers that ". . . programs of radiation therapy in the Memorial Center and in the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center be coordinated; that the administration of radiation therapy be restricted to radiotherapists and that they have clinical responsibility for patient having radiation therapy; that policies as to modality of treatment be determined through joint decisions of the departments of medicine, surgery, pediatrics and radiation therapy." The implementation of these recommendations is described and their extension to cooperating community hospitals in a regional radiotherapy program is outlined. The prospects of further progress in radiation therapy, based on the triad of patient care, teaching and research, now seem assured.
Nonlinear interaction of photons and phonons in electron-positron plasmas.

Nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic waves and acoustic modes in an electron-positron plasma is investigated. The plasma of electrons and positrons is quite plastic so that the imposition of electromagnetic (EM) waves causes depression of the plasma and other structural imprints on it through either the nonresonant or resonant interaction. Our theory shows that the nonresonant interaction can lead to the coalescence of photons and collapse of plasma cavity in higher ({ge} 2) dimensions. The resonant interaction, in which the group velocity of EM waves is equal to the phase velocity of acoustic waves, is analyzed and a set of basic equations of the system is derived via the reductive perturbation theory. We find new solutions of solitary types: bright solitons, kink solitons, and dark solitons as the solutions to these equations. Our computation hints their stability. An impact of the present theory on astrophysical plasma settings is expected, including the cosmological relativistically hot electron-positron plasma. 20 refs., 9 figs.
The reinforcing properties of amphetamine in overweight subjects and subjects with depression

The reinforcing properties of amphetamine were assessed in two groups of subjects for whom the drug was hypothesized to be a more effective reinforcer than for control subjects. Preference for amphetamine (5 and 10 mg) over placebo was evaluated in subjects who were concerned about being overweight (n = 13), in subjects with depression (n = 15), and in control subjects (n = 25). Subjective effects of the drugs were measured by self-report questionnaires. All three groups chose 5 mg d-amphetamine as often as they chose, placebo. The control and weight-concern group chose 10 mg d-amphetamine significantly more often than placebo. Neither the choice behavior nor the subjective effects of the drug indicated that amphetamine was a more effective positive reinforcer in the experimental groups, because of either its anorectic properties or its presumed antidepressant properties. The results are discussed in terms of the relative risk for stimulant abuse in populations with these characteristics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 42, 127–136; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.122
The Avandia debate.

Perspectives on the News commentaries are now part of a new, free monthly CME activity. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, is designating this activity for 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credits. If you wish to participate, review this article and visit www.diabetes.procampus.net to complete a posttest and receive a certificate. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians . This is the first in a series of articles based on presentations at the American Diabetes Association's (ADA's) 67th Scientific Sessions in June 2007, in Chicago, reviewing aspects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) treatment, with focus on the controversy over possible adverse effects of rosiglitazone. On 21 May 2007, an article appeared on the New England Journal of Medicine Web site giving a meta-analysis of 42 trials comparing rosiglitazone with placebo or other agents. Steven Nissen and Kathy Wolski reported a significant 43% increase in myocardial infarction and a trend almost achieving statistical significance of a 64% increase in cardiovascular mortality (1). In an accompanying editorial, Bruce Psaty and Carl Furberg strongly questioned the wisdom of choosing treatments for diabetes based on “the single dimension of glycemic control,” suggesting that although “high levels of glycated hemoglobin increase risk,” one must “require proof of health benefits” before accepting that an agent lowering blood glucose benefits individuals with diabetes (2). These articles were accompanied by tremendous publicity. On 22 May 2007, an article in the New York Times entitled “Heart Attack Risk Seen in Drug for Diabetes” summarized the public concern. The article questioned whether GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), the manufacturer of rosiglitazone, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should have released similar data earlier, mentioned investigations being started in Congress, and quoted Nissen …
Transient Combustion Response of AP/HTPB Composite Propellant to Acoustic Oscillations in a Rocket Motor

A comprehensive theoretical/numerical model is developed to investigate the transient combustion response of AP/HTPB composite propellant to acoustic excitation in a rocket-motor environment. The work extends our previous analysis of AP/HTPB combustion at steady-state to include flow oscillations and their subsequent influence on the flame structure and propellant burning behavior. Detailed information about the flame-zone physiochemistry near the propellant surface is obtained at different locations in the motor for the first three modes of longitudinal acoustic waves. In addition, various mechanisms dictating the characteristics of the propellant combustion response, including microscale motions in the flame zone and macroscale motions in the bulk flow, are explored. The effects of mean and oscillatory flowfields in determining the propellant combustion response are also examined. Furthermore, a large flow velocity fluctuation often leads to a nonlinear response of the heat feedback to the propellant su...
Change point detection based on call detail records

In this paper we propose a method for combining wavelet denoising and sequential approach for detecting change points on mobile phone based on detailed call records. The Minmax method is used to estimate the thresholds of frequency and call duration for denoising. This work is useful to enhance homeland security, detecting unwanted calls (e.g., spam) and commercial purposes. For validation of our results, we randomly choose actual call logs of 20 users from 100 users collected at MIT by the Reality Mining Project group for a period of 8 months. Simulation data is also used to validate the results. The experimental results show that our model achieves good performance with high accuracy.
Entwicklungslinien der Gesundheitsselbsthilfe

In den Beschreibungen der Gesundheitsselbsthilfe sind immer wieder gesellschaftliche Anspruche eingeschlossen, die zeigen, dass der Wissensstand uber sie sehr gering ist. Auf Basis der Erfahrungen aus 40 Jahren Selbsthilfearbeit zeichnet der vorliegende Beitrag verschiedene Entwicklungslinien der Gesundheitsselbsthilfe nach. Er beschreibt die Entwicklung der Struktur der Selbsthilfe und ihre Erfolge, illustriert den Zusammenhang zwischen Selbsthilfe und Selbsthilfeorganisation, begrundet die gesellschaftliche Legitimation von Selbsthilfearbeit und beschreibt schlieslich die aktuellen Herausforderungen an die Gesundheitsselbsthilfe. Angesichts dieser neuen Herausforderungen – z. B. durch den Bedeutungsgewinn seltener Erkrankungen, die zunehmende wissenschaftliche Fundierung der gesundheitlichen Versorgung sowie die Diskussionen um verschiedene gesundheitsbezogene Informations- und Beratungsangebote – zeigt der Beitrag die qualitative Weiterentwicklung der Gesundheitsselbsthilfe auf.
The Type A behaviour pattern, induced mood, and the illusion of control

This study investigated the hypothesis that mood moderates the illusion of control among Type As and Bs. A facial positioning procedure was used to induce either positive, negative, or neutral moods in Type As and Bs during a control judgment task where no objective control was possible. Type Bs induced to experience a positive mood perceived greater control than did Type Bs experiencing a negative mood. There was no effect of induced mood on judged control for Type As.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia After Median Sternotomy Clinical Utility of Blood Culture Results in the Identification of Postoperative Mediastinitis

Background— Mediastinitis is a complication of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) that can be difficult to diagnose. This study evaluated the utility of blood culture results in identifyin...
Transient analysis of an electronically tunable dye laser - Part I: Simulation study

Computer simulation results of a dye laser electronically tuned by an acoustooptic filter in the laser cavity are presented. The filter employs a nonlinear anisotropic crystal in which a colinear acoustic beam diffracts the light into the orthogonal polarization. Only a narrow wavelength band is constructively diffracted and since the band center is determined by the acoustic frequency, it is easily controlled electronically. The filter causes the frequency of the light to shift by twice the acoustic frequency in a round trip and so the usual laser resonance condition is not satisfied. The simulation indicates that the previously predicted steady-state results are attained under CW pumping conditions. With a representative CaMoO 4 fillter, approximately 3 μs are required to achieve the steady state and a 0.3 A spectral bandwidth is typical. Similarly a LiNbO 3 filter requires 150 ns and produces a 0.17-A spectral bandwidth. Results of simulation studies for pulsed operation are also included.
Development of a lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) thin-film microactuator probe for intracochlear applications

Abstract In this paper, we present design, fabrication, and testing results of a small-scale piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) thin-film microactuator probe that could be implanted in the inner ear for hearing rehabilitation. The PZT probe would generate a pressure wave directly stimulating perilymph in the cochlea to provide acoustic stimulation. Specifically, the PZT probe is 1-mm wide, 10-mm long, and 0.4-mm thick with a PZT thin-film diaphragm at the tip of the probe serving as an acoustic actuator. The diaphragm size is 0.8 mm × 0.8 mm and the probe is packaged with parylene of 0.25-μm thickness. The design effort includes finite element simulations to determine thickness of the parylene package as well as back-of-the-envelope calculations of implantation depth of the PZT probe. The fabrication work includes deposition of a PZT thin film via sol–gel processes, deep reaction ion etching to form an array of vibrating PZT diaphragms, dicing the wafer to release the PZT probes, and application of parylene layer to package the PZT probes. The testing effort includes measurements of actuator velocity (via a laser Doppler vibrometer) and impedance (via an impedance analyzer) in air and in water. After the PZT probe is submerged in water, its displacement gradually increases and saturates at around 2 h. Impedance measurements also show a similar trend. To explain these phenomena, we hypothesize that water infiltrates into the PZT thin film via diffusion, thus increasing the dielectric constant of the PZT film. SEM images reveal numerous nano-pores on PZT and probe surfaces, indirectly supporting the hypothesis. The PZT probe functions in water for 55 h without breaking down.
How Prior Probability Influences Decision Making: A Unifying Probabilistic Model

How does the brain combine prior knowledge with sensory evidence when making decisions under uncertainty? Two competing descriptive models have been proposed based on experimental data. The first posits an additive offset to a decision variable, implying a static effect of the prior. However, this model is inconsistent with recent data from a motion discrimination task involving temporal integration of uncertain sensory evidence. To explain this data, a second model has been proposed which assumes a time-varying influence of the prior. Here we present a normative model of decision making that incorporates prior knowledge in a principled way. We show that the additive offset model and the time-varying prior model emerge naturally when decision making is viewed within the framework of partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). Decision making in the model reduces to (1) computing beliefs given observations and prior information in a Bayesian manner, and (2) selecting actions based on these beliefs to maximize the expected sum of future rewards. We show that the model can explain both data previously explained using the additive offset model as well as more recent data on the time-varying influence of prior knowledge on decision making.
Defect-related trapping and recombination in metamorphic GaAs 0.72 P 0.28 grown on GaAs

Since the bandgap of metamorphic GaAsP can be tuned through a range of energies in a high-radiance region of the solar spectrum, this alloy may be useful in multi-junction solar cells. For this application, achieving high conversion efficiency will require a good understanding of the defects that accompany lattice-mismatch in this system. We use photoluminescence and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) on GaAs 0.72 P 0.28 to identify defect-related energy levels and assess their impact on photovoltaic device performance. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra reveal a broad defect-related band approximately 0.10 eV below the band-to-band emission. At 165 K and above, thermal activation out of the defect-related band appears to enhance the band-to-band radiative mechanism. DLTS measurements on p-type GaAs 0.72 P 0.28 suggest the presence of a hole trap with a comparable depth (∼0.09 eV) and thermal escape temperature, but the collective results are difficult to interpret. An alternative approach assuming a reciprocal rather than logarithmic dependence on time is compelling, but the proposed hopping-transport model will require further testing.
Non-parametric significance tests of retrieval performance comparisons

It has been observed that statistical tests are infre quently applied in analysing differences in the performance of different retrieval methods. We believe this is explained on the one hand by the complexity of the subject, and on the other hand by the desire to avoid misleading conclusions. Because practical retrieval methods cannot be explained by simple models, parametric statistical tests are generally not suitable. Some non-parametric tests require a symmetry in the null hypothesis that seems inappropriate to the required task. A second class of non-parametric tests comprise the bootstrap methods. Here, the null hypothesis seems appro priate to practical testing, but the bootstrap assumption (that the sample may adequately represent the whole population) may be in question. If the bootstrap assumption is false, one may be led to erroneous conclusions (type I or type II errors). Here, by use of a mathematical model [11] which approxi mates the behaviour of practical retrieval systems, we show that bo...
Application of Logit Analysis to the Determination of Tenant Absorption in Condominium Conversion

Frequently, when an analyst is faced with categorical or nominal data, the statistical technique selected is limited to crosstabulation (contingency table) analysis. Logit analysis overcomes some of the problems typically associated with the contingency table-type analyses. This paper demonstrates the application of logit analysis to solve a real estate marketing problem. Specifically, logit analysis is used to assist in the identification of tenant-buyers in condominium conversion projects.
Navigating comics: an empirical and theoretical approach to strategies of reading comic page layouts.

Like the sequence of words in written language, comic book page layouts direct images into a deliberate reading sequence. Conventional wisdom would expect that comic panels follow the order of text: left-to-right and down – a “Z-path” – though several layouts can violate this order, such as Gestalt groupings of panels that deny a Z-path of reading. To examine how layouts pressure readers to choose pathways deviating from the Z-path, we presented participants with comic pages empty of content, and asked them to number the panels in the order they would read them. Participants frequently used strategies departing from both the traditional Z-path and Gestalt groupings. These preferences reveal a system of constraints that organizes panels into hierarchic constituents, guiding readers through comic page layouts.
Optimization of distributed MEMS transmission-line phase shifters-U-band and W-band designs

The design and optimization of distributed micromechanical system (MEMS) transmission-line phase shifters at both U- and W-band is presented in this paper. The phase shifters are fabricated on 500 /spl mu/m quartz with a center conductor thickness of 8000 /spl Aring/ of gold. The U-band design results in 70/spl deg//dB at 40 GHz and 90/spl deg//dB at 60 GHz with a 17% change in the MEMS bridge capacitance. The W-band design results in 70/spl deg//dB from 75 to 110 GHz with a 15% change in the MEMS bridge capacitance. The W-band phase-shifter performance is limited by the series resistance of the MEMS bridge, which is estimated to be 0.15 /spl Omega/. Calculations demonstrate that the performance of the distributed MEMS phase shifter can be greatly increased if the change in the MEMS bridge capacitance can be increased to 30% or 50%. To our knowledge, these results present the best published performance at 60 and 75-110 GHz of any nonwaveguide-based phase shifter.
Seed dispersal and seedling establishment of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae)

Plant ecologists continue to grapple with Reid's paradox, the observation that dispersal distances of most herbs and trees are too limited to account for their recolonization of northern latitudes following glacial recession. As global climate changes and natural habitats become increasingly fragmented, understanding patterns of seed dispersal and the potential for long-distance colonization takes on new importance. We studied the dispersal and establishment of the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea, which grows commonly in isolated bogs throughout Canada and eastern North America. Median dispersal distance of S. purpurea is only 5 cm, which is insufficient to explain its occurrence throughout formerly glaciated regions of North America. Establishment probability of seeds in the field is approximately 5%, and juveniles are normally found clustered around adult plants. The large-scale population genetic structure of this species can be accounted for by rare long-distance dispersal events, but its predictable occurrence in isolated habitats requires additional explanation. Reid's paradox remains an open question, and predicting long-range colonization into fragmented habitats by species with limited dispersal ability is a novel challenge.
The effect of high pressure on the lattice parameters of indium and its alloys

The effect of pressure to several hundred kbars has been measured on the lattice parameters of indium of an indium-tin alloy, and of two indium-thallium alloys. All four systems crystallize in the face centered tetragonal structure. All showed a maximum in ca in the region VV0 = 0·88–0·84. Pure indium and the thallium alloys behaved very much alike, while the tin alloy has a considerably lower maximum for c/a/(c/a)0 at a lower VV0.
Role of the Bering Strait in the thermohaline circulation and abrupt climate change

[1] Here we investigate the role of the Bering Strait (BS) in the thermohaline circulation (THC) response to added freshwater forcing (hosing) in the subpolar North Atlantic, through analyzing simulations of a fully coupled climate model with an open and closed BS. Results show that the THC declines similarly with an open and closed BS during hosing. However, the recovery of the THC is delayed by about a century in the closed BS simulation than in the open BS one after the hosing is off. The closed BS prevents the added freshwater being transported from the Atlantic into the Pacific via the Arctic as in the open BS case. Further, the freshwater supply is elevated significantly after the hosing by exporting the freshwater stored in the Arctic during hosing, as sea ice, back to the North Atlantic. This stabilizes the surface stratification there and suppresses the recovery of the deep convection. Citation: Hu, A., G. A. Meehl, and W. Han (2007), Role of the Bering Strait in the thermohaline circulation and abrupt climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05704, doi:10.1029/2006GL028906.
Potential-NRG: placement with incomplete data

Traditional placement problems are studied under a fully specified cell library and a complete netlist. However, in the first, e.g., 2 years of a 2-3 year microprocessor design cycle, the detailed netlist is unavailable. For area and performance estimation, layout must nevertheless be done with incomplete information. Another source of incompleteness comes from reuse of instances from earlier design generations; these instances and their parameters will change as the project evolves. The problem of placement with incomplete data (PID) can be abstracted as having to place a circuit when p/sub c/% of the cells and p/sub n/% of the nets are missing. The key challenge in PID is how to add missing cells and nets. In this paper, two "patching-methods" for adding missing nets and cells are proposed. The methods are called abstraction and fusion. Experimental results are very interesting and illustrative. First, they show that PID is a difficult problem and an arbitrary (and perhaps intuitively sound) method may not produce high-quality results. Experiments verify that the abstraction method is a very good predictor and that fusion is not because circuits produced by abstraction attain much of the properties of the original circuits. Summary Table 3 in Section 4 shows that when a circuit has 10% incompleteness, abstraction can predict the final total wirelength with an error of 5.8%, while fusion has a 67.8% error in predicting the wirelength in the same circuit.
Reply: Recombinant Human TSH Versus Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal

1816 Objectives To compare the qualitative interpretation of Rb-82 versus N-13 ammonia PET myocardial perfusion scans in subjects without documented CAD. Methods 10 subjects (5 males and 5 female), age range: 40-49, participants in a prospective study designed to validate a software-based method to measure absolute myocardial blood flow, with no history of CAD were included in this study. Subjects had a negative exercise stress test (n=9) or a negative CT coronary angiogram (n=1) prior to PET scans. All subjects underwent Rb-82 and N-13 ammonia PET scans with dipyridamole stress. Both scans were interpreted by 3 physicians. Each segment in the polar map was assigned a severity score and a final overall interpretation was provided based on a 5-point scale (normal, probably normal, equivocal, probably abnormal, abnormal). Results The mean stress summed score (SSS) for Rb-82 PET studies was 0.27 ± 0.97 and the mean stress difference score (SDS) was 0, compared to 2.53 ± 2.43 and 1.60 ± 1.90 for N-13 ammonia, respectively. These differences were statistically significant (p = 0.01 and p = 0.008, respectively). The SSS ratings for N-13 ammonia and Rb-82 PET were significantly different for two of the readers (p Conclusions N-13 ammonia myocardial perfusion PET scans may show greater variability and a lower specificity than Rb-82 scans when assessed using conventional visual interpretation criteria. Research Support Siemens Medical Solution
Arthur Morrison, Criminality, and Late-Victorian Maritime Subculture

In 1897, the literary critic H. D. Traill accused Arthur Morrison’s novel, A Child of the Jago, of exaggerating the viciousness of East London’s poor, claiming that Morrison had distilled various criminal behaviors into one totalizing, nightmarish zone of barbarity. This essay looks to Morrison’s later novel, The Hole in the Wall (1902), whose concentration of crime is more ambiguous. Morrison tells the reader that Blue Gate Fields, and the pub within it, Paddy’s Goose, are especial locales of danger, but in fact, criminality extends beyond them to wider Wapping, including the pub and home of Captain Nat Kemp and his grandson, the narrator Stephen Kemp. Through his portrayal of Wapping, Morrison conveys his childhood familiarity with the specific maritime culture of the docks and their associated industries. In this regard, we can classify Morrison not merely as an East End novelist, but as a docklands writer. He recognized the unusual topography of Wapping with its sailors’ pubs, lodging houses, and curio shops – and also the hazards inherent there for the sailor on leave: the risk of losing one’s freedom and wages to predatory crimps and ‘land sharks’. Given his commitment to representing the district with all of its idiosyncrasies, Morrison reminds us of the limits of generalizing the ‘East End’ as a homogenous region.
Theory refinement combining analytical and empirical methods

Ourston, D. and R.J. Mooney, Theory refinement combining analytical and empirical methods, Artificial Intelligence 66 (1994) 273-309. This article describes a comprehensive system for automatic theory (knowledge base) refinement. The system applies to classification tasks employing a propositional Hornclause domain theory. Given an imperfect domain theory and a set of training examples, the approach uses partial and incorrect proofs to identify potentially faulty rules. For each faulty rule, subsets of examples are used to inductively generate a correction. Because the system starts with an approximate domain theory, fewer training examples are generally required to attain a given level of classification accuracy compared to a purely empirical learning system. The system has been tested in two previously explored application domains: recognizing important classes of DNA sequences and diagnosing diseased soybean plants.
Photochemistry of Fragrance Materials. II. Aromatic Compounds and Phototoxicity

AbstractFragrance materials are used widely in consumer products such as cosmetics, toiletries, detergents, soaps and household products. Approximately 150 natural and 4000 synthetic chemicals have been used to create appropriate fragrances for these products today. Because of the large number of chemicals used in fragrances, one might expect that various chemical changes can occur in products during production, storage, and after application or use by the consumer. Among these chemical changes, photochemical reactions of certain compounds are beginning to receive attention as those reactions which produce photosensitizing chemical products in fragrances. This is an especially serious problem for skin care products which undergo the most exposure to sunlight. This can promote photochemical reactions in product fragrances after they are applied to the human skin. Photochemical reactions which trigger new organic syntheses are some of the most important reactions in organic chemistry today. Reactions which ...
Attachment to Parents and Adjustment in Late Adolescent College Students Current Status, Applications, and Future Considerations

The attachment model holds considerable promise for understanding the challenges and adjustment vicissitudes of late adolescent college students. The model is potentially valuable for counseling psychologists, further more, in linking knowledge of developmental theory with counseling intervention and prevention. Existing research supports an association between secure parental attachment and adjustment for first-year college students. A variety of methodological challenges, however, need to be addressed in order to fully assess the validity of attachment-based developmental and intervention models, especially for women and culturally and racially diverse college students.
Locus-specific gene repositioning in prostate cancer

Genes occupy preferred spatial positions within interphase cell nuclei. However, positioning patterns are not an innate feature of a locus, and genes can alter their localization in response to physiological and pathological changes. Here we screen the radial positioning patterns of 40 genes in normal, hyperplasic, and malignant human prostate tissues. We find that the overall spatial organization of the genome in prostate tissue is largely conserved among individuals. We identify three genes whose nuclear positions are robustly altered in neoplastic prostate tissues. FLI1 and MMP9 position differently in prostate cancer than in normal tissue and prostate hyperplasia, whereas MMP2 is repositioned in both prostate cancer and hyperplasia. Our data point to locus-specific reorganization of the genome during prostate disease.
Application of SPME to Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology

Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological studies necessitate information regarding drug concentration at numerous time points during the interaction of the drug with the body; accordingly, reproducible and good-quality data can only be obtained by employing excellent sampling procedures and bioanalytical methods that can handle complex samples.
Multimedia vectorization of floating-point MIN/MAX reductions: Research Articles

Finding the minimum or maximum value in an array forms an important step in a variety of applications. This paper discusses vectorization schemes that take advantage of the streaming-SIMD-extensions in commonly used floating-point MIN and MAX reductions. Performance advantages are demonstrated with experimental results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention of unintentional childhood injuries

Injuries are the leading cause of death in children and teenagers in the United States. The leading causes of unintentional injury vary by age and include drowning, poisoning, suffocation, fires, burns, falls, and motor vehicle, bicycle, and pedestrian-related crashes. Most injuries are preventable by modifying the child's environment (e.g., use of stair gates) and having parents engage in safety practices (e.g., keeping matches or lighters out of reach of children). Effective injury prevention methods include the use of childproof caps on medications and household poisons, age-appropriate restraints in motor vehicles (i.e., car seats, booster seats, seat belts), bicycle helmets, and a four-sided fence with a locked gate around residential swimming pools.
Band Offsets and Anomalous Deep Defect Distribution at the Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Crystalline Silicon Interface via Junction Capacitance Techniques

A novel a-Si:H/c-Si Schottky diode heterostructure device premits the study of the capacitive response to relatively low temperatures (25 K) and also allows fast pulse filling capture measurements of electrons from the c-Si substrate into a-Si:H defect states. These latter measurements, as well as capacitance vs. temperature measurements on these diodes, indicate a nearly zero conduction band offset (50±50 meV). We also have observed trapping of holes at the a-Si:H/c-Si valence band discontinuity ΔEv. A clear threshold for the subsequent optical release of these trapped holes by sub-bandgap light yields a value of ΔEv = 0.58±0.02 eV. Finally, photocapacitance spectra along with thermally stimulated capacitance (TSCAP) measurements indicate an anomalously large (l×1018/cm3) Gaussian-shaped defect band located a Ec - 0.88 eV with a FWHM of 0.46 eV. Model calculations of the high temperature capacitance-voltage dependence indicate these defects lie predominately within 350 A of the a-Si:H/c-Si interface.
The 1980 U.N. Commission on Human Rights and the Disappeared

When the public debate began at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on the question of disappeared persons, the atmosphere in the huge assembly hall was tense and expectant. The public gallery was jammed with the wives and families of those persons who had been "disappeared"-arrested, tortured, imprisoned, or possibly killed by governments which refused to admit any knowledge or responsibility. The concerned audience came from all over the world. A few had even been disappeared themselves, but had managed to escape. They had haunted the halls and corridors of the Palais des Nations in Geneva since the beginning of the Commission; every delegate felt their presence and their desire for the United Nations to do something about their lost loved ones. On a United Nations time scale, the phenomenon of disappearances was a relatively new issue. The General Assembly had first considered it on 20 December 1978 by expressing its concern and recognizing the urgency of the problem.1 The next year, in March 1979, the issue of disappearances was included on the agenda of the Human Rights Commission, but was given such low priority that time expired before it could be debated. It was simply postponed until the 1980 session.2 In the year's interim, international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) performed an immense job of publicizing the issue and creating international pressure for meaningful action by the Human Rights Commission.
SELECTION ON COPULATION DURATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: PREDICTABILITY OF DIRECT RESPONSE VERSUS UNPREDICTABILITY OF CORRELATED RESPONSE.

Estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations for seven reproductive attributes had previously been obtained from parent-offspring regression (Gromko, 1987, 1989). Copulation duration was shown to have a heritability of 0.23 and to be genetically correlated with courtship vigor (rA = -0.41) and with fertility (rA = 0.27). These observations form the basis for the prediction of direct and correlated responses to selection for increased and decreased copulation duration, which are reported here. The direct response corresponded closely to prediction, but the correlated responses did not provide consistent qualitative fit. A hypothesis is proposed to explain this difference in predictability of direct and correlated response to selection. The major postulate is that the different polygenes involved in the direct response to selection for copulation duration have different pleiotropic effects.
Radiology double reads

Diagnostic errors in radiology reports can result in patient harm, lead to unnecessary additional testing or interventions, or otherwise diminish the quality of care delivery.1 ,2 In this issue, Lauritzen et al retrospectively evaluated the impact of a quality assurance process using double reads on changes made to abdominal CT reports requested by referring surgeons.3 The authors address an important topic in this insightful study highlighting the challenges and opportunities related to improving radiology report quality. The authors analysed 1071 consecutive abdominal CT reports on patients referred by surgeons from five public Norwegian hospitals double read by two consultant radiologists over a 17-month period. The request for the second read was initiated at the judgement of the primary radiologist reader who could have been an inexperienced radiologist, an experienced general radiologist, an abdominal radiology subspecialist or a subspecialist in another organ system. Preliminary and final reports were compared for changes and the clinical importance of these changes were rated, on a five-point scale, by at least two gastrointestinal surgeons each with at least 10 years of experience. In addition, the severity of any changes was classified as increased, decreased or unchanged. Of these reports, 146 (14%) were identified as containing clinically important changes; 3 critical, 35 major and 108 intermediate. The severity of the changes was increased in 118 (81%) of reports with clinically important changes. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that important changes were more frequent when the examination was urgent or when the second reader was an abdominal radiologist and less frequent when the first reader was an abdominal radiologist. The primary goal of the radiologist is to provide the …
Experimental Analysis of a UAV-Based Wireless Power Transfer Localization System

Sensors deployed in remote locations provide unprecedented amounts of data, but powering these sensors over long periods remains a challenge. In this paper, we develop and present a UAV-based wireless power transfer system. We discuss design considerations and present our system that allows a UAV to fly to remote locations to charge hard to access sensors. We analyze the impact of different materials on the wireless power transfer system. Since GPS does not provide sufficient accuracy, we develop and experimentally characterize a relative localization algorithm based on sensing the magnetic field of the power transfer system and optical flow that allows the UAV to localize the sensor with an average error of 15 cm to enable the transfer of on average 4.2 W. These results overcome some of the practical challenges associated with wirelessly charging sensors with a UAV and show that UAVs with wireless power transfer systems can greatly extend the life of remotely deployed sensors.