cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recombination barrier layers in solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

By replacing the dye in the dye-sensitized solar cell design with semiconductor quantum dots as the light-absorbing material, solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (ss-QDSSCs) were fabricated. Cadmium sulfide quantum dots (QDs) were grown in situ by successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). Aluminum oxide recombination barrier layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at the TiO 2 /hole-conductor interface. For low numbers of ALD cycles, the Al 2 O 3 barrier layer increased open circuit voltage, causing an increase in device efficiency. For thicker Al 2 O 3 barrier layers, photocurrent decreased substantially, leading to a decrease in device efficiency.
Partial protection of mice by human gamma-globulin against Staphylococcus aureus on subcutaneous sutures.

SummaryThe technic of subcutaneous implantation of sutures infected with Staphylococcus aureus was used to assay protection of mice by pooled human gamma globulin. The mice which received 1 ml each of gamma globulin in divided doses showed 30 to 35% fewer purulent skin lesions than controls. The infected sutures, however, were not freed of viable staphylococci. This model system is regarded as being sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its continued use in experiments toward elucidation of critical factors in pathogenesis and protection.
Bronchopulmonary Disease in the Cat: Historical, Physical, Radiographic, Clinicopathologic, and Pulmonary Functional Evaluation of 24 Affected and 15 Healthy Cats

The results of clinical and pulmonary functional evaluation of 24 cats with bronchopulmonary disease and 15 healthy cats are presented. Affected cats had historical evidence of excessive reflexes (coughing, sneezing); physical evidence of airway secretions (crackles), obstruction (wheezing), and increased tracheal sensitivity; radiographic evidence of bronchial and interstitial lung disease; and cytological evidence of airway inflammation or mucous secretions. Bacterial isolates from healthy and affected cats were predominantly Gram-negative rods, indicating that bronchi of cats are not always sterile and that normal flora should be considered in interpreting cultures from cats with suspected bronchopulmonary disease. Cats were grouped according to relative disease severity based on scored historical, physical, and radiographic abnormalities. The mean (+/- standard deviation) baseline lung resistance measurement in healthy cats was 28.9 cm H2O/L/s (+/- 6.2 cm H2O/L/s), whereas in mildly, moderately, and severely affected cats it was 38.3 cm H2O/L/s (+/- 21.5 cm H2O/L/s), 44.8 cmH2O/L/s (+/- 7.7 cm H2O/L/s), and 105.2 cm H2O/L/s (+/- 66.9 cm H2O/L/s), respectively. In healthy cats, dynamic lung compliance was 19.8 (+/- 7.4), whereas in mildly, moderately, and severely affected cats it was 14.7 mL/cm H2O (+/- 3.8 mL/cm H2O), 17.7 mL/cm H2O (+/- 6.9 mL/cm H2O), and 13.0 mL/cm H2O (+/- 7.9 mL/cm H2O), respectively. Thus, airway obstruction was present in many of the affected cats. Based on acute response to the bronchodilator, terbutaline, airway obstruction was partially reversible in many affected cats, although the degree of reversibility varied. Furthermore, based on bronchoprovocation testing, 6 (of 7) affected cats evaluated also had increased airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine.
Real-Time Assessment of Mental Workload with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Potential for Human-Computer Interaction

We used machine learning techniques to analyze functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data from the brain of human subjects to classify different levels of mental workload. Preliminary results show potential for fNIRS in human-computer interaction research.
The applicability of network management systems in small businesses

This paper looks at some of the common maintenance tasks required by industry regulations such as PCI-DSS and state and federal regulators and evaluates the applicability of network management systems in complying with these requirements. The sample network tested includes 10 Windows servers, 30 Windows workstations, and 10 additional network elements from various vendors. Network management offerings from Spiceworks, ManageEngine, and GFI are tested and evaluated.
Upper bounds on free energies in terms of hard-sphere results

The Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality is used to develop a first-order perturbation theory that provides an upper bound on the free energy. Charged systems as well as a system of Lennard-Jones particles are discussed, and detailed numerical estimates of the bounds are presented.
Contrasting Effects of CCR5 and CCR2 Deficiency in the Pulmonary Inflammatory Response to Influenza A Virus

The immune response to influenza A virus is characterized by an influx of both macrophages and T lymphocytes into the lungs of the infected host, accompanied by induced expression of a number of CC chemokines. CC chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2 are both expressed on activated macrophages and T cells. We examined how the absence of these chemokine receptors would affect pulmonary chemokine expression and induced leukocyte recruitment by infecting CCR5-deficient mice and CCR2-deficient mice with a mouse-adapted strain of influenza A virus. CCR5−/− mice displayed increased mortality rates associated with acute, severe pneumonitis, whereas CCR2−/− mice were protected from the early pathological manifestations of influenza because of defective macrophage recruitment. This delay in macrophage accumulation in CCR2−/− mice caused a subsequent delay in T cell migration, which correlated with high pulmonary viral titers at early time points. Infected CCR5−/− mice and CCR2−/− mice both exhibited increased expression of the gene for MCP-1, the major ligand for CCR2−/− and a key regulator of induced macrophage migration. These studies illustrate the very different roles that CCR5 and CCR2 play in the macrophage response to influenza infection and demonstrate how defects in macrophage recruitment affect the normal development of the cell-mediated immune response.
Stochastic Assessment of Evaporative Misting for Growing-finishing Swine in Kentucky

Pig growth was simulated for a naturally ventilated growing-finishing swine facility with and without an evaporative misting system. Forty-two years of weather data for summertime conditions in central Kentucky were used to determine the simulated environment. Use of evaporative misting was found to reduce the length of a summer growth cycle by an average of 14.1 days and feed consumption by an average of 17.7 kg (39 lb) for the 42-year period. Average daily gain and feed-to-gain ratio were also improved. The economic benefit to the producer, in terms of feed savings, ranged from $800 to $2,964 (coolest year to warmest year) with an average of $1,700/year for the period of record. The results also indicated a high probability that a misting system would return the initial investment within a single average year, based on feed savings alone.
Role of plasticity in coincidence detection in the avian auditory brainstem

Introduction Interaural time difference (ITD) is the difference in the time of arrival of sounds to both the ears, used by birds and mammals as cues for locating the sound source. Nucleus magnocellularis (NM), one of the major neurons in the cochlear nucleus of the auditory brainstem, sends depressing excitatory synapses onto the NL neuron which acts as a coincidence detector. Coincidence detection means a NL neuron has a higher firing rate, when it receives simultaneous inputs from the NM neurons of both the left and right ear i.e. without any phase delay. Cook et al [1] have shown that the depression from NM to NL enhances coincidence detection among NL neurons. Another factor which affects coincidence detection is the inhibition from SON (superior olivary nucleus) onto the NM neurons. SON is another group of neurons in the auditory brainstem. Coincident firing of many NM fibers from any one side alone can evoke firing of NL neurons thus creating ambiguity among NL neurons in being able to discriminate between binaural coincidences from strong monaural excitation. It has been shown by Rubel et al [2] that the SON play a vital role in controlling the dynamics of the NM neurons when biased inputs are presented to either group of the NM neurons since SON inhibition is proportional to the strength of NM neurons. Thus an increased activity of NM neurons on one side recruits stronger inhibition on that side which eventually reduces NM activity.
Hydrodynamic properties of mucous glycoproteins

In order to understand how mucous glycoproteins, or mucins, confer such striking rheological properties on mucous secretions, it is first necessary to understand the structures of the individual glycoproteins and their components. Although significant variability of structure among mucins from different sources is evident, the “bottlebrush” structure is a common motif. For purposes of hydrodynamic calculations, we take the typical mucin monomer to have a molecular weight of 5 × 105, 20% protein and 80% carbohydrate. About 25% of the polypeptide chain is unglycosylated or bare, while the remainder is densely substituted with oligosaccharide chains, averaging about eight sugar residues long. Unless the mucins are treated with S-S reducing agents, proteases, and denaturants, they are often found to have molecular weights around 2 × 106. Thus, we model the normally occurring form as a tetramer, crosslinked like a star in the bare region. With these structural ideas as a basis, we have confronted published hydrodynamic data with modern hydrodynamic theories to obtain a picture of mucin molecular structure. To account for the oligosaccharide side chains, we used a treatment developed for partially porous spheres. To model the composite structure of glycosylated and bare regions, we used subunit hydrodynamic theory. To consider the effects of branching, we used published theories for branched random coils and extended the broken-rod results of Wilemski to cover branched rodlike structures. The major conclusions are (1) the bare region is probably not highly extended, (2) the glycosylated region is more like a random coil than a rigid rod, and (3) comparison of hydrodynamic properties of monomers and branched tetramers suggests that the monomer is more rigid in the tetramer. This may be due either to understimation of aggregation in the analysis of the experimental data or to a real stiffening effect imposed by polyelectrolyte and steric repulsive interactions with the other chains in the branched mucin.
On uncomplemented subspaces of L p, 1 <p <2

It is shown tat, for 1 <p < 2, there is an uncomplemented subspace ofL p [0,1] that is isomorphic to Hilbert space.
POLLEN AND RESOURCE LIMITATION OF COMPENSATION TO HERBIVORY IN SCARLET GILIA, IPOMOPSIS AGGREGATA

This study was motivated by an interest in herbivore-pollinator interactions, and in the potential of pollination ecology and the physical environment to influence levels of tolerance to herbivore damage in scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregate. To investigate these potential interactions, we performed a factorial combination of clipping treatments, fertilizer additions, and hand pollinations in a natural population of scarlet gilia in 1994 and 1995. Clipping imposed the strongest treatment effect on plants and acted by delaying phonology, altering plant architecture, and reducing plant fitness in both years. Hand pollinations increased the production of fruits and seeds in 1995 only, suggesting that our population was pollen limited in that year. Clipped plants could compensate for damage, but only under a restrictive set of environmental conditions, including fertilizer and hand pollinations in 1994, and hand pollinations in 1995. We did not detect significant overcompensation in either year of study, even under conditions releasing plants from nutrient and pollen lim- itation. A phenotypic selection analysis was conducted in 1995 to investigate several traits thought to influence fitness in the presence and absence of herbivore damage. Clipped plants were under strong selection for early flowering and increased plant height. We did not detect a significant association between branch production or plant size and fitness in grazed plants, suggesting that other factors determined the ability of plants to compensate for damage in 1995. We suggest that clipping-induced changes in plant architecture and phe- nology altered interactions between damaged plants and pollinators. We offer several hy- potheses to explain these patterns and highlight the complexity of pollinator- and herbivore- mediated selection in natural plant populations.
Use of equivalent films to reduce effects of nonuniform liquid-crystal thickness in a liquid-crystal image transducer

Output intensity variations produced by nonuniform liquid-crystal thickness in some Hughes liquid-crystal image transducers can be substantially reduced by replacing the readout side electrode and SiO2 insulating layer by a symmetrical SiO2-electrode–SiO2 film that is made optically equivalent to glass by adjusting the layer thicknesses.
Negative ions generated by reactions with oxygen in the chemical ionization source. I. Characterization of gas‐phase and wall‐catalyzed reactions of fluorene, anthracene and fluoranthene

The methane negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are usually dominated by molecular, M− ˙ or M H− ions; however, ions resulting from additions to M have also been reported. Some of these ions have been observed at [M + 14]− ˙, [M + 15]−, [M + 30]− and [M + 32]−˙ and have been attributed to reactions with either oxygen-containing impurities in the buffer gas or alkyl radical species generated by ionization of a hydrocarbon buffer gas. In this study, the NICI spectra of fluorene, anthracene and fluoranthene were studied in detail using quadrupole and Fourier transform mass spectrometers. Spectra were acquired when reactive species such as oxygen, water, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were added to the nitrogen buffer gas. Experiments with deuterated methane were also carried out. These studies indicated that buffer gas impurities affect the NICI spectra; however, gas-phase ion-molecule reactions were not responsible for all of the observed products. In addition to electron- and ion-molecule reactions, ions were observed that resulted from wall-catalyzed oxidation reactions followed by electron capture. These reactions were enhanced by the addition of oxygen and elevated ion source temperatures. Depending upon the parent PAH structure, oxidation products such as ketones, quinones and anhydrides were formed.
Carbon: observations on the new allotropic form.

The recently characterized " white " allotropic form of carbon has been produced at high temperature and low pressure during graphite sublimation. Under free-vaporization conditions above ∼2550°K, the white carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the basal planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of this material are identical to those of a carbon form noted in graphitic gneiss from the Ries Crater.
Improvement and upgrade of mine fire simulation program MFIRE

MFIRE, an underground mine fire simulation program developed in 1980’s, is a tool that can be used to simulate the impacts of a mine fire event to a mine ventilation network. However, the lack of the abilities to simulate some of the important mine fire phenomena realistically hindered its wide applications. This research carried out to improve and upgrade the MFIRE 2.20 program to MFIRE 2.30. The new additions of MFIRE 2.30 including a time dependent fire model, smoke rollback prediction, the incorporation of a moving fire source, and a rewriting of MFIRE in Microsoft Visual C++ were interpreted.
Reply to comments of Mijnheer and Williams

The comments of Mijnheer and Williams on AAPM dosimetry protocol for the determination of absorbed doses from high energy x-rays and electron beams are answered.(AIP)
Inverse Problem for the Vibrating Beam in the Free-Clamped Configuration

We consider the problem of reconstructing the flexural rigidity r(x) and the density $\rho $(x) of a beam. The unknown beam is assumed to have a free left end and a clamped right end. The data consist of the displacement and angle of the centre line of the free left end after an initial impulse. The information content of this seismogram-like impulse response is equivalent to three spectra {$\omega \_{n}$}, {$\nu \_{n}$}, {$\mu \_{n}$} and two gross constants F$\_{1}$, F$\_{2}$. These data do not specify the structure of the vibrating beam uniquely, but rather a class of beams. All the beams in this class share the same structure over that portion of their length which is actually set in motion; they can differ over the portion that is stationary. A method for constructing r(x) and $\rho $(x) is presented. It consists of two steps. First $\rho $(x) and r(x) are determined over a small interval (0,x) adjacent to the free left end. Next, this known portion of the beam is stripped off and the response of the resulting truncated beam is computed via the initial data. The procedure is then repeated. Finally, the question of the existence of a solution is discussed. More specifically, conditions on {$\omega \_{n}$}, {$\nu \_{n}$} and {$\mu \_{n}$} are given that ensure that r(x) and $\rho $(x) are physically meaningful.
Revolution or Self-Defense? Communist Goals, Strategy, and Tactics in the Greek Civil War

At the end of World War II the Greek Communist party (KKE) claimed that it would seek an accommodation with its domestic opponents, but the party soon launched a full-scale insurrection on its own initiative in the expectation of receiving decisive support from the Soviet Union.With civil war under way, the head of the KKE, Nikos Zahariadis, repeatedly told Soviet of ficials that victory was certain if the Greek Communists could obtain funding, weapons, and other equipment from the USSR and its allies.Although Soviet leaders were concerned that the KKE's aggressiveness would provoke a U.S. reaction, they permitted the clandestine shipment of large quantities of supplies that delayed but could not avert the insurgents'defeat.U.S.of ficials at the time largely misperceived the causes of the insurrection, but they correctly sensed that the KKE's dependence on Soviet-bloc assistance would ensure that a Communist victory would bring Greece into Moscow's orbit.
Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides as soil treatments against the eye gnat, Hippelates collusor, in the laboratory.

Twenty-four organophosphorus compounds, three carbamate insecticides and one chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (Thiodan® have been screened in the laboratory as soil treatments against the eye gnat Hippelates collusor (Townsend). (Chemical definitions of proprietary materials are listed below.) Of the organophosphorus compounds, Co-Ral®, Bayer 25141, Experimental Nematocide 18133, Bayer 29493, GC-4072, Ethyl Guthion®, Trithion®, GC-3582, ronnel, G-30494, phorate, Bayer 22408, Methyl Trithion®, GC-3583, ethion, Guthion®, Di- Syston®, and Delnav® manifested a high degree of initial activity against the gnat. The first four compounds in this group had the greatest activity while Di-Syston and Delnav were less effective. Relatively moderate dosages of dimethoate and parathion were required for 90% reduction of the gnats. American Cyanamid Compound 18706, Dylox®, phosphamidon, and dicapthon proved effective only at higher dosages. Thiodan was ineffective at practical dosages. Of the carbamate insecticides, AC-5727 was most efficient in reducing eye-gnat emergence from treated soil. Sevin® was effective, but only when applied in greater quantities, and m-tbutylphenyl N-methylcarbamate did not indicate appreciable activity at the rates used here.
Wide Dynamic Range Instrument For Measurement Of Laser Spot Position On Stationary And Moving Targets

Electro-Optical Systems, Test and Evaluation Directorate, USAMICOM, is currently involved in the Battlefield Obscurants Program evaluating laser designator and missile seeker systems when exposed to realistic battlefield conditions. Instrumentation was needed to provide information as to the position of the centroid of the laser spot after it had been attenuated and distorted as a result of those battlefield conditions. Current methods utilizing silicon vidicon cameras were not adequate due to the requirements of sensitivity and dynamic range comparable with the missile seeker performance parameters. This paper presents the technique, hardware development and software development, of a real-time, non-imaging, laser spot centroid tracker against both stationary and moving targets.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improved Procedures for Computing Rectangular Plate-Lifting Electromagnets

A formula for the lifting power of the magnet is developed and a method for estimating the magnetic flux below the bottom is given. A method for locating the kernel of the field is given. These help in finding the lifting force. A shorter method for computing saturation curves is given. An analysis of saturation in corners is made.
Localization and interaction effects in two-dimensional W-Re films

In this communication we report our findings on two-dimensional amorphous W-Re films of various compositions in which we have studied superconducting fluctuations, the superconducting transition temperature T/sub c/, and the magnetoresistance. We have also measured the dependence of T/sub c/ on sheet resistance. The T/sub c/ data fit well with the predictions of Maekawa and Fukuyama which are based on localization and Coulomb-interaction effects. Inelastic-scattering times derived from these measurements agree with data from phase-slip phenomena.
Imaging of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Radiologic evaluation is an important component of the clinical staging evaluation of lung cancer and can greatly influence whether the patient is treated with surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. In addition to staging, the radiologic evaluation of the patient undergoing treatment and subsequent follow-up is important to the clinician for assessing treatment effects and complications. This article discusses the imaging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and its use in management of these patients.
Effect of composition on performance properties in cationic UV-curable coating systems

Cycloaliphatic epoxides have been widely studied in the coatings industry because of the excellent mechanical properties of films prepared using these monomers and various diluents. In this study, polyol was studied as a diluent for formulations containing cycloaliphatic epoxide and oxetane in order to evaluate the effect on coatings properties and curing kinetics. The addition of polyol was shown to have an effect on both mobility of the cation as a chain transfer agent, along with the more general effect of flexibility, as evidenced by the hardness data, which increased when a small amount of polyol was added, but decreased as more polyol was included in the formulation. In terms of crosslinking kinetics, it was found that the inclusion of polyol resulted in an increase in conversion during UV irradiation. The level of polyol also had an effect on other properties, such as Tg and crosslink density.
Some properties of a partially purified inhibitor(s) of protein synthesis from rat-liver mitochondria.

We have previously described an inactive inhibitor of protein synthesis from rat liver mitochondria and its activation by brief incubation with N-ethylmaleimide [Wu, J. M. and Ibrahim, N.G. (1980) FEBS Lett. 119, 25-28]. To study the mode of action of the mitochondrial translational inhibitor (MTI), the relative distribution of monosomes and polysomes in rabbit reticulocyte lysates has been analysed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. These studies show that MTI causes a significant decrease in the amount of polysomes with marginal effect on the polysome profile. Under identical experimental conditions, addition of partially purified heme-regulated inhibitor results in a complete disaggregation of polysomes. Studies with micrococcal-nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysates suggest that the primary target of MTI is the inactivation of globin mRNA with relatively little effect on other components of the translational machinery. The inhibitor also degrades poly(U), vesicular stomatis virus mRNA, reovirus mRNA, but appears to be inactive against poly(A), Escherichia coli 16S rRNA, HeLa cell rRNA or chick embryo DNA. Chromatography of MTI on heparin-agarose results in the resolution of at least two inhibitory activities. The first inhibitory activity (eluted with 250 mM KCl) can be reversed (50-70%) with high concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate or MgGTP (0.7 mM or 3.3 mM) whereas the second inhibitory activity can only be partially reversed with poly(A)-rich RNA.
Laboratory simulations of Mars aqueous geochemistry

Abstract We report on laboratory experiments in which we allowed an SNC-derived mineral mix to react with pure water under a simulated Mars atmosphere for 7 months. These experiments were performed at one bar and at three different temperatures in order to simulate the subsurface conditions that most likely exist where liquid water and rock interact on Mars today. The dominant cations dissolved in the solutions we produced, which may be characterized as dilute brines, are Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, and Na+, while the major anions are dissolved C, F−, SO2−4 and Cl−. Typical solution pH was in the range of 4.2–6.0. Abundance patterns of elements in our synthetic sulfate–chloride brines are distinctly unlike those of terrestrial ocean water or continental waters, however, they are quite similar to those measured in the martian fines at the Mars Pathfinder and Viking 1 and 2 Landing sites. This suggests that salts present in the martian regolith may have formed over time as a result of the interaction of surface or subsurface liquid water with basalts in the presence of a martian atmosphere similar in composition to that of today. If most of the mobile surface layer was formed during the Noachian when erosion rates were much higher than at present, and if this layer is homogeneous in salt composition, the total amount of salt in the martian fines is approximately the same as in the Earth's oceans. The minimum quantity of circulating water necessary to deposit this amount of salt is approximately equivalent to a global layer 625 m deep.
3D in vitro bioengineered tumors based on collagen I hydrogels

Cells cultured within a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro environment have the ability to acquire phenotypes and respond to stimuli analogous to in vivo biological systems. This approach has been utilized in tissue engineering and can also be applied to the development of a physiologically relevant in vitro tumor model. In this study, collagen I hydrogels cultured with MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were bioengineered as a platform for in vitro solid tumor development. The cell–cell and cell-matrix interactions present during in vivo tissue progression were encouraged within the 3D hydrogel architecture, and the biocompatibility of collagen I supported unconfined cellular proliferation. The development of necrosis beyond a depth of ∼150–200 μm and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α were demonstrated in the in vitro bioengineered tumors. Oxygen and nutrient diffusion limitations through the collagen I matrix as well as competition for available nutrients resulted in growing levels of intra-cellular hypoxia, quantified by a statistically significant (p < 0.01) upregulation of HIF-1α gene expression. The bioengineered tumors also demonstrated promising angiogenic potential with a statistically significant (p < 0.001) upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A gene expression. In addition, comparable gene expression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase of HIF-1α (p < 0.05) and VEGF-A (p < 0.001) by MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in the 3D collagen I hydrogels compared to cells cultured in a monolayer on two-dimensional tissue culture polystyrene. The results presented in this study demonstrate the capacity of collagen I hydrogels to facilitate the development of 3D in vitro bioengineered tumors that are representative of the pre-vascularized stages of in vivo solid tumor progression.
Ultraviolet photolysis of amino acids on the surface of icy Solar System bodies

Abstract The icy worlds of the outer Solar System are of significant astrobiological interests due, in large part, to the evidence of liquid water beneath the surfaces of a number of jovian and saturnian satellites. Many of these surfaces are subject to various levels of particle and photon radiation. If molecular compounds of biological origin are present in the surface ice layer (originating either in situ or delivered from a subsurface aqueous environment), can they be detected as evidence of biological activity, or do they decompose too rapidly in the surface radiation environment? We present a wavelength resolved study of the ultraviolet photolysis of glycine and phenylalanine to address this question. Studying these reactions at multiple discreet wavelengths distinguishes the present work from previous matrix isolation studies using hydrogen flow lamps and continuum sources by resolving the important contribution of photons with energies much lower than Lyman-α (121.6 nm). We find that although the half-lives of glycine and phenylalanine are essentially identical at 147 nm, they diverge at 206 nm and diverge significantly at 254 nm with glycine having longer half-lives at these longer wavelengths. Scaling the results to account for the wavelength dependent variation in solar irradiance shows that despite the reduction of photon energies in the 200–250 nm range, versus 147 nm, it is the longer wavelengths that will dominate the destruction of amino acids in icy surfaces. It seems unlikely that organics can survive long enough on the surface of an icy planetary body to be detected without being frequently replenished from a shielded source such as a subsurface ocean.
Ethical Fairness and Human Rights: The Treatment of Employees with Psychiatric Disabilities

Extant business research has not addressed the ethical treatment of individuals with psychiatric disabilities. This article will describe previous research on individuals with psychiatric disabilities drawn from rehabilitation, psychological, managerial, legal, as well as related business ethics writings before presenting a framework that illustrates the dynamics of (un)ethical behavior in relation to the employment of such individuals. Individuals with psychiatric disabilities often evoke negative reactions from those in their environment. Lastly, we provide recommendations for how employees and organizations can become more proactive in providing individuals with such disabilities equal employment opportunities for both access and accommodation in the workplace.
Deposition rates and lens care influence on galyfilcon A silicone hydrogel lenses.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of deposition and impact of various multipurpose care regimens on a silicone hydrogel contact lens material (galyfilcon A; Acuvue Advance, Vistakon, Inc.). Methods. This was a two-phase, monadic, open-label, daily-wear clinical study. The analyses from Phase I were aimed at determining total lens front surface area deposition after two 2-week periods of galyfilcon A lens wear. Deposition was graded clinically using a slit-lamp biomicroscope from grade 0 (0% surface area) to grade 4 (>25% surface area). Secondary outcomes included visual acuity and self-reported overall comfort, end-of-day comfort, and perceived vision. Phase II determined the impact of various multipurpose solutions with and without a rub step on “heavy depositors” (grade 3 or 4) from a single phase I site. There were four arms associated with phase II, and front surface deposition was again the primary outcome with the same secondary outcomes as that mentioned previously. Results. In phase I, after the initial 2-week wear period, 9.4% of subjects exhibited grades 3 and 4 deposition. There were no differences in visual acuity, comfort, end-of-day comfort, and self-reported perceived vision when comparing “depositors” and “nondepositors.” Twenty-seven “heavy depositors” from phase I completed phase II. After using Complete MoisturePlus (with a digital rub), no patients (0%) had clinically significant (grades 3 or 4) deposition, whereas for comparison, 33% of patients (the “heavy depositors”) from phase I had clinically significant deposition without a digital rub (p = 0.003). Similarly, 3.7% of patients had grade 3 or 4 deposition after using Opti-Free Express (with a digital rub) (p = 0.01) and AOSEPT with a Miraflow-based rub (p = 0.01) compared with the 33% of patients using Complete MoisturePlus without a digital rub. There were no differences in visual acuity or self-reported outcomes when stratified by lens care system in phase II. Conclusions. Less than 10% of subjects exhibit clinically significant levels of deposition with galyfilcon A lenses when cleaned with Complete MoisturePlus (no-rub) multipurpose solution, and this was shown to not interfere with lens performance. The addition of a rub-and-rinse step to the care of galyfilcon lenses significantly reduces this deposition rate.
BIOLOGY OF CUTEREBRA LEPUSCULI TOWNSEND (DIPTERA: CUTEREBRIDAE) IN COTTONTAIL RABBITS IN IDAHO

Cuterebra lepusculi Townsend parasitize cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in southern Idaho. Peak parasitism was 69% in mid-September. Mean development time in the host was 27 days. The species is univoltine in Idaho. Partially developed larvae were transferred from freshly killed to living hosts and the resulting larvae matured normally. Developing pupae were cooled or warmed to retard or speed development and synchronize adult emergence.
Group Learning Curves: The Effects of Turnover and Task Complexity on Group Performance1

This study examined the effects of turnover and task complexity on group performance. Two hundred and forty subjects arranged into three-person groups performed a production-type task for six experimental periods. The design was a 2 (Turnover vs. No Turnover) × 2 (Simple vs. Complex Task) × 2 (Male vs. Female) × 6 (Periods) factorial with repeated measures on the last factor. The analysis revealed that group performance improved markedly as groups gained experience with the task. Groups which did not experience turnover (closed groups) produced significantly more products than did groups which experienced turnover (open groups). The superior performance of closed over open groups was amplified over periods. Groups produced more of the simple than of the complex product, and this difference was also amplified over periods. The gap in the performance of closed versus open groups increased over periods, and the increase in the gap was greater for the simple than for the complex task. The lesser impact of turnover on the complex task is consistent with an innovation hypothesis, according to which increases in the production of complex tasks are due more to innovation than to repetition. Supportive analyses of innovation data are reported.
The Integration of Student Design Competitions and Academic Curricula

This paper discusses various aspects and models of how student design competitions can be integrated into a typical undergraduate curriculum. University models range from no involvement—where the professional society chapter or even a separate group of students operate autonomously—to models where the competition activities are intimately integrated with the capstone senior design requirements. Each model exhibits different strengths and weakness, these being examined in terms of student experiences and feedback, ABET criteria, benefits to the university, and cost to the university. A case study demonstrates the potential for integration and the perspectives of students, advisors, and organizers are considered.© 2006 ASME
2-hexanone potentiation of [14C]chloroform hepatotoxicity: covalent interaction of a reactive intermediate with rat liver phospholipid.

Abstract Rats were treated with [14C]chloroform (14CHCl3) in corn oil (CO) or corn oil alone 18 hr following pretreatment with 2-hexanone (2-HX) in corn oil or corn oil alone. Livers were removed, homogenized 1, 2, and 6 hr post-14CHCl3 administration, and glutathione (GSH) content, irreversible binding of 14CHCl3-derived radiolabel, and phospholipid composition were determined. The combination of 2-HX + CHCl3 reduced GSH content to 21% of control (CO + CO) 1 hr after CHCl3 administration. No significant rebound of GSH was observed 24 hr post-CHCl3 administration. In contrast, GSH was not altered by administration of CHCl3 to CO-pretreated rats. Although 14CHCl3-derived radiolabel was irreversibly bound to hepatic macromolecules of both CO- and 2-HX-pretreated rats, total irreversibly bservation was consistent with the decrease in GSH of 2-HX-pretreated rats. Total 14C binding in 2-HX-pretreated rats reached a plateau 2 hr post-14CHCl3 administration and was distributed 52% in protein, 41% in lipid, and 7% in acid soluble fractions 6 hr post-14CHCl3 administration. 2-HX enhanced 14C binding to protein and lipid at each time point. Radiolabel was not detected in neutral lipids of control or 2-hexanone-treated animals, but was enhanced 33-fold in phospholipids of 2-hexanone-treated animals. Phospholipid fatty acid methyl ester derivatives did not contain 14C indicating the radiolabel was most likely associated with phospholipid polar head groups. Two dimensional thin layer chromatographic analysis of phospholipid from treated animals demonstrated that 87% of the total radiolabel was associated with a specific phospholipid (14C-PL) which had a 1:1 molar ratio of phosphate to 14C. The latter indicates that the 14C-PL was a monophospholipid derivative of 14CHCl3 reactive intermediate, generally thought to be phosgene. Concurrent decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine content from 23% of total phospholipid to 7%, accumulation of 14C-PL to 2.6% of total phospholipid, and increase in lysophosphatidylethanolamine from 1 to 7% of total phospholipid durkng 2-hexanone + 14CHCl3 treatment indicated that the amine moiety of phosphatidylethanolamine polar head groups was the probable target of phosgene-lipid interaction, and that a degradative pathway existed which removed the abnormal phospholipid from hepatic membranes. No phospholipid other than phosphatidylethanolamine was depleted. During model studies, 12% phosgene in toluene was reacted with liver phosphatidylethanolamine for 6 hr at 37°C. Two reaction products were formed, further substantiating that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) may react with [14C]phosgene in liver. Although the data presented here are insufficient to conclude that the depletion of PE is a major mechanism in CHCl3 hepatotoxicity, documented studies in which altered phospholipid composition modified cellular function suggest the possibility that PE depletion may contribute to phosgene-induced liver injury.
Fine-Grained Inspection for Higher-Assurance Software Security in Open Source

This paper reports our experiences in using a fine-grained software inspection tool to increase productivity in both software security evidence construction and internals re-engineering, for a higher-assurance open source software project named Xenon. We explain why fined-grained tool-based inspection is essential for a higher-assurance open source project.
Turbulent vortex streets and the entrainment mechanism of the turbulent wake

The results of an experimental investigation of a turbulent vortex street in the range from 1000 to 20,000 are presented. The vortex street was created by the motion of a circular cylinder in a motionless fluid (mercury). Photographs obtained showed that the turbulent street, created by the vortex shedding behind the cylinder, persisted at longer downstream distances and higher Reynolds numbers than previously reported in the literature. A theory was developed to account for the experimental measurements pertaining to the change of the geometrical characteristics, (the distance between the two rows of vortices and the longitudinal distance between two consecutive vortices on the same row), of the street in the downstream direction. The implications of the structure of the vortex street on the entrainment mechanism of the turbulent wake are discussed.
Preliminary report of research committee on climatology

The Research Committee on Climatology of the Section of Meteorology was appointed in 1943. Shortly after its establishment the Chairman, H. Landsberg, was obliged to resign because of work is connection with the war. In his place A. E. Parr was appointed, but, for various reasons, no meeting of the members could be called in time for making a formal report at the twenty-fifth annual meeting.
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Surfactant Protein-A Messenger RNA in Human Fetal Lung in Vitro by Glucocorticoids

Surfactant protein-A (SP-A), the major pulmonary surfactant-associated protein, is a developmentally and hormonally regulated sialoglycoprotein of about 35,000 mol wt. In previous studies we observed that dexamethasone has dose-dependent biphasic effects on the levels of SP-A and its mRNA in human fetal lung in vitro. At concentrations of 10−10−10−9 m, dexamethasone increased the levels of SP-A and its mRNA over those of control tissues, whereas at concentrations ≥10−8 m, the steroid was markedly inhibitory. Our findings suggest that the inhibitory action of dexamethasone (>10−8 m) on SP-A mRNA levels was mediated by an effect to reduce SP-A mRNA stability, since the steroid caused a dosedependent increase in the rate of transcription; however, an effect to increase transcription with premature termination leading to instability of mRNA transcripts could not be ruled out. In the present investigation we have studied in detail the mechanisms underlying the biphasic effects of glucocorticoids on SP-A mRNA l...
Lanthanide binding and IgG affinity construct: potential applications in solution NMR, MRI, and luminescence microscopy.

Paramagnetic lanthanide ions when bound to proteins offer great potential for structural investigations that utilize solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, or optical microscopy. However, many proteins do not have native metal ion binding sites and engineering a chimeric protein to bind an ion while retaining affinity for a protein of interest represents a significant challenge. Here we report the characterization of an immunoglobulin G-binding protein redesigned to include a lanthanide binding motif in place of a loop between two helices (Z-L2LBT). It was shown to bind Tb3+ with 130 nM affinity. Ions such as Dy3+, Yb3+, and Ce3+ produce paramagnetic effects on NMR spectra and the utility of these effects is illustrated by their use in determining a structural model of the metal-complexed Z-L2LBT protein and a preliminary characterization of the dynamic distribution of IgG Fc glycan positions. Furthermore, this designed protein is demonstrated to be a novel IgG-binding reagent for magnetic resonance imaging (Z-L2LBT:Gd3+ complex) and luminescence microscopy (Z-L2LBT: Tb3+ complex).
The Neurobiology of Psychopathy: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective

We provide an overview of the neurobiological underpinnings of psychopathy. Cognitive and affective-emotional processing deficits are associated with abnormal brain structure and function, particularly the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. There is limited evidence of lower cortisol levels being associated with psychopathic personality. Initial developmental research is beginning to suggest that these neurobiological processes may have their origins early in life. Findings suggest that psychopathic personality may, in part, have a neurodevelopmental basis. Future longitudinal studies delineating neurobiological correlates of the analogues of interpersonal-affective and antisocial features of psychopathy in children are needed to further substantiate a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychopathy.
Linking School-to-Work Programs to Community Economic Development in Urban Schools.

The author argues that community-based organizations can improve the quality and relevance of school-to-work programs. Community-based organizations can integrate secondary schools into broader community economic development initiatives and keep students interested in staying in school. Case studies of four partnerships between schools and community-based organizations are presented to illustrate different approaches and concentrations for school-to-work programs. The author concludes with specific recommendations for creating similar partnerships.
Energy transfer from protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide during photoconversion of etiolated bean holochrome.

Abstract The photoconversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide in etiolated bean leaves or leaf extracts exhibits complicated kinetics that are neither simple first-order nor second-order with respect to the reactant. By comparing the chlorophyllide absorbance with the intensity of chlorophyllide fluorescence excited at wavelengths where both pigments absorb, we demonstrate that the kinetic complexity results from the transfer of electronic excitation from protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide. Measurements of the polarization of chlorophyllide fluorescence indicate that efficient excitation transfer occurs at room temperature over pigment aggregates containing at least four molecules. The relative quantum efficiency of chlorophyllide-excited chlorophyllide fluorescence remains constant during photoconversion of holochrome or etioplast preparations. This result does not support the proposal of increasing exciton interaction between chlorophyllides during the course of photoconversion.
Expression of MLH1 and MSH2 in urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis

In this study, we investigated microsatellite instability in urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis by lack of immunohistochemical staining for MLH1 and MSH2. The study included 44 cases of urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis obtained from radical nephroureterectomy specimens at our institution. We evaluated the loss of nuclear immunohistochemical staining of MLH1 and MSH2. Eight of 44 (18 %) patients had negative MLH1 expression and 25/44 (57 %) patients had negative MSH2 expression. Six of 8 (75 %) patients with negative MLH1 expression were male and 2/8 (25 %) patients were female. Nineteen of 25 (75 %) patients with negative MSH2 expression were male, and 6/25 (24 %) patients were female. Seven of 8 (88 %) cases with negative MLH1 expression were high-grade urothelial carcinoma, and 21/25 (84 %) cases with negative MSH2 expression were high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Twenty-one of 44 (48 %) cases had an inverted growth pattern, of which 3/21 (14 %) cases had negative MLH1 expression and 14/21 (67 %) cases had negative MSH2 expression. Our study showed that microsatellite instability based on negative expression of MLH1 and MSH2 was more common in male patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma. There is a strong correlation between inverted growth pattern and negative MSH2 expression. Microsatellite instability testing should be performed in patients with upper urinary tract carcinoma and may have prognostic value.