cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending the Specificity of DRL 72-s Behavior for Screening Antidepressant-Like Effects of Glutamatergic Clinically Validated Anxiolytic or Antidepressant Drugs in Rats

Both an agonist and its associated prodrug for metabotropic glutamate2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptors demonstrated anxiolytic efficacy in large, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials studying patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). These mGlu2/3 receptor agonists produced robust preclinical anxiolytic-like effects in rodent models. Several different metabotropic glutamate2 receptor positive allosteric modulators have been found to produce antidepressant-like effects on several preclinical screening paradigms, including differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second (DRL 72-s) behavior [increased reinforcers, decreased response rate, and cohesive rightward shifts in inter-response time distributions]. Although mGlu2/3 receptor agonists have not been tested formally for therapeutic effects in treating patients with major depressive disorder, these compounds generally fail to exert antidepressant-like effects in preclinical screening paradigms and did not improve depressive symptoms in GAD trials. Thus, the present studies were designed to test the potential antidepressant-like effects of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist 1S,2S,5R,6S-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-bicarboxylate monohydrate (LY354740) on the DRL 72-s schedule. LY354740 did not test similarly to clinically validated antidepressant drugs when administered alone or when coadministered with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine in rats. Another glutamate-based antidepressant drug, the uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate channel blocker racemic ketamine, exerted antidepressant-like effects when administered at subanesthetic doses in rats. The findings further support the specificity of rat DRL 72-s behavior when screening for anxiolytic versus antidepressant drugs and extend testing of compounds with glutamatergic mechanisms of action. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate2/3 receptor agonist and clinically validated anxiolytic drug 1S,2S,5R,6S-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-bicarboxylate monohydrate did not test similar to antidepressant drugs (increased reinforcers, decreased response rate, and cohesive rightward shifts in the inter-response time distribution) when tested on differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-second (DRL 72-s) behavior and also did not enhance the antidepressant-like effects of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. The uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine increased the reinforcement rate, decreased the response rate, and induced a rightward shift in the inter-response time distribution similar to antidepressant drugs; these results confirm the utility of DRL 72-s schedule of reinforcement when testing clinically validated anxiolytic versus antidepressant glutamatergic drugs.
Auditing, Inspections, and Testing for Social Responsibility in Supply Networks

The operations management literature has investigated the role of auditing, testing, and inspections, in ensuring socially responsible actions by supply chain partners. Specifically, studies have examined the auditing of suppliers for noncompliance of socially responsible practices and the inspection and/or testing of products for social responsibility violations. In this chapter, we examine this stream of literature and summarize its main insights.
The Melanocyte Lineage Factor miR-211 Promotes BRAFV600E Inhibitor Resistance.

Resistance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy remains a major obstacle in improving care for patients with advanced melanoma. MicroRNAs play important roles in regulating gene networks involved in disease progression and resistance to therapy in cancers such as melanoma. MicroRNA miR-211 contributes to melanocyte and melanoma biology and has been implicated in targeted therapy resistance. Lee et al. (2020) report a novel mechanism by which miR-211 promotes resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitor therapy via the upregulation of the extracellular signal–regulated kinase 5 signaling pathway.
Non-Native English-Speaking Patients, Support Systems, and Patient Care Delivery: A Study of Secondary School Athletic Trainers

Context Non-native English speakers (NNES) in the United States have more than doubled since 1990, increasing the likelihood of NNESs seeking healthcare and experiencing language barriers. Language barriers in healthcare result in ineffective communication, decreased care, and reduction in overall provider satisfaction. Objective To investigate experiences of secondary school athletic trainers (ATs) who provided care to patients that were NNES or communicated with their NNES support systems. Design Qualitative. Setting Semi-structured interviews. Patients or other participants Fifteen secondary school ATs with experience communicating with NNES patients or their support systems. Data collection and analysis Participants were interviewed and a 3-person data analysis team used the multi-phased consensual qualitative research approach to develop a consensus codebook with domains and categories identified from the transcripts. Trustworthiness was established through member checking, multiple researcher triangulation, and auditing. Results Four domains emerged from the data: 1) communication, 2) welcoming environment, 3) cultural agility, and 4) resourcefulness. Participants enhanced communication by relying on nonverbal communication, translated resources, and interpreters. Participants discussed a difference in care delivery based on fluency. Participants explained efforts to create a welcoming environment by speaking in the NNESs native language, increasing comfort, and serving as an advocate within the healthcare system. Acknowledging customs, demonstrating respect, and understanding potential fear/shame associated with language barriers were discussed as ways to increase cultural agility. Participants identified a lack of formal training, which increased their on-the-job training and health information technology usage. Participants perceived spending increased amounts of time, initiation, effort, and adaptability while caring for and communicating with NNESs. Conclusions Participants perceived they had little formal training, therefore, they became more resourceful and increased communication strategies to provide equitable care. Participants indicated adapting their care to meet cultural needs and creating a welcoming environment for NNESs was important when cultivating a patient-centered experience.
The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism: Cobdenism and the ‘dismal science’

I t was probably, as we have seen, the specifically anti-colonial sentiments and phrases of the party of Hume and Cobden, which, in the cosmopolitan heyday of free trade, many Britons were to share and to mouth, which have for so long made historians view an age of colonization as one merely of the dismantling of colonial empire; it was the liberal and even democratic vocabulary of ‘responsible self-government’ of the Radical Colonial Reformers which permitted later generations to sympathize with their attack on ‘Mr Mother-Country’ Stephen, while either ignoring or viewing with a secularist suspicion the pleas of the ‘missionary interest’. Similarly, it was Cobden's benign view of a cosmopolitan and pacific international division of labor, erected upon the most liberal principles of political economy, which led historians for so long, to ignore the voluminous evidence that another, less cosmopolitan vision of empire, one derived from England's mercantilist past, was prevalent, probably predominant, not only in the parliament as a whole, but also among parliamentary Radicals; it was probably this as well which led historians to pass over the very unpacific jingoism of the leading Radicals, both anti-colonial and colonizers, when matters concerning the expansion of trade were at issue. Finally, it was the victory of an optimistic Cobdenism (the temper of which was reinforced by the prosperity of the fifties and sixties), with its vision of the smooth passage of industrialism, based on an almost religious conviction of the spiritual and moral truth of free trade, as we shall see, which has made us forget the existence of a full-scale theory of capitalist imperialism, which, following the pessimistic principles of the heterodox agrarian economists and of Wakefield, saw the necessity of a continually expanding foreign trade and of colonization to a developing industrialism.
Detection and quantification of Chilean strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus by real-time RT-PCR assays using segment B as a target

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the causal agent of a highly prevalent disease that affects salmonid fish, mostly during their fresh water life period. Like many other viruses, IPNV produces highly heterogeneous populations. Therefore, diagnostic methods need to be checked constantly so that no variants of the virus escape detection. The IPNV genome is composed of two double-stranded RNA segments: A and B, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods normally use segment A as a target. In order to develop an optimized protocol to diagnose IPNV, we present a real-time RT-PCR (reverse transcription) technique, using primers designed to recognize segment B of the virus. To validate the ubiquity of the primers used, the IPNV isolates tested were sequenced and compared with previously published cladograms, which include a wide spectrum of genogroups. These primers made it possible to detect viral isolates belonging to genogroups 1 and 5, which were obtained from different locations linked to fish farming. As expected, we were able to detect the virus from distant Aquabirnavirus genogroups.
Serial changes in left ventricular function after correction of chronic aortic regurgitation. Dependence on early changes in preload and subsequent regression of hypertrophy.

Surgical correction of chronic aortic regurgitation generally results in a substantial decrease in left ventricular (LV) volume and mass. To assess the functional significance of these structural changes, serial noninvasive tests of LV function from 23 patients were examined after aortic valve replacement. Three independent tests of LV function were used: (1) the ratio of the LV preejection period (PEP) to the LV ejection time (LVET), (2) the echocardiographic fractional increase in LV wall thickness (FT), and (3) the mitral E point to septal separation (ESS). Studies were performed before surgery and at 0.3 (early), 3 to 6 (mid), and 9 to 12 (late) months after surgery. In the early postoperative studies, LV end-diastolic dimension decreased to normal or near-normal and the PEP/LVET ratio increased substantially in 17 patients. Ten of the 17 (group 1) had complete regression of LV hypertrophy and the average values for all 3 indexes of LV function were normal at the time of the late postoperative study (PEP/LVET = 0.41 ± 0.05, FT = 73 ± 14%, ESS = 6.2 ± 0.9 mm). Seven patients (Group 2) with incomplete regression of LV hypertrophy showed borderline to moderately abnormal function indexes at the late study. Six patients had persistent LV enlargement and no postoperative regression of hypertrophy (Group 3). These patients did not show the substantial early changes in the function indexes observed in Groups 1 and 2; moreover, the indexes remained markedly abnormal at the time of the late postoperative study (PEP/LVET = 0.52 ± 0.10, FT = 47 ± 13%, ESS = 22.3 ± 7.2 mm). Patients in Group 3 had preoperative evidence of abnormal LV function which was more marked than that observed in Groups 1 and 2. Thus, the early postoperative changes in LV preload and the subsequent regression of LV hypertrophy are associated with evidence of early LV dysfunction and subsequent improvement. Postoperative LV enlargement and persistent LV hypertrophy are associated with persistent LV dysfunction. These serial data provide a framework for the rational timing and interpretation of postoperative ventricular function tests.
How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX

The purpose of this study was to assess how well women have fared under Title IX at the interscholastic level, not as participants or coaches, but beyond the playing field into the offices of the athletic director. Demographic data were collected pertaining to the gender of members who belong to state high school athletic director associations identified by the National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA). An analysis of the gender composition of those state organizations showed that significantly (p < .05) fewer women (13%) than men (87%) held interscholastic athletic administrator positions. Additional analyses showed that there were state as well as regional differences in the percentage of women serving as interscholastic athletic directors. The findings demonstrate that although women have made extensive gains on the playing field as participants, they have been denied access to the positions of power within interscholastic athletics. Remedies and the potential effects of this segregation on girls and women, beyond the playing field, are also discussed.
A 240 GHz Fully Integrated Wideband QPSK Receiver in 65 nm CMOS

Operation at millimeter-wave/sub-terahertz frequencies allows one to realize very high data-rate transceivers for wireless chip-to-chip communication. In this paper, a 240 GHz 16 Gbps QPSK receiver is demonstrated in 65 nm CMOS technology. The receiver employs a direct-conversion mixer-first architecture with an integrated slotted loop antenna. A 240 GHz LO chain drives the passive mixers to down-convert the modulated data to baseband. The baseband signal is then amplified using high gain, wide bandwidth amplifiers. The receiver has a noise figure of 15 dB with a conversion gain of 25 dB calculated from measurement data. The receiver achieves a data rate of 10 Gbps (with ${\rm BER} ) and a maximum data rate of 16 Gbps (with BER of $10^{-4}$ ) with a receiver efficiency of 16 pJ/bit.
CROSS SECTIONS AND REACTION RATES OF RELEVANCE TO AERONOMY

Experimental and theoretical data relevant to models and measurements of the chemical and thermal structures and luminosity of the thermospheres of the earth and planets published during the last four years are surveyed. Among chemical processes, attention is given to ion-molecule reactions, dissociative recombination of molecular ions, and reactions between neutral species. Both reactions between ground state species and species in excited states are considered, including energy transfer and quenching. Measured and calculated cross sections for interactions of solar radiation with atmospheric species, such as photoabsorption, photoionization, and photodissociation and related processes are surveyed.
Information fusion for USAR operations based on crowdsourcing

In this paper, we introduce automatic information fusion methods for the urban search and rescue (USAR) operations that efficiently “crowdsource” victim detection tasks. We reduce the load on the operators requiring them to acknowledge only presence of the victim in an image (to annotate the image). The task of finding victim location is performed via automatic fusion of annotated images from the image queue. This multi-robot information fusion is conducted continuously; as robots collectively explore larger areas, the estimated victim coordinates converge to actual victim locations.
Incentives for Leasing: Evidence from the Largest U.S. Lessees and Lessors

We investigate the incentives for leasing by constructing samples of the 100 largest lessees and 100 largest lessors in the U.S. Our lessee sample accounts for more than 60 percent of the leasing dollars of Compustat firms, and our lessor sample captures approximately 80 percent of the equipment leasing market. Thus, our unique sample design gives us access to most of the aggregate supply and demand for leasing in the U.S. economy. Contrary to previous empirical research that focuses on the marginal influences of tax status and access to capital markets within large cross-sectional samples, our work reveals little evidence that either taxes or financial contracting motives control the leasing decisions of the largest lessors and lessees. In addition, by examining the footnotes to the financial statements, we find support for Smith and Wakeman's (1985) assertion that non-firm specific assets are a better source of leasing synergies than are firm-specific assets. We also find evidence that real options as modeled by Grenadier (1995) are likely to be a primary incentive for leasing. On balance, our results suggest that the efficiency of the leasing contract is more likely derived from the flexibility afforded the contracting parties and other asset-specific attributes rather than from tax arbitrage or reduced cost of capital.
Immunohistochemistry using the BRAF V600E mutation‐specific monoclonal antibody VE1 is not a useful surrogate for genotyping in colorectal adenocarcinoma

Aims The presence of a BRAF mutation is a strong marker for poor prognosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and can be used as evidence of a sporadic mechanism of mismatch repair deficiency. BRAF mutation may also predict resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy. A BRAF V600E-specific antibody has recently become commercially available. The aim of this study was to determine whether immunohistochemistry can predict BRAF mutations in CRC. Methods and results Immunohistochemistry was performed on 52 genotyped CRC cases (17 BRAF mutant, 18 KRAS mutant, 17 BRAF/KRAS wild-type) with monoclonal antibody VE1. Cytoplasmic staining was observed in 71% of BRAF V600E mutant tumours (moderate or strong staining in 50% of these cases). Weak cytoplasmic staining was observed in 17% of KRAS mutant tumours and 35% of wild-type tumours. Non-specific nuclear staining was common. The sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemistry with VE1 for BRAF mutation were 71% and 74%, respectively; when only moderate or strong staining was considered to be positive, the specificity was 100%, but the sensitivity only 35%. Conclusions Immunohistochemistry with VE1 is not a useful surrogate for genotyping in CRC. Although moderate or strong cytoplasmic staining is specific for BRAF V600E mutations, this antibody is insufficiently sensitive to serve as an effective screening tool.
A logical splitting strategy for the belief structure of agents

We prove that for any finite deduction structure there exists a unique concise-widest chain-preserved split. Based on this result, we propose a logical splitting strategy which enables an agent to ...
Identifying Benchmarks for Discrepancy Rates in Preliminary Interpretations Provided by Radiology Trainees at an Academic Institution

Purpose At many academic medical centers, radiology house staff provide preliminary interpretations for imaging studies after hours, the accuracy and timely availability of which are crucial to patient care. Nevertheless, these preliminary interpretations are sometimes discrepant with finalized attending reports. The rate of such discrepancies can provide valuable information for quality improvement. The aim of this study was to identify specific benchmarks for resident discrepancy rates by reviewing all 73,072 on-call reports generated at the authors' institution over 1 year. Methods A custom-built interface called Orion was used to track all on-call reports generated in 2010. Reports graded as discrepant with major changes during attending review were automatically identified. The turnaround time (TAT) of all reports was measured. These data were used to identify specific benchmarks for resident performance on call. Results A total of 45,608 of 73,072 preliminary dictations (62%) were interpreted by residents; of these, 407 (0.89%) had major discrepancies. The major discrepancy rates varied among individual residents (0.2% to 1.8%), modalities, and level of resident training. On the basis of distributions, major discrepancy benchmarks were established for overall rate (1.7%) and for the modalities of conventional radiography (1.5%), CT (4.0%), and ultrasound (4.0%). The mean TAT was significantly shorter for the emergency department (46 minutes) than for inpatient services (144 minutes). A benchmark TAT of 1 hour has been adopted for all imaging studies performed through the emergency department. Conclusions Identifying benchmarks for major discrepancy rates and TAT of preliminary interpretations by radiology trainees is a valuable first step for individual and departmental quality improvement.
Effects of estrogen on the cat hypothalamus. I. Ultrastructural observations on the posterior hypothalamic area.

In this study the ultrastructural features of tissue from the posterior hypothalamic area were investigated. Ovariectomized cats which were either treated with sesame oil placebo or with estrogen for varying periods of time were used. The following observations were noted. 1. The cat that was treated with placebo one month after ovariectomy showed an increase in the number of dense core (granulated) vesicles within neuronal cytoplasm. This observation was not apparent in the cats which were treated with estrogen one month after ovariectomy. 2. In the cat that had been Ovariectomized for two months before treatment with placebo was initiated, axon terminals contained more dense core vesicles than were observed in axonal endings from estrogen-treated cats in the two month ovariectomy group. 3. The tissue from cats that were continuously treated with estrogen for one month after ovariectomy displayed dense-core vesicles in both somata and neuropil. It is suggested that the ultrastructural changes observed were dependent on both the time of initiation and the length of estrogen treatment. 4. It is concluded that the preliminary observations in this study provide anatomical evidence suggesting that estrogen level in the cat may affect the functional activity of the posterior hypothalamic area.
Linearization in two dimensions

Le choix des coordonnees linearisantes peut etre fait pour etre de classe C s , ou s depend de la regularite r de la transformation et de la partie lineaire L. On determine le supremum des valeurs s:s(L,r) comme exposant de Holder quand l'espace est a 2 dimensions et r un entier superieur a un. On determine quand ce supremum est un maximum
WebSEM: An Assessment of K‐12 Remote Microscopy Efforts

Within the past 10 years a number of institutions have developed and instituted systems and programs that enable remote control of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Geared toward use by teachers and educators in K-12 classrooms, these systems have offered access to advanced instrumentation to thousands of students over the past decade. However, despite the enormous potential and promise associated with remote microscopy, the reality has been that most such systems are not utilized to their fullest extent. This is partly due to time constraints on the instrument; many such systems are an integral part of the research and/or teaching focus of the institution that offers the service, and as such, K-12 educators are forced to compete with institutional demands. Often this restricts the amount of lessons that can be conducted to a relatively small number, in rather narrowly defined windows of opportunity. However, even when such constraints do not exist, the number of lessons typically requested remains disappointingly low, and the lessons that are conducted are usually simple examinations lacking in depth. In an effort to determine why the promise of K-12 remote microscopy has not been fully realized, a number of assessments have been carried out at Iowa State University in relation to operation and use of the WebSEM, the Web-controllable SEM operated by the Materials Science and Engineering Department of Iowa State University as a part of Project ExCEL, the Extended Classroom for Enhanced Learning. These assessments indicate that the key to successful use of advanced equipment in K-12 classrooms depends less upon hardware than it does upon local instructional situations. Establishing a personal relationship between the SEM operator and the teacher in the classroom appears to be the best way to increase current use of remote microscopy.
Fixed partial denture or single-tooth implant restoration? Statistical considerations for sequencing and treatment

The choice to replace a single missing tooth can be based on the primary decision that the restorability of the tooth is in doubt. Many teeth are decimated by incipient or recurrent caries, trauma, endodontic complications, or periodontal disease which requires extraction. It is our objective to familiarize the participant with literature comparing success rates of fixed partial dentures and single-tooth implant restorations and a repertoire of prosthodontic techniques used in replacement of single missing teeth with osseointegrated dental implants. The fixed partial denture (FPD) has been regarded as the standard of care for some time in replacement of single and multiple missing teeth. Many studies surveying long term survival have been compiled and analyzed to arrive at a generalized outcome. Most of these studies arrive at common conclusions. Studies surveying success of single-tooth implant-supported restorations are not comparably abundant nor survey for comparable time as those for FPDs. Although, many of the outcomes are statistical survival estimates such as Kaplan-Meier survival tables, implant restorations in partially dentate patients are a predictable means of tooth replacement. There are certain factors which make FPD more appropriate and conversely factors which make an implant restoration more appropriate. Indications and contraindications for each treatment scenario will also be reviewed based on the literature and clinical experience. It is hoped that the practitioner will be able to appropriately identify those cases in which either an FPD or an implant restoration is the appropriate treatment option.
Symmetrized correlation function for liquid para-hydrogen using complex-time pair-product propagators

We present a simple and efficient method for calculating symmetrized time correlation functions of neat quantum fluids. Using the pair-product approximation to each complex-time quantum mechanical propagator, symmetrized correlation functions are written in terms of a double integral for each degree of freedom with a purely positive integrand. At moderate temperatures and densities, where the pair-product approximation to the Boltzmann operator is sufficiently accurate, the method leads to quantitative results for the early time part of the correlation function. The method is tested extensively on liquid para-hydrogen at 25 K and used to obtain accurate quantum mechanical results for the initial 0.2 ps segment of the symmetrized velocity autocorrelation function of this system, as well as the incoherent dynamic structure factor at certain momentum transfer values.
Polymixis and algal production in a tropical lake: latitudinal effects on the seasonality of photosynthesis

SUMMARY. 1. Phytoplankton production was measured during 1981–82 in Bahia de Puno. a large polymictic system that is part of LakeTiticaca in the tropical Andes (Peru-Bolivia), Photosynthesis followed aweak seasonal pattern through each 12-month cycle but the largestvariations occurrud between years. 2. The large temporal variations in productivity appeared to becontrolled by biological events rather than by the direct effeets ofseasonal or aseasonal physical processes. Major shifts in production overthe 2-year period were attributable to the proportional abundance andactivity of N2-fixing blue-green algae. Production was uncorrelated withthe seasonal radiation cycle. 3. In vivo fluorescence and photosynthetic assays revealed largechanges in phytoplankton community structure over time and depth.The shifts in vertical structure were associated with changes in transparency and water column stabilily.Physiological as well as floristiceffects dictated the variations in fluorescence per unit chlorophyll a. 4. An analysis of twenty-seven primary productivity data sets fromdifferent latitudes shtiwed that Bahia dc Puno resembled other tropicallakes in its relatively weak coupling between algal photosynthesis andseasonal variations in light. Productivity in the temperate zone correlated with the annual cycle of incoming radiation while the tropicalproduction data did not. For many of the tropical lakes, but fewtemperate lakes, the between-month variance in primary production wassignificantly higher than the between-month variance for incomingradiation. There was a significant positive relationship between maximum production variance explained hy light (maximum r2 for each dataset) and latitude. 5. As in many tropical lakes. Bahia de Puno experiences moderatelylarge variations in algal photosynthesis.The muted seasonal cycle of light explains only a small portion of the total variation In productivity, and other factors such as weuther-related events are disproportionately important.
Trabeculectomy: A modified surgical technique

A modified surgical technique is described for trabeculectomy using contemporary limbal incisional techniques for a simplified dissection of the lamellar scleral flap, a technically easier operation, with smoothly dissected surfaces. The results and complications are comparable to those using the standard method.
Effects of Convection during the Photodeposition of Polydiacetylene Thin Films

In this work, we describe a preliminary investigation of buoyancy-driven heat transfer during the growth of thin films from solution following exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Irradiation of the growth cell occurs at various directions relative to gravitational acceleration. Through numerical computations, the steady-state flow and temperature profiles are simulated during the course of light exposure. Light-induced polymerization accompanies a heat transfer process through a fairly complicated recirculating flow pattern. A scaling analysis shows that buoyancy-driven velocities only reduce by a factor of 10 for gravity levels as low as 10(exp -2) g(sub 0). Paley et al. observe what appears to be gravitationally sensitive particle development and inclusion in thin films using a photodeposition process. From this study, it is clear that production of homogeneous thin films would have to occur in the environment of a complicated flow pattern of recirculation with a nonuniform temperature distribution. Indeed, even when irradiation occurs from the top of the cell, the most stable stratified cell orientation, defects remain in our films due to the persistence of buoyancy-driven convection. To achieve homogeneity, minimal scattering centers, and possible molecular order, photodeposition of polymer films by UV light exposure must proceed in a reduced-convection environment. Fluid mechanics simulations are useful for establishing gravitational sensitivity to this recently discovered process (patent # 5,451,433) for preparing thin films having quite promising nonlinear optical characteristics.
Dynamics of certain anti-competitive systems of rational difference equations in the plane

We consider two systems of rational difference equations in the plane: and where the parameters are positive numbers and initial conditions and are positive numbers. For the first system we obtain the global dynamics, whereas for the second system we obtain substantial global results for all values of parameters. Global dynamics of two systems is substantially different to the contrary of their similarities.
Fatty acid composition of lipid synthesized by Pseudomonas fragi.

Abstract Palmitic, palmitoleic and an 18-carbon acid, possessing one double bond, comprised more than 93% of the acids in the free lipid fraction and approximately 43% of those in the bound fraction (residual saponifiables) from cells of Pseudomonas fragi .
The use of librarians as occupational study populations in social science research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the use of librarians as a study population in social science research outside of the field of library and information science. Additionally, it aims to make general claims about how frequently librarians have been studied compared to other occupations, as well as to identify and describe existing research that has used librarians as a study population. Design/methodology/approach – The described study had two parts. Two social science databases were searched using the subject headings “librarians” and eight additional occupations, and the results for all nine occupations were analyzed. The peer-reviewed results for “librarians” were then coded by content. The articles that used librarians as a study population were identified, reviewed and described. Findings – Although librarians, as an occupational group, possess many characteristics that should make them an ideal choice for social science research, they seem to be studied less frequently than other occ...
Patch-leaving rules for parasitoids with imperfect host discrimination

. 1 The solitary parasitoid Anagrus delicatus attacks hosts (plant-hopper eggs) that exist in distinct batches and that are readily detectable to the foraging parasitoid. However, Anagrus delicatus attacks only a small fraction of the available hosts within a batch of eggs and then disperses (Cronin & Strong, 1993a). Here we address the question: Why is A.delicatus abandoning seemingly high quality patches? 2 A parasitoid with an imperfect ability to discriminate between unparasitized hosts and hosts that it has attacked earlier within the same patch experiences a risk of self-superparasitism when attacking multiple hosts within a single patch. Self-superparasitism can incur costs in the form of lost time and eggs. Early patch leaving can be favoured as a means of avoiding the costs of self-superparasitism. 3 A simple static model demonstrates that patch leaving is favoured by low costs of travelling to a new patch, high error rates in discriminating previously self-parasitized hosts, and high levels of parasitism in the currently occupied patch. 4 A more detailed dynamic state variable model, parameterized for A.delicatus, demonstrates that this parasitoid's seemingly enigmatic behaviour can be explained under our hypothesis. In order for this to be the case, we predicted that A.delicatus cannot recognize previously parasitized hosts. Subsequent to our prediction, Cronin & Strong (1993b) demonstrated that experienced A.delicatus do not avoid ovipositing in previously self-parasitized hosts. 5 Optimal patch leaving rules can be highly sensitive to even very low host discrimination error rates, which may be widespread among parasitoids.
Effect of agglomerate size on extrudability of titania pastes

Pastes prepared from three high surface area titania powders were tested via torque and capillary rheometry to explain the different flow behaviour during mixing and extrusion processing. The Benbow analysis was used to calculate the main extrusion parameters, including bulk yield and shear stresses, and to compare the processability of the extrudable pastes. A critical water fraction was found for all powders and related to extrudability. The results show that the flow properties of the pastes are strongly influenced by the particle size distribution and the shear stability of large aggregates of different dimensions in the paste microstructure.
Is Weight Loss Better Sustained with Long-Limb Gastric Bypass in the Super-Obese?

Background While some studies have shown that long-limb gastric bypass with Roux limb length of 150 to 200 cm can attain better weight loss outcomes in super-obese patients (BMI >50 kg/m2) than the standard limb gastric bypass with Roux limb length of 100 to 150 cm, other studies have not shown similar findings. Additionally, no study has demonstrated the optimal length of the Roux limb that will result in ideal weight loss. The purpose of this study is to compare the long-term weight loss and weight regain of standard limb length (SLL) and long limb length (LLL) gastric bypass in patients with BMI >50 kg/m2.
Microstructure changes in the catalyst layers of PEM fuel cells induced by load cycling: Part I. Mechanical model

Abstract To achieve a better understanding of the degradation phenomena of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), it is imperative to understand the mechanism of microstructure changes in the catalyst layer. To this end, a rate-dependent isotropic plasticity model with temperature- and humidity-dependent material properties is proposed to describe the viscoplasticity of the catalyst layer components. To understand the mechanism of such changes caused by the cycling of start-up and shutdown during the operation of a PEMFC, the material model, combined with the cohesive zone model and the contact model, is solved using the finite element method. The cohesive zone model and the frictional contact model are used to describe the evolution of interfaces between the protonic and the electronic conducting phases. Numerical simulation, based on the representation of the microstructure in the catalyst layers, shows that there is competition between crack initiations in the bulk material of the protonic phase and delamination between different phases. This competition plays an important role in microstructure changes in the catalyst layers. The reduction of connectivity between the protonic and the electronic conducting phases, which may explain the decrease of performance after certain duty cycles, could be contributed to by cracking or delamination.
Convergent transcripts of the yeast PRP38-SMD1 locus encode two essential splicing factors, including the D1 core polypeptide of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles.

Abstract The PRP38 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is necessary for the excision of intron sequences from pre-mRNA and required for the maintenance of maximal levels of U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). This report describes the identification of a gene of related function, SMD1, located immediately 3' to PRP38. The PRP38 and SMD1 transcription units are configured in an unusual "tail-to-tail" arrangement with their respective open reading frames terminating on opposite strands of a common 6-bp region. The predicted SMD1 polypeptide, Smd1p, is 40% identical to the D1 protein of human small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Experimentally induced depletion of Smd1p blocks the first step of splicing and results in growth arrest. In addition, the levels of the trimethylguanosine-capped spliceosomal snRNAs, U1, U2, U4, and U5, but not the Prp38p-sensitive U6 snRNA, decrease in response to Smd1p depletion. The cap structures of snRNAs persisting in the absence of SMD1 expression appear to be peculiar, as they are poorly recognized by an anti-trimethylguanosine antibody. These data establish Smd1p as a required component of the cellular splicing apparatus and a factor in snRNA maturation and stability.
Central Line Sepsis

Since 1980, the placement of central venous access devices has become routine, and these catheters have been of great benefit in the treatment of patients with cancer. Unfortunately, central venous catheters have not been without complications. Central line sepsis has been reported to be one of the most frequently occurring complications, and although it is extremely costly to treat, more importantly, this condition is potentially life threatening to patients. Developing strategies that would prevent central line catheter infections has been a continual challenge for healthcare providers. Studies have been conducted on the use of catheters with antiseptic coatings, antimicrobial coatings, impregnated antimicrobial cuffs, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, antibiotic locks, use of antithrombolytics, different exit site dressings, and the use of various disinfectants for cleansing catheter exit sites. Healthcare providers, including oncology nurses, need to be knowledgeable concerning potential sources of infection and factors that may lead to central line sepsis (Chaiyakunapruk, Veenstra, Lipsky, & Saint, 2002; Darouiche et al., 1999; Little & Palmer, 1998; Veenstra, Saint, Saha, Lumley, & Sullivan, 1999). They need to advocate for the use of sterile technique during catheter insertion and aseptic technique when routine maintenance is provided and be aware of the standard treatments for and potential outcomes of central line catheter infections. In addition, oncology nurses should be encouraged to support and participate in controlled, randomized studies that may provide scientific-based practices that decrease the number of catheter-related infections in the future.
Strategic management in micro, small and medium-sized businesses in relation to financial success of the enterprise

Small and medium sized enterprises play an essential role in the economy of the Czech Republic as a report of development of small and medium-sized enterprises and its support from 2010 announces. They are the source of development of towns, regions and the state itself. Small and medium-sized enterprises represent 99.84 % of the whole business subjects. Statistic data underline this position - they indicate that small and medium-sized enterprises employ 2/3 employees. Therefore, occupying small and medium-sized enterprises are to be taken as priority.Strategic management on the level of small and medium-sized enterprises is, as number of authors write, diverse. Small enterprises including micro have less access to capital, they have no money for employing specialists in the field, and they solve administration primarily. The aim of this follow-up GAJU project contribution concerned on process analysis of small and medium-sized enterprises is to summarize the gained results from the view of comparison of the level of strategic management in small and medium-sized enterprises.Nowadays, numbers of enterprises are thinking about whether they are able to remain in the market as an established company, they explore the possibility of improving its position. There is a question for small and medium-sized enterprises management - can strategic management be used as an instrument for increasing competitiveness? The results show that SMEs with a clearly defined strategy show better results of financial health (IN99 and ROA) than companies without a defined strategy. In terms of business focus, we were able to demonstrate positive relationship between strategy and finance only for companies in the construction industry, on the significance level of 0.05. Compared to manufacturers and service-providing companies where this relation is not statistically significant.
Premature obituary? Commentary on Rowland's article.

Sex therapists may be excused these days if they have the urge to repeat Mark Twain's famous line, “Reports of my death are exaggerated.” Rowland (2007) asks whether “medical solutions to sexual pr...
A review and simulation on real time reactive power spot markets

Reactive power spot markets have been proposed by many in the power engineering community as a means of reactive power compensation within the U.S. deregulated energy markets. Cited benefits include incentive for proper reactive power investment for power system stability, the minimization of costs to meet load, and proper reactive power price signals. However, the market power that can be exercised by utilities may render the market useless for consumer participants. In addition, the zero price of reactive power as well as the volatility in demand may not inspire the investment that spot markets are thought to encourage, and current methods of pricing reactive power involve time-consuming optimizations. An ACOPF simulation was run utilizing a representative urban transmission and distribution system, confirming many of the weaknesses theorized to exist in real time reactive power spot markets including exercise of market power and price volatility.
WATER CONTENT OF FUNGUS SPORES

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Strategy for directing combinatorial genome engineering in Escherichia coli

We describe a directed genome-engineering approach that combines genome-wide methods for mapping genes to traits [Warner JR, Reeder PJ, Karimpour-Fard A, Woodruff LBA, Gill RT (2010) Nat Biotechnol 28:856–862] with strategies for rapidly creating combinatorial ribosomal binding site (RBS) mutation libraries containing billions of targeted modifications [Wang HH, et al. (2009) Nature 460:894–898]. This approach should prove broadly applicable to various efforts focused on improving production of fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, among other products. We used barcoded promoter mutation libraries to map the effect of increased or decreased expression of nearly every gene in Escherichia coli onto growth in several model environments (cellulosic hydrolysate, low pH, and high acetate). Based on these data, we created and evaluated RBS mutant libraries (containing greater than 100,000,000 targeted mutations), targeting the genes identified to most affect growth. On laboratory timescales, we successfully identified a broad range of mutations (>25 growth-enhancing mutations confirmed), which improved growth rate 10–200% for several different conditions. Although successful, our efforts to identify superior combinations of growth-enhancing genes emphasized the importance of epistatic interactions among the targeted genes (synergistic, antagonistic) for taking full advantage of this approach to directed genome engineering.
HyperCEST detection of a 129Xe‐based contrast agent composed of cryptophane‐A molecular cages on a bacteriophage scaffold

A hyperpolarized 129Xe contrast agent composed of many cryptophane-A molecular cages assembled on an M13 bacteriophage has been demonstrated. Saturation of xenon bound in the large number of cryptophane cages is transferred to the pool of aqueous-solvated xenon via chemical exchange, resulting in efficient generation of hyperCEST contrast. No significant loss of contrast per cryptophane cage was observed for the multivalent phage when compared with unscaffolded cryptophane. Detection of this phage-based hyperCEST agent is reported at concentrations as low as 230 fM, representing the current lower limit for NMR/MRI-based contrast agents. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.