cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral-Domain Based Impact Force Identification for Rod Structures

Indirect impact force identification has attracted researchers due to the simplicity of indirect methods for calculating the applied force during the impact incident. In this paper, an impact force identification method for rod structures is proposed. The proposed method uses the spectral finite element method. The spectral finite element method is a frequency-based finite element method that takes advantage of the benefits of spectral methods and the simplicity of the finite element method. Using the frequency domain method for impact force identification simplifies the calculations and allow s for the identification of impact forces with high frequency content, including MHz and above. The impact force identification method uses the collected data of the response of a section of the structure and utilizes the spectral finite element model of the structure to calculate the impact force. The results of the numerical study display strong agreement between the simulated impact force and the identified force. The performance of the force identification method is verified by applying it to experimental data collected from an impacted rod structure. Copyright © 2013 by ASME.
The Two Faces of Republicanism: Gender and Proslavery Politics in Antebellum South Carolina

Prompted by theories about the complexities of power in modern society, a number of historians, feminists most prominent among them, have joined the recent debate over the proper definition and boundaries of "the political." The stakes are high. As one feminist philosopher put it, "this question about the limits of the political is precisely a political question."1 In advocating an expanded approach to political history that transgresses the limits of formal politics and confounds conventional distinctions between public and private spheres, Joan Scott and others have raised the intriguing possibility of a gendered history of politics.2 The history of republican political ideology and culture in the antebellum South may seem a long way from the concerns of contemporary theorists, but it is not so far, perhaps, as it appears at first glance. After all, theories of government and citizenship, in modern republics as in ancient ones, have been grounded in assumptions about the relation of public and private spheres, or civic sphere and household. In Aristotle's Politics, for example, according to Jurgen Habermas, "Status in the polls was . .. based upon status as the unlimited master of an oikos. Moveable
Assessing Risk and Safeguarding Rare Library Materials During Exhibition Loans

Rare book and archival materials on loan to libraries and other cultural heritage institutions are very often historically significant, highly valuable, and frequently irreplaceable. Lenders minimize risks present during exhibitions loans of these valuable materials by identifying and addressing possible threats during the loan review process. This article provides information on specific ways special collection libraries assess and limit risks presented during exhibition loans to better safeguard important cultural heritage materials.
Evaluation of hypertonia with the use of a gravity‐driven ergograph

A gravity-driven ergograph is described for recording movement at a joint to which constant torque force is applied by various weights. The joint to be tested is put in a horizontal position to eliminate the effect of gravity. The force of gravity of varying weights suspended by a cable supplies a constant, reproducible acceleration which moves the limb, stretching the muscle. The amount of movement in response to the force applied reflects the amount of spasticity. Even in the relatively stable environment of hospitalized patients, marked variations in spasticity have been recorded from day to day. The changes with oral medications so far have been well within variations during control periods. The technique has potential value in quantitating spasticity.
A COMPARISON OF FOUR GRIPS USED IN THROWING THE JAVELIN.

Abstract Measurement of the force and velocity produced by the extensor muscles of the forearm and the flexor muscles of the wrist and hand was utilized to compare the effectiveness of the American, Finnish, Hungarian, and Waddell grips. Testing apparatus was designed which permitted these measurements to be taken as the javelin was thrown at the recommended projection angle of 45° while the subject's body, except for the dominant arm and hand, was held constant. Comparison of these measurements, expressed as foot pounds of power per second, revealed no statistically significant difference in the power resulting from these four grips.
The LGB Mormon Paradox: Mental, Physical, and Self-Rated Health Among Mormon and Non-Mormon LGB Individuals in the Utah Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Much of the literature on mental and physical health among religious LGB individuals has relied on small-N convenience samples. This study takes advantage of a unique, large-N, population-based dataset to test the relationship between religious identity, religious activity, and health, with a specific emphasis on Utah Mormons. In a surprising finding, Mormon LGBs report better mental health than non-Mormon LGBs, while their self-rated and physical health is not significantly different. However, there is some evidence that Mormon LGBs derive fewer health benefits from church attendance than their non-LGB Mormon counterparts. These results may nuance the conventional wisdom regarding the health dynamics of LGB individuals who identify with a conservative, heteronormative religious tradition, and plausible explanations are discussed.
Improving Model Cross-Applicability for Operator Workload Estimation

When operators are overwhelmed, judicious employment of automation can help. Ideally, an adaptive system which can accurately estimate current operator workload can more effectively employ automation. Supervised machine learning models can be trained to estimate workload from operator-state parameters sensed by on-body sensors which, for example, collect heart rate or brain activity information. Unfortunately, estimating operator workload using trained models is limited: using a model trained in one context can yield poor estimation of workload in another. This research examines the efficacy of using two regression-tree alternatives (random forests and pruned regression trees) to decrease workload estimation cross-application error. The study is conducted for a remotely piloted aircraft simulation under two context-switch scenarios 1) across human operators and 2) across task conditions. While cross-task results were inconclusive, both algorithms significantly reduced cross-application error in estimating...
Protein engineering approaches for regulating blood–brain barrier transcytosis

The blood brain barrier (BBB) presents a challenge for the delivery of brain therapeutics. Trans-BBB delivery methods that use targeting vectors to coopt the vesicle trafficking machinery of BBB endothelial cells have been developed, but these are often hampered by limited flux through the BBB. A solution to this problem lies in the semi-rational engineering of BBB targeting vectors. Leveraging knowledge of intracellular trafficking, researchers have begun to tune selected binding properties of the vector-receptor interaction. Engineered binding affinity, avidity and pH-sensitivity have been shown to affect binding, intracellular sorting and release, ultimately leading to increased brain uptake of the targeting vector and its associated cargo. However, each targeted receptor may exhibit differential responses to engineered binding properties, illustrating the need to better understand vector-receptor interactions and trafficking dynamics.
Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance Using Digital Imagery: A Bird's-Eye View

Over the last decade, remote sensing has played an increasing role in geotechnical earthquake reconnaissance through the use of satellite imagery, LIDAR, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These techniques have been used not only to qualitatively document earthquake effects, but also to acquire quantitative information about damage patterns, digital elevation models of failures, and ground movements. Digital imagery obtained from satellites and UAVs provides a bird's-eye view, and thus offers a holistic perspective of the geotechnical effects of an earthquake at both the regional and site scales. Additionally, digital imagery can be integrated with other data within a geospatial framework, which allows researchers to investigate relationships that could not be evaluated otherwise.
Emerging multidrug resistance in community-associated Staphylococcus aureus involved in skin and soft tissue infections and nasal colonization

Background Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The emergence of MDR S. aureus strains in the community setting has major implications in disease management. However, data regarding the occurrence and patterns of MDR community-associated S. aureus sub-clones is limited. Objectives To use whole-genome sequences to describe the diversity and distribution of resistance mechanisms among community-associated S. aureus isolates. Methods S. aureus isolates from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and nasal colonization were collected from patients within 10 primary care clinics from 2007 to 2015. The Illumina Miseq platform was used to determine the genome sequences for 144 S. aureus isolates. Phylogenetic and bioinformatics analyses were performed using in silico tools. The resistome was assembled and compared with the phenotypically derived antibiogram. Results Approximately one-third of S. aureus isolates in the South Texas primary care setting were MDR. A higher proportion of SSTI isolates were MDR in comparison with nasal colonization isolates. Individuals with MDR S. aureus SSTIs were more likely to be African American and obese. Furthermore, S. aureus populations are able to acquire and lose antimicrobial resistance genes. USA300 strains were differentiated by a stable chromosomal mutation in gyrA conferring quinolone resistance. The resistomes were highly predictive of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Conclusions These findings highlight the high prevalence and epidemiological factors associated with MDR S. aureus strains in the community setting and demonstrate the utility of next-generation sequencing to potentially quicken antimicrobial resistance detection and surveillance for targeted interventions.
Recent developments in transition-metal photoredox-catalysed reactions of carbonyl derivatives

Single-electron reduction of CO and CN bonds of aldehydes, ketones, and imines results in the formation of ketyl and α-aminoalkyl anion radicals, respectively. These reactive intermediates are characterized by an altered electronic character with respect to their parent molecules and undergo a diverse range of synthetically useful transformations, which are not available to even-electron species. This Review summarizes the reactions of ketyl and α-aminyl radicals generated from carbonyl derivatives under transition-metal photoredox-catalysed conditions. We primarily focus on recent developments in the field, as well as give a brief overview of catalytic enantioselective transformations that provide a means to achieve precise stereocontrol over the reactivity of ion radicals.
How to Write a Report of a Research Study

Preparing a report of a research trial is a special type of medical writing. The experienced author of research reports follows the IMRAD model: introduction, methods, results, and discussion, although this scheme is often expanded to include subheadings such as participants, randomization and intervention, data collection, outcomes, and statistical analysis. This chapter discusses clinical trial registration, statistics, reference citations, reproducibility, and generalizability.
Metabolomics in COPD Acute Respiratory Failure Requiring Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation

We aimed to investigate whether metabolomic analysis can discriminate acute respiratory failure due to COPD exacerbation from respiratory failure due to heart failure and pneumonia. Since COPD exacerbation is often overdiagnosed, we focused on those COPD exacerbations that were severe enough to require noninvasive mechanical ventilation. We enrolled stable COPD subjects and patients with acute respiratory failure requiring noninvasive mechanical ventilation due to COPD, heart failure, and pneumonia. We excluded subjects with history of both COPD and heart failure and patients with obstructive sleep apnea and obstructive lung disease other than COPD. We performed metabolomics analysis using NMR. We constructed partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models to distinguish metabolic profiles. Serum ( , R2 = 0.397, Q2 = 0.058) and urine metabolic profiles ( , R2 = 0.419, Q2 = 0.142) were significantly different between the four diagnosis groups by PLS-DA. After excluding stable COPD patients, the metabolomes of the various respiratory failure groups did not cluster separately in serum ( , R2 = 0.631, Q2 = 0.246) or urine ( , R2 = 0.602, Q2 = −0.134). However, several metabolites in the serum were reduced in patients with COPD exacerbation and pneumonia. We did not find a metabolic profile unique to COPD exacerbation, but we were able to clearly and reliably distinguish stable COPD patients from patients with respiratory failure in both serum and urine.
Improving Li-ion battery charge rate acceptance through highly ordered hierarchical electrode design

In Li-ion technology, increasing electrode loading (thickness) is one approach to improve performance; however, this approach typically compromises power density and safety. To achieve the goal of decoupling energy and power density, a novel electrode architecture is proposed. The electrode design enhances uniform ionic current, especially in thick electrodes. A highly ordered and hierarchical (HOH) graphite anode concept was designed, fabricated, and tested for efficacy. The HOH electrodes consisted of ordered arrays of macro-scale line-of-sight linear channels made through laser ablation. SEM and Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that laser ablation is a feasible approach to fabricate HOH electrodes without affecting the graphite anode chemistry, respectively. A 65–120% improvement in charge rate acceptance (5.5 mAh/cm2) was achieved in the HOH electrodes compared to conventional electrodes. A restricted diffusion direct current polarization test determined that the HOH design improved ionic flow throughout porous electrodes. Altogether, the results of this study suggest that improved charge rate acceptance can be achieved by engineering electrode porosity to mitigate the effects of concentration polarization in high energy density graphite anodes. These findings can facilitate the development of higher energy and power density Li-ion batteries, while improving resilience against Li plating under severe charge conditions.
Rotation Curve Shapes and the Tully-Fisher Relations

The scatter in the K’–band Tully–Fisher relation (TFr) is larger than can be expected from observational uncertainties when using the widths of global HI profiles of a volume limited, complete sample without any morphological selection criteria. This poster shows, however, that the observed scatter can be explained when considering the shapes of the galaxy rotation curves (RCs). Using Vmax from the RCs, it turns out that galaxies with rising RCs tend to lie on the low–velocity side of the TFr and those with declining RCs tend to lie on the high velocity side. The scatter in the K’–Vflat TFr is consistent with the measurement uncertainties.
Tourism and attitude change: Greek tourists visiting Turkey

Abstract This study evaluates attitude change of Greek tourists towards Turkish people inclusive of their political beliefs and institutions, as a result of their visit to Turkey. A sample of 97 Greek first-time travelers to Turkey completed a structured questionnaire measuring attitudes towards Turkey before and after their visit. A control group of 82 Greek citizens who remained in Greece also completed the questionnaire twice. The major results showed that travel to Turkey had a negative impact on Greek tourists perceptions of the host population. This was particularly true concerning such aspects as the quality of life in Turkey, Turkish institutions, and the cultural aspects of its people.
Patient, Family, and Community Advisory Councils in Health Care and Research: a Systematic Review.

Patient-centeredness is a characteristic of high-quality medical care and requires engaging community members in health systems’ decision-making. One key patient engagement strategy is patient, family, and community advisory boards/councils (PFACs), yet the evidence to guide PFACs is lacking. Systematic reviews on patient engagement may benefit from patient input, but feasibility is unclear. A team of physicians, researchers, and a PFAC member conducted a systematic review to examine the impact of PFACs on health systems and describe optimal strategies for PFAC conduct. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and Social Science Citation Index from inception through September 2016, as well as pre-identified websites. Two reviewers independently screened and abstracted data from studies, then assessed randomized studies for risk of bias and observational studies for quality using standardized measures. We performed a realist synthesis—which asks what works, for whom, under what circumstances—of abstracted data via 12 monthly meetings between investigators and two feedback sessions with a hospital-based PFAC. Eighteen articles describing 16 studies met study criteria. Randomized studies demonstrated moderate to high risk of bias and observational studies demonstrated poor to fair quality. Studies engaged patients at multiple levels of the health care system and suggested that in-person deliberation with health system leadership was most effective. Studies involving patient engagement in research focused on increasing study participation. PFAC recruitment was by nomination (n = 11) or not described (n = 5). No common measure of patient, family, or community engagement was identified. Realist synthesis was enriched by feedback from PFAC members. PFACs engage communities through individual projects but evidence of their impact on outcomes is lacking. A paucity of randomized controlled trials or high-quality observational studies guide strategies for engagement through PFACs. Standardized measurement tools for engagement are needed. Strategies for PFAC recruitment should be investigated and reported. PFAC members can feasibly contribute to systematic reviews. A protocol for record eligibility was developed a priori and was registered in the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (registration number CRD42016052817). The Department of Veterans Affairs’ Office of Academic Affiliations, through the National Clinician Scholars Program, funded this study.
P031 Unacceptable antigen listing should not be based on luminex single antigen testing only

Unacceptable HLA antigens are largely determined by testing sera with Luminex single antigen (LSA) beads. Table 1 shows the MFI values for the five DQB7 beads in three pre-transplant specimens performed on a patient with a cPRA of 99%. DQA1*05 and DQA1*06:01, but not DQB7, were listed as unacceptable antigens. A deceased donor with DQA1*01,03 and DQB5,7 became available and was virtual and flow cytometry crossmatch compatible. On post-op day 14, the patient presented with graft dysfunction. A biopsy contained evidence of antibody mediated rejection (AMR), which was supported by microarray. A donor specific antibody (DSA) screen revealed a greater than 10-fold increase in the previously negative DQB7 beads (DQA1*02:01/DQB1*03:01 and DQA1*03:01/DQB1*03:01) in addition to the previously positive DQA1*05:03, DQA1*05:05, and DQA1*06:01 beads and was consistent with a DSA to DQB7. C1q testing was positive for DQA1*05 only, which was not donor specific. The patient was aggressively treated for AMR but a repeat biopsy on post-op day 25 contained a thrombotic microangiopathy consistent with AMR. The allograft was removed on post-op day 75 due to non-function. Investigation into this case revealed a previous failed transplant with a DQB7 positive donor at another institution, which was unknown to our laboratory. Although the DQA1* typing was not available for the first donor, DR/DQB linkage analysis favors DQA1*05 consistent with the pre-transplant LSA and post-transplant C1q results. Based upon the clinical course, we hypothesize DQB7 specific memory B cells, formed in response to the first donor, facilitated accelerated AMR, which may have been avoided by listing DQB7 as an unacceptable antigen. In conclusion, the results of the LSA assay are only one component of the patient’s immunological profile. Decisions regarding the listing of unacceptable antigens must additionally take into consideration previous immunizing events, like a failed transplant, and this information must be provided to the histocompatibility laboratory for optimal patient care.
Effect of Response Method on Driver Responses to Auditory Warnings in Simulated Semi-autonomous Driving

We examined how drivers’ response to automation warnings could improve driver performance by testing the traditional direct-response method against a new indirect-response method. A direct response...
Detecting Cyber Threats in Non-English Dark Net Markets: A Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning Approach

Recent advances in proactive cyber threat intelligence rely on early detection of cyber threats in hacker communities. Dark Net Markets (DNMs) are growing platforms in hacker community that provide hackers with highly- specialized tools and products which may not be found in other platforms. While text classification techniques have been used for cyber threat detection in English DNMs, the task is hindered in non-English platforms due to the language barrier and lack of ground-truth data. Current approaches use monolingual models on machine translated data to overcome these challenges. However, the translation errors can deteriorate the classification results. The abundance of data in English DNMs can be leveraged in learning non-English threats without using machine translation. In this study, we show that a deep cross-lingual model that can jointly learn the common language representation from two languages, significantly outperforms a monolingual model learned on machine translated data for identifying cyber threats in non-English DNMs. Unlike most studies, our approach does not require any external data source such as bilingual word embeddings or bilingual lexicons. Our experiments on Russian DNMs show that this approach can achieve better performance than state-of-the-art methods for non-English cyber threat detection in malicious hacker community.
Toward a global picture of bacterial secondary metabolism.

Bacterial metabolism is comprised of primary metabolites, the intracellular molecules of life that enable growth and proliferation, and secondary metabolites, predominantly extracellular molecules that facilitate a microbe’s interaction with its environment. While our knowledge of primary metabolism and its web of interconnected intermediates is quantitative and holistic, significant knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the secondary metabolomes of bacteria. In this Perspective, I discuss the main challenges involved in obtaining a global, comprehensive picture of bacterial secondary metabolomes, specifically in biosynthetically “gifted” microbes. Recent methodological advances that can meet these challenges will be reviewed. Applications of these methods combined with ongoing innovations will enable a detailed picture of global secondary metabolomes, which will in turn shed light onto the biology, chemistry, and enzymology underlying natural products and simultaneously aid drug discovery.
A Convex Approximation of Optimal Distributed Controller in Frequency Domain

We study the optimal distributed control (ODC) problem and propose a design method based on the approximation of the $\mathcal{H}_{2}$ performance using the optimal centralized controller. The designed distributed controller obeys a prescribed sparsity pattern in the frequency domain. The proposed method enables a convex approximation of the distributed controller problem, which has a closed-form solution with sub-optimality guarantees. After introducing the notion of rank-preserving weights, we give sufficient conditions for the controller to be proper, and furthermore characterize the set of controllers that can be obtained by the proposed technique via fine-tuning the algorithm parameters. The results are applied to the linear-quadratic regulator problem and to the purely decentralized case with a diagonal sparsity pattern, where certain connections to the simple methods of thresholding and averaging are discovered. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method.
The Impact of Policy Changes on Heroin and Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use among an Incarcerated Population in Kentucky, 2008-2016.

In response to the opioid epidemic, there have been several national- and state-level policies enacted. Consideration of how criminal justice–involved individuals are affected by such policies has ...
Atrial Arrhythmias in Heart Transplant Recipients, Trends and Outcomes for Hospitalizations: Insights from National In-Patient Sample (2005-2014)

Background Atrial fibrillation-flutter (AF) has been described in up to a quarter of patients after heart transplant (HT). Data on AF after HT are limited to single center experiences. To bridge this gap, we performed analysis on the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to evaluate the trends and in-hospital outcomes of AF post HT from 2005 to 2014. Methods We utilized data from the National Inpatient Sample and the US Census Bureau to calculate annual national rates of in-hospital mortality and length of stay among HT recipients who were admitted with AF for years 2012 to 2015. We compared the in-hospital outcomes between AF post HT and an age and gender propensity score-matched group without AF and performed multivariable logistic regression of significant patient and hospital characteristics to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality. Results A total of 1,000 hospitalizations (mean age 59 years, 719 males, 281 females, 81.3% whites, median CHA2DS2Vasc score 2, interquartile range 1-3) were identified for AF in HT recipients. Most commonly associated comorbidities included diabetes mellitus (34.4%), hypertension (68.3%), Obesity (10.8%) and chronic renal failure (38%). Most hospitalizations were non-elective (79.49%). Anticoagulation (AC) was reported in 11.5% of the hospitalizations. Cardioversion (DCV) was performed in 31.2% and ablation in 11.4% of patients. Hospitalizations for AF undergoing ablation and DCV in HT patients appear to be stable over 10-year study period (P trend=0.4 and 0.6 respectively). Most cardioversions and ablations were reported in men (70%). In-hospital mortality was 1.48%. The mean length of hospitalization was 3.29 days. After propensity match analysis and multivariable logistic regression, AF was not associated with in-hospital mortality (Odds Ratio 1.21, 95% CI 0.8-1.9, P=0.4). Conclusions A small and stable portion of HT recipients is hospitalized for AF from 2005 to 2014. AF was not an independent predictor of mortality.
A continuidade de Conhecimento & Diversidade

A Revista Conhecimento & Diversidade prossegue no seu 23o numero trazendo temas contemporâneos de pesquisa que mantem o sentido de diversidade que caracteriza a Revista e estimulam tambem o dialogo entre pesquisadores.
The doctrine of mercy: moral authority, soft power, and the foreign policy of Pope Francis

This article argues that Pope Francis’ approach to foreign policy is guided by a Doctrine of Mercy, informing his policies on economic development, environmental degradation, and approach to socially exclusive groups. The Doctrine of Mercy is grounded in the Catholic interpretation of Mercy as being driven by compassion, forgiveness, and love and transforming that sentiment into actions to improve political challenges on earth. We further argue that the Doctrine of Mercy sets the conceptual parameters to the Pope’s soft power which is derived from the papacy’s religious authority. Examining the Pope’s writings and speeches, we find evidence to support our claim in regard to three important foreign policy issues: the environment, economic under development and inequality, and marginalized groups.
An Exploration of Exchangeable Ticket Airfare: Advantages and Potential Challenges

Exchangeable Ticket airfare (ET) are airline tickets sold at a small premium to standard non-refundable tickets where, for a determined window before the planned departure date, the original ticket holder can attempt to resell the ticket via an exchange and, assuming the ticket holder is able to sell the ticket, the original ticket holder is rebated the selling price (listed on the exchange) of the ticket minus a transaction fee. If a match is not made to resell the ticket, the customer receives no rebate. It is possible under such a system that the original ticket holder may receive a larger rebate than what they originally paid for the ticket, although the airline always has the option of repurchasing these tickets to avoid such an arbitrage opportunity. The airline can set the conditions of the ET such as the transfer fees, floors on the price a ticket can be exchanged for and the length of the no-transfer window; the length of the time period before the date of departure where the tickets can no longer be exchanged. The setting of these conditions will balance the airline's dual goals of making the ETs attractive to the targeted set of customers while limiting the potential cannibalization of “last-minute” ticket sales, which typically sell for higher fare prices.
Mental health and quality of life among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has placed healthcare professionals (HCP) in stressful circumstances with increased patient loads and a high risk of exposure. We sought to assess the mental health and quality of life (QoL) of Indian HCPs, the fourth highest-burden country for COVID-19. Method Using snowball sampling, we conducted an online survey in May 2020 among HCPs. Data were collected on demographics, depression, and anxiety using validated tools, quality of life, and perceived stressors. Multivariable logistic regression and principal component analysis were performed to assess risk factors associated with mental health symptoms. Findings Of 197 HCPs assessed, 157 (80%) were from Maharashtra, 130 (66%) from public hospitals, 47 (24%) nurses, 66 (34%) physicians, 101 (52%) females, and 81 (41%) ≤30 years. Eighty-seven percent provided direct COVID-19 care with 43% caring for >10 patients/day. A large proportion reported symptoms of depression (92, 47%), anxiety (98, 50%), and low QoL (89, 45%). Odds of combined depression and anxiety were 2.37 times higher among single HCPs compared to married (95% CI: 1.03-4.96). Work environment stressors were associated with 46% increased risk of combined depression and anxiety (95% CI: 1.15-1.85). Moderate to severe depression and anxiety were independently associated with increased risk of low QoL [OR: 3.19 (95% CI: 1.30-7.84), OR: 2.84 (95% CI: 1.29-6.29)]. Conclusion Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety and low QoL among Indian HCPs during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to prevent and treat mental health symptoms among frontline HCPs.
Ultrasound for Head Assessment: Diagnosis and Treatment

Ultrasound imaging of the head can be a useful screening and confirmation tool for a wide range of pathology in fetal, infant, and adult life. It is commonly performed on infants due to incomplete formation of the structures of the skull and wide fontanelles, creating a window and making visualization of the cranium more feasible. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound evaluates blood flow in the major arteries of the brain. Common uses of ultrasound imaging of the head include evaluation for hydrocephalus, screening for intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia, evaluation for congenital abnormalities, assessing risk of stroke, and localization of infections or tumors among others. Limitations of ultrasound include sensitivity to motion, such as an active or crying child, or larger patients with a resulting necessary increased depth of visualization. This chapter will discuss ultrasound of the head, its applications, methodology of performance for each application, and its contraindications and complications.
Tech Platforms and Market Power: What’s the Optimal Policy Response?

This paper provides a comparative institutional analysis of the leading approaches to addressing the market power of large digital platforms: (1) the traditional US antitrust approach; (2) imposition of ex ante conduct rules such as those in the EU’s Digital Markets Act and several bills recently advanced by the Judiciary Committee of the US House of Representatives; and (3) ongoing agency oversight, exemplified by the UK’s newly established “Digital Markets Unit.” After identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, this paper examines how they might play out in the context of digital platforms. It first examines whether antitrust is too slow and indeterminate to tackle market power concerns arising from digital platforms. It next considers possible error costs resulting from the most prominent proposed conduct rules. It then shows how three features of the agency oversight model—its broad focus, political susceptibility, and perpetual control—render it particularly vulnerable to rent-seeking efforts and agency capture. The paper concludes that antitrust’s downsides (relative indeterminacy and slowness) are likely to be less significant than those of ex ante conduct rules (large error costs resulting from high informational requirements) and ongoing agency oversight (rent-seeking and agency capture).
Some Queries Concerning the Absolute Incompetence of Predictors

This chapter is devoted to the raising of questions against what has been said so far on the perfect incompetence of predictors. Each question, in my opinion, is one which thoughtful readers might themselves raise. In providing answers to all these questions, in the next chapter, through introducing a fundamental new feature of human choices of which no mention has yet been made I strongly believe we shall have gone a long way to clarify the issue before us.
After the Civil Wars: English Politics and Government in the Reign of Charles II

This title is a study of Restoration England from the point of view of both rulers and ruled. It proposes that although there was political conflict, Charles II's reign was not a continuation of the divisions of the civil wars.
Access control based on code identity for open distributed systems

In computing systems, trust is an expectation on the dynamic behavior of an agent; static analysis is a collection of techniques for establishing static bounds on the dynamic behavior of an agent. We study the relationship between code identity, static analysis and trust in open distributed systems. Our primary result is a robust safety theorem expressed in terms of a distributed higher-order pi-calculus with code identity and a primitive for remote attestation; types in the language make use of a rich specification language for access control policies.
Small inertial fusion energy (IFE) demonstration reactors

ICF (inertial confinement fusion) target design studies done for the Nova Upgrade have identified conditions under which the target ignition 'cliff' is shifted to much lower drive energy, albeit with the penalty that the gain achieved at a given drive energy is also smaller. These targets would repeatably produce the output and spectra of higher gain targets at low yield. They should thus allow building much smaller R&D reactors with full thermonuclear effects. Demonstration reactors at the 1 to 100 MW/sub e/ level appear to be feasible with driver energies of 0.5 to 2.0 MJ/pulse. These smaller, less expensive test and demonstration facilities should result in a lower IFE development cost. If the US government builds a driver and target factory, it is also conceivable that commercial organizations could build their own scaled concepts of IFE reactors using the beams and targets supplied by the government's facilities. >
The Problem of Observation in Cosmology and the Big Bang

The understanding of universe has to utilize experimental data from the present to deduce the state of the universe in distant regions which implies in the distant past. Also, theories have to account for certain peculiarities or “coincidences” observed, first discovered by Eddington and Dirac. The prevalent view today in cosmology is the big bang, inflationary evolutionary model. This theory has to be finely tuned to account for these coincidences such as the flatness, the horizon and more recently the cosmological constant problems. Certain nagging problems have remained, e.g. the need to postulate cold, dark matter in amounts much larger than all the observable matter put together and more recently the need to postulate that the universe is even accelerating, i.e. the totally unknown and postulated cosmological constant prevails over the large structure of the universe. Big bang cosmology has been extrapolated to realms beyond its observational applicability and despite its impressive achievements, this methodology may go counter to the usual requirement of verification on which all science rests. We will present fundamentally different approaches that may be more in accord with quantum epistemology. Consequences of these approaches will be explored.
Beyond Corporate Codes of Conduct: Work Organization and Labor Standards in Two Mexican Garment Factories

This paper presents a matched pair case study of two factories supplying Nike, the world's largest athletic footwear and apparel company. These two factories have many similarities - both are in Mexico, both are in the apparel industry, both produce more or less the same products for Nike (and other brands) and both are subject to the same code of conduct. On the surface, both factories appear to have similar employment (i.e., recruitment, training, remuneration) practices and they receive comparable scores when audited by Nike's compliance staff. However, underlying (and somewhat obscured by) these apparent similarities, significant differences in actual labor conditions exist between these two factories. What drives these differences in working conditions? What does this imply for traditional systems of monitoring and codes of conduct? Field research conducted at these two factories reveals that beyond the code of conduct and various monitoring efforts aimed at enforcing it, workplace conditions and labor standards are shaped by very different patterns of work organization and human resource management policies.
A PIEZOELECTRIC FIELD-EFFECT STRAIN GAGE

A new and highly sensitive strain transducer has been developed using a thin-film semiconductor deposited on a polished piezoelectric ceramic substrate. Field-effect coupling has been found to exist between the substrate and film in which the number of mobile carriers in the semiconductor is dependent on the electric-displacement vector of the substrate. Therefore, the conductivity of the semiconducting film can be altered by piezoelectric charge due to a strain applied to the substrate material. An effective gage constant has been calculated in terms of the piezoelectric and elastic constants of the substrate and electronic properties of the film. Experimental devices were constructed by depositingp type tellurium on polished lead-zirconate-titanate ceramic resulting in experimentally observed gage factors as high as 5800 compared to 100–200 for conventional semiconductor gages. The semiconductor film exhibits an electronic instability that limits its use, at present, to transient measurements with frequencies above 1 Hz. Data will also be presented to show that the gage constant is continuously variable between a positive and negative maximum value by altering the magnitude and direction of the substrate-polarization vector. It is believed that these gages will be useful in those cases where extremely small strains (∼10−7) are to be measured or when moderate strains (∼10−4) are to be determined in an electrically noisy background.
Culture and the brain: Opportunities and obstacles

A major evolutionary advance of humans is a mind that is capable of constructing, perpetuating, adapting to, and exploiting culture. The birth of cultural neuroscience reflects the growing realization that a full account of the human mind requires understanding of the multiple and reciprocal influences between the biological and the sociocultural. In the present paper, we illustrate how attention to the brain, as exemplified in functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (fMRI) studies of sociocultural processes, contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the human mind. We end by discussing a set of challenges facing researchers using fMRI and the possible means for dealing with these challenges.
From graphs to matrices, and back: new techniques for graph algorithms

The growing need to deal efficiently with massive computing tasks prompts us to consider the following question: How well can we solve fundamental optimization problems if our algorithms have to run really quickly? The motivation for the research presented in this thesis stems from addressing the above question in the context of algorithmic graph theory. To pursue this direction, we develop a toolkit that combines a diverse set of modern algorithmic techniques, including sparsification, low-stretch spanning trees, the multiplicative-weights-update method, dynamic graph algorithms, fast Laplacian system solvers, and tools of spectral graph theory. Using this toolkit, we obtain improved algorithms for several basic graph problems including: • The Maximum s-t Flow and Minimum s-t Cut Problems. We develop a new approach to computing (1 – e)-approximately maximum s-t flow and (1 + e)-approximately minimum s-t cut in undirected graphs that gives the fastest known algorithms for these tasks. These algorithms are the first ones to improve the long-standing bound of O(n3/2) running time on sparse graphs; • Multicommodity Flow Problems. We set forth a new method of speeding up the existing approximation algorithms for multicommodity flow problems, and use it to obtain the fastest-known (1 – e)-approximation algorithms for these problems. These results improve upon the best previously known bounds by a factor of roughly Ω(m/n), and make the resulting running times essentially match the Ω(m/n) "flow-decomposition barrier" that is a natural obstacle to all the existing approaches; • Undirected (Multi-)Cut-Based Minimization Problems . We develop a general framework for designing fast approximation algorithms for (multi-)cutbased minimization problems in undirected graphs. Applying this framework leads to the first algorithms for several fundamental graph partitioning primitives, such as the (generalized) sparsest cut problem and the balanced separator problem, that run in close to linear time while still providing polylogarithmic approximation guarantees; • The Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem. We design an Oplogn loglogn p -approximation algorithm for the classical problem of combinatorial optimization: the asymmetric traveling salesman problem. This is the first asymptotic improvement over the long-standing approximation barrier of Θ(log n) for this problem; • Random Spanning Tree Generation . We improve the bound on the time needed to generate an uniform random spanning tree of an undirected graph. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Multi-scale drought and ocean–atmosphere variability in monsoon Asia

Spatially extensive and persistent drought episodes have repeatedly influenced human history, including the ?Strange Parallels? drought event in monsoon Asia during the mid-18th century. Here we explore the dynamics of sustained monsoon failure using observed and tree-ring reconstructed drought patterns and a 1300-year pre-industrial community earth system model control run. Both modern observational and climate model drought patterns during years with extremely weakened South Asian monsoon resemble those reconstructed for the Strange Parallels drought. Model analysis reveals that this pattern arises during boreal spring over Southeast Asia, with decreased precipitation and moisture flux, while related summertime climate anomalies are confined to the Indian subcontinent. Years with simulated South Asian drying exhibit canonical El Ni?o conditions over the Pacific and associated shifts in the Walker circulation. In contrast, multi-year drought periods, resembling those sustained during the Strange Parallels drought, feature anomalous Pacific warming around the dateline, typical of El Ni?o Modoki events.
The NatCarb geoportal: Linking distributed data from the Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships

ABSTRACT The Department of Energy (DOE) Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships are generating the data for a “carbon atlas” of key geospatial data (carbon sources, potential sinks, etc.) required for rapid implementation of carbon sequestration on a broad scale. The NATional CARBon Sequestration Database and Geographic Information System (NatCarb) provides Web-based, nation-wide data access. Distributed computing solutions link partnerships and other publicly accessible repositories of geological, geophysical, natural resource, infrastructure, and environmental data. Data are maintained and enhanced locally, but assembled and accessed through a single geoportal. NatCarb, as a first attempt at a national carbon cyberinfrastructure (NCCI), assembles the data required to address technical and policy challenges of carbon capture and storage. We present a path forward to design and implement a comprehensive and successful NCCI.