cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strong genetic influences on measures of behavioral-regulation among inbred rat strains.

A fundamental challenge for any complex nervous system is to regulate behavior in response to environmental challenges. Three measures of behavioral-regulation were tested in a panel of eight inbred rat strains. These measures were: (1) sensation seeking as assessed by locomotor response to novelty and the sensory reinforcing effects of light onset, (2) attention and impulsivity, as measured by a choice reaction time task and (3) impulsivity as measured by a delay discounting task. Deficient behavioral-regulation has been linked to a number of psychopathologies, including ADHD, Schizophrenia, Autism, drug abuse and eating disorders. Eight inbred rat strains (August Copenhagen Irish, Brown Norway, Buffalo, Fischer 344, Wistar Kyoto, Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat, Lewis, Dahl Salt Sensitive) were tested. With n = 9 for each strain, we observed robust strain differences for all tasks; heritability was estimated between 0.43 and 0.66. Performance of the eight inbred rat strains on the choice reaction time task was compared to the performance of outbred Sprague Dawley (n = 28) and Heterogeneous strain rats (n = 48). The results indicate a strong genetic influence on complex tasks related to behavioral-regulation and indicate that some of the measures tap common genetically driven processes. Furthermore, our results establish the potential for future studies aimed at identifying specific alleles that influence variability for these traits. Identification of such alleles could contribute to our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of behavioral-regulation, which is of fundamental importance and likely contributes to multiple psychiatric disorders.
Isolation and Characterization of the Subunits of Highly Purified Ovine Follicle-stimulating Hormone

Abstract Highly purified ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was separated into two noncovalently linked, nonidentical subunits (α and β) by treatment with 8 m urea followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The individual subunits were purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. This step resulted in the removal of a larger molecular weight contaminant from the β subunit. This contaminant, designated as undissociated FSH because of its relatively high biological activity, was not dissociated by further treatment with urea, suggesting that it may consist of covalently linked subunits. Although their electrophoretic mobilities differed greatly, both subunits exhibited microheterogeneity as indicated by analytical acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of native FSH and the α and β subunits as determined by ultracentrifugation were 33,000, 15,500, and 18,500, respectively. The subunits contained the amino acids and carbohydrates usually found in glycoprotein hormones with the exception that methionine was not present in the β subunit. Although they differed markedly in amino acid and carbohydrate content, both subunits exhibited relatively high amounts of threonine, halfcystine, glucosamine, and mannose. The amino acid composition of the α subunit was very similar to the amino acid contents of the α subunits of ovine and bovine luteinizing hormone. The sum of the amino acid and carbohydrate contents of the two subunits corresponded well with the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the native FSH. Incubation of the biologically inactive α and β subunits followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 resulted in reconstituted FSH which possessed approximately 68% of the biological activity of the original FSH as measured by the augmentation bioassay. The reconstituted FSH was almost as potent as the original FSH in the ability to stimulate the prostates, seminal vesicles, and testes in hypophysectomized male rats.
A procedure for identifying loosely conserved protein-binding DNA sequences.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that there are different types of searches for protein-binding DNA sequences. In some cases, knowing only a region of sequence that contain, somewhere within it the desired binding site of an unknown character, example most eukaryotic promoters. Given several such regions, it may be possible to determine the sequence using a search method that looks for improbable levels of local complexity in the DNA. The more common type of search is typical of a more advanced stage of knowledge in which case one has several examples of known binding sites for a particular protein and wishes to find other members of that sequence family. The chapter discusses searching by homology. The starting point for this search procedure is, therefore, an aligned set of six or more examples of a particular sequence motif. With the sequences aligned, it is simple to determine the consensus base at each position, allowing an immediate homology search with the consensus sequence.
The Histidyl Residues in Ribonuclease-S PHOTOOXIDATION IN SOLUTION AND IN SINGLE CRYSTALS; THE IODINATION OF HISTIDINE-12

Abstract With molar ratios of methylene blue to ribonuclease-S of 1:30, histidyl residues 105 and 119 are destroyed by photooxidation at approximately equal rates. The loss of histidine 119 results in complete loss of enzymic activity; the loss of 105 is without effect on the activity. Histidine-12 in RNase-S is photooxidized at a slower rate than 105 or 119 and slower than the same residue in S-Peptide. Apparently histidine-12 is partially protected in the RNase-S complex. Loss of histidine-12 in S-Peptide results in loss of potential activity. Photooxidation of S-Peptide causes the oxidation of methionine-13 to the sulfoxide as well as the destruction of histidine-12. The sulfoxide can easily be reduced to yield a derivative where the only change is in histidine-12. Monoiodination of histidine-12 in S-Peptide on carbon-2(4) also resulted in complete loss of potential activity. Estimates of ratio of S-Protein to S-Peptide derivative association constants relative to that for the unmodified peptide show reductions in affinity by factors of about 700 for methionine-13 sulfone, 1900 for photooxidized histidine-12, 3200 for 2(4)-iodohistidine-12. The loss of histidine-119 markedly lowers the affinity of S-Protein for native S-Peptide. The photooxidation reaction was carried out in the solid state on single crystals of RNase-S. The qualitative effects were identical with those seen in solution, although the overall rate was slower. A comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of native and photooxidized crystals of RNase-S showed only slight intensity changes. There was no evidence of any disordering of the crystal lattice. It is tentatively concluded that only small general conformational changes can have occurred, and that the activity effects can probably be attributed directly to the loss of the imidazole residues.
A Fluidic/Pneumatic Interface Amplifier

The development of a low cost, reliable, linear pressure amplifier to interface Laminar Proportional Amplifiers (LPA) to pneumatic controllers is presented. The amplifier consists of an LPA input stage and an output stage consisting of a venturi in series with a bellows nozzle valve. The LPA output drives the bellows nozzle valve thereby altering the flowrate through the venturi. The pressure within the venturi throat region, which is the amplifier output, changes with the flowrate. Non-linear characteristics, due to supersonic flow within the venturi, are altered through the use of feedback to the LPA input. A computer based model, to aid in optimizing the amplifier design, is developed. This model incorporates the effects of shock waves and boundary layers within the venturi. Good correspondence between the model and an experimental prototype is shown.
PLATCOM: current status and plan for the next stages

We have been developing a web-based system for comparing multiple genomes, PLATCOM, where users can choose genomes of their choice freely and perform analysis of the selected genomes with a suite of computational tools. PLATCOM is built on internal databases such as GenBank, COG, KEGG, and Pairwise Comparison Database (PCDB) that contains all pairwise comparisons (97,034 entries) of protein sequence files (.faa) and whole genome sequence files (.fna) of 312 replicons. Since combining multiple tools for sequence analysis requires a significant amount of programming work and knowledge on each tool, we also developed and incorporated high performance sequence data mining tools such as sequence clustering and neighborhood prediction. The next plan includes defining several data types for genome analysis and integrating system modules using data mining tools that operate on the genome data types. PLATCOM is available at http://platcom.informatics.indiana.edu.
Vitamin K5 as a Fungistatic Agent

The effectiveness of vitamin K5 in controlling the growth of different molds at varying pH levels in a culture medium, in tomato juice, and in several berry purees was studied. The molds studied were Aspergillus, Botrytis, Hormodendrum, Mucor, and Penicillium. The results showed that vitamin K5 was effective as a fungistatic agent at concentrations ranging from 0.006 to 0.02%.
Whiteness and White Privilege

Psychologists, especially therapists, are often trained to ferret out, search and seize upon that which is not readily visible and cannot be spoken, implicit issues and influences, that are commonl...
The use of listeriolysin O in an ELISA, a skin test and a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay on sheep experimentally infected with Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii or Listeria innocua.

Purified listeriolysin O (LLO) was evaluated as a specific antigen to detect both humoral and cell mediated immune responses of sheep infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Six sheep (two in each group) were orally inoculated with 1010 organisms of L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii, or L. innocua. Only the L. monocytogenes inoculated sheep had an elevated temperature (> 42°C) and after 15 days had anti-LLO antibodies as assessed by an ELISA. In a blastogenesis assay, only peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from L. monocytogenes-infected sheep responded to LLO, while PBMC from all the sheep responded somewhat to heat-killed L. monocytogenes bacteria. In a skin test, only L. monocytogenes-infected sheep exhibited a positive reaction to injected LLO, while all the Listeria-infected sheep reacted to heat-killed bacteria. On day 120 postinfection, all of the sheep were orally inoculated with L. monocytogenes. Only the four that had not been previously given L. monocytogenes exhibited an elevated temperature (> 42°C). 80 days later, sera from all of the animals were positive for anti-LLO antibodies. Thus, prior exposure to L. ivanovii or L. innocua does not protect against a L. monocytogenes challenge. These results suggest LLO is an excellent antigen for use in detecting Listeria infection in sheep. However, whether LLO will be useful in differentiating chronically infected animals from animals that have recovered, has yet to be investigated.
NUTRITIONAL LOSSES DURING COOKING

Modern food processing methods and the widespread ownership of both domestic and catering microwave ovens have permitted rapid growth in the production of a wide range of frozen and cook‐chill foods for retail and catering use.
Measurement of Sexual Identity in Surveys: Implications for Substance Abuse Research

Researchers are increasingly recognizing the need to include measures of sexual orientation in health studies. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how sexual identity, the cognitive aspect of sexual orientation, is defined and measured. Our study examined the impact of using two separate sexual identity question formats: a three-category question (response options included heterosexual, bisexual, or lesbian/gay), and a similar question with five response options (only lesbian/gay, mostly lesbian/gay, bisexual, mostly heterosexual, only heterosexual). A large probability-based sample of undergraduate university students was surveyed and a randomly selected subsample of participants was asked both sexual identity questions. Approximately one-third of students who identified as bisexual based on the three-category sexual identity measure chose “mostly heterosexual” or “mostly lesbian/gay” on the five-category measure. In addition to comparing sample proportions of lesbian/gay, bisexual, or heterosexual participants based on the two question formats, rates of alcohol and other drug use were also examined among the participants. Substance use outcomes among the sexual minority subgroups differed based on the sexual identity question format used: bisexual participants showed greater risk of substance use in analyses using the three-category measure whereas “mostly heterosexual” participants were at greater risk when data were analyzed using the five-category measure. Study results have important implications for the study of sexual identity, as well as whether and how to recode responses to questions related to sexual identity.
Endothelin and Prostaglandin H2 Enhance Arteriolar Myogenic Tone in Hypertension

Abstract We hypothesized that endothelin in addition to prostaglandin (PG)H 2 may also contribute to the enhanced myogenic tone of skeletal muscle arterioles of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Changes in the diameter of isolated, cannulated arterioles (≈60 μm) from cremaster muscles of 30-week-old normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and SH rats were measured as a function of perfusion pressure (20 to 140 mm Hg). Pressure-induced constrictions were significantly enhanced between 60 to 140 mm Hg in arterioles of SH rats compared with those of WKY rats; at 80 and 140 mm Hg the normalized diameter of arterioles (expressed as a percentage of corresponding passive diameter) of SH rats was 11.0% and 15.4% less ( P 2 –PGH 2 receptors by SQ 29,548 (10 −6 mol/L), the still enhanced myogenic response of SH arterioles was eliminated by the removal of endothelium or the administration of BQ-123 (10 −7 mol/L), an endothelin A (ET-A) receptor blocker, which also inhibited constrictions to exogenous ET-1 (10 −11 to 5×10 −10 mol/L). ET-1 elicited comparable responses in arterioles of SH and WKY rats. Thus, in SH rats the enhanced arteriolar constriction to increases in intravascular pressure seems to be due to the production of endothelium-derived constrictor factors PGH 2 and endothelin.
Graphene-based electrically reconfigurable deep-subwavelength metamaterials for active control of THz light propagation

This work studies the terahertz light propagation through graphene-based reconfigurable metasurfaces where the unit cell dimensions are much smaller than the terahertz wavelength. The proposed devices, which poses deep-subwavelength unit cell and active region dimensions can operate as amplitude and/or phase modulators in certain specific frequency bands determined by the device geometry. Reconfigurability is attained via electrostatically tuning the optical conductivity of patterned graphene layers, which are strategically located in each unit cell. The ultra-small unit cell dimensions can be advantageous for beam shaping applications.
Effect of Temperature Variation on FT-IR Spectrometer Stability

The effect of temperature variation on Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer response stability is investigated for wavenumbers from 10,000 to 100 cm-1 with the use of a temperature measurement and data acquisition system on the spectrometer optical bench. Spectrometer response instability is correlated with local temperature variation for two FT-IR spectrometer systems, with the use of various infrared source, beamsplitter, and detector combinations. The data obtained show that detector responsivity variation and beamsplitter misalignment associated with thermal instability of the spectrometer optical bench are responsible for the observed response instability. Response variation of up to 4% per degrees C temperature variation is observed. Variations of the laboratory environment and spectrometer purge gas supply temperatures are shown to affect spectrometer thermal stability directly.
SPECIAL SECTION: INTERNATIONAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE AND TRAINING

The field of systemic therapy continues to grow internationally and this expansion provides new opportunities to broaden the tradition of global connectedness. Some of the subjects being addressed by international scholars include ways to adapt and tailor existing models and practices of therapy to fit a growing global audience. Clinicians increasingly are challenged to provide culturally competent services for clients from cultures different from their own. Supervisors and educators endeavor to prepare students who come from other countries, to provide services to international clients. This Special Section on International Issues in Clinical Practice and Training takes a look at some of these issues and challenges in countries such as Iran and Uganda. Daneshpour et al. explores Iranian marriages, and the factors that contribute to successful relationships from the viewpoint happy couples in Iran. The study includes a sample of 260 couples, with in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with eleven couples married 10 years or more who scored highest on four ENRICH Couple Scales (2010). The study explores emerging themes for marital success in Iranian couples and the relationship with theories explaining martial satisfaction. Areas of investigation included marital style, prosperity, personality issues, equality, communication, conflict resolution, financial problems, leisure activities, humor & sex, family & friends, religious orientation, and child education. The authors discuss characteristics of Iranian couples with various family forms such as those with non-traditional, patriarchal, and matriarchal structures. McDowell et al. describe a novel 7-day family therapy workshop delivered in rural Uganda by a team of Ugandan and US counselors. The authors describe in thoughtful detail the preparation for collaboration, the transferability of knowledge, social justice issues, and ideas for decolonizing cross-cultural education. Topics such
Concurrent Scheme reference

This reference manual describes the built-in procedures of the Concurrent Scheme extensions to Scheme. It is intended to complement the standard procedures chapter of the standard Scheme[1] manual. The designers of Concurrent Scheme have taken the liberty of incorporating some optional and keyword arguments in the definitions of these procedures; the syntax used for this is based on Common Lisp[2].
2-Components in finite groups

(1975). 2-Components in finite groups. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 901-911.
Carriers and sideband pairs and their analogues in physics and Biology

This is a further development of the author's paper “A Unified Theory of Biology and Physics.” It is found that male and female in biology, as well as particle and antiparticle in physics, are analogues of symmetrical sideband pairs in communication theory. This gives a new point of view from which to investigate the significance and characteristics of these different paired entities.
Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: development of a general scale.

The development and shaping of a general scale to assess client/patient satisfaction is reported. The scale, the CSQ, was constructed empirically by the authors. The CSQ is a response to several problems and issues that currently cloud the measurement of consumer satisfaction in health and human service systems. These problems and issues in assessing satisfaction are described. Finally, we present practical expriences to date in using the CSQ along with general psychometric qualities of the scale and correlations of CSQ results with client characteristics, service utilization, and service outcomes.
Studies on γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidase I. The solid phase synthesis of analogs of polyglutamates of folic acid and their effects on human liver γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidase

Abstract A number of analogs of pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-glutamic acid in which the terminal glutamic acid residue has been replaced by other α-amino acids have been prepared and used to characterize the human liver γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidase. Details of modifications and improvements in the solid phase procedures for the synthesis of pteroylpolyglutamates are described. The compounds prepared are: pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-serine; pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-threonine; pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-aspartic acid; pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-glycine; pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-proline; pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-valine; pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-luecine; pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-phenylalanine; and pteroylglutamyl-γ-glutamyl-γ-leucylleucine. These analogs have been examined for their ability to support the folate requiring bacteria Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus casei. Their effects on partially purified human liver γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidase have been studied. On the basis of these studies certain conclusions concerning the mode of action of γ-glutamyl carboxypeptidase have been made.
Electromagnetic Perturbation of the Pseudoscalar-Mass Spectrum

Using the formalism developed in the preceding paper, we investigate electromagnetic perturbations in a rather general chiral $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ model of mesons. The meson and octet baryon mass shifts can be successfully correlated, and it is found that the electromagnetic breaking term in the Lagrangian may be of the same order of magnitude as the chiral-symmetry-breaking term. We also discuss the speculation that all strong symmetry breaking may be of electromagnetic and weak origin.
A U.S. Strategy for Regulating the Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide

[1] The United States produces more than 70% of its electricity from fossil fuels and nearly 50% from coal alone [U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2009]. Worldwide, the percentages are similar, making coal the single largest fuel source (42%) for electricity generation, followed by natural gas (21%) [International Energy Agency, 2009]. Dramatic improvements in the efficiency of electricity use and expanded use of renewable and nuclear energy can make important contributions to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from electricity generation. However, we see no way to achieve an order of magnitude reduction in those emissions by the latter part of this century without some continued use of fossil fuels [Morgan et al., 2005]. This means that an essential part of any portfolio for emissions reduction will be technology to capture CO2 and permanently sequester it in suitable geologic formations.
Maintained activity in the lateral geniculate body of the cat and the effects of visual deprivation.

Experiments were made with normal and visually deprived cats. The neuronal activity was measured under constant stimulus conditions with micro-electrodes from single neurons in the optic radiation and the lateral geniculate body (LGB). Interval-histograms, joint-interval-histograms and transition probabilities were analysed and characteristic statistical values were computed. The results are first presented for normal neurons. For off-center neurons and on-center neurons under equal stimulus conditions differences between neurons from the normal eye and neurons fed by the visually deprived eye could be established: for the latter the mean intervals were shorter, the fluctuations smaller, and the shape of histograms showed a decreased slope of decay. The serial dependences did not display diverse results. The findings allow cautious statements concerning the functional changes in the LGB of visually deprived cats.
Circadian Rhythm of Serum Cortisol in Cushing's Disease*

Two women with typical clinical and biochemical features of pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease each underwent hourly blood sampling for 24 h on two separate occasions for measurement of serum cortisol. The 24-h mean serum cortisol concentrations (17.7 and 15.4 micrograms/dl in patient 1; 19.0 and 15.8 micrograms/dl in patient 2) were elevated (normal level, less than 12.5 micrograms/dl), as expected. Cosinor analysis of the patients' serum cortisol patterns revealed statistically significant circadian rhythms on all four profiles. The amplitude of the rhythm on both occasions in patient 1 (5.8 and 6.6 micrograms/dl) and on one of two occasions in patient 2 (7.2 and 10.5 micrograms/dl) fell in the range for the amplitude of the cortisol circadian rhythm in normal subjects (2.2-8.6 micrograms/dl). In contrast to commonly held belief, some patients with Cushing's disease may exhibit circadian variation of serum cortisol.
Perceptual specialization and configural face processing in infancy.

Abstract Adults’ face processing expertise includes sensitivity to second-order configural information (spatial relations among features such as distance between eyes). Prior research indicates that infants process this information in female faces. In the current experiments, 9-month-olds discriminated spacing changes in upright human male and monkey faces but not in inverted faces. However, they failed to process matching changes in upright house stimuli. A similar pattern of performance was exhibited by 5-month-olds. Thus, 5- and 9-month-olds exhibited specialization by processing configural information in upright primate faces but not in houses or inverted faces. This finding suggests that, even early in life, infants treat faces in a special manner by responding to changes in configural information more readily in faces than in non-face stimuli. However, previously reported differences in infants’ processing of human versus monkey faces at 9 months of age (but not at younger ages), which have been associated with perceptual narrowing, were not evident in the current study. Thus, perceptual narrowing is not absolute in the sense of loss of the ability to process information from other species’ faces at older ages.
Anticorrelations in the intensity fluctuations of orthogonally polarized components of the output of cw amplified spontaneous emission

Abstract The intensity fluctuations of orthogonal, linearly-polarized components of the cw amplified spontaneous emission output from one end of a 3.51 μm helix-xenon gas laser amplifier are found to be strongly anticorrelated when the amplifier is saturated. The anticorrelation appears to vanish at short discharge lengths as expected for a linear amplifier. Atomic memory effects are demonstrated by the crosscorrelation function which is up to three wider than the separated autocorrelation functions.
Far-field subdiffraction optical microscopy using metamaterial crystals: Theory and simulations

Here we suggest and explore theoretically an idea for a far-field scanless optical microscopy with a subdiffraction resolution. We exploit the special dispersion characteristics of an anisotropic metamaterial crystal that is obliquely cut at its output plane, or has a curved output surface, in order to map the input field distribution onto the crystal's output surface with a compressed angular spectrum, resulting in a ``magnified'' image. This can provide a far-field imaging system with a resolution beyond the diffraction limits while no scanning is needed.
Misregulation of gene expression in the redox‐sensitive NF‐κb‐dependent limb outgrowth pathway by thalidomide

Thalidomide is known to induce oxidative stress, but mechanisms have not been described through which oxidative stress could contribute to thalidomide-induced terata. Oxidative stress modulates intracellular glutathione (GSH) and redox status and can perturb redox-sensitive processes, such as transcription factor activation and/or binding. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), a redox-sensitive transcription factor involved in limb outgrowth, may be modulated by thalidomide-induced redox shifts. Thalidomide-resistant Sprague-Dawley rat embryos (gestation day [GD] 13) treated with thalidomide in utero showed no changes in GSH distribution in the limb but thalidomide-sensitive New Zealand White rabbit embryos (GD 12) showed selective GSH depletion in the limb bud progress zone (PZ). NF-kappaB and regulatory genes that initiate and maintain limb outgrowth and development, such as Twist and Fgf-10, are selectively expressed in the PZ. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter vectors containing NF-kappaB binding promoter sites were transfected into both rat and rabbit limb bud cells (LBCs). Treatment with thalidomide caused a preferential decrease in GFP expression in rabbit LBCs but not in rat LBCs. N-acetylcysteine and alpha-N-t-phenylbutyl nitrone (PBN), a free radical trapping agent, rescued GFP expression in thalidomide-treated cultures compared with cultures that received thalidomide only. In situ hybridization showed a preferential decrease in Twist, Fgf-8, and Fgf-10 expression after thalidomide treatment (400 mg/kg per day) in rabbit embryos. Expression in rat embryos was not affected. Intravenous cotreatment with PBN and thalidomide (gavage) in rabbits restored normal patterns and localization of Twist, Fgf-8, and Fgf-10 expression. These findings show that NF-kappaB binding is diminished due to selective thalidomide-induced redox changes in the rabbit, resulting in the significant attenuation of expression of genes necessary for limb outgrowth.
Characterizing the Performance of a Fast FT-IR Imaging Spectrometer

The noise sources present in fast FT-IR imaging instrumentation are analyzed in order to ascertain the limits of the quantitative ability of this technique. Methods to increase the quality of spectral and spatial information are presented. It is shown that a technique comparable to the coaddition of multiple mirror scans in standard FT-IR spectroscopy is able to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectral data obtained, and that the expected square root behavior is obeyed. A method of distinguishing real image features from artifacts is also presented.
Shear deformable user finite element for MARC to model composites with taper

A shear deformable composite element is implemented as a user element in MARC. The element accommodates variable element thickness and hygrothermal load options. Example problems, a simply supported tapered plate, and a cantilevered tapered plate, both at various aspect ratios, are analyzed to benchmark the element and demonstrate the user element's ability to model tapered laminated plates and hygrothermal loads.
Conservative vs. invasive treatment of aortocoronary saphenous vein graft aneurysms: treatment algorithm based upon a large series

Abstract Background : The development of a saphenous vein graft aneurysm (SVGA) after coronary artery bypass graft surgery is a rare occurrence. There are approximately 60 cases reported in the literature, the majority being single case reports. There is no consensus on the treatment of SVGA. Methods : Retrospective analysis of the patients treated with SVGA was performed at our institution. Demographic and co-morbidity data were acquired on the patients. Patients who underwent surgical treatment were compared to those treated conservatively with the primary outcome being survival time from diagnosis of the SVGA. Results : Thirteen patients with 15 SVGA were identified. The average age at the time of the most recent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was similar in the conservative and the surgically treated groups (55 vs. 56.5 years, respectively). The average number of grafts per patient at the most recent CABG was similar (3.83 vs. 4.0, respectively). The average time from CABG to diagnosis was similar in both the groups (12.6 vs. 15 years, respectively). The average survival from diagnosis was similar in both the groups (2.3 vs. 1.5 years, respectively, p >0.05). Conclusions : Early surgical treatment of SVGA does not provide longer short-term survival compared with conservative management. A treatment algorithm for SVGA based upon patient co-morbidities and aneurysm characteristics is proposed.
Letters to Santa Claus: Elementary School-Age Children's Sex-Typed Toy Preferences in a Natural Setting.

Sex-typed toy preferences were assessed in a nonrestrictive, ecologically valid manner. Letters to Santa Claus requesting Christmas presents, written by 154 elementary school-age children, were analyzed for number and sex-stereotypy of toys requested. Girls requested more toys than boys and children more often requested nonsex-typed (neutral) than sex-typed toys. Girls were especially likely to request neutral toys, while boys were equally likely to request neutral or masculine-typed toys. However, children preferred sex-appropriate to sex-inappropriate toys. The results support efforts to investigate both neutral and sex-typed toy preferences in natural contexts.
Fabrication of highly conductive stressed-metal springs and their use as sliding-contact interconnects

Stressed-metal springs with small dimensions and high compliance have been demonstrated as alternative to wire bonds and flip-chip solder bumps. For higher spring conductivity and increased wear resistance, additional spring coatings are highly desired. Therefore, we have developed plating procedures which allow us to coat springs with thick and uniform metal films. This paper presents springs plated with gold, copper and nickel and demonstrates assembled spring packages which show low resistance in thermocycling experiments. Furthermore, we present first spring packages on FR4 substrates. Plated stressed-metal springs have a high potential as interconnects in future microelectronics devices where mismatches in thermal expansion between substrates of different materials are becoming an important issue.
Are the electrospray mass spectra of proteins related to their aqueous solution chemistry

Institute for Environmental Chemistry, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada The shape of the profile described by the relative abundances of multiply charged ions of proteins in the electrospray mass spectrum can be described by means of one or more Gaussian functions. An aqueous solution equilibrium model of the distribution of multiply charged ions of equine cytochrome c and myoglobin has been shown to match qualitatively the shape of the distribution of these ions in an electrospray mass spectrum. Monotonic functions such as the quadrupole mass spectrometric transmission efficiency may alter the centroid of the profile, but the shape of the ion abundance pattern appears to be controlled by the aqueous solution chemistry of the proteins. NRCC No. 32938.
Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification: weakly-nonlinear analysis of oscillatory instabilities

Abstract Huntley and Davis have performed a linear stability analysis on a model for the rapid directional solidification of a dilute binary alloy. This model has a velocity-dependent segregation coefficient and liquidus slope, a linear form of attachment kinetics, and the effects of latent heat and the full temperature distribution. The analysis revealed two modes of instability: (i) a steady cellular instability and (ii) an oscillatory instability driven by disequilibrium effects. The oscillatory instability has either a zero or nonzero critical wavenumber, depending on the thermal properties of the system. In this paper, we study the nonlinear behavior of the oscillatory instability with critical wavenumber zero through a weakly-nonlinear analysis. The analysis leads to a complex-coefficient Ginzburg-Landau equation (GLE) governing the amplitude of the fundamental mode of instability to the planar solid/liquid interface. A bifurcation analysis is applied to demark the parametric regions of supercritical (smooth) and subcritical (jump) transitions to the pulsatile mode. Asymptotic limits for low and high pulling speeds are applied by means of a double-expansion procedure to simply the GLE. With these simplified results, stability of the two-dimensional supercritical solutions against sideband disturbances are calculated. We find several regions of parameter space which give either sharp wavenumber selection of the fundamental mode or no stable two-dimensional solutions. The results are then applied to several physical systems.
Mobilization of the gentamicin resistance gene in Enterococcus faecalis.

Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pBEM10 (a conjugative plasmid encoding beta-lactamase production and gentamicin resistance [Gmr]) was made transfer deficient by using Tn917. Relocation of the Gmr determinant into two sites on pCF10 was observed. Restriction analysis revealed insertion of a common 2.5-kilobase-pair HindIII and a 3.9-kilobase-pair HaeIII fragment encoding Gmr, suggesting that this determinant resides on a transposon similar to Tn4001. Images
Macroeconomic structure and computable general equilibrium models

Abstract Economy-wide analysis can be undertaken within three different accounting frameworks: (1) the national income and product accounts, which focus on balance among macroaggregates; (2) the input-output accounts, which focus on intermediate flows and on the sectoral composition of production and demand; and (3) the social accounting matrix (SAM), which provides a framework incorporating both national income and product as well as input-output information. All three of these frameworks have been used to develop fixed coefficient, linear multiplier models. Keynesian multipliers at the macro level have multisectoral counterparts in the input-output model and “multi-institutional” counterparts in SAM-based models. These linear multiplier models tend to be completely demand driven and do not incorporate supply constrains or substitution possibilities. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have been developed which capture nonlinear substitution possibilities and multisectoral supply-demand interactions, and also incorporate macro variables and mechanisms for achieving balance among aggregates. “Marginal” multipliers can be derived for CGL models using the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives at a given equilibrium. This paper develops an approach to analyzing Jacobian multipliers from a CGE model that decomposes macro, sectoral, and institutional linkages in a SAM framework. We give an illustration of SAM-multiplier decomposition using a small CGE model of the United States.
U.S. SOUTH AFRICA POLICY IN THE 1980s: CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGEMENT AND BEYOND

In this article no attempt is made to defend the Reagan administration's six-year-old policy of constructive engagement toward the Republic of South Africa, for to all but a few diehards the policy is indefensible. Instead, my response to Beres contains three components. First, I take issue with his dismissal of constructive engagement as no more than a ruse by which “to make apartheid palatable” to the American people, and argue that the purpose of the policy was to enable the Reagan administration to take credit for achieving a Namibia independence settlement. Second, I show that Beres' plea for popular opposition to an unjust policy comes too late, for a large number of Americans, during the past two years in particular, have been doing his bidding. Finally, I conclude with an assessment of the nature of the policy debate over South Africa that such popularity has prompted, in which direction U.S. South Africa policy now appears headed, and what issues, if any, remain to be resolved.
A Canonical Correlation Analysis of E-Relationship Marketing and Hotel Financial Performance

Hotel companies have used their websites to nurture customer relationships. One question is whether or not relationship marketing (RM) pays. The evidence of this empirical study involving 39 top ho...
Calculations of the binding of hydrogen to fixed interstitial impurities in nickel

We have calculated the binding energy of hydrogen to inert, fixed interstitial impurity atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe and also the chemically active impurities C, O, and N in Ni using local density functional theory including lattice relaxation.
Effect of serial lesions on sprouting in the dentate gyrus: Onset and decline of the catalytic effect

Abstract Denervation caused by a unilateral lesion of the entorhinal projection to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus causes undamaged afferents to sprout and form new functional connections. Septal-hippocampal afferents intensify their AChE staining pattern in the denervated area and commissural-associational fibers spread into this zone. We now report the nature of sprouting to partial entorhinal lesions and to lesions spaced in time by various intervals (serial lesions). The response is proportional to the magnitude of denervation in that a small entorhinal lesion generates a much less marked growth response than a larger lesion. Reinnervation to a single unilateral lesion is detected as early as 4 or 5 days. However, when a small lesion of the entorhinal cortex which causes minimal sprouting precedes a larger lesion by 4 days to two weeks, the response to the larger lesion occurs three times faster, and the commissural-associational fibers spread further into the overlying denervated zone. If the inter-lesion interval is extended much beyond two weeks, the response is similar to that of a single large lesion. It is suggested that a partial lesion of the entorhinal area initiates certain ‘sprouting signals’ which require a few days to appear, remain for a few weeks and eventually subside. Once such signals are present, sprouting proceeds very rapidly.
A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Residential Homes on Neighborhood Property Values and Crime Rates

Over the past decade or so, there has been a trend toward deinstitutionalizing individuals with minor forms of mental or conduct disorders. This deinstitutionalization typically takes the form of a residential treatment home in which a fairly small number of individuals live in a house actually located in the community. Such homes vary in nature and include such groups as the mentally retarded, recovering drug addicts, battered women, and ex-convicts. While these residential treatment homes are thought to be an effective means of helping specialized populations readjust to life in the community, they have received considerable resistance. Even though most citizens agree that residential treatment centers are a good idea, many do not want the centers located in their neighborhoods. As reasons for this resistance, citizens argue that the location of a residential treatment center in their neighborhood will decrease property values, make their homes more difficult to sell, and result in an increase in crime. If residential treatment centers are to continue to be effective, it is important that the validity of citizen concerns such as those mentioned above be investigated. That is, it is important to determine if the location of a residential treatment center will adversely affect a neighborhood in terms of property values and crime rates. Thus, it is the purpose of this paper to review the research that has been conducted on the effects of residential treatment homes, and through rneta-analytic techniques, reach a conclusion about the effects of these horn es.
The effect of prolonged cold ischemia time on estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry in breast cancer.

To facilitate accurate detection of estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast tumors, the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists recommends that cold ischemia time be kept under 1 h. However, data to address the upper threshold of cold ischemia time are limited. Although it is our routine practice to keep cold ischemia time under 1 h for breast core biopsy specimens, this is difficult for surgical specimens because of the comprehensive intraoperative assessment performed at our institution. In this retrospective study, we compared ER immunohistochemical staining results in paired breast tumor core biopsy specimens and resection specimens with cold ischemia times ranging from 64 to 357 min in 97 patients. The staining category (≥10%, positive; 1–9%, low positive; 2 h was detected. No statistically significant association was found between the change of ER staining and the history of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings indicate that prolonged cold ischemia time up to 4 h (97% of our cohort) in the practice setting of our institution has minimal clinical impact on ER immunohistochemical expression in breast tumors.
Object oriented design and implementation of concurrent and real time systems in Ada

Object Oriented technology, especially Object Oriented Programming (OOP), has recently become very popular in a number of contexts, and for various applications. However, there have been relatively few reports of using OO Methods (OOM) for concurrent and real time systems (CRTS). Moreover, it has often been claimed that Ada 83 is an inappropriate language for doing OOP. This paper briefly reports successful use of OOM, with Ada, in a variety of CRTS, including a concurrent approach to discrete event simulation. Results show there are substantial benefits to using OOM with Ada, contradicting popular myth. Object Oriented Design and Implementation (OOD&I), versus OOP, is superior for developing large, complex software systems, and is better supported by Ada 83 than by “true” OO languages.
Effects of desiccation duration on the community structure and nutrient retention of short and long-hydroperiod Everglades periphyton mats

Abstract Responses of periphyton communities to different relevant durations of dry down were assessed. Long-hydroperiod sites within Everglades National Park remain wet for greater than 8 months of the year while short-hydroperiod mats are wet for fewer than 4 months of the year. Dry down duration of long and short-hydroperiod Everglades periphyton was manipulated from 0 to 1, 3, or 8 months after which periphyton was rewetted 1 month and examined for algal species composition. The effects of desiccation and rewetting on periphyton nutrient retention were also assessed. Relative abundance of diatoms declined from an average of 47% in the long-hydroperiod community at the start of the experiment to 24% after 1 month of desiccation and only 12% after 8 months of desiccation. Short-hydroperiod periphyton contained a lower proportion of diatoms at the outset (3%), which declined to less than 1% after the 8-month desiccation treatment. A significant increase in the filamentous cyanobacteria Schizothrix calcicola occurred in long-hydroperiod periphyton mats during this same period, but not in short-hydroperiod mats. Long-hydroperiod periphyton communities had a greater response to desiccation overall, but short-hydroperiod community structure responded to desiccation more rapidly. Because short-hydroperiod communities dry frequently, they appear to cope better to desiccating conditions than long-hydroperiod periphyton communities. This is indicated by the dominance of desiccation resistant algal taxa such as the cyanobacterial filaments S. calcicola and Scytonema hofmanni . Long-hydroperiod periphyton mat communities converge compositionally to short-hydroperiod periphyton communities after prolonged desiccation. Desiccation and rewetting caused long-hydroperiod periphyton to flux greater concentrations of nutrients than short-hydroperiod periphyton. Significant increases in efflux occurred from 1 to 8 months for total phosphorus (TP) and from 1 to 3 and 8 months for total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC). Thus, changes in periphyton mat community structure and function with altered hydroperiod may have long-term ecosystem effects.
Coherent dynamics of coupled electron and nuclear spin qubits in diamond.

Understanding and controlling the complex environment of solid-state quantum bits is a central challenge in spintronics and quantum information science. Coherent manipulation of an individual electron spin associated with a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond was used to gain insight into its local environment. We show that this environment is effectively separated into a set of individual proximal 13 C nuclear spins, which are coupled coherently to the electron spin, and the remainder of the 13 C nuclear spins, which cause the loss of coherence. The proximal nuclear spins can be addressed and coupled individually because of quantum back-action from the electron, which modifies their energy levels and magnetic moments, effectively distinguishing them from the rest of the nuclei. These results open the door to coherent manipulation of individual isolated nuclear spins in a solid-state environment even at room temperature.