cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Scores Are Inconsistently Correlated With Legacy Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Shoulder Pathology: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To evaluate the current literature regarding Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and its correlation to legacy patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) in 5 domains: (1) rotator cuff disease, (2) shoulder instability, (3) shoulder arthroplasty, (4) proximal humerus fractures, and (5) glenohumeral arthritis. The secondary purpose is to evaluate the floor and ceiling effects, the number of questions, and time needed to complete PROMIS and legacy PROMs in shoulder care. Methods A systematic review of the available literature on PROMIS scores in shoulder care was performed. This review was accomplished per PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. Results A total of 11 studies that reported data on 1485 patients met inclusion criteria. There was a strong correlation between general function PROMs and the PROMIS PF for patients with rotator cuff disease, shoulder instability, shoulder arthroplasty, and proximal humerus fractures. In addition, there was a strong correlation between PROMIS UE and legacy PROMs in patients with rotator cuff injury and shoulder instability. PROMIS instruments asked fewer questions than legacy PROMs (9.46 vs 12.99, respectively), took less time to complete (88.21 vs 96.53 seconds, respectively), had less floor effects in both PROMIS PF and UE (0.17% and 0.62% vs 2.89%, respectively), and had lower ceiling effects for PROMIS PF but not PROMIS UE assessments (0.17% and 6.37% vs 1.89%, respectively). Conclusions This systematic review demonstrated PROMIS instruments have varying correlations with legacy PROMs measures for patients with rotator cuff disease, shoulder instability, shoulder arthroplasty, and glenohumeral arthritis. PROMIS instruments do measure clinical outcomes faster and with fewer questions. Other than PROMIS UE v1.2 ceiling effects, PROMIS instruments have lower rates of floor and ceiling effects. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level II-IV studies.
The Flip Side of Turnover: Employment Transitions and Occupational Attachment Among Low-Wage Care Workers in the United States

Scholars have explored the ways that conventional economic theory does not fully explain the distribution and characteristics of caring labor – the work, unpaid and paid, of caring for those who ar...
How Do the Urban Poor Survive? A Comparative Ethnography of Subsistence Strategies in Argentina, Ecuador, and Mexico.

Drawing on ethnographic data collected in three informal communities, one in Argentina, one in Mexico, and one in Ecuador, we address the long-standing question posed by Larissa Lomnitz’s and Carol Stack’s now-classic studies of how impoverished people not only survive but what strategies they adopt in an attempt to build a dignified life. By focusing on the diversity of strategies by which the urban poor solve the everyday problems of individual and collective reproduction, we move beyond the macro-level analysis of structural constraint and material deprivation. Our findings show a remarkable continuity in the difficulties residents of these informal communities confronted and the problem-solving strategies they resorted to. We found that networks of kin and friends continue to play a crucial role in how poor people not only survive but attempt to get ahead. Additionally, we highlight the role of patronage networks and collective action as central to strategies by which the urban poor cope with scarcity and improve their life chances, while also paying close attention to ways in which they deal with pressing issues of insecurity and violence. The paper shows that poor people’s survival strategies are deeply imbricated in routine political processes.
Autonomic Modulation for Treatment of Repolarization Alternans and Refractory Ventricular Electrical Storm

Abstract Macroscopic T-wave alternans (TWA) is a rare finding on surface electrocardiogram and has been associated with an increased risk of impending sudden cardiac death. We highlight a case of m...
CHAPTER 12 – Other PC Configurations and Hardware for Data Acquisition

Many PC architectures and buses have become obsolete or relegated to niche markets. A few of the alternative PC architectures are still used in labs and factories. IBM introduced its successor to its popular PC/XT/AT computer line, the PS/2. Most members of the PS/2 family were based on IBM's new Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) by using Intel's 80286 and 80386 CPUs. The performance characteristics of MCA were a large improvement over the ISA bus. In spite of the major hardware differences between MCA-based PS/2 PCs and PC/XT/AT systems, they were still software compatible. All PS/2 computers ran MS-DOS, MS Windows, and the most available application software. Another popular PC architecture is Apple's Macintosh, which is very useful in scientific, engineering, and industrial applications. This architecture is based on the NuBus, which was a system bus developed by MIT and Texas Instruments for 32-bit computers. Further, this chapter focuses on digital signal processor or DSP. DSP chips are very popular processors used alone and with PCs in scientific and engineering environments. These devices are the heart of DSP boards, which are designed for PCs with an ISA or PCI bus.
Sampling for Bayesian computation with large datasets

Multilevel models are extremely useful in handling large hierarchical datasets. However, computation can be a challenge, both in storage and CPU time per iteration of Gibbs sampler or other Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. We propose a computational strategy based on sampling the data, computing separate posterior distributions based on each sample, and then combining these to get a consensus posterior inference. With hierarchical data structures, we perform cluster sampling into subsets with the same structures as the original data. This reduces the number of parameters as well as sample size for each separate model fit. We illustrate with examples from climate modeling and newspaper marketing.
Estimating specific yield and storage change in an unconfined aquifer using temporal gravity surveys

[1] Two high-precision gravity surveys were conducted to determine groundwater mass changes at a managed groundwater recharge site in northeastern Colorado. Gravity data were collected during pumping and two months after pumping ceased. During pumping, gravity was lower by as much as 46 μGal near the pumping wells and higher by as much as 90 μGal near the recharge ponds in comparison to data collected after pumping had ceased. These differences are attributed to changes in groundwater mass associated with drawdown and infiltration. Inverse modeling of the gravity data indicates a 5.1 × 105 m3 decrease in storage beneath the recharge ponds between the two surveys, which we attribute to dissipation of the groundwater mound created by recharge during pumping. This estimate of the change in groundwater storage is made independently of assumptions of physical properties of the aquifer. Dividing the change in water volume per unit area determined from the gravity modeling by the change in water level measured in wells provides an estimate of specific yield (Sy) of 0.21 ± 0.03, which is within the range of specific yield estimates derived from aquifer tests at the site. Water level changes predicted from the gravity data agree on average to within ±0.45 m of those measured, which we take to be an estimate of the uncertainty in water table depth predictions that can be obtained from gravimetric data in unconfined aquifers. The study covers a 3.2 km2 area, providing a prototype for similar studies at larger scales.
A World of Difference: Unraveling the Conversations African American Mothers Have with Their Adult Daughters to Negotiate Diabetes

Of the 15.7 million people with diabetes in the United States, more than half are women and minority women account for the highest rates of type II diabetes. Medical literature offers a comprehensive biomedical overview of diabetes yet communication scholars have yet to unravel this health disparity, particularly as it relates to black women. The goal of this article is to understand conversations that transpire between type II diabetic mothers and their adult daughter. The conversations held by these dyads can inform the meaning mothers give to their illness. A socio-ecological model was used as the theoretical framework to explain the multi-layered aspect of communicative health behavior. Emergent themes highlight conversations about the familial dynamics, mothers' experiences living with diabetes, and prevention for daughters. This research has extensive value for understanding the role of talk in negotiating a chronic illness and is particularly useful as a cultural snapshot for practitioners who prov...
ESTIMATING HEALTH RISKS FROM NATURAL HAZARDS USING RISK ? ASSESSMENT AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Risk assessment is the process of estimating the likelihood that an adverse effect may result from exposure to a specific health hazard. The process traditionally involves hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization to answer "How many excess cases of disease A will occur in a population of size B due to exposure to agent C at dose level D?" For natural hazards, however, we modify the risk assessment paradigm to answer "How many excess cases of outcome Y will occur in a population of size B due to natural hazard event E of severity D?" Using a modified version involving hazard identification, risk factor characterization, exposure characterization, and risk characterization, we demonstrate that epidemiologic modeling and measures of risk can quantify the risks from natural hazard events. We further extend the paradigm to address mitigation, the equivalent of risk management, to answer "What is the risk for outcome Y in the presence of prevention intervention X relative to the risk for Y in the absence of X?" We use the preventable fraction to estimate the efficacy of mitigation, or reduction in adverse health outcomes as a result of a prevention strategy under ideal circumstances, and further estimate the effectiveness of mitigation, or reduction in adverse health outcomes under typical community-based settings. By relating socioeconomic costs of mitigation to measures of risk, we we illustrate that prevention effectiveness is useful for developing cost-effective risk management options.
Principles for the design of billiards with nonvanishing Lyapunov exponents

We introduce a large class of billiards with convex pieces of the boundary which have nonvanishing Lyapunov exponents.
Expression of retinol binding protein and transthyretin during early embryogenesis

Previous studies have shown that anterior lateral plate endoderm from stage 6 chicken embryos is necessary and sufficient to enable precardiac mesoderm to complete its cardiogenic program in vitro, culminating in a rhythmically contractile multicellular vesicle (Sugi and Lough [1994] Dev. Dyn. 200:155-162). To identify cardiogenic factors, we have begun to characterize proteins that are secreted by endoderm cell explants. Fluorography of proteins from endoderm-conditioned medium revealed 1-2 dozen bands, the most prominent of which migrated at approximately 17 and 25 kD. The bulk of the 17-kD band, which migrates near FGFs and subunits of the transforming growth factor-beta family, was identified by N-terminal sequencing as transthyretin (TTR). A component of the 25-kD band was identified by Western blotting as retinol binding protein (RBP). RT/PCR analysis revealed that mRNAs for both proteins are in the embryo as early as stage 3. In situ hybridization localized these mRNAs to the extraembryonic endoderm at stage 6, after which they were detected in endoderm overlying the embryo proper, including the developing heart. Later, RBP and TTR mRNA and protein were detected in cells associated with the developing heart. Western blotting of whole embryo proteins revealed the presence of RBP by stage 7, followed by sequential increases to stage 25; by contrast, content of RBP in isolated hearts peaked at stage 14, then declined. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of RBP protein in the extracellular matrix subjacent to lateral plate endoderm beginning at stage 8; upon formation of the definitive heart, intense staining was observed in the cardiac "jelly." By contrast TTR was intracellular, first detected as subtle deposits in stage 6 embryonic endoderm, which by stage 8 were prominent in the dorsally invaginated endoderm subjacent to the precardiac splanchnic mesoderm. At stages 11-14, TTR was detected only in myocardial cells. Such localization of RBP and TTR may indicate a role in the transport and distribution of retinol and thyroid hormone, respectively, from yolk to embryo prior to establishment of the circulatory system, and is suggestive of a subsequent role in heart development.
Medical information technologies can increase quality and reduce costs

Patients and healthcare providers are continually exposed to a healthcare system powered by medical information technologies. One of the first technologies showing promise is electronic health records (EHRs). Basic and advanced EHR systems facilitate access to essential clinical information, such as patient demographic characteristics, patient-physician encounters, laboratory and imaging results, and physicians' notes, and allow the computerized provider-order entry of medications, which checks orders against patient information to flag potential allergic reactions, dosage errors, and drug interactions. Additionally, evolving functionalities allow for the entry of laboratory test orders and nursing orders as well as clinical-decision support, including information about relevant clinical practice guidelines, clinical reminders, and guidance and safety alerts. However, EHRs go beyond documentation because they encompass coding functions, the ability to create and export invoices, the automated creation of consultation and patient letters, electronic prescribing, and task tracking, all of which translate into greater money and time savings for patients and providers (1-3). Today, many EHR systems allow for electronic communications among providers within the same organization, while others allow for secure messaging between healthcare providers and patients. These patient-provider communications vary from requests to refill prescriptions to reports of symptoms requiring prompt medical assessment. In some instances, systems maintained by different entities share information about patients through health information exchange networks. Healthcare providers adopting EHRs have reported improvements in the quality of care they provide. In fact, as momentum gathers, the creation of unique EHR-related national patient-safety goals may provide a renewed push for patient-safety initiatives in a technology-enabled healthcare system (4). EHRs hold considerable promise to potentially reduce injuries by preventing harmful medical errors and mitigate malpractice claims. Modern telecommunications between a physician and a patient are often sufficient to establish the relationship necessary for post-consultation feedback. Additionally, messaging systems may help to prevent medical errors and adverse events by allowing patients to easily vocalize clinically significant concerns that they do not believe warrant a hospital visit (5). As the use of EHRs grows, it stands to reason that failure to adopt a functional EHR system may constitute a deviation from the standard of patient care. This standard is normally defined by reference to what is customary among physicians in the same specialty in similar settings. Once a critical mass of healthcare providers adopts EHRs, others may need to follow. This rationalization assumes that the cost-benefit calculus of adopting medical information technologies is reasonable, so that harm and injuries are prevented at an efficient cost.
Effect of the configuration of the substituents of derivatized β-cyclodextrin bonded phases on enantioselectivity in normal-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract (R)-(−)-, (S)-(+)- and racemic 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylcarbamate derivatives of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) bonded phase were used to successfully resolve a large variety of enantiomers in the normal-phase mode. The selectivity (α) and retention (k′) of these new chiral packings in the normal-phase mode are somewhat analogous to a reciprocal Pirkle-type phase. Also, many of the enantiomers resolved on these new phases were not resolvable on the native β-CD phase in the reversed-phase mode or on the naphthylvaline type π-complex, hydrogen bonding phases. Comparison of the selectivity and retention of the (R)-, (S)- and racemic carbamate phases revealed that both the carbamate substituent and the cyclodextrin moieties contribute to chiral recognition. The selectivity of these phases was found to be a function not only of the configuration of the substituent on the CD but also was dependent on the number of substituents (degree of substitution). More importantly, the results indicate that enantioselectivity on these phases arises from two modes of chiral recognition. In some cases, the chiral selectivity of the one configuration of the substituent and the CD combine synergistically while the chiral selectivity of the opposite configuration of the substituent and the CD combine antagonistically. For some compounds, changing the carbamate substituent configuration resulted in a reversal of the elution order.
Swedish Children with ADHD do Not Have a Higher Experience of Dental Caries Compared to Children Without an ADHD Diagnosis, In Spite of Showing Poor Dietary and Oral Hygiene Patterns

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Dental Caries and Oral Health Behavior in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Blomqvist M, Holmberg K, Fernell E, Ek U, Dahllof G. Eur J Oral Sci 2007;115(3):186-91 Level of Evidence 2 Purpose/Question Test the hypothesis that children with ADHD exhibit higher caries prevalence and poorer oral health behaviors than non-ADHD children. Source of Funding Information not available? Several funders in Finland and Sweden—unclear. Type of Study/Design Case-Control Study? Unmatched
Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of liquid benzene using orbital optimization

The structure of liquid benzene is investigated by quantum molecular dynamics simulations. Results using variationally optimized numerical pseudo-atomic orbitals are compared to those of generic optimized orbitals. The accuracy of the first-principle calculations is compared with recent experimental findings. Simulations using minimal basis sets with optimized orbitals are shown to successfully predict the local structure of liquid benzene, while simulations with non-optimized minimal basis sets have significant errors in the structure of the first solvation shell. The use of a minimal optimized basis set considerably speeds up simulations, while preserving much of the accuracy of a larger basis set formed by generic orbitals. The transferability of the optimized orbitals is also explored under different environmental conditions.
Dexmedetomidine and halothane produce similar alterations in electroencephalographic and electromyographic activity in cats

Dexmedetomidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, produces sedation and reduces volatile anesthetic requirements. This investigation compared the actions of dexmedetomidine and halothane on the processed EEG and on the electromyogram (EMG) which has not been previously described. Chronically instrumented cats were prepared with arterial and venous cannulae, quadriceps EMG electrodes and EEG electrodes in the lateral geniculate nucleus and over the frontal and occipital cortices. Hemodynamics, EEG and EMG were recorded in the conscious state and after randomly administered halothane or intravenous dexmedetomidine (on separate days). Blink and tail-clamp responses also assessed level of consciousness. Halothane resulted in unconsciousness and a lack of response to tail clamping, while dexmedetomidine produced profound sedation, with preservation of tail-clamp responses. Both agents similarly decreased (P < 0.05) the median power frequency from 9.5 +/- 0.9 to 5.7 +/- 0.4 Hz (2% halothane) and from 9.6 +/- 0.7 to 5.9 +/- 0.8 Hz (20 microg/kg dexmedetomidine), and 95% power frequency from 23.0 +/- 0.2 to 18.2 +/- 0.6 Hz (2% halothane) and from 23.0 +/- 0.2 to 19.1 +/- 0.8 Hz (20 microg/kg dexmedetomidine). Both agents increased the total spectral power and delta band power of the EEG and reduced integrated EMG activity. Halothane and dexmedetomidine produced differing effects on level of consciousness as assessed by response to tail clamping. The results suggest that conventional processing of EEG and EMG parameters are inadequate to assess anesthetic depth in the presence of alpha2-adrenergic agonists.
Examining the simultaneous impact of market newness and product innovativeness on the organisational integration–new product market success relationship: a moderation study

This paper examines the moderating influence of market newness and product innovativeness on the organisational integration–new product market success relationship. Data from the electrical products, medical devices, and the heavy construction equipment industries were studied. The major research question studied is to what degree do market newness and product innovativeness simultaneously moderate the relationship between new product market success and the degree of NPD organisational integration? It was found that in the studied industries market newness was found to have a greater moderating impact on the organisational integration–new product market success relationship than product innovativeness when the effects of both moderators were simultaneously investigated. Implications of this research are provided.
Building and Remodeling Synapses

Synaptic junctions are generated by adhesion proteins that bridge the synaptic cleft to firmly anchor pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Several cell adhesion molecule (CAM) families localize to synapses, but it is not yet completely understood how each synaptic CAM family contributes to synapse formation and/or structure, and whether or how smaller groups of CAMs serve as minimal, functionally cooperative adhesive units upon which structure is based. Synapse structure and function evolve over the course of development, and in mature animals, synapses are composed of a greater number of proteins, surrounded by a stabilizing extracellular matrix, and often contacted by astrocytic processes. Thus, in mature networks undergoing plasticity, persistent changes in synapse strength, morphology or number must be accompanied by selective and regulated remodeling of the neuropil. Recent work indicates that regulated, extracellular proteolysis may be essential for this, and rather than simply acting permissively to enable synapse plasticity, is more likely playing a proactive role in driving coordinated synaptic structural and functional modifications that underlie persistent changes in network activity.
A Global Perspective on Science and Technology

The United States is a huge ocean-flanked country that, since World War II, has led the world in the development of science and technology. But other countries are now catching up. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) has been a support for the development of American science since the 19th century, but as the rest of the world becomes increasingly relevant, it has chosen to expand its purview to become more of an international friend of science. At the 174th annual meeting of the AAAS, we chose to reflect this new perspective.
The effects of copper on the heart rate and filtration rate of Mytilus edulis

Abstract Exposure of Mytilus edulis to dissolved copper led to a decrease in heart rate and filtration rate. After 4 days exposure to copper, the concentration of copper causing a 50% reduction in heart rate (EC50) was 0.17 ppm. After 5 days exposure to copper, the EC50 for filtration rate was only 0.002 ppm copper. Reductions in heart rate and filtration rate are not caused by valve or siphon closure.
Salt Bridge Structures in the Absence of Solvent? The Case for the Oligoglycines

Protonated and sodiated oligoglycines, Glyn (n = 1−6), were generated in the gas phase using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and their structure probed by measuring collision cross sections in helium. It was found that the sodiated oligoglycines have larger cross sections than the protonated forms and that the difference between the cross sections of the two forms increases with increasing oligoglycine size (n = 2−5) reaching a value of >11% for pentaglycine. This observation indicated that the protonated forms are more compact and spherical than the sodiated species. Theoretical studies including ab initio MP2, density functional theory, and molecular mechanics calculations indicated that protonated oligoglycines assume almost spherical shapes. The same was true for sodiated forms if it was assumed that the sodium ion was bound to a zwitterion oligoglycine structure via a salt bridge system. However, structures obtained when the sodium ion was solvated by nonzwitterionic oligoglycines were fa...
Measurement of droplet size, velocity, and temperature distributions in rayleigh flow

Experiments were performed on the droplets formed from a heated, unforced, cylindrical column of water (Rayleigh flow). Temperature distributions, velocity distributions and size distributions were obtained. A thermocouple was used for the temperature measurements. Two time constants were determined – one for the drop impinging on the thermocouple and another for the drop leaving the thermocouple.
Surface structure of stepped NiAl(111) by low energy Li+ ion scattering

Previous LEED and ISS studies have indicated that there are equal amounts of Ni and Al terminated domains on the (111) surface of the strongly ordered NiAl alloy. However, a study of the energy dependent broadening of LEED beams diffracted from a stepped NiAl(111) surface indicates that there is a preference for double step heights suggesting that high step density may impose termination in only one type of domain. The authors have now measured the angle dependence of Li{sup +} scattering from stepped NiAl(111) surface cut 1.7 from the (111) orientation. Scattering along the (121) and (211) azimuths permit conditions where only the first layer or where a sum of first and second layer scattering is observed. By analysis of the Ni and Al intensities from first and second layer scattering is observed. By analysis of the Ni and Al intensities from first and second layers and comparison with previous ion scattering results on NiAl(110), it is found that the equilibrium stepped surface terminates with roughly equal amounts of both types of domains. The angle dependence of the ion scattering confirms the bulk terminated surface structure with first layer relaxation. The incidence angle associated with the onset of second layermore » scattering from Ni and Al can be used to determine the first inter-layer spacing for each type of domain independently. The measured spacings confirm previous LEED results for the low index surface that the first layer spacing differs in magnitude for the two different terminations.« less
Particle nucleation following the O3 and OH initiated oxidation of α‐pinene and β‐pinene between 278 and 320 K

[1] Measurements of particle nucleation following the gas phase oxidation of α-pinene and β-pinene are reported. Particle nucleation following ozonolysis and O3 plus OH initiated monoterpene oxidation was measured in a 70-L Teflon bag reactor over the temperature range 278 to 320 K. Particle concentration temporal profiles were measured for a range of initial monoterpene and ozone concentrations using ultrafine condensation particle counters. Profiles were interpreted using a coupled gas phase chemistry and kinetic multicomponent nucleation model to determine the molar yield of the nucleating species in the ozonolysis experiments to be 1 × 10−5 and 0.009, for α-pinene and β-pinene, respectively. OH initiated oxidation was found to increase the nucleator yield for α-pinene, approximately a factor of three, but not for β-pinene. The molar yield of condensable reaction products (vapor pressure < 20 ppt at 296 K) was determined to be 0.06 for both α-pinene and β-pinene and was independent of the oxidation source. Particle growth, which is determined by the condensable reaction products, was nearly temperature independent. Atmospheric box model calculations of nucleation and particle growth for α-pinene and β-pinene oxidation under typical tropospheric conditions are presented and showed that (1) nucleation can be significant under favorable conditions, (2) nucleation is dominated by OH initiated oxidation, and (3) the partitioning of the condensable monoterpene oxidation products made a significant contribution to the growth of atmospheric aerosol and was capable of explaining the observed particle growth rates commonly observed in remote forests.
Institutionalization of organizational ethics through transformational leadership

Concerns regarding corporate ethics have grown steadily throughout the past decade. In order to remain competitive, many organizational leaders are faced with the challenge of creating an ethical environment within their organization. A model is presented showing the process and elements necessary for the institutionalization of organizational ethics. The transformational leadership style lends itself well to the creation of an ethical environment and is suggested as a means to facilitate the institutionalization of corporate ethics. Finally, the benefits of using transformational leadership are demonstrated through the components of a psychological contract, organizational commitment, and ethical culture to institutionalize organizational ethics.
Finite acyclic theories are unitary

Abstract The main result in this paper is that the class of finite acyclic theories contains only unitary theories. As far as we are aware, this is the first class of unitary theories to be discovered. Interestingly, two of the known unitary theories (those of left and right distributivity) belong to this class. Moreover, it is possible to construct a universal unification procedure for this class of theories—the procedure is similar to the one developed by Kirchner for decomposable theories (generalizing the efficient free-unification algorithm of Martelli and Montanari). The decidability of unification in an arbitrary finite acyclic theory is open. The termination technique developed by Tiden and Arnborg for one-sided distributivity appears to be adaptable for many but not for all theories in the class.
Partitioning 3-uniform hypergraphs

Bollobas and Thomason conjectured that the vertices of any r-uniform hypergraph with m edges can be partitioned into r sets so that each set meets at least rm/(2r-1) edges. For r=3, Bollobas, Reed and Thomason proved the lower bound (1-1/e)m/3~0.21m, which was improved to (5/9)m by Bollobas and Scott and to 0.6m by Haslegrave. In this paper, we show that any 3-uniform hypergraph with m edges can be partitioned into 3 sets, each of which meets at least 0.65m-o(m) edges.
Stem cell transplant for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma.

CLL, one of the most prevalent lymphoid malignancies in North America and Europe, is the cause of death in most patients with the disease [1]. Standard therapies are often effective but are non-cur...
A new Protaspis from the Devonian of Utah, with notes on the classification of Pteraspididae

Recent classifications of Pteraspididae are considered, and it is concluded that because of rapid and sometimes parallel evolution, the vent ral face of the rostrum cannot be relied upon as the sole or most important diagnostic feature of a genus. A revised classification, based on several characters, is proposed, as follows: genus Pteraspis, including subgenera Protopteraspis, Althaspis, and Pteraspis; genus Rhinopteraspis; genus Protaspis, including subgenera Prolaspis and Cyrtaspidichthys; genus Doryaspis (name preoccupied). A new species from the Early Devonian Water Canyon formation of northeastern Utah is described as Protaspis (Protaspis) erroli.
Polarization based, direction sensitive speckle interferometer

We describe a speckle interferometer system that uses two orthogonally polarized reference beams in phase quadrature to distinguish the direction of motion of an optically rough, moving body.
Unintentional Child Neglect: Literature Review and Observational Study

Child abuse is a problem that affects over six million children in the United States each year. Child neglect accounts for 78 % of those cases. Despite this, the issue of child neglect is still not well understood, partially because child neglect does not have a consistent, universally accepted definition. Some researchers consider child neglect and child abuse to be one in the same, while other researchers consider them to be conceptually different. Factors that make child neglect difficult to define include: (1) Cultural differences; motives must be taken into account because parents may believe they are acting in the child’s best interests based on cultural beliefs (2) the fact that the effect of child abuse is not always immediately visible; the effects of emotional neglect specifically may not be apparent until later in the child’s development, and (3) the large spectrum of actions that fall under the category of child abuse. Some of the risk factors for increased child neglect and maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors include socioeconomic status, education level, family composition, and the presence of dysfunction family characteristics. Studies have found that children from poorer families and children of less educated parents are more likely to sustain fatal unintentional injuries than children of wealthier, better educated parents. Studies have also found that children living with adults unrelated to them are at increased risk for unintentional injuries and maltreatment. Dysfunctional family characteristics may even be more indicative of child neglect. Parental alcohol or drug abuse, parental personal history of neglect, and parental stress greatly increase the odds of neglect. Parental depression doubles the odds of child neglect. However, more research needs to be done to better understand these risk factors and to identify others. Having a clearer understanding of the risk factors could lead to prevention and treatment, as it would allow for health care personnel to screen for high-risk children and intervene before it is too late. Screening could also be done in the schools and organized after school activities. Parenting classes have been shown to be an effective intervention strategy by decreasing parental stress and potential for abuse, but there has been limited research done on this approach. Parenting classes can be part of the corrective actions for parents found to be neglectful or abusive, but parenting classes may also be useful as a preventative measure, being taught in schools or readily available in higher-risk communities. More research has to be done to better define child abuse and neglect so that it can be effectively addressed and treated.
Low-Damage Etching of Silicon Carbide in Cl2-Based Plasmas

Fluorine-based plasmas have been extensively reported for etching SiC in inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) systems for device fabrication and via-hole formation. The primary advantage of fluorine-based plasmas for etching SiC is that they yield very high etch rates. However, while high etch rates are very suitable for via-hole formation into SiC, lower etch rates are desirable for SiC device fabrication. The etching of SiC using ICP-RIE in various Cl 2 -based mixtures is reported. It was found that in comparison with F 2 -based gas mixtures, Cl 2 -based gas mixtures induced less damage on etched SiC surfaces. Optimized etching conditions using BCl 3 /SF 6 gas mixtures that induce minimal surface damage on SiC are reported. Results of Auger electron spectroscopy showed that etching conditions produced negligible change in surface stoichiometry.
A human Fab fragment specific for thyroid peroxidase generated by cloning thyroid lymphocyte-derived immunoglobulin genes in a bacteriophage lambda library.

Abstract A human Fab fragment (SP2) which binds specifically to human thyroid peroxidase has been generated by expressing random combinations of heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes (derived from Graves' thyroid cDNA) in a bacteriophage lambda library. In common with many serum TPO autoantibodies, the cloned Fab fragment is IgG1 kappa and has a high affinity for TPO (−10 −9 M). On the basis of their nucleotide sequences, the heavy and light chain genes coding for SP2 belong to families VHI, (D), JH3 and VKI,JK2, respectively. These data provide the first characterization at a molecular level of a human thyroid peroxidase antibody associated with autoimmune thyroid disease.
The Thyrotrope-Restricted Isoform of the Retinoid-X Receptor-γ1 Mediates 9-cis-Retinoic Acid Suppression of Thyrotropin-β Promoter Activity

TSHbeta is a subunit of TSH that is uniquely expressed and regulated in the thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are known to mediate T3 suppression of TSHbeta gene expression at the level of promoter activity. The role of other nuclear receptors in regulation of this gene is less clearly defined. Retinoid X receptors (RXR) are a family of nuclear transcription factors that function both as 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA) ligand-dependent receptors and heterodimeric partners with TR and other nuclear receptors. Recently, the RXR isoform, RXRgamma, has been identified in the anterior pituitary gland and found to be restricted to thyrotrope cells within the pitutiary. In this report, we have further characterized the distribution of RXRgamma1, the thyrotrope-restricted isoform of RXRgamma, in murine tissues and different cell types. We have found that RXRgamma1 mRNA and protein are expressed in the TtT-97 thyrotropic tumor, but not the thyrotrope-variant alphaTSH cells or somatotrope-derived GH3 cells. Furthermore, we have studied the effects of RXRgamma1 on TSHbeta promoter activity and hormone regulation in these pituitary-derived cell types. Both T3 and 9-cis-RA independently suppressed promoter activity in the TtT-97 thyrotropes. Interestingly, the combination of ligands suppressed promoter activity more than either alone, indicating that these hormones may act cooperatively to regulate TSHbeta gene expression in thyrotropes. The RXRgamma1 isoform was necessary for the 9-cis-RA-mediated suppression of TSHbeta promoter activity in alphaTSH and GH3 cells, both of which lack this isoform. RXRbeta, a more widely distributed isoform, did not mediate these effects. Finally, we showed that the murine TSHbeta promoter region between -200 and -149 mediated a majority of the 9-cis-RA suppression of promoter activity in thyrotropes. This region is distinct from the T3-mediated response region near the transcription start site. These data suggest that retinoids can mediate TSHbeta gene regulation in thyrotropes and the thyrotrope-restricted isoform, RXRgamma1, is required for this effect.
Social Capital and Satisfaction with Crime Control in Urban China

By applying the symbolic perspective to the context of Chinese urban society, this paper examines how three dimensions of social capital—social trust, social bonds, and social cohesion—are associated with satisfaction with crime control among Chinese urban residents. The individual-level data from the 2005 China General Social Survey (CGSS) are linked with provincial-level data on arrest rates and economic and demographic characteristics. The analysis shows that bridging trust and neighborhood cohesion are significantly positively related to satisfaction with crime control. The effects of bonding trust and social bonds on satisfaction with crime control are not significant. The results provide partial support for the symbolic theoretical perspective and extend our understandings of the impact of diverse forms of social capital on crime control attitudes to a non-Western context.
Neuroendocrine regulation of seasonal reproductive activity in the male golden hamster

Golden (Syrian) hamsters are seasonal breeders. Under natural photoperiodic conditions, their reproductive systems are functional during spring and summer and atrophic during the fall and winter. This reproductive cycle can be duplicated in the laboratory by exposing the animals to artificially-created photoperiods. The endocrine correlates of photoperiod-induced changes in reproductive activity of the male hamster are fairly well characterized, but the neural control of seasonal reproductive activity has not been as extensively studied. Recent studies indicate that short day (less than 12.5 hr light/day) exposure leads to complex changes in central neurotransmitter metabolism, as well as neurotransmitter and hormonal receptor content, which, in turn, are reversed by exposure to long days or during the period of spontaneous testicular recrudescence. Many of these endocrine and neuroendocrine changes are dependent on the presence of the pineal gland, but photoperiod-induced changes in neurotransmitter metabolism have also been described in pinealectomized hamsters. Further studies of the neuroendocrine transduction of photoperiodic signals will not only provide a better understanding of seasonal reproductive and metabolic activities, but will increase our basic understanding of the neural control of the endocrine system.
Effect of Skin Content Prior to Deboning on Emulsifying and Color Characteristics of Mechanically Deboned Chicken Back Meat

Abstract The skin content of broiler back meat was adjusted to 0, 16.8, 28.9 and 38.9% prior to passing through a Beehive Model BX-66 mechanical deboner. Emulsification capacity, emulsification stability, total heme pigments, myoglobin concentration, Gardner color difference values, moisture content, fat content, protein content and collagen content were measured. Four replicates were utilized in this study. As the level of skin prior to deboning was increased, there was a significant decrease in emulsion stability as indicated by increased gel-water, fat and solids released. Emulsification capacity, when reported as ml. of fat emulsified per 2.5 g. of meat, significantly decreased as the skin content was increased. The changes in emulsifying stability and emulsifying capacity (meat basis) were closely related to the higher fat content at higher skin levels. When emulsification capacity was reported as ml. of fat emulsified per mg./protein, there was no significant change in emulsifying capacity with advancing skin levels. Collagen content was unchanged with higher skin content which would partially explain the emulsifying capacity results reported on a protein basis. Higher skin levels significantly influenced Gardner values and heme pigments. Mechanically deboned raw meat was observed to have increased L values, decreased aL values, increased bL values and decraesed aL/bL ratios at higher skin levels. Heme pigments (total pigments and myoglobin) were descreased at higher skin levels.
Changing Addictive Behaviors: A Process Perspective:

What does it take to achieve suc cessful modification of addictive be haviors? Social pressure, social pol icy, or social support? An adequate coping repertoire? Given that re lapse is so extensive a phenomenon, could relapse prevention be the key component of success? Or does change require medical, marital, be havioral, cognitive, or emotional strategies? Each of these perspectives has supporters and some empirical support.1,2,3 Addictive behaviors like cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol con sumption, and cocaine use pose a significant challenge to our under standing of the process of change. Addicted individuals are hard to reach and engage. Often, they are not convinced of the presence of the problem or the need to change. Even when smokers, alcoholics, or drug addicts make an attempt to change their behavior, they are quite unsuc cessful on the whole. Yet more than 50 million Americans have success fully quit smoking cigarettes since the 1964 Surgeon General's report linking smoking to lung and heart disease. Some individuals with alco hol and drug problems have been able to modify their behavior with minimal interventions, and others have used the support of self-help groups like Alcoholics or Cocaine Anonymous to achieve sobriety. Although the possibility of sue cessful modification of addictive be
Theoretical Study of the Role of Chemistry and Substrate Characteristics in C60 keV Bombardment of Si, SiC, and Diamond by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

This article presents a theoretical study aimed at understanding the reactive nature of carbon in secondary ion mass spectrometry experiments of Si with keV C60+. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to model the bombardment of three different substrates, Si, SiC, and diamond, with normal incident C60 at kinetic energies ranging from 5 to 20 keV. Projectile atoms form strong covalent bonds with both Si and C and, therefore, are incorporated into the target material. Although these substrates have the same diamond lattice structure, they differ greatly in their cohesive energy and number density. The yield is found to be a factor of two times greater on SiC than on Si or diamond. The mesoscale energy deposition footprint model is used to understand the reasons for the differing behaviors of the substrates as a result of C60 bombardment.
Gravitational Radiation Detection with Laser Interferometry

Gravitational-wave detection has been pursued relentlessly for over 40 years. With the imminent operation of a new generation of laser interferometers, it is expected that detections will become a common occurrence. The research into more ambitious detectors promises to allow the field to move beyond detection and into the realm of precision science using gravitational radiation. In this article, the state of art for the detectors is reviewed and an outlook for the coming decades is described.
The impact of positive T-cell lymphocytotoxic crossmatch on intestinal allograft rejection and survival.

A positive antidonor T-cell lymphocytotoxic crossmatch (X-M) has been shown to have a deleterious effect on graft survival after solid organ transplantation.1–3 This is the first report to address the impact of preformed antidonor IgG lymphocytotoxic antibodies on intestinal allograft rejection and survival.
Absenteeism estimates by employees and managers: Divergent perspectives and self-serving perceptions.

The social cognition literature and a deviance model of absenteeism were used to generate a series of predictions about employees' and managers' estimates of levels of absenteeism. Employees revealed a clear self-serving pattern in comparing their own absenteeism with occupational norms and their own work group's absence, and they underestimated their own actual absenteeism. Managers estimated lower occupational norms and lower work-group absence than did their subordinates. Managers also saw their own work groups as having lower absenteeism than the company average, an estimate that also appeared to be self-serving. These results suggest how people make sense of absence in a social context