cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desorption of Fructose from a Packed Column to an Oleic Acid/Fructose Oleate Mixture for Employment in a Bioreactor System

Adsorption isotherms for a packed column consisting of fructose and silica gel in contact with a liquid phase consisting of oleic acid and fructose mono- and di-oleate at 65 °C were determined to assist the column’s utilization in a bioreactor system for the solvent-free lipase-catalyzed synthesis of saccharide ester biosurfactants. The liquid-phase fructose content was very low, ranging from 0.005 to 0.1% (w/w), with the higher values obtained for a higher fructose concentration in the column and a higher ester content in the liquid phase. The desorption behavior of fructose followed the Freundlich isotherm. An increase in the liquid phase space velocity increased the initial rate of fructose desorption linearly. Dynamic light scattering measurements demonstrate solutions obtained by mechanical stirring of crystalline fructose and oleic acid/fructose oleate contained 50–250 μm sized aggregates, even after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm, but that the aggregates were absent from the desorption column effluent stream. Therefore, employment of a desorption column will lead to a low saccharide concentration in the liquid phase, but will reduce suspension-induced fouling of lipase in a bioreactor downstream of the column, which could improve the retention of lipase activity.
Effect of alumina on the superconducting properties of BiSrCaCu2Oy

Abstract The introduction of 1 wt.% alumina into BiSrCaCu 2 O y was found to lower the melting temperature and enrich the 110 K high- T c phase. The phenomenon was attributed to the enhanced liquid formation associated with the additive. The 110 K phase was favored only within a limited temperature range since sintering at lower temperature causes incomplete phase transformation and higher temperature results in decomposition, both leading to the 80 K phase.
THE BASIS FOR THE SIZE DIFFERENCES IN PLAQUES PRODUCED BY VARIANTS OF ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS (EMC) VIRUS.

Abstract A sulfated polysaccharide in agar has been shown to be responsible for the size differences in the plaques produced by two variants of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Sulfated polysaccharides (using sodium dextran-SO 4 as a model compound) interfere with the adsorption of the wild-type ( r + ) virus, but not the large-plaque ( r ) variant. At a constant virus concentration, the effect of dextran-SO 4 is concentration dependent, and is also a function of pH and ionic strength. Probably an ionic interaction between sulfated polysaccharide and r + virus effectively binds or restricts the virus and thereby reduces the absolute number of plaque-forming units adsorbed to susceptible cells per unit time and reduces the plaque size in contrast to the r variant, which is not bound by the sulfated polymer in the agar overlay.
Comparison of quantitative angiographically derived and measured translesion pressure and flow velocity in coronary artery disease

Although quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) has been used to determine lesion severity, angiographically derived parameters of translesional physiology have not been compared with those directly measured in the same patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to correlate QCA-derived translesional pressure and flow data with directly measured data in patients. QCA (DCI-ACA program), translesional pressure gradient (2.2Fr fluid-filled tracking catheter), and intracoronary Doppler flow velocity (0.018-inch FloWire) measurements were simultaneously performed in 28 arteries (25 patients). Mean diameter stenosis was 51 +/- 2.3% (range 29 to 73). No patient had left ventricular hypertrophy or valvular heart disease. The arteries studied were left anterior descending in 14, circumflex in 8, and right coronary in 6 patients. Stenotic flow reserve and baseline and maximal gradients were calculated by the DCI program. Coronary flow reserve and baseline and maximal hyperemic gradients were also directly measured distal to the stenosis after administration of intracoronary adenosine (12 to 18 micrograms). QCA-derived pressure gradients did not correlate with the measured gradients at baseline (r2 = 0.005; p = 0.73) or at maximal hyperemia (r2 = 0.1; p = 0.13). No correlation was found between the QCA-predicted flow reserve and the coronary flow reserve measured distal to the stenosis (r2 = 0.02; p = 0.46). Furthermore, stenotic flow reserve and measured gradient were not significantly correlated (r2 = 0.1; p = 0.16). In this range of stenoses of intermediate severity, there was no correlation between the measured pressure gradient or coronary flow reserve and lesion diameter or cross-sectional area by QCA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Competition of Li(I) and Mg(II) for ATP binding: A 31P NMR study

We have examined the changes in the 31P NMR chemical shifts of ATP in aqueous solution, upon addition of NaCl and LiCl at ambient temperature. NaCl and LiCl cause qualitatively similar downfield changes, although the effect of LiCl is somewhat larger. For a 2:1 mixture of Na-ATP or tris-ATP and MgCl2 at 0°C, separate beta-P peaks are observed for uncomplexed ATP and ATP complexed with Mg(II) at 121.6 MHz. Addition of LiCl slightly shifts the uncomplexed Na-ATP or tris-ATP peak downfield but does not measurably shift the Mg-ATP peak or change relative intensities. Thus, Li behaves more like Na than Mg in its ATP complexation behavior, making this system a poor model for competition between Li and Mg for macromolecular binding.
Differential introgression and effective size of marker type influence phylogenetic inference of a recently divergent avian group (Phasianidae: Tympanuchus).

Life history strategies can influence the effective population size (Ne) of loci differently based on their mode of inheritance. Recognizing how this may affect the rate of lineage sorting among marker types is important for studies focused on resolving phylogenetic relationships among recently divergent taxa. In this study, we use gene tree, coalescent-based species tree, and isolation-with-migration analyses to explore the differences between marker types (autosomal, Z-linked, and mitochondrial) in resolving phylogenetic relationships among North American prairie grouse (Tympanuchus). We found that Z-linked loci were more likely to identify monophyletic relationships among prairie grouse species compared to autosomal and mtDNA loci in both species and gene tree analyses, with species tree analyses outperforming gene trees. These results were further supported with isolation-with-migration analyses, where Z-linked loci largely followed a strict isolation model while autosomal loci were more likely to fit a model with gene flow between species following population divergence. While accounting for differences in inheritance pattern (or Ne) for marker type, results suggest that additional factors, such as strong sexual selection and sex-biased introgression (i.e., male-biased postzygotic hybrid behavioral isolation or ‘‘unsexy son’’), may further explain the decreased diversity levels and increased rate of lineage sorting observed with the Z-linked loci relative to autosomal and mtDNA loci. In fact, to our knowledge no hybrid male prairie grouse have been observed breeding in the wild, yet hybrid females along with backcross females are known to produce viable offspring. Overall, this study highlights that more work is needed to determine how complex models of gene flow (i.e., sex biased introgression) and differences in the effective size among marker types based on differing life history strategies influence divergence date estimation and species delimitation.
Identification of novel chromosomal loci affecting Yersinia enterocolitica pathogenesis

Pathogenic species of the genus Yersinia have a marked tropism for lymphoid tissue during the early stages of infection. Bacterial survival at this site determines whether the disease is localized or progresses systemically, leading to a high rate of mortality. Several plasmid-encoded virulence genes are known to be required for survival and pathogenesis, but the contribution of chromosomal genes has been largely unexplored. This study represents the first intensive effort to characterize and determine the function of Yersinia chromosomal genes expressed in lymphoid tissue after intragastric infection. Strains harbouring cat fusions expressed in the host were isolated from Peyer's patch tissue of mice intragastrically infected and treated with chloramphenicol (Cm); genes identified in this manner were designated hre for host responsive element. The hre::cat strains that were Cm resistant in vivo (in mouse tissue) and Cm sensitive in vitro (on laboratory media at 26 degrees C) were identified and shown to consist of 61 different allelic groups. The hre::cat fusions from 48 of the allelic groups were cloned and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. The results identified genes necessary for iron acquisition, protection from environmental stresses, biosynthesis of cell envelope components and other diverse metabolic activities. However, the DNA sequence of many clones had no homology to other known genes. Insertion mutations were constructed for four hre genes and the resulting Y. enterocolitica mutants were tested in the mouse model for effects on pathogenesis. All of the mutant strains were affected for virulence when assayed for survival in host tissues and LD50 analysis.
Big optics for astronomy and solar energy

Aden Meinel came from the University of Arizona’s Steward Observatory and the Department of Astronomy to found the Optical Sciences Center (OSC). Aden conceived and made at the Center of the optics for the revolutionary Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), which greatly influenced the design of future large research telescopes and the technology needed to make them. The Steward Observatory Mirror Lab was built to make honeycomb mirrors up to 8.4 m diameter, and with much faster focal ratio. In use in the current Large Binocular Telescope and future Giant Magellan Telescope, these mirrors provide powerful astronomical research capabilities with unique sensitivity for exoplanet observations in the infrared. The solar energy field can also benefit from Aden’s legacy, by using multiple large solar mirrors configured like the MMT to power very high efficiency photovoltaic cells at each focus.
Reverberated speech signal separation based on regularized subband feedforward ICA and instantaneous direction of arrival

In this paper, independent component analysis (ICA) in a subband domain has been extended into a feed-forward network. The feed-forward network maximizes mutual independence of separated current frames using information from the both current and previous multi-channel frames of speech signals captured by a microphone array. To guide into a proper separation preventing permutation and arbitrary scaling, we not only rely on the steered response for the first tap of the demixing filter but also penalize on the direction thus drastically increasing the mean squared error with the spatial filtered output. After convergence, by applying instantaneous direction of arrival (IDOA) based post-processing, we can additionally suppress the leakage of the interference as well as the reverberated target signal. The signal to interference ratio (SIR) is improved more than 20 dBC for distances up to 2.7 m and angle differences down to 26°.
A New Combination in Glossopetalon (Crossosomataceae)

As part of research leading to a treatment of the family Crossosomataceae for the Flora of North America Project, the new combination Glossopetalon spinescens (A. Gray) Greene var. planitierum (Ensign) Yatskievych is proposed to account for plants in the G. spinescens complex endemic to a small portion of the United States in the Texas Panhandle and adjacent Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. The change in status from species to variety is justified in light of the subtle patterns of morphological variation within the complex as a whole, which in recent decades has resulted in the reclassification of several other former species of Glossopetalon A. Gray as varieties of G. spinescens.
Two “symmetric top-like” bands of ethylene oxide

Abstract Two type- C bands of ethylene oxide in the 4450–4600 cm −1 region show remarkable symmetric top-like behavior. The bands have been analyzed using the combination relations and values for the sum ( A 0 + B 0 ) have been found ranging from 1.549 cm −1 to 1.588 cm −1 as compared with the microwave value of 1.588 cm −1 . Values for ( A v + B v ), ν 0 , and approximate values of the anharmonic constants X 6, 10 and X 2, 13 also have been determined. Differences between the observed and calculated wave numbers of the P and R branches never exceeded 0.5 cm −1 and in most cases the agreement was within 0.2–0.3 cm −1 .
Spatial and temporal patterns of solar eclipses by Phobos on Mars

[1] The spatial and temporal patterns associated with motion of the shadow of Phobos across the surface of Mars are quite different than those associated with solar eclipses on Earth. We present a simple analysis of variations in the position, velocity, size, and shape of the shadow. Simple expressions give reasonably accurate depictions of the shadow motion, which mainly consists of a subdiurnal longitude cycle and an annual latitude cycle. Over most of each year, there are an average of 3.22 shadow transits per day. The duration of the shadow transit depends on latitude. It is maximum at the equator and is then 11.8% of the orbital synodic period. As the subsolar point moves north, the shadow moves south, and vice versa. There is a narrow band, centered on the equator of Mars, within which every point is eclipsed at least once during each semiannual eclipse season. Outside that band, the density of coverage decreases slowly with increasing distance from the equator, until the limiting latitudes are reached. During epochs, like the present, when the obliquity of Mars is in excess of 21.2°, there are portions of each year during which no eclipses occur. As the obliquity increases beyond that transition value, the durations of the eclipse seasons decrease. The minimum possible eclipse season duration, expressed as a fraction of the Mars year, is the same as the maximum shadow transit duration, expressed as a fraction of the Phobos synodic period, since both ratios depend on the same geometry, which is essentially just the radius of the orbit of Phobos, compared to the radius of Mars.
Content Analysis of Diet Advertisements: A Cross-National Comparison of Korean and U.S. Women's Magazines

Content analysis of diet advertisements was performed to examine how diet advertisements portray the Western ideal of feminine beauty and promote dieting in Korean women's magazines in comparison with U.S. women's magazines. Results showed that the Western cultural ideal of feminine beauty and dieting were prevalent in Korean women's magazines. Diet advertisements in Korean magazines appear to promote more passive dieting methods (e.g., diet pills, aroma therapy, diet creme, or diet drinks) than active dieting methods (e.g., exercise). Results further indicated that women may be misled to believe that dieting is simple, easy, quick, and effective without pain, if they consume the advertised product. This study suggests that there is an urgent need to establish government regulations or policies about diet products and their claims in Korea. Magazine publishers also need to recognize their role in societal well-being and accept some responsibility for advertisements in their magazines.
First-Person Methodologies: A View From Outside the Phenomenological Tradition

It is argued that results from first-person methodologies are unacceptable for incorporation into a fundamental philosophical theory of the mind unless they satisfy a necessary condition, which I introduce and defend. I also describe a narrow, nonphenomenal, first-person concept that I call minimal content that satisfies this condition. Minimal content is irreducible to third-person concepts, but it is required for an adequate account of intentionality, representation, and language. Consequently, consciousness is implicated in these as strongly — but differently — than it is in our phenomenal states. Minimal content provides a foundation for an objective philosophical theory of the mind and language. (Some support for these claims is given here. They are extensively argued for in my The Primacy of the Subjective.)
Toward a surface primal sketch

This paper reports progress toward the development of a representation of significant surface changes in dense depth maps. We call tile representation the Surface Primal Sketch by analogy with representations of intensity changes, image structure, and changes in curvature of planar curves. We describe an implemented program that detects, localizes, and symbolically describes: steps, where the surface height function is discontinuous, and roofs, where the surface is continuous but the surface normal is discontinuous. We illustrate the performance of the program on range maps of objects of varying complexity.
Why the world needs protists

Abstract In this brief review, literature references are given to researches—involving diverse species of protists—that support the author's firm conviction that the biological world of today absolutely requires the presence of numerous of these generally small and unicelled organisms if it is to survive. Examples supplied come from areas within the field of protistology sensu lato as widely separated as basic phycological research on photosynthesis and protozoological/medical/biomedical investigations on malaria and other pathogens of human beings. Emphasis is primarily on the most relevant works of the past 10–15 years, although historically highly significant papers of older vintage require at least indirect—and occasionally direct—citation.
A single crystal silicon 3 dimensional processing technique with applications in large displacement electrostatic actuation

A new process has been developed to produce mechanical structures of multiple levels on a silicon substrate. The process lends itself to high aspect ratio bulk micromachining of single crystal silicon. Structures can be fabricated at multiple levels with a single lithography step and without alignment requirements. Any required difference in height between levels is defined precisely at intermediate etch steps. One application of this process utilizes the out of plane asymmetries produced by the multiple levels to create a large displacement, large force and highly linear out of plane actuator stage. This technique is easily combined with single level high aspect ratio MEMS processing methods.
Experimental Steep, Braided Flow: Application to Flooding Risk on Fans

Flooding processes occurring on alluvial fans are considerably different from those occurring along single thread rivers with well defined floodplains. Active erosion, rapid sedimentation, and the uncertainty in flow path make the prediction of flood evolution and extent difficult. Based on a large scale experiment, this study investigates the long term evolution of the flow on a steep, noncohesive sediment surface resembling a complex of merged alluvial fans. The results are pertinent to the assessment of flooding hazard on alluvial fans. At any given time, the average flow occupancy was 21% of the surface. However, the flow was characterized by active channel switching and overflow processes. The percentage of the surface remaining dry was found to decay harmonically with time. A reworking time was defined as the time at which half of the surface that was initially dry remained dry, whereas the other half was inundated at least once. An empirical expression was developed in which reworking time is proportional to the average cross sectional area of flow and inversely proportional to the sediment supply.
An Eye Scan Analysis of Accessing Product Warning Information

Eye tracking procedures were employed to study eye scan patterns of subjects searching for warning messages in product labels. Thirty-eight alcoholic beverage labels were constructed, 24 of which contained a warning. For each label, subjects indicated whether or not it contained a warning. Salience of the warning was manipulated by the presence or absence of four features which appeared individually or in combination. The features were a pictorial, an icon, color and a border. Of particular interest was the ability to decompose the total time it takes to find the warning in two components: location time and decision time. Location refers to the time it takes to find the area where the warning is, and decision refers to the time it takes to determine if the given information is a warning, as well as the time to make an overt response. The results show that the singular addition of a pictorial, an icon, color or a border did not produce a significant improvement in total time or in location time relative to...
De novo modeling of GPCR class A structures

In this talk I will describe recent work to develop novel methods to model G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures from their sequence information and statistically significant side chain contacts within a “template” structure. Our approach utilizes methods of bioinformatics to identify likely high confidence side chain side chain TM helical contacts and then reconstitutes the seven TM helical domain through a simulated annealing protocol with refinement using replica exchange and an implicit solvent/implicit membrane sampling scheme. Results will be presented for de novo prediction of the b2 adenergic receptor, the adenine receptor and a number of other amine receptors.
A genetic network conferring canalization to a bistable patterning system in Drosophila

Summary To achieve the "constancy of the wild-type," the developing organism must be buffered against stochastic fluctuations and environmental perturbations [1]. This phenotypic buffering has been theorized to arise from a variety of genetic mechanisms [2] and is widely thought to be adaptive and essential for viability. In the Drosophila blastoderm embryo, staining with antibodies against the active, phosphorylated form of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal transducer Mad, pMad [3, 4], or visualization of the spatial pattern of BMP-receptor interactions [5] reveals a spatially bistable pattern of BMP signaling centered on the dorsal midline. This signaling event is essential for the specification of dorsal cell fates, including the extraembryonic amnioserosa [5–7]. BMP signaling is initiated by facilitated extracellular diffusion [4, 8] that localizes BMP ligands dorsally. BMP signaling then activates an intracellular positive feedback circuit that promotes future BMP-receptor interactions [5, 6]. Here, we identify a genetic network comprising three genes that canalizes this BMP signaling event. The BMP target eiger ( egr ) acts in the positive feedback circuit to promote signaling, while the BMP binding protein encoded by crossveinless-2 ( cv-2 ) antagonizes signaling. Expression of both genes requires the early activity of the homeobox gene zerknullt ( zen ). Two Drosophila species lacking early zen expression have high variability in BMP signaling. These data both detail a new mechanism that generates developmental canalization and identify an example of a species with noncanalized axial patterning.
Factors Affecting Juvenile Care Workers’ Intent to Continue Working in Juvenile Corrections

Employee turnover in social service organizations such as juvenile corrections poses a major problem for both administrators and frontline juvenile care workers (JCWs). Prior to turnover, many employees contemplate such an action; this is referred to as turnover intent. Several factors can affect JCWs’ decisions about whether to work in a facility or leave. The current study examined some of these factors using an integrated theory of person–environment fit and social identity. Findings indicate that perceived attitudes congruence (AC) between the juvenile detention staff and the climate of the facility was a significant predictor of intent to continue working as a juvenile staff. Results also revealed that juvenile staff strongly identified with their professional role as a salient part of their self-concept and individuals’ perceptions of shared attitudes with coworkers contributed to their professional identity. Perceived AC then predicted intent to continue working as a JCW. Implications for practice ...
Variation in the number of sites of latency of herpes simplex virus in trigeminal ganglia of inbred mice.

Following uniocular topical corneal inoculation with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), 176-fold more virus was recovered by 14-day cultivation in vitro from latently infected ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia (TG) of BALB/c mice than from TG of C57BL/6 mice (p = 0.002). Since these quantitative differences may reflect a difference in the number of latently infected cells or a difference in the ability of virus to replicate in secondarily infected cells during cultivation in vitro, experiments were designed to estimate the actual number of sites of latency.Two to four months after topical corneal inoculation, when no active ocular disease was present, minced TG were digested with 2% collagenase. The dissociated cells were placed on monolayers of vero cells, incubated at 31°C, and observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) for 14 days.Ipsilateral TG from BALB/c mice produced five-fold more foci of infection than TG from C57BL/6 mice (p = 0.007). The number of foci of infection was also dependent upon the dose of vi...
Lower confidence bounds for prediction accuracy in high dimensions via AROHIL Monte Carlo

Motivation: Implementation and development of statistical methods for high-dimensional data often require high-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations. Simulations are used to assess performance, evaluate robustness, and in some cases for implementation of algorithms. But simulation in high dimensions is often very complex, cumbersome and slow. As a result, performance evaluations are often limited, robustness minimally investigated and dissemination impeded by implementation challenges. This article presents a method for converting complex, slow high-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations into simpler, faster lower dimensional simulations. Results: We implement the method by converting a previous Monte Carlo algorithm into this novel Monte Carlo, which we call AROHIL Monte Carlo. AROHIL Monte Carlo is shown to exactly or closely match pure Monte Carlo results in a number of examples. It is shown that computing time can be reduced by several orders of magnitude. The confidence bound method implemented using AROHIL outperforms the pure Monte Carlo method. Finally, the utility of the method is shown by application to a number of real microarray datasets. Availability: The R computer program for forming confidence bounds is freely available for download at the URL http://dobbinke.myweb.uga.edu/RprogramAROHILloweraccuracybound.txt. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary Information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Biomechanical Analysis of an Isolated Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Using an Autogenous Semitendinosus Graft

BackgroundThe fibular collateral ligament is the primary stabilizer to varus instability of the knee. Untreated fibular collateral ligament injuries can lead to residual knee instability and can increase the risk of concurrent cruciate ligament reconstruction graft failures. Anatomic reconstructions of the fibular collateral ligament have not been biomechanically validated.PurposeTo describe an anatomic fibular collateral ligament reconstruction using an autogenous semitendinosus graft and to test the hypothesis that using this reconstruction technique to treat an isolated fibular collateral ligament injury will restore the knee to near normal stability.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsTen nonpaired, fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were biomechanically subjected to a 10 N·m varus moment and 5 N·m external and internal rotation torques at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Testing was performed with an intact and sectioned fibular collateral ligament, and also after an anatomic reconstr...
Why Certify? Motivations, Outcomes and the Importance of Facilitating Organizations in Certification of Community-Based Forestry Initiatives

Despite documented challenges, many community-based forestry (CBF) initiatives pursue forest certification. This study asked community-based forestry practitioners in Vermont what influenced their decisions to seek or not seek certification and what outcomes were realized from certification. Relationships, public image, value alignment and feedback on management practices were most commonly cited as both motivations for and results of certification. Expectations for economic benefits were low and price premiums for products were only occasionally realized. Informants complained of the increasing cost, complexity and time commitment required of certification. Overall, however, certified CBF informants felt certification was worth the expense. Group certificates and external funding significantly reduced certification costs to grassroots CBF initiatives. This study highlights the importance of facilitating organizations that can provide outreach, secure funding, understand the rules, handle documentation and develop markets for certified products.
Recent Initiatives for Radiation Oncology Resident Education in Radiation and Cancer Biology

Nearly all residents from accredited radiation oncology residency programs in the United States are required to take the American College of Radiology (ACR) In-Training examination each year. The test is comprised of three sections: Clinical Radiation Oncology, Radiological Physics, and Radiation (and Cancer) Biology. Here we provide an update on changes to the biology portion of the ACR exam. We also discuss the availability and use of the ACR and biology practice exams as assessment and teaching tools for both the instructors of radiation and cancer biology and the residents they teach.
Estimating Large-Scale Fracture Permeability of Unsaturated Rock Using Barometric Pressure Data

We present a three-dimensional modeling study of gas flow in the unsaturated fractured rock of Yucca Mountain. Our objective was to estimate large-scale fracture permeability, using the changes in subsurface pneumatic pressure in response to barometric pressure changes at the land surface. We incorporate the field-measured pneumatic data into a multiphase flow model for describing the coupled processes of liquid and gas flow under ambient geothermal conditions. Comparison of field-measured pneumatic data with model-predicted gas pressures is found to be a powerful technique for estimating the fracture permeability of the unsaturated fractured rock, which is otherwise extremely difficult to determine in field studies with large scales of interest. In addition, this study demonstrates that the multidimensional flow effect on estimated permeability values is significant and should be included when determining fracture permeability in heterogeneous fractured media.
Women and Pre‐Tenure Scholarly Productivity in International Studies: An Investigation into the Leaky Career Pipeline

Why are women still relatively scarce in the international studies profession? Although women have entered careers in international studies in increasing numbers, they represent increasingly smaller percentages as they move from PhD student to full professor. Our survey investigates why this is so, focusing on the assistant professor years, which are crucial to succeeding in the profession. We found that there are significant differences in publication rates, as well as differences in research focus (traditional subjects vs. newer subfields) and methodologies (quantitative vs. qualitative). Further, women and men have different perceptions of official and unwritten expectations for research, and policies regarding faculty with children may affect how successful women are in moving up the ladder. Taken together, these findings suggest reasons for the continued “leakiness” of the career pipeline for women and some potential solutions.
HIV, AIDS and human services: exploring public attitudes in West Hollywood, California.

The provision of human services associated with HIV and AIDS has been a controversial issue in Western countries, given the degree of stigma attached to AIDS, and the high level of public concern about the possibility of contracting HIV. Previous research on attitudes to controversial human services has identified some key characteristics associated with negative attitudes and resistant ‘not-in-my-backyard’ behaviour. Attitudes towards HIV- and AIDS-related services may be affected by other factors as well; in particular, they may be related to self-identified sexual orientation, given the role of HIV and AIDS in the emergence of a strong gay political identity. However, little research has yet been conducted to explore how knowledge and attitudes towards these services in particular localities are associated with a range of characteristics of local residents, including sensitive information such as sexual orientation and household HIV status, and how these might contribute to the creation of more accepting environments. This paper provides an analysis of a 1994 city-wide survey conducted in West Hollywood, California. This small city has a large and politically-organized gay and lesbian population, as well as significant numbers of residents in other, diverse social groupings, and has experienced high levels of HIV infection and AIDS relative to the surrounding Los Angeles County. Although issues of HIV and AIDS service provision have been well publicized in the city, residents may be expected to hold rather different sets of knowledge about and attitudes to these services, depending on their personal characteristics. Analysis of the survey data reveals that a large proportion of residents of West Hollywood rated HIV and AIDS services as very important, but there were interesting differences among groups. Most notably, variation in knowledge of services and attitudes to services (rating of importance) was particularly associated with age and language, but was less affected by sexual orientation and household HIV status.
Preliminary Asteroseismology of G 29–38

G 29–38 is a cool pulsating DA white dwarf with a series of modes from 110 s to over 1000 s found by Kleinman et al.. We present the results of our attempts to find a seismological fit to G 29–38 by looking for a model that identifies most of the observed modes as l = 1 modes. G 29–38, like several other DAV stars, has a discrepancy between the spectroscopically favored mass of about 0.70M ⊙ and the parallactic mass of about 0.85M ⊙. Our preliminary model has a mass of 0.75M ⊙ and a hydrogen layer mass of 5 x 10-7 M * , and it requires that most modes be l =1.
What Disturbs Students? An Examination of Age and Gender Differences

The purpose of our study was to identify behaviors students consider most disturbing and to determine if gender and age differences exist. Five hundred eight third to sixth graders completed the 29-item, seven-factor Children's Disturbingness Scale, a self-report instrument developed to evaluate children's ratings of disturbingness. Findings indicated significant multivariate differences for gender and age, with girls and younger students more disturbed by virtually all categories of behaviors. Externalizing behaviors such as aggressive/defiant were rated as most disturbing. Findings are interpreted per their relation to gender differences and developmental changes, and implications for inclusion are discussed.
Pharmacogenetics: potential role in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.

Background: Common genetic variation is associated with increased risk of common metabolic diseases such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Increasing experience with genetic association studies has led to an understanding of the large sample sizes required to detect a weak to moderate genetic predisposition to disease, the need to reproduce such associations in independent cohorts, and the statistical criteria required to detect a true association. This approach has been used successfully to identify disease-associated gene variation usually in representative populations of large numbers. Objective: To review the current understanding of how common genetic variation influences predisposition to, and treatment of, metabolic disease. Methodology: Review of scientific literature. Results: While there has been progress in understanding how genetic variation predisposes to diabetes and obesity, and how candidate genes may alter drug response, several caveats limit the interpretation and significance ...
What money can buy: Family income and childhood obesity

This paper investigates the relationship between family income and childhood obesity. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K), I report three new findings. First, family income and childhood obesity are generally negatively correlated, but for children in very low-income families, they are positively correlated. Second, the negative association between family income and Body Mass Index (BMI) is especially strong and significant among high-BMI children. Third, the difference in obesity rates between children from low- and high-income families increases as children age. This study further investigates potential factors that might contribute to a rapid increase in the obesity rate among low-income children. I find that their faster weight gain, rather than slower height growth, is a greater contributor to the rapid increase in their BMI over time. On the other hand, I also find that the faster weight gain by low-income children cannot be attributed to any single factor, such as participation in school meal programs, parental characteristics, or individual characteristics. These findings add to the current obesity debate by demonstrating that the key to curbing childhood obesity may lie in factors generating different obesity rates across income levels.
A Dramatistic Perspective of the Right Choice Romney Campaign Advertisement

. These five sources from which to philosophize about rhetoric -- Act, Agent, Scene, Agency, Purpose -- necessitate that we "inquire into the purely internal relationships which the five terms bear to one another, considering their possibilities of transformation, [and] their range of permutations and combinations" (
Correcting Internal Consistency Estimates Inflated by Correlated Item Errors

ABSTRACTCoefficient alpha is perhaps the most widely employed estimate of reliability for self-report measures in communication research. However, coefficient alpha misestimates internal consistency when measures are not congeneric. Congeneric measures meet the assumption of classical test theory in that all item errors are uncorrelated or random; when item errors are correlated, the measure fails to be congeneric, signaling the presence of latent factor(s) other than those the researcher intended to measure. Scholars have alerted to the fact that many self-report measures used are noncongeneric and that coefficient alpha might be yielding inaccurate, often inflated, reliability estimates. In this essay, we propose a formula for estimating the internal consistency of a measure that reflects the degree to which reliability is affected by correlated item errors.
Regulation of apolipoprotein secretion by biliary lipids in newborn swine intestinal epithelial cells

Biliary lipids, composed of bile acids, cholesterol, and phosphatidylcholine, are a major source of luminal lipid in the small intestine. In the present study in a newborn swine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-1), taurocholate and phosphatidylcholine were found to have no effect on apolipoprotein B (apo B) secretion but did significantly increase the basolateral secretion of apo A-I. This regulation of apo A-I secretion occurred at the pretranslational level for taurocholate and at the posttranslational level for phosphatidylcholine. The regulation of apo A-I secretion by phosphatidylcholine did not involve changes in apo A-I degradation and may involve mobilization of a preformed pool of apo A-I. Cholesterol, whether solubilized with taurocholate or phosphatidylcholine, had no effect on the secretion of either apo B or apo A-I. However, when taurocholate, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol were combined, apo B secretion was decreased, and the increase in apo A-I secretion noted with taurocholate and phosphatidylcholine alone was ablated. Another primary bile acid, taurochenodeoxycholate, was found to decrease apo B secretion but had no effect on apo A-I secretion. However, the significance of this effect is uncertain, since this bile acid caused significant cellular membrane injury, as evidenced by increased apical medium lactate dehydrogenase activity. Phosphatidylcholine, but not taurocholate, dramatically increased the basolateral secretion of radiolabeled phospholipid with a modest increase in cellular triglyceride radiolabeling. Furthermore, this effect of phosphatidylcholine on lipid synthesis did not require significant hydrolysis or uptake of the phosphatidylcholine molecule. Studies using radiolabeled taurocholate did not demonstrate active transport of taurocholate by these cells.
Evidence for Context Switching in the Effects of Average Item Length and Item-Length Variability on Internal Consistency.

ABSTRACTThis investigation examined the effects of 3 item characteristics—the average number of words per item, within-scale variability in item length, and item “direction”—on internal consistency reliability and interitem correlation. In Study 1, we examined the effects of these variables on overall scale-level reliability using 444 subscales from 9 personality scales. In Study 2, we examined interitem correlation at the paired-item level using 477 nonredundant item pairs from 14 personality scales. Lower scale reliability was associated with more average words per item, greater within-scale variability in item length, and a greater percentage of reverse-keyed items. Similarly, smaller interitem correlations were associated with a greater degree of mismatch in item length between the paired items and with a mismatch (vs. match) in the items' respective “directions.” The pattern of results across both studies supports our notion that lower internal consistency results from increased context switching; th...
Commentary: Phenomenology as Foundational to the Naturalized Consciousness

In this article, I explore the limitations inherent in any attempt to create the kind of rapproachment between phenomenology and neuroscience attempted by Charles Laughlin and C. Jason Throop in th...
An Approach to the Understanding of Rural Community Development

RURAL community development has been characterized as a method,' a process, a program, a movement, and it has been labeled as the silent revolution. Little attention has been given, however, to a systematic examination of community development within the context of a social movement as defined in sociological literature. The point of departure and the purpose of this paper is to explore the question-Is rural community development a social movement? The approach used here is first to examine a series of definitions of social movement and several relating to community development. With these definitions in mind, the second task is to examine systematically community development in a search for a first approximation to the major question being considered, namely, is community development a social movement? The contention is that community development is a social movement. This gives rise to the third task, undertaken in this paper, and it is that of analyzing community development through the means of selected concepts of a social movement. Two sources of data are utilized concerning community development-existing secondary sources and hundreds of personal observations as well as numerous discussions with community development leaders in many parts of the South. Major emphasis is placed on community development as a regional movement, but the international aspects are also considered as available materials will permit. DEFINITIONS
Japanese Multinational Enterprise before 1914

The current scholarly interest in contemporary Japanese businesses has somewhat obscured their equally fascinating early historical development. In this article, Professor Wilkins emphasizes both the extent and the variety of Japanese multinational enterprise before the First World War, and offers a basis for comparing its differences and similarities with the conventional American model.
Cationic Phenylene Ethynylene Polymers and Oligomers Exhibit Efficient Antiviral Activity

The antiviral activities of poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPE) and oligo-phenylene ethynylenes (OPE) were investigated using two model viruses, the T4 and MS2 bacteriophages. Under UV/visible light irradiation, significant antiviral activity was observed for all of the CPEs and OPEs; without irradiation, most of these compounds exhibited high inactivation activity against the MS2 phage and moderate inactivation ability against the T4 phage. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reveal that the CPEs and OPEs exert their antiviral activity by partial disassembly of the phage particle structure in the dark and photochemical damage of the phage capsid protein under UV/visible light irradiation.
Notch maintains Drosophila type II neuroblasts by suppressing expression of the Fez transcription factor Earmuff

Notch signaling is crucial for maintaining neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal and heterogeneity; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In Drosophila, loss of Notch prematurely terminates the self-renewal of larval type II neuroblasts (NBs, the Drosophila NSCs) and transforms type II NBs into type I NBs. Here, we demonstrate that Notch maintains type II NBs by suppressing the activation of earmuff (erm) by Pointed P1 (PntP1). We show that loss of Notch or components of its canonical pathway leads to PntP1-dependent ectopic Erm expression in type II NBs. Knockdown of Erm significantly rescues the loss-of-Notch phenotypes, and misexpression of Erm phenocopies the loss of Notch. Ectopically expressed Erm promotes the transformation of type II NBs into type I NBs by inhibiting PntP1 function and expression in type II NBs. Our work not only elucidates a key mechanism of Notch-mediated maintenance of type II NB self-renewal and identity, but also reveals a novel function of Erm.
The Use of Decision Analysis In Quality Assessment

Now that major efforts are being made to develop clinical indicators, it is also imperative that participants in quality assurance programs have useful mechanisms to review data derived on the basis of these indicators. The decision tree is one means of conceptualizing clinical problems in a manner that can enhance both the development and review of clinical indicators. The decision tree can assist in presentation of clinical decisions and outcomes. When applied to specific clinical indicator data, such as a failure to order diagnostic tests, or to a trend of failure to follow a standard protocol for admissions, decision trees and decision analysis can assist in the review of quality and appropriateness of care. Both individual cases and trends lend themselves to decision analysis, which can help determine the decisions likely to be appropriate. When numerical data are available, decision analysis can provide quantitative evaluations of clinical and quality assurance data.