cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large variability in continental shelf production of phytoplankton carbon revealed by satellite

Abstract. We estimate the net production of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Maine (GoM) over a 3-yr period using satellite ocean color data in conjunction with surface velocities from a high-resolution operational ocean circulation model. Chlorophyll (Chl-a) and light attenuation (K490) products are combined with a carbon to chlorophyll model to estimate the phytoplankton carbon (PC) stock in the euphotic layer. A satellite-based productivity, termed NCPe in analogy with net community production (NCP), is derived by tracking changes in satellite-derived PC from one satellite image to the next, along water parcel trajectories calculated with surface velocities from the ocean circulation model. Such an along-trajectory analysis of satellite data discounts the effect of advection that would otherwise contribute to the temporal change between consecutive images viewed in the fixed reference frame. Our results show a high variability of up to ±500 mg C m−2 d−1 in NCPe on spatial scales of 10–100 km. A region-wide median NCPe of 40–50 mg C m−2 d−1 is often prevalent in the Gulf, while blooms attain peak values of 400 mg C m−2 d−1 for a few days. The spatio-temporal variability of NCPe in this region, though conditioned by seasonality, is dominated by events lasting a few days, which if integrated, lead to large inter-annual variability in the annual carbon budget. This study is a step toward achieving synoptic and time-dependent estimates of oceanic productivity and NCP from satellite data.
In-Situ SEM Study of Boundary Lubricated Contacts

Low speed, steel-on-steel sliding experiments were run in-situ in a scanning electron microscope which was modified to allow the application of a thin film of hydrocarbon oil to the sliding surfaces. With periodic videotaping of the lubricated sliding contact and surface topography measurement, the wear process was observed and documented from initial sliding on new material, through run-in, to the eventual failure of the surfaces. It was found that grooves and finishing marks are filled in with plastically deformed metal as the surfaces run-in. The loss of these lubricant retaining grooves combined with a buildup of fine wear debris leads to very fine scale surface damage at localized adhesive contacts. Continued sliding results in failure of the surfaces by a plowing/cutting mechanism. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the STLE/ASME Tribology Conference in San Antonio, Texas, October 5–8, 1987
Enhancing Communication and Interactional Effectiveness with Mexican-American Trainees

Applying an international framework of work-related values, we offer practical suggestions for improving the effectiveness of training initiatives directed at Mexican- Americans. Specifically, it is recommended that those who train workers of Mexican descent (a) emphasize considerate behavior, (b) use encouragement techniques, (c) avoid public confrontation, (d) maintain a respectful distance with trainees, (e) foster participation, (f) offer collaborative team projects, (g) inspire ongoing education, (h) formally recog nize program completion, (i) allow ample time for topic coverage, (j) be sensitive to the status of women, (k) avoid blaming students for training failures, (l) settle conflicts amicably, and (m) provide guidance and structure for the participants. Since productive organizations must assume the responsibility for training employees when the prepara tory education system fails, implications for universities serving Mexican-American populations are also offered.
The M•-σ Relation for Supermassive Black Holes

We investigate the differences in the M•-σ relation derived recently by Ferrarese & Merritt and by Gebhardt and collaborators. The shallower slope found by the latter authors (3.75 vs. 4.8) is due partly to the use of a regression algorithm that ignores measurement errors and partly to the value of the velocity dispersion adopted for a single galaxy, the Milky Way. A steeper relation is shown to provide a better fit to black hole masses derived from reverberation mapping studies. Combining the stellar dynamical, gasdynamical, and reverberation mapping mass estimates, we derive a best-fit relation M• = 1.30(±0.36) × 108 M☉(σc/200 km s-1)4.72(±0.36).
Identifying differentially methylated genes using mixed effect and generalized least square models

DNA methylation plays an important role in the process of tumorigenesis. Identifying differentially methylated genes or CpG islands (CGIs) associated with genes between two tumor subtypes is thus an important biological question. The methylation status of all CGIs in the whole genome can be assayed with differential methylation hybridization (DMH) microarrays. However, patient samples or cell lines are heterogeneous, so their methylation pattern may be very different. In addition, neighboring probes at each CGI are correlated. How these factors affect the analysis of DMH data is unknown. We propose a new method for identifying differentially methylated (DM) genes by identifying the associated DM CGI(s). At each CGI, we implement four different mixed effect and generalized least square models to identify DM genes between two groups. We compare four models with a simple least square regression model to study the impact of incorporating random effects and correlations. We demonstrate that the inclusion (or exclusion) of random effects and the choice of correlation structures can significantly affect the results of the data analysis. We also assess the false discovery rate of different models using CGIs associated with housekeeping genes.
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND TO DETERMINE RENAL SIZE AND POSITION FOR RENAL BLOCKING IN RADIATION THERAPY

Abstract A technique is described to use diagnostic ultrasound and a polyform block cutter to construct and position leads blocks in order to accurately shield the kidneys during radiation therapy.
The impact of urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), including cystitis and pyelonephritis, are the most common infections after kidney transplantation. On examining the role of surveillance and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria posttransplant, Fiorante and colleagues found that up to 50% of recipients had bacteriuria. Despite routine treatment, recurrent UTIs remained common. Many risk factors contribute to the high incidence of UTIs, which can undermine graft function and survival. Given that many UTIs are asymptomatic, screening protocols may be beneficial.
Multilevel dictionary learning for sparse representation of images

Adaptive data-driven dictionaries for sparse approximations provide superior performance compared to predefined dictionaries in applications involving representation and classification of data. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for learning global dictionaries particularly suited to the sparse representation of natural images. The proposed algorithm uses a hierarchical energy based learning approach to learn a multilevel dictionary. The atoms that contribute the most energy to the representation are learned in the first level and those that contribute lesser energies are learned in the subsequent levels. The learned multilevel dictionary is compared to a dictionary learned using the K-SVD algorithm. Reconstruction results using a small number of non-zero coefficients demonstrate the advantage of exploiting energy hierarchy using multilevel dictionaries, pointing to potential applications in low bit-rate image compression. Superior performance in compressed sensing using optimized sensing matrices with small number of measurements is also demonstrated.
Efficient inscribing of noisy rectangular objects in scanned images

Objects identification in images is generally hard unless the objects are simple geometric shapes such as circles, rectangles, have very particular properties. Even simple geometric shapes can be hard to identify if they deviate even a little from the ideal. We examine the question of identifying and segmenting noisy rectangles, where edges may be ragged, corners may be missing and so on. We test the robustness of our scheme on receipts and small documents obtained from real scans.
Vertical resolution of a seismic survey in stratigraphic sequences less than 100 m deep in southeastern Kansas

A 400-m long, 12‐fold high‐resolution common depth point (CDP) reflection seismic profile was acquired across shallow converging Pennsylvanian strata in the Independence area of southeastern Kansas. One of the principal objectives was to determine practical vertical resolution limits in an excellent shallow seismic‐data area with borehole control. The dominant frequency of the CDP stacked data is in excess of 150 Hz based on peak‐to‐peak measurements. Interference phenomena observed on stacked seismic data incorporated with models derived from log and drill‐hole information suggest a practical vertical resolution limit of about 7 m, or one‐third of the dominant wavelength. This practical resolution is slightly less than the predicted (theoretical) resolution limit of 5 m based on the generally accepted one‐quarter wavelength axiom. These data suggest conventional rules of thumb describing resolution potential are not accurate when reflectors on shallow, narrow bandwidth data converge rapidly across horizo...
Dynamic test and modeling methodology for BGA solder joint shock reliability evaluation

This work developed a dynamic test and modeling methodology for BGA solder joint shock strength evaluation. A test board and a test fixture were designed similar to a four-point bend test. The test setup for BGA evaluation was calibrated to a typical desktop PC motherboard under packaged shock condition. The fundamental frequency of the proposed test setup is matched to that of the motherboard through the experimental modal analysis. The BGA solder joint shock failure envelope was established through the proposed shock test and modeling. With an incremental shock sequence and an in-situ solder joint continuity monitoring setup for the shock events, the G-level (acceleration) and shock duration at BGA solder joint failure was measured. The dynamic finite element analysis was performed with the experimental input and the test board dynamic response to the measured solder joint failure shock level was simulated. The failure strengths of the solder joints were estimated with different BGA orientations on the test board. A preliminary solder joint failures envelope under dynamic load is established, which represents key board and system levels shock conditions.
Exercise in Active Tectonics: An Introduction to Earthquakes and Tectonic Geomorphology

What should undergraduate tectonics students know about earthquakes? The thesis of Exercises in Active Tectonics is that they ought to have some familiarity with quantitative methods for determining earthquake size, location, repeat time, and effect on structures. While this manual is designed to complement Keller and Pinter's text, Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape, which was published in 1996, it could provide a laboratory component for a variety of introductory courses emphasizing tectonics, geomorphology, or seismology.
Legal Issues Encountered When Treating the Patient With a Sleep Disorder

As our understanding of sleep medicine grows, so does our obligation to protect patients and society from the potential harms of sleep disorders. Harm to self and others can take the form of violent behaviors during sleep or from sleep arousals, or from errors in judgment and motor skills due to excessive daytime sleepiness. Motor vehicle accidents and industrial accidents represent the majority of deaths and injuries due to sleep disorders. Errors in judgment and mental capacity can also lead to significant problems in terms of financial costs to businesses, inefficiencies in the workplace, and harm to others (as in the case of medical errors). Sleepiness can be so debilitating to an individual that he or she may qualify for disability compensation. The sleep specialist plays three basic roles in the interaction between the medical and legal fields: the educator, the medical examiner, and the expert witness. The education of the public, court officials, and patients is necessary to increase awareness of sleep disorders and their risks. The medical examination of the patient and subsequent treatment of the sleep disorder can help to minimize the risks of sleep disorders. Finally, if necessary, the sleep specialist may be called upon to provide expert testimony about the medical evidence provided and the likelihood that a sleep disorder contributed to an alleged criminal act.
Dosimetry of pion therapy beams.

Cellular, animal, and human radiobiology studies are in progress at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility as part of a joint University of New Mexico and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory pion therapy project. To support these activities, dosimetry has been performed on many different pion beam configurations. The effect of both static and dynamic momentum spreaders and of collimators on beam profiles, depth‐dose distributions, and peak‐to‐plateau ratios have been studied. The absorbed dose is obtained by the application of Bragg–Gray cavity theory to ionization chamber measurements. Calculations have been made for the effective W values and average mass‐stopping‐power ratios needed for the Bragg–Gray equation. Kerma corrections are applied to transform the dose from the chamber wall to dose in muscle.
Development and validation of the masculine behavior scale: A measure of behaviors stereotypically attributed to males vs. females

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and validate the Masculine Behavior Scale (MBS), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure four behavioral tendencies stereotypically imputed more to males vs. females: restrictive emotionality, inhibited affection, success dedication, and exaggerated self-reliance. Psychometric analyses confirmed the factorial structure and reliabilities of the subscales on the MBS, and other results provided evidence for the validity of the four MBS subscales. Specifically, it was found that the behavioral measures of success dedication and exaggerated self-reliance were positively correlated with instrumental personality attributes, while restrictive emotionality and inhibited affection behavioral tendencies were negatively correlated with expressive personality attributes. Additional findings indicated that both male and female subjects attributed restrictive emotionality, inhibited affection, success dedication, and exaggerated self-reliance more to males vs. females. However, when males and females were asked to describe themselves, no gender differences emerged for behaviors associated with success dedication and exaggerated self-reliance; females did, however, report engaging in fewer emotionally restricted and affectively inhibited behaviors than did males. The discussion focuses on the distinction between gender-related behavioral tendencies and both gender-related role tendencies and gender-related personality tendencies.
A plastic microchip for nucleic acid purification

A microchip for purifying nucleic acids from bacterial pathogens was designed and fabricated in plastic. The fabricated plastic microchips were tested for their ability to purify nucleic acids from the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). These chips were constructed using rapid and low-cost plastic fabrication techniques including hot embossing and plastic casting. Silicon molds fabricated by photolithography and dry etching were used for chip prototyping. Zeonor plastic (poly (cycloolefin) resin) and epoxy microchips were fabricated using hot embossing and plastic casting, respectively. A low temperature sputtering technique was used to coat a layer of silicon dioxide onto the channel region for nucleic acid binding in chaotropic salt solutions. The purification channels contain an array of features to increase the surface area for DNA binding and purification. DNA was quantified with PicoGreen fluorescent dye and the quality of the material as a substrate for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was tested using target specific primers. DNA could be recovered from the microchip and detected using PCR from a minimum of 106 of L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and S. typhimurium cells, respectively. With the simplicity of the plastic chip’s fabrication and DNA purification, our microchip makes it ideal for a miniaturized DNA testing system.
Cutting Edge: Heterosubtypic Influenza Infection Antagonizes Elicitation of Immunological Reactivity to Hemagglutinin

Influenza-specific immunity in humans is unique because there are repeated exposures to viral strains containing genetically conserved epitopes recruiting memory CD4 T cells and novel epitopes stimulating naive CD4 T cells, possibly resulting in competition between memory and naive lymphocytes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of this competition on CD4 T cell and B cell response specificity using a murine model of sequential influenza infection. We found striking and selective decreases in CD4 T cell reactivity to nonconserved hemagglutinin (HA) epitopes following secondary influenza infection. Surprisingly, this shift in CD4 T cell specificity was associated with dramatic decreases in HA-specific Ab. These results suggest that repeated exposure to influenza viruses and vaccines containing conserved internal proteins may have unintended and negative consequences on the ability to induce HA-specific Ab to novel pandemic strains of influenza. These finding could have important implications on pandemic influenza preparedness strategies.
Multi-dimensional Cantor Sets in Classical and Quantum Mechanics

Abstract We give two different descriptions of an abstract n -dimensional dynamical system. First we use a Sierpinski space setting and subsequently we use a statistical cellular space setting. The results of the analysis elucidate certian universal behaviour which was observed in a wide category of cellular automata. The results further show that in four dimensions the phase space dynamics is Peano-like and resembles an Anosov diffeomorphism of a compact manifold which is dense and quasi-ergodic. The fractal dimension in this case is d c (4) = 3.981 ≅ 4 and we conjecture that fully developed turbulence is related to d c (5) = 6.3. The corresponding Shannon information entropy of the second analysis are δ s (4) = 3.68 and δ s (5) = 6.12. In the case of eight dimensional phase space both descriptions lead to almost identical numerical results. Possible implications of these theoretical results to physical spatio-temporal chaos and the reduction of complexity are discussed. In conclusion, the relevance of Cantor-like space-time for the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the connection to non-standard analysis and Boscovich covariance are touched upon.
Seascorr: A MATLAB program for identifying the seasonal climate signal in an annual tree-ring time series $

A common research task in dendroclimatology is identification of the monthly or seasonal climate signal in an annual time series of indices of ring width. A MATLAB function, seascorr, is introduced as a general statistical tool for identifying the signal. Monthly time series of primary and secondary climate variables are input to the function along with a tree-ring time series and specifications for seasonal groupings. The relationship of the tree-ring series with the seasonalized primary climate variable is summarized by simple correlations. The relationship with the secondary climate variable is summarized by partial correlations, controlling for the influence of the primary climate variable. Confidence intervals on sample correlations and partial correlations are estimated with the help of Monte Carlo simulation of the tree-ring series by exact simulation, which preserves the spectral properties of the observed series. Results are summarized in graphical and statistical output. The function is illustrated with examples from Tunisia and Russia.
Sialic acid speciation using capillary electrophoresis: Optimization of analyte derivatization and separation

Capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) was employed for rapid sialic acid speciation, facilitating the quantitative determination of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) on glycoproteins. Derivatization of the sialic acids with 2-aminoacridone (2-AMAC), using classical reductive amination in a nonaqueous solvent, led to the spontaneous decarboxylation of the sialic acid residues as determined by CE-LIF and offline mass spectrometric analysis. Modification of both the labeling conditions, to drive the decarboxylation reaction to completion and the CE-LIF parameters to separate the neutral species by complexation with a neutral coated capillary and borate reversed polarity, led to a robust platform for the rapid, sensitive, and quantitative speciation of sialic acids. The method can readily be used for quality control of recombinant biopharmaceuticals.
Internal Structure of Porous Silica: A Model System for Characterization by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation methods have been used to investigate the internal structure of porous silica gelled from colloidal silica and potassium silicate mixtures. These materials possess a narrow pore size distribution with average pore diameter ranging from 470 to 2400 {Angstrom} (47 to 240 nm) as determined from mercury intrusion porosimetry. NMR relaxation measurements were performed on deionized water impregnated into the pore space. These results determine the distribution of local surface-to-volume ratios and show that all of the silica samples are very uniform on a length scale greater than 5 {mu}m. NMR relaxation measurements performed on silica samples partially filled with water provide a precise confirmation of the theoretical model upon which the NMR pore structure analysis is based. Measurements of the relaxation strength at the water-silica interface were found to depend systematically on the initial composition of the material. The self-diffusion coefficient of water, saturated in the pore space, is reduced by 14% from its bulk value.
D3 branes in a Melvin universe: A new realm for gravitational holography

The decoupling limit of a certain configuration of D3 branes in a Melvin universe defines a sector of string theory known as puff field theory (PFT)—a theory with nonlocal dynamics but without gravity. In this work, we present a systematic analysis of the nonlocal states of strongly coupled PFT using gravitational holography. And we are led to a remarkable new holographic dictionary. We show that the theory admits states that may be viewed as brane protrusions from the D3 brane worldvolume. The footprint of a protrusion has finite size—the scale of nonlocality in the PFT—and corresponds to an operator insertion in the PFT. We compute correlators of these states, and we demonstrate that only part of the holographic bulk is explored by this computation. We then show that the remaining space holographically encodes the dynamics of the D3 brane tentacles. The two sectors are coupled: in this holographic description, this is realized via quantum entanglement across a holographic screen—a throat in the geometry—that splits the bulk into the two regions in question. We then propose a description of PFT through a direct product of two Fock spaces—akin to other nonlocal settings that employ quantum group structures.
Biology and Immunology of Human Carcinoma Cell Populations

The rationale for the studies overviewed here was to utilize membrane-enriched extracts of human metastatic mammary tumor cells as immunogens in an attempt to generate and characterize monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with determinants that would be maintained on primary as well as metastatic human mammary carcinoma cells. Multiple assays have been employed to reveal the range of reactivities and diversity of the various antibodies.
Aerial Photo Biomass Equation

Aerial photo volume tables have been used by foresters and others to estimate board feet and cubic feet of standing timber gross volume in the United States for a number of years (Paine 1981). These tables have been very useful to assist in the stratfication of timber stands, thereby making ground sampling more efficient.
The Fisheries for Tunas in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Abstract The principal species of tunas taken by the fisheries of the eastern Pacific Ocean are yellowfin, Thunnus albacares, bigeye, T. obesus, skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis, Pacific bluefin, Thunnus orientalis, and albacore, T. alalunga. The first three are tropical species, while the other two inhabit temperate waters. The greatest catches of tunas are taken by purse seines—large nets that encircle entire schools of fish. Yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack, and bluefin are caught mainly by purse seines. Longlines consist of a mainline—about 60 nautical miles long if deployed in the open ocean—and branch lines, each with a baited hook at the end of it. Longlines catch yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin, and albacore. Trolling is conducted from a relatively small vessel that tows lines, each with an artificial lure at the end of it, through the water. Trolling vessels catch mainly albacore. Nearly all the purse seiners and trollers that fish in the eastern Pacific Ocean are registered in nations of the western hemisphere, while nearly all of the longline vessels are registered in Far Eastern nations. Tuna vessels stay at sea for weeks or months at a time, so their catches must be frozen at sea. The catches of longline vessels are nearly always sold fresh, so they must be handled with great care and frozen at very low temperatures. Purse-seine vessels catch large amounts of fish—sometimes 100 or more tons in a single day—so it is not often feasible to handle the fish as carefully as longline-caught fish. These fish are nearly always canned. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, the catches of yellowfin and skipjack are greatest, followed by those of bigeye, albacore, and bluefin, in that order. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, an international organization with a membership of 21 countries, performs research on tunas and other animals that associate with them, and makes recommendation for regulation of the fisheries, if necessary. If and when regulations are adopted, it is the responsibility of each member to enforce the regulations on its vessels.
Hazardous Proximity Zone Design for Heavy Construction Excavation Equipment

AbstractThe construction industry continues to be among the leading industries for workplace fatalities in the United States. After experiencing 824 fatal injuries in 2013, the construction industry ranks as one of the most dangerous work environments when compared with other private industrial sectors in the United States. Conditions of construction sites often produce hazardous proximity situations by requiring pedestrian workers and heavy equipment to operate at close proximity. Injury and fatality statistics indicate that current safety practices of construction workers have proven inadequate. The research aims to design hazard zone around pieces of heavy construction equipment in which site personnel should not enter during construction operations. The scope is limited to construction sites and equipment at a horizontal grade and hazards between heavy construction excavation equipment and workers-on-foot. A framework for creating the hazard zone around a piece of construction equipment is presented i...
Plans for Warm Dense Matter and IFE Target Experiments on NDCX-II

The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory (HIFS-VNL) is currently developing design concepts for NDCX-II, the second phase of the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment, which will use ion beams to explore Warm Dense Matter (WDM) and Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) target hydrodynamics. The ion induction accelerator will consist of a new short pulse injector and induction cells from the decommissioned Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL To fit within an existing building and to meet the energy and temporal requirements of various target experiments, an aggressive beam compression and acceleration schedule is planned. WDM physics and ion-driven direct drive hydrodynamics will initially be explored with 30 nC of lithium ions in experiments involving ion deposition, ablation, acceleration and stability of planar targets. Other ion sources which may deliver higher charge per bunch will be explored. A test stand has been built at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to test refurbished ATA induction cells and pulsed power hardware for voltage holding and ability to produce various compression and acceleration waveforms. Another test stand is being used to develop and characterize lithium-doped aluminosilicate ion sources. The first experiments with include heating metallic targets The first experiments will include heating metallic targets to 10,000 K and hydrodynamics studies with cryogenic hydrogen targets.
RU4PC? Texting to Quantify Feedback About Primary Care and Its Relationship With Student Career Interest.

BACKGROUND Faculty and residents routinely offer feedback about medical students' specialty career preferences, yet influence of feedback has not been quantitatively evaluated. This study aims to report incidence and balance of primary care comments heard by medical students and determine the effect of comments on career interest. METHODS This multicenter observational cohort study used text messaging and online surveys to examine positive and negative feedback about primary care, as reported by medical students in real time between September 2012 and April 2013. Participants from three universities sent short text messages when primary care comments were heard during two 30-day periods; each period was preceded and followed by surveys assessing career interest. RESULTS A total of 120 students (86.3% of recruits) participated in at least one texting period; 87 (62.6%) participated in all aspects of study. Overall, positive comments (851) outnumbered negative (616). Total number of negative comments reported per student was associated with a significantly lower interest in primary care career (β=-.04). There was an association between students' negative-to-positive comment ratios and lower interest in primary care that approached significance (β=-.145) but only became significant (β=-.191) when variables including institution were added to a linear regression model, supporting the hypothesis that culture toward primary care within an institution can influence graduates' primary care interest. CONCLUSIONS Negatively perceived primary care comments were associated with lower interest in primary care careers by medical students. The study provides real-time quantitative data supporting the association between feedback received about primary care and students' career choices.
Pulsed Blowing on a Laminar Airfoil at Low Reynolds Number

The range of effectiveness of pulsed actuation with varying frequency, duty cycle and blowing ratio is explored on a NACA 643-618 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 6.4x10 4 . Pulsed blowing from a row of discrete holes located at five percent chord on the upper surface of the airfoil successfully reduces separation over a wide range of reduced frequency (0.1-1), blowing ratio (0.5–2), and duty cycle (0.6–50%). A phase-locked investigation, by way of particle image velocimetry, at ten degrees angle of attack illuminates physical mechanisms responsible for separation control of pulsed actuation at a low frequency and duty cycle. Temporal resolution of large structure formation and wake shedding is obtained, revealing a key mechanism for separation control. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is identified as responsible for the formation of smaller structures in the separation region which produce favorable momentum transfer, assisting in further thinning the separation region and then fully attaching the boundary layer. The proximity to the wall dampens the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, leaving no further evidence until the proceeding jet perturbation arrives.
Ordered Defect-Fluorite Compounds in ZrO2 Alloys

Intermediate ordered-defect fluorite compounds are an important component of ZrO2 alloys containing the aliovalent solutes MgO, CaO, or Y2O3. These compounds also form in oxygen-deficient rare earth oxides and in other ternary oxides based on the fluorite structure, and can best be studied by TEM. Examples are given of such phases in the MgO-ZrO2, Y2O3-ZrO2, and CaO-ZrO2 systems.
The Nuclear Cycle in Protosexual Yeasts

Protosexual yeasts of the genus Chlamydozyma possess some mechanism for going from bisexual to unisexual forms without the formation of ascospores (5). The mechanism is probably ordinary meiosis, and the meiotic nuclei evidently develop directly into vegetative unisexual cells. The process may be primitive and have preceded the origin of sexual spores. To the contrary, El-Ani (1) believes that these yeasts are basically ascosporogenous and that sporulation is blocked genetically. If the formation of ascospores were blocked, unisexual cells could not be produced from bisexual cells. The El-Ani theory does not explain the rapid and almost complete change in some cultures from bisexual to unisexual within 3 or 4 days after the bisexual culture has been placed on fresh medium. A primary requirement is the explanation of the mechanism by which unisexual cells are formed. El-Ani's principal objections to my theory are stated and discussed in the order he mentioned them, starting at the bottom of page 134 of his paper (1). "Because a protosexual cycle, in contrast to a perfect stage, cannot be detected by direct examination, the great majority of 'parasexuals' would be designated as 'neosexuals' pending extensive future research on their protosexuality." Protosexuality is easily determined by direct microscopic observa? tion. Opposite sexes may be mixed on a sporulation medium. Proto? sexual yeasts produce zygotes abundantly but no ascospores are formed. Freshly isolated bisexuals may be placed on sporulation medium. If the yeast is ascosporic, it produces ascospores; if it is a highly active proto? sexual, it produces unisexual offspring that form zygotes but no sexual spores. The complete cycle of protosexual yeasts from mating of opposite sexes to production of active bisexual cells and their return to unisexuals through meiosis or some analogous mechanism is easily accomplished in the laboratory within a few days, and no sexual spores have been observed at any point in the cycle.
Insulin fails to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in sepsis despite unimpaired signaling to 4E-BP1 and S6K1.

Induction of sepsis in rats causes an inhibition of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle that is resistant to the stimulatory actions of insulin. To gain a better understanding of the underlying re...
Identification of IgM as a contaminant in lectin-FLISA assays for HCC detection.

Abstract Liver disease, in the form of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for > 700,000 deaths worldwide. A major reason for this is late diagnosis of HCC. The currently used biomarker, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is elevated in 40–60% of those with HCC and other markers that can either compliment or replace AFP are desired. Our previous work has identified a number of proteins that contain altered glycans in HCC. Specifically, these altered glycans were increased levels of core and outer arm fucosylation. To determine the clinical usefulness of those identified glycoproteins, a plate based assay was developed that allowed for the detection of fucosylated glycoforms. While this method was applicable to a number of independent patient sets, it was unable to specifically detect fucosylated glycoforms in many patient samples. That is, some material was present in serum that led to non-specific signal in the lectin- fluorescence -linked immunosorbent assay (lectin-FLISA). To address this issue, a systematic process was undertaken to identify the material. This material was found to be increased levels of lectin reactive IgM. Removal of both IgG and IgM using a multi-step protein A/G incubation and filtration step removed the contaminating signal and allowed for the analysis of specific protein glycoforms. This assay was subsequently used on two sample sets, one that was shown previously to be unable to be tested via a lectin FLISA and in a larger independent sample set. The clinical usefulness of this assay in the early detection of HCC is discussed.
In vitro particulate adherence to fibronectin: correlation with in vivo particulate adherence to sites of bladder injury.

Abstract This study examined the role of fibronectin in promoting particulate attachment to sites of urothelial injury. Variables influencing adherence of the rat transitional carcinoma cell line 4909 and “non-cellular” styrene-divinylbenzene microspheres to fibronectin were studied in an in vitro system. A soluble synthetic peptide fragment (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser [GRGDS]) duplicating the receptor binding domain of fibronectin (RGD) was used to determine whether cell adherence could be inhibited by fibronectin receptor blockade. In vitro findings were correlated with an in vivo assay of both cellular and non-cellular particulate adherence to injured urothelium. Time, plated cell density, substrate concentration, GRGDS concentration, and cell viability, were all found to be significant independent variables influencing in vitro cellular adherence (p The in vivo adherence of both tumor cells and microspheres was significantly increased in injured bladders compared to controls (p These data suggest that in vitro tumor cell adherence to fibronectin differs from in vivo tumor cell adherence to sites of urothelial injury. Manipulations which inhibit in vitro adherence, specifically fibronectin receptor blockade and cell death, fail to effect in vivo binding to the extreme that non-cellular particulate appears to bind to the same site, and with similar affinity, as cellular particles.
Persistent climatic and oceanographic oscillations in the subpolar North Atlantic during the MIS 6 glaciation and MIS 5 interglacial

Rapidly accumulating sediments from the Bjorn drift deposit south of Iceland are studied for comparison of glacial/interglacial climate changes related to millennial variability of the subpolar surface and deep ocean circulation in the North Atlantic. High-resolution faunal, isotopic, and sedimentary analyses reveal a strong multimillennial climatic variability interpreted as oscillations in heat transport westward south of Iceland during marine isotope stage 6 (MIS 6), possibly related to the strength of the subpolar gyre (SPG). The oscillations persisted from MIS 6 through the following interglacial (MIS 5), although with diminished magnitude, and were respectively characterized by repeated advances of the polar front south of Iceland during MIS 6 and southward migrations of the Arctic front due to cold surface outflow through the East Greenland and East Iceland Currents during MIS 5. Incursions of cold, fresh surface waters, and drifting ice affected the dynamics of the SPG, episodically causing it to weaken and contract to the northwest. During these intervals of diminished SPG, the northward transport of subtropical heat and salt was strengthened and preferentially conveyed to the northeast past Iceland, enhancing deep-water formation in the Nordic Seas. By contrast, when the SPG was strong, more subtropical water and its associated heat were entrained within the relatively warm Irminger Current flowing westward south of Iceland. These oceanographic oscillations were associated with repeated multimillennial cooling and warming episodes during the glacial stage MIS 6, equivalent to the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles of the last glaciation.
Racial disparities in pregnancy outcomes: the role of prenatal care utilization and maternal risk status.

Distinct black-white differences in pregnancy outcome and prenatal care utilization have been a persistent feature of U.S. natality-related statistics. Using South Carolina and North Carolina live birth-infant death cohort files for 1978-1982, this study examines the extent to which variations in prenatal care utilization may be associated with racial disparities in pregnancy outcome within maternal sociomedical risk groups. After taking indicators of maternal risk into account (age-parity, education, marital status, complications of pregnancy and previous pregnancy terminations), birth weight and gestational age distributions and birth weight- and gestational age-specific neonatal mortality rates of blacks and whites were compared by level of prenatal care utilization. Distinct racial differences in birth weight and gestational age distributions were observed within equivalent maternal risk and prenatal care categories, with whites having an approximately 200-gram mean birth weight and five-day mean gestational age advantage compared to blacks. In this analysis of more than 650,000 cases, low-risk blacks adequately utilizing prenatal care had a lower mean birth weight (3,266 grams) and a higher neonatal mortality rate (6.6) than low-risk, inadequate-care whites (3,302 grams; 6.1).
Women in the Labour Force

All societies regulate the entry of women into the labour force. In some societies women are sequestered in familial environs and forbidden to have contact with strangers, a restriction that in effect excludes them from paid employment outside the home. Other societies permit women to work in non-familial settings provided the job is seen as an extension of their ordinary household functions — for example, preparing and serving food, caring for children, making, repairing, or cleaning domestic consumables. Only a relatively few societies let women choose work from a broad spectrum of occupations, and even these grow testy when women enter fields traditionally assigned to men. For all societies consider some work more fitting to one sex than to the other, though, of course, what is thought fitting differs from culture to culture.1
899PRISK OF OVARIAN MALIGNANCY ALGORITHM IN THE PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSING OF PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN TUMORS

ABSTRACT Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the utility of Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) and Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA) in a preoparative diagnosis of ovarian malignancies. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 223 women with pelvic mass (114 pre- and 109 postmenopausal), who were admitted to gynecological ward and qualified for explorative surgery. 48 patients suffered from malignant tumors (36 primary ovarian cancers, 12 metastases to the ovaries) and 6 – from borderline tumors. 164 women had benign ovarian tumors (including 37 cases of endometriosis). In 5 patients pelvic mass occurred to be myomas of the uterus. Serum samples were analyzed to determine the levels of HE4 and CA125 and ROMA was calculated. Results were compared with pathological findings. Results: The levels of both CA125 and HE4 were significantly elevated in sera of women with ovarian malignancies versus benign disease. CA125 reached the sensitivity of 83.3% at the specificity of 70.9%. HE4 showed the sensitivity of 89.6% at the specificity of 81.1%. The combination of both markers (ROMA) achieved the sensitivity of 87.5% at the specificity of 80.0%. Patients with endometriosis had significantly higher levels of serum CA125 than women with other nonmalignant ovarian tumors. Levels of HE4 did not differ between these groups. Conclusions: Serum levels HE4, CA125 and ROMA proved to be useful in preoperative identification of the character of ovarian tumors. Adding HE4 to the protocol improves diagnostics in cases of endometriosis, verifying false positive results of CA125. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
The bidirectional polyomino partitioned PPUF as a hardware security primitive

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have demonstrated great potential as fast and robust hardware security primitives. Public physical unclonable functions (PPUFs) have removed the main conceptual limitations of PUFs by enabling the creation of public key protocols. Traditional methods of constructing PPUFs leverage intrinsic process variation in submicron integrated circuits. However, these implementations impose high power usage and require long simulation times, producing high latency protocols. We propose to use next generation CMOS-compatible technologies, such as memristors and nanowires, whose components exhibit non-linear circuit characteristics, for the creation of PPUFs. We utilize the bidirectional nature of these components and introduce a novel architecture of PPUF polyomino partitioning. Furthermore, we present new security protocols that authenticate orders of magnitude faster than their CMOS-based PPUF counterparts. We simulate the design and demonstrate its resilience to a host of attacks using SPICE circuit simulation.
Dr Ben Franklin and an unusual modern-day cure for recurrent pleuritis.

What should the astute physician do with a young, self-directed lung patient from the US, as preoccupied with diplomacy and the proper function of government as they are with objective scientific inquiry? In the counsel of that great US scientist-diplomat, Dr Benjamin Franklin, kick them outside … literally, and all the better if in the nude! But what sort of man was Franklin to listen to on such matters? Franklin’s advice, although not substantiated at the time and seemingly unorthodox (to say the very least), came from a learned and productive medical researcher and member of the Royal Medical Society of Paris, honorary member of the Medical Society of London, and member of several US medical societies.1 His rationale for such clinical guidance served as the basis for modern indoor ventilation standards and the concept that respiratory diseases, from which he was a frequent sufferer as a youth,1 were often acquired from other people — not from breathing cold air, as was conventionally thought at the time.2 In a letter of 25 September 1773 to Thomas Percival, of London, Dr Franklin wrote in part: ‘From many years’ observations on myself and others, …
Are First Trimester Nuchal Septations Independent Risk Factors for Chromosomal Anomalies

Objectives There is conflicting information regarding the role of nuchal septations during first-trimester genetic screening. This study was designed to determine whether nuchal septations are risk factors for chromosomal anomalies, independent of increased nuchal translucency (NT), in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods This retrospective cohort study included all women who underwent first-trimester genetic screening between November 2011 and December 2014. The 95th percentile for the NT measurement was calculated for each gestational week. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether the visualization of nuchal septations was an independent risk factor for chromosomal analysis while controlling for confounding variables. P < .05 was considered significant. Results Chromosomal abnormalities were present in 1.0% of the population (33 of 3275). The prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities was significantly higher among fetuses with nuchal septations compared to fetuses with normal NT without septations (P < .001) and those with NT above the 95th percentile without septations (P < .001). The sonographic evidence of septations was associated with high risk of chromosomal abnormalities (odds ratio, 40.0; 95% confidence interval, 9.1–174.0) after controlling for NT measurements and other confounding variables. Conclusions Visualization of nuchal septations during first-trimester genetic screening is a powerful risk factor for chromosomal anomalies, independent of increased NT.