cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Debris and radiation-induced damage effects on EUV nanolithography source collector mirror optics performance.

Exposure of collector mirrors facing the hot, dense pinch plasma in plasma-based EUV light sources to debris (fast ions, neutrals, off-band radiation, droplets) remains one of the highest critical issues of source component lifetime and commercial feasibility of nanolithography at 13.5-nm. Typical radiators used at 13.5-nm include Xe and Sn. Fast particles emerging from the pinch region of the lamp are known to induce serious damage to nearby collector mirrors. Candidate collector configurations include either multi-layer mirrors (MLM) or single-layer mirrors (SLM) used at grazing incidence. Studies at Argonne have focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms that hinder collector mirror performance at 13.5-nm under fast Sn or Xe exposure. This is possible by a new state-of-the-art in-situ EUV reflectometry system that measures real time relative EUV reflectivity (15-degree incidence and 13.5-nm) variation during fast particle exposure. Intense EUV light and off-band radiation is also known to contribute to mirror damage. For example offband radiation can couple to the mirror and induce heating affecting the mirror's surface properties. In addition, intense EUV light can partially photo-ionize background gas (e.g., Ar or He) used for mitigation in the source device. This can lead to local weakly ionized plasma creating a sheath and accelerating charged gas particles to the mirror surface and inducing sputtering. In this paper we study several aspects of debris and radiation-induced damage to candidate EUVL source collector optics materials. The first study concerns the use of IMD simulations to study the effect of surface roughness on EUV reflectivity. The second studies the effect of fast particles on MLM reflectivity at 13.5-nm. And lastly the third studies the effect of multiple energetic sources with thermal Sn on 13.5-nm reflectivity. These studies focus on conditions that simulate the EUVL source environment in a controlled way.
Is that scene dangerous?: transferring knowledge over a video stream

Activity mining in traffic scenes aims to automatically explain the complex interactions among moving objects recorded with a surveillance camera. Traditional machine learning algorithms generate a model and validate it with manually labeled data, which is a time-consuming and expensive task. The common issue is that these models often get outdated when external variables take place during posterior recording such as dynamic background, illumination, and different weather conditions. Those changes practically impose a new domain that often makes the original model inaccurate for clustering and classification tasks. If we directly apply a statistical model trained in one domain to other over the same stream, the performance of the algorithm will notably decrease due to distinct activity representations and different marginal and conditional distributions.We approach this problem in two stages: 1) we present mature results on a hierarchical Bayesian model designed to represent every video scene as a multinomial distribution over topics. 2) we present early stage evidence of an algorithm to transfer knowledge across two instances of the hierarchical model described in the previous stage. A concrete example of this first stage consists of a simple (but efficient) algorithm to incrementally generate association rules to explain current traffic scenes as co-occurrence relationships between topics. This approach is especially useful when we do not have any labels in a target domain, but have some labeled information (which frames contain dangerous scenes?) in a source domain, by far the most frequent case in real surveillance systems. This algorithm clusters domain-dependent activities in the latent space and bridge them across domains via domain-independent activities. Our experiments show that our method is able to successfully compete with SVM to perform generalization when the temporal gap between source and target domain is large.
Azul y Oro : The Many Social Lives of a Football Jersey

This article focuses on a key incident - the takeover of the CA Boca Juniors of Argentina football jersey by Nike, with a design that was perceived as altering the 'original' jersey -and the public debate it generated in terms of fashion, community and tradition. Using that incident as a catalyst I analyze its different circuits of fabrication, production and consumption, and show how the circuits of uses of the jersey go from gift to commodity to political/cultural sign and involve both the practices and contexts where the jersey is used, the debates over its authenticity, and the resolution of tension in the retro jerseys. In doing this, this article not only shows the diverse logics that structure the jersey's uses, but also asserts that global forces - usually perceived as a dissolving agent - underpin new forms of identity, which are seen as authentic.
Role of repeated fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules with benign cytologic features.

Objective: To determine the role of repeated fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in the evaluation of thyroid nodules initially classified as benign. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data on 235 patients with clinically palpable thyroid nodules who underwent a repeated FNA biopsy after an initially benign diagnosis. All the nodules were evaluated and biopsies were obtained by the same endocrinologist. Cytodiagnoses were divided into four major categories: inadequate, benign, suspicious, or malignant. Results: The study cohort consisted of 211 female and 24 male patients with a mean age of 47.1 years. The repeated FNA cytodiagnoses were as follows: 204 (86.8%) remained benign and 19 (8.1%), 11 (4.7%), and 1 (0.4%) became inadequate, suspicious, and malignant, respectively. All patients with benign or inadequate cytologic results on repeated FNA who underwent thyroid surgical resection had benign histologic findings (N = 23). The mean follow-up period between the initial and the last benign FNA cytodiag...
Apc Mutation Enhances PyMT-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis

The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene is silenced by hypermethylation or mutated in up to 70% of human breast cancers. In mouse models, Apc mutation disrupts normal mammary development and predisposes to mammary tumor formation; however, the cooperation between APC and other mutations in breast tumorigenesis has not been studied. To test the hypothesis that loss of one copy of APC promotes oncogene-mediated mammary tumorigenesis, ApcMin/+ mice were crossed with the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyMT) or MMTV-c-Neu transgenic mice. In the PyMT tumor model, the ApcMin/+ mutation significantly decreased survival and tumor latency, promoted a squamous adenocarcinoma phenotype, and enhanced tumor cell proliferation. In tumor-derived cell lines, the proliferative advantage was a result of increased FAK, Src and JNK signaling. These effects were specific to the PyMT model, as no changes were observed in MMTV-c-Neu mice carrying the ApcMin/+ mutation. Our data indicate that heterozygosity of Apc enhances tumor development in an oncogene-specific manner, providing evidence that APC-dependent pathways may be valuable therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Moreover, these preclinical model systems offer a platform for dissection of the molecular mechanisms by which APC mutation enhances breast carcinogenesis, such as altered FAK/Src/JNK signaling.
A systems model for the population renewal process

A synthetic cohort of women is followed from birth through childbearing age. The transition from parity i to parity i + 1 is quantitatively described utilizing systems analysis theory. This description results in a parametrization of the renewal process in which the net maternity function is completely determined by five parameters: maturation time, 0th parity time constant, survival fraction to 0th parity, average child spacing time, and parity progression ratio. To detect trends in these parameters, estimates are made of them for the U. S. A. population from 1950 to 1965.
Demand response for residential buildings based on dynamic price of electricity

Abstract In the U.S., heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the largest consumers of electrical energy and a major contributor to peak demand. To reduce both peak load and energy cost, the set-point temperature of HVAC can be controlled depending on the electricity price. This paper presents a proposed controller that curtails peak load as well as saves electricity cost while maintaining reasonable thermal comfort. The controller changes set-point temperature when the retail price is higher than customers preset price. To evaluate the performance of the newly developed demand response controller, detailed energy models for two residential buildings are developed to analyze HVAC power consumption for different house sizes and floor plans. The house models are assumed to be located in Austin, Texas, USA and generated with OpenStudio and EnergyPlus. The design of internal load and occupation schedule are based on a residential energy consumption survey and experimental data by the Pecan Street Project, Austin, TX. In addition, historical data from Austin Energy for residential customers, 2012 is used to calibrate two house models. In addition, this paper uses the historical real-time wholesale price data for the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) wholesale electricity market to model the two types of real-time tariffs that many utilities in the U.S. currently use to generate dynamic pricing for demand response programs. The simulation results show that our demand response controller could provide up to 10.8% of energy cost savings by using the proposed controller with dynamic pricing. While avoiding significant discomfort due to temperature change. Also, the results present potential for saving considering peak load by 24.7% and total electrical energy saving for HVAC in homes by 4.3% annually.
Structure of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme at last

Much of the mechanistic foundations of our knowledge of regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level have been provided by Escherichia coli and its phages. E. coli RNA polymerase ( Eco RNAP) is a multisubunit enzyme composed of a catalytically active core (β′βα2ω); subunits that are evolutionarily related to β′, β, α, and ω are present in DNA-dependent RNAPs of all organisms. In bacteria, promoter DNA sequence specificity is conferred by the dissociable factor σ, which recognizes two short DNA segments upstream of the transcription initiation start site (so called −35 and −10 elements) at promoters through interactions with two domains of its σ subunit [domains 4 (σ4) and 2 (σ2), respectively]. Although much information about multisubunit RNAPs has emerged from the landmark structures of the Thermus aquaticus (1) and Thermus thermophilus (2) holoenzymes, and comparisons to homologs (3⇓–5), our detailed understanding of regulation of Eco RNAP at the molecular level has been hampered by the difficulty of producing crystals that diffract to reasonably high-resolution. Finally, 24 y after the first publication of the structure of multisubunit RNAPs and after more than 30 y of trials, this year has provided us with structures of the Eco RNAP holoenzyme. Although, and perhaps as expected, these apo structures did not reveal any major surprises, their impact is already evidenced by the elucidation of the structure of Eco RNAPσ70 in complex with the metabolite ppGpp (6), supported by biochemical approaches (7). In PNAS, Bae et al. present the structures of Eco RNAPσ70 in the absence and presence of an E. coli -specific inhibitor, the bacteriophage T7 gene 2 product (Gp2) (8 … [↵][1]1E-mail: lbrd{at}uchicago.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Age-Related Shifts in the Density and Distribution of Genetic Marker Water Quality Indicators in Cow and Calf Feces

ABSTRACT Calves make up about 16% of the current bovine population in the United States and can excrete high levels of human pathogens in their feces. We describe the density and distribution of genetic markers from 9 PCR- and real-time quantitative PCR-based assays, including CF128, CF193, CowM2, CowM3, GenBac3, Entero1, EC23S857, CampF2, and ttr-6, commonly used to help assess ambient surface water quality. Each assay was tested against a collection of 381 individual bovine fecal samples representing 31 mother and calf pairings collected over a 10-month time period from time of birth through weaning. Genetic markers reported to be associated with ruminant and/or bovine fecal pollution were virtually undetected in calves for up to 115 days from birth, suggesting that physiological changes in calf ruminant function impact host-associated genetic marker shedding. In addition, general fecal indicator markers for Bacteroidales, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus spp. exhibited three separate trends across time, indicating that these bacteria respond differently to age-related physiological and dietary changes during calf development. The results of this study suggest that currently available PCR-based water quality indicator technologies can under- or overestimate fecal pollution originating from calves and identify a need for novel calf-associated source identification methods.
Decreased neutrophil response in a model of chronic intraperitoneal Klebsiella infection.

Background: Previously, we developed an infection model by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The high early mortality rate prompted a study of the effect of gentamicin on the...
The self-concept of traumatized children and adolescents with or without PTSD.

This study compared the Piers-Harris 2 scores of youth with PTSD (n = 30) to the scores of traumatized youth without PTSD (n = 60) and a non-traumatized comparison group (n = 39). In the absence of major comorbid disorders, youth with PTSD evidenced significantly lower scores than the traumatized PTSD negatives and controls on five of six Piers-Harris 2 scales. With the exception of scores on an index of perceived parental acceptance of child behavior, trauma exposure in the absence of PTSD was not associated with lower Piers-Harris 2 scores.
Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis with extensive involvement of the brain and cervical spinal cord.

Background. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis (DNH) is a rare disorder first recognized at birth or during the neonatal period. DNH is characterized by numerous cutaneous and visceral hemangiomas involving three or more organ systems. Materials and methods. Although the skin and liver are most frequently affected, we present a case of DNH demonstrating an unusual predilection for the central nervous system (CNS). Results and conclusion. We report the imaging findings in a patient with this disorder, paying particular attention to the features seen on cranial sonography and spinal MR imaging.
BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE CHANNEL CATFISH (Ictalurus punctatus) AT THE RETAIL LEVEL

Using standard procedures, aerobic plate counts (APC), total and fecal coliform most probable number (MPN) determinations, and analyses for Salmonella, Arizona, Shigella and Edwardsiella tarda were performed on 335 fresh and 342 frozen sample units of channel catfish. APC values for 93.0% of the fresh and 94.5% of the frozen samples were 107 organisms per g. Fecal coliform MPN values for 70.7% of the fresh and 92.4% of the frozen samples were 400 organisms per g. The occurrence of Salmonella in channel catfish was subject to seasonal variation. Salmonella-positive samples yielded 15 serotypes from 8 somatic groups. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from two samples; Arizona and Shigella were not detected.
Destruction of superflow in unsaturated 4He films and the prediction of a new crystalline phase of 4He with Bose-Einstein condensation

Abstract There exist model wave functions of He-II which correspond to crystalline phases with Bose-Einstein condensation. The observed disappearance of third sound in unsaturated films with no latent heat, is interpreted as a new solid phase with a finite ϱs .
Race and Correlations Between Lymph Node Number and Survival for Patients with Gastric Cancer

There is ongoing debate whether extended lymphadenectomy improves survival in gastric cancer patients who undergo surgical resection. We previously observed that Korean–American patients had the highest overall survival in Los Angeles County. Our objective was to assess lymph node (LN) number and its impact on survival for Korean–American gastric cancer patients. We utilized the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry to identify Korean–Americans with gastric adenocarcinoma treated with curative-intent gastrectomy between 1988 and 2008. We grouped patients according to examined LN number (1–15 and 16+) and compared characteristics. We performed similar analysis for white patients. Out of 982 Korean–American patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, most patients had 1–15 examined LNs (60 %). When we compared LN groups, we observed higher overall survival in the 1–15 group than the 16+ group (5-year survival, 59 % vs 52 %, respectively; p = 0.04). However, LN number was not prognostic of overall survival on stepwise Cox proportional hazards analysis. In contrast, LN number was prognostic for white patients. Although examined LN number may impact survival for white patients, outcomes of Korean–American gastric cancer patients were independent of LN number. Our data suggest that survival of Korean–American gastric cancer patients are comparable with outcomes from East Asian hospitals and may be independent of surgical technique.
Identification of a Cytoplasmic Complex That Adds a Cap onto 5′-Monophosphate RNA

Endonuclease decay of nonsense-containing beta-globin mRNA in erythroid cells generates 5'-truncated products that were reported previously to have a cap or caplike structure. We confirmed that this 5' modification is indistinguishable from the cap on full-length mRNA, and Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and active-site labeling identified a population of capping enzymes in the cytoplasm of erythroid and nonerythroid cells. Cytoplasmic capping enzyme sediments in a 140-kDa complex that contains a kinase which, together with capping enzyme, converts 5'-monophosphate RNA into 5'-GpppX RNA. Capping enzyme shows diffuse and punctate staining throughout the cytoplasm, and its staining does not overlap with P bodies or stress granules. Expression of inactive capping enzyme in a form that is restricted to the cytoplasm reduced the ability of cells to recover from oxidative stress, thus supporting a role for capping in the cytoplasm and suggesting that some mRNAs may be stored in an uncapped state.
Total hip arthroplasty head–neck contact mechanics: A stochastic investigation of key parameters

A variety of design and patient parameters have been implicated in recent reports of fretting corrosion at modular connections in total hip arthroplasty. We sought to identify the relative sensitivity of mechanical fretting to a comprehensive set of parameters such that attention may be focused on key variables. Stochastic finite element simulation of the head-neck taper-trunnion junction was performed. Four-hundred parameter sets were simulated using realistic variations of design variables, material properties and loading parameters to predict contact pressures (P), micromotions (M) and fretting work (coefficient of friction×P×M) over cycles of gait. Results indicated that fretting work was correlated with only three parameters: angular mismatch, center offset and body weight (r=0.47, 0.53 and 0.43, p<0.001). Maximum contact pressure increased by 85MPa for every 0.1° of angular mismatch. Maximum micromotion increased by 5µm per 10mm additional head offset and 1µm per 10kg increased body weight. Uncorrelated parameters included trunnion diameter, trunnion length and impaction forces. It was concluded that appropriate limiting of angular mismatch and center offset could minimize fretting, and hence its contribution to corrosion, at modular connections.
Beyond the Question/Nonquestion Alternative in Classroom Discussion

A study appearing in Teaching and Teacher Education (Dillon, 1985) concluded that teacher questions are likely to foil classroom discussion, whereas the use of nonquestions is more likely to foster student talk. Reexamination of Dillon's original data suggests that factors other than the syntactical form of the teacher utterance influence student talk: (a) the distinction between questions intended to initiate discussion and questions meant to sustain student talk, (b) the influence of teacher talk on student expectations, and (c) the nature of the topic of discussion as it relates to student background knowledge and interest. In an article appearing in Teaching and Teacher Education, Dillon (1985) made the provocative assertion that teacher questions foil discussion, whereas nonquestion alternatives foster discussion. In his study, 7 high school teachers were observed as they intentionally conducted discussions with their classes. Ten-minute excerpts were randomly gathered and analyzed from each discussion. The time length of students' responses was measured, and the relationship between response length and the syntactical form (question/nonquestion) of the antecedent teacher utterances was examined. Within each classroom, student responses tended to be longer after teacher nonquestions than after teacher questions. Dillon concluded that questions foil discussion regardless of the teacher's personality or apparent proficiency, the nature of the students, the topic of the discussion, or the school.
Photoperiod, Ambient Temperature, and Food Availability Interact to Affect Reproductive and Immune Function in Adult Male Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Winter is often stressful. Increased energetic demands in winter and concurrent reductions in energy availability can lead to an energetic imbalance and compromise survival. To increase the odds of surviving winter, individuals of some nontropical rodent species have evolved mechanisms to enhance immune function in advance of harsh winter conditions. Short day lengths provide a proximate cue for enhancement of immune function, an adaptive functional response to counter environmental stress-induced reduction in immune function. In the present study, photoperiod, ambient temperature, and food availability were manipulated and reproductive function and cell-mediated immunity were assessed in adult male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Mice maintained in short days regressed their reproductive systems and displayed enhanced immune function compared to long-day animals. Reduced food availability elevated corticosterone concentrations and suppressed reproductive and immune function, whereas ambient temperatu...
The Yeast Splicing Factor Prp40p Contains Functional Leucine-Rich Nuclear Export Signals That Are Essential for Splicing

To investigate the function of the essential U1 snRNP protein Prp40p, we performed a synthetic lethal screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Using an allele of PRP40 that deletes 47 internal residues and causes only a slight growth defect, we identified aphenotypic mutations in three distinct complementation groups that conferred synthetic lethality. The synthetic phenotypes caused by these mutations were suppressed by wild-type copies of CRM1 ( XPO1 ), YNL187w , and SME1 , respectively. The strains whose synthetic phenotypes were suppressed by CRM1 contained no mutations in the CRM1 coding sequence or promoter. This indicates that overexpression of CRM1 confers dosage suppression of the synthetic lethality. Interestingly, PRP40 and YNL187w encode proteins with putative leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) sequences that fit the consensus sequence recognized by Crm1p. One of Prp40p9s two NESs lies within the internal deletion. We demonstrate here that the NES sequences of Prp40p are functional for nuclear export in a leptomycin B-sensitive manner. Furthermore, mutation of these NES sequences confers temperature-sensitive growth and a pre-mRNA splicing defect. Although we do not expect that yeast snRNPs undergo compartmentalized biogenesis like their metazoan counterparts, our results suggest that Prp40p and Ynl187wp contain redundant NESs that aid in an important, Crm1p-mediated nuclear export event.
Our Youth-Our Secondary Schools

American education has experienced a series of cyclical reform efforts which have been generally heralded by intense criticism, angry exposetype books, and a search for scapegoats. Most of these reforms overlook two factors outside the school which seriously impact the system: Changing social demographics and shifting student enrollment patterns. These social changes call for new approaches in the organization and administration of our schools with the full support of the family and community. Teacher preparation and schooling must focus on liberal education which, in turn, will produce students capable of learning how to learn along with the ability to evaluate life's activities with a growing sense of moral purpose. Language: en
Comparison of Two Sepsis Recognition Methods in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

Objectives The objective was to compare the effectiveness of physician judgment and an electronic algorithmic alert to identify pediatric patients with severe sepsis/septic shock in a pediatric emergency department (ED). Methods This was an observational cohort study of patients older than 56 days with fever or hypothermia. All patients were evaluated for potential sepsis in real time by the ED clinical team. An electronic algorithmic alert was retrospectively applied to identify patients with potential sepsis independent of physician judgment. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients correctly identified with severe sepsis/septic shock defined by consensus criteria. Test characteristics were determined and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were compared. Results Of 19,524 eligible patient visits, 88 patients developed consensus-confirmed severe sepsis or septic shock. Physician judgment identified 159 and the algorithmic alert identified 3,301 patients with potential sepsis. Physician judgment had sensitivity of 72.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 72.1% to 73.4%) and specificity of 99.5% (95% CI = 99.4% to 99.6%); the algorithmic alert had sensitivity of 92.1% (95% CI = 91.7% to 92.4%) and specificity of 83.4% (95% CI = 82.9% to 83.9%) for severe sepsis/septic shock. There was no significant difference in the area under the ROC curve for physician judgment (0.86, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.91) or the algorithm (0.88, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.91; p = 0.54). A combination method using either positive physician judgment or an algorithmic alert improved sensitivity to 96.6% and specificity to 83.3%. A sequential approach, in which positive identification by the algorithmic alert was then confirmed by physician judgment, achieved 68.2% sensitivity and 99.6% specificity. Positive and negative predictive values for physician judgment versus algorithmic alert were 40.3% versus 2.5% and 99.88% versus 99.96%, respectively. Conclusions The electronic algorithmic alert was more sensitive but less specific than physician judgment for recognition of pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock. These findings can help to guide institutions in selecting pediatric sepsis recognition methods based on institutional needs and priorities.
Variation in the androgen receptor gene exon 1 CAG repeat correlates with manifestations of autoimmunity in women with lupus

Clinical and experimental evidence support a role for gonadal steroids in modulating the expression and course of autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Whether or not inherited variation in sensitivity to circulating androgenic hormones could influence the manifestations of such disease is, however, unknown. We sought to determine whether differences in androgen sensitivity conferred by variation in the exon 1 CAG repeat region of the androgen receptor (AR) gene were associated with differences in the clinical or humoral immune manifestations of lupus in a cohort of female subjects. We found that shorter AR CAG repeat lengths in lupus subjects correlated with a higher Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score, higher ANA levels, and expression of a broader array of IgG autoantibodies. Our findings of more severe clinical manifestations and more exuberant humoral autoimmunity in women with a shorter AR exon 1 CAG repeat length suggest a role for genetically determined sensitivity to androgens as a modulator of autoimmune processes.
Novel IR-sensitive photorefractive polymer composite

We demonstrate the first recording of photorefractive gratings in polymer thin-films at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Our results open the window for the application of polymeric photorefractive devices in optical communication.
Service use over time and achievement of stable housing in a mentally ill homeless population.

Objective: Service use among clients of a multiservice agency serving homeless persons with severe mental illness was examined to determine whether patterns of service use reflected two stages in an adaptation of the transtheoretical model of change. In the adapted model, change occurs in five stages—pre-engagement, contemplation, engagement, the strategic moment, and consolidation. It was hypothesized that rates of service use would be highest immediately after clients obtained housing (the strategic moment) and would decrease in the months afterward (consolidation stage), with the greatest decreases occurring immediately after housing was obtained. Methods: Service use data were collected for two groups: a housed group of 58 clients who had obtained and sustained stable housing for at least 24 consecutive months at the time of sampling and an unhoused group of 55 clients who were matched with the housed clients on month of service entry. Total service use and use of three service types—a drop-in center, counseling, and health services—were examined to test the hypotheses. It was hypothesized that use of services by the unhoused group would show a consistent linear decline rather than a twostage decline. Linear spline regression using bootstrap sampling methods was used to fit service use data for both groups. Results: The two-stage solution significantly modeled the patterns of service use by the housed but not the unhoused clients, supporting the hypotheses. For the housed group, use of the drop-in center and counseling fit the model, and use of health services did not. Conclusions: The results provide limited support for the hypothesized five-stage model for achieving change. (Psychiatric
UV resonance Raman studies of molecular structure and dynamics: applications in physical and biophysical chemistry

A fundamental understanding of molecular structure and dynamics requires a close coupling between theory and experiment. One ultimate objective is to utilize the understanding of molecular structure and dynamics to predict both molecular properties such as chemical reactivity and bulk properties such as phase behavior and material strengths. Often the major driving force for progress in science is the development of new experimental techniques capable of incisive glimpses into simple phenomena in complex systems. This is especially important for studies of large polyatomic molecules, and is crucial for the macromolecules studied in biology and biochemistry that control life processes. This review outlines the recent progress in the development of UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRR) as a new technique for the study of molecular structure and dynamics for both small molecules and larger molecules such as polypeptides and proteins. This recent work follows the pioneering UV Raman nucleic acid studies in 1975, which used frequency doubled Ar laser excitation at 257 nm (1-4), and Ziegler & Albrecht’s pioneering nitrogen-dye laser preresonance Raman benzene derivative studies, which set the stage for true resonance Raman investigations of benzene derivatives and other aromatics (5-8). This work was followed
Sympathetic nervous system involvement in essential hypertension: increased platelet noradrenaline coincides with decreased beta-adrenoreceptor responsiveness.

Platelet catecholamine content may reflect integrated plasma catecholamine concentrations over time. The present study aimed at examining sympathetic nervous system (SNS) involvment in essential hypertension by assessing platelet noradrenaline (NA) and typically β-adrenoreceptor mediated responses to adrenaline (A) infusion as indices of sympathetic tone. Healthy white men were recruited by public advertising and screening (mean ± SD): Hypertensives (n = 13, sitting blood pressure [BP] 153 ± 13/106 ± 7 mmHg, age 34 ± 5 years, weight 83 ± 10 kg) were compared to normotensives (n = 13, sitting BP 114 ± 9/75 ± 9 mmHg, age 30 ± 6 years [n.s.], weight 82 ± 9 kg [n.s.]). Loss of platelet granular contents (including NA) prior to analysis was minimized by studying young subjects (age range 20–40 years, minimal atherosclerosis), using arterial blood sampling, and processing blood immediately. These procedures resulted in plasma β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 levels which were not significantly different ...
Positive interactions under nurse-plants: spatial scale, stress gradients and benefactor size.

Positive interactions often play an important role in structuring plant communities and increasing bio- logical diversity. Using three scales of resolution, we ex- amine the importance of a long-lived desert tree, iron- wood (Olneya tesota), in structuring plant communities and promoting biological diversity in the Sonoran De- sert. We examined the positive effects of Olneya cano- pies of different sizes on plant communities in mesic and xeric habitats throughout the central Gulf Coast subre- gion of Sonora, Mexico. In xeric sites, Olneya canopies had strong positive effects on plant richness and abun- dance, and small positive effects on the size of plants, underscoring the role of facilitation in extreme environ- ments. In mesic sites, Olneya canopies had very little effect on perennials and a negative effect on ephemeral richness, suggesting predominantly competitive effects in this less stressful environment. Overall, Olneya cano- pies increased biological diversity where abiotic stress was high, but did not increase diversity in more mesic areas. Thus Olneya canopies caused consistent shifts in plant-community structure among xeric and mesic sites, but not when these landscapes were combined. Benefac- tor size also mediated positive interactions, with larger Olneya canopies supporting larger perennials in both xe- ric and mesic sites. Thus stress gradients and benefactor size both influenced the balance of facilitative and com- petitive effects under nurse-plant canopies, and the spa- tial scale at which facilitative effects shape community structure.
Self-Esteem (Dominance-Feeling) and Sexuality in Women

(1942). Self-Esteem (Dominance-Feeling) and Sexuality in Women. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 259-294.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Cancer Therapy: Moving Beyond Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Angiogenesis, or the formation of new capillary blood vessels, occurs primarily during human development and reproduction; however, aberrant regulation of angiogenesis is also a fundamental process found in several pathologic conditions, including cancer. As a process required for invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis constitutes an important point of control of cancer progression. Although not yet completely understood, the complex process of tumor angiogenesis involves highly regulated orchestration of multiple signaling pathways. The proangiogenic signaling molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its cognate receptor (VEGF receptor 2 [VEGFR-2]) play a central role in angiogenesis and often are highly expressed in human cancers, and initial clinical efforts to develop antiangiogenic treatments focused largely on inhibiting VEGF/VEGFR signaling. Such approaches, however, often lead to transient responses and further disease progression because angiogenesis is regulated by multiple pathways that are able to compensate for each other when single pathways are inhibited. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor (FGFR) pathways, for example, provide potential escape mechanisms from anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapy that could facilitate resumption of tumor growth. Accordingly, more recent treatments have focused on inhibiting multiple signaling pathways simultaneously. This comprehensive review discusses the limitations of inhibiting VEGF signaling alone as an antiangiogenic strategy, the importance of other angiogenic pathways including PDGF/PDGFR and FGF/FGFR, and the novel current and emerging agents that target multiple angiogenic pathways for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Implications for Practice: Significant advances in cancer treatment have been achieved with the development of antiangiogenic agents, the majority of which have focused on inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. VEGF targeting alone, however, has not proven to be as efficacious as originally hoped, and it is increasingly clear that there are many interconnected and compensatory pathways that can overcome VEGF-targeted inhibition of angiogenesis. Maximizing the potential of antiangiogenic therapy is likely to require a broader therapeutic approach using a new generation of multitargeted antiangiogenic agents.
Production Control Policies in Supply Chains with Selective-Information Sharing

We consider a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer (capacitated supplier) and two retailers. We characterize the manufacturer's optimal production policy under selective-information sharing, in which the manufacturer receives demand and inventory information from only one of the two retailers. We show that the manufacturer's optimal production policy is a state-dependent base-stock policy and that the base-stock levels have a monotonic structure. We also perform an extensive numerical study to examine how system factors affect the benefit of information sharing and the relative values of information from each retailer. In addition, we identify cases where the cost saving due to receiving information from only one retailer captures most of the saving that can be obtained when the information is received from both retailers. Finally, we investigate the cost effectiveness of echelon-stock policies in systems with full-information sharing and introduce the "information pooling effect" as well as economies of scale with respect to information sharing.
POAVIZ: a Partial Order Multiple Sequence Alignment Visualizer

Summary: POAVIZ creates a visualization of a multiple sequence alignment that makes clear the overall structure of how sequences match and diverge in the alignment. POAVIZ can construct visualizations from any multiple sequence alignment source (e.g. PIR and CLUSTAL formats), and is valuable for revealing complex branching structure (such as domains, large-scale insertions / deletions or recombinations), especially in partnership with the Partial Order Alignment (POA) multiple sequence alignment program. Availability: The Partial Order multiple sequence Alignment Visualizer (POAVIZ) program is available at http://
Microbialite and microstratigraphy; the origin of encrustations in the middle and upper Capitan Formation, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas and New Mexico, USA

ABSTRACT The Permian Capitan reef of the Guadalupe Mountains was bound, lithified, and preserved by microbially precipitated micrite. A microbial origin or association is based on the distribution, texture, fossil content, and order of microstratigraphic succession. In samples from the middle Capitan Formation, micrite layers (about 1 cm thick) encrusted the top, sides, and undersides of in situ organisms and also piled above organisms in thick (0.5 to > 3 cm) accumulations, with high angles of repose (up to 90°). Primary encrustations commonly consist of thin, homogeneous, subparallel layers of Archaeolithoporella--interpreted to be a red alga that probably lived in dimly lit cavities. Secondary encrustations (0.5-30 mm thick) contain 10-50 m diameter peloids and fossil cyanophytes, and are usually bound by thin layers of micrite. Secondary encrustations of gravity-defying peloidal micrites are interpreted as having precipitated within mucilaginous microbial aggregations, probably in dark cavities. The secondary microbial micrites were followed by cavity-filling, aragonitic botryoids. Thin (< 1 mm) layers of clotted micrite were deposited on the first botryoids, probably by microbial biofilms. In contrast to samples from the middle Capitan Formation, samples from the upper Capitan Formation taken near the transition from reef to outer shelf are composed of smaller (1-2 mm) framework organisms and are bound by layers of thinner (< 1 mm) primary encrustations. In the upper Capitan Formation samples, dense, clotted micrite forms secondary encrustations ( 1 mm thick), commonly underneath primary framework. Secondary encrustations are succeeded by more abundant tertiary encrustations (1-4 mm thick) of sparse, clotted micrite with vague dendritic structures. The secondary and tertiary encrustations are interpreted as microbial. The samples from the upper Capitan Formation were deposited in the shallowest part of the reef (< 1 to 10 m deep), and most of the samples from the middle Capitan were deposited in deep water (10-140 m). The difference in the encrustations and in the overall scale of the two FIG. 1. Map of the study area. Observations were made on samples from each of the canyons shown, but samples from McKittrick and Walnut canyons are the focus of this study. End_Page 956------------------------ fabrics is probably related to differences in environmental energy during deposition.
The Release of Latent Heat of Condensation in a Simple Precipitation Forecast Model

Abstract A method is proposed for deriving a useful quantitative precipitation forecast from a physical model in which no account is taken of the release of latent heat of condensation. The approach is to calculate, on the basis of a simple theory, the ratio between the large-scale updraft speed when the latent heat is incorporated and the smaller updraft speed when it is not. The resulting ratio is then assumed to be equivalent to the ratio of the storm-average precipitation to the comparable smaller average computed from the thermodynamically dry model. An empirical test supports the assumption reasonably well for large winter storms in the central and eastern United States. For operational purposes it is suggested that the theoretical ratio be estimated statistically from the mean temperature of the layer from 1000 mb to 500 mb. Evidence is provided that this estimate can be made fairly successfully. Finally, some inferences are drawn concerning the role of cumulus convection in this type of storm.
Bioanalytical approaches to assess the proteolytic stability of therapeutic fusion proteins

Therapeutic fusion proteins (TFPs) are designed to improve the therapeutic profile of an endogenous protein or protein fragment with a limited dose frequency providing the desired pharmacological activity in vivo. Fusion of a therapeutic protein to a half-life extension or targeting domain can improve the disposition of the molecule or introduce a novel mechanism of action. Prolonged exposure and altered biodistribution of an endogenous protein through fusion technology increases the potential for local protein unfolding during circulation increasing the chance for partial proteolysis of the therapeutic domain. Characterizing the proteolytic liabilities of a TFP can guide engineering efforts to inhibit or hinder partial proteolysis. This review focuses on considerations and techniques for evaluating the stability of a TFP both in vivo and in vitro.
Metabolic Bone Disease I

Metabolic bone disease may result from genetic, endocrine, nutritional or biochemical disorders, with variable and often inconsistent imaging findings. For the radiologist, the cornerstone of “metabolic bone disease” has been osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hyperparathy-roidism and Paget’s disease. Over the past three decades each of these diseases has undergone diagnostic and therapeutic changes influenced by biochemical discoveries, imaging advances and epidemiology that in turn have had an impact on current radiological practice.
The Maize PI/GLO Ortholog Zmm16/sterile tassel silky ear1 Interacts with the Zygomorphy and Sex Determination Pathways in Flower Development

In monocots and eudicots, B class function specifies second and third whorl floral organ identity as described in the classic ABCE model. Grass B class APETALA3/DEFICIENS orthologs have been functionally characterized; here, we describe the positional cloning and characterization of a maize (Zea mays) PISTILLATA/GLOBOSA ortholog Zea mays mads16 (Zmm16)/sterile tassel silky ear1 (sts1). We show that, similar to many eudicots, all the maize B class proteins bind DNA as obligate heterodimers and positively regulate their own expression. However, sts1 mutants have novel phenotypes that provide insight into two derived aspects of maize flower development: carpel abortion and floral asymmetry. Specifically, we show that carpel abortion acts downstream of organ identity and requires the growth-promoting factor grassy tillers1 and that the maize B class genes are expressed asymmetrically, likely in response to zygomorphy of grass floral primordia. Further investigation reveals that floral phyllotactic patterning is also zygomorphic, suggesting significant mechanistic differences with the well-characterized models of floral polarity. These unexpected results show that despite extensive study of B class gene functions in diverse flowering plants, novel insights can be gained from careful investigation of homeotic mutants outside the core eudicot model species.
Precision Lifestyle Medicine: A New Frontier in the Science of Behavior Change and Population Health.

Despite marked strides in population health and increased life expectancy in the U.S. over the past two decades, chronic disease and disability dominate the U.S. health burden, 1 leading to poor quality of life, high healthcare use and costs, functional impairment, psychological distress, and premature death. An estimated one in seven U.S. adults has at least two of five major chronic conditions: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and arthritis. 2 These chronic conditions are highly related to unhealthy lifestyle factors, particularly smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet quality, and worsening or stagnant rates of obesity. The continuing erosion of these lifestyle factors 3 foretells increasing incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of lifestyle-related chronic conditions. Together with a rapidly aging and diversifying population, chronic conditions place a heavy burden upon individuals, families, society, and healthcare systems. The landscape of health care is changing with new delivery and payment models emerging at a pace never seen before, opening opportunities to promote precision lifestyle medicine, defined as tailored, preventive, and personalized behavior change. The Affordable Care Act has promoted new models of care and reimbursement (e.g., Chronic Care Management, Patient-Centered Medical Homes, and Accountable Care Organizations). These fundamental shifts aim to achieve the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Triple Aim of improving population health, improving the patient experience of care, and reducing per capita cost. 4 The drive to