cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress and coping of adults and young adults in economically uncertain rural areas

This paper discusses the degree and type of stress experienced by adults and young adults, coping strategies used, and their family, financial, and community satisfaction in economically distressed rural counties. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 447 adults and 118 young adults. Results indicate greater perceived stress, use of some less effective coping strategies, and less satisfaction among young adults. Both groups indicate similar numbers of stressful events and a generally positive perception of community social services.
Contributions to the mathematical biophysics of branched circulatory systems

A derivation is given of the reflection coefficient of pressure waves in a vessel whose end branches into many smaller vessles. This coefficient depends on the number of these smaller vessels and their sizes relative to the size of the main vessel. Estimations are made of the order of magnitude of the coefficient. Assuming the main vessel to be of the order of size of an artery, it is shown that the reflection coefficient has a value close to one for reflections at branchings into vessels of arteriolar size. It is pointed out that the result may support the idea that the standing waves in the arterial system are due to reflections at the site of the arterioles.
Wavelength tunable mode-locked quantum-dot laser

We study the characteristics of wavelength tunable quantum-dot mode-locked lasers using a curved two-section device, external grating, and optical bandpass filter. Wide wavelength tunability is demonstrated due to the fact that the center wavelength of mode-locking is extended to excited state transitions as well as ground state transitions of the quantum-dot gain media.
Transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid to incomplete glycoproteins associated with microsomes.

Abstract Rat-liver microsomes incubated with 14C -labeled CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NANA) transfer N -acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) to an endogenous acceptor. The K m for CMP-NANA is 2·10 −6 M. The reaction stops when acceptor sites are filled (50 μμmoles/g liver). The transfer is reduced by 85% if the rats are treated with puromycin 45 min before removal of the liver, but not after exposure to puromucin in vitro . Transfer to a neuraminidase-treated glycoprotein is not affected by the puromycin injection indicating that the endogenous acceptor is depleted after treatment with the antibiotic. The product of endogenous transfer remains associated with microsomes, from which it can be solubilized by detergents or sonication. Sonic extracts give rise to radioactive precipitin lines with antiserum against rat plasma glycoprotein lacking NANA residues.
Diffusion-Based Semi-Infinite Fourier Probability Distribution

A multitude of natural processes occurring in environmental and water resources are diffusive processes, and their observations exhibit a natural lower bound of zero and practically no upper bound. Such processes can be modeled using a dye diffusion equation whose solution yields a concentration distribution. This function, when normalized, leads to a two-parameter probability distribution that is seen to be a superposition of two normal distributions. Parameters of this distribution were estimated by the methods of moments and maximum likelihood for Monte Carlo-generated processes.
Addressing women's concerns about weight gain due to smoking cessation

Specific concerns about weight gain following smoking cessation inhibit attempts to quit smoking, especially in women. However, adjunct interventions to prevent weight gain after cessation have generally been successful only in attenuating, rather than preventing, weight gain. More aggressive weight control adjuncts may be necessary to prevent cessation-induced weight gain. On the other hand, weight control programs have not been found to improve long-term smoking abstinence and, in fact, may actually impede abstinence, necessitating a search for alternative approaches to addressing weight concerns. Since the typical amount of weight gain is essentially trivial from a health standpoint, particularly when compared with the health benefits of quitting smoking, the most appropriate clinical strategy may be to combat the weight concerns themselves rather than the weight gain. A second alternative approach is to focus all treatment efforts on smoking cessation alone, to avoid placing excessive burdens on participants resulting from attempting simultaneous changes in multiple health behaviors (i.e., smoking and those related to weight). The rationales for these three clinical approaches to addressing concerns about weight gain-more effective weight control, direct reduction in weight concerns by cognitive-behavioral treatment, and smoking cessation only-are presented, followed by descriptions of the adjunct treatments based on these approaches currently being evaluated in a clinical outcome study with women trying to quit smoking.
Refinements of the forehead flap in nasal reconstruction

The nose is a common site for cutaneous malignancy and subsequent reconstruction. Normal function, a smooth nasal contour with appropriate color and texture match, and an overall inconspicuous appearance serves as the only acceptable final goals of nasal restoration. The forehead flap is the workhorse flap in nasal resurfacing of large nasal defects. This article reviews the anatomy, indications, surgical technique, and complications of the forehead flap while reviewing recent refinements in its application.
Wavelet Cyclic Feature Based Automatic Modulation Recognition Using Nonuniform Compressive Samples

Cyclic spectrum feature is one of the most popular features used in automatic modulation recognition (AMR) due to its excellent resiliency to noise. However, extracting cyclic features from wireless signals always requires at least Nyquist rate in traditional. What's more, to better capture cyclostationarity for modulation classification, the sampling rates typically used are higher than Nyquist rate. In this work, a novel AMR method based on compressive sensing principle is introduced, which is able to achieve good modulation recognition performance at sub-Nyquist rates. A new wavelet cyclic feature (WCF) is proposed to reduce the complexity of calculating classical cyclic spectrum. The relationship between nonuniform compressive samples and the WCF is established. A modified compressive sensing reconstruction algorithm is proposed to capture a small subset of magnitude peaks in WCF, which is sufficient for satisfactory modulation recognition. A hierarchical feature reduction method is employed for further reducing data dimension. Four digital modulation types, including BPSK, QPSK, MSK and 2FSK, are investigated and the simulation results show that the AMR with nonuniform compressive samples in sub-Nyquist rate outperforms the one based on classical Nyquist sampling rate.
SELECTIVE REFLECTION BY RB

Perpendicular reflection of low-power, near-resonant radiation at a sapphire\char21{}Rb-vapor interface (selective reflection) has been measured for Rb densities of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}\char21{}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. At the lowest density the eight hyperfine components are essentially isolated, and at the highest pressure they are highly blended. The data have been fitted to a coherent superposition of the reflected field amplitudes of the eight components, including the well-known starting transient and wall interaction. At low to moderate densities this yields a good fit to the data, and a result for the Rb-Rb collisional shift. At the higher densities the rapid attenuation of the incident field has a major effect on the reflection spectrum, and an approximation to this is included in the calculation, assuming exponential attenuation at the equilibrium-vapor rate. This provides improved fits to the data and allows the apparent Lorentz-Lorenz plus collisional shift to be evaluated. However, the data do not fully fit this calculation, and a complete self-consistent-field calculation appears necessary to fully understand the high-pressure results.
A theoretical study of the dissociation of NO2

A combination of ab initio quantum chemical and variational Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory calculations are employed in a detailed theoretical modeling of the NO2 dissociation process. Estimates of the interaction energies between NO and O in the transition state region are obtained at the multireference singles and doubles configuration interaction level employing a 6‐31G* basis set. A two‐dimensional variational optimization of the transition state number of states is performed employing an analytic potential energy function obtained from a fit to the present quantum chemical data. The resulting theoretical estimates of the energy resolved rate constants and product vibrational distributions are compared with the corresponding experimentally determined values. The effect of quantum mechanics on the number of states is considered via a comparison of quantum and semiclassical evaluations for an assumed center‐of‐mass separation distance reaction coordinate.
Response Modification to Improve the Parameter Identification of Shear Structures: An Experimental Verification

Structural control systems are installed in structures to mitigate large structural vibration during strong earthquakes or high-speed winds. During the majority of time when no such hazards are present, the role of these control systems can be temporarily shifted to facilitate more accurate characterization of structural health. This novel use of control devices provides another benefit of installing control systems in buildings at minimum extra cost. The authors proposed, in previous studies, a substructure identification method applicable to shear structures. The error analysis proved that the identification accuracy of this method can be improved if the responses of the substructure being identified are changed in a specific way by using feedback vibration control. Exploiting these results, an alternative control algorithm is designed to improve the identification accuracy. A numerical simulation demonstrates that the new controlled identification method, using semiactive braces, can greatly improve the accuracy of structural parameter estimation. To verify experimentally that dynamic response changes can improve identification accuracy, shake table tests are performed on a two-story shear structure model with passive modifications; the results show that the structural parameters are more accurately identified with these changes than without.
Initial observations of GeSe-xenon transport experiments performed on the D1 space flight

GeSe-xenon experiments performed aboard the D1 mission at xenon pressures of 2 and 6 atm confirm the crystal growth pattern, sizes, and surface morphology of crystals previously grown aboard STS-7 for different pressures. Besides the deposition and growth of GeSe crystals on the ampoule wall, several large single-crystalline GeSe platelets with lateral dimensions much greater than those of crystals on the wall and obtained on the ground are found. The present results reemphasize the question concerning the nucleation phenomena in microgravity.
The unit terms-of-trade multiplier

The growing popularity of exchange rate flexibility among academic economists, if to a lesser degree among policy makers, may justify reviving a question raised a few years ago by Laursen and Metzler1. The question is: How are real income and output (which are not the same in an open economy) affected when exchange rate adjustments are used in such a way as to keep foreign trade exactly balanced? These two authors found that an exchange appreciation, used in order to balance the demand effects of rising foreign output, would cause a decline of domestic output of some undetermined magnitude. The reason given was that the average propensity to consume was likely to fall with rising real income; an expenditure gap would open up; and there would be a downward multiplier. It is possible to improve on this conclusion (which was reached for the wrong reasons2) by stating exactly the magnitude and direction of whatever
Crystal growth of cesium cadmium chloride CsCdCl3

Abstract CsCdCl 3 has been grown as single crystals by unidirectional solidification and by the Czochralski method. It appears to be an excellent material for model studies of crystal growth at temperatures just below the region where thermal radiation is troublesome. Cobalt has been found to be a suitable dopant for segregation studies.
Effect of carbon monoxide addition to the anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell

Abstract This study attempts to characterize the gas-phase reactions at the anode of a molten carbonate fuel cell by the addition of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide addition causes a rapid negative voltage shift. A constant voltage is maintained during the addition at open-circuit state. This indicates that the water gas shift (wgs) reaction which accompanies the addition of carbon dioxide is a fast reaction. Addition of carbon monoxide results in slow shifts in negative and positive voltages and suggests that carbon monoxide gives rise to complex gas-phase reactions at the anode. The Boudouard reaction prevails at the anode on addition of carbon monoxide at low partial pressures of carbon dioxide, i.e. H 2 :CO 2 =90:10 to 80:20 mol%, while the wgs reaction is dominant at higher carbon dioxide ratios. In a polarized state, the wgs reaction appears to be dominant, as opposed to the Boudouard reaction, even at a low CO 2 partial pressure of H 2 :CO 2 =90:10 mol%. This is probably due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide caused by the anodic reactions.
Exercise training does not increase muscle FNDC5 protein or mRNA expression in pigs.

Background Exercise training elevates circulating irisin and induces the expression of the FNDC5 gene in skeletal muscles of mice. Our objective was to determine whether exercise training also increases FNDC5 protein or mRNA expression in the skeletal muscles of pigs as well as plasma irisin.
A Mathematical Model of fiber Carcinogenicity and Fibrosis in Inhalation and Intraperitoneal Experiments in Rats

AbstractA hypothesis is presented that predicts the incidence of tumors and fibrosis in rats exposed to various types of rapidly dissolving fibers in an inhalation study or in an intraperitoneal (ip) injection experiment, for which the response to durable fibers has been determined. The model takes into account the fiber diameter and the dissolution rate of fibers longer than 20 μm in the lung, and it predicts the measured tumor and fibrosis incidence to within approximately the precision of the measurements. The basic concept of the model is that a rapidly dissolving long fiber has the same response in an animal bioassay as a much smaller dose of a durable fiber. Long, durable fibers are considered to have special significance since no effective mechanism is known by which these fibers may be removed. In particular, the hypothesis is that the effective dose of a dissolving long fiber scales as the residence time of that fiber in the extracellular fluid. For example, a certain dose of a fiber that dissolv...
Influence of Fluid Velocity and Cell Concentration on the Transport of Motile and Nonmotile Bacteria in Porous Media

The effect of fluid velocity on the transport of motile and nonmotile bacteria was studied in saturated soil columns using radiolabeled cells. According to colloid filtration theory, decreasing the...
A study of the temperature and humidity requirements of Aspergillus niger.

The combined temperature and relative humidity requirements of Aspergillus niger were studied with the following results: The optimum conditions for growth are at a relative humidity near 93 per ce...
Catharine Macaulay and the American Revolution

(1993). Catharine Macaulay and the American Revolution. The Historian: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 301-316.
Characterization of the Activation of Membrane-Bound and Soluble CF1 by Thioredoxin

The activation of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) by thioredoxin (ThR) was characterized using membrane-bound and soluble CF1. Light generates an electrochemical proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which increases the accessibility of the disulfide bond on the γ-subunit of CF1 to reduced ThR. The proton gradient substantially accelerates the activation of CF1 compared with thylakoids incubated in the dark with similar concentrations of dithiothreitol and ThR. The interaction of soluble CF1 with ThR was studied using fluorescent probes. CF1 in solution, with and without its associated e-subunit, was labeled at Cys-322 of the γ-subunit with fluoresceinyl maleimide. ThR from Escherichia coli was labeled with eosin isothiocyanate. Labeled ThR and CF1 showed normal activities. Fluorescence energy transfer between donor fluoresceinyl maleimide and acceptor eosin isothiocyanate, manifested by a quenching of the donor fluorescence, was detected, suggesting that ThR and CF1 form an intermolecular complex. When the e-subunit was absent, quenching of donor fluorescence was approximately doubled, indicating that labeled ThR could approach more closely to the γ-subunit of CF1. The distance between the fluorescent probes on CF1 and ThR was calculated to be approximately 65 A when e-subunit was present and 52 A when e was absent. These values are consistent with other distance measurements and energy transfer values reported previously for fluorescent probes on CF1. Whereas the extent of quenching increased by removal of the e-subunit, the apparent dissociation constant was unchanged. The quenching effect was reversed when the e-subunit was added back to the titration mixture. Similarly, the addition of unlabeled ThR decreased donor quenching.
Influence of indomethacin on lens regeneration in the newt notophthalmus viridescens.

Following lentectomy newts were injected with indomethacin in a variety of carrier solutions at doses ranging from 1.2–120 mg/kg body weight every other day for 15–17 days. The results show that injection of this drug according to the regimen used has no significant effect on regeneration of the lens. The data suggest, but do not prove, that prostaglandins may not play a major role in the early phases of lens regeneration in the newt.
Structure–Activity Relationship Study of N6-(2-(4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-N6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2,6-diamine Analogues: Development of Highly Selective D3 Dopamine Receptor Agonists along with a Highly Potent D2/D3 Agonist and Their Pharmacological Characterization

In our effort to develop multifunctional drugs against Parkinson’s disease, a structure–activity-relationship study was carried out based on our hybrid molecular template targeting D2/D3 receptors. Competitive binding with [3H]spiroperidol was used to evaluate affinity (Ki) of test compounds. Functional activity of selected compounds in stimulating [35S]GTPγS binding was assessed in CHO cells expressing either human D2 or D3 receptors. Our results demonstrated development of highly selective compounds for D3 receptor (for (−)-40Ki, D3 = 1.84 nM, D2/D3 = 583.2; for (−)-45Ki, D3 = 1.09 nM, D2/D3 = 827.5). Functional data identified (−)-40 (EC50, D2 = 114 nM, D3 = 0.26 nM, D2/D3 = 438) as one of the highest D3 selective agonists known to date. In addition, high affinity, nonselective D3 agonist (−)-19 (EC50, D2 = 2.96 nM and D3 = 1.26 nM) was also developed. Lead compounds with antioxidant activity were evaluated using an in vivo PD animal model.
Framing the impact of culture on health: a systematic review of the PEN-3 cultural model and its application in public health research and interventions

ObjectiveThis paper reviews available studies that applied the PEN-3 cultural model to address the impact of culture on health behaviors.MethodsWe search electronic databases and conducted a thematic analysis of empirical studies that applied the PEN-3 cultural model to address the impact of culture on health behaviors. Studies were mapped to describe their methods, target population and the health behaviors or health outcomes studied. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe studies reviewed used the PEN-3 model as a theoretical framework to centralize culture in the study of health behaviors and to integrate culturally relevant factors in the development of interventions. The model was also used as an analysis tool, to sift through text and data in order to separate, define and delineate emerging themes. PEN-3 model was also significant with exploring not only how cultural context shapes health beliefs and practices, but also how family systems play a critical role in enabling or nurturi...
Oxidative Stress, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, and Lung Fibrosis

Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in basement membranes and interstitial tissues, resulting from increased synthesis or decreased degradation of ECM or both. The plasminogen activator/plasmin system plays an important role in ECM degradation, whereas the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a physiologic inhibitor of plasminogen activators. PAI-1 expression is increased in the lung fibrotic diseases and in experimental fibrosis models. The deletion of the PAI-1 gene reduces, whereas the overexpression of PAI-1 enhances, the susceptibility of animals to lung fibrosis induced by different stimuli, indicating an important role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis. Many growth factors, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as other chemicals/agents, induce PAI-1 expression in cultured cells and in vivo. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) have been shown to mediate the induction of PAI-1 by many of these stimuli. This review summarizes some recent findings that help us to understand the role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis and ROS/RNS in the regulation of PAI-1 expression during fibrogenesis.
Enzymes as reagents in the synthesis of peptides

Abstract The use of enzymes to catalyse peptide bond formation and for manipulating blocking groups during peptide synthesis is discussed. The history of solubility-controlled peptide condensations in the presence of proteolytic enzymes is traced. General techniques for obtaining improved yields of soluble condensation products are outlined along with special conditions which sometimes favour the enzymatic condensations of peptide fragments. Progress in the use of enzymes to manipulate blocking groups on α-amino groups, α-carboxyl groups, and on the sidechain functional groups of amino acid residues are examined. Some anticipated developments in the use of enzymes as reagents in peptide synthesis and semisynthesis are discussed.
Sobolev mappings with integrable dilatations

We show that each quasi-light mapping f in the Sobolev space W1n(Ω, Rn) satisfying ¦Df(x)¦n ≦K(x, f)J(x, f) for almost every x and for some KeLr(Ω), r>n-1, is open and discrete. The assumption that f be quasilight can be dropped if, in addition, it is required that fe W1p(ω, Rn) for some p > = n + 1/ (n-2). More generally, we consider mappings in the John Ball classes Axxxp,q(Ω), and give conditions that guarantee their discreteness and openness.
CDD: a conserved domain database for interactive domain family analysis

The conserved domain database (CDD) is part of NCBI's Entrez database system and serves as a primary resource for the annotation of conserved domain footprints on protein sequences in Entrez. Entrez's global query interface can be accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez and will search CDD and many other databases. Domain annotation for proteins in Entrez has been pre-computed and is readily available in the form of ‘Conserved Domain’ links. Novel protein sequences can be scanned against CDD using the CD-Search service; this service searches databases of CDD-derived profile models with protein sequence queries using BLAST heuristics, at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi. Protein query sequences submitted to NCBI's protein BLAST search service are scanned for conserved domain signatures by default. The CDD collection contains models imported from Pfam, SMART and COG, as well as domain models curated at NCBI. NCBI curated models are organized into hierarchies of domains related by common descent. Here we report on the status of the curation effort and present a novel helper application, CDTree, which enables users of the CDD resource to examine curated hierarchies. More importantly, CDD and CDTree used in concert, serve as a powerful tool in protein classification, as they allow users to analyze protein sequences in the context of domain family hierarchies.
Model study of imaging myocardial infarction by intracardiac electrical impedance tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) detects tissue composition inside a medium by determining its resistive properties, and uses various electrode configurations to pass a small electric current and measure corresponding potential. We investigated the feasibility of reconstructing scarred tissue inside the heart wall by employing EIT on the basis of a catheter carrying a plurality of electrodes and placed inside the blood-filled heart cavity. We built a computer model of the biological medium, and reconstructed the resistivity distribution using the finite element method and Tikhonov regularization. The results established the successful implementation of the numeric methods and the possibility of localizing and quantifying scarred myocardium. Novel application of EIT from inside the heart cavity could be useful during catheterization and may complement other diagnostic modalities. Further research is necessary to assess the impact of several factors on the accuracy of the reconstruction and include number of electrodes, catheter location, and scar size.
The Quantitative Feedback Design of the Benchmark Problem

The quantitative feedback theory (QFT) is applied to the benchmark problem [1]. The key idea is to synthesize controllers that meet the time domain design specifications by satisfying an approximately "equivalent" set of frequency domain constraints on the magnitude and phase of a nominal loop transfer function at each frequency. In addition, the effects of the sensor noise are minimized by minimizing the cost of feedback or the bandwidth of the controller transfer function. It is shown that the devised control system meets all the frequency domain design specifications for all possible plants P in the plant set P.
Graph theoretical invariants and elementary subgraphs of polyhex and polypent/polyhex systems of chemical relevance

Starting with the major graph theoretical invariants of n = No. of vertices (points), 9 = No. of edges (lines), and r = No. of rings (independent circuits) and Euler’s fundamental equation of (1. + 1) - q + n = 2, a myriad of invariants have evolved for describing the properties of molecular graphs (graphs representing molecules). The concepts of the aufbau principle, a periodic table set, the excised internal structure (a type of subgraph), the circumscribing operation, and the leapfrog operation have led to the development of algorithms that are highly useful for understanding and studying the structural properties of the classes of molecules that are isomorphic to the polyhex and polypent/polyhex graphs. These concepts will be reviewed and illustrated. Discrete mathematics is the study of finite systems which embodies methods that are intuitively practiced by chemists. The quest for elementary substructures (subgraphs) that are carriers of chemical information in compact form is of vital importance to the practice of chemistry. Chemists are fairly proficient in putting knowledge into a visual shape representation. They use graph theoretical notational devices in order to make many geometrical properties and spatial relationships of molecules explicit at many levels of abstraction. Symmetry and similarity are important conceptual tools in shape recognition and shape comparison of molecules. Group theory, graph theoretical invariants, and elementary substructures provides the vocabulary for shape descriptions. The purely mathematical quantities of graphs are empirically linked to the observed chemical properties of molecules [20]. Two different approach philosophies exist among chemists. One strives to develop ab initio quantum mechanical methods for computing all chemical properties from first principles. This approach is computationally intensive. The other group takes
Evaluation of the concomitance of lipid peroxidation in experimental models of cerebral ischemia and stroke.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an important consequence of oxygen radical formation: lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation arises during and following disruption of membrane structure via oxygen-consuming rancidity reactions. Membrane viscosity and rigidity are increased and microscopically visible fissures or holes are formed in the membrane lipid bilayer. Consistent with these defects are reports of enhanced permeability and the development of edema. Lipid peroxidation can inhibit the function of important membrane-bound enzymes as well. For example, the hydroperoxide formed from arachidonic acid inhibits endothelial prostacyclin synthase, thereby inactivating an important response of endothelium to aggregating platelets. Lipid peroxides are chemically unstable and can continue to degrade into many other products, which are also chemically reactive. In particular, reactive species such as aldehydes can be produced; these can also induce changes in membrane structure and function by cross-linking amino groups of proteins or polar head groups of phospholipid molecules. Lipid peroxidation is damaging to tissues principally because it is a chain process; a single initiating free radical can precipitate the destruction of many adjacent molecules in a cellular structure and thus compromise its function.
Out and down: incarceration and psychiatric disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are unusually prevalent among current and former inmates, but it is not known what this relationship reflects. A putative causal relationship is contaminated by assorted influences, including childhood disadvantage, the early onset of most disorders, and the criminalization of substance use. Using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (N = 5692), we examine the relationship between incarceration and psychiatric disorders after statistically adjusting for multidimensional influences. The results indicate that (1) some of the most common disorders found among former inmates emerge in childhood and adolescence and therefore predate incarceration; (2) the relationships between incarceration and disorders are smaller for current disorders than lifetime disorders, suggesting that the relationship between incarceration and disorders dissipates over time; and (3) early substance disorders anticipate later incarceration and other psychiatric disorders simultaneously, indicating selectio...
Sweetened blood cools hot tempers: physiological self‐control and aggression

Aggressive and violent behaviors are restrained by self-control. Self-control consumes a lot of glucose in the brain, suggesting that low glucose and poor glucose metabolism are linked to aggression and violence. Four studies tested this hypothesis. Study 1 found that participants who consumed a glucose beverage behaved less aggressively than did participants who consumed a placebo beverage. Study 2 found an indirect relationship between diabetes (a disorder marked by low glucose levels and poor glucose metabolism) and aggressiveness through low self-control. Study 3 found that states with high diabetes rates also had high violent crime rates. Study 4 found that countries with high rates of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (a metabolic disorder related to low glucose levels) also had higher killings rates, both war related and non-war related. All four studies suggest that a spoonful of sugar helps aggressive and violent behaviors go down. Aggr. Behav. 35:1-8, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
Self-Concept Consistency and Culture: The Differential Impact of Two Forms of Consistency

Self-concept consistency is viewed as central to authenticity and adjustment in Western cultures. The authors propose that the implications of self-concept consistency depend on both the cultural background of the individual and the type of consistency involved. Specifically, although consistency of the self-concept across different contexts may be less important in East Asian than Western cultures, East Asians may still benefit from consistency within specific social contexts over time (i.e., maintaining stable, distinct relational selves). Supporting these ideas, across three studies, inconsistency of trait self-perceptions across different relationship contexts was linked to lower subjective authenticity and relationship quality for European Americans but not East Asian Americans. However, inconsistency within the same relationship context over time showed similar negative associations with these outcomes in both groups. Overall, the results suggest that inconsistency may be less consequential for East Asians relative to Westerners only if it reflects culturally prescribed adjustment to different social contexts.
Using highly time resolved fine particulate compositions to find particle sources in St. Louis, MO

High time resolution measurements of fine particulate matter composition were a component of the St. Louis – Midwest Supersite in East St. Louis, IL. Measurements of fifteen particulate matter species (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, OC, EC, SO4=, and NO3–) were made using semi–continuous sampling and monitoring techniques. In this study, three weeks of the hourly species data have been combined with on–site surface winds data using conditional probability function (CPF) analysis and 1–D non–parametric regression (NPR) to identify the bearing of putative local emission sources. Typically there was good agreement between the CPF and NPR results and most (but not all) of the identified emission source bearings were consistent with the location of known emission sources. Differences between the CPF and NPR methods occurred when there were infrequent high concentration events, typically a single hour, which yielded a high expected concentration with NPR but a low conditional probability with CPF. Challenges to fully identifying the suite of local point sources impacting the monitoring site include the relatively poor representation of some wind directions in such a small data set, confounding by multiple emission sources at similar bearings, and for some elements high impacts from regional scale contributions.
Computing the initial states of retimed circuits

Retiming is an optimization technique for sequential circuits which consists in modifying the position of latches relative to blocks of combinational logic in order to minimize the maximum propagation delay between latches or to meet a given delay requirement while minimizing the number of latches. If the initial state of the circuit is meaningful, one must compute an equivalent initial state for the retimed circuit after retiming. The authors present a simple linear time algorithm to compute a correct initial state for a retimed circuit that can be used whenever the initial state of the original circuit satisfies a simple condition. If this condition is not originally satisfied, it is shown how it can be automatically enforced by a logic synthesis tool with no need for user intervention. >
Inertial Confinement Fusion Using the OMEGA Laser System

The OMEGA laser system is being used to investigate several approaches to inertial confinement fusion: the traditional central-hot-spot (CHS) ignition, fast ignition (FI), and shock ignition (SI). To achieve ignition, CHS requires the highly uniform compression of a solid deuterium-tritium (DT)-layered target on a low adiabat (defined as the ratio of the pressure to the Fermi-degenerate pressure) and with an implosion velocity Vimp ≥ 3.5 × 107 cm/s. A laser pulse shape with triple pickets is used to produce this low adiabat by optimally timing multiple shocks launched by the pickets and the main laser. Cryogenic targets that imploded optimally with such pulses have demonstrated near-design compression with an areal density ρR ~ 290 mg/cm2 at Vimp = 3.1 × 107 cm/s. These are, by far, the highest DT areal densities demonstrated in the laboratory. SI experiments, where a shock is launched by a picket at the end of the laser pulse into the compressing capsule, have been performed on low-adiabat warm plastic targets. Both yield and areal density improve significantly when a spike is used at the end of the laser pulse, indicating that the energy from the shock is coupled into the compressing target. Integrated FI experiments have begun on the OMEGA/OMEGA EP laser system.
PURE LAPAROSCOPIC ENTEROCYSTOPLASTY

The realm of laparoscopic surgery has expanded from simple extirpative operations to more complicated reconstructive procedures, such as dismembered pyeloplasty and ileal conduit creation. There has been recent interest in using laparoscopic techniques to augment the bladder with bowel.1, 2 To date only 1 case of enterocystoplasty, using the stomach, has been accomplished entirely by laparoscopy.3 To our knowledge we report the first case of ileal enterocystoplasty performed completely by laparoscopy. CASE REPORT A 31-year-old paraplegic woman with a C6 spinal cord injury developed worsening voiding dysfunction during the 2 years preceding presentation. She had managed previously with clean intermittent catheterization every 4 hours and remained dry. Video urodynamic studies demonstrated detrusor instability at bladder volumes of 40 to 50 ml. and a maximum bladder capacity of 85 ml. The patient did not desire urinary diversion or a continent cutaneous reservoir, and opted instead for laparoscopic ileal bladder augmentation. Mechanical and antibiotic bowel preparation was performed, and externalized ureteral stents were initially placed. The remainder of the operation duplicated open augmentation cystoplasty using an ileal segment. Briefly, 5 ports were used and the ileum was identified 15 cm. from the ileocecal valve. An endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler was used to isolate a 15 to 20 cm. segment of ileum, and the mesentery was incised with ultrasonic coagulating shears. Bowel continuity was restored in a side-to-side fashion using a gastrointestinal anastomosis stapler, with the enterotomy closed in a single layer with interrupted 2-zero silk Lembert sutures. Monopolar electrocautery was used to remove the staples from both ends of the isolated ileal segment and detubularize it on its antimesenteric border. The ileum was sutured into a U-shaped configuration using a single layer of running 3-zero polyglactin sutures prior to mid sagittal cystotomy. The ileal patch was sutured to the bladder in quadrants using running 3-zero polyglactin sutures. Drainage was provided by a 20Fr urethral catheter and a 10 mm. Blake drain brought out through a lateral port site. No suprapubic catheter was placed. Watertight closure was confirmed by intraoperative irrigation of the bladder. Estimated blood loss was 100 ml. and there were no intraoperative complications. On the third postoperative day the drain was removed and the patient resumed liquid intake. However, she remained hospitalized due to prolonged ileus for 13 days. She returned to work and normal activity 1 week after being discharged. A cystogram performed 4 weeks postoperatively, at the time of catheter removal, demonstrated a bladder capacity of at least 250 ml. (see figure). Presently, the patient is continent between catheterizations with urinary volumes approximating 400 ml. DISCUSSION
Nanostructured metal oxides for anodes of Li-ion rechargeable batteries

The aligned nanorods of Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} and nanoporous hollow spheres (NHS) of SnO{sub 2} and Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} were investigated as the anodes for Li-ion rechargeable batteries. The Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanorods demonstrated 1433 mAh/g reversible capacity. The NHS of SnO{sub 2} and Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} delivered 400 mAh/g and 250 mAh/g capacities respectively in multiple galvonastatic discharge-charge cycles. It was found that high capacity of NHS of metal oxides is sustainable attributed to their unique structure that maintains material integrity during cycling. The nanostructured metal oxides exhibit great potential as the new anode materials for Li-ion rechargeable batteries with high energy density, low cost and inherent safety.
Epigenetics and nutrition – nature versus nurture

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the in utero environment in which a fetus grows and develops may have long-term effects on subsequent health and survival. The abnormal intrauterine milieu of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) permanently alters gene expression and function of pancreatic beta-cells, leading to the development of diabetes in adulthood. Beta-cell function is markedly impaired in IUGR offspring in very early life. This is accompanied by a reduction in beta-cell proliferation and neogenesis. Expression of the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) transcription factor is permanently reduced in IUGR and epigenetic modifications are responsible for this decrease. Pdx1 encodes a homeobox transcription factor critically important for beta-cell function and development. Expression of Pdx1 is permanently reduced in IUGR beta-cells and epigenetic modifications are responsible for this. The fetal IUGR state is characterized by loss of upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) binding at the proximal promoter of Pdx1, with deacetylation of histones H3 and H4 due to recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and the co-repressor mSin3A. After birth, histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) is demethylated and histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) is methylated. During the neonatal period, the reduction in Pdx1 expression and these epigenetic changes can be reversed by HDAC inhibition. Finally, once diabetes occurs, DNA methylation of the cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) island in the proximal promoter ensues, resulting in permanent silencing of the Pdx1 locus.
Rattling the Hesam: International Distractions from Internal Problems in Iran

President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad began waging a war of words against the state of Israel several months after he won Iran's 2005 election. This article explores the motives for his fiery rhetoric. A series of explanations including ideological zeal, inexperience, international pressure, unifying regional regimes, and inciting a war with Israel are evaluated and critiqued. This article offers a new rationale that examines internal politics as a motive for the Iranian leader's speeches. The diversionary theory of conflict, which claims that leaders try to overcome domestic shortcomings with foreign distractions, is examined in this context. But while this theory has typically been associated with war and unifying the country's political structure, this article contends that President Ahmadinejad's plan may not be full-scale war, but a verbal confrontation and subtle support for terror groups, which can be just as effective in achieving internal aims. Such a policy would also win converts among the rank-and-file Arabs. The resulting regional prestige is also designed to mask his domestic shortcomings in the political and economic arena. Blasting Israel and boosting groups such as Hizballah and Hamas, while receiving cheers from many Arab people for standing up to Israel, in other words, is designed to distract the Iranian people from the sinking economy and President Ahmadinejad's loss of power, blocked appointments, and criticism from even conservatives. In addition, rather than seeking support from the entire country, the president may be trying to outflank his conservative opponents, including many from the clergy, legislature, and ruling elite, who have become disenchanted with his anti-corruption crusades, appointments, and policies. If successful, this plan would pit his country's conservative majority (including young people and the Revolutionary Guard) against the minority moderates and some disaffected conservatives. Finally, this article critiques other theories and suggested strategies responding to the crisis and offers its own diversionary theory, as well as ideas about how to handle President Ahmadinejad's oratories.
Molecular mobility of ultrasonically devulcanized silica‐filled poly(dimethyl siloxane)

We used NMR relaxation and pulsed-gradient diffusion measurements at 70 °C in precipitated silica-filled poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS; silicone rubber) after crosslinking, after subsequent devulcanization by intense ultrasound, and after subsequent revulcanization. As in unfilled PDMS, transverse relaxation displays three distinct rate components attributed to an entangled and crosslinked network (similar in T2), light sol plus dangling network fragments, and unreactive trace oligomers. Ultrasound produces copious amounts of extractable sol. The T2 relaxation times decreased modestly with increasing filler content, but they and the components' proportions correlated mainly with the sol fraction, that is, the network degradation. In rupturing the network, devulcanization produces large diffusing fragments and dangling ends; revulcanization largely reverses these effects. The rates and amplitudes of the bimodal diffusivity distribution confirmed this conclusion. The weakness of the effects of filler suggests that ultrasound devulcanization is easily adaptable to the recycling of the preponderantly particulate-filled industrial rubbers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 454–465, 2003
Characterization of protein-solvent interactions with NMR-spectroscopy: The role of urea in the unfolding of proteins

Abstract Multidimensional NMR techniques for the investigation of interactions between biological macromolecules and solvent molecules are discussed. Examples for the use of these techniques for the study of the interactions between urea and the DNA-binding domain of the 434-repressor which lead to unfolding of the polypeptide are given. These investigations show, that at low temperatures interaction between urea and the hydrophobic side chains of the protein can be detected. However, at temperatures above 293 K no binding of urea molecules to the polypeptide chain can be observed. Moreover, titration experiments with salts and non-ionic compounds show, that chemicals which act as kosmotropes can refold the protein even in 7 M urea. All these results suggest, that water molecules play an active role in the unfolding process of proteins.
Diagnosis of Systemic Candida Infections

Invasive candidiasis has become an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving aggressive antineoplastic chemotherapy, in recipients of bone marrow transplants, and in other patient groups. The illness provides the clinician with few clues to its nature or presence. This paper reviews developments over the past three decades in the laboratory diagnosis of this important infection.