cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear simulation of the effect of microenvironment on tumor growth

In this paper, we present and investigate a model for solid tumor growth that incorporates features of the tumor microenvironment. Using analysis and nonlinear numerical simulations, we explore the effects of the interaction between the genetic characteristics of the tumor and the tumor microenvironment on the resulting tumor progression and morphology. We find that the range of morphological responses can be placed in three categories that depend primarily upon the tumor microenvironment: tissue invasion via fragmentation due to a hypoxic microenvironment; fingering, invasive growth into nutrient rich, biomechanically unresponsive tissue; and compact growth into nutrient rich, biomechanically responsive tissue. We found that the qualitative behavior of the tumor morphologies was similar across a broad range of parameters that govern the tumor genetic characteristics. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the impact of microenvironment on tumor growth and morphology and have important implications for cancer therapy. In particular, if a treatment impairs nutrient transport in the external tissue (e.g., by anti-angiogenic therapy) increased tumor fragmentation may result, and therapy-induced changes to the biomechanical properties of the tumor or the microenvironment (e.g., anti-invasion therapy) may push the tumor in or out of the invasive fingering regime.
Proteolysis and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of an Integral Membrane: Aquaporin 0

Due to hydrophobicity, structural analysis of integral membrane proteins poses a formidable challenge for current mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches. Herein, we demonstrate results from optimized sample preparation and enzymatic proteolysis procedures for the complete primary structure determination of a targeted integral membrane protein, lens aquaporin 0 (AQP0). Plasma membrane from bovine lens tissue was alkali treated and tryptic digestion was performed in optimized acetonitrile-ammonium bicarbonate solution. Full sequence coverage of AQP0 was observed as tryptic peptides using both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) and capillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (cLC/MS/MS). An amino acid mutation of Thr to Ile/Leu at residue 199 was deduced based on MS/MS results. In a complementary effort to fully sequence the protein, peptic digestion was developed to take advantage of hydrophobic protein solubility in organic acid as well as the decreased activity of pepsin at low pH. Peptic digestion in 10% formic acid (pH 1.2) generated peptides of 500 to 3000 Da and gave 100% sequence coverage by cLC/MS/MS. In addition to post-translational modifications reported previously, a new phosphorylation site at serine 229 and two oxidation sites at tryptophan 202 and 205 were detected on the protein. These methodologies provide complementary detergent- and CNBr-free procedures for detailed analysis of this important membrane channel protein and offer promise for analysis of the integral membrane proteome.
Advocating for equitable science‐learning opportunities for girls in an urban city youth club and the roadblocks faced by women science educators*

This article reports on a study that examined the obstacles women science educators faced as they facilitated Explorers, an after-school science program for girls aged 6–12. The program aimed to provide girls with opportunities to legitimately participate in science activity. Explorers was one of several programs offered by the Foothills City Youth Club (FCYC) in a racially diverse urban center in the Southwestern United States. The youth club was meant to serve the needs of children and youth in that community. Through analysis of field notes, interviews, and documents, the social structures and forces that impeded the implementation of practices and the acquisition of capital are described. They include: (a) inadequate funding and community support, (b) conflicting beliefs between FCYC leaders and community leaders about the needs of boys and girls, and 3) inequitable decision-making structures of the community. Underlying beliefs, structures, and practices within the community weakened the FCYC in many ways, interrupted the leadership's attempts to meet their goals as they worked with the community's children, and brought to the surface issues of bias and oppression. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 151-163, 2002
Implications of Age Structures for Epipaleolithic Hunting Strategies in the Western Taurus Mountains, Southwest Turkey

Atici L. 2009. — Implications of Age Structures for Epipaleolithic Hunting Strategies in the Western Taurus Mountains, Southwest Turkey. Anthropozoologica 44(1): 13-39.
Tetracycline speciation during molecular imprinting in xerogels results in class-selective binding

The creation of tetracycline (TC) responsive molecularly imprinted xerogels (MIXs) was investigated using electronic absorbance, liquid chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-ITMS), and first-principles theory. Experimental results show that the template molecule converts to its epimer, 4-epitetracycline (ETC), during the imprinting process. Additionally, end capping of the MIX surface silanols transforms TC into anhydrotetracycline (ATC) and 4-epianhydrotetracycline (EATC). Hence, despite aiming to imprint for a single analyte (TC), one simultaneously imprints for up to four analogs (TC, ETC, EATC and ATC) within a MIX. Binding studies using LC-MS showed the binding of the prepared xerogels with the four analogs. In some formulations, preferential uptake of ETC, EATC and ATC relative to the template molecule (TC) was observed. Computations of the interaction energies between silane monomers and the four analogs reveal that ETC, EATC and ATC have higher interaction energies and are more likely to be imprinted in comparison to TC.
Midtrimester isolated polyhydramnios in monochorionic diamniotic multiple gestations.

Objective To identify risk factors for development of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic diamniotic multiple gestations complicated by midtrimester isolated polyhydramnios (iPoly). Study Design A retrospective study of patients referred for possible TTTS between 16 and 26 gestational weeks was performed. IPoly was defined as a maximum vertical pocket of ≥8 cm in the iPoly twin's sac and >2 and Results Of 628 consecutive patients referred for possible TTTS, 74 were diagnosed with iPoly. The majority of these patients (n = 52, 70.3%) were not subsequently diagnosed with TTTS, and of these, 40 were managed expectantly and 12 had amnioreductions because of symptomatic iPoly; 30-day perinatal survival of at-least-one twin in the non-TTTS group was 93.0% (40/43). TTTS developed in the 22 remaining patients, of which 63.6% were of advanced Quintero Stage. Nineteen underwent laser surgery; 30-day perinatal survival of at-least-one twin was 84.2% (16/19). In a multivariate logistic regression model, 2 characteristics were associated with the development of TTTS: (1) gestational age P = .0002); and (2) intrauterine growth restriction of the co-twin (odds ratio, 7.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.72–30.88; P = .0071). Conclusion Among referred patients with midtrimester iPoly, 29.7% subsequently developed TTTS. Early diagnosis (
On Choice Between Cost Benefit and Cost Effectiveness Analysis: A Statistical Test on Benefits

(1979). On Choice Between Cost Benefit and Cost Effectiveness Analysis: A Statistical Test on Benefits. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 235-248.
Compacted Soil Barriers at Abandoned Landfill Sites are Likely to Fail in the Long Term

At innumerable sites in the USA and around the world, buried waste has been isolated from the environment by barriers constructed entirely or in part of compared soil. The chief concern in barrier design has been to isolate the waste in the short term by preventing movement of water into and through the waste. However, in the long term a variety of mechanisms can act to compromise this isolation. The mechanisms of long-term failure include initial flaws in barrier construction, shrink-swell cycles, freeze-thaw cycles, erosion, subsidence, root intrusion, and animal intrusion. Evidence for action of all of these mechanisms is summarized. The likelihood of long-term failure suggests that either perpetual care must be provided for buried hazardous wastes, or the waste sites must be designed to withstand long-term threats to barrier integrity.
On the energy principle and ion tearing in the magnetotail

We re-examine the use of the energy principle as applied to the tearing instability in the magnetotail. We demonstrate that when a magnetic field component normal to the current sheet is present, electron pitch-angle diffusion (PAD) either by micro-turbulence or by chaotic orbits cannot remove the strong stabilization of the tearing mode caused by electron compressibility. We find that our conclusions are in agreement with those of Pellat et al. (1991), who argued on the basis of canonical P(sub y) conservation that the stabilization of the ion tearing mode cannot be removed by the introduction of PAD. Our results are at variance with those of Kuznetsova and Zelenyi (1991), who argued that the application of the energy principle used by Pellat et al. (1991) is incorrect, and that tearing is in fact unstable in the limit of strong PAD. We show that the disagreement between these two studies can be traced to an incorrect orbit evaluation first introduced by Coroniti (1980) and subnsequently used by Kuznetsova and Zelenyi (1991).
Haynesville shale play economic analysis

Abstract Unconventional gas resources in the U.S. are abundant, but their development is capital intensive and subject to technologic risk, geologic uncertainty, and gas price volatility. In the Haynesville shale, wells are characterized by high initial production rates and rapid decline, and it is the tradeoff between these conditions and high investment that define the profitability of the play. The purpose of this paper is to examine the economic viability and sustainability of the Haynesville shale play. We characterize the operating envelope under which Haynesville wells are economic and describe the profit space based on a technical review of production and cost characteristics in the region. We explore two-variable factor models using type curves and construct before and after tax functional relationships. The majority of Haynesville wells fail to break-even on a full-cycle basis at prevailing gas prices. For $6/Mcf gas, average producers are expected to generate pre-tax returns between 1 and 11.5% for 1 to $0.5/Mcf operating expenses and $7.5 million capital expenditure. P10 wells are expected to generate a pre-tax return of 52 to 25% for $7.5 to $10 million capital expenditures and post-tax returns of 40 to 20%. We show that gas prices in the first year of production are an important determinant of well profitability.
Wrestling with the Angels of Meaning: The Revisionist Ideological Work of Gay and Ex‐Gay Christian Men

Ideological change is arduous and complex work, particularly for marginalized groups that lack the power and authority to challenge dominant ideas. This study analyzes how subordinates can accomplish ideological change and under what conditions such change is likely to occur. More specifically, in this ethnographic study of two groups of men—gay Christian and ex-gay Christian—I map a process of “ideological maneuvering” by which the men were able to sidestep dominant power and revise traditional Christian ideology in ways that accommodated their sexuality. In doing so, the men were able to construct moral identities and mitigate psychological distress. On a broader level, an examination of this process reveals how ideological revision is constrained by and reproduces inequality. We also see how this process helps to create new symbolic resources that can be used to expand culture.
HIV/AIDS knowledge sources and risk behavior among adolescent African American males: Toward developing HIV/AIDS pedagogy

We are concerned with educating African American males about HIV/AIDS to prevent and reduce transmission of the disease in black communities. After reviewing the literature, it occurred to us, for reasons that will become apparent below, that HIV/AIDS intervention among black males would be both a literacy and caregiving campaign. Our initial concern, which we are reporting in this paper, is where do African American males receive information about HIV/AIDS. Our report is a preliminary examination of the relationship between the source of HIV/AIDS information and risk behavior.
Half-width computations for air broadened CO lines

Abstract The theory of Anderson, Tsao and Curnutte has been applied to compute half widths of CO lines broadened by N2, O2 and air. The results are compared with available experimental data.
Low-density lipoprotein metabolism in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare disorder characterized by a defect in conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, increased plasma levels of cholestanol, and accumulations of sterols in tendons, brain, and coronary arteries. Despite the presence of tendon xanthomas, patients with CTX frequently have low levels of plasma cholesterol and low density lipoproteins (LDL). The mechanisms for a low LDL are not understood. The present study, therefore, was carried out to examine the metabolism of LDL in a 58-year-old black man with CTX. This particular patient had an LDL-cholesterol in the mid-normal range (149 +/- 6 mg/dL). Nonetheless, his fractional catabolic rate (FCR) for LDL-apolipoprotein (apo-LDL) was 0.45 pools/d, which was increased compared to 15 aged-matched men (FCR, 0.30 +/- 0.01 pools/d). His production rate for apo-LDL (18.5 mg/kg-d) also was increased compared to those of middle-aged men (13.5 +/- 2.5 mg/kg-d). Since the underlying defect in CTX can be reversed by administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (chenodiol), the patient was treated with chenodiol (250 mg 4X daily), and measurements of LDL kinetics were repeated. During chenodiol therapy, his LDL-cholesterol concentration rose significantly to 165 +/- 12 mg/dL; his FCR for apo-LDL fell to 0.29 pools/d; and his production rate of apo-LDL declined to 14.4 mg/kg-d. We postulate that chenodiol suppressed the excessive synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids, which had two effects. It curtailed both the overproduction of LDL and the excessive synthesis of LDL receptors, the latter being responsible for the high FCR of apo-LDL in the untreated state.
Liquid chromatographic determination of benzo[a]pyrene at part-per-billion concentrations in highly refined coal- and petroleum-derived fuels☆

Abstract Benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP), a well-known carcinogen, is frequently measured as an “indicator” of the potential dermal tumorigenicity of a sample. The present sequential high-performance liquid chromatography-high-performance liquid chromatography method overcomes problems in trace-level sample enrichment and recovery corrections encountered earlier. An amount of 5 g of naphtha or fuel oil is diluted to 10 ml with dichloromethane and spiked with a small quantity ( ca. 0.25 μg) of 14 C-labeled BaP tracer. A BaP-enriched fraction is obtained from a 1-ml aliquot of this sample by semipreparative chromatography on a Partisil PAC 10 column with dichloromethane-hexane (10:90) as the eluent, and concentrated to exactly 0.3, 0.5, or 1.0 ml in acetonitrile. Quantitation is performed using a reversed-phase Vydac 201 TP 5415 column with acetonitrile-water (75:25) as eluent and a Waters Model 420 E/420 AC fluorescence detector, employing an excitation/emission filter pair of 360/425 nm. The recovery of the radiolabeled tracer is evaluated by combustion of 50 μl of the final isolate in pure oxygen, collection of the liberated 14 CO 2 in an alkaline desorber, and liquid scintillation counting. The recovery of BaP normally exceeded 90%, but values as low as ca. 50% were occasionally observed. Potential matrix interferences in the recovery determination were eliminated by sample combustion. The nominal precision of the overall method is approximately ± 30% relative standard deviation at a BaP concentration of 30 ppb. The nominal analysis time for a single sample is approximately 4 h.
Nanotechnology in pediatrics: science fiction or reality?

Nanotechnology offers “covert” tactics for the old drug therapies, launching pathology-seeking particles through the body's systems, like the Greeks hiding the Trojan horse ready for battle. NANOTECHNOLOGY, A SMALL innovation with a big punch, is an emerging technology used by scientist in many different disciplines such as magnetics, optics, informatics, and biomedicine (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). Biochemical engineering wizards have produced an array of nanoparticles or devices with various compositions. Nano refers to a phenomenon at the nanometer or molecular level, which is a device so tiny that it requires a special molecular scale and measure: nanometers (nm; McCabe, 2009). Nanopatricles measure 1–100 nm and consist of organic and inorganic materials such as ceramics, metals, polymers, and other composites (Machado, Cheng, Tarquinio, & Webster, 2010). They are smaller than human cells and similar in size to enzymes and receptors molecules in the body (Sandhiya, Dkhar, & Surendiran, 2009). A nanoparticle's size is similar to a hemoglobin molecule, which measures 5 nm in diameter, as compared with a human hair, which measures 100,000 nm, and adenovirus, which measures 90 nm (McCabe, 2009; National Cancer Institute, n.d.). Biomedical nanodevices or particles, which measure approximately 50 nm, are so small that they can easily move in and out of the human cell and circulate throughout the body (National Cancer Institute, n.d.; Figure 1). Because of their unique minute size and surface area, nanoparticles have the ability to interact within the molecular processes of the human cell (Machado et al., 2010; National Cancer Institute, n.d.). Innovative projects are currently being launched by researchers at the National Institute of Health to meet the distinctive needs of pediatric patients (Moghimi, Hunter & Murray, 2005). This article will examine how nanotechnology can assist with diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease in children.
A methodology for assessing national outdoor recreation demand and supply trends

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the model and method developed for the aggregate, national outdoor recreation and wilderness demand and supply assessment required by the Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) of 1974. RPA requires aggregate analysis of current and possible future equilibria that could result from different demand and supply futures. Price change was used as the principle indicator of changes in demand relative to changes in supply for individual recreation activities. Demand functions and reduced‐form consumption functions were estimated for 38 activities, 10 of which are presented here. This approach provided prediction models, indices of future consumption and price trends, and average community demand under various supply conditions. The underlying model is based on household production theory viewed as an appropriate basis for aggregate economic analysis. Adjusted R2s for the demand and consumption models ranged between 0.32 and 0.71. Predicted consumption and price...
Surface diffraction on a ψ-circle diffractometer using the χ-axis geometry

The restricted volume above and below the sample on a six-circle diffractometer can limit the size and complexity of sample environments used in surface diffraction studies. An alternative configuration of the diffractometer, where the sample normal is aligned parallel to the χ axis, allows for ample space above and below the χ circle for instrumentation. The merits of this approach are outlined and angles are derived for the diffraction condition for constant-incident-angle, constant-sample-azimuthal-angle and specular geometries. Using a version of this code written for SPEC (http://www.certif.com/content/spec/), sample specular and nonspecular crystal truncation rods measured from a 5 nm-thick thin film are presented.
STIMULATION OF MUCLEAR RNA SYNTHESIS IN DENERVATED SKELETAL MUSCLES

— The endogenous activities of the RNA polymerases A and B are higher in nuclei isolated from slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles which have been denervated for 2–3 days than in nuclei isolated from sham-operated, contralateral muscles. This stimulation is not observed immediately after denervation and declines by the fifth day. The results suggest that some neural influence is exerted upon the contiguous muscle cell at the level of gene transcription.
CdTe/CdS solar cells with transparent contacts

Evaporated CdTe/CdS solar cells with a transparent Cu-indium tin oxide contact have been made with an efficiency greater than 8.5%. The deposition of single-phase CdTe films from a compound source required a cadmium-to-tellurium flux ratio of 1.7 incident on the substrate. To obtain the needed p-type conductivity of the CdTe films required a high temperature heat treatment in air which reduced the transmission through the CdTe film owing to the formation of a CdTeO3 surface layer. The heating and cooling rates used for the heat treatment affected the open-circuit voltage and contact resistance of the cells. The total subband gap absorption of the entire cell is 40% – 50%.
A conceptual model for pancake-ice formation in a wave field

It is well known that waves jostle frazil-ice crystals together, providing opportunities for them to compact into floes. The shape of these consolidated floes is nearly circular, hence the name: pancakes. From field and laboratory observations, the size of these pancakes seems to depend on the wavelength. Further aggregation of these individual pancakes produces the seasonal ice cover. Pancake-ice covers prevail in the marginal ice zone of the Southern Ocean and along the edges of many polar and subpolar seas. This theoretical paper describes conceptually the formation process of a pancake-ice cover in a wave field. The mechanisms that affect the evolution of the entire ice cover are discussed. Governing equations for the time-rate change of the floe diameter, its thickness and the thickness of the ice-cover are derived based on these mechanisms. Two criteria are proposed to determine the maximum floe size under a given wave condition, one based on bending and the other on stretching. Field and laboratory observations to date are discussed in view of this theory.
Can Encouraging Substance Abuse Patients to Participate in Self‐Help Groups Reduce Demand for Health Care? A Quasi‐Experimental Study

Background: Twelve-step-oriented inpatient treatment programs emphasize 12-step treatment approaches and the importance of ongoing attendance at 12-step self-help groups more than do cognitive-behavioral (CB) inpatient treatment programs. This study evaluated whether this difference in therapeutic approach leads patients who are treated in 12-step programs to rely less on professionally provided services and more on self-help groups after discharge, thereby reducing long-term health care costs. Methods: A prospective, quasi-experimental comparison of 12-step-based (N = 5) and cognitive-behavioral (n= 5) inpatient treatment programs was conducted. These treatments were compared on the degree to which their patients participated in self-help groups, used outpatient and inpatient mental health services, and experienced positive outcomes (e.g., abstinence) in the year following discharge. Using a larger sample from an ongoing research project, 887 male substance-dependent patients from each type of treatment program were matched on pre-intake health care costs (N = 1774). At baseline and 1-year follow-up, patients’ involvement in self-help groups (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), utilization and costs of mental health services, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Results: Compared with patients treated in CB programs, patients treated in 12-step programs had significantly greater involvement in self-help groups at follow-up. In contrast, patients treated in CB programs averaged almost twice as many outpatient continuing care visits after discharge (22.5 visits) as patients treated in 12-step treatment programs (13.1 visits), and also received significantly more days of inpatient care (17.0 days in CB versus 10.5 in 12-step), resulting in 64% higher annual costs in CB programs ($4729/patient, p < 0.001). Psychiatric and substance abuse outcomes were comparable across treatments, except that 12-step patients had higher rates of abstinence at follow-up (45.7% versus 36.2% for patients from CB programs, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Professional treatment programs that emphasize self-help approaches increase their patients’ reliance on cost-free self-help groups and thereby lower subsequent health care costs. Such programs therefore represent a cost-effective approach to promoting recovery from substance abuse.
A Measure of the Information Content of Visual Art Stimuli for Studies in Experimental Aesthetics

This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of Mehrabian and Russell's Information Rate Scale (IRS) for measuring the information content of paintings. Forty-eight subjects, including an equal number of art-trained and untrained male and female undergraduates, rated sixteen twentieth-century paintings on each of the fourteen IRS adjective pairs and for “interest” and “pleasure.” Factor analyses performed on all rating data revealed that the information rate score, which is the sum of ratings for all IRS items, provides a measure of the complexity of art stimuli that reflects the collative nature of this property. Specifically, it was found that items reflecting both physical and statistical properties of a composition (e.g., simple-complex; redundant-varied) and viewer “familiarity” with the content of a composition (e.g., common-rare; familiar-novel) were correlates of the information rate score. This value was significantly influenced by a painting's style but not by subjects' gender, training, ...
Retrograde amnesia following electroconvulsive therapy

AMNESIC agents, such as electroconvulsive stimulation, can cause loss of memory for events that occurred before treatment1. Usually as the interval between learning and convulsive treatment is increased, the resulting retrograde amnesia is diminished1–3. This temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia can sometimes cover several years4. Clinical descriptions of the amnesic syndrome suggest that information about the temporal sequence of events can be more severely impaired than other aspects of memory5,6. Thus, an amnesic patient may describe a past event accurately but be unable to report when the event occurred. We have administered a new remote memory test based on former one-season television programmes to psychiatric patients receiving bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and report here that memory for temporal order is markedly affected by ECT. ECT caused retrograde amnesia for order information about programmes broadcast from 1 to ∼7 yr before treatment, but not for programmes broadcast from 8–;17 yr before treatment.
Promoting enhanced parenting: A group for caregivers of children diagnosed with ad/hd

Abstract Caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) have reported negative effects on personal functioning, parental functioning, and family relationships. Many families attempt to cope with AD/HD-related problems long before they seek counseling. This group program was developed to enhance parenting skills and address the emotional impact of caring for a child diagnosed with ADIHD. Caregivers and their children also engaged in skill building and specific problem-solving activities. Prevention of harmful outcomes or negative consequences associated with nonintervention was emphasized. Participants' feedback about program content, process, and format is included. Implications of the program are also discussed.
Resolution exchange simulation

We extend replica-exchange simulation in two ways and apply our approaches to biomolecules. The first generalization permits exchange simulation between models of differing resolution---i.e., between detailed and coarse-grained models. Such ``resolution exchange'' can be applied to molecular systems or spin systems. The second extension is to ``pseudoexchange'' simulations, which require little CPU usage for most levels of the exchange ladder and also substantially reduce the need for overlap between levels. Pseudoexchanges can be used in either replica or resolution exchange simulations. We perform efficient, converged simulations of a 50-atom peptide to illustrate the new approaches.
Planar MEMS bio-chip for recording ion-channel currents in biological cells

We describe a planar MEMS silicon structure to record ion-channel currents in biological cells. The conventional method of performing an electrophysiological experiment, 'patch-clamping,' employs a glass micropipette. Despite careful treatments of the micropipette tip, such as fire polishing and surface coating, the latter is a source of thermal noise because of its inherent, tapered, conical structure, which gives rise to a large pipette resistance. This pipette resistance, when coupled with the self-capacitance of the biological cell, limits the available bandwidth and processing of fast transient, ion channel current pulses. In this work, we reduce considerably the pipette resistance with a planar micropipette on a silicon chip to permit the resolution of sub-millisecond, ion-channel pulses. We discuss the design topology of the device, describe the fabrication sequence, and highlight important critical issues. The design of an integrated on-chip CMOS instrumentation amplifier is described, which has a low-noise front-end, input-offset cancellation, correlated double sampling (CDS), and an ultra-high gain in the order of 1012V/A.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Study on the fate of metal elements from biomass in a bench-scale fluidized bed gasifier

Abstract Two types of biomass fuel were gasified in a steam atmosphere using a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor. Filter char, bed material and the product gas stream were sampled and analyzed for a total of 21 elements including Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na and Si defined as major elements (ME), and Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Sr, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn defined as trace elements (TE). The effects of the sampling system and gasification system on the measurement were determined. Mass balances for ME and TE are reported for individual elements and overall. It was found that most ash particles or metal elements can be captured by a silicon carbide candle filter that removes small particles from the gas phase, but some of volatile elements pass through the filter and are present in the gas stream.
The effect of surfactant redistribution on combined gravitational and thermocapillary interactions of deformable drops

Abstract Trajectories are calculated by the boundary-integral method for two contaminated deformable drops under the combined influence of buoyancy and a constant temperature gradient at low Reynolds number and with negligible thermal convection. The surfactant is bulk-insoluble, and its coverage is determined by solution of the time-dependent convective-diffusion equation. Two limits are considered. For small drops, the deformation is small, and thermocapillary and buoyant effects are of the same order of magnitude. In this case, comparison is made with incompressible surfactant results to determine when surfactant redistribution becomes important. Convection of surfactant can lead to elimination of interesting features, such as the possibility of two different-sized drops migrating with fixed separation and orientation, and can increase the difference between the drops' velocities. For larger drops, deformation can be significant, leading to smaller or larger drop breakup, and buoyant motion dominates thermocapillarity. In this case, convection of surfactant can increase deformation and offset previously observed inhibition of breakup for clean drops when the driving forces are opposed. This effect is less pronounced for larger size ratios. By extension, redistribution of surfactant can enhance deformation-increasing tendencies seen with driving forces aligned in the same direction.
Urinary frequency in community-dwelling women: what is normal?

Objective The objective of the study was to assess urinary frequency in community-dwelling women. Study Design Voiding habits were assessed in 4061 women 25-84 years of age using survey responses from the Epidemiology of Prolapse and Incontinence Questionnaire. Bother related to daytime and nighttime frequency was assessed with 100-mm visual analog scales and compared using t tests and analysis of variance. Results Median daytime frequency was every 3-4 hours. Urinary frequency every 2 hours or more occurred in 27% and was more bothersome than every 3-4 hours or less (51.7 ± 30.1 mm vs 23.6 ± 23.7 mm; P P Conclusion Bothersome urinary frequency is common and occurs when frequency is at least every 2 hours by day and more than once per night.
Stable isotope geochemistry of Caledonian granitoids from the British Isles and East Greenland

Abstract The ‘British Caledonian Granites’ (BCG) comprise a compositionally diverse group of intrusive rocks ranging from diorite to leucogranite, which were emplaced across the British Isles in and adjacent to the Caledonian metamorphic belt during the Early Paleozoic. Although the largest volume of Caledonian magmatic activity in Britain postdates the polyphase deformation and metamorphism of the Grampian orogeny, a small number of plutons were emplaced prior to the main orogenic event and another group are essentially contemporaneous with it. O-isotope ratios for the BCG are extremely variable and essentially overlap the full range of O-isotope variations documented for orogenic granitoids. The margins of two plutonic complexes have been affected by subsolidus hydrothermal exchange with meteoric fluids. For the older (> 440 Ma) BCG plutons δ 18 O = 6.6–12.1% and δ D = −83 to −45%, whereas for the younger (c. 400) Ma) plutons δ 18 O = 7.1–12.4%. and δ D = −97 to −44%. There is a general positive correlation between O- and Sr-isotope variations in the post-tectonic granitoids which is absent in their pre-tectonic counterparts. Caledonian plutonic rocks occur in East Greenland in the southern half of the fold belt between 70–75°N. The earliest intrusions are sheets of monzonite and granodiorite emplaced slightly before the climax of Caledonian orogenic activity. Subsequently, a suite of post-tectonic granites was emplaced c. 450–370 Ma. Two of the East Greenland plutons have been affected by post-emplacement meteoric-hydrothermal alteration. The δ 18 O range for the unaltered East Greenland plutons is 8.5–13.9‰.
Correlation of in-vitro parameters of antimicrobial activity with prophylactic efficacy in an intradermal model of Staphylococcus aureus infection

Cephalosporins differ in their ability to prevent staphylococcal wound infection. Although the reasons for the observed differences are not fully understood, the susceptibility of cephalosporins to hydrolysis by staphylococcal beta-lactamase has been correlated with failures of prophylaxis. To investigate the effect of beta-lactamase stability and other in-vitro parameters of the bacterial-antimicrobial interaction on the efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis, two beta-lactamase-stable agents, cefuroxime and cefmetazole were compared to cefazolin and cefamandole in an in-vivo model of intradermal infection employing four strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Following intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of cephalosporin or placebo, guinea pigs were inoculated at multiple intradermal sites with 2 x 10(7) cfu of a strain of staphylococcus. For three strains, the area of induration at 24 h following inoculation was significantly smaller in guinea pigs receiving prophylaxis with cephalosporins versus placebo; no cephalosporin was effective against the fourth strain. Differences were also noted among the cephalosporins; prophylaxis with cefuroxime and cefmetazole resulted in smaller lesions than seen in animals given cefazolin or cefamandole. Poor correlation was noted between results of the in-vivo model and in-vitro determinants of the bacterial-antimicrobial interaction which were MIC values, time-kill curves, and the rates of beta-lactamase-mediated cephalosporin hydrolysis by the different strains. The model demonstrated unexplained failures of prophylaxis and unexpected differences in efficacy of various cephalosporins as has been described before. This study highlights the need for an improved animal model of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis and the identification of in-vitro determinants that predict in-vivo prophylactic efficacy more accurately.
Principles of Conflict Resolution

What causes conflict? What role does conflict play in the principalship? What factors should the administrator consider in planning for effective conflict resolution? These questions and others are considered on the following pages.
Reliable route guidance: A case study from Chicago

Abstract Reliable route guidance can be obtained by solving the reliable a priori shortest path problem, which finds paths that maximize the probability of arriving on time. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the benefits and applicability of such route guidance using a case study. An adaptive discretization scheme is first proposed to improve the efficiency in computing convolution, a time-consuming step used in the reliable routing algorithm to obtain path travel time distributions. Methods to construct link travel time distributions from real data in the case study are then discussed. Particularly, the travel time distributions on arterial streets are estimated from linear regression models calibrated from expressway data. Numerical experiments demonstrate that optimal paths are substantially affected by the reliability requirement in rush hours, and that reliable route guidance could generate up to 5–15% of travel time savings. The study also verifies that existing algorithms can solve large-scale problems within a reasonable amount of time.
Exercise in patients with lymphedema: a systematic review of the contemporary literature.

Background Controversy exists regarding the role of exercise in cancer patients with or at risk for lymphedema, particularly breast. We conducted a systematic review of the contemporary literature to distill the weight of the evidence and provide recommendations for exercise and lymphedema care in breast cancer survivors.
Intraneural ulnar nerve pressure changes related to operative techniques for cubital tunnel decompression

To evaluate the effect of critical anatomic structures on the ulnar nerve after cubital tunnel decompression, we determined the intraneural ulnar nerve pressure in 50 fresh cadavers after the following surgical procedures: simple decompression, medial epicondylectomy, subcutaneous transposition, and submuscular transposition by the Learmonth and by the musculofascial lengthening technique. Intraneural pressure was measured in 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees elbow flexion at locations that were proximal, within, and distal to the cubital tunnel. Statistical analysis compared the mean change in intraneural pressure between the "postoperative" and the baseline "preoperative" pressure measurements for the different surgical strategies. While both the simple decompression and the medial epicondylectomy had significantly lower intraneural pressures than the Learmonth or the subcutaneous transposition, each of these four techniques resulted in elevated intraneural pressures. The musculofascial lengthening technique for submuscular transposition was the only surgical strategy that reduced intraneural ulnar pressure at each site of measurement and for all degrees of elbow flexion, this reduction of pressure being significant in comparison with the other surgical techniques.
Topic modeling from network spread

Topic modeling refers to the task of inferring, only from data, the abstract ``topics" that occur in a collection of content. In this paper we look at latent topic modeling in a setting where unlike traditional topic modeling (a) there are no/few features (like words in documents) that are directly indicative of content topics (e.g. un-annotated videos and images, URLs etc.), but (b) users share and view content over a social network. We provide a new algorithm for inferring both the topics in which every user is interested, and thus also the topics in each content piece. We study its theoretical performance and demonstrate its empirical effectiveness over standard topic modeling algorithms.
Decomposition of methanethiol on Ni(111) : a TPD and SSIMS study

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of methanethiol on Ni(111) is studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SSIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). CH3SH adsorption is mostly molecular at 100 K. Thermal decomposition occurs below 150 K by S-H bond cleavage to form H(a) and CH3S(a). For low thiol coverages, complete decomposition to desorbing hydrogen and residual sulfur and carbon is observed. At higher coverages, desorption of CH4, C2H6 and H2 is observed in TPD. 0.25 ML of preadsorbed sulfur inhibits thiol desulfurization and dehydrogenation. A simple mechanism that accounts for the observed results is discussed.
Software engineering—20 years on and 20 years back

Abstract This paper gives a personal view of the development of software engineering, starting from the NATO conferences some 20 years ago, looking at the current situation and at possible lines of future development. Software engineering is not presented as separate from computer science but as the engineering face of the same subject. It is proposed in the paper that significant future developments will come from new localized computing paradigms in specific application domains.
Generalization of relaxation skills

Abstract A previous publication describes a script for teaching deep muscle relaxation. The present paper describes means of teaching differential relaxation and generalization by instruction and practice in reducing residual tension, relaxing more quickly in various postures. during various activities, and in various places. Then these components are combined in a program to decondition tensions in progressively more difficult situations and to maintain levels of arousal optimal for the activity engaged in.
Body condition and dosage effects on ketamine–xylazine immobilization of female white‐tailed deer

Ketamine and xylazine are an effective chemical combination for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) immobilization, but the effects of body condition on ketamine-xylazine efficacy have not been examined. We assessed the influence of ketamine dosage, xylazine dosage, body condition, age class, and injection site on successful adult female deer chemical immobilization. From January to March 2009-2011, we captured 87 deer (age � 1.5 yr) in Clover traps and immobilized them using ketamine-xylazine ratios of 400 mg (n ¼ 58) or 300 mg (n ¼ 29) of ketamine to 100 mg of xylazine. Mean deer body mass was 67.8 kg (SD ¼ 12.3, range ¼ 43.0-93.0). We considered immobilization successful if deer induction was achieved � 15 minutes from first ketamine-xylazine injection. Seventy-five percent of injected deer (81% with 400:100 mg ketamine:xylazine; 62% with 300:100 mg ketamine:xylazine) achieved successful induction. We recorded deer heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature at 0 minutes, 10 minutes, and 20 minutes post-induction. Comparison of 7 generalized linear models indicated that the probability of successful induction increased by about 6.7% with every 1.0 mg/kg increase in ketamine dosage and by about 0.7% with every 1-unit decrease in body-condition index. The remaining parameters did not influence the success of deer induction. Deer heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature decreased over time post- induction, with >95% within reported ranges for ketamine-xylazine immobilization. We suggest that deer weighing � 93.0 kg be injected with 5.8 mg/kg ketamine and 1.6 mg/kg xylazine to produce satisfactory induction when using similar capture methods during winter. 2012 The Wildlife Society.
The demand for bandwidth: second telephone lines and on-line services

Abstract A binomial probit model is used to examine households’ decisions to purchase a second telephone line and subscribe to an on-line service. It is found that households subscribing to an on-line service are nearly four times more likely to purchase an additional phone line as are those not subscribing to an on-line service. The price elasticity of demand for second lines is found to be inelastic, though substantially more elastic than that for primary telephone lines.
Personalized Energy: The Home as a Solar Power Station and Solar Gas Station

Point-of-use solar energy would generate the exact amount of energy any one individual needs, at the location where it is needed. Such a means of energy supply would create a revolution in society's approach to energy use, and allow a more level playing field for all. This Viewpoint considers some of the key enablers for this technology.
Suboptimal rates of cervical testing among women with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background & Aims Women with IBD have a high incidence of abnormal cervical cytology. However, little is known about how frequently women with IBD are tested for cervical abnormalities. We aimed to determine cervical testing rates among women with IBD, specifically those on immunosuppressant medications, and to identify risk factors associated with low incidence of screening. Methods With the PharMetrics Patient-Centric Database from 1996–2005, we identified cases of IBD and matched controls via a validated algorithm. With logistic regression, we compared utilization of cervical testing with IBD case status, patients' age, use of immunosuppressive medications, Medicaid insurance status, and use of primary care services. Results Only 70.4% of women with IBD (n = 9356) and 65.2% of matched controls (n = 25,849) received cervical testing (at least once every 3 years). Women with IBD who used primary care services had increased odds of cervical testing (odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–1.59). Factors associated with reduced testing included Medicaid insurance (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.19–0.41), immunosuppressant medication use (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.74–0.88), and increased age ( P for trend Conclusions Women with IBD are tested for cervical abnormalities at suboptimal rates. Quality improvement initiatives are needed to improve disease prevention services for women with IBD.
Dynamic Response of Rigid Rotors Supported on Rolling Element Bearings With an Outer Raceway Defect

This paper is concerned with the nonlinear dynamical response of a rigid rotor supported on rolling element bearings with defects in the outer raceway. The rotor is modeled with five degrees of freedom, and the bearings are modeled with nonlinear forces arising from Hertzian contact stresses. Then we introduce a defect into the roller bearings with a controllable parameter, and analyze the effect of the growth of this defect on the dynamic response of the system using serveral signal processing tools such as spectrum, cepstrum and envelope methods. Numerical results are obtained for a screw compressor rotor. We examine these results with the idea a potential application towards the development of automated condition assessment tools for machinery diagnostics and prognostics. It appears from the results that no single tool is ideal, and that a combination of existing tools could possibly lead to a good strategy.Copyright © 2005 by ASME