cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model for Metal Affinity Protein Precipitation

Abstract We have modeled the kinetics of the metal affinity aggregation of proteins via a formalism that employs classical gelation theory in conjunction with ion binding equilibria. Simulations using our model indicate that the kinetics of coagulation are highly dependent on the pH of the solution, the pKaof the metal–ligand complex, and the molar ratio of metal ions to the metal binding sites on the protein surface. We have observed that very high metal ion concentrations and high metal–ligand binding constants serve to reduce the rate of aggregation. High proton concentrations also reduce the rate of aggregation by mass action competition with metal ions for proton binding sites. A novel post-gelation solution that incorporates a fragmentation term is used to account for the finite solubility at the end of the aggregation process. This fundamental model of the kinetics of metal affinity aggregation will help to relate aggregation process parameters to process performance.
Destruction/reconstruction: preservation of archaeological and zoological research data

Archaeology and zoology are fields in which data collection and analysis involve destruction. In this study, we examine the results of 49 interviews with archaeologists and zoologists, focusing on researchers’ discussions of internal or disciplinary norms and external factors affecting their attitudes and actions concerning preservation. We identified two categories of disciplinary practices: data collection and data management/recordkeeping as key to shaping attitudes and activities about preservation. Likewise, we found three external factors: funding, legal requirements, and the status of museums and repositories, influencing attitudes toward preservation. We found that while archaeologists and zoologists are uniquely positioned to appreciate the value of data preservation, because data collection in both disciplines involves destruction, they are sceptical about whether preservation is possible and that these attitudes are influenced by both internal and external factors.
Confined compression: A stable homogeneous deformation for constitutive characterization

An experimental configuration is described in which the complete state of stress and strain in the specimen are determined through direct experimental measurement, without a priori constitutive assumptions with regard to the material behavior. Moreover, the control of the deformations is such that the deformations are always stable. Design considerations in implementing such an experimental configuration and applications to the investigation of the multiaxial constitutive behavior in materials are also described. An-example of the implementation is demonstrated using Al 6061-T6 alloy.
Income convergence in Europe: Catching up or falling behind?

One of the motivations for a country to join the European Union is the belief that this will boost short- and long-run incomes. Researchers have tested the hypothesis of income convergence in different settings using either regression or unit root analysis, with mixed results. In this paper, we use both methods on the same samples over a significant time period. This allows us to judge differences in results across varied time-frames and methodologies. The focus of these tests is on convergence to German and EMU average incomes by Eastern European countries and those within the Euro-zone from 1971–2007. The evidence for convergence is mixed. Among the Euro-zone countries, there is more evidence of convergence in the 1970s and 1980s than recently. There is significant evidence that Eastern Europe experienced convergence and that capital formation was one of the root causes. While the results do not support the hypothesis that joining the EU increases convergence, reforms undertaken in the 1990s by Eastern European countries in preparation for joining may have helped them to “catch up”, even if the act of joining the EU did not directly impact convergence.
Nearshore wave‐induced cyclical flexing of sea cliffs

[1] Evolution of a tectonically active coast is driven by geomorphically destructive energy supplied by ocean waves. Wave energy is episodic and concentrated; sea cliffs are battered by the geomorphic wrecking ball every 4–25 s. We measure the response of sea cliffs to wave assault by sensing the ground motion using near-coastal seismometers. Sea cliffs respond to waves in two distinct styles. High-frequency motion (20 Hz) reflects the natural frequency of the sea cliff as it rings in response to direct wave impact. Low-frequency motion in the 0.1–0.05 Hz (10–20 s) band consistently agrees with the dominant nearshore wave period. Integrating microseismic velocities suggests 50 μm and 10 μm displacements in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Displacement ellipsoids exhibit simultaneous downward and seaward sea cliff motion with each wave. Video footage corroborates the downward sea cliff flex in response to the imposed water load on the wave cut platform. Gradients in displacement amplitudes documented using multiple seismometers suggest longitudinal and shear strain of the flexing sea cliff on the order of 0.5–4 μ strains during each wave loading cycle. As this sea cliff flexure occurs approximately 3 million times annually, it has the potential to fatigue the rock through cyclical loading. Local sea cliff retreat rates of 10 cm/yr imply that a given parcel of rock is flexed through roughly 109 cycles of increasing amplitude before exposure to direct wave attack at the cliff face.
Fancher on Gould, Goddard, and historical interpretation: A reply

Contends that R. E. Fancher's (see record 1988-31600-001) evidence concerning intentions behind retouching of photographs of the Kallikaks in H. H. Goddard's (1912) study of mental retardation and heredity fall far short of challenging S. J. Gould's (1981) findings on the same topic. Further, Fancher's citation may misrepresent J. D. Smith's (1985) work on Goddard.
The Fast Construction of Extension Velocities in Level Set Methods

Level set techniques are numerical techniques for tracking the evolution of interfaces. They rely on two central embeddings; first, the embedding of the interface as the zero level set of a higher dimensional function, and second, the embedding (or extension) of the interface's velocity to this higher dimensional level set function. This paper applies Sethian's Fast Marching Method, which is a very fast technique for solving the eikonal and related equations, to the problem of building fast and appropriate extension velocities for the neighboring level sets. Our choice and construction of extension velocities serves several purposes. First, it provides a way of building velocities for neighboring level sets in the cases where the velocity is defined only on the front itself. Second, it provides a subgrid resolution not present in the standard level set approach. Third, it provides a way to update an interface according to a given velocity field prescribed on the front in such a way that the signed distance function is maintained, and the front is never re-initialized; this is valuable in many complex simulations. In this paper, we describe the details of such implementations, together with speed and convergence tests and applications to problems in visibility relevant to semi-conductor manufacturing and thin film physics.
Biomechanics of the rabbit cervical spine as a function of component transection

The rabbit cervical spine in the form of the functional spinal unit was tested in a manner analogous to that used to study human functional spinal units. Anatomies and biomechanical similarities and differences with the human were demonstrated. The rabbit cervical spine failed abruptly after a well-defined series of anterior or posterior segmental injuries. However, up to the failure point, the rabbit cervical spine exhibited an increased range of motion after each segmental injury. The results of this study were used to develop an in vivo model for the study of spinal injury in subsequent projects.
Ovol2, a Mammalian Homolog of Drosophila ovo: Gene Structure, Chromosomal Mapping, and Aberrant Expression in Blind-Sterile Mice

The ovo gene family consists of evolutionarily conserved genes including those cloned from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, mouse, and human. Here we report the isolation and characterization of mouse Ovol2 (also known as movol2 or movo2) and provide evidence supporting the existence of multiple Ovol2 transcripts. These transcripts are produced by alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing and encode long and short OVOL2 protein isoforms, whose sequences differ from those previously reported. Mouse and human OVOL2 genes are expressed in overlapping tissues including testis, where Ovol2 expression is developmentally regulated and correlates with the meiotic/postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. Mouse Ovol2 maps to chromosome 2 in a region containing blind-sterile (bs), a spontaneous mutation that causes spermatogenic defects and germ cell loss. No mutation has been detected in the coding region of Ovol2 from bs mice, but Ovol2 transcription was dramatically reduced in testes from these mice, suggesting that Ovol2 is expressed in male germ cells.
Secondary-electron and negative-ion emission from Al: Effect of oxygen coverage

Absolute values for secondary-electron and negative-ion yields resulting from positive ions impacting an aluminum surface have been measured as a function of oxygen coverage on the surface. The experiments have been performed with positive sodium ions at collision energies below 500 eV. The dominant sputtered negative ion is observed to be ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the entire range of impact energies studied. The yields for electrons and ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, as secondary species, exhibit similar and marked dependencies on impact energy and oxygen coverage of the surface. Using recently calculated potential parameters for the Al/O system, a specific model for the sputtering of ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is presented. Additionally, a mechanism for the secondary emission of electrons involving the formation of $\mathrm{O}(^{1}S)$ by the neutralization of the impacting ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ directly with ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ residing on the surface is proposed as the source of secondary electrons.
Urban History for Planners

This article analyzes the conceptual and historiographic differences between the closely related fields of urban history and planning history. It reviews the origins of urban history as a distinct field and argues that work in urban history falls into three broad categories dealing with civic life, individual and group relations, and the physical evolution of urban places. It identifies topics that are particularly fruitful and generate new scholarship, and suggests ways in which each of these realms of urban history raises questions of relevance to urban planning and urban policy.
Estimating the parameters of an exponential distribution from a hybrid life test

Abstract We derive point and interval estimates, as well as tests of hypotheses, for the parameters of two-parameter exponential distribution, based on the results of a hybrid life test for the cases of sampling with and without replacement.
Proposed Inflow/Outflow Boundary Condition for Direct Computation of Aerodynamic Sound

A simple new zonal boundary condition has been proposed. It is based upon the addition of dissipative and convective terms to the compressible Navier Stokes equations
Endocannabinoids and the regulation of body fat: the smoke is clearing

Endocannabinoids, endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), have emerged as novel and important regulators of energy homeostasis. A report in this issue demonstrates reduced body weight, fat mass, and appetite in CB1-/- mice. Examination of the underlying mechanisms reveals a dual role for endocannabinoids as they affect both appetite and peripheral lipolysis.
Does Symptom Type Moderate the Relationship Between Insight and Outcome in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis? A Preliminary Investigation

Insight has emerged as a potential predictor variable in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp). However, previous research has produced mixed results. The present study aimed to clarify whether symptom type is a moderating variable. A group of psychotic patients (n = 44) were assessed through pre- and post-treatment in a CBTp specialty track in a partial hospital-based program in the USA. The Insight Scale was used to measure insight, and psychotic symptomatology was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale. Patients showed a significant decrease in psychotic symptom scores over the course of treatment [t(43) = 3.59, p < .001, Cohen's d = .64]. Furthermore, illness awareness was specifically associated with a decrease in psychotic symptoms for patients who endorsed visual hallucinations (r = − .68, p < .01), auditory hallucinations (r = − .49, p = .01), and/or ideas of reference (r = − .66, p < .01). Insight did not conf...
W. M. Keck Observatory next-generation adaptive optics facility: science operations

The W. M. Keck Observatory is currently engaged in the conceptual design of a powerful new adaptive optics (AO) science capability providing precision AO correction in the near infrared (NIR) and visible and faint object multiplexed integral field spectroscopy. In this poster, we present the conceptual design of the Science Operations for this Next Generation Adaptive Optics (NGAO) facility. We summarize the main requirements for science operations resulting from the science cases and the Observatory requirements. We give an overview of the science operation paradigm and design that will meet these requirements. We then illustrate the pre-observing, observing and post-observing interfaces by looking into various observing scenarios. We conclude by briefly outlining the project milestones.
On the reduction of occultation light curves

The two basic methods of reducing occultation light curves - curve fitting and inversion - are reviewed and compared. It is shown that the curve fitting methods have severe problems of nonuniqueness. In addition, in the case of occultation curves dominated by spikes, it is not clear that such solutions are meaningful. The inversion method does not suffer from these drawbacks. Methods of deriving temperature profiles from refractivity profiles are then examined. It is shown that, although the temperature profiles are sensitive to small errors in the refractivity profile, accurate temperatures can be obtained, particularly at the deeper levels of the atmosphere. The ambiguities that arise when the occultation curve straddles the turbopause are briefly discussed.
Millidegree temperature control in pulsed NMR

Abstract The usual gas flow system for regulating sample temperature in a pulsed NMR probe can be substantially improved by using a microprocessor to control the heater current. Given sufficient digital resolution in both the sensing ADC and the controlling DAC, it is possible to monitor and control sample temperature at the millidegree level. The most important features of probe design which are needed to achieve this level of stability are an adequate gas flow rate and a short path from heater to sensor. Detailed specifications are given for a controller which can maintain sample temperature constant within ±0.005 K, as judged by measurements of the deuterium quadrupolar splitting of CDCl 3 in a nematic liquid crystal.
Molecular conformation of erabutoxin b; atomic coordinates at 2.5 A resolution.

Abstract Atomic coordinates determined from a 2.5 A electron density map are given for erabutoxin b, a sea snake venom postsynaptic neurotoxin. The principal structural features, anti-parallel β pleated sheet, β bulge and β bends are described. The erabutoxin b structure is discussed as structural prototype of this class of homologous curare-mimetic neurotoxins from both land and sea snakes.
Does schooling buffer the effects of early risk

The data presented here come from a 20-year study conducted in a rural area of Guatemala. Data on early biological indicators, graduated parameters of social structure, and preschool cognition were combined into a risk scale and analyzed in relation to primary school grade attainment and adolescent psychoeducational test performance. Similar to empirical relations reported in industrialized countries, performance declined as the number of risk factors to which a subject was exposed increased. More important, primary education was observed to buffer the effects of early risk for a subset of subjects. Subjects at high risk who stayed in school performed significantly better than subjects with similar levels of risk who completed fewer than 4 years of primary school.
Nonlinear dynamics of partially-coherent spatial beams

We consider the propagation of a partially-coherent spatial beam in both self-focusing and self-defocusing nonlinear media. Measurements of beam widths for both nonlinearities confirm theoretical predictions based on a nonlinear Gaussian-Schell model.
A study on improving static analysis tools: why are we not using them?

Using static analysis tools for automating code inspections can be beneficial for software engineers. Despite the benefits of using static analysis tools, research suggests that these tools are underused. In this research, we propose to investigate why developers are not widely using static analysis tools and how current tools could potentially be improved to increase usage.
Recovery of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus from Naturally Infected English Sparrows of New Jersey, 1953.∗:

Summary1. One definite and one probable isolation of western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus are reported from whole blood and serum, respectively, of apparently normal immature English sparrows trapped in New Jersey in September. 1953. 2. Neutralizing substance against WEE virus was found in 12 of 88 plasma specimens obtained from domestic fowl of the same general area.
Flow Diverted Aneurysmal Hemodynamic Simulations and Validation With Experiments

Brain aneurysms occur due to abnormal ballooning of cerebral arteries. Rupture of the cerebral aneurysms can result in subarachnoid hemorrhage and may prove fatal for patients [1]. Surgical clipping is a highly invasive option for treatment of aneurysms. Endovascular flow diverting stents have recently emerged as a less invasive treatment for cerebral aneurysms. Flow diverters for intracranial aneurysms, are porous metallic mesh tubes deployed across the neck of the aneurysm to exclude the aneurysm from the circulation [2–4]. By producing a substantial reduction of flow inside the aneurysm and by promoting activation of platelets that cross the device into the aneurysm, intra-aneurysmal thrombus is generated and the aneurysm is eventually excluded from the circulation.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Ontogenetically stable hydraulic design in woody plants

Summary 1An important component of plant water transport is the design of the vascular network, including the size and shape of water-conducting elements or xylem conduits. 2For over 100 years, foresters and plant physiologists have recognized that these conduits are consistently smaller near branch tips compared with major branches and the main stem. Empirical data, however, have rarely been assembled to assess the whole-plant hydraulic architecture of woody plants as they age and grow. 3In this paper, we analyse vessels of Fraxinus americana (White Ash) within a single tree. Vessels are measured from cross-sections that span 12 m in height and 18 years’ growth. 4We show that vessel radii are determined by distance from the top of the tree, as well as by stem size, independently of tree height or age. 5The qualitative form for the scaling of vessel radii agrees remarkably well with simple power laws, suggesting the existence of an ontogenetically stable hydraulic design that scales in the same manner as a tree grows in height and diameter. 6We discuss the implications of the present findings for optimal theories of hydraulic design.
Low-intensity aerobic interval training attenuates pathological left ventricular remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction in aortic-banded miniature swine

Cardiac hypertrophy in response to hypertension or myocardial infarction is a pathological indicator associated with heart failure (HF). A central component of the remodeling process is the loss of...
Resolving the hemodynamic inverse problem

The "hemodynamic inverse problem" is the determination of arterial system properties from pressures and flows measured at the entrance of an arterial system. Conventionally, investigators fit reduced arterial system models to data, and the resulting model parameters represent putative arterial properties. However, no unique solution to the inverse problem exists-an infinite number of arterial system topologies result in the same input impedance (Z/sub in/) and, therefore, the same pressure and flow. Nevertheless, there are exceptions to this theoretical limitation; total peripheral resistance (R/sub tot/), total arterial compliance (C/sub tot/), and characteristic impedance (Z/sub o/) can be uniquely determined from input pressure and flow. Z/sub in/ is determined completely by C/sub tot/ and R/sub tot/ at low frequencies, Z/sub o/ at high frequencies, and arterial topology and reflection effects at intermediate frequencies. We present a novel method to determine the relative contribution of Z/sub o/, C/sub tot/, R/sub tot/ and arterial topology/reflection to Z/sub in/ without assuming a particular reduced model. This method is tested with a large-scale distributed model of the arterial system, and is applied to illustrative cases of measured pressure and flow. This work, thus, lays the theoretical foundation for determining the arterial properties responsible for increased pulse pressure with age and various arterial system pathologies.
Oscillating trophic control induces community reorganization in a marine ecosystem.

Understanding how climate regulates trophic control may help to elucidate the causes of transitions between alternate ecosystem states following climate regime shifts. We used a 34-year time series of the abundance of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and five prey species to show that the nature of trophic control in a North Pacific ecosystem depends on climate state. Rapid warming in the 1970s caused an oscillation between bottom‐up and top‐down control. This shift to top‐down control apparently contributed to the transition from an initial, prey-rich ecosystem state to the final, prey-poor state. However, top‐down control could not be detected in the final state without reference to the initial state and transition period. Complete understanding of trophic control in ecosystems capable of transitions between alternate states may therefore require observations spanning more than one state.
Cognitive Techniques as a Means for Facilitating Supervisee Development

During periods of uncertainty or psychological distress, a supervisee may encounter or develop rigid or unhelpful thinking patterns that could delay development by promoting discouraging realities and experiences. Such cognitive experiences often are so subtle that they occur outside of the supervisee's immediate awareness. This article explores how the cognitive model of counseling could be used in supervision as a guide to help the supervisor and supervisee discover and modify negative thought processes.
MicroRNAs in Liver Health and Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short non-coding RNAs, have been studied intensely and extensively in the past decade in every aspect of biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation and death. These findings pointed out the pivotal role of miRNA in posttranscriptional control of gene expression in animals and established miRNAs as therapeutic targets for different pathophysiological processes, including liver disease. Here we have discussed the recent advances made in identifying the miRNAs deregulated in different liver diseases such as obesity, hepatitis, alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as pathophysiological conditions such as developmental abnormality. We have specifically reviewed the role of miRNAs in these diseases and discussed critically potential impacts of these miRNAs as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in liver pathobiology in the clinical setting. Finally, we have highlighted the latest techniques or preclinical and/or clinical trials that are being developed to replenish or inhibit the deregulated miRNAs.
Disruption of metallothionein expression with antisense oligonucleotides abolishes protection against cadmium cytotoxicity in molluscan hemocytes

The relationship between metallothionein (MT) induction and cytotoxicity was examined in isolated oyster hemocytes exposed in vitro to cadmium, copper, and zinc. In all cases MT induction increased to peak levels with increased metal dose, then declined with continued increases in dose. The effectiveness of these metals as inducers of MT was cadmium > copper > zinc, with cadmium the most effective inducer in magnitude of induction and sensitivity to dose. Cytotoxicity of the metals, based on decreases in lysosomal neutral red retention times, was copper > cadmium > zinc. Zinc was relatively nontoxic and a poor inducer of MT. Cadmium, which was intermediate in toxicity, required concentrations in excess of that causing peak induction of MT to have substantial effects on lysosomal membrane integrity. In contrast, copper was highly cytotoxic at concentrations below that which resulted in peak MT induction. This reversal in the rank order of cadmium and copper suggested that the toxicity of cadmium was tempered by the protective effects of MT. This was verified by disrupting MT expression with antisense phosphorothioate-substituted oligodeoxynucleotides. Administration of 2.5 microM CdCl(2), which induced MT but had no effect on lysosomal membrane stability when administered alone, reduced neutral red retention time to 41% of control levels when administered in the presence of antisense. The resulting toxicity was greater than that caused by a comparable concentration of copper. The findings represented evidence that expression of MT protects against cadmium toxicity in an estuarine mollusc.
Fatherhood and Men's Lives at Middle Age

This article uses data on 2,024 men who were followed through the third wave of the National Survey of Families and Households to examine the implications of fatherhood experiences for men’s involvement in altruistic social activities at middle age. We find that middle-aged men (ages 45-65) who at some point in their lives become fathers are significantly more likely to have altruistically oriented social relationships and be involved in service organizations compared with men who have never become fathers. Furthermore, it appears that the defining aspect of the effect of fatherhood is the level of engagement with children while they are growing up. Neither current residential status nor whether current nonresidence occurs because of nest leaving is found to distinguish men’s altruistic ties.
Contributions of Africana Scholars to the Theory of Human Rights in Sociology

Eurocentrism dominates and distorts human rights discourse as is the case with almost every other topic in sociology. The assumption is that human rights are Western values with the best exemplars of the tradition to be found in western liberal democratic states based on theoretical and legal-philosophical ideas developed by the Enlightenment and by the Western scholars who inherited that tradition. By neglecting other communities of interpretation on the human rights discourse, Eurocentrism contributes to the stunting of social thought the way ethnocentrism usually does. This papyrus departs from the Eurocentric approach by focusing on the profound contributions of people of African descent to the theoretical clarification of human rights issues and to the heroic historical struggles to advance the practice of human rights for all of humanity.
Primary Culture of Rat Mammary Epithelial Cells. I. Effect of Plating Density, Hormones, and Serum on DNA Synthesis

Methods for the primary culture of rat mammary epithelial cells and the response of these cells to various hormones and culture parameters are described. In addition, the techniques for subsequent retransplantation of cultured cells into cleared fat pads of isogenic hosts as a test for normalcy of cultured tissue are detailed. A characteristic and reproducible course of the culture was followed for 2 weeks, after which rat mammary epithelial cells ceased to proliferate and were eventually overgrown by fibroblast-like cells. During the initial 2 weeks in culture, mammary cells and contaminating fibroblast-like cells were responsive to polypeptide and steroid hormones and the percentage of proliferating mammary cells could be enhanced with insulin, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone.
Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Childhood

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the most common thyroid disorder in the pediatric age range. The disease results from an as yet poorly characterized defect or defects in immunoregulation and a cascade of events progressing from lymphocyte infiltration of the thyroid, to T-cell- and cytokine-mediated thyroid follicular cell injury, and apoptotic cell death. Approximately 70% of disease risk has been attributed to genetic background with environmental factors being important in triggering disease in susceptible individuals. The contribution of individual genes is small and probably polymorphisms in multiple genes play a role. Some immunosusceptibility genes affect immune recognition or response in general, while others are thyroid-specific. Environmental agents may act through an epigenetic mechanism. Antibodies (Abs) to a variety of thyroid-specific antigens are detectable in a majority of patients, but the role of Abs in mediating cell injury and death is unclear and only thyrotropin (TSH) receptor Abs significantly affect thyroid function by interfering with (or stimulating) the action of TSH. Nonetheless, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) Abs and thyroglobulin (Tg) Abs, present in a majority of patients, are valuable diagnostically as markers of underlying autoimmune thyroid destruction. TSH receptor blocking Abs are found in ˜18% of children and adolescents with severe hypothyroidism and, when persistent, may identify an adolescent likely to have a baby with TSH receptor blocking Ab-induced congenital hypothyroidism. AIT may coexist with other organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Although the most common age at presentation is adolescence, the disease may occur rarely in children <1 year of life. Conflict of interest:None declared.
Modeling transitions in the California light-duty vehicles sector to achieve deep reductions in transportation greenhouse gas emissions.

Abstract California’s target for reducing economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. We develop transition scenarios for meeting this goal in California’s transportation sector, with focus on light-duty vehicles (LDVs). We explore four questions: (1) what options are available to reduce transportation sector GHG emissions 80% below 1990 levels by 2050; (2) how rapidly would transitions in LDV markets, fuels, and travel behaviors need to occur over the next 40 years; (3) how do intermediate policy goals relate to different transition pathways; (4) how would rates of technological change and market adoption between 2010 and 2050 impact cumulative GHG emissions? We develop four LDV transition scenarios to meet the 80in50 target through a combination of travel demand reduction, fuel economy improvements, and low-carbon fuel supply, subject to restrictions on trajectories of technological change, potential market adoption of new vehicles and fuels, and resource availability. These scenarios exhibit several common themes: electrification of LDVs, rapid improvements in vehicle efficiency, and future fuels with less than half the carbon intensity of current gasoline and diesel. Availability of low-carbon biofuels and the level of travel demand reduction are “swing factors” that influence the degree of LDV electrification required.
A Service-Oriented Integrating Practice for Data Modeling, Analysis and Visualization

Many large-scale scientific computing projects share a data archive and retrieval requirement, a call to perform customized modeling tasks, and a need to visualize data in a geospatially referenced manner. Today, researchers generally design and procure hardware and software to provide the above services for each individual project. The rocketing cost of duplicate development and implementation, and the difficulty to collaborate due to the lack of standardization for working process and data format often leave something to be desired. This paper presents a service-oriented architecture for integrating software and hardware resources in a unified manner in order to deliver highly reconfigurable, on-demand customized scientific computing tasks. A practical system has been developed to evaluate the proposed architecture.
Three-area joint dispatch production costing

Joint dispatch, in which all the generating resources in an interconnected system are centrally dispatched, can result in significant production cost savings as compared with independent area dispatch. A three-area production simulation model is presented that evaluates the expected unit energy generation, the expected area unserved energy, and the expected poolwide and area production cost savings. Random-unit forced outages, unit joint ownership, and transmission interconnection constraints are considered in the model. The simulation results for a sample three-area system are presented. >
Incorporating Biomarkers Into Cancer and Aging Research

The challenge in treating the older adult with cancer is accurately accounting for and adapting management to the heterogeneity in health status of the individual patient. Many oncologists recognize that chronological age alone should not be the determinant when deciding on a treatment regimen. Easily measurable markers that provide an assessment of functional age would be ideal to assess frailty, which may predispose the patient to complications from cancer treatment, including increased toxicity, functional decline, decreased quality of life, and poorer survival. Several categories of potential markers, including chronic inflammatory markers, markers of cellular senescence, and imaging to assess muscle mass to detect sarcopenia, may provide insight into the likelihood of treatment-related complications. This article discusses candidate markers and strategies to evaluate these markers in cancer treatment trials, with the aim of developing a method to assess risk of oncologic outcomes and guide management decisions for both the physician and patient.
Evidence of high water content in the deep upper mantle inferred from deformation microstructures

Deep upper-mantle rocks from the Norwegian Caledonides show evidence for large strain deformation in both olivine and garnet under varying water contents. Using microstructural observations, including lattice-preferred orientation of olivine and subgrain boundaries of majoritic garnet, we infer the following deformation history. At depths exceeding ∼150 km, large strain deformation occurred at low stress (∼10 MPa) and modest temperature (∼1300 K), involving high water content (>1000 H/10 6 Si in olivine). This was followed by low strain deformation at lower water content (∼200–1000 H/10 6 Si) and modest stress (∼40 MPa) in the shallower parts. These observations show that the deep upper mantle in this region had a considerably higher water content than the upper mantle near mid-ocean ridges.
Feeding Problems in the Late Preterm Infant

Much of the neonatal nutrition literature has focused on the management of very low birth weight infants, a group of infants usually less than 33 weeks gestation. Much less attention has been paid to nutritional management issues in preterm infants at higher gestations. This article reviews nutritional issues that exist from the 239th day (34 0/7 weeks gestation) and ending on the 259th day (36 6/7 weeks gestation) since the first day of the mother's last normal menstrual period.
Evaluation of Amlodipine Dosing for Conversion of Nifedipine Extended-Release to Amlodipine in the Treatment of Hypertension

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the appropriate dosing of amlodipine when converting patients from nifedipine extended-release (nifedipine ER) to amlodipine in the treatment of hypertension.METHODS:Patients of the Outpatient Clinic of Cheyenne Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wyoming, receiving nifedipine ER for the management of hypertension (systolic BP or SBP >140 mm Hg and diastolic BP or DBP >90 mm Hg), participated in this study. Nifedipine ER was changed to amlodipine on entry into this study. An inclusion criterion was the BP had to be under control (SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg) before the switch. The BP in each study patient was monitored once weekly (once every 2 wk in some patients) for a total of six clinic visits or until BP was under control. Dosing titration of amlodipine was required in 16 of 27 patients after the switch. To assess the adequacy of the conversion, the statistical significance of the difference of the mean BP values before and at the end of the monitoring period was estimated by ...
Evolution of Interphase Contact Angle in Partially Saturated Granular Soils Using Digital Analysis of X-Ray Computed Tomography Images

The co-existence of networks of liquid bridges and saturated pockets in partially saturated soils yields complex soil behavior. Attempts have been made to understand the evolution of liquid bridges and pockets under changing suction conditions in soils. Analyzing the evolution of inter-phase boundaries and quantifying interfacial contact angle can be cited as one example. However, to date, the lack of technological developments that enable microstructural observation has impeded the results of such efforts. This study utilizes advancements in the field of nondestructive testing and applies X-ray micro Computed Tomography (X-ray micro-CT) to investigate the evolution of contact angle. A partially saturated granular specimen is prepared and scanned under controlled suction conditions. Three dimensional images of interphase microstructure are acquired and processed with digital algorithms. The evolution of the liquid-air and solid-liquid interfaces is tracked from 3D images obtained with phase-based segmentation. Interfacial contact angles are measured on orthogonally projected images and values are reported.
Efficient on-chip delay estimation for leaky models of multiple-source nets

An algorithm for efficiently computing an Elmore approximation in a leaky RC tree which may contain any number of uniformly distributed RC segments is presented. This algorithm works in the frequency domain, and it owes much of its efficiency to the fact that intermediate results leftover from computation of the driving-point admittance approximation are reused. The algorithm for computing an Elmore approximation starts at the output of the active source gate and proceeds downstream, in a finite sequence of steps, to the input of a specified load gate. >
Improved Features and Grammar Selection for Syntax-Based MT

We present the Carnegie Mellon University Stat-XFER group submission to the WMT 2010 shared translation task. Updates to our syntax-based SMT system mainly fell in the areas of new feature formulations in the translation model and improved filtering of SCFG rules. Compared to our WMT 2009 submission, we report a gain of 1.73 BLEU by using the new features and decoding environment, and a gain of up to 0.52 BLEU from improved grammar selection.
Bis-butanediol-mercapturic acid (bis-BDMA) as a urinary biomarker of metabolic activation of butadiene to its ultimate carcinogenic species

Human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD) undergoes metabolic activation to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), hydroxymethylvinyl ketone (HMVK), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). Among these, DEB is by far the most genotoxic metabolite and is considered the ultimate carcinogenic species of BD. We have shown previously that BD-exposed laboratory mice form 8- to 10-fold more DEB-DNA adducts than rats exposed at the same conditions, which may be responsible for the enhanced sensitivity of mice to BD-mediated cancer. In the present study, we have identified 1,4-bis-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)butane-2,3-diol (bis-BDMA) as a novel DEB-specific urinary biomarker. Isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to quantify bis-BDMA and three other BD-mercapturic acids, 2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxy-but-3-ene (MHBMA, from EB), 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA, from HMVK) and 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2,3-trihydroxybutane (THBMA, from EBD), in urine of confirmed smokers, occupationally exposed workers and BD-exposed laboratory rats. Bis-BDMA was formed in a dose-dependent manner in urine of rats exposed to 0-200 p.p.m. BD by inhalation, although it was a minor metabolite (1%) as compared with DHBMA (47%) and THBMA (37%). In humans, DHBMA was the most abundant BD-mercapturic acid excreted (93%), followed by THBMA (5%) and MHBMA (2%), whereas no bis-BDMA was detected. These results reveal significant differences in metabolism of BD between rats and humans.
A Location-Based Method for Specifying RF Spectrum Rights

We provide a method to specify location based spectrum rights that enables spectrum management with finer resolution in space and frequency. This method accounts for the attenuation of transmissions from their source and so reveals the location based opportunities to reuse spectrum. The method uses a concise yet flexible data structure that has six parts: a signal strength, a frequency, a spectrum mask, a power map, a propagation map, and a scaling factor. Through the use of one or multiple of these parts most any type of spatial spectrum use authorization or protection may be defined. The structure allows spectrum to be managed as a spatial resource and so subdivided for spatial reuse or for resale. We provide several examples to demonstrate its versatility in spectrum management. We provide some observations and theorems that are useful in developing algorithms to verify compliance to the rights and restrictions conveyed in the proposed method and to discern when coexistent spectrum use is possible. This method provides a unified approach to define spectrum use that can be used to license spectrum, to optimize spectrum reuse, to negotiate spectrum rights, and to specify spectrum policy. It is ideally suited for over-the-air management of spectrum use.
Retrospective Study on Patients Presenting with Wheezing and Enterovirus D68 Infection

Enterovirus is a common human pathogen although the subtype D68 has been reported rarely. Beginning in August 2014, many areas of the United States experienced increased reports of severe respiratory illnesses among children. Many of these children presented with wheezing and a clinical course resembling that of asthmatics, although they had never been diagnosed with asthma previously. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was detected in nasopharyngeal specimens from many of these patients. This study seeks to determine if there were differences in medical history, clinical presentation, or hospital course between patients testing …
A New Combined Power and Cooling Cycle for Low Temperature Heat Sources

A new thermodynamic cycle has been developed for the simultaneous production of power and cooling from low temperature heat sources. The proposed cycle combines the Rankine and absorption refrigeration cycles, providing power and cooling in desired ratios to best suit the application. A binary mixture of ammonia and water is used as the working fluid, providing a good thermal match with the sensible heat source over a range of boiling temperatures. Due to its low boiling point, the ammonia-rich vapor expands to refrigeration temperatures while work is extracted through the turbine. Absorption condensation of the vapor back into the bulk solution occurs near ambient temperatures. The proposed cycle is suitable as a bottoming cycle using waste heat from conventional power generation systems, or can utilize low temperature solar or geothermal renewable resources. The cycle can be scaled to residential, commercial or industrial uses, providing power as the primary goal while satisfying some of the cooling requirements of the application. The cycle is under both theoretical and experimental investigations. Initial parametric studies of how the cycle performs at various operating conditions showed the potential for the cycle to be optimized. Optimization studies performed over a range of heat source and heat sink temperatures showed that the cycle could be optimized for maximum work or cooling output, or for first or second law efficiencies. Depending on the heat source temperatures, as much as half of the output may be obtained as refrigeration under optimized conditions, with refrigeration temperatures as low as 205 K being achievable. Maximum second law efficiencies over 60% have been found with the heat source between 350 and 450 K. An experimental system was constructed to verify the theoretical results and to demonstrate the feasibility of the cycle. The investigation focused on the vapor generation and absorption processes, setting up for the power and refrigeration studies to come later. The turbine was simulated with an equivalent expansion process in this initial phase of testing. Results showed that the vapor generation and absorption processes work experimentally, over a range of operating conditions and in simulating the sources and sinks of interest. The potential for combined work and cooling output was evidenced in operating the system. Comparison to ideally simulated results verified that there are thermal and flow losses present, which were assessed to make both improvements in the experimental system and modifications in the simulations to include realistic losses.Copyright © 2003 by ASME