cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on polynucleotides: LXXIV. Direct translation in vitro of single-stranded DNA-like polymers with repeating nucleotide sequences in the presence of neomycin B

Abstract The messenger activity of single-stranded deoxyribopolynucleotides containing repeating nucleotide sequences, poly d-A, poly d-T, poly d-CA and poly d-TG, has been examined in the presence of the antibiotic neomycin B in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system from Escherichia coli B. Except for poly d-A, which failed to stimulate the incorporation of any amino acid, excellent incorporations were observed with the other deoxyribopolynucleotides. The amino acids incorporated were the same as expected for the corresponding ribopolynueleotides but in the absence of neomycin B. However, cases of occasional specific misreading, in general at very low efficiency relative to normal incorporations, were observed. Thus, poly d-CA stimulated the incorporation of only two amino acids, threonine and histidine. The product of the reaction was characterized as a copolypeptide containing threonine and histidine in alternating sequence. Poly d-TG stimulated the incorporation of the expected amino acids, cysteine and valine, that of alanine and arginine to a lesser extent and those of glutamic acid and glycine to a slight extent. Poly d-T stimulated mostly the incorporation of phenylalanine but slightly that of leucine. A number of related antibiotics, excepting gentamicin, failed to stimulate phenylalanine incorporation with poly d-T. Except for poly d-A, the deoxyribopolynucleotides stimulated the binding of the appropriate aminoacyl-tRNA's to ribosomes, and neomycin B was not required for this step. The initiator tRNA, formylmethionyl-tRNA, was also bound to ribosomes by poly d-TG: polypeptide synthesis directed by this deoxypolynucleotide in the presence of neomycin B at low magnesium ion concentration was dependent on the presence of the initiator-tRNA.
Computational Studies of Radicals Relevant to Nucleic Acid Damage

Abstract Computational methods using ab initio and density functional theory have been employed to characterize transient intermediates of DNA and RNA damage. Hyperfine coupling constants and atomic spin densities have been obtained for adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, some of their derivatives, as well as nucleoside models, that were compared with experimental spectroscopic data from radiolysis. Ionization energies and redox potentials can be reliably calculated at high levels of theory and used to evaluate the energetics of charge and proton transfer reactions of nucleobase ions with solvent, amino acids, carbohydrates, and other molecules that are likely to participate in DNA damage. The structures, energetics, and kinetics of nucleobase and carbohydrate radical reactions have been addressed by computations and utilized to guide experiments and aid in experimental data interpretation.
Substrats biològics de la conducta agressiva 1. Neuroquímica i control hormonal

There is a large evidente, mainly in subhuman animals, that the cerebral neurotransmissors and some hormones, i.e. androgens, play in a way or another the role of regulators ofthe aggressive behavior. In this paper we study the work of several researchers that throw some light on the way the neurochemical and hormonal control in that behavior is made.
Exploring Occupational Therapists' Perceptions of the Usefulness of Musculoskeletal Sonography in Upper-Extremity Rehabilitation.

Objective To identify the potential utility of musculoskeletal sonographic imaging in upper-extremity rehabilitation. Method Two occupational therapists in an outpatient hand rehabilitation clinic were recruited by convenience, were trained in the use of sonography, and implemented sonographic imaging in their clinical practice. Qualitative data were obtained during and after the implementation period by means of questionnaires and interviews. Data collection, analysis, and interpretation were completed in an iterative process that culminated in a thematic analysis of the therapists' perceptions. Results The data indicate four potential areas of utility for musculoskeletal sonography in upper-extremity rehabilitation: (1) mastering anatomy and pathology, (2) augmenting clinical reasoning, (3) supplementing intervention, and (4) building evidence. Conclusion Numerous potential uses were identified that would benefit both therapist and client. Further exploration of complexities and efficacy for increasing patient outcomes is recommended to determine best practices for the use of musculoskeletal sonography in upper-extremity rehabilitation.
Normal Human Sleep

An appreciation of normal sleep stage architecture and regulation is critical to the understanding of sleep disorders. This article describes normative patterns of human sleep and wakefulness. Physiological criteria are used to identify two distinct sleep states known as nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These two sleep states, in addition to wakefulness, are distinguished by specific characteristic neurochemical systems. Maintenance of the sleep state is achieved through homeostatic and circadian mechanisms.
Transaction taxes in a price maker/taker market

We develop a price maker/taker model to study how a financial transaction tax affects markets. We find taxes widen quoted and effective spreads by more than twice the tax. Taxes increase volatility slightly (without intermediation) to significantly (with intermediation). High taxes may halve volumes and gains from trade while doubling search costs. Measures of market quality are more affected by taxes in markets with intermediaries. Investors and intermediaries competing for liquidity can triple search costs and increase quoted spreads while decreasing effective spreads. We also find revenue-optimal rates of 60-75 bp. Our results are particularly relevant to markets with high-frequency trading or thin depth.
Adhesion-Mediated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Survival through Ligand-Independent Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The survival and growth of squamous epithelial cells require signals generated by integrin-matrix interactions. After conversion to squamous cell carcinoma, the cells remain sensitive to detachment-induced anoikis, yet in tumor cell aggregates, which are matrix-deficient, these cells are capable of suprabasal survival and proliferation. Their survival is enhanced through a process we call synoikis, whereby junctional adhesions between neighboring cells generate specific downstream survival signals. Here we show that in squamous cell carcinoma cells, E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts specifically induce activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR activation in turn triggers the ERK/MAPK signaling module, leading to elevation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. After intercellular adhesion, formation of adherens junctions triggers the formation of E-cadherin-EGFR complexes, correlating with EGFR transactivation. Analysis of the process with a dominant-negative EGFR mutant indicated that activation of EGFR is ligand-independent. Our data implicate cell-cell adhesion-induced activation of EGFR as a cooperative mechanism that generates compensatory survival signaling, protecting malignant cells from detachment-induced death.
Automatic External Defibrillation of Patients After Myocardial Infarction by Family Members: Practical Aspects and Psychological Impact of Training

Automatic external defibrillation (AED) offers the potential for minimally trained individuals to convert life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias prior to arrival of emergency rescue personnel but optimum usage of AED remains undefined. To test the practical aspects of home AED in high risk patients after myocardial infarction, we identified 40 consecutive high risk post-MI patients, who satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fifteen (38%) patients were eliminated at their physician's request and nine others refused to participate. Twenty-six family members of the remaining 16 patients were trained in AED with follow-up testing at 3 months. Level of skill, especially in CPR performance, decline to unsatisfactory levels in 35% of trainees, including all over age 55. Trainees felt more confident due to availability of AED and 90% felt no strain in intrapersonal relationships. Psychological testing revealed a decrease in patient and trainee depression scores and no change in anxiety or obsessiveness during the study. These observations suggest the following: (1) better awareness of benefits of AED by physicians and lay persons is necessary, (2) retraining at less than 3 month intervals will be required for many spouse trainees and (3) there are no common adverse psychologic sequelae to training in AED.
Diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants

Gastroesophageal reflux is commonly encountered in the infant population. Most children will outgrow their reflux but some develop pervasive disease and require medical or surgical treatment. Many tools exist for use in the workup of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease; however, the most effective method of diagnosis is not clear. Delineating which patients will benefit from more definitive therapy is a remarkable challenge in this group, often borrowing tools and principles from the adult patient population. Therefore, we reviewed the available literature to critically evaluate the merits and limitations of the current diagnostic modalities available for the evaluation of infantile gastroesophageal reflux.
Coherency Strain Effects on the Optical Response of Core/Shell Heteronanostructures

Core/shell-structured CdSe/CdS nanoparticles were prepared by a one-pot procedure. The interface effect was studied by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Coherency strain across the CdSe/CdS interface is addressed to rationalize the measured optical response. The optical properties of the different core/shell systems agree with Matthews−Blakeslee theory, which predicts a critical thickness for a defect-free shell of less than two monolayers of capping material for the CdSe/CdS system.
Within-session Changes In Responding During Concurrent Variable-interval Schedules.

Five rats and 4 pigeons responded for food delivered by several concurrent variable-interval schedules. The sum of the rates of reinforcement programmed for the two components varied from 15 to 480 reinforcers per hour in different conditions. Rates of responding usually changed within the experimental session in a similar manner for the two components of each concurrent schedule. The within-session changes were similar to previously reported changes during simple schedules that provided rates of reinforcement equal to the sum of all reinforcers obtained from the concurrent schedules. The number of changeovers also changed within sessions in a manner similar to the changes in instrumental responding. These results suggest that changeovers are governed by the same variables that govern instrumental responding. They also suggest that the within-session change in responding during each component of a concurrent schedule is determined by approximately the sum of the reinforcers obtained from both components when both components provide the same type of reinforcer.
Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase alters neurological responsiveness to a tremorigen.

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; 200-800 mg/kg, s.c.), to rats has no detectable behavioral effects using a battery of tests to assess sensorimotor function. In contrast, the induction of tremor by chlordecone, a neurotoxic agent that affects neuronal ionic processes, is significantly attenuated by pretreatment with DFMO. The effects of DFMO on chlordecone-induced tremor were reversed by pretreatment with putrescine. DFMO had no effects on p,p'-DDT, a tremorigen having a mechanism of action different from chlordecone. These findings imply that polyamines may play a role in select neuronal processes.
Dynamic strain aging and plastic instabilities

Abstract A constitutive model proposed by McCormick [(1988) Theory of flow localization due to dynamic strain ageing. Acta. Metall. 36, 3061–3067] based on dislocation-solute interaction and describing dynamic strain aging behavior, is analyzed for the simple loading case of uniaxial tension. The model is rate dependent and includes a time-varying state variable, representing the local concentration of the impurity atoms at dislocations. Stability of the system and its post-instability behavior are considered. The methods used include analytical and numerical stability and bifurcation analysis with a numerical continuation technique. Yield point behavior and serrated yielding are found to result for well defined intervals of temperature and strain rate. Serrated yielding emerges as a branch of periodic solutions of the relaxation oscillation type, similar to frictional stick-slip. The distinction between the temporal and spatial (loss of homogeneity of strain) instability is emphasized. It is found that a critical machine stiffness exists above which a purely temporal instability cannot occur. The results are compared to the available experimental data.
An organ culture of adult mouse skin: an in vitro model for studying the molecular mechanism of skin tumor promotion.

Abstract A simple method to culture explants of adult mouse skin in a modified Eagle's HeLa cell medium was developed in order to further study the biochemical responses to the tumor promoting phorbol esters. The skin explants remained viable for at least 48 hr, as determined by their ability to incorporate 3H-thymidine into DNA as well as to induce epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity following 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate addition. The time course of induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by the tumor promoter was similar to that observed with intact mice. Furthermore, the addition of retinoic acid and indomethacin, the agents that are known to inhibit the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by topically applied TPA, also inhibited the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by TPA in skin explants.
Anticipatory and carryover coarticulation in aphasia: An acoustic study

Abstract Uncovering the basis for normal coarticulatory patterns has been a major focus of speech production research, yet little is known concerning the preservation or disruption of coarticulation in aphasic speakers. This is surprising, given the abundant evidence that Broca's aphasics have difficulty coordinating the articulatory movements for a single speech sound. The present study used acoustic spectral analyses to assess both carryover and anticipatory coarticulation of vowels with fricatives in speech of fluent aphasics, nonfluent aphasics, and controls. These analyses revealed that the temporal course of carryover coarticulation for fluent and nonfluent aphasics did not differ from each other, although both groups' productions differed from the controls' productions in extent but not pattern. In contrast, the extent of vowel anticipation was clearly different across the two aphasic groups. In general, nonfluent aphasic speakers showed acoustic evidence of vowel anticipation later in the prevocal...
Design and characteristics of a lightly doped drain (LDD) device fabricated with self-aligned titanium disilicide

An As-P double-diffused lightly doped drain (LDD) device has been designed and fabricated with a self-aligned titanium disilicide process. The device design was aided by using an analytical one-dimensional model, and analytic results agree well with experimental data on the avalanche breakdown voltage gain and the ratio of substrate current to source current. Threshold voltage and subthreshold characteristics of this device do not deviate from those of a conventional device without LDD and silicide. The drain avalanche breakdown voltage of the LDD device is higher by 2.5 V over the conventional device. Transconductance degradation was observed for the LDD devices due to the inherently high source-drain series resistance of the LDD structure. Substrate current is reduced and hot-electron reliability is greatly improved. The titanium disilicide process effectively reduces the sheet resistances of the source-drain diffusion and the polysilicon gate to 3 Ω/sq compared with 150 Ω/sq of the unsilicided counterparts. It is also found that larger polysilicon grain size increases the sheet resistance of the silicide gate due to discontinuous titanium disilicide formation on top of polysilicon.
Speeds of Rising Post-Flare Structures

There are basically two kinds of post-flare coronal structures: those rising with decreasing speed, and others which rise with constant speed for a long period of time. As a rule, those structures with decreasing speed are post-flare loop systems, while those rising with constant speed are postflare giant arches. However, there are exceptions. We demonstrate several cases of post-flare loop systems which rise with constant speed for many hours, three of them observed by Yohkoh. These observations imply that the Kopp and Pneuman interpretation of post-flare loops as sequentially reconnecting open field lines cannot be generally valid. The most likely interpretation is that all post-flare loop systems start with the Kopp and Pneuman process, but in some of them later-formed loops begin to be continuously heated; thus they cease to cool and begin to expand into the corona. This kind of post-flare loops might represent an intermediate stage between the ordinary post-flare loops and post-flare giant arches.
Science pedagogy, teacher attitudes, and student success

Through a century-long process, there has been a resolute effort to shape science teaching in elementary classrooms. A close look at science teaching and student learning may provide a better understanding of what really happens in elementary classrooms. This study examines relationships between science teaching pedagogy, teachers’ science teaching attitudes, and student learning outcomes 15 Oregon fifth-grade teachers. The resulting qualitative and quantitative data provides insights into the relationships between teacher practices and attitudes and student success.
Spacecraft propulsion requirements for lunar missions

Presentation of some spacecraft propulsion system requirements for lunar orbiting and landing missions
Cluster Phase Reactions: Alkylation of Triphosphate and DNA Anions with Alkylammonium Cations †

Electrospray ionization is used to create what are demonstrated to be highly reactive, metastable clusters of alkylammonium cations and triphosphate dianions. Collision-induced activation of the clusters leads to either S_N2 or E2 reactions, resulting in the formation of an alkyltriphosphate or triphosphate anion, respectively. The series of tetraalkylammonium ions from tetramethylammonium to tetraheptylammonium is studied. The S_N2 pathway is favored over the E2 pathway. The replacement of a proton in the triphosphate dianion with a sodium cation in these clusters leads to enhanced yields of the E2 product. PM5 calculations of the reaction energetics correlate well with the observed product distributions. The doubly deprotonated DNA oligomer CCGG can also be alkylated by CID of its cluster with a tetraalkylammonium cation. The cluster phase reactions described in this study serve to illustrate a general scheme which we propose for the rational design of ionic clusters where reactivity is ensured by inhibiting direct dissociation. The experimental methodology implied by the cluster design criteria expands the utility of small molecular clusters for structure−reactivity studies and directed chemical synthesis.
Hatchability of Chicken Eggs Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields Prior to Incubation

Abstract White Leghorn eggs were exposed to electromagnetic (EMG) fields immediately prior to incubation. The hatchability percentages and body weight means of the chicks at hatch were compared with untreated controls. Data were collected for two different time periods of incubation, 0 to 20.5 and 20.5 to 21.5 days of incubation. In Trial 1, eggs of HN 2) direct current, 160 gauss; 3) alternating current, 125 gauss; 4) alternating current, 160 gauss. The results of both trials indicated that no significant differences occurred in hatchability between electromagnetically-treated and control eggs. Hatching time and body weights at hatch were also not affected by the treatments in either trial.
Sleep in Older Adults: A Primer for the Speech-Language Pathologist and Audiologist

Older adults commonly complain of poor sleep, which is associated with a range of medical and psychiatric conditions. In the present review, the authors discuss age-related changes in sleep, common...
Extremal graphs for homomorphisms

The study of graph homomorphisms has a long and distinguished history, with applications in many areas of graph theory. There has been recent interest in counting homomorphisms, and in particular on the question of finding upper bounds for the number of homomorphisms from a graph G into a fixed image graph H. We introduce our techniques by proving that the lex graph has the largest number of homomorphisms into K2 with one looped vertex (or equivalently, the largest number of independent sets) among graphs with fixed number of vertices and edges. Our main result is the solution to the extremal problem for the number of homomorphisms into P**math-image**, the completely looped path of length 2 (known as the Widom–Rowlinson model in statistical physics). We show that there are extremal graphs that are threshold, give explicitly a list of five threshold graphs from which any threshold extremal graph must come, and show that each of these “potentially extremal” threshold graphs is in fact extremal for some number of edges. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 67: 261–284, 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic Compartmentalization in Neonatal Swine Myocytes

The transport of metabolites across the mitochondrial membrane is regulated by specific exchange and shuttle systems that are often dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, metabolite concentrations in the cytosol and mitochondrial compartments are largely determined by the energy state of the cardiac muscle cell. The purpose of this study was to investigate metabolic compartmentalization in ventricular myocytes isolated from newborn( 50% of the pyridine nucleotides were mitochondrial. With 11 mM added glucose, myocytes treated with the respiratory inhibitor, rotenone, maintained ATP at 88% of that of aerobic myocytes, but phosphocreatine declined by 50% over 30 min. Rotenone treatment caused the mitochondrial NAD/NADH ratio to decline from 1.2 to 0.06, whereas the cytosolic pyridine nucleotides remained >90% oxidized. Total adenine and pyridine nucleotide content and their compartmentalization were unaffected by respiratory inhibition. Comparisons of metabolite content and respiratory activity between isolated piglet mitochondria and the mitochondrial compartment of piglet myocytes indicated that mitochondria account for ≈30% of total myocyte protein. A similar value (29%) was obtained for the aqueous volume fraction of the in situ mitochondrial matrix using the 4000Mr 14C-labeled polyethylene glycol-impermeable3 H2O spaces of intact and lysed myocytes. These results are comparable to literature values for myocardium from other species and age groups.
Review of meniscal injury and associated sports

Meniscal injuries produce disability in a large portion of the population, and sports injuries are a common cause. Nicholas emphasized the importance of epidemiologic studies in an effort to better define the risk of various sports. There are significant regional differences in sports-related meniscal injuries depending upon the popularity of specific sports. Although publications in the European literature document some of these variations, there is little epidemiologic documentation of the variation in specific areas of the United States. Meniscectomies performed in Syracuse, New York, from 1973 to 1982 were reviewed. Sports-related meniscal injuries were tabulated and compared against all other causes. Our results indicate that the incidence of meniscal injury resulting in meniscectomy is 61 per 100,000 population. The sex ratio was three males to one female. Medial versus lateral meniscus injury was 81 versus 19%. Football had a 75% predominance of medial meniscectomy; basketball, 75%; wrestling, 55%; skiing, 78%; and baseball, 90%. Our data indicate that there are differences in the ratio of medial versus lateral meniscal disruption associated with specific sports activities. Medial meniscal injuries were, nevertheless, consistently more common in all of our categories except wrestling, where the frequency of lateral meniscal tear is nearly equal to that of medial meniscal tear. Additionally, the right knee is at a greater risk of meniscal injury in basketball than in other sports or the general population, and female skiers are at equal or greater risk of meniscal injury compared to male skiers.
City Government Structures: An Attempt at Clarification

INCREASING EVIDENCE in existing literature—although much of it is impressionistic and anecdotal—suggests that the two major municipal government structures (i.e., council-manager and mayor-council) may be inadequate to describe the various hybrid forms of government that have been evolving. Given the importance ascribed to political structures by academics, practitioners, and activists, it is important to understand the characteristics and consequences of different structural arrangements. Using the latest national Municipal Form of Government Survey (1996) conducted by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA), as reported in the 1998 Municipal Year Book (Renner and DeSantis 1998), we identify subcategories within the broad political structure that comprises the two major municipal government structures in an effort to more effectively categorize the administrative and policy-making processes in American cities. Before scholars can assess the consequences of contemporary city structures, as past researchers have done for traditional forms (Lineberry and Fowler 1967; Lyons 1978; Dye and Garcia 1978; Morgan and Pelissero 1980; Welch and Bledsoe 1988), it is necessary to have more systematic data on current characteristics. City Government Structures: An Attempt at Clarification
Analysis of oxidized and reduced pyridine dinucleotides in rat liver by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract NADP + , NAD + , NADPH, and NADH were assayed by selective extraction and isocratic reversephase HPLC. Sample preparation involves freeze clamping and powdering liver under liquid nitrogen, extraction of dinucleotides with basic (reduced species) or acidic (oxidized species) cold ethanol, and injection onto the HPLC for quantitation at 340 nm (reduced) and 254 nm (oxidized). The mobile phase for the oxidized species is pH 5.25, 0.2 m ammonium phosphate/methanol, and for the reduced species is pH 6.0, 0.2 m ammonium phosphate/methanol/tributylamine. The method is linear over the range 0.016 to 2.0 nmol for the reduced species, and from 0.005 to 0.8 nmol for the oxidized pyridine dinucleotides. The recoveries were from 94.5% for NAD + to 99.3% for NADPH, with standard deviations of approximately 2.5% for all species other than NADP + , which had a standard deviation of 10.4%. The coefficients of variation for repeated determinations of standards over 3 months were less than 4%.
Exosomes and immune surveillance of neoplastic lesions: a review.

AbstractThe immune system has been reported to suppress the development and progression of neoplastic lesions; however, the exact mechanisms by which neoplastic lesions and the immune system interact are not well understood. Within the last decade, tiny membrane bound particles, approximately 30–100 nm in diameter, have been observed in the blood and other body fluids. These particles, currently called exosomes, are released from many types of tissues including tumors, and they contain and carry many proteins, and mRNAs and microRNA species. We review here how tumors suppress the immune system, especially by the formation of exosomes. Exosomes released from tumors are carried in part by the vascular system to distant cells, which phagocytose them. Depending on the proteins, mRNAs or microRNAs in the exosomes and the cell type, phagocytosis of exosomes may provide a modulating signal to the cell. In the case of exosomes from tumors, uptake of the exosomes by cells of the immune system has been reported to ...
Some less‐acknowledged links: Rhetorical theory, interpersonal communication, and the tradition of the liberal arts

In the last twenty-five years, the field of interpersonal communication has expanded tenaciously, establishing connections with disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and even literary studies.l Although this rapid expansion indicates the current strength and vigor of the field, it also indicative of a veritable identity crisis. Suggests Arthur P. Bochner, Interpersonal communication is a vague, fragmented, and loosely-defined subject that intersects all the behavioral, social, and cultural sciences. There are no rigorous definitions that limit the scope of the field, no texts that comprehensively state its foundations, and little agreement among its practitioners about which frameworks or methods offer most promise for unifying the field. (1985, 27) There is nothing inherently wrong with vagueness, fragmentation, or loose definitions, of course; Renaissance Humanism was built on such a foundation. What is unsettling about interpersonal communication's crisis of character, though, is the reticence exhibited by the field's theorists to explore connections with the distant past. Perusing the footnotes, indexes, and bibliographies of contemporary interpersonal communication research and pedagogy, one works back only as far as relatively recent [social scientists and other] figures such as Martin Buber, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Eric Fromm, R. D. Laing, and Eric Berne. This suspiciously brief official history is verified in the Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, in which Mark Knapp and Gerald Miller assert that "concerted interest in the study of interpersonal communication processes and outcomes is of relatively recent origin," and that "the study of interpersonal communication did not commence to bloom profusely until the 1960's" (8). Knapp and Miller's suggestion that "the study of interpersonal communication has thus far progressed only from infancy to adolescence" (1 1) further supports the widespread belief that the discipline is extremely young. The central argument of this essay-that scholars of interpersonal communication, in an effort to define their discipline in modern terms, have mistakenly cut themselves off from their true roots and from much of the liberal-arts tradition-is built upon three principal contentions. First, interpersonal communication is not "of relatively recent origin," but is, in fact, an ancient study, dating back at least as far as Plato. Second, interpersonal communication grew out of a healthful, invigorating competition with ancient rhetorical theory and practice. In order to understand the claims, the power, and the limitations of the one, we must have an appreciation for, or at least an understanding of, the other. Third, interpersonal communication specialists, both in their research and in the classroom, should highlight their field's long and enlightening battle with the
Tactical multisensor fusion (TMSF): an SAIC white paper

A software application for correlating and fusing information products from multiple dissimilar sensors is presented. The Tactical Multi Sensor Fusion (TMSF) system is a C ++ object oriented application implementing data correlation and fusion algorithms which provide decision aids for identifying, locating, and determining the status of processing equipment within suspected weapons of mass destruction (WMD) sites. The TMSF system also provides valuable information for assessing weapon delivery accuracy and effectiveness. The TMSF architecture is designed to handle an arbitrary number of sensor and information types, by creating new C ++ class objects. Three specific sensor data types are currently used in the correlation and fusion process. When deployed against suspected WMD sites in a real world scenario, the selected sensor suite provides site characterization information during preattack covert surveillance through post-attack battle damage assessment (BDA). The three sensors are: 1) Tactical Unattended Ground Sensor (TUGS): Seismic/Acoustic in-ground sensors which, when used in sufficient numbers, provides equipment identification, location, and activity with the appropriate error estimates. 2) Forward Looking Infra Red (FLIR): The recorded images from an attack aircraft FLIR pod are used to determine weapon location, time, criticality of detonation, and post detonation venting. 3) Weapon Borne Sensors (WBS): A weapon borne sensor is used to relay information with respect to the construction of the WMD site under attack. This primarily consists of the number and types of layers of resistance met by the weapon as it penetrates the buried facility prior to detonation. All sensor data are interpreted from flat ASCII files as a list of individual event reports, and are correlated with respect to location, ID, and time. The correlation process groups event reports for like-events as reported by different sensors. The correlated groups are then fused into composite site characterization objects (SCO) using Bayes maximum likelihood based algorithms to obtain a fused location, ID, and time estimate. An image overlay is used to locate each identified processing equipment on an overhead site image. This composite view of the fusion results gives the Measurement and Signals Intelligence (MASINT) specialist, intelligence analyst, or military targeteer the capability to interpret the fusion results without the need for tedious, accident prone, numerical data analysis. TMSF reads and displays the National Imagery Transmission Format (NITF 2.0) image files as well as other commercially available formats.
AIDS update--1987.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection produces a spectrum of clinical syndromes, progressing in severity from asymptomatic infection through the life-threatening diseases of the acquired immunofeciency syndromes (AIDS). Current knowledge about the epidemiology, virology, and clinical manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS are reviewed.
DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation

The ATM protein kinase, mutations of which are associated with the human disease ataxia-telangiectasia, mediates responses to ionizing radiation in mammalian cells. Here we show that ATM is held inactive in unirradiated cells as a dimer or higher-order multimer, with the kinase domain bound to a region surrounding serine 1981 that is contained within the previously described 'FAT' domain. Cellular irradiation induces rapid intermolecular autophosphorylation of serine 1981 that causes dimer dissociation and initiates cellular ATM kinase activity. Most ATM molecules in the cell are rapidly phosphorylated on this site after doses of radiation as low as 0.5 Gy, and binding of a phosphospecific antibody is detectable after the introduction of only a few DNA double-strand breaks in the cell. Activation of the ATM kinase seems to be an initiating event in cellular responses to irradiation, and our data indicate that ATM activation is not dependent on direct binding to DNA strand breaks, but may result from changes in the structure of chromatin.
Outer solution for elastic torsion by the method of boundary layer residual states

By the method of boundary layer residual state (BLRS), it is possible to specify the unknown parameters in the general form of the outer asymptotic solution of the governing differential equations for linear boundary value problems (BVP) without any reference to the inner asymptotic solutions of the same problem and the matching procedure. The method accomplishes this task by rationally assigning a portion of the prescribed boundary data to the outer solution. Specifically, the method requires certain weighted averages of the outer solution to be equal to the same averages of the data over the (localized) boundary where the data is prescribed. These weighted averages are consequences of a reciprocity relation inherent in the BVP and the stipulation that the difference between the outer solution and the exact solution (called the residual solution) of the BVP be a boundary layer phenomenon.¶The weighted average requirements are only necessary conditions for the residual state to be a boundary layer. Unfortunately, there are generally countably infinite number of (2) states, many more than the available degrees of freedom in the outer solution to satisfy them. We must show that there is no over-determination or non-uniqueness of the outer asymptotic solution, the abundance of necessary conditions notwithstanding. The present note describes an approach to assuring a well-specified outer solution (up to the expected accuracy) by way of the problem of Saint-Venant torsion. The same approach also also applies to other linear BVP, deducing the appropriate outer solution whenever the determination of the relevant inner solutions is not practical.
Extra randomness in certain annuity models

Abstract An alternative model is presented which can be used when interest rates and future lifetimes are random, for certain annuities. The Wiener stochastic process is a major component in the model, and provides much more randomness than an earlier model. Expressions for the mean values and the standard deviations of the present values of future payment streams are obtained and illustrated. Extensive boundary crossing probabilities for the Wiener stochastic process are given. Numerical comparisons with the earlier model are provided.
Poor Peoples' Movements and the Power to Disrupt: An Interview with Frances Fox Piven

During this interview with academic and activist icon Frances Fox Piven, we discussed the arc of her career, the challenges of U.S. neoliberalization, the role of the academy in fostering resistance, and the possibilities of social action through poor people's movements given the current political, economic, and social climate.
On the equity of mutual exclusion algorithms in distributed systems

The basic problem in mutual exclusion in distributed systems is to insure that one and only one site has access to a critical section at any given time. Two of the more common performance metrics for mutual exclusion algorithms are (a) number of messages necessary per critical section invocation, and (b) response time which is the time interval from token request until the process can enter the critical section. Fast response times require an equitable means of selecting the next site to receive the token. We present two scenarios which show that neither selection technique always achieves equity. Additionally, we propose a new priority based selection method which can lead to improved system throughput.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Increases the Expression of the Prostaglandin E2 Receptor Subtype EP1 in Amnion WISH Cells

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on the expression of the prostaglandin (PG) E(2) EP1 receptor subtype and PGE(2) production in amnion WISH cells (AWC). AWC cultures were incubated with CRH. Culture fluid was collected for PGE(2) measurement, and the cells were collected and analyzed for EP1 protein and mRNA. Immunohistochemical localization of the EP1 receptor was also performed. Incubation of AWC with CRH resulted in a dose-dependent increase (r = 0.97) in the level of EP1 receptor protein (P < 0.001). Coincubation of AWC with CRH and indomethacin resulted in the decreased production of PGE(2) while having no effect on EP1 receptor expression. A significant but not dose-dependent increase in EP1 mRNA expression was also observed (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical evaluation verified cell membrane localization of the receptor in both stimulated and unstimulated cells and confirmed the increased expression of EP1 receptor in response to CRH. Incubation of AWC with CRH also resulted in increased culture fluid PGE(2) levels (P < 0.01). These results suggest that the role CRH plays in the initiation of labor may also involve the promotion of elevated PGE(2) levels and increased expression of the EP1 receptor in amnion.
Ion implantation of58Co for positron-annihilation Doppler-broadening measurements

A method using ion implantation of58Co to produce source-sample systems applicable to positron-annihilation Doppler-broadening experiments at elevated temperatures in metals is presented. In addition, a crucible and furnace assembly is described which has been used to study the solid and liquid states of Ni in conjunction with the present source-sample system.
Foster-type time-varying lossless synthesis

This letter outlines a lossless time-varying one-port synthesis. This synthesis is converted to a Foster-type synthesis using a network equivalence in which a time-varying transformer terminated in two fixed capacitors is shown to be equivalent to a time-varying transformer terminated in a fixed inductor and a fixed capacitor.
Pre‐travel Health Advice‐Seeking Behavior Among US International Travelers Departing From Boston Logan International Airport

Background. Globally mobile populations are at higher risk of acquiring geographically restricted infections and may play a role in the international spread of infectious diseases. Despite this, data about sources of health information used by international travelers are limited. Methods. We surveyed 1,254 travelers embarking from Boston Logan International Airport regarding sources of health information. We focused our analysis on travelers to low or low-middle income (LLMI) countries, as defined by the World Bank 2009 World Development Report. Results. A total of 476 survey respondents were traveling to LLMI countries. Compared with travelers to upper-middle or high income (UMHI) countries, travelers to LLMI countries were younger, more likely to be foreign-born, and more frequently reported visiting family as the purpose of their trip. Prior to their trips, 46% of these travelers did not pursue health information of any type. In a multivariate analysis, being foreign-born, traveling alone, traveling for less than 14 days, and traveling for vacation each predicted a higher odds of not pursuing health information among travelers to LLMI countries. The most commonly cited reason for not pursuing health information was a lack of concern about health problems related to the trip. Among travelers to LLMI countries who did pursue health information, the internet was the most common source, followed by primary care practitioners. Less than a third of travelers to LLMI countries who sought health information visited a travel medicine specialist. Conclusions. In our study, 46% of travelers to LLMI countries did not seek health advice prior to their trip, largely due to a lack of concern about health issues related to travel. Among travelers who sought medical advice, the internet and primary care providers were the most common sources of information. These results suggest the need for health outreach and education programs targeted at travelers and primary care practitioners.
On the thermal stability of surface-assembled viral-metal nanoparticle complexes.

Biological supramolecules offer attractive templates for nanoparticle synthesis and nanodevice fabrication because of their precise size and shape. Viruses in particular have gained significant attention in nanodevice fabrication for applications such as nanoelectronics, batteries, catalysis, and sensing. However, the performance range of these viral−nanoparticle complexes is not well known because of the lack of fundamental studies on their properties. In this work, we employ in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to examine the thermal stability of viral−nanoparticle complexes composed of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and palladium nanoparticles. Specifically, we show that the stability of the Pd nanoparticles on TMV is significantly enhanced as compared to that of particles on the solid substrate surface. Furthermore, we show that the agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles and the degradation of the TMV templates are coupled and occur simultaneously. These results demonstrate a potent ...
Amino acid-linked platinum(II) analogues have altered specificity for RNA compared to cisplatin

Cisplatin can be modified with various ligands to alter the size and charge distribution of the complex. Several amino acid-linked platinum(II) complexes were synthesized, and a reactivity study with 16S ribosomal RNA was carried out. The amino acid-linked analogues show altered specificity compared to the parental compound cisplatin.
Relations among educational research and neural and cognitive sciences

Abstract An overview is provided of educational applications of integrating cognitive and neuropsychological approaches, with attention given to the problems in bridging the cognitive and neuropsychological levels in doing so. Contemporary connectionism is discussed in reference to its historical context, which can be traced to the associationistic models of memory during antiquity. Evidence is reported that verbal-analytic and spatial-holistic processing are differentially affected by task instructions that activate different generative or constructive processes during reading comprehension.
Scheduling policies for an antiterrorist surveillance system

This article concerns scheduling policies in a surveillance system aimed at detecting a terrorist attack in time. Terrorist suspects arriving at a public area are subject to continuous monitoring, while a surveillance team takes their biometric signatures and compares them with records stored in a terrorist database. Because the surveillance team can screen only one terrorist suspect at a time, the team faces a dynamic scheduling problem among the suspects. We build a model consisting of an M/G/1 queue with two types of customers—red and white—to study this problem. Both types of customers are impatient but the reneging time distributions are different. The server only receives a reward by serving a red customer and can use the time a customer has spent in the queue to deduce its likely type. In a few special cases, a simple service rule—such as first-come-first-serve—is optimal. We explain why the problem is in general difficult and we develop a heuristic policy motivated by the fact that terrorist attacks tend to be rare events. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009