cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic variants associated with FDNY WTC-related sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. It may develop in response to an exposure or inflammatory trigger in the background of a genetically primed abnormal immune response. Thus, genetic studies are potentially important to our understanding of the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. We developed a case-control study which explored the genetic variations between firefighters in the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) with World Trade Center (WTC)-related sarcoidosis and those with WTC exposure, but without sarcoidosis. The loci of fifty-one candidate genes related to granuloma formation, inflammation, immune response, and/or sarcoidosis were sequenced at high density in enhancer/promoter, exonic, and 5' untranslated regions. Seventeen allele variants of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes were found to be associated with sarcoidosis, and all were within chromosomes 1 and 6. Our results also suggest an association between extrathoracic involvement and allele variants of HLA and non-HLA genes found not only on chromosomes 1 and 6, but also on chromosomes 16 and 17. We found similarities between genetic variants with WTC-related sarcoidosis and those reported previously in sporadic sarcoidosis cases within the general population. In addition, we identified several allele variants never previously reported in association with sarcoidosis. If confirmed in larger studies with known environmental exposures, these novel findings may provide insight into the gene-environment interactions key to the development of sarcoidosis.
Social Determinants of American Indian Nutritional Health.

The American Indian (AI) population suffers from significant health disparities, including nutrition-related chronic diseases (diabetes, cancer, and heart disease). Several risk factors for disease and social determinants of health have unique histories in the AI population, including historical trauma, boarding schools, adverse childhood experiences, poverty, federal food programs, and food deserts. To effectively address these disparities, a multipronged approach in collaboration with stakeholders is needed to address the upstream social determinants of health and to increase access to healthier foods. Promising practices and strategies can be considered in several focus areas, including 1) improving existing food programs, 2) promoting breastfeeding and early childhood nutrition, 3) promoting food sovereignty and access to traditional foods, 4) expanding locally cultivated foods, and 5) taxing unhealthy foods and subsidizing healthier options. As these strategies are implemented, it is vital that they are studied, evaluated, and reported to expand tribally specific evidence-based practices.
[Simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of food additives in drink by HPLC-MS/MS].

Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of caffeine, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, acesulfame potassium, saccharin sodium and sodium cyclamate in drink. Methods The sample was extracted by ASPEC using extraction column( Pro Elut C_(18)500 mg/6 m L), dried by Turbo VapⅡ and dissolved in mobile phase. The supernatant was separated on Agilent SB-C_(18) column( 2. 1 mm × 50 mm, 1. 8 μm)using 0. 02 mmol/L ammonium acetate/methyle alcohol as mobile phase and then detected by HPLC-MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring( MRM) in positive ionization and negative ionization mode. Results The average recoveries were from 72. 6% to 100. 5%and the relative standard deviations( RSD) were from 0. 3% to 3. 1%( n = 6). The calibration curves showed a good linearity with correlation coefficients r > 0. 9990. The linear range for saccharin sodium was 8-800 μg/L and others were 2-200 μg/L. The detection limits for caffeine, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, acesulfame potassium and sodium cyclamate were 0. 001 mg/kg and 0. 004 mg/kg for saccharin sodium. Conclusion The method is specific, sensitive, easy, fast and suitable for the confirmation and quantification of caffeine, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, acesulfame potassium, saccharinsodium and sodium cyclamate in drink.
Survey of the U.S. Broiler Industry Regarding Pre- and Postharvest Interventions Targeted To Mitigate Campylobacter Contamination on Broiler Chicken Products.

ABSTRACT Campylobacter is one of the most commonly reported foodborne pathogens in the United States. Because poultry is considered a major source of Campylobacter infections in humans, reduction of Campylobacter contamination in poultry products is likely the most important and effective public health strategy for reducing the burden of campylobacteriosis in humans. A comprehensive on-line survey was conducted of key stakeholders in the U.S. broiler industry, including broiler farm managers (n = 18), poultry veterinarians (n = 18), and processing plant managers (n = 20), to assess the current pre- and postharvest Campylobacter interventions and control measures practiced by the industry for reducing Campylobacter contamination of broiler products. The survey also included information regarding each respondent's understanding of Campylobacter transmission and ecology in relation to broiler production. The results revealed that a majority of the establishments included in the survey are following the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service guidelines for controlling Campylobacter contamination in broiler flocks and on carcasses. However, establishments appeared to be putting more effort into Salmonella control than into Campylobacter control both on the farm and in the processing plant. A majority of the respondents responded that current interventions are not effective for reducing Campylobacter contamination, especially on the farm. Many respondents did not understand the risk factors associated with Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks and on carcasses. Continued educational and training programs for key stakeholders in the U.S. broiler industry are needed to increase awareness of the issues associated with Campylobacter infection in broiler chickens and of the fact that Campylobacter infection is a multifaceted problem that requires efforts from both the pre- and postharvest sectors. HIGHLIGHTS
Chapter 4 – Difference Measurement

Publisher Summary When a set A is only ordered, measurement is unique only up to monotonic transformations. However, if there is also a concatenation operation and measurement is required to represent it, then much tighter representations seem to result. The question arises whether similarly tight representations ever exist when there is no concatenation operation. The key idea in constructing extensive measures is the existence of standard sequences of equally spaced elements. As it is not essential that the standard sequences derive from a primitive, empirical concatenation, other ways to construct them should be devised. The most obvious idea is to suppose that the primitive ordering is not of elements but of intervals between elements, in which case indifference of the ordering establishes equal spacing. This chapter presents that idea. If the set A consists of movable straight rods, they can be compared side by side and can be concatenated end to end, employing extensive measurement. It is only a small step to consider a set A consisting of immovable points on a straight line.
Talking About Monetary Policy: The Virtues (and Vice?) of Central Bank Communication

Central banks, which used to be so secretive, are communicating more and more these days about their monetary policy. This development has proceeded hand in glove with a burgeoning new scholarly literature on the subject. The empirical evidence, reviewed selectively here, suggests that communication can move financial markets, enhance the predictability of monetary policy decisions, and perhaps even help central banks achieve their goals. A number of theoretical drawbacks to greater communication are also reviewed here. None seems very important in practice. That said, no consensus has yet emerged regarding what constitutes 'optimal' communication strategy - either in quantity or nature. This is part of a series of BIS Working Papers (273 to 278) collecting papers presented at the BIS's Seventh Annual Conference on 'Whither monetary policy? Monetary policy challenges in the decade ahead' in Luzern, Switzerland, on 26-27 June 2008. The event brought together senior representatives of central banks and academic institutions to exchange views on this topic. BIS Paper 45 contains the opening address of William R White (BIS), the contributions of the policy panel on 'Beyond price stability - the challenges ahead' and speeches by Edmund Phelps (Columbia University) and Martin Wolf (Financial Times). The participants in the policy panel discussion chaired by Malcolm D Knight (BIS) were Martin Feldstein (Harvard University), Stanley Fischer (Bank of Israel), Mark Carney (Bank of Canada) and Jean-Pierre Landau (Banque de France). This Working Paper includes comments by Benjamin M Friedman and YV Reddy.
Implementation methodology from a social systems informatics and engineering perspective applied to a parenting training program.

OBJECTIVE: For implementation of an evidence-based program to be effective, efficient, and equitable across diverse populations, we propose that researchers adopt a systems approach that is often absent in efficacy studies. To this end, we describe how a computer-based monitoring system can support the delivery of the New Beginnings Program (NBP), a parent-focused evidence-based prevention program for divorcing parents. METHOD: We present NBP from a novel systems approach that incorporates social system informatics and engineering, both necessary when utilizing feedback loops, ubiquitous in implementation research and practice. Examples of two methodological challenges are presented: how to monitor implementation, and how to provide feedback by evaluating system-level changes due to implementation. RESULTS: We introduce and relate systems concepts to these two methodologic issues that are at the center of implementation methods. We explore how these system-level feedback loops address effectiveness, efficiency, and equity principles. These key principles are provided for designing an automated, low-burden, low-intrusive measurement system to aid fidelity monitoring and feedback that can be used in practice. DISCUSSION: As the COVID-19 pandemic now demands fewer face-to-face delivery systems, their replacement with more virtual systems for parent training interventions requires constructing new implementation measurement systems based on social system informatics approaches. These approaches include the automatic monitoring of quality and fidelity in parent training interventions. Finally, we present parallels of producing generalizable and local knowledge bridging systems science and engineering method. This comparison improves our understanding of system-level changes, facilitates a program's implementation, and produces knowledge for the field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Oral Arguments and the Process of Coalition Formation on the U.S. Supreme Court

This paper addresses a major question in the field of judicial politics, namely what determines whether justices join coalitions on the U.S. Supreme Court‘ Scholars have answered this question by analyzing votes at the Court’s agenda setting stage and by analyzing the bargaining and accommodation that occurs when the justices write their opinions. We take a different tack and argue that the coalition formation process begins in earnest during oral arguments. To uncover the inner workings of this process, we draw upon the notes Justice Harry A. Blackmun took of his colleagues’ comments and questions during oral argument. We empirically model both the note taking process and how these notes aided Blackmun in forming coalitions after oral arguments. Our results show systematic patterns in Blackmun’s note taking behavior and, more importantly, that the information Blackmun gained during oral arguments later influenced what coalition he joined.
Modification of the phenotype of murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells by sodium butyrate: Effects on morphology and cytoskeletal elements

Abstract The effects of sodium butyrate on cellular morphology and the distribution of cytoskeletal elements were examined using a line of normal rat kidney cells transformed by and producing murine sarcoma and leukemia viruses [NRK (MSV-MLV)]. Untreated cells were predominantly round or fusiform in shape and contained few microfilaments and microtubules. Culturing these cells in medium containing 2 mM sodium butyrate induced the formation of long cytoplasmic processes within 12–24 h followed by a progressive flattening of the cells which was apparent in most cells by 72 h. Reversal of these changes in NRK (MSV-MLV) cells grown for several passages in butyrate medium required at least ten cell divisions. The morphological alterations induced by butyrate were accompanied by a striking elaboration of cytoplasmic microfilaments and microtubules as shown by indirect immunofluorescence and by electron microscopy. Butyrate also enhanced the formation of substrate adhesion plaques and intercellular gap junctions, but not adherens junctions. These results suggest that growth of NRK (MSV-MLV) cells in the presence of butyrate induced specific cellular alterations which counteract some of the effects of transformation of NRK cells by MSV.
An experiment in medical education.

Abstract Societal expectations of American medicine are increasing in intensity and complexity. An appropriate response of teachers of medicine, as a component of the resources of the health care system, is to attempt to define, within their range of competence, responses to those expectations which maximize benefits. One experiment to this point by a faculty of medicine is described.
Eliminating SQL injection and cross site scripting using aspect oriented programming

Security vulnerabilities in the web applications that we use to shop, bank, and socialize online expose us to exploits that cost billions of dollars each year. This paper describes the design and implementation of AspectShield, a system designed to mitigate the most common web application vulnerabilities without requiring costly and potentially dangerous modifications to the source code of vulnerable web applications. AspectShield uses Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) techniques to mitigate XSS and SQL Injection vulnerabilities in Java web applications. AOP is a programming paradigm designed to address cross-cutting concerns like logging that affect many modules of a program. AspectShield uses the Fortify Source Code Analyzer to identify vulnerabilities, then generates aspects that weave in code that mitigates Cross-Site Scripting and SQL Injection vulnerabilities. At runtime, the application executes the protective aspect code to mitigate security issues when a block of vulnerable code is executed. AspectShield was tested with three enterprise scale Java web applications. It successfully mitigated SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting vulnerabilities without significantly affecting performance. The use of AspectShield in these enterprise level applications shows that AOP can effectively mitigate the two top vulnerabilities of web applications in a cost and time effective manner.
Whither Ethnographic Film

Cinematographic Theory and New Dimensions in Ethnographic Film. Paul Hockings and Yasuhiro Omori, eds. Anthropological Filmmaking: Anthropological Perspectives on the Production of Film and Video for General Public Audiences. Jack R. Rollwagen, ed. Disappearing World. Andre Singer and Leslie Woodhead. Visual Explorations of the World: Selected Papers from the International Conference on Visual Communication. Martin Taureg and Jay Ruby, eds.
Fulfillment of patients' expectations for total hip arthroplasty.

Background: Fulfillment of patient expectations is an important outcome of total hip arthroplasty. The objective of the present study was to determine the proportion of expectations that were fulfilled following total hip arthroplasty as well as how the fulfillment of expectations relates to patient and clinical characteristics. Methods: Preoperatively, patients completed the Hospital for Special Surgery Hip Replacement Expectations Survey, measuring physical and psychological expectations, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Lower Limb Core Scale, measuring symptoms and function. Approximately four years after surgery, patients were interviewed by telephone and were asked whether each expectation that they had cited preoperatively had been fulfilled. Results: Four hundred and five patients were interviewed. The mean age of the patients was sixty-six years, and 58% of the patients were women. Forty-three percent of the patients reported that all of their expectations had been fulfilled completely. For the entire sample, the mean proportion of expectations that had been fulfilled completely was 87%. Patients who were younger, who were employed, who had a body mass index of <35 kg/m 2 , who did not have complications, who did not have a postoperative limp, and who had better preoperative and postoperative Lower Limb Core scores had a greater proportion of expectations fulfilled (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: A better postoperative Lower Limb Core score was most closely associated with the fulfillment of expectations following total hip arthroplasty. Not having a postoperative limp was independent of the postoperative Lower Limb Core score, indicating that the impact of a limp is greater than its manifestation as a physical disability. Better preoperative status also was an independent predictor, indicating that patient expectations are more likely to be fulfilled if the patient is not the most severely impaired at the time of surgery.
Song development by grey catbirds

Abstract What are the relative roles of imitation, improvisation and invention in the development of large song repertoires in species of the songbird family Mimidae? This question was addressed in a laboratory study of the vocal development of young grey catbirds, Dumetella carolinensis collected from western Massachusetts. Two groups heard a repeated 10-s, tape-tutored segment of catbird song, two other groups heard a repeated 16-min segment and a fifth group heard no tape-tutored songs. One male selected for study from each group developed a large repertoire of seemingly normal songs, and wild males responded strongly to songs of the male that had heard no tape-tutored song. Relying little on precise imitation and largely on improvising or inventing, each male developed a highly unique repertoire. A geographical survey of catbird song revealed little to no evidence of song sharing or microgeographical variation, which is consistent with the idea that imitation plays a relatively minor role in song development. Perhaps simultaneous selection for large repertoires and reduced geographical variation has led to such an emphasis on song individuality and non-imitative developmental processes.
Small mammographic lesions evaluation based on neural gas network

An application of an unsupervised self-organizing neural network, the neural gas network, is reported for the detection and characterization of small indeterminate breast lesions in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. This technique enables the extraction of spatial and temporal features of dynamic MRI data stemming from patients with confirmed lesion diagnosis. By revealing regional properties of contrast-agent uptake characterized by subtle differences of signal amplitude and dynamics, this method provides both a set of prototypical time-series and a corresponding set of cluster assignment maps which further provides a segmentation with regard to identification and regional subclassification of pathological breast tissue lesions. We present two different segmentation methods for the evaluation of signal intensity time courses for the differential diagnosis of enhancing lesions in breast MRI. Starting from the conventional methodology, we proceed by introducing the separate concepts of threshold segmentation and cluster analysis based on the neural gas network, and in the last step by combining those two concepts. The results suggest that the neural gas network has the potential to increase the diagnostic accuracy of MRI mammography by improving the sensitivity without reduction of specificity.
Deutron electrodisintegration with kaon production

Abstract Cross sections for the d(e,e′K + )Λ n and p(e, e′K + )Λ reactions are calculated in a relativistic framework for different sets of amplitudes obtained from a photoproduction ( γ p a K + Λ ) analysis. Elementary electroproduction measurements favor one set and adjusting the poorly known kaon electromagnetic form factor provides a reasonable description of the data. Coincident count rates documenting the experimental feasibility of inclusive d(e,e′K + )Λ n measurements are presented along with a study accessing the uncertainty of the entire calculation. The utility of this reaction for investigating final state KN, ΛN interactions and possible strange baryon, dibaryon resonances is discussed.
Computer simulations of the role of group V molecular reactions at steps during molecular beam epitaxial growth of III-V semiconductors

Abstract The Configuration Dependent Reactive Incorporation (CDRI) model is used to study the growth of III-V semiconductors by MBE. In particular, the role of the dissociative reaction of the group V molecular species from the physisorbed precursor state is studied. The model allows for the reaction to occur at pairs of vacant group V sites which are intra- or interplanar nearest neighbors on the group V sublattice. Within this model, it is shown that a relatively small number of depositions at steps can play an important role in determining the smoothness of the growth front and the effective migration length of the group III species. Conditions under which these depositions are likely to be less influential are also discussed.
An α‐(1,4)‐amylase is essential for α‐(1,3)‐glucan production and virulence in Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes respiratory and systemic disease and is capable of surviving and replicating within macrophages. The virulence of Histoplasma has been linked to cell wall alpha-(1,3)-glucan; however, the role of this polysaccharide during infection, its organization within the cell wall, and its synthesis and regulation remain poorly understood. To identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-(1,3)-glucan, we employed a forward genetics strategy to isolate physically marked mutants with reduced alpha-(1,3)-glucan. Insertional mutants were generated in a virulent strain of H. capsulatum by optimization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Approximately 90% of these mutants possessed single insertions with no chromosomal rearrangements or deletions in the host genome. To confirm the role and specificity of identified candidate genes, we phenocopied the disrupted locus by either RNA interference or targeted gene deletion. Our findings indicate alpha-(1,3)-glucan production requires the function of the AMY1 gene product, a novel protein with homology to the alpha-amylase family of glycosyl hydrolases, and UGP1, a UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase which synthesizes UDP-glucose monomers. Loss of AMY1 function attenuated the ability of Histoplasma to kill macrophages and to colonize murine lungs.
Free volume and the kinetics of aging of polymer glasses

Application du modele stochastique decrit par Robertson a la recouvrance du volume de l'acetate polyvinylique. Comparaison avec les donnees de Kovacs
Polarization-sensitive quantum-optical coherence tomography

We set forth a polarization-sensitive quantum-optical coherence tomography (PS-QOCT) technique that provides axial optical sectioning with polarization-sensitive capabilities. The technique provides a means for determining information about the optical path length between isotropic reflecting surfaces, the relative magnitude of the reflectance from each interface, the birefringence of the interstitial material, and the orientation of the optical axis of the sample. PS-QOCT is immune to sample dispersion and therefore permits measurements to be made at depths greater than those accessible via ordinary optical coherence tomography. We also provide a general Jones matrix theory for analyzing PS-QOCT systems and outline an experimental procedure for carrying out such measurements.
Phase problems for periodic images: Effects of support and symmetry

Aspects of phase problems for two-dimensional periodic images that occur in crystallography are examined. It is shown that such problems do not have unique solutions in general, but are underdetermined. The presence of a priori information constrains the solution, and an error metric is described that quantifies this effect. Explicit forms for the error metric are derived that describe the effects of a restricted support and symmetry in the image, and examples are presented.
High-definition imaging of circulating tumor cells and associated cellular events in non-small cell lung cancer patients: a longitudinal analysis

Sampling circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood is ideally accomplished using assays that detect high numbers of cells and preserve them for downstream characterization. We sought to evaluate a method using enrichment free fluorescent labeling of CTCs followed by automated digital microscopy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Twenty-eight patients with non-small cell lung cancer and hematogenously seeded metastasis were analyzed with multiple blood draws. We detected CTCs in 68% of analyzed samples and found a propensity for increased CTC detection as the disease progressed in individual patients. CTCs were present at a median concentration of 1.6 CTCs ml⁻¹ of analyzed blood in the patient population. Higher numbers of detected CTCs were associated with an unfavorable prognosis.
AN EVALUATION OF GASTRIC HYPOTHERMIA.

Gastric “cooling” is an acceptable, sustaining procedure beneficial in the control of upper gastrointestinal bleeding of known or obscure origin. In its present mode of application, gastric “freezing” is not entirely satisfactory for management of intractable duodenal ulcer. This technic inconsistently alters symptoms of ulcer, causes acute gastric mucosal damage, and may so influence some factor related to ulcer diathesis as to provide adjunctive therapy. Gastric “freezing” is deserving of further evaluation and development under more rigidly controlled circumstances.
Evaporation and explosion of liquid drops on a heated surface

The literature pertinent to various aspects of drop evaporation on a heated surface is reviewed. Both the laser shadowgraphic and direct photographic methods are employed to study thermal stability and flow structures in evaporating drops in all heating regimes. It is revealed that four flow regions exist in stable and unstable type drops at low liquid-film type vaporization regime. As the surface temperature is raised, the flow regions reduce to two. In the nucleate-boiling type vaporization regime, the interracial flow structure changes due to a reduction in the Marangoni number as well as the dielectric constant of the liquid. An evidence of bubble growth in the drops is disclosed. The micro explosion of drops is found to occur in the transition- boiling type heating range. No drop explosion takes place in the spheriodal vaporization regime except when the drop rolls on to a microscratch on the heating surface. It is concluded that the mechanisms for triggering drop explosion include the sponta- neous nucleation and growth phenomena and the destabilization of fihn boiling. heated surface in the form of small drops or large portions of liquid. Figure 1 shows a typical curve illustrating the depen- dence of the total vaporization time of a liquid drop on the temperature of the heating surface T,, (Tamura and Tanasawa, 1959). Its corresponding pool boiling curve is included in Fig. 1. When T,, is below the boiling tempera- ture of the liquid Tb, liquid drops spread into a thin layer and evaporate slowly. This range a-b is called tile liquid- film type vaporization regime in which the heat is trans- ferred from the surPace to the liquid by convection. At tile point b when T., is equal to 7"/,, nucleate boiling is observed in the spreading liquid with a vapor bubble arising in the central part of the drop. With a further increase in T,,, the number of nucleation sites increases and
Perceptually relevant parameters for virtual listening simulation of small room acoustics.

Various physical aspects of room-acoustic simulation techniques have been extensively studied and refined, yet the perceptual attributes of the simulations have received relatively little attention. Here a method of evaluating the perceptual similarity between rooms is described and tested using 15 small-room simulations based on binaural room impulse responses (BRIRs) either measured from a real room or estimated using simple geometrical acoustic modeling techniques. Room size and surface absorption properties were varied, along with aspects of the virtual simulation including the use of individualized head-related transfer function (HRTF) measurements for spatial rendering. Although differences between BRIRs were evident in a variety of physical parameters, a multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that when at-the-ear signal levels were held constant, the rooms differed along just two perceptual dimensions: one related to reverberation time (T60) and one related to interaural coherence (IACC). Modeled rooms were found to differ from measured rooms in this perceptual space, but the differences were relatively small and should be easily correctable through adjustment of T60 and IACC in the model outputs. Results further suggest that spatial rendering using individualized HRTFs offers little benefit over nonindividualized HRTF rendering for room simulation applications where source direction is fixed.
Observations of nonlinear saturation effects in amorphous zinc selenide

A powerful pump in a nonlinear medium can affect a weak probe beam propagating through a medium. In these induced effects there is not an exchange of power or a shifting of wavelengths, as seen in parametric effects, but instead the index of refraction, (Delta) n, brought about by the pump affects the propagation of the probe. The weak probe can be steered, guided, shaped or focused due to the influence of the pump beam. All of these effects fall under the general heading of cross phase modulation. This work presents a primary set of experiments demonstrating a nonlinear optical effect which displays a saturation profile. The nonlinear media is zinc selenide that is cut to be 3 X 3 X 25 mm with all sides polished. The probe is a continuous wave HeNe laser operating at 632.8 nm. The pump is a single mode, linearly polarized beam from an Argon laser with a center wavelength of 500 nm.
Posterolateral Subluxation Exposure of the Elbow for Injuries Involving the Lateral Column

The posterolateral subluxation exposure of the elbow is a useful surgical technique for addressing complex radial head or capitellar fractures. It can be modified to allow for exposure of the distal humerus or elbow in more complex cases including those resulting in the terrible triad injury. In this approach, dissection to the radiocapitellar joint via a posterior incision provides great exposure and allows for reduction and internal fixation or placement of a radial head prosthesis. The authors in this video presentation demonstrate the posterolateral approach for radial head fractures and radial head replacement along with some technical caveats.
Optimizing highway maintenance operations: dynamic considerations

Effective highway maintenance depends on several activities, including the understanding of current and the prediction of future pavement conditions and deciding how to best allocate limited resources for maintenance operations. In this paper, a dynamic micro-level simulation model of highway deterioration and renewal processes is presented. This model is calibrated with data from eight road sections in Virginia and is coupled with an optimization module that optimizes maintenance operations. The analysis offers alternative priority setting schemes that improves current maintenance practices at the project and network levels. This approach provides a blueprint for designing optimal highway maintenance practices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Sys. Dyn. Rev. 26, 216–238 (2010).
Globoid cell leukodystrophy: cranial computed tomography and evoked potentials.

The evoked potentials and cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan findings in a case of early infantile globoid cell leukodystrophy are presented. The brain stem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) and the flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were abnormal. Repeated cranial CT scans showed multiple areas of increased attenuation and progressive cerebral atrophy. These evoked potential and CT scan patterns occurring concomitantly in an infant are suggestive of globoid cell leukodystrophy. (J Child Neurol 1986;1:126-130)
The Role of Conceptualization and Design in Product Realization

The term Product realization is usually used to describe the physical realization of a product in the product development cycle. Therefore, the term may or may not include conceptualization and design phases. Considering that product realization means bringing a product to reality, it is important to study the concept of reality to understand the role of conceptualization, design, and manufacturing in product realization. In this paper, the concept of reality is expanded to include the perceptual and virtual realities as integral parts of the product realization process. This paper discusses the three phases of realization and their interactions. It also addresses the key roles of conceptualization, design and manufacturability in the realization process. To illustrate the concepts, presented in the paper, some examples are included.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Discovery of novel isoxazolines as anti-tuberculosis agents.

Abstract Nitrofuranyl isoxazolines with increased proteolytic stability over nitrofuranyl amides were designed and synthesized leading to discovery of several compounds with potent in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity. However, their in vivo activity was limited by high protein binding and poor distribution. Consequently, a series of non-nitrofuran containing isoxazolines were prepared to determine if the core had residual anti-tuberculosis activity. This led to the discovery of novel isoxazoline 12 as anti-tuberculosis agent with a MIC 90 value of 1.56 μg/mL.
Evaporation heat transfer characteristics of a grooved heat pipe with micro-trapezoidal grooves

A detailed mathematical model predicting the effect of contact angle on the meniscus radius, thin film profile and heat flux distribution occurring in the micro-trapezoidal grooves of a heat pipe has been presented. The model can be used to determine the maximum evaporating heat transfer rate in the evaporator including the effects of disjoining pressure and surface tension. The equation of meniscus radii calculation in the evaporator at given heat load based on the liquid wicks configuration has been put forward. The numerical results show that while the capillary limitation governs the maximum heat transport capability in a grooved heat pipe, the thin film evaporation determines the effective thermal conductivity in a grooved heat pipe. The ratio of the heat transfer through the thin film region to the total heat transfer through the wall to the vapor phase decreases when the contact angle increases. The superheat effects on the heat flux distribution in the thin film region also have been conducted and the results show that the disjoining pressure plays an important role in this region. The current investigation will result in a better understanding of thin film evaporation and its effect on the effective thermal conductivity in a grooved heat pipe.
A relationship between radar backscatter and aerodynamic roughness: Preliminary results

The ability of the wind to move particles and the flux of windblown sand are both dependent on the topographic roughness of the surface, as measured by the aerodynamic roughness, z(0). For most surfaces, topographic roughness controls many of the characteristics of the radar return, and the magnitude of the radar backscatter can be regarded as a measure of the surface roughness at or near the wavelength scale. Radar backscatter data may therefore be useful in obtaining a value of aerodynamic roughness which can be used to assess aeolian sediment transport via remote sensing. In this study, calibrated L(HH), C(HH) and Ku(VV) radar data were used to derive characteristic backscatter coefficients sigma(0) for three lava flow units, an alluvial fan, and a playa surface. Preliminary analyses show that values of sigma(0) and z(0) both increase with topographic roughness and that there is a good correlation between the two coefficients. This correlation suggests that it may be possible to assess aerodynamic roughness directly from radar data.
Inhibition of bone resorption by alendronate and risedronate does not require osteoclast apoptosis

Bisphosphonate inhibition of bone resorption was proposed to be due to osteoclast apoptosis. We tested this hypothesis for both the N-containing bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate, which inhibit farnesyldiphosphate synthase and thus protein isoprenylation, and for clodronate and etidronate, which are metabolized to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analogs. We found, in dose-response studies, that alendronate and risedronate inhibit bone resorption (in pit assays) at doses tenfold lower than those reducing osteoclast number. At an N-bisphosphonate dose that inhibited resorption and induced apoptosis, the antiapoptotic caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, maintained osteoclast (Oc) number but did not prevent inhibition of resorption. Furthermore, when cells were treated with either alendronate alone or in combination with Z-VAD-FMK for 24 or 48 h, subsequent addition of geranylgeraniol, which restores geranylgeranylation, returned bone resorption to control levels. On the other hand, Z-VAD-FMK did block etidronate and clodronate inhibition of resorption. Moreover, in cells treated with etidronate, but not alendronate or risedronate, Z-VAD-FMK also prevented actin disruption, an early sign of osteoclast inhibition by bisphosphonates. These observations indicate that, whereas induction of apoptosis plays a major role in etidronate and clodronate inhibition of resorption, alendronate and risedronate suppression of bone resorption is independent of their effects on apoptosis.
The persona in microcomputer documentation

The author examines the classical notion of persona (the role adopted by the writer) as a term useful in analyzing technical documents. It isolates rhetorical strategies that are components of the user-friendly persona and briefly speculates on the usefulness of those strategies given the interactive relationship between the writer and the audience.
High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the antiarrhythmic drugs procainamide, disopyramide, quinidine, propranolol and metabolites from serum extracts.

We describe a method for the simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic determination of several antiarrhythmic drugs and some of their metabolites after extraction from 2.5 mL of spiked pooled sera. The extracts were applied to a C8 reversed phase column. Nine compounds of interest were resolved within the 30 minute run. An initial mobile phase of 80% phosphate (25 mmol/L, pH 3.5), 20% organic (acetonitrile:methanol, 2:3) was maintained for 2 min at which time a linear gradient was used to change the mobile phase to 30% phosphate, 70% organic at 20 min after injection. This composition was maintained for an additional 5 min. Absorbance at 212 nm was used for detection. Peak area ratios of drug to internal standard (N-propionylprocainamide) were used for quantitation. The relative standard deviations (and mean solute concentrations) of daily duplicate determinations for 15 days are: procainamide, 5.1% (5.9 mg/L); N-acetylprocainamide, 9.3% (6.0 mg/L); Mono-N-dealkyldisopyramide, 3.7% (4.1 mg/L); disopyramide, 4.3% (4.0 mg/L); quinidine, 4.5% (6.5 mg/L); and propranolol, 5.1% (0.097 mg/L). Dihydroquinidine and 4-hydroxypropranolol were also resolved but not quantitated.
Coronary MR angiography: Clinical applications and potential for imaging coronary artery disease

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the Western world [1]. The associated morbidity is an important health care consideration and accounts for significant expenses in developed countries. Though many noninvasive techniques are currently used to indirectly assess the presence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD), invasive x-ray coronary angiography remains the gold standard for direct imaging of the coronary artery lumen. In patients with established CAD, clinical decisions regarding the selection of medical versus interventional/surgical therapies usually depend on the luminal percent diameter stenosis obtained at x-ray coronary angiography. Among recently developed noninvasive approaches to visualize the coronary arteries and evaluate their integrity, coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) offers particular advantages over echocardiography and spiral or electron beam computed tomography. CMRA offers exquisitely high spatial resolution, combined with unrestricted multiplanar and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Furthermore, CMRA does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation, eliminates the need for iodinated contrast, and can be performed regardless of an individual’s breathholding capacity. These advantages are particularly important among patients with cardiac diseases and associated comorbidities, who may be more prone to nephrotoxicity from iodinated contrast and less likely to sustain prolonged breath holding [2]. Over the past several years, CMRA has transitioned through many stages and will likely continue to evolve for the next few years. This article will address current clinical applications and provide insight for future directions in the field.
Restored methane band images of Uranus and Neptune

Charge-coupled device images of Uranus and Neptune taken in the 8900-A absorption band of methane are presented. The images have been digitally processed by means of nonlinear deconvolution techniques to partially remove the effects of atmospheric seeing. The restored Uranus images show strong limb brightening consistent with previous observations and theoretical models of the planet's atmosphere. The computer-processed images of Neptune show discrete cloud features similar to those reported previously by Smith, Reitsema, and Larson (1979). A time series of the restored Neptune images shows a continuous variation which may be due to the planet's rotation.
Elastic Element Integration for Improved Flapping-Wing Micro Air Vehicle Performance

This paper studies flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FWMAV) whose transmission mechanisms use flexures as energy storage elements to reduce needed input power. A distinguishing feature of the proposed four-bar mechanism is the use of rubber-based flexures in two of its joints. These lightweight and compact flexures have been used for the first time in the design of an FWMAV whose projected total weight is approximately 3 g. This paper discusses in detail how the flexures were designed and how the challenges associated with their fabrication were met. Flexure stiffnesses were chosen based upon a simple, computationally efficient model of the four-bar mechanism actuated by an electric motor to flap two wings at 18 Hz. An instrumented test stand was designed to easily replace the upper part of the four-bar flexure mechanism and wings, and it was used to experimentally determine the power savings associated with flexures of different stiffnesses. While the measured power savings (maximum of 20%) may seem modest, they were nevertheless significant, considering that the use of the rubber-based flexures produced approximately 0.3 g added thrust at a less than 1% cost in weight (0.02 g).
MIL-101(Fe) as a lithium-ion battery electrode material: a relaxation and intercalation mechanism during lithium insertion

The electrochemical performance of a MIL-101(Fe) metal–organic framework (MOF) as a lithium ion battery electrode is reported for the first time. Iron metal centers can be electrochemically activated. The Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple is electrochemically active, but not reversible over many cycles. A comparison between ex situ and in operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) on the Fe K-edge is presented. Our results indicate that the capacity fade is related to a time dependent, irreversible oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. These results are key in proving the importance of in operando XAS measurements. The MOF side reaction with an electrolyte has been computationally modeled. These results provide further insights on the mechanism responsible for the MOF lack of reversibility. Future guidelines for improving the reversibility of MOFs used as electrodes in Li-ion batteries based on the fine-tuning of the electronic structure of the material are proposed.
Axillary artery cannulation in acute ascending aortic dissections.

Abstract Background . Standard cannulation of the femoral artery in preparation for repair of a dissection involving the ascending aorta carries a high risk of malperfusion. Arterial perfusion through the right axillary artery is more likely to perfuse the true lumen and should be advantageous in acute dissections involving the ascending aorta. Methods . Thirteen patients underwent repair of acute ascending aortic dissections and were perfused through the right axillary artery. All had deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Results . There was one mild intraoperative cerebrovascular accident with complete recovery and one operative death secondary to low cardiac output. There were no intraoperative problems with perfusion through the axillary artery, and there were no postoperative problems or complications involving the axillary artery, axillary vein, or brachial plexus. Conclusions . Arterial perfusion through the right axillary artery is a safe and effective means of more reliably perfusing the true lumen. In this regard, it may be superior to femoral artery perfusion and could lead to improved outcomes with repair of acute deBakey type I and II aortic dissections.
Preliminary Observations on the Organizational Context of Treatment for Female and Male Heroin Abusers

(1978). Preliminary Observations on the Organizational Context of Treatment for Female and Male Heroin Abusers. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 269-276.
The sensitivity of (Q, S) inventory model

Abstract This paper tests the sensitivity of the (Q, S) inventory model to errors in both the lot size and the backorder size. The sensitivity of the model to the shape of the holding cost curve and the backorder cost curve is also tested. The result shows that the model is more sensitive to lot size error than to the backorder error. Under certain conditions, errors in backorder size become costly. The (Q, S) inventory model is also sensitive to both the shape of the holding cost and backorder cost curves. The (Q, S) model expressed using a nonlinear cost function is presented, of which other well known inventory models are shown to be special cases. The managerial implications of this paper are discussed.