cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid LC-MS/MS profiling of protein amino acids and metabolically related compounds for large-scale assessment of metabolic phenotypes

Amino acids extracted from a biological matrix can be resolved and measured using a 6-min per sample method through high-performance liquid chromatography with a short C18 column and rapid gradient using the ion-pairing reagent perfluoroheptanoic acid. LC-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions selective for each compound allows simultaneous quantification of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 5 metabolically related compounds. Distinct MRM transitions were also established for selective detection of the isomers leucine/isoleucine and threonine/homoserine.
Pedro Medina and Suburbano Come to the Fore: Miami as a Cultural Stage and Source of Creativity

“Pedro Medina and Suburbano Come to the Fore: Miami as a Cultural Stage and Source of Creativity,” Naida Saavedra, Darton State College.
The state of the art of spaceborne remote sensing in flood management

Flood management consists many aspects such as hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, early warning system, damage assessment as well as risk mitigation planning. Conventional flood management are depending on the ground based monitoring of rainfall and river discharge. Many parts of the world are not covered by these sensor networks in one hand and these ground based systems are costly. Most of the tropical countries have high flood risk and low financial and institutional capacity to afford ground based system. While conventional flood management is time and cost intensive, spaceborne remote sensing provides timely and low-cost data in comparison to field observation, and is the obvious choice for most developing countries affected by flooding. Many aspects of flood management are being aided with the advancement of remote sensing technology. More precise and near real time flood detection, lead time in flood early warning system, accurate and advance inputs of hydrological models are now blessed by space technology. Many methods and approaches have been developed to overcome the constrains in the application of spaceborne remote sensing in flood management. Application of satellite remote sensing in flood hazard assessment is well documented, however, the application of space technology in other aspects of the flood management is also promising. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the applicability of spaceborne remote sensing and in most of the aspects in flood management.
Search for Rare Quark-Annihilation Decays, B± → D$(*)±\atop{s}$Φ

The authors report on a search for the decay B{sup {+-}} {yields} D{sub s}{sup (*){+-}} {phi} using 212.2 fb{sup -1} of data collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II B Factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center between 1999 and 2004. This sample of 234 x 10{sup 6} e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} {Upsilon}(4S) {yields} B{bar B} events yields no significant signal. They report the Bayesian upper limits {Beta}(B{sup {+-}} {yields} D{sub s}{sup {+-}} {phi}) x {Beta}(D{sub s}{sup {+-}} {yields} {phi}{pi}{sup {+-}}) < 8.6 x 10{sup -8} and {Beta}(B{sup {+-}} {yields} D*{sub s}{sup {+-}}{phi}) x {Beta}(D{sub s}{sup {+-}} {yields} {phi}{pi}{sup {+-}}) < 5.4 x 10{sup -7} at the 90% C.L. Using the latest measurement of {Beta}(D{sub s}{sup {+-}} {yields} {phi}{pi}{sup {+-}}), they report: {Beta}(B{sup {+-}} {yields} D{sub s}{sup {+-}}{phi}) < 1.8 x 10{sup -6} and {Beta}(B{sup {+-}} {yields} D*{sub s}{sup {+-}}{phi}) < 1.1 x 10{sup -5} at the 90% C.L.
Abstract 4116: A small-molecule antagonist of CX3CR1 impairs homing and colonization of breast cancer cells in the skeleton

Therapeutic approaches aimed to prevent breast cancer cells from spreading to distant sites are commonly neglected, based on the indication that dissemination from primary tumors can occur early. However, mounting evidence indicates that cancer cells recirculating from established bone lesions could further seed and colonize both skeleton and soft-tissue organs, thus precipitating metastatic dissemination and accelerating disease progression. We have previously shown that breast circulating tumor cells (CTCs) rely on the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 for lodging to the skeleton. Here, we show that this receptor is overexpressed by all four main subtypes of breast adenocarcinoma and also abundantly detected in bone metastatic lesions from breast cancer patients. We have recently synthesized JMS-17-2, a novel small molecule inhibitor of CX3CR1. We tested this compound in pre-clinical animal models of metastases in which human breast cancer cells, labeled with fluorescent and bioluminescent markers, are converted into CTCs by direct grafting in the arterial blood circulation. Pre-incubating cancer cells with JMS-17-2 or treating animals with this compound (10 mg/Kg, i.p.) were equally effective in dramatically decreasing the number of breast CTCs that lodged to the skeleton. These disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) were detected 24 hours after grafting and enumerated by multispectral fluorescence microscopy of sequential bone tissue sections spanning the entire width of tibiae and femora. Notably, when animals were examined at two weeks after grafting, JMS-17-2 completely prevented metastases, indicating that the reduction in number of DTCs directly translates to an impaired tumor growth in the long term. Finally, JMS-17-2 was administered to animals harboring a limited number of small metastases in bone and soft-tissues and monitored by bioluminescence imaging for three weeks before sacrifice. Animals treated with the CX3CR1 antagonist remained at an oligometastatic stage whereas control animals showed a sharp increase in the number of metastatic lesions and overall tumor burden. The work presented here should generate a conceptual shift in the treatment strategies for breast cancer patients, paving the way to approaches aimed to counteract the seeding of additional lesions from existing metastases. We also introduce JMS-17-2 as the first CX3CR1 antagonist and lead compound of a class of potentially new drugs with a novel mechanism of action that could be added to the arsenal of therapies currently used to treat advanced breast adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Fei Shen, Yun Zhang, Danielle Jernigan, Jie Yan, Fernando Garcia, Olimpia Meucci, Joseph Salvino, Alessandro Fatatis. A small-molecule antagonist of CX3CR1 impairs homing and colonization of breast cancer cells in the skeleton. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4116. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4116
Brain Network Dynamics Adhere to a Power Law

The temporal dynamics of complex networks such as the Internet are characterized by a power scaling between the temporal mean and dispersion of signals at each network node. Here we tested the hypothesis that the temporal dynamics of the brain networks are characterized by a similar power law. This realization could be useful to assess the effects of randomness and external modulators on the brain network dynamics. Simulated data using a well-stablished random diffusion model allowed us to predict that the temporal dispersion of the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and that of the local functional connectivity density (lFCD) scale with their temporal means. We tested this hypothesis in open-access resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets from 66 healthy subjects. A robust power law emerged from the temporal dynamics of ALFF and lFCD metrics, which was insensitive to the methods used for the computation of the metrics. The scaling exponents (ALFF: 0.8 ± 0.1; lFCD: 1.1 ± 0.1; mean ± SD) decreased with age and varied significantly across brain regions; multimodal cortical areas exhibited lower scaling exponents, consistent with a stronger influence of external inputs, than limbic and subcortical regions, which exhibited higher scaling exponents, consistent with a stronger influence of internal randomness. Findings are consistent with the notion that external inputs govern neuronal communication in the brain and that their relative influence differs between brain regions. Further studies will assess the potential of this metric as biomarker to characterize neuropathology.
Self-assembled DC Resistive Circuits with Self-controlled Voltage-Based Growth

A new model for analog self-assembly is introduced, the circuit Tile Assembly model (cTAM), in which a supply voltage creates electric “glues” that attach small resistive circuits to a seed to form larger circuits. Component circuits can only attach to the growing circuit if the voltage across the output terminals of the partial assembly exceeds a given threshold. Thus, as the circuit grows, the supply voltage progressively dissipates until additional circuit components can no longer attach. Thus, the supply voltage acts as a finite resource that is used up as the circuit assembles, like nutrientfor bacterial colonies. Assemblies in the shape of resistive ladders and grids are analyzed. For ladder-like circuits, the size of the assembled circuits remain within the order of the logarithm of the ratio of the supply voltage to the threshold, and is inversely proportional to the golden ratio \(\phi \), a universal constant pervasive in architecture, engineering, and biology. For grids, empirical results are presented showing bounded growth and unique terminal assemblies. The model exhibits intriguing properties, such as self-controlled growth without glue or seed programming, and communication at a distance within the assembly without signaling programming. In addition, a generalization of the model is proposed in which construction is driven by energy minimization in response to boundary conditions on the perimeter of the assembly.
Identifying the Mechanisms of Extralegal Enforcement

This paper studies the mechanisms by which a community enforces contracts absent a formal legal authority. The canonical examples of private ordering involve ethnically homogeneous communities with strong internal ties. This commonality raises the question: Are these ties necessary for successful private-ordering? Drawing on a unique dataset of anonymous and unsecured online peer-to-peer loans, this paper shows that forward-looking economic self-interest is primarily responsible for facilitating repayment. The paper argues that historically, community ties played an important role in facilitating this economic mechanism by transmitting reputational information. However, private ordering can thrive absent these ties so long as there is another mechanism for transmitting this information. Rather than requiring strong community ties, private ordering can succeed with the combination of repeated economic interaction, a reliable information transmission mechanism, and costly entry.
Abstract 14732: Vortex Formation Time in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Introduction: Vortex formation time (VFT) is an index reflecting optimal vortex formation and efficiency in blood volume transport. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of VFT index with LV diastolic function and exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and examine its changes after septal reduction therapy. Methods: We studied 116 HCM patients (median age 57.5 [49-65], 39.7% female) who underwent exercise stress testing with measurement of peak O2 consumption within 2 months of imaging. VFT index was calculated and the cohort was divided into 2 groups (cutoff based on prior work and our own normal controls [n=12]): VFT Results: Patients with VFT Conclusions: Patients with HCM and VFT 3.3-5.5 are less symptomatic and have better exercise tolerance. VTF increases after septal reduction therapy in keeping with the NYHA class improvement and the change in peak O2 consumption. VFT appears to be a useful parameter to evaluate cardiac function, its relation to exercise tolerance as well as the response to treatment in HCM patients.
Stochastic multipath channel modeling and power delay profile analysis for terahertz-band communication

Terahertz (THz) band (0.1--10 THz) communication is envisioned as a key technology to address the explosive growth in mobile data in recent years and the demand for high speed wireless communications. Major recent advances in device technologies are finally closing the THz gap and, thus, bringing this networking paradigm closer to reality. A general channel model is essential in designing and simulating communication techniques for the THz band. In this paper, we develop a stochastic multipath channel model for THz band communication for bounded area applications. Specifically, an analytical model for the number of single bounce multi-path components and the power delay profile in a rectangular deployment scenario is derived, considering the density of obstacles, variable geometry of the rectangle, the signal blocking by obstacles and the propagation properties of THz signals. The model is independent of the physical layer technology and can be tailored to different application scenarios. Extensive simulation results are provided and utilized to validate the developed analytical model.
Factors Affecting Residential Parking Occupancy in Madison, Wisconsin:

Policy makers in urban areas throughout the United States are interested in managing parking provision and minimizing the negative impacts of excess parking, yet those policy makers often lack an understanding of how much the existing parking is used and how different factors affect its use. This paper presents a study of multifamily residential parking use and related factors at 80 sites in Madison, Wisconsin. Twenty-two factors, including neighborhood and building characteristics, are considered. During the evening peak, parking use ranges from 0 to 1.4 spaces per residential unit, and the existing supply is 67% occupied. This paper presents three simple models of parking occupancy that require only two neighborhood characteristics and three building characteristics. These models explain roughly two-thirds of the variation in occupancy. Neighborhood characteristics are highly collinear and explain roughly 40% of the variation. Building characteristics explain more than 50% of the variation. This work va...
Reducing Power Consumption of Datacenter Networks with 60GHz Wireless Server-to-Server Links

Datacenters have become the digital backbone of the modern society and consume enormous amounts of power. Significant portion of the power consumption is due to the power hungry switching fabric necessary for communication in the datacenter. Additionally, the complex cabling in traditional datacenters pose design and maintenance challenges and increase the energy cost of the cooling infrastructure by obstructing the flow of chilled air. In this work we address these problems of traditional datacenters by designing a server-to-server wireless datacenter network (DCN). We propose design methodologies for the use of 60GHz unlicensed millimeter-wave bands to establish direct communication links between servers in a DCN without the need for a conventional fabric. This will reduce the power consumption of the DCN significantly. We first demonstrate that such a power-efficient wireless DCN can sustain the traffic requirements encountered in small to mid-size real datacenters and provide data rates that are comparable to traditional DCNs. Having established the feasibility of a server-to-server wireless DCN in terms of performance, we estimate that its power consumption is lower by four to six times in comparison to a conventional DCN fabric.
Outcomes of Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Acute Type B Dissection in Patients With Intractable Pain or Refractory Hypertension

Purpose: To compare uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection (UATBAD) patients with intractable pain/refractory hypertension treated with thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) to UATBAD s...
Detecting Lightning Infrasound Using a High-Altitude Balloon

Acoustic waves with a wide range of frequencies are generated by lightning strokes during thunderstorms, including infrasonic waves (0.1 to 20 Hz). The source mechanism for these low frequency acoustic waves is still debated and studies have so far been limited to ground-based instruments. Here we report the first confirmed detection of lightning generated infrasound with acoustic instruments suspended at stratospheric altitudes using a free-flying balloon. We observe high-amplitude signals generated by lightning strokes located within 100 km of the balloon as it flew over the Tasman Sea on 17 May 2016. The signals share many characteristics with waveforms recorded previously by ground-based instruments near thunderstorms. The ability to measure lightning activity with high-altitude infrasound instruments has demonstrated the potential for using these platforms to image the full acoustic wavefield in the atmosphere. Furthermore, it validates the use of these platforms for recording and characterizing infrasonic sources located beyond the detection range of ground-based instruments.
REM Behavior Disorder in Adults

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by loss of REM sleep atonia and clinical manifestations of dream reenactment. Patients typically present at the request of bed partners due to the often violent and dangerous nature of this nighttime disorder. RBD can present at any age, and is frequently associated with narcolepsy in the younger population. Older patients presenting with idiopathic RBD have a significant risk of developing neurodegenerative conditions. RBD is associated with other changes in the central nervous system (CNS) such as decreased olfaction, visuospatial issues, and mild slowing on electroencephalography (EEG). Treatment involves ensuring environmental safety, eliminating predisposing factors, and initiating medications such as clonazepam and melatonin. Given the relationship of RBD to neurodegenerative conditions, RBD represents a unique opportunity to understand the neuroanatomical basis for REM sleep-related mechanisms and may be a leading indicator for patients who may benefit from neuroprotective treatments for these neurodegenerative diseases.
Expression of the human MUC1 mucin cDNA in a hamster pancreatic tumor cell line HP-1.

A full length cDNA for the human mucin gene, MUC1, under the control of human β actin promoter, was transfected into a carcinogen induced hamster pancreatic ductal tumor cell line, HP-1. Transfectants were selected by resistance to geneticin. Integration of the foreign human MUC1 cDNA occurred at multiple sites in the genome of HP-1. Northern blot analysis showed MUC1 expression in cells transfected with MUC1 cDNA placed in the correct orientation, but not in control cells (HP-1 cells transfected with vector alone, or with the MUC1 cDNA placed in the antisense orientation). Western blot analysis using monoclonal antibody HMFG-2, which is reactive with the MUC1 protein, showed results consistent with the Northern blot data. Positive immunoperoxidase staining using HMFG-2 was seen in HP-1 cells transfected with MUC1 cDNA but not with untransfected or HP-1 control cells. The integration of human MUC1 mucin gene in HP-1 cells caused no significant change in the growth rate of HP-1 cells in vitro, but resulted in an enhanced growth rate for xenografts of MUC1 transfected HP-1 cells grown in nude mice.
Small-molecule inhibitors of ricin and Shiga toxins.

This review summarizes the successes and continuing challenges associated with the identification of small-molecule inhibitors of ricin and Shiga toxins, members of the RNA N-glycosidase family of toxins that irreversibly inactivate eukaryotic ribosomes through the depurination of a conserved adenosine residue within the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) of 28S rRNA. Virtual screening of chemical libraries has led to the identification of at least three broad classes of small molecules that bind in or near the toxin’s active sites and thereby interfere with RNA N-glycosidase activity. Rational design is being used to improve the specific activity and solubility of a number of these compounds. High-throughput cell-based assays have also led to the identification of small molecules that partially, or in some cases, completely protect cells from ricin- and Shiga-toxin-induced death. A number of these recently identified compounds act on cellular proteins associated with intracellular trafficking or pro-inflammatory/cell death pathways, and one was reported to be sufficient to protect mice in a ricin challenge model.
The Antibiotic Activity of Tea Tree, Eucalyptus, and Cinnamon Bark Oils

The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is of pressing concern, especially given that the pharmaceutical industry has decreased funding for infectious disease drug discovery programs. It is estimated that over 2 million people are infected with antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria each year, resulting in over 23,000 deaths. Researchers are currently looking for novel antibiotics in alternative sources. Essential oils, derived from plants, are an ancient homeopathic remedy that are traditionally known to have antimicrobial properties. Therefore, several essential oils were examined in search of novel antibiotics. Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifela), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia Blume) oils showed antibiotic activity in Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assays. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for tea tree, eucalyptus, and cinnamon bark oils were determined to be 1.25%, 0.313%, and 0.0391%, respectively. All three oils proved effective against both...
Abstract P351: Psychological Resilience is Associated With Higher Subjective Well-being Among Adults Living With Chronic Disease

Introduction: While living with a chronic disease can be challenging, some studies have shown that psychological resilience is associated with better outcomes. In this study, we aimed to determine ...
Development and the Making of an “Entrepreneurial Class” in Lebowa

AbstractThough the bantustans were economically impoverished and politically fraudulent, their leaders often claimed to be driving a “development agenda” that valorised the power of the market, and...
Data Harmonization: Establishing Measurement Invariance across Different Assessments of the Same Construct across Adolescence

Longitudinal measurement invariance is a major concern for developmental scholars who seek to evaluate the same underlying construct across time. Unfortunately, discontinuities in the expression of various psychological constructs, as well as essential changes in measurement that are necessitated by shifting developmental capacities and practice effects over time, make the task of establishing longitudinal invariance extremely difficult. Drawing on 5 waves of longitudinal data from 392 families (52% female; Mage_W1 = 12.89, SD = .48; Mage_W5 = 21.95, SD = .77; 199 European American and 193 Mexican American families), the current investigation sought to establish measurement invariance across developmentally appropriate changes in measures of depressive symptomatology from early adolescence through early adulthood. Using a combination of item parceling and the common and unique items from 2 assessment instruments for depressive symptoms, the data supported strong factorial invariance in youth's depressive symptoms across 5 waves of measurement. Findings suggest that traditional invariance approaches can be adapted to determine whether the same construct underlies different measurement instruments across time. This analytic strategy can allow researchers and clinicians to use more sophisticated techniques to understand changes in symptomatology regardless of changes in measurement or developmental capacity. Applying this approach to model patterns of depressive symptomatology from early adolescence to early adulthood has important clinical implications for elucidating periods when youth experience elevations in depressive symptoms and heightened needs for intervention services.
Alteration of the groundwater table due to construction of a floodplain bypass at Upper Pine Creek, Concord, California

The Upper Pine Creek Flood Control Project in Concord, California, includes the construction of a floodplain bypass to the southwest of the natural stream path between stations 140+06 and 168+10 (station numbers increase in an upstream direction). This project increases the capacity of Pine Creek from around 1000 to 3250 cubic feet per second (cfs) in the project reach. Construction of the floodplain bypass required excavation to an elevation below that of the pre-project groundwater table. Such excavation creates a local depression in the water table and threatens to drop the local water table below the bed of the existing creek, effectively killing the natural channel. Analysis of contour maps of the pre- and post-project groundwater table reveals that the water table has dropped by up to 7 feet in the area between the natural channel and the floodplain bypass. Additionally, the slope of the water table has been altered to a direction that seems to favor flow along the path of the floodplain bypass. A diversion pipe directs flows of up to 100 cfs into the natural channel. This, in conjunction with natural bounding of the aquifer by the Concord Fault to the southwest and by topographically driven flow from the slope of Lime Ridge from the east, effectively mitigate expected groundwater table elevation problems and maintain the natural creek as an active and dynamic channel system.
The Subjects of Spatial Statism: Reclaiming Politics and Law in International Entanglement

In their Foreword, Hirschl and Shachar challenge the supposed contemporary decline of state sovereignty and describe the enduring and expansive spatial reach of state power to counter threats to sovereign territorial control. This Afterword looks into the normative foundations of this account and its consequences for public international law and for international courts, in particular. “Spatial statism” exposes, I argue, a disjunction between the concepts of state sovereignty and popular sovereignty—and thus disrupts the normative expectation that those subject to the law are also its authors. It is this expectation that international judicial review must seek to restore. The attempt to do so is burdened by analytical and practical difficulties. But the project, I argue, is essential. In confronting the new “spaces” of international entanglement, judges must redeem the idea that citizens might yet reclaim those entanglements as a “common world,” not just a space in which they are brought together, unfreely, under the mantle of state coordination and coercion.
Evaluating Warm and Cold Rain Processes in Cloud Microphysical Schemes Using OLYMPEX Field Measurements

AbstractField observations from the Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX) around western Washington State during two atmospheric river (AR) events in November 2015 were used to evaluate several bul...
Correction to: Communication complexity with small advantage

Authors would like to correct the incorrect author references in the online published article.
Place attachment in self-built informal housing: improving spaces of crime

In Brazil, informal settlements house over 11 million dwellers in areas characterized by lower socio-economic conditions, insecure tenure and inadequate basic services. Despite these constrains, many informal dwellers engage in a continuous process to incrementally improve their housing units and community services. In this study, we develop a conceptual model that links studies in crime prevention through environmental design and place attachment to argue that incremental housing improvements in infrastructure can deter criminal activity. We estimate an empirical model using data from a survey of 45,000 households located in informal settlements for a Brazilian city. We conclude by pointing out how aesthetic finishes to external housing materials have a most prominent effect in deterring criminal activities than State provided infrastructure. The discussion highlights how crime is systemically concentrated in informal settlements, and that urbanization interventions must consider localized improvements to individual households in conjunction with the provision of basic services.
The 5 and 11 Factor Modified Frailty Indices are Equally Effective at Outcome Prediction Using TQIP.

Abstract Background The 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) and the 11-factor modified frailty index (mFI-11) are equally effective in predicting adverse outcomes in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. The similarly structured American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database has not been studied with these two frailty indices. We hypothesized that the mFI-5 and mFI-11 could similarly predict adverse outcomes with TQIP data. Methods The mFI-5 and mFI-11 were calculated for each patient comprising our institutional TQIP registry (2016-2018). Spearman ρ was calculated to assess correlations between the two indices across multiple predefined TQIP patient cohorts. Complications were stratified by frailty score for each index. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and Injury Severity Score were created to assess each mFI's association with any complication and discharge dispositions (home, facility, and expired). Results There were 8467 patients. Spearman ρ was >0.9 (P 0.05). Conclusions The mFI-5 and mFI-11 are highly correlated across several TQIP patient cohorts. They also are both predictive of complications and discharge dispositions; however, neither index can predict mortality. Given its ease of use, the mFI-5 may be a better option for identifying frail patients and predicting adverse outcomes at the point of care in trauma.
Diabetes, its duration, and the long-term risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Abstract Background and aims We aimed at comprehensively evaluate the independent association of diabetes and its duration with incident abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and aortic diameter. Methods and results We prospectively studied incident AAA according to baseline glycemic status (diabetes, prediabetes, normal glycemia) in 13,116 ARIC participants (1990–1992) and the time-varying exposure of duration post incident diabetes in 11,675 participants (1987–1989) using Cox models. Additionally, we cross-sectionally explored ultrasound-based abdominal aortic diameter by glycemic status and cumulative duration of diabetes in 4710 participants (2011–2013) using linear regression models. Over ~20 years of follow-up, diabetes (vs. normal glycemia) at baseline was independently associated with lower AAA risk (489 cases) (hazard ratio: 0.71 [95%CI 0.51–0.99]), especially after 10 years (hazard ratio: 0.58 [0.38–0.87]). Prediabetes did not demonstrate an independent association. The inverse association was more evident with longer duration of diabetes (p for trend = 0.045), with 30–50% lower risk in eight years after diabetes diagnosis. The cross-sectional analysis demonstrated smaller aortic diameters with longer duration of diabetes (e.g., −0.76 mm [−1.24, −0.28] in diabetes with 8–12 years) compared to non-diabetes, whereas prediabetes consistently showed nominally greater diameter. Conclusions Diabetes, especially with longer duration, but not prediabetes, was independently associated with lower risk of AAA and smaller aortic diameter. Our findings suggest that long lasting clinical hyperglycemia plays an important role in the reduced AAA risk, and the reduced aortic diameter may be a structural mechanism behind this paradoxical association.
Relative Tur\'an Numbers for Hypergraph Cycles

For an $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ and a family of $r$-uniform hypergraphs $\mathcal{F}$, the relative Turan number $\mathrm{ex}(H,\mathcal{F})$ is the maximum number of edges in an $\mathcal{F}$-free subgraph of $H$. In this paper we give lower bounds on $\mathrm{ex}(H,\mathcal{F})$ for certain families of hypergraph cycles $\mathcal{F}$ such as Berge cycles and loose cycles. In particular, if $\mathcal{C}_\ell^3$ denotes the set of all $3$-uniform Berge $\ell$-cycles and $H$ is a 3-uniform hypergraph with maximum degree $\Delta$, we prove \[\mathrm{ex}(H,\mathcal{C}_4^{3})\ge \Delta^{-3/4-o(1)}e(H),\] \[\mathrm{ex}(H,\mathcal{C}_5^{3})\ge \Delta^{-3/4-o(1)}e(H),\] and these bounds are tight up to the $o(1)$ term.
Aichi virus inactivation by heat in 2-ml glass vials

Aichi virus (AiV) that results in gastroenteritis worldwide, is spread through contaminated shellfish and water. The resistance/tolerance of AiV to common inactivation processes along with the absence of commercially available vaccines makes it necessary to study its thermal inactivation kinetics. This research evaluated the heat inactivation of AiV in cell-culture media using 2-ml sterile glass vials by the linear and Weibull models. Heat treatments of AiV titers of 7 log plaque forming units (PFU)/ml were conducted thrice in a water-bath at 50, 54, and 58 °C for up to 90 min. Plaque assays for each dilution in duplicate were used to determine infectious virus titers. Linear model D-values for AiV at 50 ± 1 °C (± = standard error) (come-up time = 68 s), 54 ± 0.7 °C (130 s), and 58 ± 0.6°C (251 s) were 43.3 ± 4.23 (R2 = 0.40, RMSE = 0.56), 5.69 ± 0.28 (R2 = 0.80, RMSE = 0.43), and 1.20 ± 0.63 min (R2 = 0.69, RMSE = 0.39), respectively, and the linear model z-value was 5.14 ± 0.39°C (R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 0.08). For the same temperatures, the Weibull model td = 1 values were 20.98 ± 8.8 (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.46, α (scale parameter) = 2.30, β (shape parameter) = 0.38), 3.84 ± 0.69 (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 0.38, α = 1.08, β = 0.66), and 0.87 ± 0.10 min (R2 = 0.80, RMSE = 0.32, α = 0.22, β = 0.61), respectively and the z-value (using Td = 1 ) was 5.79 ± 0.22 °C (R2 = 1.0, RMSE = 0.03). A better fit was obtained with the Weibull model for log reductions versus time with higher R2 and lower RMSE values. Application of AiV inactivation parameters can help reduce the risk of AiV outbreaks.
Transposable element accumulation drives size differences among polymorphic Y chromosomes in Drosophila

Y chromosomes of many species are gene poor and show low levels of nucleotide variation, yet often display high amounts of structural diversity. Dobzhansky cataloged several morphologically distinct Y chromosomes in Drosophila pseudoobscura that differ in size and shape, but the molecular causes of their dramatic size differences are unclear. Here we use cytogenetics and long-read sequencing to study the sequence content of polymorphic Y chromosomes in D. pseudoobscura. We show that Y chromosomes differ by almost 2-fold in size, ranging from 30 to 60 Mb. Most of this size difference is caused by a handful of active transposable elements (TEs) that have recently expanded on the largest Y chromosome, with different elements being responsible for Y expansion on differently sized D. pseudoobscura Ys. We show that Y chromosomes differ in their heterochromatin enrichment, expression of Y-enriched TEs, and also influence expression of dozens of autosomal and X-linked genes. Intriguingly, the same helitron element that showed the most drastic amplification on the largest Y in D. pseudoobscura independently amplified on a polymorphic large Y chromosome in D. affinis, suggesting that some TEs are inherently more prone to become deregulated on Y chromosomes.
Gender & Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Academic Oncology Leadership

Purpose/Objective(s) Gender & racial/ethnic leadership disparities have been independently identified in academic hematology/oncology (HO) and radiation oncology (RO). Here, we evaluate gender and racial/ethnic intersectionality from the trainee to the leadership level. Materials/Methods All ACGME accredited HO and RO training program websites were queried to identify constituent trainees, academic faculty, program directors (PD) and department chairs (DC), with a leadership position defined as PD or DC. Individual gender & race/ethnicity was determined using externally validated software tools, publicly available descriptors, and image review. We grouped individuals into 6 categories: White Male (WM), White Female (WF), Asian Male (AM), Asian Female (AF), Underrepresented Groups in Medicine (as defined by AAMC) Male (URMM) and Female (URMF). The chi-squared goodness-of-fit test was applied to examine if deviations exist between the observed vs. expected proportions of gender/race dyads in trainees, PD, and DC compared to academic faculty. Results We identified 7,722 individuals from 2019-2020: 1,759 trainees (HO = 1525; RO = 234), 5,726 faculty (HO = 4834; RO = 892), 242 PD (HO = 149; RO = 93) and 237 DC (HO = 144; RO = 93). Leadership positions were most often comprised by WM (52.6%), and least often comprised by URMF (2.9%). Combined HO/RO analysis revealed significant differences in the observed representation of trainees & DC vs expected levels based on total faculty, respectively: WM (33.7% & 60.3% vs. 42.3%), WF (19.2% & 13.9% vs. 22.3%), AM (20.75% & 16.9% vs. 16.4%), AF (17.9% & 2.5% vs. 12.7%), URMM (4.09% & 5.5% vs. 3.5%) and URMF (4.3% & 0.8% vs. 2.8%), P Conclusion Gender & racial/ethnic disparity is present in academic oncology. Specifically, women of all races/ethnicities are proportionally underrepresented in DC positions in HO and RO programs. These data can serve as a benchmark to raise awareness and monitor progress towards a more balanced workforce in oncology.
We Are Americans: Undocumented Students Pursuing the American Dream, by William Pérez

In his book We Are Americans, William Perez brings out the voices and biographical sketches of 20 undocumented immigrant adolescents (three eventually gained legal status) at various points of thei...
MEDICINE IN ENGLAND NOW

Excerpt Modern science has extended the area and scope of medical defense against enemy action no less than it has extended the area and scope of war operations. The whole population of Great Brita...
Design and Implementation of a Data Mining System for Malware Detection

This paper describes the design and implementation of a data mining system called SNODMAL Stream based novel class detection for malware for malware detection. SNODMAL extends our data mining system called SNOD Stream-based Novel Class Detection for detecting malware. SNOD is a powerful system as it can detect novel classes. We also describe the design of SNODMAL++ which is an extended version of SNODMAL.
All-optical digital 3-input AND gate using sum- and difference-frequency generation in a PPLN waveguide

We demonstrate an all-optical bit-wise 3-input AND gate using a single periodically-poled-lithium-niobate (PPLN) waveguide as a nonlinear optical element. Our module generates output '1' bits only when all inputs are '1', with negligible power penalty.
Analytical Mean Squared Error Curves in Temporal Difference Learning

We provide analytical expressions governing changes to the bias and variance of the lookup table estimators provided by various Monte Carlo and temporal difference value estimation algorithms with offline updates over trials in absorbing Markov reward processes. We have used these expressions to develop software that serves as an analysis tool: given a complete description of a Markov reward process, it rapidly yields an exact mean-square-error curve, the curve one would get from averaging together sample mean-square-error curves from an infinite number of learning trials on the given problem. We use our analysis tool to illustrate classes of mean-square-error curve behavior in a variety of example reward processes, and we show that although the various temporal difference algorithms are quite sensitive to the choice of step-size and eligibility-trace parameters, there are values of these parameters that make them similarly competent, and generally good.
Tumors of the Jaws

Tumors of the jaws are epithelial, osseous, or dental in origin. The epithelial tumors, like those of the skin, are epidermal or basal-cell in type, arising from the neighboring mucous membranes or their appendages and invading the jaws by direct extension. The malignant osseous tumors (including osteogenic and Ewing9s sarcoma) resemble those of the long bones. The benign bone tumors show features peculiar to this region. The osteomas and ossifying fibromas show a mode of ossification characteristic of membranous bone. The giant-cell tumors may be central or peripheral. The peripheral giant-cell tumors (epulides) are related in their origin to the eruption of the permanent teeth. The dental tumors are usually cystic in character and contain epithelial elements. In their histogenesis they are related to the enamel organ which is derived from the oral ectoderm. The classification and incidence of these tumors of the jaws as recorded in the Surgical Pathological Laboratory at Johns Hopkins, are as follows:
Genetically related rats with differences in hippocampal uptake of norepinephrine and maze performance.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its progenitor strain, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) display marked differences in brain catecholamines and behavior. The behavioral differences are suggestive of alterations in hippocampal function and, in particular, the noradrenergic input to the hippocampus. To test these hypotheses we have analyzed the performance of the SHR and WKY in a spatial memory maze task that is specifie to hippocampal function and determined the kinetics of norepinephrine (NE) uptake in synaptosomal preparations of the hippocampus. We have found that WKYs exhibit an abnormally strong bias tendency in T-maze arm preference that influences the rate of acquisition and the final level of maze performance. We have also found differences in noradrenergic uptake in hippocampal synaptosomes. WKYs exhibit higher NE uptake rates and higher kinetic constants for NE uptake when compared with SHRs, suggesting that strain differences in noradrenergic function may contribute to the observed behavioral differences.
Grafted skin as an oral prosthesis-bearing tissue.

Abstract Although the transplanting of free split-thickness grafts of skin into the oral cavity is not a new procedure, the use of skin as a supporting tissue for oral prostheses has been studied only a short time. Coordinated surgical and prosthodontic treatment has been provided for 34 selected edentulous patients, enabling them to have a more extensive and effective mandibular denture foundation, the buccal and labial surfaces of which are lined with skin.
Biological roles for the NOX family NADPH oxidases.

Linking the phagocyte defect in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)2 with the biochemical basis for oxygen consumption by stimulated neutrophils (1) represented a seminal advance in understanding the molecular basis for a key component of innate immunity. In subsequent decades, the catalytic and regulatory elements of the “respiratory burst oxidase” were elucidated, tacitly assuming all along that the NADPH-dependent oxidase under study represented a system uniquely expressed in phagocytic cells and dedicated to generating relatively large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) destined to destroy invading microbes. Development of more sensitive analytical systems for ROS detection revealed that some physiological and pathophysiological events in non-phagocytic cells were associated with ROS generation, although the subcellular source of oxidants remained uncertain. With the identification of mox1 in 1999 (2) as a homolog of gp91phox, the catalytic component of the phagocyte oxidase, came the birth of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) protein family and the eventual identification of its seven members. With remarkable rapidity, many features of the structure, activity, cell biology, and physiology of the NOX proteins have been described, as summarized in several excellent and comprehensive recent reviews (3–5). This more circumscribed minireview provides an overview of the organizing features of the protein family, a summary of the physiology and pathophysiology in which NOX proteins participate (or might participate), and identification of some of the remaining unanswered questions in the field.
Modes and methods of personality research

Advances in knowledge about personality will be fostered by improved research methods, but corresponding improvements in our theories will be needed also, better methods will not be enough Theory itself can have methodological functions, and some methods provide strong impetus toward greater theoretical clarity and rigor Distinctions between methodological developments in research design, measurement, and analysis need to be maintained, and we badly need more research directed specifically toward improving methodologies Some papers in this volume point quite clearly to the need for all aspects of our research to be better rationalized and deliberate, casual and opportunistic decisions about how to carry out research simply will not do These papers indicate, for example, that the trait vs situation controversy would likely never have occurred had the issues been addressed with greater methodological, and logical, rigor This volume is not complete in its coverage of the potentially useful methods for personality research, and attention should ultimately be devoted to such methods as life histories and case studies and cross-cultural comparisons In general, however, the papers in this volume offer an opportunity to raise the level of research in personality to a new plane of sophistication and revealingness
False positive trichina precipitin reactions in neoplastic disease.

SummaryPatients with certain neoplastic diseases involving the reticuloendothelial system (Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma and acute leukemia) exhibited a high percentage of false positive trichina precipitin reactions. Such reactions were much less frequently encountered in sera from patients with metastatic carcinomas and no positive reactions were observed in the normal controls. The false-positive reaction does not appear to be related to medication.
An impression procedure for the severely atrophied mandible

A procedure is described for the final impression of the severely atrophied mandible. The final impression is developed by use of open- and closed-mouth procedures. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.
Spectroscopy and structure of hemerythrin.

Abstract The absorption and circular dichroic spectra of hemerythrin in its deoxy, oxy, and several met states have been interpreted by comparison with those of several model systems and correlated with Mossbauer and magnetic data. The properties of the methemerythrin complexes are consistent with the presence of a dimeric pair of high spin iron (III) atoms antiferromagnetically coupled via an oxo bridge. It is proposed that oxyhemerythrin also has the same structure as methemerythrin, the oxygen being present as a second bridging peroxo group. In deoxyhemerythrin it is proposed that the two iron atoms do not interact, the oxo bridge being absent, and that they are in a high spin iron (II) state. The proposed structure predicts that considerable conformational change occurs on oxygenation.