cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric evaluation of the bispectral index (BIS) monitor and correlation of BIS with end-tidal sevoflurane concentration in infants and children.

The bispectral index (BIS) has been developed in adults and correlates well with clinical hypnotic effects of anesthetics. We investigated whether BIS reflects clinical markers of hypnosis and demonstrates agent dose-responsiveness in infants and children. In an observational arm of this study, BIS
Lymphocyte positions in the dome epithelium of the rabbit appendix

The apico-basal distribution of lymphocytes within the epithelium covering the domes of lymphatic tissue in the wall of the rabbit appendix was investigated in single and serial sections stained either for general histology, for cytoplasmic basophilia and acidophilia, or for nonspecific esterase activity. From the base to the summit of a dome, four zones numbered proximo-distally 1-4 were distinguished. Epithelial cells migrate from base to summit, as indicated by mitotic figures in zone 1, the gradual change from cytoplasmic basophilia to acidophilia in zones 2 to 4, and visible extrusion of cells from zone 4 at the summit. Zone 1 was free of lymphocytes. Most of the lymphocytes in zone 2 were intercellular and randomly arranged, but a few in this zone were within tapered epithelial cells modified by a process extending basally to the basement membrane. Small numbers of these tapered epithelial cells also occurred in zone 3. The large clusters of ten to 12 lymphocytes that characterized zone 3 were intercellular and impinged the apical regions of epithelial cells. Serial sections at the level of the distal cluster of zone 3 showed lymphocytes located also more basally, and some of these lymphocytes appeared to be passing through the basement membrane back into the lymphoid tissue of the dome. Epithelium of zone 4 over the distal surface of a dome was largely free of lymphocytes. Apparently most infiltrating lymphocytes form intercellular clusters and then return to the subepithelial lymphatic tissue.
Surface effects during ion beam processing of materials

Microstructural changes of surfaces during ion implantation have been investigated on the atomic level by molecular dynamics computer simulations. Unlike past surface studies, which have been focused on the problem of sputtering, the current work examines the effects of collective materials response on surface topography. Collective behavior has been noted for the crystal interior in the context of thermal spikes, but the authors show here that it can lead to far more dramatic consequences at the surface. The investigation includes implantation in several metals, but emphasizing Pt, Si and Ge. In addition, the study includes the first simulations of implantations of a metallic glass, CuTi, and amorphous Si.
The effects of intravenous epinephrine and norepinephrine on a conditioned response in the cat

Epinephrine and norepinephrine were infused continuously into the superior vena cava of the cat during the performance of an instrumental response. Both drugs depressed performance, epinephrine at 2 μg/kg/ minute and norepinephrine at 4 μg/kg/minute. Smaller doses produced no effect. With larger doses, the effect was practically idistinguishable from that obtained with intraventricular injections. It is concluded that the rates of infusion required to produce behavioral depression probably exceed the maximum rates of secretion of the adrenal medulla under physiological conditions, although the necessary level might be attained by endogenous catecholamines from other sources, including the brain itself. The possible sites of action are discussed.
Superconducting nanowire arrays for multi-meter free-space optical communications receivers

Reception of faint optical communications signals from deep space presumes multi-meter diameter optical receivers coupled to high detection efficiency photon counting detectors. Superconducting nanowire detectors presently offer the highest performance for photon starved optical communications at near-infrared optical communications wavelengths. Square-millimeter sized arrays are required due to atmospheric turbulence and the classical solid angle-area invariant of an optical system, but most development of superconducting nanowire detectors has been for small pixels and arrays of less than 0.001 square-millimeter area. One deep space receiver approach is to partition detector area across multiple receive apertures (multiple telescopes) to use these small detectors, but this carries performance and cost penalties compared to use of a single large aperture. At JPL we are pursuing the development of large superconducting nanowire arrays for free space coupling to multi-meter telescopes and have developed a facility for testing large area free-space coupled nanowire arrays and fabricated arrays up to 64 pixels in the NbTiN and W (1-x) Si x material systems.
Private Issues and Public Policy: Locating the Corporate Agenda in Agenda-Setting Theory

This research examines attempts by the Business Roundtable (BRT) to influence federal policy agendas regarding four private issues (i.e., policy issues not salient on media and public agendas). BRT's information subsidies are studied along with media coverage, public opinion, and policy agenda developments. Results suggest that BRT uses information subsidies to control the scope of issue conflict and that these subsidies influenced the policy agenda for study issues. Corporate influence on private issues may alter the traditional agenda-setting process, and an alternative, elitist model is proposed.
Calmodulin in rat incisor secretory ameloblasts as revealed by protein A-gold immunocytochemistry

Thin sections of aldehyde-fixed, undecalcified, embedded rat incisor enamel organ were incubated with sheep antiserum to bovine testes calmodulin to reveal the sites of antigen-antibody reaction at the ultrastructural level in secretory ameloblasts using the protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique. Specific immunolabelling was localized intensely on free polyribosomes and those attached to rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum but only rarely observed in the cisternal space. The nuclei, mitochondria, cytosol, and plasma membranes were also immunoreactive. The Golgi membranes and related vesicles, secretion granules, and lysosomes were unlabelled. The proximal and distal cell web junctional complex systems were not immunoreactive. These findings suggest that calmodulin location reflects its synthetic site and multifunctional roles in the immunolabelled cytoplasmic components of secretory ameloblasts.
Effects of dry matter intake restriction on diet digestion, energy partitioning, phosphorus retention, and ruminal fermentation by beef steers.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of DMI restriction on diet digestion, ruminal fermentation, ME intake, and P retention by beef steers. In Exp. 1, twelve Angus x steers (average initial BW = 450 ± 18 kg) were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 diets that were formulated to promote a 1.6-kg ADG at intake levels corresponding approximately to 100% (ad libitum, AL), 90% (IR90), or 80% (IR80) of ad libitum DMI. In Exp. 2, twelve crossbred steers (average initial BW = 445 ± 56 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets that were formulated to promote a 1.6-kg ADG at AL or IR80. All diets delivered similar total NE, MP, Ca, and P per day. During both experiments, fecal DM output by IR80 was less (P ≤ 0.03) than that of AL; IR90 was similar (P = 0.51) to AL during Exp. 1. Digestion of DM by IR80 cattle was greater (P≤0.03) than that of AL during both experiments; IR90 was similar (P = 0.31) to AL during Exp. 1. Metabolizable energy intake was similar (P ≥ 0.20) among treatments during both experiments, whereas P retention was similar (P ≥ 0.46) among treatments during Exp. 1. Total VFA and the molar proportion of acetate of AL were greater (P ≤ 0.03) than that of IR80 during Exp. 2; however, IR80 had a greater (P = 0.03) molar proportion of propionate. Under the conditions of these studies, restricting DMI while holding NE, ruminally degradable protein, and MP intakes constant decreased fecal DM output and changed ruminal fermentation patterns in finishing steers. Improvements in performance associated with programmed-feeding regimens of the type studied here do not appear to be related to changes in diet digestion or ME intake.
A Novel Method Of Gradient Forming and Fluid Manipulation in Reduced Gravity Environments

The use of magnetic fields to control the motion and position of non-conducting liquids has received growing interest in recent times. The possibility of using the forces exerted by a nonuniform magnetic field on a ferrofluid to not only achieve fluid manipulation but also to actively control fluid motion makes it an attractive candidate for applications such as heat transfer in space systems. Terrestrial heat transfer equipment often relies on the normal gravitational force to hold liquid in a desired position or to provide a buoyant force to enhance the heat transfer rate. The residual gravitational force present in a space environment may no longer serve these useful functions and other forces, such as surface tension, can play a significant role in determining heat transfer rates. Although typically overwhelmed by gravitational forces in terrestrial applications, the body force induced in a ferrofluid by a nonuniform magnetic field can help to achieve these objectives in a microgravity environment. This paper will address the fluid manipulation aspect and will comprise of results from model fluid experiments and numerical modeling of the problem. Results from a novel method of forming concentration gradients that are applicable to low gravity applications will be presented. The ground based experiments are specifically tailored to demonstrate the magnetic manipulation capability of a ferrofluid and show that gravitational effects can be countered in carefully designed systems. The development of governing equations for the system will be presented along with a sampling of numerical results.
The Changing Population at Labor Force Ages Along the U.S-Mexico Border

NAFTA has replaced IRCA (Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 as amended) as the focal point in U.S.-Mexico relations, yet, underlying both are common themes related to population and economics. Disparities in economic opportunities and disparities in population dynamics are major defining elements of life along the U.S.-Mexico border. The decennial censuses in both countries provide an opportunity each decade to examine the evolving situation. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential labor force supply which is implicit in the population age distribution along both sides of the border and to project population impacts of a continuation of the situation which prevailed in the 1980s. The analysis highlights ethnic transformation on the U.S. side of the border and the crucial role of natural increase (as opposed to more commonly discussed migration patterns) in labor force growth along especially the Mexican side of the border.
The Effects of Different Teaching Approaches in Introductory Financial Accounting

AbstractThe purpose of the research is to examine the effect of the two different teaching approaches in the first accounting course on student performance in a subsequent finance course. The study compares 128 accounting and finance students who took introductory financial accounting by either a user approach or a traditional preparer approach to examine their academic performance on a subsequent finance course. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in the finance course grade between students who took the traditional introductory accounting course and students who were taught under the user approach. These findings support the argument that the user approach has no impact on subsequent finance course grade and either method can be used to teach introductory financial accounting. Three factors were found to affect subsequent performance in an introductory finance course: GPA prior to taking the finance course, grades in macroeconomics, and statistics.
New estimates of rapid sea-floor spreading rates and the identification of young magnetic anomalies on the East Pacific rise, 6° and 11° S

Abstract Detailed surveys of the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 6° and 11°S form the basis for estimates of sea-floor spreading rates of 8.2 and 8.3 cm/yr, respectively. These estimates are significantly higher than previous ones of 6.5 to 7.5 cm/yr. The high quality of the magnetic profile at 6°S allows identification of shorter magnetic events such as the two Olduvai events of Cox. DSDP drill-hole data indicate that the present spreading rates have persisted throughout the Cenozoic.
Fine structure of the formation and fate of the residual bodies of mouse spermatozoa with evidence for the participation of lysosomes

Routine electron microscopy in combination with subcellular localization of acid phosphatase has been employed to study the formation and fate of residual cytoplasmic bodies extruded into the tubular lumen shortly before spermiation. Prior to extrusion the spermatid cytoplasm contains lipid droplets, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, the caudally migrated Golgi apparatus, and numerous multivesicular and multigranular bodies. These membrane-limited bodies and the Golgi zone stain heavily for acid phosphatase. Following extrusion the residual bodies undergo a series of alterations: (1) disruption of multigranular bodies with release of free granules; (2) sequestration of granules, ribosomes, and reticulum inside double-membrane-limited vacuoles derived from Golgi lamellae; (3) appearance of numerous, single-membrane-bound, cytoplasmic vacuoles; (4) fragmentation; (5) peripheral migration toward the tubular wall; and (6) phagocytosis of these migrating fragments by the Sertoli cells. The demonstration of acid phosphatase activity within free granules, the sequestering Golgi lamellae, and both classes of vacuoles suggests that initial residual body degradation occurs through lysosomal cytoplasmic autophagy.
An input-output characterization for linearization by feedback*

For a stationary, initially-relaxed, single-input, single-output, bilinear-realizable system that is described by a sequence of regular transfer functions, the relative degrees of the individual transfer functions are defined in a manner similar to the linear case. These relative degrees are used to characterize the region where linear input-output behavior can be obtained by state feedback in a bilinear realization of the system.
Real and Nominal Interest Rates: A Discrete-Time Model and Its Continuous-Time Limit

I provide a general equilibrium theory of the term structure of real interest rates in a discrete-time economy. I derive the prices for one-period and two-period real bonds and a simple recursive formula for general k-period bonds, and prove that the price formula with appropriately specified parameters converges to that of the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross model (1985). In addition, I consider the behavior of nominal bond prices in a partial equilibrium setting in which an exogenous price level process is correlated with the real economy. Finally, I provide an illustrative empirical investigation of the model. The results indicate a significant correlation between the price level and the growth rate of consumption, which does not support the "money nuetrality" assumption underlying Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross's nominal bond prices and related empirical studies, such as Gibbons and Ramaswamyu (1992), Heston(1991), and Pearson and Sun (1991). Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Immunophenotypic studies of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a common plasma cell dyscrasia, comprising the most indolent form of monoclonal gammopathy. However, approximately 25% of MGUS cases ultimately progress to plasma cell myeloma (PCM) or related diseases. It is difficult to predict which subset of patients will transform. In this study, we examined the immunophenotypic differences of plasma cells in MGUS and PCM. Bone marrow specimens from 32 MGUS patients and 32 PCM patients were analyzed by 4-color flow cytometry, using cluster analysis of ungated data, for the expression of several markers, including CD10, CD19, CD20, CD38, CD45, CD56 and surface and intracellular immunoglobulin light chains. All MGUS patients had two subpopulations of plasma cells, one with a "normal" phenotype [CD19(+), CD56(-), CD38(bright +)] and one with an aberrant phenotype [either CD19(-)/CD56(+) or CD19(-)/CD56(-)]. The normal subpopulation ranged from 4.4 to 86% (mean 27%) of total plasma cells. Only 20 of 32 PCM cases showed an identifiable normal subpopulation at significantly lower frequency [range 0–32%, mean 3.3%, p 90% CD19(-) plasma cells showed progression of disease, whereas none of the cases with >10% CD19(+) plasma cells evolved to PCM. MGUS cases with potential for disease progression appeared to lack CD19 expression on >90% of their plasma cells, displaying an immunophenotypic profile similar to PCM plasma cells. A higher relative proportion of CD19(+) plasma cells in MGUS may be associated with a lower potential for disease progression.
On shock waves in two-phase flow: effects of inter-phase heat transfer and slip

Abstract This paper is one in a series reporting on the gasdynamic analysis of two-phase flows in which a parametric treatment of the nonideal effects provides a convenient framework for analysis. The focus of this paper is on establishing the general gas dynamic relationships for normal shock waves in mixtures of a perfect gas and a nonreacting condensed phase. While the effects of slip and mixture mass fraction are examined, the main emphasis here is on the inter-phase heat transfer which occurs due to the increase in gas-phase temperature across the shock. The results show a significant influence of heat transfer on the conditions under which shocks may exist. Moderate-to-large effects in the shock downstream conditions are predicted.
Associations between parental posttraumatic stress disorder and both offspring internalizing problems and parental aggression within the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication

Data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication were used to evaluate links between parental posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and elevated (1) offspring internalizing problems and (2) parental physical aggression toward children. We extended prior tests via the use of an independent nationally representative sample and by examining specific associations between these outcomes and PTSD above and beyond variance accounted for by several theoretically relevant demographic factors and PTSD-related comorbidity. As hypothesized, offspring anxiety and depression was elevated among parents with PTSD compared to those without the condition. Parents with PTSD also were more likely to endorse the use of both moderate (e.g., pushing) and severe (e.g., hitting with a fist) physical aggression with their children. These findings advance work in the area by suggesting that there is a unique relation between PTSD and these outcomes, which sets the stage for research to elucidate factors uniquely introduced by PTSD.
The influence of microstructure on boundary layer interactions in ionic polymer transducers

Ionic polymer transducers (IPTs), also known as ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), are smart sensors and actuators which operate through a coupling of micro-scale chemical, mechanical, and electrical interactions. It is known that ion movement, when a voltage is applied, causes stresses which lead to a net bending movement of a cantilevered transducer towards the anode. However, it is not well understood how these stresses arise, and it is not known how the material microstructure affects the observed macroscopic bending response. In this work, we apply a micromechanics modeling framework to analyze how assumptions of the material microstructure of an IPT affect local interactions and the resulting boundary layer stresses which lead to actuation. In the micromechanics framework, local equilibrium consists of a balance between internal cluster pressure and the stress developed in the polymer backbone. Here, we derive a generalized expression for the electrostatic cluster pressure and show how it depends on microstructure and microstructural evolution in the boundary layers. It is proposed that the boundary layer stiffness varies locally with changes in solvent uptake and charge density; this relationship is defined from micromechanics equilibrium conditions and includes effects of the generalized electrostatic cluster pressure. By assuming a relationship between ion and solvent movement, we then examine how boundary layer stresses are affected by assumptions of the material microstructure. The results and implications of the model are compared with recent experimental observations as well as other models of IPT actuation.
Dual Diagnosis: The Case for Case Management

Implementing appropriate treatment of patients with dual diagnosis is one of the most vexing conundrums in contemporary psychiatry. Surprisingly, however, there ham been few reports of the use of case management in treating this patient group, despite its apparent face-value applicability to this difficult clinical population. The authors report their experience in applyinag case management to a group of “depressed” ad/or “negative-symptom” schizophrenic patients with substance abuse problems. They found most problematic areas were confidentiality, treatment compliance, and the necessity and timing of abstinence. Discussion of these issues is illustrated with case reports.
The contribution of acidosis to renal osteodystrophy.

A 5-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital 19 years ago for repair of primary hypospadias. The serum creatinine was 1.2 mg/dl; the BUN, 33 mg/dl; and the bicarbonate concentration, 23 mEq/liter. The creatinine clearance, determined from a 24-hour urine collection, was 75 mI/mm/I .73 m2. An intravenous pyelogram demonstrated a faint nephrogram on the right and no nephrogram on the left. Renal function was markedly diminished bilaterally with dysplastic pelvicalyceal systems and renal dysplasia affecting the left renal parenchyma more than the right. A voiding cystourethrogram demonstrated a distended and irregular bladder with massive bilateral reflux, distended calyces and pelves, and tortuous, dilated ureters. After voiding and standing, most of the contrast medium was drained from the upper collecting system; however, the bladder contained 500 ml of residual urine. A urologist advised against surgery because the patient had never had a urinary tract infection. Over the next several years, the patient's renal function progressively declined. Thirteen years ago, the serum creatinine was 3.9 mgldl; phosphate, 5.5 mgldl; calcium, 8.8 mg/dl; and bicarbonate, 22 mEq/liter. Aluminum hydroxide was administered, as was vitamin D. Six months later, the serum creatinine was 4.9 mgldl; phosphate, 6.1 mg/dl; calcium, 8.6 mg/dl; and bicarbonate, 20 mEq/liter. Oral sodium bicarbonate was given and the aluminum hydroxide was increased. In spite of marked increases in oral aluminum hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate, the serum phosphate level ranged from 5.2 to 7.4 mgldl (mean, 6.2 mg/dl over 2 years) and the bicarbonate ranged from 16 to 23 mEq/liter (mean, 20.7 mEq/liter) as the serum creatinine increased to 9.8 mg/dl over the next 18 months. Approximately ii years ago, peritoneal dialysis was begun. The patient was evaulated for transplantation at 3 major university centers, but each required that bilateral nephrectomy be performed prior to transplantation; the patient and his family refused. Nine years ago, the patient's mode
‘Drop-outs’ or ‘heritage learners’? Competing mentalities of governmentality and invested meanings at a weekend Japanese language school in the USA

Based on fieldwork at a weekend Japanese language school in the USA in 2007–2009, this article illustrates the ways in which different regimes of government arise from an activity depending on meanings individuals invest in it. We examine how two students in the same classroom experienced two different regimes of government: one of a low-track class for ‘native speakers’ and the other of a heritage language class for bilingual speakers. Building on Mitchell Dean's reworking of Foucault, we suggest a new approach to ethnographically studying governmentality which focuses on invested meanings.
Genetic aspects of Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia and represents a major public health problem. The neuropathologic findings of amyloid-beta plaques and tau containing neurofibrillary tangles represent important molecular clues to the underlying pathogenesis. Genetic factors are well recognized, but complicated. Three rare forms of autosomal-dominant early-onset familial Alzheimer disease have been identified and are associated with mutations in amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 genes. The more common late-onset form of Alzheimer disease is assumed to be polygenic/multifactorial. However, thus far the only clearly identified genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease is Apo lipoprotein E. The epsilon4 allele of Apo lipoprotein E influences age at onset of Alzheimer disease, but is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disease. The search continues for the discovery of additional genetic influences.
Viewing the outer heliosphere in energetic neutral atoms

The use of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) to study the outer heliosphere is discussed. The detection of ENAs under stringent observational conditions is addressed. Imaging ENA instruments are examined.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of relative gastrointestinal layer thickness in cats without clinical evidence of gastrointestinal tract disease

The objectives of this study were (1) to measure normal thickness values of the muscularis, submucosal, mucosal and serosal layers in each gastrointestinal (GI) segment (gastric fundus, body and pyloric antrum; duodenum; jejunum; ileum; colon), and (2) to calculate a ratio of muscularis and mucosal layer thickness to aortic diameter measured at the level of the celiac artery (Musc:Ao and Muc:Ao) in each GI segment in a sample of healthy cats. Ultrasonographic examination of the GI tract was performed, and measurements of the individual layers in each GI segment were obtained in 38 healthy cats without clinical evidence of disease. The muscularis layer was significantly thickest in the ileum, compared with other segments, and it was thicker than the submucosa in all segments except the colon. The mucosa was the thickest layer in all segments, and was thickest in the duodenum and ileum. Measurements of the submucosal and serosal layers were not significantly different between all segments. Musc:Ao and Muc:Ao in each segment were 0.12 and 0.25 (gastric fundus), 0.12 and 0.18 (gastric body), 0.11 and 0.16 (pyloric antrum), 0.08 and 0.27 (duodenum), 0.08 and 0.22 (jejunum), 0.14 and 0.25 (ileum), and 0.05 and 0.08 (colon), respectively. Musc:Ao and Muc:Ao are clinically relevant values that can be used to objectively identify thickening of the muscularis and mucosal layers in response to GI diseases.
New aromatic inhibitors of EPSP synthase incorporating hydroxymalonates as novel 3-phosphate replacements

Abstract A new, aromatic analogue of the EPSP synthase enzyme reaction intermediate 1 has been identified, which contains a 3-hydroxymalonate moiety in place of the usual 3-phosphate group. This simplified inhibitor was readily prepared in five steps from ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate. The resulting tetrahedral intermediate mimic 9 is an effective, competitive inhibitor versus S3P with an apparent K i of 0.57±0.06 μM. This result demonstrates that 3-hydroxymalonates exhibit potencies comparable to aromatic inhibitors containing the previously identified 3-malonate ether replacements and can thus function as suitable 3-phosphate mimics in this system. These new compounds provide another example in which a simple benzene ring can be used effectively in place of the more complex shikimate ring in the design of EPSP synthase inhibitors. Furthermore, the greater potency of 9 versus the glycolate derivative 10 and the 5-deoxy-analog 11 , again confirms the requirement for multiple anionic charges at the dihydroxybenzoate 5-position in order to attain effective inhibition of this enzyme. All rights reserved.
On the Efficacy of Reading to Preschoolers

Abstract We review more than three decades of empirical research pertaining to the hypothesized influence of parent-preschooler reading experiences on the development of language and literacy skills. The literature provides evidence for this association, although the magnitudes of the observed effects have been quite variable within and between samples and, on average, have been unexpectedly modest. Demographic, attitudinal, and skill differences among preschoolers all apparently made stronger direct contributions to prediction in investigations that permitted such comparisons. Implications of the findings for theory and research on literacy acquisition, for educational practice, and for parental guidance are discussed.
The consumption tax in the presence of altruistic cash and human capital bequests with endogenous fertility decisions

Abstract We provide an analysis of the consumption tax policy in the presence of cash bequests, human capital investments in children, and endogenous fertility decisions. It is shown that the consumption tax is no longer neutral if the tax rate is constant over the taxpayer's life cycle, labor supply is exogenous, and the parent expects the offspring to pay the same tax rate, if the number of children is chosen optimally by the parent. Neutrality breaks down because the shadow prices of both bequests and fertility are interlinked; it is more expensive to produce a child the larger either bequest is and it is more expensive to make a bequest of either type to each child the larger the number of children produced. Several examples are provided where imposing the consumption tax induces an increase in the number of children produced and a decrease in net capital formation.
A dynamic planning technique for continuous activities under multiple resource constrains

The solution technique developed in this paper integrates the simplex search algorithm into the recursive calculations of dynamic programming in order to mitigate the "curse-of-dimensionality." Since differentiation is not required as a means of optimization procedure, it is expected that this technique will have an important impact on planning problems, such as the multiple resource allocation problems which involve nondifferentiable and/or highly nonlinear performance functions. Applications of the technique to very complex problems seem to confirm the anticipated polynomial average performance.
Deciliation Induces Phosphorylation of a 90‐kDa Cortical Protein in Tetrahymena thermophila

. We have used the anti-phosphoprotein antibody MPM-2 to examine changes in phosphorytation of cortical proteins during cilia regeneration in Tetrahymena thermophila. Although numerous cortical proteins are phosphorylated in both nondeciliated and deciliated cells, deciliation induces a dramatic increase in the phosphorylation of a 90-kDa cortical protein. The 90-kDa protein remained phosphorylated during cilia regeneration and then gradually became dephosphorylated. The 90-kDa protein was phosphorylated and dephosphorylated normally in Tetrahymena mutants that assemble short cilia, suggesting that achievement of full length is not the signal that triggers dephosphorylation of the 90-kDa protein. When initiation of cilia assembly is blocked, the 90-kDa protein becomes phosphorylated and remains phosphorylated for an extended period of time, suggesting that initiation of cilia elongation triggers eventual dephosphorylation of the 90-kDa protein, regardless of how long the cilia actually become.
Migration and family conflict

Millions of people migrate each year. They do it alone or in organized aggregates, by their own decision or forced by decisions of others or by natural cataclysms, carrying with them truckloads of household items or a bundle of essentials. They travel on a luxury ocean liner or crammed in the bodega of a sampan, are received with press conferences, or sneak in under barbed-wire borders by night. They look forward with hope or backward with fear. They belong to a culture in which high geographic mobility is the rule and count on skills to deal with the process of migration, or they have been raised in a highly sedentary culture in which uprooting means near catastrophe. They are thoroughly familiar with, or completely ignorant of, their situation on arrival, the language and customs of the new place, the people, the dwelling situation, the work they are going to have. One way or another, countless numbers of people manage to break away from their basic support networks, sever ties with places and people, and transplant their home base, their nest, their life projects, their dreams, their ghosts.
Synthesis, characterization and properties of Ln(Ti0.8Sn0.2)TaO6 (Ln = Nd, Sm) microwave ceramics

Abstract The Ln(Ti 0.8 Sn 0.2 )TaO 6 (Ln = Nd, Sm) ceramics are prepared through the solid-state ceramic route. The structure of the materials is studied using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectral analysis. The microstructure is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and the elemental composition by energy dispersive spectrometry. The dielectric properties in the radio as well as in the microwave frequencies are studied. The photoluminescence property of the samples is also analyzed. The materials have dielectric constants 32.3 and 31.1, temperature coefficient of resonant frequency +1.5 ppm/K and −6 ppm/K and high quality factor and hence suitable for the fabrication of devices in microwave communication. Moreover, the compounds are useful in the field of optoelectronics since they produce intense emission lines in the visible region.
The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater

Abstract Methods are described for the rapid (11 min) automated shipboard analysis of dissolved sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in small volume (∼200 cm3) seawater samples. Estimated precision for the SF6 measurements is ∼2% or 0.02 fmol kg−1 (whichever is greater). The method also allows for the simultaneous measurement of chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC11) and chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC12) on the same water sample, with significantly improved sensitivity over previous analytical methods.
The synthetic biology toolbox for tuning gene expression in yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae can serve as a key production platform for biofuels, nutraceuticals, industrial compounds, and therapeutic proteins. Over the recent years, synthetic biology tools and libraries have expanded in yeast to provide newfound control over regulation and synthetic circuits. This review provides an update on the status of the synthetic biology toolbox in yeast for use as a cell factory. Specifically, we discuss the impact of plasmid selection and composition, promoter, terminator, transcription factor, and aptamer selection. In doing so, we highlight documented interactions between these components, current states of development, and applications that demonstrate the utility of these parts with a particular focus on synthetic gene expression control.
Multifocal cerebral hemangio-endothelioma. Case report and review of the literature.

¶ Background. Intracranial hemangio-endotheliomas (HE) are rare vascular tumours that present histological features and biological behaviour of an intermediate malignancy. We report the first case of primary HE presenting as multiple intracranial masses. Case Description. The patient is a 20-year-old female who presented with paresis of the left arm. Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple lesions in both frontal lobes. Total surgical excision of the tumours was obtained; a histological diagnosis of hemangio-endothelioma was made. Five months later, MRI scan showed new intradiploic skull lesions whereas a scintigraphic study revealed multicentric extracranial bone involvement. Treatment based on interferon-alpha (IFN-α) administration was undertaken; this produced partial regression of the lesions. Approximately three years after the first operation, the patient is in good clinical condition. Conclusions. Surgery continues to play the leading role in the treatment of intracranial HE. However, adjuvant therapy with IFN represents a new and well-tolerated therapeutic method for residual intracranial lesions as well as multicentric extracranial disease.
Molecular geometry effects and the Gibbs–Helmholtz Constrained equation of state

Abstract Differences in molecular size and shape have long been known to cause difficulties the modeling and simulation of fluid mixture behavior and generally manifest themselves as poor predictions of densities and phase equilibrium, often resulting in the need to regress model parameters to experimental data. A predictive approach to molecular geometry within the Gibbs–Helmholtz Constrained (GHC) framework is proposed. The novel aspects of this work include (1) the use of NTP Monte Carlo simulations coupled with center of mass concepts to determine effective molecular diameters for non-spherical molecules, and (2) the use of effective molecular diameters in the GHC equation to predict phase behavior of mixtures with components that have distinct differences in molecular size and shape. Numerical results for a CO2–alkane, alkane–water and CO2–alkane–water mixtures show that the proposed approach of combining molecular geometry with the GHC equation provides accurate predictions of liquid densities and two- and three-phase equilibrium.
ICRF-159: Current status and clinical prospects

Abstract The human clinical pharmacology, toxicity and antitumor activity of ICRF-159 are reviewed. Phase II trials, multi-drug combinations and adjuvant trials are discussed in reference to the future study of this agent.
Kinetics of cardiac muscle contraction and relaxation are linked and determined by properties of the cardiac sarcomere

The regulation of myocardial contraction and relaxation kinetics is currently incompletely understood. When the amplitude of contraction is increased via the Frank-Starling mechanism, the kinetics of the contraction slow down, but when the amplitude of contraction is increased with either an increase in heart rate or via β-adrenergic stimulation, the kinetics speed up. It is also unknown how physiological mechanisms affect the kinetics of contraction versus those of relaxation. We investigated contraction-relaxation coupling in isolated trabeculae from the mouse and rat and stimulated them to contract at various temperatures, frequencies, preloads, and in the absence and presence of β-adrenergic stimulation. In each muscle at least 16 different conditions were assessed, and the correlation coefficient of the speed of contraction and relaxation was very close (generally >0.98). Moreover, in all but one of the analyzed murine strains, the ratio of the minimum rate of the derivative of force development (dF/dt) over maximum dF/dt was not significantly different. Only in trabeculae isolated from myosin-binding protein-C mutant mice was this ratio significantly lower (0.61 ± 0.07 vs. 0.84 ± 0.02 in 11 other strains of mice). Within each strain, this ratio was unaffected by modulation of length, frequency, or β-adrenergic stimulation. Rat trabeculae showed identical results; the balance between kinetics of contraction and relaxation was generally constant (0.85 ± 0.04). Because of the great variety in underlying excitation-contraction coupling in the assessed strains, we concluded that contraction-relation coupling is a property residing in the cardiac sarcomere.
Entropy in Tribology: in the Search for Applications

The paper discusses the concept of entropy as applied to friction and wear. Friction and wear are classical examples of irreversible dissipative processes, and it is widely recognized that entropy generation is their important quantitative measure. On the other hand, the use of thermodynamic methods in tribology remains controversial and questions about the practical usefulness of these methods are often asked. A significant part of entropic tribological research was conducted in Russia since the 1970s. Surprisingly, many of these studies are not available in English and still not well known in the West. The paper reviews various views on the role of entropy and self-organization in tribology and it discusses modern approaches to wear and friction, which use the thermodynamic entropic method as well as the application of the mathematical concept of entropy to the dynamic friction effects (e.g., the running-in transient process, stick-slip motion, etc.) and a possible connection between the thermodynamic and information approach. The paper also discusses non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach to friction, wear, and self-healing. In general, the objective of this paper is to answer the frequently asked question “is there any practical application of the thermodynamics in the study of friction and wear?” and to show that the thermodynamic methods have potential for both fundamental study of friction and wear and for the development of new (e.g., self-lubricating) materials.
Neutrophil, Not Macrophage, Infiltration Precedes Neointimal Thickening in Balloon-Injured Arteries

Abstract—Macrophages are abundant after stent-induced arterial injury. Inhibition of macrophage recruitment blocks neointimal growth in this model. In contrast, after superficial injury from balloon endothelial denudation, macrophages are sparse. However, many anti-inflammatory therapies remain effective against neointimal growth after balloon injury. To investigate further the role of leukocytes after injury, 41 New Zealand White rabbits underwent iliac artery balloon denudation. In 18, subcutaneous pumps were placed to deliver intravenous heparin (0.3 mg/kg per hour). Arteries were harvested at 6 hours and at 3, 7, and 14 days. In 8 animals, either M1/70 (a monoclonal antibody [mAb] against adhesion molecule Mac-1) or a nonspecific IgG was given (5 mg/kg IV bolus and then 1 mg/kg SC QOD), and arteries were harvested at 6 hours and 3 days. Computer-aided morphometry was performed as was immunohistochemistry to assess smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells), neutrophil co...
The NIOSH “Prevention through Design” initiative applied to electrical hazards in construction

Prevention through Design is a seven year initiative launched by US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in July 2007 to advance the practical application of workplace hazard mitigation through design. This initiative is intended to raise awareness and stimulate innovation in policies, regulations, and standards supporting application design techniques that reduce the risk of injury through the full life cycle of installations, including construction, commissioning, operations, maintenance, renewal and demolition. The intent of this paper is to start a dialog for exploring the concepts of Prevention through Design as applied to electrical hazards in construction. This paper summarizes the scope and potential impact the NIOSH Prevention through Design (PtD) initiative could have on electrical safety for all crafts in construction work environments. Based on NIOSH analysis, the construction industry represents 7% of the US workforce, but accounts for 45% of occupational fatalities due to electrical hazards in the workplace. This paper summarizes the goals and offers input in developing strategies to be a part of the Prevention through Design initiative. Practical examples are provided to further stimulate expansion of these concepts in construction work environments.
Bounding the performance limitations of small antennas — Taking a new look at an old problem and interpreting the knowledge gained from the viewpoint of an antenna designer

In this paper, we describe a new way to estimate the bounds on the performance metrics of small antennas that embellish the Chu-Harrington limit commonly used for the same purpose. The underlying concept is base on the use of dipole moment representations of small antennas and analytic continuations of these representations.
Design Tool for Liquid-Nitrogen Gaps in Superconducting Apparatus

For designers of high temperature superconducting equipment with liquid nitrogen as a dielectric, an expedient universal curve is sought that provides breakdown strength for a specified class of electrode shapes, with any practical sizes of electrodes and gap; thus the universal curve fills in missing experimental data. Universal breakdown strength curves at pressures of or slightly above 100 kPa, are being developed for AC, DC or impulse stress for the class with sphere-sphere, plane-plane and sphere-plane gaps, with three independent parameters: the size of each electrode and gap. A user can normalize his parameters and find the corresponding breakdown strength, even though no data were available for his exact dimensions. For AC and DC stresses the geometrical effects of stressed area/ volume are incorporated from most published AC and DC experimental data of the last 50 years, by plotting breakdown field versus new geometrical quantities, such that all data fall approximately on or near one normalized universal curve. This avoids the usual difficult task of calculating stressed area and volume effects on the breakdown values for the graph ordinate. For impulse stress a more traditional plot suffices to produce a universal curve. This suggests that area/volume effects might not be so important with impulse stress. If the method proves reliable, it may be possible to determine design parameters for a broad range of geometries, help unify seemingly disparate breakdown data in the literature, and provide easily used, practical guidance for designers.
What happens to reading between first and third grade? Implications for students who use AAC

School-age students who use AAC need access to communication, reading, and writing tools that can support them to actively engage in literacy learning. They also require access to core literacy learning opportunities across grade levels that foster development of conventional literacy skills. The importance of the acquisition of conventional literacy skills for students who use AAC cannot be overemphasized. And yet, one of the critical challenges in supporting the literacy learning of students who use AAC has been a lack of knowledge about literacy curricula and supports to literacy learning for these students. Most students who use AAC do not become conventionally literate and few of those who do achieve literacy skills beyond the second grade level. This article will provide an overview of the most frequent reading instructional activities in first and third grade classrooms. To better understand the foundational experiences important to literacy learning, the results of a survey project that examined the reading activities of general education students and teachers during primary grade instruction are presented, and critical shifts in instruction that occurred between first and third grade are highlighted. The primary instructional focus of core reading activities is also examined, along with adaptations for students who use AAC.
Recent Developments on the Stanford 500 MeV Electron Storage Rings

Large angle electron scattering has been detected on the Stanford storage rings. The operation of the rings is now adequate to proceed with the proposed test of quantum electrodynamics. A discussion of the event rate and possible limitations on this rate is given.