cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Risk Human Papillomavirus E6 Protein Promotes Reprogramming of Fanconi Anemia Patient Cells through Repression of p53 but Does Not Allow for Sustained Growth of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

DNA repair plays a crucial role in embryonic and somatic stem cell biology and cell reprogramming. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, which promotes error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks, is required for somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Thus, cells from Fanconi anemia patients, which lack this critical pathway, fail to be reprogrammed to iPSC under standard conditions unless the defective FA gene is complemented. In this study, we utilized the oncogenes of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) to overcome the resistance of FA patient cells to reprogramming. We found that E6, but not E7, recovers FA iPSC colony formation and, furthermore, that p53 inhibition is necessary and sufficient for this activity. The iPSC colonies resulting from each of these approaches stained positive for alkaline phosphatase, NANOG, and Tra-1-60, indicating that they were fully reprogrammed into pluripotent cells. However, FA iPSC were incapable of outgrowth into stable iPSC lines regardless of p53 suppression, whereas their FA-complemented counterparts grew efficiently. Thus, we conclude that the FA pathway is required for the growth of iPSC beyond reprogramming and that p53-independent mechanisms are involved. IMPORTANCE A novel approach is described whereby HPV oncogenes are used as tools to uncover DNA repair-related molecular mechanisms affecting somatic cell reprogramming. The findings indicate that p53-dependent mechanisms block FA cells from reprogramming but also uncover a previously unrecognized defect in FA iPSC proliferation independent of p53.
Enhanced Dissolution of Silicate Minerals by Bacteria at Near-Neutral pH

Previous studies have shown that various microorganisms can enhance the dissolution of silicate minerals at low ( 8) pH. However, it was not known if they can have an effect at near-neutral pH. Almost half of 17 isolates examined in this study stimulated bytownite dissolution at near-neutral pH while in a resting state in buffered glucose. Most of the isolates found to stimulate dissolution also oxidized glucose to gluconic acid. More detailed analysis with one of these isolates suggested that this partial oxidation was the predominant, if not sole, mechanism of enhanced dissolution. Enhanced dissolution did not require direct contact between the dissolving mineral and the bacteria. Gluconate-promoted dissolution was also observed with other silicate minerals such as albite, quartz, and kaolinite.
Cubic Pyrochlore Bismuth Zinc Niobate Thin Films for High-Temperature Dielectric Energy Storage

Thin films of cubic pyrochlore bismuth zinc niobate, a lead-free dielectric, were fabricated using a solution chemistry based upon the Pechini method. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the films are smooth and mostly dense. The films exhibit a dielectric constant of 145 ± 5, a low dielectric loss of 0.00065 ± 0.0001, and a room temperature, 1 kHz maximum field of approximately 4.7 MV/cm. At frequencies of 100 Hz and 10 kHz, the maximum field sustained by the material increased to 5.0 MV/cm and 5.1 MV/cm, although the dielectric loss increased to 0.0065 ± 0.001. At a measurement frequency of 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~60.8 ± 2.0 J/cm3, while at a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage was ~46.7 ± 1.7 J/cm3. As the temperature was increased to 200°C, the breakdown strength of the films decreased, while the loss tangent remained modest. At 200°C and a measurement frequency of 100 Hz, the maximum energy storage density was ~23.1 ± 0.8 J/cm3, and at 10 kHz, the maximum energy storage density was ~27.3 ± 1.0 J/cm3.
Child-care subsidies and child-care choices over time.

The evidence to date on the federal child-care subsidy program's effect on preschool child-care quality is mixed. However, an as-yet untested outcome of subsidy receipt is subsequent child-care choice. Specifically, it is possible that subsidy receipt in toddlerhood increases the likelihood of attending other publicly funded preschool programs—Head Start and public pre-k—that provide the highest quality care available to low-income families. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (n ≈ 2,100; approximately 2 years old), this study finds that subsidy receipt during toddlerhood predicts greater use of the other forms of publicly funded care in the preschool year, although only if the earlier subsidy is used in a center. These results highlight a previously unconsidered potential benefit of the subsidy program.
Using Bayes' Rule to Update an Event's Probabilities Based on the Outcomes of Partially Similar Events

There is a widely known Bayesian solution to the problem of updating the probability of an event occurring given information on the outcome of n completely similar events. But in many, if not most, cases, we only have information on partially similar events. For example, firms must assess the probability of a new product being successful given information on past products that are only partially similar to the new product. This paper shows how the well-known Bayesian solution for completely similar events can be extended to solve the problem with partially similar past events.
Value of 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT for Evaluation of Pediatric Malignancies

Successful management of solid tumors in children requires imaging tests for accurate disease detection, characterization, and treatment monitoring. Technologic developments aim toward the creation of integrated imaging approaches that provide a comprehensive diagnosis with a single visit. These integrated diagnostic tests not only are convenient for young patients but also save direct and indirect health-care costs by streamlining procedures, minimizing hospitalizations, and minimizing lost school or work time for children and their parents. (18)F-FDG PET/CT is a highly sensitive and specific imaging modality for whole-body evaluation of pediatric malignancies. However, recent concerns about ionizing radiation exposure have led to a search for alternative imaging methods, such as whole-body MR imaging and PET/MR. As we develop new approaches for tumor staging, it is important to understand current benchmarks. This review article will synthesize the current literature on (18)F-FDG PET/CT for tumor staging in children, summarizing questions that have been solved and providing an outlook on unsolved avenues.
Individualized Education Programs for Students with Austism: Including Parents in the Process

This article discusses the involvement of parents in developing Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) for their children. Included are facts related to the development of meaningful IEPs, includ...
A computational study of a gradient-based log-barrier algorithm for a class of large-scale SDPs

The authors of this paper recently introduced a transformation [4] that converts a class of semidefinite programs (SDPs) into nonlinear optimization problems free of matrix-valued constraints and variables. This transformation enables the application of nonlinear optimization techniques to the solution of certain SDPs that are too large for conventional interior-point methods to handle efficiently. Based on the transformation, we proposed a globally convergent, first-order (i.e., gradient-based) log-barrier algorithm for solving a class of linear SDPs. In this paper, we discuss an efficient implementation of the proposed algorithm and report computational results on semidefinite relaxations of three types of combinatorial optimization problems. Our results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is indeed capable of solving large-scale SDPs and is particularly effective for problems with a large number of constraints.
A high-speed image centroid computation sensor

We present a fully-integrated analog CMOS image centroid computation sensor. A 40×40 pixel array is designed and fabricated in a 0.5-µm CMOS process. The proposed centroid computation circuit achieves 7 times improvement in bandwidth compared to similar circuits in the literature. Moreover, the incorporation of a linearized transconductor improves precision in the computed centroid. The sensor is designed to operate over a wide range of photocurrents from 10 pA to 1 µA. Test results of the proposed architecture verify its superior performance.
Community gardening, neighborhood meetings, and social capital†‡

This study examined associations between participation in community gardening/beautification projects and neighborhood meetings with perceptions of social capital at both the individual and neighborhood levels. Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional stratified random telephone survey conducted in Flint, Michigan (N=1916). Hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses were used to study associations, controlling for individual and Census block group-level confounders. At the individual level, household involvement in community gardening/beautification activities and in neighborhood meetings were associated with residents' perceptions of bonding social capital, linking social capital, and neighborhood norms and values. Household involvement in gardening/beautification and meetings had stronger associations with residents' perceptions of social capital than did neighborhood-level involvement measures. Results suggest involvement in neighborhood meetings augment the individual and neighborhood-wide perceptions of social capital associated with community gardening and beautification projects. Neighborhood community gardens' impact on neighborhood residents' perceptions of social capital can be enhanced by neighborhood-wide meetings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beginnings of the Modern Population Movement

The Ford Foundation made its first population grant in July 1952. It was a three-year grant of $60,000 to the Population Reference Bureau, a tiny organization that, prior to the foundation’s grant, had raised only $12,910 in 1952. The grant was very much an ad hoc action recommended to the Board of Trustees by Chester Davis, an agricultural economist and conservationist and former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, who was one of the foundation’s original senior officers. There is no written record as to what prompted Davis, now long deceased, to recommend this grant.
Influences of Transportation on Health Decision-Making and Self-Management Behaviors among Older Adults with Chronic Conditions

Although transportation has been established as a facilitator/barrier to health self-management, little is known about how the context of transportation shapes health self-management behaviors and decision-making among older adults with chronic conditions. This study interviewed 37 older adults with chronic conditions in Florida to examine their perspectives about how transportation influences their chronic care self-management. The data were systematically analyzed for themes. The thematic findings revealed how transportation intersected with participants' everyday experiences with chronic health self-management, how they evaluated transportation as part of the process of making decisions about health, and how creative problem-solving about transportation became an additional health self-management activity for addressing their complex needs. These findings suggest that the context of transportation goes beyond a basic facilitator/barrier for health and enhance our understanding about how transportation services and policies may be changed to better address the needs of older adults with chronic conditions.
Flat Coils

Air core coils can be made in a flat configuration with thickness of about two diameters of the conducting atrand plus insulation. They can be wound of wire (WPI's: wound planar inductors) or made on printed circuit boards (PPI's: printed planar inductors). The area of these flat coils for a given inductance is equal to the projected area of the comparable helix plus the area of one turn of that helix. Advantages over conventional belical coils include greatly reduced bulk, increased mechanical aid electrical stability because of flat supporting mounting, high coefficients of coupling, the possibility of making them by etched circuit methods. Distributed capacitances are bigher and Q's slightly lower than for comparable helixes.
Characterization of Proton Conduction in Nafion Membranes Using Current Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy

We show that the local proton conductance distribution in Nafion membranes can be mapped using current sensing atomic force microscopy (CSAFM) to reveal the characteristic heterogeneity of proton channel structures of the membranes. From the current sensing images obtained using CSAFM, the averaged conductance of an individual proton channel and averaged density of the channels can be derived, and are found to be consistent with that obtained using other experimental methods. The method can be used to study microscopic changes in proton conducting properties of Nafion and other proton exchange membranes in aging and temperature cycling processes.
Abstract 5212: Loss of G-protein coupled calcium sensing receptor augments malignancy and bestows cancer stem cell-like properties in human colon carcinoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The G-protein coupled calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is a robust promoter of differentiation in colonic epithelial cells. Loss of CaSR expression allows cancer cells to escape from CaSR control. Loss of CaSR expression augments the malignant phenotype in vitro and is associated with undifferentiated and invasive colon carcinomas in vivo (Cancer Res. 63: 67, 2003; 65: 493, 2005; Int. J. Cancer 121: 1455, 2007;126: 631, 2010; Mol. Carcinogenesis 48: 202, 2009). Interestingly, human colon carcinoma cell lines contain small subpopulations (10-20%) that do not express CaSR (termed CaSR null cells). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of CaSR null cells from the CBS and HCT116 human colon carcinoma cell lines. We isolated CaSR null cells by magnetic cell sorting using monoclonal anti-CaSR antibody. CaSR null cells were cultured and maintained in stem cell culture medium. Biologic characterization of CaSR null cells showed that these cells were non-adherent and grew as three-dimensional spherical clusters with an increase in propensity for anchorage independent growth. CaSR null cells were highly invasive in matrigel invasion assays and resistant to treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Western analysis showed that CaSR null cells expressed a high level of thymidylate synthase and survivin which have been reported to be an underlying basis of drug resistance in colon cancer. Western analysis also showed that CaSR null cells expressed a high level of the previously reported cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44 and Nanog. Molecular profiling by quantitative RT-PCR revealed a significant increase in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated mRNAs in CaSR null cells. These mRNAs were N-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin, fibronectin, FSP1, Snail1, Snail2, Twist, FOXC2 and SIP1. Interestingly, CaSR null cells re-expressed CaSR, over time, when placed in culture medium used to propagate the parental CBS and HCT116 cells. Re-expression of CaSR in CaSR null cells attenuated the expression of markers associated with the malignant phenotype. We conclude that CaSR null cells represent a highly malignant subpopulation of colon cancer cells and that these cells may possess cancer stem cell-like properties. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5212. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5212
Development of a New Trap to Detect and Monitor Khapra Beetle (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

A vertically arranged (8.9 by 7.6 em) wall-mounted trap made of layered, corrugated paper was designed for use in USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine detection programs for Trogoderma granarium Everts (khapra beetle). The trap uses a membrane or septa pheromone lure for adult males and wheat germ oil as a larval food attractant. The placement of the pheromone lure directly over a plastic collection tray containing the oil resulted in increased efficiency. Fresh oils of oat, pumpkin seed, and sesame were more attractive to larvae than wheat germ oil, but they became less attractive as the oils aged. The trap caught 3.5 times more larvae in 5 d and 4.9 times more males in 1 d compared with a commercial flat-type trap. A trap jacket with foldout rear flaps was developed to improve entry into the trap, to give direct and guided access to the collection tray, and to allow tight contact with the substrate when the trap is wall mounted with a 2.5-cm square piece of l.6-mm foam tape. Traps mounted on a wall did not work unless flaps were deployed. Traps mounted on a wall and in contact with the floor were most effective, but catch improved when the rear flaps were opened to bridge the gap created by the mounting tape.
Endothermic mosasaurs? Possible thermoregulation of Late Cretaceous mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata) indicated by stable oxygen isotopes in fossil bioapatite in comparison with coeval marine fish and pelagic seabirds

The thermoregulatory style of Late Cretaceous mosasaurs has become a highly controversial subject in vertebrate palaeontology. These extinct marine reptiles have previously been described as poikilothermic, endothermic or gigantothermic. Here we analyse three genera of mosasaurs from the Mooreville Chalk in Alabama (USA) of differing body mass, and compare their δ18OPO4 derived body temperatures (Tb) with those of coeval poikilothermic fish (Enchodus) and endothermic pelagic seabirds (Ichthyornis). Results show that all mosasaurs, Clidastes (Tb = 33.1°C), Platecarpus (Tb = 36.3°C), and Tylosaurus (Tb = 34.3°C), had elevated average body temperatures in relation to those of the fish (Tb = 28.3°C) and were closer to those of Ichthyornis (Tb = 38.6°C). The temperatures calculated for Enchodus compare well with previously reported temperature estimates for the Mooreville Chalk and the Tb of Ichthyornis compares well with temperatures that have been reported for modern seabirds, suggesting that this method provides accurate results. Finally, although there are small differences of body temperature among mosasaur genera, these are independent of size, and thus inferred body mass, suggesting that mosasaurs were not gigantotherms, but rather endotherms.
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase is Increased in the Saphenofemoral Junction of Patients with Varicosities in the Leg

Purpose: The goal of the present study was to examine the role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the development of varicose changes in the superficial veins of the lower extremity. Methods: Normal-caliber vein segments from the saphenofemoral junction were harvested from patients undergoing saphenous vein ligation for varices and from patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass graft procedures. The activity and quantity of MMPs and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]) in the vein segments were compared. Vein segments were obtained from 13 patients. Seven patients had varicose disease in the leg, including 6 women and 1 man (average age, 48 years). Six patients had no evidence of varicose disease, including 2 women and 4 men (average age, 59 years). Proteolytic activity was determined with substrate gel zymography, and enzyme content was determined with Western immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies directed against MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and α 2 macroglobulin. Signals were quantified by scanning densitometry and normalized to a positive control (densitometric index [DI]). Immunohistochemistry was performed for enzyme localization. Results: Zymography did not detect a difference between groups at loci consistent with the major MMPs; however, a small but significant decrease in proteolytic activity was noted in veins from patients with varices. TIMP-1 is increased in vein segments from patients with varices (DI 0.8 ± 0.1 vs 0.2 ± 0.05, P < .05) while MMP-2 levels were decreased (DI 1.5 ± 0.3 vs 0.5 ± 0.1, P < .05). Immunohistochemistry localized MMPs to the adventitia of the vein wall. Conclusion: A decrease in proteolytic activity may be responsible for the histological and structural alterations leading to varicose degeneration of superficial lower extremity veins. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:669-75.)
An empirical study on how expert knowledge affects bug reports

Bug reports are crucial software artifacts for both software maintenance researchers and practitioners. A typical use of bug reports by researchers is to evaluate automated software maintenance tools: a large repository of reports is used as input for a tool, and metrics are calculated from the tool's output. But this process is quite different from practitioners, who distinguish between reports written by experts, such as programmers, and reports written by non-experts, such as users. Practitioners recognize that the content of a bug report depends on its author's expert knowledge. In this paper, we present an empirical study of the textual difference between bug reports written by experts and non-experts. We find that a significant difference exists and that this difference has a significant impact on the results from a state-of-the-art feature location tool. Through an additional study, we also found no evidence that these encountered differences were caused by the increased usage of terms from the source code in the expert bug reports. Our recommendation is that researchers evaluate maintenance tools using different sets of bug reports for experts and non-experts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giant Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Case Series and Review of the Literature

Introduction:Giant abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), defined as those measuring greater than 13.0 cm in transverse diameter, represent a rare clinical entity and present unique anatomic challenges...
Cruel Consciousness: Louis Figuier, John Ruskin, and the Value of Insects

Jeanette Samyn, “Cruel Consciousness: Louis Figuier, John Ruskin, and the Value of Insects” (pp. 89–114) This essay examines two opposing theories of consciousness and value in relation to nineteenth century entomology. In The Insect World (1868), the French popularizer of science Louis Figuier extends consciousness to aesthetically unappealing and seemingly cruel insects such as parasites by attributing to them sociality and industry. With little recourse to theological or conventional moral standards, Figuier ascribes value to parasites—on account of their consciousness, which aligns their experience with human sentience, and also because of their role as environmental mediators. In this view, he subtly paves the way for a biocentric approach to the natural world that remains controversial today. John Ruskin, meanwhile, brings up popular entomology (epitomized, he says, by Figuier’s text) as a complicated counter to his own views on labor and aesthetics in his letters to the working men and women of England, Fors Clavigera (1871–84). Questioning the contemporary “instinct” for the study of parasites—and despite recent associations of Ruskin with ecological thought—Ruskin takes pains in these letters to uphold the difference between human and nonhuman life. In his efforts to limit consciousness to the most valuable and difficult of human labors, however, he engages seriously with the implications of proto-parasitological thought for human ethics.
Strategic and Tactical Cost Management in the Asset Management Industry

The financial crisis that started in 2008 made the global asset management industry face challenges it has not seen in decades. The industry was accustomed to high margins and substantial profits (particularly in the years 2000–2007, due to the availability of excess liquidity). As the market climbed over the last 30 years, occasional dips notwithstanding, asset managers became used to the steady increases in their assets under management (AUM) and almost certain yearly profits in a relatively low risk environment. However, in the wake of the biggest downturn since the Great Depression, a slow recovery has left many firms struggling. Even in 2012/2013 the recovery seems stalled, as the crisis still lingers to a certain extent, the highly volatile environment and macroeconomic uncertainties (more particularly high unemployment rates in most of the world) still do not allow customers to build wealth which is crucial for the asset management industry to grow.
Cognitive Effects of Phenobarbital

Neurocognitive behavior in 9 children with various epilepsies was evaluated before and at 6 months after discontinuing phenobarbital monotherapy at the Department of Child Neurology, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico “Carlo Besta;” Milano, Italy.
Multi-scale responses of breeding birds to experimental forest management in Indiana, USA

Abstract Forest managers frequently must balance timber production and wildlife conservation goals when choosing management approaches. We studied the response of the breeding bird community to silvicultural treatments at multiple spatial scales over a 10-year period in 60–90 year old oak-hickory forests of Indiana, USA. We conducted point count surveys in a 3603-ha study area both before (n = 3 years) and after (n = 6 years) application of silvicultural treatments. Bird responses were analyzed at two spatial scales: management units and individual harvests. At the multi-stand management unit scale, treatments were even-aged management, uneven-aged management, and a no-harvest control. We also analyzed the responses of birds at the spatial scale of individual timber harvests (clearcuts, patch cuts, shelterwood harvests, and single-tree selection). Multi-species N -mixture models were used to estimate bird species density and richness at both spatial scales. At the management unit scale, 4 species increased in density following even-aged management (relative to the control), while 1 species (Red-eyed Vireo [ Vireo olivaceus ]) declined. A larger number of species responded both positively (n = 9) and negatively (n = 3) to uneven-aged management. Overall richness was significantly greater in the even- and uneven-aged treatments than in the control. At the harvest scale, only the clearcuts and patch cuts resulted in changes in the density of any species, but a larger number of species were impacted and effect sizes were generally larger in these harvests than at the management unit scale. In the clearcuts, 13 species increased in density relative to the no-harvest control, while 5 species declined. A larger number of species were impacted by patch cut harvests (18 species increasing and 6 decreasing). Overall richness was greatest in the clearcut harvests. At both scales, species that increased were generally those associated with early successional habitat, including the Eastern Towhee ( Pipilo erythrophthalmus ) and Indigo Bunting ( Passerina cyanea ), while species that declined were typically associated with mature forest habitat (e.g., Red-eyed Vireo [ Vireo olivaceus ] and Ovenbird [ Seiurus aurocapilla ]). Harvesting appeared to benefit several species of conservation concern in Indiana, including the Cerulean Warbler ( Setophaga cerulea ) and Black-and-white Warbler ( Mniotilta varia ). Both management treatments appear to be good options for simultaneously conserving bird species diversity (particularly of early-successional specialist species) while meeting other forest management goals. However, the impact of the next phases of the shelterwood harvests remains to be evaluated.
Conformational Control of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity: Results from Time-Resolved and Single-Molecule Fluorescence

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) generates a signaling molecule, nitric oxide, which is essential for processes such as vasodilation and neurotransmission. The enzyme forms homodimers containing cofactors FAD, FMN, and heme, each housed in subunits of the enzyme. Synthase activity in NOS is activated by calmodulin (CaM), which binds to a region adjacent to the FMN domain. Conformational motion is necessary to position sequential electron donor-acceptor pairs adjacent to one another for transfer of electrons from the FAD domain to the FMN domain and then to the oxygenase domain of the opposite member of the homodimer. We characterized the conformations and dynamics of endothelial and neuronal NOS with bound CaM by time-resolved and single-molecule detection of fluorescence from a fluorophore attached to CaM. Maximum entropy analysis of fluorescence decays for both neuronal and endothelial NOS reveals four conformational states, resolved by their distinct extents of quenching by energy transfer to heme. Clues to the identity of each population are found from their dependence on calcium concentration and from mutations known to disrupt specific interactions. The CaM mutation K115E, known to disrupt docking of CaM to the oxygenase domain, abolishes the two shortest lifetime populations. Single-molecule trajectories reveal conformational interchange on the millisecond to second time scales and permit analysis of the rates of interchange of conformational states. Exchange appears slowest to and from the conformation with highest quenching, consistent with the identification of this conformation as the “output” state of the enzyme.
Soluble, Allyl-Functionalized Deoxybenzoin Polymers

We describe the synthesis of allyl-substituted deoxybenzoin-based aromatic polyesters that combine the advantageous thermal properties of deoxybenzoin with the processability and reactivity of pendent unsaturated groups. A thermally induced Claisen rearrangement of bis-allyl ether-substituted deoxybenzoin 2 produced 3,3′-bis-allyl-4,4′-bishydroxydeoxybenzoin (BA-BHDB, compound 1) as a novel A2 monomer. BA-BHDB 1 polymerized readily with isophthaloyl chloride to produce a novel set of functional aromatic polyesters. These allyl-substituted polymers exhibited marked solubility advantages over deoxybenzoin-based polymers lacking such pendent groups, affording homogeneous solutions in numerous organic solvents. The processability contributed by the allyl groups afforded access to relatively high molecular weight aromatic polyesters, with estimated number-average molecular weight (Mn) values exceeding 20 kDa. Interestingly, evaluation of the thermal properties of these polymers revealed that the pendent allyl ...
Pediatric Pemphigus Herpetiformis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH) is a rare autoimmune bullous condition usually seen in adults and likely underrecognized in children. We describe a 2-year-old girl who presented with a chronic, generalized, blistering rash consistent with pediatric PH based on histology and immunohistochemistry and review the literature. Prognosis is generally more favorable in children than adults. Prednisone and dapsone should be considered as first-line agents to induce remission.
Heterogeneous Photo-oxidation of SO2 in the Presence of Two Different Mineral Dust Particles: Gobi and Arizona Dust.

The impact of authentic mineral dust particles sourced from the Gobi Desert (GDD) on the kinetic uptake coefficient of SO2 was studied under varying environments (humidity, O3, and NOx) using both an indoor chamber and an outdoor chamber. There was a significant increase in the kinetic uptake coefficient of SO2 (γSO42–,light) for GDD particles under UV light compared to the value (γSO42–,dark) under dark conditions at various relative humidities (RH) ranging from 20% to 80%. In both the presence and the absence of O3 and NOx, γSO42–,light and γSO42–,dark greatly increased with increasing RH. The resulting γSO42–,light of GDD particles was also compared to that of Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles. The γSO42–,light values of GDD were 2 to 2.5 times greater than those of ATD for all RH levels. To understand the photocatalytic act of dust particles, both GDD and ATD were characterized for the metal element composition of fresh particles, the aerosol acidity of aged particles, and the hygroscopic properties o...
Temperature-dependent diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of plasma-sprayed Cr-doped α-alumina using supercontinuum laser illumination and CO_2 laser heating

This study presents results for the high-temperature (up to 1550 K) optical properties of polycrystalline Cr-doped α-alumina materials. Diffuse reflectance spectra in the wavelength range of 510-840 nm are presented as a function of temperature to illustrate changes to the optical behavior of these materials including a previously unreported thermally activated splitting of the U-band absorption (A24→T24) in octahedrally coordinated Cr3+. Measurements were made using a unique laser-based approach for high-temperature solid-state spectroscopy, involving front-side supercontinuum laser illumination and back-side CO2 laser heating. This approach required development of samples that could withstand related thermal stresses, and measurements were made on plasma-sprayed, Cr-doped α-alumina monoliths. Measured spectra are interpreted, in part, using published optical spectra for ruby; agreement between results here with those obtained using more traditional methods serves to validate the measurement methods used for this work.
Patient Safety and Efficacy of Metronidazole 1 g Intravenous Every 24 Hours

Background Metronidazole (MTZ) is an imidazole that is used to treat parasites and anaerobic infections. The traditional dose of 500 mg every 6 to 8 hours achieves adequate serum concentration to treat most anaerobic infections. MTZ has a concentration dependent bactericidal activity with a long half-life of 8 hours and also exhibits post-antibiotic effect. The literature lacks clinical data in regards to a once daily higher dose of IV MTZ.
Agricultural Pesticide Registration in the United States

Abstract With few exceptions, United States law defines a “pesticide” as any substance (or combination of substances) used to kill, repel, or mitigate a pest. The definition also includes substances which regulate plant growth or act as defoliants or desiccants. Every pesticide product has to be registered before it is used for tomato or any other crop. This is required of conventional, man-made chemical pesticides as well as biological pesticides, which can be completely natural in origin. Pesticides, carefully chosen, are entirely compatible with the principles of integrated pest management (IPM).
Sexual Health Education for Individuals with Disabilities: A Call to Action

ABSTRACTExpressing sexuality is part of the human experience, yet sexual health is often ignored in regard to persons with disabilities. Individuals with disabilities are at risk of sexual abuse and exploitation, unwanted pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases. Additionally, many adolescents with disabilities lack the knowledge needed to develop a healthy sexual identity, therefore, increasing their vulnerability (Baladerian, et al., 2013; Boehning, 2006; Preston, 2013; SEICUS, 2012, 2014). Resources have been developed to improve the sexual health of individuals with disabilities; however, those who need this education may not have access to the resources. The purpose of this literature review is to examine sexual health education for individuals with disabilities; it focuses on risks to people with disabilities, current barriers to education, and available resources.
Long term load forecasting accuracy in electric utility integrated resource planning

Abstract Forecasts of electricity consumption and peak demand over time horizons of one or two decades are a key element in electric utilities’ meeting their core objective and obligation to ensure reliable and affordable electricity supplies for their customers while complying with a range of energy and environmental regulations and policies. These forecasts are an important input to integrated resource planning (IRP) processes involving utilities, regulators, and other stake-holders. Despite their importance, however, there has been little analysis of long term utility load forecasting accuracy. We conduct a retrospective analysis of long term load forecasts on twelve Western U. S. electric utilities in the mid-2000s to find that most overestimated both energy consumption and peak demand growth. A key reason for this was the use of assumptions that led to an overestimation of economic growth. We find that the complexity of forecast methods and the accuracy of these forecasts are mildly correlated. In addition, sensitivity and risk analysis of load growth and its implications for capacity expansion were not well integrated with subsequent implementation. We review changes in the utilities load forecasting methods over the subsequent decade, and discuss the policy implications of long term load forecast inaccuracy and its underlying causes.
Taurine Regulation of Blood Pressure and Vasoactivity

Taurine plays an important role in the modulation of cardiovascular function by acting not only within the brain but also within peripheral tissues. We found that IV injection of taurine to male rats caused hypotension and tachycardia. A single injection of taurine significantly lowered the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure in freely moving Long–Evans control rats. We further confirm the vasoactive properties of taurine using isolated aortic ring preparations. Mechanical responses of circular aortic rings to pharmacological agents were measured by an isometric force transducer and amplifier. We found that bath application of taurine to the aortic rings caused vasodilation which was blocked by picrotoxin. Interestingly, picrotoxin alone induced a constriction of the aortic ring in the absence of exogenously added taurine, suggesting a tonic activation of GABAAreceptors by circulating either taurine or GABA. Additionally, we found that the endothelial cells express high levels of taurine transporters and GABAAreceptors. We have previously shown that taurine activates GABAAreceptors and thus we suggest that the functional implication of GABAAreceptor activation is the relaxation of the arterial muscularis, vasodilation, and a decrease in blood pressure. Interestingly however, the effects of acute taurine injection were very different than chronic supplementation of taurine. When rats were supplemented taurine (0.05%, 4 weeks) in their drinking water, taurine has significant hypertensive properties. The increase in blood pressure was observed however only in females; males supplemented with taurine did not show an increase in systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure. In both genders however, taurine supplementation caused a significant tachycardia. Thus, we suggest that acute administration of taurine may be beneficial to lowering blood pressure. However, our data indicate that supplementation of taurine to females caused a significant increase in blood pressure. The effect of taurine supplementation on hypertensive rats remains to be seen.
The Chicago Paradox

An ironic perversity lurked in the false monetarist assumption of government monetary control while monetarists lost track of the free market determination of the money supply that has persisted since the deterioration and disappearance of the gold standard.1 In fact, the monetarist refusal to identify “money” while extending the concept to the “monetary aggregates” M2 and M3 implied that belief in expansion of government control of money persisted while the Fed’s legal limits on the money supply (in the form of its own minimum reserve requirements) were eliminated (without complaint from monetarists).
Culturally Competent Engagement of African American Youth and Families in School Mental Health Services

African American adults and youth are more likely to drop out of mental health treatment compared to other racial/ethnic groups (Austin & Wagner, 2010; McMiller & Weiz, 1996). The reasons contributing to their premature dropping out are varied and complex. Studies suggest that African American youth typically engage in only two to three treatment sessions (Cuffe, Waller, Cuccaro, Pumariega, & Garrison, 1995; McMiller & Weiz, 1996). Premature dropout is especially concerning because African American youth are diagnosed as experiencing depression, anxiety, and disruptive behaviors more than youth from other racial/ethnic groups (Roberts et al., 1999; Wu et al., 2001), yet they are not remaining in treatment long enough to receive optimal benefits. It has been speculated that sociocultural dynamics in the engagement of African American youth play a major role in their premature dropout. Based on the chronic nature and magnitude of the issues facing African American youth and families, culturally sensitive and culturally specific engagement strategies may be most effective in resolving this problem.
The Role of DNA Topoisomerase II in Multidrug Resistance in Human Leukemia

Resistance to chemotherapy continues to be a major impediment and intellectual challenge to the cure of neoplastic diseases, and leukemias are no exception. Resistance of tumor cells to multiple “natural product” anticancer drugs, known as multidrug resistance (MDR), is now a well-documented phenomenon, and some excellent reviews have recently summarized its pharmacology and cell and molecular biology [1–5]. It is now clear that several types of natural product MDR exist experimentally: one is associated with P-glycoprotein (Pgp) over-expression (Pgp-MDR) [1–5], another with alterations in DNA topoisomerase II (at-MDR) (reviewed in [6]), and a third with features similar to Pgp-MDR but without Pgp overexpression [7, 8]. Although PgpMDR appears to have clinical correlates, we do not yet know about the clinical relevance of other forms of MDR. In this chapter, we focus on at-MDR.
A theory of crack initiation and growth in viscoelastic media II. Approximate methods of analysis

Starting with equations developed in Part I for the opening mode of displacement, simple, approximate relations are derived for predicting the time of fracture initiation and crack tip velocity in linearly viscoelastic media. First we use the assumption that the second derivative of the logarithm of creep compliance with respect to logarithm of time is small (which is normally valid for viscoelastic materials); we next derive a relation between instantaneous values of tip velocity and stress intensity factor. This result is then used to examine some characteristics of crack growth behavior. Finally, some results are obtained for the separate problem of predicting the time at which propagation initiates.
Non-invasive detection of protein metabolism in vivo by n.m.r. spectroscopy. Application of a novel 19F-containing residualizing label.

Protein residualizing labels facilitate localization of tissue sites of protein catabolism and the quantification of protein accumulation because of their prolonged intracellular retention of protein accumulation because of their prolonged intracellular retention times. Radioiodinated residualizing labels have been used to define the metabolism of a wide variety of proteins, but this has necessitated destructive analysis. Here we describe the implementation and validation of a novel 19F-containing residualizing label for protein, NN-dilactitol-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine (DLBA), that permits the non-invasive assessment of protein accumulation and catabolism by n.m.r. spectroscopy in vivo. DLBA comprises a reporter molecule containing six equivalent 19F atoms. 19F is strongly n.m.r.-active, has 100% natural abundance, and is present in minimal background concentrations in soft tissues. We validated the use of DLBA as a protein-labelling compound by coupling to asialofetuin (ASF), a protein that is recognized exclusively by hepatic tissue via a saturable receptor-mediated process. Coupling of DLBA to ASF by reductive amination had no effect on the physiological receptor-mediated uptake of the protein in rat liver in vivo. The 19F-n.m.r. spectrum of DLBA exhibited a single peak that was subject to a small chemical-shift change and broadening after coupling to ASF. Pronase digestion of DLBA-ASF was performed to simulate intracellular degradation products, and resulted in a narrower set of resonances, with chemical shifts intermediate between those of uncoupled DLBA and DLBA-ASF. Intravenous administration of DLBA-ASF to rats followed by quantification of 19F in homogenates of liver tissue indicated that the half-life of residence time of degradation products from DLBA-ASF in liver was approx. 2 days. This intracellular half-life was comparable with that described for similar residualizing labels that contain radioiodide as a reporter. Similar results for the half-life of retention were obtained non-destructively and non-invasively in situ with the use of a whole-body radio-frequency antenna to acquire sequential spectra over 80 h after intravenous administration of DLBA-ASF. Quantification of these spectra demonstrated an initial accumulation of DLBA-ASF in liver followed by an expected gradual loss of 19F-labelled degradation products. The approach developed offers promise for the sequential and longitudinal characterization of metabolism of specific proteins in individual experimental animals and ultimately in human subjects.
Lack of Communication about Medical Marijuana Use between Doctors and Their Patients.

Introduction: Medical marijuana is now permitted in most states, but it is not clear whether primary care physicians (PCPs) are aware of or recommend its use in their patients. Methods: We distributed paired surveys to PCPs and their patients to assess the frequency of patient marijuana use and communication with PCPs about use. Results: Of 242 patients surveyed, 22% reported marijuana use in the past 6 months, and 61% of these identified as medical marijuana users. PCPs did not complete state forms to recommend medical marijuana for any of the surveyed medical marijuana users. PCPs were aware of marijuana use in their patients only 53% of the time. PCPs identified conditions they believed could be adversely affected by marijuana use in 31% of users. Conclusion: There is poor communication between patients and PCPs about medical marijuana use, which is being sanctioned by physicians other than patients9 PCPs. We suggest more frequent assessment of and discussion about marijuana use in patients, particularly in states that have approved medical marijuana.
Chapter 7 Eight-membered and larger rings

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information on eight-membered and larger rings. The expansion into crystal engineering, has added a focus on the intermolecular interactions within the nanoscale regime. The chapter discusses (1) carbon-oxygen rings, (2) carbon-nitrogen rings, (3) carbon-sulfur rings, and (4) carbon-nitrogen-oxygen rings. 24-Membered macrocycles with chalcone subunits and isobutenyl linkages have been formed through a mixed aldol condensation. Polycondensation of a trifunctional, ketone-activated fluoroarene with bis - or tris -phenoxides under pseudo -high dilution conditions gave rise to a series of very large macropolycyclic aromatic ethereal ketones. The incorporation of diazacrown ethers into a polymeric polyimide backbone has been reported and shown to complex barium(II). Comparative naphtholysis of crown-bearing tetrachlorocyclotriphosphazene, prepared by the treatment of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazatriene with the disodium salt of the tetraethylene glycol, and its acyclic analog revealed a significant macrocyclic effect of the substituent on both the kinetics and regiochemistry of chlorine substitution in the N 3 P 3 ring. 6,11,16,21-Tetraphenylbenziporphyrin, in which one pyrrole is replaced by a benzene ring, is formed in good yields by the condensation of the appropriate precursor with pyrrole and benzaldehyde.