cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Hallucinogens: Behavioral Assay of Drug Action

In this chapter we will review existing literature on the discriminative stimulus properties of several drugs which are often classified as hallucinogens. At the same time we ‘will try to answer several questions about the usefulness of this procedure. For example, can it be used as a specific behavioral assay or screening technique for hallucinogens? Can the mechanism of action of hallucinogenic drugs be effectively studied and, if so, can it tell us anything about the nature of hallucinations?
Working Memory and Auditory Processing in School-Age Children.

Purpose Our goal is to present the relationships between working memory (WM) and auditory processing abilities in school-age children. Review and Discussion We begin with an overview of auditory pr...
Relations between preschoolers' mathematical language understanding and specific numeracy skills.

Abstract Understanding of mathematical language is critical for numeracy skill development. However, prior research has focused exclusively on relations between mathematical language and numeracy skills, broadly measured. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore more targeted relations between preschoolers’ mathematical language and specific numeracy skills (e.g., cardinality, numeral comparison). The participants were 124 preschoolers aged 3.52 to 6.03 years (M = 4.78 years, SD = 0.53). Children were assessed on a battery of early numeracy skills and mathematical language as well as expressive vocabulary. Mixed-effects regression models were conducted, with school as a random effect and age, gender, and parental education as fixed effects covariates. Results indicated that mathematical language was significantly related to most numeracy skills, including verbal counting, one-to-one correspondence, numeral identification, cardinality, comparisons of sets and/or numerals, ordering numerals, and story problems. As hypothesized, mathematical language was not significantly related to either subitizing or formal addition because these skills are independent of general language ability. Importantly, mathematical language was generally more proximal to each of these numeracy skills than was general language. These results provide direction for future research, in particular for the development of more precise measures to identify children at risk for mathematics difficulties as well as the incorporation of focused mathematical language instruction within early mathematics interventions.
Network analysis to inform invasive species spread among lakes

Often facilitated by human-mediated pathways, aquatic invasive species are a threat to the health and biodiversity of global ecosystems. We present a novel approach incorporating survey data of watercraft movement in a social network analysis to reconstruct potential pathways of aquatic invasive species spread between lakes. As an example, we use the green alga Nitellopsis obtusa, also known as starry stonewort, an aquatic invasive species affecting the Great Lakes region in the United States and Canada. The movement of algal fragments via human-mediated pathways (i.e., watercraft) has been hypothesized as the primary driver of starry stonewort invasion. We used survey data collected at boat ramps during the 2013 and 2014 open-water seasons to describe the flow of watercraft from Lake Koronis, where N. obtusa was first detected in Minnesota, to other lakes in the state. Our results suggest that the risk of N. obtusa expansion is not highly constrained by geographic proximity and management efforts should consider highly connected lakes. Estimating human movement via network analysis may help to explain past and future routes of aquatic invasive species infestation between lakes and can improve evidence-based prevention and control efforts.
Stress as a potential moderator of ovarian hormone influences on binge eating in women.

Previous research has demonstrated significant associations between increased levels of ovarian hormones and increased rates of binge eating (BE) in women. However, whereas all women experience fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle, not all women binge eat in response to these fluctuations, suggesting that other factors must contribute. Stress is one potential contributing factor. Specifically, it may be that hormone-BE associations are stronger in women who experience high levels of stress, particularly as stress has been shown to be a precipitant to BE episodes in women. To date, no studies have directly examined stress as a moderator of hormone-BE associations, but indirect data (that is, associations between BE and stress and between ovarian hormones and stress) could provide initial clues about moderating effects. Given the above, the purpose of this narrative review was to evaluate these indirect data and their promise for understanding the role of stress in hormone-BE associations. Studies examining associations between all three phenotypes (that is, ovarian hormones, stress, and BE) in animals and humans were reviewed to provide the most thorough and up-to-date review of the literature on the potential moderating effects of stress on ovarian hormone–BE associations. Overall, current evidence suggests that associations between hormones and BE may be stronger in women with high stress levels, possibly via altered hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress and increased sensitivity to and altered effects of ovarian hormones during stress. Additional studies are necessary to directly examine stress as a moderator of ovarian hormone–BE associations and identify the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Abstract 1894: The lipogenic phenotype of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC 15 - 30 % of all breast cancer cases are classified as HER2/neu-positive, a very aggressive form of breast cancer that correlates with a poor prognosis, reduced survival time and increased incidence of metastasis. Kourtidis et al. (2010) have recently shown that the HER2-positive breast cancer cell line BT474 relies on a unique Warburg-like metabolism for survival and aggressive behavior. These cells are dependent on fatty acid synthesis, presumably as a means to regenerate NAD+ for aerobic glycolysis. The nuclear receptors NR1D1 and PPARγ enable these cells to upregulate de novo fatty acid synthesis while avoiding palmitate-induced lipotoxicity by storing neutral fats (TAGs). The cells show markedly increased levels of stored fats compared to other breast cancer cell lines and disruption of the synthetic process results in apoptosis of BT474 cells. Metabolomic analysis of NR1D1 overexpressing cells compared to normal cells reveals profound differences in their metabolite profiles. This metabolic phenotype is operating at its limits in HER2-positive cells, as addition of exogenous palmitate results in cell death, whereas HER2-normal cells are not affected by this treatment. Microarray analysis suggests that palmitate induces an ER-stress response in the HER2-positive cells, ultimately resulting in cell death. Preliminary results suggest that this response is CHOP-dependent. Combination treatments with palmitate and HER2-targeted therapeutic compounds show synergistic effects and markedly increase the cytotoxic effects of either compound alone. The uptake of exogenous fatty acids as well as the de novo fatty acid synthesis are dependent on the essential co-factor coenzyme A (CoA), which is generated from the precursor pantothenate (vitamin B5). Based on our genomic analysis we predicted that HER2-positive breast cancer cells are more sensitive to changes in intracellular CoA levels. Our results show that HER2-positive breast cancer cells are sensitive to shRNA-mediated knockdown of coenzyme A pathway enzymes whereas MCF-7 cells are not. We observe the same pattern of sensitivity using the competitive CoA pathway inhibitor homopantothenate. Interestingly, limiting the supply of CoA in HER2-positive cells reduces the toxicity of exogenous palmitate. Our data suggest that HER2-positive breast cancer cells are metabolically different from other breast cancer cell lines and that these differences offer new possibilities for therapeutic applications. Citation Format: Jan M. Baumann, Antonis Kourtidis, Douglas S. Conklin. The lipogenic phenotype of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1894. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1894
Taking the next step: supporting postdocs to develop an independent path in academia

In the USA, 28.5% of the population is considered underrepresented minority (URM) population; however, fewer than 8 % of US’ research faculty in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines are minorities (National Research Council, Expanding underrepresented minority participation: America’s science and technology talent at the crossroads, 2011). In order to diversify the faculty, Big Ten Academic Alliance’s Professorial Advancement Initiative (PAI) provided high-quality professional development for URM postdocs across multiple institutions. This study is part of the larger PAI project and examined the goals and experiences of URM postdoctoral fellows in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. In addition, we investigated the influence of a professional development workshop on postdocs’ self-efficacy to pursue grants, improve relationship with their mentor, and apply for academic jobs. Our findings suggest that URM postdocs face a number of challenges in their position and lack the confidence, knowledge, and skills to pursue a career in academia. Our professional development workshops focused on developing postdocs’ skills to pursue faculty positions significantly increased their self-efficacy in grant writing, improving relationship with their mentor, and applying for academic jobs. Our findings have important implications for postdoctoral training and providing professional development opportunities for minority postdocs in order to diversify the faculty in STEM disciplines. Future research should examine the long-term influence of workshops to prepare postdocs to pursue and be successful in academia.
Overview: Power Degradation and Failure of PV Systems

Abstract Solar power based on photovoltaics has introduced a revolution in sustainable energy in the modern world, since the initial development under US Department of Energy funding of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Block Program in the late 1970s. This research led to the successful development of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and their demonstration in PV power plants such as the 1 MW Lugo power plant in Hesperia California, and the 5.4 MW Carrisa Plains power plant in San Luis Obispo County California constructed by the Atlantic Richfield Oil Company (ARCO) in the early 1980s. The Carrisa Plains power plant suffered severe reliability problems as demonstrated by its annual power degradation rate (Rd), or performance loss rate (PLR), of approximately 10%/year, far beyond the designed Rd of 1%/year. The Carrisa Plains power plant was a “large scale” technology demonstration project that dramatically showed how a technology that performs well in the lab may still suffer catastrophic reliability failures when implemented at commercial scale outdoors under real-world environmental conditions. This led to a long period of research into the multiple root causes and contributors to the plant's failure, that to this day underpin the reliability of crystalline silicon PV modules with their aluminum-back surface field cells with front side-silver metalization and ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulants with fluoropolymer based backsheets. The evolution of PV technology and industry, as it has incorporated new technologies such as thin film absorbers, alternative concentrating optical designs, or lower cost materials, has always existed under the threat that the fundamental reliability of the PV module will not hold up for the 20 to nowadays 35 year lifetimes that are assured in the module's product warranties. This reliability challenge arises because PV modules are used with essentially little maintenance, under harsh real-world conditions in hostile climate zones, for long expected lifetimes. This serves as a continuing reminder of the critical importance of understanding the degradation science of materials and modules under actual real-world conditions, and how these correspond to the more idealized conditions of rapid lab-based qualification or acceptance tests that are used during technology development.
Length spectrum of geodesic loops in manifolds of non-positive curvature

In Sect. 1 we reformulate a theorem of Blichfeldt in the framework of manifolds of non-positive curvature. As a result we obtain a lower bound on the number of homotopically distinct geodesic loops emanating from a common point q whose length is smaller than a fixed constant. This bound depends only on the volume growth of balls in the universal covering and the volume of the manifold itself. We compare the result with known results about the asymptotic growth rate of closed geodesics and loops in Sect. 2.
Epidurals for Coarctation Repair in Children Are Associated with Decreased Postoperative Anti-Hypertensive Infusion Requirement as Measured by a Novel Parameter, the Anti-Hypertensive Dosing Index (ADI).

Background: Sympathetically-associated hypertension after coarctation repair is a common problem often requiring anti-hypertensive infusions in an intensive care unit. Epidurals suppress sympathetic output and can reduce blood pressure but have not been studied following coarctation repair in children. We sought to determine whether epidurals for coarctation repair in children were associated with decreased requirement for postoperative anti-hypertensive infusions, if they were associated with changes in hospital course, or with complications. Methods: In this observational retrospective cohort study, we evaluated all patients age 1–18 years undergoing coarctation repair at our institution during a 10-year period and compared the requirement for postoperative anti-hypertensive infusions in patients with and without epidurals using an anti-hypertensive dosing index (ADI) incorporating total dose-hours of all anti-hypertensive infusions (primary outcome). We also assessed intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay, discharge on oral anti-hypertensive medication, and complications potentially related to epidurals (secondary outcomes). Results: Children undergoing coarctation repair with epidurals had decreased requirements for postoperative anti-hypertensive infusions compared to children without epidurals (cumulative ADI 65.0 [28.5–130.3] v. 157.0 [68.6–214.7], p = 0.021; mean ADI 49.0 [33.3–131.2] v. 163.0 [66.6–209.8], p = 0.01). After multivariable cumulative logit mixed-effects regression analysis, mean ADI was decreased in patients with epidurals throughout the postoperative period (p < 0.001). Patients with epidurals were 1.6 years older and weighed 10.6 kg more than patients without epidurals but were otherwise comparable. Epidural complications included pruritus (three patients), agitation (one patient), somnolence (one patient), and transient orthostatic hypotension (one patient). Duration of intensive care unit admission, duration of hospital stays, and requirement for anti-hypertensive medication at discharge were similar in patients with and without epidurals. Conclusions: This is the first study of children receiving an epidural for surgical repair of aortic coarctation via open thoracotomy. In this small, single-institution, observational retrospective cohort study, epidurals for coarctation repair in children were associated with decreased postoperative anti-hypertensive infusion requirements. Epidurals were not associated with length of ICU or hospital stay, or with discharge on anti-hypertensive medication. No significant epidural complications were noted. Prospective study of larger populations will be necessary to confirm these associations, address causality, verify safety, and assess other effects.
So many students, so little time: Practical student worker training in an academic library

Student employees are an invaluable asset to academic libraries. They supplement limited professional staffing, allow for students to engage with their academic community, and give work opportuniti...
First Degree of Freedom: Holdmax Threshold

In this chapter, a methodology is proposed to find the optimal solution from seven different Holdmax thresholds in the present application. To do so, the CI values determined in the simulation are to be used. A comprehensive comparison of the thresholds using four different criteria is carried out on the basis of proximity measures.
Quasi-Static Bearing Evaluation and Monitoring—A Case Study

Research was conducted on the quasi-static in-service evaluation and long-term monitoring of bridge bearings through a field case study. Bearings are critical to the long-term performance of bridges, particularly those with long-spans. At the service level, bearings accommodate thermal movements along with those from live load and wind effects. For extreme events, such as earthquakes, they dissipate energy and reduce the transfer of force into the superstructure. The challenge with assessment of bearings, in their current state, is that the visual appearance is not a sufficient indicator of performance. In addition, bearings are difficult to monitor long-term in many cases due to their complex nonlinearity. For the presented study, two primary objectives were established. The first was to evaluate the case study bridge bearings in their present state under service loads. Physics-based methods were evaluated using equilibrium and thermoelasticity. The second objective was to identify a long-term monitoring baseline. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were explored due to the nonlinear behavior present at two of the bearings. An ANN was trained with temperature changes to predict longitudinal bearing movement. The overall study illustrates potential techniques (with their limitations) for in-service evaluation and/or long-term monitoring of bridge bearings that have been assessed with structural health monitoring data.
Influence of growing season temperature and precipitation anomalies on crop yield in the southeastern United States

Abstract This study investigates the spatiotemporal relationships between growing season precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature anomalies on yield for corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), cotton (Gossypium), peanut (arachis hypogaea), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) crops in the southeastern United States (SEUS). Detrended county-level yield data (1981–2018) were analyzed alongside spatially derived growing season (May-Oct) climate anomalies. Results reveal that the relationships between climate anomalies and crop yield differ considerably across the SEUS based on the crop type and timing of meteorological extremes. Aligning with previous findings, surface crops in the region suffer considerable declines as a result of higher than normal maximum temperatures during the growing season, with the most significant losses occurring during the months of July and August when daytime temperatures frequently exceed ideal growing conditions. While the association is weaker, higher than normal minimum temperatures during critical crop development stages were also found to lead to significant declines in crop productivity. Notably, although drought conditions result in negative departures from expected yield, the findings of this study highlight that excess moisture in the latter part of the growing season (Sep-Oct) can be equally damaging for certain regional crops, including peanuts and sweet potatoes. The results of this study underscore the need for further research on the impact of climatic variability on regional and specialty crops in the era of anthropogenic climate change.
Mother! And the Horror of Environmental Abuse

I analyze how the psychological horror film mother! functions as a symbolic representation of the Anthropocene, which is our current epoch of geological time that marks humanity’s impact on the environment. mother! elicits fear, discomfort, and confusion in audiences as they watch the main character struggle to protect her home from foreign invaders and an apathetic husband. A metaphor for the neglect of mother nature, mother! offers a visual representation of the severe damage that humans have done to nature and how such a violent, abusive relationship is unsustainable. mother! shows the horror and chaos of a world that disregards the suffering of nature to persuade us to avoid following that path. As a reflection of our most pressing societal anxieties and fears, horror films can contribute to and potentially correct our anthropocentric attitudes.
Berkeleian Instrumentalism: From Substance to Space

The author argues that much of the debate over the status of instrumentalism in Berkeley’s philosophy can be clarified if one sees him as Pragmatic instrumentalist. Pragmatic instrumentalism is a constructivist account of inquiry, quite similar the views of the classic American Pragmatists on the nature of scientific concepts, language, and truth. We forge concepts in our efforts to order and organize experience in ways that meet the continually changing evidence and intellectual needs. Hence, the content of our concepts evolve hand in hand with the theories in which they are embedded. Pragmatic instrumentalism is to be distinguished from the more standard anti-Realist instrumentalist position that challenges the status of theoretical terms and the positing of unobservable entities. From a Pragmatic instrumentalist perspective, it is not inconsistent for Berkeley to be willing to accept some claims about the existence of theoretical entities and deny others. For some run afoul of the Pragmatic Maxim, and others do not. This essay explores the implications of Berkeley’s pragmatic stance with regard to a number of controversial ontological claims about force, corpuscles, the ether, light, and space. The issues were the focus of attention not only in his time but continued to be matters of concern in the years that followed. In particular, his instrumentalist convictions play a major role in his argument against Newton’s absolute space in favor of a relativist space. According to Berkeley the empirical consequences of the former are no different from those of the latter. Thus, according to the Pragmatic Maxim, they are cognitively the same. Berkeley argues that a relative conception of space can handle all the empirical findings of an absolute conception. Moreover, the notion of relative space does not run into a number of conceptual problems that the idea of absolute space must confront.
A Tunable Magnet-based Tactile Sensor Framework

Tactile sensing enables controllable interactions as robots enter unknown and unstructured environments. However, existing tactile sensors suffer from limited form factors and durability, lack of dynamic range, and are not cost-effective. Magnet-elastomer-based tactile sensors offer a potential solution to compensate for these deficiencies. In this paper, we present a generalizable design approach, a first-order model based on the magnetic field and elastomer fundamentals, and an automated calibration routine to create custom tactile sensors. To demonstrate the performance and versatility of the proposed sensor architecture, we selected two sample design configurations: a small form factor that was optimized for tumor localization (Pinky) and a larger form factor for robust contact estimation on legged robots (Foot). These two unique cases demonstrate the breadth of sensors that can be designed using this approach as well as how changes in sensor parameters can be used to tune the range and resolution for different applications.
Network Effects in Action

This Chapter begins by examining and exploring the theoretical and empirical limits of the possible bases of network effects, paying particular attention to the most commonly cited framework known as Metcalfe’s Law. It continues by exploring the concept of network externalities, defined as the positive external consumption benefits that the decision to join a network creates for the other members of the network, which is more ambiguous than commonly realized. It then reviews the structural factors needed for models based on network effects to have anticompetitive effects and identifies other factors that can dissipate those effects. Finally, it identifies alternative institutional forms that can eliminate or mitigate the impact of network effects.
21.5 An Integrated 2.4GHz -91.5dBm-Sensitivity Within-Packet Duty-Cycled Wake-Up Receiver Achieving 2μ W at 100ms Latency

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) requires dense sensor networks with low-latency response from wireless devices that operate on severely limited power budgets. Integrated wakeup receivers (WuRX) contribute to this vision by enabling event-driven, energy-efficient connectivity, but they must provide similar sensitivity and interferer tolerance as the main receiver at much lower power. Recent WuRX work has pushed operation into the multi-GHz range, including the 2.4GHz ISM band, but it shows the challenge of simultaneously realizing high sensitivity, high selectivity, and near-$\mu$ W average power (P avg ) at average latency (L avg ) of milliseconds. A 2.4GHz Envelope-Detector (ED)-first topology WuRX [1] achieved 236nW at a limited sensitivity of -56.5dBm. A -99dBm Tuned-RF WuRX achieved 2.17$\mu$ W with duty-cycled 61dB RF gain at 434MHz [2], but high gain can lead to instability and limited interference tolerance at multi-GHz. An Uncertain-IF (U-IF) WuRX achieved sensitivity of -97dBm and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of -31dB at 99$\mu$ W [3] by adopting off-chip inductors, which increases integration volume. A duty-cycled heterodyne WuRX demonstrated -92dBm sensitivity at 4.4$\mu$ W [4], but at 1s latency which can be undesirable for large-scale networks.
The effect of Pennsylvania's 500 ft surface setback regulation on siting unconventional natural gas wells near buildings: An interrupted time-series analysis

Abstract In 2012 Pennsylvania's legislature increased the unconventional natural gas (UNG) well-to-building setback requirement from 200 ft to 500 ft through Act 13. To evaluate this policy, we identified all setback incident locations where a UNG well was within 500 ft of a building both before and after the implementation of Act 13. Using an interrupted time series design, we found that Act 13 did not significantly alter how wells were sited in relation to nearby buildings. Of the 1042 wells that contained a building within 500 ft – equating to ~10.1% of UNG wells (n = 11,148) and ~14.7% well pads (n = 479) – a total of 371 well setback incidents occurred after Act 13, likely due from the existing well pad exemption (35%) and a combination of landowner consent and regulatory variances rather than encroaching building construction. Overall, our study suggests that exemptions are an important and underappreciated aspect of oil and gas well setback rulemaking and highlights the relevance of other health-protective regulatory tools often promulgated alongside setbacks. New or amended setback regulations should revisit exemption procedures and where warranted, impose additional mitigation measures to ensure setback regulations provide adequate protections for health and safety as intended.
Laboratory based assessment of gait and balance impairment in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy.

Abstract Background Gait and balance abnormalities are a significant source of morbidity and mortality in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Gait impairment in PSP is primarily assessed clinically on exam or with the use of rating scales. Three dimensional video based gait and balance analysis performed in a laboratory setting is a highly accurate method of motion analysis (Wren et al., 2020), however limited data is available in patients with PSP. Research question In this study we assess the objective features of postural control, kinematics, kinetic and temporal-spatial gait metrics in PSP, using three-dimensional video motion analysis in a laboratory setting compared to normal controls. Methods Three-dimensional motion was captured using a 10-camera motion capture system, 41 body markers and ground embedded force plates in 16 patients with PSP patients and compared to motorically normal controls. Results Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait measures effectively differentiated patients with PSP from controls. Patients had slower gait velocity, lower cadence, increased double support time and abnormal antero-posterior sway. Joint kinematics and kinetics were reduced and showed less variation among patients with PSP compared to controls which is suggestive of bradykinesia. Objective gait measures of abnormality correlated with clinical disease severity. Postural sway metrics distinguished PSP from controls and captured gait imbalance. Significance Objective measures of gait and balance abnormalities in patients with PSP provide an outcome measure that can be potentially used for early disease detection, in clinical trials and to validate portable motion capture devices in the future.
Screening for Primary Aldosteronism in Resistant Hypertension

Background: Resistant hypertension is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and death than essential hypertension. Although clinical practice guidelines recommend screening for primary aldosteronism among persons with resistant hypertension, rates of screening are unknown. Methods: We performed a cohort study in an academic health system using an electronic health registry to identify persons with resistant hypertension. We identified 145,670 persons with hypertension and excluded persons with congestive heart failure or advanced chronic kidney disease. We identified persons with resistant hypertension by conventional definitions. We determined screening rates for primary aldosteronism and demographic and clinical characteristics associated with screening. Findings: Among 5641 persons with resistant hypertension, 111 (2·0%) were screened for primary aldosteronism. Screened persons were younger (56·2 /- 13·0 years vs. 65·6 /- 11·6 years; p<·0001), and had higher diastolic blood pressure (81·9 /- 14·2 mmHg vs. 74·7 /- 13·6 mmHg; p<·0001), lower serum potassium concentrations (3·9 /- 0·6 mmol/L vs. 4·1 /- 0·5 mmol/L; p=0·01), and lower rates of diagnosed coronary artery disease (14·0% vs. 7·2%; p=0·04) than unscreened persons. Screened persons had significantly higher rates of prescription for calcium channel blockers, mixed alpha/beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, loop diuretics, sympatholytics, and vasodilators and lower rates of prescription of thiazide and thiazide-type diuretics (p=0·049). The prescription of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists or other potassium sparing diuretics was not significantly different between groups (p=0·33). Interpretation: Patients with resistant hypertension are infrequently screened for primary aldosteronism. Efforts to highlight guideline-recommended screening and/or targeted therapy are warranted. Funding: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; National Institutes of Health. Conflict of Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Ethical Approval Statement: The Institutional Review Board at Stanford University approved the study protocol, including a waiver of informed consent for this study.
Locker: Locally Constrained Self-Attentive Sequential Recommendation

Recently, self-attentive models have shown promise in sequential recommendation, given their potential to capture user long-term preferences and short-term dynamics simultaneously. Despite their success, we argue that self-attention modules, as a non-local operator, often fail to capture short-term user dynamics accurately due to a lack of inductive local bias. To examine our hypothesis, we conduct an analytical experiment on controlled 'short-term' scenarios. We observe a significant performance gap between self-attentive recommenders with and without local constraints, which implies that short-term user dynamics are not sufficiently learned by existing self-attentive recommenders. Motivated by this observation, we propose a simple framework, (Locker) for self-attentive recommenders in a plug-and-play fashion. By combining the proposed local encoders with existing global attention heads, Locker enhances short-term user dynamics modeling, while retaining the long-term semantics captured by standard self-attentive encoders. We investigate Locker with five different local methods, outperforming state-of-the-art self-attentive recom- menders on three datasets by 17.19% (NDCG@20) on average.
Introduction to High Performance Scientific Computing

This is a textbook that teaches the bridging topics between numerical analysis, parallel computing, code performance, large scale applications.
Southern Magnolias and Orange Lilies: Gender, Class, and School Integration at Central High and Holy Cross

Scholars have written volumes regarding pro-active American Southern and Northern Irish women in the American civil rights movement and Northern Ireland's "troubles". This work generally examines the South’s white, upper-class integrationists and Northern Ireland's Catholic Republicans, while Southern working-class segregationists and Northern Ireland's Protestant Loyalists are ignored. These women and the reasons for their invisibility in historical records are similar. Both cultures demanded feminine submission to "their place", serving God and man, Dixie and Ulster; conservatism discouraged females from politics. This explores the unusual public stance of Southern workingclass segregationist women and Northern Ireland's working-class Protestant females during Little Rock's Central High School crisis of 1957 and Belfast's Holy Cross Primary School protest of 2001. Segregationists protested integrating black students, while Protestants railed at Catholic families who walked their daughters to school via the exclusively Protestant Glenbryn Estate. In analyzing these events, I examine the gender history and traditions of each group. I survey the social environment that motivated these women's protests, and the justifications used to delve into the public arena while defending the status quo. I also examine how these choices altered political roles for both groups in the protests' aftermath. My analysis yields integral conclusions regarding the personal and political ideologies of Southern segregationist and Northern Irish Protestant females. This study explores the fears and anxieties that these females held toward what they regarded as black and Catholic encroachment in their societies. My study belongs to a limited body of research that will hopefully begin to provide understanding of the perspectives and consequences of two distantly separated groups of women who have been quieted in the Central High and Holy Cross dramas.
Why the Wild Things Are: Animals in the Lives of Children

Whether they see themselves as King of the Wild Things or protector of Toto, children live in a world filled with animals - both real and imaginary. From Black Beauty to Barney, animal characters romp through children's books, cartoons, videos, and computer games. As Gail Melson tells us, more than three-quarters of all children in America live with pets and are now more likely to grow up with a pet than with both parents.
The Citizen as Founder: Public Participation in Constitutional Approval

Public involvement in constitution making is increasingly considered to be essential for the legitimacy and effectiveness of the process. It is also becoming more widespread, spurred on by constitutional advisors and the international community. Yet we have remarkably little empirical evidence of the impact of participation on outcomes. This essay reports hypotheses on the effect of one aspect of public participation in the constitution-making process - ratification - and surveys available evidence. We find some limited support for the optimistic view about the impact of ratification on legitimacy, conflict, and constitutional endurance.
On the existence and Morse index of solutions to the Allen-Cahn equation in two dimensions

In this paper we study transition layers in the solutions to the Allen-Cahn equation in two dimensions. We show that for any straight line segment intersecting the boundary of the domain orthogonally there exists a solution to the Allen-Cahn equation, whose transition layer is located near this segment. In addition we analyze stability of such solutions and show that it is completely determined by a geometric eigenvalue problem associated to the transition layer. We prove the existence of both stable and unstable solutions. In the case of the stable solutions we recover a result of Kohn and Sternberg [13]. As for the unstable solutions we show that their Morse index is either 1 or 2.
Investigation of apparent false-positive urine latex particle agglutination tests for the detection of group B streptococcus antigen

In our nursery, we identified neonates with positive urine latex particle agglutination (LPA) tests for group B streptococcus (GBS) antigen who did not have corroborating cultural evidence of infection. To investigate the mechanisms underlying these apparent false-positive reactions, we examined the urine LPA test in an unselected population of neonates suspected of sepsis. Urine specimens for LPA testing and culture and simultaneous perirectal cultures were obtained from 134 neonates with suspected sepsis. Six infants had positive blood cultures for GBS; four of the six were positive by LPA testing. An additional 20 infants had positive LPA tests but negative blood cultures; of these, 13 had mothers who received antibiotic treatment prior to delivery. Two infants with positive LPA results and negative blood cultures had bacteria isolated from urine cultures obtained in a nonsterile fashion (GBS, Escherichia coli). GBS was not isolated from perirectal swabs of infants with positive LPA tests and negative blood cultures. In conclusion, (i) a high proportion of neonates evaluated for sepsis gave positive LPA tests and negative blood cultures, (ii) local contamination of the perirectal skin or urinary tract with GBS was an unlikely source of false-positive LPA reactions, and (iii) maternal antibiotic pretreatment during labor may represent an important cause of apparent false-positive LPA reactions.
Contracts as Technology

If technology means, “useful knowledge about how to produce things at low cost", then contracts should qualify. Just as mechanical technologies are embodied in blueprints, technologies of contracting are embodied in contractual documents that serve as, “blueprints for collaboration". This Article analyzes innovations in contractual documents using the same kind of framework that is used to analyze other kinds of technological innovation. The analysis begins by laying out an informal model of the demand for and supply of innovative contractual documents. The discussion of demand emphasizes the impact of innovations upon not only each party’s incentives to collaborate efficiently, but also upon reading costs and litigation costs. The analysis of supply considers both the generation and dissemination of innovations and emphasizes the importance of cumulative innovation, learning by-doing, economies of scale and scope, and trustworthiness. Recent literature has raised concerns about the extent to which law firms produce contractual innovations. In fact, a wide range of actors other than law firms supply contractual documents; including end users of contracts, specialized providers of legal documents, legal database firms, trade associations, and academic institutions. This article discusses the incentives and capabilities of each of these potential sources of innovation. It concludes by discussing potential interventions such as: (1) enhancing intellectual property rights, (2) relaxing rules concerning the unauthorized practice of law and, (3) creating or expanding publicly sponsored clearinghouses for contracts.
Maximizing allele detection: Effects of analytical threshold and DNA levels on rates of allele and locus drop-out

Interpretation of DNA evidence depends upon the ability of the analyst to accurately compare the DNA profile obtained from an item of evidence and the DNA profile of a standard. This interpretation becomes progressively more difficult as the number of 'drop-out' and 'drop-in' events increase. Analytical thresholds (AT) are typically selected to ensure the false detection of noise is minimized. However, there exists a tradeoff between the erroneous labeling of noise as alleles and the false non-detection of alleles (i.e. drop-out). In this study, the effect ATs had on both types of error was characterized. Various ATs were tested, where three relied upon the analysis of baseline signals obtained from 31 negative samples. The fourth AT was determined by utilizing the relationship between RFU signal and DNA input. The other ATs were the commonly employed 50, 150 and 200 RFU thresholds. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) plots showed that although high ATs completely negated the false labeling of noise, DNA analyzed with ATs derived using analysis of the baseline signal exhibited the lowest rates of drop-out and the lowest total error rates. In another experiment, the effect small changes in ATs had on drop-out was examined. This study showed that as the AT increased from ∼10 to 60 RFU, the number of heterozygous loci exhibiting the loss of one allele increased. Between ATs of 60 and 150 RFU, the frequency of allelic drop-out remained constant at 0.27 (±0.02) and began to decrease when ATs of 150 RFU or greater were utilized. In contrast, the frequency of heterozygous loci exhibiting the loss of both alleles consistently increased with AT. In summary, for samples amplified with less than 0.5ng of DNA, ATs derived from baseline analysis of negatives were shown to decrease the frequency of drop-out by a factor of 100 without significantly increasing rates of erroneous noise detection.
Impacts of new energy technology using generalized input-output analysis

Abstract The economic and environmental impacts of several new energy technologies (high and low BTU coal gasification and the gas turbine topping cycle) were examined for the 1980–1985 time period. A projected 1980–1985 U.S. input-output matrix was augmented to include environmental and resource usage variables. Engineering studies were used to modify the input-output matrix to represent the introduction of new energy technologies. The results illustrate the high sensitivity of capital investment to the rate of growth of energy consumption. The results also illustrate several economic mechanisms that will help to hold total capital investment within its historical bounds as a percentage of GNP. The methodology and many possible applications and extensions of generalized input-output model are included. A short critique of the methodology is also presented.
Type D Personality Predicts Poor Medication Adherence in Patients with Heart Failure in the USA

Background Type D (distressed) personality and medication nonadherence have been associated with poor health outcomes. Type D personality is associated with poor medication adherence in patients with coronary artery disease. However, the relationship between type D personality and medication adherence in patients with heart failure (HF) remains unknown.
Estimating Early American Gross Domestic Product

(2000). Estimating Early American Gross Domestic Product. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 155-162.
Red cell survival in galactosemia.

Erythrocyte survival in a 4 1/2-year-old galactosemic patient was studied. In vitroautohemolysis of the patient's red cells was within normal limits in both the absence and presence of galactose. The half-lives of Cr 51 -tagged cells in the patient's circulation while he was on a milk-free diet and in the father's circulation while he was on an uncontrolled diet were normal. Infusion of a galactose load into the father had no noticeable effect on the survival of the tagged galactosemic red cells. It is concluded that there are no intrinsic abnormalities in the galactosemic red cell leading to early destruction. It is possible, however, that prolonged exposure to a high serum level of galactose may impair red cell survival.
Bacterial pathogenesis: Common entry mechanisms

The recent identification of E-cadherin as the cell-surface receptor for the Listeria monocytogenes adhesin, internalin, indicates that pathogenic bacteria exploit a variety of host surface molecules for entry and that they may share some common strategies for uptake into host cells.
A digoxin-like factor associates with erythrocyte sodium concentration, sodium transport, and ouabain binding.

To investigate what effects a circulating digoxin-like factor (DLF) might have on sodium metabolism, we examined data collected on 1,327 individuals screened in the Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic at the University of Utah. This sample included 639 unmedicated adults, 582 youths under age 18, and 106 medicated hypertensive individuals, all on an unrestricted diet when attending clinic. No individuals took digitalis. A digoxin assay detected measurable levels of plasma DLF in 13.4% of the youths, 17.2% of the normotensive adults, and 25.5% of the hypertensive adults. In all three groups of individuals, those with a measurable DLF had a significantly lower erythrocyte ouabain sensitive sodium efflux rate constant (adjusted for age, sex and body mass) than those with no measurable DLF (p < 0.01). Normotensive and hypertensive adults with measurable DLF also had an increased erythrocyte intracellular sodium level. Either the number of ouabain binding sites and/or the apparent affinity for ouabain were reduced for those with DLF levels in all three groups. There was a small nonsignificant increase in blood pressure for the normotensive adults and youths with a measurable DLF. We conclude that plasma DLF is associated with reduced ouabain sensitive sodium transport and increased intracellular sodium concentration, possibly due to changes in the number of or the competition for the Na+  K+ ATPase sites.