cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gain control with A-type potassium current: IA as a switch between divisive and subtractive inhibition.

Neurons process and convey information by transforming barrages of synaptic inputs into spiking activity. Synaptic inhibition typically suppresses the output firing activity of a neuron, and is commonly classified as having a subtractive or divisive effect on a neuron’s output firing activity. Subtractive inhibition can narrow the range of inputs that evoke spiking activity by eliminating responses to non-preferred inputs. Divisive inhibition is a form of gain control: it modifies firing rates while preserving the range of inputs that evoke firing activity. Since these two “modes” of inhibition have distinct impacts on neural coding, it is important to understand the biophysical mechanisms that distinguish these response profiles. In this study, we use simulations and mathematical analysis of a neuron model to find the specific conditions (parameter sets) for which inhibitory inputs have subtractive or divisive effects. Significantly, we identify a novel role for the A-type Potassium current (IA). In our model, this fast-activating, slowly-inactivating outward current acts as a switch between subtractive and divisive inhibition. In particular, if IA is strong (large maximal conductance) and fast (activates on a time-scale similar to spike initiation), then inhibition has a subtractive effect on neural firing. In contrast, if IA is weak or insufficiently fast-activating, then inhibition has a divisive effect on neural firing. We explain these findings using dynamical systems methods (plane analysis and fast-slow dissection) to define how a spike threshold condition depends on synaptic inputs and IA. Our findings suggest that neurons can “self-regulate” the gain control effects of inhibition via combinations of synaptic plasticity and/or modulation of the conductance and kinetics of A-type Potassium channels. This novel role for IA would add flexibility to neurons and networks, and may relate to recent observations of divisive inhibitory effects on neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Whole genome sequence analysis of Geitlerinema sp. FC II unveils competitive edge of the strain in marine cultivation system for biofuel production.

Abstract A filamentous cyanobacteria, Geitlerinema sp. FC II, was isolated from marine algae culture pond at Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), India. The 6.7 Mb draft genome of FC II encodes for 6697 protein coding genes. Analysis of the whole genome sequence revealed presence of nif gene cluster, supporting its capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. FC II genome contains two variants of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductases (SQR), which is a crucial elector donor in cyanobacterial metabolic processes. FC II is characterized by the presence of multiple CRISPR- Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats – CRISPR associated proteins) clusters, multiple variants of genes encoding photosystem reaction centres, biosynthetic gene clusters of alkane, polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides. Presence of these pathways will help FC II in gaining an ecological advantage over other strains for biomass production in large scale cultivation system. Hence, FC II may be used for production of biofuel and other industrially important metabolites.
Mobile Health Intervention to Reduce HIV Transmission: A Randomized Trial of Behaviorally Enhanced HIV Treatment as Prevention (B-TasP).

OBJECTIVES We conducted a randomized clinical trial to test a mobile health behavioral intervention designed to enhance HIV treatment as prevention (B-TasP) by simultaneously increasing combination antiretroviral therapies (cART) adherence and improving the sexual health of people living with HIV. METHODS A cohort of sexually active men (n = 383) and women (n = 117) living with HIV were enrolled. Participants were baseline assessed and randomized to either (1) B-TasP adherence and sexual health intervention or (2) general health control intervention. Outcome measures included HIV RNA viral load, cART adherence monitored by unannounced pill counts, indicators of genital tract inflammation, and sexual behaviors assessed over 12 months. RESULTS Eighty-six percent of the cohort was retained for 12-month follow-up. The B-TasP intervention demonstrated significantly lower HIV RNA, OR = 0.56, P = 0.01, greater cART adherence, Wald χ = 33.9, P = 0.01, and fewer indicators of genital tract inflammation, Wald χ = 9.36, P = 0.05, over the follow-up period. Changes in sexual behavior varied, with the B-TasP intervention showing lower rates of substance use in sexual contexts, but higher rates of condomless sex with non-HIV positive partners occurred in the context of significantly greater beliefs that cART reduces HIV transmission. CONCLUSIONS Theory-based mobile health behavioral interventions can simultaneously improve cART adherence and sexual health in people living with HIV. Programs aimed to eliminate HIV transmission by reducing HIV infectiousness should be bundled with behavioral interventions to maximize their impact and increase their chances of success.
Reliably Mapping Clay Content Coregionalized with Electrical Conductivity

Understanding the spatial variability of soil texture within field soils is important due to its influence on a large number of soil and plant related processes and for site-specific application of inputs that are crucial to crop production. It remains a problem to obtain a reliable clay content map based on a limited number of sampling locations. The objective of this study was to identify spatial variability of soil clay content and the behavior of the estimation result for different spatial resolutions of measured clay content (0–20 cm depth) in combination with a coregionalization approach using apparent electrical conductivity (ECₐ). In a silty loam soil, soil clay content was measured at 96 points in a 50-m by 50-m grid within an agricultural field. ECₐ was measured using a contact sensor Veris 3150. Data were analyzed with ordinary kriging and cokriging while using ECₐ at a shallow depth. We analyzed different sampling scenarios based on clay subsamples of 48, 24, and 12 data points distributed over the 27-ha field. In all scenarios investigated here, the RMSE stayed in the range of 3 to 4% by using different validations, with cokriging performing constantly better than ordinary kriging. Clay content maps estimated with cokriging maintained a satisfactory precision when the sampling density was reduced to one sample per two hectares, a result that leads to the conclusion that electrical conductivity in combination with spatial coregionalization demonstrated to be a promising tool to estimate the spatial variation of clay content even at a low clay sampling density.
Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia: What Has Been Achieved, Current Clues for Future Research

Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia is an inflammatory type of central scalp hair loss seen primarily in women of African descent. The prevalence is unknown, but may vary from 2.7% to 5.7% and increases with age. This review outlines the history and current beliefs and identifies clues for future research for this enigmatic condition. Despite that the cause of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia is unknown, research is ongoing. The role of cytokeratins, androgens, genetics, and various possible sources of chronic inflammation in disease pathogenesis remain to be elucidated.
Varieties of Synesthetic Experience

In her response to my “Seeing as a Non-Experiental Mental State: The Case from Synesthesia and Visual Imagery” Ophelia Deroy presents an argument for an interesting new account of synesthesia. On this account, synesthesia can be thought of as “a perceptual state (e.g. of a letter)” that is “changed or enriched by the incorporation of a conscious mental image (e.g. a color).” Deroy argues convincingly that Perky cases, in which the content of visual imagery is partially constituted by the content of perceptual experience, possibly are best understood as incorporated, or mixed, mental states (Deroy, Chap. 27, this volume; Perky 1910). But even if Perky cases are not truly mixed conscious states, Deroy argues, it is quite plausible that some of our mental states have perceptual as well as imagistic elements. Cases of synesthesia are good candidates to be exactly these kinds of mixed states.
Oxygen Sensors Based on a Quenching of Tris-(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) in Fluorinated Polymers

Luminescence quenching of Ru(II) complexes by oxygen has proved a powerful method of quantitative oxygen analysis. It has become clear that the polymer support for the sensor molecule plays a pivotal role in the sensor performance. The current work is devoted to understanding how the physical and photophysical properties of a sensor respond to changes in polymer composition. An oxygen quenching study was conducted on [Ru(Ph2phen)3]Cl2(Ph2phen=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), in copolymer supports consisting of GP-163 (a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with varying amounts of pendant acrylate groups) combined with a number of alkyl methacrylates with long chain alkyl or fluorinated alkyl esters. Increasing the chain length or the degree of fluorination on the hydrocarbon chains enhances performance. However, there is an optimal chain length for the fluorinated hydrocarbons for sensitivity, linearity, and physical properties. Too long a chain yields reduced quenching sensitivity and yields cloudy polymers. All systems showed some degree of heterogeneity as indicated by nonlinear Stern-Volmer quenching plots, but their intensity quenching data could be successfully fit with a two-site model.
"Pumping Iron" to Improve Exercise Performance in Heart Failure: New Data and New Guidelines.

Article, see p 1374 Iron homeostasis in patients with heart failure (HF) is abnormal because of the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the key liver-derived iron regulatory protein hepcidin.1,2 Increased hepcidin synthesis in response to proinflammatory signals induces a state of functional iron deficiency characterized by decreased dietary iron absorption, reduced bioavailability of stored iron for erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, and increased iron stores in the liver and other nonerythrocyte cell types.1 Functional iron deficiency is present in 50% of subjects with HF and is associated with exercise intolerance and greater mortality risk in patients with (hazard ratio (HR), 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24–2.36; P =0.001) or without (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.11–1.87; P =0.006) concomitant anemia.3,4 Two previous multisite randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that repletion of iron stores with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose is associated with improvement in measures of submaximal exercise capacity and functional capacity in subjects with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and biochemical markers consistent with functional iron deficiency.5 In this issue of Circulation , van Veldhuisen and colleagues6 report the findings of a well-designed and -executed prospective multisite open-label randomized clinical trial with blinded end point assessment to determine the effects of intravenous iron repletion with ferric carboxymaltose versus usual care (including optional oral iron supplementation) on peak aerobic capacity in symptomatic …
Reward Network Modulation as a Mechanism of Change in Behavioral Activation

Behavioral Activation (BA) is a contemporary third-wave psychosocial treatment approach that emphasizes helping individuals become more active in ways that are meaningful to them as a means of improving mood and quality of life. BA has been designated as a well-established, validated treatment for depression by the American Psychological Association following several decades of accumulated empirical support demonstrating that BA techniques successfully reduce depression symptoms and produce other desirable outcomes across a variety of populations and contexts. The purported mechanism of change underlying BA treatment lies in increasing activation, which in turn increases contact with positive reinforcement thereby reversing the cycle of depression. Current studies are further investigating how increasing activation and subsequent contact with mood reinforcers can influence mood and behavior. Specifically, there is growing evidence that BA modifies function of reward-related networks in the brain, and that these changes are associated with clinical improvement. Herein, we provide a brief history of BA, describe the primary components of BA treatment, and describe BA's purported mechanisms of change at behavioral, neural, and subjective activation levels. We present limitations as well as gaps in the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms of action of BA.
US adults with unmet mental health treatment needs: Profiling and underlying causes using machine learning techniques

AbstractAccording to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (USA), an estimated 9.7 million US adults did not receive mental health treatment in 2016. Based on 2015 and 2016 ...
Energy dependence and scaling of the spin-correlation and polarization parameters in elastic proton-proton scattering

We point out that the rates of decrease of the polarization and spin-correlation parameters $P$ and ${C}_{\mathrm{nn}}$ in proton-proton scattering at momenta from 2 to 12 GeV/c are correlated in a manner such that the ratio $\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{nn}}}{{P}^{2}}$ is essentially independent of energy at fixed momentum transfer. This approximate scaling law follows from a model in which the spin dependence in high-energy proton-proton scattering is associated entirely with a weak spin-orbit interaction. Various tests of the model are discussed.
Two-sample instrumental-variables regression with potentially weak instruments:

We develop a command, weaktsiv, for two-sample instrumentalvariables regression models with one endogenous regressor and potentially weak instruments. weaktsiv includes the classic two-sample two-s...
Blood Vessels of the Eye and their Changes in Diabetes

The ocular vasculature has been the subject of detailed study in the past [2,6,7,13,16,21–24, 27–29,31,34,37–39,41,43,44,46,47], however, in several areas controversies among researchers still exist. For example, does the choroidal vasculature extend into the lamina cribrosa (LC)? What is the exact blood supply to the lamina cribrosa, the region crucial for optic disc changes, where many disorders occur? Further controversies include the choriocapillaris structure, the location of the feeding arteriole (s) and collecting venules (central position of arteriole and peripheral venules) [22,24,37–39,46], or vice versa [27,43], or the mixed distribution of these vessels changing in different areas [13], and the submacular choriocapillaris (with regard to the presence [6,39] or absence [13,23,37,38,46] of the submacular artery).
Deoxydehydration of vicinal diols by homogeneous catalysts: a mechanistic overview.

Deoxydehydration (DODH) is an important reaction for the upconversion of biomass-derived polyols to commodity chemicals such as alkenes and dienes. DODH can be performed by a variety of early metal...
Tetra-μ3-methano­lato-tetra­kis­[(2-formyl-6-meth­oxy­phenolato)methano­lnickel(II)]

The molecule of the title compound, [Ni4(CH3O)4(C8H7O3)4(CH3OH)4], has S4 symmetry. Each of the four NiII atoms occupies every other corner of a cube, with the alternate corners occupied by μ3-methano­late bridging groups linking to three NiII atoms. Each NiII atom is in an O6 octa­hedral coordination environment formed by three O atoms from three μ3-methano­late groups, one from methanol, and two others from a bidentate 2-formyl-6-meth­oxy­phenolate ligand. The Ni—O bond distances range from 2.0020 (14) to 2.0938 (14) A, the cis bond angles range from 81.74 (6) to 97.63°, and the trans bond angles range from 168.76 (5) to 175.22 (6)°. There are bifurcated hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between the coordinated methanol OH groups and both the phenolic and meth­oxy O atoms of an adjoining 2-formyl-6-meth­oxy­phenolate moiety. In addition, there are weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions involving the meth­oxy O atoms.
Drug Interaction Between Febuxostat and Thiopurine Antimetabolites: A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Medical Literature.

BACKGROUND There is a known drug interaction (DI) between xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors and the thiopurine immunosuppressants, azathioprine (AZA) and mercaptopurine (6-MP). Xanthine oxidase inhibition increases concentrations of AZA and 6-MP active metabolites, possibly resulting in myelosuppression. When allopurinol is used with AZA or 6-MP, dose reduction of AZA or 6-MP is recommended. Febuxostat is a newer XO inhibitor approved for the treatment of gout. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical impact of the febuxostat-thiopurine DI. DESIGN AND SETTING Case series derived from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and published medical literature. PATIENTS Nineteen patients who received concomitant febuxostat and either AZA or 6-MP. MEASUREMENTS Laboratory and clinical data. RESULTS Nineteen cases reporting myelosuppressive events were identified in patients receiving febuxostat with AZA or 6-MP. Eighteen cases were treated with the combination of AZA and febuxostat. A median of 1.6 months elapsed from initiation of the drug combination until discovery of the event. Sixteen cases required hospitalization; 15 reported administration of blood products. Thirteen cases reported resolution of the event with discontinuation of both drugs, two reported discontinuation of the thiopurine only, and one reported discontinuation of febuxostat only. LIMITATIONS Thiopurine monotherapy may cause myelosuppression. Complications of immunosuppression that may contribute to the real-world morbidity and mortality associated with the febuxostat-thiopurine DI were not examined. Finally, FAERS data are limited by the voluntary nature of reporting. CONCLUSION Current febuxostat labeling contraindicates concomitant administration of febuxostat with either AZA or 6-MP. This case series demonstrates that the DI can result in clinically significant adverse events and is supportive of current febuxostat labeling.
Partial Weight-Bearing in Female Rats: Proof of Concept in a Martian-Gravity Analog.

Many studies have investigated the physiological response to microgravity in both astronauts and animals. However, while space agencies have sought to deploy more women on their missions; animal models rarely include females studies or comparisons between males and females. Therefore, we exposed adult female rats to 2 weeks of partial weight-bearing at either 100% of their normal loading (PWB100) or 40% of their normal loading (PWB40), corresponding to Martian gravity-analog, and assess muscle function, force and histomorphometry. Females exposed to PWB showed an 11.62% decline in hindlimb grip force associated with an 11.84% decrease in soleus myofiber size after 14 days of exposure, while maintaining normal blood oxygenation and stress levels. This pilot study represents the first experiment designed to understand the muscular disuse associated with a partial reduction in mechanical loading in female rats, and the first step needed to develop successful mitigating strategies. New and noteworthy This research article describes the first use of quadrupedal partial weight-bearing in female rats. This study demonstrates the feasibility of partial gravity analogs in females and allows for future investigations about the impact of sex on muscle deconditioning due to reduced mechanical loading.
Use of RGB values in the Periodic Acid-Schiff color test to determine the presence of vaginal fluid.

Abstract This study demonstrates how RGB color values from microscopic smears stained with the Periodic Acid-Schiff reagent under standardized microscopy conditions can be used to indicate the presence of vaginal secretions. Based on data obtained in the study, a numeric threshold determined from the sum of separate values for red, blue and green was determined to differentiate vaginal-based samples with other body fluids. Using this threshold, 55 of 57 vaginal-based samples tested positive for the presence of vaginal secretion. Conversely, 27 of 29 smears prepared from other body fluids yielded negative results. However, when graphing RGB sum values against a calculated RGB integer no overlap in data was obtained between all vaginal-based samples and other body fluid samples, clearly differentiating them. One-way ANOVA testing with a 95% confidence interval indicated that vaginal samples from different age groups showed no difference in RGB sum values. Similarly, the location that vaginal swabs were collected (from the outside of a condom or a vaginal swab) also showed no statistical difference using one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence. Furthermore, refrigerated test swabs aged up to 15 months showed no demonstrable differences. Pair-wise t-testing using RGB sum values, however, did show significant differences between vaginal samples and all other body fluids tested. Finally, the method successfully differentiated between pre-and post-coital penile swabs and finger swabs taken before and after digital vaginal penetration in anecdotal comparisons using the method.
Sport specialization and sport participation opportunities and their association with injury history in female high school volleyball athletes.

Abstract Objective Determine the association of sport specialization in female volleyball athletes with previous injury history and determine the association of sport specialization with volleyball participation opportunities. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Recruitment occurred from 83 Wisconsin high schools during the 2018 volleyball season. Participants Female volleyball athletes (N = 1,588, grades 9–12, age = 15.6 ± 1.1 years). Main outcomes Participants completed a pre-season questionnaire soliciting information regarding 1) demographics, 2) sport specialization, 3) sport participation, and 4) sport-related injuries in the previous 12 months. Univariable logistic regression models were used to identify associations with previous injury. Chi-square analyses were used to investigate associations between sport specialization classification and other sport participation opportunities. Results Both moderately and highly specialized athletes were more likely to report a previous injury compared to low specialized athletes (moderate OR: 1.84 [1.29–2.62]; p Conclusions Specialization was associated with injury history and year-round volleyball opportunities among female adolescent volleyball athletes.
Longitudinal panretinal microaneurysm dynamics on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography in eyes treated with intravitreal aflibercept for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the recovery study.

Background/Aims Quantifying microaneurysms (MAs) turnover may be an objective measure for therapeutic response in diabetic retinopathy. This study assesses changes in MA counts on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) in subjects undergoing treatment with intravitreal aflibercept injection (IAI) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in the Intravitreal Aflibercept for Retinal Non-Perfusion in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy(RECOVERY) study using an automated MA detection platform. Methods RECOVERY is a prospective study that enrolled 40 subjects with PDR randomised 1:1 to receive 2 mg IAI every 4 weeks(q4wk) or every 12 weeks (q12wk). UWFA images were obtained at baseline, 6 months and 1 year. Images were analysed using an automated segmentation platform to detect and quantify MAs. Zones 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the macula, mid-periphery and far-periphery, respectively. Results The q4wk cohort demonstrated a significant decline in MAs in all zones and panretinally at baseline versus month 6, baseline versus year 1, and month 6 versus year 1 (−20.0% to −61.8%; all p Conclusion Therapy with IAI demonstrates significantly reduced panretinal MA counts in PDR at 1 year in both treatment groups. The use of automated platforms to detect and quantify MAs may provide a novel imaging marker for evaluating disease activity and therapeutic impact. Trial registration number NCT02863354.
Twice Punished: Perceived Procedural Fairness and Legitimacy of Monetary Sanctions:

Legal financial obligations (LFOs) are routinely assessed by the courts and corrections agencies. Yet, little is known about how individuals under correctional supervision experience and perceive l...
SparTen: Leveraging Kokkos for On-node Parallelism in a Second-Order Method for Fitting Canonical Polyadic Tensor Models to Poisson Data

Canonical Polyadic tensor decomposition using alternate Poisson regression (CP-APR) is an effective analysis tool for large sparse count datasets. One of the variants using projected damped Newton optimization for row subproblems (PDNR) offers quadratic convergence and is amenable to parallelization. Despite its potential effectiveness, PDNR performance on modern high performance computing (HPC) systems is not well understood. To remedy this, we have developed a parallel implementation of PDNR using Kokkos, a performance portable parallel programming framework supporting efficient runtime of a single code base on multiple HPC systems. We demonstrate that the performance of parallel PDNR can be poor if load imbalance associated with the irregular distribution of nonzero entries in the tensor data is not addressed. Preliminary results using tensors from the FROSTT data set indicate that using multiple kernels to address this imbalance when solving the PDNR row subproblems in parallel can improve performance, with up to 80% speedup on CPUs and 10-fold speedup on NVIDIA GPUs.
Three Steps to Adapt Case Studies for Synchronous and Asynchronous Online Learning

Pandemic SARS-CoV-2 has ushered in a renewed interest in science along with rapid changes to educational modalities. While technology provides a variety of ways to convey learning resources, the incorporation of alternate modalities can be intimidating for those designing curricula. We propose strategies to permit rapid adaptation of curricula to achieve learning in synchronous, asynchronous, or hybrid learning environments. Case studies are a way to engage students in realistic scenarios that contextualize concepts and highlight applications in the life sciences. While case studies are commonly available and adaptable to course goals, the practical considerations of how to deliver and assess cases in online and blended environments can instill panic. Here we review existing resources and our collective experiences creating, adapting, and assessing case materials across different modalities. We discuss the benefits of using case studies and provide tips for implementation. Further, we describe functional examples of a three-step process to prepare cases with defined outcomes for individual student preparation, collaborative learning, and individual student synthesis to create an inclusive learning experience, whether in a traditional or remote learning environment.
Damsels in Distress: Copyright Woes of Katy Perry and Gay's Polly

On July 29, 2019 a jury in Los Angeles awarded Marcus Gray damages of nearly three million dollars pursuant to its verdict that Katy Perry’s hit “Dark Horse” infringed the copyright in Gray’s rap song 'Joyful Noise'. The verdict, which Perry has appealed, has generated considerable published opprobrium about its forebodings for songwriters, and more broadly the American popular music industry and consumers of its output. The recent disposition of the Perry dispute is not the first in which a court found liability based on allegations of copying a particular combination and arrangement of otherwise unprotectable elements in a musical work. Joseph Fishman traces the lineage of this basis to Austin v. Columbia Graphophone Co., a 1923 English case. This Article argues that Austin’s rationale for finding infringement betrays a misunderstanding of the interdependent, yet hierarchical, elements of music composition. The musical genres in Austin v. Columbia Graphophone are far removed from those in recent claims against Led Zeppelin, Katy Perry, et al. Austin, however, anticipates the very quandary that today bedevils courts adjudicating music infringement disputes that are based on allegations of similar arrangements of unprotectable expression. Recent cases in the United States have established that marginally original sculptural and visual works merit 'thin' protection, and that only virtually identical unauthorized copies may infringe them. This Article suggests that Austin might have been decided differently had the court applied this reasoning, and also recommends that courts in the United States should now extend this elevated threshold of infringement to music infringement cases in order to restore the damaged equipoise between owners of copyrighted musical works and musicians creating new ones.
Trauma-Informed Child Welfare Practice

This chapter describes trauma-informed practice broadly and applies this framework to child welfare practice. It presents how trauma is defined, how it impacts one’s development, and how we can use a trauma-informed approach to reducing the impact of trauma on development and child and adult functioning. This chapter provides information about what is known in the research about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and how pervasive and diverse trauma experiences can be. This chapter also presents information about what is known about trauma-informed approaches to prevention and treatment of experiences of child maltreatment.
Local Fashion Editors, Business Impact, and Regional Fashion Shows

In many ways, fashion is inherently local. What people wear is impacted by weather, regional norms, and what was available to be purchased at the department store. Not every trend included in a national fashion magazine was adopted by regional fashionistas. The same could be said for the journalists who covered local fashions. Several fashion editors made a mark in their communities and documented developments in fashion. Often, they traveled the country and the world to cover fashion shows and interview designers. The Penney-Missouri Awards offered a specific fashion prize. The prize included travel money to visit Europe and a several-day-long journalism workshop. These events allowed for both professional development and networking for women who rarely had the opportunity.
Rich and Balanced Experiences of Daily Emotions are Associated with Activity Diversity Across Adulthood.

OBJECTIVES Studies demonstrate the association between diverse emotions and health. However, we know little about how these emotions are related to activities in daily life. This study examined whether the diversity of daily activities ("activity diversity") is associated with the diversity of both positive and negative daily emotions ("emodiversity") in adulthood. We also examined if these associations differed by age. METHODS Two separate samples of participants from the Midlife in the United States Study II (M2: 2004-2009, n=2,012, Mage=56yrs) and Refresher (MR: 2012-2016, n=779, Mage=47yrs) provided activity and emotion data for eight consecutive days. Using Shannon's entropy, we constructed activity diversity and emodiversity (positive, negative) scores. Analyses adjusted for sociodemographic and health characteristics, total activity time, mean positive/negative emotions, and number of days with positive/negative emotion data. RESULTS Greater activity diversity was associated with greater positive emodiversity and greater negative emodiversity in both samples. In the M2 sample, the association between activity diversity and positive emodiversity was stronger among relatively younger adults, such the positive association among those aged 33-44 years was greater than that observed among those aged 68-84 years. Results held after adjusting for time spent in each of the activities or when using different emodiversity metrics (Gini or Simpson coefficients). DISCUSSION Broad and even participation of daily activities may provide more opportunities to experience rich and balanced emotions. Findings suggest that the association between activity diversity and emodiversity exists across adulthood, underscoring the value of including information about daily activities when examining emotional experiences across the lifespan.
In-services and empty threats: The roles of organizational practices and workplace experiences in shaping U.S. educators’ understandings of students’ rights

This paper applies theoretical frameworks from organizational sociology and sociolegal studies to examine factors associated with educators' conceptions of students' rights to due process in disciplinary actions. We analyze a unique representative data set of 402 teachers and 200 administrators in U.S. high schools to investigate how educators understand the rights to due process articulated in the Supreme Court case of Goss v. Lopez (1975). We then examine whether individual characteristics and participation in organizational processes are associated with educators' understandings of students' due process rights. Findings suggest that educators' understandings of students' entitlements to due process vary with educators' level of education, experience of school-related legal threats, and participation in district or diocese in-service training programs on students' rights. Results point to organizational climate as a key factor in shaping educators' rights conceptions and the role of law in American schools.
Response of Cells in Vitro and Tissues in Vivo to Hyperthermia and X-Irradiation

Publisher Summary It has been reported that heat and radiation together as a modality can be used to treat human cancer. However, a preferred time and dose relationship for combined treatment has not been developed. This has been largely a result of the inability to quantify the lethal effects of heat alone or in combination with radiation. As a result, heat alone or combined with radiation, at its present state of development, is an unacceptable alternative for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, this chapter reviews quantitatively the interaction of heat and radiation on an in vitro and an in vivo system. The objectives are to evaluate the following parameters: (1) the sensitivity of cells to heat killing under oxygenated or hypoxic conditions, (2) the radiation killing of cells before, during, or after heating, (3) the importance of the time interval between the two modalities, (4) the effect of cell progression and division on the repair of heat damage, (5) the effect of heat on both normal tissue and tumor tissue in vivo , and (6) the possibility that heat combined with radiation could improve the radiotherapeutic ratio of tumor damage to skin damage.
Evaluation of tissue section cryostorage on immunohistochemistry (1050.1)

Storage of tissue sections for significant periods is often required to allow tissue from multiple samples, acquired over months to years, to be processed together, in the same reagents, for quanti...
Embedded academic librarian experiences in online courses: Roles, faculty collaboration, and opinion

Purpose – This paper seeks to determine common and unique activities, promotional methods, time management strategies, and best practices of academic librarians embedded in online courses at six institutions.Design/methodology/approach – This is a mixed methods study using both interviews and quantitative data to study the activities and experiences of embedded librarians at six institutions.Findings – The librarians and faculty involved in the embedded services reported unexpected benefits to the service. However, experiences with managing the time required for embedding along with regular reference duties varied, and scaling up the service from a few courses to a regular library service caused staffing issues for a few institutions.Research limitations/implications – This study was exploratory by nature and thus its scope was limited. Because only six institutions were studied, it is difficult to determine the true state of embedded librarianship in the USA. Future research should build on the foundatio...
Heart Function Challenged with β-Receptor Agonism or Antagonism in a Heart Failure Model

We have shown that chronic treatment with carteolol, a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, improved left ventricular (LV) function and survival in an avian model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The aim of the present study was to compare ex vivo heart function with and without β-agonist and antagonist challenge. We investigated whether intracoronary infusion of a β-blocker, carteolol or β-agonist, isoproterenol decreased contractility. In the DCM group, isoproterenol resulted in a significantly greater increase in heart rate (71% vs. 28% compared to control hearts). To investigate the mechanism for the increase in heart rate, we exposed spontaneously beating neonatal cardiomyocytes to serum immunoglobulin (IgG) isolated from DCM animals. Serum IgG resulted in a significant increase in spontaneous beating rate in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes that was blocked by pre-treatment with a β-blocker. Carteolol challenge did not significantly change heart rate but did significantly increase LV peak pressure in DCM hearts (62%) while coronary artery flow remained unchanged (2.7 ± 0.1 vs 2.7 ± 0.5 ml/min/g). These results show that 1) β-receptor stimulation results in a greater tachycardic response in DCM animals, and 2) carteolo challenge improves myocardial contractility in hearts from DCM animals independent of heart rate or changes in coronary artery flow.
A tomographic model for ionospheric imaging with the Global Ultraviolet Imager

[1] A tomographic forward and inverse model is presented that enables the recovery of three-dimensional ionospheric structures from space-based optical observations. In this paper we apply the technique to the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. The forward model is based on GUVI observation geometry to simulate radiance observations of a model ionosphere. This model incorporates the physics of the 1356 A emission and the pattern of line-of-sight measurements out of the plane of the orbit into a discrete matrix representation of the GUVI observation. The application of matrix inversion techniques to the discrete observation matrix allows a multidimensional electron density profile to be reconstructed from the GUVI brightness measurements. Appropriate regularization functionals are incorporated to constrain the reconstructed solution. A smoothness constraint with a nonconvex penalty function ensures smoothness while preserving edges in the reconstructed image, an attribute which is crucial for the reconstruction of sharp ionospheric gradients. Results using GUVI data are shown to demonstrate the applicability of this technique.
The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine cardiac muscle is a homoserine kinase.

The catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine cardiac muscle phosphorylates homoserine in the synthetic peptide Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Hse-Leu-Gly. Phosphorylation of the primary alcohol of the homoserine residue was established via NMR spectroscopy. Two-dimensional correlated and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopies provided the sequence-specific chemical shift assignments of the substrate peptide and its phosphorylated counterpart. Coupled and decoupled 31P NMR experiments established the presence of phosphate on the homoserine residue. The maximal velocity (6.4 mumol/min.mg) obtained for homoserine-peptide phosphorylation at 12.5 mM Mg2+ compares favorably to the velocities observed for the corresponding serine- (21 mumol/min.mg), threonine- (3.2 mumol/min.mg), and hydroxyproline-peptides (1 mumol/min.mg). However, the Km for homoserine kinase activity is modest (1.3 mM) relative to the Km associated with the phosphorylation of the serine-containing substrate (22 microM). The effect of Mg2+ concentration on the kinetic parameters kcat, Km, and kcat/Km was investigated for both serine- and homoserine-peptides. Both substrates display similar kcat/Km versus [Mg2+] profiles, with the most notable difference that the optimal Mg2+ concentration is higher for the homoserine-containing peptide. In addition, the Km for the serine-peptide was found to be independent of [Mg2+], whereas the Km for the homoserine-peptide was observed to be dependent upon [Mg2+]. These results suggest that the long homoserine side chain may induce an unusually large off rate for the peptide and/or may misalign the hydroxyl moiety in the active site.
Splines in Nonparametric Regression

This article is interested in splines as tools for visualizing and analyzing noisy observational data, and so restricts itself to smoothing splines and regression splines. The article first describes the univariate polynomial smoothing spline, which may be thought of as the forerunner of spline functions used in data analysis. It then describes cross validation and Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) for choosing the smoothing parameter. After briefly describing regression splines, this entry then describes a number of generalizations of the univariate smoothing spline to various domains, which are obtained via the solution of a variational problem. These include the thin plate spline, the histospline, splines on the sphere, vector splines on the sphere, hybrid splines, partial splines, and smoothing spline analysis of variance (ANOVA) models on complex domains. It then ends with some remarks on computing. Publicly available software is mentioned along the way.
Caregiving appraisal after traumatic brain injury: The effects of functional status, coping style, social support and family functioning

Perception of caregiving after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to be an important part of both survivor and family adjustment. The roles of coping style, family functioning, perceived social support and the TBI survivor's functional status have not been fully examined with respect to appraisal of caregiving. This study examined these factors with respect to both positive and negative appraisals of caregiving in four main areas: perceived burden, caregiving relationship satisfaction, beliefs about caregiving, and mastery with caregiving. Sixty primary caregivers of individuals who sustained a TBI within the last 6 months to 15 years were administered the Caregiver Appraisal Scale, as well as the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, a 21-item version of the Family Assessment Device, and the Social Provision Scale. These findings were examined in relation to the TBI survivor's scores on the Disability Rating Scale and the Functional Independence Measure at the same time points post-injury. Results revealed that the majority of caregivers in those with moderate to severe brain injuries experienced dissatisfaction with many aspects of caregiving, especially with respect to feelings of burden and mastery. Additionally, emotionally-focused coping, behavioral control issues with respect to family functioning, and perceived social support appear to be most highly related to perceptions of burden, whereas perceived social support alone was the strongest factor in one's perception of caregiving mastery and satisfaction with the caregiving relationship. Interestingly, caregiving ideology was most closely related to avoidance-oriented coping. These results have direct implications for the development of interventions for caregivers of persons with TBI, especially with respect for the need to assess coping style and the development of social support networks.
A study of the biochemical differentiation of neurons and glia in the rat cerebral cortex.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents results of recently conducted experiments which are designed to provide biochemical information on the fundamental biological issue of cellular specialization in the central nervous system. The chapter examines the development of dynamic metabolic processes rather than the genesis of specialized structural characters or electrical signals. Three processes are studied in the developing cerebral cortex of the rat: (1) the turnover of neuronal and glial proteins, (2) the degradative reactions exhibited by the lysosomes of the neurons and the glial cells, and (3) the differential ability of the neurons and glial cells to utilize cellular substrates for energy generation. Recently a cell separation procedure is developed that makes possible the preparation of mutually uncontaminated fractions of neuronal cell bodies and intact glial cells from gram amounts of brain tissue. This procedure is given in the chapter to examine the changing labelling rates in vivo of neuronal and glial proteins during early postnatal development and the decay of radioactivity in these proteins after a single intracerebral administration of phenylalanine. Some results relevant to each of these processes are presented in the chapter.
Cysteine-less glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is inhibited competitively by a thiol reagent: evidence for glyco-mimicry by p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonate

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-specific phospholipases are highly valuable for studying the structure and function of GPIs. GPI-specific phospholipase C (GPI-PLC) from Trypanosoma brucei and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Bacillus cereus are the most widely studied of this class of phospholipases C. Inhibition of protein activity by thiol reagents is indicative of the participation of cysteine residues in biochemical events. The thiol reagent p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonate (pCMPS) inhibits T. brucei GPI-PLC, which has eight cysteine residues. Surprisingly, we found that the activity of B. cereus PI-PLC is also blocked by pCMPS, although the protein does not contain cysteine residues. Inhibition of B. cereus PI-PLC was reversed when pCMPS was size-separated from a preformed pCMPS.PI-PLC complex. In contrast, no activity was recovered when T. brucei GPI-PLC was subjected to a similar protocol. Equimolar beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) reversed the inhibition of PI-PLC activity in a pCMPS.PI-PLC complex. For T. brucei GPI-PLC, however, ultrafiltration of the pCMPS.GI-PLC complex and addition of a large excess of beta-ME was necessary for partial recovery of enzyme activity. Thus T. brucei GPI-PLC is susceptible to inactivation by covalent modification with pCMPS, whereas PI-PLC is not. Kinetic analysis indicated that pCMPS was a competitive inhibitor of PI-PLC when a GPI was a substrate. Curiously, with phosphatidylinositol as substrate, inhibition was no longer competitive. These data suggest that pCMPS is a glyco-mimetic that occupies the glycan binding site of PI-PLC, from where, depending on the substrate, it inhibits catalysis allosterically or competitively.