cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral care in ventilated intensive care unit patients: Observing nursing behavior through standardization of oral hygiene tool placement

A quality improvement project developed between 2 intensive care units using a quasiexperimental pre- and postintervention comparison between nonstandardized placement of oral care equipment in patient rooms and standardized placement of equipment in patient rooms. Daily assessments of equipment use were compared for the control (14 days) and the intervention (15 days) periods to identify a difference in the amount of equipment used by nurses. A significant increase in equipment use by nurses was observed after implementation of the intervention. Standardized design and supply of equipment in patient rooms may help to influence desired nursing behavior related to oral care for ventilated patients.
Regulation of Breast Cancer Progression by Extracellular Matrix Mechanics: Insights from 3D Culture Models

There is increasing evidence that alteration in mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) drives breast cancer progression, independent of genetic mutations. As such, how cells sense and respond to mechanical cues has become a critical area of study. Significant breakthroughs have been made using 3D culture systems that allow modeling of mammary epithelial cell (MEC) malignancy in vitro and advances in biomaterials that enable precise and independent manipulation of ECM mechanics. Here, we review the 3D materials systems that have pioneered MEC-ECM studies and innovations in engineered biomaterials that may advance the field of ECM-regulated breast cancer progression.
Back to School: Racial and Gender Differences in Adults’ Participation in Formal Schooling, 1978–2013

Trends and gaps in educational attainment by race and gender have received much attention in recent years, but reports of these trends have generally focused on traditional-age college students. Little is known about whether and how enrollment in formal schooling among older adults (between 29 and 61 years old) has changed over time. In this article, I draw on Current Population Survey data from 1978 to 2013 to provide the most comprehensive analysis of trends in adults’ formal school enrollment by demographic group to date. Results indicate that adult black women in particular have seen relatively high growth rates in their enrollment. Black women were 85 % more likely to enroll in 2011 and 46 % more likely in 2013 than they were in 1978. Their growing advantage relative to other racial-gender groups owes largely to their increasing educational attainment rates overall, given the relationship between prior schooling and enrollment later in life. Taken together, this article’s findings suggest that adult enrollment is at once equalizing and disequalizing. On the one hand, it has the potential to narrow the gaps between those with some college experience and those with a four-year degree. On the other hand, patterns of adults’ participation in formal education are widening educational gaps between those with and without traditional-age college experience.
Young Turks or Corporate Clones? Cognitive Capitalism and the (Young) User in the Shakespearean Attention Economy

In the attention economy of digital media, Shakespearean theaters and festivals are developing new methods of courting and, even, creating their educational audiences online. The Royal Shakespeare Company and Shakespeare’s Globe, for example, have established several programs that utilize digital technology as integral to their outreach. Three programs in particular—the Globe’s “Playing Shakespeare” and “Globe Playground,” and the RSC’s “Young Shakespeare Nation”—rely on digital modalities to entice young users to become future audience members. Occupying an online universe that is fast, fluid, and virtually frictionless, ‘digital natives’ (as neuroscience suggests) approach Shakespeare in cognitively different ways than ‘digital immigrants’ do. We interrogate this claim as we explore the ways in which educational platforms offered by the Globe and the RSC create certain kinds of users—with particular aptitudes and attitudes. But precisely how do these institutions sustain the attention of their young Shakespearean proselytes? When survival in the attention economy is ultimately correlated not with the ennobling values of education but with market values and profit margins, we must ask whether young digital users are drawn to Shakespeare because of new forms of agency posed by the democratization of knowledge or because of the insidious spread of cognitive capitalism.
Efficient Treatment of Local Meta-generalized Gradient Density Functionals via Auxiliary Density Expansion: The Density Fitting J + X Approximation

We report an efficient technique to treat density functionals of the meta-generalized gradient approximation (mGGA) class in conjunction with density fitting of Coulomb terms (DF-J) and exchange–correlation terms (DF-X). While the kinetic energy density τ cannot be computed in the context of a DF-JX calculation, we show that the Laplacian of the density υ can be computed with almost no extra cost. With this technique, υ-form mGGAs become only slightly more expensive (10%–20%) than GGAs in DF-JX treatment—and several times faster than regular τ-based mGGA calculations with DF-J and regular treatment of the density functional. We investigate the translation of υ-form mGGAs into τ-form mGGAs by employing a kinetic energy functional but find this insufficiently reliable at this moment. However, υ and τ are believed to carry essentially equivalent information beyond ρ and ||∇ρ|| ( Phys. Rev. B 2007, 75, 155109, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.155109), so a reparametrization of accurate mGGAs from the τ-form into the ...
Hyperglycemic chorea/ballism ascertained over 15 years at a referral medical center.

Abstract Objective To describe chorea/ballism triggered by a hyperglycemic event. Methods We used the electronic records system at Mayo Clinic–Rochester to identify patients diagnosed with chorea or ballism from January 1st, 2000 through December 31st, 2014. Each record was reviewed to confirm chorea/ballism. From these cases we selected those that developed chorea/ballism within a month after a hyperglycemic episode (blood glucose >300 mg/dL). Clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings were analyzed. Results Of the 596 chorea cases, we identified 7 patients (5 women) whose chorea was preceded by a hyperglycemic episode (range 3–30 days) during 15 years of surveillance, including new-onset diabetes in four cases. Median age was 80 years (range, 53–86). The chorea/ballism was unilateral in 6/7 cases and half of these unilateral cases had contralateral putamen T1-hyperintensity on brain MRI. After glucose correction, the chorea resolved within one week without recurrence in only one case. Among the 6 cases with persistent chorea, it was controlled with dopamine blocking/depleting medications. Conclusions Chorea triggered by hyperglycemia is a rare complication of diabetes, with only seven cases identified at our tertiary medical center during 15 years of surveillance. This comprised about 1% of all chorea cases at our center during this time. Hyperglycemic chorea primarily developed in later life, with new-onset diabetes in the majority (4/7). Although MRI putamen T1-hyperintensity is reportedly typical, it was only seen in 3/6 cases. This MRI appearance may be mistaken for a hemorrhagic stroke, given the usual unilateral presentation. The chorea was controlled with dopamine blocking/depleting medications.
US Urban Forest Statistics, Values, and Projections

U.S. urban land increased from 2.6% (57.9 million acres) in 2000 to 3.0% (68.0 million acres) in 2010. States with the greatest amount of urban growth were in the South/Southeast (TX, FL, NC, GA and SC). Between 2010 and 2060, urban land is projected to increase another 95.5 million acres to 163.1 million acres (8.6%) with 18 states projected to have an increase of over 2 million acres. Overall, there are an estimated 5.5 billion trees (39.4% tree cover) in urban areas nationally that contain 127 million acres of leaf area and 44 million tons of dry-weight leaf biomass. Annually, these trees produce a total of $18.3 billion in value related to air pollution removal ($5.4 billion), reduced building energy use ($5.4 billion), carbon sequestration ($4.8 billion) and avoided pollutant emissions ($2.7 billion). States with greatest annual urban forest values were: Florida ($1.9 billion), California ($1.4 billion), Pennsylvania ($1.1 billion), New York ($1.0 billion) and Ohio ($971 million).
The E. coli Global Regulator DksA Reduces Transcription during T4 Infection

Bacteriophage T4 relies on host RNA polymerase to transcribe three promoter classes: early (Pe, requires no viral factors), middle (Pm, requires early proteins MotA and AsiA), and late (Pl, requires middle proteins gp55, gp33, and gp45). Using primer extension, RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, single bursts, and a semi-automated method to document plaque size, we investigated how deletion of DksA or ppGpp, two E. coli global transcription regulators, affects T4 infection. Both ppGpp0 and ΔdksA increase T4 wild type (wt) plaque size. However, ppGpp0 does not significantly alter burst size or latent period, and only modestly affects T4 transcript abundance, while ΔdksA increases burst size (2-fold) without affecting latent period and increases the levels of several Pe transcripts at 5 min post-infection. In a T4motAam infection, ΔdksA increases plaque size and shortens latent period, and the levels of specific middle RNAs increase due to more transcription from Pe’s that extend into these middle genes. We conclude that DksA lowers T4 early gene expression. Consequently, ΔdksA results in a more productive wt infection and ameliorates the poor expression of middle genes in a T4motAam infection. As DksA does not inhibit Pe transcription in vitro, regulation may be indirect or perhaps requires additional factors.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Transplant Patients

Physicians who manage aortic and iliac aneurysms will see increasing numbers of posttransplant patients present to the practice. Although the data is limited, there is a general agreement that aneurysm disease in transplant patients has a more aggressive course. Presumably, this is related to the long-term management of these patients on potent immunosuppressive medications. Preheart transplant patients with a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy should likely be screened for aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms should be repaired in transplant patients when they are 5 cm in diameter, and iliac aneurysms should be repaired when they reach 3 cm. It is important to maintain transplant patients on their immunosuppressive medications throughout the perioperative period, though the potent immunosuppressant medication rapamycin requires special management. Patients with complicated postoperative courses should have their immunosuppression titrated accordingly, and a transplant physician should be involved in patient management. There are a few specific technical considerations for aneurysm repair in a previous heart and lung transplant recipient. If a liver transplant recipient requires an open aneurysm repair, the surgeon should be aware of the potential presence of an aortic conduit providing arterial inflow to the liver. When possible, pancreas and kidney transplant recipients should be most easily managed by an endovascular approach. If this is not possible, secondary to anatomic suitability then special consideration may be necessary to minimize the risk of postaneurysm repair organ failure.
Cellular Oncogenes and the Pathogenesis of Cancer

Studies in two areas of biology have pointed to the existence of cellular genes that exhibit an oncogenic potential after activation. These normal cellular genes, sometimes termed “proto-oncogenes,” can become activated by several different types of genetic alterations, some involving the intervention of viral genomes. These proto-oncogenes and derived oncogenes represent centrally important components of the molecular mechanisms that create the cancer phenotype.
Ecological Design-Based Research for Computer Science Education: Affordances and Effectivities for Elementary School Students

This article integrates an ecological approach and design-based research in computer science education research by following the simultaneous development of a computer programming environment and c...
Effects of a Surfactant Seed Coating on Alkali Bulrush Germination and Biomass

Great Salt Lake (GSL) wetlands provide vital ecosystem services, including habitat for migratory birds. Alkali bulrush (Bolboschoenus maritimus) plays an important role in providing these services, but invasion by Phragmites australis has reduced the extent of alkali bulrush stands in GSL wetlands. Restoring alkali bulrush is a primary goal for GSL managers following Phragmites removal. However, rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns with climate change, as well increasing human water demands upstream, may alter the hydropattern of GSL wetlands, thus lowering soil moisture availability and potentially inhibiting alkali bulrush germination and seedling establishment. Surfactant seed coatings have been effective in aiding the germination of seeds in upland restoration sites by reducing soil water repellency, but have not been tested in wetlands. We tested whether the addition of a surfactant seed coating to alkali bulrush seeds improved germination at four water levels in a greenhouse. Water level and seed coating were significantly associated with improved germination. In a second experiment, we tested the effect of the seed coating at a low and high dose and staggered water level drawdowns on seedling height and biomass over six weeks. Seed coating and time of water level drop were not significantly associated with differences in seedling height. The water level decrease may not have been extreme enough to negatively affect seedlings. More research is needed to determine if a surfactant seed coating enhances alkali bulrush germination and growth under less favorable water availability conditions.
Purpose and mastery as predictors of perceived health and substance use problems.

We explored whether purpose in life and mastery predicted perceived physical health and problematic substance use among a sample of emerging adults who reported ever using alcohol or drugs. We examined perceived stress and coping as potential mediators of these associations and explored whether parental support moderated any of these associations. In a sample of emerging adults from across the United States (N = 2,564; M age = 20.87, standard deviation = 1.75; 49.6% male), purpose in life and mastery were associated with better-perceived health and fewer negative consequences of drug use via lower perceived stress and coping. In addition, parental support modified the relationship between purpose in life and stress and coping. The findings suggest potential health benefits associated with a greater purpose in life and mastery and indicate that parental support may enhance these associations.
Acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction in the USA, 2000-2014

There are limited epidemiological data on acute respiratory failure (ARF) in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI-CS). This study sought to evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of ARF in AMI-CS. This was a retrospective study of AMI-CS admissions during 2000–2014 from the National Inpatient Sample. Administrative codes for ARF and mechanical ventilation (MV) were used to define the cohorts of no ARF, ARF without MV and ARF with MV. Admissions with a secondary diagnosis of AMI and with chronic MV were excluded. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality, temporal trends of ARF prevalence and resource utilization. During 2000–2014, 439,436 admissions for AMI-CS met the inclusion criteria. ARF and MV were noted in 57% and 43%, respectively. Admissions with non-ST-elevation AMI-CS, of non-White race and with non-private insurance received MV more frequently. Noninvasive ventilation and invasive MV increased from 0.4% and 39.2% (2000) to 3.6% and 46.4% (2014), respectively (p < 0.001). Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention were used less frequently in admissions receiving ARF with MV. Compared to admissions with no ARF, ARF without MV (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.56 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53–1.59]; p < 0.001) and ARF with MV (aOR 2.50 [95% CI 2.47–2.54]; p < 0.001) were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Admissions with ARF without MV had greater resource utilization and lesser discharges to home as compared to no ARF. In this contemporary AMI-CS cohort, the presence of ARF and MV use was noted in 57% and 43%, respectively, and was associated with higher in-hospital mortality.
Endocrinology of Implantation

Abstract Embryo implantation is dependent on the actions of estradiol and progesterone. Induced cellular changes through the menstrual cycle create a receptive microenvironment to allow apposition, attachment, and invasion of embryo. A complex communication between the blastocyst and the endometrium occurs; most of this knowledge has been translated from animal models, but assisted reproduction has begun to shed light on these early stages in human development.
High Crimes: Liability for Directors of Retail Marijuana Corporations

Selling retail marijuana in the United States is illegal — or is it? A rising number of states have legalized the retail sale of marijuana and are busily regulating these sales and the companies that make them. Even so, the sale of marijuana is a crime under federal law. Are companies that sell retail marijuana duly sanctioned, productive contributors to their state economies, or are they felons just waiting for the wheels of justice to turn in their direction? At this moment, no one can answer that question with certainty. What is certain is that more companies are being formed each day for the purpose of cultivating, producing, and/or distributing retail marijuana, many of which are being formed as corporations (Retail Marijuana Corporations). Like their counterparts outside of the marijuana industry, Retail Marijuana Corporations are subject to the same state corporation statutes and the same federal criminal statutes and securities laws. This means, like other corporations, Retail Marijuana Corporations are governed by boards of directors, who owe their companies the traditional duties of care and loyalty. What sets directors of Retail Marijuana Corporations apart from other directors is their precarious legal circumstances: Directors of Retail Marijuana Corporations sit at the helm of companies that are knowingly violating federal law. In overseeing these companies’ businesses and guiding them toward profitability, directors of Retail Marijuana Corporations expose themselves to a great deal of potential criminal and civil liability. Existing scholarship on marijuana-related businesses introduces some of the challenges faced by corporations engaged in the marijuana industry under state law. This Article expands the inquiry to explore new avenues of state and federal liability with a particular focus on directors. Part I provides a brief outline of the laws regulating the retail marijuana business at the federal and state levels. Part II surveys the various sources of liability directors of Retail Marijuana Corporations face. It first addresses liability for breach of fiduciary duty under state fiduciary duty principles. Next, it outlines criminal aiding and abetting liability under the federal Controlled Substances Act. It then discusses directors’ exposure under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Last, it analyzes these directors’ potential liability under the federal securities laws’ antifraud provisions. Part III concludes with thoughts about why directors’ liability matters to Retail Marijuana Corporations’ investors.
Multimodality Imaging Techniques for Performing Challenging Core Biopsies.

Percutaneous needle biopsy continues to be a critical diagnostic tool, and radiologists should be aware of the challenges associated with lesion location and composition, as well as the technical s...
Lack of association of immune checkpoint protein expression with T stage or stage grouping in colorectal cancer (CRC): A tissue microarray (TMA) based analysis of clinical data.

e15241Background: Immunotherapy is a valuable therapeutic intervention in multiple cancer types. In CRC, it is currently limited to those with microsatellite instability–high expression. Thus, immu...
Precision current regulator for NMR electromagnets.

Abstract When using electromagnets or non-persistent superconducting magnets, the field stability can be directly proportional to the current stability. We present here a simple design for a current regulator based upon a high-precision, dc-dc fluxgate transformer. The output current and NMR frequency are stabilized by about a factor of 50, over times of order one hour. The method can be applied to essentially any current supply.
Who are the individuals with the worst perceived quality of sleep? A population-based survey in southern Brazil.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with poorer sleep quality. It consisted of a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in Southern Brazil with individuals aged 18 years or older. Participants were selected through a two-stage random sampling strategy and data collection was conducted in 2016. The outcome was self-perceived quality of sleep. Questions regarding the number of hours of sleep and the use of medicines to sleep each week were also asked. Demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and health conditions were collected through questionnaire. The study sample was composed of 1,300 individuals whose mean age was 46.1 years (SD = 17.3). The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 10.7% (95% CI 9.3% to 12.1%). The poorer the quality of sleep was, the higher the prevalence of the use of medicines to sleep (22.3% versus 10.0% in the overall sample; p
Energy Conversion Engineering: Towards Low CO2 Power and Fuels

This unique textbook equips students with the theoretical and practical tools needed to model, design, and build efficient and clean low-carbon energy systems. Students are introduced to thermodynamics principles including chemical and electrochemical thermodynamics, moving onto applications in real-world energy systems, demonstrating the connection between fundamental concepts and theoretical analysis, modelling, application, and design. Topics gradually increase in complexity, nurturing student confidence as they build towards the use of advanced concepts and models for low to zero carbon energy conversion systems. The textbook covers conventional and emerging renewable energy conversion systems, including efficient fuel cells, carbon capture cycles, biomass utilisation, geothermal and solar thermal systems, hydrogen and low-carbon fuels. Featuring numerous worked examples, over 100 multi-component homework problems, and online instructor resources including lecture slides, solutions, and sample term projects, this textbook is the perfect teaching resource for an advanced undergraduate and graduate-level course in energy conversion engineering.
Child and Family Engagement in Child Welfare Practice

This chapter discusses the importance of child and family engagement in child welfare practice as well as describes key skills in engaging and interviewing the various parties involved at various stages of a case. Effective strategies for developing and maintaining appropriate and culturally grounded relationships with children and their families are discussed, as well as ways to work with parents/guardians to provide, monitor, and support services. The chapter also discusses various models for engaging families such as family group decision-making (FGDM), parent cafes, and child and family teams (CFTs) and how to work closely with various professionals, family, and caregivers involved with the case (e.g., school personnel, medical and behavioral health professionals, and law enforcement). The chapter highlights strategies for working with families who experience mental health challenges and substance abuse and other issues as they relate to child welfare system involvement.
The Influence of Physical Appearance and Personality on the Exhibition of the Sexual Double Standard

The sexual double standard is the phenomenon whereby men are evaluated positively and women are evaluated negatively for engaging in identical sexual behavior. Although people can hold conflicting information (e.g., stereotypical vs. counterstereotypical individuating information) about other individuals, they attempt to form a consistent impression of individuals by inhibiting inconsistent information. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether individuating information about physical appearance and personality could mitigate the exhibition of the evaluations stereotypically associated with the sexual double standard. A sample of 596 participants evaluated a target person who reported having 1 or 12 sexual partners. Overall, participants evaluated highly sexually active female targets more positively than their male counterparts when the targets were either attractive and had a pleasant personality, or were unattractive and had an unpleasant personality. Results highlight the importance of the consistency of individuating information for evaluations of highly sexually active women.
Convex projections in image processing

The method of convex projections is reviewed. The method is a powerful image-processing algorithm that uses existing data and prior knowledge to recover an image that is superior to that allowed by the data alone. A particular way of reconstructing high-resolution images from coarse detector data by using an algorithm that allows the incorporation of prior information in addition to the coarse data is proposed. >
Analysis of Clostridium botulinum toxigenic types A, B, and E for fatty and carbohydrate content.

Lyophilized, 48-hr log-phase vegetative cells were extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and ethanol-ether (3:1, v/v) and then saponified with methanolic KOH. Gas-liquid chromatography of the methyl esters of extractable fatty acids revealed distinctive “pattern profiles” of Clostridium botulinum toxigenic types “A,” “B,” and “E.” C. perfringens type “A” and Escherichia coli strain “B” were also studied in a similar manner and were found to give pattern profiles which were distinct even from those obtained for the C. botulinum microorganisms. Amino sugar content of the five microorganisms was determined by using a Beckman amino acid analyzer. The molar ratio of glucosamine to that of galactosamine was found to be of further assistance in distinguishing the individual microorganisms.
MioC and GidA proteins promote cell division in E. coli

The well-conserved genes surrounding the E. coli replication origin, mioC and gidA, do not affect chromosome replication and have little known function. We report that mioC and gidA mutants exhibit a mild cell division inhibition phenotype, which is exacerbated by a fis deletion. Measurements replication initiation frequency, replication elongation, and chromosome segregation indicate that cell division inhibition does not involve any effects of these genes on oriC function. Division inhibition is independent of the major cell division control systems including the SOS response and nucleoid occlusion. Complementation analysis indicates that mioC and gidA affect cell division in trans, and transcriptome analysis by next-generation RNA sequencing showed that expression of a cell division septum component, YmgF, is strongly affected in both mioC and gidA mutants. Our results suggest that MioC and GidA proteins are involved in a cell division regulatory pathway, which may link DNA replication and division.
Distances of Probability Measures and Random Variables

Let (S, d) be a separable metric space. Let \( P; > \left( S \right)\) be the set of Borel probability measures on S. \(C\left( S \right)\) denotes the Banach space of bounded continuous real-valued functions on S, with norm $$\left\| f \right\|_\infty= \sup \left\{ {\left| {f\left( x \right)} \right|:x{\text{ }}\varepsilon {\text{ }}S} \right\}.$$
Listener Comprehension of Speakers of Three Status Groups

Listeners of three statuses attempt to reconstruct spoken messages of speakers of three statuses. Speakers of high status were most comprehensible. However, listeners achieved highest relative comprehension when speaker and listener status coincided.
Ancillary subunits and stimulation frequency determine the potency of chromanol 293B block of the KCNQ1 potassium channel.

KCNQ1 (Kv7.1 or KvLQT1) encodes the alpha-subunit of a voltage-gated potassium channel found in tissues including heart, brain, epithelia and smooth muscle. Tissue-specific characteristics of KCNQ1 current are diverse, due to modification by ancillary subunits. In heart, KCNQ1 associates with KCNE1 (MinK), producing a slowly activating voltage-dependent channel. In epithelia, KCNQ1 co-assembles with KCNE3 (Mirp2) producing a constitutively open channel. Chromanol 293B is a selective KCNQ1 blocker. We studied drug binding and frequency dependence of 293B on KCNQ1 and ancillary subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Ancillary subunits altered 293B potency up to 100-fold (IC50 for KCNQ1 = 65.4 ± 1.7 μm; KCNQ1/KCNE1 = 15.1 ± 3.3 μm; KCNQ1/KCNE3 = 0.54 ± 0.18 μm). Block of KCNQ1 and KCNQ1/KCNE3 was time independent, but 293B altered KCNQ1/KCNE1 activation. We therefore studied frequency-dependent block of KCNQ1/KCNE1. Repetitive rapid stimulation increased KCNQ1/KCNE1 current biphasically, and 293B abolished the slow component. KCNQ1/KCNE3[V72T] activates slowly with a KCNQ1/KCNE1-like phenotype, but retains the high affinity binding of KCNQ1/KCNE3, demonstrating that subunit-mediated changes in gating can be dissociated from subunit-mediated changes in affinity. This study demonstrates the KCNQ1 pharmacology is significantly altered by ancillary subunits. The response of KCNQ1 to specific blockers will therefore be critically dependent on the electrical stimulation pattern of the target organ. Furthermore, the dissociation between gating and overall affinity suggests that mutations in ancillary subunits can potentially strongly alter drug sensitivity without obvious functional changes in gating behaviour, giving rise to unexpected side-effects such as a predisposition to acquired long QT syndrome.
Flexion–extension gap in cruciate‐retaining versus posterior‐stabilized total knee arthroplasty: A cadaveric study

We re-examined experimental model results using half-body specimens with intact extensor mechanisms and navigation to evaluate cruciate-retaining (CR) and posterior stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) component gaps through an entire range of motion. Six sequential testing regimens were conducted with the knee intact, with a CR TKA in place, and with a PS TKA in place, with and without 22 N traction in place at each stage. Each of 10 knees was taken through six full ranges of motion from 0° to 120° at every stage using a navigated knee system to record component gapping. No significant difference was found between loaded and unloaded component gaps, and no significant differences were found in component gapping between CR and PS TKAs throughout a full range of motion. Flexion-extension gap measurements were significantly different from previously published data (at 90° flexion). No difference was found in kinematics when comparing CR and PS TKA component designs. Our results suggest that intact extensor mechanisms may be required to perform proper kinematic studies of TKA. Our findings provide evidence that the extensor mechanism may play a major role in the flexion-extension gaps in cadaveric knees.
Determinants of Cleaner Technology Investments in the U.S. Bleached Kraft Pulp Industry

This study identifies adoption determinants of selected cleaner technologies used in bleached kraft pulp production, with emphasis on incentives for voluntary environmental management. A double-hurdle model consistent with the theory of irreversible investment under uncertainty outperformed a probit specification, indicating the importance of option values as an adoption deterrent. Measures of public pressure for environmental performance, such as Toxics Release Inventory data and environmental group membership, were positively associated with cleaner technology adoption. The results suggest a role for environmental policy designs that accommodate the industry’ s private incentives while minimizing the value of waiting to adopt cleaner technologies.
Reproducibility of Gene Expression Across Generations of Affymetrix Microarrays

Background: The development of large-scale gene expression profiling technologies is rapidly changing the norms of biological investigation. But the rapid pace of change itself presents challenges. Commercial microarrays are regularly modified to incorporate new genes and improved target sequences. Although the ability to compare datasets across generations is crucial for any long-term research project, to date no means to allow such comparisons have been developed. In this study the reproducibility of gene expression levels across two generations of Affymetrix GeneChips ® (HuGeneFL and HG-U95A) was measured. Results: Correlation coefficients were computed for gene expression values across chip generations based on different measures of similarity. Comparing the absolute calls assigned to the individual probe sets across the generations found them to be largely unchanged. Conclusion: We show that experimental replicates are highly reproducible, but that reproducibility across generations depends on the degree of similarity of the probe sets and the expression level of the corresponding transcript.
Custom Contestations: Lowriders and Urban Space

This article examines the production of space and contestation of spatial governmentality that occurs in the everyday cruising practices of lowrider car customizers in Austin, Texas. Lowrider style, practiced mostly, but not exclusively, by Mexican Americans, is a form of automotive aesthetics which carries associations with working-class, Latino/a barrio communities. Drawing on critical theories of the production and governance of space, I trace the politics inherent in lowrider cruising and the confrontations with police it occasions. From the perspective of lowriders, I present a critique of community policing as a practice of government, which has the effects of criminalizing lowriders and subjecting them to heightened levels of surveillance.
Antiretroviral Cytolytic T-Lymphocyte Nonresponsiveness: FasL/Fas-Mediated Inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ Antiviral T Cells by Viral Antigen-Positive Veto Cells

C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice generate type-specific cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to an immunodominant Kb-restricted epitope, KSPWFTTL located in the membrane-spanning domain of p15TM of AKR/Gross murine leukemia viruses (MuLV). AKR.H-2(b) congenic mice, although carrying the responder H-2(b) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype, are low responders or nonresponders for AKR/Gross MuLV-specific CTL, apparently due to the presence of inhibitory AKR. H-2(b) cells. Despite their expression of viral antigens and Kb, untreated viable AKR.H-2(b) spleen cells cause dramatic inhibition of the C57BL/6 (B6) antiviral CTL response to in vitro stimulation with AKR/Gross MuLV-induced tumor cells. This inhibition is specific (AKR.H-2(b) modulator spleen cells do not inhibit allogeneic MHC or minor histocompatibility antigen-specific CTL production), dependent on direct contact of AKR.H-2(b) cells in a dose-dependent manner with the responder cell population, and not due to soluble factors. Here, the mechanism of inhibition of the antiviral CTL response is shown to depend on Fas/Fas-ligand interactions, implying an apoptotic effect on B6 responder cells. Although B6.gld (FasL-) responders were as sensitive to inhibition by AKR.H-2(b) modulator cells as were B6 responders, B6.lpr (Fas-) responders were largely insensitive to inhibition, indicating that the responder cells needed to express Fas. A Fas-Ig fusion protein, when added to the in vitro CTL stimulation cultures, relieved the inhibition caused by the AKR.H-2(b) cells if the primed responders were from either B6 or B6.gld mice, indicating that the inhibitory AKR.H-2(b) cells express FasL. Because of the antigen specificity of the inhibition, these results collectively implicate a FasL/Fas interaction mechanism: viral antigen-positive AKR.H-2(b) cells expressing FasL inhibit antiviral T cells ("veto" them) when the AKR.H-2(b) cells are recognized. Consistent with this model, inhibition by AKR.H-2(b) modulator cells was MHC restricted, and resulted in approximately a 10- to 70-fold decrease in the in vitro expansion of pCTL/CTL. Both CD8(+) CTL and CD4(+) Th responder cells were susceptible to inhibition by FasL+ AKR.H-2(b) inhibitory cells as the basis for inhibition. The CTL response in the presence of inhibitory cells could be restored by several cytokines or agents that have been shown by others to interfere with activation-induced cell death (e.g. , interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-15, transforming growth factor beta, lipopolysaccharide, 9-cis-retinoic acid) but not others (e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha). These results raise the possibility that this type of inhibitory mechanism is generalized as a common strategy for retrovirus infected cells to evade immune T-cell recognition.
Influence of Centaurea biebersteinii patch size on Urophora quadrifasciata (Dipt. Tephritidae) in Michigan, USA.

: Host plant patch size plays an important role in the distribution and densities of many insect species. Understanding how the host plant patch size influences the population of a biological control agent is necessary to monitor the success of a biological control programme. Urophora quadrifasciata (Dipt. Tephritidae) was released in the early 1970s to control the spotted knapweed, Centaurea biebersteinii (Asteraceae) in North America. The studies reported here investigated the influences of spotted knapweed patch size and stem density on U. quadrifasciata larval populations overwintering within capitula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. An inverse relationship was found between the percentage of capitula with U. quadrifasciata larvae and spotted knapweed patch size in 2002 from Houghton county, MI. In 2003, an inverse relationship was also found in the south region of the study area in Houghton and Keweenaw counties, Michigan. The percentage of capitula with U. quadrifasciata larvae and spotted knapweed patch size were positively related for the central region. No relationship was found for the North region in 2003. Dispersal of U. quadrifasciata is directed north-east along the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. With this directed spread, areas with well-established populations of U. quadrifasciata would provide source individuals for new colonization. Spotted knapweed patch size may play an important role in the overwintering populations of U. quadrifasciata as a result of dispersal.
Counseling center outreach: A guide to simple, inexpensive programming

Specific strategies for psychological, health, and academic outreach at a university counseling center are presented. Primary and secondary preventative programs targeting three identified group-students, faculty/staff and resident assistant-are discussed. All strategies presented require a minimum of staff and financial resources. Effectiveness as measured by percentage of target population reached is presented. It is suggested that the communication of effective outreach strategies may encourage other student service agencies to adopt and expand upon the programming.
Application of temperature-sensitive mutations to oncogene studies inDrosophila

Recessive oncogenes are genetic functions important in the regulation of tissue growth and differentiation. These genetic functions are defined on the basis of the phenotype expressed by homozygotes. Defining the role of these genes in normal developmental and physiological processes is important to the development of accurate models of the normal regulation of growth and differentiation.Drosophila can be a good system to investigate the neoplastic mechanism of oncogenes and provide a greater understanding in the developmental progression of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Thelethal (2)giant larvae gene is a recessive oncogene ofDrosophila and temperature sensitive mutations of this gene have been isolated. Here, the application of temperature-sensitive mutations inDrosophila oncogene studies is discussed.
A 3D visualization system for hurricane storm-surge flooding

Three-dimensional computer visualization and animation can provide a substitute for coastal residents', lack of personal experience with hurricane-surge flooding. Tremendous progress has been made in 3D animation in the last decade, which movies such as Perfect Storm and The Day After Tomorrow have demonstrated. However, the 3D visualization and animation system for storm-surge flooding differs from those in Hollywood movies in three aspects. First, objects such as buildings, roads, and trees in a synthetic 3D visualization environment not only have to be able to duplicate the real-world feature visually, but also be georeferenced so users can find real locations through addresses or spatial coordinates. The sizes and shapes of buildings and trees have to be accurate so users can sense the severity of flooding by comparing the water level with heights of familiar objects. Second, the magnitude, extent, and process of storm-surge flooding have to be accurate enough to represent the real situation. This information has to be based on hydrodynamics of storm surge. Third, the damage extent of a property caused by storm surge and waves, such as the collapse of a house, must be determined by engineering rules. Recent advances in high-resolution remote-sensing technology and numerical modeling make it possible to provide accurate data for the earth's surface features and storm-surge flooding.
Knowledge embedded in process: the self‐organization of skilled noun learning

Young children's skilled generalization of newly learned nouns to new instances has become the battleground for two very different approaches to cognition. This debate is a proxy for a larger dispute in cognitive science and cognitive development: cognition as rule-like amodal propositions, on the one hand, or as embodied, modal, and dynamic processes on the other. After a brief consideration of this theoretical backdrop, we turn to the specific task set before us: an overview of the Attentional Learning Account (ALA) of children's novel noun generalizations, the constrained set of experimental results to be explained, and our explanation of them. We conclude with a consideration of what all of this implies for a theory of cognitive development.
Morphological comparison of major arteries in the ridgeback prawn, Sicyonia ingentis.

The structure of the major vessels conducting hemolymph away from the heart of the ridgeback prawn, Sicyonia ingentis, was examined using light and electron microscopy. Three varieties of vessel wall morphology were observed. In most vessels the wall is composed of the following four layers, proceeding from lumen to exterior: (1) thick basal lamina, which selectively stains with Verhoffapos;s Van Giesonapos;s stain for elastin, (2) a continuous layer of cells rich in microtubules, (3) a loose connective tissue layer with highly branched cells widely separated by a fibrillar matrix, which also stains for elastin, and (4) a thin basal lamina covering the outer surface of the vessel. The dorsal abdominal artery shows the second type of vessel wall construction and differs from the previous vessels in the following ways: (1) the inner basal lamina is thinner, (2) a layer of striated muscle replaces the unspecialized endothelial layer, and (3) the connective tissue layer includes two well-organized bands of elastin-like material. The hematopoietic vessels that branch off the ophthalmic arteries display the third type of vessel wall morphology. The lumen of the vessel is lined by a very thin basal lamina, which completely encircles the endothelial cells. The rest of the wall is composed of hemocytes, presumably in various stages of maturation, embedded in a matrix of fibroblast-like cells and collagen fibrils. The morphology of the vessel wall is the same as that previously described for the tubules of the hematopoietic nodules. The functional significance of these different vessel walls is discussed.
MANGANESE AND THE GROWTH OF LEMNA

Since this paper was submitted to the editor, the paper by MoHargue and Calfee (Plant Physiol. 7: 697-703, 1932) has appeared. As their conclusions are in substantial agreement with the findings reported in this paper in regard to the essential nature of manganese for the growth of Lemna, the original manuscript was returned to me and shortened. It should be noted that in these experiments the Lemna were grown free from microorganisms, and that therefore the amount of manganese required for maintenance would be expected to be much lower than with the technique of McHargue and Calfee, as was the case. It has been previously reported (Clark and Fly 4) that it was not necessary to add manganese to solutions of purified salts in order to secure good reproduction of Lemna major, and that the addition of manganese to an inorganic nutrient medium in which Lemna grew well produced some effect upon the vegetation but little upon the rate of reproduction until toxic concentrations were reached. The possibility that extremely small amounts of manganese might be essential to the plants and be present in sufficient quantity even in salts recrystallized iseveral times, together with the failure of many workers to obtain growth in green plants without manganese, particularly of Hopkins (6) with Lemna minor, caused the problem to be investigated further. Lemna major (Spirodela polyrhiza) has been grown in these laboratories with inorganic salt solutions for several years. The nutrient solution used as standard consists of magnesium sulphate (24 mg. Mg per liter), potassium nitrate (312.8 mg. K), primary calcium phosphate (16.1 mg. Ca), and ferric chloride (0.6 mg. Fe), adjusted to pH 4.7-4.8 with KOH (3). The salts are recrystallized, usually three times. The water is three times distilled, the final distillation being in pyrex glass, and the 'solution in preparation and use is handled altogether in this glassware. The substitution of quartz Erlenmeyer flasks for pyrex made no change in the rate of growth of the plants. This medium has been used for the growth of Lemna minor by Ashby (1) at the University of London. Lemna has been found valuable for physiological experiments by Bottomley and Mockeridge in England, Olsen in Denmark, and by Saeger, Deuber, Wolfe, and others in this country.
The forgotten extraterrestrials: hunting for viruses in space

In the search for alien life, we should not forget about viruses argues astrovirologist Ken Stedman